cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Material from adult female Chelonus sp. directs expression of altered developmental programme of host Lepidoptera

Abstract Host larvae stung as eggs by parasitic wasps, Chelonus sp., precociously initiate metamorphosis during a preultimate larval stadium. This alteration in expression of the normal developmental programme was observed in pseudoparasitized larvae which, although stung, contained no living parasite at the time of the shift in the development pattern. Experiments were conducted to determine why some stung larvae become pseudoparasitized and to identify the source of the regulatory material. Pseudoparasitism arises, in part, by the death of young parasite larvae after exposure of the host to the regulatory material, and in part due to lack of insertion of an egg at oviposition. By using various techniques to kill the internal parasite at different stages of development, or to prevent insertion of a parasite egg into the host during oviposition by the adult female, it was determined that the adult female is the source of the regulatory material.
Streptomycin in the treatment of influenzal meningitis

Summary 1. Streptomycin is effective against H. influenzae type B in vivo as well as in vitro. 2. Eight patients with meningitis due to this organism were treated. Four recovered, three died, and in one, therapy was given up in favor of sulfonamide and serum. 3. Death in one case was associated with the appearance of drug fastness. 4. Toxic reactions encountered include: erythema, urticaria, augmentation of meningeal signs, persistence of pleocytosis, local pain on injection, and mild shock on initial administration. None of these was serious. 5. Streptomycin is worthy of further clinical trial in cases of infections due to H. influenzae type B, and also in cases of meningitis due to bacterial agents which are sensitive to this drug.
Varicella: to vaccinate or not to vaccinate?

Editor,—I am in complete agreement with Dr Aebi that strategies for delivering varicella vaccine effectively are critical to the success of immunisation programmes.1 In the USA great efforts are being made in this direction. Nevertheless, despite the licensure of varicella vaccine for routine use in the United …
Modeling Device Driver Effects in Real-Time Schedulability Analysis: Study of a Network Driver

Device drivers are integral components of operating systems. The computational workloads imposed by device drivers tend to be aperiodic and unpredictable because they are triggered in response to events that occur in the device, and may arbitrarily block or preempt other time-critical tasks. This characteristic poses significant challenges in real-time systems, where schedulability analysis is essential to guarantee system-wide timing constraints. At the same time, device driver workloads cannot be ignored. Demand-based schedulability analysis is a technique that has been successful in validating the timing constraints in both single and multiprocessor systems. In this paper we present two approaches to demand-based schedulability analysis of systems that include device drivers. First, we derive load-bound functions using empirical measurement techniques. Second, we modify the scheduling of network device driver tasks in Linux to implement an algorithm for which a load-bound function can be derived analytically. We demonstrate the practicality of our approach through detailed experiments with a network device under Linux. Our results show that, even though the network device driver does not conform to conventional periodic or sporadic task models, it can be successfully modeled using hyperbolic load-bound functions that are fitted to empirical performance measurements
Part III. The fellow travelers. Information resource management: Research, education, and practice

Practitioners of information resource management (IRM) and information studies educators should form a partnership. The partnership will advance research, education, and practice in several areas critical to the success of IRM. These critical success areas focus around the central principle of IRM, managing information resources to support the strategic direction of the organization. The partnership will also benefit information studies researchers and educators by widening opportunities for applied research and by opening possibilities for employment of information studies graduates. © 1988 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Enzymatic catalysis in organic solvents: Polyethylene glycol modified hydrogenase retains sulfhydrogenase activity in toluene

Naturally occurring enzymes may be modified by covalently attaching hydrophobic groups that render the enzyme soluble and active in organic solvents, and have the potential to greatly expand applications of enzymatic catalysis. The reduction of elemental sulfur to hydrogen sulfide by a hydrogenase isolated from Pyrococcus furiosus has been investigated as a model system for organic biocatalysis. While the native hydrogenase catalyzed the reduction of sulfur to H{sub 2}S in aqueous solution, no activity was observed when the aqueous solvent was replaced with anhydrous toluene. Hydrogenase modified with PEG p-nitrophenyl carbonate demonstrated its native biocatalytic ability in toluene when the reducing dye, benzyl viologen, was also present. Neither benzyl viologen or PEG p-nitrophenyl carbonate alone demonstrated reducing capability. PEG modified cellulase and benzyl viologen were also incapable of reducing sulfur to H{sub 2}S, indicating that the enzyme itself, and not the modification procedure, is responsible for the conversion in the nonpolar organic solvent. Sulfide production in toluene was tenfold higher than that produced in an aqueous system with equal enzyme activity, demonstrating the advantages of organic biocatalysis. Applications of bioprocessing in nonaqueous media are expected to provide significant advances in the areas of fossil fuels, renewable feedstocks, organic synthesis, andmore » environmental control technology.« less
Haploinsufficiency of the melanocortin-4 receptor: part of a thrifty genotype?

Allelic variation in certain “thrifty” genes is proposed to contribute to human obesity by altering the efficiency of energy storage in adipocytes without compromising survival or reproductive efficiency. The nature of these genes has been uncertain, but family studies and clinical analyses in two reports in this issue of the JCI (1, 2) show that mutations in MC4R, encoding the melanocortin-4 receptor, may be responsible for more than 4% of severe obesity in some populations. Family studies and careful clinical analyses argue that MC4R has the properties of a gene that could contribute to a thrifty phenotype. Clinical studies as well as personal experience show that there is variability in the efficiency with which humans store calories in the form of fat. Extreme examples are found in the remarkable plights of the Pima people of central Arizona and the Nauru Islanders of the West Pacific. These two ethnic groups suffer from a polygenic syndrome of obesity and diabetes with an incidence as high as 50% in the context of access to high-fat Western diets and a tremendous reduction in physical activity. Studies of these groups led to the theory of the “thrifty genotype” — the notion that living on the edge of survival for a sufficiently long period had fixed in the gene pool a collection of alleles that promote storage of fat in times of plenty (3). To be maintained in the gene pool, such alleles would have to promote survival in times of famine to a greater extent than they might compromise health and reproductive efficiency, even if, as proposed originally, they were to promote diabetes directly.
Implications of CO2 global warming on Great Lakes ice cover

Statistical ice cover models were used to project daily mean basin ice cover and annual ice cover duration for Lakes Superior and Erie. Models were applied to a 1951–80 base period and to three 30-year steady double carbon dioxide (2 × CO2) scenarios produced by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), the Goddard Institute of Space Studies (GISS), and the Oregon State University (OSU) general circulation models. Ice cover estimates were made for the West, Central, and East Basins of Lake Erie and for the West, East, and Whitefish Bay Basins of Lake Superior. Average ice cover duration for the 1951– 80 base period ranged from 13 to 16 weeks for individual lake basins. Reductions in average ice cover duration under the three 2 × CO2 scenarios for individual lake basins ranged from 5 to 12 weeks for the OSU scenario, 8 to 13 weeks for the GISS scenario, and 11 to 13 weeks for GFDL scenario. Winters without ice formation become common for Lake Superior under the GFDL scenario and under all three 2 × CO2 scenarios for the Central and East Basins of Lake Erie. During an average 2 × CO2 winter, ice cover would be limited to the shallow areas of Lakes Erie and Superior. Because of uncertainties in the ice cover models, the results given here represent only a first approximation and are likely to represent an upper limit of the extent and duration of ice cover under the climate change projected by the three 2 × CO2scenarios. Notwithstanding these limitations, ice cover projected by the 2 × CO2 scenarios provides a preliminary assessment of the potential sensitivity of the Great Lakes ice cover to global warming. Potential environmental and socioeconomic impacts of a 2 × CO2 warming include year-round navigation, change in abundance of some fish species in the Great Lakes, discontinuation or reduction of winter recreational activities, and an increase in winter lake evaporation.
Two-compartment exchange model for perfusion quantification using arterial spin tagging.

The original well-mixed tissue model for the arterial spin tagging techniques is extended to a two-compartment model of restricted water exchange between microvascular (blood) and extravascular (tissue) space in the parenchyma. The microvascular compartment consists of arterioles, capillaries, and venules, with the blood/tissue water exchange taking place in the capillaries. It is shown that, in the case of limited water exchange, the individual FAIR (Flow-sensitive Alternating Inversion Recovery) signal intensities of the two compartments are comparable in magnitude, but are not overlapped in time. It is shown that when the limited water exchange is assumed to be fast, flows quantified from the signal-intensity difference are underestimated, an effect that becomes more significant for larger flows and higher magnetic field strengths. Experimental results on cat brain at 4.7 T comparing flow data from the FAIR signal-intensity difference with those from microspheres over a cerebral blood flow range from 1...
Inverse System of a Symbolic Power, I

Abstract The authors determine Macaulay′s inverse system to a symbolic power of the graded ideal of functions vanishing at a union of irreducible varieties in projective space.
Probing the Conical Intersection Dynamics of the RNA Base Uracil by UV-Pump Stimulated-Raman-Probe Signals; Ab Initio Simulations.

Nonadiabatic electron and nuclear dynamics of photoexcited molecules involving conical intersections is of fundamental importance in many reactions such as the self-protection mechanism of DNA and RNA bases against UV irradiation. Nonlinear vibrational spectroscopy can provide an ultrafast sensitive probe for these processes. We employ a simulation protocol that combines nonadiabatic on-the-fly molecular dynamics with a mode-tracking algorithm for the simulation of femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SRS) signals of the high frequency C–H- and N–H-stretch vibrations of the photoexcited RNA base uracil. The simulations rely on a microscopically derived expression that takes into account the path integral of the excited state evolution and the pulse shapes. Analysis of the joint time/frequency resolution of the technique reveals a matter chirp contribution that limits the inherent temporal resolution. Characteristic signatures of relaxation dynamics mediated in the vicinity of conical intersection ar...
Diagnosing an operational numerical model using Q-vector and potential vorticity concepts

Abstract A quasigeostrophic (QG) diagnostic model is used to evaluate the nested grid model's (NGM) predictions for a December cyclone whose impact on northeastern Colorado was underpredicted. Although the NGM predicted deepening of the associated 500-mb low, the model was 12 h slow in the onset of deepening and moved the storm too far east too quickly. Synthetic soundings, generated from 12-h predicted data initialized 24 h before cyclogenesis became apparent, were submitted to the same QG diagnostic algorithms used to analyze verifying rawinsonde data. Comparisons reveal that the NGM apparently 1) transported too much potential vorticity, westerly momentum, and cold air into the lower troposphere along the axis of the jet stream; 2) moved the first of two short-wavelength jet streaks too far northeastward and with too much strength; 3) failed to predict the strength of the following jet maximum; and 4) failed to develop an apparent tropopause fold. It is established that these errors were not caused by ...
Calcification in lysine deficiency.

Abstract This report describes a study of the calcium metabolism, surface chemistry, and crystal texture of the bone of normal and lysine-deficient rats. Data are presented which indicate that a dietary lysine deficiency was associated with a decrease in the skeletal deposition of radiocalcium, and that this was due, in part at least, to a failure in bone growth. The probable mechanisms of isotope fixation under these conditions are discussed.
The effect of self-employed health insurance subsidies on self-employment

Abstract This paper estimates the effect of an increase in the deductibility of health insurance premiums for self-employed individuals on the probability of being self-employed. Using a panel of tax returns from 1999 to 2004, we estimate fixed effects instrumental variable regressions for the probability of being self-employed, entering into self-employment, and exiting from self-employment. Our results suggest that this policy increased the probability of being self-employed by 1.5 percentage points, and increased the probability that a taxpayer would be primarily or exclusively self-employed by 1.1 and 0.35 percentage points respectively. These effects explain about a third to a half of the total increase in self-employment by these definitions over the sample period. We also find that the probability of entering self-employment increased by 0.8 percentage points and find suggestive evidence that the probability of exit decreased by 2.8 percentage points.
Droysen and the idea of Verstehen.

The conception of Verstehen (understanding) has frequently been used in attempts to characterize the methodological and philosophical particularity of social science and history as against natural science. It is argued in this paper that these attempts must not primarily be interpreted as postulating differences in the logic of explanation. Rather, the notion of Verstehen has been employed mainly with the intention to emphasize the practical nature of historical (and social-scientific) knowledge in contrast to the theoretical-contemplative nature of natural-scientific knowledge. This argument is put forward in the context of an analysis of J. G. Droysen's writings on the theory of history. Droysen introduced the idea of Verstehen into the methodological discussion, and in its main intent his reasoning can be treated as representative of the central concerns of the advocates of Verstehen. An outline of his philosophy of history is presented as well as an interpretation of his claims (1) that Verstehen is a special method, and (2) that Verstehen must replace explanation. The paper concludes with a critique of the attempt to contrast the (alleged) practical knowledge of history with the (alleged) purely theoretical knowledge of natural science.
What can be achieved with an HIV vaccine

For years scientists have searched for ways to develop an effective HIV vaccine. However all attempts at showing the efficacy of vaccine in animals have not indicated any clear-cut correlate of protection; and in most laboratory animals prevention of infection was not recorded. On the other hand studies show evidence of an alternative approach for vaccine development. This approach indicates that a reasonable vaccine should be directed not at prevention of HIV infection but at control of the spread of infection and at the development of clinically apparent disease. It is noted that since existing vaccine approaches for other viruses are almost always associated with some replication of the agent HIV would probably also find a way to easily establish itself in cells of the vaccinated host. This way a vaccine will hopefully stimulate the immune system to maintain control of this virus. Thus pathogenesis but not infection could be prevented or at least delayed a long time by vaccine. Importantly this vaccine would ensure that the rapid spread of the virus worldwide would be suppressed and the epidemic contained. This direction for achievement of a successful HIV vaccine should be considered in discussions on the future of vaccine development for prevention and control of HIV infections and AIDS.
Early fluid treatment of severe burns: hemodynamic alterations and the use of dextran and blood.

SUMMARY The early fluid treatment of severe burns at the Medical College of Virginia has emphasized replacement therapy, adequate quantities of electrolyte, water and colloid with the Evans’ Formula as a clinical reference. The use of dextran over a 15-year-period has been associated with good clinical response and circulatory maintenance and freedom from reaction. As a rule, the quantities of red cells destroyed during the first 48 hr are sufficiently small as to make the need for red cell replacement unnecessary. Significant red cell transfusion after this period is required commonly. Hemodynamic alterations after severe burns may be divided into three phases. The first phase generally lasts one to two days and is characterized initially by hypotension, which will respond rapidly to plasma volume expansion. Blood pressure becomes normal while blood volume is deficient and cardiac output is low. Total peripheral resistance is increased. A second or intermediate phase occurs after the first or second day and is characterized by maintenance of a normal blood pressure, a progressive increase in plasma volume, and a falling peripheral resistance coincident with a rising cardiac output. Therapeutic support emphasizes fluid and electrolyte maintenance, replacement of red cell deficits, and good nutrition, leading to wound healing and recovery. A third and terminal phase may occur in the extensive burn (4 to 20 days post-burn) in which the blood pressure falls gradually. Shortly after hypotension occurs, the cardiac output may be normal or elevated, but falls with persistent hypotension. Blood volume expansion and vasoconstrictors may be of only temporary benefit. The control of sepsis may be the crucial point in maintaining circulatory efficiency.
POPULATION‐AVERAGED AND CLUSTER‐SPECIFIC MODELS FOR CLUSTERED ORDINAL RESPONSE DATA

We compare population-averaged and cluster-specific models for clustered ordinal data. We consider generalized estimating equations and constrained equations maximum likelihood estimation of population-averaged cumulative logit regression models, and mixed effects estimation of cluster-specific cumulative logit regression models. A previously reported relationship between population-averaged and cluster-specific parameters for the binary logistic link appears to hold for analogous parameters under the cumulative logit link. We address these issues in the context of data from two cross-over clinical trials.
Diamond Thin Film Micro-package for MEMS Resonator

This paper reports the development of a polycrystalline diamond (poly-C) thin film encapsulation packaging process which is integrated into the MEMS cantilever resonator fabrication. The high Young's modulus and chemical stability of poly-C make it an excellent candidate material for a thin film package. A test chip is fabricated using a 4-mask process. First, poly-C cantilever beam resonator is fabricated using a 2-mask process, while PECVD SiO2 serves as sacrificial layer material. Then, another sacrificial PECVD SiO2 layer with a thickness in the range of 4-5 mum is deposited at 350 degC and is patterned to create package anchor. A 4-mum-thick poly-C film is grown and patterned to provide fluidic access ports for the releasing of the package. Then, the fluidic access ports are sealed with an additional poly-C growth. To evaluate the efficacy of the poly-C encapsulation process, poly-C cantilever beam resonators were tested using piezoelectric actuation and laser detection method before and after poly-C packaging process. Resonance frequencies measured before and after are in the range of 240-320 KHz, which is consistent with theoretical calculations. The application of diamond for thin film packaging is being reported for the first time
SOLAR OBSERVATIONS OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE EMISSION WITH THE EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET IMAGING SPECTROMETER ON HINODE

We present an analysis of solar coronal emission lines formed above 2.5 MK observed with the Extreme-Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer on Hinode during a small flare. Our main purpose is to evaluate the internal consistency of the atomic data available for the observed emission. We find that the observed emission from high-temperature Ca lines (Ca XIV, XV, XVI, and XVII) is generally consistent with the available atomic data. The observed Fe XVII emission at these wavelengths, in contrast, is more difficult to reconcile with current atomic calculations. The energy levels tabulated in the CHIANTI atomic physics database generally do not correspond to the observed wavelengths. After associating the calculated emissivities with the observed emission by hand, we find that the observed intensities are roughly consistent with what is predicted. However, the intensity of the strongest unblended line, Fe XVII 254.87 A, is not consistent with the intensities of the other Fe XVII lines at these wavelengths. Several of the Ca XV emission lines, which are formed at about 4 MK, form density-sensitive line ratios in the range log ne = 9–11 cm−3. Density measurements at these temperatures are potentially important for understanding the coronal heating mechanism. Our initial analysis suggests that high-temperature active region plasma is underdense relative to the predictions of steady heating models.
Computer scheduling of medical school clerkships

Abstract A significant problem faced by the administration of a medical school is the scheduling of students through a clerkship program. This paper describes a heuristic, random number based computer program developed and implemented at the University of Pittsburgh's School of Medicine to solve this linear scheduling problem.
An in vivo study of free radicals generated in murine skin by protoporphyrin IX and visible light.

Abstract Lipids extracted from the skin of C57BL/6J mice injected subcutaneously with α-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone (POBN) and exposed to topical protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) and visible light had significantly higher levels of POBN spin adducts compared with dark PPIX exposed or vehicle-treated controls. Computer analysis of the POBN adduct electron paramagnetic (spin) resonance (EPR) spectra indicated that two radical species were present in each extract, one of which was a lipid-derived carbon-centered adduct (1, aN = 14.8 G and aH = 2.6 G), whereas the other (2, aN = 13.8 G and aH = 1.8 G) was probably oxygen centered. Adduct 2 was present in greater proportion in lipids extracted from PPIX/light-exposed mice compared with dark or vehicle-treated controls. These findings suggest that PPIX/light generates free radicals in mouse skin, thus providing a radical mechanism for PPIX-induced photosensitivity. Our approach may be useful for the detection of free radicals generated by other skin photose...
Factor Analytic Structure and Validity of the Parental Feelings Inventory: A Brief Report

Previous research has highlighted the important role of parental emotions in parent–child interactions and child development. The present study presents the Parental Feelings Inventory (PFI), a new rating scale designed to assess parental emotions within the parenting role. The PFI presents emotion adjectives and asks parents to indicate the degree to which they experience that emotion in their role as parents. This study investigates the factor analytic structure and psychometric properties of this scale in a sample of parents with 3-year-old children. Participants included 149 mothers and 107 fathers of preschool-age children. The results provide support for a three-factor solution (Angry, Happy, and Anxious/Sad). This scale demonstrated good reliability and correlated with other measures of parent and child functioning. These findings provide support for the overall utility of the PFI as a measure of emotional experiences in the parenting role.
Particulate-dissolved transformations as a sink for semi-labile dissolved organic matter: Chemical characterization of high molecular weight dissolved and surface-active organic matter in seawater and in diatom cultures

article i nfo Chemical characterizations of high molecular weight dissolved organic matter (HMW DOM) have shown that a compositionally well-defined family of acylated polysaccharides(APS) contributes a large fraction of DOM in the surface ocean. One process that might affect APS cycling is physical removal by aggregation. To investigate the importance of this mechanism, we compared the chemical composition and transparent exopolymer particle (TEP) abundances of seawater HMW DOM with surface-active organic matter (SAOM) that accumulates as standing sea surface foam during intense wind events. We further simulated the aggregation of SAOM using bubble-adsorptionofHMWDOMisolatedfrom laboratoryculturesofthe diatomChaetocerosneogracile. 1 H-NMR spectroscopy and molecular-level analysis of natural and laboratory-produced HMW DOM and SAOM show important contributions from polysaccharides, acetate, and aliphatic organic matter and similar yields and distributions of neutral sugars after hydrolysis. Microbial degradation of Chaetoceros neogracile DOM removes proteins and mannose-rich polysaccharides to produce HMW DOM with spectral and molecular-level characteristics that resemble seawater APS. These results imply that APS and hydrolysable sugars are resistant to microbial degradation over the time frame of our degradation experiment (40 days). As revealed by
Energy recovery linacs as synchrotron light sources

Pushing to higher light-source performance will eventually require using linacs rather than storage rings, much like colliding-beam storage rings are now giving way to linear colliders.
An adjusted-purpose digital watermarking technique

Selection of a suitable watermarking technique is not easy since there exist many kinds of watermarking techniques for variant types of watermarks. In this paper, a novel adjusted-purpose digital watermarking technique is presented to simplify the selection and to integrate different watermarking techniques. The quantity factor is used to affect the embedded watermarks to become fragile, semi-fragile or robust watermarks. The varying sized transform window is designed to determine whether the embedded strategy should be in spatial or frequency domains. Furthermore, by extracting pixel-based features, our watermarking technique cannot only improve robustness of embedded watermarks, but also provide an integrated view in studies of digital watermarking.
The clean air act's sulfur dioxide emissions market: Estimating the costs of regulatory and legislative intervention

Abstract This paper explores the economic impacts of regulatory and legislative intervention in the Clean Air Act Amendment's sulfur dioxide (SO2) allowance trading market. This intervention is of two types: (1) direct intervention through laws or regulatory orders that constrain compliance options of market participants, and (2) indirect intervention, reflected in utility decision making, and caused by a lack of regulatory policies that clarify the treatment of allowance market transactions. The paper uses a dynamic, linear programming model to empirically estimate the economic impacts of this intervention. An example of direct intervention is explored by modeling actual legislative and/or regulatory proposals in New York and Wisconsin; indirect intervention is explored through the development of a cost-uncertainty tradeoff curve. The results indicate that both types of intervention are costly and these costs must be weighed against any expected social benefits.
Interior C -metric

An interior solution for a uniformly accelerating particle is constructed and joined continuously with the exterior vacuum $C$-metric. At the boundary of the interior solution there exists a discontinuity in the pressure which is responsible for the object's uniform acceleration.
Community Leaders' Commitments To Programs: Do They Change During a Program?

This study conceptualized and tested additions to a model for analyzing community educational situations. According to new results, a revised model also fits latter stages of educational programs. In the revised model, the behavioral commitments of community leaders which predict their probable commitment to program goals will be different at different stages of programming. Though previous research has shown static personal possession type commitments (income, education, property investment of leaders) as more reliable predictors in early programming stages, analysis of 272 leaders' responses in a recent survey found that dynamic behavioral commitments (earliness of involvement, hours involved in programs, amount of perceived contact, etc.) are stronger predictors in latter stages of programming. These findings suggest that adult educators must continually observe and analyze throughout a community educational pro gram to be fully aware of existing needs, possible barriers, and/or ways to facilitate the ...
A large index theorem for orthogonal arrays, with bounds

It is shown that for fixed v, k, and t, an orthogonal array At(v, k, ?) exists for ??2k?2v2k?1. Information on the number of orthogonal arrays with given parameters, as a function of ?, is also obtained.
A Matter of Time: Taiwan's Eroding Military Advantage

Despite China's recent rapid strides in offensive capabilities, Taiwan is probably safe for now, given the island's formidable natural and military defenses. But the strategic balance is shifting. Sometime in the next decade Taiwan will be negotiating with the mainland from a position of inferiority.
Assessing blanket order effectiveness: A neglected task in collection development

Abstract The assessment of the performance of blanket order vendors has often been entrusted to subject specialists, who in the process of inspecting the books in their respective subject areas are expected to determine how well the vendor is performing. Although this form of assessment provides important information about the vendors' performance in each individual subject area, it does not yield enough data for an overall, cross-disciplinary picture of the library's blanket order contracts. This study makes a quantitative and qualitative assessment of two European blanket order vendors supplying the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The resulting assessment model yields information about the resources being spent by the library, how closely the vendors are abiding by the profile, and how long-term trends in acquisitions are affecting the collection. This study shows that for libraries to enjoy the full advantages blanket orders offer, they need to devise a better method of assessment than what subject specialists alone provide.
Diffusion and kinetics effects on the ignition of premixed and non-premixed flames

Abstract The relative importance of molecular transport and chemical kinetics on flame ignition was investigated through detailed numerical simulations. The study was conducted in stagnation-type flows for atmospheric, laminar premixed and non-premixed iso -C 8 H 18 , n -C 7 H 16 , and H 2 flames. Ignition of premixed flames was studied by: (1) increasing the temperature of a N 2 jet counterflowing against a fuel/air jet, (2) increasing the temperature of a solid wall against which a fuel/air jet was injected. Ignition of non-premixed flames was studied by increasing the temperature of an air jet counterflowing against a fuel-containing jet. The simulations were performed along the stagnation streamline, and included detailed descriptions of chemical kinetics, molecular transport, and radiative heat transfer. Sensitivity analyses of the ignition temperatures to the diffusion coefficients of the reactants as well as to the kinetics were performed. Results revealed that premixed flame ignition is rather sensitive to the fuel diffusivity in the opposed-jet configuration, and notably less in the jet-wall. This is due to the diffusive transport that is required to convey the reactants towards the ignition kernel in the opposed-jet. It was found that the two approaches result in similar ignition temperatures only for fuel-rich cases and that the ignition temperatures tend to be lower as the equivalence ratio increases in the opposed-jet configuration. However, the ignition temperatures were found to depend mildly on the equivalence ratio in the jet-wall configuration. The sensitivity of ignition to diffusion in non-premixed systems was found to also be notable, especially for cases in which the fuel is highly diluted by an inert. For both premixed and non-premixed flames, the sensitivity of ignition to diffusion coefficients was found to be of the same order or larger than that to kinetics. This is important when flame ignition data are used to validate kinetics, as rate constants could be potentially falsified.
A normal coordinate analysis of the di-iminium species formed by the reaction of cyanogen (C2N2) and hydrogen on Pt(111)

Abstract Normal-mode calculations were used to analyze the reflection absorption infrared spectra of six hydrogenated cyanogen (C2N2) isotopomers formed by the reactions of 12C214N2, 12C215N2 and 13C214N2 with H2 and D2 on Pt(111) at 300 K. The small number of observed IR bands and their respective frequencies are consistent with the adsorbate containing two equivalent iminium (CNH2)-like functionalities and a high degree of symmetry. The calculations identify μ2, η2-diaminoethylene (H2NCCNH2), bonding to the surface with a parallel di-metalated olefin geometry, as the most likely hydrogenation product of cyanogen on Pt(111).
Theoretical study of laser cooling of a semiconductor

A nonlocal energy-balance equation is derived for the optical absorption, photoluminescence and inelastic electron-phonon scattering, which determines the electron and hole temperatures for any given lattice temperature. The evolution of the lattice temperature is found to be determined by the difference between the power-loss density due to photoluminescence and the power-gain density due to optical absorption, as well as by the initial lattice temperature. We find that in addition to the expected decrease in the lattice temperature, the electron temperature also decreases with time. A laser-cooling power as high as is predicted for the wide bandgap semiconductor AlN initially at room temperature when the pump-laser field is only . Laser cooling is found to be more efficient for a large bandgap material, a weaker laser field, and a high initial lattice temperature. The laser-cooling rate then decreases as the lattice cools. The theory presented here provides quantitative predictions that can guide future experiments.
On the mechanism of the synthesis of virus nucleic acid.

Abstract The incorporation of 32P into the nucleic acid of tobacco-mosaic and turnip-yellow mosaic virus is studied by degradation of the RNA to 5′-nucleotides with snake-venom phosphodiesterase and to 2′- and 3′- nucleotides with alkali. If the infected tobacco leaves are incubated with 32P only during the time of maximal virus growth, it is found that the 5′-nucleotides show great variations in their radioactivity whereas the 2′- and 3′-nucleotides are uniformly labelled. It is concluded that the nucleic acid of these viruses is synthesized from 5′-nucleotides and that there is no quantitatively preferential attachment of one nucleotide to another. The differences within the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides suggest that the 5′-nucleotides are not formed from common phosphate containing precursors.
Discrete subresolution structures in the solar transition zone

During operations on the Spacelab-2 Shuttle mission, the NRL High Resolution Telescope and Spectrograph (HRTS) recorded spectra of a variety of solar features in the 1200–1700 A wavelength region which contains spectral lines and continua well suited for investigating the temperature minimum, the chromosphere and transition zone. These data show that, at the highest spatial resolution, the transition zone spectra are broken up from a continuous intensity distribution along the slit into discrete emission elements. The average dimensions of these discrete transition zone structures is 2400 km along the slit, but an analysis of their emission measures and densities shows that the dimensions of the actual emitting volume is conciderably less. If these structures are modelled as an ensemble of subresolution filaments, we find that these filaments have typical radii of from 3 to 30 km and that the cross-sectional fill factor is in the range from 10−5 to 10−2. The transport of mass and energy through these transition zone structures is reduced by this same factor of 10−5 to 10−2 which has significant consequences for our understanding of the dynamics of the solar atmosphere. Because the HRTS transition zone line profiles are not broadened by resolved large-spatial-scale solar velocity fields, the line widths of the Civ lines have been analyzed. The average line width is 0.195 A (FWHM) and requires an average nonthermal velocity of 16 km s−1 (most-probable) or 19 km s−1 (root-mean-square) which is lower than previously observed values.
Semisoft Skimmilk Cheese. Pilot Plant Procedure

Abstract Adaptation of laboratory procedures to pilot plant manufacture of semisoft skimmilk cheese is described. The manufacturing time schedule including acidities as well as pH ranges during curing is given. Results show that good natural lowfat cheese with acceptable body, texture, and flavor can be made on a pilot plant scale and commercial adaptation can be accomplished.
Enteric neuroblasts require the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway for GDNF-stimulated proliferation.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) develops from neural crest cells that enter the gut, migrate, proliferate, and differentiate into neurons and glia. The growth factor glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) stimulates the proliferation and survival of enteric crest-derived cells. We investigated the intracellular signaling pathways activated by GDNF and their involvement in proliferation. We found that GDNF stimulates the phosphorylation of both the PI 3-kinase downstream substrate Akt and the MAP kinase substrate ERK in cultures of immunoaffinity-purified embryonic avian enteric crest-derived cells. The selective PI 3-kinase inhibitor LY-294002 blocked GDNF-stimulated Akt phosphorylation in purified crest cells, and reduced proliferation in cultures of dissociated quail gut. The ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitors PD 98059 and UO126 did not reduce GDNF-stimulated proliferation, although PD 98059 blocked GDNF-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK. We conclude that the PI 3-kinase pathway is necessary for the GDNF-stimulated proliferation of enteric neuroblasts.
Experimental studies of the anterior pituitary. V. Functional activity of anterior pituitary grafts in the adult male guinea-pig.

IT IS GENERALLY AGREED that the female pituitary secretes two gonadotropic substances, one a follicle stimulating and the other a luteiniz,ing hormone; but it is by no means accepted that both of these hormones are necessary for the maintenance of the male reproductive system. It is generally believed that the fol-licle stimulating hormone maintains the germinal epithelium of the testis and the luteinizing hormone is necessary for the maintenance of the interstitial tissue (1). That this explanation is not entirely adequate is indicated by a later report of Greep and Fevold (2) that the luteinizing hormone alone may stimulate both the interstitial and the reproductive elements of the testis. Cutuly, McCullagh and Cutuly (3) obtained results with parabiotic unions between hypophysectomised male rats and castrated, cryptorchid or normal partners which were believed to be interpretable on the basis that one hormone could account for maintenance of the testis as both an androgenic and a reproductive organ.
Identifying types of sex conversations in adolescent health maintenance visits

Background Physician–adolescent sexuality discussions are a recommended element in health maintenance visits, but such discussions – if they occur at all – probably vary by adolescents’ characteristics and situations, and physicians’ personal beliefs and training. However, little is known about the form and content of physician–adolescent sexuality discussions during health maintenance visits. Methods: We evaluated 245 physician–adolescent sexuality conversations. Using latent class analysis, we identified conversation types based on 13 sexually related topics, which occurred in at least 10% of all conversations. Results: We found four discrete types of sexuality conversations, which differed in terms of emphasis, topics addressed as part of the sexual history and risk assessment, and topics addressed in anticipatory guidance. Inquiry about partnered sexual experience was typical across all conversation types, as well as over half including discussions about body development and protective behaviours. In all four types of conversation, sexuality discussions were typically embedded in a sequence of psychosocial and behavioural topics recommended for health maintenance visits. Conclusions: The presence of sexuality conversations in the majority of these visits suggests that physicians consider sexuality to be an important issue and part of their responsibility in caring for their adolescent patients. However, the substantial variability in the types of sexuality conversations, particularly the notable omissions of many key topics, supports the importance of teaching sexual health interview skills in medical school and residency, and as part of continuing medical education and quality improvement.
Pre‐drilling data review and synthesis for the Long Valley Caldera, California

A 2-day symposium was held at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) on March 17–18, 1987, to review a large body of scientific investigations for the Long Valley Caldera and to discuss concepts and models for the present-day magmatic-hydrothermal system. Speakers at the symposium also addressed the problem of where to locate future scientific drill holes in the caldera. Deep scientific drilling projects such as those being contemplated by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Geothermal Technologies Division (GTD), under the Magma Energy Program, and by the DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences (OBES) along with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Science Foundation (NSF), under the Continental Scientific Drilling Program (CSDP), will be major and expensive national undertakings that will require strong support from geoscientists and engineers and from industry and government-supported laboratories. DOE/OBES is sponsoring a program of relatively shallow core holes (less than 1 km) in the caldera, and DOE/GTD is considering the start of a deep (6-km) hole for geophysical observations and sampling of the near-magmatic environment as early as fiscal year (FY) 1988.
Regional Comparison of GOES Cloud-Top Properties and Radar Characteristics in Advance of First-Flash Lightning Initiation

Lightning initiation (LI) events over Florida and Oklahoma are examined and statistically compared to understand the behavior of observed radar and infrared satellite interest fields (IFs) in the 75-min time frame surrounding LI. Lightning initiation is defined as the time of the first lightning, of any kind, generated in a cumulonimbus cloud. Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) infrared IFs, contoured frequency by altitude diagrams (CFADs) of radar reflectivity, and model sounding data, analyzed in concert, show the mean characteristics over time for 36 and 23 LI events over Florida and Oklahoma, respectively. CFADs indicate that radar echoes formed 60 min before Florida LI, yet Oklahoma storms exhibited a ;30-min delayed development. Large ice volumes in Florida developed from the freezing of loftedliquidhydrometeorsformedbylong-lived(;45 min) warm rain processes, whichare mostlyabsentin Oklahoma. However, ice volumes developed abruptly in Oklahoma storms despite missing a significant warm rain component. GOES fields were significantly different before 30 min prior to LI between the two locations. Compared to Florida storms, lower precipitable water (PW), higher convective available potential energy, and higher 3.9-mm reflectance in Oklahoma, suggest stronger and drier updrafts producing a greater abundance of small ice particles. Somewhat larger 15-min 10.7-mm cooling rates in Oklahoma confirm stronger updrafts, while clouds in the 60‐30-min pre-LI period show more IF variability (e.g., in the 6.5‐10.7-mm difference). Florida storms (high PW, slower growth) offer more lead time for LI predictability, compared to Oklahoma storms (low PW, explosive growth), with defined anvils being obvious at the time of LI.
Effect of enzymatic digestion on the transverse mechanical properties of annulus fibrosus lamellae

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is associated with changes in the major biomolecular components in the disc as well as changes in enzymatic activity in the IVD. Collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans in the disc are primarily responsible for mechanical and structural support as well as disc recovery after loading. In order to investigate the effects of the loss of these biomolecules, a single annulus fibrosus (AF) lamellar model has been developed. Isolated segments of human AF were digested with elastase, collagenase and chondroitinase ABC to selectively degenerate collagen, elastin, and proteoglycan respectively. Samples were then mechanically tested to determine the contribution of these components to the mechanical properties. Understanding the effects of biomolecular changes in the IVD will promote understanding of the relationship between composition and mechanical behavior.
Nano Carbon 1D and 2D Nanomechanical Resonators

We demonstrate one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) resonant nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) derived from nano carbon materials, where the resonance frequency and the quality (Q) factor of the devices are measured experimentally using ultrasensitive optical interferometry. The 1D nano carbon resonators are formed using carbon nanofibers (CNFs) which are synthesized using a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process, while the 2D nanocarbon resonators are based on CVD grown graphene. The CNFs are prototyped into few-μm-long cantilever-shaped 1D resonators, where the resonance frequency and Qs are extracted from measurements of the undriven thermomechanical noise spectrum. The thermomechanical noise measurements yield resonances in the ~3–15 MHz range, with Q of ~200–800. Significant changes in resonance characteristics are observed due to electron beam induced amorphous carbon deposition on the CNFs, which suggests that 1D CNF resonators have strong prospects for ultrasensitive mass detection. We also present NEMS resonators based on 2D graphene nanomembranes, which exhibit robust undriven thermomechanical resonances for the extraction of ultrasmall strain levels.