cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Underground tourists/tourists underground: African American tourism to Mammoth Cave.

Abstract This paper uses structuration theory and the methods of historical geography to explore the conditions in which a Jim Crow-era hotel run by and for American Americans flourished at the edge of one of the nineteenth century's most popular tourist destinations, Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. It identifies structures, legal and customary, that hindered African American travel, but also, in this particular region, other structures linked to early twentieth-century capitalism that allowed room for agency on the part of the hotel's proprietors. It demonstrates the importance of understanding networks of social relations when undertaking micro-scale structuration analysis and contributes to our understanding of a little-studied aspect of Jim Crow-era tourism, the use of temporal and spatial strategies to create separate places within white tourist destinations for African American tourists.
Reconstruction of genome-scale metabolic pathway in Aspergillus terreus NIH2624

Aspergillus terreus, a filamentous ascomycete is widely used for production of lovastatin. Lovastatin is a potential drug used in the treatment of cardio-vascular disease. In addition to lovastatin A. terreus produces co-metabolites such as geodin, sulochrin, etc. These co-metabolites increase the cost of downstream process by being similar. A. terreus is also involved in production of certain toxins such as patulin and citrinin responsible for toxicoses in humans and other animals. It also causes aspergillosis in the lungs. Reconstruction of genome-scale metabolic pathway in A. terreus provides information on reaction sets that can be modified to increase the required lovastatin and also by reducing the unnecessary co-metabolites formation. In addition it also enables researchers to identify suitable targets to gain knowledge on proteins that can be used as target for treating aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus spp. The reconstruction is done by using functional annotation, comparative metabolic genomics and enzyme data in A. terreus. By this methodology around 2561 genes has been assigned with metabolic data.
A tunnel injection quantum dot comb laser with wideband emission spectra and temperature stability

A quantum dot comb laser with a 102 nm broad spectrum of emission and high temperature stability is demonstrated.
Mitochondrial nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase: Inhibition by ethoxyformic anhydride, dansyl chloride, and pyridoxal phosphate

Abstract Mitochondrial energy-linked nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (TH; EC 1.6.1.1) was inactivated by treatment with pyridoxal phosphate, ethoxyformic anhydride (EFA) or dansyl chloride. NADP and NADPH, but not NAD and NADH, protected TH against inhibition by pyridoxal phosphate, and l -lysine reversed this inhibition. The results suggested modification of an essential lysyl residue by pyridoxal phosphate, possibly at the NADP(H) binding site of TH. EFA and dansyl chloride inhibited TH in a similar manner. The effect of pH on the rate of inhibition of TH by EFA and dansyl chloride was the same, and in both cases addition of NADP and particularly NADPH accelerated the rate of inhibition, while addition of NAD or NADH had no effect. Double inhibition studies, using in one experiment dithiothreitol-reversible inhibition by 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) to protect the thiol groups of TH, and in another experiment lysine-reversible inhibition by pyridoxal phosphate to protect the putative essential lysyl residues of the enzyme, followed in each case by further treatment of the protected TH with EFA or dansyl chloride, suggested that the inhibitions by EFA and dansyl chloride were independent of the inhibitions by 5,5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) and pyridoxal phosphate. The inhibitors discussed above are interesting, because pyridoxal phosphate is the only reagent known which appears to modify an essential residue in the NADP(H), but not the NAD(H), binding site of TH, and EFA and dansyl chloride are the only inhibitors known which appear to react with essential residues outside the active site of TH. It is possible that EFA and dansyl chloride inhibitions involve modification of essential prototropic residues in the proton translocation domain of the enzyme.
Spectral-spatial concept of hierarchical and elastic optical networking

Next-generation dynamic and elastic optical networking can be enriched by the employment of several techniques that have been introduced recently. In this paper we consider the elastic networking potential of optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), spatial multiple input multiple output (MIMO), and multidimensional coded modulation. Specifically, these three advanced approaches are re-defined in the context of dynamic bandwidth routing and flexible lightpath assignment for future optical networks. Key aspects of the novel spectral-spatial networking concept are presented.
The Nature and Correlates of Conversational Sensitivity

People differ in their sensitivity to what happens during conversations: Some individuals enjoy listening to social exchanges, pick up hidden meanings in conversations, can generate optimal ways of saying things in interactions, and are generally “savvy” about the different sorts of power and affinity relationships exhibited in conversations. In this article we explore the nature and correlates of conversational sensitivity. People high in sensitivity make more high-level inferences when listening to social exchanges, unitize conversation in smaller chunks, emphasize conversation characteristics in their memories of interactions, and make more self-referents about conversations than less sensitive individuals. In addition, conversational sensitivity is positively related to self-monitoring, private self-consciousness, perceptiveness, self-esteem, assertiveness, empathy, and social skills. It is inversely related to communication apprehension, receiver apprehension, and social anxiety. In a final study, conversational sensitivity is construed not as an individual difference but as situational response: In some settings under some conditions, people become more sensitive to what happens in conversation.
Mesothelial and Related Neoplasms in Children and Adolescents: A Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Analysis of Eight Cases

Mesothelioma is a neoplasm that occurs infrequently in childhood: only an estimated 2–5% of all cases present in the first two decades of life. The diagnosis may be perplexing because of its rarity and its pathologic similarities to other papillary or spindle cell neoplasms in the pediatric age group. We have studied eight cases of mesothelial or submesothehal-derived neoplasms of pleural (four cases) and peritoneal (four cases) origin in patients 4 to 17 years of age at diagnosis. Microscopically, six were epithelial, with papillary, tubuloglandular, and solid patterns. Two tumors were predominantly fibrous appearing, one a localized pleural fibroma and the other a diffuse pleural sarcomatoid mesothelioma. All of the tumors were immunoreactive for vimentin, and all except the pleural fibroma stained for either cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, or both. None reacted with antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen, placental alkaline phosphatase, or Leu-M1. At last follow-up, three patients were dead o...
Intention to treat: To the heart of the matter for young patients with ventricular tachycardia.

attempted in only 57% of patients. Patients with idiopathic left ventricular (LV) VT were better able to undergo ablation (83%). It would be customary to focus on Morwood et al’s excellent ablation success rate of 91% for idiopathic RV VT and 95% for LV VT. This would make us feel good and confident, but it is not realistic for patients with idiopathic VT and their families when we discuss the ablation management option with them. Instead, we should follow the lead of Morwood et al. The low intention-to-treat rates should not only provoke our attention in our discussions with patients and families but also in our efforts to dramatically improve the intention-to-treat success rates. A comparable disappointing 50% of patients in the CHD group were unable to undergo ablation. In addition to causes similar to those in the idiopathic group, ablation was aborted due to unstable VT and access/anatomic problems. Again, the 83% success rate for the CHD patients who underwent ablation is commendable for the era and substrate, but our concentration should turn to increasing the number of patients who would benefit from ablation.
Isolation and initial characterization of residual nuclear structures from yeast

Residual nuclear structures have previously been isolated from a wide range of eukaryotic organisms. When nuclei are isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and then treated with 1.95 M NaCl and DNase I, sedimentable residual structures are obtained similar in several respects to structures isolated from organisms previously studied. These yeast residual nuclear structures retain less than 7% of nuclear DNA, less than 17% of nuclear RNA and less than 50% of nuclear proteins. Electron microscopy suggests that these structures are derived from the nuclear interior and are composed of a sparse fibrogranular network. Replicating DNA is preferentially bound to these yeast residual nuclear structures, just as it is to residual nuclear structures from other organisms.
Genotype, environment, and genotype by environment interactions determine quantitative resistance to leaf rust (Coleosporium asterum) in Euthamia graminifolia (Asteraceae).

Summary • The strength and consistency of genotypic differences in disease resistance determine the potential for resistance evolution in host populations that rely on vegetative reproduction. Here we surveyed infection intensity of host genotypes across space and time to estimate genotypic and environmental effects on quantitative disease resistance. • Cloned fragments of 12 Euthamia graminifolia genotypes were grown in unweeded experimental fields and outdoor pots. Infection intensity was surveyed during 2 yr of natural infection by the non-systemic rust pathogen, Coleosporium asterum . • Five of six surveys detected infection intensity differences among genotypes, despite substantial variation in mean infection intensity across surveys. When resistance was defined relative to local pathogen density, 10‐40% of resistance variation was due to host genotype. Although two genotypes exhibited greater resistance across environments, G × E interactions in resistance were common. Furthermore, infection intensity was unrelated to host size. •W e conclude that quantitative resistance level can evolve in this system and show how logistic analysis (relative to local pathogen density) can provide insight into the mechanism(s) responsible for G × E interactions in infection intensity.
Precipitation of metal cupferrates from homogeneous solution

Abstract A method has been devised to synthesise metallic cupferrates in homogenous solutions. Sodium nitrite and β-pherylhydroxylamine solution are added to a cold acidic solution of the cations and generate and precipitate the metallic cupferrate. Good results have been obtained for iron, titanium and other metals. This method produces more easily filtered precipitates than are obtained by direct precipitation.
Growth kinetics of disk-shaped copper islands in electrochemical deposition.

The ability to independently dictate the shape and crystal orientation of islands in electrocrystallization remains a significant challenge. The main reason for this is that the complex interplay between the substrate, nucleation, and surface chemistry is not fully understood. Here we report on the kinetics of island growth for copper on ruthenium oxide. The small nucleation overpotential leads to enhanced lateral growth and the formation of hexagonal disk-shaped islands. The amorphous substrate allows the nuclei to achieve the thermodynamically favorable orientation, i.e., a $⟨111⟩$ surface normal. Island growth follows power law kinetics in both lateral and vertical directions. At shorter times, the two growth exponents are equal to $\frac{1}{2}$ whereas at longer times lateral growth slows down while vertical growth speeds up. We propose a growth mechanism, wherein the lateral growth of disk-shaped islands is initiated by attachment of Cu adatoms on the ruthenium oxide surface onto the island periphery while vertical growth is initiated by two-dimensional nucleation on the top terrace and followed by lateral step propagation. These results indicate three criteria for enhanced lateral growth in electrodeposition: (i) a substrate that leads to a small nucleation overpotential, (ii) fast adatom surface diffusion on substrate to promote lateral growth, and (iii) preferential anion adsorption to stabilize the basal plane.
Racial Disparities in Readmissions and Site of Care for Major Surgery

Background Racial disparities have been described in many surgical outcomes. We sought to examine whether these disparities extend to postoperative readmission rates and whether the disparities are associated with differences in patient mix and/or hospital-level differences. Study Design National Medicare beneficiaries undergoing operations in 3 different specialties from 2006 to 2008 were examined: colectomy, hip replacement, and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (n = 798,279). Our outcome measure was risk-adjusted 30-day readmission. We first used logistic regression to adjust for patient factors. We then stratified hospitals into quintiles according to the proportion of black patients treated and examined the differences in readmission rates between blacks and whites. Finally, we used fixed effects regression models that further adjust for the hospital to explore whether the disparity was attenuated after accounting for hospital differences. Results Black patients were readmitted more often after all 3 operations compared with white patients. The unadjusted odds ratio (OR) for readmission for all 3 operations combined was 1.25 (95% CI 1.22 to 1.28) (colectomy OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.22; hip replacement OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.27; CABG OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.30). Adjusting for patient factors explained 36% of the disparity for all 3 operations (35% for colectomy, 0% for hip replacement, and 32% for CABG), but in analysis that adjusts for hospital differences, we found that the hospitals where care was received also explained 28% of the disparity (35% for colectomy, 70% for hip replacement and 20% for CABG). Conclusions Black patients are significantly more likely to be readmitted to the hospital after major surgery compared with white patients. This disparity was attenuated after adjusting for patient factors as well as hospital differences.
Varenicline decreases alcohol consumption in heavy-drinking smokers

Rationale Emerging evidence suggests that the α4β2 form of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) modulates the rewarding effects of alcohol. The nAChR α4β2 subunit partial agonist varenicline (Chantix™), which is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for smoking cessation, also decreases ethanol consumption in rodents (Steensland et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:12518–12523, 2007) and in human laboratory and open-label studies (Fucito et al., Psychopharmacology (Berl) 215:655–663, 2011; McKee et al., Biol Psychiatry 66:185–190 2009).
MEMS Mirror Arrays for Adaptive Optics Applications

A high fill-factor 61-element array containing 0.5 mm hexagonal mirrors that tip, tilt and piston with a 27 mum stroke has been fabricated in SUMMiT Vtrade technology. Design, fabrication and performance will be discussed
T-lymphocyte mediated lysis of tumor cells in the presence of alloantiserum.

Abstract The blocking effects of tumor alloantiserum (AS) on the process of T-lymphocyte mediated cytolysis of target cells was investigated with the scanning electron microscope by analyzing the frequency of lymphocyte-target cell interactions and the respective changes in target cell morphology at various time intervals of the cytolytic process. Our results demonstrate that in the presence of AS the frequencies of lymphocyte-target cell conjugates in which the target cells were undergoing active blebbing correlated with the delayed kinetics of 51Cr release. Our data also show that the AS did not interfere significantly with the binding of lymphocytes to target cells, but delayed the appearance of surface blebbing of the target cells. Thus, effector lymphocytes required a prolonged time of continuous interaction with the target cells in order to exert their cytolytic effects in the presence of AS. This conclusion was further confirmed by experiments in which lymphocyte-target cell interactions were interrupted by the addition of EDTA to the culture medium.
Spectral pattern discrimination by children.

This experiment used a video‐game‐based adaptive forced‐choice paradigm to assess the effect of noise on the ability of children to discriminate among stimuli with different spectral shape. The stimuli were synthesized vowels and consonants, and tonal complexes that had sinusoidally rippled spectra. Preschool children, school‐aged children, and adults served as subjects. In order to encourage the subjects to base their discriminations on spectral shape rather than on local energy concentrations, the overall level of the stimuli was randomized over a 20‐dB range for each presentation. In general, the results suggest that spectral pattern discrimination ability for all stimulus types improves with age. The age at which the children's performance reaches adult levels varies with stimulus type. Moreover, noise has a particularly deleterious effect on the spectral pattern discrimination ability of the younger subjects. [Work supported by DRF and the Waisman Center Rowan Trust.]
Effects of membrane surface chemistry on fouling investigated using self-assembled monolayers

Abstract Fouling is one of the key factors limiting the application of membrane processes. Recent studies have demonstrated that membrane fouling can be reduced by various surface modification techniques. However, the surface modification methods currently available often result in simultaneous changes in other membrane properties (e.g. reduction in pore size, damage to the base membrane, spatial non-uniformity in the degree of modification). These complications pose a challenge to quantitatively identify the key features in the surface modification that are needed to reduce fouling. Here a controlled surface modification technique without altering other membrane properties was applied to identify the surface chemistry required for developing fouling resistant membranes. We use self-assembled monolayers with various terminal functional groups including acid, alcohol, alkane, and tri(ethylene glycol) on silver membranes to investigate the effects of membrane surface chemistry on protein fouling. This method allows uniform coating of the internal pore structure with a monolayer of the modifier. The flux decline of the tri(ethylene glycol) terminated SAMs modified membrane is significantly reduced compared to the native membrane during bovine serum albumin (BSA) filtration. Other SAMs modified membranes also showed some minor effects on reducing the rate of flux decline. These results demonstrate a new approach to modify membrane surface chemistry for fouling investigation.
The prevalence of lifetime and partial post-traumatic stress disorder in vietnam theater veterans

A complete understanding of the consequences of service in a war zone includes examining the lifetime and current prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and of partial PTSD. Cases of partial PTSD are persons who have clinically significant symptoms of PTSD, but who do not meet the full diagnostic criteria. The National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS) estimated the lifetime prevalence of PTSD to be 30.9% among male theater veterans, 26.% among females; lifetime prevalence of partial PTSD was an additional 22.5% and 21.2%, respectively; current prevalence of partial PTSD was 11.1% in males and 7.8% in females. NVVRS findings indicate that of the 1.7 million veterans who ever experienced significant symptoms of PTSD after the Vietnam war, approximately 830,000 (49%) still experience clinically significant distress and disability from symptoms of PTSD. The contribution of partial PTSD represents an estimated additional 350,000 veterans.
Atmospheric Tidal Forcing of the Zonal-Mean Circulation: The Martian Dusty Atmosphere

Classical atmospheric tidal theory has been used to compute the bilinear tidal zonal-mean forcing per unit mass of the zonal-mean meridional and zonal winds, together with the tidal zonal-mean heating per unit mass for the dusty Martian atmosphere. The convergences of the tidal Eliassen-Palm (EP) flux have been computed for both clear and dusty atmospheric conditions, including the special case of a 'dusty corridor' in the summer southern subtropics that is meant to simulate the early stages of a planetary-scale Martian dust storm. The calculation of the tidal EP zonal forcing differs from Hamilton in that more realistic thermotidal forcings and basic state temperatures are used. The zonal-mean convergences of the tidal fluxes of heat and momentum are large during a Martian great dust storm and should alter significantly the zonal-mean circulation and its residual component driven by the zonal-mean heating. In particular, the tidal forcing of the meridional wind, which is an order of magnitude greater than its zonal counterpart, is likely to give rise to a complex pattern of significantly ageostrophic zonal-mean flow in the Martian tropics.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Carbon-13 and Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effects in the Cl and OH Reactions of CH3F

A laser flash photolysis−resonance fluorescence technique has been employed to determine absolute rate coefficients for the CH3F + Cl reaction in N2 bath gas in the temperature range of 200−700 K a...
Consent, involuntary treatment, and the use of force in an urban emergency department

Study objectives: To determine the frequency of, and patient population requiring, involuntary treatment orders in the emergency department. Design: Retrospective review of all patients requiring involuntary treatment orders during a one-month study period. Setting: An urban, university hospital, adult emergency department with 45,000 annual patient visits. Results: Three hundred fourteen of 3,637 patients (8.5%) required involuntary treatment orders. Orders used were observation and detention (57%), seclusion only (9%), restraint only (26%), or seclusion plus restraint (7%). Forty-six percent of patients arrived through the emergency medical services system; the remainder were brought by police or family or were self-referred. More patients required these interventions on the second shift. Most detained and secluded patients had psychiatric diagnoses and dispositions, whereas 100% of restrained patients had medical or surgical diagnoses, and nearly 50% required medical or surgical admissions. Conclusion: The frequent need for involuntary treatment orders for patients in an urban ED is reported. The patient population described, especially among restrained patients, differs significantly from those of studies performed in psychiatric settings. Legal doctrines pertinent to involuntary treatment are reviewed.
Effects of stress on alcohol consumption in rats selectively bred for high or low alcohol drinking.

: Background: Stress has long been thought to influence the initiation and maintenance of alcohol drinking in humans. However, results of studies in animals suggest that the relationship between stress and alcohol drinking is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of unpredictable and uncontrollable restraint stress on alcohol consumption in two sets of rat lines selectively bred for alcohol preference (P) and high alcohol drinking (HAD1) and for alcohol nonpreference (NP) and low alcohol drinking (LAD1). Methods: Male P (n= 26) and NP (n= 26) and HAD1 (n= 17) and LAD1 (n= 20) rats were counterbalanced on the basis of alcohol intake and assigned, in matched pairs, to either a stress (Stress) or a no-stress (Control) group. All rats were given a free choice between a 10% v/v alcohol solution and water, with food freely available. Unpredictable, uncontrollable stress, which consisted of immobilization in a nylon restraint sleeve for 30 to 120 min/day, was applied for 10 consecutive days. Results: Stress moderately reduced alcohol intake in both P and HAD1 rats versus controls and had no effect on alcohol intake in either the NP or the LAD1 rats during the 10 days of stress application. Alcohol intake was increased for the first 5 days after stress termination in P rats but not in HAD1 rats. Alcohol intake remained stable for several weeks in both the NP and LAD1 lines after stress termination and then increased during the last 15 days of the 35-day poststress period in NP rats, but not in LAD1 rats. Conclusions: A reduction in alcohol intake during stress in rats with a genetic predisposition toward high alcohol intake seems to be a moderate but consistent finding, whereas an increase in alcohol intake after stress termination is less consistent and may be influenced by genetic background.
Mechanical forces and torques associated with electromagnetic waves

Mechanical forces and torques associated with electromagnetic waves impinging on several objects are computed. The incoming radiation can be linearly or circularly polarized, thus carrying linear and angular momenta. The objects are matched dipoles in several configurations and a metal sphere. Numerous interesting results are obtained.
Hepaticoduodenostomy is an alternative to Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy for biliary reconstruction in live donor liver transplantation.

Introduction. A Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (HJ) is usually performed during live donor liver transplantation (LDLT) when a duct-to-duct reconstruction is not possible. However, direct anastomosis of the bile duct to the duodenum (hepaticoduodenostomy [HD]) is an alternative technique for biliary repair that has been previously used for conventional biliary surgery and at our center for cadaveric liver transplant. We provide the first evidence that HD is an alternative technique for biliary reconstruction in LDLT. Methods. We performed a total of 71 LDLT between 2002 and 2008. An end-to-end anastomosis was used in 30 patients. Forty-one patients had a biliary enteric anastomosis in which seven were reconstructed with an HD. Accessory ducts were fashioned into a common duct or implanted into the duodenum separately. Results. There were no patient deaths or retransplants in a follow-up period that ranged from 90 to 771 days after surgery. One patient was diagnosed with cholangitis that responded to intravenous antibiotics and removal of the stent by endoscopy. Conclusions. This preliminary case series suggests that that HD is a feasible alternative to HJ biliary anastomosis when a duct-to-duct anastomosis cannot be performed. HD offers the possible advantage of simple postoperative access to the biliary system by endoscopy and avoids complications caused by HJ bowel anastomosis.
Targeting the glycosaminoglycan-binding sites on proteins

Sulfated glycosaminoglycans bind to a wide variety of proteins, and in so doing have important roles in diverse biological processes. Selective mimics or inhibitors of protein-glycosaminoglycan interactions could have broad application in biology and medicine.
Properties of Silicon Nanoparticles Produced by Picosecond Pulsed Laser Ablation

Silicon nanocrystals have been fabricated by picosecond pulsed laser ablation. Size control over the nanocrystals can be achieved by careful selection of experimental geometry, laser fluence, laser wavelength, backing gas pressure and distance from plume center. Measurements of optical absorption and photoluminescence confirm that particle size variation does significantly affect bandgap and emission efficiency. Differences between results published previously for nanosecond pulsed laser ablation will also be discussed.
A BIGHORN SHEEP TRAP AT EL MALPAIS NATIONAL MONUMENT, NEW MEXICO

This paper examines an unusual series of features inside a lava tube that may have been used for trapping bighorn sheep, once prominent on the Grants, New Mexico, lava fields. The lava tube reveals both prehistoric and historic use, although the bighorn sheep trap cannot be directly dated. Dendrochronological samples from the various features suggest that the trap could date as early as the puebloan settlement of the area in the A.D. 900s and 1000s, when the Chacoan greathouse and great kiva were established at nearby Las Ventanas (Marshall et al. 1979:187-190; Powers and Orcutt 2005:74-81). Subsequent use of the trap is also indicated, and it may have survived use into the early historic period in the A.D. 1700s and later.
Evidence of Mucoadhesion by Chain Interpenetration at a Poly (acrylic acid)/Mucin Interface Using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy

Abstract Poly (acrylic acid) is considered to be an important mucoadhesive for controlled release applications. Yet, the specific mechanisms responsible for its bioadhesive behavior are not well understood. Attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was developed for investigation of chain interpenetration at a poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) and mucin interface. A thin film of acrylic acid, polymerized below the gelation point, was cross-linked directly on an ATR crystal. The cross-linked PAA film was contacted with a buffered mucin solution and the ATR-FTIR spectrum was collected in situ as a function of time. The experimental results show evidence in support of chain interpenetration at the PAA/mucin interface. The experimental results indicate that as PAA and mucin are compatible in the 5–7 pH range, an important mechanism of mucoadhesion is the swelling of PAA by mucin and adhesion is limited by the extent of chain interpenetration across the biointerface.
Using evaluation to close the inquiry loop

Evaluation can provide the assessment information for considering program change as well as be integral to the program design and pilot test of any new institutional intervention.
A wireless test bed for mobile 802.11 and beyond

In this paper, we present our approach of establishing a wireless test bed as a part of our collaborations with the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) for studying the performance of current and upcoming wireless technologies in a mobile railroad environment. The focus is on studying the impact of mobility on the wireless system throughput for moving trains with different velocities. We describe details of our test bed design including selection of the location, equipment as well as system topology and performance evaluations approach. We also present and discuss test results obtained from our test bed.
Improving financial management

Financial Management for Nonprofit Human Service Organizations, 2nd ed., by Raymond Sanchez Mayers. Spring.eld, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 2004. 354 pp., $79.95 cloth, $55.95 paper.
A national survey on the pediatric cardiologist's clinical approach for patients with Kawasaki disease.

In 1994, the American Heart Association (AHA) published the most recent guidelines for long-term cardiovascular management of Kawasaki disease. Since then, recent publications have shed new light on different diagnostic, prognostic, and management issues. We sought the opinion of pediatric cardiologists practicing in U.S. fellowship programs on the subject by means of a multiple-choice survey. Two questions addressed therapy in the acute phase, each preceded by a statement from related literature. Ten duplicate questions addressed the long-term cardiovascular management in five sets of paired questions; each question was first given in reminiscence of a clinical situation and then preceded by a statement from particular publications representative of new information that has become available since the publication of the 1994 AHA guidelines. All questions were provided in the same mailing. Replies were received from 97 participants practicing at 29 institutions. For the acute illness, 21% of respondents do not use high-dose aspirin, and 50% support reassessment of current guidelines. Universal intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) administration is followed by 97%, among whom 20% agree that evaluation of selection criteria is needed. For long-term management, 60–75% advocate regular follow-up of risk level I patients, and 80% favor periodic follow-up, with stress imaging (34–40%), for risk level II. For risk level IV more respondents favor stress echocardiography as opposed to nuclear imaging, in consonance with recent literature. For risk levels III and IV, 36–40% perform coronary angiography on a regular basis, whereas 60% do so when coronary symptoms are present or when stress imaging suggests myocardial ischemia. Finally, 19–25% of respondents do not routinely advise healthy lifestyle to patients free of coronary artery lesions. In conclusion, the guidelines for conventional therapy in the acute phase and long-term cardiovascular management need to be revised.
Caveolin-1 Regulates Kir2.1 Channel activity through Interaction with Cholesterol

A growing number of studies show that different types of ion channels are regulated by the level of membrane cholesterol and localize in caveolae. It has been proposed that cholesterol-induced regulation of ion channels might be attributed to partitioning into caveolae and association with caveolin-1 (Cav-1). We tested, therefore, whether Cav-1 is required for cholesterol sensitivity of Kir2.1 channels. Our observations show that Cav-1 co-precipitates with Kir2.1 channels and that co-expression of Kir2 channels with Cav-1 in HEK293 cells, a cell line with very low levels of endogenous caveolin, results in suppression of Kir2 activity indicating that Cav-1 is a negative regulator of Kir2 function. These observations are confirmed by comparing Kir currents in BMDMs isolated from Cav1-/- and WT animals. However, in spite of low caveolin level in HEK293 cells, Kir2.1 expressed in HEK293 cells maintain their cholesterol sensitivity. Furthermore, we also show that Kir currents in Bone-Marrow Derived Macrophages (BMDMs) isolated from Cav1-/- knockout mice are also cholesterol sensitive. Thus, these studies indicate that caveolin-1 and/or intact caveolae are not required for cholesterol sensitivity of Kir channels. Moreover, a single point mutation of Kir2.1, L222I that abrogates the sensitivity of the channels to cholesterol also abolishes their sensitivity to Cav-1 suggesting that the two modulators regulate Kir2.1 channels via a common mechanism.
LIE operators for compressive sensing

We consider the efficient acquisition, parameter estimation, and recovery of signal ensembles that lie on a low-dimensional manifold in a high-dimensional ambient signal space. Our particular focus is on randomized, compressive acquisition of signals from the manifold generated by the transformation of a base signal by operators from a Lie group. Such manifolds factor prominently in a number of applications, including radar and sonar array processing, camera arrays, and video processing. Leveraging the fact that Lie group manifolds admit a convenient analytical characterization, we develop new theory and algorithms for: (1) estimating the Lie operator parameters from compressive measurements, and (2) recovering the base signal from compressive measurements. We validate our approach with several of numerical simulations, including the reconstruction of an affine-transformed video sequence from compressive measurements.
Ellipsometric Methods of Characterization of Optical Thin Films

Valuable information is lost when light is viewed merely as a photon flux, overlooking its essential polarization character. Consequently, conventional near-normal-incidence (R, T) optical monitors are basically inefficient. Instead, we recommend that the next generation of optical monitors use ellipsometry and photometry on the reflected and transmitted beams, simultaneously, to extract six parameters (R,ψΔr, T, ψt, Δt) at the observation angle of incidence and at each wavelength. This additional data can be used for more complete characterization of the deposited thin films, including anisotropy or index gradients. A simple test for anisotropy or inhomogeneity in a growing transparent thin film based on the ratio of complex transmission coefficients ρt = tan ψt exp(jΔt) is presented.
High-dose estradiol improves cognition for women with AD Results of a randomized study

Objective: To characterize the cognitive and neuroendocrine response to treatment with a high dose of estrogen for postmenopausal women with AD. Methods: Twenty postmenopausal women with AD were randomized to receive either 0.10 mg/day of 17β-estradiol by skin patch or a placebo patch for 8 weeks. Subjects were evaluated at baseline, at weeks 3, 5, and 8 during treatment, and again 8 weeks after treatment termination. During each visit, cognition was assessed with a battery of neuropsychological tests, and blood samples were collected to measure plasma estradiol as well as several other neuroendocrine markers of interest. Results: Significant effects of estrogen treatment were observed on attention (Stroop Color Word Interference Test), verbal memory (Buschke Selective Reminding Test), and visual memory (Figure Copy/Memory). In addition, women treated with estrogen demonstrated improved performance on a test of semantic memory (Boston Naming Test) compared with subjects who received a placebo. Estrogen appeared to have a suppressive effect on the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system such that plasma concentration of IGF binding protein-3 was significantly reduced and plasma levels of estradiol and IGF-I were negatively correlated during estrogen treatment. Conclusions: Administration of a higher dose of estrogen may enhance attention and memory for postmenopausal women with AD. Although these findings provide further clinical evidence to support a cognitive benefit of estrogen for women with AD, studies evaluating the effect of estradiol administration, in particular, using larger sample sizes and for longer treatment durations are warranted before the therapeutic potential of estrogen replacement for women with AD can be firmly established.
Purification to electrophoretic homogeneity of human alpha lymphotoxin from a cloned continuous lymphoblastoid cell line IR 3.4

The 70-90,000 molecular weight (MW) alpha (alpha) component of the human lymphotoxin (LT) system has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. The alpha LT containing supernatants were obtained from a phorbol myristate (PMA) stimulated cloned continuous human B lymphoblastoid cell line IR 3.4. Supernatants were subjected to a biochemical separation scheme that consisted of chromatography on control pore glass beads, DEAE ion-exchange chromatography, lentil-lectin affinity chromatography, and electrophoresis on 7% native preparative polyacrylamide gels. The specific activity of the alpha LT in the final fractions was from 10(7) to 5 X 10(7) units of LT activity/mg protein. Approximately 3 to 5% of the initial alpha LT was recovered in the final fractions and a purification factor of 25,000 to 30,000 fold was required to achieve homogeneity. The alpha LT preparation from preparative PAGE exhibited concident migration of bioactivity and radioactivity on 5 and 7% native PAGE tube gels. Only a single protein peak was observed when the radiolabeled alpha LT was subjected to a two-dimensional SDS-reducing slab gel.
Estrategias para mirar la nación. El giro visual de los estudios culturales mexicanos en lengua inglesa

Campbell, Bruce. iViva la historieta! Mexican Comics, NAFTA and the Politics of Globalization . Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2009. 234 pp. Gabara, Esther. Errant Modernism. The Ethos of Photography in Mexico and Brazil . Durham: Duke University Press, 2008. 357 pp. Gutierrez, Laura. Performing Mexicanidad . Vendidas y Cabareteras on the Transnational State . Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010. 250 pp. Hershfield, Joanne. Imagining la Chica Moderna. Women, Nation and Visual Culture in Mexico, 1917–1936 . Durham: Duke University Press, 2008. 200 pp. Indych-Lopez, Anna. Muralism without Walls. Rivera, Orozco and Siqueiros in the United States, 1927–1940 . Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2009. 250 pp. Lopez, Rick. Crafting Mexico. Intellectuals, Artisans, and the State after the Revolution . Durham: Duke University Press, 2010. 408 pp. Mraz, John. Looking for Mexico. Modern Visual Culture and National Identity . Durham: Duke University Press, 2009. 343 pp. Noble, Andrea. Photography and Memory in Mexico. Icons of Revolution . Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2010. 188 pp. Olsen, Patrice Elizabeth. Artifacts of Revolution. Architecture, Society and Politics in Mexico City 1920–1940 . Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefied, 2008. 281 pp. Pick, Zuzana M. Constructing the Image of the Mexican Revolution . Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010. 253 pp. Salazkina, Masha. In Excess. Sergei Eisenstein's Mexico . Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2009. 221 pp. Segre, Erica. Intersected Identities. Strategies of Visualization in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Mexican Culture . Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2007. 316 pp. Tejada, Roberto. National Camera. Photography and Mexico's Image Environment . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008. 256 pp. Tierney, Dolores. Emilio Fernandez. Pictures in the Margins . Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007. 198 pp.
Intraoperative 32P high-dose rate brachytherapy of the dura for recurrent primary and metastatic intracranial and spinal tumors.

Background Treatment of spinal and intracranial tumors with dural involvement is complicated by radiation tolerance of sensitive structures, especially in the setting of previous treatment. Objective To evaluate whether intraoperative brachytherapy with short-range sources allows therapeutic dose delivery without damaging sensitive structures. Methods The median doses of previous treatment were 3000 cGy (range, 1800-7200 cGy) for 8 patients with primary/recurrent and 17 patients with metastatic spinal tumors and 5040 cGy (range, 1300-6040 cGy) for 5 patients with locally recurrent and 2 patients with metastatic intracranial tumors. Patients underwent gross total or maximal resection of the tumor and were then treated with an intraoperative brachytherapy plaque consisting of a flexible silicone film incorporating P. A dose of 1000 cGy was delivered to a depth of 1 mm; the percent depth dose was less than 1% at 4 mm from the prescription depth. Median postoperative radiation doses of 2700 cGy (range, 1800-3000 cGy) were delivered to 15 spinal tumor patients and 3000 cGy (range, 1800-3000 cGy) to 3 intracranial tumor patients. The median follow-up was 4.4 months (range, 2.6-23.3 months) for spinal tumor patients and 5.3 months (range, 0.7-16.2) for intracranial tumor patients. Results At 6-month follow-up, for all spinal tumor patients, local progression-free survival and overall survival rates were both 83.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 62.3%-94.3%); for all intracranial tumor patients, the local progression-free survival rate was 62.5% (95% CI: 23.8%-90.9%) and the overall survival rate was 66.7% (95% CI: 26.7%-92.9%). There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications secondary to radiotherapy. Conclusion Use of the P brachytherapy plaque is technically simple and not associated with increased risk of complications, even after multiple radiation courses. Local control rates were more than 80% in patients with proven radiation-resistant spinal disease.
Sclerosing Lipogranuloma by Subcutaneous Injection of Squalene into Penis

107 여자에게 있어서 아름다워지고 싶은 욕망만큼이나 남자 에게는 남성의 상징인 음경의 크기와 그 기능을 증가시키 는 것이 남성의 끊임없는 관심거리이다. 호기심이나 성적 허영심을 채우기 위해 비의료적이고 비상식적인 예들이 아 직도 암암리에 행해지고 있으며, 이로 인하여 발생하는 음 경모양의 변형, 국소적 종괴 및 발기 시 동통, 심지어는 조 직의 괴사나 농양, 질 내 음경 삽입장애 등의 많은 부작용으 로 고통 받는 환자들이 상당수 있다. 1 이들은 대부분 바셀 린, 파라핀, 실리콘액의 주사 혹은 고형 실리콘, 플라스틱, 금속 등을 이용하게 되는데, 요즘은 스쿠알렌 (squalene)을 음경피부에 주사하는 경우도 종종 발생하고 있다. 스쿠알 렌은 생물체 속에서 만들어진 고도불포화 탄화수소이며 심 해상어 간유에서 추출하여 정제한 것으로 요즘은 건강보조 식품으로 사용하기도 한다. 이들에 대한 궁극적인 치료는 이물질을 제거하는 것이며, 이때 발생하는 음경피부 결손 의 재피복을 위해서 다양한 방법들이 시도되었다. 주입된 이물질의 양이 적고 국소적일 경우에는 절제 후 단순 봉합 하든지 식피술로 덮어줄 수 있으나, 양이 많고 음경 전체로 퍼져 있는 경우에는 피판술이 필요하게 된다. 저자들은 이 액상 스쿠알렌을 주입한 후 음경 전체에 광 범위하게 침습된 스쿠알렌을 제거하고 결손부위를 우측 서 혜부의 피부를 이용하여 부분층 식피술로 간단하게 치료하 여 좋은 결과를 얻어 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고한다.
“Live Kidney Donors Live Longer” and Would You Like to Buy Part of a Bridge in Brooklyn?

JAMA Perioperative Mortality and Long-term Survival Following Live Kidney Donation Dorry L. Segev, MD, PhD; Abimereki D. Muzaale, MD, MPH; Brian S. Caffo, PhD; Shruti H. Mehta, PhD; Andrew L. Singer, MD, PhD; Sarah E. Taranto; Maureen A. McBride, PhD; Robert A. Montgomery, MD, DPhil Context: More than 6000 healthy US individuals every year undergo nephrectomy for the purposes of live donation; however, safety remains in question because longitudinal outcome studies have occurred at single centers with limited generalizability. Objectives: To study national trends in live kidney donor selection and outcome, to estimate short-term operative risk in various strata of live donors, and to compare long-term death rates with a matched cohort of nondonors who are as similar to the donor cohort as possible and as free as possible from contraindications to live donation. Design, Setting, and Participants: Live donors were drawn from a mandated national registry of 80 347 live kidney donors in the United States between April 1, 1994, and March 31, 2009. Median (interquartile range) follow-up was 6.3 (3.2-9.8) years. A matched cohort was drawn from 9364 participants of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) after excluding those with contraindications to kidney donation. Main Outcome Measures: Surgical mortality and long-term survival. Results: There were 25 deaths within 90 days of live kidney donation during the study period. Surgical mortality from live kidney donation was 3.1 per 10 000 donors (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0-4.6) and did not change during the last 15 years despite differences in practice and selection. Surgical mortality was higher in men than in women (5.1 vs 1.7 per 10 000 donors; risk ratio [RR], 3.0; 95% CI, 1.3-6.9; P = .007), in black vs white and Hispanic individuals (7.6 vs 2.6 and 2.0 per 10 000 donors; RR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.3-7.1; P = .01), and in donors with hypertension vs without hypertension (36.7 vs 1.3 per 10 000 donors; RR, 27.4; 95% CI, 5.0-149.5; P Conclusion: Among a cohort of live kidney donors compared with a healthy matched cohort, the mortality rate was not significantly increased after a median of 6.3 years.
Oxygen analysis using energetic ion beams

Abstract Using a thin amorphous layer of SiO 2 (5.2 μg/cm 2 ) on Si, cross sections for the nuclear reactions 16 O(d,p 1 ) 17 O, 16 O(d,α) 14 N and 16 O(α,α) 16 O at a laboratory angle of 150° are determined over energies ranging from 0.701 to 1.057 MeV for D + ions and from 2.949 to 3.049 MeV for He + ions. The results are plotted and tabulated as a function of ion energy, with typical uncertainties of 4% for the cross section data and of ±5 keV for the resonance energy. An example for the analysis of atomic displacements on the O sublattice in a Au 2+ -irradiated SrTiO 3 single crystal is given.