cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of ibogaine on sigma- and NMDA-receptor- mediated release of [3H]dopamine

Abstract The indole alkaloid ibogaine has been suggested to have potential for inhibiting dependency on stimulant drugs. Radioligand binding studies have suggested possible multisite actions of ibogaine: affinity at the kappa -opioid, NMDA, and sigma receptors, with effects on dopamine (DA) release. To further investigate the multiplicity of sites of action of ibogaine and the presynaptic regulation of the DA release, the effect of ibogaine on NMDA- and sigma -receptor-mediated efflux of [ 3 H]DA was measured in striatal tissue from C57BL/6By mice. Striatal tissue was incubated in vitro with [ 3 H]DA and the effect on DA release was measured. Both NMDA (25 μM) and the sigma receptor agonist (±)-pentazocine (20 μM) alone increased the efflux of DA. (±)-Pentazocine (100 nM) did not inhibit the NMDA-evoked release. MK-801 (5 μM) completely inhibited the NMDA-evoked release and inhibited the (±)-pentazocine-evoked release by 49%. Ibogaine (10 μM) itself increased the efflux of DA; at 1 μM it was without effect. Ibogaine (1 μM) inhibited the NMDA-evoked release of DA by 31% and inhibited the (±)-pentazocine-evoked release by 48%. In addition, the level of basal release of DA obtained after the NMDA- or (±)-pentazocine-evoked-release remained higher in the tissue exposed to ibogaine throughout. The results suggest that sigma receptors can regulate the release of DA, along with an action at the NMDA receptor. We previously reported action of ibogaine at the kappa -opioid site. The elevated basal release of DA in the presence of ibogaine after NMDA-or (±)-pentazocine-evoked release may reflect the ibogaine-induced removal of the tonically active kappa -opioid system that acts presynaptically to reduce dopamine release. The kappa -opioid system also appears to be inhibitory on both the NMDA and sigma receptors.
A checkered history of combating official corruption

Purpose – Official corruption has always plagued the conduct of public affairs and taxed every generation to keep it within reasonable bounds. Concerned governments have tried to apply whatever available remedies came to hand with varying success. Yet whenever one of corruption's many manifestations seemed to diminish, so another would demand attention. Combating it was and remains a tireless affair requiring continual vigilance and experimentation. This paper seeks to address these issues.Design/methodology/approach – The paper studies the history of official corruption and efforts to combat it.Findings – This checkered history of anti‐corruption efforts shows how the repertoire of techniques expands and how the corrupt evade their application. This everlasting battle of wits depends much on how seriously people and governments take the challenge of corruption, the nature of how public power is exercised, the triumph in governance of self‐interest over the general public interest, the level of personal i...
Trans-racial Mothering : Double-Edged Privilege

AbstractIn this essay, the white adoptive mother of two bi-racial children reflects upon her thirty year experience of parenting to make several philosophical claims. She argues that through the unique mother-child bond, trans-racial mothering may produce knowledge of others' experience that crosses the racial divide. She claims that in this way trans-racial mothering produces epistemic and ethical privileges that may give the mother an advantaged position in public dialogue. Yet, paradoxically, in light of this epistemological transformation, highlighting the works of Black legal scholars and theoreticians, she argues against the general practice of trans-racial adoption of which she is the beneficiary.
Counterparty Risk in the Over-the-Counter Derivatives Market

The financial market turmoil of recent months has highlighted the importance of counterparty risk. Here, we discuss counterparty risk that may stem from the OTC derivatives markets and attempt to assess the scope of potential cascade effects. This risk is measured by losses to the financial system that may result via the OTC derivative contracts from the default of one or more banks or primary broker-dealers. We then stress the importance of "netting" within the OTC derivative contracts. Our methodology shows that, even using data from before the worsening of the crisis in late Summer 2008, the potential cascade effects could be very substantial. We summarize our results in the context of the stability of the banking system and provide some policy measures that could be usefully considered by the regulators in their discussions of current issues.
The Impact of Consumer Credentialism on Employee and Entrepreneur Returns to Higher Education.

Abstract This article examines the marginal rates of return to education for private sector employees and self-employed workers to test for the existence of consumer screening, or credentialism. Using 1980 national cross-sectional microdata and classifying occupations as either goods-producing or services-producing occupations, changes in across-group and within-group effects on benefits to education are estimated using alternative regression models. The results are that restricting the samples to service occupations does not enhance relative returns to college education in favor of the self-employed. Thus, the proposition that the highly educated entrepreneurs are atypically influenced by consumer credentialism is rejected.
Synergistic interactions between carotene ring hydroxylases drive lutein formation in plant carotenoid biosynthesis

Plant carotenoids play essential roles in photosynthesis, photoprotection, and as precursors to apocarotenoids. The plastid-localized carotenoid biosynthetic pathway is mediated by well-defined nucleus-encoded enzymes. However, there is a major gap in understanding the nature of protein interactions and pathway complexes needed to mediate carotenogenesis. In this study, we focused on carotene ring hydroxylation, which is performed by two structurally distinct classes of enzymes, the P450 CYP97A and CYP97C hydroxylases and the nonheme diiron HYD enzymes. The CYP97A and HYD enzymes both function in the hydroxylation of β-rings in carotenes, but we show that they are not functionally interchangeable. The formation of lutein, which involves hydroxylation of both β- and e-rings, was shown to require the coexpression of CYP97A and CYP97C enzymes. These enzymes were also demonstrated to interact in vivo and in vitro, as determined using bimolecular fluorescence complementation and a pull-down assay, respectively. We discuss the role of specific hydroxylase enzyme interactions in promoting pathway flux and preventing the formation of pathway dead ends. These findings will facilitate efforts to manipulate carotenoid content and composition for improving plant adaptation to climate change and/or for enhancing nutritionally important carotenoids in food crops.
Limits to the "benefits" from our oncologic interventions: a case report.

Abstract Purpose. The aim of this study was to discuss the potential implications of prolonged and aggressive treatment of long-term survivors of ovarian cancer. Methods. A case report of a patient with ovarian cancer extensively treated with platinum-based chemotherapy and aggressive surgery is presented. Results. A woman with a >15-year history of ovarian cancer experienced severe neurotoxicity (peripheral neuropathy, hearing loss), underwent aggressive resection of asymptomatic and long-standing metastatic disease in the liver (with tumor recurrence Conclusion. It is critical that oncologists remember that the theoretical benefits of available anti-neoplastic interventions must be carefully and constantly weighted against the potential harm they may cause.
Student Perceptions of Engineering Entrepreneurship: An Exploratory Study

This study examines students' overall perceptions of the engineering profession in a first-year course in engineering, and the effect of a pedagogical approach aimed at exposing students to engineering entrepreneurship and their perceptions of engineering entrepreneurship. The approach featured a market game that engaged a pilot group of 20 students in forming IT companies and competing for the best design of a travel agent system. The rest of the students in the course completed the traditional class project, which involved designing and building a land sailer. A pre-post Likert-type survey designed to measure students' perceptions of the engineering profession was administered to all students enrolled in this course. In addition, a short answer questionnaire seeking students' pedagogical perceptions of the market game and the land sailer project was administered at the end of the course. Results indicated that students' overall perceptions of the engineering profession significantly improved by the end of the course. More importantly, the results indicated that students who participated in the market game had significantly better perceptions of engineering entrepreneurship, specifically professional skills, than students who participated in the land sailer project. These findings are of considerable interest to engineering schools that want to increase student retention and are looking for novel approaches to assist freshmen in choosing their majors.
Node Control of Uniform Beams Subject to Various Boundary Conditions

This paper introduces node control, whereby discrete direct feedback control forces are placed at the nodes of the N+1th mode (the lowest N modes participate in the response). Node control is motivated by the node control theorem which states, under certain conditions, that node control preserves the natural frequencies and natural modes of vibration of the controllled system while achieving uniform damping.
Crack initiation at dislocation cell boundaries in the ductile fracture of metals

The investigation of the glide deformation in the necked region of single crystals by use of diffraction techniques and transmission electron microscopy has enhanced our understanding of the role of dislocation cell structures in stage III work hardening at the onset of fracture. In situ fracture studies in the high voltage electron microscope have provided of microcracks at cell boundaries in particle free single crystal materials. Because of the high surface free energy of cell walls in stage III, the initiation of microcracks at these interfaces is a logical consequence.
A monte carlo model of complex spectra for opacity calculations

We are developing a Monte Carlo method for calculating opacities of complex spectra. It should be faster than atomic structure codes and is more accurate than the UTA method. We use the idea that wavelength-averaged opacities depend on the overall properties, but not the details, of the spectrum; our spectra have the same statistical properties as real ones but the strength and energy of each line is random. In preliminary tests we can get Rosseland mean opacities within 20% of actual values.
X-ray excitons in lithium

A detailed theoretical analysis is made of the x-ray level in metallic lithium with the object of understanding the effect of the electron-hole attraction on the soft x-ray emission spectrum. We regard the conduction electrons as independently scattering off the screened Coulomb field of the inner hole. We find that the resulting distortion of the Bloch functions increases the theoretical emission intensity severalfold. A qualitative general argument and an estimate of the lowest Born approximation to the scattering suggest that the emission spectrum is changed to show a falling intensity at the Fermi level, as is seen experimentally.
Some consequences of the Okun-Zakharov-Pontecorvo model of CP nonconservation

The consequences of a recent speculation that there might exist a milli-strong C-violating but P-conserving interaction in the decays of charmed particles are explored. The decays of ..beta.., K/sub 0//sub L/, ..omega../sup 0/, eta/sup 0/, and psi are discussed. 7 references. (JFP)
Imaging mRNA expression levels in living cells with PNA·DNA binary FRET probes delivered by cationic shell-crosslinked nanoparticles

Optical imaging of gene expression through the use of fluorescent antisense probes targeted to the mRNA has been an area of great interest. The main obstacles to developing highly sensitive antisense fluorescent imaging agents have been the inefficient intracellular delivery of the probes and high background signal from unbound probes. Binary antisense probes have shown great promise as mRNA imaging agents because a signal can only occur if both probes are bound simultaneously to the mRNA target site. Selecting an accessible binding site is made difficult by RNA folding and protein binding in vivo and the need to bind two probes. Even more problematic, has been a lack of methods for efficient cytoplasmic delivery of the probes that would be suitable for eventual applications in vivo in animals. Herein we report the imaging of iNOS mRNA expression in live mouse macrophage cells with PNA·DNA binary FRET probes delivered by a cationic shell crosslinked knedel-like nanoparticle (cSCK). We first demonstrate that FRET can be observed on in vitro transcribed mRNA with both the PNA probes and the PNA·DNA hybrid probes. We then demonstrate that the FRET signal can be observed in live cells when the hybrid probes are transfected with the cSCK, and that the strength of the FRET signal is sequence specific and depends on the mRNA expression level.
Rational selection of preanesthetic medication for oral surgical patients

Abstract Evaluation of 532 oral surgical patients who received either meperidine alone, meperidine in combination with secobarbital or phenobarbital, or meperidine or oxymorphone in combination with hydroxyzine demonstrated the following: 1. 1. Hydroxyzine hydrochloride in combination with narcotics was superior to narcotics alone or in combination with barbiturates as a premedication for oral surgical procedures, when evaluated in a double-blind study with the aid of an objective scoring system. 2. 2. IBM evaluation of the anesthetic records demonstrated that hydroxyzine in combination with meperidine and oxymorphone had not altered thiopental or succinylcholine requirements for anesthesia. It did not appear to alter the course of anesthesia adversely in any other way. 3. 3. The incidence of complications prior to and after oral surgery was markedly reduced by the combination of hydroxyzine with meperidine or oxymorphone, as compared to the use of meperidine alone or in combination with barbiturates. 4. 4. Because of the reduced incidence of complications, the duration of recovery-room care in patients who received hydroxyzine in combination with narcotics was shortened. The results substantiate the clinical impression formed during the past 8 years, from the observation of about 10,000 surgical patients in this department, that hydroxyzine in combination with narcotics was superior to meperidine or its combination with barbiturates for preanesthetic medication of oral surgical patients.
Across and Within State Reinvention of Workplace Drug Testing Legislation

This paper has two main research foci. First, the patterns of across and within state reinvention of workplace drug testing legislation are explored. The results indicate that this policy conforms to the findings of prior research on other policies. That is, across state reinvention tends to be unidirectional—in this case toward more pro-business legislation—and this trend is reinforced through within state reinvention, or amendment. Second, an event history model is employed to investigate the determinants of within state reinvention. The results show weak support for the influence of social learning on the decision to amend. Stronger support is found for societal context. Specifically, a state's drug-related arrest rate is positively and significantly related to the likelihood of amendment.
On the significance of subterritories in the “accumbens” part of the rat ventral striatum

Although many workers have appreciated the striking cytologic and neurochemical similarities of neostriatum, accumbens and olfactory tubercle, a compelling case for regarding these areas as territories in a striatal complex awaited the arguments made by Heimer and his colleagues based on their investigations of connections. A number of recent papers support this viewpoint and extend it with the characterization of three accumbal subterritories: core, shell and rostral pole. The case for separate classifications of systems traversing the accumbens has become more compelling with each study that demonstrates connectional, cytoarchitectural and neurochemical specificity conforming to the boundaries separating the core and its downstream targets from the shell and its projection fields. Furthermore, its apparent composite of core-like and shell-like characteristics distinguishes the rostral pole as yet another unique subterritory. Differences in compartmental organization distinguish the accumbens and neostriatum. The available data are consistent with the periventricular and rostrolateral enkephalin-rich zones being ventralmost parts of the neostriatal patch and matrix compartments, respectively. The accumbal cell cluster compartment, on the other hand, appears to be a separate entity, with connectional and neurochemical features that are dissimilar to both patch and matrix of neostriatum. Boundaries between the accumbens and caudate-putamen remain elusive, and the point of view that such boundaries do not exist but, rather, are represented by "transition zones" must to a large degree reflect the reality. Likewise, it is important to acknowledge that the boundaries between accumbal subterritories are not necessarily distinct or observed faithfully by all of the afferent systems. "Transition zones" appear to be particularly significant organizational features in rostral and lateral parts of the accumbens. Interestingly, histochemically distinct cell clusters tend to be numerous in boundary regions between adjacent territories and subterritories. The predominant organizational pattern appears to be one in which the core, shell and rostral pole engage different forebrain systems that possibly subserve entirely different functions mediated by distantly related mechanisms. In this regard, it is of paramount interest that the processing of information conveyed to the accumbens by diverse cortical and subcortical inputs occurs within distinct and perhaps very different dopaminergic environments in the core, shell and rostral pole (e.g., see Refs 24, 34, 90, 110).
QM/MM Simulation on P450 BM3 Enzyme Catalysis Mechanism.

Using a structure generated by induced fit modeling of the protein−ligand complex, the reaction path for hydrogen atom abstraction in P450 BM3 is studied by means of mixed QM/MM methods to determine the structures and energetics along the reaction path. The IFD structure is suitable for hydrogen atom abstraction at the ω−1 position. The electronic structures obtained are similar to those observed in P450 cam. We show that the barrier for the hydrogen abstraction step from QM/MM modeling is 13.3 kcal/mol in quartet and 15.6 kcal/mol in doublet. Although there is some strain energy present in the ligand, the activation barrier is not dramatically affected. A crystal water molecule, HOH502, plays a role as catalyst and decreases the activation barrier by about 2 kcal/mol and reaction energy by about 3−4 kcal/mol. To achieve reactive chemistry at the remaining experimentally observed positions in the hydrocarbon tail of the ligand, other structures would have to be utilized as a starting point for the reactio...
Abstract 1895: Phytochemicals inhibit proliferation and promote death through NADPH oxidase and G6PD

Background & Aims: Pancreatic cancer is a very aggressive disease that is resistant to therapy. Evidence from population studies indicates a protective effect of fruits and vegetables in the diet on cancer including pancreatic cancer. In vitro and in vivo studies, including our own, suggest that several phytochemicals, such as ellagic acid and lycopene may be involved in this beneficial effect. In this study we investigated the effect of these phytochemicals, alone and in combination, on apoptosis and proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro, and we analyzed their mechanism of action. Methods: We measured the effect of ellagic acid and lycopene on DNA fragmentation using Cell Death Detection ELISA and on proliferation using 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA in pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2. Molecular signaling mechanisms were evaluated with Western. NF-kB activity was measured using electromobility shift assay. Metabolic phenotype of the cells was analyzed using mass spectrometry and the glucose molecule labeled with stable isotope D-glucose (1,2-13C2). Results: Both lycopene and ellagic acid at doses from 0.1 to 30 μM induced increases in DNA fragmentation and inhibited proliferation in pancreatic cancer cells. Combinations of ellagic acid with lycopene at low doses (1 µM) induced a synergistic effect on DNA fragmentation and proliferation. Ellagic acid induced apoptosis by decreasing NF-kB activity in pancreatic cancer cells. Lycopene decreased NADPH oxidase activity. Combined compounds had a synergistic effect on the inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity as measured by mass spectrometry leading to a synergistic inhibition of DNA synthesis. Conclusions: Combination of ellagic acid and lycopene induced a synergistic effect on apoptosis and proliferation in pancreatic cancer cells. The synergistic effect is due to different mechanisms of action of these phytochemicals leading to the inhibition of G6PD activity, a key step in DNA synthesis. Our study suggests a potentially beneficial role for combinations of ellagic acid and lycopene in prevention and treatment strategies of pancreatic cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1895.
Application of multivariate autoregressive spectrum estimation to ULF waves

The estimation of the power spectrum of a time series by fitting a finite autoregressive model to the data has recently found widespread application in the physical sciences. The extension of this method to the analysis of vector time series is presented here through its application to ULF waves observed in the magnetosphere by the ATS 6 synchronous satellite. Autoregressive spectral estimates of the power and cross-power spectra of these waves are computed with computer programs developed by the author and are compared with the corresponding Blackman-Tukey spectral estimates. The resulting spectral density matrices are then analyzed to determine the direction of propagation and polarization of the observed waves.
Reliability and Readability of Questionnaire: Peak Performance and Peak Experience:

The Questionnaire: Peak Performance and Peak Experience is based on both research and theoretical content found through a comparative analysis of literature germane to peak performance, peak experi...
Temperature and magnetic field dependence of the subharmonic structure in Pb--Pb superconducting tunneling

Peaks occur in the $I\ensuremath{-}V$ characteristics of lead-lead-oxide-lead superconducting tunnel junctions at submultiples $\frac{2\ensuremath{\Delta}}{n}$ of the full energy gap $2\ensuremath{\Delta}$. This "subharmonic structure" has been studied in detail for its dependence on temperature and magnetic field. Its position varies with temperature identically as the energy gap does. The widths of the subharmonic peaks are independent of temperature. Magnetic fields are found to reduce the amplitudes and increase the widths of the structure. Evidence is presented that none of the present theories explains the phenomenon satisfactorily.
The 4-Dimensional Akylanin Algebra

Abstract In this paper we show that the defining relations and central elements of degree two of the algebra A(E, τ) defined by E. K. Sklyanin in [4] satisfy simple functional equations. These equations allow us to give shorter proofs of some results in [1, 5, 7]. We also give an explicit construction of most line modules over A(E, τ) and describe the annihilators of these modules.
The behavior of lobsters in response to reduced salinity

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to measure the behavioral responses of lobsters, Homarus americanus (Milne-Edwards), to reductions in salinity. In the first experiment animals were placed in a 3 ft diameter tank that was divided in half by plastic mesh. Spontaneously active lobsters were able to move between the two halves of the tank by passing through either of two conduits. The conduits were equipped with optical sensors to monitor the passage of animals, and a perfusion system to control the salinity of the area in, and around, the conduit. When the salinity in the vicinity of both conduits was the same (28–32 ppt), lobsters exhibited no preference for either conduit. However, when the salinity in one of the conduits was lowered, lobsters preferred to pass through the high salinity (20–25 ppt) conduit rather than the one with low salinity (10–15 ppt). In addition, females appeared to be more selective in their preference and exhibited higher overall activity than males when exposed to reduced salinity. In the second experiment, individual lobsters were placed in a shelter at one end of a long seawater table and exposed to seawater of gradually decreasing salinity. The salinity required to cause a movement out of a shelter, i.e. an avoidance response, was recorded. On average, lobsters first ventured small distances ( one body length) when levels approached 12.62 ppt ± 1.59. Although it was not statistically significant, females again seemed to be either more sensitive to salinity or found it more aversive, because they tended to initiate movements at salinities greater than those required to influence males. These behavioral data indicate that: 1. (1) adult lobsters are capable of detecting changes in salinity which are comparable to the levels found during natural fluctuations in coastal bays and estuaries; 2. (2) when exposed to low salinity of sufficient magnitude, they attempt to avoid it, and; 3. (3) females appear to be more sensitive to drops in salinity and/or they find it more aversive. Previous studies have demonstrated that estuarine lobster populations are dominated by males and that there are seasonal migrations of lobsters into, and out of, estuaries. We conclude that the behavioral responses of male and female lobsters to low salinity may determine, in part, the distribution and movements of lobsters in estuarine habitats.
Anesthetic Management for Tumor Amelioration in Interventional Neuroradiology

Therapeutic embolization is the process of occluding a blood vessel by a foreign substance. Treatment of tumors by this method causes a decrease in tumor vascularity. Consequently, blood loss during surgical extirpation may be lessened resulting in decreased transfusion requirements intraoperatively. In addition, reduction of blood supply may precipitate a reduction in tumor growth. Resection time during surgical extirpation may be shortened, resulting in reduced anesthetic requirements. This article presents certain central nervous system (CNS) tumors of the head, neck, and spine followed by anesthetic management during tumor amelioration in interventional neuroradiology (INR).
A common region for proviral DNA integration in MoMuLV-induced rat thymic lymphomas

Similarly to other mammalian and avian retroviruses that lack a transforming gene1, moloney murine leukaemia virus (MoMuLV) causes no morphological transformation in infected tissue culture cells. However, following injection in an appropriate animal host, MoMuLV induces mainly thymic lymphomas after a long latency period2,3. A common characteristic of neoplasms induced by retroviruses lacking transforming genes is their clonal origin4–9. Here we have generated MoMuLV-induced rat thymic lymphomas and confirmed their clonal nature. Furthermore, we took advantage of the clonality of these tumours to investigate the specificity of provirus integration in the tumour DNA. We reasoned that if several independently derived thymic lymphomas would contain the provirus integrated in the same region of cellular DNA, this would be a strong indication that this integration event is a contributing factor in oncogenesis. The results indicate that there is indeed a cellular DNA region (termed the ML VI-1 locus) that serves as the substrate for proviral DNA integration in 5 out of 16 tumours we examined.
Maternal aggression in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii, Girard): the relation between reproductive status and outcome of aggressive encounters with male and female conspecifics

A series of experiments investigated intraspecific aggression by maternal (carrying eggs and/or hatched young) and non-maternal female red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) residents against intrusions by non-maternal female and Form I (reproductively active) male conspecifics. Each resident occupied an aquarium containing a shelter for 24 hours prior to the initial intrusion. The winner of each encounter was determined, as well as the pair member that initiated the aggressive interaction, and the relation between the initiation of aggression and contest outcome. The results showed that: (1) Maternal female residents were winners in 92% of the encounters with male intruders, and initiated aggression in a significantly higher proportion of encounters than the male intruders. (2) Maternal female residents were the winners in 75% of the encounters with non-maternal female intruders. The maternal residents also initiated aggression in a significantly higher proportion of the encounters than the non-maternal intruders. (3) Non-maternal female residents lost 77% of the encounters with non-maternal intruders. Also, the non-maternal intruders initiated aggression in a significantly higher proportion of the encounters than did the non-maternal residents. (4) Non-maternal female residents lost all of their encounters with male intruders. However, there was no significant difference in the proportion of the encounters in which aggression was initiated by residents or intruders. (5) For all experiments combined, maternal residents won a significantly higher proportion of their encounters than did non-maternal residents, regardless of whether the intruders were males or non-maternal females. (6) For the three experiments combined, the initiation of aggression reliably predicted contest outcome (i.e. the initiator of aggression ultimately won). The present results provide the first empirical demonstration, with appropriate non-maternal controls, of maternal aggression in decapod crustaceans. Also, the direct relation between reproductive status and contest outcome in both ovigerous and post-hatch P. clarkii are the first such data reported in crustaceans, in general. Finally, the findings of these experiments bear notable similarities to the results of maternal aggression research in other taxonomic groups.
Post-translational modification of proteins: Complexities of analysis of structure and function

Abstract The explosion in the development of technologies relating to molecular biology with the simultaneous advances in computer sciences for establishing data bases of DNA and amino acid sequences has led to several interesting controversies concerning research priorities. It is evident that these advances have revolutionized our ability to analyze entire genomes, resulting in the long-awaited diagnosis and treatment of numerous genetic as well as other diseases. However, the proposed time frames predicted for the successes relating to direct as well as indirect applications of these technologies have failed to be realized for several reasons. While it is clear that computer data bases and programs for predicting protein structure have been critical for many studies, to date, the majority of proteins used for these studies are those which have been reasonably simple to purify. Furthermore, it has been reasonably straightforward to crystallize for structure analysis by X-ray crystallography. These current data bases may therefore be limited to these types of proteins, which do not have extensive post-translational modification. There are many modifications of proteins which relate to the physiological roles of proteins in vivo and cause significant alterations, which make them more difficult to purify as well as to predict their biological activities. It is therefore important to develop an appreciation of the potential complexities of protein structures which make them functional. This limited review is provided to give an overview of the complexities for the computational or mathematical oriented investigator who is interested in developing strategies for predicting protein structure from computer data bases.
Synthesis of unsymmetrical 2,8- and 2,9-dihalo-1,10-phenanthrolines and derivatives

Abstract A general method for the preparation of the unsymmetrical 2,8- and 2,9-dihalophenanthrolines is presented. The use of these halophenanthrolines as synthetic substrates in the Suzuki and Sonogashira/Castro-Stevens palladium catalyzed chemistry is exemplifed. These derivatized phenanthrolines are seen as key building blocks for the design and construction of topologically complex polynuclear metal coordination complexes.
Endocytosis of Simian virus 40 into the endoplasmic reticulum

The endocytosis of SV-40 into CV-1 cells we studied using biochemical and ultrastructural techniques. The half-time of binding of [35S]methionine-radiolabeled SV-40 to CV-1 cells was 25 min. Most of the incoming virus particles remained undegraded for several hours. Electron microscopy showed that some virus entered the endosomal/lysosomal pathway via coated vesicles, while the majority were endocytosed via small uncoated vesicles. After infection at high multiplicity, one third of total cell-associated virus was observed to enter the ER, starting 1-2 h after virus application. The viruses were present in large, tubular, smooth membrane networks generated as extentions of the ER. The results describe a novel and unique membrane transport pathway that allows endocytosed viral particles to be targeted from the plasma membrane to the ER.
How could a “blind” evolutionary process have made human moral beliefs sensitive to strongly universal, objective moral standards?

The evolutionist challenge to moral realism is the skeptical challenge that, if evolution is true, it would only be by chance, a “happy coincidence” as Sharon Street puts it, if human moral beliefs were true. The author formulates Street’s “happy coincidence” argument more precisely using a distinction between probabilistic sensitivity and insensitivity introduced by Elliott Sober. The author then considers whether it could be rational for us to believe that human moral judgments about particular cases are probabilistically sensitive to strongly universal fundamental moral standards of cooperation and fair division. The author provides an explanation of why there would be a benign correlation (though not a perfect one) between human moral judgments in particular cases and the requirements of strongly universal fundamental moral standards. The explanation of the benign correlation is based on group selection for groups of individuals with an egalitarian satisficing psychology and egalitarian norms, because of the ability of such groups to more efficiently solve gene-propagation collective action problems.
Impact of Karl Pearson's Work on Statistical Developments in India

Summary Karl Pearson's work greatly inspired P. C. Mahalanobis's interest in statistics, who was at the centre of modern statistical developments in India. Mahalanobis learned statistics on his own, reading Pearson's articles and his journal, and encouraged others to study Pearson's papers. Pearson was a Honorary Fellow of the Indian Statistical Institute, which has been a leading statistical training and research center in India. The statistical revolution that Pearson brought also facilitated the training and research of many Indian statisticians.
The effects of collapsing factors on F‐actin content and microtubule distribution of Helisoma growth cones

Growth cone collapsing factors induce growth cone collapse or repulsive growth cone turning by interacting with membrane receptors that induce alterations in the growth cone cytoskeleton. A common change induced by collapsing factors in the cytoskeleton of the peripheral domain, the thin lamellopodial area of growth cones, is a decline in the number of radially aligned F-actin bundles that form the core of filopodia. The present study examined whether ML-7, a myosin light chain kinase inhibitor, serotonin, a neurotransmitter and TPA, an activator of protein kinase C, which induce growth cone collapse of Helisoma growth cones, depolymerized or debundled F-actin. We report that these collapsing factors had different effects. ML-7 induced F-actin reorganization consistent with debundling whereas serotonin and TPA predominately depolymerized and possibly debundled F-actin. Additionally, these collapsing factors induced the formation of a dense actin-ring around the central domain, the thicker proximal area of growth cones [Zhou and Cohan, 2001: J. Cell Biol. 153:1071–1083]. The formation of the actin-ring occurred subsequent to the loss of actin bundles. The ML-7-induced actin-ring was found to inhibit microtubule extension into the P-domain. Thus, ML-7, serotonin, and TPA induce growth cone collapse associated with a decline in radially aligned F-actin bundles through at least two mechanisms involving debundling of actin filaments and/or actin depolymerization. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 60:166–179, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Common Human 5′ Dopamine Transporter (SLC6A3) Haplotypes Yield Varying Expression Levels In Vivo

1. Individuals display significant differences in their levels of expression of the dopamine transporter (DAT; SLC6A3). These differences in DAT are strong candidates to contribute to individual differences in motor, mnemonic and reward functions. To identify “cis”-acting genetic mechanisms for these individual differences, we have sought variants in 5′ aspects of the human DAT gene and identified the haplotypes that these variants define. 2. We report (i) significant relationships between 5′ DAT haplotypes and human individual differences in ventral striatal DAT expression assessed in vivo using [11C] cocaine PET and (ii) apparent confirmation of these results in studies of DAT expression in postmortem striatum using [3H] carboxyflurotropane binding. 3. These observations support the idea that cis-acting variation in 5′ aspects of the human DAT/SLC6A3 locus contributes to individual differences in levels of DAT expression in vivo. 5′ DAT variation is thus a good candidate to contribute to individual differences in a number of human phenotypes.
Communicative Theory and Theology: A Reconsideration

Judging by the proliferation of a new body of theological works that have encouraged a deliberate rethinking of the intellectual premises of Christian theology, scholarly discussion appears to have come to the juncture of an exciting though unpredictable stage in theology. Perhaps this is nowhere clearer than in the realm of the ongoing dialogue on the theological relevance of communication theory associated with the German philosopher, Jurgen Habermas. Contrary to what has become an article of faith in recent theological forays into social theory, I contend: (a) that Habermasian theory has little to contribute to theological thought and is more valuable as an indirect aid in critiquing various deficient theological discourses; (b) that the current Habermas-sympathetic attempts at a communicative theology are, by and large, open to criticism for the same shortcomings and problems found in Habermas's own works; and (c) that the need to address these problems necessarily points us toward an alternative postcommunication theology.
Human sexuality and gender: A course of study

Abstract This article describes the content, approach, and preliminary results of an anthropology course on issues in sexuality and gender which incorporates contemporary global feminist concerns, examining them from cross-cultural perspectives and highlighting Third World issues as it considers the ways that women's experiences are shaped by social, economic, and political contexts. The course deals with the themes of patriarchy, incest and sexual abuse, female infanticide and the physical and mental abuse of women, gender identity and sexual orientation, the social control of women's sexuality, rape and other forms of sexual terrorism, sexual tourism and prostitution, pornography as a feminist issue, and women's reproductive rights. Its central objective is to help students gain insight into the international nature of these social problems in which human sexuality and gender play a role.
CYTOTAXONOMIC OBSERVATIONS ON SOME GENERA OF THE SOLANAE: MARGARANTHUS, SARACHA, AND QUINCULA

IN THE COURSE of a study of the cytotaxonomy and genetics of Physalis (to be published later), several collections were obtained of other Solanae which are morphologically more or less allied to that genus. Since a better understanding of these related forms has some bearing on problems of evolution and generic boundaries in Physalis, available material has been examined with the hope of obtaining further evidence as to their relation to Physalis. MATERIALS AND METHODS.-Collections of Quincula lobata, Margaranthus solanaceus, Saracha viscosa, and S. procumbens were grown in the greenhouse and in outside plots at The Blandy Experimental Farm during the summers of 1946-1948. Mitotic chromosome counts were made from temporary acetic orcein squashes of seedling root tips or young leaves which had been pretreated by immersion from 11/2-21/2 hr. in a saturated solution of paradichlorobenzene (PDB) (Meyer, 1945), fixed in 3:1 alcohol-acetic acid, and hydrolyzed in Warmke's fluid. AMeiosis in Quincula was studied in temporary acetic orcein PMC smears. All drawings were made with a Zeiss microscope (N.A. 1.2) and camera lucida at about X3500 and reduced approximately one-third in reproduction. Voucher specimens of most of the living material studied are being deposited at the Bailey Hortorium. MARGARANTHUS AND SARACHA.Margaranthus Schlect. is a small genus (four or five annual species) of Mexico and the southwestern United States. It was placed by von Wettstein (1895) in the Solanae-Lyciinae, rather than in the SolanaeSolaninae which contains Physalis. Margaranthus differs from Physalis principally in the form of the corolla, which is urceolate, more or less constricted at the orifice, and, in some species at least, somewhat fleshy and tinged with purple. Rydberg (1896) considered it closely related to Physalis and included the genus in his monograph. It is virtually indistinguishable from Physalis unless the flower is seen.
A New Focus on RNA in the Lens

High-resolution vision requires the focus of light onto cells that translate this information into a form that can be understood by the brain. Land vertebrates, including humans, accomplish the task of light refraction through the use of a curved transparent window to the environment, the cornea, whereas further focus is accomplished by a transparent but cellular tissue internal to the eye, the lens ( 1 ). The lens must have a very high refractive index to be functional in the aqueous environment of the eye while also retaining its transparency for decades ( 2 ). Most known human mutations leading to the congenital cloudiness of the lens, known as cataract, occur in genes that encode structural proteins of the lens. Mutations in genes encoding transcription factors (such as cMaf, Hsf4, and Pitx3) that regulate the expression of these structural genes account for another subset of mutations causing human congenital cataracts ( 3 ). On page 1571 of this issue, Lachke et al. ( 4 ) propose that RNA-containing granules could regulate both the subcellular localization and processing of lens mRNAs that are important for lens transparency. This refutes the long-standing dogma that lens gene expression is largely controlled at the level of transcription ( 5 ).
Monoclinic thorium silicate.

THE name ‘huttonite’ is proposed for a newly recognized monoclinic mineral of the composition ThSiO4. It has been isolated in minute grains from beach sand of South Westland, New Zealand, by Prof. C. Osborne Hutton, of Stanford University. Its optical properties are: α= 1.898, β= 1.900, γ = 1.922; dispersion ρ > γ, moderate; 2V = 25° (measured); Y || b, Z near c; colourless to very pale cream. X-ray study by means of powder, rotation and Weissenberg patterns shows that huttonite is isostructural with monazite. Space group C2h5 – P21/n; a0 = 6.80A., b0 = 6.96A., c0 = 5.54A., β = 104° 55′. The measured density is 7.1 ±0.1. The calculated density, corresponding to a cell content of 4(ThSiO4), is 7.18.
The effects of information in a resource management problem: A social trap analog

A resource management simulation was devised in which players could harvest points for individual short-term gain, causing the premature destruction of the resource pool, or they could curb their own individual harvesting to preserve the pool for a longer overall supply. Although the first strategy was explained to be self-defeating, most groups opted for it, as they did even when an optimal harvesting strategy was provided that would avoid pool destruction. Groups whose members were allowed to communicate generally made better resource managers and achieved larger individual harvests.
Butyric acid suppresses palatable food consumption in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) housed in short, but not long, photoperiods

Short days induce winter-like adaptations in small mammals such as Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus (Pallas, 1773)). Specifically, hamsters adjust food consumption, metabolic processes, and imm...
Does communication studies have an identity?: Setting the bases for contemporary research

This article is a reflection on the identity of communication research, motivated by what we perceive as an important need for consolidating our field of study. It therefore takes the form of a self-inquiry into the nature of communication research. Whereas the field of communication has expanded and consolidated, its identity continues to be problematic. At this moment, communication studies is defined as a field rather than as a science; we would argue, however, that we have enough features to be something more than a field. This is the central argument of this article: communication research is more than a field but less than a science. Why are we more than a field? Why aren't we a real science? What exactly are the meanings of science and field? We will first consider the importance of the identity issue; second, we will list the main features of communication research in order to justify our identity as something other than a field. Finally, we will propose a multidisciplinary theoretical base for performing communication research in our contemporary period.
Return to work after foot and ankle injury

A surgeon faces important issues when returning a patient to the workplace, including workers' compensation issues and the need for physician guidance. These patients deserve appropriate diagnosis and treatment protocols, and the other members of the workers compensation treatment team can help maximize the effects of careful guidance by a physician. The speediest possible return to the workplace is usually best for all concerned, the injured worker, the employer and the physician. The treatment team within the workers' compensation system assists in the facilitation and coordination of the medical care and assists in bringing the patient back to work. The team includes the nurse case manager, the insurer, and physical and occupational therapists. Appropriate use of work hardening programs or functional capacity evaluations can be valuable in the return-to-work effort. Physicians who make use of these resources may find it easier to guide this process efficiently to achieve the desired outcome of return to work of the injured worker.