cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Counting Monogenic Cubic Orders

This article is an extension of the author’s talk at CANT 2018 conference. In a cubic number field K, we give an absolute upper bound for the number of monogenic orders which have small index compared to the discriminant of \(O_K\), the ring of integers of K. We will also show that a positive proportion of cubic number fields, when ordered by their discriminant, are not monogenic. We will not present any new proofs. We will rather rephrase some of the previous results of the author and collaborators in the language of cubic orders, after giving an overview of the subject. Our main results are stated in Sect. 5.
12 – Multidimensional Scaling

Publisher Summary Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is a versatile technique for understanding and displaying the structure of multivariate data. This technique has seen wide application in the behavioral sciences and has led to increased understanding of complex psychological phenomena. MDS has been used to assess cognitive developmental theories, study interracial relations among children, determine consumer preferences, and evaluate the dimensional structure and content validity of tests and questionnaires. This chapter begins by describing the types of data to which MDS is applied and then MDS itself. Illustrative applications to direct and derived proximity data are then presented. This is followed by a discussion of the relationships between MDS and other multivariate techniques. Moreover, the statistical aspects of MDS are often difficult to grasp because several features critical to understanding MDS are not typically covered in traditional statistics courses. This chapter introduces the critical MDS statistical models, and then illustrates them with actual applications. Finally, it concludes that further improvements are needed in the technique itself and in the application of the method.
Mapping Roadway Drainage Ditches Using Mobile LIDAR

Abstract. Roadside ditches serve an important role for draining storm water. Over time vegetation growth, natural sediment deposits, and other debris can change grade of ditches. Effectively monitoring and identifying these changes to prioritize ditch maintenance is important from both a pavement preservation perspective and prevention of localized flooding. This study evaluates the performance of two mobile LiDAR systems for mapping the cross-section of roadside ditches in the presence of vegetation. The geometric quality of data collected by two different wheel-based LiDAR systems were investigated. The mapped ditches were reported and visualized in 2D images as well as 3D point clouds. The cross-sections of man-made drainage ditches were extracted and the quality of mapped ditches was assessed against Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite Systems (RTK-GNSS) survey. The overall point cloud accuracy was 4 cm for the medium-grade system, and 1 cm for the high-grade system. The mapping accuracy is 2 cm (medium-grade system) and 1 cm (high-grade system) for solid surface. For rough mowed areas and areas with significant vegetation, the vertical accuracy was found to be 7 cm and 11 cm, respectively, for both wheel-based systems.
Trigeminal Neuralgia and Other Trigeminal Nerve Conditions

Trigeminal Neuralgia is the most common cause of facial pain, but other conditions affecting the trigeminal nerve can also lead to pain in the trigeminal nerve distribution. Presented are the etiology and clinical features of trigeminal neuralgia and other pain conditions that could mimic trigeminal neuralgia.
The prognostic significance of metabolic tumour volume and total lesion glycolysis for dogs staged for appendicular osteosarcoma with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography.

Metabolic tumour volumes (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) are metabolic parameters that are becoming more commonly reported in human medicine to quantify tumours detected on fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18 F-FDG PET/CT). In this retrospective study dogs afflicted with appendicular osteosarcoma that were staged with 18 F-FDG PET/CT had MTV and TLG at a variety of set and fixed thresholds calculated by two observers. These values, along with SUVmax , were evaluated for prognostic significance in this population of dogs. There was excellent correlation between two observers for all values. Multiple volumetric parameters were significantly associated with survival. SUVmax had the highest sensitivity for survival and TLG at 2.5 SUV*cm3 had the highest specificity for prediction of survival based on ROC calculations. The SUVmax , MTV at 2.5 SUV and TLG at 2.5 SUV*cm3 were significantly different between dogs that survived more than or less than 1 year. This study is the first of its kind in veterinary medicine that retrospectively evaluated volumetric tumour values for prognostic significance and may provide a basis for standardized method of reporting 18 F-FDG PET/CT results.
Ambient Assisted Living: A Review of Technologies, Methodologies and Future Perspectives for Healthy Aging of Population

Over the last decade, there has been considerable and increasing interest in the development of Active and Assisted Living (AAL) systems to support independent living. The demographic change towards an aging population has introduced new challenges to today’s society from both an economic and societal standpoint. AAL can provide an arrary of solutions for improving the quality of life of individuals, for allowing people to live healthier and independently for longer, for helping people with disabilities, and for supporting caregivers and medical staff. A vast amount of literature exists on this topic, so this paper aims to provide a survey of the research and skills related to AAL systems. A comprehensive analysis is presented that addresses the main trends towards the development of AAL systems both from technological and methodological points of view and highlights the main issues that are worthy of further investigation.
Citizen Hyde: Cosmopolitan Contradictions in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

As the British empire slowly crumbled at the end of the nineteenth century, London was inundated with countless new residents, raising paranoia about crime that was presumed to originate with newcomers to the city who lived outside the presumed social mores of English gentlemen. Robert Louis Stevenson capitalized on this atmosphere to craft a notorious literary scoundrel for the city, the titular figure(s) in The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. In this paper, I adapt Craig Morehead’s argument that Victorian “writers used cosmopolitan criminality to strengthen social cohesion and codify an idea of ‘Englishness,’ as well as to exaggerate and institutionalize the criminal threats of outsiders (broadly based on criminal identity),” in order to argue here that multiple and concurrent definitions of functional cosmopolitanism clash with Edward Hyde’s degenerate criminality, resulting in an unspoken but generative (if temporary) moral cosmopolitanism with a gothic flavor.
Using text as a native speckle pattern in digital image correlation

In certain applications, native surface patterns can be used in place of speckle patterns in digital image correlation (DIC). This paper explores the feasibility of using text as a native speckle p...
WindPACT Turbine Design Scaling Studies Technical Area 1-Composite Blades for 80- to 120-Meter Rotor

The United States Department of Energy (DOE) through the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) implemented the Wind Partnership for Advanced Component Technologies (WindPACT) program. As part of the WindPACT program, Global Energy Concepts, LLC (GEC), was awarded contract number YAM-0-30203-01 to examine Technical Area 1-Blade Scaling, Technical Area 2-Turbine Rotor and Blade Logistics, and Technical Area 3-Self-Erecting Towers. This report documents the results of GEC's Technical Area 1-Blade Scaling. The primary objectives of the Blade-Scaling Study are to assess the scaling of current materials and manufacturing technologies for blades of 40 to 60 meters in length, and to develop scaling curves of estimated cost and mass for rotor blades in that size range.
Solitary, isolated metastatic disease to the kidney: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center experience

OBJECTIVE: • To analyse the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients who underwent nephrectomy for solitary, isolated metastatic disease to the kidney. PATIENTS AND METHODS: • From July 1989 to July 2009, we identified 13 patients who underwent nephrectomy for solitary metastasis to the kidney. Patients' demographics, intra-operative variables and outcomes are reported. RESULTS: • The median age at nephrectomy was 52 years (range 33-79). Eleven patients (85%) had an incidentally discovered renal mass, whereas two patients (15%) presented with gross haematuria. • Median time from initial surgery at the primary site to development of metastatic disease to the kidney was 63 months (range 9-136). No patient had evidence of disease at other sites at the time of nephrectomy. In seven patients (54%), the kidney was the first site of recurrence. • The most common primary site was the lung in five patients (38%), followed by the colon in two (15%), chest wall in two (15%) and bone, brain, breast and salivary gland in one patient each (8%). • Of the 14 procedures performed, eight (57%) were partial nephrectomy (PN) and six (43%) were radical nephrectomy (RN). • Four patients died after progression from the primary tumour, all within 2 years of nephrectomy. One patient with a primary chondrosarcoma had no evidence of disease at last follow-up and died from other causes 50 months after nephrectomy. The median follow-up for the eight patients who were alive at last follow-up was 30 months after nephrectomy. Four of these patients had no evidence of disease and four patients were alive with metastatic disease. CONCLUSION: • Kidney involvement by metastatic disease can occur as isolated solitary lesions. Some patients will also have the kidney as the first and only site of metastatic involvement. The presence of an isolated renal metastasis should not be considered an end-stage disease, and nephrectomy can be offered for highly selected patients as a therapeutic option.
Application of Magnification Xeroradiography to Advanced Ceramics

Low-density inclusions and voids in ceramics present a detection problem to X-ray imaging because of the relatively low contrast in the resulting image. An X-ray imaging technique called xeroradiography has been in use for medical applications for detecting calcifications (low-density inclusions) in breast tissue. The method has a /open quotes/built-in/close quotes/ edge enhancement. We have applied this technique to green and densified Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ specimens and have shown initial improvements over other X-ray methods in detection of seeded defects. 7 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.
Diagnosis and Management of Prosthetic Joint Infection

Joint arthroplasty has become commonplace in the United States, with more than 1,000,000 performed per annum. Infection is one of the most feared complications of this procedure, occurring in 0.5–2.0% of episodes, as reported by Matthews et al. (BMJ 338:b1773, 2009). The estimated cost of diagnosis and treatment of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is $30,000–50,000 per episode, as reported by Matthews et al. (BMJ 338:b1773, 2009). Early recognition and effective management can help minimize the morbidity and cost of this feared complication.
Heparin, heparan sulfate, and dermatan sulfate regulate formation of the insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complexes.

The mechanisms by which insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is released from insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) and then binds to its receptor have not been defined. This study was designed to determine the role of glycosaminoglycans in altering the formation of the IGF-I.IGFBP complexes. Heparin inhibited formation of the IGF-I.IGFBP-5 complex and also separated preformed IGF-I.IGFBP-5 complexes. Heparin also inhibited formation of the IGF-I.IGFBP-3 complex; however, it did not inhibit formation of complexes between IGF-I and IGFBP-1, -2, or -4. Heparin exposure was associated with a 17-fold decrease in the affinity of IGFBP-5 for IGF-I. A synthetic peptide that contains residues from Arg221 to Arg238 of IGFBP-5, and a heparin binding domain prevented the inhibitory effects of heparin on formation of the IGF-I.IGFBP-5 complex. It did not directly compete with IGF-I for binding to IGFBP-5, suggesting that heparin binding to this region of IGFBP-5 resulted in a conformational change in IGFBP-5 which lowered its affinity for IGF-I. Other glycosaminoglycans that contained O-linked sulfates in the 2 or 3 carbon positions of iduronic acid, e.g. heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate, also inhibited the IGF-I.IGFBP-5 complex formation, whereas those that did not, such as keratan sulfate or hyaluronic acid, had minimal effects. Anionic polysaccharides that contained O-sulfate groups in the 2 or 3 positions, such as dextran sulfate, pentosan polysulfate, and fucoidan, also had inhibitory activity. The findings suggest a role for these compounds in inhibiting IGF-I.IGFBP interactions, thus making IGF-I available to bind to its receptor.
Motor Neurobiology of the Spinal Cord

Optical and Genetic Approaches Toward Understanding Spinal Circuits, J. Fetcho Spinal Motoneurons: Synaptic Inputs and Receptor Organization, R. Fyffe 5-HT Receptors and the Neuromodulatory Control of Spinal Cord Function, S. Hochman, S.M. Garraway, D. W. Machacek, and B.L. Shay Advances in Measuring Active Dendrite Currents in Spinal Motoneurons in Vivo, C.J. Heckman and R.H. Lee Investigating the Synaptic Control of Human Motoneurons: New Techniques, Analyses, and Insights from Animal Models, R. K. Powers and K.S. Turker The Use of Correlational Methods to Investigate the Organization of Spinal Networks for Pattern Generation, T. Hamm, M.L. McCurdy, T.V. Trank, and V.V. Turkin Sensory-Motor Experience During the Development of Motility in Chick Embryos, A.A. Sharp and A. Bekoff Transformation of Descending Commands into Muscle Activity by Spinal Interneurons in Behaving Primates, S.I. Perlmutter and Y. Prut Muscle Afferent Feedback During Human Walking, T. Sinkjaer, J.B. Nielsin, M. Voigt, M. Ladoccur, M. Grey, and J.B. Andersen Canine Motor Neuron Disease: A View from the Motor Unit, M.J. Pinter, T.C. Cope, L.C. Cork, S.L. Green, and M.M. Rich Structural Plasticity of Motoneuron Dendrites Caused by Axotomy, P. Kenneth Rose, V. MacDermid and M. Neuber-Hess How Nerve Injury Strengthens Ia-motoneuron Synapses, T.C. Cope, K. Seburn, and C. R. Buck The Organization of Distributed Proprioceptive Feedback in the Chronic Spinal Cat, T.R. Nichols and T. C. Cope
Thermoluminescence Excited By X-RaysFurther Experiments upon Synthetically Prepared Materials

Many materials originally inactive are made thermoluminescent by exposure to x-rays. Calcium sulphate containing a small amount of manganese in solid solution shows this effect strongly and has been previously studied by the authors. The present report gives a continuation of this work upon sulphates of cadmium, calcium, sodium and zinc containing a small amount of manganese.Exposure to x-rays produces two kinds of change in the material. One of these results in a thermoluminescence which comes up quickly upon heating and lasts for a very short time while the other is shown by a luminescence which comes up more slowly and lasts longer. If the material is allowed to stand at room temperature after exposure the first effect disappears in a few hours while the second may last for months. Both of the effects may be preserved indefinitely by keeping the specimen in liquid air after exposure.The decay of thermoluminescence was studied using different temperatures of observation, different temperatures of exposure and different voltages on the x-ray tube. Exposure to ultraviolet light of a definite frequency was found to suppress the effect produced by exposure to x-rays. The results obtained are compared with effects of exposure to cathode rays as described by Wiedemann and Schmidt.
Cloning of Pseudomonas aeruginosa algG, which controls alginate structure.

The biochemical mechanism by which alpha-L-guluronate (G) residues are incorporated into alginate by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is not understood. P. aeruginosa first synthesizes GDP-mannuronate, which is used to incorporate beta-D-mannuronate residues into the polymer. It is likely that the conversion of some beta-D-mannuronate residues to G occurs by the action of a C-5 epimerase at either the monomer (e.g., sugar-nucleotide) or the polymer level. This study describes the results of a molecular genetic approach to identify a gene involved in the formation or incorporation of G residues into alginate by P. aeruginosa. Mucoid P. aeruginosa FRD1 was chemically mutagenized, and mutants FRD462 and FRD465, which were incapable of incorporating G residues into alginate, were independently isolated. Assays using a G-specific alginate lyase from Klebsiella aerogenes and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance analyses showed that G residues were absent in the alginates secreted by these mutants. 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance analyses also showed that alginate from wild-type P. aeruginosa contained no detectable blocks of G. The mutations responsible for defective incorporation of G residues into alginate in the mutants FRD462 and FRD465 were designated algG4 and algG7, respectively. Genetic mapping experiments revealed that algG was closely linked (greater than 90%) to argF, which lies at 34 min on the P. aeruginosa chromosome and is adjacent to a cluster of genes required for alginate biosynthesis. The clone pALG2, which contained 35 kilobases of P. aeruginosa DNA that included the algG and argF wild-type alleles, was identified from a P. aeruginosa gene bank by a screening method that involved gene replacement. A DNA fragment carrying algG was shown to complement algG4 and algG7 in trans. The algG gene was physically mapped on the alginate gene cluster by subcloning and Tn501 mutagenesis.
The impact of obesity on spontaneous and medically indicated preterm birth among adolescent mothers

Purpose We sought to evaluate the impact of obesity on the risk of spontaneous and medically indicated preterm birth in young women compared to adult women.
Stress orientation inferred from shear wave splitting in basement rock at Cajon Pass

S-waves generated by mode conversion of P-waves from surface compressional sources and recorded by oriented geophones at depths between 1300 and 1820 meters in the Cajon Pass scientific drillhole arrive at higher apparent velocities when polarized along the direction N70°E than when polarized in the orthogonal direction. The observed polarization dependent velocities are consistent with seismic anisotropy due to in situ fractures or cracks that are preferen tially aligned N70°E (subnormal to the San Andreas fault). This result is consistent with the maximum principal horizontal stress direction at Cajon Pass also being subnormal to the San Andreas fault.
Human Embryonic Stem Cells Differentiated to Lung Lineage-Specific Cells Ameliorate Pulmonary Fibrosis in a Xenograft Transplant Mouse Model

Background Our aim was to differentiate human (h) embryonic stem (ES) cells into lung epithelial lineage-specific cells [i.e., alveolar epithelial type I (AEI) and type II (AEII) cells and Clara cells] as the first step in the development of cell-based strategies to repair lung injury in the bleomycin mouse model of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). A heterogeneous population of non-ciliated lung lineage-specific cells was derived by a novel method of embryoid body (EB) differentiation. This differentiated human cell population was used to modulate the profibrotic phenotype in transplanted animals. Methodology and Principal Findings Omission or inclusion of one or more components in the differentiation medium skewed differentiation of H7 hES cells into varying proportions of AEI, AEII, and Clara cells. ICG-001, a small molecule inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin/Creb-binding protein (CBP) transcription, changed marker expression of the differentiated ES cells from an AEII-like phenotype to a predominantly AEI-like phenotype. The differentiated cells were used in xenograft transplantation studies in bleomycin-treated Rag2γC−/− mice. Human cells were detected in lungs of the transplanted groups receiving differentiated ES cells treated with or without ICG-001. The increased lung collagen content found in bleomycin-treated mice receiving saline was significantly reduced by transplantation with the lung-lineage specific epithelial cells differentiated from ES cells. A significant increase in progenitor number was observed in the airways of bleomycin-treated mice after transplantation of differentiated hES cells. Conclusions This study indicates that ES cell-based therapy may be a powerful novel approach to ameliorate lung fibrosis.
Activity of hippocampal pyramidal neurons during trace eyeblink conditioning

The responsiveness of hippocampal pyramidal neurons was examined in young adult rabbits which were trained in a hippocampally dependent long interval trace eyeblink conditioning task. The majority of recorded cells were putative pyramidal neurons from area CA1. Our analysis indicates that 57% of 93 neurons had a statistically significant change in firing rate during some portion of the trial. The response patterns were quite heterogeneous, and inhibition was frequently observed. Inhibition was especially prominent in a post-trial period. Only a small percentage of the putative pyramidal cells exhibited robust changes in activity with prominent temporal modeling of the conditioned eyeblink response as previously described for rabbits trained with delay conditioning procedures (Berger et al. [1983] J Neurophysiol 50:1197-1219). These results were also similar for the CA3 pyramidal neurons that were recorded (N = 19). Few CA1 neurons had significant responses during unpaired presentations of tone and airpuff, and neural activity that was present was concentrated in the period commencing from airpuff onset. Preliminary data were also recorded from putative pyramidal neurons during hippocampally independent delay eyeblink conditioning, where a longer tone overlapped and coterminated with the airpuff. In this task five of 13 neurons (CA1 and CA3) were active during the trial period, another four were responsive only during the post-trial period, and other simultaneously recorded neurons were unresponsive. These data suggest a relatively more varied pattern of pyramidal neuron engagement during hippocampally dependent trace eyeblink conditioning than was apparent in previous multiple- and single-neuron analyses of activity during eyeblink conditioning.
Dynamic Urban Food Environments: A Temporal Analysis of Access to Healthy Foods

Background Low-income, urban populations' limited access to healthy foods is often pointed to as a key barrier to improving nutrition. Although much has been written on identifying urban "food deserts," little has been done to examine how the food environment changes over the course of 1 year. Purpose This study was designed to dynamically describe the urban food environment as a means to identify when at-risk neighborhoods are without access to healthy food. Methods Demographic and road data of Buffalo NY from the 2000 U.S. Census, a 2010 listing of city supermarkets, and 2011 government records of the time and location of urban farmers' markets are mapped. Road network distances from block groups to supermarkets and farmers' markets are calculated. A computer simulation, written in 2011, examines the market closest to each block group for 52 weeks. Results The average distance to markets with produce from block groups with poverty levels in the top 10th percentile is greater than that across all block groups during winter and spring months. However, during the farmers' market season, the same impoverished block groups are on average closer to markets when compared to all block groups. Conclusions Including the temporal dimension in an analysis of healthy food access generates a more complex picture of urban food-desert locations. The implications are that spatiotemporal factors should be used to inform appropriate interventions for creating an equitable food environment.
Neurotensin modulates K+-stimulated dopamine release from the caudate-putamen but not the nucleus accumbens of mice with differential sensitivity to ethanol ☆

Slices of caudate-putamen (CP) and nucleus accumbens (NA) prepared from Long-Sleep (LS) and Short-Sleep (SS) mice were used to determine the effects of neurotensin (NT) and ethanol on K(+)-stimulated 3H-dopamine (3H-DA) release and to test the hypothesis that ethanol acts, in part, via NT receptor-mediated processes. Slices prepared from either LS or SS CP or NA did not differ in submaximal (25 mM) K(+)-stimulated 3H-DA release but 60 mM K+ induced significantly greater 3H-DA release from LS CP slices compared with SS CP slices. NT had no effect on unstimulated 3H-DA overflow but enhanced 25 mM K(+)-stimulated 3H-DA release from slices of the CP of both lines of mice. Augmentation of DA release by NT from caudate slices was concentration dependent and tetrodotoxin (TTX) insensitive, implicating a role of presynaptic neurotensin receptors located on nigrostriatal DA neurones. In contrast, NT did not enhance K(+)-stimulated 3H-DA release from NA slices from either line of mice. The absence of an NT effect in NA slices was not due to a rapid desensitization of NT receptors but the data were consistent with the absence of presynaptic NT receptors on dopaminergic terminals in the NA. Between-line differences were observed in the effect of ethanol on NT enhancement of 25 mM K(+)-stimulated 3H-DA release from CP slices. Ethanol (100 mM) applied concomitantly with NT blocked the NT enhancement of 3H-DA release from CP slices of LS but not SS mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Palliation of esophageal malignancy with photoradiation therapy

Seven patients with severe or complete obstruction of the esophagus by malignancy were treated with photoradiation after presensitization of the tumor with intravenous hematoporphyrin derivative. The 625- to 635-nm therapeutic light was delivered from a tunable dye argon laser system coupled through quartz fibers, passed through the biopsy channel of a flexible esophagoscope, with local anesthesia. All tumors (adeno, squamous, and melanoma) responded, and swallowing was improved. Although tumor is still present, one patient is 11 months from initial treatment and is eating a regular diet. Another patient is 8 months from initial treatment and has no dysphagia. One patient died of aspiration of gastric tube feedings and 3 others died of their disease at 3 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months, respectively, from their initial treatment. Another patient died 11 months from his initial treatment due to a cardiac arrhythmia. During the 11 months after his initial treatment he continued to eat a regular diet.
Methods for missing covariates in logistic regression

Various methods have been suggested in the literature to handle a missing covariate in the presence of surrogate covariates. These methods belong to one of two paradigms. In the imputation paradigm, Pepe and Fleming (1991) and Reilly and Pepe (1995) suggested filling in missing covariates using the empirical distribution of the covariate obtained from the observed data. We can proceed one step further by imputing the missing covariate using nonparametric maximum likelihood estimates (NPMLE) of the density of the covariate. Recently Murphy and Van der Vaart (1998a) showed that such an approach yields a consistent, asymptotically normal, and semiparametric efficient estimate for the logistic regression coefficient. In the weighting paradigm, Zhao and Lipsitz (1992) suggested an estimating function using completely observed records after weighting inversely by the probability of observation. An extension of this weighting approach designed to achieve semiparametric efficient bound is considered by Robins, Hs...
Protein fold determined by paramagnetic magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR spectroscopy

Despite recent progress, solving protein structures using solid-state NMR spectroscopy is not routine. Now, a method for the rapid determination of global protein fold is reported, based on measurements of 15N longitudinal paramagnetic relaxation enhancements in several protein variants modified with covalently attached cysteine–EDTA–Cu2+ tags.
Inhibition of Candida albicans by the anaerobic oral flora of mice in vitro

Candida albicans was grown anaerobically for 30 h in cultures of anaerobic bacteria isolated from the oral cavity of mice, in anaerobic flora culture filtrates, and in sterile broth as controls. In mixed cultures, C. albicans entered into a logarithmic death phase, while Candida cells grown in culture filtrates remained in a prolonged lag phase. C. albicans grown anaerobically in sterile broth produced a gradual increase in growth.
Amphiphilic degradable polymers for immobilization and sustained delivery of sphingosine 1-phosphate

Controlled delivery of the angiogenic factor sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) represents a promising strategy for promoting vascularization during tissue repair and regeneration. In this study, we developed an amphiphilic biodegradable polymer platform for the stable encapsulation and sustained release of S1P. Mimicking the interaction between amphiphilic S1P and its binding proteins, a series of polymers with hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) core and lipophilic flanking segments of polylactide and/or poly(alkylated lactide) with different alkyl chain lengths were synthesized. These polymers were electrospun into fibrous meshes, and loaded with S1P in generally high loading efficiencies (>90%). Sustained S1P release from these scaffolds could be tuned by adjusting the alkyl chain length, blockiness and lipophilic block length, achieving 35-55% and 45-80% accumulative releases in the first 8h and by 7 days, respectively. Furthermore, using endothelial cell tube formation assay and chicken chorioallantoic membrane assay, we showed that the different S1P loading doses and release kinetics translated into distinct pro-angiogenic outcomes. These results suggest that these amphiphilic polymers are effective delivery vehicles for S1P and may be explored as tissue engineering scaffolds where the delivery of lipophilic or amphiphilic bioactive factors is desired.
The Representation of Juvenile Offenders by Race on Los Angeles Area Television News

The authors conducted a content analysis of a random sample of local television news programming aired in the Los Angeles area to assess representations of Black, Latino and White juvenile law-breakers. Results revealed that Black and Latino juveniles were significantly more likely than White juveniles to be portrayed as perpetrators on television news. Black juveniles were overrepresented as lawbreakers, whereas Latino juveniles were underrepresented as lawbreakers on television news. White juveniles were neither over- nor underrepresented as perpetrators. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
For Middle-Level Students Developmental Guidance: The Counselor in the Classroom

Since study skills are essential to academic success it is important that entering middle-level students be given assistance in developing and/or upgrading these skills, says this writer, who describes a counselor-led study skills workshop.
Science integration into US climate and ocean policy

Marine systems around the world are increasingly affected by climate change. This Perspective describes emerging US initiatives aimed at enhancing ocean resilience to climate change. Ocean management issues that would benefit from more systematic consideration of climate information are identified, along with opportunities for advancing partnerships between scientists, policy makers and society to address ocean and climate issues.
Mechanics of anisotropic plates and shells - A new look at an old subject

A number of aspects of the mechanics of anisotropic plates and shells are discussed. The topics covered include computational models of anisotropic plates and shells, consequences of anisotropy on deformation couplings, symmetry types, stress concentrations and edge effects, and importance of transverse shear deformation; recent applications and recent advances in the modeling and analysis of anisotropic plates and shells; and new research directions.
Aging, bone loss, and the body mass index in Arizona retirees.

In order to identify relationships between changes in the body mass index (BMI) and those occurring in bone density with age, data from a sample of 2,075 Arizona retirees aged 60-90 years were compared by age and sex. Remodeling of the diaphysis of the radius follows a pattern that results in an increased diameter of the cortex and medullary cavity in both sexes. However, the resultant decrease in percentage cortical area (PCA) was greater in women than in men. The positive relationship between BMI and PCA is more pronounced in women, who begin to lose bone density earlier than men, and also lose it more rapidly. Despite the fact that average age at menopause is about 50 years and it is generally believed that bone loss slows within 5-10 years after menopause, average PCA values decline from 44% in 60-70 year old women to 37% in 80-90 year old Sun City women and to 36% in Tucson women. The decline in average PCA ranges from 45% in Sun City men and 46% in Tucson for 60-70 year old men to 43% and 42%, respectively, in 80-90 year olds. When the PCA values of women in four BMI categories are compared, cortical area increases with BMI, while medullary cavity values are similar across BMI categories. This relationship between BMI and PCA is much weaker in men. This pattern suggests more vigorous subperiosteal apposition in women with higher BMIs. Endosteal resorption does not seem to be as much affected by the BMI. An additional observation is that the BMIs of Sun City women are lower than those of Tucson women, although the decline in average values with age is very similar in the two populations, with a sharper decline from the 70-80 year group to the 80-90 year group than seen between the 60-70 year group and the 70-80 year group. Average BMIs of males are consistently higher than those of females in all age groups in the Sun City sample, but means for the sexes are very similar in the Tucsonans beyond 70 years. Sun City males of more advanced age are heavier than Tucson males, but the situation is reversed when women are similarly compared. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Maiocchi on Duhem, howard on Duhem and Einstein: Historiographical comments

These comments center on the methodological stance that Howard and Maiocchi recommend to us when we are doing history of philosophy. If Howard and Maiocchi are right, both Duhem and Einstein developed closely related versions of conventionalism and realism, and in both of their philosophies the conventionalist and realist moments were mutually compatible. Duhem's holism and, arguably, Einstein's as well, denies the need for across-the-board literalism, and both of them had important reasons for denying that convergence was required or even desirable for realism. Thus, for those who are caught up in the current disputes, serious consideration of the discrepancies between the standard current versions of realism and conventionalism and the positions that contextualist analyses reveal to have been advocated by Duhem and Einstein may uncover some of the tacit assumptions that impede the resolution or advancement of our disputes.
Using life expectancy to communicate benefits of health care programs in contingent valuation studies.

Background. There is growing interest in the use of contingent valuation (CV) to estimate the monetary value of health program benefits. Ideally, CV could be used to value a specific shift in survival curve. However, a shift in survival curve may prove too complex for widespread use in CV instruments. To facilitate the use of CV in valuing longevity benefits, researchers need alternative summary measures that describe the longevity benefit in a single number that is more readily communicated in a CV context.Methods. The authors compare 2 methods for communicating longevity benefits in a CV survey. Random subsamples of respondents valued a longevity benefit expressed either as a continuing reduction in annual mortality risk or as a gain in life expectancy. To compare the validity of the alternative descriptions, the authors evaluate willingness to pay (WTP) estimates for consistency with theoretical predictions.Results. It is found that WTP for a longevity benefit is sensitive to the framing of the benefit...
Simulation Modeling in Political Science

Simulation research has made some notable contributions in political science. This article describes a variety of simulation projects and points out the strengths and weaknesses of simulation in co...
A powerful glimpse from across the table: reflections on a virtual parenting exercise

Transformative learning occurs when students engage in activities that challenge formative assumptions about the world and how it works. The Family Collaboration Portfolio was designed as an interactive simulation exercise in which preservice professionals critically examined their assumptions of parenting a child with a disability through becoming the parent of a virtual child with a disability. Activities were based on interactive pedagogical strategies associated with transformative learning, such as case studies that involved the exploration of themes of power and disempowerment, engagement with feelings and emotion, reflective journaling and learning in relationship. Data from portfolio activities completed by students in three graduate education classes were analysed qualitatively. Findings suggest increased understanding of parents of children with disabilities and enhanced support for parent–professional collaboration within the educational environment.
Sources of misinformation in Online Social Networks: Who to suspect?

Online Social Networks (OSNs) have recently emerged as one of the most effective channels for information sharing and discovery due to their ability of allowing users to read and create new content simultaneously. While this advantage provides users more rooms to decide which content to follow, it also makes OSNs fertile grounds for the wide spread of misinformation which can lead to undesirable consequences. In order to guarantee the trustworthiness of content sharing in OSNs, it is thus essential to have a strategic investigation on the first and foremost concern: the sources of misinformation. In this paper, we study k-Suspector problem which aims to identify the top k most suspected sources of misinformation. We propose two effective approaches namely ranking-based and optimization-based algorithms. We further extend our solutions to cope with the incompleteness of collected data as well as multiple attacks, which mostly occur in reality. Experimental results on real-world datasets show that our approaches achieve competitive detection ratios in a timely manner in comparison with available methods.
Optimizing two types of discrete functions, subject to linear restrictions

Abstract This paper is a collection of four topics; they are: a discussion of two knapsack problems (see, for example, Gilmore and Gomory, 1966 ), some interesting heuristic remarks on computational experience, some remarks on the underlying algebraic structures directly related to the knapsack functions, and a new proof technique for optimizing the functions mentioned. All functions in sight are discrete and defined on the integers. Also, the proofs of the theorems do not use convexity and monotonicity of the more abstract optimization techniques.
Asthma improved by aspirin-like drugs

Abstract In six adult patients with bronchial asthma aspirin in a single dose of 0.3–1.2 g produced bronchodilatation with a marked improvement in both clinical symptoms and pulmonary function tests. In these patients asthma was characterized by the following traits: onset after a flu-like infection, perennial course, lack of relation to specific allergenic exposures, negative skin tests with common aeroallergens, and history of rhinorrhoea or sinusitis. Oral challenge with 12 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs performed in two patients showed that bronchodilatation could be induced not only by aspirin but also by other drugs which inhibit cyclo-oxygenase. This response to aspirin is rare and proper diagnosis is of vital importance, since the same aspirin-like drugs which proved effective in these patients may provoke dangerous bronchoconstriction in other clinically indistinguishable patients with asthma.
New twist on the helical nanofilament phase of bent-core liquid crystals

Recent cryo-TEM studies in the helical nanofilament (HNF) phase of several bent-core liquid crystal materials having blue structural color showed that in subsequent layers the nanofilaments twist with respect to each other by about 37o angle, leading to a secondary helical structure that can explain their opal appearance. In this paper, after summarizing these observations, we show additional features that help understanding why the same bent-core homologs P-n-O-PIMB with n ≥ 9 do not show structural color.
Discovery of Community Structures in a Heterogeneous Professional Online Network

Socio-technical networks that are heterogeneous in composition of actors and the media through which they interact are becoming common, but opportunities to study the emergent community structure of such networks are rare. We report a study of an international online network of educators involved in many forms of professional development and peer support, including sponsored and volunteer-driven activities taking place in both synchronous and asynchronous media, with participants from diverse career stages and occupations in education. A modularity-partitioning algorithm was applied to a directed, weighted, multimodal graph that represents associations between actors and the artifacts (chats, discussions and files) through which they interact. This analysis simultaneously detects cohesive subgroups of actors and artifacts, providing rich information about how communities are technologically embedded. Researchers deeply familiar with the network validated the interpretability of the partitions as corresponding to known activities, while also identifying new findings. The paper describes this interpretative validation, summarizes findings concerning the distribution and nature of communities and groups found within the larger heterogeneous network, and discusses open research questions and implications for practitioners.
Molecular Insights into the Potential and Temperature Dependences of the Differential Capacitance of a Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid at Graphite Electrodes

Molecular dynamics simulation studies of the structure and the differential capacitance (DC) for the ionic liquid (IL) N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonyl imide ([pyr13][TFSI]) near a graphite electrode have been performed as a function temperature and electrode potential. The IL exhibits a multilayer structure that extends 20−30 A from the electrode surface. The composition and ion orientation in the innermost layer were found to be strongly dependent on the electrode potential. While at potentials near the potential of zero charge (PZC), both cations and anions adjacent to the surface are oriented primarily perpendicular to the surface, the counterions in first layer orient increasingly parallel to the surface with increasing electrode potential. A minimum in DC observed around −1 VRPZC (potential relative to the PZC) corresponds to the point of highest density of perpendicularly aligned TFSI near the electrode. Maxima in the DC observed around +1.5 and −2.5 VRPZC are associated...
The truth about memory

Abstract Contemporary philosophical discussion of personal identity has centered on refinements and defenses of the “psychological continuity theory”—the view that identity is created by the links between present and past provided by autobiographical experience memories. This view is structured in such a way that these memories must be seen as providing simple connections between two discrete, well‐defined moments of consciousness. There is, however, a great deal of evidence—both introspective and empirical—that autobiographical memory often does not provide such links, but instead summarizes, and condenses life experiences into, a coherent narrative. A brief exploration of some of the mechanisms of this summarizing and condensing work furthers the philosophical discussion of personal identity by showing why a view with the structure of the psychological continuity theory will not work, and by illuminating the role of autobiographical memory in the constitution of personal identity.
Effect of air-void system on frost expansion of highway concrete exposed to deicer salt

The net frost expansion (dilation) was determined by monitoring the change in length of air-entrained concrete specimens undergoing a freeze–thaw cycle between 20°C and − 20°C. Two dilation processes were found during freezing: an initial dilation at the freezing point and a subsequent dilation which continues during the entire freezing period. The second dilation dominates when the surface is exposed to a deicer solution. For both exposure conditions, a good correlation was found between the dilation and the spacing factor, which fits well with the hydraulic pressure theory. The results show that a lower spacing factor is required for frost protection against salt frost attack, consistent with the current practice of recommending higher total air content as compared to freezing without salt exposure. Concretes that had excellent field durability had frost dilation values below the paste fracture strain of about 250 micro strains. The dilation results suggest that cryogenic suction of external liquid exac...
Synthesis and applications of molybdenum (IV) oxide

Molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) is a transition metal oxide with unusual metal-like electrical conductivity and high catalytic activity toward reforming hydrocarbons. This review covers the synthesis techniques used to fabricate MoO2 in a variety of morphologies and particle sizes. Processing from molybdenum ore and reduction from MoO3 are also covered, with emphasis on reduction mechanisms and kinetic considerations. Discussions of various solution-based and gas phase synthesis techniques shed light on strategies to achieve various unique morphologies, which leads into a brief discussion of nanoscale MoO2. Nanoscale MoO2 is of interest for important technological applications including catalysts for partial oxidation of hydrocarbons, solid oxide fuel cell anodes, and high-capacity reversible lithium ion battery anodes.