cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Repeated inflation does not prevent otitis media with effusion in a monkey model.

OBJECTIVE Investigate the efficacy of repeated middle ear inflation with an inert gas (argon) for preventing the development of middle ear effusion in monkeys with functional eustachian tube obstruction. STUDY DESIGN Prospective controlled trial of daily middle ear inflation with five monkeys assigned to the inflation group and four to the control group. METHODS The right tensor veli palatini muscle of nine monkeys was paralyzed with botulinum toxin. Tympanometry was done before the procedure and then daily for 21 days. Presence and distribution of effusion were assessed before paralysis and on day 15 using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In five right ears inflation was done beginning at the first observation of negative middle ear pressure of < or =200 mm H2O and repeated on all days with pressures < or =-100 mm H2O. Four right ears served as uninflated controls. RESULTS Right middle ear pressure decreased in all animals over the course of the study. Pressure returned to near-ambient levels immediately following the argon inflation but was decreased to control levels at the subsequent observation on the following day. MRI at day 15 documented effusion in all right ears with no quantifiable differences in amount or distribution between ears that were and were not inflated with argon. CONCLUSIONS Repeated inflation with an inert gas does not prevent middle ear effusion in monkeys with functional eustachian tube obstruction.
Population pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in infants and children undergoing cardiac surgery

The aim of this study was to provide a model-based analysis of the pharmacokinetics of remifentanil in infants and children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). We studied nine patients aged 0.5 to 4 years who received a continuous remifentanil infusion via a computer-controlled infusion pump during cardiac surgery with mildly hypothermic CPB were studied. Arterial blood samples taken prior to, during and after CPB were analyzed for remifentanil concentrations using a validated gas-chromatographic mass-spectrophotometric assay. We used population mixed-effects modeling to characterize remifentanil pharmacokinetics. The final model was evaluated by its predictive performance. The pharmacokinetics of remifentanil was described by a 1-compartment model with adjustments for CPB. Population mean parameter estimates were 1.41 L for volume of distribution (V) and 0.244 L/min for clearance. V was increased during CPB and post-CPB to 2.41 times the pre-CPB value. The median prediction error and the median of individual median absolute prediction error were 2.44% and 21.6%, respectively. Remifentanil dosage adjustments are required during and after CPB due to marked changes in the V of the drug. Simulations indicate that a targeted blood concentration of 14 ng/mL is achieved and maintained in 50% of typical patients by administration of an initial dose of 18 μg remifentanil followed by an infusion of 3.7 μg/min before, during and post-CPB, supplemented with a bolus dose of 25 μg given at the start of CPB.
Collective states of 107Ag

Abstract A high resolution study of the γ-ray spectra following β-decay and Coulomb excitation has led to a revised level scheme for 107Ag. Some states can be interpreted as arising from the coupling of an odd proton with vibrational core states.
Laser sideband spectroscopy: A macromolecular probe

Abstract We have previously developed a model which includes energy and phasechanging collisional relaxations in a system of chemically reacting molecules absorbing light from a monochromatic field while immersed in an inert thermal bath. Some aspects of the model are presented here which relate to scattered light measurements on macromolecular systems. We predict that in the presence of low-intensity laser light the elastic component of the scattered light will be broadened by the rate constant for the chemical reaction. In the presence of high-intensity laser light, the scattered field may contain, in addition to the Rayleigh scattered light, two sidebands symmetrically displaced to either side of the Rayleigh band; the magnitude of the displacement is a function of the laser intensity. The Rayleigh band width is a direct measure of the phase relaxation time, and the sideband widths are a measure of the energy and phase relaxation times. We discuss several experimental systems in which sideband scattering data might be used to provide information related to relaxation and reaction mechanisms in macromolecular systems of biological interest; bound enzyme-substrate and enzyme-dye systems can be investigated as can vibrational energy transfer on membrane-bound systems. Some numerical computations are included for the magnitude of the sideband displacement and scattered intensities.
Laser catheter-induced atrioventricular nodal delays and atrioventricular block in dogs: acute and chronic observations

Selective modification of atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction, that is, induction of varying degrees of AV nodal delays or block (second or third degree), or both, was achieved with a pervenous laser catheter technique. In six adult mongrel dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital (Nembutal), 5F leads were placed through femoral and external jugular veins and placed into the right atrium and His bundle region. Through another femoral vein, a 200 µm optical fiber was inserted by way of a 7F catheter with a preformed curved tip. Guided by fluoroscopy and His bundle electrograms, the fiber's tip was positioned in the AV nodal region. After autonomic blockade was achieved with intravenous propranolol (5 mg) and atropine (1 mg), AV conduction was analyzed. An argon laser delivered 3 to 4 watts into the fiber in bursts of 10 seconds' duration until the desired degree of AV nodal delay or block (second or third degree) was manifested. Monitoring of His bundle electrograms was continued for 2 hours. Four weekly serial electrocardiograms were recorded, after which electrophysiologic studies were repeated. Acute post-lasing studies showed that: 1) in all six dogs, the mean PR interval was prolonged from 116 ms (range 100 to 135) to 153 ms (range 120 to 185), with the prolongation being caused exclusively by AH lengthening from 68 ms (range 50 to 90) to 105 ms (range 65 to 140); 2) the mean effective refractory period of the AV node increased from less than 185 ms (range None of the dogs exhibited any complications during the acute or chronic observations. The potential application of this technique to slow AV nodal conduction for management of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in human beings merits further clinical investigation.
Three-dimensional spectral classification of WN stars: One too many?

Abstract A “three-dimensional” classification for WN stars has been introduced by Smith, Shara, and Moffat (MNRAS 281, 163, 1996). In addition to the well known “one-dimensional” ionization subclasses (e.g., WN6, WN7, WN8, etc.) they have added subscripts of “h”, “a”, “b” and “o” to refer, respectively, to the connotation of hydrogen being present (from the Balmer/Pickering emission line decrement), the presence of absorption lines, the appearance of broad emission lines, or no evidence of hydrogen (in stars without a “b”). I will critically evaluate the appropriateness of the latter two subscripts, utilizing the observed distribution functions of line width and line strength for Galactic and LMC WN stars. A “two-dimensional” classification, providing information about the hydrogen in addition to the ionization is probably warranted.
Experimental Measurements of Load Distributions on Friction Stir Weld Pin Tools

An understanding of the forces acting on the pin of friction stir weld tools is critical to appropriate design, especially in materials with limited toughness such as polycrystalline cubic boron nitride. This article describes a study to measure the longitudinal force distribution on a friction stir weld pin tool. Total longitudinal forces were recorded on a dynamometer while welding 6061 aluminum with pins that varied in length and diameter. A model was developed that characterizes the pin force as a function of pin length and diameter. As the pin length approaches zero, the longitudinal force reaches an asymptote, which is apparently the longitudinal force due to the shoulder. The force due to the pin increases with pin length, but appears not to vary significantly with pin diameter. The force distribution on the pin appears to increase linearly with distance from the shoulder. Unexpected force variation was found at large pin lengths, a result which has yet to be explained.
Diffusion and the Mesoscopic Hydrodynamics of Supercooled Liquids

The description of molecular motion by macroscopic hydrodynamics has a long and continuing history. The Stokes−Einstein relation between the diffusion coefficient of a solute and the solvent viscosity predicted using macroscopic continuum hydrodynamics is well satisfied for liquids under ordinary to high-temperature conditions, even for solutes as small as the solvent. Diffusion in supercooled liquids near their glass transition temperature has been found to deviate by as much as 3 orders of magnitude from that predicted by the Stokes−Einstein Relation [J. Chem. Phys. 1996, 104, 7210].1 On the basis of the random first-order transition theory [Phys. Rev. A 1987, 35, 3072, Phys. Rev. A 1989, 40, 1045, and Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2000, 97, 2990],2-4 supercooled liquids possess a mosaic structure. The size- and temperature-dependence of the transport anomalies are quantitatively explained with an effective medium hydrodynamics model based on the microscopic theory of this mesoscale, mosaic structure.
The Spark Spectrum of Europium, Eu II

Structure of the spectrum. The strongest lines of Eu II arise from transitions based on the ground-level of Eu III, ${f}^{7}^{8}S^{\mathrm{o}}$. The lowest terms are ${f}^{7}s^{9}S^{\mathrm{o}}$, $^{7}S^{\mathrm{o}}$. Next come ${f}^{7}d^{9}D^{\mathrm{o}}$, $^{7}D^{\mathrm{o}}$. Numerous levels, combining with these terms, arise from ${f}^{6}{s}^{2}$, ${f}^{6}\mathrm{sd}$, and ${f}^{8}$. The number of levels identified is 156; of lines classified, 467. All the stronger lines are included. Unclassified lines. About 2000 lines remain unclassified. They probably arise from transitions between levels based upon higher limits in the ${f}^{7}$ configuration of Eu III. Ionization potential. Series of three consecutive $^{9}S^{\mathrm{o}}$ and $^{7}S^{\mathrm{o}}$ terms give the value 11.21 volts. Zeeman effect. Patterns for 459 lines, measured at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with a field of 87,850 gauss, are tabulated. The $g$ values for 118 levels have been determined. Those for the low levels agree with theory; the higher levels are much perturbed. Patterns for a few lines of Eu I and Eu III are given. The latter confirm that the ground state is $^{8}S^{\mathrm{o}}$.
Nitrosation of phenols in smoked bacon

THE suggestion that nitrosamines could be formed in cured meats1 has prompted much research into the fate of added nitrite in these foods. Because of their carcinogenicity, the major effort has been directed towards nitrosamine formation in vitro in cured meats and in vivo, but other nitrosations reported have been those of proteins2, thiols3 and creatine and creatinine4. We have recently reported our results on the nitrosation of liquid smoke emulsions in model systems5 and we are prompted to report our studies of phenol nitrosation in smoked bacons by a recent suggestion that competitive nitrosation of phenolic residues may reduce the amount of nitrosamine formation6.
Solid‐State NMR Investigations of the Unusual Effects Resulting from the Nanoconfinement of Water within Amphiphilic Crosslinked Polymer Networks

Two types of solid-state 19 F NMR spectroscopy experiments are used to characterize phase-separated hyperbranched fluoropolymer-poly(ethylene glycol) (HBFP-PEG) crosslinked networks. Mobile (soft) domains are detected in the HBFP phase by a rotor-synchronized Hahn echo under magic-angle spinning conditions, and rigid (hard) domains by a solid echo with no magic-angle spinning. The mobility of chains is detected in the PEG phase by 1 H→ 13 C cross-polarization transfers with 1 H spin-lock filters with and without magic-angle spinning. The interface between HBFP and PEG phases is detected by a third experiment, which utilized a 19 F → 1 H-(spin diffusion)- 1 H→ 13 C double transfer with 13 C solid-echo detection. The results of these experiments show that composition-dependent PEG inclusions in the HBFP glass rigidify on hydration, consistent with an increase in macroscopic tensile strength.
Probing Spatial Organization of mRNA in Bacterial Cells using 3D Super-Resolution Microscopy

Bacterial cells are often erroneously regarded as a tiny sack of molecules, but growing evidence suggests surprisingly sophisticated internal organization in bacteria. Here we present how mRNA is spatially organized in a model bacterium, Caulobacter crescentus. We developed 3D super-resolution microscopy technique based on fluorescence in situ hybridization to probe chromosomally encoded mRNA of a specific gene with ∼25 nm lateral resolution and ∼50 nm axial resolution. We found that most of the mRNA molecules are localized near the gene loci on the chromosome and that the remaining mRNA molecules are distributed around cell area with interesting localization patterns in the axial direction. We investigated spatial distribution of mRNA in relation to the cellular morphology and discuss cell cycle-dependent localization of certain bacterial mRNA.
MICROBIAL STABILITY AND REMANUF ACTURING CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH SOLIDS TOMATO CONCENTRATES

High solids concentrates prepared from VF145-7879 tomatoes showed microbiological stability without heat preservation at Aw= 0.879 through 480 days of incubation at 30°C. The concentrates with Aw= 0.882, however, spoiled within 360 days of incubation. The Aw values corresponded to 55.13% and 52.86% total solids, respectively. The high concentrates prepared from other varieties which were unusually soiled and had excessive microbial contamination spoiled within 5 days at Aw levels as low as 0.853 (50.74% total solids), but remained microbiologically stable at Aw= 0.819 (63.64% total solids) through 480 days. The effects of pH and the temperature of extraction are discussed. The consistency of the reconstituted high concentrates indicated a trend, i.e. with higher concentration, the concentrate remanufactured into catsup had slightly poorer consistency.
Combustion rate of carbon: Combustion of spheres in flowing gas streams

Abstract Data are presented on the rate of combustion of spheres of carbon in various nitrogen-oxygen mixtures, under conditions in which both the rate of chemical reaction at the surface and the rate of diffusion of oxygen to the surface are factors. A quantitative formulation of combustion rate is presented, predicting effects of temperature, gas velocity, and gas composition in agreement with the experimental measurements. The combustion-rate equation is able to establish limits within which the absolute magnitude of the combustion rate must lie, but these limits are rather broad because of the lack of data on gas diffusivities at high temperatures and of an inexact knowledge of the net products of the primary reaction between oxygen and carbon. From similar data for the rate of combustion in carbon dioxide it is concluded that carbon, when burned in air, is consumed by direct oxidation with oxygen rather than by a mechanism in which oxygen is pictured as reaching the surface chiefly in the form of carbon dioxide, there forming carbon monoxide.
Hybrid semi-Lagrangian finite element-finite difference methods for the Vlasov equation

In this paper, we propose a new conservative hybrid finite element-finite difference method for the Vlasov equation. The proposed methodology uses Strang splitting to decouple the nonlinear high dimensional Vlasov equation into two lower dimensional equations, which describe spatial advection and velocity acceleration/deceleration processes respectively. We then propose to use a semi-Lagrangian (SL) discontinuous Galerkin (DG) scheme (or Eulerian Runge-Kutta (RK) DG scheme with local time stepping) for spatial advection, and use a SL finite difference WENO for velocity acceleration/deceleration. Such hybrid method takes the advantage of DG scheme in its compactness and its ability in handling complicated spatial geometry; while takes the advantage of the WENO scheme in its robustness in resolving filamentation solution structures of the Vlasov equation. The proposed highly accurate methodology enjoys great computational efficiency, as it allows one to use relatively coarse phase space mesh due to the high order nature of the scheme. At the same time, the time step can be taken to be extra large in the SL framework. The quality of the proposed method is demonstrated via basic test problems, such as linear advection and rigid body rotation, and classical plasma problems, such as Landau damping and the two stream instability. Although we only tested 1D1V examples, the proposed method has the potential to be extended to problems with high spatial dimensions and complicated geometry. This constitutes our future research work.
A vibronic problem of solvated electrons

Abstract An attempt is made to understand the relationship and the essential difference between the two alternative approaches to the absorption spectra of solvated electrons; the standard single-site models and the multiple-site (“electron-transfer”) formulation. Using two phenomenological models, it is shown that the spectral line widths predicted by the single-site models are necessarily narrower than those calculated by the electron transfer model, because of the restricted choice of the configuration coordinate in the former category. Such restriction arises from the assumption of the rigid medium potential for the excess electron and also from imposing the Born-Oppenheimer separability of electronic and nuclear wavefunction for the excited states which are extended over many solvent molecules, in the single-site models. The peak transition energies are nearly identical for the two approaches.
Determination of the source position for the electron beams from a high-energy linear accelerator.

We have investigated the energy and field-size dependence of the source position of the electron beams from a Varian Clinac-2500 accelerator. Three independent experimental methods were used: (1) multipinhole camera (MPC), (2) back projection of the full width at half maximum (FWHM), and (3) the inverse square law (ISL). The positions of the virtual and effective sources were calculated using the multiple Coulomb scattering (MCS) formalism. The results obtained from the MPC agree, within the experimental uncertainties, with the calculated values for the virtual source position. Similarly, the results from the FWHM method agree with the calculations with the exception of those for small field sizes at the lower energies. This is consistent with the fact that both kinds of measurements are not very sensitive to scattering in the photon and electron collimators. In contrast, the source position determined by the ISL method shows strong dependence on field size and energy, and does not agree with the values predicted by the MCS formalism. This is due to contamination from electrons scattered in the x ray and electron collimation system. The techniques and results reported here should be generally applicable to other scatter foil linear accelerators.
STATIC AEROELASTIC ANALYSIS OF TRANSONIC WIND TUNNEL MODELS USING FINITE ELEMENT METHODS

A computational method for accurately predicting the static aeroelastic deformations of typical transonic transport wind tunnel models is described. The method utilizes a finite element method (FEM) for predicting the deformations. Extensive calibration/validation of this method was carried out using a novel wind-off wind tunnel model static loading experiment and wind-on optical wing twist measurements obtained during a recent wind tunnel test in the National Transonic Facility (NTF) at NASA LaRC. Further validations were carried out using a Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) flow solver to calculate wing pressure distributions about several aeroelastically deformed wings and comparing these predictions with NTF experimental data. Results from this aeroelastic deformation method are in good overall agreement with experimentally measured values. Including the predicted deformations significantly improves the correlation between CFD predicted and experimentally measured wing & pressures.
Cuticle Deposition in Imaginal Disks: Effects of Juvenile Hormone and Fat Body in vitro

Wing disks from the last larval instar of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), were successfully cultured in modified Grace's medium. 20-Hydroxyecdysone induced cuticle deposition in these disks in vitro. This response was enhanced by treating the medium with larval fat body and was inhibited by application of juvenile hormone.
Electron optic analysis of human dentin in hypophosphatemic vitamin D‐resistant rickets (Report of a kindred with consanguinity)

Abstract. Clinical observation of a family with consanguinity and vitamin D-resistant rickets is presented. Patients were studied by means of clinical observation and electron optic analysis, specifically that of scanning electron microscopy. The genetics of the condition is discussed with special reference to the effect of consanguinity on the kindred. Differential diagnosis with other hypophosphatemic conditions and inborn errors of calcium metabolism are also noted.
One Hundred Nine Living Donor Liver Transplants in Adults and Children: A Single-Center Experience

The shortage of cadaveric organs for liver transplantation has limited our ability to provide this life-saving therapy. 1 Historically, the shortage was most profound for children, who require smaller grafts. The innovative techniques of reduced-size and split liver transplantation relieved this shortage to some extent, allowing children greater access to transplants. Raia et al 2 and Broelsch et al 3 extended these techniques, resecting left lateral segments from living adults for transplantation into children. Pediatric living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) with left lateral segment grafts (segments 2 and 3) has nearly eliminated waiting list deaths among children and has improved graft and patient survival rates. 4,5 Further, waiting times for pediatric cadaveric livers are dramatically shorter. LDLT in children is associated with minimal donor complications. 3,6,7 Adults waiting for liver transplant face similar challenges to those faced by children before LDLT became routine. 8 Nearly 10% of patients on our waiting list die; the national liver transplant waiting list death rate in 1999 was 8.3%. 1 In 1998, we began to offer LDLT to adult recipients. Here we summarize our experience with 109 LDLTs in children and adults.
Segmentation analysis of property ownership types in rural areas

Summary Extensive unplanned residential land settlement often leads to numerous environmental, economic and social problems. Problems affect local planning efforts as well as firms involved in the land development business. Policy that is effective in alleviating problems recognizes that certain land settlement types are to a greater or lesser degree associated with a specific problem. Identification of characteristics related to those types using market segmentation analysis, is the aim of this study. Land settlement types were identified as permanent home ownership, seasonal home ownership and property ownership with no home development (recreational lot). Results indicate that there is a great deal of exploitable differences between segments with relevance to firms engaged in land development, as well as policy makers concerned with problems associated with unplanned settlement practices.
Folding and binding.

Jayant Udgaonkar is a Senior Professor at the National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore. His laboratory studies protein folding, unfolding and misfolding using a large variety of biophysical methods, including time-resolved FRET and hydrogen exchange coupled to mass spectrometry. The focus of the work in his laboratory is on the study of how protein folding, unfolding and aggregation reactions commence, and on the study of the temporal and structural heterogeneity characteristic of these reactions.
Measuring progress on UNCED implementation

Abstract This introduction to the special issue on Earth Summit implementation calls attention to the significance of the review of progress achieved in the implementation of the oceans and coasts agenda of the 1992 Earth Summit (the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)) conducted by the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development in April 1996. It poses major questions facing the Commission, introduces the major themes discussed in the special issue and makes some assessments on the nature and pace of UNCED implementation. Almost four years have passed since the momentous Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992. In April 1996, the institution created to monitor and provide oversight on the large and complex blueprint for change adopted in Rio, the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD), considers the progress that has been achieved in the area of oceans and coasts. This is, then, a very propitious time to take stock of what, if anything, has changed in the way in which nations, international institutions and communities manage the world's oceans and coasts. Four years is a very short time in the implementation of almost any program, and in this case particularly so, with more than 2500 prescriptions for action emanating from the Earth Summit—prescriptions aimed at national governments, local communities, international organizations, groups and individuals—all important actors in implementation. Nevertheless, the CSD review provides a focal point, an agenda focusing event, for the interested community to pause and reflect on what has changed since Rio. In this vein, we asked key individuals around the world to share their perspectives on what has been achieved since Rio, what is likely to be achieved still and on what is lacking in the implementation of the multi-faceted oceans and coasts agenda of the Earth Summit—including the prescriptions of Chapter 17 of Agenda 21, as well as those of the Climate Change and Biodiversity Conventions. The papers in this special issue thus present a set of perspectives on what has been accomplished, as well as what remains to be done. The papers vary in their content and approach—some represent fully fledged research appraisals of implementation in a particular area, others are reports of ongoing implementation activities and some are personal commentaries on the UNCED implementation process.
Using a Configurable Integrated Sensing And Processing Imager to Track Multiple Targets

On-line processing of data from video sequences is impeded by the need to process the large amount of data acquired by the image sensor. Appropriate processing onboard of the sensor can, however, reduce the data transmitted and processed by the tracker. In this paper, we use video sequences from an integrated sensing and processing (ISP) imager to track a variable number of targets; the imager is configured to select and filter data before transmission. The sensor configuration allows selection of (a) pixel blocks to be acquired and (b) filtering operations to be performed on the acquired blocks. We develop a configuration strategy using a particle filter to direct the acquisition and filtering. To track an unknown number of targets, we implement a multi-target tracker using a track-before-detect method. We demonstrate using simulations that the ISP approach reduces the data transmitted to the tracker without loss in tracking performance when compared to traditional sensing systems.
How much psychiatry are medical students really learning

THE CURRENT literature on psychiatric education is a very full one. Over 100 papers of varying caliber have appeared during the past five years, indicating clearly that this is an issue of major interest to the profession. Of these, nearly two thirds have to do with teaching medical students, and nearly one third with teaching general physicians and specialists (other than psychiatrists) already in practice. Approximately one tenth of these articles deal with teaching psychiatric residents, and only very few contend with the question of providing further training in psychiatry for interns and residents in medicine, surgery, and specialties other than psychiatry. The scope of these articles also varies: there are more general ones, which survey the achievements of the last 20 years and then propose yet more diversified and accomplished training programs. Some simply outline the programs at particular training centers, and others emphasize the benefits of specific teaching
Pharmacological management of a teen with significant alcohol use and depression.

A 16-year-old girl in the 10th grade is referred by her parents because of concerns about her significant alcohol use. She started drinking alcohol only sporadically in eighth grade, but escalated her alcohol consumption to almost every Friday and Saturday night throughout ninth grade. For most of this academic year, she has been drinking to intoxication three times per week, despite attempts to limit use, recently experiencing blackouts. The volume of alcohol required to become intoxicated has increased. She admits to several incidents of driving while intoxicated and twice has had, after drinking heavily, sexual intercourse with men she barely knew. On examination, she reported feeling depressed, demoralized, and angry. She described low energy and interest, academic underachievement, and withdrawal from her previous long-standing friends. She has passive suicidality.
Some Direct Evidence on the Magnetic Moment of the Neutron

An attempt has been made to observe the magnetic moment of the neutron through its selective scattering from magnetized iron. An experimental effect of 3.3 times the mean error has been observed. This effect agrees with that obtained from an evaluation of Bloch's theory.
Structures of multiple combustion waves formed under filtration of lean hydrogen-air mixtures in a packed bed

Combustion of lean hydrogen-air mixtures under filtration in an inert porous medium is studied experimentally. With the low hydrogen concentration (3–6%), superadiabatic wave propagation as a localized, stable temperature zone is observed with the combustion temperature reaching 800°C, which is much in excess of the adiabatic reaction temperature (300–500°C). The superadiabatic temperature rise due to effective heat regeneration in the system of “porous body-filtrating gas”, results in complete combustion of even very lean reacting mixtures. It is found that with increasing hydrogen concentration, the localized waves become thermodiffusionally unstable, forming multidimensional cellular structures. Depending on experimental parameters, mainly the hydrogen concentration, two types of cellular structures are observed: three-dimensional spatial and planar. The cellular structures are characterized by partial combustion of hydrogen. This results in the formation of double wave structures, with the cellular structure followed by a stable or decaying superadiabatic wave. The formation of cellular structures is interpreted based on thermodiffusive instability of pore-level-driven combustion. A computational model incorporating detailed hydrogen-oxygen chemistry is used to analyze kinetic profiles over experimental temperature distributions.
In Search of the Primitive-Urban Continuum The Dimensional Structure of Outdoor Recreation Settings

A primitive-urban continuum has been a dominant feature of the psychological representation of large-scale environments and the basis of land classification systems for outdoor recreation planning. The ubiquity of the primitive-urban continuum is examined with respect to experiential (as opposed to perceptual) variation in outdoor recreation settings. A multidimensional scaling analysis of 42 rivers was conducted using reported recreation experiences as proximity measures. Two interpretable dimensions were revealed. Waterflow intensity (whitewater) and trip duration were more strongly associated with experiential variation across river settings than the primitive-urban continuum.
2,2′-Dichlorobiphenyl Decreases Amplitude and Synchronization of Uterine Contractions Through MAPK1-Mediated Phosphorylation of GJA1 (Connexin43) and Inhibition of Myometrial Gap Junctions

Abstract The present study examined the hypothesis that inhibition of myometrial gap junctions through MAPK1-induced phosphorylation of GJA1 (connexin43) leads to inhibition of spontaneous phasic uterine contractions by 2,2′-dichlorobiphenyl (2,2′-DCB). Uterine strips from Gestation Day 10-pregnant rats exposed in muscle baths to 2,2′-DCB exhibited increased oscillatory frequency and decreased amplitude and synchronization of contractions. To assess effects on gap junctions, Lucifer yellow was injected into myometrial cells and transfer to adjacent cells was scored. After a 1-h treatment, 100 μM 2,2′-DCB decreased Lucifer yellow intercellular transfer in a concentration-dependent manner. The MAP2K1 inhibitor PD98059 increased percentage of dye transfer to adjacent myometrial cells from 18% in cultures exposed for 1 h to 100 μM 2,2′-DCB alone to 48% in cultures cotreated with 50 μM PD98059 and 100 μM 2,2′-DCB. In contrast, the conventional PRKC inhibitor Go6976 (10 μM) had no significant effect on 2,2′-DCB...
Our Field Needs a Framework to Guide Development of Validity Research Agendas and Identification of Validity Research Questions and Threats to Validity

In this commentary I begin from Schilling's discussion of the role of psychometrics in validation (see “The Role of Psychometric Modeling,” this issue). First, though, I open with a general observa...
The role of learning in adult food location by the larval parasitoid,Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Wind tunnel experiments were conducted to determine roles of odor learning in food foraging of the larval parasitoid,Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Females that had neither fed on sucrose water nor experienced any odor and females that had experienced an odor without feeding failed to respond to any odors in a wind tunnel. Most of the females that had fed without an odor also did not respond to odors. However, most of the females that had experienced an odor during feeding on sucrose water flew to the odor. These results indicate that when females experience an odor during feeding, they learn to associate the odor with food and subsequently respond to the odor. As age of females increased, their response to an experienced odor increased, peaked 2 to 5 days after emergence, and then decreased. With an increasing number of odor experiences while feeding, accuracy of females choosing the experienced odor increased. Females that experienced an odor while feeding three to five times chose the experienced odor 90% of the time. When females experienced an odor while feeding five times, the memory of food associated odor lasted at least 2 days. When they experienced food with two odors successively, they could memorize both odors, and multiple experiences did not cause memory interference. Even when females had learned a food-associated odor, their response to the learned odor ceased after several visits on patches containing the odor but no food. Such “negative experience” may cause switching of food searching to new odors by females.
Environmental and institutional models of system development: a national criminal history system

This article tests two competing theories of system development referred to here as environmental and institutional models. These models form the basis for most explanations of why systems are developed and utilized. We will examine both models in detail and apply them to a single set of data concerned with the emerging national computerized criminal history system (CCH). A hybrid model, which combines elements of environmental and institutional approaches, is also developed and tested. A substantive result of this new model will alter our understanding of why a national CCH system is being developed. At the theoretical level, we conclude that a hybrid model is more powerful than either an environmental or an institutional model taken separately and that future research must take this into account.
New Media, 1740–1915. Edited by Lisa Gitelman and Geoffrey B. Pingree. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003. 271 pp

This past summer I spent three weeks at two different workshops, both of which explored the meaning, production, and pedagogical usefulness of new media. Our conversations, while fruitful, would al...
Sensitization of meningeal nociceptors: inhibition by naproxen

Migraine attacks associated with throbbing (manifestation of peripheral sensitization) and cutaneous allodynia (manifestation of central sensitization) are readily terminated by intravenous administration of a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. Evidence that sensitization of rat central trigeminovascular neurons was also terminated in vivo by non-selective COX inhibition has led us to propose that COX inhibitors may act centrally in the dorsal horn. In the present study, we examined whether COX inhibition can also suppress peripheral sensitization in meningeal nociceptors. Using single-unit recording in the trigeminal ganglion in vivo, we found that intravenous infusion of naproxen, a non-selective COX inhibitor, reversed measures of sensitization induced in meningeal nociceptors by prior exposure of the dura to inflammatory soup (IS): ongoing activity of Adelta- and C-units and their response magnitude to mechanical stimulation of the dura, which were enhanced after IS, returned to baseline after naproxen infusion. Topical application of naproxen or the selective COX-2 inhibitor N-[2-(cyclohexyloxy)-4-nitrophenyl]-methanesulfonamide (NS-398) onto the dural receptive field of Adelta- and C-unit nociceptors also reversed the neuronal hyper-responsiveness to mechanical stimulation of the dura. The findings suggest that local COX activity in the dura could mediate the peripheral sensitization that underlies migraine headache.
Some Engineering Contributions to Society

Getting more power from less fuel, and consequently providing the public with a dependable supply of electric power at low rates, is the goal toward which power engineers have aimed for many years. In striving toward this goal, they have made significant contributions to society, some of which are indicated in this article
Generalized hartree-fock calculation with an effective interaction for finite nuclei

Abstract Results are reported for generalized Hartree-Fock calculations on 16 O using the Yale potential. Positions of single particle orbits, binding energy and r.m.s. radii are given. The results are compared with those of other authors and the experimental data.
Target tracking with communication constraints: An aerial perspective

In this paper, we consider the problem of tracking targets using a network of UAVs. We present a three phase approach for tracking targets using multiple UAVs. Our first step uses the disc coverage algorithm to cover all targets with minimum number of UAVs. In the next stage, we consider velocity and heading constraints of UAVs and propose algorithms for configuring their positions from one time step to the next one. Finally, we consider communication between them and propose algorithms for maintaining connectivity such that each UAV is connected to at least one other UAV in the network. We present simulation results that validate our techniques and are able to track multiple targets while simultaneously communicating between one another.
Surface and Size Effects in the Specific Heat of Linear Chains

The size and surface effects in the specific heat of the monatomic linear chain are investigated for a small to intermediate number of atoms and for temperatures from O K up to θ0, the zero-Debye temperature. It is shown that the surface-excess heat capacity, δC, can reliably be extracted for chains of as few as ten atoms, although size effects are still quite appreciable for 50 to 100 atoms. The low-temperature limiting value of 1/2kB for δC is reached for T ⪅ 0.07θ0. The freezing out of the lowest non-zero frequency in δC becomes appreciable only for T ⪅ 0.05θ0, in the ten-atom chain and, more generally, for T ⪅ 1/2θ0/N in the N-atom chain. Grosen- und Oberflacheneffekte der spezifischen Warme der monoatomaren, linearen Kette werden fur kleine his mittlere Atomnummern und fur Temperaturen von 0 K bis θ0 (Null-Debye-Temperatur) untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, das die zusatzliche Oberflachen-warmekapazitat δC selbst fur Ketten mit nur etwa 10 Atomen zuverlassig bestimmt werden kann, obwohl der Groseneffekt fur 50 bis 100 Atome noch betrachtlich ist. Der Tief-temperatur-Grenzwert von 1/2kB fur δC wird fur T ⪅ 0.07θ0 erreicht. Das Einfrieren der niedrigsten von null verschiedenen Frequenz von δC ist in der 10-Atom-Kette nur fur T ⪅ 0.05θ0 betrachtlich und allgemeiner fur T ⪅ 1/2θ0/N in der N-Atom-Kette.
Structured LDPC Applied in IMT-Advanced System

Channel coding for IMT-ADVANCED system needs to support higher data throughput and transmission rate. Due to the inherent encoder/decoder parallel feature, low density parity check (LDPC) codes is more suitable for hardware implementation than turbo codes when the data throughput is higher than 100 Mbps. As one of the contributors to Wimax LDPC and 3GPP2 LDPC, ZTE has funded some experience in the design of LDPC codes for international standards. In this paper, we provide an complete channel coding scheme based on structured LDPC codes, which can not only provide flexible code rate and code size, but also support IR-HARQ. Our scheme includes matrix generation and encoding, rate matching (RM) and bit priority mapping (BPM) solutions. Simulation result shows the perfect performance for this coding scheme.
HAM56-Immunoreactive Macrophages in Untreated Infiltrating Gliomas

Abstract Context.—Classic diagnostic neuropathologic teachings have cautioned against making the diagnosis of neoplasia in the presence of a macrophage population. The knowledge of macrophage distribution should prove useful when confronted with an infiltrating glioma containing macrophages. Objective.—To identify macrophages in untreated, infiltrating gliomas using the monoclonal antibody HAM56, and to confirm their presence in an untreated glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) with the serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) method. Methods.—We evaluated the presence of macrophages in 16 cases of untreated, supratentorial infiltrating gliomas with the macrophage monoclonal antibody HAM56. We performed SAGE for one case of GBM and for normal brain tissue. Results.—In World Health Organization (WHO) grade II well-differentiated astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma, HAM56 reactivity was noted only in endothelial cells, and unequivocal macrophages were not identified. In WHO grade III anaplastic astrocytoma and anap...
Rights of the body and perversions of war: sexual rights and wrongs ten years past Beijing*

The Beijing Platform for Action (1995) and its companion documents – those of the Vienna Conference on Human Rights (1993) and the International Conference on Population and Development (1994) – took important steps toward securing recognition for what we might call human rights of the body. These are affirmative rights relating to sexual expression, reproductive choice and access to health care and negative rights pertaining to freedom from violence, torture and abuse. But ten years later, the violated male bodies of Abu Ghraib, Guantanamo, and Gujarat seem to mock certain of Beijing's most basic premises: that women are primarily the victims rather than the perpetrators of bodily abuses; and that, as such, women are, or should be, the privileged beneficiaries of bodily integrity rights. This paper re-examines these premises in the shadow of the “war on terrorism”, religious extremism, and practices of racialised, sexual, and often homophobic violence against men that emerge in wars and ethnic conflicts. In particular it looks at the war in Iraq and how that war configures such practices in both old and new ways. My purpose is not to repudiate feminist visions but rather to challenge the exclusive privileging of women as the bearers of sexual rights and to open up discussion of new, more inclusive coalitions of diverse social movements for rights of the body.
The seasonal cycle of N2O

[1] We have carried out an empirical study of the seasonal cycle of nitrous oxide (N2O) using the data archived by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (NOAA-CMDL) Global Cooperative Air Sampling Network from 1977 to 2000. In order to isolate the seasonal cycle, we first detrended the data using least square polynomial fits. The remaining variability was averaged to extract the seasonal cycle, which has an amplitude of about 0.8 ppbv. The statistical significance of the seasonal signal was established using the multitaper method and Welch's method for power spectrum analysis.
Simplification of Packet-Symbol Decoding With Errors, Deletions, Misordering of Packets, and No Sequence Numbers

In this paper, a new method is described which builds on Mitzenmacher's idea of adding a different pseudorandom number to each packet to help decode packet-symbol low-density codes, with deletions, errors, and out-of-order reception, without sequence numbers. The new method has lower decoding complexity than the original method. The most basic form of the new method applies to any parity-check code structure, but is limited to a rather small number of packets in the code. Decoding success is slightly inferior to an ideal erasure channel, which would require sequence numbering and error detection in each packet. Error detection is needed only for the whole code, amounting to usually less than one bit per packet symbol. Moreover, if error detection can resolve one of a small number of alternatives, the ordered case performs almost as well as the ideal erasure channel. Ways are shown to modify the basic algorithm for use with long codes, possibly approaching the erasure channel capacity limit.
Innovations in Ecological Psychology: Conversations with Roger and Louise Barker

This conversation with Roger and Louise Barker traces their work together at the Midwest Psychological Field Station in Oskaloosa, Kansas, as well as the early influences on the life of Roger Barker. Practical implications for their work in education and counseling are also discussed.
The yeast Apq12 protein affects nucleocytoplasmic mRNA transport

An important step in mRNA biogenesis is the export of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. In this work, we provide evidence that the previously uncharacterized gene APQ12 functions in nucleocytoplasmic mRNA transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. First, apq12 strains manifest 3 hyperadenylated mRNA similar to other previously characterized RNA export mutants. Second, bulk poly(A) + RNA is retained in the nucleus in apq12 cells. Third, an Apq12p–GFP chimeric protein is localized to the nuclear periphery. Fourth, mRNA in apq12 cells is stabilized, consistent with a defect in the rate of nuclear export. Interestingly, apq12 mutants are severely compromised for growth and display atypical cell morphology. Because this aberrant cell morphology is not seen with other viable export mutants, Apq12p must have either an additional cellular function, or preferentially impinge on the export of mRNAs regulating cell growth. Together, these findings support a role for APQ12 in nucleocytoplasmic transport of mRNA.