cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions between growth factor receptors and corresponding monoclonal antibodies in human tumors

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, the type I insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor, and the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor were used to study the growth regulation of malignant cells. Anti-EGF receptor MAb 425 inhibited the growth of A 431 squamous carcinoma cells which express high numbers of EGF receptors on their surfaces. Growth inhibition induced by MAb 425 was accompanied by alterations of the cell-cycle distribution of these cells, indicating the ability of a monoclonal antibody to act as a biologically active ligand. Growth stimulation of melanoma cells by EGF was unrelated to EGF receptor expression on the cell surface. Insulin- and IGF-I-induced growth stimulation of melanoma cells was inhibited by MAb alpha IR-3 which reacts with the type I IGF receptor. This result indicates that the type I IGF receptor mediated growth stimulation not only by IGF-I but also by insulin. Normal melanocytes and cells of all stages of tumor progression expressed in tissue culture the receptor for NGF, but no effect on the growth of these cells has been observed.
American Indian Adolescent Alcohol Involvement and Ethnic Identification

Structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques were used to explore the relationship between American Indian ethnic identification and alcohol involvement. The subject pool was comprised of 202 American Indian adolescents (114 females, 88 males). Measures of ethnic identity, frequency and style of alcohol use, peer alcohol associations, and family sanctions against alcohol were obtained through survey research. Results of the model analysis revealed that while peer alcohol associations significantly predicted alcohol involvement for both males and females, and family sanctions against alcohol were predictive for the females in the sample, ethnic identity did not predict alcohol involvement, directly or indirectly, for either males nor females. Results are discussed in terms of past theoretical explanations of American Indian youth involvement with alcohol.
Silicon in waters of the Sevastopol Bay in spring 2008

On the basis of field studies executed in May 2008, we performed the analysis of the distribution of silicon in waters of the Sevastopol Bay under conditions of the formation of a seasonal thermocline. We discuss differences in the distributions of silicon in the surface and bottom layers, including the zone of mixing of river and sea waters. We noticed a significant difference in values of the coefficients of correlation between the concentration of silicon and the salinity for the surface and bottom layers. For bottom layer, we obtain large values of the coefficients of correlation between the concentration of silicon and other hydrochemical characteristics which are explained by the influence of the processes of transformation of organic substance.
Absolute measurement of the DT primary neutron yield on the National Ignition Facility

The measurement of the absolute neutron yield produced in inertial confinement fusion target experiments conducted on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) is essential in benchmarking progress towards the goal of achieving ignition on this facility. This paper describes three independent diagnostic techniques that have been developed to make accurate and precise DT neutron yield measurements on the NIF.
Prevention of venous thromboembolism in the medically ill.

Internal medicine patients are assumed to have a smaller thrombotic risk than surgical patients, but over half of all symptomatic venous thromboembolic events occur in the medically ill.[1][1] We studied the utilization of prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in medically ill patients
Governing a Groundwater Commons: A Strategic and Laboratory Analysis of Western Water Law

We examine strategic behavior in groundwater depletion within the setting of state governance of groundwater resources in the American West. Solving a dynamic common-pool resource model for its optimal solution and its subgame perfect equilibrium provides benchmarks for behavior observed in laboratory experiments. Three forms of legal rules-common-pool depletion with a “rule-of-capture ” to establish ownership (absolute ownership doctrine), entry restrictions (prior appropriation doctrine), and stock quotas (correlative rights doctrinekre examined in terms of their impact on individual strategic behavior in laboratory experiments.
Medicare price controls: the wrong prescription.

The cu rr ent de bat e on Medicare is wretched because most proponents of a position do not set out clearly the principles and economic philosophy on which they believe the program should be based. Instead, the pattern usually is to discuss changes in the program merely in terms of “budget savings,” without much indication of how the reform would begin to change the nature of the program. The paper by Theodore Marmor and Jonathan Oberlander is refreshing because the authors insist on discussing basic principles and economic philosophy. That does not make them correct, of course. Indeed, by laying out their framework so bluntly, they do us a service by exposing the weaknesses of more hazy and incremental reforms that start from a similar view of the world. In comparing vouchers with their own plan, Marmor and Oberlander get to the heart of the real debate that should be taking place. It is not a debate about the Hospital Insurance (HI) trust fund. The central dispute is over two questions that should be asked even if the trust fund were projected to be in balance forever. First, should Congress determine and then budget howmuch taxpayers should contribute to Medicare, or should Congress continue to promise retirees that society will guarantee them a certain set of benefits, regardless of cost? And second, which economic system is more likely to achieve an efficient and just Medicare program—the system of central planning or the system of markets and consumer choice? Marmor and Oberlander answer these questions by painting a glowing picture of how a complete regime of central planning, with tighter price controls and budgets, could enable the promise of defined Medicare benefits to be achieved at reasonable cost.
Exceptions and Other Rare and Irregular Events: Two Modes of Learning in Business Intelligence (Research in Progress)

Irregular and unpredictable events are increasingly important design elements of several of the latest business intelligence technologies, such as complex event processing (CEP), business performance management (BPM), and the real-time enterprise (RTE). Theories of individual and organizational learning from irregular events - exceptions, interruptions, surprises, accidents, and so on - tend to conform to one of two contradictory patterns. I draw these theories together to understand the complementary processes by which learners derive knowledge and insight from irregular events. I identify contingency factors that bias learners toward one of the two cognitive modes - incorporation of multiple events into a generalized understanding, or expansion of individual events into rich analytical conversations - and propose "exception design" levers by which BPM dashboard implementers can adjust these factors and influence the way users create knowledge in business intelligence. A pilot experiment lends some support to the hypothesis that frequency and ambivalence are designable aspects of exceptions that affect learning. The author seeks feedback and suggestions for a more effective research design.
On the solubilization of water with ethanol in hydrophobic hexafluorophosphate ionic liquids

The solubility of water in the hydrophobic 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (alkyl = butyl, hexyl, and octyl) ionic liquids, can be significantly increased in the presence of ethanol as a co-solute. 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate are completely miscible with ethanol, and immiscible with water, whereas 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate is totally miscible with aqueous ethanol only between 0.5–0.9 mole fraction ethanol at 25 °C. At higher and lower mole fraction of ethanol, the aqueous and IL components are only partially miscible and a biphasic system is obtained upon mixing equal volumes of the IL and aqueous ethanol. The observation of a large range of total miscibility between water and the IL in the three-component system has important implications for purifications and separations from IL.
Transferable strategic meta-reasoning models

How do strategic agents make decisions? For the first time, a confluence of advances in agent design, formation of massive online data sets of social behavior, and computational techniques have allowed for researchers to construct and learn much richer models than before. My central thesis is that, when agents engaged in repeated strategic interaction undertake a reasoning or learning process, the behavior resulting from this process can be characterized by two factors: depth of reasoning over base rules and time-horizon of planning. Values for these factors can be learned effectively from interaction and are transferable to new games, producing highly effective strategic responses. The dissertation formally presents a framework for addressing the problem of predicting a population’s behavior using a meta-reasoning model containing these strategic components. To evaluate this model, I explore several experimental case studies that show how to use the framework to predict and respond to behavior using observed data, covering settings ranging from a small number of computer agents to a larger number of human participants.
SKEWNESS AND PERMUTATION

— The skewness criterion of phylogenetic structure in data is too sensitive to character state frequencies, is not sensitive enough to number of characters (degree of corroboration) and relies on counts of arbitrarily-resolved bifurcating trees. For these reasons it can give misleading results. Permutation tests lack those drawbacks and can be performed quickly by using approximate parsimony calculations, but the test based on minimal tree length can imply strong structure in ambiguous data. A more satisfactory test is obtained by using a support measure which takes multiple trees into account.
Integrating fly-by-light systems

The authors describe how new systems, technologies, and functions will be integrated into the ACAS (aircraft controls and avionics system) fly-by-light architecture, and discuss some of the current Douglas Aircraft development work associated with it. The ACAS integrated fly-by-light architecture will provide improved performance, operational capabilities, manufacturability and maintainability, upgradability, and cross type adaptability. The success of this highly integrated fly-by-light architecture is tied to multidisciplinary holistic development approach and the large-scale application of modularization. The application of fly-by-light technologies to control and sensing functions could substantially reduce the electromagnetic susceptibility of critical electronic flight control systems while preserving their benefits. >
'Envelope Programming' and Conjugate Duality.

Abstract In a recent paper D. J. White presented a new approach to the problem of minimizing a differentiable convex function over a convex set. The idea begins with describing the convex function as the envelope of its tangent hyperplanes. With this description the given problem is represented in “min-max” form. An appeal to White's minimax theorem then permits one to interchange the extrema and arrive at a dual problem having “max-min” form. In the present paper White's approach is first generalized and analyzed and then related to well-known results in conjugate duality.
Induction of HIV-1 Replication in Latently Infected CD4+ T Cells Using a Combination of Cytokines

Although it has been demonstrated that certain cytokines, particularly proinflammatory cytokines, can enhance ongoing viral replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HIV-1-infected individuals, it is unclear what role these cytokines play in the induction of HIV-1 replication in latently infected, resting CD4(+) T cells. This study demonstrates that the in vitro combination of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha together with the immunoregulatory cytokine IL-2 are potent inducers of viral replication in highly purified, latently infected, resting CD4+ T cells derived from HIV-infected individuals who are antiretroviral therapy-naive as well as those who are receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Viral replication induced by this combination of cytokines was completely suppressed in the presence of HAART in vitro. Given that an array of cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-2, are copiously expressed in the microenvironment of the lymphoid tissues, which harbor the latent viral reservoirs, induction of HIV by this combination of cytokines may in part explain the commonly observed reappearance of detectable plasma viremia in HIV-infected individuals in whom HAART was discontinued. Moreover, since it is likely that these infected cells die upon activation of virus and that HAART prevents spread of virus to adjacent cells, the observation that this combination of cytokines can markedly induce viral replication in this reservoir may have important implications for the activation-mediated diminution of the latent reservoir of HIV in patients receiving HAART.
T-cell tolerance in cancer

T cells are the master regulators of adaptive immune responses and maintenance of their tolerance is critical to prevent autoimmunity. However, in the case of carcinogenesis, the tumor microenvironment aids T-cell tolerance, which contributes to uncontrolled tumor growth. Recently, there has been significant progress in understanding the intrinsic extracellular (positive and negative costimulatory molecules on APCs) and intracellular mechanisms (E3 ubiquitin ligases, transcriptional and epigenetic repressors), as well as extrinsic mechanisms (Tregs and tolerogenic dendritic cells) that are required for the implementation and maintenance of T-cell tolerance. Ultimately, understanding and manipulating T-cell tolerance will help to break the tolerance state in cancer.
Global Internet Law in a Nutshell

The Global Internet Law in a Nutshell begins with a review of the history, technology, and competing theories of the Internet that enables a deeper understanding of case law and statutory developments discussed in the substantive chapters. It briefly covers the history of the Internet through the rapidly evolving Web 3.0, competing theories of Internet governance, cyber jurisdiction and enforcement of judgments, choice and conflicts of law, cybertorts, online contracting and licensing including social media terms of use, the protection of online intellectual property assets, global consumer law, the protection of online privacy, criminal liability for Internet activity, and European Community statutes such as the General Data Protection Regulation, E-Commerce Directive, Brussels Regulation, and Rome I Regulation. The Third Edition presents a concise discussion of cloud computing and social media terms of use. Each chapter of this revised edition updates the key cases and statutory developments from the United States, Europe, and around the world. This book is an ideal beginning textbook as well as starting point for most Internet-related research. This short treatise provides a succinct summary of e-commerce law developments around the world.
Particle motion in a barbed plate electrostatic precipitator

A barbed plate electrostatic precipitator has been designed to provide a more uniform current density distribution and electric field in the inter-electrode gap. Particle motion in the novel precipitator is observed via a laser light-sheet and measured with a laser Doppler velocimeter. Results indicate that turbulence is more uniformly distributed in the barbed plate precipitator than in a wire-plate precipitator and that transverse particle velocities are higher in the barbed plate precipitator. Additionally, large scale secondary flows are observed in the wire-plate precipitator, but not the barbed plate precipitator. >
Indirect band-gap transitions in GaP shocked along the [100], [110], and [111] axes

Shock compression experiments were performed to investigate optical changes in GaP under uniaxial strain. Low-temperature transmission spectra of sulphur-doped GaP samples were obtained at longitudinal stresses up to $5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ for shock wave loading along the [100], [111], and [110] orientations. At low uniaxial strains, changes in the band-gap absorption edge were consistent with the calculated band-gap shifts using the published deformation potentials. At high uniaxial strains, however, the published deformation potentials overestimated the shifts. This observation was confirmed by photoluminescence spectroscopy of S bound excitonic lines in shocked GaP:S. In addition, at strains higher than a few percent, a reduction in the intrinsic excitonic contribution to the band-gap absorption was obtained by modeling the absorption data with indirect-transition theory.
Rethinking the Cartesian subject in Latin America and Spain: decolonial theory and María Zambrano's philosophy

In this article, I argue that although Maria Zambrano's philosophy does not engage directly with decolonization as a historical process, her concept of “la razon poetica” shares a similar concern with that expressed by recent decolonial theorists, regarding delinking subjectivity from an epistemology of power grounded in rationalist thought. Reading Zambrano's understanding of poetic language in tension with various strands of contemporary decolonial thought, such as Walter Mignolo's focus on the locus of enunciation as central to a Western production of a geopolitics of knowledge, or Anibal Quijano's interest in a subject–object distinction that sustains a rationalist coloniality of power, the article explores the consequences of thinking about Zambrano's work as similarly invested in “epistemic delinking”. Within this context, Zambrano's focus on how metaphoric language relates to felt and experiential effects of power on individuals and communities that transcend place acquires new meaning. Through the...
Pharmacological therapies for Angelman syndrome

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a loss of the maternally inherited UBE3A; the paternal UBE3A is silenced in neurons by a mechanism involving an antisense transcript (UBE3A-AS). We reviewed the published information on clinical trials that have been completed as well as the publicly available information on ongoing trials of therapies for AS. Attempts at hypermethylating the maternal locus through dietary compounds were ineffective. The results of a clinical trial using minocycline as a matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibitor were inconclusive; another clinical trial is underway. Findings from a clinical trial using L-dopa to alter phosphorylation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II are awaited. Topoisomerase inhibitors and antisense oligonucleotides are being developed to directly inhibit UBE3A-AS. Other strategies targeting specific pathways are briefly discussed. We also reviewed the medications that are currently used to treat seizures and sleep disturbances, which are two of the more debilitating manifestations of AS.
Normalizing Vogel's Approximation Method

This paper describes an approximation method for determining an initial basic feasible solution to transportation type problems. The paper presents a "cost normalization" which is easily performed with the aid of a computer. In over 200 random problems tested, this normalizing (while using little time itself) has reduced the average number of iterations required to reach an optimal solution to a third of that required after using Vogel's approximatiotn as an initial solution. This paper is a result of an indepenidenit study group connected with a freshman linear algebra course given by the author during the spring of 1971 at the Behrend Campus of Pennsylvania State University. The naivete of the approach seems to be in refreshing contrast to the significant refinement of the approximation. I would like to give particular credit to two of the eight students in the study group: to John Pietron for the genesis of the idea, -and to James Martin for his aid in designing a computer program to test the method. The approximation we will describe is, of course, independent of any iterative procedure for refinement to an optimal solution. However, when speaking of the number of iterations required to reach an optimal solution, we refer to the steppingstone method described in Hadley's Linear Programming [11. The body of this paper is divided into three sections. In the first section, we describe the normalizing procedure. In the second, we give an example of a problem which illustrates both the approximation and its accuracy. Finally, in the third section we describe the results of testing the accuracy of the approximation. A general transportation problem may be stated as follows. We wish to find a solution matrix [xi,j] which minimizes
Evaluation of two methods for release of Entomophthora muscae (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) to infect house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on dairy farms

Two methods for initiating epizootics of Entomophthora muscae (Cohn)Fresenius in house fly, Musca domestica L., populations were evaluated on New York dairy farms. First, 500 fresh, laboratory-infected fly cadavers were placed weekly for 10wk inside barns in areas of high fly activity. Second, 2,500 living, infected flies were released on each of two occasions spaced 3 wk apart. Releases were started in mid-June. Three farms were used for each treatment plus three control farms. The E. muscae used for the releases had been isolated from house flies collected from dairies the year before and had been maintained by continuous fly-to-fly passage. Prevalence rates on both types of E. muscae release farms were twice as high (23–28%) as on control farms (12%)in the weeks after the start of the releases. Releases were more effective on farms with high fly populations than on farms with low fly populations. Examination of conidia indicated that the released strain (8–18 nuclei per conidium) became established as a result of the releases. Epizootics occurred on all farms, including controls, in September through November. Infections in the spring were exclusively with a strain of E. muscae with 2–8 nuclei per conidium; by fall, most infections (86–93%) were with a strain with 8–18 nuclei per conidium, even on control farms. Nuclear densities in the laboratory culture remained constant at 8–18 nuclei per conidium during this shift in wild infections. Neither of the E. muscae treatments significantly reduced fly populations.
Separation of Three Commercial Forms of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid, Ascorbic-2-Sulfate and Ascorbate-2-Polyphosphate) by HPLC

A modification of an existing separation technique by this laboratory is described for the separation and quantification of the three commercially available forms of ascorbic acid. The technique has the potential for identifying the various metabolic and degradation products resulting from vitamins C2 and C3 metabolism. A microwave technique is used for tissue heat denaturation and extraction.
Continental uplift through crustal hydration

Isostatic surface uplift of large continental regions lacking deformation remains largely unexplained. Evidence from the eastern parts of the Cordilleran orogen in the western United States suggests that increased buoyancy in the lower crust supports the elevations of the High Plains and Wyoming craton. We suggest that hydration of the lower crust associated with the Laramide orogeny produced surface uplift by replacing dense mineral phases such as garnet with less dense phases such as amphibole and mica. Seismic and petrologic evidence from Wyoming and Montana is consistent with such changes. Comparable hydration in the Colorado Plateau is dated to the early Tertiary. Beyond establishing a newly recognized mechanism for broad continental uplift, such hydration suggests that interactions of subduction-derived fluids and the lithosphere can be more profound than previously envisioned.
Endotoxemia and cholestasis

Endotoxemia has been incriminated as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with obstructive jaundice. It has been postulated that absence of gastrointestinal bile salt flow in cholestasis enhances portal absorption of bacterial endotoxin from the intestine, thereby predisposing the host to endotoxemia and its complications. This study re-evaluates this pathologic mechanism, using new quantitative chromogenic and conventional qualitative limulus techniques for the detection of bacterial endotoxin. Female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent either ligation of bile duct or sham operation. Serum total bilirubin, serum bile acid and intestinal bile acid concentrations were determined seven, 14 and 21 days after operation. Chromogenic and conventional qualitative limulus lysate endotoxin determinations were simultaneously performed on post-operative days two, seven, 14 and 21. Serum total bilirubin and bile acid concentrations were elevated and intestinal bile acid levels depressed at days seven, 14 and 21 (p less than 0.05). Results of quantitative and qualitative limulus studies failed to demonstrated the coexisting development of portal or systemic endotoxemia in rats with the bile duct ligated after diminution of flow of gastrointestinal bile salt. These data refute the hypothesis that flow of gastrointestinal bile salt enhances portal absorption of intestinally derived endotoxin and suggest alternative mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of endotoxemia in obstructive jaundice.
Propagation of Structural Disorder in Epitaxially Connected Quantum Dot Solids from Atomic to Micron Scale.

Epitaxially connected superlattices of self-assembled colloidal quantum dots present a promising route toward exquisite control of electronic structure through precise hierarchical structuring across multiple length scales. Here, we uncover propagation of disorder as an essential feature in these systems, which intimately connects order at the atomic, superlattice, and grain scales. Accessing theoretically predicted exotic electronic states and highly tunable minibands will therefore require detailed understanding of the subtle interplay between local and long-range structure. To that end, we developed analytical methods to quantitatively characterize the propagating disorder in terms of a real paracrystal model and directly observe the dramatic impact of angstrom scale translational disorder on structural correlations at hundreds of nanometers. Using this framework, we discover improved order accompanies increasing sample thickness and identify the substantial effect of small fractions of missing epitaxi...
Sorting it out: Eliciting consumer priorities for recovery in supportive housing.

ABSTRACTThis study aims to understand participant priorities in their personal recovery journey and their perspectives of recovery domains. A card-sort data-gathering technique was employed to elicit priorities in recovery from consumers in supportive housing programs serving adults who were formerly homeless with severe mental illnesses in New York City. Participants (N = 38) were asked to sort 12 cards printed with recovery domains in order of importance and describe the meaning attached to each domain. Mental health (95%), physical health (89%), and housing (92%) were the domains most frequently included and prioritized in the top three rankings. Family (76%) and partner (74%) were also frequently included and endorsed as most important second only to mental health. Housing was prioritized yet rated most important less often (58%). Work, school, hobbies, program, friends, and neighborhood were less frequently endorsed. “Card-sort talk” revealed critical understanding of participants’ priorities and the...
Hydraulic fracturing offers view of microbial life in the deep terrestrial subsurface

Horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing are increasingly used for recovering energy resources in black shales across the globe. Although newly-drilled wells are providing access to rocks and fluids from kilometer depths to study the deep biosphere, we have much to learn about microbial ecology of shales before and after “fracking”. Recent studies provide a framework for considering how engineering activities alter this rock-hosted ecosystem. We first provide data on the geochemical environment and microbial habitability in pristine shales. Next we summarize data showing the same pattern across fractured shales: diverse assemblages of microbes are introduced into the subsurface, eventually converging to a low diversity, halotolerant, bacterial and archaeal community. Data we synthesized show that the shale microbial community predictably shifts in response to temporal changes in geochemistry, favoring conservation of key microorganisms regardless of inputs, shale location, or operators. We identified factors that constrain diversity in the shale and inhibit biodegradation at the surface, including salinity, biocides, substrates, and redox. Continued research in this engineered ecosystem is required to assess additive biodegradability, quantify infrastructure biocorrosion, treat wastewaters that return to the surface, and potentially enhance energy production through in situ methanogenesis.
Species of Hominids

Despite some claims to the contrary (e.g., Stanley 1981) , paleo—anthropological scenarios have tended to incorporate both anagenesis and cladogenesis, though in a "transfor—mational" framework. After the initial focus on stasis and cladogenesis in the fossil record by Eldredge and Gould (1972) , the seminal attempt to place hominid evolution in such a novel framework (Eldredge and Tattersail 1975) unfortunately appeared as an afterthought to a discussion of theoretical systematics.
Mitigating the Economic Impact of Grapevine Red Blotch: Optimizing Disease Management Strategies in U.S. Vineyards

Grapevine red blotch disease (GRBD) is a recently-recognized viral disease found across some of the major grapegrowing regions in the United States. Vineyard managers were surveyed to (i) estimate the economic impact of GRBD on Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon in Napa and Sonoma Counties in California and on V. vinifera cv. Merlot in eastern Washington and Long Island in New York, and (ii) to identify cost-minimizing management strategies under various disease incidence rates, price penalties for suboptimal fruit composition, timing of disease onset relative to vineyard age, and costs of control. The economic cost of GRBD was estimated to range from $2213/ha in eastern Washington, when disease onset occurs at a low initial infection level and there is a low price penalty, to $68,548/ha in Napa County, when initial infection rates and quality penalties are both high. Our results further suggest that roguing symptomatic vines and replanting with clean vines derived from virus-tested stocks minimize losses if GRBD incidence is low to moderate (below 30%), while a full vineyard replacement should be pursued if disease incidence is higher, generally above 30%. These findings should help vineyard managers in the four examined viticultural regions adopt optimal GRBD management strategies.
K-3 The challenge of design flow integration and its impact on complex system design

The design of complex systems is composed of an ever increasing number of individual steps starting from architectural exploration, logic and physical implementation to methods for improving the manufacturability of chips and systems. Much of the emphasis of tool development and flow composition has been focused on the quality of the individual steps. For example, the evaluation if a logic synthesis tool is mostly based on an area/delay/power metric of the produced logic netlist. However, as the number of steps grows and their interdependence increases, an isolated view of these metrics reflects less and less the quality of the entire flow. There are two main forces that drive this trend: First, as simple abstractions between design steps break down, the interfaces between them become increasingly complex thus prohibiting simple quality metrics.
The Economic Transformation of the Inca Heartland (Cuzco, Peru) in the Late Sixteenth Century

This paper uses documents generated by the 1594–1595 composiciones de tierras in Cuzco, Peru, to discuss the economic transformation of the former heartland of the Inca Empire and the impact of Spanish administrative policies implemented in the early 1570s. The diverse social and environmental landscapes of rural areas lying to the west of Cuzco provide a range of local case studies that reveal how settlement and tribute policies of the viceroy Francisco de Toledo failed to produce sustainable colonial towns of Christian Indians. Detailed records of indigenous land repartition in the area show gender- and status-based patterns of individual allocations, as well as ecological differences in landholding between communities. The local records indicate the continuing importance of Inca-era community identities and local leadership for maintaining possession of community lands. By contrast, documents related to the composiciones among private landowners reveal vast inequalities in land access, as well as the rapid growth in the demand for indigenous labor to produce important agrarian commodities. We argue that Spanish administrative policies accelerated the transformation of the means of production in rural Cuzco, creating peasants instead of Christian Indian subjects.
Abstract #903: Glycopeptide antibodies used to characterize human P-glycoprotein differential glycosylation in mulitdrug resistant uterine sarcoma cells, MES-SA/Dx5

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 18-22, 2009; Denver, CO Human P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is a large, heavily N-link glycosylated membrane protein that can be involved in multidrug resistance during chemotherapy treatments. Pgp runs as a large smear in electrophoretic gels due to its extensive glycosylation, ranging from 170-190 kDa. When normal Pgp is overexpressed, its glycan complement changes. It is thought this is due to glycosylation errors in the rapidly exiting Pgp, as it is posttranslationally processed intracellularly. In our previous study, we used lectins to characterize these aberrant glycans and found that they contained at least two different complex N-glycans, one high mannose tree and one branched, hybrid oligosaccharide capped with terminal sialic acids. DSA, a lectin specific for biantennary oligosaccharides, possessing beta (1-4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, also recognized the blotted Pgp and probably detected the core Galbeta (1-4)-GlcNAc(x) component found in other Pgps. There are 3 N-linked glycosylated sites on human Pgps and, interestingly, they all occur on a short extracellular stretch of about 16 amino acids near the N-terminus. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against this extracellular loop: a 16-mer synthetic peptide without the glycans (S N IT N RSDI N DTGFFM, sequence 89-105, ABR-Affinity Bioreagents, Project# A553001). We are currently using these glycopeptide antibodies to study the differential glycosylation of overexpressed Pgp to determine if there is a specific glycome pattern in cancer cells overexpressing Pgp or a random mis-glycosylation. To this end, we are shaving MES-SA/Dx5 cells using proteinase K, along with trypsin, to release the glycosylated extracellular loop, without killing the cells. Once released, the Pgp-specific glycopeptide pAbs are being used in affinity columns to isolate the Pgp glycopeptides. We are using ELISA competition assays, Western blots, and Mass Spec analysis to determine if overexpressed Pgp glycans can be useful as biomarkers or unique targets to shut down the aberrant Pgps. Supported by an NIH-INBRE minigrant and a grant from The Cancer Federation (SI). Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 903.
Strategies of Genetic Regulation in Prokaryotes

One of the most striking characteristics of living systems is that they function in an orderly manner despite their high degree of complexity. One workable definition of regulation, in fact, is the set of mechanisms that allows organisms to maintain this orderly functioning. It is important to realize, however, that regulation was not superimposed upon living systems; orderly processes are simply more successful than are disorderly ones, and therefore tend to be preserved through the evolutionary process by conferring advantages upon organisms that possess them. The thousands of chemical reactions occurring in cells are controlled by regulatory mechanisms that operate at many different levels. This introductory chapter focuses on those that operate at the level of gene expression and will introduce some of the strategies of genetic regulation that have evolved in prokaryotic organisms. Scanning the table of contents of this brief essay should suffice to tell the reader that a very general overview is in store for him. The renaissance in biological research that occurred in the last 25 years has been due mostly to the exciting studies concerning genetic regulation in prokaryotes. I have tried to abstract from those studies the most important basic principles they illustrate and to organize into a few generalizations the enormous body of data they have produced. I believe it is these principles and generalizations with which the reader will need to arm himself before proceeding further into this volume. It is to be hoped that the necessarily simplistic view of regulation they provide will be preferable to the bewilderment that so often results from exhaustive reviews that include the details of many specific regulated systems.
165 CLEARING THE CERVICAL SPINE IN OBTUNDED PATIENTS.

Objective To determine the frequency of clinically significant cervical spine injuries missed by multidetector computed tomography (CT) in obtunded blunt trauma victims. Subjects and Methods We retrospectively identified 590 consecutive patients over 2 years with blunt trauma and decreased level of consciousness who had undergone emergency department cervical spine CT. CT results were compared with a composite reference standard derived from both medical record review and imaging reports, including institutionally mandated upright cervical spine radiographs. Additional outcomes studied included resource utilization and time in cervical collar. Results A total of 367 subjects were eligible, of whom 75.5% were male, with a mean age of 40.2 years. The mean Injury Severity Score was 24.5 and the mean Glasgow Coma Score was 5.9. There was a single missed, nonoperative ligamentous cervical injury, resulting in negative predictive value of 366 of 367 (99.7%). The mean time in a cervical collar following a normal cervical spine CT interpretation was 2.7 days, with 42% (138 of 328) in collar over 48 hours. A total of 459 additional cervical spine imaging studies were performed on subjects with a normal initial CT, including 367 upright cervical radiographs, 60 supine cervical spine radiographs (16%), 3 CT (1%), and 28 MRI (8%). Conclusion Given the extremely low yield and substantial cost of further evaluation, it is reasonable to consider clearing cervical spines of obtunded patients with concurrent head trauma with a single negative cervical CT. This should allow earlier removal of cervical collars and diminished subsequent use of imaging resources.
Nanocluster irradiation evolution in Fe-9%Cr ODS and ferritic-martensitic alloys

Abstract The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of dose rate and cascade morphology on nanocluster evolution in a model Fe-9%Cr oxide dispersion strengthened steel and the commercial ferritic/martensitic (F/M) alloys HCM12A and HT9. We present a large, systematic data set spanning the three alloys, three irradiating particle types, four orders of magnitude in dose rate, and doses ranging 1–100 displacements per atom over 400–500 °C. Nanoclusters are characterized using atom probe tomography. ODS oxide nanoclusters experience partial dissolution after irradiation due to inverse Ostwald ripening, while F/M nanoclusters undergo Ostwald ripening. Damage cascade morphology is indicative of nanocluster number density evolution. Finally, the effects of dose rate on nanocluster morphology provide evidence for a temperature dilation theory, which purports that a negative temperature shift is necessary for higher dose rate irradiations to emulate nanocluster evolution in lower dose rate irradiations.
The Stromal Niche for Epithelial Stem Cells: A Template for Regeneration and a Brake on Malignancy

Stromal restraint of cancer growth and progression—emerging as a widespread phenomenon in epithelial cancers such as bladder, pancreas, colon, and prostate—appears rooted in stromal cell niche activity. During normal tissue repair, stromal niche signals, often Hedgehog-induced, promote epithelial stem cell differentiation as well as self-renewal, thus specifying a regenerating epithelial pattern. In the case of cancerous tissue, stromal cell-derived differentiation signals in particular may provide a brake on malignant growth. Understanding and therapeutic harnessing of the role of stroma in cancer restraint may hinge on our knowledge of the signaling programs elaborated by the stromal niche.
Should Children be Spanked? A Reply to Mcthomas:

Spanking children should occur rarely as it generates a continuing round of physical and psychological harm. Children need firm and patient guidance—happy, well-adjusted, integrated Christian paren...
Photon counting LiDAR: an adaptive ground and canopy height retrieval algorithm for ICESat-2 data.

Abstract The upcoming Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) mission will offer prospects for mapping and monitoring biomass and carbon of terrestrial ecosystems over large areas using photon counting LiDAR data. In this paper, we aim to develop a methodology to derive terrain elevation and vegetation canopy height from test-bed sensor data and further pre-validate the capacity of the mission to meet its science objectives for the ecosystem community. We investigated a novel methodological framework with two essential steps for characterizing terrain and canopy height using Multiple Altimeter Beam Experimental LiDAR (MABEL) data and simulated ICESat-2 data with various vegetation conditions. Our algorithm first implements a multi-level noise filtering approach to minimize noise photons and subsequently classifies the remaining photons into ground and top of canopy using an overlapping moving window method and cubic spline interpolation. Results of noise filtering show that the design of the multi-level filtering process is effective to identify background noise and preserve signal photons in the raw data. Moreover, calibration results using MABEL and simulated ICESat-2 data share similar trends with the retrieved terrain being more accurate than the retrieved canopy height, and the nighttime results being better than corresponding daytime results. Compared to the results of simulated ICESat-2 data, MABEL data achieve lower accuracy for ground and canopy heights in terms of root mean square error (RMSE), which may partly result from the inconsistency between MABEL and reference data. Specifically, simulated ICESat-2 data using 115 various nighttime and daytime scenarios, yield average RMSE values of 1.83 m and 2.80 m for estimated ground elevation, and 2.70 m and 3.59 m for estimated canopy height. Additionally, the accuracy assessment of percentile heights of simulated ICESat-2 data further substantiates the robustness of the methodology from different perspectives. The methodology developed in this study illustrates plausible ways of processing the data that are structurally similar to expected ICESat-2 data and holds the potential to be a benchmark for further method adjustment once genuine ICESat-2 are available.
Enabling Technologies for Deep Space Motion Imagery

From the beginning of the Space Age, imagery, particularly motion imagery, has been a part of crewed and uncrewed missions. As technologies have evolved the imagery gets better, more compelling, and more useful for operations and monitoring of systems, crew, and spacecraft. Film, video and live television have engaged the public and sparked the imaginations of engineers, scientists, and artists alike. As we look forward now to crewed missions beyond low-Earth orbit, such as the Deep Space Gateway being considered as a pre-cursor to future crewed Mars missions, there are both opportunities and challenges in implementing a multi-faceted imaging system that advances mission capabilities and technology.This paper will present a vision for an imaging system that is relevant for operations of the ISS and future crewed missions in deep space, with a detailed look at some of the key innovative technologies required to enable such a system. In addition, impacts to Space Operations, video distribution to the public and to science investigators, and video system interoperability will be presented. Opportunities where standardization can enable interoperability are also identified for those imagery and communications functions planned for inclusion in the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) Blue Book.
Pricing Schemes in Cloud Computing: Utilization‐Based vs. Reservation‐Based

Cloud computing has been a rising trend in the business world. In this study, we consider two most important pricing schemes offered to sustained customers by major service providers in the cloud industry: the reservation‐based scheme (the R‐scheme) by Amazon or Microsoft, and the utilization‐based scheme (the U‐scheme) by Google. We consider a duopoly model with heterogeneous customers characterized by the mean and the coefficient of variation of their usage. We show that under either pricing scheme, the effective price is essentially an increasing function of the coefficient of variation of usage, and thus both schemes aim for rewarding stability in usage. However, when the providers adopt different schemes, we show that customers with lower demand volatility would prefer the R‐scheme, while those with higher demand volatility would prefer the U‐scheme. Furthermore, we study the impact of evolving market characteristics, including the distributions of market preference, demand size, and demand volatility, as well as the impact of the providers’ service levels on their choices of schemes and decisions on the pricing parameters. We find that if the market has a stronger preference for a particular provider or that provider has a higher service level than its competitor, the provider is more likely to adopt the R‐scheme, while its competitor's adoption of a scheme depends on the extent of the price competition. Specifically, when the diversity of customer preference becomes higher (lower), the price competition becomes softened (intensified), and the competitor is more likely to adopt the R‐scheme (U‐scheme, respectively).
Review of Global Tax Fairness , Thomas Pogge and Krishen Mehta, Editors

This timely volume (Global Tax Fairness, edited by Thomas Pogge and Krishen Mehta) on the proper taxation of multinational enterprises argues that several feasible, near-term reforms could substantially narrow the scope for tax avoidance by closing information gaps, and it proposes more ambitious, long-term reforms that pursue coordination on the design, not just the enforcement, of tax policy. The editors construct an impassioned normative case that (legal) avoidance violates fairness because its negative effects fall especially hard on the world's poor, but their case could be bolstered by an appeal to the classical benefit-based logic behind the central aim of the reforms they recommend.