cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear model predictive control for improving energy recovery for electric vehicles during regenerative braking

This paper presents a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) scheme and a case study for improving the regenerative braking (RB) energy recovery for electric vehicles (EV) with in-wheel motors. The first part deals with a braking torque split problem, that is, given a desired vehicle longitudinal velocity profile, design braking torques for front and rear wheels independently to increase the RB energy recovery. The second part provides a case study to see the effects of different vehicle velocity profiles, with the same initial and terminal velocities and desired travelling distance, on RB energy recovery. The controller developed in the first part employs a three degrees-of-freedom longitudinal vehicle dynamic model with explicit considerations on the experimentally-measured, motor-to-battery RB efficiency map. Simulation results show that the proposed NMPC is capable of restoring more RB energy than a conventional PI controller does. The case study clearly shows the great potential in planning a priori velocity trajectory that is optimal in terms of energy recovery for RB control of EVs with in-wheel motors.
Extraordinary laser-induced swelling of oxide glasses

We describe a novel process of laser-assisted fabrication of surface structures on doped oxide glasses with heights reaching 10 – 13% of the glass thickness. This effect manifests itself as a swelling of the irradiated portion of the glass, which occurs in a wide range of glass compositions. The extent of such swelling depends on the glass base composition. Doping with Fe, Ti, Co, Ce, and other transition metals allows for adjusting the absorption of the glass and maximizing the feature size. In the case of bumps grown on borosilicate glasses, we observe reversible glass swelling and the bump height can increase or decrease depending on whether the consecutive laser pulse has higher or lower energy compared with the previous one. The hypothetical mechanism includes laser heating of glass, glass melting, and directional flow. We review several potential applications of such glass swelling.
X-ray transfer in binary systems - A Monte Carlo study

Results are presented for Monte Carlo calculations of X-ray light curves for binary systems surrounded by clouds with simple density distributions, chemical compositions, and ionization structures. Occultation of the X radiation by the companion star is taken into account along with Compton scattering and photoionization within the clouds. The models are used to examine the effect of various cloud geometries and ionization structures on the emergent X-ray flux as a function of orbital phase and X-ray energy. The results demonstrate the sensitivity of observed light curves and phase-dependent spectra with respect to the optical depth, geometry, and ionization structure of a surrounding cloud for the cases of a uniform-density cloud with a radius four times the binary orbital separation, a steady-state constant-velocity stellar wind emanating from the companion star, and a spherically symmetric shell or 'cocoon' of the type proposed for Cyg X-3. It is concluded that X-ray binary systems are unlikely to be surrounded by obscuring clouds.
Risk Factors for Revision Within 10 Years of Total Knee Arthroplasty

Background An in-depth understanding of risk factors for revision TKA is needed to minimize the burden of revision surgery. Previous studies indicate that hospital and community characteristics may influence outcomes after TKA, but a detailed investigation in a diverse population is warranted to identify opportunities for quality improvement.
Examining School Connectedness as a Mediator of School Climate Effects

Researchers have suggested that good-quality school climates foster a sense of connection to the school and in this way contribute to fewer emotional and behavioral problems. However, few studies have directly assessed the role of school connectedness as a mediator of school climate effects. Using path analysis, this brief report examined whether four aspects of student perceived school climate (cohesion, friction, competition among students, and overall satisfaction with classes) were indirectly associated with subsequent early adolescent conduct problems and depressive symptoms through school connectedness. Participants were four hundred and eighty-nine 10- to 14-year old middle school students involved in two waves of a study. The results showed that school connectedness mediated the relations between perceived cohesion, perceived friction, and overall satisfaction with classes and subsequent student conduct problems 1 year later. School connectedness was not, however, predictive of subsequent depressive symptoms and thus did not mediate the school climate effects on early adolescent emotional problems.
On Determining Conditions for Optimal Performance of Cased Munitions

In order to make the process of fragmentation of warhead cases more systematic, we have developed a procedure that makes use of nonlinear optimization to derive optimal values for case design parameters subject to various design constraints. A framework has been developed that makes use of the optimization software package LS-OPT driving the hydrocode CTH (CTH is developed and maintained at Sandia National Laboratories, LS-OPT is commercially available from Livermore Software Technology Corp.). CTH was used to model the explosive detonation and determine the resultant kinetic energy delivered to the case by the energetic material. In this follow-on effort to a previous study [1], the range of constraints and free parameters used in the optimization study was expanded.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Temperature, Herbivory and Epibiont Acquisition as Factors Controlling the Distribution and Ecological Role of an Invasive Seaweed

The invasive canopy alga, Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides, first observed at the Isles of Shoals in 1983, has become the dominant canopy species to 8 m throughout the islands. Codium populations are replacing themselves at most sites in what appears to be a new, climax, canopy species. However, Codium densities have declined in protected Gosport Harbor areas where it first became established. Codium has only slowly expanded its presence in adjacent nearshore subtidal habitats. Recent studies suggest a combination of factors that may be influencing the relative success of populations between habitats. The herbivorous sea slug, Placida dendritica, may be reducing populations in protected areas in spite of predators such as the green crab, Carcinus maenas, while surge may inhibit herbivore buildup in exposed habitats. Temperature instability due to localized, wind-driven upwelling may be slowing the buildup of subtidal Codium populations in nearshore sites. The combination of Codium dominance and the acquisition of increasing epibiont diversity are producing a new, potentially more complex community state than the previous kelp-dominated climax typical of the Gulf of Maine.
Measurement of liver fat content using selective saturation at 3.0 T.

Purpose To validate an MRI technique for measuring liver fat content by calibrating MRI readings with liver phantoms and comparing MRI measurements in human subjects with estimates of liver fat content on liver biopsy specimens. Materials and Methods The MRI protocol consisted of fat and water imaging by selective saturation using a 3.0-T scanner. A water phantom and liver phantoms were scanned before each of 10 human subjects who underwent a liver biopsy to assess for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Liver fat content in human subjects was derived from a calibration curve generated by scanning the phantoms. Liver fat was also estimated by optical image analysis and pathologists' assessment of histologic sections. Results MRI measurements of the liver phantoms were highly reproducible. Measurements of liver fat content in human subjects made by MRI in two areas of the liver were strongly correlated (r = 0.98, P < 0.001). MRI measurements were highly associated with estimates of liver fat content made by optical image analysis (r = 0.96, P < 0.001) and with estimates made by the pathologists (r = 0.93, P < 0.001). Conclusion We validated a technique for quantifying liver fat content based on selective fat and water imaging. The technique is accurate and reproducible and provides a noninvasive method to obtain serial measurements of liver fat content in human subjects. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Physics-Based Predictive Modeling of Atmospheric Optical Turbulence Layers: Solution of Paraxial Wave Equation for Inhomogeneous Media in Linear and Quadratic Approximation

I review physics-based predictive modeling and novel multi-nesting computational techniques that resolve physical processes in shear-stratified atmospheric layers. Results on oscillating laser beams, spiral light beams and refractivity path bending for directed energy beams are predicted by solutions of the inhomogeneous paraxial wave equation in quadratic approximation.
Electrophoretic separation of multiple bands with beta-glucuronidase activity in human sera.

An electrophoretic procedure is described which resulted in the separation of up to four bands with beta-glucuronidase activity in human sera. Initial screening of a small sample of individuals revealed persons with two, three, and four bands.
The Malleability of IQ as Judged from Adoption Studies.

Estimates of the malleability of IQ depend largely upon the results of adoption studies. Moderate estimates presently range between 20 to 25 points. It is here argued that the standard adoption study in fact provides little unequivocal evidence of IQ's malleability. Further, the most prominent adoption studies of contrasted environments, studies wherein the biological family's socioeconomic status is clearly different from that of the adoptive family, provide malleability estimates that are more modest than has been claimed elsewhere.
MR imaging of microvasculature

An imaging technique is proposed in which the contrast is correlated to the morphology of capillaries and other small blood vessels. The technique is based on measurements of the relaxation rates 1/T(2) and 1/T*(2) before and after the injection of a contrast agent. An image is then formed by mapping the quantity Q identical with delta R(2)/(delta R*(2))(2/3), where delta R(2) and delta R*(2) are the changes in the relaxation rates due to the contrast agent. If the contrast agent concentration is sufficiently high, it is shown that Q is given approximately by a simple analytic formula that involves only intrinsic properties of the vascular network and the rate of diffusion. In particular, Q is sensitive to the histologic vessel density. Theoretical predictions for Q are shown to be consistent with experimental data obtained with a rat glioma model and normal cerebral cortex. The imaging technique may be useful in characterizing tumor angiogenesis. Magn Reson Med 44:224-230, 2000.
Phosphorylation in Avocado Fruit Slices in Relation to the Respiratory Climacteric

The rate of uptake of inorganic phosphate by tissue discs from both preclimacteric and climacteric peak avocados is linear for at least 60 minutes. The loss of (32)P upon excessive washing was much greater from peak than from preclimacteric tissue. Short incubation periods and, most important, rapid washing procedures are essential for meaningful comparisons.Phosphate esterification proceeded at a much greater rate in climacteric than in preclimacteric tissue. The phosphorylation was sensitive to 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). The ADP to ATP ratio decreased materially with the advance of ripening. It was concluded that neither uncoupling nor acceptor control can account for the onset of the respiratory rise. Changes in permeability appear to play an important role in fruit metabolism during the climacteric.
Shape-Memory Transformations of NiTi: Minimum-Energy Pathways between Austenite, Martensites, and Kinetically Limited Intermediate States

NiTi is the most used shape-memory alloy; nonetheless, a lack of understanding remains regarding the associated structures and transitions, including their barriers. Using a generalized solid-state nudged elastic band method implemented via density-functional theory, we detail the structural transformations in NiTi relevant to shape memory: those between a body-centered orthorhombic (bco) ground state and a newly identified stable austenite (``glassy'' $B2$-like) structure, including energy barriers (hysteresis) and intermediate structures (observed as a kinetically limited $R$ phase), and between martensite variants (bco orientations). All results are in good agreement with available experiment. We contrast the austenite results to those from the often-assumed, but unstable $B2$. These high- and low-temperature structures and structural transformations provide much needed atomic-scale detail for transitions responsible for NiTi shape-memory effects.
Retention of fear

Retention of fear decreased over intervals of 22 hrs., 30, 60 and 90 days after classical fear conditioning. Fear retained at 22-hr. and 30-day intervals was sufficient to provide the basis for new instrumental learning.
Spontaneous fission of light fermium isotopes; New nuclides 244Fm and 245Fm

Abstract The spontaneous fission half-lives of 246Fm and 248Fm were determined. The new nuclides 244Fm and 245Fm were identified and their decay studied.
Different rates and causes of high mortality in two populations of the threatened desert tortoise Gopherus agassizii

Abstract The desert tortoise Gopherus agassizii is federally listed as Threatened because of documented declines in some populations, yet the proximate causes of these declines are not well understood. With use of radiotelemetry, I monitored a total of 55 individual tortoises at two Mojave Desert sites over three years. Both populations suffered high adult mortality during an extreme drought period, but the temporal pattern and inferred proximate causes of mortality differed between sites. At the eastern Mojave site, no telemetered tortoises died in 1988 or 1989, but 41% died in 1990. All nine carcasses were found and only one showed any evidence of predation or scavenging. Tortoises that died had symptoms of dehydration (high plasma osmolality) and/or starvation (high blood urea, as compared to tortoises that survived). Mortality in the eastern Mojave population thus seems to have been due to physiological stress associated with drought and concomitant lack of forage. In contrast, western Mojave tortoises that died did not appear physiologically stressed, and all carcasses found showed evidence of predation or scavenging. Strong circumstantial evidence implicated predation by coyotes, but respiratory disease may also have been a factor. Annual adult mortality in the western Mojave population was at least 5–25% in each of three years. High mortality in both populations was attributable to ‘natural’ effects of drought, directly in the eastern Mojave through starvation and dehydration, and indirectly in the western Mojave through functional responses of predators to a diminished prey base and, possibly, increased susceptibility of tortoises to disease. Episodic, drought-related high mortality has probably occurred repeatedly in the evolutionary history of G. agassizii , but human exploitation of the desert may exacerbate natural stresses, and recovery of populations is likely to be slow. In the absence of long-term data sufficient to evaluate the relative importance of potential causes of population declines, a conservative management strategy is warranted.
Cheating and NASCAR: Who's at the wheel?

Abstract This article embarks on a road trip to NASCAR, the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, to take a close look at why cheating occurs within that organization. Two arguments drive the article, namely that NASCAR (1) may not be able to stop cheating particularly within the current context, and (2) might not want or be motivated to stop cheating. Obstacles complicating NASCAR's efforts to stop cheating include the long-standing culture of unethical behavior within stock car racing, and the inconsistent imposition of punishments by NASCAR which drivers and race teams perceive as favoritism and unfair treatment. Yellow flags that raise caution include pressure from unwavering fans, and the friction between innovation and maintaining parity among teams. Proposed solutions include changing the culture within the NASCAR community, as well as developing ethical role models, both of which require major action by NASCAR's top managers to signal the importance of ethical behavior. Other key stakeholders such as sponsors and fans must create incentives and rewards for ethical behavior, and consider reducing or ending support for drivers and teams that engage in unethical conduct. Our analysis and recommendations have broad applications because NASCAR is an archetype of a large organization attempting to reduce cheating and unethical behavior.
The value of ultrasound in children with suspected intussusception

The purpose of this study was to verify the reliability of ultrasound for the diagnosis and exclusion of intussusception and to assess the usefulness of various clinical and imaging findings for determining when ultrasound should be used as a diagnostic screen. We reviewed the medical records and radiologic examinations of 151 pediatric patients referred for possible intussusception. Clinical, radiographic, and ultrasound findings were compared in children with and without intussusception and correlated with diagnosis and reducibility of intussusception. The patients were placed in risk groups on the basis of certain combinations of clinical or radiographic findings. These groups were used to test alterations of the types of radiologic studies performed if high-risk patients were to undergo enema procedure only, without preliminary ultrasound.
Direct counting of tritium by dissolving MicroelisaR wells in scintillation fluid

Radioassays with low-energy beta-emitting nuclides (e.g., 3H, 14C, 35S) in 96-well plastic plates are tedious and frequently inaccurate because of the necessity of quantitatively removing and transferring the contents of each well to scintillation fluid. We therefore investigated the possibility of counting these nuclides by directly placing the entire break-apart well (Microelisa) along with the sample into one of four scintillation counting fluids: toluene-PPO-POPOP with or without Protosol, ACSR, and EcoLite. Although some of these scintillation fluids fully dissolved the plastic wells and other did not, we found that the presence of the wells did not appreciably interfere with the efficiency of tritium counting. This technique saves considerable time and reduces possible errors in liquid scintillation counting of samples from plastic microtitration plates.
History and the Species‐Area Relationship in Lesser Antillean Birds

Abstract: We examined the species‐area relationship for three historically distinct subsets of Lesser Antillean birds identified by molecular phylogenetic analysis of island and continental populations. The groups comprised recent colonists from continental or Greater Antillean source populations, old taxa having recently expanded distributions within the Lesser Antilles, and old endemic taxa lacking evidence of recent dispersal between islands. The number of young taxa was primarily related to distance from the source of colonists in South America. In a multiple regression, the logarithmic slope of the species‐area relationship for this group was shallow ( \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss...
Two Responses to ‘Shakespeare and Embodiment: An E‐Conversation’

This article presents a brief skeptical response by Richard Strier and an extended reflection by Carla Mazzio on ‘Shakespeare and Embodiment: An E-Conversation’ (doi: 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00180.x). The participants in this original online conversation included Mary Floyd-Wilson, Gail Kern Paster, Tanya Pollard, Katherine Rowe, and Julian Yates; Matthew Greenfield moderated. The participants assessed the current state of work on early modern bodies, offered bibliographical suggestions, and suggested topics for future inquiries. Paster, a key figure in the development of this sub-field, described her work to date as an “ecology of the passions” or an “ecology of the body” more generally; she called for more study of the “ensouled body.”
GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor localization in the circadian timing system

gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and exogenous benzodiazepines are thought to play a role in the neural regulation of circadian rhythms. Because binding sites for the benzodiazepines and GABAA ligands are functionally coupled as part of the GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor complex (GABAA/BZR), we analyzed the localization of GABA neurons and GABAA/BZR within 3 nuclei involved in circadian rhythm regulation using autoradiographic and immunohistochemical techniques. Glutamic acid decarboxylase-immunoreactive axons are present in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), intergeniculate leaflet (IGL), and dorsal raphe nucleus (DR). Immunoreactivity for the GABAA/BZ receptor complex is absent from the SCN and the IGL whereas the DR shows a dense, uniform immunoreactivity. Semiquantitative analysis of autoradiograms for [3H]diazepam and [3H]flunitrazepam binding reveals a moderate level of binding in the SCN, a low level of binding in the IGL, and the highest level of the DR. Based on both the pattern of benzodiazepine binding and of receptor immunoreactivity the DR would appear to be a likely target site for GABAA and benzodiazepine action. The SCN would also appear to be a possible target site. The results suggest the IGL is not a site for direct GABAA and benzodiazepine action, but do not exclude a role for the IGL in the neural circuitry mediating GABA and benzodiazepine interactions with the circadian system.
Gauge-gravity correspondence in an accelerating universe

We discuss time-dependent backgrounds of type-IIB supergravity realizing gravitation duals of gauge theories formulated in de Sitter space-time as a tool of embedding de Sitter space in a supergravity. We show that only the gravitational duals to nonconformal gauge theories are sensitive to a specific value of a Hubble parameter. We consider two nontrivial solutions of this type: a gravity dual to six-dimensional (1, 1) little string theory, and to a four-dimensional cascading $\mathrm{SU}(N+M)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}(N)$ supersymmetric gauge theory (related to fractional D3-branes on a singular conifold according to Klebanov and co-workers), in an accelerating universe. In both cases we argue that the IR singularity of the geometry is regulated by the expansion of the gauge theory background space-time.
Metastable phase equilibria in the lead-tin alloy system: Part I. Experimental

Several metastable phase boundaries in the Pb-Sn alloy system have been determined in undercooled droplets containing different phase mixtures by means of X-ray diffraction lattice parameter and thermal analysis measurements. With droplets equilibrated as (α-Pb+L) mixtures, the metastable α-Pb solidus has been determined to reach 46 at. pct Sn with a corresponding liquidus at 87 at. pct Sn for a temperature 73°C below that for the stable eutectic. An extension of the metastable liquidus and solidus boundaries implies a melting of fcc Sn at about 5°C which agrees well with thermodynamic model calculations. With some solidification treatments a metastable, intermediate, body-centered tetragonal α1 phase can form in alloys with compositions between 35 and 73 at. pct Sn. Upon heating, the α1-phase decomposes to a supersaturated α-Pb phase and liquid by a peritectic reaction at 127°C. Calorimetric measurements yield an enthalpy of ΔHα1 = 3.16 ± 0.3 kJ/g atom for the α1/(α-Pb + L) peritectic reaction. The combination of the measured stable equilibria, the partial metastable equilibria determination, and phase equilibria modeling has allowed for a more complete description of metastable equilibrium behavior and for the analysis of some of the solidification pathways that are available for the synthesis of metastable product structures.
Expression, purification, and characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis mycothione reductase.

Mycothione reductase from the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been cloned, expressed in Mycobacterium smegmatis, and purified 145-fold to homogeneity in 43% yield. Amino acid sequence...
Long-term effects of olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine on serotonin 1A, 2A and 2C receptors in rat forebrain regions

Rationale: Serotonin (5-HT) and its receptors have been implicated in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Altered serotonergic neurotransmission and interactions between 5-HT and dopamine (DA) systems may contribute to the pathophysiology of idiopathic psychotic or manic disorders. Interactions with 5-HT receptors may also contribute to special properties of modern antipsychotic drugs not yet evaluated for long-term effects on 5-HT receptors. Objective and methods: We surveyed effects of newer atypical antipsychotics on 5-HT receptor types 1A, 2A, and 2C in rat forebrain regions by quantitative receptor autoradiography with selective radioligands following 28 days of continuous infusion of drugs or control vehicle. Results: Infusion of olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine increased 1A, but decreased 2A receptor labeling in frontal cerebral cortex. Olanzapine decreased binding at 2C receptors in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions and perhaps entorhinal cortex; olanzapine, but neither risperidone nor quetiapine, also decreased 2C labeling in caudate-putamen. Conclusions: The findings suggest that altered 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor levels in frontal cortex, and 5-HT2C receptors in other forebrain regions, may contribute to psychopharmacological properties of these novel atypical antipsychotic agents, perhaps including their antipsychotic or antimanic actions, and low risk of adverse extrapyramidal effects.
Photocurrent and spin manipulation in quantum dots

Abstract In this paper we use a density matrix formalism to model the spin photocurrent obtained from a single self-assembled quantum dot photodiode under the influence of an applied strong polarized electromagnetic pulse and a gate voltage. We show that the degree of polarization of the output photocurrent generated by a circularly polarized pulse in a strongly anisotropic quantum dot can be switched as we increase the pulse intensity. A similar effect is observed in a quantum dot with weak anisotropic electron–hole exchange interaction by using an elliptically polarized pulse. In the latter, a shorter pulse is needed, which creates an effective exchange channel through the biexciton. This phenomenon can be used as a dynamical switch to invert the spin-polarization of the extracted current.
Comparison of Pilots' and Controllers' Conflict Resolution Maneuver Preferences

The role of the air traffic controller in future air traffic management systems is that of a passive monitor, who intervenes in potential conflict situations only if pilots, aided by onboard traffic displays, fail to implement safe and timely conflict resolutions. Yet, such scenarios are entirely plausible and even likely, particularly in busy airspaces. However, it is also likely that an a controller will seek to implement a resolution that is different from what the pilots had planned, resulting in confusion, delays, and safety risks. This paper examines pilots’ and controllers’ maneuver preferences and potential sources for dissonance in conflict resolution situations. Data on pilots’ maneuver tendencies were gathered from an extensive review of past literature; controllers’ preferences were obtained from an experiment that systematically manipulated simulated ATC scenario difficulty and conflict geometries. Results indicate largely similar maneuver choices between controllers and pilots, but suggest a need for further research.
Prediction markets for education: an experimental study

In this letter, we report the results of a quasi-experimental study of prediction markets as a pedagogical tool in an undergraduate setting.
Passive network tomography using EM algorithms

The paper presents a new method for characterizing communication network performance based solely on passive traffic monitoring at the network edge. More specifically, we devise a novel expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to infer internal packet loss rates (at routers inside the network) using only observed end-to-end (source to receiver) loss rates. The major contributions of this paper are three-fold: we formulate a passive monitoring procedure for network loss inference based on end-to-end packet pair observations, we develop a statistical modeling and computation framework for inferring internal network loss characteristics, and we evaluate the performance with realistic network simulations.
Effect of prenatal administration of aluminum and parathyroid hormone on fetal development in the rat.

SummaryOral aluminum (Al) exposure is a consequence of the element's presence in food, cosmetics, drinking water and its use in preparations administered therapeutically in large quantities as antacids or phosphate binders. Al is neurotoxic in animals and elevated concentrations of Al have been detected in brains of patients with certain encephalopathies. Protein synthesis, ribosomal RNA content and microtubular polymerization may be altered by Al. Since there are critical periods of protein synthesis and cellular division during embryonic development it was of interest to determine the teratogenic potential of Al. Since parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases tissue Al concentrations the effects of combined treatment of Al and PTH were also evaluated. Rats were maintained on diet supplemented with Al and/or calcium and treated with PTH or vehicle from day 6 of pregnancy through day 19, when fetuses were removed by Caesarean section. Combined or separate treatment with PTH and Al did not alter the number of l...
A comparison of cyclone frequencies in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean regions

In a previous comparison of cyclogenetic frequencies in the Mediterranean region and the Atlantic coastal region of North America, it was found that months of maximum frequency in one region coincided with months of minimum frequency in the other region during winters of the period 1929–1939. A possible physical relationship suggested by this result is used to formulate an hypothesis relating cyclone frequencies in both regions. Data from the same ten-year period are used to test this hypothesis. The physical basis for the hypothesis receives partial support, but the hypothesis itself is not supported by the evidence.
Departments of community dentistry as viewed by teachers of clinical practice, basic science, and community dentistry.

Any public health dentist, interested in the product of today's departments of community dentistry in the dental schools of the United States, should get excited about this report from the University of Minnesota.
Numerical methods for volume preserving image registration

Image registration is one of today's challenging image processing problems, particularly in medical imaging. Since the problem is ill posed, one may like to add additional information about distortions. This applies, for example, to the registration of time series of contrast-enhanced images, where variations of substructures are not related to patient motion but to contrast uptake. Here, one may only be interested in registrations which do not alter the volume of any substructure. In this paper, we discuss image registration techniques with a focus on volume preserving constraints. These constraints can reduce the non-uniqueness of the registration problem significantly. Our implementation is based on a constrained optimization formulation. Upon discretization, we obtain a large, discrete, highly nonlinear optimization problem and the necessary conditions for the solution form a discretized nonlinear partial differential equation. To solve the problem we use a variant of the sequential quadratic programming method. Finally, we present results on synthetic as well as on real-life data.
Competition between items in working memory leads to forgetting

Switching attention from one thought to the next propels our mental lives forward. However, it is unclear how this thought-juggling affects our ability to remember these thoughts. Here we show that competition between the neural representations of pictures in working memory can impair subsequent recognition of those pictures. We use pattern classifiers to decode functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from a retro-cueing task where participants juggle two pictures in working memory. Trial-by-trial fluctuations in neural dynamics are predictive of performance on a surprise recognition memory test: trials that elicit similar levels of classifier evidence for both pictures (indicating close competition) are associated with worse memory performance than trials where participants switch decisively from thinking about one picture to the other. This result is consistent with the non-monotonic plasticity hypothesis, which predicts that close competition can trigger weakening of memories that lose the competition, leading to subsequent forgetting.
Rethinking the Tripartite Division of American Work Law

The holy trinity of American work law - employment discrimination, labor law, and employment law - has governed the American workplace for over four decades and is also firmly entrenched in the curricula of most law schools. But the discrete lenses provided by the conventional trinity make it difficult to bring into focus two distinct but related dimensions of the accelerating integration of American work law. Thus, we are on the one hand experiencing an accelerating doctrinal integration of our field, as the settings in which nominally out of area law plays a significant governance role are rapidly proliferating. At the same time, we are increasingly confronting a functional integration of work law, a development evident in the cross-migration of employment discrimination law and labor law, as the institutions central to each field - discrimination litigation and labor unions respectively - have increasingly assumed functions traditionally played by the other. Functional integration is apparent as well in the increasingly robust role of employment law in both employment discrimination and labor law contexts. Against the backdrop of these developments, our continued embrace of the conventional subject-matter division reflects and reinforces an increasingly false opposition between legal strategies that rely on workplace organizing and collective action (on the one hand) and those that rely on litigation and related institutional practices (on the other). More fundamentally, the conventional division reflects and reinforces an increasingly false opposition between the struggle for workplace democracy and the struggle for racial, gender, and other forms of justice in the workplace and beyond.
Ventricular Suction in the Turtle

In two different experimental environments the isolated turtle ventricle was found to fill and eject blood in the absence of a positive filling pressure. It is concluded that the ventricle can "suck" fluid using energy liberated from its wall during diastole.
The Effects of a Single Developmentally Entrained Pulse of Testosterone in Female Neonatal Mice on Reproductive and Metabolic Functions in Adult Life

Early postnatal exposures to sex steroids have been well recognized to modulate predisposition to diseases of adulthood. There is a complex interplay between timing, duration and dose of endocrine exposures through environmental or dietary sources that may alter the sensitivity of target tissues to the exogenous stimuli. In this study, we determined the metabolic and reproductive programming effects of a single developmentally entrained pulse of testosterone (T) given to female mice in early postnatal period. CD-1 female mice pups were injected with either 5 μg of T enanthate (TE) or vehicle (control [CON] group) within 24 hours after birth and followed to adult age. A total of 66% of T-treated mice exhibited irregular cycling, anovulatory phenotype, and significantly higher ovarian weights than vehicle-treated mice. Longitudinal nuclear magnetic resonance measurements revealed that TE group had greater body weight, whole-body lean, and fat mass than the CON group. Adipose tissue cellularity analysis in T...
Shear dominated transonic interfacial crack growth in a bimaterial I-II. Asymptotic fields and favorable velocity regimes

Motivated by experimental observations of transonic crack tip speeds (Lambros and Rosakis, 1994c, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 43(2), 169–188), the problem of intersonic interfacial crack growth in an elastic-rigid bimaterial system is analysed. Following the analytical procedure employed in Liu et al. (1993, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 41, 1887–1954), the two-dimensional in-plane asymptotic deformation field surrounding the tip of a crack propagating intersonically along an elastic-rigid bimaterial interface, is obtained. The theoretical results show that the near-tip stress field does not exhibit oscillations, while a stress singularity weaker than 0.5 still exists and is a function of the crack tip speed. In addition, due to the intersonic nature of crack growth, a singular line emanating from the moving crack tip is present in the near-tip field. Across this line, stresses and particle velocities suffer infinite jumps. The theoretical analysis also shows that the near-tip deformation field is shear dominated. It is also shown that in the velocity range cs < v < √2cs, either crack face contact or negative normal tractions ahead of the crack tip exist. Visual evidence of such contact is reported in Part I of this study. These observations, together with additional experimental results of Part I, lead to the conclusion that crack growth is favorable in the velocity regimes 0 < v < cs and √2cs < v < c1.
Inverse dual converter (IDC) for high power DC-DC applications

The inverse dual converter (IDC), suitable for high-power DC-DC conversion applications, is presented. The IDC is a voltage source converter with an AC link and has been derived from an inductor converter bridge. This capacitor commutated converter is capable of continuous voltage step-up or step-down control over a wide range without the need of a transformer. In addition to high-frequency switching the converter is characterized by soft switching techniques, reducing constraints on the ratings of the switches. The average model developed with the help of gyrator theory provides sufficient information for control strategies and design considerations. The results of gyrator modeling and computer simulation are compared with experimental results obtained from a prototype IDC. >
Dimensions of corporate social responsibility: a time for new discourse

This paper reviews the historic approaches to corporate social responsibility and traces the concept back to the 1950s. It highlights the progress in interpretation, definition, and modelling dimensions from a historical perspective. We present the progress by decades and propose an alternate discourse(s) for the study of CSR based on our 50-year analysis of its gradual development. The paper also suggests that scholars consider borrowing of discourse from more research disciplines in order to generate creative and innovative empirical research and methodology. We therefore introduce the concept of restructuring organisations and look into the strategies of multinationals and call for a unification of the two disciplines. By so doing, the global manager benefits from the advances in the field of social issues and our field of social responsibility will gain new insights into the studies of organisations.
Immunity to Listeria infection.

Abstract Infection with Listeria monocytogenes is a well studied model for understanding host resistance to intracellular bacteria. Recent advances in the study of Listeria have carefully quantitated the response of CD8+ T cells to infection and analyzed the effector functions of these cells in vivo. A surprising role for antibody in mediating resistance to Listeria has also recently emerged, providing new insight into the mechanisms of host defense.
Corrections to "Validation of ICHD-3 beta diagnostic criteria for 13.7 Tolosa-Hunt syndrome: analysis of 77 cases of painful ophthalmoplegia".

The first sentence in the background of the abstract of this article (1), on page 1, should be ‘‘Three editions of International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) diagnostic criteria for Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) have been published in 1988 (2), 2004 and 2013,’’ instead of ‘‘Three editions of International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) diagnostic criteria for Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS) have been published in 1998, 2004 and 2013’’. Also, in the discussion, on page 6, the sentence should be ‘‘La Mantia et al. (3) reviewed previously reported cases from 1988 to 2002’’ instead of ‘‘La Mantia et al. reviewed previously reported cases from 1998 to 2002’’.
Spectrum engineering and private frequency utilization in wireless communications education

Wireless communications need radio frequency links. Radio frequency spectrum is a limited and expensive resource. To help protect the privacy of frequency users and improve efficiency of radio frequency spectrum, we propose a new topic in Spectrum Engineering. Spectrum engineering is the technical skill to solve problems in spectrum management and includes private frequency licensing, Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), radio regulation, and spectrum planning. In this presentation fundamental of spectrum engineering with a focus on user side and privacy of channel will be covered and considered as an objective of study in courses, such as communications systems and wireless communications.
Hydrogenation effects on polysilicon thin-film transistor structures

Summary form only given. The authors have investigated the hydrogenation of various polysilicon TFT (thin-film transistors) structures in a parallel-plate reactor and studied the effect of plasma frequency (30 kHz or 13.56 MHz) on the device characteristics. The device structures included non-self-aligned metal gate, self-aligned polysilicon gate, and offset polysilicon gate. Both polysilicon- and metal-gate structures improved after the hydrogenation at 30 kHz. The subthreshold slope of polysilicon gate TFTs was lower by a factor of two than that of metal gate, showing that the polysilicon gate results in a more efficient hydrogenation of the device structure. The hydrogenation at 13.56 MHz either marginally improves the devices or under certain conditions actually degrades them. Electrical stress of n-channel TFTs (L=10 mu m, W=50 mu m) from the same substrate that were hydrogenated at different plasma frequencies was measured at room temperature under bias stress conditions of V/sub gs/=20 V and V/sub ds/=20 V. The threshold voltage (V/sub T/) was 0.46 V after the 30-kHz hydrogenation and became 0.5 V after stressing for 3*10/sup 4/ s. This decrease in the threshold voltage is indicative of the movement of positive charges in the gate dielectric. >
Evidence for Coupled Rossby Waves in the Annual Cycle of the Indo Pacific Ocean

Abstract The annual cycle in TOPEX/Poseidon sea level height (SLH) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) sea surface temperature (SST) and meridional surface wind (MSW) from 1993 to 1998 in the trade wind zone over the Indo-Pacific Ocean from 5° to 25° latitude in both hemispheres is examined. Zonal wavenumber–frequency spectra of monthly mean SLH, SST, and MSW residuals about the annual mean find peak spectral energy density for westward-propagating waves of annual period and basinscale wavelengths in all three variables. Moreover, spectral coherence and phase between the three variables are significant, with warm SST residuals displaced 0°–90° of phase to the west of high SLH residuals, and poleward MSW residuals displaced 0°–90° of phase to the east of warm SST residuals, similar to those observed for coupled Rossby waves on interannual period scales. Removing zonal means at each latitude from the annual cycle in SLH, SST, and MSW allows westward phase propagation to be observed in e...
Comparison of functional and non-functional tendon grafts.

A quantitative comparison was made of the metabolism of collagen in functional and non-functional tendon grafts. This was accomplished by the transplantation of 3H-proline-labeled tendon grafts into non-radioactive recipient animals. The experiments were performed as isografts and allografts in rats, and as xenografts between rats and guinea pigs. 1. After three months of implantation as isografts, the functional grafts lost as much of the original collagen as the non-functional grafts, 54 per cent versus 52 per cent, while the analogous percentages in allografts were 63 per cent and 60 per cent, and in xenografts, 99 per cent and 87 per cent. 2. Functional isografts demonstrated greater capability (64 per cent) to synthesize new collagen than the non-functional isografts (12 per cent), and so did allografts, while xenografts gained little to any new collagen. 3. As a result of collagen lost and collagen replaced, the functional isografts were able to maintain their collagen mass while non-functional isografts decreased their collagen mass (-48 per cent) due to decreased synthesis of new collagen. Xenografts lost almost all of their mass due to an inability to produce new collagen after transplantation. The isotopic experiments demonstrate quantitatively the persistence of tendon collagen mass in the face of massive turnover of tendon collagen. The effect of either non-function or antigenicity is to decrease the collagen mass by means of diminished replacement of destroyed old collagen with newly synthesized collagen.
REPUTATION FOR QUALITY

We propose a new model of flrm reputation that interprets reputation directly as the market belief about product quality. Quality is persistent and is determined endogenously by the flrm’s past investments. We analyse how investment incentives depend on the flrm’s reputation and derive implications for reputational dynamics. We consider three types of consumer learning. When consumers learn about quality through good news, investment incentives are decreasing in reputation, leading to a unique work-shirk equilibrium and convergent dynamics. When consumers learn through bad news, investment incentives are increasing in reputation, leading to a continuum of shirk-work equilibria and divergent dynamics. Finally, when consumers learn through Brownian news and the cost of investment is low, incentives are hump-shaped but a work-shirk equilibrium exists and is essentially unique.
Isolation of Lung Alveolar Walls

Disintegration of peripheral lung tissue followed by filtration through an 80 mesh stainless steel screen yields a filtrate containing tissue particles with properties consistent with their identification as fragments of alveolar walls. Application of this procedure readily yields large quantities of alveolar wall tissue.
Diamond Anvil Cells

Extraordinary properties of diamond and the very high pressures that can be achieved simply by reducing the size of sample squeezed between two diamond anvils make the diamond anvil cell (DAC) capable of pressures beyond those existing at the center of the earth. Resistance heating and laser heating can produce temperatures beyond those at the center of the earth. The very simple principle of the DAC allows great versatility of design for accommodating many analytical techniques for determining the properties of materials at these extreme conditions. Background, development, and applications of the DAC are described in this article.