cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3.5 watt cw 532 nm radiation by resonant external cavity SHG of an 8.5 watt Nd:YAG laser in LBO

Second harmonic generation efficiency can be enhanced by placing the nonlinear crystal in an external cavity that resonates the fundamental, or the second harmonic or both1. Results of early efforts were disappointing due to poor quality nonlinear materials and multi-mode pump sources. Recently, as a result of advances in both nonlinear crystal growth and diode-pumped solid state laser development, efficient second harmonic generation in an external resonant cavity at power levels of tens of milliwatts has been realized2,3. As the power level of stable, single frequency lasers continues to increase, there arises the possibility of producing watt-level second harmonic radiation. In this work, we report the generation of 3.5 watts of continuous wave 532 nm radiation by frequency doubling the 8.5 watt output of an injection-locked Nd:YAG laser.
A Note on Embedding Hypertrees

A classical result from graph theory is that every graph with chromatic number $\chi > t$ contains a subgraph with all degrees at least $t$, and therefore contains a copy of every $t$-edge tree. Bohman, Frieze, and Mubayi recently posed this problem for $r$-uniform hypergraphs. An $r$-tree is a connected $r$-uniform hypergraph with no pair of edges intersecting in more than one vertex, and no sequence of distinct vertices and edges $(v_1, e_1, \ldots, v_k, e_k)$ with all $e_i \ni \{v_i, v_{i+1}\}$, where we take $v_{k+1}$ to be $v_1$. Bohman, Frieze, and Mubayi proved that $\chi > 2rt$ is sufficient to embed every $r$-tree with $t$ edges, and asked whether the dependence on $r$ was necessary. In this note, we completely solve their problem, proving the tight result that $\chi > t$ is sufficient to embed any $r$-tree with $t$ edges.
Identities for sin x that Came from Medical Imaging

The article describes interesting nonlinear differential identities satisfied by stan- dard exponential and trigonometric functions. They appeared as byproducts of medical imaging research and look like some type of non-commutative binomial formulas. A brief description of the origin of these identities is provided, as well as their direct algebraic deriva- tion. Relations with separate analyticity theorems in several complex variables and some open problems are also mentioned. 1. INTRODUCTION. Working quite some time ago on some problems of medical imaging (18, 19), the authors were surprised when their work produced a series of seemingly new (at least to them) identities for functions about which "everything is known," such as standard exponentials and trigonometric and hyperbolic sines and cosines. It was a little bit depressing when our brave attempt to prove these identities by elementary means, without using the mathematical techniques common in tomog- raphy (what can be difficult about sin x, after all?), stalled for a while. We succeeded eventually, albeit, as we hope to persuade the reader, there are still things that are not clear about this whole business. Along the way, while trying to understand the identi- ties, an interesting theorem of complex analysis in several variables was discovered in the joint work (1) of one of the authors and his student with L. Ehrenpreis. We dedicate this article to the memory of Professor Leon Ehrenpreis, who passed away in August 2010 (see (8, 31)). In Section 2, we describe briefly the medical imaging origin of the results we will be discussing. Section 3 contains the formulation of the identities, which are then proved in the next three sections. The paper ends with the remarks section, where some open questions and relations to several complex variables theory are described. 2. A BRIEF STORY ABOUT MEDICAL IMAGING, RADON TRANSFORM, AND ALL THAT. In tomographic medical imaging, a technician sends through the patient's body some kind of radiation/waves (X-rays, ultrasound waves, electromag- netic waves, etc.), measures the transmitted and/or reflected signals, and tries to re- cover from this data the internal distribution of some important internal parameter of the body (e.g., density, electrical conductivity, blood oxygenation, etc.). The reader must have heard of at least some tomographic procedures (the best- known ones are the X-ray CT scan and MRI). However, not everyone might realize the heavy involvement of sophisticated, beautiful, and challenging mathematics in creating tomographic images. In spite of its 40 years of history, computed tomography still produces a steady stream of exciting mathematical problems (see, e.g., (3, 5, 7, 9, 10,
A proof, based on the Euler sum acceleration, of the recovery of an exponential (geometric) rate of convergence for the Fourier series of a function with Gibbs phenomenon

When a function f(x) is singular at a point x s on the real axis, its Fourier series, when truncated at the Nth term, gives a pointwise error of only O(1∕N) over the entire real axis. Boyd and Moore [Summability methods for Hermite functions. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 10, 51–62 (1986)] and Boyd [A lag-averaged generalization of Euler’s method for accelerating series. Appl. Math. Comput. 72, 146–166 (1995)] proved that it is possible to recover an exponential rate of convegence at all points away from the singularity in the sense that \(\vert f(x) - {f}_{N}^{\sigma }(x)\vert \sim O(\exp (-\mu (x)N))\) where \({f}_{N}^{\sigma }(x)\) is the result of applying a summability method to the partial sum f N (x) and μ(x) is a proportionality constant that is a function of \(d(x) \equiv \vert x - {x}_{s}\vert \), the distance from x to the singularity. Here we improve these earlier results and give an elementary proof of great generality using conformal mapping in a dummy variable z, which is the Euler acceleration. We show \(\exp (\mu (x)) \approx \min (2,\cos (d(x)/2))\) for the Euler filter when the Fourier period is 2π and f(x) has no off-axis singularities very close to the real axis. We correct recent claims that only a root-exponential rate of convergence can be recovered.
A Global Green New Deal

Meeting the short run challenges of reviving the worldwide economy need not mean sacrificing long run economic and environmental sustainability. A Global Green New Deal (GGND) is an economic policy strategy for ensuring a more economically and environmentally sustainable world economic recovery. Reviving growth and creating jobs should be essential objectives. But policies should also aim to reduce carbon dependency, protect ecosystems and water resources, and alleviate poverty. Otherwise, economic recovery today will do little to avoid future economic and environmental crises. Part One argues why a GGND strategy is essential to the sustainability of the global economy. Part Two provides an overview of the key national policies whilst Part Three focuses on the global actions necessary to allow national policies to work. Part Four summarizes the main recommendations for national and international action, and discusses the wider implications for restructuring the world economy towards 'greener' development.
Access to a new class of synthetic building blocks via trifluoromethoxylation of pyridines and pyrimidines

Since the first synthesis of trifluoromethyl ethers in 1935, the trifluoromethoxy (OCF3) group has made a remarkable impact in medicinal, agrochemical, and materials science research. However, our inability to facilely incorporate the OCF3 group into molecules, especially heteroaromatics, has limited its potential across a broad spectrum of technological applications. Herein, we report a scalable and operationally simple protocol for regioselective trifluoromethoxylation of a wide range of functionalized pyridines and pyrimidines under mild reaction conditions. The trifluoromethoxylated products are useful scaffolds that can be further elaborated by amidation and palladium-catalysed cross coupling reactions. Mechanistic studies suggest that a radical O-trifluoromethylation followed by the OCF3-migration reaction pathway is operable. Given the unique properties of the OCF3 group and the ubiquity of pyridine and pyrimidine in biologically active molecules and functional materials, trifluoromethoxylated pyridines and pyrimidines could serve as valuable building blocks for the discovery and development of new drugs, agrochemicals, and materials.
Protocols for Secure Remote Database Access with Approximate Matching

Suppose that Bob has a databaseDand that Alice wants to perform a search queryqonD(e.g., “isqinD?”).Since Alice is concerned about her privacy, she does not want Bob to know the queryqor the response to the query. How could this be done? There are elegant cryptographic techniques for solving this problem under various constraints (such as “Bob should know neitherqnor the answer to the query” and “Alice should learn nothing aboutDother than the answer to the query”), while optimizing various performance criteria (e.g., amount of communication).
The delusional misidentification syndromes.

The basic concept characterising the delusional misidentification syndromes (DMS), particularly the Capgras variety, is the concept of double, or its equivalents. It seems that this concept is prominent in all cultures and this explains the amazing universality of these delusions. Cases of DMS have been reported in practically all parts of the world. In fact, most patients actually mention the word double (or σωσιας, sosie etc.) or refer to transformations (metamorphose, μeταμoρΦωσeις and the like). The preoccupation, and even enchantment, of man with the notion of doubles from time immemorial in all cultures, as reflected in the myths, traditions, literature, beliefs and metaphysical motions, has been dealt with extensively elsewhere (Christodoulou, 1986a).
Towards Efficient Second-Order Power Analysis

Viable cryptosystem designs must address power analysis attacks, and masking is a commonly proposed technique for defending against these side-channel attacks. It is possible to overcome simple masking by using higher-order techniques, but apparently only at some cost in terms of generality, number of required samples from the device being attacked, and computational complexity. We make progress towards ascertaining the significance of these costs by exploring a couple of attacks that attempt to efficiently employ second-order techniques to overcome masking. In particular, we consider two variants of second-order differential power analysis: Zero-Offset 2DPA and FFT 2DPA.
Crystal Structure, Magnetic and Transport Properties of CeRu1–xNixAl (x = 0.5)

Single crystals of CeRu0.5Ni0.5Al can be obtained from a Ce-Ni melt using elements as starting materials. The presented compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma (no. 62) with a = 700.38(7), b = 416.92(4) and c = 1562.84(16) pm in the LaNiAl structure type. The compound shows an unusual temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility for T < 20 K although the cerium cations exhibit no local moment behavior. This feature is also visible in the electrical resistivity.
Privacy enforcement for IT governance in enterprises: doing it for real

This paper describes issues and requirements related to privacy management as an aspect of improved governance in enterprises. Most of the existing related technical work is based on auditing and reporting mechanisms. The focus of this paper is on privacy enforcement for personal data: this is still a green field. To enforce the execution of privacy policies, requests to access personal data need to be checked against data requestors' rights and intents, data subjects' consent and the stated data purposes. Being able to automate and simplify the enforcement of privacy and reduce the involved costs is important for enterprises. We describe our approach and compare it against related work. In particular, we discuss our work done to add privacy-aware access control capabilities to HP Select Access – a leading-edge access control solution. A prototype has been implemented as a proof of concept. Current results, open issues and next steps are discussed.
Trypanosoma brucei mitochondrial guide RNA-mRNA chimera-forming activity cofractionates with an editing-domain-specific endonuclease and RNA ligase and is mimicked by heterologous nuclease and RNA ligase

RNA editing in trypanosomes has been proposed to occur through transesterification or endonuclease cleavage and RNA ligation reactions. Both models involve a chimeric intermediate in which a guide RNA (gRNA) is joined through its 3' oligo(U) tail to an editing site of the corresponding mRNA. Velocity centrifugation of Trypanosoma brucei mitochondrial extracts had been reported to completely separate the gRNA-mRNA chimera-forming activity from endonuclease activity (V. W. Pollard, M. E. Harris, and S. L. Hajduk, EMBO J. 11:4429-4438, 1992), appearing to rule out the endonuclease-RNA ligase mechanism. However, we show that an editing-domain-specific endonuclease activity does cosediment with the chimera-forming activity, as does the RNA ligase activity, but detection of the specific endonuclease requires reducing assay conditions. This report further demonstrates that the T. brucei chimera-forming activity is mimicked by mung bean nuclease and T4 RNA ligase. Using cytochrome b (CYb) preedited mRNA and a model CYb gRNA, we found that these heterologous enzymes specifically generate CYb gRNA-mRNA chimeras analogous to those formed in the mitochondrial extract. These combined results provide support for the endonuclease-RNA ligase mechanism of chimera formation.
Advances and challenges of sodium ion batteries as post lithium ion batteries

Energy and climate concerns have made the need for research towards electrical energy storage. In this context, sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted significant attention lately. Sodium is an abundant resource that is low cost and safe which makes it an attractive alternative to lithium. Its chemical properties are similar to that of Li which makes the transition into using Na chemistry for ion battery systems feasible. This review focuses on the latest progress in both cathode and anode materials for SIBs. It also details research in binders and additives and their effects on the SIB system. It further highlights the optimization of organic electrolytes and ionic liquid based electrolytes for utilization in SIBs. The mechanisms of sodium ion storage, transport, and solid electrolyte interphase formation are also discussed to better understand the behavior of ions and battery materials during de/intercalation. Finally, personal perspectives on outlook and major challenges ahead for SIBs are offered. These comprehensive and in-depth discussions along with proposed directions can enlighten ideas and offer avenues in the rational design of durable and high performance SIBs in the near future.
Cost-effectiveness of reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from High-Speed Rail and urban transportation projects in California

Abstract A rising trend in state and federal transportation finance is to invest capital dollars into projects which reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, a key metric for comparing projects, the cost-effectiveness of GHG emissions reductions, is highly dependent on the cost-benefit methodology employed in the analysis. Our analysis comparing California High-Speed Rail and three urban transportation projects shows how four different accounting framings bring wide variations in cost per metric tonne of GHG emissions reduced. In our analysis, life-cycle GHG emissions are joined with full cost accounting to better understand the benefits of cap-and-trade investments. Considering only public subsidy for capital, none of the projects appear to be a cost-effective means to reduce GHG emissions (i.e., relative to the current price of GHG emissions in California’s cap-and-trade program at $12.21 per tonne). However, after adjusting for the change in private costs users incur when switching from the counterfactual mode (automobile or aircraft) to the mode enabled by the project, all investments appear to reduce GHG emissions at a net savings to the public. Policy and decision-makers who consider only the capital cost of new transportation projects can be expected to incorrectly assess alternatives and indirect benefits (i.e., how travelers adapt to the new mass transit alternative) should be included in decision-making processes.
Catastrophe insurance market in the Caribbean Region : market failures and recommendations for public sector interventions

The Caribbean region suffers from a high degree of economic volatility. A history of repeated external and domestic shocks has made economic insecurity a major concern across the region. Of particular concern to all households, especially the poorest segments of the population, is the exposure to shocks that are generated by catastrophic events or natural disasters. Auffret develops a conceptual framework for risk management and shows that the insurance market for catastrophic risk in the Caribbean region remains a "thin" market characterized by "high" prices and "low" transfer of risk. He analyzes the possible market failures which could explain the lack of development of the catastrophe insurance market. Finally he outlines a set of recommendations for public sector interventions. This paper - a product of the Economic Policy Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region - is part of a larger effort in the region to assess the impacts of catastrophic events on welfare.
Ordered Ramsey numbers of loose paths and matchings

For a k -uniform hypergraph G with vertex set { 1 , ? , n } , the ordered Ramsey number OR t ( G ) is the least integer N such that every t -coloring of the edges of the complete k -uniform graph on vertex set { 1 , ? , N } contains a monochromatic copy of G whose vertices follow the prescribed order. Due to this added order restriction, the ordered Ramsey numbers can be much larger than the usual graph Ramsey numbers. We determine that the ordered Ramsey numbers of loose paths under a monotone order grows as a tower of height two less than the maximum degree in terms of the number of edges. We also extend theorems of Conlon et?al. (2015) on the ordered Ramsey numbers of 2-uniform matchings to provide upper bounds on the ordered Ramsey number of k -uniform matchings under certain orderings.
Market dynamics and indirect network effects in electric vehicle diffusion

Abstract The diffusion of electric vehicles (EVs) is studied in a two-sided market framework consisting of EVs on the one side and EV charging stations (EVCSs) on the other. A sequential game is introduced as a model for the interactions between an EVCS investor and EV consumers. A consumer chooses to purchase an EV or a conventional gasoline alternative based on the upfront costs of purchase, the future operating costs, and the availability of charging stations. The investor, on the other hand, maximizes his profit by deciding whether to build charging facilities at a set of potential EVCS sites or to defer his investments. The solution of the sequential game characterizes the EV-EVCS market equilibrium. The market solution is compared with that of a social planner who invests in EVCSs with the goal of maximizing the social welfare. It is shown that the market solution underinvests EVCSs, leading to slower EV diffusion. The effects of subsidies for EV purchase and EVCSs are also considered.
The compatability of capital controls and financial development: a selective survey and empirical evidence

This paper examines the relationship between capital controls and financial development, with an emphasis on the empirical aspects of the linkage. Financial development is interpreted broadly as increasing the efficiency of allocating financial resources and monitoring capital projects. In empirical terms, this translates into increasing volume of bank intermediation and an increasing role for equity capital. Hence, I investigate a substantially broader set of proxy measures of financial development than has heretofore been analyzed. Moreover, in addition to the IMF's exchange restrictions measures, the Quinn (1997) index of financial openness is used as a measure of capital controls. The econometric results suggest that the rate of financial development, as measured by private credit creation and stock market activity is linked to the existence of capital controls. However, the strength of this relationship varies with the empirical measure used, and the level of development. Equity market activity appears to be linked to capital controls in both the full sample, and a restricted sample of developing countries. The possibilities for work at a more disaggregate level on banking and equity markets are also discussed. The results pertaining to equity market development is of particular importance, as recent work suggests that new technologies may not be effectively supported by bank directed finance.
Behavioral Hazard in Health Insurance

A fundamental implication of standard moral hazard models is overuse of low-value medical care because copays are lower than costs. In these models, the demand curve alone can be used to make welfare statements, a fact relied on by much empirical work. There is ample evidence, though, that people misuse care for a different reason: mistakes, or “behavioral hazard.” Much high-value care is underused even when patient costs are low, and some useless care is bought even when patients face the full cost. In the presence of behavioral hazard, welfare calculations using only the demand curve can be off by orders of magnitude or even be the wrong sign. We derive optimal copay formulas that incorporate both moral and behavioral hazard, providing a theoretical foundation for value-based insurance design and a way to interpret behavioral “nudges.” Once behavioral hazard is taken into account, health insurance can do more than just provide financial protection — it can also improve health care efficiency. JEL Codes: D03, I12, I13, I30, I38
Systematic Performance Evaluation of Multipoint Protocols

The advent of multipoint (multicast-based) applications and the growth and complexity of the Internet has complicated network protocol design and evaluation. In this paper, we present a method for automatic synthesis of worst and best case scenarios for multipoint protocol performance evaluation. Our method uses a fault-oriented test generation (FOTG) algorithm for searching the protocol and system state space to synthesize these scenarios. The algorithm is based on a global finite state machine (FSM) model. We extend the algorithm with timing semantics to handle end-to-end delays and address performance criteria. We introduce the notion of a virtual LAN to represent delays of the underlying multicast distribution tree.
What Explains Stock Markets’ Vulnerability to the 2007–2008 Crisis?

This paper examines the determinants of stock markets'vulnerability to the 2007-2008 crisis. Given that the United States (US) was the crisis epicenter, the authors analyze the factors driving the co-movement between US returns and stock returns in 83 countries. The analysis distinguishes between the period before and after the collapse of Lehman Brothers. The findings indicate that the main channel of transmission was financial. There is also evidence of a "wake-up call" or "demonstration effect" in the first stage of the crisis, because countries with vulnerable banking and corporate sectors exhibited higher co-movement with the US market. However, despite a collapse in trade across countries, the analysis does not find support for this channel of transmission.
Neutrinos and the Standard Model

Since their ”discovery” by Pauli in 1930, neutrinos have played a key part in confirmation of the structure of the standard model of strong and electroweak interactions. After reviewing ways in which this has been manifested in the past, we discuss areas in which neutrinos continue to play this role.
Informed Consent, A Symbol Analyzed

Book reviewed in this article: A History and Theory of Informed Consent. By Ruth R Faden and Tom L Beauchamp.
A brief introduction to natural language processing for non-linguists

This chapter introduces the field of natural language processing to the computer scientist or logician outside of the field. We first discuss some concepts from the field of linguistics, which focuses on the language half of the NLP equation, then move on to some of the common computational methods used to process and understand language. No previous knowledge of NLP is assumed.
Low aspect ratio wing code validation experiment

An experiment was performed on a low-aspect ratio wing to define the limits of the validity of codes which are used to predict the flow over modern fighter configurations. The focus of the experiment is to provide data at or near the true operating conditions of transonic aircraft. The Reynolds numbers reached in this experiment reproduce those experienced by an aircraft with a 5-m root chord, flying at 14 to 16 km, from Mach 0.6 to 0.8. The angle-of-attack range of the experiment extends into the regime of leading-edge separation.
Progressing from Small Group Work to Cooperative Learning: A Case Study from Computer Science*

Although the industrial partners of academe are unanimous in their desire to hire engineering graduates who are experienced in working productively in small groups, implementing small group work in a computer science class can be difficult. The obvious assignment, a group programming project, proved to be a poor choice when implemented in my computer graphics class. An examination of the literature in this area shows that a group programming project has many features in common with a group term paper, the assignment that has been uniquely identified as the worst choice for small group work. Fortunately, there are better choices for cooperative learning in computer science. Assignments with “the three S's“: Same problem, Specific choice, and Simultaneous reporting of group choices, work well. This was implemented in my class by having students work multiple choice quizzes designed to require high level learning skills. Quizzes were first worked by individuals, then by small groups. The small group answers are then compared and discussed in class. This generates the type of interaction between the professor and students which creates positive cooperative learning experiences. Promising results have been seen with this method, from both the student and the professor's perspective.
Experimental string field theory

We develop efficient algorithms for level-truncation computations in open bosonic string field theory. We determine the classical action in the universal subspace to level (18,54) and apply this knowledge to numerical evaluations of the tachyon condensate string field. We obtain two main sets of results. First, we directly compute the solutions up to level L = 18 by extremizing the level-truncated action. Second, we obtain predictions for the solutions for 18$>L>18 from an extrapolation to higher levels of the functional form of the tachyon effective action. We find that the energy of the stable vacuum overshoots -1 (in units of the brane tension) at L = 14, reaches a minimum Emin = −1.00063 at L ~ 28 and approaches with spectacular accuracy the predicted answer of -1 as L→∞. Our data are entirely consistent with the recent perturbative analysis of Taylor and strongly support the idea that level-truncation is a convergent approximation scheme. We also check systematically that our numerical solution, which obeys the Siegel gauge condition, actually satisfies the full gauge-invariant equations of motion. Finally we investigate the presence of analytic patterns in the coefficients of the tachyon string field, which we are able to reliably estimate in the L→∞ limit.
An extension of existing real-time load pull systems to perform voltage/current waveform reconstruction

A complete system to perform voltage/current waveform reconstruction during single-tone non-linear characterization of on-wafer devices including measurements of source reflection coefficients is presented. The solution is an extension of an existing real time active load pull system, which requires neither modification of the existing instruments nor a complicated calibration procedure or extra pre-characterization of components, thereby preserving all attractive features of the original system such as 100 dB dynamic range. The extension is relatively simple requiring only two comb generators and one additional calibration step to provide a spectacular enhancement of on-wafer characterization capability of non-linear devices.
Migration and the Sending Economy: A Disaggregated Rural Economy-Wide Analysis

Abstract Most economic research on migration impacts focuses on the households that send the migrants and get the remittances, ignoring linkages with others in the sending economies. This paper offers an alternative, disaggregated economy-wide perspective on migration and its impacts. Data from the 2003 Mexico National Rural Household Survey are used to calibrate a series of interacting rural household models nested within a general equilibrium model of the whole rural economy. Simulations reveal that the impacts of international migration and remittances on sending areas depend critically on the ways in which local markets transmit influences among households.
Entrepreneurial Aspirations Among Family Business Owners: An Analysis of Ethnic Business Owners in the UK

This paper contributes to our understanding of the intersection between entrepreneurship and family businesses by examining the business aspirations of immigrant entrepreneurs from five different ethnic minority communities in the UK. It explores differences in the entrepreneurs' antecedents that might explain differences in their aspirations and examines the interaction between aspirations and business behaviour and outcomes. It finds that despite the importance of the family in their businesses, ethnic minority entrepreneurs have diverse aspirations. It is possible to distinguish between those with business‐first, family‐first, money‐first and lifestyle‐first aspirations. Their educational and family background affects entrepreneurs' aspirations, as does their stage on the family life cycle. Differences in aspirations are related to the nature of business, the way in which it is managed, the recruitment of professional managers and entrepreneurial performance. Our findings highlight the diversity in aspirations among family business owners and the complexity of the interaction between ethnicity, culture, class and entrepreneurship.
The effect of charter schools on achievement and behavior of public school students

Abstract Charter schools have seen dramatic growth over the last decade. However, we know little about how they affect traditional public schools. I look at how charters affect student outcomes in public schools using data from a large urban school district in the southwest. Unlike prior work that relies on school fixed effects, I address the endogenous location of charter schools using an instrumental variables strategy that relies on plausibly exogenous variation in local building supply. Results show that charters induce modest but statistically significant drops in math and language test scores, particularly for elementary students. However, results for middle and high school students show improvements in discipline.
Creating materials with a desired refraction coefficient: numerical experiments

A recipe for creating materials with a desired refraction coefficient is implemented numerically. An error estimate is given for the approximate solution of the many-body scattering problem in the case of small scatterers. This result is used for the estimate of the minimal number of small particles to be embedded in a given domain D in order to get a material whose refraction coefficient approximates the desired one with the relative error not exceeding a desired small quantity.
An Improved Synthesis of the Versatile Heterocycle, 4-Amino-6-Bromo-5-Cyanopyrrolo[2,3-d]Pyrimidine

Abstract A fast and efficient method was developed for the preparation of 4-amino-6-bromo-5-cyanopyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine from 2-amino-5-bromo-3,4-dicyanopyrrole, triethylorthoformate and ethanolic ammonia. Pure product was obtained in higher yields and in less time than those reported in published procedures.
Three dimensional multipole decomposition of fields

Abstract A new method of generating the general multipole representation of the three dimensional static field, electric or magnetic, is obtained via a scalar potential evaluated from the arbitrary specified source. As an application of this formulation, a previous 3-D electric field decomposition method has been further generalized to the magnetic field.
ENCOMPASSING TESTS WHEN NO MODEL IS ENCOMPASSING

This paper considers regression-based tests for encompassing, when none of the models under consideration encompasses all the other models. For both in- and out-of-sample applications, I derive asymptotic distributions and propose feasible procedures to construct confidence intervals and test statistics. Procedures that are asymptotically valid under the null of encompassing (e.g., Davidson and MacKinnon, Econometrica 49 (1981) 781) can have large asymptotic and finite sample distortions. Simulations indicate that the proposed procedures can work well in samples of size typically available, though the divergence between actual and nominal confidence interval coverage sometimes is large.
Synthesis of High Enantiopurity N-Protected α-Amino Ketones by Thiol Ester-Organostannane Cross-Coupling using pH-Neutral Conditions

An efficient synthesis of high enantiopurity N-protected alpha-amino ketones is described. Complementing other studies using boronic acids and thiol esters, this Cu(I) diphenylphosphinate (CuDPP)-mediated, palladium-catalyzed coupling of alpha-amino thiol esters with aryl, heteroaryl, allyl, and alkenyl organostannanes gives N-protected alpha-amino ketones in high yields with high enantiopurity (in almost all cases) under mild and pH-neutral reaction conditions. The viability of pi-deficient heteroarylstannanes is an advantage of this reaction compared to the related boronic acid system.
Explaining the Growth of Part‐time Employment: Factors of Supply and Demand

. Using the Dutch Labour Force Survey 1991–2001, the authors investigate the incidence of part-time employment in the country with the highest part-time employment rate of the OECD countries. Women fulfil most part-time jobs, but a considerable fraction of men works part-time as well. Evidence from descriptive statistics and a macroeconometric model at the sectoral level of industry suggests that the growth of part-time employment in the 1990s relates strongly to the growth in female labour force participation. Factors of labour demand, such as the shift from manufacturing to services and the increase in the demand for flexible labour, turn out to play a significant role as well.
Binaural Tracking of Multiple Moving Sources

This paper addresses the problem of tracking multiple moving sources using binaural input. We observe that binaural cues are strongly correlated with source locations in time-frequency regions dominated by only one source. Based on this observation, we propose a novel tracking algorithm that integrates probabilities across reliable frequency channels in order to produce a likelihood function in the target space, which describes the azimuths of all active sources at a particular time frame. Finally, a hidden Markov model (HMM) is employed to form continuous tracks and automatically detect the number of active sources across time. Results are presented for up to three moving talkers in anechoic conditions. A comparison shows that our HMM model outperforms a Kalman filter-based approach in tracking active sources across time. Our study represents a first step in addressing auditory scene analysis with moving sound sources.
Citation to Legislative History: Empirical Evidence on Positive Political and Contextual Theories of Judicial Decision Making

Abstract We present empirical evidence suggesting that political context—judicial hierarchy and judicial panel dynamics—influences an authoring judge’s use of legislative history. Specifically, we find that to the extent that political ideology matters, a district court judge’s choice of legislative history is influenced, albeit modestly, by (1) the political makeup of the overseeing circuit court and (2) the political characteristics of a judge’s panel colleagues, as well as by the circuit court as a whole. These factors matter more than the authoring judge’s own political‐ideological connection to the legislators. Put differently, an authoring judge will have a greater tendency to cite legislative history by legislators who share political party affiliation with the colleagues and superiors of the authoring judge than legislators sharing the same political party affiliation as the authoring judge himself. These findings are consistent generally with positive political and contextual theories of judicial...
Pure O -Sequences and Matroid h -Vectors

We study Stanley’s long-standing conjecture that the h-vectors of matroid simplicial complexes are pure O-sequences. Our method consists of a new and more abstract approach, which shifts the focus from working on constructing suitable artinian level monomial ideals, as often done in the past, to the study of properties of pure O-sequences. We propose a conjecture on pure O-sequences and settle it in small socle degrees. This allows us to prove Stanley’s conjecture for all matroids of rank 3. At the end of the paper, using our method, we discuss a first possible approach to Stanley’s conjecture in full generality. Our technical work on pure O-sequences also uses very recent results of the third author and collaborators.
Supersonic jet noise generated by large scale disturbances

A body of experimental evidence is now available which tends to suggest that the dominant part of supersonic jet noise is produced by large scale flow disturbances. A mathematical model of large scale disturbances in a supersonic jet is presented in this paper. It is believed that the presence of large scale disturbances not only enhances the unsteady entrainment of ambient gas into the jet flow but also causes the jet to vibrate laterally. These unsteady processes in turn induce the emission of acoustic waves from the jet. Numerical calculations of the far field noise directivity pattern of a 2·2 Mach number cold jet according to the proposed model compare favorably with experimental measurements.
Shape, Structure, and Kinematic Parameterization of a Power-Optimal Hovering Wing

In this paper, we investigate the aeroelastic hovering motions of a highly-flexible flapping wing. It is desired to parameterize the wing shape, structural composition, and kinematic hovering motions, and then minimize the peak power required during the stroke, subject to trim and mechanical failure constraints. The aeroelastic model couples a nonlinear threedimensional beam model to a quasi-steady blade element aerodynamic model, which is then solved in an implicit time-marching manner (with sub-iterations within each time step to accommodate various nonlinearities) until the response becomes time-periodic. Gradients of the response with respect to the disparate design variables are computed analytically for optimization. Power-optimal flapping configurations are found to exploit interdependencies among the three types of design variables to effectively tailor the aeroelastic response.
γ-Selective Cross-Coupling of Allylic Silanolate Salts with Aromatic Bromides Using Trialkylphosphonium Tetrafluoroborate Salts Prepared Directly from Phosphine•Borane Adducts

The γ-selective, palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of sodium (Z)-2-butenyldiethylsilanolate with a variety of aromatic bromides is reported. The protocol provides high yields (73–94%) and site selectivity (γ/α, 25:1 → > 99:1) in the coupling of electron-rich, electron-poor, sterically hindered, and heteroaromatic bromides. The use of a configurationally homogeneous (Z)-silanolate, nontransferable ethyl groups, and a sterically bulky trialkylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate salt (t-BuCy2PH+BF4–) prepared directly from the corresponding air-stable phosphine•borane adduct are critical to the success of the method.
State of the Science on Postacute Rehabilitation: Setting a Research Agenda and Developing an Evidence Base for Practice and Public Policy—An Introduction

The Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Measuring Rehabilitation Outcomes and Effectiveness along with academic, professional, provider, accreditor and other organizations, sponsored a 2-day State-of-the-Science of Post-Acute Rehabilitation Symposium in February 2007. The aim of this symposium was to serve as a catalyst for expanded research on postacute care (PAC) rehabilitation so that health policy is founded on a solid evidence base. The goals were to: (1) describe the state of our knowledge regarding utilization, organization and outcomes of postacute rehabilitation settings, (2) identify methodologic and measurement challenges to conducting research, (3) foster the exchange of ideas among researchers, policymakers, industry representatives, funding agency staff, consumers and advocacy groups, and (4) identify critical questions related to setting, delivery, payment and effectiveness of rehabilitation services. Plenary presentation and state-of-the-science summaries were organized around four themes: (1) the need for improved measurement of key rehabilitation variables and methods to collect and analyze this information, (2) factors that influence access to postacute rehabilitation care, (3) similarities and differences in quality and quantity of services across PAC settings, and (4) effectiveness of postacute rehabilitation services. The full set of symposium articles, including recommendations for future research, appear in Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
Dynamic considerations for control of closed life support systems.

Reliability of closed life support systems will depend on their ability to continue supplying the crew's needs in the face of perturbations and equipment failures. These dynamic considerations interact with the basic static (equilibrium) design through the sizing of storages, the specification of excess capacities in processors, and the choice of system initial state (total mass in the system). This paper uses a very simple system flow model to examine the possibilities for system failures even when there is sufficient storage to buffer the immediate effects of the perturbation. Two control schemes are shown which have different dynamic consequences in response to component failures.
The future of high frequency circuit design

The cut-off wavelengths of integrated silicon transistors have exceeded the die sizes of the chips being fabricated with them. Combined with the ability to integrate billions of transistors on the same die, this size-wavelength cross-over has produced a unique opportunity for a completely new class of holistic circuit design combining electromagnetics, device physics, circuits, and communication system theory in one place. In this paper, we discuss some of these opportunities and their associated challenges in greater detail and provide a few of examples of how they can be used in practice.
The Subject of History: Historical Subjectivity and Historical Science

Abstract In this paper, I show how the phenomenological and hermeneutic traditions and method converge on their treatment of the historical subject. Thinkers from both traditions converge on the following thesis: that subjectivity is shaped by a historical worldview. Each tradition provides independent grounds and methodological approaches which provide accounts of how these worldviews are shaped, and thus how essentially historical subjective experience is molded. In the second part of this paper I argue that both traditions, although offering helpful ways of understanding the way history shapes subjectivity, go too far in their epistemic claims for the superiority of subjective over positivist or academic history. They propose that the historicity of subjective experience is unexpressed and therefore inexpressible in positivist or academic history. I propose that although the phenomenological-hermeneutic approach to historical subjectivity is both fruitful and valuable for understanding both history and human nature, it cannot and ought not replace academic or what I will call ‘critical’ history. By showing the importance of historicity, and the force of historical consciousness on our actions, philosophers of history in these traditions expose the epistemic and perhaps even ethical requirement to engage in a rigorous critical history, one which recognizes the importance of historical consciousness. Such critical history is necessary to move beyond the subjective horizon of history as experienced to understand how events shaped this historical horizon.
Herbivorous insects reduce growth and reproduction of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata)

Insect herbivores can reduce growth, seed production, and population dynamics of host plants, but do not always do so. Big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) has one of the largest ranges of any shrub in North America, and is the dominant and characteristic shrub of the extensive sagebrush steppe ecosystem of the western United States. Nevertheless, the impact of insect herbivores on big sagebrush, its dominant and characteristic shrub, is largely unknown. Occasional large effects of insect herbivore outbreaks are documented, but there is little knowledge of the impact of the more typical, nominal herbivory that is produced by the diverse community of insects associated with big sagebrush in natural communities. In 2008, we removed insects from big sagebrush plants with insecticide to evaluate whether insect herbivores reduced growth and seed production of big sagebrush. Removal of herbivores led to significant and substantial increases in inflorescence growth (22%), flower production (325%), and seed production (1053%) of big sagebrush. Our results showed the impact of insect herbivory in the current growing season on the growth and reproduction of big sagebrush and revealed an unrecognized, significant role of non-outbreak herbivores on big sagebrush.
Estimating the redshift distribution of photometric galaxy samples – II. Applications and tests of a new method

In Lima et al. (2008) we presented a new method for estimating the redshift distribution, N(z), of a photometric galaxy sample, using photometric observables and weighted sampling from a spectroscopic subsample of the data. In this paper, we extend this method and explore various applications of it, using both simulations of and real data from the SDSS. In addition to estimating the redshift distribution for an entire sample, the weighting method enables accurate estimates of the redshift probability distribution, p(z), for each galaxy in a photometric sample. Use of p(z) in cosmological analyses can substantially reduce biases associated with traditional photometric redshifts, in which a single redshift estimate is associated with each galaxy. The weighting procedure also naturally indicates which galaxies in the photometric sample are expected to have accurate redshift estimates, namely those that lie in regions of photometric-observable space that are well sampled by the spectroscopic subsample. In addition to providing a method that has some advantages over standard photo-z estimates, the weights method can also be used in conjunction with photo-z estimates, e.g., by providing improved estimation of N(z) via deconvolution of N(zphot) and improved estimates of photo-z scatter and bias.