cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A preterm infant with semilobar holoprosencephaly and hydrocephalus: A case report

Introduction: Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a rare presentation in newborns. It refers to an incomplete or absent division of the prosencephalon or forebrain into distinct cerebral hemispheres. Case presentation: A preterm baby girl, first of dizygotic twins, born at 26 weeks of gestation to a 45 year old mother, was prenatally diagnosed with ventriculomegaly on fetal ultrasonogram. At birth the baby had frontal bossing with sun setting eyes and a full anterior fontanel. Initial head ultra-sonography (HUS) showed ventriculomegaly and semilobar holoprosencephaly, which was confirmed by computed tomography scan. Subsequently, the baby developed hydrocephalus that progressively increased. Eventually, the cerebrospinal fluid required drainage and a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt was placed. Conclusion: Holoprosencephaly has heterogeneous etiologies, including teratogenic and or a genetic basis. It is prudent to diagnose holoprosencephaly prenatally and determine the type to classify severity, complications and survival rate. It is also important to recognize that even with monozygotic twins only one twin may have HPE. The parents of a baby diagnosed with holoprosencephaly should be counseled about the poor prognosis.
Being Volunteered? The Impact of Social Participation and Pro-Social Attitudes on Volunteering'

While disagreeing over the reasons why the performance of civic obligations seems to be declining, conservatives and liberals agree that people need to be reminded of their duties as citizens for this decline to be halted. But do these exhortations work? This paper tests two theories about how people become volunteers. The "normativist" perspective assumes that volunteer behavior flows from socialization into pro-social attitudes; the "social practice" perspective stresses the formative role of practical experiences and social participation. Using a panel study of high school seniors who were reinterviewed in their mid-20s and again in their early 30s, we show that volunteer work undertaken in high school has long-term benefits as does social participation more generally but that socialization into pro-social attitudes has an even stronger influence on volunteering in middle age. The implications of our study are that mandatory community service programs can boost later volunteer efforts but that socialization into appropriate citizenship attitudes is of equal, if not greater, importance.
MRP2 and the DMPS- and DMSA-Mediated Elimination of Mercury in TR− and Control Rats Exposed to Thiol S-Conjugates of Inorganic Mercury

Cysteine (Cys) and homocysteine (Hcy)-S-conjugates of inorganic mercury (Hg2+) are transportable species of Hg2+ that are taken up readily by proximal tubular cells. The metal chelators, 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonic acid (DMPS) and meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), have been used successfully to extract Hg2+ from these cells, presumably via the multidrug resistance protein (Mrp2). In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that Mrp2 is involved in the DMPS- and DMSA-mediated extraction of Hg2+ following administration of Hg2+ as an S-conjugate of Cys or Hcy. To test this hypothesis, control and TR(-) (Mrp2-deficient) rats were injected with 0.5 micromol/kg HgCl2 (containing 203Hg2+) conjugated to 1.25 micromol/kg Cys or Hcy. After 24 and 28 h, rats were treated with saline or 100 mg/kg DMPS or DMSA. Tissues were harvested 48 h after Hg2+ exposure. The renal and hepatic burden of Hg2+ was greater in saline-injected TR- rats than in corresponding controls. Accordingly, the content of Hg2+ in the urine and feces was less in TR- rats than in controls. Following treatment with DMPS or DMSA, the renal content of Hg2+ in both groups of rats was reduced significantly and the urinary excretion of Hg2+ was increased. In liver, the effect of each chelator appeared to be dependent upon the form in which Hg2+ was administered. In vitro experiments provide direct evidence indicating that DMPS and DMSA-S-conjugates of Hg2+ are substrates for Mrp2. Overall, these data support our hypothesis that Mrp2 is involved in the DMPS and DMSA-mediated extraction of the body burden of Hg2+.
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Subunits: Evidence from Endoglycosidase-H Cleavage for Late Presecretory Glycosylation*

Glycosylation of newly synthesized subunits of TSH, a regulator of thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion, was studied in a mouse pituitary thyrotropic tumor in vitro. Subunits were pulse labeled by incubations of the tumor for 10 or 30 min with [35S]methionine, followed by chase incubations with unlabeled methionine for 30–90 min. The sensitivity of the subunit oligosaccharides to cleavage by the glycosidase endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H (Endo H) was determined by comparisons of the electrophoretic mobilities, on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, of Endo H-treated and untreated labeled subunits in cells and media. We found that oligosaccharides of most of the intracellular subunits remained sensitive, whereas the oligosaccharides of all subunits released from the tumor were resistant to cleavage by Endo H during the transport of the subunits within the secretory pathway. Therefore, alterations in the carbohydrate structure of the subunits occur close to the time of secretion of the subunits...
The Evolution of One- and Two-Locus Systems

Assuming age-independent fertilities and mortalities and random mating, continuous-time models for a monoecious population are investigated for weak selection. A single locus with multiple alleles and two alleles at each of two loci are considered. A slow-selection analysis of diallelic and multiallelic two-locus models with discrete nonoverlapping generations is also presented. The selective differences may be functions of genotypic frequencies, but their rate of change due to their explicit dependence on time (if any) must be at most of the second order in s, (i.e., O(s2), where s is the intensity of natural selection. Then, after several generations have elapsed, in the continuous time models the time-derivative of the deviations from Hardy-Weinberg proportions is of O(s2), and in the two-locus models the rate of change of the linkage disequilibrium is of O(s2). It follows that, if the rate of change of the genotypic fitnesses is smaller than second order in s (i.e., o(s2)), then to O(s2) the rate of change of the mean fitness of the population is equal to the genic variance. For a fixed value of s, however, no matter how small, the genic variance may occasionally be smaller in absolute value than the (possibly negative) lower order terms in the change in fitness, and hence the mean fitness may decrease. This happens if the allelic frequencies are changing extremely slowly, and hence occurs often very close to equilibrium. Some new expressions are derived for the change in mean fitness. It is shown that, with an error of O(s), the genotypic frequencies evolve as if the population were in Hardy-Weinberg proportions and linkage equilibrium. Thus, at least for the deterministic behaviour of one and two loci, deviations from random combination appear to have very little evolutionary significance.
Symmetry, sidewalls, and the transition to chaos in baroclinic systems

A high-resolution, quasi-geostrophic numerical model is utilized to examine two-layer baroclinic flow in a cylinder. Particular attention is given to the role of horizontal shear of the basic state induced by viscosity near the cylinder wall, and to the desymmetrization brought about by the cylindrical geometry, in the transition to baroclinic chaos. Solutions are computed for both f-plane and β-plane situations, and the results are compared to previous laboratory experiments. Agreement in the former case is found to be good, although the onset of chaos occurs at slightly lower forcing in the laboratory when its basic flow is prograde, and at higher forcing amplitude when the experimental basic azimuthal currents are retrograde. This suggests that the modest discrepancies may be attributable to computationally neglected ageostrophic effects in the interior fluid and Ekman boundary layers. When β¬=0, the numerical and laboratory results are in excellent agreement. The computational simulations indicate that the viscous sidewall boundary layer plays a pivotal role in the dynamics. Moreover, in contrast to previous studies performed in a periodic, rectilinear channel, the route to chaos is largely temporal and involves relatively few spatial modes. The reduction in symmetries upon going from f-plane channel to either f-plane or β-plane cylinder models leads to fewer secondary instabilities and fewer spatial modes that are active in the dynamics.
Is AF Ablation Cost Effective

The use of catheter ablation to treat AF is increasing rapidly, but there is presently an incomplete understanding of its cost-effectiveness. AF ablation procedures involve significant up-front expenditures, but multiple randomized trials have demonstrated that ablation is more effective than antiarrhythmic drugs at maintaining sinus rhythm in a second-line and possibly first-line rhythm control setting. Although truly long-term data are limited, ablation, as compared with antiarrrhythmic drugs, also appears associated with improved symptoms and quality of life and a reduction in downstream hospitalization and other health care resource utilization. Several groups have developed cost effectiveness models comparing AF ablation primarily to antiarrhythmic drugs and the model results suggest that ablation likely falls within the range generally accepted as cost-effective in developed nations. This paper will review available information on the cost-effectiveness of catheter ablation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation, and discuss continued areas of uncertainty where further research is required.
Optimal Design Method for Brake Noise

The optimization problem for the brake squeal noise consists of a complex-valued objective function (COF) and physical design variables (PDV). A direct solution has been hampered by many unknowns between the COF and PDV. Nonetheless, an optimal solution is possible if the problem is separated into two steps. In the first step, sensitivity analysis is used to calculate the optimal components’ eigenvalues capable of eliminating all unstable eigenvalues. If only the sensitive components’ eigenvalues for each unstable eigenvalue are chosen as design variables, finding an optimal solution is virtually guaranteed. Once the optimal components’ eigenvalues are found, the second step of the optimization involves the real-valued objective function. Resolving complex eigenvalues in essence allowed us to resume the conventional optimization with response surface methodology. The optimal physical dimensions are obtained using this approach.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Evaluation of an adaptive transport protocol

Applications on mobile computers must adapt to high variability in wireless network performance. Extending the semantics of transport protocols to offer more control over communication to the user allows applications to adapt their behavior to bandwidth variability. We examine adding bandwidth notifications, priorities and timeliness guarantees to a network API as a method for achieving greater application control over bursty traffic. Experiments demonstrate that the extended API allows applications to adjust to bandwidth variations effectively. We also compare three different implementations of the API: two which run on top of TCP, and one new protocol, ATP, which performs comparably to the TCP extensions, but has better performance for some workloads, including a workload simulating remote file system traffic.
EVALUATING WELFARE OF AMERICAN BLACK BEARS (URSUS AMERICANUS) CAPTURED IN FOOT SNARES AND IN WINTER DENS

Much research on wild mammals requires trapping, especially livetrapping, yet few methods used to capture wild mammals have been tested against an accepted standard for animal welfare and few data exist regarding physiological responses to capture. My coworkers and I livetrapped 208 American black bears (Ursus americanus) 356 times between May 1981 and August 2001 in the Pisgah National Forest in the Southern Appalachian Mountains by using Aldrich-type foot snares modified for bear safety with automobile hood springs and swivels spliced into cables. We outfitted most bears with transmitter collars and followed 18 bears to their winter dens. We outfitted 8 bears with transponder collars mounted with remotely dischargable darts loaded with anesthesia. We recorded the physical injuries of all bears handled and obtained 186 standard blood chemistry profiles from 112 bears. I compared the blood chemistry profiles of snared bears to profiles of bears in dens, to profiles for healthy, captive bears, and to profiles for wild bears that were collar-darted. Aldrich-type foot snares modified for bear safety, as we used them, and den handling met the accepted standard for trap injuries. Blood chemistry profiles indicated that bears captured in snares experienced high levels of physical exertion and were dehydrated. Blood chemistry parameters responsive to exertion increased with increasing injury scores.
The Atmospheric Energy Constraint on Global-Mean Precipitation Change

Modelsfrom phase5oftheCoupledModel Intercomparison Project(CMIP5) robustlypredictthatthe rate of increase in global-mean precipitation with global-mean surface temperature increase is much less than the rate of increase of water vapor. The goal of this paper is to explain in detail the mechanisms by which precipitation increase is constrained by radiative cooling. Changes in clear-sky atmospheric radiative cooling resulting from changes in temperature and humidity in global warming simulations are in good agreement with the multimodel, global-mean precipitation increase projected by GCMs (;1.1Wm 22 K 21 ). In an atmosphere with fixed specific humidity, radiative cooling from the top of the atmosphere (TOA) increases in response to a uniform temperature increase of the surface and atmosphere, while atmospheric cooling by exchange with the surface decreases because the upward emission of longwave radiation from the surface increases more than the downward longwave radiation from the atmosphere. When a fixed relative humidity (RH) assumption is made, however, uniform warming causes a much smaller increase of cooling at the TOA, and the surface contribution reverses to an increase in net cooling rate due to increased downward emission from water vapor. Sensitivity of precipitation changes to lapse rate changes is modest when RH is fixed. Carbon dioxide reduces TOA emission with only weak effects on surface fluxes, and thus suppresses precipitation. The net atmospheric cooling response and thereby the precipitation response to CO2-induced warming at fixed RH are mostly contributed by changes in surface fluxes. The role of clouds is discussed. Intermodel spread in the rate of precipitation increase across the CMIP5 simulations is attributed to differences in the atmospheric cooling.
Prescriptive Check List for Positioning Multihandicapped Residential Clients

Positioning is an important aspect of the management of severely multihandicapped patients. Many problems arise in providing this intervention consistently in a residential facility. A check list is presented that provides client-specific positioning information and an objective method of evaluating how well the positioning is being carried out.
Regularity of Flows in Porous Media: A Survey

Much of the early development of the classical theory of linear partial differential equations was guided by the very detailed body of knowledge accumulated over the years concerning the three model equations: Laplace’s equation, the wave equation, and the equation of heat conduction. Indeed, many of us were indoctrinated at the outset of our research careers with maxims such as: “Whatever is true for Laplace’s equation is also true, (sotto voce) with appropriate modifications, for any elliptic equation.” In this lecture I want to describe some of the results of a continuing project, involving a fairly large number of analyists, concerning a model equation for a class of nonlinear diffusion problems, the so-called porous medium equation. Although the theory is certainly not complete, its general outlines are quite clear and a coherent summary is possible.
Sensitivity of GABAergic Tonic Currents to Acute Ethanol in Cerebellar Granule Neurons is Not Age- or δ Subunit-Dependent in Developing Rats.

Background The age of first exposure to ethanol (EtOH), as well as reduced sensitivity to its motor-impairing effects, are associated with a future predisposition to abuse EtOH. In adolescence, acute EtOH potentiates GABA transmission, including tonic inhibition mediated by δ-containing extrasynaptic GABAA receptors (GABAARs) in cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), an effect that likely contributes to EtOH-induced motor impairment. Prenatal EtOH exposure is strikingly prevalent and is associated with increased EtOH abuse later in life; however, the acute effects of EtOH on GABA transmission in developing CGNs are unknown. Methods Using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiological techniques in acute brain slices, we examined the acute effects of EtOH on GABA transmission and functionally assessed the role of δ-containing GABAARs in CGNs of preweanling (postnatal day [P] 12 to 14) and postweanling (P28 to 30) male Sprague–Dawley rats. Results The magnitude of basal tonic currents were similar at both ages. However, 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol hydrochloride, an agonist with preferential affinity for δ-containing GABAARs, significantly potentiated tonic currents to a larger magnitude in CGNs from postweanlings compared to preweanlings. Conversely, acute application of EtOH (80 mM) significantly increased tonic currents and the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents to a similar extent in CGNs from pre- and postweanlings. Conclusions These findings highlight the sensitivity of the developing cerebellum to EtOH. Furthermore, this study demonstrates age-dependent functional changes in a well-characterized circuitry that may contribute to the short- and long-term effects of prenatal exposure to EtOH.
The Invention of Evening: Keats and the “Luxury of twilight”

John Keats once suggested in a letter to his publisher that the ideal poem ought to have an effect on the reader as gradual and subtly modulated as the passing of a day: “the rise the progress, the setting of the imagery should like the Sun come natural too [ sic ] him – shine over him and set soberly although in magnificence leaving him in the Luxury of twilight.” This chapter explores the implications of that axiom in Keats's poems; but I would first like to consider what the poet meant by his metaphor. Notably, Keats represents lyric as a dynamic, temporal process rather than as a static thing; and as an event in the reader's mind as much as in the poet's. By likening the lingering effect of that event to “the Luxury of twilight,” he implies that poetry ought to provide sensory as much as intellectual delight: both the dilatory pleasures of a walk at dusk and the contemplation that might attend such a walk. Keats favored the word “luxury,” and its particular resonance for him can be discerned in his marginalia to Paradise Lost , where he noted in Milton a kindred “passion for what is properly the sense of ease and pleasure poetical Luxury,” but added that his predecessor ultimately “devoted himself rather to the Ardours than the pleasures of Song.”
Publication Does Not Really Mean Publication: The Need to Amend the Definition of Publication in the Copyright Act

This article examines whether electronic dissemination of a work (e.g., distribution via the Internet) results in publication under the 1976 Copyright Act. The author argues that the definition of publication needs to be amended to explicitly include electronic dissemination because there is strong support for the interpretation that publication cannot result from electronic dissemination. Publication is still very significant because publication is necessary for a plaintiff to receive statutory damages. The author's argument is supported by an analysis of the meaning of publication under the 1976 Copyright Act and a critique of the Southern District of New York's analysis of publication in Getaped.com, Inc. v. Cangemi. The author also discusses the failed attempt to amend the definition of publication in 1995, as well as necessary considerations and potential obstacles to amending the definition of publication.
Were the Psalms Collections at Qumran True Psalters

Since the publication of 11QPsa (11Q5) in 1965, the following question has remained open about this document and subsequently about other Dead Sea Scrolls containing psalms: Do they comprise genuine psalters or do they represent secondary liturgical collections derived from a standard proto-MT psalter? Scholarly debate over the question has proceeded on the assumption that there exists a standard 150-psalm sēper tәhillim of the configuration found in the Second Rabbinic Bible and reproduced in all subsequent printings of the Hebrew Bible to the present day. The question about scrolls from Qumran containing psalms, then, has been framed with reference to this presumed standard Hebrew Psalter, usually identified in the shorthand as the MT Psalter. This article builds on an examination of virtually all the world’s Hebrew manuscripts of sēper tәhillim . This survey has produced evidence showing that, while the semantic content of sēper tәhillim did indeed become the fixed text known as the MT, the ways in which the content was configured into discrete psalmic compositions varied widely among the medieval manuscripts. Drawing from medieval halakists, the article offers a partial explanation for the variety in psalter configurations centered on different liturgical customs. By applying the evidence from hundreds of Hebrew medieval Psalms manuscripts, the article concludes that, since no standard MT configuration of the premodern Hebrew psalter ever existed, framing the question about scrolls from Qumran as either true psalters or as secondary collections finds no basis in the manuscript evidence.
When Originalism Attacks: How Justice Scalia's Resort to Original Expected Application in Crawford v. Washington Came Back to Bite Him in Michigan v. Bryant

Justice Scalia personifies the philosophical anxieties that lead judges to adopt species of textualist and originalist methods that anchor meaning to centuries past and to surface meaning. The resulting constitutional rules are so narrow that they are impossible to apply without producing absurd results. Thus, Justice Scalia’s brand of originalism and textualism, which are effectuated by embedding original expected application in the Court’s precedents and willfully ignoring semantic depth, invite future courts to manifest the kind of intellectual dishonesty and contortionism exemplified by the Court’s recent opinion in Michigan v. Bryant. This Article explores that case and, more broadly, the effects of Justice Scalia’s narrow interpretive methods on the Court’s Confrontation Clause jurisprudence. The Article is especially timely in that it addresses not only Bryant (which raised eyebrows with its attack by Justice Scalia on Justice Sotomayor) but also the role Justice Scalia’s methods played in the recent dust-up over his assertion that the Equal Protection Clause does not protect women.
COMPLETE MEDIAL DISLOCATION OF THE KNEE JOINT WITH DIVISION OF THE COMMON PERONEAL NERVE

In the case of complete medial dislocation of the knee joint which has been reported, the unusual feature was the complete severance of the common peroneal nerve. The extremely low division of the great sciatic nerve appeared to be indirectly responsible in this case for the severe nerve injury. This injury through trophic disturbances may have influenced the formation of the thrombus in the posterior tibial artery.
The concurrent chemoradiation paradigm--general principles

During the past 20 years, the advent of neoadjuvant, primary, and adjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy has improved cancer care dramatically. Significant contributions have been made by technological improvements in radiotherapy, as well as by the introduction of novel chemotherapy agents and dosing schedules. This article will review the rationale for the use of concurrent chemoradiotherapy for treating malignancies. The molecular basis and mechanisms of action of combining classic cytotoxic agents (e.g. platinum-containing drugs, taxanes, etc.) and novel agents (e.g. tirapazamine, EGFR inhibitors and other targeted agents) with radiotherapy will be examined. This article is part one of two articles. In the subsequent article, the general principles outlined here will be applied to head and neck cancer, in which the impact of concurrent chemoradiotherapy is particularly evident.
IMPS-08CONSTITUTIVE CELL INTRINSIC OVEREXPRESSION OF PD-L1 AND PD-L2 IN GLIOMA

High-grade Gliomas (HGG) are the most common primary brain tumors and continue to carry a poor overall survival. Despite extensive molecular characterization, the “mutation-to-drug” paradigm has not been successfully applied to patients with glioblastoma as it has in other cancers. Due to the (a) success of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy, such as inhibition of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, in other tumor types and (b) the known immunologic comprise these patients exhibit, there has been tremendous enthusiasm regarding immune-based treatments in this setting. Although clinical trials incorporating the inhibition of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway are ongoing, the biology underlying PD-L1 expression in glioma remains unclear. Moreover, there is a limited understanding of the underlying functional consequences of the expression of the related PD-1 ligand, PD-L2. To focus exclusively on the cell autonomous regulation of these ligands, we interrogated the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia, a Broad Institute/Novartis compendium of passaged cell lines independent of effects of the tumor microenvironment. We found that a subset of glioma cell lines harbor high constitutive PD-L1 and PD-L2 mRNA levels. Consistent with the mRNA levels, we showed that both PD-L1 and PD-L2 cell surface protein is overexpressed by flow cytometry. Two subsequent studies are ongoing. First, to identify the transcriptional basis of ligand upregulation, we have identified a suite of transcription factors using in silico analysis that harbor consensus binding sites in suspected promoter/enhancer regions and have modeled this using endogenous promoter/enhancer luciferase assays. Secondly, to determine the functional consequences of PD-L1 and/or PD-L2 overexpression in the anti-glioma immune response, we ectopically expressed these ligands in the GL-261 murine glioma cell line and tested their influence on T cell recognition of a model antigen. Together, these studies will clarify the regulation of the PD-L1/PD-L2 ligands and identify additional methods with which to decrease their immunosuppressive functions.
The Effects of Fuwai Modified Solution combined with Nicoranil on the Relaxation of the Siaphena Vessel Graft during the Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Objective To discuss the effects of Fuwai modified solution(FWM) combined with potassium channel openers(PCOs) nicoranil(NCR) on the relaxation of saphena vessel graft(SVG).Methods 32 fresh saphena vessel rings were divided randomly into four groups(8 rings in each group) according to the different solution:Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate solutions(K-H),FWM,K-H with 0.1mmol/L NCR,FWM with 0.1mmol/L NCR.All rings were incubated.repeceively in various solution at 37℃ for 1 hour.We used the organ chamber technique and biopsy specimens to assess the preservation effects after equilibration.Result As compared with group K-H and FWM,group K-H with 0.1mmol/L NCR and FWM with 0.1mmol/L NCR had a lower rest tension,while the rest tension in group FWM with 0.1mmol/L was lower than it in trauma damage group K-H with 0.1mmol/L.No signifi-cant ultrastructral changes were found in the group FWM with 0.1mmol/L.In contrast,myocardial structural were found in the other three groups.Conclusion FWM solution combined with NCR had a better preservation effect on the relaxation of SVG during the CABG.
Robust representation of shape in a Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus).

Abstract A Grey parrot, Griffin (Psittacus erithacus), previously taught English labels for various colors and shapes with respect to three-dimensional (3D) stimuli, was tested on his ability to transfer to very different two-dimensional (2D) images consisting of modal and amodal completion stimuli. For modal completion (aka subjective contours), Kanizsa figures were constructed using black ‘pac-men’ to form regular polygons on colored paper. For amodal completion, portions of variously colored regular 2D polygons were occluded by black circles or other black figures. For each task, Griffin provided a vocal English shape label for five possible shapes designated by their vertices (one, two, three, four, six). His accuracy was high for both amodal completed figures, including probe stimuli (28/38 correct) and modally completed figures (29/38 correct), with chance = 0.20. The modally completed case (i.e., Kanizsa subjective figures) is of particular importance as there are no shared image parts between training and testing stimuli. We draw several conclusions from these results. First, a surface level completion process is fully operative insofar as Griffin was able to correctly identify shapes that differed considerably from training images. Second, because parrots can generalize from shapes of real objects to drawings where original image contours were clearly absent, the data provide a compelling example of shape invariance, indicating that visual shapes are processed far beyond that of their image description. Third, parrots with a repertoire of multiple vocal responses can be rigorously tested for visual competencies, an option as yet to be tried in other experimental animals.
Additional applications of the electrographic printing method in the testing of varnished insulation

Previously this group reported on the testing of salt-fog penetration and the failure, in heat endurance tests of varnished insulation, that is, on Coated fabrics and paper. The tests were based upon the use of the electrographic printing method which, has been described in the 1948 Annual Report of the Conference. The present paper is a progress report. It shows the application of the test method by using city current with suitable transformation by a bell transformer and a small selenium rectifier. (The scheme is attached).
Der Mensch als Überwacher

Die Aufgaben des manuellen Fahrers, die in Kapitel 2 als Aufnahme und Interpretation von Informationen sowie die Ausfuhrung einer notigen Handlung zusammengefasst wurden, verandern sich bei der Interaktion mit einem teilautomatisierten System. Die typischen Handlungen eines Fahrers auf elementarer Ebene, wie zum Beispiel das Bremsen, Gas geben, Lenken oder auch die Identifikation von einem freien Fahrstreifen, werden dabei vom System ubernommen. Der Fahrer muss schlieslich nur noch die Situation und das System uberwachen, die Systemausfuhrung bewerten und gegebenenfalls in die Fahrzeugfuhrung eingreifen. Nachfolgend sollen die Veranderungen der Anforderungen an den Fahrer durch das teilautomatisierte System sowie die Problemkreise entsprechend der Literatur genauer betrachtet werden.
Non-inferiority tests for anti-infective drugs using control group quantiles

Background/Aims:In testing for non-inferiority of anti-infective drugs, the primary endpoint is often the difference in the proportion of failures between the test and control group at a landmark time. The landmark time is chosen to approximately correspond to the qth historic quantile of the control group, and the non-inferiority margin is selected to be reasonable for the target level q. For designing these studies, a troubling issue is that the landmark time must be pre-specified, but there is no guarantee that the proportion of control failures at the landmark time will be close to the target level q. If the landmark time is far from the target control quantile, then the pre-specified non-inferiority margin may not longer be reasonable. Exact variable margin tests have been developed by Rohmel and Kieser to address this problem, but these tests can have poor power if the observed control failure rate at the landmark time is far from its historic value.Methods:We develop a new variable margin non-infer...
Anisotropic physical properties and pressure dependent magnetic ordering of CrAuTe4

Systematic measurements of temperature-dependent magnetization, resistivity, and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) at ambient pressure as well as resistivity under pressures up to 5.25 GPa were conducted on single crystals of ${\mathrm{CrAuTe}}_{4}$. Magnetization data suggest that magnetic moments are aligned antiferromagnetically along the crystallographic $c$ axis below ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}=255$ K. ARPES measurements show band reconstruction due to the magnetic ordering. Magnetoresistance data show clear anisotropy, and, at high fields, quantum oscillations. The N\'eel temperature decreases monotonically under pressure, decreasing to ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}=236$ K at 5.22 GPa. The pressure dependencies of (i) ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}$, (ii) the residual resistivity ratio, and (iii) the size and power-law behavior of the low-temperature magnetoresistance all show anomalies near 2 GPa suggesting that there may be a phase transition (structural, magnetic, and/or electronic) induced by pressure. For pressures higher than 2 GPa a significantly different quantum oscillation frequency emerges, consistent with a pressure induced change in the electronic states.
Online planning for energy-efficient and disturbance-aware UAV operations

In this paper we consider an online planning problem for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operations. Specifically, a UAV has the task of reaching a goal from a set of possible goals while minimizing the amount of energy required. Due to unforeseen disturbances, it is possible that initially attractive goals might end up being very expensive during the execution. Thus, two main problems are investigated here: i) how to predict and plan the motion of the UAV at run time to minimize its energy consumption and ii) when to schedule next replanning time to avoid unnecessary periodic re-evaluation executions. Our approach considers a nonlinear model of the system for which a model predictive controller is used to determine the desired control inputs for each possible goal. These control inputs are then used to estimate the energy required to reach the different goals. Finally, a self-triggered scheduling policy determines how long to wait before replanning the goal to aim for. The proposed framework is validated through simulations and experiments in which a quadrotor must choose and reach some goal while being subject to external disturbances.
Extracting expedient short term services from Homogeneous Group of Thermostatically Controlled Loads

Using a Homogeneous Control Group (Hom-CG) of Thermostatically Controlled Loads (TCLs) to extract short-term system-level services involves a serious challenging problem. Similar device characteristics forces a large number of devices to operate in synchronized patterns when subjected to common dispatch signals. Therefore, power system operators have to deal with subsequent large aggregated dynamic responses that may result in serious stability issues. This paper thus proposes a new load control mechanism for suppressing power oscillations that may result after manipulating the temperature set-point. The control methodology requires adopting advanced thermostat, which is able to adjust device's temperature set-point and deadband bounds in response to receiving the dispatching signals. The control signals could either be centralized or based on local measurements from a frequency-sensing devices. Adopting such a new control architecture will guarantee converting any group of TCLs to an eligible control group able to provide an optimal system-level ancillary services while preserving service quality within acceptable limits. The control scheme efficiency has been verified by performing several Monte-Carlo simulations for a set of 100,000 Hom-CG of TCLs representing a residential air conditioners. The simulations were performed using the MATLAB (R2015a) platform.
Furthering Our Understanding of the Doping Mechanism in Conjugated Polymers Using Tetraaniline

Polyaniline is known for reversible acidic doping. However, despite extensive work, little experimental evidence exists for the initial doping mechanism mainly due to the difficulty of synthesizing polyaniline with a uniform chain length. In this study, we partially dope aniline tetramers in order to investigate the initial stage of doping in both solution and the solid state. In solution, we discovered a method for visualizing the doping level due to solvent density differences. The optical results in both the liquid and solid state suggest that the partially doped aniline tetramers are physical mixtures of aniline tetramer in the emeraldine base and emeraldine salt forms. Electron paramagnetic resonance confirms the formation of spinless bipolarons as the major carriers. Therefore, we postulate that the doping mechanism proceeds via a continual increase in the number of doubly doped tetraanilines.
The influence of roadside solid and vegetation barriers on near-road air quality

The current study evaluates the influence of roadside solid and vegetation barriers on the near-road air quality. Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) technique coupled with the k−e realizable turbulence model is utilized to investigate the flow pattern and pollutant concentration. A scalar transport equation is solved for a tracer gas to represent the roadway pollutant emissions. In addition, a broad range of turbulent Schmidt numbers are tested to calibrate the scalar transport equation. Three main scenarios including flat terrain, solid barrier, and vegetative barrier are studied. To validate numerical methodology, predicted pollutant concentration is compared with published wind tunnel data. Results show that the solid barrier induces an updraft motion and lofts the vehicle emission plume. Therefore, the ground-level pollutant concentration decreases compared to the flat terrain. For the vegetation barrier, different sub-scenarios with different vegetation densities ranging from approximately flat terrain to nearly solid barrier are examined. Dense canopies act in a similar manner as a solid barrier and mitigate the pollutant concentration through vertical mixing. On the other hand, the high porosity vegetation barriers reduce the wind speed and lead to a higher pollutant concentration. As the vegetation density increases, i.e. the barrier porosity decreases, the recirculation zone behind the canopy becomes larger and moves toward the canopy. The dense plant canopy with LAD=3.33m−2m3 can improve the near-road air quality by 10% and high porosity canopy with LAD=1m−2m3 deteriorates near-road air quality by 15%. The results of this study can be implemented as green infrastructure design strategies by urban planners and forestry organizations.
Fostering an entrepreneurial mindset in “digital systems” class through a jigsaw-puzzle model

In this paper we introduce a jigsaw-puzzle model to instill an entrepreneurial mindset in students. We then use our model to craft and add innovative lab assignments to “Digital Systems”, which is a core course taken by Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering and Computer Science students worldwide. In each lab assignment, students are provided with some components or puzzle pieces as well as the user guide of a digital system, and possibly some reading materials to better understand the operation theory of the system. One selling point of our model is its significant flexibility, so that the game may be played in different ways. Here is one example: students go over the user guide and the reading materials to get a solid understating of the underlying digital system. To comprehend what they have available, students also study the puzzle pieces. Then students challenge themselves to complete the puzzle and eventually build the digital system physically and test it. The resulting system is supposed to function in accordance with its user guide. Our work is an attempt to fulfill the Kern Entrepreneurial Engineering Network (KEEN) Students Outcomes. The anonymous survey from the students is encouraging and shows that our work is able to excite students' curiosity, provide them with an opportunity to apply creative thinking, and instill in students a feeling of value creation among other things.
Dynamic Adaptation in Neurosteroid Networks in Response to Alcohol.

The term neurosteroid refers to rapid membrane actions of steroid hormones and their derivatives that can modulate physiological functions and behavior via their interactions with ligand-gated ion channels. This chapter will highlight recent advances pertaining to the modulatory effects of a select group of neurosteroids that are primarily potent positive allosteric modulators of γ-aminobutyric acidA receptors (GABAARs). Nanomolar concentrations of neurosteroids, which occur in vivo, potentiate phasic and tonic forms of GABAAR-mediated inhibition, indicating that both synaptic and extrasynaptic GABAARs possess sensitivity to neurosteroids and contribute to the overall ability of neurosteroids to modulate central nervous system excitability. Common effects of alcohol and neurosteroids at GABAARs have stimulated research on the ability of neurosteroids to modulate alcohol’s acute and chronic effects. Background on neurosteroid pharmacology and biosynthetic enzymes will be provided as it relates to experimental findings. Data will be summarized on alcohol and neurosteroid interactions across neuroanatomical regions and models of intoxication, consumption, dependence, and withdrawal. Evidence supports independent regulation of neurosteroid synthesis between periphery and brain as well as across brain regions following acute alcohol administration and during withdrawal. Local mechanisms for fine-tuning neuronal excitability via manipulation of neurosteroid synthesis exert predicted behavioral and electrophysiological responses on GABAAR-mediated inhibition. Collectively, targeting neurosteroidogenesis may be a beneficial treatment strategy for alcohol use disorders.
Anxiety and Depression in Young Women With Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background Young adults with cancer experience disruptions in their normal developmental trajectories and commonly experience psychologic distress related to their diagnoses. Young women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) are at particular risk of adverse mental health outcomes. Objective We sought to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with anxiety and depression symptoms in young women with newly diagnosed de novo MBC. Methods A total of 54 women with newly diagnosed de novo MBC were identified from an ongoing, prospective, multicenter cohort of women diagnosed with breast cancer at age Results Mean HADS Depression score was 4.4 (standard deviation = 3.7) and mean HADS Anxiety score was 7.9 (standard deviation = 5.0). Eleven (20%) women scored ≥8 on the HADS Depression subscale, the suggested threshold for depression/anxiety screening, and 24 (44%) women scored ≥8 on the HADS Anxiety subscale. In a multivariable model of anxiety, higher physical symptom scores (odds ratio = 4.41, p = 0.005) was significantly associated with higher anxiety scores. None of the other variables improved the model fit. Conclusion In this study, a considerable proportion of young women with newly diagnosed MBC experienced anxiety symptoms, although depression was less common. Future strategies focused on distress reduction in young MBC patients should focus on physical symptom management as well as anxiety identification and management.
Relevant Document Discovery for Fact-Checking Articles

With the support of major search platforms such as Google and Bing, fact-checking articles, which can be identified by their adoption of the schema.org ClaimReview structured markup, have gained widespread recognition for their role in the fight against digital misinformation. A claim-relevant document is an online document that addresses, and potentially expresses a stance towards, some claim. The claim-relevance discovery problem, then, is to find claim-relevant documents. Depending on the verdict from the fact check, claim-relevance discovery can help identify online misinformation. In this paper, we provide an initial approach to the claim-relevance discovery problem by leveraging various information retrieval and machine learning techniques. The system consists of three phases. First, we retrieve candidate documents based on various features in the fact-checking article. Second, we apply a relevance classifier to filter away documents that do not address the claim. Third, we apply a language feature based classifier to distinguish documents with different stances towards the claim. We experimentally demonstrate that our solution achieves solid results on a large-scale dataset and beats state-of-the-art baselines. Finally, we highlight a rich set of case studies to demonstrate the myriad of remaining challenges and that this problem is far from being solved.
Learning With Refugees: Arts and Human Rights Across Real and Imagined Borders

Since 2009, my work has focused on global collaborations with populations in conflict-affected environments. Through respect, open dialogue, and long-term cooperation, projects are co-created and p...
On-Line Updating of Radial Basis Function Network Models

Abstract Radial basis function networks (RBFN) can provide efficient and accurate models of nonlinear processes. However, like most models developed from input-output data, they often extrapolate poorly to operating regimes not represented in the original data set used for model identification. To alleviate this problem, two alternative approaches have been considered for updating both connection weights and the number and placement of RBF nodes in the network in order to adapt the model to infrequent changes in the process operating conditions. These adaptation algorithms are designed to take advantage of the localized nature of the Gaussian functions chosen as activation functions for the network. These promising approaches are applied to two simulated processes: the UCSB pH neutralization process, and a DuPont polymerization reactor model.
Rates-All Carrier Modes

ACCESSORIAL CHARGES Supplementary services and privileges associated with transportation are accessed an added charge. Examples of such services are loading, unloading, pickup, transit privileges, stopoffs for loading and unloading, inspection, grading, switching, etc. They are not included in the freight charge, and usually take the form of a flat charge not based on a unit of weight.