cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Philanthropic Styles in the United States: Toward a Theory of Regional Differences

Our understanding of American philanthropy lacks a well-developed regional dimension despite the prevalence of regionalism in so much of American history and life. The value in exploring regional patterns in giving and volunteering among Americans lies in its practical application for the management and development of nonprofit organizations. A review of the rich literature on American regionalism yields at least one model-Daniel Elazar's delineation of political cultures-that investigators might employ to uncover regional variations in the ways in which Americans approach and practice philanthropy. Distinctive philanthropic cultures are hypothesized based on Elazar's paradigm and are offered as a regional overlay on current mappings of place-to-place differences.
Euripus: a flexible unified hardware memory checkpointing accelerator for bidirectional-debugging and reliability

Bidirectional debugging and error recovery have different goals (programmer productivity and system reliability, respectively), yet they both require the ability to roll-back the program or the system to a past state. This rollback functionality is typically implemented using checkpoints that can restore the system/application to a specific point in time. There are several types of checkpoints, and bidirectional debugging and error-recovery use them in different ways. This paper presents Euripus1, a flexible hardware accelerator for memory checkpointing which can create different combinations of checkpoints needed for bidirectional debugging, error recovery, or both. In particular, Euripus is the first hardware technique to provide consolidation-friendly undo-logs (for bidirectional debugging), to allow simultaneous construction of both undo and redo logs, and to support multi-level checkpointing for the needs of error-recovery. Euripus incurs low performance overheads (30%, and supports rapid multi-level error recovery that allows >95% system efficiency even with very high error rates.
Repeatability of egg size in two marine gastropods: brood order and female size do not contribute to intraspecific variation

Egg size has been shown to vary among females in many species of marine inverte- brates and fishes. Usually, however, only a single reproductive event is measured for each female, leaving open the possibility that egg size could vary significantly among broods from the same female. Here I measured egg size from 3 to 7 broods per female from 2 calyptraeid species, Crepidula atrasolea and C. ustulatulina, in 2 experiments. In a preliminary experiment, females were raised from hatching under constant temperature in incubators; in a second larger experiment, they were raised under varying temperatures on the laboratory bench top. Under both conditions, there were significant differences in egg size among broods from each female, as well as significant differences among females from the bench top. Estimates of repeatability, which give an upper boundary on the heritability of a trait, were significantly reduced when among brood variation was included in the cal- culations, suggesting that caution should be used in interpreting among-female components of vari- ation in studies that measure only a single brood per female. Egg size was not related to female size, and there was an effect of brood order on egg size in only C. ustulatulina from the bench top. Eggs produced in the incubators were larger than those from the bench top and they were more variable within broods, resulting in a lower repeatability of egg size from incubator animals than from bench top animals. The significant variation in egg size at all levels of the analysis suggests that such varia- tion should be included in models of egg size evolution, and that the evolutionary dynamics of egg size may be more complicated than reflected in current models of life-history evolution.
Exposure to a fungal volatile compound: significance of effects.

In contrast to what Walinder et al. (2005) concluded in their article “Acute Effects of a Fungal Volatile Compound,” I interpret the article to report essentially no effects beyond chance. In all, the authors carried out some 76 comparisons (each one representing a time point and an exposure vs. control measurement) if you take blink frequency as a single comparison. The authors reported finding 5 “significant differences” out of 76 comparisons. Of the reported significant differences, one (blink frequency) is misleading, as discussed below. Of the remaining 75 comparisons, 4 differences at a p-value of < 0.05 might be expected by random chance. This is without applying Bonferroni’s adjustment for multiple comparisons; using this adjustment, a p-value of approximately < 0.0007 would be required for a single comparison to be statistically significant. None of the differences reported reached this level. Walinder et al. (2005) reported that the subjects showed increased “blink frequency” during 3-methylfuran (3-MF) exposure (Table 1), but the frequency was higher in the exposure phase at time 0, about 9 for 3-MF exposure versus 6.5 for the control air phase. From the data in Table 1, it appears that both groups had fewer overall blinks per minute compared with baseline during the trial (Figure 2). Reporting that blinking was higher during exposure and not noting that it was higher at baseline is disingenuous. Walinder et al. (2005) may have mis-labeled tear break-up, but as it reads in the legend for Table 1, a negative value indicates a decrease; therefore, the 6 sec given for measured break-up time after 3-MF exposure (Table 1) indicates that it was increased (i.e., longer to tear break-up), which is better. Is this correct? Also, was the observer who measured the tear break-up blinded to the exposure? Finally, of the four lung measurements taken, the only comparison with a p-value of < 0.05 was the small 100-mL change for forced vital capacity (FVC) right after exposure (Table 4). How do the authors interpret this change in FVC in view of the fact that there was no significant change in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1)?
The impact of climate change on global tropical cyclone damage

One potential impact from greenhouse-gas emissions is increasing damage from extreme events. Here, we quantify how climate change may affect tropical cyclone damage. We find that future increases in income are likely to double tropical cyclone damage even without climate change. Climate change is predicted to increase the frequency of high-intensity storms in selected ocean basins depending on the climate model. Climate change doubles economic damage, but the result depends on the parameters of the damage function. Almost all of the tropical cyclone damage from climate change tends to be concentrated in North America, East Asia and the Caribbean‐Central American region. This paper provides a framework to combine atmospheric science and economics, but some effects are not yet modelled, including sea-level rise and adaptation.
Scan and BIST can almost achieve test quality levels

Structural testing with both scan test and built-in self-test (BIST) has proven to be effective for detecting both gross static and at-speed defects. As tools and techniques improve, structural testing is approaching the high level of test quality necessary to eliminate test escapes. However, scan and BIST do not accomplish all that is needed. Parametric and functional tests are still needed for advanced microprocessor and systems on chip (SoC) designs.
In Vivo Assessment of Brain Interstitial Fluid with Microdialysis Reveals Plaque-Associated Changes in Amyloid-β Metabolism and Half-Life

Soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide converts to structures with high β-sheet content in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Soluble Aβ is released by neurons into the brain interstitial fluid (ISF), in which it can convert into toxic aggregates. Because assessment of ISF Aβ levels may provide unique insights into Aβ metabolism and AD, an in vivo microdialysis technique was developed to measure it. Our Aβ microdialysis technique was validated ex vivo with human CSF and then in vivo in awake, freely moving mice. Using human amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice, we found that, before the onset of AD-like pathology, ISF Aβ in hippocampus and cortex correlated with levels of APP in those tissues. After the onset of Aβ deposition, significant changes in the ISF Aβ40/Aβ42 ratio developed without changes in Aβ1-x. These changes differed from changes seen in tissue lysates from the same animals. By rapidly inhibiting Aβ production, we found that ISF Aβ half-life was short (∼2 hr) in young mice but was twofold longer in mice with Aβ deposits. This increase in half-life, without an increase in steady-state levels, suggests that inhibition of Aβ synthesis reveals a portion of the insoluble Aβ pool that is in dynamic equilibrium with ISF Aβ. This now measurable in vivo pool is a likely target for new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Effect of matrix crystal structure on ion abundance of carbohydrates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Sample preparation techniques for carbohydrate analysis using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) are explored, with particular emphasis on analyte/matrix co-crystallization procedures. While carbohydrates are known to prefer 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHB) as the matrix of choice, these analytes are quite specific about matrix crystal structure, which in turn is dependent on the rate of drying of analyte/matrix spots on the MALDI target. With N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid or NeuAc) as test monosaccharides, significant increases in ion abundances are demonstrated with 2,5-DHB/NeuAc spots (>10-fold improvement) and 2,5-DHB/GlcNAc spots (∼5-fold improvement) with active drying. The fine structure of crystals generated in active and passive drying was investigated using powder diffraction. Passively dried samples were shown to consist of an ordered polymorph, crystallizing in the space group P21/a, while the actively dried samples produced a disordered phase crystallizing in the space group Pa. These data provide the wherewithal to engineer a matrix best suited for carbohydrate analyses. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SemEval-2015 Task 1: Paraphrase and Semantic Similarity in Twitter (PIT)

In this shared task, we present evaluations on two related tasks Paraphrase Identification (PI) and Semantic Textual Similarity (SS) systems for the Twitter data. Given a pair of sentences, participants are asked to produce a binary yes/no judgement or a graded score to measure their semantic equivalence. The task features a newly constructed Twitter Paraphrase Corpus that contains 18,762 sentence pairs. A total of 19 teams participated, submitting 36 runs to the PI task and 26 runs to the SS task. The evaluation shows encouraging results and open challenges for future research. The best systems scored a F1-measure of 0.674 for the PI task and a Pearson correlation of 0.619 for the SS task respectively, comparing to a strong baseline using logistic regression model of 0.589 F1 and 0.511 Pearson; while the best SS systems can often reach >0.80 Pearson on well-formed text. This shared task also provides insights into the relation between the PI and SS tasks and suggests the importance to bringing these two research areas together. We make all the data, baseline systems and evaluation scripts publicly available. 1
Weighted Energy Detection for Noncoherent Ultra-Wideband Receiver Design

For ultra-wideband (UWB) impulse radios, noncoherent energy detectors are motivated for their simple circuitry and effective capture of multipath energy. A major performance-degrading factor in energy detection is the noise floor, which is aggravated for low-duty-cycle UWB signals with a large time-bandwidth product. In this paper, weighted energy detection (WED) techniques are developed for effective noise suppression. The received signal is processed by a set of parallel integrators, each corresponding to a different integration time-window within a symbol period. The outputs of these integrators are weighted and linearly combined to generate decision statistics, while the weights are determined by the signal power collected from the corresponding integrators to improve the effective signal to noise ratio. The WED principle is applied to all phases of receiver processing, including signal detection, timing synchronization and data demodulation. For each phase, the optimal linear detector parameters, including decision thresholds and weighting coefficients, are derived analytically. Simulations show that the proposed noncoherent WED receiver enhances the bit-error-rate performance compared to conventional energy detectors.
Raman spectra of gaseous and solid N2F4

The Raman spectrum of gaseous N2F4 at a pressure of 760 Torr was recorded with a spectral slit width of 3 kaysers. Ten of the expected eleven fundamentals of the symmetric motions of both the gauche and trans isomers give rise to strongly polarized Raman lines. These new data require a reassignment of some of the fundamentals for both the C2 and C2h conformers. The Raman of the solid at 18 K was also recorded. Both conformers were found in the solid even after annealing the sample for 9 hr at a temperature of 101.6 K and 3 hr at a temperature of 106.8 K. Bands attributable to the gauche isomer became more intense relative to those for the trans isomer after several hours of annealing.
Streaming ultra high resolution images to large tiled display at nearly interactive frame rate with vl3

Visualization of large-scale simulations running on supercomputers requires ultra-high resolution images to capture important features in the data. In this work, we present a system for streaming ultra-high resolution images from a visualization cluster to a remote tiled display at nearly interactive frame rates. vl3, a modular framework for large scale data visualization and analysis, provides the backbone of our implementation. With this system we are able to stream over the network volume renderings of a 20483 voxel dataset at a resolution of 6144×3072 pixels with a frame rate of approximately 3.3 frames per second.
Relationship between Packed Red Blood Cell Transfusion and Severe Form of Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Case Control Study.

Objective To determine if packed red blood cell transfusion is associated with onset of necrotizing enterocolitis, and whether withholding feed has any association with it.
Real-time adaptive drift correction for super-resolution localization microscopy

Super-resolution localization microscopy involves acquiring thousands of image frames of sparse collections of single molecules in the sample. The long acquisition time makes the imaging setup prone to drift, affecting accuracy and precision. Localization accuracy is generally improved by a posteriori drift correction. However, localization precision lost due to sample drifting out of focus cannot be recovered as the signal is originally detected at a lower peak signal. Here, we demonstrate a method of stabilizing a super-resolution localization microscope in three dimensions for extended periods of time with nanometer precision. Hence, no localization correction after the experiment is required to obtain super-resolved reconstructions. The method incorporates a closed-loop with a feedback signal generated from camera images and actuation on a 3D nanopositioning stage holding the sample.
Frankenstein , Monsters, and Science Education: The Need for Broad-Based Educational Policy

In the current administration, as in earlier administrations, the main purpose of education is that of helping individuals secure employment so America will remain competitive in the global economy. In this chapter, I highlight the problematic aspects of the education policy devised to meet this goal of education. I will also discuss how revitalizing longstanding modes of human understanding by incorporating the wisdom of the humanities provides valuable insights in thinking about education, particularly with respect to science education. As a case in point, I will take Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein and use it to: (1) highlight the problems and dangers of implementing narrow education reforms (such as Race to the Top), and (2) explore why a more comprehensive direction in science education is needed. Ultimately, my hope is that readers will come away from this chapter with a renewed appreciation for the many purposes of education, and perhaps a richer, more comprehensive understanding about the possibilities of educational policy in science education.
Material Flow Modification in a FSW Through Introduction of Flats

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state process in which a non-consumable weld tool is used to stir metal together to obtain a fully consolidated weld seam. There is controversy regarding the contributions of various attributes of the pin design, especially with regards to flats and flutes. In this study, similar FSWs made with threaded cylindrical pin-tools having 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 flats were compared. Slight increases in torque were noted with increasing flats. Significant changes in the FSW structure with varying numbers of flats were observed, but without significant changes in tensile strength. Changes in the textural banding shape, the addition of sub-bands, and a new set of bands from coalescence of band kinks constitute the structural changes observed. Explanations of these structural changes in terms of tool interactions with the FSW metal are offered.
Broadly Available Imaging Devices Enable High-Quality Low-Cost Photometry

This paper demonstrates that, for applications in resource-limited environments, expensive microplate spectrophotometers that are used in many central laboratories for parallel measurement of absorbance of samples can be replaced by photometers based on inexpensive and ubiquitous, consumer electronic devices (e.g., scanners and cell-phone cameras). Two devices, (i) a flatbed scanner operating in transmittance mode and (ii) a camera-based photometer (constructed from a cell phone camera, a planar light source, and a cardboard box), demonstrate the concept. These devices illuminate samples in microtiter plates from one side and use the RGB-based imaging sensors of the scanner/camera to measure the light transmitted to the other side. The broadband absorbance of samples (RGB-resolved absorbance) can be calculated using the RGB color values of only three pixels per microwell. Rigorous theoretical analysis establishes a well-defined relationship between the absorbance spectrum of a sample and its corresponding RGB-resolved absorbance. The linearity and precision of measurements performed with these low-cost photometers on different dyes, which absorb across the range of the visible spectrum, and chromogenic products of assays (e.g., enzymatic, ELISA) demonstrate that these low-cost photometers can be used reliably in a broad range of chemical and biochemical analyses. The ability to perform accurate measurements of absorbance on liquid samples, in parallel and at low cost, would enable testing, typically reserved for well-equipped clinics and laboratories, to be performed in circumstances where resources and expertise are limited.
Against the Tide: Critics of Digitalization; Warners, Sceptics, Scaremongers, Apocalypticists. 20 Portraits by Otto Peters

Otto Peters is an internationally acclaimed researcher, writer, and professional leader in the fields of adult, open, and distance education, with significant global influence on workforce and huma...
DEFORMATION IMAGING IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: A COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVE

The role of myocardial deformation measured by left ventricular strain and strain rate in myocardial infarction (MI) remains incompletely defined and data on correlations between strain and other echocardiographic indicators are lacking. A case-cohort study was conducted among Olmsted County (
Identifying Home Care Clinicians’ Information Needs for Managing Fall Risks

Objectives: To help manage the risk of falls in home care, this study aimed to (i) identify home care clinicians’ information needs and how they manage missing or inaccurate data, (ii) identify problems that impact effectiveness and efficiency associated with retaining, exchanging, or processing information about fall risks in existing workflows and currently adopted health information technology (IT) solutions, and (iii) offer informatics-based recommendations to improve fall risk management interventions. Methods: A case study was carried out in a single not-for-profit suburban Medicare-certified home health agency with three branches. Qualitative data were collected over a six month period through observations, semi-structured interviews, and focus groups. The Framework method was used for analysis. Maximum variation sampling was adopted to recruit a diverse sample of clinicians. Results: Overall, the information needs for fall risk management were categorized into physiological, care delivery, educational, social, environmental, and administrative domains. Examples include a brief fall-related patient history, weight-bearing status, medications that affect balance, availability of caregivers at home, and the influence of patients’ cultures on fall management interventions. The unavailability and inaccuracy of critical information related to fall risks can delay necessary therapeutic services aimed at reducing patients’ risk for falling and thereby jeopardizing their safety. Currently adopted IT solutions did not adequately accommodate data related to fall risk management. Conclusion: The results highlight the essential information for fall risk management in home care. Home care workflows and health IT solutions must effectively and efficiently retain, exchange, and process information necessary for fall risk management. Interoperability and integration of the various health IT solutions to make data sharing accessible to all clinicians is critical for fall risk management. Findings from this study can help home health agencies better understand their information needs to manage fall risks.
Practicum Learnings for Counseling and Art Therapy Students: the Shared and the Particular

Practicum experience in counseling and therapy training can be an anxiety-inducing time as students begin to apply their acquired theoretical knowledge. On-site supervisors closely monitor students’ development by making use of example-based involvements to provide valuable insights and learning opportunities. This paper examines the findings from a pragmatic inquiry, where seven on-site supervisors were interviewed about their experiences supervising counseling and art therapy practicum students. By using qualitative analysis, the authors were able to elicit themes that demonstrated important qualities for all counseling and therapy students during this learning stage, as well as for art therapy students in particular.
Knowledge-driven decision support for assessing dose distributions in radiation therapy of head and neck cancer

Clinical data that are generated through routine radiation therapy procedures can be leveraged as a source of knowledge to provide evidence-based decision support for future patients. Treatment planning in radiation therapy often relies on trial-and-error iterations, experience, judgment calls and general guidelines. The authors present a knowledge-driven decision support system that assists clinicians by reducing some of the uncertainties associated with treatment planning and provides quantified empirical estimates to help minimize the radiation dose to healthy critical structures surrounding the tumor. A database of retrospective DICOM RT data fuels a decision support engine, which assists clinicians in selecting dose constraints and assessing dose distributions. The first step is to quantify the spatial relationships between the tumor and surrounding critical structures through features that account for distance, volume, overlap, location, shape and orientation. These features are used to identify database cases that are anatomically similar to the new patient. The dose profiles of these database cases can help clinicians to estimate an acceptable dose distribution for the new case, based on empirical evidence. Since database diversity is essential for good system performance, an infrastructure for multi-institutional collaboration was also conceptualized in order to pave the way for data sharing of protected health information. A set of 127 retrospective test cases was collected from a single institution in order to conduct a leave-one-out evaluation of the decision support module. In 72 % of these retrospective test cases, patients with similar tumor anatomy were also found to exhibit similar radiation dose distributions. This demonstrates the system’s ability to successfully extract retrospective database cases that can estimate the new patient’s dose distribution. The radiation therapy treatment planning decision support system presented here can assist clinicians in determining good dose constraints and assessing dose distributions by using knowledge gained from retrospective treatment plans.
Instigating Imagination: Teaching Interface and Typography as Metaphor

In today's template-driven environment of website design it is a challenge to teach students the concept of metaphor production for visual interfaces and inspire them to explore the inherent creative potential of screen-based media. This poster showcases student work from an introductory web design course project created to encourage students to think of a web space, interface, and typography in terms of metaphor. To this end, students produced small websites using text from Italo Calvino's Invisible Cities in efforts to form visual metaphors of the text's content based on their own novel subjective interpretations. The value of this assignment is in its alternative approach to teaching introductory web and interface design.
Calcium, phosphorus, iron, iodine, and zinc in the “Total Diet”

Advances in food technology have changed the nutrient composition of foods, raising questions as to whether mineral intakes in the U.S. are now adequate or excessive. When the FDA assayed "market basket" samples collected at the retail level in twenty urban areas of the U.S. during 1974 and 1975, the following minerals and the daily intake as percentages of the U.S. RDAs were found: (a) For adults (based on a 2,800 kcal intake)--calcium, 114; phosphorus, 171; iron, 98; iodine, 428; and zinc, 89; (b) for six-month-old infants--calcium, 163; phosphorus, 173; iron, 47; iodine, 878; and zinc, 112; and (c) for two-year-olds--calcium, 114; phosphorus, 130; iron, 112; iodine, 526; and zinc, 106.
Isolation and characterization of growth factor(s) from a human B-cell lymphoma

We demonstrate that human neoplastic B cells (Br cells) contain a cytoplasmic protein of molecular mass 60 Kd that exhibits B-cell growth factor (BCGF) activity on growth factor-dependent long-term human B cells as well as on autochthonous tumor cells. This 60-Kd protein is recognized by antibodies against a similar intracellular 60-Kd protein derived from normal human lymphocytes. These results demonstrate that the two proteins share epitope homology. Microculture bioassays indicate that neoplastic and normal 60-Kd proteins are capable of driving neoplastic B cells through S-phase. Western immunoblot analysis indicates that neoplastic B cells secrete 60- as well as 14-Kd protein. Immunoaffinity-purified proteins secreted by Br cells exhibit BCGF activity in anti-IgM or dextran sulfate-preactivated human B cells. In addition, a double-antibody immunofluorescence staining technique was used to demonstrate that Br cells express cell surface receptors for BCGF molecule(s). These studies provide support for the autocrine growth model for neoplastic human B cells and suggest that the autocrine growth factor derived from such tumor cells is similar if not identical to normal BCGF molecules.
Control of mitochondrial metabolism by the ATPADP ratio

Abstract Liver mitochondria were incubated in the presence of excess substrate, 4 mM ATP and varying concentrations of inorganic phosphate (Pi). ATPase was added to obtain steady-state rates of respiration and ATP ADPX ratios. The rates of ATPase stimulated respiration were highly correlated with control by the latter, so long as [Pi] was not limiting for phosphorylation, whereas there was strong negative correlation that the quantity [ATP] [ADP] [Pi], limited respiration either as a linear or logarithmic function. The data are consistent with the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase being the rate determining reaction for respiration so long as the free ATP ADP and [Pi] are in the range which probably exist in the intact cell.
Decision Theoretic Model of the Productivity Gap

Using a decision theoretic model of scientists’ time allocation between potential research projects I explain the fact that on average women scientists publish less research papers than men scientists. If scientists are incentivised to publish as many papers as possible, then it is necessary and sufficient for a productivity gap to arise that women scientists anticipate harsher treatment of their manuscripts than men scientists anticipate for their manuscripts. I present evidence that women do expect harsher treatment and that scientists’ are incentivised to publish as many papers as possible, and discuss some epistemological consequences of this conjecture.
A historical perspective on the discipline of developmental psychopathology

One way of measuring the success of a new scientific discipline is to examine its impact on the current literature. The recent increase in the number of books, articles, and journals dealing with developmental psychopathology reflects a growing recognition of the significance of this discipline within the behavioral sciences. For example, several journals, including the American Journal of Psychiatry, The Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , and The Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , have published special sections on the topic. Moreover, three journals have devoted one or more special issues to the field of developmental psychopathology – Child Development (Cicchetti, 1984b), The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (Stevenson, 1985), and New Directions for Child Development (Cicchetti & Beeghly, 1987; Cicchetti & Schneider-Rosen, 1984a; Nannis & Cowan, 1988; Rizley & Cicchetti, 1981; Selman & Yando, 1980; Tronick & Field, 1986). Furthermore, the most recent edition of the Handbook of Child Psychology (Mussen, 1983) contained the first chapter on the topic of developmental psychopathology (Rutter & Garmezy, 1983) since the publication of its first edition over 40 years ago. In addition, textbooks, handbooks, and scholarly references are appearing increasingly in the literature (Achenbach, 1974/1982; Cicchetti & Beeghly, 1990; Cicchetti & Carlson, 1989; Gollin, 1984; Lewis & Miller, in press; Rutter, Izard, & Read, 1986; Santostefano, 1978; Trad, 1986, 1987; Wenar, 1982; Zigler & Glick, 1986). Moreover, there is now a journal devoted exclusively to the discipline of developmental psychopathology, entitled Development and Psychopathology .
Parallel - pipelined radix-2 2 FFT architecture for real valued signals

This paper presents a novel parallel-pipelined architecture for the computation of real valued fast Fourier transform (RFFT). The proposed architecture takes advantage of the redundancy of some computations with respect to complex FFT along with low multiplicative complexity of the radix-22 architecture. Folding transformation is used to derive a novel parallel-pipelined architecture by exploiting the redundancy in the modified flow graph. The proposed parallel architecture requires log 4 N − 1 complex multipliers and N − 1 complex delay elements.
Integrating information literacy into an undergraduate geography research methods course

ABSTRACTConducting research is a challenging but essential component of an undergraduate geography education. Students typically need instruction in fundamental skills such as using library resources. In this study we describe how we, a geography professor and a librarian, integrated information literacy into a newly revised course in which geography students design and write a research prospectus. We assessed student knowledge and self-reported confidence in library research skills at the beginning and completion of the course. This study describes increased information literacy among students who entered the course with a range of abilities and offers areas for further research.
Review: Hyperglycemia after myocardial infarction increases the risk for death in patients with and without diabetes mellitus

Source Citation Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, Gerstein HC. Stress hyperglycaemia and increased risk of death after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: a systematic overview...
A generalized model for apparent viscosity of oil-based muds

Abstract Oil-based drilling fluid, typically called oil-based mud (OBM), is an invert emulsion that finds application in drilling operations owing to its outstanding performance, especially in high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) wells. Besides, OBM promotes a better lubricity, ensures wellbore stability, increases the rate of penetration, and facilitates the achievement of low fluid loss and a thin filter-cake. Due to environmental concerns, the use of low-toxicity mineral oils as the base fluid or continuous phase for OBM is preferable. The flow behavior of OBM mainly depends on rheological properties of its continuous phase, and the volume fraction of the dispersed phase. Besides this, other imposed conditions like shear rate and temperature play a significant role. The availability of rheological models that show this connection is necessary for predicting rheology of OBM based on its formulation and borehole condition. This work presents an experimental investigation of the apparent viscosity of OBM within a temperature range of 24–87 °C. The continuous phase was prepared with mineral oil, surfactants (emulsifier and wetting agent), organophilic clay, lime, and calcium chloride. Organophilic clay concentrations and oil/water ratio (OWR) were varied. Apparent viscosity measurements are gathered and analyzed. OBM displayed shear-thinning behavior that best fits the Herschel-Bulkley model. The results reveal notable trends of apparent viscosity and rheological parameters with increasing temperature, organophilic clay concentration, and OWR. Generalized empirical models that link the apparent viscosity of the continuous phase to that of OBM are developed by applying nonlinear regression analysis. The prediction of OBM rheological parameters requires the knowledge of continuous phase apparent viscosity at ambient temperature, dispersed phase volume fraction, and temperature. The models give a reasonable prediction of OBM apparent viscosity. The comparison of normalized or reduced rheological parameters and apparent viscosity of OBM and water-based mud (WBM) revealed the sensitivity of viscous properties of OBM to temperature as compared to that of WBM. This revelation shows why OBM is more susceptible to barite sag phenomenon than WBM.
Serial minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring during first-line FCR treatment for CLL may direct individualized therapeutic strategies

Achieving undetectable MRD (U-MRD) status after chemoimmunotherapy predicts longer progression-free and overall survival. The predictive factors and timing of relapse in patients with U-MRD and value of interim MRD analysis are ill-defined. This was a prospective study of 289 patients with CLL treated first-line with FCR. MRD analysis was performed after course 3 (C3) and at end of therapy (EOT) in bone marrow using 4-color flow cytometry (sensitivity 10−4). Eighteen percent of patients had U-MRD after C3 and 48% at EOT. U-MRD status at EOT was associated with longer PFS (median NR vs 38 mo, p 1%) after C3 predicted greater likelihood of U-MRD status at EOT (64% vs 9%, p 1% after C3 (median 73 mo vs 41 mo, p < 0.001), but similar for <0.01% vs 0.01–1%. Interim MRD status may therefore be used for risk stratification and to individualize therapy. Eighty-five patients with U-MRD status at EOT had yearly blood MRD monitoring; MRD re-emerged in 38/85, a median of 48 mo after EOT and preceded clinical progression by a median of 24 months, which may allow development of early intervention strategies.
Inverse Thermal Analysis of Ti-6Al-4V Friction Stir Welds Using Numerical-Analytical Basis Functions with Pseudo-Advection

Inverse thermal analysis of Ti-6Al-4V friction stir welds is presented that demonstrates application of a methodology using numerical-analytical basis functions and temperature-field constraint conditions. This analysis provides parametric representation of friction-stir-weld temperature histories that can be adopted as input data to computational procedures for prediction of solid-state phase transformations and mechanical response. These parameterized temperature histories can be used for inverse thermal analysis of friction stir welds having process conditions similar those considered here. Case studies are presented for inverse thermal analysis of friction stir welds that use three-dimensional constraint conditions on calculated temperature fields, which are associated with experimentally measured transformation boundaries and weld-stir-zone cross sections.
Association of an Active Surveillance and Decolonization Program on Incidence of Clinical Cultures Growing Staphylococcus aureus in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) remains a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in neonates.1 Some neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) use active surveillance cultures (ASC) and decolonization to prevent methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) transmission and infections.2 However, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) infections occur more frequently and have similar mortality in neonates.3 In The Johns Hopkins’ NICU, prior to April 2013, neonates were screened for MRSA colonization and carriers were decolonized.4 In April 2013, the program expanded to include MSSA screening and decolonization. Previously, we showed that after implementation of MSSA ASC and targeted decolonization, S. aureus clinical cultures and infections decreased.4 Our objective was to assess whether the reduction was sustained over 3-years.
Combinatorial hydrogels with biochemical gradients for screening 3D cellular microenvironments.

3D microenvironmental parameters control cell behavior, but can be challenging to investigate over a wide range of conditions. Here, a combinatorial hydrogel platform is developed that uses light-mediated thiol-norbornene chemistry to encapsulate cells within hydrogels with biochemical gradients made by spatially varied light exposure. Specifically, mesenchymal stem cells are photoencapsulated in norbornene-modified hyaluronic acid hydrogels functionalized with gradients (0–5 mM) of peptides that mimic cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions, either as single or orthogonal gradients. Chondrogenesis varied spatially in these hydrogels based on the local biochemical formulation, as indicated by Sox9 and aggrecan expression levels. From 100 combinations investigated, discrete hydrogels are formulated and early gene expression and long-term cartilage-specific matrix production are assayed and found to be consistent with screening predictions. This platform is a scalable, high-throughput technique that enables the screening of the effects of multiple biochemical signals on 3D cell behavior.
The Myth of U.N. Collective Security

It is widely assumed that the U.N. Security Council is a collective security mechanism. This Essay challenges this assumption. It claims that the U.N. Security Council was designed and continues to operate as a Great Power Concert, akin to the Concert of Europe of nineteenth century Europe. Moreover, this Essay argues that the principal purpose of the Security Council is not the enforcement of international law or the prevention of aggression. Rather, its primary aim was, and remains, the prevention of war between the Great Powers and providing an institutional forum for these states to cooperate and coordinate their policies. The Essay defines collective security and identifies is principal characteristics. Collective security is a mechanism that guarantees collective protection and assistance against aggression. This is because in a collective security mechanism, states agree to consider an attack against one as an attack against all. Nothing, however, in the U.N. Charter extends such a guarantee of collective protection against aggression to the U.N. Member States. Instead, as the negotiating history of the Charter demonstrates, the U.N. Security Council enjoys unfettered discretion regarding whether and how to intervene to prevent or repel acts of aggression or threats to or breaches of the peace. Moreover, because the Security Council was intended to function as a Great Power Concert, the five Permanent Members of the Security Council were granted an unrestricted right to veto any Security Council decision that they considered detrimental to their national interests. The institutional design of the Security Council reflects the belief of the founders of the United Nations that the surest guarantee of world order and international peace and security is the maintenance of the balance of power between the most powerful states in the international system. This Essay argues that this assumption underlying the structure of the Security Council remains valid and relevant today. As American unipolar moment passes and as the global balance of power shifts, preserving the balance of power and preventing a confrontation between the Great Powers are essential to international peace and security and to the effective functioning of international law.
Impact of aquaculture feed technology on fish income and poverty in Kenya

The impacts of improved agricultural technologies on smallholder households in Africa are well documented in the literature. However, the literature on the welfare impacts of aquaculture technologi...
Post-Uterine Fibroid Embolization Sepsis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Abstract Background: Sepsis is a rare complication from uterine fibroid embolization (UFE) and often arises from a devascularized fibroid that must be treated with hysterectomy. Case: A 49-year-old multigravida presented with sepsis as a complication of recent UFE. She underwent total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) and bilateral salpingectomy. Results: A literature review revealed 27 additional cases of sepsis after UFE. The mean age of the patients was 43.6 and the mean time to presentation after UFE was 25.0 days. Of these patients, 21 required hysterectomy and 2 died—a mortality rate of 7.4%. The current patient presented with septic shock and did not have resolution of her symptoms until she underwent a TLH and bilateral salpingectomy. Conclusions: Sepsis following UFE is associated with a high rate of mortality, and, while not previously described in the literature, it was still possible to conclude that laparoscopy could be a reasonable option to provide source control for a proper candidate with p...
Intracellular mechanism by which genotoxic stress activates yeast SAPK Mpk1

We demonstrate the molecular mechanism by which genotoxic stress activates the yeast SAPK Mpk1. Rather than signaling from the cell surface, genotoxic stress induces ubiquitin-mediated degradation ...
The Cost Realities and Political Events’ Impact on National Healthcare Action

In the 1970s, bipartisanship began to break down as disagreement about the role of government in healthcare increased. With both Medicare and Medicaid costs rising well beyond what were projected, some Democrats began to push for a national healthcare system, while Republicans argued for market-based cost containment. In 1972, more income tax dollars were spent on health and education than on defense, prompting President Nixon to take steps aimed at curbing healthcare expenditures. This included freezing appropriations for already-authorized healthcare programs under a continuing resolution. The Nixon administration referred to its approach to healthcare policy and the period of diminished funding as “new federalism,” a philosophy of reducing federal support while moving administration and funding of healthcare programs to state and local governments. Congress passed the National Health Planning and Resources Development Act (NHPRDA) requiring any community or hospital that wished to build or expand a facility to first present evidence of need to the state health system agency. Congress also passed the Health Maintenance Organization Act (HMOA) encouraging local areas to develop an alternative to fee-for-service medical care by bringing together a comprehensive range of medical or healthcare services in a single organization.
Food allergies are associated with increased disease activity in multiple sclerosis.

Objective The association between allergy and multiple sclerosis (MS) is still unclear. In our study, we assessed the association between a self-reported history of allergic conditions with MS clinical and MRI disease activity. Methods A subset of 1349 patients enrolled in the Comprehensive Longitudinal Investigation of Multiple Sclerosis at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital (CLIMB) study completed a self-administered questionnaire on environmental, food and drug allergies. Patients were distributed among four allergy groups: (1) environmental, (2) food, (3) drug, (4) no known allergies (NKA). Clinical (number of attacks, expanded disability status scale (EDSS), MS severity score (MSSS)) and radiological variables (presence of gadolinium-enhancing lesions and lesion count), and their associations with the different allergy groups or those with NKA, were assessed. Results The food allergy group had a 1.38 times higher rate for cumulative number of attacks compared with the NKA group (P=0.0062); this difference remained significant in the adjusted analysis (relapse rate ratio 1.27, P=0.0305). The food allergy group showed more than twice the likelihood (OR 2.53, P=0.0096) of having gadolinium-enhancing lesions on MRI. The environmental and drug allergy groups did not show significant differences when compared with the NKA group. The EDSS and MSSS were not affected by any type of allergy. Conclusions MS patients with food allergy had more relapses and a higher likelihood of gadolinium-enhancing lesions compared with patients with no known allergy. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm our findings and investigate underlying biological mechanisms, which may unveil new therapeutic and preventative strategies for MS.
Anatomy of the Intermetatarsal, Lesser Metatarsophalangeal, and Lesser Interphalangeal Joints

This chapter is dedicated to the foundational knowledge of anatomy of the foot. The elegant design that allows for human propulsion is an intricate interactive system of muscles, ligaments, and bones that every surgeon who operates on the foot should know. Although a relatively small area, the structures that comprise the metatarsophalangeal joint are numerous and robust. Their interactions are the balanced culmination of form and function and therefore critical to understanding how slight deviations can result in the pathology detailed in the subsequent chapters.