cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parasitoids of predaceous and phytophagous pentatomid bugs in soybean fields at two sites of Alachua County, Florid

Abstract Investigation into the parasitoids of three predaceous and five phytophagous stink bugs in soybean fields yielded five species of parasitic Hymenoptera and two species of Diptera. Hymenopterous wasps (Telenomus pentatomus, T. podisi, Trissolcus basalis, T. eddessae, and Gryon sp.) emerged from egg masses. The scelionids, T. podisi and T. basalis were the most dominant oophagous wasps. Each attacked four different species of stink bugs. The phytophagous stink bug, Piezodorus guildinii was parasitized by three species of scelionids. More than 65% parasitism was recorded for P. guildinii and Euschistus servus in two different soybean fields. Dipterous parasitoids: one sarcophagid, Sarcodexia innota and one tachinid, Trichopoda pennipes were recorded from Nezara viridula adults only at the Honey Plant site. Their impact was minimal. No parasitoids were recorded for the four stink bugs, including N. viridula at the Green Acres site. Egg discoloration was generally more evident in parasitized phytophagous than in any predaceous bug eggs. Zusammenfassung Parasitoide Hymenopteren und Dipteren aus zoo- und phytophagen Wanzen (Het., Pentatomidae) von Sojabohnen-Feldern zweier Standorte in Alachua County, Florida Es wurden aus 3 rauberischen und 5 phytophagen Pentatomiden zweier Sojabohnen-Felder 5 Arten Hymenoptera und 2 Arten Diptera als Parasitoiden festgestellt. Als Eiparasiten traten auf: die Hymenopteren Telenomus pentatomus, T. podisi, Trissolcus basalis, T. eddessae and Gryon sp., wovon T. podisi and T. basalis dominierten. Die phytophage Wanze Piezodorus guildinii wurde von 3 Arten Scelionidae parasitiert. Von dieser Wanzenart sowie von Euschistus servus wurden jeweils mehr als 65% parasitiert. Als parasitoide Dipteren wurden festgestellt: Sarcodexia innota (Sarcophagidae) und Trichopoda pennipes (Tachinidae), beide nur an einem Standort und in geringer Zahl. Die Eiverfarbung war bei den parasitierten phytophagen Wanzen auffalliger als bei den zoophagen.
The coordination of mono- and diphosphines to the surface of cadmium selenide

Abstract Band edge photoluminescence (PL) of single-crystal n -CdSe provides evidence for adduct formation between the solid's surface and various mono- and diphosphines present in toluene solution. Relative to a toluene ambient, solutions of triphenylphosphine (PPh 3 ), ethyldiphenylphosphine (PEtPh 2 ), bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm) and bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) in toluene enhance the semiconductor's PL intensity. For all of the phosphines, the increases in PL intensity can be fit to a dead-layer model, allowing the estimation of the reduction in depletion width resulting from phosphine exposure; reductions in dead-layer widths are about 300–400 A for all phosphines except PEtPh 2 , which yields a reduction roughly twice as large. Fits of the PL changes to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model yield formation constants for the phosphine/CdSe adducts of 30±7 M −1 for PPh 3 and 220± 30 M −1 for PEtPh 2 ; the diphosphines, which do not fit this simple model as well, give adsorption equilibrium constants of ∼ 100–200 M −1 . The results suggest that the diphosphines do not coordinate to the surface in a chelating fashion, but in some combination of bridging and monodentate bonding modes at lower effective surface coverages than the monophosphines.
Analysis of in-situ vibration monitoring for end-point detection of CMP planarization processes

This paper details the analysis of vibration monitoring for end-point control in oxide CMP processes. Two piezoelectric accelerometers were integrated onto the backside of a stainless steel polishing steel polishing head of an IPEC 472 polisher. One sensor was placed perpendicular to the carrier plate and the other parallel to the plate. Wafers patterned with metal and coated with oxide material were polished at different speeds and pressures. Our results show that it is possible to sense a change in the vibration signal over time during planarization of oxide material on patterned wafers. The horizontal accelerometer showed more sensitivity to change in vibration amplitude compared to the vertical accelerator for a given polish condition. At low carrier and platen rotation rates, the change in vibration signal over time at fixed frequencies decreased approximately 1/2 to 1 order of magnitude. At high rotation speeds, the vibration signal remained essentially constant indicating that other factors dominated the vibration signal. These results show that while it is possible to sense changes in acceleration during polishing, more robust hardware and signal processing algorithms are required to ensure its use over a wide range of process conditions.
Cavitary Disease of Right Lung with an Opacified Left Hemithorax

his 39year-old Puerto Rican woman was adTmitted to the hospital complaining of hemoptysis of two days' duration. She described recurrent attacks of cough with expectoration for six weeks, associated with dyspnea. Following a mutin& medical evaluation at the age of 19, she was told that her left lung was "completely hazya on a chest radiograph. She then received antituberculosis chemotherapy for two years. There was no history of chest surgery or trauma. On physical examination, she was in no distress, and she had normal vital signs. Clubbing of the fingers was present. Both hemithoraces were of equal size, but there was diminished expansion, dullness to percussion, and diminished breath sounds over the left chest. Rilles were present over the posterior portion of the right upper lobe. The apex beat was in the fifth left intercostal space in the anterior axillary line. There was no cardiac murmur.
Ignition of non-premixed cyclohexane and mono-alkylated cyclohexane flames

Abstract Ignition temperatures of non-premixed cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, ethylcyclohexane, n-propylcyclohexane, and n-butylcyclohexane flames were measured in the counterflow configuration at atmospheric pressure, a free-stream fuel/N2 mixture temperature of 373 K, a local strain rate of 120 s−1, and fuel mole fractions ranging from 1% to 10%. Using the recently developed JetSurf 2.0 kinetic model, satisfactory predictions were found for cyclohexane, methyl-, ethyl-, and n-propyl-cyclohexane flames, but the n-butylcyclohexane data were overpredicted by 20 K. The results showed that cyclohexane flames exhibit the highest ignition propensity among all mono-alkylated cyclohexanes and n-hexane due to its higher reactivity and larger diffusivity. The size of mono-alkyl group chain was determined to have no measurable effect on ignition, which is a result of competition between fuel reactivity and diffusivity. Detailed sensitivity analyses showed that flame ignition is sensitive primarily to fuel diffusion and also to H2/CO and C1–C3 hydrocarbon kinetics.
Signals of status in wintering white-crowned sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii

The possibility of plumage status signalling within the social systems of wintering birds has been a controversial issue. Our results are the first to demonstrate conclusively the reality of such signalling. Data from eight groups of captive white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii), each with 8 to 11 different individuals, show that immature and adult females with crowns painted to resemble more brightly coloured, dominant adult males consistently win encounters with control birds of their own age and sex. These experiments demonstrate that signals that correlate with age (adult versus immature) and sex (adult male versus adult female) are used by the birds as reliable indicators of relative dominance position. Our demonstration of status signalling draws attention to the need to explain how such a system can be evolutionarily stable and we discuss some suitable models.
Examination of the measurement properties of the job descriptive index with experimental items

The psychometric properties of the Job Descriptive Index (JDI; Smith, Kendall, & Hulin, 1969), supplemented by a pool of experimental items, was examined. Significant improvements in the measurement properties of the JDI scales were obtained. Results are discussed in the framework of the need for frequent updating of psychological measures and the unending process of test construction and validation
The Kinetics of S-Transnitrosation—A Reversible Second-Order Reaction

Transnitrosation between thiols and S-nitrosothiols has been suggested to be a mechanism of signal transduction. This kinetics of such reactions fit well to a reversible second-order model. Parameters derived from this model give both the forward and reverse rate constants and the equilibrium position at physiological temperature and pH. In addition, methods are shown for calculating the equilibrium distribution of the nitrosyl function group in mixtures of up to three thiols.
Bud Burkhard, French Marxism Between the Wars: Henri Lefebvre and the “ Philosophies. ” New York: Humanity Books, 2000. 285 pp. $58.00 cloth.

Philosophies circle was the first group to present a coherent Hegelian Marxist–Leninism in France. Their approach to philosophy, urban and industrial sociology, psychology, political economy, poetry, fiction, and literary criticism was akin to the far better known Frankfurt School. There were six key figures in the group who founded La Revue Marxiste, the apex of their mutual endeavors, in 1929: Georges Friedmann, Norbert Guterman, Henri Lefebvre, Pierre Morhange, Paul Nizan, and Georges Politzer. Bud Burkhard makes a major contribution by writing the first intellectual history of this equipe, discussing how these young men reconceptualized Marxism as a response to the crise de l'esprit that followed in the wake of World War One in France. Burkhard examines how they became Marxists and situates the cadre within the wider French and European intellectual and political currents between the wars. He addresses the postwar cultural crisis and its transformation in the 1930s, the formation and politicization of the Philosophies circle, the influence of German Idealism, the creation and dissipation of La Revue Marxiste, with focused chapters on Politzer, Friedmann, and Lefebvre, and an epilogue that outlines each intellectual's activities from World War Two to the end of their lives.
Neutralino relic density in the minimal supergravity model

Abstract The relic density ( Ω χ 1 0 h 2 ) of the neutralino dark matter is evaluated in the minimal supergravity model for values of the Higgs sector parameter tan β≡v 2 /v 1 between the two infrared fixed points of the top quark Yukawa coupling, 1.8≲ tan β≲56 . For a cosmologically interesting relic density, 0.1≲Ω χ 1 0 h 2 ≲0.4 , we find that the supergravity parameter space is tightly constrained.
Improving Scientists’ Judgments of Risk

Despite the high concern about the risks from scientific and technological developments, little progress has been made toward providing the public with usable information about such risks. As a result, doubt, confusion, and uncertainty hamper formation of public policies concerning the further development of nuclear power, the disposal of toxic waste, the use of food additives and insecticides, the causes and consequences of acid rain and other scientific and technological issues. Moreover, policy makers who rely on scientists for information about such issues are often frustrated by conflicting counsel. For example, commenting on the report from the Ford Foundation Energy Project. Brooks (1975) complained that: “The whole thing presents a divergence of values and political prejudices which is truly depressing. If experts are so at loggerheads, how can the public and the politicians fail to be confused? The expert views seem to leave almost unlimited scope for all possible national energy policies.”
Dynamic steady-state crack propagation in a transversely isotropic viscoelastic body

The problem considered herein is the dynamic, subsonic, steady-state propagation of a semi-infinite, generalized plane strain crack in an infinite, transversely isotropic, linear viscoelastic body. The corresponding boundary value problem is considered initially for a general anisotropic, linear viscoelastic body and reduced via transform methods to a matrix Riemann–Hilbert problem. The general problem does not readily yield explicit closed form solutions, so attention is addressed to the special case of a transversely isotropic viscoelastic body whose principal axis of material symmetry is parallel to the crack edge. For this special case, the out-of-plane shear (Mode III), in-plane shear (Mode II) and in-plane opening (Mode I) modes uncouple. Explicit expressions are then constructed for all three Stress Intensity Factors (SIF). The analysis is valid for quite general forms for the relevant viscoelastic relaxation functions subject only to the thermodynamic restriction that work done in closed cycles be non-negative. As a special case, an analytical solution of the Mode I problem for a general isotropic linear viscoelastic material is obtained without the usual assumption of a constant Poisson’s ratio or exponential decay of the bulk and shear relaxation functions. The Mode I SIF is then calculated for a generalized standard linear solid with unequal mean relaxation times in bulk and shear leading to a non-constant Poisson’s ratio. Numerical simulations are performed for both point loading on the crack faces and for a uniform traction applied to a compact portion of the crack faces. In both cases, it is observed that the SIF can vanish for crack speeds well below the glassy Rayleigh wave speed. This phenomenon is not seen for Mode I cracks in elastic material or for Mode III cracks in viscoelastic material.
A generalization of triangular numbers

The triangular numbers are generalized in a natural way and a discovery‐type approach is used to find properties of these numbers. The numbers are connected to the Pascal numbers and generalized combinations that arise are connected to the Stirling numbers of the first kind.
Tight-binding model for GaAs/AlAs resonant-tunneling diodes.

Models of resonant-tunneling diodes based on the envelope-function approximation often give unsatisfactory results. In order to address some of the shortcomings of these models, we employ a tight-binding model that allows more careful treatment of heterointerfaces than is possible in the envelope-function approach. We use transfer matrices to carry out the calculation and present an improved method that allows us to transfer across larger device dimensions (g1000 \AA{}), thereby permitting us to include space-charge regions in the model. We compare results obtained with the tight-binding and envelope-function approximations.
A Power Function between Ratings of Pornographic Stimuli and Psychophysical Responses in Young Normal Adult Women

A set of 13 pornographic pictures were presented as stimuli to 10 female Ss. All Ss had normal MMPI profiles. A galvanic skin response instrument was used to record psychophysical responses to the stimulus pictures, and stimuli were rank-ordered by Ss according to how Ss reacted to them. Algebraic averages were computed and plotted on log-log paper. From this plot a power function could be obtained between galvanic skin responses and rank order of these stimuli.
The Enzymatic Phosphorylation of Nucleic Acids and Its Application to End-Group Analysis

Polynucleotide kinase catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to the 5'-hydroxyl termini of polynucleotides. Selective labeling of the 5'-hydroxyl termini of DNA with polynucleotide kinase has been used to study the number and the identity of the 5'-terminal residues of bacteriophage DNA's, and to examine the nature of the phosphodiester bond cleavages produced by endonucleases and by sonic irradiation. The intact strands of T7 DNA bear 5'-phosphoryl end-groups; only deoxyadenylate and deoxythymidylate are present as 5'-terminal residues. The intact strands of native lambda-DNA bear 5'-hydroxyl end-groups. M13 DNA, a circular molecule, cannot be phosphorylated. End-group labeling of DNA provides a method for determination of molecular weight; calibration against other DNA preparations is not required. The molecular weight of a single strand of T7 DNA, determined by end-group labeling, is 13.1 x 10(6); the molecular weight of a single strand of lambda-DNA is 16.0 x 10(6). These values are in agreement with molecular weight estimates by sedimentation analysis and electron microscopy. Sonic irradiation of DNA has been shown to favor the production of polynucleotides terminated by 5'-phosphomonoester groups. All four deoxyribonucleotides are present as 5'-terminal residues of sonicated DNA.
Memory Self-appraisal and Pet of Brain Amyloid and Tau in Persons Without Dementia

burden, both SDS soluble and insoluble, in the brain of APP/PS1 mice. No significant changes were observed in the levels of full-length APP, alphaor beta-C-terminal fragments; however, TBHQ significantly increased plasma Ab level, suggesting that TBHQ decreases brain Ab burden not by decreasing APP production or altering the processing of APP through aor b-secretases but probably by increasing excretion of Ab from the brain. PAI-1 is a physiological inhibitor of tPA and uPA, which converts plasminogen into plasmin, a serum protease playing an important role in Ab degradation. We showed previously that PAI-1 protein level was increased in the brain of APP/PS1 transgenic mice and in AD patients while knockout of the PAI-1 gene reduced Ab burden in APP/PS1 mice. Here we further showed that TBHQ treatment significantly reduced PAI-1 protein level in the brain of APP/PS1 mice, accompanied by an increase in tPA activity. Conclusions: Together the data suggest that TBHQ treatment reduces brain Ab burden in APP/PS1mice probably by inhibiting PAI-1 gene expression, which leads to increasedAb degradation through plasmin, and by increasing excretion of Ab from the brain. These results suggest a therapeutic value of TBHQ in the treatment of AD.
Red Flag Imaging Techniques in Barrett's Esophagus

The key to detection and treatment of early neoplasia in Barrett's esophagus (BE) is thorough and careful inspection of the Barrett's segment. The greatest role for red flag techniques is to help identify neoplastic lesions for targeted biopsy and therapy. High-definition white light endoscopy (HD-WLE) can potentially improve endoscopic imaging of BE compared with standard endoscopy, but little scientific evidence supports this. The addition of autofluorescence imaging to HD-WLE and narrow band imaging increases sensitivity and the false-positive rate without significantly improving overall detection of BE-related neoplasia.
Reduced-order models for nonlinear response prediction: Implicit condensation and expansion

Abstract Accurate prediction of the response of aircraft skins to acoustic loading is important in the design of future air vehicles. Direct time integration of full-order, nonlinear, finite element models may be accurate, but is computationally expensive. Much work has been reported in recent years on prediction methods, which reduce a finite element model to a reduced-order system of nonlinear modal equations. The major difference among the methods is the means by which induced membrane displacements are modeled. One method is the implicit condensation method where the effects of membrane displacements are condensed into the nonlinear stiffness terms of the bending equations. Membrane displacements are not explicitly modeled, so membrane basis vectors are not needed. However, the lack of membrane displacements prohibits the recovery of membrane stresses and strains from the standard finite element strain–displacement relationships. Here, the implicit condensation method is improved by adding a step to recover membrane displacements using an estimated membrane basis. Examples are given that demonstrate the viability of the proposed method.
CEO incentives and bank risk

Abstract We investigate the relationship between CEO compensation and bank default risk predictors to determine if short-term incentives can explain recent excesses in bank risk. We investigate early warning off-site surveillance parameters and expected default frequency (EDF) as well as crisis-related risky bank activities. We find only modest evidence that CEO compensation structures promote significant firm-specific heterogeneity in bank risk measures or risky activities. Compensation elements commonly thought to be the riskiest components, unvested options and bonuses, are either insignificant or negatively correlated with common risk variables, and only positively significant in predicting the level of trading assets and securitization income.
Nonlinguistic cognitive treatment for bilingual children with primary language impairment

Substantial evidence points to the presence of subtle weaknesses in the nonlinguistic cognitive processing skills of children with primary (or specific) language impairment (PLI). It is possible that these weaknesses contribute to the language learning difficulties that characterize PLI, and that treating them can improve language skills. To test this premise, we treated two nonlinguistic cognitive processing skills, processing speed and sustained selective attention, in two Spanish–English bilingual children with PLI. The study followed a single-subject multiple baseline design, with both repeated measures and standardized pre- and post-testing as outcome measures. Results from the repeated measures tasks showed that both participants made gains in nonlinguistic cognitive processing skills as well as in Spanish and English. These results both replicate and extend prior work showing that nonlinguistic cognitive processing treatment can positively affect language skills in children with PLI.
The production of Ph.D.'s in chemistry

Data for 434 graduate faculty members of U.S. departments of chemistry during 1954–57 show that the distribution of new Ph.D. production is positively skewed with a level of inequality similar to that of the production of publications. Ph.D. production has moderate positive associations with measures of recognition and eminence, but an exploratory regression analysis of its determinants shows a surprisingly large independent effect for academic rank. Also examined are the determinants of the number of Ph.D.'s produced who later obtain positions that emphasize publishing and the total amount of recognition received by a faculty member's Ph.D.'s about a decade after their degrees. Some implications of the results are discussed as they apply to an understanding of the social organization of chemistry and the generalizability of the results to other disciplines.
Trends and variability of ground-level O3 in Connecticut over the period 1981-1997.

Abstract The temporal and spatial characteristics of ground-level (tropospheric) O3 measured at 10 monitoring stations in Connecticut were studied from 1981 to 1997. To detect the O3 trend caused by changes in precursor emissions, moving average filters and a linear least-squared regression model were used to eliminate the short-term variation and effects of temperature from raw time-series O3 data. The results showed a significant decrease in the number of days exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and a small change in total O3 concentration. The analysis indicated that the variation of daily maximum O3, caused by changes in emissions, explained more than 10% of the total O3 variation in Bridgeport and East Hartford during the past 17 years. Meanwhile, a strong weekly cycle was also found in O3 time-series data, resulting in lower O3 concentration in urban areas than in nonur-ban areas, implying that land use and land cover have impacts on the spatial distribution of ground-level ...
A percolation treatment of dc hopping conduction

Abstract It is shown that the current paths considered by Miller and Abrahams in their theory of hopping conduction must be modified for large enough samples, such as are met under most experimental conditions. A possible exception is the case of transverse measurements on thin amorphous films. A percolation model for hopping conduction is set up using Miller and Abrahams' impedance representation of the problem. Approximate solutions for the model yield expressions for dc hopping conductivity. It is found that the density of states functions effects the temperature dependence of the conductivity. When the density of states is constant within a certain region around the Fermi level Mott's T − 1 4 law is obtained. For a density appropriate for impurity conduction at small compensations an activated conductivity is obtained. When the density of states increases as the nth power of the distance from the Fermi energy the logarithm of the resistivity is a linear function of Tsu−(n+1)/(n+4). Some comparison of the theory with experiments on impurity conduction and on amorphous semiconductors is made.
Hormonal and Chemical Influences on the Expression of Class 2 Aldehyde Dehydrogenases in Rat H4IIEC3 and Human HuH7 Hepatoma Cells

We studied the effect a variety of hormones and chemical stimuli on the activity of low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in rat H4IIEC3 hepatoma cells and ALDH activity in human HuH7 hepatoma cells. The low Km enzyme in H4IIEC3 cells reflects ALDH2 activity, and the ALDH activity in HuH7 likely represents ALDH5. Of the steroid hormone family, thyroid hormone, progesterone, and dihydrotestosterone increased low Km ALDH activity approximately 50%, whereas dexamethasone and estradiol had little effect. Insulin decreased the activity of low Km ALDH. None of these hormones affected the activity of ALDH in HuH7 cells. Among second messengers, 8-bromo-cAMP and A23187 increased low Km ALDH activity; HuH7 ALDH activity again was unchanged. Exposure of the cells to 22 mM ethanol reduced low Km activity by approximately 20%, whereas hydrogen peroxide, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1 beta had little effect. Ultraviolet light increased the HuH7 ALDH activity. Retinaldehyde or retinolc acid reduced the HuH7 ALDH activity, but had no effect on low Km ALDH activity. These data suggest that low Km ALDH2 can be regulated by hormones and may not be constitutive as previously thought, and that the HuH7 ALDH is regulated differently.
Modified Cabrol's Technique for Composite Replacement of the Aortic Valve and Ascending Aorta

Composite replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic valve with coronary reimplantation can be complicated by intraoperative hemorrhage from the coronary ostial anastomoses and proximal aortic suture line. Exposure and repair of these suture lines may be quite difficult after the termination of bypass in the intact aortic root. Cabrol originally described connecting the coronary ostia by separate Dacron graft, which was then anastomosed side-to-side to the aortic conduit, and the entire repair wrapped in the aneurysm wall to control bleeding. This article describes a modification of Cabrol's technique in which coronary ostial buttons are mobilized and the entire aortic wall resected. This procedure has been used in five patients with varied pathology, with no perioperative deaths and one minor intraoperative neurological event. The greater ease of operation and improved hemostasis afforded by the technique described in this article warrant its consideration in patients requiring aortic root replacement, and may prove particularly helpful in complex cases and reoperations.
Issues and perspectives on the biocompatibility and immunotoxicity evaluation of implanted controlled release systems

Over the past decade, significant advances and discoveries in cell and molecular biology and biomaterials have provided a foundation for the research and development of new, complex controlled release systems. Many of these new controlled release systems utilize active biological components, i.e., proteins and cells, to achieve their intended therapeutic goal. Utilization of bioactive biological materials in implantable controlled release systems has prompted a broad as well as an in-depth interest in the safety and efficacy of these systems. This short review is intended to provide individuals with a perspective on standards and guidance documents which specifically address biological and immunotoxicity response evaluation for safety of controlled release systems from a regulatory point of view.
Use of SAMC for Bayesian analysis of statistical models with intractable normalizing constants

Statistical inference for the models with intractable normalizing constants has attracted much attention. During the past two decades, various approximation- or simulation-based methods have been proposed for the problem, such as the Monte Carlo maximum likelihood method and the auxiliary variable Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. The Bayesian stochastic approximation Monte Carlo algorithm specifically addresses this problem: It works by sampling from a sequence of approximate distributions with their average converging to the target posterior distribution, where the approximate distributions can be achieved using the stochastic approximation Monte Carlo algorithm. A strong law of large numbers is established for the Bayesian stochastic approximation Monte Carlo estimator under mild conditions. Compared to the Monte Carlo maximum likelihood method, the Bayesian stochastic approximation Monte Carlo algorithm is more robust to the initial guess of model parameters. Compared to the auxiliary variable MCMC methods, the Bayesian stochastic approximation Monte Carlo algorithm avoids the requirement for perfect samples, and thus can be applied to many models for which perfect sampling is not available or very expensive. The Bayesian stochastic approximation Monte Carlo algorithm also provides a general framework for approximate Bayesian analysis.
Distribution of nociceptin and Ro64-6198 activated [35S]-GTPγS binding in the rat brain

The peptide, nociceptin, was discovered as the endogenous ligand for the opioid-like receptor, ORL1. Since its discovery, this peptide has been shown to modulate the perception of pain, modulate feeding and produce behavioral effects in rodent models of mood disorders. Recently, the non-peptide agonist {(1S,3aS)-8-(2,3,3a,4,5,6-hexahydro-1H-phenalen-1-yl)-1-phenyl-1,3,8-triaza-spiro[4,5]decan-4-one} (Ro64-6198) of the ORL1 receptor has been reported in the literature. In the present study, we compared the distribution and potency of Ro64-6198 with nociceptin for their ability to stimulate [(35)S]-GTPgammaS binding to sections of rat brain. In initial studies, Ro64-6198 inhibited (125)I-nociceptin binding to the hORL1 receptors with a K(i) of 1.75 nM compared with 0.20 nM for nociceptin. To assess agonist potency in a whole cell assay, a cell line expressing the hORL1 receptor and G(alpha15) was created and used for calcium mobilization studies. In this assay system, Ro64-6198 increased intracellular calcium with an EC(50) of 52nM compared with 24 nM for nociceptin. Having verified the agonist properties of Ro64-6198, we then assessed the potency and distribution of ORL1 receptor activation in rat brain sections. In dose-response studies, Ro64-6198 increased [(35)S]-GTPgammaS binding to a variety of brain regions with EC(50) values ranging from 84.9 to 2,143 nM depending on the brain regions evaluated. These potencies were similar to that seen for nociceptin, but substantially lower than values established using [(125)I] nociceptin binding to the cloned human ORL1 receptor. In general, the brain distribution of agonist stimulated [(35)S]-GTPgammaS binding was similar when either Ro64-6198 or nociceptin were used. Using these techniques, we have demonstrated, for the first time that Ro64-6198 activates [(35)S]-GTPgammaS binding to rat brain sections and this compound stimulates a similar population of receptors as nociceptin.
Findings on a relationship between Type A behavior and headaches

Based on answers to a headache questionnaire college women were classified on a two-dimensional array according to their relative frequencies of both vascular (migraine) and tension (muscle contraction) pain. The various groups were then compared on a measure of the coronary-prone Type A behavior pattern. In two independent surveys, one with 237 respondents and one with 206 respondents, increasing frequencies of both types of headaches were significantly associated with higher scores on the Type A scale from the Jenkins Activity Survey. The findings support prior data from a client population, also reported, and suggest appropriate therapeutic interventions for headache relief. They also clearly show that a behavior pattern which has been associated with coronary artery disease now can be considered to have implications for other problems as well.
Role of Packing Defects in the Evolution of Allostery and Induced Fit in Human UDP-Glucose Dehydrogenase

Allosteric feedback inhibition is the mechanism by which metabolic end products regulate their own biosynthesis by binding to an upstream enzyme. Despite its importance in controlling metabolism, there are relatively few allosteric mechanisms understood in detail. This is because allostery does not have an identifiable structural motif, making the discovery of new allosteric enzymes a difficult process. The lack of a conserved motif implies that the evolution of each allosteric mechanism is unique. Here we describe an atypical allosteric mechanism in human UDP-α-d-glucose 6-dehydrogenase (hUGDH) based on an easily acquired and identifiable structural attribute: packing defects in the protein core. In contrast to classic allostery, the active and allosteric sites in hUGDH are present as a single, bifunctional site. Using two new crystal structures, we show that binding of the feedback inhibitor, UDP-α-d-xylose, elicits a distinct induced-fit response; a buried loop translates ∼4 A along and rotates ∼180° a...
What conservative media? The unproven case for conservative media bias

Abstract A great deal of recent academic writing claims—but, more often, assumes—that the American news media have a predominantly conservative bias, slanting and shaping their coverage in ways that favor right‐wing foreign, economic, cultural, and social policies. Two major books pioneered this position and have gone largely uncriticized, despite their immense influence. A detailed examination of Herbert Gans's Deciding What's News and Ben Bagdikian's The Media Monopoly shows, however, that they fall far short of proving their claims about media bias. The logic of many of their arguments is highly problematic, but especially glaring is the almost complete lack of solid evidence in either book as to the purportedly conservative nature of media content.
Angiotensin II promotes iron accumulation and depresses PGI2 and NO synthesis in endothelial cells: effects of losartan and propranolol analogs

Angiotensin may promote endothelial dysfunction through iron accumulation. To research this, bovine endothelial cells (ECs) were incubated with iron (30 µmol·L–1) with or without angiotensin II (10...
TEACHING NOTE: TEACHING ABOUT OPPRESSION THROUGH JENGA: A GAME-BASED LEARNING EXAMPLE FOR SOCIAL WORK EDUCATORS

Educators, both novice and experienced, are presented with a formidable constellation of obstacles when attempting to teach the concepts of institutional oppression and unearned privilege. Educators must challenge years of socialization and internalized ideologies of superiority that make hierarchies of privilege appear to be the natural order. In the interests of expanding and strengthening social work educators' repertoire of instructional tools on the topic of institutional oppression, we review the relevant literature on institutional oppression and game-based learning and offer readers an original game-based learning exercise adapted from the popular family game Jenga as a tool for instructing on the topic of institutional oppression.
OVERVIEW OF GAS RESEARCH INSTITUTE R&D PROGRAM

Abstract Gas Research Institute (GRI) plans, manages and develops financing for a cooperative research and development (RD consequently, GRI makes the prospects for application of developments arising from its R&D program a critical element in pursuing projects beyond proof-of-concept stage. GRI implements its mission through both planning and managing contractor-performed R&D and in-house analyses and communications activities. The R&D program is divided into Supply Options, End Use, Gas Operations and Crosscutting Research. The R&D budget increased from about $137.8 million in 1986 to $171.0 million in 1989. This paper summarizes the objectives and strategies for the GRI R&D program.
One-dimensional virus transport in homogeneous porous media with time-dependent distribution coefficient

Abstract A stochastic model for one-dimensional virus transport in homogeneous, saturated, semi-infinite porous media is developed. The model accounts for first-order inactivation of liquid-phase and adsorbed viruses with different inactivation rate constants, and time-dependent distribution coefficient. It is hypothesized that the virus adsorption process is described by a local equilibrium expression with a stochastic time-dependent distribution coefficient. A closed form analytical solution is obtained by the method of small perturbation or first-order approximation for a semi-infinite porous medium with a flux-type inlet boundary condition. The results from several simulations indicate that a time-dependent distribution coefficient results in an enhanced spreading of the liquid-phase virus concentration.
The mastodon mitochondrial genome: a mammoth accomplishment

The mitochondrial genome of an American mastodon was recently sequenced and used to root a phylogenetic analysis that included full mitochondrial genome sequences from woolly mammoths and the two living elephant genera. The study definitively established that mammoth and Asian elephant mitochondrial DNA lineages are more closely related than either is to African elephants. However, it also suggests that a complex evolutionary picture could ultimately emerge and points to similarities between the early evolution of the Elephantidae and that of the gorilla-human-chimpanzee clade.
Maximizing P2P File Access Availability in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks though Replication for Efficient File Sharing

File sharing applications in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have attracted more and more attention in recent years. The efficiency of file querying suffers from the distinctive properties of such networks including node mobility and limited communication range and resource. An intuitive method to alleviate this problem is to create file replicas in the network. However, despite the efforts on file replication, no research has focused on the global optimal replica creation with minimum average querying delay. Specifically, current file replication protocols in mobile ad hoc networks have two shortcomings. First, they lack a rule to allocate limited resources to different files in order to minimize the average querying delay. Second, they simply consider storage as available resources for replicas, but neglect the fact that the file holders’ frequency of meeting other nodes also plays an important role in determining file availability. Actually, a node that has a higher meeting frequency with others provides higher availability to its files. This becomes even more evident in sparsely distributed MANETs, in which nodes meet disruptively. In this paper, we introduce a new concept of resource for file replication, which considers both node storage and meeting frequency. We theoretically study the influence of resource allocation on the average querying delay and derive a resource allocation rule to minimize the average querying delay. We further propose a distributed file replication protocol to realize the proposed rule. Extensive trace-driven experiments with synthesized traces and real traces show that our protocol can achieve shorter average querying delay at a lower cost than current replication protocols.
Scaling Up Chronic Disease Prevention Interventions in Lower- and Middle-Income Countries

Chronic diseases are increasingly becoming a health burden in lower- and middle-income countries, putting pressure on public health efforts to scale up interventions. This article reviews current efforts in interventions on a population and individual level. Population-level interventions include ongoing efforts to reduce smoking rates, reduce intake of salt and trans–fatty acids, and increase physical activity in increasingly sedentary populations. Individual-level interventions include control and treatment of risk factors for chronic diseases and secondary prevention. This review also discusses the barriers in interventions, particularly those specific to low- and middle-income countries. Continued discussion of proven cost-effective interventions for chronic diseases in the developing world will be useful for improving public health policy.
Dissipation of 2,4-D and dicamba in a heterogeneous landscape.

The objectives of this study were to quantify differences in herbicide persistence in different components of a heterogeneous landscape and to determine if positive relationships between microbial biomass C and N content and herbicide degradation observed in a laboratory microcosm study held up under field conditions. An 80-day field experiment was conducted to study the dissipation of the herbicides 2,4-D and dicamba from soil in a variety of land-use types. The herbicides were applied to 1 m2 plots in corn field, hardwood forest, home lawn and freshwater forested wetland ecosystems. 2,4-D was completely dissipated by Day 20 in each of the land-use types. Dicamba was totally dissipated in the corn and home lawn plots, but was still present on Day 80 in the wetland and hardwood forest soils. In contrast to a previous laboratory microcosm study done with the same soils, at roughly the same time, there were significant negative correlations (p < 0.05) between microbial biomass C and N and soil organic matter content and dicamba degradation. Dicamba probably persisted in the forest and wetland soils, which had high microbial biomass, owing to sorption in the acidic, organic-rich surface horizons of these soils. Our results indicate that in terrestrial ecosystems, physical soil factors such as sorption can overwhelm biological factors, including the size of the active microbial biomass, in determining the environmental fate of these herbicides.
Residual Dualism in Computational Theories of Mind

summary This paper argues that an epistemological duality between mind/brain and an external world is an uncritically held working assumption in recent computational models of cognition. In fact, epistemological dualism (ED) largely drives computational models of mentality and representation: An assumption regarding an external world of perceptual objects and distal stimuli requires the sort of mind/brain capable of representing and inferring true accounts of such objects. Hence we have two distinct ontologies, one denoting external world objects, the other cognitive events and neural transformations. A basic question is then raised and explored: If the elements of these two different ontologies are so radically different, how can the one access the other? The last part of the paper sketches an alternative to ED and the associated two ontologies account. Instead of external world objects being construed as independent givens, initiating perceptual processes, they are rather interpreted as ‘computational constructs’. It is argued at length that this account is far more consistent with recent computational models of mind/brain than the two ontologies model associated with ED. It is further claimed that an ontology of cognitive and neural states, as well as an external world ontology, have no other epistemic status that as contingent working hypotheses. As such, both ontologies are in principle amenable to revision as evidence, explanatory models, and scientific practices mutually readjust and redefine one another over time.
An information theoretic approach for the discovery of irregular and repetitive patterns in genomic data

The unprecedented rate at which genomic data is accumulated underscores the need to develop highly efficient analytical capabilities. Traditionally, most of the effort post-sequencing has been focused on the identification and annotation of genes along with their promoters and regulatory elements. However, a major part of the vastness outside the gene-space is still left unexplored because of a lack of appropriate computational tools. Here, we propose a new approach for exploring and describing a genome without biasing the search process towards already known structural entities. Our primary objective is to discover novel conserved patterns that would typically fall off the scope of the current suite of repeat finding tools because of irregularities in their structure. The output is a hierarchy of patterns with arbitrary structural characteristics. A hierarchical representation captures the genomic sequence content at an abstract level and offers novel ways to examine the information contained in them. Our approach is an information theoretic search process which uses pattern matching techniques for processing the sequence data. Preliminary evaluation on the Drosophila genome has resulted in the finding of a number of irregular patterns. Discovering new patterns is an important problem in both whole- and comparative genomic application domains. The proposed approach can provide an information-theoretic framework for conducting pattern and knowledge discovery on genomic data.
An intergroup encounter with fatal consequences in yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus)

This paper describes the fatal wounding of an infant yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus) and the severe injury of its mother during an encounter between two baboon groups with overlapping home ranges in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. Also, a description is given of the apparent use of the infant as an agonistic buffer by an adult male in fights with other males.
Soil Moisture Estimation From Remotely Sensed Hyperspectral Data

A methodology for mapping surface soil moisture content across an agricultural field from optical remote sensing and ground sampling is developed. This study uses both ground-based and remotely sensed spectral measurements of soil reflectance in visible and near-infrared wavelengths and concurrent measurements of volumetric soil moisture within the top 6 cm. After determining appropriate wavelengths for soil moisture estimation from spectral reflectance, a cokriging scheme was used to generate soil moisture maps. Results indicate that combining reflectance and ground measurements can yield more detailed maps of soil moisture than ground measurement alone.