cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does communication help people coordinate

Theoretical and experimental investigations have consistently demonstrated that collective performance in a variety of tasks can be significantly improved by allowing communication. We present the results of the first experiment systematically investigating the value of communication in networked consensus. The goal of all tasks in our experiments is for subjects to reach global consensus, even though nodes can only observe choices of their immediate neighbors. Unlike previous networked consensus tasks, our experiments allow subjects to communicate either with their immediate neighbors (locally) or with the entire network (globally). Moreover, we consider treatments in which essentially arbitrary messages can be sent, as well as those in which only one type of message is allowed, informing others about a node's local state. We find that local communication adds minimal value: fraction of games solved is essentially identical to treatments with no communication. Ability to communicate globally, in contrast, offers a significant performance improvement. In addition, we find that constraining people to only exchange messages about local state is significantly better than unconstrained communication. We observe that individual behavior is qualitatively consistent across settings: people clearly react to messages they receive in all communication settings. However, we find that messages received in local communication treatments are relatively uninformative, whereas global communication offers substantial information advantage. Exploring mixed communication settings, in which only a subset of agents are global communicators, we find that a significant number of global communicators is needed for performance to approach success when everyone communicates globally. However, global communicators have a significant advantage: a small tightly connected minority of globally communicating nodes can successfully steer outcomes towards their preferences, although this can be significantly mitigated when all other nodes have the ability to communicate locally with their neighbors.
Atypical PKC and Notch Inhibition Differentially Modulate Cortical Interneuron Subclass Fate from Embryonic Stem Cells

Recent studies indicate that the location of neurogenesis within the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) critically influences the fate determination of cortical interneuron subgroups, with parvalbumin (Pv) interneurons originating from subventricular zone divisions and somatostatin (Sst) interneurons primarily arising from apical divisions. The aPKC-CBP and Notch signaling pathways regulate the transition from apical to basal progenitor and their differentiation into post-mitotic neurons. We find that aPKC inhibition enhances intermediate neurogenesis from stem cell-derived MGE progenitors, resulting in a markedly increased ratio of Pv- to Sst-expressing interneurons. Conversely, inhibition of Notch signaling enriches for Sst subtypes at the expense of Pv fates. These findings confirm that the mode of neurogenesis influences the fate of MGE-derived interneurons and provide a means of further enrichment for the generation of specific interneuron subgroups from pluripotent stem cells.
Total ankle arthroplasty versus ankle arthrodesis—a comparison of outcomes over the last decade

The surgical treatment of end-stage tibiotalar arthritis continues to be a controversial topic. Advances in surgical technique and implant design have lead to improved outcomes after both ankle arthrodesis (AA) and total ankle arthroplasty (TAA), yet a clear consensus regarding the most ideal form of treatment is lacking. In this study, the outcomes and complications following AA and TAA are compared in order to improve our understanding and decision-making for care and treatment of symptomatic tibiotalar arthritis. Studies reporting on outcomes and complications following TAA or AA were obtained for review from the PubMed database between January 2006 and July 2016. Results from studies reporting on a minimum of 200 total ankle arthroplasties or a minimum of 80 ankle arthrodesis procedures were reviewed and pooled for analysis. All studies directly comparing outcomes and complications between TAA and AA were also included for review. Only studies including modern third-generation TAA implants approved for use in the USA (HINTEGRA, STAR, Salto, INBONE) were included. A total of six studies reporting on outcomes following TAA and five reporting on outcomes following AA met inclusion criteria and were included for pooled data analysis. The adjusted overall complication rate was higher for AA (26.9%) compared to TAA (19.7%), with similar findings in the non-revision reoperation rate (12.9% for AA compared to 9.5% for TAA). The adjusted revision reoperation rate for TAA (7.9%) was higher than AA (5.4%). Analysis of results from ten studies directly comparing TAA to AA suggests a more symmetric gait and less impairment on uneven surfaces after TAA. Pooled data analysis demonstrated a higher overall complication rate after AA, but a higher reoperation rate for revision after TAA. Based on the existing literature, the decision to proceed with TAA or AA for end-stage ankle arthritis should be made on an individual patient basis.
Comparative performance of deciduous and permanent dental morphology in detecting biological relatives.

Objectives Dental morphology plays a key role in reconstructing population history and evolutionary relationships at global, regional, and intracemetery scales. At the inter-individual level, it is assumed that close biological kin exhibit greater phenotypic similarity than non-relatives. Heritability estimates provide one measure of phenotypic resemblance but are not easily incorporated into analyses of archaeological samples. In this study we evaluate the assumption that relatives are more similar phenotypically than non-relatives. We compare results for permanent dental morphology to those obtained using deciduous dental morphology in a matched dataset (Paul & Stojanowski, 2015). Materials and Methods Permanent trait expression was scored from dental casts representing 69 sibling pairs, curated as part of the longitudinal Burlington Growth Study. Simulating a biodistance approach, 22 morphological traits of permanent tooth crowns were used to generate 69 inter-relative and 2,076 non-relative Euclidean distances. Following distance ordination, family-specific dispersion values were calculated from multidimensional scaling coordinates. Output was compared to that of a previous study that focused on deciduous crown variation in the same set of individuals (Paul & Stojanowski, 2015). Mantel tests were used to evaluate the correlation of a proxy genetic distance matrix to both the permanent and deciduous dental distance matrices. Results On average, inter-relative distances generated from morphological traits of permanent tooth crowns were smaller than expected by chance based on resampling (p < 0.001). While family-specific dispersion varied greatly for both permanent and deciduous datasets, over 75% of the families exhibited greater dispersion with permanent traits. This suggests that morphological traits of the permanent dentition provide a less faithful reflection of biological relatedness than morphological traits of the deciduous dentition. Mantel tests indicate that both the deciduous and permanent distance matrices are significantly correlated with a matrix of genetic relatedness coefficients; however, the magnitude of the correlations was low. Discussion Overall, morphological traits of permanent tooth crowns perform moderately well in distinguishing relatives from non-relatives, but deciduous crown variations may provide a more direct reflection of the underlying genetic structure of intra-site or intra-cemetery samples. These findings have implications for bioarchaeological research and biodistance practices. In particular, morphological traits of the deciduous dentition should be incorporated into standard data collection protocols because of their stronger signal of relatedness.
The Role of Positive Affect in Aggression

Aggressive behavior hurts us all and is studied across psychology’s subdisciplines. Classical theories discuss the causes of aggression in the context of negative affect (e.g., frustration, pain). However, more recent research implicates positive affect as an important correlate and cause of aggression. Such aggressive pleasure likely evolved from ancient predatory tendencies that later yielded reproductive benefits, holds across reactive and proactive forms of aggression, and is used strategically as an item in many people’s emotion-regulation toolkit. Findings from psychological and neural sciences have converged to detail aggression’s hedonically pleasant qualities and the motivational and biological mechanisms through which they occur. This new approach generates novel hypotheses and might lead to effective interventions that mollify mankind’s aggressive tendencies.
A Concise Theory of Randomized Response Techniques for Privacy and Confidentiality Protection

Abstract A variety of randomized response (RR) procedures for privacy and confidentiality protection have been proposed, studied, and compared in the literature. We describe statistically relevant attributes of RR mechanisms and use those to duly organize and unify existing estimation theories for diverse RR methods. Any RR procedure can be characterized by its transition probability matrix P, as it determines all statistical properties of the procedure. In RR surveys, P is fixed, but in post-randomization for confidentiality protection, P may depend on the original data. This affects statistical inferences significantly. We also review some optimality results in the comparison of RR surveys of a binary variable, based on both privacy protection and statistical efficiency.
Routine Unrecognized Sexual Violence in India

This chapter responds to the following question: how does a long history of unrelenting sexual violence that wrecks lives and produces lifelong harms for survivors seem invisible to so many others? Focusing on the specific context of India, I explore the chasm between the articulations of harm by survivors of violence, on the one hand, and the dominant scripts of sexuality and political identity since colonial British India to the present, on the other. I show that the asymmetrical relation between the two renders routine sexual violence unrecognizable in the public sphere in general, and in the law and courtroom practices in the particular.
Separate and Unequal: an Exploratory Study Examining College Students’ Experiences of Secondary Education and Perceptions of School Integration

Over 60 years ago, Brown v. Board of Education found educational segregation to be unconstitutional due to the gross inequity in educational opportunities. Sadly, Black and Latino children in the USA are more racially and socioeconomically segregated than during any period since data collection began. Despite multiple policy attempts aimed at education equity, this remains one of our greatest human rights challenges. Policy analysts have cited that current education policy fails to address the problem fully, because the focus is insufficiently limited to outcome data. While very important, this type of data does not provide the depth of understanding of the issues needed for comprehensive and effective education equity policy. The current study, conducted in one of the most segregated regions in the USA, involved 38 in-depth interviews that were conducted to assess access to resources and support, perceptions of the impact of segregation, and awareness of barriers to integration efforts in their community, among students of different races and ethnicities. Data were analyzed from “Empathy Maps” that were completed by the interviewers to assess both non-verbal and verbal responses. Findings suggest there are stark differences between students of different races regarding access to support and resources, and understanding of the impact of segregation. Implications suggest that future studies, policy proposals, and practice strategies targeting education equity should include greater understanding of the lived experiences of the children in the education system. This suggests a critical role for social workers who recognize equitable education as an essential human right.
Cisco IOS Access Lists

This book focuses on a critical aspect of the Cisco IOS--access lists, which are central to securing routers and networks. Administrators cannot implement access control or traffic routing policies without them. The book covers intranets, firewalls, and the Internet. Unlike other Cisco router titles, it focuses on practical instructions for setting router access policies rather than the details of interfaces and routing protocol settings.
4.25 Drug Delivery via Heparin Conjugates

Affinity-based drug delivery systems provide a simple and gentle method of drug delivery for protein drugs, such as growth factors because they can be sequestered in their native form. Many growth factors bind to heparin with moderate to high affinity making it ideal for use as a potential binding site. Heparin-binding delivery systems have been developed with both covalent and non-covalent heparin immobilization that provide controlled delivery of growth factors for many applications in regenerative medicine including angiogenesis, cutaneous wound healing and peripheral nerve injury. These heparin immobilization methods can be used with many different types of biomaterial scaffolds including hydrogels from natural and synthetic materials as well as degradable polyesters, such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), making heparin conjugation a very versatile approach for growth factor delivery. This chapter outlines the rationale for using heparin conjugates, various methods for heparin immobilization, example of applications of heparin-based delivery systems and heparin mimetic approaches to drug delivery.
Reflected Bragg Imaging Studies and Preliminary Results for Improved Optical Design

Because of the right angle geometry between the sound field and the interrogating light wedge, Bragg imaging is ideally suited for the study of reflected images. In order to improve the intensity and the clarity of these reflected images, a pulsed dye laser has been developed and tested. The laser has a variable pulse repetition frequency to a maximum of about 15 pps and operates at a wavelength of 590 nanometers with a maximum power of 5mW. The dye laser is fired through an SCR circuit using a delayed trigger from the transducer generator. Image photographs of various test objects will be presented and system resolution limitations will be discussed.
Brain Imaging and Synthetic PET

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the synthetic positron emission tomography (PET) paradigm, and provides examples of its function from models stored in the brain models of the web (BMW). Synthetic PET is a useful tool within the neuroinformatics workbench. Brain imaging provides a method to study mental disorders and how various medications influence both function and activation. Synthetic PET is a technique by which neural models based on primate neurophysiology are used to predict and analyze results from PET imaging, taken during the performance of a variety of human behaviors. Because of models such as neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, and behavioral data, synthetic PET provides a way of bridging the gap between different temporal resolutions. The current implementation of synthetic PET is stand-alone, which means that it does not interface with the neural simulation language (NSL) environment. This approach extracts measures of regional synaptic activity as the model performs a variety of tasks. The synthetic PET viewer is a Java Development Kit (JDK) 1.2 applet designed to run within any current Internet browser. This chapter concludes that synthetic PET is a method that allows interaction between researchers within the neurosciences, who share an interest in a particular behavior and strive for a more rigorous understanding of the hypothesized homologies across species.
Analysis of differences in laxities and neutral positions from native after kinematically aligned TKA using cruciate retaining implants.

One biomechanical goal of kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty (KA TKA) is to achieve knee laxities and neutral positions that are not different from those of the native knee without soft tissue release. However, replacing the articular surfaces and menisci with implants of discrete sizes and average shapes and resecting the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) might prevent KA TKA from achieving this goal in the tibiofemoral joint. Accordingly, the objective was to determine whether either or both surgically induced changes cause differences in laxities and/or neutral positions from native using a cruciate retaining implant. Eight laxities and four neutral positions were measured from 0° to 120° flexion in 30° increments in 13 human cadaveric knees in three knee conditions: native, ACL-deficient, and KA TKA. After KA TKA, 5 of the 40 laxity measures (8 laxities × 5 flexion angles) and 6 of the 20 neutral position measures (4 neutral positions × 5 flexion angles) were statistically different from those of the native knee. The greatest differences in laxities from native after KA TKA occurred at 30° flexion in anterior translation (1.6 ± 2.1 mm increase, p < 0.0001); this difference was 1.7 ± 2.1 mm less than that in the ACL-d knee (p < 0.0001). The greatest difference in neutral positions from native after KA TKA occurred in anterior-posterior translation at 0° flexion (3.8 ± 1.9 mm anterior, p < 0.0001); this difference was 2.6 ± 1.9 mm greater than that in the ACL-d knee (p = 0.0002). Clinical Significance: These results indicate that the biomechanical goal of KA TKA is largely realized despite the two surgically induced changes. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:358-369, 2019.
Die Erkrankung der Maus durch das Virus der Stomatitis vesicularis

Es wird uber die Verteilung der histologischen Veranderungen bei Mausen verschiedenen Alters nach der Infektion mit dem Stomatitisvesicularis-Virus berichtet. 1. Periphere Infektion von 7- und10tagigen Mausen erzeugte in dem Thymus, in der Muskulatur, im braunen Fett und im Knochenmark Nekrosen mit geringer zellularer Reaktion. Nach einer hamatogenen Infektion entstand eine nekrotisierende Encephalitis im Groshirn, in den Basalganglien und dem Ammonshorn. Im Ruckenmark waren dagegen nur geringfugige Veranderungen an den Wurzeln oder im Zentralkanal, oder selten kleine nekrotische Bezirke zu erkennen. Die Spinalganglien und vegetativen Ganglien waren nicht verandert. 2. Periphere Verabreichung analtere Mause erzeugte Myelitiden. Der Thymus enthielt nur noch selten nekrotische Bezirke. Im braunen Fett und in der Muskulatur befanden sich Nekrosen, die viramisch entstanden sein mussen.
Depressive Symptoms Predict Characteristics of Online Social Networks.

Abstract Purpose There is a substantial body of literature that examines depression or well-being as outcomes of social media use, but there are fewer studies that seek to understand how mental health may lead to different patterns of online interactions. The purpose of the present study was to examine how depressive symptoms may predict subsequent structural characteristics of the online social network. Methods Data came from Time 3 and Time 5 of a longitudinal study on the effects of maltreatment on adolescent development. At Time 3, adolescents reported on their depressive symptoms (n = 319), and at Time 5, a subsample was enrolled in the Facebook data collection (n = 133). An application downloaded the friend list, and network metrics were computed. Path models examined the main effect of depressive symptoms at Time 3 on Facebook social network measures. Results The coefficients indicated that higher levels of depressive symptoms at Time 3 predicted fewer Facebook friends (smaller size), fewer ties between friends (lower average degree), more components, and fewer friends in the main component of the network. Conclusions Depression may alter how youth form and maintain online friendships. Using social network characteristics may help identify youth at risk for serious mental illness.
Nature's Combinatorial Biosynthesis Produces Vatiamides A-F.

Hybrid type I PKS/NRPS biosynthetic pathways typically proceed in a collinear manner wherein one molecular building block is enzymatically incorporated in a sequence that corresponds to gene arrangement. In this work, genome mining combined with the use of a fluorogenic azide-based click probe led to the discovery and characterization of vatiamides A-F, three structurally diverse alkynylated lipopeptides, and their brominated analogues, from the cyanobacterium Moorea producens ASI16Jul14-2. These derive from a unique combinatorial non-collinear PKS/NRPS system encoded by a 90 kb gene cluster in which an upstream PKS cassette interacts with three separate cognate NRPS partners. This is facilitated by a series of promiscuous intermodule PKS-NRPS docking motifs possessing identical amino acid sequences. This interaction confers a new type of combinatorial capacity for creating molecular diversity in microbial systems.
Quarantine and Isolation: Effects on Healthcare Workers

Epidemic outbreak places additional stressors on healthcare workers due to exposure to the illness itself and due to the stressors associated with caring for gravely ill under adverse circumstances that may include imposed isolation or mandated, extended shifts, leading to healthcare workers’ prolonged separation from own families. Isolation, exposure to and caring for critically ill patients, and separation from their loved ones may have significant and lasting effects on affected healthcare providers. The consequences of such stressful experiences include posttraumatic sequelae, relational and coping problems, or substance use and may persist for years after the infectious outbreak. About 20% of healthcare providers working in isolation, caring for critically ill patients, will subsequently develop posttraumatic symptoms. Several preparatory measures can be instituted to reduce posttraumatic sequelae, and they include providing clear guidelines and expectations, maintaining open communication, and offering appropriate logistical support, peer, and spiritual counseling, as well as psychological counseling, where indicated.
Adolescent Dating Violence Prevention Program for Early Adolescents: The Me & You Randomized Controlled Trial, 2014-2015.

Objectives. To test the efficacy of Me & You, a multilevel technology-enhanced adolescent dating violence (DV) intervention, in reducing DV perpetration and victimization among ethnic-minority earl...
Structural transitions and encapsulation selectivity of thermoresponsive polyelectrolyte complex micelles

Polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) micelles are formed by mixing a block copolymer composed of a neutral block and a charged block, with an oppositely charged polymer. The micelles formed have a PEC core, capable of encapsulating charged molecules like nucleic acids or proteins, while the neutral block(s) forms the corona that offers protection that can prevent cargo from being degraded under physiological conditions. This work explores using a thermosensitive polymer, poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (pNIPAM), as the primary corona-forming block and how that can be leveraged in the context of drug delivery. pNIPAM has a lower critical solubility temperature (LCST), above which a hydrophilic to hydrophobic transition occurs. We are characterizing micelles formed using a diblock copolymer of pNIPAM–b-poly(acrylic acid) with (1) poly(lysine) and (2) poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lysine) using dynamic light scattering, small angle X-ray scattering, absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Our results indicate that mixing pNIPAM–b-poly(acrylic acid) and poly(lysine) creates worm-like micelles, while mixing the same diblock with poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lysine) forms spherical micelles. At temperatures above 35 °C, the transition temperature of pNIPAM–b-poly(acrylic acid), the worm-like micelles lose their structure, while the spherical micelles retain their structure, but both aggregate into larger assemblies. Lastly, we evaluate the ability of these micelles to encapsulate and release model charged therapeutics, using a cationic monoion, methylene blue and a cationic polyion, polylysine conjugated rhodamine. We find that methylene blue is not encapsulated by the micelle, and instead exhibits counterion-like behaviour upon polyelectrolyte complex formation. Conversely, fluorescence measurements of rhodamine-labelled polylysine show fluorescence quenching indicating that the polyion is encapsulated. By mixing quenched and unlabelled micelles, we show that both systems are immune to molecular exchange with their environment and instead the cargo remains trapped in the quenched micellar cores. Measurement of the micelle fluorescence above the LCST, decreases indicating no substantial release for either system. However, the increase in micelle quenching above the LCST and its persistence after cooling may offer an additional protective environment for cargo that can be triggered by temperature.
Risk Factors For Chyle Leak After Esophagectomy.

Background: Chylothorax is an uncommon (3–8% risk) but potentially fatal complication of esophagectomy with poorly understood risk factors. It has a high morbidity due to loss of fluids, electrolytes, and other nutrients, loss of lymphocytes and immune dysfunction. Methods: Retrospective chart review of adult patients who underwent esophagectomy between 2009 and 2016 was performed. Cases with chyle leak were identified according to a set criteria. Clinical features, operative findings and postoperative variables were recorded and predictors of chyle leak were analyzed. Results: During the study period, a total of 193 adult patients underwent esophagectomy of which 186 received neo adjuvant chemotherapy. The mean age was 53 years with 118 males and 74 females. Type of procedure performed was 3-stage esophagectomy in 98, Transhiatal esophagectomy in 79 and Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy in 15 patients. Chyle leak was identified in 9 (4.6%) patients. There was no significant association of chyle leak with age, gender, co-morbid, level of tumor, Neo-adjuvant therapy and Type of esophagectomy. Chest drain output on postoperative day 5 was significantly predictive of chyle leak ( p -value<0.05). Drain output more than 1000 on day 4 was highly suggestive of chyle leak ( p -value<0.05). Day on which chest drain was removed was also found to be significantly related to chyle leak ( p -value <0.05). Conclusion: No significant preoperative risk factors were identified for chyle leak. High chest drain output on postoperative day 5 and drain output more than 1000 on day 4 are significant predictors of chyle leak. Keywords: Thoracic duct; chylothorax; chylous ascites; chest drain
Outward subcortical curvature associated with sub-clinical depression symptoms in adolescents.

Abstract Objective Subclinical or subthreshold depressive symptoms (StD) are frequent in adolescence and are related to suicidality and onset of depression in adulthood, however, their neurobiology is poorly understood. We examined the relationship between StD and subcortical grey matter structures in unmedicated adolescents with no history of axis I diagnosis. Methods 277 youths from Chicago aged 14 years participated, undergoing a structural MRI scan and completing the Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS). Blood samples provided a composite of five pro-inflammatory cytokines. Regions of interest (ROI) for vertex-based surface analysis were the left and right amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, caudate, nucleus accumbens, pallidum and putamen. Covariates were age, pubertal status, socioeconomic disadvantage and intracranial volume. Males and females were analysed separately. Results StD had positive associations (outward shape) with subcortical morphology in the right amygdala and left hippocampus in females, and the bilateral putamen and the left caudate, hippocampus and thalamus in males. However, we also found negative associations with StD (inward contractions) in the hippocampus in females and the caudate in males. Pro-inflammatory cytokines did not mediate the relationship between StD and outward morphology or volume. Conclusion This is one of the first studies to examine subcortical morphology of basal ganglia and thalamic regions related to StD in adolescents, and the first study to report mostly positive associations between StD, volume and outward morphology in youths. These findings could reflect intact neurogenesis or resilience to depression, however longitudinal research is needed to further understand the neurobiology of StD in adolescents.
Effect of pharmacist interventions on reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Clinical practice guidelines recommend team-based care as one strategy to improve dyslipidemia outcomes. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated that pharmacist interventions reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Objective The objective of the study was to conduct a meta-analysis to determine the effectiveness of pharmacist interventions on reducing LDL-C levels. Methods A literature search of RCTs published after January 1, 2000 was performed using MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Included RCTs evaluated a pharmacist intervention compared with usual care, reported baseline and follow-up LDL-C levels, and enrolled at least 100 patients. Mean differences in LDL-C and other lipid parameters were calculated using a random effects model. Results Twenty-six RCTs (n = 22,095 patients) were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with usual care, pharmacist interventions significantly reduced LDL-C levels by −7.9 mg/dL (95% confidence interval (CI) −11.43 to −4.35; I2 = 94%). A subgroup analysis revealed a greater reduction in LDL-C (−13.73 mg/dL; 95% CI −24.07 to −3.40; I2 = 96%) when LDL-C was the sole primary outcome. Significant improvements in total cholesterol (−12.73 mg/dL, 95% CI −19.18 to −6.27), triglycerides (−13.25 mg/dL, 95% CI −26.10 to −0.41), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.75 mg/dL, 95% CI 0.03 to 3.46) were also found. Conclusion Pharmacist interventions significantly reduced LDL-C levels compared with usual care. Further research is warranted to determine the optimal pharmacist intervention for reducing LDL-C levels and to evaluate the comprehensive role of pharmacists in lipid management.
Sugar Acetate-based Low Molecular Weight Organogelators

Two novel organogelators that incorporate sugar acetate segments have been identified. One contains a sugar acetate linked directly to an alkyl group, while the second includes an amide linker. We ...
Measurement of Homologous Recombination at Stalled Mammalian Replication Forks

Site-specific replication fork barriers (RFBs) have proven valuable tools for studying mechanisms of repair at sites of replication fork stalling in prokaryotes and yeasts. We adapted the Escherichia coli Tus-Ter RFB for use in mammalian cells and used it to trigger site-specific replication fork stalling and homologous recombination (HR) at a defined chromosomal locus in mammalian cells. By comparing HR responses induced at the Tus-Ter RFB with those induced by a site-specific double-strand break (DSB), we have begun to uncover how the mechanisms of mammalian stalled fork repair differ from those underlying the repair of a replication-independent DSB. Here, we outline how to transiently express the Tus protein in mES cells, how to use flow cytometry to score conservative and aberrant repair outcomes, and how to quantify distinct repair outcomes in response to replication fork stalling at the inducible Tus-Ter chromosomal RFB.
The Law is a Fractal: The Attempt to Anticipate Everything

id=2139205d D Minoli, Combinatorial Graph Complexity, in ATTI. ACAD. NAZ. LINCEI REND. 59, 651–61 (1976). Like many seemingly fundamental ideas, legal “complexity” has no universally accepted meaning. It has been defined by some commentators to include the idea of “judgmental complexity,” which is the inability to predict how courts will rule on a question. Miller, supra note 32, at 12–13. See also Bittker, supra note 77, at 2; Surrey, supra note 35, at 693. This meaning does not fit particularly well, in the author’s opinion, with the ordinary usage of the term “complexity.” Another writer defines the complexity of a rule with reference to the cost of accessing it, which seems to come closer to the intuitive meaning, albeit indirectly. See infra note 100. 86. See Colliton, supra note 50, at 283 (“[C]ongress simply tried to clear up troublesome little problems. The solutions Congress enacted were invariably rational. These statutory solutions are only troublesome when viewed as part of the current massive and intricate Internal Revenue
Rural-urban differences in hospitalizations for opioid use-associated infective endocarditis in Kentucky, 2016-2019.

PURPOSE In 2016, the US rate of opioid use-associated infective endocarditis (OUA IE) hospitalizations was 3.86/100,000 for rural and 3.49/100,000 for urban residents. This study estimates the Kentucky OUA IE hospitalization rates, 2016-2019, describing differences in rural-urban residency trends, demographics, relevant comorbidities, and discharge disposition. OUA IE hospitalization rates between counties with and without syringe services programs (SSPs) are also compared. METHODS We used Kentucky statewide inpatient discharge records from 2016 to 2019. An OUA IE hospitalization was identified by an infective endocarditis discharge diagnosis in any diagnosis field and a concurrent diagnosis indicating opioid use. Rurality was determined based on the 2013 Rural-Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC). FINDINGS Kentucky's rate of OUA IE hospitalizations in 2016 was 8.9/100,000, with no significant variation between rural and urban residents. By 2019, the average rate for urban residents doubled to 17.9/100,000, significantly higher than the rural resident rate, 13.2/100,000. There were no significant rural-urban differences in percentages of those with concurrent diagnoses of HIV ( 60%). Counties that established SSPs in 2017-2018 had a 39.4% increase in OUA IE rates from 2016 to 2019, while counties without SSPs had a 79.5% increase. CONCLUSION The estimated 2016 Kentucky rates of OUA IE hospitalizations are 2 times higher than reported national rates, highlighting Kentucky as one of the areas most affected by this particular opioid use disorder complication. Despite challenges and barriers to the effectiveness of SSPs as a harm reduction measure, our study suggests a positive effect that should be further investigated.
Ultradoping Boron on Si(100) via Solvothermal Chemistry

Ultradoping introduces unprecedented dopant levels into Si, which transforms its electronic behavior and enables its use as a next-generation electronic material. Commercialization of ultradoping is currently limited by gas-phase ultra-high vacuum requirements. Solvothermal chemistry is amenable to scale-up. However, an integral part of ultradoping is a direct chemical bond between dopants and Si, and solvothermal dopant-Si surface reactions are not well-developed. This work provides the first quantified demonstration of achieving ultradoping concentrations of boron (∼1e14 cm2 ) by using a solvothermal process. Surface characterizations indicate the catalyst cross-reacted, which led to multiple surface products and caused ambiguity in experimental confirmation of direct surface attachment. Density functional theory computations elucidate that the reaction results in direct B-Si surface bonds. This proof-of-principle work lays groundwork for emerging solvothermal ultradoping processes.
Emerging Advances and Existing Barriers for Medication Abortion

The article focuses on Emerging Advances and Existing Barriers for Medication Abortion. Topics discussed include discuss emerging options for medication abortion delivery and remaining barriers to access;and the temporary suspension of the Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) has enabled opportunities to deliver medication abortion care that capitalizes on the accelerated use of telehealth.
Identifying Barriers and Facilitators to Scalp Cooling Therapy Through a National Survey of the Awareness, Practice Patterns, and Attitudes of Oncologists

PURPOSE:Scalp cooling therapy (SCT) is the most effective method to reduce chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA), a highly distressing side effect of cancer treatment. Despite data supporting SCT eff...
Staphylococcus aureus Pathogenesis and Virulence Factor Regulation

Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium that is a component of the commensal flora of the skin and the nares. S. aureus is responsible for causing significant morbidity and mortality, resulting in nearly 300,000 hospitalizations and 19,000 deaths in the United States annually. Surface-associated factors enable S. aureus to bind to biotic surfaces, abiotic surfaces, and itself. The ability to adhere to varied surfaces likely represents the first step during the infection process, in which the bacterium attaches and grows on different tissues. The ability of S. aureus to infect many tissues in the mammalian body suggests that this bacterium is extremely efficient at adapting to different environments. In order to monitor the density of the population and prevent starvation and/or clearance by the host, most bacteria secrete small molecules into the extracellular milieu that accumulate in response to an increase in the number of bacteria in a defined space. These so-called autoinducers are sensed by the entire population, triggering a signaling cascade that informs the community that quorum has been attained. Numerous regulatory networks work with or against one another to carefully coordinate the precise expression and production of a large collection of virulence factors that play different roles in S. aureus infection. A critical layer of complexity to this topic is the tremendous strain-to-strain variability seen in clinical isolates. This variability often influences the expression of virulence factors, which directly alters the pathogenic trait of clinical isolates.
Separate Auditing or Not? The Impact of Relational Concern on Board of Director’s Choice of Auditor in Chinese Public Listed Companies

This paper was aiming to address an in time research question: why Chinese public listed companies showed differences in terms of the number of auditors they used to audit internal control over financial reporting and financial statement under new regulations on security exchange. Integrating theoretical perspectives from both intra and inter organization studies, the author explained the influence of relational concern brought by the directors who held multiple functions on board’s choice of auditor. The author pointed out that the multifunctional directors were prevalent in Chinese firms and the presence and proportion of such directors in the board would make the concern about the internal and external relationship salient during the choice of auditor. A series of propositions regarding to the influence of board-top management team relationship, the relation with other companies’ boards, and the enterprise-government relationship brought by the multiple function directors have been proposed. This conceptual paper enriches our understanding about the influence of intrapersonal diversity on team decision making process, and has implication for Chinese regulators on how to boost separate auditing.
Extending the Generalized Multinomial Logit Model: Error Scale and Decision-Maker Characteristics

This essay contributes to the development of models that allow for heterogeneity across respondents in the error scale of the multinomial logit model. The potential to explain respondent heterogeneity by differences in error scale has been recognized for some time (Louviere 2001), but models that allow for continuous error scale heterogeneity have only recently been developed (Sonnier, Ainslie and Otter 2007, Keane et al. 2009). The most general of these models is the “Generalized Multinomial Logit Model” (G-MNL), which allows for heterogeneity both in error scale and all attribute preferences, including the price attribute (Keane et al. 2009). We further develop the G-MNL by proposing a Bayesian estimation strategy, allowing for straightforward incorporation of decision-maker characteristics as covariates to individual-level error scale, in a way that is computationally tractable. In a data set on personal computer (PC) choices in a survey setting (Lenk et al. 1996), we find that respondents who are older have higher average error scale indicating that they make less reliable decisions than those who are younger. Respondents who perceive themselves to be expert when it comes to making PC choices have lower average error scale, indicating that they make more reliable choices. These findings are consistent with recent theorizing on the relationship between cognitive resources and error scale (Swait and Adamowicz 2001). We also facilitate the use of G-MNL in practice by empirically exploring the data requirements for obtaining accurate estimates of the G-MNL and find that estimating this model requires a somewhat larger number of respondents and a larger number of observed choices per respondent than is typical in commercial market research.
Molecular basis for a functionally unique cytochrome P450IIB1 variant.

Abstract Liver microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats of four inbred strains expressing distinct allelic variants of cytochrome P450IIB1 were analyzed. The Wistar Munich (WM) strain exhibited 5- to 10-fold lower androstenedione 16 beta-hydroxylase activity (a specific P450IIB1 marker) than the Lewis, Wistar Kyoto, and Wistar Furth strains. The androstenedione 16 beta-hydroxylase in the WM liver microsomes was refractory to inactivation by N-(2-p-nitrophenethyl)chlorofluoroacetamide, a selective P450IIB1 inactivator in the other three strains. Purified P450IIB1-WM was insensitive to the inactivator and exhibited 5-fold lower androstenedione 16 beta-hydroxylase, testosterone 16-hydroxylase, and 7-ethoxycoumarin deethylase activities but the same benzphetamine demethylase activity and slightly higher androstenedione 16 alpha-hydroxylase activity than a P450IIB1 purified from outbred Sprague-Dawley rats, which appears to correspond to the form in Lewis rats. The stereoselectivity of androstenedione 16-hydroxylation catalyzed by P450IIB1-WM (16 beta-OH:16 alpha-OH = 1.4) is thus distinct from that (16 beta-OH:16 alpha-OH = 12-15) of other P450IIB1 preparations described. A cDNA encoding P450IIB1-WM was cloned and sequenced, revealing a single amino acid substitution (Gly-478----Ala) compared with the published sequence (Fujii-Kuriyama, Y., Mizukami, Y., Kawajiri, K., Sogawa, K., and Muramatsu, M. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 79, 2793-2797). Heterologous expression of P450IIB1 and P450IIB1-WM confirmed the striking difference in androstenedione metabolite profiles, strongly implicating the involvement of Ala-478 in defining the distinctive catalytic properties of P450IIB1-WM.
Analysis of ground fault currents in isolated and non-isolated charging modules in electric vehicles

The paper compares generic on board charger module (OBCM) topologies with respect to ground fault current detection and interruption. Ground fault current in isolated charging modules is very small due to the galvanic isolation between the input and output sides. In non-isolated charging modules, the paper shows the contributing components of the system to the generation of ground fault current. The ground fault current interrupt circuit is explained and compared in both topologies. Performance and parametric measures are used to compare the two topologies in MATLAB/Simulink.
Prices and Sanctions

Scholars of jurisprudence traditionally view law as a set of obligations backed by sanctions, or commands backed by threats.' In contrast, economists tend to view law as a set of official prices.2 Associated with each of these viewpoints is a characteristic blindness. The jurisprudential perspective blinds lawyers to the fact that officials cannot regulate the economy efficiently by giving orders.3 Instead, they must rely upon legal instruments similar to prices. Conversely, the economic perspective is blind to the distinctively normative aspect of law, viewing a sanction for doing what is forbidden merely as the price of doing what is permitted. In brief, the economic analysis of law lacks a clear account of sanctions, and the jurisprudential tradition lacks a good account of prices. This Article attempts to bridge the two traditions by developing a theory about the difference between the effect of prices and sanctions upon behavior. Part I of this Article offers working definitions of the two key concepts, defining a sanction as a detriment imposed for doing what is forbidden, and a price as money extracted for doing what is permitted. Officials should create prices to compel decisionmakers to take into account the external costs of their acts, whereas officials should impose sanctions to deter people from doing what is wrong. Part I then explains the difference in the way sanctions and prices typically control behavior. A sanction typically creates an abrupt jump in an individual's costs when he passes from the permitted zone into the forbidden zone where behavior is sanctioned. This abrupt
Principles of Turbomachinery in Air-Breathing Engines: Radial-Equilibrium Theory

In Chapters 3 and 4, we studied major changes in the thermophysical properties of a flow as it traverses a turbine or compressor stage. The analysis then was onedimensional, with the underlying assumption that average flow properties will prevail midway between the endwalls. Categorized as a pitch-line flow model, this “bulk-flow” analysis proceeds along the “master” streamline (or pitch line), with no attention given to any lateral flow-property gradients. However, we know of, at least, one radius-dependent variable, namely the tangential “solid-body” velocity vector (U) . The question addressed in this chapter is how the other thermophysical properties vary along the local annulus height at any streamwise location. The stator and rotor inlet and exit stations, being important “control” locations, are particularly important in this context. In the following, the so-called radial equilibrium equation is derived and specific simple solutions offered. Despite the flow-model simplicity, the radial-equilibrium equation enables the designer early on to take a look at preliminary magnitudes of such important variables as the hub and tip reactions prior to the detailed design phase. Assumptions For any axial stator-to-rotor or interstage gap in Figure 6.1, the following assumptions are made: 1) The flow is under a steady-state condition. 2) The flow is inviscid as well as adiabatic. 3) The flow is axisymmetric (i.e., θ-independent). 4) There are no radial shifts of the meridional streamlines (Fig. 6.2).