cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
After life imprisonment: reentry in the era of mass incarceration

Throughout this study, Liem raises awareness on policies and effects of long-term imprisonment sentences and eventual release for homicide offenders. Through interviews with sixty-eight individuals...
Innovation or Violation? Leveraging Mobile Technology to Conduct Socially Responsible Community Research.

Mobile technology is increasingly being used to measure individuals’ moods, thoughts, and behaviors in real time. Current examples include the use of smartphones to collect ecological momentary assessments (EMAs; assessments delivered “in the moment”); wearable technology to passively collect objective measures of participants’ movement, physical activity, sleep, and physiological response; and smartphones and wearable devices with global positioning system (GPS) capabilities to collect precise information about where participants spend their time. Although advances in mobile technology offer exciting opportunities for measuring and modeling individuals’ experiences in their natural environments, they also introduce new ethical issues. Drawing on lessons learned while collecting GPS coordinates and EMAs measuring mood, companionship, and health-risk behavior with a sample of low-income, predominantly racial/ethnic minority youth living in Chicago, this manuscript discusses ethical challenges specific to the methodology (e.g., unanticipated access to personal information) and broader concerns related to data conceptualization and interpretation (e.g., the ethics of “monitoring” low-income youth of color). While encouraging researchers to embrace innovations offered by mobile technology, this discussion highlights some of the many ethical issues that also need to be considered.
Working Class in the Library

Portland State University is an urban, access university. This means that students don’t face nearly as many academic barriers, such as entrance exams, in order to attend PSU as opposed to other colleges. Nevertheless, students do encounter many hidden barriers that affect their chances of getting into, staying at, and graduating from PSU—barriers associated with race, gender, citizenship, abilities, and the topic of this article—socioeconomic status. We need to acknowledge that all of these characteristics intersect and play out differently, so it’s hard to look at just one of these characteristics at a time. “Working class” isn’t the same experience for students who identify as black or queer or immigrant or differently abled. By pulling on the thread of socioeconomic status, we can begin to unravel how many of these other characteristics weave together to form the warp and weft of students’ experiences in college. We have to start somewhere, and starting where you are is just as good as anywhere else—but while keeping in mind that we have no way of knowing where our journey might take us. For example, I am from a working class background, but I started off from a much more privileged place because of my race—white— and my gender—male—than many other working class students. But urban access universities that have lower barriers to admission, like PSU and the ones I attended back in Michigan, do seem to be a magnet for working class students. When working with all students in the library, but with working class students in particular, it is incumbent on us to understand, and perhaps even use in our own practice, critical theories and critical methods.
New Orleans, Food, Race and Gender on Television: Frank’s Place and Treme

The award-winning US television show Frank’s Place (1987–1988) deserves analysis not only for its groundbreaking focus on a working-class black community and its innovative ‘dramedy’ format, but also because the issues it raises remain relevant for televisual representation today. The critically acclaimed HBO series Treme (2010–2013) drew on Frank’s Place, and both shows incorporated restaurant culture into their plot lines, in which race and gender play an important role. New Orleans’s unique foodways are showcased in both series, highlighting the ways that television uses food culture to reflect and define a community. Using folklore, race and gender theory, this chapter explores the depiction of New Orleans food, focusing on changes in cultural and televisual sensibilities in the twenty-five-year span that separates Frank’s Place and Treme.
Reliability and lifetime prediction of LED drivers

LED drivers are critical components in LED luminaires, which power and control LEDs to deliver light as desired. They are also the weakest links inside LED luminaires so that their lifetime can greatly affect the useful life of the whole system. Therefore, the study on the reliability and lifetime of LED drivers is of great theoretical significance and practical value. This paper presented two methods to predict the reliability and lifetime of LED drivers. One method is an improved part stress analysis method based on MIL-HDBK-217F without the need of conducting reliability testing, the other is an experiment-based method using accelerated life testing. The paper also applied both of the methods to predict the lifetime of the same quasi-flyback LED driver. The temperature-dependent lifetime results are demonstrated in the paper, and a good match between the two sets of results was observed. This indicates the improved part stress analysis method presented in this work is an effective way to predict the reliability and lifetime of LED drivers. Also, the method is especially suitable for the reliability and lifetime research in the course of designing and developing LED luminaires because it does not require reliability testing which is typical expensive and time-consuming.
Gestational Age and Maternal Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D Concentration Interact to Affect the 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D Concentration in Pregnant Adolescents.

Background Interpretation of serum vitamin D biomarkers across pregnancy is complex due to limited understanding of pregnancy adaptations in vitamin D metabolism. During pregnancy, both gestational age and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations may influence the concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [24,25(OH)2D], and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Objective We aimed to identify predictors of change in serum 25(OH)D across gestation in pregnant adolescents and to assess the contribution made by cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) supplementation. We sought to determine whether gestational age and 25(OH)D concentration interacted to affect serum 1,25(OH)2D, 24,25(OH)2D, or PTH. Methods Pregnant adolescents (n = 78, 59% African American, mean ± SD age: 17 ± 1 y) living in Rochester, NY (latitude 43°N) were supplemented with 200 IU or 2000 IU vitamin D3/d and allowed to continue their daily prenatal supplement that contained 400 IU vitamin D3. Serum was collected at study entry (18 ± 5 wk of gestation), halfway through study participation, and at delivery (40 ± 2 wk). Serum concentrations of the biochemical markers were modeled with linear mixed-effects regression models. Results Vitamin D3 supplement intake and season of delivery determined change in 25(OH)D across pregnancy. Fall-winter delivery was associated with a decline in 25(OH)D unless vitamin D3 supplement intake was >872 IU/d. The interaction of gestational age and 25(OH)D affected 24,25(OH)2D concentrations. For a given 25(OH)D concentration, model-predicted serum 24,25(OH)2D increased across gestation except when 25(OH)D was 100 pg/mL) throughout the study. Conclusion Our results suggest that when maternal serum 25(OH)D was low, its catabolism into 24,25(OH)2D decreased or remained stable as pregnancy progressed in order to maintain persistently elevated serum 1,25(OH)2D. Furthermore, in adolescents living at latitude 43°N, standard prenatal supplementation did not prevent a seasonal decline in 25(OH)D during pregnancy. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01815047.
Blood Cells and Hemopoietic Cells

Blood is a specialized form of connective tissue, composed of circulating formed elements, the blood cells, and a fluid intercellular substance, the blood plasma. The total quantity of blood is about 5 to 6 liters, accounting for 6% to 8% of the body weight. Blood serves as a vehicle transporting oxygen, nutrients, metabolic waste products, carbon dioxide, cells, and hormones throughout the body.
Detection of viable Escherichia coli in environmental water using combined propidium monoazide staining and quantitative PCR.

Abstract The objectives of this study were to specifically detect viable Escherichia coli in environmental waters by targeting the ycjM gene in a propidium monoazide (PMA)-qPCR assay. PMA is a viability dye that can inhibit the amplification of DNA from dead cells, thus allowing for the detection and quantification of only viable cells. The ycjM primers were used to target E. coli that directly originated from the feces of warm blooded animals, and avoid false positive detection caused by “naturalized” E. coli that can exist in the environment. In this study, tap water and environmental waters were inoculated with E. coli isolated from animal feces. Following cell collection, samples were treated with PMA, followed by DNA isolation and qPCR detection. For pure cultures, 5 μM PMA with a 10-min light exposure was efficient at inhibiting the amplification of DNA from 105 CFU/mL dead E. coli cells, with a detection limit of 102 CFU/100 mL viable cells. For tap and environmental waters collected in the winter, a 10 μM PMA was required and as low as 103 CFU/100 mL viable cells could be detected in the presence of 105 CFU/100 mL dead cells. For water samples collected during the summer, 102 CFU/10 mL viable cells could be detected in the presence of 104 CFU/10 mL dead cells, after a 20 μM PMA treatment. No significant differences were found among the PMA-qPCR assay and two other standard culture-based methods for detection of viable E. coli in environmental water. In conclusion, with proper pretreatment of environmental water samples, this PMA-qPCR assay that targets the ycjM gene could quantify viable E. coli cells that directly come from the feces of warm-blooded animals, and therefore effectively and accurately indicate the quality of environmental water.
Home mirror therapy: a randomized controlled pilot study comparing unimanual and bimanual mirror therapy for improved arm and hand function post-stroke

PURPOSE To compare home-based unimanual mirror therapy (UMT) and bimanual mirror therapy (BMT) for upper limb recovery in subacute/chronic stroke individuals with moderate-to-severe arm impairment. METHOD Twenty-two participants were randomized into 1 of 3 groups: UMT, BMT or traditional occupational therapy (TOT) home-based programs. The intervention was 6-weeks and consisted of OT 2 days a week, weekly sessions with the research OT, and 30-minutes of the home-based program 5 days a week, according to group allocation. The Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), ABILHAND, Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), grip strength, and Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) were used for outcome measures. RESULTS All groups significantly improved over time on all outcome measures and adhered to the prescribed dosage regardless of group (p<0.05). While there were no between-group differences, effect size and 95% confidence interval data suggest a clinical significance in favor of UMT as compared to the other groups. CONCLUSIONS All participants, regardless of home-based program, adhered to the prescribed dosage and significantly improved over time. Despite no between-group differences, effect size and 95% confidence interval data suggest that UMT may be more beneficial for individuals with moderate-to-severe arm impairment as compared to BMT or TOT. ClinicalTrials.gov: #NCT02780440Implications for RehabilitationHome-based unimanual mirror therapy (UMT), bimanual mirror therapy (BMT), and traditional occupational therapy (TOT), when administered in conjunction with outpatient OT, are helpful for improving upper limb recovery post-stroke.Home-based UMT may be more beneficial than BMT or TOT for improvement in upper limb motor function and activities of daily living of patients with moderate to severe arm impairment post-stroke.
Array Tracking Prefetcher for Indirect Accesses

Indirect memory accesses have irregular access patterns and concomitantly poor spatial locality. To address this problem, we propose the Array Tracking Prefetcher which tracks array-based indirect memory accesses using a novel combination of software and hardware. Our results show that ATP yields average speedup of 1.60 over the baseline single-core without prefetching. By contrast, the speedup for conventional software and hardware-based prefetching, is 1.49 and 1.16, respectively. For four-cores, the average speedups for ATP, software, and hardware are 1.49, 1.38, and 1.11, respectively.
Inhibition of Axon Regeneration by Liquid-like TIAR-2 Granules

Summary Phase separation into liquid-like compartments is an emerging property of proteins containing prion-like domains (PrLDs), yet the in vivo roles of phase separation remain poorly understood. TIA proteins contain a C-terminal PrLD, and mutations in the PrLD are associated with several diseases. Here, we show that the C. elegans TIAR-2/TIA protein functions cell autonomously to inhibit axon regeneration. TIAR-2 undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation in vitro and forms granules with liquid-like properties in vivo. Axon injury induces a transient increase in TIAR-2 granule number. The PrLD is necessary and sufficient for granule formation and inhibiting regeneration. Tyrosine residues within the PrLD are important for granule formation and inhibition of regeneration. TIAR-2 is also serine phosphorylated in vivo. Non-phosphorylatable TIAR-2 variants do not form granules and are unable to inhibit axon regeneration. Our data demonstrate an in vivo function for phase-separated TIAR-2 and identify features critical for its function in axon regeneration.
Lyme Disease and Arthritis

Lyme disease is endemic in the northeastern United States and is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, a pathogenic spirochete transmitted by the bite of an infected Ixodes ricinus complex tick. The three clinical phases of Lyme borreliosis are early-localized disease, early-disseminated disease, and late disease. Typical symptoms include erythema migrans during the early-localized phase, migratory inflammatory arthritis during the early-disseminated phase, and mono- or oligoarticular arthritis as the predominate presentation of late disease. Definitive diagnosis can be made based on erythema migrans (EM) lesions or a two-tier diagnostic approach that includes initial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay followed by a Western blot analysis. Personal protection strategies and environmental interventions can be effective in preventing disease. However, if infection occurs, the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommends antibiotic treatment. The majority of treated patients will achieve resolution of symptoms within 20 days; however, Lyme arthritis may need an additional and prolonged course of antibiotic treatment. This chapter reviews the microbiology, spectrum of clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and therapeutic options of Lyme disease with a focus on Lyme arthritis.
Evaluating Large-Scale Reintroductions of a Locally Imperiled Rodent

Although animal reintroductions are commonly used for conservation, documented successes with imperiled rodents are limited. Most Neotoma (woodrat) reintroduction attempts have released small numbers of individuals and either failed to establish populations or required frequent management for populations to persist. The translocation of 422 N. floridana (Eastern Woodrat) to 5 sites in the southeastern tip of Illinois during 2003–2009 and 172 Eastern Woodrats to 2 southern Illinois state parks during 2013–2014 are the only woodrat reintroductions to date with >50 individuals released per site. We evaluated the success of these Illinois reintroductions by comparing Eastern Woodrat abundance and evidence of reproduction to published performance indicators. During 2012–2014, we captured 436 individual Eastern Woodrats and observed signs of reproduction in 63% of females from the southeastern tip of Illinois and captured Eastern Woodrats nearly 9 km from release sites. In 2017, we captured 52 Eastern Woodrats at Illinois state parks and observed signs of reproduction in 73% of females. Our findings indicate that the 2003–2009 Eastern Woodrat reintroduction and a 2013–2014 Eastern Woodrat reintroduction can be considered successful (all performance indicators met), while the other 2013–2014 Eastern Woodrat reintroduction can be considered potentially successful (1 out of 2 performance indicators met). Our study adds to the sparse information on successful rodent reintroductions that managers can use to inform structured decision making for future conservation and management actions.
Treatment of Nail Psoriasis

Treating nail psoriasis is rather difficult as penetration of local drugs is confined and indications of systemic modalities are restricted. So nail psoriasis is a challenge for the clinicians who must be familiar with all the available treatments, in order to choose the proper treatment for the right patient.
Short-Term Outcomes of Infants and Children Receiving Selexipag for Pulmonary Hypertension

Purpose Selexipag is a long acting, immediate release, prostacyclin IP receptor agonist used to treat pulmonary hypertension (PH). Little is known about its use in infants and children. Our study reports short-term outcomes in pediatric patients receiving selexipag. Methods We reviewed pediatric PH patients who received selexipag at our hospital. Previously published dosing/titration recommendations from our group were followed. Results Nine children (3 infants, 1 toddler, & 5 adolescents) received selexipag since Feb. 2018. Median age and weight at initiation were 10 years (97 days to 18.6 years) and 34 kg (3.4-162 kg). The 4 youngest subjects were transitioned from intravenous treprostinil to selexipag and 5 subjects initiated de novo. Transitions from treprostinil were uneventful, with one infant requiring slower titration due to asymptomatic hypotension. Three adolescents required selexipag dose reduction, with two unable to achieve target dose. Median duration of therapy was 322 days (54-600 days) with five subjects remaining on selexipag. Two subjects remain on PH therapy after discontinuation of selexipag. One subject's follow up catheterization showed elevated pulmonary vascular resistance after discontinuing selexipag, thus it was re-initiated. A subject with worsening PH required transition to subcutaneous treprostinil while undergoing lung transplant evaluation. Children with a variety of other disease processes have received selexipag, including one with single ventricle anatomy status post BT shunt, one awaiting heart transplant with ventricular assist device support, and one status post heart transplant receiving treprostinil. There were no deaths and side effects mirror those seen in adults [Figure]. Conclusion Administration of selexipag in infants and children appears safe, and is a viable alternative to other forms of prostacyclin administration in stable patients. Selexipag may also have a role as tertiary adjunct therapy for those who do not improve on dual oral therapy.
Body mass index associated with childhood and adolescent high-risk B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia risk: A Children's Oncology Group report.

Background Obesity is a risk factor for many adulthood cancers, but its role in childhood, adolescent, and young adult (AYA) cancer is unknown. Childhood and AYA acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) incidence and obesity prevalence have shown concurrent increases. We sought to identify whether obesity may be a risk factor for childhood and AYA ALL. Methods Characteristics from individuals with ALL, aged 2-30 years, diagnosed 2004-2017 and treated on Children's Oncology Group (COG) protocols with available pre-treatment anthropometric data (N = 4726) were compared to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey controls (COG AALL17D2). Body mass index (BMI) was defined using standard CDC definitions. Multivariate conditional logistic regression assessed associations between BMI and ALL with additional analyses stratified by sex and race/ethnicity. Results Among cases (72% high-risk (HR) B-ALL, 28% T-ALL), 5% had underweight, 58% normal weight, 17% overweight, and 20% obesity. Underweight (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.56-2.85) and obesity (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.15-1.53) were associated with B-ALL diagnosis. Specifically, obesity was associated with B-ALL among males (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.30-1.91) and Hispanic children (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.39-2.29). Obesity was also associated with central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Conclusion Pre-treatment obesity is associated with HR B-ALL among males and Hispanics, as well as with CNS involvement, suggesting common physiology between obesity and leukemogenesis. An association between underweight and ALL was confirmed, likely due to cancer-associated wasting. These results have important public health implications for obesity prevention and treatment in children and adolescents to reduce cancer risk.
Comparison of family health history in surveys vs electronic health record data mapped to the observational medical outcomes partnership data model in the All of Us Research Program.

Objective Family health history is important to clinical care and precision medicine. Prior studies show gaps in data collected from patient surveys and electronic health records (EHRs). The All of Us Research Program collects family history from participants via surveys and EHRs. This Demonstration Project aims to evaluate availability of family health history information within the publicly available data from All of Us and to characterize the data from both sources. Materials and methods Surveys were completed by participants on an electronic portal. EHR data was mapped to the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership data model. We used descriptive statistics to perform exploratory analysis of the data, including evaluating a list of medically actionable genetic disorders. We performed a subanalysis on participants who had both survey and EHR data. Results There were 54 872 participants with family history data. Of those, 26% had EHR data only, 63% had survey only, and 10.5% had data from both sources. There were 35 217 participants with reported family history of a medically actionable genetic disorder (9% from EHR only, 89% from surveys, and 2% from both). In the subanalysis, we found inconsistencies between the surveys and EHRs. More details came from surveys. When both mentioned a similar disease, the source of truth was unclear. Conclusions Compiling data from both surveys and EHR can provide a more comprehensive source for family health history, but informatics challenges and opportunities exist. Access to more complete understanding of a person's family health history may provide opportunities for precision medicine.
Demonstration of Understanding Through the Deployment of Japanese Enactment

The present study examines the interactional phenomenon of enactment, wherein conversation participants act out themselves or others by utilizing both linguistic and non-linguistic resources and demonstrate certain ideas rather than describe them. While past research has revealed that people, based on their first- or second-hand experiences, frequently use enactment during storytelling activities to depict what story characters said and/or did, this article explores cases in which participants in Japanese conversations enact based on what co-participants have experienced. In such cases, producers of enactment are recipients of the enacted information provided by co-participants. This study refers to interactants who originally provide certain information as “tellers,” and it refers to interactants who enact the received information as “recipients”. Employing Conversation Analysis as an analytical framework, the present study investigates how recipients’ enactments are utilized as a resource to demonstrate their understanding of information given at the moment of their interaction in Japanese.
Musculoskeletal Imaging Strategies and Controlling Radiation Exposure

The chapter begins by discussing the development of imaging techniques and then addresses the tremendous importance of clinical evaluation in selecting the “best” first imaging test. Issues of appropriateness based on indications and cost containment are reviewed. Imaging modalities are presented with their risks and benefits. Techniques for reducing radiation exposure and the risks of anesthesia in imaging are examined.
Characterization of muscarinic receptors modulating acetylcholine release in the rat neostriatum.

Two classical and two nonclassical muscarinic agents were tested for their effects on neostriatal acetylcholine (ACh) release. The classical muscarinic antagonist, atropine (0.1-2 µM), increased ACh release in a dose-dependent fashion, whereas the ‘nonclassical’ antagonist, pirenzepine (2-200 µM), had no effect on ACh release. The muscarinic agonist, oxotremorine (1-100 µM), and its analog, oxotremorine-M (0.1–50 µM), both decreased ACh release in a dose-dependent fashion. The inhibitory potency of oxotremorine-M was approximately 20 times that of oxotremorine, and the inhibitory effects of both agonists were blocked by atropine. The results obtained with the muscarinic antagonists indicate that ‘M-2 type’ muscarinic receptors mediate ACh release in the neostriatum, but further pharmacological analyses are required to assign with certainty the receptor subtype involved in neostriatal ACh release.
Real-time trace gas sensor using a multimode diode laser and multiple-line integrated cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy.

A highly sensitive trace gas sensor based on a Fabry-Perot semiconductor laser and cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy is designed to be capable of measuring sub-ppb concentrations of trace gases in real time. The broad frequency range of the multi-mode Fabry-Perot semiconductor laser spans a large number of absorption lines of the species of interest enabling multiple line integrated absorption spectroscopy which improves the sensitivity of detection. Additionally, the broad wavelength range of the laser excites a large number of cavity modes simultaneously, thereby reducing the sensor's susceptibility to vibration and thermal fluctuations making it suitable for field based monitoring applications. Using a high finesse optical cavity also enhances the sensitivity of the sensor by providing large path lengths, on the order of kilometers, in a small volume. Relatively high laser power is used to compensate for the low coupling efficiency of a broad linewidth laser to the optical cavity.
A 101 Fictions

"It is equaUy true," wrote the Uruguayan critic Benjamin Otalora in a 1986 obituary for the Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges, "to say he authored many brilUant works and that he authored only one, for it can be legitimately argued that having readjust one of his fictions, each of which requires just a few pages, one has read them all." They are remarkably repetitive. Throughout Borges' work, the same stock props?mirrors, labyrinths, books and knives?appear and reappear. Women and children are notoriously foreign. In plot as well as prop, Borges' fictions (is there another writer whose works could be simply referred to as "fic tions"?) rely on just a handful of devices. The cUmax of numerous stories? including "The Improbable Imposter Tom Castro," "Man on Pink Corner," "Borges and I," "The Dead Man" and "Shakespeare's Memory"?is the sei zure of one character's identity by another. A second device?at work in "The Theme of the Traitor and the Hero" and "In Memoriam, J.F.K." among others?is the subjugation of characters to historically defined roles that com pel them to act out dramas of which they are often unaware. The Danish critic Edward Nilsen has written, "The essential paradox of the Borgesian universe is that any two things can be exchanged, but nothing can escape its destiny. There are random events, but there is no free wiU." In "The South," for example, Dahlmann, a man of Buenos Aires, travels to the country, where he is challenged to a knife fight. It is clearly suicide, but this is "the South," and in the South, men fight with knives when insulted. When an old gaucho, who had seemed to be a sympathetic character, hands Dahlmann a knife, he has no choice but to use it, even if that means to use it clumsily. Nevertheless, "[Dahlmann] sensed that had he been able to choose or dream his death that night, this is the death he would have dreamed or chosen."
Structures and Abstractions: An Introduction to Computer Science With Pascal

From the Publisher: This text is intended for the first course in Computer Science (CS1) for those who intend to major in the field or want a deeper understanding of programming methodology.
Immersion Foot: A Case Report.

Abstract Background Immersion foot (commonly called “trench foot”) was originally described in the military literature during World War I. Since that time, the emergency department (ED) has become a common setting where this injury presents. However, this topic is neglected in the emergency medicine literature. The purpose of this case report is to present trench foot in a way that is relevant to emergency physicians and to provide an up-to-date summary of the history, case reports, physiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of this injury. Case Report Here we present the case of a homeless, schizophrenic patient who presented to one Midwestern ED in January for immersion foot. Photos of the actual patient are shown to illustrate the case. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Due to unfamiliarity, immersion foot can go undiagnosed during assessment of patients exposed to moist environments. In addition, patients at increased risk for developing immersion foot are frequently encountered in EDs. Most importantly, the appropriate treatment for immersion foot is different than the treatment for other freezing cold injuries.
Dividing the Dirty Dollar: The Allocation and Impact of Illicit Campaign Funds in a Gubernatorial Contest in Brazil

Descriptions of elections in Brazil have long emphasized that much of the money used in campaigns is unreported to electoral authorities. As unreported expenditures are not typically observable by scholars, academic understanding of the uses and electoral impact of political finance in Brazil is based solely upon analyses of reported expenditures, and thus remains incomplete. Drawing upon a unique dataset which documents the allocation of illicit campaign funds during a gubernatorial reelection campaign in the state of Minas Gerais in 1998, we provide the first explicit analysis of the targeting and impact of off-the-books campaign funds. As the scheme revolved around buying off scores of low-level politicians, our first step is to build a profile of the typical 'bought' politician. Secondly, we draw upon advances in the literature on program evaluation to estimate the effect that the purchase of low-level politicians had on electoral returns in the contest.
Ecological genetics of the cave beetle Neaphaenops tellkampfii (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Genetic variability and similarity were examined in eight populations of the Kentucky cave beetle Neaphaenops tellkampfii (Coleoptera: Carabidae) using the technique of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results indicate that N. tellkampfii has high genetic variation within and high genetic similarity among local populations. These results are in sharp contrast to the patterns of low variability and similarity reported for other cave dwelling species in the same region. It is concluded that the differences in genetical population structure among cave species in the Central Kentucky Karst are related to ecological differences among the species.
Duration of flooding sessions in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive patients

Abstract This study investigated the duration effect of flooding ‘ in vivo ’ and ‘in fantasy’ in twelve obsessive-compulsive patients treated in a balanced Latin square design. Clinical assessments regarding twenty one clinical variables were carried out before and after each treatment condition. Long practice sessions proved significantly superior to other treatment conditions. Short and long sessions ‘in fantasy’ did not diner significantly. Long fantasy sessions appear to have potentiating effects on in vivo practice sessions. The order effect and the intercorrelation of the variables prior to treatment and to the outcome, are also presented. Some prognostic factors and the follow-up findings are discussed.
Systems analysis of a multi-stage tubular module reverse osmosis plant for sea water desalination

Abstract A tubular reverse osmosis system for sea water has been analyzed based on current cellulose acetate membrane technology. The possibility of staging product water in two and three stages has been studied. A dynamic programming model is developed and solved to arrive at optimum operating parameters for the two-stage and three-stage designs. A variable membrane permeability model is used to simulate operating conditions along the tube length within a stage, to arrive at optimum membrane curing temperatures. Actual performance data from UCLA's experimental plant at La Jolla, California was used. Cost analysis and equations are derived from actual costs incurred at La Jolla.
Structure and seismic response of extended continental crust: Stochastic analysis of the Strona-Ceneri and Ivrea zones, Italy

A two-dimensional stochastic seismic model of the crustal cross section exposed in the Strona-Ceneri and Ivrea zones, northern Italy, was derived from geologic maps and petrophysical data with techniques used in microfabric analysis. The model has a layered self-affine structure, which agrees with the intrinsic scale independence of geologic phenomena. Synthetic seismograms from this model replicate many pertinent features observed in deep seismic reflection data and allow insight into crustal structure: (1) reflectivity depends on the lithological populations present and their distribution within a crustal unit; (2) transparent zones within the reflective lower crust can arise from metamorphic reactions; (3) the transition from upper to lower crust may be a change in small-scale seismic fabric rather than a first-order seismic discontinuity.
An integrated method for comprehensive sensor network development in complex power plant systems

Abstract The rapid advancement of powerful monitoring devices and computers permits one to design a comprehensive sensor network as the foundation of an efficient plant condition monitoring and diagnosis system. For the development of such a comprehensive sensor network in complex power plant systems, the work presented here describes the rationale and implementation of an integrated method incorporating a structural system hierarchy and a functional system hierarchy, a fault–symptom matrix, sensor selection criteria, use of a sensor installation feasibility study, and advanced instrumentation steps. In selecting instrumentation to use we include the state of the art technologies concerning data processing and data integration as a means of extending the plant's feasible diagnostic coverage. The application of the design technique described here to the specific example component of the turbine generator demonstrates how each step of the presented method contributes to completion of the sensor network development in a systematic way.
Instability of triple junctions in lamellar eutectic growth

By employing the method of multiple-scale expansions we derive a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations to describe the dynamics of lamellar eutectic crystals in directional solidification. The equations govern the motions of trijunctions where the liquid and the two solid phases meet, and predict a critical lamellar spacing λc below which the solidifying fronts are unstable. When the morphological numbers are large this critical spacing agrees with the value predicted by the Jackson and Hunt's theory: Vλ2c=constant, where V is the growth speed. As the morphological numbers decrease, the speed-spacing relationship deviates from the power law, with the predicted spacing smaller than that at the minimum undercooling point. The thermal gradient then plays an important role in determining the lamellar structures.
Hydrogen bonding in mixed water tetramers

Model calculations have been carried out to examine the structures and energetics of weakly bonded complexes of the form AB3, A2B2 and A3B, where A is water and B is from the set of hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride and acetylene. Selected larger clusters were also examined in order to discern patterns of aggregation. Electrostatic interaction is significant in every one of these clusters, but differences in molecular shape among even these small molecules are sufficient to bring about qualititative differences in tetramer structures.
The role of the senses in mare—foal recognition

Abstract The relative roles of auditory, visual and olfactory cues in the mutual recognition of mares and their suckling foals were studied. Foals were tested for their ability to differentiate between their own mother and a similar lactating mare after cues emanating from the mares had been modified. Visual cues were either altered or eliminated, and olfactory cues altered: auditory cues were not modified, but the frequency of calls was measured during the various trials. Similar trials were conducted in which the ability of mares to differentiate between foals was examined. Both mares and foals were severely hindered in their attempts to locate one another when visual cues were eliminated and olfactory cues were modified; the effects of either visual cue elimination or olfactory cue modification alone were similar, and neither one alone affected relocation attempts by either mares or foals to the same degree as the combination of both. Merely altering visual appearance did not affect the rate at which one partner identified the other. Play-back trials of the recorded neighs of foals and mares indicated that a mare shows some discrimination in foals' calls by responding more often to the call of its own foal, but that a foal is not able to identify the neighs of its mother. During the relocation trials, however, both mares and foals non-selectively approached the most vocal of the test pair. A foal seemed to use the initial reaction of a mare to its approach as a final acceptance cue. Snapping and clicking of the teeth by the foal while retracting the lips (“champing”) were observed as the foal approached or was approached by the mare, and these were interpreted as being submissive gestures. Nickers were heard on the close approach of mare and foal, and mutual sniffing occurred; these behaviors appear to be the means of final identification between the pair.
Isolation of a novel tetrapeptide with opiate and antiopiate activity from human brain cortex: Tyr-Pro-Trp-Gly-NH2 (Tyr-W-MIF-1)

A novel tetrapeptide, Tyr-Pro-Trp-Gly-NH2 (Tyr-W-MIF-1), was purified from extracts of frontal cortex of human brain tissue by several consecutive reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic steps followed by a radioimmunoassay originally developed for Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (Tyr-MIF-1). Sequencing, mass spectrometric analysis, and comparison of its chromatographic behavior with that of the synthetic peptide confirmed the structure. Like Tyr-MIF-1, which was previously isolated from human brain tissue, Tyr-W-MIF-1 can inhibit the binding of 3H-DAMGO (selective for mu opiate receptors) to rat brain and can act as an opiate agonist as well as antagonist. Tyr-W-MIF-1 was a more potent opiate agonist than Tyr-MIF-1, the free acid of Tyr-W-MIF-1, and the structurally related hemoglobin-derived opiate peptide hemorphin-4 (Tyr-Pro-Trp-Thr) in the guinea pig ileum. Each of these peptides acted as opiate antagonists on the ileum from morphine-tolerant guinea pigs; the free acid of Tyr-W-MIF-1 was the most potent antagonist in inhibiting the activity of DAMGO. The results demonstrate the presence in human brain of a new member of the Tyr-MIF-1 family of biologically active peptides.
Optimal resolution in Fresnel incoherent correlation holographic fluorescence microscopy

Fresnel Incoherent Correlation Holography (FINCH) enables holograms and 3D images to be created from incoherent light with just a camera and spatial light modulator (SLM). We previously described its application to microscopic incoherent fluorescence wherein one complex hologram contains all the 3D information in the microscope field, obviating the need for scanning or serial sectioning. We now report experiments which have led to the optimal optical, electro-optic, and computational conditions necessary to produce holograms which yield high quality 3D images from fluorescent microscopic specimens. An important improvement from our previous FINCH configurations capitalizes on the polarization sensitivity of the SLM so that the same SLM pixels which create the spherical wave simulating the microscope tube lens, also pass the plane waves from the infinity corrected microscope objective, so that interference between the two wave types at the camera creates a hologram. This advance dramatically improves the resolution of the FINCH system. Results from imaging a fluorescent USAF pattern and a pollen grain slide reveal resolution which approaches the Rayleigh limit by this simple method for 3D fluorescent microscopic imaging.
Pregnancy as a Harm

Michigan's Appellate Court ruled in 2004 that a pregnancy that resulted from a rape should be considered a bodily injury for sentencing purposes. Interestingly, all three possible outcomes of a pregnancy—abortion, miscarriage, or childbirth—are considered to bring with them significant and substantial physical, psychological, and emotional changes. While the immediate impact of the ruling in People v. Cathey affected only the guilty individual, there are larger implications for this ruling beyond just sentencing guidelines. The ruling can be considered a step forward in prosecuting rapists, but possibly at the expense of reimagining the female body. This article considers the Cathey ruling itself, the potential benefits and consequences of this understanding on feminist discourse, and, crucially, the impact of this decision on abortion discussions. The central question that emerges is, can we both consider pregnancy a harm and believe that this harm is not always wrong-making?
High intensity resistance training: effects on bone in older men and women.

There is evidence that high intensity resistance training promotes bone maintenance in older women, however, the effect of high intensity free weight training has not been investigated in older men or women. Furthermore, little is known about the chronic effect of weight training on serum insulin growth factor-I (IGF-I) in this population. We compared the effects of a moderate intensity seated resistance-training program with a high intensity standing free weight exercise program on bone mass and serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP3 in healthy older men and women. Twenty-eight men (54.6 ± 3.2 years) and 26 nonestrogen-replaced women (52.8 ± 3.3 years) served as their own controls for 12 weeks, then were randomly assigned to a moderate or high intensity training group and trained three times/week for 24 weeks. Prior to and after the control period and at the end of training, bone mass and body composition were assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), muscle strength by isokinetic dynamometry, muscular power by Wingate Anaerobic Power Test, and IGF-I by radioimmunoassay (RIA). A repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed that high intensity training resulted in a gain in spine BMD in men (1.9%), P < 0.05, but not in women, whereas moderate intensity training produced no changes in either gender at this site. Increases were observed at the greater trochanter, P < 0.03, in men regardless of training intensity, but not in women at any hip site. However, when compared with zero, both men and women in the high intensity group demonstrated significant increases in trochanteric BMD (1.3% and 2.0%, respectively) and a decrease in femoral BMD (−1.8%). Neither circulating serum IGF-I nor IGFBP3 were altered by either training regimen, but both training programs resulted in improvements in total body strength (37.62%) and lean mass (males 4.1%, females 3.1%). We conclude that although resistance training of moderate to high intensity produced similar muscle changes in older adults, a higher magnitude is necessary to stimulate osteogenesis at the spine. However, at the spine, intensity was not sufficient to offset low levels of estrogen in early postmenopausal women. Furthermore, bone changes were not accompanied by changes in circulating serum levels of IGF-I or IGFBP3.
3D image sensing and reconstruction with time-division multiplexed computational integral imaging (CII)

We present a method to compute high-resolution three-dimensional (3-D) images based on integral imaging. In order to overcome optical limitation on the spatial resolution of reconstructed 3-D image, we suggest performing time-division multiplexing by which a sequence of II's is captured with a slightly different location of the lenslet array. The II image sequence obtained by the detector array is processed digitally with super-resolution reconstruction algorithms to obtain a reconstructed image, appropriate to a viewing direction, which has a spatial resolution beyond the optical limitation.
Portia Ante Portas: Women and the Legal Profession in Europe, ca. 1870–1925

This essay explores the struggles by European women to gain access to the legal profession, the arguments that they used, and the resistance that they encountered from defenders of the status quo. It argues that access to law universally trailed access to medicine not because of issues related to the study or practice of law, but because the arguments put forward to justify admission to the bar appeared to many opponents to lead directly to women's suffrage and equality in other areas. Such opposition came more from state authorities than from universities or practicing attorneys. The timing of admission to the bar in different countries followed no clear pattern related to economic development, legal systems, religion, or political regimes. The overwhelming majority of European countries allowed women to become lawyers between 1898 and 1923, a much shorter period than the process took in the United States or Canada.
Is Denoising Dead

Image denoising has been a well studied problem in the field of image processing. Yet researchers continue to focus attention on it to better the current state-of-the-art. Recently proposed methods take different approaches to the problem and yet their denoising performances are comparable. A pertinent question then to ask is whether there is a theoretical limit to denoising performance and, more importantly, are we there yet? As camera manufacturers continue to pack increasing numbers of pixels per unit area, an increase in noise sensitivity manifests itself in the form of a noisier image. We study the performance bounds for the image denoising problem. Our work in this paper estimates a lower bound on the mean squared error of the denoised result and compares the performance of current state-of-the-art denoising methods with this bound. We show that despite the phenomenal recent progress in the quality of denoising algorithms, some room for improvement still remains for a wide class of general images, and at certain signal-to-noise levels. Therefore, image denoising is not dead - yet.
Correction: System Dynamics Modeling of Individual Transferable Quota Fisheries and Suggestions for Rebuilding Stocks, Sustainability 2011, 3, 184-215

The author wishes to make the following correction to this paper. Due to mislabeling, replace: [...]