cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noncytolytic Inhibition of X4 Virus by Bulk CD8+ Cells from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Infected Persons and HIV-1-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Is Not Mediated by β-Chemokines

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication by both cytolytic and noncytolytic mechanisms (35, 37, 38). Soluble inhibitory factors produced by CD8+ cells have been shown to inhibit HIV-1 replication and may play a critical role in vivo as an antiviral host defense (13, 32). These inhibitory factors include β-chemokines (3, 9, 14, 29), a subclass of cytokines with chemotactic properties that act to block viral entry through the coreceptor CCR5, which is utilized by R5 strains of virus (13, 22, 31, 32), and less well characterized X4-suppressive soluble factor(s) produced by CD8+ cells (19, 23–25, 33, 35, 37, 38). Whereas the role of β-chemokines in inhibiting R5 strains of HIV-1 has been well established, soluble factors produced by CD8+ cells that inhibit X4 strains of virus are less well defined. Stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), a ligand for the coreceptor CXCR4, at high concentrations (1,000 ng/ml) can achieve significant inhibition (3, 28, 36) which can be increased by N-terminal modification (36). However, the production of SDF-1 by CD8+ cells has not been demonstrated (17), and other ligands for CXCR4 have not been found. The chemokine I-309 is another ligand able to block T-cell-tropic HIV-1 strains that can utilize CCR8 as a coreceptor but has no influence in cell systems where CXCR4 is used as the coreceptor (14). Another chemokine, MDC, blocked macrophage- and T-cell-tropic viruses in some but not all studies through an unknown mechanism (29) but also has not been shown to be produced by HIV-1 antigen-specific CTL. Additionally, interleukin-16 (IL-16) has been suggested to have antiviral activity (1). Another incompletely defined substance or group of substances produced by CD8+ cells has been termed CD8+ cell antiviral factors (CAF) (35). CAF inhibits replication of X4 strains of HIV-1 at the level of viral transcription by suppressing long terminal repeat-driven expression of viral proteins (6, 24, 33). However, its identity as well as the phenotype of cells that produce it and the physiologic stimulus for its release still elude characterization. The fact that it has been preferentially observed in persons who are HIV-1 infected suggests that it may be an antigen-specific response, and at least some reports indicate that a factor with similar properties can be produced by HIV-1-specific CTL in an antigen-specific manner (38). However, no studies have reported a detailed comparison of CD8+ cells from both seropositive and seronegative persons, as well as HIV-1-specific CTL. In this study, we have performed a detailed characterization of the cytokines and chemokines produced when HIV-specific CTL are triggered. We report the release of MDC, I-309, and IL-16 by HIV-1-specific CTL as well as CD8+ cells from HIV-1-seropositive persons. In addition, we show that these factors along with the β-chemokines do not account for all of the noncytolytic inhibition mediated by HIV-1-specific CTL.
Performance evaluation of multi-aperture multiple beam antennas

Several receive antenna designs have been proposed for future military communication satellites to satisfy demands for increased nulling resolution and wide area coverage in support of tactical operations. The paper examines performance of a 61-beam hybrid multi-aperture multiple beam antenna (MA-MBA), an 89-beam outrigger MA-MBA, and an existing single aperture 61-beam MBA. Percent area coverage and network anti-jamming (A/J) margin are the evaluation metrics used in the paper to compare their performance using a representative SHF Defense Satellite Communication System (DSCS) tactical scenario. >
Minimax and Maxmin Solutions to Gaussian Jamming in Block-Fading Channels under Long Term Power Constraints

Without assuming any knowledge on source's code-book and its output signals, we formulate a Gaussian jamming problem in block fading channels as a two-player zero-sum game. The outage probability is adopted as an objective function, over which transmitter aims at minimization and jammer aims at maximization by selecting their power control strategies. Under long term power constraints, the optimal power control strategies of each player for both maxmin and minimax problems are obtained. Numerical results demonstrate a sharp difference between the resulting outage probabilities of the minimax and maxmin solutions, which thus implies the non-existence of Nash equilibria.
Psychological and Family Characteristics of Adolescents with Vocal Cord Dysfunction

Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) is a respiratory disorder often confused with asthma. Although previous case reports have implicated family and/or individual psychopathology in the etiology of this condition, this is the first paper to present prospective, case-control empirical data on a group of pediatric patients with VCD. A case-control methodology was employed to examine patients in terms of both family and individual functioning. Results indicate that patients with VCD were not different from asthmatic controls on measures of family functioning. However, they did experience significantly higher levels of anxiety and received a higher number of anxiety-related diagnoses such as separation anxiety and generalized anxiety disorder on a structured psychiatric interview. The nature of the relation between VCD and psychological symptoms in children is discussed. Etiologic and treatment issues are examined in the context of the findings.
Early Substance Use and Subsequent DUI in Adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about risk factors in early adolescence that lead to driving under the influence (DUI) and riding with a drinking driver (RWDD). In a diverse group of adolescents, we longitudinally explored the influence of alcohol and marijuana (AM) use, AM beliefs, and peer and family factors (including familism) on DUI/RWDD in high school. METHODS: We conducted 3 surveys 2 years apart of 1189 students recruited from 16 middle schools in Southern California. We used multivariable models to evaluate the effects of AM use, AM beliefs, and peer and family factors at ages 12 and 14 on DUI/RWDD at age 16. RESULTS: At age 12, adolescents with more positive beliefs about marijuana (odds ratio [OR] = 1.63, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20–2.20) and more ability to resist marijuana offers (OR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.22–2.92) had significantly higher risk of DUI/RWDD 4 years later. At age 14, youth with more past month alcohol use (OR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.07–4.11), positive beliefs about marijuana (OR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.31–2.13), exposure to peer AM use (alcohol: OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00–1.02; marijuana: OR = 2.41, 95% CI: 1.28–4.53), and family marijuana use (OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.12–2.11) had higher risk of DUI/RWDD at age 16. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate a need to target adolescents as young as sixth grade at multiple levels to help prevent DUI/RWDD in high school. Given recent changes in legislation in several states, research should begin to focus on the distinction between DUI/RWDD of AM.
Marrying for Papers? From Economically Strategic to Normative and Relational Dimensions of the Transition to Adulthood for Unauthorized 1.5-generation Brazilians:

Public rhetoric suggests that unauthorized immigrants may engage in marriage fraud for legal security and economic gain. Academic scholarship that emphasizes economically strategic actors corrobora...
The Complex and Dynamic Nature of Leisure Experience

Although leisure experience is characterized as being multi-dimensional, transitory and multi-phased, few empirical studies have explored the complexity and dynamics of leisure experiences. The pur...
Impact of adiposity on cellular adhesion: The Multi-Ethnic Study of atherosclerosis (MESA).

Objective At the cellular level, how excess adiposity promotes atherogenesis is not fully understood. One pathway involves secretion of adipokines that stimulate endothelial dysfunction through increased expression of adhesion molecules. However, the relationship of adiposity to adhesion molecules that promote atherosclerosis is largely unknown. Methods Linear regression models were used to assess the sex-specific associations of soluble cellular adhesion molecules (sP- and sL-selectin, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and sHGF) and adiposity in 5,974 adults examined as part of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Adiposity measures included body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip-ratio (WHR), and computed tomography measures of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Results The mean age was 64 years and 52% were female. In multivariable models adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, sHGF was positively associated with BMI, WHR, and VAT in both males and females, and sP-selectin with WHR and VAT in males. sVCAM-1 was inversely associated with VAT in females only. Conclusions Our results showed the relation of adiposity to soluble cellular adhesion proteins was similar across adiposity measures and for both sexes. However, the relationship between adiposity and sVCAM-1 and P-selectin may be modified by sex and the measure used to assess adiposity.
Bounded extremum seeking with discontinuous dithers

The analysis of discontinuous extremum seeking (ES) controllers, e.g.?those applicable to digital systems, has historically been more complicated than that of continuous controllers. We establish a simple and general extension of a recently developed bounded form of ES to a general class of oscillatory functions, including functions discontinuous with respect to time, such as triangle or square waves with dead time. We establish our main results by combining a novel idea for oscillatory control with an extension of functional analytic techniques originally utilized by Kurzweil, Jarnik, Sussmann, and Liu in the late 80s and early 90s and recently studied by Durr et?al. We demonstrate the value of the result with an application to inverter switching control.
Synthesis and characterization of the native anticodon domain of E. coli TRNA(Lys): simultaneous incorporation of modified nucleosides mnm(5)s(2)U, t(6)A, and pseudouridine using phosphoramidite chemistry.

The anticodon domain of E. coli tRNALys contains the hypermodified nucleosides mnm5s2U and t6A at positions 34 and 37, respectively, along with a more common ψ at position 39. The combination of these three nucleotides represents one of the most extensively modified RNA domains in nature. 2-Cyanoethyl diisopropylphosphoramidites of the hypermodified nucleosides mnm5s2U and t6A were each synthesized with protecting groups suitable for automated RNA oligonucleotide synthesis. The 17 nucleotide anticodon stem-loop of E. coli tRNALys was then assembled from these synthons using phosphoramidite coupling chemistry. Coupling efficiencies for the two hypermodified nucleosides and for pseudouridine phosphoramidite were all greater than 98%. A mild deprotection scheme was developed to accommodate the highly functionalized RNA. High coupling yields, mild deprotection, and efficient HPLC purification allowed us to obtain 1.8 mg of purified RNA from a 1 μmol scale RNA synthesis. Our efficient synthetic protocol will a...
Finding the Nth Root of a Number by Iteration

(1963). Finding the Nth Root of a Number by Iteration. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 157-162.
Effect of Temperature on Parasitism, Development, and Diapause of the Filth Fly Parasite, Urolepis rufipes (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

The solitary pupal parasite Urolepis rufipes (Ashmead), a recent isolate from house fly and stable fly puparia in eastern Nebraska, was studied to evaluate its potential as a biological control agent for these fly species. Parasitism was highest at 25°C for two age classes of host pupae. Parasite-induced mortality attributed to host stinging, excluding emerged parasites, increased with temperature, and generally was significantly higher than parasitism. The number of emerging male to female parasites was about equal and males generally began emerging 1 d before females. Development was more rapid than for most other pteromalid parasites of filth flies requiring 10–15 d for first male emergence at 25°C. Apparent diapause was evident with this species and was activated by the temperature at which the developing progeny were subjected.
Impact of Repeated Exposure to a Multilevel Working Memory Task on Physiological Arousal and Driving Performance

Drivers are increasingly confronted with a multitude of simultaneous secondary tasks. Consequently, the ability to manage this elevated workload is a rising concern. A growing body of evidence has suggested that changes in physiology, such as heart rate (HR) and skin conductance level (SCL), along with driving metrics, such as velocity and steering wheel reversal rates, could allow a real-time monitoring of this workload. However, laboratory research often does not evaluate drivers’ experience of secondary tasks over multiple repetitions or time. The present study examined the sensitivity of a variety of performance and physiological measures to changes in workload and assessed the impact of repeated exposure to a set of n-back calibration tasks. When averaged across repeated exposures, the results closely followed previous literature: increased working memory load from the n-back tasks resulted in significant increases in HR and SCL. Although each repetition of the task showed similar changes as workload...
Application of Transesophageal Echocardiography in Children Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery for Ventricular Septal Defect Repair

Objective To investigate the value of transesophageal echocardiography in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery for ventricular septal defect repair.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 605 children with cardiac malformation who had undergone transesophageal echocardiography during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery for ventricular septal defect repair.Results Among the 605 children,examination was successfully performed in 603,and was not completed due to underweight(3 kg) in 3.Among the 27 positive cases(4.46%) who were found during surgery,5 children with residual shunt larger than 2 mm in diameter received reoperation,5 children with aggravated tricuspid or mitral regurgitation received annuloplasty,and the other 17 positive cases only received follow-up.Conclusion Transesophageal echocardiography can timely,visually and accurately reflect the situation of operation in children undergoing ventricular septal defect repair,including atrial and ventricular exhaust,patch position,residual shunt,valvular regurgitation,and repair of other cardiac malformations.Therefore,transesophageal echocardiography can provide necessary information in ventricular septal defect repair.
The Design and Realization of SoftPLC Programming System

SoftPLC is a new technology in the field of industrial automation control.The paper introduces the architecture of SoftPLC system and presents a method for realizing the SoftPLC programming system according to programming standard.This programming developing software includes the functions of ladder diagram(LD) and instruction list(IL) editing and compiling,the compiling function includes the transition from LD to IL,handling for LD and IL programming syntax error,and the transition from IL to objective code.The data structure and algorithm being used is introduced in detail in this paper.A program example is used for validating the function,it proves that the editing and compiling function of system can work jointly correctly,and the objective code according to the prescribed format is obtained.
Alignments of Manifold Sections of Different Dimensions in Manifold Learning

We consider an alignment algorithm for reconstructing global coordinates from local coordinates constructed for sections of manifolds. We show that, under certain conditions, the align- ment algorithm can successfully recover global coordinates even when local neighborhoods have different dimensions. Our results generalize an earlier analysis to allow alignment of sections of different dimensions. We also apply our result to a semisupervised learning problem.
A survey of chronic pain in the pediatric spinal cord injury population.

Background/Objective: Although several reports characterize pain associated with adult-onset spinal cord injury (SCI), little is known about the incidence and etiology of pain associated with pedia...
Lazarus Stand Forth : H. D. encounters Freud

H.D., the noted writer Hilda Doolittle, wrote three differing accounts of her first analytic session with Freud, held on March 1, 1933. The first account was written on the same day as her session in a letter to her friend Bryher; it indicates that Freud did not meet H. D.'s preformed transference expectation. Although H. D. focused on her fear of Freud's rejection, her deeper concern was her disappointment in Freud and her fear of loving a person who might die soon. In 1944, five years after Freud's death, H. D. wrote a second account of the session in "Tribute to Freud" in which she attempted to recall an idealized memory of Freud. To do this her description split the session into a part in which she projected her anger onto Freud and a part in which she reconciled with Freud in a mystical, wordless communication by means of her relation to his dog, Yofi. Her third account, "Advent," was written in 1948, following a period of psychosis. At that time H. D. was able to acknowledge that she had been frightened of loving a man who was vulnerable to death and to restore Freud's presence by identifying with this analytic ability.
Projection-based Reformulation and Decomposition Algorithm for A Class of Mixed-Integer Bilevel Linear Programs

Abstract We propose an efficient algorithm for solving mixed integer bilevel linear programs (MIBLPs). The MIBLPs addressed in this work involve continuous and integer variables in both upper- and lower-level programs. In addition, the upper-level constraints are allowed to be dependent on the lower-level solutions. We first reformulate the original MIBLP into an equivalent single-level optimization problem. The issue of relatively complete response is tackled using the disjunctive programming approach. Based on this single-level reformulation, a decomposition algorithm is developed that converges to the global optimal solution in finite iterations. The master problem provides a valid lower bound, while two subproblems are used to provide a valid upper bound or to test the feasibility. A KKT-condition-based cut is generated according to the solutions to the subproblems and added to the master problem at the end of each iteration, so that non-decreasing lower bounds can be obtained successively. An implementation of the algorithm is described and illustrative examples are presented.
Automatic Construction of Hierarchical Road Networks

This paper describes an automated method of constructing a hierarchical road network given a single dataset, without the presence of thematic attributes. The method is based on a pattern graph which maintains nodes and paths as junctions and through-traffic roads. The hierarchy is formed incrementally in a top-down fashion for highways, ramps, and major roads directly connected to ramps; and bottom-up for the rest of major and minor roads. Through reasoning and analysis, ramps are identified as unique characteristics for recognizing and assembling high speed roads. The method makes distinctions on the types of ramps by articulating their connection patterns with highways. Major and minor roads will be identified by both quantitative and qualitative analysis of spatial properties and by discovering neighbourhood patterns revealed in the data. The result of the method would enrich data description and support comprehensive queries on sorted exit or entry points on highways and their related roads. The enrichment on road network data is important to a high successful rate of feature matching for road networks and to geospatial data integration.
Waiting for Wilberforce—Making Sense of and Coping with the Tragic and Senseless

This chapter discusses school violence and shootings as messes from multiple perspectives. Indeed, they are integral “parts” of TEM. In particular, it discusses the general topic of school violence from each of the Jungian quadrants.
Predicting fluoroquinolones ability to kill resistant streptococcus pneumoniae isolates expressing different genetic mutations: target attainment analysis simulating therapeutic doses to patients with community acquired pneumonia

Streptococcal pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Fluoroquinolones are one of the mainstay drugs for treatment of these infections. However emerging resistance poses a threat to the class’s future utility. Using Monte Carlo simulation, we evaluated the probable efficacy of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gemifloxacin, garenoxacin, and moxifloxacin in eradicating infections and preventing continued growth of resistance. Methods: Using patient data from strep pneumonia patients in hospitals and MIC data from the CROSS study, drug regimens were compared to see the likelihood of attaining fAUC0-24/ MICall ratios depicting goal clinical outcomes. Conclusions: Very few regimens are able to prevent further growth of resistant organisms when ParC mutations have occurred. Only garenoxacin and moxifloxacin were able to eradicate extremely resistant isolates in serum and ELF respectively.
Exercise-Induced Cardiac Remodeling: Competitive Athletes Are Just the Tip of the Iceberg.

Cardiac enlargement among trained athletes was first documented more than a century ago. Since the pioneering work of Henschen and Darling,1,2 both visionary investigators who independently and nearly simultaneously described enlarged cardiac silhouettes among Nordic skiers and rowers, respectively, much has been learned about the relationship between vigorous exercise and cardiac structure and function. Several decades of cross-sectional studies using multimodality noninvasive imaging techniques have established characteristic features of the athlete’s heart including balanced biventricular dilation,3,4 mild-to-moderate increases in left ventricular wall thickness,5 and biatrial dilation.6,7 More recently, carefully conducted longitudinal studies have established a cause and effect relationship between exercise training and cardiac remodeling.8–11 The term exercise-induced cardiac remodeling (EICR), now in widespread use, encompasses the many structural and functional adaptations that occur in response to routine exercise training.12 In clinical practice, findings consistent with EICR are the norm, not the exception, and should be viewed as adaptive physiology rather than subclinical disease among asymptomatic competitive athletes. It must, however, be emphasized that exercise, the stimulus for EICR, is not a binary factor but rather a continuous and complex variable that is defined by the cross product of intensity, frequency, and duration.13 In between sedentary living, perhaps our greatest contemporary public health threat, and competitive athletics exists a broad exercise dose range. To date, the vast majority of previous EICR studies have examined elite or subelite athlete cohorts with individuals who exercise at a minimum of 10 hours per week and routinely include high-intensity efforts to prepare for competitions. As such, comparatively little is known about cardiac adaptation among the much larger segment of the general population that exercises at less extreme doses. To what degree …
Problemas en el desarrollo de la competencia intercultural: Una exploración a través de portafolios culturales

Este estudio explora las dificultades en el desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa intercultural (Byram, 1997) de un grupo de estudiantes universitarios de espanol avanzado en los Estados Unidos. A partir de un portafolio cultural enfocado en Latinoamerica, se analizan las tensiones y discontinuidades en la adquisicion de las habilidades interculturales. El analisis de los discursos emergentes en los portafolios muestra que solo una minoria de los alumnos cuestiono sus estereotipos, mientras que la mayoria confirmo sus opiniones etnocentristas. Los resultados senalan las limitaciones que existen para desarrollar la competencia intercultural en el salon de clase y enfatizan la importancia de incluir una perspectiva critica en el aprendizaje intercultural, especialmente cuando el objetivo son lenguas y culturas que tienen un estatus minoritario.
It's Your Place: Development and Evaluation of an Evidence-Based Bystander Intervention Campaign

Preventing sexual assault on college campuses is a national priority. Bystander intervention offers a promising approach to change social norms and prevent sexual misconduct. This study presents the implementation and evaluation of a theory-based campaign to promote active bystander intervention. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) served as a conceptual framework throughout campaign development and evaluation. Formative research published elsewhere was used to develop campaign strategies, communication channels, and messages, including "It is your place to prevent sexual assault: You're not ruining a good time." The It's Your Place multi-media campaign fosters a culture of bystander intervention through peer-to-peer facilitation and training, as well as traditional and new media platforms. A cross-sectional post-test only web-based survey was designed to evaluate the campaign and test the TPB's ability to accurately predict intention to intervene. Survey data were collected from 1,505 currently enrolled students. The TPB model predicted intention to intervene. There was a significant effect of campaign exposure on attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral intention. This theory-based communication campaign offers implications for promoting active bystander intervention and reducing sexual assault.
Approximately One In Three US Adults Completes Any Type Of Advance Directive For End-Of-Life Care

Efforts to promote the completion of advance directives implicitly assume that completion rates of these documents, which help ensure care consistent with people’s preferences in the event of incapacity, are undesirably low. However, data regarding completion of advance directives in the United States are inconsistent and of variable quality. We systematically reviewed studies published in the period 2011–16 to determine the proportion of US adults with a completed living will, health care power of attorney, or both. Among the 795,909 people in the 150 studies we analyzed, 36.7 percent had completed an advance directive, including 29.3 percent with living wills. These proportions were similar across the years reviewed. Similar proportions of patients with chronic illnesses (38.2 percent) and healthy adults (32.7 percent) had completed advance directives. The findings provide benchmarks for gauging future policies and practices designed to motivate completion of advance directives, particularly among those...
Network of microbial and antibiotic interactions drive colonization and infection with multidrug-resistant organisms

The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) across global healthcare networks poses a serious threat to hospitalized individuals. Strategies to limit the emergence and spread of MDROs include oversight to decrease selective pressure for MDROs by promoting appropriate antibiotic use via antibiotic stewardship programs. However, restricting the use of one antibiotic often requires a compensatory increase in the use of other antibiotics, which in turn selects for the emergence of different MDRO species. Further, the downstream effects of antibiotic treatment decisions may also be influenced by functional interactions among different MDRO species, with the potential clinical implications of such interactions remaining largely unexplored. Here, we attempt to decipher the influence network between antibiotic treatment, MDRO colonization, and infection by leveraging active surveillance and antibiotic treatment data for 234 nursing home residents. Our analysis revealed a complex network of interactions: antibiotic use was a risk factor for primary MDRO colonization, which in turn increased the likelihood of colonization and infection by other MDROs. When we focused on the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) caused by Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, and Staphylococcus aureus we observed that cocolonization with specific pairs of MDROs increased the risk of CAUTI, signifying the involvement of microbial interactions in CAUTI pathogenesis. In summary, our work demonstrates the existence of an underappreciated healthcare-associated ecosystem and strongly suggests that effective control of overall MDRO burden will require stewardship interventions that take into account both primary and secondary impacts of antibiotic treatments.
A colorimetric assay for gellan elaborated by Sphingomonas paucimobilis ATCC 31461

A colorimetric assay involving the dye toluidine blue O was developed to determine the concentration of the microbial heteropolysaccharide gellan elaborated by Sphingomonas paucimobilis ATCC 31461. Colour formation was linear up to a concentration of 0.7 mg/ml. The concentration of gellan produced in S. paucimobilis cultures was quantitated using this colorimetric dye-binding assay as well as the currently utilized gravimetric procedure, and comparable results were observed.
The Sorrows of Young Werther : Confessions Without Confession

In The Sorrows of Young Werther, Goethe shows the dangerous extremes to which Rousseauian confession can lead. Augustinian praise of God becomes praise of nature, and in the end, Werther absorbs nature into himself, collapsing external nature into internal nature. During the course of his unhappy love affair, Werther grows solipsistic, judging all things by his feelings for them. Unable to control his feelings, Werther becomes so alienated from himself that he resorts to suicide. His “confession” is actually an attempt at final self-justification and reveals his true guilt to be that of idolatry. He has worshiped Lotte and ultimately his own longings at the expense of God, and thus, theologically his suicide represents a failure to praise God and a failure to confess sin.
Prediction of Elastic-Plastic Wave Profiles in Aluminum 1060-0 Under Uniaxial Strain Loading

In an ideally elastic-perfectly plastic material, in which the elastic moduli are constant, a high intensity wave propagating from the impact interface of two flat plates has a two-wave structure as shown in Fig. 1. The elastic wave propagates at velocity $$\sqrt {{{{\rm{\lambda + 2\mu }}} \over {\rm{\rho }}}} $$ (1) with intensity $${{{\rm{\lambda + 2\mu }}} \over {{\rm{2\mu }}}}Y$$ (2) where Y is the yield stress of the material in a uniaxial stress test, λ and μ are Lame’s constants, and p is the material density. This is followed by the higher intensity plastic wave travelling at a slower velocity $$\sqrt {{{{\rm{\lambda + }}\left( {{2 \over 3}} \right){\rm{\mu }}} \over {\rm{\rho }}}} $$ (3)
T-cell mediated responses in a murine model of orthotopic corneal transplantation.

Purpose. To evaluate the role that delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses play in a murine model of orthotopic corneal allograft transplantation. Methods. Corneal transplantation was performed by grafting C57BL/6 donor corneas into BALB/c corneal beds. After transplantation, the mice were observed by slit lamp biomicroscopy on a weekly basis and graded for signs of graft rejection and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to donor alloantigens assessed at selected times after grafting. Results. It was determined that between 40% and 65% of BALB/c mice rejected C57BL/6 corneas by 8 weeks after engraftment. Mice with opacity scores >2 demonstrated significantly greater DTH responses than did mice with opacity scores <2 at 2, 3, and 4 weeks after engraftment. After 4 weeks, the DTH responses for all groups were essentially the same as for naive BALB/c mice. The DTH responses were specific for C57BL/6 alloantigens and are primarily directed against non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) C57BL/6 alloantigens and are primarily directed against non-major histocompatibility complex C57BL/6 alloantigens, as evidenced by the ability of B10.D2 cells to elicit DTH responses whereas C.B10-H-2 b cells did not. However, although BALB/c mice engrafted with C57BL/6 tail skin demonstrated significantly greater CTL activity than naive BALB/c mice, there was no significant difference in CTL activity between BALB/c mice whose C57BL/6 corneal allografts displayed opacity scores greater than (rejected) or less than (accepted) 2. Conclusions. The mechanism whereby corneal allografts in this strain combination are rejected is best associated with the ability to generate strong DTH responses and not CTL activity. This DTH response also demonstrates alloantigen specificity and appears to be primarily directed against the non-MHC component of the corneal transplant. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 ;36 :1530-1540.
A Model of Consciousness

In the first textbook of physiological psychology, written by Wilhelm Wundt (1910) at the end of the 19th century, Wundt defined the task of physiological psychology as the analysis of the physiological bases of consciousness and subjective experience. In the textbook of physiological psychology which I used when a student, written by Morgan and Stellar (1950) in the middle of the 20th century, physiological psychology was defined as the study of the physiological bases of behavior. The word consciousness does not even appear in the index of the latter volume, nor have I encountered it anywhere in the text.
Function Space and Operator Theory for Nonlinear Analysis

This chapter examines a number of analytical techniques, which will be applied to diverse nonlinear problems in the remaining chapters. For example, we study Sobolev spaces based on Lp, rather than just L2. Sections 1 and 2 discuss the definition of Sobolev spaces Hk, p, for \(k \in {\mathbb{Z}}^{+}\), and inclusions of the form Hk, p ⊂ Lq. Estimates based on such inclusions have refined forms, due to E. Gagliardo and L. Nirenberg. We discuss these in § 3, together with results of J. Moser on estimates on nonlinear functions of an element of a Sobolev space, and on commutators of differential operators and multiplication operators. In § 4 we establish some integral estimates of N. Trudinger, on functions in Sobolev spaces for which L∞-bounds just fail. In these sections we use such basic tools as Holder’s inequality and integration by parts.
Wavelet regression and additive models for irregularly spaced data

We present a novel approach for nonparametric regression using wavelet basis functions. Our proposal, waveMesh, can be applied to non-equispaced data with sample size not necessarily a power of 2. We develop an efficient proximal gradient descent algorithm for computing the estimator and establish adaptive minimax convergence rates. The main appeal of our approach is that it naturally extends to additive and sparse additive models for a potentially large number of covariates. We prove minimax optimal convergence rates under a weak compatibility condition for sparse additive models. The compatibility condition holds when we have a small number of covariates. Additionally, we establish convergence rates for when the condition is not met. We complement our theoretical results with empirical studies comparing waveMesh to existing methods.
National Trends in Smoking Cessation Medication Prescriptions for Smokers With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the United States, 2007-2012

Objectives Smoking cessation decreases morbidity and mortality due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation is highly effective. However, the optimal prescription rate of smoking cessation medications among smokers with COPD has not been systemically studied. The purpose of this study was to estimate the national prescription rates of smoking cessation medications among smokers with COPD and to examine any disparities therein. Methods We conducted a retrospective study using National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data from 2007 to 2012. We estimated the national prescription rate for any smoking cessation medication (varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine replacement therapy) each year. Multiple survey logistic regression was performed to characterize the effects of demographic variables and comorbidities on prescriptions. Results The average prescription rate of any smoking cessation medication over 5 years was 3.64%. The prescription rate declined each year, except for a slight increase in 2012: 9.91% in 2007, 4.47% in 2008, 2.42% in 2009, 1.88% in 2010, 1.46% in 2011, and 3.67% in 2012. Hispanic race and depression were associated with higher prescription rates (odds ratio [OR], 5.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.59 to 16.67 and OR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.26 to 5.51, respectively). There were no significant differences according to insurance, location of the physician, or other comorbidities. The high OR among Hispanic population and those with depression was driven by the high prescription rate of bupropion. Conclusions The prescription rate of smoking cessation medications among smokers with COPD remained low throughout the study period. Further studies are necessary to identify barriers and to develop strategies to overcome them.
Social Norms and the Theory of the Firm: A Foundational Approach

For decades, the economic theory of the firm referred to as agency theory has dominated business research and education in the United States. Although agency theory has been influential in accounting, finance, and managerial economics, it lacks informal and nonfinancial controls. Douglas E. Stevens resolves to enhance this theory through the incorporation of social norms. Drawing on historical context related to the firm, the theory of the firm, and social norm theory related to the firm, he demonstrates the importance of social norms in the formation and development of free-market capitalism and the firm. He also describes the latest theoretical, experimental, and archival evidence to exhibit the growing body of research that incorporates social norms into the theory of the firm. These foundations enable Stevens to create a comprehensive roadmap of agency theory that will have strong implications for practice and public policy.
Contact Lenses in the Management of Corneal Dystrophies

Among the group of diseases comprising corneal dystrophies, there are a number for which contact lenses may be considered. For example, soft contact lenses may be beneficial in the management of recurrent corneal erosions and advanced bullous keratopathy and may lead to disease attenuation in some conditions. They also may be used in conjunction with surgical procedures to promote tissue healing and patient comfort in the postoperative period. Rigid contact lenses may be beneficial in the setting of irregular astigmatism. The present review of the literature will discuss the use of contact lenses in the management of corneal dystrophies.
World Health Organization-defined eosinophilic disorders: 2011 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management

Disease overview: The eosinophilias encompass a broad range of non-hematologic (secondary or reactive) and hematologic (primary, clonal) disorders with potential for end-organ damage. Diagnosis: Hypereosinophilia has generally been defined as a peripheral blood eosinophil count greater than 1,500/mm3 and may be associated with tissue damage. After exclusion of secondary causes of eosinophilia, diagnostic evaluation of primary eosinophilias relies on a combination of morphologic review of the blood and marrow, standard cytogenetics, fluorescent in situ-hybridization, flow immunocytometry, and T-cell clonality assessment to detect histopathologic or clonal evidence for an acute or chronic myeloid or lymphoproliferative disorder. Risk stratification: Disease prognosis relies on identifying the subtype of eosinophilia. After evaluation of secondary causes of eosinophilia, the 2008 World Health Organization establishes a semi-molecular classification scheme of disease subtypes including myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and abnormalities of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, or FGFR1, chronic eosinophilic leukemia, not otherwise specified (CEL, NOS), lymphocyte-variant hypereosinophilia, and idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), which is a diagnosis of exclusion. Risk-adapted therapy: The goal of therapy is to mitigate eosinophil-mediated organ damage. For patients with milder forms of eosinophilia (e.g. < 1,500/mm3) without symptoms or signs of organ involvement, a watch and wait approach with close-follow-up may be undertaken. Identification of rearranged PDGFRA or PDGFRB is critical because of the exquisite responsiveness of these diseases to imatinib. Corticosteroids are first-line therapy for patients with lymphocyte-variant hypereosinophilia and HES. Hydroxyurea and interferon-alpha have demonstrated efficacy as initial treatment and steroid-refractory cases of HES. In addition to hydroxyurea, second line cytotoxic chemotherapy agents and hematopoietic cell transplant have been used for aggressive forms of HES and CEL with outcomes reported for limited numbers of patients. Although clinical trials have been performed with anti IL-5 (mepolizumab) and anti-CD52 (alemtuzumab) antibodies, their therapeutic niche in primary eosinophilic diseases and HES have yet to be established. Am. J. Hematol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Communication Skills Training to Enhance Patient Adherence

Generations of physicians were assumed to possess effective communication skills. We now know this is not the case. Ample evidence demonstrates that physicians receive little training in this critical skill set, as measured by patient experience scores, visit length, disenrollment from practices, malpractice claims, and nonadherence to treatment. Fortunately, the weight of the data about communication skills training shows that training improves quality of care, outcomes, patient experience, and adherence. We review the literature in this burgeoning new field of study, describe effective methods of communication skills training, and report current ways of teaching and assessing trainees, using the Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell as an exemplar.
BAP1-deficient tumor/nevus with germline aberration: A potential pitfall in assessing melanocytic neoplasms with single nucleotide polymorphism array

BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) is a tumor suppressor gene, located on chromosome 3p21, encoding BAP1 nuclear protein, which is associated with a subset of melanocytic tumors with distinct cytologic features. Single nucleotide polymorphism array (SNP-array) is a molecular karyotyping technique that can detect copy number variations and loss of heterozygosity in various fresh and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Herein we present a 56-year-old female, who presented with a lesion on her left nose/cheek that was growing in size and changing in color. Histopathology was characteristic of a BAP1-deficient melanocytic neoplasm, with a biphasic population of cytologically bland conventional nevomelanocytes and a proliferation of large epithelioid melanocytes with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Immunohistochemistry for BAP1 showed loss of nuclear labeling in the epithelioid melanocytes. SNP-array revealed a chromosome 21q22.1 monoaberration with no chromosome 3 abnormalities. The detection of this aberration prompted a discussion as to whether the lesion was best designated as a nevus or tumor. SNP-array on the patient's blood showed the same monoaberration of chromosome 21q22.1. This case emphasizes the importance of interpreting microarray results in the context of morphology, as germline aberrations can be a pitfall when assessing the genomic stability of a melanocytic proliferation by SNP array.
L2 vocabulary learning from educational media: extending dual-coding theory to dual-language learners

The purpose of this study was to examine whether technology-based learning environments have the potential to support dual-language learners’ (DLLs) vocabulary learning in their less dominant langu...
Kahler v. Kansas: Insanity and the Historical Understanding of Mens Rea

In October of this year, the United States Supreme Court will hear the case of Kahler v. Kansas, and it will have the opportunity to answer a question that it has been avoiding for some time: Does the United States Constitution — in particular, do the Due Process and the Cruel and Unusual Punishment clauses — require each of the jurisdictions of the United States to provide an affirmative defense of insanity for those accused of a crime? The petitioner, Kahler, argues that the right to an affirmative defense is "deeply rooted" in our history and tradition, and so is embedded in our Constitution. To undermine that argument, the State of Kansas attempts to show that eliminating the affirmative defense and limiting the admissibility of evidence of mental illness to its role in rebutting mens rea is consistent with history and tradition. This paper argues that the State misreads the history of mens rea, and that that misreading leads to an equivocation in the State's argument. (This is a pre-review draft of a paper written for the National Law School of India at Bangalore Review.)
Dwarfism on Display: Analysing the Visual Rhetorics of Book Covers on Four Children’s Literature Chapter Books

Realistic children’s literature that includes characters who are dwarfs often draws on stigmatizing rhetorics which promote commodification of freakery for the gain of nondisabled readers while rei...
Not all that glitters is golden: The impact of procedural fairness perceptions on firm evaluations and customer satisfaction with favorable outcomes

Abstract Firms often strive to delight their customers and build strong customer-firm relationships by providing favored benefits to their customers. Drawing from the organizational justice literature, we show that even when customers receive favorable outcomes from distributively fair firm actions, considerations of procedural unfairness may adversely affect their firm evaluations. Procedural fairness salience and customers’ perceived relationship with the firm determine the extent to which procedural fairness affects firm-evaluations. Customers in communal relationships, focused on social/relational factors, are more sensitive to procedural fairness, leading to improved (diminished) firm evaluations when the procedure is perceived as fair (unfair). Those in exchange relationships are unaffected by procedural fairness and evaluate the firm based largely on outcome favorability. Firm trustworthiness mediates the impact of procedural fairness on evaluations. Implications of procedural fairness being driven by relational and non-instrumental considerations are discussed.