cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crying wolf : An examination and reconsideration of the perception of crisis in LIS education

Recent discussions of education for library professionals have strongly criticized the state of most Library and Information Science (LIS) schools, which are portrayed as techno-centric, male-dominated, and out of touch with the needs of practitioners. In the present essay we examine the major claims for a new crisis in LIS education and conclude that the data do not support most of the popular criticisms made of this field. Instead, the notion of crisis is best understood as indicative of a moment of change and an opportunity to significantly affect the long-term future of the field.
Black and White Liver

72-year-old man was admitted with fulminant heApatic failure including jaundice, coagulopathy, and encephalopathy. He described 6 months of insidious weakness and malaise. One month previously, he had been treated with doxycycline and developed progressive peripheral edema, ascites, and jaundice. He denied alcohol, high-risk behaviors, or foreign travel. His past medical history was significant for remote ocular melanoma, which was treated with radiation and monitored without recurrence. Laboratory results showed an international normalized ratio of 1.5, total bilirubin level of 17.5 mg/dL, alkaline phosphatase level of 3201 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase level of 214 U/L, and alanine aminotransferase level of 49 U/L. Physical examination showed jaundice, bilateral icterus, neurocognitive slowing, asterixis, ascites, and lower-extremity edema, without lymphadenopathy. His liver biopsy had been interpreted elsewhere as coagulative necrosis, unknown etiology, no evidence of malignancy. Out of concern for drug-induced liver failure, he was transferred to the liver transplant service for consideration of emergency transplantation. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a black and white liver pattern with abnormal restricted diffusion throughout the right hepatic lobe (axial diffusion-weighted image, 600 b-value) relative to the normal left lobe (Figure A). On additional sequences (not shown), the right hepatic lobe showed increased T2-weighted signal and decreased precontrast T1-weighted signal. Postcontrast, fat-suppressed, T1weighted images showed arterial enhancement followed by mild washout. The hepatic venous pressure gradient was consistent with portal hypertension. Transjugular liver biopsy with H&E staining (Figure B) showed near-complete replacement of the hepatic parenchyma with diffusely infiltrating malignant cells that closely mimicked the normal hepatic parenchyma. Positive immunohistochemical staining for the melanoma markers melan-A (Figure C) and HMB-45, and negative staining for S-100 (data not shown) confirmed a diagnosis of metastatic melanoma. Given the acute presentation, rapid decompensation, and degree of liver dysfunction, the patient was transitioned to comfort measures and died within days. Uveal melanoma is the most common primary ocular malignancy with an unusually high rate of metastatic disease (up to 50%), with liver being the most common site of metastases (89%). Prognosis, regardless of treatment strategy, remains poor, with a 2-year mortality rate of 90% and an approximately 1% survival rate at 5 years. Typically, the hepatic dysfunction associated with metastatic melanoma is mild. However, there have been several reports highlighting a rapidly progressive and severe form of fulminant hepatic failure that generally leads to death within days. This case highlights the particular propensity of ocular melanoma for metastasizing to the liver with
Curriculum Development Around Parenting Strategies to Prevent and Respond to Child Sexual Abuse in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Program Collaboration Between Families Matter! and Global Dialogues

Despite widespread recognition of child sexual abuse as a serious problem in sub-Saharan Africa, few far-reaching programmatic interventions addressing child sexual abuse in this setting are currently available, and those interventions that do exist tend to focus on response rather than prevention. The Families Matter! Program is an evidence-based intervention for parents and caregivers of 9- to 12-year-olds in sub-Saharan African countries which promotes positive parenting practices and effective parent–child communication about sex-related issues. This article describes the enhancement of a new Families Matter! Program session on child sexual abuse, drawing on authentic narratives contributed by young people to the Global Dialogues from Africa youth scriptwriting competitions. Experiences are shared with a view to informing the development of interventions addressing child sexual abuse in sub-Saharan Africa.
The Chemistry of Some Opisthobranch Molluscs

During the course of our studies on marine natural products, we have come to regard the opisthobranch molluscs as a most reliable source of new and interesting metabolites. The opisthobranchs are not the primary source of these compounds, which are generally algal metabolites. We have shown that the sea hare Aplysia californica, collected in La Jolla, stores halogenated metabolites from Laurencia pacifica, Laurencia subopposita, Plocamium cartilagineum and Plocamium violaceum 1. We have also isolated compounds which have not been found in local algae, but these compounds were closely related to the known algal metabolites2. We have found some evidence of chemical reactions occurring in the digestive gland, but we found no obvious catabolic products3. The occurrence of halogenated metabolites in the skin of A. californica suggests that these compounds may comprise a chemical defence system for an otherwise vulnerable organism.
Reply to the ‘Comment on “Exposure to mercury and Aroclor 1268 congeners in least terns (Sternula antillarum) in coastal Georgia, USA”’ by P. C. Fuchsman, M. H. Henning and V. S. Magar, Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 2016, 18, DOI: 10.1039/C5EM00489F

This article provides our response to the comment by Fuchsman et al. regarding the interpretation of results presented in our recent publication (Robinson et al., Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 2015, 17, 1424) reporting on concentrations of Aroclor 1268 congeners in least tern eggs in coastal Georgia, USA.
What are the functions of System 2 modules? A reply to Chiappe and Gardner:

Chiappe and Gardner (2012) argue that the concept of modularity proposed by us (Barrett & Kurzban, 2006) is different from the way modularity has been conventionally viewed in evolutionary psychology and that it cannot explain the existence of mechanisms designed to deal with novelty. We reiterate our view that there is no reason natural selection is limited to creating mechanisms that are innate, automatic, encapsulated, and domain-narrow. Indeed, all functionally designed mechanisms in the mind, including those that do not have these properties, are the products of natural selection, including “System 2” mechanisms. Further, if mechanisms designed to deal with “novelty” exist, then they must exploit some recurrent features of problems in order to work. Therefore, the problems System 2 mechanisms solve cannot be novel along every possible dimension, and System 2 mechanisms must have design features that allow them to find solutions.
Fecal sac removal: do the pattern and distance of dispersal affect the chance of nest predation?

Etude de la predation sur le nid et de l'influence des excrements dans le reperage du predateur. Le pattern et la distance de dispersion de ces excrements sont determines pour estimer leur influence dans l'evitement de la predation
The Relationship between Video Game Characteristics and Player Ability

Video game production has grown into a multi-billion dollar industry. While consumer demand for video games remains strong, an explanation for the demand is not so clear. It is likely, however, tha...
Integration of a tapered waveguide with an electroabsorption multi-quantum well modulator

The monolithic integration of a semiconductor laser diode and an optical modulator [ 1,2] is essential for optoelectronic applications such as optical communications and optical computing. On chip integration of various optoelectronic devices requires both the tailoring of band gap of the components on the chip as well as their mode sizes by controlling the composition and refractive index. The integration of a single quantum well (SQW) laser diode and a multi quantum well (MQW) modulator with minimal insertion loss is an essential first step in optoelectronic integration.
On the Differential Equation xy″-(x+n)y′+ny=0

(1969). On the Differential Equation xy″-(x+n)y′+ny=0. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 52-53.
Continuous monitoring and evaluation of lead contamination in animal food

Objective To investigate the situation and tendency of lead contamination in animal food. Methods From 2003 to2013 stratified sampling was used to collect animal food from 14 cities of Guangxi in some sampling points,such as markets,supermarkets,catering business,retail stores and finished factories,et al. Aquatic products,livestock and poultry meat,offal class,eggs and milk and other animal foods were collected for the detection of heavy metal,lead. Results Among 3 523 collected samples,the detection rate was 72. 183%,and the qualified rate was 91. 94%. However,the contamination of lead in eggs was still severe,and lead in 16. 638% of egg samples exceeded the national allowable limit,and the contamination is of middle level. The detection rate was decreased from 2003 to 2013( χ2= 621. 965,P = 0. 000). The difference of qualified rate in each year was not statistically significant( χ2= 66. 671,P = 0. 000). Conclusion Lead contamination in food is common but lead content is different in different food,suggesting potential harmful threats to human health.
A survey of transfer learning

Machine learning and data mining techniques have been used in numerous real-world applications. An assumption of traditional machine learning methodologies is the training data and testing data are taken from the same domain, such that the input feature space and data distribution characteristics are the same. However, in some real-world machine learning scenarios, this assumption does not hold. There are cases where training data is expensive or difficult to collect. Therefore, there is a need to create high-performance learners trained with more easily obtained data from different domains. This methodology is referred to as transfer learning. This survey paper formally defines transfer learning, presents information on current solutions, and reviews applications applied to transfer learning. Lastly, there is information listed on software downloads for various transfer learning solutions and a discussion of possible future research work. The transfer learning solutions surveyed are independent of data size and can be applied to big data environments.
Interview with larry R. squire

Larry R. Squire is Professor of Psychiatry, Neurosciences, and Psychology at the University of California, San Diego, and Research Career Scientist at the San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center. He received a B.A. from Oberlin College, a Ph.D. from MIT, and did postdoctoral work at the Albert Einstein Medical School. His most influential mentors were Hans-Lukas Teuber and Samuel H. Barondes. His work has focused broadly on the problem of how the brain accomplishes learning and memory. Some of this work has involved mice and rats, but most of it has been carried out with monkeys and humans. Although his own studies have been concerned primarily with the function and organization of the brain systems that support memory, he sees the modern science of memory as benefiting from a broad range of approaches that includes the cellular and molecular study of synaptic plasticity as well as the study of normal cognition. In 1993-1994 he served as President of the Society for Neuroscience. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. A book, Memory: From Mind to Molecules, coauthored with Eric Kandel, will be published in late 1998 by W. H. Freeman and Company.
Practical and Impractical Ontology

This chapter articulates the connections between my account of natural kinds and several philosophical doctrines. It is common to use the phrase ‘practical kind’ in opposition to ‘natural kind’, which reflects a common assumption that the real and the practical are in opposition. The first part of the chapter articulates a view which can reconcile the real with the practical, a view which I’ll call pragmatic naturalism (§ A). This talk of reality raises the specter of realism, and the second half of the chapter situates my pragmatic naturalism vis-a-vis the landscape of scientific realism. My view of natural kinds fits with what I’ll call equity realism (§ B).
Curious about George: Postcolonial Science and Technology Studies, STEM education policy, and colonial iconicity

ABSTRACTThis essay addresses the colonial and cultural iconography of Curious George as a curious monkey and contemporary Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) ambassador. We critically consider how the United States’ political desire to compete globally through STEM leadership is both promoted and popularised through Curious George. Drawing on Postcolonial Science and Technology Studies, we argue it is crucial to critically read the colonial grounds under which popular figures are predicated in concert with the circulation of contemporary politics. Specifically, we attend to the colonial roots of curiosity and the frontier mentality that underlie Curious George’s push for STEM education while advocating for the rethinking of discourses that situate STEM as a value-free solution to global competitiveness. Through a postcolonial reading of Curious George, we demonstrate how the historical relationship between curiosity, primates, and science also produce colonial connotations that should...
The protein and neutral lipid composition of lipid droplets isolated from the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Lipid droplets consist of a core of neutral lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer with bound proteins. Much of the information on lipid droplet function comes from proteomic and lipodomic studies that identify the components of droplets isolated from organisms throughout the phylogenetic tree. Here, we add to that important inventory by reporting lipid droplet factors from the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Unique to this study was the fact that cells were cultured in three different environments: 1) late log growth phase in glucose-based media, 2) stationary phase in glucosebased media, and 3) late log growth phase in media containing oleic acid. We confirmed colocalization of major factors with lipid droplets using live-cell fluorescent microscopy. We also analyzed droplets from each of the three conditions for sterol ester (SE) and triacylglycerol (TAG) content, along with their respective fatty acid compositions. We identified a previously undiscovered lipid droplet protein, Vip1p, which affects droplet size distribution. The results provide further insight into the workings of these ubiquitous organelles.
Security and privacy vulnerabilities of in-car wireless networks: a tire pressure monitoring system case study

Wireless networks are being integrated into the modern automobile. The security and privacy implications of such in-car networks, however, have are not well understood as their transmissions propagate beyond the confines of a car's body. To understand the risks associated with these wireless systems, this paper presents a privacy and security evaluation of wireless Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems using both laboratory experiments with isolated tire pressure sensor modules and experiments with a complete vehicle system. We show that eavesdropping is easily possible at a distance of roughly 40m from a passing vehicle. Further, reverse-engineering of the underlying protocols revealed static 32 bit identifiers and that messages can be easily triggered remotely, which raises privacy concerns as vehicles can be tracked through these identifiers. Further, current protocols do not employ authentication and vehicle implementations do not perform basic input validation, thereby allowing for remote spoofing of sensor messages. We validated this experimentally by triggering tire pressure warning messages in a moving vehicle from a customized software radio attack platform located in a nearby vehicle. Finally, the paper concludes with a set of recommendations for improving the privacy and security of tire pressure monitoring systems and other forthcoming in-car wireless sensor networks.
Hurricanes, Tempests, and the Meteorological Globe

Why did Shakespeare not name his stormy weather play The Hurricane? The question may seem trivial, but it speaks to the ways that new empirical knowledge entered early modern English culture during the first age of globalization. In choosing the Latinate word ‘tempest,’ with literary connections to poets such as Virgil and etymological links to the French temps (weather) and Latin tempus (time), Shakespeare placed his play squarely within classical European literary and meteorological traditions that grew out of the Mediterranean ecosystem. If, as seems likely, the play’s storm responds at least partially to the 1609 wreck of the Virginia Company vessel Sea-Venture on Bermuda, the more accurate term might have been hurricane, a word recently introduced into English to describe an Atlantic storm commonly found on the western side of the sea.1 As Peter Hulme has influentially noted, ‘England’s sphere of American interests in 1611 could be defined geographically by the presence of that novel and much-feared natural phenomenon, the hurricane.’2 Experiencing the radical novelty of these destructive American storms changed ancient ideas about global weather. Through the gradual recognition that hurricanes were distinct from tempests, European meteorology became a global science. In the process, the expert knowledge and experience of sailors and settlers supplemented the more familiar labors of scholars and early scientists.3
Research on the biology of the pneumococcus and pneumococcal diseases: the number one cause of death in children worldwide.

Streptococcus pneumoniae has been for decades the number one bacterial killer of children in the world. Although vaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines [PCV7, PCV10, and PCV13 (children) or PPSV23(adults)] has helped decrease the burden of pneumococcal disease (PD), mortality remains high. The introduction of pneumococcal vaccines has also created a niche for vaccine-escape clones. Moreover, the rise of multidrug resistant clones around the world has also posed a serious threat in recent years. Rapid and accurate identification of the pneumococcus in patients suspected of having PD is a high priority as rapid identification of the etiology will lead to better outcomes and thus may help in reducing mortality associated with PD. Efforts have been made for the last ten years in my laboratory to get insights into the biology of the pneumococcus and pneumococcal genetics in order to develop knowledge and tools to assist in decreasing the burden of disease. In my laboratory, a translation science laboratory, we have undertaken or participated in basic science studies, epidemiological studies around the world, clinical trials of new potential antibiotics, and we have spent several years developing and validating molecular technology to identify the pneumococcus and its 90+ serotypes.
Community Forest Owners Evaluate a Decade of Payments for Ecosystem Services in the Mexican Cloud Forest: The Importance of Attention to Indigenous Sovereignty in Conservation

ABSTRACTPayments for ecosystem services (PES) programs have taken a variety of forms that depend on many mediating factors, such as national and local politics, land tenure, regional collective action, the capacity of intermediaries, and socio-ecological context. This diversity has produced unsurprisingly mixed experiences, with many falling short of achieving the twin goals of environmental and social benefits and some causing adverse consequences. This study examines one rare PES case that has contributed both to forest conservation and to community livelihoods. In this study, community forest owners from four indigenous communities in the Mexican cloud forest evaluate their participation in ten years of a public PES program to support watershed stewardship. We argue that attention to indigenous sovereignty and self-determination in program implementation contributed to widely appreciated socio-environmental benefits. Though many PES programs are implemented in indigenous communities, scholarly debates ...
Mandatory IFRS Adoption and the Usefulness of Accounting Information in Predicting Future Earnings and Cash Flows

We examine whether the mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) has changed the usefulness of accounting information in predicting future earnings and cash flows out-of-sample. Using a sample of firms from European Union countries that mandatorily adopted IFRS in 2005, we find the out-of-sample earnings and cash flows forecasts derived from alternative accounting models become significantly more accurate after IFRS adoption. The accuracy, however, varies with the strength of legal and regulatory enforcement. Firms in strong enforcement countries experience larger improvements in earnings forecast accuracy than firms in weak enforcement countries but the opposite happens for cash flow forecasts. Accruals are useful in the prediction of both earnings and cash flows, but again their usefulness varies with the strength of the legal and regulatory environment. Portfolios of stocks based on the out-of-sample forecasts earn economically significant 12-month ahead hedge returns after IFRS adoption, which corroborates the detected forecast accuracy improvements. Overall, the study contributes to the IFRS literature by providing new evidence that an important dimension of accounting quality, predictive ability, has improved after mandatory IFRS adoption.
Empiric medical therapy with hormonal agents for idiopathic male infertility.

Introduction: Infertility affects approximately 15% of all couples, and male factor contribute to up to 50% of cases. Unfortunately, the cause of male infertility is unknown in about 30% of these cases. Infertility of unknown origin is classified as idiopathic male infertility when abnormal semen parameters are present. Despite not having a definable cause, these men may respond to treatment. This review focuses on the use of empiric hormonal therapies for idiopathic male infertility. Methods: A detailed PubMed/MEDLINE search was conducted to identify all publications pertaining to empiric use of hormonal therapies in the treatment of idiopathic male infertility using the keywords “idiopathic,” “male infertility,” “empiric treatment,” “clomiphene,” “SERM,” “gonadotropin,” “aromatase inhibitor,” and “androgen.” These manuscripts were reviewed to identify treatment modalities and results. Results: Gonadotropins, androgens, aromatase inhibitors, and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have all been used with varying results. The studies on these treatments are of variable quality. The most well-studied agents are the SERMs which show a modest increase in semen parameters and pregnancy rates. Aromatase inhibitors are most effective in non-idiopathic patients. Gonadotropin treatment is limited by their inconvenience and relative ineffectiveness in this population. Testosterone suppresses spermatogenesis and should not be used to treat infertility. Conclusion: Gonadotropins, SERMs, and aromatase inhibitors may improve semen parameters and hormone levels in men with idiopathic infertility with the best results from SERMs. Testosterone should never be used to treat infertility. Large multicenter randomized controlled studies are needed to better determine the success of empiric use of hormonal therapy on pregnancy rates.
Markov BSDEs and PDEs

In this chapter we establish the crucial nonlinear Feynman-Kac formula, which connects Markov BSDEs with semilinear parabolic PDEs. We then study regularity of the solutions, based on which we introduce a probabilistic numerical algorithm for BSDEs.
College counseling services: Meeting today’s demands.

This article is an introduction to the special issue of Psychological Services highlighting college counseling services as integral agents in public service delivery. The editors hope that readers across varied environments will enjoy learning of samples of the creative work being implemented across counseling centers to the benefit of all those who are served in public service settings. (PsycINFO Database Record
Impact of Nonlinear RFI and Countermeasure for Radio Astronomy Receivers

Radio frequency interference (RFI) has become a critical issue to radio astronomy system (RAS) due to fast-expanding active wireless systems. A recent solution based on a coexistence paradigm offers some RFI-free durations for RAS but further expansion of RAS observation needs to cope with strong RFI. To enhance spectrum access opportunities for both wireless communications and RAS, we explore a new approach where both the systems simultaneously access the spectrum for some durations and RAS exploits RFI cancellation. The main challenge is the nonlinear distortion caused by strong RFI. We develop a signal model incorporating the nonlinearity effect and study its impact on RAS observation performance. We propose an auxiliary receiver assisted nonlinear-RFI cancellation scheme and a modified RAS signal detection scheme. Furthermore, we develop two channel estimators (unscented Kalman filter-based approach and nonlinear-to-linear mapping approach) for nonlinear systems which we apply in our RFI cancellation scheme. Analytical and numerical performance evaluation results show substantial performance advantage of our proposed methods and illustrate importance of incorporating nonlinearity in the channel estimation, RFI cancellation, and RAS signal detection.
IMPLANTER MANUFACTURING PERFORMANCE EXPECTATIONS FOR THE MID 90'S

This paper presents an examination of technology trends driving the performance expectations of implanter equipment used for production of .5 and .35 micron semiconductors. The focus will be how the technology and the learning rate on new systems relate to the financial pressures on leading manufacturers. The scope of the paper will be to set expectations for the newest equipment available today, and its employment in the next 3-5 years.
Public Works and Water Supply Construction

Long before the present depression some thoughtful workers in the engineering field had commented upon the fact that there was little, if any, evidence of conscious planning both as to time and amount of desirable public works. It has been almost universally true in the past that large expansions of public work have taken place during periods of prosperity with enormous retrenchment during periods of depression. This cycle of events has ordinarily been assumed to be due either to chance or to lack of foresight and hence certainly unwise. It is important to note, however, that this has been only an assumption, because upon this assumption rests the conclusion most frequently presented today that this cycle should be artificially adjusted so that large public works construction could be increased during depression and decreased during prosperity. In other words, most of the recent emphasis has been on adjusting past procedure so that public work might take up the slack during the collapse of private industry, permitting private industry to resume its function more completely during periods of prosperity. In view of this and other assumptions, it is time that we review critically the three major aspects of a public works program in order to determine what our position in the determination of such a program should be. In such a critical review several of the problems are susceptible to quantitative measurement. Others, unfortunately, can be evaluated only upon the basis of judgment, emotion, or wish fulfillment. These latter evaluations, again, are by far the most important and are the least likely to be objectively reviewed. The problems concerning us may be approximately limited to three : 1. What is the amount of public work necessary during a given time?
A Vibro-Haptic Human-Machine Interface for Structural Health Monitoring Applications

Over the last 10 years, the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) field has struggled to replace human-based inspections of structures with autonomous sensor networks and classification algorithms. The goal of the SHM community has been to endow structures with an artificial nervous system similar to that of living organisms. This paper proposes a new paradigm which leverages the human nervous system in concert with distributed sensor networks and computational resources. We propose using emerging haptic technology to create a harmonious collaboration between humans, SHM sensor networks, and statistical classification. The neuroscience community has demonstrated haptic-based methods for replacing lost sensations. However, this project explores the possibility of giving humans a new sense – one which reflects the health of a structure. The generation of this sense is achieved through a vibro-haptic human-machine interface. The testbed is composed of a surrogate three-story structure which can be modified to exhibit non-linear dynamic responses on any combination of its three floors. With the use of a vibro-haptic interface, we will study the ability of human users to determine the characteristics of non-linear response. Establishing this intimate connection between humans and structures is the first step in creating a new SHM paradigm that combines human intelligence with distributed measurement capabilities.
Postsynaptic Mechanisms May Regulate Synaptic Strength by Controlling Synapse Lifetimes

Results are presented showing that postsynaptic hyperpolarization of CA1 neurons during tetanization reversibly blocks induction of long-term potentiation (LTP). Others have shown that pharmacologic blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors blocks LTP and that the NMDA receptor requires both membrane depolarization and agonist to be activated. Together these results imply that postsynaptic NMDA receptor activation is necessary to trigger LTP. Does NMDA activation affect the strength of existing synapses or is an anatomical redistribution of synapses effected? Data from a different system (frog retinotectal projection) suggests that NMDA activation is critical to selective synapse maintenance. One may speculate that similar mechanisms operate in the hippocampus.
Use of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy in Studies of Electrode-Electrolyte Interfaces

This paper describes the use of Raman Scattering (RS) and, in particular, surface enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) for the identification of atomic and molecular species absorbed on the surfaces of metals immersed in aqueous electrolytes. In addition, examples are given of the use of RS and SERS in in situ studies of corrosion product films and passive films fortmed on metals. The overall intent of the article is to indicate how to analyze Raman spectra.
Effects of Estradiol-17β and Progesterone on Experimental Mammary Carcinoma Lipid

Like the parent mammary epithelium, many of the mammary carcinomas induced by the polycyclic hydrocarbons, 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), respond to hormonal changes in the host. Two kinds of responsiveness have been demonstrated: a) regression after ovariectomy, and b) lipid accumulation following high doses of estradiol-17β with or without progesterone. Shay et al (1,2) showed the frequent occurrence of mammary carcinomas in the Wistar rat following intragastric administration of 3-MC dissolved In olive oil, and they also demonstrated that the carcinomas regress after ablation of the ovaries. Huggins and his associates (3,4) later discovered the marked sensitivity of the breast tissue of the young, female Sprague-Dawley rat to 3-MC and DMBA. Dose schedules have been worked out by Huggins so that mammary carcinomas now can be induced with virtual certainty in 1007. of these animals. Most of the animals bear several tumors and though some tumors may become very large (100 gms or more), the hosts generally survive for several months. Most of the carcinomas are strikingly hormone dependent in that they regress rapidly after ovariectomy or hypophysectomy.
BIVENTRICULAR THROMBI IN A CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT

Biventricular thrombi is a rare occurrence associated with a prothromotic state, autoimmune disease, and poor ventricular function. A 59-year-old African American male was found by his family at home with confusion and decreased responsiveness. Physical exam revealed mottled bilateral lower
CHANGES IN CATECHOLAMINE SYNTHESIZING ENZYME ACTIVITIES DURING NEURONAL GROWTH AND DEGENERATION

SUMMARY Dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity was used as a marker for neuroblastoma tumor growth. The increase in enzyme activity in the tumor and in the serum of mice that bear the tumor is proportional to the increase in size of the tumor. The removal of the tumor causes a marked decline in serum DβH activity. DβH activity in the cultured adrenergic cell line N-115-G of mouse neuroblastoma and in cultured cell line SK-N-SH of human neuroblastoma culture declines during early stages of growth while the total DβH activity increases. dB-cAMP causes a time-dependent increase in the specific activity of DβH. Changes in the specific DβH activity seem to be linked to changes in the cell morphology. Pharmacological and immunochemical studies indicate that a single enzyme catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-Dopa and L-5HTP in the striatum. The administration of 6-hydroxydopa causes a rise of DβH activity in the hypothalamus the first 2 days after treatment, and subsequently the enzyme activity falls below the control values. Two days after administration of 6-hydroxydopa, the enzyme activity in the brain stem decreases and remains below the control values on the eighth day posttreatment.
Exercise stimulates beneficial adaptations to diminish doxorubicin-induced cellular toxicity.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a highly effective antitumor agent used for the treatment of a wide range of cancers. Unfortunately, DOX treatment results in cytotoxic side effects due to its accumulation wit...
Facts and assumptions about the nature of gender differences and the implications for gender equity.

As we tackle the challenge of achieving gender equity in education, an immediate question arises: What about gender differences? Are boys more aggressive than girls and does that have an impact on interactions in the classroom and on the playground? Do girls lack mathematical ability and should we therefore kindly allow them to pursue less demanding mathematics courses? Are girls better able to control their motor activity, and, if so, does this give them an advantage in the classroom? In this chapter we review large bodies of evidence regarding whether there are gender differences in domains such as abilities and psychosocial characteristics (e.g., aggression, self-esteem). Then we consider the possible biological and sociocultural forces that may shape existing gender differences. First, though, we consider some overarching methodological issues in research on gender differences.
Current Evidence for Diagnosis of Common Conditions Causing Low Back Pain: Systematic Review and Standardized Terminology Recommendations.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate and summarize current evidence for diagnosis of common conditions causing low back pain and to propose standardized terminology use. Methods A systematic review of the scientific literature was conducted from inception through December 2018. Electronic databases searched included PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Index to Chiropractic Literature. Methodological quality was assessed with the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network checklists. Results Of the 3995 articles screened, 36 (8 systematic reviews and 28 individual studies) met final eligibility criteria. Diagnostic criteria for identifying likely discogenic, sacroiliac joint, and zygapophyseal (facet) joint pain are supported by clinical studies using injection-confirmed tissue provocation or anesthetic procedures. Diagnostic criteria for myofascial pain, sensitization (central and peripheral), and radicular pain are supported by expert consensus–level evidence. Criteria for radiculopathy and neurogenic claudication are supported by studies using combined expert-level consensus and imaging findings. Conclusion The absence of high-quality, objective, gold-standard diagnostic methods limits the accuracy of current evidence-based criteria and results in few high-quality studies with a low risk of bias in patient selection and reference standard diagnosis. These limitations suggest practitioners should use evidence-based criteria to inform working diagnoses rather than definitive diagnoses for low back pain. To avoid the unnecessary complexity and confusion created by multiple overlapping and nonspecific terms, adopting International Association for the Study of Pain terminology and definitions is recommended.
Staphylococcus epidermidis MSCRAMM SesJ Is Encoded in Composite Islands.

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus epidermidis is a leading cause of nosocomial infections in patients with a compromised immune system and/or an implanted medical device. Seventy to 90% of S. epidermidis clinical isolates are methicillin resistant and carry the mecA gene, present in a mobile genetic element (MGE) called the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) element. Along with the presence of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes, MGEs can also contain genes encoding secreted or cell wall-anchored virulence factors. In our earlier studies of S. epidermidis clinical isolates, we discovered S. epidermidis surface protein J (SesJ), a prototype of a recently discovered subfamily of the microbial surface component recognizing adhesive matrix molecule (MSCRAMM) group. MSCRAMMs are major virulence factors of pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria. Here, we report that the sesJ gene is always accompanied by two glycosyltransferase genes, gtfA and gtfB, and is present in two MGEs, called the arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) and the staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) element. The presence of the sesJ gene was associated with the left-hand direct repeat DR_B or DR_E. When inserted via DR_E, the sesJ gene was encoded in the SCC element. When inserted via DR_B, the sesJ gene was accompanied by the genes for the type 1 restriction modification system and was encoded in the ACME. Additionally, the SCC element and ACME carry different isoforms of the SesJ protein. To date, the genes encoding MSCRAMMs have been seen to be located in the bacterial core genome. Here, we report the presence of an MSCRAMM in an MGE in S. epidermidis clinical isolates. IMPORTANCES. epidermidis is an opportunistic bacterium that has established itself as a successful nosocomial pathogen. The modern era of novel therapeutics and medical devices has extended the longevity of human life, but at the same time, we also witness the evolution of pathogens to adapt to newly available niches in the host. Increasing antibiotic resistance among pathogens provides an example of such pathogen adaptation. With limited opportunities to modify the core genome, most of the adaptation occurs by acquiring new genes, such as virulence factors and antibiotic resistance determinants present in MGEs. In this study, we describe that the sesJ gene, encoding a recently discovered cell wall-anchored protein in S. epidermidis, is present in both ACME and the SCC element. The presence of virulence factors in MGEs can influence the virulence potential of a specific strain. Therefore, it is critical to study the virulence factors found in MGEs in emerging pathogenic bacteria or strains to understand the mechanisms used by these bacteria to cause infections.
Effect of Mentally Challenging Occupations on Incident Dementia Differs Between African Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites.

Background Engaging in mentally challenging activities may protect against dementia in late life. However, little is known whether the association between mentally challenging activities and dementia risk varies with race/ethnicity. Objective The current study investigates whether having jobs with higher mental stimulation is differentially associated with a decreased risk of dementia between African Americans (AAs) and non-Hispanic Whites (nHWs). Methods The sample consisted of 1,079 individuals (66% nHWs, 28% AAs; age = 78.6±5.3) from the longitudinal Einstein Aging Study. Occupation information of each participant was collected retrospectively at baseline and was linked to the substantive complexity of work score from the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the associations of occupational complexity with risk of dementia. Results Individuals whose jobs had moderate-to-high levels of complexity, compared to those with the lowest complexity, were at modestly decreased risk for incident dementia. When stratified by race, moderate-to-high levels of occupational complexity were significantly associated with lower risk of developing dementia for AAs (HR = 0.35). When risk of dementia was evaluated based on the combinations of race×occupational complexity, AAs with lowest occupational complexity showed the highest risk of developing dementia, while other combinations exhibited lower risk of developing dementia (HRs = 0.36~0.43). Conclusion Our results suggest that moderate-to-high levels of complexity at work are associated with a decreased risk of incident dementia in AAs. Understanding the differential effects of mentally challenging occupations across race/ethnicity may suggest important intervention strategies that could mitigate racial disparities in dementia rates.
Analytical chemistry students’ explanatory statements in the context of their corresponding lecture

Conceptually understanding chemistry requires the ability to transition among representational levels to use an understanding of submicroscopic entities and properties to explain macroscopic phenomena. Past literature describes student struggles with these transitions but provides limited information about upper-level post-secondary chemistry students’ abilities to transition among levels. This group is of particular interest as they are engaging in potentially their final training before entering a career as professional chemists, thus if students are likely to develop this skill during their formal education it should be manifest among this group. This study characterized analytical chemistry students’ responses to open-ended assessments on acid–base titrations and thin-layer chromatography for the use of sub-microscopic entities or properties to explain these macroscopic phenomena. Further, to understand whether explanatory statements were an expectation inherent in the instructional context of the setting, the analytical chemistry instructor's lectures on acid–base titrations and thin-layer chromatography were analyzed with the same framework. The analysis found that students seldom invoked explanatory statements within their responses and that congruence between lectures and responses to assessment was primarily limited to the use of macroscopic, descriptive terms. Despite the fact that the lecture in class regularly invoked explanatory statements in one context, this did not translate to student use of explanatory statements. To further test the hypothesis that analytical chemistry students struggle with explanatory statements, a follow-on study was also conducted among a second cohort of students reviewing their responses when specifically prompted to use sub-microscopic entities to explain a macroscopic phenomenon. The results suggest that fewer than half of the students showed proficiency on generating explanatory statements when explicitly prompted to do so. Instructional implications to promote explanatory statements are proposed in the discussion.
Talk about race: using critical race theory to support black social work students and prepare a representative and critical workforce

Social work’s (SW) goal of preparing a workforce more representative of the diversity of people served by the profession requires the use of theories that actively confront long-held assumption of ...
Stiction Fault in MEMS Comb Drive Resonator

MEMS devices are vulnerable to various defect sources, such as point stiction, broken-beams, etch variation. Point stiction is the defect in which the movable parts of the device is stuck to the substrate or fixed parts at one or multiple point locations. Point stictions may affect the yield as well as the reliability of MEMS devices. Fault simulation is an effective way to study how the point stiction defects will affect the device yield and reliability. For point stiction defects, the occurrence and the location are random and cannot be precisely predicted. Such stochastic behavior can be better predicted with the Monte Carlo simulation. Monte Carlo simulation is a stochastic technique used to approximate the probability of specific outcomes by running multiple trial simulations using random numbers and probability statistics. In this paper, the ANSYS Monte Carlo simulation is used to simulate point-stiction defects in surface-micromachined MEMS comb resonator devices. The yield of MEMS devices is estimated based on the simulation results. The fault simulation in MEMS devices is essential to optimize the device performance and to improve the yield and reliability of MEMS devices
Dynamical inference for transitions in stochastic systems with α-stable Lévy noise*

A goal of data assimilation is to infer stochastic dynamical behaviors with available observations. We consider transition phenomena between metastable states for a stochastic system with (non-Gaussian) -stable Levy noise. With either discrete time or continuous time observations, we infer such transitions between metastable states by computing the corresponding non-local Zakai equation (and its discrete time counterpart) and examining the most probable orbits for the state system. Examples are presented to demonstrate this approach.
The Editor’s Field – A basic premise of science

Vincent M. Russo is that an experiment must be repeatable, but does not mean the outcome has to be the same. This actually has two definitions. It must be repeatable within the experimental framewo...
Interventional Treatment of Hepatic Metastases from Colorectal Cancer.

Modern systemic therapies provide a significant survival benefit in metastatic colorectal cancer. Despite these advances, the durability of response remains limited and nearly all patients progress on systemic treatment. Colorectal liver metastases (CLM) develop in approximately half of patients with metastatic disease and contribute to mortality in most patients. In selected patients, surgical resection of hepatic metastases prolongs survival, indicating the benefits of the targeted treatment of CLM through alternate means. Minimally invasive interventional treatments offer the promise of treating CLM in a wider range of patients than those eligible for surgical resection. Thermal ablation and intra-arterial therapies, including chemoembolization and radioembolization, are commonly used in the treatment of CLM. Each of these treatment modalities will be discussed in detail with an emphasis on the available clinical data for each interventional treatment for CLM.