cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A framework for management of concurrent XML markup

The problem of concurrent markup hierarchies in XML encodings of documents has attracted attention of a number of humanities researchers in recent years. The key problem with using concurrent hierarchies to encode documents is that markup in one hierarchy is not necessarily well-formed with respect to the markup in another hierarchy. Previously proposed solutions to this problem rely on the XML expertise of the editors and their ability to maintain correct DTDs for complex markup languages. In this paper, we approach the problem of maintenance of concurrent XML markup from the Computer Science perspective. We propose a framework that allows the editors to concentrate on the semantic aspects of the encoding, while leaving the burden of maintaining XML documents to the software. The paper describes the formal notion of the concurrent markup languages and the algorithms for automatic maintenance of XML documents with concurrent markup.
Phonological awareness and literacy skills in Korean: An examination of the unique role of body-coda units

This study examines a salient intrasyllabic phonological unit in Korean, the body-coda unit, its role in literacy skills in Korean, and a possible source of the salience of body-coda units in the spoken language. Data were collected from Korean-speaking, monolingual beginning readers (41 kindergarteners, 40 first graders). The results indicate that body-coda boundary (e.g., ca-t) is more salient than onset–rime boundary (e.g., c-at) for Korean children and show that children's body-coda awareness is an important predictor of word decoding and spelling in Korean. Furthermore, the analysis of phonological neighbors and frequency of syllable types suggests that a phonotactic feature in Korean, the frequency of consonant–verb syllable type, may be a possible source of the saliency of the body-coda intrasyllabic division for Korean children.
A simplified procedure for preparing 3,5-disubstituted-1,2,4-oxadiazoles by reaction of amidoximes with Acyl chlorides in pyridine solution

3-R-5-R′-1,2,4-Oxadiazoles are prepared in fair to good yield by short-time, one-pot reaction of an amidoxime, RC(NH2)NOH, with an acyl chloride, R'COCl, in pyridine solution. Precipitation of the oxadiazole occurs on diluting the pyridine reaction solution with water. Ordinary acyl chlorides can be used; they do not have to be unusually reactive to succeed in the one-pot preparation. The procedure is simpler and more convenient than the conventional one, namely isolation and thermal rearrangement of an O-acylamidoxime.
The charm quark mass to two-loop order

The truncation of the perturbative series at one loop order for the mass renormalization constants remain a significant systematic uncertainty in the determination of heavy quark masses in lattice QCD. We present here a high beta Monte Carlo calculation of the two loop mass renormalization constant for clover-improved fermions near the charm mass in the Fermilab heavy quark formalism. A preliminary value for the charm quark mass in the {ovr MS} scheme at two loop order is reported.
A new route to C-aryl glycosides.

A six-step route for de novo synthesis of C-aryl glycosides based on cycloaddition of an aryl nitrile oxide with 4-pentyn-2-ol has been developed.
A study of pre-validation

Given a predictor of outcome derived from a high-dimensional dataset, pre-validation is a useful technique for comparing it to competing predictors on the same dataset. For microarray data, it allows one to compare a newly derived predictor for disease outcome to standard clinical predictors on the same dataset. We study pre-validation analytically to determine if the inferences drawn from it are valid. We show that while pre-validation generally works well, the straightforward “one degree of freedom” analytical test from pre-validation can be biased and we propose a permutation test to remedy this problem. In simulation studies, we show that the permutation test has the nominal level and achieves roughly the same power as the analytical test.
Electrical and optical properties of high-purity p-type single crystals of GeFe2O4

Abstract Single crystals of the spinel GeFe2O4, grown by the chemical vapor transport technique, are p-type semiconductors with an acceptor ionization energy of 0.39 eV. The material is a heavily compensated band-type semiconductor, with a typical hole concentration of 1014 cm−3 near room temperature, and a temperature-independent Hall mobility of 2 cm2/V·sec. Optical absorption measurements show the optical band gap to be ⩾2.3 eV; the octahedral field splitting of the Fe2+ d-levels is 10 200 cm−1. Magnetic measurements show that neff is 5.26, from which a trigonal field splitting of 950 cm−1 is derived.
The Berkeley parasitic SETI Program

Parasitic programs for the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), carried out concurrently with conventional radio astronomical observing programs, can be an attractive and cost-effective means of exploring the large multidimensional search space intrinsic to this effort. A microprocessor-based automated SETI acquisition system is described which searches for, and records, spectra of narrowband signals in the IF band of an observatory receiver. Data taken with this system over 35 days at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory at 1612 MHz are discussed. Out of approximately 100,000 spectra processed during this period, 4000 were identified by the system as containing narrowband signals and were recorded. Subsequent analysis indicates that over 3900 of these are due to local RF contamination. The remainder are undergoing further investigation.
The Formation and Behavior of Particles in Silane Discharges

Particle growth in silane RF discharges, and the incorporation of particles into hydrogenated-amorphous-silicon (a-Si:H) devices is described. These particles have a structure similar to a-Si:H, but their incorporation into the device is believed to yield harmful voids and interfaces. Measurements of particle density and growth in a silane RF plasma, for particle diameters of 8-50 nm, are described. This particle growth rate is very rapid, and decreases in density during the growth indicate a major flux of these size particles to the substrate. Particle densities are a very strong function of pressure, film growth rate and electrode gap, increasing orders of magnitude for small increases in each parameter. A full plasma- chemistry model for particle growth from SiHm radicals and ions has been developed, and is outlined. It yields particle densities and growth rates, as a function of plasma parameters, which are in qualitative agreement with the data. It also indicates that, in addition to the diameter >2 nm particles that have been observed in films, a very large flux of SixHm, molecular radicals with x ≫lalso incorporate into the film. It appears that these large radicals yield more than 1% of the film for typical device-deposition conditions, so this may have a serious effect on device properties.
The Maximum lifetime of the quark - gluon plasma

Abstract The width ΔT of the deconfinement transition region is shown to influence strongly the flow structure in the (Landau) hydrodynamical expansion of a quark-gluon plasma. For a sharp first order transition ( ΔT = 0) the mixed phase is rather long-lived, with a lifetime that has a maximum when the initial energy density is at the phase boundary between mixed and pure quark-gluon matter. For increasing ΔT , however, the lifetime decreases rapidly. Hadromic matter, however, remains long-lived as a consequence of the rapid change in the degrees of freedom in the transition region and the corresponding “softening” of the equation of state.
Intrinsic Optical Bistability in a Cavity

The nonlinear oscillator model including propagation has an interesting optical bistable characteristic behavior, which has been studied by Goldstone and Garmire1 and, extensively, by Haus et al2. The authors show that this medium exhibits optical bistability without a cavity due to increased absorption. This phenomenon has been coined intrinsic optical bistability (IOB) because it is intrinsic to the material and does not require an external feedback. A study of transverse effects in IOB3 shows that bistability is not significantly altered by varying the Fresnel number down to order unity, but that an interesting redistribution of the electromagnetic energy takes place due to increased diffraction and high absorption at the center of the input intensity profile
MBE growth and magneto-optic properties of magnetic multilayers

Abstract Recent interest in the magnetic and magneto-optic properties of transition metal/transition metal multilayers has been stimulated by the discovery of perpendicular magnetism in particular systems such as Co/Pd and Co/Pt. Due to their favorable magneto-optic wavelength dependence and enhanced corrosion resistance, these materials show promise as future data storage media. However, partially due to the large variety of thin-film deposition methods and growth conditions, it has been difficult to obtain a clear understanding of the mechanisms of magnetic anisotropy in these systems. In order to create controlled and well characterized model systems, we have grown a series of epitaxial Co/Pd superlattices oriented along the three high-symmetry crystal directions [001], [110], and [111] on single-crystal GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy [MBE]. Simultaneously, we have deposited polycrystalline Co/Pd multilayers on Si substrates mounted alongside the GaAs for direct comparisons of epitaxial and non-epitaxial films produced under identical conditions. The structural properties of these multilayers were determined by low-and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (LEED and RHEED), low- and high-angle X-ray diffraction, and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The dependence of the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy energy on the Co thickness in these superlattices showed significant systematic differences for each of the three crystal orientations. A review of our work on the structural influences responsible for these differences is presented.
Incorporating postleap checks in tau-leaping

By explicitly representing the reaction times of discrete chemical systems as the firing times of independent, unit rate Poisson processes, we develop a new adaptive tau-leaping procedure. The procedure developed is novel in that accuracy is guaranteed by performing postleap checks. Because the representation we use separates the randomness of the model from the state of the system, we are able to perform the postleap checks in such a way that the statistics of the sample paths generated will not be biased by the rejections of leaps. Further, since any leap condition is ensured with a probability of one, the simulation method naturally avoids negative population values.
Venus atmospheric exploration by solar aircraft

Abstract The Venus atmosphere is a favorable environment for flying powered aircraft. The atmospheric pressure makes flight much easier than on planets such as Mars. Above the clouds, solar energy is available in abundance on Venus, and the slow rotation of Venus allows a solar airplane to be designed for flight within continuous sunlight. The atmosphere between 50 and 75 km on Venus is one of the most dynamic and interesting regions of the planet. The challenge for a Venus aircraft will be the fierce winds and caustic atmosphere. In order to remain on the sunlit side of Venus, an exploration aircraft will have to be capable of sustained flight at or above the wind speed. An aircraft would be a powerful tool for exploration. By learning how Venus can be so similar to Earth, and yet so different, we will learn to better understand the climate and geological history of the Earth.
Invasion of the bladder by transitional cell carcinoma: Its relation to histologic grade and expression of p53, MIB-1, c-erb B-2, epidermal growth factor receptor, and bcl-2

BACKGROUND Although pathologic level of invasion and histologic grade are helpful in predicting the clinical outcome of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, they also create uncertainty. Immunohistochemical staining for p53, MIB-1, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), c-erb B-2, and bcl-2 have shown promise as prognostic factors when evaluated singly, although multivariate analyses that include histologic grade and the interactive effects of these markers have not been studied extensively. The authors have initiated a prospective study to determine whether these markers add prognostic information to that provided by level of invasion and histologic grade. This initial report details how these five markers relate to invasion of the bladder after controlling for the effects of histologic grade. METHODS The authors evaluated 229 transitional cell carcinomas in 229 patients using the World Health Organization grading schema and immunohistochemical staining with antigen retrieval for p53, MIB-1, EGFR, c-erb B-2, and bcl-2, and they related these markers to invasion after controlling for grade with a multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS Although Grades 2 and 3 were the most important for predicting invasion, Grade 2 tumors that stained for either MIB-1 or p53 indicated a significantly greater probability of invasion than suggested by grade alone. bcl-2 and p53 had an opposing and interactive effect: when p53 was absent, the presence of bcl-2 implied less probability of invasion; but when both bcl-2 and p53 were present, the protective effect of bcl-2 was no longer observed. Although neither EGFR nor c-erb B-2 were as important as the other three markers in determining the risk of invasion, Grade 3 tumors that stained for one, and especially both, of these markers were less likely to be invasive. CONCLUSIONS These five markers sort into three interactive pairs: MIB-1 and p53, bcl-2 and p53, and EGFR and c-erb B-2. MIB-1 and p53 together imply a greater probability of invasion. bcl-2 appears to have a dual role, which depends on the presence of accumulated p53. Finally, EGFR and c-erb B-2 related closely to each other and in Grade 3 tumors imply a lesser probability of invasion. It is likely that combinations of markers, or correlations between markers and grades, will yield prognostic information that is more powerful than what histologic grade alone can provide. Cancer 1998;82:715-23. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
A Stochastic Theory of Community Food Webs IV: Theory of Food Chain Lengths in Large Webs

This paper develops a theory of the length of food chains in community food webs. The theory derives from a mathematical model of webs called the cascade model. Our analysis concerns the behaviour of chain lengths for webs in which the number, S, of species is large. From an exact formula for the expected number of chains of each length, we derive a theoretical mean and variance of the length of chains in webs with a given S. For webs in which S becomes large, we compute the asymptotic distribution of the length of a randomly chosen chain, giving explicit closed-form formulas for the asymptotic mean and variance. The cascade model implies a simple rule of thumb for large webs: the mean length of chains approximately equals the mean number of predators plus prey of any species in the web. Such a quantitative relation between mean chain length and the number of links per species appears to be new. The height of a web is defined as the length (number of links) in its longest chain. We show that, according to the cascade model, the median height increases very slowly with the number of species in a web. Indeed, the median height is below 17 for S up to one million. This analysis provides the first quantitative explanation, we believe, of why the longest chains are very short relative to the number of species in a web, even when the number of species is very large. As a theoretical curiosity, we show, for webs in which S becomes unrealistically large, that the height equals one of two adjacent integers with a probability that slowly approaches 1. With increasing S, these two integers approximate ln S/ln (ln S), and thus grow extremely slowly.
A technique for QoS-based system partitioning

Quality of service (QoS) has been an important topic of many research communities. Combined with an advanced and retargetable compiler, variability of applications-specific very large instruction word (VLIW) processors has been shown to provide an excellent platform for optimizing performance under area constraints. Although media servers and others that are natural candidates for QoS management are embedded systems and implementing QoS management using the applications-specific VLIW platform can provide a new horizon for efficient and effective system design, until now no effort has been reported. In this paper, we introduce a QoS-based system partitioning scheme that addresses the need for maximizing net benefit of a system under resource constraints by exploiting applications-specific VLIW processors. The approach utilizes the modern advances in compiler technology and architectural enhancements that are well matched to the compiler technology. Experimental results indicate that the approach presented in this paper is very effective in system partitioning for QoS given a set of heterogeneous processors.
Solar Cycle and Long Term Changes in the Solar Wind

During the last four years substantial progress has been made in the study of variations of the solar wind on time scales of decades to hundreds of years. Solar cycle changes in 3 dimensions have been described and the cyclic evolution of solar sources studied. Work on longer term changes has made a good start. Data sets and methods of scientific analysis are being developed. Estimates have been made of pre-space-age solar wind properties. The existance of the eleven year cycle for the last 1,500 years was studied. The non-random nature of variations over many solar cycles was confirmed but there is still controversy concerning the periodic nature of the 80–100 year variation. There is evidence that variations of the Maunder and Sporer types may be periodic.
The synthesis of α-acetoxy sulfides and their lewis acid-mediated reactions

Abstract α-Acetoxy sulfides can be conveniently prepared by the reaction of dithioacetals with mercuric acetate at ambient temperature. They react with allyltrimethylsilane, enol silyl ethers, and cyanotrimethylsilane in the presence of SnCl4 to afford butenyl sulfides, γ-keto sulfides and α-cyano sulfides, respectively.
A Study of Flow Stability in Helium Cooling Systems

Methods have been developed for the computation of the frequency response and stability of helium cooling systems in the frequency range of the density wave instability. While more generally applicable, these methods were developed for a study of superconducting power transmission. Special features are the use of helium thermodynamic properties derived at every point from the exact equation of state, and the full accounting of the effect of compressibility. Classical linear control theory is employed throughout. By using a finite difference approach to the integration of the conservation equations over the space coordinate, the accuracy obtainable is limited only by the computation time available. Examples are given for representative transmission line parameters with the helium at a variety of supercritical pressures. It is concluded that, while density wave instability is a real potential problem in superconducting power transmission lines, it is not difficult to select operating parameters in a safe stable regime.
Monomolecular and bimolecular mechanisms of paraffin cracking: n-Butane cracking catalyzed by HZSM-5

Abstract The cracking of n-butane catalyzed by the zeolite HZSM-5 has been characterized by measurements of the conversion determined with a flow reactor at temperatures of 426–523°C and n-butane partial pressures of 0.01–1.00 atm. The primary products, each formed in a first-order reaction, are H2 + butenes; methane + propylene; and ethane + ethylene. In the limit approaching zero conversion, each compound in each stated pair was formed at approximately the same rate as the other. Propane and a small amount of isobutane were formed as secondary products in second-order reactions. The results are consistent with the occurrence of two simultaneous mechanisms: (1) a monomolecular mechanism proceeding through the pentacoordinated carbonium ion formed by protonation of the n-butane at the two position and (2) a bimolecular hydride transfer proceeding through carbenium ion intermediates. The former proceeds almost to the exclusion of the latter in the limit approaching zero n-butane conversion. The limiting product distribution characterizes the intrinsic selectivity of the collapse of the carbonium ion; at 496°C, the relative rates of decomposition of the carbonium ion to give H2 + butenes, methane + propylene, and ethane + ethylene are 30 ± 6, 36 ± 4, and 34 ± 5, respectively, with the corresponding activation energies all being approximately 140 kJ/mol. These results provide the first demonstration of stoichiometric dehydrogenation accompanying paraffin cracking.
Pulsed nanosecond discharge development in liquids with various dielectric permittivity constants

The dynamics of pulsed nanosecond discharge development in liquid water, ethanol and hexane were investigated experimentally. High-voltage pulses with durations of 20 and 60 ns and amplitudes of 6–60 kV were used for discharge initiation. It is shown that the dynamics of discharge formation fundamentally differ between liquids with low and high dielectric permittivity coefficients. In water (high permittivity), two phases were observed in the process of discharge development. The first phase is connected with electrostriction compression of the media near the needle tip and the formation of a rarefaction wave in the surrounding liquid. The second phase (the discharge phase) has a pronounced start delay, which depends on the voltage of the high-voltage electrode. Thus, at low voltages, the pulse length is insufficient for the initiation of the discharge, and the process consists of the first phase only, i.e. the formation of an electrostriction rarefaction wave. At higher voltages, the discharge start delay time decreases rapidly, and the discharge commences simultaneously with the formation of hydrodynamic perturbations by the electrostriction forces present in the media. Shadowgraphic laser visualization of the process demonstrates the transition from a pure hydrodynamic density perturbation in the rarefaction wave to a developed streamer-leader process with a strong energy release in the channels and the formation of strong shock waves around the channels. Unlike in water, the first phase is essentially non-existent in liquids with low dielectric permittivity coefficients because of the small electrostriction forces and the low intensity of the rarefaction wave that is formed. The second phase in the process (discharge) begins at significantly higher voltages on the high-voltage electrode, immediately leading to the long branched structure of the streamer-leader flash. The difference in the nanosecond discharge development in liquid dielectrics may be explained by the formation of micro-discontinuities in the media during the electrostriction compression/rarefaction stage in liquids with high dielectric permittivities.
Weak Mott insulators on the triangular lattice: Possibility of a gapless nematic quantum spin liquid

We study the energetics of Gutzwiller projected BCS states of various symmetries for the triangular lattice antiferromagnet with a four-particle ring exchange using variational Monte Carlo methods. In a range of parameters the energetically favored state is found to be a projected ${d}_{{x}^{2}\ensuremath{-}{y}^{2}}$ paired state which breaks lattice rotational symmetry. We show that the properties of this nematic or orientationally ordered paired spin-liquid state as a function of temperature and pressure can account for many of the experiments on organic materials. We also study the ring-exchange model with ferromagnetic Heisenberg exchange and find that among the studied ans\"atze, a projected $f$-wave state is the most favorable.
The Rise of Dwarfs and the Fall of Giants: Galaxy Formation Feedback Signatures in the Halo Satellite Luminosity Function

The observed luminosity function (LF) of satellite galaxies shows several interesting features that require a better understanding of gas-thermodynamic processes and feedback effects related to reionization and galaxy formation. In galaxy clusters, the abundance of dwarf galaxies is consistent with the expectation based on the subhalo mass function, whereas in galaxy groups, a relatively small abundance of dwarfs is expected based on models of photoionization. In all halo systems, however, there is a dip in the abundance of galaxies with luminosities in the range ~2 × 108 L☉ to 1010 L☉, corresponding to subhalo mass scales between ~5 × 1010 M☉ and a few times 1011 M☉. Photoionization from reionization has been used to explain statistics of the dwarf population, with larger systems forming prior to, and smaller systems forming subsequent to, reionization. The observed dip in the LF is an imprint of small dwarf galaxies (<~2 × 108 L☉) that formed prior to reionization. The galactic winds powered by supernovae in these dwarf galaxies propagate energy and metals to large distances such that the intergalactic medium is uniformly enriched to a level of 10-3 Z☉. The associated energy raises the intergalactic medium temperature and the Jeans mass to a range 1010-1011 M☉ at z ~ 3.4-6.0. Because the epoch of nonlinearity for halos in this mass range is at z ≥ 3.4-4.4, their gas content, hence star formation, is greatly suppressed on average and leads to the observed dip in the observed LF at z = 0.
The evolving United States response to soviet‐jewish emigration

The wave of recent emigration from the Soviet Union found the U.S. unprepared, with policies and procedures more suited to the Cold War than to the age of glasnost. Competing foreign and domestic policy priorities, and Israel as a potential home for emigrating Soviet Jews, contributed to momentous changes in the U.S. response as it evolved. Long-standing immigration practices were questioned, changed administratively, and finally changed again by statute. Three distinct phases can be noted: the first from 1980 to August 1988, during which the U.S. government accepted as refugees all Soviets seeking resettlement in the U.S., using what in practice was presumptive eligibility. In the second phase, from August 1988 through September 1989, most Soviet Jewish and Pentecostal applicants seeking resettlement continued to be processed in Rome, while incountry processing was established in Moscow for other applicants. Delays increased when the INS began adjudicating refugee status strictly according to the refugee definition in the Immigration and Nationality Act, which also resulted in some denials of refugee status. The last phase, beginning in October 1989, required Soviets seeking resettlement in the U.S. to register their interest with the Embassy in Moscow. While all Soviets are curJournal of Palestine Studies XXI, no. 1 (Autumn 1991), pp. 139-156. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.85 on Fri, 18 Nov 2016 04:12:49 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 140 JOURNAL OF PALESTINE STUDIES rently eligible to register for resettlement, interviewing priority was given to those with close relatives or other links. In November 1989 the 'Lautenberg Amendment' became law, requiring the establishment of several categories of Soviets who share common characteristics identifying them as targets of persecution. Unlike applicants under the worldwide adjudication standard, who must establish a 'well-founded fear of persecution', Soviet category applicants need do little but show bona fide category membership, and then assert a fear of persecution and a credible basis for that fear. Consequently, the acceptance rate for Soviet Jewish claimants in Moscow has risen to some 90%. U.S. refugee law has undergone a significant change: the burden of proof required to establish eligibility for refugee status and resettlement to the United States has been statutorily eased for certain designated categories. Future American policy may be confronted with significant pressure to rescue additional Jews from the Soviet Union as a result of intensified antisemitism, or to divert prospective Soviet emigres from Israeli destinations as a result of Israel's inability to absorb them. It is likely that the final phase of this policy evolution must eventually involve a return to the use of the worldwide standard for adjudicating all Soviet refugee applications.
Preparation of Diallyl Ketals

Abstract A general method for the preparation of diallyl acetals and ketals is reported. The reaction is performed well below room temperature, thereby eliminating any competing Claisen rearrangement. These mild reaction conditions also facilitate ketal formation on methyl levulinate 1 with no transesterification.
Atom-molecule coherence in a Bose-Einstein condensate.

Recent advances in the precise control of ultracold atomic systems have led to the realisation of Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) and degenerate Fermi gases. An important challenge is to extend this level of control to more complicated molecular systems. One route for producing ultracold molecules is to form them from the atoms in a BEC. For example, a two-photon stimulated Raman transition in a 87Rb BEC has been used to produce 87Rb2 molecules in a single rotational-vibrational state1, and ultracold molecules have also been formed2 through photoassociation of a sodium BEC. Although the coherence properties of such systems have not hitherto been probed, the prospect of creating a superposition of atomic and molecular condensates has initiated much theoretical work3,4,5,6,7. Here we make use of a time-varying magnetic field near a Feshbach resonance8,9,10,11,12 to produce coherent coupling between atoms and molecules in a 85Rb BEC. A mixture of atomic and molecular states is created and probed by sudden changes in the magnetic field, which lead to oscillations in the number of atoms that remain in the condensate. The oscillation frequency, measured over a large range of magnetic fields, is in excellent agreement with the theoretical molecular binding energy, indicating that we have created a quantum superposition of atoms and diatomic molecules—two chemically different species.
Religious participation and risky health behaviors among adolescents

Previous studies have shown that adolescent religious participation is negatively associated with risky health behaviors such as cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and illicit drug use. One explanation for these findings is that religion directly reduces risky behaviors because churches provide youths with moral guidance or with strong social networks that reinforce social norms. An alternative explanation is that both religious participation and risky health behaviors are driven by some common unobserved individual trait. We use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and implement an instrumental variables approach to identify the effect of religious participation on smoking, binge drinking, and marijuana use. Following Gruber (2005), we use a county-level measure of religious market density as an instrument. We find that religious market density has a strong positive association with adolescent religious participation, but not with secular measures of social capital. Upon accounting for unobserved heterogeneity, we find that religious participation continues to have a significant negative effect on illicit drug use. On the contrary, the estimated effects of attendance in instrumental variables models of binge drinking and smoking are statistically imprecise. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
A greedy genetic algorithm for the quadratic assignment problem

Abstract The Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP) is one of the classical combinatorial optimization problems and is known for its diverse applications. In this paper, we suggest a genetic algorithm for the QAP and report its computational behavior. The genetic algorithm incorporates many greedy principles in its design and, hence, we refer to it as a greedy genetic algorithm. The ideas we incorporate in the greedy genetic algorithm include (i) generating the initial population using a randomized construction heuristic; (ii) new crossover schemes; (iii) a special purpose immigration scheme that promotes diversity; (iv) periodic local optimization of a subset of the population; (v) tournamenting among different populations; and (vi) an overall design that attempts to strike a balance between diversity and a bias towards fitter individuals. We test our algorithm on all the benchmark instances of QAPLIB, a well-known library of QAP instances. Out of the 132 total instances in QAPLIB of varied sizes, the greedy genetic algorithm obtained the best known solution for 103 instances, and for the remaining instances (except one) found solutions within 1% of the best known solutions. Scope and purpose Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are one of the most popular heuristic algorithms to solve optimization problems and is an extremely useful tool in an OR toolkit. For solving combinatorial optimization problems, GAs in their elementary forms are not competitive with other heuristic algorithms such as simulated annealing and tabu serach. In this paper, we have investigated the use of several possible enhancements to GAs and illustrated them using the Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP), one of the hardest nut in the field of combinatorial optimization. Most of our enhancements use some greedy criteria to improve the quality of individuals in the population. We found that the overall performance of the GA for the QAP improves by using greedy methods but not their overuse. Overuse of greedy methods adversely affects the diversity in the population. By striking a right balance between the greedy methods that improve the quality of the solution and the methods that promote diversity, we can obtain fairly effective heuristic algorithms for solving combinatorial optimization problems.
SURFACE TENSIONS OF SOME OPTICAL GLASSES

The surface tension of a number of optical glasses made at the National Bureau of Standards was measured by a modification of the anchor ring method. The values for the flint glasses at 1300 °6, were in the range 210 to 230 dynes per cm., the barium crowns ranged from 260 to 310, while the other types of glasses had intermediate values. Most of the glasses had positive temperature coefficients of surface tension. The surface-tension values increased with the increasing periods of time at which the glasses were maintained at high temperatures immediately prior to measurement. Positive rank correlation coefficients of statistical significance were found between seed quality of optical glasses and such factors as surface tension, pot attack, and amount of gas liberated during the melting process.
First-principles-based calculations of the CaCO 3 –MgCO 3 and CdCO 3 –MgCO 3 subsolidus phase diagrams

Planewave pseudopotential calculations of supercell total energies were used as bases for first-principles calculations of the CaCO3–MgCO3 and CdCO3–MgCO3 phase diagrams. Calculated phase diagrams are in qualitative to semiquantitative agreement with experiment. Two unobserved phases, Cd3Mg (CO3)4 and CdMg3(CO3)4, are predicted. No new phases are predicted in the CaCO3–MgCO3 system, but a low-lying metastable Ca3Mg(CO3)4 state, analogous to the Cd3Mg(CO3)4 phase is predicted. All of the predicted lowest-lying metastable states, except for huntite CaMg3(CO3)4, have dolomite-related structures, i.e. they are layer structures in which A m B n cation layers lie perpendicular to the rhombohedral [111] vector.
The Effects of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Fractional Oxygen Consumption, and Additives on JP-8 Thermal Stability

Since dissolved oxygen participates in fuel deposit formation, knowledge of the effects of dissolved oxygen concentration on fuel thermal stability is critical for fuel system design. In this work, the combined effects of dissolved oxygen availability and additives on jet fuel thermal stability are studied. Experiments with JP-8 jet fuel were conducted in a three-part heat exchanger that simulated a complex thermal and flow environment. The dissolved oxygen content at the flow inlet was varied, and deposition was studied under conditions of either fractional or complete oxygen consumption. The effects of a thermal stability additive package were also studied. An intriguing result found with JP-8 fuels is an increase in deposits formed in heated regions for decreased oxygen consumption, but inverse behavior with the additive package.
Spaceborne imaging radar research in the 90's

The imaging radar experiments on SEASAT and on the space shuttle (SIR-A and SIR-B) have led to a wide interest in the use of spaceborne imaging radars in Earth and planetary sciences. The radar sensors provide unique and complimentary information to what is acquired with visible and infrared imagers. This includes subsurface imaging in arid regions, all weather observation of ocean surface dynamic phenomena, structural mapping, soil moisture mapping, stereo imaging and resulting topographic mapping. However, experiments up to now have exploited only a very limited range of the generic capability of radar sensors. With planned sensor developments in the late 80's and early 90's, a quantum jump will be made in our ability to fully exploit the potential of these sensors. These developments include: multiparameter research sensors such as SIR-C and X-SAR, long-term and global monitoring sensors such as ERS-1, JERS-1, EOS, Radarsat, GLORI and the spaceborne sounder, planetary mapping sensors such as the Magellan and Cassini/Titan mappers, topographic three-dimensional imagers such as the scanning radar altimeter and three-dimensional rain mapping. These sensors and their associated research are briefly described.
Palladium-catalyzed asymmetric conjugate addition of arylboronic acids to five-, six-, and seven-membered β-substituted cyclic enones: enantioselective construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters.

The first enantioselective Pd-catalyzed construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters via 1,4-addition of arylboronic acids to β-substituted cyclic enones is reported. Reaction of a wide range of arylboronic acids and cyclic enones using a catalyst prepared from Pd(OCOCF3)2 and a chiral pyridinooxazoline ligand yields enantioenriched products bearing benzylic stereocenters. Notably, this transformation is tolerant to air and moisture, providing a practical and operationally simple method of synthesizing enantioenriched all-carbon quaternary stereocenters.
Pancreatic cystic neoplasms: the role and sensitivity of needle aspiration and biopsy

Background: The proper evaluation of patients with pancreatic cystic neoplasms remains controversial. Although computed tomography (CT) and sonography can differentiate the majority of these tumors, needle aspiration and biopsy can be helpful in selected patients. The purpose of this study was to (1) determine the sensitivity of needle aspiration and biopsy of cystic pancreatic neoplasms, (2) assess the complications after needle aspiration and biopsy, and (3) assess the indications for needle aspiration and biopsy by using the radiographic appearance as a guide.
Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome: role of hyperglycemia-induced nuclear factor-κB activation and systemic inflammation.

In polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), oxidative stress is implicated in the development of β-cell dysfunction. However, the role of mononuclear cell (MNC)-derived inflammation in this process is unc...
Preservation of network degree distributions from non-uniform failures

There has been a considerable amount of interest in recent years on the robustness of networks to failures. Many previous studies have concentrated on the effects of node and edge removals on the connectivity structure of a static network; the networks are considered to be static in the sense that no compensatory measures are allowed for recovery of the original structure. Real world networks such as the world wide web, however, are not static and experience a considerable amount of turnover, where nodes and edges are both added and deleted. Considering degree-based node removals, we examine the possibility of preserving networks from these types of disruptions. We recover the original degree distribution by allowing the network to react to the attack by introducing new nodes and attaching their edges via specially tailored schemes. We focus particularly on the case of non-uniform failures, a subject that has received little attention in the context of evolving networks. Using a combination of analytical techniques and numerical simulations, we demonstrate how to preserve the exact degree distribution of the studied networks from various forms of attack.
Moderate deviations and laws of the iterated logarithm for the renormalized self-intersection local times of planar random walks

We study moderate deviations for the renormalized self-intersection local time of planar random walks. We also prove laws of the iterated logarithm for such local times.
Space-group revision for 4-formylphenylboronic acid.

The space group of the title compound, C7H7BO3, previously reported to be P\overline 1, is properly Cc. There is no disorder of the formyl group or in the H atoms of the B(OH)2 group. Molecules lie on approximate twofold axes and are related by approximate centers, which relate all but the formyl O atom and boronic acid H atoms. The B—O distances are 1.363 (2) and 1.370 (2) A.
Electron microscope and pressure—area studies on a gramicidin and its binary mixtures with cerebronic acid, cholesterol and valinomycin

Valine-gramicidin A (VGA), cerebronic acid, cholesterol and valinomycin differ widely in hydrocarbon and polar groups, and represent molecules important in biomembrane structure and function. The pressure-area isotherm for VGA, a linear pentadecapeptide, gives a molecular area of 386 A2 indicating an initial horizontal orientation which is presumably followed by a vertically oriented helical structure to give a high collapse pressure, 63 dyn cm−1. Cerebronic (2 -hydroxy-tetracosanoic) acid gives a small molecular area, 26 A2, indicating vertical orientation and a most unusual stable maximum pressure, 68 dyn cm−1. Cholesterol, in spite of its bulky hydrocarbon structure and weak polar group, also orients vertically to give a molecular area of 39 A2 and a collapse pressure of 43 dyn cm−1. The isotherm for valinomycin, a cyclic dodecadepsipeptide, suggests an initial horizontal orientation giving a molecular area of 296 A2, followed by a liquid-like collapse at 23 dyn cm−1. The equimolar mixture of VGA and cerebronic acid shows a small condensation interaction at low pressures and somewhat less interaction in the high pressure region. Similar effects are observed for the mixture of VGA and cholesterol, except that cholesterol has a strengthening effect at high pressures. Valinomycin, however, has a surprisingly pronounced condensing effect on the VGA monolayer at low pressures where both molecules are horizontally oriented, but above 29 dyn cm−1 the VGA completely dominates. Electron micrographs of the collapsed films support the interpretation of the isotherms.
A description of amalgamated free products of finite von Neumann algebras over finite-dimensional subalgebras

We show that a free product of a II 1 -factor and a finite von Neumann algebra with amalgamation over a finite-dimensional subalgebra is always a II 1 -factor, and provide an algorithm for describing it in terms of free products (with amalgamation over the scalars) and compression/dilation. As an application, we show that the class of direct sums of finitely many von Neumann algebras that are interpolated free group factors, hyperfinite II 1 -factors, type I n algebras for n finite and finite-dimensional algebras, is closed under taking free products with amalgamation over finite-dimensional subalgebras.
The Status of the MicroBooNE Experiment

The MicroBooNE experiment is an upcoming liquid argon TPC experiment which will pursue a program of short baseline neutrino physics in the Fermilab Booster Neutrino Beam, starting in early 2014. I give a description of the experiment and review the current status of various aspects of the MicroBooNE detector.
Graduation Rates and Accountability: Regressions Versus Production Frontiers

This paper suggests an alternative to the standard practice of measuring the graduation rate performance using regression analysis. The alternative is production frontier analysis. Production frontier analysis is appealing because it compares an institution’s graduation rate to the best performance instead of the average performance. The paper explains the differences between these two types of analysis and provides examples of their application using data for 187 national universities.
Regiospecific Synthesis of Bicyclo- and Heterobicyclo-gem-difluorocyclobutenes Using Functionalized Fluoroallenes and a Novel Mo-Catalyzed Intramolecular [2 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction

The first synthesis of functionalized gem-difluoroallenes 4 served as platform for an unprecedented molybdenum-catalyzed intramolecular allene-alkyne [2 + 2]-cycloaddition that produced 6, a hitherto unknown class of bicyclo- and heterobicyclo-CF2-containing cyclobutenes.