cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Central and diffractive components of charm production

To $\mathrm{O}({{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}}^{2})$ in perturbative QCD one can identify two separate components in the production of heavy flavors such as charm: central $q\overline{q}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}c\overline{c}$, $\mathrm{gg}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}c\overline{c}$ and diffractive $\mathrm{qc}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{qc}$, $\mathrm{gc}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{gc}$. For diffractive production, QCD evolution is the source of charm quarks inside the colliding hadrons. With an estimated 0.5% charm momentum fraction at ${Q}^{2}\ensuremath{\simeq}4{{m}_{c}}^{2}$ from QCD evolution, a hard $x$ distribution of charm, and a resolution cutoff on gluonexchange contributions, the diffractive component reproduces the ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{c}^{+}$ and $D$ cross sections observed at intermediate to large longitudinal $x$, both at Fermilab and at CERN ISR energies. The diffractive component also contributes to charm production near ${x}_{L}=0$. This explains the failures of previous analyses, based on annihilation diagrams alone, to account for the observed charm cross sections in the central region. Estimates are made of cross sections and ${x}_{L}$ dependences of $b$- and $t$-quark production up to $\stackrel{-}{\mathrm{pp}}$ collider energies.
Risk factors associated with uterine rupture during trial of labor after cesarean delivery : a case-control study

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to thoroughly investigate the risk factors of uterine rupture in patients undergoing trial of labor after cesarean section. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a case-control study of 70 patients with prior cesarean delivery with uterine rupture during trial of labor between January 1983 and June 1990. The risk factors of uterine rupture were identified, and the estimates of the relative risks were reported. RESULTS: The risk of uterine rupture was increased in patients who had an excessive amount of oxytocin, who had exeprienced dysfunctional labor, and who had a history of two or more cesarean deliveries. Epidural anesthesia, macrosomia, history of successful vaginal delivery after cesarean section, unknown uterine scar, and history of cesarean delivery because of cephalopelvic disproportion were not associated with uterine rupture. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend that all patients with a history of cesarean delivery be observed closely for progression of labor. Recognition of an active-phase arrest disorder, despite adequate augmentation with oxytocin, requires operative delivery.
Brainless immunity no more.

The mediobasal hypothalamus detects increased amounts of tumor necrosis factor during the early phases of inflammation and relays this information to cells of the adaptive immune system by mobilizing free fatty acids.
Dimensionalities of ozone attractors and their global distribution

Abstract The dynamical behavior of observed atmospheric ozone is analyzed using data provided by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) on board the Nimbus-7 satellite. The whole dataset consists of 15 time series for five distinct latitudes intended to represent roughly a distribution of ozone around the world. The analysis suggests evidence for low-dimensional ozone attractors. Their correlation dimensionalities are between 3 and 7, indicating that the real ozone system has only a few number of degrees of freedom. The results also suggest an obvious difference between the dimensionalities of the attractors in mid-latitude and equatorial regions. The former are clearly larger than the latter. This demonstrates that the ozone dynamics at mid-latitude has a much more complex behavior than in the tropics. A surprising feature is that the correlation dimensionalities of the attractors at mid-latitudes are almost identifiable. This seems to show that ozone in this region behaves as a single dynamical system.
Where do antiangiogenic agents belong in the treatment algorithm for ovarian cancer

Although epithelial ovarian cancer responds well to chemotherapy, patients presenting with advanced disease still have a poor prognosis. The clear role of angiogenesis in the development and progression of ovarian tumorigenesis has led to the development of several novel antiangiogenic agents; however, questions remain as how to best incorporate such agents into current treatment algorithms. Searches of PubMed (terms: angiogenesis, VEGF, tyrosine kinase inhibitor, bevacizumab and ovarian cancer) and of recent results from key oncology congresses (terms: drug names and ovarian cancer) were performed to identify relevant articles and abstracts. Clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate investigational antiangiogenic agents as a component of first-line chemotherapy, as a treatment option for recurrent disease, and as maintenance therapy for ovarian cancer. The antiangiogenic monoclonal antibody bevacizumab has demonstrated a progression-free survival benefit in combination with first-line paclitaxel/carboplatin and continued as maintenance therapy, and phase II data suggest therapeutic potential for several multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors in ovarian cancer, with phase III results forthcoming for BIBF 1120, cediranib, and pazopanib. Antiangiogenic therapy remains a promising strategy for ovarian cancer, and it is hoped that results from ongoing trials will inform their optimal placement in the treatment paradigm.
Turbulence modeling and verification for aseptically processed soybean milk under turbulent flow conditions.

A simple turbulence model for non-Newtonian fluids, as an analogy to eddy viscosity of Newtonian fluids, was developed. With this model, velocity and temperature distributions in a tubular heat exchanger were simulated with the temperature-dependent physical and rheological properties of soybean milk. The numerical program developed was verified with analytical solutions of non-Newtonian laminar flow. In order to verify the suggested turbulence mode, the bulk temperatures of 9% soybean milk were obtained from the analytical calculation at various axial locations in a tubular heat exchanger under turbulent flow conditions. The bulk temperatures showed only 4.8% deviation from the cross-sectional average temperatures obtained from numerical simulation. The simulated velocity and temperature distributions in a heating tube were verified by measuring the residence times and temperatures at the end of the heat exchanger.
Small-scale structures in the north-west Atlantic sub-tropical front

Mixing in the ocean thermocline is thought to occur in part by random superposition of internal waves, leading to occasional episodes of shear instability1. Statistical models of the resulting mixing have been formulated2,3 which are roughly consistent with the few available direct estimates of average mixing rates4–6. However, clear evidence of the direct association between individual mixing patches and wave instability has been lacking7. Here we report the use of a new fine- and microstructure profiler during the Frontal Air–Sea Interaction Experiment (FASINEX)8 to investigate mixing processes in the sub-tropical front of the north-west Atlantic in great detail. The novel combination of fine-scale and microstructure sensors on one vehicle provided sufficient resol-ution to reveal quantitative evidence of shear instability in the thermocline. The strongest sub-surface mixing was found in association with small-vertical-scale internal waves that may have been influenced by the velocity and density structure of the front.
Using Quizzing to Assist Student Learning in the Classroom: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly.

Recently, the testing effect has received a great deal of attention from researchers and educators who are intrigued by its potential to enhance student learning in the classroom. However, effectiv...
Sequence in Which Essential Amino Acids Become Limiting for Growth of Chicks Fed Rations Containing Cottonseed Meal

Abstract LIMITED amounts of meal prepared from glanded cottonseed are used in poultry rations. It has generally been recognized, however, that the protein in that meal is too deficient in lysine for large amounts to be included in commercial broiler rations. Grau (1946) found that lysine is the most limiting amino acid in cottonseed meal protein; additional methionine was also needed to allow the most rapid growth rate. Further supplementation with threonine or tryptophan did not increase growth rate. Jonston and Watts (1964) have reported that lysine and methionine are also limiting in meals prepared from glandless cottonseed. Lysine was found to be more limiting in the glanded than in the glandless meal. This paper reports the results of experiments conducted to determine the sequence in which the essential amino acids become limiting for growth of chicks in semi-purified rations based on five different cottonseed meals. The experiments are similar to …
Penetration of solar power without storage

Abstract If solar power is to provide substantial portions of our electricity needs, it will first become cost effective when it provides peak power in the daytime, without the need for storing the energy. Indeed since human electricity consumption is frequently small at night and larger when the sun is shining, there is already a natural correlation. Existing power systems are currently geared to provide this variable demand, with baseload plants cheaply providing a constant level of power, and dispatchable plants dynamically (and more expensively) supplying the rest. This leads to the frequent suggestion that one can exploit the correlation between sunlight and electricity by using energy from solar panels during the day to offset some of the load previously generated by dispatchable plants. This paper addresses the question of how much of the load can be substituted by the solar electricity, without leaving the solar power plant substantially idle or requiring the solar power to be stored. It uses historical sunlight and electrical load data from 32 regions of the United States to determine the photovoltaic (PV) power generation capacity that could be installed such that “almost all” of its energy output would occur at times of high demand. Specifically, what is the maximum deployment that permits 95% of the annual output from PV to be utilized without reducing the output of the baseload plants? Our results for these 32 regions are that 7.8% of the total annual electricity demand could be met by installing 59 GW of PV panels. This represents about a fourth of the present electrical energy supplied by dispatchable plants. If solar power were equally effective in the rest of the United States, nearly 200 GW of PV capacity could be put to use without any energy storage. Thus, in the near term, there is enormous room for expanding the roughly 1 GW installed base of PV power without investing in night-time energy storage. The paper also provides insight into how year-to-year variability of sunlight and demand impact the results.
Self-assembly of the Oxy-tyrosinase Core and the Fundamental Components of Phenolic Hydroxylation

A functional active-site mimic of the oxy-tyrosinase enzyme forms through self-assembly of monodentate imidazole ligands, copper(I) and oxygen at −125 °C. The fidelity of this copper–dioxygen complex to the native enzyme, its inherent stability and hydroxylation reactivity suggest that an organizational role of the protein matrix suffices to realize function.
Influence of an igneous intrusion on the inorganic geochemistry of a bituminous coal from Pitkin County, Colorado

Abstract Although the effects of igneous dikes on the organic matter in coal have been observed at many localities there is virtually no information on the effects of the intrusions on the inorganic constituents in the coal. Such a study may help to elucidate the behavior of trace elements during in situ gasification of coal and may provide insights into the resource potential of coal and coke affected by the intrusion. To determine the effects of an igneous intrusion on the inorganic chemistry of a coal we used a series of 11 samples of coal and natural coke that had been collected at intervals from 3 to 106 cm from a dike that intruded the bituminous Dutch Creek coal in Pitkin, CO. The samples were chemically analyzed for 66 elements. SEM-EDX and X-ray diffraction analysis were performed on selected samples. Volatile elements such as F, Cl, Hg, and Se are not depleted in the samples (coke and coal) nearest the dike that were exposed to the highest temperatures. Their presence in these samples is likely due to secondary enrichment following volatilization of the elements inherent in the coal. Equilibration with ground water may account for the uniform distribution of Na, B, and Cl. High concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Sr, and CO2 in the coke region are attributed to the reaction of CO and CO2 generated during the coking of the coal with fluids from the intrusion, resulting in the precipitation of carbonates. Similarly, precipitation of sulfide minerals in the coke zone may account for the relatively high concentrations of Ag, Hg, Cu, Zn, and Fe. Most elements are concentrated at the juncture of the fluidized coke and the thermally metamorphosed coal. Many of the elements enriched in this region (for example, Ga, Ge, Mo, Rb, U, La, Ce, Al, K, and Si) may have been adsorbed on either the clays or the organic matter or on both.
Systematic variation of the mean positron lifetime and Gaussian fraction in annealed metals and semiconductors

The systematic variation among the elemental solids of mean positron lifetime and the fraction of the annihilation spectrum which is approximated as a Gaussian are discussed in the context of a simple model where the ion cores are treated as repulsive square wells within which the electron density is constant. The calculated results exhibit the observed periodic behavior and are in reasonable quantitative agreement with experimental data. La variation periodique, pour les solides elementaires, de la durbe de vie moyenne du position et la fraction du spectre d'annihilation qui est assimilbe a une gaussienne sont discutees dans le contexte d'un modele simple ou les ions sont traites comme des puits carries potentiels repulsifs dans lesquels la densite electronique est constante. Les resultats du calcul suivent le comportement periodique des donnees experimentales et sont en accord raisonnable avec celles-ci.
Gastrulating chick embryo as a model for evaluating teratogenicity: A comparison of three approaches

BACKGROUND Teratology studies must be carefully designed to minimize potential secondary effects of vehicle and delivery routes. A systematic method to evaluate chick models of early embryogenesis is lacking. METHODS We investigated 3 experimental approaches that are popular for studies of early avian development, in terms of their utility for teratogen assessment starting at gastrulation. These included in vitro embryo culture, egg windowing followed by direct application of a carrier vehicle to the embryo, and injection of a carrier vehicle into the egg yolk. We also developed a morphologically based scoring system to assess development of the early embryo. RESULTS The in vitro culture and egg windowing approaches both caused an unacceptably high incidence of central nervous system and cardiac abnormalities in vehicle-treated embryos, which made it difficult to identify teratogen-specific defects. In contrast, exposing chick embryos to vehicle via direct egg yolk injection did not induce developmental anomalies. CONCLUSIONS Optimization of the exposure route of potential toxicants to the embryo is critical because control treatments can cause developmental anomalies. In ovo yolk injection minimizes perturbation of young embryos and may be appropriate for teratogen delivery. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multilayered Films Fabricated from Combinations of Degradable Polyamines: Tunable Erosion and Release of Anionic Polyelectrolytes.

This investigation sought to develop methods that permit broad and tunable control over the erosion of multilayered polyelectrolyte assemblies and the release of anionic polymers in physiologically relevant media. We report the fabrication and characterization of multilayered films ∼60 nm thick using sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) (SPS) and different combinations of three different hydrolytically degradable polyamines (1−3). We investigated two different approaches to film fabrication: (1) fabrication using solutions comprised of defined mixtures of two different polyamines, and (2) fabrication of films composed of different numbers of layers of two different polyamines. In general, films fabricated using polyamine solutions composed of defined mixtures of two different polyamines had erosion and release profiles that were dictated almost entirely by the most hydrophobic polyamine used to fabricate the films. In contrast, the fabrication of films having different numbers of layers of different polyamines ...
Density functional theory study of pyrophyllite and M-montmorillonites (M = Li, Na, K, Mg, and Ca): role of dispersion interactions.

The stacking parameters, lattice constants, bond lengths, and bulk moduli of pyrophyllite and montmorillonites (MMTs), with alkali and alkali earth metal ions, are investigated using density functional theory with and without dispersion corrections. For pyrophyllite, it is found that the inclusion of the dispersion corrections significantly improves the agreement of the calculated values of the lattice parameters and bulk modulus with the experimental values. For the MMTs, the calculations predict that the interlayer spacing varies approximately linearly with the cation radius. The inclusion of dispersion corrections leads to sizable shifts of the interlayer spacings to shorter values. In Li-MMT, compaction of the interlayer distance triggers migration of the Li ion into the tetrahedral sheet and close coordination with basal oxygen atoms. Analysis of electron density distributions shows that the isomorphic octahedral Al3+/Mg2+ substitution in MMT causes an increase of electron density on the basal oxygen...
Influence of coronary vasodilation on the transmural distribution of myocardial blood flow distal to a severe fixed coronary artery stenosis

Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that vasodilation of coronary arterioles distal to a fixed, artificial intraluminal coronary stenosis may result in a local, intramural "steal" of blood from endocardium distal to the stenosis. Seven closed-chest conscious pigs were instrumented for the study by placing an artificial plastic stenosis (7.5 mm long, 82% luminal diameter reduction) into the animal's left anterior descending coronary artery. The distal end of a 70 cm long 1.4 mm inner diameter plastic catheter was embedded inside the stenosis with its end open to the distal end of the stenosis. The catheter was used to record distal coronary artery pressure and to infuse adenosine (200 μg · min −1 × 10 minutes) into the distal coronary bed. Regional myocardial blood flow (microsphere technique) and pressure distal to the stenosis was measured before, during, and 15 to 30 minutes after adenosine infusion. The animal was then killed and the heart was sectioned for determination of microsphere activity in endocardial (ENDO) and epicardial (EPI) layers distal to the stenosis (distal zone) and in ENDO and EPI layers perfused by the unobstructed circumflex coronary artery (circumflex [CX] zone). Under resting conditions both ENDO and EPI blood flows (ml · min −1 ; mean ± 1 SD) distal to the stenosis (1.15 ± 0.23 and 1.30 ± 2.26, respectively, were reduced in comparison with flow in the CX zone (ENDO: 1.53 ± 0.30, p p p −1 · gm −1 to 1.88 ± 0.50, p p −1 · gm −1 ) declined in each animal in response to adenosine (54.7 ± 17.9 to 25.4 ± 4.9, p
Excess counterion accumulation around branched nucleic acids.

Abstract Many nucleic acids of biological importance possess elements of tertiary structure in which the regional phosphate charge density dramatically exceeds that of linear duplex DNA, as in the inter-helix junctions found in tRNAs, ribosomal RNAs, and Holliday. intermediates in general recombination. However, despite a long-standing awareness that such structures have special counterion requirements for stability, few studies have focused on their level of counterion association. In order to gauge the influence of high regional phosphate charge density on the extent of counterion association, we have defined the degree of "excess counterion association" for a four-branch DNA junction as the number of additional counterions (over the relevant linear DNA value) that are associated with the junction in a Donnan equilibrium dialysis experiment. Grand canonical Monte Carlo computations were used to determine the Donnan distribution (preferential interaction) coefficients, employing a "primitive model" description of the nucleic acid and the 1:1 electrolyte. We have determined that at least 24 excess counterions are associated with the junction in the long branch limit. The subsequent release of a portion of these additional counterions during the process of ligand binding is therefore likely to provide a strong directional influence on the binding of proteins and cationic ligands, with preferred binding near or on the junction vertex or near other elements of tertiary structure (e.g. pseudo-knots or triplexes) even if the ligands do not directly recognize the structural elements themselves. Moreover, excess counterion association is expected to play a significant role in determining the relative stabilities of alternative tertiary structures.
Relationship among physical impairment, distress, and well-being in older adults

The relationship between activity limitation and self-report on a variety of mental health measures was investigated through a longitudinal study of 124 noninstitutionalized older adults between 60 and 80 years of age, recruited either as recently disabled (N=62) or as a matched control (N=62). Fifty-five of these respondents (disabled, n=28; controls, n=27) selected persons who could be contacted to provide informant information. Results showed the relationship between disability and mental health measures to be highly significant and stable across time. Further older adults classified as severely disabled experienced higher levels of anxiety, suicidal ideation, and overall distress than did the moderately disabled participants. Evidence was found for reciprocal causal relationships between health and mental health. Informants' reports supported findings based on self-report.
Uniaxial and biaxial extensional viscosity measurements of dilute and semi-dilute solutions of rigid rod polymers

Abstract Effective uniaxial extensional and biaxial extensional viscosities of dilute and semi-dilute solutions of collagen, a rigid rod molecule, have been measured with an opposing jet apparatus. The concentration of collagen in the glycerin/water solvent ranged from 50 to 2300 ppm. The data agree quantitatively with a theory developed by Batchelor describing the extensional viscosity of perfectly aligned rigid rods. The viscosity measured for the dilute rigid rod solutions is independent of the rate of strain as predicted by Batchelor's theory. Data taken on the semi-dilute, strain-thinning solutions at strain rates sufficiently high to align the rods in the extension direction also agree with the predictions of Batchelor's theory. The measured viscosity of semi-dilute solutions at low strain rates agree qualitatively with a theory developed by Doi and Edwards describing the strain-thinning behavior of semi-dilute rigid rod solutions.
Constructing a Deconstructed Campus: Instructional Design as Vital Bricks and Mortar

In this rejoinder to Mazoue (J Comput High Educ, 2012) article, “the deconstructed campus,” we react to his arguments regarding the replacement of face-to-face teaching on college campuses with computer-supported approaches, including on-line learning, intelligent cognitive tutors, and open-ended learning environments where, rather than being confined to standard degree programs, students act increasingly as “free agents” in constructing and selecting learning experiences that interest them. While agreeing that such changes are inevitable and potentially beneficial in improving teaching and learning in higher education for the twenty-first century, we take issue with Mazoue’s strident criticism and dismissal of the contributions of human teachers to student development via coaching, modeling, and selected uses of didactic instruction. More fundamentally, we caution against embracing technology solutions lacking credible evidence of effectiveness for learning and implementation feasibility. We argue instead that instructional design processes, not media, need to form the anchor for course and experiential learning design, both older and cutting edge forms.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms 5' upstream the coding region of the NEIL2 gene influence gene transcription levels and alter levels of genetic damage.

NEIL2 (EC 4.2.99.18), a mammalian DNA glycosylase and ortholog of the bacterial Fpg/Nei, excises oxidized DNA lesions from bubble or single-stranded structures, suggesting its involvement in transcription-coupled DNA repair. Because base excision repair (BER) proteins act collectively and in a progressive fashion, their proper balance is essential for optimal repair. Thus, inter-individual variability in transcription levels of NEIL2 may predispose to compromised DNA repair capacity and genomic instability by altering the balance of critical BER proteins. In a study of lymphocytes of 129 healthy subjects, using absolute quantitative reverse transcription PCR, we found that NEIL2 transcription varied significantly (up to 63 fold) and that this variability was influenced by certain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located 5′ of the start site. Using the mutagen sensitivity assay to characterize the biological significance of these SNPs, we observed a significant increase in mutagen-induced genetic damage associated with two SNPs in the promoter region of the NEIL2 gene. To characterize the functional significance of these SNPs, we engineered luciferase-reporter constructs of the NEIL2 promotor with mutations corresponding to these SNPs. We transfected these constructs into MRC-5 cells and evaluated their impact on NEIL2 expression levels. Our results indicate that NEIL2 expression was significantly reduced by over 50% (P < 0.01) in the presence of two SNPs, ss74800505 and rs8191518, located near the NEIL2 start site, which were in significant linkage disequilibrium (D′ = 73%; P < 0.05). This first report on in vivo variability in NEIL2 expression in humans identifies SNPs in the NEIL2 promoter region that have functional effects. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Order to Disorder Transition at The Polymer-Air Interface for Hydrophobic Octadecyl Side Chain Copolymers

Molecular orientation of octadecyl alkyl side chains at the poly (vinyl octadecyl carbamates-co-vinyl acetate) polymer-air interface has been studied using surface sensitive sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy. At 280C, below the side chain crystalline transition temperature, the SFG spectra show strong methyl vibrations indicating ordered alkyl side chains at the polymer-air interface. In the liquid state (980C), the SFG spectra show higher contributions from the methylene vibrations indicating higher gauche defects at the interface. This surface order to disorder transition is gradual and spans over a broad temperature range (50-900C), where the bulk is in the smectic liquid crystalline state.
Economic Restructuring and the Retreat from Marriage

Our objective is to link recent U.S. marriage trends to changes in the employment and earnings of the marriage-eligible population, welfare benefit levels, and macroeconomic performance, which are played out differently across states. Specifically, we link pooled cross-sectional data from the 1986–1997 annual demographic supplements of the March Current Population Survey to state-year-specific indicators of economic performance from the Regional Economic Information System. We use these data to estimate reduced-form models of the economic, institutional, and demographic determinants of individual marriage outcomes. We also estimate endogenous switching regression models of marriage which take into account women’s expected incomes inside and outside of marriage. Our results provide several conclusions. First, the ?retreat from marriage? continued unabated during the economic recovery period of the 1990s. Second, our reduced-form results reveal that the recent economic recovery has, on balance, dampened the downward trend in marriage; the percentage married would be roughly three points lower in 1997 if state employment and earnings had remained at their 1986 levels. Third, the effects of state economic restructuring were highly differentiated, with negative effects on marriage, especially among the younger, less educated, and racial minority women. Fourth, results from our endogenous switching regression models provide only modest evidence for the economic model of marriage and call into question the appropriateness of strictly economic explanations of declining marriage.
Machine grouping in cellular manufacturing

Abstract Recent productivity gains enjoyed by Japan and other European countries have prompted more manufacturers from other countries to explore the use of advanced technologies as a means of improving their competitive edge in the world market. This paper presents a brief review of two of these technologies: robotics and group technologies (GT). Various research issues are discussed for each technology together with the strengths and weaknesses of the papers reviewed. As a means of integrating the two technologies, a group technology-based model for selecting robots for manufacturing cells is presented. An appropriate definition of similarity measure for the weighted codes of coding and classification analysis in GT is presented using a robot coding system example. A single linkage clustering algorithm is then proposed for use in finding robot clusters for a manufacturing cell. Finally a numerical example is presented to illustrate the model.
Phenolic acids and flavonoids in soybean root and leaf extracts

Abstract An HPLC technique and a GC-MS method were used to analyze extracts from soybean leaves and roots for phenolic acids and flavonoids. The reverse-phase HPLC technique involved comparing relative retention times and wavelength area ratios of standard compounds to unknown compounds in the soybean extracts. In addition, the standard compounds and extracts were derivatized with a silylation reagent, yielding trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives, and analyzed by GC-MS. The HPLC and GC-MS analyses of the hydrolyzed soybean root extract revealed the presence of 4-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, ferulic, gentisic, syringic and protocatechuic acids, genistein, daidzein and coumestrol. Results from the HPLC analysis of the hydrolyzed leaf extract indicate the presence of salicylic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, 4-hydroxycinnamic, ferulic, caffeic, gentisic, and syringic acids, naringenin, quercetin, genistein, and daidzein. GC-MS analysis of the leaf extract confirmed the presence of all of these compounds except salicylic acid. In addition, the GC-MS analysis of the leaf extract also indicated the presence of kaempferol.
Activator of G‐protein signaling in asymmetric cell divisions of the sea urchin embryo

An asymmetric fourth cell division in the sea urchin embryo results in formation of daughter cells, macromeres and micromeres, with distinct sizes and fates. Several lines of functional evidence presented here, including pharmacological interference and dominant negative protein expression, indicate that heterotrimeric G protein Gi and its interaction partner, activator of G-protein signaling (AGS), are necessary for this asymmetric cell division. Inhibition of Gi signaling by pertussis toxin interferes with micromere formation and leads to defects in embryogenesis. AGS was isolated in a yeast two-hybrid screen with Gαi as bait and was expressed in embryos localized to the cell cortex at the time of asymmetric divisions. Introduction of exogenous dominant-negative AGS protein, containing only G-protein regulatory (GPR) domains, selectively prevented the asymmetric division in normal micromere formation. These results support the growing evidence that AGS is a universal regulator of asymmetric cell divisions in embryos.
ABILITY AND ROLE CLARITY AS ENHANCERS OF THE EXPECTANCY THEORY MODEL

Summary.-This study investigated whether the inclusion of ability or role clarity could increase the predictiveness of the traditional expectancy theory model, i.e., effort = expectancy x instrumentality x valence. Both variables had an effect, but the influence of ability was much greater than that of role clarity in a sample of 285 undergraduates. Although expectancy theory (Vroom, 1964) predicts individual effort, effort is not the same as actual performance. The extent to which effort results in performance depends upon such variables as ability and role clarity (Porter & Lawler, 1968). Vroom has suggested that effort interacts with ability to predict performance but did not include role clarity in his model. This study included both ability and role clarity in the expectancy theory formulation to examine how they might affect the prediction of performance. A sample of 285 college juniors and seniors was used to test the extended expectancy theory model, in which the outcomes were the desire for (1) high grades and (2) a good job upon graduation. The students' valences for these outcomes as well as their estimates of expectancy and instrumentality were measured by questionnaire items. Performance was measured by cumulative grade point average. Ability was measured by SAT scores, and role clarity was measured by a questionnaire item. Stepwise multiple regression indicated that effort alone, i.e., the original model, predicted performance with an R2 of .12 (p<.01). The interaction of effott and ability doubled the R* to .24 (p< .01). The interaction of effort and ability and role clarity raised the R* to .26 (PC .01). Zero-order correlations between the independent variables and performance were .34 (effort), .41 (ability), and .24 (role clarity). Each was significant at the p<.01 level. The results indicate that role clarity improved the predictive power of the basic model, but incrementally compared to the influence of effort and ability.
The 2012 JACR readership survey.

c t Every 3 years, the editor-in-chief and ACR staff of the Journal of the American College of Radiology (JACR) conduct a reader survey. Past surveys were conducted in 2006 and 2009. The 2012 survey, executed by our commercial publishing partner, Elsevier, was designed in part to meet business needs such as reporting accurate information to current and potential advertisers. More important from our perspective, the survey provides firsthand information concerning who reads the journal, what readers find most valuable, and suggestions for improvement from the journal’s most valuable resource, its readers. JACR leadership intends to use the results to guide the continued evolution and improvement of JACR.
The Outer Atmospheres of the Coolest M Giants: Ultraviolet Spectra of rho Persei, 2 Centauri, G Herculis, theta Apodis, and R Lyrae

New IUE observations of five M giants cooler than most studied previously have been obtained in order to study the variation of chromospheric properties with effective temperature. The ultraviolet spectrum lines of one of these stars, Rho Persei, are identified. The properties of the spectra of of the five stars are examined in detail, including the line widths and turbulence, the radial velocities of groups of lines, the structure in the Mg II resonance lines, and the fluorescent lines. The physical properties of the M giants' chromospheres are considered, including the formation of Fe II, the electron density, the degree of ionization of iron, magnesium, silicon, and carbon, the hydrogen ionization and energy balance, and the creation and destruction of photons.
MO-EE-A2-05: A Novel Method to Incorporate Spatial Location of Lung Dose into Predictive Radiation Pneumonitis Modeling

Purpose: Current methods for prediction of severe lung toxicity after thoracic radiation therapy have used basic dosimetric indices derived from dose‐volume data. Studies have found that function may vary throughout lung. Our study will develop a novel method to incorporate spatial location of lungdose into a predictive model and test its predictive power on a large clinical database of non‐small cell lungcancer patients. Methods and Materials: The 3D dose distributions of 547 patients were mapped onto one common coordinate system. The boundaries of the coordinate system were defined by the extreme points of each individual patient lung.Spatial information was incorporated into the Lyman NTCP model. The effective dose term in the Lyman model was defined as the sum of mean lungdose and a spatially weighted lungdose. The spatially weighted lungdose was calculated by scaling each dose voxel with various spatial weighting schemes. We investigated five weighting schemes that scaled the dose linearly according to the following orientations: superior‐inferior, anterior‐posterior, medial‐lateral, left‐right, and radial. Model parameters were fit to our patient cohort with the end‐point of severe radiation pneumonitis. The accuracy of the spatialdosemodel was compared against a conventional dose‐volumemodel to determine whether adding a spatial component increased the predictive power of the model.Results: The comparison of the spatialdosemodel and the conventional dose‐volumemodel did not yield a significant difference in model accuracy. A promising trend emerged with a spatialmodel that placed more weight on peripheral lungdose.Conclusion: The method presented is the first method to incorporate the entire 3D dose distribution and explicitly separate location and dose‐volume parameters. While statistically significant gains in model accuracy were not reached, radial weighting yielded the best results. In future work, additional spatial weighting schemes will be explored.
Object Restoration in a Diffraction-Limited Imaging System

This paper presents a formal solution to the problem of object restoration in a one-dimensional, diffraction-limited imaging system. It is found that if the illumination in the object space is confined to a finite region, then the imaging equation can be solved for the object in terms of the image. The solution can be expressed as a series expansion on the eigenfunctions of the imaging operator.
Partial online cycle elimination in inclusion constraint graphs

Many program analyses are naturally formulated and implemented using inclusion constraints. We present new results on the scalable implementation of such analyses based on two insights: first, that online elimination of cyclic constraints yields orders-of-magnitude improvements in analysis time for large problems; second, that the choice of constraint representation affects the quality and efficiency of online cycle elimination. We present an analytical model that explains our design choices and show that the model's predictions match well with results from a substantial experiment.
Influence of crystal size on apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronology: an example from the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming

Near-surface tectonic and geomorphic processes involve cooling of rocks through low temperatures (50–200°C). Because rates of helium diffusion in apatite, titanite, and zircon are sensitive to temperature variations in this range, uranium–thorium/helium thermochronometry ((U–Th)/He dating) is well-suited to establishing the timing and rates of these processes in the geologic record. However, because fractional loss of He is controlled by crystal size such that larger crystals retain a larger fraction of radiogenic He, (U–Th)/He ages must vary not only with thermal history but also with crystal size. Here we present crystal size-correlated He ages from co-existing apatites from the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming that range from 100 to 350 Ma. These correlations are a sensitive indicator of the rock’s thermal history in a temperature range below the system’s nominal closure temperature (T_c∼70°C for apatite), and are consistent with a thermal history involving residence in the upper 2–3 km of crust since the Precambrian, with maximum temperatures of 65–80°C just prior to Laramide orogenic exhumation. The influence of crystal size on He ages will be most apparent in rocks where temperatures have been in the range of partial He retention for long periods of time (∼30–70°C for >10^7 years). In such cases, accurate interpretation of (U–Th)/He ages must incorporate the effect of crystal size, and this method may provide insights to thermal histories of rocks in previously inaccessible low-temperature ranges.
Acoustoelasticity in Layered Composites

The examine the acoustoelastic response in layered composites: materials which are extremely anisotropic. The acoustoelastic response of these polymers is highly nonlinear and very different than that of metals
Linear problems for systems of nonlinear differential equations

Linear problems involving linear and nonlinear systems of differential equations, proving theorems for nonlinear differential equation systems
Erratum: The choices, choosing model of quality of life: description and rationale

International Journal of Geriatic Psychiatry 2009; 24: 90–95 DOI: 10.1002/gps.2110 If has come to our attention that this Research Article was published with an incorrect SUMMARY. We now publish below, the entire SUMMARY as first intended.
A note on best one-sided approximations

In this note we consider the relationship between best approximations and best one-sided approximations for three different measures of goodness of fit. For these measures simple relationships exist between best approximations and best one-sided approximations. In particular it is shown that a best approximation and best one-sided approximation differ only by a multiplicative constant when the measure is the uniform norm of the relative error. In this case problems involving best one-sided approximations can be reduced to problems involving best approximations. The result is especially significant if one wants to numerically determine a best one-sided approximation, since algorithms exist for numerically determining best approximations when the measure is the uniform norm of the relative error (see, for example, [1]).
Synthesis of Phidianidines A and B

Reaction of a substituted indole-3-acetyl chloride with N-5-azidopentyl-N'-hydroxyguanidine generated a substituted 3-(5-azidopentylamino)-5-((indol-3-yl)methyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole. Reduction of the azide with zinc and ammonium formate afforded the amine, which was elaborated to the guanidine, completing short and efficient syntheses of the cytotoxic natural products phidianidines A and B in 19% overall yield by a convergent route that will make analogues readily available for biological evaluation. Initial screening in the NCI 60 cell line at 10(-5) M indicated that the bromine on the indole is necessary for activity and that the amine precursor to phidianidine A is more potent than phidianidine A.
Ka-Band Quasi-Optical Measurements Using Focused Gaussian Beams

This paper describes the use of focused Gaussian beams in making quasi-optical measurements at Ka-band. Measurement results for a known standard are presented to validate the measurement technique. Measurement are presented both for the case in which the beam waist is smaller than the quasi-optical array under test and in which the beam waist is slightly larger than the array. The measurements are compared with simulations of infinite arrays illuminated by plane waves. Good agreement can be found between measurement and simulation, provided appropriate calibrations are performed and certain precautions observed. This paper describes a newly developed calibration technique that can be applied when the size of the array under test is comparable to or slightly smaller than the beam waist.
Alleged Vitamin K Activity of Phthalic Acid

THE fact that several naphthoquinone derivatives and some related substances can replace the natural K-vitamins is most easily explained by assuming either: (1) that the prothrombine genesis per se can be effected by several compounds, or (2) that the various vitamin K active substances are converted in the body into the same prothrombinogenic compound, which may be a substituted naphthoquinone.
Analysis of thermal dispersion effect on vertical-plate natural convection in porous media

Abstract The effect of transverse thermal dispersion on natural convection from a vertical, heated plate in a porous medium is examined analytically. The results show that due to the better mixing of the thermal dispersion effect, the heat transfer rate is greatly increased. By taking the no-slip boundary effect into account, it is found that the flow has dual-layer structure. For the inner region, the velocity gradient is very large and the viscous resistance due to the presence of the wall is important. For the outer, much wider, region the velocity gradient is rather small and the viscous resistance term can be neglected. A singular perturbation method is employed to get the higher-order corrections due to the inclusion of the no-slip boundary effect.
Comparison of Acute Aquatic Effects of the Oil Dispersant Corexit 9500 with Those of Other Corexit Series Dispersants

Abstract The acute aquatic toxicity of a new Corexit series dispersant, Corexit 9500, was evaluated and compared with that of others in the series using the early life stages of two common nearshore marine organisms: the red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) and a kelp forest mysid (Holmesimysis costata). Spiked-concentration testing was performed under closed, flowthrough conditions, with dispersant concentrations measured in real time using UV spectrophotometry. Median-effect concentrations ranged from 12.8 to 19.7 initial ppm forHaliotisand from 158.0 to 245.4 initial ppm forHolmesimysis. The difference in sensitivity of the two types of tests was consistent with patterns seen with other oil dispersants. Also, these data indicate Corexit 9500 to be of similar toxicity to Corexit 9527 and 9554. Corexit 9500 represents a reformulation of a long-time industry “standard,” Corexit 9527, to allow use on higher viscosity oils and emulsions. The present data suggest that acute aquatic toxicity concerns surrounding the use of this newer dispersant should not be significantly different from those associated with the use of Corexit 9527.
Testing for independence between pairs of autocorrelated binomial data sequences

A problem arises in analyzing the existence of interdependence between the behavioral sequences of two individuals: tests involving a statistic such as chi-square assume independent observations within each behavioral sequence, a condition which may not exist in actual practice. Using Monte Carlo simulations of binomial data sequences, we found that the use of a chi-square test frequently results in unacceptable Type I error rates when the data sequences are autocorrelated. We compared these results to those from two other methods designed specifically for testing for intersequence independence in the presence of intrasequence autocorrelation. The first method directly tests the intersequence correlation using an approximation of the variance of the intersequence correlation estimated from the sample autocorrelations. The second method uses tables of critical values of the intersequence correlation computed by Nakamuraet al. (J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 1976,71, 214–222). Although these methods were originally designed for normally distributed data, we found that both methods produced much better results than the uncorrected chi-square test when applied to binomial autocorrelated sequences. The superior method appears to be the variance approximation method, which resulted in Type I error rates that were generally less than or equal to 5% when the level of significance was set at .05.