cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Summing up: conservation and diversification in metazoan eukaryotic cells

The pre-meeting announcement raised the question: ‘The cell is a marvel of evolution. How has an apparently common set of mechanisms present in the eukaryotic cell evolved to generate the variety of cellular processes found in multicellular organisms?’ such as, I might add here, the organism’s development, physiology and behaviour, and how have they generated the variety of organisms themselves, particularly metazoa? The meeting was stimulating and successful. It was inspiring to hear speakers summarize progress in understanding the common (conserved) processes of eukaryotic cells of single-celled and multicellular organisms, namely: the functioning of the cytoskeleton; the basis of motility; the core reactions and feedbacks in the cell cycle; the elements of transcription and transcriptional regulation; the steps of signal transduction pathways and their crosstalk; the means of specificity in vessicle trafficking and compartmentation; the extracellular matrix and cell adhesion molecules; and the various means of generating osmotic balance and membrane potential. Structural conservation of protein components of these processes is apparent from sequence comparisons and crystallography. Functional conservation is apparent from interphylum gene substitution. Prokaryotes do not share these processes. The meeting was unusual in the speakers’ balancing of data and speculation. Several said openly and others implied that once you really know the components of the processes and the interactions of components at the biochemical level, it is not hard to imagine how the process arose in the course of eukaryotic cell evolution from processes and components of a prokaryotic ancestor. Sometimes a comparison of E. coli, yeast and mouse was used, but sometimes the speculations came without comparisons, just from the layered organisation of the process itself. It is a reward of such studies that plausible integrative schemes can now be devised where nothing could be said a short time ago.
A multi-quadric area-sink for analytic element modeling of groundwater flow

Abstract It is shown that the approach presented by Strack (Strack, O.D.L., 1989. Groundwater Mechanics. Prentice Hall, New Jersey) for determining the discharge potential for an area-sink leads to a function that is unique except for an arbitrary constant. The approach is applied to a special area-sink, namely one with an extraction rate that varies inside a polygon as a multi-quadric interpolator (Hardy, R.L., 1971. Multiquadric equations of topography and other irregular surfaces. Journal of Geophysical Research 76, 1905–1915). The principle of over-specification presented by Jankovic and Barnes (Jankovic, I., Barnes, R., 1999a. Three-dimensional flow through large numbers of spheroidal inhomogeneities. Journal of Hydrology 226, 224–233), is used to obtain an approximate solution. Several examples are presented herewith.
The influence of organic organizational cultures, market responsiveness, and product strategy on firm performance in an emerging market

Organizational culture is a strategic resource that influences a range of activities within firms, and empirical evidence from management and marketing demonstrates that it impacts performance. In this study, we investigate how organic types of organizational culture (i.e., adhocracy and clan) serve as a strategic resource to influence marketing effectiveness and performance in an emerging economy, using an extended form of the resource-based view as our theoretical framework. We posit that organic cultures, which are relatively dominant in emerging-nation firms, serve as antecedents of competitive advantage and superior performance. We selected China as the context to test the veracity of our model and use multiple informants and archival performance data to minimize common method variance. Our results support the proposed model and demonstrate that organic cultures impact market responsiveness, while confirming the critical roles of market responsiveness and product strategy change in producing superior performance. We further demonstrate a direct effect between clan culture and product strategy change, in addition to its indirect effect. Importantly, our results uncover that, although individually either adhocracy or clan culture can significantly improve the firm’s responsiveness, their combined effect does not enhance market responsiveness; that is, their interaction yields a negative coefficient. Additionally, the influence of organic cultures on market responsiveness varies across different industry types. These important differences, along with theoretical contributions and managerial implications of our findings, are discussed, and several avenues for future research are proposed.
Escaping Sugamo Prison with a no. 2 pencil : the drawings of Japanese war criminal Tobita Tokio

Tobita Tokio spent 10 years as war crimes suspect and convicted war criminal in Sugamo Prison, a facility recommissioned by American occupiers in 1945 as one element of a larger programme designed to refashion Japan into a more peaceful and cooperative member of the community of nations. From 1945 to 1955, Tobita produced hundreds of drawings depicting life in Sugamo Prison and gave most of them to American jailors and fellow Japanese inmates. As ephemera and souvenirs, some of the drawings were short-lived. But many were carefully preserved. The drawings constitute a visual diary of prison life. But they were more than that. They played an important role in defusing post-war animosity between American and Japanese soldiers. At times, Tobita used them as a personal form of art therapy helping him deal with the psychological torments of prison life, especially when he was facing trial and sentencing. His drawings both highlighted and softened the caste and class tensions that challenged Japan during the wa...
Regulation of a serine protease homolog by the JNK pathway during thoracic development ofDrosophila melanogaster

The importance of the Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) pathway during normal development and tumor invasion has been well documented in Drosophila. Here, this pathway plays important roles in epithelial morphogenesis, wound healing, apoptosis, immunity and regulation of lifespan. However, which downstream molecules facilitate these effects is not very well elucidated. In this study, data are presented on a serine protease homolog (SPH), scarface. These data show that scarface is under regulatory control of the JNK pathway and that this pathway is both necessary and sufficient for its expression within the context of thoracic development. Consequently, down-regulation of scarface results in a thoracic-cleft phenotype that phenocopies the JNK pathway defect. A possible role of scarface during thoracic development in Drosophila is discussed.
Pharmacogenomics and the challenge of health disparities.

This paper examines emerging technologies and recent research on population differences in pharmacogenomics and the perspectives of scientists, community advocates, policymakers, and social critics on
B-cell epitope spreading in autoimmunity

How the immune response matures from recognizing a single or a few structures of the antigen to many is an obviously important process. Models of B-cell epitope spreading have been developed in a variety of systems. For example, immunization of animals with PPPGMRPP, one of the earliest B-cell epitopes in the anti-Sm response found in human lupus, leads to antispliceosomal autoimmunity and features of lupus. The humoral immune response spreads from PPPGMRPP to other structures of the spliceosome in an apparently reproducible sequence. B-cell epitope spreading has provided the experimental basis from which a relationship between lupus and Epstein-Barr virus was suspected. An understanding of B-cell epitope spreading is likely to lead to important principles in basic immunology and to answers to human disease problems.
The World Bank model for global interdependence: A quantitative framework for the World Development Report

Abstract This paper describes the basic structure of the Global Model used in preparing various parts of the World Development Report (WDR) issued annually by the World Bank. The report is designed to help clarify linkages between the international economy and the domestic strategies of developing countries. The paper is divided in four parts. The first two present different aspects of the model structure and discuss the reasons that induced the authors to orient themselves towards given functional specifications. In the final parts the policy relevance of the exercise is studied in light of the results that the model has produced for 1975–1985.
Performing the Same Score: Repentance, Truth and Doctrine in Ecumenical Theology

This article develops the fruitful metaphor of musical performance to think about church-dividing conflicts over doctrine. In particular, I show that just as there is more than one way for a score of music to be faithfully performed, so there can be more than one way for shared fundamental dogma to be faithfully articulated in different confessional or doctrinal traditions. When the disagreements between the Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian churches over christological doctrine are reframed as contrasting but not contradictory “performances” of one shared scriptural and Nicene dogma, possibilities for ecumenical reconciliation are strenghthened. Indeed, while not articulating its practice by means of the metaphor of a musical performance, the Roman Catholic magisterium is already approaching doctrinal reconciliation in just this way.
Induced drinking in dogs: comparative effects of hypertonic sodium chloride and sorbitol.

SummaryOsmotically equivalent hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride and sorbitol were injected hourly into the jugular veins of adult dogs; the drinking responses to each solution were compared for volume and latency. It is shown that over a period of hours an individual's volume intake produced by injection of a given volume of hypertonic solution tends to be constant while there is great variation in response to successive hourly stimuli. Individuals have characteristic latencies, though with a large range of variation at low stimulus strength. The alcohol can be as effective a stimulus as the salt, but it appears to be gradually inactivated, becoming proportionally less effective upon longer latency animals. While latency does not vary with magnitude of response, neither between a given dog's responses nor between individual averages, other tests made following recovery from nembutal produced increased drinking responses with shorter latencies.
A trust region target value method for optimizing nondifferentiable Lagrangian duals of linear programs

In this paper, we design a new variable target value procedure, the trust region target value (TRTV) method, for optimizing nondifferentiable Lagrangian dual formulations of large-scale, ill-conditioned linear programming problems. Such problems typically arise in the context of Lagrangian relaxation approaches and branch-and-bound/cut algorithms for solving linear mixed-integer programs. Subgradient optimization strategies are well-suited for this purpose and are popularly used, particularly in Lagrangian relaxation contexts, because of their simplicity in computation and mild memory requirements. However, they lack robustness and can often stall while yet remote from optimality. With this motivation, we design our proposed TRTV method to retain simplicity in computations, be theoretically convergent, as well as yield an effective and robust performance in practice. Furthermore, we augment this approach with dual refinement and primal recovery procedures based on outer-linearization and trust region strategies to further improve the accuracy of the resulting solutions and to derive primal solutions as well. Our computational study reveals a highly competitive performance of the proposed TRTV algorithm among several implemented nondifferentiable optimization procedures. Moreover, the dual refinement and primal recovery procedures help further reduce the optimality gap and promote attaining a relatively greater degree of primal feasibility as compared with several alternative ergodic primal recovery schemes. Also, the proposed method displays significantly lesser computational requirement than that of a commercial linear programming solver CPLEX.
Effect of age on stiffness modulation during postural maintenance of the arm

The ability to modify the mechanical impedance of our limbs allows us to perform a variety of motor control tasks while interacting with the environment in a stable manner. Prior work has shown that young, healthy people are capable of modulating arm stiffness via selective muscle co-contraction to account for external disturbances in various directions. Increased age detrimentally affects control of movement and stability, although the neural mechanisms underlying these deficits are not entirely understood. In this study, younger and older subjects performed a static postural maintenance task with two types of directional force perturbations. Older individuals showed significantly less stiffness modification between the two perturbation conditions compared to the younger individuals, indicating less optimal modulation of arm impedance. This impairment should be considered during motor control evaluation in older populations, whether it be activities of daily living or skill assessment.
The network weather service: a distributed resource performance forecasting service for metacomputing

Abstract The goal of the Network Weather Service is to provide accurate forecasts of dynamically changing performance characteristics from a distributed set of metacomputing resources. Providing a ubiquitous service that can both track dynamic performance changes and remain stable in spite of them requires adaptive programming techniques, an architectural design that supports extensibility, and internal abstractions that can be implemented efficiently and portably. In this paper, we describe the current implementation of the NWS for Unix and TCP/IP sockets and provide examples of its performance monitoring and forecasting capabilities.
A stochastic model for mast cell proliferation in culture

A birth-death model was developed for the proliferation of mast cells. According to the model, each secondary mast cell colony starts with one proliferative cell. At each generation each cell chooses among three possibilities: (1) division into two proliferative cells; (2) division into two non-proliferative cells; or (3) disappearance. At each step, a non-proliferative cell either does nothing or disappears. A computer simulation of this model could be fitted reasonably well to our data for the size distributions of secondary mast cell colonies recorded after different culture periods. Our model predicts that proliferative cells comprise a larger fraction of the colony in large secondary colonies than in small ones. This prediction was successfully tested by examination of tertiary colony formation. This is a general model for cell proliferation that may be applicable to other types of cells.
Prevalence and risk factors for significant liver fibrosis among HIV-monoinfected patients.

Background: HIV-monoinfected patients may be at risk for significant liver fibrosis, but its prevalence and determinants in these patients are unknown. Since HIV-monoinfected patients do not routinely undergo liver biopsy, we evaluated the prevalence and risk factors of significant hepatic fibrosis in this group using the aspartate aminotransferase (AST)-to-platelet ratio index (APRI). Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among HIV-infected patients negative for hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C antibody in the Penn Center for AIDS Research Adult/Adolescent Database. Clinical and laboratory data were collected from the database at enrollment. Hypothesized determinants of significant fibrosis were modifiable risk factors associated with liver disease progression, hepatic fibrosis, or hepatotoxicity, including immune dysfunction (i.e., CD4 T lymphocyte count 1.5, which suggests significant hepatic fibrosis. Multivariable logistic regression identified independent risk factors for significant fibrosis by APRI. Results: Among 432 HIV-monoinfected patients enrolled in the CFAR Database between November 1999 and May 2008, significant fibrosis by APRI was identified in 36 (8.3%; 95% CI, 5.9 - 11.4%) patients. After controlling for all other hypothesized risk factors as well as active alcohol use and site, detectable HIV viremia (adjusted OR, 2.56; 95% CI, 1.02 8.87) and diabetes mellitus (adjusted OR, 3.15; 95% CI, 1.12 - 10.10) remained associated with significant fibrosis by APRI. Conclusions: Significant fibrosis by APRI score was found in 8% of HIV-monoinfected patients. Detectable HIV viremia and diabetes mellitus were associated with significant fibrosis. Future studies should explore mechanisms for fibrosis in HIV-monoinfected patients.
Contracting with private knowledge of signal quality

We characterize the optimal procurement contract in a setting where a supplier has privileged knowledge of the quality of a public signal about his production costs. The optimal contract exhibits important differences with standard contracts in adverse selection settings. For instance, the contract induces output both above and below first-best levels. Furthermore, the induced output may not vary with the realized public signal unless the signal quality is sufficiently pronounced. In addition, output may increase as expected costs increase.
COUPLING OF HIGH FREQUENCIES AND LOW FREQUENCIES IN TONKS--DATTNER RESONANCES.

Abstract Recent experiments have shown that the normal Tonks-Dattner eigenmodes are drastically altered when a high power microwave signal impinges on a plasma column. This alteration allows the coupling of the high frequency signal to a spectrum of low frequency signals. A critical threshold behavior for low frequency excitation is found for both the incident signal and the average number density.
Crystallography of color superconductivity

We develop the Ginzburg-Landau approach to comparing different possible crystal structures for the crystalline color superconducting phase of QCD, the QCD incarnation of the Larkin-Ovchinnikov-Fulde-Ferrell phase. In this phase, quarks of different flavor with differing Fermi momenta form Cooper pairs with nonzero total momentum, yielding a condensate that varies in space like a sum of plane waves. We work at zero temperature, as is relevant for compact star physics. The Ginzburg-Landau approach predicts a strong first-order phase transition (as a function of the chemical potential difference between quarks) and for this reason is not under quantitative control. Nevertheless, by organizing the comparison between different possible arrangements of plane waves (i.e., different crystal structures) it provides considerable qualitative insight into what makes a crystal structure favorable. Together, the qualitative insights and the quantitative, but not controlled, calculations make a compelling case that the favored pairing pattern yields a condensate which is a sum of eight plane waves forming a face-centered cubic structure. They also predict that the phase is quite robust, with gaps comparable in magnitude to the BCS gap that would form if the Fermi momenta were degenerate. These predictions may be tested in ultracold gases made of fermionic atoms. In a QCD context, our results lay the foundation for a calculation of vortex pinning in a crystalline color superconductor, and thus for the analysis of pulsar glitches that may originate within the core of a compact star.
What should agriculture copy from natural ecosystems

Abstract Natural ecosystems persist without synthetic inputs. Would mimicking the organization of natural ecosystems enhance the productivity, year-to-year stability, or long-term sustainability of agriculture? Ecological research has disproved once widely accepted ideas, such as the assumption that homeostatic mechanisms in natural ecosystems are as reliable as those in organisms. Although there are still many unanswered questions, we argue that natural-ecosystem organization (diversity, spatial patterns, etc.) is not necessarily superior to that in well-designed agricultural ecosystems, especially by criteria relevant to agriculture. Furthermore, agriculture׳s constraints (exporting protein to cities, challenges in managing mixtures) would limit mimicry even of any hypothetical natural ecosystems with superior organization. Unlike overall ecosystem organization, individual adaptations of wild species have been consistently improved over millennia, via competitive natural selection. These adaptations, which might be applied to improve pest resistance or stress tolerance of crops, may best be studied in the natural ecosystems where they evolved.
The decomposition of a linear mapping

Abstract We give a practical algorithm for obtaining the unique decomposition of a linear mapping into a sum of commuting semisimple and nilpotent mappings.
Mining Time Series Data

Much of the world’s supply of data is in the form of time series. In the last decade, there has been an explosion of interest in mining time series data. A number of new algorithms have been introduced to classify, cluster, segment, index, discover rules, and detect anomalies/novelties in time series. While these many different techniques used to solve these problems use a multitude of different techniques, they all have one common factor; they require some high level representation of the data, rather than the original raw data. These high level representations are necessary as a feature extraction step, or simply to make the storage, transmission, and computation of massive dataset feasible. A multitude of representations have been proposed in the literature, including spectral transforms, wavelets transforms, piecewise polynomials, eigenfunctions, and symbolic mappings. This chapter gives a high-level survey of time series Data Mining tasks, with an emphasis on time series representations.
Determinants of Administrative Intensity

This paper focuses on the level of administrative intensity in manufacturing firms. Based upon a sample of 32, it was found that two organizational variables, perceived environmental uncertainty and mass-output orientation of production technology, account for significant variation in administrative intensity levels.
Loneliness and Attributes of Movie-Going

Rochester lnrtkute of Technology' Summy.-Factor analysis of data from 493 college students gave three dimensions of loneliness derived from the UWA Loneliness Scale. Lonely and less-lonely persons on each of the three dimensions were compared on their pattern of movie attendance, frequency of attendance, how far in advance they decided to go to the movies, and the site of the attendance unit. Significant differences were found only for the attendance unit. Until recently loneliness has not drawn widespread research attention from social scientists. Although few social scientists have made empirical inquiries into the phenomenon of loneliness, the popular press has not been so silent (Toffler, 1980; Gordon, 1976). Scientific research on loneliness has developed largely within the past decade (Peplau & Perlman, 1979; Weiss, 1973). According to Peplau and Perlrnan (1979, p. 107), one method for coping with loneliness is for such individuals to select tasks and situations which they enjoy alone, thereby altering their desired level of social contact. Use of mass media permits precisely such behavior since the presence of others, while perhaps desirable, is not necessary. McQuail (1983, p. 158) reports there is substantial evidence to support the hypothesis that use of media acts as "a possible compensation or substitute . . . where loneliness is enforced." Britain's Independent Broadcasting Authority's 1978 study found that "lonely people seem to have fewer social activities and hobbies than most people, but use the media heavily" (p. 15). Based on a complex interaction between two dimensions of loneliness and frequency of movie attendance reported by Austin: this study examined how loneliness is related to various movie-going attributes. Austin noted - no significant relationship between frequency of movie-going and loneliness, based on a product-moment correlation but this does not suggest that loneliness is unrelated to other attributes of movie-going. As noted above, a more complex four-way analysis of variance of these data suggested that loneliness might interact significantly with certain attributes or ancillary activities associated with movie-going. In short, the Pearson correlation reflects over-all frequency of movie attendance and loneliness, but not other measures of motion picture attendance. The present report is a secondary analysis of earlier data.
The Use of the Decomposition Principle in Making Judgments

One hundred and fifty-one subjects were randomly divided into two groups of roughly equal size. One group was asked to respond to a decomposed version of a problem and the other group was presented with the direct form of the problem. The results provided support for the hypotheses that people can make better judgments when they use the principle of decomposition; and that decomposition is especially valuable for those problems where the subject knows little. The results suggest that accuracy may be improved if the subject provides the data and the computer analyzes it, than if both steps were done implicitly by the subjects.
Bikaner Wool, A Leading Carpet Wool, and Its Improvement

Eight samples illustrating average and extreme types of Bikaner wool were selected from 28 samples received from the Government Livestock Farm at Hissar, India. These 8 samples were analyzed for fi...
LEAD: a methodology for learning efficient approaches to medical diagnosis

Determining the most efficient use of diagnostic tests is one of the complex issues facing medical practitioners. With the soaring cost of healthcare, particularly in the US, there is a critical need for cutting costs of diagnostic tests, while achieving a higher level of diagnostic accuracy. This paper develops a learning based methodology that, based on patient information, recommends test(s) that optimize a suitable measure of diagnostic performance. A comprehensive performance measure is developed that accounts for the costs of testing, morbidity, and mortality associated with the tests, and time taken to reach diagnosis. The performance measure also accounts for the diagnostic ability of the tests. The methodology combines tools from the fields of data mining (rough set theory, in particular), utility theory, Markov decision processes (MDP), and reinforcement learning (RL). The rough set theory is used in extracting diagnostic information in the form of rules from the medical databases. Utility theory is used in bringing various nonhomogenous performance measures into one cost based measure. An MDP model together with an RL algorithm facilitates obtaining efficient testing strategies. The methodology is implemented on a sample problem of diagnosing solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN). The results obtained are compared with those from four alternative testing strategies. Our methodology holds significant promise to improve the process of medical diagnosis
DNA Replication Fidelity

▪ Abstract DNA replication fidelity is a key determinant of genome stability and is central to the evolution of species and to the origins of human diseases. Here we review our current understanding of replication fidelity, with emphasis on structural and biochemical studies of DNA polymerases that provide new insights into the importance of hydrogen bonding, base pair geometry, and substrate-induced conformational changes to fidelity. These studies also reveal polymerase interactions with the DNA minor groove at and upstream of the active site that influence nucleotide selectivity, the efficiency of exonucleolytic proofreading, and the rate of forming errors via strand misalignments. We highlight common features that are relevant to the fidelity of any DNA synthesis reaction, and consider why fidelity varies depending on the enzymes, the error, and the local sequence environment.
Surficial gains and subsoil losses of soil carbon and nitrogen during secondary forest development

Reforestation of formerly cultivated land is widely understood to accumulate above- and belowground detrital organic matter pools, including soil organic matter. However, during 40 years of study of reforestation in the subtropical southeastern USA, repeated observations of above- and belowground carbon documented that significant gains in soil organic matter (SOM) in surface soils (0–7.5 cm) were offset by significant SOM losses in subsoils (35–60 cm). Here, we extended the observation period in this long-term experiment by an additional decade, and used soil fractionation and stable isotopes and radioisotopes to explore changes in soil organic carbon and soil nitrogen that accompanied nearly 50 years of loblolly pine secondary forest development. We observed that accumulations of mineral soil C and N from 0 to 7.5 cm were almost entirely due to accumulations of light-fraction SOM. Meanwhile, losses of soil C and N from mineral soils at 35 to 60 cm were from SOM associated with silt and clay-sized particles. Isotopic signatures showed relatively large accumulations of forest-derived carbon in surface soils, and little to no accumulation of forest-derived carbon in subsoils. We argue that the land use change from old field to secondary forest drove biogeochemical and hydrological changes throughout the soil profile that enhanced microbial activity and SOM decomposition in subsoils. However, when the pine stands aged and began to transition to mixed pines and hardwoods, demands on soil organic matter for nutrients to support aboveground growth eased due to pine mortality, and subsoil organic matter levels stabilized. This study emphasizes the importance of long-term experiments and deep measurements when characterizing soil C and N responses to land use change and the remarkable paucity of such long-term soil data deeper than 30 cm.
‘To quarterback behind the scenes, third-party efforts’: the tobacco industry and the Tea Party

Background The Tea Party, which gained prominence in the USA in 2009, advocates limited government and low taxes. Tea Party organisations, particularly Americans for Prosperity and FreedomWorks, oppose smoke-free laws and tobacco taxes. Methods We used the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library, the Wayback Machine, Google, LexisNexis, the Center for Media and Democracy and the Center for Responsive Politics (opensecrets.org) to examine the tobacco companies’ connections to the Tea Party. Results Starting in the 1980s, tobacco companies worked to create the appearance of broad opposition to tobacco control policies by attempting to create a grassroots smokers’ rights movement. Simultaneously, they funded and worked through third-party groups, such as Citizens for a Sound Economy, the predecessor of AFP and FreedomWorks, to accomplish their economic and political agenda. There has been continuity of some key players, strategies and messages from these groups to Tea Party organisations. As of 2012, the Tea Party was beginning to spread internationally. Conclusions Rather than being a purely grassroots movement that spontaneously developed in 2009, the Tea Party has developed over time, in part through decades of work by the tobacco industry and other corporate interests. It is important for tobacco control advocates in the USA and internationally, to anticipate and counter Tea Party opposition to tobacco control policies and ensure that policymakers, the media and the public understand the longstanding connection between the tobacco industry, the Tea Party and its associated organisations.
Refractoriness to inductive day lengths terminates the breeding season of the Suffolk ewe.

The ambient photoperiod was recorded over an 8-yr period at the beginning and end of the breeding season in a flock of Suffolk ewes maintained outdoors. The transition into the breeding season in this short-day breeder occurred at a day length which was much longer (14.0 h, Sept. 3 ± 5 days) than that at the onset of anestrus (11.5 h, Feb. 15 ± 3 days). This produced a marked asymmetry of the annual cycles of photoperiod and reproduction. In an attempt to explain this asymmetry, we determined if ewes enter anestrus because increasing day lengths curtail breeding or because ewes lose the ability to respond to prevailing short day lengths (i.e., become photorefractory). On the winter solstice, 3 groups of 6 ovariectomized ewes bearing s.c. Silastic implants of estradiol were placed on different day length treatments: 1) natural environment; 2) artificial day length which simulated natural photoperiod; or 3) artificial day length equivalent to that of the winter solstice (1OL). Transition into anestrus was determined from the precipitous drop in serum Iuteininzing hormone (LH) concentrations. The breeding season was not prolonged in ewes held on the winter solstice day length; LH did not remain elevated beyond the time ihat it plummeted in the other groups. These findings lead to the conclusion that Suffolk ewes normally cease breeding, not because they are actively inhibited by increasing day lengths, but because they become photorefractory. This can account, at least in part, for the asymmetry between the annual cycle of photoperiod and reproduction in this short-day breeder.
The “State” of Equal Employment Opportunity Law and Managerial Gender Diversity

Women’s underrepresentation in management is a persistent social problem. We take a new approach to understanding the lack of managerial gender diversity by investigating how U.S. state equal employment opportunity laws are related to women’s presence in upper and lower management. We draw on data from 2010 EEO-1 reports documenting managerial sex composition in U.S. work establishments and a state employment law database to answer our research questions. State mandates are found to be differentially associated with upper- versus lower-level managerial gender diversity. Establishments in states with an equal pay law, or that once ratified the ERA, employ more women in upper management than those in states without such a law or in nonratifying states, but this holds only in establishments in industries that typically employ women. In contrast, establishments in states that require anti-discrimination workplace postings employ fewer women in upper-management than those in states without such a requirement. State equal pay laws, especially those adopted before federal equal pay legislation, family responsibility discrimination protections, and past ERA ratification are positively associated with women’s lower-level managerial presence. Conversely, state expanded family and medical leave coverage, prohibited sex discrimination, and specific posting rules are negatively associated with women’s presence in lower management. Results hold net of establishment, state, firm, and industry factors. We discuss the meaning behind differences across managerial level and the role of state regulation in moving toward greater managerial gender equity.
Ultra-pipelining: an efficient software pipelining algorithm

A compiler technique for utilizing instruction-level parallelism is presented. The software pipelining algorithm presented concentrates on innermost loops with array accesses dominating variable references. Dependence graphs labeled with either direction or distance information are provided as input to the pipelining algorithm. In the first step of the algorithm, a loop body of minimal schedule length is generated for a machine with infinite resources. This schedule is mapped onto a processor with finite resources in the next step. This division into two steps makes it possible to make use of existing algorithms for DAG scheduling to handle loop scheduling. >
CONFLICT OF LAWS AND CHOICE OF LAW

We discuss the law and economics of conflict of laws and choice of law, focusing on the law in the US. We first consider choice of law when the parties have not effectively chosen their governing law by contract. We address four questions: (1) Why do courts ever apply anything other than the law of the forum? (2) If a court sometimes applies foreign law, is a rule-based or more modern standard-based approach to its choice preferable? (3) Why have so many states abandoned rule-based approaches in favor of standard-based ones? and (4) Is there any real practical difference between the First Restatement and modern approaches? We then discuss costs and benefits of enforcing parties’ contractual choice of law provisions. We conclude that permitting parties to choose the governing law that best fits their transactions and future private disputes can enhance jurisdictional competition and help restore predictability to the conflict of laws problem. JEL classification: K33
Gifted Adolescents' Attitudes toward Their Giftedness: A Partial Replication.

Kerr, Colangelo, and Gaeth (1988) assessed gifted adolescents' perceptions of their own and others' views of and reactions to their giftedness in personal, academic, and social areas through an ope...
Effects of the asymmetrical tonic neck posture upon grip strength of normal children.

Abstract Twelve normal kindergarten children, six boys and six girls, were tested to determine effects of the tonic neck posture upon grip strength in the dominant (stronger) right hand and nondominant (weaker) left hand. On the whole, right grip strength significantly exceeded left grip strength, but the relationship varied with changes in head position.
Pregnancy Increases Relaxation in Human Omental Arteries to the CGRP Family of Peptides

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CALCB) and its family members adrenomedullin (ADM) and intermedin (ADM2) play important roles in maintaining vascular adaptations during pregnancy in animal models. The present study was designed to evaluate the responses of omental arteries to CALCB, ADM, and ADM2 in pregnant and nonpregnant women, and to determine the mechanisms involved. By using resistance omental arteries collected from nonpregnant women (n = 15) during laparotomy and from term pregnant women (n = 15) at cesarean delivery, this study shows that the receptor components--calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CALCRL) and receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) 1, 2 and 3--are localized to endothelial and smooth muscle cells in omental arteries, with increased expressions of both mRNA and protein in pregnant compared with nonpregnant women. The myography study demonstrated that CALCB, ADM, and ADM2 (0.1-100 nM) dose dependently relax U46619 (1 muM) precontracted omental artery segments, and the maximum possible effects to CALCB and ADM2, but not to ADM, are significantly enhanced in pregnant compared with nonpregnant women. Further, the vasodilatory responses to CALCB, ADM, and ADM2 are reduced by inhibitors of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (L-NAME), adenylyl cyclase (SQ22536), voltage-activated potassium channels (4-aminopyrodin and tetrabutylammonium), Ca(2+)-activated potassium channel (charybdotoxin), and cyclooxygenase (indomethacin). In conclusion, the CALCB family of peptides, CALCB and ADM2, increase human omental artery relaxation during pregnancy through diverse mechanisms, including NO, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs) and prostaglandins, and thus could contribute to the vascular adaptations during pregnancy in the human.
Implications for Prevention and Intervention: A More Person-Centered Approach

One of the most important functions of any theoretical framework is to guide practice in the field. The accumulated data on co-occurrence provide strong evidence that prevention and intervention of all types of violence should be organized around the full context of individuals’ experiences, not narrowly defined subtypes of abuse or violence. The research discussed in previous chapters provides new urgency to calls to better integrate victim services. Additionally, services aimed at perpetrators or would-be perpetrators of particular violence types could be more effective if they address the fact that many perpetrators offend in multiple contexts and often have victimization histories. In this chapter, we discuss how recognizing the interrelations among different forms of violence can guide prevention, assessment, and intervention.
Dynamic electron correlation in interactions of light with matter formulated in b ⃗ space

Scattering of beams of light and matter from multielectron atomic targets is formulated in the position representation of quantum mechanics. This yields expressions for the probability amplitude $a(\stackrel{P\vec}{b})$ for a wide variety of processes. Here the spatial parameter $\stackrel{P\vec}{b}$ is the distance of closest approach of incoming particles traveling on a straight line with the center of the atomic target. The correlated probability amplitude $a(\stackrel{P\vec}{b})$ reduces to a relatively simple product of single-electron probability amplitudes in the widely used independent electron approximation limit, where the correlation effects of the Coulomb interactions between the atomic electrons disappear. As an example in which $a(\stackrel{P\vec}{b})$ has an explicit dependence on $\stackrel{P\vec}{b}$, we consider transversely finite vortex beams of twisted photons that lack the translational invariance of infinite plane-wave beams. Relatively simple calculations, illustrating the $\stackrel{P\vec}{b}$ dependence in transition probabilities for photon beams interacting with a two-state degenerate single-electron atomic target, are included. Further application for many-electron systems is discussed. Possible practical uses are briefly considered.
Biological sensors shed light on ligand geography.

Small, soluble, ubiquitous ligands are difficult to visualize. Schwab and colleagues have created a functional receptor reporter that gauges the in vivo concentration, location and biological action of sphingolipids.
Expectation: Is Stimulus-Specific Apparent Anticipation a Sign of Higher Function?

The nervous system shows adaptation by preparedness in a variety of ways, passive and active, genetic and learned, both for normal, unimportant input and for normal, important input that is either temporally anticipated or expected without temporal specification. The modalities and submodalities of sense organs, their receptive fields, filter properties, distributions, and sensitivities constitute a first order set of genetically in-built adaptations for the broad range of biologically important stimuli the given species can expect. Lower and higher central circuits and an array of behaviors in each species, innate and learned, manifest readiness for normally expected food, predators, social partners and common environmental features with aids for stimulus acquisition, such as control of posture, probing, and sampling rate. Learned expectations include short term and long term memories.
Microfluidics Research in MEMS Propulsion Systems

Advances in microfluidics research are finding their way into aerospace applications at an increasing rate. Aerospace systems will undoubtedly benefit from microscale research due to the inherent issues with mass, volume, and power availability on all airborne and space faring vehicles. Micro-devices and microscale scale subsystems will not only enable smaller vehicles to be developed but will also allow more functionality in larger systems. The work presented in this paper explores the use of microfluidics research in the development of unique propulsion systems for nanosatellites (mass less than 20 kg) and large-scale satellites. These propulsion systems would enable primary propulsion and attitude control for nanosatellites or fine attitude control for larger spacecraft. There are several unique aspects of microfluidics research that must be considered for MEMS propulsion systems including microscale two-phase flow, combustion, plasma formation, gas-surface interaction, and the development of diagnostic tools capable of investigating high speed gaseous flows.
Timing of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus-Bait Spray Combinations for Control of Egg and Larval Stages of Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Larval tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (F.), are capable of ingesting a lethal inoculation of Heliothis nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) during eclosion from treated eggs. Applications should coincide as closely as possible with egg hatch to maximize infection. At the high dose of 1.24 × 1012 polyhedral inclusion bodies per ha, for example, mortality of larvae declined from 79.7%, when eggs were sprayed just before hatching, to 19.4%, when treatment was made on newly laid eggs. Treatments made at various intervals after young larvae were placed on the cotton terminals indicated that precise timing is essential to achieve a high level of viral mortality. The value of adding a feeding adjuvant to the virus was shown when sprays were delayed after larval placement on the plants; a 4-day delay resulted in mortalities of 15.4 and 40.0%, respectively, for the virus alone and virus + Coax treatments.
SuperSmart Parachute Deployment Algorithm for Mars Pinpoint Landing

An algorithm for choosing the parachute deployment point has been developed which is designed to reduce delivery errors at powered descent ignition during Entry / Descent / Landing (EDL) on a body with an atmosphere (e.g. Mars), consequently reducing the propellant required to achieve precise landing at a preselected target. This algorithm is designed to improve on the previously developed “Smart Chute” deployment algorithm by modeling the lander’s trajectory during the parachute phase for improved targeting. Performance benefits are influenced by environmental factors, principally winds between chute deployment and ignition, which cause the lander to drift on the parachute.
Blood Volumes of Ducks Using Human Serum Albumin Labeled with Radioiodine

SummaryBlood volume determinations were performed on 42 ducks of various weights, using radioiodinated human serum albumin. The blood in ml per kg body weight in young ducks weighing 150-450 g is 107 + 2.34. For the intermediate group weighing 700-1100 g it is 102 + 1.79. In young adult birds weighing 1100-2000 g it is 86.3 + 1.58. Several supplementary procedures were carried out to test the propriety of this method in the duck.
The Genus Zelus Fabricius in the West Indies (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Eleven species of Zelus Fabricius (1803) are found in the West Indies. These are divided into two groups, insular and continental. The first group contains four closely related species known only from the West Indies: Z. subimpressus Stal, Z. zayasi Bruner & Barber, Z. bruneri de Zayas, and Z. puertoricensis , n. sp. The last group contains seven species that have been introduced to the West Indies from South or Central America: Z. longipes (L.), Z. prolixus Stal, Z. illotus Berg, Z. impar Kuhlgatz, Z. minutus , n. sp., Z. vespiformis , n. sp., and Z. korystos , n. sp. Keys, lists of synonymy, distributions, discussions, and figures of the male genitalia are provided.
A Review of "Buying and Selling Information: A Guide for Information Professionals and Salespeople to Build Mutual Success"

Are you apprehensive about successfully navigating discussions with vendors to create a mutually beneficial agreement and cultivate a lasting relationship? Are you confident in this arena, but look...
Banjun:Transformation from Drilling Troops to Artisans——A Sideways Approach on the Changing of Defensive Strategies of the Capital Area in Ming Dynasty

In the Ming Dynasty,the central government transferred some troops from the guarding posts of north area of the Yangtze River and sent them to drill in capital barracks or in the capital area to strengthen the defense of capital. However,with the turn of defensive strategies for the Capital Area,these troops,or so-called Banjun changed from the active service to artisans in the period of peace.