cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A hepatitis B vaccination program targeting adolescents

Purpose: To determine the effectiveness of using a middle school for hepatitis B vaccination of adolescents. Methods: An immunization program was designed to educate parents and students about hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and hepatitis B vaccination using science class presentations and mailings. Students were vaccinated in the school-based clinic. Incentives were given at each visit and on vaccination series completion. Costs were calculated and divided by the number of students completing the series to obtain per student cost. Results: Of the 654 students, 519 (79%) received at least one dose of hepatitis B vaccine, 497 (76%) two doses, and 425 (65%) three doses. Student participation did not vary by grade level, gender, or income. Per student vaccination cost was $77.23 for those receiving three doses of hepatitis B vaccine and $66.04 when those receiving at least two doses were included. Of 103 students with postvaccination serologic testing, three had evidence of previous hepatitis B virus infection, four had no evidence of vaccine induced immunity, and 96 (96% of susceptible students) developed protective levels of antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen. The geometric mean antibody titer among persons responding to vaccination was 661 mIU. Conclusion: Hepatitis B vaccination of adolescents can be successfully integrated into a middle school setting.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PHAGOCYTOSIS OF THE PNEUMOCOCCUS BY HUMAN WHOLE BLOOD : I. THE NORMAL PHAGOCYTIC TITRE, AND THE ANTI-PHAGOCYTIC EFFECT OF THE SPECIFIC SOLUBLE SUBSTANCE.

1. The phagocytic titre of whole human blood against the three types of pneumococcus was determined in a number of individuals. The titre varied over a considerable range in different subjects. 2. Contrary to expectation, the titre in early cases of untreated pneumonia was quite high against the infecting organism, pointing to a local rather than a general lowering of resistance in infection with this organism. 3. Sia's work was confirmed, that the specific carbohydrate has a specific anti-phagocytic action on the blood. This action is more marked in the case of Type III than in Type I.
An evaluation of different navigational tools in using hypertext

Abstract Hypertext is a widely used form of information presentation which has gained wide popularity in the last few years due to the ease with which information can be portrayed and accessed. However, the very flexibility of hypertext creates problems of user disorientation and cognitive overhead. Designers in the past have tried to combat these problems by providing users with a myriad of navigational tools, with the most widely employed tools being a map and an index. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the above mentioned navigational tools in alleviating the problems associated with using a hypertext system. For the purpose of this study, a hypertext package was developed using Hypercard on “Ancient Civilizations.” The experiment explored three variables: types of navigational tool available to the user (Map, Index and Combination of map and index); hypertext size (Small stack, Large stack) and trials (Before, After). The results of the study indicate significant differences in the use and effect of the navigational tools.
Post-Younger Dryas climate interval linked to circumpolar vortex variability: isotopic evidence from Fayetteville Green Lake, New York

The late-Glacial/Holocene transition in the North Atlantic-European sectors has long been known to be a period of rapid climate change. There is, however, a continued need for acquiring and developing paleoclimate archives spanning this interval from continental settings. Here we report on a lacustrine (Fayetteville Green Lake) isotope record sampled at a 10-year resolution from the NE USA over the late-Glacial/Holocene interval (14,600–8000 cal year BP). Based on prior isotopic and hydrologic research from Green Lake, the δ18O(calcite) values predominantly reflect winter moisture source and thus winter atmospheric patterns. Furthermore, we use historic (AD 1948–1980) winter circulation data and δ18O(calcite) values from varved sediments to examine the relationship between the circumpolar vortex latitude and isotopes which results in a strong (r = –0.79; r2 = 0.63) negative relationship. Using the linear regression from the isotope-vortex relationship, we model the winter vortex latitude for the late-Glacial/Holocene transition over the NE USA. In addition, we identify an interval from 11,600 to 10,300 cal year BP (the post-Younger Dryas climate interval) wherein the mean winter vortex over the NE USA was expanded by ∼6° latitude (∼36.1°N; i.e., ∼630 km) from its mean historic position between AD 1948–1998 (∼41.8°N). Renewal of more vigorous thermohaline circulation following the Younger Dryas cold event may have forced the post-Younger Dryas climate interval. Increased poleward heat transport due to an active oceanic conveyor would have strengthened the thermal contrast between the NE USA and the North Atlantic thereby enhancing atmospheric pressure gradients and firmly establishing the semi-permanent winter trough over the NE USA. Consequently, storms tracked more frequently up the east coast of the United States from the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic regions delivering precipitation with relatively high δ18O values to the NE USA. Alternatively, the relative dominance of seasonal precipitation may have changed resulting in less total winter precipitation (low δ18O) causing lake waters to become relatively enriched in high δ18O summer precipitation. Both hypotheses are good candidates for testing by global circulation modeling (GCM). The termination of the post-YD interval at 10,300 cal year BP and the beginning of the Holocene was likely forced by a gradual decrease in thermohaline circulation and poleward heat transport as freshwater input from melting of high-latitude ice sheets increased.
Understanding the Transportation Policy Process: Intelligent Transportation Systems Through Two Conceptual Lenses

An alternative to transportation policy making, the agenda-setting framework, which is more realistic than the rational-comprehensive perspective of policy making traditionally taught to and applied by engineers and planners, is presented. In general, this framework for analysis suggests that before a policy decision is made, two important processes are at work: agenda setting and the selection of alternative solutions. The process of setting the agenda focuses attention on certain issues instead of others, whereas the selection of alternatives focuses attention on certain solutions instead of others. These processes are nonlinear, dynamic, and contrary to much of what is expected from the rational-comprehensive model. These two competing perspectives are outlined, and the rise of intelligent transportation system technologies as solutions for transportation problems is used as an illustration of the agenda-setting perspective.
Degradation of multi-phase microspheres fabricated via solvent removal.

Multi-phase polymer microspheres for drug encapsulation have been fabricated via solvent removal using poly(l-lactic) acid (PLLA) and poly(fumaric-co-sebacic) anhydride (20:80) (P(FA:SA) (20:80)). The process by which these spheres degrade was investigated. Characterization was conducted to determine the extent of degradation of the two polymer phases over 16 weeks using scanning-electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel-permeation chromatography (GPC), differential-scanning calorimetry (DSC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). These experiments showed that the P(FA:SA) (20:80) phase of the multi-phase microspheres degraded faster than the PLLA phase, leaving only some of the poly(sebacic) oligomers after 16 weeks in both the in vitro and in vivo studies. These portions could remain because they were entrapped in the PLLA phase, preventing more rapid degradation. The PLLA phase showed minimal changes over the 16 week period; there was no significant change in crystal...
Schaum's Outlines of Programming with Java

From the Publisher: This powerful study tool is the best tutor you can have if you want top grades and thorough understanding of programming with Java, the computing language being taught as a basic at more and more colleges. This student-friendly study guide leads you step-by-step through the entire beginning computer science course, giving you hundreds of problems with fully worked solutions and easy-to-follow examples for every new topic. You get complete explanations of strings, arrays, loops, graphics, GUIs, classes and objects, exception handling, and more. With this guide, which works alone or with any text, you can learn to create the most-wanted Net applications, such as animations and audio streams. Schaums are the most popular study guide in the world, and this guide will show you why! Book rights McGraw-Hill, the publisher of this e-book, is granting readers the right to print and copy this book as well as the right to lend/give this e-book to other Adobe Acrobat eBook Reader Plus users. Printing & Copying Users can print e-book pages. Students will find this feature especially useful. To print, click on the menu button in the Acrobat eBook Reader and select the print option. To copy, highlight the text you wish to copy, then click on the menu button and choose copy. Lending/Giving We currently have two ways to lend or give a book: you can beam it to a computer if both have infrared ports, or you can send it to a computer on your network. To lend a book to someone else, go to the Library, click a book. Click the Menu button and then click Lend/Give to display the Lend/Give dialog box. Choose a loan period or click Give. To send the book over aninfrared connection, click Beam. To send the book to a computer on the network, enter the computer name in the Send To box and click Send. You can either lend the book or give it away. Like a paper book, there is only ever one working copy. Once the lending period expires, you get your rights back and you can re-read the book or lend it again. Of course, if you give it away, it's gone for good (unless the recipient gives it back). Listen to your eBooks Users have the ability to listen to the spoken text of this book. Simply click the the Read Aloud button in the Adobe eBook Reader. A control panel appears at the bottom of the display area where you can pause, continue, or stop the spoken text. Please note: This feature is only available on Windows 2000 machines.
Instability of the oxidation catalysts [OsIII(tpy)(bpy)(py)]3+ and [OsIII(bpy)3]3+ in alkaline solution

Abstract The Os(III) complexes [OsIII(tpy)(bpy)(py)]3+ and [OsIII(bpy)3]3+ (bpy: 2,2′-bipyridine, py: pyridine, tpy: 2,2′,2′′-terpyridine) are unstable toward self-reduction in alkaline solution. Product analysis performed by using UV-Vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, HPLC and GC show that ca. 90% of the reduced product that appears is the unmodified polypyridyl complex of Os(II), [OsII(tpy)(bpy)(py)]2+ or [OsII(bpy)3]2+. The remaining 10% of the products are accounted for by other Os(II) complexes, including several which appear to have undergone varying degrees of ligand oxidation or substitution. Another product of the reduction of [OsIII(tpy)(bpy)(py)]3+ in basic solution has been identified as [OsII(tpy)(bpy)(OH2)]2+ which results from metal reduction and concomitant pyridine ligand loss. No O2 was detected as a product of the base-catalyzed self-reduction reaction. The Os(III) complexes are stable towards self-reduction and ligand loss in the dark in acetonitrile or aqueous solutions buffered below pH=6. The rates observed for the self-reduction processes are sufficiently rapid at pH values above 7 that useful catalytic rate data cannot be obtained in basic solution unless the substrate of interest is sufficiently reactive and is present in large excess. Triple mixing, pH jump techniques have successfully been employed to observe reaction rates under strongly alkaline conditions.
Shock-induced aggression in mice is modified by lithium

Aggression is associated with numerous psychiatric disorders. Evidence suggests that lithium decreases aggression in humans and rats. The effects of lithium on aggression related behavior, and in particular shock-induced aggression, has not been as thoroughly explored in mice. Male mice were treated with lithium and tested in the shock-induced aggression and dominance tube tests. Mice treated with lithium were also assessed for thermal pain and shock sensitivity in the hot plate and jump-flinch tests. In the shock-induced aggression paradigm chronic lithium significantly decreased both the frequency and duration of attacks, without affecting social interaction or behavior in the dominance tube. Acute lithium significantly decreased the total duration of attacks and social interaction but did not affect behavior in the dominance tube test. Neither treatment regimen had an effect on temperature sensitivity in the hot plate test or on activity levels in the open field. However, chronic lithium modified the response of mice to shock in the jump-flinch test, but not at the shock level used in the aggression test. The results of this study indicate that lithium decreases shock-induced aggression in mice, but effects on baseline response to shock confound interpretation of this behavioral effect of lithium.
Diatom microfossils from cretaceous and eocene sediments contain native silica precipitating long-chain polyamines.

Organic molecules from known biological sources (biomarkers) that are preserved over geological time are critical tools in the study of past conditions and events on earth. Polar molecules are typically recycled rapidly in marine environments and do not survive burial within aquatic sediments in unambiguously recognizable form. As such, geological biomarkers are formed almost exclusively from precursor biomolecules that have been altered, limiting their utility as paleoproxies. Here, we report that nitrogen-rich aliphatic long-chain polyamines (LCPAs), biosynthesized by diatoms in species-specific assemblages for the precipitation of nanopatterned siliceous cell walls (frustules), are preserved unaltered in the oldest available diatom fossils dating to the Lower Cretaceous (early Albian, 115–110 Ma). We further show that the cumulative LCPA pool accounts for 60% of the total C and 80% of the total N preserved in the Cretaceous age sediments. We suggest that silica glass formation by diatoms constitutes an important preservation mechanism for source-specific, polar biomolecules, protecting them indefinitely by encapsulation within the silicified frustule. LCPAs are a unique, source-specific carbon and nitrogen archive of diatom biomass, offering a promising tool for reconstruction of global cycles of carbon and nitrogen over geological timescales.
You Just Feed Them With a Long-Handled Spoon Families Evaluate Their Experiences in a Class Size Reduction Reform

Emerging from an evaluation of Wisconsin’s Student Achievement Guarantee in Education program (SAGE), a multidimensional program popularly known for its class size reduction component, this article...
Hemolytic anemia secondary to erosion of a Silastic band into the lumen of the pulmonary trunk.

Abstract Hemolysis resulting from mechanical damage to red blood cells has been reported after cardiac valve replacement and after closure of septal defects with prosthetic materials. We have observed a child in whom a Silastic ® band placed around the pulmonary trunk eroded through the vessel wall and was stretched across the lumen causing pronounced hemolytic anemia.
Long-Term Urethral Catheterization Increases Risk of Chronic Pyelonephritis and Renal Inflammation

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalences of chronic pyelonephritis and chronic renal inflammation in elderly nursing home patients at the time of death and to assess correlation with urethral catheterization and other putative risk factors. DESIGN: Prospective assessment of risk factors with the prevalences of chronic pyelonephritis and renal inflammation at autopsy. SETTING: A 240-bed long-term care facility. PARTICIPANTS: All residents > or = 65 years old who died and were autopsied during a 2-year period. MEASUREMENTS: Antemortem assessment of risk factors for renal inflammation, including a search for any urethral catheterization in the person's life. Prospective assessment of urethral catheterization, catheter obstruction, and use of anti-inflammatory medications and urine cultures. Urinary tract pathology was assessed for gross and microscopic evidence of inflammation and urinary tract stones. RESULTS: The duration of catheterization was significantly associated with increasing prevalence of bacteriuria, polymicrobial bacteriuria, chronic pyelonephritis, and chronic renal inflammation. The prevalence of chronic pyelonephritis at death was 10 percent (5/52) for patients catheterized > 90 days during their last year of life and zero (0/65) when catheterized 90 days and 18 percent (12/65) when < or = 90 days (P < 0.05). Chronic renal inflammation was associated with hydronephrosis, ureteral dilatation, acute pyelonephritis and diastolic hypertension. CONCLUSION: Chronic pyelonephritis and chronic renal inflammation are associated with long-term catheterization.
Low plasma and renal tissue levels of L-arginine in rats with obstructive nephropathy

Low plasma and renal tissue levels of L-arginine in rats with obstructive nephropathy. Rats with bilateral ureteral obstruction (BUO) of 24 hours duration had significantly lower plasma levels of L-rginine than at baseline (P RNI ), indicative of L-arginine metabolism through the nitric oxide pathway, was lower in rats with BUO than in SOR (P
Atomically precise surface engineering of silicon CCDs for enhanced UV quantum efficiency

The authors report here on a new technique, combining the atomic precision of molecular beam epitaxy and atomic layer deposition, to fabricate back illuminated silicon CCD detectors that demonstrate world record detector quantum efficiency (>50%) in the near and far ultraviolet (155–300 nm). This report describes in detail the unique surface engineering approaches used and demonstrates the robustness of detector performance that is obtained by achieving atomic level precision at key steps in the fabrication process. The characterization, materials, and devices produced in this effort will be presented along with comparison to other approaches.
Syndrome of early onset colon cancers, hematologic malignancies & features of neurofibromatosis in HNPCC families with homozygous mismatch repair gene mutations.

Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) is the most common hereditary colon cancer syndrome. It is characterized by multiple colon as well as extracolonic cancers such as endometrial, ovarian and urinary tract cancers. In addition, it is well known that some cases of HNPCC can present with unique tumor spectrums such as sebaceous tumors, which is often referred to as the ‘Muir–Torre’ syndrome. In recent years there have been a few reports of families presenting with early onset of colon tumors along with cafe-au-lait spots and/or hematologic malignancies often associated with homozygous mutations involving one of the mismatch repair genes. In this article we have performed a comprehensive review of the entire medical literature to identify all cases with similar presentations reported in the literature and have summarized the clinical features and genetic test results of the same. The available data clearly highlight such presentations as a distinct clinical entity characterized by early onset of gastrointestinal tumors, hematologic malignancies as well as features of neurofibromatosis (easily remembered by the acronym `CoLoN'; Colon tumors or/and Leukemia/Lymphoma or/and Neurofibromatosis features). Furthermore, there has also been some evidence that the neurofibromatosis type-1 gene is a mutational target of the mismatch repair deficiency that is seen in families with HNPCC, and that mlh1 deficiency can accelerate the development of leukemia in neurofibromatosis (Nf1) heterozygous mice. Recognition of this syndrome has significant importance in terms of earlier detection of cancers, cancer screening recommendations as well as genetic counseling offered to such families.
Harderian gland porphyrin, lysosomal and type II 5'-deiodinase rhythms in Sprague-dawley and fischer-344 rats kept under chronic long-or short-photoperiod conditions

1. Harderian gland porphyrin concentrations were 1.5-fold higher in Fischer-344 male rats than in Sprague-Dawley male rats and there were no differences due to exposure to LD 14:10 (LP) or LD 10:14 (SP) lighting conditions for 8 weeks in either strain. 2. 24-hr periodic regression analyses of porphyrin concentration detected a significant rhythm in both lighting conditions in both strains, with no differences in acrophase due to lighting conditions. 3. In both strains, porphyrin levels were highest in the late phase-early dark period and fell during the early part of the dark period. 4. Acid phosphatase activity did not vary with time (circadian rhythm), strain or photoperiodic lighting condition. 5. Circadian rhythms in beta-glucuronidase, alpha-mannosidase and hexosaminidase activity were present in some instances, but, probably due to the low amplitude to these rhythms, a consistent effect of strain or housing condition was not found. When 24-hr rhythms were observed in either strain, the acrophase occurred during the afternoon-early evening daylight period. 6. A significant effect of strain on mean values of type II 5'-deiodinase activity was noted in Fischer-344 rats. 7. Significant rhythms in type II 5'-deiodinase activity were found in both strains exposed to LD 10:14.
EFFECTS OF MALEIC HYDRAZIDE ON INITIATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF TOMATO CROWN‐GALL TUMORS

IT IS COMMON experimental practice in studies on the physiology of tumors to consider embryonic or meristematic tissues as base-level control material. Smith (1923) compared crown-gall tissues with embryonic tissues, and Banfield (1935) in his study of cane gall of black raspberry, reported that the tumorous tissues were composed of cells which were in every respect comparable to cells of the normal meristem. Levine (1936) considered crown-gall tissue essentially a fundamental meristem. White (1945) used the respiratory behavior of growing points of stems and of young inflorescences for comparison with that of tumors because the former are rapidly growing tissues which might be presumed to bear a closer physiological resemblance to tumorous tissue than does mature stem tissue. Additional examples are discussed by White (1951) . This line of reasoning underlies the organization of experiments of many workers in animal oncology. Recent research on maleic hydrazide has shown that it inhibits the development of meristems of tomato and other plants (Naylor and Davis, 1950). Leopold and Klein (1952) have demonstrated that these effects can be ascribed to anti-auxin properties of maleic hydrazide. This substance, therefore, is well suited to determine whether the initiation and development of crown-gall tumors is affected by a concentration of anti-auxin which has specific effects on the growth and development of meristems of the host plant. Such information will be of value in assaying one aspect of the presumed physiological similarity between tumors and meristems. MATERIALS AND METHODS.-Seeds of tomato (var. Bonny Best) were sown in flats of garden loam; selected seedlings were transplanted into 4-in. pots (1 plant/pot) and the pots randomized on a greenhouse bench after treatment. Normal photo-period was supplemented with 200-w. incandescent lamps providing 350-400 ft.-c. at pot level. The plants received a fine spray (to dripping) of aqueous maleic hydrazide solution at 500 p.p.m. with 0.1 per cent detergent. Since it was important to determine what stage or stages of crown-gall development might be affected by maleic hydrazide, the plants were sprayed at three different times in relation to inoculation. The first spray series, designated as pre-inoculation, was treated with maleic
Radioactive Beam Measurements to Probe Stellar Explosions

Abstract Unique beams of unstable nuclei from the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory are being used to measure the thermonuclear reactions that occur in novae, X-ray bursts, and supernovae. The astrophysical impact of these measurements is determined by synergistic nuclear data evaluations and element synthesis calculations. Results of recent measurements and explosion simulations are briefly described, along with future plans and software research tools for the community.
Structural Modeling of KCa3.1 Channel Interaction with Small Molecules

The intermediate-conductance KCa3.1 channel and the related small-conductance KCa2 channels constitute potential pharmacological targets for immunosuppression, fibroproliferative disorders, hypertension and various neurological diseases. However, there currently is no available crystal structure or molecular model of these medically relevant targets that could be used for structure-assisted drug design. We used the Kv1.2-Kv2.1 channel structure (pdb id: 2R9R) as a template to generate a homology model of the KCa3.1 channel transmembrane region with the Rosetta modeling method. Docking of small molecules that are known to block KCa3.1 channel currents using Rosetta Dock generated structural channel - drug complexes that can be validated using experimental approaches. The lowest energy confirmation of the KCa3.1 channel complex with TRAM-34 identified T250 and V275 as interaction sites, two residues which had been previously demonstrated to completely abolish triarylmethane sensitivity when mutated to the corresponding residues in KCa2.3 channel. The model further correctly identified the interaction of the benzothiazinone-type KCa3.1 channel blocker NS6180 with T250 and V275 in KCa3.1 channel and modeled binding of the negative KCa2 channel gating modulator NS8593 to a KCa3.1-T250S- V275A mutant channel, which is blocked more potently by NS8593 than the WT-KCa2.3 channel. For the dihydropyridine nifedipine, which blocks KCa3.1 channels with low micromolar activity, the Rosetta model suggested a receptor site located between the pore lining S5 and S6 segment in agreement with available experimental data showing that nifedipine does not interact with T250 in the selectivity filter. The Rosetta KCa2/3 channel models can be used to understand the molecular mechanism of action of KCa channel blockers and gating modulators and assist with drug design efforts. Supported by RO1 GM076063 (to H.W.) and UC Davis startup (to V.Y-Y.).
Glycosaminoglycans from Ateroid ® and bovine duodenal mucosa and pancreas

Glycosaminoglycans (GG) were isolated from commercial Ateroid® and compared with those from bovine duodenal mucosa and pancreas. The major GG in Ateroid® is heparin. Heparan sulfate (HS) and dermatan sulfate were also found. HS, chondroitin sulfates, and heparin were isolated from duodenal mucosa after papain digestion, but a residue, non-digestible, was mostly heparin. Pancreas contains very little GG, and the GG composition is similar to that of mucosa. The heparin isolated from Ateroid® and mucosa have similar lipoprotein lipase-releasing activity, but the former has considerably less anticoagulant activity. Interestingly, papain digestion of mucosa and pancreas did not release all heparin from the tissue, suggesting that the protein to which heparin is linked is not readily accessible to the enzyme.
Purification of adenoviruses by the fluorocarbon procedure.

La purification prealable, par le fluorocarbone, d'adenovirus (types 3, 4, 5 et 7) servant a l'immunisation de lapins, previent la formation dans le serum de ces derniers d'anticorps fixateurs de complement, reagissant de maniere non specifique avec les constituants des cultures de cellules dans lesquelles les virus ont ete propages.
Characteristics of Programs That Maximize Psychology Major Success.

We conducted a national survey of psychology department chairs, and, based on their responses, we concluded that psychology programs differ in the number of students enrolled in various types of classes; the degree of focus on each of the goals recommended by the American Psychological Association (APA) Guidelines for an Undergraduate Psychology Education; the frequency of student participation in research, study abroad, and field placement; and the frequency of student–faculty interactions. We describe the percentage of psychology majors who have these program-relevant experiences. We also demonstrate that there are relationships between key high-impact activities and graduate school attendance, assessment test scores, and program completion rate. Based on the findings, we suggest how psychology programs may be able to help students to maximize their success.
A unit-circle classification algorithm to characterize back attack and normal traffic for intrusion detection

A simple, yet effective, unit-circle algorithm for an intrusion detection system is presented. It defines normal and abnormal classes using the normalized “standard scores” of the traffic data with a novel unit-circle representation. In this approach, the feature values of the traffic data are first standardized to reduce statistical dependencies of local structural variations within a class and then normalized to isolate statistical inaccuracies between classes. A unit-circle is then constructed using two selected features. The unit-circle algorithm reveals that the normal and the back attack traffic in NSL-KDD datasets fall inside the normal and the abnormal classes respectively. Hence we have robust definitions for the back attack and normal traffic activities in a computer network based on NSL-KDD dataset.
Pathogenesis of perinatal programming.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW In recent years, there has been an increase in research designed to delineate the underlying causes of perinatal programming. Starting with epidemiological observations that birth weight was inversely associated with cardiovascular disease, a variety of studies both in humans and in experimental models have begun to demonstrate how the perinatal milieu can subtly alter vasculogenesis and nephrogenesis. Additionally, rates of prenatal and postnatal growth each appear to contribute to future vascular, renal and metabolic function. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent reports that have begun to elucidate factors that initiate perinatal programming as it affects renal disease and cardiovascular disease in later life. RECENT FINDINGS Nephrogenesis per se is affected by changes in maternal nutrition and health, and recent data more specifically linking these changes with renal function and hypertension are presented. Additionally, renal functional changes in later life may be influenced by changes in renal tubular transporters noted early when maternal nutrition is compromised. Various hormonal systems affected by maternal nutrition in utero may effect subsequent changes in renal function via subtle alterations in renal function and structure initiated during nephrogenesis. SUMMARY Current research is beginning to clarify certain aspects of perinatal programming and indicates that broad educational programmes might ultimately lessen both perinatal risks and long-term outcomes by encouraging therapeutic interventions in at-risk persons.
Source seeking with a nonholonomic unicycle without position measurements and with tuning of angular velocity — Part II: Applications

For Part I see ibid. (2007). We present results for autonomous vehicles operating in GPS-denied environments while performing several different tasks. These vehicles employ extensions of extremum seeking to accomplish their goals. Previously, extremum seeking has successfully been applied to vehicles seeking the source of some signal, while operating in such environments. This paper considers the objectives of tracking a diffusive signal, tracing a level set of a signal field, and modification of the algorithm for use on a vehicle with limited movement capabilities. We present each scenario, detail each control scheme and, in addition, present simulation results.
High-throughput and memory-efficient multimatch packet classification based on distributed and pipelined hash tables

The emergence of new network applications, such as the network intrusion detection system and packet-level accounting, requires packet classification to report all matched rules instead of only the best matched rule. Although several schemes have been proposed recently to address the multimatch packet classification problem, most of them require either huge memory or expensive ternary content addressable memory (TCAM) to store the intermediate data structure, or they suffer from steep performance degradation under certain types of classifiers. In this paper, we decompose the operation of multimatch packet classification from the complicated multidimensional search to several single-dimensional searches, and present an asynchronous pipeline architecture based on a signature tree structure to combine the intermediate results returned from single-dimensional searches. By spreading edges of the signature tree across multiple hash tables at different stages, the pipeline can achieve a high throughput via the interstage parallel access to hash tables. To exploit further intrastage parallelism, two edge-grouping algorithms are designed to evenly divide the edges associated with each stage into multiple work-conserving hash tables. To avoid collisions involved in hash table lookup, a hybrid perfect hash table construction scheme is proposed. Extensive simulation using realistic classifiers and traffic traces shows that the proposed pipeline architecture outperforms HyperCuts and B2PC schemes in classification speed by at least one order of magnitude, while having a similar storage requirement. Particularly, with different types of classifiers of 4K rules, the proposed pipeline architecture is able to achieve a throughput between 26.8 and 93.1 Gb/s using perfect hash tables.
The shape bias: an important piece in a bigger puzzle

No theory remains fixed for ever, at least not until it is abandoned. Theories develop over time. Some changes reflect the discovery of new facts that prompt modification of the earlier version. And often, especially in the case of theories that are tied to mechanisms, changes arise because with time comes a deeper understanding of the mechanism's characteristics. This understanding in turn generates greater precision in the predictions that can be made by the theory. Obviously, a critical issue is whether the changes are post hoc and unprincipled – in which case the theory is at risk of losing credibility – or whether the developments reflect true maturation and greater insight. I believe that changes in the evolution of the Attentional Learning Account (ALA) play a large role in the apparent disagreements that motivate the current set of papers. In fact, there is considerably more agreement than appears on a casual reading of these papers. But I also believe there remain significant points of disagreement. In this commentary, I will try to address what I see as the issues on which there is convergence, and those for which there remain important differences.
Infant deaths and injuries associated with wearable blankets, swaddle wraps, and swaddling.

Objective To assess risks involved in using wearable blankets, swaddle wraps, and swaddling. Study design This was a retrospective review of incidents reported to the Consumer Product Safety Commission between 2004 and 2012. Results A total of 36 incidents involving wearable blankets and swaddle wraps were reviewed, including 10 deaths, 2 injuries, and 12 incidents without injury. The median age at death was 3.5 months; 80% of the deaths were attributed to positional asphyxia related to prone sleeping, and 70% involved additional risk factors, usually soft bedding. Two injuries involved tooth extraction from the zipper. The 12 incidents without injury reported concern for strangulation/suffocation when the swaddle wrap became wrapped around the face/neck, and a potential choking hazard when the zipper detached. All 12 incidents involving swaddling in ordinary blankets resulted in death. The median age at death was 2 months; 58% of deaths were attributed to positional asphyxia related to prone sleeping, and 92% involved additional risk factors, most commonly soft bedding. Conclusion Reports of sudden unexpected death in swaddled infants are rare. Risks can be reduced by placing infants supine and discontinuing swaddling as soon as an infant's earliest attempts to roll are observed. Risks can be further reduced by removing soft bedding and bumper pads from the sleep environment. When using commercial swaddle wraps, fasteners must be securely attached.
The Competence of Turbidity Current Flow

The competence of turbidity currents, that is, their ability to transport coarse material, is examined. The stress required to transport grains of diameter D (where D is greater than 7 mm) is evaluated with where (ρ s − ρ t ) is the density difference between the grains and the turbidity current. The bottom stress exerted by a flow of thickness h and density ρ t on a slope sinβ is estimated from the relationship where ρ is the density of water and the factor 1.50 takes into consideration the decrease in stress exerted on the bottom due to the drag on the upper interface of the flow by the overlying water. These relationships are applied to modern turbidity currents confined to the Cascadia deep-sea fan channel. It is concluded that flows with expected dimensions yield sufficient bottom stress to transport the gravels observed in the channel. The equations are also applied to a cobble deposit contained within an ancient deep-sea channel (Doheny channel of the late Miocene lower Capistrano Formation, California). It is concluded that even these cobbles could be transported by turbidity currents of reasonable dimensions and density, flowing down the estimated paleoslope.
Sexual Differentiation and Feedback Control of Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in the Rhesus Monkey

The inhibitory and stimulatory effects of estradiol-1 7i3 (E2) on systemic Iuteinizing hormone (LH) levels were studied in three groups of gonadectomized rhesus monkeys: 7 females (F), 7 males (M), and 7 androgenized females (AF). The AF animals, androgenized by exposure to exogenous testosterone in utero, showed masculinization of the external genitalia and behavior after ‘birth. All animals were compared for the short-term inhibitory effects (�74 h) of E2 on LH concentrations. Concentrations of 70 to 100 pg/mI of E5, achieved by sc implantation of a silastic E2-filled capsule, caused a 40 percent decline in serum concentrations of LH at 6 h; but no significant differences in LH concentrations were found between experimental groups at 6, 24, 48 or 74 h after E2 treatment. The long-term negative feedback effects of E2 were studied in 2 trials. In trial 1, at 1 week (but not at 2 or 3 weeks) F treated with small amounts of E2 (approximately 48 pg/mI, N = 45) had significantly less serum LH compared to preimplant levels (P<0.05) than M treated similarly. In trial 2, the effects of various doses of E2 (0.5, 1.5 and 3.0 cm silastic implants) on LH secretion in F, M and AF animals were studied. The 0.5 cm implant of E2, which sustained a blood level of approximately 22 pg/mI, significantly lowered LH levels in F but not in M or AF. The 3.0 cm capsule, with systemic levels of 100 pg E2 /ml serum, was a significant LH suppressor in all groups. The facilitating actions of estradiol benzoate (EB) in M, F, and AF were compared in two trials with 2 different pretreatment regimens of E2 (1.5 cm vs 0.5 cm E2 implant). Under these pretreatment conditions additional exogenous E2 B produced significant elevations in serum LH over pretreatment levels in all 3 groups in both trials. In the second trial, however, M and AF possessed significantly higher LH levels than F, a result that probably reflects differences in the suppressive effects of low doses of E2 between F and AF and M. The time course of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH)-induced LH was studied in the three groups of monkeys, after a 3-week pretreatment with a low dose of E2 (0.5 cm implant). No significant group differences in pituitary responsiveness were found. These data show that M and AF are less sensitive than F to the long-term feedback inhibition of LH secretion by E2 and that the EB-induced positive feedback responses are present in all three groups. The similar response pattern observed in males and in females treated with testosterone propionate in utero suggests that the E2 -LH negative feedback control system is sexually differentiated as a function of a hormonal preconditioning in fetal life. “Positive feedback,” however, is unaffected unless the higher LH levels in M and AF compared to F after an estrogen challenge are due to factors other than estrogen preconditioning.
High-power and high-speed waveguide uni-traveling-carrier photodiodes for microwave photonics applications

Summary form only given, as follows. Uni-traveling-carrier waveguide photodiodes (PDs) with variable optical confinement mode size transformers are demonstrated. For these waveguide PDs, the optical mode is large at the input for minimal front-end saturation. The mode transforms as the light propagates so that the absorption profile is optimized for both high-power and high-speed performance.
The Force Exerted by the Membrane Potential during Protein Import into the Mitochondrial Matrix

The force exerted on a targeting sequence by the electrical potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane is calculated on the basis of continuum electrostatics. The force is found to vary from 3.0 pN to 2.2 pN (per unit elementary charge) as the radius of the inner membrane pore (assumed aqueous) is varied from 6.5 to 12 A, its measured range. In the present model, the decrease in force with increasing pore width arises from the shielding effect of water. Since the pore is not very much wider than the distance between water molecules, the full shielding effect of water may not be present; the extreme case of a purely membranous pore without water gives a force of 3.2 pN per unit charge, which should represent an upper limit. When applied to mitochondrial import experiments on the protein barnase, these results imply that forces between 11 +/- 2 pN and 13.5 +/- 2.5 pN catalyze the unfolding of barnase in those experiments. A comparison of these results with unfolding forces measured using atomic force microscopy is made.
Learning recognition and segmentation of 3-D objects from 2-D images

A framework called Cresceptron is introduced for automatic algorithm design through learning of concepts and rules, thus deviating from the traditional mode in which humans specify the rules constituting a vision algorithm. With the Cresceptron, humans as designers need only to provide a good structure for learning, but they are relieved of most design details. The Cresceptron has been tested on the task of visual recognition by recognizing 3-D general objects from 2-D photographic images of natural scenes and segmenting the recognized objects from the cluttered image background. The Cresceptron uses a hierarchical structure to grow networks automatically, adaptively, and incrementally through learning. The Cresceptron makes it possible to generalize training exemplars to other perceptually equivalent items. Experiments with a variety of real-world images are reported to demonstrate the feasibility of learning in the Cresceptron. >
Verbal Behavior and Managerial Effectiveness of Supermarket Store Managers

Summary This study investigated whether more effective supermarket store managers (n = 5) differed in their verbal behavior from less effective ones (n = 5). A relatively novel methodological feature was the use of a tape recorder to capture verbal interactions between store managers and their employees under actual working conditions. Analysis of transcribed interactions in terms of categories derived from interaction process analysis showed that more effective managers were characterized by a higher frequency of verbal acts falling into the category of giving suggestions and directions. In addition, suggestive evidence was obtained that they addressed their employees more often by name. A methodology is described that appears suitable for studying verbal interactions in a wide variety of work places and other naturalistic settings.
Antiarrhythmic Engineering of Skeletal Myoblasts for Cardiac Transplantation

Skeletal myoblasts are an attractive cell type for transplantation because they are autologous and resistant to ischemia. However, clinical trials of myoblast transplantation in heart failure have been plagued by ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. The pathogenesis of these arrhythmias is poorly understood, but may be related to the fact that skeletal muscle cells, unlike heart cells, are electrically isolated by the absence of gap junctions. Using a novel in vitro model of myoblast transplantation in cardiomyocyte monolayers, we investigated the mechanisms of transplant-associated arrhythmias. Cocultures of human skeletal myoblasts and rat cardiomyocytes resulted in reentrant arrhythmias (spiral waves) that reproduce the features of ventricular tachycardia seen in patients receiving myoblast transplants. These arrhythmias could be terminated by nitrendipine, an l-type calcium channel blocker, but not by the Na channel blocker lidocaine. Genetic modification of myoblasts to express the gap junction protein connexin43 decreased arrhythmogenicity in cocultures, suggesting a specific means for increasing the safety (and perhaps the efficacy) of myoblast transplantation in patients.
Student Learning Outcomes and Attitudes When Biotechnology Lab Partners Are of Different Academic Levels

The North Carolina State University Biotechnology Program offers laboratory-intensive courses to both undergraduate and graduate students. In “Manipulation and Expression of Recombinant DNA,” students are separated into undergraduate and graduate sections for the laboratory, but not the lecture, component. Evidence has shown that students prefer pairing with someone of the same academic level. However, retention of main ideas in peer learning environments has been shown to be greater when partners have dissimilar abilities. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that there will be enhanced student learning when lab partners are of different academic levels. We found that learning outcomes were met by both levels of student, regardless of pairing. Average undergraduate grades on every assessment method increased when undergraduates were paired with graduate students. Many of the average graduate student grades also increased modestly when graduate students were paired with undergraduates. Attitudes toward working with partners dramatically shifted toward favoring working with students of different academic levels. This work suggests that offering dual-level courses in which different-level partnerships are created does not inhibit learning by students of different academic levels. This format is useful for institutions that wish to offer “boutique” courses in which student enrollment may be low, but specialized equipment and faculty expertise are needed.
Detection of equipment faults in automatically controlled processes

Based on the UBET (unbiased estimation technique), a new strategy for identifying faulty equipment for dynamic chemical processes under automatic control is presented. The strategy is designed to distinguish between measurement biases, controller biases, and process leaks. For illustration purposes, application is given to a level control process under pseudo-steady state. This approach was inspired by the work of Rollins and Devanathan to identify biased measurements under dynamic conditions. Advantages of this method are that it is not computationally intensive, can accurately detect and specifically identify the type of fault, and can accurately determine the time when the fault occurs.