cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Soufflé Vision

This article was taken from Dr. Moyers Cleveland�s address given at the AOTA Annual Conference & Expo, held in Orlando, Florida, April 29�May 2, 2010. In Orlando, I was introduced to the AOTA audience as American chef, author, and television personality Julia Child, who introduced French cuisine and cooking techniques to the American mainstream through her cookbooks and television programs. To underscore the metaphor of a souffle representing the occupational therapy profession, I appeared onstage in an apron and holding a mixing bowl, pretending to be the great Julia Child
Knowledge-based assessment of expertise in the arts: Exploring aesthetic fluency

In the article, the words aesthetic and aesthetics erroneously appear with a capital A throughout the text. These errors were introduced after the page proofs had been returned, and did not appear in the original manuscript or proofs. Readers should not interpret these capitalized forms as proper nouns or as specialized technical terms.] Scientific interest in expertise in the arts is growing, but measures of expertise have largely been brief and informal. The present research examines Smith and Smith's (2006) Aesthetic fluency scale, which measures expertise by assessing domain knowledge in the arts. A latent variable study examined Aesthetic fluency in relation to fluid intelligence and the Big Five dimensions of personality. Openness to experience had a large effect, and all other effects were small. Aesthetic fluency appears to be associated with the artistic values and interests typical of people high in openness to experience.
Plant growth and development of Chrysanthemum and Ficus in aero-hydroponics: response to low dissolved oxygen concentrations

Abstract The growth of Chrysanthemum and Ficus plants in aero-hydroponics was reduced as the dissolved O2 concentration decreased; however, both species showed some adaptation to prolonged hypoxia in growth chamber experiments. Leaf number and plant height of Ficus plants grown in University of California (UC) mix or in water with an O2 concentration of 2 mg l−1 were lower than those in plants grown in O2-saturated water. Mathematical models were used to predict the time needed by Ficus plants growing in UC mix or aero-hydroponics to reach a particular leaf number. Ficus plants growing in O2-saturated water in aero-hydroponics produced leaves at the fastest rate.
Virtual, wireless mannah: a co-opetitive analysis of the broadband satellite industry

Abstract The emerging satellite communication constellations differ substantially from prior generations of systems. For years, satellite systems have offered broadcast and interactive services, but with major limitations. The new generation of services promise to overcome the traditional barriers, such as terminal weight and size, equipment and service cost, and degree of mobility. Instead, the new systems will provide completely new capabilities which expand the flexibility for the user and the range of potential applications. However, the introduction of such a “next-generation” communications system is often plagued by difficulties in forecasting market demand, as customer themselves may not accurately forecast their own needs for such services. Using the concept of “co-opetition” derived from game theory, we propose concrete steps which broadband satellite operators can use to foster market growth for these services.
Products of the Escherichia coli acid fitness island attenuate metabolite stress at extremely low pH and mediate a cell density-dependent acid resistance

Escherichia coli has an ability, rare among the Enterobacteriaceae, to survive extreme acid stress under various host (e.g., human stomach) and nonhost (e.g., apple cider) conditions. Previous microarray studies have exposed a cluster of 12 genes at 79 centisomes collectively called an acid fitness island (AFI). Four AFI genes, gadA, gadX, gadW, and gadE, were already known to be involved in an acid resistance system that consumes an intracellular proton through the decarboxylation of glutamic acid. However, roles for the other eight AFI gene products were either unknown or subject to conflicting findings. Two new aspects of acid resistance are described that require participation of five of the remaining eight AFI genes. YhiF (a putative regulatory protein), lipoprotein Slp, and the periplasmic chaperone HdeA protected E. coli from organic acid metabolites produced during fermentation once the external pH was reduced to pH 2.5. HdeA appears to handle protein damage caused when protonated organic acids diffuse into the cell and dissociate, thereby decreasing internal pH. In contrast, YhiF- and Slp-dependent systems appear to counter the effects of the organic acids themselves, specifically succinate, lactate, and formate, but not acetate. A second phenomenon was defined by two other AFI genes, yhiD and hdeD, encoding putative membrane proteins. These proteins participate in an acid resistance mechanism exhibited only at high cell densities (>108 CFU per ml). Density-dependent acid resistance does not require any demonstrable secreted factor and may involve cell contact-dependent activation. These findings further define the complex physiology of E. coli acid resistance.
Role of a humoral sodium-potassium pump inhibitor in experimental low renin hypertension

Recent evidence suggests that the vascular sodium-potassium pump suppression previously observed in animals with various models of low renin hypertension results from a circulating heat stable ouabain-like agent. It appears to come from or be influenced by the anteroventral third ventricle area of the brain and its action on blood vessels results in depolarization of the smooth muscle cell. Suppression of the vascular sodium-potassium pump, with ouabain for example, increases contractile activity and the contractile responses to vasoactive agents. Thus the humoral pump inhibitor may be involved in the genesis and maintenance of experimental low renin hypertension.
Square Wave Artificial Neuron (SWAN)

We developed a square wave based artificial neuron to take advantage of inexpensive and readily available Field Programmable Gate Array technologies. While conventional neurons require computationally intensive floating point arithmetic to determine the output, our artificial neuron converts inputs into square waves and the time that these waves require to produce a predetermined bit pattern is used to determine the output value. The behavior of this neuron was successfully simulated by software to demonstrate that the Square Wave Artificial Neuron is software implementable.
Arylamide inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase

Based on data derived from a large number of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors, similar structural features can be observed, which consist of two aryl units separated by a central linker. For many inhibitors fitting this pattern, at least one aryl ring also requires ortho bis-hydroxylation for significant inhibitory potency. The ability of such catechol species to undergo in situ oxidation to reactive quinones presents one potential limitation to their utility. In an effort to address this problem, a series of inhibitors were prepared which did not contain ortho bis-hydroxyls. None of these analogues exhibited significant inhibition. Therefore an alternate approach was taken, whose aim was to increase potency rather than eliminate catechol substructures. In this latter study, naphthyl nuclei were utilized as aryl components, since a previous report had indicated that fused bicyclic rings may afford higher affinity relative to monocyclic phenyl-based systems. In preliminary work with monomeric units, it was found...
Characterization of FEN-1 from Xenopus laevis: cDNA cloning and role in DNA metabolism

cDNAs for the Xenopus laevishomologue of the endo/exonuclease FEN-1 (DNase IV) have been cloned using a polymerase chain reaction strategy. Products were obtained from two nonallelic Xenopus genes (xFEN-1a and xFEN-1b) that differ from each other by 4.5% in amino acid sequence. Both are 80% identical to mammalian FEN-1 proteins and 55% identical to the yeast homologues. When expressed in Escherichia coli, theXenopus enzymes showed flap endonuclease activity, a unique feature of this class of nucleases. In addition, expression from theXenopus cDNAs complemented the temperature and methyl methanesulfonate sensitivity of a yeast rad27 deletion, which eliminates the endogenous FEN-1 gene product. Antiserum raised against xFEN-1 was used to show that the protein accumulates during the middle and late stages of oogenesis, in parallel with other DNA metabolic activities, and that it is localized to the oocyte nucleus. Flap endonuclease activity was demonstrated in oocyte nuclear extracts, and this was inhibited by the anti-xFEN-1 antiserum. The antiserum did not inhibit the major oocyte 5′ → 3′ exonuclease activity. DNA synthesis in oocyte extracts was blocked by the antiserum, and the nature of this inhibition suggests that xFEN-1 may be part of a large complex of replication factors. Chromatographic evidence was obtained for the existence of a complex that forms during DNA synthesis and includes proliferating cell nuclear antigen in addition to xFEN-1. These observations support a critical role for xFEN-1 in DNA replication, but indicate that another enzyme must be responsible for the exonuclease function required for homologous recombination inXenopus oocytes.
Exchange rate determination, macroeconomic dynamics and stability under heterogeneous behavioral FX expectations☆

Abstract In this paper the role of behavioral forecasting rules of chartist and fundamentalist type for the dynamic macroeconomic stability of a two-country system is investigated. The main result of the paper is that for large trend-chasing parameters in the chartist rule used in the FX market, not only this market but also the entire macroeconomic system is destabilized. This outcome takes place despite of a monetary policy conduction in both countries which satisfies the Taylor Principle, and thus highlights the limits of monetary policy as a macroeconomic stabilization instrument in a world of boundedly rational agents.
c-Src couples PI 3 kinase/Akt and MAPK signaling to PDGF-induced DNA synthesis in mesangial cells.

Abstract Platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF) and PDGF receptor-β (PDGFR) play critical roles in mesangial cell proliferation during embryonic development and in mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. We have shown previously that phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3 kinase/Akt and Erk1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) contribute to PDGF-dependent proliferation of mesangial cells, but the mechanism by which these two enzyme cascades are activated by PDGFR signaling is not precisely known. We examined the role of c-Src tyrosine kinase in this process. PDGF increased phosphorylation of c-Src in a time-dependent manner indicating its activation. A pharmacologic inhibitor of c-Src, PP1, blocked PDGF-induced DNA synthesis with concomitant inhibition of c-Src phosphorylation. Immunecomplex kinase assays of c-Src and PDGFR demonstrated inhibition of c-Src tyrosine kinase activity by PP1, without an effect on PDGFR tyrosine phosphorylation. Both PP1 and expression of dominant negative c-Src inhibited PDGF-induced PI 3 kinase, resulting in attenuation of Akt kinase activity. Expression of constitutively active c-Src increased Akt activity to the same extent as with PDGF. Constitutively active c-Src augmented PDGF-induced Akt activity, thus contributing to Akt signaling. Inhibition of c-Src tyrosine kinase blocked PDGF-stimulated MAPK activity and resulted in attenuation of c-fos gene transcription with concomitant prevention of Elk-1 transactivation. Furthermore, inhibition of c-Src increased p27Kip1 cyclin kinase inhibitor, and attenuated PDGF-induced pRb phosphorylation and CDK2 activity. These data provide the first evidence in mesangial cells that PDGF-activated c-Src tyrosine kinase relays signals to PI 3 kinase/Akt and MAPK. Furthermore our results demonstrate that c-Src integrates signals into the nucleus to activate CDK2, which is required for DNA synthesis.
An Improved Mouse Model of Atopic Dermatitis and Suppression of Skin Lesions by an Inhibitor of Tec Family Kinases

ABSTRACT Background Atopic dermatitis is a chronic or chronically relapsing, pruritic inflammatory skin disease. The incidence of atopic dermatitis has dramatically increased during the past three decades in industrialized countries. We attempted to develop an improved method to induce an animal model of atopic dermatitis and to use it to evaluate the efficacy of a Tec family kinase inhibitor. Methods We treated dermatitis-prone inbred mice, NC/Nga, by repetitive epicutaneous applications of a house dust mite allergen and staphylococcal enterotoxin B to induce atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions. Results We established a highly efficient protocol to induce skin lesions in NC/Nga mice, which were histologically and immunologically similar to human atopic dermatitis. Similar to human patients, serum IgE levels were increased in dermatitis-induced mice. Consistent with the proposed roles of infiltrated immune cells in the pathogenesis of human atopic dermatitis, skin lesions were treatable with terreic acid, an inhibitor of Tec family kinases, as well as dexamethasone. Conclusions We established a highly efficient, highly reproducible protocol to induce skin lesions in NC/Nga mice and successfully applied it to show the efficacy of terreic acid in treating skin lesions. This mouse model of atopic dermatitis will be useful to study the pathogenetic processes of atopic dermatitis and to evaluate the efficacy of drug candidates.
Altered Amygdala Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often characterized by aberrant amygdala activation and functional abnormalities in corticolimbic circuitry, as elucidated by functional neuroimaging. These “activation” studies have primarily relied on tasks designed to induce region-specific, and task-dependent brain responses in limbic (e.g., amygdala) and paralimbic brain areas through the use of aversive evocative probes. It remains unknown if these corticolimbic circuit abnormalities exist at baseline or “at rest,” in the absence of fear/anxiety-related provocation and outside the context of task demands. Therefore the primary aim of the present experiment was to investigate aberrant amygdala functional connectivity patterns in combat-related PTSD patients during resting-state. Seventeen Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans with combat-related PTSD (PTSD group) and 17 combat-exposed OEF/OIF veterans without PTSD [combat-exposed control (CEC) group] underwent an 8-min resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. Using an anatomically derived amygdala “seed” region we observed stronger functional coupling between the amygdala and insula in the PTSD group compared to the CEC group, but did not find group differences in amygdala–prefrontal connectivity. These findings suggest that the aberrant amygdala and insula activation to fear-evocative probes previously characterized in PTSD may be driven by an underlying enhanced connectivity between the amygdala, a region known for perceiving threat and generating fear responses, and the insula, a region known for processing the meaning and prediction of aversive bodily states. This enhanced amygdala–insula connectivity may reflect an exaggerated, pervasive state of arousal that exists outside the presence of an overt actual threat/danger. Studying amygdala functional connectivity “at rest” extends our understanding of the pathophysiology of PTSD.
Instability of an internally constrained hyperelastic material

The wave speed criterion is applied to discuss restrictions on the material response functions of an isotropic, Bell constrained material in order that small amplitude, plane waves may propagate in the material with real-wave speeds. The case of a body subjected to a biaxial stress is related to the elastic stability of a Bell constrained slab. We show that two cases among five reported by Beatty and Pan in study of the elastic stability of a thick plate cannot support such waves. These cases, therefore, are not possible and must be excluded as potential solutions. The question of the stability of the equibiaxial deformations of a Bell constrained material under an all-around Cauchy stress, suggested in primary work of Beatty and Hayes on homogeneous deformations of Bell materials, is investigated. It is shown that for a general Bell material model, the state of equibiaxial deformation under an all-around Cauchy stress is materially unstable, unless all stretches are equal to one, their value in the initial undistorted state.
Competitive interactions between the rotifer Synchaeta oblonga and the cladoceran Scapholeberis kingi Sars

Competition experiments showed that the small cladoceran Scapholeberis kingi rapidly excluded the rotifer Synchaeta oblonga from mixed-species cultures, but was itself unaffected by the presence of S. oblonga. Short-term experiments testing the effect of S. kingi on the survivorship and reproduction of S. oblonga showed that the former imposed a high mortality on the latter, even though shared food resources were abundant. These results indicate that adult S. kingi mechanically interferes with S. oblonga either by ingesting, or by rejecting in a damaged condition, individuals swept into its branchial chamber. In contrast to many other small species of cladocerans, and like large species of Daphnia, S. kingi has the potential to markedly suppress populations of some rotifer species through a combination of interference and exploitative competition.
Questioning the Utility and Fairness of Immigration and Naturalization Service Detention: Criticisms of Poor Institutional Conditions and Protracted Periods of Confinement for Undocumented Immigrants

As the immigration crisis escalates, Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) officials have responded with several measures designed to reduce illegal immigration. In particular, INS has increased the use of detention for purpose of deterrence, a policy that has stirred controversy among immigration experts. Critics of INS policy insist that for most undocumented immigrants, detention is unnecessary; moreover, critics charge that conditions of confinement are exceedingly harsh and periods of detention are unreasonably prolonged. This article discusses the conditions of confinement at INS facilities and delineates several key aspects of the controversy surrounding INS detention policy.
Rapid synthesis of faujasite/polyethersulfone composite membrane and application for CO2/N2 separation

Abstract Rapid growth of faujasitic membranes on polyethersulfone support was investigated. The membrane growth occurred in a novel zeolite reactor, where the extent of supersaturation of the synthesis gel 8.5 Na 2 O: 1 Al 2 O 3 : 10.9 SiO 2 : 487H 2 O was controlled by removal of water from the reaction system. The gel remaining after removal of half the water from the reaction was isolated and used as a coating on the polymer support. Along with this reactive gel, coating of a uniform film of nanozeolite seed deposition on the porous polymer support was also investigated. Eight variations of the gel-seed combinations were examined for membrane growth. The optimal membrane synthesis condition was defined as coating of the PES support by a nanozeolite seed layer of 250–300 nm thickness, and then introduction into the reactor after water is removed, and continuing the reflux process with reintroduction of the water for another hour. Further characterization included X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and detailed scanning electron microscopy. Leak test of a dye through the membrane and the mechanical stability of the membrane via a tape test were performed. The transport properties of these membranes for CO 2 /N 2 separation were evaluated. There were three ways the membrane samples were prepared and handled for transport measurements. Prior to transport measurements, all samples were covered with PDMS. Initial attempts placed the seeded PES support into the growth reactor. These samples all exhibited poor transport properties with CO 2 /N 2 selectivities less than 10. For the second group, the seeded PES supports were placed in a holder that ensured flatness during the zeolite growth process. There was significant improvement in the transport properties, with half of the membranes exhibiting CO 2 /N 2 selectivity greater than 20. With the third group of membranes also grown in the flat geometry, care was taken to keep them flat through all the subsequent steps including washing, drying and putting on the PDMS layer. Transport properties improved further. The twelve membranes in this group exhibited CO 2 /N 2 separation factor in the range of 16–110 with CO 2 permeance in the range of 180–2000 GPU (1 GPU = 3.3 × 10 −10 mol/m 2 ·Pa).
Classification of proteins multiple-labelled and single-labelled with protein functional classes

Advances in high-throughput genome sequencing technology have led to an explosion in the amount of sequence data that are available. The determination of protein function using experimental techniques is time-consuming and expensive; the use of machine-learning techniques rapidly to assess protein function may be useful in streamlining this process. The problem of assigning functional classes to proteins is complicated by the fact that a single protein can participate in several different pathways and thus can have multiple functions. We have developed a tree-based classifier that is capable of handling multiple-labelled data and gaining an insight into the multi-functional nature of proteins. We call the resulting tree a recursive maximum contrast tree (RMCT) and the resulting classifier a multiple-labelled instance classifier (MLIC). We investigate the synergy of machine-learning-based ensemble methods and physiochemical-based feature augments. We test our algorithm on protein phylogenetic profiles gene...
The emergence of nonuniform spatiotemporal fractionation schemes within the standard BED model.

Purpose: Nonuniform spatiotemporal radiotherapy fractionation schemes, i.e., delivering distinct dose distributions in different fractions can potentially improve the therapeutic ratio. This is possible if the dose distributions are designed such that similar doses are delivered to normal tissues (exploit the fractionation effect) while hypofractionating subregions of the tumor. In this paper, the authors develop methodology for treatment planning with nonuniform fractions and demonstrate this concept in the context of intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT). Methods: Treatment planning is performed by simultaneously optimizing (possibly distinct) IMPT dose distributions for multiple fractions. This is achieved using objective and constraint functions evaluated for the cumulative biologically equivalent dose (BED) delivered at the end of treatment. BED based treatment planning formulations lead to nonconvex optimization problems, such that local gradient based algorithms require adequate starting positions to find good local optima. To that end, the authors develop a combinatorial algorithm to initialize the pencil beam intensities. Results: The concept of nonuniform spatiotemporal fractionation schemes is demonstrated for a spinal metastasis patient treated in two fractions using stereotactic body radiation therapy. The patient is treated with posterior oblique beams with the kidneys being located in the entrance region of the beam. It is shown that a nonuniform fractionation scheme that hypofractionates the central part of the tumor allows for a skin and kidney BED reduction of approximately 10%–20%. Conclusions: Nonuniform spatiotemporal fractionation schemes represent a novel approach to exploit fractionation effects that deserves further exploration for selected disease sites.
Radioactive oxygen-15 in the study of cerebral blood flow, blood volume, and oxygen metabolism

The short half-life of 15 O led early observers to believe that it was unsuitable for use as a biological tracer. However, initial studies with this nuclide demonstrated its potential usefulness for in vivo, regional physiologic measurements. Subsequently, techniques were developed to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF), blood volume, and oxygen metabolism using intracarotid injection of 15 O-labeled radiopharmaceuticals and highly collimated scintillation probes to record the time course of radioactivity in the brain. The development of positron emission tomography (PET) made possible the in vivo, noninvasive measurement of the absolute concentration of positron-emitting nuclides. A variety of tracer kinetic models were formulated to obtain physiologic measurements from tomographic images of the distribution of 15 O-labeled radiopharmaceuticals in the brain. 15 O-labeled carbon monoxide, administered by inhalation, binds to hemoglobin in RBCs, and therefore can be used as an intravascular tracer to measure regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV). Several strategies have been developed to measure regional CBF using 15 O-labeled water as an inert, diffusible flow tracer. Regional cerebral oxygen metabolism is measured using scan data obtained following the inhalation of 15 O-labeled oxygen; independent determinations of local blood flow and blood volume are also required for this measurement. The tracer kinetic models used to measure rCBV, blood flow, and oxygen metabolism will be described and their relative advantages and limitations discussed. Several examples of the use of 15 O tracer methods will be reviewed to demonstrate their widespread applicability to the study of cerebral physiology and pathophysiology.
Interdigitated array microelectrode capacitive sensor for detection of paraffinophilic mycobacteria

Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) is an opportunistic pathogen that threatens public health and has high clinical relevance. While culture-based and molecular biology techniques for identification are available, these methods are prone to error and require weeks to perform. There is a critical need for improved portable lab-on-a-chip sensor technology which will enable accurate and rapid point-of-care detection of these microorganisms. In this work, a new capacitive sensing strategy is explored utilizing interdigitated array (IDA) microelectrodes and exploiting the paraffinophilic nature of MAC. In this approach, paraffin wax is deposited over IDA microelectrodes to selectively extract these microorganisms from samples. As bacteria consume the dielectric paraffin layer, the charging current of the IDA capacitor changes to facilitate detection. Several IDA geometries were designed and simulated using CFD-ACE+ modeling software and compared with mathematical models. Capacitance of fabricated devices was determined using a charge-based capacitance measurement (CBCM) technique. Modeling and experimental results were in good agreement. Detection of femto-Farad changes in capacitance is possible, making this a feasible technique for sensing small changes in the paraffin for detection of paraffinophilic MAC.
Ventricular function: role of the pericardium in regulation of cardiovascular hemodynamics.

The influence of the pericardium on cardiovascular phenomena has been examined and evaluated in the light of both ventricular function (modified Starling) curves and pressure-volume relationship of the pericardium. When the left ventricle is stressed, as by an increased aortic resistance, it dilates. The resulting pericardial tension limits right ventricular diastolic expansion and right ventricular work. By this mechanism pulmonary blood volume and pressures are kept at lower levels than would otherwise be present. The pericardium also protects against ventriculo-atrial regurgitation which may account for the observed descending limb of the classically conceived Starling curve.
Flow field-flow fractionation as a methodology for protein separation and characterization.

Flow field-flow fractionation is introduced as a new tool applicable to protein studies. Specific advantages of this method are discussed, including the capability for measuring diffusivities and Stokes radii directly, even for trace components. The theoretical equations of flow FFF are summarized and expanded to include an explicit dependence on the Stokes radius. Several native proteins are retained. The retention is shown to be systematically controllable by changes in cross flow and the results are in quantitative agreement with theory. Fractograms of different rat plasmas are then shown to produce coincident peaks, while human plasma exhibits several systematic peak shifts with respect to the fractogram of the rat plasma. Finally, changes in the Stokes radii of ferritin peaks are shown after various forms of treatment with SDS. Flow FFF in this study demonstrates a capability of working with a mass range of ∼ 105 in a single run.
Gender differences in suicide prevention responses: implications for adolescents based on an illustrative review of the literature

Background: There are well-documented gender differences in adolescent suicidal behavior; death by suicide is more common in males, while nonfatal suicide attempts are more common among females. Over the past three decades, researchers have documented the effectiveness of a myriad of suicide prevention initiatives. However, there has been insufficient attention to which types of suicide prevention interventions are effective in changing attitudes and behaviors for young males and females. In this review of the literature, we consider common examples of primarily universal suicide prevention programs from three implementation settings: school-based, community-based, and healthcare-based. Our purpose is to delineate how the potential gender bias in such strategies may translate into youth suicide prevention efforts. Methods: Research in which gender was found to moderate program success was retrieved through online databases. Results: The results that feature programming effects for both males and females are provocative, suggesting that when gender differences are evident, in almost all cases, females seem to be more likely than males to benefit from existing prevention programming. Conclusions: We conclude by considering recommendations that may benefit males more directly. Implications for adolescent suicide prevention in particular are discussed. Personalization of suicide intervention is presented as a promising solution to reduce suicide rates.
Effects on Volunteering of the September 11, 2001, Attacks: An Archival Analysis1

Data from a national online organization that matches volunteers with service organizations places volunteers were analyzed to answer questions regarding the impact of the September 11, 2001, attacks on volunteering in the United States. Results showed that: (a) following September 11, there was a dramatic increase in the number of people who offered to volunteering, and the increase lasted for about 3 weeks; (b) the greatest increase in volunteering occurred for crisis-related organizations, but volunteering increased significantly for all kinds of charities and service organizations; and (c) the demographic correlates of volunteering changed little in the wake of the attacks. The results are discussed in the context of psychological theories of the factors that motivate prosocial actions.
Fostering epilepsy self management: the perspectives of professionals.

Abstract Epilepsy clinical, academic, and human service professionals (N = 101) were surveyed regarding the challenges people with epilepsy face managing their condition. 30% of the respondents had personal experience with epilepsy. Interviews were transcribed and coded into themes. Response differences by profession and personal experience were examined using chi-squared tests. The two greatest challenges reported most frequently for people with epilepsy were finding high quality health care and managing psychological and emotional effects. The two most important epilepsy outcomes were seizure control and quality of life. The two greatest challenges facing clinicians were too little time with patients and limited clinical focus. The two main weaknesses in the field were insufficient research and narrow approaches to addressing epilepsy. Significant differences in responses across professions were evident as were differences according to personal experience with epilepsy. Few clinicians cited quality of care as a major challenge (p
AN HETEROPHILE FACTOR IN RAGWEED POLLEN

1. There is serological evidence that ragweed pollen antigen contains a factor which causes an increased hemolysin titre for sheep cells, when injected into rabbits. 2. It remains questionable whether the antigen absorbs normal rabbit hemolysins. It does, however, absorb anti-ragweed hemolysins, as demonstrated by hemolysis inhibition test. 3. Dilution and lyophilization (Mudd-Flosdorf method) of antigen-antibody mixture shows that one hemolytic unit of anti-ragweed rabbit serum combines with 0.00007 mg. of low ragweed total N. There were three zones of inhibition of hemolysis demonstrated. 4. The immune hemolysins are completely absorbed by sheep cells and by Forssman antigen, but not by human cells of groups A or B. 5. Although Forssman antigen was able to absorb anti-ragweed hemolysin, the ragweed antigen was not able to absorb Forssman antibody. 6. Human ragweed sensitive sera from 22 cases with hay fever, before treatment, did not show increased titre of heat-labile or heat-stable hemolysin. There was no change after treatment. 7. Among the human cases there were encountered blood groups A, B, and O. Heat-labile hemolysins for sheep cells were present in nineteen of the twenty-two sera regardless of blood groups.
Hafnium Content of Detrital Zircons, A New Tool for Provenance Study

ABSTRACT Concentration of hafnium in detrital zircons is a reliable indicator of petrogenetic relationships between sandstones. Frequency distributions of hafnium composition are statistically similar for zircons in sandstone units that were derived from the same proximate source. Previous studies, using optical and cathodoluminescence petrology, have shown that the upper Jackfork Sandstone (southern Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas) and the Parkwood Formation (Black Warrior Basin, Alabama) were derived from the same proximate source area. In this study, analysis of Hf in 1,595 detrital zircons revealed a statistically insignificant difference between the upper Jackfork and the Parkwood, corroborating a common proximate source for the two units. In contrast, frequency distributions of Hf content were significantly different in zircons from three petrogenetically unrelated sandstones.
Multiparametric, Longitudinal Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging Reveals Acute Injury and Chronic Recovery in Experimental Ischemic Stroke

Progress in experimental stroke and translational medicine could be accelerated by high-resolution in vivo imaging of disease progression in the mouse cortex. Here, we introduce optical microscopic methods that monitor brain injury progression using intrinsic optical scattering properties of cortical tissue. A multi-parametric Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) platform for longitudinal imaging of ischemic stroke in mice, through thinned-skull, reinforced cranial window surgical preparations, is described. In the acute stages, the spatiotemporal interplay between hemodynamics and cell viability, a key determinant of pathogenesis, was imaged. In acute stroke, microscopic biomarkers for eventual infarction, including capillary non-perfusion, cerebral blood flow deficiency, altered cellular scattering, and impaired autoregulation of cerebral blood flow, were quantified and correlated with histology. Additionally, longitudinal microscopy revealed remodeling and flow recovery after one week of chronic stroke. Intrinsic scattering properties serve as reporters of acute cellular and vascular injury and recovery in experimental stroke. Multi-parametric OCT represents a robust in vivo imaging platform to comprehensively investigate these properties.
Elastic Site: Using Clouds to Elastically Extend Site Resources

Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) cloud computing offers new possibilities to scientific communities. One of the most significant is the ability to elastically provision and relinquish new resources in response to changes in demand. In our work, we develop a model of an “elastic site” that efficiently adapts services provided within a site, such as batch schedulers, storage archives, or Web services to take advantage of elastically provisioned resources. We describe the system architecture along with the issues involved with elastic provisioning, such as security, privacy, and various logistical considerations. To avoid over- or under-provisioning the resources we propose three different policies to efficiently schedule resource deployment based on demand. We have implemented a resource manager, built on the Nimbus toolkit to dynamically and securely extend existing physical clusters into the cloud. Our elastic site manager interfaces directly with local resource managers, such as Torque. We have developed and evaluated policies for resource provisioning on a Nimbus-based cloud at the University of Chicago, another at Indiana University, and Amazon EC2. We demonstrate a dynamic and responsive elastic cluster, capable of responding effectively to a variety of job submission patterns. We also demonstrate that we can process 10 times faster by expanding our cluster up to 150 EC2 nodes.
The concept of path-closed subsets and its use in software functional design

This is the first part of a three-part series in which we present a new approach to software functional design, starting from the dataflow diagram D of an algorithm. We introduce the notion of a path-closed set for characterizing the subsets of D that can be considered as function blocks for the software. We also define an equivalence relation and a partial order on the data-items in D, which together with the path-closed subsets, give rise to three design rules for creating a functional design. We illustrate our method using an algorithm with complex dataflows and data-structures.
MAP kinase activation in cells exposed to a 60 Hz electromagnetic field

This research provides evidence that mitogen-activated protein kinase or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) is activated in HL-60 human leukemia cells, MCF-7 human breast cancer cells, and rat fibroblast 3Y1 cells exposed to a 60 Hertz (Hz), 1 Gauss (G) electromagnetic field (EMF). The effects of EMF exposure were compared to those observed using 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbal-13-acetate (TPA) treatment. The level of MAPK activation in cells exposed to EMF was approximately equivalent to that in cells treated with 0.1–0.5 ng/ml of TPA. A role for protein kinase C (PKC) in the process leading to MAPK activation in EMF exposed cells is also suggested by the results. MAPK activation is negated by an inhibitor to PKCα, but not PKCδ inhibitors, in cells subjected to EMF exposure or TPA treatment. Thus, similarities between the effects of EMF exposure and TPA treatment are supported by this investigation. This provides a possible method for revealing other participants in EMF–cell interaction, since the TPA induction pathway is well documented. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Informal and formal requirements specification languages: bridging the gap

The differences between informal and formal requirements specification languages are noted, and the issue of bridging the gap between them is discussed. Using structured analysis (SA) and the Vienna development method (VDM) as surrogates for informal and formal languages, respectively, two approaches are presented for integrating the two. The first approach uses the SA model of a system to guide the analyst's understanding of the system and the development of the VDM specifications. The second approach proposes a rule-based method for generating VDM specifications from a set of corresponding SA specifications. The two approaches are illustrated through a simplified payroll system case. The issues that emerge from the use of the two approaches are reported. >
The Role of Diffusive Transport on Low and Intermediate Temperature Hydrocarbon Oxidation: Numerical Simulations using the Wang-Mou Mechanism

The spatio-temporal temperature and species concentration distributions associated with low and intermediate temperature hydrocarbon oxidation are computed using a global thermokinetic scheme augmented with diffusive transport. The scheme used for the computations was proposed by Wang and Mou and is extended to include diffusion of species and heat. The conservation equations for species and energy are then derived and solved for a one-dimensional and an axisymmetric, spherical domain for temperatures ranging from 540 to 660 K at subatmospheric pressures. The predictions are then used to develop ignition diagrams for different Lewis (Le) numbers. Increasing Le is found to promote oscillatory cool flames and two-stage ignition in the one-dimensional model, while the ratio of the mass diffusivity of the parent fuel to that associated with the autocatalytic chain carrier has a negligible effect on the structure of the ignition diagrams. In the spherical model, oscillatory cool flames and two-stage ignition w...
Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of 177Lu-labeled multivalent single-chain Fv construct of the pancarcinoma monoclonal antibody CC49.

Purpose Lutetium-177 (177Lu) is a radionuclide of interest for radioimmunoimaging (RII) and radioimmunotherapy (RIT) on account of its short half-life (161 h) and the ability to emit both β and γ radiation. Single-chain Fv (scFv) constructs have shown advancement in cancer diagnosis and therapy due to the pharmacokinetics advantage and seem to be intriguing tools in oncology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution characteristics of the 177Lu-labeled tetravalent scFv of CC49 MAb and intact CC49 IgG in vivo.
Vehicle price and hydrocarbon emissions: evidence from the used-vehicle markets

This study examines how used-vehicle markets responded to the automobile hydrocarbon emissions by linking used-vehicle price to the large scale emission test data that contain 74 vehicle models manufactured over 18 years. An additive semiparametric hedonic model is estimated to analyse the relationship between vehicle price and hydrocarbon emissions. The estimation procedure is novel and involves a local polynomial estimator nested in a backfitting algorithm with the bandwidths chosen by a data-driven plug-in method. The results indicate that hydrocarbon emissions have a significant negative impact on vehicle price, but the negative association is evident only at low emission levels. The price discount appears to be unrelated to the increased costs from recent emission regulations that mainly target high-polluting vehicles.
Spatial variations of shear‐wave anisotropy near the San Jacinto fault zone in Southern California

We examine crustal anisotropy at several scales along and across the San Jacinto Fault Zone (SJFZ) by systematically measuring shear wave splitting (SWS) parameters. The analyzed data are recorded by 86 stations during 2012–2014, including five linear dense arrays crossing the SJFZ at different locations and other autonomous stations within 15 km from the main fault trace. Shear phase arrivals and SWS parameters (fast directions and delay times) are obtained with automated methods. The measurement quality is then assessed using multiple criteria, resulting in 23,000 high-quality measurements. We find clear contrast of fast directions between the SW and NE sides of the SJFZ. Stations on the SW side have fast directions consistent overall with the maximum horizontal compression direction (SHmax), while stations on the NE side show mixed patterns likely reflecting lithological/topographic variations combined with fault zone damage. The fast directions in the Anza gap section with relatively simple fault geometry agree with the inferred SHmax, and the delay times at an array within that section are smaller than those observed at other across-fault arrays. These indications of less pronounced damage zone in the Anza section compared to other segments of the SJFZ are correlated generally with geometrical properties of the surface traces. Significant variations of fast directions on several across-fault arrays, with station spacing on the orders of a few tens of meters, suggest that shallow fault structures and near-surface layers play an important role in controlling the SWS parameters.
Scaphoid and lunate dislocation. Report of a case in a patient with peripheral neuropathy.

A rare wrist injury is present in which the scaphoid was dislocated anteriorly along with the lunate and it is suggested that this was a perilunar dislocation of the carpus in which the remainder of the carpus returned to its normal position. The mechanism of injury is postulated as the result of dorsiflexion and ulnar deviation. It is also suggested that the patient's severe peripheral neuropathy may be implicated in the injury.
COMPUTATIONAL SURVEY OF IDEALIZED FAST BREEDER REACTORS

BS>A calculational survey of idealized fast breeder reactors is reported. Representative fuel (Pu/sup 239/. U/sup 235/, U/sup 23/ >s/sup 3/), fertile (U/ sup 238/, Th/sup 232/), structlural (stainless steel), and coolan t (sodium) materials are used in the calculations, references providing information as to the substitutional effect of other materials. The calculational method is defined. input parareters are discussed, and results, such as critical mass, critical volume, initial breeding ratios, and spectral indices for the reactors, are tabulated. (auth)
Power Grid and Distribution Noise

"...offers a tutorial guide to IC designers who want to move to the next level of chip design by unlocking the secrets of signal integrity." —Jake Buurma, Senior Vice President, Worldwide Research & Development, Cadence Design Systems, Inc. Covers signal integrity effects in high performance Radio Frequency (RF) IC Brings together research papers from the past few years that address the broad range of issues faced by IC designers and CAD managers now and in the future A Wiley-IEEE Press publication
Pharmacology in the Era of Targeted Therapies: The Case of PI3K Inhibitors

The PI3K pathway is often aberrantly activated in estrogen receptor positive (ER(+)) breast cancer and therapies combining PI3K inhibitors and antiestrogens are under clinical development. Given that many PI3K inhibitors have substantial toxicities with continuous dosing and that alternate dosing schedules are equally active, further clinical exploration is warranted. Clin Cancer Res; 22(9); 2099-101. ©2016 AACRSee related article by Yang et al., p. 2250.