cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photonic microwave receivers based on high-Q optical resonance

The quest for low power and high frequency electro-optical modulator has been one of the important endeavors in microwave photonics. The advent of microdisk electro-optic modulator created a new domain in optical modulator and photonic microwave receiver design by exploiting the unique properties of high quality (high-Q) Whispering-Gallery Mode (WGM) optical cavities. High-Q crystalline WG cavities were the first devices used as compact and low power resonant electro-optical modulators and gradually semiconductor and polymer based microdisk and microring modulators emerged from this core technology. Due to its small size, high sensitivity and limited bandwidth, originally microdisk modulator was developed with the objective of replacing the conventional microwave wireless receiver frontend with a sensitive photonic front-end. Later it was shown that the electro-optic microdisk modulator could also function as a microwave frequency mixer in optical domain. Starting from fundamentals of resonant electro-optic modulation in high-Q WGM cavities, in this paper we review the development of high sensitivity microdisk modulators and the recent progress toward more efficient modulation at higher frequencies. Next related topics such as singlesideband modulation, all-dielectric photonic receiver, and semiconductor microring modulators are briefly discussed. Finally, photonic microwave receiver configurations that employ high-Q optical resonance for modulation, filtering and mixing are presented. We will show that high-Q optical resonance is one of the promising routes toward the general idea of an all-optical microwave receiver free of high frequency electronic transistors, mixers and filters.
Conceptualizing and Theorizing Terrorism in the Historical and Global Context

This article defines and theorizes terrorism by focusing on five important and central issues: lack of balance in current terrorism studies, blurred boundaries between legitimate and illegitimate violence of state and non-state actors, the multiplicity and complexity of terrorism, terrorism as a contested and understudied aspect of the modern world system, and terrorism in the name of money, God, and civilization. It also emphasizes the significances of economic, historical, cultural, political, ideological, and religious factors in facilitating the development of this lethal problem. In its attempt to overcome the current dilemma of terrorism studies, the article proposes a single intellectual, legal, moral, and political position to critically and comprehensively study and understand all forms of terrorism in order to seek an appropriate policy measure to deal with this dark side of human civilization.
Subcellular effects and localization of binding sites of phytohemagglutinin in the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Insecta: Homoptera: Cicadellidae).

To identify the means by which phytohemagglutinin (PHA) exerts its toxicity on the potato leafhopper, four different methods (thick and semi-thin sectioning combined with immunofluorescent staining, in vitro receptor autoradiography, and immunoelectron microscopy) were used to elucidate the PHA target tissue, binding site, and its effects on this tissue. Sixteen 1- or 2-day-old female potato leafhoppers were fed for 36 h on each of three treatments: a control, diet or a diet containing either the PHA-E subunit or the PHA-L subunit. The PHA-E subunit, but not PHA-L, had previously been shown to be lethal. The insects were then prepared for both light and confocal microscopy. Analysis of images showed that PHA bound only to the surface of midgut epithelial cells of the potato leafhopper. PHA-E caused severe disruption, disorganization, and elongation of the brush border microvilli, and swelling of the epithelial cells into the lumen of the gut, leading to complete closure of the lumen. Furthermore, PHA-E stimulated the division of midgut epithelial cell nuclei, leading to two nuclei in each cell. Nuclei later elongated and degraded. In contrast, PHA-L had little effect on the epithelial cells of the midgut. It did not strongly bind to the surface of epithelial cells and caused much less disruption of brush-border microvilli, less disorganization of the cells and less elongation of nuclei. Strong binding of PHA occurred solely on the cell membrane of the brush border microvilli of epithelial cells. In contrast, the controls (i.e., midgut tissue, blocking agent, PHA, and antibodies) showed that midgut tissue was not autofluorescent and showed no fluorescent binding signal. Analysis of both bright- and dark-field images obtained by autoradiography and immunoelectron microscopy confirmed these findings.
Topical indomethadn and sunburn

SUMMARY This study has demonstrated that a single application of a 2–5% solution of indomethacin will decrease the redness, warmth, and tenderness of sunburned skin for 24 h or longer. For this purpose indomethacin is much more effective than a highly active corticosteroid cream. Prostaglandins appear to be important mediators of ultraviolet erythema (Greaves, Sondergaard& McDonald-Gibson, 1971; Mathur & Gandhi, 1972). We reported that prostaglandin inhibitors, indomethacin and aspirin, injected intradermally, delay and decrease ultraviolet erythema (Snyder & Eaglstein, 1973). In this study we have evaluated the effects of topically applied indomethacin and a corticosteroid on sunburn induced by a sunlamp or by natural sunlight.
THE INFLUENCE OF THYROIDAL STATUS ON RAT HEPATIC MITOCHONDRIAL NADH DUROQUINONE REDUCTASE

Hepatic mitochondrial NADH duroquinone reductase and α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activities were measured in rats with altered thyroidal status. Whereas α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity was decreased in hypothyroid rats, NADH duroquinone reductase was increased approximately 3-fold in both thiouracil-fed and thyroidectoraized rats. In hyperthyroid animals, NADH duroquinone reductase activity was decreased, whereas there was the expected elevation in raitochondrial α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Maximum velocity measurements of NADH duroquinone reductase demonstrated that the increase in enzyme activity associated with hypothyroidisra occurred without an alteration in Michaelis constants for the reaction. Rats bearing mammary carcinomas induced by N-nitrosomethylurea also showed an increase in hepatic NADH duroquinone reductase when rendered hypothyroid, but the enzyme was unaffected by thyroxine administration.
Fibers from flexible liquid crystal main-chain polymers. I, Polymers based on 4,4'-dihydroxy-2,2'-dimethylazoxybenzene and alkyl dicarboxylic acids and alkyl dihalides

The anisotropic properties of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers are paramount to the development of highly oriented and extended polymer chains in a fiber spinning process. Fibers from liquid crystalline polymers were spun above the mesophase transition temperature. Linear thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers based on 4,4′-dihydroxy-2,2′-dimethylazoxybenzene and alkyl dicarboxylic acids and alkyl dihalides have been previously studied by different techniques and their conformational properties are well established. In this work the mechanical properties of fibers based on such polymers were studied. High values of tenacity and tensile moduli were obtained. These values increase with molecular mass, but decrease with the length of the flexible spacer moiety. The spinning temperature is also an important parameter.
Strengthening German Programs through Community Engagement and Partnerships with Saturday Morning Schools

German university programs can increase enrollments and diversify their curricula through academic community partnerships with surrounding schools. This article informs about two community-supported initiatives between the German Studies Program at Santa Clara University and the South Bay Deutscher Schulverein, a Saturday Morning School in Northern California. It describes the service-learning components of a German Honors Program and a media class and shows how their community engagement components led to an increase in the number of program majors and how both initiatives benefited both the university and the Saturday School.
Dynamics and transport of electronic carriers in thin gold films.

Thin films of gold are optically excited with \ensuremath{\sim}120 fs laser pulses. The resulting nonequilibrium particle dynamics is accounted for through interaction among quasiparticles and phonons, and through particle transport as treated within Fermi liquid theory. Agreement between experiment and theory is very good.
Globalization, Growth, and the Poor

This paper discusses the possible causal relationships and empirical associations between globalization and growth, growth and poverty reduction, and, finally, globalization and poverty reduction. We argue that globalization can contribute much to poverty reduction both directly and by accelerating growth. Second, the contributions of redistributive policies are very likely to be less than the contribution of greater access to markets, more competitive insurance and financial markets, and improved institutions to poverty reduction. The potential effect of greater international integration on poverty reduction, however, is limited by domestic policy failures in developing countries and also by continued protectionism, particularly in developed countries.
A comprehensive and comparative analysis for MALDI FTMS lipid and phospholipid profiles from biological samples

Described here is a computationally automated method for translating complex accurate mass spectra into biologically relevant and meaningful data. Rapid profiling of detailed high resolution mass spectra resulting from direct analysis of whole cells and tissues by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) is discussed. Lipid and phospholipid ions create complex spectra containing multiple m/z values corresponding to the same fundamental chemical species. A computational approach is employed to sort ions, with mass to charge ratios lower than m/z 1000, into groups of similar lipid and phospholipid compositions for comprehensive and rapid analysis. By sorting or binning ions in this manner, variations in the degree of cation exchange can be avoided, thus increasing the comparability of the data. The result is displayed as a histogram that is easily interpretable and comparable with similar analyses and is particularly useful for direct comparison of similar tissues. Spectra of leaves from a healthy Prunus persica (peach) tree are compared with those from leaves infected by the fungus Taphrina deformans. Although the infection can be seen as a difference in leaf structure and by visual inspection of the mass spectra, the method described here details the chemical difference in phospholipid compositions and their relative abundances.
Evaluation of Groebner Basis Methodology as an Aid to Harmonic Balance

A preliminary exploration is carried out of the utility of the Groebner basis method for implementing the harmonic balance analysis of nonlinear steady state vibrations. The method is found to be worthy of further investigation.
fCO2 dynamics in the Atlantic, South Pacific and South Indian oceans

Subsurface fugacities of CO2 (fCO2(20)) can be used in combination with total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to precisely calculate total alkalinity. Thus it can be used to determine dissolution of calcium carbonate (hard tissue) and remineralization of organic material (soft tissue), to quantify saturation constants of calcite and aragonite in seawater, and to characterize water masses. fCO2(20) is a good tracer of biological transformation since it is thermodynamically related to the other inorganic carbon system parameters and it has a dynamic range from 200 to 2000 μatm in the world's ocean. Precision of fCO2 measurements is 0.3% and the values are well calibrated using compressed gas reference standards. Increases of fCO2(20) are observed as the water masses age during movement from the Atlantic to the Indian and South Pacific oceans. As an example of the determination of the ratio of soft tissue remineralization to hard tissue dissolution from fCO2(20) and DIC, the trends along the 27.2 isopycnal for the subtropical gyres of the three basins are investigated. Little CaCO3 dissolves along this isopycnal in the Atlantic and the South Pacific while the soft tissue remineralization to hard tissue dissolution ratio in Indian Ocean is 4.5:1. The difference in this ratio along the 27.2 isopycnal appears to be a combination of the calcite and aragonite saturation levels and the supply of aragonite tests.
A stochastic realization approach to reduced-order hierarchical estimation

A hierarchical estimation algorithm is developed using the stochastic realization approach. The key feature of the algorithm is that the local processors compute oblique projections as opposed to orthogonal projections. Then using the interaction between appropriately defined past and future residuals the new reduced-order hierarchical estimation algorithm is obtained.
THE PROCESS OF EXPLANATION

because people in Austin aren't used to driving on icy roads." "I think Jim was promoted to execu tive vice president because he's such a good conversationalist/' "I can't believe that a good kid like Michelle would have broken that vase on purpose; it must have been an accident." People generate ex planations to help them under stand their social worlds, as when they explain the apparently altruis tic actions of someone they dislike by invoking ulterior motives. People also generate explanations to increase feelings of prediction and control, as when they explain that an assault victim should have
Tumor localizing agents I. Synthesis and tissue distribution of 14C-labeled and radioiodinated 5,6-diacetoxyindole

Interest in the development of radiopharmaceuticals suitable for the diagnosis and treatment of malignant melanoma prompted the present study. One of the first approaches to this problem has involved the synthesis of suitably labeled precursors of melanin with the hope that these substances would be selectively taken up by the pigmented tumor and rapidly converted to a radiolabeled melanin within the tumor. Since 5, 6-dihydroxyindole is a late precursor of melanin, the synthesis of this material labeled with 14 C was undertaken. This substance, however, proved to be too unstable and was therefore converted to the diacetate for animal studies. The radio-iodine-labeled analog was prepared by iodine exchange of 5,6-diacetoxy-7-iodoindole with sodium iodide- 125 I. Neither 5,6-diacetoxyindole-2- 14 C nor the 125 I analog showed a predilection for melanomas in mice.
Notes on the enzymatic equilibrium between inorganic pyrophosphate and orthophosphate.

In homogenates of intestinal mucosa PP breaks down enzymatically to o-phosphate in the presence of o-phosphate concentrations of 1.3 M or lower, while above this concentration no reaction of any kind can be detected. Because of the limited accuracy of determining PP in the presence of 500 times its molar equivalent of o-phosphate, one can only conclude that the equilibrium constant for the reaction, PP + H2O ⇄ 2 o-phosphate, must be more than about 1000 and the −ΔF0 at least 4000 cal. With improvement of the methods these values would surely go up. These results are consistent with the assumption that −ΔF0 value of this hydrolysis is actually about 8000 cal.
Neuronal mechanisms underlying behavioral switching in a pteropod mollusc

In the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina, wing retraction takes precedence over spontaneous and continuous swimming, a phenomenon here defined as behavioral switching. The wing retraction system is organized as a simple reflex in which wing mechanoreceptors activate a pair of retraction interneurons which in turn excite at least two pairs of retraction motoneurons.
Co-translational membrane integration of calcium pump protein without signal sequence cleavage.

The calcium pump protein (CPP) or Ca2+-ATPase is the predominant integral membrane protein of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of skeletal muscle1,2. CPP is a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight (MW) 119,000 (ref. 3) which loops in and out of the membrane at least three times4–8. Recently, a number of integral transmembrane proteins possessing a single hydrophilic domain on each side of the membrane have been observed to use a signal sequence, cleaved9,10 or uncleaved11, to initiate translocation of their ectoplasmic domain12. Microsomal membranes when present during translation are capable of correctly integrating these de novo synthesized proteins into the membrane9,11. We have used this in vitro translocation system to investigate the integration of CPP into the microsomal membrane. We found that CPP is synthesized without a cleaved signal sequence and that it can be integrated into heterologous microsomal membranes only when these are present during translation, but not when they are present after completion of translation.
PARTIAL IMMUNOLOGICAL RESTORATION OF NEONATALLY THYMECTOMIZED RATS WITH THYMUS-CONTAINING DIFFUSION CHAMBERS.

SEVERAL investigators have demonstrated the important part of the thymus in the development of immunological competence1–3. A point of considerable significance is whether this thymic function is mediated by a cellular or a humoral mechanism. There is both direct and indirect evidence of a humoral factor in thymic activity in the mouse. Thus, genetic studies have established that the cellular constitution of thymus tissue grafted to mice thymectomized at birth is of host rather than donor origin4,5, and other work has established that partial immunological restoration of such thymectomized mice can be achieved by thymus-containing diffusion chambers which do not permit the passage of whole cells6,7. However, since the restorative effect of such chambers is incomplete, and since thymic extracts have not produced appreciable restoration, it remains unsettled whether a cellular mechanism is involved in addition to the humoral one and investigation in a second species appears to be warranted. The present note reports our investigations over the past 18 months of immunological restoration of neonatally thymectomized rats with thymus-containing diffusion chambers. The results are in general agreement with the mouse experiments, and show that partial immunological restoration is achieved but the restored animals are not immunologically normal.
Thermal tests and analyses of potted leadless chip carriers

Summary form only given. A numerical and experimental study has been conducted to evaluate the thermal performance of leadless ceramic chip carrier packages used in hybrid microcircuit applications at Sandia National Laboratories. This was undertaken to develop a modeling technique which can be used for evaluating the steady-state and transient performance of future hybrid microcircuit designs and to investigate the effect of various packaging parameters. A finite-element model of a 40-pad leadless ceramic chip carrier package was developed and tests were conducted to benchmark the model prediction capability. Sufficient detail was included in the model to capture the solder joints between the chip carrier and the alumina substrate. Steady-state tests were performed with a specially designed chip in order to make direct measurements of the chip surface temperature. The steady-state analysis results were in agreement with the test measurements. >
Transport shot noise models and NF min comparison for SiGe HBTs under different operation configurations

Triggered by the recent discoveries on the superior high-frequency performance exhibited by the common-base (CB) SiGe HBTs over the common-emitter (CE) ones, noise characteristics of the CB SiGe HBT are investigated in this paper. Accurate RF shot noise models are derived for CB SiGe HBTs and used to calculate their minimum noise figure (NFmin). The NFmin of CB SiGe HBTs are then compared with that of the CE SiGe HBTs. Simplified noise models can be obtained for both CE and CB SiGe HBTs by ignoring the base resistance effects in order to obtain an explicit expression of the NFmin for both configurations. It is found, from applying the noise models into CE and CB SiGe HBTs, that the simplified noise model can provide the same noise figure as the improved model for CE SiGe HBTs, while different results were obtained for CB SiGe HBTs. The difference indicates the critical importance of including base resistance in modelling the noise characteristics of CB SiGe HBTs. Regardless of the difference of NFmin between CE and CB SiGe HBTs, CB SiGe HBTs also exhibit low NFmin while offering their potential higher associated power gain values for promising implementation in low-noise amplifiers.
The Order−Disorder Transition and the Disordered Micelle Regime for Poly(ethylenepropylene-b-dimethylsiloxane) Spheres

Two asymmetric poly(ethylenepropylene-b-dimethylsiloxane) diblock copolymer melts have been examined by rheology, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The two copolymers have total molecular weights of 24 400 and 23 900 and PDMS volume fractions of 0.12 and 0.10, respectively. The latter copolymer was obtained by extensive fractionation of the former, the difference in composition arising primarily from the removal of traces of PDMS homopolymer. The order-disorder transition (ODT) is unambiguously identified by rheology and SAXS. Above the ODT the SANS and rheological properties are consistent with the recently proposed disordered micelle regime, whereby the copolymers are associated in micellar aggregates that are not ordered on a lattice. The viscosity of the melt in this regime is greater than that of a poly(ethylenepropylene) homopolymer of the same total molecular weight. The SANS structure factors were analyzed by a generalized inverse Fourier transform and by direct fitting to a model based on the Percus-Yevick structure factor and either a spherical or an ellipsoidal form factor. Both approaches give comparable results, and the average micelle core radius, effective hard-sphere radius, and volume fraction were extracted as a function of temperature. The fitting suggests that as temperature increases the micelles remain relatively unchanged, but their number density and volume fraction decrease steadily. The fractionated copolymer has a significantly smaller micellar core than its precursor and therefore a significantly smaller aggregation number. These differences are attributable to the partitioning of PDMS homopolymer into the micellar cores. For these samples the critical micelle temperature (cmt), where the volume fraction of micelles should become negligible, was not accessed, even 100 deg above the ODT.
XeCl excimer emission linear plasma arrays

Summary form only given. When operated in a gas mixture of Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) and Xenon (Xe) (0.06% HCl, 0.03% Hydrogen, 1.5% Xe, balance Neon), microhollow cathode discharges (MHCDs) have been shown to generate XeCl radiation with efficiencies on the order of percent. As a result, these discharges have applications where the generation of UV radiation is required, such as excimer lamps for curing and decontamination. In these applications, optimizing the efficiency of the system in terms excimer power delivered to the application site per electrical power consumed by the lamp is desired. In practical applications, this requires not only efficient production of excimers within the plasma, but also that the discharge be geometrically configured to deliver the generated excimer radiation to the application site as efficiently as possible. The ability to achieve the desired geometry by extending the geometric configuration of the discharge, and hence and excimer lamp, in one dimension, as in linear plasma arrays, and in two dimensions, such as in an arbitrarily shaped array, can thus improve the overall efficiency of the system. One possibility for such a system is an array of microhollow discharges, where voltages of approximately 200 V and currents on the order of 1 mA are typical when operated dc, resulting in an electrical power for a single discharge on the order of 100 mW. For these currents the plasma extends over the surface of the cathode outside the microhole and forms a plasma layer approximately 100 micrometers thick. When configured in linear arrays on a planar cathode surface, experimental results show that the efficiency of the discharge in producing excimer radiation is improved. Experimental studies were performed on XeCl discharge sources with non-linear geometries. Results of experiments in dc mode with respect to optical emission at 308 nm will be reported.
Nurse staffing, mortality, and length of stay in for-profit and not-for-profit hospitals.

The issue of differential quality in for-profit (FP) and not-for-profit (NFP) hospitals remains a critical health policy question. With research demonstrating a relationship between nurse staffing ...
CAPITAL ADEQUACY AND THE VALUATION OF LARGE COMMERCIAL BANKING ORGANIZATIONS

Bankers argue that regulatory agencies require excessive capital adequacy. As a consequence, banks cannot achieve optimal capital structure. This study investigates the capital adequacy issue for bank holding companies over the 1974—1983 period, one of the most turbulent periods in recent banking history. During this time, capital is never excessive from the stockholders' viewpoint, and financial markets, on average, perceive capital levels as inadequate. Assuming the public wants no lower capital levels than shareholders, recent regulatory action to require higher capital ratios is a Pareto superior decision.
The Therapeutic Effect of Cell Transplantation Versus Noncellular Biomaterial Implantation on Cardiac Structure and Function Following Myocardial Infarction.

Although numerous studies demonstrated that localized delivery of either cells or biomaterials improved postinfarction cardiac function, the underlying mechanisms for this effect remain unclear. We performed a comparison of the effects of fetal, neonatal, and human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac cell as well as mesenchymal stem cell transplantation versus biomaterial (collagen/extracellular matrix) implantation therapy in rat myocardial infarction model in our laboratory, specifically comparing their effects on infarct wall thickness, neovascularization, infarct wall motion, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Both cell and biomaterial treatment had similar beneficial effects on cardiac structure (increasing infarct wall thickness and preventing infarct expansion) and function (preventing paradoxical LV systolic bulging and improving LVEF). In this review, we also discussed the underlying mechanisms of cell and biomaterial therapies, their advantages and disadvantages, and future research ...
High resolution spectral estimation for noisy signals

A spectral model containing poles and zeros is derived for the high resolution spectral estimation of data containing an auto-regressive (all-pole) signal, interference, and white noise. A computationally efficient method for computing the spectrum is introduced. Examples of some spectra calculated by this method are presented and compared with the autoregressive spectral estimator.
Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes for photon-counting communications

Arrays of photon-counting avalanche photodiodes enable laser-communications receivers with unprecedented sensitivity at 1.06-/spl mu/m wavelength. Arrays with 64 elements were fabricated in the InGaAsP/InP materials system and were bump-bonded to a custom CMOS integrated circuit. The integrated circuit uses a novel nonblocking architecture to continuously report both time-of-arrival for incoming photons as well as their spatial location on the array. Near room temperature, the best detectors have: 45% photon detection efficiency, 65-kHz dark count rate, and a 1.6-/spl mu/s reset time to avoid after-pulsing.
A Connectionist Symbol Manipulator That Discovers the Structure of Context-Free Languages

We present a neural net architecture that can discover hierarchical and recursive structure in symbol strings. To detect structure at multiple levels, the architecture has the capability of reducing symbols substrings to single symbols, and makes use of an external stack memory. In terms of formal languages, the architecture can learn to parse strings in an LR(O) context-free grammar. Given training sets of positive and negative exemplars, the architecture has been trained to recognize many different grammars. The architecture has only one layer of modifiable weights, allowing for a straightforward interpretation of its behavior.
Roger W. Shuy, Linguistics in the courtroom: A practical guide

Roger W. Shuy, Linguistics in the courtroom: A practical guide. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. xiv + 146. Hb $35.00.The focus of Linguistics in the courtroom is narrower than the title implies: It is not intended for, say, linguists who are courtroom interpreters or those who are concerned with reforming jury instructions to make them more intelligible. Rather, this is a succinct, authoritative guidebook for linguists who give scientific advice to attorneys about linguistic issues in criminal and civil court cases. Consultants frequently are asked to write reports, filed under oath, that are intended to influence judges and worry opposing counsel; Roger Shuy cogently describes such documents, their purposes, and the processes for drawing them up (chapter 6). In civil cases, report writers are usually cross-examined under oath in a discovery procedure called a “deposition” (chapter 7). Occasionally, the linguist also appears as an expert witness in trial appearances before judges and juries (chapters 8–9). These chapters alone are well worth the price of the book.
Resonance and field/inductive substituent effects on the gas-phase acidities of para-substituted phenols: a direct approach employing density functional theory

Relative gas-phase acidities of para-substituted phenols (1, Sub—C6H4—OH) and their ω-substituted para-alkylphenol analogs [2, Sub—(CH2)n—C6H4—OH] were calculated at the B3LYP/6–31+G* and AM1 levels of theory. The acidity of a substituted molecule of 2 is compared with that of the unsubstituted molecule of 2 to determine the field/inductive effect of the substituent on the acidity of 2. This field/inductive effect was extrapolated to n = 0, yielding the field/inductive effect of the substituent on the acidity of 1. The derived field/inductive effect in 1 was subtracted from the difference in acidity between 1 and phenol in order to determine the resonance effect of the substituent on the acidity of 1. Our results are compared with the field/inductive and resonance substituent parameters empirically derived from previous experimental solution studies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nano-structured Silicon Optical Sensors

Porous silicon, a material produced by a simple electrochemical etch process on n- or p-type silicon, has generated considerable interest for its photophysical properties ever since its discovery in the late 1950s. The last decade, in particular, has seen a tremendous amount of research in the use of porous silicon for the construction of label-free optical biosensors. This chapter gives an overview of the broad range of three-dimensional matrix structures that can be made in porous silicon, and their uses in biosensing. As many of these photonic structures are “one-dimensional photonic bandgap” devices, I also discuss the next dimension in sensing with silicon–two-dimensional photonic bandgap structures.
Fatal systemic fluorosis due to hydrofluoric acid burns

A patient with a 70% hydrofluoric acid burn developed systemic dissemination of fluoride ion from a 9% to 10% body surface area exposure on the lower extremities. Severe hypocalcemia and intractable ventricular arrhythmias resulted. This case is the second documented occurrence of hypocalcemia from hydrofluoric acid burns. It is the first case to document myocardial injury and systemic fluorosis from a skin burn.
Size-dependent DNA Mobility in Cytoplasm and Nucleus

The diffusion of DNA in cytoplasm is thought to be an important determinant of the efficacy of gene delivery and antisense therapy. We have measured the translational diffusion of fluorescein-labeled double-stranded DNA fragments (in base pairs (bp): 21, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 6000) after microinjection into cytoplasm and nucleus of HeLa cells. Diffusion was measured by spot photobleaching using a focused argon laser spot (488 nm). In aqueous solutions, diffusion coefficients of the DNA fragments in water (Dw) decreased from 53 × 10−8 to 0.81 × 10−8 cm2/s for sizes of 21–6000 bp; D w was related empirically to DNA size:D w = 4.9 × 10−6cm2/s·[bp size]−0.72. DNA diffusion coefficients in cytoplasm (D cyto) were lower than D w and depended strongly on DNA size.D cyto/D w decreased from 0.19 for a 100-bp DNA fragment to 0.06 for a 250-bp DNA fragment and was 2000 bp. Diffusion of microinjected fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) dextrans was faster than that of comparably sized DNA fragments of 250 bp and greater. In nucleus, all DNA fragments were nearly immobile, whereas FITC dextrans of molecular size up to 580 kDa were fully mobile. These results suggest that the highly restricted diffusion of DNA fragments in nucleoplasm results from extensive binding to immobile obstacles and that the decreased lateral mobility of DNAs >250 bp in cytoplasm is because of molecular crowding. The diffusion of DNA in cytoplasm may thus be an important rate-limiting barrier in gene delivery utilizing non-viral vectors.
A Bit-Width Optimization Methodology for Polynomial-Based Function Evaluation

We present an automated bit-width optimization methodology for polynomial-based hardware function evaluation. Due to the analytical nature of the approach, overflow protection and precision accurate to one unit in the last place (ulp) can be guaranteed. A range analysis technique based on computing the root of the derivative of a signal is utilized to determine the minimal number of integer bits. Fractional bit requirements are established using an analytical error expression derived from the functions that occur along the data path. Global fractional bit optimization across multiple computation stages is performed using simulated annealing and circuit area estimation functions
BGK electron solitary waves: 1D and 3D

Abstract. This paper presents new results for 1D BGK electron solitary wave (phase-space electron hole) solutions and, based on the new results, extends the solutions to include the 3D electrical interaction (E ~ 1/r 2) of charged particles. Our approach for extending to 3D is to solve the nonlinear 3D Poisson and 1D Vlasov equations based on a key feature of 1D electron hole (EH) solutions; the positive core of an EH is screened by electrons trapped inside the potential energy trough. This feature has not been considered in previous studies. We illustrate this key feature using an analytical model and argue that the feature is independent of any specific model. We then construct azimuthally symmetric EH solutions under conditions where electrons are highly field-aligned and ions form a uniform background along the magnetic field. Our results indicate that, for a single humped electric potential, the parallel cut of the perpendicular component of the electric field (E⊥) is unipolar and that of the parallel component (E||) bipolar, reproducing the multi-dimensional features of the solitary waves observed by the FAST satellite. Our analytical solutions presented in this article capture the 3D electric interaction and the observed features of (E|| ) and E⊥. The solutions predict a dependence of the parallel width-amplitude relation on the perpendicular size of EHs. This dependence can be used in conjunction with experimental data to yield an estimate of the typical perpendicular size of observed EHs; this provides important information on the perpendicular span of the source region as well as on how much electrostatic energy is transported by the solitary waves.
Application of the Bingham distribution function in paleomagnetic studies

Fisherian statistical parameters are frequently published for paleomagnetic data that form elongate directional distributions, despite the fact that they are strictly applicable to circularly symmetric distributions. Thus the Bingham statistical parameters provide better approximation to elongate paleomagnetic data sets. Because the Bingham parameters also pertain to directions dispersed along a great circle, they supply a statistical basis for describing the distribution of axes perpendicular to great circles intersecting at a common point, a problem that arises in the analysis of multicomponent magnetization, in the application of the Hargraves' correction technique, and in intersecting lunes. Application of the Bingham density function to paleomagnetic poles from Tertiary lava flows in Iceland reveals temporal fluctuations in the eccentricity of the data. Use of the Bingham density function in the analysis of intersecting great circles is illustrated by application to data from a lightning strike remagnetized basalt in northern Arizona.
Dynamic agent population in agent-based distance vector routing

The Intelligent Mobile Agent paradigm can be applied to a wide variety of intrinsically parallel and distributed applications. Network routing is one such application that can be mapped to an agent-based approach. The performance of any agent-based system will depend on the size of its agent population. Although a significant amount of research has been conducted on mobile agent-based systems, little consideration has been given to the importance of dynamically and autonomously adapting the size of the agent population as function of circumstances in the environment. A large number of constituent agents can consume considerable amounts of network resources, thereby impeding the overall performance of the network. Hence, it is imperative to have a control mechanism whereby the agent population can be adjusted in a distributed manner to balance the resource overhead in the network. This paper briefly discusses an agent-based approach to Distance Vector Routing, referred as Agent-based Distance Vector Routing. It also describes a framework for an adaptive approach to control the number of agents in the network using pheromones and discusses its limitations.
Modulation of myonuclear number in functionally overloaded and exercised rat plantaris fibers

The effects of 10 wk of functional overload (FO), with and without daily treadmill endurance training, on the cross-sectional area, myonuclear number, and myonuclear domain size of mechanically iso...
Race, Rationality, and Behavior

American society is both puzzled and threatened by the apparently intractable division and tension between the African-American minority and the largely white majority. Since the landmark Supreme Court decision of 1954, the legally enforced disabilities facing the minority have been removed and replaced by legislation that not only outlaws racial discrimination, but attempts to remedy it by public and private programs in employment and social integration. However, efforts to eliminate race-based differences have been less than completely successful as is evidenced by the continued differential in employment, income and human capital accumulation, the prevalence of crime and the disproportionately large number of blacks involved in the criminal justice system, and the ongoing pattern of alienation within parts of the black community. The result is continued separation and hostility that escalates periodically from isolated incidents to civil disturbances.
Inguinal Lymph Node Metastases from Germ Cell Testicular Tumors

AbstractBetween 1948 and 1982, 22 patients were seen with metastasis to the inguinal nodes from testicular germ cell tumors: 8 had a history of unilateral or bilateral orchiopexy with or without hemiorrhaphy, 4 had nonsurgically corrected or uncorrected cryptorchidism, 9 had a history of hemiorrhaphy, hydrncelectomy or transsc:rotal orchiectomy and l had no history of scrotal, iliac or inguinal surgery, or of tunica vaginalis or scrotal wall involvement by tumor. The histological type was pure seminoma in 5 patients, embryonal carcinoma in 7 and mixed tumor in 10, Treatment was individualized for tumor type and mode of presentation, and varied during the years according to the modalities available, At the time of this report 8 of 22 patients (36 per cent) are alive without evidence of disease from 2 to 29.5 years, 3 (16 per cent) have died without evidence of disease 10 to 17 years after treatment, 10 ( 45 per cent) have died of metastases 10 months to 6 years after treatment and 1 has been lmt to followu...
‘The woods is a more free space for children to be creative; their imagination kind of sparks out there’: exploring young children’s cognitive play opportunities in natural, manufactured and mixed outdoor preschool zones

ABSTRACTOutdoor preschools are critical for children’s play and development. Integrating observational and interview methods, this study examined four-to-five-year-old children’s cognitive play experiences in an outdoor preschool with natural, mixed and manufactured zones. The observational results indicated that the natural and mixed zones offered a diverse spectrum of cognitive play, were supportive of different learning styles and expanded their understanding about the world. Children preferred the diverse, challenging and constantly evolving natural settings in these zones. Integrating diverse natural and manufactured settings with loose elements, the mixed zone supported considerable opportunities for functional, exploratory and games with rules play behaviors. The accessible loose materials inspired children’s imagination, social engagement and games. In contrast, the manufactured zone offered the most functional and non-play behaviors, and was perceived as an unexciting, predictable and tedious env...
From Foucault to Freire Through Facebook Toward an Integrated Theory of mHealth

Objective. To document the integration of social science theory in literature on mHealth (mobile health) and consider opportunities for integration of classic theory, health communication theory, and social networking to generate a relevant theory for mHealth program design. Method. A secondary review of research syntheses and meta-analyses published between 2005 and 2014 related to mHealth, using the AMSTAR (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews) methodology for assessment of the quality of each review. High-quality articles from those reviews using a randomized controlled design and integrating social science theory in program design, implementation, or evaluation were reviewed. Results. There were 1,749 articles among the 170 reviews with a high AMSTAR score (≥30). Only 13 were published from 2005 to 2014, used a randomized controlled design and made explicit mention of theory in any aspect of their mHealth program. All 13 included theoretical perspectives focused on psychological and/or psyc...
Rationalization as the Major Defense in Hypochondriasis

Interpretations of hypochondriasis vary according to specific theories but share in common the association between psychological problems and somatic expressions of those problems. The exact nature of this psychological/somatic association is often vague and leaves the reader wondering exactly how a psychological problem may be expressed physically. For example, Freud (1914/1959) wrote of narcissism and the concentration of interest and libido upon a given organ which becomes the focus of a person's attention. Fenichel (1945) viewed hypochondria as, simply stated, atonement for guilt over unacceptable sexual and aggressive impulses. Coleman, Butcher, and Carson (1980) noted that among other reasons, one develops hypochondriacal symptoms as a displacement of anxiety from stressful life circumstances to concern about health. In this paper I am suggesting a parsimonious explanation of hypochondriasis; that the major defense in hypochondriasis is rationalization. I am ~"~~estin~ that a person with hypochondriacal concerns uses physical symptoms and complaints to justify, i.e., rationalize, the anxiety which is being generated by underlying concerns (the nature of which depends upon one's theoretical orientation). The person then consciously admits to anxiety. which cannot be denied but views the reason for the anxiety as perfectly logical and legitimate, namely, concern about health. Simply stated, the hypochondriacal person is saying, "Yes, I am anxious, but who would not be, given such poor health?" By using chis defensive maneuver the person denies the true (i.e., psychological) source of the anxiety while at the same time feeling the anxiety is justified. I must note that the intent of this article has not been to discuss or explain the underlying reasons for hypochondriacs' anxiety; rather it is to indicate why that anxiety may be handled by the development of hypochondriacal symptoms.
Group peer assessment for summative evaluation in a graduate-level statistics course for ecologists

AbstractPeer assessment is often used for formative learning, but few studies have examined the validity of group-based peer assessment for the summative evaluation of course assignments. The present study contributes to the literature by using online technology (the course management system Moodle™) to implement structured, summative peer review based on an anchored rubric in an ecological statistics course taught to graduate students. We found that grade discrepancies between students and the instructor were fairly common (60% of assignments), relatively low in value (mean = 3.3 ± 2.5% on assignments that had discrepancies) and proportionally higher for criteria related to interpretation of statistical results and code quality and organisation than for criteria related to the successful completion of analysis or instructional tasks (e.g. fitting particular statistical methods, de-identification of one’s submission). Students reported that the peer assessment process increased their exposure to alternati...
Kekulenes, cycloarenes, and heterocycloarenes: addressing electronic structure and aromaticity through experiments and calculations

Kekulenes, cycloarenes, and heterocycloarenes have attracted much attention though the years, largely due to their electronic structure. The synthesis and characterization of these interesting molecules showed that their π electrons remained delocalized in individual benzenoid-type rings rather than globally delocalized in an annulenoid fashion. This discovery further suggested that the Clar bonding model, not the Kekule model, is the best representation for depicting the bonding of large macrocyclic aromatic compounds. A plethora of computational studies suggest that cycloarenes gain little, if any, energetic stabilization from global delocalization, obviating the need for the concept of superaromaticity. More recently, cycloarenes have been suggested to serve as models for defects in graphene. Further study into this interesting set of compounds will continue to provide insights into fundamental questions about how aromatic compounds behave.