cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modern Management of the Migraine Headache

Migraine headache is a debilitating disorder that affects millions of people in the United States and worldwide. The diagnosis of migraine can significantly affect quality of life, health care costs, and daily productivity. Hundreds of trials and many guidelines have documented various approaches to migraine management, whether via acute treatment or chronic migraine prophylaxis. Acute or abortive migraine management encompasses specific and nonspecific migraine therapeutics, including nonopioid and opioid analgesics, triptans, and ergotamines. Prophylactic migraine management data span the pharmacological spectrum from antiepileptic and antihypertensive agents to botulinum toxin type A. Special considerations for migraine management also must be applied in various populations, including children, pregnant women, and the elderly. The following review serves as an introduction to current therapeutic approaches for acute migraine treatment and provides an overview of available literature for pharmacological...
Supporting scientists and research in Iraq.

As pointed out by Richard Stone (“U.N. inspections find wisps of smoke but no smoking guns,” News Focus, 28 Mar., p. [1967][1]) and Donald Kennedy (“Science and the war,” 28 Mar., p. [1945][2]), the regime change in Iraq will have an immense impact on scientists there. Restarting and strengthening peaceful scientific work in Iraq will aid in restructuring and democratizing the country, while reducing the possibility that scientists will be attracted to weapons work elsewhere. Among other worthwhile projects, we draw attention to the UNESCO-sponsored SESAME Project (Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East) ([1][3]) to construct a regional, international research center in Jordan, which won a competition among seven Middle East countries to host the facility. SESAME will be a high-performance 2- to 2.5-GeV x-ray source for the region in an international laboratory developed in analogy to CERN. SESAME is well under way, with eight founding members (Bahrain, Egypt, Israel, Iran, Jordan, Pakistan, Palestine, and Turkey). Other countries from the region, including Iraq, are expected to join, with support also coming from observer countries outside the region. Along with 50 other synchrotron light sources, SESAME will provide intense beams, from infrared to hard x-rays, for frontier research, including biomedical and environmental problems in the Middle East. It will also provide opportunities for training young scientists and attracting those working abroad to return, as well as promoting peaceful cooperation and understanding in the region. 1. 1.[↵][4] See . # {#article-title-2} Donald Kennedy's Editorial “Science and the war” (28 Mar., p. [1945][2]) makes the point that science and technology will have important parts to play in the repair of Iraq's infrastructure. It is not too soon to plan for the renewal of Iraq's scientific community, which has suffered under Saddam Hussein's rule and from war and sanctions. The Nunn-Lugar program and the International Science and Technology Centers in the former Soviet Union contribute significantly to scientists seeking to redirect their efforts to peaceful purposes. We need to plan comparable efforts in Iraq to enable its scientific community to rebuild and to rejoin the international scientific community by providing alternatives that will keep them from turning to potential weapons proliferators to support themselves and that will enable them to make their vitally needed contribution to a free and democratic nation. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.299.5615.1967 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.299.5615.1945 [3]: #ref-1 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text"
Real space quadrics and μ-bases

Abstract In Euclidean 3-space, a quadric surface is the zero set of a quadratic equation in three variables. Its projective closure can be given as the closure of the image of a rational parametrization P : R 2 → R 4 where P maps the parameters ( s , t ) ∈ R 2 to the tuple ( a , b , c , d ) ∈ R 4 and a, b, c, d are linearly independent quadratic polynomials, with gcd(a, b, c, d) = 1. This paper provides an algorithm to classify the type of quadric surface, and identify the normal forms solely based on the parametrization of the quadric surface.
The upper entropy index of a set and the Hausdorff dimension of its hyperspace

For a compact subset E of a separable metric space, we use quasi-self-similarity to relate the Haudorff dimension of the hyperspace of E to the upper entropy indexof E.
Determination Of Stress Intensity Factors (K1, K2, K3) By The Frozen Stress Method

This paper describes a methodology that uses the frozen stress method of photoelasticity, with appropriate algorithms, for extracting the field strengths of the three local modes of crack tip deformation (K1, K2, K3) from a cracked photoelastic model. A part-circular crack in a large plate and a circum-ferentially cracked torsion bar are used to illustrate the application of the method. The accuracy of the results is estimated.
Electromagnetic interactions between parallel dielectric-diamagnetic cylinders

The interaction energy due to electromagnetic field fluctuations between two infinitely long straight parallel dielectric-diamagnetic cylinders immersed in a medium is considered. We make use of the mode summation method for the calculations. We investigate the energy dependence on the cylindrical radial curvature and dielectric response of the involved materials. It is shown that the sign of the interaction energy can be changed by a suitable choice of the dielectric properties of the involved objects. The condition for the relation of the material's dielectric properties for repulsive interaction is obtained to be the same as the one for planar materials.
A spatiotemporal uncertainty model of degree 1.5 for continuously changing data objects

To support emerging database applications that deal with continuously changing (or moving) data objects (CCDO), one requires an efficient data management system that can store, update, and retrieve large sets of CCDOs. Although actual CCDOs can continuously change, computer systems cannot deal with continuously occurring infinitesimal changes. Thus, in the data management system, each object's spatiotemporal values are always associated with a certain degree of uncertainty at every point in time, and the queries are mostly processed over estimates characterizing the uncertainty. Unfortunately, there is a marked lack of formal explication of the uncertainty of multidimensional CCDOs in space-time. This paper presents our logical and mathematical bases for capturing, representing, and processing CCDOs of varying dimensionality.
Effects of thyroid states on the Cori cycle, glucose-alanine cycle, and futile cycling of glucose metabolism in rats☆

Abstract The effect of thyroid status on glucose recycling was measured in intact rats by comparing the fates of differently labeled [ 3 H]- and [ 14 C]glucose. Glucose recycling at the level of three-carbon compounds (i.e., Cori and glucose-alanine cycles) was measured by comparing the rates of turnover of [6- 3 H]- and [6- 14 C]glucose in the same animal. The rate of recycling increased (33–110%) in hyperthyroid rats and decreased (22–30%) in hypothyroid (thyroidectomized) rats. The relative importance of the Cori and glucose-alanine cycles was measured by analyzing the labeled glycolytic intermediates after the injection of labeled glucose; and by measuring the rate of glucose production from the infused labeled lactate and alanine. The results showed that the rate of the Cori cycle is much greater than the glucose-alanine cycle in rats. Substrate cycling at the level of glucokinase-glucose-6-phosphatase was measured by comparing the rates of turnover of [2- 3 H]- and [6- 3 H]glucose; and phosphofructokinase-fructose bisphosphatase was measured by comparing the rates of turnover of [3- 3 H]- and [6- 3 H]glucose. These cycles were also affected by thyroid states of the animals. The rate of the phosphofructokinase-fructose bisphosphatase cycle increased threefold in hyperthyroid rats and decreased by about half in hypothyroid rats. The glucokinase-glucose-6-phosphatase substrate cycle occurred at the rate of nearly 2 μmol/min/100 g body wt in the hyperthyroid, fasted rats; it was not detectable in hypo- or euthyroid rats. The contribution of the energy released by these cycles to thyroid thermogenesis was discussed. Effects of thyroid states on glucose metabolism in perfused muscles were also studied. There is an apparent shift in the source of energy for oxidation in the hyperthyroid rat. The ratio of lactate production to glucose uptake was significantly elevated in the hyperthyroid rats. This change predisposes for increased glucose recycling in hyperthyroid rats to avoid lactate accumulation and acidosis.
Blowing hot and cold over depression and cognitive impairment.

In clinical practice, one may come across an elderly patient with severe and incapacitating depression. Typically, such a patient is morbidly preoccupied and hardly able to engage with the external world. If a person does not attend to external stimuli, then information is not registered efficiently. If information is not registered efficiently, then recall will be compromised, and impairment in learning and recall constitutes memory impairment in the true sense of the concept. Such a clinical scenario leads to an intuition that late-life depression is associated with cognitive impairment. Indeed, this clinical observation is also supported by cross-sectional clinical1,2 as well as population-based studies.3,4 Additionally, longitudinal studies have demonstrated depression to be a risk factor for incident dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI).5-7 These observational findings are supported by plausible neurobiological theories (table e-1 on the Neurology ® Web site at www.neurology.org).8 Counting the cross-sectional and longitudinal findings, one is tempted to conclude that the field of aging has taken 2 steps forward in establishing depression as a risk factor for incident dementia or MCI. However, the story does not end there. A number of other studies, including large prospective cohort studies, have reported no association between depression and cognitive impairment.9,10 Therefore, it appears that the field is blowing hot and cold in the same breath. Thus, we are well justified to seek more data to clarify this issue. The current issue of …
A qualitative molecular orbital explanation of linear, quasilinear, and bent shapes for HABC molecules with 16 valence electrons

Abstract Molecules of the class HABC with 16 valence electrons violate a Walsh-type rule that says isoelectronic molecules of the same general formula should have the same molecular shape. Instead, 16-electron HABC molecules are known to be linear (HCCF), quasilinear (HCNO), or bent (HN 3 ). A rule based on qualitative MO considerations can explain trends in the HAB bond angle in this series. When a highly electronegative atom is in the terminal position (C of HABC) and a less electronegative atom is adjacent (A) to the hydrogen, the molecule is likely to be linear. If the more electronegative atom is adjacent to the hydrogen, with a less electronegative atom in the terminal position, the molecule will be bent. This rule is based on the properties of the highest occupied MO pair. These orbitals are related to the nonbonding π MOs of linear triatomic molecules such as CO 2 . In the simplest model these MOs are each composed of only two p π AOs. On bending, the degeneracy of the two nonbonding π MOs is removed. One orbital ( a ′') remains π-like with constant energy. The other ( a ′) is stabilized by overlap of the hydrogen 1 s AO with the p π AO on the adjacent atom. The larger the coefficient of the adjacent p π AO, the larger the stabilization. Perturbation arguments say that the lower energy AO will have the larger coefficient. The rule correctly orders bond angles determined by experiment and by ab initio calculation.
Physiology and molecular genetics of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases

17 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17 beta-HSDs) are enzymes involved in both the activation and inactivation of androgens and estrogens. 17 beta-HSD type 1 shows a high specificity for C18 steroids and is the major isozyme in the granulosa cells of the ovary. Its role is to convert the inactive C18 steroid estrone to the active estrogen estradiol, which in turn locally promotes maturation of the follicle. In contrast, attenuation of estradiol action in the glandular epithelium of the secretory endometrium is achieved by expression of the oxidative type 2 isozyme that inactivates estradiol to estrone. An interesting feature of 17 beta-HSD type 2 is that the enzyme also possesses 20 alpha-HSD activity, i.e., it catalyzes the 20 alpha-oxidation of the inactive C21 steroid 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone to the active progestin progesterone. As the type 2 enzyme is also active on androgens, it may play a general role in the peripheral inactivation of androgens and estrogens, thus determining their steady-state levels in target tissues. The reductive 17 beta-HSD type 3 is predominantly expressed in the testis and converts the inactive C19 steroid androstenedione to the active androgen testosterone. The importance of the type 3 enzyme in male steroid hormone physiology is underscored by the genetic disease 17 beta-HSD deficiency. Mutations in the 17 beta-HSD3 gene impair the formation of testosterone in the fetal testis and give rise to genetic males with normal male Wolffian duct structures but female external genitalia. To date, 15 mutations have been identified in 18 subjects with the disease.
The Demand for Home Insulation: A Study in the Household Demand for Conservation

Publisher Summary There has been a growing need for the development of a behavioral model of the demand for conservation. It is because the utilities as a group have increasingly become a supplier of conservation in the sense that they are a supplier of energy as a group. Consequently, there emerged a need to plan for the demand for conservation in the same way as the need to plan for the demand for energy. The development of a system that estimates behaviorally the demand for conservation provides the utility with a tool that enables it to estimate the household response to measures intended to affect the household demand for conservation, one way or another. These measures may originate with the utility or the state and federal government. This chapter presents a behavioral model of the household demand for insulation in the Sacramento Municipal Utility District's (SMUD's) service area. It describes the use of an engineering model (CAL PASS) to provide the database necessary to generate the time series for the insulation index. The chapter discusses the methods for calculating the index for 1960–1980 and for each type of dwelling, with each dwelling classified by heating and cooling model.
Regarding the Rise in Autism: Vaccine Safety Doubt, Conditions of Inquiry, and the Shape of Freedom

Abstract Beginning in the 1980s in the United States, a growing number of parents of children diagnosed with autism and other problems related to neurodevelopment began to suspect that their children's conditions were caused by, or somehow related to, vaccinations. By the early 21st century, the idea that something about childhood vaccinations are the cause, may be the cause, or may be one contributing factor in the apparently rising numbers of children with neurodevelopmental problems had spread widely. This article traces parent anxiety about a connection between autism and vaccines. It illustrates the ways in which a large number of parents think about potential risks of vaccines and make decisions about immunizing their children. It focuses on their doubt and responsibilities, and shows how they negotiate their relationship to medical expertise and the ethics of citizenship. Overall, this article explores the rise of autism into public awareness—as a mutable object of knowledge, a protean disease category, and an exemplar of the condition of uncertainty today—to show the limits of risk assessment as a way of managing life. [risk assessment, subjectivity, ethic of care, technologies of doubt]
Pharmacological aspects of gonadal alcohol and aldehyde-dehydrogenase

Abstract 1. A brief overview of gonadal alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde-dehydrogenase (ALDH) is presented and their relationships to gonadal toxicity of ethanol has been discussed. 2. The distributions of ADH and ALDH among major reproductive tissues of rodents, their subcellular localization and kinetic properties were summarized. 3. The sensitivity of testicular ADH and ALDH to ethanol intake, various psychoactive agents and steroidal compounds was assessed and the implication of these enzymes in gonadal ethanol-drug interaction has been suggested. 4. The possible role of testicular ALDH in tumorigenesis and in high altitude endocrine sensitivity to ethanol has been addressed.
Development and validation of a Medicaid Postpartum Tubal Sterilization Knowledge Questionnaire

Abstract Background We sought to describe the development and validation of the Postpartum Tubal Sterilization Knowledge Questionnaire (PTSK-Q), a survey designed to assess Medicaid recipients' understanding of the postpartum tubal sterilization process. Study Design Initially, the investigators generated a list of 17 potential items to include in the PTSK-Q. Eleven content experts reviewed two drafts of the PTSK-Q and provided qualitative and quantitative assessments. Eight women completed a field test to determine suitability and clarity of individual PTSK-Q items, while 26 women completed a pilot test to determine internal consistency and test���retest reliability of the PTSK-Q. The Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) was used to assess reading grade level of the PTSK-Q. Results Seven items were rated as ���essential��� (content validity ratio=p Conclusions The PTSK-Q is a valid, readable and reliable knowledge assessment instrument for assessing understanding of postpartum sterilization and Medicaid sterilization consent requirements.
A Unique Ocean Test Range

Construction of an offshore acoustic range near Boca Raton, Florida is described. The range consists of a track which can be used to hold a side scan sonar or other instrumentation when careful measurements, with no instrument motion, are required.
A fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based fluorometer assay for screening anti-coxsackievirus B3 compounds.

Abstract In view of the need to develop a simple and rapid method to screen for antiviral therapeutic agents, a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based reporter system consisting of engineered mammalian cells expressing a cyan fluorescent protein–yellow fluorescent protein (CFP–YFP) pair linked by a short peptide containing the cleavage site of viral protease 2A (2A pro ) was developed. By detecting the 2A pro produced early during the virus infection cycle, the CFP–YFP pair effectively identifies infectious coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a picornavirus that causes viral myocarditis in humans. The reporter system was used to screen a library of 2000 drugs and natural products for potential antiviral compounds. The reporter cells were treated with the test compounds, challenged with CVB3, and then examined using a fluorometer at 24 h post-infection. Sixty-four compounds, mostly therapeutic drugs, antimicrobial compounds and compounds with unknown functions, caused at least 50% inhibition of 2A pro activity. Three known antiviral compounds, cosmosiin, ribavirin and baicalein, were also identified in the screening. The developed method is an effective strategy for rapid screening, and identifies compounds that inhibit CVB3 2A pro . This method should be a valuable aid in the antiviral drug discovery effort.
Composition of 298 Baptistina: Implications for the K/T impactor link

Bottke et al. (2007) suggested that the breakup of the Baptistina asteroid family (BAF) 160+30 /-20 Myr ago produced an asteroid shower that increased by a factor of 2-3 the impact flux of kilometer-sized and larger asteroids striking the Earth over the last ~120 Myr. This result led them to propose that the impactor that produced the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) mass extinction event 65 Myr ago also may have come from the BAF. This putative link was based both on collisional/dynamical modeling work and on physical evidence. For the latter, the available broadband color and spectroscopic data on BAF members indicate many are likely to be dark, low albedo asteroids. This is consistent with the carbonaceous chondrite-like nature of a 65 Myr old fossil meteorite (Kyte 1998)and with chromium from K/T boundary sediments with an isotopic signature similar to that from CM2 carbonaceous chondrites. To test elements of this scenario, we obtained near-IR and thermal IR spectroscopic data of asteroid 298 Baptistina using the NASA IRTF in order to determine surface mineralogy and estimate its albedo. We found that the asteroid has moderately strong absorption features due to the presence of olivine and pyroxene, and a moderately high albedo (~20%). These combined properties strongly suggest that the asteroid is more like an S-type rather than Xc-type (Moth-Diniz et al. 2005). This weakens the case for 298 Baptistina being a CM2 carbonaceous chondrite and its link to the K/T impactor. We also observed several bright (V Mag. ≤16.8) BAF members to determine their composition.
Efficient and Secure Transfer, Synchronization, and Sharing of Big Data

Cloud computing provides a scalable computing platform through which large datasets can be stored and analyzed. However, because of the number of storage models used and rapidly increasing data sizes, it is often difficult to efficiently and securely access, transfer, synchronize, and share data. The authors describe the approaches taken by Globus to create standard data interfaces and common security models for performing these actions on large quantities of data. These approaches are general, allowing users to access different types of cloud storage with the same ease with which they access local storage. Through an existing network of more than 8,000 active storage endpoints and support for direct access to cloud storage, Globus has demonstrated both the effectiveness and scalability of the approaches presented.
A free-jet infrared double resonance study of the threshold region of IVR. The ν6, ν1+ν6, and 2ν1 bands of propyne

Abstract An infrared—infrared double resonance technique for the study of jet-cooled polyatomics is reported which offers state-selection, access to one-photon-forbidden vibrations, sub-Doppler resolution, and high sensitivity. It has been applied to the propyne ν 6 , ν 1 + ν 6 , and 2ν 1 bands. Several different manifestations of incipient IVR were observed in these bands: (i) scattered non-resonant perturbations in the ν 6 band, (ii) in addition to this, the appearance of individual perturbers as spectral features in the ν 1 + ν 6 band and (iii) clumps of molecular eigenstates in the 2ν 1 band. The qualitative behavior, multiple perturbing states and indications of z -axis Coriolis interactions, is consistent for the three bands. The extent of mixing increases monotonically with vibrational energy. For the 2ν 1 band, a predicted doorway state was explicitly observed, and the interactions were treated in the context of a two-stage coupling mechanism. For the ν 6 and ν 1 + ν 6 bands, the upper states were fit to a distortable rotor Hamiltonian and the following constants are reported: ν 0 = 2980.8522(9) cm −1 , A = 5.2969(8) cm −1 , B =0.285039(12) cm −1 , ζ=0.07250(16), for the ν 6 band, and ν 0 =6315.7998(9) cm −1 , A =5.2915(8) cm −1 , B =0.284379(10) cm −1 , ζ=0.07158(16), for the ν 1 + ν 6 band.
Size-related increase in motoneuron number: evidence for late differentiation.

Abstract The number of motoneurons in the lumbar lateral motor column (LMC) was compared in bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) ranging in body length from 2.5 to 19 cm. Large frogs had 36% more motoneurons than small frogs; however, within the caudal third of the LMC, large frogs had over 70% more motoneurons than small frogs. Injection of small frogs with [3H]thymidine every third day for 20–22 weeks gave no evidence of motoneuron birth. Instead, a pool of small, incompletely differentiated (type L) motoneurons appears to be converted into mature (type M) motoneurons as the animal grows. This hypothesis is supported by several lines of evidence: (1) the number of type-M motoneurons varies directly with body size while the number of type-L cells varies inversely; (2) the increase in type-M motoneurons and the decrease in type-L cells are restricted to the same regions of the LMC; and (3) type-L cells exhibit both immunoreactivity to neurofilament antibodies and histochemical evidence of acetylcholinesterase activity, a marker for spinal motoneurons.
Parton and hadron correlations in jets

Correlation between shower partons is first studied in high-p{sub T} jets. Then within the framework of parton recombination the correlation between pions in heavy-ion collisions is investigated. Since thermal partons play very different roles in central and peripheral collisions, it is found that the correlation functions of the produced hadrons behave very differently at different centralities, especially at intermediate p{sub T}. The correlation function that can best exhibit the distinctive features is suggested. There is not a great deal of overlap between what we can calculate and what has been measured. Nevertheless, some aspects of our results compare favorably with experimental data.
A Survey of Mercury Vapor Hazards in Hospitals

Abstract The mercury hazard associated with the use of the Coulter counter, the Van Slyke apparatus, and Miller-Abbott and Cantor tubes was surveyed in forty-seven hospitals in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. A commercial mercury vapor detector was used in the survey. Mercury concentrations in excess of 0.1 mg/m3 were detected in six hospitals. Accidental spills and poor housekeeping were the major causes of high mercury concentrations. Hospital personnel were, in general, unaware of the health hazards of mercury vapor. Recommended precautions are given.
SP6 RNA polymerase efficiently synthesizes RNA from short double-stranded DNA templates

SP6 DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, like T7 RNA polymerase, can be used to synthesize RNA sequences from short DNA templates which contain the 18 base pair promoter region. Use of SP6 polymerase extends the range of possible 5' sequences of RNA products, since the preferred SP6 start site (of the RNA product) is 5'GAAGA, while T7 polymerase prefers 5'GGGAG. The SP6 start site can be advantageous in large-scale syntheses where high concentrations of RNA can lead to aggregation. Using the limited number of DNA templates described here, there appears to be a significant difference between the two enzymes: SP6 polymerase requires a complete duplex DNA substrate for efficient synthesis, unlike the T7 enzyme which works efficiently when only the 18 base promoter region is double-stranded. SP6 polymerase consistently produces higher yields of RNA than does T7 polymerase, and the reactions can be easily scaled up to produce milligram quantities of RNA.
Business services over PON

Verizon has done extensive deployment of PON technologies for its FiOS services. This paper describes Verizon vision and architecture of a converged access network for supporting business and residential services over a common PON based access network.
Personalized web exploration with task models

Personalized Web search has emerged as one of the hottest topics for both the Web industry and academic researchers. However, the majority of studies on personalized search focused on a rather simple type of search, which leaves an important research topic - the personalization in exploratory searches - as an under-studied area. In this paper, we present a study of personalization in task-based information exploration using a system called TaskSieve. TaskSieve is a Web search system that utilizes a relevance feedback based profile, called a "task model", for personalization. Its innovations include flexible and user controlled integration of queries and task models, task-infused text snippet generation, and on-screen visualization of task models. Through an empirical study using human subjects conducting task-based exploration searches, we demonstrate that TaskSieve pushes significantly more relevant documents to the top of search result lists as compared to a traditional search system. TaskSieve helps users select significantly more accurate information for their tasks, allows the users to do so with higher productivity, and is viewed more favorably by subjects under several usability related characteristics.
Conformational similarity between triplet excimer and ground-state van der Waals dimer of aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract The emission and transient absorption spectra of the intramolecular van der Waals dimer of 1,1′-di-α-naphthylmethane (α-DNM) trapped in a low temperature glassy matrix are compared with those of the intramolecular triplet excimer of the same species produced in fluid solution at room temperature. The results confirm the predicted conformational similarity between the triplet excimer and the van der Waals dimer.
The role of mass spectrometry in vaccine development.

Abstract For the most part, vaccine development to date has been empiric. While sometimes successful, such a strategy is ‘hit or miss’, and fails to advance the basic science of vaccine development. Preferable would be tools that allow for a more directed development of vaccines at either the population or sub-population level. Characteristics of useful tools in vaccine development should include the ability to identify and characterize the spectrum of antigenic peptides presented by MHC molecules to which the immune system responds by the development of protective immune responses. In addition, because the explosion in human genomics allows the ability to understand MHC haplotypes at the population level, as well as an enhanced understanding of MHC binding motifs, new tools might further allow for an understanding of which vaccine antigens are capable of being bound and presented to the immune system by MHC molecules. New mass spectrometry technology fulfils these criteria, and may well lead to a revolution in the design of new vaccines. This paper will review the basics of mass spectrometry techniques as applied to the identification and characterization of vaccine peptide antigens, and discusses how these tools can be applied to vaccine development.
Controlling the Conversation

American automakers adopted computer controls to deal with complicated engineering problems only when pushed by forces beyond their control.
Beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours toward advertising on social media in the Middle East: a study of young consumers in Dubai, United Arab Emirates

As social media continues to attract global users, many international advertisers seek to use social media as a venue for their advertising messages. This study examined social media usage as well as beliefs, attitudes and behaviours towards advertising on social media in the UAE. Specifically, this study extended Pollay and Mittal’s (1993) advertising beliefs and attitudes model by applying it to advertising on social media. The context of this study Dubai, UAE which has the world’s highest gross domestic product (GDP) per capita as well as the highest level of internet penetration and social media usage in the Middle East, represents a group of consumers that are of interest to practitioners. The results indicate that beliefs are positively related to attitudes, which consequently predict behaviours toward social media advertising. Demographic factors and levels of usage are also examined. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are presented.
Police and tragic events: The management of emotions

The expression of personal feelings is severely limited within the police culture. Professional conduct norms dictate that officers must remain calm and in control, constantly guarding their emotions. This article explores the emotion-management strategies employed by police officers. Based on interview data obtained from a sample of patrol officers working in four urban departments, the study examined how police officers account for their handling of emotions in their work experiences involving tragic events. Because of the norm to refrain from displays of emotions, officers find few opportunities to deal directly with the pent-up feelings engendered by tragic events; consequently, the aftermaths of tragedies are rarely discussed in terms of the impact on the officers involved. The police find themselves unable to reveal their feelings to fellow officers, much less discuss them, for fear of being viewed as inadequate—as not having what it takes to be a solid, dependable police officer. As a result, interpersonal barriers against seeking common solutions to problems of “emotion work” are created and maintained.
Comparison of the effects of dorsal rhizotomy or dorsal column transection on motor performance of monkeys.

Macaca speciosa monkeys were trained to project either forelimb from variable start positions to various points on a frontal plane. The end points of these ballistic movements were visible before (1 to 5 s) but not during the trials; similarly, the responding limb was not visible to the monkeys during the timed trial period (from limb release to goal contact). Forelimb deafferentation by dorsal rhizotomy (C3 through T3) produced a severe deficit in the efficiency of limb projection; trial times were elevated by a factor of 7 or more. With daily practice, goal-directed movements of the affected limb began to recover (32 or 43 days after surgery) to a plateau that was maintained for 100 days or more. A late improvement period brought the monkeys to a performance level 2.7 times slower than control values. Subsequent lesion of the spinal dorsal columns (contralateral to the deafferentation) produced a forelimb deficit of lesser magnitude but similar time course. Analysis of these and other data suggest that the capacity for motoric recovery is quite substantial following drastic reduction of relevant sensory cues, but a large amount of task-specific practice is required.
Pattern Recognition With A Neural Net

Following the neocognitron architecture described by Fukushima, an Artificial Neural System (ANS) has been programmed in Fortran and run on an IBM PC AT. Our independent experience with this ANS confirms the findings of Fukushima for the neocognitron architecture. Specifically we exercised both the learning and recognition modes of the ANS. In the learning mode, alphanumeric characters are learned and distinguished without instruction or outside correction of errors. In the recognition mode, alphanumeric characters are recognized with tolerance to position, scale and geometric distortion. We describe the neocognitron architecture and explain the basis of its operation for both the learning and recognition modes.
Colon carcinoma metastatic to the ovary

We reviewed 17 patients with colon carcinoma metastatic to the ovary seen from 1970-1980. This represents 2.5% of the total malignant ovarian neoplasms seen during this time period. In 3/17 patients, exploratory celiotomy was performed without preoperative barium enema, stool for occult blood, or colonoscopy. These patients subsequently were found to have a primary colon carcinoma. Colectomy was performed in 8/17 of our patients without prophylactic oophorectomy. All of these patients subsequently developed metastatic ovarian carcinoma. Long-term survival in our series was dismal. We recommend (1) a compulsary colon examination to include colonoscopy prior to surgery for ovarian masses, and (2) prophylactic bilateral salphingo-oophorectomy at the time of colectomy for colon carcinoma.
Should hilar lymph nodes be expected in radical nephrectomy specimens

Lymph node (LN) status is essential in staging both renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and pelvic urothelial carcinoma (PUC). The rate of regional LN involvement is influenced by pathologic tumor stage, extent of the surgical resection, and accuracy of pathologic gross examination. In this study, we assess the presence of hilar LNs in radical nephrectomies (RN) by entirely submitting the hilar fat region (HFR) for microscopic evaluation (ME). Fifty consecutive RNs from 2006 to 2008 were evaluated by a standard gross examination protocol (SGEP) which consisted of palpation and sectioning of the HFR with submission of grossly identified LNs. Subsequently, the entire HFR was re-evaluated and submitted as study's total submission protocol (TSP). The number and disease status of hilar LNs identified by the SGEP and TSP were compared. Fifty RNs (37 clear cell RCC, 6 papillary RCC, 7 PUC) were studied prospectively. Ten of the 50 RNs had LNs identified (20%) with both protocols. Four of the 50 RNs had nodal metastases (8%) with the LN sizes ranging between 1.3 and 2.5 cm (mean 1.8 cm). All nodal metastases were identified by the SGEP. In three RNs (6%), additional minute (mean 0.12 cm) negative LNs not seen by the SGEP were identified by the TSP. LNs are present in only 20% of RNs, even after complete ME of the HFR. The SGEP for identifying hilar LNs in RNs is sufficient for staging and did not lead to underreporting of LN metastases.
Effects of Control on the Stress Reactions of Commuters1

The effects of morning, rush hour commuting were examined in a quasi-experimental field study involving government-employed commuters (single and carpool drivers). Commuting stress was measured as a response to variations in how difficult it was for commuters to move from home to work. The mediation of these effects by two sources of control in the commuting situation also were assessed. Control was operationalized as control over the internal environment of the car (single versus carpool driver) and choice over routes taken to get to work. Among commuters with a high impedance route, driving to work was associated with significant increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and decreases in behavioral performance. The stress of commuting under high impedance conditions was reduced for single drivers relative to carpoolers. Under similar conditions of high impedance, however, having the option to select more than one route to get to work seemed to be more stressful than having only one route. The practical implications of these results are discussed.
Health and a residential care population

This article describes the health status of 234 severely mentally ill (SMI) persons residing in California's supervised residential care facilities in 1973. Relocated in 1983, 63.2% reported their health as good to excellent. Over the follow-up period 80.8% maintained their SSI benefits, insuring them of health insurance coverage. Surprisingly the follow-up sample, believed to be at high risk of increased physical morbidity, compared quite favorably to low income subsamples of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The SMI reported better health, access to and utilization of health services. Differences were particularly striking in the poor health category with NHIS respondents reporting poor health 3.5 times more frequently than SMI sample numbers. These results offer some support for the contribution of health insurance benefits and supervised residential settings to positive health outcomes of this vulnerable population.
Intrinsic defects in silicon

Abstract A review is given of what has been learned from electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and localized vibrational mode (LVM) spectroscopy concerning isolated lattice vacancies and self-interstitials, and their interactions with other defects in silicon. This information can supply the basic tools with which to help unravel much of the complex processes and structures involved in crystal growth, device processing, and radiation damage.
Analysis of lipids by gas-liquid chromatography and complementary methods in four strains of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

Abstract 1. 1. Fatty acid composition of total lipids, neutral lipids and phospholipids of strains of Aedes aegypti were determined. 2. 2. The fatty acid composition of the strains differed quantitatively with regard to the relative percentage of commonly occurring fatty acids. 3. 3. Gas-liquid chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters showed 18:1 (oleic or elaidic) to be the predominant fatty acid. The fatty acid was identified as oleic by argentation thin-layer chromatography. 4. 4. A modified colorimetric method was used to determine tissue-free fatty acids. 5. 5. The lipids were predominantly triacylglycerol with lesser amounts of free fatty acids and decreasing amount of sterol ester, sterol, monoacylglycerol, diacylglycerol and hydrocarbons. 6. 6. The data show considerable lipid differences between the Caribbean strains (Les Cayes, Haiti, and San Juan, Puerto Rico) and the Jakarta (Indonesia) strain. The Shimba Hills (Kenya) strain was more similar to Jakarta than to the Caribbean strains. 7. 7. The results obtained with the different strains are discussed in relation to the established oral susceptibility to Dengue 1 and Dengue 2, yellow fever, and genetic analysis by isoenzyme studies.
End-point corrected trapezoidal quadrature rules for singular functions

Abstract A group of quadrature formulae for end-point singular functions is presented generalizing classical end-point corrected trapezoidal quadrature rules. The actual values of the end-point corrections are obtained for each singularity as a solution of a system of linear algebraic equations. The algorithm is applicable to a wide class of monotonic singularities and does not require that an analytical expression for the singularity be known; only the knowledge of its first several moments and the ability to evaluate it on the interval of integration are needed.
Odor Representations in Olfactory Cortex: Distributed Rate Coding and Decorrelated Population Activity

Summary How information encoded in neuronal spike trains is used to guide sensory decisions is a fundamental question. In olfaction, a single sniff is sufficient for fine odor discrimination but the neural representations on which olfactory decisions are based are unclear. Here, we recorded neural ensemble activity in the anterior piriform cortex (aPC) of rats performing an odor mixture categorization task. We show that odors evoke transient bursts locked to sniff onset and that odor identity can be better decoded using burst spike counts than by spike latencies or temporal patterns. Surprisingly, aPC ensembles also exhibited near-zero noise correlations during odor stimulation. Consequently, fewer than 100 aPC neurons provided sufficient information to account for behavioral speed and accuracy, suggesting that behavioral performance limits arise downstream of aPC. These findings demonstrate profound transformations in the dynamics of odor representations from the olfactory bulb to cortex and reveal likely substrates for odor-guided decisions. Video Abstract
An interference microscopical and cytochemical analysis of local mass changes in the mitotic apparatus during mitosis.

Abstract The changes in distribution of protein and ribonucleic acid in the isolated mitotic apparatus have been studied qualitatively by interference microscopy and cytochemistry. The formation and growth of a region of high density in the interzonal region during anaphase cannot be interpreted on the basis of existing morphological data. RNA lost from regions of the asters adjacent to the extreme edges of the centrosomes is proposed to be the “structural agent” of Swann and Mitchison's expanding membrane theory of cell division.
A re-examination of the generalizability of the Aaker brand personality measurement framework

Conceptual, logical, and empirical arguments suggest there are important boundary conditions for the successful application of Aaker's brand personality measurement framework. Researchers are encouraged to utilize the framework in situations in which they are likely to have success (aggregating data across diverse product categories) and to proceed with extreme caution when using it in contexts in which they are likely to encounter difficulties (measuring the personality of individual brands or when aggregating data within a specific product category).
Growth-promoting effects of esterolytically inactive thrombin on macrophages.

It has been recognized for many years that α-thrombin, like other better known mitogens (eg, PDGF, EOF, etc) is capable of initiating proliferation in quiescent cells belonging to the fibroblast family. However, unlike these other peptides, thrombin is a serine protease whose function as a growth stimulator for fibroblasts is intimately linked to its estefolytic activity. Thus, while native α-thrombin is capable of evoking DNA synthesis in GoG1-arrested cells, neither enzymatically inactive thrombin (eg, iPR2P-α-thrombin) nor partially degraded thrombin (eg, γ-thrombin) shares in this capability. Data from our laboratory have shown that thrombin is chemotactic for peripheral blood monocytes and for cells belonging to the monocyte/macrophage family and that this activity is not dependent upon thrombin's enzymatic properties. Our recent findings demonstrate that thrombin also serves as a growth factor for these cells, and this mitogenic capability is independent of esterolytic function and resides in the same region of the molecule as that responsible for chemotaxis. Additionally, by means of techniques such as computer modeling and peptide synthesis, we have now been able to delineate a distinct mitogenic subsite within this chemotactic thrombin sequence. Thus, the sequence in the thrombin B chain that mediates chemotaxis represents a true cell interactive exosite additionally capable of stimulating growth and possibly other biological functions in cells of macrophage/monocyte lineage.
Programs selection criteria for neurological surgery applicants in the United States: a national survey for neurological surgery program directors

Objectives To determine the criteria used by neurosurgery resident selection committees in different programs and to assess the process of selection. Methods A questionnaire based on the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) guidelines was mailed to all 100 neurosurgery residency program directors in August 2011. Items included related to selection process, factors affecting decision, and degree of satisfaction by the process. Responses were recorded by the use of 4- and 3-point Likert scales of importance. Mean values were used to create rank orders of selection criteria. Multivariate analysis was conducted to determine predictors of long-term satisfaction with resident selection. Results The overall response rate was 46%. In the selection process the most important factors (>3.0) were the interview process (mean ± SD = 3.80 ± 0.65), United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE I) (3.58 ± 0.54), and letters of recommendations (3.56 ± 0.54). High satisfaction with selected residents was recorded in 60.86% of program directors. In multivariate analysis, predictors of long-term satisfaction with resident selection included less emphasis on letters of recommendation ( P = 0.037) and greater weight on applicant extramural activity ( P = 0.038). Conclusion Interview process, USMLE I, and letters of recommendations were the most important factors affecting residents selection. Most of the program directors are satisfied by this process and applicants pool as it reflects somehow their performance during residency.
Cellular Automaton Growth on Z2: Theorems, Examples, and Problems

We survey the phenomenology of crystal growth and asymptotic shape for two-dimensional, two-state cellular automata. In the most tractable case ofThreshold Growth, a detailed rigorous theory is available. Other less orderly examples with recursively computable updates illustrate the broad range of behavior obtained from even the simplest initial seeds and update rules. Still more exotic cases seem largely beyond the scope of exact analysis, but pose fascinating problems for experimentalists. The paper concludes with a discussion of connections between deterministic shape theory and important corresponding questions for systems with random dynamics.