cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 2 – Optimum Design Problem Formulation

A key step in the solution process is the formulation of a given problem as an optimization problem. This process is described in five well-defined steps. At the end of this process, a well-defined optimization problem is obtained that has three main ingredients: optimization (design) variables that describe design of the system, an objective (cost) function that measures worth of the system, and a set of performance constraints that the system must meet. This five-step procedure is developed and discussed using an example problem. The five-step procedure is demonstrated by formulating several design optimization problems from different areas. Some problems can be formulated in several different ways depending on the definition of design variables. This is demonstrated in some example problems. Then a general design optimization model is defined as minimizing a cost function subject to equality constraints and inequality constraints expressed in the “less than or equal to” form. Active, inactive and violated constraints, feasible set, and some other terms used in the optimization process are defined. Types of optimization problems encountered in practice are discussed. The numerical process needed to develop a proper optimization formulation for a practical design problem is explained.
Arbeitshandeln mit hochtechnisierten Systemen – Stand der Diskussion

Die konkrete Frage danach, wie der Pilot handelt, also die Frage nach dem Arbeitshandeln der Subjekte, ist in der „Tradition der industrie- und arbeitssoziologischen Forschung […] keineswegs selbstverstandlich“ (Bohle et al. 2011, S. 17) gewesen. Dort steht vielmehr herkommlicherweise die Arbeitstatigkeit als solche im Fokus (vgl. ebd.). Bohle et al. (2011, S. 17) schreiben: „Im Vordergrund steht die Analyse von Arbeitsaufgaben und Arbeitsanforderungen, aus denen dann auf Anforderungen an die Arbeitenden geschlossen wird. Dies ist zwar eine subjektbezogene Analyse, sie richtet sich jedoch nicht auf das Arbeitshandeln, sondern auf die Organisation von Arbeit.
Taxed to death? Freight truck collision externalities and diesel taxes

Abstract This paper decomposes the external accident costs of freight trucking into two components—truck miles traveled and truck weight. The effects of miles traveled and weight on accidents are then applied to an analysis of diesel fuel taxes, which reduce truck miles traveled and increase truck weight. Exploiting a unique data set of 3.5 billion truck-level observations, I find that both measures of trucking activity increase the quantity of collisions, and truck-weight increases skew the collision distribution toward fatal outcomes. Heavier trucks do not alter the truck-only collision severity distribution, suggesting truckers do not experience truck-weight internalities. The increase in fatal collisions caused by levying a diesel tax that prices carbon emissions offsets the gains from reductions in pollution, congestion, and total collisions. The $0.37 per gallon diesel tax increase exacerbates the trucking accident externality to such an extent that it increases the external costs of trucking by $55.7 billion/year while also creating deadweight loss in the trucking industry.
Acute Amiodarone Pulmonary Toxicity

Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic that frequently is used during the perioperative period. Amiodarone possesses a significant adverse reaction profile. Amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity (AIPT) is among the most serious adverse effects and is a leading cause of death associated with its use. Despite significant advances in the understanding of AIPT, its etiology and pathogenesis remain incompletely understood. The diagnosis of AIPT is one of exclusion. The clinical manifestations of AIPT are categorized broadly as acute, subacute, and chronic. Acute AIPT is a rarer and more aggressive form of the disease, most often encountered in cardiothoracic surgery. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the predominating pattern of amiodarone's acute pulmonary toxicity. The incidence, risk factors, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of acute AIPT are speculative. Early cardiothoracic literature investigating AIPT often attributed amiodarone to the development of postoperative ARDS. Subsequent studies have found no association between amiodarone and acute AIPT and ARDS development. As a drug that is frequently prescribed to a patient population deemed most at risk for this fatal disease, the conflicting evidence on acute AIPT needs further investigation and clarification.
State of the art: proximal junctional kyphosis—diagnosis, management and prevention

Proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) is a common problem that may occur following the surgical treatment of adult patients with spinal deformity. It is defined as the proximal junctional sagittal angle from the UIV and UVI + 2 of at least 10° AND at least 10° greater than the preop measurement. The reported incidence of radiographic PJK in the literature varies between 17 and 46%. A smaller subset of these patients may need revision surgery and are defined as proximal junctional failure (PJF), which can be associated with vertebral fracture, vertebral subluxation, failure of instrumentation, and neurological deficits. Several risk factors for development of PJK have been proposed. However, large-scale prospective studies are needed to better identify strategies to reduce the incidence of PJK.
The Future of Work: Exploring the Post-Pandemic Workplace from an Employment Law and Human Resources Perspective

In March of 2017, when we were blissfully ignorant of what was to come in that same month a few years later, an associate professor of political science named Robert Kelly was being interviewed on BBC from his home office in South Korea. About a minute into the interview, his four year old daughter pranced into the room, in the most literal sense of the word, followed by her little brother in a baby walker and, shortly thereafter, Kelly’s horrified spouse, Kim Jung-A, who scrambled to collect the kids and close the office door. That viral BBC interview, which now has tens of millions of views on YouTube, took place long before our collective experiment in working from home. While Kelly’s experience was truly novel in 2017, it feels like just another day at the office in 2020. If we have not personally had a kid “bust down the door,” as my toddlers like to say, during a Zoom call, then we have seen someone else’s kid do the same. While Kelly’s interview may have still gone viral if it had happened today—this was live on BBC, after all—the whole thing feels far more familiar than it once did. COVID-19 has upended the workplace as we know it. Employment experts widely speculate that certain industries have fast-forwarded in the direction of working remotely by years. If the future of work for many employees is primarily virtual, what challenges does this entail for employers? What new rights might employees have coming out of the pandemic? In industries that continue operating in person, how should employers accommodate vulnerable employees who request to work remotely? What about non-vulnerable employees who are simply afraid to come in? While analyzing these and related questions, this article explores the arguments for and against remote work. It goes on to show that the “hybrid workplace,” in which more people work from home more of the time, is our likely future. The article considers the new challenges this raises for employers and the new rights that it bestows on employees. The article concludes by arguing that giving employees choice about their work location is a mechanism for employers to avoid potential liability while boosting workplace morale and increasing productivity; creating a win-win for employees and employers alike.
Lumateperone tosylate, A Selective and Concurrent Modulator of Serotonin, Dopamine, and Glutamate, in the Treatment of Schizophrenia.

Purpose of review This is a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the use of Lumateperone tosylate for schizophrenia. This review presents the background, evidence, and indications for the use of lumateperone tosylate in the treatment of schizophrenia. Recent findings Schizophrenia is a chronic mental health disorder that affects approximately 3.3 million people in the United States. Its symptoms, which must be present more than six months, are comprised of disorganized behavior and speech, a diminished capacity to comprehend reality, hearing voices unheard by others, seeing things unseen by others, delusions, decreased social commitment, and decreased motivation. The majority of these symptoms can be managed with antipsychotic medication. Lumateperone is a selective and concurrent modulator of serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate, which all mediate or modulate serious mental illness. Summary Schizophrenia is a complex, severe mental illness that affects how the brain processes information. There are many medications used to treat schizophrenia. One antipsychotic agent, lumateperone tosylate, is a newer agent that the FDA recently approved. The most common adverse effects are shown to be mild such as somnolence, constipation, sedation, and fatigue, with the 42 mg recommended dose. Lumateperone tosylate is an FDA-approved drug that can be given only at the 42mg dose once daily with no titration requirements.
Ending the School-to-Prison Pipeline: Perception and Experience with Zero-Tolerance Policies and Interventions to Address Racial Inequality

This study expands the current research on anti-Black racism and student discipline in schools. It examines perception, experiences, and alternatives of zero-tolerance policies in education, in relation to the call for action by Black Lives Matter at Schools. Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) students are affected at a disproportionate rate when it comes to school discipline, leading to high, inequitable incarceration rates. However, behavior analysis already has powerful tools and interventions that can stop this “school-to-prison pipeline” effect. A survey of school professionals investigated awareness of adverse outcomes from zero-tolerance policies and the use of effective, behavioral alternatives to exclusionary disciplinary practices. Results confirmed zero-tolerance policies still exist in North American schools, but that school professionals, including behavior analysts, support Black Lives Matter at School’s call to end such practices. It is important to note that participants report already having the necessary skills to combat zero-tolerance; however, many still feel uncomfortable or ill-prepared to implement interventions specifically intended to decrease anti-Black racism in schools.
How social relationships shape moral wrongness judgments

Judgments of whether an action is morally wrong depend on who is involved and the nature of their relationship. But how, when, and why social relationships shape moral judgments is not well understood. We provide evidence to address these questions, measuring cooperative expectations and moral wrongness judgments in the context of common social relationships such as romantic partners, housemates, and siblings. In a pre-registered study of 423 U.S. participants nationally representative for age, race, and gender, we show that people normatively expect different relationships to serve cooperative functions of care, hierarchy, reciprocity, and mating to varying degrees. In a second pre-registered study of 1,320 U.S. participants, these relationship-specific cooperative expectations (i.e., relational norms) enable highly precise out-of-sample predictions about the perceived moral wrongness of actions in the context of particular relationships. In this work, we show that this ‘relational norms’ model better predicts patterns of moral wrongness judgments across relationships than alternative models based on genetic relatedness, social closeness, or interdependence, demonstrating how the perceived morality of actions depends not only on the actions themselves, but also on the relational context in which those actions occur. Moral judgments depend on relational context, with different normative cooperative expectations – relational norms – embedded in different social relationships, such as parent-child, romantic partners, siblings, or acquaintances. Here, the authors show how relational norms for care, hierarchy, reciprocity, and mating are embedded in a set of everyday social relationships in the United States, and use this information to predict out-of-sample moral judgments in relational context.
On $t$-intersecting Hypergraphs with Minimum Positive Codegrees

For a hypergraph $\mathcal{H}$, define the minimum positive codegree $\delta_i^+(\mathcal{H})$ to be the largest integer $k$ such that every $i$-set which is contained in at least one edge of $\mathcal{H}$ is contained in at least $k$ edges. For $1\le s\le k,t$ and $t\le r$, we prove that for $n$-vertex $t$-intersecting $r$-graphs $\mathcal{H}$ with $\delta_{r-s}^+(\mathcal{H})>{k-1\choose s}$, the unique hypergraph with the maximum number of edges is the hypergraph $\mathcal{H}$ consisting of every edge which intersects a set of size $2k-2s+t$ in at least $k-s+t$ vertices provided $n$ is sufficiently large. This generalizes work of Balogh, Lemons, and Palmer who proved this for $s=t=1$, as well as the Erd\H{o}s-Ko-Rado theorem when $k=s$.
2 – IMMUNE FUNCTION AND ANTIBODY STRUCTURE

This chapter discusses the cellular and molecular basis of the humoral immune response and the structure of antibody. The primary role of the humoral immune system is the elimination of foreign biomolecules and organisms, along with effete self-proteins and cells. This is accomplished by the binding of allo- and autoantigens with immunoglobulin. Subsequent responses, including activation of the complement and/or cellular immune systems, eventually lead to the phagocytosis and destruction of the target cell, virus, or protein. These goals are accomplished by a combination of cell contact- and extracellular cytokine-dependent mechanisms. The elucidation of these pathways has closely followed upon the characterization of a wide variety of leukocytes, cell surface membrane antigens, and cytokines. The unique structural characteristics of the immunoglobulin achieve the needed coupling among a multitude of specific antigens and a more limited number of specific effector reactions that protect the organism. The latter is accomplished by structural diversity among the immunoglobulins, which is genetically conserved. Delicate and appropriate responses reflect the distribution of immunoglobulin forms and their associated functional capabilities as well as the location of the cells that synthesize them. The most important features of antibody structure in in vitro assays are binding specificity and affinity.
An Implementation in Standard ML

This chapter explains one way to implement the Pleadings Game. The intent is to provide just enough detail to allow any AI programmer to reimplement the game, in the programming language of his or her choice.
PROTEIN METABOLISM, CELL FORMATION, AND IMMUNITY: Borden Award Address

Normally, a man can boast that some time during the first year of life he got up and stood on his own two legs. But it would be an idle boast indeed if modern man should ever claim that during his lifetime he actually stood alone. It is almost unnecessary to state, therefore, that the research for which this award has been given was not the product of one individual. It was based upon the works of those who searched before and it was accomplished through the efforts of many persons: among these were Dr. John Craig, whose knowledge of cells and tissues made most of these studies possible, Dr. Jesuś Kumate and his colleagues in Mexico, who brought our interests in the placental transfer of proteins to reality, and Dr. Charles Janeway, without whose support and encouragement all of our ideas would have been stillborn. To review briefly our studies of the last seven years, as required by the rules governing this award, it has been necessary to select and discard. What has finally been chosen, for better or worse, are those studies dealing with natural developmental sequences in the metabolism of the plasma gamma-globulins and the antibody properties that these proteins manifest–or to be euphemistic, those studies concerned with the immunological ages of man. The antibodies of normal human plasma represent four related groups of proteins. The largest of these groups in terms of quantity are the 7S gamma2-globulins which constitute 70 to 75% of the total gammaglobulins in the normal adult; these have a molecular weight of 165,000 and, as their name indicates, have an ultracentrifugal sedimentation coefficient of 7 Svedbergs, or 7S.1,2
Studies on heart phosphofructokinase. Some kinetic and physical properties of the crystalline enzyme.

Abstract The kinetic behavior of crystalline heart phosphofructokinase was studied under different conditions. At pH 8.2 the enzyme exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics with respect to ATP, fructose 6-phosphate, or Mg++. The Michaelis constants for these substrates were determined. At pH 6.9, ATP inhibited the enzyme. The presence of a lag period was demonstrated when the enzyme was incubated with ATP. Analysis of the kinetic data by means of the Hill equation revealed that the apparent order of the reaction with respect to fructose-6-P was more than one. When the ATP concentration was increased, the apparent order of the reaction was also increased, up to a value of 2.5. Activators such as cyclic 3',5'-AMP reduced the apparent Km for fructose-6-P. Cyclic 3',5'-AMP caused a change to first order kinetics in the presence of low ATP concentrations. At higher concentrations of ATP, cyclic 3',5'-AMP caused a significant decrease in the sigmoid shape of the saturation curves for fructose-6-P, with little change in the apparent order of the reaction. A form of phosphofructokinase was isolated in the absence of stabilizers (ATP and fructose-1,6-di-P). It was found to be more sensitive to ATP inhibition, as evidenced by a lower apparent Ki, and gave curves for fructose-6-P which were more sigmoid than those of the native enzyme. Crystalline heart phosphofructokinase (s20,ω = 14.5) could be reversibly dissociated to a subactive protomer with an s20,ω value of 7.5 at pH 6.5. The enzyme could further be dissociated in the presence of 5 m guanidine HCl to smaller subunits with an s20,ω value of 2.75, which had no enzyme activity. The effect of different ligands on the sedimentation behavior of the enzyme at pH 6.5 was investigated. ATP was found to favor the dissociated form of the enzyme (7.5 S). Fructose 1,6-di-P favored the fully active polymerized form of the enzyme. Based on the present results and previous reports, a model for the molecular organization of phosphofructokinase is presented.
An Evaluation of Soil Test Information in Agricultural Decision Making

SUMMARY The value of soil test information in planning application levels of fertilizer is determined by using agricultural field plot data to estimate the corn production function, to construct plausible prior distributions of nitrate levels and to determine the sampling distribution of soil test results. These quantities are used to determine the posterior distribution of soil nitrate concentrations given the results of a soil test. Optimal decisions concerning application levels of fertilizer are made with respect to this posterior distribution. Average reductions in fertilizer application rates range from 15% to 41 %, depending on the form of prior information that is available. These reductions are achieved by increasing the variability of application rates over time. Disregarding the uncertainty that remains after soil testing significantly overstates the expected benefits of soil testing.
Shareholders as Principals

Academic writing about corporate law often characterizes directors as the "agents" of shareholders. This characterization carries substantive consequences for the relative and residual powers of shareholders and directors. In particular, a principal in a relationship of common-law agency has power to give binding instructions to the agent, even when the principal has previously agreed not to do so. This paper examines the shareholder-director relationship in the context of contemporary corporation statutes, focusing on the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. In all three countries - and most strongly so in the United States - it is not accurate to characterize directors in most instances as the agents of shareholders. The paper explores the implications of this point for the current and controversial question whether shareholders have power to instruct directors to redeem a poison pill by adopting a bylaw. The paper examines this question from a comparative perspective by contrasting Delaware cases dealing with defenses to hostile take-overs with regulation in the United Kingdom.
Second-Messenger Systems and Signal Transduction Mechanisms

Hormones are secreted, reach their target, and bind to a receptor. The interaction of the hormone with the receptor produces an initial signal that, through a series of steps, results in the final hormone action. How does the binding of a hormone to a receptor result in a cellular action? For example, in times of stress, epinephrine is secreted by the adrenal glands, is bound by receptors in skeletal muscle, and results in the hydrolysis of glycogen and the secretion of glucose. Signal transduction is the series of steps and signals that links the receptor binding of epinephrine to the hydrolysis of glycogen. Signal transduction can be simple or complex. There can be only one or two steps between receptor and effect, or multiple steps. Common themes, however, are specificity of action and control: the hormone produces just the desired action and the action can be precisely regulated. The multiple steps that are involved in signal transduction pathway allows for precise regulation, modulation, and a wide dynamic range.
Synaptic Depression Influences Inspiratory–Expiratory Phase Transition in Dbx1 Interneurons of the preBötzinger Complex in Neonatal Mice

The brainstem preBotzinger complex (preBotC) generates the rhythm underlying inspiratory breathing movements and its core interneurons are derived from Dbx1-expressing precursors. Recurrent synaptic excitation is required to initiate inspiratory bursts, but whether excitatory synaptic mechanisms also contribute to inspiratory–expiratory phase transition is unknown. Here, we examined the role of short-term synaptic depression using a rhythmically active neonatal mouse brainstem slice preparation. We show that afferent axonal projections to Dbx1 preBotC neurons undergo activity-dependent depression and we identify a refractory period (∼2 s) after endogenous inspiratory bursts that precludes light-evoked bursts in channelrhodopsin-expressing Dbx1 preBotC neurons. We demonstrate that the duration of the refractory period—but neither the cycle period nor the magnitude of endogenous inspiratory bursts—is sensitive to changes in extracellular Ca2+. Further, we show that postsynaptic factors are unlikely to explain the refractory period or its modulation by Ca2+. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that short-term synaptic depression in Dbx1 preBotC neurons influences the inspiratory–expiratory phase transition during respiratory rhythmogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Theories of breathing9s neural origins have heretofore focused on intrinsically bursting “pacemaker” cells operating in conjunction with synaptic inhibition for phase transition and cycle timing. However, contemporary studies falsify an obligatory role for pacemaker-like neurons and synaptic inhibition, giving credence to burst-generating mechanisms based on recurrent excitation among glutamatergic interneurons of the respiratory kernel. Here, we investigated the role of short-term synaptic depression in inspiratory–expiratory phase transition. Until now, this role remained an untested prediction of mathematical models. The present data emphasize that synaptic properties of excitatory interneurons of the respiratory rhythmogenic kernel, derived from Dbx1-expressing precursors, may provide the core logic underlying the rhythm for breathing.
Pilot Testing Okay With Asthma™: An Online Asthma Intervention for School-Age Children:

Asthma is the leading cause of missed school days despite advancements in asthma treatment. This may be, in part, due to a lack of understanding about asthma. Okay With Asthma, an online story with psychosocial management strategies for school-age children, was pilot tested to measure its effect on asthma knowledge and attitude. The online program delivers content about asthma through a digital story and story-writing program. Using a one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design, 35 children with moderate to severe asthma completed a pretest measure of asthma knowledge and attitudes and then completed Okay With Asthma. At 1 week and 2 weeks after the intervention, the children completed the measures again. There were significant improvements in asthma knowledge scores at the 1- and 2-week evaluations and significant improvements in attitude scores 2 weeks after the program. Okay With Asthma specifically targets school-age children and teaches them how to use school resources and peers while managing their asthma.
Conception Rates of Holstein Bulls for Artificial Insemination on a California Dairy

Data of milk production and reproduction were collected from a 2,500-cow dairy in California for measuring conception rates of bulls for artificial insemination. The bulls were placed into groups of low, medium, or high conception rates. Mean conception rates were 38.2%, 55.7%, and 66.1%, range 34% to 70%. To predict the conception-rate group of a bull required 30 services. There were no differences in average number of lactations and days to first service of the cows bred to the three groups of bulls. Cows bred to the bulls with high conception rate produced 667 kg more milk than cows bred to bulls with low conception rate. Cows bred to the low bulls were bred, on the average, in mid-July, whereas cows bred to the other two groups were bred in June and May. The cost to this dairy for using low conception rate bulls was $21,000.
Wavelength dependence of the photoelectron angular distributions of the rare gases

Photoelectron angular distributions for the valence p shells of the rare gases have been measured up to a photon energy of 40.8 eV (48.4 eV for Ne) using resonance radiation from a hollow-cathode discharge lamp. This work extends the range of existing absolute measurements on Ne, Kr, and Xe. Comparison with Hartree-Fock and RPAE (random-phase approximation with exchange) calculations indicates excellent agreement for Ne. However, the present results, particularly for Xe, add to earlier evidence that data for Ar, Kr, and Xe show systematic deviations from theory, especially at the higher photoelectron kinetic energies. For Kr and Xe, we report asymmetry parameters separately for processes leading to the 2P3/2,1/2 spin-orbit states of the residual ion. The Xe results indicate that β3/2 -- β1/2 is positive for λ ≥ 461 Å, but changes sign in the range λ ~ 350--400 Å. At 304 Å, β3/2 - β1/2 = -0.30, which agrees with a recent calculation based on the Dirac-Slater model. (AIP)
An effort based analysis of the paradoxical effects of incentives on decision‐aided performance

This study examines the effect of incentives on decision-aided performance. In particular, the study provides further insight into whether, when, and how incentives affect task performance in the presence of decision aids by (1) replicating previous research showing the negative effects of incentives on performance; (2) investigating whether this effect generalizes to a more realistic scenario in which decision makers have access to additional contextual information not captured by the decision aid; and (3) applying an effort-based framework to explain the link between incentives and performance. In contrast to the findings of prior research, our study shows that incentives do not necessarily decrease performance in the presence of decision aids. Rather, we demonstrate that the effect of incentives on decision-aided performance depends on other contextual factors such as the absence or presence of additional contextual information. By further specifying the conditions under which incentives result in increases or decreases to decision-aided task performance, our results have implications for both future research and the design of incentive systems in practice. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Old concepts and new developments in the study of platelet aggregation

Platelets, anucleated cells that originate from the cytoplasm of bone marrow megakaryocytes (1), circulate through the blood, surveying the integrity of the vascular system. Platelets act in response to traumatic injuries in which the continuity of the vessel wall is interrupted and blood begins to pour outside (2, 3). The arrest of posttraumatic hemorrhage depends on a complex set of regulated events collectively defined as hemostasis, which include the clotting of fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin, as well as platelet adhesion to exposed tissues and to one another with the formation of masses known as thrombi (4). However, neither platelets nor other components of the hemostatic process can distinguish between traumatic wounds and other lesions that may develop in the vessel wall. Thus, when occlusive thrombi form within the vasculature, an otherwise beneficial function, which limits blood loss after tissue injury, becomes a potentially life-threatening disease mechanism. Such a course of events is usually initiated by destabilizing conditions in arteries affected by chronic degeneration, as when an atherosclerotic plaque suddenly ruptures (5, 6). Platelet-rich thrombi that acutely curtail the supply of blood to vital organs may cause death or serious pathological conditions, such as ischemic syndromes of the heart and brain. Knowledge of the mechanisms of platelet function has informed the development of potent and selective antithrombotic drugs, and first-generation antiplatelet compounds that specifically block adhesion receptors have already proved beneficial in the clinic (7–9).
Remote lateralized changes in cortical [3H]spiperone binding following focal frontal cortex lesions in the rat.

Abstract Positron emission tomography (PET) studies in stroke patients have shown that right hemisphere lesions lead to increases in ipsilateral (compared to contralateral) cortical S2-serotonin receptors, while left hemisphere lesions do not. To assess whether similar lateralized changes in cortical S2-receptors could be demonstrated in response to brain injury in the rat, [3H]spiperone (SP) autoradiography was performed 30 days after unilateral cortical suction lesions. Right lesions produced bilateral increases in total SP binding in frontal cortex (excluding the lesion site): 48% greater than after lefions, and 23% greater than shams. Left lesions led to bilateral decreases in S2-receptors in the frontal and perirhinal cortex and these decreases were asymmetric. There was a greater decrease in the hemisphere contralateral to the lesion than in the side with the lesion. Frontal S2-receptor binding was positively correlated with running wheel activity in all animals with lesions, regardless of lesion side. These results suggest that there is a lateralized receptor and behavioral response to focal injury in rats, analogous to that previously observed in humans.
Evaluation of a Mass Media Campaign Promoting Using Help to Quit Smoking

Background Although there is evidence that promoting individual cessation aids increases their utilization, mass media campaigns highlighting the benefit of using help to quit have not been evaluated. Purpose The effects of a Philadelphia adult smoking-cessation media campaign targeting using help in ad taglines were analyzed from March to November 2012. This study distinctively analyzed the campaign's impact at both the population level (effects on the average person) and the individual level (effects among those who reported exposure). Methods The 16-month mass media campaign aired in Philadelphia PA from December 2010 to March 2012. A representative sample of adult Philadelphia smokers was interviewed by telephone at baseline ( n =491) and new samples were interviewed monthly throughout the campaign ( n =2,786). In addition, a subsample of these respondents was reinterviewed 3 months later ( n =877). Results On average, participants reported seeing campaign ads four times per week. Among individual respondents, each additional campaign exposure per week increased the likelihood of later reporting using help (OR=1.08, p Conclusions Although the campaign was effective at the individual level, its effects were too small to have a population-detectable impact.
The microwave spectrum, barrier to internal rotation and dipole moment of 1,1-difluoro-3-methylbutadiene

Abstract The microwave spectrum of 1,1-difluoro-3-methylbutadiene was studied between 8–38 GHz. The height of the barrier hindering the internal rotation of the methyl group was found to be greater than 2800 cal/mole. The dipole moment components were measured and found to be μ A = 1.36 D and μ B = 0.14 D with μ total = 1.37 D.
Wide-Angle X-Ray Solution Scattering for Protein-Ligand Binding: Multivariate Curve Resolution with Bayesian Confidence Intervals

A new way to use wide-angle x-ray solution scattering to study protein-ligand binding is presented. First, scattering patterns are measured at different protein and ligand concentrations. Multivariate curve resolution based on singular value decomposition and global analysis is applied to estimate the binding affinities and reference patterns (i.e., the scattering patterns of individual components). As validated by simulation, Bayesian confidence intervals provide accurate uncertainty estimates for the binding free energies and reference patterns. Experimental results from several protein-ligand systems demonstrate the feasibility of the approach, which promises to expand the role of wide-angle x-ray scattering as a quantitative biophysical tool.
An ellipsoidal yield function for materials that can both dilate and compact inelastically

Abstract The inelastic deformation of most porous materials produces plastic volume changes, a phenomenon that does not occur in the case of most metals. These plastic volume changes may be of either sign, depending on the state of stress. The inelastic deformation of some porous materials can be approximately described by means of an ellipsoidal yield function. The equations for an ellipsoidal yield function are derived, initially for the case of transverse isotropy, isotropic strain hardening, and principal axes coinciding with the axes of anisotropy. These equations are applied to a nuclear grade graphite, EGCR-type AGOT graphite. An example problem is solved concerning the thermal loading of a graphite fuel sleeve. Possible applications of the ellipsoidal yield function to creep analysis and to concrete, are discussed. Finally, the shear stress terms in the ellipsoidal yield function are derived to make possible a more general application of the analysis.
Alterations in the renal function of male and female rats exposed to maleic acid, dichloromaleic acid, and both compounds

Abstract Maleic acid (MA), a known nephrotoxicant in experimental animals, and its chlorinated derivative dichloromaleic acid (DCMA) are present in urban drinking water supplies as by-products of the chlorination process. This study was designed to characterize the effects of simultaneous exposure of subtoxic doses of DCMA and MA on renal function in both sexes of the Sprague—Dawley rat. Urine was collected at 24-h intervals from rats housed individually in stainless steel metabolism cages. Subcutaneous administration of MA at a dose of 150 mg/kg had no effect on several parameters of renal function in either sex at 24 h and only modest effects at 48 h. Renal slice studies showed that treatment of both male and female rats with DCMA (300 mg/kg) reduced p -aminohippurate (PAH) accumulation at 24 h with no effect on the uptake of tetraethylammonium ion (TEA). The combination of MA + DCMA caused a depression of TEA accumulation by slices from the female. Also, changes in urinary glucose excretion and blood urea nitrogen, although additive in the male following coexposure, appeared synergistic or potentiated in the female. These results suggest an enhanced susceptibility of the female rate to the nephrotoxic action of combined exposure to MA and DCMA.
Stimulus sequence effects in concept identification

Previous results concerning effects of stimulus sequence variables in concept identification tasks were interpreted in terms of a variable called the logical solution sequence (LSS) length. An LSS was defined as a sequence of stimuli that contained sufficient information to enable a subject with perfect memory for the stimuli and corresponding feedback to deduce the correct solution to the problem. An experimental comparison of two LSS lengths indicated the performance was better with shorter LSSs when other sequential variables were held constant.
Structural stabilities of layered materials: Pt-Ta

We suggest that metal multilayer systems can be fruitfully modeled by crystalline-layer-type compounds. As an example we have performed first-principles local-density calculations on the platinum-tantalum system for two compounds, PtTa and Pt/sub 2/Ta. The crystal structures considered were CsCl, CuAuI, MoSi/sub 2/, and MoPt/sub 2/. These structures may be viewed as stackings of low-index planes of fcc or bcc crystals and may be transformed from one to another by a tetragonal distortion. In contrast, epitaxial growth often involves stackings of close-packed layers and, in the case of the bcc structure, the low-index (100) and close-packed (110) stackings are connected by an orthorhombic distortion. Total energies have been calculated and from these interface energies defined. Tracing the total energies over the above-mentioned distortions has yielded results consistent with known phase-diagram behavior and has suggested that Pt adsorbed on Ta(110) is locally stable although globally unstable.
Phenobarbital in comparison with carbon tetrachloride and phenobarbital-induced cirrhosis in rat liver regeneration.

Abstract Background. The simultaneous administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) and phenobarbital in the rat produces one of the most common experimental models of liver cirrhosis. As phenobarbital also has a hepatotrophic effect, its role in liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy (HTX) is not elucidated. Purpose. To examine the effect of long-term administration of phenobarbital in liver regeneration after HTX with regard to CCl 4 -induced cirrhotic rat model. Materials and Methods. The liver regeneration following HTX in phenobarbital-treated rats (PB rats) was compared to that seen in cirrhotic rats (LC rats), induced by oral gavage of CCl 4 and phenobarbital, and normal rats. The effect of the withdrawal of phenobarbital was also examined. Liver regeneration was estimated 24 h after the HTX by measuring the liver weight, the DNA content in the liver, and [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation into the DNA. Results. Treatment with CCl 4 and phenobarbital caused liver deformity, and the highest percentage of liver weight regeneration was seen in LC rats with this deformity, even though [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation into the DNA was impaired in this group. Phenobarbital had a hepatotrophic effect, but its withdrawal caused a decrease in liver mass and cessation of body weight gain. The change in the DNA content 24 h after HTX was negative in PB rats. Conclusions. Liver regeneration could not be estimated using liver or body weight in the PB or LC rat model. [ 3 H]Thymidine incorporation into the DNA was reliable indicator of liver regeneration in the different liver states during the early stage after HTX. Although the DNA content with respect to total liver mass was obscured due to liver inflation in PB rats, [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation into the DNA between PB rats and normal rats was similar.
Histologic and magnetic resonance imaging correlations in Kienböck's disease.

Nine patients had magnetic resonance imaging studies to aid in the diagnosis of wrist pain in the midcarpal region. Six had positive magnetic resonance imaging studies with a decrease in signal intensity from the area of the lunate, one had an occult ganglion, and two had negative studies. Among the six patients with a diagnosis of Kienbock's disease by magnetic resonance imaging, four patients had collapse of the lunate on plain radiographs, and the other two patients had normal wrist radiographs. Magnetic resonance imaging studies showed a substantial decrease in the signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted images of the entire lunate in three patients, and three patients had focal areas of decreased signal intensity. All of the patients had a biopsy of the lunate at the time of surgery. The histology of the biopsies of the lunate appeared to correspond to the magnetic resonance imaging studies. Undecalcified bone specimens from the patients with Kienbock's disease showed marked osteonecrosis in three patients, focal areas of osteonecrosis in two patients, and alternating areas of osteonecrosis with dramatic areas of new bone formation in one patient. Although in four patients the diagnosis was obvious by plain radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging studies were essential in confirming the diagnosis in two patients and were helpful in ruling out the diagnosis in three patients.
Thermoregulation in hyperthyroid rats: mechanism underlying the lack of hypothermic response to morphine in hyperthyroid animals

Abstract Previous experiments in our laboratory demonstrated that morphine, at doses which produced pronounced hypothermia in normal rats, not only failed to decrease but instead increased body temperature in thyroxine-treated animals. The present studies were undertaken to further investigate these initial findings. In animals treated chronically with subcutaneous thyroxine, basal body temperatures were elevated and morphine induced only hyperthermia whether given subcutaneously (10 mg/kg) or centrally (30 μg) into the anterior hypothalamus. Basal oxygen consumption, which reflects metabolic heat production, was significantly elevated when compared to controls. In response to morphine, control animals showed decreased oxygen consumption while thyroxine-treated animals showed a slight increase. In both groups of animals, changes in core temperatures reflected changes in oxygen consumption. These results indicate that hyperthyroid animals fail to decrease body temperature in response to morphine because they are unable to decrease metabolic heat production. Morphine, acting at central hypothalamic sites, reduces heat production in normal animals, but in thyroxine-treated animals morphine cannot overcome the increased thermogenesis.
Platelet adhesion and aggregation in pulsatile shear flow: Effects of red blood cells

Abstract An in vitro test system was developed to examine the effects of red blood cells (RBC) on shear-induced platelet adhesion (SIPAD) and platelet aggregation (SIPAG). Suspensions of human platelets labeled with Mepacrine and suspended in citrated plasma were exposed to single, continuous or repetitive (120–300×) one second shear stress pulses of varying amplitude (15—100 dyn/cm 2 ) in a cone-plate viscometer in the presence or absence of fresh, untreated (intact) RBC or glutaraldehyde (GLA)-fixed, rigid, adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-depleted (GLA)-RBC. SIPAG was expressed as percent loss of single platelets. SIPAD was assessed by measuring the amount of Mepacrine-related fluorescent material remaining on glass disks in the plate of the viscometer after washing with EDTA-saline to remove platelet aggregates. Intact RBC were twice as effective as GLA-RBC in potentiating SIPAG at all shear stress levels. Potentiation of SIPAD by intact RBC was markedly less than that observed with GLA-RBC at stresses below 50 dyn/cm2. These findings are consistent with the concept that while both physical and chemical (ADP) mechanisms are substantially involved in potentiation by RBC of SIPAG, RBC support SIPAD largely by enhancement of platelet transport from the bulk flow to the bounding surfaces. The findings also indicate that it is feasible to assess SIPAD and SIPAG in the same flow system simultaneously. A less complicated version of the method described here should prove useful in the evaluation of patients with platelet functional disorders, and in the evaluation and monitoring of antiplatelet agents.
Optimal feed distribution in a packed-bed membrane reactor: The case of methanol oxidative dehydrogenation

For catalytic methanol oxidative dehydrogenation to formaldehyde, the packed-bed membrane reactor (PBMR) productivity is enhanced by modifying the oxygen feed distribution. An experimentally validated PBMR model is used for this purpose. The optimal membrane feed distribution is calculated by both conventional Euler−Lagrange and local optimization approaches. The latter offers a significant reduction in the number of equations to be solved, allowing one to identify the important factors influencing the optimal distribution profile. Both approaches produce identical distribution patterns and demonstrate the superiority of variable versus uniform permeability membranes. The calculated optimal permeability profiles provide higher oxygen feed at the reactor entrance, where elevated methanol concentration allows for increased reaction rate, as compared to regions downstream. The analysis confirms that the variation in the reaction rates, caused by consumption and/or dilution of the directly fed reactant (metha...
Self-consistent tumor control probability and normal tissue complication probability models based on generalized EUD.

Traditional methods to compute the tumor control probability (TCP) or normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) typically require a heterogeneous radiation dose distribution to be converted into a simple uniform dose distribution with an equivalent biological effect. Several power-law type dose-volume-histogram reduction schemes, particularly Niemierko's generalized equivalent uniform dose model [Med. Phys. 26, 1000 (1999)], have been proposed to achieve this goal. In this study, we carefully examine the mathematical outcome of these schemes. We demonstrate that (1) for tumors, with each tumor cell independently responding to local radiation dose, a closed-form analytical solution for tumor survival fraction and TCP can be obtained; (2) for serial structured normal tissues, an exponential power-law form relating survival to functional sub-unit (FSU) radiation is required, and a closed-form analytical solution for the related NTCP is provided; (3) in the case of a parallel structured normal tissue, when NTCP is determined solely by the number of the surviving FSUs, a mathematical solution is available only when there is a non-zero threshold dose and/or a finite critical dose defining the radiotherapy response. Some discussion is offered for the partial irradiation effect on normal tissues in this category; (4) for normal tissues with alternative architectures, where themore » radiation response of FSU is inhomogeneous, there is no exact global mathematical solution for SF or NTCP within the available schemes. Finally, numerical fits of our models to some experimental data are also presented.« less