cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical image quality metrics for foveated model observers.

Purpose: A recently proposed model observer mimics the foveated nature of the human visual system by processing the entire image with varying spatial detail, executing eye movements, and scrolling through slices. The model can predict how human search performance changes with signal type and modality (2D versus 3D), yet its implementation is computationally expensive and time-consuming. Here, we evaluate various image quality metrics using extensions of the classic index of detectability expression and assess foveated model observers for search tasks. Approach: We evaluated foveated extensions of a channelized Hotelling and nonprewhitening matched filter model with an eye filter. The proposed methods involve calculating a model index of detectability (d ′ ) for each retinal eccentricity and combining these with a weighting function into a single detectability metric. We assessed different versions of the weighting function that varied in the required measurements of the human observers’ search (no measurements, eye movement patterns, size of the image, and median search times). Results: We show that the index of detectability across eccentricities weighted using the eye movement patterns of observers best predicted human performance in 2D versus 3D search performance for a small microcalcification-like signal and a larger mass-like. The metric with a weighting function based on median search times was the second best predicting human results. Conclusions: The findings provide a set of model observer tools to evaluate image quality in the early stages of imaging system evaluation or design without implementing the more computationally complex foveated search model.
Bagged filters for partially observed interacting systems

Bagging (i.e., bootstrap aggregating) involves combining an ensemble of bootstrap estimators. We consider bagging for inference from noisy or incomplete measurements on a collection of interacting ...
Instantons on multi-Taub-NUT spaces I: Asymptotic form and index theorem

We study finite action anti-self-dual Yang–Mills connections on the multi-Taub-NUT space. Under a technical assumption of generic asymptotic holonomy, we establish the curvature and the harmonic spinor decay rates and compute the index of the associated Dirac operator. This is the first in a series of papers proving the completeness of the bow construction of instantons on multi-Taub-NUT spaces and exploring it in detail.
Combining Radar, Weather, and Optical Measurements to Model the Dependence of Baseball Lift on Spin and Surface Roughness

We develop a new method for characterizing the lift force on a baseball. The methodology addresses this task from the novel perspective of considering a large set of radar measurements acquired outside of a laboratory setting. The reduced degree of standardization in the measurements is countered by several elements of the approach. A new optimization method is developed that incorporates domain knowledge and constraints derived from optical measurements. The optimization accounts for the uncertainty in the different data sources while exploiting the size and diversity of the radar measurements to mitigate the effects of systematic biases, outliers, and the lack of geometric information that is typically available in laboratory experiments. Fine-grained weather data is associated with each radar measurement to enable compensation for the local air density. By applying this methodology to a set of over two million trajectory measurements, we achieve unprecedented accuracy in the characterization of the lift force. We show that the lift coefficient is more than six percent greater than measured by previous laboratory experiments. We also demonstrate the ability to predict increases in the lift coefficient in response to changes in seam height on the order of a thousandth of an inch. Previous methods based on smaller sets of laboratory measurements have been unable to discern changes in the lift coefficient in response to changes in seam height of 0.02 inches. We demonstrate the statistical significance of the results. This work benefits several important application areas including the monitoring of sensor calibration systems and the definition of ball specifications that constrain trajectories to acceptable ranges.
Meshless physics-informed deep learning method for three-dimensional solid mechanics

Deep learning and the collocation method are merged and used to solve partial differential equations describing structures' deformation. We have considered different types of materials: linear elasticity, hyperelasticity (neo-Hookean) with large deformation, and von Mises plasticity with isotropic and kinematic hardening. The performance of this deep collocation method (DCM) depends on the architecture of the neural network and the corresponding hyperparameters. The presented DCM is meshfree and avoids any spatial discretization, which is usually needed for the finite element method (FEM). We show that the DCM can capture the response qualitatively and quantitatively, without the need for any data generation using other numerical methods such as the FEM. Data generation usually is the main bottleneck in most data-driven models. The deep learning model is trained to learn the model's parameters yielding accurate approximate solutions. Once the model is properly trained, solutions can be obtained almost instantly at any point in the domain, given its spatial coordinates. Therefore, the deep collocation method is potentially a promising standalone technique to solve partial differential equations involved in the deformation of materials and structural systems as well as other physical phenomena.
SMILE: Mutual Information Learning for Integration of Single-cell Omics Data

Motivation Deep learning approaches have empowered single-cell omics data analysis in many ways and generated new insights from complex cellular systems. As there is an increasing need for single cell omics data to be integrated across sources, types, and features of data, the challenges of integrating single-cell omics data are rising. Here, we present an unsupervised deep learning algorithm that learns discriminative representations for single-cell data via maximizing mutual information, SMILE (Single-cell Mutual Information Learning). Results Using a unique cell-pairing design, SMILE successfully integrates multi-source single-cell transcriptome data, removing batch effects and projecting similar cell types, even from different tissues, into the shared space. SMILE can also integrate data from two or more modalities, such as joint profiling technologies using single-cell ATAC-seq, RNA-seq, DNA methylation, Hi-C, and ChIP data. When paired cells are known, SMILE can integrate data with unmatched feature, such as genes for RNA-seq and genome wide peaks for ATAC-seq. Integrated representations learned from joint profiling technologies can then be used as a framework for comparing independent single source data. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. The source code of SMILE including analyses of key results in the study can be found at: https://github.com/rpmccordlab/SMILE.
Convergence of the Gradient Sampling Algorithm on Directionally Lipschitz Functions

The convergence theory for the gradient sampling algorithm is extended to directionally Lipschitz functions. Although directionally Lipschitz functions are not necessarily locally Lipschitz, they are almost everywhere differentiable and well approximated by gradients and so are a natural candidate for the application of the gradient sampling algorithm. The main obstacle to this extension is the potential unboundedness or emptiness of the Clarke subdifferential at points of interest. The convergence analysis we present provides one path to addressing these issues. In particular, we recover the usual convergence theory when the function is locally Lipschitz. Moreover, if the algorithm does not drive a certain measure of criticality to zero, then the iterates must converge to a point at which either the Clarke subdifferential is empty or the direction of steepest descent is degenerate in the sense that it does lie in the interior of the domain of the regular subderivative.
Attribute-Based Robotic Grasping with One-Grasp Adaptation

Robotic grasping is one of the most fundamental robotic manipulation tasks and has been actively studied. However, how to quickly teach a robot to grasp a novel target object in clutter remains challenging. This paper attempts to tackle the challenge by leveraging object attributes that facilitate recognition, grasping, and quick adaptation. In this work, we introduce an end-to-end learning method of attribute-based robotic grasping with one-grasp adaptation capability. Our approach fuses the embeddings of a workspace image and a query text using a gated-attention mechanism and learns to predict instance grasping affordances. Besides, we utilize object persistence before and after grasping to learn a joint metric space of visual and textual attributes. Our model is self-supervised in a simulation that only uses basic objects of various colors and shapes but generalizes to novel objects and real-world scenes. We further demonstrate that our model is capable of adapting to novel objects with only one grasp data and improving instance grasping performance significantly. Experimental results in both simulation and the real world demonstrate that our approach achieves over 80% instance grasping success rate on unknown objects, which outperforms several baselines by large margins. Supplementary material is available at https://sites.google.com/umn.edu/attributes-grasping.
Path Loss in Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Enabled Channels

A reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) employs an array of individually-controllable elements to scatter incident signals in a desirable way; for example, to facilitate links between base stations and mobile stations that would otherwise be blocked. A principal consideration in the study of RIS-enabled propagation channels is path loss. This paper presents a simple yet broadly-applicable method for calculating the path loss of a channel consisting of a passive reflectarray-type RIS. This model is then used to characterize path loss as a function of RIS size, link geometry, and the method used to set the element states. Whereas previous work presumes either (1) an array of parameterizable element patterns and spacings (most useful for analysis of specific designs) or (2) a continuous electromagnetic surface (most useful for determining scaling laws and theoretical limits), this work begins with (1) and is then shown to be consistent with (2), making it possible to identify specific practical designs and scenarios that exhibit the performance predicted using (2). This model is used to further elucidate the matter of path loss of the RIS-enabled channel relative to that of the free space direct and specular reflection channels, which is an important consideration in the design of networks employing RIS technology.
High-order Joint Embedding for Multi-Level Link Prediction

Link prediction infers potential links from observed networks, and is one of the essential problems in network analyses. In contrast to traditional graph representation modeling which only predicts two-way pairwise relations, we propose a novel tensor-based joint network embedding approach on simultaneously encoding pairwise links and hyperlinks onto a latent space, which captures the dependency between pairwise and multi-way links in inferring potential unobserved hyperlinks. The major advantage of the proposed embedding procedure is that it incorporates both the pairwise relationships and subgroup-wise structure among nodes to capture richer network information. In addition, the proposed method introduces a hierarchical dependency among links to infer potential hyperlinks, and leads to better link prediction. In theory we establish the estimation consistency for the proposed embedding approach, and provide a faster convergence rate compared to link prediction utilizing pairwise links or hyperlinks only. Numerical studies on both simulation settings and Facebook ego-networks indicate that the proposed method improves both hyperlink and pairwise link prediction accuracy compared to existing link prediction algorithms.
ac Sensing Using Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in a Diamond Anvil Cell up to 6 GPa

Nitrogen-vacancy color centers in diamond have attracted broad attention as quantum sensors for both static and dynamic magnetic, electrical, strain, and thermal fields and are particularly attractive for quantum sensing under pressure in diamond anvil cells. Optically based nuclear magnetic resonance may be possible at pressures greater than a few gigapascals and offers an attractive alternative to conventional Faraday-induction-based detection. Here, we present ac sensing results and demonstrate synchronized readout up to 6 GPa but find that the sensitivity is reduced due to inhomogeneities of the microwave field and pressure within the sample space. These experiments enable the possibility of all-optical high resolution magnetic resonance of nanoliter sample volumes at high pressures.
Permanent Magnet Linear Generator Design for Surface Riding Wave Energy Converters

This paper describes the detailed analysis for the design of a linear generator developed for a Surface Riding Wave Energy Converter (SR-WEC), which was designed to improve energy capture over a wider range of sea states. The study starts with an analysis of the power take-off (PTO) control strategy to harness the maximum output power from given sea states. Passive, reactive, and discrete PTO control are explored. For the random wave excitation and limited sliding distance of the generator, the discrete strategy provides the highest average power output. The paper discusses the sizing requirement for the linear generator. Based on the force and power rating of the system and the application requirements, a slotless permanent magnet tubular generator is designed for the wave energy converter.
Tax Penalties and Tax Compliance

This paper examines the relationship between tax penalties and tax compliance. Conventional accounts, drawing from deterrence theory and norms theory, assume that the relationship is purely instrumental - that the function of tax penalties is solely to promote tax compliance. This paper identifies another aspect of the relationship that generally has been overlooked by the existing literature: the function of tax penalties in defining tax compliance. Tax penalties determine the standards of conduct that satisfy a taxpayer's obligations to the government; they distinguish compliant taxpayers from non-compliant taxpayers. This paper argues that tax compliance in a self-assessment system should require the taxpayer to report her tax liabilities only on the basis of legal positions that she reasonably and in good faith believes to be correct. However, the accuracy penalties provided under current law set much lower standards of conduct. In the case of a non-abusive transaction, current law allows the taxpayer to base her self-assessment on a position having as little as a one-in-five chance of prevailing; for an abusive transaction, the taxpayer only needs a reasonable belief that her position is more likely than not to prevail. The paper describes reformed standards of conduct for taxpayers, tax practitioners, and government officials that define tax compliance more appropriately for a self-assessment system.
"Chico Bento": Linguistic Marking and National Identity in Brazilian Comics

The main character of the popular Brazilian comic book Chico Bento is a country boy whose speech is depicted in an eye dialect of caipira, a rural dialect centered in the interior of Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais, states in Southeastern Brazil. The author highlights Chico's speech in order to describe social difference and relations resulting from widespread rural-urban migration. This linguistic marking is essential to the location of caipira culture in Brazilian national identity. The caipira is portrayed as a source of nostalgia, representing a common, rural past, and as such serves as a resource for nation building; however, caipiras are also depicted as an obstacle to modernity in contemporary Brazilian society.
Peers as clinicians: Examining the impact of Stay Play Talk on social communication in young preschoolers with autism.

Abstract Background Peer Mediated Interventions (PMIs) can be incorporated into integrated early childhood and preschool settings to address socialization impairments observed in children with ASD ( Katz & Girolametto, 2013 ). However, research examining specific PMI strategies with young preschoolers remains limited. Objective The current study examines the efficacy of the Stay, Play, Talk PMI ( English, Shafer, Goldstein, & Kaczmerek, 1997 ) on the social communication skills of young preschool children diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Method Each of 3 typically developing children (ages 3–5 years) was paired with a child with an ASD (ages 3–4 years). Typically developing peers were taught to Stay with their friend, Play with their friend, and Talk to their friend. The child dyads played together during two, 20-min weekly sessions for 6–8 weeks. A multiple baseline design across participants was implemented to measure the impact of the Stay Play Talk strategies on social initiations and responses characterized by non-coordinated gestures, gestures, and words. Simulation Modeling Analysis was also conducted to confirm visual analysis. Results All 3 typical peer buddies and all 3 target children with ASD demonstrated increases in the frequency of their responses, reaching levels that greatly exceeded baseline levels. Further, social reciprocations increased among each dyad above baseline. Social initiations remained variable across dyads. Gains were not maintained two months post intervention. Conclusion Results of this study corroborated previous findings that support the usefulness of PMIs to improve social communication of young children with ASD ( Chan et al., 2009 ) and suggest an economical, naturally occurring approach to improve social communication during early childhood. Learning outcomes: Readers will gain knowledge regarding the social communication profile of children with ASD and how this profile can negatively impact language development and peer relationships. In addition, readers will be able to identify the basic components of the Stay Play Talk intervention. Finally, this paper will explain the impacts of the Stay Play Talk intervention on the social communication skills of young children with ASD.
CONTEMPORARY DIGITAL DIVIDES IN THE UNITED STATES

While cyberspace has become increasingly ubiquitous in American society, enormous class, ethnic, and spatial inequalities characterise access to the US internet. This paper summarises the country's digital divides in the early twenty first century. First it notes major market and policy forces that have led to the growth in internet access. Second, it addresses the changing social and spatial patterns of internet access between 1995 and 2010. Although penetration rates grew among all socio-demographic categories, significant differences by age, income, ethnicity and educational level persist but not gender. Third, it points to the roles of public schools and libraries as mechanisms to alleviate the divide. Fourth, it examines differentials in broadband access as the most recent manifestation of internet inequality. Fifth, it comments on the mobile internet and urban ‘hotspots’. The conclusion points to public policy measures that could diminish discrepancies in access.
Supporting Binary Compatibility with Static Compilation

Abstract : There is an ongoing debate in the Java community on whether statically compiled implementations can meet the Java specification on dynamic features such as binary compatibility. Static compilation is sometimes desirable because it provides better code optimization, smaller memory footprint, more robustness, and better intellectual property protection. Unfortunately, none of the existing static Java compilers support binary compatibility, because it incurs unacceptable performance overhead. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective solution which handles all of the binary-compatibility cases specified by the Java Language Specification. Our experimental results using an implementation in the GNU Java compiler shows that the performance penalty is on average less than 2%. Besides solving the problem for static compilers, it is also possible to use this technique in JIT compilers to achieve an optimal balance point between static and dynamic compilation.
Local Government Capacityin the U.S.-Mexican Border: A Comparative Analysis of Calexico, California and Mexicali, Baja California

Resumen en: Along the U.S.-Mexican border, there are issues on both sides of the border confronting local governments. Examples of the issues include immigration...
Part II: A Computationally Based Modeling System for Class Elements Using Formal Observer-Based Experimental Connections

This article extends and refines the modeling system presented previously (Stewart, 1997). The initial system was sufficient for the optimization of delivery of education at a departmental level. This system is greatly more powerful, precise, and scientific, and fulfills the role of a modeling system for the research and development of educational practices. The model is applied to two widely diverse educational processes, Student Actions and Do Homework Problem, establishing the formalism and demonstrating its usefulness. The use of a rigorous computational syntax imposes completeness criteria on the modeling itself and uniformity. Experimental definition of the formation process of the patterns allows anyone to introduce new features of a model. This and the uniformity allows the models to become the property of the education community, not merely a single researcher, in the same way that mathematical models allow scientists to utilize and build upon previous research.
Explaining Political Violence Against Civilians in Northern Ireland: A Contention-Oriented Approach

*In contrast to prevalent theories of terrorism, this study develops a contention-oriented approach where levels and forms of political violence against civilians depend upon: (1) the strategies of combatants; (2) the means of contention; (3) the locations of allies and opponents; (4) the collective identities of combatants; and (5) the dynamics of contention, including whether or not representatives of paramilitary organizations are included in formal peace processes. Quantitative analyses of a multi-source database of civilian deaths taking place in Northern Ireland between 1966 and 2006 offer preliminary support for this approach. The study underscores the insights provided by theories and methods used in the fields of social movements research and peace and conflict studies. The concept of terrorism is deeply emotive, power-laden, and contested. Thus, the frequent use of the term “terror” in public discourse provides an opportunity for academic research to resonate with the public. Yet, use of the term in research runs the danger of scholarly work legitimating the agendas of the powerful while overlooking oppression as an underlying source of insurgency. It also runs the risks of glossing over variations in the actors responsible for political violence against civilians as well as differences in the motivations of those responsible. These dangers and risks are evidenced by the ad-hoc analyses found in the 9/11 literature. Much of this work is based on theories that have been discredited in the fields of social movement research and peace and conflict studies. In contrast, this article calls for a contention-oriented approach to understanding political violence against civilians. We conceptualize four distinct types of political violence against civilians—selective, collective, categorical, and indiscriminate. Moreover, we argue that five facets of contention help to explain variations in the levels and forms of political violence against civilians: (1) the strategies of combatants; (2) the means of contention; (3) the locations of allies and opponents; (4) the collective identities of combatants; and (5) the dynamics of contention, including dynamics related to peace processes. Quantitative analyses of lethal political violence against civilians in Northern Ireland between 1966 and 2006 are used to illustrate the utility of the four-part typology, as well as to assess hypotheses regarding factors influencing each type of political violence against civilians. The analyses largely support our hypotheses, underscoring the promise of a contention-oriented approach.
A new technique for the extraction of SPICE-type equivalent circuits from measured or computed S-parameters of microstrip components and discontinuities

This paper introduces a new technique based on the application of the Genetic Algorithm (GA) for extracting the equivalent circuits for measured or computed S-parameters that can be inserted into SPICE simulations. The GA is a robust optimization tool that is shown to yield excellent result for the sample test case of a right angle bend in a microstrip line.
Fine Structure of Haemobartonella muris as Compared with Eperythrozoon coccoides and Mycoplasma pulmonis

Tanaka, H. (The Rockefeller University, New York, N.Y.), W. T. Hall, J. B. Sheffield, and D. H. Moore. Fine structure of Haemobartonella muris as compared with Eperythrozoon coccoides and Mycoplasma pulmonis. J. Bacteriol. 90:1735-1749. 1965.-Thin sections of filterable hemolytic anemia agent of rat, now identified as Haemobartonella muris, revealed (i) that the agent is spherical or ellipsoidal and 350 to 700 mmu in size, (ii) that it has a single limiting membrane enclosing granules and some filaments (neither cell wall nor nucleoid was found), and (iii) that it is found preferentially at the surface and sometimes within the cytoplasmic vacuoles of erythrocytes in the circulating blood and bone marrow, and multiplies there through binary fission. No specific structure suggestive of motility was found. From the morphological point of view, Eperythrozoon coccoides was found to be very similar to H. muris, whereas Mycoplasma pulmonis, also covered with a single limiting membrane, differs in its pleomorphism and multiplication. These and some other microorganisms taxonomically between bacteria and viruses were compared morphologically, and their possible classification is discussed.
From Identity to Militancy: The Shi’a of Hezbollah

Understanding human terrain exhibited in historical and cultural attributes offers strategic thinkers a critical but often neglected tool. This article provides a cogent example in Hezbollah with the definition of a distinct identity, the adoption of an Islamist ideology, the designation of strategy to meet tangible objectives, and the manifestation of the tactics used to achieve those specified objectives. The analysis highlights the pertinent role of understanding the activation of identity in future conflict scenarios.
A biochemical study of oögenesis in the housefly, Musca domestica

Abstract Biochemical changes during ovarian growth and development have been studied in a wild type strain of the housefly, Musca domestica, where both intra- and inter-ovarian synchronous development can be achieved. At 29°C, the first gonotrophic cycle is complete 72 hr after eclosion, and the second cycle in an additional 40 hr. In the first cycle, ovarian DNA content increases rapidly between 48 to 60 hr after emergence. RNA content begins rising at 36 hr and reaches a maximum of 180 μg/ovary. In vitro labeling of ovaries with 3H-uridine indicates that ribosomal RNA is the major species of RNA present during the previtellogenic and early vitellogenic stages. Changes in protein content are similar to those in DNA content. Analysis of active ribosomes indicates that ovarian protein synthesis peaks 48 hr after eclosion, and represents the comboned activity of follicle cells, nurse cells and oocyte.
Beta-decay of proton-rich nucleus $^{23}$Al and astrophysical consequences

We present the first study of the \ensuremath{\beta} decay of $^{23}\mathrm{Al}$ undertaken with pure samples. The study was motivated by nuclear astrophysics questions. Pure samples of $^{23}\mathrm{Al}$ were obtained from the momentum achromat recoil separator (MARS) of Texas A University, collected on a fast tape-transport system, and moved to a shielded location where \ensuremath{\beta} and \ensuremath{\beta}-\ensuremath{\gamma} coincidence measurements were made. We deduced \ensuremath{\beta} branching ratios and log $\mathit{ft}$ values for transitions to states in $^{23}\mathrm{Mg}$, and from them determined unambiguously the spin and parity of the $^{23}\mathrm{Al}$ ground state to be ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}=5/{2}^{+}$. We discuss how this excludes the large increases in the radiative proton capture cross section for the reaction $^{22}\mathrm{Mg}(p,\ensuremath{\gamma})^{23}\mathrm{Al}$ at astrophysical energies, which were implied by claims that the spin and parity is ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}=1/{2}^{+}$. The log $\mathit{ft}$ for the Fermi transition to its isobaric analog state (IAS) in $^{23}\mathrm{Mg}$ is also determined for the first time. This IAS and a state 16 keV below it are observed, well separated in the same experiment for the first time. We can now solve a number of inconsistencies in the literature, exclude strong isospin mixing claimed before, and obtain a new determination of the resonance strength. Both states are resonances in the $^{22}\mathrm{Na}$($p,\ensuremath{\gamma}$)$^{23}\mathrm{Mg}$ reaction at energies important in novae. The reactions $^{22}\mathrm{Mg}(p,\ensuremath{\gamma})^{23}\mathrm{Al}$ and $^{22}\mathrm{Na}(p,\ensuremath{\gamma})^{23}\mathrm{Mg}$ have both been suggested as possible candidates for diverting some of the flux in oxygen-neon novae explosions from the $A=22$ into the $A=23$ mass chain.
The Effect of Task Alternatives on Vocabulary Knowledge: A Comparison of Students With and Without Learning Disabilities

This study used a two-part task format to (a) describe the vocabulary knowledge of 10- and 12-year-old students with learning disabilities and (b) assess the effect of task alternatives on their vocabulary knowledge. We addressed these research objectives by comparing the performance of 24 students with learning disabilities to an equal number of their normally achieving peers. Vocabulary knowledge was first assessed through a production task. In the even the student's response was inaccurate or incomplete, an identification task assessing the same vocabulary term was presented. Results revealed that, compared to normally achieving students, students with learning disabilities are (a) significantly less able to construct fully specified responses to production tasks, (b) comparable in their ability to use pictorial responses to demonstrate vocabulary knowledge not accessible in production tasks, and, (c) when equated in reading achievement, only 10-year-olds are significantly poorer in composite vocabular...
From Bhopal to the informating of environmentalism: Risk communication in historical perspective

This essay describes the development of information technology and culture in the environmental field since the 1980s and how this has led to new understandings of risk communication. The essay also describes how environmental information systems operate as instruments of power, in the way they configure and provide access to knowledge, in the way they manage uncertainty, and in the way they build in and project particular modes of subjectivity. The goal is to provide a brief yet compelling glimpse into the "informating of environmentalism."
Public Capital and the Factor Intensity of the Manufacturing Sector

Numerous studies have examined the effect of local fiscal policy on business activity. Few have emphasised local public services and fewer still have examined the effect of local fiscal policy on the composition of business activity. Using newly derived estimates of regional public infrastructure, the effect of public capital on the factor intensity of the manufacturing sector of 36 SMSAs during the 1970-78 period is examined. The findings of this study indicate that public investment can play an important role in determining the composition of a region's industrial sector.
An analytical model for tumbling projectile perforation of thin aluminum plates

Abstract An analytical model for the perforation of thin aluminum targets by tumbling cylindrical projectiles was developed. The target material was considered to be rigid—perfectly plastic without strain hardening, while the projectile was treated as undeformable. The perforation process was experimentally found to consist of three stages: plugging, hole enlargement, and front petaling. Both conservation of energy and conservation of momentum laws were used for modeling the plugging stage, while a lower bound method was employed during the hole enlargement stage. The energy dissipated during the petaling stage consists of shearing fracture of the petal, localized plastic shear in a zone contiguous with the edges, the momentum of the petal and the bending energy of the petal. The analytical results provided generally good agreement with the corresponding experimental data in terms of the final velocity and final oblique angle of the projectile as well as the crater length of the target.
The response of circulating parameters of bone mineral metabolism to ethanol- and EDTA-induced hypocalcemia in the rat.

The mechanism of the acute hypocalcemia that follows acute ethanol administration has not been established. Measurements of parathyroid hormone (PTH) performed during this hypocalcemia reveal conflicting results. We compared the response of ionized calcium (Ca2+), immunoreactive PTH and bone Gla protein (BGP) after ethanol- and EDTA-induced hypocalcemia. 103 male Sprague Dawley rats each weighing approximately 300 g received ethanol and 100 rats of similar weight received EDTA. In each of these studies the animals were divided into experimental and control groups. The ethanol-treated rats received ethanol, 2 g/kg body weight, by ip injection and the EDTA-treated rats received 100 mg EDTA/kg body weight by im injection. Controls received normal saline by the corresponding route of administration. Rats were sacrificed at 0, 30, 60, 90, 180 and 360 min for the measurement of the above parameters. In both experimental groups Ca2+ levels were significantly reduced to the same degree by 30 min with return to control values by 360 min. There was no significant difference in immunoreactive PTH, and BGP between control and ethanol-treated groups. In the EDTA-treated rats, however, PTH values were significantly increased at 30 (P < 0.005) and BGP at 60 and 90 minutes (P < 0.005) vs. control. Therefore acute ethanol administration appears to blunt the PTH response to hypocalcemia. A direct inhibitory effect of ethanol on osteoblast function ie BGP production cannot be excluded. In addition, PTH may stimulate BGP.
Serum phosphorus concentrations in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III).

Background Higher serum phosphorus concentrations within the normal laboratory range have been associated with cardiovascular events and mortality in large prospective cohort studies of individuals with and without kidney disease. Reasons for interindividual variation in steady-state serum phosphorus concentrations are largely unknown. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Setting & Participants 15,513 participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Predictors Demographic data, dietary intake measured by means of 24-hour dietary recall and food-frequency questionnaire, and established cardiovascular risk factors. Outcome & Measurements Serum phosphorus concentration. Results Mean serum phosphorus concentrations were significantly greater in women (+0.16 mg/dL versus men; P P Limitations Results may differ with advanced kidney disease. Conclusions Serum phosphorus concentration is weakly related to dietary phosphorus and not related to a diverse array of phosphorus-rich foods in the general population. Factors determining serum phosphorus concentration are largely unknown. Previously observed associations of serum phosphorus concentrations with cardiovascular events are unlikely to be a result of differences in dietary intake or traditional cardiovascular risk factors.
Investigating Urban Clear Islands in Fog and Low Stratus Clouds in the San Joaquin Valley of California

Urban clear islands (UCI) occur as radiation fog and low stratus clouds preferentially dissipate near large urban areas. In this study, 13 UCI episodes occurring near the urban footprint of Fresno, California, were analyzed to answer basic questions about the phenomenon. The UCI episodes were observed via geostationary satellites. Shape and area analysis was performed with standard geographic information system utilities. The results of the study suggest that UCI's developing in close proximity to the same urban footprint vary markedly in rate of expansion, complexity of shape, and total clear area. Most UCI's developed after the noon hour (local time) and expanded over a 1.5 hour period. At the first observation of clearing above the urban footprint, the total clear area ranged from 4 km2 to 207 km2 across the 13 episodes. Observations 1.5 hours later revealed a clear area ranging from 126 km2 to 692 km2. A shape parameter was calculated for each UCI at three temporal intervals. The UCI boundaries varied...
Studies on the electron-transfer system LX. Molecular weights of some components of the electron transfer chain in beef-heart mitochondria

Abstract The molecular weights of two enzyme complexes purified from beef-heart mitochondria have been determined by the light-scattering technique. The enzymes studied were coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase (Complex III) and cytochrome c oxidase (cytochrome c:O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.9.3.1) (Complex IV). The weight average molecular weight of Complex III from light-scattering data agrees closely with the minimal molecular weight estimated from the cytochrome c1 content. In the case of cytochrome oxidase, however, the molecular weight was about two times larger than the minimal molecular weight based on the cytochrome a content. This observation supports the view that there are two heme a prosthetic groups per molecule of cytochrome oxidase.
Gender issues in management development: implications and research agenda

Although the proportion of women entering management has increased greatly in the last two decades, their subsequent promotion into executive positions has not materialized. Explores how management development training may impede women′s progress. Examines factors that may hinder women′s opportunities to advance into upper management (and, consequently, to contribute to the success of their organizations). Also looks at research on gender issues in the academic classroom and how this literature relates to management development training. Discusses implications and recommendations to consider when training and developing women managers and provides an agenda for further research on potential gender bias in managerial training and development opportunities.
Cadmium in aquatic microcosms: Implications for screening the ecological effects of toxic substances

A two-phase set of experiments was conducted to address some of the problems inherent in ecological screening of toxic substances in aquatic microcosms. Phase I was a 4×4 factorial experiment dealing with the interactive effects of cadmium and nutrients in static microcosms. Phase II was a 2×4 factorial experiment using flowthrough microcosms to study temporal aspects of system behavior in response to nutrient loading and chronic versus acute cadmium perturbations. Nutrient enrichment resulted in increased biomass and metabolic activity in both static and flowthrough microcosms. Cadmium treatments generally resulted in a decrease in abundance of grazing crustaceans and a subsequent increase in community respiration, suggesting a change in community structure from a grazing to a detritus food chain. Of the variables measured, community metabolism, community composition, and output/input ratios of nitrate-nitrogen were the most useful indicators of system response to cadmium. Nutrient enrichment significantly influenced cadmium effects with respect to most of the variables measured; high levels of enrichment reduced the effects of cadmium. For screening the ecological effects of toxic chemicals, a series of experiments is proposed, including 1) relatively simple static microcosms, 2) flow through microcosms, and 3) more detailed but selective studies in microcosms derived from specific ecosystems. Each step yields increasingly more information and serves as a guide for subsequent experiments; in addition, each step more closely approximates natural ecosystems.
Are Financial Deepening and Economic Growth Causally Related? Another Look at the Evidence

This study investigates empirically the role of financial deepening in economic growth in three middle-eastern countries (Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and the United Arab emirates). Unlike many previous studies, I focus on the causal link between the degree of financial deepening and economic growth in order to discriminate between several alternative theoretical hypotheses. To that end, I use multivariate Granger-causality tests within an error-correction framework. The results generally support the view that financial deepening is a necessary causal factor of economic growth, although the strength of the evidence varies across countries and across the proxies used to measure financial deepening. The causal relationships are also predominately long-term in nature. Therefore, government policies aimed at promoting financial deepening in these countries must be persistent and sustainable in order to foster economic development. [E44, O11, O16]
THE CONTOUR-BUILDUP ALGORITHM TO CALCULATE THE ANALYTICAL MOLECULAR SURFACE

A new algorithm is presented to calculate the analytical molecular surface defined as a smooth envelope traced out by the surface of a probe sphere rolled over the molecule. The core of the algorithm is the sequential build up of multi-arc contours on the van der Waals spheres. This algorithm yields substantial reduction in both memory and time requirements of surface calculations. Further, the contour-buildup principle is intrinsically "local", which makes calculations of the partial molecular surfaces even more efficient. Additionally, the algorithm is equally applicable not only to convex patches, but also to concave triangular patches which may have complex multiple intersections. The algorithm permits the rigorous calculation of the full analytical molecular surface for a 100-residue protein in about 2 seconds on an SGI indigo with R4400++ processor at 150 Mhz, with the performance scaling almost linearly with the protein size. The contour-buildup algorithm is faster than the original Connolly algorithm an order of magnitude.
Building bridges for disengagement: The transition process for individuals and teams

Abstract A general dircwion for understanding the process and impact of disengagement and uansition on individual athletes and teams is presented. Disengagement is presented as a process within athlete and team development. The disengagement of athletes from a team and the impact on the team ue examined. Two models of change are described as is a model of group development. Examples of a team in transition are provided and suggestions for sports psychologists' work with athletes and teams in transition an offered. The focus of these suggestions is on work with teams.
How undistorted spatial memories can produce distorted responses.

Reproducing the location of an object from the contents of spatial working memory requires the translation of a noisy representation into an action at a single location— for instance, a mouse click or a mark with a writing utensil. In many studies, these kinds of actions result in biased responses thatsuggest distortions inspatial working memory. We sought to investigate the possibility of one mechanism by which distortions could arise, involving an interaction between un- distorted memories and nonuniformities in attention. Specifi- cally, the resolution of attention is finer below than above fixation, which led us to predict that bias could arise if partic- ipants tend to respond in locations below as opposed to above fixation. In Experiment 1 we found such a bias to respond below the true position of an object. Experiment 2 demon- strated with eye-tracking that fixations during response were unbiased and centered on the remembered object' st rue posi- tion. Experiment 3 further evidenced a dependency on atten- tion relative to fixation, by shifting the effect horizontally when participants were required to tilt their heads. Together, these results highlight the complex pathway involved in trans- lating probabilistic memories into discrete actions, and they present a new attentional mechanism by which undistorted spatial memories can lead to distorted reproduction responses.
Direct and maternal genetic effects on lamb survival

Abstract Records from Rambouillet, Targhee and Columbia sheep were used to estimate heritabilities for direct and maternal effects for lamb survival and the additive genetic correlation between direct and maternal effects. Lamb sire affected lamb survival in Rambouillet and Columbia breeds (P
Surface Relaxation Mechanisms of Laser-Polarized 129 Xe

We have determined the dominant mechanism for nuclear spin relaxation of laser-polarized ${}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ in silicone coated cells. The ${}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ relaxation rate is found to be strongly dependent on magnetic field, which indicates that ${}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ becomes trapped in the coating for extraordinarily long times ( $\ensuremath{\tau}g10\ensuremath{\mu}$s). Relaxation is caused by dipolar coupling between the trapped ${}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ and the protons in the coating, which we confirm with a novel double resonance scheme. This result should aid the development of improved coatings, and offers new possibilities for using laser-polarized ${}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ as a probe of other polymer and biological systems.
The star-chromatic number of planar graphs

The star-chromatic number of a graph, a parameter introduced by Vince, is a natural generalization of the chromatic number of a graph. Here we construct planar graphs with star-chromatic number r, where r is any rational number between 2 and 3, partially answering a question of Vince. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overcoming resistance to change in digital library projects

Purpose – In this paper, the author aims to define common causes of resistance to organizational change and describe several tactics project managers can use to overcome some of these causes.Design/methodology/approach – Using theory and example from other management studies, the author relates the relevance of these studies to methods project managers can use to overcome resistance to organizational change.Findings – Resistance to change has several factors, some of them based on level of institutional investment in the change effort as well as the characteristics of interpersonal relations within the organization. Rather than focusing on one aspect, as some earlier research studies have suggested, overcoming resistance to change requires using tactics that can address all of the issues.Originality/value – This paper fills a gap in the digital library project management literature by providing an overview of a useful methodology for addressing issues related to organizational change and resistance to tha...