cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasma chemical synthesis of higher oxides of cesium and rubidium

Abstract The synthesis of higher oxides of rubidium and cesium (M2O2 and MO2) from the corresponding alkali metal hydroxides (MOH) was achieved by atomic oxygen produced in a radiofrequency (RF) electrodeless discharge plasma. Oxidation of the solid hydroxide particles was investigated as a function of plasma composition, pressure, and residence time. Water and hydrogen peroxide plasmas proved ineffective in converting the solid hydroxide to the superoxide. The role of “singlet” oxygen, O2 (1Δg) 0·96 eV, was also investigated with some oxidation of the hydroxide occurring with this species. A stepwise oxidation process (hydroxide a peroxide peroxyhydrate:hydroperoxide a superoxide) is proposed for the conversion pathway.
Nuclear RNP complex assembly initiates cytoplasmic RNA localization

Cytoplasmic localization of mRNAs is a widespread mechanism for generating cell polarity and can provide the basis for patterning during embryonic development. A prominent example of this is localization of maternal mRNAs in Xenopus oocytes, a process requiring recognition of essential RNA sequences by protein components of the localization machinery. However, it is not yet clear how and when such protein factors associate with localized RNAs to carry out RNA transport. To trace the RNA–protein interactions that mediate RNA localization, we analyzed RNP complexes from the nucleus and cytoplasm. We find that an early step in the localization pathway is recognition of localized RNAs by specific RNA-binding proteins in the nucleus. After transport into the cytoplasm, the RNP complex is remodeled and additional transport factors are recruited. These results suggest that cytoplasmic RNA localization initiates in the nucleus and that binding of specific RNA-binding proteins in the nucleus may act to target RNAs to their appropriate destinations in the cytoplasm.
SYNTHESIS AND X-RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE DILITHIUM COPPER SILOXIDE Cu(μ-OSiPh2OSiPh2O)2 [Li(THF)2]2

Abstract CuCl2 reacts with four equivalents of Ph2SiO2Li2 in THF to form Cu(μ-OSiPh2OSiPh2O)2 [Li(THF)2]2 in 80% yield by formal elimination of Li2O and LiCl. CuBr2 reacts analogously. The product of these reactions has a spirocyclic metallasiloxane structure containing two and two rings.
Risk factors for deaths occurring within 30 days and 1 year after hospital discharge for cardiac surgery among pediatric patients

Background Little is known regarding the risk factors for early and late death after hospital discharge among pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods Statewide hospital discharge data from California in 1989 to 1999 were used to study outcomes of children International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification ) indicating cardiac surgery. The outcome variable was death occurring after hospital discharge. Postdischarge deaths were identified by linking hospital discharge data to statewide death registry data. Cardiac surgical procedures were grouped into 23 categories to adjust for risk involved with the procedures. We used logistic regression to evaluate risk factors for postdischarge mortality, including variables age, sex, race and ethnicity, type of insurance, home income, date and month of surgery, type of admission, hospitals case volume, and the various types of procedures. Results There were 25402 cardiac surgery cases with 1505 inhospital deaths. Of 23897 hospital discharges, 148 deaths (0.62%) occurred within 365 days after discharge, including 37 deaths within 30 days; 44 deaths at 31 to 90 days; and 67 deaths at 91 to 365 days. Logistic regression showed young age was an important risk factor for postdischarge death with an odds ratio of 4.8 for neonates and 3.5 for infants, compared with children >1 year old. Another significant risk factor was the type of procedure. For death Conclusions Many demographic and socioeconomic variables affecting inhospital death were not significant predictors for postdischarge death. Important risk factors for postdischarge death were young age and the type of surgery performed.
Comparison of the 2008 and 2011 appropriate use criteria for stress echocardiography.

Background The 2008 appropriate use criteria (AUC) for stress echocardiographic (SE) examinations were revised in 2011 to cover a wider range of scenarios of use. Data comparing the 2008 and 2011 AUC for SE are limited. Methods A retrospective chart review of SE studies performed at an academic medical center was conducted, and ordering of SE studies was assessed using the 2008 and 2011 AUC. Results A total of 252 consecutive SE studies performed in 2011 were reviewed. The 2008 AUC classified 126 SE studies (50%), and the 2011 AUC classified 221 SE studies (88%) ( P Conclusions The 2011 AUC classify a significantly greater proportion of SE studies compared with the 2008 AUC. Most of the reclassified SE studies using the 2011 AUC were inappropriate and were ordered for perioperative assessments in patients with normal functional capacity.
An improved assay method for amylase activity using an amylodextrin fraction as substrate

Abstract A rapid and simple method for determination of amylase activity, by using a fraction of an amylo-oligosaccharide (amylodextrin, 1) as substrate, is described. The sample solution is incubated with a solution of 1 and the substrate consumed is estimated by measuring the difference in absorbance at 460 nm. The Km value of 1 is about half that of starch. The homogeneity of 1 in its chemical structure and molecular weight facilitated the specification of amylase units according to the international definition. This procedure was applied for assay of human-serum amylase with excellent reproducibility. This method did not require a large dilution factor, as the standard curve showed a linear relationship over a wide range of amylase concentrations.
Chick-a-dee call syntax, social context, and season affect vocal responses of Carolina chickadees ( Poecile carolinensis )

Chick-a-dee calls in many chickadee (Poecile) species are common vocal signals used in a diversity of social contacts. The calls consist of four notes, A, B, C, and D, which follow simple rules of syntax (note ordering and composition) to generate many unique call types. We used field playbacks with Carolina chickadees, P. carolinensis, to ask whether violations of a syntactical rule affected their vocal responses. We show that chickadee responses to typical calls (e.g. AAAACCCC and CCCCDDDD) differ from responses to atypical calls (e.g. CACACACA and DCDCDCDC) depending on playback note composition, season, and social context (presence of heterospecifics). In the fall/winter, playbacks of typical calls with A and C notes elicited the greatest number of A and B notes in chick-a-dee call responses and typical calls with D notes elicited the greatest number of C notes, when in the presence of heterospecifics. In contrast, the corresponding atypical calls did not elicit similar responses. This suggests communicative significance is lost in calls that violate a rule of syntax in the fall/winter. In the spring, neither chickadee feebeefeebay song rate nor chick-a-dee calls responses differed by playback type. We suggest that call syntax is less salient for mated pairs in the spring than it is for fall/winter flocks that rely more on conspecific communication for foraging success and flock cohesion. This study represents the first experimental evidence that chickadees attend to both note composition and ordering in chick-a-dee calls.
Orbital frontal cortex in treatment naïve pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder

The orbital frontal cortex (OFC) has been implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Participants comprised 28 treatment-naive pediatric OCD patients and 21 controls, who were examined using magnetic resonance imaging. OCD patients had larger right but not left OFC white matter volume than controls. This is fresh evidence implicating white matter in OCD.
Collapsing glomerulopathy: a cause of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.

Abstract Collapsing glomerulopathy is a pathologic diagnosis characterized by obliteration of glomerular capillary lumina, seen most commonly as a primary glomerular disease in young black men. A secondary form with almost identical pathologic features is described in association with human immunodeficiency virus infection. The disease is characterized by heavy proteinuria with variable renal insufficiency at the onset followed by rapid progression to end-stage renal disease with no documented effective therapy. We describe a patient who presented with systemic manifestations, including fever, acute renal failure with massive proteinuria, and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Renal biopsy showed classic collapsing glomerulopathy. All known causes of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema were ruled out. The pulmonary syndrome resolved, but the renal disease progressed to end-stage renal disease. We propose consideration of collapsing glomerulopathy in the differential diagnosis of any patient presenting with a multisystem disease including acute renal failure and pulmonary edema. © 2002 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.
Colonoscopic screening for neoplasms in asymptomatic first-degree relatives of colon cancer patients. A controlled, prospective study.

Individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer are believed to be at an increased risk of developing colorectal neoplasia. To estimate this risk and the potential yield of screening colonoscopy in this population, we recruited and prospectively colonoscoped 181 asymptomatic first-degree relatives (FDR) of colorectal cancer patients and 83 asymptomatic controls (without a family history of colorectal cancer). The mean ages for the FDR and control groups were 48.2 ± 12.5 and 54.8 ± 11.0, respectively. Adenomatous polyps were detected in 14.4 percent of FDRs and 8.4 percent of controls. Although 92 percent of our FDRs had only one FDR afflicted with colon cancer, those subjects with two or more afflicted FDRs had an even higher risk of developing colonic adenomas (23.8 percent) than those with only one afflicted FDR (13.1 percent). A greater proportion of adenomas was found to be beyond the reach of flexible sigmoidoscopy in the FDR group than in the controls (48 percent vs.25 percent, respectively). Logistic regression analysis revealed that age, male sex, and FDR status were independent risk factors for the presence of colonic adenomatous polyps (RR=2.32, 2.86, and 3.49, respectively;P <0.001). Those at greatest risk for harboring an asymptomatic colonic adenoma are male FDRs over the age of 50 (40 percent ts.20 percent for age-matched male controls). Based on probability curves, males with one FDR afflicted with colon cancer appear to have an increased risk of developing a colonic adenoma beginning at 40 years of age. Our results document, for the first time, an increased prevalence of colonoscopically detectable adenomas in asymptomatic first-degree relatives of colon cancer patients, as compared with asymptomatic controls, and support the use of colonoscopy as a routine screening tool in this high-risk group.
Insecticide Resistance in Heliothis: Tolerance in Larvae of H. virescens as Compared with H. zea to Organophosphate Insecticides

The development of resistance to methyl parathion and other organophosphate (OP) insecticides in the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), represents a serious threat to cotton production in the southwestern United States. As part of a study of OP resistance in Heliothis , the toxicity of several insecticides to larvae of the tobacco budworm and the bollworm, H. zea (Boddie), was determined. Compared with the bollworm, the budworm was highly tolerant to many OP insecticides, but only slightly tolerant to ronnel, bromophos, and certain phosphonothionates. The OP insecticide Salithion® (2-methoxy-4 H -1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin 2-sulfide) was more toxic to larvae of both species than the methyl parathion standard. Possible biochemical mechanisms responsible for the observed pattern of insecticide tolerance in the budworm are discussed.
CHIRAL RECOGNITION AND THE DEPROTONATION REACTION OF GAS-PHASE CYTOCHROME C IONS

Abstract Gas-phase deprotonation reactions of cytochrome c ions by chiral amines (2-butylamine and 1-amino-2-propanol) exhibit strong chiral specificity. The R -isomer of 2-butylamine is at most 10 times more reactive than the S -isomer. With 1-amino-2-propanol, the R -isomer is as much as two times more reactive than the S isomer. The specificity decreases with increasing charge states. For the 12+ state, the (2 R )-2-butylamine is only 50% more reactive than the S isomer, compared to 10 times for the 9+ state. Reactions of the racemic mixture of 1-amino-2-propanol and double resonance experiments suggest a complicated proton transfer mechanism possibly involving a diadducted intermediate—the protein with two alkyl amine adducts. Variable temperature experiments are also performed to illustrate the presence of a barrier in the proton transfer reaction.
Proximate Composition and Sensory Evaluation of a Sausage Snack Ball Made from Catfish and from Pork

Three formulations of a catfish sausage ball product, differing in level of salt and binder, were compared for flavor and texture in a sensory scoring test. No difference in flavor was found among the three variations, but the variation (low added salt, high binder) was found to have a more bready texture. Bready texture was preferable to gummy texture. Catfish based samples were identified from pork samples in triangle test (P ≤ 0.05). Significant differences were found among variations for moisture (P ≤ 0.01), protein (P ≤ 0.01), fat (P ≤ 0.01), nitrogen free extract (P ≤ 0.01), and stearic acid (P ≤ 0.05). No other fatty acid differences were found.
The chemistry and biology of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole: synthesis and characterization of selected derivatives, metabolism in rat liver preparations and mutagenesis mediated by cultured rat hepatocytes

Authentic stable standards of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (DBC), a potent environmental carcinogen, were synthesized in order to study the compound's metabolism and mutagenesis in whole cell systems. Complete characterization of 2-OH-DBC, 3-OH-DBC, 4-OH-DBC, 13c-OH-DBC and N-methyl-DBC was accomplished by UV, IR, fluorescence and high resolution NMR spectra, and by high resolution mass spectrometric procedures. Metabolites of DBC were isolated and separated by HPLC from extracts of rat liver microsomal incubations and the medium of primary cultures of rat liver cells. Identification of metabolites was accomplished by comparisons between the authentic standards and isolated metabolites by UV and fluorescence spectroscopy, mass spectral analyses, and by co-chromatographic techniques. 2-OH-DBC and 3-OH-DBC were found in all rat liver preparations as well as three other unidentified phenols. 4-OH-DBC, 13c-OH-DBC or N-methyl-DBC were not isolated under any conditions. The rates of appearance of DBC metabolites in cultures of rat liver cells were compared to those for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) at 10, 25, 50 and 100 microM substrate. At 25 microM substrate or greater, DBC metabolites appeared in the culture medium at significantly faster rates than those of BaP. At 100 microM substrate, DBC metabolites appeared at a rate approximately 4-times the rate observed for BaP. When the mutagenic potential of DBC was compared to that of BaP under identical conditions in a co-cultivation system of rat liver cells and an epithelial cell line, DBC was found to produce significantly higher rates of mutagenesis than BaP at concentrations of 0.4, 4.0 and 40.0 microM in the culture medium. The mutagenic potential of DBC was compared to that of several derivatives of the parent compound. 3-OH-DBC, 13c-OH-DBC and N-methyl-DBC were found to be mutagenic in the co-cultivation system at 40 microM, with mutation frequencies of 4.4 +/- 0.8, 8.0 +/- 3.1 and 12.9 +/- 5.4 mutants per 10(5) survivors, respectively. The parent compound induced 8.0 +/- 2.8 mutants per 10(5) survivors at the same concentration. 2-OH-DBC and 4-OH-DBC were not mutagenic under the same conditions. The studies have shown that metabolism of 7H-DBC leads predominantly to phenols in rat liver cells. The results of the mutagenesis experiments indicate that, of the derivatives studied, those associated by induction to the nitrogen are mutagenic. The latter studies suggest that the nitrogen is involved in the activation of the parent compound through inductive mechanisms.
The discriminative stimulus properties of acute ethanol withdrawal (hangover) in rats.

Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 15 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) from saline (SAL) under a drug discrimination procedure. Test sessions were conducted with 10 randomly selected subjects. Tests with various doses of PTZ resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the percentage of total session responses emitted on the PTZ-appropriate lever without a significant change in response rates across a wide range of test PTZ doses. Rats did not generalize the PTZ stimulus to ethanol (ETOH) up to ETOH test doses that completely suppressed responding. High acute ETOH doses (2, 3, and 4 g/kg) administered at various time points prior to discrimination test sessions engendered responding on the PTZ-appropriate level in a quantitative fashion, that was dose- and time-dependent. This acute ETOH delayed effect from these high doses replicates our previously published study using a Drug 1-Drug 2 discrimination task with Chlordiarepoxide and PTZ. More importantly, we suggest that the present behavioral assay may be a sensitive animal analogue of human “hangover” phenomena.
Effects of Financial Stress on Rural Communities: Discussion

Melichar and Irwin have provided a useful and factual update of the impacts of farm financial stress on rural financial intermediaries. I hope that they and their respective agencies will continue to provide objective information on, and analysis of, the farm credit situation. Despite differences in their organizational structures and regulatory constraints, both the Farm Credit System (FCS) and commercial banks have had similar experiences in terms of a continuing deterioration in the quality of their loan portfolios. It is important to note that, contrary to some press reports, a vast majority of individual FCS associations and agricultural banks have thus far been able to absorb their losses; however, continued farm financial stress will challenge those intermediaries whose assets are heavily concentrated in farm loans. I have tried to reconcile the conclusion that "on average, farm loans are not responsible for the delinquency problems [of agricultural banks]" when they are obviously almost entirely responsible for the delinquency problems of the FCS. Perhaps the problems of small unit banks can be better understood if we recognize the pervasive effects of farm financial stress on agribusiness firms, the retail and service sectors, and rural communities as described by Ginder, Stone, and Otto. Their retail sales data suggest that rural banks in towns with populations under 2,500 are especially vulnerable. I would like to see additional work on the
Fire-Assay Emission Spectrographic Method for Platinum, Palladium, Rhodium, and Gold

A method has been developed for the determination of microgram levels of Pt, Pd, Rh, and Au. A 10-mg Ag bead containing the precious metals, as extracted by fire assaying, is arced at 8 A dc in graphite electrodes in the presence of 10 mg of either Rh or Pt metal powder. The matrix elements, Ag and Pt, or Rh, serve as internal standards, and intensity ratios Pt/Rh or Rh/Pt, Pd/Rh, and Au/Ag are determined. Precision of the method is about ±5% coefficient of variation for Pt and Rh, ±15% for Pd, and ±19% for Au. Limits of detection are below 1 μg, giving analysis limits (for a 1-assay-ton sample) of about 1–30 ppb for these precious metals.
Association of postpartum depression with weight retention 1 year after childbirth.

Objective: To examine the extent to which early postpartum depression is associated with weight retention 1 year after childbirth. Methods and Procedures: In a prospective cohort study of 850 women enrolled in Project Viva, mothers reported depressive symptoms on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at midpregnancy and 6 months postpartum. A score >12 indicated probable depression. We assessed associations of antenatal and postpartum depression with risk of substantial weight retention (at least 5 kg) 1 year after childbirth. Results: Seven-hundred thirty-six women (87%) were not depressed during or after pregnancy, 55 (6%) experienced antenatal depression only, 22 (3%) experienced both antenatal and postpartum depression, and 37 (4%) experienced postpartum depression only. At 1 year, participants retained a mean of 0.6 kg (range −16.4 to 25.5), and 12% retained at least 5 kg. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, after adjustment for weight-related covariates, maternal sociodemographics, and parity, new-onset postpartum depression was associated with more than a doubling of risk of retaining at least 5 kg (odds ratio (OR): 2.54, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 6.09). Antenatal depression, either alone or in combination with postpartum depression, was not associated with substantial weight retention. Discussion: New-onset postpartum depression was associated with substantial weight retention in the first postpartum year. Interventions to manage depressive symptoms may help reduce excess weight retained postpartum and aid in the prevention of obesity among women.
Indian hedgehog couples chondrogenesis to osteogenesis in endochondral bone development

Vertebrate skeletogenesis requires a well-coordinated transition from chondrogenesis to osteogenesis. Hypertrophic chondrocytes in the growth plate play a pivotal role in this transition. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), synthesized in the periarticular growth plate, regulates the site at which hypertrophy occurs. By comparing PTH/PTHrP receptor(-/-)/wild-type (PPR(-/-)/wild-type) chimeric mice with IHH(-/-);PPR(-/-)/wild-type chimeric and IHH(-/-)/wild-type chimeric mice, we provide in vivo evidence that Indian hedgehog (IHH), synthesized by prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes, regulates the site of hypertrophic differentiation by signaling to the periarticular growth plate and also determines the site of bone collar formation in the adjacent perichondrium. By providing crucial local signals from prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes to both chondrocytes and preosteoblasts, IHH couples chondrogenesis to osteogenesis in endochondral bone development.
Work in progress — Preparing students for lifelong learning in a capstone design environment

The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) criteria for 2009–2010 requires that engineering programs demonstrate that their students attain “a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in lifelong learning”, suggesting that it is crucial to prepare students to become lifelong learners. In the Mechanical Engineering Department of Stevens Institute of Technology, a series of modules (design, industry, project management) which have been prepared by the American Society of Mechanical Engineering (ASME) as part of its Professional Practice Curriculum (PPC), are implemented within the senior design course in an effort to prepare students for self-directed learning. The modules are supplemented with, downloadable materials and other multimedia features. This study addresses the issue by focusing on the implementation process and outcomes assessment of the self-directed learning (SDL) modules in a senior level undergraduate capstone design course.
Morphological and morphometric changes in the ovaries of white‐footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) following exposure to long or short photoperiod

Two experiments were carried out with a total of 36 white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) exposed to either long (LP) or short (SP) photoperiod for six weeks. Ovaries and uteri were weighed. Serial sections of the ovaries were processed for light microscopy. The total number of the interstitial gland cells, preantral and antral follicles with early and advanced stages of atresia as well as corpora lutea, was determined. Uteri from LP mice weighed significantly more than those from SP mice in both experiments. In contrast, the weight of ovaries from LP and SP animals only differed significantly in one experiment; this experiment also produced no obvious changes in the total number of corpora lutea. While interstitial gland cells of LP ovaries were hypertrophic and appeared mature, the interstitial gland cells of SP ovaries were of the degenerating cell type. The total number of follicles as well as their mean follicular diameters were higher in LP animals in comparison with SP animals. In addition, the percentage of antral follicles were increased and there were fewer signs of advanced stages of atresia in the LP group. It is suggested that the changes of the interstitial gland cell morphology combined with alterations of follicular growth during LP or SP appear to support intensified follicular growth.
Assistive technology education: an online model for rehabilitation professionals.

Purpose : A model for delivering Assistive Technology (AT) education is described in the context of an online masters degree in rehabilitation counselling, demonstrating the integration of content and process in an interactive format. Method : Data collected from course activities and assignments were examined to identify ways in which 120 students from 18 US states responded to and interacted with the information and how they applied the course content to their jobs as rehabilitation professionals. A qualitative research design was used to identify themes to add to the understanding of issues associated with learning about AT in an online format. Results : Critical components of the course identified from the data analysis included: increased awareness, skills, confidence, and immediate application to own job responsibilities; interaction with instructors and peers; access to resources and expertise; value-based practices; and participation on interdisciplinary teams. These themes were consistent across ...
Age-related differences in inter- and intrapersonal variables related to motivation in a group sport setting

Age-related differences in perceived competence, perceived control, and anxiety among 10- to 11-year-old boys and 12- to 13-year-old boys who participated in an American Youth Soccer Organization league were examined. Coaching behaviors thought to be related to these intrapersonal variables were also assessed, and the differences between the coaches in the two divisions were evaluated. There were no age-related differences in perceived competence. The children in the younger division endorsed both external perceptions of control and internal attributions for success more strongly than the older children did. The younger children in each division exhibited significantly more anxiety than their older teammates did, although there were no significant across-division effects. All the coaches exhibited more instructive behaviors than encouragement, and more individual-directed behaviors than team-direction behaviors, but the proportions of both instruction and individual-directed behaviors were relatively higher for the coaches in the older division than they were for the coaches in the younger division.
Gefitinib and Erlotinib in Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Toxicity and Efficacy of Randomized Clinical Trials

Background.Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting the epidermalgrowthfactorreceptor(EGFR)havebeenevaluated in patients with metastatic and advanced non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).TheU.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationinitially granted accelerated approval to gefitinib but subsequently rescinded the authorization. Erlotinib and afatinib are similar compounds approved for the treatment of metastatic NSCLC. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy and toxicity of erlotinib, gefitinib, and afatinib in NSCLC. Methods.We tabulated efficacy variables including overall responserate(ORR),progression-freesurvival(PFS),andoverall survival (OS) and quantitated toxicities and rates of dose reductions and discontinuation. Summary odds ratios were calculated using random and fixed-effects models. An odds ratio was the summary measure used for pooling of studies. Results.We examined 28 studies including three randomized trials with afatinib. Clinical toxicities, including pruritus, rash, anorexia,diarrhea,nausea,fatigue,mucositis,paronychia,and anemia,weresimilarbetweenerlotinibandgefitinib,although somestatisticaldifferenceswereobserved.Afatinibtreatment resultedinmorediarrhea,rash,andparonychiacomparedwith erlotinib and gefitinib. Regarding efficacy, similar outcomes wererecordedforORR,PFS,orOSinthetotalpopulationandin specificsubgroupsofpatientsbetweenerlotinibandgefitinib. AllthreeTKIsdemonstratedhigherORRsinfirstlineintumors harboring EGFR mutations. Conclusion. Gefitinibhassimilaractivityandtoxicitycompared witherlotinibandoffersavaluablealternativetopatientswith NSCLC. Afatinib has similar efficacy compared with erlotinib and gefitinib in first-line treatment of tumors harboring EGFR mutations butmaybeassociatedwithmoretoxicity,although further studies are needed. Gefitinib deserves consideration for U.S. marketing as a primary treatment for EGFR-mutant NSCLC.The Oncologist 2015;20:1–11 Implications for Practice: EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors are valuable agents for a subset of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We demonstrated that erlotinib and gefitinib have similar activity in patients with NSCLC and similar toxicity profiles,withasuggestionofbettertolerabilityforgefitinib.Theanalysissuggeststhatgefitinibprovidesavaluablealternativefor the treatment of NSCLC for the same indications as erlotinib and afatinib.
Steady bi-directional drag flow of non-newtonian liquids in shallow channels

This paper reexamines the analytical framework for the steady, fully developed two-dimensional flow in shallow channels, typical of screw extruders, and provides comprehensive solution sets for the Carreau-Yasuda and the Ostwald-deWaele model fluids. An application example for polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is included to compare the relative merits of the two models under specific extrusion conditions. The Ostwald-deWaele model, standard in engineering practice, can produce gross misrepresentations of the flow in extruder channels. Particularly, when dealing with highly shear-sensitive polymers, n < 0.3, or polymers with extended Newtonian plateau, ∧ ∼ 1, the Carreau-Yasuda model becomes preferable. The inclusion of the Carreau model does not necessarily add to the complexity of the analysis.
FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW OF FINANCIAL CRISES DEVELOPMENT AND PROPAGATION

The U.S. sub-prime crise developed in the last few months as a dangerous syncope for the entire international financial system, recall for the rethinking of market functionality, revealing the international institutional weakness in financial system supervision on global scale. The mortgage volatility induced by the international dereglementation and derivates contemporary burst, correlated with a relaxed supervision framework, transformed progressively the credit market into a system "bubble", making possible the distortion of real estates values toward those levels forced by creditors. Throughout a weakness chain, many financial institutions, determined by a savage competition on this sector, left away the prudence and borrowed money from different investors, guarantying the long terms transactions, with short time derivates from speculative short-term market, supplying the bubble. In this context, the paperwork is meant to recall for reinventing the risks models, so that the crises to be anticipated earlier than its development moment.
Clonal Development and Organization of the Adult Drosophila Central Brain

Summary Background The insect brain can be divided into neuropils that are formed by neurites of both local and remote origin. The complexity of the interconnections obscures how these neuropils are established and interconnected through development. The Drosophila central brain develops from a fixed number of neuroblasts (NBs) that deposit neurons in regional clusters. Results By determining individual NB clones and pursuing their projections into specific neuropils, we unravel the regional development of the brain neural network. Exhaustive clonal analysis revealed 95 stereotyped neuronal lineages with characteristic cell-body locations and neurite trajectories. Most clones show complex projection patterns, but despite the complexity, neighboring clones often coinnervate the same local neuropil or neuropils and further target a restricted set of distant neuropils. Conclusions These observations argue for regional clonal development of both neuropils and neuropil connectivity throughout the Drosophila central brain.
Electron collisions with processing plasma constituents

The author is studying the electron-impact dissociation of NF/sub 3/, CF/sub 4/, SF/sub 6/, BCl/sub 3/ and CCl/sub 2/F/sub 2/, which are among the most commonly employed reactive constituents of etchant gas plasmas. The objective is to determine absolute cross sections and appearance potentials for the formation of the various radiating, metastable, and neutral ground-state fragments that are produced by controlled electron-impact dissociation of these molecules. Experimental techniques include electron and optical emission spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy time-of-flight (TOF), and laser-induced fluorescence techniques. Results on molecular emissions in the near ultraviolet region of the optical spectrum are reported. These include the emission of the BCl A to X band system from BCl/sub 3/, the CCl A to X and CCl/sup +/ A to X band systems from CCl/sub 2/F/sub 2/, and continuous UV emissions following dissociative electron impact on SF/sub 6/ and NF/sub 3/. >
Experimental Evaluation of Lightning Protection Zone Used on Ship

Even in lightning protection of a complicated object, a Franklin rod is the most common and effective device used to protect the ship. Based on review of the previous study on EGM and recent theoretical exploration of lightning striking distance, an elliptical model of lightning protection zone is established by the Mississippi State University HV Lab. The protection zone is determined by the return stroke current, the Franklin rod height, and the polarity of the lightning stroke. According to the configuration of the elliptical model, laboratory experiments with a ship model are conducted.
Finite-element modeling and control of flexible fabric parts

Software based on nonlinear shell theory can simulate 3D motions related to real fabric-manufacturing processes. This simulation capability advances the technologies necessary for automating the textile and apparel industries.
Pseudomonas Resistance Due to Inactivated Susceptibility Disks

The deterioration of carbenicillin is similar to that of other penicillins. Susceptibility test results, by using disks which have been exposed to humidity, may indicate false resistance. Proper storage and handling methods are suggested.
Variable Sub-carrier in OFDM to Reduce the ICI Due to Carrier Frequency Offset and IQ Imbalance

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has become one of the promising technologies for the next-generation communication systems to support high-data-rate transmission. However, conventional OFDM systems are sensitive to both the carrier frequency offset (CFO) and the in-phase and quadrature (IQ) imbalance, which cause the inter-carrier interference (ICI) and greatly degrade the performance. In this paper, we propose a novel OFDM system using a permutated on-off-keying quadrature-phase-shift-keying (OOK-QPSK) modulation to reduce the ICI. The performance analysis and the simulation results show the proposed OFDM system performs better than conventional OFDM systems using QPSK modulation under the impact of both the CFO and the IQ imbalance.
A Correlation for 1,9-Decadiene/Water Partition Coefficients

An important series of papers by Xiang, Anderson, and coworkers has established the strong correlation between phospholipid bilayer membrane permeability and the 1,9-decadiene/water partition coefficient over a wide range of compounds, elevating the importance of K(decadiene/w) as a predictor of molecular bioavailability. On the basis of a 58-point dataset developed by these authors, this research note develops an optimal correlation predicting log(10) K(decadiene/w) in terms of the octanol/water partition coefficient and four of the Abraham solvation parameters, namely A (hydrogen bond acidity), S (polarity/polarizability), E (excess molar refraction), and V (McGowan characteristic volume). The fitted dataset is described to within a root-mean-square error of 0.42, and the probable error in making a prediction for a compound not present therein is 0.49. It is shown that this correlation error for K(decadiene/w) is the dominant source of uncertainty in applying a comprehensive new model of phospholipid bilayer membrane permeability developed in a companion paper (Nitsche and Kasting, submitted for publication), which superposes the effects of molecular size and lipid density upon the decadiene lipophilicity scale. Thus, more experimental studies to augment the limited existing database on K(decadiene/w) are called for.
Nonlinear dynamics of radio frequency plasma processing reactors powered by multifrequency sources

The source frequency has a strong influence on plasma characteristics in RF discharges. Multiple sources at widely different frequencies are often simultaneously used to separately optimize the magnitude and energy of ion fluxes to the substrate. In doing so, the sources are relatively independent of each other. These sources can, however, nonlinearly interact if the frequencies are sufficiently close. The resulting plasma and electrical characteristics can then be significantly different from those due to the sum of the individual sources. In this paper, a plasma equipment model is used to investigate the interaction of multiple frequency sources in capacitively and inductively coupled RF excited plasmas. In capacitively coupled systems, we confirmed that the plasma density increases with increasing frequency but also found that the magnitude of the DC bias and DC sheath voltage decreases. To produce a capacitively coupled discharge having a high plasma density with a large DC bias, we combined low and high frequency sources. The plasma density did increase using the dual frequency system as compared to the single low frequency source. The sources, however, nonlinearly interacted at the grounded wall sheath, thereby shifting both the plasma potential and DC bias. In inductively coupled plasmas (ICP), the frequency of the capacitive substrate bias does not have a significant effect on electron temperature and density. The DC bias and DC sheath voltage at the substrate were, however, found to strongly depend on source frequency. By using additional RF sources at alternate locations in ICP reactors, it was found that the DC bias at the substrate was varied without significantly changing other plasma parameters, such as the substrate sheath potential.
Region-based compilation: an introduction and motivation

As the amount of instruction-level parallelism required to fully utilize VLIW and superscalar processors increases, compilers must perform increasingly more aggressive analysis, optimization, parallelization and scheduling on the input programs. Traditionally, compilers have been built assuming functions as the unit of compilation. In this framework, function boundaries tend to hide valuable optimization opportunities from the compiler. Function inlining may be applied to assemble strongly coupled functions into the same compilation unit at the cost of very large function bodies. This paper introduces a new technique, called region-based compilation, where the compiler is allowed to repartition the program into more desirable compilation units. Region-based compilation allows the compiler to control problem size while exposing inter-procedural optimization and code motion opportunities.
Cell Surface Expression of α1D-Adrenergic Receptors Is Controlled by Heterodimerization with α1B-Adrenergic Receptors

1-Adrenergic receptors (ARs) belong to the large Class I G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and comprise three subtypes (1A, 1B, and 1D). Previous work with heterologously expressed C-terminal green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged 1-ARs showed that 1A- and 1B-ARs localize to the plasma membrane, whereas 1D-ARs accumulate intracellularly. We recently showed that 1D- and 1B-ARs form heterodimers, whereas 1D- and 1A-ARs do not. Here, we examined the role of heterodimerization in regulating 1D-AR localization using both confocal imaging of GFP- or CFPtagged 1-ARs and a luminometer-based surface expression assay in HEK293 cells. Co-expression with 1B-ARs caused 1D-ARs to quantitatively translocate to the cell surface, but co-expression with 1A-ARs did not. Truncation of the 1B-AR extracellular N terminus or intracellular C terminus had no effect on surface expression of 1D-ARs, suggesting primary involvement of the hydrophobic core. Co-transfection with an uncoupled mutant 1B-AR (121B) increased both 1D-AR surface expression and coupling to norepinephrine-stimulated Ca 2 mobilization. Finally, GFP-tagged 1D-ARs were not detected on the cell surface when expressed in rat aortic smooth muscle cells that express no endogenous ARs, but were almost exclusively localized on the surface when expressed in DDT1MF-2 cells, which express endogenous 1B-ARs. These studies demonstrate that 1B/1D-AR heterodimerization controls surface expression and functional coupling of 1D-ARs, the N- and Cterminal domains are not involved in this interaction, and that 1B-AR G protein coupling is not required. These observations may be relevant to many other Class I G protein-coupled receptors, where the functional consequences of heterodimerization are still poorly understood.
Assessing the status of locus of control as an indicator of core self-evaluations

Although core self-evaluation (CSE) is a significant personality predictor of work outcomes, additional research that assesses the structural validity of CSE is needed. It has been suggested that the inclusion of locus of control may have biased past CSE findings because this trait is better suited as a core evaluation of the environment. We investigated this issue in the current study. In Studies 1 and 2 we assessed the factor structure of the CSE factor after controlling for common method variance, which is a salient threat to the validity of higher-order constructs. We found that locus of control no longer loaded on CSE when we controlled for social desirability (Study 1) and when the traits were measured at different times (Study 2). To directly test whether locus of control is better suited as a core evaluation of the environment, in Study 3 we primed 110 employees to think about the predictability of their work environment. Results of this experiment revealed that ratings of locus of control changed as a function of the environment-based manipulation, whereas ratings of the other traits did not. Our research suggests that locus of control may not be an appropriate indicator of CSE.
In vivo disruption of Xenopus U3 snRNA affects ribosomal RNA processing.

Abstract DNA oligonucleotide complementary to sequences in the 5' third of U3 snRNA were injected into Xenopus oocyte nuclei to disrupt endogenous U3 snRNA. The effect of this treatment on rRNA processing was examined. We found that some toads have a single rRNA processing pathway, whereas in other toads, two rRNA processing pathways can coexist in a single oocyte. U3 snRNA disruption in toads with the single rRNA processing pathway caused a reduction in 20S and '32S' pre-rRNA. In addition, in toads with two rRNA processing pathways, an increase in '36S' pre-rRNA of the second pathway is observed. This is the first in vivo demonstration that U3 snRNA plays a role in rRNA processing. Cleavage site #3 is at the boundary of ITS 1 and 5.8S and links all of the affected rRNA intermediates: 20S and '32S' are the products of site #3 cleavage in the first pathway and '36S' is the substrate for cleavage at site #3 in the second pathway. We postulate that U3 snRNP folds pre-rRNA into a conformation dictating correct cleavage at processing site #3.
Energetics and population genetics at the root of eukaryotic cellular and genomic complexity

In PNAS, Lynch and Marinov provide detailed estimates of the energy cost associated with the addition of new coding or noncoding sequences to prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes (1). The amount of ATP that is expended at each step of information transfer is derived from the known biochemistry of these processes and an extensive collection of data on gene expression, as well as nucleic acid and protein decay for diverse organisms. The energy cost is then transformed into fitness cost via a simple, intuitive notion that fitness cost is proportional to the fraction of the total energy expenditure of a cell that is attributable to the maintenance of a given sequence.
Linkage Analysis of Genetic Disorders

Basic principles and methods of genetic analysis were covered in this chapter. The approaches of linkage analysis for Mendelian or complex disorders can be summarized in the following flowchart (Fig. 2). It is important that the clinical, analytical, and molecular investigators be involved in all steps in the process. Mapping genes for complex disorders is often more difficult than mapping genes for Mendelian disorders, but both may prove to be very important in understanding disease processes and designing new treatments. Practical use of computer programs available for genetic analysis is detailed elsewhere (24).
Local and Overall Buckling of Cold-Formed Members

The combined effects of local buckling, overall column buckling, and nonuniform material properties in compression members are studied. The results are given for 34 tests on two types of columns, one with local buckling occurring in elements supported along both longitudinal edges, and one with local buckling occurring in elements along only one longitudinal edge. Based on these tests, an analytical approach is presented for predicting the ultimate strength of columns subject to the factors just mentioned. Column buckling is accounted for by means of the tangent modulus concept and post-buckling behavior of plate elements by utilizing the effective width expression developed by the third writer. A simpler approximation of the analytical approach is also given for routine design.