cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reforming the Law of Takings in Michigan: The Case for Strengthening the Property Rights of Michigan Citizens

Though both the U.S. Constitution and the Michigan Constitution say that property shall not be taken for public use "without just compensation," court interpretations of various laws and regulations have undermined that principle. Owners are usually awarded compensation in the courts only if all economically viable uses of their property are destroyed by a governmental action. Fundamental fairness and justice dictate that one citizen should not be forced to bear the full costs of a taking that is supposed to benefit the public as a whole. Both federal and state standards should be beefed up. This study argues for compensation reform. When property rights are respected through full compensation for "takings," a better-informed public, like any consumer, will be able to evaluate the real costs of government actions that are now hidden in the losses imposed upon owners. Property rights form the foundation of individual liberty and deserve protection. The Framers understood the importance of protecting property rights when they drafted the Constitution of the United States. In the Lockean tradition, the Founders understood that protection of property constitutes the purpose of any government which recognizes individual liberty. In an era of burgeoning governmental regulations, society is moving toward Locke's criticism of the state of nature, for once again there are "many things wanting" in the preservation of property. Judicial interpretations, over time, have diluted the status of property while governmental intrusion on it has grown. This study examines the status of takings jurisprudence as it relates to the state of Michigan [pre-Hathcock], reflects on the detrimental effects of this failed jurisprudence, and outlines appropriate remedies available to the political branches.
Bayesian Multivariate Isotonic Regression Splines

In many applications, interest focuses on assessing the relationship between a predictor and a multivariate outcome variable, and there may be prior knowledge about the shape of the regression curves. For example, regression functions that relate dose of a possible risk factor to different adverse outcomes can often be assumed to be nondecreasing. In such cases, interest focuses on (1) assessing evidence of an overall adverse effect, (2) determining which outcomes are most affected, and (3) estimating outcome-specific regression curves. This article proposes a Bayesian approach for addressing this problem, motivated by multisite tumor data from carcinogenicity experiments. A multivariate smoothing spline model is specified, that accommodates dependency in the multiple curves through a hierarchical Markov random field prior for the basis coefficients, while also allowing for residual correlation. A Gibbs sampler is proposed for posterior computation, and the approach is applied to data on body weight and t...
The Choleretic Effects of Glucagon and Secretin in the Dog

Three mongrel dogs were prepared by cholecystectomy, ligation of the lesser pancreatic duct, insertion of a Thomas cannula into the duodenum opposite the opening of the common bile duct, and insertion of another Thomas cannula into the stomach. Hepatic bile was collected during experiments by inserting a polyethylene tube into the common bile duct. Glucagon, 8 μg per kg-hr, caused a maximal bile flow of 5.4 ± 0.1 ml per 15 min. Glucagon caused increased chloride concentration and decreased bile salt concentration, but had no effect on bicarbonate concentration. Secretin caused increased bile flow, bicarbonate concentration, chloride concentration, and decreased bile salt concentration. The calculated maximal response (bile flow corrected for control) was 3.7 ml per 15 min for glucagon and 4.1 ml per 15 min for secretin. The d 50 (calculated dose for half-maximal response) was 2.3 μg per kg-hr for glucagon and 0.41 μg per kg-hr for secretin. Secretin was 5.6 times more potent than glucagon on a weight basis and 5.0 times more potent on a molar basis.
Genetic Analysis of the Role of the PI3K-Akt Pathway in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cytokine and Tissue Factor Gene Expression in Monocytes/Macrophages

LPS stimulation of monocytes/macrophages induces the expression of genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines and the procoagulant protein, tissue factor. Induction of these genes is mediated by various signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinases, and several transcription factors, including Egr-1, AP-1, ATF-2, and NF-κB. We used a genetic approach to determine the role of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt) pathway in the regulation of LPS signaling and gene expression in isolated macrophages and in mice. The PI3K-Akt pathway is negatively regulated by the phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN). We used peritoneal exudate cells from Pik3r1-deficient mice, which lack the p85α regulatory subunit of PI3K and have reduced PI3K activity, and peritoneal macrophages from PTENflox/flox/LysMCre mice (PTEN−/−), which have increased Akt activity. Analysis of LPS signaling in Pik3r1−/− and PTEN−/− cells indicated that the PI3K-Akt pathway inhibited activation of the ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and reduced the levels of nuclear Egr-1 protein and phosphorylated ATF-2. Modulating the PI3K-Akt pathway did not affect LPS-induced degradation of IκBα or NF-κB nuclear translocation. LPS induction of TNF-α, IL-6, and tissue factor gene expression was increased in Pik3r1−/− peritoneal exudate cells and decreased in PTEN−/− peritoneal macrophages compared with wild-type (WT) cells. Furthermore, LPS-induced inflammation and coagulation were enhanced in WT mice containing Pik3r1−/− bone marrow compared with WT mice containing WT bone marrow and in mice lacking the p85α subunit in all cells. Taken together, our results indicate that the PI3K-Akt pathway negatively regulates LPS signaling and gene expression in monocytes/macrophages.
Interactions with a Weather-Sensitive Decision Maker: A Case Study Incorporating ENSO Information into a Strategy for Purchasing Natural Gas

During the 1997/98 El Nino event, a Northern Illinois University (NIU) faculty member and a group of undergraduate meteorology students interacted with the university's heating plant manager to determine whether climate information and forecast tools could assist him with NIU's natural gas purchase decisions each fall. Based on the El Nino-driven temperature forecasts and information developed by the faculty-directed student group, which indicated that northern Illinois would experience a warmer than average winter (December through March), the manager chose the option to ride the market on a continuous basis, buying incrementally to reduce total natural gas expenditures, rather than lock into a fixed price. To aid this annual decision process, winter El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) classifications, based on sea surface temperature (SST) data measured in the Nino-3 region, were analyzed to determine whether relationships existed between local mean winter temperature and the ENSO phenomena during the 1...
Estrogen-induced gonadotropin surges in female rhesus monkeys after pituitary stalk section.

In order to investigate the primary site of action of estradiol, whether pituitary or hypothalamic, gonadotropin responses to estrogen were studied in female rhesus monkeys before and immediately after pituitary stalk section. The estrogen challenge, consisting of either an injection of estradiol benzoate (400 μg) or an implant of three silastic capsules containing 17β-estradiol, was initiated on days 2–5 of the menstrual cycle. The estrogen was given not later than 8 h after stalk section. Estrogens induced LH surges in all five animals before and after stalk section. FSH increases were observed in four of five intact and three of four stalk-sectioned animals. Mean FSH and LH levels in three stalk-sectioned animals treated with oil alone did not differ significantly from preinjection controls. These experiments suggest that the locus of estrogens on gonadotropin release in the rhesus monkey may well reside within the pituitary gland itself.
Language pyramid and multi-scale text analysis

The classical Bag-of-Word (BOW) model represents a document as a histogram of word occurrence, losing the spatial information that is invaluable for many text analysis tasks. In this paper, we present the Language Pyramid (LaP) model, which casts a document as a probabilistic distribution over the joint semantic-spatial space and motivates a multi-scale 2D local smoothing framework for nonparametric text coding. LaP efficiently encodes both semantic and spatial contents of a document into a pyramid of matrices that are smoothed both semantically and spatially at a sequence of resolutions, providing a convenient multi-scale imagic view for natural language understanding. The LaP representation can be used in text analysis in a variety of ways, among which we investigate two instantiations in the current paper: (1) multi-scale text kernels for document categorization, and (2) multi-scale language models for ad hoc text retrieval. Experimental results illustrate that: for classification, LaP outperforms BOW by (up to) 4% on moderate-length texts (RCV1 text benchmark) and 15% on short texts (Yahoo! queries); and for retrieval, LaP gains 12% MAP improvement over uni-gram language models on the OHSUMED data set.
Biosynthesis of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in Vicia faba

Abstract Radioactive shikimic acid and l -tyrosine were shown to be efficient precursors of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) in Vicia faba . [1- 14 C]Acetate and l [U- 14 C]phenylalanine were not incorporated into tyrosine or DOPA. Thus the synthesis of DOPA occurs via the shikimic acid pathway and tyrosine or a very closely related metabolise. Phenolase was present in etiolated plants in much larger quantities after a brief light exposure whereas DOPA concentration was relatively constant during all stages of plant growth. Partially purified phenolase did not catalyze the conversion of tyrosine to DOPA and does not appear to have a role in DOPA synthesis.
Codesign for InfiniBand Clusters

Codesigning applications and communication libraries to leverage underlying network features is imperative for achieving optimal performance on modern computing clusters.
A principal–agent analysis of pension policy

This paper presents a principal-agent model of pension policy in a world with permanent pension plans and no taxes. Firm managers, as agents of stockholders, choose pension policy to maximize their own welfare. Stockholders, aware of this self-interested behavior, select the optimal linear risk-sharing compensation program to induce conformance of manager actions to stockholder intersts. The paper develops the optimal linear risk-sharing compensation program and pension policy. The comparative static changes in pension policy for a simple case are found and compared to the empirical findings of other researchers. It is argued that the principal-agent hypothesis provides an explanation for the heretofore unexplained empirical regularities of those studies.
Amniotic fluid platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin as markers of structural abnormalities.

Platelet factor 4 (PF4) and β-thromboglobulin (BTG) are unique markers of irreversible platelet activation. We measured PF4 and BTG in amniotic fluid from 102 genetic amniocenteses, in which 78 had no
Nucleocapsid Protein Zinc-Finger Mutants of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Strain Mne Produce Virions That Are Replication Defectivein Vitroandin Vivo☆

All retroviruses (except the spumaretroviruses) contain a nucleocapsid (NC) protein that encodes one or two copies of the Zn2+-finger sequence -Cys-X2-Cys-X4-His-X4-Cys-. This region has been shown to be essential for recognition and packaging of the genomic RNA during virion particle assembly. Additionally, this region has been shown to be involved in early infection events in a wide spectrum of retroviruses, including mammalian type C [e.g., murine leukemia virus (MuLV)], human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Rous sarcoma virus, and other retroviruses. Mutations in the two Zn2+-fingers of the NC protein of simian immunodeficiency virus strain Mne [SIV(Mne)] have been generated. The resulting virions contained the normal complement of processed viral proteins with densities indistinguishable from wild-type SIV(Mne). All of the mutants had electron micrograph morphologies similar to those of immature particles observed in wild-type preparations. RNA packaging was less affected by mutations in the NC protein of SIV(Mne) than has been observed for similar mutants in the MuLV and HIV-1 systems. Nevertheless, in vitro replication of SIV(Mne) NC mutants was impaired to levels comparable to those observed for MuLV and HIV-1 NC mutants; replication defective NC mutants are typically 10(5)- to 10(6)-fold less infectious than similar levels of wild-type virus. One mutant, DeltaCys33-Cys36, was also found to be noninfectious in vivo when mutant virus was administered intravenously to a pig-tailed macaque. NC mutations can therefore be used to generate replication defective virions for candidate vaccines in the SIV macaque model for primate lentiviral diseases.
Three-year evaluation of sealant: effect of isolation on efficacy

This study analyzes the clinical effectiveness of a sealant (Delton) and its requirements for retreatment to maintain the optimum protection from pit and fissure caries. One hundred paired occlusal surfaces were treated in 29 patients. Two contralateral, partially erupted, noncarious molars with deep occlusal fissures were randomly selected to receive a sealant; one had a rubber dam and the other, cotton rolls for isolation. Each tooth received a prophylaxis with a rubber cup and a pumice slurry. The dryness of the field was evaluated. Each tooth was etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 60 seconds, rinsed for 15 seconds, and dried for 30 seconds. Sealant (Delton Tinted) was applied with a syringe according to manufacturer's instructions. Sealants were evaluated and reapplied where indicated at 6-month intervals. The average 6-month retention rate over 36 months was 95%, regardless of the method of isolation used when the sealant was applied initially. No tooth under treatment with a sealant became carious. The retreatment rate was highest at baseline (8%) and at 6 months (11.3%). Of the total number of retreated sealants, 61% were from the mandibular arch. During the 36 months of this study, 31% of the treated teeth required at least one retreatment.
The M2 channel of influenza A virus: a molecular dynamics study

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed on a tetramer of the 25-residue (SSDPLVVAASIIGILHLILWILDRL) synthetic peptide [1] which contains the transmembrane domain of the influenza A virus M2 coat protein. The peptide bundle was initially assembled as a parallel α-helix bundle in the octane portion of a phase separated water/octane system, which provided a membrane-mimetic environment. A 4-ns dynamics trajectory identified a left-handed coiled coil state of the neutral bundle, with a water filled funnel-like structural motif at the N-terminus involving the long hydrophobic sequence. The neck of the funnel begins at V27 and terminates at H37, which blocks the channel. The C-terminus is held together by inter-helix hydrogen bonds and contains water below H37. Solvation of the S23 and D24 residues, located at the rim of the funnel, appears to be important for stability of the structure. The calculated average tilt of the helices in the neutral bundle is 27±5°, which agrees well with recent NMR data.
Sample Application in Thin Layer Chromatography

Abstract Resolution in thin layer chromatography depends on the ability to properly apply the sample to the origin. Thin lines or streaks are recommended. Preabsorbent layers facilitate sample application since thin lines result. Automatic sample applicators are prerequisite if preabsorbent layers are not used and more than 15 μ1 of the solution is to be applied.
Investigation of Pharmaceuticals in Missouri Natural and Drinking Water Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A comprehensive method has been developed and validated in two different water matrices for the analysis of 16 pharmaceutical compounds using solid phase extraction (SPE) of water samples, followed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. These 16 compounds include antibiotics, hormones, analgesics, stimulants, antiepileptics, and X-ray contrast media. Method detection limits (MDLs) that were determined in both reagent water and municipal tap water ranged from 0.1 to 9.9 ng/L. Recoveries for most of the compounds were comparable to those obtained using U.S. EPA methods. Treated and untreated water samples were collected from 31 different water treatment facilities across Missouri, in both winter and summer seasons, and analyzed to assess the 16 pharmaceutical compounds. The results showed that the highest pharmaceutical concentrations in untreated water were caffeine, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen, at concentrations of 224, 77.2, and 70 ng/L, respectively. Concentrations of pharmaceuticals were generally higher during the winter months, as compared to those in the summer due, presumably, to smaller water quantities in the winter, even though pharmaceutical loadings into the receiving waters were similar for both seasons.
Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Among Women With Physical Disabilities

Objective This article reports findings from the National Study of Women with Physical Disabilities about rates of screening for breast and cervical cancer and factors associated with regular screening in a large sample of women with a variety of physical disabilities and a comparison group of women without disabilities. Design Case-comparison study using written survey. Data were analyzed using measures of central tendency, chi 2 analysis, logistic regression, and risk using odds ratios. Setting General community. Participants A total of 843 women, 450 with disabilities and 393 of their able-bodied friends, aged 18 to 65, who completed the written questionnaire. The most common primary disability type was spinal cord injury (26%), followed by polio (18%), neuromuscular disorders (12%), cerebral palsy (10%), multiple sclerosis (10%), and joint and connective tissue disorders (8%). Twenty-two percent had severe functional limitations, 52% had moderate disabilities, and 26% had mild disabilities. Main outcome measures Outcomes were measured in terms of frequency of pelvic exams and mammograms. Results Women with disabilities tend to be less likely than women without disabilities to receive pelvic exams on a regular basis, and women with more severe functional limitations are significantly less likely to do so. No significant difference was found between women with and without disabilities, regardless of severity of functional limitation, in receiving mammograms within the past 2 years. Perceived control emerged as a significant enhancement factor for mammograms and marginally for pelvic exams. Severity of disability was a significant risk factor for noncompliance with recommended pelvic exams, but not mammograms. Race was a significant risk factor for not receiving pelvic exams, but not mammograms. Household income and age did not reach significance as risk factors in either analysis. Conclusions Women with physical disabilities are at a higher risk for delayed diagnosis of breast and cervical cancer, primarily for reasons of environmental, attitudinal, and information barriers. Future research should focus on the subpopulations that were not surveyed adequately in this study, women with disabilities who have low levels of education or income, or who are of minority status.
Prostate immobilization using a rectal balloon.

We use a rectal balloon for prostate immobilization during intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) prostate treatment. To improve the accuracy of our prostate planning target volume, we have measured prostate displacements using computed tomography (CT)-CT fusion on patients that previously received gold seed implants. The study consists of ten patients that were scanned twice per week during the course of IMRT treatment. In addition to biweekly scans, breathing studies were performed on each patient to estimate organ motion during treatment. The prostate displacement in the anterior-posterior and the lateral direction is minimal, on the order of measurement uncertainty (1mm). The standard deviation of the superior-inferior (SI) displacements is 1.78 mm. The breathing studies show that no organ displacement was detected during normal breathing conditions with a rectal balloon. 2002 American College of Medical Physics.
On the convergence rate of swap-collide algorithm for simple task assignment

This paper provides a convergence rate analysis of the swap-collide algorithm for simple assignment problems. Swap-collide is a distributed algorithm that assigns a unique task to each agent assuming that the cost of each assignment is identical and has applications in resource-constrained multiagent systems; prior work has shown that this assignment procedure converges in finite-time. In this paper, we provide an analytical framework to establish the convergence rate of swap-collide, and show that for a network of size N, the lower and upper bounds for the convergence rate are O(N3).
Growth in size and cell DNA replication.

En se referrant a divers travaux, il semble que la croissance cellulaire, suivie par la taille de la cellule, la quantite de proteines ou d'ARN ribosomaux, ne determine pas la replication de l'ADN
L’Escargot Rapide: Soft Contacts at High Speeds

During sliding low elastic modulus, materials can form ridges and distinct zones of contact vice the commonly observed Schallamach wave phenomena. It was shown that at low velocities (0.001 and 0.01 m/s), the contact geometry retained a single region of contact and at higher velocities (0.1 and 1 m/s) the contact separated into two distinct zones. It was also shown that this phenomenon was independent of the applied normal load.
A cytochemical study of ribonucleic acid distribution in the spermatogenic cells of Drosophila virilis.

The distribution of RNA in the spermatogenic cells of D. virilis was studied by staining with azure B. All the spermatogenic cells with the exception of the spermatozoa were found to be rich in RNA. Most of this RNA was probably associated with ribosomes in the cytoplasm.The nucleolus of the meiotic prophase stages contained RNA and showed changes in its staining intensity, size shape, and location within the nucleus during the growth stage of the primary spermatocytes. These changes were probably associated with the various metabolic activities occurring in the spermatogenic cells. The nucleoli of the spermatids were much smaller than that of the meiotic prophase stages and stained less intensely.
Problem posing vs problem solving

Abstract This paper addresses the notion of adult education and places it within the context of the literature on adult development. Emphasis is placed on the work of Klaus Riegel (1973) who suggested a different interpretation of adult development. Dialectic operations is perceived to be the final stage of cognitive development, as opposed to formal operational thought, the traditional interpretation. Dialectic operations is a way of thinking which seeks to discover a whole new series of questions to be asked, rather than in finding ‘once and for all’ answers. The concepts put forward by Riegel are used as the foundation for a different interpretation of andragogy, based on the work of the Nottingham Andragogy Group (1983). The educational approach suggested to a large extent is diametrically opposed to the much criticised ‘traditional’ training of nurses. The view is expressed that although this is a different approach it is nonetheless worthwhile and should be embraced, particularly when nurse education is undergoing such major change.
The role of independently variable grafting density and layer thickness of polymer nanolayers on peptide adsorption and cell adhesion.

Abstract This contribution demonstrates a simple and reproducible method for fabricating surface-tethered polymer brushes that vary in grafting density and layer thickness for peptide adsorption and cell-adhesion studies. Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization was used together with thiol self-assembly to generate these nanothin polymer brush layers of poly((polyethylene glycol) methacrylate). A kinetic study was done to measure the layer thickness growth rate at room temperature from flat gold substrates presenting different polymerization initiator molecule surface densities. The polymer brush layers transition from mushroom to brush regimes with increasing grafting density. A crossover density of 0.038±0.005 chains/nm 2 was determined for the PPEGMA polymer brushes. The results described in this paper show that layer properties such as wettability and dry layer thickness depend strongly on initiator surface density. Ultimately, the adsorbed concentration of an RGD-containing synthetic peptide Gly–Arg–Gly–Asp–Ser and the adhesion and spreading of cells were correlated with surface properties, which continues to be a major research theme in biomedical and biomaterials research.
Spiritually-Informed Management Theory: Toward Profound Possibilities for Inquiry and Transformation

The burgeoning line of inquiry and integration of spirituality and management may very well be inspiring managers and scholars to embrace new “metaphysical foundations.” An infusion of spirituality...
Fertility Transitions and Schooling: From Micro- to Macro-Level Associations

Research on the schooling implications of fertility transitions often faces an aggregation problem: despite policy interest in macro-level outcomes, empirical studies usually focus on the micro-level effects of sibsize on schooling. This article proposes an aggregation framework for moving from micro- to macro-level associations between fertility and schooling. The proposed framework is an improvement over previous aggregation methods in that it considers concurrent changes in the effects of sibsize, socioeconomic context, and family structure. The framework is illustrated with data from six sub-Saharan countries. Possible extensions are discussed.
Ferromagnetism in a simple binary alloy

Abstract The modification of the Stoner criterion for ferromagnetism in a tight binding model of an alloy is obtained using the coherent potential approximation, and discussed with regard to experiment.
h -Principles for curves and knots of constant curvature

We prove that $${\mathcal{C}}^\infty$$ curves of constant curvature satisfy, in the sense of Gromov, the relative $${\mathcal{C}}^1$$ -dense h-principle in the space of immersed curves in Euclidean space R n ≥ 3. In particular, in the isotopy class of any given $${\mathcal{C}}^1$$ knot f there exists a $${\mathcal{C}}^\infty$$ knot f of constant curvature which is $${\mathcal{C}}^1$$ -close to f. More importantly, we show that if f is $${\mathcal{C}}^2$$ , then the curvature of f may be set equal to any constant c which is not smaller than the maximum curvature of f. We may also require that f be tangent to f along any finite set of prescribed points, and coincide with f over any compact set with an open neighborhood where f has constant curvature c. The proof involves some basic convexity theory, and a sharp estimate for the position of the average value of a parameterized curve within its convex hull.
Intervertebral disc (IVD): Structure, degeneration, repair and regeneration

Abstract Low back pain affects a large portion of the population, resulting in high care costs for therapy and treatment. One primary cause of low back pain is the degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) resulting in the compression of the spinal nerves and adjacent vertebrae. Exact causes of degeneration are unknown, but it is thought that natural aging, and both biological and genetic factors may play a significant role in the degenerative process. Conventional methods to alleviate low back pain include spinal fusion and artificial disc replacement. Traditional treatments through spinal fusion may eliminate pain yet do not restore disc function and lead to further degeneration of adjacent levels by altering disc biomechanics and natural kinematics. Recently, artificial IVD replacements have started to gain interest, with two IVD implants currently approved in the United States. Although these implants facilitate the preservation of motions and disc space height, they are unable to sustain compressive forces due to their lack of elasticity. In addition, the implants may produce wear debris that can cause osteolysis and other deleterious effects. As an alternative to these conventional approaches, tissue engineered IVD constructs offer the advantage of biointegration while preserving the essential attributes of natural motion and disc space restoration. There is a great need for the development of tissue engineered scaffolds that simulate the natural 3D morphology and microenvironment of the targeted tissue. Scaffolds should facilitate biological transport to satisfy nutrition and waste removal requirements within the IVD. The discrete tissue architectures of the nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF) have posed great challenges to IVD tissue engineering. Current attempts have not been able to satisfy the biological functions and/or mechanical properties of native tissue. Therefore, these current scaffolds are far from satisfactory. This review highlights the challenges met when tissue engineering an IVD, while offering a perspective on which biomaterials and scaffold fabrication methods have the realistic ability to serve as scaffolding constructs for IVD regeneration.
High dose angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition prevents fluid volume expansion in heart transplant recipients.

Abstract OBJECTIVES We sought to test the hypothesis that plasma volume (PV) expansion in heart transplant recipients (HTRs) is caused by failure to reflexively suppress the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) axis. BACKGROUND Extracellular fluid volume expansion occurs in clinically stable HTRs who become hypertensive. We have previously demonstrated that the RAA axis is not reflexively suppressed by a hypervolemic stimulus in HTRs. METHODS Plasma volume and fluid regulatory hormones were measured in eight HTRs (57 ± 6 years old) both before and after treatment with captopril (225 mg/day). Antihypertensive and diuretic agents were discontinued 10 days before. The HTRs were admitted to the Clinical Research Center (CRC), and, after three days of a constant diet containing 87 mEq/day of Na+, PV was measured by using the modified Evans blue dye dilution technique. After approximately four months (16 ± 5 weeks), the same HTRs again discontinued all antihypertensive and diuretic agents; they were progressed to a captopril dose of 75 mg three times per day over 14 days, and the CRC protocol was repeated. RESULTS Captopril pharmacologically suppressed (p CONCLUSIONS Extracellular fluid volume is expanded (12%) in clinically stable HTRs who become hypertensive. Pharmacologic suppression of the RAA axis with high-dose captopril (225 mg/day) returned HTRs to a normovolemic state. These findings indicate that fluid retention is partly engendered by a failure to reflexively suppress the RAA axis when HTRs become hypervolemic.
Nonverbal indicators of deception: A new theoretical perspective

This study tested a theory of nonverbal behavior during deception. The theory is based on ability to monitor and ability to control nonverbal behaviors. The nonverbal behaviors of sixteen criminal justice students were coded during lying and truthing. Results lend limited support to the theory: (1) Contrary to earlier theories, this theory predicted that easily monitored and controlled gestures would be less frequent among liars than among truthers. This prediction was generally confirmed. (2) As predicted, liars exhibited greater vocal nervousness than did. truthers. (3) The pattern of differences, even where differences were nonsignificant, generally supports the theory.
The ICC, freight rates, and the Great Depression

Abstract When the Interstate Commerce Commission first gained substantial control over railroad freight charges in the early years of the 20th century, it used its power to ensure adherence to published tariffs and, hence, to reduce the volatility of freight charges. Following the passage of the Transportation Act of 1920, the Commission's dominant regulatory objective changed to one of providing railways with an adequate return on their invested capital. The Commission's attempts to attain this new objective resulted in substantial increases in real freight charges during economic contractions. The increase in real freight charges at the beginning of the Great Depression almost certainly increased its severity.
Unusual locations of osteoarticular tuberculosis in children: a report of 12 cases.

Summary Introduction Unusual locations of osteoarticular tuberculosis (OA-TB) raise diagnostic issues due to their untypical and non-suggestive clinical and radiological presentation. Objectives The present retrospective study analyzed the various clinical, radiological and therapeutic aspects. Patients and methods A retrospective series included 12 children (mean age, 7 years 4 months; sex-ratio, 0.7), treated in our department between 1980 and 2010. Knee, hip and spine locations were excluded. Results Mean time to diagnosis was 32 months. Active TB infection was identified in 42% of cases. Pain was the presenting symptom in 83% of cases, with a preponderance of osteitis. Bone loss was the main radiological sign. Phemister's triad was found in two cases of combined articular and bone infection. Diagnosis was confirmed on histology in 92% of cases. All patients were managed according to the Moroccan national TB protocol. Surgery was indicated in five cases, comprising abscess drainage with or without bone surgery (notably for joint dislocation). Four patients showed orthopedic sequelae, including two with associated spinal locations. Discussion Rare osteoarticular tuberculosis locations often cause diagnostic problems. Any chronic clinical presentation or suspected atypical bone lesion should suggest a diagnosis of osteoarticular tuberculosis. Level of evidence Level IV. Retrospective study.
Intermittency and fractals in nuclear collisions at 1.52 A GeV

The techniques of scaled factorial moments and multifractals have been employed to study the dynamical fluctuations of the produced singly charged particles in collisions of84Kr ions at 1.52 A GeV in nuclear emulsion. The power law behaviors are observed in the data. The generalized dimensions are determined by using the methods of intermittency and multifractals.
Black knight: An autonomous vehicle for competition

Black Knight, the University of Central Florida's vehicle in the 11th Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition (IGVC) competed in 2003. Completing in 5th place in the navigational challenge and 10th in the autonomous challenge in its first competition has proven our vehicle to be a strong competitor in this competition. The vehicle has many interesting features that allow it to achieve its success. The vehicle's 300 lb. capacity allows for two onboard full-sized computers and two 12 V marine batteries that power the computers for up to 2 h. The vision system is not a simple reactive system but rather it classifies its view into objects and builds a map of the territory as it learns of its features while traveling. Two transformations and the location data from the GPS and other sensors are used to associate the locations in the image to locations in the map. The operations of the vehicle are modeled after the typical operations of a ship. We have programs that perform the functions of the captain, the helm, the navigator, and the engineer. In addition we have a program performing sensor data fusion from the GPS, compass, and wheel encoder data. The navigation uses an adapted two-dimensional approximate cell decomposition method that satisfies the nonholononic constraints of our vehicle and allows it to find the shortest path to the goal while avoiding all obstacles. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH IN CHRONIC DISEASE: A STUDY OF LEPROSY.

Abstract The present paper represents an initial report of an ongoing project designed to investigate the interplay of emotional and social factors as they operate in modifying or transforming the life program of persons afflicted with a chronic illness. For theoretical reasons leprosy has been selected as the condition for focus. While leprosy has many of the characteristic effects on the patient found in other chronic conditions, from the standpoint of therapy, surgical intervention, or even physical incapacity, leprosy presents certain advantages to a social psychological investigation of chronic illness, in that social and emotional experiences and phenomena play an exceedingly important role in patient outcomes. These factors, at times, surpass the physical facts of deformity and dysfunction in modifying the career of persons with the disease. It is as a psychosocial phenomenon that leprosy is most challenging to behavioral scientists interested in the description and theory of medical sociology. The present research, however, is not being conducted purely in the interests of sociology or the psychology of non-psychiatric patients. It is aimed towards a broader framework, that of the slowly emerging field of clinical sociology or clinical anthropology.
She Gives Birth, She's Wearing a Bikini: Mobilizing the Postpregnant Celebrity Mom Body to Manage the Post–Second Wave Crisis in Femininity

This essay evaluates the new post-pregnant quickly slender, even bikini-ready, body as a rhetorical phenomenon within the broader context of the new momism and the post–second wave crisis in femininity. The rhetorical analysis of the quickly slender celebrity mom profiles reveals that the new momism is far more complex rhetorically then just backlash and cooptation; rather, the new momism is a sophisticated and complex backlash, and it works rhetorically to simultaneously acknowledge and refute (erode) feminist gains. The quickly slender, even bikini-ready, body also works as a rhetorical device to strategically manage the post–second wave crisis in femininity in ways that continue to re-establish both mothering and beauty as the most important components of femininity, while reinforcing the domestic division of labor that continues to persist between women and men in the private sphere despite the fact that unencumbered (without children) men and women's lives are much more similar today.
Differential distribution and non-collateralization of central amygdaloid neurons projecting to different medullary regions.

Abstract The distributions of central amygdaloid nucleus (Ce) neurons projecting to different medullary regions were investigated using the retrograde transport of iontophoretically applied Fast Blue or bisbenzimide. Neurons projecting to the nucleus of the solitary tract were located throughout the medial, lateral and ventral subdivisions of the Ce whereas cells projecting to the parvicellular reticular formation and ventrolateral medulla were confined to the medial subdivision of the Ce. Combined injections of fluorescent dyes into these medullary areas resulted in only occasional double-labelled cells. The results suggest that Ce projections to a variety of medullary sites arise from separate populations of neurons with partially over-lapping distributions in the medial Ce.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Fluorescence Properties of Mixed Molecular Multilayer Films of BODIPY and Zn(II) Tetraphenylporphyrins.

A new azido functionalized 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) has been synthesized to achieve spectral complementarity to a Zn(II) tetraphenylethynyl porphyrin (ZnTPEP). Mixed multilayer films were assembled on glass and quartz up to 10 bilayers thick in a layer-by-layer (LbL) fabrication process using copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) to couple these two dyes together with a tris-azido linker. By varying the amount of BODIPY in the CuAAC reaction solutions for the azido linker layers, we achieve tunable doping of BODIPY within the porphyrin films. We are able to demonstrate linear film growth and determine thickness by X-ray reflectivity (XRR). XRR data indicated that lower BODIPY loading leads to higher porphyrin content and slightly thicker films. Fluorescence emission and excitation spectra of the mixed multilayer films show efficient quenching of the BODIPY singlet and enhanced ZnTPEP emission, suggesting efficient energy transfer (EnT). The ease of fabrication a...
DNase I hypersensitive Sites in the chromatin of the chicken Msx2 gene differ in anterior and posterior lim mesenchyme, calvarial osteoblasts and embryonic fibroblasts

To identify candidate cis-acting regulatory regions involved in regulation of the Msx2 gene in anterior limb mesenchyme and calvarial osteoblasts, DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs) from -6.1 kb to +8.4 kb relative to the translation start site of the chicken Msx2 gene were identified in anterior and posterior limb mesenchyme, calvarial osteoblasts, and embryonic fibroblasts. A total of 12 DHSs were detected. Except for the DHS in the basal promoter region, none of the other DHSs were present in all four tissues, suggesting that the chromatin structure in the Msx2 gene locus is differently organized in these four cell types. One DHS was unique to Msx2 expressing cells and a second site to nonexpressing cells. Anterior and posterior limb mesenchyme had similar patterns of DHSs that were much more complex than observed in calvarial osteoblasts possibly reflecting differences in the complexity of Msx2 regulation in these two tissues.
Reversible Pulmonary Hypertension in Adolescent with Left Atrial Myxoma

We report a patient of left atrial huge myxoma presenting with severe pulmonary hypertension in adolescents. A patient was a 14-year-old boy presented with sudden onset dyspnea. Transthoracic echocardiographic study revealed the presence of a nodular, 4.34 × 8.11 cm sized, mobile, hyperechoic mass in the left atrium and severe pulmonary hypertension with tricuspid insufficiency. After surgical therapy, tricuspid regurgitation and pulmonary hypertension was decreased and the patient was stabilized and had an uneventful clinical course.
Homeless and Disabled: Rights, Responsibilities, and Recommendations for Serving Young Children with Special Needs

Homelessness is a growing social problem in the United States. Especially vulnerable to this phenomenon are young children because homelessness is viewed as a breeding ground for disabilities. Despite federal legislation ensuring educational opportunities, the educational needs of children who are homeless are frequently unfulfilled. This article reviews the educational rights of children who are homeless, including those with disabilities, and offers recommendations and suggestions as to how early childhood programs can help meet the needs of homeless young children with disabilities and their families.
Cerebrospinal fluid glutamine, tryptophan, and tryptophan metabolite concentrations in dogs with portosystemic shunts.

Objective—To determine whether glutamine (GLN), tryptophan (TRP), and tryptophan metabolite concentrations are higher in cerebralspinal fluid (CSF) dogs with naturally occurring portosystemic shunts (PSS), compared with control dogs. Animals—11 dogs with confirmed PSS and 12 control dogs fed low- and high-protein diets. Procedure—Cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples were collected from all dogs. Serum and CSF concentrations of GLN, alanine, serine, TRP, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and quinolinic acid (QUIN) were measured. Results—Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of GLN, TRP, and 5-HIAA were significantly higher in PSS dogs, compared with control dogs fed high- or lowprotein diets. Cerebrospinal fluid QUIN concentration was significantly higher in PSS dogs, compared with control dogs fed the low-protein diet. Serum QUIN concentration was significantly lower in PSS dogs, compared with control dogs fed either high- or lowprotein diets. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—An increase in CNS GLN concentration is associated with high CSF concentrations of TRP and TRP metabolites in dogs with PSS. High CSF 5-HIAA concentrations indicate an increased flux of TRP through the CNS serotonin metabolic pathway, whereas high CSF QUIN concentrations indicate an increased metabolism of TRP through the indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase pathway. The high CSF QUIN concentrations in the face of low serum QUIN concentrations in dogs with PSS indicates that QUIN production from TRP is occurring in the CNS. High concentrations of QUIN and other TRP metabolites in the CNS may contribute to neurologic abnormalities found in dogs with PSS and hepatic encephalopathy. (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1167–1171)
Recovery of three arctic stream reaches from experimental nutrient enrichment

Summary 1. Nutrient enrichment and resulting eutrophication is a widespread anthropogenic influence on freshwater ecosystems, but recovery from nutrient enrichment is poorly understood, especially in stream environments. We examined multi-year patterns in community recovery from experimental low-concentration nutrient enrichment (N + P or P only) in three reaches of two Arctic tundra streams (Kuparuk River and Oksrukuyik Creek) on the North Slope of Alaska (U.S.A.). 2. Rates of recovery varied among community components and depended on duration of enrichment (2–13 consecutive growing seasons). Biomass of epilithic algae returned to reference levels rapidly (within 2 years), regardless of nutrients added or enrichment duration. Aquatic bryophyte cover, which increased greatly in the Kuparuk River only after long-term enrichment (8 years), took 8 years of recovery to approach reference levels, after storms had scoured most remnant moss in the recovering reach. 3. Multi-year persistence of bryophytes in the Kuparuk River appeared to prevent recovery of insect populations that had either been positively (e.g. the mayfly Ephemerella, most chironomid midge taxa) or negatively (e.g. the tube-building chironomid Orthocladius rivulorum) affected by this shift in dominant primary producer. These lags in recovery (of >3 years) were probably driven by the persistent effect of bryophytes on physical benthic habitat. 4. Summer growth rates of Arctic grayling (both adults and young-of-year) in Oksrukuyik Creek (fertilised for 6 years with no bryophyte colonisation), which were consistently increased by nutrient addition, returned to reference rates within 1–2 years. 5. Rates of recovery of these virtually pristine Arctic stream ecosystems from low-level nutrient enrichment appeared to be controlled largely by duration of enrichment, mediated through physical habitat shifts caused by eventual bryophyte colonisation, and subsequent physical disturbance that removed bryophytes. Nutrient enrichment of oligotrophic Arctic stream ecosystems caused by climate change or local anthropogenic activity may have dramatic and persistent consequences if it results in the colonisation of long-lived primary producers that alter physical habitat.