cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Past, Present, and Future of Configuration Management

Automated support for configuration management (CM) is one aspect of software engineering environments that has progressed over the last 20 years. The progress is seen by the burgeoning interest in CM, many technical papers and conferences involving CM, a large number of CM tool vendors, and new software development environments that incorporate CM capabilities. This paper is about future issues affecting solutions to CM problems. To put the future into perspective, it is necessary to discuss the past and present situation for CM. The past evolves around CM systems built in-house and supplemented with manual procedures and policies for executing the CM functions. The present consists of a better understanding of CM, the beginnings of a common vocabulary for CM, existence of many third-party CM tools and environments supporting CM, and recognition that a single CM system does not solve all CM problems and that there is a need for better understanding of CM process support. The future involves technical, process-oriented, political, standardization and managerial challenges. These include the need to provide for new CM requirements, understand the effects of advances in environments, deal with governmental requirements on contractors for using certain CM capabilities, and acquire more management commitment for resources in solving the CM problems of an organization. One way to start addressing these challenges is through the definition of a CM services model that provides a conceptual framework for all CM capabilities. As CM is examined more closely in relation to software engineering, it becomes evident that advances in software technology are needed to aid advances in CM technology.
Scattering parameters for the simulation of transmission-line networks

Scattering parameters are used for the analysis of transmission-line networks. Single-line analysis and an extension to multiple coupled lines are discussed. The accuracy of the scattering parameter method is evaluated by comparing a computer simulation with a laboratory experiment. Good agreement is observed. >
Synthesized self-timed synchronous systems

Communicating sequential processes (CSP) is used as the specification language for the synthesis of self-timed synchronous circuits. VHSIC hardware description language (VHDL) is used as the intermediate representation for synthesis with existing logic and high level synthesis tools. This approach preserves the functional properties of the CSP specification while allowing temporal properties to be enforced within the digital domain. >
Adaptive Modulation and Coding for Bit Interleaved Coded Multiple Beamforming

Bit interleaved coded multiple beamforming (BICMB) was previously designed to achieve full spatial multiplexing of min(N, M) and full spatial diversity of NM for N transmit and M receive antennas over flat fading channels. Furthermore, BICMB when combined with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) achieves full spatial multiplexing and full diversity order of NML over L-tap frequency-selective channels. BICMB requires full channel state information (CSI) both at the transmitter and receiver, however it uses uniform power and rate over the parallel channels established by multiple beamforming. In this paper, our main goal is to investigate the performance of the previously analyzed BICMB system via adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) to further utilize CSI and to improve system throughput performance. Hence, we name the new systems as Adaptive BICMB (ABICMB) over flat fading, and ABICMB-OFDM over frequency-selective channels. Simulation results show that adaptive system achieves 4-13 dB performance gain compared to non-adaptive case depending on the antenna configuration and environment. Systems analyzed require perfect CSI both at the transmitter and receiver, which may be difficult to obtain in a practical scenario. However, high performance gains achieved makes it worthwhile to study the performance of the proposed systems, leaving room for significant gain with limited feedback.
Solving a Combinatorial Optimization Problem with Feedforward Neural Networks

A new approach is proposed to solve a typical combinatorial optimization problem using artificial neural networks. Unlike the popular idea of using a Hopfield network for optimization, we design a new network architecture which consists of two parts: a feedforward network for optimization, and a feedback network for meeting the constraints. Radial-based functions are adopted in the feedforward network in order to utilize its spatial locality and facilitate selection of the numbers of hidden layers and nodes. The convergence of the proposed scheme is proved and a vector-form training algorithm is developed.
Fetal microcirculation of abnormal human placenta. I. Scanning electron microscopy of placental vascular casts from small for gestational age fetus.

Abstract The latex injection-corrosion cast technique coupled with scanning electron microscopy was applied to the study of small for gestational age placentas. The main ultrastructural changes observed in the fetal vasculature of small for gestational age placentas were less branching of arteries and veins, capillaries with variable diameters, and many capillary bud projections; also numerous “H”-shaped anastomoses were present in the capillary network. The corrosion/cast technique approach enabled us to visualize the three-dimensional distribution of arteries, veins, and capillary network as well as the ultrastructural alterations among the various-sized vessels in the abnormal placenta. Light microscopic examination of these placentas revealed numerous syncytial knots and fibrinoid deposits pressing on arteriolar and capillary vessels at different locations. We suggest that the numerous capillary buds and anastomoses are characteristics of neovascularization and may be a compensatory phenomenon of the capillary network. This information could shed new light on alterations of physiologic functions of the pathologic placenta.
A NEW AMAZONIAN SPECIES OF CRYPTOPHYLLOBATES (ANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

A new genus, Cryptophyllobates, was recently described for a species of dendrobatid that was originally described as Phyllobates azureiventris. One of the distinguishing characters of this frog is the presence of dorsolateral stripes that end on the posterior back above the thighs. While conducting fieldwork in Acre, Brazil, I collected an unusual dendrobatid that transported all tadpoles in a clutch at one time; however, tadpoles of this species were more similar to Dendrobates than to Epipedobates. I subsequently discovered that this species is similar to Cryptophyllobates azureiventris and herein describe it as the second species in this genus. Molecular studies indicated that the new species and C. azureiventris are sister species and that they are closely related to some clades of Colostethus. Courtship of the new species was not observed, but tadpoles were found in a pool in a fallen tree, and adults were frequently seen in treefall gaps. Tadpoles are similar to those of Dendrobates in that they are...
Walsh-like Nonlinear Phase Orthogonal Transforms for CDMA Communications

Historically Walsh codes and Gold codes have been used as spread spectrum codes in CDMA communications. Popularity of these codes is more from the ease of generation from standard kernels rather than the efficiency of the codes. Availability of these codes is limited in number and in their lengths. By relaxing the restrictions like zero crossings, linear phase etc on the nature of codes, number of new sets of codes can be generated. In this paper, methodology has been proposed for generating new Walsh-like family codes that can be used for both synchronous and asynchronous communications. Performance characteristics of these codes have been studied in AWGN and in Rayleigh fading channels. These codes outperform Walsh codes in their asynchronous channel behavior and closely match with Gold codes performance. In addition, we present in this paper that there are a good number of such desirable code sets available in the binary sample space with different transform sizes. These new binary sets with good performance and flexible code lengths might help us to improve the spread spectrum capabilities of future CDMA communications systems.
Toward a metasynthesis of qualitative findings on motherhood in HIV-positive women.

A qualitative metasynthesis of qualitative findings ought to be more than a mere summary of those findings. Yet the processes by which the interpretive innovation expected of qualitative metasynthesis projects can be achieved remain opaque. Several analytic devices for the metasynthesis of findings were clarified in the course of an ongoing methodological project involving 45 reports of qualitative studies of HIV-positive women. These devices include the creation of a taxonomy of findings, the explicit use of sustained comparisons, the translation of in vivo concepts, and the use of imported concepts. Any qualitative metasynthesis of findings constitutes an interpretation at least three times removed from the lives represented in them. Clarifying the analytic devices used to create such metasyntheses is essential to demonstrating that despite being far away from participants' lives, these interpretations remain close to them. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 26:153–170, 2003
Quality control on storage phosphor digital radiography system

Computed radiography (CR) based on storage phosphor (SP) detector is a new and complex technology for obtaining medical digital imaging. The CR system was developed such that its image quality in diagnosis (wide latitude, certainty of visual diagnosis), speed (image sensitivity), image processing, and the overall imaging performance exceeds or at least equals those of the conventional screen-film (SF) radiography systems which are considered to be `gold standard.' The unique capability of the CR system places a new responsibility on the medical physicist, radiologist, and radiologic technologist to ensure that the digital images give the same information at least as film, and improve rather than degrade the image. For that reason the quality of the image must be ensured and each component of the system must function properly. The clinical knowledge about quality control (QC) and the standard procedures for CR devices have not yet been established and are still under development. This paper presents the acceptance/QC of the CR image reader and laser imager. The procedure includes the acceptance of the equipment for its image quality, image sensitivity, and overall imaging performance. The procedures are currently and routinely being utilized in our institution.
Product Environmental Life‐Cycle Assessment Using Input‐Output Techniques

Summary Life-cycle assessment (LCA) facilitates a systems view in environmental evaluation of products, materials, and processes. Life-cycle assessment attempts to quantify environmental burdens over the entire life-cycle of a product from raw material extraction, manufacturing, and use to ultimate disposal. However, current methods for LCA suffer from problems of subjective boundary definition, inflexibility, high cost, data confidentiality, and aggregation. This paper proposes alternative models to conduct quick, cost effective, and yet comprehensive life-cycle assessments. The core of the analytical model consists of the 498 sector economic input-output tables for the U.S. economy augmented with various sector-level environmental impact vectors. The environmental impacts covered include global warming, acidification, energy use, non-renewable ores consumption, eutrophication, conventional pollutant emissions and toxic releases to the environment. Alternative models are proposed for environmental assessment of individual products, processes, and life-cycle stages by selective disaggregation of aggregate input-output data or by creation of hypothetical new commodity sectors. To demonstrate the method, a case study comparing the life-cycle environmental performance of steel and plastic automobile fuel tank systems is presented.
Comparative digital cartilage histology for human and common osteoarthritis models.

Purpose This study addresses the species-specific and site-specific details of weight-bearing articular cartilage zone depths and chondrocyte distributions among humans and common osteoarthritis (OA) animal models using contemporary digital imaging tools. Histological analysis is the gold-standard research tool for evaluating cartilage health, OA severity, and treatment efficacy. Historically, evaluations were made by expert analysts. However, state-of-the-art tools have been developed that allow for digitization of entire histological sections for computer-aided analysis. Large volumes of common digital cartilage metrics directly complement elucidation of trends in OA inducement and concomitant potential treatments. Materials and methods Sixteen fresh human knees, 26 adult New Zealand rabbit stifles, and 104 bovine lateral plateaus were measured for four cartilage zones and the cell densities within each zone. Each knee was divided into four weight-bearing sites: the medial and lateral plateaus and femoral condyles. Results One-way analysis of variance followed by pairwise multiple comparisons (Holm-Sidak method at a significance of 0.05) clearly confirmed the variability between cartilage depths at each site, between sites in the same species, and between weight-bearing articular cartilage definitions in different species. Conclusion The present study clearly demonstrates multisite, multispecies differences in normal weight-bearing articular cartilage, which can be objectively quantified by a common digital histology imaging technique. The clear site-specific differences in normal cartilage must be taken into consideration when characterizing the pathoetiology of OA models. Together, these provide a path to consistently analyze the volume and variety of histologic slides necessarily generated by studies of OA progression and potential treatments in different species.
Modeling social and evolutionary games

Abstract When game theory was introduced to biology, the components of classic game theory models were replaced with elements more befitting evolutionary phenomena. The actions of intelligent agents are replaced by phenotypic traits; utility is replaced by fitness; rational deliberation is replaced by natural selection. In this paper, I argue that this classic conception of comprehensive reapplication is misleading, for it overemphasizes the discontinuity between human behavior and evolved traits. Explicitly considering the representational roles of evolutionary game theory brings to attention areas of overlap that are often neglected, and so a range of evolutionary possibilities that are often overlooked. The clarifications this analysis provides are well illustrated by—and particularly valuable for—game theoretic treatments of the evolution of social behavior.
Women, Employment Status, and Hypertension: Cross-Sectional and Prospective Findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Abstract PURPOSE: This study examined the cross-sectional and prospective associations between employment status and hypertension among middle-aged, African-American (AA) and European-American (EA) women participating in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. METHODS: Employed women and homemakers from the baseline examination (1987–89) were included in the cross-sectional study ( n = 7351). Associations between employment and the incidence of hypertension ascertained at visit 2 (1990–92) were determined among those who at baseline, had low-normal blood pressure (not hypertensive and systolic blood pressure (SBP) ⩽ 120 mm Hg systolic and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ⩽ 80 mm Hg ( n = 3194). Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between employment status and hypertension by ethnicity, taking into account covariates. RESULTS: At baseline, employed women were less likely to be hypertensive (SBP ⩾ 140 mm Hg or DBP ⩾ 90 mm Hg or current use of antihypertensive drugs) than were homemakers (prevalence odds ratio (POR) = 0.70; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.62–0.79), controlling for age, body mass index, and education. Among the subgroup who had low-normal blood pressure at baseline, employed women were less likely to develop hypertension during the three-year time period than were homemakers (odds ratio (OR) = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.44–1.05). The inverse association was stronger among AA (RR = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.16–0.88) than EA (OR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.50–1.38) women. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the inverse association between hypertension and employment status is not due to a healthy worker effect, and that employment may confer protection against incident hypertension in women.
Inhibition of Leishmania donovani amastigote-to-promastigote transformation by infected hamster spleen lymphocyte lysates.

SYNOPSIS Leishmania donovani amastigote-to-promastigote transformation is inhibited by homogenates of infected hamster liver and spleen. This inhibitory activity is localized in the 100,000 g pellet fraction. Tests with lysates of adherent (macrophyages) and nonadherent (lymphocytes) spleen cells indicated that the inhibitory activity resided in the lymphocytes, specifically in the 100,000 g pellet fraction.
Band mixing in semiconductor superlattices.

Much understanding of the electronic and optical properties of a semiconductor superlattice can be obtained by relating the superlattice electronic wave functions and band structure to those of the two bulk semiconductors from which it is constructed. In this paper, the relationship is studied within the framework of the empirical tight-binding model, which is solved using the reduced Hamiltonian technique. The superlattice wave functions are described as linear combinations of bulk Bloch functions with complex wave vectors, twenty (including spin) for each of the two constituent materials. The bulk Bloch-function composition of the superlattice wave function is studied as a function of layer thickness, alloy composition, and energy. The GaAs-${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{x}}$As and InAs-GaSb superlattices are examined in detail. Comparisons with simpler Kronig-Penney and envelope-function models are made. It is found that the lowest superlattice conduction-band states are primarily derived from the expected bulk states with wave vectors near the center of the Brillouin zone, with a small admixture of zone-edge components. The energies and general form of the wave functions are modified only slightly, except close to the interfaces. There, the admixture can significantly affect the interfacial boundary conditions beyond those employed by commonly used envelope-function approximations. Valence-band states are more complicated in that the superlattice periodic potential mixes the bulk heavy-hole, light-hole, and spin-orbit split-off bands, even at the superlattice Brillouin-zone center. Crossover effects occur in which a given superlattice subband can have a varying proportion of light-hole-like or heavy-hole-like character depending on superlattice layer thickness. The dispersion of the subbands away from the zone center also causes the mixing of bands and results in modifications of the superlattice band structure as compared with band structures produced by simpler models.
Simulated dynamic effects of atmospheric turbulence on IR digital imagery

An efficient approximation method for simulating the dynamic effects of atmospheric turbulence on infrared digital imagery is presented. The method is based on the distant phase screen approximation for certain atmospheric turbulent conditions and is an application of the theoretical work published by M.I. Charnotskii et al. in 1990. The computational simplicity of the method allows realistic incorporation of the turbulence effects in high resolution interactive simulation environments for military and commercial applications. Simulations of turbulence effects on digital infrared images are presented together with actual images obtained from a commercial 8 to 12 μm infrared system imaging through thermally induced atmospheric turbulence.
Thermal conductivity of synthetic diamond films

We have measured the thermal conductivity of two diamond films grown by a chemical vapor deposition process. At room temperature the thermal conductivity is of the order of 10 W cm−1 K−1, i.e., as high as naturally occurring (type Ia) single‐crystal diamonds. This value exceeds the thermal conductivity of copper at room temperature by a factor of 2. Since these films consist of microcrystallites of diamonds of dimensions on the order of 2 μm, boundary scattering of phonons is expected to be large. The expected effect of boundary scattering on the lattice thermal conductivity is calculated, and is in qualitative agreement with the observed results above about 30 K. However, important differences between the measured conductivity and that expected for boundary scattering are observed below this temperature. It is proposed that a small amount of disorder present in the lattice (identified through Raman studies) can account for this unusual behavior.
Energy deposition by auroral electrons in the atmosphere

Spatial distribution of energy deposited by auroral electrons in upper atmosphere, using Monte Carlo method
A model of interplanetary and coronal magnetic fields.

Green function solution to Maxwell equations for interplanetary and coronal magnetic fields above photosphere, considering field at source surface
Science, Pollution, and Clean Drinking Water: Choosing Between Tap Water, Bottled Water, and Home Purification:

Focusing on the recent explosion in the use of bottled water, this article—originally written for my NASTS conference presentation—will examine the rhetoric used by the bottled water industry and h...
Vulval development in Caenorhabditis elegans

Ever since the cell lineage of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was shown to be nearly invariant, investigators have tried to understand the mechanisms that control these precise patterns of cell divisions and cell fates. Important insights have come from analyzing the cells that form the hermaphrodite vulva, a specialized hypodermal passageway used for egg laying and sperm entry. Early experiments showed that the invariant pattern of vulval cell fates requires highly reproducible intercellular signals. This review describes recent experiments that have begun to characterize molecules that mediate these signals and explore the relationships between different signaling pathways. Many of these molecules and signaling pathways have been conserved during evolution suggesting mechanisms used to establish patterns of cell fates during vulval development have also been conserved.
Measurement of polarisation-dependent phase shift in DPSK demodulator

The recent availability of DPSK demodulators has spurred interest in phase-modulated analogue RF photonic links, but phase shifts due to birefringence can cause transmission impairments. Presented are measurements of the polarisation-dependent phase shift in a DPSK demodulator created by the relative angle (in Stokes space) between the launch SOP and the demodulator's eigenstate. This phase shift is connected to earlier theoretical predictions, and results are compared to a vendor's specifications for three models. Since imperfect phase modulators may cause modulation of the polarisation at the signal frequency, these impairments may limit RF photonic link performance.
Expression of α-farnesene synthase gene AFS1 in relation to levels of α-farnesene and conjugated trienols in peel tissue of scald-susceptible ‘Law Rome’ and scald-resistant ‘Idared’ apple fruit

Abstract Nontreated control and 1-MCP-treated fruit of the scald-susceptible ‘Law Rome’ and scald-resistant ‘Idared’ cultivars were compared with respect to scald incidence, internal ethylene concentration (IEC), α-farnesene metabolism, and expression of the gene encoding α-farnesene synthase ( AFS1 ), the final, rate-limiting enzyme in the α-farnesene biosynthetic pathway. The incidence of scald in nontreated ‘Law Rome’ apples after 20 weeks at 0.5 °C plus 1 week at 20 °C averaged 86%; 1-MCP treatment reduced increases in IEC and reduced the incidence of scald to less than 1%. Fruit of ‘Idared’ showed no scald regardless of the treatment. 1-MCP also inhibited α-farnesene production, suggesting that ethylene induces transcription of key genes involved in α-farnesene biosynthesis. In both ‘Law Rome’ and ‘Idared’, a sharp increase in AFS1 mRNA during the first 4–8 weeks of storage preceded a proportional rise in α-farnesene and a subsequent increase in CTols. However, maximum levels of AFS1 transcript, α-farnesene, and CTols were, respectively, 2.5-, 4-, and 33-fold greater in ‘Law Rome’ than in ‘Idared’ apples. 1-MCP suppressed the increases in AFS1 transcript and α-farnesene early in storage, although AFS1 expression and α-farnesene synthesis had recovered in treated ‘Law Rome’ fruit after 20 weeks, consistent with increasing IEC in these fruit.
Molecular origins of the remarkable chiral sensitivity of second-order nonlinear optics.

Recent observations of remarkably large chiroptical effects in second-harmonic generation (SHG) and sum-frequency generation (SFG) measurements suggest exciting possibilities for the development of new chiral-specific spectroscopies and novel chiral materials for nonlinear optics. Several fundamental studies designed to elucidate the molecular and macromolecular origins of the chiral responses are reviewed to provide a framework for development of this emerging field. In general, the chiral activity in SHG and SFG has the potential to arise from complex interactions between hosts of different competing effects. Fortunately, relatively simple electric dipole-allowed mechanisms routinely dominate the nonlinear optical chiral activities of most practical systemsexpressions can often be generated to link the . This substantial reduction in complexity allows for the development of simple models connecting the macroscopic nonlinear optical response to intuitive molecular and supramolecular properties.
Characteristics of Reactively Evaporated and Rapid-Thermally Oxidized Yttrium Films on Silicon

Yttrium oxide based metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structures on silicon have been studied. Yttrium films were deposited by electron beam evaporation on Si and are then oxidized using an AG Associates Heat Pulse 410 rapid thermal processing (RTP) system. Two yttrium thicknesses (200 A and 1000A) were investigated. A second group of MIS structures were fabricated using electron beam deposited yttrium oxides which were subsequently annealed in the RTP system. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the thin yttrium oxide films have smooth surface morphology while the surface for thick oxide films is rough. The electrical properties of the rapidly oxidized yttrium films are compared with the rapidly annealed yttrium oxide films which exhibit superior dielectric properties. X-ray analysis is also conducted and has confirmed the formation of cubic yttrium oxide crystalline structures when the films are subjected to sufficient heat treatment.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Images of a Novel Dimeric Liquid Crystal on Graphite

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images of a side-by-side dimeric liquid crystal adsorbed on graphite suggest an unusual structure for the monolayer. Instead of the contact with the graphite being maximized, two of the alkyl tails appear to be nearly normal to the surface. Calculations suggest that this may be due to the substitution of one of the aromatic rings in the core, which causes an alkoxy tail to prefer an orientation perpendicular to the aromatic core rather than the usual coplanar orientation. STM images taken at various bias voltages correlate strongly to the aromatic “cores” of the molecules, but do not appear to correlate to the highest occupied moleculear orbital or lowest unoccupied molecular orbital.
Public–Private Partnerships and Supply Chain Security: C-TPAT as an Indicator of Relational Security

Following the attacks of September 11th, public and private entities recognized a need to protect the global supply chain from terrorist disruption. In response to this need, the U.S. Government partnered with industry to create the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT) program. This research investigates the public–private partnership (PPP) relational aspects of C-TPAT. C-TPAT encourages firms to voluntarily improve their security competence and that of their supply chain partners. We introduce the concept of relational security in the context of PPPs. We define relational security as all activities that establish, cultivate, and maintain successful security exchanges between parties. We establish C-TPAT as one indicator of relational security by demonstrating its ability to establish, cultivate, and maintain successful security exchanges between parties. Results indicate certified firms outperform noncertified firms in security performance, firm performance, and resilience.
NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry provides evidence for a bilateral, somatotopically inappropriate response to unilateral hindpaw inflammation in the rat

Abstract Unilateral hindpaw inflammation produces several neurochemical changes in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn that have been interpreted as contributing to the associated hyperalgesia. NADPH-diaphorase histochemical staining was used to examine the response of a population of neurons 1, 2, 6 or 24 h following injection of 6 mg carrageenan into the left hindpaw of the rat. The resulting unilateral hindpaw inflammation produced a bilateral, time-dependent, reversible increase in the number of NADPH-diaphorase stained neurons in the lumbar spinal cord that peaked at 6 h. In laminae I–III, there was a significant increase in the number of NADPH-diaphorase stained neurons both ipsilateral (25.9 ± 2.3) and contralateral (26.3 ± 1.3) to the inflamed hindpaw relative to uninflamed, control animals (18.6 ± 1.7, 17.4 ± 1.7, respectively). A smaller but significant increase was observed in laminae IV–VII and X. Under dark field illumination, an increase in the number of densely stained neurons in laminae I–III was also observed to peak at 6 h. A greater percentage of the neurons observed under bright field illumination were visible under dark field illumination at 6 h (47%) compared to control (18%), suggesting an increase in the enzymatic activity of neurons in laminae I–III in addition to the increase in the number of neurons with threshold levels of NADPH-diaphorase activity. There was no consistent increase in this ratio over time in laminae IV–VII or X. Six hours following carrageenan, there was a bilateral 50% increase in the density of NADPH-diaphorase staining in the neuropil in the medial laminae I–III. Both spinal neurons and primary afferent axons contributed to this bilateral increase in staining as the number of NADPH-diaphorase stained dorsal root ganglion cell bodies increased 47% over control. In addition to the increase in staining in the lumbar spinal cord, at 6 h post carrageenan, there was a bilateral 23% increase over control in the number of stained neurons in the cervical dorsal spinal cord. For comparative purposes, the distribution of Fos-immunoreactive nuclei was compared to NADPH-diaphorase 6 h post carrageenan. The distribution of Fos-immunoreactive nuclei differed from the NADPH-diaphorase stained neurons, suggesting that two separate populations of neurons were stained. Unilateral hindpaw inflammation did not result in an increase in NADPH-diaphorase activity in the periaqueductal gray or the ventroposteriolateral thalamic nucleus. The relationship of NADPH-diaphorase to nitric oxide is discussed and it is concluded that NADPH-diaphorase, while labeling nitric oxide-producing neurons, is not an exclusive marker for nitric oxide synthase following unilateral hindpaw inflammation. A role for NADPH-diaphorase in general excitatory mechanisms in the spinal cord is proposed.
Among Children with Food Allergy, Do Sociodemographic Factors and Healthcare Use Differ by Severity?

Among children with food allergy, we aim to describe differences in allergy severity by sociodemographic characteristics and potential differences in healthcare characteristics according to food allergy severity. Using the 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health, we identified children with food allergies based on parental report (n = 4,657). Food allergic children were classified by the severity of their food allergy, as either mild (n = 2,333) or moderate/severe (n = 2,285). Using logistic regression, we estimated the odds of having moderate/severe versus mild food allergy by sociodemographic characteristics and the odds of having selected healthcare characteristics by food allergy severity. Among children with food allergy, those who were older (ages 6 through 17 years) and those who had siblings were more likely to have moderate/severe allergy compared to their younger and only-child counterparts. There were no significant differences in severity by other sociodemographic characteristics. Children with a moderate/severe food allergy were more likely to report use of an Individual Education Plan (OR = 1.88 [1.31, 2.70]) and to have seen a specialist than those with mild food allergy. Among younger children with food allergy, those with moderate/severe food allergy were more likely to require more services than is usual compared with those with mild allergy. Associations between allergy severity and health care-related variables did not differ significantly by race/ethnicity, income level, or maternal education. We report few differences in allergy severity by sociodemographic characteristics of food allergic children. In addition, we found that associations between allergy severity and use of health related services did not differ significantly by race/ethnicity or poverty status among children with food allergy. Given the importance of food allergy as an emerging public health issue, further research to confirm these findings would be useful.
Modeling and analysis of wormhole formation in reactive dissolution of carbonate rocks

Abstract A two-scale continuum model is used to simulate reactive dissolution of carbonate rocks in radial flow. The three main types of patterns observed in linear and radial flow experiments, namely, compact, wormhole and uniform patterns are numerically simulated. The fractal nature of wormholes observed in laboratory experiments is established and confirmed through simulations and the fractal dimension is quantitatively matched. The dependence of wormhole fractal dimension, optimum injection rate and minimum pore volumes required to breakthrough the medium on heterogeneity magnitude and aspect ratio is investigated. A new criterion to predict the optimum injection rate for wormhole formation in radial flow is derived and validated. It is observed that the wormhole penetration depth increases with injection time as t b , where the exponent b is found to be approximately 0.66, as observed in the experiments. A critical level of heterogeneity magnitude seems to exist below which the minimum pore volumes required to breakthrough are much higher.
An examination of the descriptive validity of the belief-adjustment model and alternative attitudes to evidence in auditing

Abstract While the academic and professional auditing literature makes numerous references to auditors' attitudes to evidence, alternative attitudes to evidence in auditing have not been systematically examined. This study uses the belief-adjustment model developed by Hogarth and Einhorn (1992) as a framework for examining auditors' attitudes to evidence. The study presents a comprehensive analysis of the descriptive validity of the belief-adjustment model in the auditing context. Once the descriptive validity of the Hogarth and Einhorn model is established, parameter estimation in the model permits the investigation of alternative attitudes to evidence in an explicit fashion. The results suggest that in the evaluation of evidence auditors are confirmation prone in that they are more sensitive to evidence that confirms the initial hypothesis. Furthermore, confirmation proneness holds over two experience levels and over contexts that do and do not involve irregularities.
Critical Angle of Shear Wave Instability in a Film

The onset of instability in a liquid film flowing down an inclined plane may manifest itself as long surface waves (soft mode) or short shear waves (hard mode), depending on the angle of inclinaison θ. We give the neutral stability curves c i = 0 for the soft as well as hard modes for several small angles of inclinaison, and We = 0.
Dose intensity and the toxicity and efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.

Dose intensity and the toxicity and efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation
Synergistic Effects of Growth Factors on the Regulation of Smooth Muscle Cell Scavenger Receptor Activity

Rabbit smooth muscle cells (SMC) express types I and II scavenger receptors (ScR) that are up-regulated by platelet secretion products. In the current studies we investigated the effect of growth factors secreted by platelets on ScR activity in rabbit and human SMC. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF BB) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) at 10 ng/ml increased ScR activity in rabbit SMC (by approximately 4- and 2-fold, respectively) but not in human SMC. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) or insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) alone had little effect on SMC ScR activity. The growth factors had synergistic effects on ScR activity and on types I and II ScR mRNA expression. In rabbit SMC, PDGF BB, EGF, and TGF-β1 together stimulated ScR activity 12-fold. In human SMC, EGF and TGF-β1, together with either IGF-I or PDGF BB, stimulated receptor activity approximately 7-fold. Growth factor-mediated induction of ScR activity in rabbit and human SMC was blocked by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin 47, whereas the induction of ScR activity in rabbit but not human SMC was blocked by the protein kinase C inhibitor MDL.29,152. Studies using neutralizing antibodies demonstrated that TGF-β1 is the predominant factor in in vitro preparations of platelet secretory products which regulates ScR activity. The growth factors that act synergistically in regulating ScR activity in vitro are all present in atherosclerotic lesions, where they are produced by macrophages, endothelial cells, SMC, and platelets. The data suggest that these growth factors may regulate ScR activity in SMC in vivo and contribute to foam cell formation.
Computerized Analysis of Plantar Pressure Variation in Flip-Flops, Athletic Shoes, and Bare Feet

Background: High peak plantar pressures predispose to foot problems and may exacerbate existing conditions. For podiatric physicians to make educated recommendations to their patients, it is important and necessary to begin to look at different shoes and how they affect peak plantar pressure. Methods: To determine how flip-flops change peak plantar pressure while walking, we compared peak plantar pressures in the same test subjects wearing flip-flops, wearing athletic shoes, and in bare feet. Ten women with size 7 feet and a body mass index less than 25 kg/m2 were tested with an in-shoe pressure-measurement system. These data were collected and analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and computer software. Results: Statistically significant results were obtained for nine of the 18 comparisons. In each of these comparisons, flip-flops always demonstrated higher peak plantar pressures than athletic shoes but lower pressures than bare feet. Conclusion: Although these data demonstrate that flip-flops have a ...
Burrowing, root mat density, and the distribution of fiddler crabs in the eastern United States

Abstract This paper discusses the distribution of two species of fiddler crabs across an estuary. The possibility that sediment size, physical factors (or micro-climate), or food limitation could lead to the observed distributions is discussed, and evidence is presented to show that these factors probably play a minor role in controlling the distribution of Uca pugnax (Smith) and U. minax (Le Conte) across an estuary. The results show that the best correlate of the dominant species of Uca in a particular habitat is the density of the root mat of that area. A series of experiments showed that variations in the abundance of large U. pugnax at two tide levels in a marsh very closely parallel the ability of U. pugnax to burrow in substrata taken from those same two areas of the marsh. These two areas have significant differences in density of the root mat.
Cost-effectiveness of adding bevacizumab to first line therapy for patients with advanced ovarian cancer

Abstract Objective To evaluate, from a societal perspective, the cost-effectiveness of adding bevacizumab to first-line therapy based on outcomes from the GOG-218 and ICON-7 trials. Methods A three-state Markov model was used. The time horizon was until the death of 99% of the initial cohort of 1000 individuals. Costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were discounted at an annual rate of 3%. All costs were adjusted to 2013 USD. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was reported as incremental cost per QALY gained. The robustness of the result was checked with one-way sensitivity analyses and for relevant clinical situations (i.e. varying the drug of choice to treat cancer recurrence). Subgroup analysis was conducted to identify subgroup of population for whom the strategy could be cost-effective. The potential impact of biosimilar bevacizumab was considered, using a 30% price reduction. Results For the GOG-218 study protocol, widely followed in US, the addition of bevacizumab results in an ICER of $2,420,691/QALY. For the ICON-7 study protocol, the ICER is $225,515/QALY. The results of the model were sensitive to the quality of life (QoL) and the median progression free survival (PFS). Biosimilar bevacizumab didn't reduce cost sufficiently to change conclusions. First-line augmentation is cost-effective, with biosimilar bevacizumab, for stage IV patients ($126,169/QALY), ECOG PS1 patients ($116,575/QALY) and for patients with suboptimal residual disease ($122,822/QALY) as per the ICON-7 protocol. Conclusion Addition of bevacizumab, by in large, is cost-ineffective. It can become cost-effective with the ICON-7 protocol, in patients at high risk of progression using biosimilar bevacizumab.
Is the San Andreas big bend responsible for the Landers earthquake and the eastern California shear zone

The occurrence of a series of earthquakes including the 1992 Landers event, the geodetic strain measurements, and geologic studies in California's Mojave Desert prior to the earthquake have precipitated the idea for the existence of a relatively young right-lateral shear zone in eastern California, the so-called eastern California shear zone. Using a boundary element method together with a fault-propagation criterion based on the maximum distortional strain energy density, we explored the possibility that the big bend along the San Andreas fault may have perturbed and amplified the stress field around the bend, thereby inducing a zone of shearing in a north-northwest orientation at the southern end of the bend. The simulated fault-propagation path agrees well with the data and sheds light on the origin and nature of the seismicity north and east of the big bend of the San Andreas.
Influence of Twinning on the Constitutive Reponses of Zr : Experirnents and Modeling

The stress-strain response of Zr due to twinning is distinctly different from that due to slip as a function of temperature and strain rate. When the applied stress is lower than the transition stress, dislocation slip is the dominant deformation mechanism. The traditional MTS model is shown to adequately represent the constitutive behavior of Zr. Above the transition stress twinning becomes the dominant deformation mechanism where the flow stress increases linearly with strain. In this regime the rate-dependent strain hardening can be described by equations based on thermal activation theory that are very similar to the formula used in the MTS model.
EXTERNAL CONTROL OF NONMETROPOLITAN INDUSTRY IN KENTUCKY

The organizational separation of management and other quaternary activities from production operations in American manufacturing has resulted in a divergent pattern of production and headquarter locations. We examine the external control relationships that arise from this separation between headquarter location and branch plant operations in nonmetropolitan Kentucky. Although corporate headquarters have diffused to the Sunbelt, no shift was found in the corporate control of branch plants in Kentucky. Nonmetropolitan manufacturing in Kentucky was oriented toward the metropolitan centers of the traditional manufacturing belt rather than the newer corporate centers of the South. Also control relationships are more likely to be local among smaller factories. Large plants having more autonomy in production or producing finished goods were more likely to be owned by a distant firm located in a large SMSA.
Redox-state dependent chemical inactivation of arsenite oxidase

Abstract Arsenite oxidase, an oxomolybdenum enzyme, catalyses the oxidation of arsenite, (As III ) to arsenate (As V ) (Anderson et al. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 23674–23682). The oxidized enzyme is inactivated by diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC). Spectroscopic evidence and the reversibility of the inhibition with hydroxylamine suggest that at least one essential histidine is modified in this reaction. In contrast, chemical or substrate-dependent reduction of arsenite oxidase protects the enzyme from inactivation by DEPC. Radiolabelled DEPC binds to approximately the same number of histidines in reduced and oxidized enzyme (3.0 ± 0.6 and 3.3 ± 0.6, respectively), although the reduced enzyme remains fully active. When oxidized arsenite oxidase is treated first with DEPC, and then reduced and treated with radiolabelled DEPC, one additional amino acid is modified. These results suggest that a conformational change occurs on reduction of oxidized arsenite oxidase which exposes one histidine while sequestering another.
The influence of collaborative technology knowledge on advice network structures

This research describes an experiment designed to understand how an individual's knowledge concerning task-critical technologies influences the structure of their advice network relationships. The results indicate that an individual's technology knowledge leads them to become more central depending on the type of technology, their formal group structure, and task uncertainty. These results contribute to the theory on advice networks by demonstrating how individual knowledge, task uncertainty, and group departmentation influence the evolution of an advice network structure. It suggests that managers should make informed decisions about the formal group structuring and technology training which can improve their employee's advice networks.
Investigations of Electrochemical Silver Nanocrystal Growth on Hydrogen-Terminated Silicon(100)

Silver nanoparticles having a mean height ranging from 2 to 20 nm have been electrodeposited on hydrogen-terminated n2+-Si(100) surfaces. The deposition of silver was carried out potentiostatically from dilute ([Ag+] = 1 mM) acetonitrile-based solutions using a large overpotential, Eappl = −800 mV versus Ag+/Ag0, and a voltage pulse duration ranging from 2 to 25 ms. Under these conditions, less than 0.20 of a silver monolayer was deposited, and this silver was present on the surface as silver nanoparticles which were similar in size. The metallic nature of these nanoparticles was confirmed using selected area electron diffraction. The evolution of the areal density of nanoparticles, and the nanoparticle height were both tracked as a function of the plating pulse duration ex situ using noncontact atomic force microscopy. As the pulse duration was increased from 2 to 25 ms, the mean nanoparticle height increased from 2 to 20 nm while the areal density of nanoparticles concurrently increased from 1 to 3 × 10...