cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The presentation of plastic surgery visual data from 1816 to 1916: The evolution of reproducible results

All scientific data should be presented with sufficient accuracy and precision so that they can be both analyzed properly and reproduced. Visual data are the foundation upon which plastic surgeons advance knowledge. We use visual data to achieve reproducible results by discerning details of procedures and differences between pre- and post-surgery images. This review highlights how the presentation of visual data evolved from 1816, when Joseph Carpue published his book on nasal reconstruction to 1916, when Captain Harold Gillies began to treat over 2000 casualties from the Battle of the Somme. It shows the frailties of human nature that led some authors such as Carl von Graefe, Joseph Pancoast and Thomas Mutter to record inaccurate methods or results that could not be reproduced, and what measures other authors such as Eduard Zeis, Johann Dieffenbach, and Gurdon Buck took to affirm the accuracy of their results. It shows how photography gradually supplanted illustration as a reference standard. Finally, it shows the efforts that some authors and originators took to authenticate and preserve their visual data in what can be considered the forerunners of clinical registries.
The Role of Hemiacidrin in the Management of Renal Stones in Spinal Cord Injury Patients

AbstractHemiacidrin is a known solvent of renal calculi. Our report concerns its use in 5 cases as the sole medical agent for dissolving pelvic stones and in 6 others to supplement an operation and dissolve postoperative residual concretions. No serious complications were noted in either group. An accurate and safe technique for its use is described. The results of the method are presented.
Ultraviolet Raman Wide-Field Hyperspectral Imaging Spectrometer for Standoff Trace Explosive Detection.

We constructed the first deep ultraviolet (UV) Raman standoff wide-field imaging spectrometer. Our novel deep UV imaging spectrometer utilizes a photonic crystal to select Raman spectral regions for detection. The photonic crystal is composed of highly charged, monodisperse 35.5 ± 2.9 nm silica nanoparticles that self-assemble in solution to produce a face centered cubic crystalline colloidal array that Bragg diffracts a narrow ∼1.0 nm full width at half-maximum (FWHM) UV spectral region. We utilize this photonic crystal to select and image two different spectral regions containing resonance Raman bands of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and NH4NO3 (AN). These two deep UV Raman spectral regions diffracted were selected by angle tuning the photonic crystal. We utilized this imaging spectrometer to measure 229 nm excited UV Raman images containing ∼10-1000 µg/cm2 samples of solid PETN and AN on aluminum surfaces at 2.3 m standoff distances. We estimate detection limits of ∼1 µg/cm2 for PETN and AN films under these experimental conditions.
How to Use Free Online Tools to Recruit and Manage Remote LIS Interns

Practicum students from library and information science programs can be valuable additions to a library workforce. However, some institutions might not be located near enough to a library school, might lack workstations needed to host interns or might be wary of the considerable time and effort required to establish and administer an internship experience in their department. For such libraries, hosting a remote internship program—in which participants conduct work off-site—might be a viable option. This article describes how to use free online tools—such as blogs, Google Tools and more—to recruit and manage interns or volunteers. The use of online tools allows all work and interaction to occur remotely and has been shown to significantly reduce the amount of time managers spend overseeing projects and interacting with reports after initial setup. The author has established successful remote internship programs using online tools for the University of Houston Digital Library as well as the South Asian American Digital Archive and will discuss each as a case study providing tips and tricks for institutions that wish to establish similar programs. Additionally, the online recruitment and management techniques described in this article could also streamline administration of in-person volunteer or intern recruitment and management efforts.
Review on the data mining technology and the applications on financial analysis area

With the expansion of monetary globalization and development of data innovation, budgetary information are being created and gathered at a remarkable pace. Therefore, there has been a basic requirement for robotized ways to deal with compelling and proficient use of huge measure of money related information to bolster organizations and people in key arranging and speculation basic leadership. Information mining strategies have been utilized to reveal shrouded designs and foresee future patterns and practices in money related markets. The upper hands accomplished by information mining incorporate expanded income, decreased expense, and highly enhanced commercial center responsiveness and mindfulness. There has been an expansive assemblage of examination and work on concentrating on investigating information mining systems to take care of monetary issues. In this paper, the creator depicts information mining with regards to money related application from both specialized and application points of view. At last, the creator highlights various difficulties and patterns for future exploration around there.
Low Temperature (400&#x000B0;c) Ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 Capacitors for Next-Generation FRAM Applications

In this study, ferroelectric properties of atomic layer deposited Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) thin films have been investigated for the development of future ferroelectric random access memory capacitors. A 10 nm thick HZO sample annealed at 400&#x000B0;C for 60 s in an N2 atmosphere after TiN top electrode deposition showed large switching polarization (&#126;45 &#956;C/cm2) and low ferroelectric saturation voltage (&#126;1.5 V) from pulse write/read measurement. Furthermore, fatigue measurements were performed and no significant degradation was observed until 108 switching cycles at 2 V.
Online Surgeon Ratings and Outcomes in Hernia Surgery: An Americas Hernia Society Quality Collaborative Analysis

Background Online surgeon ratings are viewed as a measure of physician quality by some consumers. Nevertheless, the correlation between online surgeon ratings and surgeon quality metrics remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between online surgeon ratings and hernia-specific quality metrics. Study Design The Americas Hernia Society Quality Collaborative (AHSQC) is recognized by the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare as a Quality Clinical Data Registry (QCDR) that reports risk-adjusted quality metrics for hernia surgeons. All surgeons who input at least 10 patients into the AHSQC and had both a HealthGrades.com and Vitals.com rating were included in the analysis. The association of surgeons' average, risk-adjusted QCDR quality score with their online ratings was investigated using a linear regression model. Results A total of 70 surgeons met inclusion criteria. The median number of evaluations each surgeon received on HealthGrades.com was 7; the median number of evaluations each surgeon received on Vitals.com was 3. There was a statistically significant correlation between the ratings surgeons received on HealthGrades.com and those that they received on Vitals.com (p Conclusions Online physician rating systems correlate with one another, but they do not accurately reflect physician quality. The development of specialty-specific, risk-adjusted quality measures and appropriate public dissemination of this information may help patients make more informed decisions about their health care.
Change in Police Organizations: Perceptions, Experiences, and the Failure to Launch:

Studies and accounts of change in police organizations frequently emphasize case studies of specific efforts enacted during relatively discrete periods of time in one or a few agencies. The narrati...
Video inpainting by Markov Random Field modeling and Gibbs sampling

Video inpainting is to recover the distorted pixels of the image sequences. In this paper, we use Gibbs distribution and Markov Random Field (MRF) modeling to solve this problem. We build MRF on the missing region of the image sequence conditioned on its neighborhood pixels that are undistorted. We recover the missing pixels by drawing samples from the MRF by Gibbs sampling. We collect a dataset to test the method. The experiments on the dataset with different types of missing pixels show that the method works well in both quantitative and qualitative aspects.
Demonstration of a novel ion-exchange column for pre-concentration of silver ions in optical emission spectroscopy utilizing a liquid-sampling atmospheric pressure glow discharge microplasma

A novel, small-volume, strong cation-exchange column has been employed as an on-line pre-concentrator for samples introduced to the liquid sampling-atmospheric pressure glow discharge (LS-APGD) microplasma. The column stationary phase was synthesized by a unique microwave-assisted grafting of sulfonic acid groups onto nylon 6 capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers. The column material is robust with respect to attack in acidic sample media, with high permeability that obviates the need to use a high-pressure liquid chromatography pump. The column-loading flow rate, sample-load volume, and sample concentration were studied to demonstrate the utility of the column in improving the limits of detection (LOD) of silver in nitrate/nitric acid solutions. The eluted analyte signal intensity was found to be unaffected by column-loading flow rates from 100 to 800 μL min−1. When signal intensity was plotted against increasing sample-loading volumes and load concentrations, good linearity was observed (R2 = 0.9939 and 0.9999). Overall, implementation of this novel column provides enhanced analytical performance for the LS-APGD-OES source with very minimal added experimental complexity. This is a key aspect as the microplasma is implemented on field-deployable platforms. It is imagined that the same fiber format could be easily adapted to larger size scales such as common to inductively-coupled plasma sources.
Ability and Enhancement

This volume addresses ethical questions about disability and human enhancement without reference to a baseline of “normal species functioning.” Instead, the contributors conceive of questions about disability and enhancement as versions of the same question—what is the moral significance of differences in human ability? The introduction previews the plan of the book and discusses its broader implications.
Thirty-year trends in the prevalence and severity of female genital mutilation: a comparison of 22 countries.

Introduction Female genital mutilation (FGM) harms women’s health and well-being and is widely considered a violation of human rights. The United Nations has called for elimination of the practice by 2030. Methods We used household survey data to measure trends in the prevalence of FGM in 22 countries. We also examined trends in the severity of the practice by measuring changes in the prevalence of flesh removal, infibulation and symbolic ‘nicking’ of the genitals. We evaluated the extent to which measurement error may have influenced our estimates by observing the consistency of reports for the same birth cohorts over successive survey waves. Results The prevalence of all types of FGM fell in 17 of 22 countries we examined. The vast majority of women who undergo FGM have flesh removed from their genitals, likely corresponding to the partial or total removal of the clitoris and labia. Infibulation is still practised throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa. Its prevalence has declined in most countries, but in Chad, Mali and Sierra Leone the prevalence has increased by 2–8 percentage points over 30 years. Symbolic nicking of the genitals is relatively rare but becoming more common in Burkina Faso, Chad, Guinea and Mali. Conclusion FGM is becoming less common over time, but it remains a pervasive practice in some countries: more than half of women in 7 of the 22 countries we examined still experience FGM. The severity of the procedures has not changed substantially over time. Rigorous evaluation of interventions aimed at eliminating or reducing the harms associated with the practice is needed.
Hospital to school transition following traumatic brain injury: A qualitative longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND The transition from hospital to school is regarded by researchers as a key factor in the educational success of students with traumatic brain injury (TBI). OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to look closely at what transition services consist of, how they are delivered, and how they are received by educators. METHODS Parents and educators of 21 students with TBI participated in a qualitative study of the delivery of transition services and implementation of hospital recommendations. RESULTS This paper presents two themes that emerged from interview and observational data collected over a 7-year period: 1) provision of hospital-school transition services is inconsistent and 2) teachers lack sufficient awareness of and training in TBI to implement hospital transition recommendations. Regardless of the type and quality of transition support, most educators in the students' schools remained unaware of the students' needs and how to meet them. CONCLUSION Recommendations include more consistent and specific communication between hospital and school for all students with TBI, long-term tracking of the injury in student files, and increased training of educators in how to meet the needs of students with TBI.
Expanded genetic screening in Caenorhabditis elegans identifies new regulators and an inhibitory role for NAD+ in axon regeneration

The mechanisms underlying axon regeneration in mature neurons are relevant to the understanding of normal nervous system maintenance and for developing therapeutic strategies for injury. Here, we report novel pathways in axon regeneration, identified by extending our previous function-based screen using the C. elegans mechanosensory neuron axotomy model. We identify an unexpected role of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) synthesizing enzyme, NMAT-2/NMNAT, in axon regeneration. NMAT-2 inhibits axon regrowth via cell-autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms. NMAT-2 enzymatic activity is required to repress regrowth. Further, we find differential requirements for proteins in membrane contact site, components and regulators of the extracellular matrix, membrane trafficking, microtubule and actin cytoskeleton, the conserved Kelch-domain protein IVNS-1, and the orphan transporter MFSD-6 in axon regrowth. Identification of these new pathways expands our understanding of the molecular basis of axonal injury response and regeneration.
“I Just Love Black People!”: Love, Pleasure, and Critical Pedagogy in Urban Teacher Education

With concern to critical pedagogy, the concept of love is fairly frequently (ab)used, yet under-theorized. In this exploratory study, I ask: How does a critical pedagogy of love—or critical pedagogical love—look, sound, and feel? Regarding feeling, how does a critical pedagogue engage the sensations of pleasure attendant to love? Lastly, how does the pedagogue invite love and pleasure into the pain-filled field of urban teacher education? Using Black feminist theorizing of love as an analytic filter, I investigate a university-based urban teacher educator’s navigation of the nexus of love, pleasure, and critical (specifically, antiracist) pedagogy. Extrapolating from the resultant narrative portrait, I consider the affordances of a critical pedagogy of love that accesses embodied pleasure, emphasizing how such a pedagogy might present racially marginalized persons—particularly urban teacher educators of Color—with opportunities for reprieve from the suffering that characterizes many of our experiences with/in teacher education.
Mandatory Prescription Limits and Opioid Utilization Following Orthopaedic Surgery.

Background:Since 2016, over half of the states in the United States have passed mandatory limits on opioid prescriptions, with limited evidence of effectiveness. In this study, we evaluated postoperative opioid prescriptions following orthopaedic surgery before and after the implementation of one of
Access to clinical trials, multidisciplinary environment, and health care providers by facility type and outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma using SEER-Medicare dataset.

e13576Background: Prior studies demonstrated the superior outcomes among glioblastomas patients treated at academic facilities (ACs) verses non-academic facilities (non-AC). However, the factors co...
Marx, Dalia. Tractates Tamid, Middot and Qinnim: A Feminist Commentary on the Babylonian Talmud V.9. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013.

Book review: Marx, Dalia. Tractates Tamid, Middot and Qinnim: A Feminist Commentary on the Babylonian Talmud V.9. Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013.
Effects of exposure to 12C and 4He particles on cognitive performance of intact and ovariectomized female rats.

Abstract Exposure to the types of radiation encountered outside the magnetic field of the earth can disrupt cognitive performance. Exploratory class missions to other planets will include both male and female astronauts. Because estrogen can function as a neuroprotectant, it is possible that female astronauts may be less affected by exposure to space radiation than male astronauts. To evaluate the effectiveness of estrogen to protect against the disruption of cognitive performance by exposure to space radiation intact and ovariectomized female rats with estradiol or vehicle implants were tested on novel object performance and operant responding on an ascending fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule following exposure to 12C (290 MeV/n) or 4He (300 MeV/n) particles. The results indicated that exposure to carbon or helium particles did not disrupt cognitive performance in the intact rats. Estradiol implants in the ovariectomized subjects exacerbated the disruptive effects of space radiation on operant performance. Although estrogen does not appear to function as a neuroprotectant following exposure to space radiation, the present data suggest that intact females may be less responsive to the deleterious effects of exposure to space radiation on cognitive performance, possibly due to the effects of estrogen on cognitive performance.
Political Sites and Collective Identities in Hendrick Avercamp’s Ice-Skating Landscapes

In the first decades of the seventeenth century, Hendrick Avercamp was among the first Dutch painters to prioritize local landscape subjects as a source of pictorial interest. Avercamp’s ice-skatin...
Reduced retort processing time improves canning quality of fast-cooking dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

Background While it is generally accepted that fast-cooking germplasm benefits consumers, benefits to the canning industry have not been established. Genotypes with good canning quality withstand the canning process while remaining intact with good appearance, but canning protocols used by breeders typically involve long processing times that may overcook some genotypes. The goal of this study was to identify whether cooking time influences canning quality in dry beans and whether reducing processing time could improve canning quality of fast-cooking genotypes. Results A set of 20 yellow bean genotypes including Ervilha, PI527538 and 18 derived recombinant inbred lines were selected for their varied cooking times. By comparing the genotypes processed across five retort times, differences in canning quality were identified. All genotypes performed better when processed for less time than the standard 45 min, but canning quality was highest at 10 min for fast- and medium-cooking genotypes and 15 min for slow-cooking genotypes. Cooking time was correlated positively with texture and intactness and negatively with washed-drained weights, indicating that slower cooking beans have higher canning quality. Color changed with retort processing such that longer times produced darker beans with more red and yellow. Conclusions While fast-cooking beans exhibited lower canning quality at standard processing times, reduced retort processing time allowed them to meet quality standards while still maintaining food safety. By accounting for cooking time as a component of canning quality, breeders can develop varieties that are convenient and cost efficient for preparation for both consumers and the canning industry. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Multimodal Joke Generation and Paralinguistic Personalization for a Socially-Aware Robot

Robot humor is typically scripted by the human. This work presents a socially-aware robot which generates multimodal jokes for use in real-time human-robot dialogs, including appropriate prosody and non-verbal behaviors. It personalizes the paralinguistic presentation strategy based on socially-aware reinforcement learning, which interprets human social signals and aims to maximize user amusement.
Welfare Participation and Depression Symptoms Among Youth in China

Although welfare programs in China provide a safety net for low-income people by directly lifting their incomes, receiving benefits has the potential to affect recipients’ mental health because of the demanding and demeaning means-testing application process required by Chinese policymakers. However, little research has examined the relationship between welfare participation and mental health symptoms—particularly those of depression—among Chinese youth. This study aims to examine the relationship between family participation in the Dibao income-assistance program in China and symptoms of depression among youth. This study used a youth sample (n = 4192) of nationally representative data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) survey. Multiple imputation was used to deal with missing data. The imputed data were analyzed using aggregated robust multiple regression. The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D-20) scale was used to measure depression symptoms. In addition, a variety of subgroup analyses were conducted to explore whether the relationship between Dibao participation and symptoms of depression differs significantly by the sociodemographic characteristics. Youth whose families received Dibao assistance had significantly greater risk for symptoms of depression when compared with peers who did not receive assistance. Results also showed that young women—and especially young mothers—whose families participated in the Dibao program in rural areas were at significantly higher risk compared with others. The relationship between welfare participation and symptoms of depression varies significantly by the characteristics of youths and their families. As a marker for collective disadvantage and adversity, welfare participation warrants research to study program processes and to distinguish pathways—possibly differentiated by gender—that may elevate risk for depression among Dibao program recipients.
A synthetic gene circuit for imaging-free detection of dynamic cell signaling

Abstract Cells employ intracellular signaling pathways to sense and respond to changes in their external environment. In recent years, live-cell biosensors have revealed complex pulsatile dynamics in many pathways, but studies of these signaling dynamics are limited by the necessity of live-cell imaging at high spatiotemporal resolution1. Here, we describe an approach to infer pulsatile signaling dynamics from just a single measurement in fixed cells using a pulse-detecting gene circuit. We computationally screened for circuit with pulse detecting capability, revealing an incoherent feedforward topology that robustly performs this computation. We then implemented the motif experimentally for the Erk signaling pathway using a single engineered transcription factor and fluorescent protein reporter. Our ‘recorder of Erk activity dynamics’ (READer) responds sensitively to both spontaneous and stimulus-driven Erk pulses. READer circuits thus open the door to permanently labeling transient, dynamic cell populations to elucidate the mechanistic underpinnings and biological consequences of signaling dynamics.
Distinct chemical blends produced by different reproductive castes in the subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes.

The production of royal pheromones by reproductives (queens and kings) enables social insect colonies to allocate individuals into reproductive and non-reproductive roles. In many termite species, nestmates can develop into neotenics when the primary king or queen dies, which then inhibit the production of additional reproductives. This suggests that primary reproductives and neotenics produce royal pheromones. The cuticular hydrocarbon heneicosane was identified as a royal pheromone in Reticulitermes flavipes neotenics. Here, we investigated the presence of this and other cuticular hydrocarbons in primary reproductives and neotenics of this species, and the ontogeny of their production in primary reproductives. Our results revealed that heneicosane was produced by most neotenics, raising the question of whether reproductive status may trigger its production. Neotenics produced six additional cuticular hydrocarbons absent from workers and nymphs. Remarkably, heneicosane and four of these compounds were absent in primary reproductives, and the other two compounds were present in lower quantities. Neotenics therefore have a distinct ‘royal’ blend from primary reproductives, and potentially over-signal their reproductive status. Our results suggest that primary reproductives and neotenics may face different social pressures. Future studies of these pressures should provide a more complete understanding of the mechanisms underlying social regulation in termites.
Sample Selection Problems in Event Studies: Evidence from Loan Announcement Research

While event studies are among the most widely used tools in empirical finance, the nature of the technique allows researchers to make inferences about hypotheses only when managers or others have generated public announcements. Researchers implicitly assume that a sample of announcements will prove representative of the relevant population, but we question this assumption for two reasons. First, announcements could be disproportionately focused on certain types of firms, creating a sample selection problem. Second, the standard process of “cleaning” announcements to remove the prospect of “contaminating” events could compound the problem. We examine these prospects by focusing on loan announcement studies. These event studies reveal that borrowers announcing loan agreements receive positive abnormal returns, leading to the conclusion that bank loans are “special” relative to other types of finance. But we find that a large majority of bank loans go unannounced, and for those that are announced, certain types of firms are more likely to appear in samples. Using data from a published paper, we conclude that if all loans were to be announced, the average abnormal return would likely be insignificant. We also find that weeding out observations with contaminating news during the event window inadvertently introduces sample selection issues by disproportionately discarding loan announcements about widely followed, large firms. Our findings question the broad conclusion that private and public debt differs in significant ways and have implications for inferences drawn from any event study.
Analytic Philosophical Psychology

The Enlightenment Project in the analytic conversation is founded on scientism, the presupposition that science can explain everything and legitimate itself. Rather than establishing the autonomy of science, analytic philosophy of science found that science relies upon a pre-theoretical domain. Unable to establish scientism in its analysis of science, proponents of the Project substituted the more modest goal of providing an account of the pre-theoretical domain in a manner consistent with scientism. Specifically, they sought to provide a “scientific” account of knowledge acquisition. If successful, this would constitute a naturalist epistemology. Unable to do this in the idiom of traditional epistemology, proponents embraced the linguistic turn and sought to establish a naturalist epistemology through an analysis of language. Problems in the analytic philosophy of language led proponents of the Project to seek in psychology the possibility of a naturalist epistemology. Searle’s observation on Austin expresses this view: ... philosophical analysis of language is part of the general analysis of human behavior.... [T]he philosophy of language is not ‘first philosophy’; it is a branch of the philosophy of mind.2
RESPIRATION AND EXCRETION WITHIN A MASS AGGREGATION OF EUPHAUSIA SUPERBA: IMPLICATIONS FOR KRILL DISTRIBUTION

ABSTRACT The oceanographic environment within a mass aggregation of krill encountered north of Elephant Island in March 1981 was sampled with a submersible pump/CTD combination. Estimates of acoustic biomass made concurrently at 50 kHz were used to infer krill population density. At depths between 50-100 m, differences in dissolved oxygen and ammonium ion between two pumped hydrocasts made within the krill school and two made at adjacent sites but outside the school averaged -0.15 ml oxygen 1-1 and +0.75 μg-atoms NH4+ 1-1. Using previously reported data on the respiration and excretion rates of individual krill, we demonstrate that these differences could have been generated in 16-18 h. From information on the mean velocity of near-surface currents in the vicinity of Elephant Island, we speculate on how population density of krill schools may be constrained in time and space.
Ab Initio Methods for Electronic Structures of Crystalline Solids

Two approaches have been dominant in theoretical studies of the electronic structures and properties of crystalline solids. The first and older approach involves the use of an independent-electron formalism, but with a semi-empirically determined effective Hamiltonian designed to reproduce the effects of electron exchange and correlation. A variety of effective Hamiltonians have been used, ranging from pseudopotentials, chosen mainly on the basis of agreement with experiment, to a priori choices such as the highly popular Xα method (Slater, 1970, 1971; Johnson and Smith, 1971), where the exchange-correlation potential is based on studies of the uniform electron gas (Slater, 1951; Gaspar, 1954; Kohn and Sham, 1965). This approach, although highly successful for many problems, leaves certain questions unanswered; among these are detailed assessments of the quality of the Hartree-Fock wavefunction, the quantitative roles of exchange and correlation, and the elucidation of collective phenomena inherently ruled out by an independent-electron model.
Biofluid Dynamics: Principles and Selected Applications

Glossary ELEMENTS OF CONTINUUM MECHANICS Biological Transport Processes Basic Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer Concepts Conservation Laws Two-Phase Flows Biomechanics Review Summary and Outlook Homework Assignments References BIOFLUID DYNAMICS CONCEPTS Transport Phenomena The Cardiovascular System Homework Problems References ANALYSES OF ARTERIAL DISEASES Vessel Occlusions Aneurysms Examples of Computerized Disease Management Homework Problems References BIOFLUID MECHANICS OF ORGAN SYSTEMS The Lungs The Kidneys The Liver Homework Problems References CASE STUDIES IN BIOFLUID DYNAMICS Prerequisites for Modeling and Simulating Nanodrug Delivery in Microchannels Particle Deposition and Targeting in Human Lung Airways Fluid-Structure Interactions in Stented Aneurysms Project Assignments References APPENDICES Review of Tensor Calculus, Differential Operations, Integral Transformations, and ODE Solutions Single-Phase Field Equations Suitable CFD Solvers Physical Properties References INDEX
Principles of Digital Design

(NOTE: Each chapter ends with a summary, problems and further readings.) 1. Introduction. Design representation. Levels of abstraction. Design process. CAD tools. Typical design process. Road map. 2. Data Types and Representations. Positional number systems. Octal and hexadecimal numbers. Number system conversions. Addition and subtraction of binary numbers. Representation of negative numbers. Two's-complement addition and subtraction. Binary ultiplication. Binary division. Floating-point number representation. Binary codes for decimal numbers. Character codes. Codes for error detection and correction. Hamming codes. 3. Boolean Algebra and Logic Design. Algebraic properties. Axiomatic definition of boolean algebra. Basic theorems of boolean algebra. Boolean functions. Canonical forms. Standard forms. Digital logic gates. Extension to multiple inputs and multiple operators. Gate implementations. VLSI technology. 4. Simplification of Boolean Functions. The map representation. The map method of simplification. Don't-care conditions. The tabulation method. Technology mapping for gate arrays. Technology mapping for custom libraries. Hazard-free design. 5. Combinatorial Components. Carry-ripple adders. Carry-look-ahead adders. Adders/subtractors. Logic unit. Arithmetic-Logic Unit. Decoders. Selectors. Buses. Priority encoders. Magnitude comparators. Shifters and rotators. Read-Only memories. Programmable logic arrays. 6. Sequential Logic. SR-latch. Gated SR-latch. Gated D-latch. Flip-flops. Flip-flop types. Analysis of sequential logic. Finite-state-machine model. Synthesis of sequential logic. FSM model capture. State minimization. State encoding. Choice of memory elements. Optimization and timing. 7. Storage Components. Registers. Shift registers. Counters. BCD counter. Asynchronous counter. Register files. Random-access memories (RAMs). Push-down stacks. Firs- in-first-out queue. Simple datapaths. General datapaths. Control unit design. 8. Register-Transfer Design. Design model. FSMD definition. Algorithmic-state-machine charts. Synthesis from ASM charts. Register sharing (variable merging). Functional unit sharing (operator sharing). Bus sharing (connection merging). Register merging. Chaining and multicycling. Functional unit pipelining. ASM pipelining. Control- pipelining. Scheduling. 9. Processor Design. Instruction sets. Addressing modes. Processor design. Instruction set design. Processor design. Reduced instruction set. RISC Design. Data forwarding. Branch prediction.
Critical appraisal of laropiprant and extended-release niacin combination in the management of mixed dyslipidemias and primary hypercholesterolemia

Niacin is a B-complex vitamin which has been used for decades for the management of mixed dyslipidemias and primary hypercholesterolemia. It decreases the risk of cardiovascular events either when used as a monotherapy or in combination with other lipid lowering medications. However, a major limitation to its use is niacin-induced flushing occurring even with the extended-release formulations. Laropiprant, a selective prostaglandin-2 receptor inhibitor, specifically targets the cascade of events causing the flushing. It has been recently used in combination with extended-release niacin. This article will review the early experience with this combination with focus on efficacy, safety, tolerability and current place in therapy. Early data are promising and suggest that more patients in clinical practice will benefit from niacin combined with laropiprant. Ongoing clinical trials will provide a better insight on the long-term safety of the drug and its efficacy for reducing cardiovascular events.
Abstract 17584: Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure Independently Predicts All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Irrespective of a Diagnosis of Heart Failure

Background: Elevated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) is associated with a worse outcome in heart failure (HF), but the prognostic role of PASP in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) remains unknown. Methods: 863 patients with known or suspected CAD (age: 64±13 years, 62% male) enrolled in the Emory Cardiovascular Biobank were followed for a median 455 days for all-cause death. Transthoracic echocardiographic parameters included measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, range: 5-80%) and diastolic function parameters. Youden’s index from the receiver operating curve analysis was used to determine the best discriminatory cutoff for PASP (cutoff=43 mmHg). Cox regression was performed to determine independent predictors of mortality. Results: 88 (10%) subjects died during follow-up. PASP correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, N=644, r=-0.20, p 50% and no history of HF (HR: 4.7, p=0.004). In separate models, this association was also independent of LAs and E/A. Conclusion: High PASP >43 mmHg is an independent predictor of mortality in patients with CAD even in those with preserved LVEF without HF. Whether high PASP predicts future development of HF and hospitalization for HF exacerbation needs to be investigated.
Chapter 6 Systems and ecosystems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses ecosystems from two points of view: that of simple systems and that of complex systems. It is suggested that ecosystems can be seen as systems that create and maintain structures made up of cycling materials using energy obtained by the capture, conversion, and degradation of solar energy operating within the physical and thermodynamic constraints laid out by the laws of conservation of mass and energy and the second law of thermodynamics. However, the biosphere has not always been this cycling system of producers, consumers, and decomposers. As appealing as the concept of a stable cycling ecosystem is, it is an incomplete picture in both present and historical aspects. Finally, a preliminary table of cross boundary definitions is presented in an effort to begin a dialogue that will allow engineers to compare and contrast ecosystems and human systems in terms of structure, components, and functions.
Biographical History Inventories

Biographical information (biodata) inventories and a brief history of their development into one of the most powerful predictors in personnel selection systems are described. Linked to the basis of the popular book and movie Moneyball, methods of theoretical and non-theory (empirically) based item generation and scoring are described. Cutting edge biodata applications in the growing arena of online personnel selection systems have grown quickly because of its ability to work in non-proctored testing environments. Keywords: biographical information inventory; biodata; rational key; empirical key; cross validation; consistency principle
Newforms of half-integral weight

Two very different definitions of a newform of half-integral weight are present and continued to be developed in the literature. The first definition originated with Serre and Stark for forms of weight 1/2 [5], and is analogous to the definition of newform for integral weight forms, which uses forms of lower level and shifts of such forms to characterize the notion of old-forms. The second definition originated with Kohnen for half-integral weight forms of squarefree level [1], who used forms of lower level and their image under the Um2 operator to define the notion of oldforms. The choice of the Um2 operator over the shift operator Bd seems a propitious one, since the U operator commutes with the action of the Shimura lift, while the shift operator B does not. More to the point, Kohnen was able to develop a newform theory on a distinguished subspace of the full space of cusp forms (now referred to as the Kohnen subspace), and obtained a multiplicity-one result (with respect to Hecke eigenvalues) for half-integral weight newforms in this subspace. Even nicer, the multiplicity-one result was established by showing that there is a one-to-one correspondence between newforms of level AN in the subspace and the newforms of integral weight of level N.
Theory of domain walls in ordered structures—II: Pair approximation for nonzero temperatures

Abstract The surface free energy of antiphase boundaries in the body centered cubic AB -type alloy and related structures is discussed for nonzero temperatures using the pair approximation and the Bragg-Williams approximation. Two kinds of walls are discussed: the P -wall and the W -wall. In b.c.c. structures the {110} wall is the former and the {100} wall is the latter. For each wall direction, the atomic-plane-center case and the interstitial-plane-center case are differentiated. For the P -wall, the interstitial-center case is shown to be more stable, for which the surface entropy vanishes at absolute zero. For the W -wall, the atomic-center case and the interstitial case are shown to have nearly the same surface free energy, but the surface entropy does not vanish at absolute zero. For the stable cases, the surface free energies resulting from use of the Bragg-Williams and the pair approximations are shown to agree well when plotted against T / T c .
El Flashmob como propuesta de innovación educativa en expresión corporal y danza (Flashmob as a proposal for educational innovation in body expression and dance)

El presente articulo tiene como objetivo describir una propuesta de innovacion educativa de la asignatura Expresion Corporal y Danza del Grado en Ciencias de la Actividad Fisica y del Deporte de la Universidad de Vigo, basada en el Metodo de Proyectos de una danza multitudinaria sorpresa conocida como Flashmob. Se presenta la propuesta y experiencia practica para adquirir los contenidos de danzas popularizadas y proceso de creacion coreografica. La implementacion del programa ha obtenido resultados satisfactorios en la interaccion profesorado-alumnado y favorecio la motivacion hacia los contenidos del alumnado. Se concluye que el proceso de creacion asi como la puesta en practica de danzas multitudinarias instantaneas, es una alternativa adecuada en la adquisicion de competencias de la materia expresion corporal y danza. Abstract. This article has as objective to describe a proposal for educational innovation of the subject Body Expression and Dance of the degree in Sciences of Physical Activity and Sport at the University of Vigo, based on the project approach s in a multitudinous surprise dance known as Flashmob. The proposal and practical experience is presented to acquire the contents of dances popularized and choreographic mounting process. The implementation of the program has been successful in the faculty-student interaction and favored the motivation toward the contents of the student body. It is concluded that the process of creation as well as the implementation of dances multitudinous snapshots, is a suitable alternative in the acquisition of competencies for the field body expression and dance.
Predictors of late asthmatic response. Logistic regression and classification tree analyses.

To identify predictors of the late asthmatic response (LAR), we reviewed data from 60 asthmatic subjects who had undergone allergen challenge over the past 5 yr (33 females, age 31.4 ± 6.7 yr [mean ± SD], FEV1 90% ± 14% predicted). Variables considered likely predictors of LAR included baseline FEV1, PC20 methacholine (PC20), sputum eosinophil percent, and the decrease in FEV1 within 20 min of allergen challenge. A LAR (FEV1 ⩾ 15% fall between 3 and 7 h after challenge) was documented in 57% of subjects. A variety of logistic regression methods revealed a significant inverse association between LAR and PC20 (odds ratio [OR] = 0.14 [95% CI = 0.03–0.66]) and a positive association between LAR and the decrease in FEV1 at 20 min (OR = 1.18 [1.04 –1.33]). Classification tree analysis revealed that a threshold of 0.25 mg/ml for PC20 was most predictive of LAR; LAR developed in 87% of those with PC20 ⩽ 0.25 mg/ml (n = 23) and in 38% of those with PC20 > 0.25 mg/ml (n = 37). Notably, in subjects with PC20 > 0.25 ...
A narrow QRS complex tachycardia: what is the mechanism of tachycardia?

An 80-year-old man underwent an electrophysiologic procedure because of recurrent episodes of supraventricular tachycardia. Episodes of nonsustained narrow QRS complex tachycardia occurred spontaneously after catheter placement. Examples of the onset and termination of an episode of tachycardia are shown in Figures 1 and 2, respectively. What is the mechanism of the tachycardia? What is the level of AV block?
Impacts of Land-Use Change to Ecosystem Services

Increasing human populations on the landscape and globe coincide with increasing demands for food, energy, and other natural resources, with generally negative impacts to wildlife habitat, air and water quality, and natural scenery. Here we define and describe the impacts of land-use change on ecosystem services – the services that ecosystems provide humans such as filtering air and water, providing food, resources, recreation, and esthetics. We show how the human footprint is rapidly expanding due to population growth, demand for resources, and globalization. Increased trade and transportation has brought all the continents back together, creating new challenges for conserving native species and ecosystems.
On sequential compactness of solutions for a class of stochastic hybrid systems

This work presents a summary of new results on sequential compactness of solutions for a class of stochastic hybrid systems. The main result is that every almost surely locally eventually bounded sequence of solutions with given statistical properties admits a solution in its pointwise outer limit with similar statistical properties. Moreover, if a sequence is not locally eventually bounded in probability then the system must exhibit finite escape times. Applications of these results to robust reachability and stability theory are also presented.
THz lasing concepts based upon InAs/GaSb broken-gap heterostructures

This paper will illustrate the potential of InAs/GaSb broken-gap structures for providing a solution to the well-known and long-standing terahertz (THz) frequency gap in source technology. In a double-barrier GaSb/InAs/GaSb heterostructure, the ultrafast heavy-hole interband tunneling can be utilized to achieve electron depopulation of a quasibound, heavy-hole level located in the valence-band of the right GaSb barrier region. A population inversion is then created using electron injection into the conduction-band resonant state of the double-barrier structure. Degrading nonradiative processes such as acoustic phonon, optical phonon and Auger recombination are suppressed in this spatially separated two-level energy system. Hence, heavy-hole interband tunneling prevails over nonradative transition rates and establishes a population inversion at relatively high operating temperatures. Detailed simulations predict a significant optical (total) gain of ~0.001 which is comparable with GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well laser in spite of the small overlap of conduction band and heavy-hole wavefunctions. The TE emission allows for implementation of vertical surface emission in large area, for single or arrayed devices. Also, lateral quantum confinement of arrayed systems can be used to reduce the conduction band current density (and undesired thermal heating) and increase the quantum efficiency.
Seismic damage to segmented buried pipelines

Seismic damage to segmented buried pipelines is investigated in this paper. Information on their performance during past earthquakes is reviewed briefly. An analytical model for evaluating the response of long straight runs of segmented buried pipelines to seismic wave propagation is presented. It takes into account the non-linearity as well as the variability of the system characteristics. Also, results from laboratory tests by others are used to establish the relative joint displacement which leads to leakage. These two elements are combined to predict the damage ratio (number of leaks per kilometre) for cast iron pipes with lead caulked joints subject to a joint pull-out failure mode.