cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MEASURING STUDENT PARTICIPATION AND EFFORT

No matter how well designed a course is, students will not learn unless they put a reasonable amount of effort into the learning process. A problem for many students and educators is in determining exactly what a reasonable amount of effort is. Many studies have focused on the issue of attendance, documenting a clear link with success. However, in the age of e-learning new conceptions and measures of participation and effort are required. This paper will present data comparing measures of student effort with student success on an online course. The findings are discussed in relation to the possibilities for improving automated feedback mechanisms for students, instructors and advisors.
Fever without a source: evolution of a diagnosis from Kawasaki disease to acute myelogenous leukaemia

A previously healthy 11-month-old male patient presented with fever, abdominal pain and irritability. As part of an extensive evaluation for the cause of his fevers, an echocardiogram was performed and showed mildly dilated coronary arteries, leading to a diagnosis of incomplete Kawasaki disease (KD). He was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), defervesced and was discharged home. Two weeks later, he presented with anaemia initially attributed to haemolytic anaemia secondary to IVIG and received a red blood cell transfusion. However, his anaemia recurred 2 weeks later with leucocytosis, prompting a bone marrow aspirate 4 weeks after his diagnosis of KD. This demonstrated acute myelogenous leukaemia most consistent with acute megakaryocytic leukaemia. This case highlights the potentially subtle presentation of acute leukaemia and the need to keep an open mind and reconsider the initial diagnosis as new information comes to light in the care of an ill child.
The Blood of Emmett Till: by Timothy B. Tyson (2017). New York: Simon & Schuster Press, Inc. $27.00. 291 pp.

In the book, The Blood of Emmett Till, Timothy B. Tyson, an historian and Duke University scholar, provides in-depth investigation into an event that served as the catalyst for the civil rights mov...
Unilateral Proptosis in a 74-Year-Old Woman

Multisystem disorders can present with protean manifestations. We report a particularly unusual case of a systemic vasculitis in which the principal clinical manifestation was unilateral proptosis caused by an orbital pseudotumour.
Syntheses and X-ray crystal structures of a family of dinuclear silver(I)pyrazolates: Assessment of their antibacterial efficacy against P. aeruginosa with a soft tissue and skin infection model

Abstract Five new dinuclear silver(I) complexes, namely [Ag2(μ-4-Cl-pz)2(PPh3)4] (1), [Ag2(μ-4-Cl-pz)2(PPh3)3] (2), [Ag2(μ-4-NO2-pz)2(PPh3)4] (3), [Ag2(μ-4-NO2-pz)2(PPh3)3] (4) and [Ag2(μ-4-Cl-pz)2(PTA)4] (5) (where pz = pyrazolate and PTA = 1, 3, 5-triazaphosphaadamantane) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The coordination geometry of both silver centers in complexes 1, 3 and 5 is distorted tetrahedral, while in case of complexes 2 and 4, one of the Ag centers resides in a trigonal planar environment. The two μ-pyrazolates act as bridges between two Ag atoms. Complex 5 is highly soluble in water and exhibits strong antimicrobial actions against a Gram-negative nosocomial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The zone of bacterial clearance by complex 5 in SSTI (soft tissue and skin infection) model is found to be comparable to that by silver nitrate.
ERK activation results in sustained TGF-beta signaling by preventing ligand-induced type II receptor degradation in a human B cell lymphoma cell line

5112 Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) inhibits cell proliferation by arresting cells in the G1 phase of cell cycle in a variety of cell types. The critical regulators in this process include p15INK4b, p21CIP/WAF1, p27, and c-Myc. Activation of the TGF-β signaling occurs via ligand-induced heteromeric complex formation of type II (TβRII) and type I (TβRI) serine/threonine kinase receptors, which in turn propagates the TGF-β signal by phosphorylating and activating receptor-regulated Smad proteins, Smad2 and Smad3. With the formation of complex with Smad4, the activated Smads complex then translocates to the nucleus where, in association with transcriptional co-activators or repressors, it binds to the promoters of TGF-β-responsive genes, p15INK4b, p21CIP/WAF1, p27, and c-Myc. There is growing evidence that the deficiency in TGF-β signaling correlates with increased cancer risk. Here we describe a B cell lymphoma cell line, RL, which is resistant to TGF-β-induced growth arrest, and has transient TGF-β-induced nuclear translocation of Smad2 and Smad3. Analysis of TβRII reveals ligand-induced receptor down-regulation in a time-dependent manner. With a low dose of PMA, RL cells restore the sensitivity to TGF-β by up-regulating TβRII and sustained TGF-β signaling. Consistent with up-regulation of TβRII, there is ERK activation after PMA treatment. A P-ERK inhibitor U0126 blocks PMA-induced up-regulation of TβRII indicating a role for P-ERK activity in stabilizing TβRII. In HaCaT cells, a TGF-β responsive cell line, U0126 can induce down-regulation of TβRII and attenuate TGF-β signaling. Collectively, our data suggest that ERK activation sustains TGF-β signaling by preventing TβRII degradation.
Trends in Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Types 16 and 18 in Cervical Precancers, 2008–2014

Background: The impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has been observed in the United States through declining cervical precancer incidence in young women. To further evaluate vaccine impact, we described trends in HPV vaccine types 16/18 in cervical precancers, 2008–2014. Methods: We analyzed data from a 5-site, population-based surveillance system. Archived specimens from women age 18–39 years diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2–3 or adenocarcinoma in situ (CIN2+) were tested for 37 HPV types. We described the proportion and estimated number of cases of CIN2+ by HPV-type groups over time. Trends in HPV16/18-positive CIN2+ were examined, overall and by vaccination status, age, histologic grade, and race/ethnicity, using Cochrane–Armitage tests. Results: In 10,206 cases, the proportion and estimated number of cases of HPV16/18-positive CIN2+ declined from 52.7% (1,235 cases) in 2008 to 44.1% (819 cases) in 2014 (P Conclusions: From 2008–2014, the proportion of HPV16/18-positive CIN2+ declined, with the greatest declines in vaccinated women; declines in unvaccinated women suggest herd protection. Impact: The declining proportion of HPV16/18-positive CIN2+ provides additional evidence of vaccine impact in the United States.
When Interviewing: How Many is Enough?

Researchers need to know what is an appropriate sample size for interview work, but how does one decide upon an acceptable number of people to interview? This question is not relevant to case study work where one would typically interview every member of a case, or in situations where it is both desirable and feasible to interview all target population members. However, in much of qualitative and mixed-methods research and evaluation, the researcher can only reasonably interview a subset of the target population. How big or small should that subset be? This paper provides a brief explanation of why the concept of generalization is inappropriate with respect to the findings from qualitative interviewing, what wording to use in place of generalization, and how one should decide on sample size for interviews.
Cariprazine Augmentation to Antidepressant Therapy in Major Depressive Disorder: Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Cariprazine is an atypical antipsychotic currently under investigation as an adjunctive to antidepressant treatment (ADT) for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Here results of an 18- to 19-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled Phase 3 study evaluating the efficacy of adjunctive cariprazine (1.5-4.5 mg/day[d]) with ADT in participants with previous inadequate response to ADT are presented. ADT response was assessed in an 8-week open-label period; inadequate responders were randomized (N = 530) to open-label ADT plus placebo (n = 261) or cariprazine (n = 269) for the 8-week double-blind phase (NCT01715805). Primary and secondary endpoints were changes at week 8 (cariprazine versus placebo) in Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score and in Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) score, respectively, which were analyzed by mixed-effect models for repeated measures. Cariprazine did not significantly improve scores in either compared to placebo, but non-significantly reduced depressive symptoms (MADRS least-squares mean difference [LSMD]: -0.2, P = 0.7948 and SDS LSMD: -0.7, P = 0.2784). Of additional efficacy parameters, cariprazine significantly improved Clinical Global Impressions - Improvement (CGI-I) scores versus placebo (LSMD: -0.2; P = 0.0410). A greater proportion of participants achieved MADRS response with cariprazine vs placebo, but differences were not significant. Cariprazine was generally well-tolerated, and metabolic parameters and body weight changes were not meaningfully different than placebo. Common newly-emergent adverse events included akathisia and restlessness. The lack of significant improvement in depressive symptoms with adjunctive cariprazine and ADT for MDD in inadequate responders contrasts with previously published results, therefore additional studies are needed to understand role of adjunctive cariprazine in MDD.
The Chemical Management System (CMS): A Useful Tool for Inventory Management

Comprehensive inventory management is central to the efficient operation of any facility that uses and stores chemicals. There are numerous software packages available that perform this function sa...
Corporate Accountability Under Socio-Economic Rights (Foreword)

The guarantees and the protection of human rights, in particular socio-economic rights are shifting more and more from the public sphere, from the Governmental, Supra-Governmental and Intergovernmental level, towards the private, where corporations and various other private entities are directly or indirectly assuming public commitments and constructive undertakings. Wherein they have the objective to provide possible solutions and actions in guaranteeing welfare and the respect of these rights to a growing sphere of the citizens, targeting primarily the most powerless and fragile groups within the population. The expansion and extent of the process of globalization is unquestionable and has gained tremendous dimensions and vast scale in recent time. There is a part of the public opinion and civil society, which is vehemently against the globalization and is afraid of its negative effects on NTCs, local societal values and traditions. These communities are making the equalization between the role of the States and international organizations responsible for adopting adequate governance, precautionary principles and rules concerning human rights and social justice, and the multinational corporations. Private entities are indeed active on the market, and directly capable of putting these rights at stakes or independently protecting these rights into practice through strict compliance as well as through voluntary actions. This means that if multinational companies operate in such a way that they undermine societal values, the public opinion, instead of simply accusing the private ownership of these actions, might consider both the States and Governments accountable, along with international organizations for not complying with their supposed duties to prevent actions that could put human life and health in danger, and also for their eventual omission to act, to take positive and incremental measures. For this reason, the paradigm shift towards the pivotal role and significance of corporate social responsibility and accountability fostering sustainable development and facing challenges, such as poverty, climate change and environmental degradation, should not mean that the role of public good governance must decrease and the general level of trust in the private sector should automatically increase. On the contrary, the pursuit of profit and power is still strongly present in today’s business models and a solid corporate accountability approach is inevitable to reinforce domestic and international supervisory systems able to step in, whenever the holders of these socio-economic rights suffer violations.
Asset flow and momentum: deterministic and stochastic equations

We use basic conservation and microeconomic identities to derive a nonlinear first-order ordinary differential equation for a market system with a prescribed number of shares and cash supply (inclu...
Clinical and radiological results of indirect decompression after anterior lumbar interbody fusion in central spinal canal stenosis.

Objective Whereas the benefits of indirect decompression after lateral lumbar interbody fusion are well known, the effects of anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) have not yet been verified. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological effects of indirect decompression after ALIF for central spinal canal stenosis. In this report, along with the many advantages of the anterior approach, the authors share cases with good outcomes that they have encountered. Methods The authors performed a retrospective analysis of 64 consecutive patients who underwent ALIF for central spinal canal stenosis with instability and mixed foraminal stenosis between January 2015 and December 2018 at their hospital. Clinical assessments were performed using the visual analog scale score, the Oswestry Disability Index, and the modified Macnab criteria. The radiographic parameters were determined from pre- and postoperative cross-sectional MRI scans of the spinal canal and were compared to evaluate neural decompression after ALIF. The average follow-up period was 23.3 ± 1.3 months. Results All clinical parameters, including the visual analog scale score, Oswestry Disability Index, and modified Macnab criteria, improved significantly. The mean operative duration was 254.8 ± 60.8 minutes, and the intraoperative bleeding volume was 179.8 ± 119.3 ml. In the radiological evaluation, radiological parameters of the cross-sections of the spinal canal showed substantial development. The spinal canal size improved by an average of 43.3% (p Conclusions ALIF can serve as a suitable alternative to extensive posterior approaches. The authors suggest that ALIF can be used for decompression in central spinal canal stenosis as well as restoration of the foraminal dimensions, thus allowing decompression of the nerve roots.
The vanguard's dilemma: understanding and exploiting insurgent strategies

The purpose of this paper is to provide a better conceptualization of insurgent strategies. Specifically, I shall examine Che Guevara's ‘Foco’ theory of insurgency, as it is one of the most theoretically popular and most pervasive strategies of insurgency currently practiced throughout the world. After briefly examining the origins, objectives, and theoretical strengths of the Foco theory (also known as the Vanguard Theory), I will argue that Guevara's theory suffers from an internal tension that I term the ‘Vanguard's Dilemma’. The significance of this dilemma creates a tension within the Vanguard Theory that can be fatal for insurgents if properly exploited by counterinsurgent operations. This paper will examine in detail this dilemma and show how it can be exploited. Given that several insurgent groups within Iraq and Afghanistan currently adhere to the Vanguard Theory of insurgency, a proper understanding of this insurgent strategy is an essential first step in the long road towards confronting and wi...
Teaching about Victimization in the #MeToo Era: Introduction to the Special Issue

This introduction to the special issue of Journal of Criminal Justice Education titled Teaching About Victimization in the #MeToo Era focuses on the justification for the special issue and provides an overview of the included articles. The #MeToo social movement, changes in college campus policies and procedures (e.g. Title IX), and social and political unrest in the larger community (e.g. Black Lives Matter, the Insurrection), and the COVID pandemic have inevitably changed students and faculty personally, as well as impacted teaching both in the classroom and online. The articles in the special issue provide faculty with an opportunity to think about their teaching about victimization, including providing specific approaches to adopt or build upon. The introduction concludes with recommendations for how to elevate the importance of pedagogical work done by faculty. © 2021 Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences.
Derived lengths and character degrees

Let G be a finite solvable group. Assume that the degree graph of G has exactly two connected components that do not contain 1. Suppose that one of these connected components contains the subset {a1, . . ., an}, where ai and aj are coprime when i =A j. Then the derived length of G is less than or equal to I cd(G)-n + 1.
Clonal sublines of rat neurotumor RT4 and cell differentiation: V. Comparison of Na+ influx, Rb+ efflux, and action potential among stem-cell, neuronal, and glial cell types

A multipotential stem-cell-type cell line (RT4-AC) isolated from a rat peripheral neurotumor differentiates in culture into two neuronal-type cells (RT4-B and RT4-E) or into a glial-type cell (RT4-D). The neuronal classification of RT4-B and RT4-E cells is based on their positive response to veratridine in the tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+-influx and Rb+-efflux assays and on the action potential observed upon hyperpolarized stimulation. In addition, these neuronal cell types do not synthesize two glial proteins, S100 protein (S100P) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The glial classification of RT4-D is based on the syntheses of S100P and GFAP. Additionally, RT4-D does not display veratridine-activated Na+ influx and Rb+ efflux nor action potential. The stem cell type, RT4-AC, expresses both neuronal and glial properties to a lesser degree. In the neuronal-type cell lines of the RT4 family (RT4-B and RT4-E), the large veratridine-activated Na+ influx can further be stimulated by scorpion toxin. The Na+ influx of the stem cell (RT4-AC), however, is only slightly stimulated by veratridine alone, but greatly stimulated by the addition of veratridine and scorpion toxin. These observations suggest that a progressive differentiation of voltage-dependent Na+ channels may have occurred by the cell-type conversion from the stem cell type to the neuronal cell types. The exact nature of the change in Na+ channels is currently not known.
Secure Localization for Wireless Sensor Networks using Range-Independent Methods

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are envisioned to be integrated into our everyday lives, enabling a wealth of commercial applications such as environmental and habitat monitoring, disaster relief and emergency rescue operations, patient monitoring, as well as military applications such as target detection and tracking. These applications are facilitated by the collaborative processing of the physical properties monitored by the sensors, such as temperature, light, sound, humidity, vibration, acceleration, or air quality.
Aging of Liver Transplant Registrants and Recipients: Trends and Impact on Waitlist Outcomes, Post-Transplantation Outcomes, and Transplant-Related Survival Benefit

Background & Aims Epidemiologic factors have generated increased demand for liver transplantation among older patients. We aimed to describe trends in age among liver transplant registrants and recipients and the effect of age on waitlist and post-transplantation outcomes and on transplant-related survival benefit. Methods We obtained data from the United Network for Organ Sharing on adults who were listed for liver transplantation (N = 122,606) or underwent liver transplantation (N = 60,820) from 2002 to 2014 in the United States. Competing risks analysis was used to model waitlist outcomes and Cox proportional hazards analysis to model post-transplantation survival. These models were also used to estimate 5-year transplant-related survival benefit for different age groups, calculated as the difference between waitlist and post-transplantation life expectancy. Results Between 2002 and 2014, the mean age of liver transplant registrants increased from 51.2 to 55.7 years, with a more prominent increase in hepatitis C virus−positive (50.9−57.9 years) than hepatitis C virus−negative (51.3−54.3 years) registrants. The proportion of registrants aged ≥60 years increased from 19% to 41%. In hepatitis C virus−negative patients, aging trends were driven by increasing proportions of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Among transplant registrants, increasing age was associated with increasing mortality before transplantation and decreasing likelihood of transplantation. Among transplant recipients, increasing age was associated with increasing post-transplantation mortality. There was little difference in 5-year transplant-related survival benefit between different age groups who had the same Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score. Conclusions Dramatic aging of liver transplant registrants and recipients occurred from 2002 to 2014, driven by aging of the hepatitis C virus−positive cohort and increased prevalence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Increasing age does not affect transplant-related survival benefit substantially because age diminishes both post-transplantation survival and waitlist survival approximately equally.
Mixed venous O2 tension is a determinant of pulmonary vascular resistance during maximum incremental exercise

Background: An influence of mixed venous oxygen tension on pulmonary vasoconstriction has been suspected since the classic animal experiments of Marshall, et.al. We hypothesize pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) response to exercise is influenced by mixed venous O 2 tension (PvO 2 ). Methods: We examined maximum invasive cardiopulmonary exercise test (iCPET) results of 257 patients studied for unexplained exertional intolerance over 2 years. We calculated PVR as mean pulmonary artery pressure(mPAP) minus pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) divided by direct Fick cardiac output (Qt), at rest & peak exercise. We used PVR as dependent variable in univariate linear regression to assess the association with PvO 2 or with alveolar oxygen tension (P A O 2 ), & in multivariate models where we adjusted for potential confounding variables as P A O 2 , hemoglobin (Hb), peak VO 2 , & peak mixed venous pH. Results: A significant association was found between PVR & PvO2 at rest (B=-1.7; pl0.001) & at peak (B:-1.0; p=0.03). We also found an independent significant association between PVR & P A O2 at peak exercise (B=-2.4; p=0.002) but not at rest (B=-0.6; p=0.29). Univariate analysis at peak exercise shows the amount of variance of PVR accounted by SmvO2 was 5.4%. In the multivariate model, SmvO2 improves the model in 2.6% (28.7 to 31.3%). Using the change in mPAP from peak to rest (delta_mpap) as the dependent variable, an independent statistically significant association was found with peak PvO2. Univariate results: B=-5.85 (p=0.017). Multivariate results: B= -4.79 (p=0.037) Conclusions: PvO 2 influences pulmonary vascular tone in a dynamic fashion during incremental exercise.
Getting to the right metrics

studies on the effect of a geriatric-focused surgical service on actual outcomes. They studied the effect of a multidisciplinary team focused on frail elderly patients at risk who underwent vascular, abdominal, trauma, and cardiac surgery. Patients were screened if they were over 70 years of age, within 2 days of admission, and expected to stay more than 2 days in the hospital. This intervention was resource intensive (see Appendix A), so much so that the authors called it ‘‘a structural change’’ in the health care from what they received previously. Thirty-eight percent of 195 eligible patients were judged to be frail and enrolled in the program they called ‘‘CareWell.’’ Even though the goal of the team was to provide the most appropriate care, the complexity of the intervention required volunteers. The resources needed to implement the program were so significant even with volunteer assistance; the adherence to the program was less than 50%. Even with these best intentions, the authors noted no difference in the primary outcomes, which were onset of inhospital delirium, cognitive decline, and decline in ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) during the admission. Also, there were no differences in readmission rates. But there were improved ADLs at 3 months post discharge and the investigators noted less burden on caregivers after discharge. Thisarticlehas a numberof limitations, including thefact that medical and surgical patients were studied together, which makes the analysis confusing. Second, some patients were enrolled up to 2 days after admission, potentially at a point where their baseline frailty had already been compromised. Also, the higher Cumulative Illness Ratings ScoreGeriatrics and American Society of Anesthesia scores in the study population suggest that there was bias for sicker patients in that group, which will also confound the results. Despite these limitations, the article harbors a few important, and timely, points. First, making the diagnosis of frailty is time consuming and complicated. 2 The tests are multidisciplinary and multidimensional, and we need to simplify them. 3 Screening for dementia, ADLs, comorbidities, malnutrition, and good comprehensive geriatric assessments takes time. Second, focused care for this group at risk is resource intensive, and this study proves that even with the best intentions, we still do not do it well. Even though others have implemented geriatric-focused services, 4 we still do not know if the interventions we think
An Extension of "Representative Instances and &#947;-Acyclic Relational Schemes"

Let R be a γ-acyclic relational scheme, and let F be the set of functional dependencies (FD's) embodied in R. Given an existence constrained database r over R, it was shown in [1] that it is possible to connect tuples from different relations in r and construct a universal instance L, possibly containing null values δ, such that the total projection of L onto R yields exactly the set r. Moreover, conditions were given which guarantee that this L would satisfy the functional dependency with nulls (NFD) counterparts of FD's, in F. The purpose of this note is to generalize the latter result and show that under the same conditions, L actually satisfies NFD counterparts of FD's in the closure F+ of F.
Retrograde transport of goldfish optic nerve proteins labeled by N-succinimidyl [3H]propionate

Abstract Following injection of the acylating reagent N-succinimidyl [ 3 H]propionate into the optic nerve of goldfish, labeled protein appeared in the ipsilateral retina and contralateral tectum in a time-dependent manner. Autoradiography indicated the presence of the labeled material in the neuroplasm of the retinal ganglion cells and their projections. While most of the recoverable injected radioactivity was confined to the injection site even after 1 week, labeled proteins arriving in the retina by retrograde flow or in the tectum by anterograde flow had distinctly different patterns, a result suggesting specific transport processes rather than diffusion. In contrast to reported studies with the labeling agent in other species, a prominent 68,000 molecular weight component was not seen. The results are dicussed in relation to the role of retrograde transport in regeneration.
High performance signed-digit decimal adders

Decimal arithmetic is desirable for high precision requirements of many financial, industrial and scientific applications. Furthermore, hardware support for decimal arithmetic has gained momentum with the revision of the IEEE 754 standard. This paper presents a new scheme for carry-free decimal addition using a signed-digit representation. In order to simplify the hardware requirements, each signed decimal digit uses a two's complement representation instead of complex representations found in other signed-digit decimal arithmetic implementations. Flagged adder speculation is used for fast addition of the constants required in the correction step. The proposed scheme is compared to existing signed-digit decimal adders. Each architecture is synthesized on 0.18μm technology for comparison in area, delay and power. The results show that both operation speed and area usage can be significantly improved with respect to existing signed-digit decimal adders.
Comparison of real-time visualization of volumetric OCT data sets by CPU-slicing and GPU-ray casting methods

We describe and compare two volume visualization methods for Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) retinal data sets. One of these methods is CPU-slicing, which is previously reported and used in our visualization engine. The other is GPU-ray casting. Several metrics including image quality, performance, hardware limitations and perception are used to grade the abilities of each method. We also discuss how to combine these methods to make a scalable volume visualization system that supports advanced lighting and dynamic volumetric shadowing techniques on a broad range of hardware. The feasibility of each visualization method for clinical application as well as potential further improvements are discussed.
Collaboration: Artists & Architects

To celebrate its centennial the Architectural League of New York, one of whose original intentions had been to bring architects and artists together, decided to mount an exhibition that would give an historical overview of one hundred years of architectural and artistic collaboration. Barbaralee Diamonstein was asked to be the show's curator and to edit the catalogue. She decided not to do a historical survey, however, and instead concentrated on the here and now. She selected eleven architects who in turn each chose one artist to demonstrate what working tete-a-tete might accomplish, an interesting proposition in and of itself, given the current post-modern nostalgia for an architecture with decorative definition and historical allusion. The projects were to be visionary but realizable. Diamonstein apparently meant to justify singling out only contemporary collaboration by stating in her introduction to the catalogue:
Sol-gel synthesized adsorbents for metal separation

Abstract A series of organo-ceramic adsorbents have been synthesized by a sol-gel processing technique for metal ion extraction. These adsorbents generally have significantly high metal uptake capacities, good physical-chemical stabilities, and well-designed pore geometries compared to other pre-existing metal-chelating ceramic-based adsorbents. This work describes the synthesis and evaluation of pyrazole and calix[4]arene crown adsorbents for selective separation of platinum, palladium, and gold and cesium ions, respectively, from solutions. These materials exhibit mesoporous properties with high surface areas and pore volumes. The sol-gel synthesis starting with precursor silanes and titania results in gel particles of desired pore characteristics and high capacity and stability. Characterization studies, such as adsorption isotherms, breakthrough curves for fixed bed operation, and material stability, show promising results for applications to metal sepation.
Shape of the hydrophobic barrier of phospholipid bilayers (Evidence for water penetration in biological membranes)

Previous work has shown that there is a small solvent effect on the electron spin resonance spectra of nitroxide spin labels. The aim of this paper is to develop a semiquantitative treatment of the solvent effects and to use this treatment to estimate the shape of the hydrophobic barrier (i.e., polarity profile) of lipid bilayers. In this semiquantitative treatment of solvent effects, the total effect on the isotropic14N coupling constant, ΔA, is expressed as a sum of terms associated with van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonding, the charged double layer of phospholipid polar groups and the membrane potential. The magnitude of ΔA as a function of the electric field is estimated with Huckel molecular orbital theory and, independently, using the Onsager model. With these relations, estimates of the relative importance of the various solvent effect terms are obtained from accurate ESR measurements on dilute solutions of di-t-butyl nitroxide in thirty-three solvents and calculations of the electric field produced by the charged double layer and the membrane potential. To estimate the shape of the hydrophobic barrier of lipid bilayers, fatty acids andl-α-lecithins with doxyl (i.e., 4′, 4′-dimethyloxazolidine-N-oxyl) labels bonded to various positions along the lipid chains were diffused into phospholipid vesicles and membranes (from the calf liver microsomal fraction). The shape of the hydrophobic barrier is plotted as a polarity index operationally defined in terms of the ΔA of the lipid spin labels. The effect of the charged double layers is less important than water penetration except when the spin label is within a few Angstroms of the charged groups. Any effects of a membrane potential on ΔA are insignificant. A comparison of ESR spectra indicates that significant water penetration into the bilayer occurs in both the pure lipid bilayers and in the membrane preparations.
Challenges in specificity and collection efficiency for integrated optical biosensors

While many new label-free optical sensing techniques are focusing on increasing the sensitivity or decreasing the limit of detection, the balance between sensitivity, specificity and collection efficiency are critical, particularly for detection in complex media. For example, although high Q optical resonant cavities are inherently sensitive, the collection efficiency of these devices is quite poor, particularly when compared to sensors with larger active sensing areas. By optimizing all three parameters, even further advancements in sensing technologies are possible.
GRIN1 Regulates μ-Opioid Receptor Activities by Tethering the Receptor and G Protein in the Lipid Raft

The lipid raft location of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) determines the receptor activities. However, the manner in which MOR is anchored within the lipid rafts is undetermined. Using the targeted proteomic approach and mass spectrometry analyses, we have identified GRIN1 (G protein-regulated inducer of neurite outgrowth 1) can tether MOR with the G protein α-subunit and subsequently regulate the receptor distribution within the lipid rafts. Glutathione S-transferase fusion pulldown and receptor mutational analyses indicate that GRIN1-MOR interaction involves a receptor sequence 267GSKEK271 within the MOR third intracellular loop that is not involved in Gα interaction. The GRIN1 domains involved in MOR interaction are also distinct from those involved in Gα interaction. Pertussis toxin pretreatment reduced the amount of GRIN1 co-immunoprecipitated with MOR but not the amount with Gα. Furthermore, overexpression of GRIN1 significantly enhanced the amount of MOR in lipid raft and the receptor signaling magnitude as measured by Src kinase activation. Such increase in MOR signaling was demonstrated further by determining the GRIN1-dependent pertussis toxin-sensitive neurite outgrowth. In contrast to minimal neurite outgrowth induced by etorphine in control neuroblastoma N2A cells, overexpression of GRIN1 resulted in the increase in etorphine- and non-morphine-induced neurite outgrowth in these cells. Knocking down endogenous GRIN1 by small interfering RNA attenuated the agonist-induced neurite outgrowth. Disrupting lipid raft by methyl-β-cyclodextrin also blocked neurite outgrowth. Hence, by tethering Gα with MOR, GRIN1 stabilizes the receptor within the lipid rafts and potentiates the receptor signaling in the neurite outgrowth processes.
The National Ignition Facility - Beam Area Increase

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is the world’s most energetic laser, having demonstrated in excess of 1.9MJ @351nm with Inertial Confinement Fusion pulse-shapes in July, 2012. First commissioned with 192 operational beamlines in March, 2009, NIF has since transitioned to routine operation for stockpile stewardship, inertial confinement fusion research, and basic high energy density science.
An analytical model for the container loading problem

Abstract This paper considers the problem of loading containers with cartons of non-uniform size and presents an analytical model to capture the mathematical essence of the problem. The container loading problem is formulated as a zero-one mixed integer programming model. It includes the consideration of multiple containers, multiple carton sizes, carton orientations, and the overlapping of cartons in a container. This model is then extended to formulate some special container loading problems. Numerical examples are used to validate the model.
Influence of host developmental state on host suitability and reproductive biology of the parasitoid Eucelatoria bryani

Eucelatoria bryani Sabrosky (Diptera: Tachinidae) successfully parasitized 2nd through 5th instars and prepupal Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the laboratory. Percent successful parasitism (that which resulted in the production of adult parasitoid progeny) increased with host developmental state, reaching 95% in 5th instars, but fell to 63 % in prepupae. While 25% of the exposed prepupae metamorphosed to pupae, none developed into adults. E. bryani maggots emerged from only 5% of H. zea pupae. The mean number of fly puparia and adults produced per successfully parasitized larva increased with host stadium, reaching 14.5±1.33 (SEM) and 10.6±1.02, respectively, in prepupae. The sex ratio of adult parasitoid progeny per host larval stadium was variable, and did not appear to follow a pattern. A formula for calculating a ‘host favorability index’ is presented. This index allows a direct comparison of the overall impact and reproductive potential of E. bryani attacking hosts of varying developmental states. Resume Adequation de l'etat de developpement de l'hote et de la reproduction de la tachinaire, Eucelatoria bryani Les influences de l'etat de developpement de l'hote sur le taux de parasitisme, la production de descendants, l'emergence des adultes et le taux sexuel de la tachinaire E. bryani Sabrosky ont ete examines au laboratoire. Un parasitisme reussi, - qui entraine la formation d'un parasitoide adulte -, s'effectue dans les chenilles de stades 2 a 5 et dans les prenymphes d'Heliothis zea Boddie. Il s'agit d'un elargissement considerable de la gamme connue des tailles convenables d'hotes. Bien que le parasitisme n'ait jamais reussi avec les chenilles de premier stade, une tres forte mortalite, 93%, a ete observee quand ces petites chenilles ont ete exposees a la tachinaire. Pour permettre l'introduction par le larvipositeur des asticots dans la chenille, la mouche perfore la cuticule de l'hote avec un ***sclerite modifie; ainsi, une grande partie de la mortalite est provoquee vraisemblablement par le traumatisme du au parasitoide. Le succes du parasitisme a augmente en fonction du developpement de l'hote du second stade (30%) au cinquie-me stade (95%), pour tomber a 63% dans les prenymphes. Cependant, aucune des prenymphes exposees aux mouches n'a ete capable de donner des papillons. Les productions moyennes de pupes et de mouches par chenille effectivement parasitee ont augmente avec le stade de developpement de l'hote pour atteindre dans les prenymphes respectivement 14,5±1,33 et 10,6±1,02. Le taux sexuel des mouches obtenues a ete tres variable pour les differents stades de developpement des chenilles, sans qu'aucune correlation ait pu etre mise en evidence. Une formule permettant de calculer un ‘indice d'adequation de l'hote’ est propose. Cet indice permet une comparaison directe des impacts globaux et des potentiels reproducteurs des femelles de E. bryani attaquant des notes a differents stades.
CD8+ T-cell-mediated response to Listeria monocytogenes taken up in the liver and replicating within hepatocytes.

Like most other organisms that enter the bloodstream, the bulk of Listeria monocytogenes injected i.v. into mice is taken up by the liver. Listeriae not killed rapidly by infiltrating neutrophils are internalized by hepatocytes which constitute the principal site of intracellular replication in the liver. CD8+ T cells play a critical role in eliminating infected hepatocytes and resolving listerial infections of the liver; the specific mechanisms involved are not understood fully. Here, we review recent data implicating the cytolytic activities expressed by MHC class Ia- and class Ib-restricted CD8+ T cells in host resistance to Listeria. Evidence demonstrating the perforin- and/or Fas ligand-dependent induction of caspase activity and the resultant apoptosis of Listeria-infected hepatocytes is discussed.
Peripheral radial incisions to treat inferior contact lens edge lift after penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus

Abstract A patient with marked corneal astigmatism and inferior contact edge lift after penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus had corneal relaxing incisions-(CRIs) op the donor button and radial incisions on the host cornea. Results were evaluated by computerized videokeratography and by refitting the contact lens. Two pairs of CRIs decreased astigmatism from 11.00 to 4.25 diopters but did not alleviate the contact lens edge lift, which was caused by excessive steepness in the keratoconic host cornea. After 6 radial incisions were made to flatten the inferior host cornea, the peripheral cornea flattened and the patient was successfully refitted with a contact lens.
Phospholipid--retinaldehyde complex absorbing at 500 nm.

COMPLEXES between retinaldehyde and ethanolamine phosphoglyceride (EPG)1 have been reported by several workers2–5, and Daemen and Bonting4 have shown one of these (λmax 450 nm in anhydrous chloroform) to be an internally protonated Schiff's base. We call this complex I. Adams2 described an additional product, formed by combining retinaldehyde with EPG, the λmax of which is 500 nm (Fig. 1). This substance, which we call complex II, is characterized here, EPG is one of the two principal phospholipids in bovine rhodopsin6, so such complexes may well exist in the visual system and, indeed, have been identified in retinal extracts3,5,7. Our experimental observations indicate a direct relationship between the complex absorbing near 450 nm (I) and that absorbing at 500 nm (II). The molecular features required to form complex II are enumerated.
The Short-Wave Limit of Linear Equatorial Kelvin Waves in a Shear Flow

Abstract The effects of latitudinal shear on equatorial Kelvin waves in the one-and-one-half-layer model are examined through a mixture of perturbation theory and numerical solutions. For waves proportional to exp(ikx), where k is the zonal wavenumber and x is longitude, earlier perturbation theories predicted arbitrarily large distortions in the limit k → ∞. In reality, the distortions are always finite but are very different depending on the sign of the equatorial jet. When the mean jet is westward, the Kelvin wave becomes very, very narrow. When the mean jet flows eastward, the Kelvin wave splits in two with peaks well off the equator and exponentially small amplitude at the equator itself. The phase speed is always a bounded function of k, asymptotically approaching a constant. This condition has important implications for the nonlinear behavior of Kelvin waves. Strong nonlinearity cannot be balanced by contracting longitudinal scale, as in the author’s earlier Korteweg–deVries theory for equatorial s...
A comparison of methods for calculating system unavailability due to common cause failures: The beta factor and multiple dependent failure fraction methods

The beta factor method for calculating common cause failures has been used in many probabilistic risk analyses to evaluate redundant systems reliability. The multiple dependent failure fraction (MDFF) method is a generalization of the beta factor (BF) method, and is extended here to derive reliability expressions for several multiple redundant systems. To demonstrate the difference in results that can arise by applying these methods, two example systems were analyzed consisting of reactor safety systems made up of two and three redundant trains (the high pressure injection and auxiliary feedwater systems). It is shown that the MDFF method is less conservative and produces more realistic calculations of system unavailability by factors of between two and 20 for the two versus three train systems, respectively. Additionally, both approaches produce higher values than does an analysis that excludes common cause effects, indicating that system unavailability may be grossly underestimated by several orders of magnitude if common cause effects are neglected. For these reasons, it is recommended that the MDFF method be utilized in redundant systems analysis as it produces more realistic results.
Experimental infection of New World lizards with Old World lizard Leishmania species.

Abstract A total of 197 North and Central American lizards representing 11 genera and 4 families was examined for presence of Leishmania by culture of heart blood. None of the lizards (obtained from supply houses, collectors, and live-trapped by the authors) was found to be infected. Subsequent to the determination that they were negative for leishmaniasis, lizards in the family Teiidae ( Cnemidophorus sexlineatus , and Ameiva quadrilineata ) and the family Iguanidae ( Anolis carolinensis, Dipsosaurus dorsalis , and Basiliscus vittatus ) were inoculated with Old World lizard leishmanias. Culture forms of Leishmania adleri, Leishmania agamae , and Leishmania tarentolae were inoculated intracardially into the lizards and sampling for the parasites was by direct observation of blood slides and by examination of cultures of heart blood. Leishmania adleri was recovered from Basiliscus vittatus (Central American) for up to 56 days and from Ameiva quadrilineata (also Central American) for up to 10 days. Dipsosaurus dorsalis (North American) retained this parasite for up to 24 hr. Cnemidophorus sexlineatus (North American) maintained Leishmania agamae for periods of up to 10 days as detected by the described techniques. Leishmania tarentolae did not become established in any of the lizards, and Anolis carolinensis maintained parasites for 12 hr or less.
All optical add/drop

In this work we have demonstrated that a single pulse generator, which cascaded two LiNbO3 modulators serially, may be used to demultiplex or drop a 10 Gb/s channel from a 40 Gb/s transmission system. The parts in the experiment are all commercially available, and this technique is scalable to higher speed transmission system.
Kinetics and mechanism of hydrolysis of 1‐(2′‐acetoxybenzoyl)‐2‐deoxy‐α‐D‐glucopyranose, a novel aspirin prodrug

The formation rate of aspirin from the prodrug was determined as a function of the pH, temperature, and dielectric constant of the solvent spectrophotometrically and was confirmed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Aspirin formation was first order with respect to the prodrug and zero order with respect to the hydroxide-ion concentrations. The hydrolysis rate was independent of buffer concentration but very sensitive to the dielectric constant of the solvents. The half-life for the formation of aspirin at 37° was 7 min. The activation energy for the hydrolysis was 23.7 kcal/mole. The results suggest that the hydrolysis of the prodrug to aspirin proceeds by an SN1-type mechanism.
Joint Inerts Task Force: Partnership of Suppliers and Registrants to Defend Inert Ingredients within United States Regulatory System

This paper discusses a suite of regulatory actions and decisions made by the Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs for the regulation of inert ingredients used in pesticidal products. It describes the framework of the Joint Inerts Task Force and corresponding cluster teams, which was formed by industry suppliers and registrants to address data gaps and submit tolerance exemptions petitions to comply with regulatory requirements for groups of co-formulants. Finally, it describes the risk assessment process used for recent 2009 decisions.