cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The hybrid solution/solid-state NMR method for membrane protein structure determination

This chapter describes a hybrid nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method for the structure determination of membrane proteins. The method consists in combining distance and orientational restraints derived from both solution and solid-state NMR techniques into a hybrid energy function that is minimized using simulated annealing calculations. Using this approach, we are able to determine the structural ensemble, topological orientation, and depth of insertion of membrane proteins in lipid environments. The feasibility of this method is demonstrated for three different single-pass membrane proteins ranging from 3 to 30 kDa in molecular weight. Finally, this chapter provides an overview of the most recent NMR pulse sequences with enhanced sensitivity and resolution that, along with the hybrid method, will extend the spectroscopy of oriented solid-state NMR to larger membrane protein systems.
Hospital emergency department visits by ambulance for nontraumatic tooth pain in the USA.

Objective This study examined the prevalence of ambulance use for nontraumatic tooth pain (NTP) visit to emergency departments (EDs) and the factors associated with ambulance use for NTP in the USA. Materials and methods Data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care survey conducted in the USA from 2003 to 2012 were analyzed. Descriptive statistics were obtained, and multivariable logistic regression was used to determine associations with ambulance use for NTP. Results The total proportion of ED visits due to NTP by ambulance was 1.1%, lowest in 2008 (0.43%) and highest in 2011 (2.28%). The proportion of ED visits due to NTP by ambulance was highest among public insurance enrollees (1.9%), Hispanics (2.3%) and those aged 45-64 years (2.7%). In the multivariable analysis, those aged 45-64 years had approximately four times higher odds of an ED visit for NTP by ambulance compared to those aged 25-44 years. Conclusion This study demonstrates that transport to EDs by ambulance for NTP does occur at a measurable rate and adults aged 45-64 years had significantly higher odds of ED visits for NTP by ambulance.
Joint adaptive pulse compression to enable multistatic radar

The fundamental limitation on the concurrent use of the same spectrum by two or more radars is the cross-correlation between the waveforms employed by the respective radars. The waveform transmitted by each individual radar is reflected by an illuminated range profile and is then received by all of the radars (accounting for aspect angle diversity). The received signal at a given radar is therefore the superposition of the return signals from all radars. Hence the use of standard matched filtering can result in masking that arises from the inherent waveform cross-correlations (in addition to the masking that results from autocorrelation range sidelobes). This paper presents a method for adaptively pulse compressing two or more concurrently received radar return signals that occupy the same portion of the frequency spectrum. The proposed method extends the recently developed concept of Reiterative Minimum Mean-Square Error (RMMSE) estimation to estimate adaptively the appropriate pulse compression filter for each particular range cell of each received radar return signal. The resulting algorithm, denoted as Multistatic Adaptive Pulse Compression (MAPC), effectively mitigates the interference caused by autocorrelation range sidelobes and waveform cross-correlations.
Asymptotic stability of a polar vortex perturbed by harmonic waves describing atmospheric gravity waves circulating in an equatorial plane of a spherical planet

We examine stability of the vortex that represents one particular class of exact solution of a a nonlinear shallow water model describing atmospheric gravity waves circulating in an equatorial plane of a spherical planet. The mathematical model is represented by a two-dimensional free boundary Cauchy–Poisson problem on the nonstationary motion of a perfect uid around a solid circle with a sufficiently large radius so that the gravity is directed to the center of the circle. It is shown that the model admits two functionally independent nonlinear systems of shallow water equations. Two essential parameters that control stability of the vortex for both systems are identified. The order of their importance is analyzed and it is shown that one of the systems is more resistant to small perturbations and remains stable for larger range of these two parameters.
The Perceived Influence of Interactive Technology on Marital Relationships

Interactive technologies (e.g., cell phones, internet, social networking sites) are now a regular part of marital relationships. Relying on an Ecological Systems theoretical framework, the current qualitative priority mixed-methods study was based on 66 heterosexual married couples’ (n = 132 individuals) perspectives regarding the influence of interactive technology on marital relationships. A dyadic qualitative analysis resulted in three themes. First, participants reported that interactive technology can both facilitate distraction and connection. Second, couples indicated that interactive technology allowed them to conveniently communicate. Finally, participants shared that interactive technology can challenge relational boundaries. For this sample, there were no statically significant differences between quantified couple perspectives, but there were some differences in couple qualitative responses.
Structure from Motion: Theoretical Foundations of a Novel Approach Using Custom Built Invariants

We rephrase the problem of 3D reconstruction from images in terms of intersections of projections of orbits of custom built Lie groups actions. We then use an algorithmic method based on moving frames "a la Fels-Olver" to obtain a fundamental set of invariants of these groups actions. The invariants are used to define a set of equations to be solved by the points of the 3D object, providing a new technique for recovering 3D structure from motion.
Trigonometric Extension of the Geometric Correction Factor: Prototype for adding precision to adaptive ray tracing in ENZO

In this paper, we describe a method designed to add precision to radiation simulations in the adaptive mesh refinement cosmological hydrodynamics code ENZO. We build upon the geometric correction factor described in \textit{ENZO+MORAY: radiation hydrodynamics adaptive mesh refinement simulations with adaptive ray tracing} (Wise and Abel 2011) which accounts for partial coverage of a ray's solid angle with a cube. Because of this geometric mismatch in the methods to approximate this, there are artifacts in the radiation field. Here, we address the two-dimensional extension, which acts as a sufficient estimate of the three-dimensional case and, in practice, the Hierarchical Equal Area isoLatitude Pixelization of the sphere (HEALPix) (Gorski 2005). We will demonstrate the value of an extension to the geometric correction factor and lay the groundwork for a future implementation to ENZO to improve simulations of radiation from point sources.
Atomic layer deposition of titanium oxide and nitride on vertically aligned carbon nanotubes for energy dense 3D microsupercapacitors

Abstract This work demonstrates the use of ALD coatings in a full-cell 3D microsupercapacitor (MSC) device for the first time. The novel device design described herein has potential to be exploited for rapid and scalable manufacturing of on-chip MSCs integrated with other electronic devices in standard semiconductor fabs or foundries. In this study, atomic layer deposition (ALD) was used to deposit conformal pseudocapacitive coatings of titanium oxide (TiO2) and titanium nitride (TiN) onto CVD-grown vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) to increase the area-specific capacitance (by 240× and 74× at 0.1 Vs−1 versus the as-deposited VACNT electrode and full-cell VACNT device, respectively) and thus energy density for microscale energy storage applications. The study indicated that combining TiO2 and TiN ALD layers resulted in a multilayered composite coating rich in oxygen vacancies with enhanced capacitance relative to a single TiO2 or TiN layer due to a dynamic surface chemistry that developed during charge-discharge cycling. A key component of this multilayered coating was the formation of titanium oxynitride (TiON) which we attributed to the improved performance. Further, we demonstrated that controlling the thickness and stoichiometric ratio of the TiN-TiO2 composite coating was key to enabling functionality and optimizing the symmetric 3D MSC device performance.
Projecting hospital resource utilization during a surge using parametric bootstrapping

During the initial wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, hospitals took drastic action to ensure sufficient capacity, including canceling or postponing elective procedures, expanding the number of available intensive care beds and ventilators, and creating regional overflow hospital capacity. However, in most locations the actual number of patients did not reach the projected surge leaving available, unused hospital capacity. As a result, patients may have delayed needed care and hospitals lost substantial revenue. These initial recommendations were made based on observations and worst-case epidemiological projections, which generally assume a fixed proportion of COVID-19 patients will require hospitalization and advanced resources. This assumption has led to an overestimate of resource demand as clinical protocols improve and testing becomes more widely available throughout the course of the pandemic. Here, we present a parametric bootstrap model for forecasting the resource demands of incoming patients in the near term, and apply it to the current pandemic. We validate our approach using observed cases at UCLA Health and simulate the effect of elective procedure cancellation against worst-case pandemic scenarios. Using our approach, we show that it is unnecessary to cancel elective procedures unless the actual capacity of COVID-19 patients approaches the hospital maximum capacity. Instead, we propose a strategy of balancing the resource demands of elective procedures against projected patients by revisiting the projections regularly to maintain operating efficiency. This strategy has been in place at UCLA Health since mid-April.
Dissociative symptoms predict risk for the development of PTSD: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study (NHRVS).

Abstract Dissociative symptoms following trauma exposure, such as derealization (i.e., feeling that one's experience is strange and unreal) and depersonalization (i.e., feeling detached from oneself) have been implicated in the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In the current study, we analyzed data from a 3-year prospective cohort study of a nationally representative sample of U.S. veterans to examine whether trait dissociative symptoms, which may impair adaptive emotion regulation following trauma exposure, predict risk for the development of PTSD in trauma-exposed veterans. Results revealed that derealization symptoms predicted a nearly 5-fold increase in relative risk of incident PTSD (relative risk ratio = 4.57, 95% confidence interval = 1.55–13.52), even after adjusting for relevant sociodemographic and trauma-related factors, and severity of PTSD symptoms at baseline. To our knowledge, this study is the first to suggest that trait dissociative symptoms—specifically derealization—may be an important population-based risk factor for the development of PTSD in trauma-exposed U.S. military veterans. These findings add to a body of literature on the prediction of PTSD that largely focuses on stable or immutable risk factors such as sociodemographic and trauma characteristics, or peritraumatic emotional reactions, and underscores the potential clinical utility of assessing, monitoring, and treating derealization symptoms in trauma-exposed U.S. military veterans at risk for PTSD.
Pseudo-Roberts Syndrome: An Entity or Not?

Roberts syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by tetra-phocomelia with abnormalities of ESCO2. We report a male stillborn with tetra-phocomelia and no ESCO2 mutation. Case report: Pre- and p...
Hypomagnesemia and survival in patients with head and neck cancers who received primary concurrent chemoradiation.

BACKGROUND Prior research has confirmed that persistent hypomagnesemia was predictive of shorter survival among patients with ovarian cancer who received carboplatin-based chemotherapy. In the current retrospective study, the authors examined the association between hypomagnesemia and survival in patients with head and neck cancer who received concurrent chemoradiation with weekly infusions of cisplatin and/or carboplatin. METHODS Patients with head and neck cancers who had undergone chemoradiation with cisplatin and/or carboplatin between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2014, were included. Patients were aged ≥18 years with pathology of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, oral cavity, or oropharynx who had received at least 30 fractions of radiotherapy with concurrent weekly cisplatin and/or carboplatin. Pathology features, laboratory results, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, social histories, and survival were recorded. The association between hypomagnesemia and survival was analyzed controlling for known prognostic factors. RESULTS The final cohort consisted of 439 patients with a median age of 59 years. A greater frequency of hypomagnesemia during the treatment course was found to be significantly associated with shorter survival (hazard ratio [HR], 1.13; P = .033) independent of age (HR, 1.65; P = .042), cancer site (nonoropharynx vs oropharynx: HR, 2.15 [P = .003]), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (>1 vs ≤1: HR, 2.64 [P < .001]), and smoking history (smoker vs nonsmoker: HR, 1.88 [P = .012]). In addition, more severe hypomagnesemia was associated with shorter survival compared with the milder form. CONCLUSIONS The frequency and severity of hypomagnesemia during treatment are prognostic of survival for patients with head and neck cancers who are receiving concurrent chemoradiation with cisplatin and/or carboplatin. A prospective study is needed to investigate the impact of the prevention of hypomagnesemia on survival in this patient population.
A framework for signaling throughout the life cycle of Babesia species

Babesia species are tick-borne intracellular parasites that infect the red blood cells of their mammalian host, leading to severe or fatal disease. Babesia spp. infect a wide range of mammalian species and cause a significant economic burden globally, predominantly through disease in cattle. Several Babesia spp. are increasingly being recognized as zoonotic pathogens of humans. Babesia spp. have complex life cycles involving multiple stages in the tick and the mammalian host. The parasite utilizes complex signaling pathways during replication, egress, and invasion in each of these stages. They must also rapidly respond to their environment when switching between the mammalian and tick stages. This review will focus on the signaling pathways and environmental stimuli that Babesia spp. utilize in the bloodstream and for transmission to the tick, with an emphasis on the role of phosphorylation- and calcium-based signaling during egress and invasion. The expanding availability of in vitro and in vivo culture systems, genomes, transcriptomes, and transgenic systems available for a range of Babesia spp. should encourage further biological and translational studies of these ubiquitous parasites.
Dosimetric impact of range uncertainty in passive scattering proton therapy.

Purpose The objective of this study was to investigate the dosimetric impact of range uncertainty in a large cohort of patients receiving passive scatter proton therapy. Methods A cohort of 120 patients were reviewed in this study retrospectively, of which 61 were brain, 39 lung, and 20 prostate patients. Range uncertainties of ±3.5% (overshooting and undershooting by 3.5%, respectively) were added and recalculated on the original plans, which had been planned according to our clinical planning protocol while keeping beamlines, apertures, compensators, and dose grids intact. Changes in the coverage on CTV and DVH for critical organs were compared and analyzed. Correlation between dose change and minimal distance between CTV and critical organs were also investigated. Results Although CTV coverages and maximum dose to critical organs were largely maintained for most brain patients, large variations over 5% were still observed sporadically. Critical organs, such as brainstem and chiasm, could still be affected by range uncertainty at 4 cm away from CTV. Coverage and OARs in lung and prostate patients were less likely to be affected by range uncertainty with very few exceptions. Conclusion The margin recipe in modern TPS leads to clinically acceptable OAR doses in the presence of range uncertainties. However, range uncertainties still pose a noticeable challenge for small but critical serial organs near tumors, and occasionally for large parallel organs that are located distal to incident proton beams.
An Immersive Visual Analytics Platform for Multidimensional Dataset

Virtual Reality is a budding new medium of interaction, but ways in which to use it for data analytics are not immediately obvious. Through our research, we investigated new and useful ways to view multidimensional data in a virtual environment. In this paper, we present a virtual laboratory with collaborative visualizations in different spaces. We focused on geographic view in the center of the room by utilizing spatial freedom in Virtual Reality, which informed both the geographic visualization and time series data. Through this laboratory and the collaborative visualizations housed within, we believe we’ve found a novel way to interpret data in Virtual Reality.
Cotton responses to nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and temperature interactions

Several studies were conducted to evaluate how increases in the global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] and temperature affect growth and development rates, dry matter production, photosynthesis, and water use efficiency of cotton and how these responses are influenced by leaf N levels. In one study, cotton (cv. DPL 50) plants were grown at four temperatures (20/12, 25/17, 30/22, and 35/27°C day/night) until harvest at 70 days after emergence (DAE). Each temperature treatment was combined with [CO2] of 350 or 700 µL L-1. In another study, cotton (cv. DES 119) grown at two [CO2] received five N treatments (0, 1, 2, 6, and 10 mM NO3 - in Hoagland’s nutrient solution) at 17 DAE and every 2 days thereafter. Canopy gross photosynthetic rates increased with increasing [CO2] and temperature. The increased photosynthesis resulted in higher plant growth and dry matter accumulation rates except at the highest temperature. At 70 DAE, the maximum canopy dry matter accumulation rate occurred in 30/22°C. The 35/27°C treatment induced fruit abortion, resulting in greater dry matter accumulation in vegetative structures. Increases in plant dry weights by CO2 enrichment were greater in the two high temperature regimes than in the two lower temperature regimes. Water-use efficiency increased with increased [CO2] and decreased with increased temperature. Increases in water-use efficiency were due mainly to increased photosynthesis and partly to reduced canopy transpiration. Increase in leaf N concentration increased cotton photosynthesis and vegetative growth rates, and the increases were higher at 700 µL L-1 than at 350 µL L-1 [CO2].
A Virtue Less Cloistered: Courts, Speech and Constitutions

Whilst paying lip service to the importance of public access to court proceedings and its corollary of unfettered media reporting,a trawl through common law jurisdictions reveals that judges and legislators have been responsible for substantial inroads into the ideal of open justice. Outside of the US, judges and legislators have long subordinated media freedom to report and comment upon matters relating to the administration of justice in order to safeguard the fairness of individual proceedings, public confidence in the administration of justice more generally or even individual privacy concerns. The subject matter of this book is a comparative treatment of constitutional protection for open justice. Focusing on developments in the legal systems of the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada and Australia, the monograph draws upon the constitutionalization of expression interests across the common law world to engage in a much needed re-assessment of the basis and extent of permissible restraints on speech.
The Theory of Data Dependencies - An Overview

Dependencies are certain sentences of first-order logic that are of special interest for database theory and practice. There has been quite a bit of research in the last decade in investigating dependencies. A selective overview of this research is presented. In particular, the focus is on the implication problem for dependencies, and on issues related to the universal relation model.
Shape sensitivity and reliability analyses of linear-elastic cracked structures

This paper presents a new method for continuum-based shape sensitivity and reliability analyses of a crack in a homogeneous, isotropic, and linear-elastic body subject to mode-I loading. The method involves the material derivative concept of continuum mechanics, domain integral representation of the J-integral, and direct differentiation. Unlike virtual crack extension techniques, no mesh perturbation is needed in the proposed sensitivity analysis method. Since the governing variational equation is differentiated prior to the process of discretization, the resulting sensitivity equations are independent of any approximate numerical techniques, such as the finite element method, boundary element method, or others. Numerical results show that the maximum error in calculating the sensitivity of Jusing the proposed method is less than three percent. Based on continuum sensitivities, the first-order reliability method was formulated to conduct probabilistic fracture-mechanics analysis. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed sensitivity equations for probabilistic analysis. Since all gradients are calculated analytically, the reliability analysis of cracks can be performed efficiently.
At Home in the Hoosier Hills: Agriculture, Politics, and Religion in Southern Indiana, 1810–1870

Review of: "At Home in the Hoosier Hills: Agriculture, Politics, and Religion in Southern Indiana, 1810–1870," by Richard F. Nation.
Psychometric Properties of the Embedded and Stand-Alone Versions of the MMPI-2 Keane PTSD Scale

This study investigated the comparability of the embedded and stand-alone versions of the Keane Posttraumatic Stress Disorder scale (PK scale) of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). Participants were 123 Vietnam theater veterans, 68 of whom (55%) were diagnosed with war zone-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In separate testing sessions scheduled two to three days apart, all participants first completed the full MMPI-2 followed by the 46 PK scale items administered in a stand-alone format. Sixty participants completed the stand-alone version again in a third session. In addition, all participants were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID), including the PTSD module, and completed a number of other questionnaire measures of combat exposure and PTSD. Results indicated that the embedded and stand-alone versions of the MMPI-2 PK scale are quite comparable in terms of mean scores, internal consistency, convergent validity, and diagnostic utility...
The Stitches Stayed: Creating Rapport around Women's Work

Establishing rapport between researcher and participants when conducting ethnography is essential to the successful outcome of the research. However, when participants are unwilling to engage, a different approach must be adopted. This article is an examination of the appropriation of a situated learning model during fieldwork with a group of female quilters in rural North Carolina. Using this model, and emphasizing the passing of knowledge from masters to novice, provides a successful framework for establishing and maintaining the research relationship. [situated learning, quilting, Appalachia, rapport]
A universal test sequence for CMOS scan registers

A systematic method for analyzing all possible faults within the scan path of a scan-based CMOS circuit is given. The analysis shows that both logic and current monitoring are necessary in order to detect all irredundant faults. A universal test sequence is derived based on the analysis of single bridging faults. This sequence also detects all irredundant stuck-at and stuck-open faults. SPICE simulations show that CSM (current supply monitoring) method is an effective method for detecting some bridging faults. >
Adrenocortical response and regional T-lymphocyte activation patterns following minimally invasive surgery in a rat model

Background: Laparoscopic surgery is associated with less tissue trauma and postoperative pain as well as a more rapid recovery than open surgery. We hypothesized that these factors may result in less immune impairment following laparoscopic surgery.
Mortality and skin transplantability in x-irradiated mice receiving isologous, homologous or heterologous bone marrow.

SummaryThe degree and duration of protection afforded by isologous, homologous and heterologous sources of bone marrow administered after lethal doses of x-irradiation in mice was directly proportional to the closeness of genetic relationship of the marrow donor to the irradiated mice. Uninijected controls were all dead by the 12th day. Mouse marrow from the same strain or from an F1 hybrid of the irradiated strain, or from a foreign strain, all gave excellent and essentially equal protection as late as 21 days post-irradiation. While mice receiving marrow from the same strain remained well protected beyond 100 days, those receiving marrow from a foreign strain showed considerable late mortality between the 21st and 60th days. Mortality in mice receiving F1 hybrid marrow was intermediate at 60 days. Guinea pig and rabbit marrow elicited a very low degree and duration of protection. Rat marrow permitted 55% of the irradiated mice to survive beyond the longest survival of the untreated controls. The duratio...
Fostering Collaboration With Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Families of Children With Moderate to Severe Disabilities

In this review, challenges to family-school collaboration and a framework describing how special educators can foster a climate of collaboration with culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) families of children with moderate to severe disabilities are described. Conditions for collaboration in this circumstance require that educators understand how they, as agents of schools, accept a CLD community's culture, power, and knowledge in the school context and how they align their own values and beliefs, as well as the school's policies and practices, to the communities they serve. Included is a critical analysis of relevant literature through which we identify factors that facilitate school-family collaboration and can be used to guide special educators in identifying practices either fostering or precluding authentic collaboration.
Posttraumatic Stress, Problem Drinking, and Functional Outcomes After Injury

Hypothesis: Patients undergoing trauma surgery for injury who have subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or problem drinking will demonstrate significant impairments in functional outcomes compared with patients without these disorders. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Level I academic trauma center. Participants: One hundred one randomly selected survivors of intentional and unintentional injuries were interviewed while hospitalized and again 1 year later. The investigation achieved a 73% 1-year follow-up rate. Main Outcome Measures: Posttraumatic stress disorder was assessed with the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist and problem drinking was assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test. Functional status was assessed with the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey. Results: One year after injury, 30% of patients (n=22) met symptomatic criteria for PTSD and 25% (n=18) had AlcoholUseDisorderIdentificationTestscoresindicativeofproblem drinking. Patients with PTSD demonstrated significant adverse outcomes in 7 of the 8 domains of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey compared with patients without PTSD. In multivariate models that adjusted for injury severity, chronic medical conditions, age, sex, preinjury physical function, and alcohol use, PTSD remained the strongest predictor of an adverse outcome. Patients with problem drinking did not demonstrate clinically or statistically significant functional impairment compared with patients without problem drinking. Conclusions: Posttraumatic stress disorder persisted in 30% of patients 1 year after traumatic injury and was independently associated with a broad profile of functional impairment. The development of treatment intervention protocols for trauma patients with PTSD is warranted.
Using qualitative data from a program director's evaluation form as an outcome measurement for medical school.

ABSTRACTBackground: Medical education programs need outcome measurements to promote curriculum improvement and to help meet accreditation standards. Purpose: Determine the added value of qualitative comments written by program directors (PDs) in response to a survey concerning first postgraduate year (PGY-1) graduates. We hypothesized that these comments would serve as an additional outcome measurement for our graduates, adding information not readily captured in numeric data. Methods: PD evaluation form surveys from 1993–2002. All qualitative comments offered in response to free text questions were coded and compared with numeric ratings. Results: A total of 1,247 surveys were included (80% response rate). Comments about specific graduates were coded as positive, negative, or neutral and were categorized into themes. Inter-rater reliability was high (κ = 0.82). Compared with 4% of graduates who received one or more numeric ratings of less than satisfactory, 7% had one or more qualitative phrases classifi...
Structure of ten free N-glycans in ripening tomato fruit. Arabinose is a constituent of a plant N-glycan.

The concentration-dependent stimulatory and inhibitory effect of N-glycans on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit ripening was recently reported (B. Priem and K.C. Gross [1992] Plant Physiol 98: 399–401). We report here the structure of 10 free N-glycans in mature green tomatoes. N-Glycans were purified from fruit pericarp by ethanolic extraction, desalting, concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography, and amine-bonded silica high performance liquid chromatography. N-Glycan structures were determined using 500 MHz 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and glycosyl linkage methylation analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A novel arabinosyl-containing N-glycan, Man[alpha]1->6(Ara[alpha]1-> 2)Man[beta]1-> 4GlcNAc[beta]1->4(Fuc[alpha]1->3)GlcNAc, was purified from a retarded concanavalin A fraction. The location of the arabinosyl residue was the same as the xylosyl residue in complex N-glycans. GlcNAc[5[prime]]Man3(Xyl)GlcNAc(Fuc)GlcNAc and GlcNAc[5[prime]]Man2GlcNAc(Fuc)GlcNAc were also purified from the weakly retained fraction. The oligomannosyl N-glycans Man5GlcNAc, Man6GlcNAc, Man7GlcNAc, and Man8GlcNAc were purified from a strongly retained concanavalin A fraction. The finding of free Man5GlcNAc in situ was important physiologically because previously we had described it as a promoter of tomato ripening when added exogenously. Mature green pericarp tissue contained more than 1 [mu]g of total free N-glycan/g fresh weight. Changes in N-glycan composition were determined during ripening by comparing glycosyl and glycosyl-linkage composition of oligosaccharidic extracts from fruit at different developmental stages. N-Glycans were present in pericarp tissue at all stages of development. However, the amount increased during ripening, as did the relative amount of xylosyl-containing N-glycans.
Do gut microbial communities differ in pediatric IBS and health

Human gastrointestinal microbial communities are recognized as important determinants of the host health and disease status. We have recently examined the distal gut microbiota of two groups of children: healthy adolescents and those diagnosed with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We have revealed the common core of phylotypes shared among all children, identified genera differentially abundant between two groups and surveyed possible relationships among intestinal microbial genera and phylotypes. In this article we explored the use of supervised and unsupervised ordination and classification methods to separate and classify child fecal samples based on their quantitative microbial profile. We observed sample separation according to the participant health status, and this separation could often be attributed to the abundance levels of several specific microbial genera. We also extended our original correlation network analysis of the relative abundances of bacterial genera across samples and determined possible association networks separately for healthy and IBS groups. Interestingly, the number of significant genus abundance associations was drastically lower among the IBS samples, which can potentially be attributed to the existence of multiple routes to microbiota disbalance in IBS or to the loss of microbial interactions during IBS development.
Drug dosage and remission duration in childhood lymphocytic leukemia.

Children with acute lymphocytic leukemia in complete remission were randomized between 2 combination chemotherapy schedules for continuation of their remissions. One group received full dosage of 4 antileukemic drugs, and the other received half dosage of the same compounds. Median durations of complete remission and of hematologic remission were longer in the full-dosage than half-dosage group. Four out of 21 patients in the full-dosage group continue in their initial complete remission for 40 to 48 months and have been off treatment for 3 months to 1 year. Nine in the full-dosage group and 4 in the half-dosage group remain in continuous hematologic remission for 40 to 55 months. Review of results of previous combination chemotherapy studies of childhood lymphocytic leukemia at this hospital indicated a 17 per cent 5-year leukemia-free survival rate.
ATP Binding, Not Hydrolysis, at the First Nucleotide-binding Domain of Multidrug Resistance-associated Protein MRP1 Enhances ADP·Vi Trapping at the Second Domain

Multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1) transports solutes in an ATP-dependent manner by utilizing its two nonequivalent nucleotide binding domains (NBDs) to bind and hydrolyze ATP. We found that ATP binding to the first NBD of MRP1 increases binding and trapping of ADP at the second domain (Hou, Y., Cui, L., Riordan, J. R., and Chang, X. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 5110-5119). These results were interpreted as indicating that the binding of ATP at NBD1 causes a conformational change in the molecule and increases the affinity for ATP at NBD2. However, we did not distinguish between the possibilities that the enhancement of ADP trapping might be caused by either ATP binding alone or hydrolysis. We now report the following. 1) ATP has a much lesser effect at 0 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. 2) After hexokinase treatment, the nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue, adenyl 5'-(yl iminodiphosphate), does not enhance ADP trapping. 3) Another nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue, adenosine 5'-(beta,gamma-methylene)triphosphate, whether hexokinase-treated or not, causes a slight enhancement. 4) In contrast, the hexokinase-treated poorly hydrolyzable ATP analogue, adenosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate) (ATPgammaS), enhances ADP trapping to a similar extent as ATP under conditions in which ATPgammaS should not be hydrolyzed. We conclude that: 1) ATP hydrolysis is not required to enhance ADP trapping by MRP1 protein; 2) with nucleotides having appropriate structure such as ATP or ATPgammaS, binding alone can enhance ADP trapping by MRP1; 3) the stimulatory effect on ADP trapping is greatly diminished when the MRP1 protein is in a "frozen state" (0 degrees C); and 4) the steric structure of the nucleotide gamma-phosphate is crucial in determining whether binding of the nucleotide to NBD1 of MRP1 protein can induce the conformational change that influences nucleotide trapping at NBD2.
Dopamine-mediated modulation of odour-evoked amygdala potentials during pavlovian conditioning

Pavlovian conditioning results when an innocuous stimulus, such as an odour, is paired with a behaviourally relevant stimulus, such as a foot-shock, so that eventually the former stimulus alone will elicit the behavioural response of the latter. The lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LAT) is necessary for the emotional memory formation in this paradigm. Enhanced neuronal firing in LAT to conditioned stimuli emerge in parallel with the behavioural changes and are dependent on local dopamine. To study the changes in neuronal excitability and synaptic drive that contribute to the pavlovian conditioning process, here we used in vivo intracellular recordings to examine LAT neurons during pavlovian conditioning in rats. We found that repeated pairings of an odour with a foot-shock resulted in enhanced post-synaptic potential (PSP) responses to the odour and increased neuronal excitability. However, a non-paired odour displayed PSP decrement. The dopamine antagonist haloperidol blocked the PSP enhancement and associated increased neuronal excitability, without reversing previous conditioning. These results demonstrate that conditioning and habituation processes produce opposite effects on LAT neurons and that dopamine is important in these events, consistent with its role in emotional memory formation.
Dimensions of Enforcement Style: Factoring in Regulatory Autonomy and Capacity

This article explores how the concept of enforcement style can be adapted to be more analytically useful in the study of regulatory behavior and its effects in developing countries. In its first part, the article sets forth a dimensional conception of enforcement style and suggests two new dimensions to incorporate the variations in the autonomy and capacity of regulatory agencies that are so significant in developing countries. In its second part, the article uses this analytical framework to compare the enforcement styles of state environmental agencies in two Brazilian states, Sao Paulo and Para.
Fiscal policy, welfare, and employment with perfect foresight

Abstract The long-run feasibility of expansionary fiscal policy is analyzed in a “fix price” economy under the assumption that individuals are altruistic and have rational expectations. It is found that exclusive reliance on interest bearing debt is a feasible policy only if money is an inferior good. However, feasibility is ensured if the bonds to money ratio is not higher than a certain critical level.
Multiplicities of Pfaffian intersections, and the Łojasiewicz inequality

An effective estimate for the local multiplicity of a complete intersection of complex algebraic and Pfaffian varieties is given, based on a local complex analog of the Rolle-Khovanskii theorem. The estimate is valid also for the properly defined multiplicity of a non-isolated intersection. It implies, in particular, effective estimates for the exponents of the polar curves, and the exponents in the Łojasiewicz inequalities for Pfaffian functions. For the intersections defined by sparse polynomials, the multiplicities outside the coordinate hyperplanes can be estimated in terms of the number of non-zero monomials, independent of degrees of the monomials.
Systemic arterial pH servocontrolled ventilator simulation of the respiratory control system.

The terminology ‘isocapnic hypernea’ has been used to describe the ability of the respiratory control system to increase ventilation in response to inhalation of low levels of CO2 without an apparent change in the error signal (arterial pH or PCO2). Recently a control system for the systemic arterial pH (pHa) servocontrol of mechanical ventilation has been developed. The combination of proportional and integral control used produced a system by which the desired set point was maintained with virtually a zero steady-state error. The purpose of these experiments was to use this system to produce isocapnic hyperpnea in response to low levels of inspired CO2 and thus to demonstrate how, through integral control, a biological system could produce a particular response without an apparent change in the controlled variable. Adding 1.0 to 3.5% CO2 to the inspired gas of dogs connected to the pHa servocontrolled ventilator produced increases in minute ventilation with little or no change in pHa or PaCO2. Whether such a control system has any relevance to the physiological control system is questionable. It does however allow a unique way of investigating the possibilities by which the physiological system may work.
Anderson receives 1994 Ocean Sciences Award

The 1994 Ocean Sciences Award, given by AGU for outstanding and longstanding service to the ocean sciences, was presented to Neil R. Andersen at the AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting, February 21–25, 1994, in San Diego, Calif. The award citation and Anderson's response are given here.
Conflict Policy and Advertising Agency-Client Relations: The Problem of Competing Clients Sharing a Common Agency

Conflict Policy and Advertising Agency–Client Relations: The Problem of Competing Clients Sharing a Common Agency
Kinetics of compositional ripening in emulsions stabilized with nonionic surfactants

The rates of solubilization of single n-decane/squalane drops were measured in solutions of the pure nonionic surfactant C12E8 containing different amounts of solubilized decane at 22°C. Solubilization of squalane was negligible for these conditions. The results showed that mass-transfer rates of decane were controlled by interfacial phenomena, not by diffusion in the micellar solution, when transfer was either from drop to solution or vice versa. Good agreement with experimental data was obtained by using a model which assumed that the decane/squalane drops were ideal solutions. This model based on interface-controlled mass transfer was extended to describe the behavior of mixed emulsions stabilized with nonionic surfactants. Predictions of time variation of drop sizes for a particular mixed emulsion studied by B. P. Binks et al. [Langmuir14, 5402 (1998)] were in better agreement with the experimental data than those of the authors' model based on diffusion control.
Smooth massless limit of QED

Abstract Massless QED is studied by introducing different regularization schemes for the resulting mass singularities. It is demonstrated, for the one-loop corrections to electron scattering off an external potential, that cancellation of regulator-dependent finite parts within a Lee and Nauenberg (LN) set renders the observable process unique, thus establishing existence of its smooth massless limit.
3D in vivo ARFI imaging: Prostate cancer sensitivity

Imaging tools that reliably visualize prostate cancer (PCa) are increasingly needed in the urological community. The objective of this research was to evaluate the ability of Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) imaging to localize PCa in 29 patients with biopsy-confirmed PCa who underwent radical prostatectomy and whole mount histopathology analysis. B-mode, ARFI imaging and whole mount histopathology volumes were acquired for each patient. Regions of suspicion (ROS) for PCa were reader-identified in ARFI images based on boundary delineation, contrast, texture and location, and compared to lesions identified in histopathology. ARFI imaging identified a total of 29 ROSs, 27 of which were correctly identified as cancer (PPV: 93%). ARFI imaging's overall sensitivity was 55%; however, there was significant variation in sensitivity depending on lesion type. We found that ARFI imaging was much more sensitive to posterior lesions (63%) than anterior lesions (12.5%). Posterior index lesions were identified with greater sensitivity (81%) than clinically-insignificant lesions (33%).
An input interface for a real-time digital sound generation system

A man/computer input interface is described in this paper. This interface allows human control of the frequency, amplitude, spectral content and envelope of real-time sound production.The interface consists of a two-dimensional array of keys for entering data, latches and comparators to signal changes in key depression, hardware for scanning the keyboard and address generation logic. Both the fundamental frequency represented by each key column and the harmonics of each frequency—represented by each element in the column—are programmable. Amplitude and envelope are software controlled.Applications of the interface instrument range From music composition to clinical use in auditory testing. The interface is part of an electronic sound generation system presently being designed and constructed.
Stereoscopic observations of hurricanes and tornadic thunderstorms from geosynchronous satellites

Results are presented which show the application of GOES stereoscopy to the investigation of hurricanes and tornadic thunderstorms. Stereo cloud top height contour maps were constructed to observe the structural evolution of two hurricanes, Frederic on September 12, 1979 and Allen on August 8, 1980, and a tornadic thunderstorm complex over Oklahoma on May 2-3, 1979. Stereo height contours of Hurricane Allen reveal a very intense and symmetric storm with a circular shaped central dense overcast with an average height of 16.5 km. Contours of Hurricane Frederic reveal a preferred region for convection with an explosive exhaust tower attaining a maximum height of 17.8 km. Also presented is a technique for estimating tropical cyclone intensity using GOES stereo height and IR temperature information. Results indicate vertical motions ranging from 4.4 m/s for a moderate storm to 7.7 m/s for an intense storm.
Interactions of electronically excited tetraphenyl-porphyrin (TPP) with trivalent lanthanide ions in DMF☆

Abstract The fluorescence emission arising from the lowest excited state of TPP in DMF(S 1 ) is quenched by about 17–33% in the presence of 3–5 mM of Ln 3+ ions and levels off. It is attributed to induced system crossing ( k ≈ 1.8 × 10 7 s −1 ), oxidative electron transfer ( k = 1.5 × 10 7 s −1 for Eu 3+ ) and electronic excitation energy transfer ( k = 6.1 × 10 8 M −1 s −1 for Tm 3+ ).
A randomized controlled pilot trial of classroom-based mindfulness meditation compared to an active control condition in sixth-grade children ☆

The current study is a pilot trial to examine the effects of a nonelective, classroom-based, teacher-implemented, mindfulness meditation intervention on standard clinical measures of mental health and affect in middle school children. A total of 101 healthy sixth-grade students (55 boys, 46 girls) were randomized to either an Asian history course with daily mindfulness meditation practice (intervention group) or an African history course with a matched experiential activity (active control group). Self-reported measures included the Youth Self Report (YSR), a modified Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Measure -Revised. Both groups decreased significantly on clinical syndrome subscales and affect but did not differ in the extent of their improvements. Meditators were significantly less likely to develop suicidal ideation or thoughts of self-harm than controls. These results suggest that mindfulness training may yield both unique and non-specific benefits that are shared by other novel activities.