cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hot film coronary artery velocity measurements in horses.

Coronary velocity measurements have been carried out in anaesthetized, open-chest horses using a constant-temperature, hot-film anemometer system. L-shaped needle probes inserted by direct vessel puncture have been used to measure velocity profiles in the left common, left anterior descending (LAD), and left circumflex coronary arteries. The flow conditions were characterized by peak Reynolds numbers from approximately 200 to 1500 and values of the unsteadiness parameter from 3 to 10. These measurements indicate that in the left common coronary artery the profile is in general skewed towards the outer wall as would be expected for fully viscous flow in a curved tube. In the left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary arteries just distal to the bifurcation, the skewing was found in general to be away from the flow divider. However, in regions of the LAD and left circumflex 5–6 diameters downstream of the bifurcation, the peak systolic and diastolic profiles were indicative of a more fully developed, Poiseuille type flow with only slight skewing observed. The results of this study indicate that the flow in the coronary system, though in general laminar and disturbance free, is extremely varied in character and may exhibit large amplitude, low frequency flow oscillations. Furthermore, for these vessels which all lie on the surface of the myocardium, large systolic flows were observed to be present, even though the major portion of the volume flow was reserved for the diastolic period.
Racism in Athol Fugard's “MASTER HAROLD” … and the boys

(1990). Racism in Athol Fugard's “MASTER HAROLD” … and the boys. World Literature Written in English: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 97-102.
Arginine Requirement of Starting Broiler Chicks

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to estimate the arginine requirement of male broiler chicks from 0 to 3 wk of age. The experiments were conducted in battery brooders with wire floors, and the birds received water and feed ad libitum. In the first experiment, chicks were fed a diet based on corn, soybean meal, casein, and corn-gluten meal containing 3,200 kcal ME per kg and either 20 or 23% crude protein. Regression analysis indicated an arginine requirement of 1.22% for maximum growth rate and feed efficiency with the 20% protein diet. For chicks fed the 23% protein diet, neither growth rate nor feed efficiency was significantly different among the diets containing arginine ranging from 1.13 to 1.43%. In the second experiment, a basal diet was used containing 17.5% casein and 22.5% protein with arginine ranging from 1.03 to 1.43%. An arginine requirement of 1.18% for maximum body weight gain was estimated by regression analysis, but no significant response to arginine above the basal level was observed for feed efficiency. Performance of chicks fed the basal diet was somewhat reduced because of a difficulty with adherence of feed to the beaks. In a third experiment, three basal diets containing 21, 22, or 23% protein were formulated from practical ingredients without use of casein. The requirement for maximum growth rate and feed efficiency was estimated to be 1.24 to 1.28% for the three diets. The results of these investigations indicate that the arginine requirement for starting chicks suggested by the National Research Council in 1984 of 1.44% in diets containing 3,200 kcal ME per kg is too high for practical diets. The data presented here support an arginine requirement of 1.25%.
Intercellular coupling amplifies fate segregation during Caenorhabditis elegans vulval development

During vulval development in Caenorhabditis elegans, six precursor cells acquire a spatial pattern of distinct cell fates. This process is guided by a gradient in the soluble factor, LIN-3, and by direct interactions between neighboring cells mediated by the Notch-like receptor, LIN-12. Genetic evidence has revealed that these two extracellular signals are coupled: lateral cell-cell interactions inhibit LIN-3-mediated signaling, whereas LIN-3 regulates the extent of lateral signaling. To elucidate the quantitative implications of this coupled network topology for cell patterning during vulval development, we developed a mathematical model of LIN-3/LIN-12-mediated signaling in the vulval precursor cell array. Our analysis reveals that coupling LIN-3 and LIN-12 amplifies cellular perception of the LIN-3 gradient and polarizes lateral signaling, both of which enhance fate segregation beyond that achievable by an uncoupled system.
Time variations of lead, copper and cadmium concentrations in aerosols in Ann Arbor, Michigan

The atmosphere in Ann Arbor, 50 km west of Detroit, was sampled for aerosol particles for 2-h periods over a 42-h interval Friday to Sunday, April 26-28, 1968, using a mod&d seven-state Andersen cascade impactor and a glass backup filter. The eight particle size fractions from each sampling were analyzed separately for lead, copper, and cadmium by means of anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) with a composite mercury graphite electrode. Average particle size distributions were similar for the three elements over 0.1 Pb> 600 ng me3, 1000~ Cu> 100 ng rnm3, and 300~ Cd> 100 ng rnm3. Two prominent maxima were observed at 0200-2400 EST, April 27, and suggested a wind shift from north to east. The results imply that some of the Cu and Cd, and much of the Pb at the maximum times came from the Detroit sector by easterly winds and that a 2-h sampling period is adequate for correlating changes in the environment with mesoscale meteorological parameters.
Layer-by-Layer Nanoassembly of CIS Nanoparticles

Copper Indium Selenium (CIS), due to its tunable wide band gap, has been widely studied for photovoltaic applications. In this work, CIS nanoparticles have been fabricated and functionalized with poly(sodium-4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS) and/or poly-allylamine hydrochloride (PAH), which allow them to disperse in aqueous solution. The resulting aqueous dispersion of CIS nanoparticles have subsequently been used to construct thin multilayer CIS films on flexible substrates using Layer-by-Layer (LbL) nanoassembly process. LbL nanoassembly is a cost-effective process that allows construction of composite nanoscale multilayer coatings of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, nanoparticles and/or other nanomaterials. The results from Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) show that the CIS nanoparticles with other polyelectrolytes, such as PSS and PAH, can be used to deposit thin films of controlled nanometer range thickness using LbL process. The utilization of the developed LbL based CIS films in solar cell fabrication is currently in progress.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Portable Microcomputer Cross-Assembler in BASIC

With the tremendous number of microprocessors on the market today it is becoming increasingly hard to find cross assemblers that run on the particular in-house computer system or timesharing service available. Since most minicomputer systems and almost all timesharing systems have BASIC interpreters or compilers available, this seems to be the most reasonable language choice for writing cross assemblers. It also has a very good trace and debug facility, which is especially useful if you are writing medium-long programs, such as cross-assemblers.
Group actions and higher signatures.

Abstract Let π be a nontrivial finite group and M be a closed manifold. An interesting question is whether or not M has the R-homology type of a manifold admitting a free π action. Here this problem is studied for actions that are “homologically trivial.” If π1M is nontrivial these questions are intimately related to the Novikov higher signature conjecture, but the results are new even in the simply connected case.
Calcium Blocks Fungicidal Activity of Human Salivary Histatin 5 through Disruption of Binding with Candida albicans

Salivary histatin 5 (Hst 5) kills the fungal pathogen C. albicans via a mechanism that involves binding and subsequent efflux of cellular ATP. Our aims were to identify inorganic ions found in saliva that influence Hst 5 fungicidal activity. Increasing ionic strength with relevant salivary anions (Cl(-) and CO(3)(-)) did not reduce Hst 5 binding or uptake by yeast cells, but reduced the Hst-induced efflux of ATP. Extracellular MgCl(2) (25 mM) maximally inhibited 30-40% of Hst 5 killing with 40% reduction in ATP efflux, while pre-treatment of cells with only 2 mM CaCl(2) inhibited 80-90% of killing, and prevented ATP efflux. Loss of fungicidal activity by the addition of CaCl(2) or MgCl(2) was a result of inhibition of binding of Hst 5 to C. albicans cells. Calcium is a potent inhibitor of Hst 5 candidacidal activity at physiological concentrations and may be the primary salivary ion responsible for the masking effect of saliva.
Fluorescence and glass lasers

Abstract Measurements of both broadband-excited and laser-excited fluorescence are required to model the performance of glass lasers. In the small-signal gain regime, measurements of absorption and fluorescence spectra and fluorescence decay are sufficient; in the large-signal gain regime, additional measurements of the site-to-site differences in spectroscopic properties are needed to predict the effects of spectrol and polarization hole burning. The latter data are obtained using laser-induced fluorescence line-narrowing techniques. Observed variations in the fluorescence properties of Nd3+ in different inorganic glass forming systems are presented.
Expression of recombinant green fluorescent protein in Bacillus methanolicus

Microbial biocatalysts are used in a wide range of industries to produce large scale quantities of proteins, amino acids, and commodity chemicals. While the majority of these processes use glucose or other low-cost sugars as the substrate, Bacillus methanolicus is one example of a biocatalyst that has shown sustained growth on methanol as a carbon source at elevated temperature (50–53°C optimum) resulting in reduced feed and utility costs. Specifically, the complete chemical process enabled by this approach takes methane from natural gas, and following a low-cost conversion to methanol, can be used for the production of high value products. In this study, production of recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFPuv) by B. methanolicus is explored. A plasmid was constructed that incorporates the methanol dehydrogenase (mdh) promoter of B. methanolicus MGA3 together with the GFPuv gene. The plasmid, pNW33N, was shown to be effective for expression in other Bacillus strains, although not previously in B. methanolicus. A published electroporation protocol for transformation of B. methanolicus was modified to result in expression of GFP using plasmid pNW33N-mdh-GFPuv (pNmG). Transformation was confirmed by both agarose gel electrophoresis and by observation of green fluorescence under UV light exposure. The mass yield of cells and protein were measured in shake flask experiments. The optimum concentration of methanol for protein production was found to be at 200 mM. Higher concentrations than 200 mM resulted in slightly higher biomass production but lower amounts of recombinant protein. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
On apparent second‐order kinetics

Les auteurs montrent comment une cinetique d'ordre deux, caracterisant une reaction ou une partie des composes chimiques est inactive, peut devenir une cinetique d'ordre inferieur a deux lorsque ces composes chimiques deviennent actifs. Ils etudient le cas d'une reaction de craquage catalytique
Particle Accretion Rates: Variation with Latitude

Reported accretion rates for cosmic spherules ranging in diameter from 1 to 400 micro appear to increase with increasing latitude. The apparent variation is most closely related to geomagnetic latitude. Preliminary culations suggest that electromagnetic interactions could cause only charged particles less than about 10-(2) micro in diameter to impinge preferentially at high latitudes.
MAPKKK6, a Novel Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase, That Associates with MAPKKK5

Abstract MAPKKK5/ASK1 activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase signaling pathways and induces apoptosis when expressed in stably transfected cells. Using MAPKKK5 as bait in yeast two-hybrid screening, a novel protein that interacts with MAPKKK5 was identified and cloned. This novel protein is predicted to contain all 11 kinase subdomains and shares 45% amino acid identity with MAPKKK5 and thus is designated MAPKKK6. The interaction of MAPKKK6 with MAPKKK5in vivowas confirmed by coexpression of MAPKKK5 and MAPKKK6 in 293 cells followed by immunoprecipitation. In contrast to MAPKKK5, which activated both JNK and p38 kinase pathways, MAPKKK6 only weakly activated JNK but not ERK or p38 kinase pathways.
Effect of mutant host RNA polymerase on the bifunctional activities of P22 gene c1.

The product of phage P22 gene c1 has two functions: (1) it promotes synthesis of repressor and (2) during the first minutes of infection it retards expression of some lytic genes. We call the second, negative function “c1 retardation”. We investigated c1 retardation in a mutant host of Salmonella typhimurium that is resistant to rifampicin and carries an altered RNA polymerase. No c1 retardation of DNA synthesis was detectable in this host after infection with wild-type phages. This elimination of the normally detectable c1 function leads to the conclusion that the mutant RNA polymerase interferes with the expression of c1 gene activity.
Gleason score predicts androgen independent progression after androgen deprivation therapy.

Abstract Objective: The Gleason system is the most widely utilized histologic grading system for prostate cancer and a powerful predictor of cancer behavior. In this study, we evaluated the prognostic value of the Gleason grading system in predicting progression to androgen independent prostate cancer (AIPC). Methods: Records from 150 patients with advanced or metastatic prostate cancer treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) were retrospectively reviewed. Androgen independent progression was defined as two consecutive elevations of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) above the nadir value. Kaplan–Meier and the Cox proportional hazards methods were used to assess potential predictors of progression to AIPC. Results: Patients with low and moderate Gleason scores experienced significantly longer remissions compared to those with Gleason score of 8–10 ( p =0.0006, Log-Rank test). The cumulative hazard of progressing to AIPC increased by almost 70% for each unit increase in total Gleason score. Conclusion: In this patient cohort the Gleason score was the only independent predictor of progression to AIPC.
Ursodeoxycholic acid effects on sterol metabolism in rats

Abstract Sterol balance studies using isotopic and Chromatographic techniques were performed in rats fed diets supplemented with ursodeoxycholic acid. Compared to controls, ursodeoxycholic acid dramatically altered sterol metabolism. Ursodeoxycholic acid was absorbed and circulated in the enterohepatic circulation. The biliary bile acid composition was significantly altered with ursodeoxycholic acid the predominant biliary bile acid (67%). Cholesterol absorption was depressed by 34%; bile acid synthesis was depressed by 30%; however, cholesterol balance was significantly increased. It is apparent that the effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on sterol metabolism are different in several respects from chenodeoxycholic acid.
Integrated Imaging of Atrial Fibrillation in 2010

Catheter ablation has become the treatment of choice for atrial fibrillation in symptomatic patients who are refractory to antiarrhythmic medication. The predominant mechanism for initiation of atrial fibrillation is electrical activity originating from the pulmonary veins. Most ablation strategies are centered on electrical isolation of pulmonary veins. To successfully perform this ablation and decrease complications such as pulmonary vein stenosis, atrioesophageal fistula formation, and tamponade, the left atrial and pulmonary vein anatomy must be well understood. Imaging techniques have rapidly evolved over the past several years to aid in accurate display of cardiac anatomy. Electrophysiologists must understand how to integrate these imaging tools and recognize the relative strengths and pitfalls of each tool. Intracardiac echocardiography, three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping, and CT or MRI are often integrated during the procedure. Newer technologies are also on the horizon to aid in even better understanding of anatomy and catheter navigation.
Determining Cost vs. Time Pareto-Optimal Frontiers in Multi-Modal Transportation Problems

This paper provides a framework for choosing modes of transportation rail, highway, air, etc. by taking into account the conflicting objectives of minimizing total transportation costs and average shipment times. An efficient algorithm using the operator theory of parametric programming is presented for determining the Pareto-optimal or efficient curve denoting the minimum attainable value for the second objective for differing values of the first objective. The algorithm also provides the optimal routes, modes of transportation, and the corresponding shipping amounts for every efficient point.
The economic perspective on wages and labor market processes

Abstract When an eminent economist was recently asked to evaluate the present state of wage theory, he replied by denying that there was any theory to evaluate.
IN VIVO BONE MINERAL CONTENT IN SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

Bone Mineral Content (BMC) was determined by the photon absorption method of Cameron and Sorenson in 58 black children (33 females and 25 males) with confirmed sickle cell anemia (SS). Bone scans were performed through the mid-radius (cortical bone) using 125-iodine as a monochromatic source of photons. Data is expressed both as GM/cm scanned or as the ratio of BMC to bone width (BMC/BW). The values obtained in these patients were compared to values in normal black and white children. BMC in normal black and white children showed what appeared to be a linear increase with age. In accordance with the data of Trotter, et al, we found that radius BMC is higher in black than in white at all ages, although accuracy and precision are less below the age of two. 64%. of males and 39% of females with sickle cell disease have less BMC than normal black children of the same age (less than 95% confidence limits). The ratio BMC/BW as related to age follows the normal pattern indicating similar reduction in BMC and BW in affected children. The factors contributing to the sex difference as regards the mineralization are not clear. Severity of anemia and transfusion need are considered as possible factors determining the extent of mineral loss.
Ligand—receptor interactions in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor probed using multiple substitutions at conserved tyrosines on the α subunit

Affinity labeling studies have identified several conserved tyrosine residues in the α subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (αY93, αY190, and αY198) as being in or near the ligand binding site. Mutagenesis studies from several laboratories have shown that substitution of phenylalanine for tyrosine at these positions reduces the apparent affinity for ACh. We have examined this apparent reduction in affinity further through the use of multiple substitutions at each position. Substitution of either phenylalanine, tryptophan, or serine resulted in an apparent decrease in agonist affinity, but the degree of reduction depended on both the position and the nature of the substitution. Analysis of the effects of each substitution suggests that each residue interacts with the quaternary N of ACh, and that each residue may make a different type of interaction with the agonist.
Poker face no more: cancer recurrence reveals its hand.

Recurrent disease after apparent 'cure' of primary tumors is a common factor that contributes to cancer-associated mortality. A new study suggests that an inflammatory cytokine signature may provide a clinical indication of emergent recurrent disease and, accordingly, may suggest how to select and deliver therapy targeted against the secondary tumor (pages 1625–1631).
Real-time laser speckle photography

Une figure de speckle de reference est produite en prenant un hologramme a une seule exposition de l'objet
Tongue‐tip trills and vocal‐tract wall compliance

The effect of vocal-tract wall compliance on tongue-tip trills is to create a favorable pressure-flow relation at the tongue tip for sustained vibration. The governing equations are derived for a model based on this mechanism, and data on unvoiced trills are used to help set parameters for a numerical simulation of the model.
A 2-ns cycle, 3.8-ns access 512-kb CMOS ECL SRAM with a fully pipelined architecture

The authors describe a 512 K CMOS static RAM (SRAM) with emitter-coupled-logic (ECL) interfaces which has a 2-ns cycle time and a 3.8-ns access time, both of which are valid for random READ/WRITE operations. The CMOS technology and the physical organization of the chip are briefly discussed, and the pipelined architecture of the chip is described. Detailed measurements of internal chip waveforms demonstrating 2-ns cycle time operation are presented. The impact of wire RC delays on performance is discussed. Circuit examples that demonstrate the implementation of the pipelined architecture are included. Measurements of operating margins, access time, and cycle time are outlined. >
Worldwide health effects of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident

This study quantifies worldwide health effects of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident on 11 March 2011. Effects are quantified with a 3-D global atmospheric model driven by emission estimates and evaluated against daily worldwide Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) measurements and observed deposition rates. Inhalation exposure, ground-level external exposure, and atmospheric external exposure pathways of radioactive iodine-131, cesium-137, and cesium-134 released from Fukushima are accounted for using a linear no-threshold (LNT) model of human exposure. Exposure due to ingestion of contaminated food and water is estimated by extrapolation. We estimate an additional 130 (15–1100) cancer-related mortalities and 180 (24–1800) cancer-related morbidities incorporating uncertainties associated with the exposure–dose and dose–response models used in the study. We also discuss the LNT model's uncertainty at low doses. Sensitivities to emission rates, gas to particulate I-131 partitioning, and the mandatory evacuation radius around the plant are also explored, and may increase upper bound mortalities and morbidities in the ranges above to 1300 and 2500, respectively. Radiation exposure to workers at the plant is projected to result in 2 to 12 morbidities. An additional ∼600 mortalities have been reported due to non-radiological causes such as mandatory evacuations. Lastly, a hypothetical accident at the Diablo Canyon Power Plant in California, USA with identical emissions to Fukushima was studied to analyze the influence of location and seasonality on the impact of a nuclear accident. This hypothetical accident may cause ∼25% more mortalities than Fukushima despite California having one fourth the local population density due to differing meteorological conditions.
The design of linear algebra and geometry

Conventional formulations of linear algebra do not do justice to the fundamental concepts of meet, join, and duality in projective geometry. This defect is corrected by introducing Clifford algebra into the foundations of linear algebra. There is a natural extension of linear transformations on a vector space to the associated Clifford algebra with a simple projective interpretation. This opens up new possibilities for coordinate-free computations in linear algebra. For example, the Jordan form for a linear transformation is shown to be equivalent to a canonical factorization of the unit pseudoscalar. This approach also reveals deep relations between the structure of the linear geometries, from projective to metrical, and the structure of Clifford algebras. This is apparent in a new relation between additive and multiplicative forms for intervals in the cross-ratio. Also, various factorizations of Clifford algebras into Clifford algebras of lower dimension are shown to have projective interpretations.
Inflorescence Architecture: A Developmental Genetics Approach

We are characterizing a suiteof Pisum sativum mutants that alter inflorescence architecture to construct a model for the genetic regulation of inflorescence development in a plant with a compound raceme. Such a model, when compared with those created forAntirrhinum majus andArabidopsis thaliana, both of which have simple racemes, should provide insight into the evolution of the development of inflorescence architecture. The highly conserved nature of cloned genes that regulate reproductive development in plants and the morphological similarities among our mutants and those identified inA. majus andA. thaliana enhance the probability that a developmental genetics approach will be fruitful. Here we describe sixP. sativum mutants that affect morphologically and architecturally distinct aspects of the inflorescence, and we analyze interactions among these genes. Both vegetative and inflorescence growth of the primary axis is affected byUNIFOLIA TA, which is necessary for the function ofDETERMINATE (DET).DET maintains indeterminacy in the first-order axis. In its absence, the meristem differentiates as a stub covered with epidermal hairs.DET interacts withVEGETATIVE1 (VEG1).VEG1 appears essential for second-order inflorescence (I2) development.veg1 mutants fail to flower or differentiate the I2 meristem into a rudimentary stub,det veg1 double mutants produce true terminal flowers with no stubs, indicating that two genes must be eliminated for terminal flower formation inP. sativum, whereas elimination of a single gene accomplishes this inA. thaliana andA. majus. NEPTUNE also affects I2 development by limiting to two the number of flowers produced prior to stub formation. Its role is independent ofDET, as indicated by the additive nature of the double mutantdet nep. UNI, BROC, and PIM all play roles in assigning floral meristem identity to the third-order branch.pim mutants continue to produce inflorescence branches, resulting in a highly complex architecture and aberrant flowers.uni mutants initiate a whorl of sepals, but floral organogenesis is aberrant beyond that developmental point, and the double mutantuni pim lacks identifiable floral organs. A wild-type phenotype is observed inbroc plants, butbroc enhancesthe pim phenotype in the double mutant, producing inflorescences that resemble broccoli. Collectively these genes ensure that only the third-order meristem, not higher- or lower-order meristems, generates floral organs, thus precisely regulating the overall architecture of the plant.
Conversion of monolithic gels to glasses in a multicomponent silicate glass system

Multicomponent silicate glasses of composition (wt%) 66SiO2-18B2O3-7Al2O3-6Na2O-3BaO were prepared by three sol-gel processes which differed primarily in the extent of hydrolysis of the metal alkoxide precursors. Gels which were prepared from solutions in which a stoichiometric excess of water was added, causing extensive replacement of OR groups (R ≡ (C x H(2x+1))s−1 by hydroxyl groups, were converted to fully dense, organic-free, monolithic glasses at temperatures near the glass transition temperature. Gels containing large numbers of OR groups showed enhanced densification at lower temperatures due to condensation reactions, but these gels could not be converted to fully dense, organic-free glasses. This investigation has shown that at least three possible densification mechanisms might be operative during the gel to glass conversion: volume relaxation, condensation reactions and viscous sintering.
Vibration analysis of tapered composite beams using a higher-order finite element. Part II: parametric study

Tapered composite beams are increasingly being used in various engineering applications. Different types of ply drop-off can be achieved in tapered beams in practice depending on the application. The objective of the present work is to conduct an investigation of the undamped free vibration response of such tapered composite beams. A higher-order finite element formulation has been developed in Part I of the present work for vibration analysis of tapered composite beams based on classical laminated plate theory. In the present part of the work, the developed formulation is used for the analysis of various types of tapered composite beams. A parametric study on tapered composite beams is conducted, considering the effects of taper angle, types of taper, boundary conditions, laminate configuration and geometric parameters on the undamped natural frequencies.
Modifying the Surface Features of Two-Dimensional DNA Crystals

DNA double-crossover (DX) molecules are rigid DNA motifs that contain two double helices linked at two different points. It is possible to form hydrogen-bonded two-dimensional crystals from DX molecules and to observe those arrays by atomic force microscopy (AFM) [Winfree, E.; Liu, F.; Wenzler, L. A.; Seeman, N. C. Nature 1998, 394, 539−544]. The sticky ends that hold the arrays together can be varied, so as to include diverse periodic arrangements of molecules in the crystal. The inclusion of extra DNA hairpins designed to protrude from the plane of the crystal provides a topographic label that is detected readily in AFM images: By using these labels, it is possible to produce stripes at predicted spacings on the surface of the crystal. The experiments presented here demonstrate that it is possible to modify these patterns, by both enzymatic and nonenzymatic procedures. We show that a hairpin containing a restriction site can be removed quantitatively from the array. We also demonstrate that a sticky en...
A yield criterion for ductile metals based upon atomic structure

Abstract A strength theory for ductile metals is presented that takes into account the short range inhomogeneities that are present in all commercial metals. Examples are presented to illustrate the shortcomings of the conventional maximum shear stress and distortion energy theories that result from the failure of these theories to recognize the inhomogeneous nature of metals. The new theory predicts a variation in yield stress with specimen size and it is shown why such a size effect is observed with torsion specimens but not with tensile specimens of usual size. The size effect in fatigue testing and hardness testing by means of micro techniques is discussed to illustrate further the concepts presented.Finally, the relation of the new theory for ductile metals to the statistical theory of Weibull for brittle materials is considered.
Automorphisms of lexicographic products

The automorphism group @C(P) of a partially ordered set P consists of all permutations on P that preserve order (and have order preserving inverses). In this paper we raise, and partially answer, the question: How is the automorphism group of the lexicographic product (P x Q) of two orders (P and Q) related to the automorphism groups of the factors, P and Q? We show that the wreath product @C(Q) wr @CP) is always contained in @C(P x Q). We find necessary and sufficient conditions for @C(P x Q) to equal @C(Q) wr @C(P), and when P and Q are finite, we find a complete characterization of @C(P x Q) in terms of @C(P), @C(Q) and properties of P and Q.
Optimization of the orifice pulse tube

Abstract Optimization results are presented for the orifice pulse tube. First, the simplified case is treated in which the orifice volume is infinitely large and the regenerator volume is zero. It is found that all nondimensional quantities of interest depend in a simple way on the dimensionless frequency F and the ratio OC of the orifice conductance to the regenerator conductance. Explicit results are given for the enthalpy flux, the pressure amplitude, the mass flow rate amplitude, and the phase angle between pressure and mass flow rate as a function of F and OC . Three optimization constraints are considered: given amplitude of the driving pressure, given driving power, and given amplitude of the piston. The results are extended to the case of finite reservoir and regenerator volumes. An expression is derived for the loss due to a finite regenerator ineffectiveness.
Real-time profiling of respiratory motion: baseline drift, frequency variation and fundamental pattern change.

To precisely ablate tumor in radiation therapy, it is important to locate the tumor position in real time during treatment. However, respiration-induced tumor motions are difficult to track. They are semi-periodic and exhibit variations in baseline, frequency and fundamental pattern (oscillatory amplitude and shape). In this study, we try to decompose the above-mentioned components from discrete observations in real time. Baseline drift, frequency (equivalently phase) variation and fundamental pattern change characterize different aspects of respiratory motion and have distinctive clinical indications. Furthermore, smoothness is a valid assumption for each one of these components in their own spaces, and facilitates effective extrapolation for the purpose of estimation and prediction. We call this process 'profiling' to reflect the integration of information extraction, decomposition, processing and recovery. The proposed method has three major ingredients: (1) real-time baseline and phase estimation based on elliptical shape tracking in augmented state space and Poincare sectioning principle; (2) estimation of the fundamental pattern by unwarping the observation with phase estimate from the previous step; (3) filtering of individual components and assembly in the original temporal-displacement signal space. We tested the proposed method with both simulated and clinical data. For the purpose of prediction, the results are comparable to what one would expect from a human operator. The proposed approach is fully unsupervised and data driven, making it ideal for applications requiring economy, efficiency and flexibility.
Fuzzy Calibration of Magnetometer in Presence of Surgical Microscope

A method is presented for data-driven calibration of the magnetometer in an active handheld microsurgical instrument in the presence of a surgical microscope. The instrument is designed to provide tremor compensation during vitreoretinal microsurgery. An adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system is used to generate a calibration based on data points collected at random locations throughout the workspace. Inputs to the model include the tilt angle and the twist angle about the long axis of the instrument, obtained from accelerometer readings, and the azimuth of the apparent magnetic north, obtained from the magnetometer readings. The model outputs the true azimuth angle of the instrument. Results from preliminary testing of the method are presented
Genome-wide algorithm for detecting CNV associations with diseases

Background: SNP genotyping arrays have been developed to characterize single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and DNA copy number variations (CNVs). Nonparametric and model-based statistical algorithms have been developed to detect CNVs from SNP data using the marker intensities. However, these algorithms lack specificity to detect small CNVs owing to the high false positive rate when calling CNVs based on the intensity values. Therefore, the resulting association tests lack power even if the CNVs affecting disease risk are common. An alternative procedure called PennCNV uses information from both the marker intensities as well as the genotypes and therefore has increased sensitivity. Results: By using the hidden Markov model (HMM) implemented in PennCNV to derive the probabilities of different copy number states which we subsequently used in a logistic regression model, we developed a new genome-wide algorithm to detect CNV associations with diseases. We compared this new method with association test applied to the most probable copy number state for each individual that is provided by PennCNV after it performs an initial HMM analysis followed by application of the Viterbi algorithm, which removes information about copy number probabilities. In one of our simulation studies, we showed that for large CNVs (number of SNPs ≥ 10), the association tests based on PennCNV calls gave more significant results, but the new algorithm retained high power. For small CNVs (number of SNPs <10), the logistic algorithm provided smaller average pvalues (e.g., p = 7.54e - 17 when relative risk RR = 3.0) in all the scenarios and could capture signals that PennCNV did not (e.g., p = 0.020 when RR = 3.0). From a second set of simulations, we showed that the new algorithm is more powerful in detecting disease associations with small CNVs (number of SNPs ranging from 3 to 5) under different penetrance models (e.g., when RR = 3.0, for relatively weak signals, power = 0.8030 comparing to 0.2879 obtained from the association tests based on PennCNV calls). The new method was implemented in software GWCNV. It is freely available at http://gwcnv.sourceforge.net, distributed under a GPL license. Conclusions: We conclude that the new algorithm is more sensitive and can be more powerful in detecting CNV associations with diseases than the existing HMM algorithm, especially when the CNV association signal is weak and a limited number of SNPs are located in the CNV.
The evolutionary psychology of eating disorders: Female competition for mates or for status?

The relationship between eating disorders and female intrasexual competition (ISC) was studied. More specifically, it was predicted that Female ISC for mates would be the strongest predictor of bulimia, and that, in contrast, Female ISC for status would be the strongest predictor of anorexia nervosa. A group of 202 undergraduate women, attending the University of Arizona, Tucson, USA, participated in this study. These respondents completed surveys that contained the following measures: the Female competition for mates scale, the Female competition for status scale, the General Competitiveness Scale, the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI), and an additional measure specific to Anorexia. The internal consistencies of the measures were computed using Cronbach's alpha, and the measures were found to have adequate measurement reliability. Correlations were computed and a structural equation model was constructed for all the subscales within the measures. The resulting model demonstrated that ISC for mates was ultimately the driving factor that contributed to Female competition for status, General competitiveness, Perfectionism, Body dissatisfaction, Drive for thinness, and both Bulimia and Anorexia. Contrary to initial expectations, the results supported a mostly spurious causal relationship between Female competition for status and anorexia, with the only indirect causal effect being through the influence of perfectionism, which was uniquely on anorexia and not on bulimia. The role of perceived personal and Ideal partner mate value was also explored. Although they were strongly positively related to each other, these were shown to have nearly equal and opposite effects on body dissatisfaction.
Demystifying Zyprexa Relprevv usage

Zyprexa Relprevv, an extended-release injectable suspension of olanzapine, received FDA approval in December 2009 for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults. Due to the risk of post-injection delirium/sedation syndrome (PDSS) associated with Zyprexa Relprevv usage, the injection is only available through a restricted distribution program. This article reviews the impact of PDSS on the use of Zyprexa Relprevv.
Racial-ethnic differences in prenatal diagnostic test use and outcomes: Preferences, socioeconomics, or patient knowledge?*

Objective To determine whether use of chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis varies by racial-ethnic group and, if so, whether this variation is reflected in the prevalence of Down syndrome-affected births to women age 35 and older, the ages at which prenatal diagnosis is offered currently. Methods Medical charts of 238 women 35 years of age and older presenting for care at the University of California at San Francisco by 20 gestational weeks in 1993 and 1994 were reviewed to assess prenatal diagnostic test use. The prevalence of Down syndrome-affected births in California during 1983–1991 was obtained from the Birth Defects Monitoring Program. Results Latinas and African-American women were much less likely to undergo prenatal diagnosis than were whites and Asians. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI, with white women serving as the reference group, were as follows: Asians 1.16 (0.57–2.36), Latinas 0.19 (0.08–0.43), and African-Americans 0.19 (0.07–0.49). Trends persisted, at diminished magnitude, after adjustment for socioeconomic characteristics: OR for Asians 1.77 (0.78–3.98), Latinas 0.28 (0.09–0.83), and African-Americans 0.33 (0.10–1.10). Non-white women age 35 and older were significantly more likely than white women to give birth to a Down syndrome-affected infant: risk ratios for Asians 1.81 (1.61–2.03), Latinas 3.00 (2.74–3.28), and African-Americans 1.86 (1.63–2.11). Conclusion Racial-ethnic differences exist in prenatal diagnostic test use and associated outcomes in women age 35 and older. Socioeconomic factors are partially responsible; patient education and preferences may play a role.
How Physical Carrier Sense Affects System Throughput in IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks

In recent years, wireless ad hoc networks have become increasingly popular in both military and civilian applications due to their capability of building networks without the need for a pre-existing infrastructure. While a number of studies have been carried out to study the performance of IEEE 802.11 DCF in single-cell wireless LANs, the analysis of IEEE 802.11 DCF in multi-hop wireless networks with consideration of the effects of physical carrier sense, SINR, and collision caused by accumulative interference has been lacking. In this paper, we substantially extend Cali's work and rigorously model, with all these effects considered, channel activities governed by IEEE 802.11 DCF in multi-hop wireless networks. We show that as in single-cell WLANs, the choice of the contention window size can impact the system throughput in multi-hop wireless networks. However, the optimal value of the contention window size is quite different. Moreover, the optimal attempt probability p (the optimal window size) derived for multi-hop wireless networks with respect to maximizing the system throughput is larger (smaller) than that for single-cell WLANs. We also show that, given the minimal SINR threshold beta, the optimal carrier sense range is smaller than the conventional value used (provided that the contention window size is tuned accordingly).
On-chip communication design: roadblocks and avenues

The semiconductor industry is experiencing a paradigm shift from "computation-bound design" to "communication-bound design": the number of transistors that can be reached in a clock cycle, and not those that can be integrated on a chip, will drive the design process. Interconnect latency will have a major impact on the design of on-chip communication architectures, which increasingly rely on wire pipelining to go beyond the capabilities of traditional wire buffering. The insertion of stateful repeaters on long wires, instead of simply stateless repeaters, carries major sequences for the synchronous design methodology. This is the foundation of the design flows for the majority of commercial chips today, but, if left unchanged, will lead to an exacerbation of the timing closure problem for tomorrow's design flows. New methodologies that regard the chip as a distributed system are necessary. Latency-insensitive design is a step in this direction.
Alcohol hypersensitivity, increased locomotion, and spontaneous myoclonus in mice lacking the potassium channels Kv3.1 and Kv3.3.

The Shaw-like potassium (K+) channels Kv3.1 and Kv3.3 are widely coexpressed in distinct neuronal populations in the CNS, possibly explaining the relatively “mild” phenotypes of the Kv3.1 and the Kv3.3 single mutant. Kv3.1-deficient mice show increased cortical γ- and decreased δ-oscillations ([Joho et al., 1997][1], [1999][2]); otherwise, the Kv3.1-mutant phenotype is relatively subtle ([Ho et al., 1997][3]; [Sanchez et al., 2000][4]). Kv3.3-deficient mice display no overt phenotype ([Chan, 1997][5]). To investigate whether Kv3.1 and Kv3.3 K+ channels are functionally redundant, we generated the Kv3.1/Kv3.3 double mutant. Kv3.1/Kv3.3-deficient mice were born at the expected Mendelian frequencies indicating that neither Kv3.1 nor Kv3.3 K+ channels are essential for embryonic development. Although there are no obvious changes in gross brain anatomy, adult Kv3.1/Kv3.3-deficient mice display severe ataxia, tremulous movements, myoclonus, and hypersensitivity to ethanol. Mice appear unbalanced when moving, whereas at rest they exhibit whole-body jerks every few seconds. In spite of the severe motor impairment, Kv3.1/Kv3.3-deficient mice are hyperactive, show increased exploratory activity, and display no obvious learning or memory deficit. Myoclonus, tremor, and ethanol hypersensitivity are only seen in the double-homozygous Kv3.1/Kv3.3-deficient mice, whereas increased locomotor and exploratory activity are also present in double-heterozygous mice. The graded penetrance of mutant traits appears to depend on the number of null alleles, suggesting that some of the distinct phenotypic traits visible in the absence of Kv3.1 and Kv3.3 K+ channels are unrelated and may be caused by localized dysfunction in different brain regions. [1]: #ref-12 [2]: #ref-13 [3]: #ref-11 [4]: #ref-30 [5]: #ref-2
Experimental Evaluation of the In-Plane Seismic Behavior of Storefront Window Systems

Storefront window systems have been shown to suffer significant damage during earthquake loading, resulting in the potential for human injuries and significant economic losses. Despite the potentia...
Microfluidic isolation of cancer-cell-derived microvesicles from hetergeneous extracellular shed vesicle populations

Extracellular shed vesicles, including exosomes and microvesicles, are disseminated throughout the body and represent an important conduit of cell communication. Cancer-cell-derived microvesicles have potential as a cancer biomarker as they help shape the tumor microenvironment to promote the growth of the primary tumor and prime the metastatic niche. It is likely that, in cancer cell cultures, the two constituent extracellular shed vesicle subpopulations, observed in dynamic light scattering, represent an exosome population and a cancer-cell-specific microvesicle population and that extracellular shed vesicle size provides information about provenance and cargo. We have designed and implemented a novel microfluidic technology that separates microvesicles, as a function of diameter, from heterogeneous populations of cancer-cell-derived extracellular shed vesicles. We measured cargo carried by the microvesicle subpopulation processed through this microfluidic platform. Such analyses could enable future investigations to more accurately and reliably determine provenance, functional activity, and mechanisms of transformation in cancer.