cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Twist-open mechanism of DNA damage recognition by the Rad4/XPC nucleotide excision repair complex

DNA damage repair starts with the recognition of damaged sites from predominantly normal DNA. In eukaryotes, diverse DNA lesions from environmental sources are recognized by the xeroderma pigmentosum C (XPC) nucleotide excision repair complex. Studies of Rad4 (radiation-sensitive 4; yeast XPC ortholog) showed that Rad4 "opens" up damaged DNA by inserting a β-hairpin into the duplex and flipping out two damage-containing nucleotide pairs. However, this DNA lesion "opening" is slow (˜5-10 ms) compared with typical submillisecond residence times per base pair site reported for various DNA-binding proteins during 1D diffusion on DNA. To address the mystery as to how Rad4 pauses to recognize lesions during diffusional search, we examine conformational dynamics along the lesion recognition trajectory using temperature-jump spectroscopy. Besides identifying the ˜10-ms step as the rate-limiting bottleneck towards opening specific DNA site, we uncover an earlier ˜100- to 500-μs step that we assign to nonspecific deformation (unwinding/"twisting") of DNA by Rad4. The β-hairpin is not required to unwind or to overcome the bottleneck but is essential for full nucleotide-flipping. We propose that Rad4 recognizes lesions in a step-wise "twist-open" mechanism, in which preliminary twisting represents Rad4 interconverting between search and interrogation modes. Through such conformational switches compatible with rapid diffusion on DNA, Rad4 may stall preferentially at a lesion site, offering time to open DNA. This study represents the first direct observation, to our knowledge, of dynamical DNA distortions during search/interrogation beyond base pair breathing. Submillisecond interrogation with preferential stalling at cognate sites may be common to various DNA-binding proteins.
Research Note: Extent of Salmonellae Contamination in Breeder Hatcheries

Egg fragments, paper pads from chick boxes, and fluff samples were obtained from six commercial broiler breeder hatcheries and analyzed for the presence and level of salmonellae. Overall, 42 of 380 samples (11.1%) from those hatcheries were contaminated with salmonellae. Salmonellae organisms were detected in 22 of 145 (15.2%), 5 of 100 (4.6%), and 15 of 125 (12%) samples of egg fragments, fluff, and paper pads, respectively. The percentage salmonellae-positive samples from each of the six hatcheries were 1.3, 5.0, 22.5, 11.4, 36.0, and 4.3% respectively. Of the 140 samples randomly selected for enumeration, salmonellae were found in 11 samples. Four of these 11 samples had greater than 10(3) salmonellae per sample, 3 others had greater than 10(2) but less than 10(3), and the remaining 4 had less than 10(2). Salmonella serotypes isolated were S. berta, S. california, S. give, S. hadar, S. mbandaka, S. senftenberg, and S. typhimurium, all of which have previously been isolated from poultry. The incidence and extent of salmonellae-positive samples found in the breeder hatcheries were much less than that previously found in broiler hatcheries. Many factors contribute to the lower incidence and level of salmonellae found in the breeder hatcheries; however both the breeder and broiler hatcheries present critical control points in the prevention of salmonellae contamination during commercial poultry production. The cycle of salmonellae contamination will not likely be broken until contamination at these critical points is eliminated.
Examination of Multi-slice CT in Palata

Objective To assess examinational methods of Multi-slice CT(MSCT)in diagnosis of palatine lesions. Methods 28 cases were performed MSCT examination with the conventional method,extending -tongue method,colliding-tongue method and pronouncing method. All images were reconstructed by means of multiplana reconstruction (MPR) and CT virtual endoscope (CTVE). Results Correct diagnosis were obtained through the complementarity of the methods. Conclusion Reasonable examination methods of MSCT is apt to display palatine lesions.
The Effectiveness of Direct Instruction in Teaching Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder to Answer “Wh-” Questions

Research on the effects of Direct Instruction (DI) among students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has only recently emerged. A benefit of DI is that it can be implemented with groups of students, which makes it potentially a cost effective method of instruction for some skills. In this study, we examined the effects of DI on teaching secondary students with ASD to answer three "wh-" questions. Using a multiple probe design across behaviors, results indicated the participants mastered two of the three "wh-" question types and made progress with the remaining question type. These results are discussed along with implications for educators instructing students with ASD.
Effect of naproxen on the kinetics of elimination and anticoagulant activity of a single dose of warfarin

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen on the elimination kinetics and anticoagulant activity of warfarin. Ten healthy men received one oral dose of 50 mg racemic warfarin alone and with naproxen, 375 mg twice daily for 17 days beginning 10 days before warfarin. Naproxen administration caused a small but statistically significant increase in the free fraction of warfarin in serum but had no significant effect on the total clearance, volume of distribution, half-life, and anticoagulant activity of warfarin. Warfarin, on the other hand, apparently enhances the serum protein binding of haproxen. There was substantial intersubject variation but very little intrasubject variation in the anticoagulant effect of warfarin. The intersubject variation of the anticoagulant effect was not related to the elimination kinetics of warfarin.
Paleoceanographic record of North Pacific quantified

After a 21-year absence, scientific drilling returned to the high latitudes of the north Pacific from July to September 1992 (Figure 1). The main objectives of the Ocean Drilling Program's Leg 145 were to collect high-resolution records of Miocene to Quaternary changes in ocean circulation, biological activity, and global climate, and to recover high-latitude Paleogene and Cretaceous carbonate-bearing sediments to help decipher the oceanographic record of the old Northern Hemisphere Pacific.
Sources of streamflow along a headwater catchment elevational gradient

Abstract We used End-Member Mixing Analysis (EMMA) to investigate the spatiotemporal variability of source water contributions to streamflow generation from three headwater catchments that span a precipitation and ecosystem type gradient across ∼1500 m elevation in the Colorado Front Range, USA. We additionally characterized the magnitude and type (rain versus snow) of precipitation and the resulting hydrologic response of surface and subsurface waters to this precipitation variability. The three catchments were representative of the montane rain-snow transition zone (snow was 39% of total precipitation; σ (standard deviation) = 10%), the subalpine zone (69% snow; σ = 5%), and the alpine zone (84% snow; σ = 10%). All three catchments were identified as three end-member systems with their respective source waters being groundwater, snow precipitation or melt, rain (montane and subalpine only), and subsurface water from talus slopes (alpine only). Mean annual groundwater contributions were greater in forested catchments (28%; σ = 6% in the montane, 31%; σ = 8% in the subalpine) than in the alpine (19%; σ = 5%) catchment. Snow-derived water contributions to streamflow were inversely related to groundwater and increased with elevation from 46% (σ = 15%) in the montane zone to 58% (σ = 12%) in the subalpine and 61% (σ = 7%) in the alpine. Rain was 27% (σ = 8%) of discharge in the montane and 11% (σ = 4%) in the subalpine, while talus waters made up the final 21% (σ = 12%) of streamflow in the alpine. Our results suggest that subsurface source waters (i.e. groundwater and talus water) that are influenced by the timing, magnitude, and type of recharge and by the storage capabilities of the subsurface may be the most sensitive to climate variability at higher elevations. In contrast, the proportion of rain versus snow was the primary control on source water variability at lower elevations.
Extending the seductive allure of neuroscience explanations effect to popular articles about educational topics.

Background The seductive allure of neuroscience explanations (SANE) is the finding that people overweight psychological arguments when framed in terms of neuroscience findings. Aim This study extended this finding to arguments concerning the application of psychological findings to educational topics. Sample Participants (n = 320) were recruited from the general public, specifically among English-speaking Amazon Mechanical Turk workers residing in the United States. Methods We developed eight articles that orthogonally varied two processes (learning vs. development) with two disciplines (cognitive vs. affective psychology). We increased neuroscience framing across four levels: psychological finding alone, with an extraneous neuroscience finding (verbal), with an extraneous neuroscience finding (verbal) and graph, and with an extraneous neuroscience finding (verbal) and brain image. Participants were randomly assigned to one level of neuroscience framing and rated the credibility of each article's argument. Results Seductive allure of neuroscience explanations effects were not ubiquitous. Extraneous verbal neuroscience framings, either alone or accompanied by graphs, did not influence the credibility of the application of psychological findings to educational topics. However, there was a SANE effect when educational articles were accompanied by both extraneous verbal neuroscience findings and brain images. This effect persisted even after controlling for individual differences in familiarity with education, attitude towards psychology, and knowledge of neuroscience. Conclusion The results suggest that there is a SANE effect for articles about educational topics among the general public when they are accompanied by both extraneous verbal neuroscience findings and brain images.
Upper limit for the accelerating gradient in the collinear wakefield accelerator as a function of the transformer ratio

The interrelation between the accelerating gradient and the transformer ratio in the collinear wakefield accelerator has been analyzed. It has been shown that the high transformer ratio and the high efficiency of the energy transfer from the drive bunch to the witness bunch can only be achieved at the expense of the accelerating gradient. Rigorous proof is given that in best cases of meticulously shaped charge density distributions in the drive bunch, the maximum accelerating gradient falls proportionally to the gain in the transformer ratio. Conclusions are verified using several representative examples.
Adsorption driven regolith-atmospheric water vapor transfer on Mars: An analysis of Phoenix TECP data

Abstract We analyze Phoenix Thermal and Electric Conductivity Probe (TECP) instrument data and previous experimental data to present constraints on the parameters for regolith-driven adsorption at the Phoenix landing site. Modeling Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) adsorption of the data across Mars-relevant materials yielded fairly constant surface coverage and enthalpy values, θ = 0.336, corresponding to 2.96 × 10 −7 kg of H 2 O/m 2 and ΔH = 52.783 +/−1.206 kJ/mol, respectively. With our modeled BET adsorption coefficient, C = 89.4, and ideal specific surface area, SSA = 1.7 × 10 4 m 2 /kg, we conclude that the regolith at the Phoenix landing site is most likely a mixture, which we bracket with a range of possible adsorption conditions. Ultimately, we explain adsorbed water content in the regolith at the Phoenix landing site and thus, adsorption being driven by localized, diurnal variations in the relative humidity.
Creation of a tissue expression biomarker-augmented prognostic model for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

703Background: Clinical and pathologic factors alone have limited prognostic ability in patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). We sought to determine if tissue biomarkers, along with our previously reported clinical metastases score, can be used to predict cancer specific survival (CSS) in patients with metastatic ccRCC. Methods: Patients with metastatic ccRCC who underwent nephrectomy between 1990-2004 were identified using the Mayo Clinic Nephrectomy Registry. Sections from paraffin-embedded primary tumor tissue blocks were used for immunohistochemistry staining for PD-1, B7-H1 (PD-L1), B7-H3, Bim (downstream pro-apoptotic signaling molecule in PD-1 pathway), CA-IX, IMP3, Ki67, and survivin. CSS was the primary outcome. Biomarkers that were significantly associated with CSS after adjusting for the metastases score were used to develop a biomarker-specific multivariable model using a bootstrap resampling approach and forward selection. Predictive ability was summarized using a ...
Using a spatially-distributed hydrologic biogeochemistry model with a nitrogen transport module to study the spatial variation of carbon processes in a Critical Zone Observatory

Abstract Terrestrial carbon processes are affected by soil moisture, soil temperature, nitrogen availability and solar radiation, among other factors. Most of the current ecosystem biogeochemistry models represent one point in space, and have limited characterization of hydrologic processes. Therefore, these models can neither resolve the topographically driven spatial variability of water, energy, and nutrient, nor their effects on carbon processes. A spatially-distributed land surface hydrologic biogeochemistry model, Flux-PIHM-BGC, is developed by coupling the Biome-BGC model with a physically-based land surface hydrologic model, Flux-PIHM. In the coupled system, each Flux-PIHM model grid couples a 1-D Biome-BGC model. In addition, a topographic solar radiation module and an advection-driven nitrogen transport module are added to represent the impact of topography on nutrient transport and solar energy distribution. Because Flux-PIHM is able to simulate lateral groundwater flow and represent the land surface heterogeneities caused by topography, Flux-PIHM-BGC is capable of simulating the complex interaction among water, energy, nutrient, and carbon in time and space. The Flux-PIHM-BGC model is tested at the Susquehanna/Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory. Model results show that distributions of carbon and nitrogen stocks and fluxes are strongly affected by topography and landscape position, and tree growth is nitrogen limited. The predicted aboveground and soil carbon distributions generally agree with the macro patterns observed. Although the model underestimates the spatial variation, the predicted watershed average values are close to the observations. The coupled Flux-PIHM-BGC model provides an important tool to study spatial variations in terrestrial carbon and nitrogen processes and their interactions with environmental factors, and to predict the spatial structure of the responses of ecosystems to climate change.
Traslación de la investigación conductual básica: un éxito y una promesa

We discuss Santoyo’s (2012) presentation of the origin and development of translational research which he clearly exemplifies in medical science, behavior analysis and developmental science, and we briefly expand the discussion to include two more areas of application of behavior analysis: behavioral pharmacology, and language development. We suggest that behavioral pharmacology is the area in which behavior analysis has had its most profound impact, mostly by providing the means to incorporate behavior as a central factor in the industrial development of pharmaceuticals, and the toxicological evaluation of chemical compounds. Specifically, we discuss the assessment of drug effects on response acquisition and stable behavior patterns, and the models of drug discrimination and drug self-administration. We describe how cognitive- behavior therapy and contingency management, which are based on principles of operant conditioning, are successfully used to treat diverse problems of drug addiction. And, finally, we describe language development as an important area of psychological research which, having produced findings of tremendous importance has not yet generated significant practical applications, and where translational research could potentially yield viable solutions to critical social problems. Specifically, we refer to the work by Hart and Risley (1995) and the observed relationships between parental language diversity and interactive style, and their children’s rate of language development and IQ.
The Seed Storage Proteins of Quinoa

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a member of the Chenopodiaceae, or goosefoot, family of dicotyledenous plants (Figure 1). Indigenous to the Andean region of South America, cultivated quinoa is grown primarily in the cool, semi-arid altiplano of Bolivia and Peru but is also adaptable to valleys and coastal foothills. Quinoa has been a staple food item in Andean culture since 3000 B.C and is sometimes referred to as Inca rice. Quinoa seeds can be boiled like rice or ground into a flour. The leaves are also edible, having a mild spinach-like flavor. It is still a major dietary component among the present-day Quechua and Aymara Indians (Wood, 1985).
A Kuznetsov formula for Kloosterman sums on GLn

We prove a Kuznetsov sum formula for Kloosterman sums on GL n corresponding to the big Bruhat cell. Using this formula, a weighted sum of Kloosterman sums can be expressed in spectral decomposition. A non-trivial estimate of the spectral side might lead to a proof of cancellations in sums of Kloosterman sums on GL n.
Tax Reduction without Sacrifice: Private-Sector Production of Public Services:

This article investigates an alternative which permits tax reduction without significant effects on the output of public services: private-sector production of public services. Empirical evidence on a wide variety of services is examined: refuse collection, fire protection, debt collection, health care and hospital services, claims processing, ship repair, and the operation of utilities and airline services. The evidence indicates that the economies achievable are real and not hypothetical; the private-sector provision of public services offers an excellent opportunity for tax reduction without sacrificing services.
Advertising and integrated brand promotion, (8th Edition)

Writing a textbook about advertising and brand promotion in this fast-moving technological age can be like nailing jelly to a wall. O’Guinn, Allen, Close Scheinbaum, and Semenik (2019) take on this...
Perceived Stress and the Fatigue Symptom Cluster in Childhood Brain Tumor Survivors.

OBJECTIVES To explore and estimate relationships among the elements of the symptom cluster in survivors of brain tumors aged 8-12 years during early survivorship. SAMPLE A SETTING Child participants completed treatment at least six months and less than six years prior to enrollment at Children's Hospital of Alabama in Birmingham or Cook Children's Medical Center in Fort Worth, Texas. METHODS A VARIABLES With cross-sectional methods, the authors measured child-perceived stress, sleep-wake disturbance (SWD) (parent report), and fatigue. Children also provided saliva samples for cortisol measurement (stress response) and completed actigraphy sleep monitoring. RESULTS Mild to moderate stress, SWD, and fatigue were reported, and a wide range of sleep times and cortisol levels were noted. Meaningful effect sizes in relationships between variables were found. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING The stress, SWD, and fatigue symptom cluster in survivorship necessitates routine nursing assessment.
Dermatologic conditions in women receiving systemic cancer therapy

As advances in cancer therapies have improved cancer-related survival, novel therapeutics have also introduced a variety of dermatologic toxicities, and an increased number of patients are living with these sequalae. Women with cancer in particular experience a spectrum of dermatologic conditions that affect their skin, hair, nail, and mucosal surfaces. Studies have shown that these toxic effects can significantly affect quality of life and alter a woman's self-image, cultural identity, femininity, sexuality, and mental health. In severe instances, dermatologic toxicities may even disrupt cancer therapy and can therefore affect overall survival and treatment response. In this article, we review the dermatologic adverse effects from traditional chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and endocrine therapy that disproportionately affect women. The timely diagnosis and management of these dermatologic conditions is crucial in the multidisciplinary care of women with cancer.
Climate Change and Harmful Algal Blooms: Insights and perspective

Climate change is transforming aquatic ecosystems. Coastal waters have experienced progressive warming, acidification, and deoxygenation that will intensify this century. At the same time, there is a scientific consensus that the public health, recreation, tourism, fishery, aquaculture, and ecosystem impacts from harmful algal blooms (HABs) have all increased over the past several decades. The extent to which climate change is intensifying these HABs is not fully clear, but there has been a wealth of research on this topic this century alone. Indeed, the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC) approved in September 2019 was the first IPCC report to directly link HABs to climate change. In the Summary for Policy Makers, the report made the following declarations with "high confidence": In addition, the report specifically outlines a series of linkages between heat waves and HABs. These statements about HABs and climate change and the high levels of confidence ascribed to them provides clear evidence that the field of HABs and climate change has matured and has, perhaps, reached a first plateau of certainty. While there are well-documented global trends in HABs being promoted by human activity, including climate change, individual events are driven by local, regional, and global drivers, making it critical to carefully evaluate the conditions and responses at appropriate scales. It is within this context that the first Special Issue on Climate Change and Harmful Algal Blooms is published in Harmful Algae.
Bioimpedance spectroscopy is not associated with a clinical diagnosis of breast cancer-related lymphedema

The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of bioimpedance spectroscopy measurements (L-Dex) in the diagnosis of breast cancer-related lymphedema. A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database was performed of all patients that underwent surgical treatment for breast cancer at a tertiary medical center. Patients who had preoperative and postoperative evaluation for possible lymphedema by limb circumference measurements and bioimpedance were eligible for inclusion in the study. No significant demographic differences were found between the group of patients clinically diagnosed with lymphedema (N=134) and those without a clinical diagnosis of lymphedema (N=261). The ability of bioimpedance to diagnose lymphedema based on the manufacturer's criteria demonstrated low sensitivity, which was 7.5% when lymphedema was defined as an absolute L-Dex value greater than 10, and 24.6% when defined as a relative change of >10 between preoperative and postoperative measurements. This corresponded with a positive predictive value of 61-71% and a negative predictive value of 67-70%. We are unable to recommend the use of bioimpedance as a screening tool or for measurement of breast cancer-related lymphedema.
Nuclear shell model and level density

We discuss the shell-model description of the nuclear level density and underlying physics. The reliable results can be derived avoiding the full diagonalization of the huge Hamiltonian matrices. Taking into account all available interactions (not only the most collective ones) is necessary to explain the smooth energy behavior of the level density. In particular, the popular “constant temperature model” gives a good description of the results but turns out to be unrelated to the suggested pairing phase transition reflecting the fast chaotization of many-body dynamics.
Demographic and Socioeconomic Differences in Outpatient Ophthalmology Utilization in the United States.

Purpose The purpose was to assess differences in outpatient ophthalmologic usage based on patient characteristics such as race/ethnicity, income, insurance type, geographical region, and educational attainment. Design Retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) is a nationally representative data set for the noninstitutionalized population cosponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research. This study involved 183,054 MEPS respondents from 2007 to 2015. Primary outcome measure was patient utilization of outpatient ophthalmologic care. Secondary outcome measure was annual health care use and costs by patients in outpatient, inpatient, and the emergency department settings based on race. Results Overall, 21,673 participants self-reported an ophthalmologic condition, and 12,462 had at least 1 outpatient ophthalmologic visit. Hispanic (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.72; P Conclusions This study's findings demonstrate differences in outpatient ophthalmologic utilization based on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Concurrently, minority Americans had more ophthalmic emergency department visits but lower cost per visit. There is a need to further characterize these differences to predict future ophthalmologic care needs.
YouTube Data Collection Using Parallel Processing

Several studies have identified social media platforms as significant data sources to study human behaviors and gain situational awareness about various events or crises. YouTube, being one of the largest social media platforms, provides a Data API that enables data collection on YouTube channels and videos which can be used in these studies. Current sequential methods for processing YouTube Data API requests are time consuming. In this paper we developed an implementation that utilizes Python's multiprocessing to process YouTube Data API request in parallel. Our tests indicate multiprocessing improves the performance by 400%. These improvements reduce computation time through utilization of multi-threaded CPU architecture.
Determination of First Forbidden Beta Matrix Elements from Angular Correlation Data

First forbidden beta decay is interesting to study because a large number of nuclear matrix elements can be observed in a single transition. The large number of unknowns also makes it difficult to analyze the experimental data. Nevertheless, at the present time the experimental values of nuclear — matrix elements for several first forbidden transitions are more accurate than the nuclear model calculations which are used to understand the matrix elements. Thus these nuclear matrix elements provide a stringent test for the accuracy of nuclear model calculations.
Chemistry Made Easy: Teaching Students about the Link Between Marine Chemistry and Coral Reef Biodiversity

Teaching students about chemistry can be fun. Here, students learn that chemistry is linked to all marine life and affects where they live, the community that they live in, and what eats them. Some chemicals made by organisms have negative effects on humans and marine life, and these toxins and venoms can bioaccumulate in fish and affect human consumers who rely on critical marine resources for food. After learning about the role of chemistry in this food web and how humans might be affected by contaminated seafood, students can brainstorm about ways to increase food safety whilst considering community needs in regions of the world that may have economic difficulties. This activity has modifications for the visually impaired.
Abstract PR-09: Genetic risk scores for breast cancer based on machine learning analysis of chromosomal-scale length variation

Inherited factors are thought to be responsible for a substantial fraction of breast cancers, but only a small fraction of breast cancers are caused by mutations to known genes, like BRCA1. Most current genetic risk scores for breast cancer focus on the additive effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) found in germ-line DNA. This process ignores epistatic interactions between different genes. We sought to use modern machine learning algorithms to identify complex patterns in germ line DNA that are correlated with the incidence of breast cancer, a strategy which should include epistatic interactions. We looked for these patterns in measurements of chromosomal-scale length variation of germ line DNA. These measurements represents the sum of many insertions, deletions, and copy number variations across the chromosome. We evaluated several different machine learning models, including: a generalized linear model, a distributed random forest, a gradient boosting machine, and a deep learning model. We evaluated these models on two independent large datasets, the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the UK Biobank. We found that chromosomal-scale length variation of germline DNA, in combination with machine learning models, can be used to predict whether a woman will develop breast cancer. In the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset, we used a dataset with 968 (cases) women who had been diagnosed with breast cancer and 3715 (controls) women who had not been diagnosed with breast cancer. We found that a gradient boosting algorithm could differentiate between those two classes of women with an AUC=0.73. In the UK Biobank dataset, we identified 1534 (cases) women who had been diagnosed with breast cancer and compared them with a set of 4391 (controls) women who had no report of any type of cancer. In this UK Biobank dataset, we could distinguish between the two classes of women with an AUC =0.83. In conclusion, we found that artificial intelligence algorithms could be used to develop effective genetic risk scores for breast cancer. Citation Format: Charmeine Ko, Christopher Toh, James P. Brody. Genetic risk scores for breast cancer based on machine learning analysis of chromosomal-scale length variation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Special Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Diagnosis, and Imaging; 2021 Jan 13-14. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2021;27(5_Suppl):Abstract nr PR-09.
Transverse impact by RCCs on S-glass and Kevlar® FRC strips

Abstract This study aims to isolate interactions between plies and tows and reveal fundamental physics involved in transverse impact on fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) structures. Composite strips were sectioned from large panels and characterized by optical photography, three-dimensional synchrotron X-ray computed tomography, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Each strip was impacted perpendicularly by a right circular cylinder (RCC) projectile at a velocity ranging from ~ 150 to 600 m/s. The global strip behavior, as well as localized deformation and failure of the strip near the projectile corner, were both captured by high-speed optical imaging. S-Glass FRC strips were observed to fail in tension ahead of the RCC projectiles’ flat surfaces while Kevlar® FRC strips fractured at the projectile corners. The concept of critical velocity region previously used for impact on yarns was introduced to define different failure modes of each composite strip type. The strip damage extent was found to increase with the impact velocity and reach the maximum at the upper limit of the critical velocity region. Above the critical velocity region, the damage extent decreased with impact velocity. Wave propagations and load histories in the composite strips during impact were quantified and compared with Smith’s theory. Finally, critical velocities of single fibers, yarns, and composite strips and ballistic limits of single-ply and multi-ply composite panels were compared to provide insight into the design of impact-resistant fabrics and composites.
Liquid–Liquid Demonstrations: Phase Equilibria and the Lever Rule

The lever rule applies to any two-component system existing in a state of two-phase equilibrium. Here, several classroom demonstrations are described to help students understand liquid–liquid coexistence and the lever rule using a set of isobutyric acid + water + dye samples ranging in composition from water + dye to isobutyric acid + dye. The critical temperature of the partially miscible isobutyric acid + water system is just above room temperature, so students can perceive the general shape of the coexistence curve by watching a progression of phase separations take place over time as the set of prewarmed single-phase samples are allowed to cool. Qualitative visualization of the lever rule is demonstrated by showing students the set of samples after equilibration at a temperature well below the critical temperature. An interactive Excel spreadsheet is provided to help students connect their observations of the samples with the phase diagram. Quantitative and intuitive interpretation of the lever rule can be achieved through height measurements of the biphasic sample layers, leading to immediate graphical determination of the compositions of the isothermal equilibrated phases in the classroom. The set of samples may also be used in an extended classroom or laboratory project to map out the coexistence curve, and advanced students can use the coexistence data to estimate the critical composition of the system, as well as the universal critical exponent β. Finally, preparation of a stable hexaphasic immiscible liquid mixture is described.
Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin and Other Pathogen Glycoprotein Interactions with NK Cell Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors NKp46, NKp44, and NKp30

Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immunity repertoire, and function in the recognition and destruction of tumorigenic and pathogen-infected cells. Engagement of NK cell activating receptors can lead to functional activation of NK cells, resulting in lysis of target cells. NK cell activating receptors specific for non-major histocompatibility complex ligands are NKp46, NKp44, NKp30, NKG2D, and CD16 (also known as FcγRIII). The natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs), NKp46, NKp44, and NKp30, have been implicated in functional activation of NK cells following influenza virus infection via binding with influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA). In this review we describe NK cell and influenza A virus biology, and the interactions of influenza A virus HA and other pathogen lectins with NK cell natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs). We review concepts which intersect viral immunology, traditional virology and glycobiology to provide insights into the interactions between influenza virus HA and the NCRs. Furthermore, we provide expert opinion on future directions that would provide insights into currently unanswered questions.
Mobile application for the timeshare industry: The influence of technology experience, usefulness, and attitude on behavioral intentions

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine consumer perceptions toward the adoption of mobile technology within the vacation ownership/timeshare segment of the hospitality industry. Despite the proliferation of mobile applications in the greater hospitality and tourism industry, few timeshare companies use this technology. However, customers have expressed strong intentions to use technology. Therefore, this study examines consumers’ attitudes toward and experiences with mobile applications and then through the use of a prototype, examines consumers’ intentions to use a mobile application. The relationships between attitude, experience and usefulness are explored in relation to intention to use. Design/methodology/approach – Consumers that owned timeshares in the Orlando area responded to an online survey invitation from their resort management company. The survey instrument gathered data related to consumers’ attitudes toward and experiences with technology using established measures. A total of 9...
Experimental design and model parameter estimation for locating a dissolving dense nonaqueous phase liquid pool in groundwater

[1] This paper investigates the experimental design problem in the context of estimating the location and dimensions of a dissolving dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) pool in an aquifer. The design problem deals with the selection of the number and location of observation wells that minimizes the parameter uncertainty while minimizing installation and sampling costs. The solution of this multiobjective optimization problem is achieved by solving a series of combinatorial optimization problems in which, for each imposed budget constraint, the optimal combination of wells is found. The combinatorial optimization problems are solved by a genetic algorithm for two different design strategies: one where the prior estimates are not updated and one where the parameter updating is performed at the end of each design stage (sequential design). In the latter case, parameter updating is obtained by executing an inverse model based on concentration values collected at the locations specified by the previous optimal design. The algorithms are tested for a controlled, bench-scale pool dissolution experiment. The results demonstrate that the sequential design performs better in terms of final parameter estimates. Three optimality criteria associated with experimental design for model parameter estimation are compared: the A optimality, D optimality, and E optimality. Among the three criteria, the A and E optimalities produce better estimates of the pool location and size, which is justified by appreciably different variances associated with the parameters and their high degree of correlation.
Detection of chromosome translocation products in single interphase cell nuclei

Publisher Summary Chromosome translocations occur at a frequency of about 0.1% in the general population. Translocation carriers experience a higher incidence of infertility and reproductive failures and also a higher risk of conceiving chromosomally abnormal offspring. Patients who are carriers of Robertsonian or reciprocal translocations may benefit from in vitro fertilization (IVF) followed by preconception and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Three approaches for PGD of structural abnormalities based on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are discussed in this chapter: chromosome painting of polar bodies, probes mapping distal to the break points, and probes spanning the break points. When the carrier is female, the chromosomally normal versus abnormal oocytes can be determined by using whole chromosome painting probes hybridized to the first polar body chromosomes. When the carrier is male, the only method available for PGD is the blastomere biopsy after in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in vitro culture of the embryo. The chapter describes rapid and inexpensive procedures to prepare case-specific probes for FISH-based PGD in germ cells or embryos by using yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) as probes spanning or flanking translocation break points.
A Parallel Algorithm for Channel Routing

We present an optimal NC algorithm for 2-layer channel routing of VLSI designs. Our routing algorithm achieves channel density and runs in O(logn) time using O(n) processors on an EREW P-RAM. The routing algorithm is a parallel version of the widely used Left-Edge Algorithm. It can be used to solve the maximum clique and the minimum coloring problem for interval graphs and the maximum independent set problem for co-interval graphs with optimal processor-time bounds. We give an optimizing extension to our algorithm that resolves column conflicts under certain weak conditions and runs in polylog time. The routing algorithm can easily be implemented on a multi-processor shared-memory machine so our solution has considerable practical value.
Multichip Module Diagnosis by Product-Code Signatures

A system diagnosis technique for multichip module (MCM) is presented. The proposed technique uses built-in probes for monitoring internal responses and, with a signature analysis scheme based on error correcting codes, identifies the probes where erroneous test responses have been detected. Concepts from system diagnosis is used in conjunction with signature analysis in developing the proposed MCM diagnosis technique, where the resulting patterns of the faulty probes are used in the identification of the faulty submodules (dies). The proposed technique offers a diagnostic capability in system functional test.
DEPRECIATION OF LIBRARY COLLECTIONS: TERMINOLOGY OF THE DEBATE

Several years ago, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) released Statement No. 93: Recognition of Depreciation by Not‐for‐Profit Organizations. The result of this directive is that certain not‐for‐profit entities are required to change their formal financial statements (balance sheets) to reflect the current and changing value of their assets. Colleges and universities, in particular, will now be required to capitalize their fixed assets and depreciate them over time. In most institutions the physical collection of the library is being treated as an asset and may be subject to depreciation.
Equity Manager Selection and Performance

This paper introduces a methodology to select money managers and examines their performance over a 12 year period. We assess performance empirically by utilizing a series of well-known statistical procedures applied to other data. The value of this study is in the uniqueness of the data and the fact that it is the first study to use the performance of a set of pension fund money managers selected on the basis of a specific selection criteria.
Molecular biology: Splicing does the two-step

An intricate recursive RNA splicing mechanism that removes especially long introns (non-coding sequences) from genes has been found to be evolutionarily conserved and more prevalent than previously thought. See Letters p.371 & p.376
Trading volume reactions to annual accounting earnings announcements: The incremental role of predisclosure information asymmetry☆

Abstract This study provides empirical evidence regarding the effect of annual accounting earnings announcements on investors' trading behavior. We find that the magnitude of trading volume reaction is an increasing function of both the magnitude of the associated price reaction and the level of predisclosure information asymmetry. These results are consistent with Kim and Verrecchia's (1991a) theoretical trading volume proposition.
Rabbits Immunized with a Peptide Encoded for by the 230-kD bullous Pemphigoid Antigen cDNA Develop an Enhanced Inflammatory Response to UVB Irradiation: A Potential Animal Model for Bullous Pemphigoid

Previous attempts to develop an animal model of bullous pemphigoid (HP) have failed to result in inflammatory disease in the skin. P1-2 is an 18-amino acid peptide encoded for by the 230-kD 1W antigen cDNA that has been shown to contain an epitope recognized by circulating antibodies from patients with BP. The purpose of this study was to determine if ultraviolet B irradiation of rabbits after immunization with the P1-2 peptide would result in an enhanced inflammatory response in the skin to that injury. Three rabbits were immunized with either P1-2 or a control peptide. All rabbits immunized with P1-2, and none of the control rabbits, developed antibodies against P1-2 that bound in vitro to both human and rabbit skin in a linear pattern at the basement membrane zone. Immunized rabbits were irradiated on the flank with ultraviolet light. Rabbits immunized with P1-2 developed an enhanced inflammatory reaction to ultraviolet B irradiation leading to epidermal necrosis and sloughing of some sites in 6-9 d. Control rabbits showed only mild erythema without sloughing, which healed in 4-6 d. Histology in the P1-2 immunized rabbits at 24 h revealed an inflammatory infiltrate of neutrophils at the dermal-epidermal junction, whereas control rabbits showed only mild edema and a sparse inflammatory infiltrate. All the rabbits immunized with P1-2 had linear deposits of immunoglobulin G and C3 at the basement membrane zone of healed skin compared to none of the controls. These findings demonstrate that antibodies against a synthetic peptide encoded by the BP antigen 1 sequence can lead to an enhanced inflammatory response after epithelial injury in rabbit skin.
The Ethics of Supervision and Consultation: Practical Guidance for Mental Health Professionals

On Being an Ethical Supervisor Janet T. Thomas. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2010, 282 pages, $69.95 (hardcover). This article not subject to U.S. copyright laws. Sooner or l...
Grazing effects of Black Swans Cygnus atratus (Latham) on a seasonally flooded coastal wetland of eastern Australia

Little is known about the effects of grazing by birds on seasonally flooded Australian wetlands. Grazing by Black Swans Cygnus atratus (Latham) has an obvious visual impact in Little Broadwater, an ecologically important wetland on the Clarence River floodplain on the east coast of Australia. We measured the impact of grazing by swans in this wetland from March to September 2007 by comparing the structure and biomass of marsh vegetation (emergent and submerged macrophytes) in sites from which swans had been excluded and sites to which they had access. In grazed sites, after 135 days, the mean above-sediment biomass of the dominant sedge Eleocharis equisetina C. Presl was 52% less than in ungrazed sites. This difference was mostly because of the loss of leaf biomass above the waterline in grazed sites where biomass had been reduced by 99% compared with ungrazed sites. This created more habitat for other birds such as wading birds (e.g., Royal Spoonbills Platalea regia Gould) and dabbling ducks (e.g., Grey Teal Anas gracilis Buller). Where water levels can be artificially manipulated, local wetland managers could attempt to restore the flood pulse to wetlands that are large enough to sustain Black Swan populations to retain a variety of other waterbirds that require open water.
Aerodynamic Effects of Probe-Induced Flow Separation on Bluff Bodies at Transonic Mach Numbers

An experimental investigation using probe-induced flow separation devices to reduce transonic blunt-body drag has been conducted. Particularly examined were blunt axisymmetric mainbodies with axially aligned cylindrical probes extended ahead. The experiments were performed in a ballistic facility, and the data obtained include drag coefficients and shadowgraphs of the flowfield. Drag reductions of 25% were observed over the Mach number range 0.85-1.25. Flow visualization reveals a distinct difference in the manner in which the flow reattaches to the mainbody for lowand high-drag geometries. The flowfield also exhibited modes resembling open- and closed-cavity flows, depending primarily on the probe length. Large-scale flow oscillations were observed for both low- and high-drag cases. This work clearly demonstrates the possibility for transonic drag reductions using cylindrical probes and provides useful information on more fundamental questions concerning transonic flow separation and reattachment.