cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Baby cries and nurturance affect testosterone in men

Testosterone (T) is generally theorized within a trade-off framework that contrasts parenting and low T with competitive challenges and high T. Paradoxically, baby cues increase T, prompting questions of whether T or its behavioral expression has been mischaracterized. We tested 55 men using a novel interactive infant doll paradigm, and results supported our hypotheses: We showed for the first time that baby cries do decrease T in men, but only when coupled with nurturant responses. In contrast, baby cries uncoupled from nurturant responses increased T. These findings highlight the need to partition infant cues and interactions into nurturant versus competitive-related contexts to more accurately conceptualize T, as per the Steroid/Peptide Theory of Social Bonds. This experiment also supports the utility of this paradigm for studying effects of infant interactions on hormonal responses, which may provide critical insights into ameliorating the darker sides of caregiving (e.g. anger, frustration, violence) and enhancing the positive sides (e.g. intimacy, nurturance, reward).
Phosphonate analogs of cephalin

Two ester-phosphonate analogs of cephalin of the type Structure (I). have been synthesized in the L-dipalmitoyl (R C15H31) and DL-distearoyl (R C17H35) forms. 2-Phthalimidoethylphosphonic acid was prepared by hydrogen bromide cleavage of its crude diethyl ester. Reaction of D-αβ-dipalmitin or DL-αβ-distearin with 2-phthalimidoethylphosphonyl dichloride gave, after hydrazinolysis and purification of the product on a silicic acid column, the corresponding phosphono-cephalins (I). A diether-phosphonate analog of cephalin, was prepared in high yield by condensation of with 2-hydroxyethylphthalimide and trichloroacetonitrile, followed by hydrazinolysis of the phthalyl diether phosphonocephalin.
A video-based system for the estimation of the inertial properties of body segments

Abstract A system for the estimation of the intertial properties of human body segments using advanced video technology and computer image processing was developed. The system is based on the photogrammetric technique, where three-dimensional information is determined from two separate two-dimensional video images. The inertial properties are calculated using an image-processing algorithm which provides volumetric information, coupled with a database of anatomical densities provided in the literature. In order to determine the accuracy of the system and its limitations, the system estimates of the inertial properties of solid bodies were compared to theoretically calculated values. The application of the system to kinesiological studies is illustrated by measuring the inertial properties of the shank of three subjects, and comparing the results to data generated using regression equations provided in the literature. Human factors, such as segment boundaries identification and color thresholds selection, were found to introduce the largest errors. A proper selection of the optical setting can reduce the errors to levels of 5% or better. On the average, the system overestimated the inertial properties of solid objects by 2.51% for mass, 1.21% for center of mass, 4.53% for transverse moments of inertia and 3.65% for longitudinal moment of inertia. The video-based estimates of the mass and center of mass of the shank were comparable to values obtained from anthropometric-based regression equations. The predictions of the transverse moment of inertia of the shank varied considerably among the methods. The findings suggest that a video-based system represents a promising technique for estimating inertial properties of human body segments for individual subjects . Further studies of the inertial properties of cadaver body segments and the comparison to MRI-generated values are required to test the system estimates further.
Tu1731 Endoscopic Versus Surgical Management of Postoperative Leaks in Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Patients: A Health Care Utilization Comparison

determine costs and cost-effectiveness of colonoscopies performed by NE compared to GI fellows and gastroenterologists (GE). Methods: NE and GI fellows that participated in a prospective multi-center cohort study first underwent a training period (part I) of 100 supervised colonoscopies before they started to perform colonoscopies independently (part II), with supervision directly available when needed. Therapeutic colonoscopies were excluded. The following procedure characteristics were collected during colonoscopies of part II: mean total duration per procedure, cecal intubation time, withdrawal time and needed supervision. An estimation was made on average procedure time of GE. Direct medical costs were calculated. The average spending per colonoscopy was estimated per NE, GI fellow and GE, taking into account the annual income and full-time equivalents of NE, GI fellows and GE in an academic setting. Results: Six NE (M/F 1/5, median age 32) and 8 GI fellows (M/F 4/4, median age 32) participated in this study. A total of 1229 colonoscopies (641 by NE and 588 by GI fellows) were performed in part II. Mean duration per unassisted colonoscopy procedure was 25.8min ( 8.2) for NE and 28.7 min ( 10.7) for GI fellows (p 0.01). Quality and safety of diagnostic colonoscopies were comparable between NE and GI fellows. However, NE needed more often assistance from a supervisor than GI fellows. If needed, the mean time for the supervisor to assist was 13.6 min in both NE and GI fellows (p 0.99). The mean duration per colonoscopy procedure per GE was determined at 25 min. Table 1 shows the results of the mean total costs per colonoscopy between NE, GI fellows and GE. Conclusion: Diagnostic colonoscopies by NE as GI-fellows are similar in quality and costs and are more cost-effective than those by GE. Introduction of NE for screening colonoscopy may therefore lead to cost savings. However, more studies are needed to evaluate long-term performance of NE, particularly in larger settings performing screening and surveillance colonoscopies.
Introduction to Environmental Analysis

Scientists tasked with generating environmental data realize the difficulties of obtaining meaningful information. Proper data generation depends on planning, collection, preservation, and analysis of the sample. No one part of this process is any less critical than the next. With the quality of the data only as good as the weakest link, the proper analysis of environmental samples begins long before the final analysis.
Influence of temperature and bias voltage on the performance of a high resolution PET detector built with position sensitive avalanche photodiodes

We evaluate the performance of an 8 × 8 array of 0.9 × 0.9 × 1 mm3 cerium doped lutetium oxyothosilicate (LSO) crystals coupled to a position sensitive avalanche photodiode (PSAPD) as a function of bias voltage and temperature. We use this detector to develop a general methodology to optimize bias voltage, temperature, and gain for PET detectors using semiconductor photodetectors. This detector module will be used in a novel high resolution positron emission tomography (PET) camera dedicated to breast imaging under construction in our lab. Due to the tight packing of many PSAPDs in the system a thermal gradient is expected across the imaging heads. Data were collected for 11 PSAPD temperatures between 5°C and 40°C using a thermo-electric (Peltier) device. At each temperature the bias voltage was varied in steps of 5 V over a 50 V range. We present three methods to predict the optimal bias voltage at every temperature: one based on optimizing the coincidence time resolution, the others based on the relative change in PSAPD gain and leakage current due to the onset of hole multiplication. Optimal gain could also be predicted based on the quality of the flood histogram. At optimal bias voltage, the energy resolution degrades as (10.5±0.1)+((0.038±0.006)/ °CT)%. Time resolution stays constant at 2.37±0.02 ns below 15°C. Above this temperature, time resolution deteriorates as (1.67±0.06)+((0.042±0.002)/°CT)ns. Even at high temperatures, all 64 crystal position peaks in the flood histogram are still clearly visible. The width of the peaks in the flood histogram show a quadratic degradation with temperature: (2.6±0.1)10−2+(1.6±0.2)10−5/(°C)2T2. We conclude that both the quality of the flood histogram as well as the coincidence time resolution are better parameters to estimate the optimal bias voltage, than energy resolution. Optimal bias voltage is found to be dependent on the value of k, the ratio between hole and electron multiplication. We achieve optimal bias at a similar gain at all temperatures. The optimal bias voltage changes linearly across the observed range.
Spreadsheet Simulation Model For Inventory Management

A spreadsheet inventory management simulation model for a reorder cycle system with lost sales is developed. Three alternative implementations of the model are presented: a two dimensional model, a three dimensional model and a two dimensional model using the simulation add-in package @Risk. Tradeoffs of run time and memory requirements for the three implementations are discussed and extensions to the model implementations are presented.
Effects of a magnetic field on electron-phonon scattering in quantum wires.

We have rigorously calculated the bare electron-phonon scattering rates in semiconductor quantum wires in the presence of an external magnetic field. The magnetic field has several interesting effects on the scattering rates. It drastically reduces acoustic-phonon scattering (by orders of magnitude at easily achievable field strengths), but increases longitudinal-optical and surface optical-phonon scattering. It also enhances the difference between the acoustic-phonon scattering rates at energies just below and above a subband minimum. The latter effect may cause negative differential mobility to appear in quantum wires at electric fields far below the threshold for intervalley transfer.
PARTISAN BIAS IN STATE LOWER HOUSE ELECTIONS: A DISTRICT-LEVEL SEARCH FOR GERRYMANDERING

In this study I explore the relationship between partisan votes and seat allocation in US state lower-house elections. Specifically, I measure the partisan bias (asymmetry in the seats-votes relationship) of 441 lower house state legislative elections in 46 states from 1968 to 1987. I then test to see if redistricting affects the level of partisan bias found in the election immediately subsequent to the redistricting. The results of the analysis are mixed. While party control of redistricting does have the hypothesized effect in eight of the nine election years, only in 1970, 1976, and 1982 do gerrymandering effects reach statistical significance. The results support recent studies that suggest that gerrymandering at the state level is not always successfully attempted but does occasionally occur.
Evaluation of the Sirscan Automated Zone Reader in a Clinical Microbiology Laboratory

We compared readings of Kirby-Bauer plates by the Sirscan, an automated image analyzer that measures zone diameters, to those of experienced clinical microbiologists measuring zones with a hand-held caliper interfaced to a computer and with a ruler. To read plates of Escherichia coli, Morganella morganii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa containing 12 antibiotic disks the Sirscan took 11 s; technologists took 28 s by caliper and 39 s by ruler. Reading times of four different technologists ranged from 22 to 44 s with the caliper and 10 to 12 s with Sirscan. Upon repeated testing zone size variation rarely exceeded 3 mm by caliper and 1 mm by Sirscan. Over a 4-month period, 368 clinical isolates were tested prospectively by both methods in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of the Miriam Hospital. There was good correlation of zone sizes for most antibiotics, but Sirscan zone diameter measurements tended to be 3 to 5 mm larger than caliper readings for ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, aztreonam, erythromycin, clindamycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Very major errors (resistant by caliper and susceptible by Sirscan) occurred with 10 of 3,770 readings (0.3%), mainly where breakpoint criteria lacked an intermediate zone. They occurred in testing staphylococci with amoxicillin-clavulanate (5 of 127 isolates, 3.9%), pseudomonas with piperacillin (1 of 28, 3.6%), coagulase-negative staphylococci with oxacillin (2 of 74, 2.7%), gram-negative bacilli with cefuroxime (1 of 209, 0.5%), and mixed species with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (1 of 366, 0.3%). The Sirscan zone reader facilitates accurate, fully quantitative susceptibility testing in clinical microbiology laboratories.
Deviation of the Blastocyst Axis from the First Cleavage Plane Does Not Affect the Quality of Mouse Postimplantation Development

Several researchers have suggested recently that the embryonic-abembryonic (Em-Ab) axis of the mouse blastocyst is orthogonal to the first cleavage plane of the two-cell embryo. To determine the universality of this relationship, we used embryos of two different genotypes, F1 (C57BL/6 3 DBA/2) and CD-1. The position of the first cleavage plane in the early blastocyst was determined by labeling a blastomere with the fluorescent lineage tracer DiI (1,19-dioctadecyl-3,3,39,39-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate) at the two-cell stage. Approximately one quarter of the blastocysts from both genotypes possessed an Em-Ab axis that respected the orthogonal relationship with the first cleavage plane. However, the remainder of the blastocysts deviated from the orthogonal relationship. This result indicates that the orthogonal orientation of the Em-Ab axis to the first cleavage plane is not a universal phenomenon. We also tested whether the angular relationship between the Em-Ab axis and first cleavage plane influences postimplantation embryo development. We sorted the blastocysts that had the Em-Ab axis orthogonal to the first cleavage plane from the ones that did not. These two types of blastocysts were transferred separately into surrogates, and fetal development was examined in late gestation. The results revealed that both types of blastocysts produced normal fetuses at a similar frequency. Thus, the relationship of the blastocyst axis to the first cleavage plane does not significantly influence later development. assisted reproductive technology, conceptus, developmental biology, early development, embryo
Fairness constrained optimization of channel allocation for open spectrum networks

Channel allocation is an important area of research in open spectrum networks which asserts a significant impact on the spectrum utilization and the fairness among users. This paper studies the optimization of channel allocation, considering multiple objectives. For each objective, a binary programming model is described. Then a new optimization objective called fairness constrained maximum throughput is proposed. To achieve this optimization objective, a unified binary linear programming (UBLP) model is constructed which is then solved by the simplex method and branch-and-bound search. The solution to this model satisfies a bandwidth requirement for each user, e.g., the bandwidth for each user is equal to or larger than a per-user bandwidth minimum, and the solution also maximizes the network throughput. We prove that given different per-user bandwidth minimum, the optimal solution to the UBLP model achieves specific optimization objectives, such as the maximum network throughput and the max-min fairness. For the proportional fairness objective, the solution to the UBLP model proves to be within a bound of the optimal solution.
The simulation of canopy transpiration under doubled CO2: The evidence and impact of feedbacks on transpiration in two 1-D soil-vegetation-atmosphere-transfer models

Increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 concentration [CO2] has caused a debate in the scientific community over how vegetation responds to this increase — specifically in the stomatal resistance increase (SR increase) and the transpiration decrease (TRdecrease). This paper presents results in changes of stomatal resistance and transpiration from two canopy model simulations under varying environmental conditions for corn and soybeans for presentday and doubled atmospheric [CO2] conditions. The two canopy models used in the simulations were the off-line version of the land surface exchange parameterization of the GENESIS general circulation model (LSX) and the Penn State University Biosphere-Atmosphere Modeling Scheme (PSUBAMS). Simulations were performed with each model’s original stomatal resistance parameterization (SRP) and then with a field-derived SRP developed from corn and soybeans field measurements taken during 1993‐1995. For corn using the original SRP, the percentage ratio (TRdecrease=SRincrease 100) calculated ranged from 20 to 37% for both models and values of (a non-dimensional ‘decoupling coefficient’ that relates how closely the TR decrease is correlated with SRincrease) ranged from 0.63 to 0.80. The results for corn, using the field derived SRP, showed that the percentage ratio and ranged from 18 to 25% and 0.75 to 0.82, respectively. For soybeans, the values of the percentage ratio and for the original SRP ranged from 20 to 39% and 0.61 to 0.80, respectively, while for the field derived SRP they were 12‐20% and 0.80‐0.87. The model derived values for the percentage ratio were substantially less than those reported in the literature for experiments conducted at the leaf scale. It is also demonstrated, using these models, how inter-canopy (LSX and PSUBAMS) and mixing layer (PSUBAMS) feedbacks modify transpiration beyond those initiated by changes in stomatal resistance alone. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Constructing Genograms with Lesbian Clients

Intergenerational family therapy has been used to treatclients with many different experiences and presenting problems. We propose that genogram construction may be a useful technique for increasing levels of differentiation inclients with a lesbian sexual orientation. A description,rationale, and illustration of how genogram constructionmay be used by family counselors to treat lesbian clients isprovided.
Antibody Binding and Neutralization of Primary and T-Cell Line-Adapted Isolates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

The relative resistance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) primary isolates (PIs) to neutralization by a wide range of antibodies remains a theoretical and practical barrier to the development of an effective HIV vaccine. One model to account for the differential neutralization sensitivity between Pls and laboratory (or T-cell line-adapted [TCLA]) strains of HIV suggests that the envelope protein (Env) complex is made more accessible to antibody binding as a consequence of adaptation to growth in established cell lines. Here, we revisit this question using genetically related PI and TCLA viruses and molecularly cloned env genes. By using complementary techniques of flow cytometry and virion binding assays, we show that monoclonal antibodies targeting the V3 loop, CD4-binding site, CD4-induced determinant of gp120, or the ectodomain of gp41 bind equally well to PI and TCLA Env complexes, despite large differences in neutralization outcome. The data suggest that the differential neutralization sensitivity of PI and TCLA viruses may derive not from differences in the initial antibody binding event but rather from differences in the subsequent functioning of the PI and TCLA Envs during virus entry. An understanding of these as yet undefined differences may enhance our ability to generate broadly neutralizing HIV vaccine immunogens.
Hair in African Art and Culture.

Hair in African Art and Culture. The Museum for African Art, New York, February 9–May 28, 2000 (review venue); Apex Museum, Atlanta, July–September 2000; Cantor Center for Visual Arts, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, October–December 2000; Museum of African American History, Detroit, January–April 2001; California African American Museum, Los Angeles, May–August 2001. Hair in African Art and Culture. Roy Sieber and Frank Herreman. eds. New York: The Museum for African Art; Munich, London, New York: Prestel, 2000. 192 pp.
Transmission Plans Impacted by Generation Siting a New Study Method

A new method of studying the effect of generation siting alternatives on system transmission expansion costs is described. This automated procedure identifies transmission savings associated with dispersed generation. EPRI Synthetic Utility System D is used to illustrate the impact on the transmission expansion of alternate gas turbine expansions. The results include the year-by-year siting, the year-by- year transmission additions for 1984-1995 and transmission expansion costs measured in present worth dollars.
‘Green‐Collar Crime’: Environmental Crime and Justice in the Sociological Perspective

One of the more neglected areas of research in the field of criminology are the crimes committed by ‘white collar’ offenders. An even more understudied area is the corporate crimes that are committed against the environment for profit. Despite this dearth of research, there have been several sociologically significant examinations into some of the more serious environmental crimes committed over the last three decades. While some of this research is theoretically underdeveloped, more recent studies have attempted to develop a coherent framework to study environmental crime. By linking and synthesizing two literatures in both white-collar criminology and environmental justice, sociologists have begun to develop a framework for examining ‘green crimes’, the motivations, opportunity context, victimology, and enforcement issues. This article will be a survey of these studies and development literature along with some typological and definitional issues relevant to the subfield. This aims to map where criminology has been in the sub-field of environmental crime and provides directions for where future research should be headed.
The prevalence cervical facet arthrosis: an osseous study in a cadveric population

Abstract Background context Cervical facet arthrosis has been implicated as a cause for neck pain, radiculopathy, occipital headache, and ear pain. Purpose The objective of this study was to examine the occurrence of facet arthrosis in the cervical spine. Study design/setting This study examined cadaveric specimens from the Hamann Todd Collection. Patient sample None. Outcomes measures None. Materials and methods Four hundred sixty-five skeletally mature human cervical spines from the Hamann Todd Collection in the Cleveland Museum of Natural History were obtained for analysis. We analyzed the facets for arthrosis. We graded no arthrosis as Grade 0. Facets with peripheral osteophytic reaction, but with no lateral mass distortion were graded as Grade 1. Facets with peripheral osteophytic reaction and lateral mass distortion were graded as Grade 2. Facets that were ankylosed were graded as Grade 3. Each specimen was examined bilaterally at levels from C2–C3 through C6–C7, yielding 4,650 specimen assessments. The data were analyzed to compare cervical levels, gender, facet side, age groups, and race. Proportion analysis, using the Fisher exact test, was used to assess for statistical difference between various groupings. Results In the entire population of 465 specimens, the upper cervical specimens appeared to be affected by facet arthrosis more frequently than the lower levels; 12.37% of the specimens had bony evidence of arthrosis at the C2–C3 level; 13.33% of the specimens had arthrosis occur at the C3–C4 level; 14.62% at the C4–C5 level; 7.85% at the C5–C6 level, and 4.84% at the C6–C7 level. The large majority of all cervical facet arthrosis was found to be Grade 1 at all levels. In the older population, the prevalence of facet arthrosis is as high as 29.87% for the C4–C5 level. C4–C5 level appears to be affected the most frequently, followed by the C3–C4 level, then C2–C3, C5–C6, and C6–C7. Conclusion The prevalence of cervical facet arthrosis increases with age, and occurs more commonly in the upper cervical spine.
Flexibility in Faculty Work-Life Policies at Medical Schools in the Big Ten Conference

Abstract Purpose: Women lag behind men in several key academic indicators, such as advancement, retention, and securing leadership positions. Although reasons for these disparities are multifactorial, policies that do not support work-life integration contribute to the problem. The objective of this descriptive study was to compare the faculty work-life policies among medical schools in the Big Ten conference. Methods: Each institution's website was accessed in order to assess its work-life policies in the following areas: maternity leave, paternity leave, adoption leave, extension of probationary period, part-time appointments, part-time benefits (specifically health insurance), child care options, and lactation policy. Institutions were sent requests to validate the online data and supply additional information if needed. Results: Each institution received an overall score and subscale scores for family leave policies and part-time issues. Data were verified by the human resources office at 8 of the 10 ...
Buddy Up: The Köhler Effect Applied to Health Games

The present investigation examined the Kohler motivation gain effect in a health game using an absent partner, presented virtually. The Kohler effect occurs when an inferior team member performs a difficult task better in a team or coaction situation than one would expect from knowledge of his or her individual performance. The effect has been strongest in conjunctive task conditions in which the group's potential productivity is equal to the productivity of its least capable member. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions (individual control, coaction, additive, and conjunctive) in a 4 (conditions) • 2 (gender) factorial design and performed a series of isometric plank exercises within an exercise game. They performed the first series of five exercises alone holding each position for as long as they could, and, after a rest period, those in the partner conditions were told they would do remaining trials with a same-sex virtual partner whom they could observe during their performance. The partner's performance was manipulated to be always superior to the participant's. Results showed that task persistence was significantly greater in all experimental conditions than in the individual control condition. The conjunctive condition was no more motivating than either the additive or coactive conditions. Results suggest that working out with virtually present, superior partners can improve persistence motivation on exercise game tasks.
Diversity and dynamics of a north atlantic coastal Vibrio community

Vibrios are ubiquitous marine bacteria that have long served as models for heterotrophic processes and have received renewed attention because of the discovery of increasing numbers of facultatively pathogenic strains. Because the occurrence of specific vibrios has frequently been linked to the temperature, salinity, and nutrient status of water, we hypothesized that seasonal changes in coastal water bodies lead to distinct vibrio communities and sought to characterize their level of differentiation. A novel technique was used to quantify shifts in 16S rRNA gene abundance in samples from Barnegat Bay, N.J., collected over a 15-month period. Quantitative PCR (QPCR) with primers specific for the genus Vibrio was combined with separation and quantification of amplicons by constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis (CDCE). Vibrio populations identified by QPCR-CDCE varied between summer and winter samples, suggesting distinct warm-water and year-round populations. Identification of the CDCE populations by cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes from two summer and two winter samples confirmed this distinction. It further showed that CDCE populations corresponded in most cases to approximately 98% rRNA similarity groups and suggested that the abundance of these follows temperature trends. Phylogenetic comparison yielded closely related cultured and often pathogenic representatives for most sequences, and the temperature ranges of these isolates confirmed the trends seen in the environmental samples. Overall, this suggests that temperature is a good predictor of the occurrence of closely related vibrios but that considerable microdiversity of unknown significance coexists within this trend.
42-V/3-V Watkins-Johnson converter for automotive use

In this paper, the Watkins-Johnson (WJ) converter was found to best step down the future automotive 42-V power network to 3 V or lower for the supply of microcontrollers and semiconductors. The particularity of the WJ converter is that it only employs a tapped-inductor and three other components. The use of a tapped-inductor is well-known and gives an extra-degree of freedom by the insertion of the winding ratio of the tapped-inductor into the transfer function of the WJ converter. It also permits the duty cycle to be adjusted to a value at which the efficiency of the converter is improved. The converter can be slightly modified and used as a multiple output converter while employing few components, diminishing the weight, size, cost, and complexity of a system. Practical test results for the single-output WJ converter are presented
Alpha-stable models of multiuser interference

We present a model for the interference generated by a collection of geographically-distributed, bursty transmitters. Transmitters begin transmission at random times and locations, determined by a Poisson process in space and time. As each transmitted signal propagates to the receiver, it is attenuated by a power-law path loss and shifted in phase by a random angle. We show that the combined interference of all transmitters can be represented as a moving average of Levy motions-impulsive, /spl alpha/-stable random processes which are analogous to filtered white noise. Further, these results can be adapted to include the effects of fading, delay spread, Doppler, and different modulation schemes. The tools developed here may be useful for modeling other impulsive phenomena, such as automobile ignition noise, atmospheric noise, and radar clutter.
Mechanism and conditions of the chessboard structure formation

The observations of the pseudo-periodical chessboard (CB) microstructure in metal and ceramic solid solutions indicate that this is a general phenomenon. We propose a theory and three-dimensional (3-D) computational modeling explaining the origin of the CB microstructure in the cubic → tetragonal decomposition. The 3-D modeling demonstrates that the formation of two-phase CB structures is contingent on the formation of a compositionally stabilized precursor state with the tweed structure that is spontaneously formed at the initial stage of the transformation. The modeling has shown that this tweed structure is a distribution of spatially correlated tetragonal nanodomains whose spatial arrangement has the CB topological features. This precursor tweed structure serves as a template for the precipitation of the equilibrium cubic phase. The CB-like tweed template channels the microstructure evolution towards the two-phase CB structure whose complex and detailed 3-D geometry is in excellent agreement with electron microscopic observations. The thermodynamic analysis and obtained evolution sequences allow us to formulate the necessary thermodynamic, structural and kinetic conditions for the CB structure formation. Reasons for its relative stability are discussed. It is also shown that the coherency between the cubic and tetragonal phases comprising the CB structure produces the stress-induced tetragonality of the cubic phase, orthorhombicity of the tetragonal phase, and rotations of cubic phase rods. These effects should diminish and disappear upon lifting of coherency.
Optimal selection of capacitors for radial distribution systems using a genetic algorithm

In this paper, a new design methodology for determining the size, location, type and number of capacitors to be placed on a radial distribution system is presented. The objective is to minimize the peak power losses and the energy losses in the distribution system considering the capacitor cost. A sensitivity analysis based method is used to select the candidate locations for the capacitors. A new optimization method using a genetic algorithm is proposed to determine the optimal selection of capacitors. Test results have been presented along with the discussion of the algorithm. >
Market survey of quality and freshness of eggs produced under an enhanced hen nutrition and egg production program

SUMMARY One nationally marketed brand of specialty eggs (brand A), which employs strictly defined production, processing, and storage practices in conjunction with specific vitamin and mineral supplementation of laying hen diets, was identified in a recent survey administered by the USDA to consistently exhibit superior egg quality compared with other brands of eggs. Outlined herein is an evaluation of brand A eggs compared with generic eggs, which confirms the results of this prior study in finding that brand A eggs had higher albumen height, Haugh unit values, and yolk color scores on average, and that brand A albumen height and Haugh unit values also declined at a slower rate to 45 d postpackaging compared with generic eggs. The stringent guidelines outlined for hen nutrition and egg processing that are followed by the marketing company of brand A eggs were shown in this study to effectively improve and maintain quality of retail shell eggs over time, which is beneficial both to the profitability of companies that produce eggs in this manner and to consumers who purchase these eggs.
On-line solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution-tandem mass spectrometry approach to quantify N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide and oxidative metabolites in urine.

Human exposure to N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) occurs because of the widespread use of DEET as an active ingredient in insect repellents. However, information on the extent of such exposure is rather limited. Therefore, we developed a fast on-line solid phase extraction–high performance liquid chromatography–isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method to measure in urine the concentrations of DEET and two of its oxidative metabolites: N,N-diethyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)benzamide and 3-(diethylcarbamoyl)benzoic acid (DCBA). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first HPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of DEET and its select metabolites in human urine. After enzymatic hydrolysis of the conjugated species in 0.1 mL of urine, the target analytes were retained and pre-concentrated on a monolithic column, separated from each other and from other urinary biomolecules on a reversed-phase analytical column, and detected by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in positive ion mode. The limits of detection ranged from 0.1 ng mL−1 to 1.0 ng mL−1, depending on the analyte. Accuracy ranged between 90.4 and 104.9%, and precision ranged between 5.5 and 13.1% RSD, depending on the analyte and the concentration. We tested the usefulness of this method by analyzing 75 urine samples collected anonymously in the Southeastern United States in June 2012 from adults with no known exposure to DEET. Thirty eight samples (51%) tested positive for at least one of the analytes. We detected DCBA most frequently and at the highest concentrations. Our results suggest that this method can be used for the analysis of a large number of samples for epidemiological studies to assess human exposure to DEET.
Optimizing Recursive Information Gathering Plans in EMERAC

In this paper we describe two optimization techniques that are specially tailored for information gathering. The first is a greedy minimization algorithm that minimizes an information gathering plan by removing redundant and overlapping information sources without loss of completeness. We then discuss a set of heuristics that guide the greedy minimization algorithm so as to remove costlier information sources first. In contrast to previous work, our approach can handle recursive query plans that arise commonly in the presence of constrained sources. Second, we present a method for ordering the access to sources to reduce the execution cost. This problem differs significantly from the traditional database query optimization problem as sources on the Internet have a variety of access limitations and the execution cost in information gathering is affected both by network traffic and by the connection setup costs. Furthermore, because of the autonomous and decentralized nature of the Web, very little cost statistics about the sources may be available. In this paper, we propose a heuristic algorithm for ordering source calls that takes these constraints into account. Specifically, our algorithm takes both access costs and traffic costs into account, and is able to operate with very coarse statistics about sources (i.e., without depending on full source statistics). Finally, we will discuss implementation and empirical evaluation of these methods in Emerac, our prototype information gathering system.
Effect of Channel Width on Pool Boiling Enhancement of Open Microchannels With Selective Sintered Porous Coatings

Thermal management in microelectronic devices involves development of high heat flux removal systems to meet the cooling requirements. Pool boiling addresses these demands by using latent heat transfer. In this study, heat transfer surfaces are fabricated by depositing porous coatings on an open microchannel surface. Screen printing and sintering are identified as techniques to deposit porous coatings and ensure substrate bonding respectively. Firstly, the effect of selective enhancement was studied by depositing porous coatings on (i) fin tops only (sintered-fin-tops), (ii) channels only (sintered-channels), and (iii) completely covering the boiling surface (sintered-throughout). The pool boiling performance with saturated distilled water at atmospheric pressure was obtained and a maximum critical heat flux (CHF) of 313 W/cm2 at a wall superheat of 7.5 °C was reported here for a sintered-throughout surface. Furthermore, the effect of channel width on sintered-throughout surfaces was studied. The results indicated that channel width plays an important in improving the performance. High speed videos are taken to understand the underlying mechanism. Additional nucleation sites and separate liquid-vapor pathways are identified as contributing mechanisms for the enhancement in CHF and heat transfer coefficient (HTC).Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Changes in Serum Proteins and Glycoproteins in an Acute Controlled Infection

SummaryVolunteers have been infected with P. tularensis. Maximum fever was seen 4 or 5 days after exposure. The changes in several protein fractions were observed following the infection. A decrease in serum albumin and an increase in α2-globulin occurred 6-7 days after infection. More pronounced changes were seen in the glycopro-teins. The “glycoalbumin” showed a 34% decrease as compared to 5% for serum albumin, “α1-glycoprotein” had a significant increase on day 5. Both the “glycoalbumin” and “α1-glycoprotein” were almost at an 0.05 level of significance by day 3. post exposure, prior to the onset of fever, and reached a significant level of 0.001 on the day of maximum fever.
Pink Bollworm: Irradiation of Laboratory and Native Males

Adult males from 3 laboratory strains (Sooty, APHIS, and WCRL) of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), and from 3 sources (live trapped, from infested bolls, and overwintered in diapause) of native males were irradiated with 0–42 krad in increments of 7 krad in a cobalt-60 gamma irradiator. In these laboratory tests, the males were crossed with untreated females of the WCRL strain and held for 1 week for observations of mortality, mating, sperm transfer, and oviposition. All 3 strains of laboratory reared males mated more frequently than native males although sperm transfer was comparable. However, untreated females crossed with untreated native males oviposited significantly fewer eggs than similar females crossed with laboratory males. Irradiation of laboratory males with doses of 21–42 krad reduced oviposition significantly from crosses with untreated females while similar crosses with irradiated native males did not show significant reductions in oviposition (due to the highly variable oviposition from these crosses). The sterilizing effects of the irradiations were generally similar regardless of strain with ca. 50% egg hatch after irradiation with 14 krad (ca. 60% of control hatch), and irradiation with 42 krad resulted in complete sterility (with the exception of native live trapped males with 2% egg hatch). These results indicate that laboratory colonization changes the radiation response of pink bollworm males very little. The dominant mutant, Sooty, appeared to have no effect on radiation response.
Integration of Immersive Environment and RULA for Real-Time Study of Workplace Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Upper Limb

The assessment of musculoskeletal disorders prevalent among industrial workers involved in manual tasks is a difficult and time-consuming process. This paper presents the integration of the rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) algorithm, a well-established ergonomic tool, with a virtual assembly tool (VADE), to facilitate the identification of potential upper limb injuries in assembly processes and identification of potential solutions. In this context, a parametric human model was embedded into the virtual assembly system. The posture of the worker is analyzed continuously (at each frame) in real-time, as he/she performs the task. This allows the engineer to try out different postures and assembly processes quickly to identify the best work environment set-up. One pilot study is presented in this paper to demonstrate the application of this concept. This pilot study (conducted jointly with an industry partner) clearly illustrates the validity and utility of this method in identifying and reducing manual assembly process related musculoskeletal stresses.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Sleep disorders and the failure to lower nocturnal blood pressure.

Purpose of review The failure to lower systolic blood pressure at night (called non-dipping) and sleep apnea are both associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Sleep apnea is a common cause of non-dipping blood pressure. Recent findings Sleep apnea increases night time blood pressure through enhanced cardiac pre-load, sleep disturbance and hypoxia. Hypoxia elicits increased levels of norepinephrine, endothelin and erythropoetin. Patients with sleep apnea tend to be elderly and obese, so they have poor endothelial nitric oxide release and blunted baroreflexes. They thus have several stimuli for high blood pressure and poor compensatory mechanisms to lower blood pressure. Summary Non-dipping patients without sleep apnea have evidence of volume overload and correct their blood pressure pattern in response to diuretics. Individuals with sleep apnea have evidence of increased cardiac pre-load from episodes of negative intrathoracic pressure. Their daytime blood pressure responds poorly to many drugs, but beta blockers may be effective. Their night time blood pressure responds only slightly to therapy of their sleep apnea with continuous positive airway pressure, even though continuous positive airway pressure decreases their norepinephrine, erythropoetin and endothelin levels.
MR Contrast Enhancement: An Experimental Study in Postlaminectomy Epidural Fibrosis

PURPOSE To measure the effect of contrast medium dose, time elapsed since injection, and maturity of epidural scar tissue on the enhancement of scar tissue in MR imaging. METHODS We imaged 12 beagle dogs with MR at 10 to 60 days after lumbar laminectomy, and at necropsy we obtained exactly correlating histologic sections. Contrast enhancement of scar tissue at 2, 15, 40, and 60 minutes after 0.1 and 0.3 mmol of paramagnetic contrast medium per kilogram was measured. Contrast enhancement was analyzed with respect to the dose of contrast medium, the time of imaging, and the maturity of scar tissue. RESULTS Epidural scar tissue enhanced more intensely at 2 and at 15 minutes than at 40 or at 60 minutes. Consistently greater enhancement was observed with the dose of 0.3 mmol/kg than with the dose of 0.1 mmol/kg. Regions of loosely organized scar tissue enhanced less intensely and less quickly than did more organized scar tissue. CONCLUSION Contrast enhancement in scar tissue can be heightened by increasing the dose of contrast medium from 0.1 to 0.3 mmol/kg and by obtaining images within 15 minutes of injection.
Cross layer survivability in WDM-based networks

In the concept of network layers, a failure at one layer can cause failures in preceding layers of the network architecture. With that in mind, it is very likely that the methods to handle such problems in traditional networks may not work as effectively in Multilayer Networks. The focus of this team is to maximize the connectivity of Wavelength Division Multiplexing layered networks as efficiently and cost-effectively as possible. Based on the efforts of our predecessors, we will be focusing on two approaches. One is the Min Cross Layer Cut, and the second is a Minimized version of the previous algorithm.
Mango: combining and analyzing heterogeneous biological networks

Heterogeneous biological data such as sequence matches, gene expression correlations, protein-protein interactions, and biochemical pathways can be merged and analyzed via graphs, or networks. Existing software for network analysis has limited scalability to large data sets or is only accessible to software developers as libraries. In addition, the polymorphic nature of the data sets requires a more standardized method for integration and exploration. Mango facilitates large network analyses with its Graph Exploration Language, automatic graph attribute handling, and real-time 3-dimensional visualization. On a personal computer Mango can load, merge, and analyze networks with millions of links and can connect to online databases to fetch and merge biological pathways. Mango is written in C++ and runs on Mac OS, Windows, and Linux. The stand-alone distributions, including the Graph Exploration Language integrated development environment, are freely available for download from http://www.complex.iastate.edu/download/Mango . The Mango User Guide listing all features can be found at http://www.gitbook.com/book/j23414/mango-user-guide .
Resonance Fluorescence under Finite Bandwidth Excitation

With the development of increasingly precise experimental methods for studying the phenomenon of resonance fluorescence from atoms, as in atomic beam experiments, the need arises for a more realistic description of the excitation field in the theory. We have generalized our earlier quantum field treatment of the problem of resonance fluorescence from a two-level atom, [1, 2] to take account of the finite bandwidth of the exciting laser field. In the analysis we take the state of this field to be a statistical mixture of coherent states, in which the phase performs a random walk in time, and we ultimately average over the ensemble of phases. [3] We investigate the properties of the fluorescent light, and find some new features, that are absent under monochromatic excitation, and appear not to have been encountered in previous treatments of the problem. [4, 5] In particular, we show that the spectral density should become asymmetric under offresonance, non-monochromatic excitation.