cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Representing Revolution in Milton and his Contemporaries: The kingdom within: radical religion and politics in Paradise Regained

“Christ hath a government of his own,” Milton wrote in 1659, “it governs not by outward force … it deals only with the inward man and his actions … [it shows us] the divine excellence of his spiritual kingdom, able without worldly force to subdue all the powers and kingdoms of this world.” And a year later, the Quaker leader and prophet Edward Burrough urged the saints that “in the Day of Temptations and Tryals ,” in order that they “may not be overcome of the wicked ,” they should “put on strength , that [they] may stand , and never be moved from the hope of Eternal Life , and feel the renewing of [their] inward man .” These two passages, written close to the Restoration, capture essential qualities dramatized in Milton's last spiritual epic: its striking revision of external forms of politics and kingship; its emphasis on the mighty power of a spiritual kingdom within; and its depiction of Jesus as a pious and inward saint, armed with the power of the Lord and unmoved in the midst of the greatest worldly temptations. Yet despite recent attempts to address the political implications of Paradise Regained , no critical consensus has emerged. Does this spiritually inward poem repudiate politics after Milton's disappointments in the Restoration? Does it espouse political quietism and a withdrawal from politics into faith or suggest that Milton himself, towards the end of his life, assumes a more pacifist outlook?
The Use of Chitin by Vibrios in Saline Waters

Chitin is reported to be rather resistant to biodegradation, although in recent years there have been a number of reports which indicate the production of a chitinase by some microorganisms. Using naturally occurring chitin and practical grade granular chitin, we have studied the growth of V. cholerae (both 01 and non-01) when utilizing chitin as a sole carbon source. In addition to growth characteristics, the effects of chitin presence on changes in agglutination patterns, and on the production of toxin have been studied. The implications of chitin biodegradation is considered both from the public health, and the environmental pollution standpoints.
GETTING OVER THE HUMP: SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS ON SOUTHERN PLAINS BISON PROCUREMENT/ UTILIZATION STUDIES

Apres un rappel des objectifs de la cinquante-deuxieme conference de la Plains Anthropologial Society, qui s'est tenue a Lubbock (Texas) du 2 au 6 novembre 1994, sur le theme de l'exploitation du bison par les groupes humains d'Amerique du Nord et des Plaines meridionales en particulier, aux periodes prehistorique et historique, l'auteur propose un resume des contributions de ce congres et une presentation de l'etat actuel de la recherche a ce sujet
Teaching Dental Students About Incarceration and Correctional Dentistry: Results from a National Survey

People who are incarcerated or have a history of incarceration have high rates of dental disease, but access to dental treatment is often a challenge during and after incarceration. Dental students’ exposure to this population is unknown: no data exist regarding the number of schools that provide didactic and clinical training in correctional dentistry. The aim of this study was to assess the extent of instruction in correctional dentistry and clinical opportunities at correctional facilities for dental students in the U.S. A survey was distributed to the academic deans at all 66 U.S. dental schools in 2017. Respondents were asked if their institutions had curricular content on correctional health and if they provided clinical opportunities in the correctional setting. Respondents from 30 schools completed the survey, for a response rate of 45%. Nearly two-thirds of the respondents said their institutions offered didactic instruction on the impact of incarceration on health, and eight schools offered a clinical experience at a correctional facility. The most common format was a community-based dental externship involving fourth-year dental students. Oral exams, prophylaxis, and extractions were the most common procedures performed. Respondents from schools that offered a clinical experience agreed more strongly than those that did not that exposure to correctional health care was important and that their students believed incarceration to be a social determinant of health. This study found that a substantial proportion of dental schools offered didactic education on correctional health, but a much smaller number offered student rotations in correctional facilities.
Antitumor Agents from Higher Plants

Various plant preparations have been recommended for treatment of warts, tumors and cancerous growths throughout recorded history. In a classic survey of the available literature, Hartwell1 identified over 3,000 plants reported to be of use in the treatment of these maladies. Numerous plant extracts have been subjected to detailed testing and fractionation studies in recent years and a wide variety of new active compounds have been isolated. Many of these new materials show promising antitumor activity in animal test systems and in preliminary clinical trials.
Aluminum Exposure Produces Learning and Memory Deficits

Aluminum is an ubiquitous element. Its exposure is unavoidable. Exposure that greatly exceeds that of the general population is experienced owing to occupation and medical treatments. Neurobehavioral toxicity attributed to occupational exposure to aluminum (Al) has been reported. Memory loss, tremor, jerking movements, and impaired coordination in one person were attributed to the practice of dipping red-hot metal articles, in an aluminum holder, into nitric acid (Spofforth, 1921). A large amount of Al was found in that individual’s urine. Gradual mental deterioration and generalized convulsions were seen in a 49-year-old who worked for 13.5 years as a ball mill operator in an Al flake powder factory (McLaughlin et al., 1962). Postmortem autopsy revealed no evidence of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain and other organ Al concentrations were equal or greater than those seen in dialyzed uremics (see below). For 25 years, underground miners were exposed to McIntyre powder (finely ground elemental Al and Al oxide) by inhalation prior to mine entry as prophylaxis against silicotic lung disease. The number of years of Mclntyre powder exposure correlated with impaired cognitive function, as measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and two additional cognitive tests (Rifat et al., 1990). Electrical welding, polishing, and shaping of Al increased urinary Al output, suggesting absorption of inhaled Al (Mussi et al., 1984).
Ocular-Motor Tracking Patterns in Dyslexic and Normal Individuals

Ocular-motor (ENG) tracking patterns were obtained during Modes I, II, and III blurring-speed testing in order to determine the neurophysiologic and “objective” indicators of the blurring/recognition-speed endpoint (Fig. 9–1). It was anticipated that this study might more accurately delineate the diagnostic parameters required to separate DD and non-DD individuals, and thus hopefully provide a solution to the exceptions and the paradox introduced by the blind blurring-speed study.
Abstract 382: Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a Pathogenic Mediator of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Rationale: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease in which oxidative stress has been proposed to mediate pathological changes to the pulmonary vasculature such as endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis, endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, and inflammation. Our previous study showed that cyclophilin A (CypA) was secreted from EC and VSMC in response to oxidative stress, and much of the secreted CypA was acetylated (AcK-CypA). Furthermore, CypA was increased in the plasma of patients with PAH. Objective: To evaluate the cell- s pecific role of CypA in PAH and compare the relative effects of AcK-CypA and CypA on EC apoptosis, development of an inflammatory EC phenotype and EndMT. Methods and Results: Transgenic overexpression of CypA in EC, but not SMC, caused a PAH phenotype including increased pulmonary artery pressure, α-smooth muscle actin expression in small arteries, and CD45 positive cells in the lungs. Mechanistic analysis using cultured mouse lung microvascular EC showed that CypA and AcK-CypA increased apoptosis measured by caspase 3 cleavage and TUNEL staining. MM284, a specific inhibitor of extracellular CypA, prevented EC apoptosis. In addition, CypA and AcK-CypA promoted an EC inflammatory phenotype assessed by increased VCAM1 and ICAM1 expression, phosphorylation of p65, and degradation of IkB. Furthermore, CypA and AcK-CypA promoted EndMT assayed by change in cell morphology, increased mesenchymal markers and EndMT related transcription factors. At all concentrations, AcK-CypA stimulated greater increases in apoptosis, inflammation and EndMT than CypA. Conclusions: EC-derived CypA (especially AcK-CypA) causes PAH by a presumptive mechanism involving increased EC apoptosis, inflammation and EndMT. Our results suggest that inhibiting extracellular secreted CypA is a novel therapeutic approach for PAH.
The anatomy of transanal minimally invasive surgery: Perineal distances and transanal angles

The recent interest in transanal, minimally invasive surgery has highlighted the importance of an in depth understanding of this complex region. We applied data from an anatomical study of the perineum to the concept of transanal minimally invasive surgery with the aim to describe more accurately anatomy relevant to this surgical technique. A consecutive series of adult patients undergoing colonoscopy were approached for consent to measure dimensions and angles of the perineum before the examination. Distances from the posterior margin of the anus to the coccyx, and the anterior margin of the anus to the posterior edge of the scrotum or introitus were measured. Then, using a pediatric proctoscope and a protractor, the anoperineal angle and the recto perineal angles were measured. The anorectal angle was derived from these measurements. Data is described using means and standard deviations. Measurements were obtained from 106 patients undergoing elective colonoscopy for average risk screening with no history of defecatory disorder. Posterior perineal length was similar in both sexes (4.5 cm ± 0.9 in women and 4.6 cm ±0.7 in men) but the anterior perineum was significantly shorter in women (2.5 ± 0.8). The mean anoperineal angle was 93° (±9), and mean rectoperineal angle was 73° (±9). These angles varied significantly between the sexes. The mean anorectal angle (derived) was 160° (±9), and did not differ significantly between the sexes. There was no correlation between the posterior perineal length and ano perineal, recto perineal, or anorectal angles. Limitations: small sample size. Anoperineal and recto perineal differ significantly between the sexes. Surgeons using transanal minimally invasive surgical techniques should expect to alter the alignment of their dissection accordingly. This study shows the magnitude of the differences that can exist. Clin. Anat. 32:68-72, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Highly Selective Primary Alkoxycarbonylation and Esterification of Unprotected Pyranose Derivatives Mediated by Scandium(III) Triflate Catalysis.

The reaction of unprotected pyranose derivatives with anhydrides and pyrocarbonates affords the products selectively and can be easily scaled-up.
Electron Transfer. Part 91. Reactions of Carboxylato-Bound Chromium(V) with Arenediols.

The oxo-Cr(V) complex (I) oxidizes the arenediols (II) and (III) in solutions buffered with the ligand acid, 2-ethyl-2-hydroxybutanoic acid, and its anion.
Prehospital needle thoracostomy: What are the indications and is a post-trauma center arrival chest tube required?

Abstract Objective This study examined the indications for prehospital needle thoracostomy (pNT), the need for tube thoracostomy (TT) following pNT, and the outcomes of patients who underwent pNT. Methods This study is a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent pNT prior to trauma center arrival. Patients were identified from the trauma registry and a quality improvement (QI) database from 9/2014–9/2018. Results 59 patients underwent 63 pNTs during the time period. The indication for pNT was “hypotension” in only 5 patients (7.9%). A CT chest was obtained on 51 NT attempts with the catheter in place. In 48 (94.1%) NT attempts, the catheter was not in the pleural space. 44 (69.4%) TTs were placed on admission date. Conclusion In patients undergoing pNT, hypotension was rarely the indication. Additionally, CT identified the catheter within the pleural space in only 3 (5.8%) NT attempts. TT placement was performed in 79.3% of NT attempts.
A Patient-centric Approach to Pancreatic Cancer Research: the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network Experience

Abstract The Pancreatic Cancer Action Network (PanCAN) set the goal of doubling survival from pancreatic cancer by 2020 almost a decade ago. During this time, several initiatives were put in place to directly assist patients today and to support research to help the patients of tomorrow. Through the Patient Central call center, pancreatic cancer patients receive critical information to assist with their care, search for clinical trials for which they are eligible, participate in a Patient Registry, connect with patients or caregivers with similar experiences, or enroll in the Know Your Tumor (KYT) molecular profiling service. Now that more than 1000 patients have received KYT reports, the outcomes indicate that patients that receive therapies targeted to tumor-specific molecular alterations experience significant improvements in progression-free survival and overall survival compared to control groups. Subset analysis also reveals benefits for individuals with defects in DNA damage repair pathway genes who are treated with a platinum-containing regimen. PanCAN's experience with the challenges and benefits of implementing a nation-wide patient support and molecular profiling effort, including cost-effectiveness analysis and examples of extraordinary responses, will be presented. Further advances in improving patient outcomes are anticipated to come from the Precision Promise adaptive clinical trial platform and an Early Detection Initiative, both of which are in the planning stages. The 5-year relative survival rate for pancreatic cancer in the USA has climbed from 6% to 9% over the past decade, building a foundation upon which further, substantive improvements in survival can be realized in future years.
Intraperitoneal CMP-001: A Novel Immunotherapy for Treating Peritoneal Carcinomatosis of Gastrointestinal and Pancreaticobiliary Cancer

The treatment options for patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) of gastrointestinal and pancreaticobiliary origins are limited. The virus-like particle, CMP-001, composed of the Qβ bacteriophage capsid protein encapsulating a CpG-A oligodeoxynucleotide, activates plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and triggers interferon alpha (IFNα) release, leading to a cascade of anti-tumor immune effects. To evaluate the ability of CMP-001 to trigger an immune response in patients with PC, peritoneal cells were isolated and stimulated ex vivo with CMP-001. Both IFNα release and percentage of pDC were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry, respectively. To evaluate the anti-tumor response in vivo, murine PC models were generated using mouse cancer cell lines (Panc02 and MC38) in immunocompetent mice treated with intraperitoneal CMP-001 or saline control. Survival was followed, and the immunophenotype of cells in the peritoneal tumor microenvironment was evaluated. The pDCs accounted for 1% (range 0.1–3.9%; n = 17) of the isolated peritoneal cells. Ex vivo CMP-001 stimulation of the peritoneal cells released an average of 0.77 ng/ml of IFNα (range, 0–4700 pg/ml; n = 14). The IFNα concentration was proportional to the percentage of pDCs present in the peritoneal cell mixture (r = 0.6; p = 0.037). In murine PC models, intraperitoneal CMP-001 treatment elicited an anti-tumor immune response including an increase in chemokines (RANTES and MIP-1β), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, interleukin 6 [IL-6], and IL-12), and peritoneal/tumor immune infiltration (CD4+/CD8+ T and natural killer [NK] cells). The CMP-001 treatment improved survival in both the Panc02 (median, 35 vs 28 days) and the MC38 (median: 57 vs 35 days) PC models (p < 0.05). As a novel immunotherapeutic agent, CMP-001 may be effective for treating patients with PC.
Stimulation of pig growth performance by porcine growth hormone: determination of the dose-response relationship.

The present study was undertaken to determine the relationship between dose of porcine growth hormone (pGH) and growth performance of pigs. Porcine GH was administered daily for 35 d [buffer-injected control = (C); 10 micrograms/kg body weight (BW) = (L); 30 micrograms/kg BW = (M); 70 micrograms/kg BW = (H)] to barrows (initial wt = 50 kg). Growth rate was significantly increased by pGH (14% for H dose vs C). Feed efficiency was increased in a dose-related manner (L = 7%, M = 10%, H = 17%) by pGH. There was a concurrent change in carcass composition of pGH-treated pigs. The H dose of pGH decreased the percentage of carcass lipid by 25% (P less than .05). Muscle mass was significantly increased in H vs C pigs (31 vs 26 kg). Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) concentration increased in a manner that was linearly related to the pGH dose (r = .87). No antibodies to pGH were detected in any of the pigs. In summary, these results extend our earlier findings that pGH increases growth performance markedly. Based on the present findings it appears that the maximally effective dose of pGH is greater than 70 micrograms.kg BW-1.d-1 since several indices of the growth-promoting and metabolic effects of pGH (% carcass protein, % carcass lipid and feed efficiency) had not plateaued.
Quantitative and dynamic cell polarity tracking in plant cells

Quantitative information on the spatiotemporal distribution of polarised proteins is central for understanding cell-fate determination, yet collecting sufficient data for statistical analysis is difficult to accomplish with manual measurements. Here we present Polarity Measurement (Pome), a semi-automated pipeline for the quantification of cell polarity and demonstrate its application to a variety of developmental contexts. Pome analysis reveals that, during asymmetric cell divisions in the Arabidopsis thaliana stomatal lineage, polarity proteins BASL and BRXL2 are more asynchronous and less mutually dependent than previously thought. A similar analysis of the linearly arrayed stomatal lineage of Brachypodium distachyon revealed that the MAPKKK BdYDA1 is segregated and polarised following asymmetrical divisions. Our results demonstrate that Pome is a versatile tool, which by itself or combined with tissue-level studies and advanced microscopy techniques can help to uncover new mechanisms of cell polarity.
Tailoring nitric oxide release with additive manufacturing to create antimicrobial surfaces

The current use of implantable and indwelling medical is limited due to potential microbial colonization leading to severe ailments. The aim of this work is to develop bioactive polymers that can be customized based on patient needs and help prevent bacterial infection. Potential benefits of additive manufacturing technology are integrated with the antimicrobial properties of nitric oxide (NO) to develop NO-releasing biocompatible polymer interfaces for addressing bacterial infections. Using filament-based additive manufacturing and polycarbonateurethane-silicone (PCU-Sil) a range of films possessing unique porosities (Disk-60, Disk-40, solid, capped) were fabricated. The films were impregnated with S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) using a solvent-swelling process. The Disk-60 porous films had the greatest amount of SNAP (19.59 wt%) as measured by UV-vis spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed an even distribution of SNAP throughout the polymer. The films exhibited structure-based tunable NO-release at physiological levels ranging from 7-14 days for solid and porous films, as measured by chemiluminescence. The antibacterial efficacy of the films was studied against Staphylococcus aureus using 24 h in vitro bacterial adhesion assay. The results demonstrated a >99% reduction of viable bacteria on the surface of all the NO-releasing films compared to unmodified PCU-Sil controls. The combination of 3D-printing technology with NO-releasing properties represents a promising technique to develop customized medical devices (such as 3D-scaffolds, catheters, etc.) with distinct NO-release levels that can provide antimicrobial properties and enhanced biocompatibility.
Ruthenium-based Photoactive Metalloantibiotics†.

Antibiotic resistance is one of the world's most urgent public health problems. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising therapy to combat the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. The aPDT combines a photosensitizer and light to generate reactive oxygen species to induce bacterial inactivation. Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes are significant because they possess unique photophysical properties that allow them to produce reactive oxygen species upon photoirradiation, which leads to cytotoxicity. These antimicrobial agents cause bacterial cell death by DNA and cytoplasmic membrane damage. This article presents a comprehensive review of photoactive antimicrobial properties of kinetically inert and labile ruthenium complexes, nanoparticles coupled photoactive ruthenium complexes, and photoactive ruthenium nanoparticles. Additionally, limitations of current ruthenium-based photoactive antimicrobial agents and future directions for the development of antibiotic-resistant photoactive antimicrobial agents are discussed. It is important to raise awareness for the ruthenium-based aPDT agents in order to develop a new class of photoactive metalloantibiotics capable of combating antibiotic resistance.
Listen! Amplifying the Experiences of Black Law School Graduates in 2020

Law students graduating in 2020 faced a number of unusual challenges. However, perhaps no students faced more emotional, psychological, logistical, and financial challenges than Black law school graduates in 2020. In addition to changes in the administration of the bar exam (including the use of technology that struggled to recognize Black faces) and delays in the administration of the exam that led to anxiety and increased financial instability, Black communities were concurrently being disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic led to increased care-taking responsibilities for many, concerns over the health of family members, and a lack of quiet and reliable space to study. Black law school graduates already struggling to juggle these challenges were also confronted with a rise in anti-Black police brutality, and the racist words and actions of politicians. As a result of this unprecedented series of stressors, many Black law gradates struggled to focus on studying for the bar, with some choosing to delay or abandon sitting for the bar altogether. Many expressed anger, disappointment, and betrayal at the profession they have worked so hard to enter. This Article summarizes the survey responses of over 120 Black law students who graduated in 2020 and were asked how the COVID pandemic and increased anti-Black violence impacted their health, education, and career aspirations. It seems likely that the impact of 2020 on the presence and wellbeing of Black lawyers in the legal profession will be felt for years to come. As professors, deans, lawyers, and policymakers reexamine the function of the bar exam and confront inequalities in legal education, we need to listen to these graduates’ experiences.
Anti-PD-L1 treatment to enhance the response of glioblastoma to radiation and produce long-term survival in mice.

e14048Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and most common primary central nervous system cancer in adults. Blocking the interaction between Programmed Cell Death Protein-1 (PD-1) ...
Interrelationships Between Nuclear Structure and Transcriptional Control of Cell Cycle and Tissue-Specific Genes

Three parameters of nuclear structure contribute to transcriptional control. The linear representation of promoter elements provides competency for physiological responsiveness within the contexts of developmental as well as cell cycle and phenotype-dependent regulation. Chromatin structure and nucleosome organization reduce distances between independent regulatory elements providing a basis for integrating components of transcriptional control. The nuclear matrix supports gene expression by imposing physical constraints on chromatin related to three dimensional genomic organization. In addition, the nuclear matrix facilitates gene localization as well as the concentration and targeting of transcription factors. Several lines of evidence are presented which are consistent with involvement of multiple levels of nuclear architecture in cell growth and tissue-specific gene expression during differentiation. Growth factor and steroid hormone responsive modifications in chromatin structure, nucleosome organization and the nuclear matrix are considered which influence transcription of the cell cycle regulated histone gene and the bone tissue-specific osteocalcin gene during progressive expression of the osteoblast phenotype.
Interventions to Reduce College Student Drinking: State of the Evidence for Mechanisms of Behavior Change

Interventions to reduce college student drinking, although efficacious, generally yield only small effects on behavior change. Examining mechanisms of change may help to improve the magnitude of intervention effects by identifying effective and ineffective active ingredients. Informed by guidelines for establishing mechanisms of change, we conducted a systematic review of alcohol interventions for college students to identify (a) which constructs have been examined and received support as mediators, (b) circumstances that enhance the likelihood of detecting mediation, and (c) the extent of evidence for mechanisms of change. We identified 61 trials that examined 22 potential mediators of intervention efficacy. Descriptive norms consistently mediated normative feedback interventions. Motivation to change consistently failed to mediate motivational interviewing interventions. Multiple active ingredient interventions were not substantially more likely to find evidence of mediation than single ingredient interventions. Delivering intervention content remotely reduced likelihood of finding support for mediation. With the exception of descriptive norms, there is inadequate evidence for the psychosocial constructs purported as mechanisms of change in the college drinking literature. Evidence for mechanisms will be yielded by future studies that map all active ingredients to targeted psychosocial outcomes and that assess potential mediators early, inclusively, and at appropriate intervals following interventions.
A Framework for Adaptive Storage Input/Output on Computational Grids

Emerging computational grids consist of distributed collections of heterogeneous sequential and parallel systems and irregular applications with complex, data dependent execution behavior and time varying resource demands. To provide adaptive input/output resource management for these systems, we are developing PPFS II, a portable parallel file system. PPFS II supports rule-based, closed loop and interactive control of input/output subsystems on both parallel and wide area distributed systems.
Investment and regional development in Post-Mao China

This paper investigates China's changing investment systems, investment patterns and their impact on regional development. It reveals that the reforms have brought profound changes to Mao's investment system and investment allocation. Investment decentralization has given localities considerable autonomy and incentives in economic development. Budgetary investment has declined dramatically while enterprise funds, bank loans and foreign investment have increased significantly in China. An increasing amount of these new sources of fixed investment have been channeled to more profitable non-state sectors. In terms of regional changes, China's coastal provinces, particularly Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang have recorded more rapid investment growth and have much higher per capita investment than many interior provinces. In addition, investment in the coastal provinces relies less on the state and is more profitable than that in the poorer interior. The sectoral and regional unevenness of fixed investment has significantly contributed to the uneven regional development in China. This research also has important theoretical implications, as it shows that regional investment is neither a cumulative causation process nor a convergent process, but influenced greatly by government policy, local states and local conditions, and foreign capital. An analysis of these factors should improve the understanding of investment allocation and regional development, especially for the transition economy in which the control and capacity of the central state has declined, while local and global forces have emerged as equally important forces shaping spatial change.
Teaching Original Games

(1977). Teaching Original Games. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 48, No. 7, pp. 30-32.
Comparison of fetal scalp blood pH measurement with an automated blood microprocessor and a clinical blood gas laboratory

Abstract The Corometrics 220 pH System was compared to a clinical blood gas laboratory in the measurement of the pH of fetal scalp blood. The mean errors of measurement obtained in 49 samples was significantly less with the Corometrics 220 pH System than with the clinical blood gas laboratory. The 220 System was also more precise.
Simplified Approach to Estimate Lateral Load on Drilled Shafts Resulting from a Heavily Loaded Adjacent Shallow Foundation Using Horizontal Stress Isobars

AbstractGrowing urbanization is leading to more structures being constructed close to each other, resulting in substantial interaction between their foundations. Although the interaction between two shallow foundations and between piles in a pile group has been studied by several researchers, the effects of interaction between shallow and deep foundations are not very well understood or studied. Not much published literature is available for practicing engineers to analyze and design shallow and deep foundations that are constructed adjacent to each other. The second author of this paper was recently involved in a project in which a structure designed to be supported on drilled shafts was supposed to be constructed adjacent to another structure designed to be supported on a large mat foundation with high floor load. Although the authors have performed a detailed parametric study using finite-element techniques to better understand stress distributions and develop a simplified method to analyze this type o...
MBA Student Opinion about the Teaching of Business Ethics: Preference for Inclusion and Perceived Benefit

Data about whether business ethics should be taught generally,whether it was included in the current class the students were taking, and how beneficialthat inclusion was are analyzed in relation to two general questions about the qualityof the course. The database is from a large U.S. MBA program in an institution thatis committed to integrating business ethics throughout the curriculum. Thegraduate students felt strongly that ethics should be taught in business classes. All five itemsunder study were significantly correlated with one another and a factor analysisidentified two major factors. Significant effects were found in student opiniondepending on whether the course was elective or core as well as the discipline of theclass. Areas for future research were suggested.
GeneTests: an online genetic information resource for health care providers

Objective: This paper describes the GeneTests genetic testing information resource with a focus on the GeneReviews component. Methods and Findings: The need for authoritative genetic testing information and issues in the development and maintenance of GeneReviews are discussed: Hampered by lack of currency and content deficits, traditional medical information resources such as textbooks and the published literature are generally inadequate sources of genetic testing information. Problems encountered in developing GeneReviews include the evolution of new authorship models and academic and genetics professionals' skepticism about the quality of Web-based publications. Conclusions: GeneTests is an authoritative, highly used, and well-regarded resource in the international medical community that is intended for health care providers. Future development issues to address include ways to (1) manage the increasing editing and updating load as content grows and (2) address technical and content issues that need to be considered in displaying GeneReviews as a “just in time” resource in the electronic medical record to achieve the project goal of integrating appropriate use of genetic testing into patient care.
The Life Cycles of Persistent Anomalies and Blocking over the North Pacific

The evolution of persistent anomaly patterns over the central North Pacific is investigated. Composite time evolution fields of the 500-mbar anomaly patterns are constructed from low-pass and unfiltered height anomaly data; the time scales for the development and decay of these persistent anomalies are analyzed. The relationship between zonal flow in the Pacific jet region and the development of the anomaly patterns is examined. The effect of baroclinic instabilities on the development of the anomalies is studied. The vertical structure and synoptic characteristics of the evolution of the anomalies are described. It is noted that the initial rapid growth of the main center may be associated with a propagating, intensifying, synoptic-scale disturbance which originates in the midlatitudes over eastern Asia.
A combined in vitro / in vivo selection for polymerases with novel promoter specificities

The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from T7 bacteriophage (T7 RNAP) has been extensively characterized, and like other phage RNA polymerases it is highly specific for its promoter. A combined in vitro / in vivo selection method has been developed for the evolution of T7 RNA polymerases with altered promoter specificities. Large (103 – 106) polymerase libraries were made and cloned downstream of variant promoters. Those polymerase variants that can recognize variant promoters self-amplify both themselves and their attendent mRNAs in vivo. Following RT / PCR amplification in vitro, the most numerous polymerase genes are preferentially cloned and carried into subsequent rounds of selection. A T7 RNA polymerase library that was randomized at three positions was cloned adjacent to a T3-like promoter sequence, and a 'specialist' T7 RNA polymerase was identified. A library that was randomized at a different set of positions was cloned adjacent to a promoter library in which four positions had been randomized, and 'generalist' polymerases that could utilize a variety of T7 promoters were identified, including at least one polymerase with an apparently novel promoter specificity. This method may have applications for evolving other polymerase variants with novel phenotypes, such as the ability to incorporate modified nucleotides.
Re-radiation of signals employing guided antenna systems operating in tandem with two-way signal booster amplifier

A guided antenna uses either radiating transmission line-leaky cable or a distributed antenna system comprising a number of antennas that are connected through hybrid junctions to a transmission line. The Port Authority's guided-antenna system has been successful in solving two-way radio communication problems that occur in tunnels, subway platforms, building interiors, mines, and other areas where radiation of electromagnetic energy is restricted. This system is installed within the confines of the signal-void areas and uses radiating transmission lines in conjunction with a suitably spaced two-way signal booster amplifier or series amplifier arrangement to compensate for signal attenuation. The system is designed so that it can be connected to either a base station or to an outside directional antenna or to both. Procedures and methods are described which were used to design and install these guided antenna systems at the George Washington Bridge Bus Station, the Holland Tunnel, and in the World Trade Center in New York City. >
High‐resolution Valence‐shell Photoionization

This article presents a brief review of high-resolution, valence-shell photoionization studies of diatomic and small polyatomic molecules. Both single-photon ionization of ground-state molecules and multiphoton/multistep ionization of excited-state molecules are discussed, and the complementary nature of the two approaches is emphasized. Although direct photoionization processes are discussed, the principal focus of the article is on resonance phenomena such as autoionization and predissociation, with a particular emphasis on the former. The various forms of autoionization are illustrated by using examples from recent work on H2, H3, N2, NO, CO2, and other molecules. Keywords: molecular photoionization; autoionization; predissociation; molecular spectroscopy
Stigma and Human Rights Abuses against People Who Inject Drugs in Russia--A Qualitative Investigation to Inform Policy and Public Health Strategies.

Author(s): Lunze, Karsten; Lunze, Fatima I; Raj, Anita; Samet, Jeffrey H | Abstract: IntroductionDrug policing practices in the Russian Federation (Russia) are often punitive and have been shown to be associated with HIV risk behaviors among people who inject drugs (PWID). Less is known about strategies to address the problem in that setting, where substance use stigma is highly persistent. A better understanding of forms, causes and consequences of drug policing in Russia could inform drug policy in a context of substantial policy resistance. This qualitative study's goal is to characterize the phenomenon of police involvement with Russian PWID and to explore strategies for drug policing in the Russian country context.MethodsUsing a semi-structured interview guide, we collected data from a purposive sample of 23 key informants including PWID, police officers, and experts from civil society and international organizations in Russia. We used a thematic analysis approach to inductively generate new insight into the phenomenon of police involvement and potential strategies to address it.ResultsPolicing practices involving PWID include unjustified arrests, planting of false evidence and extrajudicial syringe confiscations, and often constitute human rights violations. Russian PWID personally experienced police violence as ubiquitous, taking on various forms such as beating, unjustified arrests, verbal harassment, and coercion. The persistent societal stigma dehumanizes PWID, and such stigmatization facilitates police abuse. To address stigma and overcome the PWID-police adversity, study participants suggested fostering a mutual understanding between the police and public health sectors.ConclusionsParticipants describe substantial human rights violations as part of policing illicit drug use in Russia. Police should include principles of effective prevention of substance use and HIV risk reduction in their trainings. Alignment of public safety and public health goals could address drug use-related risks and HIV prevention among key populations in Russia.
Pairing symmetry of CeCoIn 5 detected by in-plane torque measurements

In-plane torque measurements were performed on heavy fermion ${\text{CeCoIn}}_{5}$ single crystals in the temperature $T$ range $1.8\text{ }\text{K}\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}10\text{ }\text{K}$ and applied magnetic field $H$ up to 14 T. The normal-state torque is given by ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{n}\ensuremath{\propto}{H}^{4}{(1+T/{T}_{K})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }\text{sin}\text{ }4\ensuremath{\varphi}$. The reversible part of the mixed-state torque, obtained after subtracting the corresponding normal-state torque, shows also a fourfold symmetry. In addition, sharp peaks are present in the irreversible torque at angles of $\ensuremath{\pi}/4$, $3\ensuremath{\pi}/4$, $5\ensuremath{\pi}/4$, $7\ensuremath{\pi}/4$, etc. Both the fourfold symmetry in the reversible torque and the sharp peaks in the irreversible torque of the mixed state imply ${d}_{xy}$ symmetry of the superconducting order parameter. The field and temperature dependences of the reversible mixed-state torque provide further evidence for ${d}_{xy}$ wave symmetry. The fourfold symmetry in the normal state has a different origin since it has different field and temperature dependences than the one in the mixed state. The possible reasons of the normal-state fourfold symmetry are discussed.
Effective risk stratification using exercise myocardial perfusion SPECT in women: gender-related differences in prognostic nuclear testing.

Objectives. This study was designed to evaluate the incremental prognostic value over clinical and exercise variables of rest thallium-201/exercise technetium-99m sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in women compared with men and to determine whether this test can be used to effectively risk stratify patients of both genders. Background. To minimize the previously described gender-related bias in the evaluation of coronary artery disease in women, there is a need to identify a noninvasive testing strategy that is able to accurately and effectively risk stratify women. Methods. We identified 4,136 consecutive patients (2,742 men, 1,394 women) who underwent dual-isotope SPECT. The incremental value of nuclear testing was determined using both a stepwise Cox proportional hazards model and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to determine test discrimination for high risk patients in men and women. Results. The patient population was followed up for 20 ± 5 months for events (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction). During this time, 63 myocardial infarctions and 32 cardiac deaths occurred in the men, and 31 myocardial infarctions and 14 cardiac deaths occurred in the women. Nuclear testing significantly stratified both men and women irrespective of their rest electrocardiogram. Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that nuclear testing added incremental prognostic value in both men and women after inclusion of the most predictive clinical and exercise variables (overall chi-square 89 in men vs. 120 in women, p < 0.005). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that nuclear testing further stratified men and women with both intermediate to high and low prescan likelihoods of coronary artery disease (p < 0.005 for all). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated superior discrimination for the nuclear scan results in identifying high risk women than men (area under the curve: 0.84 ± 0.03 vs. 0.71 ± 0.03 in men, p < 0.0005). The odds ratio comparing event rates in patients with abnormal versus those with normal scan results was greater in women than in men, suggesting superior stratification using nuclear testing in women. Conclusions. Dual-isotope myocardial perfusion imaging yields incremental prognostic value in both men and women. This modality identifies low risk women and men equally well but relatively high risk women more accurately than relatively high risk men and, thus, is able to stratify women more effectively than men.
Effects of Ovarian Hormones and Environment on Radial Maze and Water Maze Performance of Female Rats

The effects of gonadal hormones and environment on performance in an eight-arm radial maze and in the Morris water maze were determined in female rats. Long-Evans female rats were ovariectomized or sham ovariectomized at 35 days of age, and housed in complex environments or in isolation for the duration of the study. One month following surgeries, spatial working memory performance in the radial maze was assessed. Exposure to complex environmental conditions independently enhanced performance, as indicated by increased arm choice accuracy during 20 days of maze training. Additionally, gonadally intact females significantly outperformed ovariectomized females before cyclicity was disrupted by food deprivation. Following radial maze training, spatial reference memory performance was assessed in the same females utilizing the Morris water maze. Gonadally intact females housed in isolation performed significantly more poorly during 16 days of place training trials and displayed significantly shorter times in the platform quadrants and fewer target crossings during probe trials than gonadally intact and ovariectomized females housed in complex environments and ovariectomized rats housed in isolation. Consequently, acquisition and retention of the water maze was impaired by the presence of ovaries, and this impairment was counteracted by exposure to complex environments. Performance did not differ between groups on cued trials, indicating that sensorimotor and motivational functions did not differ between groups. Results of these experiments indicate that endogenous gonadal hormones can differentially affect performance on tasks of spatial working and spatial reference memory, and that environmental conditions can interact with gonadal hormones to affect behavior.
IDT 79R3001 simplifies RISC-based control systems

Abstract The MIPS RISC processor, R3000, has found widespread acceptance in high-profile applications such as highperformance workstations and servers. Equally significant, though less widely known, is the increasing use of the architecture in a variety of control-oriented applications such as laser printers, realtime event controllers and avionics controllers. IDT has identified a set of straightforward yet powerful changes to the basic R3000 device which simplifies its use in a wide variety of these applications. These changes are embodied in its 79R3001 RISController, a device which is fully software compatible (kernel and user level) with the standard R3000. The 79R3001 attains system cost savings over the R3000 and is more flexible and powerful in a range of realtime applications. The paper describes the evolution of the MIPS R3000 into the 79R3001. It discusses the architectural features of the R3000/R3001 that make it a good processor for embedded applications. It also describes the shortcomings of the R3000 in certain applications, and how the 79R3001 addresses these shortcomings. The paper also contains a brief description of the memory control capabilities of the 79R3001, and discusses how some of the changes incorporated into it directly benefit particular types of application.
Mediation of retinoic acid-induced growth and anti-tumour activity.

VITAMIN A (retinol) is a nutrient essential for vision, growth, reproduction and proper differentiation of epithelial tissue1. Some retinol is oxidised to retinoic acid (vitamin A acid) in vivo2, but if an animal is provided with retinoic acid in place of dietary retinol, it can only partially substitute for the missing retinol; vision3 and reproduction are impaired4. Sporn et al.5 have described two systems for evaluating the activity of retinol, retinoic acid, and their analogues in vitro. One measures the ability of such compounds to promote growth by determining RNA, DNA and protein levels after addition of the test compound to epidermal cell cultures derived from newborn mouse skin; the other measures ability to reverse metaplasia of the epithelial cells of trachea explanted to organ culture from vitamin A-deficient hamsters. Retinoic acid is active in both systems.