cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information retrieval and OCR: from converting content to grasping meaning

IR and OCR have largely developed independent standards and metrics, with OCR focused on literal accuracy, and IR focused on essential "content/meaning". With more and more media not only paper, but in multiple image formats, the opportunities and challenges for OCR on new formats -- video and still images -- are enormous. While OCR is assessed in metrics that emphasize words and characters, IR has learned to apply end-to-end metrics that ask whether the needs of the users can be met by existing systems. The same considerations apply also to the problem of providing permanent worldwide access to millions of pages of legacy print documents, representing the shared human record as it existed until just a few years ago.The International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) has held a series of Document Recognition and Retrieval (DRR) conferences. The tenth, DRR X will be held in January 2003, in Santa Clara California. In 2001, Dan LoPresti of Bell Labs decided that the area would benefit from more intense collaboration between those who specialize in finding the words on a page image, and those researchers who know how to find the right documents, given the words. He invited Paul Kantor (Rutgers) to join the DRR Chairs, and together they invited Dave Lewis (Consultant) to give a keynote address at DRR VIII. Dan then stepped down. Paul chaired DRR IX (2002) and then handed the reins to Tapas Kanungo (IBM, Almaden) and together they invited Jamie Callan (CMU), David Grossman (IIT) and Alex Hauptmann (CMU) to join the conference committee for DRR X.To improve communication between SIGIR and DRR, this group proposed a SIGIR workshop on this area. The workshop on "Information Retrieval and OCR: From Converting Content to Grasping Meaning" was intended to stimulate cross-fertilization between OCR and IR, in hopes that better use of IR will enable the OCR community to avoid expensive hand processing, and to demonstrate that the combination of present static and dynamic image processing and present state-of-the-art robust information retrieval can generate substantial advances in both extraction of messages from image streams and conversion of existing paper variants. It solicited papers dealing with future applications, such as the indexing and retrieval of text embedded in static or video graphic images, with problems of skew, distortion, and obscuration, as well as state-of-the-art discussions of the storage and retrieval of handwritten or print legacy materials.The workshop was held on August 15, 2002 in Tampere, Finland, immediately following the SIGIR 2002 conference. Although the workshop was intended to appeal to a wide range of IR and OCR researchers (and indeed was proposed at the request of colleagues from the OCR community), it primarily drew people with a background in IR. About a dozen people participated. The small size allowed a very interactive, seminar-style format and very vigorous discussion between and during presentations. Most presentations ran 30% to 50% longer than planned, and our impression is that most of the participants found it very productive.
Present-day deformation of the Qaidam basin with implications for intra-continental tectonics

Abstract The Qaidam basin is a plateau of low relief, about 3 km in elevation and covering a large area of 1.2×105 km2. Physiographically, the basin marks a transitional region between the northeastern Tibetan plateau (5±0.5 km in elevation) and the surrounding low-lying areas. The northeastern and southwestern edges of the basin are bounded by the Qilian Shan–Nan Shan and Qimantag–Eastern Kunlun Shan mountain belts, respectively. At present, the entire region is under northeast–southwest compression. Based on a synthesis of recent geological and geophysical results, we propose that each flanking mountain belt consists of a sequence of crustal nappes, originating from ramp thrusts at mid-crustal levels (>15 km deep). Over a distance range of 700 km, these two broad fold-and-thrust belts, operating in tandem and with some uniform shortening in the intervening Qaidam basin, successively raised the surface elevation from below 2 km to 5 km. At depth, the crust is correspondingly thickened from 40 km beneath the foreland of the Qilian Shan to approximately 55 km under the interior of the Qaidam basin, and then to nearly 70 km beneath Tibet. In contrast to the Himalayan front where earthquake faulting occurs down to a depth of 50 km in the foreland but the zone of active thrust faulting is less than 200 km in width, plateau building in the Qaidam region illustrates how a wide orogen is developing along northeastern Tibet in the interior of Eurasia.
Effects of Questionnaire Order on Self-Reported Sexual Behavior, Risk Perceptions, and Ratings of HIV and STD Protection Strategies

This study examined the effect of questionnaire order on the assessment of sexual behaviors, risk perceptions, and ratings of pro-tection strategies. College student participants (n = 138) were ran...
The use of FTi.r.-a.t.r. spectroscopy to characterize penetrant diffusion in polymers

Abstract The diffusion of small molecules in polymers was measured using Fourier transform infra-red-attenuated total reflection (FTi.r.-a.t.r) spectroscopy, a new approach which allows one to study liquid diffusion in thin polymer films in situ. The system used to test this technique was the diffusion of liquid water in polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The diffusion coefficients that were measured were in good agreement with those reported in the literature for high-activity water vapour in PAN. The test also demonstrated both the reproducibility and accuracy of FTi.r.-a.t.r. experiments for measuring the diffusion coefficient. The diffusion coefficient and the amount of water sorbed at equilibrium appear to be dependent on the temperature at which the films were treated. The method described here shows great potential for elucidating penetrant-penetrant and penetrant-polymer interactions during the diffusion process owing to the spectroscopic nature of the technique.
Drag measurements on long thin cylinders at small angles and high Reynolds numbers

Measurements of the drag caused by turbulent boundary layer mean wall shear stress on cylinders at small angles of attack and high length Reynolds numbers (8×106<ReL<6×107) are presented. The use of a full-scale, high-speed towing tank enabled the development of turbulent boundary layers on cylinders made of stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, and polyvinyl chloride. The diameter of all cylinders in this experiment was 12.7 mm; two cylinder lengths, 3.05 m and 6.10 m, were used, corresponding to aspect ratio values L/a=480 and 960, respectively. Materials of various densities were towed at critical angles, resulting in linear cylinder geometry for tow speeds ranging from 2.6 m/s to 20.7 m/s and angles between 0° and 12°. Towing angles were measured with digital photography, and streamwise drag was measured with a strut-mounted load cell at the tow point. The measured tangential drag was very sensitive to small increases in angle at all tow speeds. A momentum thickness length scale is proposed to scale the tangential drag coefficient. The effects of the cross-flow resulting from the small angles of tow have a significant effect on the tangential drag coefficient values. A scaling for the orthogonal force on the cylinders was determined and provides a correction to published normal drag coefficient values for pure cross-flow. The presence of the axial turbulent boundary layer has a significant effect on these orthogonal forces.
CLASSICAL RADIATION ZEROS IN GAUGE THEORY AMPLITUDES

The electromagnetic radiation from classical convection currents in relativistic $n$-particle collisions is shown to vanish in certain kinematical zones, due to complete destructive interference of the classical radiation patterns of the incoming and outgoing charged lines. We prove that quantum tree photon amplitudes vanish in the same zones, at arbitrary photon momenta including spin, seagull, and internal-line currents, provided only that the electromagnetic couplings and any other derivative couplings are as prescribed by renormalizable local gauge theory (spins \ensuremath{\le}1). In particular, the existence of this new class of amplitude zeros requires the familiar gyromagnetic-ratio value $g=2$ for all particles. The location of the zeros is spin independent, depending only on the charges and momenta of the external particles. Such null zones are the relativistic generalization of the well-known absence of electric and magnetic dipole radiation for nonrelativistic collisions involving particles with the same charge-to-mass ratio and $g$ factor. The origin of zeros in reactions such as $u\overline{d}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{W}^{+}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is thus explained and examples with more particles are discussed. Conditions for the null zones to lie in physical regions are established. A new radiation representation, with the zeros manifest and of practical utility independently of whether the null zones are in physical regions is derived for the complete single-photon amplitude in tree approximation, using a gauge-invariant vertex expansion stemming from new internal-radiation decomposition identities. The question of whether amplitudes with closed loops can vanish in null zones is addressed. A low-energy theorem for general quantum amplitudes (including closed loops) is found. Important relations between the photon couplings and Poincar\'e transformations are discovered. The null zone and these relations are discussed in terms of the Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi equation. The extension from photons to general massless gauge bosons is carried out.
Design of shape memory alloy pipe couplers: modeling and experiments

Shape memory alloy (SMA) pipe couplers use the shape memory effect to apply a contact pressure onto the surface of the pipes to be coupled. In the current research, a SMA pipe coupler is designed, fabricated and tested. The thermally induced contact pressure depends on several factors such as the dimensions and properties of the coupler-pipe system. Two alloy systems are considered: commercially-available NiTiNb couplers and in-house developed NiTi couplers. The coupling pressure is measured using strain gages mounted on the internal surface of an elastic ring. An axisymmetric finite element model including SMA constitutive equations is also developed, and the finite element results are compared with the experimental results.
A librarian's guide to Image Comics

Even the most casual comics collector knows the story behind Image Comics' remarkable success. In 1992, six of Marvel Comic's hottest free lance artists became frustrated with the company's restrictive practices and decided to jump ship. Although most of the six wielded significant influence at Marvel, they felt the firm's editorial policies interfered with their creative freedom. Moreover, the artists wanted to retain the licensing rights to characters which they created. Marvel, of course, was completely unwilling to give up such potentially lucrative rights. Although several of the artists were earning six-figure incomes (including page-rates and bonuses), they believed that each could increase his revenues to nine figures if they formed their own company.
Biological Suppression of Weeds: Evidence for Allelopathy in Accessions of Cucumber

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) accessions from 41 nations were grown with two indicator species in a search for superior competitors. Of the plant introductions tested, one inhibited indicator plant growth by 87 percent and 25 inhibited growth by 50 percent or more. The toxicity of leachates from pots containing inhibitory cucumbers to indicator plants germinated in separate containers suggested allelopathy. Incorporation of an allelopathic character into a crop cultivar could provide the plant with a means of gaining a competitive advantage over certain weeds.
An improved, low-cost tactile 'mouse' for use by individuals who are blind and visually impaired

Although tactile mice, such as the VT Player by virTouch, have been developed to enable access to 2-D graphical information by individuals who are blind and visually impaired, they have yet to really be adapted by the community. We suggest that this is due to the significant lack of accuracy in the haptic position information, which is critical for individuals to haptically piece together a 2-D graphic. In addition, the VT Player suffers from a noticeable lack of spatial and temporal concordance between the kinesthetic and tactile information. In this paper, we present a low-cost ( 300Hz. This will facilitate the use of vibration and texture, which our preliminary results show improves the saliency of graphical information.
Response by Lennart Randau & Dieter Söll

We appreciate the comments of Massimo Di Giulio on the ancestral character of intron‐containing transfer RNAs (tRNAs), which reinforce his previously published views on the origin of the tRNA molecule (Di Giulio, 1999, 2006). Our main motivation to describe a scenario of tRNA introns as acquired resistance against integrative elements was not to contribute to the long‐fought intron‐late/intron‐early discussion, but to present a view on the purpose of modern tRNA introns. Most introns of archaeal tRNAs are too short to have a different function other than to disrupt their tRNA genes. Therefore, our article (Randau & Soll, 2008) addresses the question as to what the evolutionary advantage of these disruptions would be and why they would be maintained in the genome. Di Giulio offers predictions that do not follow logically from our hypothesis. These predictions include …
Development and characterization of an exposure generation system to investigate the health effects of particles from fresh and aged traffic emissions

Atmospheric photochemical reactions of vehicular primary emissions result in the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). This is the first study that has investigated the toxicity of secondary particles based on fleet vehicular emissions. We developed methods for photochemical oxidation of traffic primary emissions to produce mixtures of primary and/or secondary particles suitable for animal exposures. The exposure generation system produced test atmospheres of primary (P), aged primary plus SOA (P + SOA), or SOA particles suitable for animal exposures. The system consists of (1) a sampling system to extract the traffic emissions from the plenum of a highway tunnel ventilation stack, (2) a photochemical chamber to simulate atmospheric aging, and (3) a nonselective diffusion denuder to remove gaseous pollutants prior to exposure. In the presence of traffic primary particles (P + SOA), a longer mean residence time resulted in a higher SOA yield. Higher baseline plenum primary particle mass concentration resulted in lower SOA yield. In the absence of primary particles (SOA), higher plenum gas concentrations resulted in higher SOA yield. Secondary aerosol was largely organic but contained some nitrate and sulfate. Formation of secondary aerosol is influenced significantly by reaction of primary gases with ·OH. The system (1) provides adequate flow and stable chamber output of P, P + SOA, and SOA for characterization and animal exposures and (2) generates reproducible exposure atmospheres of P, P + SOA, and SOA, all at consistent mass concentrations.
Production of acyl-homoserine lactone quorum-sensing signals by gram-negative plant-associated bacteria

Many gram-negative bacteria regulate expression of specialized gene sets in response to population density. This regulatory mechanism, called autoinduction or quorumsensing, is based on the production by the bacteria of a small, diffusible signal molecule called the autoinducer. In the most well-studied systems the autoinducers are N-acylated derivatives of l-homoserine lactone (acyl-HSL). Signal specificity is conferred by the length, and the nature of the substitution at C-3, of the acyl side-chain. We evaluated four acyl-HSL bioreporters, based on tra of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, lux of Vibrio fischeri, las of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and pigment production by Chromobacterium violaceum, for their ability to detect sets of 3-oxo acyl-HSLs, 3-hydroxy acyl-HSLs, and alkanoyl-HSLs with chain lengths ranging from C4 to C12. The traG::lacZ fusion reporter from the A. tumefaciens Ti plasmid was the single most sensitive and versatile detector of the four. Using this reporter, we screened 106 isolates represen...
Relationships among optimism, well-being, self-transcendence, coping, and social support in women during treatment for breast cancer

Objective: The impact of diagnosis and treatment for breast cancer, stressors that affect emotional well-being, is influenced by several psychosocial factors and the relationships among them. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between optimism and emotional well-being (EWB) and the individual and combined mediation of this relationship by perceived social support (SS), problem focused coping (PFC), and self-transcendence in women with breast cancer during radiation therapy. Methods: Ninety-three women receiving radiation treatment for breast cancer completed questionnaires that measured EWB, optimism, SS, PFC, and self-transcendence. Results: Correlational and multiple regression analysis revealed that optimism was positively related to EWB. Of the three mediators, self-transcendence alone was found to partially mediate the relationship between optimism and EWB. The relationship between optimism and PFC was not significant. Optimism was related to SS, but its indirect effect on EWB through SS did not reach significance. Conclusions and implications: During breast cancer treatment, the positive effects of optimism on EWB are partially mediated by a woman's level of self-transcendence. Brief screening of women's optimism may help identify women at risk for psychological distress. Early detection and interventions to promote psychological adjustment throughout the cancer trajectory (e.g. enhancing self-transcendence) should receive attention in future research. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feature Selection and Activity Recognition System Using a Single Triaxial Accelerometer

Activity recognition is required in various applications such as medical monitoring and rehabilitation. Previously developed activity recognition systems utilizing triaxial accelerometers have provided mixed results, with subject-to-subject variability. This paper presents an accurate activity recognition system utilizing a body worn wireless accelerometer, to be used in the real-life application of patient monitoring. The algorithm utilizes data from a single, waist-mounted triaxial accelerometer to classify gait events into six daily living activities and transitional events. The accelerometer can be worn at any location around the circumference of the waist, thereby reducing user training. Feature selection is performed using Relief-F and sequential forward floating search (SFFS) from a range of previously published features, as well as new features introduced in this paper. Relevant and robust features that are insensitive to the positioning of accelerometer around the waist are selected. SFFS selected almost half the number of features in comparison to Relief-F and provided higher accuracy than Relief-F. Activity classification is performed using Naive Bayes and $k$ -nearest neighbor $(k$ -NN) and the results are compared. Activity recognition results on seven subjects with leave-one-person-out error estimates show an overall accuracy of about 98% for both the classifiers. Accuracy for each of the individual activity is also more than 95%.
VALIDITY COEFFICIENTS FOR THE NEW HARRIS-GOODENOUGH DRAW-A-MAN TEST

Three validity estimates relating Draw-A-Man scores to WISC, Stanford-Binet, California Mental Maturity, and Iowa Academic Achievement Test scores were obtained. Moderate to good correlations were ...
Compressive Feedback-Based Motion Control for Nanomanipulation—Theory and Applications

Conventional scanning probe microscopy (SPM)-based nanomanipulations always have to face scanner accuracy problems such as hysteresis, nonlinearity, and thermal drift. Although some scanners consist of internal position sensors, the sensitivity is not high enough to monitor high-resolution nanomanipulations. Additionally, once the scan size decreases to a nanolevel such as less than 100 nm, the noise brought by sensors is large enough to affect the performance of the closed-loop motion control system. In this paper, a non-vector space control strategy based on compressive feedback is proposed in order to improve the accuracy of SPM-based nanomanipulations. In this approach, local images (or compressive data) are used as both the reference input and feedback for a non-vector space closed-loop controller which considers the local image (or compressive data) as a set. The controller is designed in non-vector space, and it requires no prior information on features or landmarks which are widely used in traditional visual servoing. In this paper, the atomic force microscopy is used as an example of SPM to implement the non-vector space control strategy for nanomanipulations. The motivation of designing such a non-vector space controller is to solve the accuracy problem in nanomanipulation. Without this technique, the SPM-based nanomanipulations, such as nanomeasurement and nanosurgery, are difficult to conduct, with accuracy controlled under several nanometers. In order to illustrate the contributions and potential applications of this non-vector controller, at the end of this paper, an application of carbon nanotube local electrical property characterization based on a non-vector space motion control is shown to clearly verify the concept. Compared with other research in the local electrical property characterization, the non-vector space controller can ensure that the measurement accuracy (position error) is controlled within a few nanometers, which also ensures the reliability of measurement results. Additionally, this non-vector space control method can be implemented into any kind of SPM to realize a real-time control for nanomanipulation such as nanofabrication and nanoassembly.
Investigating the genetic basis of pork tenderness: genomic analysis of porcine CAST.

Summary A quantitative trait locus (QTL) affecting pork tenderness was recently detected within the Illinois Meat Quality Pedigree (IMQP) and fine-mapped to the region of porcine chromosome 2 (SSC2) harbouring the functional candidate gene calpastatin (CAST). To identify molecular variation that may underlie the observed differences in tenderness phenotypes, we characterized the porcine CAST gene and analysed allelic variation within the F1 boars of the IMQP. The complete genomic sequence of porcine CAST has been determined, and was found to contain 35 exons spanning nearly 123 kb. Using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method, calpastatin transcript types I–III, as well as a putative novel transcript type, were detected within porcine skeletal muscle. Variability in transcription initiation and termination sites was observed, and alternative splicing of exons 1y and 3 was evident. Nearly 77.6% of the CAST gene, including all exons, was re-sequenced from each of six IMQP F1 boars, and almost 900 polymorphisms were identified. The heterozygosity of nearly 400 polymorphisms appeared to be concordant with the previous QTL data, and the location of this variation within the CAST gene suggests that a causative mutation is likely to be regulatory. Functional characterization of CAST variation should enhance understanding of the molecular basis of pork tenderness, and thus allow for genetic improvement of pork products. The effectiveness of CAST polymorphisms for marker-assisted selection of pork tenderness can now be assessed.
Genetic background, gender, age, body temperature, and arterial blood pH have a major impact on myocardial infarct size in the mouse and need to be carefully measured and/or taken into account: results of a comprehensive analysis of determinants of infarct size in 1,074 mice

In order to determine whether the myocardial response to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury varies depending on genetic background, gender, age, body temperature, and arterial blood pH, we studied 1,074 mice from 19 strains (including 129S6/SvEvTac (129S6), B6/129P2-Ptgs2tm1Unc, B6/129SvF2/J, B6/129/D2, B6/CBAF1, B6/DBA/1JNcr, BALB/c, BPH2/J, C57BL/6/J (B6/J), C3H/DBA, C3H/FB/FF, C3H/HeJ-Pde6brd1, FVB/N/J [FVB/N], FVB/B6, FVB/ICR and Crl:ICR/H [ICR]) and distributed them into 69 groups depending on strain and: (1) two phases of ischemic preconditioning (PC); (2) coronary artery occlusion (O) time; (3) gender; (4) age; (5) blood transfusion; (6) core body temperature; and (7) arterial blood pH. Mice underwent O either without (non-preconditioned [naive]) or with prior cyclic O/reperfusion (R) (PC stimulus) consisting of six 4-min O/4-min R cycles 10 min (early PC, EPC) or 24 h (late PC, LPC) prior to 30 or 45-min O and 24 h R. In B6/J and B6/129/D2 mice, almost the entire risk region was infarcted after a 60-min O. Of the naive mouse hearts, B6/ecSODWT and FVB/N mice had infarct sizes significantly smaller than those of the other mice. All strains except FVB/N benefited from the cardioprotection afforded by the early phase of PC; in contrast, development of LPC was inconsistent amongst groups and was strain-dependent. Female gender (1) was associated with reduced infarct size in ICR mice, (2) determined whether LPC developed in ICR mice, and (3) limited the protection afforded by EPC in 129S6 mice. Importantly, mild hypothermia (1 °C decrease in core temperature) and mild acidosis (0.18 decrease in blood pH) resulted in a striking cardioprotective effect in ICR mice: 67.5 and 43.0 % decrease in infarct size, respectively. Replacing blood losses with crystalloid fluids (instead of blood) during surgery also reduced infarct size. To our knowledge, this is the largest analysis of the determinants of infarct size in mice ever published. The results demonstrate that genetic background, gender, age (but not in ICR), body temperature and arterial blood pH have a major impact on infarct size, and thus need to be carefully measured and/or taken into account when designing a study of myocardial infarction in mice; failure to do so makes results uninterpretable. For example, core temperature and blood pH need to be measured, respiratory acidosis (or alkalosis) and hypothermia (or hyperthermia) must be avoided, and comparisons cannot be made between mouse strains or genders that exhibit different susceptibility to I/R injury (e.g., FVB/N male mice and ICR female mice are inherently protected against I/R injury).
A Fluorescein Angiographic Study of Cystoid Macular Edema

We performed a prospective fluorescein angiographic study on 66 patients who had undergone extracapsular cataract extractions with implantation of a Shearing posterior chamber intraocular lens. A primary posterior capsulotomy was performed in every case. The eyes were studied 11 to 23 months postoperatively. The incidence of cystoid macular edema (3%) was lower than that found in three series of cataract extractions previously reported. Extracapsular cataract extraction with either (1) a Shearing posterior chamber intraocular lens and a primary posterior capsulotomy or (2) a Binkhorst intraocular lens and an intact posterior capsule produces a lower rate of cystoid macular edema than does intracapsular cataract extraction either with a Binkhorst intraocular lens or without an intraocular lens. There was no significant difference in the incidence of cystoid macular edema in the two extracapsular series, indicating that preservation of an intact posterior capsule was not a significant factor.
Differential topography of acute erosive gastritis due to trauma or sepsis, ethanol and aspirin.

Topographic and histologic variations in acute erosive gastritis associated with sepsis, trauma, ethanol, or aspirin as seen in 162 patients revealed differences of possible pathogenetic significance. The coexistence of circumscribed peptic ulcer with aspirin-induced gastritis was confirmed.
Measuring community completeness: Jobs-housing balance, accessibility, and convenient local access to nonwork destinations

Using 2007 travel-diary data from metropolitan Chicago, I investigate what aspects of urban form contribute most to community completeness, as defined by internal tour capture for nonwork tours. I examine two distinct geographic scales: census-defined "places", and synthetically constructed "centered communities". Centered communities are defined as nonwork travel sheds centered upon well-defined concentrations of activity. Higher accessibility share (a new urban form measure defined in the paper) and higher mixed use both significantly predict greater community completeness, as do higher levels of residential or employment density. Furthermore, I find that mixed-use measures describe something other than simple proximity to job-based attractions; these measures also address the appropriate balance of activities necessary for a complete community. To build more-complete communities, planners need to ensure that local accessibility to a variety of destinations of interest is high relative to the regional accessibility to these same types of destinations outside the community.
The political value of humility

This article takes up the issue of deliberation and the importance of internal constraints for the proper functioning of a deliberative environment. Those who seek to engage in deliberation must possess certain characteristics, or virtues, that will facilitate deliberation. This article discusses humility within this context. Humility serves as a principle deliberative virtue. Theorists should focus on the characteristics of individuals who make deliberation possible before looking for the proper institutional arrangements. I provide a definition and illustration of humility through a reading of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s ‘Dream of a Ridiculous Man’ and ‘Legend of the Grand Inquisitor’.
The Tourist Narrative

This paper concerns tourist narratives, a type of autobiographical narrative condensed by the temporal and spatial constraints of tourism experience, as a place-making tool. While much attention has been paid to the importance of metanarratives both in the construction of tourism sites and in the self-identity process, the role of personal narratives for bridging this divide has been underexplored. As episodes of personal narratives, tourist moments are both socially and semiotically constructed. These narratives are at the nexus of spatial and temporal experience as tourists use multisensory experience, material objects, and landscape cues to connect memories with contemporary events and metanarratives to personal history. Narratives, however, are a construction; as they are (re)interpreted and (re)told events change in terms of their significance. As tourism experiences are incorporated into one’s autobiographical narrative, the tourism space takes on new meanings and through this incorporation it becom...
Acanthurids Do Not Avoid Consuming Cultured Toxic Dinoflagellates yet Do Not Become Ciguatoxic

Abstract Ocean surgeons Acanthurus bahianus and doctorfish A. chirurgus displayed no preference between food items containing toxic dinoflagellates associated with ciguatera poisoning and nontoxic food when given a choice for up to 42 consecutive days. Two clones of laboratorycultured dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus toxicus and one clone of Prorocentrum concavum were used in separate trials. Gambierdiscus toxicus clone SIU-350 was toxic to both fish species after 5–8 d at a daily ration of 2.5 mg of cells per food item. Clinical signs were similar to those previously reported for blueheads Thalassoma bifasciatum fed the same clone, Clinical signs became less pronounced with time, but recurred with equal intensity when the ration was doubled. No difference in food consumption between toxic and nontoxic food types was observed. Fish fed G. toxicus SIU-175, previously shown to be considerably more toxic to mice Mus sp. and brine shrimp Artemia sp. than to G. toxicus SIU-350, remained asymptomatic at daily rati...
Covert signal disruption: Anti‐ecdysteroidal activity of bisphenol a involves cross talk between signaling pathways

Bisphenol A is a key industrial chemical used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and other products. Several recent reports ascribe toxicological properties to this compound that have been attributed to the disruption of endocrine-related processes. In the present study, the toxicity of bisphenol A was definitively characterized in the water flea (Daphnia magna) in an effort to discern whether this compound may elicit endocrine toxicity in an invertebrate species and to establish the mechanism by which this toxicity is elicited. The ability of bisphenol A to interfere with two ecdysteroid-dependent physiological processes--molting and embryonic development--was evaluated. Bisphenol A elicited antiecdysteroidal activity as indicated by its prolongation of the intermolt period and interference with embryonic development. This apparent antiecdysteroidal activity was not due to reduced availability of endogenous ecdysteroid nor due to ecdysteroid-receptor antagonism. The ability of bisphenol A to elicit antiecdysteroidal activity by functioning as a juvenoid hormone was next evaluated. Bisphenol A, alone, did not elicit juvenoid activity. However, bisphenol A did enhance the activity of the crustacean juvenoid hormone methyl farnesoate. A definitive assessment of the effects of bisphenol A on the reproductive capacity of daphnids revealed a concentration-response relationship that extended at least one order of magnitude below exposure levels that were overtly toxic to the maternal organisms. These results demonstrate that bisphenol A is chronically toxic to daphnids, probably through its ability to interfere with ecdysteroid/juvenoid regulated processes. However, effects are elicited at levels that are not likely to pose environmental concern.
High-Q silicon carbide photonic-crystal cavities

We demonstrate one-dimensional photonic-crystal nanobeam cavities in amorphous silicon carbide. The fundamental mode exhibits intrinsic optical quality factor as high as 7.69 × 104 with mode volume ∼0.60(λ/n)3 at wavelength 1.5 μm. A corresponding Purcell factor value of ∼104 is the highest reported to date in silicon carbide optical cavities. The device exhibits great potential for integrated nonlinear photonics and cavity nano-optomechanics.
Quantum suppression of chaos in the spin-boson model

We identify a transition to chaos in the semiclassical spin-boson model that occurs for relatively large boson fields, as one of two periodic orbits becomes unstable. We have studied the quantum dynamics in the vicinity of this transition, as characterized by (i) phase-space trajectories followed by quantum expectation values, (ii) spectra of such trajectories, (iii) subsystem entropies for the spin and boson systems, and (iv) growth of operator variances for the boson system. We find that the transition to chaos in the classical system has no apparent effect on any of these variables, in the spin-1/2 case. This is in disagreement with some claims made in earlier studies of this system. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
The effects of shear and vorticity on deformation of a drop

A fluid drop immersed in a second incompressible fluid is deformed by a motion which, far from the drop, varies linearly with distance. Deformation of the drop is then determined by both the rate of deformation and the vorticity of the continuous fluid phase far from the drop. Experiments are described in which the vorticity and rate of deformation were independently varied by means of an eccentric-disk rheometer field. It is shown that predictions from a small-parameter expansion to first order in e = μ 0 Gb /σ are in good agreement with experiment to values of e as large as 0·4, where μ 0 is viscosity of the continuous phase, G a measure of the flow strength, b the drop radius, and σ the interfacial tension. Of the several terms which arise in the O (e) expansion, only that one which contains a Jaumann derivative of the deformation parameter provides an important contribution beyond Taylor's original analysis of the problem. This fact greatly simplifies the computation of drop shape.
General Relativistic Instability

The point of instability of a general relativistic fluid sphere is determined using the criterion that the point of instability occurs when the binding energy is at a maximum. The result is equivalent to the result obtained by the small-perturbation method when the radius is sufficiently large.
Computer applications in machine productivity measurement

Abstract This paper contains an analytical approach for measuring the productivity of industrial production machines. The contention of the paper is that where discrete manufacturing machines are concerned productivity can best be assessed by methodology which focuses on performance rather than on cost. The application of computer programs to facilitate execution of the productivity measurement approach is illustrated.
A collocation procedure for determining fracture mechanics parameters at a corner

An overdetermined collocation procedure is presented for determining fracture mechanics parameters. The use of more than one eigenvector coupled with the overdetermined collocation procedure circumvents many of the problems normally found with the collocation procedure. Results are compared with those of other methods on two test problems.
Development of a Liquid Dynamic Seal to Vacuum

In the development of the advanced Rankine space power system technology the rotating machinery is to run on potassium-lubricated bearings. The alternator rotor cavity is evacuated either by venting to space or through artificial means. This reduces rotor windage losses to an acceptable level from the standpoint of alternator efficiency and rotor cooling. The problem investigated was the dynamic seal between the pressurized liquid potassium in the bearing cavity and the vacuum in the alternator rotor cavity. No rubbing seals are permitted because of the high rubbing speeds and the design life in excess of three years. In such a seal there must be a liquid-vapor interface. The objective was to keep the leakage rate at this interface below 10 lb/yr. The experimental development of two dynamic seals meeting the leakage tolerance objective is described. Easily resolved was the problem of maintaining a significant pressure difference across the seal. In the first development the main accomplishment was to solve the problem associated with the breakdown of the liquid-vapor interface which resulted in “sputtering”, an intermittent leakage of liquid droplets. The main accomplishment of the second development was a significant reduction in power consumption by the seal.
Surface sol-gel modification of mesoporous silica materials with TiO2 for the assembly of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles

The surface sol−gel method has been demonstrated to be an effective method for the modification of silica mesopore surfaces and the tuning of mesopore diameters. This layer-by-layer approach allows the control of mesopore diameters with monolayer precision. Ultrasmall gold nanoparticles were successfully prepared on surface-modified SBA-15 via a deposition−precipitation method. High catalytic activity for CO oxidation was found for such materials.
A new approach to using wind speed for prediction of tropical cyclone generated storm surge

[1] We examine the best track wind speed data for all U.S. landfalling hurricanes between 1986 and 2007 to determine the relationship between wind speed and observed maximum storm surge heights at the coast. We show that pre-landfall intensity correlates significantly better with observed maximum surge heights than landfall intensity does. This outcome is not a result of outliers skewing the data, but is representative of a more definitive trend. We anticipate that our findings will lead to a reconsideration of the way wind is used as a surge predictor, and we believe that our findings provide a possible explanation for why some tropical cyclones' storm surges tend to over/under perform with respect to official storm surge forecasts.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY: LXXXVI. HULL AND HIS CRITICS: THE RECEPTION OF CLARK L. HULL'S BEHAVIOR THEORY, 1943-1960

In the twelve-year period following the publication of Principles of Behavior in 1943, Clark L. Hull was regarded as a leading proponent of systematic behavior theory. By the end of the 1950s, his ...
Radiative heat transfer from a plasma in tube flow

Abstract Schmidt and Leppert (1970) have reported experimental and analytical heat-transfer data for partially ionized argon flowing in a circular tube. The finite-difference model used, which was based on the then best available information, considerably underpredicted the total heat flux to the wall in the first few tube diameters. The present study has developed a new finite-difference program, based on the Spalding-Patankar GEN program, which predicts local heat transfer for a partially ionized argon plasma flowing in a cooled, circular tube. The equilibrium radiation model incorporated in the program has been refined to include the effects of the geometry of the radiating flow field. Experiments were conducted, using a newly developed annular radiometer, which showed the total radiation incident on the walls of the tube to be much higher than predicted. It is concluded that the discrepancy earlier reported was due to a 50 per cent underprediction of the radiative heat transfer. Non-equilibrium radiation appears to be the cause of this behavior.
SU‐E‐T‐375: The Impact of Heterogeneity Corrections in High Dose Rate Brachytherapy

Purpose: To evaluate the dosimetric impact of heterogeneity corrections on both conventional and volume‐optimized high dose rate (HDR) tandem‐and‐ovoid (TO rectum, bladder, and sigmoid) were contoured on the CT datasets by a single physician. Dose calculations with and without heterogeneity corrections were then performed for both the conventional Point‐A based plans and the volume‐optimized plans using Brachyvision v8.9 (Varian) along with Acuros: a heterogeneity correction application available in Brachyvision. Results: For the conventional plans, the change in dose to Point‐A (left and right) and ICRU 38 defined rectum and bladder points was assessed after applying the heterogeneity correction with Acuros. It was found that the dose to the ICRU bladder decreased the most (− 2.2±0.9%) while ICRU rectum (−1.7±0.8%), Point‐A right (−1.1±0.4%), and Point‐A left (−1.0±0.3%) also showed decreases. For the volume‐optimized plans, dose‐volume‐histogram (DVH) parameters (D90 of CTV and D2cc of rectum, bladder, and sigmoid) were evaluated before and after applying the heterogeneity correction with Acuros. It was found that D90 of the CTV decreased by −1.9±0.7% and D2cc decreased by −2.6±1.4%, −1.0±0.4%, and −2.0±0.6% for the rectum, bladder and sigmoid, respectively. Conclusions: Heterogeneity corrections on T&O brachytherapy plans were found to have only a small dosimetric impact over TG‐43 based dose calculations for both conventional Point‐A and 3D imaging based volume‐optimization plans.
Blood Sugar Levels and Cataract in Alloxan-Treated, Galactose-Fed and Xylose-Fed Weanling Rats.

SummaryCataract was produced experimentally in weanling littermate rats by (1) alloxan treatment, (2) galactose feeding, and (3) xylose feeding. All groups showed greatly elevated blood sugar levels as compared with untreated controls receiving glucose. Cataract was exhibited by all of the xylose- and galac-tose-fed rats, and by nearly all of the alloxan-treated rats. However, the development of cataract was much slower in the alloxan-treated than in the other groups. It is concluded that not only the level of blood sugar, but also the specific configuration of the sugar concerned is a factor in its cataractogenic action.
Terahertz single pixel imaging with an optically controlled dynamic spatial light modulator

We present a single pixel terahertz (THz) imaging technique using optical photoexcitation of semiconductors to dynamically and spatially control the electromagnetic properties of a semiconductor mask to collectively form a THz spatial light modulator (SLM). By co-propagating a THz and collimated optical laser beam through a high-resistivity silicon wafer, we are able to modify the THz transmission in real-time. By further encoding a spatial pattern on the optical beam with a digital micro-mirror device (DMD), we may write masks for THz radiation. We use masks of varying complexities ranging from 63 to 1023 pixels and are able to acquire images at speeds up to 1/2 Hz. Our results demonstrate the viability of obtaining real-time and high-fidelity THz images using an optically controlled SLM with a single pixel detector.
Uncertainties assessment and satellite validation over 2 years time series of multispectral and hyperspectral measurements in coastal waters at Long Island Sound Coastal Observatory

Optical remote sensing of coastal waters from space is a basic requirement for monitoring global water quality and assessing anthropogenic impacts. However, this task remains highly challenging due to the optical complexity of the atmosphere-water system in coastal areas. In order to support present and future multi- and hyper-spectral calibration/validation activities for the Ocean Color Radiometry (OCR) satellites, as well as the development of new measurements and retrieval techniques for coastal waters, City College of New York along with the Naval Research Laboratory (Stennis) has established a scientifically comprehensive observation platform, the Long Island Sound Coastal Observatory (LISCO). As an integral part of the NASA AERONET - Ocean Color Network, LISCO is equipped with a multispectral SeaPRISM system. In addition, LISCO expands its observational capabilities through hyperspectral measurements with a HyperSAS system. The related multi- and hyperspectral data processing and data quality analysis are described. The three main OCR satellites, MERIS, MODIS and SeaWiFS, have been evaluated against the LISCO dataset of quality-checked measurements of SeaPRISM and HyperSAS. Adjacency effects impacting satellite data have been analyzed and found negligible. The remote sensing reflectances retrieved from satellite and in situ data are also compared. These comparisons show satisfactory correlations (R2 > 0.91 at 547nm) and consistencies (median value of the absolute percentage difference ~ 7.4%). It is also found that merging of the SeaPRISM and HyperSAS data at LISCO site significantly improve the overall data quality which makes this dataset highly suitable for satellite data validation purposes or for potential vicarious calibration activities.
Potential theory on lipschitz domains in riemannian manifolds: hölder continuous metric tensors

In our papers [MT], [MT2], [MT3], and [MMT], we have developed the method of layer potentials as a tool to treat boundary problems for the Laplace operator and related operators on Lipschitz domains in Riemannian manifolds, extending work done on Lipschitz domains in Euclidean space with its standard flat metric, beginning with the papers of [FJR], [Ve], and [DK]. We worked under the hypothesis that the metric tensor was at least Lipschitz. Here our goal is to relax this regularity hypothesis and work with metric tensors that are merely Holder continuous.