cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Normative Theory of Dynamic Capabilities: Connecting Strategy, Know-How, and Competition

The field of strategy has mounted an enormous effort to understand, define, predict, and measure how organizational capabilities shape competitive advantage. While the notion that capabilities influence strategy dates back to the work of Andrews (1971), attempts to formalize a “capabilities based” approach to strategy only began to take shape in the past twenty years. In particular, the publication of Teece and Pisano (1994) and Teece, Pisano, and Shuen (1997) work on “dynamic capabilities” triggered a flood of debate and discussion on the topic. Because strategy is a normative field, its theories must be evaluated in terms of how well they inform and impact practice. Judging by this standard, the dynamic research capabilities research program has come up short. It has become mired in endless debates about definitions and has engaged obsessively in an elusive search for properties that make organizations adaptable. In this paper, I argue that the research program on dynamic capabilities needs to be reset around the fundamental strategic problem facing firms: how to identify and select capabilities that lead to competitive advantage. I frame the firm’s capability strategy problem as one of choosing among different types of capability enhancing investments, ranging from general-purpose know-how to application-specific know-how. The framework also draws a distinction between investments designed to deepen the firm’s existing base of capabilities and those designed to broaden its repertoire into new realms. I explore the applicability of this framework to three general types of competitive circumstances: stable product market competition, Schumpeterian entry, and Penrosian dynamics. A major goal of the paper is to identify important gaps in our theoretical and empirical knowledge that should be a focus for future scholarly research.
Effects of Hemoglobin Variants and Chemically Modified Derivatives on Assays for Glycohemoglobin

Background: Glycohemoglobin (gHb), measured as hemoglobin (Hb) A1c or as total gHb, provides a common means for assessing long-term glycemic control in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Genetic variants and chemically modified derivatives of Hb can profoundly affect the accuracy of these measurements, although effects vary considerably among commercially available methods. The prevalence of genetic variants such as HbS, HbC, and HbE, and chemically modified derivatives such as carbamyl-Hb among patient populations undergoing testing is not insignificant. Clinical laboratories and sites responsible for point-of-care testing of gHb need to be aware of the interferences produced in assays by these Hbs. Approach: We conducted a review of the literature describing the effects of variant Hbs on gHb assay methods commonly used in clinical laboratories. Content: This review summarizes the documented effects of both common and uncommon Hb variants and derivatives on the measurement of gHb. Where known, we discuss mechanisms of interference on specific assays and methodologies. We specifically address effects of commonly encountered Hbs, such as carbamyl-Hb, HbS, HbC, HbE, and HbF, on assays that use cation-exchange chromatography, immunoassays, or boronate affinity methods for measuring gHb. Summary: A variety of patient- and laboratory-related factors can adversely affect the measurement of gHb in patients harboring Hb variants or derivatives. Identification of the variant or derivative Hb before or during testing may allow accurate measurement of gHb by the selection of a method unaffected by the given variant or derivative. However, laboratories should make available alternative, non-Hb-based methods for assessing long-term glycemic control in individuals with HbCC, HbSS, or HbSC disease, or with other underlying disorders where the concentration of gHb does not accurately reflect long-term glycemic control.
The Design and Demonstration of the Ultralight Testbed

In this paper we present the motivation, the design, and a recent demonstration of the UltraLight testbed at SC|05. The goal of the Ultralight testbed is to help meet the data-intensive computing challenges of the next generation of particle physics experiments with a comprehensive, network- focused approach. UltraLight adopts a new approach to networking: instead of treating it traditionally, as a static, unchanging and unmanaged set of inter-computer links, we are developing and using it as a dynamic, configurable, and closely monitored resource that is managed from end-to-end. To achieve its goal we are constructing a next-generation global system that is able to meet the data processing, distribution, access and analysis needs of the particle physics community. In this paper we will first present early results in the various working areas of the project. We then describe our experiences of the network architecture, kernel setup, application tuning and configuration used during the bandwidth challenge event at SC|05. During this Challenge, we achieved a record-breaking aggregate data rate in excess of 150 Gbps while moving physics datasets between many Grid computing sites.
Mammography messages in popular media: Implications for patient expectations and shared clinical decision-making

Objective To examine the relationship between the quantity and content of information about mammography in popular magazines and the educational level of their target audience. Design Articles published in popular magazines from January 1988 through April 1994 in which ‡ 25% of all readers were females ‡ 35 years of age were identified (na 65). We used the proportion of readers who were college graduates to stratify the magazines into three education levels. We used a content analysis to assess the relationship between media messages about mammography and readers’ education levels. Results Seventy-eight percent of lowest education level articles were categorized as persuasive or prescriptive compared with 28% of articles in the highest education level (P < 0.01). Only 26% of the lowest education level articles that discussed screening guidelines for women under 50 years of age considered the issue controversial, while 59% of the high education level articles considered it controversial (P < 0.01). Conclusion Women with lower education levels received a clearly persuasive or prescriptive message urging mammography screening, while higher educated women received more balanced and informative messages. Such diAerences suggest that women may be entering their physicians’ oAces with very diAerent sets of information from which to draw when faced with clinical decisions. Physicians and other health-care providers should be aware of these potential diAerences, and further research should be done to explore the relationship between women’s preferences for participation in shared decision-making and the types of messages they are receiving from popular media.
Solid Freeform Fabrication of Polycaprolactone∕Hydroxyapatite Tissue Scaffolds

Bone tissue engineering is an emerging field providing viable substitutes for bone regeneration. Freeform fabrication provides an effective process tool to manufacture scaffolds with complex shapes and designed properties. We developed a novel precision extruding deposition (PED) technique to fabricate composite polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite (PCL/HA) scaffolds. 25% concentration by weight of HA was used to reinforce 3D scaffolds. Two groups of scaffolds having 60% and 70% porosities and with pore sizes of 450 μm and 750 μm respectively, were evaluated for their morphology and compressive properties using scanning electron microscopy and the mechanical testing. In vitro cell-scaffold interaction study was carried out using primary fetal bovine osteoblasts. The cell proliferation and differentiation were evaluated by Alamar Blue assay and alkaline phosphatase activity. Our results suggested that compressive modulus of PCL/HA scaffold was 84 MPa for 60% porous scaffolds and was 76 MPa for 70% porous scaffolds. The osteoblasts were able to migrate and proliferate for the cultured time over the scaffolds. Our study demonstrated the viability of the PED process to fabricate PCL scaffolds having necessary mechanical property, structural integrity, controlled pore size, and pore interconnectivity desired for bone tissue engineering.
FEMALE VOICES IN GURBĀNĪ SANGĪT AND THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA IN PROMOTING FEMALE KĪRTANĪE

This paper discusses the performance of Gurbānī kīrtan rendered by female singers, an activity that is an integral part of the Sikh spiritual practice, yet at a professional level has always been considered a male domain.The study is framed within the wider context of Indian traditional culture, analyzing the social norms that for centuries prevented women from public exposure in the fields of religious and classical music. In relation to the Sikh tradition, the author explores the variety of musical forms (classical and folk) adopted by female kīrtanīe for performing Gurbānī hymns, raising important issues about music education.Based on ethnographic research among the community of contemporary kīrtanīe, the article explores the key role of media in promoting female performers during the last three decades, through dedicated TV and radio shows, social networks and web sites. In the author's analysis, each decade has brought about radical shifts in the strategies of production and perception of Gurbānī kīr...
Managed care organizations: Requirements and expectations for continuing education

AbstractThe growth of managed care is greatly affecting the delivery of health care services in the United States. As health care providers move from fee-for-service private practice to managed care, they must learn to operate in this changing environment. Continuing education (CE) is an avenue that
Hydrogen bonding. Part 61. FT-NMR study of acetylcholine and tetrapropylammonium ion; conformation and stoichiometry of hydration of tetrapropylammonium ion in aqueous solution

Abstract Comparison of the 300 MHz 1H FT-NMR spectrum of the tetrapropylammonium ion with that of acetylcholine, 1H decoupling experiments, and consideration of coupling constants, observed rotation of methyl groups, and molecular models demonstrate that the tetrapropylammonium ion in aqueous solution assumes an S4 conformation in which the methyl group and the R3N+ group in each chain are partially trans about the CH2CH2 bond, with an NCCC dihedral angle in the neighborhood of 155°. An all-gauche model which we had previously suggested is ruled out as modeling shows that severe steric hindrance would prohibit methyl rotation. D2d and S4 models in which the propyl chains are perfectly staggered in a trans conformation are also ruled out by steric considerations. The development of splitting of the β-CH2 absorption with dilution, which was previously ascribed to 14N to β-CH2 coupling in a gauche model, is now shown to arise from development of coupling of γ-CH3 with β-CH2. If 14N to β-CH2 coupling is present in the tetrapropylammonium ion it is too small to be resolved in these spectra, as would be expected for a trans conformation. Since such coupling associated with onset of ion tumbling was not actually observed in our previous work, the stoichiometry of hydration of the tetrapropylammonium ion in solution must be reevaluated.
Radio communication in the sea

Because of the electromagnetic properties of seawater, very-low-frequency communication systems are used, Surface-to-submarine, submarine-to-surface, and submarine-to-submarine propagation, as well as antennas and noise, are considered. It is shown that seawater is a good conductor and that atmospheric noise is generally more of a problem in sea communications than thermal noise. Communication ranges are limited by the effects of depth attenuation and atmospheric noise. Ranges in the tens of kilometers are possible for antennas within 5 meters of the surface; bandwidth must be less than 1 Hz and tens of kilowatts of power are required.
ICTD state of the union: where have we reached and where are we headed

In this study we examine the history and growth of ICTD since the 1990s. We underline the trends defining this research field and examine the progress in research areas that have come to dominate discussion in ICTD through a thorough literature review of the last decade of ICTD work. In order to answer questions pertaining to the rigor, impact and significance of ICTD, and to compare the expectations and perceived achievements with respect to different development goals, we interview 50 expert ICTD researchers and practitioners. We analyze these results to understand stakeholders' opinions on the past performance of ICTD, both as an academic field and as an area of development practice, and identify defining ideas on the potential directions for the future of ICTD. This study is work in progress and we have continuing research in this area, the subset presented here is rigorous and ready for wider discussion.1
Linking the Practitioner and Researcher Communities for School Improvement

ABSTRACT The relationship between theory and practice has been handled more rhetorically than empirically. In this article, the dissemination of scientific research to professional groups is examined empirically and conceptually, using a model which represents the key variable sets in this field. Some of the evidence lays new tracks: the particular exchanges between researchers and practitioners, the effects of these exchanges both on practice and on future research.
EXPORTING AMERICAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PRACTICE TO RUSSIA

The failure of US initiatives to build local/regional economic development capacity in Russia following the fall of Communism has been partly blamed on national factors, Russian culture, and American consultants. Much of the failure, however, probably resulted because American approaches to economic development—-highly successful in other contexts—could not work during Russia's transition from a command economy to its current state. Such things as promoting entrepreneurship, developing public-private partnerships, creating a market economy, accessing start-up capital, attracting foreign investment, overcoming bureaucratic corruption and high taxation, working within the rule of law, and negating organized crime either should not have been done, or could not have been done, leaving many of our programs ineffective. We ask whether the Russian deviations from the U.S. model have any implications for the current situation facing state and local development policy in the U.S.
The Nutritive Value of Fractions of Butterfat Prepared by Cold Crystallization

Summary Butterfat prepared from butter made in various months of the year has been fractionated into two fractions by cold crystallization from an acetone solution. A liquid fraction obtained from September, 1945, butter allowed rats to grow at a superior rate, while a solid fraction prepared from this butter caused a very slow rate of growth. This phenomenon was not repeated to the same degree in subsequent trials using other samples of butter. Corn oil was separated into two fractions by a similar procedure but rats grew equally well when fed either of these fractions or corn oil itself. The treatment of either fat by solvent had no deleterious effect on its nutritive value.
Neutralization of Acidified Streams in West Virginia

Abstract The West Virginia Department of Natural Resources has 25 years of experience in neutralization of acidified streams. Early efforts were on lightly buffered waters that gained most of their acid content from watershed geologic conditions. Research led to a method of treating acid stream flow with limestone aggregate contained in water powered rotating drums (Limestone Drum System). Increased acidification of West Virginia streams by acid precipitation has rekindled research efforts on a problem of larger proportions than that experienced in the late 1950s and 1960s. This paper reviews work on treatment of acidity in natural streams—particularly that dealing with use of the Limestone Drum System. It reports on recent development of a second generation drum that is self-feeding from streamside stored aggregate. The new system's efficiency may permit its application to large streams affected by acid precipitation.
Maternal smoking and birth weight: interaction with parity and mother's own in utero exposure to smoking.

Background: Few studies have reported interactions between maternal smoking and other maternal characteristics and exposures. We examined maternal smoking in a cohort study for which data from 3 generations were available to examine maternal characteristics and exposures from a life-course perspective. Methods: We had data from 3 generations: women enrolled in the U.S. Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP) between 1959 and 1965 at the Baltimore site (G1); daughters (G2) of those G1 mothers who were followed to ages 27–33 years in the Pathways to Adulthood study; and children (G3) born to the G2 women who provided pregnancy and birth information during the Pathways study. These data allowed examination of exposures that occurred to the mother during her childhood and in utero. Results: We found evidence of a 3-way interaction effect on birth weight for maternal smoking in pregnancy, maternal exposure to smoking in utero (grandmaternal smoking), and maternal parity. Maternal smoking reduced birth weight in 3 of the subgroups, with the size of the effect on birth weight moderated by parity and the mother's own in utero exposure to smoking. Conclusions: A mother's prenatal exposure to smoke may affect the birth weight of her offspring. This effect would be consistent with both the accumulation-of-risk and the fetal-programming hypotheses.
Compact detector for proteins based on two-photon excitation of native fluorescence.

A compact, inexpensive detector for proteins has been constructed based on two-photon excitation of fluorescence from phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. The fluorescence was excited by a solid-state microchip laser operating at 532 nm. Detection limits for phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan were 62 μM, 2.0 μM, and 470 nM, respectively, in a volume of 3 fL. The detection limit for a test protein, bovine serum albumin, was 130 nM.
Useful Representations for Measurements of Spectral Band Absorption

Three different methods are discussed for the representation of laboratory measurements of spectral band absorption. Each method is valid over a considerable range of pressure and amount of absorbing gas; together they accurately represent the absorption for virtually all values of these variables by means of reasonably simple mathematical expressions. Since these approximations have a valid theoretical basis, they can be used to obtain reliable values of the absorption for pressures and amounts of absorbing gas outside of the original experimental range. The three methods are (1) strong line approximation; (2) weak line approximation; (3) nonoverlapping line approximation. Methods (1) and (2) are valid regardless of whether or not the spectral lines overlap. Method (3) is valid regardless of whether or not the absorption is weak or strong at the line centers. The regions of validity of each of these approximations are given for the Elsasser and statistical models. An analysis is made by these methods of the published data on the absorption of the 9.6-μ band of ozone.
Support and challenge in mentoring: A case study of beginning elementary teachers and their mentors

In a recent Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education article, the author reported on a single case of a successful mentor–beginning teacher pairing that was derived from a larger qualitative study (Certo, 2005). The purpose of this article is to report findings from that larger investigation. Three Virginia elementary 1st-year teachers and their mentors were interviewed in September, December, and February. Beginning teachers also kept journals of reflections about challenges in 1st-year teaching and the presence, nature, and impact of mentoring activities. Perceptions of mentor activities and the perceived impact on beginning teachers’ thinking and professional development are described using Daloz’s support and challenge model (1988). Mentors provided a balance of support and challenge activities, and beginning teachers reported being impacted by their mentors in numerous ways, from classroom management to adoption of new instructional approaches. These cases may be useful to practitioners as models...
Recognition of myocardial infarction after cardiac surgery and its relation to cardiopulmonary bypass

Abstract The incidence of operatively related acute myocardial infarction in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery and open-heart surgery was determined and compared. Elevation of at least two enzymes, SGOT > 200, LDH > 400, and CPK > 800, was noted in patients with myocardial infarction (P
Effect of Angiotensin on Juxtaglomerular Cells and Vessels of the Kidney

Angiotensin II, given subcutaneously in pressor doses to rats three times a day, causes a prompt increase in the size and granulation of the juxtaglomerular cells. After one week of angiotensin injections, there is some loss of granules from these cells. Concurrently, degenerative changes develop in the intrarenal arteries. These changes may result from vasoconstriction in the vessels proximal to the afferent arterioles. Epinephrine given in an amount similar in pressor effect to angiotensin II did not produce these changes. Vascular lesions were not seen in the heart, lung, brain, aorta, liver, and spleen of animals given angiotensin over the two-week injection period. This study provides additional evidence that the vessels of the kidney are uniquely sensitive to angiotensin.
Analog of the “EMC EFFECT” in Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions

We have recently demonstrated that the main features of the EMC effect at all x follow straightforwardly if multiquark clusters exist in nuclei with physically reasonable probabilities. Here, we examine neutrino and antineutrino reactions as possible ways to explore multiquark clusters and other sources of the EMC effect. We find that the neutrino and antineutrino probes are able to emphasize different momentum fraction regions and allow discriminating experiments to be done.
A RESPONSE TO HEIM AND SNYDER

This article comments on a recent study by Heim and Snyder (1991) which explores the interaction between marital distress and spouses' attributions in predicting depression. We suggest taht the attributional theory model may set up a reductionistic research stance that potentially separates what depressed people think from their circumstances and history, thus implying a linear relationship between thinking, depression, and, in this case, marital distress. We also question whether the authors' focus on women's attributional processes, combined with their reliance on a potentially unidimensional model of depression, might inadvertently support preexisting power imbalances in the marital relationship. Finally, we address research design issues regarding measurement, sampling, and statistical concerns.
Effect of the combination of low‐dose mexiletine and metoprolol on ventricular arrhythmia

Antiarrhythmic drug therapy is often ineffective or poorly tolerated. Combining antiarrhythmic agents with different electrophysiologic properties may have a synergistic antiarrhythmic effect when compared with each drug alone. If a lower dose of each drug can be used, combination therapy may also result in lower incidence of side effects. The goal of our study was to assess the complementary effect of low-dose mexiletine and metoprolol, when compared with either drug alone. Ten patients with frequent ventricular arrhythmias including 7 patients with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia were evaluated in an open-label sequential study. The response to drug therapy was evaluated by 24-h continuous EKG monitoring, exercise stress testing, and echocardiogram after each treatment. Combination therapy effectively reduced ventricular arrhythmias in 8 patients (80%) in contrast to only 1 patient (10%) on metoprolol alone and 4 patients (40%) on mexiletine alone. In 5 patients (71%) ventricular tachycardia was abolished. The number of couplets was reduced from 51 +/- 39 to 1.9 +/- 2.4 (p less than 0.01) and total premature ventricular beats from 7790 +/- 9047 to 597 +/- 515 (p = 0.06). Combination therapy was well tolerated without proarrhythmia or precipitation of congestive heart failure. It is concluded that low-dose mexiletine combined with metoprolol is effective in suppressing ventricular arrhythmias in selected patients, and enhances the antiarrhythmic effect of either drug alone without significant side effects.
Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of serum proteins in agar and in agarose.

SummarySeveral antigen-antibody precipitin systems were compared by immuno-electrophoretic analysis using agar and agarose as the supporting medium. Electroendosmosis was reduced in agarose, mobility of components was more rapid, lateral separation of alpha and beta globulin components was increased and better definition of individual precipitin arcs in this medium was observed. Some precipitin reactions which failed to develop in agar gave clear reactions in agarose. The reverse was never observed. There were some individual antigen-antibody reactions in which there appeared to be little change in either the shape or position of the precipitin arcs on either medium, but increased clarity was always observed on the agarose medium. The advantages of agarose for I.E.A. when increased sensitivity is required, as in quantitating antigens or in testing for homogeneity of purified proteins, should be considered.
Oscillatory magneto-transmission of In1−xGaxAsyP1−yalloys

Abstract Interband magneto-optical absorption has been studied in the Voigt configuration at low temperature in an In 0.75 Ga 0.25 As 0.52 P 0.48 alloy grown by liquid phase epitaxy on InP. Transmission minima, with exciton binding effects taken into account, when fitted to the coupled band theory of Pidgeon and Brown, yielded: E g ≃ 1.07 eV (≈1.00 eV at room temperature), m c ≃ 0.061 m 0 , m 1h ≃ 0.078 m 0 , and m hh ≃ 0.45 m 0 .
BulkMAC: a cross-layer based MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks

This paper presents a duty cycling based cross layer MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs), referred to as BulkMAC, to support the transmission of multihop multiple packet flows during a single sleep period. We show that without the proposed cross-layered approach, the sensor nodes will spend significant energy and induce longer delays. The proposed protocol cleverly schedules the channel allocation using the upper routing layer information. We implement our protocol in ns2.29 and compare it against RMAC (Routing Enhanced MAC Protocol) and PRMAC (Pipelined-RMAC). On the average, BulkMAC improves data delivery by a factor of 2.26 and 1.67 compared to RMAC and PRMAC, respectively, for data collection in random networks.
Detection of cracks in concrete composites using acoustic microscopy

Abstract We demonstrate that a scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) operating in the frequency range 100–400 MHz can detect cracks at the aggregate/paste interface and subsurface cracks in aggregates with high sensitivity. A complete interpretation of the obtained results has been made by combining high and low frequency acoustic microscopy, SEM, optical microscopy, and energy dispersive (X-ray) spectroscopy.
Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and its applications

Recent technological advances have provided an opportunity for the development of `fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy' (FLIM). FLIM is an extremely important advance, as it allows for the first time, the sensitivity of the fluorescence lifetime to environmental parameters to be monitored in a spatial manner in single living cells. FLIM can be developed both on conventional and confocal fluorescence microscopes. Fluorescence lifetime detection can be performed using either time- or frequency-domain methods. In this paper, we report on the development of conventional and confocal FLIM systems currently underway in our laboratory. We also present three examples of current biological research projects in which we employ FLIM.
Moveout analysis of wide-azimuth data in the presence of lateral velocity variation

Moveout analysis of wide-azimuth reflection data seldom takes into account lateral velocity variations on the scale of spreadlength. However, velocity lenses (such as channels and reefs) in the overburden can cause significant, laterally varying errors in the moveout parameters and distortions in data interpretation. Here, we present an analytic expression for the normal-moveout (NMO) ellipse in stratified media with lateral velocity variation. The contribution of lateral heterogeneity (LH) is controlled by the second derivatives of the interval vertical traveltime with respect to the horizontal coordinates, along with the depth and thickness of the LH layer. This equation provides a quick estimate of the influence of velocity lenses and can be used to substantially mitigate the lens-induced distortions in the effective and interval NMO ellipses. To account for velocity lenses in nonhyperbolic moveout inversion of wide-azimuth data, we propose a prestack correction algorithm that involves computation of the lens-induced traveltime distortion for each recorded trace. The overburden is assumed to be composed of horizontal layers (one of which contains the lens), but the target interval can be laterally heterogeneous with dipping or curved interfaces. Synthetic tests for horizontally layered models confirm that our algorithm accurately removes lens-related azimuthally varying traveltime shifts and errors in the moveout parameters. The developed methods should increase the robustness of seismic processing of wide-azimuth surveys, especially those acquired for fracture-characterization purposes.
Three of the Six Possible Intersubunit Stabilizing Interactions Involving Glu-239 Are Sufficient for Restoration of the Homotropic and Heterotropic Properties of Escherichia coliAspartate Transcarbamoylase

A hybrid version of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase was investigated in which one catalytic subunit has the wild-type sequence, and the other catalytic subunit has Glu-239 replaced by Gln. Since Glu-239 is involved in intersubunit interactions, this hybrid could be used to evaluate the extent to which T state stabilization is required for homotropic cooperativity and for heterotropic effects. Reconstitution of the hybrid holoenzyme (two different catalytic subunits with three wild-type regulatory subunits) was followed by separation of the mixture by anion-exchange chromatography. To make possible the resolution of the three holoenzyme species formed by the reconstitution, the charge of one of the catalytic subunits was altered by the addition of six aspartic acid residues to the C terminus of each of the catalytic chains (AT-C catalytic subunit). Control experiments indicated that the AT-C catalytic subunit as well as the holoenzyme formed with AT-C and wild-type regulatory subunits had essentially the same homotropic and heterotropic properties as the native catalytic subunit and holoenzyme, indicating that the addition of the aspartate tail did not influence the function of either enzyme. The control reconstituted holoenzyme, in which both catalytic subunits have Glu-239 replaced by Gln, exhibited no cooperativity, an enhanced affinity for aspartate, and essentially no heterotropic response identical to the enzyme isolated without reconstitution. The hybrid containing one normal and one mutant catalytic subunit exhibited homotropic cooperativity with a Hill coefficient of 1.4 and responded to the nucleotide effectors at about 50% of the level of the wild-type enzyme. Small angle x-ray scattering experiments with the hybrid enzyme indicated that in the absence of ligands it was structurally similar, but not identical, to the T state of the wild-type enzyme. In contrast to the wild-type enzyme, addition of carbamoyl phosphate induced a significant alteration in the scattering pattern, whereas the bisubstrate analog N-phosphonoacetyl-L-aspartate induced a significant change in the scattering pattern indicating the transition to the R-structural state. These data indicate that in the hybrid enzyme only three of the usual six interchain interactions involving Glu-239 are sufficient to stabilize the enzyme in a low affinity, low activity state and allow an allosteric transition to occur.
A new type of direct primary

The elaborate and voluminous thesis which Dr. Boots wrote on the actual operation of direct primaries in New Jersey in 1916 indicates him as the closest student of the subject at the present time and the one who is best prepared to work out just such a constructive plan of salvation for the primary as he here proposes.
Black Bass: Ecology, Conservation, and Management

Black Bass: Ecology, Conservation, and Management. Edited by D. P. Philipp and M. S. Ridgway. American Fisheries Society, Symposium 31, Bethesda, Maryland. 2002. 724 pages. $108.00 ($75.00 to AFS m...
Infrared spectra of the hydrogenated amorphous silicon layers on metallic substrates of solar absorbers

Abstract Infrared absorption spectra were investigated in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si(H)) films deposited both by d.c. reactive sputtering (RS) and by r.f. glow discharge (GD) of silane. The films were deposited onto polished niobium and tungsten solar test disks to form spectrally selective absorbers for comparative photothermal and photovoltaic studies. Spectra were observed from the normal spectral reflectance from 400 to 3900 cm -1 with a Fourier transform spectrometer. Hydrogen, alloyed typically at 10–35 at.% in these a-Si films, significantly reduces the gap state density and produces IR spectra characteristic of Si-H bonding complexes depending on the deposition method and the substrate temperature T D . Comparison between RS and GD films revealed significant differences in their IR spectra. RS films show a strong Si-O-Si bonding absorption from atmospheric oxygen. GD films have a marked Si-H wagging mode absorption resolved into three components. This band is very sensitive to the deposition conditions and decays with increasing T D . The SiH 3 rocking mode was identified at 500 cm -1 in the GD films. The hydrogen concentration from the IR stretching mode absorption was correlated with the H 2 evolution results of McMillan and Peterson on identical films. The transition with increasing T D could be traced from the room temperature state with polymeric complexes of hydrogen to the high temperature state with the single monohydride complex.
Localization and sex steroid regulation of androgen receptor gene expression in rhesus monkey uterus.

Objective: To characterize the cellular sites and hormonal regulation of uterine androgen receptor gene expression in the monkey. Methods: Ovariectomized rhesus monkeys (five in each group) were treated with placebo (the control group), estradiol (E2), E2 plus progesterone, or E2 plus testosterone by sustained-release pellets administered subcutaneously. After 3 days of treatment, uteri were removed and uterine sections were analyzed by in situ hybridization for androgen receptor messenger RNA (mRNA). Results: Androgen receptor mRNA was detected in endometrial stromal cells and myometrial smooth muscle cells, with lesser expression in endometrial epithelial cells. Both E2 and E2 plus progesterone treatment doubled androgen receptor mRNA levels in stromal cells (P < .01), whereas E2 plus testosterone treatment increased stromal androgen receptor mRNA levels by about five-fold (P < .001) compared with placebo treatment. In the endometrial epithelium, E2 alone did not increase androgen receptor mRNA levels significantly. However, the E2 plus progesterone and E2 plus testosterone treatments increased epithelial androgen receptor mRNA levels by 4.3 and 5 times, respectively (P = .008 and P < .002, respectively). Androgen receptor mRNA was distributed homogeneously in smooth muscle cells across the myometrium. Estradiol treatment alone did not increase myometrial androgen receptor mRNA levels significantly, but the E2 plus progesterone and E2 plus testosterone treatments increased myometrial androgen receptor mRNA levels by 1.8 and 2 times, respectively (P = .001 and P < .001, respectively). Conclusion: Androgen receptor gene expression was detected in all uterine cell compartments where it was subject to significant sex steroid regulation. The fact that androgen receptor mRNA levels were consistently up-regulated by a combined E2 plus testosterone treatment while E2 treatment alone had little or no effect shows that a collaborative action of E2 and testosterone enhances androgen receptor expression in the monkey uterus. (Obstet Gynecol 1999;93:265–70.)
The Pariacaca or Tullujuto story: Political reliasm?

Abstract The first documented description of acute altitude sickness was published by Father Acosta in 1590. Acosta described the sickness when he traveled through a pass across the Andean divide in central Peru near the mountain Pariacaca. Almost all the maps of modern Peru do not name this mountain. We present evidence that mountaineers who have climbed this mountain know it as Tullujuto. This change in name is the reason why physiologists have found it difficult to locate Acosta's route; consequently the altitude where Acosta experienced this sickness could not be determined unttil recently. Further, we speculate that political pressures in the late 18th century caused the place name of Pariacaca either to be obliterated or else to be changed to Tullujuto.
Landscape, ideology, and religion: a geography of Ocean Grove, New Jersey

Abstract In this paper, I examine Ocean Grove, New Jersey, a religious community established in 1869 by the Methodist Church as a camp meeting site. The founders selected a location and designed the physical and cultural landscapes according to an ideology of perfectionism, autonomy, exclusion, and homogeneity. Even though the community has experienced dramatic changes in the last fifty years, I argue that the physical, cultural, and political geography of Ocean Grove has served to perpetuate this ideology. However, I also argue that even though it is such a singular place, in accordance with Harvey's claim that all places must accommodate to capital accumulation, Ocean Grove's history shows examples of some quite familiar responses to a larger system of political, social, cultural, and economic circumstances.
integration through production: the use of zonation in Espinar1

This article analyzes several common themes in ecological and economic anthropology, particularly the emphasis on systems of distribution and the use of normative models of action. The applications of a recent theory in Latin American anthropology, the “verticality model,” have been limited by these shared assumptions. Data from Espinar, a province in southern highland Peru, show the importance of systems of production and material constraints on action.
The use of SiO2 sublayers beneath titanium transition edge sensors for the purpose of phonon spectroscopy

Abstract We have investigated the effect of thin SiO 2 sublayers on the transmission of phonons into titanium transition edge sensors (TESs) fabricated on high-resistivity (100) float zone (FZ) silicon substrates. The response of a TES on native oxide is compared to that of an adjacent TES on a thermally grown SiO 2 sublayer. Latching current measurements indicate that thermal phonons are not attenuated by the film. However, pulse data from X-ray scattering experiments suggest that high frequency phonons are preferentially scattered.
Ozonation of a mixture of estrogens and progestins in aqueous solution: interpretation of experimental results by computational methods.

Abstract The degradation of the mixture of steroid hormones including seven estrogens (17α-estradiol, 17β-estradiol, 17α-dihydroequilin, 17α-ethinyl estradiol, estriol, estrone and equilin) and five progestins (levonorgestrel, gestodene, trimegestrone, medrogestone and progesterone) by ozonation in aqueous solution is investigated. The ozonation process provides high removal (up to 100%) of hormones and estrogenicity in the treated water. Computational methods such as quantum chemistry calculations (QCCs) are applied to interpret the observed results. Quantum chemistry descriptors computed for steroid hormones explain the nature of the reactions and differences in reactivities between estrogen and progestin hormones within the framework of the Density Functional Theory (DFT). Computed molecular descriptors were combined with physical properties to develop qualitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models (using multiple linear regression algorithm). The developed models have correlation coefficients ( R 2 ) of 0.994 for estrogens and 0.997 for progestins, and could be used to predict the removal efficiencies for similar compounds. The frontier molecular orbitals (the HOMO and the LUMO) have a major impact on the reactivity of steroid hormones. The susceptibility of certain functional groups to ozone and possible reactive sites for all steroids was discussed by Frontier Molecular Orbital approach.
Delayed Disappearance of 14C-Labeled-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 from the Blood of Hypophysectomized Rats

The disappearance of radioactivity after the injection of 14C-labeled-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2, an MSH release-inhibiting factor (MIF-I), was measured in rats which had been subjected to various procedures. Delayed disappearance of the radioactivity to a small but statistically highly significant extent was found in hypophysectomized rats compared to rats with an intact pituitary. Pinealectomy and adrenalectomy did not change the half-time disappearance. Dehydration, hypothalamic destruction, or administration of excess saline, MSH, and large amounts of unlabeled MIF-I were all used as control procedures. These failed to demonstrate the mechanism by which the prolonged disappearance occurred, but did raise other questions. The half-time disappearance of tritiated inulin was not significantly different in hypophysectomized or intact rats. The results indicate that the absence of the pituitary gland prolongs the half-time disappearance of radioactivity from the blood of rats injected with labeled MIF-I.
Evaluation of four 2-dimensional echocardiographic methods of assessing left atrial size in dogs.

Two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography is the cornerstone of noninvasive evaluation of the cardiac patient, and often involves estimating left atrial (LA) size. However, 2D echocardiographic methods of estimating LA size have been inadequately described, and most reference intervals are based on M-mode echocardiographic measurements. We determined reference intervals for 4 different 2D echocardiographic methods of estimating LA size in adult (> or =9-month-old) dogs without cardiovascular disease. Thirty-six dogs, placed in right lateral recumbency, were examined by 2D echocardiography. The left atrium was measured at specific time points in the cardiac cycle. Measurement methods were LA diameter in short axis, LA diameter in long axis, LA circumference in short axis, and LA cross-sectional area in short axis. Comparisons of these LA dimensions to appropriate aortic dimensions provided body weight-independent estimates of LA size. We found strong associations of LA dimensions with body weight (r2 = .76-.88). Comparable body weight-independent 2D echocardiographic estimates of LA size in short axis exceeded historical M-mode reference intervals. These data provide echocardiographers with reference intervals for 2D echocardiographic estimates of LA size in adult dogs.
Monoamine neurotransmitters as substrates for novel tick sulfotransferases, homology modeling, molecular docking, and enzyme kinetics

Blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) transmit the causative agent of Lyme disease in the Northeastern United States. Current research focuses on elucidating biochemical pathways that may be disrupted to prevent pathogen transmission, thereby preventing disease. Genome screening reported transcripts coding for two putative sulfotransferases in whole tick extracts of the nymphal and larval stages. Sulfotransferases are known to sulfonate phenolic and alcoholic receptor agonists such as 17β-estradiol, thereby inactivating the receptor ligands. We used bioinformatic approaches to predict substrates for Ixosc Sult 1 and Ixosc Sult 2 and tested the predictions with biochemical assays. Homology models of 3D protein structure were prepared, and visualization of the electrostatic surface of the ligand binding cavities showed regions of negative electrostatic charge. Molecular docking identified potential substrates including dopamine, R-octopamine and S-octopamine, which docked into Ixosc Sult 1 with favorable binding affinity and correct conformation for sulfonation. Dopamine, but not R- or S-octopamine, also docked into Ixosc Sult 2 in catalytic binding mode. The predictions were confirmed using cytosolic fractions of whole tick extracts. Dopamine was a good substrate (K(m) = 0.1-0.4 μM) for the native Ixodes scapularis sulfotransferases from larval and nymphal stages regardless of their fed/unfed status. Octopamine sulfonation was detected only after feeding when gene expression data suggests that Ixosc Sult 1 is present. Because dopamine is known to stimulate salivation in ticks through receptor stimulation, these results imply that the function(s) of Ixosc Sult 1 or 2 may include inactivation of the salivation signal via sulfonation of dopamine and/or octopamine.
FSI Methodology for Analyzing VIV on Subsea Piping Components With Practical Boundary Conditions

A general assumption in performing vortex-induced vibration (VIV) analysis of pipeline free spans is both ends of the free span are fixed and/or pinned in order to simplify computational simulations; however, DNV Recommended Practice F105 states that these boundary conditions must adequately represent the pipe-soil interaction and the continuality of the pipeline. A computational methodology is developed to determine the effects of pip-soil interaction at the ends of a free span. Three-dimensional fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulations are performed by coupling the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes from STAR-CCM+ with the finite element analysis (FEA) codes from ABAQUS. These FSI simulations in combination with separate coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) simulations are modeled to mimic real word conditions by setting up boundary conditions to factor in the effects of pipe-soil interaction at the ends of the span. These simulations show a mitigation of overall stresses to the free spans; as a result, the integration of pipe-soil interaction in free span assessment may prove cost effective in the prevention of unnecessary corrective action.Copyright © 2013 by ASME