cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and PSpice simulation of synchronous bidirectional PWM DC-DC buck-boost converter operating in CCM

Bidirectional pulse-width modulated dc-dc converters are popular in many applications such as rechargeable power supply units, where power flow in both directions is necessary. In this paper, the design of a synchronous bidirectional dc-dc buck-boost converter operating in CCM is presented. PSpice simulation results are shown to verify the designed converter operation and bidirectional power flow.
A BICENTENNIAL REFLECTION: STREAMGAUGING IN THE UNITED STATES / Réflexion bicentennale: les mesures des débits aux Etats-Unis

Abstract A historical review of the US Geological Survey's streamgauging programme illustrates the persistent impact that some events, which may be considered as random, have had on the programme. Selection of gauging policy and strategy as an integral part of programme planning (network design) is abetted by benefit-cost analysis.
Carbonate petrology and geochemistry of Pennsylvanian coal balls from the Kalo Formation of Iowa

Abstract Coal balls are carbonate and pyrite concretions enclosing uncompressed peat, primarily found in Pennsylvanian and earliest Permian paleotropical coals. Petrographic and microprobe analysis of coal balls from the mid-Moscovian (latest Atokan or earliest Desmoinesian) Williamson No. 3 Mine (Kalo Formation) from Lucas County, Iowa indicates that pyrite was the earliest mineral to form, followed by high-Mg calcite (average 13.9 mol% MgCO 3 ), which is also high in Sr (700–1500 ppm), suggesting that the Kalo Formation coal balls formed in response to the incursion of marine water into the mire. The high-Mg calcite has an unusual growth habit, radiating arrays of bladed polycrystals, which look like distorted triangles with elongated apices when cut parallel to the basal plane. These high-Mg calcite polycrystals have low-Mg, non-ferroan calcite rims, consistent with diagenesis in meteoric water. The presence of early high-Mg and low-Mg, non-ferroan calcite in the Williamson No. 3 coal balls suggests that these coal balls formed in a hydrologically dynamic environment. Most of the remaining cements in the Kalo Formation coal balls are low-Mg ferroan calcite, consistent with burial diagenesis. These cements retain regions of low-Mg and high-Mg calcite, suggesting that they are neomorphs of the early high-Mg calcite cement. Fibers in the vascular bundle supports of Cordaites principalis leaves have narrow rims of dolomite that appear unique to this species. The presence of high-Mg calcite in the Williamson No. 3 coal balls supports the Stopes and Watson (Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B (1909) 200:167–218) model of coal-ball formation as a result of incursions of marine water into coastal mires. It conflicts with stable isotopic data, which suggests that most coal-ball cements formed in meteoric water. However, in our samples, the most common cement is diagenetically altered, low-Mg ferroan calcite, which might yield ‘meteoric’ oxygen isotopic values. Excellent preservation of plant fossils in coal balls is not necessarily correlated with the presence of original cement.
Relaxation-time and diffusion NMR microscopy of single neurons.

Relaxation-time and diffusion-weighted NMR micrographs have been obtained for single neurons isolated from Aplysia californica. These images allow the nucleus and cytoplasm to be clearly differentiated, in contrast to proton spin-density images, which appear relatively homogenous. Images of the spatial distribution of T1 and T2 relaxivities and the diffusion coefficient (D), as well as average values for T1, T2, and D in the cytoplasm and nucleus, were calculated from sets of appropriately weighted images. In all cases, water in the nucleus had relaxation and diffusion properties markedly differing from those of cytoplasmic water, which in turn had properties which were distinct from those of free water. Additionally, the cytoplasmic T2 was observed to triple following cell death, which is attributed to cytoplasmic dilution as water enters the cell. The work presented represents the first effort at a consistent exploration of the spatial distribution of NMR characteristics of water within intact single cells. These studies have implications both for modeling the NMR characteristics of water in neuronal tissues based on an understanding of the characteristics of water in different cell compartments and for understanding water/macromolecule interactions within cells. NMR microscopy studies such as these may help form a foundation for understanding and interpreting NMR characteristics measured from large assemblies of cells, i.e., spectroscopy and imaging of living tissues.
A smart sensor-based software system for driver evaluation

With advancing technology, progressively more complex operations are being automated. Such automated systems are becoming mature, more reliable and consistent in their operation. In this paper, we envision using technology advances in the field of sensors, computing and communication systems to automate the driver test process, and provide a software simulation. In normal practice, a human supervisor closely monitors the driving skills of a new driver, risking the safety of the supervisor. By automating this system, we can relieve the supervisor of such risks and build a more efficient driving performance evaluation system. The intelligent agent uses a set of sensors to capture the world with layered software architecture to analyze the sensor data and evaluate the performance of the test driver.
EVESR. power distribution and thermal-hydrolic analysis

Abstract A brief survey of the EVESR (ESADA Vallecitos Experimental Superheat Reactor) is given. Two different types of superheat fuel elements — Mark II and Mark III — irradiated in EVESR are described. Definitions as well as experimental and theoretical methods are presented to establish the EVESR core power distribution in order to form the basis for the thermal-hydraulic core analysis. Thermal-hydraulic methods applied to the EVESR core are demonstrated by examples of three failed fuel elements, one Mark II type and two Mark III types. Methods and results are discussed.
Threshold behavior for chemical reactions: line-of-centers cross section for silicon(1+)(2P) + molecular hydrogen .fwdarw. silicon hydride(1+) (SiH+) + atomic hydrogen

La reaction du titre est endothermique. Les resultats des calculs indiquent que l'energie de liaison pour SiH + est 3,23±0,04 eV
The Role of the Distal and Proximal Protein Environments in Controlling the Ferric Spin State and in Stabilizing Thiolate Ligation in Heme Systems: Thiolate Adducts of the Myoglobin H93G Cavity Mutant

Recently, heme protein cavity mutants have been engineered in which the proximal coordinating amino acid has been replaced by a smaller, noncoordinating residue leaving a cavity that can be filled by exogenous axial ligands. This approach was pioneered by Barrick (Biochemistry 1994, 33, 6546−6554) with H93G sperm whale myoglobin where the coordinating histidine is replaced by glycine and the proximal cavity is filled with imidazole. In the present study, models for cysteine thiolate-ligated ferric cytochrome P450 have been prepared using H93G myoglobin containing thiolate ligands in the cavity. Despite the availability of water to serve as a distal ligand as occurs in both ferric wild type myoglobin and ferric H93G myoglobin with imidazole in the cavity, the ferric H93G thiolate complexes spectroscopically resemble five-coordinate high-spin substrate-bound ferric P450, which contains a thiolate proximal ligand and lacks a water distal ligand. Thus, the distal protein environment plays a crucial role in co...
Integrated-Light Two Micron All Sky Survey Infrared Photometry of Galactic Globular Clusters

We have mosaicked Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) images to derive surface brightness profiles in J, H, and K_s for 104 Galactic globular clusters. We fit these with King profiles and show that the core radii are identical to within the errors for each of these IR colors and are identical to the core radii at V in essentially all cases. We derive integrated-light colors V-J, V-H, V-K_s, J-H, and J-Ks for these globular clusters. Each color shows a reasonably tight relation between the dereddened colors and metallicity. Fits to these are given for each color. The IR-IR colors have very small errors, due largely to the all-sky photometric calibration of the 2MASS survey, while the V-IR colors have substantially larger uncertainties. We find fairly good agreement with measurements of integrated-light colors for a smaller sample of Galactic globular clusters by M. Aaronson, M. Malkan, and D. Kleinmann from 1977. Our results provide a calibration for the integrated light of distant single-burst old stellar populations from very low to solar metallicities. A comparison of our dereddened measured colors with predictions from several models of the integrated light of single-burst old populations shows good agreement in the low-metallicity domain for V-K_s colors but also shows an offset at a fixed [Fe/H] of ~0.1 mag in J-K_s, which we ascribe to photometric system transformation issues. Some of the models fail to reproduce the behavior of the integrated-light colors of the Galactic globular clusters near solar metallicity.
Congenital hemihypertrophy and associated abdominal lesions

Abstract Recognition of the association of congenital hemihypertrophy and benign and malignant abdominal disorders has increased. We present our experience with these conditions and offer an hypothesis relating them.
Treating Symptoms in Adult Victims of Sexual Assault

This article reviews the prevalent theories and treatments regarding symptoms which may follow in the wake of sexual assault. Crisis theory and intervention are addressed first, followed by a description and discussion of cognitive and behavioral treatments for PTSD, depression, and sexual dysfunctions. Among the treatments considered are exposure techniques, coping skills packages, and cognitive therapy. The article concludes with a description of information processing theory and a discussion of future directions in the field.
Project Network Summary Measures Constrained- Resource Scheduling

Abstract This paper describes some summary measures which might be used in specifying the size, shape, logic, time and resource characteristics of project networks of the PERT/CPM type. The results of an investigation to determine relationships between some selected such measures and project duration increase under constrained-resource scheduling are presented, and procedures for estimating project duration increase in advance of scheduling are described.
Developing an efficient computational method that estimates the ability of students in a Web-based learning environment

This paper presents a computational method that can efficiently estimate the ability of students from the log files of a Web-based learning environment capturing their problem solving processes. The computational method developed in this study approximates the posterior distribution of the student's ability obtained from the conventional Bayes Modal Estimation (BME) approach to a simple Gaussian function in order to reduce the amount of computations required in the subsequent ability update processes. To verify the correctness and usefulness of this method, the abilities of 407 college students who solved 61 physics problems in a Web-based learning environment were estimated from the log files of the learning environment. The reduced chi-squared statistic and Pearson's chi-square test for the goodness of fit indicate that the estimated abilities were able to successfully explain the observed problem solving performance of students within error. The educational implications of estimating the ability of students in Web-based learning environments were also discussed.
NAAG inhibits KCl‐induced [3H]‐GABA release via mGluR3, cAMP, PKA and L‐type calcium conductance

The peptide neurotransmitter, N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG), is a selective agonist at the type 3 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR3) where it acts to decrease cAMP levels. Rat cortical interneurons express both NAAG and glutamic acid decarboxylase, as well as mGluR3 mRNA. In the presence of ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists, both NAAG and the group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, DCG-IV, reduced the calcium-dependent, KCl-induced [(3)H]-GABA release from rat cortical neurons by 35%. This release process was unaffected by tetrodotoxin. The group II antagonist, ethyl glutamate, reversed the effects of DCG-IV and NAAG. The mGluR3-selective antagonist, beta-N-acetylaspartylglutamate, reversed the effect of NAAG. While pretreatment of cortical neurons with forskolin alone did not significantly affect KCl-stimulated [(3)H]-GABA-release, forskolin abolished the inhibition of release produced by NAAG. The protein kinase A inhibitor, H-89, decreased [(3)H]-GABA release while NAAG produced no additional inhibition in the presence of H-89. In contrast, the protein kinase C inhibitor, Ro 31--8220, had no effect on KCl-stimulated release, nor did it affect the inhibition of release produced by NAAG. The L-type calcium channel blocker, nifedipine, also inhibited the release of [(3)H]-GABA and coapplication with NAAG resulted in no significant additional inhibition of release. These data support the hypothesis that the inhibition of KCl-stimulated [(3)H]-GABA release by NAAG is mediated via presynaptic mGluR3 on GABAergic cortical neurons and that this effect is obtained by decreasing cAMP with a consequent decrease in protein kinase A activity and L-type calcium channel conductance.
Mechanisms for lowering of interfacial tension in alkali/acidic oil systems 2. Theoretical studies

Abstract A new interfacial activity model has been developed to predict, qualitatively as well as quantitatively, the equilibrium interfacial tension of alkali/acidic oil systems. The model accounts for a mixed interfacial layer and mixed micelle formation by ionized and unionized acid. Comparison of the model with experiments confirms the mechanisms proposed in Part I of this series. It has been found that interfacial tension goes through a minimum with pH at constant ionic strength. The ultralow value of interfacial tension is shown to result from the simultaneous adsorption of ionized and unionized acid upon the interface, and the lowering results from the formation of mixed micelles of ionized and unionized acid.
Helicobacter pylori Immune Escape Is Mediated by Dendritic Cell–Induced Treg Skewing and Th17 Suppression in Mice

Background & Aims Helicobacter pylori infection increases gastric regulatory T cell (Treg) response, which may contribute to H pylori immune escape. We hypothesize that H pylori directs Treg skewing by way of dendritic cells (DCs) and thus inhibits interleukin-17 + helper T cells (Th17) immunity. Methods Two-photon microscopy was used to locate DCs in gastric lamina propria of mice. The induction of Th17 and Treg responses by bacteria-pulsed murine bone marrow–derived DCs was analyzed by cytokine production and stimulation of T-cell proliferation. The effect of VacA, CagA, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and IL-10 on Th17/Treg balance was assessed. The in vivo significance of Tregs on the H pylori –specific Th17 response and H pylori density was determined by using anti-CD25 neutralizing antibodies to deplete Tregs in mice. Results We showed that mucosal CD11c + DCs are located near the surface of normal gastric epithelium, and their number increased after H pylori infection. Study of the direct interaction of DCs with H pylori showed a Treg-skewed response. The Treg skewing was independent of H pylori VacA and CagA and dependent on TGF-β and IL-10. In vivo Treg skewing by adoptive transfer of H pylori –pulsed DCs reduces the ratio of gastric IL-17/Foxp3 mRNA expressions. The depletion of CD25 + Tregs results in early reduction of H pylori density, which is correlated with enhanced peripheral H pylori –specific Th17, but not Th1, response. Conclusions Overall, our study indicates that H pylori alters the DC-polarized Th17/Treg balance toward a Treg-biased response, which suppresses the effective induction of H pylori –specific Th17 immunity.
Modification of the Rate of Ouabain Binding to (Na++ K+)ATPase by Lithium Ions

: We report on the interactions of Li+, a congener of K+ with the (Na++ K+)-ATPase from E Electricus as measured by their effects on the rate of [3H]-ouabain binding to this enzyme. Like K+, Li+ slows ouabain binding under both Type I (Na++ ATP) and Type II (Pi) conditions, but with lower affinity. In contrast to K+, the Li+ inhibition curve is hyperbolic, suggesting interaction at an uncoupled site. Also differing from the complete inhibition by high K+, a residual ouabain-binding rate persists at high Li+. The interactions of Li+ and K+ are synergistic: the apparent K+ affinity increases 3 to 4-fold in presence of Li+. These results are consistent with the conclusion that Li+ interacts with only one of the two K+ sites and may be of interest in interpreting lithium pharmacology.
Deacylation of lipopolysaccharide in whole Escherichia coli during destruction by cellular and extracellular components of a rabbit peritoneal inflammatory exudate.

Deacylation of purified lipopolysaccharides (LPS) markedly reduces its toxicity toward mammals. However, the biological significance of LPS deacylation during infection of the mammalian host is uncertain, particularly because the ability of acyloxyacyl hydrolase, the leukocyte enzyme that deacylates purified LPS, to attack LPS residing in the bacterial cell envelope has not been established. We recently showed that the cellular and extracellular components of a rabbit sterile inflammatory exudate are capable of extensive and selective removal of secondary acyl chains from purified LPS. We now report that LPS as a constituent of the bacterial envelope is also subject to deacylation in the same inflammatory setting. Using Escherichia coli LCD25, a strain that exclusively incorporates radiolabeled acetate into fatty acids, we quantitated LPS deacylation as the loss of radiolabeled secondary (laurate and myristate) and primary fatty acids (3-hydroxymyristate) from the LPS backbone. Isolated mononuclear cells and neutrophils removed 50% and 20–30%, respectively, of the secondary acyl chains of the LPS of ingested whole bacteria. When bacteria were killed extracellularly during incubation with ascitic fluid, no LPS deacylation occurred. In this setting, the addition of neutrophils had no effect, but addition of mononuclear cells resulted in removal of >40% of the secondary acyl chains by 20 h. Deacylation of LPS was always restricted to the secondary acyl chains. Thus, in an inflammatory exudate, primarily in mononuclear phagocytes, the LPS in whole bacteria undergoes substantial and selective acyloxyacyl hydrolase-like deacylation, both after phagocytosis of intact bacteria and after uptake of LPS shed from extracellularly killed bacteria. This study demonstrates for the first time that the destruction of Gram-negative bacteria by a mammalian host is not restricted to degradation of phospholipids, protein, and RNA, but also includes extensive deacylation of the envelope LPS.
Understanding the influence of polychronicity on job satisfaction and turnover intention: a study of non-supervisory hotel employees.

Abstract The hospitality industry is characterized as a work environment where time use is important and where switching behavior among multiple tasks is frequently required within a given time period. These work environments promote polychronic behavior, which requires employees to deal with two or more activities in the same time block ( Bluedorn et al., 1999 ). The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a study examining the interrelationship among polychronicity, job satisfaction, and turnover intention within a hotel context. The sample ( n = 609) was collected from non-supervisory employees of two hotels located in the southwestern United States. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized to empirically test the proposed hypotheses. Our results provided evidence that polychronicity significantly contributed to job satisfaction and turnover intention. Implications of these results and directions for future research are discussed.
Tomography of crustal P and S travel times across the western United States

[1] Data from the USArray combined with local, regional, and national networks provide an unprecedented opportunity for imaging the crust of the western United States. We employ a simple tomography scheme to invert Pg and Sg travel times for velocity structure. The approach is analogous to Pn tomography: we assume a great circle arc between source and receiver and solve for station and event terms along with 2-D velocity structure. Pg velocities are high in the Snake River Plain, western Washington and the Columbia Plateau, and in central California. The Colorado Plateau falls midrange while the Basin and Range is slow, as are the Geysers region north of the San Francisco Bay and the Salton Trough. For Sg, the Snake River plain is fast, as is the entire Cordillera from the Southern Sierra Nevada up through the Cascades. Both the Colorado Plateau and most of the Rocky Mountains are also fast. At the highest point of the Rocky Mountains, the Aspen Anomaly is a low-velocity region. The Basin and Range is a composite of slower to the west abutting the Sierra Nevada and faster in eastern Nevada. Coastal California is slow, with the exception of the San Francisco Bay region and far northern California. The continental crust of the North American craton appears slightly fast for both Pg and Sg. Our observations and their trends compare well with middle to upper crustal velocity estimates from previous studies. They also compare reasonably well with average crustal velocities from the same studies.
Surface Photovoltage Effects in Photoemission from Diamond Surfaces

Photovoltaic effects in ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy of the in-situ “re-hydrogenated”, and reconstructed (111) diamond surfaces are evaluated. We show that photovoltaic charging effects during photoemission studies of the in-situ “re-hydrogenated” (111)-(l×l):H diamond surface are significant at temperatures as high as room temperature. In contrast, experiments on the reconstructed (1 ll)-(2×l) diamond surface find no photovoltaic charging which suggests that the surface exhibits relatively high conductivity (effectively grounded surface). These results demonstrate that extra care should be taken in determining the Fermi level pinning position relative to the bands at diamond surfaces and interfaces. The assumption that the UPS photoelectron spectra reflect the equilibrium energy band arrangement should be experimentally confirmed in each case, especially when wide band gap materials are involved.
Isospin mixing between T=0 and 1 states in the 1p-shell

Abstract The effect of using different proton and neutron wave functions to evaluate matrix elements of a charge independent nucleon-nucleon interaction is examined. It is shown that this is predominantly an isovector effect and in the 1p-shell can give rise to large off diagonal matrix elements (⪆ 100 keV). The magnitude of these matrix elements are extremely sensitive to the detailed structure of the single particle wave functions. Until this effect is satisfactorily taken into account it will be difficult to demonstrate the need for a change symmetry breaking nucleon-nucleon interaction from a measurement of isospin mixing between T =0 and 1 states.
Organizational orientations theory and measurement: Development of measures and preliminary investigations

Four studies are reported which focus on organizational orientations theory and relevant measuring instruments. An initial study designed to develop measures of the three components believed to constitute organizational orientation (upward mobile, indifferent, and ambivalent) is reported. Since it was believed that valid measures of organizational orientations should be associated with the way workers communicate, a second study designed to determine the association of organizational orientations with communication apprehension, immediacy, assertiveness, responsiveness, and job satisfaction was conducted as a preliminary validity test. Results of the first two studies pointed to both the reliability and the validity of the new measures. A third study was conducted which included new items designed to increase the reliability of the scales. The results generated revised measures with higher reliability. The fourth study was designed to expand the validation of the instruments by testing their associations ...
The motion of bubbles in a vertical temperature gradient

Abstract The motions of air bubbles in a viscous silicone oil in response to buoyancy and Marangoni forces have been studied. The Marangoni forces are produced by establishing a temperature gradient in the oil which generates a surface tension gradient over the bubbles. From the thermal gradients required to balance the buoyancy and Marangoni forces, the temperature dependence of the surface tension, γ′, is found to be −0.055 mJ/m 2 s. This is in agreement with an independent measurement of γ′ using the pendant drop technique.
Locality-preserving nonnegative matrix factorization for hyperspectral image classification

Feature extraction based on nonnegative matrix factorization is considered for hyperspectral image classification. One shortcoming of most remote-sensing data is low spatial resolution, which causes a pixel to be mixed with several pure spectral signatures, or endmembers. To counter this effect, locality-preserving nonnegative matrix factorization is employed in order to extract an endmembers-based feature representation as well as to preserve the intrinsic geometric structure of hyperspectral data. Subsequently, a Gaussian mixture model classifier is employed in the induced-feature subspace. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed classification system significantly outperforms traditional approaches even in instances of limited training data and severe pixel mixing.
Surgical cannulation of a cortical draining vein for endovascular treatment of a dural arteriovenous fistula of the cavernous sinus

Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVF) of the cavernous sinus most commonly present with ocular symptoms and can be observed or treated with endovascular approaches, surgery, or radiosurgery. Combined surgical-endovascular approaches have been used for fistulas that are not amenable to standard endovascular approaches. A 40-year-old man presented with ocular symptoms from a cavernous sinus DAVF. Multiple previous transarterial and transvenous embolization attempts had failed. The patient underwent craniotomy for surgical exposure and cannulation of an arterialized sylvian vein. Subsequently he underwent coiling and onyx embolization of the DAVF. The intervention resulted in effective obliteration of the fistula. If a cavernous sinus DAVF is refractory to treatment, surgical exposure and cannulation of a cortical draining vein can facilitate transvenous endovascular treatments.
Traitement d’entretien par bacille Calmette-Guérin : enfin un schéma optimal ?

Progres en Urologie - In Press.Proof corrected by the author Available online since samedi 21 septembre 2013
Helium retention and surface blistering characteristics of tungsten with regard to first wall conditions in an inertial fusion energy reactor

Abstract The first wall of an inertial fusion energy reactor may suffer from surface blistering and exfoliation due to helium ion fluxes and extreme temperatures. Tungsten is a candidate for the first wall material. A study of helium retention and surface blistering with regard to helium dose, temperature and tungsten microstructure was conducted to learn how the damaging effects of helium may be diminished. Single crystal and polycrystalline tungsten samples were implanted with 1.3 MeV 3 He in doses ranging from 10 19 /m 2 to 10 22 /m 2 . Implanted samples were analyzed by 3 He(d, p) 4 He nuclear reaction analysis and neutron depth profiling techniques. Surface blistering occurred for doses greater than 10 21 He/m 2 and was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Repeated cycles of implantation and flash annealing indicated that helium retention was reduced with decreasing implant dose per cycle. A carbon foil energy degrader, currently in development, will allow a continuous spectrum of helium implantation energy matching the theoretical models of He ion fluxes within the IFE reactor.
Outlier detection in phosphorus dry deposition rates measured in South Florida

Abstract Dry atmospheric deposition contributes a significant amount of phosphorus to the Everglades of South Florida. Measurement of this deposition is problematic, because samples often are contaminated to varying degrees by bird droppings and other foreign materials. This study attempted to detect and remove the outliers in phosphorus (P) flux rates measured from dry deposition samples. Visual inspection of the samples, recorded in field notes, found that 30.1% of the samples contained animal droppings and frogs. Some of the samples with droppings and frogs (2.3%) had P values greater than 884 μg P m −2 d −1 (a value twice the standard deviation of the raw data mean), and were removed from further analysis. Outlier detection statistics based on a linear regression were then used for additional data screening. Eight stations in the network of 19 were removed because high contamination precluded the use of the regression model. Of the remaining samples, 15.7% were identified through the regression procedure as contaminated and were removed. The 11 station mean for P dry deposition was 85.8±79.0 μg P m −2 d −1 , prior to the regression analysis, and 74.8±75.1 μg P m −2 d −1 after removal.
Erythrocyte membrane proteins: a modified Gorter-Grendel experiment.

The pressure-area isotherm and shear resistance of spectrin-actin monolayers indicate a close-packed structure at about 1.0 m2/mg protein. This surface area is equivalent to a thickness of about two monolayers at the erythrocyte membrane inner face. The maximum elasticity (lowest compressibility) occurs at 0.7 m2/mg protein, indicating the limit of reversible compression. The mechanical properties of the monolayers approximate those of the intact membrane, suggesting that the structures are similar and that these monolayers may account for many of thein vivo properties.
Remediation of Contaminated Sediments

The impact of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on sediments, together with the ultimate transport and migration of constituent chemicals in their dissolved or sorbed states, has led to environmentalists to develop several techniques for cleaning contaminated sediments. Dredging operations for opening new channels or just for maintenance of the existing channels will resuspend the sediments increasing the release of PAHs into the aquatic environment.The impact of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on sediments, together with the ultimate transport and migration of constituent chemicals in their dissolved or sorbed states, has led to environmentalists to develop several techniques for cleaning contaminated sediments.Cleanup of petroleum contaminated sediments using reactors is presented in this paper. Applicability of biological treatment alone or in combination with other technologies is discussed in detail.Copyright © 1997 by ASME
Telecommunication steering committees and their implications

Abstract Rapid advances in telecommunications technology (TT) and its usage have elevated it to a strategic role. This strategic thrust of TT has obvious implications for TT management. This paper reports on a study conducted to identify and analyze the impact of using a distinct steering committee to manage telecommunication technology. Based on statistical analysis of the responses to a survey instrument it is found that having a separate steering committee to manage telecommunication technology has a positive impact on various factors affecting telecommunications usage and management. Implications of our findings for successful TT management are discussed.
The Nasioi Vote Again

An earlier article described some Bougainville villager's first experience with the democratic franchise. These Nasioi-speakers of the Aropa Valley were then in the throes of social and economic change. One factor in this changing situation was the villagers' severe dissatisfaction with European administrators and planters, an attitude which had expressed itself variably in an explicit complaint to a visiting United Nations commission and in endemic "cargoism." Whep the first election for the Papua-New Guinea Territorial House of Assembly took place in 1964, the villagers most familiar to me were initially reluctant to vote at all; refused to vote in the contest for the Special Electorate, reserved for European candidates; and, in the Open Electorate, rejected a Nasioi candidate identified with the Administration in favor of a Banoni speaker with a local reputation for supernatural knowledge and powers. This candidate, Philip, was the victor in the Open contest and became the Member of the House of Assemb...
Discontinuous Solutions of the Navier-Stokes Equations for Multidimensional Flows of Heat-Conducting Fluids

We prove the global existence of weak solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for compressible, heat-conducting fluids in two and three space dimensions when the initial density is close to a constant in L 2∩L ∞, the initial temperature is close to a constant in L 2, and the initial velocity is small in H s ∩L 4, where s=0 when n=2 and when n=3. (The L p norms must be weighted slightly when n=2.) In particular, the initial data may be discontinuous across a hypersurface of n . A great deal of qualitative information about the solution is obtained. For example, we show that the velocity, vorticity, and temperature are relatively smooth in positive time, as is the “effective viscous flux”F, which is the divergence of the velocity minus a certain multiple of the pressure. We find that F plays a central role in the entire analysis, particularly in closing the required energy estimates and in understanding rates of regularization near the initial layer. Moreover, F is precisely the quantity through which the hyperbolicity of the corresponding equations for inviscid fluids shows itself, an effect which is crucial for obtaining time-independent pointwise bounds for the density.
Benign solution processed Cu 2 ZnSn(Se, S) 4 photovoltaic

Solution-based approach to process earth-abundant Cu2ZnSn(Se, S)4 is proved to be a promising route for thin-film photovoltaic fabrication. Combining fully dissolved zinc/tin (Zn/Sn) and copper (Cu) hydrazinuim constituents in the ethanolamine (EA) and its mixture with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) forms the CZTS precursor, which facilitates the composition adjustment. All solutes in this precursor solution are in molecular scale intermixed with excellent homogeneity. Innovated 2-step annealing using sulfur and selenium vapor sequentially assists continuous grain growth, and prevents Mo(S, Se)2 formation. Resulting device achieves 7.5% power conversion efficiency.
The Influence of Household Type on Gender Differences in Work Trip Distance

Conflicting evidence exists in the literature on commuting about whether or not the greater household responsibilities of women lead to their widely observed shorter work trips compared to men. In light of changes in American houehold structures, this study reexamines the household responsibility hypothesis by focusing on household type (defined in terms of number of workers present in the home). Male and female work-trip distances are compared for Baltimore workers in single-worker households and for those in two-worker households. The findings support the household responsibility hypothesis by showing a larger and more significant sex disparity among respondents in two-worker households than among those in single-worker households even after controlling for other factors, including presence of children. These results, and the finding that married women have shorter work trips than married men, are in line with the general conclusions of some previous studies that the unequal division of labor within the...
Fixed point iterations of generalized nonexpansive mappings

Soit K un sous-ensemble convexe borne clos d'un espace de Hilbert H, T une auto-application non dilatation de K. Pour chaque point e dans K on etudie l'application {A n e} ou A est une matrice triangulaire a entrees non negatives
An improved electrode for the assay of urea in blood

Abstract An improved urea enzyme electrode is applied for the determination of urea in blood samples. The electrode is based on the enzymatic hydrolysis of urea, and potentiometric detection of the ammonium ion produced. A silicone rubber-based nonactin ammonium ion-selective electrode serves as the sensor. The selectivity coefficients of this electrode were 6.5 for NH 4 + /K + ; 750 for NH 4 + /Na + , and much higher for other cations. The reaction layer of the electrode was made of urease enzyme chemically immobilized on polyacrylic gel. The prepared gel was stable at 4° for over four months. The electrodes retained their activity for over one month. A three-electrode system, which allowed dilution to a constant interference level, was applied to avoid interfering effects in blood samples. Analyses of blood sera showed good agreement with a standard spectrophotometric method. Routine clinical assays of blood urea are feasible.
Modeling subgrid-scale heat fluxes in the neutral and stratified atmospheric boundary layer

The performances of four models for the subgrid-scale heat flux under conditions of poor resolution typical of large-eddy simulation of atmospheric boundary layer flows are compared using observational data. It is argued that a key feature of a numerically stable model is to accurately predict the probability density function of the dissipation of resolved temperature variance (or at least not overpredict the amount of backscatter). The results show that the nonlinear model yields excessive backscatter in agreement with numerical instabilities observed in a posteriori implementations. It is also observed that the Daly–Harlow–Smagorinsky model performs much better, despite having a similar structure. The source of the excessive backscatter in the nonlinear model is tracked to the presence of the rotation component in the tensor eddy diffusivity. A modified version of the Daly–Harlow model is proposed on the basis of a closure for the subgrid-scale stress tensor using the nonlinear model after elimination o...
Potassium chloride deters Lygus hesperus feeding behavior

A series of bioassays were conducted to determine the response of adult western tarnished plant bugs, Lygus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae), to artificial diets containing potassium chloride (KCl). We first examined the feeding behavior of L. hesperus by direct observation in a no-choice diet feeding arena. We observed a total of 22 Lygus feeding events lasting an average of 411 ± 64 s on the control artificial diet and only three feeding events lasting an average of 11 ± 3 s on the KCl-treated diet. We then conducted several multiple diet choice bioassays to determine the feeding response of L. hesperus when exposed simultaneously to five artificial diet treatments containing different amounts of KCl. For the first bioassay, we used standard clear parafilm diet packets and for the second bioassay we used dark green parafilm diet packets to hold the various diet treatments. Regardless of the diet packet color, L. hesperus overwhelmingly selected the 0% KCl diet treatment over diets containing 3, 6, 9, or 12% KCl. The third and fourth multiple diet choice bioassays were identical to the first bioassay, except that concentrations of the KCl-treated diets were reduced. Lygus hesperus consistently selected the control diet over all diets containing more than 0.5% KCl. However, when the concentration of KCl in the diet was reduced to ≤0.4%, there were no significant differences in feeding activity exhibited by L. hesperus. Finally, to determine if the addition of KCl to the diet influenced their upwind response, we examined the responses of L. hesperus that were simultaneously exposed to a control artificial diet and a diet containing 12% KCl in a Y-tube olfactometer bioassay. Of the 95 adults tested, 47 selected the arm containing the normal diet and 48 selected the arm containing KCl-treated diet, indicating that dietary constituents did not preferentially attract or repel L. hesperus. The results from these studies strongly suggest that KCl negatively affects L. hesperus feeding behavior by functioning as a strong gustatory deterrent when concentrations exceed 0.5%. Visual and volatile cues appeared to have no role in mediating orientation or feeding behavior under these test conditions.
Vector Intensity-Modulation and Channel State Feedback for Multimode Fiber Optic Links

Multimode fibers (MMF) are generally used in short and medium haul optical networks owing to the availability of low cost devices and inexpensive packaging solutions. However, the performance of conventional multimode fibers is limited primarily by the presence of high modal dispersion owing to large core diameters. While electronic dispersion compensation methods improve the bandwidth-distance product of MMFs, they do not utilize the fundamental diversity present in the different modes of the multimode fiber. In this paper, we draw from developments in wireless communication theory and signal processing to motivate the use of vector intensity modulation and signal processing to enable high-data rates over MMFs. Further, we discuss the implementation of a closed-loop system with limited channel state feedback to enable the use of precoding at the transmitter, and show that this technique enhances the performance in a 10 Gb/s MMF link, consisting of 3 km of conventional multimode fiber. Experimental results indicate that vector intensity modulation and direct detection with with two modulators and detectors, along with the use of limited feedback results in a 50% increase over the single laser and detector case.
Power-at-a-Distance

How power is extended vertically through hierarchies and horizontally through industrial networks and markets is a classic issue in sociology that was once extensively studied by Weber. Yet it is little studied today. Definitions of power exclude power exercise beyond the single relation, as does research in exchange networks. In contrast, research in organizations recognizes the extension of power, but offers no theory to explain how it is produced or to identify the conditions which might further or impede it. Here the extension of power beyond the single relationship is called power-at-a-distance. New theory offering metric predictions is applied to power-ata- distance in exchange networks. That theory identifies the conditions that extend power beyond the dyad and the conditions that tend to block that extension. Five experiments on contrasting structures broadly support those predictions. Relations between power-at-a-distance and power centralization are theorized. Practical problems of extending power are addressed and further research is proposed.
Treatment of 4T1 Metastatic Breast Cancer with Combined Hypofractionated Irradiation and Autologous T-Cell Infusion

The goal of this study was to determine whether a combination of local tumor irradiation and autologous T-cell transplantation can effectively treat metastatic 4T1 breast cancer in mice. BALB/c mice were injected subcutaneously with luciferase-labeled 4T1 breast tumor cells and allowed to grow for 21 days, at which time metastases appeared in the lungs. Primary tumors were treated at that time with 3 daily fractions of 20 Gy of radiation each. Although this approach could eradicate primary tumors, tumors in the lungs grew progressively. We attempted to improve efficacy of the radiation by adding autologous T-cell infusions. Accordingly, T cells were purified from the spleens of tumor-bearing mice after completion of irradiation and cryopreserved. Cyclophosphamide was administered thereafter to induce lymphodepletion, followed by T-cell infusion. Although the addition of cyclophosphamide to irradiation did not improve survival or reduce tumor progression, the combination of radiation, cyclophosphamide and autologous T-cell infusion induced durable remissions and markedly improved survival. We conclude that the combination of radiation and autologous T-cell infusion is an effective treatment for metastatic 4T1 breast cancer.
A globally optimal data-driven approach for image distortion estimation

Image alignment in the presence of non-rigid distortions is a challenging task. Typically, this involves estimating the parameters of a dense deformation field that warps a distorted image back to its undistorted template. Generative approaches based on parameter optimization such as Lucas-Kanade can get trapped within local minima. On the other hand, discriminative approaches like Nearest-Neighbor require a large number of training samples that grows exponentially with the desired accuracy. In this work, we develop a novel data-driven iterative algorithm that combines the best of both generative and discriminative approaches. For this, we introduce the notion of a “pull-back” operation that enables us to predict the parameters of the test image using training samples that are not in its neighborhood (not ∊-close) in parameter space. We prove that our algorithm converges to the global optimum using a significantly lower number of training samples that grows only logarithmically with the desired accuracy. We analyze the behavior of our algorithm extensively using synthetic data and demonstrate successful results on experiments with complex deformations due to water and clothing.
Relative Symmetries of Differential Equations

Let Δ: J ∞ ν → J ∞ π be a differential operator, where J ∞ ν (resp. J ∞ ν) is the infinite-jet bundle of the bundle ν: F → M (resp. π :E → M). Let I 1 ν : be the Cartan submodule of the module Λ 1 (K ν ) of 1-forms over the ring K ν = C ∞ (J ∞ ν). Among all derivatigns of K π into K ν along Δ 1 , we classify those which map I 1 π into I 1π ν They turn out to be quasi-evolution equations.
Changes in the sensitivity of enzymes in the dry state to radiation.

Evidence is presented that the effect of ionizing radiation on dried enzyme preparation can be altered by the addition of any one of several compounds. Data are tabulated. (C.H.)
Theory for the formation of intercellular junctions based on intramembranous particle patterns observed in the freeze fracture technique.

Abstract A heterogeneous continuum theory of biological membrane interactions is presented which takes account of the spatial inhomogeneity of intramembranous particle patterns observed in ultrastructural studies of junctional complexes using the freeze-cleaved technique. The theory attempts to explain (i) how electrostatic and electrodynamic forces between particles of different biochemical composition in the same and opposing membranes might give rise to the specialized particle configurations characteristic of tight and gap junctions, (ii) how the spatial non-uniformity of the membrane proteins quantitatively modifies the local long range molecular level force field between adjacent membrane bilayers and (iii) how membrane elastic stresses and the modified molecular level forces combine to determine the equilibrium configurations of the various junctional complexes. The mathematical problem is highly non-linear since the molecular forces are a rapidly varying function of the local membrane spacing which is a priori unknown. The simplified dimensionless boundary value problem to determine the junction geometry has been reduced to a fourth order quasi one-dimensional equation with split end point conditions. The equation is singular in the vicinity of the junction complex and special solution techniques had to be employed. The numerical results are in reasonable quantitative agreement with electron microscopic observations of tight, gap and venous junctions.