cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between mitogen-regulated protein (MRP) and proliferin (PLF), a member of the prolactin/growth hormone family

Mitogen-regulated protein (MRP) is a glycoprotein secreted by Swiss murine 3T3 cells whose levels are increased 63-fold or more over the controls by growth factors. The sequence of a 226-bp MRP cDNA clone showed that a region close to the C terminus of MRP is identical to a sequence found in the cDNA-encoding proliferin (PLF). PLF, cloned from Balb/c 3T3 cells, is a member of the prolactin/growth-hormone family. Here we show that MRP and PLF are also antigenically identical. Antiserum raised against purified MRP specifically immunoprecipitated PLF secreted by CV-1 cells that had been transfected with PLF cDNA in an SV40 vector. Also, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) specifically increased the amount of PLF poly(A)+ RNA in Swiss 3T3 cells. We have previously shown that FGF increases the amount of MRP and MRP mRNA synthesized by the same cells. The anti-MRP antiserum recognized both unglycosylated and glycosylated forms of MRP and PLF. The unglycosylated and glycosylated forms of PLF had the same Mr values as those of the unglycosylated (21,500) and glycosylated (34,000) forms of MRP. However, the anti-MRP antiserum did not recognize mouse prolactin and anti-mouse prolactin antibody did not recognize MRP. Evidently, MRP/PLF is an immunologically distinct member of the prolactin/growth-hormone family of secreted, intercellular regulators.
Modeling surficial sand and gravel deposits

Mineral-deposit models are an integral part of quantitative mineral-resource assessment. As the focus of mineral-deposit modeling has moved from metals to industrial minerals, procedure has been modified and may be sufficient to model surficial sand and gravel deposits. Sand and gravel models are needed to assess resource-supply analyses for planning future development and renewal of infrastructure. Successful modeling of sand and gravel deposits must address (1) deposit volumes and geometries, (2) sizes of fragments within the deposits, (3) physical characteristics of the material, and (4) chemical composition and chemical reactivity of the material. Several models of sand and gravel volumes and geometries have been prepared and suggest the following: Sand and gravel deposits in alluvial fans have a median volume of 35 million m3. Deposits in all other geologic settings have a median volume of 5.4 million m3, a median area of 120 ha, and a median thickness of 4 m. The area of a sand and gravel deposit can be predicted from volume using a regression model (log [area (ha)] =1.47+0.79 log [volume (million m3)]). In similar fashion, the volume of a sand and gravel deposit can be predicted from area using the regression (log [volume (million m3)]=−1.45+1.07 log [area (ha)]). Classifying deposits by fragment size can be done using models of the percentage of sand, gravel, and silt within deposits. A classification scheme based on fragment size is sufficiently general to be applied anywhere.
TESTICULAR HISTOLOGY AFTER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY IN CHILDHOOD FOR ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKÆMIA

Abstract A study of testicular histology has been made in 44 boys treated with combination chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. At the time of testicular biopsy 21 boys were still receiving cytotoxic drugs and 23 had completed their chemotherapy some time earlier. Evidence of leukaemic infiltration was seen in 5 (11%), interstitial fibrosis in 24 (55%), and basement-membrane thickening in 6 (14%). The mean tubular fertility index in the 44 biopsies was 50% of that in age-matched controls, and 18 of the biopsies had a severely depressed tubular fertility index (40% or less). Three variables had a highly significant effect on the tubular fertility index: previous therapy with cyclophosphamide or cytosine arabinoside (>1 g/m 2 ) depressed the tubular fertility index, whereas with increasing time after completion of chemotherapy the tubular fertility index improved. The prognosis for fertility in these subjects is not known. Long-term surveillance is necessary.
Sleeping is Affected by Gender and Weight and Not the Timing of the Introduction of Solids ♦ 701

Sleeping is Affected by Gender and Weight and Not the Timing of the Introduction of Solids ♦ 701
Novel effects of CRF on visuomotor behavior and autonomic function in anuran amphibians

Administration of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or exposure to stressors inhibits feeding in anuran amphibians. Since most amphibians rely on visual cues for feeding, these findings have led to the hypothesis that CRF may modulate visuomotor pathways involved in prey detection and predator avoidance. The inhibitory effects of CRF on feeding and prey capture are rapid, and do not appear to require the pituitary-adrenal axis in the short term. CRF neurons are located in key visuomotor processing areas of the anuran brain. Corticotropin-releasing factor also has potent stimulatory effects on sympathetic nervous system activity, a key regulatory system involved in both prey capture and predator avoidance. In this review I will discuss the unique model that amphibian species provide for investigating CRF effects on visual perception and visuomotor processing, and will summarize the data suggesting a role for CRF in visuomotor behavior and autonomic function in amphibians.
Doppler evaluation of bioprosthetic and mechanical aortic valves: data from four models in 107 stable, ambulatory patients.

To test the applicability of Doppler ultrasound in the evaluation of prosthetic valve function, 107 patients with normal ejection fractions in whom Starr-Edwards, Bjo¨rk-Shiley, Carpentier-Edwards, and Hancock models had been implanted in the aortic position were examined. Maximal transvalvular velocity was recorded by non-imaging continuous wave Doppler ultrasound. Means of maximal velocities by model and size ranged from <2 to 4 m/sec. The Starr-Edwards valve showed the highest velocities, the Bjo¨rk-Shiley the lowest, and the bioprosthetic models showed velocities in between. A significant inverse relation between velocity and size, and standard deviations averaging ± 14% enabled the technique to measure differences between sizes of the same model. Aortic regurgitation was detected in 24% of the patients. This study, conducted in well and stable patients, established values for maximal velocity across normally functioning aortic mechanical and tissue prostheses of different models and sizes. The intersubject variability was relatively small which, together with a previously shown minimal intrasubject variability, was testimony to a methodology that should prove useful in longitudinal postoperative evaluations.
Reshaping spectrum estimates by removing periodic noise: Application to seismic spectral ratios

An automated method for removing line spectrum elements embedded in colored spectra is presented. Since smooth spectrum estimates are desired, line spectra tend to smear out over an effective smoothing window. This introduces a bias in spectrum estimation that seriously degrades signal-to-noise ratios, spectral deconvolution or any other operation where spectrum shape is important. Multi-taper analysis provides a simple algorithmic solution including a method of determining where spectral peaks are both significant with high power. The method is completely general, and examples include estimation of signal-to-noise ratio at the 1990 high frequency array, Pinyon Flat, CA. A comparison of noise spectra line segments and signal spectra line spectra reveals similarities associated with instrument noise and shallow resonances stimulated by incoming seismic signals. Identification and removal of resonances can provide a better means of estimating background noise spectra for modeling earthquake source spectra and path effects associated with attenuation.
Male Factor Infertility and Clomiphene Citrate: A Meta-Analysis—The Effect of Clomiphene Citrate on Oligospermia

Abstract Introduction Clomiphene citrate has long been administered with inconclusive outcomes. It has often been used as empirical treatment for male factor infertility, presumably by increasing the sperm concentration. However, to our knowledge there has been no meta-analysis of the exact impact on semen parameters. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of clomiphene citrate on sperm parameters in men with oligospermia. Methods We systematically reviewed pertinent randomized, controlled, prospective trials using the bibliographic databases MEDLINE® (1966 to 2013), Embase® (1980 to 2013) and the Cochrane Collaboration. References of selected articles were reviewed for additional relevant citations. The net treatment effect of the observed change in sperm concentration was analyzed. Results Data pooled from 2 randomized, controlled trials and 1 prospective trial in men with infertility and oligospermia included a total of 197 men with a mean age of 32.8 years (range 18 to 65). In the treatment arm 115 men were treated with a minimum dose of 25 mg clomiphene citrate at least every other day for a minimum of 3 months. The placebo or no treatment arm included 82 men. Pooled meta-analysis data revealed a highly significant increase of 7.7 million sperm per ml after administering clomiphene citrate compared to placebo or no treatment. There was no evidence of significant heterogeneity across the groups. Conclusions Available data suggest that clomiphene citrate is associated with an increased sperm count compared to placebo.
On the interaction of hypoxanthine with adenine

Une conversion non-enzymatique d'hypoxanthine en adenine fut proposee sur la base d'observations spectrophotometriques obtenues de solutions contenant adenine et hypoxanthine dans 1–5M de phosphate d'ammonium. Les resultats fournis par les experiences sur la radioactivite ne confirme pas la conclusion emise parBowne2 que hypoxanthine et adenine agissent l'une sur l'autre en solution concentree de phosphate d'ammonium pour former de l'adenine.
An input-adaptive and in-place approach to dense tensor-times-matrix multiply

This paper describes a novel framework, called I n T ens L i ("intensely"), for producing fast single-node implementations of dense tensor-times-matrix multiply (T tm ) of arbitrary dimension. Whereas conventional implementations of T tm rely on explicitly converting the input tensor operand into a matrix---in order to be able to use any available and fast general matrix-matrix multiply (G emm ) implementation---our framework's strategy is to carry out the T tm in-place, avoiding this copy. As the resulting implementations expose tuning parameters, this paper also describes a heuristic empirical model for selecting an optimal configuration based on the T tm 's inputs. When compared to widely used single-node T tm implementations that are available in the Tensor Toolbox and Cyclops Tensor Framework (C tf ), In-TensLi's in-place and input-adaptive T tm implementations achieve 4× and 13× speedups, showing Gemm-like performance on a variety of input sizes.
The effect of pH in intensive microalgal cultures. II. Species competition

Abstract The results of a series of competition experiments between the chlorophyte Dunaliellatertiolecta (Dun) Butcher and the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (TFX-1) Bohlin demonstrate conclusively that Phaeodactylum tricornutum dominates in intensive marine cultures when the pH rises above ≈ 10. This dominance results because of the diatom's unique ability among marine species to tolerate alkaline conditions. When the pH is regulated both freshwater and marine algae, once firmly established in culture at their respective pH optima, can resist invasion from competing species. Hence. pH control may be a method for maintaining species other than P. tricornutum in mass culture. When Dunaliella tertiolecta, however, is grown under even slight pH stress it becomes susceptible to invasion by Phaeodactylum tricornutum. This susceptibility to takeover by P. tricornutum increases with increasing pH. In contrast, the freshwater chlorophyte Chlorella vulgaris Beij., which also is sensitive to increasing pH, is capable of remaining dominant at any pH within its tolerance range when invaded by the pH-insensitive chlorophyte, Scenedesmus obliquus (Turp.) Kutz. Although allelopathic interactions may be responsible for the success of Chlorella vulgaris under seemingly stressful conditions, the success of Phaeodactylum tricornutum at increasingly higher pH seems to be related primarily to the alga's pH tolerance characteristics and not to any chemical interactions with competing species.
Evolving military-grade image transforms using state-of-the-art variation operators

Military imaging systems often require the transmission of copious amounts of data in noisy or bandwidth-limited situations. High rates of lossy image compression may be achieved through the use of quantization at the expense of resulting image quality. We employ genetic algorithms (GAs) to evolve military-grade transforms capable of improving reconstruction of satellite reconnaissance images under conditions subject to high quantization error. The resulting transforms outperform existing wavelet transforms at a given compression ratio allowing transmission of data at a lower bandwidth. Because GAs are notoriously difficult to tune, the selection of appropriate variation operators is critical when designing GAs for military-grade algorithm development. We test several state-of-the-art real-coded crossover and mutation operators to develop an evolutionary system capable of producing transforms providing robust performance over a set of fifty satellite images of military interest. With appropriate operators, evolved filters consistently provide an average mean squared error (MSE) reduction greater than 17% over the original wavelet transform. By improving image quality, evolved transforms increase the amount of intelligence that may be obtained reconstructed images.
Elevated LET components in clinical proton beams

This paper assesses the contribution of secondary particles to pencil and passively scattered proton beams, in particular when considering the dose-averaged linear energy transfer (LET(d)) in biological treatment planning. Proton Monte Carlo simulations are performed in water phantoms and for two patients, considering all primary and secondary particles, including recoils from inelastic nuclear interactions. Our results show that secondary protons exhibit LET(d) values up to a factor 10 higher than those of the primary protons at the same depth. Thus, secondary protons have a significant impact on the LET(d). Their contribution increases the LET(d) by ∼50% along the central axis and even >200% in the penumbra. Furthermore, the LET maximum after the peak changes from 12 to 15 keV µm(-1) when adding secondary protons to the primary contribution. This is important when modeling LET(d) with analytical methods. The contribution of recoils (A > 3) is observed to be 1.2% in the entrance region considering a prostate case. The degree of biological damage inflicted by recoils remains hard to quantify, but is discussed on the basis of detailed energy spectra. The results highlight the role of secondary protons in LET-based radiobiological effectiveness calculations for proton therapy and when analyzing radiobiological experiments. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate the impact of inhomogeneities on the LET and the subtle changes between the LET distributions of passively scattered and actively scanned beams.
Estimation of Some Variance Components of Bovine Semen Criteria and Their Use in the Design of Experiments

Summary Semen production records of 68 bulls from Ave dairy breeds in four studs were used to estimate the bull, ejaculate, breed, season, and interaction variance components of five criteria used to measure semen production. The means and standard deviations of individual observations for the five criteria were: ml. of semen per ejaculate, 8.0±2.4; per cent motile sperm, 66±9.0; billions of sperm per ml. of semen, 1.71±0.62; billions of motile sperm per ejaculate, 8.9±3.9, and billions of total sperm per ejaculate, 13.6±6.0. Component of variance analyses showed that the bull and ejaculate components accounted for more than 90% of the total variance in all criteria except per cent motile sperm. Consequently, these two variances were taken into account in estimating the power of the test by Tang's method. This estimate showed that there was little increase in sensitivity to be gained by taking more than ten ejaculates per bull. It was calculated that to have a 75% chance of detecting a treatment difference of 50% of the mean of motile sperm per ejaculate at the 5% level of significance would require about ten bulls per treatment and five ejaculates per bull.
The problem of private information in large software organizations

Coordination of project stakeholders is critical to timely and consistent software delivery. In this short paper we present the problem of private information as a guiding framework or lens through which to interpret coordination dynamics within software organizations. We provide evidence of this problem in the form of specific challenges, collected via interviews from a diverse set of extended (i.e., non-development) stakeholders in a globally distributed software development organization.
A parallel binary structured LMS algorithm for transversal adaptive filters

The adaptation process in digital filters requires extensive calculation. This computation makes adaptation a slow and time consuming process. Simple, but versatile, parallel algorithms for adaptive filters, suitable for VLSI implementation, are in demand. In this dissertation a regular and modular parallel algorithm for an adaptive filter is presented. This parallel structure is based on the Gradient Vector Estimation Algorithm, which minimizes the Mean Square Error. In the parallel method, the tap weights of the adaptive filter are updated every s steps, whereas in the recursive algorithms, the tap weights are updated at each step. For s step update, bit strings of length s are used to derive the terms with which the tap weights of the adaptive filter are calculated. The presented parallel algorithm computes the tap weights at time n + s as a function of the tap weights at time n, the inputs from time n + 1 to n + s $-$ 1, and the desired output from time n + 1 to n + s $-$ 1. The algorithm can be mapped to a VLSI architecture that is both regular and modular and allows either expansion of the order of the filter or the degree of parallelism obtainable. A comparison between the performance of the parallel LMS algorithm, Fast Exact LMS algorithm, and the parallel binary structured LMS algorithm is presented. Based on the proposed algorithm and employing the maximum pipelining, a VHDL model for an adaptive filter is developed. This model verifies the functional behavior of the algorithm as implemented in hardware. The model also simulates the timing of the circuit. This simulation shows the highly regular and modular structure of the algorithm. It is also a practical evidence that the proposed algorithm is suitable for a VLSI implementaton.
An analysis of adolescent suicidal ideation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the predominant variables (i.e., hopelessness, depression, anxiety, negative life stress, family social climate, coping behaviors) theorized to be etiologically significant in the production of adolescent suicidal ideation. Subjects were 433 normal, midwestern high school students. ANOVAs revealed significant sex differences in level of suicidal ideation over the past year. Therefore, separate path analyses were conducted for males and females. Various statistical tests revealed that assumptions of path analysis were upheld by the male and female models that emerged. For males, levels of depression and family cohesiveness were found to have direct effects on the criterion. For females, levels of depression and trait anxiety were found to have direct effects on the criterion. The remaining significant variables in both models only indirectly affected the criterion.
Salient Segmentation of Medical Time Series Signals

Searching and mining medical time series databases is extremely challenging due to large, high entropy, and multidimensional datasets. Traditional time series databases are populated using segments extracted by a sliding window. The resulting database index contains an abundance of redundant time series segments with little to no alignment. This paper presents the idea of "salient segmentation". Salient segmentation is a probabilistic segmentation technique for populating medical time series databases. Segments with the lowest probabilities are considered salient and are inserted into the index. The resulting index has little redundancy and is composed of aligned segments. This approach reduces index sizes by more than 98% over conventional sliding window techniques. Furthermore, salient segmentation can reduce redundancy in motif discovery algorithms by more than 85%, yielding a more succinct representation of a time series signal.
Role of projectile -electrons in single and double K to transfer: Comparison of passive -electron models and of the IFPM with data for Cl17+,16+, ⩽ 14+ + Ti

Abstract Electron transfer between a neutral target and a projectile ion is one of the more interesting and difficult processes to calculate. Experimentally, there is no simple, yet clean, way to measure transfer from a given shell to a given shell. For the case of K to K transfer (the bar designating the projectile) an indirect method is common. One measures K-vacancy cross sections for projectiles with ionic charges q = Z, Z − 1, and ⩽ (Z − 2). Then with the assumption that the initial K electrons are inert, one infers the K 1and K2 to K 2 cross sections from linear combinations of the measured cross sections. The postulate that K -electrons are inert is brought into doubt by noting that the probability of inverse ( K to K) transfer is equal by time-reversal invariance to that for K to K transfer. An extensive set of such measurements has been reported recently by Hall et al. for the nearly symmetric, strongly interacting systems 17>Clq+ + 22Ti. We have performed coupled-channels calculations for these systems and have compared results of various forms of the independent Fermi particle model (IFPM) with and without the assumption that any intially present K electron is passive. The passive K -electron models provide only a fair approximation to the results of the full IFPM.
Statistically optimized sampling for distributed ray tracing

Cook, Porter, and Carpenter coined the phrase "distributed ray tracing" to describe a technique for using each ray of a super-sampled ray tracing procedure as a sample in several dimensions to achieve effects such as penumbras and motion blur in addition to spatial anti-aliasing. The shade to be displayed at a pixel is a weighted integral of the image function. The purpose of using many rays per pixel is to estimate the value of this integral. In this work, a relationship between the number of sample rays and the quality of the estimate of this integral is derived. Furthermore, the number of rays required does not depend on the dimensionality of the space being sampled, but only on the variance of the multi-dimensional image function. The algorithm has been optimized through the use of statistical testing and stratified sampling.
The Fullness of Time

In this speculative article, I question the postulation of homogeneity in models of time intended for use in developmental, social or cultural psychology. After surveying extant models, I propose a new kind of model, which is highly inhomogeneous and one-dimensional only in a global sense: locally such a model can be very ‘full’. My aim is to capture in mathematical form one common hypothesis about psychological time (that it reckons ‘acts of attention’), somewhat amplified by a further claim (that these acts are interpolated by states of ambivalence), and to do so precisely enough that the resulting models can be used effectively in further collaborations between mathematicians and psychologists
Juvenile hormone titer and advertised quality are associated with timing of early spring activity in Polistes dominulus foundresses

Timing of diapause termination has an important influence on individual reproductive success, but relatively little research has explored how individuals differ in their response to diapause termination cues. We tested individual variation in the timing of post-diapause activity in Polistes dominulus paper wasps. Wasps were overwintered in a temperature-controlled chamber. In the spring, ambient temperature was gradually increased and the time each foundress became active was recorded. Timing of post-diapause activity was most strongly associated with the facial patterns that function as a conventional signal of quality. Foundresses with facial patterns indicating high quality became active at lower temperatures than individuals with facial patterns indicating low quality. Early diapause termination is associated with dominance, so the relationship between diapause termination and facial patterns provides a mechanism linking facial patterns with dominance. Body weight and mating status did not influence timing of post-diapause activity. Juvenile hormone (JH) titer at the time of diapause termination was also measured in a subset of foundresses. There was no JH titer threshold for diapause termination. Instead, our results suggest that individuals may have different threshold responses to JH, as individuals that became active at a lower temperature had lower JH titers than individuals that became active at a higher temperature. Overall, there is substantial individual variation in response to diapause termination cues and the variation is likely to have important impacts on the fitness of nest-founding females.
Model of retail price match guarantees

Abstract Price match guarantee (PMG) policies are steps taken by retailers to satisfy buyers when there is a difference between their own price on a specific item and a rival retailer's selling price on the identical or a nearly identical item at about the same time. In some instances, the retailer simply declares it will match any rival's lower prices. Retailers who are more proactive may audit the prices of nearby retailers, usually either by reviewing rival advertising or through comparison shopping, then promptly lower their own prices to match. The authors propose a mathematical model to help the retailer arrive at optimal pricing when the retailer decides to adopt PMG. The model shows that the optimal price is a function of the transaction costs of processing refunds, consumers' price awareness, the proportion of customers who experience dissatisfaction after paying a higher price, the strength of that dissatisfaction, the persistence of dissatisfaction, consumers' price sensitivities, price tolerance of customers, and the unit cost of the product. While the first five factors affect the optimal price level negatively, the other three factors influence it positively. Using numerical simulations, the model is applied to a wide variety of retailing scenarios. Managerial implications and future research directions are discussed.
The taxonomic significance of the structure of plant proteins: A classical taxonomist’s view

Amino acid sequences of proteins such as cytochrcmec are potentially very useful taxonomically at the level of families and orders, because they are precise, relatively stable, and independent of the traditional characters. Their proper use, however, is complex and difficult. Simple comparisons have very limited value; there are more differences between maize and wheat than between maize and some dicotyledons. Computer-generated phylogenetic trees, produced either by various versions of the matrix method or by the ancestral sequence method, avoid some of the problems of comparison by simple inspection, but they cannot securely distinguish parallel from monophyletic changes, nor can they detect all reversions. The necessary assumption of parsimony must sometimes fail, with unknown consequences. Interpretation of the data faces further theoretical problems if the differences turn out to be selective, and perhaps even more serious ones if they do not. Furthermore, there is some reason to suppose that cytochromec of plants is subject to more frequent evolutionary change than that of animals, and more subject to the fixation of parallel and back mutations. The computer-based trees for cytochromec of a limited number of kinds of angiosperms that have so far been produced are out of harmony with all previous phylogenetic systems, and conclusions that have been based on them are seriously discordant with the fossil record. Although no reliance can be placed on conclusions drawn from the limited data now at hand, it may reasonably be hoped that when the sequence data are available for several different proteins for many different taxa, these data will be very useful in helping to resolve questions of relationships of families and orders.
Scaling of oil recovery by spontaneous imbibition for wide variation in aqueous phase viscosity with glycerol as the viscosifying agent

Abstract Oil production by spontaneous imbibition can be the key mechanism for oil recovery from naturally fractured reservoirs. Laboratory results of oil recovery through spontaneous imbibition are commonly scaled-up to forecast oil recovery at the reservoir scale. Numerous questions arise with respect to the theory of spontaneous imbibition and valid scaling of laboratory imbibition data. Use of glycerol as a viscosifying agent for aqueous solutions has many advantages and applications. A systematic study has been made of the physical and interfacial properties of glycerol/water and glycerol/brine (synthetic seawater) solutions. The solutions were used to investigate oil recovery by spontaneous imbibition at very strongly water-wet conditions for aqueous phase viscosities ranging from 1–1650 cP. Results for aqueous/oleic liquid pairs with matched viscosities were correlated satisfactorily by the Mattax and Kyte scaling group. Data were also obtained for a wide range of unmatched viscosities. Three data sets for unmatched viscosity were obtained with oil viscosity fixed at 4, 22, or 43 cP and aqueous phase viscosity varied from 1 to 1650 cP. Use of the geometric mean viscosity in the definition of dimensionless time gave satisfactory correlation of data for brine/oil viscosity ratios of up to about 4. A slight trend of increase in dimensionless time with viscosity ratio within the correlated data became accentuated with increase in viscosity ratio above about four. Residual oil saturation attained by spontaneous imbibition showed an overall small decrease with increase in viscosity of the aqueous phase.
CH-ILKBP regulates cell survival by facilitating the membrane translocation of protein kinase B/Akt

Cell survival depends on proper propagation of protective signals through intracellular signaling intermediates. We report here that calponin homology domain–containing integrin-linked kinase (ILK)–binding protein (CH-ILKBP), a widely expressed adaptor protein localized at plasma membrane-actin junctions, is essential for transmission of survival signals. Cells that are depleted of CH-ILKBP undergo extensive apoptosis despite the presence of cell–extracellular matrix contacts and soluble growth factors. The activating phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), a key regulator of apoptosis, is impaired in the absence of CH-ILKBP. Importantly, loss of CH-ILKBP prevents the membrane translocation of PKB/Akt. Furthermore, forced membrane targeting of PKB/Akt bypasses the requirement of CH-ILKBP for the activating phosphorylation of PKB/Akt, suggesting that CH-ILKBP is required for the membrane translocation but not the subsequent phosphorylation of PKB/Akt. Finally, we show that loss of CH-ILKBP is also required for the full activation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK)1/2. However, restoration of the PKB/Akt activation is sufficient for protection of cells from apoptosis induced by the depletion of CH-ILKBP despite the persistent suppression of the ERK1/2 activation. Thus, CH-ILKBP is an important component of the prosurvival signaling pathway functioning primarily by facilitating the membrane translocation of PKB/Akt and consequently the activation of PKB/Akt in response to extracellular survival signals.
Zebra Mussels in a Coastal Marsh: The Seasonal and Spatial Limits of Colonization

We investigated the seasonal cycles and spatial distribution of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) in a coastal marsh in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, from 1993 to 1995. This marsh was characterized by a sandy substrate and ice scour which removes emergent vegetation each winter. Due to this lack of permanent substrates, we expected that populations in the marsh would only be maintained during the ice free season, with recruitment from open waters responsible for recolonization each year. Instead, we found that substrate independent clusters over-wintered in the zone of emergent vegetation and were the source of recruitment to the marsh. Peak larval production occurred during July of both years with greatest densities between 300 and 350 m from shore. Settlement of these larvae onto Scirpus stems occurred by late August, accounting for the greatest numbers of mussels attached to stems. Mussel abundance was highest between 300 and 450 m from shore, but was very low inshore of 300 m. Losses of attached mussels from Scirpus stems reduced abundances by as much as 80% by the end of September 1994 despite the fact that the stems were still intact and healthy. The greatest losses occurred between 300 and 400 m from shore, while mussel abundance was increasing at the bayward edge of the emergent vegetation. The high abundance of larvae and attached juveniles near the center of the marsh, as well as the high loss of attached mussels in this area, may be related to a recently described form of horizontal stratification in coastal wetlands.
Iron-hematoxylin and safranin O as a polychrome stain for epon sections.

A 3-step procedure performed at 85 C was as follows: Sections were treated with 4% aqueous ferric ammonium sulfate for 15-300 sec, washed, placed in ripened, 0.5% hematoxylin for 15-300 sec, washed, and counterstained in 1% Safranin O for 15-90 sec. This procedure produced a durable stain with clear cytoplasmic and nuclear differentiation.
A Rhetoric of Ornament: Decorating Mobile Devices in the Aesthetic Economy

Abstract How and why do users decorate their laptops’ enclosures? In this study of wireless hardware ornamentation at Midwestern Institute of Technology, 52% of males and 57% of females customized the enclosures of their institute-issued laptops. Employing a hedonic taxonomy to classify the types of pleasure afforded by ornamentation into macro- and micro-level motivations, the author finds that participants most often decorate in expected ways (e.g., identity construction). These inherently public rhetorics, however, sometimes act to stimulate change within the institution at which they operate. By expanding wireless research to include mobile devices’ exteriors, this study redefines laptops as objects of inscription. This work affords the field a new discursive artifact for consideration, challenges the consensus in the literature that hardware decoration is the purview of females, and offers us a better hold on the opportunities wireless technologies can open up for aesthetic communication.
Up and down states.

Operationally, up and down states refer to the observation that neurons have two preferred subthreshold membrane potentials, both subthreshold for action potential generation. The most common method of detecting these states is the so-called all-points histogram (Cowan and Wilson, 1994; Wilson and Kawaguchi, 1996; Pare et al., 1998). This method, borrowed from the study of single channel currents, plots the frequency of occurrence of various values of membrane potential for every point in a digitized record. Figure 1 shows a typical example for a striatal spiny neuron, and for a cortical pyramidal cell in layer V, recorded simultaneously. The histogram to the left of each one shows the amount of time the cell spends at each value of membrane potential. Both cells toggle between two preferred membrane potentials, one very hyperpolarized (Down state), and one more depolarized (Up state). In both cells, the Up state is only a few millivolts from the action potential threshold. Usually, membrane potential fluctuations around the Up state are of higher amplitude, whereas the Down state is relatively free of noise. Figure 1 Up and down states. Up and Down states have been most often studied in animals anesthetized with urethane or other anesthetics that induce slow coherent oscillations in the cortex similar to those seen during sleep or anesthesia (e.g. Steriade et al., 1993; Steriade et al., 2001; Mahon et al., 2006; Destexhe et al. 2007). Because of this, Up and Down states are sometimes used as a synonym for slow oscillations. That usage is avoided here, and, Up and Down states will refer only to the set of cellular and network properties that causes neurons to respond to synaptic input in a two-state manner. These cellular properties arise from ionic conductances that are always present in the cell, and can continue to influence cellular activity in other circumstances not associated with slow oscillations. For example, much of the work on Up and Down states has been obtained in tissue slices, which are neither anethetized nor asleep, and often not showing any slow oscillations. Neurons may exhibit two-state behavior because of their intrinsic properties, or because they are in a network that imposes it on them, or both, and may be expressed as a part of a variety of activity states.
Spectrum of Ho iii

The emission spectrum of doubly ionized holmium was photographed and measured over the region 1900 A–11 000 A. A partial analysis of this spectrum was undertaken which resulted in the determination of 42 energy levels of the 4f11, 4f105d, 4f106s, and 4f106p configurations.
Effects of oil inlet pressure and inlet position of axially grooved infinitely long journal bearings. Part II: Nonlinear instability analysis☆

Abstract This paper extends the analysis of Part I to investigate the influence of oil inlet pressure and its position on the dynamic characteristics of axially grooved journal bearings. Using the dynamic fluid force derived in Part I, the equations of motion are solved for the locus of the journal center. A trial-and-error method is used to identify the instability threshold speed for a given Sommerfeld number S. The effects of oil inlet pressure (in the range of 0 ⩽ p ¯ i ⩽ 1 ) and inlet position (in the range of 0⩽Θi⩽90°) on the instability threshold speed of a rotor-bearing system are investigated and discussed. It is shown that the instability threshold speed with oil inlet position Θi=0 decreases on increasing the oil inlet pressure p ¯ i from 0 to 1.0 while the influence of oil inlet position on the instability threshold speed depends on the steady state eccentricity ratio e.
Dissociative entanglement: US–Japan atomic bomb discourses by John Hersey and Nagai Takashi

This paper explores John Hersey's Hiroshima (1946) and Nagai Takashi's The Bells of Nagasaki (1949). These two best-selling books published in the US and Japan in the late 1940s portray the experiences of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Although they appeared in a similar period—a postwar transition and a herald of the Cold War—their reception was strikingly different. Hersey's piece acquired international currency when the representations of the atomic bombings in Japan were censored under the US Occupation. Since then Hiroshima has virtually remained the ‘first and only’ text about the atomic bomb victims widely read in the US. Nagai's memoir, a rare exception allowed to be circulated nationwide under the censorship, and elevated to a canonical voice of Nagasaki's experience, however, has been the subject of controversies in Japan from the 1970s. The paper argues that despite these differences, both works share parallels in narratological strategies, such as historical emplotment, the personalization of the eve...
Defective initiation of f2 RNA translation by ribosomes from bacteriophage T4-infected cells

Abstract Ribosomes from T4-infected Escherichia coli when isolated with their initiation factors still attached have negligible activity for the translation of f2 RNA but retain activity for the translation of late T4 RNA. When low concentrations of f2 RNA are used with T4 ribosomes which contain factors, formylmethionyl-tRNA does not bind in response to f2 RNA. Yet the latter ribosomes show substantial activity in binding formylmethionyl-tRNA in response to high concentrations of f2 RNA. Failure of the aberrant initiation complexes to function in translation does not appear to be related to the amount of initiator tRNA bound.
The distribution of calcium in fingernails from healthy and malnourished children.

It has previously been observed that nail hardness increases in malnutrition [ 1,2]. In protein-calorie malnutrition this hardness could be due either to an absolute increase in mineral or to a relative increase caused by disturbances in collagen me~bolism, Ieading to a reduction in the onychogen [ 3] . Direct chemical analysis of fingernails has demonstrated an increase in the sodium and calcium concentrations in kwashiorkor [4]. Histochemical analysis of nails from healthy humans has revealed that calcium is concentrated in the dorsal and ventral cells of the nail plate [ 51. In order to determine whether increases in hardness might be due to changes in calcium distribution in nails, clippings from healthy well-nourished, and m~nourish~ subjects, were examined using the electron microprobe X-ray microanalyzer.
Faith Turns Political on the 2012 Campaign Trail: Mitt Romney, Franklin Graham, and the Stigma of Nontraditional Religions in American Politics

To increase religious conservative voter enthusiasm in the 2012 election, Mitt Romney had to counteract the stigma and kakoethos, or bad character, associated with his Mormon religion. Romney temporarily dealt with his religion by using what Goffman calls covering (i.e., downplaying) a known stigma. Responding to Romney's rhetoric, Reverend Franklin Graham advocated for the candidate but still marked his religion as stigma. Instead of outright support for Romney, Graham advocated for the Republican nominee by tapping into evangelicals’ concerns about President Obama's religious affiliation and political values. Through an analysis of Romney's 2012 RNC speech and a USA Today editorial by Graham, I argue that instead of breaking religious barriers, Romney and Graham's faith-based rhetoric perpetuated the stigma associated with nontraditional religions in American politics.
An analysis of diet selection by large generalist herbivores

Ecological theory has formulated the objective of feeding strategies as to maximize the capture rate of some nutrient. But large generalist herbivores typically face a limit on how much material they can digest. Thus, their feeding strategy is best considered as aiming to achieve the best nutritional balance within a fixed total bulk of food. The problem of finding the diet which provides the best mix of nutrients can be formulated as a linear program. A property of this "optimization model" is that the contribution of a food to the diet will sometimes vary with the food's content of a particular nutrient and sometimes will not. This might explain why no consistent relations of this kind have been found experimentally. The long-delay learning mechanism is described. If this exists in large generalist herbivores, it would provide a means by which they might pursue optimization of nutrient mix in the diet. It would also account for the very large inter- and intraindividual variability in preference reported...
Psychometric Properties of a New Questionnaire to Assess Eating in the Absence of Hunger in Children and Adolescents

Background Eating in the absence of hunger (EAH), studied in the context of laboratory paradigms, has been associated with obesity and is predictive of excess weight gain in children. However, no easily administered questionnaire exists to assess for EAH in children.
Focus shift and process latitude of contact holes on attenuated phase-shifting masks

Focus shift and process latitude of contact features on both dark-field and light-field attenuated phase-shifting masks and binary intensity masks were examined using experimentally measured aerial images from the Ziess MSM-100 with IBM AIMS software, the scalar and thin-mask approximation in SPLAT, and the rigorous electromagnetic simulator TEMPEST. The dark-field attenuated phase-shifting mask (aPSM) contact holes show the most severe amount of focus shift, although the shift is not much different from that of space openings. Exposure latitude of dark field aPSM features shows a 12% improvement (from 33% to 45%) over conventional binary intensity mask. Depth-of-focus is also improved. under biasing of the mask features can also improve the process latitude of dark-field masks, whereas the contrary is true for light-field mask features. In general, the process latitude of light-field contact features is worse than that of dark-field features, indicating the need for positive deep-UV photoresist technology.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
DEPRESSION AND BLOOD TYPES

A sample of 108 normal volunteers (grouped as blood Types O, A, and B/AB) were administered the Beck Depression Inventory. The results suggest that the association between depression and blood Type O that has been found for hospitalized patients can also be observed in normal patients.
In Vivo Evaluation of the Michaelis–Menten Constant For a Medium Extraction Ratio Drug: Application to Cinromide in the Rhesus Monkey

Abstract The dose-dependent nonlinearity of the clearance of cinromide, a medium extraction ratio drug, has been established in two monkeys. Special problems encountered in evaluation of nonlinearity of such drugs were resolved by the experimental design: cinromide was infused to steady state via the portal vein. A linearized form of the Michaelis-Menten equation was used to determine v max and K m . In addition, cinromide was administered to one of the monkeys via a femoral vein to verify the overestimation of K m by administration at a peripheral venous site.
Single-Molecule FRET Reveals an Extended Structure of Tau Bound to Tubulin Heterodimers

Tau is an abundant neuronal protein that promotes tubulin polymerization and stabilizes microtubules (MTs) in the axons of neurons. The disruption of its normal biological function as well as its aggregation and deposition into neurofibrillary tangles has been proposed to contribute to several neurodegenerative disorders known as tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease. Although taus interaction with MTs has been extensively studied, a detailed structural characterization of the complex is lacking. This deficit is, in part, due to the fact that tau is intrinsically disordered in solution and remains largely so upon binding to MTs, making its structural characterization challenging. Here, we identified conformational changes in tau underlying its binding to tubulin. To do so, we used intramolecular single-molecule Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) measurements of the full-length tau protein upon binding to soluble tubulin heterodimers under non-assembly conditions. Tau was labeled with donor and acceptor fluorophores at multiple pairs of positions to cover all domains of interest. We observed that tau undergoes significant structural rearrangements when binding to tubulin. Specifically, it results in a loss of long-range contacts between the two termini and the microtubule binding region (MTBR) that characterizes taus compact solution conformation, leading to an overall expansion of its structure. Moreover, we contrast the structures of two isoforms of tau which differ in the number of MTBR (2N3R and 2N4R). From this work, we propose a topological model of the structure of tau bound to tubulin, which provides insight to the molecular mechanism of tau-mediated tubulin polymerization into MTs.