cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Office Practice: Footwear and Orthotic Therapy

The evaluation of a patient with a foot disorder should include a careful history and examination of the foot. A more extensive evaluation may be indicated as many systemic diseases may initially involve the foot. The patient's shoes are most important and frequently correlate well with the foot pathology. Appropriate radiographs which should include weightbearing views are essential, and selected laboratory studies may be indicated.Although it may be practical to divide the foot into the components of forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot; these three areas are functionally connected. A deformity in one area usually affects the other areas of the foot.Office procedures should include practical care of the nails and hyperkeratotic lesions which are easy to trim. Shoes must be of appropriate size to fit the forefoot and heel. The shoe may require modification or orthotic devices to accommodate existing pathology.
Host resistance to hemorrhagic shock. XII. Mechanism of protective action of dibenamine.

Summary and ConclusionsSince the development of irreversibility to transfusion in hemorrhagic shock has been shown to be caused by bacterial endotoxins, and dibenamine prevents the development of irreversibility, the blood of dibenaminized rabbits in hemorrhagic shock was tested for the presence of endotoxin and found to be toxin free. But because the blood loss in the dibenaminized animal in shock is less than in the non-dibenaminized animal, the absence of toxin might be due to the lesser hypovolemia rather than to the dibenamine. Accordingly, an additional experiment was performed to see if dibenamine given to the rabbit in reversible shock will permit it to survive a transfusion of toxic blood from an irreversibly shocked donor— a procedure which kills the non-dibenaminized rabbit in reversible shock. This experiment demonstrates that dibenamine blocks the action of the toxin, and thereby not only preserves the responsiveness of the circulation, but also prevents the hemorrhagic lesion in the bowel wa...
The Effect of Physician and Hospital Market Structure on Medical Technology Diffusion.

Objective To examine the influence of physician and hospital market structures on medical technology diffusion, studying the diffusion of drug-eluting stents (DESs), which became available in April 2003. Data Sources/Study Setting Medicare claims linked to physician demographic data from the American Medical Association and to hospital characteristics from the American Hospital Association Survey. Study Design Retrospective claims data analyses. Data Collection/Extraction Methods All fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries who received a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with a cardiac stent in 2003 or 2004. Each PCI record was joined to characteristics on the patient, the procedure, the cardiologist, and the hospital where the PCI was delivered. We accounted for the endogeneity of physician and hospital market structure using exogenous variation in the distances between patient, physician, and hospital locations. We estimated multivariate linear probability models that related the use of a DES in the PCI on market structure while controlling for patient, physician, and hospital characteristics. Principal Findings DESs diffused faster in markets where cardiology practices faced more competition. Conversely, we found no evidence that the structure of the hospital market mattered. Conclusions Competitive pressure to maintain or expand PCI volume shares compelled cardiologists to adopt DESs more quickly.
Inverse uncertainty quantification of trace physical model parameters using BFBT benchmark data

Abstract Forward quantification of simulation (code) response uncertainties requires knowledge of physical model parameter uncertainties. Nuclear thermal-hydraulics codes, such as RELAP5 and TRACE, do not provide any information on uncertainties of physical model parameters. A framework is developed to quantify uncertainties of physical model parameters using Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE), Bayesian Maximum A Priori (MAP), and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms. The objective of the present work is to perform the sensitivity analysis of the physical model parameters in code TRACE and calculate their uncertainties using MLE, MAP, and MCMC algorithms. The OECD/NEA BWR Full-size fine-mesh Bundle Test (BFBT) data is used to quantify uncertainty of selected physical models of TRACE code. The BFBT is based on a multi-rod assembly with measured data available for single or two-phase pressure drop, axial and radial void fraction distributions, and critical power for a wide range of system conditions. In this work, the steady-state cross-sectional averaged void fraction distribution is used as the input data for inverse uncertainty quantification (IUQ) algorithms, and the selected physical model’s probability distribution function (PDF) is the desired output quantity.
Culture and Economy in Peripheral Europe.

The paper begins by discussing certain difficulties with neoclassical, Weberian and convergence approaches to the relationship between culture and economy. It continues with an examination of the concept of culture and its relationship to the ideas of nationalism and ethnicity. This discussion then forms the basis for an examination of the different forms that ethnicity and nationalism have taken in Mediterranean and Southeastern Europe as these areas experienced and reacted to the penetration of capitalism, and to the subsequent development of fascism and socialism. Skeptical of attempts to formulate universal theories of culture, nationalism or ethnicity, the paper proposes instead an approach which recognizes and addresses the diversity in modes of cultural organization.
Bioethics and Moral Agency: On Autonomy and Moral Responsibility

Two clusters of essays in this issue of The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy provide a critical gaze through which to explore central moral, phenomenological, ontological, and political concerns regarding human moral agency and personal responsibility. The first cluster challenges common assumptions in bioethics regarding the voluntariness of human actions. The second set turns the debate towards morally responsible choice within the requirements of distributive justice. The force of their collective analysis leaves us with a well-founded basis critically to approach any account of bioethics or health policy that is insufficiently attentive to the central challenges of human freedom and responsible free choice.
MR Parametric Mapping as a Biomarker of Early Joint Degeneration.

Context:Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common, worldwide disorder. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can directly and noninvasively evaluate articular cartilage and has emerged as an essential tool in the study of OA.Evidence Acquisition:A PubMed search was performed using the keywords quantitative MRI and cartilage. No limits were set on the range of years searched. Articles were reviewed for relevance with an emphasis on in vivo studies performed at 3 tesla.Study Design:Clinical review.Level of Evidence:Level 4.Results:T2, T2*, T1 (particularly when measured after exogenous contrast administration, such as with the delayed gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging of cartilage [dGEMRIC] technique), and T1ρ are among the most widely utilized quantitative MR imaging techniques to evaluate cartilage and have been implemented in various patient cohorts. Existing challenges include reproducibility of results, insufficient consensus regarding optimal sequences and parameters, and interpretation of values.Conclusion:Quantitative...
Do Anxious Swimmers Swim Slower? Reexamining the Elusive Anxiety-Performance Relationship

The purpose of this investigation was to utilize a multidimensional measure of anxiety and a more sensitive intraindividual performance measure to evaluate the relationship between anxiety and performance. Three hypotheses were tested. First, cognitive anxiety is more consistently and strongly related to performance than is somatic anxiety. Second, somatic anxiety demonstrates an inverted-U relationship with performance, whereas self-confidence and performance exhibit a positive linear relationship and cognitive anxiety and performance exhibit a negative one. Finally, short duration and high and low complexity events demonstrate stronger relationships between somatic anxiety and performance than do long duration or moderate complexity events. Two samples of swimmers completed the CSAI-2 prior to competition, and performance data were obtained from meet results. Correlational and multiple regression analyses generally supported Hypotheses 1 and 3, while polynomial trend analyses on standardized CSAI-2 scor...
Observing dislocation motion induced by laser shock peening in KI

Laser shock peening (LSP) is applied to potassium iodide (KI) crystals. A selective etching technique is used to reveal the dislocation structure induced by the LSP process, confirming that LSP multiplies and moves dislocations in an alkali halide. Increasing the crystal temperature during LSP is shown to eliminate cracking along cleavage-planes caused by the LSP process and increases the range of dislocation motion in the crystal. LSP has long been used to increase surface toughness and fatigue life in metals. Having shown that LSP affects the mechanical properties in the ionic crystal KI, we propose studying the possible benefit of LSP in other halide crystals, including scintillators. One potential application might be reducing crack initiation and propagation at surfaces during Bridgman growth.
IKK/NF-κB signaling contributes to glioblastoma stem cell maintenance

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) carries a poor prognosis and continues to lack effective treatments. Glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) drive tumor formation, invasion, and drug resistance and, as such, are the focus of studies to identify new therapies for disease control. Here, we identify the involvement of IKK and NF-κB signaling in the maintenance of GSCs. Inhibition of this pathway impairs self-renewal as analyzed in tumorsphere formation and GBM expansion as analyzed in brain slice culture. Interestingly, both the canonical and non-canonical branches of the NF-κB pathway are shown to contribute to this phenotype. One source of NF-κB activation in GBM involves the TGF-β/TAK1 signaling axis. Together, our results demonstrate a role for the NF-κB pathway in GSCs and provide a mechanistic basis for its potential as a therapeutic target in glioblastoma.
Learning to Drive Safely: Reasonable Expectations and Future Directions for the Learner Period

The young driver problem is typified by high crash rates early in licensure that decline with experience, but are higher initially and decline more slowly for the youngest novices. Despite considerable effort, only Graduated Driver Licensing System (GDLS) policies have been shown to improve novice young driver safety outcomes. Unfortunately, GDLS policies are mostly limited to countries with a relatively young licensure age. Meanwhile, it is not entirely clear how GDLS and other young driver transportation safety efforts, including driver training and testing, supervised practice and parental management of young drivers, can best be configured. Notably, professional training can foster improvements in vehicle management skills that are necessary, but do not assure safe driving behavior. Substantial recent research has focused on training methods to improve driving skills, but the safety benefits of driver training have not been established. While prolonged practice driving increases experience and provides supervisors with opportunities to prepare novices for independent driving, the transition to independent driving challenges novices to employ, on their own, poorly-mastered skills under unfamiliar and complex driving conditions. Licensing policies and parental management practices can limit the complexity of driving conditions while novices gain needed driving experience. Nevertheless, an emerging body of literature suggests that future advances in training and supervision of novice teenage drivers might best focus on the translation of learning to independent driving by fostering safe driving attitudes and norms, judgment, dedicated attention to driving tasks and self-control at the wheel.
Discharge disposition as an independent predictor of readmission among patients hospitalised for community-acquired pneumonia

SummaryBackground Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the most common non-obstetrical reason for hospital admission, the leading infectious cause of death, and a target for public reporting. CAP has thus become a target of quality improvement and pay-for-performance efforts. However, the relationship between discharge disposition and readmission risk has not been investigated. Methods We studied CAP patients admitted to the University of Chicago from 11/2011 to 04/2015. We collected demographic information, comorbidities, laboratory values, vital signs, a modified pneumonia severity index (PSI), length of stay (LOS), clinical instabilities before discharge, discharge disposition and 30-day all-cause readmission. A multivariate logistic regression was performed, specifying readmission as the dependent variable, including as independent variables gender, ethnicity, insurance status, discharge disposition, PSI tertile, the number of clinical instabilities, LOS and comorbidities. Results Of the 2892 CAP patients identified, 14.9% were readmitted. The distribution of discharge disposition was: 43.0% home without services, 26.1% home with home health care (HHC), 16.2% to a skilled nursing or subacute rehabilitation facility and 14.8% to an acute rehabilitation or long-term acute care facility. Of patients discharged home with HHC, 20.1% were readmitted, compared to 11.5% discharged home without services. In the multivariate regression model, being discharged home with HHC was associated with a markedly greater risk of readmission (Odds ratio 1.58 [95% confidence interval 1.21-2.07]). Conclusions Discharge home with HHC is an independent predictor of readmission risk among hospitalised CAP patients. Discharging providers should carefully consider follow-up care and social factors that may impact the risk of readmission among such patients.
Socioeconomic, Geospatial, and Geopolitical Disparities in Access to Health Care in the US 2011-2015

Individuals forgoing needed medical care due to barriers associated with cost are at risk of missing needed care that may be necessary for the prevention or maintenance of a chronic condition among other things. Thus, continued monitoring of factors associated with forgone medical care, especially among vulnerable populations, is critical. National survey data (2011–2015) for non-institutionalized adults residing in the USA were utilized to assess forgone medical care, defined as not seeking medical care when the individual thought it was necessary because of cost in the past 12 months. Logistic regression was used to predict forgone medical care vs. sought medical care. Racial/ethnic minority working-age adults, those with lower incomes, those with lower educations, those residing in the South, and those residing in states that failed to participate in Medicaid Expansion in 2014 were more likely (p < 0.01) to forgo medical care due to cost in the past year. Policy makers seeking to reduce barriers to forgone medical care can use this information to tailor their efforts (e.g., mechanisms targeted to bridge gaps in access to care) to those most at-risk and to consider state-level policy decisions that may impact access to care.
The Liminal Workplace

This study investigates how managers, executives and professionals (MEP) working 50 or more hours per week and using Information Communication Technology (ICT) to stay connected with their work 24/...
Economic Evaluation of Substance Abuse and Prevention Programs

Economic evaluation of substance abuse interventions plays a critical role in informing stakeholders and decision-makers involved in funding these programs. In particular, there are increasing demands to justify the expenditures on new and more effective interventions using economic evidence, facilitating the allocation of scarce resources more efficiently. This chapter presents a brief introduction and overview of the major methods used in economic evaluation for substance abuse treatment and prevention programs, including cost-of-illness analyses, cost-effectiveness analyses, cost-utility analyses, and cost-benefit analyses. The importance of context with regard to economic evaluation is also discussed. Details are presented for each method, including an overview of key advantages and disadvantages for each. Case-based examples specific to substance abuse treatment and prevention are also provided to illustrate the application of these methods in applied settings. Finally, comparisons are made between the different methodologies to illustrate how each provides important insights to decision-makers charged with making important decisions regarding the allocation of funds in support of interventions to prevent or treat substance abuse.
Critique [of Institutional Racism]

As Deloria indicates in the opening lines of his essay, the dominant paradigm of racism in the 1960s reflected the popularly held belief that racism was an individual phenomena. Consequently. if racist individuals were confronted and curtailed or converted, the argument concluded, then discrimination would come to an end. However, history has shown us that we can have racist institutions without having racist individuals. For instance, our education institutions perpetuate racial, as well as sex, inequality. Yet it is possible for every member of such an institution to be non-racist, as well as non-sexist.
Experimental demonstration of hydraulic jump control in liquid metal channel flow using Lorentz force

In this paper, hydraulic jump control using electromagnetic force in a liquid metal flow is presented. The control methods used give insight into the hydraulic jump behavior in the presence of magnetic fields and electrical currents. Flowing liquid metals is a proposed solution to heat flux challenges posed in fusion reactors, specifically the tokamak. Unfortunately, thin, fast-flowing liquid metal divertor concepts for fusion reactors are susceptible to hydraulic jumps that drastically reduce the liquid metal flow speed, leading to potential problems such as excessive evaporation, unsteady power removal, and possible plasma disruption. Highly electrically conductive flows within the magnetic fields do not exhibit traditional hydraulic jump behavior. There is very little research investigating the use of externally injected electrical currents and magnetic fields to control liquid metal hydraulic jumps. By using externally injected electrical currents and a magnetic field, a Lorentz force (also referred to as j × B force) may be generated to control the liquid metal jump behavior. In this work, a free-surface liquid metal—GaInSn eutectic or “galinstan”—flow through an electrically insulating rectangular duct was investigated. It was shown that applying a Lorentz force has a repeatable and predictable impact on the hydraulic jump, which can be used for liquid metal control within next-generation fusion reactors.
What Works in School-Based Mental Health Service Delivery?

Recognition of unmet mental health needs of children and youth has helped to prompt the advancement of more comprehensive mental health services for youth in schools, involving the mental health and education systems joining together to improve the depth and quality of services. These partnerships assist the mental health system in gaining access to children and youth and providing services to them in a more natural setting and assist the education system through enhanced services to help students in need.
Analysis and design of large diagonal bracing connections

Based on analytical and experimental studies, design equations are developed for steel gusset plate connection in diagonally braced frames. Stiffness and strength models of structural fasteners obtained from physical tests are presented, and are incorporated into inelastic finite-element analyses for predicting the structural response of steel connections. The modeling techniques are validated using comparisons to full-scale connection tests. Based on the finite-element analyses of representative bracing connections, current design procedures are evaluated and new design procedures are proposed for estimating the tensile strength and connector force distributions in large bracing connections. Current force distribution equations are conservative ; however, the proposed equations provide the required strength with a saving of 5-20% over the current criteria. Comments are made regarding eccentric connections and the rigidity of beam-column-brace connections.
Information technology spending and the value of the firm: the case of Mexican banks

This paper analyzes the relationship between IT expenditure and the monetary value of organizations. Based on the case of the Mexican banking industry from 1982-1992, the paper's hypotheses test the relationship between IT expenditure and the real and perceived market values of banks. Correlations are performed between annual IT expenditures for a 10 year period--when Mexico's commercial banks were owned by the federal government--and bank selling prices, when the industry divestiture took place in 1992. The main findings are that IT spending has a positive impact on the value of the firm, when the value of the firm reflects the change of ownership or the control of the firm. Second, firms spending more on IT do not tend to reach higher selling prices. Other findings are presented. The model and its results are discussed in terms of the literature about value of investment and the productivity paradox.
Branching Random Walks on Finite Trees

Consider a branching random walk on the ball of radius N in a homogeneous tree. We obtain precise asymptotics on the critical value and on the extinction time (in critical and subcritical cases) as N → ∞.
UV Pulsations of DQ Herculis at the White-Dwarf Spin Period

The old nova DQ Herculis was observed with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Faint Object Spectrograph [1150–2500 A] over three orbits of the satellite. These observations were carried out in the ”rapid” mode, with a time resolution of 4.08 s, allowing us to search for pulsations of the UV light at the 71-s white-dwarf spin period, analogous to the low amplitude oscillations long known to be present in visible light. The integrated spectrum shows strong line emission in Lyα, NV, SiIV/OIV], CIV and HeII. The flux of all of these lines drops during the eclipse of the white dwarf by the late-type star, indicating that most of the emission is not nebular, geocoronal, or from an extended wind. The SiIV/OIV] complex is marginally resolved, with OIV] perhaps surprisingly contributing the majority of the flux. Furthermore, none of 300 simple photoionization models examined yields SiIV/OIV] as strong as that observed. During the first and second HST orbits, we detect coherent 71-s pulsations in the continuum, with amplitudes of 9from DQ Her. The amplitude is time-variable, as no pulsations are seen during the third orbit, with an amplitude upper limit of 2the second HST orbit, the strong Lyα emission is seen to pulse with a 12and the phase of maximum light is displaced 0.3 later than that of the continuum pulse. No significant pulsations were detected in any other emission line, nor in Lyα during the other two orbits.
Neighboring Group Participation in the Hydrolysis of Dichloromethyl Carbinols. An Improved Synthesis of Alpha- Hydroxy Aldehydes

The addition of dihalomethyl lithium reagents to ketones followed by assisted hydrolysis provides a- hydroxy aldehydes in good yield.
Perceptions of nephrology among medical students and internal medicine residents: a national survey among institutions with nephrology exposure

Fewer trainees are choosing to pursue nephrology. Only 60.1% of positions filled in the 2018 fellowship Match, which is concerning given the rising prevalence of end-stage kidney disease. Identifying factors influential in career choices is critical to inform focused approaches to recruit qualified applicants. To understand perceptions of nephrology and assess factors influential in specialty choice among early career trainees, an anonymous survey was distributed to upper-level medical students and internal medicine residents at programs identified through the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) and American Medical Association’s Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA). Of 4199 recipients, 644 (15.3%) participants responded, including 315 upper-level medical students, 308 residents, and three chief residents from 30 institutions. An interest in the subject was the most critical factor in selecting a specialty (92%). Other key factors included a suitable work-life balance (73%), access to mentors (70%), and subject exposure (66%). Lack of interest was the most frequently-cited reason to forgo a nephrology fellowship (79%), followed by concerns regarding remuneration (43%), work-life balance (39%), and subject exposure (32%). In free-text responses, several participants described frustration with managing patients on hemodialysis and desired combined training with specialties such as critical care. Respondents who had considered nephrology at any point cited an interest in physiology or interface with a mentor as key driving factors. A lack of interest in and exposure to the subject, perceptions of poor earning potential and patient nonadherence, and concerns regarding work-life balance were influential in participants’ decisions to forgo nephrology training. Incorporating novel educational tools and broadening the scope of the nephrology elective, highlighting ongoing areas of clinical and research innovation, expanding opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration and procedural skills, and cultivating strategies to reduce burnout may be useful areas on which to focus future recruitment efforts.
Deliberate Deficiencies: Expanding Electronic Function through Non-stoichiometry

The stability of complex oxides with unusual stoichiometries are reported to arise from an electronic Fermi-level instability rather than because of unintentional non-stoichiometry from limited synthetic capabilities. This understanding is used to predict compounds with tunable optical transparency and conductivity.
Beyond “twokenism”: Organizational factors enabling female directors to affect the appointment of a female CEO:

In this article, I examine how a critical mass of female directors affects the likelihood that a firm will appoint a female CEO. Drawing on critical mass perspective, I argue that increasing the nu...
Recent progress in the science of complex coacervation

Complex coacervation is an associative, liquid–liquid phase separation that can occur in solutions of oppositely-charged macromolecular species, such as proteins, polymers, and colloids. This process results in a coacervate phase, which is a dense mix of the oppositely-charged components, and a supernatant phase, which is primarily devoid of these same species. First observed almost a century ago, coacervates have since found relevance in a wide range of applications; they are used in personal care and food products, cutting edge biotechnology, and as a motif for materials design and self-assembly. There has recently been a renaissance in our understanding of this important class of material phenomena, bringing the science of coacervation to the forefront of polymer and colloid science, biophysics, and industrial materials design. In this review, we describe the emergence of a number of these new research directions, specifically in the context of polymer–polymer complex coacervates, which are inspired by a number of key physical and chemical insights and driven by a diverse range of experimental, theoretical, and computational approaches.
Differences in quality of life outcomes after paraclavicular decompression for thoracic outlet syndrome.

Abstract Background Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) results from compression of the neurovascular structures in the thoracic outlet. Decompression provides relief of TOS symptoms. However, little is known about long-term function and quality of life (QoL) from a patient's perspective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate surgical and QoL outcomes after surgical decompression of the thoracic outlet using a paraclavicular approach. Methods A prospectively maintained database was used to conduct a retrospective review of patients who underwent thoracic outlet decompression between August 2004 and August 2018. We excluded patients without complete follow-up data. Functional outcomes were assessed by the Derkash classification (poor, fair, good, excellent) using contingency table methods, and QoL was assessed by the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) using general linear models. SF-12 was scored by published criteria, and scale-specific and aggregate mental and physical health-related QoL scores were computed. Aggregate QoL scores range from 0 (terrible) to 100 (perfect). Secondary outcomes included mortality, complications, and duration of hospital stay. Results We performed 105 operations for TOS, and 100 patients with complete follow-up data were included in the study. Five patients were lost to follow-up. Median age was 35 (interquartile range, 24-47) years, and 58 (58%) were female. The median duration of hospital stay was 4 (interquartile range, 3-5.5) days. Of these patients, 46 had venous etiology, 8 arterial, 42 neurogenic, and 4 mixed vascular and neurogenic. Good or excellent Derkash results were reported in 77 (77%) patients, 46 of 54 (85%) of those with vascular TOS vs 31 of 46 (67%) of those with neurogenic etiology (P Conclusions NTOS is associated with significantly worse functional outcome assessed by the Derkash classification. NTOS also demonstrated worse composite mental health QoL, which did not improve over time. In contrast, composite physical health QoL improved linearly with time from surgery regardless of etiology of TOS.
CAPD in a Central City Population

This paper presents the results of a CAPD program, which provides care to an underpriviliged, inner-city population. Serious medical and psychosocial problems did not interfere with training and di...
CAUSES OF CARDIOVASCULAR HOSPITALIZATION AND DEATH IN THE TAFAMIDIS IN TRANSTHYRETIN CARDIOMYOPATHY CLINICAL TRIAL (ATTR-ACT)

In the Tafamidis in Transthyretin Cardiomyopathy Clinical Trial (ATTR-ACT), tafamidis significantly reduced mortality and cardiovascular (CV)-related hospitalizations compared with placebo in patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM). This analysis assessed the causes of CV-
A Pilot Line Protection Scheme Based on the Phase of Specific Frequency Current

For the sake of the current differential protection for HVDC transmission line is of poor reliability and operates with long time delay, research on a novel pilot line protection scheme is urgent needed. The phase features of superimposed current at specific frequency is used to identify the line faults. For the internal fault, The phase of the harmonic current we measured at the current protection unit on the DC line positively related with the harmonic current we measured at DC filter on the same side, while for external fault the correlation between the phase of the two harmonic currents on one side is different from another. According to this feature, a pilot line protection scheme based on the phase of specific frequency current is proposed. In this paper, we use S transform to extract the specific harmonic current and the Correlation analysis to determine the correlation between the two currents. Simulation results show that the protection scheme proposed is able to identify the internal fault and external fault correctly and quickly and is of capability to distinguish fault with high transition resistance.
Congenital tumors of the central nervous system: an institutional review of 64 cases with emphasis on tumors with unique histologic and molecular characteristics

Congenital brain tumors are rare accounting for 0.5%-1.9% of all pediatric brain tumors. While different criteria have been used to classify a tumor as congenital, those diagnosed prior to 6 months of age are considered to be "probably" congenital in origin. We performed an institutional review of all central nervous system (CNS) tumors (surgical and autopsy specimens from 1990 to 2019) in patients less than 6 months old. Sixty-four unique cases were identified, and these accounted for 2.0% of all CNS tumor specimens at our institution. The most common tumor types were high-grade gliomas, low-grade gliomas and medulloblastomas. Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors, choroid plexus tumors and germ cell tumors also accounted for a significant portion of the cohort. Seven tumors were diagnosed prenatally. The most common clinical presentation at diagnosis was increased head circumference. At the conclusion of the study, over half of the patients were alive including all patients with WHO grade I and II tumors. Ninety-two percent of cases were classifiable using the 2016 WHO system, and when available, molecular findings supported the histologic diagnoses. However, several gliomas had unusual histologic features and did not correspond to a well-defined entity. Molecular testing was essential for accurate classification of a subset of these tumors, and several high-grade gliomas exhibited fusions considered unique to infantile gliomas, including those involving the MET, ALK and NTRK genes. To our knowledge, this cohort represents the largest single-institution study of congenital CNS tumors and highlights many ways in which congenital CNS tumors are distinct from CNS tumors of older pediatric patients and adults.
There Is No Weekend Effect in the Trauma Patient.

Abstract Background The presence of a “weekend effect”, that is, increased morbidity/mortality for patients admitted to the hospital on a weekend, has been reported in numerous studies across many specialties. Postulated causes include reduced weekend staffing, increased time between admission and undergoing procedures/surgery, and decreased subspecialty availability. The aim of this study is to evaluate if a “weekend effect” exists in trauma care in the United States. Methods Using the 2012-2015 National In-patient Sample database from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, adults with trauma diagnoses who were admitted nonelectively were analyzed. Using logistic and negative binomial regression adjusted for survey-related discharge weights and statistically significant covariables, mortality and length of stay (LOS) were assessed, respectively. Subgroup analysis was conducted using rural, urban teaching, and urban nonteaching hospital-type subgroups. Additional subgroup analysis of patients who required surgery during admission was also performed. Results A total of 22,451 patients were identified, with 3.94% admitted to rural and 81.42% to urban hospitals. Weekend admission did not have a statistically significant difference in adjusted-mortality (OR 0.928; 95% CI 0.858-1.003; P = 0.059) or LOS (IRR 0.978; 95% CI 0.945-1.011; P = 0.199). There was also no statistically significant increase in mortality or LOS for weekend admits in any of the hospital subgroups. Conclusions There does not appear to be a weekend effect for trauma admission. This may be explained by the nature of trauma care in the United States, in which there is often 24-h in-house coverage regardless of day of the week. Replicating a trauma service coverage schedule may help other services decrease the presence of the weekend effect.
New Therapeutic Opportunities for the Treatment of Squamous Cell Carcinomas: A Focus on Novel Driver Kinases.

Squamous cell carcinomas of the lung, head and neck, esophagus, and cervix account for more than two million cases of cancer per year worldwide with very few targetable therapies available and minimal clinical improvement in the past three decades. Although these carcinomas are differentiated anatomically, their genetic landscape shares numerous common genetic alterations. Amplification of the third chromosome’s distal portion (3q) is a distinguishing genetic alteration in most of these carcinomas and leads to copy-number gain and amplification of numerous oncogenic proteins. This area of the chromosome harbors known oncogenes involved in squamous cell fate decisions and differentiation, including TP63, SOX2, ECT2, and PIK3CA. Furthermore, novel targetable oncogenic kinases within this amplicon include PRKCI, PAK2, MAP3K13, and TNIK. TCGA analysis of these genes identified amplification in more than 20% of clinical squamous cell carcinoma samples, correlating with a significant decrease in overall patient survival. Alteration of these genes frequently co-occurs and is dependent on 3q-chromosome amplification. The dependency of cancer cells on these amplified kinases provides a route toward personalized medicine in squamous cell carcinoma patients through development of small-molecules targeting these kinases.
Why Bad Policies Spread (and Good Ones Don't)

Building on a deep theoretical foundation and drawing on numerous examples, we examine how policies spread across the American states. We argue that for good policies to spread while bad policies are pushed aside, states must learn from one another. The three ingredients for this positive outcome are observable experiments, time to learn, and favorable incentives and expertise among policymakers. Although these ingredients are sometimes plentiful, we also note causes for concern, such as when policies are complex or incompatible with current practices, when policymakers give in to underlying political biases, or when political institutions lack the capacity for cultivating expertise. Under such conditions, states may rely on competition, imitation, and coercion, rather than learning, which can allow bad policies, rather than good ones, to spread. We conclude with lessons for reformers and policymakers and an assessment of our overall argument based on state responses to the COVID-19 pandemic.
An observational study of Internet behaviours for adolescent females following sexual abuse.

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with revictimization and sexual risk-taking behaviours. The Internet has increased the opportunities for teens to access sexually explicit imagery and has provided new avenues for victimization and exploitation. Online URL activity and offline psychosocial factors were assessed for 460 females aged 12–16 (CSA = 156; comparisons = 304) with sexual behaviours and Internet-initiated victimization assessed 2 years later. Females who experienced CSA did not use more pornography than comparisons but were at increased odds of being cyberbullied (odds ratio = 2.84, 95% confidence interval = 1.67–4.81). These females were also more likely to be represented in a high-risk latent profile characterized by heightened URL activity coupled with problematic psychosocial factors, which showed increased odds of being cyberbullied, receiving online sexual solicitations and heightened sexual activity. While Internet activity alone may not confer risk, results indicate a subset of teens who have experienced CSA for whom both online and offline factors contribute to problematic outcomes. An observational study of adolescent females’ Internet use reveals how online behaviours coupled with offline psychosocial and contextual factors are associated with subsequent vulnerability to Internet-initiated victimization.
Knowledge Brokers, Networks, and the Policymaking Process

The opening chapter examines the intersection of knowledge brokerage, networks, and the policymaking process. We argue that policymaking occurs in an ecosystem where policymakers, advocates, think tanks, the public, journalists, and researchers engage and interact in order to craft new policies. Within this ecosystem, knowledge brokers function as key intermediaries facilitating the exchange of knowledge between individuals or organizations, and affecting the use of evidence in arguing for or against policy proposals. A networks perspective is particularly advantageous because of the power of network analysis to unpack both the structural aspects of knowledge exchange, while still calling attention to the content and nature of knowledge. The subsequent chapters build on these themes, and examine key aspects of this crucial intersection of concepts.
Words of Wisdom: Representational Harms in Learning From AI Communication.

Many educational technologies use artificial intelligence (AI) that presents generated or produced language to the learner. We contend that all language, including all AI communication, encodes information about the identity of the human or humans who contributed to crafting the language. With AI communication, however, the user may index identity information that does not match the source. This can lead to representational harms if language associated with one cultural group is presented as "standard" or "neutral", if the language advantages one group over another, or if the language reinforces negative stereotypes. In this work, we discuss a case study using a Visual Question Generation (VQG) task involving gathering crowdsourced data from targeted demographic groups. Generated questions will be presented to human evaluators to understand how they index the identity behind the language, whether and how they perceive any representational harms, and how they would ideally address any such harms caused by AI communication. We reflect on the educational applications of this work as well as the implications for equality, diversity, and inclusion (EDI).
Hypothetical constructs, conventional constructs, and the use of physiological data in psychological theory.

(1953). Hypothetical Constructs, Conventional Constructs, and the Use of Physiological Data in Psychological Theory. Psychiatry: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 27-33.
A note on the cohomology of finitary modules

Let G be a group, D a division ring and V a DG-module. V is called finitary provided that V/Cv(g) is finite dimensional for all g E G. We investigate the first and second degree cohomology of finitary modules in terms of a local system for G. In this note we prove the following three theorems on the cohomology of finitary modules in terms of the cohomology of a local system of subgroups: Theorem 1. Let G be a group, K a field, V a finitary KG-module and L a local system of subgroups of G. Suppose that, for all H E 4, V is completely reducible as a KH-module. Then [V, G] is completely reducible as a KG-module. Theorem 2. Let G be a group, D a division ring, V a finitary DG-module, L a local system of subgroups of G and H an extension of V by G (i.e. H/V ' G). Suppose that the following holds for all L in iC: (i) The extension of V by L in H splits. (ii) V/Cv (L) is finite dimensional. (iii) H' (L, V) is finite dimensional. Then H splits over V. Theorem 3. Let G be a group, D a division ring, L a local system of subgroups of G, W a DG-module and V a DG-submodule of W such that W = V + Cw (H) for all H E iC. Then there exists a canonical DG-monomorphism from W/CW(G) to [V*, G]*, where Y* denotes the dual of a module Y. We remark that conditions (ii) and (iii) in Theorem 2 are automatically fulfilled if all members of L are finite groups generated by elements whose order is coprime to the characteristic of D. Proof of Theorem 1. Let H E LC. Then [V, H] = [V, H, H] and so [V, G] = [V, G, G]. Hence we may assume that V = [V, G]. Let W be the sum of all the irreducible KG-submodules in V, where W = 0 if G has no irreducible submodules in V. We need to show that W = V. So suppose that V 74 W. Then [V, G] : W and we may assume that [V, H] : W for all H E LC. Let H E L and let IH be the set of irreducible KH-submodules I in [V, H] with I : W. For I E IH let m(I) be the supremum of all positive integers t such that It is isomorphic to a KH-submodule of V. Pick h E H with Received by the editors August 20, 1996. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 20J05. @)1998 American Mathematical Society
A comparison of synchronous and cycle-static dataflow

We compare synchronous dataflow (SDF) and cyclo-static dataflow (CSDF), which are each special cases of a model of computation we call dataflow process networks. In SDF actors have static firing rules: they consume and produce a fixed number of data tokens in each firing. This model is well suited to multirate signal processing applications and lends itself to efficient static scheduling, avoiding the run-time scheduling overhead incurred by general implementations of process networks. In CSDF which is a generalization of SDF actors have cyclically changing firing rules. In some situations, the added generality of CSDF can unnecessarily complicate the scheduling. We show how higher-order functions can be used to transform a CSDF graph into a SDF graph, simplifying the scheduling problem. In other situations, CSDF has a genuine advantage over SDF: simpler precedence constraints. We show how this makes it possible to eliminate unnecessary computations and expose additional parallelism. We use digital sample rate conversion as an example to illustrate these advantages of CSDF.
Defoliation and woody plant (Prosopis glandulosa) seedling regeneration: potential vs realized herbivory tolerance

Herbivory by rodents, lagomorphs and insects may locally constrain woody plant seedling establishment and stand development. Recruitment may therefore depend either upon plant tolerance of herbivory, or low herbivore abundance, during seedling establishment. We tested potential herbivory tolerance by quantifying growth, biomass allocation, and survival of defoliated Prosopis glandulosaseedlings under optimal abiotic conditions in the absence of competition. Realized tolerance was assessed by clipping seedlings of known age grown in the field with and without herbaceous competition. At 18-d (D ‘young’) or 33-d (D ‘old’) of age, seedlings in the growth chamber were clipped just above the first (cotyledonary) node, above the fourth node, or were retained as non-clipped controls. Potential tolerance to defoliation was high and neither cohort showed evidence of meristematic limitations to regeneration. Clipping markedly reduced biomass production relative to controls, especially belowground, but survival of seedlings defoliated 5 times was still75%. Contrary to expectations, survival of seedlings defoliated above the cotyledonary node 10 times was greater ( P< 0:10) for ‘young’ (75%) than ‘old’ (38%) seedlings. Under field conditions, survival of defoliated 11-month-old P. glandulosaseedlings was59% after one defoliation and only13% after six defoliations. Results indicate P. glandulosais potentially tolerant of repeated shoot removal early in its life cycle. Seedling tolerance to defoliation under field conditions therefore appears dependent upon abiotic stresses or resource limitations rather than a lack of intrinsic adaptations for shoot replacement or a depletion of the seedlings’ bud bank. Curtailment of root growth, a consequence of top removal observed in the growth chamber experiment, may reduce the capacity of P. glandulosa seedlings to acquire soil resources needed for meristem activation and shoot growth under field conditions. The importance of resource availability to post-defoliation regeneration was implicated in the field experiment, where survival, shoot elongation, and aboveground productivity of clipped seedlings was greatest in plots without herbaceous interference. In light of the marked increases in P. glandulosaabundance in grasslands in recent history, our results suggest that (1) utilization of Prosopis seedlings by herbivores may be infrequent or sporadic, (2) periodic episodes of seed production and germination may satiate herbivore populations, and/or (3) Prosopis seedling establishment occurs during periods of low herbivore density.