cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Blood‐Brain Barrier GLUT1 Glucose Transporter and Actin mRNA by a Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay

: The expression of the blood-brain barrier GLUT1 glucose transporter is down-regulated in brain capillary endothelial cells in tissue culture. Consequently, the study of the regulation of this low-abundance transcript requires the isolation of poly(A)+ mRNA from relatively large numbers of brain endothelial cells in culture (˜107). Therefore, in order to facilitate studies with smaller amounts of cells, we describe here a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to measure the mRNA of GLUT1 and the mRNA of the housekeeping gene, actin, which is used as standard control. Bovine brain endothelial cells were grown as either a primary culture (EP cells) or as a brain endothelial cell line (ECL cells) in 25-mm 6-well cluster dishes, and total or poly(A)+ RNA was isolated. Following synthesis of cDNA with AMV reverse transcriptase and oligo(dT)18 primer, PCR was performed with sense and antisense primers for bovine GLUT1 and 7-actin, respectively. Reactions were performed in the presence of 2.5 μCi of [α-32P]dCTP, and products were resolved in agarose gels and quantified by scanning densitometry of autoradiograms. A direct relationship between RNA-cDNA and PCR products was observed for GLUT1 after 30 cycles, and for actin after 15 PCR cycles. The method was reproducible within specified ranges of starting RNA-derived cDNA, and the intraassay coefficient of variation averaged 7.2 β 1.8%. The GLUT1/actin mRNA ratio was as follows: brain capillaries β EP > ECL. In addition, it is demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-α induced a three-to fourfold increase in the GLUT1/actin mRNA ratio in ECL cells. This method provides a 100-200-fold increase in the sensitivity of detection of blood-brain barrier GLUT1 transcript in bovine brain capillary endothelial cells in tissue culture compared with the conventional northern blotting technique using poly(A)+ mRNA.
Examining the linkage between organizational commitment and information security

Several new lines of research have begun to focus on a sociotechnical approach to information security by simultaneously considering the behavioral and managerial elements of security together with the technical aspects. In this paper, we examine the influence of organizational commitment on some aspects of security behavior in organizations.
NOVEL IN VITRO METHOD FOR RAPID SCREENING OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS USING PRIMARY OR IMMORTALIZED RAT HEPATOCYTES

The eventual phaseout of chlorofluorocarbons by the year 2000 has resulted in an intense search for replacement agents. A novel in vitro exposure system utilizing anchorage-dependent cell cultures has been developed to rapidly screen newly developed volatile replacement candidates for potential in vivo toxicity. Primary and WB344 immortalized rat hepatocytes were exposed to candidate volatile agents at 10,000, 100,000, and 500,000 ppm for 4 and 24 h. 1-Chloro-1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124) and 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b)were not found to be cytotoxic using enzyme leakageas an indicator of cell damage. Exposure of primary hepatocytes to 500,000 ppm of 2,2-dichloro1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123) indicated significant cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase and mitochondrial aspartate S-aminotransferase enzyme leakage at 4 and 24 h. Exposure of these hepatocytes to a mixture of HCFC-123/142b (80/20%) at 500,000 ppm indicated significant enzyme leakage after 24 h of exposure. Exposure of the WB344 he...
Output analysis for simulations

We discuss methods for statistically analyzing the output from stochastic discrete-event or Monte Carlo simulations. Terminating and steady-state simulations are considered.
Pulmonary anaphylaxis and the kallikrein-kinin system

The kallikrein-kinin system has been thought to participate in the pathogenesis of anaphylaxis. Kallikrein, released from lungs, has been postulated to contribute to cardiovascular collapse. Further to test the hypothesis, we examined for the occurrence of a kallikrein-like enzyme in guinea pig lungs and. examined for release of such an enzyme by isolated, perfused lungs of guinea pig sensitized to and challenged with egg albumin. In addition, we treated guinea pigs with the bradykinin potentiating agents, BPP9a and SQ 14,225. In parallel experiments, we examined for effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents on the supposition that prostaglandin-related substances may mediate or modulate actions of kinins during anaphylaxis. A plasma kallikrein-like enzyme was found in lung homogenates and occurred in concentrations greater than that of plasma itself. Similarly, a store of kininogen occurs in lungs. However, using a sensitive radioassay for kallikrein-like enzymes, we were unable to confirm that antigenic challenge of sensitized lungs causes the release of enzyme into pulmonary venous effluent. Further, we were unable to modify the acute course of anaphylaxis by pretreatment of guinea pigs with bradykinin potentiating agents. However, indomethacin and aspirin at 20–40 mg/kg were found to greatly increase the severity of pulmonary anaphylaxis in terms of increased resistance to ventilation and increased numbers of lung hemorrhages. Paradoxically, aspirin or sodium salicylate at 80–100 mg/kg prevents the characteristic rise of insufflation pressure and the formation of lung hemorrhages.
The ultrastructure of the atrioventricular junctional tissues in the newborn ferret heart.

In this study the structure of the atrioventricular (AV) node and bundle in the newborn ferret heart was examined by light and electron microscopy. At the light microscopic level the AV node could be subdivided into deep and superficial portions. Electron microscopy revealed that both superficial and deep AV nodal cells were characterized by a paucity of myofibrils, desmosomes, fasciae adherentes and gap junctions. Deep AV nodal cells, however, had more surface specializations than did superficial AV nodal cells. In both subdivisions the constituent cells were ellipsoid with tapering end-processes. In contrast to the nodal cells, the newborn AV bundle cells were round to ovoid. The AV bundle cells were organized into large fascicles, and there was a high frequency of anastomosing intercommunication between fascicles. These bundle cells had few myofibrils and a high incidence of apposed plasma membrane. The present morphological findings support the concept that there are significant postnatal morphological changes that occur in the region of the AV junction. These results are also consistent with findings in other species that AV nodal conduction time is similar in newborns and adults, while conduction through the AV bundle increases with age.
Formation of Bubbles in a Multisection Flow-Focusing Junction

The formation of bubbles in a flow-focusing (FF) junction comprising multiple rectangular sections is described. The simplest junctions comprise two sections (throat and orifice). Systematic investigation of the influence on the formation of bubbles of the flow of liquid and the geometry of the junction identifies regimes that generate monodisperse, bidisperse, and tridisperse trains of bubbles. The mechanisms by which these junctions form monodisperse and bidisperse bubbles are inferred from the shapes of the gas thread during breakup: these mechanisms differ primarily by the process in which the gas thread collapses in the throat and/or orifice. The dynamic self-assembly of bidisperse bubbles leads to unexpected groupings of bubbles during their flow along the outlet channel.
The integration of information from stereo and multiple shape-from-texture cues

An approach is described that integrates multiple visual sensing methodologies that yield three-dimensional information. The current system integrates feature-based stereo algorithms with various shape-from-texture algorithms. Unlike most systems for multisensor integration, that fuse all the information at one conceptual level, e.g., the surface level, the system under development uses two levels of data fusion: intraprocess integration and interprocess integration. Intraprocess integration techniques for feature-based stereo and shape-from-texture algorithms are briefly discussed. The authors also discuss an interprocess integration technique for fusing feature-based stereo and shape-from-texture based on smooth models of surfaces. Examples are presented using camera-acquired images. >
ALTERATIONS IN THE HISTOPATHOLOGY OF SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS WITH STEROID THERAPY.

A clinical and pathologic study of 25 autopsy cases of systemic lupus erythematosus is presented correlating clinical and histopathologic improvement following steroid therapy. The literature concerning the effects of steroids on the histopathology of SLE is reviewed. Though in this, as well as other studies, the treated patient lived longer (average of 14 months), the previously reported corresponding histologic improvement could not be demonstrated in any of the lesions. Es presentate un studio clinic e pathologic de 25 casos necroptic de generalisate lupus erythematose, con correlationes clinic e histopathologic occurrente post le uso de un therapia a steroides. Es revistate le litteratura concernente le effectos de steroides super le histopathologia de generalisate lupus erythematose. Ben que in iste studio—como in alteres—le tractate patientes viveva plus longemente (14 menses como extension medie), le previemente reportate lesions. correspondente melioration histologic non poteva esser demonstrate in ulle del lesiones.
Endangered Languages and Linguistic Rights: on the Margins of Nations. Proceedings of the Eighth FEL Conference, Barcelona (Catalonia), Spain, 1–3 October, 2004

Joan A. Argenter and R. McKenna Brown (eds.) Endangered Languages and Linguistic Rights: on the Margins of Nations. Proceedings of the Eighth FEL Conference, Barcelona (Catalonia), Spain, 1–3 October, 2004 . Bath: Foundation for Endangered Languages, 2004. 228 pp. Pb £17/US$32. Endangered Languages and Linguistic Rights: On the Margins of Nations is a collection of papers originally presented at the Foundation for Endangered Language's (FEL) annual conference; the 2004 meeting was held in Barcelona. The great majority of the papers are written in English, with a few in Spanish and one in Catalan.
The enhanced N‐nitrosation of lipid soluble amines in a heterogeneous model system

The N-nitrosations of dihexylamine, dibutylamine and dipropylamine were studied in a heterogeneous model system containing a 20% n-decane phase. The reactions were examined at 37°C and with an aqueous phase pH of 5.25. A 20-fold enhancement in the formation of N-nitrosodihexylamine was observed as compared with decane-free controls; N-nitrosodibutylamine formation was also increased, but to a lesser extent; the yield of N-nitrosodipropylamine was below the limit of detection for both the control and the decane-containing reactions. Partition coefficient measurements showed that under these conditions 5% of the dihexylamine was located in the decane phase and that the corresponding values for dibutylamine and dipropylamine were considerably lower. The results are discussed in relation to the fat-preferred formation of N-nitrosamines in fried bacon.
A pseudo-distance measure for 2D shapes based on turning angle

We describe a pseudo-distance function for planar shapes that can be used for similarity retrieval based on shape in image database applications. A shape is represented as a vector of turning angles, and the distance between two vectors is computed using a dynamic programming algorithm. We improve the method over previous similar approaches by allowing multiple starting points along the object perimeter. The results of shape retrieval to match either user hand-drawn shapes or stored object shapes in a database of approximately 2300 shapes demonstrate the methods capabilities.
The Enabling Role of Surface Passivation in Visible Photoluminescence from Si Nanoparticles

Silicon nanocrystallites have been studied in a variety of passivating environments to study the role of surface passivation in visible light emission from the particles. Thin films of Si nanocrystallites have been deposited by a laser ablation supersonic expansion technique. The films show significant room temperature photoluminescence (PL) behavior only after processing to achieve surface passivation. Passivation effects on light emission are studied through PL emission spectroscopy on clusters in the gas phase, as well as films in a variety of passivating media. The intensity of PL emission seems to scale with the extent of surface passivation, but the specific nature of the passivating species is not critical in defining the wavelength of emitted light.
Diverse microbial communities inhabiting ferromanganese deposits in Lechuguilla and Spider Caves

Summary Lechuguilla Cave is an ancient, deep, oligotrophic subterranean environment that contains an abundance of low-density ferromanganese deposits, the origin of which is uncertain. To assess the possibility that biotic factors may be involved in the production of these deposits and to investigate the nature of the microbial community in these materials, we carried out culture-independent, small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) sequence-based studies from two sites and from manganese and iron enrichment cultures inoculated with ferromanganese deposits from Lechuguilla and Spider Caves. Sequence analysis showed the presence of some organisms whose closest relatives are known iron- and manganese-oxidizing/reducing bacteria, including Hyphomicrobium, Pedomicrobium, Leptospirillum, Stenotrophomonas and Pantoea. The dominant clone types in one site grouped with mesophilic Archaea in both the Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. The second site was dominated almost entirely by lactobacilli. Other clone sequences were most closely related to those of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, actinomycetes and β- and γ-Proteobacteria. Geochemical analyses showed a fourfold enrichment of oxidized iron and manganese from bedrock to darkest ferromanganese deposits. These data support our hypothesis that microorganisms may contribute to the formation of manganese and iron oxide-rich deposits and a diverse microbial community is present in these unusual secondary mineral formations.
A permeability-change model for water-level changes triggered by teleseismic waves

Although many hydrologic changes induced by teleseismic waves have been reported, the mechanism(s) responsible for the changes are usually not known. Permeability changes induced by seismic strains are often invoked to explain changes in water level. Using water-level data in Taiwan after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, we show here that the observations cannot be properly explained by previously proposed models of postseismic permeability changes. A new model is required in which the postseismic permeability decreases exponentially as a function of time, with a time constant of <3 min, which is appreciably shorter than inferred from earlier studies. The result may have important implications for pore-sealing mechanism(s).
Effects of Nitric Oxide on the Copper-Responsive Transcription Factor Ace1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Cytotoxic and Cytoprotective Actions of Nitric Oxide

Previous studies indicate that nitric oxide (NO) can serve as a regulator/disrupter of metal-metabolizing systems in cells and, indeed, this function may represent an important physiological and/or pathophysiological role for NO. In order to address possible mechanisms of this aspect of NO biology, the effect of NO on copper metabolism and toxicity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was examined. Exposure of S. cerevisiae to NO resulted in an alteration of the activity of the copper-responsive transcription factor Acel. Low concentrations of the NO donor DEA/NO were found to slightly enhance copper-mediated activation of Acel. Since Acel regulates the expression of genes responsible for the protection of S. cerevisiae from metal toxicity, the effect of NO on the toxicity of copper toward S. cerevisiae was also examined. Interestingly, low concentrations of NO were also found to protect S. cerevisiae against the toxicity of copper. The effect of NO at high concentrations was, however, opposite. High concentrations of DEA/NO inhibited copper-mediated Acel activity. Correspondingly, high concentrations of DEA/NO (1 mM) dramatically enhanced copper toxicity. An intermediate concentration of DEA/NO (0.5 mM) exhibited a dual effect, enhancing toxicity at lower copper concentrations ( or =0.5 mM) copper concentrations. Thus, it is proposed that the ability of NO to both protect against (at low concentrations) and enhance (at high concentration) copper toxicity in S. cerevisiae is, at least partially, a result of its effect on Acel. The results of this study have implications for the role of NO as a mediator of metal metabolism.
Blood Transfusion for Lower Extremity Bypass Is Associated with Increased Wound Infection and Graft Thrombosis

Background Packed RBC transfusion has been postulated to increase morbidity and mortality after cardiac/general surgical operations, but its effects after lower extremity bypass (LEB) have not been studied extensively. Study Design Using the Vascular Study Group of New England's database (2003–2010), we examined 1,880 consecutive infrainguinal LEB performed for critical limb ischemia. Perioperative transfusion was categorized as 0 U, 1 to 2 U, and ≥3 U. Cohort frequency group matching was used to compare groups of patients receiving 1 to 2 U and 0 U with patients receiving ≥3 U using age, coronary artery disease, diabetes, urgency, and indication of revascularization. Primary end points were perioperative mortality, wound infection, and loss of primary graft patency at discharge, as well as 1-year mortality and loss of primary graft patency. Results In the study cohort, 1,532 LEBs (81.5%) received 0 U, 248 LEBs (13.2%) received 1 to 2 U, and 100 LEBs (5.3%) received ≥3 U transfusion. In the study cohort and group frequency matched cohort, transfusion was associated with significantly higher perioperative wound infection (0 U:4.8% vs 1 to 2 U: 6.5% vs ≥3 U: 14.0%; p = 0.0004) and graft thrombosis at discharge (4.5% vs 7.7% vs 15.3%; p Conclusions Perioperative transfusion in patients undergoing LEB is associated with increased perioperative wound infection and graft thrombosis. From this observational study, it appears transfusion does not have major consequences during mid-term follow-up, but the presumed benefits of blood replacement should be weighed carefully because of the increased risk of perioperative complications with transfusion.
Differential absorption microwave radar measurements for remote sensing of atmospheric pressure

The accuracy of numerical weather model predictions of the intensity and track of tropical storms may be improved by large spatial coverage and frequent sampling of sea surface barometry. The feasibility of a microwave radar operating at moderate to strong O2 absorption bands in the frequency range of 50~56 GHz to remotely measure surface barometric pressure may provide such capability. At these radar wavelengths, the reflection of radar echoes from water surfaces is strongly attenuated by atmospheric column O2. Because of the uniform mixture of O2 gases within the atmosphere, the total atmospheric column O2 is proportional to atmospheric path lengths and the total atmospheric column air, and thus, to surface barometric pressures. Recent research has developed a technique based on the use of a dual-frequency, O2-band radar to overcome many of the difficulties associated with techniques requiring larger frequency separation. The ratio of reflected radar signals at multiple wavelengths are used to minimize the effect of microwave absorption by liquid water, water vapor in the atmosphere and the influences of sea surface reflection over the frequency of operation. Langley Research Center (LaRC) has developed a radar based on this measurement technique to estimate barometric pressure. This paper will present an overview of the differential absorption measurement concept and will discuss a radar instrument to verify the differential O2 absorption measurement approach. Results of instrument functional testing and initial measurements will be presented.
Communicating sustainability: Sustainability and communication in the engineering, science, and technical communication classrooms

Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology has implemented a variety of programs to promote sustainable practices on campus and sustainable engineering as part of the curriculum. Sustainability impacts both technical and professional skills, posing challenges for students both in the ways that they solve technical problems and in their conceptions of their professional identities and bodies of knowledge. This paper reviews principles defining sustainable engineering, defines criteria of ldquogreenrdquo engineering in several disciplines, and analyzes student responses to both elective and required undergraduate courses with a central focus on sustainability.
Nonreflecting Boundary Conditions for the Time-Dependent Wave Equation

We describe a new, efficient approach to the imposition of exact nonreflecting boundary conditions for the scalar wave equation. We compare the performance of our approach with that of existing methods by coupling the boundary conditions to finite-difference schemes. Numerical experiments demonstrate a significant gain in accuracy at no additional cost.
Estimates of Gross Transformation Rates of Dairy Manure N Using 15N Pool Dilution

Abstract Most measurements of dairy manure nitrogen (N) availability depend on net changes in soil inorganic N concentration over time, which overlooks the cycling of manure N in the soil. Gross transformations of manure N, including mineralization (m), immobilization (i), and nitrification (n), can be quantified using 15N pool dilution methods. This research measures gross m, n, and i resulting from application of four freeze‐dried dairy manures that had distinctly different patterns of N availability. A sandy loam soil (coarse‐loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Haplorthod) was amended with four different freeze‐dried dairy manures and incubated at 25°C with optimal soil water content. The dilution of 15ammonium (NH4+) during a 48‐h interval (7–9 d and 56–58 d after manure application) was used to estimate m, whereas the dilution of 15nitrate (NO3 −) was used to estimate n. Gross immobilization was calculated as gross minus net mineralization. Gross mineralization in the unamended soil was similar at 7‐ to 9‐d a...
Synthesis, in vitro validation and in vivo pharmacokinetics of [125I]N-[2-(4-Iodophenyl)Ethyl]-N-Methyl-2-(1-Piperidinyl) ethylamine: A high-affinity ligand for imaging sigma receptor positive tumors

Abstract N -[2-(4-iodophenyl)ethyl]- N -methyl-2-(1-piperidinyl)ethylamine, IPEMP, and the corresponding bromo derivative, BrPEMP, have been synthesized and characterized. Both BrPEMP and IPEMP were evaluated for sigma-1 and sigma-2 subtype receptor affinities and found to possess very high affinities for both receptor subtypes. The precursor for radioiodination n -tributylstannylphenylethylpiperidinylethylamine was prepared from its bromo derivative by palladium-catalyzed stannylation reaction. Radioiodinated 4-[ 125 I]PEMP was readily prepared in high yields and high specific activity by oxidative iododestannylation reaction using chloramine-T as oxidizing agent. Sites labeled by 4-[ 125 I]PEMP in guinea pig brain membranes showed high affinity for BD1008, haloperidol, and (+)-pentazocine (Ki = 5.06 ± 0.40, 32.6 ± 2.75, and 48.1 ± 8.60 nM, respectively), which is consistent with sigma receptor pharmacology. Competition binding studies of 4-[ 125 I]PEMP in melanoma (A375) and MCF-7 breast cancer cells showed a high affinity, dose-dependent inhibition of binding with known sigma ligand N -[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]- N -methyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl) ethylamine, BD1008 (Ki = 5, 11 nM, respectively), supporting the labeling of sigma sites in these cells. Haloperidol, however showed a weaker (Ki = 100–200 nM) affinity for the sites labeled by 4-[ 125 I]PEMP in these cells. Biodistribution studies of 4-[ 125 I]PEMP in rats showed a fast clearance of this radiopharmaceutical from blood, liver, lung, and other organs. A co-injection of 4-IPEMP with 4-[ 125 I]PEMP resulted in 37%, 69%, and 35% decrease in activity in liver, kidney, and brain (organs possessing sigma receptors), respectively at 1-h postinjection. These results suggest that 4-[ 125 I]PEMP is a promising radiopharmaceutical for pursuing further studies in animal models with tumors.
Upward spirals of the heart: Autonomic flexibility, as indexed by vagal tone, reciprocally and prospectively predicts positive emotions and social connectedness

Vagal tone (VT), an index of autonomic flexibility, is linked to social and psychological well-being. We posit that the association between VT and well-being reflects an "upward spiral" in which autonomic flexibility, represented by VT, facilitates capitalizing on social and emotional opportunities and the resulting opportunistic gains, in turn, lead to higher VT. Community-dwelling adults were asked to monitor and report their positive emotions and the degree to which they felt socially connected each day for 9 weeks. VT was measured at the beginning and end of the 9-week period. Adults who possessed higher initial levels of VT increased in connectedness and positive emotions more rapidly than others. Furthermore, increases in connectedness and positive emotions predicted increases in VT, independent of initial VT level. This evidence is consistent with an "upward spiral" relationship of reciprocal causality, in which VT and psychosocial well-being reciprocally and prospectively predict one another.
Are the rotational bands assigned correctly in the nuclear SU3 model

Abstract The assignment of rotational bands in SU3 is discussed for the self-conjugate representations, [2q q0], for which the existence of a formal parity ( “s- parity ” ) implies a unique solution.
Eigenshape Analysis of Left Ventricular Outlines from Contrast Ventriculograms

The left ventricle of the heart functions by contraction. From digitized outlines we analyze its function by describing its shape, shape change, and size change (or “ejection fraction”) over the cardiac cycle, from end diastole (ED) to end systole (ES). For this purpose we introduce a new variant of eigenshape analysis for the morphometric analysis of outline data. The method begins with a mean outline defined by pointwise averages of a sample of outlines after they have been oriented in a Procrustes superposition by means of an “iterative closest point” algorithm. Individual outlines are then represented by vectors of deviations normal to the mean outline, and variation in shape is analyzed in terms of a singular value decomposition (SVD) of a sample matrix of such deviations. Principal modes of variation in shape are given by so-called “eigenshapes”—the left singular vectors of the SVD.
Energy and Angular Distribution of Protons from Deuteron Bombardment of Nickel

The energy spectrum and angular distribution of protons resulting from 3.03-Mev deuteron bombardment of ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{58}$ and ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{60}$ have been studied by means of a nuclear emulsion technique. Three previously unreported energy levels in ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{59}$ have been found. The angular distribution of the protons indicates that the reaction is primarily due to compound nucleus formation.
Blastomycosis. Occurence of filamentous forms in vivo.

Filamentous or hyphal forms of Blastomyces dermatitidis have not been observed in vivo . A fresh preparation of sputum from a patient with extensive pulmonary blastomycosis contained hyphal forms. Necropsy disclosed hyphal forms in tissue sections from this patient. A fresh preparation of sputum from a second patient contained similar hyphal forms of Blastomyces dermatitidis . This patient responded to treatment with amphotericin B and is well at the present time. In each case, the possibility of a dual infection was excluded by repeated cultures which grevi Blastomyces dermatitidis only.
A Plea for Open Minds, One More Time: Response to Nettler

Nettler and I disagree on several points, concur on some, and apparently miscommunicate with respect to others. First, he regards a negative association between social class and crime as a matter of fact-true, beyond question. I regard such an association as problematic-possibly true but not empirically established. Second, he apparently thinks facts need no explanation while I think the primary job of any scientist is to explain the phenomena within his/her field. Third, even though he sees no necessity to explain facts and also regards the alleged negative association between class and crime as a fact, he nevertheless contends that "international control theory" provides a sufficient explanation; I maintain that his favorite theory assumes the thing it presumably explains. My positions are fully argued elsewhere (on the sufficiency of the evidence-Tittle et al.,a,b; on the job of social scientists-Tittle,b; on the adequacy of "international control theory" which I refer to as socialization theory-Tittle,a). Those statements stand on their own merits and need not be repeated here. Suffice it to say that Nettler has registered his disagreement. We agree that the concepts of crime and social class are ambiguous. However, this is irrelevant. In the paper being criticized I was weighing the adequacy of theories to explain or predict a potential class/crime association, no matter how class or crime are defined in the particular theories. Nettler's confusion of the evidence issue with the theoretical issue is apparent when he suggests that I ignore "correlations between kinds of people and situations and kinds of theft or physical attack." Since I wasn't evaluating the evidence in this paper, my alleged disregard of these unspecified correlations is of no relevance. It is instructive, however, to note that Nettler neglects his own dictum. Despite observing that crime and social class are ambiguous concepts precluding general inferences, he has no trouble concluding that the evidence establishes the general fact of
Intraspecific variation in levels of pesticide resistance in field populations of a parasitoid, Aphytis melinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): the role of past selection pressures

Thirteen populations of Aphytis melinus DeBach, a key biological control agent of California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), were collected from the citrus-growing regions of California. Each population’s history of exposure to insecticides was estimated by determining history of insecticide use at both local (in-grove) and regional (county-wide) geographical scales. Concentration/mortality regressions for five insecticides widely used in citrus were estimated for the populations. For each chemical, substantial variability existed in the responses of different populations. LC50’s were correlated with both in-grove and county-wide pesticide use histories; patterns of variability were best explained by results of a multiple regression analysis that combined the influences of these two histories. Roles of food limitation, migration, and host distribution in determining patterns and rates of evolution of pesticide resistance in arthropod biological control agents are discussed.
Particle Filters to Estimate Properties of Confined Aquifers

Involving a limited resource, the assessment of groundwater aquifers is of utmost importance. A key component of any such assessment is the determination of key properties that permit water resource managers to estimate aquifer drawdown and safe yield. This paper presents a particle filtering approach to estimate aquifer properties from transient data sets, leveraging recently published analytically-derived models for confined aquifers and using sample-based approximations of underlying probability distributions. The approach is examined experimentally through validation against three common aquifer testing problems: determination of (i) transmissivity and storage coefficient from non-leaky confined aquifer performance tests, (ii) transmissivity, storage coefficient, and vertical hydraulic conductivity from leaky confined aquifer performance tests, and (iii) transmissivity and storage coefficient from non-leaky confined aquifer performance tests with noisy data and boundary effects. On the first two well-addressed problems, the results using the particle filter approach compare favorably to those obtained by other published methods. The results to the third problem, which the particle filter approach can tackle more naturally than the previously-published methods, underscore the flexibility of particle filtering and, in turn, the promise such methods offer for a myriad of other geoscience problems.
The contribution of experimental models to our understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia

The extensive data from animal models of BPD and specific aspects of lung injury have helped to expand and refine the concept of pathogenesis introduced by Northway et al. Given the complexity and heterogeneity of the human illness, it is unreasonable to presume that any single model or research group could elucidate all of the features and interactions of this complex disease. Therefore, we have combined data from animal homologues of BPD with that available on specific injury mechanisms to construct a more comprehensive model of pathogenesis (Fig. 5). Of particular interest is the recent data suggesting that the accelerated maturation of the prematurely born infant is associated with specific defects in gene expression that might increase vulnerability to lung injury. Additional animal research is needed both to further refine this model of pathogenesis and to develop the basis for a more rationale approach to the prevention and treatment of BPD. Based on the research progress to date, we feel the priorities for the future should at the least include continued definition of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying various types of lung injuries; evaluation of those mechanisms (and the consequences of their interruption) in a developmentally relevant setting; and further elaboration of the currently available BPD models to include factors (such as ante- and postpartum infections) that have not previously been part of these animal model systems. This approach, we feel, will complement human studies and ultimately lead to the prevention and better clinical management of this major health care problem.
The Macro-Stability of Swiss WIR-Bank Credits: Balance, Velocity, and Leverage

Since 1934, the Swiss Wirtschaftsring/Cercle Economique (Economic Circle), now the WIR-Bank, has issued its own currency, not backed by Swiss Francs. Turnover in WIR is countercyclical: firms use it more in a recession. A money-in-the-production-function model implies that this spending arises through larger WIR Balances for larger firms, but greater WIR Velocity for smaller ones. Panel data by industrial sector confirm this pattern, similar to commercial trade credits, a major source of non-bank credit. The countercyclical multiplier on WIR expenditures is highly leveraged, and its impact on the Swiss Economy greater than its turnover would suggest.
Method for the Solution Deposition of Phase-Pure CoSe2 as an Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalyst

We demonstrate the ability of a thiol–amine solvent mixture to deposit phase-pure marcasite-type CoSe2 nanostructured thin films as effective hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts. Electrodes are readily prepared by spin coating a precursor ink onto highly ordered pyrolytic graphite substrates followed by annealing to 350 °C. The resulting CoSe2 films have an onset potential for HER of −117 mV vs RHE and Tafel slopes of ca. 60 mV dec–1. Normalization based on electrochemically active surface area reveals that simple optimization of film thickness, based on the number of layers deposited, leads to electrodes with better surface utilization. Based on the electrocatalytic performance of the solution-processed CoSe2 presented here (η10mA/cm2 = −272 mV vs RHE), this approach shows promise as a simple method to deposit a wide range of useful dichalcogenide electrocatalysts.
Empirical findings from psychotherapy research with indigenous populations: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE Although the dire mental health needs of Indigenous communities are well established in the literature, the empirical evidence for psychotherapeutic treatment for these populations is perceived to be scant. This review is intended to determine gaps in the literature for this population by asking how much empirical work has been published, what types of research are being conducted, which topics are most prevalent among the existing literature, and what can be concluded about psychotherapy with Indigenous populations based on this literature. METHOD A systematic review of empirical psychotherapy research on Indigenous clients of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States was conducted across 10 databases. RESULTS A total of 44 studies were found, with just 2 examples of controlled outcome trials. The most common research topic was treatment evaluation, but only 4 treatment evaluation studies examined individual psychotherapy with adults. Looking across all topics, treatment for substance use disorders comprised the majority of studies on specific mental health problems. CONCLUSIONS Moving forward, it will be important for researchers to examine individual psychotherapy for Indigenous clients and to consider treatment for disorders unrelated to substance use. A preference for the inclusion of cultural practices and education in psychotherapy was clear across the literature, but the limited inferences that can be drawn from the existing research make it impossible to come to any conclusions about the specific roles or effects of cultural practices. Overall, empirical research is badly needed for psychotherapy with Indigenous populations at this time. (PsycINFO Database Record
In Vitro Assembly of Nucleosomes for Binding/Remodeling Assays

In order to study the functions and activities of chromatin remodeling enzymes in vitro, it is necessary to be able to reconstitute nucleosomes on DNA templates. In this chapter, we describe procedures for purification of histones from E. coli, formation of octamers, and reconstitution of nucleosomes that can be further modified by chromatin modifiers. In addition, we describe methods to purify nucleosomes from human cells. Finally, we also describe assays to test binding and remodeling activities of chromatin remodelers.
Health Related Quality of Life of Bosutinib in Imatinib-Resistant or Imatinib-Intolerant Patients with Advanced Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Abstract Abstract 4448 Purpose: Bosutinib is a dual Src/Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), which has demonstrated efficacy in a phase I/II study of patients with Advanced Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML). The objective was to evaluate the effect of bosutinib on health -related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with advanced CML after failure with imatinib. Methods: Patient reported HRQoL was an exploratory objective in the clinical trial and measured using the 44-item Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Leukemia (FACT-Leu). The FACT-Leu is a modular approach to assess patient HRQoL using a core set of general cancer questions as well as a cancer site specific leukemia subscale with 5 domains: Social Well-being (SWB), Emotional Well-being (EWB), Physical Well-being (PWB), Functional Well-being (FWB) and Leukemia Subscale (LeuS); and 3 summary scales: FACT-General, FACT Trial Outcome Index (TOI) and FACT-Leu Total. The item responses for each scale are summed to provide scores; higher scores indicate better HRQoL. The FACT-Leu was completed at weeks 4, 8, 12 and every 12 weeks thereafter, as well as treatment completion. Within cohort comparisons were assessed using paired t-tests. Results: Of the 164 patients with advanced leukemia included in the trial, 76 had accelerated phase (AP) CML and 64 blast phase (BP) CML. At 24 weeks, AP patients reported statistically significant improvements in PWB (p=0.02), EWB (p Figure 1 ) Conclusions: These data suggest that CML patients treated with bosutinib demonstrate improved HRQoL. Confirmation in a controlled study is needed. Download : Download high-res image (34KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure 1: . FACT-Leu Change from Baseline Leukemia Total Score Disclosures: Whiteley: Pfizer Inc: Employment, Equity Ownership. Reisman: Pfizer Inc: Employment, Equity Ownership. Kelly: Pfizer Inc: Employment, Equity Ownership. Cortes: Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Ariad, Chemgenex: Consultancy, Research Funding. Cella: Pfizer Inc: Honoraria, Research Funding.
Coercive Singular Perturbations: Asymptotics and reduction to regularly perturbed boundary value problems

An elliptic singular perturbation arising in the theory of thin elastic plates is reduced to a regular one. High order asymptotic formulae for the solution are given. The method presented can be extended to general linear coercive singular perturbations.
Association of Out-of-Hospital Hypotension Depth and Duration With Traumatic Brain Injury Mortality

Study objective Out-of-hospital hypotension has been associated with increased mortality in traumatic brain injury. The association of traumatic brain injury mortality with the depth or duration of out-of-hospital hypotension is unknown. We evaluated the relationship between the depth and duration of out-of-hospital hypotension and mortality in major traumatic brain injury. Methods We evaluated adults and older children with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury in the preimplementation cohort of Arizona's statewide Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care study. We used logistic regression to determine the association between the depth-duration dose of hypotension (depth of systolic blood pressure Results There were 7,521 traumatic brain injury cases included (70.6% male patients; median age 40 years [interquartile range 24 to 58]). Mortality was 7.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.2% to 8.5%) among the 6,982 patients without hypotension (systolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg) and 33.4% (95% CI 29.4% to 37.6%) among the 539 hypotensive patients (systolic blood pressure Conclusion In this study, the depth and duration of out-of-hospital hypotension were associated with increased traumatic brain injury mortality. Assessments linking out-of-hospital blood pressure with traumatic brain injury outcomes should consider both depth and duration of hypotension.
A focus on lightwave local area networks

This paper focuses on lightwave technology used in local area networks (LANs). Lightwave technology is one method to appease the greater demands placed on LANs, both now and in the future. We consider some of the main effects this has in both existing and future LANs, also noting any problems and limitations along the way. There is a look at the LAN topologies that can be used for lightwave networks, and concurrency technique that can be used to tap into the vast array of bandwidth lightwave medium has to offer. We also examine the performance effects lightwave technology is giving us currently, and what to expect in the future.
Ethics and the Care of the Child with Terminal Illness

Health care is overwhelmingly a profession of pathos. The emotional strain of coping with crisis tells on nurses, physicians, and other health care providers just as it shatters the stability of the sick one and those close to him. Nothing, however, exceeds the agony of coping with the child in desperate and acute crisis—where those standing at the bedside know that the outcome may be severe handicap or even death. We lash out at the world demanding explanation, grasping for guidance. It is appropriate that a volume be published that deals with these most tragic cases. It is fitting that we have addressed the social, psychological, and religious dimensions of the terminally ill child.
Quick Clinical References for Pathologists

Carcinomas generally metastasize via lymphatics (i.e., initial spread is to the lymph nodes). Notable exceptions are renal cell carcinoma, follicular carcinoma of the thyroid, and choriocarcinoma, which disseminate hematogenously. In contrast to carcinomas, sarcomas generally metastasize hematogenously to organs such as the liver and lung, bypassing the lymph nodes. Lymph node metastases are rare or in some cases (such as Ewing sarcoma) never occur. Exceptions are clear cell sarcoma/melanoma of soft parts, epithelioid sarcoma, alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and angiosarcoma – these sarcomas are an exception in that they frequently metastasize to the lymph nodes.
Electron-muon symmetry of Callan-Symanzik function: Two-lepton case

The symmetry of the «asymptotic part» of the photon proper self-energy απ ∞ (−k 2/m , −k 2 m μ 2 α, ln (m μ 2 /m e 2 ) in the two-lepton theory is examined. This leads to constraints among the sixth-order terms of απ ∞ . These constraints agree with the explicit calculations of these terms done previously. An analysis of the mass dimensions of the photon renormalization constantZ 3(Λ,m e,m μ,m e/m μ,α) shows thatonly thesum of the electron and muon Callen-Symanzik functionsβ e(α,m e/m μ) andβμ(α,m e/m μ) would vanish in finite QED.
Sustainability of a multiple risk factor intervention on cardiovascular disease in high-risk African American families.

OBJECTIVES To determine the long-term effect of a community-based risk reduction intervention at five years after completion of a one-year randomized clinical trial and to determine the sustainability of the beneficial effects seen one year after the intervention. METHODS 30- to 59- year-old African American siblings of probands with premature coronary heart disease (CHD) were randomized for care of multiple CHD risk factors to either one year of community-based care (CBC) provided by a nurse practitioner/community health worker team or enhanced usual care (EUC). At five years, 307 (84.6%) of the siblings returned for reevaluation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in and achievement of goal levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively), and smoking cessation at five years. RESULTS No significant differences were seen between groups in mean LDL-C, SBP, and DBP or in the overall percentages achieving goal LDL-C, blood pressure, or smoking status. Changes after completion of the intervention suggest that the CBC group lost the beneficial effects for mean LDL-C and for percentage at goal LDL-C, while the EUC group continued to improve. CBC was associated with greater sustainability and less refractoriness of one-year results for LDL-C and blood pressure goals. CONCLUSIONS Although no group differences were found in mean risk factor levels at five years, data indicate that CBC is both feasible and associated with earlier sustainability of positive risk factor changes compared with EUC.