cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic design of a deformable mirror with low-order wavefront compensation capability

Hossein MoiniCalifornia State University, FullertonDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringFullerton, California 92634E-mail: moini@fullerton.eduAbstract. Deformable mirrors have been considered deﬁcient for low-order-mode corrections such as tilt jitter. New materials and advancedcomputational procedures have made it possible to design a mirror tosatisfy both stroke and bandwidth requirements for different aberrationorders. Optimization techniques are applied to the systematic design of amultilayered deformable mirror composed of a bimorph polyvinylideneﬂuoride (PVDF) piezoelectric material. The deﬂection-bandwidth productis chosen as the ﬁgure of merit and maximized through the optimizationprocess. Equations for the generated moment, stroke, frequency, andstress in a multilayered plate are identiﬁed. The limits on system perfor-mance are considered and treated as the design constraints. The designvariables are chosen to be the geometrical dimensions of each layer andthe applied electric ﬁeld to the piezoelectric material. Discussion is pre-sented on design, mathematical modeling, computer implementation,and application to a test model. The speciﬁcations are provided for amirror with low-order wavefront correction capability. The successful pro-cedure and results establish a basis for a general approach for the de-sign of deformable mirrors of any shape. © 1996 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Skeletal muscle regulates extracellular potassium.

Maintaining extracellular fluid (ECF) K+ concentration ([K+]) within a narrow range is accomplished by the concerted responses of the kidney, which matches K+ excretion to K+ intake, and skeletal m...
A Contribution to Our Knowledge of Tu-chung — Eucommia Ulmoides

Tu-chung is an officinal herbal drug of traditional Chinese medicine. It is obtained from the bark of Eucommia ulmoides. Since time immemorial the Chinese people have used it as a revitalizing and rejuvenating agent. Modern investigators in China found its antihypertensive action and this property has been confirmed by scientists outside of China. In this article, basic information for an understanding of tu-chung obtained from ancient Chinese records and modern reports of various investigators in several disciplines of plant sciences, and of physiologists, pharmacologists, physicians, and phytochemists, is presented. The author suggests that eucommia should be used only for the common name of the plant, and tu-chung be used for the drug. Eucommia is now widely cultivated in arboreta and botanical gardens as a rare plant outside of China. In China and the Soviet Union, plantations of eucommia are operated under government management for the production of gutta-percha. The author advocates that eucommia should be taken out of gardens and research laboratories and be put into plantations for the production of a safe antihypertensive natural drug. As by-products of the manufacture of the hypotensive product, a useful gum for industry, fine quality wood suitable for wooden shoes and clogs, and a high grade oil from the seed will make the cultivation of eucommia very rewarding.
Entropy production in flames

Abstract Thermodynamic foundations of the thermal entropy production are rested on the concept of lost heat, ( Q T ) δT. The thermomechanical entropy production is shown to be in terms of the lost heat and the lost work as δS 8 = 1 T Q T δT+δW l where the second term in brackets denotes the lost (dissipated) work into heat. The dimensionless number Πs describing the local entropy production s‴ in a quenched flame is found to be Πs∼(Ped0)−2, where Π s = s‴l 2 k , l = α S u 0 (a characteristic length), k thermal conductivity, α thermal diffusivity, Su0 the adiabatic laminar flame speed at the unburned gas temperature, Pe d 0 = S u 0 D α the flame Peclet number, and D the quench distance. The tangency condition ∂ Pe d 0 ∂θ p = 0 , where θ b = T b T b 0 , Tb and Tb0 denoting, respectively, the burned gas (nonadiabatic) and adiabatic flame temperatures, is related to an extremum in entropy production. The distribution of entropy production between the flame and burner is shown in terms of the burned gas temperature and the distance from the burner.
A Century of Climate Change for Fairbanks, Alaska

Climatological observations are available for Fairbanks, Interior Alaska, for up to 100 years. This is a unique data set for Alaska, insofar as it is of relatively high quality and without major breaks. Applying the best linear fit, we conclude that the mean annual temperature rose from -3.6°C to -2.2°C over the century, an increase of 1.4°C (compared to 0.8°C worldwide). This comparison clearly demonstrates the well-known amplification or temperature change for the polar regions. The observed temperature increase is neither uniform over the time period nor uniform throughout the course of a year. The winter, spring, and summer seasons showed a temperature increase, while autumn showed a slight decrease in temperature. For many activities, the frequencies of extremes are more important than the average values. For example, the frequency of very low temperatures (below -40°C, or -40°F) has decreased substantially, while the frequency of very high temperatures (above 26.7°C, or 80°F) increased only slightly. Finally, the length of the growing season increased substantially (by 45%) as a result of an earlier start in spring and a later first frost in autumn. Precipitation decreased for Fairbanks. This is a somewhat counter-intuitive result, as warmer air can hold more water vapor. The date of the establishment of the permanent snow cover in autumn showed little change; however, the melting of the snow cover now occurs earlier in the spring, a finding in agreement with the seasonal temperature trends. The records for wind, atmospheric pressure, humidity, and cloudiness are shorter, more broken, or of lower quality. The observed increase in cloudiness and the decreasing trend for atmospheric pressure in winter are related to more advection and warmer temperatures during this season.
Child Abuse: Growth Failure, IQ Deficit, and Learning Disability:

Behavior that has been criminalized makes criminals not only of those who practice it but also of professionals who fail to report their knowledge of it. Professionals have invented the bastard science of victimology in which, by focusing on the victims and handing the offenders over to the law, they miss the scientific opportunity to discover the cause and prevention of the offense. Evidence of child abuse and neglect as a primary cause of permanent IQ impairment and learning disability, though long known, has been largely disregarded in favor of hereditary and quasineurological theories of etiology. There is a syndrome, namely abuse dwarfism (also known as psychosocial dwarfism), in which growth in stature and pubertal physique, growth in intelligence, and growth and maturation of behavior all are retarded and even permanently impaired in response to child abuse and neglect. Early rescue into a nonabusive environment permits catch-up growth, whereas delayed rescue hinders it, with consequent persistent ...
Non-Thermal Plasma System Development for CIDI Exhaust Aftertreatment

There is a need for an efficient, durable technology to reduce NOx emissions from oxidative exhaust streams such as those produced by compression-ignition, direct injection (CIDI) diesel or lean-burn gasoline engines. A partnership formed between the DOE Office of Advanced Automotive Technology, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the USCAR Low Emission Technologies Research and Development Partnership is evaluating the effectiveness of a non-thermal plasma in conjunction with catalytic materials to mediate NOx and particulate emissions from diesel fueled light duty (CIDI) engines. Preliminary studies showed that plasma-catalyst systems could reduce up to 70% of NOx emissions at an equivalent cost of 3.5% of the input fuel in simulated diesel exhaust. These studies also showed that the type and concentration of hydrocarbon play a key role in both the plasma gas phase chemistry and the catalyst surface chemistry. More recently, plasma/catalyst systems have been evaluated for NOx reduction and particulate removal on a CIDI engine. Performance results for select plasma-catalyst systems for both simulated and actual CIDI exhaust will be presented. The effect of NOx and hydrocarbon concentration on plasma-catalyst performance will also be shown. SAE Paper SAE-2000-01-1601 {copyright} 2000 SAE International. This paper is published on this website with permission from SAE International. As a user of this website, you are permitted to view this paper on-line, download this pdf file and print one copy of this paper at no cost for your use only. The downloaded pdf file and printout of this SAE paper may not be copied, distributed or forwarded to others or for the use of others.
WHAT KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS DO CAREGIVERS NEED

Caregivers need certain knowledge and skills both to provide the best possible care and to protect their own well-being.
Distinguishing spontaneous fission neutrons from cosmic-ray background

We have measured the neutron spectra of cosmic-rays and a spontaneous fission emitting source (Cf-252) using a neutron double scatter spectrometer. The energy range of measurements was 0.1-10 MeV where the spectrometer efficiency is determined to be up to 8.7%, depending on the separation between detection planes. Our cosmic-ray neutron spectrum measurement is in good agreement with the sea-level data reported by Goldhagen and his co-workers. In the energy range 0.1-1.0 MeV, the cosmic-ray and Cf-252 spectra are different and separable. This difference is expected from the applicable models that describe the phenomena, 'equilibrium slowing down' (cosmic-rays) and 'Maxwellian kinetic temperature' emission (spontaneous fission). We show that >80% of Cf-252 neutrons and <25% of cosmic-ray related neutrons are emitted in this energy range of measurement, and conclude that neutron spectroscopy provides effective ways to distinguish a fission source from the cosmic-ray background.
Initial Experiments in the Cooperative Control of Unmanned Air Vehicles

This paper addresses cooperative control for a team of unmanned air vehicles (UAVs). Specifically, a team of three small UAVs is controlled to perform a cooperative timing mission. Starting at loiter locations distributed around the periphery of a 2 km square battle area, the UAVs cooperatively plan paths to arrive at a target at the center of the battle area in sequence at 10 sec intervals. Cooperative path planning is performed using the methodology of coordination variables and coordination functions. Coordination and waypoint path planning are centralized on a ground station computer. Experiments have been performed using BYU’s fleet of small fixed-wing UAVs, which employ BYU’s autopilot and ground station technology. Experimental results demonstrating cooperative timing are presented.
Potassium diffusive coupling in neural networks

Conventional neural networks are characterized by many neurons coupled together through synapses. The activity, synchronization, plasticity and excitability of the network are then controlled by its synaptic connectivity. Neurons are surrounded by an extracellular space whereby fluctuations in specific ionic concentration can modulate neuronal excitability. Extracellular concentrations of potassium ([K(+)](o)) can generate neuronal hyperexcitability. Yet, after many years of research, it is still unknown whether an elevation of potassium is the cause or the result of the generation, propagation and synchronization of epileptiform activity. An elevation of potassium in neural tissue can be characterized by dispersion (global elevation of potassium) and lateral diffusion (local spatial gradients). Both experimental and computational studies have shown that lateral diffusion is involved in the generation and the propagation of neural activity in diffusively coupled networks. Therefore, diffusion-based coupling by potassium can play an important role in neural networks and it is reviewed in four sections. Section 2 shows that potassium diffusion is responsible for the synchronization of activity across a mechanical cut in the tissue. A computer model of diffusive coupling shows that potassium diffusion can mediate communication between cells and generate abnormal and/or periodic activity in small (section sign 3) and in large networks of cells (section sign 4). Finally, in section sign 5, a study of the role of extracellular potassium in the propagation of axonal signals shows that elevated potassium concentration can block the propagation of neural activity in axonal pathways. Taken together, these results indicate that potassium accumulation and diffusion can interfere with normal activity and generate abnormal activity in neural networks.
NI-10A MASS SPECTROMETRY IMAGING PLATFORM TO STUDY DRUG-SUSCEPTIBILITY OF BRAIN TUMORS

Brain tumor heterogeneity poses significant challenges to their study and moreover to their treatment. A tool that could characterize a tumor specimen based on its cellular composition and response to treatment could assist the treating neuro-oncologist in determining the optimal treatment. We have developed a chip to culture dissociated cells in an organized array to categorize cell populations and subject them to targeted therapy. The chip was designed for analysis by optical and mass spectrometry imaging. The microwell array coupled to matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is used for the identification of clinical markers of response to targeted therapy. The new microwell array was validated for single-cell imaging by mass spectrometry based on correlation to fluorescence microscopy. Adherent NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts expressing the enhanced GFP reporter gene and/or U87 cells stained with DAPI were incubated on microwell plates to allow their isolation at the bottom of each well. After cell fixation, the chip was imaged by fluorescence microscopy to determine the total number of wells occupied by cells, and the number of cells per well. The chips were coated with the CHCA matrix and analyzed by MALDI MSI. The statistical analyses of the MALDI MSI data revealed molecular signatures characteristic of each cell type, and mostly assigned to phospholipids. We also monitored the U87 cell response to a targeted inhibitor treatment to identify single-cell barcoding of drug response by MALDI MSI. The platform is further applied to the analysis of dissociated cells from surgical glioma specimens to characterize their heterogeneity and evaluate targeted treatment response. The proposed research has the potential to open ways for more comprehensive diagnostic approaches and to accompany them with direct evaluation of drug effect evaluation for the tailoring of brain cancer treatment.
Learning 4D action feature models for arbitrary view action recognition

In this paper we present a novel approach using a 4D (x,y,z,t) action feature model (4D-AFM) for recognizing actions from arbitrary views. The 4D-AFM elegantly encodes shape and motion of actors observed from multiple views. The modeling process starts with reconstructing 3D visual hulls of actors at each time instant. Spatiotemporal action features are then computed in each view by analyzing the differential geometric properties of spatio-temporal volumes (3D STVs) generated by concatenating the actorpsilas silhouette over the course of the action (x, y, t). These features are mapped to the sequence of 3D visual hulls over time (4D) to build the initial 4D-AFM. Actions are recognized based on the scores of matching action features from the input videos to the model points of 4D-AFMs by exploiting pairwise interactions of features. Promising recognition results have been demonstrated on the multi-view IXMAS dataset using both single and multi-view input videos.
THE CURRENT IMPACT OF THE HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY

The present investigation examines the effect of the various hypertensive disorders of pregnancy on perinatal outcome. Five hundred and five pregnancies associated with hypertension were reviewed, yielding an overall incidence of 8%. Multiparas accounted for 34.7% of all hypertensive patients, 30.7% of these with pre-eclampsia, and 43.3% with chronic hypertension. Transient and chronic hypertension accounted for 32.8% and 24.2% of prsterm deliveries respectively. Of those infants necessitating NICU admission, 19(6.6%) and 11(12.0%) were from the transient and chronic hypertensive groups respectively. The total number of days spent in the NICU was 1,160. The perinatal death rate for transient hypertension and chronic hypertension was 4/1,000 and 3/1,000 respectively. Although, proteinuric hypertension in primigravidas results in very high risk pregnancies, a large proportion of the increase in fetal/neonatal risks in women with hypertension are due to other forms of pregnancy associated hypertension.
A user study of interpretability of engineering design representations

In order to save time and money, designers need to understand the utility of different engineering representations. To this end, designers often rely on past experience to decide which model to construct; yet students without this experience have no help. Interestingly there are noticeable gaps in the research literature with respect to how and when to select representations for engineering design. This paper examines the differences between three types of engineering representations, specifically sketches, drawing packages, and physical prototypes. The amount of information designers can extract, in addition to the correctness and confidence, from these representations is studied. Design reviews of concepts with respect to requirements verification serves as the design task of this investigation. The data from this user study are analysed, using descriptive and non-parametric statistics. The results reveal that designers are more confident and correct in making conclusions about whether a design meets re...
An approach to protocol complementation for internetworking

To solve the protocol complementation problem step by step, the authors present three algorithms. They include transformation of the problem into a protocol synthesis problem, synthesis of a tree protocol, and construction of a conventional protocol for the virtual layer. One advantage of this approach is that it makes it possible to use existing protocol synthesis techniques. Another advantage is that, because this approach considers all the transition sequences in the intended interworking function between the original protocols, it can solve protocol internetworking problems which cannot be solved using protocol conversion or protocol overlapping techniques. >
Determination of Nucleic Acid Hydration Using Osmotic Stress

Understanding the role water plays in biological processes requires detailed knowledge of the phenomena of biopolymer hydration. Crystal structures have identified exact sites occupied by the water molecules in immediate hydration layers. NMR and molecular modeling have provided information on dynamics of water molecules occupying these sites. However, these studies give little information on the thermodynamic contribution of water molecules to conformational equilibria and recognition affinity. This unit describes probing of nucleic acid hydration using osmotic stress, a method that provides thermodynamic information complementary to crystallography, NMR and molecular modeling. Osmotic stress monitors the depression of melting temperature upon decreasing the water activity and calculates the number of thermodynamically unique water molecules associated with the double helix and released from the single strands upon melting.
Technology and Tricks Intra-Household Technology Implementation and Gender Struggles

This article argues for non-asset-based approaches to the assessment of technology implementation at the household level. It suggests that most studies of technology and gender focus primarily on t...
Wodrow Wilson and the Mediation Movement, 1914–17

(1971). Wodrow Wilson and the Mediation Movement, 1914–17. The Historian: Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 535-556.
P Channel Mosfet Devices in Nanocrystalline Silicon

We report on the growth and properties of p-channel nanocrystalline Si thin film transistor (TFT) devices. In contrast to previous work, the devices are fabricated in n-body nanocrystalline Si. The doping of the n-body is systematically changed by doping with ppm levels of phosphorous. The threshold voltage was found to change systematically as phosphorus content increased. The TFT devices are of the bottom-gate type, grown on oxidized Si wafers. Source and drain contacts were provided by using either plasma grown p type nanocrystalline layers, or by the simple process of Al diffusion. A top layer of plasma-deposited silicon dioxide was found to decrease the off current significantly. High on-off current ratios exceeding 106 were obtained. Hole mobilities in the devices were consistently good, with the best mobility being in the range of ~1.3 cm 2 /V-s.
A Family of Random Variables Closed Under Reciprocation

Abstract Some of the known properties of a particular family of distributions derived as a model for fatigue failure by Birnbaum and Saunders [3] are shown to hold for a class of families. These results stem from the fact that each variate in the class suitably scaled has the same distribution as its reciprocal. This clarifies the utility of certain distributions proposed for fatigue life, e.g., lognormal. This property also influences the estimation of the scale parameter and makes possible the solution of two important practical problems, a special solution of which had been presented in Saunders [11].
CAD model acquisition using BSP trees

This paper discusses an approach to automating CAD model acquisition by creating binary space partitioning (BSP) trees from laser range data. Distinct views of the object, each represented by a BSP tree, are then merged using set operations. BSP trees have proven their utility in 3D modeling, graphics and image processing, and their tree structure allows efficient algorithms to be developed that are compact and numerically robust. These properties are of primary importance when considering an intermediate representation between raw sensor data and existing CAD models.
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer detection of mouse immunoglobulin G and Octamer-4 on protein nanoarray

An alternative approach for fabricating a protein array at nanoscale (≪100 nm) is suggested with a capability of characterization and/or localization of multiple components on a nanoarray. Basically, fluorescent micro- and nanospheres each conjugated with different proteins are size-dependently self-assembled (SDSA) onto these nanometer wells that were created on the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) substrate by electron beam lithography (EBL). Particles of different diameters are added serially, and electrostatically attached to the corresponding wells through electrostatic attraction between the carboxylic groups of the spheres and p-doped silicon substrate underneath the PMMA layer. Target detection utilizes fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from fluorescent beads to target (mouse immunoglobulin G = mIgG or Octamer-4 = Oct4) and its antibody bound on the beads. The 180 nm blue beads are conjugated with mIgG to capture anti-mIgG-FITC. The 50 nm green and 100 nm yellow-green beads are conjugated with anti-Oct4 to capture Oct4 peptides; where the secondary anti-Oct4 tagged with phycoerythrin via F(ab)2 fragment is then added to function as an indicator of Oct4 detection. These protein-conjugated particles are added serially from the largest to the smallest and the particles are successfully self-assembled to the respective nanometer wells to achieve size-dependent self-assembly. FRET signals are detected through fluorescence and confocal microscopes, and further confirmed by Fluorolog3 spectrofluorometer. Therefore, SDSA is a valuable approach for the fabrication of multiple components array; and FRET is a useful biorecognition technique for the detection of mIgG, Oct4 or other targets of interest.
Exposure to Smoking Depictions in Movies: Its Association With Established Adolescent Smoking

Objective To assess the association between exposure to movie smoking and established adolescent smoking. Design Longitudinal survey of a representative US adolescent sample. Setting Adolescents were surveyed by telephone in their homes. Participants Sixty-five hundred twenty-two US adolescents aged 10 to 14 years at baseline, resurveyed at 8 months (8M) (n = 5503), 16 months (16M) (n = 5019), and 24 months (24M) (n = 4575). Main Exposure Exposure to smoking in 532 box-office hits released in the 5 years prior to the baseline survey. Outcome Measure Established smoking (having smoked more than 100 cigarettes during lifetime). Results Of 108 incident established smokers with data at the 24M survey, 85% were current (30-day smokers) and 83% endorsed at least 1 addiction symptom. Established smoking incidence was 7.4, 15.8, and 19.7 per 1000 person-years of observation for the baseline-to-8M, 8M-to-16M, and 16M-to-24M observation periods, respectively. In a multivariate survival model, risk of established smoking was predicted by baseline exposure to smoking in movies with an adjusted overall hazard ratio of 2.04 (95% confidence interval, 1.01-4.12) for teens in the 95th percentile of movie-smoking exposure compared with the 5th percentile. This effect was independent of age; parent, sibling, or friend smoking; and sensation seeking. Teens low on sensation seeking were more responsive to the movie-smoking effect (hazard ratio, 12.7; 95% confidence interval, 2.0-80.6) compared with teens who were high on sensation seeking (hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval, 0.4-2.6). Conclusion In this national US adolescent sample, exposure to smoking in movies predicted risk of becoming an established smoker, an outcome linked with adult dependent smoking and its associated morbidity and mortality.
Sugar Beet Fertilization

Global sugar beet production spans diverse regions and a wide range of climatic and agroecological regions from rainfed to irrigated production which presents unique management challenges. Sound nutrient management now and into the future must be balanced between production efficiency and managing to have less impact on the environment. N management continues to improve with more precise N rates. Soil testing for N supplying capability plus residual N will need to be increased to enhance productivity and N use efficiency. Newer cultivation techniques, N placement and timing can also fine tune N rates. In irrigated areas, improvements in N management will be coupled with better water management and conversion of furrow irrigation to sprinklers will accelerate improvements. Enhanced efficiency fertilizer products hold promise but require additional research under a range of conditions to determine cost and production effectiveness. Management for secondary and micronutrients seems adequate at this time. Precision agricultural applications for expanded site specific management in sugar beet are just beginning. Work with maize and wheat point to the potential of creating different management zones in fields and by using remote or close sensing to determine N status for N applications. Similar research will be needed to continue efficient sugar beet production.
Electromagnetic scattering from arbitrary cylinders with thin material coatings

The authors develop an efficient numerical procedure in which the electric and magnetic polarization currents on two-dimensional conductors with electrically thin coatings are related to the induced surface charge and current, respectively, on the conductor. These polarization currents are then reduced to equivalent magnetic line currents which are in turn related to the conductor surface current. An integral equation is derived by requiring the total tangential electric field to vanish at the conductor surface. The scattered electric field is that due to the surface current on the conductor plus the polarization currents. An important feature of the approach developed is that the polarization currents are linearly related to the conductor surface current, so that the presence of the coating material does not introduce extra unknowns in the solution of the integral equation by the method of moments. Numerical and analytical bistatic radar cross sections are compared for a coated circular cylinder. >
Can student engagement be measured? And, if so, does it matter?

Students in an introductory science course offered both face-to-face and on-line at the University of Michigan used a web application that allowed them to respond to questions, pose questions and take notes. The data from their participation were recorded, quantified and compared with their resulting grades on exams to ascertain to what degree measures of student participation were related to student learning. These measures of student participation were augmented by data from the university's student information system, which provided background information. Data was also collected from a number of surveys administered over the semester. Analyses of the data revealed some strong relationships between grades and the degree and quality of student participation. Moreover the behavior of students varied significantly when stratified by their incoming GPA. The empirical relationships reported here provide evidence-based affirmation that student participation is related to learning and suggests that the strength of GPA as a predictor of grades may be due more to a lack the study skills and/or motivation rather than cognitive ability.
A Passive Microscale Solar Sail

We consider spacecraft length scaling as a means of enabling achieving passive, feasible infinite-impulse orbits. Taking inspiration from the orbital dynamics of dust, this paper discusses the consequences of length scaling on acceleration due to solar radiation pressure and demonstrates its effectiveness on a candidate microscale spacecraft. We propose to fabricate this dime-sized spacecraft on a single ultra-thin substrate of silicon. This choice reduces the total mass to fewer than 7.5 mg and makes the spacecraft bus itself a solar sail, yielding a lightness number β of 0.0175. This architecture can provide passive solar sail formations and various passive methods of changing orbital energy. We also consider augmenting this architecture with traditional CP1 sail material (β of 0.1095) to reduce transfer times further. The paper surveys and compares passive methods of achieving a marginally stable sun-pointing attitude including the addition of fixed vanes and optical grating of the surface. The microscale infinite impulse (MII) spacecraft design replaces the traditional spacecraft subsystems with a single integrated circuit (IC). Our current fabrication efforts are directed at realizing this spacecraft as a simple sensing and transmitting circuit with standard IC tools.
Effect of titanium species on the precipitation of boehmite under digestion conditions

Abstract Heterogeneous precipitation of boehmite in Bayer liquor under digestion conditions can be reduced by the presence of a few ppm soluble titanium. In order for the Ti to be effective, it must be added as a solid phase – anatase or ilmenite – which gradually dissolves to some extent. If a Ti solution is added to the liquor, it forms an insoluble hydroxide which cannot affect boehmite precipitation. It is suggested that the soluble titanium species act by adsorbing on growth sites on the boehmite. A sodium titanate gel which precipitates may also block available nucleation sites on the seed material.
DOCTOR, WHY AM I SO TIRED?

To help a patient who has chronic fatigue, the physician must be prepared to spend some time talking with him. The author discusses his technic for handling such patients and urges young physicians to accept the responsibility of trying to help those patients whose symptoms are invisible and untestable but still real and distressful.
Sustainable Reduction of Anode Effect and Low Voltage PFC Emissions

Most aluminum companies have initiated voluntary programs for actively reducing propagating, or above 8 volt, anode effect (AE), perfluorocarbon (PFC) emissions and all modern pre-bake smelters have automated reactive methods for terminating anode effects. The goal of these methods is to reduce cumulative anode effect minutes per cell-day. Any PFCs evolved from aluminum electrolysis pots during periods when pot voltage is below eight volts are considered non-anode effect or low voltage (LV) PFC emissions, consistent with current PFC measurement protocols.
Intensive Management to Reduce Hospitalizations in Patients With Heart Failure

Case Presentation: A 65-year-old man with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy is admitted with an acute heart failure exacerbation shortly after returning from a holiday weekend. This is his second admission for heart failure management within the last 3 months. He is treated with intravenous diuretics with resolution of his symptoms. An echocardiogram done during the hospital stay confirms a dilated left ventricle with severe left ventricular dysfunction and a left ventricular ejection fraction of 25%. The house officer is arranging hospital discharge and asks you about strategies to limit recurrent hospital admissions. What do you advise? Patients with heart failure are at high risk for recurrent hospitalization. In the Medicare-eligible population, roughly 1 in 4 patients is readmitted within 30 days of hospitalization, and nearly half are readmitted within 6 months.1 Although financial penalties have focused attention on early readmissions, patients with heart failure are at risk for hospitalization well beyond the 30-day mark. Data suggest that hospitalization rates peak in the early postdischarge interval, decline and plateau as the disease is stabilized, and then reaccelerate as patients near the end of life.2 Accordingly, effective strategies to reduce heart failure readmission vary with time from hospital discharge and disease severity, the burden of comorbid medical illness, and overall goals of care. Although it is neither desirable nor possible to eliminate all hospitalizations, it is possible to define strategies to reduce the risk of readmission that do not compromise patient outcomes.3 In this Clinician Update, we summarize evidence-based best practices for reducing heart failure readmission rates (Table) and evolving models for outpatient heart failure disease management. View this table: Table. Strategies to Limit Risk of Recurrent Heart Failure Hospitalization Reduction in early readmission rates after hospital discharge begins with ensuring effective treatment of heart failure during the inpatient hospital stay. Although there is …
Study on method for killing Blattella germanica in storied building

Objective To look for an effective method for killing Blattella germanica in storied building.Methods Five methods were used for killing Blattella germanica in five places of storied building,that were smoke generator,gel bat,resi dual spraying,daubing and putting granule.Three kinds of granule were used for killing Blat tella germanica with same method in three storied building.Results Five m ethods could effectively control the density of Blattella germanica in storied building,but the cost was different. Conclusion Different method was choosen in different city depending on its economic level.The grain insecticide was an economic、convenience and effecti ve method for killing Blattella germanica in storied building.
Clinical Research of Applying Brain-activating and Orifice-opening Needling Method to Treat Infarction Combined Hyperlipidemia

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of brain-activating and orifice-opening acupuncture for the treatment of Infarction combined hyperlipidemia. Methods: 66 patients in our hospital between January 2011 and December 2013 were randomly divided into observation group and controlled group,the controlled group received routine acupuncture treatment,the observation group received Brain-activating and Orifice-opening acupuncture treatment,the clinical efficacy of two groups were compared. Results: The total effective rate of nimodipine efficacy in the observation group was 97. 0%,significantly higher than the 75. 8% in the controlled group; the clinical symptoms in the observation group was 93. 9%,significantly higher than the75. 8% in the controlled group; the TC,TG and LDL-C in the two groups were decreased significantly,however,the observation group were significantly lower than the controlled group( P 0. 05). Conclusion: Brain-activating and orifice-opening acupuncture for the treatment of Infarction combined hyperlipidemia can effectively regulate blood lipid levels,and improve clinical outcomes,it is worth widely applying.
Context-Driven Entrepreneurial Education in Vocational Schools

Vocational Education and Training (VET) is offered throughout the world to students of various educational backgrounds and career aspirations in an effort to create a skilled workforce. The structure of VET varies greatly across different fields and countries with high-growth, low-growth, and transitional economies. However, a common critique of many vocational institutions is that they focus on skills training without addressing related business systems. Thus, students may not understand the business strategies related to their field, which stifles job readiness and entrepreneurial potential. To counter this, a more context-driven and integrated entrepreneurial approach is proposed for VET. Benefits, disadvantages, and exemplars of various types of vocational and entrepreneurial programs are evaluated to determine how their strengths might be leveraged. Such integrated entrepreneurial and vocational training would more suitably address context-specific market needs via both practical and transferrable skills, thus helping to reduce unemployment, particularly among youth in sub-Saharan Africa.
Stress cardiomyopathy in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and myocardial bridging

Stress cardiomyopathy is an acquired cardiomyopathy of unknown aetiology. It usually occurs in women over the age of 70 who have experienced physical or emotional stress. It is most commonly characterised by a transient, left ventricular systolic dysfunction in the apical portion and hyperkinesia in the basal segments, without obstructive coronary artery disease. Its association with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and myocardial bridging is rare. Herein, we present such a case.
Catalytic diversity conferred by confinement of protons within porous aluminosilicates in Prins condensation reactions

Abstract The effects of confinement of transition states and bound intermediates are described here based on kinetic and theoretical studies for Prins condensation and oligomerization reactions of isobutanal-isobutene reactant mixtures catalyzed by Bronsted acid sites of similar strength but confined within diverse microporous (TON, BEA, MFI, FAU) and mesoporous (Al-MCM-41) aluminosilicate structures. Kinetic data and density functional theory (DFT) show that smaller voids lead to more stable bound monomers derived from isobutene and isobutanal and to protons nearly saturated with H-bonded isobutanal. Prins condensation forms 2,5-dimethyl-hexadiene regioisomers (2,5-DMH) with rate constants that reflect the different stability of the kinetically-relevant C C bond formation transition states and their H-bonded isobutanal precursors. Their differences in size lead to reactivities that depend sensitively on the size and shape of the confining voids in each aluminosilicate and even on the location of the Al-atoms (and the protons) within a given framework. Specifically, FAU leads to the highest turnover rates, because larger voids in Al-MCM-41 form less effective van der Waals contacts with the transition state, while the smaller voids within TON and BEA lead to enthalpic and entropic penalties brought forth by host-guest distortions. MFI cage-like intersections provide more effective stabilization than BEA cylindrical channels of similar size and lead to higher turnover rates and smaller DFT-derived activation free energies; these subtle effects of void shape on reactivity are neglected in descriptions of the confining frameworks based on spherical constructs. Reactivity descriptors require instead theoretical treatments that rigorously account for van der Waals interactions and for the entropy losses and host-guest distortions required for confinement, as reported here from confinement free energies ensemble-averaged over all crystallographic locations in each aluminosilicate structure. The ratios of rate constants for these parallel isobutene dimerization and Prins condensation reactions depend only weakly on the nature of the aluminosilicate framework, because of the similar size and shape of their respective transition states and bound precursors. Transition states for secondary skeletal isomerization and cyclization of 2,5-DMH condensation products, however, are stabilized more effectively (relative to condensation transition states) within voids of intermediate size (BEA, MFI), leading to higher selectivity to secondary products. MFI cage-like structures specifically catalyze the conversion of 2,5-DMH to cyclic 1,4-dimethyl-cyclohexene isomers, direct precursors to p -xylene, with unique specificity.
Longitudinal Predictors of Behavioral Intentions and HIV Service Use Among Men Who Have Sex with Men

HIV prevention interventions are generally effective at reducing sexual risk. Although these interventions have been widely disseminated in the USA, their success depends largely on whether subpopulations who have been prioritized for risk reduction are willing to participate. Understanding the factors predicting service utilization is critical to maximizing public health benefit. HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) (n = 613) were enrolled in a longitudinal study investigating whether theoretically derived psychosocial variables (past behavior, cues to action, perceived susceptibility, positive expectations, perceived barriers, personal discomfort, and recent condomless anal intercourse) predicted intentions to use HIV prevention services and service use behavior across multiple categories (information seeking, structured service use, HIV testing, and volunteering/working in prevention services). Cues to action (including life events such as friend’s recent HIV diagnosis) and past service use emerged as the most consistent predictors of intentions and actual service use. Perceived susceptibility, positive expectations, and condomless anal intercourse predicted some categories of service use indirectly through intentions. Contrary to predictions, perceived barriers and personal discomfort predicted intentions but were not predictors of service use. Intentions generally predicted behavior, with the exception of structured service use. This study addressed methodological limitations of prior research and utilized data from a longitudinal sample of MSM to discover predictors of access to HIV prevention services. Understanding who accesses HIV services and why will allow for directed strategies to improve dissemination and utilization.
Imaging and spatially resolved quantification of drug distribution in tissues by mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a powerful label-free technique for visualizing drug and metabolite distributions in biological tissues. In this review, we discuss recent developments in MSI and spatial profiling technologies to visualize and quantify drug distributions in tissues. We also present recent examples of applications of these technologies for assessing drug distribution within tissues and individual cells. Finally, we focus on an emerging technique coupling laser capture microdissection (LCM) to quantitative mass spectrometry, which combines the respective advantages of imaging and conventional liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and thus enables spatially resolved drug quantification.
Trends in the Use of High-Viscosity Cement in Patients Undergoing Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty in the United States.

Abstract Background Aseptic loosening remains the most common mode of failure following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Although the risk of loosening is multifactorial, recent studies reported early failure via debonding at the tibial implant-cement interface and a potential association with high viscosity cement (HVC). The purpose of this study is to determine the type of cement used by surgeons performing elective, primary TKA in the United States. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed using data reported to the American Joint Replacement Registry from 2012 to 2017. The primary variable assessed was the type of cement used in each primary TKA, categorized as HVC, medium viscosity cement, or low viscosity cement based on the manufacturer’s specifications. The use of antibiotic-impregnated cement was also assessed. Results A total of 554,935 primary TKA procedures were reviewed over the 7-year period. The use of HVC steadily increased from 46.0% of TKAs in 2012 to 61.3% of TKAs in 2017. Conversely, the use of low viscosity cement decreased in use from 47.9% of TKAs in 2012 to 30.9% in 2017. The percentage of TKAs performed using antibiotic-impregnated cement also decreased from 44.2% in 2012 to 34.5% in 2017. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the percentage of TKAs performed using HVC has continued to increase over the most recent 7 years for which the American Joint Replacement Registry has data. The risk of aseptic loosening is clearly multifactorial, but close monitoring is necessary to determine whether this change in surgeon preference will affect component survivorship.
Educational Attainment and Perceived Need for Urgent Care

While lower educational attainment is associated with worse health status, education may also affect one's ability to identify need for urgent care. Using data from the 2010 Medicare CAHPS survey, we estimated multivariate logistic models to test the relationship between self-reported educational attainment and the perceived need for urgent care, controlling for health status and other factors. As expected, lower educational attainment was associated with greater reported need for urgent care in bivariate analyses because of poorer health. However, lower educational attainment was associated with less perceived need for urgent care after controlling for health status, particularly for those in poor health. These findings suggest the need for interventions to improve the likelihood that people with less education recognize the need for urgent care, particularly those in poor health and in most need of urgent care.
Psychological Home, Clutter, and Place Attachment Predicting Life Satisfaction among Women of Color: Home is Beyond Physical Space

We examined psychological home, place attachment, clutter, and life satisfaction with adult women of color (n = 99; M age = 50.33 years old) drawn from a larger national sample of women who self-identified with clutter tendencies. We assessed resource (i.e., annual household income, homeownership status, and relationship status) and contextual (i.e., type of dwelling, number of people in household, and years in residence) variables, plus measures of psychological home, place attachment, and clutter, as predictors of life satisfaction among women of color. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that psychological home was a significant predictor of life satisfaction over and above resource and contextual variables. Place attachment and clutter did not moderate the relationship between home and life satisfaction. However, clutter mediated the relationship between home and life satisfaction. Implications for women of color, study limitations, and future directions are discussed.