cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Obtaining Mw = Mz cos θ in technicolor theories

We show that the successful relation Mw = Mz cos θ is preserved in the technicolor formulation of the dynamical Higgs mechanism provided only that the creation operators for Goldstone bosons associated with broken generators belong to the Iw =12 representation of the weak isospin group. We present a plausibility argument that this is indeed the case. No additional isospin or isospin-like global SU(2) symmetries are then required allowing isospin to be spontaneously broken. This may be of help in producing a large mcms splitting. It is also shown how the weak hyperchange interaction can produce substantial vacuum isospin breaking in a theory which is only marginally asymptotically free. This mechanism predicts mνμmμ ≈ (msmc)3, providing a natural explanation for small neutrino masses.
Traumatic Pseudoaneurysm in a Wrestler

An 18-year-old man sought treatment for a pulsatile mass in the medial distal thigh four years after he had sustained blunt trauma during a wrestling match. Investigation, which included magnetic resonance imaging and arteriography, showed the mass to be a pseudoaneurysm, which should be considered in the differential diagnosis of masses resulting from direct, blunt trauma. At exploration, a pseudoaneurysmic thrombus in the superficial femoral artery was evacuated and the vessel was repaired with an interposition graft of reversed saphenous vein, followed by complete recovery of the patient.
How the therapist does authority: six strategies for substituting client accounts in the session.

Combining talk and textual data from a family therapy clinic, this paper examines six discourse strategies therapists employ during first sessions of therapy to reframe and ultimately substitute client accounts with a therapeutic version of the problem. These are: metalinguistic actions; institutional positioning; speaking for the client; speaking through the client; re-authoring emotions; invoking a notion of ‘communication’ as a technological skill. Arguing that asymmetry is both a resource and a co-participatory dynamic of therapeutic interaction, I analyse therapeutic asymmetry in terms of unequal accountability between therapist and client and tie session strategies to a larger institutional praxis of un-authorization of client accounts and ways of accounting. Thus, while clients may go to therapy expecting to be heard on their own, first-person terms, therapy works by exchanging those terms in favour of an expert, third person vocabulary of institutional accounting that clients cannot claim. I define therapeutic authority as the ability of the therapist, but not the client, to strategically intervene in the session in order to put forth versions of problems for which the therapist is not directly accountable, and to which the client has no access.
The Silicone Controversy — When Will Science Prevail?

THE fate of the silicone-gel breast implant may have been foretold in 1988 when a member of the Food and Drug Administration's advisory panel on general and plastic surgical devices suggested that ...
Human skin binding and absorption of contaminants from ground and surface water during swimming and bathing

Contaminants exist in ground and surface water. Human skin has the capacity to bind and then absorb these contaminants into the body during swimming and bathing. Powdered human stratum corneum will bind both lipid-soluble (alachlor, polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], benzene) and water-soluble (nitroaniline) chemicals. In vitro (human skin) and in vivo (Rhesus monkey) studies show that these chemicals readily distribute into skin, and then some of the chemical is absorbed into the body. Linearity in binding and absorption exists for nitroaniline over a 10-fold concentration range. Multiple exposure to benzene is at least cumulative. Binding and absorption can be significant for exposures as short as 30 min, and will increase with time. Absorption with water dilution increased for alachlor, but not for dinoseb. Soap reversed the partitioning of alachlor between human stratum corneum and water. The PCBs could be removed from skin by soap and water (70% efficiency) for up to 3 h and then decontamination poten...
The Origins of Scaling in Cities

Despite the increasing importance of cities in human societies, our ability to understand them scientifically and manage them in practice has remained limited. The greatest difficulties to any scientific approach to cities have resulted from their many interdependent facets, as social, economic, infrastructural, and spatial complex systems that exist in similar but changing forms over a huge range of scales. Here, I show how all cities may evolve according to a small set of basic principles that operate locally. A theoretical framework was developed to predict the average social, spatial, and infrastructural properties of cities as a set of scaling relations that apply to all urban systems. Confirmation of these predictions was observed for thousands of cities worldwide, from many urban systems at different levels of development. Measures of urban efficiency, capturing the balance between socioeconomic outputs and infrastructural costs, were shown to be independent of city size and might be a useful means to evaluate urban planning strategies.
Aromatic Amino Acid Biosynthesis and Carbohydrate Catabolism in Strictly Anaerobic Mollicutes (Anaeroplasma spp.)

Summary Strictly anaerobic mollicutes (mycoplasmas) of the genus Anaeroplasma were examined for enzymic activities of aromatic amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. Anaeroplasma intermedium and Anaeroplasma varium possessed activities for four enzymes associated with aromatic amino acid biosynthesis: 7~phospho-2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonate synthase, shikimate dehydrogenase, prephenate dehydrogenase, and prephenate dehydratase. Shikimate dehydrogenase was detected with NAD+ but not NADP+. The effects of potential allosteric effectors on the activities of three of these enzymes were tested. Furthermore, Anaeroplasma bactoclasticum, Anaeroplasma varium, and Anaeroplasma abactoclasticum had enzymic activities of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway for glycolytic catabolism including PPi dependent phosphofructokinase. Anaeroplasma bactoclasticum and Anaeroplasma varium also possessed isocitrate dehydrogenase, an enzyme not detected in other mollicutes. In addition, FAD+-linked pyruvate synthase was detected in Anaeroplasma bactoclasticum and Anaeroplasma varium; this enzyme has not been previously reported to occur in mollicutes.
Lookin' for Margaritaville: Place and Imagination in Jimmy Buffett's Songs

In 1977, Jimmy Buffett, a popular singer-songwriter, released a song entitled "Margaritaville." Since then, people of every description have traveled vicariously through Buffett's music looking for the place that he called Margaritaville. But where exactly is this place, and why do Buffett fans believe that finding Margaritaville is a worthwhile objective? The search for Margaritaville is an elusive one. It has yet to appear on any map, but it is through Buffett's music that images of the place–both real and imagined–are created. This paper explores the images crafted by Buffett's music and song lines, focusing on the construction of these images by the songwriter and their consumption by the audience. It suggests that although Margaritaville may not exist in reality, its image is firmly etched in the minds of Buffett fans.
Relation of variable moment of inertia (VMI) concept with the interacting Boson model

Abstract The theoretical foundations of the Variable Moment of Inertia Model are reexamined, and generalized formulas are given consistent with all known dynamical symmetries inherent in the Interacting Boson Model. Illustrative comparison with experiment is given; in particular, a new fit to vibrational nuclei is exhibited.
NO (γ) emission by energy transfer from NO+ (a) to NO

Ultraviolet emission produced by photoexcitation of NO at 50-80 nm is observed using synchrotron radiation as a light source. The emission increases at an excitation wavelength corresponding to the ionization potential of the NO(+) (a) state. The emission spectra at several excitation wavelengths are dispersed and identified to be mainly the NO(gamma) band. The dependence of emission intensity on gas pressure and delay time indicates that the emission is produced by a secondary reaction, which is attributed to the energy transfer from NO(+) (a) to NO.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON NATHORSTIANA (ISOETACEAE)

The patterns of root arrangement and stelar morphology in the Lower Cretaceous fossil Nathorstiana are essentially identical with those of extant Isoetes. These structural similarities imply a similar mode of development in both plants and are used to infer an Isoetes-like, linear, root-producing meristem along the lower end of the stele in Nathorstiana. The root-bearing base of Nathorstiana differs from that of Isoetes principally in two respects. In earlier developmental stages, the rooting base of Nathorstiana was unlobed and radially symmetrical, whereas Isoetes is originally bilobed. Unlike Isoetes, which lacks stelar elongation and sheds its rootbearing cortex at the periphery of the cortical lobes, the downward growth of the root-bearing base of Nathorstiana resulted in the accumulation of a substantial extent of axial root-bearing surface.
Ozone-induced modulation of cell-mediated immune responses in the lungs.

Abstract Most pulmonary immunotoxicology studies of ambient pollutants have been broadly designed to discern if overall humoral or cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was altered; few have assessed effects on particular aspects of immune function. We hypothesized that effects from ozone (O 3 ) exposure on pulmonary CMI are linked in part to changes in local immune cell capacities to form and/or to interact with immunoregulatory cytokines. Rats exposed to 0.1 or 0.3 ppm O 3 4 h/day 5 days/week, for 1 or 3 weeks were assessed for resistance to, and pulmonary clearance of, a subsequent Listeria monocytogenes challenge. In situ cytokine release and immune cell profiles were also analyzed at different stages of the antilisterial response. Although O 3 exposure modulated CMI, effects were not consistently concentration- or duration-dependent. Exposure did not effect cumulative mortality from infection, but induced concentration-related effects upon morbidity onset and persistence. All 1-week exposed rats had listeric burdens trending higher than controls; 0.3 ppm rats displayed continual burden increases rather than any onset of resolution. Rats exposed for 3 weeks had no O 3 -related changes in clearance. No exposure-related effect on neutrophil or pulmonary macrophage (PAM) numbers or percentages was noted. Bacterial burden analyses with respect to cell type showed that Listeria: PAM ratios in 0.3 ppm rats ultimately became greatest compared to all other rats. In situ IL-1α and TNFα levels were consistently higher in O 3 -exposed rats. All rats displayed increasing in situ IFNγ levels as infection progressed, but no constant relationship was evident between IFNγ and initial IL-1α/TNFα levels in O 3 -exposed hosts. It seems that short-term (i.e., 1 week) repeated O 3 exposures imparted more effects upon CMI than a more prolonged (i.e., 3 week) regimen, with effects manifesting at the level of the PAM and in the cytokine network responsible for immunoactivation.
Large Favorable Enthalpy Changes Drive Specific RNA Recognition by RNA Recognition Motif Proteins

The RNA recognition motif (RRM) is a prevalent class of RNA binding domains. Although a number of RRM/RNA structures have been determined, thermodynamic analyses are relatively uncommon. Here, we use isothermal titration calorimetry to characterize single-stranded (ss)RNA binding by four representative RRM-containing proteins: (i) U2AF(65), (ii) SXL, (iii) TIA-1, and (iv) PAB. In all cases, ssRNA binding is accompanied by remarkably large favorable enthalpy changes (-30 to -60 kcal mol(-1)) and unfavorable entropy changes. Alterations of key RRM residues and binding sites indicate that under the nearly physiological conditions of these studies, large thermodynamic changes represent a signature of specific ssRNA recognition by RRMs.
Immobilized sonic hedgehog N-terminal signaling domain enhances differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

The signaling domain of Sonic hedgehog (Shh), a potent upstream regulator of cell fate that has been implicated in osteoblast differentiation from undifferenti- ated mesenchymal cells in its endogenous form, was inves- tigated in an immobilized form as a means for accelerating differentiation of uncommitted cells to the osteoblast phe- notype. A recombinant cysteine-modified N-terminal Shh (mShh) was synthesized, purified, and immobilized onto interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) surfaces also grafted with a bone sialoprotein-derived peptide contain- ing the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence (bsp-RGD (15)), at calculated densities of 2.42 and 10 pmol/cm 2 , respectively. The mitogenic effect of mShh was dependent on the mode of presentation, as surfaces with immobilized mShh and bsp-RGD (15) had no effect on the growth rate of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), while soluble mShh enhanced cell growth compared to similar surface without mShh supplementation. In conjunction with media supplemented with bone morphogenetic pro- tein-2 and -4, mShh and bsp-RGD (15)-grafted IPN surfa- ces enhanced the alkaline phosphatase activity of BMSCs compared with tissue culture polystyrene and bsp-RGD (15)-grafted IPN surfaces supplemented with soluble mShh, indicating enhanced osteoblast differentiation. The adhesive peptide bsp-RGD (15) was necessary for cell attachment and proliferation, as well as differentiation in response to immobilized mShh. The addition of immobi- lized Shh substantially improved the differentiation of uncommitted BMSCs to the osteoblast lineage, and there- fore warrants further testing in vivo to examine the effect of the stated biomimetic system on peri-implant bone for- mation and implant fixation. 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 83A: 1200-1208, 2007
A note on periodic solutions of prescribed energy for singular Hamiltonian systems

Abstract In this note, we show under a less restrictive setting than previously that there exists a collision-brake orbit of prescribed energy to a certain second-order Hamiltonian system.
Characteristics of Healthy Foods as Perceived by College Students Utilizing University Foodservice

This study was designed to determine the characteristics of healthy foods as perceived by college students at a university in the southwestern United States. It was also undertaken in order to provide a more uniform, foundational framework regarding the definitions of terms used by researchers studying healthy foods and behavioral choices regarding healthy food. The results of this study validated the premise that healthy foods could be identified by classifying several features common to them, and that healthy food could then be defined using these characteristics: “low calorie foods” (α = 0.869), “low fat foods & healthy drinks” (α = 0.764), and “low cholesterol foods “ (α = 0.734). This study helped to classify the characteristics of healthy foods as perceived by college students, and this information could be used by college foodservice managers to develop healthier menu items, and also by researchers studying this population and/ or related marketplaces.
Site-directed mutagenesis reveals key residue for O antigen chain length regulation and protein stability in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Wzz2

The production of preferred lipopolysaccharide O antigen chain lengths is important for the survival of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria in different environments, yet how Wzz proteins regulate these lengths is not well understood. The Wzz2 proteins from two different serotype O11 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains are responsible for the expression of different very long chain lengths despite high sequence homology. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to determine whether a specific amino acid was responsible for this difference in chain length; the residue present in position 321 within the second predicted coiled-coil region was able to determine which chain length was produced. A panel of site-directed mutants introducing different amino acids at this position implicated that the charge of the amino acid affected chain length, with positively charged residues associated with shorter chain lengths. Expression data also suggested this site was important for overall stability of the protein because mutants predicted to disrupt proper folding of the α helix led to lower protein levels. Cross-linking studies found that Wzz2 proteins producing shorter chain lengths had more stable higher-order oligomers. Mapping residue 321 onto the solved Escherichia coli Wzz FepE crystal structure predicted it to be located within α helix 8, which participates in intermonomeric interactions. These data further support the observation that Wzz oligomerization is necessary for chain length regulating activity but also provide evidence that differences in complex stability or changes in the conformation of the oligomer can lead to shifts in the length of the O antigen side chain.
Dipole Field Effects On Ion Ejections From A Paul Ion Trap

Attempts at improving the quality of mass spectra obtained from a Paul trap mass spectrometer prompted an investigation of the effects of additional fields to supplement the primary rf quadrupole trapping field. Reported here are the results of the first in a series of tests that focuses on the application of a single dipole field to augment the trapping and subsequent ejections of ions stored within a Paul trap. Measurements are presented for a fixed quadrupole frequency with varying dipole frequencies. The presence of the dipole field during the quadrupole trapping phase causes ion ejections of single m/z species at discrete dipole frequencies. During the mass analysis phase, the varying dipole frequency produces a complex set of resonant structures that impact ejection time (mass range), as well as mass spectral peak intensity and width.
Factors leading to the biopsy of 1547 pigmented lesions at Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, in 2005

Background Both physician-driven and patient-driven factors influence biopsy decisions. We sought to determine the ratio of benign to malignant melanocytic biopsy findings in our general dermatology practice and to characterize the reasons for biopsy. Methods A retrospective review of institutional records (1 January to 31 December 2005) was undertaken. Results We identified 1398 nevi, 147 invasive and in situ melanomas, and two lesions interpreted as atypical melanocytic proliferations. Prior histories of melanoma, atypical nevi, or nonmelanoma skin cancer were common. Patient concerns about changes or symptoms drove about one-third of the biopsies. Physician concerns more commonly drove biopsies in men and older patients (> 60 years). Physician-directed biopsies more commonly yielded atypical nevi, but there was no difference in the likelihood of melanoma. The ratio of removed nevi to melanomas was 9.2 : 1. Conclusions Both patient-driven and physician-driven indications lead to skin biopsies. We found no standard method of documentation of dermoscopic evaluation, which prevented us from making definitive conclusions about the role of dermoscopy in this cohort.
Films of hemoglobin and didodecyldimethylammonium bromide with enhanced electron transfer rates

Stable thin films were made by casting vesicle dispersions of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) containing the protein hemoglobin (Hb) onto edge-plane pyrolytic graphite (PG) electrodes. The heme Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple of Hb had an electron transfer rate much greater in these liquid crystal films than on bare edge-plane PG electrodes or electrodes modified with mediators with Hb in solution. The formal potential was pH dependent, suggesting that one electron and one proton are involved in the reduction of Fe(III) hemes. A second quasi-reversible redox couple involving reduction of HbFe(II) was also observed in Hb-DDAB films. Trichloroacetic acid was catalytically reduced by the films at potentials of this more negative reduction. UV-vis and reflectance absorbance infrared spectra indicated that hemoglobin was not grossly denatured in the DDAB films, although conformational differences from the native state in solution are possible. Differential scanning calorimetry suggested that the films contain lamellar liquid crystalline DDAB arranged in bilayers. Electronic absorbance linear dichroism showed that Hb is preferentially oriented in the films.
On the epistemic costs of implicit bias

The Central Intelligence Agency’s Psychology of Intelligence Analysis (Heuer 1999) provides concise and practical summaries of recent work in cognitive psychology using real-world examples intended to help CIA agents perform their daily activities more effectively. Its 12th chapter—‘‘Biases in Estimating Probabilities’’—describes a number of widely-discussed findings from the heuristics and biases tradition. The chapter points out that among the errors that a well-trained CIA agent should aim to avoid are mistakes arising from what is commonly referred to as the ‘‘base-rate fallacy.’’ Here is an example:
Comparison of Tolerance and Cost-Effectiveness of Two Nasal Anesthesia Techniques for Transnasal Flexible Laryngoscopy

Objective(1) Compare tolerance of aerosolized spray versus syringe administration of topical anesthesia for transnasal flexible laryngoscopy (TFL), (2) analyze cost-effectiveness of both techniques.Study DesignProspective, blinded, randomized trial.SettingTertiary academic laryngology practice.MethodsOne hundred and eight patients underwent TFL over 3 months. Patients were randomized to receive equivalent dose 1:1 neosynephrine/4% plain lidocaine mixture via aerosolized spray (“spray”) or application with 1-cc syringe (“syringe”). Patients and physicians independently rated comfort of TFL on 5-point scale (1 = not at all comfortable to 5 = very comfortable). Data were collected on patient and endoscopist experience with TFL and reasons for poor tolerance of laryngoscopy. Cost analyses of disposable spray tips and syringes were calculated.ResultsBoth patients and physicians reported very high tolerance of TFL. Patient tolerance appears to be similar between spray- versus syringe-administered anesthesia, al...
Generation and reactivity of substitution-labile dichloromethane and chlorobenzene adducts of the chiral Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl rhenium Lewis acid [(η5-C5Me5)Re(NO)(PPh3)]+

Reactions of (η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Re(NO)(PPh 3 )(CH 3 ) (5) and HBF 4 -OEt 2 in CH 2 Cl 2 (-80 o C) or C 6 H 5 Cl (-45 o C) give the chlorohydrocarbon complexes [(η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Re(NO)(PPh 3 )(ClCH 2 Cl)] + BF 4- (3) and [(η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Re(NO)(PPh 3 )(ClC 6 H 5 )] + BF 4- (4)
Reactions of the sulfhydryl groups of alanyl-tRNA synthetase

Abstract The six sulfhydryl groups in each subunit of the alanyl-tRNA synthetase of Escherichia coli react with sulfhydryl reagents with at least four different rates. One reacts very rapidly with 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), and a second reacts somewhat less rapidly with this reagent. These two groups are required for transfer activity, which is lost in proportion to the extent of derivatization. Two other groups react more slowly, with a consequent loss of exchange activity. The remaining two sulfhydryl groups do not react with DTNB until the protein is denatured. The inactivations are reversed by dithiothreitol. Two sulfhydryl groups react with N -ethylmaleimide (NEM) and with a spin-label derivative of NEM. These reactions resemble the modification of two sulfhydryl groups with DTNB, in that they also inactivate the transfer reaction but not the ATP: PP i exchange. The two spin labels are incorporated at similar rates but are in very different environments, one highly exposed and one highly immobilized. These groups do not interact with Mn 2+ , which is bound to the enzyme in the absence of ATP.
Optimum Refrigerating Efficiency and Exergy Index of a Two-Stage Refrigeration Cycle

This paper presents results of an optimization study for a two-stage vapor compression refrigeration cycle based on the refrigerating efficiency and exergy index. Traditional two-stage refrigeration cycle studies have focused on the first law performance, while those studies dealing with the second law have primarily been limited to performance analysis as opposed to performance optimization. Results of this study indicate that the use of the common approximation of the geometric mean to find the optimum interstage pressure leads to nearly optimum results for the refrigerating efficiency, with maximum error in the neighborhood of 5%. However, the error associated with using this approximation to find the optimum exergy index is too large, approaching 15%. Second law optimization revealed that the optimum data curves themselves have maxima for each set of conditions tested. There are a series of conditions that lead to the conclusion that, for a given system, there is an optimum set of conditions that lead to the lowest amount of exergy destruction for that system. Polynomial equations have been fitted to the resultant optimum data for the refrigerating efficiency and exergy index. These equations allow for the reproduction of optimum points based on high- and low-pressure compressor efficiencies and condenser and evaporator pressures.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Field line trajectories in a Skornyakov trap

Skornyakov has proposed a magnetic trap in which a spiral conductor connects diametrally opposite points on the inside surface of a superconducting sphere. He has argued that such a system will have nested toroidal magnetic surfaces and that these surfaces will have favourable stability properties both in terms of 'average minimum B' and of 'shear'. Further he has maintained that the field distribution in such a trap can be closely reproduced by substituting an outer return spiral for the superconducting sphere and traps of this technically simpler type have been constructed. In this note we discuss the results of numerical calculations of the trajectories of magnetic field lines in such a two-spiral trap. We find that there are always some field lines originating near the centre of the system which leave it after one or two transits across the machine. Other lines are contained but trace out surfaces which are not topologically toroidal. Thus traps of the two-spiral type will not contain plasma effectively.
Can Linguistic Predictors Detect Fraudulent Financial Filings

ABSTRACT: Extensive research has been done on the analytical and empirical examination of financial data in annual reports to detect fraud; however, there is scant research on the analysis of text in annual reports to detect fraud. The basic premise of this research is that there are clues hidden in the text that can be detected to determine the likelihood of fraud. In this research, we examine both the verbal content and the presentation style of the qualitative portion of the annual reports using natural language processing tools and explore linguistic features that distinguish fraudulent annual reports from nonfraudulent annual reports. Our results indicate that employment of linguistic features is an effective means for detecting fraud. We were able to improve the prediction accuracy of our fraud detection model from initial baseline results of 56.75 percent accuracy, using a “bag of words” approach, to 89.51 percent accuracy when we incorporated linguistically motivated features inspired by our infor...
White mineral trioxide aggregate induces migration and proliferation of stem cells from the apical papilla

Abstract Introduction Regenerative endodontic protocols recommend white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) as a capping material because of its osteoinductive properties. Stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAP) are presumed to be involved in this regenerative process, but the effects of WMTA on SCAP are largely unknown. Our hypothesis was that WMTA induces proliferation and migration of SCAP. Methods Here we used an unsorted population of SCAP (passages 3–5) characterized by high CD24, CD146, and Stro-1 expression. The effect of WMTA on SCAP migration was assessed by using transwells, and its effect on proliferation was determined by the WST-1 assay. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and calcium chloride–enriched medium were used as positive controls. Results The SCAP analyzed here showed a low percentage of STRO-1+ and CD24+ cells. Both set and unset WMTA significantly increased the short-term migration of SCAP after 6 hours ( P Conclusions Collectively, these data demonstrate that WMTA induced an early short-term migration and proliferation of a mixed population of stem cells from apical papilla as compared with a later and longer-term induction by calcium chloride or FBS.
Retrospective reports of family-of-origin divorce and abuse and college student's pre-parenthood cognitions

This study examined the relationship between pre-parenthood cognitions and family-of-origin divorce and aggression. College students from divorced (N=46) and intact (N=66) families were asked to report their positive and negative pre-parenthood beliefs. Young adults from divorced families were found to anticipate more concerns about parenthood than those from intact families. Second, consistent with hypothesis, number of parenting concers differed by reported level of physical victimization from father. Level of witnessing father-to-mother violence was also significantly associated with pre-parenthood concerns, as individuals who witnessed severe levels of father-to-mother violence reported more concerns about parenthood than did those witnessing mild violence, emotional abuse, or no physical or emotional abuse. Victimization from mother and witnessing mother-to-father violence were unrelated to pre-parenthood concerns. None of the family-of-origin experiences was found to relate to positive reasons for children. These findings suggest that divorce and physical abuse by father in the family-of-origin may result in altered negative pre-parenthood cognitions. The findings were discussed in relation to theories about the intergenerational transmission of negative family events, as well in relation to gender sensitive models of family violence.
Variation of Resistance and Structure of Cobalt with Temperature and a Discussion of Its Photoelectric Emission

X-ray (Hull-Debye-Scherrer) diffraction patterns were obtained for cobalt in a camera designed for high temperature work. No crystallographic change for this metal has been observed in the region about 850\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C at which the change in the photoelectric emission has been reported. The $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ to $\ensuremath{\beta}$ transformation is observed at 492\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and no change in this transition temperature is detected by heating at 875\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C for a period of 55 hours. The variation of electrical resistance with temperature is extended to 1200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C showing a change in slope occurring at the Curie point which is determined to be 1100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C from these curves. An expansion of approximately 0.6 percent in the lattice edge is observed as cobalt is heated through the Curie temperature. No evidence of a reversion to the hexagonal form at 1015\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C has been observed. The temperature coefficient of expansion determined from these lattice measurements is 0.143\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ per \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and this agrees well with the macroscopic coefficient as determined by the usual methods. An explanation is suggested for the photoelectric emission discontinuity reported at 850\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C.
A common environmental carcinogen unduly affects carriers of cancer mutations: Carriers of genetic mutations in a specific protective response are more susceptible to an environmental carcinogen

One way an inherited cancer gene mutation may target specific tissues for cancer is by increasing susceptibility when a tissue is exposed to environmental carcinogens. An example of this may be the increased susceptibility of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers to the carcinogen formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is now a proven cause of human myeloid leukemias. Yet millions of tons of formaldehyde are produced every year and it is everywhere. High formaldehyde levels can overwhelm normal enzyme detoxification systems and cause DNA damage. It is known that some types of formaldehyde-associated DNA damage require error-free DNA repairs mediated by pathways containing BRCA1 and BRCA2 proteins. Otherwise some formaldehyde-related DNA damage cannot be properly repaired so mutations may occur. Therefore, carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene defects should be unduly susceptible to myeloid leukemia. Studies show that inherited biallelic BRCA2 gene defects dramatically increase risks for myeloid leukemia. Heterozygous BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations also increase risks for myeloid leukemias in 11 of 12 relevant studies. BRCA1/2 mutation carriers may reduce risks for myeloid leukemias by using available precautions to lower their exposure to formaldehyde.
Studies on diffusion respiration. VII. The cortical electrical activity of dogs

Abstract 1.1. The behavior of the cortical electrical activity of dogs held in apnea by an overdose of Pentothal sodium for 45 min. under conditions permitting diffusion respiration has been studied. 2.2. The EEG exhibited initial slowing followed by periodic suppressions and finally complete and continuous suppression. Continuous suppression appeared at an average of 19 min. of respiratory arrest and lasted until the apnea was artificially terminated, or for an average of 26 min. 3.3. The CO 2 content of the blood progressively increased throughout the apnea and at the 45th min. of respiratory arrest the average venous blood pH had fallen from a control of 7.29 to the low value of 6.69. 4.4. The EEG of all animals returned to normal within 1 week following the experiment.
Opening a window into police internal affairs: Impact of procedural justice reform on third-party attitudes

The study explores the impact of a procedural innovation on justice judgments made by third party observers. The innovation involved the establishment of a review panel with civilian participants to monitor a police department's investigation of allegations of misconduct against its officers. The study distinguishes the impact on racial minority observers from that on racial majority observers. Data suggest that the innovation had a positive, though differing, impact on the justice judgments of both minority and majority observers.
Initial treatment of epilepsy with antiepileptic drugs Pediatric issues

The selection of an antiepileptic drug (AED) for initial treatment of epilepsy in infancy, childhood, and adolescence should ideally be made after a clear syndromic diagnosis of the patient's seizure disorder. A common cause of failure of the first AED is erroneous diagnosis. The availability of new-generation AEDs has expanded the choice of available agents with comparable efficacy for most syndromes. Efficacy data based on class I or II evidence are not available for many syndromes of childhood, and selection must therefore be based on the best data available. It is also important to assess the relative toxicity and tolerability of AEDs in making the selection. It is especially important to appreciate age-specific organ toxicities. Moreover, the use of AEDs in childhood requires an understanding of their neurobehavioral effects. Important neuropsychiatric co-morbidities in children with epilepsy include attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autistic spectrum disorders, depression and anxiety, and thought disorders. These problems can be exacerbated or ameliorated by specific AEDs. The effect of AEDs on body weight, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, and bone health is becoming better appreciated. Newer AEDs may offer significant advantages in this regard. Co-morbid migraine in children with epilepsy may benefit from some AEDs. There remains a continuing need for the development of newer AEDs that are targeted for the developing brain to improve the efficacy and tolerability of treatment in childhood seizure disorders.
Long-term results of ossiculoplasty: reasons for surgical failure.

AbstractObjectives:To present the value of a dedicated ear audit clinic, the overall long-term results of ossiculoplasty, and the reasons for surgical failure.Study Design:Retrospective analysis was performed on ossiculoplasty cases in a county hospital. The information was extracted from a computer
Notes: Egg Distribution and Spawning Habitat of Northern Pike and Muskellunge in a St. Lawrence River Marsh, New York

Abstract Coexistence of northern pike Esox lucius and muskellunge Esox masquinongy in the Niagara and St. Lawrence rivers has been hypothesized to depend on segregation during spawning. However, large overlap in the use of spawning areas by these two species occurs in the Thousand Islands section of the upper St. Lawrence River. In this study, egg collections in Point Marguerite Marsh in the upper river revealed a partial temporal and spatial overlap in egg deposition by northern pike and muskellunge. Northern pike began spawning earlier but overlapped with muskellunge spawning for 2 weeks, May 13–27. Northern pike eggs were collected over a larger area than muskellunge eggs and at all locations where muskellunge eggs were collected. Both species deposited eggs over three dominant genera of vegetation: pondweeds Potamogeton, duckweeds Lemna, and stonewort Chara. Northern pike spawned over a wider range of water depths (0.5–2.6 m) than muskellunge (0.8–1.5 m) and selected habitats with denser, taller veget...
Real-time imaging reveals endothelium-mediated leukocyte retention in LPS-treated lung microvessels

Endotoxemia, a major feature of sepsis, is a common cause of acute lung injury and initiates rapid accumulation of leukocytes in the lung vasculature. Endothelial mechanisms that underlie this accumulation remain unclear, as current experimental models of endotoxemia are less suitable for targeted activation of the endothelium. Toward elucidating this, we used the isolated blood-perfused rat lung preparation. With a microcatheter inserted through a left atrial cannula, we cleared blood cells from a small lung region and then infused lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into microvessels. After a Ringer's wash to remove residual LPS, we infused fluorescently-labeled autologous leukocytes and imaged their transit through the treated microvessels. Image analysis revealed that leukocytes infused 90 min after LPS treatment were retained more in treated venules and capillaries than untreated vessels. Further, pretreatment with either the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mAb or polymyxin-B blunted LPS-induced leukocyte retention in both microvessel segments. In addition, retention of leukocytes treated ex vivo with LPS in LPS-treated microvessels was higher compared to retention of untreated leukocytes. In situ immunofluorescence experiments revealed that LPS significantly increased microvessel ICAM-1 expression at 90 min post treatment. Polymyxin pretreatment inhibited this increase. Taken together, the data suggest that LPS increased leukocyte retention in both venules and capillaries and this response was mediated by the increased expression of endothelial ICAM-1. Thus, endothelial mechanisms may themselves play a major role in LPS-induced leukocyte retention in lung microvessels. Blunting the endothelial responses may mitigate endotoxin-induced morbidity.
Properties of doped holes in the antiferromagnetic state of the two-dimensional Hubbard model

Abstract We calculate the self-energy of a single hole in the half-filled antiferromagnetic two-dimensional Hubbard model. The minimum energy occurs at k → = ( π / 2 , / 2 ) and is 37% lower than in Hartree-Fock. The hole lifetime tends to infinity for low-lying states, showing that quasiholes are well-defined excitations. The hole Fermi surface is predicted to change topology for doping concentrations larger than ∼ 15%.
Acid dialysate correction of metabolic alkalosis in renal failure

Severe metabolic acidosis may occur during hemodialysis when the incorrect acid dialysis concentrate from a two-part bicarbonate dialysis system is used in an acetate dialysis machine. We deliberately applied this technique to correct severe metabolic alkalosis in a patient with chronic renal failure. Rapid correction of the metabolic alkalosis was achieved and the procedure was well tolerated.
Characterization of Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 thin film capacitors produced by pulsed laser deposition

Abstract High crystallinity Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 thin films were deposited on LaAlO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition. A conductive metallic oxide, SrRuO3, provided not only a good bottom electrode for Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 but also an excellent seed layer for epitaxial growth of Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 on it. The epitaxial nature of the Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 thin films on the LaAlO3 substrate was confirmed by x-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. The quite good dielectric and electrical properties of crystalline Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 thin films suggest that Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3/SrRuO3 is a good combination in terms of structural, electrical, and dielectric properties of Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 thin films.
Processes and Consequences of Peer Collaboration: A Vygotskian Analysis

A sample of 162 children aged from 5 to 9 was pretested to discover each child's "rule" for predicting the movement of a mathematical balance beam. Children then worked alone, with a partner who used the same rule, with a partner who was more competent, or with a partner who was less competent. If partners' predictions differed, the dyad members were asked to discuss and reach agreement, but were not given feedback. All children were subsequently given 2 individual posttests. The results revealed that regression in thinking was as likely a consequence as improvement, both proving stable. Benefits accrued primarily to those whose partner was more competent, but understanding of the outcomes of collaboration required attending both to the nature of the rules (whether they allowed consistent or inconsistent prediction) and the shared understanding attained during the paired session.
Adaptive immunity affects learning behavior in mice

Regulation of neuronal plasticity by the immune system is an evolving field of modern neuroscience. Here we employ immune deficient mice to examine the role of the immune system in learning behavior of mice in a variety of cognitive tasks. While no motivation or motor function deficits are evident in severe combined immune deficient (scid) mice, there was significant impairment in acquisition of cognitive tasks as compared to wild-type (WT) control mice. Moreover, acute depletion of adaptive immunity in adult WT mice significantly impaired learning behavior. Passive transfer of autologous T cells into WT mice following ablation of adaptive immunity restored previously impaired cognitive function. These results suggest that throughout lifetime, immune system supports cognitive function and may therefore have far-reaching therapeutic implications for cognitive disorders.
Scanning electrochemical microscopy in the 21st century. Update 1: five years after

This Perspective is an update to our more extensive survey of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) published in 2007. During this time, the SECM field retained its momentum by expanding into new areas and meeting the emerging scientific and technological challenges. Here we focus on most prominent developments such as high-resolution imaging, investigation of structures and processes on the nanoscale, alternative energy applications, and new approaches to solving “real world” problems. The fabrication of novel SECM probes and related theoretical advances are also discussed.
Roles for HIF-1α in neural stem cell function and the regenerative response to stroke

Stroke represents a leading cause of long-term disability worldwide, with few therapeutic options available for improving behavioral recovery. Identification of endogenous neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) that are capable of promoting reparative responses following brain injury and stroke make these cells attractive therapeutic targets for stimulating cell replacement and neuronal plasticity. Interest in the mechanisms that support NSPC survival and replenishment of damaged cells within the ischemic brain has led to elucidation of new roles for hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in NSPC function. HIF-1α is a well-studied mediator of adaptive cellular responses to hypoxia through direct transcriptional regulation of cellular metabolism and angiogenesis. Recent evidence also indicates novel roles for HIF-1α in stem cell differentiation through modulation of Notch and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. In this review, we will explore the hypothesis that HIF-1α represents an important mediator of NSPC function under both non-pathological conditions and stroke; and plays a central role in the regulation of NSPC response to hypoxia, metabolism and maintenance of the vascular environment of the neural stem cell niche.
Effect of pressure on the surface tension of water: Adsorption of hydrocarbon gases and carbon dioxide on water at temperatures between 0 and 50°C

Abstract The variation of surface tension with pressure has been determined for water in equilibrium with compressed methane, ethylene, ethane, normal butane, isobutane and carbon dioxide at temperatures between 0 and 50°C using the capillary rise method. Data were taken at pressures ranging up to saturation vapor pressure at room temperature for the condensable gases and up to 68 atm with methane. Adsorption isotherms and the thermodynamic parameters characterizing the adsorption have been evaluated for each gas. The shapes of the isotherms vary in a systematic manner. Methane exhibits type I isotherms, those for ethylene are essentially linear, and the isotherms for the gases of higher molecular weight have a type III shape. Heats of adsorption for the individual gases range from −1.8 to −4.6 kcal/mole for these gases. When compared on the basis of carbon number, the enthalpies of adsorption for C 2 H 6 and n -C 4 H 10 extrapolate smoothly into corresponding data for propane [“Colloid and Interface Science” (M. Kerker, Ed.), Vol. 3, pp. 331–347. Academic Press, New York, 1976 ] and higher molecular weight normal alkanes [ Accounts Chem. Res. 6, 209 (1973)] with an enthalpy increment per methylene group of 1.0 kcal/mole/group. The entropies of adsorption for the various gases range from −6 to −15 cal/deg mole and are consistently less negative than expected for a total loss of one translational degree of freedom.