cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Heteroaryl-Substituted Pyrroles via the 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Unsymmetrical Münchnones and Nitrovinylheterocycles

A series of furanyl-, thiophenyl-, and pyrrolo-substituted pyrroles were prepared via the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of unsymmetrical munchnones and nitrovinylheterocycles. The regiochemical outcome of the furan and thiophene cycloadditions compares favorably to previously reported cycloadditions with β-nitrostyrene, while the nitrovinylpyrrole cycloadditions mirror the results observed with nitrovinylindole.
Biobusiness consulting to prepare scientists for industry careers.

Evidence indicates that participation in a biobusiness consulting experience has an important impact on the career path of participants while not affecting their scientific productivity.
Autoimmune receptor encephalitis in mice induced by active immunization with conformationally stabilized holoreceptors

Autoimmunity to membrane proteins in the central nervous system has been increasingly recognized as a cause of neuropsychiatric disease. A key recent development was the discovery of autoantibodies to N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in some cases of encephalitis, characterized by cognitive changes, memory loss, and seizures that could lead to long-term morbidity or mortality. Treatment approaches and experimental studies have largely focused on the pathogenic role of these autoantibodies. Passive antibody transfer to mice has provided useful insights but does not produce the full spectrum of the human disease. Here, we describe a de novo autoimmune mouse model of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Active immunization of immunocompetent mice with conformationally stabilized, native-like NMDA receptors induced a fulminant encephalitis, consistent with the behavioral and pathologic characteristics of human cases. Our results provide evidence for neuroinflammation and immune cell infiltration as components of the autoimmune response in mice. Use of transgenic mice indicated that mature T cells and antibody-producing cells were required for disease induction. This active immunization model may provide insights into disease induction and a platform for testing therapeutic approaches.
Aesthetics of Indigenous Affinity: Traveling from Chiapas to Palestine in the Murals of Gustavo Chávez Pavón

To Exist is to Resist,” is the title of a story that describes two murals, one banner, and the shrinking distance between Mexico and Palestine. This banner, which affirms indigenous steadfastness inspired by Palestinian ṣumūd, appears in big bold red font on similar murals in different sites in Mexico and Palestine: a community center in caracol Oventic—one of the major autonomous Zapatista municipalities in the highlands of Chiapas— and the Apartheid Wall in Occupied Bethlehem. Gustavo Chavez Pavon, a Zapatista cultural promter and an artist from Mexico City, painted both murals in 2004. In this essay, which summarizes series of personal interviews that I conducted with Chavez Pavon between 2017 and 2018, I reflect on how murals function as an artistic expression of indigenous solidarity between Mexico and Palestine. In addition to documenting an untold history of Zapatista solidarity with Palestine, I seek to examine how the Zapatista muralist movement in Chiapas exemplifies notions of indigenous encounters in the Global South. Please note: this article was amended (images added) on July 29th 2019. The changes affected the originally published page numbers (152-165).
Development of an adjustable-focus ferrogel mirror

Abstract This paper introduces a low-cost adjustable-focus ferrogel mirror developed by incorporating magnetic nanoparticles into the micellar structure of poly[styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene] triblock copolymer and a block-selective solvent. This ferrogel remains homogeneous on exposure to different external magnetic fields. A homebuilt Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHS) was used to measure and reconstruct the wavefronts and to find the profiles of the deformed ferrogel mirrors under the influence of a magnetic field. The effects of main parameters such as ferrogel composition, magnetic nanoparticles concentration, and magnetic field intensity on the mirror performance were investigated. Ferrogel with a lower solvent loading has a higher Young’s modulus and demonstrates a milder curvature in a given magnetic field. Higher concentration of nanoparticles results in smaller focal lengths of the ferrogel mirror. This deformable mirror has a good optical surface finish and has the potential to be used in adjustable optical systems.
Securing reverence and disrupting deference: decoding the U.S.-China malaise from an identity lens

To decipher the current U.S.-China malaise, this article investigates how the status conflict between the two powers is intertwined with their identity construction. The examination of the evolutio...
How Much Household Healthcare Expenditure Contributes to Poverty? Evidence from the Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey, 2010

Bangladesh’s health finance characterizes by 63.3% out-of-pocket payments and a lack of prepayment mechanism. We assume this heavy burden significantly contributes to poverty. The results indicate,...
“I Feel A Lot Better About It”: Professional Identity Development in the Context of a Film-Based Assignment

Developing a professional identity as a counselor is a key element of counselor training. Because of the complexity of this identity, the counselor trainee needs to acquire, internalize, and integr...
Tobacco Smoke Exposure Exacerbated Crystalline Silica-Induced Lung Toxicity in Rats.

Smoking may modify the lung response to silica exposure including cancer and silicosis. Nevertheless, the precise role of exposure to tobacco smoke (TS) on the lung response to crystalline silica (CS) exposure and the underlying mechanisms need further clarification. The objectives of the present study were to determine the role of TS on lung response to CS exposure and the underlying mechanism(s). Male Fischer 344 rats were exposed by inhalation to air, CS (15 mg/m3, 6 h/day, 5 days), TS (80 mg/m3, 3 h/day, twice weekly, 6 months), or CS (15 mg/m3, 6 h/day, 5 days) followed by TS (80 mg/m3, 3 h/day, twice weekly, 6 months). The rats were euthanized 6 months and 3 weeks following initiation of the first exposure and the lung response was assessed. Silica exposure resulted in significant lung toxicity as evidenced by lung histological changes, enhanced neutrophil infiltration, increased lactate dehydrogenase levels, enhanced oxidant production, and increased cytokine levels. The TS exposure alone had only a minimal effect on these toxicity parameters. However, the combined exposure to TS and CS exacerbated the lung response, compared with TS or CS exposure alone. Global gene expression changes in the lungs correlated with the lung toxicity severity. Bioinformatic analysis of the gene expression data demonstrated significant enrichment in functions, pathways, and networks relevant to the response to CS exposure which correlated with the lung toxicity detected. Collectively our data demonstrated an exacerbation of CS-induced lung toxicity by TS exposure and the molecular mechanisms underlying the exacerbated toxicity.
Differential encoding of safe and risky offers

Common currency theories in neuroeconomics hold that neurons in specific brain regions specifically encode subjective values of offers and not stimulus-specific information. The rationale behind these theories is that abstract value encoding lets the decision maker compare qualitatively different options. Alternatively, expectancy-based theories hold that the brain preferentially tracks the relationship between options and their outcomes, and thus does not abstract away details of offers. To adjudicate between these theories, we examined responses of neurons in six reward regions to risky and safe offers while macaques performed a gambling task. In all regions, responses to safe options are unrelated to responses evoked by equally preferred risky options. Nor does any region appear to contain a specialized subset of value-selective neurons. Finally, in all regions, responses to risky and safe options occupy distinct response subspaces, indicating that the organizational framework for encoding risky and safe offers is different. Together, these results argue against the idea that putative reward regions carry abstract value signals, and instead support the idea that these regions carry information that links specific options to their outcomes in support of a broader cognitive map.
Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome From a Single Center: Phenotypic and Genotypic features.

Background:Congenital myasthenic syndrome is a group of rare genetic disorders affecting transmission across the neuromuscular junction. Patients present with variable ocular, bulbar, respiratory, ...
Vital sign metrics of VLBW infants in three NICUs: implications for predictive algorithms

Background Continuous heart rate (HR) and oxygenation (SpO2) metrics can be useful for predicting adverse events in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. To optimize the utility of these tools, inter-site variability must be taken into account. Methods For VLBW infants at three neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), we analyzed the mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, and cross-correlation of electrocardiogram HR, pulse oximeter pulse rate, and SpO2. The number and durations of bradycardia and desaturation events were also measured. Twenty-two metrics were calculated hourly, and mean daily values were compared between sites. Results We analyzed data from 1168 VLBW infants from birth through day 42 (35,238 infant-days). HR and SpO2 metrics were similar at the three NICUs, with mean HR rising by ~10 beats/min over the first 2 weeks and mean SpO2 remaining stable ~94% over time. The number of bradycardia events was higher at one site, and the duration of desaturations was longer at another site. Conclusions Mean HR and SpO2 were generally similar among VLBW infants at three NICUs from birth through 6 weeks of age, but bradycardia and desaturation events differed in the first 2 weeks after birth. This highlights the importance of developing predictive analytics tools at multiple sites. Impact HR and SpO2 analytics can be useful for predicting adverse events in VLBW infants in the NICU, but inter-site differences must be taken into account in developing predictive algorithms. Although mean HR and SpO2 patterns were similar in VLBW infants at three NICUs, inter-site differences in the number of bradycardia events and duration of desaturation events were found. Inter-site differences in bradycardia and desaturation events among VLBW infants should be considered in the development of predictive algorithms.
Preparing students for the future of work: Lessons learned from telecommuting in public accounting

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic required essentially all public accounting professionals to telecommute. However, alternative work arrangements (AWAs) such as telecommuting have long been offered by accounting firms to mitigate work-family conflict and other concerns inherent to the public accounting profession. Prior research has examined attitudes and perceptions about AWAs, but relatively little is known from the AWA adopters themselves and those who work directly with them. Given the heavy reliance on teamwork, multiple supervisors, and multiple clients in public accounting, it is not clear how telecommuting impacts critical relationship dynamics. Accounting students, though experienced with remote learning, can learn from pre-COVID telecommuters’ insights and experiences. In this paper, we interview telecommuters in public accounting as well as a non-telecommuting teammate (subordinate or superior) to develop rich insights about telecommuting’s impact from multiple perspectives. Our findings present best practices and challenges regarding telecommuting implementation within a team setting. Our results are useful to accounting educators as they advise and mentor today’s students, who are likely to enter a workforce with increasing prevalence of telecommuting post-COVID.
El Niño Southern Oscillation (1896 to 2016): Quantifying Effects on Winter Precipitation and Temperature in Southwest Ohio, USA

Continental-scale studies of North America suggest that the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) can cause winters to be warmer, with less precipitation, during El Nino conditions and colder, with more precipitation, during La Nina conditions in the Midwest United States. Two sources of historical records of precipitation and temperature in southwest Ohio from 1896 to 2016 were analyzed. Three statistical methodologies were used to test the hypothesis that anomalies in winter temperature and precipitation occurred in relation to ENSO phases. Eighty percent of El Nino winters had below-average winter precipitation; the average anomaly was −5 cm. Precipitation decreased with increase in El Nino strength as measured by the Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI). These results were statistically significant beyond the 95% level. However, variation in MEI only accounted for 3% of the overall variability in winter precipitation. Many of the drier winters on record, including the extrema, occurred during neutral winters. During La Nina winters precipitation was not statistically significantly different from that in neutral winters. Winter temperature was not statistically significantly different during El Nino and La Nina winters within the century of record. The results were consistent between separate analyses of data from the 2 different sources.
Beyond Gilson: The Art of Business Lawyering

Thirty years ago, Ronald Gilson asked the question, “what do business lawyers really do?” Since that time legal scholars have continued to grapple with that question and the implicit question of how business lawyers add value to their clients. This article revisits the question again but with a more expansive perspective on the role of business lawyer and what constitutes value to clients.Gilson put forth the theory of business lawyers as transaction cost engineers. Years later, Karl Okamoto introduced the concept of deal lawyer as reputational intermediary. Steven Schwarcz attempted to isolate the role of business lawyer from other advisors and concluded the only value lawyers added was as regulatory cost managers. All of these conceptions of business lawyering focused too narrowly on the technical skills employed, and none captured the skill set or essence of the truly great business lawyer. In this article, I put forth a more fully developed conception of business lawyer that highlights skills that differentiate great business lawyers from the merely average. I then discuss whether these skills can be taught in law schools and how a tiered curriculum might be designed to better educate future business lawyers.
Verschiedene pathogene Mikroorganismen

Mycoplasma (fruher „pleuro-pneumonialike organisms“ oder PPLO genannt) bildet eine Gruppe von Keimen mit folgenden Eigenschaften: 1. Die kleinsten vermehrungsfahigen Individuen besitzen eine Grose von 100–125 nm. 2. Sie sind wegen Fehlens einer festen Zellwand stark pleomorph. Sie sind nach ausen hin von einer aus drei Lagen bestehenden „Membran“ begrenzt. 3. Sie sind vollig resistent gegen Penicillin, werden jedoch durch Tetracycline gehemmt. 4. Sie konnen sich im zeltfreien Medium vermehren. Auf Agar ist das Zentrum der ganzen Kolonie sehr charakteristisch unterhalb der Oberflache der Agarschicht eingebettet. 5. Das Wachstum wird durch spezifische Antikorper gehemmt. 6. Mycoplasmen konnen weder in Bakterien ubergehen noch aus Bakterien entstehen.
Enhanced response of radiation via the adenovirus-mediated transfer of antisense MMP-9 in a breast cancer tumor model

4400 The high mortality rates of several cancers are due to resistance to radiation therapy. Novel strategies are needed to prevent treatment-related morbidity in patients with tumors. Once the deleterious effects of radiation begin, attempts to reverse or limit the damage generally fail, leading to severe tumor metastasis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and plasminogen activators comprise two categories of extracellular matrix-degrading proteolytic enzymes, which are induced by radiation. Considerable evidence suggest that these enzymes, particularly MMP-9, play a role in the growth of primary and secondary tumors including angiogenesis. On the other hand, hypoxia is also a common feature of tumors, and HIF1α is upregulated in more than 60% of tumors due to intratumoral hypoxia, or even constitutively, as a result of cellular transformation. Clinical studies have confirmed that the upregulation of the HIF pathway in tumors is linked to tumor resistance to radiotherapy. Angiogenesis, erythropoiesis, glycolysis, and other pathways are directly regulated by HIF. As these studies draw a potential link between MMP-9 upregulation and radiotherapy, we sought to determine the combined effect of radiation and anti-MMP-9 therapy using adenoviral-mediated transfer of the antisense MMP-9 gene (Ad-MMP-9). Intratumoral injection of Ad-MMP-9 into breast tumors in TRAMP mice resulted in delayed tumor growth, a 50% reduction in tumor size, and a nearly 70% reduction in tumor size after irradiation with one dose of 10 gy. A further decrease in tumor size was observed in the tumors treated with Ad-MMP-9 and radiation as compared to tumors only treated with radiation. Western blot analysis revealed downregulation of HIF1α in the Ad-MMP-9-treated tumors when compared to the controls. Conversely, the HIF1α levels were higher in the irradiated tumors than the levels present in the control tumors. VEGF, VEGF R2 and MMP-9 levels were decreased in the Ad-MMP-9-treated tumors while the levels in irradiated and control tumors were comparable. As determined by gelatin zymography, MMP-9 activity also decreased in the Ad-MMP-9-treated tumors. All of the above-mentioned results were confirmed using immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR analysis. Furthermore, we investigated the possible role of TIMP-1 in the induction of apoptosis in Ad-MMP-9 treated tumors. The results from western blot and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrate increased levels of TIMP-1 in Ad-MMP-9-treated tumors, as well as irradiated tumors. As determined by TUNEL assay and caspase-3 levels, the number of apoptotic cells was also increased in Ad-MMP-9-treated tumors as compared to irradiated and control tumors. In summary, this study suggests a synergistic effect from integrating gene therapy (adenovirus-mediated inhibition of MMP-9) with radiotherapy, which may improve the survival rate of patients by inhibiting tumor growth.
Experimental study of the diffraction of photon density waves by an absorbing edge in highly scattering media

Near-infrared imaging of bodily tissues is of prime importance in medicine. The authors present an investigation aimed at understanding the physical principles behind the optical processes occurring in these highly scattering media. Frequency-domain methods are used to study the diffraction of transmitted intensity-modulated light waves on an absorbing edge which could be carried in position relative to the illumination and detection fiber optics. The medium was highly scattering and had a variable, adjustable absorption. The authors report the experimental conditions for which the highest spatial resolution is obtained and discuss the influence of the various photon paths. The addition of ink is shown to increase the sharpness of the edge because it causes deletion of the longer photon paths. The same effect can be obtained by increasing the modulation frequency used in the frequency-domain experiments, since higher modulation frequencies are more attenuated than lower modulation frequencies. >
Uncertainty Over Future Environmental Taxes Impact on Current Investment in Resource Conservation

Besides static efficiency properties, environmental policies should be evaluated in terms of their longer-run impacts on investment and technological change to reduce pollution and degradation of natural resources. Using a stochastic dynamic programming approach, this paper analyzes how uncertainty about a future environmental tax on a polluting input alters investment in resource conservation and how such investment affects future demand for the polluting input. The impact on investment depends crucially on price elasticities of demand and on the manner in which investment shifts and rotates the demand schedule for the polluting input in the future. The expectation of a higher tax does not necessarily create stronger incentives for investment in resource conservation. More uncertainty about future policies does encourage investment if it makes a firm more responsive to future price changes and discourages investment if it makes a firm less responsive to price changes.
Two theorems for the Kohonen mapping neural network

The authors provide a rigorous treatment of the convergence of the topology preserving neural network which was first proposed by Kohonen. The problem is formulated for a more general case of selecting the neighborhood amplitude of interaction rather than the uniform amplitude. The proof of convergence is based on the well-known Gladyshev theorem which uses Lyapunov's function method. This proof also provides the relation between the boundary neurons weight vectors and the number of neurons in the network. >
Cosmic ray produced isotopes in terrestrial systems

Continuing improvements in the sensitivity of measurement of cosmic ray produced isotopes in environmental samples have progressively broadened the scope of their applications to characterise and quantify a wide variety of processes in earth and planetary sciences. In this article, I will concentrate on the new developments in the field of nuclear geophysics, based on isotopic changes produced by cosmic rays in the terrestrial systems. This field, which is best described as cosmic ray geophysics, caught roots with the discovery of cosmogenic14C on the Earth by Willard Libby in 1948, and grew rapidly at first, but slowed down during the ’60s and ’70s. In the ’80s, there was arenaissance in cosmic ray produced isotope studies, thanks mainly to the developments of the accelerator mass spectrometry technique capable of measuring minute amounts of radioactivity in terrestrial samples. This technological advance has considerably enhanced the applications of cosmic ray produced isotopes and today we find them being used to address diverse problems in earth and planetary sciences
Spontaneous and pharmacologically induced disruption of myometrial activity in the early puerperium.

Abstract Intrauterine and myometrial pressure changes were measured in the intact puerperal human uterus (14 subjects). Major differences between the spontaneous myometrial activity of various regions were observed. Intramyometrial injection of procaine caused localized disruption of the recorded activity. This action of procaine was obliterated by concomitant oxytocin infusion.
Toll-like Receptor Signaling Promotes Development and Function of Sensory Neurons Required for a C. elegans Pathogen-Avoidance Behavior.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play critical roles in innate immunity in many animal species. The sole TLR of C. elegans--TOL-1--is required for a pathogen-avoidance behavior, yet how it promotes this behavior is unknown. We show that for pathogen avoidance TOL-1 signaling is required in the chemosensory BAG neurons, where it regulates gene expression and is necessary for their chemosensory function. Genetic studies revealed that TOL-1 acts together with many conserved components of TLR signaling. BAG neurons are activated by carbon dioxide (CO₂), and we found that this modality is required for pathogen avoidance. TLR signaling can therefore mediate host responses to microbes through an unexpected mechanism: by promoting the development and function of chemosensory neurons that surveil the metabolic activity of environmental microbes.
Carpentered-World Hypothesis

The carpentered-world hypothesis was put forward by to predict differences in susceptibility among different cultures to several geometric line illusions (the Muller-Lyer Illusion, the Ponzo Illusion, and the Sander Parallelogram Illusion). Keywords: perception
Ice age vegetation and climate of subtropical Chile

Abstract Vegetation and climate of subtropical Chile over the past > 50,000 yr are reconstructed from pollen, spores, and other microfossils contained in a 10.7-m section of lacustrine deposits of Laguna de Tagua Tagua (34°30′ S, 71°10′W). Controlled by 14 radiocarbon age determinations, five pollen assemblages covering stratigraphic zones in the section represent plants on the upland and species inhabiting the lake basin. Surface pollen spectra from 58 stations (approximately 30–40°S) form an adjunct for interpreting past vegetation and climate from the fossil record. Temperature, semi-humid woodland of southern beech (Nothofagus dombeyi type) and podocarp (Prumnopitys andina) was apparently established about Laguna de Tagua Tagua during the Pleistocene. Contrasting existing semi-arid, broad sclerophyllous vegetation, the woodland was extensive about the lake at the time of the last glacial maximum (25,000–14,000 yr B.P.) and earlier (> 43,000–34,000 yr B.P.). Pollen from the families Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae, which characterize intervals of the Pleistocene (centered around 33,000 and >43,000 yr B.P.) and the Holocene, suggests intervening episodes of relative aridity. Lake level fluctuations appear to follow the late Quaternary climatic pattern implied by pollen assemblage data. Water in the lake was relatively high during development of southern beech-podocarp woodland, whereas during intervals of chenopod-amaranth dominance, lake levels were comparatively low. Excess precipitation over evaporation, which during the Pleistocene favored development of woodland of beech and podocarp, is attributed to greater storm frequency. Conditions were apparently governed by strengthening of atmospheric circulation in the belt of southern westerly winds. In the late-glacial, the temperate and more humid, ice age climate with limited seasonality underwent transition to a subtropical, semi-arid, Mediterranean type that identifies the postglacial. Fluctuations in intensity of the southern westerlies, marked by latitudinal movement of the polar front, can account for past vegetation changes at Laguna de Tagua Tagua.
Production of spontaneous fission isomers in the reactions of 237Np with 30 to 70 MeV 4He

Abstract Mica detectors have been employed to observe spontaneous fission isomers produced in the reactions of 237Np with 30–70 MeV 4He projectiles. Three narrow peaks in the excitation function are tentatively identified as corresponding to the production of 238Amm, 236Amm and 235Amm.
Under constriction: Colonization and synthetic institutionalization of Web space

Abstract Drawing on a study of 106 personal homepages, this paper presents a theoretical model of how citizens’ potentials as Web publishers are being compromised by the leadership of institutional discourses. Adapting Norman Fairclough’s (1989) model of synthetic personalization, I propose an analogous process of synthetic institutionalization, in which personal homepage publishers affect institutional poses. Institutional poses, with their commercial and bureaucratic discourses, enable homepage publishers to construct seemingly viable public positions and to maintain seemingly viable public relations. In an environment that hosts both citizen and institutional classes, synthetic institutionalization is theorized to undermine the potential for citizens’ distinctive Web agency. However, such a problematic environment, according to Fairclough, can also stimulate creatively restructured discourses, discourses which have indeed been emerging from among the Web’s citizenry.
Determining the Costs of Transfer Students at American Colleges and Universities.

This chapter seeks to improve our understanding of the determinants and cost of an institution's transfer student enrollment.
Evidence for overshadowing by components of the heterogeneous discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol

Abstract The present study used a drug discrimination paradigm to characterize the contribution of separate receptor systems to the stimulus effects of different training doses of ethanol. In a two-lever drug discrimination paradigm two groups of adult male Long-Evans rats (n=8 per group) were trained to discriminate either 1.0 g/kg ethanol from water or 2.0 g/kg ethanol from water, administered intragastrically (i.g.), 30 min prior to the start of daily sessions in which responding was maintained under a fixed ratio 20 schedule of food presentation. Following training, cumulative dosing substitution tests were conducted with the GABAA positive modulator pentobarbital (1–17 mg/kg, i.p.), the uncompetitive NMDA antagonist dizocilpine (0.01–0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) and the 5-HT1B/2C agonist m-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP 0.17–1.7 mg/kg, i.p.). Next, the rats initially trained at 1.0 g/kg ethanol were retrained to discriminate 2.0 g/kg ethanol from water, and the rats initially trained at 1.0 g/kg were retrained to discriminate 2.0 g/kg ethanol from water. Both groups were then re-tested with the same ligands. Regardless of training history, animals currently discriminating 1.0 g/kg were more sensitive to the ethanol-like effects of TFMPP and pentobarbital compared to rats discriminating 2.0 g/kg ethanol. However, no difference in sensitivity to the ethanol-like effects of dizocilpine based on ethanol training dose was detected. These results support the view that ethanol is a heterogeneous discriminative stimulus comprised of GABAA, NMDA and 5-HT1B/2C receptor-mediated activity. Furthermore, changes in sensitivity to GABAA and 5-HT ligands as a function of training dose could be indicative of overshadowing by other components of ethanol's heterogeneous cue. Finally, it appears that the current profile of ethanol's heterogeneous stimulus effects, rather than an interaction with ethanol training history, determines the substitution pattern of specific receptor ligands.
Toward Full Development of the Person

The norm for mental health is not what it should be. Counseling theory is currently expanding its horizons to encompass higher potential of human behavior. The Science of Creative Intelligence (SCI) is presented as a theoretical model for the promotion of more complete development of the individual. SCI's applied aspect, the Transcendental Meditation program, is discussed in terms of research data and its application to the developmental concepts of readiness, intensity of challenge, and identify. The article concludes with a preliminary discussion of the possible interface of present counseling modalities and the practice of SCI. Perhaps SCI has relevance to planning for the promotion of greater mental health.
Prevention, assessment and treatment of sexual dysfunction following stroke

As many as three-quarters of stroke survivors experience disruption of sexual functioning, predominately as a result of psychological, rather than physiological, causes. The prevention, assessment and treatment of sexual concerns and dysfunctions in stroke survivors and their partners are discussed in this manuscript. Prevention is focused on dispelling stereotypes, myths and misbeliefs in rehabilitation staff, survivors and partners. Assessment and treatment focus on the myriad of psychosocial, psychosexual, cognitive and physical problems that disrupt sexual functioning following a stroke. Specific treatment suggestions are offered. A case example is used to illustrate the integration of treatment techniques.
Survival of Mayfly Larvae Under Mine Acid Conditions

Mayfly larvae were abundant and diverse in riffle zones of three control streams in southeastern Ohio. But none were found in such zones of three streams having current or past histories of mine acid pollution, despite vegetative recovery of reclaimed land bordering two of the streams. Laboratory studies showed stepwise increases in non-predatory mortality of mayfly larvae with increased mine acidity. Dragonfly larvae predation on mayfly larvae was constant at pH 8.1–4.1, but decreased at pH 3.1 despite tolerance of dragonfly larvae to low pH conditions. Extensive acid mine pollution thus may threaten aquatic biota through removal of food sources or reduced feeding rates as well as through direct mortality.
Five alternative methods of estimating long-run equilibrium relationships

Abstract This paper compares several methods (ordinary least squares, nonlinear least squares, maximum likelihood in an error correction model, principal components, and canonical correlations) of estimating cointegrating vectors. Although all of them are superconsistent, an empirical example shows that the estimates can vary significantly. The paper examines the asymptotic distribution of the estimators resulting from these methods, and shows that maximum likelihood in a fully specified error correction model (Johansen's approach) has clearly better properties than the other estimators. A Monte Carlo study indicates that finite sample properties are consistent with the asymptotic results. This is so even when the errors are non-Gaussian or when the dynamics are unknown.
Social Work as an Integral Part of Family Planning Service for Low-Income Families: an Example of U.S. Experience

[The family planning movement in the United States is oriented not only toward regulating the fertility rate but also toward promoting the welfare of families. Thus, family planning assistance has become a standard component of public health and welfare services. The intent of the movement has been well realized in the government-supported maternity and infant care program designed to serve mothers and children of low-income families. Social work and family planning services are maior parts of this comprehensive, free-of-charge, health care program.Citing an example of this program, the paper discusses the types of human problems that social workers handle in this program, ways in which the social workers deliver their services, and the significance that their services have to family planning for indigent mothers and pregnant teen-age girls.]
Classical trees and compact ultrametric spaces

It is established that there is a faithful functor ℰ from the category \(\mathcal{T}\) whose objects are locally finite classical trees of minimal vertex degree three and whose morphisms are classes of quasi-isometries to the category \(\mathcal{U}\) whose objects are perfect compact ultrametric spaces and whose morphisms are bi-Holder homeomorphisms. It is also shown that although the composition of quasi-conformal homeomorphisms is not in general a quasi-conformal homeomorphism, if they are images of morphisms under the functor ℰ the composition is quasi-conformal.
ALLIED PROPAGANDA AND THE COLLAPSE OF GERMAN MORALE IN 1918

In no other war in history has propaganda played so important a part as in the world conflict of 1914-I8. Although most of us know the extent to which the neutral countries were bombarded with propaganda from the civil authorities of the Allied and Central powers, few of us perhaps realize the importance placed upon propaganda as an instrument of warfare by the military authorities. The destruction of the enemy morale by the dissemination of defeatist, disheartening, and revolutionary leaflets, pamphlets, books and propaganda "news sheets," was recognized as an important part of the offensive against the enemy. While the Allied artillery, for instance, was pounding the German troops with shells, the propaganda sections were bombarding these same troops and the German people behind the lines with arguments. The seriousness with which this attack of "word bullets" was regarded by the military machines on both sides, and the effect that Allied propaganda had upon the morale of the German troops and civilians behind the lines, is the story of the paragraphs that follow. During the first two years of the war the governments were busy with the task of bringing public opinion at home to war pitch, and with the more strictly military side of the war. But by 1917 propaganda was recognized as a valuable instrument of offensive
Pulsed magnetization transfer spin-echo MR imaging

Cross relaxation between macromolecular protons and water protons is known to be important in biologic tissue. In magnetic resonance (MR) imaging sequences, selective saturation of the characteristically short T2 macromolecular proton pool can produce contrast called magnetization transfer contrast, based on the cross-relaxation process. Selective saturation can be achieved with continuous wave irradiation several kilohertz off resonance or short, intense 0 degree pulses on resonance. The authors analyze 0 degree binomial pulses for T2 selective saturation, present design guidelines, and demonstrate the use of these pulses in spin-echo imaging sequences in healthy volunteers and patients. Using the phenomenologic Bloch equations modified for two-site exchange, the authors derive the analytic expressions for water proton relaxation under periodic pulsed saturation of the macromolecular protons. This relaxation is shown to be monoexponential, with a rate constant dependent on the saturation pulse repetition rate and the individual and cross-relaxation rates.
ETC-1002 LOWERS LDL-C MORE THAN EZETIMIBE IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA WITH OR WITHOUT STATIN INTOLERANCE AND HAS A SIMILAR SAFETY AND TOLERABILITY PROFILE

ETC-1002 is an oral investigational drug that modulates adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and may be beneficial in treating hypercholesterolemia, particularly in patients with statin intolerance. A double-blind, parallel group, multicenter
Lectin binding properties of human follicular center lymphocytes and follicular (nodular) lymphomas

The distribution of lectin binding receptors in normal human lymphoid tissue and follicular (nodular) lymphoma was studied in tissue sections using a panel of lectin-peroxidase and lectin-fluorescein conjugates: Concanavalin A (Con A), Peanut agglutinin (PNA), Lotus tetragonolobus agglutinin (LTA), Soybean agglutinin, Ulex europeus and Bandeiraea simplicifolia. Two lectins studied, PNA and LTA were found to bind selectively to the cell membranes of follicular centre lymphocytes in normal lymphoid tissue, and to the neoplastic cells of follicular (nodular) lymphomas. Con A, in contrast, bound selectively to follicular centre macrophages (tingible body cells) and identified in follicular (nodular) lymphomas a population of dendritic-like cells not otherwise recognized and possibly corresponding to dendritic cells identified ultra-structurally. Follicular (nodular) lymphomas share the lectin binding properties of non-neoplastic follicular centres. The expression of receptors for lectins with blood group activity (PNA T-like, LTA H-like) on follicular lymphocytes may play a role in follicle formation.
Echocardiographic documentation of regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients treated for essential hypertension

One hundred and ninety-five patients with diastoiic systemic hypertension over 90 mm Hg were studied by serial echocardiography over five years of treatment. Satisfactory studies were obtained in 68 subjects with uncomplicated, untreated hypertension. In this group of patients during the five year period, there were significant decreases in systolic and diastoiic pressure that were associated with significant decreases in heart rate, left ventricular septal and posterior wall thickness, left ventricular end-systolic volume, left ventricular mass and the ratio of mean left ventricular wall thickness to left ventricular ratio. There were significant increases in the left ventricular end-diastolic volume, left ventricular stroke volume, fractional shortening of left ventricular enddiastolic diameter and ejection fraction. Echocardiography was more specific and sensitive in detecting the presence and the regression of left ventricular hypertrophy than either electrocardiography or the chest X-ray. The chronic treatment of systemic hypertension is associated with echocardiographic evidence of regression of left ventricular hypertrophy and of improvement in ventricular function.
Effects of minoxidil on human skin fibroblasts in culture

Abstract Collagens are a family of extracellular proteins that have evolved to serve many specialized biologic functions. Fifteen collagen types with at least 18 genetically distinct polypeptide chains have been identified. 1 In skin, eight of these collagens make up a major portion of the extracellular matrix including specialized structures such as basement membrane (Type IV collagen) and anchoring fibrils (Type VII collagen). All collagens are synthesized as procollagen precursor molecules. In addition to synthesis and precise association and alignment of the three polypeptide chains, biosynthesis involves many posttranslational modifications. 2,3 These include synthesis of hydroxyproline catalyzed by prolyl hydroxylase and synthesis of hydroxylysine catalyzed by lysyl hydroxylase. Hydroxyproline is essential for maximum helical stability, and hydroxylysine participates in collagen cross-link formation as well as synthesis of specific glycosides catalyzed by collagen glycosyl transferases. Other enzymes incorporate into the procollagen molecule complex carbohydrate residues typical of glycoproteins. Following secretion from the cell, amino and carboxyterminal propeptides of the procollagen molecule are cleaved by separate enzymes. Certain lysyl and hydroxylysyl residues are then modified by lysyl oxidase to corresponding aldehydes, which interact with certain hydroxylysine residues to form intermodular cross-links.
Rational design of a synthetic Entner-Doudoroff pathway for improved and controllable NADPH regeneration.

NADPH is an essential cofactor for the biosynthesis of several high-value chemicals, including isoprenoids, fatty acid-based fuels, and biopolymers. Tunable control over all potentially rate-limiting steps, including the NADPH regeneration rate, is crucial to maximizing production titers. We have rationally engineered a synthetic version of the Entner–Doudoroff pathway from Zymomonas mobilis that increased the NADPH regeneration rate in Escherichia coli MG1655 by 25-fold. To do this, we combined systematic design rules, biophysical models, and computational optimization to design synthetic bacterial operons expressing the 5-enzyme pathway, while eliminating undesired genetic elements for maximum expression control. NADPH regeneration rates from genome-integrated pathways were estimated using a NADPH-binding fluorescent reporter and by the productivity of a NADPH-dependent terpenoid biosynthesis pathway. We designed and constructed improved pathway variants by employing the RBS Library Calculator to efficiently search the 5-dimensional enzyme expression space and by performing 40 cycles of MAGE for site-directed genome mutagenesis. 624 pathway variants were screened using a NADPH-dependent blue fluorescent protein, and 22 were further characterized to determine the relationship between enzyme expression levels and NADPH regeneration rates. The best variant exhibited 25-fold higher normalized mBFP levels when compared to wild-type strain. Combining the synthetic Entner–Doudoroff pathway with an optimized terpenoid pathway further increased the terpenoid titer by 97%.
Determination of field size-dependent wedge factors from a few selected measurements.

Some modern treatment planning systems (TPSs) provide for input of wedge factor (WF) tables covering the entire range of square and elongated fields available on the accelerator. Depending on the field size increment chosen and the number of available wedge orientations, one may have to take more than one hundred measurements per wedge and photon energy to commission the TPS. To expedite TPS commissioning while maintaining high accuracy, we demonstrate a simple method that requires only a few measurements per wedge, from which the remaining wedge factors can be found through linear interpolation based on field area. For the externally mounted wedges of two common linear accelerators, we have shown that WFs are proportional to field area and are nearly independent of field elongation and wedge orientation. WFs computed from 5 to 7 measurements comprised of square fields and a single, large rectangular field agreed with direct measurements throughout the entire range of achievable field dimensions within 0.6% at 6 MV, and within 1% at 15 MV. Making the same set of measurements and using the equivalent square method to find wedge factors at other field sizes leads to errors up to 2%. Measuring the wedge factor for a 10x10 cm2 field and applying the same value to all field sizes can lead to errors of up to 10% at both 6 MV and 15 MV.
Vortex paradigm for shock-accelerated density-stratified interfaces

Numerical simulations are reported that capture the observations of Haas and Sturtevant (1985) when a planar shock accelerates an inclined planar interface between two media. A vortex paradigm is presented for interpreting the evolution of shock-accelerated density-stratified interfaces beyond early times. The simulations illustrate the paradigm and are in good agreement with the results of Haas and Sturtevant. Color images of space-time diagrams of the one-space integrated vorticity function are given to show the primary and secondary features of the emerging vortex structures.
A method for estimating sequence homology from amino acid compositions. The evolution of Ascaris employing aldolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Abstract 1. 1. The percentage of sequence similarity of homologous proteins can be estimated from a linear composition coefficient analysis of the amino acid compositions. 2. 2. The validity of the method has been demonstrated with fifteen different cytochromes c of known sequence. 3. 3. This statistical procedure has also been applied to the glycolytic enzymes, aldolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and produces a linear relationship relating primary structure changes with geologic time. 4. 4. It appears that muscle aldolases and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases have been very conservative in maintaining their primary structure, changing approximately 1 per cent each 20 million years. 5. 5. By utilizing this statistical method on the aldolase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the parasitic roundworm, Ascaris suum, we have shown a definite convergence in these enzymes toward a structure similar to the mammalian forms.