cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iron and Steel

Steels Steels are iron-base alloys usually containing carbon. Figure 7.1 shows the iron-carbon phase diagram. Below 911°C and between 1410°C and the melting point, iron has a bcc crystal structure called ferrite . Between 1410°C and 911°C it has an fcc crystal structure called austenite . Austenite dissolves much more carbon interstitially than ferrite. On slow cooling below 727°C, the austenite transforms by a eutectoid reaction into ferrite and iron carbide or cementite (which contains 6.7%C). The ferrite and cementite form alternating platelets called the eutectoid temperature. The resulting microstucture is called pearlite (see Figure 7.2). Pearlite Formation When a steel containing less than 0.77%C ( hypo-eutectoid steel ) is slowly cooled, some ferrite forms before any pearlite. A steel containing more than 0.77%C ( hyper-eutectoid steel ) will form some cementite before any pearlite. The formation of pearlite from austenite on cooling requires diffusion of carbon from ahead of the advancing ferrite platelets to the advancing carbide platelets as indicated in Figure 7.3. Because diffusion takes time, pearlite formation is not instantaneous. The rate at which pearlite forms depends on how much the temperature is below 717°C. The rate of diffusion increases with temperature, but the driving force for the transformation increases as the temperature is lowered. The result is that the rate of transformation is fastest between 500 and 600°C, as indicated schematically in Figure 7.4.
Simple Elements and Linelets for Incompressible Flows

The current trends for the simulation of large-scale incompressible flow fields using finite elements are discussed. The main items are: a) the use of simple elements through stabilization and analogy with LBB-satisfying elements, and b) the development of fast solvers for general grids.
Biomechanical comparison of acute Hill-Sachs reduction with remplissage to treat complex anterior instability

Background: Acute Hill-Sachs reduction represents a potential alternative method to remplissage for the treatment of an engaging Hill-Sachs lesion. This study biomechanically compared the stabilizing effects of an acute Hill-Sachs reduction technique and remplissage. Methods Six cadaveric shoulders were tested. For the acute Hill-Sachs lesion, a unique model was used to create a 30% defect, compressing the subchondral bone while preserving the articular surface. Five scenarios were tested: intact specimen, bipolar lesion, Bankart repair, remplissage with Bankart repair, and Hill-Sachs reduction technique with Bankart repair. The Hill-Sachs lesion was reduced through a lateral cortical window with a bone tamp, and the subchondral void was filled with bone cement. Results At 90° of abduction and external rotation (ER), total translation was 11.6 ± 0.9 mm for the bipolar lesion. This was significantly reduced after remplissage (5.9 ± 1.1 mm; P P P = .65), and the average ER loss after Hill-Sachs reduction was 1° ± 3° ( P = .99). Similar joint stability was conferred after both procedures, with minimal change in range of motion. Conclusions Remplissage may still be the best way to address chronic Hill-Sachs lesions; however, the reduction technique is a more anatomic alternative and may be a potential option for treating an acutely engaging Hill-Sachs lesion.
GUIDELINE-DIRECTED MEDICAL THERAPY BEFORE CRT: IS IT ALWAYS NECESSARY?

Background: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is recommended for patients with reduced ejection fraction (EF) and left bundle branch block (LBBB) on guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) for at least 3 months. For a subset of patients with wide LBBB and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM)
Interacting Dirac Fermions in (3+1) Dimensions

The long-range electron-electron interaction between Dirac electrons in \((3+1)\) dimensions is considered by the perturbative renormalization group analysis. When the chemical potential in Dirac energy dispersion is tuned at the band crossing point, the density of states vanishes and hence the Coulomb interaction is not screened to become a long-range force. We analyze that long-range interaction relativistically, taking into consideration of the retardation effect of the propagation of the interaction. Those massless Dirac electrons in \((3+1)\) dimensions emerge, for example, at the quantum critical point of topological phase transitions and in Weyl/Dirac semimetals. They receive logarithmic corrections in the nonrelativistic regime, where the electron’s speed v is much larger than the speed of light c; v increases logarithmically depending on the renormalization scale. In the low energies, however, the Dirac systems attain a relativistic regime \(v \approx c\), and finally the Lorentz invariance is recovered (\(v=c\)).
Creativity in Unexpected Places: The Role of Non-work Others from an Identity Perspective

While the lone genius view of creativity has merit in some cases, creativity is increasingly considered to be an inherently social process. However, this perspective emphasizes interactions with ot...
Comparison of different cell type correction methods for genome-scale epigenetics studies

Whole blood is frequently utilized in genome-wide association studies of DNA methylation patterns in relation to environmental exposures or clinical outcomes. These associations can be confounded by cellular heterogeneity. Algorithms have been developed to measure or adjust for this heterogeneity, and some have been compared in the literature. However, with new methods available, it is unknown whether the findings will be consistent, if not which method(s) perform better. Methods: We compared eight cell-type correction methods including the method in the minfi R package, the method by Houseman et al., the Removing unwanted variation (RUV) approach, the methods in FaST-LMM-EWASher, ReFACTor, RefFreeEWAS, and RefFreeCellMix R programs, along with one approach utilizing surrogate variables (SVAs). We first evaluated the association of DNA methylation at each CpG across the whole genome with prenatal arsenic exposure levels and with cancer status, adjusted for estimated cell-type information obtained from different methods. We then compared CpGs showing statistical significance from different approaches. For the methods implemented in minfi and proposed by Houseman et al., we utilized homogeneous data with composition of some blood cells available and compared them with the estimated cell compositions. Finally, for methods not explicitly estimating cell compositions, we evaluated their performance using simulated DNA methylation data with a set of latent variables representing “cell types”. Results: Results from the SVA-based method overall showed the highest agreement with all other methods except for FaST-LMM-EWASher. Using homogeneous data, minfi provided better estimations on cell types compared to the originally proposed method by Houseman et al. Further simulation studies on methods free of reference data revealed that SVA provided good sensitivities and specificities, RefFreeCellMix in general produced high sensitivities but specificities tended to be low when confounding is present, and FaST-LMM-EWASher gave the lowest sensitivity but highest specificity. Results from real data and simulations indicated that SVA is recommended when the focus is on the identification of informative CpGs. When appropriate reference data are available, the method implemented in the minfi package is recommended. However, if no such reference data are available or if the focus is not on estimating cell proportions, the SVA method is suggested.
Updated MISR Dark Water Research Aerosol Retrieval Algorithm - Part 1: Coupled 1.1 km Ocean Surface Chlorophyll a Retrievals with Empirical Calibration Corrections

Abstract. As aerosol amount and type are key factors in the atmospheric correction required for remote-sensing chlorophyll a concentration (Chl) retrievals, the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) can contribute to ocean color analysis despite a lack of spectral channels optimized for this application. Conversely, an improved ocean surface constraint should also improve MISR aerosol-type products, especially spectral single-scattering albedo (SSA) retrievals. We introduce a coupled, self-consistent retrieval of Chl together with aerosol over dark water. There are time-varying MISR radiometric calibration errors that significantly affect key spectral reflectance ratios used in the retrievals. Therefore, we also develop and apply new calibration corrections to the MISR top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance data, based on comparisons with coincident MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) observations and trend analysis of the MISR TOA bidirectional reflectance factors (BRFs) over three pseudo-invariant desert sites. We run the MISR research retrieval algorithm (RA) with the corrected MISR reflectances to generate MISR-retrieved Chl and compare the MISR Chl values to a set of 49 coincident SeaBASS (SeaWiFS Bio-optical Archive and Storage System) in situ observations. Where Chlin situ 0.1). We also compare MODIS–Terra and MISR RA Chl statistically, over much broader regions. With about 1.5 million MISR–MODIS collocations having MODIS Chl The new dark water aerosol/Chl RA can retrieve Chl in low-Chl, case I waters, independent of other imagers such as MODIS, via a largely physical algorithm, compared to the commonly applied statistical ones. At a minimum, MISR's multi-angle data should help reduce uncertainties in the MODIS–Terra ocean color retrieval where coincident measurements are made, while also allowing for a more robust retrieval of particle properties such as spectral single-scattering albedo.
Securing Cloud Computing Systems

Cloud computing is a method of delivering computing resources. Cloud computing services ranging from data storage and processing to software, such as customer relationship management systems, are now available instantly and on demand. In times of financial and economic hardship, this new low cost of ownership model for computing has gotten lots of attention and is seeing increasing global investment. Generally speaking, cloud computing provides implementation agility, lower capital expenditure, location independence, resource pooling, broad network access, reliability, scalability, elasticity, and ease of maintenance. While in most cases cloud computing can improve security due to ease of management, the provider’s lack of knowledge and experience can jeopardize customer environments. This chapter aims to discuss various cloud computing environments and methods to make them more secure for hosting companies and their customers.
Scalp blocks for brain tumor craniotomies: A retrospective survival analysis of a propensity match cohort of patients.

Abstract To test the association between the use of scalp blocks for malignant brain tumor craniotomy and survival. This is a retrospective study conducted in a tertiary academic center. Demographic, intraoperative and survival data from 808 adult patients with malignant brain tumors was included in the analysis. Patients were divided in those who received an Intraoperative use of scalp block or not. The progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were compared in patients who had and had not scalp blocks. Kaplan-Meier method was used for time-to-event analysis including recurrence free survival and overall survival. Multivariate analyses before and after propensity score matching were conducted to test the association between different covariates including scalp blocks with PFS and OS. Five hundred and ninety (73%) of the patients had a scalp block. Before PSM, patients with a scalp block were more likely to have an ASA physical status of 3–4, recurrent tumors and receive adjuvant radiation. Patients with scalp block showed no significant reduction in intraoperative opioids. After adjusting for significant covariates, the administration of a scalp block was not associated with an increase in PFS (HR, 95%CI = 0.98, 0.8–1.2, p = 0.892) or OS (HR, 95%CI = 1.02, 0.82–1.26, p = 0.847) survival. This retrospective study suggests that the use of scalp blocks during brain tumor surgery is not associated with patients’ longer survival.
The Social Worker-Client Relationship

The chapter focuses on the nature of the social worker-client relationship and relevant legal parameters. The issues of informed consent, social worker-client agreements, and need for supervision are also discussed.
Future Directions: Uses

Highly creative people redefine problems, analyze ideas, persuade others, and take reasonable risks to help generate ideas (Sternberg 2001). Creativity is certainly among the most important human activity that provides conveniences and products of human inventiveness (Simonton 2000). Despite its importance to society, creativity has received relatively little attention in psychology compared to other research topics (Feist 1999; Sternberg and Lubart 1999).
Bicarbonate-stimulated [14C]butyrate uptake in basolateral membrane vesicles of rat distal colon

Abstract Background: The mechanism of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) absorption by the colon is not known. The aim of these experiments was to identify the transport mechanisms present in the basolateral membrane to develop an overall model of colonic SCFA absorption. Methods: These studies determined the uptake of [ 14 C]-butyrate (used as a model SCFA) by basolateral membrane vesicles prepared from rat distal colonic mucosa. Results: Significantly higher [ 14 C]butyrate uptake under an acidic environment (extravesicular pH [pH 0 ] = intravesicular pH [pH 1 ] = 5.5) than that under alkaline environment (pH 0 = pH 1 = 7.5) indicates the presence of nonionic diffusion. In the absence of a pH gradient (pH0pH1 = 7.57.5), outward gradients of bicarbonate significantly stimulated [ 14 C]butyrate uptake. Additional presence of a pH gradient (pH0pH1 = 6.07.5) further enhanced the bicarbonate gradient-stimulated [ 14 C]butyrate uptake that was not inhibited by voltage clamping but was inhibited substantially by an anion exchange inhibitor 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′disulfonic acid (DIDS) (82%). Both increasing extravesicular butyrate concentration and intravesicular bicarbonate concentration saturated bicarbonate/pH gradient-stimulated [ 14 C]butyrate uptake with an apparent Michaelis constant ( K m ) for butyrate of 6.9 mmol/L and an apparent K m for bicarbonate of 27.4 mmol/L. Conclusions: Butyrate uptake by basolateral membrane vesicles represents both nonionic diffusion and a carrier-mediated SCFA-bicarbonate exchange process that differs from the SCFA-bicarbonate exchange recently identified in apical membrane vesicles. Thus, two distinct carrier-mediated anion exchange processes located in apical and basolateral membranes mediate transcellular SCFA transport in colonocytes.
The Role of Insulin-Receptor in Interactions in Regulation of Nutrient Utilization by Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissue: a Review

Animal growth is a direct function of tissue growth. Tissue growth in turn is dependent upon the rate and extent of hypertrophy and hyperplasia of cells comprising the respective tissues. Cellular enlargement occurs as the result of nutrient uptake by the cell and the balance between anabolic and catabolic processes that regulate accretion of component and structural material of the cell. It is quite clear that the availability, uptake and intracellular metabolism of nutrients are markedly affected by the endocrine system. This review discusses the role of insulin-receptor interactions in the regulation of nutrient uptake and utilization by myofibers and adipocytes. Binding of insulin to specific receptors on the plasma membrane of target cells is important because of its role in mediation of hormone action. Although insulin binding is essential for hormone action, binding may not represent the rate-limiting step on the action of insulin. Recent evidence suggests that insulin is internalized by target cells. However, the physiological role of insulin internalization has not been elucidated. A better understanding of the basic mechanisms by which insulin and other hormones regulate nutrient utilization by skeletal muscle and adipose tissue during growth may lead to improvements in growth rates and the efficiency with which dietary components are used for tissue growth.
Association of a Giant Lymphoma Mass With Occupational Benzene Exposure.

Benzene is a chemical widely used in industrial settings and known to have hematopoietic toxicity. Previous literature has been inconsistent regarding a direct association of benzene exposure with lymphoma. A young patient with a strong history of benzene exposure presented with a 17-cm chest wall lymphoma and purulent drainage from the mass. He underwent resection of the mass. Pathologic analysis revealed a high-grade diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The wound ultimately healed well and the patient received adjuvant chemotherapy. Though the overall literature has been inconsistent regarding the association of benzene with lymphoma, our report highlights the possibility that a very extensive exposure history may be a risk factor for the development of lymphoma. J Med Cases. 2019;10(9):274-276 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3364
Machine learning enabled lineshape analysis in optical two-dimensionalcoherent spectroscopy

Optical two-dimensional (2D) coherent spectroscopy excels in studying coupling and dynamics in complex systems. The dynamical information can be learned from lineshape analysis to extract the corresponding linewidth. However, it is usually challenging to fit a 2D spectrum, especially when the homogeneous and inhomogeneous linewidths are comparable. We implemented a machine learning algorithm to analyze 2D spectra to retrieve homogeneous and inhomogeneous linewidths. The algorithm was trained using simulated 2D spectra with known linewidth values. The trained algorithm can analyze both simulated (not used in training) and experimental spectra to extract the homogeneous and inhomogeneous linewidths. This approach can be potentially applied to 2D spectra with more sophisticated spectral features.
Quality of life in "chronic" cancer survivors: a meta-analysis

Cancer survivors are now living longer giving rise to a new concept—chronic cancer as survivors continue to face long-term consequences of cancer and its treatment. For these survivors, QOL becomes a vital consideration in understanding their survivorship and the long-term impact of cancer and its treatment. The primary aim of this review is to describe QOL in cancer survivors two or more years from diagnosis. A meta-analysis was completed of relevant studies assessing QOL in long-term cancer survivorship using PubMed, CINHAL, and PsycINFO. A total of 64 articles met inclusion criteria and included in the analysis. Standardized effect sizes and errors were calculated using previously published standard QOL pass rates to compare QOL across measurement tools and calculate cumulative effect sizes (CES). Fixed-effect or random-effects models were used based on the presence of significant heterogeneity of ≤ 0.10. Physical health (CES = − 0.894; CI, − 1.472, − 0.316), role-physical health (CES = − 2.039; CI, − 2.643, − 1.435), and mental health (CES = − 0.870; CI, − 1.447, − 0.292) had large, negative cumulative effect sizes signifying worse QOL compared with acceptable QOL rates. Tested moderators, cancer type, average age, country of origin, time since diagnosis, or decade of diagnosis, were not significant to explain heterogeneity between included studies. QOL is significantly impacted 2 to 26 years after cancer diagnosis. More research is needed to determine possible moderators of QOL in long-term cancer survivors. QOL continues to be significantly impacted in long-term cancer survivorship. More research is needed to understand the impact of these findings on care needs for survivors with chronic cancer.
An Interference-Free Filter-Bank Multicarrier System Applicable for MIMO Channels

In filter-bank multicarrier (FBMC) systems the intrinsic interference is the major challenge to achieve a full gain of diversity over multi-input multi-output (MIMO) channels. In this paper, we develop a novel multicarrier system called FBMC offset upper-lower polyphase network (FBMC/OULP) in which, to eliminate the intrinsic interference, the complex-valued symbols are alternatively transmitted via upper and lower half of polyphase network branches with an offset time. The symbol density of the FBMC/OULP system is equal to one complex-valued symbol in time-frequency lattice. Also, for transmission over frequency selective channels, a minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator is employed at the receiver of the FBMC/OULP system to eliminate the interference caused by the frequency selectivity of the channel. The proposed scheme mitigates the produced interference between symbols in the upper and lower polyphase branches, based on the circular convolutional property. As a result of using complex-valued symbols and diminishing the interference, the full diversity gain of the orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBC) can be achieved in MIMO channels by a low complex maximum likelihood (ML) detector. In comparison with the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system, simulation results indicate that the proposed system achieves a superior performance in fast multi-path fading channels and a competitive performance in slow multi-path fading channels.
Enhancing survivorship care planning for patients with localized prostate cancer using a couple-focused web-based, mHealth program: the results of a pilot feasibility study.

To examine the feasibility of an enhanced survivorship care plan (ESCP) that integrated the web-based program Patient Education Resources for Couples (PERC) into a standardized survivorship care plan (SCP) and estimated the outcomes of ESCPs versus SCPs. In this randomized pilot trial, localized prostate cancer (PC) patients and partners (i.e., couple) were randomly assigned to ESCP that contained a link to PERC or to SCP that contained a link to general PC information on the National Cancer Institute website. Couples completed assessments measuring quality of life (QOL), appraisal of symptoms, and coping resources at baseline (T1) and 4–6 months later (T2). We examined feasibility (e.g., recruitment and retention) using descriptive statistics. Linear mixed models examined changes in couples’ outcomes over time and Poisson regression examined differences in patient healthcare utilization. Sixty-two couples completed T1 surveys (recruitment rate 41.6%) and were randomly assigned to receive ESCP (n = 31) or SCP (n = 31). Twenty-eight (ESCP) and 25 (SCP) couples completed T2 surveys (retention rates = 90.3% vs. 80.7%). ESCP participants (70%) reviewed webpages consistent with patients’ symptoms. ESCP patients reported greater program satisfaction (p = 0.02) and better urinary symptom scores (p < 0.01) than SCP patients. Delivering ESCPs that embed a web-link to a couple-focused, tailored program is feasible and can potentially improve patient outcomes. The promising results need to be validated in a larger definitive trial using a diverse sample. SCPs, enhanced using a web-based intervention (e.g., PERC), may help PC cancer survivors better manage their urinary symptoms. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04350788
TRBV and TRBJ usage, when paired with specific HLA alleles, associates with distinct head and neck cancer survival rates

Common or dominant, T-cell receptor (TCR), V and J usage, in combination with particular human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles, has been associated with differing outcomes in viral infections, autoimmunity, and more recently, in cancer. Cervical cancer in particular represents the most dramatic series of distinctions of outcomes associated with differing combinations of dominant V or J usage and HLA alleles, possibly because of the strong association of cervical cancer with human papilloma virus (HPV), in turn leading to a likely molecular consistency in the mechanism of HPV antigen presentation. Thus, we considered assessing TRB V and J usage, HLA allele combinations, for their associations with survival rates and related data, in the cancer genome atlas head and neck cancer dataset. We obtained the TRB VDJ recombination reads from both the blood and tumor exome files and determined the V and J identities. We then established case ID (patient) subsets of V or J usage, HLA alleles, and determined, for example, that the TRBJ2-7, HLA-B*40:01 combination was associated with a better disease free survival rate than were either the TRBJ1-3, HLA-DPB1*03:01 or the TRBJ2-1, HLA-DPB1*02:01 combinations. Furthermore, these analyses led to the conclusion that TRBJ1-5 usage, and the HLA-C*08:02 and HLA-DRB1*03:01 alleles, had independent associations with distinct overall survival rates. In sum, the results suggest that dominant V or J usage, HLA allele combinations, and in certain cases, dominant V or J usage independently of HLA, could be useful in prognosis and in guiding immunotherapies.
Arsenic and Lead Determination in D&C Red No. 6 Lakes and D&C Red No. 7 Lakes Containing Barium Sulfate Using X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

Background Color additives requiring batch certification by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration have Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) specification limits for certain elements and are usually analyzed by x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). However, analysis of some color additives presents difficulties. Objective An XRF method was developed for quickly determining whether barium sulfate-containing color additives certifiable as D&C Red No. 6 lakes and D&C Red No. 7 lakes meet the CFR specifications for arsenic (As) and lead (Pb). Method Difficulties in preparing XRF standards and analyzing As and Pb in matrices with the heavy x-ray absorber barium (Ba) were overcome by first preparing As- and Pb-fortified cellulose, then blending color additive samples with fortified and unfortified cellulose to produce XRF calibration materials. Satisfactory compensation for changes in intensity caused by Ba absorption was achieved by measuring varying concentrations of As and Pb at several concentrations of Ba. Results Test samples of barium sulfate-containing D&C Red No. 6 lakes and D&C Red No. 7 lakes were analyzed by the XRF method and by an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. Conclusions The ICP-MS method poses some difficulties and is time consuming. In contrast, the XRF method requires very little sample preparation, is nondestructive, uses calibrations that are stable for long periods of time, and offers acceptable determination limits (1 mg/kg As, 4 mg/kg Pb) which are less than the CFR specification limits (3 mg/kg As, 20 mg/kg Pb). Highlights The new XRF method is applicable for use in routine batch certification.
Three distinct mechanisms, Notch instructive, permissive, and independent, regulate the expression of two different pericardial genes to specify cardiac cell subtypes

The development of a complex organ involves the specification and differentiation of diverse cell types constituting that organ. Two major cell subtypes, contractile cardial cells (CCs) and nephrocytic pericardial cells (PCs), comprise the Drosophila heart. Binding sites for Suppressor of Hairless [Su(H)], an integral transcription factor in the Notch signaling pathway, are enriched in the enhancers of PC-specific genes. Here we show three distinct mechanisms regulating the expression of two different PC-specific genes, Holes in muscle (Him), and Zn finger homeodomain 1 (zfh1). Him transcription is activated in PCs in a permissive manner by Notch signaling: in the absence of Notch signaling, Su(H) forms a repressor complex with co-repressors and binds to the Him enhancer, repressing its transcription; upon alleviation of this repression by Notch signaling, Him transcription is activated. In contrast, zfh1 is transcribed by a Notch-instructive mechanism in most PCs, where mere alleviation of repression by preventing the binding of Su(H)-co-repressor complex is not sufficient to activate transcription. Our results suggest that upon activation of Notch signaling, the Notch intracellular domain associates with Su(H) to form an activator complex that binds to the zfh1 enhancer, and that this activator complex is necessary for bringing about zfh1 transcription in these PCs. Finally, a third, Notch-independent mechanism activates zfh1 transcription in the remaining, even skipped-expressing, PCs. Collectively, our data show how the same feature, enrichment of Su(H) binding sites in PC-specific gene enhancers, is utilized by two very distinct mechanisms, one permissive, the other instructive, to contribute to the same overall goal: the specification and differentiation of a cardiac cell subtype by activation of the pericardial gene program. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that the zfh1 enhancer drives expression in two different domains using distinct Notch-instructive and Notch-independent mechanisms.
X-Ray Sources

The development of x-ray sources and their applications is described, with special emphasis on high intensities and on short pulse duration.
Polyfractures in the Hand

When there are more than one fracture in the hand that are either unstable, displaced, or both, the hand is in particular jeopardy of becoming stiff, deformed, and dysfunctional. Occasionally, this can occur with closed injuries, and, in such instances, it is more common with crush and blast type injuries. We showed examples of multiple metacarpal fractures in Chapter 20, and in Chapter 28 we showed an example of a bicondylar phalangeal fracture along with another proximal phalanx fracture of an adjacent finger. Polyfractures in the hand and wrist are more common in open injuries, which are demonstrated in Chapter 39. Anatomic restoration and stabilization of bony architecture in these instances are important not only in securing bony union but also as an adjunct in soft tissues healing and healing of other deep structures that require repair or reconstruction. In this chapter, we show examples of both a metacarpal and a phalanx being fractured in the same hand in a closed injury. Stable fixation leading to good stability and pain control is certainly an advantage for implementation of early and aggressive active range of motion and institution of measures against swelling, such as the Jobst pump, isotoner glove, and Coban wrapping (Fig. 37-1 A Fig. 37-1 B Fig. 37-1 C Fig. 37-1 D and 37-2 A-D).>
Planning Computer Science Instruction for Students With High-Incidence Disabilities:

States increasingly are adopting computer science standards to help students develop coding and computational thinking skills. In an effort to support teachers in introducing computer science conte...
A Rigorous Observation Model for the Risley Prism-Based Livox Mid-40 Lidar Sensor.

Modern lidar sensors are continuing to decrease in size, weight, and cost, but the demand for fast, abundant, and high-accuracy lidar observations is only increasing. The Livox Mid-40 lidar sensor was designed for use within sense-and-avoid navigation systems for autonomous vehicles, but has also found adoption within aerial mapping systems. In order to characterize the overall quality of the point clouds from the Mid-40 sensor and enable sensor calibration, a rigorous model of the sensor’s raw observations is needed. This paper presents the development of an angular observation model for the Mid-40 sensor, and its application within an extended Kalman filter that uses the sensor’s data to estimate the model’s operating parameters, systematic errors, and the instantaneous prism rotation angles for the Risley prism optical steering mechanism. The analysis suggests that the Mid-40’s angular observations are more accurate than the specifications provided by the manufacturer. Additionally, it is shown that the prism rotation angles can be used within a planar constrained least-squares adjustment to theoretically improve the accuracy of the angular observations of the Mid-40 sensor.
Falsified News Detection Using Deep Learning Approach

Technology is changing the way that we live our lives. With the advances in technology, Social Media attains a lot of attention from the people around us. With the advancement of technology, fake news with both political or commercial motives is growing very fast on the internet. Users might be affected easily by falsified news, which has brought about mammoth effects on humanity. The foremost goal is to stop the spread of rumors and focus on the true, substantiate news columns. This paper focuses on techniques such as training deep learning neural network models and natural language processing (NLP) techniques for text analytics based on news titles or news content. These techniques can be used for the treatment of the data. Some of the treating steps are tokenizing the input, lemmatizing it, Stemming and removal of irrelevant words (stop words) are done prior to converting them into N-gram vectors using a technique known as TF-IDF that is term frequency-inverse document frequency. With the help of Machine learning and natural language processing, we will try to aggregate the news and later determine whether the news is real or fake using deep neural networks. Experimental evaluation yields the simplest performance using Term Frequency-Inverted Document Frequency (TF-IDF) as a feature extraction technique.
A Sublayer Theory for Fluid Injection Into the Incompressible Turbulent Boundary Layer

Summary A sublayer region is introduced in which the intensity of turbu­ lence grows at a prescribed rate. The decrease in wall shear stress due to fluid injection into the boundary la}^er is found under the hypothesis that the effect of injection is restricted to the sublayer region. Experimental measurements of the velocity profiles with fluid injection substantiate this hypothesis. The theoretical decrease in wall shear stress is in good agreement with experiment; the solution is particularly simple and for small values of the injection parameter it contains no arbitrary param­ eters. The theory provides a similarity parameter which differs from the one in general use.
Making the world's best atomic clock

I will report our recent effort towards realizing the full potential of a many-particle clock with a state-of-the-art stable laser. We have achieved fractional stability of 2.2 × 10−16 at 1 s for the JILA Sr optical atomic clock. We have also reduced the total uncertainty of our clock to 2.1 × 10−18 in fractional frequency units. Both represent new records for the performance of an atomic clock.
Learning prototypical concept descriptions

Abstract We describe a new representation for learning concepts that differs from the traditional decision tree and rule approach. This representation, called prototypical concept descriptions, can represent several prototypes for a concept. We also describe PL, our algorithm for learning these prototypes, and demonstrate that prototypical concept descriptions can, in some situations, classify more accurately than standard Machine Learning algorithms. More importantly, we show that they yield more stable descriptions when applied in noisy and dynamic situations.
Case–Cohort Studies

The case-cohort study method is a sampling technique used in epidemiologic research of rare diseases. In this article, the design and its use in medical research is described. Two real examples are provided and a discussion of computer software to analyze case-cohort data is included. Keywords: case-control studies; clinical trials; cohort studies; failure time data; epidemiology; proportional hazards model; sampling
Studies on the nature of dengue viruses. II. Characterization of viral RNA and effects of inhibitors of RNA synthesis.

Abstract The plaque-forming titer of 32 P- or 3 H-uridine-labeled type 2 dengue virus is proportional to the amount of label incorporated into a homogeneous species of RNA of sedimentation coefficient 45 S, estimated molecular weight 3.3 × 10 6 . The average base composition (per 100 nucleotides) is A = 30.7, G = 26.4, C = 21.3, U = 21.6. Lack of base pairing and degradation by pancreatic RNase indicate that it is a single-stranded molecule. In addition, another kind of RNA, with a different base composition than the 45 S RNA and a sedimentation coefficient of 6–8 S, is found. This RNA is associated with the HA band which moves more slowly in a linear sucrose gradient than does the major infectious band. The origin and significance of this RNA are unknown. Actinomycin D permits undiminished or slightly increased virus synthesis. 5-Fluorouridine or 6-azauridine inhibits infectious virus production in KB cells. Inhibition experiments with 6-azauridine, with or without reversal by uridine, show that RNA synthesis essential for virus maturation begins 6 hours after infection and precedes release of mature virions by 6–7 hours. Inhibition of HA formation (or release) by 6-azauridine follows the same dose response and time course as that of infectious virus.
Modification of protein properties by change in charge. Succinylated chymotrypsinogen.

Succinylated derivatives of bovine chymotrypsinogen A and α-chymotrypsin were prepared by treatment of the native proteins with succinic anhydride; 60% of the 6-amino groups of the 13 lysine residues form stable succinylated products. The large negative charge at neutral pH is reflected in electrophoretic and titration behavior but absorption spectra, rotatory-dispersion spectra and reversible unfolding behavior indicate that the succinylated species are conformationally similar to the parent proteins. Succinylated chymotrypsin is active as an esterase with N-acetyl-l-tryptophan ethyl ester with a small decrease in the maximum-velocity parameter. The pH dependence suggests that three ionizing groups influence catalytic behavior. The apparent pKa values analyzed in terms of three groups are shifted relative to α-chymotrypsin. Thermal-unfolding studies of succinylated chymotrypsinogen demonstrate the presence of sub-states near pH 7 but is consistent with two-state behavior at other pH values.
Second Variation of Liquid Crystal Energy At x/$|$x$|\dagger $

A new and simplified proof of the sign of the second variation of the Oseen-Frank energy in terms of the elastic constants is given. The proof relies on the frame indifference of the energy and a new expression for the second invariant null lagrangian as a surface integral.
Intraoperative Tracking of Anatomical Structures Using Fluoroscopy and a Vascular Balloon Catheter

We present preliminary work on a novel technique for tracking anatomical structures during medical procedures. A vascular balloon catheter is placed within a vessel in the structure of interest and is inflated using a radio-opaque contrast material. The balloon catheter is tracked over time using a fluoroscopy system, and three parameters of motion are determined (two of translation, one of rotation) for each view via analysis of the balloon image. These methods are applied to three patient data sets to estimate liver motion during a respiratory cycle.
Production of a Homozygous Mutant Embryonic Stem Cell Line (Double Knockout)

Homozygous mutant embryonic stem (ES) cell lines have proven very useful in studying gene and protein function, and there are several reasons why this system might be preferred. Because many genes express their phenotype at the level of individual cells, using these cell lines eliminates the time and expense of producing a mutant animal. They can be isolated directly from a heterozygous mutant cell line without rederiving a cell line or using primary tissues from a mutant animal. In some cases, analysis of the phenotype of homozygous mutant cells can be performed more easily in culture. In addition, homozygous mutant ES cell lines may be produced even when a homozygous mutation is lethal to the animal. Finally, microinjection of homozygous mutant ES cells into blastocysts may allow investigation of the developmental potential of cells with such lethal mutations. This unit was moved from Chapter 9 to reflect a more appropriate placement, and has been updated and revised.
Quality Control-An Approach Applying Multivariate Control Charts during the Operation of Systems Involving Human Processes

Quality assurance during the operation of a system is critical for maintaining performance within desired specifications. Without proper monitoring and control, a system is capable of erratic behavior resulting in degraded performance, unplanned downtime for maintenance, or system failure. Statistical analysis has proven useful when appropriately applied for quality control activities, as is evidenced within the manufacturing industry. The collection of statistical techniques commonly applied to evaluate the performance of systems and/or processes is known as statistical process control. This paper presents an approach concerning the statistical process control technique of control charting, demonstrating its applicability to controlling and monitoring operational systems involving human processes with multiple quality characteristics. Typical control chart application assumes a normal distribution for analyzed data and sufficient data points necessary to collect an appropriately sized sample. The novelty of the proposed approach is in the intent of monitoring the overall operation of a process, focusing on initial inputs and final outputs, while utilizing 100% of process-generated data from systems where the operational pace does not lend to the collection of large amounts of data points. In this paper, the applicability of the proposed approach is demonstrated on a corporate information technology help desk. An approach designed for systems within the scope of this paper would be beneficial to multiple industries and organizations for evaluation of systems consisting of human-involved processes.
The Relationship between Departmental Power and Faculty Careers on Two Campuses: The Case for Structural Effects on Faculty Salaries.

The correlates of the rate of faculty advancement through steps within ranks were examined in a sample of 40 departments on two campuses of a large state university system. The proportion of departmental faculty moving through steps at faster than normal speed was positively correlated with the political power of the department on the campus and, in some cases, with the proportion of the faculty in the department who were at more senior ranks. The rate of departmental growth, the level of the department's scientific paradigm, or departmental national prestige had no effect on faculty career speed. The evidence suggests that it is important to broaden the study of faculty salary and other rewards to include structural as well as individual variables, including departmental affiliation and characteristics of the department.
Nonlinear theory of the internally loss modulated laser

This paper presents a detailed nonlinear analysis of the internally loss-modulated laser including the effect of arbitrary atomic lineshape, saturation, and mode pulling. Results of the analysis are in part numerical and include a study of the spectral and time domain behavior of the laser output. The results include a determination of the minimum perturbation strength which is necessary to produce phase locking, peak pulse amplitude, and minimum pulsewidth as a function of perturbation strength, a consideration of the detuned case, and a comparison of AM- versus FM-type phase locking. Results are compared with the previously obtained linearized solutions of others.
Exploring the psychological structure of transformational knowledge in visual and haptic intramodal conditions using multidimensional scaling.

Summary.—The intramodal relation between perceptual similarity and categorization performance in a psychological space, as indicated by multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis of similarity judgments, was explored. Participants learned to classify transformed object shapes into three categories either visually or hapti-cally via different training procedures (either random or systematic), followed by a transfer test. Learning modulated the psychological spaces, but this effect was more prevalent with haptic than with visual tasks. A prototype model for similarity ratings was illustrated in MDS space. The prototypes were multidimensionally scaled at the center of a category, rather than mirroring the bidirectional paths of their origins. Although they converged at the apex of two transformational trajectories, the category prototypes anchored at the centroid of their respective categories and became more structured as a function of learning. The reduced tendency to make errors (i.e., higher accuracy) in re...
The neurotoxin, β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) interacts with the strychnine-insensitive glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor

Electrophysiological and receptor binding techniques were used to determine whether the neurotoxin β-N-4-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA), a monocarboxylic amino acid, can act at the strychnine-insensitive glycine modulatory site to modify the activity of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. dl-BMAA but not l-BMAA reversibly potentiated the amplitude of NMDA-activated currents. Neither dl-BMAA nor l-BMAA were able independently to activate currents. The reversal potential and the potential-dependence of the amplitude were not affected by dl-BMAA. The dl-BMAA effect was reversibly antagonized by 7-chlorokynurenic acid. Concentration jump experiments showed that the time course of the “off” response of NMDA-activated currents in the presence of dl-BMAA is faster than in the presence of glycine, suggesting that dl-BMAA dissociates from the receptor more rapidly than glycine. dl-BMAA produced a concentration-dependent displacement of [3H]glycine binding which was additive with that of 7-chlorokynurenic acid. These data indicate that d-BMAA could act as a stereospecific modulator of NMDA receptor function by acting as an agonist at the strychnine-insensitive glycine modulatory site of the NMDA receptor.
Associative Visual Agnosia and Alexia Without Prosopagnosia

Disagreement over the neuroanatomical substrate of associative visual agnosia encompasses such basic issues as: (1) the necessity for bilateral lesions; (2) the intrahemispheric locus of damage; and (3) the roles of disconnection versus cortical damage. We examined three patients whose associative visual agnosia encompassed objects and printed words but spared faces. CAT scans revealed unilateral dominant occipitotemporal strokes. CAT scans of four previously reported cases with this same profile of associative agnosia were obtained. Dominant parahippocampal, fusiform and lingual gyri were the most extensively damaged cortical regions surveyed and were involved in all cases. Of white matter tracts surveyed, only temporal white matter including inferior longitudinal fasciculus was severely and universally involved. Splenium of the corpus callosum was frequently but not always involved. We conclude there is a form of associative visual agnosia with agnosia for objects and printed words but sparing face recognition which has a characteristic unilateral neuropathology. Damage or disconnection of dominant parahippocampal, fusiform and lingual gyri is the necessary and sufficient lesion.