cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyclizations in the homolytic reactions of unsaturated nitriles with tert-butylmercury halides in the presence of proton donors †

Cyclizations are observed in the homolytic reactions of t-BuHgI with CH2CHCH2YCH2CN [Y = CH2, O, CMe2, C(CO2Et)2, NCH2CN] and CH2CHCH2CH2YCH2CN [Y = CH2, O, C(CO2Et)2] in Me2SO in the presence of hydriodic acid. Only with Y = C(CO2Et)2 does the adduct radical, t-BuCH2ĊHCH2YCH2CN, undergo facile 5-exo cyclization in the absence of a proton donor. The other 5-exo and all 6-exo cyclizations require substrate protonation to yield t-BuCH2ĊH(CH2)nYCH2CNH+ (n = 1, 2), which cyclizes readily to the iminium radical cation followed by electron transfer with I− or t-BuHgI2− to form the imine as a precursor to the cyclopentanone or cyclohexanone upon hydrolysis. For CH2CHCH2C(CO2Et)2CH2CN the formation of the cyclopentanone is dramatically promoted by NH4I in the dark in the absence of any other acid. In this case, where cyclization of the adduct radical occurs readily without substrate activation, protonation of the cyclized iminyl radical allows the electron transfer with I− or t-BuHgI2− to occur with regeneration of t-Buċ. A similar effect is observed with CH2CHCH2C(CO2Et)2CH2N3 where only a slow reaction is observed upon photolysis with t-BuHgI in the absence of NH4I, although apparently cyclization of t-BuCH2ĊHCH2C(CO2Et)2CH2N3 (with loss of N2) occurs readily. In the presence of NH4I the cyclized aminyl radical can be protonated and the resulting amine radical cation readily reduced by I− or t-BuHgI2− to continue a chain process. With the thioesters CH2CHCH2YCH2C(O)SPh [Y = O, CH2, CMe2, C(CO2Et)2], significant cyclization upon photolysis with t-BuHgX occurred only for Y = C(CO2Et)2. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on a cDNA encoding a delta opioid receptor

Abstract From an NG108-15 cDNA eucaryotic expression library, we recently identified and characterized a ∂-opioid receptor clone (DOR-1) with the anticipated affinity and selectivity for ligands binding ∂-opioid receptors(1). Using a similar strategy an essentially identical clone was isolated by Keiffer et al. (2) from the same cell line. Based upon Southern analysis DOR-1 is a murine clone and the NG108-15 cells (a rat/mouse hybrid line) have lost the genetic material encoding the rat DOR-1 sequence. Here we present some insights into the gene structure and regulation of DOR-1 in NG108-15 cells. Finally, we report on the generation of antisera to DOR-1 and our findings concerning the anatomical distribution of this delta opioid receptor in rodent brain.
Scattered energy spectra from the interaction of multi-energy photons with single layer shields

Abstract Scattered energy spectra produced from the interaction of multi-energy photons, emitted from an N-16 radioactive source, with concrete, steel and lead single layer shields will be examined. The influence of the material atomic number and the bremsstrahlung contribution to the examined spectra are also considered.
αβ1 Integrins Are Required For Normal Peripheral Nerve Development

Adhesion to basal lamina is required for Schwann cells (SC) to form normal myelin in peripheral nerves. In human Congenital Muscular Dystrophy (CMD), mutations in laminin 2 (α2 chain) cause a dysmyelinating peripheral neuropathy with slow nerve conduction velocities. The dy2J/dy2J mouse also carries a mutation in the laminin α2 chain, and is considered an animal model for CMD. The dysmyelination in the dy2J/dy2J mouse is dramatic in nerve roots, where SC fail to sort bundles of naked axons. In distal peripheral nerves, myelination can proceed, even if axon/SC interactions and nodes of Ranvier are abnormal. Which of the SC laminin receptors, integrins or dystroglycan mediate these functions is unclear because targeted inactivation of those genes results in embryonic death in mice prior to myelination. Several in vitro studies suggest β1 integrin as a candidate for a role in axon/SC interaction and myelination. To inactivate the β1 integrin gene (mIntb1) in SC only, we produced transgenic mice expressing Cre recombinase using the vector mP0TOT, that activates expression of genes in SC in parallel with P0 during development. By crossing mP0TOT(Cre) mice with mice carrying a mIntb1 flanked by loxP sites of recombination, we produced mice lacking β1 integrin specifically in SC. These mice have a severe dysmyelinating peripheral neuropathy, originating in embryonic nerve development. Although Schwann cells populate the length of forming nerves, and are present in numbers comparable to wildtype nerves, they are unable to penetrate bundles of naked axons in order to sort and ensheath them. In some nerve fascicles, SC can bypass the block, even in the absence of β1 integrin, and myelinate normally. These data show that αβ1 integrins are necessary for normal Schwann cell-axon interactions, but not for myelination per se. The similarity of this phenotype to that of dy2J/dy2J mouse suggests that αβ1 integrins mediate some of the effects of altered laminin-2 in impaired CMD peripheral nerves.
Medication-induced adverse effects: important concepts for the hand therapist.

Abstract Narrative Review Myopathy, fracture, tendon rupture, and neuropathy are severe physical adverse effects associated with commonly prescribed medications. Recognition of and exercise adjustment for these medication-induced effects by the therapist is essential to providing adequate care. The normal structure and function of muscle, tendon, cartilage, or bone may be altered by medications, leading to significant disability. The number of patients presenting to therapists with medication-induced physical complaints is rising with increases in medication utilization. Therapists should be involved in adverse effect risk reduction by 1) identification and reporting of potential adverse medication reactions, 2) adjustment of exercise regimen when the patient is on a medication with potential damaging effects on tendon, muscle, or cartilage, and 3) vigilant screening for medication-induced myopathies, fractures, neuropathies, and tendinopathies. Although many medications induce physical adverse effects, understanding the most serious musculoskeletal effects of commonly prescribed medications is critical for therapists. Level of Evidence 5.
Cell Attachment Activity of Cementum Proteins and Mechanism of Endotoxin Inhibition

Cementum occupies a unique anatomical location where soft connective tissues of the periodontium are attached to root surfaces. Cell attachment properties of proteins present in cementum were studied. Human and bovine cementum were extracted with 0.5 mol/L CH3COOH followed by 4 mol/L guanidine, and proteins were separated by ion-exchange chromatography and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Cells were labeled with radioactive amino acids and added to tissue-culture plastic plates incubated with cementum proteins, and attachment was measured. Results showed that cementum proteins promoted the attachment of smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, but not epithelial cells. Fibroblasts attached more efficiently than other cell types, and they manifested spreading with re-organization of actin filaments. No attachment occurred to plates incubated with endotoxin from A. actinomycetemcomitans. Fewer fibroblasts attached to plates treated with cementum proteins in the presence of endotoxin, ...
Effects of invasive insects and fire on forest energy exchange and evapotranspiration in the New Jersey pinelands

a b s t r a c t We used eddy covariance and meteorological measurements to quantify energy exchange and evapotran- spiration (Et) in three representative upland forest stands in the New Jersey Pinelands that were either defoliated by gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) or burned in prescribed fires during the study period. Latent (�E) and sensible heat (H) fluxes were linear functions of available energy, and seasonality had a major effect on the partitioning of available energy intoE and H at each stand. Both defoliation and prescribed fire reduced leaf area, altered the partitioning of available energy, and reducedE flux com- pared to undisturbed periods. Summer daily Et averaged 4.2 ± 1.5, 3.3 ± 1.2 and 3.9 ± 1.3 mm day−1 at the oak-, mixed, and pine-dominated stands during undisturbed periods, but only 2.4 ± 0.9 mm day −1 during defoliation at the oak stand in 2007, and 2.4 ± 0.9 and 3.2 ± 0.9 mm day−1 following spring fires at the mixed and pine-dominated stands, respectively. For all years measured, seasonal maximum leaf area index (LAI) explained 82% of the variability in daily Et during the summer at the oak stand, and 80% of the variability at the mixed and pine-dominated stands. Annual Et averaged 614, 493, and 683 mm yr −1 at the oak, mixed, and pine stands, respectively. When averaged across all stands and years, annual Et was 606 mm yr−1, ca. 53.6% of incident precipitation, and similar to long-term averages reported in
Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: Epidemiologic evidence

In recent decades, temporal patterns in SSB intake have shown a close parallel between the upsurge in obesity and rising levels of SSB consumption. SSBs are beverages that contain added caloric sweeteners such as sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup or fruit-juice concentrates, all of which result in similar metabolic effects. They include the full spectrum of soft drinks, carbonated soft drinks, fruitades, fruit drinks, sports drinks, energy and vitamin water drinks, sweetened iced tea, cordial, squashes, and lemonade, which collectively are the largest contributor to added sugar intake in the US. It has long been suspected that SSBs have an etiologic role in the obesity epidemic, however only recently have large epidemiological studies been able to quantify the relationship between SSB consumption and long-term weight gain, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Experimental studies have provided important insight into potential underlying biological mechanisms. It is thought that SSBs contribute to weight gain in part by incomplete compensation for energy at subsequent meals following intake of liquid calories. They may also increase risk of T2DM and CVD as a contributor to a high dietary glycemic load leading to inflammation, insulin resistance and impaired beta-cell function. Additional metabolic effects from the fructose fraction of these beverages may also promote accumulation of visceral adiposity, and increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis, and hypertension due to hyperuricemia. Consumption of SSBs should therefore be replaced by healthy alternatives such as water, to reduce risk of obesity and chronic diseases.
Recreating neural oscillators in VLSI

As a prelude to a VLSI implementation of a biologically-based neuronal locomotor network, the phenomena of reciprocal inhibition and recurrent cyclic inhibition were recreated in VLSI-based artificial neurons for parametric analysis of oscillatory range and stability. The artificial neurons used in this study are behaviorally comprehensive and highly configurable, allowing for a variety of transient and steady characteristics to be precisely and continuously adjustable. Circuit tests on both oscillatory phenomena indicate that reciprocal inhibition between two neurons requires a measure of synaptic dynamics, while the recurrent cyclic inhibitory prototypes did not. In addition, the cyclic prototypes demonstrated remarkable stability, even when the frequency of self-excitation of each component neuron varied over two orders of magnitude. >
Invasive species: “back-seat drivers” of ecosystem change?

Invasive species are often assumed to be the cause (drivers) of declines in native species and alterations of native ecosystems. However, an alternative model suggests that many invasive plants are better described as passengers of altered disturbance regimes or other changes in ecosystem properties. Some species do seem to be easily categorized as passengers or drivers, but others may be better described as “back-seat drivers”. Back-seat drivers require or benefit from disruptions of ecosystem processes or properties that lead to declines of native species but also contribute to changes in ecosystem properties and further declines of native species. Among these possibilities, drivers are a direct cause of the decline of native species through the introduction of novel traits or functions to an ecosystem, whereas back-seat drivers interact with ecosystem change to cause native species declines. Passengers are better considered as a symptom of an underlying problem, rather than the cause of native species declines. Driver, back-seat driver and passenger models suggest different associations between invasive species, ecosystem change and native species declines, and these models provide a framework for predicting and understanding the response of native species to invasive species management.
Ridge: combining reliability and performance in open grid platforms

Large-scale donation-based distributed infrastructures need to cope with the inherent unreliability of participant nodes. A widely-used work scheduling technique in such environments is to redundantly schedule the out sourced computations to a number of nodes. We present the design and implementation of RIDGE, a reliability aware system which uses a node's prior performance and behavior to make more effective scheduling decisions. We have implemented RIDGE on top of the BOINC distributed computing infrastructure and have evaluated its performance on a live test bed consisting of 120 PlanetLab nodes. Our experimental results show that RIDGE is able to match or surpass the throughput of the best vanilla BOINC configuration under different reliability environments, by automatically adapting to the characteristics of the underlying environment. In addition, RIDGE is able to provide much lower work unit makes pans compared to BOINC, which indicates its desirability in service-oriented environments with time constraints.
Media Noise Analysis in Shingled Magnetic Recording

We developed a new magnetic test to characterize the track overlapping effect in shingled magnetic recording. Media noise power and media noise track profile as a function of track trimming are directly measured on a spinstand tester. Pseudo-jitter and on-track noise depth are introduced as new recording parameters. Their effects on shingled track density are discussed.
Flowers for Mom, a Tie for Dad: How Gender is Created on Mother’s and Father’s Day

Mother’s and Father’s Day celebrations were investigated to understand how gender is created on these two occasions. Fifty-three heterosexual couples were interviewed about family holidays. Mother’s Day was given more attention than Father’s Day. Families spent more time celebrating; they were more likely to eat out, and were more likely to celebrate with others. Mothers were also more likely to receive gifts than fathers. The gendering of the holidays was reflected in the more stereotypical gifts received on Mother’s and Father’s Day than on birthdays, and in that mothers were more likely to report relief from chores on Mother’s Day than fathers were on Father’s Day (p < .01). Families in which women worked full-time and whose husbands contributed substantially to domestic labor were as likely to celebrate in gendered ways as traditional families were. These holidays reflect and promote hegemonic notions of the gendered nature of motherhood and fatherhood.
RADIO SIGNALS FROM PHOTON BEAMS IN SAND AND SALT

In this paper I describe the setup and results of two beamtests which demonstrated the existence and properties of the Askar'yan effect in sand and salt. We observed coherence, 100% linear polarization, and field strength in agreement with simulations. We also demonstrated the possibility of tracking the shower direction with polarization information.
Incidence of Passive Exposure to Crack/Cocaine and Clinical Findings in Infants Seen in an Outpatient Service

Objectives. Passive exposure to crack/cocaine and the associated clinical symptoms may present a significant health risk to very young infants and children. This study was designed to determine the incidence of cocaine exposure, presumed to be passive, in ill infants younger than 1 year of age, using a threshold of detection for cocaine and/or its major metabolite, benzoylecognine (BE), that is lower than the current National Institute on Drug Abuse standard. The study also investigates the morbidity associated with passive cocaine exposure in this population. Methods. We prospectively obtained 124 samples of urine from 122 children younger than 1 year of age for routine clinical indications from the emergency department at Yale–New Haven Hospital. Samples were analyzed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) for cocaine, with cross-reactivity for BE. The presence of BE in a portion of the RIA-positive samples also was detected in additional analyses by enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique or by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A chart review was conducted on all 122 patients by reviewers blind to the urine toxicology results. Presenting complaints, symptoms, vital signs, and diagnosis were obtained for all visits before the first birthday. Birth history, including maternal drug history and birth weight, demographics, and number of medical visits in the first year, were recorded as well. Results. Of the 124 samples, 45 (36.3%) were positive (≥50 ng/mL of BE equivalents) for cocaine and/or cocaine metabolite by RIA testing. The positive results, determined by RIA, were highly correlated with patients who had lower and upper respiratory symptoms and sought medical care more often. Conclusions. The incidence of unsuspected, passive cocaine exposure in ill infants seeking medical care primarily through an emergency service may be as high as 1 in 3 to 6 infants from our predominantly inner city population. Current immunoassay methods, specific for BE, and their routine threshold of detection (200 to 300 ng/mL) may not be sensitive enough to detect cocaine and BE in the urine samples of children younger than 1 year of age who are exposed passively. The development of upper and lower respiratory symptoms is correlated significantly with positive urine results in this study. The increased use of health care resources correlated with passive cocaine exposure in this sample may serve as an indirect marker for the increased medical needs of these infants.
Review of “Seven Quartets of Becoming: A Transformative Yoga Philosophy Based on the Diaries of Sri Aurobindo” by Banerji, D.

Banerji, D. Seven Quartets of Becoming: A Transformative Yoga Philosophy Based on the Diaries of Sri Aurobindo Los Angeles, CA: Nalanda International, 2012, Pages: 441, ISBN: 978-8124606260
Promoting Adult Learning through Civil Discourse in the Public Library.

This chapter investigates adult learning through civil discourse within public library settings. Crucial to the success of a working democracy, the author traces the history of libraries as locations for the development of an engaged and knowledgeable citizenry.
Analytical model for analysis and design of V-shaped thermal microactuators

An analytical solution of the thermoelastic bending/buckling problem of thermal microactuators is presented. V-shaped beam actuators are modeled using the theory of beam-column buckling. Axial (longitudinal) deformations including first-order nonlinear strain-displacement relations and thermal strains are included. The resulting nonlinear transcendental equations for the reaction forces are solved numerically and the solutions are compared with a nonlinear finite element (FE) model. A test actuator has also been fabricated and characterized. The obtained accuracy of the prediction is within 1.1% of the nonlinear FE solution and agrees well with the experimental data. A corresponding one-dimensional (1-D) heat transfer model has also been developed and validated against experimental i-V measurements at various temperatures. The developed analytical models are then used to analyze maximum stress and the heat transfer paths. It has been confirmed that the heat flux toward the substrate is a dominant heat dissipation route in sacrificially released devices.
Long-term effects of bilateral oophorectomy on brain aging: unanswered questions from the Mayo Clinic Cohort Study of Oophorectomy and Aging

In the Mayo Clinic Cohort Study of Oophorectomy and Aging, women who had both ovaries removed before reaching natural menopause experienced a long-term increased risk of parkinsonism, cognitive impairment or dementia, and depressive and anxiety symptoms. Here, we discuss five possible mechanistic interpretations of the observed associations; first, the associations may be non-causal because they result from the confounding effect of genetic variants or of other risk factors; second, the associations may be mediated by an abrupt reduction in levels of circulating estrogen; third, the associations may be mediated by an abrupt reduction in levels of circulating progesterone or testosterone; fourth, the associations may be mediated by an increased release of gonadotropins by the pituitary gland; and fifth, genetic variants may modify the hormonal effects of bilateral oophorectomy through simple or more complex interactions. Results from other studies are cited as evidence for or against each possible mechanis...
Priors for Diversity in Generative Latent Variable Models

Probabilistic latent variable models are one of the cornerstones of machine learning. They offer a convenient and coherent way to specify prior distributions over unobserved structure in data, so that these unknown properties can be inferred via posterior inference. Such models are useful for exploratory analysis and visualization, for building density models of data, and for providing features that can be used for later discriminative tasks. A significant limitation of these models, however, is that draws from the prior are often highly redundant due to i.i.d. assumptions on internal parameters. For example, there is no preference in the prior of a mixture model to make components non-overlapping, or in topic model to ensure that co-occurring words only appear in a small number of topics. In this work, we revisit these independence assumptions for probabilistic latent variable models, replacing the underlying i.i.d. prior with a determinantal point process (DPP). The DPP allows us to specify a preference for diversity in our latent variables using a positive definite kernel function. Using a kernel between probability distributions, we are able to define a DPP on probability measures. We show how to perform MAP inference with DPP priors in latent Dirichlet allocation and in mixture models, leading to better intuition for the latent variable representation and quantitatively improved unsupervised feature extraction, without compromising the generative aspects of the model.
Classifying the motions of human body by using Gabor wavelets

Describes a method for classifying the motions of human bodies in an image sequence. First a set of templates is prepared in advance, which includes the spatio-temporal Gabor wavelet expansion coefficients of key motions. Next, processing is performed to obtain the Gabor wavelet expansion coefficients of an unknown motion. Matching factors between the expansion coefficients of both the key motions and the unknown motions are then calculated, and finally the unknown motion is classified as one of the key motions. Experimental results using image sequences from a volleyball game show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Improving the Biological Control of Leafminers (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Using the Sterile Insect Technique

The leafminer Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is a worldwide pest of ornamental and vegetable crops. The most promising nonchemical approach for controlling Liriomyza leafminers in greenhouses is regular releases of the parasitoid Diglyphus isaea (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). In the current study, we examine the hypothesis that the use of D. isaea for biological control of leafminers in greenhouse crops may be more practical and efficient when supplemented with additional control strategies, such as the sterile insect technique (SIT). In small cages, our SIT experiments suggest that release of sterile L. trifolii males in three sterile-to-fertile male ratios (3:1, 5:1, and 10:1) can significantly reduce the numbers of the pest offspring. In large cage experiments, when both parasitoids and sterile males were released weekly, the combined methods significantly reduced mine production and the adult leafminer population size. Moreover, a synergistic interaction effect between these two methods was found, and a model based on our observed data predicts that because of this effect, only the use of both methods can eradicate the pest population. Our study indicates that an integrated pest management approach that combines the augmentative release of the parasitoid D. isaea together with sterile leafminer males is more efficient than the use of either method alone. In addition, our results validate previous theoretical models and demonstrate synergistic control with releases of parasitoids and sterile insects.
Recent advances in incorporation of local analgesics in postsurgical pain pathways.

Abstract Total knee and hip replacement surgeries are highly invasive, and a significant level of postoperative pain is commonplace in patients undergoing these procedures. It is now known that postoperative pain can affect hospital stay, patient satisfaction, postsurgical rehabilitation, and a range of other clinical and administrative outcomes. The need for a multimodal approach to the control of postoperative pain, using combinations of agents that have synergistic effects, is now widely accepted. There has been increasing interest in local periarticular and intra-articular injections, which can result in significantly less pain in the postanesthesiology care unit (PACU), significantly less use of rescue opioids in the PACU, significantly less confusion, significantly less blood loss, and a significantly lower bleeding index. EXPAREL® (bupivacaine liposome injectable suspension) is an extended-release anesthetic that is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for single-dose injection into the surgical site to produce postsurgical analgesia. Several phase 2 and phase 3 studies across a range of surgical procedures have demonstrated that the inclusion of EXPAREL® in the multimodal regimen can significantly reduce both pain scores (including cumulative pain scores at 24 hours) and opioid consumption, as well as resulting in delayed time to the first use of opioids and more opioid-free patients at 72 hours. Multimodal regimens that include EXPAREL® may have important benefits in total joint arthroplasty.
SELLING OUT: HOW IMPRESSIONS OF MATERIALISM INFLUENCE CREATIVE EVALUATIONS AND PERFORMANCE

The value of creativity continues to increase in organizations, but how does an association with money influence judgments of creativity? Drawing on prototype theory, I propose that the misfit betw...
Safe Tummy Tuck: Anatomy and Strategy to Avoid Injury to the Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve During Abdominoplasty.

Background: Abdominoplasty is one of the most common aesthetic procedures performed in the United States. While poor contour and unsatisfactory cosmetic result have been recognized, neuropathic pain from lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury has been poorly described. We aim to improve outcomes by using an anatomical study to develop a strategy to avoid injury to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve in abdominoplasty. Methods: Twenty-three fresh cadaver abdomens were dissected to evaluate the course of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, using 2.5× loupe magnification. Measurements were taken from the nerve to the anterior superior iliac spine and from the pubic symphysis to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. Recordings of the relationship of the nerve to the inguinal ligament and depth at scarpa's fascia were also made. Statistical analysis was performed to find average distances with a standard deviation. Results: On average, the distance from the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve to the anterior superior iliac spine was 3.62 (SD = 1.32) cm and 13.58 (SD = 2.41) cm from the pubic symphysis in line with the inguinal ligament. The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve was found at the inguinal ligament 80% of the time and 20% of the time superior to the ligament and always deep to scarpa's fascia. Conclusion: Abdominoplasty carries a high patient and surgeon satisfaction rate. The plastic surgeon is continuously challenged to identify ways to improve outcomes, efficiency, and morbidity. Minimal and careful dissection in the area around 4 cm of the anterior superior iliac spine in addition to preserving scarpa's fascia near the inguinal ligament may serve as key strategies to avoiding lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury.
A comparison of pepper mottle virus with potato virus Y and evidence for their distinction.

Pepper mottle virus (PepMOV) was identified as a distinct potyvirus infecting peppers in Arizona and Florida in the 1970’s. The distinction of PepMoV from potato virus Y (PVY) has recently been challenged on the basis of sequence comparisons of the coat proteins and of the 3′ nontranslated regions of the viral RNAs. We summarize the biological, cytological, serological, and in vitro translational studies which compare the apparent differences, and also similarities, between PepMoV and PVY. We conclude that although PepMoV may be more closely related to PVY than to other known potyvirus, PepMoV should be maintained as a separate virus on the basis of its distinctive characteristics.
Characterization of the blood brain barrier in pediatric central nervous system neoplasms.

Objective: The normal blood–brain barrier (BBB) is composed of tight junctions between endothelial cells and surrounding astrocyte foot processes. Breakdown of the physiological astrocyte-endothelial cell relationship occurs in adult metastatic and primary brain tumors. However, the astrocyte-endothelial cell relationship has not been studied in pediatric tumors. Materials and Methods: Utilizing specimens from cases of pilocytic astrocytoma (n = 5), medulloblastoma (n = 5), and low-grade diffuse astrocytoma (n = 1), immunofluorescence were performed using primary antibodies against CD31, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and aquaporin 4 (AQ4). Clinical, magnetic resonance imaging, operative, and histopathological findings were analyzed. Results: Strongly-enhancing areas of medulloblastoma exhibited complete BBB breakdown with sparse GFAP and AQ4 staining around CD31-positive vessels. Moderately enhancing regions of pilocytic astrocytomas exhibited regions of intact BBB and vasculature surrounded by dense GFAP staining but reduced and disorganized AQ4 staining, suggesting tumor cells could not fulfill physiological BBB support. Non-enhancing low-grade diffuse astrocytoma demonstrated intact BBB with intense peri-microvasculature GFAP and AQ4 staining. AQ4 stained so strongly that AQ4 visualization alone delineated CD31-positive vessels. Conclusion: Taken together, BBB breakdown in pediatric tumors corresponds to a loss of normal endothelial cell-astrocyte foot process relationships. Further development of pharmaceutical agents capitalizing on this disrupted BBB is warranted in medulloblastoma and pilocytic astrocytoma. However, BBB integrity remains a challenge in treating low-grade diffuse astrocytoma before progression toward secondary glioblastoma.
Evaluating Institutional Contributions to Scholarly Journals in Marketing, 1977–86

This study identifies the quality of institutional contribution to the marketing discipline over a ten year period (1977–86) by ranking the top twenty academic institutions. Publication performance is recorded from four marketing journals by noting institutional authorship. The ranking system is a composite measure of articles, research notes and book reviews. The findings help to clear the distinction between “what was" and “what is" by monitoring the change in performance of the top twenty academic institutions over time, and, to identify over a two year period (1985–86) the top twenty-five authors to help describe a criterion of outstanding performance at the faculty level.
The Poznan Theatre Problem

The Poznan Theatre problem chapter is the first in the sequence of Prabhu’s TR reports, which inform about the discovery of Koestler’s bisociation for mathematics education. However, bisociation is mentioned as a “think aside” issue to be fully explored in the next chapter. Here she reports on the problem posing/problem solving dynamics as the didactic tool through which “to establish and sustain the learner’s attention on the practice of mathematics”.
Existential Anxiety Among Adolescents Exposed to Disaster: Linkages Among Level of Exposure, PTSD, and Depression Symptoms

Exposure to natural disasters can be highly traumatic and have a detrimental effect on youth mental health by threatening the satisfaction of basic human needs and goals. Recent research in adults suggests that exposure to disasters may exacerbate existential anxiety about the meaning of life. The current study expands this investigation to adolescents, who may be particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of disaster. Data came from 325 adolescents (mean age = 15.05 years, SD = 1.05) residing in the Greater New Orleans area who were exposed to Hurricanes Katrina and/or Gustav. Existential anxiety concerns were highly prevalent in the sample and were associated with elevated levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (R2 = .09) and depression symptoms (R2 = .13). Consistent with theoretical predictions, disaster exposure levels moderated the association between facets of existential anxiety and mental health symptoms. Findings highlight the salience of existential concerns in disaster exposed youth, and provide evidence that exposure to traumatic stress may strengthen their association with mental health problems.
Ogalalla orthoquartzite: an updated description

Ogallala orthoquartzite (commonly called Bijou Hills silicified sediment or quartzite) is a common material found at some sites in South Dakota along the Missouri River and extending into Nebraska. This paper provides a fuller geologic description of the rock than previously available. It also discusses the procurement method at two sites, 39TP6 and 39TP7, in Tripp County, South Dakota.
Copper-catalyzed chemoselective cross-coupling reaction of thioamides and α-diazocarbonyl compounds: Synthesis of enaminones

Abstract The development of operationally simple and cost-effective methods for C C bond formation reactions are highly important in pharmaceutical, agrochemical and material research. In this article we describe the first copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of thioamides with acceptor/acceptor-substituted and acceptor-only substituted α-diazocarbonyl compounds to yield enaminones. The reaction shows broad substrate scope in terms of thioamides and diazocarbonyl compounds. Primary, secondary and tertiary thioamides all give enanminones when reacted with α-diazodiesters, α-diazoketoesters, α-diazodiketones, α-diazoketoamides, α-diazoesteramides, α-diazoketosulfones and α-diazomonoketones.
Evaluation of Elbow Pain in Adults

The elbow is a complex joint designed to withstand a wide range of dynamic exertional forces. The location and quality of elbow pain can generally localize the injury to one of the four anatomic regions: anterior, medial, lateral, or posterior. The history should include questions about the onset of pain, what the patient was doing when the pain started, and the type and frequency of athletic and occupational activities. Lateral and medial epicondylitis are two of the more common diagnoses and often occur as a result of occupational activities. Patients have pain and tenderness over the affected tendinous insertion that are accentuated with specific movements. If lateral and medial epicondylitis treatments are unsuccessful, ulnar neuropathy and radial tunnel syndrome should be considered. Ulnar collateral ligament injuries occur in athletes participating in sports that involve overhead throwing. Biceps tendinopathy is a relatively common source of pain in the anterior elbow; history often includes repeated elbow flexion with forearm supination and pronation. Olecranon bursitis is a common cause of posterior elbow pain and swelling. It can be septic or aseptic, and is diagnosed based on history, physical examination, and bursal fluid analysis if necessary. Plain radiography is the initial choice for the evaluation of acute injuries and is best for showing bony injuries, soft tissue swelling, and joint effusions. Magnetic resonance imaging is the preferred imaging modality for chronic elbow pain. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography allows for an inexpensive dynamic evaluation of commonly injured structures.
Transbronchial Lung Cryobiopsy and Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Lung Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease. A Meta-analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy.

Rationale: Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy is increasingly being used for the assessment of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases. Several studies have shown larger biopsy samples and higher yields compared with conventional transbronchial biopsies. However, the higher risk of bleeding and other complications has raised concerns for widespread use of this modality.Objectives: To study the diagnostic accuracy and safety profile of transbronchial lung cryobiopsy and compare with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) by reviewing available evidence from the literature.Methods: Medline and PubMed were searched from inception until December 2016. Data on diagnostic performance were abstracted by constructing two-by-two contingency tables for each study. Data on a priori selected safety outcomes were collected. Risk of bias was assessed with the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool. Random effects meta-analyses were performed to obtain summary estimates of the diagnostic accuracy.Results: The...
Structural Studies of Plasma Lipoproteins

Plasma lipoproteins play a central role in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Details of the organization of plasma lipoproteins at the molecular level are necessary for a basic understanding of the principles that govern lipoprotein assembly, interconversion, and metabolism.
Learning How to Influence Others: A Training Module and Experiential Exercise

ABSTRACTEffective leaders in the 21st century must be able to elicit desired changes through one-on-one dialogues, in small groups, and through speeches as well as other communication channels directed at broader audiences. Unfortunately, knowledge about influence tactics does not necessarily translate into effective usage. Therefore, we developed a training module and experiential exercise that provide participants, as influence agents, practice using 11 proactive influence tactics. The module also provides participants, as targets, practice in identifying uses of the tactics in various real-life situations. The authors developed training materials and instructions to help participants gain a deeper understanding of the influence process. Materials provided for instructors include an interactive student handout, a two-part homework assignment including a solutions key, a list of sample scenarios, and a list of tactics to be used in the exercise.
The Mean and Turbulent Properties of a Wildfire Convective Plume

AbstractThe time-mean and time-varying smoke and velocity structure of a wildfire convective plume is examined using a high-resolution scanning Doppler lidar. The mean plume is shown to exhibit the archetypal form of a bent-over plume in a crosswind, matching the well-established Briggs plume-rise equation. The plume cross section is approximately Gaussian and the plume radius increases linearly with height, consistent with plume-rise theory. The Briggs plume-rise equation is subsequently inverted to estimate the mean fire-generated sensible heat flux, which is found to be 87 kW m−2. The mean radial velocity structure of the plume indicates flow convergence into the plume base and regions of both convective overshoot and sinking flow in the upper plume. The updraft speed in the lower plume is estimated to be 13.5 m s−1 by tracking the leading edge of a convective element ascending through the plume. The lidar data also reveal aspects of entrainment processes during the plume rise. For example, the covaria...
Human leptin has natriuretic activity in the rat.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether leptin influences renal function. Increasing doses (0.3, 1, 3, 10, and 30 microg/min; 30 min per dose) of human leptin (h-leptin) infused into the renal artery of anesthetized rats caused a twofold increase (P < 0.01) in urine volume (UV), sodium excretion rate (U(Na)V), and the ratio of U(Na)V to potassium excretion rate (U(K)V) from the ipsilateral kidney but had no effect on arterial blood pressure, renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, or U(K)V. Mouse leptin was inactive in the rat. In a second study, a single dose of h-leptin (30 microg/min) infused into the renal artery caused a significant twofold increase in UV and U(Na)V from the ipsilateral but not contralateral kidney and revealed a time lag (approximately 1.5 h) in the measurable response. In a third study, single doses of h-leptin were infused into the renal artery of four groups of rats (0.3, 1, 3, and 10 microg/min) for 140 min. The ratio of U(Na)V to U(K)V from the ipsilateral kidn...
Nutritional Support for the Gastroenterology Patient

The evolution of nutritional support and the enthusiasm that originally greeted total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has by now given way to a more balanced view of what nutritional support entails and its indications, risks, and benefits as well as its efficacy. Included in the rethinking of this important therapeutic modality is the concept now commonly accepted that nutritional support given by gut is probably more appropriate than nutritional support given by vein.
The Right to Health Care: Reflections on Its History and Politics

The right to medical care, in the most egalitarian expression, means equal access to equivalent medical services [17]. In this formulation the distribution of services should vary solely with the degree of sickness. Other socio-economic factors — wealth, race, geographical location, etc. — Ought not prevent the same response to similar medical conditions. Treating similarly ill persons similarly does not mean that all illnesses Will be treated. Rather, the egalitarian criterion requires that rationing of Access — tight or losse — be made by category of ailment, not by the social Class of the ill.
Building Resilience Through Collaboration Between Grassroots Citizen Groups and Governments: Two Case Studies:

As sea level rise grows in importance as a public policy issue, coastal communities must search for alternative strategies to develop resilience to the growing threat. One way to tap into existing ...
Effects of Axisymmetric Square-Wave Excitation on Transverse Jet Structure and Mixing

The influence of temporal square-wave excitation on structural and mixing characteristics of an equidensity, gaseous jet in crossflow (JICF) was explored in the present study. As in separate unforc...
B-cell peripheral neurolymphomatosis: MRI and 18 F-FDG PET/CT imaging characteristics

To examine the MRI and 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging characteristics of peripheral neurolymphomatosis. All institutional cases of neurolymphomatosis with an MRI or 18F-FDG PET/CT from 2000 to 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Included cases were biopsy-proven neurolymphomatosis or lymphoma patients with clinical and imaging evidence of neurolymphomatosis that resolved after chemotherapy. Multiple imaging parameters and clinical characteristics were recorded. There were 27 cases of B-cell neurolymphomatosis in 25 patients (18 M, 7 F; mean age 64.6 ± 10.0 years). Of the total cases, 85% (23/27) were biopsy-proven. Most were diagnosed after disease progression or recurrence (20/27, 74%), and presented with isolated nerve involvement (18/27, 67%). Bone marrow biopsy (17/19, 89%) and CSF cytology (16/23, 70%) were usually negative. On 18F-FDG PET/CT, neurolymphomatosis presented as a linear or fusiform (23/26, 88%), FDG-avid (average SUVmax: 7.1 ± 4.5, range, 1.5–17.0) mass, and on MRI as a T2-weighted hyperintense (21/22, 95%), enhancing (21/22, 95%), linear or fusiform mass (19/22, 86%), with associated muscle denervation (14/22, 64%). FDG avidity was significantly higher in patients with muscular denervation on MRI (mean SUVmax 8.2 ± 4.6 vs. 4.3 ± 2.3, p = 0.04). B-cell neurolymphomatosis most commonly manifests as T2-weighted hyperintense, enhancing linear or fusiform neural enlargement associated with muscular denervation on MRI, with intense FDG activity on PET/CT. It is most often an isolated site of disease, presenting after progression or recurrence. A familiarity with the imaging appearance of neurolymphomatosis can help refine the differential diagnosis, direct biopsy, and aid in accurate diagnosis.
Corporate Sustainability and Environmental Innovations: Practical Implications From a Cross-Country Analysis Over 15 Years

Sustainability and environmental related innovation activities are important for the present and for the future. These innovations occur throughout the world and in different contexts. Manufacturing related organization may approach these activities from different perspectives. The question we raise is whether country-related differences, in this case, between Germany and the United Kingdom exist and how they changed over time. Using survey information, we find that sustainability and environmental innovation activities have increased greatly. What has become more popular has shifted over the years. We find some differences in the countries and the types of initiatives. We also find small and large firms may focus on different initiatives. These results are of interest to managers and policy makers; we point to some possible practical takeaways from our study.
The Psychology of Financial Professionals and Their Clients

Financial professionals and their clients exhibit a wide collection of behavioral biases that many times result in imperfect judgments and outcomes. Understanding these cognitive and affective factors are important for financial planners and advisors to ensure their clients are receiving the best financial advice and investment information. The authors describe some common psychological biases and offer solutions for overcoming these biases. The paper draws on some themes from the authors’ book Financial Behavior – Players, Services, Products, and Markets published by Oxford University Press in 2017.
Creating Polygon Models for Spatial Clusters

This paper proposes a novel methodology for creating efficient polygon models for spatial datasets. A comprehensive analysis framework is proposed that takes a spatial cluster as an input and generates a polygon model for the cluster as an output. The framework creates a visually appealing, simple, and smooth polygon for the cluster by minimizing a fitness function. We propose a novel polygon fitness function for this task. Moreover, a novel emptiness measure is introduced for quantifying the presence of empty spaces inside polygons.
Thermal Noise and Active Processes in the Inner Ear: Relating Theory to Experiment

In 1948, Gold proposed that the filter characteristics of the auditory system may be influenced by active elements. In the same year, de Vries presented a preliminary analysis of thermal noise in the cochlea and its implications for the detection of the threshold auditory stimulus (cf. de Vries, 1956). With few exceptions, these papers were ignored until the 1970’s, when a number of observations made the concept of active filtering an attractive hypothesis. At the same time, Flerov (1976) resurrected the issue of thermal noise, and we (Bialek and Schweitzer, 1980; 1983) began a more systematic investigation of this problem.