cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF COOKING OIL FUME ON THE LEVEL OF SOD AND MDA AND IMMUN OLOGICAL ORGANS OF RATS

Objective:To study the effects of the condensati on of cooking oil fu me(CCOF) on the level of SOD and MDA in serum and the pathological effects on im munological organs of the rats Methods:The rats were administer ed with CCOF at 8000mg/kg,4000mg/kg,2000mg/kg by peritoneum injection All rats were sacrific ed six days later,serum,spleen and thymus gland were collected for the detecti on Results:The level of SOD tended to be reduced with the incre ase of CCOF dos age,While the level of MDA seemed to be elevated with the increase of CCOF dosa ge It was also found that the CCOF is harmful to thymus gland and spleen when d etected with pathological methods Conclusion:The condensation o f cooking oil f ume could destroy the balance between oxidative stress and anti-oxidative functi on of the body,and it is also harmful to the structure of spleen and thymus gla nd
Experience with the 1-stage surgical approach for constructing female genitalia in male transsexuals.

AbstractA 1-stage operative procedure to produce female external genitalia was done on 17 male transsexuals. Followup has ranged from 6 months to 4 years. The operative technique, complications and results will be reviewed.
Applying Multi-method Design to Post-colonial Africa

This chapter outlines the multi-method research design implemented in the book. It summarizes the benefits of qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), which is novel to the field of military interventions, particularly highlighting the advantage QCA has in overcoming deficiencies in existing statistical studies. The conditions are outlined for both the crisp-set and fuzzy-set QCA datasets developed. The chapter provides methodological justification both for the case selection—African civil wars—and the methods, both QCA and structured focused case studies, and data sources employed.
The effect of the invasive Elaeagnus umbellata on soil microbial communities depends on proximity of soils to plants

Invasive plants are often associated with dense monocultures, which reduce native plant diversity. Multiple studies have shown significant impacts of dense invasive plant populations on soil microbial communities. In many cases, however, invasive plants are present in lower, non-uniform densities. This is especially true of some woody/shrubby invaders. We studied two such populations of autumn olive: a highly invasive, nitrogen-fixing shrub, commonly found throughout the Midwestern United States. In each population, we collected soil samples in a rectangular grid, noting the distance of each sample point to the nearest autumn olive plant, as well as the local density of autumn olive. Soils were assessed for pH, moisture, nitrogen availability, microbial community composition, and enzyme activity. We found that autumn olive significantly affected the dominant taxa of bacterial and archaeal communities, particularly ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms, as determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of functional genes characteristic of these microbial groups. The changes in microbial communities were related to the proximity and local density of autumn olive shrubs. In most cases, the effect of autumn olive was greater than that of either pH or moisture. In contrast, microbial function (measured as enzyme activities), while non-uniform, did not seem to be as strongly related to the presence of the invasive plant. Our findings suggest that autumn olive can affect soil microbial community composition even when it is present in relatively low densities. This should be considered when assessing remediation strategies for autumn olive-invaded areas.
On the Oscillation Theorems of Pringsheim and Landau

Our theme is a relation between the sign of a real function and the analytic behaviour of its associated generating function at a special point on the boundary of convergence. The central idea is the plausible principle: Let f denote a real valued function with support contained in [0, ∞) or the nonnegative integers and let f denote the generating function associated with f. If f is ultimately of one sign, then extremal behaviour of | f | occurs around the real point with largest real part on the boundary of the region of convergence of the series or integral that defines f.
Effects of Intron 1 Sequences on Human PLP1 Expression: Implications for PLP1-Related Disorders.

Alterations in the myelin proteolipid protein gene (PLP1) may result in rare X-linked disorders in humans such as Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease and spastic paraplegia type 2. PLP1 expression must be...
A Primer on Polymer Nomenclature: Structure-Based, Sourced-Based, and Trade Names

Polymer nomenclature is important because it is part of the language of polymer science and is needed for polymer identification, reference, and documentation. A primer on polymer nomenclature is provided herein for people new to the field or for instructional use. Both structure-based and source-based nomenclatures, together with trivial and trade names, are described. Source-based nomenclature is commonly used by polymer scientists for polymers where the starting monomers are known. The structure-based approach is especially helpful when the chemical structure of a polymer is well-defined; it is part of the recommendations from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and Chemical Abstracts Service. Appropriate illustrations of these approaches are provided.
Abstract 2245: Evaluation of new rexinoids for lung cancer

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths around the world. It is estimated that there will be over 150,000 deaths in the United States alone from this disease every year. With no significant improvement in 5 year survival rates over the past 30 years, effective prevention or early intervention is a promising approach to reduce the high mortality of lung cancer. Rexinoids are selective ligands for retinoid X receptors (RXR), which regulate the expression of a wide variety of genes. As transcription factors, rexinoids play important roles in proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, which are highly relevant in cancer. Bexarotene is the only synthetic rexinoid that has been approved by the FDA and is used for the treatment of refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. It has also been tested in various clinical trials for lung cancer and breast cancer. However, Bexarotene is not potent or selective enough for RXRs, causing limited efficacy and unacceptable toxicities. Therefore, we synthesized a series of new rexinoids and screened them for their ability to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells stimulated with LPS. Several of these compounds inhibited NO production at nanomolar concentrations. Based on this screening and other in vitro assays, two new rexinoids were chosen for in vivo testing. Female A/J mice were injected i.p. with vinyl carbamate (16 mg/kg). One week later, the mice were fed control diet or rexinoids in diet (40-80 mg/kg diet) for 16 weeks. Tumor number, size and histopathology were then evaluated. All of the rexinoids reduced the number and size of the lung tumors. However, Bexarotene only reduced the average number of tumors by 8-17%, while a new pyrimidine-analog of Bexarotene—henceforth, pyrimidine-Bexarotene—reduced the number of tumors by 24-28%. The average tumor burden on lung sections was also reduced by pyrimidine-Bexarotene by 59% compared to the controls (from 0.47 ± 0.19 mm 3 in the control group to 0.19 ± 0.05 mm 3 in the treated group). In contrast, average tumor burden was 0.35 ± 0.08 mm 3 in the group treated with Bexarotene, a reduction of 26%. Notably, the percentage of high grade tumors (both histological and nuclear characteristics) were significantly (p Citation Format: Di Zhang, Ana S. Leal, Sarah E. Carapellucci, Kayla Zydeck, Nicole Chaaban, Michael B. Sporn, Carl E. Wagner, Karen T. Liby. Evaluation of new rexinoids for lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2245. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2245
KNOWLEDGE STRUCTURES BASED ON GENERAL AUTOMATA COMPARED WITH OTHER TYPES

There are three principal types of structures for representing knowledge. They are: 1) Semantic Nets 2) Conceptual Dependency Nets 3) General Automata Graphs The ability of each of these to represent knowledge for each of the two kinds of knowledge, Declarative and Procedural, is examined, and knowledge contained in example sentences for the two kinds is structured and discussed.
Robust 7-nm SRAM design on a predictive PDK

SRAMs are ubiquitous in modern VLSI design but have become difficult to design in advanced finFET processes due to fin quantization and large variability at small geometries. In this paper six transistor SRAM design on a 7-nm predictive PDK is presented. The SRAMs use differential sense amplifier based sensing to support long bit-lines and high array efficiency. Different SRAM cells are evaluated statistically, resulting in the choice of a 122 cell due to its easier lithography and superior write margins. A novel switched capacitor reduced column VDD is presented, which has excellent across corner voltage characteristics and speed. The analysis shows yield to a minimum VDD of 500 mV.
Circular orbit transfer using approximate higher-order nonlinear state transformations and nonlinear feedback

An approximate feedback linearization method is applied iteratively to the problem of circular orbit transfer to obtain an analytic exact solution up to the ρ-th degree for continuous thrust circular orbit transfers. The coordinate transformation and feedback parameters are computed symbolically using a one-step approach in multi-stage form. During the recursive steps, patterns were detected in the approximate solutions as they evolved illuminating a family of exact solutions to the circular orbit nonlinear feedback control problem utilizing the null space that appears as part of the computations. It is shown that applying higher-degree feedback improves the closed-loop system stability for the orbital transfer problem and at some point the performance improvement of ever increasing higher-degree approximations diminishes, hinting at convergence to an exact solution. The relationship between the ρ-th degree exact solution obtained through the recursive approximations and a known exact solution is illustrated where it is shown that two different exact solutions can have different performance in terms of fuel usage leading to the possibility of optimization considerations in selecting the desired exact solution.
Fluorescence Lifetime Distributions of Single Tryptophan Proteins: A Protein Dynamics Approach

The investigation of fluorescence from proteins has always been regarded as a tool to study protein conformations and dynamics. The structural information is associated with the sensitivity of the emission spectrum to the exposure of tryptophan and tyrosine residues to the solvent. Dynamic information was obtained by the analysis of the decay of the emission anisotropy and other excited state processes such as quenching by fast diffusing molecules or resonance energy transfer. Fluorescence lifetime measurements has been used to detect different protein conformations: the values of the decay rates and preexponential factors has been associated with a particular conformation and with the relative population in each conformation. However, the accurate study of the emission from several single tryptophan proteins has shown that the number of lifetime components can be large and the identification with different protein conformations is difficult. The sensitivity of indole fluorescence to a wide variety of environmental conditions is well recognized (1) and is the principal factor in the diversity of fluorescence observed between peptides and proteins. Solvation is certainly a major factor in determining the nature of tryptophan fluorescence in proteins, but there are many other moieties intrinsic to the protein structure and/or excited state processes which can affect the fluorescence lifetime markedly (2,3).
The effect of vagus nerve stimulator in controlling status epilepticus in children.

Abstract Purpose This study explores the effect of Vagus Nerve Stimulator (VNS) on Status Epilepticus (SE) in children with medically intractable epilepsy. Methods Retrospective review was conducted in children with a history of at least two SE, who had VNS implantation and had at least one year follow up after the procedure. Results Sixteen patients met inclusion/exclusion criteria. The median age of seizure onset and surgery was 1.3 years and 9.0 years, respectively. Prior to VNS implantation, 81% (13/16) of patients had ≥one seizure per month when all seizure types were combined. 75% (12/16) of patients experienced ≥one generalized convulsive seizure per month. The median number of SE prior to VNS was three (2–9), and 63% (10/16) had at least one SE during a year prior to implantation. The proportion of patients who did not have any SE one year after VNS implantation increased compared to the year prior (75% vs. 37%, p = 0.07). The seizure frequency decreased in a minority of patients when all seizure types were combined (20% at one year, p = 1.00, 44% at the last follow up, p = 0.55), but generalized convulsive seizure decreased in 69% of patients at one year (p = 0.01) and 75% of patients at last follow up (p = 0.01). Conclusion VNS appears to have favorable impact on SE and generalized convulsive seizures in children with medically intractable epilepsy.
Sustainable Science in the Green Cloud via Environmentally Opportunistic Computing

The energy consumed by data centers is growing every year. Significant energy and cost savings are possible through modest gains in efficiency. These leverage solutions for both economical gains and improvement of their environmental footprint. One solution is Environmentally Opportunistic Computing (EOC), which is a sustainable computing concept that capitalizes on the physical and temporal mobility of modern computer processes and enables distributed computing hardware to be integrated into a facility to optimize the consumption of computational waste heat. In this work, we will review the EOC methodologies as applied in the Green Cloud (GC) framework, and describe application of the EOC concepts to the local and global grid infrastructures.
Coronary Artery Perforation Complicated by Pericardial Abscess Formation: A Clinical Dilemma.

Coronary artery perforation is a rare complication of percutaneous coronary intervention, which occurs in 0.1% to 3% of cases.1 An infrequent cause of coronary artery perforation is stent infection, 80% of which are because of Staphylococcal aureus .2 This is a case of a S. aureus pericardial abscess discovered in the setting of a late left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery perforation and the potential explanations for this rare presentation. Reports of sepsis after coronary stent implantation, leading to coronary artery aneurysm formation or perforation,3,4 and of purulent pericarditis after percutaneous coronary intervention are exceedingly rare.5–7 This is a rare first report of a pericardial abscess found in conjunction with a perforated coronary artery. A 75-year-old man with a history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia presented to another hospital with upper back pain and electrocardiographic evidence for an ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction. Coronary angiography revealed a proximal 90% occluded calcified LAD lesion, which was treated with a 2.5×18 mm drug-eluting stent (Figure 1), aspirin, and ticagrelor. A transthoracic echocardiogram demonstrated an ejection fraction of 50% and anterior wall hypokinesis with no significant valvular lesions. Postprocedural shortness of breath developed and was attributed to ticagrelor, which was replaced with clopidogrel. Despite this, he continued to complain of shortness of breath. Nine days after initial presentation with an ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction, the patient returned to the same hospital for evaluation of his shortness of breath, and a repeat echocardiogram was performed that demonstrated a large pericardial effusion. Pericardiocentesis produced 500 cc of bloody fluid. His shortness of breath improved, and he was discharged home. Figure 1. A , A 90% proximal, calcified left anterior descending lesion was seen on the initial coronary angiogram. B , The lesion was successfully treated with a 2.5×18 mm drug-eluting stent. Several days …
Is Satan a Transactions Attorney? An Account of Satanic Imagery in Law and Literature

What can the history of satanic imagery in law and literature teach us about the development of humanity’s understanding of its relationship with evil? This wide-ranging account of Satan’s presence across textual mediums uncovers the secret genealogy of contracts with Satan, from the Gospel of Matthew to Mayo v. Satan and His Staff (1971). This ironic lineage recounts how a Christian clergyman was the first to consummate a contract with Satan, how Martin Luther was the first to link Johann Faust to Satan, and how the poet who inspired Charlie Daniel’s “The Devil Went Down to Georgia” was the first to imagine an attorney litigating against Satan. Yet these ironies are not so significant as the moral innovations that each stage in the evolution of the diabolical contract motif represents.
Assessment and Management of Sport-Related Concussion Teaching Trends in Athletic Training Programs.

Context: Previous research suggests that health care providers, in general, are not adequately trained in sport-related concussion (SRC) recognition and management. However, it is unclear if athlet...
Crystallization of recombinant hemoglobins with basic amino acid substitutions (Lys and Arg) at the beta 6 position.

We have produced recombinant hemoglobins (rHbs) alpha 2 beta 2(6Glu-- >Lys) (rHb beta E6K) and alpha 2 beta 2(6Glu-->Arg) (rHb beta E6R) using a yeast expression system coupled with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based mutagenesis strategy for studies focused on defining determinants that facilitate crystallization of Hb C (alpha 2 beta 2(6Lys)). rHb beta E6K had the same electrophoretic mobility as native human Hb C, whereas rHb beta E6R migrated slightly slower than Hb C on cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The carbonmonoxy (CO) forms of rHb beta E6K and rHb beta E6R formed tetrahedral crystals in vitro in 2.3 mol/L phosphate buffer just like native Hb C. The Hb concentration required for crystallization of CO-rHb beta E6R was lower than that of CO-rHb beta E6K, suggesting that stronger basic amino acids at the beta 6 position accelerate crystallization of Hb. However, the size of rHb beta E6R crystals was smaller than that of rHb beta E6K. Crystallization of native Hb C and both rHbs was inhibited by Hb F. These results suggest that alpha 2 beta gamma-heterohybrids that have basic amino acids at the beta 6 position behave similarly and are unable to crystallize like Hb C.
Disposition of Patients Diagnosed with Myasthenia Gravis Crisis, a New York State Planning and Research Cooperation System Database Analysis (1998–2014) (P6.447)

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the type of therapeutic intervention and disposition of patients diagnosed with MG crisis. Background: Plasmapheresis, Intravenous Immunoglobulin and Corticosteroids have been used for the treatment of Myasthenia Gravis (MG) Crisis. Design/Methods: We utilized data from the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperation System database for the 1998–2014 period. Data was analyzed using IBM PSPP software. Results: A total of 969 patients with MG crisis were identified (mean age 61.6 years ± 18.5, 43.6% of whom were male) of which 51.7% were treated with IVIG, 43% with plasmapheresis and 5% with steroids. Significantly more patients treated with plasmapheresis were discharged to skilled nursing facility/short term hospital when compared to IVIG (43% vs. 28%, p-value Conclusions: Discharge to home was significantly higher in patients diagnosed with MG crisis treated with IVIG relative to those treated with plasmapheresis and steroids. Work in progress to investigate whether disposition of patients with MG crisis is related to the fact that patients with less severe disease were preferentially treated with IVIG, influence of comorbid conditions on therapeutic intervention efficacy, and the impact of socioeconomic factors on disposition and therapy efficacy. Study Supported by: Unrestricted Grant from RAM Capital Department Start Up Fund Disclosure: Dr. Sheikh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Patel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nasar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Souayah has nothing to disclose.
Hardware Acceleration of Simulated Annealing of Spin Glass by RRAM Crossbar Array

Simulated annealing (SA) was successfully implemented and accelerated by in-memory computing hardware/software package using RRAM crossbar arrays to solve a spin glass problem. Ta 2 O 5 -based RRAM array and stochastic Cu-based CBRAM devices were utilized for calculation of the Hamiltonian and decision of spin-flip events, respectively. A parallel spin-flip strategy was demonstrated to further accelerate the SA algorithm.
Regulation of fiber-specific actin expression by the Drosophila SRF ortholog Blistered

Serum response factor (SRF) has an established role in controlling actin homeostasis in mammalian cells, yet its role in non-vertebrate muscle development has remained enigmatic. Here, we demonstrate that the single Drosophila SRF ortholog, termed Blistered (Bs), is expressed in all adult muscles, but Bs is required for muscle organization only in the adult indirect flight muscles. Bs is a direct activator of the flight muscle actin gene Act88F, via a conserved promoter-proximal binding site. However, Bs only activates Act88F expression in the context of the flight muscle regulatory program provided by the Pbx and Meis orthologs Extradenticle and Homothorax, and appears to function in a similar manner to mammalian SRF in muscle maturation. These studies place Bs in a regulatory framework where it functions to sustain the flight muscle phenotype in Drosophila Our studies uncover an evolutionarily ancient role for SRF in regulating muscle actin expression, and provide a model for how SRF might function to sustain muscle fate downstream of pioneer factors.
Functionalization of near-infrared cyanine dyes

An indolium heptamethine cyanine dye 11 containing an isothiocyanate function for selective coupling of the dye chromophore with a primary amino group of proteins has been synthesized. Functionalization of a benzothiazolium heptamethine cyanine 12 is discussed.
The Policy of Co–First Authorship and Co–Senior Authorship in Radiology Journals

Abstract Objective Increasingly, medical journals are recognizing “equally credited authors” (ECA) in the primary and senior authorship of articles. The aim of this study was to assess the policies of co–first authorship, co–senior authorship, and designation of a corresponding author in the radiology literature. Methods We identified 29 radiology journals based on impact factor ranking. Journal offices were contacted by phone and e-mail to ascertain their practices on first and senior authorship ECA designations. We surveyed the March, June, and December 2018 issues of each journal (when available) to assess the utilization of the co-designations in articles. Results Twenty-five of 29 journals responded to our survey (response rate: 86.2%). Of 25 journals, 20 (80%) allowed co–first authorship. Among these, 4 of 25 journals (16%) allowed more than two co–first authors. Among the 25 responses, 14 journals (56%) allowed co–senior authorship. Among the 24 journals who responded to this specific question, 23 (96%) approved designation of a corresponding author, different from the first or senior author. The review of March, June, December 2018 editions found co–first authorship and co–senior authorship ECA rates of 8.6% (range 0.0%-22.7%) and 1.8% (range 0.0%-13.3%), respectively. A corresponding author other than first or senior author was noted in 13.3% (range 0.0%-34.7%). Discussion There has been widespread acceptance of the concept of ECA in the policies of the top cited imaging journals particularly for first authors (80%). However, the utilization of these designations is uncommon for first authorship (8.6%) and rare (1.8%) for senior authorship based on our 2018 sampling.
Electronic Health Records and the Logics of Care: Complementarity and Conflict in the U.S. Healthcare System

The U.S. healthcare system has experienced rapid growth in the adoption and use of clinical health information technology, such as electronic health record (EHR) systems. In a field as complex and ...
The subject of Exoticism: Victor Segalen's Equipée

This essay analyzes Victor Segalen's Equipee in conjunction with Segalen's exploration of the notion of "exoticism" as a philosophical concept. It demonstrates how exposure to radical difference (the "exotic") leads to a destabilization of the self-same subject which is made and unmade in the contact with otherness and how Equipee enacts Segalen's vision of the subject as a process of continuous emergence.
Low-cost prediction-based fault protection strategy

Increasing failures from transient faults necessitates the cost-efficient protection mechanism that will be always activated. Thus, we propose a novel prediction-based transient fault protection strategy as a low-cost software-only technique. Instead of re-executing expensive computations for validation, an output prediction is used to cheaply determine an approximate value for a sequence of computation. When actual computation and prediction agree within a predefined acceptable range, the computation is assumed fault-free, and expensive re-computation can be skipped. With our approach, a significant reduction in dynamic instruction counts is possible. Missed faults may occur, but their occurrences can be explicitly kept to a small amount with a proper acceptable range. For evaluation, we build an automatic compilation system, called RSkip, that transforms a program into a resilient executable with the prediction-based protection scheme. Prior instruction replication work shows 2.33x execution time compared to the unreliable execution over nine compute-intensive benchmarks. With a control for the loss in protection rate, RSkip can reduce the protection overhead to 1.27x by skipping redundant computation in our target loops at a rate of 81.10
Text Message Intervention for Teens with Type 1 Diabetes Preserves HbA1c: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Aims: Teens with type 1 diabetes (T1D) often struggle with diabetes self-management, which may lead to suboptimal self-care and worsening hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Innovative strategies are needed to...
P88 Structured light plethysmography in toddlers admitted due to acute wheezing

Background A subjective clinical assessment of respiratory effort is made by observation of the respiratory rate, presence of indrawing of chest muscles and the work of breathing, and depends on the skill and experience of the observer. Structured Light Plethysmography (SLP) is a novel non-invasive light-based method that provides a detailed analysis of tidal breathing mechanics through chest movement analysis. We aimed to utilise SLP in children admitted due to acute wheezing and examine the relationship between tidal breathing and severity, and to track progression of their condition during hospitalisation. Methods Children from 1 month to 12 years old were screened upon admission to a high dependency unit due to acute wheezing in tertiary children´s hospital. SLP measurements were obtained during the first 24 hours from admission and repeated before discharge. Data on length of hospital stay and clinical severity score (mPIS) were compared to 3–5 min SLP measurements. Results Between 18th June to 16th July 2018 17 patients were screened, of which 11 were eligible and 4 were included (2 parental refusals, 5 outside screening window). Age range was 1.5–3.1 years. All four children had previous wheezing episodes and one had ongoing inhaled corticosteroid medication. Two were atopic and two had a history of chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLD). Length of hospital stay (LOS) varied between 33–45 hour; SLP measurements were obtained 7–17 hour (1st measurement) and 27–41 hour (2nd measurement) from admission. In tidal parameters only one child (table 1; patient 1) showed a clear obstructive pattern with tachypnoea, shortened Ti/Te and Ti/Tot-ratios, increased abdominal contribution and elevated IE50- flow ratio. However, elevated thoraco-abdominal asynchrony (TAA) was present in all children and TAA on average decreased between measurements (mean change from 56.8 to 27.9 degrees). Clinical severity score (mPIS) showed a similar trend (mean change 6.25 to 2.5), and 8 measurement pairs of TAA vs mPIS showed a crude positive correlation of R=0.54. Conclusion SLP seems feasible in obtaining thoraco-abdominal movement analysis in clinical bedside setting. Thoraco-abdominal asynchrony may be a quantifiable measure of breathing distress in small children admitted due to acute wheezing.
Strategy Planning Enablers

The inhibitors described in Chap. 7 can be effectively addressed using a broader and different approach that goes beyond awareness, leadership training, and executive coaching. It involves using seven strategy enablers that represent a mix of specific logic-based reasoning approaches, scientific analysis systems, and strategy processes that can “un-inhibit” the inhibitors. Enablers ensure the strategy process becomes a positive catalyst for strengthening the link between strategy planning and financial performance. Notably, the enablers are not based on the usual prescriptions that making senior executives smarter with better problem-solving abilities will magically improve strategy planning. Rather, the enablers are factors that must be incorporated in the strategy process at all levels: replacing salience-based decisions with a scientifically developed strategy map, working to develop consensus on the components of the strategy map, developing their measures, relying on experts to calculate the give-get weights of each linkage, and then accepting the results of the strategy analysis setting aside one’s ego, biases, and salient thoughts.
Data-Driven Wind Turbine Wake Modeling via Probabilistic Machine Learning.

Wind farm design primarily depends on the variability of the wind turbine wake flows to the atmospheric wind conditions, and the interaction between wakes. Physics-based models that capture the wake flow-field with high-fidelity are computationally very expensive to perform layout optimization of wind farms, and, thus, data-driven reduced order models can represent an efficient alternative for simulating wind farms. In this work, we use real-world light detection and ranging (LiDAR) measurements of wind-turbine wakes to construct predictive surrogate models using machine learning. Specifically, we first demonstrate the use of deep autoencoders to find a low-dimensional \emph{latent} space that gives a computationally tractable approximation of the wake LiDAR measurements. Then, we learn the mapping between the parameter space and the (latent space) wake flow-fields using a deep neural network. Additionally, we also demonstrate the use of a probabilistic machine learning technique, namely, Gaussian process modeling, to learn the parameter-space-latent-space mapping in addition to the epistemic and aleatoric uncertainty in the data. Finally, to cope with training large datasets, we demonstrate the use of variational Gaussian process models that provide a tractable alternative to the conventional Gaussian process models for large datasets. Furthermore, we introduce the use of active learning to adaptively build and improve a conventional Gaussian process model predictive capability. Overall, we find that our approach provides accurate approximations of the wind-turbine wake flow field that can be queried at an orders-of-magnitude cheaper cost than those generated with high-fidelity physics-based simulations.
Heroes and Romans in Twelfth-Century Byzantium : The Material for History of Nikephoros Bryennios

Introduction Part I. Contexts: 1. Twelfth-century politics and the House of Komnenos 2. Writing history in twelfth-century Constantinople 3. Nikephoros' reading 4. Sources for the Material for History Part II. Reading in the Material for History: 5. Problems of the Empire: civil war and mercenaries 6. The rise of Alexios 7. Romans and their enemies 8. Military virtue 9. Roman family politics 10. Religion and providence 11. Roman heroes 12. A Roman mother 13. A bold young man Part III. The Material for History in Twelfth-Century Politics and Culture: 14. The Material for History and imperial politics of the twelfth century 15. Nikephoros and Anna 16. Roman ideals and twelfth-century Constantinopolitan culture Conclusions Appendix 1 Appendix 2. Vocabulary of virtue.
Fatigue damage evaluation of broad-band Gaussian and non-Gaussian wind load effects by a spectral method

Abstract This study presents fatigue damage evaluation of broad-band Gaussian and non-Gaussian wind load effects by a spectral method proposed in Benasciutti and Tovo (2005) [4] . The wind load effects considered are alongwind, crosswind and their coupled responses of tall buildings, and wind pressures on claddings. Following this spectral method, the rainflow counting damage is approximated by a linear combination of its upper and lower bounds. A refined formulation for determining the combination factor is proposed, which depends on bandwidth parameters in terms of process spectral moments. For non-Gaussian wind load effects, research emphasis is placed on the modeling of translation function which relates the non-Gaussian process with an underlying Gaussian process and is essential for non-Gaussian fatigue damage evaluation. Both moment-based translation model and the model by a direct curve fitting are addressed for a wide range of non-Gaussian characteristics, including a newly developed translation model for hardening non-Gaussian processes. The effectiveness and accuracy of the spectral method for broad-band Gaussian and non-Gaussian processes are demonstrated through comparison with the results from time domain rainflow counting method.
Restoring Coastal Ecosystems and Abrupt Climate Change

Consensus exists that U.S. coastal ecosystems are severely degraded due to a va-riety of human factors requiring large ﬁnancial expenditures to restore and man-age (National Research Council, 2000). Yet, even as public controversy surroundshuman factors in ecosystem degradation in the Gulf of Mexico (Ferber, 2004),Chesapeake Bay (Ernst, 2003; Thompson, 2004), and elsewhere, there is grow-ing evidence that long-term coastal ecosystem management and restoration effortsshould integrate abrupt climate change, including human-induced change, into re-search and modeling programs. Abrupt climate change
Mega-ejecta on asteroid Vesta

[1] Asteroid 4 Vesta, sometimes called the “smallest terrestrial planet”, will be orbited next July by NASA's Dawn mission. This will be the first time a small planet is visited by a spacecraft, and novel geological structures are expected. A key issue regarding Vesta (mean diameter 530 km) is to what extent its geology is dominated by the ∼460 km diameter impact basin on its southern hemisphere. We model the basin's formation using a very high resolution 3D smooth-particle hydrodynamics simulation to establish some of the major impact-related aspects of Vesta's geology. The goal is to provide a framework for interpreting anticipated observations of landforms. A collision of this magnitude (a ∼50 km diameter impactor at ∼5 km/s) exposes many deep strata from within the planet and offsets the center of mass by ∼10 km from the center of figure. Vesta spins every 5.3 hr, so that a hemispheric-scale impact evolves in a non-inertial frame, and deposits variably-shaped, multiply-folded and abruptly-terminated ejecta sequences of regional scale. Since little of this ejecta would have been molten, these massive sequenced deposits could be mistaken in images of Vesta for other geologic forms such as thrusts and folds. Detailed mapping, and the piecing-together of mega-ejecta via impact models, will enable an informed understanding of the interior geology of Vesta.
Liver Transplantation in Patients with Portal Vein Thrombosis: Comparing Pre-MELD and MELD era

Background: Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) used to be a relative contraindication for liver transplantation (LT). This obstacle has been dealt with following the improvement of LT-related techniques. Objective: To compare the outcome of adult patients with PVT who underwent LT before and after adopting MELD. Methods: We retrospectively searched our database for deceased donor LT recipients who had PVT, were operated between 1990 and 2009, and were 18 years old or more. The outcome of patients operated in pre-MELD era (1990–2001) was then compared with that of those operated in MELD era (2002–2009). Results: The incidence of patients undergoing LT with PVT has increased from 1.2% (491/40,730) in pre-MELD era to 6% (2540/42,601) in MELD era (p<0.01). Patients with PVT in MELD era were older (53.6 vs 50.5), had higher calculated MELD (21.3 vs 18.9), shorter length of hospital stay after LT (25 vs 21.7 days), more likely to develop HCC (14.8% vs 0), and more likely to receive DCD allograft (3.9% vs 0.8%). Donor risk indices were comparable in both groups (1.9 vs 1.9). The median waiting time before transplantation decreased during MELD era (71 vs 99 days). Allograft and patients survival was comparable between the two eras. However, allograft and patients survival rates were lower in patients with PVT compared to those without. In Cox regression analysis, PVT was associated with worse allograft (HR=1.3, 95% CI: 1.2–1.4, p<0.001) and patient survival (HR=1.3, 95% CI: 1.2–1.5, p<0.001) compared to non-PVT patients. Conclusions: The incidence of patients with PVT has increased in MELD era without improvement in outcomes. Donor and recipients characteristics changed in MELD era. PVT is still associated with poor outcomes compared to patients without PVT.
Efficient Techniques for Adaptive Hypermedia

Adaptive hypermedia is a new direction of research within the area of adaptive and user model-based interfaces. Adaptive hypermedia (AH) systems build a model of the individual user and apply it for adaptation to that user, for example, to adapt the content of a hypermedia page to the user's knowledge and goals, or to suggest the most relevant links to follow. AH systems are now used in several application areas where the hyperspace is reasonably large and where a hypermedia application is expected to be used by users with different goals, knowledge and backgrounds. This chapter provides a brief survey of existing adaptive hypermedia techniques. Special attention is paid to the techniques implemented in the World Wide Web and to techniques which have been approved by an experimental study and shown to be effective. Among few others approved techniques we describe adaptive annotation techniques developed by our group at the Moscow State University.
PHOSPHATE-LIMITED GROWTH OF PAVLOVA LUTHERI (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE) IN CONTINUOUS CULTURE: DETERMINATION OF GROWTH-RATE-LIMITING SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATIONS WITH A SENSITIVE BIOASSAY PROCEDURE(1).

The relationship between steady-state growth rate and phosphate concentration was studied for the marine prymnesiophyte Pavlova lutheri (Droop) J. C. Green grown in a chemostat at 22°C under continuous irradiance. A bioassay procedure involving short-term uptake of 10 picomolar spikes of (33) P-labeled phosphate was used to estimate the concentration of phosphate in the growth chamber. The relationship between growth rate and phosphate was well described by a simple rectangular hyperbola with a half-saturation constant of 2.6 nM. The cells were able to take up micromolar spikes of phosphate at rates two to three orders of magnitude higher than steady-state uptake rates. The kinetics of short-term uptake displayed Holling type III behavior, suggesting that P. lutheri may have multiple uptake systems with different half-saturation constants. Chl a:C ratios were linearly related to growth rate and similar to values previously reported for P. lutheri under nitrate-limited conditions. C:N ratios, also linearly related to growth rate, were consistently lower than values reported for P. lutheri under nitrate-limited conditions, a result presumably reflecting luxury assimilation of nitrogen under phosphate-limited conditions. C:P ratios were linearly related to growth rate in a manner consistent with the Droop equation for growth rate versus cellular P:C ratio.
Matrices: Definitions and Fundamental Operations

The everyday activities of the crystallographer or materials scientist deal with the real physical properties of real objects in the real, three-dimensional space in which we live. Most of these properties can be described, at least approximately, by systems of linear relationships between one set of measurable quantities, “causes”, and another set of measurable quantities, “effects”. We shall find that a useful shorthand for expressing these relationships is the algebra of matrices. In order to make use of this algebra we need to start, if only to make sure we agree on notation, with definitions of matrices and their fundamental operations.
A Block QR Factorization Scheme for Loosely Coupled Systems of Array Processors

A statically scheduled parallel block QR factorization procedure is described. It is based on "block" Givens rotations and is modeled after the Gentleman-Kung systolic QR procedure. Independent tasks are associated with each block column. "Tallest possible" subproblems are always solved. The method has been implemented on the IBM Kingston LCAP-1 system, which consists of ten FPS-164/MAX array processors that can communicate through a large shared bulk memory. The implementation revealed much about the tradeoff between block size and load balancing. Large blocks make load balancing more difficult but give better 164/MAX performance and less shared memory traffic. The results obtained indicate that our approach to parallelizing the QR factorization is competitive for very large problems, e.g., of the order 5000-by-1000.
The Physics of Semiconductors: Semiconductor Photonic Detectors

Perhaps the most important application of compound semiconductor materials to date is in optoelectronic devices. The types of optoelectronic devices that are discussed here can be classified into two main categories, photonic detectors and emitters. In this section, we discuss photonic semiconductor detectors. In Chapter 13 we will discuss emitters. Many compound semiconductors, such as GaAs, InP, GaInAs, GaN, ZnS, etc., are direct-bandgap materials. As discussed in Chapter 10, optical absorption and emission processes occur to first order in direct-gap systems. Therefore these materials are extremely useful as both detectors and emitters of electromagnetic radiation. Depending on the bandgap energy, different semiconductors can be used to detect radiation from the far infrared to the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum. In this chapter, we discuss photonic detectors, concentrating on MIS structures (particularly charge-coupled devices, or CCDs), photoconductors, photodiodes, and avalanche photodiodes (APDs). To begin with, some issues in detection are discussed; later it is shown how each of the above-mentioned device types operate. Basic issues in Photonic Detection The fundamental purpose of any photonic detector is to convert an input photonic signal into an electrical signal. The application in which the detector is used greatly affects the performance criterion of the detector. For example, a detector can be used for imaging. In these applications, a good detector is defined as one that provides a high degree of spatial resolution, gray-scale resolution (the ability to distinguish different shades on a totally white to totally black contrast scale), etc.
Estimation of solar energetic proton mission‐integrated fluences and peak intensities for missions traveling close to the Sun

[1] A method to estimate both solar energetic particle mission-integrated fluences and solar energetic particle peak intensities for missions traveling through the innermost part of the heliosphere (r < 1 AU) is presented. By using (1) an extensive data set of particle intensities measured at 1 AU over the last three solar cycles, (2) successive launch dates for the mission traveling close to the Sun over the time interval spanned by our data set, and (3) appropriate radial dependences to extrapolate fluences and peak intensities measured at 1 AU to the heliocentric radial distance of the mission at each specific time, we generate distributions of both mission-integrated fluences and maximum peak intensities. From these distributions we extract the values of mission-integrated fluence and maximum peak intensity at a required confidence level. Results of this method applied to the specific case of the nominal prime mission of Solar Probe Plus are shown.
Using barn owl Tyto alba pellet analyses to monitor the distribution patterns of the yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis Melchior 1834) in a transitional Mediterranean mountain

Abstract. In this study we aimed to investigate the utility of the barn owl diet as a tool for determining the spatial distribution and abundance of the yellow-necked mouse, a forest-dwelling small mammal species, in the Montseny mountains and surrounding plains (Barcelona, NE Spain). After validating the molar shape criterion for species discrimination (t9 of second upper molar), we classified a sample of 2,684 Apodemus spp. identified from 8,831 small mammals of 17 species from barn owl pellets collected in 18 roosting places. Almost all individuals were determined as A. sylvaticus (91.8%) and the remainder were considered as A. flavicollis (8.2%). Frequencies of occurrence of A. flavicollis were related to 11 environmental descriptors by means of Redundancy Analysis and partial constrained ordination. Frequencies of occurrence changed along a strong environmental gradient (increased towards rainy localities covered by deciduous forests), and this pattern coincided with that observed for other forest pr...
Psychological effects of proper scoring rules

Abstract Proper scoring rules (PSRs) have been derived to elicit good probability assessments. Because there are so many different kinds of PSRs, this experiment was designed to determine if any particular characteristics contribute to effectiveness. Subjects observed poker chips in jars and bet on the color of the chip to be sampled. On different trials, lists of bets were generated by different PSRs. The type (log, quadratic, or spherical) of PSR used appeared to have essentially no effect on the probability inferred from the bet selected. However, the inferred probability became less extreme with increased steepness in the functions relating score to assessed probability. Also, various suboptimal strategies seemed to be employed when the rule contained both positive and negative scores, so all possible scores should probably be either positive or negative but not both.