cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast and sensitive GCaMP calcium indicators for imaging neural populations

Calcium imaging with protein-based indicators is widely used to follow neural activity in intact nervous systems. The popular GCaMP indicators are based on the calcium-binding protein calmodulin and the RS20 peptide. These sensors report neural activity at timescales much slower than electrical signaling, limited by their biophysical properties and trade-offs between sensitivity and speed. We used large-scale screening and structure-guided mutagenesis to develop and optimize several fast and sensitive GCaMP-type indicators. The resulting jGCaMP8 sensors, based on calmodulin and a fragment of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, have ultra-fast kinetics (rise times, 2 ms) and still feature the highest sensitivity for neural activity reported for any protein-based sensor. jGCaMP8 sensors will allow tracking of larger populations of neurons on timescales relevant to neural computation.
A long run for a short jump: understanding clinical guidelines.

Clinical guidelines for application of medical technologies are being advanced as consensus recommendations by consumer groups, professional societies, and health care managers. Although different ...
Quelques aspects de la physiologie des radis (Raphanus sativus L.) traités par la simazine

Resume: l'influence de la simazine sur l'evolution de l'azote chez le radis (Raphanus sativus L.) a eteetudiee en considerant le metabolisme de l'azote total et la synthese des protenes. Dans les racines et les petioles, l'azote total a peu evolue alors qu'il augmente notablement dans les limbes vers les 5eme et 6eme jours apres le traitement, diminue ensuite tout en restant superieur au taux initial, puis se stabilise jusqu'a la mort de la plante. Les radis traites par la simazine absorbent plus d'azote que le temoin. l'etude de l'azote proteique, de l'azote organique soluble et de l'azote nitrique a montre que la simazine n'agissait pas sur la proteosynthese. Une experience faite avec de l'azote marquee 15N a montre que la plante absorbe preferentiellement les nitrates. Summary Some aspects of the physiology of radishes (Raphanus sativus L.) treated with simazine. III.The evalution of nitrogen The effect of simazine on the overall metabolism of nitrogen and on protein synthesis in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was studied. In Ihe roots and petioles the total nitrogen content showed litlle change, whereas it showed a marked increase in the leaf blades about the 5th and 6th days after treatment; it subsequently decreased but remained higher than the initial quantity; then it became stable until the plant died. Radishes treated with simazine absorbed more nitrogen than the control. Study of protein nitrogen, organic soluble nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen showed that simazine did not affect protein synthesis. Zusammenfassung Einige Gesichtspunkte uber die Physiologie von mit Simazin behandelten Rettichen (Raphanus sativus L.) III. Bildung von Stickstoff Der Einfluss von Simazin auf die Stickstoffbildung bei Rettichen (Raphanus sativus L.) wurde untersucht unter Berucksichtigung des Metabolismus des Gesamtstickstoffs und der Proteinsynthese. In den Wurzeln und Blattern wurde nur wenig Stickstoff gebildet und obwohl der Stickstoffgehalt in den Blattrandern zwischen dem 5. und 6. Tag nach der Behandlung betrandern anstieg, verringerte er sich schliesslich, wobei er stets uber der Ausgangskonzentration lag. Er stabilisierte sich bis zum Absterden der Pflanze. Die behandelten Rettiche nahmen mehr Stickstoff auf als die Kontrolle. Die Untersuchung von Proteinstickstoff, loslichem organischen Stickstoff und von Nitrat hat gezeigt, dass das Simazin nicht auf die Proteosynthese wirkte. Eine Untersuchung mit 15N-markiertem Stickstoff hat ergeben, dass die Pflanze bevorzugt Nitrate aufnimmt.
Diachronic Morphological Typology

A diachronic approach can explain key areas of morphological typology. Recent work has shed light on the origins of morphemes of different kinds, including prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and circumfixes. Work with databases has generally confirmed the existence of a preference for suffixes over other kinds of morphemes, and a diachronic approach, in conjunction with processing, explains how this comes about. Research on a variety of languages suggests to many, the importance of fusional, agglutinative, and isolating types.
Persistent Cyclic Herpes Simplex Virus Infection In Vitro III. Asynchrony in the Progression of Infection and Cell Regrowth

Hampar, Berge (National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, Md.). Persistent cyclic herpes simplex virus infection in vitro. III. Asynchrony in the progression of infection and cell regrowth. J. Bacteriol. 91:1965-1970. 1966.-The progression of virus-induced cytopathic effects (CPE) and virus synthesis was studied in localized areas of Chinese hamster cell cultures persistently infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV). CPE was initially evidenced by the presence of small multinucleated giant cells, followed by expanding plaquelike lesions with an occasional uninfected cell remaining within the infected areas. Cell detachment rapidly followed the appearance of viral antigen in infected cells. The surviving cells which proliferated to re-establish the cell sheet arose from two sources. The first was from viable cells which remained attached after expansion of localized areas of CPE, and the second was from reattachment of viable cells in the medium. CPE in localized areas was initiated at various times during the cycle irrespective of the virus titer in the medium. Cell regrowth in some areas and CPE in other areas occurred simultaneously throughout the cycle in an asynchronous fashion. Consequently, during periods of rising virus titers, most areas showed CPE while few areas displayed cell regrowth. As the virus titers declined, more areas showed cell regrowth and fewer areas displayed new cycles of CPE. CPE in localized areas was not initiated until cell regrowth had occurred. It is proposed that the proliferating cells were temporarily resistant to HSV infection, and that this resistance was ultimately lost in their progeny cells.
Biophysical Properties of a Human Plasma-Membrane Creatine Transporter

Creatine (Cr) and phosphocreatine play central roles in energy storage and transport/shuttle of high-energy phosphate in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Cr is taken up from the circulation by a Na,Cl-dependent cotransporter. The mechanism of this secondary-active transport process as well as the effect of the cell membrane potential (VM) on Cr transport are poorly understood. To study the biophysical features of this process, the human isoform of the plasma-membrane creatine transporter (SLC6A8) was subcloned and expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Cr-activated inward currents were measured by two-electrode voltage clamp as a function of 2-200 µM [Cr]o in buffer containing 150 mM NaCl at 22°C. The [Cr]o that half-maximally activated current (K0.5) was largely VM-independent (range −180 to 0 mV) and had an average value of 12 ± 1 µM (S.E., n = 9). Maximal current levels (Imax), normalized to the value at the holding potential (−60 mV), were modestly VM-dependent, increasing exponentially with a fractional electrical distance λ = 0.17 ± 0.00 as VM was made more negative. These findings suggest that Cr binding reactions are intrinsically VM-independent (Cr has no net charge), and that VM-dependent steps may relate to Na+ and/or Cl−, which are not rate-limiting at 150 mM NaCl. This point is currently being studied by determining the [Na+] dependence of the K0.5 for [Cr]o activation of current. Interestingly, an additional inward current component appears at −20 mV, displaying a bell-shaped current-VM relationship that peaks at +10/+20 mV, and increases with [Cr]o. However, this current is independent of Cr transporter expression since oocytes not injected with mRNA for SLC6A8 display similar currents (although not bell-shaped) when are exposed to 500 µM Cro in the presence of 1 mM intracellularly-injected Cr. This second component is also being characterized.
On the First Critical Field in Ginzburg-Landau Theory for Thin Shells and Manifolds

In this article, we investigate the response of a thin superconducting shell to an arbitrary external magnetic field. We identify the intensity of the applied field that forces the emergence of vortices in minimizers, the so-called first critical field Hc1 in Ginzburg–Landau theory, for closed simply connected manifolds and arbitrary fields. In the case of a simply connected surface of revolution and vertical and constant field, we further determine the exact number of vortices in the sample as the intensity of the applied field is raised just above Hc1. Finally, we derive via Γ-convergence similar statements for three-dimensional domains of small thickness, where in this setting point vortices are replaced by vortex lines.
Features of the production process in extensive and intensive rice varieties

Different levels of plant tillering and reduction of lateral tillers in extensive and intensive rice varieties that determine panicle productivity, plant stand density, lodging resistance, and yield of these genotypes were determined. The obtained quantitative traits can be used in breeding of new intensive rice varieties.
Effect of Vitamin E on Carcinogenicity of Methylcholanthrene.

Discussion and conclusionsThe C57 mice have a low incidence of spontaneous tumors, but respond uniformly well to carcinogens. Age does not seem to be a prominent factor, though more primitive sarcomas are produced in very young mice (10). Mineral oil and tricaprylin, if critically purified, apparently have little or no specific influence on carcinogenesis when used as a vehicle in a subcutaneous depot. Alpha tocopherol appreciably inhibited the carcinogenic activity of methylcholanthrene in the first experiment, and failed to produce tumors in the controls. In the second experiment, which had a bascially similar plan, though differing in the sex and substrain of mice, dosage of Vit. E, and vehicle used for the carcinogen, inhibition of the carcinogenic activity of methylcholanthrene by alpha tocopherol was confirmed.The significance of these results approximates the 93% level(11, 12).
Flourishing on facebook: virtue friendship & new social media

The widespread and growing use of new social media, especially social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter, invites sustained ethical reflection on emerging forms of online friendship. Social scientists and psychologists are gathering a wealth of empirical data on these trends, yet philosophical analysis of their ethical implications remains comparatively impoverished. In particular, there have been few attempts to explore how traditional ethical theories might be brought to bear upon these developments, or what insights they might offer, if any. In attempting to address this lacuna in applied ethical research, this paper investigates the ethical significance of online friendship by means of an Aristotelian theory of the good life, which holds that human flourishing is chiefly realized through ‘complete’ friendships of virtue. Here, four key dimensions of ‘virtue friendship’ are examined in relation to online social media: reciprocity, empathy, self-knowledge and the shared life. Online social media support and strengthen friendship in ways that mirror these four dimensions, particularly when used to supplement rather than substitute for face-to-face interactions. However, deeper reflection on the meaning of the shared life (suzen) for Aristotle raises important and troubling questions about the capacity of online social media to support complete friendships of virtue in the contemporary world, along with significant concerns about the enduring relevance of this Aristotelian ideal for the good life in the 21st century.
A Novel Centrifugal Flow Gas Turbine Design

A centrifugal gas turbine is developed based on a straight radial flow design with no axial flow turning. The geometry contains only two major elements — a rotor disk and a stator shroud. The rotor consists of a centrifugal compressor and high impulse radial outward-flow turbine connected to an electric generator. The stator shroud contains the combustor and nozzles. Fuel lines are attached to the shroud, ducted directly into the combustor. The difference between this novel design and conventional radial gas turbine is that the compressor and turbine section are installed on the same side of the rotating wheel, while the combustor and nozzle are mounted on the stationary shroud. Thus, the entire assembly consists of two components. Technical advantages are: • Single Rotating Component; • Short Axial Span; • Compact Two-Piece Construction; • Ease of Maintenance/Repair Access. Aerodynamic design, performance, and structural analysis of this design are discussed.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Multiple Consultee Consultation to Modify Behaviors in a Student with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Consultation is used to provide indirect services to students. The process typically occurs with a school psychologist consultant and a teacher consultee. Few cases exist demonstrating consultation with nontraditional or multiple consultees. The current study showed the use of consultation with multiple interdisciplinary consultees to implement two tier 3 behavior interventions with a student with high functioning autism spectrum disorder. Two consultees implemented an intervention targeting appropriate hand raising, and five consultees implemented an intervention targeting inappropriate nose cleaning. Both interventions appeared successful via visual analysis and percent of nonoverlapping data. Implications for practice, limitations, and future research are discussed.
Management of urethral stricture disease: developing options for surgical intervention

Urethral strictures demand careful surgical management, and the authors from North Carolina describe the developing art of urethral surgery in the first of the mini-reviews in this issue. The non-surgical oncologists’ role in managing advanced and metastatic TCC is of great importance, and as urologists increasingly adopt a multi-disciplinary approach to cancer, the next two mini-reviews in this section should be of considerable interest. Finally, what is a prostasome? The possible importance of its role in prostate disease is described in the fourth paper.
In a Discussion on Invisible Disabilities, Let Us Not Lose Sight of Employees on the Autism Spectrum

Acknowledging the focal article authors’ essential step forward in researching challenges related to disability in the workplace, we argue that missing from the discussion are individuals with one of the most invisible disabilities—namely, individuals with autism spectrum disorder or ASD. As such, we aim to make two primary points in this commentary. First, we extend the discussion of invisible disabilities to include socially based disorders such as ASD. Second, we briefly discuss unique issues employees with ASD pose to our field, hoping to make a compelling argument for a necessary future research agenda.
Rewriting rule chains modeling DNA rearrangement pathways

We introduce a model that describes rearrangement pathways of DNA recombination events. The recombination processes may happen in a succession, possibly with some recombination events performed simultaneously, but others in a prescribed order. These events are modeled by three rewriting rules applied on a set of formal linear and circular words. We define a partial order on these sets in such a way that two sets are related by this order when molecules represented by one are produced by recombination events from the other. We apply our model to experimental data obtained for DNA rearrangement of the actin I gene in O. trifallax ciliates, and we predict possible pathways of gene rearrangement compatible with the data.
Age- and disease-related neuroplasticity of chemically identified neuronal circuits: A tribute to Professor Erminio Costa

Abstract The following review highlights a small portion of the research ongoing in my laboratory at the Fidia Georgetown Institute of Neuroscience (FGIN) during the years 1989–1994. Specifically, this work focused on the selective vulnerability of neurons in Alzheimer's disease. At the time, it was known that α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoaxolepropionate (AMPA) receptors were composed of one or more subunits (GluR1-4). Furthermore, the presence of the GluR2 subunit was known to substantially reduce Ca 2+ through AMPA receptors in response to ligand binding. This finding led us to hypothesize that the presence or absence of the GluR2 subunit in the AMPA receptor may have a profound influence on the ability of the cell to gate extracellular Ca 2+ and maintain intracellular calcium homeostasis. Furthermore, in Alzheimer's disease we hypothesized that cells at risk for developing AD neuropathology will express certain combinations of glutamate receptor subunits that form channels with increased permeability to Ca 2+ . In turn, these cells may become more vulnerable to the pathologic consequences of increased intracellular Ca 2+ and destabilized intracellular Ca 2+ homeostasis. To test this hypothesis we employed anatomical techniques and examined post mortem materials from patients with AD. The results of these studies are summarized in this review. Notably, this review also highlights the valuable collaborations established during my five years at FGIN and pays tribute to the intellectually rich and supportive environment provided by Dr. Costa and colleagues.
Model-based and empirical evaluation of multimodal interactive error correction

Our research addresses the problem of error correction in speech user interfaces. Previous work hypothesized that switching modality could speed up interactive correction of recognition errors (so-called multimodal error correction). We present a user study that compares, on a dictation task, multimodal error correction with conventional interactive correction, such as speaking again, choosing Tom a list, and keyboard input. Results show that multimodal correction is faster than conventional correction without keyboard input, but slower than correction by typing for users with good typing skills. Furthermore, while users initially prefer speech, they learn to avoid ineffective correction modalities with experience. To extrapolate results from this user study we developed a performance model of multimodal interaction that predicts input speed including time needed for error correction. We apply the model to estimate the impact of recognition technology improvements on correction speeds and the influence of recognition accuracy and correction method on the productivity of dictation systems. Our model is a first step towards formalizing multimodal (recognition-based) interaction.
A conserved sequence in caveolin‐1 is both necessary and sufficient for caveolin polarity and cell directional migration

Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) plays an important role in the organization of signaling molecules involved in a variety of signaling pathways, including those mediating cell motility. Here we show that amino acids K47–K57 of Cav-1 are a highly conserved sequence in Cav-1 and Cav-3 proteins, and that expression of either K47–K57 deletion Cav-1 mutant or wild-type Cav-2 that lacks this sequence exhibits a non-polarized distribution pattern. Expression of K47–K57 in Cav-2 leads to Cav-2 polarity, suggesting that expression of K47–K57 is sufficient to direct caveolin polarity. Importantly, we show that expression of this sequence is both necessary and sufficient to promote cell directional migration. Thus, our results support the conclusion that Cav-1 polarity is critical for cell directional migration.
Inducing resistance to persuasive attack: A test of two strategies of communication

(1975). Inducing resistance to persuasive attack: A test of two strategies of communication. Western Speech Communication: Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 240-248.
Study of ejector efficiencies in refrigeration cycles

Abstract This paper presents a method of determining internal ejector component efficiencies using a two-phase flow ejector model. The measured performance data external to the ejector in conjunction with the ejector model were used to determine the isentropic efficiencies of the motive and suction nozzles, and the efficiency of mixing section. It was found that ejector component efficiencies vary with ejector geometries and operating conditions, which are different from the constant efficiencies assumed by previous researchers. The efficiencies of the controllable ejector motive nozzle, suction nozzle and mixing section range from 0.50 to 0.93, from 0.37 to 0.90, and 0.50 to 1.00, respectively, in CO2 refrigeration cycles under different operating conditions. Empirical correlations were established and incorporated into a CO2 air conditioning system model to estimate ejector component efficiencies at different ejector geometries and operating conditions.
Changes in hyaluronan deposition during early respiratory distress syndrome in premature monkeys

Increased deposition of hyaluronan (HA) is part of the early response to fibrogenic stimulus in the lung exposed to bleomycin injury and has been associated with increased lung water in adult animals. Early respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants is characterized by increased lung water, and late sequelae include fibrosis or bronchopulmonary dysplasia. We hypothesized that increased HA in the alveolar interstitium would be associated with increasingly severe RDS in prematurely delivered monkeys and that modes of therapy that affect severity of disease such as treatment with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation or exogenous surfactant would decrease this response. Thirty-four Macaca nemestrina monkeys were delivered at 134 +/- 1 d (term = 168 d) and randomized to high-frequency oscillatory ventilation or conventional mechanical ventilation from birth. Sixteen of these animals received surfactant. At 6 h of age, the right lower lung was frozen in situ during inflation to 30 cm H2O (approximately 2940 Pa) and then dehydrated and processed for microscopy. The presence and severity of RDS were evaluated by clinical and morphologic criteria. HA concentrations in lung extracts increased with progressively severe RDS (p = 0.0003). Treatment with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation decreased the lung injury score (1.69 +/- 0.7 compared with 2.5 +/- 0.9, p = 0.05), but changes in lung HA concentration did not reach significance (37.9 +/- 22.7 compared with 44.8 +/- 22.6). Surfactant treatment decreased lung HA concentration (29.6 +/- 19.0 micrograms/wet lung) compared with non-surfactant-treated animals (54.7 +/- 20.2 micrograms/g wet lung, p = 0.0009).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Auditory Laterality and Tested Handedness

Summary Eleven out of 80 self-referred left handed subjects met the investigators criteria for strong left sidedness and were matched with 11 right sided subjects. The experimental task required each subject to listen to six subtests of dichotic words, developed previously by Kimura and Dirks, which had been altered by adding white noise and random interruption. Under these difficult listening conditions (dichotic words plus white noise or random interruption), left sided subjects demonstrated a significant left ear effect. These data support the contention that, when handedness and footedness are tested for exclusivity, sidedness and language dominance are positively related.
Treatment of Multiple Lesions of Bowen Disease With Isotretinoin and Interferon Alfa: Efficacy of Combination Chemotherapy

REPORT OF A CASE A 77-year-old white woman presented with multiple (>50) erythematous, keratotic papules and plaques distributed diffusely on her trunk and extremities, including the sole of her left foot. These lesions varied in size from 2 mm to 6 cm in diameter (Figure). The patient noted an increasing number of lesions at a rate of approximately 2 to 3 new plaques per month. An excisional biopsy specimen of the largest and most irregular lesion on her back demonstrated invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Three more biopsies were performed, specimens of which showed full-thickness epidermal cell atypia and disorder consistent with Bowen disease (SCC in situ). The patient had 1 slightly pearly nodule on her neck that was clinically and histologically consistent with basal cell carcinoma. The patient grew up in rural Montana and had been exposed to arsenic in the well water and had also been given an
Lymphoid enhancer factor/T cell factor expression in colorectal cancer

Genetic inactivation of key components of the Wnt signal transduction system is a frequent event in colorectal cancer. These genetic mutations lead to stabilization of β-catenin, a cytoplasmic–nuclear shuttling protein with a potent transcription activation domain. Stabilization and subsequent nuclear localization of β-catenin produces aberrant, Wnt-independent signals to target genes, an activity tightly linked to the genesis of colon cancers. In the nucleus, the transcription factor family of LEF/TCF proteins transmits Wnt signals by binding to β-catenin and recruiting it to target genes for activation. Such activities are carried out by full-length LEF/TCFs that are thought to be mostly interchangeable and redundant. However, truncated forms of LEF-1 and TCF-1 that do not bind to β-catenin function as dominant negatives and an alternatively spliced TCF isoform with a unique activation function has recently been discovered. The dominant negative forms block Wnt signals because they occupy Wnt target genes and limit β-catenin access; the alternatively spliced TCF isoform activates certain Wnt target promoters whereas other TCF isoforms and LEF-1 do not. A study of LEF/TCF expression and activity in normal intestine and colon carcinomas suggests that the relative amounts of LEF/TCF isoforms may change as tumors progress and this may influence the strength and specificity of Wnt signals in the nucleus. While the underlying mechanism for a change in the LEF/TCF isoform expression is not yet known, recent evidence implicates the Wnt signaling pathway itself as a potential modulator.
Comment on “Elastic modulus and hardness of muscovite and rectorite determined by nanoindentation” by G. Zhang, Z. Wei and R.E. Ferrell [Applied Clay Science 43 (2009) 271-281]

In their paper, Zhang et al. (2009) report on a series of nanoindentation experiments on muscovite and rectorite, two clay minerals with very different interlayer structures. Their work raises a fundamental question regarding the mechanical definition of a single clay mineral. Furthermore, if such a definition is possible, is nanoindentation capable of assessing the mechanical behavior of a single clay mineral? Comparison of Zhang et al.'s results with previously published nanoindentation results on shale, and with results of other methods of assessing the mechanical behavior of single clay minerals, provides an avenue to address these questions. In a final analysis, it may be impossible to strictly define the mechanical behavior of a single clay mineral without the additional context of specific applications.
Writing up your research results for publication.

The abstract is the entire paper reduced to its essence and may be all that many readers will see. It Manuscript received November 3, 2008; revision accepted November 8, 2008. Affiliations: From the Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA. © 2009 American College of Chest Physicians. Reproduction of this article is prohibited without written permission from the American College of Chest Physicians (www.chestjournal.org/site/ misc/reprints.xhtml). Correspondence to: Peter D. Wagner, MD, Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Bioengineering, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, Department 0623A, La Jolla, CA 92093-0623A; e-mail: pdwagner@ucsd.edu DOI: 10.1378/chest.08-2620 CHEST Postgraduate Education Corner MEDICAL WRITING TIP OF THE MONTH www.chestjournal.org CHEST / 136 / 2 / AUGUST, 2009 639 Copyright © 2009 American College of Chest Physicians at University of British Columbia on August 13, 2009 www.chestjournal.org Downloaded from should contain all of the major elements listed in Table 1, especially introduction, hypothesis, methods, results, and conclusion. Obviously each of these has to be brief, and contain only essential, high-level information. To stay within word limits, and also to maintain reader attention, nonessential data should not be included. The introduction should in one to two sentences bring the reader to the point of expecting the next item (the hypothesis), which should fit within a single sentence. Next should be the overview of the experimental methods/strategy. It should include species and number of subjects (or cells or molecules, as appropriate) including control subjects, and give a high-level statement of the study design. Results should follow, limited to those that are key. If space permits, include data values and statistical outcomes. Finally, present the conclusion allowed by the data, referring back to the hypothesis and whether it is supported or not. In practical terms, it is common to write the first draft of the abstract without too much concern for word limits, just to set the major elements in place, and then refine the text to fit the allowed space in a second step. Most journals ask for a list of 5 to 10 key words, which are used to facilitate reader searches for your paper. These are usually words not already in the formal title of the paper. They should identify key issues of interest to potential readers, and be chosen to try and help them find your paper once published. In the above example (“Hypoxia reduces exercise capacity in the rat by limiting O2 diffusion within muscle”), one might consider as additional key words the following: altitude; maximum oxygen uptake; and oxygen transport. But, choose them carefully as this may well determine who does and does not see your paper.
IL-10 IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IN TRANSPLANTATION

The description of IL-10 as an immunosuppressive cytokine that inhibits numerous T-cell and antigen-presenting cell functions has led to the investigation of the role of IL-10 in graft acceptance and rejection, in both manipulated and unmanipulated experimental systems. Recent results suggest a complex interaction of IL-10 with other cytokines and numerous cell types. Although IL-10 is not a simple immunosuppressive molecule, manipulation of its actions may be a useful approach for prolonging graft survival and preventing rejection.
Benchmarking Academic Business School Libraries Relative to Their Business School Rankings

Abstract Two recent studies in the business literature look at business school rankings. One describes the impact of MBA rankings on business school strategic planning while the other provides research rankings for 100 business schools and notes the difference in rankings between schools focusing on MBA rankings and research rankings. Using this as a starting point, in addition to AACSB requirements for research resources, the authors collected data from the business libraries and business library services for top business schools on both MBA and research rankings. The main purposes of this study are to identify patterns across ten library variables and within ranking systems and to discuss the strategic implications of these relationships for academic business librarians. Libraries are designated as Separate or Non-Separate and categorized into top or bottom based upon four ranking systems. Specific information regarding the observed differences on the ten variables is reported to provide benchmark data.
Dancing Till Dawn: A Century of Exhibition Ballroom Dance

Preface The Origins and Rise of Exhibition Ballroom Dance Dancing Deities: Career Paths of the Early Innovators Cabaret Dancing Taking the Palace by Storm: Exhibition Ballroom Dance in Vaudeville of the Teens and Twenties Exhibition Ballroom Dance in Early Musical Theatre Decline and Rebirth The Contemporary Renaissance Appendix A: Social Dances, 1908-1919 Appendix B: Exhibition Ballroom Dance Technique, 1908-1919 Selected Bibliography Index
Preceptor rewards: How to say thank you for mentoring the next generation of nurse practitioners.

Purpose: To answer the question how do faculty nurture and reward clinical preceptors and what supports do preceptors require? Data sources: Data came from the literature and from surveying a purposive sample of 26 faculty members teaching clinical courses and arranging precepted experiences for nurse practitioner (NP) students at 26 public and private institutions across the United States. The vehicles for the survey were personal contact and e-mail. Conclusions:Schoolsofferpreceptorrewardsvaryingwidelyintheirmonetary value, from tuition and continuing education vouchers, verification of hours toward recertification, accesstoservicesand eventsoncampus, reducedprice or free admission to museums, cultural and sports events, and lectures. Faculty nurture preceptors by nominating them for awards, providing letters of reference, editing manuscripts, and collaborating on research projects. Supports for preceptors from the literature reflected National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties guidelines (2000), and the policies of schools and clinical agencies,suchasprovidingcopiesofprogramobjectivesandstudentcredentials. Implications for practice and education: As NP programs have proliferated, there is increased pressure on faculty to find, nurture, reward, and retain good preceptors. Faculty must continue to work with program and agency administrators to comply with policies and create preceptor rewards to recognize their gifts to us, to our schools, and to the profession.
Unwanted optical images with narrow profile intraocular lenses compared with conventional intraocular lenses

Abstract About 35% of intraocular lenses now implanted in the United States are narrow profile lenses, measuring on the average 5.0 mm by 6.0 mm. This study sought to determine whether these lenses cause unwanted optical images with a decrease in the quality of vision. Seventy-five eyes with a 5.0 mm × 6.0 mm intraocular lens (IOL) were compared with 75 eyes with a 6.5 mm IOL. All patients had capsulorhexis, phacoemulsification, and capsular fixation of the IOL. There was no statistically significant difference in unwanted visual images (16% and 20%, respectively), ability to drive at night (79% and 69%), or patient satisfaction. Careful patient selection is, however, important.
AMYLOIDOSIS IN STRAIN BL-LYDE MICE.

SummaryInfiltration of amyloid in various organs of female and male mice of strain BL has been recorded. It was observed to occur frequently in spleen, duodenum, ileum, cervical lymph node, liver, kidney, ovaries, and uterus; less frequently in heart, vagina, adrenal, lung, and tongue; and only occasionally in pancreas, salivary glands, bladder, and testis.
Analysis of positive cultures from endodontically treated teeth: a retrospective study.

Abstract A study of 12,150 endodontically treated teeth from 11,797 patients in a private patient setup revealed an incidence of 10.2% positive cultures obtained just before obturation of the root canal. Streptococcal predominance was reflected by a presence of nearly 60% in the pure cultures and nearly 98% in the mixed cultures. No significant changes in microbial predominance or bacterial sensitivities were detected over the 7-year period of study. Ampicillin, cephalothin, erythromycin, and penicillin were the most effective antibiotics against the viridans streptococci, the most prevalent organism in the infected teeth.
Effect of Source and Dietary Concentration of Ascorbic Acid on Tissue Concentrations of Ascorbic Acid in Channel Catfish

Semipurified diets containing either no ascorbic acid or supplemental amounts of 11, 22, 44 and 132 mg/kg from Gascorbic acid (AA), L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate (AAP) or L-ascorbyl-2-sulfate (AAS) were fed to channel catfish fingerlings (13 ± 2.1 g average initial weight) in aquaria. After a feeding period of 14 wk, weight gain was measured and ascorbic acid content of liver and anterior kidney of the fish was determined. Growth was normal for fish fed all dietary levels of AA and AAP, but lower in fish fed the control and diets supplemented with all levels of AAS; however, growth improved as the concentration of AAS increased. Liver and kidney ascorbic acid increased with level of dietary supplementation in fish fed AA and AAP but only traces or no detectable levels were found in the tissues of fish fed AAS or the controls. Liver and kidney levels of ascorbic acid were significantly higher in fish fed AAP than in fish fed corresponding levels of ascorbic acid from AA. Regression of liver ascorbic acid content on diet concentration indicated that the potency of AAP for maintaining liver storage of ascorbic acid at a minimum acceptable level is 1.74 times higher than that of AA on an ascorbic acid equivalent basis. These results demonstrate that AAP and AA have similar vitamin activity for growth in channel catfish, but AAP is markedly more effective for maintaining tissue levels of ascorbic acid, and that AAS has limited vitamin activity for growth and its contribution to the tissue ascorbic acid pool is negligible.
Semi‐sovereign leadership? The state's role in German biotechnology and venture capital growth

The biotechnology and venture capital sectors have flourished in Germany during the 1990s, a surprising development that finds its roots in the policies of the federal government. Years before the private sector became engaged, the federal government had identified biotechnology and venture capital as important for job creation and Germany's world‐wide status as a technological leader. Its success in leading a renaissance in these sectors sits uneasily with dominant understandings of the German state as ‘semi‐sovereign’ (Katzenstein) or ‘enabling’ (Streeck) ‐ as institutionally incapable of defining policy against or without the active participation of societal actors. This article uses a history of the biotechnology and venture capital sectors since the 1970s to re‐examine the relationship between the central state and lower governments as well as organised interests in Germany. The evidence demonstrates the federal government's autonomy in formulating policy priorities as well as its ability to enhance ...
Modeling Buoyancy Driven Mixed Layers

Abstract A second-order modeling technique for stratified turbulent flows with application to buoyancy driven mixed layers is presented. The models of pressure terms, dissipation and destruction of temperature variance are to a great extent based on invariant techniques. The unknown constants in these models were determined empirically. The turbulent transport model, based on solutions to the approximated rate equations for the third-order turbulent moments, incorporates buoyancy effects. The buoyancy contributions to the third moments were found to be crucial to modeling the dynamics of entrainment. The numerical results presented illustrate the capability of the model to realistically predict the structure of the entraining mixed layer including the vertical flux of turbulence energy and the downward heat flux at the mixed layer/inversion interface.
American Business Education—Effect on the Ethical Orientation of Foreign Students

Abstract In this study, the authors examined the association between American business education and changes in the ethical orientations of foreign business students. Significant differences in ethical orientation were found between newly arrived foreign students and foreign students who had spent considerable time studying in the United States (older foreign students). The authors compared the ethical orientations of older foreign students with those of American students to examine the degree of convergence in their approach to ethical issues. Results suggest that, after spending considerable time studying in U.S. business schools, foreign students modified their ethical orientations to include the values and beliefs of the new social environment.
When familiar social partners are selected in open-ended situations: further tests of the socioemotional selectivity theory.

ABSTRACT Socioemotional selectivity theory (SST; Carstensen, 1995, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4, 151–156) predicts that novel social partners are preferred in open-ended situations, whereas familiar social partners are preferred in future-limited situations. The authors attempted to generalize past research to new familiar and novel partner options. Studies 1 (N = 144; undergraduates, community-dwelling adults ages 65 to 95) and 2 (N = 336 community-dwelling participants ages 11 to 89) indicated that young and older participants in a future-limited situation preferred familiar partners. However, with different social partner options than have been used in previous research, young participants in an open-ended situation also preferred a familiar partner, contrary to the predictions of SST.
4.1.3 System Architecture Entropy

This paper will introduce the concept of Architecture Entropy in the context of systems engineering and complex systems. Entropy has been explored and discussed in other domains, drawing an analogy to its origins in physics. In its original context, entropy describes the degree of randomness, or level of chaos, that occurs over time. The purpose of this research is to explore application of the concept of entropy for understanding the vitality of legacy system architectures. The discussion is supported by examples of current architecture challenges that may be attributed to architectural entropy. Specific examples are presented to better understand the applicability of architectural entropy.
Outcomes research in evaluating the benefit of health care technology

Although medical innovation can reduce morbidity and mortality associated with diseases or their treatments, in most instances new interventions tend to increase the amount of resources expended on health care services. In this era of increasing cost consciousness, there is a perceived tension between the desire to improve health outcomes and the necessity to control the growth of health care costs. The dramatic changes in the organization, financing, and delivery of health care services, make it no longer acceptable to provide any and all services to every individual with only a remote probability of clinical benefit. An incentive structure which rewards the practice of cost-effective medical care is rapidly replacing the 'technological imperative' of decades past. As the expansion towards managed care continues, increasing scrutiny will be paid to the clinical and cost implications of our medical interventions.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Application of storage consolidation intervals to approximate random storage transaction times with closest open location load dispatching

A new modelling approach is proposed for estimating storage/retrieval transaction times in warehouse systems using random storage and closest open location load dispatching. The method is based on estimating intervals between consolidations of the active storage envelope defined by the most remote occupied storage position in a warehouse. This enables the calculation of the expected number of interspersed storage vacancies within the storage envelope which can then be applied in transaction time calculations. Computational results for test problems suggest that the method performs well relative to alternative procedures reported in the literature.
Efficacy of a cooled bipolar epicardial radiofrequency ablation probe for creating transmural myocardial lesions.

Objective Creation of transmural myocardial lesions with epicardial surgical devices to treat atrial fibrillation is difficult. A new cooled bipolar radiofrequency ablation probe was used to create transmural myocardial lesions under controlled conditions. Methods The Coolrail (AtriCure, Inc, West Chester, Ohio) is a handheld probe with 2 parallel 30-mm long radiofrequency conductors. Conductors are cooled by water irrigation. Lesions were delivered to epicardial surface of isolated bovine myocardium sliced 3- to 8-mm thick, with blood flow beneath tissue at 0 or 0.4 m/s. Contact pressure between probe and tissue was either 450 g or 900 g. Tissue temperatures were measured. Tissue was sectioned every 5 mm along lesion long axis to determine lesion dimensions. Results For 80 experiments with 450-g contact pressure, epicardial lesion length was 31.3 mm (interquartile range, 30.1–32.8 mm); endocardial lesion length was 14.1 mm (interquartile range, 0.0–22.6 mm). Average lesion depth was 4.2 ± 0.74 mm. Temperature at probe interface was 81°C ± 21°C; that at blood pool interface was 53°C ± 12°C. Lesions were always transmural when tissue thickness was 4.0 mm or less. Endocardial blood flow did not influence lesion depth. With 900-g contact pressure, increased depth was always transmural at 4.8-mm tissue thickness or less. Conclusions This irrigated bipolar radiofrequency probe consistently produced transmural lesions in tissue 4 mm or thinner under controlled conditions in vitro. Lesion depth was increased by greater pressure on probe and not affected by blood flow. Endocardial lesions were smaller than epicardial dimensions.
Examination of correlates of different imitative functions in young children with autism spectrum disorders

Abstract Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have difficulties with social-communication skills, including imitation, language, joint attention, and play. This study investigated whether imitation performance in two different contexts (structured-elicited vs. social-interactive) was differentially related to attention-following, social reciprocity, language, and play in children with ASD. This study used a concurrent, correlational design to investigate the relationships between these skills in 23, 2–4-year-old children with autism. Participants imitated more actions on the structured-elicited than social-interactive task. After controlling for developmental level, imitation in the structured-elicited condition was correlated with vocabulary size and imitation in the social-interactive condition was correlated with vocabulary size, social reciprocity, and symbolic play. These findings suggest different skills may underlie imitation in different contexts. In addition, while imitation in both contexts appears to be important for vocabulary development at this age, imitation in a social context may be more important in the development of symbolic play skills.
Topical Application of CO2 Increases Skin Blood Flow

The topical application of carbon dioxide water to the rat hindpaw produced a concentration-dependent increase of skin blood flow as measured by a laser Doppler flowmeter. About a 100% increase of skin blood flow occurred in response to CO2 when the bath temperature was at 23°C or 34°C, but there was no significant effect of CO2 at 41°C. Carbon dioxide exposure also produced about the same increase of skin blood flow in the acutely or chronically denervated paw as in the control. These findings give experimental support for the clinical use of CO2 bathing in the treatment of disturbances of skin circulation as well as skin ulcers and wounds.
The Effect of Friendship on Decisions: Field Studies of Real Estate Transactions

A field study of real estate agents' transactions demonstrates that business friendship affects the negotiation process and the outcome of some transactions more for senior agents with 10 or more years of experience in real estate brokerage than for less experienced agents. Senior agents may have different cognitive scripts for business friendship than do new licensees. Newer agents rely more on friendly relations and on attention to reputation in their transactions, while the more experienced agents consider genuine business friendship useful for facilitating transactions.