cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychological pathways from racial discrimination to cortisol in African American males and females

The association between racial discrimination (discrimination) and stress-related alterations in the neuroendocrine response-namely, cortisol secretion-is well documented in African Americans (AAs). Dysregulation in production of cortisol has been implicated as a contributor to racial health disparities. Guided by Clark et al. (Am Psychol 54(10):805-816, 1999. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.54.10.805 ) biopsychosocial model of racism and health, the present study examined the psychological pathways that link discrimination to total cortisol concentrations in AA males and females. In a sample of 312 AA emerging adults (45.5% males; ages 21-23), symptoms of anxiety, but not depression, mediated the relation between discrimination and total concentrations of cortisol. In addition, the results did not reveal sex differences in the direct and indirect pathways. These findings advance our understanding of racial health disparities by suggesting that the psychological consequences of discrimination can uniquely promote physiologic dysregulation in AAs.
Developing Interfaces for Rehabilitation: A Graduate Level Course for Students from Multiple Disciplines

This paper describes the design of a graduate level course focusing on developing interfaces for purposes of rehabilitation, catering to students from multiple disciplines. Students work on projects relating to the needs of individuals with disabilities, under the supervision of internal and external mentors. The course has been designed to help students develop both research and mobile interface technical design skills. Course structure and deliverables are described, along with the challenges faced and lessons learned from multiple offerings of the course.
Coverage of a Crisis: The Effects of International News Portrayals of Refugees and Misuse of the Term “Immigrant”:

Given the intense debate surrounding the United States’ policies regarding admission of refugees and immigrants into the country, this study set out to determine how the news media cover refugees a...
ECEF position accuracy and reliability in the presence of differential correction latency

Many applications, including connected and autonomous vehicles, would benefit from navigation technologies reliably achieving sub-meter position accuracy. Differentially corrected single frequency Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are a suitable low cost solution. Differential corrections delivered to a roving vehicle on a nationwide scale will be subject to latency between their time-of-applicability and their time-of-reception at the vehicle. The main contribution of this article is a study of the effect of this communication latency on the position estimation accuracy. An additional contribution of this article is a comparison, using identical measurements and corrections, of the position estimation accuracy as a function of the estimation algorithm. Special attention is given to the accommodation of non-common mode errors. The article specifically focuses on the probability of achieving sub-meter accuracy with latencies up to 600 seconds.
Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency Related to the “Amino Acid Diet” in Patients with Spinal Muscular Atrophy (P3.136)

Objective: To report 3 cases of essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) in patients with Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) on the “amino acid (AA) diet.” Background: SMA is a genetic neuromuscular disorder that causes progressive weakness. An elemental diet very low in fat, the “AA diet,” has been popularized by parents through social media for children with SMA. EFAD can cause dermatitis, increased risk of infection, poor wound healing and growth failure. Malnutrition is associated with poor growth, lowered immunity, decreased strength and cognitive delays. Design/Methods: Data were collected by chart review. Growth parameters and nutritional status are routinely monitored in children who are on the AA diet. EFAD was defined by triene:tetraene ratio >0.05. Results: We identified 4 out of 57 SMA patients on the AA diet (7%). Three of the 4 patients or 75% (2 SMA type 1, and 1 SMA type 2) developed EFAD. All were gastrostomy tube dependent. The SMA 1 patients started the AA diet during infancy; the SMA 2 patient at 38 mos. EFAD was diagnosed at 3 and 5 years old (SMA 1) and 4 years old (SMA 2). The SMA 1 patients met criteria for malnutrition (inadequate intake, poor weight gain, and declining BMI Z-scores). The SMA 2 patient had iron and zinc deficiencies. Within 3 months of nutritional treatment, the SMA 2 patient’s laboratory values normalized. The patient’s parents reported improved energy, skin color, stooling and a stronger voice quality. The patient’s Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale improved by 8 points during this time, confirming the parent’s observations. The SMA 1 patients’ families refused treatment. Conclusions: Fragile SMA patients on the AA diet are at risk for essential fatty acid deficiency and malnutrition, and require close monitoring. EFAD was reversible with appropriate treatment. Disclosure: Dr. Parsons has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen and Ionis Pharmaceuticals as a scientific advisory board member. Dr. Parsons has received research support from Sarepta Therapeutics, Biogen, and Ionis Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Watne, MS, RD has nothing to disclose.
Linear Hybrid Dynamical Systems

Hybrid dynamical systems are systems that combine continuous dynamics and discrete events. In practice, hybrid systems arise when some parts of a physical system can be modeled by differential equations while other parts are more conveniently described by logic or discrete-event systems. A simple example is a continuous process controlled by switching logic (implemented by, say, a programmable logic controller). Although the piecewise linear systems considered so far can be regarded as hybrid systems (the cell index can be seen as a discrete state variable whose value changes when the continuous state crosses a cell boundary) the discrete state has a very passive role in this case, and this model class exhibits few behaviors that cannot be understood using standard nonlinear systems theory.
Chirurgie der Mitralklappe

Die ersten operativen Eingriffe an der Mitralklappe von Souttar [47], Cutler u. Beck [15], Bailey [4] und anderen stellten kuhne chirurgische Unterfangen dar. Seither wurden auf diesem Gebiet grose Fortschritte gemacht. Die heutigen offenen Operationen erlauben unter direkter Sicht eine exakte Korrektur oder Ersatz der Mitralklappe und haben daher die fruheren geschlossenen Eingriffe weitgehend verdrangt.
Relativistic Jets as Radio and X-Ray Sources

Various predictions and implications of the relativistic-jet model for compact extragalactic sources are reviewed in the light of recent radio and X-ray observations.
"Sharing small pieces of the world": Increasing and broadening participation in Wikimedia Commons

Wikimedia Commons is the largest online repository of freely-licensed multimedia files, including approximately 42 million images. A portion of these images serve to illustrate articles across more than 290 different language Wikipedias and "sister projects." However, in comparison to photo-sharing sites like Flickr and mobile apps like Instagram, Commons is largely unknown to the general public and under-researched by scholars. We conducted an exploratory study to determine if an alternative means of contribution---a mobile application that gamifies implicitly desirable and useful behavior---could broaden awareness of and participation in Commons. Our findings from an online survey (N=103) suggest that by creating value around implicitly desirable behaviors, we can create new opportunities and alternative pathways for both increasing and broadening participation in peer-production communities such as Commons.
Efficiency of Public Spending in Education, Health, and Infrastructure : An International Benchmarking Exercise

Governments of developing countries typically spend between 20 and 30 percent of gross domestic product. Hence, small changes in the efficiency of public spending could have a major impact on aggregate productivity growth and gross domestic product levels. Therefore, measuring efficiency and comparing input-output combinations of different decision-making units becomes a central challenge. This paper gauges efficiency as the distance between observed input-output combinations and an efficiency frontier estimated by means of the Free Disposal Hull and Data Envelopment Analysis techniques. Input-inefficiency (excess input consumption to achieve a level of output) and output-inefficiency (output shortfall for a given level of inputs) are scored in a sample of 175 countries using data from 2006-16 on education, health, and infrastructure. The paper verifies empirical regularities of the cross-country variation in efficiency, showing a negative association between efficiency and spending levels and the ratio of public-to-private financing of the service provision. Other variables, such as inequality, urbanization, and aid dependency, show mixed results. The efficiency of capital spending is correlated with the quality of governance indicators, especially regulatory quality (positively) and perception of corruption (negatively). Although no causality may be inferred from this exercise, it points at different factors to understand why some countries might need more resources than others to achieve similar education, health, and infrastructure outcomes.
Pigmentation and mate choice in Drosophila

Many species of the fruitfly Drosophila are either sexually dimorphic for abdominal pigmentation (the posterior segments in males are black and those of females have thin dark stripes) or sexually monomorphic for this pigmentation (both sexes show striping). Kopp et al.1 report a correlation in two Drosophila clades between the expression of the bric-a-brac (bab) gene, which represses male-specific pigmentation in D. melanogaster females, and the presence of sexually dimorphic pigmentation. They suggest that sexual selection acted to produce sexual dichromatism in Drosophila by altering the regulation of bab, on the grounds that D. melanogaster males show a strong mate preference for females with lightly pigmented abdomens, and that this discrimination helps to maintain sexual dichromatism by preventing males from wasting time by courting other (darkly pigmented) males. Here we show that the mate discrimination observed by Kopp et al.1 may in fact have resulted from the nature of the strains and comparisons they used in their study and so could be irrelevant to mate choice in nature.
Predicting Climate-Induced Distributional Shifts for Puerto Rican Anoles

With some 400 known species, the lizard genus Anolis is one of the most species-rich groups of terrestrial vertebrates in the world. Widely distributed, they occur throughout Central and South America, the West Indies, and the southeastern United States. Although anoles have emerged as paradigmatic species in ecology and evolution, relatively little research has addressed the effects of climate change on their distributions. Over the past 40 years, Puerto Rico has experienced steady increases in ambient temperature with mean maximum temperatures rising by as much as 2°C. Using distribution data from the Puerto Rico Gap Analysis, WorldClim bioclimatic variables, and MaxEnt niche modeling software, we projected potential changes in the distribution of ten species of Puerto Rican anoles for 2050 and 2070. All of our models used either the HadGEM2-AO or the MRI-CGCM3 Global Climate Model, each paired with the IPCC's Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). RCP4.5 was chosen as it represents a scenario in which greenhouse gas concentrations rise in the Earth's atmosphere until the year 2040 and then begin to decline. RCP8.5 was chosen as it represents a likely scenario of continued high greenhouse gas emissions through 2100 and acts as the IPCC's worst-case scenario of warming. Under HadGEM2-AO RCP8.5 for 2050, Anolis krugi, A. evermanni, and A. gundlachi are the most negatively impacted species, while for MRI-CGCM3 RCP8.5 for 2050, the most negatively impacted species are A. cuvieri, A. gundlachi, and A. evermanni. The models also predict mean reductions in most suitable habitat across all ten species of Anolis, ranging from –29.4% by 2050 to –39.6% by 2070 under HadGEM2-AO RCP8.5, and from –10.6% by 2050 to –28.5% by 2070 under MRI-CGCM3 RCP8.5. Our study provides insights into the potential impact of continued climate change on Puerto Rican anoles, and most likely other West Indian species of Anolis, and has important implications for future conservation efforts.
Generating Executable Models of the Drosophila Central Complex.

The central complex (CX) is a set of neuropils in the center of the fly brain that have been implicated as playing an important role in vision-mediated behavior and integration of spatial information for locomotor control. In contrast to currently available data regarding the neural circuitry of neuropils in the fly's vision and olfactory systems, comparable data for the CX neuropils is relatively incomplete; many categories of neurons remain only partly characterized, and the synaptic connectivity between CX neurons has yet to be fully determined. Successful modeling of the information processing functions of the CX neuropils therefore requires a means of easily constructing and testing a range of hypotheses regarding both the high-level structure of their neural circuitry and the properties of their constituent neurons and synapses. To this end, we have created a web application that enables simultaneous graphical querying and construction of executable models of the CX neural circuitry based upon currently available information regarding the geometry and polarity of the arborizations of identified local and projection neurons in the CX. The application's novel functionality is made possible by the Fruit Fly Brain Observatory, a platform for collaborative study and development of fruit fly brain models.
Personalizing the Kidney Transplant Decision: Who Doesn't Benefit from a Kidney Transplant?

The transplant community has succeeded in clearly communicating the survival benefit generally associated with kidney transplantation in comparison to maintenance dialysis. However, although kidney transplantation is associated with survival gains on a population level, this is not universally true
Synthesis of conjugated polymers using aryl-bromides via Cu-catalyzed direct arylation polymerization (Cu-DArP)

Initial reports on the novel Cu-catalyzed direct arylation polymerization (Cu-DArP) stated that it required the use of aryl iodides. Herein, we report the first Cu-DArP methodology using more accessible and practical aryl-bromides with catalytic Cu, leading to a range of conjugated polymers with good molecular weights (up to 17.3 kDa) and an undetectable level of defects.
Childhood Arterial Ischaemic Stroke: Clinical Presentation, Risk Factors and Management.

Childhood arterial ischaemic stroke (AIS) is a rare, but potentially life-threatening event which requires early diagnosis and adequate treatment. The reported significant time delay to childhood AIS diagnosis may be associated with low awareness, the more nonspecific clinical presentation as well as difficult clinical differentiation to more common “stroke mimics” and a less established “acute care structure” with delayed access to proper neuroimaging. Compared with adult stroke care, experiences with acute reperfusion therapies like thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy are promising but limited and not based on clinical trials. The etiological work-up is absolutely essential, as the child's individual risk profile determines acute management, secondary prevention, risk of recurrence and outcome. Follow-up care should be organized in a multidisciplinary setting covering all bio-psycho-social aspects to achieve the best integration of the child into its educational, later professional and social environments.
An empirical test of hypercongestion in highway bottlenecks

Abstract There is a widely-held view that as demand for travel goes up, this decreases not only speed but also the capacity of the road system, a phenomenon known as hypercongestion. We revisit this idea in the context of highway bottlenecks. We propose an empirical test using an event study design to measure changes in highway capacity at the onset of queue formation. We apply this test to three highway bottlenecks in California for which detailed data on traffic flows and vehicles speeds are available. We find no evidence of a reduction in highway capacity at any of the three sites during periods of high demand. Across sites and specifications we have sufficient statistical power to rule out even small reductions in highway capacity. This lack of evidence of hypercongestion stands in sharp contrast to most previous studies and informs core models in urban and transportation economics.
Principal Components Analysis

In moving from multidimensional scaling to principal components analysis, we shift from the simplest and most commonsense approach conceptually to the most abstract and mathematical. Mastering the mathematical fundamentals of principal components analysis is a lot of work – work that does not finally bring much payback in making it easier to perform more reliable or successful analyses. In keeping with the overall approach of this book, we will give short shrift to the abstract mathematical fundamentals of principal components analysis and concentrate our attention on understanding its principles and concepts in ways that provide surer guides to effective use of the technique. This approach is very different from the one that is usually taken to the subject. Nevertheless, more archaeologists seem able to understand the principles of principal components analysis more readily, more deeply, and to better effect through such a commonsense approach than through an abstract mathematical explanation. Understanding and effective use of multidimensional scaling does not require much knowledge of how the iterative trial-and-error procedure that produces the configuration is programmed. In similar fashion, what principal components are and how they tell us about patterning in a multivariate dataset can be understood effectively without much knowledge of the particular mathematics that produce them. Principal components analysis is often confused with factor analysis. Opinion is divided about how much this confusion matters. There certainly are distinctions between the underlying logic of the two analytical techniques. On the other hand, their results are presented and interpreted in precisely the same way. At the practical level, it is extremely unusual to carry out the two analyses on the same data and get very different results. Not surprisingly, statpacks tend to have a focus on the practical, and principal components analysis and factor analysis are often combined into one set of routines where the choice between the two is simply one of the options to set. The difference between them certainly matters little to the commonsense approach of this chapter. The vocabulary we will use will be that of principal components analysis, but in actual fact, this chapter could just as easily be a chapter on factor analysis. Virtually the only difference would be to replace the words “principal component” or “component” with “factor.”
Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the elastic constants of cubic Pb F 2

The adiabatic elastic stiffness moduli of fluorite-structure Pb${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ have been determined at hydrostatic pressures up to 3 kbar by means of ultrasonic velocity measurements at 296 K. All moduli increase linearly with pressure indicating that the impending transformation to the orthorhombic structure at 4 kbar is not due to softening of long-wavelength acoustic modes. It is found that a simple lattice-dynamical shell model fails to account for the pressure dependences of the moduli. Possible reasons are suggested.
Preliminary experimental results of a novel low cost solar thermal collector with integrated optics for desalination processes

The authors discuss the application potential of desalination for a novel low-cost solar thermal technology called the integrated compound parabolic concentrator (ICPC). This collector is designed using nonimaging optic principles, previously introduced in last year’s SPIE conference, 2019. Optical and thermal models are demonstrated, with preliminary experimental results. When coupled with a latent heat thermal storage system, the combined effort supplies sufficient heat demand for thermal desalination processes.
Precombustion of fatty acids and esters of biodiesel. A possible explanation for differing cetane numbers

Fatty acids of C18 chainlength as well as their methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and n-butyl esters were injected into a constant-volume combustion apparatus suitable for collecting material from the fuel spray prior to the onset of ignition. The collected material from this precombustion phase of the injection event was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compounds identified as forming during the precombustion phase were straight-chain and branched alkanes, alkenes, and cyclic hydrocarbons, as well as aldehydes, ketones, esters, substituted benzenes, and other species, such as furans. Some of the compounds formed during precombustion have low cetane numbers (CN). Low-cetane aromatic compounds were found more prominently for more unsaturated fatty compounds. Thus, the low CN of the intermediary precombustion species may constitute a possible partial explanation why some compounds, for example the more unsaturated fatty compounds, have relatively low CN.
Bidirectional Resonant Propulsion and Localization for AUVs

Battery life, reliability, and localization are prominent challenges in the design of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). This work aims to address facets of these challenges using a single system. We describe the design of a bidirectional resonant pump that uses a single electromagnetic voice coil motor (VCM) capable of rotation around a central two degree-of-freedom flexure stage axis. This actuator design produces highly efficient resonant motion that drives two orthogonally oriented diaphragms simultaneously. The operation of this diaphragm pump mechanism produces both adjustable thrust vectors at the aft surface of the AUV and a monotonic relationship between thrust vectors and operating frequency. We propose using the unique frequency to thrust relationship to enhance AUV localization capabilities. We construct a prototype and use it to experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of the directionally-tunable resonance concept.
The lagged effect of state gun laws on the reduction of state-level firearm homicide mortality in the United States from 1999 to 2017

Abstract Objectives Gun violence is a pressing concern in the United States, where many laws targeting gun violence vary across states and localities. Studies have investigated the association between gun laws and gun violence, but not many focus on the role of time, which is critical for implementation. This study aims to determine the lagged association of gun laws with firearm homicide mortality to better understand the impacts of state gun laws over time. Study design The design of this study is a longitudinal study. Methods This study applied the distributed lag non-linear model to assess the lagged association between firearm homicide mortality and the number of gun law provisions at the state level from 1999 to 2017. State gun law provisions were analyzed in aggregate and also across five groups of regulations. All estimates were transformed into relative risks (RRs). Results Regarding all state gun laws, regardless of how many gun law provisions were on the books in any year, a significantly reduced RR of firearm homicide mortality was not observed until 7 years later. Among the five regulation groups, a significant RR less than 1 was more likely to happen in longer lags ≥5. The lowest significant RR = 0.24 (95% confidence interval = 0.15, 0.39) was observed in the gun types, components, and trafficking group at lag 8. All regulation groups had an overall impact to reduce significantly the RR of firearm homicide mortality with more gun law provisions, except for the dealer regulation group. Conclusions State gun law provisions appear to impact firearm homicide mortality differently over time. This emphasizes the centrality of enforcement. Firearm policy researchers need to consider how specific gun laws are implemented over time to help inform law-based interventions.
Information geometry for Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein quantum statistics

Abstract Information geometry is an emergent branch of probability theory that consists of assigning a Riemannian differential geometry structure to the space of probability distributions. We present an information geometric investigation of gases following the Fermi–Dirac and the Bose–Einstein quantum statistics. For each quantum gas, we study the information geometry of the curved statistical manifolds associated with the grand canonical ensemble. The Fisher–Rao information metric and the scalar curvature are computed for both fermionic and bosonic models of non-interacting particles. In particular, by taking into account the ground state of the ideal bosonic gas in our information geometric analysis, we find that the singular behavior of the scalar curvature in the condensation region disappears. This is a counterexample to a long held conjecture that curvature always diverges in phase transitions.
Hyperleukocytosis and Leukostasis

Patients with hematologic malignancies can develop a life-threatening hyperleukocytosis causing leukostasis, a hyperviscous state that results in decreased organ perfusion and potential complications such as disseminated intravascular coagulation, tumor lysis syndrome, and multiorgan failure. It may also be referred to as “blast crisis” as the elevated white blood cells are usually blast cells that have proliferated in the bone marrow and spilled into the peripheral circulation. Patients often present with nonspecific signs and symptoms such as dyspnea, chest pain, or altered mental status, but hyperleukocytosis is a medical emergency requiring prompt recognition by the emergency physician in order to initiate appropriate treatment. Management includes cytoreduction and important supportive care measures, in close consultation with the oncologist.
Semiparametric model selection for identification of environmental covariates related to adult groundfish catches and weights

Ecologists and fisheries managers are interested in monitoring economically important marine fish species and using this data to inform management strategies. Determining environmental factors that best predict changes in these populations, particularly under rapid climate change, are a priority. I illustrate the application of the least squares-based spline estimation and group LASSO (LSSGLASSO) procedure for selection of coefficient functions in single index varying coefficient models (SIVCMs) on an ecological data set that includes spatiotemporal environmental covariates suspected to play a role in the catches and weights of six groundfish species. Temporal trends in variable selection were apparent, though the selection of variables was largely unrelated to common North Pacific climate indices. These results indicate that the strength of an environmental variable’s effect on a groundfish population may change over time, and not necessarily in-step with known low-frequency patterns of ocean-climate variability commonly attributable to large-scale regime shifts in the North Pacific. My application of the LSSGLASSO procedure for SIVCMs to deep water species using environmental data from various sources illustrates how variable selection with a flexible model structure can produce informative inference for remote and hard-to-reach animal populations.
Über Enterolithen

Beschreibung eines Falles, bei dem vor 16 J. wegen Karzinom des Colon transversum eine Dickdarmresektion vorgenommen wurde. Infolge Infektion bildete sich eine Stenose an der Anastomose. Im Laufe der Jahre sammelten sich im hochgradig dilatierten, zufuhrenden Colonschenkel zirka 1400 Fremdkorper, zum grosen Teil Fruchtkerne und Cellulosepartikel. Der groste Teil der Fremdkorper war durch eine bis 3 mm dicke Inkrustation von phosphorsaurem und kohlensaurem Kalk in Enterolithen umgewandelt.
Automatic detection of the cornea location in video captures of fluorescence

Purpose: Fluorescence imaging is a valuable tool for studying tear film dynamics andcorneal staining. Automating the quantification of fluorescence images is a challenging necessary step for making connections to mathematical models. A significant partof the challenge is identifying the region of interest, specifically the cornea, for collected data with widely varying characteristics. Methods: The gradient of pixel intensity at the cornea–sclera limbus is used as the objective of standard optimization to find a circle that best represents the cornea. Results of the optimization in one image are used as initial conditions in the next imageof a sequence. Additional initial conditions are chosen heuristically. The algorithm iscoded in open-source software. Results: The algorithm was first applied to 514 videos of 26 normal subjects, for a total of over 87,000 images. Only in 12 of the videos does the standard deviation in thedetected corneal radius exceed 1% of the image height, and only 3 exceeded 2%. The algorithm was applied to a sample of images from a second study with 142 dry-eye subjects. Significant staining was present in a substantial number of these images. Visual inspection and statistical analysis show good resuls for both normal and dry-eye images. Conclusion: The new algorithm is highly effective over a wide range of tear film andcorneal staining images collected at different times and locations.
Are Journalists Reporting on the Highest-Impact Climate Solutions? Findings from a Survey of Environmental Journalists

While the most promising climate change solutions have yet to be widely implemented, journalists are well-positioned to ensure that solutions are on the public's agenda. Here, we investigate the cl...
A Transgenic Rat for Noninvasive Assessment of Chondrogenesis in Vivo.

OBJECTIVE To support the preclinical evaluation of therapeutics that target chondrogenesis, our goal was to generate a rat strain that can noninvasively report endogenous chondrogenic activity. DESIGN A transgene was constructed in which the dual expression of bioluminescent (firefly luciferase) and fluorescent (mCherry) reporters is controlled by regulatory sequences from rat Col2a1. Candidate lines were established on a Lewis background and characterized by serial bioluminescence imaging as well as ex vivo measurement of molecular reporter levels in several tissues. The sensitivity and specificity of the reporter strain were assessed in models of orthotopic and ectopic chondrogenesis. RESULTS Substantial bioluminescence signal was detected from cartilaginous regions, including the appendicular synovial joints, spine, sternum, nose, and pinnae. Bioluminescent radiance was intense at 1 month of age, rapidly declined with continued development, yet remained detectable in 2-year-old animals. Explant imaging and immunohistochemistry confirmed that both molecular reporters were localized to cartilage. Implantation of wild-type bone marrow stromal cells into osteochondral defects made in both young adult and aged reporter rats led to a time-dependent elevation of intra-articular reporter activity concurrent with cartilaginous tissue repair. To stimulate ectopic, endochondral bone formation, bone morphogenetic protein 2 was overexpressed in the gastrocnemius muscle, which led to bioluminescent signal that closely preceded heterotopic ossification. CONCLUSIONS This strain can help develop strategies to stimulate cartilage repair and endochondral bone formation or to inhibit chondrogenesis associated with heterotopic ossification.
Analysis of the possible mechanisms for a catalytic reaction system

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the enumeration of all possible mechanisms for a complex chemical reaction system based on the assumption of given elementary reaction steps and species. The procedure presented for such identification is been directly applied to a number of examples in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. Application to other areas is clearly indicated. These would include complex homogeneous reaction systems, many of which are characterized by the presence of intermediates acting as catalysts or free radicals. Enzyme catalysis should also be amenable to this approach. The subject of reaction mechanism also has a bearing on other fundamental problems of physical chemistry. In carrying out the procedure for determining mechanisms that is presented in the chapter, one obtains a set of independent chemical reactions among the terminal species in addition to the set of reaction mechanism. Consideration of a chemical system in terms of unique direct reaction mechanisms required to produce observable rates of change of terminal species has distinct advantages, especially when multiple overall reactions are involved. The required necessary assumptions regarding possible elementary reaction steps are becoming increasingly accessible through modern tools for surface spectroscopy and fundamental theories of chemical kinetics of elementary reaction steps.
Acetaldehyde Formation in Submerged Cultures on Non-film-forming Species of Saccharomyces

Three different yeasts of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae ferment ethyl alcohol to acetaldehyde aerobically and produce "flor" character in a wine medium with submerged culture techniques. Three pounds per square inch gauge (psig) of oxygen instead of 15 psig of air permitted fermentations to proceed, though slightly slower in the series tested, and reaching slightly lower total aldehydes.
Deconstructing the binaries of spatial data production: Towards hybridity

Binaries, the most reductive form of categorization, can be usefully invoked to characterize emerging phenomena; yet, they are widely critiqued for oversimplifying a complex world and for their use as tools of social and political influence. Through a literature review and content analysis this article traces the emergence of volunteered geographic information (VGI), and identifies the recurrent use of several related binaries to contrast this phenomenon with the conventional spatial data production activities of states and corporations. Using several key examples, these binaries are deconstructed by identifying a mismatch in how VGI is conceptualized (bottom-up, amateur, asserted) in the literature and the reality of existing VGI projects. As an alternative to a binary conceptualization of spatial data production, a different representation is put forward that more accurately depicts what is in actuality a vast, shifting, and heterogeneous landscape of spatial data production approaches. Thinking about contemporary spatial data production not as a binary but as a continuum could encourage the development of hybridities that harness the benefits of different approaches—including the oversight and quality control of conventional methods, with the speed, low cost, and distributed nature of citizen-based spatial data production. Deconstruire les valeurs binaires de la production de donnees spatiales: vers l'hybridite Resume Les nombres binaires, l'expression la plus simple de la categorisation, sont utiles pour caracteriser les phenomenes emergents ; pourtant, ils font l'objet de nombreuses critiques liees a leur conception simpliste du monde et a leur emploi comme moyen d'exercer une influence sociale et politique. Partant d'une recension des ecrits et d'une analyse de contenu, cet article retrace les origines de l'information geographique volontaire (IGV) et documente l'usage repete de plusieurs binaires semblables afin de mettre en opposition ce phenomene et les activites de production de donnees spatiales conventionnelles menees par des etats et des entreprises. A l'aide de plusieurs exemples probants, une deconstruction de ces binaires est operee en s'interrogeant sur le decalage entre la facon par laquelle l'IGV est conceptualisee dans la litterature (ascendante, amateur, affirmee) et les projets reels d'IGV. Une representation differente est proposee comme solution de rechange au concept bivalent de la production de donnees spatiales permettant de dresser un portrait plus precis de ce qui est en fait un paysage vaste, changeant et heterogene de modes de production de donnees spatiales. Envisager la production actuelle de donnees spatiales comme un continuum pourrait contribuer a l'emergence de formes hybrides qui tirent parti des differents modes, y compris la surveillance et le controle de la qualite propres aux methodes classiques, alliant la vitesse, le faible cout, et la distribution qui caracterisent la production citoyenne de donnees spatiales.
RESPONSE OF CULTURED RABBIT CELLS TO INFECTION WITH THE SHOPE FIBROMA VIRUS. I. PROLIFERATION AND MORPHOLOGICAL ALTERATION OF THE INFECTED CELLS.

Abstract Hinze, Harry C. (University of Wisconsin, Madison), and Duard L. Walker. Response of cultured rabbit cells to infection with the Shope fibroma virus. I. Proliferation and morphological alteration of the infected cells. J. Bacteriol. 88:1185–1194. 1964.—Primary and serially cultured rabbit kidney cells were grown under conditions promoting rapid cell multiplication. When such cultures were infected with 5 to 10 plaque-forming units of Shope fibroma virus, cell multiplication was inhibited for a period of 2 to 3 days. After this stationary period, cell multiplication in the infected cultures was resumed at a rate approximating that of the uninfected controls. With the resumption of cell multiplication in the infected cultures, concurrent changes were observed in cell morphology and growth pattern. Cells showing such alterations also possessed the ability to form tumors when inoculated into the hamster cheek pouch.
The effects of reciprocity, self-awareness, and individual characteristics on honesty in managerial reporting

Management accounting involves the communication of information within an organization to facilitate planning, coordination, resource allocation, and performance evaluation. As such, the budgeting process is a core component of management accounting. In decentralized organizations, however, upper management must rely on the budget information of better informed local managers. Contrary to the assumptions of agency theory, the findings from Evans, Hannan, Krishnan, and Moser (2001) suggest that local managers are willing to sacrifice wealth for preferences for honesty or equitable distributions. I extend this literature by examining the effects of reciprocity, self-awareness, and the individual characteristic of social value orientation on honesty in managerial reporting. In particular, I conduct an experimental study that manipulates two contextual factors that are likely present in the participative budgeting process: a hiring choice that triggers reciprocity, and a certification requirement that triggers self-awareness. I find that when upper management endogenously chooses to hire the local manager, the local manager reciprocates the hiring choice by reporting more honestly. Contrary to expectations, I do not find support for a budget report certification requirement leading to increased levels of honesty in managerial reporting. However, I find that managers are not homogeneous in their reporting decisions. Specifically, cooperative social value orientation types provide more honest reports when they are required to certify the budget report or when they are endogenously hired by upper management. The level of honesty does not incrementally increase when cooperative social value orientation types are endogenously hired by upper management and are required to certify the budget report. In contrast, individualistic and competitive social value orientation types provide more honest reports when they are endogenously hired by upper management and the level of honesty incrementally increases when the local manager is also required to certify the budget report. However, I find no support for the certification requirement alone increasing the level of honesty exhibited by individualistic and competitive social value orientation types.
Optimal power flow using hybrid technique and ANN with FACTS controller

Nowadays, several methods are discovered for providing an efficient and an undisturbed power supply to the customers. This process starts at the generating station which mainly deals with Optimal Power Flow (OPF) method. The OPF method is an important method used to increase the power flow between the buses in a power system. The OPF deals with finding an optimal operating point of a power system that minimizes the cost function in terms of generation cost or transmission loss. The goal of OPF is to find the optimal settings of a given power system network that optimizes a certain objective function while satisfying its power flow equations, system security, and equipment operating limits. FACTs controllers can also be used to increase the power flow between the buses by connecting them at suitable places in the transmission line. In this paper, a hybrid technique and ANN based OPF with UPFC is proposed. The proposed hybrid technique combines both the PSO and BBO algorithm. The optimal location of UPFC is determined by ANN. The proposed OPF technique tested with IEEE 30 bus system and the optimal power flow is analyzed.
Turing's Two Tests for Intelligence*

On a literal reading of `Computing Machinery and Intelligence', Alan Turing presented not one, but two, practical tests to replace the question `Can machines think?' He presented them as equivalent. I show here that the first test described in that much-discussed paper is in fact not equivalent to the second one, which has since become known as `the Turing Test'. The two tests can yield different results; it is the first, neglected test that provides the more appropriate indication of intelligence. This is because the features of intelligence upon which it relies are resourcefulness and a critical attitude to one's habitual responses; thus the test's applicablity is not restricted to any particular species, nor does it presume any particular capacities. This is more appropriate because the question under consideration is what would count as machine intelligence. The first test realizes a possibility that philosophers have overlooked: a test that uses a human's linguistic performance in setting an empirical test of intelligence, but does not make behavioral similarity to that performance the criterion of intelligence. Consequently, the first test is immune to many of the philosophical criticisms on the basis of which the (so-called) `Turing Test' has been dismissed.
Structural Basis of Latrophilin-FLRT-UNC5 Interaction in Cell Adhesion

Fibronectin leucine-rich repeat transmembrane proteins (FLRTs) are cell-adhesion molecules with emerging functions in cortical development and synapse formation. Their extracellular regions interact with latrophilins (LPHNs) to mediate synapse development, and with Uncoordinated-5 (UNC5)/netrin receptors to control the migration of neurons in the developing cortex. Here, we present the crystal structures of FLRT3 in isolation and in complex with LPHN3. The LPHN3/FLRT3 structure reveals that LPHN3 binds to FLRT3 at a site distinct from UNC5. Structure-based mutations specifically disrupt LPHN3/FLRT3 binding, but do not disturb their interactions with other proteins or their cell-membrane localization. Thus, they can be used as molecular tools to dissect the functions of FLRTs and LPHNs in vivo. Our results suggest that UNC5 and LPHN3 can simultaneously bind to FLRT3, forming a trimeric complex, and that FLRT3 may form transsynaptic complexes with both LPHN3 and UNC5. These findings provide molecular insights for understanding the role of cell-adhesion proteins in synapse function.
Reversibility of Abnormal Mucociliary Clearance in Experimental Chronic Sinusitis

Normal mucociliary clearance in the paranasal sinuses must be restored to reverse the effects of chronic sinusitis. This study examined effects of middle meatal antrostomy (MMA) on ciliary beat fre...
Design of programmable interconnect for sublithographic programmable logic arrays

Sublithographic Programmable Logic Arrays can be interconnected and restored using nanoscale wires. Building on a hybrid of bottom-up assembly techniques supported by conventional lithographic patterning, we show how modest-sized PLA logic blocks, which are efficient for implementing logic, can be organized into a segmented, Manhattan mesh interconnection scheme. The resulting programmable architecture has a macro-scale view which is reminiscent of lithographic FPGA and CPLD designs despite the fact that the low-level, sublithographic fabrication techniques used are much more highly constrained than conventional lithography and are prone to high defect rates. Using the Toronto 20 benchmark set, we begin to explore the design space for these sublithographic architectures and show that they may allow us to exploit nanowire building blocks to reach one to two orders of magnitude greater density than 22nm CMOS lithography.
Mixed data structures in a multi-purpose retrieval system

Remote Information Query System, (RIQS), is an information storage and retrieval system designed to handle both textual and quantitative information. It operates in an on-line and batch mode for searching, and has been used extensively at Northwestern for both bibliographic and data management applications. The batch version also provides for file creation and update, data verification, and indexing. Acceptable data types include alphanumeric, numeric, and dates. Numeric items can be expressed in any consistent set of units. The internal record format of RIQS employs a variety of data structures to accommodate rapid on-line search and effective update capability. These structures include a record scatter table for all data, with associated item pointers and scatter table pointers, and with chaining for record updates. On-line search and the record structure are illustrated. Performance statistics show costs for several file creation and file search runs.
Phase 2 trial of intravenously administered plerixafor for stem cell mobilization in patients with multiple myeloma following lenalidomide-based initial therapy.

Initial therapy of multiple myeloma with lenalidomide-based regimens can compromise stem cell collection, which can be overcome with the addition of plerixafor. Plerixafor is typically given subcutaneously (SQ), with collection ∼11 h later for maximum yield. Intravenous administration may allow more rapid and predictable mobilization. This trial was designed to assess the efficacy and feasibility of IV plerixafor in patients receiving initial therapy with a lenalidomide-based regimen. Patients received G-CSF at 10 μg/kg/day for 4 days followed by IV plerixafor at 0.24 mg/kg/dose starting on day 5; plerixafor was administered early in the morning with apheresis 4–5 h later. Thirty-eight (97%) patients collected at least 3 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg within 2 days of apheresis. The median CD34+ cells/kg after 1 day of collection was 3.9 × 106 (range: 0.7–9.2) and after 2 days of collection was 6.99 × 106 (range: 1.1–16.5). There were no grade 3 or 4 non-hematological adverse events, and one patient experienced grade 4 thrombocytopenia. The most common adverse events were nausea, diarrhea and abdominal bloating. IV plerixafor is an effective strategy for mobilization with low failure rate and is well tolerated. It offers flexibility with a schedule of early-morning infusion followed by apheresis later in the day.