cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Traumatic Injuries from Earthquakes

Morethan500,000earthquakesaredocumentedeachyear.Although the vast majority are too small or too remotelylocated to be felt by humans, approximately 3,000 areperceptible by human populations, of which seven to 11result in signiﬁcant loss of life (1, 2). Over the last 30 years,a yearly average of 21 earthquakes were reported, disastersdeﬁnedaseventsresultinginmorethan10deaths,morethan100peopleaffected,arequestforinternationalassistance,ora declaration of a state of emergency (3). This average hasincreased to more than 30 in the last 5 years. In addition toloss of life, earthquakes cause considerably more nonfataltraumatic injuries and long-term damage to transportation,communication, and ﬁnancial infrastructures; yet, onlyrecentlyhastherebeenarecognizedneedtoroutinelycollectdata on these less severe effects.Inthepast25years,over530,000deathshavebeenreportedfrom earthquakes, with death tolls from major earthquakesranging from fewer than ﬁve to more than 240,000 (1, 3).Table 1 shows characteristics of 32 selected earthquakes thatoccurred from 1985 to 2003. These earthquakes show sub-stantial variabilityinthenumberofdeathsandinmagnitude.Epidemiologicmethodsfordescribingcausalassociationsarea promising approach to account for this variability and toidentify potential avenues for preparedness and mitigation.Earthquakes are not randomly distributed but are con-centrated in regions where tectonic plates that compose theearth’s surface coincide (4–7). Populations located aboveplate activity are at greatest risk of earthquake-related mor-bidity and mortality, such as communities along the PaciﬁcRim (e.g., the western edge of North and South America),along island chains (e.g., Japan and the Aleutians), andboundaries between certain continents (e.g., along theHimalayas to central Asia to the Caucasus Mountains andto the Mediterranean Sea) (4, 7).Populationscontinuetogrowinmanyoftheseseismicallyactive regions, particularly urban communities along thewestern United States and in Japan, China, South America,and India (6, 8, 9). By 2030, it is anticipated that 5 billionpeople, about 60 percent of the world’s population, willoccupyurbanareas.Thefastestratesofgrowthareprojectedin the less developed regions of the world (9). Earthquakesthat strike urban centers have the potential to cause sub-stantialdamage and death giventhegreater concentration ofpeople, modern construction materials and building tech-niques, and complex transportation, communication, com-mercial, and residential infrastructures (10). However, ruralpopulationsatriskfacedifferentchallenges,suchasisolationfromrespondersandthepotentialforsubstandardhousesandbuildings. Hence, we face multiple challenges as publichealth professionals to prevent and reduce earthquake-relatedmorbidityandmortalityin thisincreasingly complexenvironment.Todesignprogramstoprepareforearthquakesand mitigatetheir effects, we must achievea comprehensiveunderstanding of the risks for earthquake-related injuries.In this paper, we highlight ﬁndings from and methodsutilized in various population-based epidemiologic studiesidentiﬁedthroughanextensiveliteraturesearchofpublished
Prefactual Potency: The Perceived Likelihood of Alternatives to Anticipated Realities

Prefactual thoughts typically take the form of implied or explicit if-then statements that represent mental simulations of alternatives to what is expected to occur in the future. The authors propose that the multiplicative combination of "if likelihood" (the degree to which the antecedent condition of the prefactual is perceived to be likely) and "then likelihood" (the perceived conditional likelihood of the outcome of the prefactual, given the antecedent condition) determine the influence of prefactuals. This construct, termed prefactual potency, is a reliable predictor of the degree of influence of prefactual thinking on judgments of anticipated negative affect. Through three experiments, the authors demonstrate the predictive power of this construct and show that it plays a causal role in determining the strength of the effects of prefactual thought. Implications of prefactual potency as a central factor of prefactual influence are discussed.
Looking at Education through a Deweyan Lens: How Play Could Take Shape in Singapore's Preschools:

This article outlines key characteristics of Singapore's national values and the preschool education context, and provides a discussion of what the spirit of play could be like in Singaporean preschools. The article uses Deweyan principles to advocate for socially just curricula in Singaporean preschools that embrace ‘play’ as a vehicle for children's learning.
Exploiting PSL standard assertions in a theorem-proving-based verification environment

Assertion-based design is becoming more widely used in industry. However, little has been done to take advantage of existing design assertions in the theorem-proving verification environments. In this paper, we present our work on development of the semi-automated theorem-proving based verification system ROVERIFIC that makes use of existing design assertions. We have defined generic predicate templates that capture the semantics of PSL, and a subset of Verilog. ROVERIFIC uses these templates, and automatically compiles a design under verification (Verilog) and its assertions (PSL) into the higher-order predicates of the PVS [11] theorem proving system. Design verification can be subsequently conducted by proving the correctness properties.
Microcontroller implementation of current-mode control for a discontinuous mode boost converter

In order to demonstrate the feasibility of digital current-mode control (CMC) for DC-DC converters, a microcontroller-based current mode controller for a boost converter was developed. The current mode controller is implemented using a PIC14000 microcontroller from Microchip, Inc. Described Are the main design issues and some practical design considerations. Experimental results are also presented. The microcontroller-based CMC boost converter has demonstrated satisfactory performance in laboratory tests. The digital controller has been compared to an analog controller based on a UC2843 from Texas Instruments, Inc.
Distribution of topical agents in the frontal sinuses and nasal cavity of dogs: comparison between current protocols for treatment of nasal aspergillosis and a new noninvasive technique.

To document and compare patterns of distribution of topically applied antifungal medication, heads from 42 canine cadavers were assigned to seven treatment groups which included two current surgical treatment protocols for nasal aspergillosis, and a new, noninvasive method. Catheters (8 Fr) were placed through trephine holes into the frontal sinuses and nasal cavity. Dilute dye was injected through the catheters and the heads were sectioned sagittally. The administration of 5 mL of dye into the lateral frontal sinus and nasal cavity (group IA, 10 mL total) was compared with 25 mL injected through catheters placed bilaterally in the lateral frontal sinus and nasal cavity (group II, 100 mL total). Both were compared with the administration of 50 mL of dye through a catheter placed in the dorsal nasal meatus via each nostril (group III). The heads in group III had significantly (P < .05) better dye distribution to all cavities than group IA and better distribution to the rostral frontal sinus than group II. Groups IV to VI were designed to show the pattern of distribution of dye to the contralateral nasal cavity and frontal sinuses. In all groups, dye injected into the lateral frontal sinus did not cross into the ipsilateral rostral frontal sinus or vice versa unless the transverse septum dividing the compartments had been penetrated during trephination.
The alpha–beta–regional relationship: providing new insights into local–regional patterns of species richness and scale dependence of diversity components

Ecologists frequently regress local species richness on regional species richness to draw inferences about the processes that structure local communities. A more promising approach is to quantify the contributions of alpha and beta diversity to regional diversity (the ABR approach) using additive partitioning. We applied this approach to four local– regional relationships based on data from 583 arboreal beetle species collected in a hierarchically nested sampling design. All four local–regional relationships exhibited proportional sampling, yet the ABR approach indicated that each was produced by a different combination of alpha and beta richness. Using the results of the ABR analysis, we also analysed the scale dependence of alpha and beta using a hierarchical linear model. Alpha diversity contributed less than expected to regional diversity at the finest spatial scale and more than expected at the broadest spatial scale. A switch in relative dominance from beta to alpha diversity with increasing spatial scale suggested scale transitions in ecological processes. Analysing the scale dependence of diversity components using the ABR approach furthers our understanding about the additivity of species diversity in biological communities.
Effects of switching frequency and input voltage on efficiency of chopper-controlled series-connected DC machines

Chopper-driven operation of a conventional, series-connected DC machine is examined for the purpose of studying operating efficiency of the chopper circuit and DC machine. After expressions are developed for the steady-state circuit waveforms, component loss models are developed, and losses predicted for differing values of switching frequency and DC input voltage to the chopper circuit. Results show that most efficient operation of the chopper circuit and DC machine occurs with high-frequency operation. >
Copy number variation in pediatric multiple sclerosis.

Background:Pediatric onset multiple sclerosis (MS) accounts for 2-4% of all MS. It is unknown whether the disease shares the same underlying pathophysiology found in adult patients or an extreme early onset phenotype triggered by distinct biological mechanisms. It has been hypothesized that copy number variations (CNVs) may result in extreme early onset diseases because CNVs can have major effects on many genes in large genomic regions.Objectives and methods:The objective of the current research was to identify CNVs, with a specific focus on de novo CNVs, potentially causing early onset MS by competitively hybridizing 30 white non-Hispanic pediatric MS patients with each of their parents via comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis on the Agilent 1M CGH array.Results and discussion:We identified 10 CNVs not overlapping with any CNV regions currently reported in the Database of Genomic Variants (DGV). Fifty-five putatively de novo CNVs were also identified: all but one common in the DGV. We found t...
Role of Maintenance Therapy after High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in Aggressive Lymphomas: A Systematic Review

Significant uncertainty exists in regard to the efficacy of maintenance therapy after high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) as well as autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for the treatment of patients with aggressive lymphoma. A systematic review was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of post-ASCT maintenance therapy in patients with relapsed/refractory lymphoma. A comprehensive literature search yielded 4476 studies and a total of 42 studies (11 randomized controlled trials [RCT], 9 retrospective comparative studies, and 22 single-arm studies) were included in the systematic review. There was significant heterogeneity in study design, chemotherapeutic regimens, post-ASCT maintenance strategies, patient enrollment criteria, and study endpoints. Our findings suggest that post-ASCT maintenance immune-targeting strategies, including PD-1/PD-L1 blocking antibodies, rituximab, and brentuximab, may improve progression-free survival but not overall survival. Collectively, the results indicate a need for testing new strategies with well-designed and adequately powered RCTs to better address the role of post-ASCT maintenance in relapsed/refractory lymphomas.
Examining Feasibility of Mentoring Families at a Farmers' Market and Community Garden

Background: Fruit and vegetable prescription (FVRx) programs provide “prescriptions” for produce, but increased access to nutritional food may be insufficient for long-term behavior change. Purpose: We integrated nutritional education into an FVRx program at a farmers' market and community garden at Penn State Medical Center by pairing medical student “mentors” with 4 families with overweight/obese children. Methods: Each head of household completed a presurvey that included basic demographic information, as well as a question about barriers to healthy eating. Families made up to 4 visits to the market with mentors, during which students discussed and documented produce utilization. A 1-hour focus group with mentors was conducted and transcribed. Thematic analysis was performed on qualitative data. Results: Two families completed all visits. On average, families spent 32 minutes at the market/garden per visit, had expenditures of $40.68, and reported one weekly produce item going unused. Families valued o...
Random graphs

We will review some of the major results in random graphs and some of the more challenging open problems. We will cover algorithmic and structural questions. We will touch on newer models, including those related to the WWW.
Why is this Job Recovery Different than All Others

The slow job recovery three years after the end of the recession of 2008-09 is characterized by persistently-high rates of unemployment. To understand this job recovery – different than all others –along with the economy’s large underutilized workforce, eleven key explanatory factors are considered. The first four factors – attributing the slow recovery to a deep, protracted recession or systemic banking crisis, coupled with an economic recovery not powered by the traditional driver of consumption and saddled with a second wave of public sector unemployment – are directly tied to the recent recession, are likely to be transitory and reversible, and reflect inadequate demand for labor. Currently-high levels of unemployment, however, are not just reflecting weak demand, but are equally the result of a distorted labor supply side. The next seven explanations represent long-term trends contributing to the decline in human capital, are not transitory, and predate and were not spawned by the last recession. U.S. job creation has been affected by interconnected global economies. As part of fiercely-competitive post-2000 globalization, a shift has taken place from the old economic model of sharing productivity gains between labor and businesses. Globalization – manifested by U.S. multinational companies shifting employment overseas – has had a pernicious impact on domestic unemployment after 2000. Technological innovation has also increased the number of workers who are unemployed or have left the workforce, replaced by automation or lower-paying jobs overseas. Globalization, technological change and a corporate shift from labor to capital have contributed to polarization of the labor force, with the wages and job offers for low-skilled workers stagnating due to global competitive pressures. On the opposite end of the labor force, there is a dearth of highly-educated experienced workers. And the large middle class is being 'hollowed out' and not keeping pace with inflation or productivity gains. Prime-age men who had ‘dropped out’ of the labor force after 2000 constitute a major share of the underutilized workforce. A more highly-educated and innovative workforce must be created to stimulate faster long-term economic growth by providing more-equal access to education and embracing technological change in an information-age economy. And creation of more productive domestic jobs will likely be supported by powerful trends in the global economy. More than 50 charts and tables are included to visually display most of the observations noted above.
Utilization of Soft X-Rays for Determining Pupal Parasitism of Pieris rapae,

While studying field populations of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), it was realized that a technique for rapid determination of pupal parasitism was needed to replace the traditional methods of dissecting or rearing. Therefore, a technique utilizing soft X-rays was employed.
Identification of ADHD in Youth with Epilepsy (P3.257)

Objective. To determine the most efficient way to identify Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in a large, clinic-referred sample of youth with epilepsy. Background. Children with epilepsy are at increased risk for ADHD. Historically, this comorbidity has been under-identified and undertreated. Methods. Youth with epilepsy who were referred for comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation due to behavioral or learning problems comprised the sample. Data were obtained via archival record review. Youth with epilepsy were grouped according to ADHD diagnosis (no ADHD, ADHD - Combined Type, and ADHD - Predominantly Inattentive Type) and compared on a number of neurocognitive variables, seizure-related variables, and parent and teacher-completed behavior rating scales. Data were examined via generalized linear models with post hoc pairwise comparisons, employing Tukey procedure where appropriate. Results. Youth in this clinical case series (N=204) demonstrated a significantly higher rate of ADHD diagnosis (65[percnt]) as compared to the general pediatric population (5[percnt]-9[percnt]). ADHD-Combined Type was identified with slightly greater frequency than ADHD - Predominantly Inattentive Type. For all three groups (no ADHD, ADHD - Combined Type, and ADHD - Predominantly Inattentive Type), age of seizure onset, seizure classification, and seizure frequency did not differ significantly. The groups also did not differ on most neurocognitive variables examined (intellectual functioning, working memory, processing speed, and sustained attention). Significant group differences were found for parent and teacher-completed behavior rating scales assessing inattention, hyperactivity, and executive dysfunction. Specifically, the no ADHD group did not demonstrate clinically significant levels of inattention, hyperactivity, or executive dysfunction (BASC-2 and BRIEF T-scores 65). Conclusion. Inclusion of behavior rating scales as part of routine care in neurology clinics may be the most efficient and cost effective way to identify ADHD in youth with epilepsy. Disclosure: Dr. Kral has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lally has nothing to disclose. Dr. Boan has nothing to disclose.
Collecting Semantics in the Wild: The Story Workbench.

Analogical reasoning is crucial to robust and flexible highlevel cognition. However, progress on computational models of analogy has been impeded by our inability to quickly and accurately collect large numbers (100+) of semantically annotated texts. The Story Workbench is a tool that facilitates such annotation by using natural language processing techniques to make a guess at the annotation, followed by approval, correction, and elaboration of that guess by a human annotator. Central to this approach is the use of a sophisticated graphical user interface that can guide even an untrained annotator through the annotation process. I describe five desiderata that govern the design of the Story Workbench, and demonstrate how each principle was fulfilled in the current implementation. The Story Workbench enables numerous experiments that previously were prohibitively laborious, of which I describe three currently underway in my lab. Analogical reasoning underlies many important cognitive processes, including learning, categorization, planning, and natural language understanding (Gentner, Holyoak, and Kokinov 2001). It is crucial to robust and flexible highlevel cognition. Despite great strides early in the computational understanding of analogical reasoning (Gick and Holyoak 1980; Winston 1980; Gentner 1983; Falkenhainer, Forbus, and Gentner 1989; Forbus, Gentner, and Law 1994), recent progress has been slow. Most computational models of analogy require semantic knowledge as input, supplied as semantically annotated texts. Historically, as the models became more complex, vetting them required ever larger sets of annotations, of greater detail and complexity. It is the assembly of these sets that has become a major bottleneck to progress. The sets should contain hundreds of annotations of sufficient richness, must have high interannotator agreement, and need to be collected quickly and without prohibitive expense. Manual assembly of such sets is costly, time-consuming, and error-prone. Automatic annotation systems also provide no relief: they lack coverage, are often imprecise or inaccurate, and are in general unable to provide the full scope of annotations required. This datacollection bottleneck has seriously impaired progress in the computational understanding of analogical reasoning, and a Copyright c © 2008, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved. solution is needed if progress is to resume at a reasonable pace.
18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in evaluation of T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

499 Objectives: To determine the utility of FDG-PET scans for initial staging and restaging of T-cell lymphomas. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 33 FDG-PET scans (7 staging scans and 26 restaging scans) of 16 patients (9 male and 7 female, average age, 44 years) with histologic confirmation of T-cell lymphoma. The lymphomas were classified according to the WHO classification system as: nodal type (7 patients, 18 scans), leukemic type (4 patients, 8 scans), and extranodal/cutaneous type (5 patients, 7 scans). 23 CT scans that were performed within ±4 weeks of the FDG-PET scan were also included for comparison. Clinical parameters, biopsy results, and/or evolution on imaging techniques served as references for the accuracy of PET. Results: 7 FDG-PET scans (6 nodal type and 1 leukemic type) were not included because no clinical or pathology follow-up results were available. Overall, FDG-PET had a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 83% for detecting at least one lesion in patients with proven active disease. Corresponding sensitivity and specificity values for CT were 83% and 63%, respectively. All 7 FDG-PET initial staging scans were consistent with malignancy. All but one of them revealed at least one area of FDG uptake concordant with histologic evidence of T-cell lymphoma. Of sub-types of T-cell lymphomas classified according to the WHO system, the nodal group had 100% sensitivity (5/5) and 86% specificity (6/7), the leukemic group had 67% sensitivity (2/3) and 75% specificity (3/4), and the extranodal/cutaneous group had 100% sensitivity (6/6) and 100% specificity (1/1). FDG-PET scans also revealed a greater number of lesions than CT scans taken within 4 weeks in 67% of the time. Conclusions: The initial findings suggest that FDG-PET imaging has higher diagnostic accuracy and demonstrates more areas of involvement than CT in detecting T-cell lymphoma lesions. FDG-PET imaging has clinical utility in both initial staging and restaging of T-cell lymphoma by accurately displaying malignant lesions that may not be clinically apparent or meet the size criteria of malignancy on CT. In our limited number of patients, FDG-PET appears to have a higher diagnostic value in detecting nodal and extranodal/cutaneous types than the leukemic type T-cell lymphoma.
The Failure of Unification

The meaning of unity — Successive United Nations Commissions heard from streams of Koreans the demand for unification of the peninsula predicated on many grounds — political, economic cultural, sentimental, sociological and ethnological. Unity always meant at least the elimination of the thirty-eighth parallel as a divider. It also meant a single government, a common market and free communication to any part of the land. It did not, however, represent agreement on the kind of government, economic system and even the society which would be organized. Koreans could be found who looked to the old empire for a model; others hoped for industrialization and all social concomitants of it. Yet others emphasized the need for a democratic government, while some hoped for a dictatorship of the proletariat and a Communist economic system.
Biomolecular NMR: Past and future.

Abstract The editors of this special volume suggested this topic, presumably because of the perspective lent by our combined >90-year association with biomolecular NMR. What follows is our personal experience with the evolution of the field, which we hope will illustrate the trajectory of change over the years. As for the future, one can confidently predict that it will involve unexpected advances. Our narrative is colored by our experience in using the NMR Facility for Biomedical Studies at Carnegie-Mellon University (Pittsburgh) and in developing similar facilities at Purdue (1977–1984) and the University of Wisconsin-Madison (1984-). We have enjoyed developing NMR technology and making it available to collaborators and users of these facilities. Our group's association with the Biological Magnetic Resonance data Bank (BMRB) and with the Worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB) has also been rewarding. Of course, many groups contributed to the early growth and development of biomolecular NMR, and our brief personal account certainly omits many important milestones.
Biology and Rearing of Diapetimorpha introita (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) on Host and Non-host Noctuid Pupae

Laboratory studies were conducted to identify factors that influence Diapetimorpha introita (Cresson) reproduction and development rate on Spodoptera spp., Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and Heliothis virescens (F.), Laboratory colonies of D. introita were successfully maintained on S. frugiperda (J. E. Smith) pupae placed in multicellular rearing units. Mated D. introita females produced an average of 81.3 eggs per individual over a mean lifespan of 23.6 days. Sex ratios were skewed with 40% more males than females produced from mated females. Unmated females produced all male progeny. Diapetimorpha introita females tended to select 3 to 5-day-old S. frugiperda pupae over younger or older pupae. Diapetimorpha introita successfully developed to the adult stage on host Spodoptera spp. and non-host H. zea and H. virescens pupae. Duration of larval stages was dependent upon host and temperature. Duration of pupal stages not exposed to diapause-inducing temperatures were dependent upon host, and adult weights were...
Coastal Zone Management

Relentless population growth, potential hurricanes and typhoons, and rising sea level threaten to create unsustainable coastal areas. Coastal zone management policy aims for a sustainable coast: one that meets present needs while not constraining the needs of future generations. Sustainability depends upon a working balance among environmental, social, and economic needs. In pursuit of sustainability, a sometimes elusive goal, contemporary coastal planners and managers rely upon an approach called integrated coastal management (ICM), a process that recognizes interrelationships among coastal and ocean environments and tries to reduce fragmentation from single-sector management, overlapping governmental jurisdictions, and the land–water interface. Recognized formally in 1992 at the UN Conference on Environment and Development, the concept of ICM has spread worldwide. Many types of applications have been developed to meet the needs of coastal populations in both developed and underdeveloped nations. As ICM programs mature, analysts are documenting their lessons, benefits, and costs. Meanwhile, the programs continue to adapt and evolve as they attempt to integrate science and policy in a complex and challenging coastal setting.
Distinct gene signatures predict insulin resistance in young mice with high fat diet-induced obesity

Highly inbred C57BL/6 mice show wide variation in their degree of insulin resistance in response to diet-induced obesity even though they are almost genetically identical. Here we employed transcri...
Transition states of spin-forbidden reactions.

Spin–orbit coupling plays an important role in determining the mechanisms and kinetics of spin-forbidden reactions and many reactions exhibiting two-state reactivity. Spin–orbit coupling can allow the system to change its spin state, especially when potential energy surfaces (PESs) of two spin states approach each other. Here, we introduce a convenient new approximation method for locating stationary points on the lowest mixed-spin potential energy surface along a reaction pathway by using density functional calculations. The mixing of different spin states is achieved by introducing the spin–orbit coupling into the electronic Hamiltonian using a pre-defined coupling constant. Two examples are given using the new methodology: (a) a CO association reaction with the coordinatively unsaturated Fe(CO)4 complex and (b) an α-H elimination reaction of a model complex containing W. We computed a Gibbs free energy of activation of 2.8 kcal mol−1 for the CO association reaction, which is reasonably consistent with the experimentally measured reaction rate. For the H elimination reaction, the spin change occurs at a relatively low energy, and the present treatment allows one conclude that kinetics of the reaction can be reasonably well described without spin–orbit coupling.
Im Schacht des Textes: Diskursive Schichten in E. T. A. Hoffmanns „Die Bergwerke zu Falun“

Already the title of E. T. A. Hoffmann’s „Die Bergwerke zu Falun“ (1818) highlights the structural composition of this novella as a mine consisting of ethnologic, alchemistic, chemical, psychoanaly...
Fumaric Acid Production by Rhizopus oryzae ATCC® 20344™ from Lignocellulosic Syrup

Powdered activated carbon-treated lignocellulosic syrup prepared from energy cane bagasse was evaluated as a potential feedstock in the production of fumaric acid by Rhizopus oryzae ATCC® 20344™. Energy cane bagasse was pretreated with dilute ammonia and enzymatically hydrolyzed with commercially available enzymes, Cellic® CTec2 and HTec2. The collected hydrolysate samples were subjected to powdered activated carbon adsorption for the removal of non-sugar compounds (i.e., organic acids, furaldehydes, total phenolic compounds) and concentrated to a final 65°Bx syrup (mostly xylose and glucose sugars). The use of lignocellulosic syrup, the effect of nitrogen source, medium additives, and initial pH in the seed culture medium on fungal morphology were investigated. The carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio in the acid production medium was also optimized for maximum yields in fumaric acid production. Optimum seed culture medium conditions (2.0 g/L urea, 3.0 pH) produced the desired compact, smooth, and uniform fungal pellets. Optimum acid production medium conditions (400 C/N ratio, 0.2 g/L urea) resulted in a fumaric acid production of 34.20 g/L, with a yield of 0.43 g/g and a productivity of 0.24 g/L/h. These results were comparable to those observed with the control medium (pure glucose and xylose). The present study demonstrated that lignocellulosic syrup processed from dilute ammonia pretreated energy cane bagasse has potential as a renewable carbon source for fumaric acid fermentation by Rhizopus oryzae ATCC® 20344™.
Differential-Mode and Common-Mode Coupled Inductors for Parallel Three-Phase AC–DC Converters

In this paper, an integrated structure of coupled inductors is proposed for three-phase ac–dc power conversion. According to the differential-mode and common-mode, three coupled inductors are integrated into two inductors; one for suppressing only differential-mode circulating current, the other only for common-mode circulating current. With a series connection, two proposed inductors can be designed to replace the three coupled inductors with an identical impedance and smaller size. The proposed inductors can easily be built with standard shape cores which gives a large advantage on design for manufacturability. Analytic solutions of the maximum magnetic flux for the proposed inductors are derived for space vector PWM (SVPWM) and discontinuous PWM (DPWM)60° to estimate possible size-reduction in flux-limited designs. The solutions show that maximum volt-seconds is reduced by 33% for whole modulation index range in the DPWM60° case and a high modulation index range for the SVPWM case. A simple design guideline to replace the conventional coupled inductors is provided. The validity of the proposed integration is verified by circuit simulation and finite element analysis. A prototype design shows that the total weight and volume of the coupled inductors could be reduced by 20%. The proposed integration has been verified by an experiment with 1 kW paralleled three-phase converters.
Vascular malformations: Part II: Associated syndromes

Cutaneous vascular malformations are rare disorders representing errors in vascular development. These lesions occur much less commonly but are often confused with the common infantile hemangioma. It is important to properly diagnose vascular malformations because of their distinct differences in morbidity, prognosis and treatment. Vascular malformations may be associated with underlying disease or systemic anomalies. Several of these syndromes are well defined and can often be distinguished on the basis of the flow characteristics of the associated vascular malformation. Learning objective At the completion of this learning activity, participants should be able to better recognize underlying diseases or systemic anomalies that may be associated with vascular malformations. Participants should also better understand the various syndromes and conditions discussed and become more familiar with their management.
How Would Haldane Have Viewed the Societal Implications of Today’s Genetic Knowledge?

All of us participating in this Symposium must be aware that J.B.S. Haldane was a man of strong political convictions, and indeed, it was those convictions that brought him here to India and ultimately set the stage for this meeting. Some of us, and I include myself, have, when he found human fallibility too much to bear quietly, on occasion followed him to Hyde Park. But his political interests were almost as broad as his scientific, and it would be most presumptuous of me to pretend on an occasion like this to guess in what intellectual direction Haldane would have loosed his barbs and wit. On the other hand, I suspect he would have felt that this program would not be complete without some consideration of the implications for society of the activities of contemporary human geneticists. If I fall short of his insights and eloquence, I trust you will bear with me.
Money and Business Cycles: The U.S. Experience

This chapter discusses evidence gathered from the behavior of the U.S. economy. Business cycles are broad and general fluctuations of output, employment, and the rate of inflation around the general trends of these variables. The cycles vary greatly in length and severity during their expansion and contraction phases and over their total durations. Occasionally, supply-side shocks are the source, but demand-side shocks appear to be the cause of most cycles. Both Keynesian and monetary theories stress demand-side factors. Keynesian theories emphasize shocks to the economy originating in shifts of autonomous spending. Monetary theories stress shifts in the growth rate of the money supply that produce sudden and unexpected changes in the excess demand for or supply of money. Monetarists believe that the demand curve for money is a stable function of interest rates, income, and wealth and that it is not the major source of economic fluctuations. Instead, they emphasize shifts in the growth rate of the money supply and say that these shifts usually arise from monetary policy decisions or other forces independent of changes in the demand or supply of goods and services. Thus, contrary to the Keynesians, monetarists believe that economic fluctuations are a symptom that the economy is adapting to money supply shocks rather than the other way around.
Structure and Function of Cholinesterases from Agnathans and Cephalochordates

Jawed vertebrates possess two related cholinesterases (ChE’s), acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE, EC 3.1.1.8). AChE hydrolyzes acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses. The function of BuChE is unknown, but is suggested to play a role in growth and development, and to act as a scavenger of cholinergic toxins (1). The two ChE’s are distinguished on the basis of substrate specificity: AChE hydrolyzes acetylcholine and is virtually inactive on the larger substrate butyrylcholine. BuChE is less selective, hydrolyzing both substrates comparably. AChE exhibits substrate inhibition while BuChE does not, but may show substrate activation instead (2). The two enzymes are also distinguished by their susceptibility to diagnostic inhibitors (1).
Identification of individuals with MCI via multimodality connectivity networks

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), often an early stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is difficult to diagnose due to the subtlety of cognitive impairment. Recent emergence of reliable network characterization techniques based on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and restingstate functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) has made the understanding of neurological disorders at a whole-brain connectivity level possible, providing new avenues for brain classification. Taking a multi-kernel SVM, we attempt to integrate these two imaging modalities for improving classification performance. Our results indicate that the multimodality classification approach performs better than the single modality approach, with statistically significant improvement in accuracy. It was also found that the prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, temporal pole, anterior and posterior cingulate gyrus, precuneus, amygdala, thalamus, parahippocampal gyrus and insula regions provided the most discriminant features for classification, in line with the results reported in previous studies. The multimodality classification approach allows more accurate early detection of brain abnormalities with larger sensitivity, and is important for treatment management of potential AD patients
Multiple Analytical Mode Decompositions (M-AMD) for High Accuracy Parameter Identification of Nonlinear Oscillators from Free Vibration

Abstract In this study, multiple analytical mode decompositions (M-AMD) are proposed to identify the parameters of nonlinear oscillators from free vibration. The time-varying damping (stiffness) coefficient of an oscillator is divided into slow- and fast-varying components by a bisecting frequency in reference to velocity (displacement). The slow-varying damping and stiffness components are estimated from the oscillator’s responses and their Hilbert transforms, and filtered with the adaptive low-pass filter AMD. Each fast-varying component is estimated from the oscillator’s responses and the determined slow-varying components, and corrected with AMD using an approximate bisecting frequency of the two fast-varying components. The computational efficiency and accuracy of the proposed M-AMD are illustrated with three characteristic oscillators described by Duffing, Bouc-Wen, and spherical bearing models. The errors in estimation of all model parameters of the representative nonlinear oscillators are less than 3% from uncontaminated displacement responses and 9% when the root-mean-square value of displacement noises correspond to 0.05% of the peak displacement. In the case of Duffing oscillator, the error of the proposed method is less than 1.2% unless the ratio between the nonlinear and linear terms of the restoring force (degree of nonlinearity) exceeds 25. In the case of spherical bearing, the error of the proposed method is less than 1.2% when the coefficient of friction is less than 0.017. The instantaneous stiffness determined from Hilbert spectral analysis differs from the system stiffness by amount that rapidly increases with the degree of nonlinearity.
A Vacuum Multi-Finger Transistor in CMOS Technology

Electron filed emission is the process of emission of electrons from a conductor into the vacuum by means of an applied electric field and has a wide range of applications such as displays, electron guns, scanning electron microscopes, high power microwave amplifiers and micro- and nano-vacuum tubes. Vacuum electronic technology became obsolete by its poor reliability characteristics compared to semiconductor technologies. On the other hand, electrons in vacuum can accelerate to close to the speed of light, leading to potentially ultra-high speed devices if the gap between the emitting electrode (Cathode) and an opposing electrode (Anode) is very small (nanometer scale). In such nano-vacuum transistors [1]–[3], fabrication simplicity and reproducibility, high current density, good reliability characteristics and low cost fabrication are of prime importance. In this paper, a high density array of metallic nano-emitters are designed in a standard 45 nm CMOS technology, and are then post-processed using a simple one-step dry etching technology. No lithography is used in the post-CMOS fabrication. Field emission characteristics of the vacuum transistors have been measured. These devices show well-behaved transistor characteristics and are very promising for low-power high-speed applications.
Optimal Operation of Smart Home Appliances using Deep Learning

This paper discusses an optimal operation of smart home appliances using deep learning. A yearly dataset was used to predict the day-ahead energy consumption pattern of household appliances. The preliminary findings indicate promising improvement in forecasting accuracies for smart home appliances. The forecasted result is integrated with Linear Programming based optimization model to make an appliance management system suitable for demand response. In addition, constraints for price, demand and equipment rating were used in the optimization model to generate the appliance schedule.
Increasing Meaningful Occupation for Women Who Provide Care for Their Spouse: A Pilot Study

Caregiving for a loved one can be difficult and negatively affect health and quality of life. This pilot mixed-method study explored an intervention to increase participation in meaningful occupation for women who care for their spouse. Participants completed the World Health Organization Quality of Life: Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF) and Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM). The 4-week intervention consisted of an activity log (Daily Experiences of Pleasure, Productivity, and Restoration Profile) and a reflective journal (Journal of Activities and Experiences). Researchers analyzed data from the reflective journal using content analysis. Preliminary findings showed an increase in the physical health domain (p < .05), and satisfaction with meaningful activities had clinical significance. Qualitative themes included caregiving is a demanding role, writing down experiences helped caregivers take action, and caregivers reorganized daily activities. Although preliminary results showed a positive trend, the intervention was brief, and more research is needed to determine whether greater gains are possible, and can be sustained.
Robust Current and Speed Control of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Using SMC and ADRC

A second-order ordinary differential equation model is originally constructed for the phase q current system of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The phase q current model contains the effect of a counter electromotive force (CEMF), which introduces nonlinearity to the system. In order to compensate the nonlinearity and system uncertainties, a traditional sliding mode controller (SMC) combined with a low-pass filter (also known as a modified SMC) is designed on the phase q current model. The low-pass filter overcomes chattering effects in control efforts, and hence improves the performance of the controller. The phase q current control system is proved to be stable using Lyapunov approach. In addition, an alternative active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) with a reduced-order extended state observer (ESO) is applied to control the speed output of PMSM. Both SMC and ADRC are simulated on the PMSM system. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of these two controllers in successfully driving the current and speed outputs to desired values despite load disturbances and system uncertainties.
Thermal Relic Targets with Exponentially Small Couplings

If dark matter was produced in the early Universe by the decoupling of its annihilations into known particles, there is a sharp experimental target for the size of its coupling. We show that if dark matter was produced by inelastic scattering against a lighter particle from the thermal bath, then its coupling can be exponentially smaller than the coupling required for its production from annihilations. As an application, we demonstrate that dark matter produced by inelastic scattering against electrons provides new thermal relic targets for direct detection and fixed target experiments.
Exploiting camera rolling shutter to detect high frequency signals

Rolling shutter-based image sensors generate images by sequentially illuminating individual pixel rows. While this often results in unwanted image distortion for scenes with motion, we propose methods to exploit the temporal behavior of the rolling shutter to detect periodic changes. Temporal information can be extracted from single rolling shutter frames, but one is limited by the number of pixels that the motion extends in the frame. However, with several rolling shutter frames we can extract very high frequencies, without aliasing, that are far above the nominal Nyquist limit established for global shutter cameras based upon the same camera frame rate. Applying the Lomb-Scargle periodogram permits a frequency analysis of sources that extend only a few pixel rows in the image.
Bioprospecting for Pharmaceuticals: An Overview and Vision for Future Access and Benefit Sharing

The vast therapeutic benefits of plants have been recognized for centuries, yet there is still a large, untapped potential for commercial medicine production. In fact, several of the most important pharmaceuticals have been based on compounds found in natural products. Bioprospecting encompasses this search for the commercial potential of medicinal natural products. The search for these drugs from nature contains unique opportunities and challenges. Within the confines of the US pharmaceutical industry, the process of drug discovery must encompass the well-being of the countries and people from which the botanical information and specimen have been obtained, while conserving plant diversity and maintaining a competitive advantage in the industry. Nature contains incredibly unique chemical compounds of unparalleled diversity, ripe for new classes of therapeutics if care can be taken to ensure the benefit for local communities, the environment, and scientists. Therefore, this chapter describes triumphs and struggles of bioprospecting and framework for the future.