cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Language of political socialization: language of resistance

This paper discusses the notion of language as resistance for Palestinian children living in the West Bank. Drawing from the global/local language discourse, children constructed meaning of language that echoed the Palestinian political environment. The study examines the Palestinian children's language usage and language meaning as a method of political resistance, resilience and reworking. Children's conceptualization of language meaning emerged from discussion of the diversity of naming and strategies of resistance. Data for the study was drawn from the interviews of 12 Palestinian children (six females and six males) 11–13 years of age from cities, villages, and refugee camps in the West Bank.
Viscoelasticity and Poroelasticity in Elastomeric Gels

An elastomeric gel is a mixture of a polymer network and a solvent. In response to changes in mechanical forces and in the chemical potential of the solvent in the environment, the gel evolves by two concurrent molecular processes: the conformational change of the network, and the migration of the solvent. The two processes result in viscoelasticity and poroelasticity, and are characterized by two material-specific properties: the time of viscoelastic relaxation and the effective diffusivity of the solvent through the network. The two properties define a material-specific length. The material-specific time and length enable us to discuss macroscopic observations made over different lengths and times, and identify limiting conditions in which viscoelastic and poroelastic relaxations have either completed or yet started. We formulate a model of homogeneous deformation, and use several examples to illustrate viscoelasticity-limited solvent migration, where the migration of the solvent is pronounced, but the size of the gel is so small that the rate of change is limited by viscoelasticity. We further describe a theory that evolves a gel through inhomogeneous states. Both infinitesimal and finite deformation are considered.
Peripherally induced tregs - role in immune homeostasis and autoimmunity.

Thymically-derived Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (tTregs) constitute a unique T cell lineage that is essential for maintaining immune tolerance to self and immune homeostasis. However, Foxp3 can also be turned on in conventional T cells as a consequence of antigen-exposure in the periphery, under both non-inflammatory and inflammatory conditions. These so-called peripheral Tregs (pTregs) participate in the control of immunity at sites of inflammation, especially at the mucosal surfaces. Although numerous studies have assessed in vitro generated Tregs (termed induced or iTregs), these cells most often do not recapitulate the functional or phenotypic characteristics of in vivo generated pTregs. Thus, there are still many unanswered questions regarding the T cell receptor repertoire and function of pTregs as well as conditions under which they are generated in vivo, and the degree to which these characteristics identify specialized features of pTregs versus features that are shared with tTregs. In this review, we summarize the current state of our understanding of pTregs and their relationship to the tTreg subset. We describe the recent discovery of unique cell surface markers and transcription factors (including Neuropilin-1 and Helios) that can be used to distinguish tTreg and pTreg subsets in vivo. Additionally, we discuss how the improved ability to distinguish these subsets provided new insights into the biology of tTregs versus pTregs and suggested differences in their function and T cell receptor repertoire, consistent with a unique role of pTregs in certain inflammatory settings. Finally, these recent advances will be used to speculate on the role of individual Treg subsets in both tolerance and autoimmunity.
The effect of formulation conditions on the distribution of 99mTc(NaBH4)-HEDP components separated by anion exchange HPLC.

Abstract Reduction of 99mTcO4− by NaBH4 in the presence of HEDP leads to a mixture of 99mTc-containing complexes which can be separated by anion exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The distribution of complexes within this mixture can be varied by controlling pH, the concentration of HEDP, the concentration of technetium, and the presence of air. Suitable control of these formulation conditions can yield mixtures which consist of essentially (85%) one component. Arguments are presented to support the view that the components of 99mTc(NaBH4)-HEDP and 99mTc(NaBH4)-MDP mixtures are in fact oligomeric or polymeric complexes that can contain technetium centers in at least two different oxidation states.
Diversity of the glycine/tyrosine-rich keratin-associated protein 6 gene ( KAP6 ) family in sheep

Keratin-associated proteins (KAPs) are structural components of wool and variation in them may affect wool characteristics. In this study, we used PCR-SSCP to analyse the ovine KAP6 family which encodes glycine and tyrosine-rich KAPs. Five unique PCR-SSCP patterns were detected in the 250 sheep investigated. Between two and five patterns were observed in individual sheep and none with only one pattern was detected. This suggests the amplicons were heterogeneous and derived from more than one locus. To analyse these heterogeneous PCR amplicons, a sequencing approach using SSCP to separate individual amplified sequences, was developed. Using this approach, five DNA sequences (A–E) representing five unique PCR-SSCP patterns were obtained. D was identical to a published ovine KAP6-1 sequence (GenBank accession no. M95719), whereas the others were novel, but the closest homology was with KAP6 sequences from human, sheep, goats and cattle. The five ovine KAP6 sequences could be assigned into three distinct groups. B and D were identical to each other, with the exception of a 57-bp deletion/insertion and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the 3′-UTR region. These appear to be allelic variants of ovine KAP6-1. A and C could form another group, as they were similar to each other (with only one synonymous SNP), but different to the other sequences. This group appears to be related to a sheep KAP6 amino acid sequence, and represent allelic variation at another KAP6 locus (designated KAP6-2). The remaining sequence E did not show high sequence homology with either the KAP6-1 or KAP6-2 sequences, but exhibited homology with a bovine KAP6-3 sequence, with the exception of a deletion/insertion of 30 nucleotides. This suggests that E represents ovine KAP6-3. This sequence was detected in only 11% of the sheep investigated, suggesting either a KAP6-3 null allele, or failure to amplify allleles. These results suggest that ovine KAP6 is a complex gene family, that is not only comprised multiple loci, but that is also polymorphic.
Molecular Chaperones, Alpha-Synuclein, and Neurodegeneration

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a devastating neurological condition that affects about 1 % of people older than 65 years of age. In PD, dopaminergic neurons in the mid-brain slowly accumulate cytoplasmic inclusions (Lewy bodies, LBs) of the protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn) and then gradually lose function and die off. Cell death is thought to be causally linked to the aggregation/fibrillization of α-syn. This review focuses on new findings about the structure of α-syn, about how α-syn cooperates with Hsp70 and Hsp40 chaperones to promote neurotransmitter release, and about cell-to-cell transfer of pathogenic forms of α-syn and how Hsp70 might protect against this disease process.
Orbital alignment at the internal interface of arylthiol functionalized CdSe molecular hybrids

Organic-inorganic nanoparticle molecular hybrid materials are interesting candidates for improving exciton separation in organic solar cells. The orbital alignment at the internal interface of cadmium selenide (ArS-CdSe) hybrid materials functionalized with covalently attached arylthiolate moieties was investigated through X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS). A physisorbed interface between arylthiol (ArSH) ligands and CdSe nanoparticles was also investigated for comparison. This interface was created via a multi-step thin film deposition procedure in-vacuo, where the surface was characterized after each experimental step. This enabled the direct comparison of ArSH/CdSe interfaces produced via physisorption and ArS-CdSe covalently attached hybrid materials, which rely on a chemical reaction for their synthesis. All material depositions were performed using an electrospray deposition, which enabled the direct injection of solution-originating molecular species into the vacuum system. This method allows XPS and UPS measurements to be performed immediately after deposition without exposure to the atmosphere. Transmission electron microscopy was used to determine the morphology and particle size of the deposited materials. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy was used to estimate the optical band gap of the CdSe nanoparticles and the HOMO-LUMO gap of the ArSH ligands. These experiments showed that hybridization via covalent bonds results in an orbital realignment at the ArSH/CdSe interface in comparison to the physisorbed interface. The orbital alignment within the hybrid caused a favorable electron injection barrier, which likely facilitates exciton-dissociation while preventing charge-recombination.
Covergent and Discriminant Validity of Perceived Criticism From Spouses and Family Members

As a more efficient alternative to measuring expressed emotion (EE) in families, Hooley and Teasdale (1989) measured perceived criticism (PC) from spouses by asking patients: “How critical is your spouse of you?” using a 10-point Likert scale. The PC item was highly predictive of relapse of depressive episodes, even more so than EE derived from the lengthy Camberwell Family Interview (CFI; Vaugn & Leff, 1976b ). However, this item has undergone little validation. Hence, PC could be associated with other factors (third variables) that could account for its relationship with relapse of depressive episodes. The present study examined the convergent and discriminant validity of PC from both spouses and family members by correlating it with measures of depression, personality, and social functioning. Subjects included outpatients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for major depression or dysthymia. PC did not correlate with measures of depression or maladaptive personality traits and was moderately correlated with measures of social functioning. Hence, PC demonstrated excellent discriminant validity and moderate convergent validity.
Modifying freshman perception of the CIS graduate's workstyle

Student interest in computer-related careers has declined dramatically in recent years. One possible explanation for this decline is incorrect perceptions of the workstyle associated with the positions held by CIS graduates. A study of freshman business majors was conducted which: (1) examined whether an introductory computing course changed those perceptions, and (2) compared those perceptions to their own expected starting positions. The study showed that: (1) the introductory computing course had a negligible effect on changing student perceptions of the nature of the CIS graduate's initial job, and (2) compared to their perceptions of CIS jobs, they expected their own jobs to involve substantially more human interaction and less direct involvement in the implementation of computer technology. The results suggest a need for: (1) a more proactive strategy to market the MIS career both inside and outside the classroom, and (2) some creative approaches for the placement and content of programming activities in both the major and the career.
Feminist Knowledge Claims, Local Knowledge, and Gender Divisions of Agricultural Labor: Constructing a Successor Science.

Abstract Issues raised by the feminist epistemic critique of social science are used to examine what is meant by local knowledge and its contribution to analyses of agricultural sustainability. Employing the concepts of partial perspective, lived experience, and the complexity of social context, this paper focuses attention on the juxtaposition of local and scientific knowledge and challenges those interpretations of local knowledge production that ignore the various people, relations, and interests constituting the rural economy. An examination of local as a contested, complex, and heterogeneous domain refines the work of Kloppenburg (1991) and his commitment to the significance of local knowledge in constructing opportunities for sustainable agriculture. Attention to the on-farm gender division of labor helps to identify gender differences as critical in constituting the family farm and to elaborate how the different experiences of women and men may offer alternative visions of what constitutes sustainable agricultural production.
Regional Review of Payments for Watershed Services: Sub-Saharan Africa

This review of African Payment for Watershed Services (PWS) schemes describes ongoing and proposed initiatives, and describes the factors that cause Africa to have far fewer PWS initiatives than Latin America. An understanding of these factors can help natural resource management and development practitioners identify the field characteristics under which PWS programs can succeed. One particularly important element of existing and proposed African PWS initiatives is their focus on poverty alleviation. As a PWS objective, poverty alleviation in Africa is considered as valuable, or more valuable, than the watershed services that are the ostensible target of these payments. The implied social targeting that comes with a focus on poverty alleviation increases the transaction costs and decreases the level of watershed services provided by PWS in Africa. Moreover, it implies that the current dependence of African PWS programs on general tax revenues for financing, rather than direct payments from beneficiaries,...
The psychoacoustics of noise vocoded speech: A physiological means to a perceptual end

Noise vocoded speech tokens produce temporal patterns in the ensemble response of the auditory nerve similar to those of their naturally produced counterparts [Loebach, J.L., Wickesberg, R.E., 2006. The representation of noise vocoded speech in the auditory nerve of the chinchilla: Physiological correlates for the perception of spectrally reduced speech. Hear. Res. 213 (1-2), 130-144]. Moreover, the degree of pattern similarity increased as more noise bands were used to synthesize the vocoded stimuli, suggesting a relationship between the patterns that these stimuli evoke in the auditory nerve and their recognition by human subjects. In order to make a direct comparison between the psychoacoustic and physiological domains, the present study obtained the perceptual identification scores for these stimuli. A set of 120 stimuli containing the 16 tokens of interest was presented to 30 young normal hearing subjects, who identified the tokens in a closed set task. Overall, the perceptual identification of the tokens increased in accuracy with the addition of noise bands. The neural pattern similarity was quantified using dynamic time warping, and correlated with the perceptual identification scores for the target stimuli of interest. A significant linear relationship between the pattern similarity and perceptual identification scores was found, such that as neural pattern similarity increased, the accuracy of stimulus identification also increased. These findings suggest a possible physiological substrate for the recognition of noise vocoded consonants.
Hall Effect and Transverse Magnetoresistance in Some Ferromagnetic Iron-Chromium Alloys

The two Hall coefficients, ${{R}_{0}}^{*}$ and ${{R}_{s}}^{*}$, and the transverse magnetoresistance were measured for five alloys containing nominally 0.75, 2.3, 5.1, 12.7, and 25.1 at.% chromium in iron, at temperatures ranging from that of boiling helium to room temperature. For all compositions and temperatures both ${{R}_{0}}^{*}$ and ${{R}_{s}}^{*}$ were positive. ${{R}_{0}}^{*}$ increases smoothly as the electron concentration passes through that of pure iron into lower concentrations, and reaches a maximum near 12.7% Cr (25.7 e/atom). No sharp maximum in ${{R}_{0}}^{*}$ was found at pure iron as had previously been found for pure Ni and pure Co. This behavior is shown to be consistent with a simple band picture, although the detailed interpretation of the data is uncertain because of the complicated multiband structure in the pure-iron region. The observed sign and magnitudes of the ordinary constant do show the importance of the hole conduction in the $3d$ sub-band relative to the electronic conduction in the $4s$ band. The behavior of ${{R}_{s}}^{*}$ as a function of resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is found to agree with the theories that predict a ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{2}$ dependence in the more concentrated alloys and also in the dilute alloys in the higher temperature region (above \ensuremath{\sim}100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K). Determinations of the high-field slopes of the transverse-magneto-resistance curves were made. The data appeared linear within the accuracy of the observations.
STRADDLING THE SACRED AND SECULAR: CREATING A SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE THROUGH BELLY DANCE

Few studies examine spiritual experiences through seemingly secular activities. Who has spiritual experiences while belly dancing? How does belly dance become spiritual? Using surveys and interviews with 77 belly dancers in the United States, this study shows that belly dance is spiritual for people who consider spirituality important in their lives, have belly danced for many years, rarely attend worship services, and are not affiliated with Judeo-Christian religions. Belly dance becomes spiritual when dancers “let go” and experience various connections. The dance itself and the environment in which one dances facilitate spiritual experiences. Implications for spirituality are discussed.
Pollen Foraging Response to Brood Pheromone by Africanized and European Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)

We examined the pollen foraging responses of Africanized and European honey bee colonies to hexane extractable compounds of Africanized and European larvae (brood pheromone). Brood pheromone was presented to broodless Africanized and European colonies equalized for numbers of bees, food stores and, empty comb space. The pheromone significantly increased the ratio of pollen to nonpollen foragers returning to colonies. There was no differential pollen foraging response to pheromone racial origin. European colonies in this study had a significantly higher proportion of pollen to nonpollen foragers entering colonies than did Africanized colonies for pheromone and control treatments. The proboscis extension response to sucrose was used to test the sensitivity to sucrose of eight Africanized (most similar to Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier) and six European colonies (most similar to Apis mellifera ligustica L.). Individual sensitivity to sucrose has been demonstrated as a neuro-sensory correlate of foraging behavior in European bees such that individuals that forage for pollen have lower response thresholds to sucrose than bees that forage for nectar. Africanized bees were significantly more likely to respond to lower concentrations of sucrose than European bees. We concluded that sucrose response threshold was a poor predictor for comparative foraging behavior of these races because the neuro-sensory systems of the two races may be differentially “tuned” by thresholds to defensive cues.
Rhizopycnis vagum gen. et sp. nov., a new coelomycetous fungus from roots of melons and sugarcane

AbstractA new coelomycete, Rhizopycnis vagum, is described that has been isolated from the roots of melons in Texas, Guatemala and Honduras as well as from the roots of sugarcane in Taiwan. This fu...
Analysis and design of a hardware/software trusted platform module for embedded systems

Trusted platforms have been proposed as a promising approach to enhance the security of general-purpose computing systems. However, for many resource-constrained embedded systems, the size and cost overheads of a separate Trusted Platform Module (TPM) chip are not acceptable. One alternative is to use a software-based TPM, which implements TPM functions using software that executes in a protected execution domain on the embedded processor itself. However, since many embedded systems have limited processing capabilities and are battery-powered, it is also important to ensure that the computational and energy requirements for SW-TPMs are acceptable.In this article, we perform an evaluation of the energy and execution time overheads for a SW-TPM implementation on a handheld appliance (Sharp Zaurus PDA). We characterize the execution time and energy required by each TPM command through actual measurements on the target platform. We observe that for most commands, overheads are primarily due to the use of 2,048-bit RSA operations that are performed within the SW-TPM. In order to alleviate SW-TPM overheads, we evaluate the use of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) as a replacement for the RSA algorithm specified in the Trusted Computing Group (TCG) standards. In addition, we also evaluate the overheads of using the SW-TPM in the context of various end applications, including trusted boot of the Linux operating system (OS), a secure VoIP client, and a secure Web browser. Furthermore, we analyze the computational workload involved in running SW-TPM commands using ECC. We then present a suite of hardware and software enhancements to accelerate these commands—generic custom instructions and exploitation of parallel processing capabilities in multiprocessor systems-on-chip (SoCs). We report results of evaluating the proposed architectures on a commercial embedded processor (Xtensa from Tensilica). Through uniprocessor and multiprocessor optimizations, we could achieve speed-ups of up to 5.71X for individual TPM commands.
Temporal and Spatial Structures in Chemical Instabilities

We discuss the formation of temporal and spatial structures in chemical systems far from equilibrium by means of the occurrence of instabilities. Multiple stationary states, hysteresis and oscillations of chemical species are cases of temporal structures and some simple models and experiments serve as examples. Chemical reactions and diffusion combine to yield macroscopic spatial structures such as periodic precipitation phenomena (Liesegang rings), chemical waves, and cooperative effects in fields of localized instabilities. We conclude with the close analogies between certain instability phenomena and the kinetic phase transitions. Wir diskutieren die Bildung zeitlicher und raumlicher Strukturen in chemischen Systemen fern vom Gleichgewicht durch das Auftreten von Instabilitaten. Mehrfache stationare Zustande, Hysteresen und Oszillationen chemischer Spezies sind Beispiele zeitlicher Strukturen und einige einfache Modelle und Experimente dienen als Beispiele. Aus der Kopplung von chemischen Reaktionen mit Diffusionsvorgangen entstehen makroskopische raumliche Strukturen (Liesegangsche Ringe), chemische Wellen und kooperative Effekte in Bereichen lokalisierter Instabilitaten. Wir schliesen mit den engen Analogien zwischen gewissen Instabilitatsphanomenen und der Kinetik der Phasenumwandlungen.
In situ characterization of hydrologic properties of Sparta sand: relation to solute movement

Hydrologic characteristics of soils are of general significance for many land use activities because of their relationship to water and solute flow. Water plays important roles in soil genesis, agricultural productivity, and transport of potential contaminants to groundwater. Sandy soils in portions of the Lower Wisconsin River Valley (LWRV), dominated by Sparta sand (uncoated, mesic Typic Quartzipsamments), have been under intense scrutiny recently because of extensive atrazine (2-chloro-(4-ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine) contamination of groundwater. However, groundwater beneath broadly similar sandy soils elsewhere in Wisconsin, with similar land-use (crop) management and production potentials, does not show such contamination. The purpose of this study was to determine particular hydrological properties of Sparta sand of the LWRV for use in modeling solute flux, and whether these properties might be distinct from those of a dominant soil of another major intensively farmed agricultural area in Wisconsin. In situ measurements of hydraulic conductivity and pore water pressure of the Sparta sand were made with an automated time-domain reflectometry system and pressure transducer-equipped tensiometers, respectively. Hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated Sparta sand was significantly different (P<0.01) between monitored depths in the profile. The differences observed in hydraulic conductivity were correlated with morphologically and physically described soil profile features. Hydraulic conductivity values for Sparta sand ranged from approximately 1 × 10−4 to 2 × 108 ms−1. This is about one order of magnitude greater than values reported for Plainfield sand (mixed, mesic Typic Udipsamments), a similar sandy soil, at comparable water content and profile depth. Water redistribution data for Sparta sand were fitted to a non-linear model of the form θv(ag)=0.261 (t+2.3)−0.1475, where θv(avg) is the mean profile water content (m3 m−3) and t is time (minutes).
Production and characterization of monospecific adult worm infections of Strongylus vulgaris and Strongylus edentatus in ponies.

Abstract Since 1978, 20 surgical implantations of either Strongylus vulgaris or Strongylus edentatus have been performed in our laboratory for the purpose of obtaining single species cultures of these parasites. Following surgical implantation peak EPG values of 13–327 ( S. vulgaris ) and 363–1284 ( S. edentatus ) generally occurred during the first 3 weeks post-implantation. Duration of infections was as long as 5 years. Successful outcome of such surgeries appears to be related to the total number of parasites used (⩾ 38) and the ratio of female to male worms implanted (1 : 1 or 2 : 1).
Exposure to ergot alkaloids during gestation reduces fetal growth in sheep.

Tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh; Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub] is the primary cool season perennial grass in the eastern U.S. Most tall fescue contains an endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum), which produces ergot alkaloids that cause vasoconstriction and could restrict blood flow to the fetus in pregnant animals. The objective of this study was to examine fetal growth during maternal exposure to ergot alkaloids during gestation. Pregnant ewes (n = 16) were randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments: 1) endophyte-infected (Neotyphodium coenophialum) tall fescue seed (E+; 0.8 ug of ergovaline /g diet DM) and 2) endophyte-free tall fescue seed (E-; 0.0 ug of ergovaline/g diet DM). Birth weight of lambs was reduced by 37% for E+ compared to E-. Organ and muscle weights were also lighter for E+ than E-. Exposure to ergot alkaloids in utero reduces fetal growth and muscle development.
Gatekeepers of the chemical cycles

Microbial Geochemistry. Edited by W.E. Krumbein. Blackwell Scientific: 1984. Pp. 330. £35, $59.95.
The estrous cycle in golden hamsters: A circadian pacemaker times preovulatory gonadotropin release

In a population of cycling female hamsters entrained to an LD 6:18 light cycle (lights 1000-1600 hours), preovulatory release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone occurred in some animals at 1300-1400 hours and in others at 1900 hours. In every case peak release was phase-locked (2-3-hour positive phase angle) to the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity. The pattern of entrainment of gonadotropin release on LD 6:18 is fully explicable in terms of the hamster's phase response curve to light. We conclude that periodic gonadotropin release in cycling females is timed by a circadian oscillator (biological clock) that is probably the same oscillator driving the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity.
Seed-predators reduce broadleaf weed growth and competitive ability

Abstract Based on field observations that fewer broadleaf weeds were found in low-input no-tillage systems (LINTS), a series of greenhouse experiments was conducted to investigate the effect of weed seed-predators on the competitive ability of broadleaf weeds grown with grass weeds. Two major broadleaf weeds, which were found in LINTS, red root pigweed Amaranthus retroflexus and lambsquarters Chenopodium album, and two major grass weeds, large crabgrass Digatara sanguinales and fall panicum Panicum dichotoflorum were tested singularly and in pairs (always one broadleaf with one grass) in the study. These seed pairings were exposed to (1) seed-predators (carabids and field crickets found in LINTS) which were at different densities, (2) wheat straw residue, (3) seed-predators and residue, and (4) a control (no seed-predators or residue). Seed-predators reduced the plant relative yield (PRY) of broadleaf weeds to the same extent as the wheat residue. Seed-predators preferred to feed on the broadleaf seeds which reduced the broadleaf weeds competitive ability when grown with grasses. Decreasing seed-predators by 50% resulted in almost no change in broadleaf plant relative yields compared with the control (no seed-predators). The decrease in seedling PRY caused by seed-predators was still evident as the plants matured. There was a significant interaction between seed-predators and residue in reducing broadleaf PRY probably because of differing effects of each on plant growth.
Time-dependent basal stress conditions beneath Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, USA, inferred from measurements of ice deformation and surface motion

Observations of surface motion and ice deformation from 2002–03 were used to infer mean stress fields in a cross-section of Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, USA, over seasonal timescales. Basal shear stresses in a well-defined zone north of the center line (orographic left) were approximately 7% and 16% lower in spring and summer, respectively, than in winter. Correspondingly higher stresses were found near the margins. These changes in the basal shear stress distribution were sufficiently large to cause mean surface velocities to be 1.2 and 1.5 times larger in spring and summer than in winter. These results were inferred with a simple inverse finite-element flow model that can successfully reproduce bulk surface velocities and tiltmeter data. Stress redistribution between the well-defined zone and the margins may also occur over much shorter time periods as a result of rapidly changing basal conditions (ice–bed decoupling or enhanced till deformation), thereby causing large variations in surface velocity and strongly influencing the glacier’s net motion during summer.
Hand posture in writing: possible artifacts from self report.

Abstract Seven hundred forty undergraduate students were asked to report the hand posture they used during writing and the presence or absence of left-handedness in the immediate family. Drawings were provided of prototypical “normal” and “inverted” posture and subjects were also given the option of reporting that their hand posture was somewhere between the two illustrated positions. The incidence of reporting “between” was 17% for left-handers and 46% for right handers. These results suggest that experimenters should exercise caution when categorizing subjects on the basis of self-report forms that include only two choices: normal posture and inverted posture.
The Management of Osteoporosis in Breast Cancer Survivors

Breast cancer is a common diagnosis and the majority of women treated will be cured. Women with early stage breast cancer may be at increased risk for osteoporosis due to anticancer therapies. Chemotherapy induced amenorrhea and the use of anti-estrogens can promote bone loss; thus, the management of bone health in women with breast cancer is an important component of survivorship care. Osteoporosis is considered a “silent” disease as there are often no discrete warning signs, until a fracture occurs; therefore, clinicians must be cognizant of the underlying risk for osteoporosis and co-morbid conditions and/or medications that accelerate risk of fracture. Breast cancer therapies that effect bone, screening for bone loss and interventions to mitigate the treatment toxicities are reviewed.
How does age affect baseline screening mammography performance measures? A decision model

In order to promote consumer-oriented informed medical decision-making regarding screening mammography, we created a decision model to predict the age dependence of the cancer detection rate, the recall rate and the secondary performance measures (positive predictive values, total intervention rate, and positive biopsy fraction) for a baseline mammogram. We constructed a decision tree to model the possible outcomes of a baseline screening mammogram in women ages 35 to 65. We compared the single baseline screening mammogram decision with the no screening alternative. We used the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results national cancer database as the primary input to estimate cancer prevalence. For other probabilities, the model used population-based estimates for screening mammography accuracy and diagnostic mammography outcomes specific to baseline exams. We varied radiologist performance for screening accuracy. The cancer detection rate increases from 1.9/1000 at age 40 to 7.2/1000 at age 50 to 15.1/1000 at age 60. The recall rate remains relatively stable at 142–157/1000, which varies from 73–236/1000 at age 50 depending on radiologist performance. The positive predictive value of a screening mammogram increases from 1.3% at age 40 to 9.8% at age 60, while the positive predictive value of a diagnostic mammogram varies from 2.9% at age 40 to 19.2% at age 60. The model predicts the total intervention rate = 0.013*AGE2 - 0.67*AGE + 40, or 34/1000 at age 40 to 47/1000 at age 60. Therefore, the positive biopsy (intervention) fraction varies from 6% at age 40 to 32% at age 60. Breast cancer prevalence, the cancer detection rate, and all secondary screening mammography performance measures increase substantially with age.
Dispersion relation for surface wannier excitons

The surface exciton dispersion relation is derived for a spatially dispersive medium including the additional boundary condition Px(0+) = 0. The dispersion is complex for long-wavelength P-polarized light in the absence of phenomenological damping suggesting surface excitons exist as critically damped wavepackets. Die Dispersionsbeziehung des Oberflachenexzitons wird fur ein Medium mit rainmlicher Dispersion mit Einschluls der zusatzlichen Grenzbedingung Px(0±) = 0 abgeleitet. Die Dispersion ist fur langwelliges P-polarisiertes Licht ohne phanomenologische Dampfung komplex, was auf die Existenz von Oberflachenexzitonen als kritisch gedampfte Wellenpakete hinweist.
Microwave semiconductor devices: State-of-the-art and limiting effects

The present state of the art of microwave semiconductor devices is presented, along with electronic, physical, and technological limiting effects. Means of advancing the state of the art are also presented.
Spontaneous infection of a cephalohematoma associated with sepsis: A case report and revision of the literature

Objective â€“ This case report presents a child born at 41 weeks gestational age with a cephalohematoma that spontaneously evolved into abscess. Case report â€“ We report the case of a newborn Chinese boy, born at 41 weeks by a spontaneous delivery, presented on the 18th day of life with a soft-tissue parietal-temporomandibular mass that spontaneously evolved into abscess. Surgical incision and cleaning of the abscess cavity were performed and systemic antibiotic therapy was carried out with resolution of the infection. The fluid and blood cultures grew Escherichia coli. Conclusions â€“ Infected cephalohematoma requires all microbiological and biochemical laboratory exams to rule out a systemic associated infection. Double antibiotic therapy should be started immediately.
Sensitivity of Precipitation Accumulation in Elevated Convective Systems to Small Changes in Low-Level Moisture

AbstractUsing a method for initiating a quasi-stationary, heavy-rain-producing elevated mesoscale convective system in an idealized numerical modeling framework, a series of experiments is conducted in which a shallow layer of drier air is introduced within the near-surface stable layer. The environment is still very moist in the experiments, with changes to the column-integrated water vapor of only 0.3%–1%. The timing and general evolution of the simulated convective systems are very similar, but rainfall accumulation at the surface is changed by a much larger fraction than the reduction in moisture, with point precipitation maxima reduced by up to 29% and domain-averaged precipitation accumulations reduced by up to 15%. The differences in precipitation are partially attributed to increases in the evaporation rate in the shallow subcloud layer, though this is found to be a secondary effect. More importantly, even though the near-surface layer has strong convective inhibition in all simulations and the co...
Characterization of neurotensin-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in brain regions of long sleep and short sleep mice

Previous studies have shown that long sleep (LS) and short sleep (SS) mice, which were selectively bred for differences in brain sensitivity to ethanol, differ in neurotensin (NT) receptor densities in specific brain regions. The present study was designed to determine whether these receptor differences mediate differences in the effects of NT on the phosphoinositide (PI) second messenger system in four brain regions from LS and SS mice. Baseline and NT- or carbachol-stimulated PI hydrolysis were Ca(2+)-dependent. Stimulation of PI hydrolysis by NT or carbachol was region specific; NT effect was approximately equal in ventral midbrain (VMB) and entorhinal cortex (EC) with slightly less stimulation in nucleus accumbens (NA) and no effect in the cerebellum (CE). Carbachol-enhanced PI hydrolysis was greatest in the VMB followed by EC and NA with no stimulation in the CE. There were no between line (LS vs. SS) differences in carbachol effects, but stimulation by NT was greater in EC and NA from LS than from SS mice. Ethanol enhanced NT-stimulated, but not carbachol-stimulated, PI metabolism in SS and LS NA brain slices. Results with levocabastine, an inhibitor of low-affinity NT receptor (NTL) binding, suggest that NT may stimulate PI hydrolysis via NTL, as well as high-affinity receptors.
Sequential Sampling Estimation for Finite Populations of N = nr Objects

Random sampling from a finite population of size N = nr (r known) is considered. The statistic observed is T, the number of observations required until the kth set of size l from the n sets of r is obtained. An asymptotically unbiased estimator of n is obtained together with its approximate variance. Recommendations are made for choices of r and l, based on the large sample expectation of T. An application in archeology to the estimation of the number of individuals originally present based on multiple bone counts is considered.
Antieigenvalues provide a bound on realized signal to noise ratio

We provide a lower bound on realized signal to noise ratio in terms of generalized antieigenvalue. This result shows that there exists a minimum for the loss in discrimination efficiency when an estimate of the covariance matrix is used.
Revisiting the Roles of Literacy Coaches: Does Reality Match Research?

This study surveyed 104 school-based elementary literacy coaches to explore their perceptions of their roles as coaches. These perceptions were then examined relative to the Standards for Reading Professionals—Revised 2010, developed by the International Reading Association. Overall, coaches reported the majority of the tasks they carried out as coaches were tasks they believed should be part of the role of a coach. They most highly valued tasks that allowed them to interact with and support teachers, ultimately leading to improved student achievement. Coaches also indicated a lack of clarity about their role in supporting the standards related to diversity.
Reproductive Sterility in Polyploid Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis

Abstract Erythrocyte nuclear volumes were measured in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from Phillips Hatchery in Maine to document naturally occurring polyploid sterility. In eight brook trout in which gonads were lacking or undeveloped, the nuclei were large, suggesting polyploidy. The average size of the erythrocyte nuclei in other sterile fish fell within the normal range but all of the eight fish appeared to have some erythrocytes that were polyploid. All polyploids appeared to be mosaics, containing diploid, triploid, tetraploid, or pentaploid cells. The cause of the polyploidy was not determined but may have been caused by the inadvertent exposure of the eggs to low temperatures after fertilization.
Development and size of the teeth of Macaca mulatta.

A cross-sectional sample of 151 skulls from Macaca mulatta of known age and similar rearing in U.S. Primate Centers was analyzed to determine age-related "norms" of stages of development and size of teeth. The stages of development from the follicle of a deciduous incisor in the fetus to completion of the root with apex closed of the permanent third molar were related to age. The age range observed for eruption of each tooth was noted and related to its stage of development. The crown of each erupted tooth was found to be completely developed, but growth of its root continued for a longer, indeterminate period. When a deciduous tooth was exfoliated, the crown of the permanent successor was found to be completed and root growth had begun. Measurements of both mesiodistal and faciolingual diameters and of crown length of the teeth in situ and of total length and root length on roentgenograms were examined for sexual dimorphism. The faciolingual diameter of the deciduous mandibular second incisor and of both second molars showed the greatest sexual dimorphism among both diameters of all deciduous teeth. The mesiodistal and faciolingual diameters of the mandibular premolars were found to be the best dimensions in discriminant functions for identifying sex in the absence of permanent canines.
Cysteine-Shotgun Mass Spectrometry (CS-MS) for Probing Nuclear Lamin Conformation during Mechanical Stress

Nuclear envelope proteins including the various lamins are expressed in all adult tissues, but lamins that are implicated in aging, cancer, and various dystrophies often affect specific tissues for unknown reasons. We have shown that the level of lamin-A,C and additional components of the nuclear envelope proteome that link the nucleus to the cytoskeleton scale systematically with tissue elasticity, while physical manipulation has demonstrated that nuclear stiffness scales with lamin-A,C. For example, brain tissue, which is relatively unaffected in the lamin-A,C-based aging disease progeria, has an elasticity about ten-fold softer than striated muscle with proportionately less lamin-A,C and a dominant amount of constitutive B-type lamins. Evidence suggests a mechano-sensitive regulation of the lamina, but the process of mechanical stimulation of molecular processes is poorly understood. Cysteine-shotgun mass spectrometry (CS-MS), a method capable of mapping the exposure of cysteine residues as proteins are stressed in complex biological systems such as isolated nuclear or whole cells, allowed us to identify stress sensitive proteins. We discovered a number of stress-sensitive proteins in isolated nuclei - including lamin-A,C - consistent with cell and tissue evidence that the nucleus transduces physical stress. Further work enquires whether substrate stiffnesses representative of soft and stiff tissue are reflected in changes to protein conformation.
A Review of the Effectiveness of Guided Notes for Students who Struggle Learning Academic Content

The No Child Left Behind Act (2001) requires that all students, including those with disabilities, to make adequate yearly progress in the general education curriculum. To ensure that this occurs, effective practices are needed that fit the classroom needs of teachers and result in improved academic gains. One practice that shows promise as an effective classroom practice is guided notes. The purpose of this article is to examine research on the effectiveness of guided notes. For this review, 13 studies met inclusion criteria. Results indicate that using guided notes has a positive effective on student outcomes, as this practice has been shown to improve accuracy of note taking and student test scores. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for classroom practice and future research.
Bevacizumab With Angiostatin-armed oHSV Increases Antiangiogenesis and Decreases Bevacizumab-induced Invasion in U87 Glioma

Bevacizumab (BEV) is an antiangiogenic drug approved for glioblastoma (GBM) treatment. However, it does not increase survival and is associated with glioma invasion. Angiostatin is an antiangiogenic polypeptide that also inhibits migration of cancer cells, but is difficult to deliver. Oncolytic viruses (OV) can potentially spread throughout the tumor, reach isolated infiltrating cells, kill them and deliver anticancer agents to uninfected cells. We have tested a combination treatment of BEV plus an OV expressing angiostatin (G47δ-mAngio) in mice-bearing human GBM. Using a vascular intracranial human glioma model (U87) in athymic mice, we performed histopathological analysis of tumors treated with G47δ-mAngio or BEV alone or in combination, followed tumor response by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and assessed animal survival. Our results indicate that injection of G47δ-mAngio during BEV treatment allows increased virus spread, tumor lysis, and angiostatin-mediated inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and of BEV-induced invasion markers (matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP2), MMP9, and collagen). This leads to increased survival and antiangiogenesis and decreased invasive phenotypes. We show for the first time the possibility of improving the antiangiogenic effect of BEV while decreasing the tumor invasive-like phenotype induced by this drug, and demonstrate the therapeutic advantage of combining systemic and local antiangiogenic treatments with viral oncolytic therapy.
Integration of knowledge from text

Three experiments investigated factors influencing the integration of facts acquired from texts. Experiment 1 investigated integration of two constituent facts into a single higher-order knowledge structure. Integration was measured by (a) the ability to detect that case fillers from separately acquired facts were part of a single case frame and (b) the ability to retrieve case fillers from separate facts given only the common case frame for the two facts. Integration was facilitated by proximity of related facts and by identical, rather than paraphrased, wordings of the common case frames in related facts. Experiment 2 replicated the basic findings of Experiment 1 in a recognition paradigm and demonstrated that integrated memory representations preserve the identities of the original constituent facts. In Experiment 3, integration was measured as the ability to verify inferences deducible from separately acquired facts. This kind of integration also benefitted from identical, rather than paraphrased, wordings of the common information in related facts. In addition, Experiment 3 showed that the observed effects persisted after a 30-minute retention interval.