cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and binding affinity of an iodinated juvenile hormone

The synthesis of the first iodinated juvenile hormone (JH) in enantiomerically enriched form is reported. This chiral compound, 12-iodo-JH I, has an iodine atom replacing a methyl group of the natural insect juvenile hormone, JH I, which is important in regulating morphogenesis and reproduction in the Lepidoptera. The unlabeled compound shows approximately 10% of the relative binding affinity for the larval hemolymph JH binding protein (JHBP) of Manduca sexta, which specifically binds natural 3H-10R,11S-JH I (labeled at 58 Ci/mmol) with a KD of 8 X 10(-8) M. It is also approximately one-tenth as biologically active as JH I in the black Manduca and epidermal commitment assays. The 12-hydroxy and 12-oxo compounds are poor competitors and are also biologically inactive. The radioiodinated [125I]12-iodo-JH I can be prepared in low yield at greater than 2500 Ci/mmol by nucleophilic displacement using no-carrier-added 125I-labeled sodium iodide in acetone; however, synthesis using sodium iodide carrier to give the approximately 50 Ci/mmol radioiodinated ligand proceeds in higher radiochemical yield with fewer by-products and provides a radioligand which is more readily handled in binding assays. The KD of [125I]12-iodo-JH I was determined for hemolymph JHBP of three insects: M. sexta, 795 nM; Galleria mellonella, 47 nM; Locusta migratoria, 77 nM. The selectivity of 12-iodo-JH I for the 32-kDa JHBP of M. sexta was demonstrated by direct autoradiography of a native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel of larval hemolymph incubated with the radioiodinated ligand. Thus, the in vitro and in vivo activity of 12-iodo-JH I indicate that it can serve as an important new gamma-emitting probe in the search for JH receptor proteins in target tissues.
Cyber Espionage, Surveillance, and International Law: Finding Common Ground

The confluence of interests between victims of overbroad surveillance and cyber espionage presents an opportunity to begin developing new norms and eventual international law that could bring more rationality, predictability, and privacy protections to the cyber domain. The costs of cyber espionage are real and the threats and vulnerabilities will increase with the progression of technology. Companies and States are woefully underprepared for the level of cyber espionage they are facing. Solutions vary, but they all share the common foundation of increased international cooperation and the development of a customary international legal framework that everyone understands.
A Solution to the C-Value Paradox and the Function of Junk DNA: The Genome Balance Hypothesis

The Genome Balance Hypothesis originated from a recent study that provided a mechanism for the phenomenon of genome dominance in ancient polyploids: unique 24nt RNA coverage near genes is greater in genes on the recessive subgenome irrespective of differences in gene expression. 24nt RNAs target transposons. Transposon position effects are now hypothesized to balance the expression of networked genes and provide spring-like tension between pericentromeric heterochromatin and microtubules. The balance (coordination) of gene expression and centromere movement is under selection. Our hypothesis states that this balance can be maintained by many or few transposons about equally well. We explain known balanced distributions of junk DNA within genomes and between subgenomes in allopolyploids (and our hypothesis passes "the onion test" for any so-called solution to the C-value paradox). Importantly, when the allotetraploid maize chromosomes delete redundant genes, their nearby transposons are also lost; this result is explained if transposons near genes function. The Genome Balance Hypothesis is hypothetical because the position effect mechanisms implicated are not proved to apply to all junk DNA, and the continuous nature of the centromeric and gene position effects have not yet been studied as a single phenomenon.
Generalizing Lambert's Law for Smooth Surfaces

One of the most common assumptions for recovering object features in computer vision and rendering objects in computer graphics is that diffuse reflection from materials is Lambertian. This paper shows that there is significant deviation from Lambertian behavior in diffuse reflection from smooth surfaces not predicted by existing reflectance models, having an important bearing on any computer vision technique that may utilize reflectance models including shape-from-shading and binocular stereo. Contrary to prediction by Lambert's Law, diffuse reflection from smooth surfaces is significantly viewpoint dependent, and there are prominent diffuse reflection maxima effects occurring on objects when incident point source illumination is greater than 50‡ relative to viewing including the range from 90‡ to 180‡ where the light source is behind the object with respect to viewing. Presented here is a diffuse reflectance model, derived from first physical principles, utilizing results of radiative transfer theory for subsurface multiple scattering together with Fresnel attenuation and Snell refraction at a smooth air-dielectric surface boundary. A number of experimental results are presented demonstrating striking deviation from Lambertian behavior predicted by the proposed diffuse reflectance model.
The Structure of Carboxypeptidase A V. STUDIES OF ENZYME-SUBSTRATE AND ENZYME-INHIBITOR COMPLEXES AT 6 A RESOLUTION

Abstract Model peptide substrates, e.g. glycyl-l-tyrosine, and inhibitors, e.g. β-(p-iodophenyl)propionate, are shown at 6 A resolution to bind to crystalline carboxypeptidase Aα in regions near the zinc atom. Although the question of bond formation of these added molecules to zinc must await studies at higher resolution, the present studies are not inconsistent with a direct role for the metal in enzymic reactions. Binding of glycyl-l-tyrosine to either native or acetylated crystals produces an increase in electron density in two adjacent regions (A and B) near the zinc. The main region (A) extends into the enzyme's pocket from above the zinc and is attributed to Gly-Tyr bound with its tyrosyl side chain projected into the pocket. Gly-Tyr bound to either apo- or copper-carboxypeptidase increases electron density only in Region A. Furthermore, there appears to be a structural change in the enzyme when substrates are bound to the native or modified enzyme.
Scientific Storytelling: From up in the clouds to down to earth… A new approach to mentoring

The challenge today with an increasing volume and complexity of information is the actual connections we make with the information, its value and how it impacts us. This paper interweaves three topics as they relate to communicating scientific knowledge and the use of the arts to heighten our ability to connect to the information, so as to transition from up in the clouds to down to earth, i.e. from the intangible to the tangible. Educators, teachers and an evolving breed of mentors play an important role in the transition from a hierarchical arena to one of reciprocal interactions, mutual learning and respect, openness to novel ideas and encouragement to think outside the box. The topics to be explored are the following: the outlining of a story — from up in the clouds to down to the earth, the art of Scientific Storytelling and the uncovering of the ‘scoop’ in the story: translating knowledge into action. This paper embraces nonconventional forms of learning and imparting acquired skills and knowledge using the Scientific Storytelling method for innovative learning modules. The method presented in this paper provokes new insights and conversations, while exploring the cross pollination of the sciences that enables others to connect to one's stories.
A contemporary approach to recruitment in obstetrics and gynecology

Abstract Increasing difficulty is being encountered in recruiting appropriate medical talent for obstetrics and gynecology. While considerable time has been spent on reviewing residency programs, little effort has been directed to revising the undergraduate medical curriculum. As an addition to the regular teaching schedule in obstetrics and gynecology, we have initiated a tutorial program where Year I medical students are exposed to all aspects of the discipline in a 24 week period. The strength of this program has been the increasing student awareness of the specialty as well as improved communication between the faculty and the student body. The deficiency in the program lies in the inability of the faculty to provide such a program to all students wishing to take it. It is conceivable that this comprehensive training will allow the student to enter the residency program much earlier and will successfully increase the numbers of medical graduates choosing a career in obstetrics and gynecology.
Mechanism of polyethylene glycol interaction with the molten globule folding intermediate of bovine carbonic anhydrase B.

Polyethylene glycol has been shown to bind to the molten globule intermediate on the bovine carbonic anhydrase B folding pathway. The mechanism of this interaction has been extensively probed. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) binds weakly to the molten globule first intermediate as measured by hydrophobic interaction chromatography, but PEG does not bind to either the native state or the second intermediate. The binding of PEG to the molten globule has been confirmed with both intrinsic fluorescence and fluorescence quenching experiments which indicate a single PEG-binding site on the molten globule. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic studies with nitroxide-labeled PEG also indicate a single binding site. Additional electron paramagnetic resonance studies with spin-labeled carbonic anhydrase B suggest that a conformational change occurs in the molten globule intermediate after PEG binds to the surface. The formation of a PEG-molten globule complex results in a reduction in self-association of this compact hydrophobic structure. PEG-molten globule complex formation is analogous to the observed interaction between chaperonins and a molten globule intermediate (Martin, J., Langer, T., Boteva, R., Schramel, A., Horwich, A.L., and Hartl, F.U. (1991) Nature 352, 36-42).
Symmetry properties of SU3 vector coupling coefficients

A presentation of the problem of calculating the vector coupling coefficients for $SU3 \supset SU2 \otimes U1$ is made, in the spirit of traditional treatments of SU2 coupling. The coefficients are defined as the overlap matrix element between product states and a coupled state with good SU3 quantum numbers. A technique for resolution of the outer degeneracy problem, based upon actions of the infinitesimal generators of SU3 is developed, which automatically produces vector coupling coefficients with symmetries under exchange of state labels which parallel the familiar symmetries of the SU2 case. An algorithm for efficient computation of these coefficients is outlined, for which an ANSI C code is available.
Long Period Solar—Terrestrial Variability

Studies aimed at extending the record of solar-terrestrial variability to longer periods are discussed in a critical review of US research from the period 1987--1990. Sections are devoted to the sunspot index, radioactive carbon studies, a potential climate connection between radiocarbon changes and the solar irradiance cycle, Be-10 studies, geological laminae, solar neutrino counts, and the construction of data sets. Also included is a selective bibliography. 66 refs.
Angiographic Perfusion Imaging: Real‐Time Assessment of Endovascular Treatment for Cerebral Vasospasm

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cerebral perfusion analysis is useful in the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral vasospasm. A new modality of real-time cerebral perfusion imaging and analysis has been developed using standard 2-dimensional angiography. We report our initial experience with this technique to assess response to therapy during endovascular vasospasm procedures. METHODS Colorized angiographic perfusion maps were obtained immediately before and after endovascular vasospasm treatment. Semiquantitative perfusion parameters (cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, mean transit time, and time to peak) were calculated from time-density curves obtained from intraarterial contrast injection. The effects of intraarterial vasospasm therapy were assessed. RESULTS Eight vascular territories in 4 patients with vasospasm underwent interventional angiography and angiographic perfusion analysis. Pretreatment perfusion maps demonstrated variable perfusion deficits in specific vascular territories. After endovascular treatment in 6 vessels, improvement was seen to varying degrees in both angiographic appearance and perfusion parameters. Clinical improvement and reduction in transcranial Doppler velocity was also observed. CONCLUSIONS Real-time angiographic perfusion imaging is feasible during endovascular procedures for vasospasm. Perfusion analysis may aid in assessment of efficacy of the intervention. Comparison with traditional perfusion imaging is needed to validate this technique.
Improving sensor network lifetime with wireless charging technology

Wireless sensor networks have been widely employed in a broad range of applications. As powered by small batteries, the scarce energy supply has constrained sensor node lifetime. The emerging wireless charging technology is a promising alternative to address such energy constraint problem in sensor networks. Comparing to existing approaches, this technology can replenish energy in a more controllable manner and does not require accurate location of or physical alignment to sensor nodes. However, little work has been reported on exploiting wireless charging to improve sensor network lifetime. In this dissertation, we study the network lifetime elongation problem in wireless chargeable sensor networks (WCSNs). Specifically, the study is conducted in four directions. First of all, with given sensing quality requirement, we study how to maximize the network lifetime. Secondly, with given network lifetime requirement, we study how to maximize the sensing quality. Thirdly, we study the network lifetime elongation in energy heterogeneous WCSNs by designing a lifetime balanced aggregation protocol. Fourthly, we jointly optimize the aggregation and MAC behaviors to further improve the WCSN network lifetime.
Assessing and Managing Soil Quality for Urban Agriculture in a Degraded Vacant Lot Soil

Following the decline of industrial manufacturing, many US cities have experienced severe population reductions that have resulted in large areas of vacant land. Urban agriculture has emerged as a desirable land use for these spaces, but degraded soils are common. Therefore, we measured soil and plant responses to amendments and management in urban lots where vacant houses had recently been demolished in Youngstown, OH, USA. Soil degradation was observed following demolition activities in the form of compaction (bulk density of 1·5–1·8 Mg m−3) and low soil microbial biomass C (21 mg C kg−1 soil). Our split-plot experiment measured the effects of organic matter (OM) amendments produced from yard wastes and the use of raised beds on soil properties and vegetable crop yields. Two years after their application, OM amendments resulted in significant improvement to a number of soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. Vegetable crop yields were improved by OM amendments in 2011 and by both OM amendments and the use of raised beds in 2012. A soil quality index, developed using factor analysis and the Soil Management Assessment Framework, produced values ranging from 0·60 to 0·85, which are comparable to those reported for rural agricultural soils. All results indicate that urban agriculture can be productive in vacant urban land and that amendments produced from urban yard wastes can improve soil quality at previously degraded sites and increase crop yields for urban agriculture. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anthrax lethal toxin increases superoxide production in murine neutrophils via differential effects on MAPK signaling pathways

The combination of lethal factor and its receptor-binding partner, protective Ag, is termed lethal toxin (LT) and has critical pathogenic activity during infection with Bacillus anthracis. We herein report that anthrax LT binds and enters murine neutrophils, leading to the cleavage of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/MEK/MAPKK 1-4 and 6, but not mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5 and 7. Anthrax LT treatment of neutrophils disrupts signaling to downstream MAPK targets in response to TLR stimulation. Following anthrax LT treatment, ERK family and p38 phosphorylation are nearly completely blocked, but signaling to JNK family members persists in vitro and ex vivo. In contrast to previous reports involving human neutrophils, anthrax LT treatment of murine neutrophils increases their production of superoxide in response to PMA or TLR stimulation in vitro or ex vivo. Although this enhanced superoxide production correlates with effects due to the LT-induced blockade of ERK signaling, it requires JNK signaling that remains largely intact despite the activity of anthrax LT. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism through which anthrax LT supports a critical proinflammatory response of murine neutrophils.
Simple Multiple Noisy Label Utilization Strategies

With the outsourcing of small tasks becoming easier, it is possible to obtain non-expert/imperfect labels at low cost. With low-cost imperfect labeling, it is straightforward to collect multiple labels for the same data items. This paper addresses the strategies of utilizing these multiple labels for improving the performance of supervised learning, based on two basic ideas: majority voting and pair wise solutions. We show several interesting results based on our experiments. The soft majority voting strategies can reduce the bias and roughness, and improve the performance of the directed hard majority voting strategy. Pair wise strategies can completely avoid the bias by having both sides (potential correct and incorrect/noisy information) considered (for binary classification). They have very good performance whenever there are a few or many labels available. However, it could also keep the noise. The improved variation that reduces the impact of the noisy information is recommended. All five strategies investigated are labeling quality agnostic strategies, and can be applied to real world applications directly. The experimental results show some of them perform better than or at least very close to the gnostic strategies.
Energy from Redox Disproportionation of Sugar Carbon Drives Biotic and Abiotic Synthesis

To identify the energy source that drives the biosynthesis of amino acids, lipids, and nucleotides from glucose, we calculated the free energy change due to redox disproportionation of the substrate carbon of: (1) 26-carbon fermentation reactions and (2) the biosynthesis of amino acids and lipids of E. coli from glucose. The free energy (cal/mmol of carbon) of these reactions was plotted as a function of the degree of redox disproportionation of carbon (disproportionative electron transfers (mmol)/mmol of carbon). The zero intercept and proportionality between energy yield and degree of redox disproportionation exhibited by this plot demonstrate that redox disproportionation is the principal energy source of these redox reactions (slope of linear fit = -10.4 cal/mmol of disproportionative electron transfers). The energy and disproportionation values of E. coli amino acid and lipid biosynthesis from glucose lie near this linear curve fit with redox disproportionation accounting for 84% and 96% (and ATP only 6% and 1 %) of the total energy of amino acid and lipid biosynthesis, respectively. These observations establish that redox disproportionation of carbon, and not ATP, is the primary energy source driving amino acid and lipid biosynthesis from glucose. In contrast, we found that nucteotide biosynthesis involves very little redox disproportionation, and consequently depends almost entirely on ATP for energy. The function of sugar redox disproportionation as the major source of free energy for the biosynthesis of amino acids and lipids suggests that sugar disproportionation played a central role in the origin of metabolism, and probably the origin of life.
Mechanical processing of high jc bscco superconductors

Abstract High J c superconducting oxides can be obtained by processing polycrystalline powders to achieve high degrees of densification and sharp crystallographic textures characterized by the conducting crystallographic planes lying parallel to the direction of the current flow (i.e., in the plane of a conducting tape or parallel to the axis of a wire). In the present study, we investigate the densification and texture evolution in a Pb doped Bi—Sr—Ca—Cu oxide (BSCCO) under axisymmetric and plane strain (channel die) compression. Experimental measurements of the microstructural evolution, including crystallographic texture and grain morphology, are presented as a function of the degree of deformation and densification. The orientations of the conducting planes (c planes) are shown by measured X-ray pole figures and analyses of these orientations are given for both tests. A model based on crystal plasticity theory is proposed to simulate the inelastic deformation and texturing of the BSCCO oxide. Predicte...
THE UTILIZATION OF ACETATE BY NEOCOSMOSPORA VASINFECTA

Summary Mycelium of Neocosmospora vasinfecta, harvested during active growth, was incubated for up to 10 minutes in dilute solutions of [1-14C]acetate or [2-14C]acetate. Radioactivity in the respiratory CO2 and in identifiable compounds extracted from the mycelium was measured. Closely similar results were obtained with both [1-14C]acetate and [2-14C]acetate except for the loss of radioactivity to CO2, which took place much more rapidly from the [1-14C]acetate. Water-soluble compounds accounted for over 80% of the radioactivity of the mycelium. With incubation periods of up to 2.5 minutes, most of the radioactivity in the water-soluble material was associated with organic acids, whereas with longer incubation, the label in basic compounds predominated, Glutamate was consistently the most heavily labelled basic compound, with small amounts of radioactivity in glutamine and aspartic acid. Radioactivity in the organic acid fraction was practically confined to citric acid after 2.5 minutes incubation; succinic, malic and other acids were significantly labelled after 10 minutes. The specific activities of these acids after 10 minutes decreased in the order citrate, succinate, malate, suggesting their involvement in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The results are discussed in relation to the importance of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in acetate utilization, nitrogen assimilation and respiration.
Incorporating misclassification error in skill assessment

Abstract It is desirable to account for misclassification error of meteorological observations so that the true skill of the forecast can be assessed. Errors in observations can occur, among other places, in pilot reports of icing and in tornado spotting. Not accounting for misclassification error gives a misleading picture of the forecast’s true performance. An extension to the climate skill score test developed in Briggs and Ruppert is presented to account for possible misclassification error of the meteorological observation. This extension supposes a statistical misclassification-error model where “gold standard” data, or expert opinion, is available to characterize the misclassification-error characteristics of the observation. These model parameters are then inserted into the Briggs and Ruppert skill score for which a statistical test of significance can be performed.
Identification of Protein Modifications Using MS/MS de Novo Sequencing and the OpenSea Alignment Algorithm

Algorithms that can robustly identify post-translational protein modifications from mass spectrometry data are needed for data-mining and furthering biological interpretations. In this study, we determined that a mass-based alignment algorithm (OpenSea) for de novo sequencing results could identify post-translationally modified peptides in a high-throughput environment. A complex digest of proteins from human cataractous lens, a tissue containing a high abundance of modified proteins, was analyzed using two-dimensional liquid chromatography, and data was collected on both high and low mass accuracy instruments. The data were analyzed using automated de novo sequencing followed by OpenSea mass-based sequence alignment. A total of 80 modifications were detected, 36 of which were previously unreported in the lens. This demonstrates the potential to identify large numbers of known and previously unknown protein modifications in a given tissue using automated data processing algorithms such as OpenSea. Keyword...
Bioabsorbable screws for reduction of Lisfranc's diastasis in athletes

This was a study of 15 athletes who sustained Lisfranc's diastasis and were treated with surgical reduction and fixation with 3.5mm bioabsorbable poly-L lactic acid screws. Patients were prospectively evaluated for their ability to return to activity, maintenance of reduction, and need for implant removal. The average patient age was 28 years; there were 9 females and 6 males. Average followup was 36 months (range: 12–62). The mean return to activity time was 4.2 months (range: 3–6), with a significant difference between males and females ( P = .02), 3.4 versus 4.7 months, respectively. The mean preoperative American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society midfoot score was 35.4 ± 25.0, which increased postoperatively to 92.7 ± 7.7 ( P = .00001). Overall there were 10 "excellent," 4 "good," and 1 "poor" result. Patients were statistically more likely to have less than an excellent result when diagnosis was delayed by more than 6 weeks ( P = 0.01). One patient demonstrated a radiographic loss of reduction but returned to full sports activities. The patient with the longest delay in diagnosis demonstrated anatomic reduction but exhibited radiographic degenerative changes and scored a poor result. Three patients required a second surgery for screw or screw head removal. Bioabsorbable screws appear sufficient for treating Lisfranc's diastasis but do not necessarily obviate fixation removal.
An Empirical Note on the Transactional Model of Psychological Stress

This paper seeks to assess the utility of the transactional model of individual stress. According to the logic of the model, whether persons manifest stress is a multiplicative function of both situational and individual characteristics. The paper briefly discusses possible advantages of the perspective over other frames of reference. Then it describes a pilot study designed to determine whether hypotheses based on the transactional model could be supported empirically. Utilizing interview data from a small probability sample of all adults in the state of Missouri, scales were constructed by an improved method of item analysis for use as indicators of variations in stress and the situational and individual factors. Comparing stress scores by situational and individual variables produced results indicative of a multiplicative relationship and thus supportive of theories derived from the transactional perspective.
Should robots have nuclear arms? AI technology and SDI software

Abstract This paper analyzes the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in designing SDI software. Two major uses are foreseen: (1) as an aid to writing the ten million plus lines of trustworthy SDI software that will be needed; (2) as a component of the battle management software. This second use allows the software to be adequately responsive to SDI counter-measures and autonomous in a manner fitting overall SDI requirements. This paper suggests that these uses of AI in SDI are infeasible and that rather than creating greater security, they would be more likely lead to a nuclear war.
Experimental Electron Densities and Chemical Bonding

Some recent results of charge density analysis by X-ray and neutron diffraction are discussed. Problems that have been studied in a number of laboratories include the nature of single, double, and triple bonds, lone-pair hybridization, bonding in some metals, alloys, and organometallic compounds, and the derivation of physical properties from X-ray diffraction densities. At the present stage of development of methods studies of series of related compounds are feasible and expected to find widespread application.
The sad truth about early initiation of dialysis in elderly patients.

ORTY YEARS AGO, AN ARTICLE INJAMA ENTITLED“THE SadTruthAboutHemodialysisinDiabeticNephropathy”highlightedthepooroutcomesforpatientswith diabeteswhoweretreatedwithdialysis. 1 Intheearly 1970s some patients with diabetes were not offered dialysis because of expected poor outcomes. The problems of visual deterioration and chronic fluid overload have been largely resolved with laser therapy for diabetic retinopathy and vastly improved dialysis techniques. In a report published in 1972, among 9 patients with renal failure resulting from diabetic nephropathy who were treated by hemodialysis, survival was 22% (2 patients) at the end of 1 year, 1 whereas in 2008, data from the US Renal Data System indicate that for patients with diabetes who initiated dialysis, survival was 81% at the end of 1 year. 2 RecenttrendsintheincidentUSdialysispopulationhave shown a marked increase in the number of patients older than 75 years (elderly) who initiate dialysis early, at estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) of 10 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 or higher. Among elderly patients (75 years) who initiated dialysis, the proportion who had early initiation increased from 25% in 1996 to 64% in 2009. 2 Similar to patients with diabetes who underwent dialysis in the 1970s, earlyinitiationofdialysisinelderlypatientsmayhave“little likelihood of long-term survival or improvement in quality of life.” 1
Failure of the Ipsogen MutaScreen kit to detect the JAK2 617V>F mutation in samples with additional rare exon 14 mutations: implications for clinical testing and report of a novel 618C>F mutation in addition to 617V>F.

To the editor: The JAK2 617V>F point mutation is an important diagnostic tool for Philadelphia chromosome–negative myeloproliferative disorders. JAK2 mutation analysis has been endorsed by the World Health Organization for diagnosing polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and
Genomic sequence analysis and characterization of Sneathia amnii sp. nov

Bacteria of the genus Sneathia are emerging as potential pathogens of the female reproductive tract. Species of Sneathia, which were formerly grouped with Leptotrichia, can be part of the normal microbiota of the genitourinary tracts of men and women, but they are also associated with a variety of clinical conditions including bacterial vaginosis, preeclampsia, preterm labor, spontaneous abortion, post-partum bacteremia and other invasive infections. Sneathia species also exhibit a significant correlation with sexually transmitted diseases and cervical cancer. Because Sneathia species are fastidious and rarely cultured successfully in vitro; and the genomes of members of the genus had until now not been characterized, very little is known about the physiology or the virulence of these organisms. Here, we describe a novel species, Sneathia amnii sp. nov, which closely resembles bacteria previously designated "Leptotrichia amnionii". As part of the Vaginal Human Microbiome Project at VCU, a vaginal isolate of S. amnii sp. nov. was identified, successfully cultured and bacteriologically cloned. The biochemical characteristics and virulence properties of the organism were examined in vitro, and the genome of the organism was sequenced, annotated and analyzed. The analysis revealed a reduced circular genome of ~1.34 Mbp, containing ~1,282 protein-coding genes. Metabolic reconstruction of the bacterium reflected its biochemical phenotype, and several genes potentially associated with pathogenicity were identified. Bacteria with complex growth requirements frequently remain poorly characterized and, as a consequence, their roles in health and disease are unclear. Elucidation of the physiology and identification of genes putatively involved in the metabolism and virulence of S. amnii may lead to a better understanding of the role of this potential pathogen in bacterial vaginosis, preterm birth, and other issues associated with vaginal and reproductive health.
Peptide antibiotic biosynthesis: a new approach.

Eine verallgemeinernde biosynthetische Theorie uber die Entstehung vond-Aminosauren in Peptid-Antibiotika wird dargestellt und zur Bildung von makrozyklischen Strukturen aus kleineren Ring-systemen in Beziehung gesetzt.
Knowing the unknowns

The Earth's atmosphere is not the only source of radiative forcing and anthropogenic climate change. As surely as people and civilizations have carbon footprints, they have albedo footprints as well. By altering the reflectivity of roughly half the land surface of the Earth in the past, mankind has made inadvertent geoengineering a part of the landscape of history. This worldwide alteration of reflectivity raises questions about the future of climate change, for albedo is a first-order determinant of the Earth's radiative equilibrium. As surfaces absorb roughly 100 times more solar energy than the CO2 in the atmosphere, future anthropogenic changes in both land and water albedo may figure significantly in climate policy outcomes.
Variables affecting the selectivity and efficiency of retention of DNA fragments by E. coli RNA polymerase in the nitrocellulose-filter-binding assay.

Abstract In this paper we characterize the effect of varying the solution conditions and filter-binding protocols on the extent and selectivity of DNA retention on nitrocellulose filters by DNA-binding proteins. These effects are illustrated by the binding interaction of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase with λ and T7 phage DNA restriction fragments. We present procedures which will help enhance the selective retention of some DNA restriction fragments over others. These include increasing the pH and salt concentration, decreasing the enzyme-to-DNA ratio, and including an appropriate washing step. Selective binding is not dependent on the presence of Mg2+. Although we only show data for RNA polymerase-DNA interactions, many of the principles discussed are likely to find practical applications in studying selective DNA-protein binding in general.
Laser Treatment of Superficial Leg Veins: A Review

BACKGROUND Superficial leg veins affect millions of people worldwide, and treatment of these vessels is a common dermatologic request. The advance of lasers in recent years has led to numerous laser and light devices intended to treat these superficial vessels. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD A review of the literature on the laser and light devices available for the treatment of superficial leg vessels with historical and recent trends is presented. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The appropriate choice of light system to treat telangiectases, venulectases, and reticular veins varies depending on anatomical, physiological, and biological differences in the vessels. Safe and efficacious treatment of superficial leg vessels can be achieved with multiple lasers by taking advantage of the oxyhemoglobin absorption peaks. The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.
Solar quiescent prominences at 10.7 GHz

Filaments on the Sun, which are dark linear features in the light of the Fraunhofer Hα line, are a mysterious feature of the solar surface. They are blade-like extensions of the chromosphere projecting to a height of 40,000 km into the corona, and may extend for up to 200,000 km along the surface. The fact that they may persist for a year or so, disappear abruptly and then reappear in the same positions shows that they are superficial indicators of deeper phenomena. There have been several reports1–4 of reduced brightness in the radio spectrum associated with the Hα filaments, leading to the widely accepted view that filaments are associated with broad dark radio features. This picture is, however, contradicated by our observations at 10.7 GHz of one solar filament during the solar eclipse of 12 October 1977.
Comments on "Ternary scan design for VLSI testability" by M. Hu and K.C. Smith

An alternative design is found to be significantly faster than the one proposed by Hu and Smith (see ibid., vol.C-53, p.167-170, (1986)). The performance of the alternative is compared to the original. A means to buffer the signal is presented and its performance is reported. An estimate of silicon area saved versus area spent is made. >
Degree Graphs of Simple Groups of Exceptional Lie Type

Abstract Let G be a finite group and let cd(G) be the set of irreducible character degrees of G. The degree graph Δ(G) of G is the graph whose set of vertices is the set of primes that divide degrees in cd(G), with an edge between p and q if pq divides a for some degree a ∈ cd(G). In this paper, we determine the graph Δ(G) when G is a finite simple group of exceptional Lie type.
Somali Current: Recent Measurements During the Southwest Monsoon

The Somali Current was measured at approximately maximum strength for the year during the southwest monsoon on 11 and 12 August 1975 (approximately 1(1/2) days) at stations spaced 20 to 35 kilometers apart. These measurements permit a nearly synoptic detailed mapping of the temperature structure of a major western boundary current.
Wave propagation in fractured porous media

A theory of wave propagation in fractured porous media is presented based on the double-porosity concept. The macroscopic constitutive relations and mass and momentum balance equations are obtained by volume averaging the microscale balance and constitutive equations and assuming small deformations. In microscale, the grains are assumed to be linearly elastic and the fluids are Newtonian. Momentum transfer terms are expressed in terms of intrinsic and relative permeabilities assuming the validity of Darcy's law in fractured porous media. The macroscopic constitutive relations of elastic porous media saturated by one or two fluids and saturated fractured porous media can be obtained from the constitutive relations developed in the paper. In the simplest case, the final set of governing equations reduce to Biot's equations containing the same parameters as of Biot and Willis.
Strategies for Creating a Caring Learning Climate in Physical Education

Teacher–student interactions are at the core of the teaching–learning process. There is research evidence showing that a teacher's caring behavior is strongly related to students' attitudes and engagement in physical education (PE). This article discusses practical strategies that PE teachers can employ to create a caring learning environment, thus fostering students' engagement and learning outcomes in PE.
Electron-cyclotron-resonance (ECR) plasma thruster research

Abstract : This report summarizes the results of a three year program devoted to theoretical and experimental research on plasma acceleration by Electron- Cyclotron-Resonance (ECR). Theoretical work in the first year of this effort centered on simple analytical treatment of many of the phenomena which have a role in ECR plasma acceleration. These analytical studies pointed out which phenomena are sufficiently important to be incorporated in the more rigorous theoretical studies of years two and three and also provided vital guidance to the process of designing the experimental apparatus. An experimental facility was developed in the first year of this program so that an ECR research device could be tested. The JPL facility has the unique capability of providing up to 20 kW of S-band microwave power and 18,000 liters/second of high quality vacuum system pumping for the study of advanced microwave propulsion concepts.
Asymmetric tandem additions to chiral 2-naphthyloxazolines. The synthesis of enantiomerically pure 1,2,2-trisubstituted- 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes

Abstract Addition of organolithium reagents to optically active 2-naphthyloxazolines followed by trapping with methyl iodide gives, after oxazoline removal, the titled compounds whose absolute configuration was determined by x-ray diffraction.
Diagnosis of anomalous left coronary artery by Doppler color flow mapping: distinction from other causes of dilated cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Background. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk is difficult to diagnose reliably by two-dimensional echocardiography. Therefore, Doppler color flow mapping was tested in 29 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy or anomalous left coronary artery, or both. Methods and Results. All patients with anomalous left coronary artery (10 patients) or dilated cardiomyopathy (27 patients) (excluding those with other known causes for cardiomyopathy) examined between January 1988 and May 1991 were identified. The direction of flow in the three main segments of the left coronary system was determined by Doppler color flow mapping. In all 10 patients with anomalous left coronary artery, flow mapping demonstrated an abnormal jet from the left coronary artery into the pulmonary trunk and retrograde flow in at least two segments of the left coronary system. The diagnosis was confirmed in all 10 patients at operation. Doppler color flow mapping, performed in 19 of the 27 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, demonstrated anterograde flow in at least one segment of the left coronary system in 16 of the 19 patients; flow direction was not determined in the other 3 patients. Coronary artery anatomy was confirmed by aortic root or left ventricular angiography in 14 patients and at autopsy in 1 patient and was not directly confirmed in 4 patients. Left ventricular function spontaneously improved to normal in three of the latter four patients, a clinical course not consistent with anomalous left coronary artery. The left coronary artery appeared to arise from the aortic root by two-dimensional echocardiographic imaging alone in all patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and in 5 of 10 patients with anomalous left coronary artery (50% false negative diagnoses). Conclusions. Detection of an abnormal jet into the pulmonary trunk and retrograde flow in the left coronary system by Doppler color flow mapping is reliable for diagnosing anomalous left coronary artery whereas two-dimensional echocardiographic imaging alone is often inconclusive or misleading. Determining flow direction in the left coronary system in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy is useful for excluding anomalous left coronary artery but is technically more difficult to document in this condition than in anomalous left coronary artery.
High Power Laser Research And Development At The Laboratory For Laser Energetics

As part of its research mission - to investigate the interaction of intense radiation with matter -the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) of the University of Rochester is developing a number of high-peak power and high-average-power laser systems. In this paper we highlight some of the LLE work on solid-state laser research, development and applications. Specifically, we discuss the performance and operating characteristics of Omega, a twenty-four beam, 4,000 Joule, Nd:glass laser system which is frequency tripled using the polarization mismatch scheme. We also discuss progress in efforts to develop high-average-power solid-state laser systems with active-mirror and slab geometries and to implement liquid-crystal devices in high-power Nd:glass lasers. Finally we present results from a program to develop a compact, ultrahigh-peak-power solid-state laser using the concept of frequency chirped pulse amplification.
Obstacles hindering the mainstream practice of teledermatopathology.

Background Teledermatopathology has the potential to link underserved areas to experts across the country and assist in making quick diagnoses, which may improve health care costs and delivery. Despite these potential benefits, teledermatopathology is not used routinely for primary diagnosis in the United States. Objective To assess the current status of and address the potential for improving health care by the use of teledermatolopathology for primary diagnosis. Methods Current available literature and online resources were reviewed to address 3 major variables that hinder the widespread use of teledermatopathology: diagnostic accuracy, licensure requirements, and reimbursement. Results Recent studies show similar diagnostic accuracy for this technology compared to conventional microscopy. State-to-state variation and ambiguity in laws serve as the biggest hurdles to the widespread use of teledermatopathology. More states are recognizing the importance of the implementation of specific laws regarding telemedicine. More studies are required to evaluate the systems that offer specific telemedicine licenses, in addition to those that pay for telemedicine services specifically. Limitations This study reviewed current legislation concerning teledermatopathology; these laws are subject to revision. Conclusion Improving diagnostic accuracy and limiting variations in policy and reimbursement may encourage more pathologists to use teledermatopathology technology.
Estimation of rational transfer function models

In the estimation of rational transfer function models, it has been recommended that starting values of a transfer function component be assumed to be zero (or a constant) in the recursive computation of the transfer function response. It is demonstrated that such algorithms may lead to serious bias in the estimation of moving average parameters. This paper discusses several other algorithms that may rectify this problem. It is found that the starting-value-free (SVF) method is a more reliable algorithm. For computer programs using the traditional algorithm, i.e., the zero-starting-value (ZSV) method, the bias problem can be easily remedied using a short-cut method that omits appropriate number of values at the beginning of the residual series.
The impact of organizational support on the transfer of learning to practice

Abstract Child welfare professionals (CWPs) participate in trainings to facilitate the adoption of emerging and promising practices. Although organizational support has been argued to facilitate the association between training impact and transfer of learning, empirical examination of this process is limited. Based on data from 511 CWPs who completed a one-day training to offer relationship and marriage education (RME), we examined the moderating effects of organizational support on the association between learning impact (i.e., competency and utility reaction) and subsequent application of RME with clients within six months post-training. Results from structural equation modeling showed that perceived support from administrators and co-workers post-training was not as influential to trainees who demonstrated higher learning impact. However, those who reported lower levels of learning impact were more likely to apply the training materials if they perceived greater organizational support when compared to those who felt less support from administrators and co-workers. Implications for child welfare organizations and future trainings are discussed.
Clinical evaluation of a citric acid inhaler for smoking cessation

In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of a hand-held inhaler as an adjunct to a smoking cessation behavioral program. The inhaler delivered a citric acid aerosol with tobacco smoke flavor. Seventy-four smokers were recruited for a 3-week smoking cessation trial. During the first 12 days of the cessation period, smokers used the citric acid aerosol inhaler instead of a cigarette whenever the urge to smoke occurred. The citric acid inhaler significantly reduced CO levels and enhanced rates of smoking abstinence for those with higher than average (34.2 ppm) baseline end-expired carbon monoxide (CO) levels. Craving for cigarettes and negative affect were also alleviated by the citric acid aerosol. These results suggest that the citric acid aerosol may promote successful smoking reduction or cessation in a subgroup of smokers and relieves withdrawal symptoms such as craving for cigarettes, a symptom difficult to treat with currently available nicotine replacement techniques.