cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reply to a comment on the electronic structure of nickel

Treglia, Ducastelle, and Spanjaard (TDS) have pointed out that we neglected a large term of opposite sign to the one we considered in our calculation of the reduction of the exchange splitting in Ni due to correlation. We show that this term does not affect our conclusions and that TDS's comment that the ratio of the self-energy of majority-spin to minority-spin electrons is $\frac{5}{4}$ is not correct.
Estimates of L = 1 qG masses

Abstract Using a relativistic WKB method suitable for dealing with light-quark dynamics in a confining field theory, we estimate the masses of L = 1 q q G states made up of u and d quarks. The mass of the JPC = 1−+ exotic is calculated to be about 2.1 GeV. Phenomenological remarks concerning the experimental search for such a state are also briefly commented upon.
The Role of Medications in Geriatric Failure to Thrive

Geriatric failure to thrive (GFTT) is a syndrome associated with functional decline, depression and malnutrition. Adverse drug reactions are cited as one of the most common causes of GFTT. Two distinct drug-related issues should be considered. Firstly, failure to provide appropriate treatment for conditions such as anaemia, depression, nutritional deficiencies and pain may precipitate GFTT. Secondly, drug-induced functional decline and decreased nutrient intake may cause or contribute to the syndrome. Pharmacological intervention may include discontinuing potentially offending agents for a trial period, or drug treatment of anorexia and depression.
Sympathetic responses to repetitive trans-spinal magnetic stimulation.

Electromagnetic fields have been administered, with mixed success, in order to treat a variety of ailments. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) elicits brief changes in peripheral sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity. The purpose of this study was to explore the utility of repetitive trans-spinal magnetic stimulation (rTSMS) for acute and prolonged modulation of SNS in adult humans. 23 healthy men and women were randomly assigned to receive either rTSMS (figure-eight coil aligned with the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae; 10 Hz; n = 14, at 100% intensity of stimulator output) or sham stimulation (n = 13). Compared with sham, rTSMS did not affect skeletal muscle SNS activity (via microneurography) during the 60-s or 10-min period following stimulation. rTSMS also had no effect on R-to-R interval (RRint) and standard deviation of RRint (a marker of heart rate variability), blood pressure or plasma concentrations of norepinephrine, epinephrine, insulin and glucose (condition/time interaction, all P > 0.10). These data suggest that rTSMS does not influence SNS in adults. While rTSMS represents a novel application of TMS technology, further study and perhaps modification of the technique is required before use in clinical studies of peripheral SNS function.
Selective oxidation of C4 hydrocarbons over (VO)2P2O7 catalyst: Nature of the redox mechanism

For the selective oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride, (VO)2P207 has been identified as the most active and selective phase. However, the presence of various types of oxygen species made it difficult to understand the nature of the specific oxygen species involved in each of the intermediate steps. One solution to this problem is the isotopic reactive site-mapping approach. In this report, the feasibility of this approach has been investigated for (V0)2P207 catalyst for n-butane conversion to maleic anhydride. A threestage procedure was developed to synthesize a '^0-labeled (V0)2P207 catalyst. A judicious combination of infra red and Raman spectroscopical characterization of the catalyst, along with the in situ monitoring of the thermal reduction process used in the synthesis, allowed the determination of the location and the extent of '^-labeling in lattice oxygen sites. These results pointed to a very site specific '^0-labeling. Preliminary activity testing studies showed that pulse reactor studies with this catalyst can be employed to investigate the redox mechanism in terms of specific surface layer oxygen sites.
Continuous gonadotropin-releasing hormone infusion stimulates dramatic gonadal development in hypogonadal female mice.

Adult hypogonadal (hpg) mice, lacking GnRH, have infantile reproductive systems and levels of pituitary gonadotropins that are lower than normal. The mutant mice respond to brain grafts containing GnRH neurons with gonadal development and increased production of gonadotropins. In view of the substantial literature regarding the nature and necessity of pulsatile GnRH stimulation of gonadotropins, we were not surprised in earlier studies to find that the majority of hpg mice with successful grafts have pulsatile LH secretion. It is not known, however, why LH pulsatility was undetectable in some animals with significant gonadal development. The present experiment was intended to determine the degree to which hpg mice respond to continuous infusion of GnRH via osmotic minipumps. Unexpectedly, female hpg mice exhibited dramatic ovarian and uterine growth after 15 or 30 days of continuous exposure to GnRH, with five- and eightfold increases in ovarian and uterine weights, respectively. Despite evidence of increased gonadotropin secretion in the treated hpg mice, pituitary stores of FSH and LH remained low. Similar treatment of normal female mice for 15 days also depleted pituitary concentrations of LH and FSH without significantly altering gonadal weights or plasma gonadotropin levels. It is clear from the present findings that inferences of pulsatile GnRH secretion based on stimulation of gonadal development in hpg mice should be made with caution.
The calyceal synapse of type I vestibular hair cells.

The type I vestibular hair cell, except as its apex, is entirely surrounded by a nerve calyx. In the basal region of the hair cell two distinct junctional complexes exist. In one, the intercellular space is wide (250–350 ) and contains finely granular material. Synaptic ribbons are distributed more or less randomly along this junction. In the other, fusion, or very close apposition, of membranes occurs. It is proposed that junctional complexes containing synaptic ribbons are chemical synapses and that the areas of membrane fusion are electrical synapses. Synaptic modifications are absent along the neck of the hair cell.
Ecological Integrity of Streams Related to Human Cancer Mortality Rates

Assessments of ecological integrity have become commonplace for biological conservation, but their role for public health analysis remains largely unexplored. We tested the prediction that the ecological integrity of streams would provide an indicator of human cancer mortality rates in West Virginia, USA. We characterized ecological integrity using an index of benthic macroinvertebrate community structure (West Virginia Stream Condition Index, SCI) and quantified human cancer mortality rates using county-level data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Regression and spatial analyses revealed significant associations between ecological integrity and public health. SCI was negatively related to age-adjusted total cancer mortality per 100,000 people. Respiratory, digestive, urinary, and breast cancer rates increased with ecological disintegrity, but genital and oral cancer rates did not. Smoking, poverty, and urbanization were significantly related to total cancer mortality, but did not explain the observed relationships between ecological integrity and cancer. Coal mining was significantly associated with ecological disintegrity and higher cancer mortality. Spatial analyses also revealed cancer clusters that corresponded to areas of high coal mining intensity. Our results demonstrated significant relationships between ecological integrity and human cancer mortality in West Virginia, and suggested important effects of coal mining on ecological communities and public health. Assessments of ecological integrity therefore may contribute not only to monitoring goals for aquatic life, but also may provide valuable insights for human health and safety.
Evaluation of Low Density Spine Software for the Assessment of Bone Mineral Density in Children

Pediatric dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry spine scans often cannot be analyzed with standard software due to a failure to identify the bone edges of low density vertebrae. Low density spine (LDS) software improves bone detection compared with standard software. The objective of this study was to compare bone mineral density (BMD) measurements obtained with the standard and LDS software in 27 healthy nonobese, 32 obese, and 41 chronically ill children, ages 2–18 years. Lumbar spine (L1–L4) BMD, measured by standard analysis, ranged from 0.531–1.244 gm/cm2. Reanalysis with the LDS software resulted in a systematic increase (mean ± SD) in estimated bone area of 17.0 ± 5.0%, an increase in bone mineral content of 6.1 ± 6.3%, and a mean decrease in BMD of 8.7 ± 1.7% (all p 0.99), indicating that LDS BMD accurately predicts standard BMD. Although LDS BMD in obese subjects predicts higher standard BMD results than in nonobese subjects, the small difference is of questionable clinical significance. LDS software is a useful tool for the assessment of BMD in children.
Extensional singularity dimensions for strange attractors

A new set of dimension-like invariants is obtained, which characterize aspects of the attractor not usually examined. This study also demonstrates a new method for determining Lyapunov exponents and introduces “tailored attractors” for which the Lyapunov exponents and fractal dimension may be precisely set.
Enhanced mixing in double-cone blenders

Experiments were conducted comparing mixing performance in a conventional double-cone blender and in a double-cone blender that was modified by means of a stationary deflector plate in order to enhance axial particle flow. Mixing performance was assessed qualitatively using a transparent mixing vessel to visualize particle mixing patterns and determine the state of homogeneity at the mixture's surface during the entire experiment. Mixing performance was also examined quantitatively by repeatedly vacuuming several layers of beads, taking a digital image of the bed after vacuuming, and using image analysis to subdivide the images into samples and determine the composition of each sample. The effect of operating conditions (rotation rate, vessel fill percentage and total number of revolutions) was examined. Mixing was quantified in terms of the standard deviation of the concentration of a tracer. The evolution of the process was accurately described by a single-parameter model that characterized axial mixing as a first order process with a characteristic rate constant. For double-cone mixers of standard design, under all operating conditions, slow flow of particles through a vertical plane of symmetry at the center of the vessel caused poor mixing performance. Insertion of a deflector plate inclined relative to this plane was very effective in enhancing mixing. The effect of the deflector was to create a convective axial flow across the center of the mixer, increasing the mixing rate by a factor of 25:1.
Doppler echocardiographic assessment with the continuity equation of St. Jude medical mechanical prostheses in the mitral valve position

Evaluation of the St. Jude Medical (SJM) valve in the mitral position with Doppler echocardiography has usually involved the use of gradients across the valve and the application of the pressure half-time (PHT) method to derive a mitral valve area. The purpose of this study was, first, to determine the normal values of effective orifice areas for the SJM valve in the mural position using the continuity equation, and second, to evaluate whether this parameter provides an improved assessment of valve function. Accordingly, Doppler echocardiography was performed in 40 patients within 6 weeks after valve replacement. All patients were clinically stable, without evidence of valvular dysfunction or aortic insufficiency. Valve size ranged from 23 to 33 mm and ventricular ejection fraction averaged 54 ± 13%. Effective orifice area was derived by the continuity equation using stroke volume measured in the ventricular outflow tract, divided by the time-velocity integral of the SJM valve jet, and by PHT. Doppler-derived SJM valve mean gradient averaged 4 ± 2 mm Hg. Effective area by the continuity equation averaged 1.82 ± 0.36 cm2 (range 1.03 cm2 for a 23 mm valve to 2.63 cm2 for a 31 mm valve) and was smaller than by PHT (mean 3.10 ± 0.65 cm2, p = 0.0001; range 1.38 to 4.78 cm2). Areas by both methods were smaller than the actual valve orifice area provided b the manufacturer (4.53 ± 0.80 cm2, p = 0.0001). With use of analysis of variance, effective SJM valve area by the continuity equation differentiated various valve sizes (p = 0.0002) better than did mean gradient (p = 0.013) or PHT (p = NS). Effective area by the continuity equation also correlated better with actual valve orifice area (r = 0.68, p <0.0001) than the area derived by PHT (r = 0.31, p = 0.06). Derivation of effective orifice area of SJM valves in the mitral position with the continuity equation allows better differentiation among valve sizes than mean gradients and PHT, and provides an additional index for assessing prosthetic mitral valve function.
Leap '92: Conference summary

Abstract We present a summary of the many new results in antiproton ( p ) physics presented at the LEAP '92 conference, in the areas of meson spectroscopy, N N scattering, annihilation and spin observables, strangeness and charm production, N annihilation in nuclei, atomic physics with very low energy p 's, the exploration of fundamental symmetries and interactions with p 's (CP, T, CPT, gravitation), and the prospects for new p facilities at ultra-low energies or energies above the LEAR regime (⩾. 2 GeV/c).
Field‐portable X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry: Past, present, and future

The method of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, one of the oldest instrumental methods of analysis, dates its origins to the beginning of this century. The method has gone through many significant changes since then, including the advent of field-portable systems 30 years ago. The desire to bring the instrument to the field to perform sample analysis, rather than in the laboratory, is not new. On-site analysis is better for many reasons, most of which are economical; however, it was also for these same economical reasons that it could not be realized. Either the instruments simply could not function in the field, or they were prohibitively expensive. Ongoing technology developments, particularly recent ones in computer microchip and detector technology, has led to the design and production of battery-operated, field-portable X-ray analyzers. This led to a new analytical method, field-portable X-ray fluorescence (FPXRF). This method uses instruments that can routinely achieve analytical performance equal to that of conventional laboratory systems. The ever-increasing power of computers, and their miniaturization, permits packing more complex and powerful software into portable instruments. This trend will lead to instruments that will provide solutions and decisions rather than just analytical results. We will follow the development of the FPXRF analyzers from their origin and illustrate their analytical performance in typical applications. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 1: 317–329, 1997
Evolution of New Parties: From Electoral Outsiders to Downsian Players — Evidence from the French Greens

This paper challenges the conventional wisdom about New Left parties in Europe. I show that institutional context influences party behavior by analyzing the strategic decisions of the French Green Party, Les Verts, from 1997 to 2002. I demonstrate that in order for the Greens to compete with the larger, more established, parties, they must recognize the demands of the institutional context and act accordingly. In doing so, they have become a Downsian party, whose goal is winning seats in parliament. Two implications of this study are that these decisions have important consequences both for the outcome of the pending election and for the future of the party as a viable competitor in the French political space. Importantly, the findings can be more generally applied to understanding new party behavior across Europe.
Caring in a Small Urban High School: A Complicated Success.

This article focuses on a small urban high school that developed a culture devoted to caring for their historically underserved students. Interviews with school founders, teachers, and alumni, as well as observations of classrooms and professional activities, revealed the high school attended to the affective needs of their students, which improved attendance and graduation rates, but often neglected to hold students to high academic standards, which led to future underperformance. The article concludes that, absent a fundamental belief that students are capable of high-quality work, other forms of caring are insufficient.
Influence of Salt on the Quality of Reduced Fat Cheddar Cheese

Abstract Cream was homogenized in a two-stage homogenizer (17.25MPa in the first stage and 3.43MPa in the second stage); blended with skim milk to produce milk containing 1.25% fat, which was pasteurized (63°C for 30min); and then manufactured into reduced fat Cheddar cheese. After milling, the curd was divided into three equal portions of 13kg each. Three salting rates, 2.3, 3.8, and 5%, yielded cheeses with 1.3, 1.7, and 2.0% salt and 2.7, 3.7, and 4.5% salt in the moisture phase. Cheese moisture contents ranged from 45% (2.0% salt) to 47.7% (1.3% salt), and fat contents ranged from 14.6 to 15.1%. In the texture profile analysis, the hardness and fracturability of the cheeses increased as the salt content increased. Both parameters decreased during ripening, but cheeses with 4.5% salt in the moisture phase remained the hardest. Cheeses with the most salt had the least desirable body characteristics, but there were no differences in flavor. Intensity of bitterness was lowered as the amount of salt in cheese increased. During ripening, the number of lactic acid bacteria decreased more slowly in cheese with 2.7% salt in the moisture phase than in those with 3.7 or 4.5% salt in the moisture phase. As the salt content increased, proteolysis and the general rate of ripening decreased. Degradation of α s -casein was reduced by higher percentages of salt, but no differences were found in the degradation of β -casein.
Locations considered unnecessary

Recent papers have attacked the use of locations, or pointers, as data objects in programs. This paper considers a generalization of this attack -- attempting to remove locations from the underlying semantic model. Using the "mathematical semantics" of Scott and Strachey, we show that reference parameters and Algol scope rules for procedures, two constructs requiring the notion of reference, can be replaced with alternative constructs not requiring locations in the definition. Some conclusions are also drawn about the use of mathematical semantics as a language design tool.
Purification and characterization of a basic lysophospholipase in germinating barley.

Abstract Lysophospholipase from germinating barley seeds has been isolated using methods which take advantage of the fact that the activity is basic, lipophilic, and contains carbohydrate. There appears to be at least three enzymatic forms of the activity, two with molecular weights at 40,000 and one at 41,000. They comigrate with a pI of 8.8 on isoelectric focusing and they all undergo deglycosylation to give a polypeptide with molecular weight 36,000, indicating 10 to 12% carbohydrate in the original glycoproteins. The enzyme is inactivated by sulfhydryl reagents and has a tendency to aggregate. The latter property may be attenuated with mercaptoethanol with which the activity is stable for more than 3 months at 4 °C. The most active barley enzyme has a Km of 30 μM for lysophosphatidylcholine and a Vmax, 200 μmol/min/mg. The specific activity is 20 times greater than that for lysophospholipases isolated from animal sources. It has no phospholipase, lipase, or transacylase activity. It is most active on lysophosphatidylcholine with a saturated 16 carbon or unsaturated 18 carbon chain; these are the predominant molecular species of lysophospholipid present as inclusion complexes in barley starch. The role of the barley lysophospholipases in barley germination is discussed.
Cyber: Sexual Chat on the Internet

Cet article se penche sur les sites de conversations erotiques sur Internet, dans lesquels l'anonymat qui prevaut facilite les dialogues les plus oses. L'A. decrit quelques usages en vigueur dans cet univers, puis tente d'explorer les possibles consequences de ce type de rapports sur les relations personnelles reelles, notamment en ce qui concerne l'inversion de la place occupee par la sexualite dans les echanges
Sparse representation of deformable 3D organs with spherical harmonics and structured dictionary

This paper proposed a novel algorithm to sparsely represent a deformable surface (SRDS) with low dimensionality based on spherical harmonic decomposition (SHD) and orthogonal subspace pursuit (OSP). The key idea in SRDS method is to identify the subspaces from a training data set in the transformed spherical harmonic domain and then cluster each deformation into the best-fit subspace for fast and accurate representation. This algorithm is also generalized into applications of organs with both interior and exterior surfaces. To test the feasibility, we first use the computer models to demonstrate that the proposed approach matches the accuracy of complex mathematical modeling techniques and then both ex vivo and in vivo experiments are conducted using 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans for verification in practical settings. All results demonstrated that the proposed algorithm features sparse representation of deformable surfaces with low dimensionality and high accuracy. Specifically, the precision evaluated as maximum error distance between the reconstructed surface and the MRI ground truth is better than 3mm in real MRI experiments.
Angiotensin II stimulates arachidonic acid release from bone marrow stromal cells

Introduction Angiotensin II (Ang II) is recognised as a regulator of haematopoiesis, but its actions within the bone marrow are not fully understood. Support of haematopoiesis by bone marrow stromal cells (MSC) is dependent on factors that include arachidonic acid and macrophage colony stimulating factor (MCSF), both of which are increased by Ang II stimulation in other tissues. To further elucidate the mechanisms of Ang II-regulated haematopoiesis, we determined whether Ang II-stimulation alters arachidonic acid release and MCSF secretion from MSC.Methods Cynomolgus monkey MSC isolated from bone marrow aspirates and the human HS-5 stromal cell line were studied for Ang II-mediated arachidonic acid (AA) release, while secretion of MCSF in response to Ang II was studied in HS-5 cells. Cells were labelled overnight with 3H-AA and the release of 3H-AA was measured in culture medium following 20 minutes stimulation with Ang II, alone or in combination with the AT1- or AT 2-receptor antagonists, losartan and P...
Nonuniformities in the air-sweeping of quartz

The mechanism for electrode void formation before and during sweeping that leads to nonuniform H-sweeping is discussed. The conditions that restrict H-introduction and allow nonuniformities to develop are described. The techniques and electrode types available to circumvent the restriction of uniform hydrogen indiffusion are presented. Experimental methods and observations are discussed. It is found that stress-induced voiding of evaporated metal electrodes normally provides openings (electrode-quartz-water vapor regions) that allow the indiffusion of hydrogen for sweeping. The voiding is influenced by metal particle size and the application of compressive stresses. Since the extensive stress-induced voiding necessary for uniform sweeping is difficult to control, sufficient open electrode regions can be created artificially to ensure uniform H-sweeping. Uniform H-sweeping can be achieved by using conducting oxide electrodes that permit the diffusion of hydrogen without the need for electrode porosity. >
The human dimensions of marine mammal management in a time of rapid change: comparing policies in Canada, Finland and the United States

Abstract Arctic coastal populations share a close relationship with their environment consisting of linkages among communities, landscapes and seascapes, and the social institutions developed to sustain the system. This cultural–biogeophysical dynamic is termed throughout the section as a social–ecological system (SES). Marine mammals constitute a large portion of the subsistence diet for these communities, and as such represent key ecological services provided by the system. At the same time, marine mammals have gained iconic status as symbols for climate change in the North. A tension results between the demands of balancing on one hand good policy optics consistent with national and international norms and, on the other hand, flexible and adaptive institutions able to take on the task of managing resources in a dynamic, changing North. This tension and associated policy solutions such as co-management are explored in a series of papers focusing on marine mammal management dilemmas and policy practices around the circumpolar North. This introduction communicates the problem context and describes the five papers making up this special section. A guiding premise to this work is that new international pressures to implement moratoria on marine mammal hunting in the North ignore critical human dimensions of marine mammal management. Such policy proposals are unlikely to succeed in areas that require collaboration across scales. Simultaneously, new local-scale participation in multi-level management regimes holds promise for creating more resilient marine mammal SESs.
Periclitoral Endometriosis: The Dilemma of a Chronic Disease Invading a Rare Location

Endometriosis affects 6% to 10% of women of reproductive age; extrapelvic endometriosis is considered a rare event with perineal endometriosis being even rarer still (only a few cases of spontaneous episodes described, the majority being from episiotomy scars). We present a unique case of periclitoral endometriosis, which to the best of our knowledge is the first in the literature. It is a 29-year-old nulligravida female with a painful fluctuant right periclitoral mass that had been growing with no response to antibiotic therapy. At the initial removal, pathology reported the lesion as endometriosis. The patient was placed on oral contraceptives, and she was noted to have monthly swelling and shrinking of the site with her menstrual cycles. When she went off hormonal contraception, she represented with the growing lesion 3.5 weeks after her last menses; she underwent re-excision. Because of the extension of the lesion medially and its adherence to the clitoral body, the decision was made to evacuate only as much of the capsule that could be safely identified to minimize the risk of damaging the clitoris. Complete excision in this case was difficult without sacrificing a portion of the clitoris and potentially resulting in decreased sexual function and persistent clitoral pain. In a patient in whom complete excision is not possible, there is potential for mass recurrence in the setting of residual tissue. Reviewing the literature suggests that there are risks with both recurrence and clitoral excision. We found that in-depth patient counseling, hormonal suppression, and close follow-up are necessary when dealing with periclitoral endometriosis postexcision.
The Garden of Ulysses: Ferdinand Bac, modernism and the afterlife of myth

Abstract Ferdinand Bac's three Mediterranean gardens constructed between 1913 and 1925 are more than a chapter in the history of horticultural design.1 They are the product of an existential conflict that reflects one of the central cultural dilemmas of the age for designers of all sorts as well as for writers: the problem of epigonism. How was one to create in a France where prestige of the styles of the past seemed to render innovation derisory and imitation a sterile exercise? ‘During the nineteenth century,’ wrote Bac, ‘one imitated the Past because one loved it ... but, after having imitated it quite badly one got to the point of imitating it too well ....’2 What this tendency led to at the beginning of the twentieth century on Bac's beloved Cote d'Azur, well before the mass tourism of today disfigured it even more, was a singular case of cultural incoherence. Bac's friend, Robert de la Sizeranne, complained of the insolence of speculators and rich winter residents who erected palaces and villas seem...
Temperature-Adaptive Energy Reduction for Ultra-Low Power-Supply-Voltage Subthreshold Logic Circuits

Circuits optimized for minimum energy consumption operate typically in the subthreshold regime with ultra-low power-supply-voltages. Speed of subthreshold logic circuits is enhanced with an increase in the die temperature. The excessive timing slack observed in the clock period of constant-frequency subthreshold logic circuits at elevated temperatures provides new opportunities to lower the active mode energy consumption. Temperature-adaptive dynamic supply voltage tuning technique is proposed in this paper to enhance the high temperature energy efficiency of ultra-low-voltage subthreshold logic circuits. Results indicate that the energy consumption of subthreshold logic circuits can be lowered by up to 40% by dynamically scaling the supply voltage without degrading the clock frequency at elevated temperatures.
Stability of the SUPG finite element method for transient advection-diffusion problems

Implicit time integration coupled with SUPG discretization in space leads to additional terms that provide consistency and improve the phase accuracy for convection dominated flows. Recently, it has been suggested that for small Courant numbers these terms may dominate the streamline diffusion term, ostensibly causing destabilization of the SUPG method. While consistent with a straightforward finite element stability analysis, this contention is not supported by computational experiments and contradicts earlier Von-Neumann stability analyses of the semidiscrete SUPG equations. This prompts us to re-examine finite element stability of the fully discrete SUPG equations. A careful analysis of the additional terms reveals that, regardless of the time step size, they are always dominated by the consistent mass matrix. Consequently, SUPG cannot be destabilized for small Courant numbers. Numerical results that illustrate our conclusions are reported.
Emergency Response Training Practices for People With Disabilities: Analysis of Some Current Practices and Recommendations for Future Training Programs

Each year thousands of people are potentially affected by the types of emergency preparedness and response training plans practiced in their communities. Between 1998 and 2002, 3,000 counties in th...
Changes in the solar-diurnal variations in vertical magnetic intensity at the Huancayo Observatory, 1922–1943

The diurnal variations in terrestrial magnetism are dependent upon geographical location. The variations seem more closely dependent upon geomagnetic latitude than upon geographic latitude, which leads to the belief that the configuration of the Earth's general magnetic field is a determining factor in the form of the diurnal variations.
p63 immunostaining in destained bronchoscopic cytological specimens

The p53 homologous squamous stem-cell regulatory protein p63 is expressed in squamous carcinomas but is not characteristically detected in small-cell carcinomas (SCCs). A panel of thyroid transcription factor (TTF) 1 and p63 has been shown to be useful in distinguishing SCCs from poorly differentiated squamous carcinoma of the lung (PDSLC) in small biopsies and cytological cell blocks. Because tumor samples frequently are limited to cytological smears, we attempted to detect p63 in destained slides from a spectrum of pulmonary malignancies. Archival alcohol-fixed smears from 60 cases of cytologically diagnosed malignancies in bronchoscopically (n = 59) or fine-needle aspiration-obtained specimens (n = 1) were destained in acid alcohol, postfixed in 10% formalin, subjected to citrate-based antigen retrieval, and immunostained by exposure to anti-p63 monoclonal antibody 4A4, followed by reagents from a streptavidin-biotin immunoperoxidase kit, and diaminobenzidine as the chromogen. Postfixation in 10% formalin was found to be necessary for immunostaining. Normal ciliated and goblet cells were p63 negative, but reserve cells were p63 positive. All cases of squamous-cell carcinoma were positive for p63. Of 10 tumor samples originally diagnosed as SCC, only 6 samples were p63 negative and 4 samples exhibited positive staining. However, proper interpretation of the immunohistochemical (IHC) staining pattern and careful scrutiny of the cytological features and biopsy specimens in three of four cases led us to reclassify three cases into PDSLC. All adenocarcinomas (ACAs; n = 12), large-cell carcinomas (n = 4), and metastatic ACAs (n = 5) were p63 negative. Positive staining was seen in 9/16 tumors designated as non-SCCs; these tumors were not classified further into distinct histological categories. p63 staining in destained slides may be of value in facilitating the differential diagnosis between PDSLC and SCC. Criteria for conservative interpretation of results are discussed and include examination of reserve cells and ciliated cells on the same slide as internal positive and negative controls. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;32:198–203. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Monopoly and Monopolistic Competition

In this chapter, we discuss the market structures of monopoly and monopolistic competition. Unlike perfect competition which has many sellers, a monopoly market has just one seller. In this sense, it is the polar opposite of perfect competition.
Interactions between the PAS and HAMP Domains of the Escherichia coli Aerotaxis Receptor Aer

ABSTRACT The Escherichia coli energy-sensing Aer protein initiates aerotaxis towards environments supporting optimal cellular energy. The Aer sensor is an N-terminal, FAD-binding, PAS domain. The PAS domain is linked by an F1 region to a membrane anchor, and in the C-terminal half of Aer, a HAMP domain links the membrane anchor to the signaling domain. The F1 region, membrane anchor, and HAMP domain are required for FAD binding. Presumably, alterations in the redox potential of FAD induce conformational changes in the PAS domain that are transmitted to the HAMP and C-terminal signaling domains. In this study we used random mutagenesis and intragenic pseudoreversion analysis to examine functional interactions between the HAMP domain and the N-terminal half of Aer. Missense mutations in the HAMP domain clustered in the AS-2 α-helix and abolished FAD binding to Aer, as previously reported. Three amino acid replacements in the Aer-PAS domain, S28G, A65V, and A99V, restored FAD binding and aerotaxis to the HAMP mutants. These suppressors are predicted to surround a cleft in the PAS domain that may bind FAD. On the other hand, suppression of an Aer-C253R HAMP mutant was specific to an N34D substitution with a predicted location on the PAS surface, suggesting that residues C253 and N34 interact or are in close proximity. No suppressor mutations were identified in the F1 region or membrane anchor. We propose that functional interactions between the PAS domain and the HAMP AS-2 helix are required for FAD binding and aerotactic signaling by Aer.
Estimating the Production and Release of Ascospores from a Field-Scale Source of Fusarium graminearum Inoculum

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease of wheat and barley caused by the fungus Fusarium graminearum. The fungus produces spores that may be transported over long distances in the atmosphere. In order to predict the atmospheric transport of F. graminearum, the production and release of ascospores must be known. We conducted a series of laboratory and field experiments to estimate perithecia production and ascospore release from a field-scale source of F. graminearum inoculum. Perithecia were generated on artificial (carrot agar) and natural (corn stalk) substrates. Artificial substrates produced 15 ± 0.4 perithecia/cm2, and natural substrates produced 44 ± 2 perithecia/cm2. Eighty perithecia were excised from both substrate types and allowed to release ascospores every 24 h. Perithecia generated from artificial and natural substrates released a mean of 104 ± 5 and 276 ± 16 ascospores over 10 days, respectively. A volumetric spore trap was placed inside a 1-acre clonal source of inoculum in 2011 and 2012. Results indicated that ascospores were released predominantly during the night (1900 to 0700). Estimates of ascospore production for our field-scale sources of inoculum were approximately 400 million ascospores/day for 10 days. Mathematical models can use estimates of ascospore production to assist in predicting the transport of F. graminearum.
To ignore or explore: Top--down modulation of novelty processing

Attending to novelty is a critical element of human behavior and learning. Novel events can serve as task-irrelevant distracters or as potential sources of engagement by interesting or important aspects of one's environment. An optimally functioning brain should have the capacity to respond differentially to novel events depending on the circumstances in which they occur. In the present study, a subject-controlled variant of the visual novelty oddball paradigm was employed under two different conditions in which novel stimuli were characterized either as distracters from a main task or as potentially meaningful “invitations” to explore the environment. Differences in context, derived from varying the emphasis of task instructions, strongly modulated both the behavioral and electrophysiological response to novelty. This modulation was not observed for processing earlier than the P3 component. Subjects who encountered novel events that served as distracters limited the amount of attention and processing resources they appropriated. Remarkably, under this condition, there were no differences in overall P3 amplitude, late positive slow-wave activity, or viewing duration between rare novel and frequent standard events. In contrast, subjects who encountered novel events as potential opportunities to explore augmented the attention and processing resources directed toward these events (as reflected by a larger P3 amplitude, late positive slow-wave activity, and longer viewing durations). Our results suggest that the processing of novelty within the visual modality involves several stages, including: (1) the relatively automatic detection of unfamiliar, novel stimuli (indexed by the N2); (2) the voluntary allocation of resources determined by the broader context in which a novel event occurs (indexed by the P3); and (3) the sustained processing of novelty (indexed by late positive slow-wave activity). This study provides evidence of the brain's ability to generate differential responses to novel events according to the circumstances under which they are encountered. It also points to a greater degree of top--down modulation of the processing of novelty than has been previously emphasized. We suggest that less commonly studied variables, such as subject control, may provide additional insight into the different ways in which novelty is processed.
Temporal evolution of low-level winds induced by two-dimensional mesoscale surface heat-flux heterogeneity

Using large-eddy simulation (LES), the effects of mesoscale local surface heterogeneity on the temporal evolution of low-level flows in the convective boundary layer driven by two-dimensional surface heat-flux variations are investigated at a height of about 100 m over flat terrain. The surface variations are prescribed with sinusoids of wavelength 32 km and varying amplitudes of 0, 50, 100, and 200 W m $$^{-2}$$ . The Weather Research and Forecasting numerical model is used as a mesoscale-domain LES model that has a grid spacing fine enough to explicitly resolve energy-containing turbulent eddies and a model domain large enough to include mesoscale circulations. Mesoscale circulations induced by the two-dimensional surface heterogeneity may undergo a flow transition and an associated spectral energy cascade, which has been found previously but only with one-dimensional surface heat-flux variations. Over a strongly heterogeneous surface prescribed with a two-dimensional sinusoid of amplitude 200 W m $$^{-2}$$ , the domain-averaged variance of the horizontal wind component initially grows rapidly, then undergoes a flow transition and subsequently rapidly decays. With a background wind, the induced mesoscale circulations are inhibited in the streamwise direction. However in the spanwise direction, somewhat stronger mesoscale circulations are induced, compared with those with no background wind. The background wind attenuates the significant reduction of the low-level temperature gradient by the fully-developed mesoscale horizontal flow. Spectral decomposition reveals that this rapid transition also exists in the mesoscale horizontal flows induced by the intermediate surface heterogeneity prescribed with a sinusoid of amplitude 100 W m $$^{-2}$$ . However the transition is masked by continuously growing turbulence.
Healthy versus Unhealthy Suppliers in Food Desert Neighborhoods: A Network Analysis of Corner Stores’ Food Supplier Networks

Background: Products in corner stores may be affected by the network of suppliers from which storeowners procure food and beverages. To date, this supplier network has not been well characterized. Methods: Using network analysis, we examined the connections between corner stores (n = 24) in food deserts of Baltimore City (MD, USA) and their food/beverage suppliers (n = 42), to determine how different store and supplier characteristics correlated. Results: Food and beverage suppliers fell into two categories: Those providing primarily healthy foods/beverages (n = 15) in the healthy supplier network (HSN) and those providing primarily unhealthy food/beverages (n = 41) in the unhealthy supplier network (UHSN). Corner store connections to suppliers in the UHSN were nearly two times greater (t = 5.23, p < 0.001), and key suppliers in the UHSN core were more diverse, compared to the HSN. The UHSN was significantly more cohesive and densely connected, with corner stores sharing a greater number of the same unhealthy suppliers, compared to HSN, which was less cohesive and sparsely connected (t = 5.82; p < 0.001). Compared to African Americans, Asian and Hispanic corner storeowners had on average −1.53 (p < 0.001) fewer connections to suppliers in the HSN (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings indicate clear differences between corner stores’ HSN and UHSN. Addressing ethnic/cultural differences of storeowners may also be important to consider.
New Horizons: Understanding the Processes and Practices of Youth Development

This article presents new horizons for research on youth development by focusing on the challenges youth face in learning teamwork and in coming to terms with diversity. These are both essential competencies for navigating the “real world” of the 21st century. We examine how youth experience these challenges within programs; also how they present second-order challenges to practitioners. The underlying message of this article is that it is essential for researchers to see programs from the point of view of the people in them. Researchers have learned quite a bit of what can be learned from arm’s length: that programs can make a difference in youths’ lives and that certain features of settings are associated with these changes. To go further, researchers need to work side-by-side with practitioners and youth to understand their complex worlds as they experience them.
A Probabilistic Life, Damage, and Uncertainty Assessment Method for Engineering Components and Systems

Fatigue life and damage assessment is crucial to the durability and reliability performances of engineering components and systems, especially at early design and validation stages. However, durability and reliability assessment of engineering components and systems is difficult due to, partially, the large uncertainties introduced from many sources. How to quantitatively measure the uncertainties is an important task in engineering probabilistic analysis. Recently, based on fatigue failure data, a new procedure has been developed to assess the durability, reliability and uncertainty of components under constant amplitude loadings. An uncertainty measure, which is very similar to those used in computational complexity, classical statistical physics and information theory, has been proposed. In this paper, two new developments are reported: (1) the uncertainty measure is modified in such a way that the uncertainty measure can be normalized, (2) the durability, reliability and uncertainty analysis procedure is extended to system level. Several examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new probabilistic life, damage, and uncertainty assessment approach.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Range expansion of the invasive rusty crayfish Orconectes rusticus (Girard, 1852) (Decapoda: Astacoidea) in northeastern Iowa (USA) rivers

The rusty crayfish Orconectes rusticus (Girard, 1852) is an invasive species that has been introduced to the Upper Midwest, USA from the Ohio River Valley, and is associated with ecological damage to aquatic systems. We examined the distributions of rusty and native crayfishes in two Iowa river systems. One hundred sites were surveyed in the upper Cedar and middle Wapsipinicon river drainages from 2013 to 2014. Four native crayfish species were collected, and contrary to a study conducted in 2002, the rusty crayfish was documented in the mainstream of both systems. Analysis of sampling methods indicates that crayfish capture rates were significantly higher in cylindrical minnow traps than in flat crayfish traps. Genetic analyses confirmed field identifications and support a single introduction of the rusty crayfish in northeastern Iowa. The pervasive distribution and life history characteristics of the rusty crayfish suggest that eradication is currently not feasible. Further monitoring is warranted in order to determine its distribution throughout Iowa’s river systems.
A phenomenological approach to audience

(1983). A phenomenological approach to audience. Literature in Performance: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 34-39.
Multiscale modeling of progressive failure in polymer nanocomposites using nanoscale informed damage mechanics

ABSTRACTIn this article, a novel technique to model damage and damage evolution in polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) using the internal state variable approach is proposed. The multiscale aspects of the nanocomposite are captured by embedding local inhomogeneities and the localized nanoparticle (nanographene) and polymer atom interactions at the interface into a continuum scale damage model. This approach assumes that the damage evolution is primarily due to changes in nonbonded interactions at the nanoscale, hence the moniker nanoscale-informed damage mechanics (NIDM) model. The unknown coefficients in the NIDM model are obtained by a linear regression fit of the polymer and the PNC stress-strain behavior using molecular dynamics simulation. It is envisioned that the resulting nonlinear constitutive model can be readily incorporated into a hierarchical multiscale finite element model and used by the aerospace industry for structural scale applications to model progressive failure.