cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation of Solar Sail Simulations for the NASA Solar Sail Demonstration Project

NASA's Solar Sail Demonstration project partner L'Garde is currently assembling a flight-like sail assembly for a series of ground demonstration tests beginning in 2015. For future missions of this sail that might validate solar sail technology, it is necessary to have an accurate sail thrust model. One of the primary requirements of a proposed potential technology validation mission will be to demonstrate solar sail thrust over a set time period, which for this project is nominally 30 days. This requirement would be met by comparing a L'Garde-developed trajectory simulation to the as-flown trajectory. The current sail simulation baseline for L'Garde is a Systems Tool Kit (STK) plug-in that includes a custom-designed model of the L'Garde sail. The STK simulation has been verified for a flat plate model by comparing it to the NASA-developed Solar Sail Spaceflight Simulation Software (S5). S5 matched STK with a high degree of accuracy and the results of the validation indicate that the L'Garde STK model is accurate enough to meet the potential future mission requirements. Additionally, since the L'Garde sail deviates considerably from a flat plate, a force model for a non-flat sail provided by L'Garde sail was also tested and compared to a flat plate model in S5. This result will be used in the future as a basis of comparison to the non-flat sail model being developed for STK.
Novel hybrid Si film/carbon nanofibers as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries

The hybrid Si film/carbon nanofiber (CNF) as an anode in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) was synthesized using a two-step chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method. This binder- and conductive additive-free electrode delivered a discharge capacity of 1000 mA h g−1 over 200 cycles. CNFs as a support material were directly grown on a stainless steel foil, while the stress-resilient Si films coated on the CNFs offered high Li storage capacity.
Investigation of the Noise Properties of a New Class of Reconstruction Methods in Diffraction Tomography

In diffraction tomography (DT), the measured scattered data are unavoidably contaminated by noise. Because the detectabil- ity of an object in a noisy image relies strongly on the signal-to-noise ratio, it is important in certain applications to reduce the statistical variation in the reconstructed image. Recently, we revealed the exis- tence of statistically complementary information inherent in the scat- tered data and proposed a linear strategy that makes use of this information to achieve a bias-free reduction of the image variance in two-dimensional (2D) DT. This strategy leads to the development of an infinite class of estimation methods, that from the measured scat- tered data, can estimate the Radon transform of the scattering object function. From the estimated Radon transforms, one can readily reconstruct the object function by using a variety of existing recon- struction algorithms. The estimation methods in the class are math- ematically equivalent, but they respond to noise differently. We inves- tigated the noise properties of these estimation methods by use of computer simulation studies. The results of our simulation studies demonstrate quantitatively that it is possible to achieve a bias-free variance reduction in the reconstructed scattering object by utilizing complementary statistical information that is inherent in the scattered
Education Policy as a Practice of Power Theoretical Tools, Ethnographic Methods, Democratic Options

This article outlines some theoretical and methodological parameters of a critical practice approach to policy. The article discusses the origins of this approach, how it can be uniquely adapted to educational analysis, and why it matters—not only for scholarly interpretation but also for the democratization of policy processes as well. Key to the exposition is the concept of appropriation as a form of creative interpretive practice necessarily engaged in by different people involved in the policy process. Another crucial distinction is made between authorized policy and unauthorized or informal policy; it is argued that when nonauthorized policy actors appropriate policy they are in effect often making new policy in situated locales and communities of practice.
Effects of aging on event‐related brain potentials and reaction times in an auditory oddball task

Auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 71 healthy individuals between 18 and 82 years of age during performance of a disjunctive reaction time task in an auditory oddball paradigm. The effects of aging on reaction times and on the latencies, amplitudes, and distributions of each of the main ERP components were examined. No significant slowing of the reaction times of the elderly subjects was observed in relation to the younger ones. The peak latencies of both the N1 and P2 components elicited by standard tones were slightly but significantly slowed with age. In the ERPs of target tones, the later, endogenous components (N2, P3, and SW) showed linear increases in latency as a function of age; the later the component, the longer the age-related delay. In general, aging was associated with less negativity (both N2 and SW) and more positivity (P3) over the anterior scalp, together with a smaller P3 and a more pronounced N2 over posterior scalp areas. Most of the effects observed in target ERPs were also evident in the difference waves derived from subtraction of the standard from the target ERPs, although the slope of the age-related latency increase of N2 was shallower and that of the P3 was steeper in the difference ERPs. These findings are discussed in relation to previous accounts of ERP changes with aging.
Informatics and transborder data flow: The question of social impact

During the 1970s, computerized information-processing networks have been established on a large scale linking much of the world. It has generally been accepted that the massive transborder data flows involved will have serious social, political, and economic consequences. Since 1973, a growing number of nations has enacted legislation attempting to forestall any adverse social effects of the transborder digital traffic. During the next few years, several world bodies will finalize policies on transborder data flow, and international laws or treaties may be called for. Unfortunately, the analysis of the extent of transborder data traffic, as well as of attendant social effects, is merely beginning. This article attempts to summarize what has been suggested so far as a move toward focusing the question of social effects.
Oxidation von Organometallverbindungen

Stabile Organometallverbindungen, insbesondere der „spaten” Ubergangsmetalle (Elemente der Gruppen 6A bis 8A), die gewohnlich durch „closed shell” -Elektronenkonfigurationen (typischerweise 18 Valenzelektronen) charakterisiert sind, werden durch Elektronenaufnahme oder -abgabe destabilisiert. Einelektronen-Oxidation solcher Verbindungen ergibt instabile Radikalionen, die nucleophil angegriffen werden konnen, die disproportionieren oder unter Bruch der Metall-Kohlenstoff-Bindung weiterreagieren. Zweielektronen-Oxidation kann zur Abspaltung oder Oxidation des organischen Liganden fuhren. In diesem Aufsatz wird uber die chemische und elektrochemische Oxidation von Carbonyl- und Olefinmetallkomplexen sowie von Alkylubergangsmetallverbindungen berichtet; dabei wird der Kinetik und der Thermodynamik der einleitenden Redoxreaktionen, der Charakterisierung und der Reaktivitat der Oxidationsprodukte sowie der Anwendung dieser Redoxprozesse in der Synthese und bei katalytischen Reaktionen besondere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet.
Disassembly of T-even bacteriophage into structural parts and subunits

Abstract The strength and type of interactions involved in (a) joining the structural parts of T-even bacteriophage, and (b) the formation of the surface lattices of structural parts from subunits were investigated. This was done by monitoring by electron microscopy the disjoining and dissociation of entire phage and of their structural parts. No covalent bonds, including disulfide bonds, were found to be involved. The interactions holding identical protomers and chemical subunits within surface lattices of structural parts could be arranged in a hierarchy of increasing strength: base-plates, tail tubes, capsids, tail fibers and contracted sheaths; this order was independent of the degrading agents used. The attachment of structural parts to each other is much weaker and responds differently to different agents. For example, sheath contraction in which the base-plates move with the contracted sheaths can be induced by many agents, including an anionic detergent. However, sheath contraction in which the base-plate remains at the tip of the tubes can be induced by cationic detergents. Serology and genetics showed that contracted sheaths and polysheaths contain at least one common protein component. The strengths of bonding are very different, with the polysheaths having the weakest and the contracted sheaths having the strongest interactions among the structural parts investigated. Polysheaths were found to contain a core, which could be selectively removed by 0.5 m -guanidine hydrochloride. The possible reassembly of contracted sheaths or polysheaths from subunits was re-investigated. Experimental observation reported previously was confirmed; however, the interpretation of earlier observations was experimentally disproved by the finding that the sheaths recovered were only those sheaths which “survive” the degrading action of alkali. An indication of reassembly of a structural part from dissociated subunits was found only in the case of the tail tube, where the interaction involved is so weak that its subunits can probably be dissociated without being completely denatured.
Relations Between P n Cycles and Stable Feedback Shift Registers

In this paper a relationship among distinct Pn+1 cycles, distinct stable maximum transient feedback shift registers of order n+1, and stable feedback shift registers of order n will be presented. In the course of the discussion, two algorithms will be introduced. The first will provide a one-to-one mapping between distinct stable feedback shift registers of order n and distinct stable maximum-transient feedback shift registers of order n+1. The second will provide a one-to-one mapping between distinct maximum transient feedback shift registers of order n+1 and distinct Pn+1 cycles. As a corollary to these relationships, an enumeration of the stable feedback shift registers is obtained.
Analysis of the in vivo myogenic status of chick somites by desmin expression in vitro

Expression of the muscle specific intermediate filament protein, desmin, is an early marker for chick somitic myogenesis. Somites are transient, paired, mesodermal structures adjacent to the neural tube which are formed very uniformly in a cranial to caudal fashion. The developmental somitic expression of desmin in vivo has been reported previously (Holtzer et al. [1991] "Frontiers in Muscle Research." New York: Elsevier Science, pp 187-207; Borman and Yorde [1994] J. Histochem. Cytochem. 42:265-272). Here we explore the ability of those somitic cells which are desmin negative in vivo to successfully carry out a myogenic program of development in the absence of the surrounding embryonic microenvironment. Somites which are known to be overtly desmin negative in the embryo were explanted and cultured on collagen gels for 4 days. Immuno-detection of desmin identified a population of somites that could support desmin positive cells in vitro as well as a population of somites that could not. The cranially located somites must remain in the embryo for a greater length of time than the caudally positioned somites prior to each being able to express desmin in vitro. In embryos of many ages there is also a population of somites unable to support desmin expression in vitro. The rate at which this ability to support somitic desmin expression in vitro progresses caudally in the embryo is significantly greater than the rate at which somites form. Notably, the detected expression of desmin in somites in vitro is parallel to the rate at which overt expression of desmin in vivo is detected. The implication for these observations with regard to the regulation of somitic myogenesis is discussed.
Structural and biomechanical responses of osseous healing: a novel murine nonunion model

Understanding the biological mechanisms of why certain fractures are at risk for delayed healing or nonunion requires translational animal models that take advantage of transgenic and other genetic manipulation technologies. Reliable murine nonunion models can be an important tool to understand the biology of nonunion. In this study, we report the results of a recently established model for creating critical defects that lead to atrophic nonunions based on a unique fracture fixation technique. Subcritical (0.6 mm long) and critical (1.6 mm long) defects were created in femurs of 10-week-old double transgenic (Col1/Col2) mice and stabilized using a custom-designed plate and four screws. Four groups were used: normal, sham, subcritical, and critical. Histology (n = 3 for each group) was analyzed at 2 and 5 weeks, and micro-computed tomography (μCT) and torsional biomechanics (n = 12 for each group) were analyzed at 5 weeks. Subcritical defects showed healing at 2 weeks and were completely healed by 5 weeks, with biomechanical properties not significantly different from normal controls. However, critical defects showed no healing by histology or μCT. These nonunion fractures also displayed no torsional stiffness or strength in 10 of 12 cases. Our murine fracture model creates reproducible and reliable nonunions and can serve as an ideal platform for studying molecular pathways to contrast healing versus nonhealing events and for evaluating innovative therapeutic approaches to promote healing of a challenging osseous injury.
A history of management accounting: the British experience

A history of management accounting: the British experience, by Trevor Boyns and John Richard Edwards, New York and London, Routledge, 2013, xv + 350pp., £90 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-415-41623-8 A mor...
Circuit approaches to increasing IGBT switching speed

Circuit techniques which greatly speed up the turn-off process of the insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) are presented. The circuits apply voltage to an external capacitor while the IGBT is in the ON state, and use this voltage to extract the excess charge stored in the base region of the device when the gate is turned off. An n/sup +/ diffusion has been added to the n/sup -/ base to facilitate this extraction. The circuitry does not affect the intrinsic ON resistance of the IGBT and thus avoids the usual ON-resistance/switching-speed trade-off. The area associated with the n/sup +/ diffusion adds to the area of the IGBT, and thus increases the specific ON resistance of the device. Test devices have been fabricated and turn-off times of 500 ns have been achieved. >
The role of indirect antigen recognition in islet xenograft rejection.

PORCINE pancreatic islets are considered a viable source of insulin-producing tissue for the treatment of Type 1 diabetes mellitus. For this therapy to become a reality, a detailed characterization of human immune responses to porcine islets should be carried out. Our recent studies characterized the mechanism of porcine islet xenograft rejection by human CD41 T cells generated against porcine islets both by in vitro stimulation and in vivo using severe combined immunodeficient mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood leukocytes and transplanted with porcine islets. These studies concluded that a majority of human CD41 T cells recognized porcine MHC molecules as xenoantigens presented by self-antigen presenting cells (APC). To further define the mechanisms of islet xenograft rejection, we transplanted porcine islets under the kidney capsules of streptozotocin-treated C57BL/6 (BL/6), CD4 Knockout (KO), and CD8KO mice, and islet rejection was analyzed. Similarly, BL/6, CD4KO, and CD8KO mice were treated with anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 depleting monoclonal antibodies (mAb), transplanted, and monitored for rejection. To further document the role of CD41 T cells in the response to porcine islets, we studied specific T-cell proliferation to islet antigens in vitro and its requirement of APC for maximum stimulation. In addition, antibody response to porcine xenoantigens in each group of transplanted mice was measured.
Hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry of functional membrane-bound chemotaxis receptor complexes.

The transmembrane signaling mechanism of bacterial chemotaxis receptors is thought to involve changes in receptor conformation and dynamics. The receptors function in ternary complexes with two other proteins, CheA and CheW, that form extended membrane-bound arrays. Previous studies have shown that attractant binding induces a small (∼2 A) piston displacement of one helix of the periplasmic and transmembrane domains toward the cytoplasm, but it is not clear how this signal propagates through the cytoplasmic domain to control the kinase activity of the CheA bound at the membrane-distal tip, nearly 200 A away. The cytoplasmic domain has been shown to be highly dynamic, which raises the question of how a small piston motion could propagate through a dynamic domain to control CheA kinase activity. To address this, we have developed a method for measuring dynamics of the receptor cytoplasmic fragment (CF) in functional complexes with CheA and CheW. Hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) measure...
Un)linkable Pseudonyms for Governmental Databases

When data maintained in a decentralized fashion needs to be synchronized or exchanged between different databases, related data sets usually get associated with a unique identifier. While this approach facilitates cross-domain data exchange, it also comes with inherent drawbacks in terms of controllability. As data records can easily be linked, no central authority can limit or control the information flow. Worse, when records contain sensitive personal data, as is for instance the case in national social security systems, such linkability poses a massive security and privacy threat. An alternative approach is to use domain-specific pseudonyms, where only a central authority knows the cross-domain relation between the pseudonyms. However, current solutions require the central authority to be a fully trusted party, as otherwise it can provide false conversions and exploit the data it learns from the requests. We propose an (un)linkable pseudonym system that overcomes those limitations, and enables controlled yet privacy-friendly exchange of distributed data. We prove our protocol secure in the UC framework and provide an efficient instantiation based on discrete-logarithm related assumptions.
Environmental Impact Of Underground Coal Conversion

A survey covers the ranges of variables involved (250/sup 0/ to 600/sup 0/C; pressures to 1000 psi; 10 to 240 minutes reaction time; various reactants); products including solid coal particles, volatile matter from the coal, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, ethane, nitrogen, and traces of sulfur or nitrogen oxides; and potential hazards including exposure of aquifers to contamination or to drainage or depletion and also the possible surface effects of heat flow.
Integral-equation approach to multiphoton ionization by intense fields. II. Application to H and H-

We have developed an integral-equation method for treating multiphoton ionization of atomic systems irradiated by intense fields. We have applied this method to the calculation of partial rates for multiphoton detachment of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ (into specific continuum channels) by a laser operating at frequencies of 0.2 and 0.5 eV. Nonperturbative features are seen at intensities above about 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{10}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. We have also applied the method to hydrogen, to the determination of the field-induced width in the ground-state energy (the total ionization rate).
Progress in reducing nausea and emesis. Comparisons of ondansetron (Zofran), granisetron (Kytril), and tropisetron (Navoban).

Background. Nausea and vomiting are the most distressing side effects associated with the administration of chemotherapy for neoplastic diseases. Nausea, in particular, often had been ignored in studies of chemotherapy side effects. Recently, progress has been made in the control of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, due, in part, to a better understanding of the physiologic mechanisms involved. Methods. This paper reviews recent advances in the control of emesis, focusing on pharmacologic treatments. Results. The efficacy and safety of the serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonists granisetron, ondansetron, and tropisetron in the control of acute and delayed emesis and emesis induced by repeat-cycle chemotherapy are summarized. Although differences in study design and definitions of response criteria have made it difficult to compare the studies that have evaluated these three agents, the overall body of literature supports several clinical findings. Conclusions. (1) The 5HT3 antiemetic agents have been shown to be clinically more effective in the control of nausea and emesis than previously used agents. (2) No one of the three has demonstrated consistently greater efficacy. (3) Efficacy appears to be more pronounced for cisplatin-containing regimens than for moderate or less emetogenic chemotherapy regimens. (4) Effectiveness of the 5HT3 agents appears to be less for delayed nausea and emesis than for acute symptoms. Potential control of anticipatory nausea and emesis has not been investigated. (5) Control over nausea appears to be significantly less than control over emesis. In the studies in which it has been measured, nausea control remains incomplete for approximately half the patients given 5HT3 agents. (6) The efficacy of the agents appears to diminish across repeated days and, perhaps, across repeated chemotherapy cycles. (7) The addition of a steroid such as dexamethasone increases the efficacy of both 5HT3 and other antiemetic agents. This effect also seems to apply to delayed nausea and emesis Cancer 1995;76:343–57.
The Effect of Glucocorticoids on Estrogen-Dependent Luteinizing Hormone Release in the Ovariectomized Rat and on Gonadotropin Secretion in the Intact Female Rat*

The effects of glucocorticoids on estrogen-induced changes in LH secretion in the ovariectomized rat and on the estrous cycle and gonadotropin levels in the intact female rat were studied. Preliminary experiments showed that multiple injections of dexamethasone or triamcinolone acetonide (TA) inhibited the estradiol benzoate (EB)-induced elevation of LH in the ovariectomized rat. In subsequent experiments, a single injection of TA was found to inhibit the EB-induced elevation in LH in a dose-dependent manner (minimal effective dose, 200 μg) when given 2–8 h after EB but not at times before EB. Single injections of dexamethasone, cortisol, or progesterone given at this time did not alter LH release. TA given 8 h after EB also blocked the estrogen-dependent increase in pituitary responsiveness to LHRH and the priming effect of multiple injections of LHRH. The pituitary response in oil controls given TA was not altered. Cortisol implants which maintained continuously elevated levels of plasma cortisol were f...
Assessing the stereoelectronic properties of pyrrolyl phosphines and related ligands. The quantitative analysis of ligand effects (QALE)

By application of the QALE model (quantitative analysis of ligand effects) to the standard reduction potentials (E° values) and the standard enthalpies of reduction (ΔH°) of the η-Cp(CO)(PZ3)Fe(COMe)+/0 couple (PZ3 = a phosphorus(III) ligand), and νCO for η-Cp(CO)(PZ3)Fe(COMe)0, we have determined that a minimum of four parameters are necessary to describe the stereoelectronic properties of the set of ligands PPhi(Pyr)3 − i (Pyr = pyrrolyl) and P(NC4H8)3 (NC4H8 = pyrrolidinyl). These parameters are χd, θ, Ear and the π acidity parameter, πp. The values of these parameters were determined by linear regression analysis of a set of QALE equations. The coefficients of these equations were based on the analyses of data for PR3, PPhiR3 − i, P(p-XC6H4)3, P(OR)3, and P(O-p-XC6H4)3. The parameters for P(Pyr)3 are χd = 31.9 ± 0.7, θ = 145 ± 3, Ear = 3.3 ± 0.2 and πp = 1.9 ± 0.2; and for P(NC4H8)3 the parameters are χd = −1.2 ± 1.4, θ = 145 ± 5, Ear = −0.6 ± 0.4 and πp = 0.9 ± 0.3. P(Pyr)3 is a poor σ donor that possesses an Ear parameter comparable to P(p-XC6H4)3 and a π acidity that is about two thirds that of P(OR)3 and half that of P(O-p-XC6H4)3. On the other hand, P(NC4H8)3, which is one of the strongest σ donor phosphorus(III) ligands, is a weak π acid with a value for Ear that is statistically indistinguishable from zero. PPhi(Pyr)3 − i and P(NC4H8)3 appear to be isosteric to P(p-XC6H4)3.
Genetic linkage between loci for a red cell alloantigen (U) and serum protease inhibitor (Pi) in the horse

Summary Preliminary evidence for the fifth autosomal linkage group in the horse, comprised of the loci for a red cell alloantigen (U) and serum protease inhibitor (Pi), was demonstrated by means of paternal half-sib groups in thoroughbred, standard-bred and Arabian breeds. Recombination frequency in males was estimated to be 0–125 ± 0–019.
An analysis of “signaled double-alternation patterning” in the rat

Rats given training with double alternation of rewards and nonrewards in which the first reward or nonreward of each pair occurred in a black runway and the second in a white runway developed fast running on rewarded trials in both runways and slow running on nonrewarded trials in both runways—signaled double alternation patterning. A subsequent shift in the reinforcement schedule produced a period of reversed patterning—slow on rewarded trials and fast on nonrewarded trials. The results are consistent with a compound stimulus discrimination interpretation of signaled double-alternation patterning rather than with a selective memory-retrieval explanation.
How Are Women Who Enter Substance Abuse Treatment Different Than Men?: A Gender Comparison from the Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS)

SUMMARY Literature on gender differences among those entering substance abuse treatment is limited. Using data from intake interviews in a large multisite prospective clinical epidemiological study, this study provides the opportunity to explore gender differences with implications for treatment response. Comparisons are made not only between women and men but also between four different treatment modalities. Traditional gender differences were found with regard to age, education and employment. Although some drug use patterns were similar, men reported more alcohol use while women reported more daily use of cocaine. Women reported more problems related to health and mental health. In addition, women reported much greater proportions of past and current physical and sexual abuse. Women also reported greater concerns about issues related to children, although both women and men reported concern about drug treatment affecting custody of children.
The Genetic Basis of Alopecia Areata: HLA Associations with Patchy Alopecia Areata Versus Alopecia Totalis and Alopecia Universalis

Many diseases, notably those having a strong autoimmune component, have been shown to have an association with specific human leukocyte antigens (HLA). The molecular basis for this genetic association with disease is the fact that HLA bind and present peptides derived from self and foreign protein antigens to the immune system for recognition and activation of the immune response. Previous studies with heterogeneous groups of alopecia areata (AA) patients have suggested associations with some HLA class I and class II antigens. For this study we selected only patients with long-standing disease and stratified them into two groups by strict definitions of duration and extent of disease: those with patchy AA and those with either alopecia totalis (AT) or alopecia universalis (AU). The patients were tissue typed for HLA class II antigens by biomolecular methods that provided antigen discrimination at an allele level. More than 80% of all of the AA patients typed were positive for the antigen DQB1*O3 (DQ3), suggesting that this antigen is a marker for general susceptibility to AA. In addition, two other antigens were found significantly increased in frequency only in the group of AT/AU patients, DRBl*0401 (DR4) and DQBl*0301(DQ7). This strongly suggests that the two clinical types of AA, namely patchy AA versus AT/AU, can be distinguished by a genetically based predisposition to extent of disease.
Fragrance material review on α-methylbenzyl acetate

Abstract A toxicologic and dermatologic review of α-methylbenzyl acetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. α-Methylbenzyl acetate is a member of the fragrance structural group Aryl Alkyl Alcohol Simple Acid Esters (AAASAE). The AAASAE fragrance ingredients are prepared by reacting an aryl alkyl alcohol with a simple carboxylic acid (a chain of 1–4 carbons) to generate formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate and carbonate esters. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to this individual fragrance ingredient and is not intended as a stand-alone document. Available data for α-methylbenzyl acetate were evaluated, then summarized, and includes: physical properties, acute toxicity, skin irritation, mucous membrane (eye) irritation, skin sensitization, elicitation, and repeated dose data. A safety assessment of the entire AAASAE will be published simultaneously with this document. Please refer to Belsito et al. (2012) for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all AAASAE in fragrances. Belsito, D., Bickers, D., Bruze, M., Calow, P., Dagli, M., Fryer, A.D., Greim, H., Hanifin, J.H., Miyachi, Y., Saurat, J.H., Sipes, I.G., 2012. A toxicologic and dermatologic assessment of aryl alkyl alcohol simple acid esters when used as fragrance ingredients.
Lymphokines in autoimmunity: Relationship between interleukin-2 and interferon-γ production in systemic lupus erythematosus

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon (IFN) are potent immunoregulatory factors. Recently, it has been demonstrated that IL-2 production is necessary for IFN-gamma synthesis. Thus, defects in IL-2 production could lead to defects in IFN-gamma production. Indeed, in systemic lupus erythematosus, defects in IFN-gamma and IL-2 production have been noted. To test this hypothesis, IL-2 and IFN-gamma production rates by peripheral blood mononuclear cells PBMC were measured simultaneously after stimulation by concanavalin A (Con A) and phorbol myristic acetate (PMA). IL-2 activity was determined employing HT-2, a cell line with an absolute growth requirement for IL-2. IFN-gamma activity was assessed using a standard viral plaque inhibition assay. IL-2 production in normal controls (n = 6) was 14.7 +/- 9.4 units/ml and in SLE patients (n = 10), 18.0 +/- 10.5 units/ml (P greater than 0.05). IFN-gamma production in controls was 74.7 +/- 43.7 units/ml and in SLE patients, 68.8 +/- 35.4 units/ml (P greater than 0.05). Only one SLE patient, who had moderately active disease, demonstrated defects in IL-2 synthesis (less than 4 units/ml) and IFN-gamma production (16 units/ml). Thus, production of these lymphokines in SLE patients was largely normal in response to Con A-PMA. These results imply that the intrinsic pathways of IFN and IL-2 production are basically normal in most SLE patients although defects in production of these lymphokines can occur. The defects in IL-2 and IFN production in SLE previously reported may be secondary to an impaired cellular response to the selected inducing agent rather than a primary defect in the actual ability to produce these important lymphokines.
Enhanced expression of epidermal growth factor receptor correlates with alterations of chromosome 7 in human pancreatic cancer

Abstract Recently, the gene for the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor has been mapped to chromosome 7p, the short arm of chromosome 7 [Shimizu, N., Kondo, I., Gamou, M. A., Behzadian, A. & Shimizu, Y. (1984) Somatic Cell Mol. Genet. 10, 45-53]. Utilizing EGF binding in saturation studies, karyology, and cDNA hybridization experiments, we have sought to determine whether there is a correlation between dosage or alteration of chromosome 7 and enhanced expression of EGF receptor in cultured human pancreatic carcinoma cells. Saturation binding studies with 125I-labeled EGF were performed at 4 degrees C with four established human pancreatic cancer cell lines: T3M4, PANC-1, COLO 357, and UACC-462. Analysis of binding data revealed enhanced numbers of EGF receptors in all four cell lines. Chromosome banding analysis revealed clonal structural alterations of chromosome 7p in the cell lines T3M4, PANC-1, and COLO 357, whereas UACC-462 displayed multiple copies of chromosome 7. Hybridization studies using a radiolabeled EGF receptor cDNA probe failed to demonstrate DNA sequence amplification in any cell line but confirmed the presence of EGF receptor mRNA in these cells in approximate proportion to EGF receptor number. Our results suggest that enhanced expression of EGF receptor in human pancreatic cancer can be associated with either structural or numerical alterations of chromosome 7.
Edinburgh Handedness Inventory scores: Caucasian and American Indian college students

Laterality Quotients for 80 American Indian college students were less right-biased than those for 80 Caucasian college students on the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. Oldfield's 1971 empirically derived deciles for the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory were used to assign decile levels to the data. Deciles were then used to assign data to one of three proposed handedness phenotype classifications. Phenotype classifications were based on Annett's 1985 proposed distribution for a single gene theorized to underlie human handedness. Chi-squared goodness-of-fit analysis showed that the data for Caucasian college students did not differ significantly from what would be anticipated by Annett's model, but American Indians differed significantly. Results provide empirical support for the hypothesis that frequency distributions for Annett's hypothesized right-shift gene may differ across racial groups.
Seasonal variations of photochemical tracers at low and middle latitudes on Mars: Observations and models

Abstract Mars Express observations give ozone abundances that are smaller than those from the ground-based infrared heterodyne and HST observations at low and middle latitudes. Both ground-based and Mars Express observations of the O 2 dayglow at 1.27 μm, which originates from photolysis of ozone, are in mutual agreement after correction for the local time variability. Therefore a problem appears: whether the MEX ozone data are compatible with (1) the observed O 2 dayglow intensities and (2) the photochemical model by Krasnopolsky [Krasnopolsky, V.A., 2006. Icarus 185, 153–170] within uncertainties of its reaction rate coefficients. That model involves heterogeneous loss of H 2 O 2 on water ice and agrees with the observations of the O 2 dayglow, H 2 O 2 , and the ground-based and HST ozone. The answers are ‘yes’ to both questions. A version of the model is given that fits the MEX ozone as well as the observed O 2 dayglow and H 2 O 2 . Laboratory studies of two reaction rate coefficients could indicate a preferable version of the model and a preferable set of the ozone data (MEX versus the ground-based and HST). The predicted seasonal behavior of H 2 O 2 is different from that in the model by Lefevre et al. [Lefevre, F., Bertaux, J.L., Clancy, R.T., Encrenaz, T., Fast, K., Forget, F., Lebonnois, S., Montmessin, F., Perrier, S., 2008. Nature 454, 971–975], and future observations may help to choose between the models.
Experiences of Latino Immigrant Families in North Carolina Help Explain Elevated Levels of Food Insecurity and Hunger

Household food insecurity is higher among minority households in the U.S., but few data exist on households of recent minority immigrants, in part because such households are difficult to sample. Four studies of a total of 317 Latino immigrant families were conducted in different regions and during different seasons in North Carolina. A Spanish translation of the 18-item U.S. Food Security Survey Module was used to assess the prevalence of food insecurity and hunger. In 3 of the studies, a total of 76 in-depth interviews were conducted to gather information on immigrants' experiences of food insecurity. Households in the 4 studies classified as food secure ranged from 28.7 to 50.9%, compared with 82.4% in the U.S. in 2004. Food insecurity without hunger ranged from 35.6% to 41.8%, compared with 13.3% in the U.S. The highest rates of hunger reported were 18.8% (moderate hunger) and 16.8% (severe hunger) in an urban sample. Qualitative data indicate that food insecurity has both quantitative and qualitative effects on diet. Immigrants experience adverse psychological effects of food insecurity. They report experiencing a period of adjustment to food insecurity leading to empowerment to resolve the situation. Reactions to food insecurity differ from those reported by others, possibly because immigrants encounter a new and not chronic situation. Overall, these findings suggest that immigrant Latinos experience significant levels of food insecurity that are not addressed by current governmental programs.
Secure free-space optical communication between moving platforms

We describe an architecture for secure, bursty free-space optical communication between rapidly moving platforms, e.g., aircraft. An optimized link protocol minimizes acquisition time. Key enabling components include fast two-dimensional microscanners and photodiode arrays with dual-mode readouts.
Synthesis of FePtAu nanoparticles in high-boiling-point solvents

Partially ordered FePtAu nanoparticles with size around 8 nm were prepared by the simultaneous decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl and reduction of gold acetate and platinum acetylacetonate. The high boiling point chemical, hexadecylamine, was used as a solvent, and 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid was used as a stabilizer. The final temperature was controlled between 300/spl deg/C-360/spl deg/C during synthesis, where disordered FePt particles could be partially transformed into the ordered L1/sub 0/ phase. A nonmagnetic mechanical stirrer was used in order to avoid agglomeration of the fct-FePt particles during synthesis. XRD patterns of as-made samples showed weak superlattice peaks, indicating partial chemical ordering of the FePtAu particles. The coercivities of partially transformed as-made particles vary from a few hundred oersteds to a few thousand oersteds, depending on the concentration of gold additive and the temperature of synthesis. Dynamic coercivity measurements yield thermal stability factors and switching volumes that are slightly higher than would be expected for noninteracting particles.
Digital Signal Processing Chip Implementation for Detection and Analysis of Intracardiac Electrograms

The adoption of digital signal processing (DSP) microchips for detection and analysis of electrocardiographic signals offers a means for increased computational speed and the opportunity for design of customized architecture to address real-time requirements. A system using the Motorola 56001 DSP chip has been designed to realize cycle-by-cycle detection (triggering) and waveform analysis using a time-domain template matching technique, correlation waveform analysis (CWA). The system digitally samples an electrocardiographic signal at 1000 Hz, incorporates an adaptive trigger for detection of cardiac events, and classifies each waveform as normal or abnormal. Ten paired sets of single-chamber bipolar intracardiac electrograms (1-500 Hz) were processed with each pair containing a sinus rhythm (SR) passage and a corresponding arrhythmia segment from the same patient. Four of ten paired sets contained intraatrial electrograms that exhibited retrograde atrial conduction during ventricular pacing; the remaining six paired sets of intraventricular electrograms consisted of either ventricular tachycardia (4) or paced ventricular rhythm (2). Of 2,978 depolarizations in the test set, the adaptive trigger failed to detect 6 (99.8% detection sensitivity) and had 11 false triggers (99.6% specificity). Using patient dependent thresholds for CWA to classify waveforms, the program correctly identified 1,175 of 1,197 (98.2% specificity) sinus rhythm depolarizations and 1,771 of 1,781 (99.4% sensitivity) abnormal depolarizations. From the results, the algorithm appears to hold potential for applications such as real-time monitoring of electrophysiology studies or detection and classification of tachycardias in implantable antitachycardia devices.
High-Resolution Mapping of Two Types of Spontaneous Mitotic Gene Conversion Events in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Gene conversions and crossovers are related products of the repair of double-stranded DNA breaks by homologous recombination. Most previous studies of mitotic gene conversion events have been restricted to measuring conversion tracts that are 50 kb. The unusually long tracts are initiated at a naturally occurring recombination hotspot formed by two inverted Ty elements. We suggest that these long gene conversion events may be generated by a mechanism (break-induced replication or repair of a double-stranded DNA gap) different from the short conversion tracts that likely reflect heteroduplex formation followed by DNA mismatch repair. Both the short and long mitotic conversion tracts are considerably longer than those observed in meiosis. Since mitotic crossovers in a diploid can result in a heterozygous recessive deleterious mutation becoming homozygous, it has been suggested that the repair of DNA breaks by mitotic recombination involves gene conversion events that are unassociated with crossing over. In contrast to this prediction, we found that ∼40% of the conversion tracts are associated with crossovers. Spontaneous mitotic crossover events in yeast are frequent enough to be an important factor in genome evolution.
Haemophilus influenzae LicB contributes to lung damage in an aged mice co-infection model.

Phosphorylcholine (ChoP) decoration of lipopolysaccharides is an important virulence strategy adopted by Haemophilus influenzae to establish a niche on the mucosal surface and to promote adherence to the host cells. The incorporation of ChoP on the LPS surface involves the lic1 operon, which consists of the licA, licB, licC, and licD genes. Among which, licB is a choline transporter gene required for acquisition of choline from environmental sources. In this study, we investigated the pathogenesis of the licB gene in an aged mice infection model. Due to immediate clearance of H. influenzae upon infection in mice, we employed influenza A virus and H. influenzae co-infection model. Our data showed that in the co-infection model, the secondary bacterial infection with a very low H. influenzae concentration of 100 colony forming unit is lethal to the aged mice. Although we did not observe any differences in weight loss between parent and licB mutant strains during the course of infection, a significant reduction of lung tissue damage was observed in the licB mutant infected aged mice. These results suggest that the licB gene is a virulence factor during H. influenzae infection in the lung in aged mice, possibly due to the increased binding to the host cell receptor via ChoP expression on the bacterial surface. In addition, when aged mice and mature mice were compared in the challenge experiments, we did not observe any protective immunity in the co-infection model suggesting the detrimental effects of the secondary bacterial infection on the aged mice in contrast to obvious immune-protections observed in the mature mice. The results of our experiments also implied that the co-infection model with influenza A virus and H. influenzae may be employed as a model system to study H. influenzae pathogenesis in vivo in aged mice.
Representations of disability in print news media in postsocialist Ukraine

This article examines the narrative discourses that shape representations of disability in newspapers in postsocialist Ukraine, arguing that narratives about disability are linked to a meta-discourse of ‘transition’ that emphasizes disorder. Further, newspaper coverage prescribes competing and contradictory models of citizenship and personhood for postsocialist subjects living with disabilities. The article offers recommendations for improving press coverage of disability issues.
Improving accuracy of microarray classification by a simple multi-task feature selection filter

Leveraging information from the publicly accessible data repositories can be very useful when training a classifier from a small-sample microarray data. To achieve this, we proposed a multi-task feature selection filter that borrows strength from auxiliary microarray data. It uses Kruskal Wallis test on auxiliary data and ranks genes based on their aggregated p-values. The top-ranked genes are selected as features for the target task classifier. The multi-task filter was evaluated on microarray data related to nine different types of cancers. The results showed that the multi-task feature selection is very successful when applied in conjunction with both single-task and multi-task classifiers.
Cerebral Arteriovenous Shunts Re-examined

Cerebral arteriovenous (A-V) shunts have been described in some histological studies, but their existence has been denied in others. Previous attempts to detect the presence and amount of A-V shunting using radioactive microspheres have suggested that large amounts of blood could bypass cerebral capillaries in this fashion. A reappraisal seemed indicated. The present study, using the radioactive microsphere technique, confined the injected spheres specifically to the cerebral circulation of a nonhuman primate. The conclusion of this study is that structural, noncapillary A-V shunting definitely occurs, but is very small and variable in amount. The implications of this finding in relation to previous studies and to the clinical phenomena of red cerebral veins and early venous filling are discussed.
Funding source, board involvement techniques, and financial vulnerability in nonprofit organizations: A test of resource dependence

The study examined here tested a resource dependence view of the organization on a sample of nonprofit social service agencies. Results indicated that CEOs of privately funded nonprofit agencies were more likely to use board involvement techniques than CEOs of government-funded or commercially supported organizations. In addition, privately funded agencies were less vulnerable to economic shock than government or commercially funded agencies, and funding source explained incremental variance in board involvement and vulnerability beyond characteristics of the organization and board. These results provide support for assertions of resource dependence theory and suggest that a CEO's strategic engagement with an organization's board depends in part on the nature and concentration of the organization's resources.
Synchronization recovery of chaotic wave through an imperfect channel

We present a novel idea to recover synchronization using the genetic algorithm after a chaotic wave passes through an imperfect channel with constant attenuation and offset. The compensation block, which is added before the receiver, is used to compensate the distortion of the imperfect channel. A new concept, the synchronization mismatch is defined and used as the cost function in the genetic algorithm to design the compensation block. The validity of this approach is suggested by numerical simulations.