cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A rise in social media utilization by U.S. neurology residency programs in the era of COVID-19.

Abstract Objective To determine how neurology departments and residency programs in the United States used virtual communication to adapt to the COVID-19 pandemic, we investigated the presence and use of social media pages, virtual outreach events, and virtual internship opportunities. Methods Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook accounts were identified (or noted as nonexistent) for 159 accredited neurology departments and residency programs. Google searches and social media site specific searches were performed. For existing pages, the date of creation was determined and all posts on and after March 1st, 2020, were assessed to investigate the presence of virtual open house advertisements. Each program was also assessed for virtual sub-internship and elective opportunities on the Visiting Student Application Service (VSAS). Results A majority of neurology residency programs (110) had a social media presence, particularly on Twitter and Instagram. Most residency program Twitter and Instagram accounts were created after March 1st, 2020, and this was not the case on Facebook. Twitter and Instagram were used most to advertise virtual opportunities. A correlation was observed between presence and number of social media accounts and program prestige. Few programs offered virtual opportunities on VSAS for the 2020–2021 year. Conclusion Neurology residency programs adapted to the COVID-19 pandemic by creating residency social media accounts, primarily on Instagram and Twitter, and hosting virtual informational events. We recommend that neurology residency applicants create professional Instagram and Twitter accounts to network with programs and receive updates about virtual events. Similarly, going forward, we recommend continued social media use by neurology residency programs for applicant outreach.
Sacituzumab Govitecan For Metastatic Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Clinical Overview And Management Of Potential Toxicities.

Patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer have a poor prognosis. Sacituzumab govitecan (IMMU-132) is an antibody-drug conjugate that contains the irinotecan active metabolite, SN-38, linked to a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting trophoblast cell surface antigen 2, which is overexpressed in many solid tumors. In a basket design phase I/II study, sacituzumab govitecan demonstrated promising single-agent therapeutic activity in multiple cancer cohorts, leading to accelerated approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration of sacituzumab govitecan-hziy (TRODELVY) for the treatment of patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer who had received at least two prior therapies in the metastatic setting. Recently, results of the phase III trial, ASCENT, were confirmatory. There is limited available information on the adverse event management with sacituzumab govitecan needed to maximize the dose and duration of effective therapy while maintaining patient quality of life. This review summarizes the clinical development and the practical management of patients receiving sacituzumab govitecan. Sacituzumab govitecan has a well-defined and manageable toxicity profile, and rapid recognition and appropriate early and proactive management will allow clinicians to optimize sacituzumab govitecan treatment for patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Sacituzumab govitecan (TRODELVY) is a novel antibody-drug conjugate composed of the active metabolite of irinotecan (SN-38) conjugated to a monoclonal antibody targeting trophoblast cell surface antigen 2, an epithelial cell surface antigen overexpressed in many cancers. Because of the rapid approval of sacituzumab govitecan, there is limited available information on adverse event (AE) management with this agent. As such, this article reviews the clinical development of the drug, the AE profile, and provides recommendations regarding AE management to help optimize therapy with sacituzumab govitecan.
Stiffness, Pain, and Function of Police Officers: Duty-Belts and the Use of Donuts

Research Objectives To investigate the use of coccyx-pillows [donuts] in addressing stiffness, pain and decreased function related to the wearing of duty-belts. Police officers wear duty-belts that weigh 20-35 pounds which may have a link to postural misalignment factors and chronic illnesses. Design Qualitative survey using a Likert scale for pre-post data collection. Setting Police Officers from a rural location, population 26,000. Participants 36 full-time Police offices ages 24 - 47, with no work restrictions, volunteered to participate. Interventions A short educational presentation was presented on posture, prolonged sitting, and ergonomics associated with wearing of a duty-belt and other external equipment prior to the voluntary participation of the police officers. Inflatable coccyx-pillows [donuts] were used for 8-10 weeks in patrol vehicles to assess the possible decrease of stiffness and pain associated with the prolonged sitting in patrol vehicles and the wearing of duty-belts that carry all of the professional equipment. The duty-belts can weight between 25-35 pounds and can contribute to misalignment of the pelvis and postural placement. Main Outcome Measures An 8-10 week use of donuts in the patrol vehicles to address Stiffness and pain in the (1) neck/shoulders, (2) mid-back, (3) low back, (4) hip and legs was assessed using a Likert scale qualitative pre-post survey. Results 49% participation rate of the entire police department, 36 officers participated in the assessment. Completion rate of 72% of those that participated. Pre-assessment results indicated officers experience stiffness and/or pain at mild to moderate ratings 50%-80% in the areas of neck/shoulder, mid-back, low-back, and hips. Post-assessment results indicated officers experienced mild decreased stiffness 69% neck & shoulder, 65%; mid-back, 77% low-back, 50% hips: moderate decrease stiffness 12% neck & shoulder, 15%; mid-back, 15% low-back, 19% hips. Mild decrease pain 54% neck & shoulders, 54%; midback, 46% low-back, 69% hips. Conclusions The results are favorable and encouraging to take the next step of designing an automobile device specifically designed for improved ergonomics for first responders. Author(s) Disclosures This author has not conflicts of interest or bias.
Autonomous Signal-Situational-Awareness in a Terrestrial Radionavigation System

This paper aims to augment terrestrial radion-avigation systems (TRNS) with autonomous signal-situational-awareness capability, allowing TRNS operators to detect spoofing and meaconing attacks within their systems. Such a capability is necessary to address a vulnerability to certain replay attacks that remains even when TRNS signals are secured by navigation message encryption and authentication. Two signal authentication techniques are developed to detect a weak spoofing signal in the presence of static and dynamic multipath. Both are shown to be effective in simulations of the varied operating environments that TRNS will encounter. With autonomous signal-situational-awareness, TRNS gain a defensive capability that GNSS cannot easily match: a comprehensive defense against most man-in-the-middle attacks on position, navigation, and timing services.
Suppression of human microvascular endothelial cell invasion and morphogenesis with synthetic matrixin inhibitors. Targeting angiogenesis with MMP inhibitors.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs, matrixins) are a family of zinc proteinases that digest extracellular matrix and play a very important role in normal development and pathological conditions such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer metastasis. Type IV collagenases (gelatinase A/MMP-2 and gelatinase B/MMP-9) may be critical in the early steps of angiogenesis, the digestion of basement membrane and the migration of endothelial cells from the existing blood vessels. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells were cultured on type I collagen, type IV collagen, and reconstituted basement membrane Matrigel and differentiation was examined in the presence of potent synthetic inhibitors of MMPs. The thiol inhibitor MAG-283 had IC50 values of 480 nM and 3 nM against human interstitial collagenase (MMP-1) and MMP-2, respectively, and KI value of 2.2 nM against MMP-9. The sulfodiimine inhibitor YLL-224 had IC50 values of 180 nM, 63 nM, and 44 nM against MMP-1, -2, and -9, respectively. These inhibitors at very low micromolar concentrations inhibited cell-mediated type I collagen degradation and partially blocked cell invasion through type IV collagen. These inhibitors also suppressed endothelial differentiation, i.e., formation of capillary-like tubes on Matrigel and on type I collagen. These results suggest that collagen-degrading MMPs play an important role during the initiation of angiogenesis.
SWiFT: a feedback control and dynamic reconfiguration toolkit

We introduce SWiFT, a toolkit for building adaptive system software using a control-theoretic approach. SWiFT allows systematic implementation of feedback-control mechanisms. It also provides a framework for composing simple feedback mechanisms that operate within limited domains, and for dynamically reconfiguring them. This composition allows the application to adapt efficiently across a wide range of operating conditions. We describe a streaming application to demonstrate the feasibility of this technology.
Outcome of double‐blind, placebo‐controlled food challenge tests in 107 children with atopic dermatitis

Background and objective Little is known about late phase clinical reactions during oral food challenges and the value of specific IgE in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Methods We therefore analysed retrospectively the clinical outcome of 387 oral provocations during double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge tests in 107 children with atopic dermatitis. Results Eighty-seven (81%) children showed a positive clinical reaction to at least one challenge. The vast majority of children (94%) showed clinical symptoms to one or two allergens. One hundred and thirty-one of 259 (51%) of verum challenges and 1/128 (0.8%) placebo challenge were assessed as positive. Oral provocations with hen's egg showed the highest percentage of positive reactions (70%). Sensitivity of specific IgE to the four allergens tested was 90%, specificity 30%. Sensitivity of the parental history as a predictive factor was 48%, specificity 72%. Ninety-two of 131 (70%) children with positive verum provocations showed early reactions, 33 (25%) late and six (5%) combined early and late reactions. In 84/131 (64%) positive provocations one organ system was involved, while in 44 (34%) provocations two and in three (2%) challenges three organ systems were involved. Skin reactions were the most frequent clinical manifestation leading to positive reactions followed by gastro-intestinal and respiratory symptoms. There was no correlation between titration dose and specific IgE. The subgroup of non-sensitized children did not differ in terms of sex, age or titration dose from the total study population. Conclusion Double-blind, placebo-controlled oral food challenges are helpful in distinguishing children with clinically manifested symptoms from those with food sensitization. Accurately identifying children with a clinical relevant food allergy may help to prescribe specific diets on a scientific basis, avoiding dietary limitations which may be unneccessary or even harmful.
Does the New International Classification of Headache Disorders Will Affect the Prevalence of Aura in Patients with Migraine? (P6.204)

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the new classification of headache disorders affects the prevalence of aura among migraineurs. BACKGROUND: Migraine aura is composed of focal neurological phenomena preceding or accompanying headache. Prevalence of aura in different epidemiologic studies is reportedly between 20-30%, using the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 1st and 2nd editions (ICHD-I and II). In July, 2013, International Classification of Headache Disorders published it’s 3rd edition entitled ICHD-3 beta version , with a few changes. One significant change is the addition of two new types of aura in the category of migraine with aura. Beside visual, sensory, speech/language, and motor auras, brainstem and retinal auras have now been added to this classification. DESIGN/METHODS: 352 patients with migraine who are actively under treatment in a headache clinic by a single headache specialist and classified as having migraine with aura (MA) and without aura (MO) based on ICHD-II, are reevaluated after ICHD-3 is published. Reevaluation was performed by chart review, face to face office visit, and phone interview by the same treating headache specialist. RESULTS: From 352 patients with migraine, 113 patients (32.1%) meet the criteria for MA based on ICHD-II. Using ICHD-3, 48 patients meet the criteria for brainstem aura and 3 patients meet the criteria for retinal aura. 45 of 48 patients with brainstem aura and 2 of 3 patients with retinal aura had at least one of the other types of aura. Therefore, only 4 patients (1.1%) of the MO group using ICHD-II meet the criteria for MA based on ICHD-3. This increases the prevalence of aura from 32.1% to 33.2% in our patient population. CONCLUSIONS: ICHD-3 introduced two new types of aura (brainstem and retinal). However, this likely will not significantly affect the total prevalence of aura, since most patients who have brainstem or retinal auras have at least one of the other types of aura and are already classified in the MA category. Disclosure: Dr. Ansari has received personal compensation for activities with Zogenix, Inc. and Nautilus Neuroscience.
Paired and Interacting Galaxies: Conference Summary

The author gives a summary of the conference proceedings. The conference began with the presentation of the basic data sets on pairs, groups, and interacting galaxies with the latter being further discussed with respect to both global properties and properties of the galactic nuclei. Then followed the theory, modelling and interpretation using analytic techniques, simulations and general modelling for spirals and ellipticals, starbursts and active galactic nuclei. Before the conference the author wrote down the three questions concerning pairs, groups and interacting galaxies that he hoped would be answered at the meeting: (1) How do they form, including the role of initial conditions, the importance of subclustering, the evolution of groups to compact groups, and the fate of compact groups; (2) How do they evolve, including issues such as relevant timescales, the role of halos and the problem of overmerging, the triggering and enhancement of star formation and activity in the galactic nuclei, and the relative importance of dwarf versus giant encounters; and (3) Are they important, including the frequency of pairs and interactions, whether merging and interactions are very important aspects of the life of a normal galaxy at formation, during its evolution, in forming bars, shells, rings, bulges, etc., and in the formation and evolution of active galaxies? Where possible he focuses on these three central issues in the summary.
Superoxide dismutase in Drosophila melanogaster: Mutation site difference between two electromorphs

Two electrophoretically distinguishable variants of superoxide dismutase (SOD) are common in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. We have earlier comparatively characterized these two electromorphs, SODF and SODS. By peptide mapping in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we now show that the difference between the two electromorphs is due to the replacement of Asn-96 (SODF) by Lys-96 (SODS). It is far from clear how this replacement causes the biochemical differences (in thermostability, specific activity, and others) observed between these two forms of the enzyme.
Intelligence Tests and Immigration to the United States, 1900–1940

Measuring innate (genetically determined) mental traits was a major part of the psychometric movement in the early decades of the twentieth century. Low test scores (given as an intelligence quotient, or IQ) were used by eugenicists to lobby in the US Congress for restricting immigration of those claimed to be genetically inferior in IQ. Keywords: intelligence tests; immigration restriction act (Johnson–Reed act); Mendelian genetics; eugenics; feeblemindedness
Are interpersonal skills ratings influenced by gender in a clinical skills assessment using standardized patients

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore possible performance differences in interpersonal skills (IPS) ratings as a function of candidate and standardized patient (SP) gender.
X(3872) diagnostics with decays to D anti-D gamma

It is pointed out that in the decays the possible "molecular" component of the X(3872) should give rise essentially only to a final state with a predictable spectrum, and should yield virtually no contribution to decays into D+D-γ. The latter final state with charged D mesons should however arise from the radiative decays of the short-distance core of the X(3872) through the transition X(3872) → ψ(3770)γ. Thus an observation of the radiative decays of X(3872) to pairs of neutral and charged D mesons would provide an insight into the internal dynamics of the X(3872) resonance.
Further Desensitized FIR Halfband Filters

A halfband filter's sensitivity to coefficient quantization can be significantly reduced by constructing the filter as a cascade of sections. The further desensitized FIR halfband filter presented here has an increased reduction in coefficient sensitivity. This is accomplished by doubling the number of extracted $(1+{\rm z}^{-1})$ blocks in the cascade filter structure. The relationship between the resulting further-desensitized halfband filter's structure and the halfband filter's transfer function is also demonstrated through reasoning, as well as showing the same for the previous desensitized halfband filter, for which the present filter represents an improvement. Further, it is shown how such insensitivity can be exploited in the filter-design process to yield halfband filters with reduced hardware complexity, leading to lower power consumption and/or higher operating speeds.
Linking sourcing and collaborative strategies to financial performance: The role of operational innovation

Abstract In this study we investigate the influence of subcontracting-in production related jobs, outsourcing and collaborations with non-supply chain partners on small manufacturing firms' operational innovation. Further, we investigate the mechanism through which these sourcing and collaborative strategies influence small firm performance by focusing on the potential mediating role of operational innovation in the relationships. The structural equation modeling analysis of data collected from 476 small manufacturing firms, suggests that outsourcing, subcontracting-in, and collaborations with non-supply chain partners are positively related to operational innovation. Further, the structural equation modeling results indicate that operational innovation fully mediates the influence that subcontracting-in has on financial performance but partially mediates the influence of outsourcing and collaborations with non-supply chain partners on small firm financial performance. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
X-ray study of molecular oxygen adsorbed on graphite

Abstract We have performed a detailed X-ray diffraction study of O 2 adsorbed on UCAR-ZYX and Le Carbon Lorraine vermicular exfoliated graphite between 15 and 50 K. At least four phases of physisorbed oxygen are found. The monolayer δ phase consists of a centered parallelogram lattice, with the molecular axes parallel to the graphite surface. The data are consistent with a triple point at 26 K. The melting transition at a coverage of one monolayer appears to be first order. At higher coverages the molecules undergo a lying-down to standing-up transition; the higher coverage ζ phase froms an approximately triangular lattice with the molecular axes perpendicular to the graphite surface. Satellite peaks around the (1, 0) Bragg peak indicate, however, that this cannot be a simple triangular lattice; possible explanations include successively incommensurate layers or a sinusoidal density modulation. For coverages in the two-layer region the ζ phase modulation peaks disappear at 37 K, and at 40 K the adsorbed oxygen appears to undergo a first order melting transition into a fluid phase. With increasing coverage, the 2D X-ray diffraction profiles and phase boundaries do not connect smoothly onto those of the 3D α and β phases. At low temperatures ( T 2 being stable at low temperatures.
A magnetotelluric investigation of the San Andreas Fault at Carrizo Plain, California

High quality, wide-band magnetotelluric data were collected along two profiles crossing the San Andreas fault at Carrizo Plain, California for crustal imaging as part of the San Andreas Deep Drilling Project. Two-dimensional inversions of the data indicate that the upper crustal part of the San Andreas fault does not appear here as an anomalously conductive zone. Additionally, a broad resistive zone under the Temblor Mountains (east of the fault) suggests resistive crystalline or metamorphic rocks may be present here as opposed to the more conducting Franciscan assemblage, contradicting the generally-accepted geologic model.
Minimum Cost Routing on Stochastic Networks

In this paper, we consider the minimum cost transshipment problem in a directed network, having a single source node s with supply S and multiple demand nodes. The arc lengths are independent and exponentially distributed random variables. The cost of shipping is $1/unit flow/unit length, and T is the minimum cost of shipping the S units so as to satisfy all the demands. We construct a continuous time Markov chain with an upper triangular generator matrix such that T equals a particular first passage time in this chain. This fact is used to derive numerically stable algorithms for computing the exact distribution and moments of T.
Myocardial infarction on non-ECG synchronized contrast-enhanced multi-detector computed tomography

To demonstrate that myocardial infarctions can be visualized on non-ECG-synchronized, contrast-enhanced multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). Myocardial infarctions are visible on contrast-enhanced MDCT scans even when cardiac gating is not utilized. Focusing on myocardial enhancement should allow radiologists to play a greater role in the evaluation of cardiac disease.
Protein kinase C beta regulates the D2-Like dopamine autoreceptor

The focus of this study was the regulation of the D2-like dopamine autoreceptor (D2 autoreceptor) by protein kinase Cβ, a member of the protein kinase C (PKC) family. Together with the dopamine transporter, the D2 autoreceptor regulates the level of extracellular dopamine and thus dopaminergic signaling. PKC regulates neuronal signaling via several mechanisms, including desensitizing autoreceptors to increase the release of several different neurotransmitters. Here, using both PKCβ−/− mice and specific PKCβ inhibitors, we demonstrated that a lack of PKCβ activity enhanced the D2 autoreceptor-stimulated decrease in dopamine release following both chemical and electrical stimulations. Inhibition of PKCβ increased surface localization of D2R in mouse striatal synaptosomes, which could underlie the greater sensitivity to quinpirole following inhibition of PKCβ. PKCβ−/− mice displayed greater sensitivity to the quinpirole-induced suppression of locomotor activity, demonstrating that the regulation of the D2 autoreceptor by PKCβ is physiologically significant. Overall, we have found that PKCβ downregulates the D2 autoreceptor, providing an additional layer of regulation for dopaminergic signaling. We propose that in the absence of PKCβ activity, surface D2 autoreceptor localization and thus D2 autoreceptor signaling is increased, leading to less dopamine in the extracellular space and attenuated dopaminergic signaling.
Fabrication and testing of a microneedles sensor array for p-cresol detection with potential biofuel applications.

We present a miniaturized high-throughput sensor array that will augment biofuel technology by facilitating in situ biochemical measurements upon micrometer-scale surfaces of leaves, stems, or petals. We used semiconductor processing to photopattern Foturan glass wafers and fabricated gold-plated microscopic electrode needles (ElectroNeedles) that pierced 125-μm-thick surfaces without deformation. The 5 × 5 or 10 × 10 arrays of ElectroNeedles can analyze 25 or 100 samples simultaneously, increasing throughput. Each microneedle in the array can also be individually addressed and selectively functionalized using diazonium electrodeposition, conferring multiplexing capability. Our microfabrication is a simple, inexpensive, and rapid alternative to the time-, cost-, and protocol-intense, deep-reactive-ion-etching Bosch process. We validated the system performance by electrochemically detecting p-cresol, a phenolic substrate for laccase, an enzyme that is implicated in lignin degradation and therefore importan...
Direction finding using ESPRIT with array manifold interpolation

A direction-finding algorithm employing the technique of array manifold interpolation is proposed for the estimation of directions-of-arrival of multiple narrow-band sources. The algorithm is formulated by applying array manifold interpolation to an ESPRIT-type method. As a result, a virtual array can be interpolated from the data collected from a real array, thereby eliminating the need for two identical arrays as in ESPRIT. Moreover, only a single interpolation matrix for the entire field-of-view is required, thus significantly reducing the computational load of the sector-divided interpolation scheme. Simulation results are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Radiation field in the troposphere and stratosphere—II. Numerical analysis

Abstract The results of calculations of the multiply-scattered solar-induced radiation field in the troposphere and stratosphere are presented for direct application to photochemical models. The enhancement factors due to multiple scattering are given for the heights, solar zenith angles and wavelengths (between 800 and 300 nm) which play a role in the photodissociation of various atmospheric constituents.
Primary events in C. elegans sex determination and dosage compensation.

Abstract An outline of the complex regulatory gene network that controls all aspects of sexual dimorphism in the nematode C. elegans is now known in considerable details. This review describes the genes and gene interactions involved in the coordinate control of sex determination and X chromosome dosage compensation in C. elegans .
Colorimetric Method for Determination of 7-Aminocephalosporanic Acid (7-ACA) and Related Compounds

A reproducible colorimetric method is described for the determination of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) and related compounds.
Changes in Asymbiotic, Heterotrophic Nitrogen Fixation on Leaf Litter of Metrosideros polymorpha with Long-Term Ecosystem Development in Hawaii

We measured nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) of asymbiotic, heterotrophic, nitrogen-fixing bacteria on leaf litter from the tree Metrosideros polymorpha collected from six sites on the Hawaiian archipelago. At all sites M. polymorpha was the dominant tree, and its litter was the most abundant on the forest floor. The sites spanned a soil chronosequence of 300 to 4.1 million y. We estimated potential nitrogen fixation associated with this leaf litter to be highest at the youngest site (1.25 kg ha-1 y-1), declining to between 0.05 and 0.22 kg ha-1 y-1 at the oldest four sites on the chronosequence. To investigate how the availability of weathered elements influences N fixation rates at different stages of soil development, we sampled M. polymorpha leaf litter from complete, factorial fertilization experiments located at the 300-y, 20,000-y and 4.1 million–y sites. At the youngest and oldest sites, nitrogenase activity on leaf litter increased significantly in the plots fertilized with phosphorus and “total” (all nutrients except N and P); no significant increases in nitrogenase activity were measured in leaf litter from treatments at the middle-aged site. The results suggest that the highest rates of N fixation are sustained during the “building” or early phase of ecosystem development when N is accumulating and inputs of geologically cycled (lithophilic) nutrients from weathering are substantial.
Insulin, fat, and bone: multiple interactions lead to complex biology.

Bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) include a population of multipotent cells that, under appropriate conditions, can differentiate along osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, or fibroblastic paths.1 This population can be readily enriched by flow cytometry, using expression of the STRO-1 antigen to sort marrow cells.2 Expression of the transcription factor RUNX2 initiates development along the osteoblastic lineage,3 while transcriptional changes induced by PPARG drives differentiation toward adipogenesis.4 The conditions favoring each of these paths reciprocally inhibits the other in vitro,5 leading to the hypothesis that skewing differentiation toward adipogenesis is one of the mechanisms underlying the observation of increased fracture risk among thiazolidinedione users.
Decision models in population research

The most commonly used decision models in population research are described along with the research they have generated -- subjective expected utility theory cognitive-affective consistency theory and value x expectancy theory. A number of questions remain regarding the validity and generalizability of decision models. Decision models are referred to as rational models and questions have been raised especially in relation to fertility regarding how rational or irrational human behavior is. There are 2 criticisms of a rational approach: 1) people dont engage in decision-making in which the consequences of their acts are considered; and 2) people often have distorted judgments concerning utilities and probabilities associated with different options. 1 strength of research using decision models is that the actual content of cognitions contributing to decisions can be examined. Despite the fact that rational models fail to give the whole picture they do capture an important aspect of human behavior. People are motivated to make the best possible choices. They are limited in doing so by the complexity of situations by conflicting beliefs and motives by misinformation by social constraints and by intrapsychic conflicts.
Image Diffusion In Connection With Robust M-Estimators

Abstract In this paper, we introduce a nonlinear diffusion method for image denoising using robust M-estimators. In the proposed diffusion model, the diffusivity function is replaced by robust M-estimators weight function and the modulus of gradient in a diffusivity function is substituted by the average of local gradient in a 3x3 window. The proposed method is tested on a number of benchmarks and compared to Weickert‘s diffusivity function. The method reports on high visual quality and high PSNR measures compared to Weickert‘s diffusivity.
A Hydrophobic Nanocapsule Controls the Photophysics of Aromatic Molecules by Suppressing Their Favored Solution Pathways

A combination of hydrophobic forces and guest templation drive the assembly of cavitands into molecular capsules. Remarkably, anthracene that dimerizes with unit efficiency in solution does not dimerize within the capsule despite forming 2:2 complex. The capsule allows an unprecedented examination of the anthracene excimer.
Effects of iontophoretically applied serotonin on three classes of physiologically characterized putative pain modulating neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla of lightly anesthetized rats

The importance of the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) in nociceptive modulation is well documented, and several lines of evidence point to a role for serotonin (5HT) in regulating the activity of pain modulating neurons in this region. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of iontophoretically applied 5HT upon the firing of three physiologically defined classes of RVM neurons with distinct roles in pain modulation. The predominant effect across all classes was a facilitation of ongoing or evoked activity. A minority of cells within each class were inhibited by 5HT itself, but agonists at 5HT1 receptor types inhibited the majority of cells tested. The results thus indicate that the behavioral effects of manipulating 5HT within the RVM cannot be attributed to a selective influence on a particular cell class.
Complete relative stereochemistry of multiple stereocenters using only residual dipolar couplings.

Residual dipolar couplings (RDCs), in combination with molecular order matrix calculations, were used to unambiguously determine the complete relative stereochemistry of an organic compound with fi...
Optical Binary Symmetric Logic Functions And Their Applications

The binary symmetric logic function (BSLF), because of its invariance under the permutation of its input variables, is an important class of Boolean logic functions. The diversified BSLF applications include the synthesis of a full adder and subtractor, a text comparator, a median filter, a parity checker, and various threshold elements. The classic BSLF realization uses an array of triangularly interconnected slow-speed electric contact switches. Optical switches, because of their fast switching capability, are excellent candidates for an optical BSLF (OBSLF) implementation. In this paper, various OBSLF architectures are described, together with their applications to optical digital and symbolic computing, data communication, image processing, and neural networks.
Perinatal outcomes in gestational diabetes: a comparison of criteria for diagnosis.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the perinatal outcomes of women after diagnosis of gestational diabetes by the current American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists–National Diabetes Data Group recommendations with outcomes after diagnosis by the American Diabetes Association criteria. Study Design: We identified records of 242 women who had had the standard 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test between 1995 and 1999 at the Regional Medical center in Memphis. Patients were categorized into 1 of 3 groups as follows: euglycemic control subjects (n = 69), subjects with gestational diabetes diagnosed by the National Diabetes Data Group criteria (n = 130), and subjects with gestational diabetes diagnosed by the American Diabetes Association criteria (n = 43). Maternal and infant charts were reviewed. Primary outcomes included frequency of cesarean delivery, preeclampsia, and macrosomia. In univariate analysis the χ 2 test was used to compare group differences, and in multivariate analysis we used stepwise logistic regression and controlled for confounding factors. Results: No differences existed among the 3 groups regarding maternal race, body mass index, history of preeclampsia, or family history of diabetes. The frequency of overall cesarean delivery, of cesarean delivery for macrosomia or arrest disorder, of preeclampsia, and of macrosomia did not differ significantly among the 3 groups. Neonatal hypoglycemia was more frequent in the groups with a diagnosis by the American Diabetes Association criteria (23.3%) and by the National Diabetes Data Group criteria (16.2%) than in the control subjects (7.2%), reaching near significance ( P =.057). In the multivariate analysis, cesarean delivery for macrosomia or an arrest disorder correlated negatively with parity and positively with body mass index. Preeclampsia was associated with African American race and body mass index; macrosomia correlated with a history of macrosomia and familial diabetes. Neonatal hypoglycemia was more common in the American Diabetes Association group (odds ratio, 2.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.004-5.97) and in the insulin-requiring National Diabetes Data Group category (odds ratio, 3.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-11.44). Conclusion: The benefits of defining an additional high-risk population of women with gestational diabetes by the American Diabetes Association criteria are unclear. Further large-scale prospective clinical trials are required. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:1118-21.)
Toward an Aristocracy of Everyone: Policy Study in the High School Curriculum.

Abstract We propose a course of study that would have high school students study and practice a public policy analysis model used by public policy professionals. Presently elected for study by graduate students in public affairs departments, rigorous policy study is saved for the tiny few. This in turn supports a form of democracy where the many are excluded from popular sovereignty. We elaborate the meaning of and rationale for public policy analysis and present a detailed conceptual framework. We argue that competence in this activity by the citizenry as a whole will strengthen popular sovereignty, and we suggest that research and extant curriculum resources generally support the effort.
Recent advances in the genetics of recurrent vertigo and vestibulopathy.

Purpose of reviewTo focus on recent advances in the genetics of recurrent vertigo, with an overview on episodic ataxia, benign recurrent vertigo (mainly migraine-associated vertigo), bilateral vestibulopathy, and Meniere's disease.Recent findingsSince the identification more than a decade ago of the
Chromosome aberrations induced by thymidine.

Chromosome aberrations were observed in several lines of Chinese hamster cells treated with high concentrations (1 mM or greater) of thymidine. Gaps, constrictions, chromatid exchanges and breaks were most frequent, although chromosome breaks and exchanges were also seen. The effect of thymidine was concentration dependent, at least in the range tested (1 to 20 mM). Cells incubated in medium containing 2 mM thymidine did not grow; in medium containing 2 mM thymidine and 10−4 M deoxycytidine, growth was normal. Chromosome aberrations were still observed although at a reduced rate. Chromosome damage appears to be related to interruption of DNA synthesis as well as to DNA synthesis in the presence of an unbalanced pool of nucleosides.
HIV prevention for people who use substances: Evidence-based strategies

Evidence-based strategies to guide HIV prevention for people who use substances can be grouped into approaches that lower infectiousness among substance users living with HIV and those that prevent HIV acquisition among those who are uninfected. Dramatic successes in HIV prevention involving access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), opioid substitution therapies, and needle and syringe exchange programs have reduced both prevalence and incidence in the United States for people who use injection drugs, and modeling studies suggest that scale-up of these approaches will have a parallel impact worldwide. Medical HIV-prevention strategies that reduce infectiousness ("treatment as prevention" or early ART initiation) and that block HIV acquisition (pre-exposure prophylaxis, post-exposure prophylaxis) can constitute key elements of novel combination HIV-prevention approaches to the goals of reducing infectiousness and reducing acquisition of HIV among people who use substances. For individuals who use substances but do not inject, drug dependence treatments as HIV prevention have a meager evidence-base, with most consistent findings being reduction of sexual transmission behaviors that correspond with reductions in substance use, though not with prevention of HIV transmission. This approach may have value, however, when working with groups of substance users who face high rates of HIV prevalence and incidence. Some evidence exists to support HIV prevention interventions that target reduction of sexual risk behaviors in the setting of active stimulant use.
Divided By Borders: Mexican Migrants and Their Children

Joanna Dreby, Divided By Borders: Mexican Migrants and Their Children Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010, 311 pp., £14.95 pb. (ISBN 978-0-520-26090-0) Divided By Borders: Mexican Migran...
Cloning and Mutational Analysis of the γ Gene fromAzotobacter vinelandii Defines a New Family of Proteins Capable of Metallocluster Binding and Protein Stabilization

Abstract Dinitrogenase is a heterotetrameric (α2β2) enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of dinitrogen to ammonium and contains the iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co) at its active site. Certain Azotobacter vinelandii mutant strains unable to synthesize FeMo-co accumulate an apo form of dinitrogenase (lacking FeMo-co), with a subunit composition α2β2γ2, which can be activated in vitro by the addition of FeMo-co. The γ protein is able to bind FeMo-co or apodinitrogenase independently, leading to the suggestion that it facilitates FeMo-co insertion into the apoenzyme. In this work, the non-nif gene encoding the γ subunit (nafY) has been cloned, sequenced, and found to encode a NifY-like protein. This finding, together with a wealth of knowledge on the biochemistry of proteins involved in FeMo-co and FeV-co biosyntheses, allows us to define a new family of iron and molybdenum (or vanadium) cluster-binding proteins that includes NifY, NifX, VnfX, and now γ. In vitro FeMo-co insertion experiments presented in this work demonstrate that γ stabilizes apodinitrogenase in the conformation required to be fully activable by the cofactor. Supporting this conclusion, we show that strains containing mutations in both nafY and nifX are severely affected in diazotrophic growth and extractable dinitrogenase activity when cultured under conditions that are likely to occur in natural environments. This finding reveals the physiological importance of the apodinitrogenase-stabilizing role of which both proteins are capable. The relationship between the metal cluster binding capabilities of this new family of proteins and the ability of some of them to stabilize an apoenzyme is still an open matter.
Spiral-Plate Heat Exchanger Effectiveness With Equal Capacitance Rates

A formula is derived for the dependence of heat exchanger effectiveness on the number of transfer units for a spiral-plate heat exchanger with equal capacitance rates. The difference-differential equations that describe the temperature distributions of the two counter-flowing fluids, neglecting thermal radiation, are solved symbolically to close approximation. Provision is made for offset inlet and exit of the hot and cold fluids at the outer periphery and for large heat transfer coefficients in entrance regions. The peak effectiveness and the number of transfer units at which it occurs are predicted.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
The Attenuation of Sunlight by High-Latitude Clouds: Spectral Dependence and Its Physical Mechanisms

Abstract Measurements of the ground-level solar irradiance from Palmer Station, Antarctica, and Ushuaia, Argentina, reveal a systematic wavelength dependence in the attenuation provided by cloudy skies. As wavelength increases from 350 to 600 nm, the measured cloudy-sky irradiance, expressed as a fraction of the clear-sky value, decreases. Results from Ushuaia for a solar zenith angle of 45° show that a cloudy sky that reduces the spectral irradiance at 500 nm to 50% of that for clear skies is accompanied by irradiances at 350 and 600 nm, which are approximately 59% and 49%, respectively, of the clear sky value. A weaker wavelength dependence appears in the data for Palmer Station. The observed behavior can arise from Rayleigh backscattering of sunlight beneath the cloud, followed by reflection of this upwelling radiation from the cloud base back to the ground. This sequence of events is most effective at short wavelengths and leads to cloudy skies providing less overall attenuation as wavelength decreases.
A novel method to control severe upper GI bleeding from metastatic cancer with a hemostatic sealant: the CoStasis surgical hemostat.

Current affiliations: Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California. Reprint requests: Roy M. Soetikno, MD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave., GI 111, Palo Alto, CA 94305. 37/4/122796 doi:10.1067/mge.2002.122796 A novel method to control severe upper GI bleeding from metastatic cancer with a hemostatic sealant: the CoStasis surgical hemostat
The molecular structure, spin-vibronic energy levels, and thermochemistry of CH3O-

Abstract Ab initio calculations of the molecular structure and thermochemical properties of the methoxy CH3O radical were performed. Partition functions were calculated beyond the ‘standard’ rigid rotor-harmonic oscillator approach by means of the explicit summation of eigenenergies of a spin–vibronic Hamiltonian that included the linear, quadratic, cubic, and quartic Jahn–Teller terms with account for all important anharmonic effects. The heat of formation Δ f H 298.15 K ∘ (CH3O)=23.3±0.9 kJ/mol was evaluated by a study of the reactions of C–H and C–O bond dissociations and atomization of CH3O. Total energies computed with the use of the coupled cluster electron correlation technique CCSD(T) were extrapolated to the complete basis set limit with account for spin–orbit, scalar relativistic, and core–valence correlation corrections.
Effect of onsite Coulomb repulsion on thermoelectric properties of full-Heusler compounds with pseudogaps

Electronic structure calculations using local density and generalized gradient (LDA/GGA) approximations for the full Heusler compound Fe${}_{2}$VAl show that it is a pseudogap (negative gap) system with very small density of states (DOS) at the Fermi level but rapidly rising DOS away from it, a feature that makes this compound a promising thermoelectric material. Thermopower ($S$) measurements in nominally pure and $n$-doped Fe${}_{2}$VAl give indeed large values of $S$ ($\ensuremath{\sim}$$\ensuremath{-}$150 $\ensuremath{\mu}$V/K at 200 K). To improve on the inadequacy of LDA/GGA in handling $d$-electron systems and to understand the origin of large thermopowers measured, we have carried out electronic structure calculations using the $\mathrm{GGA}+U$ method with several values of the on-site Coulomb interaction parameter $U$, including the ones calculated using constrained density functional theory. For the latter, we found Fe${}_{2}$VAl to be a narrow band-gap semiconductor with a gap of 0.55 eV. With the calculated band structures, we have studied the carrier concentration and temperature dependence of $S$ using Boltzmann transport equation in constant relaxation time approximation for both the pseudogap and the gapped cases. Comparison between theory and experiment suggests that neither the pseudogap nor the finite gap (0.55 eV) model can explain all the transport properties consistently. Therefore, treatment of $U$ beyond simple mean-field approach (done in $\mathrm{GGA}+U$) and/or inclusion of defect-induced changes in the host electronic structure might be important in understanding the experiments.
The photochemistry of three tetrachloronaphthalenes

Abstract The regiochemistry of the photolysis of three tetrachloronaphthalenes is sharply dependent upon the presence of triethylamine. Analysis of the steady state kinetics in the presence and absence of quenchers and triethylamine provides a mechanistic rationale in terms of triplet, triplet excimer, and singlet exciplex.