cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE SPITZER IRS SPECTRUM OF SMP LMC 11

We present the first mid-infrared spectra of SMP LMC 11 in the Large Magellanic Cloud. While this object resembles a planetary nebula in the optical, its infrared properties are more similar to an object in transition from the asymptotic giant branch to the planetary nebula phase. A warm dust continuum dominates the infrared spectrum. The peak emission corresponds to a mean dust temperature of 330 K. The spectrum shows overlapping molecular absorption bands from 12 to 17 mm corresponding to acetylene and polyacetylenic chains and benzene. This is the first detection of C 4H2 ,C 6H2 ,C 6H6, and other molecules in an extragalactic object. The infrared spectrum of SMP LMC 11 is similar in many ways to that of the preplanetary nebula AFGL 618. The IRS spectrum shows little evidence of nitrogen-based molecules that are commonly seen in Galactic asymptotic giant branch stars. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are also absent from the spectrum. The detection of the [Ne ii] 12.8 mm line in the infrared and other forbidden emission lines in the optical indicates that an ionized region is present.
Macrocyclic Polyethers: Dibenzo-18-crown-6 Polyether and Dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 Polyether

Macrocyclic polyethers: Dibenzo-18-crown-6 polyether and dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 polyether reactant: 222 g. (1.55 moles) of bis(2-chloroethyl) ether product: Dibenzo-18-crown-6 polyether product: dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 polyethers solvent: petroleum ether (b.p. 30–60°, approximately 200 ml. was required) solvent: dichloromethane–petroleum ether intermediate: complex of potassium acetate with isomer B of dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 polyether Keywords: annulation, heterocyclic-[>6]; reduction, CC HCCH; replacement reactions, miscellaneous; dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6, irritant, toxic; macrocyclic polyethers
Regio-controlled synthesis of N-substituted imidazoles

A regio-specific synthesis of N-substituted imidazoles is described. Readily available α-amino acids are converted to α-aminocarbonyl derivatives and reacted with various isothiocyanates to give N-substituted cyclic thioureas. Oxidative or reductive desulfurization of the cyclic thioureas affords structurally diversified imidazoles in good to excellent yields.
Critiquing: A different approach to expert computer advice in medicine

(1986). Critiquing: A different approach to expert computer advice in medicine. Medical Informatics: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 29-38.
On fixed points of permutations

The number of fixed points of a random permutation of {1,2,?,n} has a limiting Poisson distribution. We seek a generalization, looking at other actions of the symmetric group. Restricting attention to primitive actions, a complete classification of the limiting distributions is given. For most examples, they are trivial --- almost every permutation has no fixed points. For the usual action of the symmetric group on k-sets of {1,2,?,n}, the limit is a polynomial in independent Poisson variables. This exhausts all cases. We obtain asymptotic estimates in some examples, and give a survey of related results.
Principal dynamical components

A procedure is proposed for a dimension reduction in time series. Similarly to principal components, the procedure seeks a low-dimensional manifold that minimizes information loss. Unlike principal components, however, the procedure involves dynamical considerations through the proposal of a predictive dynamical model in the reduced manifold. Hence the minimization of the uncertainty is not only over the choice of a reduced manifold, as in principal components, but also over the parameters of the dynamical model, as in autoregressive analysis and principal interaction patterns. Further generalizations are provided to nonautonomous and non-Markovian scenarios, which are then applied to historical sea-surface temperature data. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gestational ethanol exposure disrupts the expression of FGF8 and Sonic hedgehog during limb patterning.

BACKGROUND: Ethanol is known to induce a wide variety of gestational anomalies, including skeletal malformations. Gestational ethanol exposure in mice has been shown to induce postaxial digit loss (ectrodactyly). How ethanol induces limb malformations is not understood. To better understand how ethanol effects limb development, we have utilized a transgenic line of mice that expresses β-galactosidase in the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) of the limbs throughout gestation. METHODS: Pregnant female mice were injected with 2.9, 3.4, or 3.9 gm/kg ethanol at E9.3 and E9.5; embryos were isolated at E11.25, stained for β-galactosidase activity, and evaluated for AER defects. Based upon the pattern of defects seen, expression of FGF8 in the AER and Sonic hedgehog in the postaxial mesoderm was evaluated by in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Two distinct phenotypes were seen in response to ethanol that were dose dependent. At 2.9 gm/kg ethanol, the most prevalent phenotype was a mislocalization of the AER to regions both dorsal and ventral to the midline. A higher dosage of 3.4 gm/kg ethanol did not increase the mislocalization phenotype, but resulted in a higher frequency of postaxial loss of the AER and associated mesenchymal tissue. The highest dosage utilized (3.9 gm/kg) resulted in a high frequency of both preaxial and postaxial loss of the AER. Through in situ hybridization, we found that ethanol exposure resulted in a concomitant reduction in FGF8 expression in the AER and Sonic hedgehog expression from the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA). CONCLUSIONS: We propose a model where ethanol disrupts the AER/ZPA positive feedback loop to induce postaxial malformations. Preaxial malformations seen at higher ethanol dosage suggest FGF8 as a critical target of ethanol in producing limb defects. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A microwave assisted intramolecular- furan - Diels–Alder approach to 4-substituted indoles

The key steps of a versatile new protocol for the convergent synthesis of 3,4-disubstituted indoles are the addition of an α-lithiated alkylaminofuran to a carbonyl compound, a microwave-accelerated intramolecular Diels–Alder cycloaddition and an in situ double aromatization reaction.
A survey on network neutrality: a new form of discrimination based on network profiling

Network neutrality is a concept that, while not clearly defined, has generated great debates in many different venues such as economics, academia, law, the internet and Congress, with both sides of the debate diametrically opposed. Currently, there is no neutral source that attempts to present the arguments of both sides without forming a definitive opinion. The objective of this paper is to explain these arguments from a truly neutral standpoint by collecting and analysing both previous and current research, as well as governmental proceedings on the topic. The authors of this paper intend to take a neutral stand on the issue and properly explain the concepts that are encompassed in network neutrality, its pros and cons and what others in the industry, government and academia feel about the implications of network neutrality.
Planets in Stellar Clusters Extensive Search. IV. A Detection of a Possible Transiting Planet Candidate in the Open Cluster NGC 2158

We have undertaken a long-term project, Planets in Stellar Clusters Extensive Search, to search for transiting planets in open clusters. In this paper we present the results for NGC 2158, an intermediate-age, populous cluster. We have monitored the cluster for over 260 hours, spread over 59 nights. We have detected one candidate transiting low-luminosity object, with an eclipse depth of 3.7% in the R band. If the host star is a member of the cluster, the eclipse depth is consistent with a 1.7RJ object. Cluster membership of the host is supported by its location on the cluster main sequence and its close proximity to the cluster center (2'). We have discovered two other stars exhibiting low-amplitude (4%-5%) transits, V64 and V70, but they are most likely blends or field stars. Given the photometric precision and temporal coverage of our observations and the current best estimates for the frequency and radii of short-period planets, the expected number of detectable transiting planets in our sample is 0.13. We have observed four outbursts for the candidate cataclysmic variable V57. We have discovered 40 new variable stars in the cluster, bringing the total number of identified variables to 97, and present for them high-precision light curves, spanning 13 months.
Club Goods and Group Identity: Evidence from Islamic Resurgence during the Indonesian Financial Crisis

This paper tests a model in which group identity in the form of religious intensity functions as ex post insurance. I exploit relative price shocks induced by the Indonesian financial crisis to demonstrate a causal relationship between economic distress and religious intensity (Koran study and Islamic school attendance) that is weaker for other forms of group identity. Consistent with ex post insurance, credit availability reduces the effect of economic distress on religious intensity, religious intensity alleviates credit constraints, and religious institutions smooth consumption shocks across households and within households, particularly for those who were less religious before the crisis.
Efficient Buffering and Scheduling for a Single-Chip Crosspoint-Queued Switch

The single-chip crosspoint-queued (CQ) switch is a compact switching architecture that has all its buffers placed at the crosspoints of input and output lines. Scheduling is also performed inside the switching core and does not rely on latency-limited communications with input or output line-cards. Compared with other legacy switching architectures, the CQ switch has the advantages of high throughput, minimal delay, low scheduling complexity, and no speedup requirement. However, the crosspoint buffers are small and segregated; thus, how to efficiently use the buffers and avoid packet drops remains a major problem that needs to be addressed. In this paper, we consider load balancing, deflection routing, and buffer pooling for efficient buffer sharing in the CQ switch. We also design scheduling algorithms to maintain the correct packet order even while employing multi-path switching and resolve contentions caused by multiplexing. All these techniques require modest hardware modifications and memory speedup in the switching core but can greatly boost the buffer utilizations by up to 10 times and reduce the packet drop rates by one to three orders of magnitude. Extensive simulations and analyses have been done to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed buffering and scheduling techniques. By pushing the on-chip memory to the limit of current ASIC technology, we show that a cell drop rate of $10^{-8}$ , which is low enough for practical uses, can be achieved under real Internet traffic traces corresponding to a load of 0.9.
Hardness of Low Delay Network Scheduling

We consider a communication network and study the problem of designing a high-throughput and low-delay scheduling policy that only requires a polynomial amount of computation at each time step. The well-known maximum weight scheduling policy, proposed by Tassiulas and Ephremides (1992), has favorable performance in terms of throughput and delay but, for general networks, it can be computationally very expensive. A related randomized policy proposed by Tassiulas (1998) provides maximal throughput with only a small amount of computation per step, but seems to induce exponentially large average delay. These considerations raise some natural questions. Is it possible to design a policy with low complexity, high throughput, and low delay for a general network? Does Tassiulas' randomized policy result in low average delay? In this paper, we answer both of these questions negatively. We consider a wireless network operating under two alternative interference models: (a) a combinatorial model involving independent set constraints and (b) the standard SINR (signal to interference noise ratio) model. We show that unless NP ⊆ BPP (or P = NP for the case of determistic arrivals and deterministic policies), and even if the required throughput is a very small fraction of the network's capacity, there does not exist a low-delay policy whose computation per time step scales polynomially with the number of queues. In particular, the average delay of Tassiulas' randomized algorithm must grow super-polynomially. To establish our results, we employ a clever graph transformation introduced by Lund and Yannakakis (1994).
Goal-oriented a posteriori error estimation for finite volume methods

A general framework for goal-oriented a posteriori error estimation for finite volume methods is developed. The framework does not rely on recasting finite volume methods as special cases of finite element methods, but instead directly determines error estimators from the discretized finite volume equations. Thus, the framework can be applied to arbitrary finite volume methods. It also provides the proper functional settings to address well-posedness issues for the primal and adjoint problems. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the validity and effectiveness of the a posteriori error estimates and their applicability to adaptive mesh refinement.
Trading packet headers for packet processing

In high speed networks, packet processing is relatively expensive while bandwidth is cheap. Thus, it pays to add information to packet headers to make packet processing easier. While this is an old idea, we describe several specific new mechanisms based on this principle. We describe a new technique, source hashing, which can provide O(1) lookup costs at the data link, routing, and transport layers. Source hashing is especially powerful when combined with the old idea of a flow identifier (flow ID); the flow ID allows packet processing information to be cached and source hashing allows efficient cache lookups. Unlike virtual circuit identifiers (VCIs), source hashing does not require a round-trip delay for set up. In an experiment with the BSD packet filter implementation, we found that adding a flow ID and a source hash improved packet processing costs by a factor of seven. We also found a 45% improvement when we conducted a similar experiment with IP packet forwarding. We also describe two other new techniques: threaded indices, which allows fast VCI-like lookups for datagram protocols like IP; and a data manipulation layer (DML), which compiles out all the information needed for integrated layer processing (ILP) and scheduling into an easily accessible portion of each packet.
Convergence of the EM Algorithm for Gaussian Mixtures with Unbalanced Mixing Coefficients

The speed of convergence of the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm for Gaussian mixture model fitting is known to be dependent on the amount of overlap among the mixture components. In this paper, we study the impact of mixing coefficients on the convergence of EM. We show that when the mixture components exhibit some overlap, the convergence of EM becomes slower as the dynamic range among the mixing coefficients increases. We propose a deterministic anti-annealing algorithm, that significantly improves the speed of convergence of EM for such mixtures with unbalanced mixing coefficients. The proposed algorithm is compared against other standard optimization techniques like BFGS, Conjugate Gradient, and the traditional EM algorithm. Finally, we propose a similar deterministic antiannealing based algorithm for the Dirichlet process mixture model and demonstrate its advantages over the conventional variational Bayesian approach.
The Making of a Scientist II (Nobel Lecture)

I was born in Verona, Italy on October 6, 1937. Fascism, Nazism, and Communism were raging through the country. My mother, Lucy Ramberg, was a poet; my father, Luciano Capecchi, an officer in the Italian Air Force. This was a time of extremes, turmoil and juxtapositions of opposites. They had a passionate love affair, and my mother wisely chose not to marry him. This took a great deal of courage on her part. It embittered my father. I have only a few pictures of my mother. She was a beautiful woman with a passion for languages and a flair for the dramatic (see Figure 1). This picture was taken when she was 19. She grew up,
Informality and profitability : evidence from a new firm survey in Ecuador

This paper estimates the impact of informality on firm profits using a new firm-level survey designed specifically for this study. The survey was administered to about 1,200 firms with 50 employees or less in Ecuador's two largest cities, Quito and Guayaquil, plus two main centers of economic activity near the northern and southern borders. The paper's results confirm that the extent of firms' compliance with a set of regulatory requirements is linked to the perceived costs and benefits of informality, such as the probability of detection by the authorities and the likelihood of being fined. Nonetheless, taking into account the non-random placement of firms along the formality-informality spectrum and controlling for a large set of firm, owner, and location characteristics, the paper finds that more formal firms tend to be more profitable and have higher output per worker. This impact operates, inter alia, through more formal firms' ability to obtain improved access to credit and achieve higher sales by issuing receipts to clients.
eBay's Crowded Evenings: Competition Neglect in Market Entry Decisions

Do firms neglect competition when making entry decisions? This paper addresses this question analyzing the time of day at which eBay sellers set their auctions to end. Consistent with competition neglect, it is found that (i) a disproportionate share of auctions end during peak bidding hours, (ii) such hours exhibit lower selling rates and prices, and (iii) peak listing is more prevalent among sellers likely to have chosen ending time strategically, suggesting disproportionate entry is a mistake driven by bounded rationality rather than mindlessness. The results highlight the importance for marketing researchers of assessing rather than assuming the rationality of firm behavior.
Molecular designs for controlling the local environments around metal ions.

ConspectusThe functions of metal complexes are directly linked to the local environment in which they are housed; modifications to the local environment (or secondary coordination sphere) are known to produce changes in key properties of the metal centers that can affect reactivity. Noncovalent interactions are the most common and influential forces that regulate the properties of secondary coordination spheres, which leads to complexities in structure that are often difficult to achieve in synthetic systems. Using key architectural features from the active sites of metalloproteins as inspiration, we have developed molecular systems that enforce intramolecular hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) around a metal center via incorporation of H-bond donors and acceptors into rigid ligand scaffolds. We have utilized these molecular species to probe mechanistic aspects of biological dioxygen activation and water oxidation.This Account describes the stabilization and characterization of unusual M–oxo and heterobimetallic co...
[2+2+2] Cycloaddition Reactions Catalyzed by Transition Metal Complexes

Recent progress in the synthesis of benzene and 1,3-cyclohexadiene derivatives, and heterocyclic compounds such as pyridines, pyridones, pyrans, pyrimidine diones, etc, has been reviewed. The general mechanistic aspects of the [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction are discussed. The asymmetric variants of these reactions are also discussed along with the proposed models of asymmetric induction.
Electrostatic whistler mode conversion at plasma resonance

The mode conversion of an electrostatic whistler wave into a Bohm-Gross mode at plasma resonance is analyzed for a magnetized plasma with a longitudinal density gradient (i.e., Vno x B = 0). It is found that a whistler incident upon plasma resonance from inside the plasma converts, without producing a reflected wave, into a short-wavelength Bohm-Groiss mode that carries energy down the density gradient away from resonance. The detailed structure of the electric field near the resonance is found analytically. It is shown that the production of the Bohm-Gross wave by mode conversion can be described by a model of plasma resonance driven by a K = 0 electric field (i.e., the capacitor plate model). The relation between the driver amplitude and the amplitude of the incident whistler is derived.
Radical Reactions Based on the Thione Function

Abstract The advantages of radical reactions for Organic Synthesis are summarised. Based on the idea of the disciplined radical, it is now possible to design radical reactions which afford a good yield of a single desired product. The system needs to contain a disciplinary group. In the case of radical reactions involving tin hydrides, it is the weak tin-hydrogen bond that is the disciplinary group. For the esters of thiohydroxamic acids, the disciplinary group is the thione function. Examples are given. Recent work has involved the design of stereospecific radical reactions. The hindrance around one chiral center is used to control the formation of the second. The ketal of (+)-(2R,3R) tartaric acid gives excellent stereospecificity (≃ 24:1) with retention of configuration. Furthermore, radicals, generated from isopropylidene uronic esters of N-hydroxy-2-thiopyridone, add readily to electron-poor alkenes in a stereospecific fashion, leading to functionalised chain-elongated furanosides and D-ribo-nucleosi...
Bayesian reconstruction of traffic accidents

Traffic accident reconstruction has been defined as the effort to determine, from whatever evidence is available, how an accident happened. Traffic accident reconstruction can be treated as a problem in uncertain reasoning about a particular event, and developments in modeling uncertain reasoning for artificial intelligence can be applied to this problem. Physical principles can usually be used to develop a structural model of the accident and this model, together with an expert assessment of prior uncertainty regarding the accident’s initial conditions, can be represented as a Bayesian network. Posterior probabilities for the accident’s initial conditions, given evidence collected at the accident scene, can then be computed by updating the Bayesian network. Using a possible worlds semantics, truth conditions for counterfactual claims about the accident can be defined and used to rigorously implement a ‘but for’ test of whether or not a speed limit violation could be considered a cause of an accident. The logic of this approach is illustrated for a simplified version of a vehicle/pedestrian accident, and then the approach is applied to four actual accidents.
End member models for Andean Plateau uplift

Abstract Diverse techniques have been applied over the past decade to quantify the uplift history of the central Andean Plateau (AP). In this study, opposing models for surface uplift are evaluated including: a rapid rise of ∼ 2.5 km ∼ 10–6 Ma and a slow and steady rise since ∼ 40 Ma. These end member models are evaluated by synthesizing observations of the AP lithosphere and the history of deformation, sedimentation, exhumation, magmatism, uplift, and fluvial incision. Structural and geophysical studies estimate variable shortening magnitudes (∼ 530–150 km) involving cover-to-basement rocks, an isostatically-compensated thick crust (∼ 80–65 km), high heat flow, and zones of variable velocity and attenuation in the crust and mantle. These observations have invoked interpretations such as a hot/weak lithosphere, partial melt, crustal flow, and perhaps current, localized delamination, but do not provide strong support for massive delamination required by the rapid uplift model. Deformation and associated exhumation began ∼ 60–40 Ma and generally migrated eastward with consistent long-term average shortening rates (∼ 12–8 mm/yr) in Bolivia, favoring the slow uplift model. Volcanic and helium isotope evidence show an AP-wide zone of shallow mantle melting and thin lithosphere that has existed since ∼ 25 Ma, which is inconsistent with the rapid rise model that suggests lithospheric thinning occurred 10–6 Ma. Paleoaltimetry data suggest a rapid ∼ 2.5 km elevation gain 10 to 6 Ma, but are equally consistent within error with a linear rise since ≥ 25 Ma. Widespread fluvial incision (2.5–1 km) occurred along the western flank since ∼ 11–8 Ma and may be associated with surface uplift as proposed by the rapid rise model. However, the paleoaltimetry and incision data can also be explained by regional climate change associated with plateau uplift. Implications of these results for reconstructions of AP evolution are that: (1) substantial deformation of a weak lithosphere is essential, (2) AP growth has taken significantly longer (≥ 40 Myr) and was more uniform along strike (∼ 1500 km) than previously appreciated, and (3) the slow and steady uplift model is most consistent with available constraints. We conclude that the rapid uplift model may be an overestimate and that a more protracted Cenozoic uplift history is tenable.
Elastic properties of polycrystalline aluminum oxynitride spinel and their dependence on pressure, temperature, and composition

The isotropic elastic moduli of four specimens of nitrogen-stabilized cubic aluminum oxide (ALON) were measured using pulse superposition interferometry. Experiments were carried out as a function of both pressure (ambient to 1 GPa) and temperature (0° to 25°C) for specimens of 30.0 and 35.7 mol% AlN. The second-order moduli results were corrected for porosity using the “self-consistent-scheme” approach. Pertinent ambient results for isotropic pore-free ALON are K= 226.3 GPa and G= 132.0 GPa for the 30.0 mol% AlN material, and K= 229.8 GPa and G= 135.5 GPa for 35.7 mol% ALON (K and G denote the bulk and shear moduli, respectively). The estimated uncertainties in these values are about 2%. The second-order elastic properties of ALON, as well as their pressure and temperature derivatives, fall midway between spinel (MgAl2O4) and corundum (Al2O3), indicating the excellent potential of this material for structural engineering purposes.
The Young Stellar Population of the Nearby Late-type Galaxy NGC?1311

We have extracted point-spread-function-fitted stellar photometry from near-ultraviolet, optical, and near-infrared images, obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope, of the nearby (D 5.5 Mpc) SBm galaxy NGC?1311. The ultraviolet and optical data reveal a population of hot main-sequence (MS) stars with ages of 2-10 Myr. We also find populations of blue supergiants with ages between 10 and 40 Myr and red supergiants with ages between 10 and 100 Myr. Our near-infrared data show evidence of star formation going back ~1 Gyr, in agreement with previous work. Fits to isochrones indicate a metallicity of Z 0.004. The ratio of blue to red supergiants is consistent with this metallicity. This indicates that NGC?1311 follows the well-known luminosity-metallicity relation for late-type dwarf galaxies. About half of the hot MS stars and blue supergiants are found in two regions in the inner part of NGC?1311. These two regions are each about 200 pc across, and thus have crossing times roughly equal to the 10 Myr age we find for the dominant young population. The luminosity functions of the supergiants indicate a slowly rising star formation rate (~10?3 M ? yr?1) from ~100 Myr ago until ~15 Myr ago, followed by a strong enhancement (~10?2 M ? yr?1) at ~10 Myr ago. We see no compelling evidence for gaps in the star-forming history of NGC?1311 over the last 100 Myr, and, with lower significance, none over the last Gyr. This argues against a bursting mode, and in favor of a gasping or breathing mode for the recent star formation history.
Generalized spring tensor models for protein fluctuation dynamics and conformation changes.

Background In the last decade, various coarse-grained elastic network models have been developed to study the large-scale motions of proteins and protein complexes where computer simulations using detailed all-atom models are not feasible. Among these models, the Gaussian Network Model (GNM) and Anisotropic Network Model (ANM) have been widely used. Both models have strengths and limitations. GNM can predict the relative magnitudes of protein fluctuations well, but due to its isotropy assumption, it can not be applied to predict the directions of the fluctuations. In contrast, ANM adds the ability to do the latter, but loses a significant amount of precision in the prediction of the magnitudes.
Synaesthesia in Phantom Limbs Induced with Mirrors

Although there is a vast clinical literature on phantom limbs, there have been no experimental studies on the effects of visual input on phantom sensations. We introduce an inexpensive new device--a 'virtual reality box'--to resurrect the phantom visually to study inter-sensory effects. A mirror is placed vertically on the table so that the mirror reflection of the patient's intact had is 'superimposed' on the felt position of the phantom. We used this procedure on ten patients and found the following results. 1. In six patients, when the normal hand was moved, so that the phantom was perceived to move in the mirror, it was also felt to move; i.e. kinesthetic sensations emerged in the phantom. In D.S. this effect occurred even though he had never experienced any movements in the phantom for ten years before we tested him. He found the return of sensations very enjoyable. 2. Repeated practice led to a permanent 'disappearance' of the phantom arm in patient D.S. and the hand became telescoped into the stump near the shoulder. 3. Using an optical trick, impossible postures--e.g. extreme hyperextension of the fingers--could be induced visually in the phantom. In one case this was felt as a transient 'painful tug' in the phantom. 4. Five patients experienced involuntary painful 'clenching spasms' in the phantom hand and in four of them the spasms were relieved when the mirror was used to facilitate 'opening' of the phantom hand; opening was not possible without the mirror. 5. In three patients, touching the normal hand evoked precisely localized touch sensations in the phantom. Interestingly, the referral was especially pronounced when the patients actually 'saw' their phantom being touched in the mirror. Indeed, in a fourth patient (R.L.) the referral occurred only if he saw his phantom being touched: a curious form of synaesthesia. These experiments lend themselves readily to imaging studies using PET and fMRI. Taken collectively, they suggest that there is a considerable amount of latent plasticity even in the adult human brain. For example, precisely organized new pathways, bridging the two cerebral hemispheres, can emerge in less than three weeks. Furthermore, there must be a great deal of back and forth interaction between vision and touch, so that the strictly modular, hierarchical model of the brain that is currently in vogue needs to be replaced with a more dynamic, interactive model, in which 're-entrant' signalling plays the main role.
Self-Stratification of Tropical Cyclone Outflow. Part I: Implications for Storm Structure

Extant theoretical work on the steady-state structure and intensity of idealized axisymmetric tropical cyclones relies on the assumption that isentropic surfaces in the storm outflow match those of the unperturbed environment at large distances from the storm’s core. These isentropic surfaces generally lie just above the tropopause,wheretheverticaltemperaturestructureisapproximatelyisothermal,soithas beenassumedthat the absolute temperature of the outflow is nearly constant. Here it is shown that this assumption is not justified, at least when applied to storms simulated by a convection-resolving axisymmetric numerical model in whichmuchofthe outflowoccursbelowtheambienttropopauseanddevelopsits ownstratification, unrelated to that of the unperturbed environment. The authors propose that this stratification is set in the storm’s core by the requirement that the Richardson number remain near its critical value for the onset of small-scale turbulence. This ansatz is tested by calculating the Richardson number in numerically simulated storms, and then showing that the assumption of constant Richardson number determines the variation of the outflow temperature with angular momentum or entropy and thereby sets the low-level radial structure of the storm outside its radius of maximum surface winds. Part II will show that allowing the outflow temperature to vary also allows one to discard an empirical factor that was introduced in previous work on the intensification of tropical cyclones.
The Diverse Structure and Organization of U.S. Beef Cow-Calf Farms

Beef cow-calf production in the United States is widespread, occurring in every State. Nearly 765,000 farms, about 35 percent of the 2.2 million farms in the United States, had a beef cow inventory in 2007. Most of these were small, part-time operations. About a third of farms that raise beef animals had a beef cow inventory of less than 10 cows, more than half had fewer than 20 cows, and nearly 80 percent had fewer than 50 cows. In this study, ERS uses data from USDA’s 2008 Agricultural Resource Management Survey for U.S. beef cow-calf operations to examine the structure, costs, and characteristics of beef cow-calf producers. Many small operations are “rural residence farms” that specialize in beef cow-calf production, but their income from off-farm sources exceeds that from the farm. Most beef cow-calf production occurs on large farms, but cow-calf production is not the primary enterprise on many of these farms. Findings suggest that operators of beef cow-calf farms have a diverse set of goals for the cattle enterprise.
Targeting Consumers by Store - The Basis of Increased Sales with Less Advertising

Conditional Logit approach was used to analyze the Choice Experiment data obtained from the grocery stores and supermarket of Tbilisi, Georgia. Results show that customers' preferences for selected pork attributes in different stores are not the same. So, targeting customers by store can be beneficial marketing tool for pork suppliers.
A program to draw multilevel flow charts

The preparation of a program for a digital computer is not complete when a list of instructions has been written. It still must be determined that the instructions do the required job, and if necessary the instructions must be changed until they do. Also a description of the program should be written for others who may want to understand the program. A useful tool for the last purpose is a graphical outline of the program---a flow chart.
Mass extinctions vs. uniformitarianism in biological evolution

1 Introduction 1.1 Avalanches and Punctuated Equilibrium 1.2 External Shocks: "Bad Luck" 1.3 Evolution of Isolated vs. Many Interacting Species 2 Self-Organized Criticality 3 Co-evolutionary Avalanches 4 A Simple Model for Evolution 4.1 The Self-Organized Critical State 4.2 Comparison with the Fossil Record 4.3 External Effects 5 Theory 6 Acknowledgments References
First-order saddlepoint approximation for reliability analysis

In the approximation methods of reliability analysis, nonnormal random variables are transformed into equivalent standard normal random variables. This transformation tends to increase the nonlinearity of a limit-state function and, hence, results in less accurate reliability approximation. The first-order saddlepoint approximation for reliability analysis is proposed to improve the accuracy of reliability analysis. By the approximation of a limit-state function at the most likelihood point in the original random space and employment of the accurate saddlepoint approximation, the proposed method reduces the chance of an increase in the nonlinearity of the limit-state function. This approach generates more accurate reliability approximation than the first-order reliability method without an increase in the computational effort. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated with two examples and is compared with the first- and second-order reliability methods.
The synthesis of highly fluorinated alkylcyclohexanes for use as oxygen carriers and the 19F and 13C NMR spectra of alkylcyclohexanes

Abstract Perfluoroalkylcyclohexanes are promising candidates for oxygen carriers. The perfluoroalkylcyclohexane analogues and 1H-perfluoroalkylcyclohexanes of n-propylcyclohexane, i-propylcyclohexane, n-butylcyclohexane, s-butylcyclohexane, i-butylcyclohexane and t-butylcyclohexane were prepared and characterized. Their properties and NMR spectra are discussed.
Radio Emissions from Substellar Companions of Evolved Cool Stars

A number of substellar companions to evolved cool stars have now been reported. Cool giants are distinct from their progenitor main-sequence low-mass stars in a number of ways. First, the mass loss rates of cool giant stars are orders of magnitude greater than for the late-type main-sequence stars. Secondly, on the cool side of the Linsky–Haisch ‘dividing line’, K and M giant stars are not X-ray sources, although they do show evidence for chromospheres. As a result, cool star winds are largely neutral for those spectral types, suggesting that planetary or brown dwarf magnetospheres will not be effective in standing off the stellar wind. In this case, one expects the formation of a bow shock morphology at the companion, deep inside its magnetosphere. We explore radio emissions from substellar companions to giant stars using (a) the radiometric Bode’s law and (b) a model for a bow shock morphology. Stars that are X-ray emitters likely have fully ionized winds, and the radio emission can be at the milliJansky level in favourable conditions. Non-coronal giant stars produce only micro-Jansky level emissions when adjusted for low-level ionizations. If the largely neutral flow penetrates the magnetosphere, a bow shock results that can be strong enough to ionize hydrogen. The incoherent cyclotron emission is sub-micro-Jansky. However, the long wavelength radio emission of Solar system objects is dominated by the cyclotron maser instability (CMI) mechanism. Our study leads to the following two observational prospects. First, for coronal giant stars that have ionized winds, application of the radiometic Bode’s law indicates that long wavelength emission from substellar companions to giant stars may be detectable or nearly detectable with existing facilities. Secondly, for the non-coronal giant stars that have neutral winds, the resultant bow shock may act as a ‘feeder’ of electrons that is well embedded in the companion’s magnetosphere. Incoherent cyclotron emissions are far too faint to be detectable, even with next generation facilities; however, much brighter flux densities may be achievable when CMI is considered.
Development of Nickel-on-Charcoal as a ''Dirt-Cheap'' Heterogeneous Catalyst: A Personal Account

A personal account tracing the origins and continuing evolution of nickel-on-charcoal (Ni/C) as a practical, alternative, group 10 metal catalyst is presented. Discussed are applications to several ''name reactions'' which lead to both car- bon-carbon and carbon-nitrogen bond construc- tions utilizing inexpensive aryl chlorides as sub- strates. Reductions of chloroarenes are also catalyzed by Ni/C, a process which may be worthy of consideration in terms of environmental clean- up of PCBs and dioxins. Collaborative efforts are also mentioned aimed at probing the surface struc- ture of Ni/C, with the goal of enhancing catalyst ac- tivity. Future directions for development of hetero- geneous nickel catalysts are proposed.
Joint Speech Enhancement and Speaker Identification Using Approximate Bayesian Inference

We present a variational Bayesian algorithm for joint speech enhancement and speaker identification that makes use of speaker dependent speech priors. Our work is built on the intuition that speaker dependent priors would work better than priors that attempt to capture global speech properties. We derive an iterative algorithm that exchanges information between the speech enhancement and speaker identification tasks. With cleaner speech we are able to make better identification decisions and with the speaker dependent priors we are able to improve speech enhancement performance. We present experimental results using the TIMIT data set which confirm the speech enhancement performance of the algorithm by measuring signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio improvement and perceptual quality improvement via the Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ) score. We also demonstrate the ability of the algorithm to perform voice activity detection (VAD). The experimental results also demonstrate that speaker identification accuracy is improved.
External Regulation of Controlled Polymerizations

Polymer chemists, through advances in controlled polymerization techniques and reliable post-functionalization methods, now have the tools to create materials of almost infinite variety and architecture. Many relevant challenges in materials science, however, require not only functional polymers but also on-demand access to the properties and performance they provide. The power of such temporal and spatial control of polymerization can be found in nature, where the production of proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides helps regulate multicomponent systems and maintain homeostasis. Here we review existing strategies for temporal control of polymerizations through external stimuli including chemical reagents, applied voltage, light, and mechanical force. Recent work illustrates the considerable potential for this emerging field and provides a coherent vision and set of criteria for pursuing future strategies for regulating controlled polymerizations.
Discipline and Participation The Long-Term Effects of Suspension and School Security on the Political and Civic Engagement of Youth

This study uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health data set to evaluate the long-term influence of school discipline and security on political and civic participation. We find that young adults with a history of school suspension are less likely than others to vote and volunteer in civic activities years later, suggesting that suspension negatively impacts the likelihood that youth engage in future political and civic activities. These findings are consistent with prior theory and research highlighting the long-term negative implications of punitive disciplinary policies and the role schools play in preparing youth to participate in a democratic polity. We conclude that suspension undermines the development of the individual skills and capacities necessary for a democratic society by substituting collaborative problem solving for the exclusion and physical removal of students. The research lends empirical grounds for recommending the reform of school governance and the implementation of...
Knots, links, and 4-manifolds

In this paper we investigate the relationship between isotopy classes of knots and links in S and the dieomorphism types of homeomorphic smooth 4-manifolds. As a corollary of this initial investigation, we begin to uncover the surprisingly rich structure of dieomorphism types of manifolds homeomorphic to the K3 surface. In order to state our theorems we need to view the Seiberg-Witten invariant of a smooth 4-manifold as a multivariable (Laurent) polynomial. To do this, recall that the Seiberg-Witten invariant of a smooth closed oriented 4-manifold X with b2 X  > 1 is an integer valued function which is de®ned on the set of spinc structures over X , (cf. [W], [KM], [Ko1], [T1]). In case H1 X ;Z has no 2-torsion (which will be the situation in this paper) there is a natural identi®cation of the spinc structures of X with the characteristic elements of H2 X ;Z. In this case we view the Seiberg-Witten invariant as
Meaning matters in children’s plural productions

The English plural is about the number of individuals in a set of like kinds. Two-year-old children use the plural but do not do so in all obligatory contexts. The present report asks whether the limitations on their production of the plural are related to aspects of meaning. In two Experiments plural productions were elicited from 2-year-old children for sets of size two and four and for instances of basic-level categories that were either similar or identical. Children were much more likely to produce the plural of these well-known nouns when there were four rather than two and when the instances were identical rather than merely similar. The results provide new evidence on children's acquisition of the English plural, showing that children's early productions are not just limited by knowledge of the noun and its plural form but also is limited by properties of the labeled sets in ways that are relevant to the underlying meaning of the plural.
Financial Liberalization, Competition, and Bank Loan Quality

The paper studies the relationship between financial liberalization, characterized by removing entry restrictions, and bank loan quality. It shows that if a banking market is liberalized, the opportunity cost of screening loan applicants is driven lower by competition. Thus, a bank facing an entry threat is more likely to invest in screening instead of relying on collateral requirements. Removing entry restrictions may improve loan quality stability and reduce correlation between bank performance and asset price fluctuations.
Determinants of Expatriate Effectiveness: A Theoretical and Empirical Vacuum

The article focuses on the effectiveness of expatriate managers and their organizations. Factors contributing to the adjustment process are corporate selection strategy, personality variables, life satisfaction, and organizational structure. A work adjustment theory is adopted from the research of L. H. Lofquist and R. V. Dawis and suggests that expatriate managers' work is affected by job satisfaction and the satisfactoriness of their job performance. The inference is based on two assumptions about maintaining correspondence with diverse environments while working in a foreign subsidiary.
Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Allylic C-H Oxidation of Hindered Substrates Featuring Tunable Selectivity Over Extent of Oxidation

The use of Oxone and a palladium(II) catalyst enables the efficient allylic C-H oxidation of sterically hindered α-quaternary lactams which are unreactive under known conditions for similar transformations. This simple, safe, and effective system for C-H activation allows for unusual tunable selectivity between a two-electron oxidation to the allylic acetates and a four-electron oxidation to the corresponding enals, with the dominant product depending on the presence or absence of water. The versatile synthetic utility of both the allylic acetate and enal products accessible through this methodology is also demonstrated.
Beyond Money Toward an Economy of Well-Being

Policy decisions at the organizational, corporate, and governmental levels should be more heavily influenced by issues related to well-being—people’s evaluations and feelings about their lives. Domestic policy currently focuses heavily on economic outcomes, although economic indicators omit, and even mislead about, much of what society values. We show that economic indicators have many shortcomings, and that measures of well-being point to important conclusions that are not apparent from economic indicators alone. For example, although economic output has risen steeply over the past decades, there has been no rise in life satisfaction during this period, and there has been a substantial increase in depression and distrust. We argue that economic indicators were extremely important in the early stages of economic development, when the fulfillment of basic needs was the main issue. As societies grow wealthy, however, differences in well-being are less frequently due to income, and are more frequently due to factors such as social relationships and enjoyment at work.
The OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Sample Return Mission operations design

OSIRIS-REx is an acronym that captures the scientific objectives: Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security□Regolith Explorer. OSIRIS-REx will thoroughly characterize near-Earth asteroid Bennu (previously known as 1019551999 RQ36).