cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron-impact excitation of electronic states in argon at incident energies between 16 and 100 eV

Normalized, absolute differential cross sections have been measured for electron-impact excitation of 23 individual or composite electronic states of argon lying within 14.30 eV of the ground state. Incident electron energies are 16, 20, 30, 50, and 100 eV, and the range of scattering angles 5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-138\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The absolute differential cross sections are extrapolated to 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and integrated to yield integral and inelastic-scattering momentum-transfer cross sections for the excitation processes. Errors in the differential cross section are grouped into the classes $A(26%)$, $B(31%)$, and $C(45%)$, with slightly larger errors given to the integrated quantities owing to extrapolation uncertainties. Comparisons of the present data are made with previous measurements where available, and with results of several distorted-wave and Born calculations. Differential magnetic sublevel cross sections for the $^{3}P_{1}$ and $^{1}P_{1}$ levels are also obtained at 50-eV incident energy and 5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} scattering angle using previously measured $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ parameters.
Approximating multirate estimation

A scheme of approximating high rate estimates by low rate estimates using a filter bank is derived. The dimensions of the low rate measurement models are the same as the high rate measurement model and, due to the lowpass filtering effect of the filter bank, better approximated estimates are obtained.
An improved method for the recovery of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase from human platelets using colchicine and nitrogen decompression.

Abstract Preincubation with colchicine significantly increased the susceptibility of human platelets to homogenization. This was evidenced by the elimination of partially broken platelets with entrapped organelles (the 800g pellet), and a concomitant increase in the yield of mitochondrial MAO in the 20,000g pellet which contained free platelet mitochondria. The results show that colchicine treatment facilitates human platelet homogenization and enhances the recovery of platelet mitochondria and other platelet subcellular organelles.
Carbon dioxide removal system for closed loop atmosphere revitalization, candidate sorbents screening and test results

Abstract Due to the difficulty and expense it costs to resupply manned-spacecraft habitats, a goal is to create a closed loop atmosphere revitalization system, in which precious commodities such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water are continuously recycled. Our aim is to test other sorbents for their capacity for future spacecraft missions, such as on the Orion spacecraft, or possibly lunar or Mars mission habitats to see if they would be better than the zeolite sorbents on the 4-bed molecular sieve. Some of the materials being tested are currently used for other industry applications. Studying these sorbents for their specific spacecraft application is different from that for applications on earth because in space, there are certain power, mass, and volume limitations that are not as critical on Earth. In manned-spaceflight missions, the sorbents are exposed to a much lower volume fraction of CO 2 (0.6% volume CO 2 ) than on Earth. LiLSX was tested for its CO 2 capacity in an atmosphere like that of the ISS. Breakthrough tests were run to establish the capacities of these materials at a partial pressure of CO 2 that is seen on the ISS. This paper discusses experimental results from benchmark materials, such as results previously obtained from tests on Grade 522, and the forementioned candidate materials for the Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly (CDRA) system.
Many ways to loop DNA

In the 1960s, I developed methods for directly visualizing DNA and DNA-protein complexes using an electron microscope. This made it possible to examine the shape of DNA and to visualize proteins as they fold and loop DNA. Early applications included the first visualization of true nucleosomes and linkers and the demonstration that repeating tracts of adenines can cause a curvature in DNA. The binding of DNA repair proteins, including p53 and BRCA2, has been visualized at three- and four-way junctions in DNA. The trombone model of DNA replication was directly verified, and the looping of DNA at telomeres was discovered.
Issues, evidence, and the policymaker's dilemma

T he phenomenon of state rate regulation has a long history, evolving from the efforts of early political reformers to rein in the monopoly powers of public utilities almost 100 years ago. State rate regulation as applied to the health care sphere is of much more recent vintage, deriving, largely from the efforts of a small number of states to stem the Medicaid cost spiral in the early 1970s. These efforts have focused on the control of hospital costs because of the size and growth of these institutions relative to other health care services. Hospital spending accounts for the largest share of personal health care expenditures-46 percent in 1980, or $99.6 billion. From 196.5 through 1980, hospital expenditures grew 616 percent, whereas the Gross National Product increased 280 percent and total personal health care spending rose 508 percent. Similarly, increases in government spending on hospital care have far outstripped growth in tax revenues. In 1980, federal spending on hospitals absorbed 7.3 percent of federal revenues, or $41.3 billion. Fifteen years earlier, the federal government devoted 1.9 percent, or $2.4 billion, of a much smaller budget to hospital care. State and local government spending on hospitals has risen dramatically as well, rising from $3 billion or 1.3 percent of their revenues (excluding federal contributions) in 1965 to $12.9 billion, or 3.5 percent of state and local revenues, in 1980. What have been the main causes of the increase in hospital spending? Factors external to the health care system-general inf lation and population-accounted for 60.7 percent and 6.3 percent, respectively, of total hospital expenditure growth (Table 1). Factors controllable by policies governing the financing and delivery of health care-medical care-specific inflation, and greater volume and sophistication of servicesaccounted for the remaining 33 percent of the growth in hospital spending. Specifically, inflation in the medical care sector, in excess of general inflation, contributed 1.4 percent of the total increase and greater volume and sophistication of services contributed 31.6 percent.
Mobility of a Disaster Recover Communication System

What is the best platform to build a Disaster Management Communication System (DMCS)? There is a need to investigate how to best use a DMCS. The two most important uses of a DMCS for any size disaster, is the need for information and getting relief to those that need it. The DMCS needs to collect information from the people affected by the disaster so it can then be used to help organize relief efforts and services. The second best source of information comes from the police, the fire department, the emergency medical personal, hospitals and volunteers working at the disaster sites to help those in need. These first responders can communicate the needs of people that are not able to communicate their needs right away. The DMCS can then store collected information from all sources. The information can then be used to request and coordinate services and supplies, as quickly as possible, for the people in need after a disaster. The DMCS needs to be accessible to many people in various locations at a moment notice. The DMCS needs to be mobile, in today's life of mobile phone applications and web applications that can be accessed anywhere there is web access or a cell connection, the DMCS application needs to use this resource. Why is a web application or even a mobile application better then a client server application or even a paper filing system? The answer to this question is the accessibility of the data for analysis. With quick analysis, relief efforts can be accurately coordinated for a quick response of the needed equipment, services and supplies to help those in need. A quick and accurate response to a disaster can help save many lives. The other benefit of the DMCS system is the capacity of a system to store the information for future analysis in the preparation of disaster relief. Preparation for a disaster is just as important as to how a group reacts to the aftermath of a disaster. Every disaster is different, but by collecting data from past disasters and analyzing the information a pattern of needs can be developed so services and goods can be collected and prepared for the readiness of the next disaster. This paper will compare and contrast the differences that can be found in an internet application, client server application, mobile app and the paper method used in the past. Once identified, the pros and cons of each delivery method can be compared to find which of the delivery methods can best fit the need for a quick and accurate system that can coordinate between different organizations and locations that are used during a disaster. This paper will also look at the benefits of having a system that can help prepare and organize the relief effort of any natural or manmade disaster.
Molecular profile of osteoprogenitor cells seeded on allograft bone

In order to optimize and modulate bone formation it is essential to understand the expression patterns of key bone-specific growth factors, as osteoprogenitor cells undergo the processes of proliferation, differentiation and maturation. This study reports the sequential expression of bone-related growth and transcription factors when bone marrow-derived osteoprogenitor cells from C57BL mice were cultured on allograft bone discs. Mineralization and osteocalcin protein levels were used to track osteogenic differentiation and maturation. Bone-related growth factors, such as Bmp-2, Bmp-7, Ctnnb-1, Fgf-2, Igf-1, Vegf-a and Tgf-β1, and transcription factors, such as Runx-2 and osteocalcin, were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Total density of mineralized bone was significantly increased 7.6 ± 0.7% in allografts cultured with cells, compared with a 0.5 ± 2.0% increase in the controls without cells (p < 0.01). Osteocalcin protein levels peaked at day 4. Protein expression showed peaks of BMP-2 and TGF-β1 on day 2, with VEGF peaking on day 8, and IGF-1 decreasing on day 2. mRNA for Pdgf-a peaked on day 2; Bmp-2 on days 4 and 16; Ctnnb-1 on days 8 and 20; Vegf-a, Fgf-2, Runx-2 and Igf-1 on day 12; Tgf-β1 on day 16; and Pdgf-b on day 20. Osteogenic growth factors correlated with Runx-2 and Ctnnb-1, whereas a predominant vascular growth factor, Vegf-a, did not follow this pattern. Specific bone-related genes and proteins were expressed in a time-dependent manner when osteoprogenitor cells were cultured on cortico-cancellous bone discs in vitro.
Pressure Dependence of the Carrier Concentrations in p -Type Alloys of Hg 1 − x Cd x Te at 4.2 and 77°K

Electrical transport measurements have been made on $p$-type samples of ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Cd}}_{x}\mathrm{Te}$ with $x$ near 0.15 at temperatures of 4.2 and 77 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and at hydrostatic pressures up to 9 kbar. A sharp transition is observed in both the Hall coefficient and conductivity versus pressure at 4.2 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The pressure dependence of the carrier concentrations and mobilities has been obtained from magneto-Hall and magnetoresistance data. Analysis using $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{p}}$ theory yields values for the Fermi energy, measured with respect to the valence-band edge, of more than 9 me V, which are independent of pressure. A possible model to account for this behavior is described. Magnetic freeze-out effects have been observed and attributed to the lowest-energy, spin-split, zero-order Landau level passing through the Fermi energy. A value of 7 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ eV/bar is obtained for the pressure coefficient of the energy gap at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Non-Ohmic behavior has been observed at 4.2 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K during the magnetic freeze-out.
Midwifery Management of the Woman With an Eating Disorder in the Antepartum Period

A 21-year-old gravida 1, para 0 at 11 weeks and 4/7 days by last normal menstrual period presented to our clinic for prenatal care. She has never had a serious illness, surgery, or hospitalization. Her family history was positive for chronic depression and substance abuse. Her psychological history was positive for bulimia nervosa, which she reported first developing at 18 years of age. Although she had been working with a therapist for the past couple of years, she reported binge eating 1 to 2 times a week and compensatory behaviors, including excessive exercise, laxative use, fasting, and self-induced vomiting. She denied suicidal and homicidal ideation. She reported that her boyfriend and family provided a good social support system. Over the past few weeks, she had experienced symptoms of fatigue, nausea, and vomiting, but she denied dizziness and hyperemesis. The physical examination revealed that her vital signs were stable, and all systems were found to be normal, with uterine size equal to dates. She measured 5 feet 6 inches tall, with a prepregnancy weight of 127 pounds and a body mass index (BMI) of 20.5. She estimated gaining about 5 pounds since becoming pregnant. Moderate ketones were noted on urine dipstick. Laboratory values ordered at the first prenatal visit and at 28 weeks' gestation were all within normal limits, with the exception of a hemoglobin value of 11.6 and a hematocrit of 33.8 at 28 weeks' gestation, indicating mild anemia. The woman attended clinic regularly and had an uncomplicated prenatal course, gaining a total of 34 pounds. She was offered anticipatory guidance at each antepartum visit and was counseled by her midwife on nutrition and weight gain. She kept bimonthly appointments with her regular therapist throughout the duration of her pregnancy. While she attempted to refrain from binging and compensatory behaviors, she did not completely abstain, reporting an average of 1 to 3 binge eating episodes (followed by self-induced vomiting or laxative use) per month. She gave birth vaginally to a healthy 8 lb, 5 oz baby boy at 40 weeks and 3/7 days without complications.
Evaluating a New Risk Marker's Predictive Contribution in Survival Models

Although the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) is the most popular measure of the performance of prediction models, it has limitations, especially when it is used to evaluate the added discrimination of a new risk marker in an existing risk model. Pencina et al. (2008) proposed two indices, the net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), to supplement the improvement in the AUC (IAUC). Their NRI and IDI are based on binary outcomes in case-control settings, which do not involve time-to-event outcome. However, many disease outcomes are time-dependent and the onset time can be censored. Measuring discrimination potential of a prognostic marker without considering time to event can lead to biased estimates. In this paper, we extended the NRI and IDI to time-to-event settings and derived the corresponding sample estimators and asymptotic tests. Simulation studies showed that the time-dependent NRI and IDI have better performance than Pencina’s NRI and IDI for measuring the improved discriminatory power of a new risk marker in prognostic survival models.
O2 consumption, heart rate and subjective ratings under conditions of relaxation and active coping

Abstract Oxygen consumption, respiratory rate, minute volume, heart rate (HR) and subjective ratings from 12 graduate students were monitored under conditions of relaxation and active coping. The controlled, within- S s, cross-over design consisted of the two experimental conditions alternating between three control periods. The relaxation condition consisted of an autogenic procedure which the S s had practiced daily for more than a week. The active-coping condition involved avoidance of an aversive noise during a reaction-time task. In terms of O 2 consumption, there was a slight (3%) but nonsignificant decrease during relaxation. There was a trend for HR to increase during active coping, although this finding was attenuated by the presence of a subset of S s who responded with a marked and unexpected decrease in HR under this condition. Subjective ratings obtained at 1-min intervals throughout the experiment indicated that the S s achieved significant levels of subjective relaxation during the procedure. The results of the study failed to support the presence of a hypometabolic state during relaxation as proposed by Benson.
A Compact Torus Fusion Reactor Utilizing a Continuously Generated String of CT’s. The CT String Reactor, CTSR

A fusion reactor is described in which a moving string of mutually repelling compact toruses (alternating helicity, unidirectional Btheta) is generated by repetitive injection using a magnetized coaxial gun driven by continuous gun current with alternating poloidal field. An injected CT relaxes to a minimum magnetic energy equilibrium, moves into a compression cone, and enters a conducting cylinder where the plasma is heated to fusion-producing temperature. The CT then passes into a blanketed region where fusion energy is produced and, on emergence from the fusion region, the CT undergoes controlled expansion in an exit cone where an alternating poloidal field opens the flux surfaces to directly recover the CT magnetic energy as current which is returned to the formation gun. The CT String Reactor (CTSTR) reactor satisfies all the necessary MHD stability requirements and is based on extrapolation of experimentally achieved formation, stability, and plasma confinement. It is supported by extensive 2D, MHD calculations. CTSTR employs minimal external fields supplied by normal conductors, and can produce high fusion power density with uniform wall loading. The geometric simplicity of CTSTR acts to minimize initial and maintenance costs, including periodic replacement of the reactor first wall.
Determination of actinide speciation in solution using high-energy X-ray scattering

High-energy X-ray scattering (HEXS) has been used to understand the coordination environment of the uranyl ion in a perchlorate solution. Assuming the two coordinating oxo ligands bound to U(VI) are represented in a peak in the pair distribution function (PDF) at 1.766(1) A, integration of the peak intensity is used to quantify the charge located on the oxygens. The dioxo ligands are essentially neutral, as predicted by numerous published calculations, with a charge of −16.4(8) electrons. The peak in the PDF at 2.420(1) A is consistent with equatorial ligating waters. The intensity of this peak is inconsistent with an integral coordination number and is used to propose a solution equilibrium of five and four waters coordinating to the uranyl(VI) ion favoring the five-coordinate species. This equilibrium is then used to experimentally determine that five-coordinate uranyl is 1.19±0.42 kcal/mol more stable than its four-coordinate counterpart under the conditions of the experiment. Further peaks in the Fourier transform of the scattering data at 4.50, 7, and 8.7 A are attributed to uranium–solvent correlations.
The human glucocorticoid receptor promoter upstream sequences contain binding sites for the ubiquitous transcription factor, Yin Yang 1

Abstract Studies on the human glucocorticoid receptor (GR) promoter were carried out so as to understand the regulation of GR expression. A −2738 to +19 fragment of the human GR promoter was used to identify important regulatory elements involved in the control in GR expression in NIH 3T3 cells (mouse fibroblasts) and HeLa cells (human cervical carcinoma cells). Important regulatory domains in the distal region of the human GR promoter were identified by sequential 5′ end deletion analysis. A region between −2490 and −2025 contributed 50% of the measured transcriptional activity to the promoter. Using DNase I footprint analysis, four sites in this region were identified: −2362 to −2339 (mouse footprint, mFP); −2301 to −2293 (distal YY1, dYY1); −2130 to −2122 (middle YY1, mYY1); and, −2086 to −2078 (proximal YY1, pYY1). Three sites contained an identical core sequence, CCAAGATGG and were identified as Yin Yang 1 (YY1) binding sites. The site located at −2362 to −2339 was footprinted in NIH 3T3 cells only. The sequence of this site is a direct repeat with a 2-nucleotide spacer region, and it does not share homology with any known transcription factor binding sites. Computer analysis of the entire promoter sequence revealed an additional YY1 site located at −260 to −249 (initiator YY1, iYY1) with the sequence CTCCTCCATTTTG. Electrophoretic mobility supershift assays, with an anti-YY1 antibody, were used to confirm YY1 binding to these four putative YY1 binding sites. Site-directed deletion of all three upstream YY1 sites but not the iYY1 site, or the iYY1 site alone, showed a ~60% decrease in transcriptional activity of the hGR promoter in HeLa cells but had no effect in NIH 3T3 cells. A similar (50%) decrease in the expression of a full-length hGR/luciferase reporter gene was obtained when HeLa cells were cotransfected with a full-length antisense YY1 expression plasmid. Additionally, a region between −1841 and −1689 contributed to hGR promoter activity in both cell types tested. An Sp1 binding site was identified in this region (−1748 to −1733) by DNase I footprint and mobility supershift analyses. The presence of four YY1 binding sites in the human GR promoter suggests that these sites play a critical role in GR gene regulation.
Ruffles limit diffusion in the plasma membrane during macropinosome formation

In murine macrophages stimulated with macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), signals essential to macropinosome formation are restricted to the domain of plasma membrane enclosed within cup-shaped, circular ruffles. Consistent with a role for these actin-rich structures in signal amplification, microscopic measures of Rac1 activity determined that disruption of actin polymerization by latrunculin B inhibited ruffling and the localized activation of Rac1 in response to M-CSF. To test the hypothesis that circular ruffles restrict the lateral diffusion of membrane proteins that are essential for signaling, we monitored diffusion of membrane-tethered, photoactivatable green fluorescent protein (PAGFP-MEM) in ruffling and non-ruffling regions of cells. Although diffusion within macropinocytic cups was not inhibited, circular ruffles retained photoactivated PAGFP-MEM inside cup domains. Confinement of membrane molecules by circular ruffles could explain how actin facilitates positive feedback amplification of Rac1 in these relatively large domains of the plasma membrane, thereby organizing the contractile activities that close macropinosomes.
Plasma Diagnostics and Nonlinear Wave Studies with a Gridded Electrostatic Energy Analyzer

A simplified theory relating the collector current to the grid bias and other plasma parameters has been developed for a multiple-gridded electrostatic energy analyzer. Experiments have shown that the theory is only approximately valid, but the temperature obtained agrees closely with that from a Langmuir probe. It is found that temperature measurements depend on the grid bias potentials and the ratios of grid hole radius to electron Debye length. As a result, the conditions for the best performance of the energy analyzer as an accurate diagnostic device have been determined. A theory has also been worked out for the second-order change in the electron distribution function due to a cyclotron damped wave. This, together with experimental results, will provide valuable information on the thermal anisotropy of a plasma.
The human conceptual system

The human conceptual system contains knowledge about the world that supports categorical inference, conceptual combination, and basic cognitive tasks (e.g., perception, memory, language, thought). Standard views of semantic memory typically portray the conceptual system as modular, amodal, static, abstractive, and taxonomic. Recent connectionist accounts are dynamic and contextual but often remain modular, amodal, and taxonomic (although not necessarily so). An alternative view is presented, along with supporting empirical evidence. On this view, the conceptual system shares representational mechanisms with sensory-motor systems, thereby making it non-modular and modal. Within this framework, simulators represent a category dynamically by constructing diverse simulations of category instances across occasions (i.e., static concepts do not represent categories). To represent a category on a given occasion, a simulator reenacts a small subset of modal information for the category. In addition, these simulations include knowledge about settings, actions, and mental perspectives, thereby contextualizing the category's representations. Finally, systems of categories are organized to support situated action. Ad hoc categories arise at the interface between action sequences and the world, with taxonomic categories being subsidiary to this interface. Behavioral and neural evidence is presented to support this view of the conceptual system.
A class of solutions for the inverse diffusion problem

Abstract The close relation between Hermitian wavelets transforms and the diffusion equation is used to derive a one-parameter family of distributed sources as solutions to the inverse diffusion problem in RN × R_. The class of solutions is interpreted in terms of energetically dominant events in the wavelet representation, where the scale of the event is proportional to its age. The construction procedure is a straightforward extension of the inverse wavelet transform formula. Simple examples illustrate the method.
Optimization of the strain energy density in linear anisotropic elasticity

The problem considered here is that of extremizing the strain energy density of a linear anisotropic material by varying the relative orientation between a fixed stress state and a fixed material symmetry. It is shown that the principal axes of stress must coincide with the principal axes of strain in order to minimize or maximize the strain energy density in this situation. Specific conditions for maxima and minima are obtained. These conditions involve the stress state and the elastic constants. It is shown that the symmetry coordinate system of cubic symmetry is the only situation in linear anisotropic elasticity for which a strain energy density extremum can exist for all stress states. The conditions for the extrema of the strain energy density for transversely isotropic and orthotropic materials with respect to uniaxial normal stress states are obtained and illustrated with data on the elastic constants of some composite materials. Not surprisingly, the results show that a uniaxial normal stress in the grain direction in wood minimizes the strain energy in the set of all uniaxial stress states. These extrema are of interest in structural and material optimization.
LeChatelier Principle and the Effects of Trade Policy under Induced Innovation

This paper explores the effects of trade policy under induced innovation in general equilibrium. The analysis considers the effects of discrete changes in tariffs and import quotas, allowing for heterogeneous technologies among firms. The interactions between induced innovation and the effects of trade policy give a set of “LeChatelier effects” comparing short run versus long run market equilibrium. We investigate how induced innovation can reduce the adverse effects of tariffs on trade, and influence the effects of quotas on corresponding quota rents. The analysis presents new LeChatelier results that apply globally, i.e. under any discrete change in trade policy.
Probability and logic in belief systems

This paper seeks to develop a formal (mathematical) model of belief systems based on the axioms of probability theory and propositional logic. By a belief system we mean a set of propositions along with an actor's objective probability assignments to (beliefs in) them, together with the relationships among and between propositions and beliefs. Belief systems are regarded as being comprised of interrelated elements.
Non-ideal absorption effects on hydrogen permeation through palladium–silver alloy membranes

Abstract Current theoretical models for the permeation behavior of hydrogen through palladium and palladium alloys predict that low temperature operation of thin membranes will result in permeation which is no longer controlled by the diffusion of hydrogen through the metal lattice. Specifically, the process of desorption from the downstream surface is predicted to become the dominant resistance to mass transfer. However, these models neglect the non-ideal absorption behavior of hydrogen in palladium which typically occurs at temperatures below 300 °C. In this work a model is developed which accounts for the non-ideal behavior of hydrogen in palladium–silver alloys (25% silver by weight) which are typically used for hydrogen purification. This model predicts that the diffusion-limited regime should be characterized by an increase in the activation energy to ∼32 kJ/mol at temperatures below 200 °C. This prediction is supported by data available in the literature for thick (>125 μm) palladium–silver alloy membranes.
Two-dimensional choked transonic flow

Choked transonic flow about a thin two-dimensional airfoil in a wide wind tunnel is analyzed. Asymptotic expansions are constructed in terms of the transonic similarity variableKT as KT→0 (and the tunnel height→∞), in an inner region, “near” the body, and in an outer region, near the walls, and are matched. The inner expansion consists of sonic free flow plus a correction. The outer expansion accounts for the meeting of the sonic line and the limit characteristic at the wall. The magnitude of the correction to sonic free flight at the body as well as the dependence of the choking Mach number on the wind tunnel height are determined. A boundary value problem is formulated to determine the correction to the free flight sonic flow.
Entrainment in fire plumes.

A new technique for measurement of mass flow rates in buoyant fire plumes is described. The characteristics of 10 - 200 k W methane diffusion flames stabilized on porous-bed-burners of 0.10 - 0.50 m dia. are described. A transition in the dependence of flame height on heat input and burner size was observed when the flame height was about four times the burner diameter. The mass flow rates in the buoyant plumes produced by the fires were measured for a range of elevations starting just below the time-averaged top of the flame and extending to six times this flame height. The mass flow rates in this region of the plume were correlated by the use of a simple plume model. Atmospheric and forced disturbances in the air being entrained increased the entrainment rate of the plume.
Ignition and extinction of homogeneous-heterogeneous combustion: CH4 and C3H8 oxidation on PT

The bifurcation behavior of homogeneous-heterogeneous combustion processes was studied experimentally and theoretically by examining surface and homogeneous ignition and extinction of methane and propane oxidation in air on platinum foil in stagnation flow at atmospheric pressure. A technique based on bifurcation theory and the shooting algorithm is used to simulate these experiments and gives remarkably good agreement with experiments using simplified rate expressions. Two ignitions, one extinction, and one self-sustaining autothermal steady state were observed for both systems. The first ignition is that of the heterogeneous reaction which is weakly dependent on the fuel composition over a large range of the composition. Autothermal behavior occurs over a large range of compositions for propane oxidation but only in a small region near the stoichiometric composition for methane oxidation. For all other compositions extinction occurred. Coking was observed for fuel rich mixtures in both systems. Comparison between theory and experiment demonstrates that bifurcation analysis can be used to predict experimental homogeneous and heterogeneous ignition/extinction using relatively simple models of the system. The model is also used to study the roles of the homogeneous and heterogenous reactions in these systems by calculating reaction rate, concentration and temperature profiles in the reacting boundary layer.
Information processing and cognitive behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Comorbidity of delusions, overvalued ideas, and schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, in conjunction with obsessive-compulsive symptoms, presents significant barriers to treatment. This is true even if the obsessive-compulsive symptoms would ordinarily be considered straightforward for cognitive-behavioral treatment. These many limitations in treatment are considered here in light of the information processing deficits that are associated with schizophrenia. Further, the demands of exposure with response prevention, used in the case of Sam, require special considerations in complex cases such as these. We highlight some of the specific approaches necessary in the clinical care of schizophrenia with obessive-compulsive symptoms in light of the information-processing deficits associated with each problem, and discuss some of the issues faced in clinical settings where there is a reliance on empirically supported treatments for conditions or classes of symptoms. The specific considerations raised here extend to cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) that are complicated by the presence of overvalued ideas, essentially a delusional subtype of the disorder.
Excitation-emission-lifetime analysis of multicomponent systems—III. Platinum, palladium and rhodium porphyrins

Abstract Excitation-emission-time matrices are obtained on five emitting systems containing platinum, palladium, and rhodium porphyrins. Two-dimensional principal component analysis provides initial guesses for the iterative least-squares refinement in three dimensions. Surprisingly good resolution is obtained in mixture A of two emitting species with spectral overlaps (0.560, 0.282, 0.997) in excitation, emission and time respectively. Excellent spectral resolution is obtained in system B of two emitting species with spectral overlaps (0.569, 0.135, 0.956). In system C, with three emitting species, the overlap between pairs of spectra was sufficiently low that the nine spectra (three species each in excitation, emission and time) are relatively well determined. In systems D and E, higher overlap between spectra produces mixing of the extracted spectra.
The Telescoping Series in Perspective

(1998). The Telescoping Series in Perspective. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 71, No. 4, pp. 313-314.
The pH sensitivity of histidine-containing lytic peptides

Many bioactive peptides are featured by their unique amino acid compositions such as argine/lysine-rich peptides. However, histidine-rich bioactive peptides are hardly found. In this study, histidine-containing peptides were constructed by selectively replacing the corresponded lysine residues in a lytic peptide LL-1 with histidines. Interestingly, all resulting peptides demonstrated pH-dependent activities. The cell lysis activities of these peptides could be increased up to four times as the solution pHs dropped from pH = 7.4 to pH = 5.5. The pH sensitivity of a histidine-containing peptide was determined by histidine substitution numbers. Peptide derivatives with more histidines were associated with increased pH sensitivity. Results showed that not the secondary structures but pH-affected cell affinity changes were responsible for the pH-dependent activities of histidine-containing peptides. The histidine substitution approach demonstrated here may present a general strategy to construct bioactive peptides with desired pH sensitivity for various applications.
EFFECT OF CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE THERAPY ON ONCOGENE EXPRESSION IN ANGIOIMMUNOBLASTIC LYMPHADENOPATHY

The expression of four cellular oncogenes was studied by means of northern blot analysis of messenger RNA in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells from patients with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy (AILD). On average, cells from patients with AILD and from those with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) expressed significantly more N-ras and significantly less c-fos mRNA than did cells from healthy controls. Expression of these cellular oncogenes was most abnormal in patients with the most severe disease. In contrast, increased levels of c-myc mRNA were found in patients with SLE but not in those with AILD. Administration of cyclophosphamide to patients with AILD was followed by return to normal of both N-ras and c-fos expression.
Dependence of gonadotropin-induced steroidogenesis upon RNA and protein synthesis in the interstitial cells of the rat testis.

Abstract The effects of inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis upon gonadotropic stimulation of testosterone and cyclic AMP production by the Leydig cell were investigated in vitro with enzyme-dispersed interstitial cells of the rat testis. The testosterone response to human chorionic gonadotropin was abolished by cycloheximide and puromycin, and was markedly reduced by actinomycin D and cordycepin. During 3-h times studies, cycloheximide caused complete inhibition of subsequent steroid production when added at times up to 90 min after the commencement of incubation with human chorionic gonadotropin. Actinomycin D did not completely abolish the testosterone response when added at zero time, and became progressively less effective when added at later times during the incubation period. The stimulation of steroidogenesis by dibutyryl cyclic AMP was also completely abolished by cycloheximide and puromycin, and was siginificantly reduced by actinomycin D and cordycepin. By contrast with the marked inhibition od steroid production by cycloheximide and actinomycin D, the formation of cyclic AMP during human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation was relatively unaffected by either inhibitor. These results indicate that the stimulation of testosterone production by the Leyding cell in response to gonadotropins and dibutyryl cyclic AMP is dependent upon the synthesis of new RNA and protein molecules. Thus, effects of gonadotropin and cyclic AMP upon both transcriptional and translational processes appear to be essential intermediate steps in the activation of testicular steroidogenesis. The rapid and complete abolition of subsequent steroid synthesis following addition of cycloheximide or puromycin to human chorionic gonadotropin-stimulated interstitial cells suggests that e relatively labile protein is formed during gonadotropin actions.
Visibility of surgical site marking: a prospective randomized trial of two skin preparation solutions.

Background: An important component of the surgical time-out is to confirm surgical site skin markings to prevent wrong-site surgery. Different skin preparation solutions may have variable effects on the visibility of site markings after application. We performed a prospective randomized clinical trial to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the visibility of surgical site markings after the use of two commonly available skin preparation solutions. Methods: We enrolled twenty patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty at our institution. Preoperatively, a black permanent marker was used to mark the skin of each patient with a random combination of three letters, underlined by a single black line, and with the surgeon’s initials. Patients were randomly selected to receive a chlorhexidine-based or an iodine-based skin preparation according to manufacturer guidelines. The skin markings were photographed digitally, before and after the application of solution. The photographs made after the application of solution were assessed quantitatively, by calculating the contrast (marker to skin) before and after the application of the solutions, and qualitatively by ten orthopaedic surgeons to identify the random initials and to recognize skin markings. Results: The mean change in contrast level after application of the chlorhexidine-based solution was significantly greater than that after application of the iodine-based solution (mean and standard deviation, 59.8 ± 15.7 U versus 14.9 ± 11.4 U, respectively; p < 0.0001). Surgeons were an average of twenty-two times less likely (95% confidence interval, eight to sixty-eight) to judge markings as acceptable for site identification after preparation with the chlorhexidine-based solution than after preparation with the iodine-based solution. When examining individual letters, the surgeons correctly identified 296 of 300 letters in the group prepared with the iodine-based solution and 209 of 300 letters in the group prepared with the chlorhexidine-based solution; the difference was significant (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The use of the chlorhexidine-based solution for skin preparation resulted in significantly greater erasure of the surgical site marking than did the use of the iodine-based solution. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologous recombination factor Rdh54.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae RDH54 is a key member of the evolutionarily conserved RAD52 epistasis group of genes needed for homologous recombination and DNA double strand break repair. The RDH54-encoded protein possesses a DNA translocase activity and functions together with the Rad51 recombinase in the D-loop reaction. By chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we show that Rdh54 is recruited, in a manner that is dependent on Rad51 and Rad52, to a site-specific DNA double strand break induced by the HO endonuclease. Because of its relatedness to Swi2/Snf2 chromatin remodelers, we have asked whether highly purified Rdh54 possesses chromatin-remodeling activity. Importantly, our results show that Rdh54 can mobilize a mononucleosome along DNA and render nucleosomal DNA accessible to a restriction enzyme, indicative of a chromatin-remodeling function. Moreover, Rdh54 co-operates with Rad51 in the utilization of naked or chromatinized DNA as template for D-loop formation. We also provide evidence for a strict dependence of the chromatin-remodeling attributes of Rdh54 on its ATPase activity and N-terminal domain. Interestingly, an N-terminal deletion mutant (rdh54Δ102) is unable to promote Rad51-mediated D-loop formation with a chromatinized template, while retaining substantial activity with naked DNA. These features of Rdh54 suggest a role of this protein factor in chromatin rearrangement during DNA recombination and repair.
Hematological and enzymatic results of aluminum intoxication in rats.

Abstract 1. The study has been carried out on Wistar rats. The aim of the present study was to trace the effect of aluminum on enzyme activities and hematological parameters on erythrocytes. 2. Aluminum decreased activities of acetylcholinesterase, glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase in the erythrocytes of the animals tested. 3. In the peripheral blood, a significant decrease in the erythrocyte count, hemoglobin level and hematocrit index and increased percentage of reticulocytes and polychromatophilic erythrocytes were observed. 4. The increase in the neutrophilic granulocyte and lymphocyte count was significant. 5. An inhibitory effect of aluminum on the phagocytic activity of granulocytes was also observed.
Evolution of the nuclear and magnetic structures of TlFe1.6Se2 with temperature

The evolution of the nuclear and magnetic structures of TlFe${}_{1.6}$Se${}_{2}$ was determined in the temperature range 5--450 K using single-crystal neutron diffraction. The Fe layers in these materials develop a corrugation in the magnetically ordered state. A canting away from the block checkerboard magnetic structure is observed in the narrow temperature range between approximately 100 and 150 K. In this same temperature range, an increase in the corrugation of the Fe layers is observed. At lower temperatures, the block checkerboard magnetic structure is recovered with a suppressed magnetic moment and abrupt changes in the lattice parameters. Microstructure analysis at 300 K using atomic-resolution Z-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals regions with ordered and disordered Fe vacancies, and the iron content is found to be uniform across the crystal. These findings highlight the differences between the alkali-metal and thallium materials, and indicate competition between magnetic ground states and a strong coupling of magnetism to the lattice in TlFe${}_{1.6}$Se${}_{2}$.
Learning-related behaviors and literacy achievement in elementary school-aged children

Abstract This longitudinal study investigated associations between children's learning-related behaviors and literacy achievement in an ethnically diverse sample of low-income children throughout elementary school. Children's literacy and learning-related behavior (e.g., working independently, seeking challenges) were assessed when they were in kindergarten or first grade and again in the third and fifth grades. The results showed fair consistency over time in both learning-related behaviors and literacy skills. Learning-related behaviors in one grade predicted literacy achievement in the subsequent grade in which it was assessed, but literacy skills did not predict subsequent learning-related behaviors.
Fluorometric evidence for control of the activity of F1-adenosinetriphosphatase by ligand-induced conformation change.

The effect of ATP on the fluorescence intensity of bovine heart F1-adenosinetriphosphatase labeled at its essential Lys with 7-chloro-4-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (N-NBD-F1) has been examined in solutions containing different concentrations of ADP. The fluorescence of N-NBD-F1 is unaffected by ATP in the absence of ADP. But when increasing amounts of ATP are added to a solution of N-NBD-F1 containing 0.37 or 1.0 mM ADP, the fluorescence of N-NBD-F1 first decreases and then increases continually as the concentration of ATP is further raised. Parallel measurements of the suppression of the fluorescence of N-NBD-F1 and the inhibition of the ATPase activity of the unlabeled enzyme by ADP in the presence of ATP show a quantitative correlation between the changes in fluorescence and in ATPase activity. The data are consistent with the model for F1-ATPase with one principal catalytic β′ subunit for ATP hydrolysis and synthesis, and two auxiliary β″ subunits which control the conformation and hence the catalytic activity of β′ through interaction between all the subunits.