cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resource-optimal single-qubit quantum circuits.

Determining the optimal implementation of a quantum gate is critical for designing a quantum computer. We consider the crucial task of efficiently decomposing a general single-qubit quantum gate into a sequence of fault-tolerant quantum operations. For a given single-qubit circuit, we construct an optimal gate sequence consisting of fault-tolerant Hadamard ($H$) and $\ensuremath{\pi}/8$ rotations ($T$). Our scheme is based on a novel canonical form for single-qubit quantum circuits and the corresponding rules for exactly reducing a general single-qubit circuit to our canonical form. The result is optimal in the number of $T$ gates. We demonstrate that a precomputed epsilon net of canonical circuits in combination with our scheme lowers the depth of approximation circuits by up to 3 orders of magnitude compared to previously reported results.
Assessment of Salmonella contamination in poultry--past, present, and future.

Abstract Recent publicity about Salmonella contamination in poultry and the report of the National Research Council (NRC) on poultry inspection have focused public attention on the problem of microbial contamination in commercially processed poultry. Despite the public perception that such contamination is a relatively new phenomenon, benchmark studies over the years indicate this is not the case. New solutions to the problem have been suggested by the NRC and others, but the fundamental nature of the problem has remained the same. Food Safety and Inspection Service programs to deal with the problem will need to be supplemented by efforts by other agencies and the industry and consumer sectors if significant public health gains are to be achieved.
Risk measures and their application to staffing nonstationary service systems

Abstract In this paper, we explore the use of static risk measures from the mathematical finance literature to assess the performance of some standard nonstationary queueing systems. To do this we study two important queueing models, namely the infinite server queue and the multi-server queue with abandonment. We derive exact expressions for the value of many standard risk measures for the M t / M /∞, M t / G /∞, and M t / M t /∞ queueing models. We also derive Gaussian based approximations for the value of risk measures for the Erlang-A queueing model. Unlike more traditional approaches of performance analysis, risk measures offer the ability to satisfy the unique and specific risk preferences or tolerances of service operations managers. We also show how risk measures can be used for staffing nonstationary systems with different risk preferences and assess the impact of these staffing policies via simulation.
IR Image Segmentation Based The 'SA Under GA Ideas' Algorithms

Under the 'Survival of the fittest' ideas and Genetic Algorithms, this paper improves the Classical Simulated Annealing. Especially in the process of Metropolis Stochastic Approximation, the new algorithms called 'SA Under GA Ideas' Algorithms impulses the stochastic approximation to the optimization. The following experiments approved the advantages of the new algorithms, such as the noise immune and combination of petty independent regions.
ARTHROPLASTY OF THE HIP

The method of arthroplasty described is based on a new principle,—that of interposition of a mold by which nature can do its repair work; this mold is removed at a secondary operation, leaving congruous joint surfaces, which are capable of function because their covering approximates normal cartilage. Even though this two-stage mold arthroplasty has been proved practical, present indications are that the "mold principle" should be abandoned; if this be true, the mold becomes a permanent insurmountable barrier to recurring ankylosis. No end results can be reported, since the twenty-nine patients in whom the vitallium mold has been used have all been operated upon since June 1938. The very fact that we have felt justified in doing as large a series as this in a relatively short period of time points to the success of the method during the first few months. Furthermore, the experience gained from the use of the glass molds has given us confidence in the soundness of the method.
Clinical Case #4: Carol

Carol is a 52-year-old hairdresser. She has been referred by her primary care doctor because she has been having pain and weakness in her left leg. Carol works long hours and the more she stands, the worse the pain becomes. She says that she has had intermittent left lower back pain “for several years,” but in the last year she has noted increased pain radiating into the left lower extremity. She says that she hates complaining about herself but that she does find that she has trouble getting through the day because of the pain. By the end of the day, her left leg and foot often feel numb and tingling.
Female Superintendents and the Effects of Mentoring Relationships

Women make up the majority of personnel in todayâ€™s school systems yet few are employed in the highest position-superintendent. In one southern state, the State Department of Education (2009) reported 22 % of superintendents were women. Nationwide, the percentage is 24.1% (Kowalski, McCord, Petersen, Young, & Ellerson, 2011). However, in comparison to the number of women who begin their careers in education, there is still a wide inequity between the percentages of those in the ranks and those in positions of superintendent (Katz, 2012). One of the reasons for the lack of women in upper level administration is the lack of mentoring, both formal and informal. Therefore, mentoring becomes an essential element in providing the guidance and support for women who aspire to be in a leadership position.This study examined the effects of career and psychosocial mentoring functions on the careers of women superintendents currently serving in a southern state by exploring both informal and formal mentoring relationships and the way these relationships serve as effective tools on the position attained and career development. The results of this study showed that the career mentoring functions and psychosocial mentoring functions had a statistically significant impact on the careers of female superintendents. Findings from this research indicate that mentoring relationships have the potential for female administrators to make successful career advancement.
Psychometric properties and refinement of the Reproductive Coercion Scale

Abstract Objective Identification and refinement of psychometric properties of the Reproductive Coercion Scale (RCS) for use in survey research and clinical practice. Study design Young women aged 16–29 years seeking services in 24 Pennsylvania and 5 California family planning clinics completed questionnaires. Data were pooled for analysis (n=4674), and underlying domains were assessed using Horn's Parallel Analysis and Exploratory Factor Analysis. Multidimensional Item Response Theory was used to refine the scale and assess reliability and validity of a short-form RCS. Results The full, nine-item RCS had two underlying domains: pregnancy coercion and condom manipulation. Five items were retained in the short form: three about pregnancy coercion (e.g., “told you not to use birth control…”) and two for condom manipulation (e.g., “taken off the condom while you were having sex…”; one of these items is the combination of two original items on damaging the condom that were combined because of similar statistical properties and face validity and a third item on removing the condom was retained on its own). Recent reproductive coercion was reported by 6.7% and 6.3% of the sample with the full and short-form RCS, respectively. Characteristics of women reporting reproductive coercion were similar with both forms. Conclusion Findings indicate that reproductive coercion includes pregnancy coercion and deliberate manipulation of condoms to promote pregnancy. Moreover, women experience reproductive coercion across a continuum of severity. We selected items that varied in RC severity and discrimination to generate a five-item short-form RCS for survey research and clinical practice. Implications This study assesses the psychometric properties of the RCS, identifying pregnancy coercion and condom manipulation as underlying domains of reproductive coercion. Recommendations for using the RCS in research and clinical practice are discussed.
Pathophysiological effects of particulate matter air pollution on the central nervous system

Particulate matter (PM) air pollution is a leading public health concern across most of the populated world. Elevated PM levels cause both acute increases in cardiovascular mortality and the development of long-term neurological pathology. Upon inhalation, PM reaches the brain through entry into pulmonary capillaries and directly through the olfactory mucosa. Population-based and animal studies reveal decreases in brain size and increases in inflammatory markers following long-term exposure to elevated PM concentrations. In vitro, cell culture studies indicate that components of PM air pollution are neurotoxic. In addition to direct effects on the central nervous system (CNS), PM induces aberrant local and systemic inflammatory responses that can induce and exacerbate cerebral injury. Hypertension and decreased cerebral blood flow velocity are observed within days of increased PM exposure and may contribute to short-term rises in mortality rate. Substantial epidemiological evidence links PM concentration with both short-term and long-term risk of stroke. It has been suggested that the increased stroke risk is due to potentiation of cerebrovascular inflammation, endothelial cell dysfunction, reactive oxygen species production, and atherosclerosis. This review examines the pathophysiological mechanisms by which PM damages the CNS and the cerebrovasculature.
Craving and Cannabis: A Potential Paradox

Marijuana (cannabis) is the second most commonly cited reason for seeking drug treatment. Marijuana users represent 17.5% of all those who are in treatment for substance-related problems in the United States. Identifying what differentiates problematic from nonproblematic use of the plant has been a major focus of cannabis research to date, and is vital as cannabis regulations loosen across the United States and globally. Research on drug abuse more generally suggests that craving might be an important factor of interest. However, it is unclear whether craving can result as a natural development of ingestion of the cannabis plant, and whether or not it is a distinguishing indicator of problematic use. Evidence exists that both supports and refutes the assumption that problematic cannabis users crave. While basic science would suggest that cannabinoid intoxication should not result in craving, many problematic cannabis users do report “craving.”
The Future of US Foreign Policy in the Middle East

This chapter provides a summary of the findings and an analysis of what the future holds for US foreign policy in the Middle East and around the world. The main finding is that US foreign policy toward the Middle East in the last seven decades is characterized by continuity in foreign policy geostrategic objectives and strategies to achieve them. The main objective has been maintaining regional hegemonic status and preventing the emergence of another regional hegemon. For this reason, the USA has pursued the grand strategy of offshore balancing to maintain the balance of power in every region. If there will be no change in its hegemonic status and geography, US foreign policy will continue to remain the same in substance.
Developing sustainability indicators for a university campus

This paper reports on a course that utilized problem-based learning in order to engage engineering students to develop indicators ofcampus sustainability. The course structure and project are evaluated against the attributes of intellectual development and learningapproaches and the problem-based learning method. In addition, the degree to which students addressed the importance of balance andintegration of societal, environmental and economic considerations is evaluated. A secondary intent is to offer an adaptable frameworkto aid other universities in developing a set of sustainability indicators. Results showed the multidimensionality of the selectedindicators.
Measurement of Solvent OH-π Interactions Using a Molecular Balance.

A molecular torsion balance was designed to study and measure OH−π interactions between protic solvents and aromatic surfaces. These specific solvent–solute interactions were measured via their influence on the folded–unfolded equilibrium of an N-arylimide rotor. Protic solvents displayed systematically weaker solvophobic interactions than aprotic solvents with similar solvent cohesion parameters. This was attributed to the formation of OH−π interactions between the protic solvents and the exposed aromatic surfaces in the unfolded conformer that offset the stronger solvophobic effects for protic solvents.
Integrating nanopositioner design issues into an existing automatic controls course through homework

This article describes the integration of design aspects of nanopositioners into an undergraduate, Automatic Controls (AC) coursein the Mechanical Engineering (ME) Department at the University of Washington (UW), Seattle. The course development is partof an overall effort to integrate nanotechnology into the undergraduate curriculum at UW through a mixture of new and existingcourses. The current article addresses challenges in adding new content in existing courses (such as AC) by integratingnanopositioner design issues with concepts already taught in the course (such as control design to increase bandwidth), and the useof homework (HW) to allow students to explore the application of course concepts into the nanotechnology area. Learningassessment results are presented to demonstrate that students were well able to meet the learning objectives.
Multiple Regression: Predicting One Variable From Several Others

In this chapter, you will learn how to interpret the results of a multiple regression analysis. The prediction equation (also called the regression equation) is estimated from your data, and the resulting regression coefficients tell you the effect of each X variable on Y while holding the other X variables fixed (we call this “adjusting for” and “controlling for” the other X variables, and this adjustment happens automatically whenever you run a multiple regression). Just as we did in the previous chapter, we measure the quality of the regression using both the standard error of estimate (indicating the approximate size of prediction errors or residuals) and the coefficient of determination (indicating the percentage of the variability of Y that is explained by all of the X variables taken together). Statistical inference in multiple regression is based on the linear model, and will begin with the F test (an overall test of whether the X variables together have a significant effect on Y ) which produces a p -value and may be interpreted as a test of whether or not the R -squared (percent variance explained) is large enough to be considered statistically significant. If the F test is significant, then you may proceed to the t tests, one for each of the X variables (testing the effect of that X variable on Y while controlling for all of the other X variables). These t tests may be performed using any of the methods we have covered: the p -value, the confidence interval (for the regression coefficient), or the t statistic.
Influence of Photoperiod and Temperature on the Reproductive Diapause of Two Different Geographic Populations of the Mexican Bean Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Their Cross Progeny

The influence of temperature and photoperiod on the reproductive diapause of two Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, populations and their cross progeny was determined in laboratory ...
Game-Theory-Based Consensus Learning of Double-Integrator Agents in the Presence of Worst-Case Adversaries

This work proposes a game-theory-based technique for guaranteeing consensus in unreliable networks by satisfying local objectives. This multi-agent problem is addressed under a distributed framework, in which every agent has to find the best controller against a worst-case adversary so that agreement is reached among the agents in the networked team. The construction of such controllers requires the solution of a system of coupled partial differential equations, which is typically not feasible. The algorithm proposed uses instead three approximators for each agent: one to approximate the value function, one to approximate the control law, and a third one to approximate a worst-case adversary. The tuning laws for every controller and adversary are driven by their neighboring controllers and adversaries, respectively, and neither the controller nor the adversary knows each other’s policies. A Lyapunov stability proof ensures that all the signals remain bounded and consensus is asymptotically reached. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
Old pests in new places: Effects of stand structure and forest type on susceptibility to a bark beetle on the edge of its native range

Abstract Range expansion of native insect pests under climate change has the potential to move many species beyond their usual habitat. As resource managers attempt to respond to these “new” pests, methods are needed that can rapidly assess local impacts, while utilizing familiar metrics so that the wheel need not be re-invented with each new pest. Southern pine beetle (SPB; Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann) is a bark beetle native to the southeastern United States whose periodic outbreaks can kill thousands of hectares of trees, resulting in economic losses and degradation of ecosystem services. Over the past decade, a sustained outbreak in the New Jersey Pinelands has moved the northern limit of its range, switching from forests consisting primarily of loblolly, longleaf, and shortleaf pines (Pinus taeda, P. palustris, P. echinata) in the southeastern U.S. to one consisting primarily of pitch pine (P. rigida) along the mid-Atlantic seaboard. We sought to understand the effects of forest type and structure on the variation in susceptibility of stands to SPB infestation. We found that among wetland conifer, wetland mixed pine/oak, upland (dry) conifer, and upland mixed pine/oak stands, those with a high percentage of pine were infested with higher probability than mixed pine/hardwood stands, regardless of whether the stands were upland or wetland habitats. The effects of stand type (wetland or upland) were overridden by the effect of stand composition. Research from the south has found that wet or waterlogged stands tend to be more susceptible to SPB, potentially due to lower tree defenses. Our finding that wetland/upland status is less important than stand composition suggests that defenses were not the primary determinant of stand susceptibility. Also in contrast to southern findings, site index did not predict infestation status. More in line with previous work in the south, we found that stands with high percentage pine and high pine basal area were more susceptible. Stands composed of smaller, closer together, shorter, and younger trees, with lower percent live crown, were also more susceptible. Discriminant analyses found that a simple model including DBH, pine basal area, and percent live crown could be used to successfully separate and prioritize stands more likely to be infested in the future. Our results suggest that thinning is an appropriate management strategy for forest managers seeking to build resilience, and that all else being equal, conifer stands should receive priority for management attention over mixed stands.
CCD Planetary Imagers

When affordable CCD cameras first appeared on the scene in the late 1980s and early 1990s, amateur planetary observers were keen to appreciate their potential for shortening exposure times and “freezing” the atmospheric turbulence that is the bane of the astrophotographer. Indeed the SBIG ST4, the amateur astronomer’s first commercial CCD camera, soon stopped being seen as an autoguider because it was more exciting as a planet imager! CCD cameras also have other advantages over film cameras as well as just raw sensitivity. They don’t suffer from harmful shutter and reflex mirror vibration (although some do have moving vanes for facilitating dark frames); images can be viewed immediately; thousands of images per night can be taken; and, most important, images can be stacked and processed to bring out the maximum detail.
Effect of bentonites on fluorometric selenium determination

Bentonites in feeds cause error in the analysis for Se by the AOAC (3.097-3.101) fluorometric method for Se in plants. The error apparently results from the binding of the piazselenol by insoluble residue from the bentonite. This effect is avoided by diluting digests to volume after reduction with HCl, centrifuging or allowing to stand, and analyzing a portion of the clear supernatant liquid. Insoluble residues present after digestion of plant materials do not appear to cause a similar error.
Cartilage-Forming Tumors

All tumors that engage in chondroid matrix production are traditionally grouped together, regardless of their histogenesis. Cartilage tumors account for most nonhematologic primary bone tumors and encompass a broad spectrum of lesions, ranging from completely benign to highly malignant. As in most types of bone tumors but in contrast to bone-forming tumors, benign cartilaginous lesions are far more common than malignant ones. As for all bone lesions, evaluation of cartilage tumors necessitates adequate correlation with radiographic and demographic findings. This is extremely important in differentiating chondromas from chondrosarcomas, because benign lesions may have worrisome cytohistologic features, and conversely, high-grade lesions may possess foci of benign-appearing cytologic characteristics.
Nutritional and Metabolic Management of the Diabetic Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease and Chronic Renal Failure

Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) worldwide. Nutritional and metabolic balance in patients with diabetes and CKD is essential to their medical management. It is now recognized that each of these chronic conditions is associated with multiple metabolic abnormalities, so that their coexistence creates a multitude of unique challenges for the physician. This chapter presents the pathogenesis and clinical consequences of disorders of nutrition and metabolism in the diabetic CKD patient. For example, insulin resistance and carbohydrate intolerance are characteristic in many patients with diabetes, but are also abnormal in uremia. The kidney’s role in glucose homeostasis is well-established. Fluctuations in serum glucose may eventuate in hypoglycemia in the diabetic patient; CKD enhances the risk. Glycemic management in CKD is more complex than in the diabetic patient without CKD. While hemoglobin A1c remains the most widely used index of glycemic control in the diabetic population, predicts risk of microvascular complications associated with diabetes, and correlates well with blood glucose levels in those with preserved kidney function, its validity has been called into question in the setting of CKD/end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Vitamin D deficiency has been increasingly linked to diverse conditions including risk of type 2 diabetes. Low 1,25 OH(2) vitamin D levels appear to be related in part to reduced levels of its substrate, 25-OH D. High dietary protein intakes have been shown to accelerate the rate of progression of kidney failure in animal models of diabetic kidney disease. Convincing data, however, that low dietary protein can slow progression of kidney disease in patients with diabetic nephropathy are lacking. Similarly, the role of sodium intake in progression of diabetic kidney disease, independent of lowering blood pressure, has not been established, although some studies suggest that lower salt intake may enhance reduction in albuminuria, at least in patients who are treated with certain classes of antihypertensive medicines.
The role of manganese in neuroinflammation

Abstract Manganese (Mn) is an important trace element that functions as a cofactor for a multitude of enzymes at physiological levels, but excessive cellular Mn accumulation can be neurotoxic. In particular, chronic excessive exposure to occupational or environmental sources of Mn causes a Parkinsonian neurodegenerative condition known as manganism characterized by a severe neurological deficit that often resembles the involuntary extrapyramidal symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Mn toxicity in the central nervous system (CNS) largely causes neuronal apoptosis and gliosis in the globus pallidus, the substantia nigra pars reticulata, and the striatum. In addition to direct effect of Mn on apoptotic cell death in neurons, both astrocytes and microglia respond rapidly to Mn insults. Herein, we review some important aspects of glial biology, briefly delving into the mechanisms of action astrocytes and microglia exhibit under Mn insults and discussing future directions in the development of therapeutics against Mn neurotoxicity.
HECT E3 Ubiquitin ligase Nedd4 is required for anti-fungal innate immune response

Candida albicans is the most common cause of fungal infections in humans, and disseminated candidiasis has become one of the leading causes of hospital-acquired blood stream infections with 45% to 75% mortality rate. The understanding of the host–pathogen interactions and the mechanisms of immune regulation against fungal spread is critical for developing immune-based strategies to combat candidemia. Nedd4 (neuronal precursor cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated 4) is a HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligase which has been shown to positively regulate T cell activation and proliferation. However, the role of Nedd4 in innate immunity is completely unknown. To elucidate the role of Nedd4 in innate immune response against fungal infection, we generated the mice bearing LoxP -flanked alleles encoding Nedd4 with Rosa26-Cre-ER T2 mice to generate Nedd4 fl/fl Rosa26-Cre-ER T2 mice (called ‘ Nedd4 CreER mice ’ here). We also generated mice deficient for Nedd4 in dendritic cells (DC) ( Cd11c Cre.Nedd4 f/f ) or macrophages ( LysM Cre.Nedd4 f/f ). We found that although Nedd4 might not regulate the signaling via TLRs and Dectin-1, Rosa26-Cre-ER T2 mice treated with tamoxifen or mice deficient for Nedd4 in the myeloid cell lineages (macrophages and dendritic cells) are highly susceptible to systemic C. albicans infection, which correlates with defective pro-inflammatory cytokines in the sera, impaired leukocyte recruitment to the kidneys, defective ROS expression by the granulocytes in the kidneys, and heightened kidney fungal burden. Therefore, our data suggest that Nedd4 expression in the myeloid cells is crucial for C-type lectin receptor (CLR)-mediated innate immune response against systemic C. albicans infection.
Role of Polyacrylic Acid (PAA) Binder on the Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Silicon Anodes

To obtain high-energy density Li-ion batteries for the next-generation storage devices, silicon anodes provide a viable option because of their high theoretical capacity, low operating potential ve...
Stabilization Study of Polyacrylonitrile/Cellulose Nanocrystals Composite Fibers

The stabilization process is an important step in converting polyacrylonitrile (PAN) to good mechanical property carbon fiber. Currently, sustainable materials, such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs...
Migrating beyond networks: the mechanisms of sending state intervention

This article analyzes the mechanisms through which sending state policies intervene in labor migration flows. Relying primarily on data from the Philippine state’s system of overseas contract migra...
Shapes of love in the miracle testimonies of the Virgin of Chiquinquirá, New Kingdom of Granada, 1587 to 1694

AbstractA trilogy of texts composed between 1587 and 1694 memorialize the origin of and early devotion to the Virgin of Chiquinquira in the New Kingdom of Granada: an informacion juridica (original...
Cervical Lymph Node Biopsy

This chapter describes a cervical lymph node biopsy as performed by an open neck incision. The majority of cervical lymphadenopathy in children is benign and self-limited. Cervical lymphadenopathy that is persistent more than 6–12 weeks may represent a more sinister pathology, and a cervical lymph node biopsy is warranted to rule out malignancy or another pathologic process. Other high-risk features include lymph nodes that are fixed to surrounding structures, are firm, greater than 2 cm, or if there are multiple sites of adenopathy. Ultrasound may be used to better characterize the lymph node and to rule out other potential causes of a neck mass. Fine needle aspiration is a less invasive alternative but is frequently nondiagnostic as tissue architecture is typically required for diagnosis. In addition to standard procedural risks, the primary risk of cervical lymph node biopsies is the potential for damage to surrounding structures. The most commonly cited injury to adjacent structures is the spinal accessory nerve. The critical steps of the procedure involve an incision over the enlarged lymph node, identification and removal of the lymph node, and incision closure.
Biomechanical effects of superior capsular reconstruction in a rotator cuff-deficient shoulder: a cadaveric study.

Background Superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) has been gaining popularity as a treatment for irreparable rotator cuff tears (RCTs), especially in younger patients. This biomechanical study aimed to investigate how SCR affects functional abduction force, humeral head migration, and passive range of motion following an irreparable RCT. We hypothesized that SCR will restore these parameters to nearly intact shoulder levels. Methods Six fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were evaluated using a custom biomechanical testing apparatus. Each shoulder was taken through 3 conditions: (1) intact (control); (2) irreparable, complete supraspinatus (SS) tear; and (3) SCR. Functional abduction force, superior humeral head migration, and passive range of motion, including axial shoulder rotation, were measured in static condition at 0°, 30°, and 60° of glenohumeral abduction. Data were analyzed using the paired Student t test or Wilcoxon signed rank test, depending on the results of normality testing. Results The irreparable SS tear resulted in significantly lower functional abduction force at 30° of abduction (P = .01) and a trend toward a decrease (P = .17) at 60° compared with the intact configuration. SCR shoulders produced greater functional force at 0° compared with the tear configuration (P = .046). Humeral head migration was significantly increased by 4.4 and 3.0 mm at 0° and 30° of abduction, respectively, when comparing the intact vs. SS tear configurations (P = .001). SCR decreased superior migration down to levels of intact shoulders at 0° and 30° of abduction (P = .008 and P = .013, respectively) and was not significantly different from the intact configuration at any angle. SCR decreased passive shoulder extension compared with the tear configuration and increased abduction compared with the intact configuration (P = .007 and P = .03, respectively). The overall arc of axial rotation was not significantly different between SCR and the intact configuration at any angle. Conclusions In the setting of an irreparable SS tear, SCR restores key biomechanical parameters of the shoulder to intact levels. SCR should be considered for qualifying patients with irreparable RCTs.
A SCIENTIST'S WARNING TO HUMANITY ON HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH.

Abstract One needs only to peruse the daily news to be aware that humanity is on a dangerous and challenging trajectory. This essay explores the prospect of adopting a science-based framework for confronting these potentially adverse prospects. It explores a perspective based on relevant ecological and behavioral science. The objective is to involve concerned citizens of the world in this enterprise. The overall objective is to maintain Planet Earth as a favorable home for the future of humanity. Nine ecological principles explain one major aspect of what is happening and provide critical guidelines for appropriate action. Nine social behaviors explore how we might integrate social science insights with those from ecology. Twenty predictions are proposed based on these ecological and social science principles plus existing trends. If these trends are not vigorously and courageously confronted, we will likely be on track for the demise of our civilization. As we examine these challenges, our job will be especially complicated because a major segment of humanity is not prepared to accept evidence based on science, and this generates much resistance to any efforts directed toward effective control of current and future challenges. In these complex circumstances, we must remain as cooperative and optimistic as possible so that we can promote the needed willpower and ingenuity. This essay has broad support as it is a contribution to the Scientists’ Warning to Humanity Program of the Alliance of World Scientists ( Ripple et al., 2017 ).
High Power Single Mode Triple-Ridge Waveguide Semiconductor Laser

We propose a high-power, single transverse mode, edge-emitting diode laser by constructing a triple-ridge waveguide structure. Two integrated lossy auxiliary waveguides are utilized to suppress the unwanted high order modes in the main waveguide.
Analyzing acoustic emission data to identify cracking modes in cement paste using an artificial neural network

Abstract The focus of this research is the identification of cracking mechanisms for cement paste using acoustic emission data, recorded from compression and notched four-point bending tests. A procedure is developed for analyzing the data by employing an agglomerative hierarchical clustering method, an artificial neural network, and a ray-tracing source location algorithm. An agglomerative hierarchical clustering method is utilized to cluster the AE data from a compression test using frequency-dependent features. A neural network is trained using the compression test data and applied to the AE data emitted during the four-point bending test. The clustered data from the four-point bending test is localized using a ray-tracing algorithm. Based on the occurrence and locations of the clustered events and signal feature analyses, potential cracking mechanisms are identified and assigned.
Mine Drainage Residual Additions to Lake Sediments Alter Phosphorus and Trace Metal Distributions

A greenhouse microcosm study investigated the impacts of recovered iron oxyhydroxide mine drainage residuals (MDRs) on phosphorus (P) and trace metal distributions at the sediment layer/water column interface in Grand Lake o’ the Cherokees, a large reservoir receiving waters impacted by both historic mining and current agricultural land uses. Each mesocosm included 5 kg of lake sediment and 20 L of on-site groundwater. Three treatments were examined in triplicate: control (C) with no additions, low MDR (LM) with 0.3 kg added MDR, and high MDR (HM) with 0.9 kg added MDR. In the first 10 days, aqueous soluble reactive phosphorous (SRP) concentrations decreased likely due to colonizing biomass uptake with no significant differences among the three treatments. LM and HM treatments showed delayed peaks in dissolved oxygen (DO) and lesser peaks in chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations compared to the C treatment, indicating MDR addition may suppress biomass growth. During days 11 to 138, the C treatment demonstrated increasing pH, decreasing ORP, and biomass decay resulting in significantly increased SRP concentrations. In LM and HM treatments, sufficient P sorption by the MDR maintained low SRP concentrations. Although the MDRs are derived from metal-rich mine waters, all aqueous concentrations were below both hardness-adjusted acute and chronic criteria, except for Pb with regard to the chronic criterion. Metal concentrations in sediments were below the Tri-State Mining District (TSMD)–specific Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs). MDR additions may serve as stable long-term P sinks to prevent P release from dead biomass, decrease internal P cycling rates, and mitigate eutrophication, with limited concern for trace metal release.
Survival Versus Thriving: Social Mobility in Edith Wharton’s The House of Mirth and Edna Ferber’s So Big

One of the most productive ways to engage today’s students with Wharton’s fiction is to have them focus on the theme of survival versus thriving in hostile social environments, an issue which helps them see the relevance of Wharton’s work to contemporary American society. This approach works best when Wharton is taught in a comparative context with other novels by American women writers of the Progressive Era, such as Edna Ferber, Jesse Redmon Fauset, or Zora Neale Hurston. This chapter focuses on teaching Wharton’s The House of Mirth alongside Ferber’s Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, So Big. Guiding students through a series of scaffolded assignments, reading the texts simultaneously in serial form to facilitate direct comparison, and building small-group Venn diagrams help them engage the philosophy of social Darwinism in Progressive Era literature and understand issues of social mobility and resilience in their own lives.
Throwing Caution to the Wind: COVID-19 and Hurricanes

The onset of Hurricane Laura during the COVID-19 pandemic provides a natural experiment to estimate the effect of reduced social distancing on the spread of COVID-19. To this end, we first provide evidence of hurricane-induced mobility. Then using hospital-level data on confirmed and suspected adult COVID-19 cases, we find that such cases rise by more than 10 percent in hurricane-affected counties in subsequent weeks. Lower income areas endured a higher growth in COVID-19 cases in the post-hurricane period. These findings provide crucial insights for policymakers when designing natural disaster protocols to adjust for potential viral illnesses.
AltumAge: A Pan-Tissue DNA-Methylation Epigenetic Clock Based on Deep Learning

Several age predictors based on DNA methylation, dubbed epigenetic clocks, have been created in recent years. Their accuracy and potential for generalization vary widely based on the training data. Here, we gathered 143 publicly available data sets from several human tissues to develop AltumAge, a highly accurate and precise age predictor based on deep learning. Compared to Horvath9s 2013 model, AltumAge performs better across both normal and malignant tissues and is more generalizable to new data sets. Interestingly, it can predict gestational week from placental tissue with low error. Lastly, we used deep learning interpretation methods to learn which methylation sites contributed to the final model predictions. We observed that while most important CpG sites are linearly related to age, some highly-interacting CpG sites can influence the relevance of such relationships. We studied the associated genes of these CpG sites and found literary evidence of their involvement in age-related gene regulation. Using chromatin annotations, we observed that the CpG sites with the highest contribution to the model predictions were related to heterochromatin and gene regulatory regions in the genome. We also found age-related KEGG pathways for genes containing these CpG sites. In general, neural networks are better predictors due to their ability to capture complex feature interactions compared to the typically used regularized linear regression. Altogether, our neural network approach provides significant improvement and flexibility to current epigenetic clocks without sacrificing model interpretability.
¡Casi te caístes!: Variation in second person singular preterit forms in Spanish Children.

The current study investigates Spanish children's variation between the standard and non-standard forms for second person singular preterit -s (caiste ~ caistes). All second person singular preterit forms were extracted from the spontaneous speech of 78 children in Spain and analyzed for the effects of age, language contact setting, and lexical frequency. Results show that children in contact with Galician and Catalan produce more non-standard than children in non-contact areas like Madrid. Meanwhile, low-frequency verbs (e.g., pillaste) are more likely to occur with the non-standard -s than high-frequency verbs (e.g., fuiste). However, age is not a significant predictor of children's 2sg preterit production. These preliminary findings demonstrate that Spanish children do have the non-standard -s in their speech, and that their 2sg preterit forms are significantly conditioned by language contact and lexical frequency.
The Importance of Meeting Deadlines

Ideally after returning from a long trip, the traveler will fondly remember the journey and treasure the meaningful experiences they had along the way.
Identification and prediction of developmental enhancers in sea urchin embryos

Background The transcription of developmental regulatory genes is often controlled by multiple cis-regulatory elements. The identification and functional characterization of distal regulatory elements remains challenging, even in tractable model organisms like sea urchins. Results We evaluate the use of chromatin accessibility, transcription and RNA Polymerase II for their ability to predict enhancer activity of genomic regions in sea urchin embryos. ATAC-seq, PRO-seq, and Pol II ChIP-seq from early and late blastula embryos are manually contrasted with experimental cis-regulatory analyses available in sea urchin embryos, with particular attention to common developmental regulatory elements known to have enhancer and silencer functions differentially deployed among embryonic territories. Using the three functional genomic data types, machine learning models are trained and tested to classify and quantitatively predict the enhancer activity of several hundred genomic regions previously validated with reporter constructs in vivo. Conclusions Overall, chromatin accessibility and transcription have substantial power for predicting enhancer activity. For promoter-overlapping cis-regulatory elements in particular, the distribution of Pol II is the best predictor of enhancer activity in blastula embryos. Furthermore, ATAC- and PRO-seq predictive value is stage dependent for the promoter-overlapping subset. This suggests that the sequence of regulatory mechanisms leading to transcriptional activation have distinct relevance at different levels of the developmental gene regulatory hierarchy deployed during embryogenesis.
Smooth as Silk

over in my sleep you rolled over in your sleep. You followed me to the ends of the earth. When I turned there you were. I didn't have to shout. "Fan chon," I said in a normal tone of voice and you appeared before me. "I love you, darling," I said. You were always there when I needed you, quietly eating popcorn beside me and listening to the talk of my friends. They learned to accept you. They never got a chance to ask me that but you never gave them the chance, did you, darling? I could kiss you.
Kinetic Theory and Collisional Detachment

The work of Pierce [1963] defining the role of collision energy considerations in the temperature dependence of negative ion collisional detachment was altered by Arnold [1964] on the basis of a more exact gas kinetic approach valid for elastic spheres. A reexamination of this work is made here using gas kinetic equations with an arbitrary collision cross section. It is found thiu while the corrections of Arnold apply to a modified elastic sphere expression, the introduction of an ion-molecule interaction based upon a polarization force leads to a temperature dependence for collisional detachment which is the same as that originally given by Pierce. A difference is noted, however, in that the present expression involves only the neutral gas polarizability as a characteristic of the ion-neutral interaction, removing the previous necessity of making separate evaluations of the collision radii and ion and molecule free paths.
Gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease: Case-finding observations

Abstract During a 20 month period, 110 women with gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease and 165 women with uncomplicated gonorrhea were provided intensive case-finding services (interviewing of patients and tracing of contacts). Approximately three contacts per case were investigated, and 24.3% of the 859 male contacts were infected. Nearly two thirds (64.6%) of the infected contacts were asymptomatic. Active public health intervention was frequently necessary to persuade asymptomatic men to seek medical attention; removal of these men from the disease pool may serve to prevent reinfection of treated women and to diminish the transmission of gonorrhea.
The single eye: Re-evaluating Ancien Régime science

L'histoire de la science sous l'Ancien Regime, notamment en astronomie a l'Observatoire de Paris, et la gestion politique des scientifiques dans ce site important temoin de l'interaction entre la science et l'Etat.
Guns, Murder, and Plausibility

Midway through Randolph Roth's rebuttal (2010, 189), I see that I'm pictured as hostile to methodological progress, that I've drawn a “line in the sand against statistical approaches to historical ...
Increased risk of cerebral palsy among very low-birthweight infants with chronic lung disease

To determine the risk of cerebral palsy and other forms of neurosensory impairment in very low-birthweight infants (less than 1500g) with severe lung disease, as compared with those with lesser degrees of lung disease, and to examine perinatal and demographic correlates of chronic lung disease, the authors prospectively followed 249 survivors born between 1983 and 1984. 52 (21 per cent) developed chronic lung disease (CLD), defined as oxygen dependence greater than or equal to 28 days. 15 per cent of children with CLD developed cerebral palsy, compared with 3 per cent who required oxygen for between three and 27 days and 4 per cent of those requiring oxygen for two days or less. The overall neurological impairment rate, including cerebral palsy, abnormalities of muscle tone, hydrocephalus requiring a shunt, and severe visual or hearing impairment, was 29 per cent for infants with CLD. This compares with rates of 9 per cent for those requiring oxygen for between three and 27 days and 6 per cent for those on oxygen for two or less days. Infants with CLD had a significantly lower mean birthweight and gestational age; 43 per cent had grade III or IV intraventricular hemorrhages; and they also required longer periods in hospital.
Semen analysis: looking for an upgrade in class.

Objective To review the literature database regarding current methods for diagnosing male subfertility and to critique new testing methods that have the potential to be incorporated as part of routine semen analysis. Design Literature database review. Setting None. Patient(s) None. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) None. Result(s) Methods for performing high quality semen analysis are standardized and clearly presented in the 2010 World Health Organization (WHO) laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. In spite of the fact that lower reference limits contained therein are now evidence-based, debate persists about their clinical value. One test put forth as being additive to the semen analysis is assessment of DNA integrity. However, due to lack of standardized methods and quality control measures, accessibility to instrumentation, and evidence-based reference values for clinical interpretation this test has not become incorporated into the clinical andrology mainstream. Novel tests that probe molecular function have emerged that also have promise for integration into routine clinical semen analysis. Conclusion(s) Semen analysis, when performed according to WHO guidelines, will yield accurate and precise clinical laboratory data on traditional semen parameters. Due to the biological nature of the specimen in question definitive diagnosis of subfertility and its cause(s) remains enigmatic. Novel tests that may be easily standardized for subsequent multi-center, prospective randomized trials need to be integrated so more meaningful clinical diagnoses can be made.