cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chinese Cinema's Economic Reform from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s

Since the mid-1980s, the Chinese audiovisual industry has gone through a series of institutional reforms aimed at decentralization and marketization. The reform measures from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s affected the general trend in film production and criticism during the period. The outcome of film reform has been the commercialization and privatization of the Chinese film industry and the surge of entertainment pictures. Meanwhile, the global popularity of Hollywood pictures (re)defined what counted as quality films for Chinese audiences. As such, the industrial structure and market practice institutionalized by Hollywood have become the new model for the Chinese film industry. Approached from an institutional perspective, this article gives major attention to the structural formation of the market and the audiovisual industries, that is, the industries' ownership and control related to state policy.
Enthalpy of mixing of mixed alkali glasses

Abstract The enthalpy of mixing was determined for various alkali silicate glasses where alkali species were Li, Na, and K and the total alkali oxide contents were 25 mol% and 33 mol%, using an ion-exchange equilibrium method. It was found that the enthalpy of mixing is negative for all the systems investigated and the magnitude of the enthalpy of mixing was found to increase with alkali content for the Na2O–K2O–SiO2 glass system and also with the size difference of two alkali species for a given alkali concentration. Furthermore, for all the systems investigated the magnitude of enthalpy of mixing was found to be proportional to the difference of molar volumes of the corresponding single alkali glasses. The results were interpreted as a probable cause of the large activation energy of DC electric conductivity, the large mechanical relaxation loss peak, and the large thermometer effect observed for mixed alkali glasses.
Current topic: water volume of the ovine conceptus; point of view.

Abstract The sheep is the only species for which there is sufficient information to justify an overview of maternofetal water transfer. Current information points to the following conclusions: (1) the site of water exchange between mother and conceptus is mainly the placenta; (2) the pressure that initiates transfer to the fetus is the osmotic pressure of solutes that are present in higher concentrations in fetal plasma than in maternal plasma, such as urea, fructose, amino acids, bicarbonate and lactate; (3) maternal ultrafiltrate thus attracted into the conceptus arrives there mostly denuded of electrolytes and is strongly hypotonic; thus it is the transfer of electrolyte that restrains the transfer of water; (4) maternofetal transfer of water is strongly facilitated by angiotensin I in the fetal circulation by a sequence of events that has not yet been elucidated, (S) the net combined osmotic and hydrostatic pressure that drives water across the placenta is of the order of only 20 to 80 mm Hg; (6) it is necessary to make a sharp distinction. between transfer from mother to conceptus and transfer from one compartment to another compartment within the conceptus. Finally, the review lists certain precautions to be taken in the further study of water exchange between mother and conceptus.
Tight-binding models for compounds: Application to SiC.

A simple method for combining single element, tight-binding models into models for compounds is investigated. Using parameters fitted to silicon, carbon, indium, and phosphorous band structures, test cases for SiC and InP band structures show excellent results, especially when on-site energy shifts are included through the use of intra-atomic matrix elements. Two long-ranged silicon and carbon models are developed and combined to test total energy results for silicon carbide. Total energies and band structures for the compound system are in very good agreement with first-principles results, indicating that models for compound systems may be readily produced from properly developed single element models. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Annealing of implantation damage and redistribution of impurities in SiC using a pulsed excimer laser

A 6Hα‐SiC crystal sample, which has a surface amorphous layer resulting from a high‐dose Ga implantation, was heated using a pulsed excimer laser at several energy fluences. At an energy fluence of 1.66 J/cm2, the in situ reflectivity measurement of the surface during laser processing indicates that melting of the SiC surface has occurred. Rutherford backscattering and channeling analysis shows that the molten amorphous SiC recrystallizes using the substrate as a seed, and that the recrystallized layer has good crystal quality. Secondary‐ion mass spectrometry measurements indicate that the melting, resulting from the excimer laser pulse, results in significant redistribution of the implanted Ga. This result, the first reported for SiC, suggests that the pulsed ultraviolet process can anneal the implantation damage through a melt recrystallization process, and thus could be used to dope SiC through a gas phase adsorption process.
Mixed resolution designs as alternatives to Taguchi inner/outer array designs for robust design problems

There has been considerable debate over the contributions made by Genichi Taguchi to robust process and product design. As a result of the numerous debates, there have been many alternative approaches presented that are better suited to the robust design problem. In this paper a combined array design is presented as an alternative to a standard Taguchi design. The mixed resolution design is illustrated in an example involving control and noise variables. Two new variance properties of experimental designs are also presented. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of intra-graft B cells during renal allograft rejection

Intra-graft CD20 + B-cell clusters are found during acute rejection of renal allografts and correlate with graft recovery following rejection injury. Here using archived kidney tissue we conducted immunohistochemical studies to measure specific subsets of pathogenic B cells during graft rejection. Cluster-forming CD20 + B cells in the rejected graft are likely derived from the recipient and are composed of mature B cells. These cells are activated (CD79a + ), and present MHC Class II antigen (HLADR + ) to CD4 + T cells. Some of these clusters contained memory B cells (CD27 + ) and they did not correlate with intra-graft C4d deposition or with detection of donor-specific antibody. Further, several non-cluster forming CD20 − B-lineage CD38 + plasmablasts and plasma cells were found to infiltrate the rejected grafts and these cells strongly correlated with circulating donor-specific antibody, and to a lesser extent with intra-graft C4d. Both CD20 + B cells and CD38 + cells correlated with poor response of the rejection to steroids. Reduced graft survival was associated with the presence of CD20 cells in the graft. In conclusion, a specific subset of early lineage B cells appears to be an antigen-presenting cell and which when present in the rejected graft may support a steroid-resistant T-cell-mediated cellular rejection. Late lineage interstitial plasmablasts and plasma cells may also support humoral rejection. These studies suggest that detailed analysis of interstitial cellular infiltrates may allow better use of B-cell lineage specific treatments to improve graft outcomes.
Emergency Contraception Pill Awareness and Knowledge in Uninsured Adolescents: High Rates of Misconceptions Concerning Indications for Use, Side Effects, and Access.

Abstract Study Objective To determine the awareness of, access to, and knowledge of the proper use of emergency contraception pills (ECPs) among uninsured adolescents. Design Anonymous surveys were used to assess awareness of, knowledge of, and access to ECPs. Setting From 2010 to 2012 at mobile primary care clinic in the San Francisco Bay Area. Participants Patients were uninsured adolescents aged 13 to 25; 40% of the participants were currently or had been homeless in the past year. Ethnicity was 50% Asian, 22% Hispanic, 17% Pacific Islanders, 5.5% white, and 5.5% other/mixed ethnicity. Interventions Post survey completion, patients received one-on-one 15-minute dedicated ECP education. Main Outcome Measures Awareness of, knowledge of, and access to ECPs. Results Of the study population of 439, 30% of the participants were 13-16 years old and 70% were 17-25 years old (mean age 17.8 years); 66% were women. Young women (86%) reported higher rates of “hearing about emergency contraception” than did young men (70%) ( P Conclusions Uninsured adolescents have high rates of ECP awareness but low ECP knowledge. These adolescents need more ECP education to alleviate misconceptions and increase practical knowledge, specifically, education about male access, side effects, over-the-counter availability for young men and women, and the 120-hour window of use.
Warning, runway occupied: An evaluation of tower controller behavior when maintaining runway safety

As runway safety alerting tools are added into the tower environment, it is important to understand how controllers will integrate new visual and auditory information into their decision-making process, especially in critical situations. To date, research into the behavior of Tower controllers has been largely based on field observations. Since runway incursions are generally rare events and cannot be ‘controlled’, we lack an understanding of controller behavior in responding to these events. In an effort to better understand these behaviors, a Human-In-The-Loop (HITL) simulation was conducted to gain insight into the response behavior of Tower Controllers when runway safety alerts are generated. The simulation described provides a snapshot of current day tower controller performance, both in terms of decisions and interactions that can be considered a baseline for which to compare proposed future implementations of new or enhanced capabilities.
Yield characterization of metals with transversely isotropic plastic properties

The behavior of FCC (and BCC) metals whose textures give rise to transversely isotropic plastic properties is studied. An upper-bound to the limit yield behavior of the polycrystal is used to examine the relationship between the plastic strain-increment ratio R, the uniaxial tensile yield stress and the equal biaxial yield stress. Several families of transversely isotropic yield functions are introduced and these are compared with the calculated yield surfaces.
THE EFFECT OF INTERACTION BEHAVIOR ON SOURCE CREDIBILITY, HOMOPHILY, AND INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION

This study investigated the relationship between interaction behavior in a small group setting and the resulting perceptions group members have of one another. Trained raters coded the interaction behavior of subjects, who discussed a task-oriented topic in small groups. Results indicate that interaction behavior can account for a substantial percentage of the variance in group members’ perceptions of one another. Apparently, the same interaction behavior may simultaneously result in both more positive and more negative perceptions on the part of other group members, suggesting that different interaction strategies are appropriate for varying desired personal outcomes.
Retinoid binding-proteins redirect retinoid metabolism: biosynthesis and metabolism of retinoic acid

Many tissues and cell types, starting early in embryogenesis, convert retinol (vitamin A) into an active form, all-trans-retinoic acid. This article will discuss a current model of retinol and retinoic acid metabolism that integrates the various reactions which maintain retinoic acid homeostasis, and will also integrate the enzymology with the functions of cellular retinoid binding proteins. These conserved, high-affinity binding proteins enjoy widespread expression throughout all vertebrates and throughout most vertebrate tissues. The binding proteins limit access to retinol and retinoic acid to select enzymes and serve as substrates and affecters of retinoid metabolism.
Long‐Term Phosphorus and Potassium Application to Corn on Coastal Plain Soils

The effect of long-term fertilizer applications on soil test levels, yield, and crop removal depends on soil texture and mineralogy. The objectives of this study were to measure the fluctuations in soil P and K in soils of varying texture and to evaluate the usefulness of the Mehlich-1 soil extractant in predicting yield response. A field experiment was conducted for 11 yr on two soils : a Tifton loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults) and a Greenville sandy clay loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Kandiudults). Phosphorus treatments were 0, 92, 183, and 275 lb P 2 O 5 lb/acre in the first year followed by annual applications of 0, 37, 73, and 0 lb/acre, respectively. Potassium treatments were 0, 48, 96, and 144 lb K 2 O/acre in the first year followed by annual applications of 0, 48, 96, and 0 lb/acre, respectively. Soil samples (0-6 in.) were collected each year at tasseling of the corn (Zea mays L.) crop, P and K concentrations were determined in soil and grain samples, and yield was measured. Initial application rates influenced initial soil test levels, and annual application rates affected the rate of change of soil test levels with time. All significant yield increases on the Greenville soil were due to P application. Phosphorus moves rapidly from solution into less available forms in the Greenville soil due to the soil's high P fixing capacity. Yield increases on the Tifton soil resulted from K applications, presumably due to greater leaching losses on the sandier textured soil. The Mehlich-1 extractant provides a questionable measure of soil P availability for corn. Particularly in areas where P runoff potential is high, P fertilizer should not be applied to irrigated corn in the Southeast unless the Mehlich-1 extractable soil P concentration ≤ 12 lb/acre. Data from this long-term study show that accounting for soil K below the plow layer may improve the use of mehlich-1 extractant as a measure of K availability for corn.
Selenium Nanocluster Coatings: Transforming Current Orthopedic Materials into Inhibiting Bone Cancer

Selenium (Se) nanoclusters were coated on three different orthopedic materials: Titanium, stainless steel and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). There different coating densities were achieved on each type of substrate. The uncoated and coated Ti and SS substrates were then used in experiments with either normal healthy osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) or cancerous osteoblasts (osteosarcoma) or a combination of both. For the first time, it was shown that the substrates coated with Se nanoclusters promoted (or at least maintained) normal osteoblast proliferation and inhibited cancerous osteoblast growth in both separate culture experiments and co-culture experiments. Thus, this study introduced to the orthopedic cancer community for the first time a coating material (Se) which may inhibit bone cancer growth and promote normal bone growth.
Discussion on “Influence of Feedback Control on Flexural Toughness of Fiber Reinforced Concrete in ASTM C1399 Tests,” by N. Banthia, S. Mindess, and Z. Jiang

Having had a hand in leading the ASTM C09.42 Task Group involved with the development of C1399, the writer absorbed the referenced paper with more than usual interest. With respect due equally to the third listed author, the writer had previously enjoyed reading numerous other excellent works by each of the two first listed authors. However, this discussion may stimulate needed debate by voicing, and hopefully justifying, major disagreement with a number of comments that might be cause to question some of the paper’s conclusions.
A novel HLA-DRα1-MOG-35-55 construct treats experimental stroke

Chemoattraction of leukocytes into the brain after induction of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) increases the lesion size and worsens disease outcome. Our previous studies demonstrated that partial MHC class II constructs can reverse this process. However, the potential application of pMHC to human stroke is limited by the need to rapidly match recipient MHC class II with the β1 domain of the pMHC construct. We designed a novel recombinant protein comprised of the HLA-DRα1 domain linked to MOG-35-55 peptide but lacking the β1 domain found in pMHC and treated MCAO after 4 h reperfusion in humanized DR2 mice. Infarct volumes were quantified after 96 h reperfusion and immune cells from the periphery and CNS were evaluated for expression of CD74 and other cell surface, cytokine and pathway markers. This study demonstrates that four daily treatments with DRα1-MOG-35-55 reduced infarct size by 40 % in the cortex, striatum and hemisphere, inhibited the migration of activated CD11b+CD45high cells from the periphery to the brain and reversed splenic atrophy. Furthermore, DRα1-MOG-35-55 bound to CD74 on monocytes and blocked both binding and downstream signaling of macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) that may play a key role in infarct development. The novel DRα1-MOG-35-55 construct is highly therapeutic in experimental stroke and could be given to all patients at least 4 h after stroke onset without the need for tissue typing due to universal expression of DRα1 in humans.
Sedation and Anesthesia Options for Pediatric Patients in the Radiation Oncology Suite

External beam radiation therapy (XRT) has become one of the cornerstones in the management of pediatric oncology cases. While the procedure itself is painless, the anxiety it causes may necessitate the provision of sedation or anesthesia for the patient. This review paper will briefly review the XRT procedure itself so that the anesthesia provider has an understanding of what is occurring during the simulation and treatment phases. We will then examine several currently used regimens for the provision of pediatric sedation in the XRT suite as well as a discussion of when and how general anesthesia should be performed if deemed necessary. Standards of care with respect to patient monitoring will be addressed. We will conclude with a survey of the developing field of radiation-based therapy administered outside of the XRT suite.
A PC-based spreadsheet for tracking results of crystallization experiments

Abstract Crystallization of proteins often involves many individual experiments entailing a great deal of recordkeeping. A method is used in our laboratory to track crystallization experiments with a commercially available spreadsheet program and an 80286 microprocessor-based personal computer (PC). The system takes advantage of a windowing environment. Results are entered directly into the spreadsheet as experiments are examined. The data are stored and later analyzed. They are sorted by pertinent fields and analyzed for significant trends. New experiments are then designed based upon these results. We have prepared crystals of several proteins, including the photoprotein aequorin, from the jellyfish Aequorea , in part by using information obtained from this tracking system.
Physiological stimulation enhances HRP marking of salivary neurons in rats

Abstract Neurons of the superior salivary nucleus in rats have been labeled by retrograde transport of HRP injected into the lingual nerve. The nucleus is formed by a band of small, multipolar cells diagonally oriented in the lateral reticular formation of the caudal pons, just caudal to the root of the facial nerve. As time for transport of HRP was increased from 14 1 2 to 24 hr, the number of labeled cells increased exponentially along the curve, Y = 0.001 exp(0.51T), r = 0.995, to a maximum of 272 cells. Stimulating neuronal activity immediately after HRP injection, by swabbing the rat's mouth with 1% acetic acid, increased the number of labeled cells at 14 1 2 (p , 16, 18 and 20 ( p
Relationship Supportiveness during the Transition to Parenting among Married and Unmarried Parents

SYNOPSIS Objective. The present study examined trajectories of mothers' and fathers' ratings of the other parent's supportiveness over the first 5 years after the birth of a child to capture the ways in which relationship quality changes for married and unmarried couples during the transition to parenthood. Design. The sample consisted of 2,172 mothers and fathers, at least one of whom was experiencing a first birth. Parents were assessed at birth and again when their child was 1, 3, and 5 years old. At each assessment they reported on the emotional supportiveness they received from the other parent as well as their relationship status. Results. Latent growth curve models revealed that, for both mothers and fathers, supportiveness tended to be high at birth and decreased steadily thereafter. Furthermore, perceived supportiveness at 1 year was a better predictor than the same measure at birth in terms of predicting changes in supportiveness over time and whether the couple would break up by the child's fif...
Using a distracted driver's behavior to inform the timing of alerts in a semi-autonomous car

The time taken for a distracted driver to return to vigilance in the task of driving a semi-autonomous car is dependent on how engaged the driver is in other activities - such as finishing a text, phone call, etc. In a pilot study of multitasking, we found that auditory alerts that are given in fixed intervals (for example, every 2 seconds) tend to be ignored by or annoy the driver. Our method learns the statistical nature of the engagement of the driver to the particulars of the task using Markov Renewal Processes (MRP) and we use these statistics to optimize the timing of auditory alerts to make semi-autonomous driving safer and enjoyable. The virtue of the method also allows it to continually learn the driver's behavior at all times, even after the initial training period. Therefore, our method alerts the driver in a way that minimizes annoyance and increases effectiveness. More importantly however, it learns to alert each driver in an individualized manner, tailored to the driver's unique behavioral patterns learned over time.
Effect of fiber variation on the performance of countercurrent hollow fiber gas separation modules

Abstract A theoretical and experimental study of the effects of variable fiber properties on countercurrent hollow fiber gas separation module performance is presented. Variations in ID, slow gas permeance, and selectivity are considered. Variability in any of these properties is detrimental to performance. The drop in performance increases as either property variation or product purity increase, but permeate mixing can improve performance. Fibers with higher permeation to feed rate ratios may stop producing a retentate product and may consume product from other fibers. The theory agrees well with experiments for the production of nitrogen from air.
Twice as easy to catch? A toxicant and a predator cue cause additive reductions in larval amphibian activity

Toxicants may harm predators or prey differentially, hindering clear determination of multiple stressor effects on predation dynamics in polluted aquatic systems. We built on a prior field study in which we demonstrated that a chemical contaminant, copper (Cu) and odonate predators were correlated with more frequent observations of skeletal abnormalities in Alaskan wood frog (Rana sylvatica) tadpoles. Our prior study established a multiple stressor effect linked to an important environmental phenomenon (malformed amphibians) but did not provide clear mechanisms that might guide management. We here investigated behavioral mechanisms because of their potential to produce large changes in predation dynamics, and because in published studies low concentrations of Cu produced behavioral changes in predator-detection in fish. Surprisingly, low but environmentally relevant concentrations of Cu (5 μg/L) combined with chemical cues from a predator (Aeshna sitchensis) to produce large changes in the behavior of larval amphibians. Experiments demonstrated that a low concentration of Cu did not inhibit the ability of wood frog tadpoles to detect chemical cues of predators by olfactory means, but produced strong behavioral effects, causing tadpoles to reduce activity and alter microhabitat use. These results occurred with Cu at an exposure level lower than any we could find reported as toxic to amphibians in the literature. When Cu and predator cues were administered together, the activity reduction was additive and stronger at earlier life stages. We suggest that Cu intoxication would be disadvantageous to larval amphibian prey with prolonged exposure to predators during development, and we present field data from 2010 that support this assertion. Our study demonstrates the need to use sensitive behavioral assays and to investigate multiple stressor mechanisms to understand how multiple threats combine to affect organisms in nature.
Transient response of a vibratory roller during compaction

Compaction is the last, but possibly the most important, phase that an asphalt pavement goes through during construction. Adequate compaction is necessary for the long term performance of an asphalt pavement. Inadequate/improper compaction is one of the leading causes of early deterioration and failure of these pavements. Current quality control procedures also depend on destructive testing to ascertain the quality and thereby contribute to the early failure of the pavements. Non-destructive Intelligent Compaction (IC) techniques have been introduced to control the quality of construction of these pavements, but with limited success. Currently available IC systems display real-time measurements that are indicative of the pavement quality. However, these measurements are not adequately correlated with any measurements obtained from the finished pavement. One of the reasons for the poor accuracy is the lack of adequate modeling and mathematical analysis in the design of IC systems. These systems are typically built using heuristic data and are not amenable to mathematical analysis. In this paper, the dynamics of the vibratory compactor is studied and the effect of system parameters like the thickness of the pavement, type of asphalt mix, etc., on the response characteristics is determined. These measurements are then used to analyze the transient response of a vibratory roller during compaction. The response characteristics provide an insight into the requirements for feedback control and can be used as a starting point for improving the performance of IC systems.
Experimental study of EHD conduction pumping at the meso- and micro-scale

Abstract Electrohydrodynamic conduction pumping can generate flow in many dielectric liquids. Studies to-date have focused on macro-scale devices with applied voltages on the order of 10 kV. Conduction pumping generation depends primarily on the intensity of the imposed electric field, so the magnitude of the applied voltage can be significantly reduced in micro-scale pumps. The simplicity of conduction pumps makes them well-suited for pressure generation in micro-scale fluid and heat transfer devices. This experimental study examines the flow and pressure generation of two conduction micro-pumps embedded within rectangular meso- and micro-channels.
Structures of d(Gm5CGm5CGCGC) and d(GCGCGm5CGm5C): effects of methylation on alternating DNA octamers

The crystal structures of two alternating octamers d(Gm5CGm5CGCGC) and d(GCGCGm5CGm5C) have been determined at 1.7 and 1.9 A resolution with Rwork/Rfree of 16.9/19.6% and 17.9/19.8%, respectively. The two octamers crystallized in the same tetragonal space group P43212, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 43.0, c = 24.9 A and a = b = 43.1, c = 24.7 A, respectively. Both structures adopt the A-type double helix and the abutting crystal packing. Despite the different positions of the methylated cytosine in the sequence, the two octamers display essentially the same conformation. The close similarity of the two structures indicates that methylation at different positions in a DNA sequence does not affect the helical conformation of the alternating DNA octamer. Investigation of other related crystal structures implies that methylation of cytosine stabilizes the A-type conformation for alternating DNA sequences beginning with a 5′-purine but is beneficial to the Z-type conformation for alternating DNA sequences beginning with a 5′-pyrimidine.
Integrating cytogenetics and gene expression profiling in the molecular analysis of multiple myeloma.

Multiple Myeloma (MM), is a currently incurable malignancy of a terminally differentiated antibody secreting plasma cell (PC) that can be controlled with high dose therapy and stem cell support. Conventional cytogenetic analysis has revealed a genomic instability that sets MM apart from the other blood cell cancers. In spite of this “genomic chaos” recurrent structural rearrangements and ploidy changes have aided the identification of important molecular mechanisms of disease etiology and that have also proved to be useful clinical landmarks. Yet, abnormal cytogenetics, present in only 30% of cases, combined with other clinical parameters, only account for 20% of the variability in clinical outcome, which can range from 2 months to >10 years. Thus, the genomic chaos may mask a unifying chromosome abnormality, e.g. Philadelphia chromosome in CML, or may indicate that MM is a broad descriptor of constellation of many distinct clinical and molecular entities. The advent of microarray profiling of global gene expression patterns is providing evidence that both of these possibilities may be true. We will discuss how the integration of conventional and molecular cytogenetics with gene expression profiling has confirmed past observations and, yet fundamentally changed the way we view the disease.
Electron impact study of potassium hydroxide

An ’’elastic’’ scattering study for low impact energies (5–20 ev) is reported for electron impact excitation of KOH. The ’’elastic’’ scattering is regarded as the sum of elastic rotational and vibrational contributions to the scattering. (AIP)
Promoting interdisciplinary collaboration: trainees addressing siloed medical education.

Objective Professional siloing within medical institutions has been identified as a problem in medical education, including resident training. The authors discuss how trainees from different disciplines can collaborate to address this problem.
A regional estimate of convective transport of CO from biomass burning

A regional-scale estimate of the fraction of biomass burning emissions that are transported to the free troposphere by deep convection is presented. The focus is on CO and the study region is a part of Brazil that underwent intensive deforestation in the 1980s. The method of calculation is stepwise, scaling up from a prototype convective event, the dynamics of which are well-characterized, to the vertical mass flux of carbon monoxide over the region. Given uncertainties in CO emissions from biomass burning and the representativeness of the prototype event, it is estimated that 10-40 percent of CO emissions from the burning region may be rapidly transported to the free troposphere over the burning region. These relatively fresh emissions will produce O3 efficiently in the free troposphere where O3 has a longer lifetime than in the boundary layer.
A research paradigm in human-robot interaction

Abstract This paper reviews critical issues in human-robot interaction area, and proposes a research framework to study human aspects of robotic system design. The main emphasis is on system design whereby machine and human related variables interact in the context of task performance. A macro-systems approach is suggested to indicate different categories of behavior related to human and robot components. The current directions and future of research on human activities in relation to robotic systems are discussed.
Bioethics at century's turn: Can normative ethics be retrieved?

L'A. analyse la nature ethique de la bioethique, les conflits entre les methodologies utilisees par les bioethicistes pour pousuivre leurs investigations, ainsi que les confusions entre les differentes theories de justification
Effect of oxygen pressure during culture on survival of mouse thyroid allografts

A marked increase in the percentage of mouse thyroids that retained function 20 days after transplantation across a major histocompatibility barrier and the percentage that lacked generalized infiltration was observed when the grafts received hyperbaric oxygen during a 4-day culture period. Perfusion of the donor animal before thyroidotomy and the addition of fetal calf serum to the culture medium did not have a significant effect on graft survival, but the percentage of grafts lacking generalized infiltration was slightly increased by the addition of hydrocortisone to the culture medium.
Conformational Rearrangements by Water-Soluble Peptoid Foldamers

Peptoids are a family of N-substituted glycine oligomers that are capable of forming stable helical structures. We seek peptoid monomers that can establish a strong folding propensity in aqueous conditions. Here we utilize l-phenylalanine tert-butyl ester as a readily available reagent for the synthesis of (S)-N-(1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl)glycine oligomers. The products form stable secondary structures in aqueous solution in which the conformation is dramatically responsive to variations in pH and solvent composition.
SDP: smart data pricing, from theorems to trials

Fifty years ago, the transition from voice calls to bursty data traffic justified packet switched networks. As data traffic becomes more heterogeneous today, what are the implications to network architecture? Instead of just counting bytes, Smart Data Pricing (SDP) manages traffic by treating different bytes differently.SDP can refer to (a) usage pricing like $10/GB, with throttling/booster, (b) time/location/app/congestion-dependent dynamic pricing, (c) two-sided 1-800 pricing, (d) WiFi of- oading/proactive caching, (e) quota-aware content distribution, (f) transaction-based pricing... or any of the above. It can help create happier users, less congestion and better QoE, lower CapEx/OpEx, higher revenue/profit margin, less churn, more consumption, and more ad revenue. But it also requires smart interfaces among pipe providers and content/app providers, and a combination of fundamental research, systems implementation, and user trials.This talk summarizes what we learned about the win-win that awaits the whole ecosystem.
Effects of total lymphoid irradiation in refractory rheumatoid arthritis

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Design Seastates for Extreme Response of Jackup Structures

The extreme response of a jackup structure is studied. We consider how design seastate histories can be introduced to reduce the cost of time-domain response analysis. We first identify critical wave characteristics for extreme response prediction. In quasi-static cases, the maximum wave crest height, ηmax , is shown to best explain extreme deck sway. For more flexible structures we introduce a new wave characteristic, SD , based on response spectral concepts from earthquake engineering. Finally, we show how accurate response estimates can require fewer time-domain analyses, provided design seastates are pre-selected to ensure that ηmax or SD is near its average value. With respect to standard Monte-Carlo simulation, these design seastates achieve at least a 50-percent reduction in response variability, and hence at least a fourfold savings in needed simulation cost. These results may lend insight, not only into time-domain simulation, but also into more fundamental questions of jackup behavior. They also suggest that, at least in quasi-static cases, still simpler design wave methods based on ηmax may suffice. We illustrate and evaluate some such design wave methods here (e.g., the “new wave” model and others based on Slepian theory).
Diel microhabitat use of age‐0 bull trout in Indian Creek, Washington

Abstract – We studied diel microhabitat use at the focal point of age-0 bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus, in Indian Creek, Washington during mid-summer and fall of 1997. Microhabitat variables included water depth and velocity, distance from the stream bottom, habitat and refuge use, substrate type, and substrate embeddedness. Age-0 fish were located over fines and gravel substrates in shallow, low-velocity water near stream margins, but were located in shallower water at night. Bull trout were highly associated with loose substrate, and used the substrate interstices for refuge cover. Diurnal bull trout counts decreased and no age-0 fish were observed after 15 September at water temperatures below 6.1 °C. Nocturnal counts remained relatively constant throughout the study. Our results suggest that age-0 bull trout surveys be conducted at night when summer water temperatures begin to decline.
Influence of beta-hydroxybutyrate on cultured mammalian cells.

Abstract Accumulation of fat granules in cultured human liver cells and mouse fibroblasts was induced by β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) at concentrations of 1 per cent or more. Metabolic effects concomitant with the ketone produced accumulation of fat granules included reduced DNA synthesis and glucose utilization. On the basis of cell population lactic acid production was relatively higher in the test cultures. The increased lactic acid production coupled with reduced glucose consumption suggests the utilization of ketone body as a carbohydrate source. A release of cholesterol by the liver cells was not mediated by BHB at any of the concentrations tested. An increase in specific activity of cellular alkaline phosphatase was manifested at the higher levels of BHB (2–4 per cent). This increase in specific activity of the enzyme is not a characteristic of cells subjected to adverse conditions generally, since it was not demonstrable in cells surviving freezing trauma. Except for the vizualization of BHB-produced fat granules, staining of cultures for lipid and alkaline phosphatase revealed no significant histochemical findings.
Impacts of traditional livestock corrals on woody plant communities in an East African savanna

In African savannas, humans and their livestock leave long-term legacies on the landscape in the form of abandoned livestock bomas (corrals). Once abandoned, bomas develop into nutrient-rich herbivore hotspots characterised by distinctive plant communities. Impacts of bomas, however, extend beyond the boundaries of the boma site itself. This is especially true for woody species which are intensively harvested for boma fencing material and fuel wood. Following boma abandonment, it is not clear how quickly, or to what extent, woody plant communities may change and develop over time. A chronosequence approach was used to investigate the effects of traditional livestock bomas on woody plant communities over time in an Acacia drepanolobium Sjost. savanna in central Kenya. Densities of woody species associated with boma sites that had been abandoned 42 years before were measured. Reductions in densities of the dominant tree, A. drepanolobium, were still detectable after >42 years, especially in the highest impact zones at boma edges (up to 60 m from the boma). Despite these overall reductions, the edge zones of old boma sites had unusually high densities of very large A. drepanolobium trees. Woody species richness increased at edges of newly abandoned bomas, as did densities of the uncommon shrub Lycium europaeum L., and these changes persisted for several decades. These patterns likely result from interactions among species within the woody plant community, as well as interactions with herbivores and edaphic factors.
Resonant tunneling in a dissipative environment

We measure tunneling through a single quantum level in a carbon nanotube quantum dot connected to resistive metal leads. For the electrons tunneling to/from the nanotube, the leads serve as a dissipative environment, which suppresses the tunneling rate. In the regime of sequential tunneling, the height of the single-electron conductance peaks increases as the temperature is lowered, although it scales more weekly than the conventional 1/T. In the resonant tunneling regime (temperature smaller than the level width), the peak width approaches saturation, while the peak height starts to decrease. Overall, the peak height shows a non-monotonic temperature dependence. We associate this unusual behavior with the transition from the sequential to the resonant tunneling through a single quantum level in a dissipative environment.
Developmental and cytogenetic effects of caffeine on mouse blastocysts, alone or in combination with benzo(a)pyrene

Mouse blastocysts were treated with caffeine and/or benzo(a)pyrene (BP), and the effects on development and on induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) were examined. Caffeine interfered with blastocyst development in a dose-related manner. At 4 mM, the highest concentration tested, caffeine interfered with development of blastocysts to all four endpoints: hatching, trophoblast outgrowth, inner cell mass (ICM) growth, and two-layer (primary endoderm and ectoderm) differentiation of ICMs. At 2 mM, caffeine reduced the incidence of both ICM growth and differentiation but did not affect hatching or formation of trophoblast outgrowths. At 1 mM, caffeine interfered only with ICM differentiation. Cell proliferation was least sensitive to caffeine and was reduced at concentrations of greater than or equal to 2 mM. Induction of SCEs was most sensitive to caffeine exposure; an increase in SCE frequency was observed at 0.1 and 0.5 mM. When caffeine was added to cultures with BP (1 microM, a concentration that was not embryotoxic and did not induce SCEs), both embryotoxic effects and SCE frequency were increased. The enhancing effect on SCE induction was particularly marked; as little as 0.1 mM caffeine was sufficient to cause doubling of induced SCE frequencies when added to cultures with BP.
IT in the ETD puzzle: making the pieces fit

While some universities moved to an ETD (Electronic Theses and Dissertations) program in the previous century, many have still not fully embraced this method. Perhaps it is a lack of awareness or coordination of services among students, departments, colleges, Graduate School, Library and IT (Information Technology). However all who have moved agree the effort spent to develop an ETD program can save money for the institution and for the students as well.This panel session by staff from Indiana University Bloomington, University of Delaware, and West Virginia University will present their perspective on ETD at their institutions, the ETD development process and life cycle, and provide specific resources and recommendations for growing an ETD program. The primary focus of the discussion will be on the role IT support may play during the creation and publishing of an ETD, and IT support before, during and after an ETD program has been established, and how to grow that support effectively. Audience participation will be strongly encouraged.The ETD programs of these three institutions represent different levels of program maturity and IT support in ETD programs.
Lymphotoxin β Receptor Triggering Induces Activation of the Nuclear Factor κB Transcription Factor in Some Cell Types

NFkappaB is a pleiotropic transcription factor capable of activating the expression of a great variety of genes critical for the immunoinflammatory response. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and lymphotoxin alpha (LTalpha, originally TNFbeta) are potent nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) activators in various cell types. The LTalpha molecule, in addition to being secreted as a soluble trimer, can also form membrane-anchored heterotrimers with the LTbeta chain, another member of the TNF family. The LTalpha1beta2 heterotrimer binds a specific receptor, called the LTbeta receptor (LTbeta-R), which is also a member of the TNF receptor family. Here, we show that engagement of LTbeta-R with a soluble form of LTalpha1beta2 or with a specific anti-LTbeta-R agonistic monoclonal antibody CBE11 quickly induces activation of NFkappaB in HT-29 and WiDr human adenocarcinomas. LTbeta-R triggering activates NFkappaB and induces proliferation in WI-38 human lung fibroblasts. No NFkappaB activation is observed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, correlating with the inability of LTbeta-R activation to induce expression of NFkappaB-dependent cell surface adhesion molecules. Thus, like several other members of the TNF receptor family, the LTbeta-R can activate NFkappaB following receptor ligation in some but not all LTbeta-R-positive cells.
Entanglement of Pinnipeds in Synthetic Materials at South-east Farallon Island, California, 1976–1998

Abstract Entanglement records of hauled out pinnipeds are useful for monitoring trends in impacts of synthetic materials, a principal contaminant, upon pinniped populations. This report documents entanglement of five species (California Sea Lions, Northern Elephant Seals, Steller Sea Lions, Pacific Harbor Seals, and Northern Fur Seals) at South-east Farallon Island (SEFI), an island in Northern California, 1976–1998, when a total of 914 pinnipeds were observed entangled in or with body constrictions from synthetic material. There was a significant decrease in entangled Northern Elephant Seals over the study period. Of the 27 Steller Sea Lions observed entangled, 37% were adult Steller Sea Lions entangled in salmon fishing gear. This report highlights an ongoing problem of entanglement of pinnipeds in synthetic materials in Northern California.