cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vortex phase-jitter in acoustically excited bluff body flames

This paper describes an experimental study of the effect of acoustic excitation on bluff body stabilized flames, specifically on the flow field characteristics. The Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability of the shear layer is excited due to the incident acoustics. In turn, the KH instability imposes a convecting, harmonic excitation on the flame, which leads to spatially periodic flame wrinkling and heat-release oscillations. Understanding the factors influencing these heat release oscillations requires an understanding of the generation, convection, and dissipation of these vortical disturbances. Phase locked particle image velocimetry was carried out over a range of conditions to characterize the vortical dynamics. It was found that the vortex core location exhibits “phase jitter”, manifested as cycle-to-cycle variation in flame and vorticity field at the same excitation phase. Phase jitter is shown to be a function of separation point dynamics, downstream convection time, and amplitude of acoustic excitatio...
MR-guidance of HIFU therapy

MR guidance of high intensity focused ultrasound is evolving with each new application. In this paper we describe ongoing research in the MR-guidance aspect of MR-guided focused ultrasound. The structure is divided into the pretreatment/setup phase of the procedure, MR thermometry for monitoring the actual treatment, and methods for assessment and follow-up.
Ethnic distribution of estrogen receptor-α polymorphism is associated with a higher prevalence of uterine leiomyomas in black Americans

Objective To investigate whether polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor α (ERα) gene are associated with an increased risk of uterine leiomyomas (ULMs). Design Genomic DNA was isolated from normal myometrium samples collected at the time of the hysterectomy. Setting Volunteers in an academic research environment. Patient(s) One hundred ninety-eight women with surgically confirmed ULMs and 229 matched controls with nonfibroid uteri. Intervention(s) Hysterectomy samples were collected from volunteers. Main Outcome Measure(s) The two P vu II and X ba I intronic polymorphisms in the ERα gene using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Result(s) The ERα PP genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk of ULM in black and white women, but not in Hispanic women. Women with the ERα PP genotype were 6.42 times (confidence limits 2.04–20.16) more likely to have ULMs than other genotypes. The ERα PP genotype was also significantly associated with larger tumor burden (>400 g). The overall prevalence of the PP genotype was significantly higher in black women (35%) than white (13%) or Hispanic (16%) women. Myometrial cell lines expressing the PP genotype exhibited enhanced proliferative response to estrogen in vitro compared with their pp counterparts. Conclusion(s) The ERα PP genotype is a genetic risk factor for ULM development among surgically treated women. The higher prevalence of this genotype in blacks might explain the increased occurrence of this tumor among black women.
Intraspecific female brood parasitism in the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus

Brood parasitism occurs when individuals parasitise each others' investment into parental care, and has been documented primarily as an interspecific interaction. Intraspecific brood parasitism, in contrast, is often difficult to detect and quantify, and evidence for it is comparatively scarce. The present study documents the occurrence of intraspecific brood parasitism by females of the tunnelling dung beetle Onthophagus taurus , and investigates the contributions of two variables to the propensity of female brood parasitism: female body size and dung desiccation rate. 2. Female O. taurus were found to routinely utilise brood balls made by conspecific females as food provisions for their own offspring. 3. Contrary to expectations, large and small females did not differ in the likelihood of engaging in brood-parasitic behaviour. 4. Dung desiccation rate appeared to influence likelihood of brood parasitism. Females that were given access to rapidly drying dung were significantly more likely to detect and utilise brood balls produced by conspecific females. 5. While interspecific brood parasitism has been documented in dung beetles before, the present study is among the first to present evidence for intraspecific brood parasitism as an alternative reproductive tactic of female dung beetles. Results are discussed in the context of the evolutionary ecology of onthophagine beetles.
New media and folk music in rural India

This paper presents the results of a preliminary ethnographic study of folk music practices in rural Malwa, Madhya Pradesh (India), specifically on the impact of new media on the production and dissemination of this music. Our findings show that new media can lead to increased listening and appreciation of folk music, but that better mechanisms are required for remunerating and recognizing folk artists themselves.
Adult administration of peptides resulting in learning enhancement is not mediated through NMDA and GABA receptor expression

IS NOT MEDIATED THROUGH NMDA AND GABA RECEPTOR EXPRESSION LAURA TOSO, ROBIN ROBERSON, DANIEL ABEBE, CATHERINE SPONG, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Unit on Perinatal and Develomental Neurobiology, NICHD&NIAAA, Bethesda, Maryland, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Unit on Perinatal and Develomental Neurobiology, Bethesda, Maryland OBJECTIVE: Administration of neurotrophic peptides NAPCSAL to aged mice resulted in significant learning enhancement (Toso 2006). NMDA and GABA receptors are fundamental for learning as they are the major modulators of the Long Term Potentiation, the electrophisiologic mechanism for learning. Also, these receptors have been shown to be involved in NAPCSAL prevention of learning deficit in a mouse model for fetal alcohol syndrome when administered prenatally during development(Toso 2006). Our objective was to test if NMDA and GABA receptors contribute to the learning enhancement induced by the peptides after adult administration. STUDY DESIGN: Aged (14.5 months) males were treated for 10 consecutive days with placebo or D-NAPCD-SAL (20mg, via gavage). At the end of the treatment brains were harvested. Calibrator-normalized relative real time PCR was performed using primers for GABA-Ab3, GABA-Aa5, NR2A and NR2B with GAPDH standardization. Statistical analysis included ANOVA with p!0.05 significant. RESULTS: 5 control brains and 6 brains from animals treated with NAPCSAL were collected. There was no difference in GABA-Ab3, GABAAa5, NR2A and NR2B subunits after adult administration of NAPCSAL as compared to the controls (pO0.05). CONCLUSION: Postnatal treatment with NAPCSAL induced learning enhancement in aged mice with mechanism that does not involve NMDA and GABA receptor expression. Treatment with the peptides does not acutely alter expression, although it may have an effect on the function of these receptors. Alternatively, the mechanism of learning enhancement may differ when administered to a developing fetus vs an adult.
TL1A level (low versus high) differentially affects expansion and function of regulatory and effector T cells. (CCR3P.218)

Patients with Crohn’s disease have increased mucosal expression of TL1A. Mice generated with sustained and elevated T cell expression of Tl1a (L-Tg) have increased Foxp3+ Treg cells yet develop worsened ileitis, proximal migration of colitis and intestinal fibrosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Tl1a in the differentiation and function of Tregs. In the L-Tg mice, the CD4+ T cell population was comprised of GFPhigh and GFPlow cells that correlated with the level of Tl1a expression. We found that Foxp3 expression was significantly higher in the GFPlow population of CD4+ T cells compared to the GFPhigh cells. The GFPlowFoxp3+ T cells expressed high Nrp-1, GARP, and LAG-3 surface markers and were more suppressive in function whereas the GFPhigh Foxp3+ T cells had an activated effector memory phenotype and were highly proliferative. Induced Tregs differentiated in-vitro from naive GFPlow CD4+ T cells expanded into TGF-β producing Foxp3 T cells whereas naive T cells from the GFPhigh fraction expanded into cells with a Th2 phenotype, producing IL-4, IL-13 and IL-10. Preliminary data from a T cell co-transfer study suggested that mice cotransferred with the GFPlowFoxp3+ T cells were better protected from weight loss compared to mice cotransferred with GFPhighFoxp3+ T cells. These data suggest that level of Tl1a (high v. low) differentially influenced the expansion of effector and Treg cells leading to either a pro-inflammatory or protective mucosal environment.
Pre-clinical evidence of PIM kinase inhibitor activity in BCR-ABL1 unmutated and mutated Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) leukemias

We investigated the efficacy of targeting the PIM kinase pathway in Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) leukemias. We provide evidence that inhibition of PIM, with the pan-PIM inhibitor SGI-1776, results in suppression of classic PIM effectors and also elements of the mTOR pathway, suggesting interplay between PIM and mTOR signals. Our data demonstrate that PIM inhibition enhances the effects of imatinib mesylate on Ph+ leukemia cells. We also found that PIM inhibition results in suppression of leukemic cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis of Ph+ leukemia cells, including those resistant to imatinib mesylate. Importantly, inhibition of PIM results in enhanced suppression of primary leukemic progenitors from patients with CML. Altogether these findings suggest that pharmacological PIM targeting may provide a unique therapeutic approach for the treatment of Ph+ leukemias.
Nesting, Nest Predation and Hatchling Emergence of the Carolina Diamondback Terrapin, Malaclemys terrapin centrata, in Northeastern Florida

Abstract In 1997 and 2000 we monitored nesting by diamondback terrapins daily from 1 May through 31 October at a beach on an island in northeastern Florida. During our visits we recorded and marked newly oviposited intact nests, monitored previously marked nests for depredation, hatching or washout and identified nest predators. We recorded nest deposition from late April through late July, but most nests were found in June (2000) or July (1997). Most nests were depredated within 48 h of oviposition. Most depredated nests were found in June or July, and those from July included both newly deposited and recently hatched nests. Depredated nests in August and September were all recently hatched. The major nest predators were raccoons, but we also noted crows, boat-tailed grackles, armadillos, ghost crabs and two species of plant roots. Hatching and emergence began in early July and continued into October. The mean emergence period for 54 nests was 68.9 d. In 1997, 21.9% of marked nests were washed out by hig...
Can Sonography Distinguish a Supraorbital Notch From a Foramen

Diagnostic tools for evaluating the supraorbital rim in preparation for nerve decompression surgery in patients with chronic headaches are currently limited. We evaluated the use of sonography to diagnose the presence of a supraorbital notch or foramen in 11 cadaver orbits. Sonographic findings were assessed by dissecting cadaver orbits to determine whether a notch or foramen was present. Sonography correctly diagnosed the presence of a supraorbital notch in 7 of 7 cases and correctly diagnosed a supraorbital foramen in 4 of 4 cases. We found that sonography had 100% sensitivity in diagnosing a supraorbital notch and foramen. This tool may therefore be helpful in characterizing the supraorbital rim preoperatively and may influence the decision to use a transpalpebral or endoscopic approach for supraorbital nerve decompression as well as the decision to use local or general anesthesia.
An Arabidopsis thaliana leucine zipper protein that binds to G-box promoter sequences.

We have shown previously that promoters for RbcS genes are often characterized by conserved sequences that we have referred to as L-, I- and G-boxes (Giuliano et al., 1988). These sequences commonly reside from 200 to 300 bp upstream from the start site of transcription. In keeping with this strong conservation of sequence we have demonstrated that there is a clear requirement for both the G- and I-boxes for expression from the Arabidopsh thaliana rbcS-lA promoter (Donald and Cashmore, 1990). These studies were performed by examining GUS expression driven by a “full-length” 1.7 kb rbcS-lA promoter in transgenic tobacco plants.
The YARDBIRD READER and the Multi-Ethnic Spirit

In the late 1960s and the early 1970s, black literature was dominated by cultural nationalism, a form of black nationalism which assumed that race was the most significant factor in a black person's life and art was the best instrument for nurturing a black consciousness. Amiri Baraka, a central figure of the movement, proclaimed in 1966 that "Black People are a race, a culture, a Nation." However, by the mid-70s black writers such as Al Young and Ishmael Reed were beginning to envision literature as multiethnic instead of mono-ethnic. They realized that there was a kinship among the literatures of the people who were not part of the dominate culture; they were all excluded from the mainstream for being different. In 1972 Young, Reed, and others established the Yardbird Reader. Significantly, the first issue was not all black; it reflected the end of a mono-ethnic consciousness and published not only black writers but also Asian-American, Hispanic-American, and Euro-American writers; later issues published native American authors as well. In Yardbird Reader 5 (1974) Reed succinctly summarizes the magazine's goals:
Research Notes: Industry Differences in Environmental Uncertainty and Organizational Characteristics Related to Uncertainty

The article discusses the relationship between organizations and the environment. The study examines whether or not industry type is an important variable in the type of uncertainty felt by executi...
The Agaricaceae of the Pacific Coast—IV. New Species of Clitocybe and Melanoleuca

(1913). The Agaricaceae of the Pacific Coast—IV. New Species of Clitocybe and Melanoleuca. Mycologia: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 206-223.
Change of Soybean Phosphatides Suspension by Heating

The changes of phosphatide components and emulsifying properties in heated soybean phosphatide suspensions are described in this paper. 10 percent soybean phosphatide suspensions were heated at 95°C for 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes and then freeze-dried.Chemical properties of these samples such as the acetone soluble lipid component and phosphorus of water soluble compounds containing glycerylphosphoryl lipids and glycerophosphoric acid were determined. The contents of individual phosphatides were determined by silicic acid column chromatography as described by Hanahan. The phase inversion curves and emulsion stability were determined as described in the earlier paper.The contents of water soluble compounds and lysophosphatide increased in the heated samples and these phosphatide suspension could easily make O/W type emulsion in system of soybean oil with water and they are more stable than non-heated sample.Emulsifying properties of lysolecithin and glycerylphosphorylcholine prepared from lecithin were determined. Both of lysolecithin and glycerylphosphorylcholine could make O/W type emulsion easily but the former gave a stable emulsion while the emulsion in the latter is unstable.
The Impacting Factors of Knowledge Transfer Analysis in Subcontracting Enterprises

This paper establishes a knowledge transfer factors model in subcontracting enterprises on the basis of introducing knowledge transfer in subcontracting enterprises; then it puts forward relevant theoretical hypothesis. The result shows that learning willingness,absorptive capacity,prior related knowledge,and trust has significant positive effects on knowledge transfer; prior related knowledge has significant positive effects on absorptive capacity; characters of knowledge transferred,knowledge difference has significant negative influence on knowledge transfer; moderate conflict has no significant influence on knowledge transfer and trust.
Axillary regional recurrence after sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer.

The accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) staging in breast cancer has been demonstrated in studies comparing it with axillary dissection. There is a 5 per cent false-negative rate, but this does not always correlate with axillary recurrence. Our purpose was to determine the rate of axillary lymphatic recurrence in breast cancer patients who had a negative SLNB. We conducted a cohort study of breast cancer patients who underwent SLNB between 2001 and 2005. Only patients who had a negative SLNB were included. Patient demographics and tumor factors were reviewed. Outcomes measured were axillary and systemic recurrence and survival. Eighty-nine patients with a mean age of 54.4 ± 9.9 years were included. Eighty-nine per cent of cases had infiltrating ductal carcinoma histology. Mean tumor size was 19 ± 14 mm. Breast conservation surgery was done in 65 cases and mastectomy in 24. A mean of 2.3 ± 2.4 SLN were found. After a median follow-up of 2.15 years, 1 (1%) patient developed a lymphatic recurrence in the axilla. SLNB provides accurate staging of breast cancer. Patients with negative SLNB do not require axillary dissection.
The Pre-Revolutionary Colonial Church of England

By most standards the colonial world of the eighteenth century retained an essentially religious character. Church spires of colonial seaboard towns reached towards the heavens, church bells announced services and sang God’s praises, and at least in areas of considerable population, a neighborhood church stood usually only a short walk away. If religion is defined broadly as a resort to superhuman powers, the prevalence of a belief in magic and the occult serves as evidence for the strong religious sensibilities of the American people. Until 1765 and even during the American Revolution, the largest category of printed matter consisted of religious literature. Institutional churches also prospered; compared with the unsettled state of religious belief and practice in the seventeenth century, the eighteenth century witnessed consolidation for many denominations.
CHAPTER XIV – Measurement in Thermal Physics

Methinks, Sancho, that there's no proverb that is not true; for they are all sentences taken out of experience itself which is the universal mother of sciences!
Simulation of crop evapotranspiration and crop coefficients with data in weighing lysimeters

Abstract Accurate quantification of crop evapotranspiration (ET) is critical to optimizing irrigation water productivity, especially, in the semiarid regions of the world where limited rainfall is supplemented by irrigation for crop production. In this context, cropping system models are potential tools for predicting ET or crop water requirements in agriculture across soils and climates and assist in developing decision support tools for irrigation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of RZWQM2 simulated ET for fully irrigated silage (2006 and 2007) and grain corn (1990) against measured crop water use and soil evaporation with large weighing lysimeters in the Texas High Plains. An extended Shuttleworth and Wallace method was used to estimate potential crop ET (E and T) demand in RZWQM2. The Nimah and Hanks approach was used for crop water uptake and Richard’s Equation for soil water redistribution modeling. Simulations of biomass, leaf area index, soil water storage, and ET were reasonably close to the measured data. Root Mean Squared Deviation (RMSD) for corn biomass was between 1 and 2.1 MT ha−1, LAI between 0.33 and 0.88, water in the soil between 2 and 2.9 cm for a 190 cm soil profile, and actual daily crop ET between 1.0 to 1.5 mm across the three years of measured data. Arithmetic mean deviation (MD) for ET ranged from −0.10 to 0.40 mm. Fallow soil evaporation before and after corn planting was simulated within MD of −0.03–0.003 mm. The crop coefficients (Kc) calculated with measured ET and the short grass or alfalfa crop reference ET methods varied from year to year. The Kc values obtained by using the simulated ET and alfalfa reference ET were close to Kc values using measured ET, within RMSD of 0.17, and could be used to obtain long-term average Kc values for scheduling irrigation.
Slavery's Metropolis: Unfree Labor in New Orleans during the Age of Revolutions

New Orleans is an iconic city, which was once located at the crossroads of early America and the Atlantic World. New Orleans became a major American metropolis as its slave population exploded; in the early nineteenth century, slaves made up one third of the urban population. In contrast to our typical understanding of rural, localized, isolated bondage in the emergent Deep South, daily experiences of slavery in New Orleans were global, interconnected, and transient. Slavery's Metropolis uses slave circulations through New Orleans between 1791 and 1825 to map the social and cultural history of enslaved men and women and the rapidly shifting city, nation, and world in which they lived. Investigating emigration from the Caribbean to Louisiana during the Haitian Revolution, commodity flows across urban-rural divides, multiracial amusement places, the local jail, and freedom-seeking migrations to Trinidad following the War of 1812, it remaps the history of slavery in modern urban society.
Religious experience and the cognitive science of religion

Taves and Asprem’s article is a valuable contribution to the building block approach to the study of religious experience introduced in Taves (2009). The authors draw on research in event cognition...
Alchemy in the Rain Forest: Politics, Ecology and Resilience in a New Guinea Mining Area, by Jerry K. Jacka

As recently as the 1960s, the Porgera Valley of Papua New Guinea (PNG) was a quiet backwater from which outsiders were restricted. However, within 30 years, the third largest mine in the world was ...
Single Molecules in Focus: From RNA Splicing to Silencing

Nature and Nanotechnology likewise employ nanoscale machines that self-assemble into structures of complex architecture and functionality. Fluorescence microscopy offers a non-invasive tool to probe and ultimately dissect and control these nanoassemblies in real-time. In particular, single molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) allows us to measure distances at the 2-8 nm scale, whereas complementary super-resolution localization techniques based on Gaussian fitting of imaged point spread functions (PSFs) measure distances in the 10 nm and longer range. First, I will describe how we used smFRET to show that single spliceosomes - responsible for the accurate removal of all intervening sequences (introns) in pre-m(essenger) RNAs - are working as biased Brownian ratchet machines. Second, we have developed Single Molecule Cluster Analysis (SiMCAn) based on a large smFRET dataset to further dissect the complex conformational dynamics of the pre-mRNA as it is spliced. Third, I will describe a method for the intracellular single molecule, high-resolution localization and counting (iSHiRLoC) of microRNAs (miRNAs), a large group of gene silencers with profound roles in our body, from stem cell development to cancer. Microinjected, singly-fluorophore labeled, functional miRNAs were tracked at super-resolution within individual diffusing particles. Observed mobility and mRNA dependent assembly changes suggest the existence of two kinetically distinct assembly processes. We are currently feeding these data into a single molecule systems biology pipeline to bring into focus the unifying molecular mechanism of such a ubiquitous gene regulatory pathway.
Abstract 358: Pacemaker Induced Transient Asynchrony (PITA) Restores Contractile Reserve in Synchronous Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) with dyssynchrony treated with biventricular pacing (CRT) displays enhanced global and cellular function even compared to always synchronous HF. This suggests while HF is worsened by sustained dyssynchrony, it may paradoxically be improved by brief periods of Pacemaker Induced Transient Asynchrony (PITA). We tested this hypothesis in dogs tachypaced for 6 wks to induce HF. The HF group received atrial pacing and was compared to PITA (atrial pacing during day; right ventricular pacing, producing dyssynchrony, from 0000-0600). PITA blunted dilation (end diastolic and end systolic volumes reduced by 11 and 19%, respectively), reduced end-diastolic pressures from 22 to 13 mmHg, and improved the contractile response to dobutamine by 29%. Myocyte sarcomere shortening and calcium transient amplitude were depressed in HF and little improved by β adrenergic (βA) stimulation. PITA improved baseline function slightly, but virtually restored βA stimulated reserve. Membrane βA receptor density increased with PITA by 36% as well. Another contributor to the change in functional reserve was found in myofilament maximal calcium activated force (Fmax) normalized to cell cross sectional area (CSA). This declined ~40% in HF vs. Control, but was fully restored by PITA. However, as CSA was greater in HF and normalized by PITA, raw Fmax was similar despite hypertrophy in HF, suggesting HF myocytes had dysfunctional myofilaments, which PITA prevented. Electron microscopy confirmed normal myofilament structure in Control and PITA, whereas 40% of HF sarcomeres displayed deteriorated z-disks and loss of normal registration of the thick and thin filaments. In HF, 39% of HF isolated myofibrils produced virtually zero maximal force, whereas Control and PITA fibers functioned normally. Thus, there are two populations of myofibrils within HF hypertrophied cells, with ~40% structurally and functionally disrupted. PITA reverses this to restore force-calcium activation and with improved βA receptor signaling, restores functional reserve, suppressing chronic maladaptive remodeling. This surprising finding indicates PITA can ameliorate HF pathobiology and improve reserve function. Further studies are needed to test if such benefits translate to humans.
Female urethral cancer—An overview

Female urethral cancer is a rare urological malignancy. Here we discuss the clinical features, histopathology and management of this condition.
Checkpoints of GUI-based Applications.

We describe a new system, called guievict, that enables the graphical user interface (GUI) of any application to be transparently migrated to or replicated on another display without premeditative steps such as re-linking the application program binary or re-directing the application process’s window system communication through a proxy. Guievict is based on a small X window server extension that enables an application to retrieve its window session, a transportable representation of its GUI, from the window server and a library of GUI migration functionality that is injected in the application process at run time. We discuss the underlying technical issues: controlling and synchronizing the communication between the application and the window system, identifying and retrieving the GUI resources that form the window session, regenerating the window session in a new window system, and maintaining application transparency. We have implemented guievict for the XFree86 implementation of the X window system. The GUI migration performance of guievict is measurably but not perceptibly worse than that of a proxy-based system.
Design and development of online system for monitoring harmful gas in animal house

In this paper, an electrochemical sensor was designed to monitor the harmful gas on-line in the animal house. The system used a single collector structure of multisensor, which could monitor the concentration of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide at different areas in the animal house. Hardware and software of the sensor-driven circuit, sensor node and data collector were designed and introduced. This system was tested in the animal house for monitoring the concentration of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. Experimental results implied that the communication success rate between the system node and collector could reach 95%. So the sensor could be continuously monitored the change of harmful gas and important for the control of ecological environment in the animal house.
Central Infusion of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Increases Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Improves Neurobehavioral Function after Traumatic Brain Injury.

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) produces neuronal dysfunction and cellular loss that can culminate in lasting impairments in cognitive and motor abilities. Therapeutic agents that promote rep...
Epidemiology of Trauma in Pregnancy

Pregnant trauma patients are especially challenging given the necessity for evaluation and management of consequential maternal and fetal injuries. We have reviewed the literature and highlight the most common mechanisms of maternal trauma and fetal injury. Trauma is the leading cause of non-obstetric maternal death. However, the fetus is disproportionately harmed in comparison to the mother in all reports of trauma in pregnancy: ranging from 3:1 to 9:1 fetal mortality: maternal mortality. Front airbags in pregnancy and three-point restraint systems reduce the injury to both the mother and the fetus. Injury from domestic violence has an increased prevalence in the pregnancy and also increased risk of low birth weight, preterm birth, and perinatal death. Opioid use in pregnancy has mirrored the general population, increasing each year. Up to 30% of maternal death is attributed to self-harm, with the highest rates of suicide occurring in the 1st trimester. Abruption accounts for 50–70% of fetal death following trauma and is more common among women with higher injury severity. Trauma is a significant contributor to maternal mortality as well as fetal mortality and requires a high degree of clinical suspicion. In this paper, we propose an ABCD simultaneous assessment of the fetus emphasizing a multidisciplinary approach to optimize survivability of both the mother and the fetus.
Synthesis and characterization of stereoblock poly(methyl methacrylate)

Syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (S-PMMA) and isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (I-PMMA) are different in many physical properties.1–3 For example, the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of S-PMMA and I-PMMA are 105°C and 38°C, respectively.2
Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism

After President Trump’s election, BREXIT and the widespread rise of far-Right political parties, much public discussion has intensely focused on populism and authoritarianism. In the middle of the twentieth century, members of the early Frankfurt School prolifically studied and theorized fascism and anti-Semitism in Germany and the United States. In this volume, leading European and American scholars apply insights from the early Frankfurt School to present-day authoritarian populism, including the Trump phenomenon and related developments across the globe. Chapters are arranged into three sections exploring different aspects of the topic: theories, historical foundations, and manifestations via social media. Contributions examine the vital political, psychological and anthropological theories of early Frankfurt School thinkers, and how their insights could be applied now amidst the insecurities and confusions of twenty-first century life. The many theorists considered include Adorno, Fromm, Lowenthal and Marcuse, alongside analysis of Austrian Facebook pages and Trump’s tweets and operatic media drama. This book is a major contribution towards deeper understanding of populism’s resurgence in the age of digital capitalism.
A survey of risk tolerance to multiple sclerosis therapies

Objective To determine tolerance to various risk scenarios associated with current multiple sclerosis (MS) therapies. Methods People with MS from the North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis Registry9s online cohort and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society were invited to complete a questionnaire on tolerance to real-world risks associated with a hypothetical therapy. Multiple risks levels were presented, including skin rash, infection, kidney injury, thyroid injury, liver injury, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Results Both PML and kidney injury had the lowest risk tolerance (RT) at 1:1,000,000, and thyroid and infection risks had the highest tolerance at 1:1,000. Men, younger individuals, and participants with greater disability reported a higher tolerance to all risk scenarios. Those who were currently taking an MS therapy reported higher tolerance than those not taking any therapy. Participants taking infusion therapies reported high tolerance to all risks, and those taking injectables reported a lower tolerance. Conclusion People with MS displayed a wide range of RT for MS therapies. Our study identified sex, age, disability, and current disease-modifying therapy use to be associated with RT.
Functional Assays for Pneumococcal Antibody

This chapter reviews opsonophagocytosis assay (OPA) methods for pneumococcal antibodies and the experience with OPA in clinical trials, stressing the need for further standardization of OPA. In the case of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV), studies suggest that the vaccine-induced antibodies primarily help phagocytes ingest and kill pneumococci. This mechanism of host protection is described in this chapter. Given that opsonophagocytosis is essential in host defense against pneumococci, pneumococcal vaccines are designed to induce opsonic antibodies. The chapter describes two different types of clinically available vaccines and the various laboratory measures that were used to estimate their protective efficacy. The PCV becomes T cell dependent, induces B-cell memory, and can elicit anti-polysaccharide (PS) antibodies in young children. OPA is the most desirable surrogate assay for measuring pneumococcal vaccine-induced immunity. This chapter uses a historical approach to describe the various OPA methods. However, this classical approach is very tedious to perform, primarily due to the counting of colonies. Consequently, many researchers have developed various alternative OPA methods requiring no colony counting, including a radiolabeled-bacterium uptake assay, a fluorescent-bacterium uptake assay, chemiluminescence, and an oxidative-burst generation assay. Clinical studies have measured opsonophagocytic antibody activity in young children and adults. Due to the past methodological difficulties, these studies tended to be small in size. They are nevertheless informative and are thus discusses in this chapter. Finally, the chapter finally talks about future activities for OPA. OPA will likely become the basis for evaluating the efficacy of protein vaccines.
Potential two-step proteomic signature for Parkinson's disease: Pilot analysis in the Harvard Biomarkers Study.

Abstract Introduction We sought to determine if our previously validated proteomic profile for detecting Alzheimer's disease would detect Parkinson's disease (PD) and distinguish PD from other neurodegenerative diseases. Methods Plasma samples were assayed from 150 patients of the Harvard Biomarkers Study (PD, n = 50; other neurodegenerative diseases, n = 50; healthy controls, n = 50) using electrochemiluminescence and Simoa platforms. Results The first step proteomic profile distinguished neurodegenerative diseases from controls with a diagnostic accuracy of 0.94. The second step profile distinguished PD cases from other neurodegenerative diseases with a diagnostic accuracy of 0.98. The proteomic profile differed in step 1 versus step 2, suggesting that a multistep proteomic profile algorithm to detecting and distinguishing between neurodegenerative diseases may be optimal. Discussion These data provide evidence of the potential use of a multitiered blood-based proteomic screening method for detecting individuals with neurodegenerative disease and then distinguishing PD from other neurodegenerative diseases.
The delayed rectifier potassium conductance in the sarcolemma and the transverse tubular system membranes of mammalian skeletal muscle fibers

A two-microelectrode voltage clamp and optical measurements of membrane potential changes at the transverse tubular system (TTS) were used to characterize delayed rectifier K currents (IK(V)) in murine muscle fibers stained with the potentiometric dye di-8-ANEPPS. In intact fibers, IK(V) displays the canonical hallmarks of K(V) channels: voltage-dependent delayed activation and decay in time. The voltage dependence of the peak conductance (gK(V)) was only accounted for by double Boltzmann fits, suggesting at least two channel contributions to IK(V). Osmotically treated fibers showed significant disconnection of the TTS and displayed smaller IK(V), but with similar voltage dependence and time decays to intact fibers. This suggests that inactivation may be responsible for most of the decay in IK(V) records. A two-channel model that faithfully simulates IK(V) records in osmotically treated fibers comprises a low threshold and steeply voltage-dependent channel (channel A), which contributes ∼31% of gK(V), and a more abundant high threshold channel (channel B), with shallower voltage dependence. Significant expression of the IK(V)1.4 and IK(V)3.4 channels was demonstrated by immunoblotting. Rectangular depolarizing pulses elicited step-like di-8-ANEPPS transients in intact fibers rendered electrically passive. In contrast, activation of IK(V) resulted in time- and voltage-dependent attenuations in optical transients that coincided in time with the peaks of IK(V) records. Normalized peak attenuations showed the same voltage dependence as peak IK(V) plots. A radial cable model including channels A and B and K diffusion in the TTS was used to simulate IK(V) and average TTS voltage changes. Model predictions and experimental data were compared to determine what fraction of gK(V) in the TTS accounted simultaneously for the electrical and optical data. Best predictions suggest that K(V) channels are approximately equally distributed in the sarcolemma and TTS membranes; under these conditions, >70% of IK(V) arises from the TTS.
A compass for care: Evaluating first-year pharmacy students' philosophy of practice.

Abstract Introduction A philosophy of practice serves as the foundation for any patient care practice. Understanding the philosophies of practice held by students entering the profession is important as this presents potential opportunities for educators to help shape students' professional values/beliefs. The objective of this work was to evaluate how first-year pharmacy students (P1s) conceptualize their philosophy of practice as future pharmacists. Methods P1s at the University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy were asked to write their philosophy of practice that best described them as a future practitioner. A sample of 80 student responses were inductively coded to develop an initial coding scheme. These codes were applied and refined to a random sample of 32 responses (20%) where inter-coder reliability (ICR) testing was carried out at three stages. The final codebook was applied to all responses. Results The exercise was completed by 155 (92%) students, including the 80 student responses used for developing the initial coding scheme and the 32 responses used for ICR. Thirteen unique codes emerged from student responses describing their philosophy of practice that were grouped into four themes: community partner, commitment to the patient, professional responsibilities, and interprofessional team-based care. Conclusions There was variability in how pharmacy students articulated their philosophy of practice. This presents an opportunity to shape students' philosophy of practice as they progress through pharmacy school so that they graduate with a uniform set of professional values and beliefs.
Quality controlled segmentation to aid disease detection

Basic deep learning classifiers used for medical images often produce global labels. While annotation for localized disease detection might be costly, the knowledge of prevalence of conditions in different anatomical areas can help improve the accuracy by limiting the classifier to relevant areas. However, this improvement provided by context knowledge, is usually offset by the errors of the segmentation map used to isolate the area of interest. This paper proposes a framework for disease classification consisting of a segmentation network, a segmentation quality assessment network, and two separate classifiers on whole image and relevant segmented area. The quality assessment network controls the impact of the two disease classifiers on the final outcome, utilizing the masked image only when segmentation is acceptable. We show that in a very large dataset of chest X-ray images, this framework produces a 2% increase in the area under ROC curve for classification compared to a baseline.
New State, Upper Peninsula, and County Records of Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) from the Upper Peninsula of Michigan

New state, Upper Peninsula, and county records of mayflies from the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, U.S.A., are provided. Included are the first Michigan records of eleven species of mayflies, including five from the Family Baetidae [Acentrella nadineae McCafferty, Waltz, and Webb, Anafroptilum minor (McDunnough), Labiobaetis frondalis (McDunnough), Plauditus cestus (Provonsha and McCafferty), and Procloeon rivulare (Traver)], two from Caenidae [Caenis hilaris (Say), and Caenis tardata McDunnough], two from Heptageniidae [Maccaffertium mexicanum integrum (McDunnough), Nixe inconspicua (McDunnough)], one from Isonychiidae [Isonychia sicca (Walsh)], and one from Leptohyphidae [Tricorythodes robacki (Allen)]. In addition, the first Upper Peninsula records are given for eight mayfly species with previously published records from elsewhere in Michigan.
Post Release Recovery of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Predators in the North Georgia Mountains

Abstract Eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere, and Carolina hemlock, Tsuga caroliniana Engelmann, provide unique habitat that is threatened by the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, which arrived in Georgia in 2003. In an attempt to conserve a portion of the mature hemlocks in north Georgia, the USDA Forest Service created over 100 Hemlock Conservation Areas throughout the Chattahoochee National Forest and designated them to receive chemical and/or biological control. Sasajiscymnus tsugae Sasaji and McClure, Laricobius nigrinus Fender, and Scymnus sinunodulus Yu and Yao are predatory beetles reared in the laboratory and released in these areas. To determine establishment of these predators, infested hemlock trees were sampled during spring 2010 - 2012 at some of these release sites. Additionally, nonrelease sites, 0.4 -1.6 km from release areas, were sampled in 2012 to evaluate predator spread from release trees. Five hundred ninety-two S. tsugae, 232 L. nigrinus, 262 nativ...
Structure factor lineshape model gives approximate nanoscale size of polar aggregates in the ionic liquid N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide

A Lorentzian lineshape model is developed and tested for the charge alternation peak in X-ray structure factors calculated from MD simulations for N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. Applying the model to published, experimental X-ray scattering data reproduces calculated cation–cation and anion–anion distances within 6% and implies that half of ionic aggregates are larger than 12.7 A.
Finite element analysis of glucose diffusivity in cellulose nanofibril peripheral nerve conduits

Peripheral neuropathy arising from physical trauma is estimated to afflict 20 million people in the United States alone. In one common surgical intervention, neural conduits are placed over the nerve stumps to bridge the gap and create a microenvironment conducive to regeneration. It has been proposed that a biocompatible material such as cellulose nanofiber may serve as a viable conduit material, providing a non-inflammatory and mechanically stable system. Preliminary studies have shown that cellulose nanofiber conduits successfully aid neural regeneration and further, that the dimensions of the conduit relative to the nerve gap have an impact on efficacy in murine models. It has been hypothesized that the reliance of regeneration upon the physical dimensions of the conduit may be related to modified modes of diffusion and/or distances of key cellular nutrients and waste metabolites to/from the injury site. The present work investigates the concentration profile of glucose within the conduit via finite element analysis as a function of the physical dimensions of the conduit. It was determined that the magnitude of glucose diffusion was greater through the conduit walls than through the luminal space between the nerve and the inner wall of the conduit, and that as such radial diffusion is dominant over axial diffusion.
Efflux Limits Tumor Drug Delivery Despite Disrupted BBB

Apparent blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is common in glioblastoma (GBM), but has not translated to improved drug delivery efficacy. Recently, de Gooijer et al. demonstrated that efflux transporters can have a prominent role in limiting drug delivery. These transport systems contribute to ineffective drug delivery to tumor cells in the brain.
Improvements in storm surge surrogate modeling for synthetic storm parameterization, node condition classification and implementation to small size databases

Surrogate models are becoming increasingly popular for storm surge predictions. Using existing databases of storm simulations, developed typically during regional flood studies, these models provide fast-to-compute, data-driven approximations quantifying the expected storm surge for any new storm (not included in the training database). This paper considers the development of such a surrogate model for Delaware Bay, using a database of 156 simulations driven by synthetic tropical cyclones and offering predictions for a grid that includes close to 300,000 computational nodes within the geographical domain of interest. Kriging (Gaussian Process regression) is adopted as the surrogate modeling technique, and various relevant advancements are established. The appropriate parameterization of the synthetic storm database is examined. For this, instead of the storm features at landfall, the features when the storm is at closest distance to some representative point of the domain of interest are investigated as an alternative parametrization, and are found to produce a better surrogate. For nodes that remained dry for some of the database storms, imputation of the surge using a weighted k nearest neighbor (kNN) interpolation is considered to fill in the missing data. The use of a secondary, classification surrogate model, combining logistic principal component analysis and Kriging, is examined to address instances for which the imputed surge leads to misclassification of the node condition. Finally, concerns related to overfitting for the surrogate model are discussed, stemming from the small size of the available database. These concerns extend to both the calibration of the surrogate model hyper-parameters, as well as to the validation approaches adopted. During this process, the benefits from the use of principal component analysis as a dimensionality reduction technique, and the appropriate transformation and scaling of the surge output are examined in detail.
Role of 5-HT2C Receptors in Effects of Monoamine Releasers on Intracranial Self-Stimulation in Rats

Rationale Many monoamine releasers are abused by humans and produce abuse-related facilitation of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) in rats. Facilitation of ICSS in rats can be limited by monoamine releaser-induced serotonin (5-HT) release, but receptors that mediate 5-HT effects of monoamine releasers are unknown.