cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Transformative Pedagogy when Teaching Online

Transformative pedagogy encourages students to critically examine their assumptions, grapple with social issues, and engage in social action. The author extends literature in this area by describing ways faculty members who teach online courses can effectively use transformative pedagogy, including (1) creating a safe environment; (2) encouraging students to think about their experiences, beliefs, and biases; (3) using teaching strategies that promote student engagement and participation; (4) posing real-world problems that address societal inequalities; and (5) helping students implement action-oriented solutions.
Neonatal cortisol administration and immunological impairment in the adult rat.

SummaryNewly born rats, on the first postnatal day of life, received a single, intra-peritoneal injection of 1 mg cortisol and 60 to 70 days later their immunological response to 2 different antigens, sheep red blood cells and S. typhosa H, was assessed. The hormone treated rat produced less antibodies in response to both these antigenic challenges than did control animals.
Spreading Sequence Design for Partial Connectivity Relay Network

This paper considers a downlink relay network where source communicates with the receivers through relays under frequency-selective fading channels. A spreading sequence design scheme, which is subjected to maximizing the signal-to-interference- plus-noise ratio (SINR) is proposed. It is shown through simulations that a better bit error rate (BER) can be achieved using this proposed scheme. The sensitivity of the proposed scheme to channel uncertainty and broadband noise jamming is also examined.
Metabolic surgery: Action via hormonal milieu changes, changes in bile acids or gut microbiota? A summary of the literature

Obesity and type 2 diabetes remain epidemic problems. Different bariatric surgical techniques causes weight loss and diabetes remission to varying degrees. The underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery are complex, and include changes in diet and behaviour, as well as changes in hormones, bile acid flow, and gut bacteria. We summarized the effects of multiple different bariatric procedures, and their resulting effects on several hormones (leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide YY, and glucagon), bile acid changes in the gut and the serum, and resulting changes to the gut microbiome. As much as possible, we have tried to incorporate multiple studies to try to explain underlying mechanistic changes. What emerges from the data is a picture of clear differences between restrictive and metabolic procedures. The latter, in particular the roux-en-Y gastric bypass, induces large and distinctive changes in most measured fat and gut hormones, including early and sustained increase in GLP-1, possible through intestinal bile acid signalling. The changes in bile flow and the gut microbiome are causally inseparable so far, but new studies show that each contributes to the effects of weight loss and diabetes resolution.
The Endothelial Cell Protein C Receptor: INHIBITION OF ACTIVATED PROTEIN C ANTICOAGULANT FUNCTION WITHOUT MODULATION OF REACTION WITH PROTEINASE INHIBITORS *

A soluble form of the endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) was analyzed for the ability to modulate the functional properties of protein C and activated protein C (APC). In a plasma clotting system initiated with factor Xa, EPCR blocked the anticoagulant activity of APC in a dose-dependent fashion. EPCR had no influence on clotting in the absence of APC. Consistent with the plasma results, EPCR slowed the proteolytic inactivation of factor Va by slowing both of the key proteolytic cleavages in the heavy chain of factor Va. EPCR did not prevent protein C activation by the soluble thrombin-thrombomodulin complex, did not alter the inactivation of APC by alpha1-antitrypsin or protein C inhibitor, and did not influence the kinetics of peptide paranitroanilide substrate cleavage significantly. We conclude that EPCR binds to an exosite on APC that selectively modulates the enzyme specificity in a manner reminiscent of the influence of thrombomodulin on thrombin.
Co-conspirators and double-dealers: a twin film analysis

Abstract Psychological studies using diverse perspectives and procedures find greater cooperation and affiliation between monozygotic (MZ) twins than dizygotic (DZ) twins. The majority of supportive evidence comes from self-reports and parental ratings. The present study compared judges' impressions of MZ ( n =34 pairs) and same-sex DZ ( n =12 pairs) twin childrens' joint behaviors during filmed puzzle completion. Twins' mean age was 8.65 years (S.D.=1.42) and ranged between 6.47 and 12.13 years. The analysis used a multivariate mixed model analysis of variance with Helmert contrasts. MZ twins were rated significantly higher than DZ twins on five measures reflecting cooperation, and significantly lower on one measure reflecting lack of cooperation. Significant differences did not emerge from the contrast between 22 MZ hand-concordant and 12 MZ hand-discordant twin pairs. Results from this variant approach to twin relations concur with findings from more objective assessments. Specifically, they support the view that individuals respond to, rather than create, twin group differences in social relations.
Silicon wafer preparation for low-temperature selective epitaxial growth

Many potential selective silicon epitaxy applications demand low-temperature processing. However, the hydrogen baking that is commonly used to remove the native oxide before epitaxial deposition becomes less effective as the temperature is reduced. Therefore, making selective epitaxy manufacturable requires alternative oxide removal techniques that are reliable and noncontaminating. Exposure to the vapor over an aqueous solution of HF is investigated as a means of providing oxide-free and passivated-wafer surfaces prior to reactor loading. The dilution of the H/sub 2/O:HF mixture is found to be important in determining the oxide removal rate. An oxygen peak at the substrate interface during SIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry) profiling is an indicator of the presence of oxide patches that can cause defects at the initiation of epitaxial deposition. Defect-free films without an interface peak of oxygen are grown at 850 degrees C after using a 5-s exposure to the vapor over a 1:2 H/sub 2/O/sub :/49% HF mixture followed by a 900 degrees C hydrogen bake. A hydrogen-bake temperature of 1050 degrees C is needed in the reactor to avoid an interfacial oxygen peak for samples not exposed to the HF vapor. >
The microdetermination of sulfur with an automatic elemental analyzer

Abstract A method has been developed to permit the rapid microdetermination of sulfur in the presence of hetero-elements which normally interfere in conventional methods, using an automatic elemental (CHNO) analyzer. The time required to convert the analyzer over to the sulfur capability requires no more than 20 min. However, since the change involves the detection area of the analyzer, it is recommended that this conversion be made at the end of the day. Conversion back to CHN showed no ill effects. The analysis time is 13 min.
Anomalous g values of the electron and muon

Historically, the spin magnetic moment of the electron µ e or its gvalue g e has played a central role in modern physics, dating from its discovery in atomic optical spectroscopy and its subsequent incorporation in the Dirac theory of the electron, which predicted the value g e = 2 The experimental discovery in atomic microwave spectroscopy that g e was larger than 2 by a multiplicative factor of about 1 part in 103, g e =2.00238(10), together with the discovery of the Lamb shift in hydrogen (S=22 S 1/2 − 22 P 1/2), led to the development of modern quantum electrodynamics with its renormalization procedure. The theory enables us to calculate these effects precisely as finite radiative corrections. By now the experimental value of g e -2has been measured to about 4 ppb, and the theoretical value, which is expressed as a power series in the fine-structure constant a, has been evaluated to better than 1 ppb, assuming the value of α is known.
CONGENITALLY UNGUARDED TRICUSPID ORIFICE WITH COEXISTENT PULMONARY ATRESIA.

A rare malformation of the tricuspid valve is described in which neither valvular tissue nor papillary muscles were formed, while a tricuspid orifice was present. The case involved a cyanotic newborn female infant in whom pulmonary valvular atresia was also present. The functional, clinical, and angiocardiographic manifestations were similar to those that may be observed either in tricuspid atresia or in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. As far as we are aware, the literature contains only one other case which bears some similarity but is not identical to the one herein reported.
Comment on “Voter Turnout and the National Election Studies”

A recent article by Barry Burden in Political Analysis alerts us to a steadily increasing gap during presidential election years between self-reported turnout in the NES (National Election Studies) and "official turnout" figures based on the voting-age population (VAP), and points to declining response rates as a culprit. Changing the baseline from the VAP to the VEP (voting-eligible population) significantly changes these conclusions, and point to panel effects as a culprit. The rise in the gap was not linear, but it does emerge rather suddenly in 1996. Gaps between NES self-reported turnout and VEP estimates are higher in presidential election years than in off-years, and self-reported turnout is higher among long-term panel participants than among cross-section respondents in multielection panels.
EPR spectroscopic characterization of neuronal NO synthase

Neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) consists of a reductase domain that binds FAD, FMN, NADPH, and calmodulin, and an oxygenase domain that binds heme, tetrahydrobiopterin, and the substrate l-arginine. One flavin in resting nNOS exists as an air-stable semiquinone radical. During NO synthesis, electron transfer occurs between the flavins and heme iron. We have characterized the nNOS heme iron and flavin semiquinone radical by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Under anaerobic conditions, the flavin radical spin relaxation was very slow (8 Hz at 22 K) and was enhanced 13-fold by dissolved dioxygen via spin−spin coupling. The flavin radical, probably the semiquinone FMNH•, was shown by progressive microwave power saturation and EPR saturation recovery under anaerobic conditions to be spin−spin coupled with the heme iron located in the nNOS oxygenase domain. Analysis of an nNOS preparation that was devoid of heme but contained the flavin radical revealed that spin−spin coupling increased the rate o...
On Compounding in German

Author's Summary— The evolutional trend in the compounding of particles with verbs in German is briefly discussed and, in certain border-line cases that now involve a grammatical dilemma, the probable future solution is indicated.
Hydrogen adsorption and hydrogen-deuterium equilibration on sulfided ruthenium and bulk ruthenium sulfide catalysts

The effect of presulfidization on hydrogen adsorption over ruthenium catalysts has been studied using volumetric adsorption and H2D2 equilibration. On reduced ruthenium catalysts (101 kPa of H2 at 673 K for 8 h) 10.2 μmol of H2/m2 of ruthenium (measured at 373 K) was irreversibly adsorbed, the activation energy for adsorption was negligible and the initial heat of adsorption was estimated to be between −109 and −126 kJ/mole H2. On “mildly sulfided” ruthenium catalysts (101 of kPa 10% H2SH2 at 673 K for 2 h, SaRu(s) = 0.25) both reversible and irreversible hydrogen adsorption were suppressed at temperatures below 473 K. Results of H2D2 equilibration kinetics on these catalysts (508 ≤ T <- 623 K) revealed an activation energy of 71 ± 2 kJ/mole. On “extensively sulfided” ruthenium catalysts (101 kPa of 100% H2S at 673 K for 2 h, i.e., crystalline RuS2 at the surface) partial restoration of the H2 adsorption capacity was observed (6.5 μmol/m2 at 373 K). H2D2 exchange rates at 573 K were ca. two orders of magnitude faster than those over mildly sulfided samples. The activation energy for hydrogen adsorption was 32 ± 2 kJ/mole (on RuS2-like surfaces) and the heat of adsorption was calculated to be −269 kJ/mole H2. It is suspected that this large heat of adsorption may result in higher hydrogen coverages at HDS reaction conditions. The above noted differences in hydrogen accommodation provide a unique means for understanding the selectivity toward hydrogenated products which extensively sulfided ruthenium Catalysts possess.
Analysis of North American Chenopodium botrys Essential Oil Isolation and Structure of Two New Sesquiterpene Alcohols

Abstract The essential oil of Chenopodium botrys, which grows on the eastern slope of the central Sierra Nevada range in California, consists of 90% oxygenated sesquiterpenoids. Major components include α- and β-chenopodiol (36%), eudesma-3, ll-dien-6α-ol (9.4%), botrydiol (9.0%), elemol (6.5%), elemol acetate (5.5%), γ-eudesmol (5.4%) and α- and β-eudesmol (3.7%). Guaia-3, 9-dien-ll-ol, a new sesquiterpene alcohol, accounted for 7.4% of the oil. The structure of eudesm-ll-en-4α,6α-diol, another new compound, was established from analysis of its single crystal X-ray diffraction pattern.
Neurological disturbances, nigrostriate synapses, and iontophoretic dopamine and apomorphine after haloperidol.

Abstract The hypothesis that haloperidol blocks the effects of dopamine in the caudate nucleus was tested. Nigrostriate synaptic transmission was studied by recording single-unit responses and evoked potentials and by microiontophoresis in the caudate nucleus of unanesthetized cats. The substantia nigra was stimulated with stereotaxically placed electrodes. Cats were chronically treated with doses of haloperidol sufficient to induce its motor system side effects. In acute experiments performed after the development of parkinsonian-like motor disorders including bradykinesia and tremor at rest, neurons responded to stimulation of the substantia nigra and to the microiontophoresis of dopamine in manners and in proportions indistinguishable from those seen in normal cats. Apomorphine inhibited three of nine neurons also inhibited by dopamine. Nigrostriate evoked potentials of normal waveform and amplitude were present. In another group of cats, nigrostriate evoked potentials were recorded before and after a single dose of haloperidol. This single dose did not modify the evoked potentials during the time when biochemical changes are known to be occurring. In additional experiments, the response of individual neurons to iontophoretically applied dopamine was recorded before, during, and after the administration of a single dose of haloperidol. The amount of dopamine necessary to reduce glutamate-evoked excitation by 50% was not changed by the injection of haloperidol. In conclusion, a change in the effectiveness of dopamine on neurons in the caudate nucleus (including some also influenced by apomorphine) could not be detected after systemic haloperidol. Nigrostriate synaptic transmission (including that to some neurons also influenced by dopamine) was not blocked. These findings are not consistent with the theory that the behavioral effects of systemically administered haloperidol are caused by a blockade of dopaminoceptive synapses in the caudate nucleus.
The interaction of biological molecules with clay minerals: A scanning force microscopy study

We have used the technique of scanning force microscopy (SFM) to investigate the reaction of both amino acids and activated nucleotides in the presence of the clay mineral Cu(II)-exchanged hectorite. Using simulated prebiotic heating and wetting cycles, we have shown that the clay mineral acts to adsorb, concentrate, and subsequently catalyze the polymerization of these biological monomers into short peptides and oligonucleotides. The presence of the Cu(II) cations within the clay intergallery regions, and at surface step edges and cracks, is crucial for the observed reactions to occur. Clay minerals such as hectorite may have thus played an important role in the evolution of biologically viable molecules on the prebiotic earth.
The Oriental Beetle Anomala orientalis Waterhouse (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) from Charleston, South Carolina, and its Status in the Southeastern United States

The oriental beetle Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse) is one of the most destructive pests of turfgrass in the northeastern United States. Larvae feed on the roots of a variety of hosts, including most grasses, blueberry (Vaccinium sp., section Cyanococcus), cranberry (Vaccinium sp., subgenus Oxycoccus), raspberry (Ru bus sp., subgenus Idaeobatus), strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa), and ornamental plants, as well as sugarcane in Hawaii (Alm, et al., 1999, Alm, et al., 2012). High larval populations can destroy turf and damage fully grown nursery stock and containerized plants (Alm, et al., 2012, Pierce 2012). Larvae have been inadvertently shipped to new locations in containers and in balled nursery stock and/or sod (Alm, et al., 2012). Adults feed on grass blades and the flowers of pe tunias (Petunia sp.), dahlias (Dahlia sp.), hollyhock (Alcea sp.), phlox (Phlox spp.), Japanese iris (Iris ensata), and roses (Rosa spp.), but are not considered to be serious pests (Friend 1929, Hallock 1933). The oriental beetle is probably a native of Japan that arrived on the Hawaiian Island of Oahu before 1908 (Tashiro 1987, Vittum, et al. 1999). It is believed to have arrived in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1920 as a stowaway in balled nursery stock (Tashiro 1987). The beetle’s U.S. distribution was examined by Alm, et al. (1999), who reported its presence in southeastern New Hampshire, Cape Cod and Central Massachusetts (widespread), Ohio (around Painesville on Lake Erie), New Jersey (widespread in blueberry plantings), Delaware (widespread), Maryland (widespread), Virginia (around Richmond and Arlington) and North Carolina (around Asheville). Single captures were recorded from Maine, South Carolina, Tennessee, and West Virginia (Alm, et al., 1999), though specific localities were not given and no further information could be located. Recent literature reports the oriental beetle from Maine to South Carolina, west to Wisconsin (Alm, et al., 2012). In addition to the single South Carolina capture presented by Alm, et al. (1999), Harpootlian (2001) reported a single specimen from the state, collected in June from Spartanburg. As of 1999, this record represented the southernmost 64 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
The resistance of Micrococcus radiodurans to ultraviolet radiation II. Action spectra for killing, delay in DNA synthesis, and thymine dimerization

Abstract Micrococcus radiodurans cells have been irradiated at different wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation. The relative efficiencies of these radiations to kill the cells, delay DNA synthesis, and induce thymine dimers in the cellular DNA have been determined. The shape of the action spectra indicates that (1) killing and delay in DNA synthesis must be at least in part the result of lesions other than the thymine dimer, and (2) possibly deoxycytidine and protein damage are involved in these two effects of ultraviolet radiation.
Harvesting Energy From Asphalt Pavements and Reducing The Heat Island Effect

A rise in temperature of asphalt pavements contributes towards the urban heat island effect, causes problems with air quality and increases the power requirement for cooling buildings. A high temperature would also lead to the potential of rutting failure in asphalt pavements. The concept of mining heat from asphalt pavements, utilising an appropriate fluid flowing in pipes installed within the pavement, has been proposed. Theoretical considerations and results of laboratory testing and modelling simulation have been presented. The results indicate that the concept is feasible, and that the efficiency of heat mining can be improved by selecting appropriate surface layer and aggregates for pavement materials. The use of this proposed method would lead to a significant reduction in pavement and near-surface air temperature, and extension of asphalt pavement life.
Characterization of traffic and structure in the U.S. airport network

In this paper we seek to characterize traffic in the U.S. air transportation system, and to subsequently develop improved models of traffic demand. We model the air traffic within the U.S. national airspace system as dynamic weighted network. We employ techniques advanced by work in complex networks over the past several years in characterizing the structure and dynamics of the U.S. airport network. We show that the airport network is more dynamic over successive days than has been previously reported. The network has some properties that appear stationary over time, while others exhibit a high degree of variation. We characterize the network and its dynamics using structural measures such as degree distributions and clustering coefficients. We employ spectral analysis to show that dominant eigenvectors of the network are nearly stationary with time. We use this observation to suggest how low dimensional models of traffic demand in the airport network can be fashioned.
The effect of familiarity on social interactions in meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus: a laboratory and field study

The role of familiarity in affecting the outcome of social interactions among meadow voles was investigated in both a laboratory and a field experiment. In the laboratory, captive meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, were exposed to a conspecific's odour. The voles were then placed into two groups: familiar and unfamiliar. Familiar voles were individuals who underwent staged dyadic encounters with the conspecific to whose odours they had been exposed. Unfamiliar voles were individuals who underwent paired encounters with conspecifics to whose odours they had not been exposed. In the field experiment, familiar voles were neighbours that were trapped within each other's home ranges over two consecutive bi-weekly trapping sessions. Unfamiliar voles were individuals that were trapped on different trapping grids. The results of the laboratory and field studies were similar. Encounters between familiar females resulted in less agonistic behaviour and more amicable acts than encounters between unfamiliar females. In contrast, encounters between familiar males resulted in more agonistic behaviour than encounters between unfamiliar males. Familiarity did not affect the outcome of male-female interactions. These results are discussed in the framework of the social system of the meadow vole.
Spermatozoa from the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) display typical canid hyper-sensitivity to osmotic and freezing-induced injury, but respond favorably to dimethyl sulfoxide ☆ ☆☆

We assessed the influences of medium osmolality, cryoprotectant and cooling and warming rate on maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) spermatozoa. Ejaculates were exposed to Ham's F10 medium (isotonic control) or to this medium plus NaCl (350-1000mOsm), sucrose (369 and 479mOsm), 1M glycerol (1086mOsm) or dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO, 1151mOsm) for 10 min. Each sample then was diluted back into Ham's medium and assessed for sperm motility and plasma membrane integrity. Although glycerol and Me2SO had no influence (P>0.05), NaCl and sucrose solutions affected sperm motility (P 0.05) to the control. As osmolality of the NaCl solution increased, motility decreased to <5%. In a separate study, ejaculates were diluted in Test Yolk Buffer containing 1M glycerol or Me2SO and cooled from 5°C to -120°C at -57.8°C, -124.2°C or -67.0°C/min, frozen in LN2, thawed in a water bath for 30s at 37°C or 10s at 50°C, and then assessed for motility, plasma- and acrosomal membrane integrity. Cryopreservation markedly (P<0.05) reduced sperm motility by 70% compared to fresh samples. Higher (P<0.05) post-thaw motility (20.0±1.9% versus 13.5±2.1%) and membrane integrity (51.2±1.7% versus 41.5±2.2%) were observed in samples cryopreserved in Me2SO than in glycerol. Cooling rates influenced survival of sperm cryopreserved in glycerol with -57.8°C/min being advantageous (P<0.05). The findings demonstrate that although maned wolf spermatozoa are similar to domestic dog sperm in their sensitivity to osmotic-induced motility damage, the plasma membranes tolerate dehydration, and the cells respond favorably to Me2SO as a cryoprotectant.
Mesoclimatic analysis of severe weather and ENSO interactions in North Carolina

Connections between regional severe weather occurrences and El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are investigated. Monthly (1950 –1989) occurrences of tornado and wind/hail frequency are compared with sea surface temperature (SST) indices and anomalies in the tropical Pacific. Analyses indicate increase in wind/hail events/ days, during the months of April through June of La Nina years. No direct evidence is found between tornado frequency and ENSO classes. Using seasonal composite anomalies of upper-air patterns, it is concluded that La Nina patterns leads to enhanced convection over North Carolina.
Chandra view of the central 300 pc of our Galaxy

We have conducted a Chandra survey of a ∼0.°7 × 2° swath along the Galactic central ridge. This survey has resulted in the first arcsecond-resolution X-ray panorama of high-energy objects and their interaction with the unique environment of the center region. We review our ongoing studies and follow-up observations as well as the results from the survey.
Work Capacity: Its Role in the Treatment of Tuberculosis

The concept of work capacity as applied in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis has been reviewed in the light of several recent studies of deconditioning phenomena. The question has been raised as to whether prescribed and carefully graded exercises may be effective in minimizing physical deconditioning of tuberculous patients if employed prior to ambulation. The need for more objective criteria for evaluating work capacity is suggested and a work capacity program outlined. It is the hope of the authors that the views presented here will stimulate further study of these problems.
Analysis of atmospheric flow over a surface protrusion using the turbulence kinetic energy equation

Atmospheric flow fields resulting from a semi-elliptical surface obstruction in an otherwise horizontally homogeneous statistically stationary flow are modelled with the boundary-layer/Boussinesq-approximation of the governing equation of fluid mechanics. The turbulence kinetic energy equation is used to determine the dissipative effects of turbulent shear on the mean flow. Mean-flow results are compared with those given in a previous paper where the same problem was attacked using a Prandtl mixing-length hypothesis. Iso-lines of turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence intensity are plotted in the plane of the flow. They highlight regions of high turbulence intensity in the stagnation zone and sharp gradients in intensity along the transition from adverse to favourable pressure gradient.
Robust and Optimal Opportunistic Scheduling for Downlink 2-Flow Inter-session Network Coding with Varying Channel Quality

This paper considers the downlink traffic from a base station to two different clients. Assuming infinite backlog, it is known that inter-session network coding (INC) can significantly increase the throughput of each flow. However, the corresponding scheduling solution (assuming dynamic arrivals and requiring bounded delay) is still nascent. For the 2-flow downlink scenario, we propose the first op- portunistic INC + scheduling solution that is provably optimal for time-varying channels, i.e., the corresponding stability region matches the optimal linear-INC capacity. To that end, we first in- troduce a new binary INC operation, which is distinctly different from the traditional wisdom of XORing two overheard packets. We then develop a queue-length-based scheduling scheme, which, with the help of the new INC operation, can robustly and opti- mally adapt to time-varying channel quality. A byproduct of our results is a scheduling scheme for stochastic processing networks (SPNs) with random departure. The new SPN results relax the previous assumption of deterministic departure, a major limitation of the existing SPN model, by considering stochastic packet departure behavior, and could further broaden the applications of SPN scheduling to other real-world scenarios.
Inertial Confinement Fusion with Light Ion Beams

The Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator II (PBFA II) is presently under construction and is the only existing facility with the potential of igniting thermonuclear fuel in the laboratory. The accelerator will generate up to 5 megamperes of lithium ions at 30 million electron volts and will focus them onto an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target after beam production and focusing have been optimized. Since its inception, the light ion approach to ICF has been considered the one that combines low cost, high risk, and high payoff. The beams are of such high density that their self-generated electric and magnetic fields were thought to prohibit high focal intensities. Recent advances in beam production and focusing demonstrate that these self-forces can be controlled to the degree required for ignition, break-even, and high gain experiments. ICF has been pursued primarily for its potential military applications. However, the high efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the light ion approach enhance its potential for commercial energy application as well.
Isolated intestinal versus composite visceral allografts: causes of graft failure.

Although tacrolimus-based immunosuppression has made clinical intestinal transplantation feasible, the risk of the requisite long-term high-dose treatment has inhibited the widespread use of these procedures. 1 Such a risk could be partially eliminated with safe adjustment of the current immunosuppressive management protocol according to the type of intestinal allograft.
Consistency and power in tests with shape-restricted alternatives

Abstract Likelihood ratio tests of constant vs. monotone regression function, as well as linear vs. convex regression function and other tests with shape-restricted alternatives, are known to have null distributions equivalent to mixtures of beta random variates. The monotone and convex regression estimators are known to be inconsistent at the endpoints, where there is “spiking.” This spiking affects the critical values of the test statistic. Modified versions of the monotone and convex regression estimators are proposed that are consistent everywhere; when the modified versions are used in hypothesis testing, the null distribution is again an exact mixture of beta distributions, with different mixing parameters. Simulations show that the power of the test using the modified version is larger for the examples chosen.
Nonlinear third-order differential equations with anti-periodic boundary conditions and some optimal control problems

Abstract Existence, uniqueness and continuous dependence theorems for a class of third-order differential equations with anti-periodic boundary conditions are given. Applications to optimal control of the deflection of a three-layer beam are also given. The methods used here are: the Leray-Schauder′s continuation theorem, the Wirtinger-Poincare type inequalities, the monotonicity method (maximal monotone operators) and the penalizations (of convex functionals) of Barbu′s type.
Organizational network analysis as a tool for program evaluation.

Health program evaluation is generally focused on an examination of individual program characteristics and accomplishments, yet many programs are part of a broader service system. Evaluation of the role a program plays in that system is an important evaluation question to address. A network analysis of program referral patterns was used to evaluate Connecticuts Healthy Start program. Network analysis showed that Healthy Start played a "broker" role in 4 case study communities, sending and receiving referrals of pregnant women to a higher than average number of other programs. Further, in the urban area case study, competing market players providing services to pregnant women resulted in subsets of services with dense referral patterns within the subsets, but little referral between subsets. Healthy Start was found to be instrumental as an integrator of these otherwise disconnected service subsets.
Comparing Democrats and Republicans on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Values

Although claimed differences in values have played a prominent role in recent U.S. politics, the value systems of typical Republicans and Democrats have not been evaluated within a relevant dimensional framework. In 4 studies, party members were compared on extrinsic (money, popularity, image) and intrinsic (intimacy, helping, growth) values. Republicans were consistently higher on extrinsic relative to intrinsic values, a pattern suggested by past research to be personally and socially problematic. In Study 4, Republicans were also lower in a different measure of prosocial values, derived from social-dilemma research. All studies found an interaction such that only nonreligious Republicans were lower than Democrats on the intrinsic value of helping needy others. Implications for contemporary political discourse are discussed.
Tally of Jupiter's moons increases

With the International Astronomical Union's formal announcement on 16 May of 11 newly-discovered moons orbiting Jupiter, the number of known moons around that planet now totals 39. This is the largest number orbiting any planet in the solar system, and nine more Each of the newly-found Jovian moons measures 2 to 4 kilometers in diameter, and they are irregular satellites with large, elongated, and inclined orbits.
Hyperfine Structure and Nuclear Moments of Columbium 93

Measurements have been made on the hyperfine structure of 32 lines in the spectrum of CbI. Analysis of these structures supports the previously reported spin value of 4\textonehalf{} units for the ${\mathrm{Cb}}^{93}$ nucleus and yields 32 hyperfine interval factors. These data, when used in conjunction with semi-empirical formulas for the coupling between the nucleus and an $s$ electron in the configuration $4{d}^{4} 5s$, lead to values for the nuclear $g$-factor and nuclear magnetic moment of 1.18 and 5.3 nuclear magnetons, respectively, for stable ${\mathrm{Cb}}^{93}$. No nuclear electric quadrupole moment is detected.
A Family-Systems Approach to the Patient with Cancer

AbstractThe assumption that family relationships play an important role in the care and well-being of the cancer patient may be overlooked simply because it is so universal. Patients live in families, become sick in families, and receive medical care in families. Indeed, as Griffin (1) has noted, almost all medical treatment eventually becomes the obligation of family members:
Towards a recursive iterative preconditioner

Consider a solution of systems of linear equations Ax = b when A is a symmetric positive definite matrix. We solve the equations using a direct method using Cholesky factorization, A = LLT or a preconditioned iterative method. In this paper, we are proposing a new preconditioner based on the iterative recursion to improve the performance of conjugate gradient method. We demonstrate through experiments that our recursive iterative preconditioner improves convergence when it is used as a preconditioner for the conjugate gradient method. We conjecture that the improvements in the quality of preconditioning arise from the ability of our method to generate better approximations to the complete factor.
ChemFET arrays for chemical sensing microsystems

Chemically sensitive field-effect transistors (ChemFETs), among the smallest chemical sensors available to-date, are attractive for use in integrated systems. Favorable attributes of the ChemFET array include inherent compatibility with microfabricated electronics, small size of only 400 /spl mu/m by 500 /spl mu/m, low noise, and simple support circuitry. ChemFET structure is similar to other insulated gate field-effect transistors except that the usual metal or polysilicon gate conductor is replaced with a semiconducting polymer or other chemically sensitive material. In this work, an array of eight ChemFETs utilizing different partially selective gate materials on each unit was constructed utilizing mainly standard microfabrication techniques. Although support electronics are currently housed off-chip, a prototype array format designed to allow for flip-chip bonding of an ASIC service chip was also fabricated Selectivity of an individual sensor can be improved but, in practical terms, the ensemble response of an array of devices is needed to reliably identify a chemical vapor. In the case of ChemFETs, the detection transduction mechanism is a chemical modulation of the workfunction (WF) of the gate material by the analyte gas.
Remote sensing by IR heterodyne spectroscopy

The use of infrared heterodyne spectroscopy for the study of planetary atmospheres is discussed. Infrared heterodyne spectroscopy provides a convenient and sensitive method for measuring the true intensity profiles of atmospheric spectral lines. Application of radiative transfer theory to measured lineshapes can then permit the study of molecular abundances, temperatures, total pressures, excitation conditions, and dynamics of the regions of line formation. The theory of formation of atmospheric spectral lines and the retrieval of the information contained in these molecular lines is illustrated. Notable successes of such retrievals from infrared heterodyne measurements on Venus, Mars, Jupiter and the earth are given. A discussion of developments in infrared heterodyne technology is also presented. Previously announced in STAR as N83-28551
Natural genetic variation for root traits among diversity lines of maize (Zea Mays L.)

Maize (Z. mays L.) is the third most important food grain for humankind after rice and wheat. Maize is mostly grown under rain-fed conditions and among the cereals, it is the second most susceptible to drought next to rice. Constitutive variation for root traits is an important adaptation under drought prone conditions. The objective of this study is to screen the twenty five diverse parental lines used in the maize nested association mapping panel along with the common parental line, B73, for constitutive root traits (including rooting depth and root biomass) and shoot traits. All the lines were grown with five replications in 72 cm deep pots containing a turface:sand mixture (2:1 v/v) for 30 days under well-watered conditions in a temperature and humidity controlled green house. Significant variation existed among the diverse lines for root length, root biomass, shoot length, and leaf area. The average root length ranged from 17.5 to 106 cm. The genotypes with a deep root system also recorded greater root biomass and leaf area. The natural genetic variation exhibited by these lines could be exploited to identify potential quantitative trait loci controlling root architecture. Using the nested association mapping populations that were developed from these diverse lines, would allow for in-depth analysis and fine-mapping of prospective candidate genes for root architecture in maize.
No Evidence that Infection Alters Global Recombination Rate in House Mice

Recombination rate is a complex trait, with genetic and environmental factors shaping observed patterns of variation. Although recent studies have begun to unravel the genetic basis of recombination rate differences between organisms, less attention has focused on the environmental determinants of crossover rates. Here, we test the effect of one ubiquitous environmental pressure-bacterial infection-on global recombination frequency in mammals. We applied MLH1 mapping to assay global crossover rates in male mice infected with the pathogenic bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme Disease, and uninfected control animals. Despite ample statistical power to identify biologically relevant differences between infected and uninfected animals, we find no evidence for a global recombination rate response to bacterial infection. Moreover, broad-scale patterns of crossover distribution, including the number of achiasmate bivalents, are not affected by infection status. Although pathogen exposure can plastically increase recombination in some species, our findings suggest that recombination rates in house mice may be resilient to at least some forms of infection stress. This negative result motivates future experiments with alternative house mouse pathogens to evaluate the generality of this conclusion.
Martian glaciation and the flow of solid CO2

Results are discussed for a series of laboratory deformation experiments that were conducted to determine a flow law for solid CO2 so that a physical basis could be established for considering the possibility of CO2 glaciation in the Martian polar regions. The experimentally determined flow law indicates that (1) the concept of CO2 glacial flow at the Martian poles is not physically unrealistic, (2) the strength of CO2 near its sublimation point is considerably less than the strength of water ice near its melting point, and (3) CO2 is likely to flow over a broad range of temperatures below its melting point. A glacial model for the Martian polar caps is suggested in which CO2-rich layers deposited near the poles flowed outward laterally to relieve high internal shear stresses. It is shown that this model can explain the topography of the polar caps, the uniform layering of the layered deposits, and the general extent of the polar 'sediments'. Some problematic assumptions of the model are noted, including the large amounts of CO2 necessary to move the layered deposits and the need to increase vapor pressure and temperature with depth in the deposits.
Nesiritide for the treatment of congestive heart failure

Nesiritide (Natrecor) is a recombinant form of the human B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) that has been shown, through several studies, to have beneficial natriuretic, diuretic and vasodilatory effects in the treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF). Nesiritide mimics the actions of endogenous BNP by binding to and stimulating receptors in the heart, kidney and vasculature. Nesiritide functions as both a potent venous and arterial vasodilator and has been shown to improve cardiac haemodynamics more rapidly and to a greater extent than intravenous nitroglycerin, as well as having fewer side effects. When compared in an open-label trial, nesiritide has also been shown to be less proarrhythmic than dobutamine. The major adverse effect of nesiritide, as with other vasodilators, is symptomatic hypotension, which occurred infrequently in clinical trials. Overall, nesiritide represents an effective and safe therapeutic option for the treatment of decompensated CHF.
Lung Cancer Screening and the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST)

Lung cancer remains the most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the USA and worldwide. An estimated 220,000 new cases are diagnosed, while nearly 160,000 patients die from lung cancer each year in the USA alone, accounting for more cancer-related deaths than the next three most common cancers combined: colon, breast, and prostate [Jemal A et al., CA Cancer J Clin 61:69–9, 2011; Siegel R et al., CA Cancer J Clin 61:212–6, 2011]. In spite of major advances achieved in lung cancer diagnosis, medical, surgical treatment, and palliative care, the overall 5-year survival for lung cancer has not noticeably changed over the past 20 years and is estimated around 16 % [Goldstraw P et al., J Thorac Oncol 2:706–14, 2007]. These dismal statistics compare poorly with those of other common cancers such as colon, breast, and prostate cancers characterized by 5-year survival rates of 65 %, 88 % and 99 %, respectively. Among the many potential explanations advanced to explain such differences, the lack of effective screening for lung cancer is often contrasted to what are generally assumed and accepted screening strategies for those other malignancies. Lung cancer is in the majority of cases diagnosed at advanced stages, as symptoms prompt patients to seek medical attention, when curative therapeutic options are at best limited.
Intertest Reliability in Non-invasive Electrocochleography

Intertest reliability of action potential (AP) and summating potential (SP) parameters in non-invasive electrocochleography (ECochG) was studied in 4 normal ears and 7 hearing-impaired ears with stable audiograms. The interval between test and retest was 10 days to 2 years and 5 months. Intertest differences in AP response threshold and -SP detection threshold were within 10 dB. N1 amplitude, N1 latency, -SP amplitude, and -SP/AP ratio had excellent correlations between test and retest. N1 latency had a better intertest reliability than N1 amplitude. Waveform had almost the same shape in retest as in test. The intertest differences in AP and SP parameters were examined. On the basis of these data values for the criteria of significant change in test and retest in non-invasive ECochG are presented. The non-invasive ECochG is particularly suitable for monitoring both progressive and fluctuant hearing loss.Nous avons cherche quelle pouvait ětre la valeur test-retest de l'ECochG extra-tympanique (parametres d...
IMPROVING CLASSROOM ENGAGEMENT AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS WITH DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR: EVALUATION OF THE CLASS PASS INTERVENTION

Off-task and disruptive classroom behaviors have a negative impact on the learning environment and present a unique challenge for teachers to address. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Class Pass Intervention (CPI) as a behavior management strategy for secondary students with disruptive classroom behavior. The CPI consists of providing students with passes that they can either (1) use to appropriately request a break to engage in a preferred activity for a preset amount of time or (2) keep and later exchange for a preferred item or activity. Using an ABAB withdrawal design with replication through a concurrent multiple baseline across participants design, the CPI was shown to increase academic engagement, which is incompatible with disruptive behavior, in 4 students who engaged in high levels of disruptive behavior throughout the baseline condition. Results also demonstrated partial support for the durability of intervention effects over time and indicated that both teachers and students perceived the intervention to be socially feasible. Implications of the results and directions for future research are discussed.
On the Issue of Technology Change and Managerial Change: Chickens and Eggs?

Changes in technology have necessitated managerial adaptations and change in management techniques and approaches have necessitated technological adaptations. Chandler’s investigation of 19th-century railroads in his 1977 book make such adaptations clear. It is a primary contention of this paper that the large shifts in technology in the 19th and early 20th centuries led to changes in traditional management approaches but the changes that have happened in the years 1960 to 2014 have been different. The development of a behavioral school of management and the change in technology from centralized, process driven to decentralized, network driven have been progressing hand in hand. It’s clear that the focus on change has been less on structure and process and more on communication and interpersonal management style.