cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Method of the Hypercircle in Function-Space for Boundary-Value Problems

For certain boundary-value problems, the conditions to be satisfied are split into two parts, so that the solution of a given problem is the common solution of two relaxed problems. Solutions of the two relaxed problems are easy to obtain, and such solutions give information regarding the solution of the original problem. This information is interpreted by a function-space representation. If the scalar product in function-space is suitably defined, solutions of the relaxed problems locate the solution of the original problem on, or inside, a hypercircle in function-space. The approximation may be improved by introducing further solutions of the relaxed problems. If the centre of the hypercircle is regarded as an approximate solution to the original problem, its error in a mean-square sense is immediately known. The method has been applied to problems of the Dirichlet and Neumann types in Riemannian N-space, and to elastostatic boundary-value problems. In these cases, the metric of function-space is positive-definite, and the hypercircle on which the solution is located is bounded in the mean-square sense. Applications are also made to vibration problems (membrane and electromagnetic), but here the metric of function-space is indefinite, and the hypercircle becomes an unbounded pseudo-hypercircle.
Light-activated ion channels for remote control of neuronal firing.

Neurons have ion channels that are directly gated by voltage, ligands and temperature but not by light. Using structure-based design, we have developed a new chemical gate that confers light sensitivity to an ion channel. The gate includes a functional group for selective conjugation to an engineered K+ channel, a pore blocker and a photoisomerizable azobenzene. Long-wavelength light drives the azobenzene moiety into its extended trans configuration, allowing the blocker to reach the pore. Short-wavelength light generates the shorter cis configuration, retracting the blocker and allowing conduction. Exogenous expression of these channels in rat hippocampal neurons, followed by chemical modification with the photoswitchable gate, enables different wavelengths of light to switch action potential firing on and off. These synthetic photoisomerizable azobenzene-regulated K+ (SPARK) channels allow rapid, precise and reversible control over neuronal firing, with potential applications for dissecting neural circuits and controlling activity downstream from sites of neural damage or degeneration.
Security or Safety in Cities? The Threat of Terrorism after 9/11

A great deal is at issue in the handling of the threat of terrorism in the United States today. Restrictions on the use of public space are a direct consequence, at the urban level, of what is happening. But beyond that, and beyond the various abuses of civil liberties and common sense that have been involved in the governmental misuse of the threat after 9/11, the most serious misuse may be the sale of the threat as a threat to existential security instead of as one danger among others to public safety. It has been manipulated for purposes having nothing to do with terrorism. The intended result has been to reinforce the positions of those in power, to displace the insecurity inherent in a capitalist free market system, and to limit further the freedom that is at the heart of the right to the city. The current treatment of public space illustrates the process.
Effects of general medical health on Alzheimer's progression: the Cache County Dementia Progression Study.

Background Several observational studies suggested a link between health status and rate of decline among individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We sought to quantify the relationship in a population-based study of incident AD, and to compare global comorbidity ratings to counts of comorbid conditions and medications as predictors of AD progression.
Putting Young Cartographers “On the Map”

(1983). Putting Young Cartographers “On the Map”. Childhood Education: Vol. 59, No. 5, pp. 311-315.
Developmental Psychology as Alternative Doctoral Education for Academic Careers in Communication Sciences and Disorders

In this paper, I define and provide the basis of developmental psychology as an alternate doctoral pathway for individuals seeking an academic career in communication sciences and disorders. I desc...
Akimotoite to perovskite phase transition in MgSiO3

[1] The akimotoite to perovskite phase transition of MgSiO3 is shown by first principles calculations to have a negative Clapeyron slope, consistent with experimental observations. The origin of the negative slope, i.e., the increase of entropy across the transformation, can be attributed to the larger density of states of low frequency vibrations in the perovskite phase. Such vibrations consist of 1) magnesium displacements and 2) octahedral rotations, with the larger magnesium coordination and larger Mg-O bond lengths, as well as a lower degree of polyhedral connectivity accounting for the existence of low frequency modes. The larger density of states in perovskite in this regime accounts alsofortheincrease inother thermodynamic properties across the phase transition. This ab initio calculation of a solid-solid phase boundary provides new insights into our ability to predict high pressure-temperature transformations by first principles. INDEX TERMS: 3924 Mineral Physics: High-pressure behavior; 3939 Mineral Physics: Physical thermodynamics; 8120 Tectonophysics: Dynamics of lithosphere and mantle—general; 8124 Tectonophysics: Earth’s interior—composition and state (1212). Citation: Wentzcovitch, R. M., L. Stixrude, B. B. Karki, and B. Kiefer (2004), Akimotoite to perovskite phase transition in MgSiO3, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L10611, doi:10.1029/2004GL019704.
Effect of annealing on photorefractive damage in titanium-indiffused LiNbO/sub 3/ modulators

We have evaluated photorefractive effects at 1320-nm and 1064-nm optical wavelengths in interferometric modulators built using Ti-indiffused waveguides in lithium niobate. The sensitivity to photorefractive damage is substantially increased by anneals in non-oxygen atmospheres at temperatures /spl ges/200/spl deg/C. The sensitivity can be reduced by an anneal in oxygen. Properly annealed modulators operated for 150 h with 400 mW at 1320 nm with no photorefractive effects other than a 3/spl deg/ change in bias point. >
Impact of mobile node density on detection performance measures in a hybrid sensor network

We investigate the impact of mobile node density on several detection performance measures for stationary target detection by a hybrid sensor network consisting of both static and mobile nodes. Such hybrid sensor networks are becoming attractive with the recent advances in sensor nodes equipped with mobile platforms. However, adding a large number of mobile nodes to a sensor network for continuous coverage improvement might be expensive due to mobile node's higher energy consumptions compared to that with static nodes. Motivated by these, we investigate the trade-off between the density of mobile nodes and the network performance in a hybrid sensor network with respect to several performance measures of interest, when mobile nodes perform random mobility. We derive analytical (exact and/or approximate) formulae for detection probability, detection latency and mean first contact distance, by applying the theory of coverage processes and use them to evaluate the tradeoff between the fraction of mobile nodes and these performance measures. Analytical results presented in this paper give insights on how to select optimal network parameters in designing hybrid sensor networks to achieve desired performance requirements. Validity of the derived analytical results is verified via Monte-Carlo simulations.
Operation of a Fluorinert cooling system for the TFTR TF coils and TFTR Coil Flowswitch Monitoring System modification to accommodate the TF Alternate Cooling System (Fluorinert)

The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) employs Toroidal Field (TF) and Poloidal Field (PF) coils to generate the magnetic fields required for fusion plasma confinement. Several small deionized cooling water leaks in several TF coils had occurred and impacted TFTR operations. In order to prepare the TF coils for D-T experimental runs, the TF coil's deionized water coolant was replaced with a dielectric fluid-perfluoroheptane (3M Fluorinert PF-5070) in May 1993. The TF Alternate Cooling System (Fluorinert) is now in the operational phase. This paper describes how the TF Alternate Cooling System (Fluorinert) is operationally different from its predecessor (water) and how the Water Systems Group participated in the testing of the system. Operations and the special techniques that the TF Alternate Cooling System requires for maintenance are a part of this paper. The training of the Water Systems personnel in order to effectively monitor the controls and equipment for Fluorinert cooling during tritium operations is also addressed. This paper also describes the application of commercially available hardware and software to mitigate the consequences of a coil cooling flow loss. The TFTR Coil Flowswitch Monitoring System is devoted to coil protection and employs a programmable logic controller (PLC) to monitor the cooling flow at the outlet of each coil's cooling path. The system inhibits field coil rectifier operation when failure conditions exist and employs various redundant and stuck mode features. The Coil Flowswitch Monitoring System was initially installed in February, 1988 and modified in May, 1993 to accommodate the addition of a pump and a split of cooling paths. This paper will also discuss the PLC's reliability and operational history.
The Micro-Module Learning Tests: Work-Sample Assessments of Responsiveness to Skills Training

While outcome of psychiatric rehabilitation has been successfully predicted by cognitive tests, efforts to design a measure to assess responsiveness to rehabilitation have been lacking. In this report, we describe the rationale for and development of a face-valid measure of responsivity to the three core components of skills training: responsiveness to verbal instruction, ability to learn from viewing the behavior of a model, and ability to demonstrate skills observed during a subsequent role-play. Seven alternate forms of the new measure, called the Micro-Module Learning Test (MMLT), demonstrated adequate internal consistency and alternate-form reliability. We also present results from four studies in which the MMLT was used to collect normative data as well as data on relationships with symptoms, cognitive tests, and treatment outcome. Results indicate that the MMLT is associated with cognitive factors found to predict treatment outcome in prior studies (e.g., verbal memory and fluency), as well as lesser investigated functions such as theory of mind ability. In addition, MMLT scores were correlated negatively with psychotic disorganization and positively with performance during a full-length skills training group. The MMLT appears to be a reliable and valid measure for rapidly assessing responsiveness to skills training procedures.
Natural plant establishment along an urban stream, Onondaga Creek, New York.

Abstract Urbanization results in a suite of harmful effects to streams, including removal or degradation of riparian vegetation. Many stream-restoration programs address this by adding plants, with limited quantitative knowledge about vegetation dynamics already occurring within the stream corridor. This project examined natural plant establishment along an urbanized stream channel in Syracuse, NY. It had three objectives: first, to relate plant establishment along an urban stream gradient to substrate condition; second, to quantify seeds dormant in the soil at those same sites; and third, to indicate what passive revegetation responses might occur to various treatments along a rural-to-urban gradient. Three sites were selected along such a gradient on Onondaga Creek, near Syracuse, NY. Vegetation plots were established at each site to assess plant germination and establishment under substrate conditions designed to mimic restoration interventions. We also conducted a seedbank study using soil cores colle...
The Discovery of Quantum Mechanics

The insight which led Heisenberg in 1925 to the formulation of quantum mechanics was in some respects as momentous as the Copernican insight into the ordering of the heavenly bodies; for it changed the point of perspective from which physicists since the time of Copernicus were accustomed to look at the world. It changed a viewpoint about the world which had become classical and tumbled down a pile of certainties on which the physics of three hundred years had been based. Heisenberg called these the “ontology of materialism”, that is, the certainty that nature was out there, solid and material, infinitely accessible to objective description, in which the goal of each succeeding generation of scientists was the conquering of yet another decimal place2. Quantum mechanics showed that this goal was a mirage; it revealed the presence of a subtle subjectivity at the very heart of the scientific enterprise, and, by so robbing the mind of its solid support, left it as Heisenberg said, “suspended as over an unfathomable abyss” — the unfathomable and mysterious abyss of its own subjectivity3. Even in the moment of its conception, Heisenberg, Bohr and the small circle of intimates who surrounded them, knew that the structure of quantum mechanics was of critical importance for more than scientific method. They realized that it destroyed one ontology of nature and profoundly affected the science of the intimate structure of the human mind.
Special considerations in the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder and medical co-morbidities

The pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder has dramatically improved with multiple classes of agents being used as mood-stabilizers, including lithium, anticonvulsants, and atypical antipsychotics. However, the use of these medications is not without risk, particularly when a patient with bipolar disorder also has comorbid medical illness. As the physician who likely has the most contact with patients with bipolar disorder, psychiatrists must have a high index of suspicion for medical illness, as well as a basic knowledge of the risks associated with the use of medications in this patient population. A review of the literature was conducted and papers addressing this topic were selected by the authors. Common medical comorbidities and treatment-emergent illnesses, including obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiac disease, hepatic disease, renal disease, pulmonary disease and cancer are reviewed with respect to concomitant use of mood stabilizers. Guidance to clinicians regarding effective monitoring and treatment is offered. Mood-stabilizing medications are necessary in treating patients with bipolar disorder and often must be used in the face of medical illness. Their safe use is possible, but requires increased vigilance in monitoring for treatment-emergent illnesses and effects on comorbid medical illness.
On representation schemes for electronic promising

The possibility of developing machine-readable language for business communications is considered. A series of representation schemes for promising is proposed, and it is indicated how these schemes might be extended for assertives, declaratives, directives, and expressives. Properties of the representation schemes for promising are explored, and the representation schemes are tentatively found to be adequate. >
Origins of Phytochrome-Modulated Lhcb mRNA Expression in Seed Plants

The levels of Lhcb mRNA in higher plants are regulated by phytochrome, cryptochrome, and an endogenous circadian oscillator. To determine whether similar regulatory mechanisms operate in the ancient gymnosperm Ginkgo biloba, we measured Lhcb mRNA levels in seedlings in response to different light conditions. Removal of a diurnally oscillating light stimulus caused dampening of maximal Lhcb mRNA accumulation levels, with little change in periodicity. Although low fluence pulses of both red and blue light given to etiolated seedlings caused maximal accumulation of Lhcb mRNAs characteristic of the phasic/circadian response seen in flowering plants, the additional initial acute response seen in flowering plants was absent. The induction of Lhcb gene expression in both cases was at least partially reversible by far-red light, and appeared biphasic over a range of red fluences. Together, these data indicate that Lhcb genes in G. biloba appear to be regulated in a manner similar to that of flowering plants, whereas signaling and attenuation of mRNA levels through the photoreceptor systems and circadian clock show features distinct from those characterized to date. The implications for these findings are discussed in light of the evolution of circadian clock input signaling.
Recovering Disembodied Spirits: Teaching Movement to Musicians

Understanding physical movement is an integral part of learning to make music. This article presents the action research that the author has pursued while teaching movement to musicians. The narrative provides a theoretical underpinning for the teaching practices discussed. It provides examples of musicians’ movement with analyses of the anatomical structures involved, and it discusses the influences of bodily perception on observing and learning movement (e.g. the body map). The implications of the study are to provide a somatic foundation for music education and thereby to enhance the understanding of music as embodied experience.
A Quantitative Theory of Control Sharing Between Accommodative and Vergence Controllers

Static responses of human accommodation (focusing) and vergence (eye-turn) are controlled by two separate feedback control systems. The two systems also interact so that each is capable of producing an isolated motor response in the other. When both systems operate together, as in normal binocular movements, they must share control in some manner. A recently proposed static oculomotor control theory predicts that a given system's control responsibility will be determined by the strength (i.e., gain) of its interactive or cross-link pathway in addition to its own feedforward gain. To quantify this control sharing, a theoretically-based sensitivity function was developed which predicted each controller's contributions to the overall motor response. Evaluating these sensitivity functions using data obtained from four normal subjects indicated that a range of control sharing conditions may be used by the nervous system to successfully meet the control objectives of normal binocular vision. This suggests that the theory of vergence and accommodative control is a generalization of earlier theories developed by Maddox and Fincham-Walton which represented two extremes of control sharing seen in normals.
Virtual machine auto-configuration for web application

With the booming trend of cloud computing, on-demand resource management is overwhelming static and dedicated strategy. The increasing demands introduce multiple challenges including energy efficiency, performance enhancement, and fault tolerance. Virtualized computing environment decouples OS and applications with hardware to best facilitate these on-demand cloud services. In this paper, we propose an online learning approach for resource auto-configuration of distributed virtual machines to support multilayer web applications. Based on performance metrics from host OS, virtual machine, and application server, the approach is able to adjust resource configuration and direct virtual machine migration corresponding to service demand variations. Support vector regression is applied to control reconfiguration and migration. The approach will be evaluated by using TPC-E benchmark on multi-layer web applications deployed on networked virtual machines. Our approach will guide systems with proactive changes to improve dependability, efficiency, and reduce the power consumption.
A pragmatic approach to implementing best practices for clinical decision support systems in computerized provider order entry systems.

Incorporation of clinical decision support (CDS) capabilities is required to realize the greatest benefits from computerized provider order entry (CPOE) systems. Discussions at a conference on CDS in CPOE held in San Francisco, California, June 21-22, 2005 produced several papers in this issue of JAMIA. The first paper reviews CDS for electronic prescribing within CPOE systems; 1 the second describes current controversies regarding creation, maintenance, and uses of CPOE order sets for CDS; 2 and the third presents issues related to certification as a potential means of validating CPOE systems for widespread use. 3 This manuscript summarizes all of the discussions at the meeting and provides a pragmatically oriented view of how to implement CPOE with CDS.
Cytokine correlation between sinus tissue and nasal secretions among chronic rhinosinusitis and controls

Objectives/Hypothesis: Compare cytokine levels in sinus tissue to sinus secretions from controls and chronic rhinosinusitis patients. Study Design: In vitro. Methods: Polyurethane foam sponges were placed into middle meati of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), with polyps (CRSwNP), and controls. Sinus biopsies were then taken from the same location. Protein levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), interferon-c (IFN-c), and interleukins (IL) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 17A were measured via cytometric bead assay for each sample. Protein values from sinus tissue and secretions were compared with Pearson’s correlation between samples as well as one-way ANOVA with posthoc t test between groups. Results: Samples from 43 patients in total were examined. Mucus was measured from 10 controls, 11 CRSsNP and 10 CRSwNP, and sinus tissue was measured from 10 controls, 15 CRSsNP and 10 CRSwNP. IL-8 and IFN-c levels were outside of the detectable range of the assay. Levels of secreted IL-2, 4, 6, 10, and 17A correlated with tissue levels (P 0.49) while TNF-a did not (P 5 0.71). CRSsNP had elevated mucus levels of IL-2, 4, 6, 10, and 17A compared to controls. CRSwNP had elevated mucus levels of IL-4, 6, 10, 17A, and TNF-a compared to controls. Conclusions: Cytokine levels in sinus secretions correlate with levels in sinus tissue and are elevated in CRS versus control based on Th1/Th2 skewing.
Doing the unthinkable (and saving millions of lives)

In the 17 years since the journal Tobacco Control began, control of tobacco has made tremendous progress. Smoke-free laws are sweeping the globe. Voters in several US states went to the polls to raise cigarette taxes, funding tobacco control programmes and reducing smoking rates. A 1998 settlement of state lawsuits against the tobacco industry in the United States raised cigarette prices, eliminated most outdoor advertising, funded counter-advertising, greatly reduced youth smoking rates and put millions of documents evidencing industry misbehaviour around the world on the internet. More than 80% of the world’s population now live in countries that have ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), thereby committing themselves to greatly limit cigarette advertising, ban misleading package labelling and require strong package warnings, protect non-smokers, control smuggling and take other steps to discourage smoking. And major foundations have committed over $500 million (£340 million; €390 million) to supporting tobacco control efforts worldwide. Aren’t we in (or at least fast approaching) the best of all possible worlds? Well, actually, no. There are currently over 40 million cigarette smokers in the US, and around 1.3 billion smokers worldwide. In the US half of all lifetime cigarette smokers will die from cigarette-caused diseases. Each year about 1% of US cigarette smokers die from these …
Arterial spin labeling for quantitative functional MRI

BOLD effect imaging is very effective for detection and localization of brain activity, and is the dominant functional imaging technique in cognitive psychology. Despite its efficiency to detect and localize active site, the technique does not lend itself easily to quantifiable measurements. A growingly popular alternative is the use of arterial spin labeling (ASL) to obtain perfusion maps as the indicator of cerebral activation. In this paper, the principles and challenges of arterial spin labeling are discussed and the development of a new fast, two-coil pseudo-continuous labeling scheme is presented. The new scheme permits collection of a multi-slice subtraction pair in less than three seconds, depending on the subject's arterial transit times. The theoretical basis of the technique, as well as a model for quantification of perfusion from the ASL data, are presented. Experimental data from functional imaging experiments were collected to demonstrate the technique and its characteristics.
Reconstitution of calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase from bovine brain with phosphatidylcholine liposomes

A partially purified calmodulin (CaM)-sensitive adenylate cyclase from bovine cerebral cortex was reconstituted with a series of phosphatidylcholine liposomes having variable fatty acid composition. The enzyme was successfully associated with dimyristoyl, dipalmitoyl, distearoyl, and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes. The specific activity of the enzyme in the various liposomes varied over a 4.6-fold range indicating some degree of specificity for fatty acid composition. The adenylate cyclase-liposome preparation retained sensitivity to both CaM and 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate (GppNHp). Arrhenius plots of enzyme activity in the four different liposome preparations all exhibited a pronounced discontinuity at 30 degrees C +/- 2, even though the bulk-phase thermal transition points for the liposomes varied from -20 to 54 degrees C. Fluorescence anisotropy studies of reconstituted liposome systems illustrated that incorporation of protein did not alter the normal-phase transition point of these lipids. Since Arrhenius plots of the enzyme in Lubrol PX, prior to reconstitution with lipids, were strictly linear, it is concluded that the breaks at 30 degrees C may be the effect of a local enzyme-phospholipid environment. It appears that this adenylate cyclase is not particularly sensitive to phase transitions of the bulk lipid phase. The phospholipid reconstituted enzyme system appears suitable for examination of the influence of lipids on the CaM-sensitive adenylate cyclase.
Innate Immune Responses

When viruses enter the host, they are first detected by the innate immune system, which comprises cytokines, sentinel cells (dendritic cells [DCs] and macrophages), complement, and natural killer (NK) cells. A second family of pattern recognition receptors comprises the cytoplasmic sensors of viral nucleic acids, MDA-5 (melanoma differentiation associated gene-5), RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I), and LGP2. Interferon (IFN) production after infection of cultured cells with paramyxoviruses, VSV, influenza virus, and the flavivirus Japanese encephalitis virus is impaired in fibroblasts from rig-I -1- mice. RIG- I- like receptors (RLRs) play central roles in viral recognition and induction of antiviral innate responses in cDCs, macrophages, and fibroblasts. Infection of mda-5 -1- mice revealed that this protein is critical for detection of infection with picornaviruses, but not flaviviruses, influenza viruses, or paramyxoviruses. Mice lacking the nitric oxide synthase gene have reduced macrophage activation and β-cell apoptosis and consequently reduced virus-induced diabetes. Understanding viral countermeasures not only improves one's understanding of innate sensing pathways but may also suggest avenues for therapeutic intervention. Infection of cells with several picornaviruses leads to cleavage or degradation of MDA-5 and RIG-I. We survive only because we possess powerful intrinsic, innate, and adaptive immune defense systems. The study of how picornaviruses interact with the innate immune system is in its infancy. Understanding innate signaling pathways and how viruses counteract them should be a productive area of research for many years.
Radiative decays: W± → P± + γ and Z → P0 + γ

We present a general analysis of the intermediate vector boson decays W± → P± + γ and Z0 → P0 + γ (where P denotes any pseudoscalar meson). Strong interaction effects are parametrized by vector and axial-vector form factors which we estimate using quantum chromodynamics, bound-state analyses and triangle anomaly calculations. In the case of ordinary light pseudoscalars we find that these exclusive radiative decays are highly suppressed, e.g. Γ(W± → π±γ)/Γ(W− → μνμ) ≅ 3 × 10−8 and Γ(Z0 → π0γ)/Γ(Z → μμ) ≅ 9 × 10−10. We also examine decays in which P is a very heavy bound-state meson or pseudo-Goldstone boson (such as a technion). For the latter case the suppression is much less; so those decays may be observable at very high luminosity accelerator such as ISABELLE and LEP.
Scheduling multiple mobile sinks in Underwater Sensor Networks

Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) provide valuable data for research studies and underwater monitoring and protection. UWSNs need to overcome the handicap that high data rate wireless transmissions are not available underwater. Acoustic communications are used as a medium but they are only good for transmitting e.g. signalling information. Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) can serve as mobile sinks that gather and deliver larger amounts of data from the underwater sensor network nodes. Value of Information (VoI) is a data tag that encodes the importance and time-based-relevance of a data chunk residing at a sensor node. VoI, therefore, can serve as a heuristic for path planning and prioritizing data retrieval from nodes. The novelty of this paper lies in providing algorithms which schedule multiple mobile sinks (AUVs) for data retrieval from nodes while maximizing the retrieved VoI. The class of algorithms discussed are based on greedy heuristics.
Stochastic l∞ performance optimization for Markovian linear switched systems

In this paper, we study an l∞ type of performance for linear switched systems when the switching sequence is a Markov process. We define the notion of the stochastic l∞ gain and derive an exact expression for computing it. The stochastic l∞ gain mimics the l∞ induced norm of the deterministic operators. We further synthesize an optimal controller for minimizing the stochastic l∞ gain and argue that this problem can be cast as a tractable linear program.
The Mindfulness Business and Genesis

This paper shows that mindfulness is not the exclusive domain of the eastern traditions. The Judeo-Christian tradition also places a strong emphasis on mindfulness. It is therefore inaccurate to contend that the Judeo-Christian tradition de-emphasizes mindfulness relative to the eastern traditions of Buddhism and Hinduism. In the same vein we expect (but this article does not demonstrate) that eastern traditions place just as much of an emphasis on rationality and self-restraint as they do on relaxation and meditation. In fact, true mindfulness complements rationality and self-restraint rather than opposes them.
The presence of fast-exchanging proton species in aqueous solutions of paraCEST Agents can impact rate constants measured for slower exchanging species when fitting CEST spectra to the bloch equations

LnDOTA-tetraamide complexes typically exist in solution as a mixture of square-antiprismatic (SAP) and twisted square-antiprismatic (TSAP) coordination isomers. In most cases, the SAP isomer, which is preferred for CEST imaging, predominates, and the presence of the minor TSAP isomer is assumed to have little influence on quantitative measures of the water-exchange rate constant for the SAP isomer. Here, we sought to confirm the validity of this assumption by mixing two chelates with different SAP and TSAP isomer populations while measuring the water-exchange rate constant of the SAP isomer. The results show that an increase in the population of the TSAP isomer in solution results in as much as a 30% overestimation of the water-exchange rate constant for the SAP isomer when CEST spectra are fit to the Bloch equations. This effect was shown to be significant only when the TSAP isomer population exceeded 50%.
S10.2 Determining Uptake, Adherence, & Patterns of ART Use as Prevention

Selected antiretroviral treatment (ART) of HIV reduces the concentration of virus in genital secretions. In one randomised controlled trial and most (but not all) observational studies ART reduced the sexual transmission of HIV. Some (but not all) ecologic studies suggests that broader, earlier antiviral treatment of HIV may reduce incidence of HIV in some (but not all) at risk populations. A compelling long-term study from South Africa demonstrated a direct relationship between increased availability of ART in communities and decreased incidence of HIV. However, the maximal benefit of HIV “treatment for prevention” will likely require a programme of universal “test and treat”, where most HIV infected patients are identified, linked to care, and treated very early in disease and for life. It seems likely that for maximal public health benefit ART must be started immediately regardless of CD4 count, and so the personal benefit and safety of immediate ART must be transparent. In some settings (especially where MSM are most likely to be infected) it may be necessary to find and treat people with acute and early HIV infection, a difficult challenge. To better understand the maximal benefits of this approach the early treatment of IDU and sex workers are also being studied, since these populations contribute to the spread of HIV. Community randomised trials designed to examine the feasibility of the implementation of treatment for prevention are underway. Treatment of a far greater number of people early in disease will be cost effective or cost saving in most settings, and can offer macroeconomic benefit as well. The mass treatment of HIV-the current centrepiece of HIV prevention- is best seen as a bridge to ever simpler therapy or a cure.
Glyceryl ethers in insects: Biosynthesis of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides containing alkyl and alk-1-enyl glyceryl ether linkages

When14C-labeled acetate, fatty acids or fatty alcohols were injected into or fed to the tobacco budworm, acyl, alkyl and alk-1-enyl moieties of the phospholipids incorporated radioactivity. Fatty acids were the principal precursor in acyl bond formation and fatty alcohols in the synthesis of alkyl and alk-1-enyl glyceryl ethers. Detailed analysis of the etherlinked phosphoglycerides revealed that most of the radioactivity was in the ethanolamine phosphoglycerides, and very little14C was found in the choline phosphoglycerides. In experiments of a short duration, the alkyl glyceryl ethers incorporated more radioactivity than the alk-1-enyl glyceryl ethers. The reverse was found with long term experiments, when the alk-1-enyl ethers had higher radioactivity. In addition to demonstrating the synthesis of ether-linked ethanolamine phosphoglycerides, the data suggested that fatty alcohols and acids were interconverted by insects and that the alk-1-enyl ethers were derived from the alkyl ethers.
Hypothenar hammer syndrome in a 22-year-old male patient: a case report and review of literature

Hypothenar hammer syndrome is a rare condition with a peculiar presentation that aids in making a clinical diagnosis. We present a 22-year-old male patient who presented with critical hand ischemia secondary to a distal ulnar aneurysm with distal embolization. The patient was treated with an aneurysmectomy with cephalic vein interposition graft, which resulted in complete reversal of his hand ischemia. This case report outlines the clinical presentation of this rare condition, along with a recent review of the literature.
New procedures for the residual strength assessment of corroded pipe subjected to combined loads

Motivated by the inability to accurately address non-pressure related stresses within the framework of current assessment guidelines, a three phase study aimed at the progressive development of a reliable and readily-usable procedure suitable for the analysis of internally pressurized degraded pipes which sustain large settlement and/or axial loads was performed. To ensure accuracy of the resulting procedure, full-scale experiments and finite element numerical simulations of artificially corroded 48-inch (122-cm) diameter X65 pipes subjected to combined loadings were designed to produce upper and lower bound rupture and global buckling failure envelopes for a given set of representative corrosion dimensions. The evaluation model accommodates combined stresses arising from internal pressure, axial bending, and axially compressive loadings to predict operational margins of safety for a pipe containing discrete or multiple metal loss regions guided by failure criteria which considers two critical failure modes: (1) a von Mises type failure criterion for rupture moment capacity determination, and (2) a global buckling failure criterion for identification of the critical moment capacity approximating collapse of the pipe mid-section due to a reduction in bending stiffness attributed in part to ovalization of the cross-section. This paper outlines the model development and validation with supporting experiments and numericalmore » analyses, and extension of the new procedure through sophisticated numerical techniques embodied in SAFE to actual corrosion profiles and service loadings. Detailed information included in the review are the finite element and SAFE program failure predictions for pipes analyzed with a given set of corrosion dimensions and load magnitudes, and a thorough discussion of the practical application of the SAFE program.« less
A Coupled Thermal and Mechanical Model of a Thermal Energy Harvesting Device

In this paper, a two-step thermal energy harvester is analyzed. “Two-step” refers to thermal to mechanical energy conversion followed by mechanical to electrical conversion. A numerical code is developed to predict the behavior and thermomechanical performance of the device. The physical motion of the device is dependent on both temperature and the position of an actuator plate, so equations based on multiple physical forces are solved simultaneously to find the operational characteristics. To verify the accuracy of the code, numerical predictions of device frequency are compared to experimental results. Furthermore, four parameters are varied in a parametric study to observe the effect on the predicted temperature, power output, and efficiency of the device.© 2009 ASME
Business Ethics and Continental Philosophy: Marketing, bad faith, and responsibility

This chapter deepens the sense of marketing’s potential realm of influence, and thus broadens the territory for ethical issues in marketing. Marketing activities go beyond simplistic notions of promotion, persuasion, or selling ‘stuff’. From prenatal testing and political candidates to personal ads, little remains untouched by marketing. Indeed, researchers and practitioners in the field of marketing seek to understand, but also cocreate, modes of knowing and being. For example, how we come to think about travel destinations, and moreover what we think about the identities of the people who live there, may be largely the result of marketing communications, whether popular travel websites, television specials, or the latest beer and wine promotions.
The Effects of Bethanechol Chloride on Urodynamic Parameters in Normal Women and in Women with Significant Residual Urine Volumes

AbstractA 5mg. subcutaneous dose of bethanechol chloride was given to 12 women with residual urine volumes equal to or greater than 20 per cent of bladder capacity but no evidence of neurologic disease, or anatomic or functional outlet obstruction and to 27 normal women with approximately the same mean age. The cystometric and some profilometric parameters did change, indicating that the drug was pharmacologically active. No improvement in voiding function was noted, as judged by residual urine volume and flow rate measurements. These results raise significant questions regarding the contemporary use of this drug, especially in the currently recommended oral dosages.
Improving Nurses' Knowledge About Older Adults With Cancer.

Purpose/objectives To assess nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of caring for older adults and to use that assessment data to develop a training program to improve skills in caring for older adults with cancer. . Design Survey of oncology nursing staff conducted pre- and posteducation regarding geriatric care. . Setting City of Hope, a comprehensive cancer center in southern California. . Sample 422 (baseline) and 375 (postintervention) nursing staff in adult care areas. . Methods The primary endpoint was the difference between baseline and postintervention knowledge. Secondary endpoints included differences in attitudes and perceptions of caring for older adults in an oncology setting. A two-sample t test was performed to compare the mean results between baseline and follow-up surveys. . Main research variables Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of caring for older adults. . Findings Survey comparisons from baseline to postintervention demonstrated statistically significant increases in nurses' knowledge of geriatric care after the implementation of an educational program targeted at oncology nurses. Nurses' attitudes remained the same pre- versus posteducation. A significant change reflecting a better perception was noted in the burden of behavioral problems; however, a worsening was noted in disagreements among staff; disagreements involving staff, patients, and families; and limited access to geriatric services. Both surveys highlighted the need to provide more education for staff about geriatric care issues and to make available more geriatric-specific resources. . Conclusions Knowledge about caring for older adults is needed for oncology nurses, and a geriatric education program for oncology nurses can result in improved knowledge in a variety of domains. Surveying staff highlighted the positive attitude of nurses toward caring for older adults at the study institution. The use of this survey identified key issues facing older adults and ways to improve care. . Implications for nursing Additional knowledge about caring for older adults for oncology nurses and assistive staff is needed to prepare for the increasing population of older adults with cancer. Continuous learning is key to professional development, and more research is needed on how to best continue to integrate knowledge of geriatric concepts into oncology care.
George Chicherin and the Soviet Response to Lord Curzon’s Note

While England and its allies were meeting at a conference in Spa, Britain’s Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon, dispatched a famous note on 11 July, demanding a reply from the Kremlin within one week. It was sent in response to the desperate plight of the Poles, who were pleading for assistance. Although the Red Army was some 200 kilometres or more from Poland’s ethnic border, Pilsudski’s army was beginning to disintegrate and the Allied Supreme Commander, Marshal Foch, was warning that ‘there was nothing to prevent the Bolsheviks from getting to Warsaw’.3 The Allies, therefore, promised to ‘give Poland all the assistance, especially in war material, which is possible’, if the Soviets refused an offer of peace and crossed that boundary which has come to be called the ‘Curzon line’.4
How Fictional Worlds Are Created

Both adults and children have the ability to not only think about reality but also use their imaginations and create fictional worlds. This article describes the process by which world creation happens, drawing from philosophical and psychological treatments of this issue. First, world creators recognize the need to create a fictional world, as when starting a pretend game or opening a novel. Then, creators merge some real-world knowledge with the premises of the fictional world to construct a fuller representation, though there is some controversy about how much of the real world is represented in any given fictional world. After the world is created, events can be set in motion within it. While it is generally accepted that this basic process is used for a wide variety of fictional worlds, including fictional stories, pretend games, and counterfactual scenarios, this process of world creation can vary over the course of development and depending on the use to which it is put.
Geodetic Significance of a Minimum Satellite Vehicle

The establishment of an unmanned, uninstrumented, non-returnable satellite vehicle circling the Earth will enable geodesists to: (1) determine large distances across the surface of the Earth, especially over bodies of water, which are difficult to measure. This would furnish the basic tool for large scale triangulation; (2) determine the gravitational constant “g”. This would be an average g for the entire Earth; (3) determine the oblateness of the Earth.
A Direct Assay for Dihydrofolate Reductase in Human Leukocytes

A new direct spectrophotometric assay for dihydrofolate reductase has been developed. The reaction is observed at 282 mµ and is based on the disappearance of dihydrofolate. Based on this assay, the values for normal leukocytes are 0-5 mµmoles of dihydrofolate reduced to tetrahydrofolate, per mg. of protein per hour at 28 C. The respective values for chronic myelogenous leukemic granulocytes are 25-67, chronic lymphocytic leukemia 0-18, acute lymphocytic leukemia 7-19, and for leukocytes of leukemoid reaction 4 to 5.
Human T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Viruses: Clinical and Epidemiologic Features

The discovery of the human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV) family of retroviruses represents the culmination of a search that dates back more than 50 years, stimulated chiefly by the fact that leukemias and lymphomas in animals are often caused by retroviruses (Poiesz etal. 1980; Gallo and Wong-Stall 1982). Since the first virus isolation of HTLV in 1979, more than 100 isolates of human retroviruses, representing three distinet classes, have been reported from many laboratories in the world (Popovic etal. 1983b; Haynes etal. 1983; Miyoshi etal. 1981; Kalyanaraman etal. 1982b; Gallo etal. 1984). All of these isolates have an affinity to infect mature T cells and are, therefore, said to be T-lymphotrophic. The three classes of HTLV are termed HTLV-I, HTLV-II and HTLV-III. HTLV-I has been most thoroughly charac- terized from a molecular and clinical perspective and has been found to be associated with certain forms of mature T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, the description of which will be a major focus of this review (Blatnner et al. 1982; Gallo et al. 1983a; Blayney et al. 1983c). HTLV-II has more recently been isolated, and its relationship to human disease is unclear, although isolates have been obtained from a single patient with T hairy cell leukemia and from some patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (Kalyanaraman et al. 1982b; Hahn et al., in press). In the latter case, it is likely that these isolations represented passenger viral infections, given the recent discovery of HTLV-III as the etiological agent for the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (Gallo et al. 1984). The molecular features of this class of viruses are reviewed elsewhere in this volume.