cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The flexible and real-time commute trip sharing problems

The Commute Trip Sharing Problem (CTSP) was introduced to remove parking pressure on cities, as well as corporate and university campuses. Its goal is to reduce the number of vehicles being used for daily commuting activities. Given a set of inbound and outbound requests, which consists of origin and destination pairs and their departure and return times, the CTSP assigns riders and a driver, as well as inbound and outbound routes, to each vehicle in order to satisfy time-window, capacity, and ride-duration constraints. The CTSP guarantees a ride back for each rider, which is a critical aspect of such a ride-sharing system. This paper generalizes the CTSP to account for uncertainties about the return trip. Each rider is assumed to have a return time specified by a distribution (learned from historical data) and, each day, a percentage of riders will want to preprone or postpone their return trip to accommodate some schedule changes. The paper proposes two generalizations of the CTSP: the Flexible CTSP (FCTSP) and the Real-Time CTSP (RT-CTSP). In the FCTSP, riders must confirm their final return times by a fixed deadline. In the RT-CTSP, riders confirm their new return times in real time with some prior notice. The paper proposes a two-step approach to address the FCTSP and the RT-CTSP. The first step uses a scenario-based stochastic program to choose the drivers and the morning routes in order to maximize the robustness of the driver assignment. The second step reoptimizes the plan at the fixed deadline or in real time once the return times are confirmed. Experiments on a real-world dataset of commute trips demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm in generating robust plans and reveal a trade-off between vehicle reduction and plan robustness as the robust plans tend to be conservative. A method is then proposed to evaluate this trade-off using the per-unit price ratio of vehicle increase to uncovered riders.
Staging Tourism: Bodies on Display from Waikiki to Sea World

From Shamu the dancing whale at Sea World to Hawaiian lu'au shows, this book analyzes issues of performance in a wide range of tourist venues. Jane C. Desmond argues that the public display of bodies - how they look, what they do, where they do it, who watches and under what conditions - is profoundly important in structuring identity categories of race, gender and cultural affiliation. These fantastic spectacles of corporeality form the basis of hugely profitable tourist industries, which in turn form crucial arenas of public culture where embodied notions of identity are sold, enacted and debated. Gathering together written accounts, postcards, photographs, advertisements, films and oral histories, as well as her own interpretations of these displays, Desmond provides an account of US tourism in Waikiki from 1900 to the present. She then juxtaposes cultural tourism with "animal tourism" in the United States, which takes place at zoos, aquariums and animal theme parks. In each case, Desmond argues, the relationship between the viewer and the viewed is ultimately based on concepts of physical difference harking back to the 19th century.
Attitudes about victims of workplace sexual harassment based on sex

Abstract Workplace sexual harassment remains a consistent problem in the United States across a variety of employment sectors. Although sexually harassing behaviors in the workplace are generally viewed as unacceptable by most people, the way that victims and their experiences are perceived varies. In this study, the effects of victim sex, offender sex, and type of sexual harassment on attitudes about victims, perceptions of victim behavior, and beliefs about consequences to victim were assessed. Results revealed that male victims of workplace sexual harassment were perceived less favorably than female victims were and were perceived as having suffered less than female victims did. Implications and recommendations for workplace policy and practice are discussed.
Implementation of Diabetes Technologies in Primary Care: Challenges and Rewards

This article focuses on the challenges to and rewards of using technology in diabetes care. The authors provide everyday, practical information regarding the integration of technology, including insulin pumps, continuous glucose monitoring devices, and other diabetes consumer technologies, into busy primary care practices. Cases are presented to highlight these tips.
Expanding insurance coverage for in vitro fertilisation with preimplantation genetic testing: putting the cart before the horse.

Madison Kilbride recently argued that insurance (eg, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)) should cover in vitro fertilisation with preimplantation genetic testing (IVF-PGT) services for couples at high risk of having a child affected with a genetic condition. She argues that IVF-PGT meets CMS’s definition of ‘medically necessary care’, where such care includes ‘services or supplies needed to diagnose or treat an illness, injury, condition, disease or its symptoms’. Kilbride argues that IVF-PGT satisfies this definition in two ways: as a diagnostic tool and as a treatment. Contradicting Kilbride, however, I argue that IVF-PGT provides neither diagnosis nor treatment under CMS’s definition. Thus, as long as we accept CMS’s definition of medically necessary care—which Kilbride does, explicitly—it follows that IVF-PGT does not count as medically necessary care. Still, there may be other reasons to conclude that IVF-Preimplantation genetic testing should be covered, and so, it would be a mistake to reject Kilbride’s conclusion altogether. The problem is simply that Kilbride’s argument—that the procedure should be covered because it is medically necessary per CMS’s definition—is not sound. I conclude by discussing a number of other genetic services that are not currently being covered despite the fact that (unlike IVF-PGT) they do seem to satisfy CMS’s definition of ‘medically necessary diagnosis or treatment’. These services, I argue, should be provided under CMS before we consider expanding coverage to include elective procedures such as IVF-PGT.
Algorithms for Computing Topological Invariants in Digital Spaces

Based on previous results in digital topology, this paper focuses on algorithms related to topological invariants of objects in 2D and 3D Digital Spaces. Specifically, we are interested in hole counting objects in 2D and closed surface genus calculation in 3D. We also present a proof of the hole counting formula in 2D. This paper includes fast algorithms and implementations for topological invariants such as connected components, hole counting in 2D, and boundary surface genus for 3D. For 2D images, we designed a linear time algorithm to solve the hole counting problem. In 3D, we also designed a O(n) time algorithm to obtain the genus of a closed surface. These two algorithms are both in \(O(\log n)\) space complexity.
Genetically encoded RNA nanodevices for cellular imaging and regulation

Nucleic acid-based nanodevices have been widely used in the fields of biosensing and nanomedicine. Traditionally, the majority of these nanodevices were first constructed in vitro using synthetic DNA or RNA oligonucleotides and then delivered into cells. Nowadays, the emergence of genetically encoded RNA nanodevices has provided a promising alternative approach for intracellular analysis and regulation. These genetically encoded RNA-based nanodevices can be directly transcribed and continuously produced inside living cells. A variety of highly precise and programmable nanodevices have been constructed in this way during the last decade. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances in the design and function of these artificial genetically encoded RNA nanodevices. In particular, we will focus on their applications in regulating cellular gene expression, imaging, logic operation, structural biology, and optogenetics. We believe these versatile RNA-based nanodevices will be broadly used in the near future to probe and program cells and other biological systems.
Lysosomal proteolysis of amyloid beta is impeded by fibrils grown in both acidic and neutral pH environments

Aggregation of amyloid-beta (A) into extracellular plaques is a well-known hallmark of Alzheimers disease (AD). Similarly, autophagic vacuoles, autophagosomes, and other residual bodies within dystrophic neurites, though more difficult to detect, are characteristic features of AD. To explore the potential intersection between these observations, we conducted experiments to assess whether A fibril formation disrupts lysosomal proteolysis. Fibrils constituted from either A 1-40 or A 1-42 were grown under both neutral and acidic pH. The extent of proteolysis by individual cathepsins (L, D, B, and H) was monitored by both thioflavin T fluorescence and liquid-chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. The results show that all A fibrils are resistant to cathepsin digestion, with significant amounts of undigested material remaining for samples of fibrils grown in both neutral and acidic pH. Further analysis revealed that the neutral-grown fibrils are proteolytically resistant throughout the sequence, while the acid-grown fibrils prevented digestion primarily in the C-terminal portion of the sequence. Fibrils grown from A 1-42 are generally more resistant to degradation compared to A 1-40. Overall, the results indicate that A fibrils formed in the neutral pH environments found in intracellular or extracellular spaces may pose the greatest difficulty for complete digestion by the lysosome, particularly when the fibrils are comprised of A 1-42.
Precision-Enhancing Risk Stratification Tools for Selecting Optimal Treatment Durations in Tuberculosis Clinical Trials.

Rationale: No evidence-based tools exist to enhance precision in the selection of patient-specific optimal treatment durations to study in tuberculosis clinical trials. Objectives: To develop risk ...
Universal Scaling of Distributed Queues Under Load Balancing in the Super-Halfin-Whitt Regime

This paper considers the steady-state performance of load balancing algorithms in a many-server system with distributed queues. The system has N servers, and each server maintains a local queue with buffer size b-1, i.e. a server can hold at most one job in service and b-1 jobs in the queue. Jobs in the same queue are served according to the first-in-first-out (FIFO) order. The system is operated in a heavy-traffic regime such that the workload per server is $λ = 1 - N^{-α}$ for 0.5≤ α<1. We identify a set of algorithms such that the steady-state queues have the following universal scaling, where universal means that it holds for any α[0.5,1): (i) the number of busy servers is λ N-o(1); and (ii) the number of servers with two jobs (one in service and one in queue) is $O(N^{α}log N);$ and (iii) the number of servers with more than two jobs is $O({1}/{N^{r(1-α)-1}}),$ where r can be any positive integer independent of N. The set of load balancing algorithms that satisfy the sufficient condition includes join-the-shortest-queue (JSQ), idle-one-first (I1F), and power-of-d-choices (Pod) with $d≥ 2N^αlog N.$ We further argue that the waiting time of such an algorithm is near optimal order-wise.
A smart mirror to promote a healthy lifestyle

ICT solutions to foster behavioural change have been shown to be effective in implementing primary prevention in terms of a healthy lifestyle. Primary prevention is the most viable approach to reduce the socio-economic burden of chronic and widespread diseases, such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In this paper, we present a novel multisensory device, the Wize Mirror, which is under development in the EU FP7 Project SEMEOTICONS. The Wize Mirror detects and monitors over time semeiotic face signs related to cardio-metabolic risk, and encourages users to reduce their risk by improving their lifestyle.
REVENTS: facilitating event-driven distributed HPC applications

Modern scientific applications that need to share geographically scattered resources and dynamically adapt to changes in the environment pose challenges to traditional parallel and distributed programming paradigms. Distributed component frameworks attempt to address the demands of contemporary HPC applications by enabling coarse-grained decomposition and loose coupling. Nonetheless, components usually communicate via synchronous RPC, which is not suitable for interactive applications. This paper introduces a novel distributed event notification system, called REVENTS,which enables both synchronous and decentralized asynchronous component interactions. The REVENTS system is based on a topic-list publisher-subscriber model. It integrates and enhances common technologies for messaging, events, and group communication. The article introduces the REVENTS API, its reference implementation, and its application in the H2O metacomputing framework. Presented experimental results confirm REVENTS' usability in distributed HPC scenarios.
Wurtzite Structure Semiconductors

The wurtzite structure II-VI semiconductors are closely related to the II-VI zinc-blendes. In analogy with the diamond and zinc-blende structures, the wurtzite structure can be constructed by considering two interpenetrating lattices. However, in this case they are hexagonal close packed lattices. The nearest neighbors and next nearest neighbors are the same in the ideal wurtzite and zinc-blende structures. For the ideal wurtzite case, the lattice parameters are c/a = 2\( \sqrt 6 /3\) = 1.633, and u = 3/8 [9.1]. When the nearest neighbor distance is the same in the wurtzite and zinc-blende structures, the lattice constants are related by a z =\( \sqrt 2 \) a w. For wurtzite, there are four atoms per unit cell in contrast to two for zinc-blende. Since the volume per atom is the same, a given volume of reciprocal space for wurtzite contains approximately twice as many reciprocal lattice points. The lattice constants for several wurtzite structure semiconductors are given in Table 9.1.
The mucoprotein of the fat/plasma interface of cow's milk. I. Chemical and physical characterization.

Abstract A mucoprotein isolated from the fat/plasma interface of cow's milk has been characterized. As analyzed by free-boundary electrophoresis, the mucoprotein was essentially homogeneous with respect to surface charge density. Chemically, it contained considerably higher levels of sialic acid, hexose, and hexosamine than any of the major proteins of milk. The strong tendency of this substance to aggregate in high gravitational fields was absent in sedimentation experiments using reduced centrifugal speeds.
The Calcium Binding Sites Involved in the Regulation of the Purified Adenosine Triphosphatase of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Abstract The role of the interaction of Ca2+ with the purified Ca2+-dependent ATPase in the regulation of enzyme activity has been investigated. It appears that the sensitivity to Ca2+ of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, resulting in activation and inhibition of ATPase activity, is intrinsic to the ATPase moiety of the membrane. Three types of Ca2+ binding sites have been found in equilibrium dialysis studies. In the absence of ATP there is approximately one of each per 105 daltons; the binding constants are 4 x 106 m-1 (α site), 4 x 104 (β site), and 1 x 103 (γ site). Addition of 1.5 mm ATP slightly increases the affinity of all sites and reduces the apparent capacity of the α and β sites. Study of ATP hydrolysis in parallel with calcium binding has shown that Ca2+ binding at the α site activates it and binding to the γ site inhibits it, while binding of Ca2+ to the β site appears not to be involved in the enzymatic regulation.
Recombination Processes in Atomic and Molecular Physics

The variety of recombination processes, leading to charge neutralization or molecule formation, is surveyed. Examples are provided of atom-atom, electron-ion and ion-ion recombination in both the two-body and many-body regimes, with species ranging from protons to ammonia clusters. The emphasis is on the theoretical development, with only brief references to experimental techniques.
Factors associated with improving success rates with gamete intrafallopian transfer under thin-needle spinal anesthesia

Purpose In order to reduce the risk of major anesthetic complications associated with laparoscopic gamete intrafallopian transfer procedures, we have exclusively used thin-needle spinal anesthesia over the years 1991–1994. This paper will review complication rates in order to further establish the safety profile of GIFT under thin-needle anesthesia and report the changes in our GIFT protocol from 1991 to 1994 which have been associated with a statistical improvement in the implantation rate from 11% to 23% (P=0.01) and an increase in delivery rates from 29% to 42% per transfer procedure.
Something to Say: Children Learning through Story.

Research Findings: All children from all backgrounds and histories learn through their stories while engaging in play and other daily activities. They experience development in multiple domains and engage in multidimensional learning when given the opportunity and encouragement. Practice or Policy: This article documents a segment of a larger qualitative study of early childhood integrated curriculum. This study, which is based on critical theory, focuses on the use of story as a vital construct for development and learning. Findings on children's engagement with story have emerged to illustrate information in three areas: story supporting children's symbolic play, story supporting children's interaction with literature, and story supporting children's writing about their ideas in narrative form. This article documents young children and their teachers using narrative to cross boundaries and interact with different constructs within their world of learning.
Twins: The finest natural experiment

Abstract Twin studies have moved beyond the classic design described by Galton (1875) . Natural experiments involving twins and twin-like individuals occur constantly, driven largely by artificial reproductive technology and increased adoption rates. These events have produced exotic twin and sibling relations, e.g., virtual twins (same-age unrelated siblings) and twins reared apart (Chinese twin girls, abandoned and adopted separately). Research designs utilizing the unique genetic and social relatedness of such individuals can inform numerous behavioral domains. Many studies to be described were inspired by my association with the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart (1982–1991), directed by Bouchard.
Transhepatic biliary catheterization before graft implant in living donor liver transplantation.

Abstract Aim Despite the evolution in surgical technique, the biliary anastomosis remains the technical Achilles' heel of liver transplantation, especially in living donor liver transplantation. Interventional radiology or endoscopic procedures constitute the most common options to treat complications from the biliary anastomosis. We report a novel technique to prevent biliary complications following the transplant. Methods During the donor procedure a wire guide was introduced in the severed duct, left or right, in retrograde fashion. The liver surface was then perforated and the wire guide exposed. A 4F catheter was then attached to the wire guide and pulled into the bile duct passing through the end-to-end duct-to-duct anastomosis or hepaticojejunostomy. Results This technique was performed in six living donor grafts: one right lobe, two left lobes, and three left lateral segments. All patients had no complications from the stent placement, biliary strictures, or leaks. One developed a hepatic artery thrombosis on the posttransplant day 14 with no major biliary complications.
Different H-2 subregions influence immunization against retrovirus and immunosuppression.

Friend murine leukaemia virus complex (FV) causes an immunosuppressive retrovirus-induced disease. In certain mouse strains, FV shows striking similarities to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in man in that infected mice have severe T-cell immunosuppression but also develop virus-neutralizing antibodies incapable of eliminating infected cells. Previously we noted the influence of mouse major histocompatibility complex (H–2) genes on both FV-induced immunosuppression1 and on ability to protect mice against FV by immunizing with a vaccinia–Friend murine leukaemia helper virus (F-MuLV) envelope (env) recombinant virus2. Here we show that different subregions of H–2 are involved in susceptibility to virus-induced immunosuppression (H–2D subregion) and protective immunization with a recombinant vaccinia virus (H–2K or I–A subregions). Thus, susceptibility to virus-induced immunosuppression does not preclude protection by vaccinia–Friend immunization. The mechanism of protection seems to involve priming of immune T cells, and not initial induction of neutralizing antibodies or cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) (ref. 2). Subsequent virus challenge generates a secondary response, resulting in appearance of IgG antibodies and CTL. In human HIV infection there could also be host genetic influences on elements of disease pathogenesis, such as immunosuppression, and on the success of T-cell priming by potential protective vaccines.
Compact hybrid actuator device (CHAD) for ultracompact navigation, guidance, and control

The objective of our Compact Hybrid Actuator Device (CHAD) program is to produce a novel, ultra-compact, high force actuator to meet the aggressive requirements for navigation, guidance and control of a compact missile as well as other military and commercial applications confronted with tight volume constraints. Our approach to this challenge uses the high power density of thin film shape memory alloys coupled with fluid rectification and commercial power electronics. Phase One of our program demonstrated the performance of critical technical elements in a non-compact form factor. NiTi films were reproducibly deposited and then fabricated into bubble actuators that demonstrated ≥ 100 Hz performance when forced convection heat transfer to a liquid was optimized. Increased efficiency in thermal activation was achieved through high Joule heating rates for short duty cycles; this allowed simplification of the power electronics. These technical elements were combined to produce a thin film SMA pump which ultimately demonstrated force outputs on the order of 250 N and average power densities on the order of 50 W/kg when operated at 100 Hz. The demonstrated performance shows great promise for applications requiring ultracompact form factors with high output force.
How important is hedonism? Reasons given by college students for ending a meal.

College students (N = 64, 50,and 36 in three replications) were asked to complete the statement, “I usually stop eating a meal when…”. A number of alternatives were offered, together with an open (write-in) option. By far the most common completion was “… I feel full”. The hedonic alternatives, “… the food stops tasting good” (first study) or “the food tastes less good” (first replication) were chosen by very few of the subjects, though explicitly presented as alternatives. In a second replication, subjects rank-ordered in importance the various reasons for ending a meal; not all subjects ranked the hedonic alternative at all, and most of those who did ranked it low in importance. Though hedonic shifts during a meal have been repeatedly shown to occur, these data suggest that they are of little salience, and perhaps of little importance, as factors in meal termination.
The 1929 Congress of the Godless

AMONG THE MANY social campaigns launched in the Soviet Union in the 1920s, the effort to counter the pervasive influence of religion was among the most visible. Examining how the Bolsheviks sought to introduce atheism into Holy Russia sheds light not only on Bolshevik strategies for planned secularisation, but also on the evolving Soviet political culture. Both of these subjects can be approached through analysis of the stenographic report of the June 1929 Congress of the League of the Godless (Soyuz bezbozhnikov), the quasi-governmental organisation charged with eradicating religion.1 This document serves as a window through which we observe the repeated clashes of two distinct and opposed camps promoting conflicting views on how the anti-religious campaign ought to be run. More importantly, the stenographic report highlights the shared assumptions and rhetorical conventions of the coalescing political culture in which the congress occurred and which qualitatively altered the character of the anti-religious debate. This article first reviews the 12 years of anti-religious history prior to the congress. It then examines the divisions at the congress along ideological and institutional lines. The third section discusses those elements of the emerging political culture evident in the debate; finally, the conflicts in the anti-religious camp are linked to the broader political and social transformation engulfing Soviet society on the cusp of Stalin's revolution.
Efficient computation of shapley values for demand response programs

Demand Response, or adjusting the aggregate load profile as a means to help balance supply and demand in electricity grids, is currently a popular area of research. In this paper, we propose analyzing demand response schemes in a game theoretic setting, and utilizing the Shapley Value for fairly compensating participants of such schemes. As exact computation of the Shapley Value is intractable in general, we also propose a pseudo-randomized sampling method that can dramatically reduce the variance of the Shapley Value estimate when compared to other methods.
Primary renal carcinoid tumor.

We report a case of primary renal carcinoid tumor. Only 13 prior cases are documented in the literature. The tumor fulfilled both histologic and immunochemical criteria for carcinoid. In addition, we employed new diagnostic modalities (i.e., magnetic resonance imaging and chromogranin-A levels) not used in prior published reports. A review of the literature is presented.
Determination of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels in fish (Microstomus pacificus) epitheliomas.

Abstract 1. 1. Cyclic AMP levels were 2.2 times as high in epitheliomas as in control tissues removed from the same Microstomus pacificus . 2. 2. Cyclic GMP levels in control tissues were not significantly different when compared to epitheliomas. 3. 3. Results corroborate those of other mammalian studies by showing that Microstomus pacificus epitheliomas exhibited higher cyclic AMP levels than normal tissues.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Presenting as an Isolated Seizure

Seizures are generally regarded as a manifestation of extreme, generally near-fatal carbon monoxide poisoning. A case is described in which a seizure attributable to carbon monoxide poisoning occurred in a small child at a level not thought to be associated with serious neurologic toxicity. A literature review of the occurrence of seizures in carbon monoxide poisoning found that no particular degree of carboxyhemoglobin was correlated with the presence of seizures. A seizure with no other apparent cause occurring in circumstances in which carbon monoxide toxicity would be suspected can be attributed to carbon monoxide poisoning.
Could aspirin really prevent colon cancer

IN the United States, tumors of the colon and rectum account for approximately 15 percent of all visceral cancers and about 12 percent of all deaths from cancer. During the past several decades, th...
The use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for depression and psychosis complicating dementia

This retrospective chart review examines the impact of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on 20 patients with both depression and psychosis complicating dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and other dementias. Fifteen of the 20 patients had moderate to marked improvement in depressive and psychotic symptoms. Eleven of 12 patients with DAT had moderate to marked improvement compared to only four of eight patients with dementia from other causes. The drugs were effective in diminishing or eliminating psychotic symptoms in six patients who had previously not responded to a trial of a neuroleptic. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may have an important role to play in patients with DAT who have coexisting depression and psychosis. These drugs are very well tolerated and may have a place as first-line agents in non-emergent settings where a clinician might otherwise think of instituting a neuroleptic or as a second-line agent when a neuroleptic has proven ineffective.
Chromosomes of human sperm: variability among normal individuals.

The chromosomal constitution of 2468 human sperm cells been investigated by fusion of human sperm with hamster eggs. The overall frequency of cells with structural aberrations was 7.7%, ranging from 1.9% to 15.8%, and varying significantly among individuals. The highest frequency occurred in sperm from the oldest donor (49 years), who also had had a vasectomy reversal three years prior to sampling. The overall aneuploidy frequency was 1.7%, ranging from 0.6% to 3.1%. In nine out of ten donors from whom blood samples were available the frequency of sperm cells with structural aberrations was higher than that for lymphocytes. Two previously reported donors (Brandriff et al. 1984) were resampled after an interval of 14 and 16 months respectively, and were each found to have similar frequencies of sperm chromosome abnormalities at both sampling times. A father-son pair included in the study had several chromosome breakpoints in common, although no more frequently than unrelated individuals.
Platinum diimine bis(acetylide) complexes: synthesis, characterization, and luminescence properties.

A new set of luminescent platinum(II) diimine complexes has been synthesized and characterized. The anionic ligands in these complexes are arylacetylides. The complexes are brightly emissive in fluid solution with relative emission quantum yields phiem ranging from 3 x 10(-3) to 10(-1). Two series of complexes have been investigated. The first has the formula Pt(Rphen)(C...CC6H5)2 where Rphen is 1,10-phenanthroline substituted in the 5-position with R = H, Me, Cl, Br, NO2, or C...CC6H5, while the second has the formula Pt(dbbpy)(C=CC6H4X)2 where dbbpy = 4,4'-di(tert-butyl)bipyridine and X = H, Me, F, or NO2. From NMR, IR, and electronic spectroscopies, all of the complexes are assigned a square planar coordination geometry with cis-alkynyl ligands. The crystal structure of Pt(phen)(Ce-CC6H4CH3)2 confirms this assignment. All of the complexes exhibit an absorption band at ca. 400 nm that corresponds to a Pt d-->pi*diimine charge-transfer transition. The variation of lambdamax for this band with substituent variation supports this assignment. From similar changes in the energy of the solution luminescence as a function of substituents R and X, the emissive excited state is also of MLCT origin, but with spin-forbidden character on the basis of excited-state lifetime measurements (0.01-5.6 micros). The complexes undergo electron-transfer quenching, showing good Stern-Volmer behavior using 10-methylphenothiazine and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylbenzidine as reductive quenchers. Excited-state reduction potentials are estimated on the basis of a simple thermochemical analysis. Crystal data for Pt(phen)(C...CC6H4CH3)2: monoclinic, space group C2/c, a = 19.0961(1) A, b = 10.4498(1) A, c = 11.8124(2) A, beta = 108.413(1) degrees, V = 2236.49 A3, number of reflections 1614, number of variables 150, R1 = 0.0163, wR2 (I > 2sigma) = 0.0410.
Computer aided process planning with CMPP

Abstract This paper describes current work on an extensive CAPP system that consists of over 50,000 lines of FORTRAN code in 14 main programs and 7 datafiles. It in addition to process plans, CMPP generates shop drawings and tolerancing information. The authors current research with this system includes building an intelligent interface with CAD systems, an intelligent process plan generator and a tolerance chart generator.
Developing business object models with patterns and ontologies

We propose a new approach for developing Business Object Model (BOMs). The approach uses ontologies to unify the representation and integration of knowledge from analysis patterns with different structures.
Adjusting the Binomial Model for Default Risk

Th arbitrage-free binomial model has been applied to value bonds with embedded options. This article extends the binomial model to incorporate the risk of payment default. The basic solution procedure is modified by adjusting the expected cash flows for the likelihood of a payment default and the expected cash recovery when a payment default occurs. The default probabilities can be estimated from the historical default experience of similarly rated bonds. The expected cash recoveries can be estimated by calibrating to the yield curve for par value bonds with the same rating. The author applies the model to value payment-in-kind debentures, which are rich in embedded options.
Developing Countries and Global Environmental Governance: From Contestation to Participation to Engagement

Developing countries did not start off as demandeurs of global environmental governance. Although they are still rather skeptical about the global environmental enterprise, they have come a long way from being the vigorous contestants that they were three decades ago. This fascinating evolution has not only changed the views of developing countries but has also transformed the shape of the global environmental discourse, most significantly by turning what used to be global environmental politics into what is now the global politics of sustainable development. This paper charts this evolution by using the twin conceptual lenses of effectiveness and legitimacy and the heuristic markers of the three key global conferences on the global environment (Stockholm 1972; Rio de Janeiro 1992; Johannesburg 2002). The paper argues that the pre-Stockholm era was exemplified by a politics of contestation by the South; the Stockholm-to-Rio period was a period of reluctant participation as a new global compact emerged around the notion of sustainable development; and the post-Rio years have seen the emergence of more meaningful, but still hesitant, engagement by the developing countries in the global environmental project but very much around the promise and potential of actualizing sustainable development.
Hydrogen Bonding in Polymers: Effect of Temperature on the OH Stretching Bands of Poly(vinylphenol)

A detailed analysis of the bands appearing in the OH stretching region of the infrared spectrum of poly(vinylphenol) and their changes with temperature is presented. Bands usually assigned to “free” (non-hydrogen-bonded) groups contain overlapping contributions from both monomeric and end-group species, both hydrogen-bonded to π orbitals. Assignments of bands due to hydrogen-bonded groups are made on the basis of whether the proton and oxygen in a particular OH group are both involved in hydrogen bonds (as “donors” and “acceptors”, respectively) or whether one or the other is “free” (not hydrogen-bonded). The assignment of other modes is more uncertain, and various possibilities are discussed. Changes in absorption coefficient with temperature appear to affect bands due to hydrogen-bonded groups in the interior of chains and monomeric species by essentially the same amount. The large change in absorption coefficient of the hydrogen-bonded band relative to a band assigned to free groups postulated in a pre...
Low-temperature properties of lead nickel-niobate ceramics

Abstract Single-phase perovskite ceramics of Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PNN) are prepared by the columbite precursor method. Dielectric studies show that ceramic Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3 is a typical relaxor ferroelectric with properties similar to those of its single-crystals. Low-temperature pyroelectric properties and electromechanical coupling coefficients suggest PNN to be an attractive material for low-temperature applications.
Alterations of the circadian clock in the heart by streptozotocin-induced diabetes.

The heart, like other organs, possesses an internal circadian clock. These clocks provide the selective advantage of anticipation, enabling the organ to prepare for a given stimulus, thereby optimizing the appropriate response. The heart in diabetes is associated with alterations in morphology, gene expression, metabolism and contractile performance. The present study investigated whether diabetes also alters the circadian clock in the heart. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was induced in rats by treatment with streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg). STZ increased humoral (glucose and non-esterified fatty acids) and heart gene expression (myosin heavy chain beta, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 and uncoupling protein 3) markers of diabetes. The circadian patterns of gene expression of seven components of the mammalian clock (bmal1, clock, cry1, cry2, per1, per2 and per3), as well as three clock output genes (dbp, hlf and tef), were compared in hearts isolated from control and STZ-induced diabetic rats. All components of the clock investigated possessed circadian rhythms of gene expression. In the hearts isolated from STZ-induced diabetic rats, the phases of these circadian rhythms were altered (approximately 3 h early) compared to those observed for control hearts. The clock in the heart has therefore lost normal synchronization with its environment during diabetes. Whether this loss of synchronization plays a role in the development of contractile dysfunction of the heart in diabetes remains to be determined.
Entry process of enveloped viruses to host cells

The fusion between viral and cellular membranes is the first critical step of the enveloped viral infection. This is promoted by the drastic conformational change of the viral fusion protein. The conformational change is driven by various cues that are different in each fusion protein. The divergent nature of the induction mechanism of fusion proteins tells us that the regulation of membrane fusion process is substantially important to viral infection. Historically, enveloped viruses were categorized into pH-dependent and pH-independent groups for their entry processes. It has been thought that the pH-independent viruses mainly fuse to cell membrane at the cell surface whereas pH-dependent viruses fuse to endosomal membrane. However, the recent studies suggest that some pH-independent viruses including Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) also utilize the endocytosis pathway to achieve infection. In addition, it has been revealed that the host factors other than receptors play crucial roles in the entry of enveloped viruses. This review summarizes the entry process of enveloped viruses and focuses on the current topics of HIV entry.
Pygmy resonances and neutron skins

In a study motivated by a recent experiment, the distribution of electric dipole strength in the neutron-rich $^{68}\mathrm{Ni}$ isotope was computed using a relativistic random-phase approximation with a set of effective interactions that---although well calibrated---predict significantly different values for the neutron-skin thickness in $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$. The emergence of low-energy ``pygmy'' strength that exhausts about $5%$--$8%$ of the energy-weighted sum rule (EWSR) is clearly identified. In addition to the EWSR, special emphasis is placed on the dipole polarizability. In particular, our results suggest a strong correlation between the dipole polarizability of $^{68}\mathrm{Ni}$ and the neutron-skin thickness of $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$. Yet we find a correlation just as strong, and an even larger sensitivity, between the neutron-skin thickness of $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ and the fraction of the dipole polarizability exhausted by the pygmy resonance. These findings suggest that dipole polarizability may be used as a proxy for the neutron skin.
Linear Modes and Storm Tracks in a Two-Level Primitive Equation Model

Abstract Linear stability analyses of three-dimensional time-mean flows in a two-level primitive equation model are presented. The model's stationary wave is generated by implementing idealized mountains at the lower boundary. Two sets of experiments are performed: the first with one mountain and the second with three mountains at equal distance from each other. Structures of streamfunctions and heat fluxes from the linearly unstable normal mode are compared with their bandpass transient counterparts in the nonlinear model simulation. The three-dimensional time-mean flow, about which the equations are linearized, is convectively unstable for both the one and three mountain cases. For the three mountain case, there is reasonable agreement between the linear mode and the bandpass transient eddies in terms of both the longitudinal location of the largest eddy amplitudes and the potential enstrophy budget, suggesting that the global mode can capture the correct structure of the climatological storm tracks for...
Mentoring in tough financial times

Purpose – This paper aims to discuss the importance of great mentoring to those with financial responsibilities during tough economic times.Design/methodology/approach – This paper pulls from the field literature two sets of attributes and considerations of skills needed in order to be a great mentor.Findings – It is important that persons with financial responsibilities are not overlooked in the mentoring process in order to direct their energies into positive actions.Research limitations/implications – The methods and skills discussed in this paper will need to be customized for individual emotional reactions to changing economic situations.Practical implications – This paper provides an explanation of the qualities needed by mentors to create a positive result.Social implications – This paper recognizes the importance of building social skills in order to develop good relationships.Originality/value – Readers are encouraged to expand on these concepts in order to become better mentors.
Cytochromes CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 in the rat mammary gland: Cell-specific expression and regulation by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and hormones

Abstract Cultured rat mammary cells express both CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 in response to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) in a cell type-specific manner. The expression of each P450 was determined functionally (regioselective PAH metabolism), as apoprotein (immunoblots) and as mRNA (Northern hybridization). The epithelial rat mammary cells (RMEC) expressed CYP1A1, however only after PAH or TCDD treatment. CYP1B1 protein was scarcely detected in these induced RMEC but was surprisingly active as a participant in 7,12-dimethylbenz[ a ]anthracene (DMBA) metabolism shown through selective antibody inhibition (40% of total activity). CYP1B1 was selectively expressed in the stromal fibroblast population of rat mammary cells to the exclusion of CYP1A1. In the rat mammary fibroblasts (RMF), CYP1B1 protein and associated activity were each present at low levels constitutively and were highly induced by benz[ a ]anthracene (BA) to a greater extent than by TCDD (12- versus 6-fold). However, BA (10 μM) and TCDD (10 nM) stimulated the 5.2-kb CYP1B1-specific mRNA equally. These increases are consistent with the involvement of the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor in the transcription of the CYP1B1 gene and with the additional stabilization of CYP1B1 protein by BA, previously observed in embryo fibroblasts. Exactly this regulation of CYP1B1-dependent activity was seen in RMEC suggesting that this arises from exceptionally active CYP1B1 in a small proportion (5%) of residual RMF. The constitutive expression and PAH inducibility of CYP1B1 and CYP1A1 proteins in RMF and RMEC, respectively, were each substantially decreased (∼75%) by a hormonal mixture (17β-estradiol (0.2 μM) progesterone (1.5 μM) cortisol (1.5 μM) and prolactin (5 μg/ml)). Progesterone and cortisol, added singly to RMF suppressed CYP1B1 protein expression (∼80%) in both untreated and BA-induced cells, while cortisol also suppressed the 5.2-kb CYP1B1 mRNA. In contrast, 17β-estradiol stimulated constitutive expression of CYP1B1 protein (50–75%) and mRNA level (2- to 3-fold), but did not affect CYP1B1 expression in BA-treated RMF. The expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 is therefore highly cell specific even though each is regulated through the Ah receptor. Each P450 exhibits a surprisingly similar pattern of hormonal regulation even though expressed in different cell types.
The role of cAMP on neoplastic cell growth and regression. III. Altered cAMP-binding in DBcAMP-unresponsive Walker 256 mammary carcinoma.

Abstract An exogenous supply of N6,O2′-dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (DBcAMP) in vivo produces regression of one type of Walker 256 mammary carcinoma cell population (DBcAMP-responsive); a second type of cell population continues to grow despite DBcAMP treatment (DBcAMP-unresponsive). A correlation was found between altered cAMP-binding of the tumor cytosol and DBcAMP-unresponsiveness. It was found that there was: a) a higher apparent dissociation constant (Kd) for cAMP-binding in unresponsive tumor cytosol in vitro , and b) unsaturability of cAMP-binding by unresponsive tumor cytosol in response to elevated cAMP levels in vivo . Cycloheximide abolished the saturation of cAMP binding in vivo as well as tumor regression produced by DBcAMP.
Testing of Blood Products in a Polytrauma Model: Results of a Multi-Institutional Randomized Preclinical Trial

Abstract : Introduction: Trauma-induced coagulopathy, acidosis, and hypothermia form a lethal triad that is difficult to treat and is associated with extremely high mortality. This study was performed at three academic centers to evaluate whether resuscitation with blood components could reverse the coagulopathy in a complex polytrauma model. Methods: Yorkshire swine (40 + or - 5 kg) were subjected to a three-phase protocol: (a) Prehospital phase = femur fracture, hemorrhage (60% blood volume), and 30 minutes shock infusion of saline (3 shed blood) induction of hypothermia (33 Degrees C); (b) Early hospital phase grade V liver injury; and (c) Operative phase liver packing. After liver packing, the animals (n = 60) were randomized to the following groups: (1) Sham- instrumentation and anesthesia without hemorrhage/injuries, (2) fresh whole blood (FWB), (3) 6% hetastarch (Hextend), (4) fresh frozen plasma/packed RBCs in 1:1 ratio (1:1 FFP/PRBC), and (5) FFP alone. Treatment volumes were equal to the volume of shed blood. Hemodynamic and physiologic parameters and coagulation profile (thrombelastography, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, international normalized ratio, and platelets) were monitored during the experiment and for 4 hours posttreatment. Results: At the end of prehospital phase, animals had developed significant acidosis (lactate greater than 5 mmol/L and base deficit greater than 9 mmol/L) and coagulopathy. Posttreatment mortality rates were 85% and 0% for the Hextend and blood component treated groups, respectively (p less than 0.05). Hemodynamic parameters and survival rates were similar in groups that were treated with blood products (FWB, FFP, and FFP:PRBC). Animals treated with FFP and Hextend had significant anemia compared with the groups that received red blood cells (FWB and FFP-PRBC). Treatment with FFP and FFP-PRBC corrected the coagulopathy as effectively as FWB, whereas Hextend treatment worsened coagulopathy.
Parallel processing of remotely sensed data: Application to the ATSR-2 instrument

Massively parallel computational paradigms can mitigate many issues associated with the analysis of large and complex remotely sensed data sets. Recently, the Beowulf cluster has emerged as the most attractive, massively parallel architecture due to its low cost and high performance. Whereas most Beowulf designs have emphasized numerical modeling applications, the Parallel Image Processing Environment (PIPE) specifically addresses the unique requirements of remote sensing applications. Automated, parallelization of user-defined analyses is fully supported. A neural network application, applied to Along Track Scanning Radiometer-2 (ATSR-2) data shows the advantages and performance characteristics of PIPE.