cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Connection between the Morphology of the X-Ray Emission and Rotation for Solar-Type Stars in Open Clusters

It is suggested that the three-segmented morphology of the soft X-ray emission from cluster and field stars may be understood in terms of the recent classification of rotating stars into three kinds: those lying on the convective sequence, on the interface sequence, or in the gap between them.
Synthesizing and Tuning Chemical Reaction Networks with Specified Behaviours

We consider how to generate chemical reaction networks CRNs from functional specifications. We propose a two-stage approach that combines synthesis by satisfiability modulo theories and Markov chain Monte Carlo based optimisation. First, we identify candidate CRNs that have the possibility to produce correct computations for a given finite set of inputs. We then optimise the reaction rates of each CRN using a combination of stochastic search techniques applied to the chemical master equation, simultaneously improving the probability of correct behaviour and ruling out spurious solutions. In addition, we use techniques from continuous time Markov chain theory to study the expected termination time for each CRN. We illustrate our approach by identifying CRNs for majority decision-making and division computation, which includes the identification of both known and unknown networks.
THE BLACK HOLE FORMATION PROBABILITY

A longstanding question in stellar evolution is which massive stars produce black holes (BHs) rather than neutron stars (NSs) upon death. It has been common practice to assume that a given zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) mass star (and perhaps a given metallicity) simply produces either an NS or a BH, but this fails to account for a myriad of other variables that may effect this outcome, such as spin, binarity, or even stochastic differences in the stellar structure near core collapse. We argue that instead a probabilistic description of NS versus BH formation may be better suited to account for the current uncertainties in understanding how massive stars die. We present an initial exploration of the probability that a star will make a BH as a function of its ZAMS mass, P_(BH)(M_(ZAMS)). Although we find that it is difficult to derive a unique P_(BH)(M_(ZAMS)) using current measurements of both the BH mass distribution and the degree of chemical enrichment by massive stars, we demonstrate how P_(BH)(M_(ZAMS)) changes with these various observational and theoretical uncertainties. We anticipate that future studies of Galactic BHs and theoretical studies of core collapse will refine P_(BH)(M_(ZAMS)) and argue that this framework is an important new step toward better understanding BH formation. A probabilistic description of BH formation will be useful as input for future population synthesis studies that are interested in the formation of X-ray binaries, the nature and event rate of gravitational wave sources, and answering questions about chemical enrichment.
On Spin Distributions for Generic p -Spin Models

We provide an alternative formula for spin distributions of generic p-spin glass models. As a main application of this expression, we write spin statistics as solutions of partial differential equations and we show that the generic p-spin models satisfy multiscale Thouless–Anderson–Palmer equations as originally predicted in the work of Mezard–Virasoro (J Phys 46(8):1293–1307, 1985).
Finding gas-rich dwarf galaxies betrayed by their ultraviolet emission

We present ultraviolet (UV) follow-up of a sample of potential dwarf galaxy candidates selected for their neutral hydrogen (HI) properties, taking advantage of the low UV background seen by the GALEX satellite and its large and publicly available imaging footprint. The HI clouds, which are drawn from published Galactic Arecibo L-band Feed Array and Arecibo Legacy Fast Arecibo -band Feed Array HI survey compact cloud catalogs, are selected to be galaxy candidates based on their spatial compactness and non-association with known high-velocity cloud complexes or Galactic HI emission. Based on a comparison of their UV characteristics to those of known dwarf galaxies, half (48%) of the compact HI clouds have at least one potential stellar counterpart with UV properties similar to those of nearby dwarf galaxies. If they are galaxies, then the star formation rates, HI masses, and star formation efficiencies of these systems follow the trends seen for much larger galaxies. The presence of UV emission is an efficient method to identify the best targets for spectroscopic follow-up, which is necessary to prove that the stars are associated with compact HI. Furthermore, searches of this nature help to refine the salient HI properties of likely dwarfs (even beyond the Local Group). In particular, HI compact clouds considered to be velocity outliers relative to their neighbor HI clouds have the most significant detection rate of single, appropriate UV counterparts. Correcting for the sky coverage of the two all-Arecibo sky surveys yielding the compact HI clouds, these results may imply the presence of potentially hundreds of new tiny galaxies across the entire sky.
Origins and Long-Term Patterns of Copy-Number Variation in Rhesus Macaques.

Mutations play a key role in the development of disease in an individual and the evolution of traits within species. Recent work in humans and other primates has clarified the origins and patterns of single-nucleotide variants, showing that most arise in the father’s germline during spermatogenesis. It remains unknown whether larger mutations, such as deletions and duplications of hundreds or thousands of nucleotides, follow similar patterns. Such mutations lead to copy-number variation (CNV) within and between species, and can have profound effects by deleting or duplicating genes. Here, we analyze patterns of CNV mutations in 32 rhesus macaque individuals from 14 parent–offspring trios. We find the rate of CNV mutations per generation is low (less than one per genome) and we observe no correlation between parental age and the number of CNVs that are passed on to offspring. We also examine segregating CNVs within the rhesus macaque sample and compare them to a similar data set from humans, finding that both species have far more segregating deletions than duplications. We contrast this with long-term patterns of gene copy-number evolution between 17 mammals, where the proportion of deletions that become fixed along the macaque lineage is much smaller than the proportion of segregating deletions. These results suggest purifying selection acting on deletions, such that the majority of them are removed from the population over time. Rhesus macaques are an important biomedical model organism, so these results will aid in our understanding of this species and the disease models it supports.
Axionic band topology in inversion-symmetric Weyl-charge-density waves

In recent theoretical and experimental investigations, researchers have linked the low-energy field theory of a Weyl semimetal gapped with a charge-density wave (CDW) to high-energy theories with axion electrodynamics. However, it remains an open question whether a lattice regularization of the dynamical Weyl-CDW is in fact a single-particle axion insulator (AXI). In this Rapid Communication, we use analytic and numerical methods to study both lattice-commensurate and incommensurate minimal (magnetic) Weyl-CDW phases in the mean-field state. We observe that, as previously predicted from field theory, the two inversion (I)-symmetric Weyl-CDWs with ϕ=0,π differ by a topological axion angle δθϕ=π. However, we crucially discover that neither of the minimal Weyl-CDW phases at ϕ=0,π is individually an AXI; they are instead quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) and “obstructed” QAH insulators that differ by a fractional translation in the modulated cell, analogous to the two phases of the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model of polyacetylene. Using symmetry indicators of band topology and non-Abelian Berry phase, we demonstrate that our results generalize to multiband systems with only two Weyl fermions, establishing that minimal Weyl-CDWs unavoidably carry nontrivial Chern numbers that prevent the observation of a static magnetoelectric response. We discuss the experimental implications of our findings and provide models and analysis generalizing our results to nonmagnetic Weyl- and Dirac-CDWs.
Estimation of ascertainment bias and its effect on power in clinical trials with time-to-event outcomes

While the gold standard for clinical trials is to blind all parties-participants, researchers, and evaluators-to treatment assignment, this is not always a possibility. When some or all of the above individuals know the treatment assignment, this leaves the study open to the introduction of postrandomization biases. In the Strategies to Reduce Injuries and Develop Confidence in Elders (STRIDE) trial, we were presented with the potential for the unblinded clinicians administering the treatment, as well as the individuals enrolled in the study, to introduce ascertainment bias into some but not all events comprising the primary outcome. In this article, we present ways to estimate the ascertainment bias for a time-to-event outcome, and discuss its impact on the overall power of a trial vs changing of the outcome definition to a more stringent unbiased definition that restricts attention to measurements less subject to potentially differential assessment. We found that for the majority of situations, it is better to revise the definition to a more stringent definition, as was done in STRIDE, even though fewer events may be observed.
Human Challenge Studies With Wild-Type Severe Acute Respiratory Sydrome Coronavirus 2 Violate Longstanding Codes of Human Subjects Research

This manuscript explores the ethics of human inoculation experiments in young healthy adults with wild-type severe acute respiratory sydrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a tool to evaluate vaccine efficacy in the context of the Nuremberg Code, the Declaration of Helsinki, and the Belmont Report, and in the context of dose-response relationships with infectious agents. Despite societal pressure to develop a SARS-CoV-2 challenge model to evaluate vaccines, we argue that there are substantial risks that cannot be adequately defined because the dose of SARS-CoV-2 that causes severe disease in young adults is unknown. In the absence of curative therapy, even if a volunteer consents, longstanding ethical codes governing human subjects research preclude the conduct of such experiments.
Collision-Free Path Planning for Automated Vehicles Risk Assessment via Predictive Occupancy Map

Vehicle collision avoidance system (CAS) is a control system that can guide the vehicle into a collision-free safe region in the presence of other objects on road. Common CAS functions, such as forward-collision warning and automatic emergency braking, have recently been developed and equipped on production vehicles. However, these CASs focus on mitigating or avoiding potential crashes with the preceding cars and objects. They are not effective for crash scenarios with vehicles from the rear-end or lateral directions. This paper proposes a novel collision avoidance system that will provide the vehicle with all-around (360-degree) collision avoidance capability. A risk evaluation model is developed to calculate potential risk levels by considering surrounding vehicles (according to their relative positions, velocities, and accelerations) and using a predictive occupancy map (POM). By using the POM, the safest path with the minimum risk values is chosen from 12 acceleration-based trajectory directions. The global optimal trajectory is then planned using the optimal rapidly exploring random tree (RRT*) algorithm. The planned vehicle motion profile is generated as the reference for future control. Simulation results show that the developed POM-based CAS demonstrates effective operations to mitigate the potential crashes in both lateral and rear-end crash scenarios.
Superconducting MoN thin films prepared by DC reactive magnetron sputtering for nanowire single-photon detectors

We present a comprehensive study of molybdenum nitride (MoN) thin film deposition using direct current (DC) reactive magnetron sputtering. We have investigated the effect of various deposition conditions on the superconducting and electrical properties of the films. Furthermore, we have shown that meander-shaped single-photon detectors made from 5 nm MoN films have saturated quantum detection efficiency at the telecom wavelength of 1550 nm. Our results indicate that MoN may be a material of interest for practical applications of low-temperature superconductors, including single-photon detectors and transition-edge sensors.
State Tax Cuts of 1995: Is Something New Afoot?

Perhaps the hottest fiscal topic in state capitals in 1995 was tax cuts. When legislatures convened in January, it appeared possible that states were on the verge of an unprecedented wave of tax cuts. The Republican landslide of November 1994 swept into office many new governors and legislators who had campaigned on reducing taxes. Governor Christine Todd Whitman of New Jersey was considered a role model by many of them. Perhaps state tax policy was about to take a major new direction. According to some reports, that is precisely what happened. For example, Stephen Moore, Director of Fiscal Policy Studies at the Cato Institute, wrote the following introduction to his overview of state tax policies:1 1995 is shaping up to be the biggest tax-cutting year in more than 10 years…. [T]he supply side philosophy that low tax rates and expenditure controls are the key fiscal tools to state economic competitiveness now appears to be the new governing philosophy in state capitals from Albany to Sacramento. The Pete Wilson, Lowell Weicker, Jim Florio soak-the-rich philosophy of the early 1990s has been nearly universally repudiated across the states. Meanwhile, “Whitmanomics,” named after tax-cutting Christine Todd Whitman of New Jersey, is spreading rapidly to other states. In fact, there was a wave of state tax cuts in 1995 with about half of the states enacting reductions of some kind. But it appears premature to draw the strong conclusion that this marked a radical change in state fiscal policy. State legislatures trimmed or rejected most of the proposals for large tax cuts. Most of the 1995 tax cuts were small or modest in size Rather than a new departure, they are consistent with past policies at similar points in the business cycle. It is also possible, however, that something new really is afoot. Conservative anti-tax forces are gaining strength in the states, just as they are at the federal level. If it were not for prospective federal aid cuts, state tax policy really might become more conservative. But the shift of federal responsibilities to states will represent a formidable obstacle to large state tax cuts in the coming years. This article places the tax cuts of 1995 in perspective. It begins with a detailed discussion of ambiguities'in defining and measuring tax reductions and increases. This discussion can be applied to any time period and will remain relevant after concern
Money and the Terms of Trade

Abstract The connection between money and the terms of trade is examined in a simple competitive monetary equilibrium model with flexible prices. Money is held for transaction purposes. The cost of financial transactions induces households to visit financial intermediaries only occasionally. Different households visit the financial intermediaries at different times. This ensures that open market operations which raise the money supply in country 1 increase output in both countries. This increase is biggest in country 1 under flexible exchange rates and biggest in country 2 under fixed rates. The terms of trade of country 1 worsen only under flexible rates.
A Taxonomy of Discretion: Refining the Legality Debate About Obama's Executive Actions On Immigration

Broad executive action has been the Obama Administration’s signature contribution to American immigration policy, setting off a furious debate about whether the President has acted outside his constitutional powers. But the legal debate about the scope of the President’s authority to change immigration policy has not fully recognized what is actually innovative about the Obama policies, and thus has not focused on those areas where he has taken executive discretion into uncharted territory. This essay aims to add new focus to the debate about Pres. Obama’s executive actions by defining five different types of presidential discretion: Congressionally-authorized discretion, non-enforcement discretion, affirmative grants, general public information, and finally class-based rules. The essay summarizes the distinct legal issues that arise with each one. I argue that most of these categories of executive action do indeed have solid legal foundations. But the last – class-based rules – raises important questions about separation of powers.
Do Heads Roll?: An Empirical Analysis of CEO Turnover and Pay When the Corporation is Federally Prosecuted

Do Heads Roll?: An Empirical Analysis of CEO Turnover and Pay When the Corporation is Federally Prosecuted
An Originalist Theory of Precedent: The Privileged Place of Originalist Precedent

In this Article, I show that originalism retains a robust role for originalist precedent thereby enabling originalism to fit our legal practice and appropriate the normative attractiveness of stare decisis. This Article therefore fills a prominent gap in originalist theory. First, I briefly review the debate in originalism over the role of constitutional precedent. Second, I describe how participants in our legal practice can distinguish between originalist and nonoriginalist precedent using a standard called Originalism in Good Faith. Under Originalism in Good Faith, precedents that are a good faith attempt to articulate and apply the Constitution’s original meaning, are originalist precedents. Third, in the heart of the Article, I explain the roles of originalist precedent in constitutional interpretation, described by the Interpretative and Constructive Approaches toward precedent. The Interpretative Approach is that originalist precedent serves the epistemic role of providing presumptive evidence of the original meaning and its proper application. The Constructive Approach is that originalist precedent serves the creative role of determining the defeasible content of the Constitution’s meaning. Next, I explain how the Interpretative and Constructive Approaches operate in practice. I show that originalist precedent serves the roles of implementing the original meaning, embedding the original meaning in constitutional law, and affecting other areas of constitutional law through its gravitational force. In so arguing, I will elucidate how the role of originalist precedent varies depending on whether the context is one of constitutional interpretation or constitutional construction. Then, I briefly revisit the original meaning of “judicial Power” in Article III, which requires federal judges to give significant respect to constitutional precedent. I show that the Interpretative and Constructive Approaches meet Article III’s mandate. More importantly, they show that it makes sense to follow Article III’s mandate. The conception of originalist precedent offered in this Article completes the circle of my originalist theory of precedent. In an earlier article, I showed why and how judges should give nonoriginalist precedent significant respect. In this Article, I finish that project by showing how judges should give originalist precedent significant respect via the Interpretative and Constructive Approaches.
Effect of Identifiability, Rating Audience, and Conscientiousness on Rating Level.

This paper investigated three factors, two related to accountability and one an individual difference factor, which may influence rating level: (1) identifiability, (2) to whom one feels accountable (audience), and (3) conscientiousness. In study 1, results from students who rated their instructors indicated that not only did raters relatively high in conscientiousness report feeling more accountability but also that identifiability and conscientiousness interacted in predicting rating level. Raters relatively low in conscientiousness provided higher ratings when identified but raters relatively high in conscientious did not provide higher ratings. Rating audience did not influence rating level. Study 2 replicated the findings from study 1: Low conscientious raters assigned higher ratings when identified than when anonymous but high conscientious raters did not assign higher ratings when identified. Implications are discussed.
A comparison of FX exposure estimates with different control variables

We compare the foreign exchange (FX) exposure estimates of four empirical models that differ only in the choice of control variable. We use a large sample of US equities (19 100) over a long time span (1980–2011). We find a much higher percentage of statistically significant FX exposure estimates with a bond return control variable than with a broad equity index. We also find that the FX exposure estimates with no control variable are close to those for the bond return control variable, and the estimates with Fama–French factor control variables are close to those with the equity index.
Vehicle choices, miles driven, and pollution policies

Mobile sources contribute large percentages of each pollutant, but technol- ogy is not yet available to measure and tax emissions from each vehicle. We build a behavioral model of household choices about vehicles and miles traveled. The ideal- but-unavailable emissions tax would encourage drivers to abate emissions through many behaviors, some of which involve market transactions that can be observed for feasible market incentives (such as a gas tax, subsidy to new cars, or tax by vehicle type). Our model can calculate behavioral effects of each such price and thus calculate car choices, miles, and emissions. A nested logit structure is used to model discrete choicesamongdifferentvehiclebundles.Wealsoconsidercontinuouschoicesofmiles driven and the age of each vehicle. We propose a consistent estimation method for both discrete and continuous demands in one step, to capture the interactive effects of simultaneous decisions. Results are compared with those of the traditional sequential estimation procedure.
The Gender Wage Gap in Chile 1992-2003 from a Matching Comparisons Perspective

This paper analyzes the evolution of the gender wage gap in Chile during the period 1992 to 2003 using the decomposition approach developed in Nopo (2004). This approach, which decomposes the wage gap into four additive elements, stresses the need for comparisons inside the common support for the distributions of observable characteristics of individuals. Also, it allows an analysis of the distribution of unexplained differences in wages (not only the averages). The results suggest that, besides the high educational attainment of females, there are noticeable gender wage gaps in Chile favoring males. These unexplained differences in wages, which move around 25 percent of average female wages, show no clear tendency during the period of analysis. The wage gaps are higher at the highest percentiles of the wage distribution, among those with higher educational attainment, among directors and among part-time workers. The technique also detects some evidence of a glass-ceiling effect in Chilean labor markets, such that for some occupations and particular combinations of observable characteristics, there are highly paid males but not females.
Why Immigration’s Plenary Power Doctrine Endures

This article originated as part of a symposium at the University of Oklahoma College of Law held on the occasion of the 125th anniversary of the Supreme Court’s decision in Chae Chan Ping v. United States, often called The Chinese Exclusion Case. Immigration law’s plenary power doctrine, traditionally traced to that decision, has persisted despite a steady and vigorous stream of scholarly criticism; its vitality is reflected in the Court’s 2015 decision in Kerry v. Din. This essay undertakes to explain why. Contrary to some accounts, the Court’s strong deference to the political branches does not derive from the concept of sovereignty. Justice Field’s opinion for the Chae Chan Ping Court invoked sovereignty not to trump rights claims but to solve a federalism problem – structural reasoning that locates the immigration control power squarely in the federal government rather than the states, even though that power is not explicitly enumerated in the Constitution. In any event, that a power is labeled sovereign does not necessarily entail that it lies beyond judicial review or deserves extraordinary deference. The Chae Chan Ping Court’s deference to the political branches instead rested primarily on the close linkage between foreign affairs and immigration control decisions. This essay illustrates why such linkage is more significant than is often appreciated, even today, as the federal government seeks to work in a complex and uncertain global context, where many powers and enforcement tools taken for granted in the domestic arena simply are not reliably available. The Court implicitly remains willing to give the political branches leeway to use immigration authorities in rough-hewn ways, even though deference does mean that some governmental acts deriving from illicit motives rather than genuine foreign affairs considerations may go unremedied in court. The Court adheres to a strong deference doctrine out of concern that lower courts, if given wider authority to review, will overvalue individual interests and undervalue governmental interests. In an increasingly dangerous world, the Supreme Court is unlikely to overrule the plenary power doctrine. Academics and activists should respond by focusing more attention on policy analysis and advocacy addressed to the political branches, forums where constitutional values can be pursued and successfully – if unevenly – vindicated, as Justice Field recognized.
What is Transformative? An Explanatory Synthesis of the Convergence of Transformation and Predominant Purpose in Copyright Fair Use Law

The transformative test has risen to the top of the agenda of the copyright academic community with no less than two major studies of copyright fair use and the impact of the transformative test released in 2011 by Professors Matthew Sag and Neil Netanel2 that follow up on three recent comprehensive studies of copyright fair use published since 2008.3 The lessons learned from these two 2011 statistical studies are significant, in that both studies confirm the importance of the transformative test in terms of its application by the courts as the dominant test of fair use and in the observation that a finding of transformation in a copyright fair use claim virtually assures a finding that the use is fair. Nevertheless, the two studies and those that preceded them have not made an empirical study of the entire body of appellate law on transformation with the specific intent of demonstrating the meaning and operation of the term “transformative”—in 1 Associate Professor of Law, Valparaiso University School of Law. Professor Murray thanks Joseph Bauer (Notre Dame), Curt Cichowski (Valparaiso), Brian Glassman (Cleveland Marshall), Doris Long (John Marshall), and David Myers (Valparaiso) for agreeing to comment on this article. He also thanks Samson Vermont (Miami), Tracy Reilly (Dayton), and the participants in the Intellectual Property Scholars Conference 2011 at DePaul University School of Law for their comments on this article. This article is part of research on the convergence of transformation and predominant purpose in copyright, right of publicity, and First Amendment law that was presented at several other conferences, including the Association for the Study of Law, Culture, and the Humanities Conference, Brown University; the Intersections of Law and Culture Conference, Lugano, Switzerland; the Lannert Art Museum “Taste of Art” Lecture Series, University of Illinois; the Scholars’ Forum of the Empire State Legal Writing Conference 2011, St. John’s University School of Law; and the Young Faculty Workshop 2011, Valparaiso University School of Law, and Professor Murray thanks the many participants in these conferences for their additional comments and suggestions. Professor Murray also thanks George Catanzarite and Jenna Throw, former students of Valparaiso University School of Law, for their research assistance. 2 Matthew Sag, Predicting Fair Use: An Empirical Study of Copyright’s Fair Use Doctrine, available at: http://works.bepress.com/matthew_sag/10, and at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1769130; Neil Weinstock Netanel, Making Sense of Fair Use, 15 LEWIS & CLARK L. REV. 715 (2011), also available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1874778. 3 Paula Samuelson, Unbundling Fair Uses, 77 FORDHAM L. REV. 2537 (2009); Barton Beebe, An Empirical Study of U.S. Copyright Fair Use Opinions, 1978-2005, 156 U. PENN. L. REV. 549, 623 (2008); R. Anthony Reese, Transformativeness and the Derivative Work Right, 31 COLUM. J.L. & ARTS 467 (2008).
Aligning the Interests of Lawyers and Clients

August 2001 Aligning the Interests of Lawyers and Clients A. Mitchell Polinsky and Daniel L. Rubinfeld * Abstract: The potential conflict of interest between lawyers and clients is well known. If a lawyer is paid for his time regardless of the outcome of the case, the lawyer may wish to bring the case even when it is not in the best interest of the client, may spend more hours working on the case than the client would want, and may reject a settlement when the client would be better off if it were accepted. Alternatively, if the lawyer is compensated according to the conventional contingent fee arrangement — under which he is paid a fraction of any trial award or settlement but bears all of the cost of litigation — the lawyer may have an insufficient incentive to bring the case, may spend too little time working on it if it is brought, and may encourage a settlement when the client would be better off going to trial. In this article we propose a method of compensating lawyers that overcomes the conflict of interest between the lawyer and the client. Our system is a variation of the conventional contingent fee system, but, in contrast to that system, we would have the lawyer bear only a fraction of the cost of litigation — the same fraction that the lawyer obtains of the award or settlement. We demonstrate that when the fraction of the cost that the lawyer bears equals the fraction of the award or settlement that he obtains, he will have an incentive to do exactly what a knowledgeable client would want him to do with respect to accepting the case, spending time on the case, and settling the case. Under our modified contingent fee system, a third party would compensate the lawyer for a certain fraction of his costs, in return for which the lawyer would pay that party an up-front fee. In this way, the client would not bear any costs, even if the case is lost, just as under the conventional contingent fee system. Stanford University and National Bureau of Economic Research; and University of California, Berkeley, respectively. Polinsky's research was supported by the John M. Olin Program in Law and Economics at Stanford Law School. Rubinfeld's research was undertaken in part while he was a visitor at New York University Law School. We received helpful comments from Joseph Bankman, Kevin Clermont, Douglas Cumming, Andrew Daughety, Winand Emons, Frank Easterbrook, Nuno Garoupa, Robert Hall, Jennifer Reinganum, Steven Shavell, and Kathryn Spier.
CEO power, ownership structure and pay performance in Chinese banking

Abstract This paper examines the determinants of executive compensation in Chinese banking during 2005–2012. Using the fixed effects panel, 2SLS and dynamic GMM regressions, I find that there is no significant positive pay performance relation, and CEO power does not necessarily exhibit higher levels of executive compensation. However, I show that ownership structure (measured by ownership concentration and ownership identification) and compensation committee are significant in determining executive compensation in Chinese banking. It suggests that government may ensure efficient monitoring functions when the pay incentive is ineffective. The results have important implication on bank regulation and corporate governance in emerging markets.
When planning is not enough: the self-regulatory effect of implementation intentions on changing snacking habits

OBJECTIVE This study examined whether matching implementation intentions to people's regulatory orientation affects the effectiveness of changing unhealthy snacking habits. DESIGN Participants' regulatory orientation was either measured (as a chronic trait) or manipulated (as a situational state), and participants were randomly assigned to implementation intention conditions to eat more healthy snacks or avoid eating unhealthy ones. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES A self-reported online food diary of healthy and unhealthy snacks over a 2-day period. RESULTS Participants with weak unhealthy snacking habits consumed more healthy snacks when forming any type of implementation intentions (regardless of match or mismatch with their regulatory orientation), while participants with strong unhealthy snacking habits consumed more healthy snacks only when forming implementation intentions that matched their regulatory orientations. CONCLUSION RESULTS suggest that implementation intentions that match regulatory orientation heighten motivation intensity and put snacking under intentional control for people with strong unhealthy snacking habits.
Lessons from the Special Court for Sierra Leone on the Prosecution of Gender-Based Crimes

In 2007 and 2008, the Special Court for Sierra Leone issued its first two trial level and its first two appeals level judgments in what are popularly known as the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) and Civil Defence Forces (CDF) cases. A number of important lessons on the prosecution of gender-based violations can be drawn from these judgments. The first lesson to be learned from the Special Court's judgments to date is that seemingly gender-neutral crimes may in fact contain gendered elements, and gendered crimes may be multilayered and complex. Gendered crimes may include sexual and non-sexual aspects. This lesson emerges most obviously from the consideration of forced marriage in the AFRC trial and appeals judgments. The second lesson relates to evidence and is clearest in the CDF case. The Appeals Chamber and the dissenting trial judge noted that the circumstances surrounding the collection of evidence of gender-based violations may differ from the circumstances relating to other crimes, and that evidence of gender-based violations is not inherently more prejudicial than other kinds of evidence. The final lesson stems from the CDF case and is that, in weighing the rights of the accused, judges should also ask if there are other relevant factors to be considered, such as access of victims to justice or the overall mandate of the tribunal (including as it relates to the prosecution of gender-based crimes). These three lessons, which in some respects are particular to the Special Court's AFRC and CDF cases, are in other respects also relevant to the Charles Taylor and Revolutionary United Front cases currently before the Special Court, and to the future work of the International Criminal Court.
Kindergarten Entrance Age and Children's Achievement: Impacts of State Policies, Family Background, and Peers

We present evidence that the positive relationship between kindergarten entrance age and school achievement primarily reflects skill accumulation prior to kindergarten, rather than a heightened ability to learn in school among older children. The association between achievement test scores and entrance age appears during the first months of kindergarten, declines sharply in subsequent years, and is especially pronounced among children from upper-income families, a group likely to have accumulated the most skills prior to school entry. Finally, having older classmates boosts a child's test scores but increases the probability of grade repetition and diagnoses of learning disabilities such as ADHD.
Getting the Numbers Right: International Engineering Education in the United States, China, and India

This article challenges the commonly cited statistics for engineering graduates in the United States, China, and India. Our research shows that the gap between the number of engineers and related technology specialists produced in the United States versus those in India and China is smaller than previously reported, and the United States remains a leading source of high-quality global engineering talent. Furthermore, engineering graduates in China and India face the prospect of substantial unemployment, despite high corporate demand for their services; this raises questions about the quality of recent graduates. The United States, however, also confronts problems in its continued ability to attract and retain top engineering talent from abroad because of visa uncertainties and growing economic opportunities in their countries of origin. We argue that the key issue in engineering education should be the quality of graduates, not just the quantity, since quality factors have the biggest impact on innovation and entrepreneurship.
Having the Fiduciary Duty Talk: Model Advice for Corporate Officers (and Other Senior Agents)

Countless legal materials address the fiduciary duties of corporate directors. These include extensive decisional law, numerous institutes and continuing legal education seminars, several treatises and casebooks, and the well-known Corporate Director's Guidebook, recently released in its fifth edition. By contrast, legal materials on the fiduciary duties of corporate officers - key actors and agents in any company - are quite sparse. Case law is meager and undeveloped, with even such a baseline issue as the applicability of the business judgment rule lacking resolution. Treatises, institutes, and other legal materials frequently lump officer fiduciary duties with those of directors or treat them as an afterthought or, in many instances, overlook the subject altogether. There is no preeminent, standard reference serving as the Corporate Officer's Guidebook.This Article seeks to begin rectifying this glaring gap in legal literature and professional practice. Fiduciary duties as a vital component of an effective corporate governance system work on an ex ante basis - i.e., officers must be advised of such duties beforehand if such duties are to influence conduct. This Article describes the sources of legal material for deriving a succinct exposition of officer fiduciary duties and then provides suggested model fiduciary duty advice for lawyers to use in counseling corporate officers and other senior managers.
Punishing Collective Entities

This paper argues that, while the legal world treats corporate entities as “people” for legal purposes, this legal framing does not fit well with naive models of assessing responsibility and blame. These difficulties raise questions about the value of treating entities as “people” for legal purposes just at a time when the United States Supreme Court seems to be moving actively to increase this “entity as a person” legal metaphor. The paper first reviews the literature on the psychology of responsibility and then presents both survey and experimental data that compare reactions to individual and organizational level wrongdoing. We argue that the data suggest that people have greater trouble holding entities responsible for wrongdoing and punishing them than they do making judgments of responsibility and endorsing punitive actions for individuals. In an era of corporate scandal and wrongdoing, this difficulty points to a problem within the law — the process of punishing corporate misconduct is more problematic than the process of punishing individual misconduct.
The Brazilian origins of the 1826 Portuguese Constitution

The dissolution of the Luso-Brazilian empire weakened, but did not destroy, the political, intellectual and economic connections between Portugal and Brazil. This article argues that Portuguese and Brazilian politics remained entangled in the late 1820s, well after Independence. Using Portugal’s 1826 Constitution, or Carta Constitucional, as a test case, the article examines the intellectual influences shaping the Carta, investigates its Brazilian ‘origins’, analyses its reception in Portugal, and traces the reaction to it by Europe’s leading geopolitical powers.
Mediation in Peacekeeping Missions

Mediation in peacekeeping missions and the role of dispute severity, time pressure, and the peacekeeper's rank in that process are investigated. A set of hypotheses concerning the effects of these factors is developed. A test of the hypotheses reveals that dispute severity has a strong effect on the peacekeepers' choice of techniques. Time pressure does not influence technique selection or interact with dispute severity, and rank has a moderate effect on technique choice. Contributions to the peacekeeping literature are discussed, and implications are developed for an agenda of research on mediation processes.
Agriculture, Roads, and Economic Development in Uganda

A large fraction of Uganda's population continues to earn a living from quasi-subsistence agriculture. This paper uses a static general equilibrium model to explore the relationships between high transportation costs, low productivity, and the size of the quasi-subsistence sector. We parameterize the model to replicate some key features of the Ugandan data, and we then perform a series of quantitative experiments. Our results suggest that the population in quasi-subsistence agriculture is highly sensitive both to agricultural productivity levels and to transportation costs. The model also suggests positive complementarities between improvements in agricultural productivity and transportation.
Risk Sensitive Control of the Lifetime Ruin Problem

We study a risk sensitive control version of the lifetime ruin probability problem. We consider a sequence of investments problems in Black–Scholes market that includes a risky asset and a riskless asset. We present a differential game that governs the limit behavior. We solve it explicitly and use it in order to find an asymptotically optimal policy.
Financial Integration, Dis-integration and Emerging Re-integration in the Eastern Mediterranean, c.1850 to the Present.

The financial integration that concerns us is that of the linking of national banking systems through the opening of branches by banks of one country in another. In the inter-war period, banks from England and France established branches in the countries of the eastern Mediterranean, as did banks originating in those countries. However, after World War II there came a period of nationalization and nostrification that cut the countries’ banks off from each other's markets. If domestic financial systems matter to economic development and growth, and if foreign banks contribute to the development of financial systems, then these policies were a self-inflicted wound. As barriers to foreign banks have fallen since the mid-1970s the region has started to integrate again, but in a process that is far from complete.
Law, Popular Legal Culture, and the Case of Kansas, 1854-1856

In the wake of the movie Lincoln and the 150th anniversary of events such as the Emancipation Proclamation and the Battle of Gettysburg, more attention and discussion in 2013 is likely to be directed to the causes, effects, and legacy of the Civil War, in law and social impact. This article contends that there is one historical time and moment which should not be overlooked – the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 and period of time with events relating to Kansas from approximately 1854-1856 which preceded the onset of the Civil War.This Article applies Professor Friedman’s framework of popular legal culture to appeals for emigration to Kansas made by abolitionists and Northeasterners in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. Instruments of popular culture, including circulars, handbooks, music, poetry, speeches, and especially newspaper heavily influenced migration to Kansas from 1854 to 1856 as a direct response to the notion of popular sovereignty embraced by the Kansas-Nebraska Act.This article concludes that by engaging in a close reading of Kansas rhetoric from 1854-1856 in the instruments of popular culture which responded to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the significant change in tone helps to explain how popular culture and the response to the legislation led to the growing polarization between North and South prior to the onset of the Civil War.
Judicial Interference With Effective Assistance of Counsel

A lawyer’s ineffective representation of a client may be attributable to a lawyer’s own personal failings. However, impairment of the right to effective assistance of counsel may also come from a trial judge’s conduct, and can takes many forms, and occur in varying circumstances. It is therefore difficult to formulate clear principles to cover all of the various situations in which a judge can undermine effective representation. The Borukhova and Mallayev case is only the most recent illustration of the way a ruling of a judge - forcing the lawyer to sum up his case without giving the lawyer adequate time for preparation - may deprive the defendant of the effective representation by his attorney The discussion in this article of the various types of conduct and rulings that a trial judge may make that impede effective advocacy is not intended to suggest that there may not be other examples of judicial interference. Trial judges have extremely broad discretion to administer the trial, but must do so impartially and with deference to a defendant’s right to the competent assistance of his attorney. When a judge makes rulings that undermine counsel’s effectiveness and his ability to be the guiding hand to his client that the Sixth Amendment contemplates, where there is no clear justification for the judge’s intervention, and when the defendant suffers prejudice from the judge’s interference, then a reviewing court usually will reverse the conviction, concluding that the judge abused his discretion and infringed on the defendant’s right to a fair trial and the effective assistance of his counsel.
The Interpretation of Coefficients in N-Chotomous Qualitative Response Models*

Researchers in financial accounting often use qualitative response models in choice-based empirical research. Most of this research relies on the familiar techniques of dichotomous probit or logistic regression. Only a limited amount of this research uses n-chotomous qualitative response models such as ordered probit or multinomial logistic regression. A potential explanation for this limited use is that the interpretation of model coefficients in qualitative response models with limited dependent variables (dichotomous or n-chotomous) differs substantially from OLS regression, and econometric texts do not provide a systematic approach to coefficient interpretation. This paper discusses several approaches to interpreting coefficients in n-chotomous qualitative response models. These methods focus on partial derivatives, elasticities of probability, sensitivity analysis, and odds ratios. The methods are applied to the models presented in Thomas (1989) and Mittelstaedt (1989). Additional analyses of the models demonstrate that the methods of interpretation can provide different conclusions or strengthen existing conclusions. The methods provide a better understanding of the directional effects of model coefficients, the relative responsiveness of the probability of choice to changes in the independent variables, and the effects of changes in the independent variables on the probability of choice. These methods should make these models more attractive to researchers interested in choice-based financial accounting research, and allow for a broader range of decision outcomes than that provided by dichotomous qualitative response models.