cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parent Involvement in Inner-City Schools - The Project Fast Extended Family Approach to Success

This article examines the parent involvement practices and philosophies of an urban education model that has been integral in developing collaborative relationships between parents and schools. This model sought to enhance student performance by redefining school as the extended family for urban students and parents. A 4-year study concluded that when parents were involved with this process, student achievement and parental commitment to education far surpassed that of students and parents who remained in the more traditional school setting.
JADE: Jamming-averse routing on cognitive radio mesh networks

The spectrum sensing capability of cognitive radio (CR) enables a lot of opportunities to wireless networks, but also enables intelligent attacks by malicious players. One attack in this category is reactive jamming, in which the attacker senses the wireless spectrum, decodes parts of packets, and selectively interferes with with packets. In so doing, an attacker can reduce energy expenditure and increase stealth while maintaining a high impact. Of the approaches to mitigate jamming, in this work, we focus on the jamming resilient routing in CR mesh networks. To do this we use signal-to-noise-interference ratio (SINR) which reflects the jamming impact. This metric is difficult to measure with commodity radio chipsets that cannot differentiate jamming interference from the received signal. Detecting SINR becomes even harder if reactive jamming is used by an attacker. In this study, we develop a mechanism to estimate SINR under reactive jamming. The estimated SINR information of each wireless link is then used to determine the jamming-averse directivity (JAD) of packets, which improves the routing performance of the victim network. We validate the proposed mechanism with a simulation study, showing that the proposed JAD escorted (JADE) routing dramatically improves routing path discovery performance including path discovery probability, path length, elapsed time for path discovery, retransmission attempts, and path quality under reactive jamming. Among the 200 route requests at 10 different configurations in our simulation, the reactive jammer disrupts the 77.5% of total requests. However, our JADE routing decreases the route discovery failure rate to 7.5% by saving the 96.7% of failed requests.
Bulygin's method for sums of squares

Abstract Bulygin in 1914 showed how one can find the number of solutions of a positive integer as the sum of an even number of squares by using known formulas from the theory of elliptic functions. The purpose of the present paper is to give a sketch of Bulygin's method.
The Tangent Space to an Enumerative Problem

We will discuss recent work on the relations between the intersection theory of homogeneous spaces (and their quantum, and higher genus generalizations), invariant theory, and non-abelian theta functions. The main theme is that the analysis of transversality in enumerative problems can be viewed as a bridge from intersection theory to representation theory. Some of the new results proved using these ideas are reviewed: multiplicative generalizations of the Horn and saturation conjectures, generalizations of Fulton’s conjecture, the deformation of cohomology of homogeneous spaces, and the strange duality conjecture in the theory of vector bundles on algebraic curves.
Comments on orbital steering

Molecular orbital theory has been applied to explore the potential energy surface for several bimolecular reactions. The results of these calculations can be used to assess the rate accelerations that might be achieved in similar optimally oriented reactions. Several of the reactions studied (e.g., CH3O− + H2NCHO) are bimolecular counterparts of intermediate steps in enzyme catalysis (e.g., serine proteinase activity). In these cases the importance of “orbital steering” as a vehicle for enzyme catalysis is assessed.
THE EFFECTS OF PERSONAL RELEVANCE AND REPETITION ON PERSUASIVE PROCESSING

Abstract Past research has suggested that familiarity with a message, brought about by repetition, can increase (Cacioppo & Petty, 1989) or decrease (Garcia-Marques & Mackie, 2001) analytic (systematic) processing of that message. Two experiments attempted to resolve these contradictory findings by examining how personal relevance may moderate the impact of familiarity on processing. Experiment 1 manipulated repetition and personal relevance and found that message repetition increased analytic processing (as reflected by greater persuasion following strong vs. weak arguments) under high relevance conditions and decreased analytic processing when relevance was low. In Experiment 2, both repetition and relevance were manipulated in different ways, but results again showed that repetition reduced analytic processing under low relevance conditions and that perceived familiarity mediated this outcome. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Value Structures, Formal Structures, and Technology for Lower Participants in Service Organizations

The effects of technology and formal structures on value structure for lower level individuals in service operations is examined. Service providers (337) in direct contact with clients/customers were surveyed. The results indicate significant relationships among formal structure, task uncertainty, and employee value orientation to customers. Task uncertainty was also found to mediate the relationship between formal structure and value orientation for individuals in direct contact with clients/customers.
Risk of radiation-induced malignancy with heterotopic ossification prophylaxis: a case-control analysis.

Purpose To determine the risk of radiation-induced malignancy after prophylactic treatment for heterotopic ossification (HO). Methods and Materials A matched case–control study was conducted within a population-based cohort of 3489 patients treated either for acetabular fractures with acetabular open reduction internal fixation or who underwent total hip arthroplasty from 1990 to 2009. Record-linkage techniques identified patients who were diagnosed with a malignancy from our state health registry. Patients with a prior history of malignancy were excluded from the cohort. For each documented case of cancer, 2 controls were selected by stratified random sampling from the cohort that did not develop a malignancy. Matching factors were sex, age at time of hip treatment, and duration of follow-up. Results A total of 243 patients were diagnosed with a malignancy after hip treatment. Five patients were excluded owing to inadequate follow-up time in the corresponding control cohort. A cohort of 238 cases (control, 476 patients) was included. Mean follow-up was 10 years, 12 years in the control group. In the cancer cohort, 4% of patients had radiation therapy (RT), compared with 7% in the control group. Of the 9 patients diagnosed with cancer after RT, none occurred within the field. The mean latency period was 5.9 years in the patients who received RT and 6.6 years in the patients who did not. Median (range) age at time of cancer diagnosis in patients who received RT was 62 (43-75) years, compared with 70 (32-92) years in the non-RT patients. An ad hoc analysis was subsequently performed in all 2749 patients who were not matched and found neither an increased incidence of malignancy nor a difference in distribution of type of malignancy. Conclusion We were unable to demonstrate an increased risk of malignancy in patients who were treated with RT for HO prophylaxis compared with those who were not.
Genetic implications of reduced survival of male red deer Cervus elaphus under harvest

Abstract We use simple, multivariate evolutionary models to evaluate the short-term potential for size-selective harvest to reduce genetic variability and alter life history in cervids. These genetic effects limit sustainable levels of harvest of the animals because they determine how changes in sex ratio, generation length and traits contributing to fitness influence population growth rate and local adaptation. Our analysis of harvest-mediated adaptive evolution employs a genetic approach that parameterizes models with empirical data obtained from European red deer Cervus elaphus. The analysis indicates that harvest, if sufficiently high to reduce the breeding ratio of males to females to below about 15:100, can reduce effective population size to a level that threatens adaptive potential. The reduction in effective size is realized through decreases in both sex ratio of breeders and the age of breeding males. Predicted selective effects of harvest on body size indicates a weak potential to alter most li...
Public Opinion, the War in Iraq, and Presidential Accountability

How do citizens hold their leader accountable during an ongoing war? The authors distinguish between two models of accountability—the “decision maker” and “managerial” models—and investigate their implications in the context of the current war in Iraq. They employ a novel measurement model and a database of survey marginals to estimate weekly time series of aggregate beliefs about various aspects of the war. Consistent with the “decision maker” model, they find that shifts in aggregate support for the war have a greater impact on presidential approval than do equivalent shifts in perceptions of war success or approval of the president’s handling of the war. Conversely, aggregate perceptions of success are more responsive to casualties and key events than are aggregate beliefs about the war’s merits. This suggests that the link from casualties and events to presidential approval is less direct than previously assumed.
Planar microdischarge arrays

Planar arrays of 400 /spl mu/m diameter discharge devices fabricated on silicon with an anode-cathode spacing of 1 mm and device separations as small as 0.8 mm are reported. Operated in parallel with a single ballast and specific power loadings in the discharge up to /spl sim/40 kW cm/sup -3/, these arrays produce continuous emission from the atomic rare gases and transient molecules such as the rare gas-halide excimer, xenon-monoiodide (XeI).
Focal central chemoreceptor sensitivity in the RTN studied with a CO2 diffusion pipette in vivo

Li, Aihua, and Eugene E. Nattie. Focal central chemoreceptor sensitivity in the RTN studied with a CO2 diffusion pipette in vivo.J. Appl. Physiol. 83(2): 420–428, 1997.—We describe and use a CO2dif...
Pleural effusions in superior vena cava syndrome: prevalence, characteristics, and proposed pathophysiology.

Purpose of reviewThis review highlights recent data detailing the prevalence and characteristics of pleural effusions occurring in patients with superior vena cava syndrome.Recent findingsNumerous case reports have described pleural effusions in conjunction with the superior vena cava syndrome. Rece
Single cells and intracellular processes studied by a plasmonic-based electrochemical impedance microscopy

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is a crucial tool for the detection and study of various biological substances, from DNA and proteins to viruses and bacteria. It does not require any labelling species, and methods based on it have been developed to study cellular processes (such as cell spreading, adhesion, invasion, toxicology and mobility). However, data have so far lacked spatial information, which is essential for investigating heterogeneous processes and imaging high-throughput microarrays. Here, we report an electrochemical impedance microscope based on surface plasmon resonance that resolves local impedance with submicrometre spatial resolution. We have used an electrochemical impedance microscope to monitor the dynamics of cellular processes (apoptosis and electroporation of individual cells) with millisecond time resolution. The high spatial and temporal resolution makes it possible to study individual cells, but also resolve subcellular structures and processes without labels, and with excellent detection sensitivity (~2 pS). We also describe a model that simulates cellular and electrochemical impedance microscope images based on local dielectric constant and conductivity.
Evaluation of common evapotranspiration models based on measurements from two extensive green roofs in New York City.

Abstract Although the evapotranspiration (ET) process has historically received limited attention, it is an important factor for assessing the health and behavior of urban green spaces, including green roofs. In this study, common potential evapotranspiration (PET) models, which assume non-water-limited substrate moisture conditions, and actual evapotranspiration (AET) models, which account for water-limited substrate moisture conditions, are used to predict ET from local climate conditions at two extensive Sedum green roof sites in New York City (NYC); one a vegetated mat system (termed W118) and the other a built in place system (termed USPS). Results from the predictions are compared to 12,000 h of on-site ET measurements obtained using a dynamic chamber system. Among the Hargreaves, Priestley–Taylor, Penman, and American Society of Civil Engineers Penman–Monteith PET models, results from the Priestley–Taylor model, which was developed to predict ET from a wet vegetated surface with minimal advection, best correlate with the dynamic chamber measurements (r-squared = 0.96 for W118, 0.82 for USPS). Nonetheless, a systematic error is seen whereby the Priestley–Taylor model overestimates the low ET fluxes observed during the winter months and underestimates the high ET fluxes observed during the summer months. This error is only exaggerated by the inclusion of an advective ET term. To estimate green roof ET under water-limited conditions, a storage model, antecedent precipitation index (API), and advection-aridity model are applied to the Priestley–Taylor formulation to calculate AET. Results indicate that only the API model, which is based on precipitation history alone, can improve upon the Priestley–Taylor PET predictions (r-squared = 0.96 on W118, 0.85 on USPS). Use of a more-physically based, substrate moisture storage greatly over-estimates ET reduction during dry periods. The work provides insight into which common ET models best capture the behavior of full-scale, extensive green roofs, and points to the need for better estimates of green roof ET under climate conditions typical of NYC's winter and summer months.
Techniques for improving the capacity of video-on-demand systems

We present two techniques to improve the capacity of video on demand systems. Video on demand is an electronic video rental system in which clients request and play videos on-demand. Video on demand system can be implemented over an existing cable TV network or an upgraded ADSL network. The two techniques used to improve the capacity of video on-demand systems are segmentation and multicasting. Segmentation consists of dividing the video into several fixed length segments, and then transmitting the segments at regular intervals instead of transmitting the entire video continuously. Multicasting assumes that each subscriber has a limited storage space, so the same video segments can be multicast to subscribers simultaneously. Results of a comprehensive simulation study presented in the paper show a significant improvement in the capacity of the system when these two techniques are applied. In evaluating video on demand systems we considered the following parameters: the number of users supported, the number of videos played per day, and the number of requests rejected per day.
The role of association in early word-learning.

Word-learning likely involves a multiplicity of components, some domain-general, others domain-specific. Against the background of recent studies that suggest that word-learning is domain-specific, we investigated the associative component of word-learning. Seven- and 14-month-old infants viewed a pair of events in which a monkey or a truck moved back and forth, accompanied by a sung syllable or a tone, matched for pitch. Following habituation, infants were presented with displays in which the visual-auditory pairings were preserved or switched, and looked longer at the “switch” events when exposure time was sufficient to learn the intermodal association. At 7 months, performance on speech and tones conditions was statistically identical; at 14 months, infants had begun to favor speech. Thus, the associative component of word-learning does not appear (in contrast to rule-learning, Marcus et al., 2007) to initially privilege speech.
Decreased superoxide anion radical production by rat alveolar macrophages following inhalation of ozone or nitrogen dioxide.

Abstract In vivo exposure of rats to ozone or nitrogen dioxide results in a dose-dependent decrease in superoxide anion radical production (O2−·) by alveolar macrophages isolated from the exposed animals. When alveolar macrophages from ozone-exposed animals were stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA, a non-phagocytic stimulus of O2−· production) the decrease in O2−· production ranged from 85.9% of control at 3.2 ppm-hrs ozone to 7% of control at 10.5 ppm-hrs. In a similar fashion, O2−· production by PMA-stimulated macrophages from NO2-exposed rates ranged from 78% of control at 18.3 ppm-hrs NO2 down to 14.5% of control at 51 ppm-hrs. Since the viability of the alveolar macrophages obtained from ozone or nitrogen dioxide-exposed animals was 88% or better in all cases as judged by both Trypan blue exclusion and lactate dehydrogenase release, the decreased ability of these cells to produce superoxide anion radical cannot be attributed to a pollutant effect on cell viability. This diminution in superoxide anion radical production by alveolar macrophages from the pollutant-exposed animals might account, in part, for the ability of these 2 air pollutants to potentiate bacterial infections in laboratory animals.
How Persistent are Monetary Policy Effects at the Zero Lower Bound

Event studies show that Fed unconventional announcements of forward guidance and large scale asset purchases had large and desired effects on asset prices but do not tell us how long such effects last. Wright (2012) used a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) to argue that unconventional policies have very transient effects on asset prices, with half-lives of 3 months. This would suggest that unconventional policies can have only marginal effects on macroeconomic variables. The present paper shows, however, that the SVAR is unstable, forecasts very poorly and therefore delivers spurious inference about the duration of the unconventional monetary shocks. In addition, implied in-sample return predictability from the SVAR greatly exceeds that which is consistent with rational asset pricing and reasonable risk aversion. Restricted models that respect plausible predictability in asset returns are more stable and imply that the unconventional monetary policy shocks were fairly persistent but that our uncertainty about their effects increases with forecast horizon. Estimates of the dynamic effects of shocks should respect the limited predictability in asset prices.
The Effect of Phage Solution Chemistry on the Spore Binding Affinity of Magnetoelastic Biosensors

This paper presents the results of a study that investigates the effect of salt concentration on the immobilization of phages during the fabrication of magnetoelastic (ME) biosensors for the detection of Bacillus anthracis spores. The concentration of salt in the solution used to deposit and immobilize the phage is found to alter phage bundling characteristics and, hence, influence the ability of the biosensor to bind spores. ME biosensors were fabricated using different salt concentrations in the phage solution, and were then exposed to solutions containing known amounts of B. anthracis spores. The frequency response curves of the ME biosensors, were then measured to determine the effects of salt concentration on the sensors' performance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to confirm and quantify the binding of B. anthracis spores to the phage-coated ME biosensors. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to verify the structure of phage under different salt concentrations. Results showed that moderate concentrations of salt (420 mM NaCl) in the phage solution results in an optimal distribution of immobilized phages on the sensor surface and, hence, better binding of spores to the biosensor.
Controllability, observability, and duality in singular systems

The concepts of controllability and observability for systems of the form E\dot{x} = Ax + Bu, y = Cx, E singular are considered. A theory is presented which unifies the three main approaches to this topic already existing in the literature. The development includes a generalization of the duality theorem from state-space theory.
Comparison of UV action spectra for lethality and mutation in Salmonella typhimurium using a broad band source and monochromatic radiations.

— The UV-B region (280–320 nm) is thought to be primarily responsible for the mutagenic, lethal, and carcinogenic effects of solar radiation. We have conducted UV-B action spectroscopy for mutagenesis and survival of Ames' Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 (uvrB, pKM101) using both monochromatic radiation from a dye laser and broader bandwidth radiation emitted from FS-20 sunlamps. A series of optical filters having different transmission cut-offs together with the sunlamp source provided bandwidths having successively less short wavelength components from which a “broad band” action spectrum was deduced. The two sets of action spectra differed both qualitatively and quantitatively: in comparison to the monochromatic action spectra, the “broad band” spectra showed up to a 200-fold reduced efficiency for both mutation induction and lethality by UV-B wavelengths. These results suggest a large protective effect of the background UV-A and/or visible radiations which were present during the broad spectrum irradiations and which are also present in solar radiation. Additional experiments show that to the extent tested this protective effect is not due to photo-reactivation or irradiance (dose rate) effects
Approaches for updating databases with incomplete information and nulls

In this paper we consider approaches to updating databases containing null values and incomplete information. Our approach distinguishes between modeling incompletely known worlds and modeling changes in these worlds. As an alternative to the open and closed world assumptions, we propose the modified closed world assumption. Along with the discussion of updating, we address some issues of refining incompletely specified information.
Sipuleucel-T immune parameters correlate with survival: an analysis of the randomized phase 3 clinical trials in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer

Purpose Sipuleucel-T, the first FDA-approved autologous cellular immunotherapy for treatment of advanced prostate cancer, is manufactured by activating peripheral blood mononuclear cells, including antigen presenting cells (APCs), with a fusion protein containing prostatic acid phosphatase. Analysis of data from three phase 3 trials was performed to immunologically characterize this therapy during the course of the three doses, and to relate the immunological responses to overall survival (OS).
Laparoscopic posterior adrenalectomy: technical considerations.

Hypothesis Although laparoscopic posterior adrenalectomy (LPA) offers a more direct access to the adrenal gland, it is not as popular as laparoscopic transabdominal adrenalectomy, and the worldwide experience has been limited. We hypothesized that LPA is a safe and efficacious procedure that could best serve certain patients with adrenal tumors. Design Case series of patients undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy in a single institution. Setting University teaching hospital. Patients Medical records of 31 patients with 33 tumors who underwent LPA were reviewed. Indications for operation included hormone secretion in 23 patients (74%), suspected or known malignant neoplasms in 7 patients (23%), and local symptoms in 1 patient (3%). Intervention The LPAs were performed with the patients in prone position. Preoperative ultrasonography localized the adrenal tumor and kidney to guide balloon trocar placement for the creation of a working retroperitoneal space. The LPAs were performed with three 10-mm trocars using laparoscopic ultrasound to localize the tumor and the harmonic scalpel to perform the dissection. Main Outcome Measures Demographic data, type and size of tumor, operative time, blood loss, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and hospital stay were analyzed. Results All operations were successfully completed without conversion. Excluding the bilateral cases, the mean ± SD operative time was 176 ± 104 minutes. Estimated blood loss averaged 32 mL (range, 10-200 mL). There were no intraoperative complications. The mean ± SD tumor size was 3.2 ± 1.8 cm (range, 0.8-7.0 cm). Pathological evaluation revealed benign tumors in 25 patients (81%) and malignant tumors in 6 patients. The average hospital stay was 1.4 days (range, 1-3 days). There were no deaths. Conclusions Although technically more demanding, LPA should be considered in patients with tumors less than 6 cm, bilateral tumors, or extensive previous abdominal surgery.
Pharmacotherapy of Cancer PainA Practical Guide.

Chronic pain is experienced by approximately one-third of all cancer patients and as many as 70 to 90% of those with advanced disease.1 Although established pharmacotherapeutic strategies have been demonstrated to benefit most patients, undertreatment remains common.1 This unacceptable situation must be remedied; relief of cancer pain is an ethical imperative and it is incumbent upon clinicians to maximize the knowledge, skill, and diligence needed to attend to this task.2Analgesic pharmacotherapy is the mainstay approach in the management of cancer pain.3,4 Optimal therapy depends on an understanding of the clinical pharmacology of analgesic drugs and comprehensive assessment of the pain, medical condition, and psychosocial status of the patient. Through a process of repeated evaluations, therapy with opioid, nonopioid, and adjuvant analgesics is individualized to achieve and maintain a favorable balance between pain relief and adverse effects.An expert committee convened by the Cancer Unit of the World Health Organization has proposed a useful approach to drug selection for cancer pain, which has become known as the "analgesic ladder" (Fig. 1).3 When combined with appropriate dosing guidelines, this approach is capable of providing adequate relief to 70 to 90% of patients.5-9 Emphasizing that the intensity of pain, rather than its specific etiology, should be the prime consideration in analgesic selection, the approach advocates the following three basic steps:Step 1. Patients with mild to moderate cancer-related pain should be treated with a nonopioid analgesic, which should be combined with an adjuvant analgesic if a specific indication for one exists.Step 2. Patients who are relatively nontolerant and present with moderate to severe pain, or who tail to achieve adequate relief after a trial of a nonopioid analgesic, should be treated with a socalled "weak" opioid; this drug is typically combined with a nonopioid and may be coadministered with an adjuvant analgesic or other adjuvant drug, if there is an indication for one.Step 3. Patients who present with severe pain, or fail to achieve adequate relief following appropriate administration of drugs on the second rung of the analgesic ladder, should receive a so-called strong opioid, which may be combined with a nonopioid analgesic or an adjuvant drug as indicated.
The Context for Interpreting Pisa Results in the USA

The context in which results from PISA tests (the Program for International Student Achievement) are interpreted is exactly the same as that for the results of TIMSS (Trends in International Math and Science Study), or the results of the NAEP (the National Assessment of Educational Progress) and our many state and national test of achievement.
Nuclear Phenomenology with Neural Nets

We propose a new method of phenomenological analysis of physical systems based on adaptive neural networks. When trained with the backpropagation algorithm, multilayered networks are capable of learning the associations between dependent and independent variables implicit in large data sets and may show reliable predictive power when tested on examples absent from the training set. The approach is illustrated through applications to several problems relating to the stability of atomic nuclei.
Contraception and pregnancy in the young female hypertensive patient.

Hypertension induced by oral contraceptives is the most common type of secondary hypertension. Existing hypertension may be intensified by oral contraceptives. The mechanisms of these actions are discussed as are the differential diagnosis of hypertension in pregnancy, treatment of the hypertensive pregnant patient, and the use of diuretics in pregnancy.
Perspectives on the Growth of High Edge Density Carbon Nanostructures: Transitions from Vertically Oriented Graphene Nanosheets to Graphenated Carbon Nanotubes.

Insights into the growth of high edge density carbon nanostructures were achieved by a systematic parametric study of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Such structures are important for electrode performance in a variety of applications such as supercapacitors, neural stimulation, and electrocatalysis. A morphological trend was observed as a function of temperature whereby graphenated carbon nanotubes (g-CNTs) emerged as an intermediate structure between carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at lower temperatures and vertically oriented carbon nanosheets (CNS), composed of few-layered graphene, at higher temperatures. This is the first time that three distinct morphologies and dimensionalities of carbon nanostructures (i.e., 1D CNTs, 2D CNSs, and 3D g-CNTs) have been synthesized in the same reaction chamber by varying only a single parameter (temperature). A design of experiments (DOE) approach was utilized to understand the range of growth permitted in a microwave PECVD reactor, with a focus on identi...
HEURISTIC APPROACHES TO SPATIAL ANALYSIS IN ARCHAEOLOGY

This article discusses an approach to spatial analysis which is more closely tailored to archaeological objectives and archaeological data than are more "traditional" quantitative techniques such as nearest neighbor analysis. Heuristic methods, methods which make use of the problem context and which are guided in part by intuitively derived "rules," are discussed in general and with reference to the problem of spatial analysis in archaeology. A preliminary implementation of such a method is described and applied to artificial settlement data and artifact distributions from the Magdalenian camp of Pincevent. Finally, the prospects for further development of heuristic methods are elaborated. SPATIAL ANALYSIS MAY BE SEEN as a process of searching for theoretically meaningful patterns in spatial data. Of course, this problem has been approached by archaeologists in several ways. The most obvious method of spatial analysis is the visual examination of a point distribution on a map with relevant background information in mind. This intuitive approach has been forsaken (and berated) by many archaeologists with greater aspirations to rigor, in favor of quantitative techniques of spatial analysis, such as nearest neighbor analysis. These techniques generally yield a summary statistic which attempts to characterize the spatial pattern with a single number and perhaps test its significance. The summary statistic is commonly compared from period to period or from area to area. This article reports the progress of an experiment in an alternative approach to the analysis of spatial patterns. This approach, the heuristic approach, is synthetic in that it attempts to open the way for the use of contextual knowledge and human expertise within a formal (computerexecuted) procedure for aiding human-directed spatial analysis. This presentation starts with a brief review of "traditional" quantitative approaches to spatial analysis. It is followed by a discussion of heuristic approaches to problem solving and their application to spatial analysis in archaeology. In the next section, heuristic procedures that have been developed are applied to artificial data sets and then to an analysis of actual data from the Magdalenian camp of Pincevent. The article closes with a discussion of the conclusions of this experiment and prospects for further development.
The Natural Science Program in UNESCO

THE program of Unesco in the Natural Sciences is the result of much thought, discussion, and compromise. After all, this probably is as it should be. The program can hardly meet the complete approval of all scientists, as science has many objectives and many ways of attaining them. Opinions regarding the relative importance of scientific activities vary with the scientists and with the countries that they represent. More than 60 nations are members of Unesco and
Analysis of Forest Park Construction Based on the Idea of Sustainable Development——Taking Thousand-isle Lake National Forest Park as An Example

Forest park construction is an important measure to fulfill the idea of sustainable development. Thousand-isle Lake national forest park insists on the concept of scientifically development to lead the protection, cultivation and reasonable utilization of mountain and water resource in Thousand-isle Lake, perfect the program of forest park, increase the infrastructure investment, actively push the industrialization of ecology construction and industry development ecologicallization, introduce FSC standard as long-term objective and criterion for park construction, dedicate to realize sustainable management of forest, entirely improve manage ability and level of forest park construction.
Laparoscopic Approach to the Seminal Vesicles

AbstractThe seminal vesicles can be approached laparoscopically and completely dissected free via the rectovesical cul-de-sac. This approach may be helpful during a perineal prostatectomy or when treating primary seminal vesicle pathological conditions.
A Longitudinal Study of Adenoma Detection Rate in Gastroenterology Fellowship Training.

Current guidelines suggest that a gastroenterology fellow in training needs to perform 140 colonoscopies to achieve competency. Data are limited regarding adenoma detection rate (ADR) in fellowship. To assess how fellow ADR correlates with number of colonoscopies performed. We performed a retrospective study examining consecutive colonoscopies performed by gastroenterology fellows. Fellow ADR before and after the 140 procedure benchmark was compared to colonoscopies performed by attending only with whom these fellows trained. A threshold for ideal procedure count was performed using ROC analysis. We analyzed 2021 average-risk colonoscopies performed by 10 gastroenterology fellows under the supervision of an attending physician. When fellows had performed 140 colonoscopies under attending supervision (p = 0.02). The ADR of fellows who had performed >140 colonoscopies under attending supervision was greater than that of attending-only colonoscopies (36 vs. 25 %, p 325 (male patients) and 539 (female patients) colonoscopies was determined to be ideal for achieving adequate ADR based on ROC analysis. Our data suggest that ADR increases after fellows perform >140 colonoscopies under attending supervision, and thereafter surpasses the ADR of attending-only colonoscopies. Some of the differences may be driven by detection of small adenomas. The findings of this study suggest that a higher threshold for number of colonoscopies performed under attending supervision may be needed to achieve adequate ADR during fellowship prior to independent practice.
Relationship of wedge pressure to end-diastolic volume in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization

Myocardial performance is thought to follow changes in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization. This theory is based on the assumption that changes in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure accurately reflect end-diastolic volume and, thus, fiber length of the left ventricle. To examine the validity of this assumption, we evaluated the relationship between pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and end-diastolic volume in 10 patients undergoing myocardial revascularization. A coaxial cardiac scintillation probe was used to obtain serial radiocardiograms on which ejection fraction is graphically displayed and a thermal dilution catheter was used to measure stroke volume. End-diastolic volume was derived by dividing stroke volume by ejection fraction. Following base-line measurement of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and end-diastolic volume, the circulation of each patient was volume loaded from the pump oxygenator. Multiple measurements made at different volume loading conditions before and after bypass showed no correlation between end-diastolic volume and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in the over-all patient population. When the end-diastolic volume was small (105 ml or less), the mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was 9 ± 0.8 torr. When the end-diastolic volume increased by 50%, the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was statistically unchanged, 10.3 ± 1 torr. A substantial increase in end-diastolic volume may occur with minimal change in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. These data suggest that overdistention of the ventricle may be undetected when one relies on wedge pressure to assess myocardial performance. It may be detrimental, therefore, to seek an arbitrarily elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure at the termination of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).
Surfactant Enhanced Oil Recovery in Carbonate Reservoirs

This chapter presents models of wettability alteration using surfactants and upscaling models related to oil recovery in fractured carbonate reservoirs. Chemicals used in carbonate reservoirs are reviewed. The presented field cases where surfactants were used to stimulate oil recovery are the Mauddud carbonate in Bahrain, the Yates field and the Cretaceous Upper Edwards reservoir in Texas, the Cottonwood Creek field in Wyoming, and the Baturaja formation in the Semoga field in Indonesia.
Alternative RNA Processing of Topoisomerase IIα in Etoposide-Resistant Human Leukemia K562 Cells: Intron Retention Results in a Novel C-Terminal Truncated 90-kDa Isoform.

DNA topoisomerase IIα (TOP2α) is a prominent target for anticancer drugs whose clinical efficacy is often limited by chemoresistance. Using antibody specific for the N-terminal of TOP2α, immunoassays indicated the existence of two TOP2α isoforms, 170 and 90 kDa, present in K562 leukemia cells and in an acquired etoposide (VP-16)-resistant clone (K/VP.5). TOP2α/90 expression was dramatically increased in etoposide-resistant K/VP.5 compared with parental K562 cells. We hypothesized that TOP2α/90 was the translation product of novel alternatively processed pre-mRNA, confirmed by 3′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends, polymerase chain reaction, and sequencing. TOP2α/90 mRNA includes retained intron 19, which harbors an in-frame stop codon, and two consensus poly(A) sites. The processed transcript is polyadenylated. TOP2α/90 mRNA encodes a 90,076-Da translation product missing the C-terminal 770 amino acids of TOP2α/170, replaced by 25 unique amino acids through translation of the exon 19/intron 19 read-through. Immunoassays, utilizing antisera raised against these unique amino acids, confirmed that TOP2α/90 is expressed in both cell types, with overexpression in K/VP.5 cells. Immunodetection of complex of enzyme-to-DNA and single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assays demonstrated that K562 cells transfected with a TOP2α/90 expression plasmid exhibited reduced etoposide-mediated TOP2α–DNA covalent complexes and decreased etoposide-induced DNA damage, respectively, compared with similarly treated K562 cells transfected with empty vector. Because TOP2α/90 lacks the active site tyrosine (Tyr805) of full-length TOP2α, these results strongly suggest that TOP2α/90 exhibits dominant-negative properties. Further studies are underway to characterize the mechanism(s) by which TOP2α/90 plays a role in acquired resistance to etoposide and other TOP2α targeting agents.
An experimental study on the feasibility of fall prevention using a wearable K-band FMCW radar

Falling, which will cause serious physiological and psychological injuries, is a common health problem for senior people all around the world. Currently, with the increasing demands for fall detection and prevention, a large numbers of systems are developed and tested using different technologies. For all-time prevention of falls in daily life, an experimental study on a novel fall prevention system using wearable FMCW radar is presented in this paper. A wearable radar prototype was built, and attached to the front of a subject's shoe to detect any potential obstacle on the walking path. Experiment results are analyzed to demonstrate the feasibility of fall prevention using wearable radar.
The THex Algorithm and a Simple Darcy Solver on Hexahedral Meshes

Abstract In this paper, we first present the THex algorithm that refines a tetrahedral mesh into a hexahedral mesh. Strategies for efficient implementation of the THex algorithm are discussed. Then we present the lowest order weak Galerkin (WG) (Q0,Q0; RT[0]) finite element method for solving the Darcy equation on general hexahedral meshes. This simple solver uses constant pressure unknowns inside hexahedra and on faces but specifies the discrete weak gradients of these basis functions in local Raviart-Thomas RT[0] spaces. Implementation of this solver is straightforward. The solver is locally mass-conservative, and produces continuous normal fluxes, regardless of hexahedral mesh quality. When the mesh is asymptotically parallelopiped, this Darcy solver exhibits optimal order convergence in pressure, velocity, and flux, as demonstrated by numerical results.
Activation of Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) and Sjögren Syndrome

Sjogren syndrome (SS), a chronic autoimmune disorder causing dry mouth, adversely affects the overall oral health in patients. Activation of innate immune responses and excessive production of type I interferons (IFNs) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Recognition of nucleic acids by cytosolic nucleic acid sensors is a major trigger for the induction of type I IFNs. Upon activation, cytosolic DNA sensors can interact with the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) protein, and activation of STING causes increased expression of type I IFNs. The role of STING activation in SS is not known. In this study, to investigate whether the cytosolic DNA sensing pathway influences SS development, female C57BL/6 mice were injected with a STING agonist, dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA). Salivary glands (SGs) were studied for gene expression and inflammatory cell infiltration. SG function was evaluated by measuring pilocarpine-induced salivation. Sera were analyzed for cytokines and autoantibodies. Primary SG cells were used to study the expression and activation of STING. Our data show that systemic DMXAA treatment rapidly induced the expression of Ifnb1, Il6, and Tnfa in the SGs, and these cytokines were also elevated in circulation. In contrast, increased Ifng gene expression was dominantly detected in the SGs. The type I innate lymphoid cells present within the SGs were the major source of IFN-γ, and their numbers increased significantly within 3 d of treatment. STING expression in SGs was mainly observed in ductal and interstitial cells. In primary SG cells, DMXAA activated STING and induced IFN-β production. The DMXAA-treated mice developed autoantibodies, sialoadenitis, and glandular hypofunction. Our study demonstrates that activation of the STING pathway holds the potential to initiate SS. Thus, apart from viral infections, conditions that cause cellular perturbations and accumulation of host DNA within the cytosol should also be considered as possible triggers for SS.
Activity and structure of human acetyl-CoA carboxylase targeted by a specific inhibitor.

We have studied a series of human acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) 1 and ACC2 proteins with deletions and/or Ser to Ala substitutions of the known phosphorylation sites. In vitro dephosphorylation/phosphorylation experiments reveal a substantial level of phosphorylation of human ACCs produced in insect cells. Our results are consistent with AMPK phosphorylation of Ser29 , Ser80 , Ser1,201 , and Ser1,216 . Phosphorylation of the N-terminal regulatory domain decreases ACC1 activity, while phosphorylation of residues in the ACC central domain has no effect. Inhibition of the activity by phosphorylation is significantly more profound at citrate concentrations below 2 mm. Furthermore, deletion of the N-terminal domain facilitates structural changes induced by citrate, including conversion of ACC dimers to linear polymers. We have also identified ACC2 amino acid mutations affecting specific inhibition of the isozyme by compound CD-017-0191. They form two clusters separated by 60-90 A: one located in the vicinity of the BC active site and the other one in the vicinity of the ACC1 phosphorylation sites in the central domain, suggesting a contribution of the interface of two ACC dimers in the polymer to the inhibitor binding site.
Application of the pull-through technique of transverse advancement ureteral reimplantation.

AbstractIn the pull-through technique of ureteral reimplantation the ureter is divided at the hiatus and pulled through into the bladder. It is then advanced transversely as described previously for megaloureter but the technique also may be used for routine cases. The technique is particularly suitable for ureteral reimplantation in patients with urethral valves and neurogenic bladder. Pull-through ureteral reimplantation also may be used to reimplant the orthotopic ureter in complete ureteral duplication with ectopic ureterocele or with orthotopic reflux.
Santa Barbara Experiment

Santa Barbara is located on a sandy lowland on the coast of southern California, 153 km northwest of Los Angeles and 563 km southwest of San Francisco. It borders the Santa Barbara Channel which is bounded on the north and east by the mainland shoreline of Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties, on the south by the Channel Islands (San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, and Anacapa) and on the west by the open waters of the Pacific Ocean (Figure 1B-1).