cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Embedding a SST anomaly model in to a z‐coordinate oceanic GCM for producing El Niño oscillation in the tropical Pacific climate system

n n The sensitivity of simulated interannual variability to thermocline impacts on sea surface temperature (SST) is examined in a hybrid coupled model (HCM) of the tropical Pacific climate system, consisting of the latest version of the GFDL/NOAA Modular Ocean Model (MOM 3) and the atmospheric component of the Cane-Zebiak (CZ) coupled model. Standard coupling of the two components has difficulty producing El Nino-like oscillations, apparently due in part to the ocean general circulation model&#39;s (OGCM) problems in the far eastern equatorial Pacific, where the modeled subsurface influence on the SST is very weak. Analogous to the CZ model, a separate diagnostic SST anomaly model is explicitly embedded into the z-coordinate OGCM, serving as an interface between the ocean and atmosphere in the HCM. The three components exchange anomaly information only. This embedding strategy has a significant effect on the coupled variability in the model system. Incorporating the embedded SST anomaly equation, in which the thermocline effect on SST is enhanced in the eastern equatorial Pacific, the HCM simulations exhibit oscillations on interannual time scales for a range of parameters. It is shown that the most realistic coupled behavior (e.g., 3-4 year oscillation) results from the appropriate depiction of entrainment temperature (Te) in association with the thermocline depth anomalies. The results support the hypothesis that current mixing parameterization in the OGCM is problematic in depicting vertical turbulent processes.
Nonlocal Dirac equation for accelerated observers

The nonlocal theory of accelerated systems is extended to the propagation of Dirac particles. The implications of nonlocality for the phenomenon of spin-rotation coupling are discussed. The Lorentz-invariant nonlocal Dirac equation is presented for certain special classes of accelerated observers.
Effects of anesthetic and anticonvulsant drugs on calcium-dependent efflux of potassium from human erythrocytes☆

Abstract Anesthetic (halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, chloroform, diethyl ether, pentobarbital, phenyclidine) and anticonvulsant (ethosuximide, phenytoin, phenobarbital, sodium valproate, carbamazepine, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol) drugs were investigated for their effects on the calcium-dependent efflux of 86Rb (used as a marker for potassium) from resealed human red blood cells. Most anesthetic agents produced biphasic effects, having stimulatory actions at low (anesthetic) concentrations and inhibitory actions at higher (toxic) concentrations. The drug concentrations required to increase calcium-dependent 86Rb efflux were closely correlated with plasma concentrations required for anesthesia in vivo. Two anticonvulsant agents (phenytoin and phenobarbital) inhibited the efflux process in a concentration-dependent manner, while all other tested anticonvulsants were without significant effects. Neither the anesthetic nor the anticonvulsant substances significantly altered the calcium-independent release of 86Rb. The possibility that general anesthetic and anticonvulsant drugs act on calcium-dependent potassium conductance in the central nervous system, and the therapeutic importance of such actions, is discussed.
Aortic angiosarcoma masquerading as a thoracic aortic aneurysm

Aortic angiosarcoma is an exceedingly rare clinical entity. Significant delay in diagnosis can occur due to a low index of suspicion on the part of the clinician. We report a case of aortic angiosarcoma masquerading as a descending thoracic aneurysm arising from a penetrating ulcer. The patient was initially treated with an endovascular stent graft for rapid growth, but the lesion continued to enlarge despite angiographic exclusion. FDG-PET CT scan and biopsy ultimately confirmed the diagnosis of aortic angiosarcoma. This case highlights some of the difficulties of making the early diagnosis of aortic angiosarcoma.
A Three-Dimensional Tropical Cyclone Model with Release of Latent Heat by the Resolvable Scales

Abstract Preliminary results are presented for a new three-dimensional tropical cyclone model that is unusual because the cumulus parameterization has been replaced by release of latent heat by scales of motion that are resolved by the grid. As a result, deep convective cells are formed in the model. Essentially all of the convective cells occur on the fine (10 km) mesh of a triply nested grid. These Cells form in clusters that propagate downwind. As the vortex grows, the clusters become organized into an eyewall and sometimes into spiral bands. Spiral bands without convection are also present. A model vortex is integrated from tropical storm strength to a mature hurricane. The maximum low-level wind is 82 m s−1 and the minimum sea level pressure is 880 mb in the mature stage.
Derivation of the S Matrix Using Supersymmetry

Abstract Using supersymmetry and shape invariance the reflection and transmission coefficients for a large class of solvable potentials can be obtained algebraically.
Prepulse effects on the photic eyeblink reflex: Evidence for startle- dazzle theory

Weak visual prestimulation effects on the early (R50, 50-80 ms) and late (R80, 80-200 ms) components of the eyeblink response to bright light flashes were studied in 16 normal individuals. At a lead time of 120 ms, R50 was inhibited relative to no-prepulse control trials, whereas R80 was facilitated. According to the proposed startle-dazzle theory, luminance onset transients trigger an initial response, R50, that is functionally related to startle. Sustained stimulation then activates prolonged eyelid (R80) and pupil responses, which serve to minimize retinal bleaching. Although the sensitivity of the photic blink reflex to attention is controversial, R50 latency showed a pattern suggestive of inhibition of return (Posner & Cohen, 1984, Attention and performance, Vol. X, pp. 531-556, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum). Analyses in a patient with unilateral occipital lobe damage supported previous evidence that inhibition by a visual prepulse requires neocortex, but facilitation does not.
Strong interactions in charm decays

Abstract Various theoretical frameworks for describing the weak decays of charm hadrons are reviewed, namely the Quark Diagram Model, the Stech et al. Ansatz, a 1/N Expansion and QCD Sum Rules. I analyze their successes and shortcomings, both on the phenomenological and the theoretical level. Finally directions of future work are outlined.
Feeding sites and distribution of fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae on cotton.

Newly hatched fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), larvae were placed on the under surface of main stem leaves of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., emerging at main stem nodes 5, 10, and 15 in greenhouse and field cage studies to determine feeding sites, intraplant distribution, interplant movement, and survival of larvae throughout larval development. Feeding sites and survival of larvae in greenhouse and field cages were similar. First and second instars fed predominantly on leaves. Third instars fed equally on leaves and fruiting structures. Significantly more fourth, fifth, and sixth instars were found feeding on fruiting structures (squares, blooms, or bolls) than on leaves. Release site did not significantly ( P 74%) first, second, and third instars were found on structures emerging directly from the main stem or nodes 1 to 4 on branches located between main stem nodes 1 and 15. Later instars (fifth and sixth) were observed on middle to terminal portions of the plant, including branch tips. In the interplant movement study, larvae remained predominantly within average distances of 1 to 2.4 plants from the infested plant. No larva moved more than five plants from the site of release.
Concepts of sediment deposition and accumulation applied to the continental shelf near the mouth of the Yangtze River

A fundamental understanding of how sedimentary strata form requires distinction between deposition and accumulation of particles. Deposition refers to the temporary emplacement of particles on the seabed. Accumulation is the net sum of many episodes of sediment deposition and removal. The difference between rates of deposition and accumulation affects the ability of an environment to record sedimentary events. Radionuclide profiles of 234 Th and 210 Pb within the seabed can be used to determine 100-day deposition rates and 100-yr accumulation rates, respectively. On the continental shelf near the mouth of the Yangtze River, short-term deposition rates are about 4.4 cm/month, whereas accumulation rates integrated over a century are an order of magnitude less, about 5.4 cm/yr.
He+ ion irradiation response of Fe–TiO2 multilayers

Abstract The accumulation of radiation-induced defect clusters and He bubble formation in He + ion irradiated nanocrystalline TiO 2 and Fe–TiO 2 multilayer thin films were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Prior to ion irradiation it was found that the crystallinity of TiO 2 layers depends on the individual layer thickness: While all TiO 2 layers are amorphous at 5 nm individual layer thickness, at 100 nm they are crystalline with a rutile polymorph. After He + irradiation up to ∼6 dpa at room temperature, amorphization of TiO 2 layers was not observed in both nanocrystalline TiO 2 single layers and Fe–TiO 2 multilayers. The suppression of radiation-induced amorphization in TiO 2 is interpreted in terms of a high density of defect sinks in these nano-composites in the form of Fe–TiO 2 interphase boundaries and columnar grains within each layer with nano-scale intercolumnar porosity. In addition, a high concentration of He is believed to be trapped at these interfaces in the form of sub-nanometer-scale clusters retarding the formation of relatively larger He bubbles that can be resolved in TEM.
Perinatal factors and risk of neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma is a malignancy commonly diagnosed during infancy or early childhood, raising speculation about the role of perinatal factors and risk of disease. Using a case-control design, cases included 155 infants and children aged 0-5 years with histologically confirmed neuroblastoma diagnosed and reported to the New York State Cancer Registry between 1976 and 1987. Controls were randomly selected from the State's Livebirth Registry and were frequency matched to cases on year of birth (n = 310). Medical records of cases were used to verify histology and stage of disease. Data on perinatal factors were ascertained from birth certificates and standardised telephone interviews with mothers. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate (un)adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Both preterm ( 42 weeks) birth were associated with a reduction in risk (OR = 0.4 [CI = 0.1, 0.9] and OR = 0.3 [CI = 0.1, 0.7] respectively) after controlling for confounders in unconditional logistic regression analysis. Elevated risk factors included: smoking during pregnancy (OR = 1.6; CI = 0.9, 2.8), contracted pelvis (OR = 2.3; CI = 0.6, 9.8), birth injury (OR = 2.9; CI = 0.3, 24.9) and 1-min Apgar Score < or =3 (OR = 6.0; CI = 0.9, 38.6); all confidence intervals included one. These data suggest that extremes in gestation may be associated with a reduced risk, although aetiological mechanisms remain unknown.
The comparative power of the TR test against simple threshold models

SUMMARY Through Monte-Carlo simulations the estimated power of the Ramsey and Rothman time reversibility (TR) test is compared to the power of the BDS and bispectrum tests against some simple threshold alternatives. The TR test is shown to have excellent size properties and to be generally more powerful than the other two tests against the threshold models considered. If the rate of adjustment towards long-run equilibrium differs across phases of the business cycle, then conventional forecasting techniques, such as Gaussian ARMA models, will clearly be biased. The threshold time-series modelling approach is a natural one to adopt if such statedependent regime switching behaviour is important. Extensive discussion of threshold models is found in Tong (1983, 1990). In this paper the estimated power of three time-series tests against some simple self-exciting threshold autoregressive (SETAR) alternatives will be compared. Specifically, the power properties of the Ramsey and Rothman (1990) time reversibility (TR) test is compared with the estimated power of the BDS test (for Brock, Dechert, and Scheinkman, 1988) and Hinich's (1982) bispectrum test. All three have been developed to serve as diagnostic test procedures to identify the presence of varying forms of nonlinear structure which are undetected by conventional time-series techniques. The results are based on Monte-Carlo simulations. As is well known, they can be strongly influenced by the design of the experiment; in this case the choice of SETAR models studied. As a check against such potential sample selection bias, the choice of SETAR models is dictated by the models studied in Hsieh and LeBaron (1988) and Ashley, Patterson, and Hinich (1986). Each of these three tests was developed to be run against a general unspecified alternative hypothesis. This is in contrast to the group of tests studied by Petrucelli (1990). Those tests were specifically designed to have power against SETAR alternatives. Under correct specification of the SETAR model, such tests generally have greater power than the tests considered in this paper. To appropriately compare the estimated power between the two sets of tests, however, the experimental design should allow for the possibility that in practice the analyst may typically misspecify the alternative hypothesis. This is a far from trivial task.
Nb2 cell mitogenesis: effect of lactogens on cAMP and protein phosphorylation.

Rat lymphoma cells (Nb2) are exquisitely sensitive to lactogenic hormones and are an ideal system to study receptor-mediated signal transduction. The effect of human growth hormone (hGH) on macromolecular synthesis, intracellular cAMP concentrations and protein phosphorylation was investigated in Nb2 cells maintained in serum-free medium. hGH stimulated the incorporation of radiolabelled precursors into protein, RNA and DNA in a time-dependent manner. The concentration of hGH inducing half-maximal DNA synthesis was 11 pM, indicating that Nb2 cells cultured in serum-free medium maintain the same sensitivity to lactogen as cells in horse serum-containing medium. hGH over a period of 4 h had no effect on intracellular cAMP regardless of the presence or absence of isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX). IBMX (250 μM), increased intracellular cAMP levels 2-fold indicating that the cAMP assay was sufficiently sensitive to detect relatively small changes in intracellular cAMP. Cyclic AMP had no effect on protein phosphorylation. However, hGH, prolactin and placental lactogen enhanced phosphorylation of many protein targets, as well as that of a specific protein (Mr = 29 000). Rat growth hormone, which is not mitogenic, had no effect on protein phosphorylation. These results suggest that lactogen-mediated Nb2 mitogenesis does not involve modulation of intracellular cAMP concentration and that cAMP-independent protein phosphorylation may play a role.
Lower-extremity sclerotomes: clinical applications and the modified mayo block.

A sclerotome is an anatomical concept that defines an area of bone supplied by a single spinal nerve. Similar to the familiar dermatomes, sclerotomes provide an element of depth to the sensory innervation of the lower extremity based on the deep fascia as an embryologic boundary. Anatomical knowledge of sclerotomes can be used clinically in the diagnosis and treatment of pain and in the perioperative setting. Specifically, a modified version of the classic Mayo block is presented to highlight an active anatomical approach to peripheral nerve blockade. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 99(3): 232–235, 2009)
Low temperature preparation of crystalline ZrO2 coatings for improved elevated-temperature performances of Li-ion battery cathodes.

Ultrathin crystalline ZrO2 nanofilms have been facilely deposited on LiMn2O4 particles at 120 °C using atomic layer deposition. The ZrO2 coating shows high crystallinity, conformality and homogeneity, which contribute to considerably improved electrochemical performance of LiMn2O4 at elevated temperature in lithium-ion batteries.
Assessment of Student Outcomes in Home Economics Higher Education

Historically, assessments of the college experiences of students conclude that education produces pervasive and enduring effects on knowledge, receptivity to knowledge, and on job satisfaction. A study of university student growth on core concepts related to home economics content showed a significant difference by major. Recommendations include a reevaluation of a common core and further use of the concept of self-efficacy as a means of measuring capabilities.
Sodium channel mRNA in the B104 neuroblastoma cell line

B104 neuroblastoma cells are excitable, but the ion channels underlying electrogenesis in these cells have not been identified. RT-PCR, restriction enzyme analysis and in situ hybridization were used to study sodium channel mRNAs in B104 cells. High levels of sodium channel α-subunit mRNAs III, NaG and Na6 and β1-subunit mRNA were detected by RT-PCR in B104 cells. Low levels of types I and II α-subunit mRNAs were also present. In situ hybridization with subtype-specific riboprobes detected sodium channel α-subunit mRNAs III, NaG and Na6 and β1-subunit mRNA in B104 cells; analysis of the percentage of B104 cells expressing each α-subunit mRNA subtype suggests that some cells express the mRNAs for several α-subunits.
Theory of drag out of liquids on flat plates

A theoretical relationship is given for estimating the film thickness and flow rate at which a liquid is dragged out of a bath by a moving flat plate. This is derived by the integration of the Navier-Stokes equation for flow in films on solid supports given by Levich and by consideration of the linearized form of this equation and a similar simpler one derived by Landau and Levich. The numerical integration of the Landau and Levich equation was carried out and a more accurate value of a required constant is presented. The approximation used by the authors in obtaining a more general solution follows from considerations of the course of the numerical integration of both differential equations, the Landau and Levich and the general one. The resulting equation embodies elements of previous theory and gives good agreement with all experimental data over the entire range of dimensionless withdrawal velocity, (u0μ/σ), studied: which no previously derived theoretical relationship has done.
Static Color-Coulomb Force

The static color-Coulomb interaction potential is calculated as the solution of a nonlinear integral equation which arises in the Hamiltonian Coulomb gauge when the restriction to the interior of the Gribov horizon is implemented. The potential obtained is in qualitative agreement with expectations, being Coulombic with logarithmic corrections at short range, and confining at long range. The values obtained for the string tension and ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{\overline{\mathrm{MS}}}$ are in semiquantitative agreement with lattice Monte Carlo and phenomenological determinations.
Comparison of two benzodiazepines with differing accumulation behavioral changes during and after 3 weeks of dosing

The effects of diazepam (0.2 mg/kg for 15 days followed by 0.3 mg/kg for 7 days), oxazepam (0.8 mg/ kg for 15 days followed by 1.2 mg/kg for 7 days), and placebo were studied in healthy subjects after the first dose, once a week during chronic dosing, and at 48 and 96 hours after withdrawal through a battery of psychologic tests. Diazepam produced quick effects followed by relatively rapid recovery, whereas the effects of oxazepam appeared slowly and lasted longer. Tolerance developed to the effects of both active drugs, so that when the dosages were increased, effects did not. There were no symptoms or signs indicative of withdrawal reactions. There were also no differences between the effects of the two active drugs after repeated dosing, although diazepam is an accumulating drug with active metabolites and oxazepam is a slightly accumulating one with inactive metabolites. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1986) 39, 491–500; doi:10.1038/clpt.1986.86
Phylogenetic characterization of dwarf archaea and bacteria from a semiarid soil

Abstract Microscopic studies have shown that most microbes exist in soils as dwarf cells that are thought to be an adaptation to nutrient limitation. Most dwarfs are uncultured by current approaches and have not been identified phylogenetically. Only a few dwarf bacteria have been isolated in culture and dwarf archaea have received little study. We selected a semiarid creosotebush shrubland site for studying dwarf microorganisms because arid and semiarid soils are generally nutrient-poor. Soils were collected beneath creosotebush canopies and in open areas between shrubs. Cells were eluted in sodium pyrophosphate and filtered with a 0.45-μm pore-size filter. Filtrate DNA was extracted, PCR-amplified using universal bacterial and archaeal 16S rDNA primers, cloned, RFLP-screened, and sequenced. The eluted cell filtrates were also inoculated into R2B medium. After incubation, cultures were filtered to select against populations of dwarfs that formed large cells in the presence of nutrients (pleomorphic dwarfs) and to select for populations that retained dwarf size (intrinsic dwarfs). Dwarf archaea and bacteria were present in the initial filtrate and in the cultures. A single dwarf archaeon (SevArch-01) that is related to other soil Crenarchaeota sequences was found in the initial filtrates and in subsequent filtrate cultures, indicating an intrinsically dwarf archaeon. Dwarf bacteria fell into four bacterial phyla: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and the TM-7 group. Intrinsically dwarf bacteria in enrichment cultures were identified as α- and β-Proteobacteria. Dwarf bacteria related to Arthrobacter , Propionibacterium , and other actinobacteria were detected. Several sequences showed no close relationships to any microorganisms that have been grown in culture.
Effects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic antagonists on plasma apolipoproteins and forearm blood flow in patients with mild hypertension

Abstract To study the mechanisms by which adrenergic antagonists affect blood pressure and plasma lipid levels, the effects of alpha-blockade with prazosin were compared with those of beta-blockade with propranolol in 23 normolipidemic, mildly hypertensive patients. Plasma lipoprotein composition, apolipoproteins, and some of the processes involved in lipid synthesis and clearance from plasma were investigated also. Patients entered an eight-week placebo period during which they were free of all antihypertensive medications. They were then randomly assigned under double-blind conditions to treatment with either prazosin (mean dose, 5 mg per day) or propranolol (mean dose, 133 mg per day) for eight weeks. Doses of both drugs were titrated to achieve either a decrease in diastolic blood pressure of 10 mm Hg or more or a reduction of diastolic blood pressure to less than 85 mm Hg, whichever was lower. Total plasma cholesterol decreased by 9 percent during prazosin treatment and increased by 7 percent during propranolol treatment (p 2 or high-density lipoprotein 3 , or in apolipoprotein A 1 and apolipoprotein A 2 . Plasma very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein triglycerides were not significantly affected by either treatment. Plasma post-heparin lipase activities, which clear triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol from plasma, were not altered significantly. Since regional blood flow could affect the clearance of plasma lipoproteins, measurements were taken of forearm blood flow, forearm vascular resistance, and maximal forearm vasodilatory potential during reactive hyperemia. The adrenergic antagonists had no effect on these measurements, nor did they affect cellular cholesterol synthesis as measured by the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in blood mononuclear cells. The results of this study demonstrate differing actions between alpha- and beta-adrenergic antagonism. Alpha-blockade produced significantly lower levels of plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B than beta-adrenergic antagonism without changes in high-density lipoproteins.
The mass spectrum of trimethylboroxine

Abstract Comparison of the mass spectra of isotopically normal and 10B-enriched trimethylboroxines makes possible the identification of the various fragments. The spectra furnish independent substantiation of the molecular weight and structure of (CH3)3B3O3—a ring with considerable aromatic character. The 10 B 11 B isotopic abundance ratio determined from the principal-peak region is 0·251. Theoretical considerations involving molecular vibrations are introduced to show that there are minimum isotopic effects on fragmentation, and consequently on the calculated abundance ration, when bond rupture is produced by vibration of light atoms or groups against heavy boron-containing groups.
XPS studies of poly(acrylic acid) grafted onto UV photo-oxidized polystyrene surfaces

UV photo-oxidation of polystyrene was achieved with 253.7 and 253.7/184.9 nm radiation in the presence of an atmospheric pressure of oxygen and analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as a function of treatment time. A methodical increase in the atomic percentage (at.%) of oxygen occurred during 253.7 nm activation up to 2 h of treatment time. Photo-oxidation with the 253.7/184.9 nm lamps resulted in a saturation level of ca. 35 at.% O. Initially, C–O and C=O groups were formed and then O–C=O type moieties. Poly(acrylic acid) was partially and/or thinly grafted onto the oxidized polystyrene surfaces.
Estradiol attenuates the adenosine triphosphate-induced increase of intracellular calcium through group II metabotropic glutamate receptors in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons.

Estradiol attenuates the ATP-induced increase of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons by blocking the L-type voltage gated calcium channel (VGCC). Because ATP is a putative nociceptive signal, this action may indicate a site of estradiol regulation of pain. In other neurons, 17β-estradiol (E(2)) has been shown to modulate L-type VGCC through a membrane estrogen receptor-group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR(2/3)). The present study investigated whether the rapid estradiol attenuation of the ATP-induced increase in [Ca(2+)](i) requires mGluR(2/3). Previously we showed that DRG (L(1)-S(3)) express ERα, P2X(3), and mGluR(2/3) receptors. DRG were acutely dissociated by enzyme digestion and grown in short-term culture for imaging analysis. DRG neurons were stimulated twice, once with ATP (50 μM) for 5 sec and then again in the presence of E(2) (100 nM) or E(2) (100 nM) + LY341495 (100 nM), an mGluR(2/3) inhibitor. ATP induced a transient increase in [Ca(2+)](i) (216.3 ± 41.2 nM). This transient increase could be evoked several times in the same DRG neurons if separated by a 5-min washout. Treatment with estradiol significantly attenuated the ATP-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increase in 60% of the DRG neurons, to 163.3 ± 20.9 nM (P 0.05). These data indicate that the rapid action of E(2) in DRG neurons is dependent on mGluR(2/3) and demonstrate that membrane estrogen receptor-α-initiated signaling involves interaction with mGluRs.
Chloramine-T Margin-of-Safety Estimates for Fry, Fingerling, and Juvenile Rainbow Trout

Abstract Chloramine-T (CLT) is a candidate for approval for use in U.S. aquaculture to control mortality in freshwater-reared salmonids caused by bacterial gill disease (causative agent, Flavobacterium branchiophilum). The proposed treatment regimen is to administer CLT at 12–20 mg/L in a static or flow-through bath for 60 min/d on three alternate or consecutive days. To estimate a CLT margin of safety, defined as the highest dosing regimen above the proposed maximum therapeutic regimen at which no adverse effects are observed, we conducted seven experiments with fry, fingerling, and juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss that examined mortality and an eighth experiment that examined mortality, gross pathology, and histopathology after CLT exposure. In each experiment, triplicate groups of fish were exposed to a range of CLT concentrations representing 0, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, or 5× the highest proposed dose (20 mg/L) for 3× the proposed treatment duration (60 min) on three alternate or consecuti...
Competence-stimulating activity in sterile filtrates from Hemophilus Influenzae

Abstract The physiological state of competence must develop in bacteria before the cells can incorporate extracellular DNA and undergo transformation. Results herein reported show that sterile filtrates from highly competent cultures of Hemophilus influenzae stimulate development of the competent state in cultures of low frequency competence. Stimulating activity is also present to a lesser extent throughout the log phase of a growing culture when competence is at a low frequency in the cell population. During the early log phase of growth, the stimulating activity is present in direct proportion to the concentration of growing cells rather than to the concentration of competent cells. It is also in this phase of growth that the cells are most sensitive to stimulation. The factor is dialyzable, is refractive to ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, and proteolytic enzymes, and is relatively heat-stable. It is suggested that this factor is a low molecular weight product of cell metabolism which is produced most abundantly under conditions of reduced aeration. The same conditions favor the most efficient cellular utilization of the factor ( i.e. , development of competence). Stimulation of competence is temperature-sensitive and is inhibited by puromycin. These results indicate that a competence-stimulating factor is operational in the Hemophilus system and that active cell metabolism is essential for its stimulating action.
Ecological determinism in the life histories of baboons

An evolutionary model is presented for the covariation of parameters in ecology, behavior, morphology and social organization observed in interpopulational comparisons of baboons. Ecological determinants, in particular rainfall, shape the optimal life history strategies of individuals within a local population, in terms of the distribution of time and energy for reproductive effort, growth and maintenance. The results are adaptations in body mass, sexual dimorphism and aggression among baboons that are significantly correlated with rainfall. The three common types of baboon social organization, one-male units, multi-male troops and age-graded groups, are discussed as the consequences of male and female life history strategies, and in turn as social environments generating their own selection pressures.
Endothelial Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis

There is increasing evidence that the vascular endothelium is an important functional component of the blood vessel wall, actively participating in normal vascular physiology as well as the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. The localized modulation of vascular endothelium to a nonadaptive functional state can be termed endothelial dysfunction. This article provides a brief overview of the multiple vital functions of endothelium, and a working concept of endothelial dysfunction especially as it relates to atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications.
Numerically stable finite element methods for the Galerkin solution of eddy current problems

Two sources of error that contribute to the instability of Galerkin solutions of vector eddy-current problems are identified. The first results from a magnification of the error in modeling or integrating the solenoidal forcing function. The second arises from contamination of the deterministic solutions by spurious modes. To obtain stable finite-element solutions of vector eddy-current problems, it is therefore necessary to model the forcing function accurately and to use vector basis functions that do not produce spurious modes. Two such sets of stable basis functions are found to be standard Lagrangian elements on a common C/sup 1/ mesh and tangential vector elements on an arbitrary mesh. >
Nearest neighbor thermodynamic parameters for internal G.A mismatches in DNA.

Thermodynamics of 22 oligonucleotides with internal single G.A mismatches dissolved in 1 M NaCl were determined from absorbance versus temperature melting curves. These data, combined with five literature sequences, were used to derive nearest-neighbor thermodynamic parameters for seven linearly independent trimer sequences with internal G.A mismatches and Watson-Crick flanking base pairs. The G.A mismatch parameters predict DeltaG degrees 37, DeltaH degrees, DeltaS degrees, and TM with average deviations of 4.4%, 7.4%, 8.0%, and 1.5 degrees C, respectively. The nearest-neighbor parameters show that G.A mismatch stability is strongly context dependent, and DeltaG degrees 37 ranges from +1.16 kcal/mol for TGA/AAT to -0.78 kcal/mol for GGC/CAG. In addition, one-dimensional 1H NMR spectra show that the G.A pairing geometry is pH and context dependent.
Effects of NMDA receptor antagonists on δ1- and δ2-opioid receptor agonists-induced changes in the mouse brain []DPDPE binding

Abstract Male Swiss-Webster mice were injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) with [ d -Pen2, d -Pen5]enkephalin (20 μg/mouse) twice a day for 2 days. This procedure resulted in down-regulation of binding sites for [ 3 H ][ d -Pen2, d -Pen5]enkephalin as evidenced by a 52% decrease in the Bmax value. Twice daily injections of (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo-[a,d]-cyclohepten-5,10-imine (MK-801) (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) or [(−)3-SR,4a-RS,8a-SR-6-(phosphonomethyl)-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid] (LY 235959) (2 mg/kg, i.p.), the noncompetitive and competitive antagonist of the N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor, respectively, for 2 days did not alter the Bmax or Kd value of [ 3 H ][ d -Pen2, d -Pen5]enkephalin binding to the mouse brain. Concurrent treatment of MK-801, but not of LY 235959 with [ d -Pen2, d -Pen5]enkephalin, reversed the decreases in Bmax value of [ 3 H ][ d -Pen2, d -Pen5]enkephalin. Twice daily injections of [ d -Ala2,Glu4] deltorphin II (20 μg/mouse) for 2 days caused an increase in the Kd value, but not the Bmax value of [ 3 H ][ d -Pen2, d -Pen5]enkephalin to bind to brain membranes. Concurrent treatment of [ d -Ala2,Glu4]deltorphin II with LY 235959 reversed the increase in Kd value of [ 3 H ][ d -Pen2, d -Pen5]enkephalin binding induced by multiple injections of [ d -Ala2,Glu4]deltorphin II, but MK-801 had no effect. The results suggest that multiple injections of δ1- and δ2-opioid receptor agonists down-regulate δ1-opioid receptors of the brain by modifying Bmax and Kd values of [ 3 H ][ d -Pen2, d -Pen5]enkephalin binding, respectively. MK-801 and LY 235959 reverse δ1- and δ2-opioid receptor agonists-induced down-regulation of brain δ1-opioid receptor, respectively, apparently by different mechanisms. It is concluded that short term treatment of mice with δ1-opioid receptor agonist down-regulates brain δ1-opioid receptors by decreasing Bmax of the ligand which is partially reversed by concurrent treatment with MK-801 but not by LY 235959. On the other hand, short term treatment of mice with δ2-opioid receptor agonist down-regulates brain δ1-opioid receptors by increasing Kd of the ligand which is partially reversed by concurrent treatment with LY 235959 but not by MK-801.
Predictive value of preoperative ventricular volume on the need for permanent hydrocephalus treatment immediately after resection of posterior fossa medulloblastomas in children

Object In this study, the authors investigated whether preoperative ventricular volume can be used to predict the need for permanent treatment of hydrocephalus in children with posterior fossa medulloblastomas. Methods Ventricular volumes were measured on magnetic resonance imaging studies obtained preoperatively and immediately postoperatively in 20 children who had undergone resection for medulloblastomas between 1999 and 2007. Comparison of mean values was performed using the one-way analysis of variance test. The association between ventricular and tumor volume was also investigated. Results All patients had obstructive hydrocephalus preoperatively, and 4 patients required postoperative shunt placement. The mean preoperative ventricular volume was 252 ml for those who required shunt placement, and 106 ml for those who did not (p = 0.000). The postoperative ventricular volume was 157 and 78 ml, respectively (p = 0.039), larger than normal in both groups. The mean postoperative and preoperative ratios w...
P0 promoter directs expression of reporter and toxin genes to schwann cells of transgenic mice

Abstract We generated transgenic mice that specifically express foreign genes in myelinating Schwann cells. A 1.1 kb segment of 5′ flanking sequence from the rat P 0 gene was used to drive expression of the genes encoding human growth hormone (hGH) and bacterial diphtheria toxin A chain (DT-A). The P 0 -hGH mice expressed hGH in myelinating Schwann cells, but not in nonmyelinating Schwann cells, the central nervous system, or any other tissue assayed. This expression was activated on a developmental schedule comparable to that of endogenous myelin gene expression. One line of P 0 -DT-A mice developed a generalized hypomyelinating peripheral neuropathy, with Schwann cell deficiency apparent in newborn animals. Peripheral nerves from adult mice of this line displayed morphological alterations ranging from completely denuded axons to myelinated Schwann cells undergoing degeneration, although occasional Schwann cells were able to form apparently normal myelin sheaths. Pronounced secondary changes, including proliferation and retraction of processes, occurred in the nonmyelinating Schwann cells of these P 0 -DT-A mice.
Will the Best Teaching Practice Please Stand Up

One only has to listen to student complaints and faculty comments to realize that there is a cold war going on in academia concerning testing practices in the classroom. This article will clarify for marketing educators the differences between the many types of examinations used in classrooms, as well as the usefulness and characteristics of these exams. The purpose of this article is not to point out practices that are educationally unsound, but to enlighten marketing educators in the field of testing where most have very little, if any, formal education.
SYNTHESIS AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF [Al(CH3)]2[15]aneN4[A](CH3)3]2: AN ALUMINUM-NITROGEN MACROCYCLIC CAGE

Abstract The organoaluminum complex [Al(CH3)]2[15]aneN4[Al(CH3)3]2 was prepared by reaction of an excess of trimethylaluminum with the macrocyclic tetradentate secondary amine [15]aneN4 in toluene. Isolated as large, colourless, extremely air-sensitive, prismatic crystals, [Al(CH3)]2[15]aneN4[Al(CH3)3]2 was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction: the title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with unit cell parameters a = 10.826(2)A, b = 18.221(5) A, c = 13.825(4)A, β = 102.23(2)°, V = 2665.3A3 and D c = 1.09gcm−3 for Z = 4. Least-squares refinement based on 2064 observed reflections converged at R = 0.056, R w = 0.065. The distortion displayed by the macrocycle is quite extensive. A planar four-membered Al2N2 ring occupies the central cavity of the macrocycle. The mean Al[sbnd]N distance in the Al2N2 fragment is 1.958(5)A while the mean Al[sbnd]N[sbnd]Al angle is 90.6(2)°. The Al … Al contact is 2.785(3)A.
Do You See What I See? Examining a Collaborative Ethnography:

Although there are increasing examples of collaborative ethnography, there are few explicit reflections on its process. The authors systematically juxtapose their jointly collected but separately recorded observations in a neighborhood recreation center in Chicago to examine points of similarity and difference. They find that collaborative ethnography can be useful for providing a richer description, highlighting perceptual inconsistencies, and recognizing the influence of ethnographers’ personal and intellectual backgrounds on the collection and recording of data. The authors’ reflexive analysis also illustrates that the choice of collaborators is key for influencing the depth or breadth of the data collected. Finally, they show that there is neither one truth, nor one reality, nor one stable social world to observe.
Nitrogen and phosphorus implanted MESFETs in semi-insulating 4H-SiC

Abstract Nitrogen and phosphorus ion implantation were used to fabricate 2 μm gate length, n-channel Metal-Semiconductor Field-Effect-Transistors (MESFETs) in semi-insulating bulk 4H-SiC. In order to create the channel region, either nitrogen or phosphorus ion-implantations was performed to a depth of 300 nm at room temperature to a volumetric concentration of 5×10 17 cm −3 . The source/drain regions were created by nitrogen implantation to a volumetric concentration of 2×10 19 cm −3 , regardless of the species used for the channel implantation. Annealing for a duration of 15 min at 1450 °C (for nitrogen-implanted channels) or 1500 °C (for phosphorus-implanted channels) activated the implants. This study utilized aluminum Schottky gates for the FETs. Both the nitrogen and phosphorus-implanted channel MESFETS exhibited pinch-off voltages at approximately 18 V and the drain saturation currents between 30 and 40 mA.
157: Cellular immunity in children with acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatismal carditis (RC)

Cellular immunity was investigated in 74 children with ARF grouped as with or without active carditis (AC) or inactive disease with valvular lesions (VL) and 26 healthy controls of the same age (4-17 yrs). Absolute lymphocyte counts were not significantly different from the controls. Skin test responses to PPD, candida and SKSD antigens, in vitro lymphocyte response (IVLR) (measured by the incorporation of H3Tdr into DNA) to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was significantly decreased in patients with AC. IVLR to candida was similar in all groups. But SKSD response in the group of VL was higher (p<0.05) in comparison to the active disease group. Blastic transformation response to cardiac tissue antigens was present in 25% of the patients with AC, in 15% of the group without carditis, in 46% of the patients with VL and none of the controls. The plasma from patients with active disease caused a 50% or more inhibition in the blastic transformation response of the normal lymphocytes to PHA. These findings suggest that cellular immunity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of ARF and of RC.
Hydrogen peroxide mediates reperfusion injury in the isolated rat heart.

In an isolated, normothermic rat heart model (Langendorff, 37 °C), dimethylthiourea (DMTU) infusion only during reperfusion reduced both injury and measurable hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations after global ischemia. Cardiac function was assessed by measurement of ventricular developed pressure (DP). H2O2 was assessed using H2O2 dependent aminotriazole inactivation of myocardial catalase. Depletion of xanthine oxidase by two methods (tungsten or allopurinol inhibition) also improved recovery of function and H2O2 production. The results indicate that XO derived H2O2 contributes to myocardial reperfusion injury.
Non-Fermi-liquid fixed point in a Wilsonian theory of quantum critical metals

We study the problem of disorder-free metals near a continuous quantum critical point. We depart from the standard paradigm [Hertz, Phys. Rev. B 14, 1165 (1976) and Millis, Phys. Rev. B 48, 7183 (1993)] and treat both fermions and bosons (i.e., order parameter fields) on equal footing. We construct a Wilsonian effective field theory that integrates out only high-energy boson and fermion modes. Below the upper critical dimension of the theory ($d=3$ spatial dimensions), we find new fixed points in which the bosons are described by the Wilson-Fisher fixed point and are coupled to a non-Fermi-liquid metal. We describe subtleties with the renormalization group flow of four-Fermi interactions, which can be surmounted in a controlled large-$N$ limit. In this limit, we find that the theory has no superconducting instability.
Maternal lead exposure inhibits intestinal calcium absorption in rat pups

Female rats were fed a diet containing 0.5% lead acetate for 5 weeks prior to breeding, during gestation, and through Day 17 of lactation. The effect of this exposure on the maturation of duodenal calcium absorption in 7-to 30-day-old rat pups was temporary. At Days 7 and 16, in vitro calcium uptake into duodenal tissue was low and there was no significant difference between control and exposed pups. Between Days 16 and 24, calcium absorption increased fourfold, which indicates the initiation of an active process for the uptake of calcium. Although calcium absorption increased markedly in both groups, calcium accumulation was significantly reduced in 20-day-old pups maternally exposed to lead. By Day 24, calcium absorption in lead-exposed pups was still decreased, but not significantly. Because only the mothers were fed lead, the exposure to pups ended at weaning. As a result, blood lead concentration in pups dropped to control levels at Day 30 and there was essentially no difference in calcium absorption between the groups.
Stability and prevalence of drinking among young adults

This data note draws upon the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of Labor Market Experience in Youth beginning at ages 17-24 to describe the stability and prevalence of alcohol use over a 6-year period up to ages 23-30. Approximately 70% of men and 58% of women maintained their drinking status throughout the study. The onset of current and heavier drinking decreased with increasing age while the offset of current and heavier drinking increased with increasing age. The absence of current drinking was unrelated to age for both men and women as was the presence of heavier drinking among men.
Advances in Diagnosis and Management of Genital Injuries

External genital trauma is uncommon. However when it occurs, it can cause long-term physical, psychological, and functional quality-of-life sequelae. Rapid and proper treatment can help preserve cosmesis and function. Therefore, the treating physician must have a high index of suspicion when evaluating genital injuries. This article reviews the proper initial assessment of the injury as well as the immediate and delayed operative management of genital trauma. Language: en
Benign subcutaneous emphysema: A case report with bite

Introduction Subcutaneous emphysema is the presence of air/gas within the subcutaneous tissue plane. Though there are numerous causative factors, benign subcutaneous emphysema is rare.
An unconditionally stable, energy–momentum consistent implementation of the material-point method

Conservation of linear and angular momenta, and conservation of energy are examined for the material-point method (MPM). It is shown that MPM can be formulated with implicit energy and momentum conserving mesh dynamics for hyperelastic materials. With a consistent mass matrix the resulting overall numerical method preserves the conservative properties of the mesh solution. Energy dissipation and angular momentum errors are also quantified for a lumped mass formulation. Properties of the method are illustrated in numerical examples.