cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The anionic ring-opening polymerization of N -(methanesulfonyl)azetidine

The anionic ring-opening polymerization (AROP) of an azetidine is reported for the first time. The AROP of N-(methanesulfonyl)azetidine (MsAzet), initiated by nBuN(K)Ms, occurs in DMSO at elevated temperatures to form p(MsAzet) as a branched polymer. The polymerization is first order with respect to MsAzet and the number of active chain ends remains constant during the polymerization. Polymer branching occurs due to chain transfer through deprotonation of the methanesulfonyl group, which in turn can initiate a new polymer chain. Evidence for transfer to DMSO is also presented.
Rights of Postsecondary Readers and Learners

A position statement on the rights of adult readers and learners was adopted by the CRLA board in 2002 and published with a theoretical rationale in JCRL, Spring 2003. The statement was a guideline for educators seeking to improve the quality of adult education. In 2016, at the request of the board, the original authors contacted CRLA leaders and experts to collaborate on a revision of the statement to reflect current terminology and practice. Postsecondary student rights in the areas of quality instructors, instruction, assessment, and materials were updated and an additional category focusing on institutions was added. The revisions and additions below include references. This new statement was approved by the CRLA board in November, 2016.
Risks and outcomes of direct current cardioversion in children and young adults with congenital heart disease.

Objectives Evaluate the efficacy, outcomes, and complications associated with direct current cardioversion (DCCV) in the treatment of arrhythmias in pediatric and adult congenital heart disease (CHD) populations and identify patient and procedural characteristics associated with adverse events. Background Pediatric and adult patients with CHD are at risk of atrial arrhythmias. DCCV is effective but is associated with potential complications. Methods In this single-center retrospective series, patients who underwent DCCV between January 2010 and May 2015 were identified and categorized as pediatric ( 18 years). Records were reviewed for demographic, arrhythmic, and CHD-specific characteristics; acute efficacy; and 3-month arrhythmia recurrence. Complications were categorized as life-threatening (LT) or non-life-threatening (NLT). Univariate followed by multiple variable and logistic regression (LR) analyses were used to identify characteristics associated with complications. Results We identified 104 patients with 152 discrete DCCV events with median age 17.4 years (0.15-62.2). DCCV efficacy was 89% with 3-month recurrence of 46%. There were 52 complications among 24 patients, median age 17.7 years (0.15-49). Risks associated with NLT complications are as follows: moderate-severe systolic dysfunction (8/152 encounters, P = 18 years and associated NLT complication. Adults had more frequent arrhythmia recurrence within 3 months than children (P = Conclusions DCCV is effective for arrhythmias but is associated with frequent recurrence, particularly in adult patients. Complications associated with DCCV may be greater than previously reported. Additional support and precautions should be in place for those at greatest risk.
Assessing Drug Safety in Children - The Role of Real-World Data.

Assessing Drug Safety in Children There are substantial gaps in evidence regarding the safety of many drugs in children. Increasingly, studies assessing drug safety can incorporate data obtained in...
Ocean Modelling on Supercomputers

We describe the use of supercomputers in general and the necessary considerations for their efficient use in ocean modelling. A brief history of supercomputer development is given, and the relative merits of the Cray X-MP and Cyber 205 (the two leading supercomputers at present) machines are compared. Automatic vectorization is described for both machines. Explicit vectorization via the Cyber 205 Fortran vector extensions is discussed.
American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Perspectives

In order to present an overview of American Indians and Alaska Natives mental health issues, the authors have purposefully avoided specific examples or generalizable guidelines that would mislead the readers due to the extreme cultural and historical differences that comprise the many American Indians and Alaska Natives nations. It is also important to note that in the context of diversity, American Indian and Alaska Native identity is defined politically due to their collective history of being citizens of sovereign nations, not solely by racial, ethnic, or cultural terms.
Combination of cannabinoids, Δ9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), mitigate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by altering the gut microbiome.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS), is a common autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. Currently, there is no cure for MS, and most treatments involve the use of immunosuppressive drugs that can have adverse effects or increased toxicity. Cannabis, commonly known as marijuana, is a product of the Cannabis sativa , and for several centuries has been used as an alternative medicine in many cultures. Cannabis sativa produces over 421 chemical compounds, including about 80 terpenophenols named phytocannabinoids, and include both psychotropic THC and non-psychoactive CBD. In the currently study, we show that a combination therapy using THC and CBD results in amelioration of EAE, an animal model of MS, by reducing hind limb paralysis, decreasing immune cellular infiltration into the brain, and mitigating the presence of inflammatory biomarkers, including gram negative bacteria-associated lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Interestingly, the gut microbiome plays an important role in immune function and studies have shown that it is altered significantly in MS patients. Inasmuch, we performed 16S rRNA sequencing on experimental groups to investigate the gut microbiome composition after using a combination of THC and CBD compared to disease controls. Interestingly, we found that EAE mice showed increase in the mucin degrading bacterial species, Akkermansia municiphila , which was significantly reduced in disease mice treated with THC+CBD. Collectively, our data suggests that THC+CBD can ameliorate EAE by preventing accumulation of mucin-degrading bacteria that would lead to increased gut microbial dysbiosis.
Data-Driven Energy Efficient Driving Control in Connected Vehicle Environment

Abstract Reducing transportation-related energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have been a common goal of public agencies and research institutes for years. In 2013, the total energy consumed by the transportation sector in the United States was as high as 24.90 quadrillion BTU. In 2013, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported that nearly 27% of GHG emissions resulted from fossil fuel combustion for transportation activities. From a vehicle perspective, innovative powertrain technologies, such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), are very promising in improving fossil fuel efficiency and reducing exhaust emissions. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) attracted most of the attention due to their ability to also use energy from off the electricity grid, through charging their batteries, thereby achieving even higher overall energy efficiency.
ACRL Framework in Information Literacy in Mathematics and Statistics Class: What Students of Mathematics Think about It?

The Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) Framework for Information Literacy, based on threshold concepts, has become the important source for guidance for instruction librarians in ...
A Low-Power Voltage-Clamped CMOS pH to Frequency Sensor

This paper presents a low-power voltage clamped CMOS pH readout circuit. The novelty of this design lies in an ISFET pH to frequency conversion using a voltage clamping topology. The proposed system, designed in a commercial 180 nm CMOS technology, achieves minimum supply voltage and minimum power consumption through subthreshold MOSFET operation. Simulation results of the circuit show that the designed ISFET provides an average sensitivity of 40 mV/pH for the ISFET front end readout and 6.92 MHz/V and 138 kHz/pH for the overall system with an ISFET sensing area of 80 µm × 80 µm over a 1–14 pH range. A 10 µm × 10 µm shows 27 mV/pH with 6.03 MHz/V and 120 kHz/pH over a 1–14 pH range for the pH to frequency system. The power consumption is 40.20 µW with an area of 0.0036 mm2. Monte Carlo simulations for the 80 µm × 80 µm electrode size shows the mean frequency for pH 4, 7, and 10 to be 5.82 MHz, 5.98 MHz, and 6.14 MHz with the maximum standard deviation of 346 kHz and the minimum standard deviation of 285 kHz.
Changes in Anticoagulant Utilization Among United States Nursing Home Residents With Atrial Fibrillation From 2011 to 2016

Background Nursing home residents with atrial fibrillation are at high risk for ischemic stroke and bleeding events. The most recent national estimate (2004) indicated less than one third of this h...
Incidence of severe late toxicities of head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) treatment in the era of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).

e17570Background: IMRT for HNSCC limits exposure to critical nearby structures thereby reducing toxicities. Real world data on toxicities after long term follow-up post IMRT for HNSCC are lacking. ...
Total Synthesis of the Serine-Threonine Phosphatase Inhibitor Microcystin-LA

Reversible protein phosphorylation, which is mediated by kinases and phosphatases, is a major control element of the cell. There is a diverse group of toxic natural products that inhibit certain phosphatases, thereby disrupting normal biochemical pathways. These toxins can be useful for dissecting the individual biochemical pathways associated with each of these enzymes. This Article describes the first total synthesis of one such toxin, the cyclic heptapeptide microcystin-LA. The synthesis features a convergent route that is amenable to analog preparation in the search for selective phosphatase inhibitors. A new route to the unusual amino acid Adda is described, which incorporates an efficient diastereoselective aspartate alkylation and diene synthesis via a Suzuki coupling reaction. This work also features an efficient preparation of an N-methylalanine containing peptide via a Horner−Emmons condensation and several difficult amino acid coupling reactions that relied heavily on Carpino's remarkable HATU ...
Arrow: Low-Level Augmented Bayesian Optimization for Finding the Best Cloud VM

With the advent of big data applications, which tend to have longer execution time, choosing the right cloud VM has significant performance and economic implications. For example, in our large-scale empirical study of 107 different workloads on three popular big data systems, we found that a wrong choice can lead to a 20 times slowdown or an increase in cost by 10 times. Bayesian optimization is a technique for optimizing expensive (black-box) functions. Previous work has only used instance-level information (such as core counts and memory size) which is not sufficient to represent the search space. In this work, we discover that this may lead to the fragility problem–either incurs high search cost or finds only the sub-optimal solution. The central insight of this paper is to use low-level performance information to augment the process of Bayesian Optimization. Our novel low-level augmented Bayesian Optimization is rarely worse than current practices and often performs much better (in 46 of 107 cases). Further, it significantly reduces the search cost in nearly half of our case studies. Based on this work, we conclude that it is often insufficient to use general-purpose off-the-shelf methods for configuring cloud instances without augmenting those methods with essential systems knowledge such as CPU utilization, working memory size and I/O wait time.
Sociocultural approaches to mobile learning in bilingual teacher preparation: The benefits of SAML as both a strategy and belief

This article presents a cooperative inquiry into how teacher educators prepare bilingual teacher candidates to adopt sociocultural approaches to mobile learning in their field-based courses as a pl...
Modeling Crosstie-Ballast Load Distribution in a Railroad Trackbed using a Linear-Elastic Analysis:

This paper details a linear-elastic approach to modeling crosstie-ballast interfacial load distribution in a railroad timber crosstie trackbed using RISA 3D, a finite element modeling software. RIS...
Surgical Site Infections (SSI) – Prophylaxis and Management

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a common and potentially disastrous complication in the perioperative setting, resulting in increased morbidity, prolonged hospitalizations, and death. There are a number of different categorizations and risk factors for SSIs, all of which may be influenced by certain parameters in perioperative care. This chapter will discuss considerations for the pre-, intra-, and postoperative periods that will have an impact on a patient’s susceptibility for infection. Other things discussed will include treatment considerations, surgical concerns, and opportunities for quality improvement.
Spatial Attention Enhances Crowded Stimulus Encoding across Modeled Receptive Fields by Increasing Redundancy of Feature Representations.

Any visual system, biological or artificial, must make a trade-off between the number of units used to represent the visual environment and the spatial resolution of the sampling array. Humans and some other animals are able to allocate attention to spatial locations to reconfigure the sampling array of receptive fields (RFs), thereby enhancing the spatial resolution of representations without changing the overall number of sampling units. Here, we examine how representations of visual features in a fully convolutional neural network interact and interfere with each other in an eccentricity-dependent RF pooling array and how these interactions are influenced by dynamic changes in spatial resolution across the array. We study these feature interactions within the framework of visual crowding, a well-characterized perceptual phenomenon in which target objects in the visual periphery that are easily identified in isolation are much more difficult to identify when flanked by similar nearby objects. By separately simulating effects of spatial attention on RF size and on the density of the pooling array, we demonstrate that the increase in RF density due to attention is more beneficial than changes in RF size for enhancing target classification for crowded stimuli. Furthermore, by varying target and flanker spacing, as well as the spatial extent of attention, we find that feature redundancy across RFs has more influence on target classification than the fidelity of the feature representations themselves. Based on these findings, we propose a candidate mechanism by which spatial attention relieves visual crowding through enhanced feature redundancy that is mostly due to increased RF density.
A comparison of nonspecific and nictitating membrane conditioned responses: Additional support for two-factor theories

Our review of the Pavlovian defensive conditioning literature (Lennartz & Weinberger, 1992) was presented as support for two-factor theories and demonstrated a bimodal distribution of acquisition rates. “Nonspecific” responses (e.g., heart rate changes or conditioned suppression) condition more rapidly than do “specific” responses (e.g., nictitating membrane). However, Kehoe and Macrae (this issue) have argued that the acquisition rate of nictitating membrane (NM) conditioned responses is inversely related to the number of trials per day, and that our survey included, almost exclusively, NM studies with a relatively large number of daily trials. We reanalyzed the data to eliminate this (unintended) bias. The results show that even with very few trials per day, NM conditioned responses are more slowly acquired than is conditioned suppression. We also address other issues raised by Kehoe and Macrae, such as the distinction between associative systems and peripheral responses, and other investigators’ views on two-factor theories.
Types of Seed Dormancy

The chapter focuses on dormancy and discusses six broad categories of dormancy. It explains that the types of dormancy are considered in relation to types of seeds. The dormancy results from a characteristic of the seed, called organic dormancy. There are two general types of organic seed dormancy that includes endogenous and exogenous. Before seeds with either endogenous or exogenous dormancy can germinate, changes must occur in seeds that remove the block(s) to germination. The challenge of germination ecologists is to define the environmental conditions required to bring about changes in seeds that result in a release from dormancy and to correlate these with factors that promote dormancy break in nature. A complication in the study of chemical dormancy is that most seeds from which germination inhibitors have been isolated also exhibit physiological dormancy. Further, when physiological dormancy is broken, there is no evidence that chemicals in the seed prevent germination. Chemical dormancy may be used to describe only those species whose seeds lack physiological dormancy, and thus, the factor preventing germination is a chemical that can be leached out of the seed or somehow deactivated.
PHENOTHIAZINE TRANQUILIZERS AS A CAUSE OF SEVERE SEIZURES

The phenothiazine tranquilizer drugs should not be used indiscriminately for symptomatic treatment without due appreciation of the alarming and potentially serious side effects which may follow relatively small doses, especially in childhood. Minimal dosage, due warning to parents of possible symptoms, and careful observation are essential precautions for physicians who use these agents.
Sparse Representations for Fast, One-Shot Learning

Humans rapidly and reliably learn many kinds of regularities and generalizations. We propose a novel model of fast learning that exploits the properties of sparse representations and the constraints imposed by a plausible hardware mechanism. To demonstrate our approach we describe a computational model of acquisition in the domain of morphophonology. We encapsulate phonological information as bidirectional boolean constraint relations operating on the classical linguistic representations of speech sounds in term of distinctive features. The performance model is described as a hardware mechanism that incrementally enforces the constraints. Phonological behavior arises from the action of this mechanism. Constraints are induced from a corpus of common English nouns and verbs. The induction algorithm compiles the corpus into increasingly sophisticated constraints. The algorithm yields one-shot learning from a few examples. Our model has been implemented as a computer program. The program exhibits phonological behavior similar to that of young children. As a bonus the constraints that are acquired can be interpreted as classical linguistic rules.
Bill Clinton in Arkansas: Generational Politics, the Technology of Political Communication and the Permanent Campaign

In 1978, 31‐year‐old William Jefferson Clinton was elected Arkansas governor. The bright and engaging, albeit hardly modest, former Rhodes Scholar claimed that his victory would herald “a new era o...
Milk and Milk Products

Milk Fat Proteins Lactose Mineral Components Miscellaneous Components Keywords: milk and milk products; off-flavor development
Case-Based plan diversity

The concept of diversity was successfully introduced for recommender-systems. By displaying results that are not only similar to a target problem but also diverse among themselves, recommender systems have been shown to provide more effective guidance to the user. We believe that similar benefits can be obtained in case-based planning, provided that diversity-enhancement techniques can be adapted appropriately. Our claim is that diversity is truly useful when it refers not only to the initial and goal states of a plan, but also to the sequence of actions the plan consists of. To formalize this characteristic and support our claim, we define the metric of “plan diversity” and put it to test using plans for a real-time strategy game, a domain chosen for the simplicity and clarity of its tasks and the quantifiable results it generates.
Changes in South Pacific anthropogenic carbon

[1] The changes in anthropogenic CO2 are evaluated in the South Pacific, along the meridional line P18 (110°W) and the zonal line P06 (32°S), using the extended multiple linear regression (eMLR) method. The structure of the column inventory of anthropogenic CO2 on P18 is similar to the southern section of P16 in the central South Pacific (150°W), but the overall increase is greater by approximately 5–10 μmol kg−1. The value of the anthropogenic CO2 inventory on P18 is in agreement at the crossover point of an earlier evaluation of P06. Subsequent changes in pH due to the increase in anthropogenic CO2 are also evaluated. The change in pH is determined from the changes in anthropogenic CO2 and do not reflect variability in other decadal signals. For both cruise tracks, the average annual change in pH is −0.0016 mol kg−1 yr−1. This value is in good agreement with the average decrease in pH in the North Pacific, at the Hawaii Times Series and the subtropical North Atlantic. The uptake rates of anthropogenic CO2 are within reasonable agreement with similar studies in the South Pacific. There is evidence for greater uptake of anthropogenic CO2 in the western South Pacific and is attributed to the formation of subtropical Mode Water in the region.
Stringy P-Branes: Suggestions of Dimensional Duality

I discuss how a “dimensional duality” would exist between a pair of string models with \(d = (p + 1)\) and \(d = (D - p - 3)\) non-compact dimensions, if these models could generate, respectively, the zero-modes of dual \({p^1}\) and \((D - p - 4)\)-branes living in D spacetime dimensions.
Cirrhosis In Women: A Clinicopathologic Study

The natural history of some diseases is different according to the sex of the person afflicted. The purpose of this study was to examine the disease, cirrhosis-its clinical, etiologic, and pathologic features as it affects women. All cases in which cirrhosis was associated with obstruction of the external biliary tract, hemochromatosis, congestive heart failure, or hyperthyroidism were excluded. The basic pathologic principles of cirrhosis were well crystallized by de J osselin de J ong! in 1931. He correctly defined all types of cirrhosis on the basis of three common pathologic characteristics: (1) degeneration and death of hepatic cells, (2) proliferation of connective tissue, and (3) regeneration of hepatic cells. These three criteria have been the subject of intensive investigation since they were formulated. Although some investigators have placed great emphasis on the connective tissue reaction,2, 3 we have stressed the role of the regeneration of the hepatic cells,4-9 particularly in the form of the regenerative nodule, as the important physiopathologic condition in cirrhosis after destruction of parenchyma. Accordingly, we have accepted as examples of cirrhosis in women only those instances in which nodular regeneration was a feature of the reparative process.
Identification of type 2 diabetes subgroups through topological analysis of patient similarity

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogeneous complex disease affecting more than 29 million Americans alone with a rising prevalence trending toward steady increases in the coming decades. Thus, there is a pressing clinical need to improve early prevention and clinical management of T2D and its complications. Clinicians have understood that patients who carry the T2D diagnosis have a variety of phenotypes and susceptibilities to diabetes-related complications. We used a precision medicine approach to characterize the complexity of T2D patient populations based on high-dimensional electronic medical records (EMRs) and genotype data from 11,210 individuals. We successfully identified three distinct subgroups of T2D from topology-based patient-patient networks. Subtype 1 was characterized by T2D complications diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy; subtype 2 was enriched for cancer malignancy and cardiovascular diseases; and subtype 3 was associated most strongly with cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, allergies, and HIV infections. We performed a genetic association analysis of the emergent T2D subtypes to identify subtype-specific genetic markers and identified 1279, 1227, and 1338 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that mapped to 425, 322, and 437 unique genes specific to subtypes 1, 2, and 3, respectively. By assessing the human disease-SNP association for each subtype, the enriched phenotypes and biological functions at the gene level for each subtype matched with the disease comorbidities and clinical differences that we identified through EMRs. Our approach demonstrates the utility of applying the precision medicine paradigm in T2D and the promise of extending the approach to the study of other complex, multifactorial diseases.
Segmentation strategies for spoken language recognition: evidence from semi-bilingual Japanese speakers of English

The present study investigates speech segmentation of English by semi-bilingual Japanese speaker of English. Two experiments were conducted with forty subjects. The first experiment used a syllable-monitoring task and the results did not show a moraic segmentation strategy, which is a language-specific segmentation strategy for native speakers of Japanese. This suggests that they employed a general or segment-by-segment sub-lexical segmentation strategy rather than a language-specific moraic segmentation strategy for accessing the lexicon. The second experimental used a phoneme monitoring task and here the results supported a language-specific moraic segmentation. Taken together, experiments suggest that semi-bilingual Japanese speaker have two segmentation strategies for spoken language recognition, supporting a model proposed by Cutler and colleagues. These results also suggest that these semi-bilingual only partly suppress their native language-specific segmentation, which makes them comparable to the perfectly balanced French-English bilingual in a study by Cutler and colleagues.
Afferents to the midline thalamus issue collaterals to the nucleus tractus solitarii : an anatomical basis for thalamic and visceral reflex integration

The goal of this study was to establish a structural basis for thalamic and visceral integration. We sought to define neural networks that convey visceral or integrated environmental stimuli to the diffuse thalamocortical relay system and that link periodic changes in forebrain and visceral reflex function. Our experiments were designed to determine whether afferents to the midline-intralaminar thalamic nuclei (MIT) issue collaterals to the general viscerosensory division of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). Experiments were performed on anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. Two tracers, FluoroGold and rhodamine latex microbeads, were stereotaxically centered on the MIT and NTS, respectively, in each animal. Subsets of midline thalamic afferents were identified that issue collaterals to the solitary complex. In the cerebral cortex, dually labeled soma were detected in layer V of the insular and infralimbic areas. In the subcortical forebrain, the lateral septal nucleus, anterolateral area of the bed nuclei of stria terminalis, medial preoptic nucleus, medial and central amygdaloid nuclei, caudal lateral hypothalamic area, supramammillary nucleus, and parvicellular division of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus constitute other newly identified sources of collateral projection. In the midbrain and pons, collateral projection cells were observed in the periaqueductal gray, dorsal raphe nucleus, mesencephalic reticular formation, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, lateral and medial parabrachial nuclei, and noradrenergic A5 area. In the lateral parabrachial nucleus, dually labeled neurons were detected in the dorsal-lateral division. In the medulla, collaterals are derived from cells in the rostral and caudal ventrolateral reticular formation and parapyramidal area. Dually labeled cells were also found in the cerebellar fastigial nucleus. Collaterals may coordinate changes in visceral reflex excitability and thalamocortical rhythms during phases of sleep-wake cycle and behavioral expression.
Functions and Regulation of NF-κB RelA during Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Eradication of bacteria in the lower respiratory tract depends on the coordinated expression of proinflammatory cytokines and consequent neutrophilic inflammation. To determine the roles of the NF-kappaB subunit RelA in facilitating these events, we infected RelA-deficient mice (generated on a TNFR1-deficient background) with Streptococcus pneumoniae. RelA deficiency decreased cytokine expression, alveolar neutrophil emigration, and lung bacterial killing. S. pneumoniae killing was also diminished in the lungs of mice expressing a dominant-negative form of IkappaBalpha in airway epithelial cells, implicating this cell type as an important locus of NF-kappaB activation during pneumonia. To study mechanisms of epithelial RelA activation, we stimulated a murine alveolar epithelial cell line (MLE-15) with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) harvested from mice infected with S. pneumoniae. Pneumonic BALF, but not S. pneumoniae, induced degradation of IkappaBalpha and IkappaBbeta and rapid nuclear accumulation of RelA. Moreover, BALF-induced RelA activity was completely abolished following combined but not individual neutralization of TNF and IL-1 signaling, suggesting either cytokine is sufficient and necessary for alveolar epithelial RelA activation during pneumonia. Our results demonstrate that RelA is essential for the host defense response to pneumococcus in the lungs and that RelA in airway epithelial cells is primarily activated by TNF and IL-1.
Flying-hot-wire study of two-dimensional mean flow past an NACA 4412 airfoil at maximum lift

Hot-wire measurements have been made in the boundary layer, the separated region, and the near wake for flow past an NACA 4412 airfoil at maximum lift. The Reynolds number based on chord was about 1,500, 000. Special care was taken to achieve a two-dimensional mean flow. The main instrumentation was a flying hot wire; that is, a hot-wire probe mounted on the end of a rotating arm. The probe velocity was sufficiently high to avoid the usual rectification problem by keeping the relative flow direction always within a range of ±30 degrees to the probe axis. A digital computer was used to control synchronized sampling of hot-wire data at closely spaced points along the probe arc. Ensembles of data were obtained at several thousand locations in the flow field. The data include intermittency, two components of mean velocity, and twelve mean values for double, triple, and quadruple products of two velocity fluctuations. No information was obtained about the third (spanwise) velocity component. An unexpected effect of rotor interference was identified and brought under control. The data are available on punched cards in raw form and also after use of smoothing and interpolation routines to obtain values on a fine rectangular grid aligned with the airfoil chord. The data are displayed in the paper as contour plots.
Mesoscopic phonon transmission through a nanowire-bulk contact

We calculate the frequency-dependent mesoscopic acoustic phonon transmission probability through the abrupt junction between a semi-infinite, one-dimensional cylindrical quantum wire and a three-dimensional bulk insulator, using a perturbative technique that is valid at low frequency. The system is described using elasticity theory, and traction-free boundary conditions are applied to all free surfaces. In the low-frequency limit the transmission probability vanishes as ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}$, the transport being dominated by the longitudinal channel, which produces a monopole source of elastic radiation at the surface of the bulk solid. The thermal conductance between an equilibrated wire nonadiabatically coupled to a bulk insulator should therefore vanish with temperature as ${T}^{3}$.
Stresses in a thin slab with different elastic properties from that of the substrate due to distributed normal and shearing forces on the surface of the slab

Abstract This paper presents a general solution for the state of stress in a thin slab and the semi-infinite substrate under any given boundary loading at the surface of the slab. Under the assumptions that (1) the slab and substrate adhere perfectly to each other, (2) they are each individually homogeneous, isotropic, and linearly elastic, and therefore (3) they may be governed by the equations of elasticity, the solution is obtained in Fourier integral form. Numerical results are presented for two special cases in which the boundary loadings consist of (1) uniformly distributed uni-directional shearing force (Fig. 1, Case 1); and (2) elliptically distributed uni-directional shearing force (Fig. 1, Case II) respectively. The area of loading is a circle of radius a on the surface of the slab. The slab and the substrate are referred to the ( r 1 , z 1 , θ 1 ) and ( r 2 , z 2 , θ 2 ) coordinate systems respectively.
The advantages of a negative branch unstable resonator for use with free-electron lasers

The sensitivity to misalignment of an almost concentric stable resonator is compared to that of a negative branch confocal unstable resonator, with specific applications to free-electron lasers. The practicability of both resonators is examined for both grazing and normal incidence configurations within the constraints of maximum feasible length, finite angular stability of resonator mirrors, size (determined by cooling requirements) of laser beam on mirrors, and minimum electron beam spot size in the wiggler. For the examples presented, a numerical fast Fourier transform propagation code was used.
SIMULATION OF NUCLEATION KINETICS: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE KINETIC ORRECTION FACTOR FOR THE URVIVAL THEORY

From several simulations of nucleation kinetics, the number of surviving nuclei were found to differ from that predicted by the survival theory. This difference led to the development of a kinetic correction factor to be applied to the survival theory. This correction factor depends upon the relaxation behavior of the nucleation rate which in turn depends upon the supersaturation and the distribution function of the disturbance. This study was extended to non gaussian shaped disturbance functions
Prediction of effective through-thickness thermal conductivity of woven fabric reinforced composites with embedded particles

Abstract A detailed three dimensional finite element model is used to predict the through-thickness thermal conductivity of a composite consisting of a woven fabric and matrix and compared with existing analytical two component models. It is found that Pilling’s constitutive model for two phase system agrees well with the numerical predictions. Then uniformly or randomly distributed conductive particles are introduced in the matrix and the effective thermal conductivity of this three-phase system is evaluated numerically. A unified hybrid constitutive model is proposed for the through-thickness thermal conductivity prediction for the particle embedded woven fabric system, incorporating a combination of generalized rule of mixtures and Pilling model to address a wide range of particle volumes and particle and fiber thermal conductivities. The proposed model can be used as a simple guideline to estimate the through-thickness thermal conductivity of such three component composite structures with woven fabrics, particles and matrices.
Cancer surgeons' distress and well-being, I: the tension between a culture of productivity and the need for self-care.

Burnout is a prevalent and important occupational hazard among surgical oncologists. The well-being or distress experienced can have a significant effect on clinicians and their families, the quality of care provided to patients, and the success of the health care organization. We aimed to measure the prevalence of burnout, psychiatric morbidity, and quality of life using standardized measures; characterize associated features; and ascertain the surgical faculty’s views on potential interventions and obstacles to change. Additional questions about service commitment to well-being, use of annual leave, and attitudes about weekend surgical practice were constructed to guide future targeted interventions. Among the 72 surgeons who responded (response rate of 73%), we found that 42% of surgeons reported burnout and 27% psychiatric levels of distress, while 30% used alcohol and 13% used sleep medications as a possible means to cope. Only one third of surgeons reported high quality of life across physical, emotional, spiritual, and intellectual domains. Compared to general surgical practices, cancer surgeons achieved more personal fulfillment and made less use of distancing methods to cope with their patients. Institutional culture contributes to the nonuse of available annual leave, attitudes about weekend operating schedules, and missed opportunities for the leadership to attend to surgeons’ well-being.
Experimental Construct Validity of the Outcomes of Study Skills Training and Career Counseling as Treatments for the Retention of At-Risk Students

The authors evaluated the separate and combined effects of study skills training and career counseling on student retention. Participants who were at high risk for dropping out of college were randomly assigned to one of four treatment or control conditions. The study-skills-alone treatment had a significant impact on retention; all of these participants continued their enrollment in the following two semesters. Career-counseling-alone and a combined (study skills plus career counseling) treatment did not register significant effects. Participants who received the study-skills-alone treatment also achieved significantly greater academic success; 88% had grade point averages (GPAs) equal to or greater than 2.0, whereas most other treatment and control participants had GPAs lower than 2.0 and were placed on academic probation. Issues relevant to the construct validity of these changes are discussed.
Heteromultimeric Interactions among K+ Channel Subunits from Shaker and eag Families in Xenopus Oocytes

Heteromultimeric interactions of K+ channel subunits across different families have been thought to contribute to the functional diversity of ionic currents, as suggested by previous genetic evidence. We present here direct demonstration in Xenopus oocytes that subunits from distinct eag and Shaker families functionally interact, most likely as heteromultimeric channels. Coexpression with eag accelerates the inactivation and slows the recovery from inactivation of the transient Shaker current. Site-directed mutagenesis indicates that the eag carboxyl terminus is crucial for this interaction, exerting effects preferentially on N-type inactivation. Many members of the eag and Shaker families have now been identified and their human homologs implicated in cardiac and neurological disorders. Studies on channel subunit interactions may prove important in understanding the disease pattern and the complex functions of the brain.
Ultrastructural analysis of kainic acid lesion to cerebellar cortex.

Abstract Infusion of kainic acid into the cerebellar cortex of the hamster causes a selective pattern of neuronal degeneration in which granule celis are largely spared and the other neuronal types in a radius of 1–2 mm are affected. Degeneration proceeded rapidly with dilatation of the channels of granular endoplasmic reticulum evident by 15 min, followed by collapse of the dendrites within 30–120 min and ending in pyknosis of the neuronal perikarya; Wallerian degeneration of axons and terminals of the affected neurons ensued subsequently. Notably, the Golgi II neurons appeared exquisitely sensitive to kainic acid and underwent degenerative changes much more rapidly than other affected neurons. A peculiar feature of the pathogenesis of the lesion was the fact that intact synaptic terminals on Purkinje cell dendritic spines remained tightly attached to their postsynaptic elements; these ‘synaptic moustache’, remnants of the post-synaptic specialization, persisted up to three weeks after lesion. Although Bergmann glial cells did not degenerate, their processes, when apposed to affected neurons, exhibited marked swelling; a gradual accumulation of glial filaments occurred following the lesion. The pattern of neuronal degeneration in the cerebellum precipitated by kainic acid is compatible with the hypothesis that neurons receiving glutamatergic innervation are particularly sensitive to the neurotoxin.
Molecular Genetic Mapping of the Mouse Male Sterility and Histoincompatibility (mshi) Mutation on Proximal Chromosome 10

The recessive male sterility and histoincompatibility (mshi) mutation in the mouse generates pleiotropic effects on histocompatibility and male reproduction, while female mutants appear to be reproductively normal. We have mapped the mshi mutation to mouse Chromosome (Chr) 10 by analysis of 126 progeny from an intraspecific backcross. Our analysis both places the male sterility and histoincompatibility controlled by mshi within a 20-cM interval between the markers D10Mit51/D10Mit212 and D10Mit170 and has allowed the ordering of several other microsatellite markers on Chr 10 that were previously unresolved. The high-resolution backcross panel we describe should facilitate the isolation of more tightly linked probe sequences and, ultimately, the molecular identification of the gene or genes affected by this interesting mutation.
Social and economic impacts of four musculoskeletal conditions

The present study uses data from a national, community-based survey to compare the social impact of and medical care use due to 4 musculoskeletal conditions: rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, lower back pain, and tendinitis. The study also compares the impacts experienced by persons with these conditions with those experienced by a sample of persons having a broader range of musculoskeletal conditions, and by an age-adjusted sample representing the entire U.S. population. Rheumatoid arthritis leads to the most frequent use of physician services; lower back pain results in the most hospitalizations and surgery. Rheumatoid arthritis also causes the most restriction in activity. We found that as a broad group, persons with musculoskeletal disease experience about the same amount of restriction in activity and use about the same amount of medical care as U.S. citizens as a whole. This study demonstrates that health planning on the basis of specific musculoskeletal conditions is necessary to serve the disparate needs of persons with particular, discrete conditions.
Smoking and Schizophrenic Psychopathology

Individuals with schizophrenia use cigarettes at a rate significantly above that of the general population. A variety of explanations for this phenomenon are available, with none taking precedence. In this study the authors examined 80 schizophrenic individuals in an intensive community support program. Eighty-eight percent are current smokers and smoking is significantly associated with overall psychopathology. When demographic variables are controlled, smoking does not contribute to medication use or tardive dsykinesia as inferred from the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale. These results, although confirming some findings in the literature, underscore the importance of controlling for demographic variables, especially age, when analyzing for possible effects of smoking on schizophrenia.
Higher order exponential time differencing scheme for system of coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations

The coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations are highly used in modeling the various phenomena in nonlinear fiber optics, like propagation of pulses. Efficient and reliable numerical schemes are required for analysis of these models and for improvement of the fiber communication system. In this paper, we introduce a new version of the Cox and Matthews third order exponential time differencing Runge-Kutta (ETD3RK) scheme based on the (1,2)-Pade approximation to the exponential function. In addition, we present its local extrapolation form to improve temporal accuracy to the fourth order. The developed scheme and its extrapolation are seen to be strongly stable, which have ability to damp spurious oscillations caused by high frequency components in the solution. A computationally efficient algorithm of the new scheme, based on a partial fraction splitting technique is presented. In order to investigate the performance of the novel scheme we considered the system of two and four coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations and performed several numerical experiments on them. The numerical experiments showed that the developed numerical scheme provide an efficient and reliable way for computing long-range solitary solutions given by coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations and conserved the conserved quantities mass and energy exactly, to at least five decimal places.
Fatal Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Antipsychotic Medication

Hyperglycemia and new onset diabetes have been described with certain antipsychotic medications and some of the initial presentations are fatal diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). We report 17 deaths due to DKA in psychiatric patients treated with second generation antipsychotic medications. Death certificates and toxicology data were searched for DKA and hyperglycemia. We reviewed the medical examiner records which included the autopsy, toxicology, police, and medical examiner investigators' reports. The decedents ranged in age from 32 to 57 years (average 48 years). There were 15 men and two women. The immediate cause of death was DKA in all. The psychiatric disorders included: 10 schizophrenia, three bipolar/schizophrenia, two bipolar, and two major depression. The most frequent atypical antipsychotic medications found were quetiapine and olanzapine followed by risperidone. In 16 deaths, we considered the medication as primary or contributory to the cause of death.
Mechanical behaviour of polymer concrete systems

The mechanical behaviour of epoxy and polyester polymer concrete systems was studied under different loading conditions at various temperatures, resin content, and glass fibre content. While polymer content varied between 10 and 20% of the total weight of polymer concrete, the fibre content was limited to 4% by weight. The temperature was varied between 22 and 110°C, depending on the glass transition temperature of the resin. Compared to vibration, the compaction method of preparation reduces the void content and enhances the strength and modulus of polymer concrete. The compressive and flexural strength and stiffness of the polymer concrete systems increase up to a certain limit of polymer content at which they exhibit maximum strength and stiffness. They subsequently decrease or remain almost constant with further increase in polymer content. The strength and stiffness of polymer concrete are very much dependent on the temperature. The stiffness model, based on inclusion theory, yields satisfactory results for the three-phase polymer concrete. Using this model, the compression and flexural modulus of polymer concrete can be predicted from the properties of the constituents and their composition. Incremental strength and stiffness models developed in this study are effective in predicting the increase in strength and stiffness of glass-fibre-reinforced polymer concrete.
Training effectiveness, on-line delivery and the influence of learning style

This study compares the effectiveness of on-line training and traditional training of students in a computer literacy course. Scores on lab exercises and exams measured training effectiveness. Student learning style measures were included in the analysis. The analysis suggests that learning style does influence training effectiveness and that on-line training is significantly less effective for some learning styles.