cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring hydrochloric acid and ammonium hydroxide permeation in bulk chemical distribution

Permeability (P) and diffusion (D) coefficients were measured for hydrogen chloride and ammonia gas through a tetrafluoroethylene — perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) copolymer using standard manometric techniques. These data were subsequently used to estimate the performance characteristics, such as breakthrough times and permeation rates, of a representative chemical distribution system that may be found inside a semiconductor wafer fabrication facility. Our findings suggest that breakthrough occurs in a matter of days and that steady state permeation can account for the loss of several grams of hydrogen chloride or ammonia each day. This loss rate for hydrogen chloride would be equivalent to spilling five milliliters of concentrated hydrochloric acid on to the floor of a fab each day, or more likely into the secondary containment subsystem, and allowing the acid to dissipate over the course of a day. This equates to two liters per year. Everything else being equal, the loss rate of ammonium hydroxide is expected to be more than two times that of hydrochloric acid. To prevent accumulation of hydrogen chloride or ammonia, the secondary containment subsystem must be purged. The necessary purge rate can be estimated using the mass transport data from this study.
Use of iPad/iPods with Individuals with Autism and other Developmental Disabilities: A Meta-analysis of Communication Interventions

We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the impact of using tablet-based devices on the communication skills of individuals with autism and developmental disabilities. A total of 15 studies were reviewed to determine the effectiveness of the intervention on communication skills. The results showed that tablet-based devices, especially iOS devices (i.e., iPad and iPod Touch) were highly effective in increasing the communication skills of individuals with autism and developmental disabilities. Also, the results provided evidence that several participants were able to continue communicating using the devices and to use them in novel contexts. Furthermore, caregivers have positive perceptions of using iOS-based speech-generating devices for communication skills. Results are discussed and implications for practice and future research are provided.
SPANISH/ENGLISH CODESWITCHING IN A WRITTEN CORPUS

SPANISH/ENGLISH CODESWITCHING IN A WRITTEN CORPUS. Laura Callahan. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2004. Pp. viii + 183. $108.00 cloth.Despite a vast literature on oral codeswitching—the use of more than one language within a single conversation—codeswitching as a written literary practice has remained largely underinvestigated. In redressing this imbalance, Callahan examines Spanish-English codeswitching in literary texts from a grammatical and a discourse function perspective. The analysis of a corpus of 30 novels and shorts stories suggests that there is a “fundamental similarity” between written and spoken codeswitching and that written codeswitching “does not require a separate model of syntactic constraints” (p. 69). Callahan also argues that written codeswitching is far from an artificial literary device; not only does it fulfill the same authentic discourse functions reported for oral codeswitching but its use constitutes authors' strategic “rejection of monolingual English as well as of monolingual Spanish” (p. 145) in a redefined sociolinguistic market.
The Validity of Cognitive, Affective, and Demographic Variables in the Prediction of Achievement in High School Algebra and Geometry: Implications for the Definition of Mathematical Aptitude

For a sample of 300 high school students who had completed two semesters of algebra and two semesters of plane geometry the validity coefficients of each of 21 cognitive measures, three personality factor scales, seven attitude and/or interest measures, two indicators of previous musical experience, and five demographic characteristics were determined with respect to each of five criterion measures. Three stepwise multiple regression analyses were completed, and one-way analyses of variance were carried out on each of the 31 predictor measures to determine whether significant differences were present in mean scores of three subgroups representing distinctly different levels of achievement and teacher-rated aptitude. In general, highest validity coefficients were registered for cognitive measures, although some affective variables contributed significant proportions of variance to the coefficients of multiple determination. Statistically reliable differences among the means of the three subgroups were pres...
Needle length for immunization of early adolescents as determined by ultrasound.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the appropriate needle length for intramuscular injection of vaccines to early adolescents by measuring muscle depth at the deltoid injection site. METHODS: Students from Nassau County, New York, and patients attending an adolescent clinic were invited to participate. Height, weight, and arm circumference were measured. BMI percentiles were obtained. Depths of muscle and bone underlying the deltoid injection site were measured by using ultrasonography while the deltoid area was bunched or flattened. A sufficiently long needle length was defined as greater than or equal to the skin-to-muscle depth plus 5 mm (based on measurement, no needle used). Too long was considered greater than or equal to skin-to-bone depth. RESULTS: The age range of the 141 subjects was 11 to 15 years. Fifty-five percent were female. Twenty-six percent weighed 85th percentile. Using the bunch technique, we found that a 25-mm (1-in) needle is acceptable in 86% of subjects; in the subgroup of ≥60 kg, it is acceptable in 100% of subjects. A 16-mm (-in) needle is acceptable in 88%; in the subgroup of CONCLUSIONS: For intramuscular immunization of early adolescents, a 16-mm needle is appropriate for those weighing
Mathematical Modeling of Oxygen Diffusion and Respiration in Legume Root Nodules

The O2 permeability of legume root nodules is under physiological control; decreases in permeability are triggered by various forms of stress. Two linked mathematical models were used to explore several hypotheses concerning the physical nature of the variable diffusion barrier in nodules. Respiration and diffusion of dissolved O2 and oxygenated leghemoglobin were simulated for the nodule cortex and the nodule interior. Measured nodule permeabilities were shown to be inconsistent with the hypothesis that large numbers of air-filled pores penetrate the diffusion barrier. Changes in the affinity of leghemoglobin for O2 or in the rate of cytoplasmic streaming in diffusion barrier cells did not result in the large changes in O2 permeability reported for real nodules. The presence or absence, but not the thickness, of aqueous plugs in radial pores through the cortex was found to have a large effect on permeability. Flooding of intercellular spaces, either between layers of cells in the cortex or in the nodule interior, also caused large changes in simulated permeability. The unsteady-state O2 method for determining nodule permeability was tested using data generated by the model. The accuracy of the method was confirmed, provided that certain assumptions (full oxygenation of leghemoglobin under pure O2 and uniform conditions in the nodule interior) are met.
COMPETITION AND COOPERATION IN A PUBLIC GOODS GAME: A FIELD EXPERIMENT†

We explore the effects of competitive and cooperative motivations on contributions in a field experiment. A total of 10,000 potential political donors received solicitations referencing past contribution behavior of members of the competing party (competition treatment), the same party (cooperative treatment), or no past contribution information (control). We first theoretically analyze the effect of these treatments on the contribution behavior of agents with different social preferences in a modified intergroup public good (IPG) game. Then, we report the empirical results: Contribution rates in the competitive, cooperative, and control treatments were 1.45%, 1.08%, and 0.78%, respectively. With the exception of one large contribution, the distribution of contributions in the competitive treatment first order stochastically dominates that of the cooperative treatment. Qualitatively, it appears that the cooperative treatment induced more contributions around the common monetary reference point, while the competitive treatment led to more contributions at twice this amount. These results suggest that eliciting competitive rather than cooperative motivations can lead to higher contributions in IPG settings. (JEL D72, H41, C93)
Minimally Invasive Surgery – The Pioneers

This chapter gives an overview of the historical development of endoscopy and laparoscopy which began as early as Galielo Galilei and is still a process in motion. From a conceptual stage to industry and back, laparoscopy and endoscopy underwent major changes in the last two decades. The author gives his views as he was one of the driving forces behind the major developments in the past.
Chance Receptivity as a Function of Self-Concept: An Exploratory Study:

In this study the relationship between attitudes about chance and self-concept of 140 college students (74 women, 66 men) were analyzed. The finding of nonsignificance is discussed in view of previous assumptions as to relations between the two variables. Suggestions for further work are outlined.
A Field Comparison among a Domeless Net Radiometer, Two Four-Component Net Radiometers, and a Domed Net Radiometer

The Kipp & Zonen NR-Lite is a newly designed domeless net radiometer. In preparation for the Oklahoma Atmospheric Surface-layer Instrumentation System (OASIS) Project, the NR-Lite was rigorously field tested for over eight months during 1998. Seven NR-Lites were compared to an Eppley four-component PSP/PIR net radiometer system, a Kipp & Zonen four-component CNR1, and a REBS Q*7.1. Measurement problems associated with calibration, precipitation, cosine response, and wind-induced error were examined. Results conclude that the NR-Lite is well-suited for experiments where remote, long-term measurements of net radiation are required.
Recalled Explanations for Adolescent Girls' Engagement in Age-Discordant Sexual Relationships.

Age-discordant sexual relationships are associated with negative sexual health outcomes for adolescent females. We were particularly interested in females' motivations for engaging in these relationships, and in contextual factors that increase receptivity to age-discordant relationships in the United States (U.S.). However, recent research addressing this topic in the U.S. has been sparse. To address this gap in the literature, we recruited 15 women (Mdn age = 26 years; 93 % African American) from an urban, publicly funded sexually transmitted disease clinic to qualitative interviews. Reasons given by women for their involvement in age-discordant sexual relationships as adolescents included: (a) desire for an actively engaged father figure, (b) to obtain material support, (c) to escape from a troubled home life, and (d) to express independence and maturity. Thus, familial, economic, and developmental factors motivate socioeconomically disadvantaged adolescent females to enter into age-discordant sexual relationships. Efforts to reduce females' participation in these relationships will need to address socioeconomic vulnerability and family relationships.
Suitable PHY layer of narrow-band power line carrier communication in emerging advanced metering infrastructure scenario

Under the Advanced Metering Infrastructure, millions of metering endpoints spread over the residential areas need a two way communication network to connect them with the head-end system (HES) through a data collector. The data collector has a high bandwidth gateway to the HES but the last mile network to connect the collector with the endpoints remains a challenge. Narrow band power line carrier communication (NB-PLC) and radio frequency (RF) are the technologies which have been used for the purpose of realizing this. NB-PLC could have been the most cost effective technology for AMI but for its main limitations of low throughput and vulnerability to noise. With the advent of technology, an opportunity has emerged to improve upon these limitations by the new modulation techniques offered by orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). This paper attempts to gauge the feasibility of OFDM in a typically noisy low tension (LT) power line scenario implemented on a test bed in a building. Findings of this paper would particularly be useful for AMI deployment in those scenarios where either RF is not a viable option or for the emerging RF-PLC hybrid network proposition to achieve enhanced coverage and reliability.
Sensory Analysis and Willingness to Pay for Craft Cider

We conducted a blind tasting sensory evaluation experiment and a chemical analysis of four craft hard apple ciders from the Pacific Northwest of the USA. Using the sensory and demo- graphic data collected during the experiment, we estimated the consumer willingness-to-pay (WTP), using a contingent valuation model. Overall liking, taste, and aroma, from the sensory evaluation, as well as age of the sampler and if the sampler was a cider drinker, con- tributed positively to the WTP. In contrast, if the subject was a beer drinker this reduced their WTP. From the chemical analysis we found that tannin level had a positive effect on WTP, but an increased level of sweetness, as part of a ratio of specific gravity to acid, decreased consumer WTP
Buckling of Sandwich Cylinders Under Bending and Combined Bending and Axial Compression

A theoretical investigation of the buckling of sandwich cylinders under bending and combined bending and compression is carried out. By solving Donnell's equation modified to include the effects of transverse shear using Galerkin's method, the buckling load is determined. For a sandwich cylinder with a weak core, it is found that buckling occurs when the maximum compressive stress in the cylinder reaches the buckling stress of the cylinder under axial compression alone.
Network vs Market Relations: The Effect of Friends in Crowdfunding

Crowds offer a new form of efficacious collective decision making, yet knowledge about the mechanisms by which they achieve superior outcomes remains nascent. It has been suggested that crowds work best with market-like relationships when individuals make independent decisions and possess dissimilar information. By contrast, sociological discussions of markets argue that risky decisions are mitigated by network relations that embed economic transactions in social ties that promote trustworthiness and reciprocity. To investigate the role of networks within crowds and their performance effects, we examined the complete record of financial lending decisions on Prosper.com, 1/2006-3/2012, the first U.S. crowdfunding platform and a chief gateway to capital for entrepreneurs and general borrowers that continues to disrupt conventional financial lending structures infusing more than $5.1 billion into the market in 2013. Our study reveals how reciprocity, recurring borrower-lender dyads, and persistent co-lending underpin the dynamics of network lending. Further, we show how network ties influence the evolution of the lending behavior. We find that in the early stage of fundraising, network relations provide larger proportions of loans, typically lending four times more per bid than strangers. They also respond to loan requests on average 59.5% sooner than strangers. The size of the first loan and the time to lending also tend to prompt lending by strangers, suggesting that network relations might move the market, a finding that persists even as fewer lenders dominate more of the market for loans on Prosper. Finally, network relations are associated with greater engagement: when the first loan is underwritten by a friend, 50% of the remaining loans come from friends as well.
BioMorphic typography

BioMorphic Typography is a new conception of writing and a morphing typeface driven by biofeedback. It enables users to become aware of their autonomic physiological functions while they type, in real-time. In doing so, BioMorphic Typography seeks to challenge longstanding Western notions about the relationship among the senses, representation, and technology.
A New Species of Pelocoris from Nevada, with Notes on the Genus in the United States (Hemiptera: Naucoridae)

Dorsum bicolored, head and pronotum yellowish, hemelytra and abdomen black, sides yellowish. Under surface: legs yellowish, most of remainder somewhat darker, except propleuron, which is yellowish; mesosternum black, bordered laterally by yellow. Size: 8-9 mm. long, 5 mm. wide.
An exercise in design process simulation using agent models based on Bayesian global optimization

The frequent schedule delays and cost overruns in the design of modern complex engineered systems is motivating current research to provide improved understanding of design process dynamics. A particular interest is to understand the aggregated decision making behavior of multiple individual designers engaged in design tasks associated with multiple disciplines, subsystems, or components. In this context, this paper focuses on defining and implementing an agent model and multi-agent coordination schemes to enable simulation of the design process in an engineering firm. This research represents an initial step by the authors toward the overall goal of simulating the fundamental features of the activity of designing complex engineered systems. First, a Bayesian agent model able to model designer preferences and uncertainties in designer knowledge is described. Next, three coordination schemes inspired by MDO architectures are formulated. The agent model and the coordination schemes are then applied to demonstrate the framework with a simple example problem. Results show that the approach represents a promising avenue for future extensions and follow-up studies of more complex and realistic design process structures.
Carbohydrate-functionalized nanovaccines preserve HIV-1 antigen stability and activate antigen presenting cells

The functionalization of polymeric nanoparticles with ligands that target specific receptors on immune cells offers the opportunity to tailor adjuvant properties by conferring pathogen mimicking attributes to the particles. Polyanhydride nanoparticles are promising vaccine adjuvants with desirable characteristics such as immunomodulation, sustained antigen release, activation of antigen presenting cells (APCs), and stabilization of protein antigens. These capabilities can be exploited to design nanovaccines against viral pathogens, such as HIV-1, due to the important role of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages in viral spread. In this work, an optimized process was developed for carbohydrate functionalization of HIV-1 antigen-loaded polyanhydride nanoparticles. The carbohydrate-functionalized nanoparticles preserved antigenic properties upon release and also enabled sustained antigen release kinetics. Particle internalization was observed to be chemistry-dependent with positively charged nanoparticles b...
Production of neuraminidase by L forms of Vibrio cholerae.

SummaryA stable L form of Vibrio cholerae (strain 4Z) has been found to produce a neuraminidase capable of inhibiting hemagglutination by influenza virus and of liberating neuraminic acid from purified α-1 glycoprotein. The enzyme activity was neutralized by antiserum to the neuraminidase of the parent Vibrio cholerae strain.
A Method for Production of Perithecial Stromata by Xylariaceous Fungi

(1979). A Method for Production of Perithecial Stromata by Xylariaceous Fungi. Mycologia: Vol. 71, No. 2, pp. 441-443.
EGFR inhibitor-induced skin reactions: differentiating acneiform rash from superimposed bacterial infections.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors are approved for use as targeted chemotherapeutic agents against multiple solid-organ malignancies. The most common side effect associated with EGFR inhibitor therapy is a papulopustular eruption, which can easily be confused with bacterial folliculitis. In this study, we examine the relative timing and location of the EGFR-induced papulopustular eruption compared to the associated bacterial superinfections. In this retrospective chart review, patients enrolled in our institution’s IRB-approved prospective registry of cutaneous reactions to chemotherapy were screened for inclusion. All patients who received an EGFR inhibitor and developed either a papulopustular eruption or bacterial superinfection at some point during treatment were included. Of the 157 patients who met inclusion criteria, 36 (23 %) developed bacterial superinfections at some point during EGFR therapy. Papulopustular eruptions developed in a highly predictable time course, with a mean time to onset of 1.5 weeks and mean duration of 9.4 weeks. Bacterial superinfections occurred at widely variable time points during therapy with a mean time to onset of 27.7 weeks. Papulopustular eruptions much more frequently affected the face (97 %), chest (75 %), and back (61 %), while bacterial superinfections occurred more commonly on the upper extremity (64 %), lower extremity (47 %), and abdomen (39 %). The EGFR inhibitor-induced papulopustular eruption has a stereotypical time course and occurs in a characteristic distribution affecting the central face, upper chest, and back. Bacterial superinfections more frequently affect the extremities, abdomen, and groin and may occur at any point during EGFR therapy.
Dynamic Analysis of Mercury Hazards in Energy-saving Lamps Enterprises of Xiamen during 2004 to 2008

Objective The changes of mercury concentration at workplaces and workers' health status in energy-saving lamps manufacturers during 2004 to 2008 was investigated to evaluate the effectiveness of technical improvement.Methods The airborne mercury concentration at workplaces was measured and health examinations of workers exposed to mercury was done. The yearly changes of these indicators were compared.Results The mercury concentrations at workplaces from 2004 to 2008 decreased,and the compliance rate of urinary mercury level decreased too.There was significant difference from 2004 to 2008, showing a decreasing trend.Conclusion The technical process,in which mercury amalgam is used instead of mercury,can improve the working environment and reduce the concentration of mercury at workplaces and consequentially reduce the workers' urinary mercury significantly.These demonstrated that the technical improvement is effective to reduce the occupational hazards of mercury.
Support vector machine active learning with applications to text classification

Support vector machines have met with significant success in numerous real-world learning tasks. However, like most machine learning algorithms, they are generally applied using a randomly selected training set classified in advance. In many settings, we also have the option of using pool-based active learning. Instead of using a randomly selected training set, the learner has access to a pool of unlabeled instances and can request the labels for some number of them. We introduce a new algorithm for performing active learning with support vector machines, i.e., an algorithm for choosing which instances to request next. We provide a theoretical motivation for the algorithm using the notion of a version space. We present experimental results showing that employing our active learning method can significantly reduce the need for labeled training instances in both the standard inductive and transductive settings.
Explanatory Preferences Shape Learning and Inference

Explanations play an important role in learning and inference. People often learn by seeking explanations, and they assess the viability of hypotheses by considering how well they explain the data. An emerging body of work reveals that both children and adults have strong and systematic intuitions about what constitutes a good explanation, and that these explanatory preferences have a systematic impact on explanation-based processes. In particular, people favor explanations that are simple and broad, with the consequence that engaging in explanation can shape learning and inference by leading people to seek patterns and favor hypotheses that support broad and simple explanations. Given the prevalence of explanation in everyday cognition, understanding explanation is therefore crucial to understanding learning and inference.
The EU Global Strategy and diplomacy

ABSTRACTThe new EU Global Strategy has significant implications for EU diplomacy, in terms of both goals and means. This article first analyses the timing of the strategy as an exercise in diplomacy in its own right. Second, it argues that the strategy outlines a more expansive and noticeably more smart power-oriented approach to diplomacy in practical terms. Finally, it notes that the strategy has a new meta-narrative for EU diplomacy, which seeks to project a blend of both realistic assessment and idealistic aspiration.
CW second harmonic results at 460 GHz of a gyrotron oscillator - for sensitivity enhanced NMR

We report 460 and 233 GHz CW results of a gyrotron operating at the second electron cyclotron harmonic and fundamental, respectively. A record CW power level of over 8 W has been obtained at 460 GHz in the TE/sub 0,6/ mode with 12.4 kV and 135 mA. The gyrotron has operated under computer control for over an hour with stable power output of better than 1%. Fundamental CW studies at 233 GHz in the TE/sub 2,3/ mode reveal that oscillations start with less than 7 W of beam power below 3.5 kV. The gyrotron will extend sensitivity-enhanced NMR through dynamic nuclear polarization to the highest field ever used, 16.5 T (700 MHz /sup 1/H).
Regulation of metabolic health and aging by nutrient-sensitive signaling pathways

All organisms need to be capable of adapting to changes in the availability and composition of nutrients. Over 75 years ago, researchers discovered that a calorie restricted (CR) diet could significantly extend the lifespan of rats, and since then a CR diet has been shown to increase lifespan and healthspan in model organisms ranging from yeast to non-human primates. In this review, we discuss the effects of a CR diet on metabolism and healthspan, and highlight emerging evidence that suggests that dietary composition - the precise macronutrients that compose the diet - may be just as important as caloric content. In particular, we discuss recent evidence that suggests protein quality may influence metabolic health. Finally, we discuss key metabolic pathways which may influence the response to CR diets and altered macronutrient composition. Understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for the effects of CR and dietary composition on health and longevity may allow the design of novel therapeutic approaches to age-related diseases.
Mobile Phone Apps for Smoking Cessation: Quality and Usability Among Smokers With Psychosis

Background: Smoking is one of the top preventable causes of mortality in people with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. Cessation treatment improves abstinence outcomes, but access is a barrier. Mobile phone apps are one way to increase access to cessation treatment; however, whether they are usable by people with psychotic disorders, who often have special learning needs, is not known. Objective: Researchers reviewed 100 randomly selected apps for smoking cessation to rate them based on US guidelines for nicotine addiction treatment and to categorize them based on app functions. We aimed to test the usability and usefulness of the top-rated apps in 21 smokers with psychotic disorders. Methods: We identified 766 smoking cessation apps and randomly selected 100 for review. Two independent reviewers rated each app with the Adherence Index to US Clinical Practice Guideline for Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence. Then, smokers with psychotic disorders evaluated the top 9 apps within a usability testing protocol. We analyzed quantitative results using descriptive statistics and t tests. Qualitative data were open-coded and analyzed for themes. Results: Regarding adherence to practice guidelines, most of the randomly sampled smoking cessation apps scored poorly—66% rated lower than 10 out of 100 on the Adherence Index (Mean 11.47, SD 11.8). Regarding usability, three common usability problems emerged: text-dense content, abstract symbols on the homepage, and subtle directions to edit features. Conclusions: In order for apps to be effective and usable for this population, developers should utilize a balance of text and simple design that facilitate ease of navigation and content comprehension that will help people learn quit smoking skills. [JMIR Hum Factors 2017;4(1):e7]
Rate equations for modeling carbon dioxide sequestration in basalt

Abstract Dissolution rate equations are developed from published data for glassy and crystalline basalt to predict the silica release flux (JSi) as a function of hydrogen ion activity (2 J S i = ( 5.00 × 10 2 ) e ( − 39700 R ) 1 T a H + 1.01 + ( 5.26 × 10 − 5 ) e ( − 38400 R ) 1 T a H + − 0.258 and for crystalline basalt the silica flux is J S i = ( 7.40 ) e ( − 40100 R ) 1 T a H + 0.680 + ( 8.67 × 10 − 7 ) e ( − 32900 R ) 1 T a H + − 0.286 . These rate equations are implemented in TOUGHREACT to simulate a CO2 saturated solution reacting with glassy and crystalline basalt in batch and semibatch reactors. The crystalline basalt models are compared with a more complex basalt representation comprising a composite mixture of olivine, plagioclase and pyroxene dissolution rates. Results show that numerical models based on the newly developed rate equations make reasonable predictions. Batch reactor models initially contained a solution spiked with CO2. These models showed relatively rapid CO2 consumption followed by cessation of the reaction with the glassy and crystalline basalt after the CO2 was exhausted and a terminal pH near eight. The composite basalt model was less successful because the plagioclase continued to react after the CO2 was exhausted causing the pH to rise to an unreasonably high value near 12. Semibatch reactor models containing a solution continuously supplied with CO2 showed relatively rapid CO2 consumption until all basalt was consumed. Complete semibatch reaction produced a sodium and bicarbonate rich solution with a pH near eight for all three basalt compositions.
Imaging-Based Monitoring of the Renal Graft

Renal transplantation is the ultimate treatment of end-stage renal disease. Knowledge of surgical technique and transplant anatomy is essential for comprehensive evaluation. This chapter discusses anatomy and imaging techniques of the transplant kidney and covers a wide array of common and uncommon transplant-related pathology.
The Christian Federalism of Germany

This final case chapter attributes the German federal approach to European integration in part to its inter-confessional history and constitution. Royce begins by surveying the spread of Lutheran theology in the German Empire, which led to a permanent division between a Catholic south and Lutheran north. He then analyzes the religious terms of the Peace of Westphalia (1648) with an emphasis on Samuel Pufendorf’s interpretation, and demonstrates that subsequent iterations of German constitutional law emphasized the preservation of inter-confessional peace. Third, Royce reveals how the politics of Christian Democratic Union have been constructed on this basis, discussing the Christian ecumenical Weltanschauung of Chancellor Adenauer and of the political party he created, as well as how its platform connects Christian theology with European integration in the new century.
All Cells Have a Sex: Studies of Sex Chromosome Function at the Cellular Level

Abstract Until recently, the role of the sex chromosomes has been thought to be strictly limited to the development of reproductive tissues and organs. As a consequence, any sexually dimorphic physiology in other nonreproductive tissues, such as the liver, kidneys, or the brain, has been attributed to that tissue’s response to sex hormones released by reproductive tissues. The thesis was that any differences in cellular physiology between male and female cells merely result from that cell’s exposure to outside hormonal influence, rather than the cell’s genetic content. However, it is becoming increasing clear that there are in fact, multiple genes on the X and Y chromosomes that have nothing to do with gonadal development, but that still have an impact upon the physiology of all cells in the body. This means that not only does an individual have a sex, but each and every cell within that individual’s body also has a sex. As we embark on an era of so-called “personalized medicine,” consideration of the impact of pharmacological therapies on “male” and “female” cells needs to be made. It may turn out that for many drugs, the sex of the target cell is not important, but for some drugs the sex of the target cell may have critical clinical implications. This chapter will focus on findings that demonstrate intrinsic differences between male and female cells that are independent of gonadal hormones; differences that are maintained in cell culture and impact cellular function.
Metabolism of aromatics by Trichosporon oleaginosus while remaining oleaginous

The oleaginous yeast, Trichosporon oleaginosus, has been extensively studied for its ability to metabolize non-conventional feedstocks. These include phenol-containing waste streams, such as distillery wastewater, or streams consisting of non-conventional sugars, such as hydrolyzed biomass and various bagasse. An initial BLAST search suggests this yeast has putative aromatic metabolizing genes. Given the desirability to valorize underutilized feedstocks such as lignin, we investigated the ability of T. oleaginosus to tolerate and metabolize lignin-derived aromatic compounds. Trichosporon oleaginosus can tolerate and metabolize model lignin monoaromatics and associated intermediates within funneling pathways. Growth rates and biomass yield were similar to glucose when grown in 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (pHBA) and resorcinol, but had an increased lag phase when grown in phenol. Oleaginous behavior was observed using resorcinol as a sole carbon source. Fed-batch feeding resulted in lipid accumulation of 69.5% on a dry weight basis. Though the exact pathway of aromatic metabolism remains to be determined for T. oleaginosus, the results presented in this work motivate use of this organism for lignin valorization and phenolic wastewater bioremediation. Trichosporon oleaginosus is the first yeast shown to be oleaginous while growing on aromatic substrates, and shows great promise as a model industrial microbe for biochemical and biofuel production from depolymerized lignin.
Abstract 137: Sox6 Regulates Renin Expression During Juxtaglomerular Cell Expansion

Introduction: Hypertension, a common condition that affects 33% of the US population, is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke. Treatments for hypertension are limited and there is a cri...
Suicide Among Turkish American Youth

The suicide rate among youth has been increasing and has become a major mental health and serious public health concern especially in industrialized countries. Immigrant youth may face even more difficulties in society because of acculturation challenges, language limitations, inadequate knowledge of support systems, socioeconomic problems, and reasons unique to their immigration. Due to limited research on suicide and immigrant youth in the USA and lack of literature on suicide in Turkish American youth living in the USA, the authors had to rely on the studies about European Turkish immigrants and suicide and immigration literature about related ethnic and cultural groups, besides their 25 years of combined clinical experience in treating a significant number of Turkish American youth living in the USA.
Viewpoint: A conceptual framework for information resources management

With technology having a major impact on the structuring of and activities within organizations, professional staff from various disciplines and backgrounds are finding that their areas of specialization are no longer sacrosanct. Increasingly the need is recognized for such 'experts' to work together to solve complex business information problems. However, it is not always clear to one specialist what contribution others could make in any particular case. A pictorial representation of this situation is therefore presented to exemplify the expertise available and the interplay between certain key 'actors' in the information 'play'. The importance of giving equal weight to the 'information' and 'systems' elements of information systems is emphasized in the context of information resources management.
Modulating membrane fluidity corrects Batten disease phenotypes in vitro and in vivo

The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses are a class of inherited neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of autofluorescent storage material. The most common neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis has juvenile onset with rapid onset blindness and progressive degeneration of cognitive processes. The juvenile form is caused by mutations in the CLN3 gene, which encodes the protein CLN3. While mouse models of Cln3 deficiency show mild disease phenotypes, it is apparent from patient tissue- and cell-based studies that its loss impacts many cellular processes. Using Cln3 deficient mice, we previously described defects in mouse brain endothelial cells and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Here we expand on this to other components of the BBB and show that Cln3 deficient mice have increased astrocyte endfeet area. Interestingly, this phenotype is corrected by treatment with a commonly used GAP junction inhibitor, carbenoxolone (CBX). In addition to its action on GAP junctions, CBX has also been proposed to alter lipid microdomains. In this work, we show that CBX modifies lipid microdomains and corrects membrane fluidity alterations in Cln3 deficient endothelial cells, which in turn improves defects in endocytosis, caveolin-1 distribution at the plasma membrane, and Cdc42 activity. In further work using the NIH Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures (LINCS), we discovered other small molecules whose impact was similar to CBX in that they improved Cln3-deficient cell phenotypes. Moreover, Cln3 deficient mice treated orally with CBX exhibited recovery of impaired BBB responses and reduced autofluorescence. CBX and the compounds identified by LINCS, many of which have been used in humans or approved for other indications, may find therapeutic benefit in children suffering from CLN3 deficiency through mechanisms independent of their original intended use.
Preventing Surgical Site Infections in Otolaryngology

Surgical site infections (SSIs) cause significant morbidity and mortality as well as increased cost and length of stay. Guidelines on measures to reduce SSIs have been offered by many organizations, including the World Health Organization in 2016 and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2017. Recommended measures include maintaining perioperative normothermia, normovolemia, and glycemic control, ensuring adequate tissue oxygenation, and the appropriate use of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis. This chapter discusses these recommendations and their efficacy in preventing SSIs in otolaryngology.
An approach to simulate robot-arm interactions in upper-extremity exoskeletons

Robotic exoskeletons can be effective tools for providing repetitive and high dose rehabilitation therapy. However, currently there is a lack of techniques to design therapy systematically using the myriad of subject-specific experimental data that is available from these devices. We envision an objective and systematic approach that combines experimental data with computational simulations for designing robot-assisted rehabilitation therapies. To this end, we present a methodology for estimating joint moments in the arm during upper extremity robotic training using a computational model of the coupled arm-exoskeleton system.
Critical oxygen delivery: the crux of bypass with a special look at the microcirculation.

Critical oxygen delivery (DO2crit) is a key physiologic parameter for organ and organism survival. It defines, physiologically, the boundary of shock (1,2). The purpose of cardiopulmonary bypass is to support that physiologic variable (DO2crit), keeping the patient out of shock, while the heart and lungs are removed from the normal circulation during repair. An understanding of DO2crit is para mount to understanding shock and being able to treat it appropriately. Although many in cardiac surgery think they understand O2 delivery, the process is complex and few understand the ramifications and limitations of DO2crit. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has at times been compared to other shock states, but every effort is made to assure specific organ demands (brain, heart, kidney, and intestine) are met. The microcirculation has been under intense study over the last 10–15 years in highly specialized physiology laboratories. With new techniques we are learning a great deal about how O2 fluxes through the complexity of arterioles, venules, and capillaries that together constitute the microcirculation. Although wonderful animal models of hemorrhagic shock and hemodilution have been studied, the data we have gained is limited. Almost all of the studies to date have been performed in rodents and most often in striated muscle. We know a good deal about endothelial cells, vasoregulation, blood cell interactions with endothelial cells, and the glycocalyx and these observations are intriguing. Unfortunately we make assumptions that what we see in striated muscle might well translate to brain, heart, or kidney microcirculation. However that may not always be true. Some data and hypotheses generated from these experiments could well explain some of the phenomenon that we encounter in CPB.
Detection of 12C Fragments in the First Excited 0+ State—Nuclear Structure in 24Mg?

The nucleus 24Mg has long been a testing ground for many nuclear models. Descriptions in terms of the shell model, the cranked deformed shell model, and the a-cluster model nicely reproduce the low-lying rotational behavior of 24Mg [1–3]. One of the most fascinating predictions of nearly all cluster models, as well as for cranked Nilsson-Strutinsky calculations for 24Mg, is the existence of an exotic structure corresponding to a linear chain of 6 α particles. In 24Mg, this 6a particle chain would be expected to lie well above the threshold for decay into 6 a particles. The identification of this decay mode thus presents an intriguing and difficult experimental challenge.
Management alternatives in mastitis control and eradication programs.

Herd management programs that are successful in eliminating contagious mastitis include dry cow therapy, segregation and selective culling. When infections involve Streptococcus agalactiae, lactation therapy is still successful although there has been an increase in the number of Strep ag isolates resistant to penicillin and other beta-lactum antibiotics. The major difficulties occur when Staphylococcus aureus is isolated as the primary pathogen in the herd. The primary source of these infections are infected glands and unless these reservoirs are eliminated, new infections will continue to occur. Uninfected cows are mainly exposed during milking but dry cows and prepartum heifers are still at risk when contagious pathogens are present in the lactating herd. Although the method of spread is unknown in nonlactating animals, heifers can become infected before calving with the same strains of organisms as found in the lactating cows.1 Once Staph aureus infections are eliminated from the lactating animals, the number of infected heifers at calving decreases and often disappears. This is most apparent in herds where Staph aureus has been rapidly eliminated from lactating cows where there is a concurrent rapid decrease in new infections in the heifers at calving. The links speculated as the sources of exposure include insect vectors,2 but the reservoir appears to be the adult lactating animal.1 Because of the spread to young uninfected animals as well as other cows, there is an incentive to try to eliminate these infections from lactating cows. Segregation is an important tool in reducing the risk of exposure at milking, but it does not address other sources of spread. However, many farms cannot create an additional group to segregate infected cows because the group is not the correct size or does not fit well with feeding groups. Likewise, most producers are unwilling to cull infected animals that are producing well and find that the poor response to antibiotic therapy in both lactating and dry cows is frustrating when trying to eliminate Staph aureus from their herds. Since Staph aureus infection can occur anytime during lactation, the longer the lactation and the older the animals, the greater the risk of becoming infected. Thus, herds that have younger cows and a high turnover rate often have a lower prevalence of Staph aureus infected cows, while well established herds with good longevity have greater exposure and accumulate more infections. It is these herds that are trying to retain cows and reach mature production that are often fighting problems with staphylococcal infections. However, no herd is exempt from Staph aureus, even with high turnover, especially if they are purchasing animals.
Ambiguity Aversion in Engineers

AbstractThis article explores whether engineers exhibit the cognitive bias Ambiguity Aversion. Ambiguity Aversion, in which individuals prefer an unambiguous option to an objectively equal or superior ambiguous option, has been previously demonstrated to exist in the general population in decision research. The research presented here was performed by conducting Ambiguity Aversion experiments from prior research in a sample including roughly equivalent numbers of engineers and non-engineers. This research demonstrates that engineers do exhibit Ambiguity Aversion and that they do so to a significantly greater degree than the general population. This finding may have significant implications for both researchers and practitioners.
Relationships between chronotype, social jetlag, sleep, obesity and blood pressure in healthy young adults.

Sleep disturbances, chronotype and social jetlag (SJL) have been associated with increased risks for major chronic diseases that take decades to develop, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome and car...
Management of Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST)

Local anesthetic system toxicity (LAST) is an infrequent but potentially life-threatening emergency that requires immediate and decisive steps. Some of these interventions are unique to LAST, and interestingly some interventions that are routine in other scenarios are potentially contraindicated in LAST. A clear understanding of the indications and risks associated with the specific treatments is required in order to effectively deliver care during this scenario. This chapter outlines these aspects in the context of an obstetric scenario.