cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plant- and animal-protein diets in relation to sociodemographic drivers, quality, and cost: findings from the Seattle Obesity Study.

Background Promoting plant-based proteins is at the forefront of many initiatives in public health nutrition. Objectives The aim of this study was to characterize the sociodemographic drivers of plant-based protein diet consumption, and to study these in relation to diet quality and cost. Methods The Seattle Obesity Study series (SOS I and II) yielded the study sample (n = 1636). Sociodemographic data were obtained by survey self-report. Diet quality and cost came from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Food-Frequency Questionnaire linked to retail food prices. The Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI-2010) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) served as measures of diet quality. Linear regressions with robust standard errors examined associations. Results Total proteins contributed 16.8% of daily dietary energy. The breakdown by animal and plant proteins was 10.9% and 5.9%, respectively. The sociodemographic factors associated with plant-protein consumption were a positive attitude towards healthy eating and higher education but not income. Plant-protein diets were characterized by severalfold increases in nuts and seeds, soy and legumes, but much less meat, poultry, dairy, solid fats, and added sugars. Higher quartiles of plant-based diets were associated with significantly higher HEI-2010 (β: 13.0 from quartile 1 to quartile 4; 95% CI: 11.8, 14.3) and higher MAR (β: 6.0; 95% CI: 3.5, 8.5) with minimal impact on diet costs (β: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.67). In contrast, higher quartiles of animal-protein diets were associated with higher diet costs (β: 1.07; 95% CI: 0.77, 1.36) but lower HEI-2010 (β: -3.2; 95% CI: -4.5, -1.9). Each additional 3% of energy from plant proteins was associated with an 8.4-unit increase in HEI-2010 (95% CI: 7.6, 9.1) and with a 4.1-unit increase in MAR (95% CI: 2.7, 5.5) with a minimal increase in diet cost (β: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.50). Conclusion Plant-based protein diets may be a cost-effective way to improve diet quality at all levels of income. Future research needs to evaluate the quality of plant-based protein in relation to amino acids and health.
Female Circumcision Among Egyptian Women

Although a remarkable degree of consensus has been reached among international agencies, policymakers, and women's health advocates that the practice of female circumcision should be eliminated, such consensus is not necessarily shared by those who perform the operation or the families responsible for having girls excised. The surgical procedure is nested in a complex set of beliefs about identity, moral behavior, and the working of the female body. This article describes the dominant themes produced in 85 extensive interviews with mother and operators representing the broad spectrum of Egyptian society. The interviews detailed the operation itself, women's emotional response to the operation, and the rationales put forth in support of the practice. Although institutional efforts to eliminate the practice will meet with resistance, significant demographic shifts already taking place are producing changes in family systems and the opportunity structure that coincide with the abandonment of excision in key sectors of the urban population.
Significance of Serum NT-proBNP and Endogenous H₂S for Predicting Coronary Artery Lesions in Pediatric Kawasaki Disease.

OBJECTIVE To determine the expression levels and clinical significance of serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in children with Kawasaki disease (KD). STUDY DESIGN Descriptive comparative study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Department of Pediatric Medicine, Baoding Children's Hospital, from July 2017 to July 2018. METHODOLOGY Ninety-five KD children were chosen as the case group, and were classified into CAL group (23 patients) and NCAL group (72 patients, according to the presence of a coronary artery lesion (CAL). Forty-six non-KD children with an upper respiratory infection in the same time period were chosen as the control group. Electrochemiluminescence method was used to detect serum NT-proBNP levels. The spectrophotometer method was used to test H2S levels, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to test serum IL-6 levels and to analyse the correlation. RESULTS In the acute phase and recovery phase, serum NT-proBNP and IL-6 levels were higher in the case group than the control group, while H2S levels were lower than those in the control group (p<0.001). In both the acute and recovery phases, serum NT-proBNP and IL-6 levels were higher in the CAL group than in the NCAL group, while H2S levels were lower than those in the NCAL group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION NT-proBNP and IL-6 levels rise and the H2S level decreases in the blood of KD children, indicating that these indicators may participate in the pathogenesis of KD and that their levels are related to CAL occurrence and the vascular inflammatory response.
Patterns of Giving to Family and Giving to Others in Midlife

Guided by life course and resource perspectives, this study investigated patterns of middle-aged adults’ giving of time and money within and outside their immediate family. National data from Midlife in the United States II (MIDUS II) were analyzed for 759 middle-aged adults. Latent class analysis provided strong evidence for a 4-class model of giving patterns. The four types were (a) General Benefactors (30%), (b) Time Benefactors (28%), (c) Financial Philanthropists (26%), and (d) Uninvolved (16%), revealing that the majority of midlife adults give time and/or money within and outside their immediate family while fewer give money outside their family only or not at all. Middle-aged adults’ contextual factors, resource availability and demands, and perceptions of family relationships and non-family roles predicted giving pattern membership. The heterogeneous giving patterns of midlife adults have implications for research and practice.
Robust Medium-Voltage Distribution System State Estimation using Multi-Source Data

Due to the lack of sufficient online measurements for distribution system observability, pseudo-measurements from short-term load or distributed renewable energy resources (DERs) forecasting are used. However, the accuracy of them is low and thus significantly limits the performance of distribution system state estimation (DSSE). In this paper, a robust DSSE that integrates multi-source measurement data is proposed. Specifically, the historical low-voltage (LV) side smart meters are used to forecast load and DERs injections via the support vector machine (SVM) with optimally tuned parameters. By contrast, the online smart meters at LV side are utilized to derive equivalent power injections at the MV/LV transformers, yielding more accurate pseudo-measurements compared to the forecasted injections. Furthermore, to deal with bad data caused by communication loss, instrumental errors and cyber attacks, robust DSSE that relies on generalized maximum-likelihood (GM)-estimation criterion is developed. The projection statistics are developed to adjust the weights of each measurement, leading to better balance between pseudo- and real-time measurements. Numerical results conducted on modified IEEE 33-bus system with DG integration demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.
Phage-based biosensors: in vivo analysis of native T4 phage promoters to enhance reporter enzyme expression

Phage-based biosensors have shown significant promise in meeting the present needs of the food and agricultural industries due to a combination of sufficient portability, speed, ease of use, sensitivity, and low production cost. Although current phage-based methods do not meet the bacteria detection limit imposed by the EPA, FDA, and USDA, a better understanding of phage genetics can significantly increase their sensitivity as biosensors. In the current study, the signal sensitivity of a T4 phage-based detection system was improved via transcriptional upregulation of the reporter enzyme Nanoluc luciferase (Nluc). An efficient platform to evaluate the promoter activity of reporter T4 phages was developed. The ability to upregulate Nluc within T4 phages was evaluated using 15 native T4 promoters. Data indicates a six-fold increase in reporter enzyme signal from integration of the selected promoters. Collectively, this work demonstrates that fine tuning the expression of reporter enzymes such as Nluc through optimization of transcription can significantly reduce the limits of detection.
Estimating COVID-19 Impacts on the Broiler Industry

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic created massive disruptions in meat supply chains including the U S poultry industry Detrimental impacts to chicken demand due to restaurant closures led to supply adjustments affecting broiler producers The integrated structure of the broiler industry creates significant challenges in estimating grower losses Farmers who raise broiler chickens do not own the birds and price drops are not directly felt in the same manner as in other commodities This article examines the broiler industry and presents methodology to better understand the farm-level impacts of COVID-19 Further, this work is useful for policy response considerations for broiler growers
Micrometeorological flux measurements using spatially- scanned open-path dual-comb spectroscopy

We demonstrate a new method for rapid quantification of emissions from point or small area sources via direct flux measurement using open-path dual-comb spectroscopy to a retroflector on a UAV.
A Novel Operative Coaching Program for General Surgery Chief Residents Improves Operative Efficiency.

Introduction We evaluated the effect of an operative coaching (OC) model on general surgery chief residents’ operative efficiency (OE) measured by operative times. We hypothesized that higher levels of entrustment surgeons intend to offer resident in future similar cases are associated with improved OE. Materials and Methods From July 2018 to June 2019, we used a validated instrument to score prospective resident entrustment in 228 evaluations of 6 chief residents during 12 OC sessions each (3 lap colectomy, 3 lap cholecystectomy, 3 ventral hernia, 3 inguinal hernia). Operative times of matched case CPT codes performed by coached chiefs (N = 500) were matched via CPT code to the cases of uncoached chiefs in the academic year 2016-2017 (N = 478). Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson correlation and one-way ANOVA. Results Prospective entrustment scores from coached chief residents were associated with significantly shorter operative times in matched complex cases (CC) (r = −0.58, p = 0.0047). A similar trend was observed in noncomplex cases (NCC) (r = −0.29, p = 0.18). Compared to the historical cohort, coached chief residents showed a decrease in mean operative time during complex cases (p = 0.0008, d = 0.44), but an increase in mean operative times for noncomplex cases (p Conclusions An OC model improves chief residents’ prospective entrustment leading to increased OE in cases with greater levels of operative complexity, showing a decrease in mean operative time compared to uncoached residents in certain procedures. This is the first report showing formal coaching may be a method to enhance chief resident OE.
Socioeconomic Factors Influence the Impact of Tumor HPV Status on Outcome of Patients With Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

PURPOSE:Human papilloma virus (HPV) association remains one of the most important predictors of clinical outcome in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). We aimed to determine whether the ...
Anterior interosseous nerve syndrome

Abstract Anterior interosseous nerve syndrome (Kiloh-Nevin Syndrome) is the triad of weakness of the flexor pollicis longus, the flexor digitorum profundus of the index finger, and the pronator quadratus. It is a manifestation of neuropathy affecting either the anterior interosseous nerve itself (anterior interosseous neuropathy) or its fascicles more proximally within the median nerve or brachial plexus (pseudo–anterior interosseous neuropathy). Anterior interosseous neuropathy in the presence of normal anatomic variation of the anterior interosseous nerve must be distinguished clinically from pseudo–anterior interosseous neuropathy, which can present with telltale signs in addition to the signature weaknesses of anterior interosseous nerve syndrome. A history of penetrating injury mitigates toward early exploration and nerve repair. A history of sudden onset and rapid progression, particularly when accompanied by a prodrome of pain and fatigue, suggests the presence of a focal neuritis, which typically resolves completely within 6 to 12 months without surgical intervention. If no improvement is noted within 6 to 12 months or if the neurologic condition worsens, surgical exploration may be warranted. In the presence of untreatable injury to the anterior interosseous nerve, with permanent muscular atrophy, functional tendon transfers of the flexor digitorum superficialis of the ring or middle finger or of the brachioradialis may be helpful. Copyright © 2001 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand
Comparison of 30-day mortality and readmission frequency in women versus men with acute myocardial infarction.

This study aimed to assess gender differences in hospitalization incidence, 30-day mortality, and 30-day readmission rates for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in a Southwestern US medical center. Hospital billing records for AMI admissions were compiled from January 2013 to June 2019, resulting in a sample size of 2394. Billing data included gender, age, principal procedure, insurance status, principal diagnosis, and race/ethnicity. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate gender differences in mortality after adjustment for the aforementioned factors. Men were hospitalized for AMI over twice as frequently, yet women had higher AMI mortality than men (9.3% vs. 6.1%, P < 0.01). Female AMI patients were older on average and slightly less likely to undergo percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty than men. Thirty-day readmission rates did not differ by gender. In absolute terms, AMI hospitalizations and deaths are larger in number in men, but AMI hospitalizations more frequently end in death in women.
Patient-Reported Outcomes and Factors Associated with Achieving the Minimal Clinically Important Difference After ACL Reconstruction: Results at a Mean 7.7-Year Follow-up.

Background Analyzing outcomes and the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is of increased interest in the orthopaedic literature. The purposes of this study were to report outcomes after ACLR at medium to long-term follow-up, identify the threshold preoperative outcome values that would be predictive of achieving the MCID postoperatively, and analyze outcome maintenance at medium to long-term follow-up after ACLR. Methods Active athletes who underwent ACLR were identified in an institutional ACL registry. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) were administered preoperatively and at the 2-year and >5-year postoperative follow-up; measures included the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) form, the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS), and Lysholm scale. We calculated the MCID from baseline to each of the 2 follow-up periods (2-year and mean 7.7-year). Logistic regression was performed to investigate factors associated with achievement of the MCID. Results A total of 142 patients (mean follow-up, 7.7 years [range, 6.6 to 9.1 years]) underwent ACLR. The mean age and body mass index at the time of surgery were 27.2 ± 13.0 years and 23.2 ± 3.0 kg/m2, respectively. Final postoperative outcome scores improved significantly from baseline for the IKDC (50.9 ± 14.7 to 87.9 ± 11.2), SF-12 PCS (41.6 ± 8.9 to 55.6 ± 3.2), and Lysholm scale (62.2 ± 17.6 to 90.5 ± 10.3) (p 5-year follow-up, the SF-12 PCS showed significant improvement (54.6 ± 4.5 to 55.6 ± 3.2; p = 0.036), while no change was noted in the IKDC (87.6 ± 11.1 to 87.9 ± 11.2), SF-12 MCS (55.5 ± 5.3 to 54.4 ± 6.0), and Lysholm scale (89.8 ± 10.6 to 90.5 ± 10.3) (p ≥ 0.09). At the time of final follow-up, the MCID was achieved by 94.7% of patients for the IKDC, 80.8% for the Lysholm, 79.0% for the SF-12 PCS, and 28.2% for the SF-12 MCS. At 2-year follow-up, 95.3% of patients were either "very" or "somewhat" satisfied with their surgery, compared with 88.6% at the time of final follow-up. Conclusions We found a high level of maintained function following ACLR. The IKDC, SF-12 PCS, and Lysholm scores improved significantly after ACLR at the time of final follow-up and were not significantly different between follow-up periods. Approximately 95% and 89% of patients reported being satisfied with the outcome of surgery at the 2-year and final follow-up, respectively. Level of Evidence Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Psychological Process of Entrapment

The preceding chapters have described the results and implications of studies exploring the social and nonsocial antecedents of entrapment. In virtually all of this research, the independent variables were manipulated or measured prior to the subjects’ initial decisions about whether to allocate their resources. While this experimental technique has enabled us to delineate a number of factors that bear upon the causes of entrapment, it is less informative about the process of entrapment itself.
Robust knowledge-aided multipath channel identification based on partial filter information

The subspace method is an effective approach for blind channel identification. It works in the case when information such as the pulse shaping filter and the anti-aliasing filter responses are fully known. In practice, unknown perturbation may cause the transmitter/receiver filter response to be partially known, such as with I/Q imbalance and distortions of the filter due to environmental factors (temperature, humidity. etc.). Here we introduce two blind channel identification algorithms for two common situations, improving the performance of channel identification in cases when perturbation exists. Specifically, if the perturbation is totally unknown, we propose an iterative channel identification algorithm; for the situation in which some statistical knowledge of perturbation, such as the covariance of the perturbation, is known, we propose a robust knowledgeaided iterative channel identification algorithm to improve the estimation accuracy. Our simulation results demonstrate the performance of our new approaches.
Anterior Tibial Compartment Syndrome in a Child: An Unusual Complication of Cardiac Catheterization

The incidence of complications in children following retrograde arterial catheterization varies from nearly zero to over 7%.1,2 The commonest complication is arterial thrombosis. In addition, arterial dissections, tears and perforations, false aneurysms, peripheral arteriovenous fistulas, and hemorrhage have also been reported.3 In this communication a hitherto unreported complication of retrograde left heart catheterization, the anterior tibial compartment syndrome, is described in a 5-year-old boy. This syndrome consists of severe tenderness and swelling of the anterolateral portion of the lower leg due to circulatory compromise of the extensor muscles of the foot, which may lead to foot drop. CASE REPORT A 5-year-old Mexican-American boy was noted to have a heart murmur in the first week of life.
Blocking performance of tree establishment in time-space switched optical networks

Multicasting in the optical layer has gained significant importance in the recent years due to several factors. Most of the research work in this area concentrate either on minimizing the number of wavelengths required to meet a given static demand or on multicast route selection algorithms to achieve efficient utilization of fiber bandwidth. Very few significant research has been found, to the best of authors' knowledge, in developing an analytical model for evaluating the blocking performance of tree establishment in optical networks, which motivates this research. In this paper, an analytical model for evaluating the blocking performance of multicast tree establishment in time-space switched optical networks is developed. The performance of different switch architectures are then studied using the analytical model. it is observed that if the multicast tree has very low degree of branching, the blocking probability of establishing the tree is the same as that of establishing a path with same number of links.
An IRS Duty of Consistency: The Failure of Common Law Making and a Proposed Legislative Solution

The IRS should endeavor to treat similarly situated taxpayers similarly. But does this aspiration rise to the level of a judicially enforceable duty? If the IRS takes a position as to Taxpayer B which is correct under the law but is inconsistent with a position the IRS took as to similarly situated Taxpayer A, should the IRS lose as to Taxpayer B simply because of the inconsistency? These questions implicate important themes, such as fairness, the rule of law, separation of powers, administrative exigencies, the role of common law making in a highly positivistic system, and the sustainability of legal regimes.
Ordinary Differential Equations: From Calculus to Dynamical Systems

Preface Sample course outline 1. Introduction to differential equations 2. First-order differential equations 3. Second-order differential equations 4. Linear systems of first-order differential equations 5. Geometry of autonomous systems 6. Laplace transforms Appendix A. Answers to odd-numbered exercises Appendix B. Derivative and integral formulas Appendix C. Cofactor method for determinants Appendix D. Cramer's rule for solving systems of linear equations Appendix E. The Wronskian Appendix F. Table of Laplace transforms Index About the author.
The energetics of shooting ions into the dodecahedrane cage.

The activation barriers and energy profiles along the inclusion coordinate for the penetration of H+, He, Li+, Be+, Be2+, and Mg2+ into dodecahedrane 1 vary considerably with the nature of the projectile. Using Hartree−Fock and MP2 derived structures and energies, the overall process of creating endohedral Xn+@1 complexes is examined in detail.
TRH stimulation test and depression

A thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test was performed in 52 male inpatients with major depressive disorder. Twenty-nine percent of the 52 subjects had a delta thyroid-stimulating hormone (ΔTSH) < 5 μU/ml. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amine metabolites, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), were measured in 29 subjects, and a dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was performed in 48 subjects. Of the three CSF amine metabolites, only MHPG correlated significantly with baseline TSH and none correlated with ΔTSH. The baseline TSH correlated positively with the TSH response at 30 minutes. Neither baseline TSH nor ΔTSH correlated with cortisol levels before or after dexamethasone. The correlation between CSF MHPG and serum TSH suggests a relationship between central norepinephrine and baseline TSH.
On the gain of a reconfigurable-aperture antenna

A full-wave analysis based on the method of moments (MoM) is carried out for a reconfigurable-aperture antenna consisting of a two-dimensional (2-D) array of filamentary microstrip-dipoles interconnected by lossy microelectromechanical-system (MEMS) switches. Activation of specific MEMS switches allows the dipoles to be maintained near the halfwave-resonant length as the frequency is reduced in octave increments between 16 and 2 GHz. This keeps the real part of the dipole self-impedance much higher and the imaginary part much lower than in a dipole having a fixed length of /spl lambda//2 at 16 GHz. Hence, the array antenna gain and aperture efficiency remain much higher with frequency than in an array of fixed dipoles. Broad side aperture efficiencies of -3.9, -6.0, -9.5, and -10.6 dB are predicted for 16/spl times/16, 8/spl times/8, 4/spl times/4, and 2/spl times/2 recap dipole arrays at frequencies of 16, 8, 4, and 2 GHz, respectively, for MEMS switches having 0.5 dB insertion loss. In contrast, fixed-element /spl lambda//2-separated arrays operating at the same frequencies have predicted efficiencies of -3.9, -24.2, -45.0, and -63.0 dB, respectively.
Effects of varied response modes upon dichotic consonant-vowel identification latency.

Abstract Reaction times for two right-handed subjects who received 6000 trials of dichotic stop-vowels were obtained under response conditions involving the left hand, right hand, and neck muscles. Results indicated latencies were shorter (150+ msec) when targets were presented to the right rather than the left ear. Large and stable differences in latencies remained invariant with the mode of response. Reaction times did not vary as a function of the target's place or manner of articulation. The relationship between obtained measures of latency and percentage correct ruled out speed-accuracy trade-offs as a source of the obtained differences in latencies.
Innovation drivers for electric power-assisted steering

The article is concerned with the analysis, design, and implementation of an electric power-assisted steering (EPAS) system for passenger cars. Key components of the EPAS system include a torque sensor, electric motor, electronic control unit, and control and diagnostic algorithms implemented in software. The heart of a typical EPAS system consists of a three-phase motor and its associated power electronics drive circuitry. The main functional blocks of the electrical drive system are the vehicle power supply (battery and harness), a filter circuit, a three-phase inverter bridge, and the motor windings. The single-unit integrated design of EPAS can be packaged on the steering column, steering rack, or pinion. The technical and commercial benefits of EPAS are compared with existing technologies. Detailed examples that link control and systems analysis to innovative areas of the design is also focused upon.
Study of nucleon-nucleus scattering based on the relativistic Brueckner-Bethe-Goldstone equation

Abstract Nucleon-nucleus scattering is studied with optical potentials derived from solutions of the relativistic Brueckner-Bethe-Goldstone (RBBG) equation using the Bonn interaction. The effective mass, an input parameter in the RBBG calculation, is determined consistently by a fit to 200 MeV nucleon-nucleus scattering data to resolve ambiguities due to the neglect of explicit coupling to the negative-energy Dirac sea when the RBBG equation is solved. Theoretical predictions are compared with elastic scattering data for p- 40 Ca in the range from 160 to 497 MeV.
Structural evolution of smaller gold nanocrystals: The truncated decahedral motif

It is commonly expected, and often observed, that the structures (and properties) of finite-size materials aggregates (clusters) differ from those of the bulk. However, determination of specific cluster structures, identification of structural motifs, and elucidation of size-evolutionary patterns, which are central issues in cluster and nano-science, remain vexing problems [1]. Here we show that the structural size evolution in gold may be described as a sequence of transitions: (i) from specific “molecular” structures, at the extremely small size range, with equivalent cluster diameter deq # 1 nm s,40 atomsd, to (ii) ordered “noncrystallographic” (decahedral) structures (here we use this term for motifs which do not occur in bulk crystals, e.g., fivefold symmetric ones) at larger sizes, and then culminating with sizes with deq . 2 nm s,250 atomsd, in (iii) crystallites of bulk lattice structure (fcc) with specific faceted morphologies (i.e., truncated octahedra, variants thereof, and their twins). Since the first regime has been commonly discussed in the cluster literature [2] and the “convergence” to the bulk structure for large clusters (iii) was described by us in some detail elsewhere [3(a),3(b)], we focus here on the intermediate regime (ii) which is also the least “intuitive” and harder to resolve.
The Buried QSO in IRAS F15307+3252 and the Nature of Hyperluminous Infrared Galaxies

We detect a highly polarized continuum and broad emission line spectrum that is typical of QSOs in the hyperluminous infrared galaxy IRAS F15307+3252. The high nonvariable polarization (p = 16%-20%) and the unpolarized narrow emission lines imply that the polarized light is produced by scattering within or near the narrow-line region. Viewed along the vantage point of the scatterers, F15307+3252 would appear to be indistinguishable from luminous optically selected QSOs. The detection of buried QSOs in the three most luminous infrared galaxies known (P09104+4109, F10214+4724, and F15307+3252) suggests that QSO activity is strongly related to the hyperluminous infrared galaxy phenomenon. Even though significant CO emission and the radio-infrared correlation suggest ongoing star formation, these objects do not distinguish themselves dramatically from other QSOs. The high frequency of companions or signs of interaction among the ultra- and hyperluminous infrared galaxies supports the idea that galaxy interaction, accompanied by star formation, is related to the energizing of an active nucleus. If these objects truly represent misdirected QSOs, then hyperluminous infrared galaxies may provide a new view of QSO host galaxies, as well as important clues to the formation and evolution of galaxies and QSOs.
Human immunodeficiency virus‐related lymphoma. Prognostic factors predictive of survival

In an attempt to determine factors predictive of survival in patients seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related lymphoma, the authors studied 60 such patients, all of whom were treated with curative intent. Eleven patients presented with lymphoma primary to the brain (P-CNS); the remaining 49 had systemic AIDS-related lymphoma. Patients with P-CNS lymphoma had more severe underlying HIV-related disease than did patients with systemic lymphoma as evidenced by a higher incidence of AIDS before the diagnosis of lymphoma (73% versus 37%; P = 0.04), and lower median number of CD-4-positive lymphocytes in peripheral blood at diagnosis of lymphoma (30/dl versus 189/dl; P = 0.005). Median survival of such patients was 2.5 months versus 6.0 months for patients with systemic lymphoma (P = 0.04). Forty patients with systemic AIDS-related lymphoma have died; three factors were strongly associated with shorter survival: (1) Karnofsky performance status (KPS) of less than 70% (multivariate relative survival risk [RSR] = 3.1); (2) history of AIDS before the diagnosis of lymphoma (multivariate RSR = 3.0 for opportunistic infection plus Kaposi's sarcoma); and (3) bone marrow involvement (RSR = 3.1)). All three factors (KPS of less than 70%, prior AIDS diagnosis, and marrow involvement) were associated with early demise attributed to AIDS, whereas death attributed to lymphoma per se was associated with only two factors (KPS of less than 70% and marrow involvement). In the absence of all three risk factors, a "good prognosis" group of 17 patients was defined, with a median survival of 11.3 months; the median survival of the remaining patients ("poor prognosis") was 4.0 months (P = 0.0002). Attainment of complete response to therapy (CR) was strongly related to prolonged survival in the patients in the good prognosis group (17.8 months in patients with CR versus 5.0 months in those with less than CR); however, such meaningful prolongation of survival was not seen in patients with poor prognosis who attained CR (6.3 months versus 3.4 months). The patients with poor prognosis may be unable to tolerate the insult of multiagent chemotherapy, experiencing low CR rates (25%) and death caused by lymphoma and AIDS. However, patients in either prognostic category who attained CR remained at risk for dying of AIDS while the lymphoma was in remission. Thus, it is apparent that meaningful prolongation of survival in the patient with AIDS-related lymphoma will require not only effective antineoplastic intervention, but also control of the underlying HIV infection. In addition, future therapeutic trials should stratify patients based upon the prognostic factors defined here in an attempt to clarify the results obtained.
Human leucocyte antigen-G: expression and function in airway allergic disease.

Summary Human leucocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) is a non-classical HLA class I molecule demonstrated originally in placental trophoblast cells. Recognition of the importance of HLA-G to the maternal immune accommodation of the semi-allogeneic fetus has led to investigations of its role in the suppression of immune responses and induction of tolerance. More recently, HLA-G has been shown to have increased expression in several immunological diseases including asthma and allergic rhinitis. The focus of this review is the potential role of HLA-G in immunological airway diseases.
Effects of chronic gamma irradiation on the generation cycle of the mouse duodenum.

Abstract The generation time of the duodenal crypl cells of BCF1 mice exposed to 12 r per day gamma irradiation for 200 days starting at 100 days of age was compared to that of 300-day-old nonirradiated controls using tritiated thymidine. It was found that the generation time was approximately 12 hr in the irradiated group compared with approximately 15 hr in the control group. The results suggest that the difference in generation times is due to differences in the duration of S and or G1 stages. The number of crypt cells initially labeled after the injection of tritiated thymidine was less by about 2 cells per crypt in the irradiated mice. The interanimal variation was less in the irradiated group and was similar to that found in young CAF1, mice (93 days of age).
Sex Differences in Conduct Disorder in Children and Adolescents

Abstract Conduct disorder is the most common reason of referral of boys for mental health services; the second most common reason for girls. The “state of the art” in research in conduct disorder is presented, highlighting the important diferences between genders. The changing criteria for conduct disorder and its impact on the treatment of girls is discussed.
Three-layer closure of an oroantral-cutaneous defect

Reconstruction of oroantral defects, which are usually caused by tumor resection, is challenging. These defects become an even more difficult problem when they comprise multiple layers including oral mucosa, subcutaneous tissue, muscle and skin. This paper describes such a case in which a three-layer closure using a palatal flap, a buccal fat pad flap and a local skin flap was successfully performed.
Health behavior predictors of medication adherence among low health literacy people living with HIV/AIDS.

One particularly vulnerable population for HIV treatment non-adherence is persons with poor health literacy skills. For these individuals, it is important to simplify medication taking as much as possible by integrating medication adherence into other routine health behaviors. This study aims to ascertain the relationship between medication adherence and other health behaviors. Adults living with HIV (N = 422) completed intake measures and 3 months of unannounced pill counts. Endorsement of diet and exercise behaviors at intake predicted higher medication adherence, over and above other known predictors of medication adherence such as HIV symptoms, depression, social support, and stress. These results support integrating strategies for medication management into a constellation of routine health practices.
NaCaCl saline formation waters, Frio Formation (Oligocene), south Texas, USA: Products of diagenesis

Abstract Saline formation waters from reservoirs in Oligocene deltaic clastic sedimentary rocks (Frio Formation), south Texas, are derived from three sources. Mixtures characterize most samples, accounting for the wide range in chemistry. Low salinity water is derived from Cenozoic shales. In contrast, saline water having variable Br/Cl ratios is allochthonous, and is derived from at least two sources in Mesozoic strata which underly the Cenozoic units. Saline water in this area, regardless of Br/Cl ratio, contains variable, high concentrations of Ca. Calcium is derived primarily from dissolution of plagioclase, as demonstrated by petrography, 87 Sr/ 86 Sr analyses, and chemical modelling. The McCl 2 or Carpenter function of saline formation waters in this area thus can be derived from water-rock interaction, and cannot be used to identify the ultimate source of solutes. Reverse osmosis is an unimportant processes in this area, and δ 18 O and δD values converge on rock-buffered values of approximately +8%o and −30%o, respectively.
Generation of reactive oxygen species by leukocytes and sperm following exposure to urogenital tract infection

The association between male urogenital tract infection (UTI) and infertility is still controversial. Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in semen has been suggested to be an important factor in the etiology of poor sperm function through peroxidative damage to the cell membrane. This study explored the potential association between the ROS generation and UTIs by examining ROS production by sperm and seminal leukocytes in response to various infectious and cytokine stimulating factors. Semen and blood samples were obtained from 17 normal donors. Highly motile pure sperm, poorly motile sperm, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were isolated and exposed to various infectious and stimulating factors, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), gamma interferon (γ-IFN), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), granulocyte, macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). ROS generation was determined by measuring luminescence in a luminometer. In this study, pur...
Examining the Multiple Trajectories Associated with Dropping Out of High School: A Growth Mixture Model Analysis

ABSTRACT Historically, students who fail to graduate from secondary school are considered as a single category of school dropouts. However, emerging literature indicates that there may be multiple subgroups of high school dropouts, termed a dropout typology. The authors’ purpose was to assess the extent to which a typology of dropouts was present in a large national dataset and to estimate the influence of the known covariates of dropping out on each of the subgroups. A growth mixture model was estimated using the Education Longitudinal Study 2002 (National Center for Education Statistics, n.d.) dataset and noncumulative grade point average during the first 3 semesters of high school. The model identified 2 main subgroups associated with dropping out, which accounted for 24.6% of the sample but contained 91.8% of the dropouts.
Targeting the Autophagy Pathway for Cancer Chemoprevention

Autophagy is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis, coping with metabolic stress, and limiting oxidative damage. Several autophagy-deficient or knockout models show increased tumor incidence, implicating autophagy as a tumor suppressor. Autophagy is involved in multiple processes that may curb transformation, including the control of oncogene-induced senescence (OIS), which can limit progression to full malignancy, and efficient antigen presentation, which is crucial for immune cell recognition and elimination of nascent cancer cells. Activation of the autophagy pathway may therefore hold promise as a chemoprevention strategy. Caloric restriction, bioactive dietary compounds, or specific pharmacological activators of the autophagy pathway are all possible avenues to explore in harnessing the autophagy pathway in cancer prevention.
A completion problem for finite affine planes

A partial affine plane (PAP) of ordern is ann2-setS of points together with a collection ofn-subsets ofS called lines such that any two lines meet in at most one point. We obtain conditions under which a PAP with nearlyn2+n lines can be completed to an affine plane by adding lines. In particular, we make use of Bruck’s completion condition for nets to show that certain PAP’s with at leastn2+n−√n can be completed and that forn≠3 any PAP withn2+n−2 lines can be completed.
Periodic-type functionals and their extensions

Abstract Let Ω denote a simply connected domain in the complex plane and let K[Ω] be the collection of all entire functions of exponential type whose Laplace transforms are analytic on Ω′, the complement of Ω with respect to the sphere. Define a sequence of functionals {L n } on K[Ω] by L n (f) = 1 2πi ∝ Γ g n (ζ) F(ζ) dζ , where F denotes the Laplace transform of f, Γ ⊂ Ω is a simple closed contour chosen so that F is analytic outside and on Ω, and gn is analytic on Ω. The specific functionals considered by this paper are patterned after the Lidstone functions, L2n(f) = f(2n)(0) and L2n + 1(f) = f(2n)(1), in that their sequence of generating functions {gn} are “periodic.” Set gpn + k(ζ) = hk(ζ) ζpn, where p is a positive integer and each hk (k = 0, 1,…, p − 1) is analytic on Ω. We find necessary and sufficient conditions for f ∈ k[Ω] with L n (f) = 0 (n = 0, 1,…) . DeMar previously was able to find necessary conditions [7]. Next, we generalize {Ln} in several ways and find corresponding necessary and sufficient conditions.
Working together to leverage film tourism: collaboration between the film and tourism industries

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show how an increasing number of film and tourism industry stakeholders are working together with the dual goals of attracting film production and then capitalizing on the subsequent exposure.Design/methodology/approach – Recently published reports and articles related to the film industry and film tourism in particular are thoroughly reviewed.Findings – Although most tourism organizations and film commissions have been slow to tap the potential benefits of film tourism, the examples highlighted show how partnerships between the two industries can be mutually beneficial.Practical implications – If leveraged well, film tourism can have large economic gains for countries and regions. Destination marketing organizations should be working with film commissions and engaging in marketing activities at four distinct stages of a film's lifecycle; before production of a film, during production, during release of the film, and after release.Originality/value – This is the f...
The exterior Robin problem for the Helmholtz equation

Abstract A new method is given for solving the exterior Robin problem for the Helmholtz equation. The problem is reformulated as a new integral equation which is continuous as the field point approaches the boundary. It is shown that its solution can be represented as a convergent Neumann series for convex surfaces, for small values of the wave number. Examples are included which illustrate the method.
Using nonparametric distribution estimates for subpixel detection of 3D objects

The accuracy of subpixel detection in hyperspectral imagery degrades with approximation error arising from cluttered backgrounds and complex target objects. In this paper, we develop a non-parametric generalized likelihood ratio (NGLR) statistic for the subpixel detection of 3-D objects that is invariant to the illumination and atmospheric conditions. We construct the target and background subspaces from target models and the image data. The NGLR is established by estimating the conditional probability densities for the background and target hypotheses using subspace residuals. We use DIRSIG to evaluate the performance of NGLR for detecting subpixel 3-D objects composed of multiple materials in varying illumination and atmospheric conditions. NGLR provides accurate detection results that are invariant to the environmental conditions.
CERES/TRMM mission: early results

The first CERES instrument has been placed in orbit on the TRMM Spacecraft. This instrument is designed to measure the Earth's radiation budget and also the anisotropy of reflected solar radiation and outgoing longwave radiation. The TRMM orbit and the combination of CERES with other instruments aboard the spacecraft provide a unique opportunity for a number of scientific studies. Results from the on-board calibration system compared well with ground calibrations. Data products include radiant fluxes at the top of the atmosphere', surface reflected solar and longwave radiant fluxes and cloud-radiative interactions.
Spin-resolved and high-energy-resolution XPS studies of the 3s and 2s levels of metallic cobalt.

Spin-resolved and high-energy-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements of the 3s and 2s levels of metallic cobalt are reported. The high-resolution 3s spectrum shows a multiplet splitting \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{E}}_{3\mathit{s}}$ of 3.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 eV. The metallic value and literature \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{E}}_{3\mathit{s}}$ values for ${\mathrm{CoF}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{CoF}}_{3}$ display a linear variation with (2S+1) in accord with the Van Vleck model. This finding, combined with the absence of core-level XPS satellites in Co metal attributable to localized final-state 3d charge fluctuations, implies that intra-atomic exchange dominates the Co 3s spectrum, and indicates that the creation of a core hole does not alter the 3d electron population in metallic Co, ${\mathrm{CoF}}_{2}$, or ${\mathrm{CoF}}_{3}$. The large role played by intra-atomic exchange is explicitly revealed by spin-resolved XPS (SRXPS) investigation of the Co 3s level. The SRXPS data show a predominantly minority-spin character for the main (low-binding-energy) 3s component, and a strong majority-spin character for the smaller 3s component at higher binding energy. Although high-resolution Co 2s XPS measurements give no indication of multiplet structure, SRXPS Co 2s measurements reveal a 0.65\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 eV exchange splitting between majority-spin and minority-spin components, as well as a significant spin dependence to the ${\mathit{L}}_{1}$${\mathit{L}}_{2,3}$${\mathit{M}}_{4,5}$ Coster-Kronig transition probability.
Ammonium uptake by phytoplankton regulates nitrification in the sunlit ocean.

Nitrification, the microbial oxidation of ammonium to nitrate, is a central part of the nitrogen cycle. In the ocean’s surface layer, the process alters the distribution of inorganic nitrogen species available to phytoplankton and produces nitrous oxide. A widely held idea among oceanographers is that nitrification is inhibited by light in the ocean. However, recent evidence that the primary organisms involved in nitrification, the ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), are present and active throughout the surface ocean has challenged this idea. Here we show, through field experiments coupling molecular genetic and biogeochemical approaches, that competition for ammonium with phytoplankton is the strongest regulator of nitrification in the photic zone. During multiday experiments at high irradiance a single ecotype of AOA remained active in the presence of rapidly growing phytoplankton. Over the course of this three day experiment, variability in the intensity of competition with phytoplankton caused nitrification rates to decline from those typical of the lower photic zone (60 nmol L−1 d−1) to those in well-lit layers (<1 nmol L−1 d−1). During another set of experiments, nitrification rates exhibited a diel periodicity throughout much of the photic zone, with the highest rates occurring at night when competition with phytoplankton is lowest. Together, the results of our experiments indicate that nitrification rates in the photic zone are more strongly regulated by competition with phytoplankton for ammonium than they are by light itself. This finding advances our ability to model the impact of nitrification on estimates of new primary production, and emphasizes the need to more strongly consider the effects of organismal interactions on nutrient standing stocks and biogeochemical cycling in the surface of the ocean.