cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new interpretation of luminous blue stars

A major revision of current theoretical ideas about the brightest blue stars must be made if Carson's (1976) radiative opacities are adopted in stellar models. Unlike earlier opacities, these exhibit a large 'bump' due to CNO ionization, which leads to very strong central condensation, convective instability, and pulsational instability in hot diffuse stellar envelopes. Despite a number of theoretical uncertainties, the new picture of the structure of very luminous stars is reasonably successful in accounting for a variety of previously unexplained observations. The stellar models for the phase of core hydrogen burning predict large radii and rather cool effective temperatures for O stars and a spreading out of the main-sequence band in the H-R diagram toward luminous cool supergiants for masses higher than about 20 solar masses. In massive X-ray binary systems, circular orbits and supergiant-like visual companions are expected to be quite common. Long-period variability is predicted to exist for massive blue supergiants of luminosity class Ia. The models for helium stars predict large radii and rather cool effective temperatures for Wolf-Rayet stars, as well as multimodal pulsational instability and, possibly, surface turbulence for these stars.
Delayed generalization testing produces enhanced alcohol aversions in rats

Abstract Three experiments examined the effects of the training-to-testing interval on alcohol aversions. In Experiments 1 and 2, rats learned a taste aversion to a 4% (v/v) alcohol solution using lithium chloride as the illness agent. With a between-groups design, subjects were tested with 1%, 4%, or 7% alcohol, beginning either 2 or 21 days after training. In both experiments, results showed that rats learned aversions to the trained 4% alcohol that generalized to the nontrained 1 % and 7% concentrations. Furthermore, in Experiment 1 aversions to 1% and 7% alcohol were stronger in groups tested 21 days after training relative to groups tested 2 days after training. When the strength of the illness agent was reduced in Experiment 2, aversions to all concentrations of alcohol were stronger at the delayed testing interval. Experiment 3 ruled out the possibility that enhanced alcohol avoidance at delayed testing was the result of spontaneous recovery of neophobia. The results suggest that taste aversions to alcohol become stronger with time. Possible mechanisms for this “incubation effect” are discussed. The present findings have implications for improving emetic therapy as a treatment for human alcoholics.
Morphogenetic responses of Salpiglossis sinuata L. leaf explants and callus

Abstract Leaf explants of Salpiglossis sinuata L. were cultured on MS medium containing the auxins 2,4-D, IAA, NAA, or the cytokinins 6-BAP, 2ip, or K singly or NAA + 6-BAP combinations (0.01 to 10.0 mg/l) to determine their morphogenetic responses. IAA and NAA induced callus or roots at all levels except IAA at 0.01 mg/l. Callus varying in friability was obtained on MS + 2,4-D at various concentrations. Friable, uniform dividing callus was obtained on UM medium. Optimum adventitious shoot formation occurred on leaf sections and from callus cultures placed on MS + 2ip. Rooting-difficulties were encountered, but 75% rooting efficiency was obtained on shoots cultured in MS + 0.001 mg/l 2,4-D. Rooted plants were readily transferred to the greenhouse, and flowered.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG HOPE, PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, AND LOCUS OF CONTROL

29 male and 79 female undergraduate and graduate students took the 1986 Miller Hope Scale, Beck's 1988 Hopelessness Scale, Erikson's Psychosocial Stage Inventory, Levenson's 1972 Locus of Control Scale and rated their present state of hopefulness on a 10-point scale. As expected, scores on both the Miller Hope Scale and the self-rated hope scale were negatively correlated with scores on Beck's Hopelessness Scale, but positively with scores on Erikson's Psychosocial Stage Inventory. Thus, greater hopelessness was associated with more successful resolution of psychosocial issues. The Miller Hope Scale was negatively and Beck's Hopelessness Scale was positively associated on the Locus of Control Scale with viewing control as from powerful others or chance. Therefore, lack of hopefulness was related with the perception that external factors control one's life. The Miller Hope Scale and scores on self-rated hopefulness were not significantly correlated. The concept of hope is more complex than currently measured by any single scale and requires further refinement.
Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy of FeCN (X4Δi): Confirmation of the quartet electronic ground state

Abstract Spectra of the FeCN radical have been measured using Fourier-transform microwave (FTMW) techniques. This species was created in a supersonic jet by laser-ablation of iron, coupled with a dc discharge, in the presence (CN)2. The lowest rotational transition of FeCN near 36 GHz was recorded. The observation of this transition, the J = 9/2 → 7/2 line in the Ω = 7/2 spin–orbit component, conclusively establishes that FeCN has a 4Δi ground electronic state, rather a 6Δ state, as predicted by theory. The FTMW spectrum of NiCN (X2Δi) was also measured; small nitrogen hyperfine splitting was observed in both molecules.
Alzheimer's Disease Caregiver Burden: Does Resilience Matter?

Caring for an individual with Alzheimer's disease is at times challenging and can lead to caregiver burden. Resilience is a personality characteristic that has emerged as a protective factor among aging individuals. This study was conducted to examine the moderating effect of resilience between caregiver stressors and caregiver burden. The results indicate that resilience was not identified as a moderator between stressors and caregiver burden; however, a relationship exists between resilience and caregiver burden. Specifically, as resilience in Alzheimer's disease caregivers increases, their caregiver burden decreases. These findings highlight the importance of supportive interventions that will increase resilience in Alzheimer's disease caregivers.
Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy provides no benefit over sham surgery in the setting of isolated degenerative medial meniscal tears without osteoarthritis

Commentary on: Sihvonen R, Paavola M, Malmivaara A, et al. Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy versus sham surgery for a degenerative meniscal tear. N Engl J Med 2013;369:2515–24.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM) is arguably the most frequent knee surgery procedure undertaken in the USA, with between 500 000 and 1 million operations performed annually. Surgical treatment of symptomatic meniscal tears with APM (ie, meniscal shaving/trimming) is considered the standard of care for degenerative tears, which are not usually amenable to meniscal repair (ie, suturing).1 Several randomised trials have called into question the utility of arthroscopic surgery among patients with knee osteoarthritis, culminating with the Meniscal Tear in Osteorthritis Research (MeTeOR) trial, which demonstrated no advantage to APM over physical therapy in patients with meniscal tears and moderate osteoarthritis.2–4 A remaining indication for APM is the treatment of symptomatic meniscal … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DN%2BEngl%2BJ%2BMed%26rft.issn%253D0028-4793%26rft.volume%253D369%26rft.spage%253D2515%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMoa1305189%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F24369076%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJMoa1305189&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=24369076&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F19%2F4%2F141.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000328863700009&link_type=ISI
Impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, defective axonal transport of mitochondria, abnormal mitochondrial dynamics and synaptic degeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease

Increasing evidence suggests that the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) in synapses and synaptic mitochondria causes synaptic mitochondrial failure and synaptic degeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The purpose of this study was to better understand the effects of Aβ in mitochondrial activity and synaptic alterations in neurons from a mouse model of AD. Using primary neurons from a well-characterized Aβ precursor protein transgenic (AβPP) mouse model (Tg2576 mouse line), for the first time, we studied mitochondrial activity, including axonal transport of mitochondria, mitochondrial dynamics, morphology and function. Further, we also studied the nature of Aβ-induced synaptic alterations, and cell death in primary neurons from Tg2576 mice, and we sought to determine whether the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SS31 could mitigate the effects of oligomeric Aβ. We found significantly decreased anterograde mitochondrial movement, increased mitochondrial fission and decreased fusion, abnormal mitochondrial and synaptic proteins and defective mitochondrial function in primary neurons from AβPP mice compared with wild-type (WT) neurons. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a large number of small mitochondria and structurally damaged mitochondria, with broken cristae in AβPP primary neurons. We also found an increased accumulation of oligomeric Aβ and increased apoptotic neuronal death in the primary neurons from the AβPP mice relative to the WT neurons. Our results revealed an accumulation of intraneuronal oligomeric Aβ, leading to mitochondrial and synaptic deficiencies, and ultimately causing neurodegeneration in AβPP cultures. However, we found that the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SS31 restored mitochondrial transport and synaptic viability, and decreased the percentage of defective mitochondria, indicating that SS31 protects mitochondria and synapses from Aβ toxicity.
Human Genetic Individuality

The central preoccupation of human genetics is an effort to understand the genotypic basis of human phenotypic diversity. Although recent progress in identifying the genes that, when mutated, underlie major genetic diseases has been rapid, knowledge of the genetic influences on the vast range of variable, and at least partially heritable, traits that constitute the “normal” range of human phenotypic variation lags. Spectacular advances in our knowledge of human genetic variation have laid the groundwork for a synthesis of insights from medical genetics, population genetics, molecular evolution, and the study of human origins that places basic constraints on models of human genetic individuality. Balancing selection, local adaptation, mutation-selection balance, and founder effects have all extensively shaped contemporary genetic variation. Long-term-balancing selection appears largely to reflect the consequences of host-pathogen arms races. Local adaptation has been widespread—and involved responses to a ...
Evidence for a proteinase inhibitor binding component associated with murine spermatozoa.

The supernatants of frozen-thawed murine epididymal sperm suspensions contain a heat-labile component capable of binding a low molecular weight, acid-stable proteinase inhibitor of seminal vesicle origin. The substance has a molecular weight of approximately 15,000 and can be isolated by affinity chromatography using the inhibitor as the ligand. Although the substance has no inherent enzymatic properties, it will decrease the activity of the seminal inhibitor in the standard N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) assay. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) indicate that the substance, when bound to microtiter plates, is capable of binding the seminal vesicle inhibitor. Turkey egg white trypsin inhibitor will decrease the amount of the seminal inhibitor that will bind to the substance, while noninhibitor proteins, e.g., bovine serum albumin or insulin, have no effect. Turkey egg white and lima bean trypsin inhibitor will also decrease the amount of seminal vesicle inhibitor capable of binding to washed sperm. These data indicate the presence of an inhibitor acceptor site associated with murine epididymal spermatozoa.
A Modified Ninhydrin Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Plasma Alpha-Amino Nitrogen

The present report describes the development of and results with a modified ninhydrin colorimetric method for the determination of free plasma -amino nitrogen. Precipitation of the plasma proteins with a hydrochloric acid-sodium tungstate reagent, filtration of the deproteinized filtrate through glass wool plugs, and reduction of the p H of the reaction resulted in improved reproducibility, lower water blank readings, and lower plasma -amino nitrogen concentrations which agreed closely with values obtained using other standard technics. The stoichiometry of the modified reaction and recovery of standard amino acid solutions were investigated and found to be satisfactory. A comparative study with the ninhydringasometric technic showed that the modified colorimetric procedure described herein yielded values in very close agreement with the more laborious manometric determination. Fasting venous plasma samples obtained from 21 normal volunteers yielded a mean plasma concentration of 3.85 mg./100 ml. The report concludes from these observations that the modified colorimetric procedure provides an accurate, simple, and rapid estimation of the total free amino acid content of human blood plasma.
Multiple Ionization of Atomic Targets by Proton Impact

We have combined experimental measurements of multiply charged ion production, doubly differential electron emission cross sections and Auger electron spectra produced in fast-proton noble-gas collisions with theoretical inner and outer shell ionization cross sections in an effort to provide a unified description of the ionization process. A detailed analysis is provided for 1-4 MeV proton ionization of krypton. Our measured relative yields of Kr+2 and Kr+3 ions are in approximate agreement with the photoionization results of Krause and Carlson. If we assume nearly half of the 3d vacancies created in Kr are filled through multiple (3dNNN) Auger transitions, the M-subshell ionization cross sections that we derive from our Auger electron spectra are in good agreement with theoretical calculations. The measured absolute yields of Kr+2 and Kr+3 are, however, a factor of 2 smaller than those derived from the decay of inner shell vacancies. This discrepancy leads us to believe that multiple ionization in the initial interaction is a significant contribution to the observed yields.
Uncertainty propagation in finite deformations––A spectral stochastic Lagrangian approach

This work proposes a method for quantifying uncertainty propagation in finite deformation problems using the spectral stochastic finite element method (SSFEM). A spectral expansion of the current configuration of a deforming body is proposed to compute the stochastic deformation gradient which is in turn used to compute the stochastic analogs of the various quantities which appear in large deformation analysis such as strain and stress measures and consistent moduli. A total Lagrangian approach to the stochastic large deformation problem is presented. Model problems in large deformation elasto-plasticity are considered highlighting the features of the methodology developed. Rigorous comparisons with Monte-Carlo solutions are presented. It is shown that the proposed approach can estimate the probability density function and response statistics of the field variables with satisfactory accuracy.
KIR3DL1 Polymorphisms That Affect NK Cell Inhibition by HLA-Bw4 Ligand

The killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) gene family encodes MHC class I receptors expressed by NK cells and several T cell subpopulations. Factors contributing to human KIR haplotype diversity are differences in gene number, gene content, and allelic polymorphism. Whereas functional and clinical consequences of the first two factors are established, knowledge of the effects of KIR gene polymorphism is limited to special cases in which signaling function is reversed or cell surface expression lost. In this study we use retrovirally transduced human cell lines to show that 3DL1*002 is a stronger inhibitory receptor for HLA-Bw4 ligands than 3DL1*007. Analysis of mutant 3DL1*002 and 3DL1*007 molecules demonstrates that residue 238 in the D2 domain and 320 in the transmembrane region contribute to the difference in receptor strength. Neither position 238 nor 320 is predicted to interact directly with HLA-Bw4 ligand. This study also revealed that KIR3DL1 and LILRB1 both contribute to developing an inhibitory response to HLA-Bw4 ligands.
A new species of Lactista (Acrididae: Oedipodinae) from St. Eustatius, West Indies

Lactista eustatia n. sp. is described from St. Eustatius, West Indies. This is the first record of the genus in the West Indies.
Optimization and quality assurance of an image-guided radiation therapy system for intensity-modulated radiation therapy radiotherapy

To develop a quality assurance (QA) of XVI cone beam system (XVIcbs) for its optimal imaging-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) implementation, and to construe prostate tumor margin required for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) if IGRT is unavailable. XVIcbs spatial accuracy was explored with a humanoid phantom; isodose conformity to lesion target with a rice phantom housing a soap as target; image resolution with a diagnostic phantom; and exposure validation with a Radcal ion chamber. To optimize XVIcbs, rotation flexmap on coincidency between gantry rotational axis and that of XVI cone beam scan was investigated. Theoretic correlation to image quality of XVIcbs rotational axis stability was elaborately studied. Comprehensive QA of IGRT using XVIcbs has initially been explored and then implemented on our general IMRT treatments, and on special IMRT radiotherapies such as head and neck (H and N), stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT), stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), and stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Fifteen examples of prostate setup accounted for 350 IGRT cone beam system were analyzed. IGRT accuracy results were in agreement ± 1 mm. Flexmap 0.25 mm met the manufacturer's specification. Films confirmed isodose coincidence with target (soap) via XVIcbs, otherwise not. Superficial doses were measured from 7.2-2.5 cGy for anatomic diameters 15-33 cm, respectively. Image quality was susceptible to rotational stability or patient movement. IGRT using XVIcbs on general IMRT treatments such as prostate, SRT, SRS, and SBRT for setup accuracy were verified; and subsequently coordinate shifts corrections were recorded. The 350 prostate IGRT coordinate shifts modeled to Gaussian distributions show central peaks deviated off the isocenter by 0.6 ± 3.0 mm, 0.5 ± 4.5 mm in the X(RL)- and Z(SI)-coordinates, respectively; and 2.0 ± 3.0 mm in the Y(AP)-coordinate as a result of belly and bladder capacity variations. Sixty-eight percent of confidence was within ± 4.5 mm coordinates shifting. IGRT using XVIcbs is critical to IMRT for prostate and H and N, especially SRT, SRS, and SBRT. To optimize this modality of IGRT, a vigilant QA program is indispensable. Prostate IGRT reveals treatment accuracy as subject to coordinates' adjustments; otherwise a 4.5-mm margin is required to allow for full dose coverage of the clinical target volume, notwithstanding toxicity to normal tissues.
Preserving Differential Privacy in Degree-Correlation based Graph Generation

Enabling accurate analysis of social network data while preserving differential privacy has been challenging since graph features such as cluster coefficient often have high sensitivity, which is different from traditional aggregate functions e.g., count and sum on tabular data. In this paper, we study the problem of enforcing edge differential privacy in graph generation. The idea is to enforce differential privacy on graph model parameters learned from the original network and then generate the graphs for releasing using the graph model with the private parameters. In particular, we develop a differential privacy preserving graph generator based on the dK-graph generation model. We first derive from the original graph various parameters i.e., degree correlations used in the dK-graph model, then enforce edge differential privacy on the learned parameters, and finally use the dKgraph model with the perturbed parameters to generate graphs. For the 2K-graph model, we enforce the edge differential privacy by calibrating noise based on the smooth sensitivity, rather than the global sensitivity. By doing this, we achieve the strict differential privacy guarantee with smaller magnitude noise. We conduct experiments on four real networks and compare the performance of our private dK-graph models with the stochastic Kronecker graph generation model in terms of utility and privacy tradeoff. Empirical evaluations show the developed private dK-graph generation models significantly outperform the approach based on the stochastic Kronecker generation model.
Native invaders – challenges for science, management, policy, and society

The term “invader” is typically paired with adjectives such as “non-native” and “alien”, yet native species can also cause ecological and economic impacts that rival those of well-known invasive species. By spreading within their historical range, attaining extreme abundances, and exerting severe per-capita effects as a result of predation or competition, native invaders can create an unusual set of challenges for science, management, policy, and society. Identifying when, where, and why species become invaders in their native ranges requires additional scientific inquiry, outside the current focus of invasion biology. Management strategies often mitigate the symptoms rather than address the causes of problematic native species invasions. Convincing stakeholders to comply with management actions aimed at controlling native invaders creates societal challenges and policy makers must prioritize goals from varied and often conflicting human interests. We illustrate these challenges by highlighting native spe...
Neural signatures of face–voice synchrony in 5‐month‐old human infants

Infants' unitary perception of their multisensory world, including learning from people (faces and speech), hinges on temporal synchrony. Despite its importance, relatively little work has investigated the brain processes involved in infants' perception of temporal synchrony. In two experiments, we examined event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to asynchronous and synchronous audio-visual speech in infants. Both experiments showed the early auditory P2 was greater for the synchronously presented pairings and later attentional processing (Nc) was greater for asynchronous pairings. In addition, dynamic stimuli used in Experiment 2 produced a greater early visual response (N1) to the asynchronous condition and an enhanced memory-related slow wave (PSW) later for the synchronous condition. These results suggest that, like adults, auditory-visual integration for young infants begins early during sensory processing rather than later during higher-level cognitive processing. However, unlike adults, infants' brain responses may be biased towards synchrony. Furthermore, effects of attentional and memory processing confirm interpretations of behavioral looking patterns suggesting infants find synchrony more familiar.
The Changing Nature of Innovation in Marketing: A Study of Selected Business Leaders, 1852-1958

Significant changes in the process of business innovation are suggested in this comparative study of nineteenth- and twentieth-century leaders in marketing.
Pharmacological Inhibition of Bromodomain-Containing Proteins in Inflammation

Inflammation is associated with the activation of genes that contribute to immune defense and tissue repair. The bromodomain-containing proteins of the BET family, which recognize histone lysine acetylation, play a key role in the transcriptional control of inflammatory genes. Inhibition of BET proteins by the small-molecule inhibitor I-BET affects the expression of a particular subset of inflammatory genes-namely, ones that follow an "analog-like," but not "digital-like" activation pattern. This ability of I-BET to target genes based on the dynamic pattern of their activation may facilitate the further development of anti-inflammatory treatment protocols that are tuned to the individual or to disease-specific patterns of gene expression.
An MR film head minimum feature perspective on future area density growth rates

This paper discusses processing limitations for future thin film head structures and describes the observation that the formation of the thin film head minimum feature, the MR sensor width, will determine future areal density growth rates independent of the physics and the magnetics of the recording system. With the convergence of thin film head and integrated circuit processing, annual areal density growth rates of 70% to 100% will be constrained to 30% levels based simply on the integrated circuit (IC) industry lithography road map which reduces minimum feature at 12% annually. The 20 nm minimum features required for 1 Tbit/in/sup 2/ recording will not be realized in semiconductor processing until 2010 at the earliest.
Distinguishing between mechanisms of eukaryotic transcriptional activation with bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase

To distinguish between mechanisms of eukaryotic transcriptional activation, we tested whether yeast upstream promoter elements can stimulate transcription by a heterologous transcription machinery, bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase. The gal enhancer-like element recognized by GAL4 protein or the ded1 poly(dA-dT) element was placed upstream of the T7 promoter and his3 structural gene, and T7 RNA polymerase was produced in yeast cells. Under conditions where the gal element would normally be either activating or nonactivating, his3 transcription by T7 RNA polymerase was not stimulated above the level observed in the absence of any upstream element. In contrast, the ded1 poly(dA-dT) element stimulated transcription 7-fold, similar to the enhancement observed on the native ded1 promoter. Activation by the ded1 element thus may involve effects on the chromatin template that facilitate entry of the transcription machinery, whereas activation by the gal element may involve specific contacts between GAL4 and the transcriptional machinery.
Death and Memory: From Santa María del Monte to Miami Beach

Flaccid, diseased cells are swarming and swelling inside my bones and I have little time left. Of course I've waited too long before writing this and now it is late, probably too late. Like beginning to write at twilight with no lamp as the darkness falls. And there is no light now. There was some a little while ago and I should have written then. I also had some within me, a deep blue light the colour of Iris which now and then I could see far inside my body and which glowed and gave me great comfort. But it is really dark now, my blue light has deserted me and it is getting very late. -Allon White "Too Close to the Bone: Fragments of an Autobiography, " 1989
In Vitro Approaches to Neurotoxicity-- A Physiologist’s Perspective

Many methods for screening potential neurotoxicants have been proposed, but few attempts have been made to compare their relative sensitivities. Thus, until more research is done, it will be necessary to explore the utility of a wide variety of methodological approaches. Among these is the neurophysiological approach, which can include recordings obtained from intact unanesthetized subjects as well as isolated neurons in vitro. It is not yet clear whether the in vivo or in vitro approach will ultimately be most appropriate as a short-term test. Based on existing data, the most sensitive and cost-effective neurophysiological test currently available is an in vivo one: the visual-evoked response. The EPA neurotoxicology program is in the process of comparing the relative sensitivity of this test to other neurophysiological and nonneurophysiological methodologies.
RAPD profiling in biological conservation: An application to estimating clonal variation in rare and endangered Iliamna in Virginia

Abstract RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) profiling is a useful means of determining several genetic parameters of rare and endangered plants using minuscule amounts of leaf tissue. RAPD profiling economically and rapidly distinguishes among clonal genets and is useful for estimating both population-level and species-level genetic variation. In this study 85% of screened primers revealed DNA polymorphisms in Iliamna . Thirty-five polymorphic markers were generated using only two primers. Cluster and parsimony analysis provided additional evidence that the federally endangered Iliamna corei is genetically distinct from the recently introduced (in Virginia, perhaps 100 years) I. remota . Additionally, four clumps of plants in one Peters Mountain, Virginia population, which comprise the only extant I. corei in nature, were confirmed to be four genets that are genetically very similar to one another. Iliamna corei germplasm from seed accessions taken from duff at the Peters Mountain site had extensive genetic variation compared to the clones in the natural population.
Data-driven web design

This short paper summarizes challenges and opportunities of applying machine learning methods to Web design problems, and describes how structured prediction, deep learning, and probabilistic program induction can enable useful interactions for designers. We intend for these techniques to foster new work in data-driven Web design.
Perceptions of alcohol use by friends compared to peers: Associations with middle adolescents' own use

ABSTRACTBackground: In this study, the authors (a) distinguished between adolescents' perceptions of their peers' and friends' alcohol use to examine the unique associations these perceptions have on adolescents' own alcohol use and (b) tested if the ability to resist peer influence moderated those associations. Methods: Data were from the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 876, all aged 15). Adolescents reported (a) perceptions of alcohol use by their peers, (b) perceptions of alcohol use by their friends, (c) their own alcohol use in the last year, and (d) a measure of their ability to resist peer influence. Data were analyzed with hierarchical logistic regression (HLR), controlling for demographic variables and parental knowledge. Results: Three HLR models were computed: 1 for the full sample, 1 for only males, and 1 for only females. In all models, perceptions of alcohol use by friends (odds ratios [ORs]: ORFull = 10.17, ORFemale = 15.51, ORMale = 7.25) were associated with a greater...
The Evolution of Wiretapping

The technology for communications through cyberspace have begun to outstrip the capabilities of governments to intercept those communications. This is a circumstance that has occurred in the past and likely will recur in the future. This paper traces some of that history and concludes that the questions involved are more ones of policy than of law.
Origins of Regioselectivity in Iridium Catalyzed Allylic Substitution.

Detailed studies on the origin of the regioselectivity for formation of branched products over linear products have been conducted with complexes containing the achiral triphenylphosphite ligand. The combination of iridium and P(OPh)3 was the first catalytic system shown to give high regioselectivity for the branched product with iridium and among the most selective for forming branched products among any combination of metal and ligand. We have shown the active catalyst to be generated from [Ir(COD)Cl]2 and P(OPh)3 by cyclometalation of the phenyl group on the ligand and have shown such species to be the resting state of the catalyst. A series of allyliridium complexes ligated by the resulting P,C ligand have been generated and shown to be competent intermediates in the catalytic system. We have assessed the potential impact of charge, metal–iridium bond length, and stability of terminal vs internal alkenes generated by attack at the branched and terminal positions of the allyl ligand, respectively. Thes...
Centrality of the Supply Chain Network

With the increasing availability of supply chain information, researchers are paying increasing attention to information flows and interactions between suppliers and customers; however, shocks to a supplier not only impact its immediate customers, but also generate ripple effects on the whole economy through the supply chain network. This paper strives to define the relative importance, or centrality, of a supplier in the whole supply chain network, and understand how the most central suppliers to the economy behave differently, and how they interact with the aggregate economy and the business cycle. Based on information from the FactSet Supply Chain Relationships database, the paper builds a supplier-customer network matrix at the beginning of each year from 2004 to 2014, and computes the supplier centralities of each company based on a list of centrality definitions. The paper then forms supplier central stock portfolios based on the centrality estimates, and perform historical analysis on their behaviors. Historical analysis shows that supplier central portfolios tend to be more volatile than average, and the stock performance of supplier central portfolios tends to predict the movements of the overall stock market.
Economic contribution of hunting expenditure to the southern United States of America

Millions of people in United States of America (U.S.) participate in hunting activities which benefit the U.S. economy and help promote conservation and environmental goals. The 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife-Associated RecreationSurvey reported that 13.7 million people aged 16 and above participated in recreational hunting activities, spending $33.7 billion on trips and equipment. This paper reports quantified economic contributions of hunting and its sub-activity expenditure for the thirteen states in the U.S. South by calculating total gross output, employment, total income, personal income and value-added. Input–output models were developed for each State, to determine the direct, indirect, and induced impacts of expenditure derived from hunting. Comparison at broad activity (hunting) and sub-activity (type of game etc.) levels revealed that there were differences in the individual states’ economies, and that levels of expenditure affected the total economic contribution of hunt...
Quartz Crystal Microbalances for Microscale Thermogravimetric Analysis

A new method for analyzing the chemical purity and consistency of microscale samples with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor platform is described. The QCM is used to monitor submicrogram changes in the mass of a deposited thin film as a function of temperature, in a manner similar to that of a conventional thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Results correlated well with TGA measurements for a wide range of representative materials, including organic compounds, ionic detergents, oxidizing and inert powders, carbon nanotubes, and various mixtures of these samples. In each case, the sample mass was on the order of a few micrograms, compared to the need for several milligrams for conventional TGA analysis. This work illustrates the effectiveness of this approach for analysis of nanoparticles, thin films, and highly purified specimens on the microgram scale.
A SOOT TEMPERATURE DIAGNOSTIC COMBINING FLAME EMISSION AND MODULATED LASER ABSORPTION

A new method of optical pyrometry for sooting flames has been developed that combines absorption and emission measurements, thereby reducing the uncertainty in measured soot temperature when compared to commonly used methods that involve only emission measurements. Large uncertainties in soot optical properties that hamper conventional two-color techniques are avoided by making direct measurements of soot emissivity instead of using emissivity models. Laser modulation enables combined measurements of laser transmission and flame emission at the same wavelength. Single-color and two-color absorption/emission techniques were evaluated with modulated diode lasers at 830 nm and 1300 nm. Laser transmission through a rich laminar premixed ethylene/air flame was measured at each of the two wavelengths, while also measuring flame emission at the same wavelengths. Results for an example case showed a reduction in the uncertainty of measured temperature from greater than + 75 K with conventional emission-only methods, to f 20 K with modulated absorption/emission pyrometry. Advantages over the conventional method are greatest for soot
Study on the System View of Smart Grid

The paper simply introduced the development of smart grid abroad and analyzed the concept and essence of the smart grid.With the establishment of the smart grid,it will benefit the stakeholder in many ways.Then,for achieving the goals of the smart grid,a system view for the smart grid was developed consisting five parts which interrelates with each other.The performances and principal characteristics of the smart grid were analyzed and five key technologies as well as the corresponding metrics were presented.Assisted by the five aspects of the system view,the smart grid could be well developed.
Geographic and host-mediated population genetic structure in a cestode parasite of the three-spined stickleback.

Comparative studies of genetic diversity and population structure can shed light on the ecological and evolutionary factors that influence host–parasite interactions. Here we examined whether geography, time and genetic variation in Alaskan three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus Linneaus) hosts shape the population genetic structure of the diphyllobothridean cestode parasite Schistocephalus solidus (Muller, 1776). Host lineages and haplotypes were identified by sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, and host population structure was assessed by Bayesian clustering analysis of allelic variation at 11 microsatellite loci. Parasite population structure was characterized according to allelic variation at eight microsatellite loci. Mantel tests and canonical redundancy analysis were conducted to evaluate the proportion of parasite genetic variation attributable to time and geography vs. host lineage, haplotype, and genotypic cluster. Host and parasite population structure were largely discordant across the study area, probably reflecting differences in gene flow, environmental influences external to the host, and genomic admixture among host lineages. We found that geography explained the greatest proportion of parasite genetic variation, but that variation also reflects time, host lineage, and host haplotype. Associations with host haplotypes suggest that one parasite genotypic cluster exhibits a narrower host range, predominantly infecting the most common host haplotypes, whereas the other parasite cluster infects all haplotypes equally, including rare haplotypes. Although experimental infection trials might prove otherwise, distributional differences in hosts preferentially infected by S. solidus could underlie the observed pattern of population structure.
Menstrual cyclicity has a profound effect on glucose homeostasis

Results from oral glucose tolerance tests have frequently demonstrated a deterioration in glucose metabolism during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. To examine this issue further, eight women underwent both midfollicular (days 3 to 10) and midluteal (days 20 to 25) phase hyperglycemic clamp studies (+125 mg glucose/dl) after an overnight fast. Glucose levels rose from 83 ± 1 to 207 ± 2 and 87 ± 1 to 207 ± 2 mg/dl, respectively, during the follicular and luteal phases. The basal (6 ± 1 versus 7 ± 1 µ U/ml) and glucose-stimulated (42 ± 5 versus 43 ± 6 µ U/ml) insulin responses were similar in the follicular and luteal studies. However, glucose uptake was significantly higher during the follicular versus the luteal phase (10.99 ± 0.97 versus 6.93 ± 0.37 mg/kg-min; P P
Primary Follicular Lymphoma of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Case Report and Review.

Primary gastrointestinal follicular lymphoma (GI-FL) is considered a rare disease with fewer than 400 cases reported in the literature. It accounts for roughly 1–3 % of GI non-Hodgkins lymphomas (NHL). It originates in the GI tract and typically affects small bowel. The disease has an indolent course, and a prolonged survival can be expected in most cases. Due to its rarity, an optimal diagnostic work up and treatment plan has not been well established. Endoscopic evaluation of the entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract using esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), wireless capsule endoscopy, double-balloon enteroscopy, colonoscopy, and whole body examination with fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has been suggested to more accurately stage the disease and guide the treatment plan. Treatment options for GI follicular lymphoma include watch and wait strategy, surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, immuno-radiotherapy, or a combination of these modalities. In this article, we have summarized the existing information regarding clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment options for this rare entity after presenting a case of GI-FL who was diagnosed during an EGD for evaluation of belching, heartburn, and weight loss.
Tendon graft anatomy and harvesting.

Abstract Tendon grafts are often needed in reconstructive surgery. The choice of a tendon graft donor site should be based on the type of graft needed and knowledge of donor-site anatomy, whether normal or aberrant. This study, based on the dissection of 120 cadavers, describes anatomic variations and tendon harvesting techniques.
Recent Political, Economic and Institutional Developments in Russia

Integration of a country into the world trade system presupposes the fulfilment of two conditions. First, the existence of trade-related laws and regulations, which are compatible with the relevant international obligations, namely with the rules of the WTO. And second, the presence of economic units which shape business activities in accordance with the requirements established. Recent examples show that it is much easier to adopt WTO conform laws (‘paper compatibility’) than to have an economy whose participants actually act in total harmony with the expectations set by laws (‘real compatibility’). The latter has probably never happened. Nevertheless, there are countries which are closer to that requirement than others. The big question is: why are the economic systems which exist today, all based on market economy principles, so different? Why do they differ so greatly in terms of economic, institutional and political development and business culture? Who could deny that today’s capitalism of Western Europe or the United States differs substantially from that of India, Pakistan, Latin America or Africa? And of course, economic systems in Russia and in many other transition economies, reveal even more dissenting features. The answer is simple; different historical backgrounds. The differences between countries’ business cultures, institutions or indeed, the behevior of their citizens and subjects, are as different as the unique histories which shaped those countries. This historical `determinism’ is relevant for defining a country’s relationships with global organizations, or in this case, with the WTO; therefore it is worth a thorough examination.
Controllability of multiplex, multi-time-scale networks

The paradigm of layered networks is used to describe many real-world systems, from biological networks to social organizations and transportation systems. While recently there has been much progress in understanding the general properties of multilayer networks, our understanding of how to control such systems remains limited. One fundamental aspect that makes this endeavor challenging is that each layer can operate at a different time scale; thus, we cannot directly apply standard ideas from structural control theory of individual networks. Here we address the problem of controlling multilayer and multi-time-scale networks focusing on two-layer multiplex networks with one-to-one interlayer coupling. We investigate the practically relevant case when the control signal is applied to the nodes of one layer. We develop a theory based on disjoint path covers to determine the minimum number of inputs (N_{i}) necessary for full control. We show that if both layers operate on the same time scale, then the network structure of both layers equally affect controllability. In the presence of time-scale separation, controllability is enhanced if the controller interacts with the faster layer: N_{i} decreases as the time-scale difference increases up to a critical time-scale difference, above which N_{i} remains constant and is completely determined by the faster layer. We show that the critical time-scale difference is large if layer I is easy and layer II is hard to control in isolation. In contrast, control becomes increasingly difficult if the controller interacts with the layer operating on the slower time scale and increasing time-scale separation leads to increased N_{i}, again up to a critical value, above which N_{i} still depends on the structure of both layers. This critical value is largely determined by the longest path in the faster layer that does not involve cycles. By identifying the underlying mechanisms that connect time-scale difference and controllability for a simplified model, we provide crucial insight into disentangling how our ability to control real interacting complex systems is affected by a variety of sources of complexity.
A flexible microbial co-culture platform for simultaneous utilization of methane and carbon dioxide from gas feedstocks

A new co-cultivation technology is presented that converts greenhouse gasses, CH4 and CO2, into microbial biomass. The methanotrophic bacterium, Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum 20z, was coupled to a cyanobacterium, Synechococcus PCC 7002 via oxygenic photosynthesis. The system exhibited robust growth on diverse gas mixtures ranging from biogas to those representative of a natural gas feedstock. A continuous processes was developed on a synthetic natural gas feed that achieved steady-state by imposing coupled light and O2 limitations on the cyanobacterium and methanotroph, respectively. Continuous co-cultivation resulted in an O2 depleted reactor and does not require CH4/O2 mixtures to be fed into the system, thereby enhancing process safety considerations over traditional methanotroph mono-culture platforms. This co-culture technology is scalable with respect to its ability to utilize different gas streams and its biological components constructed from model bacteria that can be metabolically customized to produce a range of biofuels and bioproducts.
Outcomes of a multi-community hypertension implementation study: the American Heart Association's Check. Change. Control. program

Single-site, intensive, community-based blood pressure (BP) intervention programs have led to BP improvements. The authors examined the American Heart Association's Check. Change. Control. (CCC) program (4069 patients/18 cities) to determine whether BP interventions can effectively be scaled to multiple communities, using a simplified template and local customization. Effectiveness was evaluated at each site via site percent enrollment goals, participant engagement, and BP change from first to last measurement. High-enrolling sites frequently recruited at senior residential institutions and service organizations held hypertension management classes and utilized established and new community partners. High-engagement sites regularly held hypertension education classes and followed up with participants. Top-performing sites commonly distributed BP cuffs, checked BP at engagement activities, and trained volunteers. CCC demonstrated that simplified community-based hypertension intervention programs may lead to BP improvements, but there was high outcomes variability among programs. Several factors were associated with BP improvement that may guide future program development.