cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predisposing Factors in Oral Cancer

Extreme difficulty may be met in estab­ lishing a well defined line of demarcation between so-called predisposing factors and exciting causcs in oral carcinoma. Obviously, there is much overlapping be­ tween these categories of pathogenesis, particularly with regard to those factors that continue to be in the realm of hy­ pothesis and conjecture. As indicated by clinical studies, a va­ riety of predisposing factors may be of significance in the development of lesions otherwise attributed to more direct in­ fluences such as irritation from jagged teeth, ill-fitting dentures or prolonged use of tobacco.1,2 Although this may suggest that the cited sources of chronic irrita­ tion are exciting factors acting on' a tissue already possessing an inherent tendency to cancer, it is entirely possible that they, in themselves, may predispose the mu­ cosa to malignant change. That a deficiency in vitamin A can cause epithelial metaplasia has been demonstrated many times.3,4 It is not surprising, therefore, that clinical evi­ dence points to the possible role of avita­ minosis A in the etiology of both leuko­ plakia and cancer.5 Swift, in 43 instances of vulval leukoplakia, attributed the lesions to deficient absorption of vitamin A associated with achlorhydria.6 This contention was substantiated by the bene­ ficial results which followed administra­ tion of dilute hydrochloric acid and vitamin A. Somewhat similar clinical evidence was presented by Orr7 in the case of oral cancer. Orr was interested in the prevalence in India of this malig­ nant condition and its possible relation to betel nut chewing; he concluded from studies in different geographic areas, that the incidence is related directly to states of nutrition, especially of vitamin A. Also implicated as a predisposing fac­ tor in leukoplakia and cancer is vitamin B deficiency. In this connection, other factors such as chronic alcoholism become significant as they might influence the nutritional status of an individual. Cer­ tainly, the clinically observed manifesta­ tion of lingual edema, papillary atrophy and glossitis is evidence of the consider­ able effect that vitamin B complex has on oral tissues. Although the mechanism by which these changes are brought about is not clearly understood, a possible ex­ planation is the demonstration by Adams8 of a decreased utilization of oxygen by the skin of rats rendered deficient in ribo­ flavin. Such an altered oxidative ability of epithelial tissues might well render them
Induced inhibition of electron acceleration in wiggler enhanced cyclotron autoresonance maser amplifiers

The performance of cyclotron autoresonance maser amplifiers can be substantially improved by using a properly spatially profiled helical wiggler. The wiggler behaves as a phase filter and tends to reduce the number of accelerating electrons. The proposed configuration is able to alleviate the severe problem of performance degradation by beam velocity spread. Simulation results show that more than 20% output efficiency can still be attained at 94 GHz, even with 5% beam velocity spread. The inclusion of the ac space charge field was observed to only slightly deteriorate the amplifier performance.
Empowering the Marginal Student: A Skills-Based Extra Credit Assignment.

A simple extra-credit assignment explicitly rewarded marginal or failing students for improving their learning and study strategies. The instructor approached individual students who were at risk for failing the course following the midterm exam and gave them the option of earning extra-credit points for regularly documenting a variety of effective learning and study skills. In contrast to control groups of matched marginal students and of nonfailing students, those attempting the extra-credit assignment improved their test performance from midterm to final exam. They were more likely to earn at least a grade of C and less likely to drop out of the course than the matched control group. They also evaluated the experience quite positively.
Sequential sparsification for change detection

This paper presents a general method for segmenting a vector valued sequence into an unknown number of subsequences where all data points from a subsequence can be represented with the same affine parametric model. The idea is to cluster the data into the minimum number of such subsequences which, as we show, can be cast as a sparse signal recovery problem by exploiting the temporal correlation between consecutive data points. We try to maximize the sparsity (i.e. the number of zero elements) of the first order differences of the sequence of parameter vectors. Each non-zero element in the first order difference sequence corresponds to a change. A weighted l1 norm based convex approximation is adopted to solve the change detection problem. We apply the proposed method to video segmentation and temporal segmentation of dynamic textures.
Health on the Web: An examination of health content and mobilising information on local television Websites

The Internet plays a crucial role in the communication of health news and information. This study is the first to examine the volume and scope of health coverage on local television news Websites. Mobilising information (MI), information found in news that can cue people to act on pre-existing attitudes, was also explored. Specifically, this study analysed the content of 278 health stories on 79 local television news Websites during September and October 2007. Data revealed that health stories were present on 64% of the sites examined. Only 30%, however, took advantage of the interactive nature of the Internet by linking the reader to other health sites or giving an e-mail address to obtain additional information. Thirty-two percent of the stories contained MI. Of those stories, locational MI (24%) was significantly more likely to be present than tactical (17%) or identificational (14%) (p < 0.05). There were also significant differences between large and small media markets regarding specific health cont...
Reply to passive smoking and the use of noncigarette tobacco products in association with risk for pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND—The associations between passive smoking and the use of noncigarette tobacco products with pancreatic cancer are not clear. METHODS—In this case-control study, the authors collected information on passive smoking and the use of noncigarette tobacco products in 808 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and 808 healthy controls by personal interview. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS—The results confirmed the previously reported association between active smoking and increased risk for pancreatic cancer. The AOR was 1.7 (95% CI, 1.4-2.2) for regular smokers, 1.8 (95% CI, 1.4-2.4) for long-term smokers, and 3.1 (95% CI, 2.2-4.3) for former smokers. Although passive smoking showed a nonsignificantly elevated risk for pancreatic cancer in the entire study population (AOR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.9-1.7), the association was present among ever smokers (AOR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.03-2.6) but was absent among never smokers (AOR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.8-1.6). Neither intensity nor duration of passive smoking modified the risk of pancreatic cancer among never smokers. The use of chewing tobacco, snuff, and pipes showed no significant risk elevation for pancreatic cancer after controlling for the confounding effects of demographics and other known risk factors. The use of cigars in never smokers showed a borderline significant increase of risk for pancreatic cancer (AOR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.0-4.7; P =.05). CONCLUSIONS—The current observations did not support a role for passive smoking or the use of noncigarette tobacco products in the etiology of pancreatic cancer. The association between cigar use and the risk of pancreatic cancer needs to be confirmed in other study populations.
Utilizing Salmonella for antigen delivery: the aims and benefits of bacterial delivered vaccination.

vac-cines (RASVs) that synthesize protective antigens have been and are being devel-oped to provide novel, needle-free, low-cost protection against various diseases. RASVs are constructed so that, following oral immunization, attenuation does not diminish the strains’ abilities to survive stresses encountered in the GI tract nor to colonize lymphoid tissues. Attenuation precludes RASVs from causing disease but the RASVs are fully capable of eliciting immune responses to result in long-lasting protection. Researchers in the Curtiss lab -oratory have developed RASVs featuring regulated delayed expression of attenua-tion, regulated delayed synthesis of recom -binant antigens and regulated delayed lysis. These RASVs induced mucosal, sys -temic and cellular immune responses in mice against viral, bacterial and parasite pathogens.Vaccines are the most effective means to prevent infectious diseases. Key to a good vaccine is the ability to induce long-term protective immunity against a specific pathogen. Bacterial vaccine vectors have been used to impart protection against self as well as heterologous antigens. A sig -nificant benefit of using live bacterial vac -cine vectors is their ability to invade and colonize deep effector lymphoid tissues after mucosal delivery, which is critically important for inducing memory T cells;
Psychometric evaluation of the Restructured Clinical Scales of the MMPI-2

Conceptual overlap and heterogeneity have long been noted as weaknesses of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory's clinical scales. Restructured clinical (RC) scales recently were developed to address these concerns (A. Tellegen et al., 2003). The authors evaluated the psychometric properties of the RC scales in psychology clinic clients (N = 285) and military veterans (N = 567). The RC scales were as internally consistent as the clinical scales and correlated strongly with their original counterparts (except for RC3/Hysteria). They also were less intercorrelated, produced conceptually clearer relations with measures of personality and psychopathology, and yielded somewhat greater incremental utility than the clinical scales. Thus, the RC scales demonstrated several psychometric strengths while utilizing 60% fewer items, but the 2 sets of scales cannot be used interchangeably. Interpretive considerations are discussed.
Neogene stratigraphy and structure of the Dixon area, Española basin, north-central New Mexico: Summary

Purpose The purpose of this study was to map and analyze the Neogene stratigraphy and structure of the Dixon area, New Mexico. Special attention was focused on the petrography, facies relationships, and provenance of units within the Santa Fe Group that had not been studied previously. Also, detailed mapping was intended to permit a better understanding of the structural history of the Espanola basin. The Dixon area was chosen because preliminary reconnaissance suggested that detailed work would be of considerable help in determining the Tertiary basin evolution, and because it lies between areas mapped by Manley (1977) Muehlberger (1979). This paper originates from the author9s University of New Mexico M.S. thesis (Steinpress, 1980). Location and Access The Dixon area is located approximately 55 km north of Santa Fe in north-central New Mexico (Fig. 1). The map area (Fig. 2) includes approximately 67 km 2 (that portion of T. 23 N., R. 10 E. south of the Rio Grande and the six northernmost sections of T. 22 N., R. 10 E. The area includes exceptionally good exposures of Tertiary sedimentary rocks. The map boundary on the east (township line) was chosen to exclude areas to the east underlain mostly by Precambrian rocks. The southern boundary (southern section lines of sections 1 6, through T. 22 N., R. 10E) was chosen to give a slight overlap with Manley9s (1977) map area. The western and northern boundaries (township lines and the Rio. Grande, respectively) were chosen to exclude areas where the Tertiary sedimentary rocks were largely covered by basalt and landslide debris. Excellent access is provided by U. S. Route 68 and State Route 75. Dirt roads and jeep trails provide additional access along several major arroyos.
Wind Turbines and Migratory Birds: Avoiding a Collision between the Energy Industry and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act

Wind energy is gaining prominence as a source of pollution-free electrical energy. An old environmental statute, however, may act as a roadblock for this clean, renewable energy. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act prohibits the killing or taking of nearly all birds found in the United States. While this legislation has been a boon for the country’s bird population, it may criminalize the thousands of birds unintentionally killed by collisions with wind turbines. Congress needs to address this issue by amending the Act to exempt these unintentional bird collisions. In the interim, courts should adopt a new framework which would discourage bird takes while still allowing the wind energy industry to thrive. Furthermore, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, the agency tasked with enforcing the Bird Act, should adopt a clear standard under the Chevron deference. In addition to the adoption of these policies, the wind energy industry should implement vertical-axis turbines rather than traditional turbines, which will greatly reduce the number of migratory bird deaths.
The Effects of Describing Antecedent Stimuli and Performance Criteria in Task Analysis Instruction for Graphing

Task analyses are ubiquitous to applied behavior analysis interventions, yet little is known about the factors that make them effective. Numerous task analyses have been published in behavior analytic journals for constructing single-subject design graphs; however, learner outcomes using these task analyses may fall short of what could be considered socially significant by educators and the behavior analytic community. To investigate ways to enhance task analysis instruction, graphing performance was compared between groups receiving either a task analysis that simply described the necessary responses or the same task analysis supplemented with descriptions of relevant antecedent stimuli and performance criteria, or the consequences of correctly performing each step. Participants using the supplemented task analysis demonstrated more accurate graphing behavior compared with those using the task analysis without these descriptions. Implications of enhancing task analysis effectiveness by linking instructions to the three-term contingency are discussed.
First-Crossing of Second-Moment Variables

The second-moment approach to safety is extended to cases when malperformance is modeled as a first-crossing event of a random sequence. For this purpose, one needs to calculate Tchebysheff’s bounds to the probability that any component of a random vector with given mean value and covariance matrix exceeds a critical value. Theoretical results include improved Tchebysheff’s bounds for the crossing probability of both stationary and nonstationary second-moment sequences. Numerical results are given in terms of n\de\dq, being the length of an equivalent uncorrelated stationary sequence with the same Tchebysheff bound.
6Li Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of the Cathode Materials Li1 + α Mn2 − α O 4 − δ The Effect of Local Structure on the Electrochemical Properties

The nature of the local environments in a lithium-excess lithium manganese spinet (Li 1.05 Mn 1.95 O 4 ) and two spinel samples synthesized under conditions reported to create oxygen vacancies were investigated by using lithium magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR). The latter two samples were prepared by cooling Li 1.05 Mn 1.95 O 4 in an N 2 atmosphere from 750°C and by quenching LiMn 2 O 4 from high temperature (905°C), quenching resulting in a tetragonal distortion of the spinel unit cell. Additional 6 Li resonances, in addition to the resonance from the normal spinel tetrahedral local environment (at approximately 520 ppm) were observed for Li 1.05 Mn 1.95 O 4 , due to lithium in tetrahedral sites near Mn 4+ ions (540-650 ppm), and lithium in the octahedral site (2260 ppm). Lithium doping on the octahedral site results in the formation of electron holes (i.e., Mn 4+ ions) that appear to be localized near the Li-dopant and not randomly distributed throughout the lattice. Resonances at lower frequency of the main spinel peak are seen for the nominally oxygen-deficient materials due to tetrahedral lithium ions containing Mn 3+ ions (i.e., localized electrons) in their local coordination sphere. No evidence for the Jahn-Teller-phase transition associated with charge ordering is seen for Li 1.05 Mn 1.95 O 4 . In contrast, both the reduced materials show NMR spectra characteristic with charge ordering, at low temperatures. The sample prepared by quenching, which contains the highest concentration of Mn 3+ defects, shows a lower charge ordering temperature, the ordering process presumably being frustrated by the presence of random defects throughout the lattice. The lithium NMR resonances due to cations in the tetrahedral sites of Li 1.05 Mn 1.95 O 4 gradually shift to higher frequency during charging, consistent with a gradual increase in manganese oxidation state. Lithium ions in the octahedral sites are not deintercalated. In contrast, three discrete resonances are observed for the spinel prepared in nitrogen as the charging proceeds, consistent with three different local environments. The absence of any long range ordering of the lithium ions in the lithium-excess material is ascribed to presence of the univalent Li cations, randomly distributed on the three-dimensional tunnel structure formed from the MnO 6 octahedra.
Mitochondrial Hsp90 is a ligand-activated molecular chaperone coupling ATP binding to dimer closure through a coiled-coil intermediate

Heat-shock protein of 90 kDa (Hsp90) is an essential molecular chaperone that adopts different 3D structures associated with distinct nucleotide states: a wide-open, V-shaped dimer in the apo state and a twisted, N-terminally closed dimer with ATP. Although the N domain is known to mediate ATP binding, how Hsp90 senses the bound nucleotide and facilitates dimer closure remains unclear. Here we present atomic structures of human mitochondrial Hsp90N (TRAP1N) and a composite model of intact TRAP1 revealing a previously unobserved coiled-coil dimer conformation that may precede dimer closure and is conserved in intact TRAP1 in solution. Our structure suggests that TRAP1 normally exists in an autoinhibited state with the ATP lid bound to the nucleotide-binding pocket. ATP binding displaces the ATP lid that signals the cis-bound ATP status to the neighboring subunit in a highly cooperative manner compatible with the coiled-coil intermediate state. We propose that TRAP1 is a ligand-activated molecular chaperone, which couples ATP binding to dramatic changes in local structure required for protein folding.
Contention Window-Based Deadlock-Free MAC for Blind Rendezvous in Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks

Cognitive radio (CR) technology is a promising solution to the spectrum scarcity problem. Due to the spectrum varying nature of CR networks, unlicensed users are required to perform channel hopping to realize blind rendezvous. However, blind rendezvous can easily cause deadlock in the network. Moreover, due to the nature of blind rendezvous, a deadlock cannot be detected by either the suffering users or other users. Consequently, a deadlock will eventually cause the whole network stuck and prohibit the network throughput. In this paper, the challenge of deadlock-free blind rendezvous in CR networks is addressed for the first time. By analyzing the deadlock issues in both two-user and multi-user scenarios, we propose a novel MAC protocol with an optimal contention window size which can avoid deadlock and provide high network throughput. In addition, we also propose a probabilistic model for analyzing the network performance with our MAC. Simulation results validate our analytical model and demonstrate that our proposed protocol outperforms other possible attempts.
On-Chip Microcavities Coupled to Diamond NV Centers

High-Q gallium phosphide (GaP) whispering gallery mode microcavities optically coupled to nitrogen vacancy centers in a single crystal diamond substrate are demonstrated experimentally with Q > 20000.
Metastability in the H2O and D2O Systems at High Pressure

The pressure and temperature parameters which delineate the equilibrium thermodynamic stability fields of the liquid, VI and VII phases, includinq the triple point, were measured for the H20 and D20 systems over the pressure range, 0.8 to 2.4 GPa, and the temperature interval, 20 to 135 °C. The phenomenon of metastability associated with the liquid-VII phase boundary was observed during this work; and, subsequently, a metastable extension of this coexistence curve was determined from the liquid-VI-VII triple point down to 20 °C for both H20 and D20. The measurements were made by optical polarizing microscopy in conjunction with a diamond anvil cell equipped with a miniature resistance coil heatinq element. Pressures were measured by the ruby fluorescence method.
Formation velocity measurements using multipole seismoelectric LWD: Experimental studies

Summary Acoustic well logging while drilling (LWD) generates a strong tool wave propagating along the drill collar, which is very difficult to eliminate. The tool wave affects the measurements of the acoustic velocities in the formation of the borehole wall. Acoustic waves can induce an electric signal in a porous formation due to seismoelectric conversions, but cannot induce any electric signal in metallic drill collars. The apparent velocity of the co-seismic seismoelectric signals is the acoustic wave velocity propagating in the porous formation. The seismoelectric measurements can eliminate the effect of the tool wave on the velocity measurements completely. In this paper we measure the seismoelectric coupling coefficients in sandstone saturated with different NaCl solutions at the frequency range (2-15 kHz) generally used in acoustic well logging. We perform multipole seismoelectric logging with a scaled tool in a sandstone borehole and compare the results with the multipole acoustic logging while drilling (LWD). The velocities of the co-seismic seismoelectric signals are equal to the formation velocities and are not influenced by the tool waves. Multipole seismoelectric logging while drilling (LWD) might be a new logging method to measure the formation velocities.
Last Word on Point: Alterations in airway smooth muscle phenotype do cause airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma.

to the editor: We greatly appreciate the readers' interest and response (see Ref. [2][1]) to the Point:Counterpoint ([4][2], [9][3]) article. We wish to respond to comments focused on whether nature vs. nurture modulates the airway smooth muscle (ASM) phenotype that manifests as airway
Examining the Role of Supportive Family Connection in Violence Exposure Among Male Youth in Urban Environments

Family connection has demonstrated protective effects on violence perpetration, victimization, and witnessing in the general U.S. adolescent population. However, several studies examining the impact of family connection on violence exposure in adolescents living in low-resource urban environments have failed to demonstrate similar protective effects. We interviewed male youth in low-resource neighborhoods in Philadelphia recruited through household random sampling. Adjusted logistic regression was used to test whether a supportive relationship with an adult family member was inversely associated with violence involvement and violence witnessing. In 283 youth participants aged 10 to 24 years, 33% reported high violence involvement, 30% reported high violence witnessing, and 17% reported both. Youth who identified at least one supportive adult family member were significantly less likely to report violence involvement (odds ratio [OR] = 0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.18, 0.69]) and violence witnessing (OR = 0.46; 95% CI = [0.24, 0.88]). Youth with two supportive parents, and those with supportive mothers only, also demonstrated significant inverse associations with violence involvement. Supportive parental relationships were inversely but not significantly related to witnessing violence. The findings suggest that supportive parental relationships may not prevent youth in low-resource neighborhoods from witnessing violence but may help prevent direct violence involvement. Next studies should be designed such that the mechanisms that confer protection can be identified, and should identify opportunities to bolster family connection that may reduce adolescent violence involvement among youth in low-resource urban environments.
Resistance surveillance of Blattella germanica to five kinds of insecticides in passenger train

Objective To investigate the resistance of Blattella germanica to acephate,propoxur,clocythrin,beta-cypermethrin and fipronil.Methods Residual smearing and contacting method.Results On the basis of KT50,the beta-cypermethrin was the shortest,the fipronil was the longest,and from short to long the sequence were beta-cypermethrin,propoxur,clocythrin,acephate and fipronil.The Blattella germanica had emerged high resistance to fipronil(R30),resistance coefficient to beta-cypermethrin and clocythrin were 6.30 and 3.69 respectively,and resistance coefficient to propoxur was below 2 but the deadly effect during 24 h was 46.67%.Conclusion The Blattella germanica from passenger train were sensitive to acephate,and should give priority to consider using it,reduce the use of fipronil,beta-cypermethrin and clocythrin,use propoxur carefully,and use insecticides in a planned way by turns.
A Case of a Giant Pheochromocytoma

A case of a large pheochromocytoma weighing 1,150 gm. is reported. The surgical approach to this massive tumor is discussed. Early recognition of the various clinical and metabolic manifestations of the tumor are important objectives in the cure of this potentially lethal neoplasm.
Plasma volume prediction in normal pregnancy

A predictive formula for plasma volume in the second half of normal human pregnancy has been developed using computerized linear regression techniques. The use of this and similar data analysis techniques by biologist and mathematicians working in collaboration is encouraged.
Mutations of the mitochondrial genome: clinical overview and possible pathophysiology of cell damage

Mitochondria possess their own DNA and transcription and translation machinery for the synthesis of 13 protein subunits for the oxidative phosphorylation system, two rRNAs and 22 tRNAs. In 1988 the first human neurodegenerative diseases associated with mutations in the mitochondrial genome were described. The most recent biochemical and genetic research suggests that mitochondrial disorders are best categorized as: (i) primary mutations of the mitochondrial DNA, either sporadic or maternally inherited; (ii) nuclear mutations that result in alterations in mitochondrial DNA or intergenomic signalling defects; or (iii) Mendelian defects that affect the respiratory chain in the absence of mitochondrial DNA mutations. There is still little information about the pathophysiology of these different disorders. In order to obtain some insight into the cellular mechanisms of neurodegeneration, we examined cultured fibroblasts from patients with the MELAS (mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes) syndrome, which is most frequently caused by a mutation in the mitochondrial tRNA for leucine. We found that their basal level of ionized calcium was elevated and that they could not normally sequester calcium influxes induced by depolarization. In addition, they were unable to maintain normal mitochondrial membrane potentials, as determined using a voltage-sensitive fluorescent indicator. Despite these physiological perturbations, the MELAS fibroblasts had normal concentrations of ATP. If neurons in MELAS patients have similar physiological abnormalities, their functional properties and long-term viability may be compromised.
Regulation of Monokine Gene Expression: Prostaglandin E2 Suppresses Tumor Necrosis Factor but Not Interleukin‐1α or β‐mRNA and Cell‐Associated Bioactivity

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-mediated suppression of macrophage interleukin-1 alpha,beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha synthesis was examined at the cellular and molecular levels. Treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated adjuvant-elicited murine macrophages with 5 x 10(-7) M PGE2 caused a 70% reduction in cell-associated TNF but had no suppressive effect on cell-associated interleukin-1 (IL-1) activity. Consistent with this result, Northern blot and nuclear transcription analyses demonstrated suppression of TNF mRNA but PGE2 had no effect on IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta mRNA accumulation, as compared to LPS controls. Immunoperoxidase staining for cell-associated TNF alpha, IL-1 alpha, and IL-1 beta demonstrated that PGE2 suppressed TNF, but not IL-1 alpha or -beta expression, supporting the bioassay data. These results imply that PGE2-mediated regulation of IL-1 alpha,beta and TNF alpha is quite distinct. Synthesis of TNF appears to be regulated at least at the level of transcription, whereas that for IL-1 alpha and -beta is regulated post-transcriptionally.
The Case as an aid to Imparting Concepts

This paper takes the stand that the case itself has the potential to be used effectively as a vehicle to impart concepts. Also included is a description of how the same case can be used in a variety of teaching situations. The entire paper is based on class-tested situations.
America's Battle for Media Democracy: The Postwar Settlement for American Media

Key normative foundations underlying the American media system – and assumptions about government’s role in maintaining them – crystallized during a brief yet dynamic period in the 1940s, a critical juncture when technological, social, and political upheavals created crisis and opportunity. A number of potential trajectories opened before policy makers during fundamental debates about the relationships among media institutions, the state, and various publics. What did broadcasters and publishers owe the public? What were media institutions’ public service responsibilities? And what was government’s regulatory role in enforcing them? Progressive ideas flourished for a time. But as the decade progressed, America witnessed a narrowing of discursive parameters, setting limitations on the potential for government intervention against commercial media. Once this window closed, structural reforms were increasingly off-limits. Commercial broadcasters could feel confident that their licenses would not be revoked regardless of poor public service, and antitrust action against newspaper monopolies ceased to be a serious threat. This era’s policy battles resulted in a settlement that media would be self-regulated but “socially responsible” – an industry-friendly arrangement that enshrined a negative conception of press freedom while mandating largely nominal concessions to the public interest. This outcome is consistent with policy discourses and normative expectations associated with corporate libertarianism, an ideology that conflates corporate privilege with First Amendment freedoms and is girded by a logic that advances individualistic negative liberties at the expense of the collective positive liberties that are central to a social democratic vision of media. Similar to the political economic shifts sketched in Michael Denning’s The Cultural Front – which described a failed social democratic challenge in 1940s America that resulted in a power share among labor unions, government, and big business – this transitional moment marked the Popular Front’s dissolution, giving way to a more accommodationist liberalism. For media institutions, the postwar settlement emerging from the resolutions of 1940s policy debates signaled a deregulatory turn – or rather, a “reregulation” under oligopolistic markets. This arrangement systematically obscured structural critiques, foreclosed radical alternatives, and pushed back against social democratic reform movements. In doing so, it kept in place a self-regulating, nominally socially responsible commercial media system.
Breeding ecology of White-faced Ibis (Pleagadis chihi) in the upper Klamath Basin, California

The White-faced Ibis ( Plegadis chihi ) is a California state and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service species of special management concern. We studied White-faced Ibis breeding ecology from May through July 1995 on Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in the upper Klamath Basin of California. A total of 2029 pairs nested in 3 colonies exclusively in early-successional hardstem bulrush ( Scirpus acutus ). Nest initiation dates ranged from 10 May to 12 June, and mean clutch size was 3.16. Reproductive success averaged 87% apparent nest success ( n = 115), 82% hatchability, 97% whole and partial brood survival, and 2.39 fledglings per successful nest. Mayfield estimates of nest survival were 79.1% during the laying and incubation period and 95% during the nestling period. Overall nest success as estimated by the Mayfield method was 75.4%. Our estimates of nest success are some of the highest reported anywhere in the literature for White-faced Ibis. Therefore, Lower Klamath NWR may maintain preferred White-faced Ibis breeding habitats in years of otherwise poor habitat conditions across the Intermountain West.
Phosphodiesterase Inhibition Increases Fetal Hemoglobin in Sickle Cell Disease; L-Arginine Supplementation Does Not.

Nitric oxide- and cyclic nucleotide-linked pathways have been proposed to regulate fetal hemoglobin expression in sickle cell disease (SCD), and phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibition and arginine supplementation can enhance these pathways. In an open-label gender-biased study (due to earlier concerns about sildenafil-induced priapism), we examined HbF and markers of disease activity in 12 patients with SCD (HbSS,) who had confirmed hematologic stability on hydroxyurea therapy and who had been treated with three months of thrice daily L-arginine supplementation (0.1–0.2 g/Kg, n=6, 4 male) or sildenafil (PDE5 inhibitor, 25–100 mg, n=6, all female). An additional 12 patients received study drug but did not have stable lead-in HbF levels; their data, where available, is included in analyses of amino acid levels, tricuspid regurgitant (TR) jet measurements, and 6-minute walk (6MW) distance. 25 mg of sildenafil increased cGMP by an average of 2 pM/ml at 2 hours (n=5). Statistics between groups are 2-way repeated measures ANOVA, while within groups are 1-way RMA, from data collected every 2 weeks. L-arginine increased serum arginine and ornithine concentrations while sildenafil did not. Percent change in HbF (%) and F-cells (%) from baseline rose with sildenafil, but did not change with L-arginine. Reticulocytes (K/μL) and arginase, markers of hemolysis, dropped with sildenafil, but LDH(IU/L) and MCHC rose with both treatments, although only modestly. TR jet velocity and 6-MW distance improved markedly in patients treated with sildenafil, whose parameters had suggested somewhat more severe disease at the start of therapy. We conclude that HbF and F-cell levels are modestly increased in patients on HU who also receive sidlenafil, consistent with prior studies suggesting that HU in part operates via NO-cGMP signaling pathways. Sildenafil, but not L-Arginine, improves physiologic, and some hematologic, parameters in SCD. These clinical data, while limited by small numbers, support earlier genetic data from other investigators that implicate members of the PDE family in the modulation of HbF in SCD.
Should Screening Techniques for Colorectal Cancer All Have an 'A' Recommendation? No: When It Comes to Colorectal Cancer Screening, Test Choice Matters.

The AAFP will continue to evaluate different screening tests as more research becomes available, but currently can endorse only those options that have the strongest evidence that benefits exceed harms.
Model predictions for atmospheric air breakdown by radio-frequency excitation in large gaps

The behavior of the breakdown electric field versus frequency (DC to 100 MHz) for different gap lengths has been studied numerically at atmospheric pressure. Unlike previous reports, the focus here is on much larger gap lengths in the 1–5 cm range. A numerical analysis, with transport coefficients obtained from Monte Carlo calculations, is used to ascertain the electric field thresholds at which the growth and extinction of the electron population over time are balanced. Our analysis is indicative of a U-shaped frequency dependence, lower breakdown fields with increasing gap lengths, and trends qualitatively similar to the frequency-dependent field behavior for microgaps. The low frequency value of ∼34 kV/cm for a 1 cm gap approaches the reported DC Paschen limit.
Abstract 4791: Cystathionine-β-Synthase (CBS) and the progression of colorectal carcinogenesis

Introduction: We recently demonstrated that cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) stimulates colon cancer bioenergetics, migration, invasion and angiogenesis and is increased in colorectal cancer compared to normal colonic mucosa. The role of CBS in carcinogenesis is still, however, unknown. Here we compare CBS protein levels and immunohistochemistry in human colonic biopsies at different stages of colorectal carcinogenesis. In addition, we used Azoxymethane (AOM) in CBS knockdown mice to study the development of aberrant crypt foci (ACF), a model of sporadic colorectal carcinogenesis. Methods: CBS protein expression was assessed in human biopsies of normal mucosa, tubular adenoma and carcinoma in situ by Western blotting. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was used to assess CBS levels in formalin-fixed/paraffin-embedded specimens of normal colonic mucosa, adenomatous polyps and colon adenocarcinoma. To assess the effect of CBS gene dosage on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation CBS heterozygous mice (CBS+/-) and wild-type (CBS+/+) controls were treated with the mutagen AOM at 10mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection once per week for 5 weeks. At the end of 16 weeks, the colons were harvested and ACF visualized with methylene blue staining by 3 independently blinded observers. Significance (p ≤ 0.05) was determined using GraphPad Prism 7 software. Results: Consistent with our previously reported findings CBS levels were relatively low in biopsies of normal mucosa. By comparison, it was elevated in polyps exhibiting both low- and high-grade dysplasia. IHC staining of normal mucosa and hyperplastic polyps revealed CBS immunoreactivity in a small number of cells located along the basal lamina aspect of the colonic crypts in both normal and hyperplastic polyps. A sight increase in cytoplasmic CBS staining also was noted in the epithelial cells of hyperplastic polyps. In contrast, the epithelial cells of tubular adenoma specimens exhibited higher levels of diffuse cytoplasmic CBS staining with frequent focal areas of intense staining adjacent to mucin-containing vesicles. Sections of adenocarcinoma exhibited diffuse CBS staining throughout the cytoplasm of the cancer cells. AOM treatment induced significantly less ACF in the colons of CBS(+/-) mice compared to wild-type controls. The loss of one allele of CBS reduced the number of AOM-induced ACF by half. The mean number of ACF ± SD for CBS(+/+) and CBS(+/-) were 10.9 ± 5.2 and 5.6 ± 2.5, respectively (p Citation Format: John R. Zatarain, Ketan Thanki, Michael E. Nicholls, Manjit Maskey, Muhammad U. Jawad, Ches9Nique Phillips, Katalin Modis, Csaba Szabo, Celia Chao, Mark R. Hellmich. Cystathionine-β-Synthase (CBS) and the progression of colorectal carcinogenesis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4791. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4791
Grandparent-Grandchild Communication: A Review of Theoretically Informed Research

This article reviews theoretically informed research on grandparent-grandchild (GP-GC) communication. Research has been organized herein according to whether it is guided by an intergroup theory, a...
The Effect of Locking out Wrist Flexion and Extension with an Upper Body Exoskeleton on Handgun Training

The second version of The Armed Robotic Control for Training in Civilian Law Enforcement, or ARCTiC LawE is presented in this paper. The ARCTiC LawE is an upper body exoskeleton designed to assist ...
Linking genotype to phenotype in a changing ocean: inferring the genomic architecture of a blue mussel stress response with genome-wide association.

A key component to understanding the evolutionary response to a changing climate is linking underlying genetic variation to phenotypic variation in stress response. Here, we use a genome-wide association approach (GWAS) to understand the genetic architecture of calcification rates under simulated climate stress. We take advantage of the genomic gradient across the blue mussel hybrid zone (Mytilus edulis and Mytilus trossulus) in the Gulf of Maine (GOM) to link genetic variation with variance in calcification rates in response to simulated climate change. Falling calcium carbonate saturation states are predicted to negatively impact many marine organisms that build calcium carbonate shells - like blue mussels. We sampled wild mussels and measured net calcification phenotypes after exposing mussels to a 'climate change' common garden, where we raised temperature by 3°C, decreased pH by 0.2 units and limited food supply by filtering out planktonic particles >5 μm, compared to ambient GOM conditions in the summer. This climate change exposure greatly increased phenotypic variation in net calcification rates compared to ambient conditions. We then used regression models to link the phenotypic variation with over 170 000 single nucleotide polymorphism loci (SNPs) generated by genotype by sequencing to identify genomic locations associated with calcification phenotype, and estimate heritability and architecture of the trait. We identified at least one of potentially 2-10 genomic regions responsible for 30% of the phenotypic variation in calcification rates that are potential targets of natural selection by climate change. Our simulations suggest a power of 13.7% with our study's average effective sample size of 118 individuals and rare alleles, but a power of >90% when effective sample size is 900.
Comment on the paper by Davies et al. “Resolving MISS conceptions and misconceptions: A geological approach to sedimentary surface textures generated by microbial and abiotic processes” (Earth Science Reviews, 154 (2016), 210–246)

Abstract The article by Davies et al. discusses scientific studies on microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS). The sedimentary structures are caused by benthic microbes in clastic deposits and have the potential to fossilize. In the opinion of Davies et al., it may be problematic to distinguish MISS-like structures (e.g., ‘wrinkle structures’) from similar, but abiotic structures. Therefore, their article argues, there exists a need for an umbrella classification summarizing both biological and abiotic sedimentary structures. However, Davies et al.'s paper does not reflect a thorough understanding of the formation and preservation of MISS. More so, while the authors appreciate the benefit of geological field work, and petrological as well as geochemical laboratory sample analyses, their article appears to widely disregard that this scientific rigor is presented in studies on MISS. The lack of data make the classification by Davies et al. unsupported and difficult to use. It potentially confuses by producing multiple classification possibilities rather than a pragmatic organization, and it contributes an unnecessary terminological ballast to a research area that has progressed far beyond to the concepts that the paper by Davies et al. presents.
The bully-victim overlap and nutrition among school-aged youth in North America and Europe

Abstract Bullying behavior and its consequences is a public health issue of significant concern, due to the wide range of deleterious health, mental health, behavioral, and psychosocial problems identified among adolescent bully victims. Even so, the role of dietary behaviors in bullying and bully victimization remains unclear. Our objective was to examine the associations between dietary patterns among youth, bully perpetration, and bully victimization. We employed a cross-national study of approximately 150,000 youths, aged 10–16, from 40 different countries with complete information about bully victimization, perpetration, and a number of dietary items reflecting three different nutritional dimensions – health food consumption, junk food consumption, and meal deprivation. The findings indicate that health food consumption, junk food consumption, and meal deprivation were significantly associated with bully perpetration, regardless of whether bullying co-occurred with victimization (low health food consumption: OR = 1.24, CI = 1.19–1.30; high junk food consumption: OR = 1.66, CI = 1.60–1.73; frequent meal deprivation: OR = 1.48, CI = 1.42–1.54). Even so, none of the three dietary dimensions were associated with significant changes in the odds of bully victimization in the absence of perpetration. Ultimately, the predicted probability of being a bully more than doubles among youths reporting all three dimensions of nutritional risk, relative to youths reporting none. We propose that early dietary interventions among youth that diminish hunger and improve eating behaviors among at-risk populations may help to reduce the prevalence of bullying and its negative sequelae.
CHAPTER VI – Estimating Asymptotic Covariance Matrices

This chapter discusses the estimation of asymptotic covariance matrices. V n is the average of the variances of Z' t ɛ t plus a term that takes into account the covariances between Z' t ɛ t and Z' t–t ɛ t–t for all t and τ. It is sometimes possible to express variances or covariances of ɛ th as functions of the instrumental variable candidates W th . The results for stationary mixing sequences follow as corollaries to the results for general mixing sequences. White and Domowitz have discussed an heuristically appealing way of choosing l ; however, there is no evidence as yet to demonstrate that any way of choosing l yields an estimator of V, which is a useful approximation in samples of the size typically available to economists.
The Woman and Esthetic Surgery

Most patients seeking esthetic surgery are female. Most surgeons performing it are male. These facts reflect the present status and attitudes of women and, conversely, of men in our society.2,19 Our culture places a higher value on the attractive appearance of the female than on the male; and the female, deprived of the many sources of gratification available to the male, has learned to use and value her body, consciously and unconsciously, to please herself and/or others. This behavior is rewarded and is perpetuated and reinforced throughout her life by such acts as using makeup, adopting hair and clothing styles, and keeping “young and trim.”