cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of kainic acid lesions on calcium uptake and dopamine release in nerve endings isolated from rat striata.

Abstract Rats were injected intrastriatally with kainic acid and the viability of dopaminergic terminals two days following the injection was determined by comparing voltage dependent calcium uptake and dopamine release in isolated nerve endings. Evoked dopamine release remained normal following the lesion, but the initial rate of potassium stimulated calcium entry decreased by ∼ 1 3 . These results suggest that the excitotoxic lesion caused by acute intrastriatal injection of kainic acid results in retention of functional dopaminergic terminals.
Objectives and pitfalls in the simulation of building fires with a computer

The complex interactions between a building and a fire are being studied using the National Bureau of Standards computer facility. By highlighting the information needs for a successful calculation, the fire simulation study provides a guide to future research.
GABA responses of rod bipolar cells in rabbit retinal slices.

GABAergic responses of rabbit rod bipolar cells were reexamined by using whole-cell recordings in the superfused slice preparation to determine if there is GABA C receptor input to their axon terminal and to characterize the contribution that GABA A and GABA C receptors make to the total GABA current on the axon terminals of these cells. Pharmacological agents specifically blocking GABA A and GABA C receptor currents demonstrated that 37% of the GABA-activated current was blocked by either the GABA A antagonists bicuculline or SR-95531, whereas the remaining 63% of the GABA current was blocked by a mixture of bicuculline and the GABA C antagonist TPMPA. This indicated that GABA C receptors were present on the axon terminal of the rabbit rod bipolar cell and that they were responsible for mediating the bicuculline insensitive GABA current.
Anne Tyler: the American family fights for its half-life.

This paper explores Kohut's assertion that people need and can benefit from selfobjects throughout life. It is my intention, by analyzing Anne Tyler's novels, to trace the use of selfobjects by fictional parents and their adult children, with special reference to the impaired cohesion of the American family. Central to such an analysis is a description of the reciprocal internal representations of parents and children. As depicted by Tyler, these representations are too often pathogenic, resulting in parental depression and immature selfobject configurations in their grown children. Although Tyler's fictional world of essentially gentle, repressed, lower-middle-class WASPS is no longer broadly representative, her novels raise inescapable questions about the psychological viability of the American family in general. Is it true, then, that we can regenerate ourselves even in our later years, perhaps renewing the capacity for growth in untried directions? This is the point of view expressed by Galatzer-Levy and Cohler in their essay, "Selfobjects in the Second Half of Life" (1990). Their optimism derives from Kohut's assertion that people need and can benefit from selfobjects throughout life (Kohut, 1977). The choice of such selfobjects may involve idealized others--mentors, for example--without being unrealistic or rooted in infantile needs. By the same token, it is possible that traumata experienced later in life may have a powerful negative effect on the otherwise mature personality, blocking further movement or development. These views are consistent with the idea that adult development is multidirectional and that new selfobjects can promote individualized lines of development throughout most of the life cycle. Erikson's stage theory of psychosocial development is likewise consistent with the expectation that qualitative changes in personality organization occur during the adult years (1968).
Characterisation of covalent constituents in a coal conversion solid waste

Abstract A solid waste derived from the gasification of solvent-refined coal (SRC-II) mineral residue contained both elemental sulphur (S°) and organic compounds. These constituents were extracted directly from the waste with dichloromethane. Free sulphur comprised ≈ 1% by weight of the waste. The organic compounds identified—conjugated carbon ring systems with molecular weight below and including anthracene—were below 0·001% levels. On equilibration with water, concentrations of dissolved or suspended organic compounds reached a maximum in about 1 h and then decreased with time. Organic compounds present do not appear to have metal-active functional groups that would contribute significantly to ion mobility in the waste under leaching conditions.
Ruining the President’s spectacle: theatricality and telepolitics in the Buenos Aires public sphere

By examining two political protests that took place in the Buenos Aires of the late 1990s, this article explores the theatrical strategies through which the social movements that opposed President Menem’s neoliberal government succeeded in weakening the ruling bloc’s hold on the public sphere. The author argues that much of this struggle was fought around modalities of seeing, displaying, watching, and being seen. While the state utilized spectacle and panopticism in the attempt to reproduce its authority, the protesters turned to these strategies to disseminate their polemic self-performance as Argentina’s people and its critical public. This representational strategy pursued a twofold purpose. On one hand, the protesters strove to confine the state to the double role of spectator of their dissent and object of their critical scrutiny. On the other hand, the protesters provided their audiences with a site of identification and unification that proved effective in mobilizing support to their struggle agai...
Uranium-Mediated Ring Opening of Tetrahydrofuran. Crystal Structure of UI(2)(OCH(2)CH(2)CH(2)CH(2)I)(2)(Ph(3)P=O)(2)

The synthesis and structure of the uranium(IV) compound UI2(OCH2CH2CH2CH2I)2(Ph3PO)2 (1) is described. Compound 1 is formed from the ring opening of THF from UI4(CH3CN)4.
Performance Optimization of Software Systems Processing Information Sequences Modeled by Probabilistic Languages

The performance of a hardware/software system is a function of both the deterministic properties of the computation being performed and the probabilistic properties of the information sequence being processed. This paper develops the idea of a computational cost which can be used to measure system performance and shows how this cost can be related to the structure of the system and the information processed by the system. Different ways in which this cost can be used to study system performance are presented.
Effects of Polymer End-Group Chemistry and Order of Deposition on Controlled Protein Delivery from Layer-by-Layer Assembly

Layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly is an attractive platform for controlled release of biologics given its mild fabrication process and versatility in coating substrates of any shape. Proteins can be incorporated into LBL coatings by sequentially depositing oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, which self-assemble into nanoscale films on medical devices or tissue engineering scaffolds. However, previously reported LBL platforms often require the use of a few hundred layers to avoid burst release, which hinders their broad translation due to the lengthy fabrication process, cost, and batch-to-batch variability. Here we report a biodegradable LBL platform composed of only 10 layers with tunable protein release kinetics, which is an order of magnitude less than previously reported LBL platforms. We performed a combinatorial study to examine the effects of polymer chemistry and order of deposition of poly(β-amino) esters on protein release kinetics under 81 LBL assembly conditions. Using the optimal “polyelectrolyt...
Relationship of Freshwater Aquaculture Production to Renewable Freshwater Resources

At the country-level, freshwater aquaculture production was correlated (P less than 0.05) with area, renewable freshwater, and population increased - the strongest tendency was with population. Intensity of freshwater use for aquaculture in 172 countries was estimated by dividing freshwater aquaculture production (tonne per year) by total natural renewable freshwater (km3 per year). The freshwater aquaculture production : renewable freshwater ratio (AFR) varied from 0 to 15,000 tonne per km3. Country-level AFRs were assigned to classes : no freshwater aquaculture, (n equal to 35); low, less than 100 tonne per km3 (n equal to 80); medium, 100-1,000 tonne per km3 (n equal to 45); high, more than 1,000 tonne per km3 (n equal to 12). Most renewable freshwater is in countries with no freshwater aquaculture or low AFR; countries with high AFR contain 11.1 percent of global renewable freshwater. By Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) region, AFR values were: Oceania, 1.56 tonne per km3; Latin America and Caribbean, 31.1 tonne per km3; North America, 50.0 tonne per km3; Europe, 68.7 tonne per km3; Africa, 84.1 tonne per km3; and Asia, 2,409 tonne per km3. Renewable freshwater appears adequate for considerable expansion of aquaculture especially outside Asia.
Transformer magnetizing current and iron-core losses in harmonic power flow

The problem of modifying the harmonic power flow analysis to permit the inclusion of nonlinear anisotropic transformers and computation of their iron-core (and copper) losses are discussed. The nonlinear model used for transformers is capable of simulating saturation of iron-cores, anisotropy of laminations, and the iron-core and copper losses associated with anisotropic transformers, but simple enough to be included in the harmonic power flow algorithm without deteriorating its convergence properties. The dependency of iron-core losses on the maximum value of the total (fundamental and harmonic) flux density and the fact that iron-core losses are a function of the waveform of the induced voltage/spl minus/that is its harmonic phase shifts with respect to the fundamental phase angle/spl minus/are included. The induced voltage is transformed from frequency domain to time domain: the instantaneous induced voltage and the computed /spl lambda/-i characteristics are employed to compute the instantaneous magnetizing and core-loss currents. Thereafter a transformation is made from time domain back to frequency domain to compute the fundamental and harmonic components of the above-mentioned currents. Therefore, transformer harmonic couplings are properly modeled and included in the analysis. The modified harmonic load flow formulation is applied to a balanced three-phase feeder consisting of a grounded-wye, grounded-wye nonlinear anisotropic transformer and linear and nonlinear loads. >
Plastic dissipation in mixed-mode fatigue crack growth along plastically mismatched interfaces

Abstract A new theory of fatigue crack growth in ductile solids has recently been proposed based on the total plastic energy dissipation per cycle ahead of the crack. This and previous energy based approaches in the literature suggest that the total plastic dissipation per cycle can be closely correlated with fatigue crack growth rates under mode I loading. In a recent paper, the authors have extended the dissipated energy approach to the case of fatigue crack growth in a homogeneous material under sustained mixed-mode loading conditions. The goal of the current study is to further extend the approach to mixed-mode fatigue delamination of ductile interfaces in layered materials. Attention is restricted to material combinations with identical elastic properties, but with mismatches in plastic properties (both yield strength and hardening modulus) across the interface. Such systems can occur in brazing, soldering, welding, and a variety of layered manufacturing applications, where high-temperature material deposition can result in a mismatch in mechanical properties between the deposited material and the substrate. In this study, the total plastic dissipation per cycle is obtained through plane strain elastic–plastic finite element analysis of a stationary crack in a general layered specimen geometry under constant amplitude, mixed-mode loading. Numerical results for a dimensionless plastic dissipation per cycle are presented over the full range of relevant material combinations and mixed-mode loading conditions. Results suggest that while applied mode-mix ratio is the dominant parameter, mismatches in yield strength and hardening modulus can have a significant effect on the total plastic dissipation per cycle, which is dominated by the weaker/softer material.
Prospective evaluation of arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs at 5 years: part I - Functional outcomes and radiographic healing rates

Background A rotator cuff registry was established to prospectively evaluate the effectiveness of all-arthroscopic repairs. This study reports those results at 5 years. Materials and methods The study enrolled 193 patients who underwent all-arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs. Patients were evaluated preoperatively and at 1, 2, and 5 years postoperatively. Outcome measurements included the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, range of motion, manual muscle testing, and ultrasonography. Results At 5-years, 106 patients completed follow-up, representing 55% of the patients originally enrolled but 77% of those who returned for evaluation at 1 year. ASES scores improved from 52.6 ± 23.2 preoperatively to 92.6 ± 14.8 at 5 years ( P P = .002). Between years 2 and 5, passive forward elevation decreased from 173° ± 10.3° to 168.6° ± 16.8° ( P = .02) and external rotation decreased from 73.6° ± 21.3° to 67.8° ± 19.6° ( P = .04). Patients improved a full motor grade in forward elevation and external rotation and this remained stable over time. The healing rates for all patients were 64.3% at 1 year, 75.4% at 2 years, and 81.2% at 5 years. Paired analyses showed increased healing rates from 1 to 5 years ( P = .001) and from 2 to 5 years ( P = .05). Discussion The midrange results of all-arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs are good, and functional results remain constant over 5 years. The ultrasound healing rates continued to increase with time; however, the mechanism and the clinical significance of this are uncertain at this time.
Reducing Prenatal Phthalate Exposure Through Maternal Dietary Changes: Results from a Pilot Study.

Diet is a major source of exposure to certain phthalates, a class of environmental chemicals associated with endocrine disruption in animal models and humans. Several studies have attempted to lower phthalate exposure through carefully designed dietary interventions, with inconsistent results. We conducted a dietary intervention pilot study with the objective to lower phthalate exposure in low-income pregnant women, a particularly vulnerable population. Ten pregnant women consumed a provided diet consisting of mostly fresh, organic foods for 3 days. We collected urine samples before, during, and after the intervention and conducted semi-structured interviews to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention. We used repeated measures ANOVA and paired t-tests to assess differences in urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations across the study, focusing on the metabolites of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), a phthalate of particular interest, and their molar sum (∑DEHP). Phthalate metabolite concentrations did not change appreciably during the intervention period. We observed no significant difference in ∑DEHP metabolite concentrations across the three time periods (F = 0.21; adjusted p value = 0.65), and no reduction during the intervention as compared to baseline (t = −1.07, adjusted p value = 0.51). Results of interviews indicated that participants were not motivated to make dietary changes to potentially reduce chemical exposures outside of the study. Despite the small sample size, our results suggest that promoting dietary changes to lower phthalate exposure may not be an effective public health measure. Reducing the use of phthalates in food processing and packaging may be a better solution to lowering exposure on a population level.
HOW THE OLD LEFT HAS FOUND A NEW PLACE IN THE MEMORY GAME

In his new book, How Modernity Forgets, Paul Connerton seeks to show a relationship between the workings of late capitalism and the institutionalization of forgetfulness in ever more abstract conceptions of space and time. He uses this argument to explain why the topic of collective memory has waxed so large in contemporary historical scholarship. I interpret his argument in light of his earlier work on habit memory and his still earlier critique of Frankfurt School social theory. I close with some comments on his study in the context of recent work on mnemonic practices in modern culture.
Linearity enigmas in ecology

Abstract Two issues concerning linearity or nonlinearity of natural systems are taken up. Each is related to one of the two alternative defining properties of linear systems, superposition and decomposition. The superposition property exists when a linear combination of inputs to a system results in the same linear combination of outputs that individually correspond to the original inputs. To demonstrate this property it is necessary that all initial states and inputs of the system which impinge on the output in question be included in the linear combination manipulation. As this isfficult or impossible to do with real systems of any complexity, nature appears nonlinear even though it may be linear. A linear system that displays nonlinear behavior for this reason is termed pseudononlinear. The decomposition property exists when the dynamic response of a system can be partitioned into an input-free portion due to state plus a state-free portion due to input. This is a characteristic of all linear systems, but not of nonlinear systems. Without the decomposition property, it is not possible to distinguish which portions of a system's behavior are due to innate characteristics (self) vs. outside conditions (environment), which is an important class of questions in biology and ecology. Some philosophical aspects of these findings are then considered. It is suggested that those ecologists who hold to the view that organisms and their environments are separate entities are in effect embracing a linear view of nature, even though their belief systems and mathematical models tend to be nonlinear. On the other hand, those who consider that the organism-environment complex forms a single inseparable unit are implictly involved in non-linear thought, which may be in conflict with the linear modes and models that some of them use. The need to rectify these ambivalences on the part of both groups is indicated.
Prenatal genetic screening in the Ashkenazi Jewish population.

In the Ashkenazi Jewish population there are at least nine severely debilitating autosomal recessive disorders that can be prevented by carrier screening and genetic counseling. There are common mutations that permit carrier identification with greater than 95% delectability. Simultaneous screening of both partners is recommended to avoid the anxiety associated with sequential screening when the first tested partner is found to be a carrier. Pretest and post-test genetic counseling should be provided, and screening of couples where only one member is Jewish is recommended. Experience with multiplex carrier screening in the Ashkenazi Jewish population has proved effective and provides a prototype for future mass carrier screening for genetic diseases in the general population.
Ozone effects on plant cell permeability

The effect of ozone on plant cell permeability was examined. Pinto bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) were exposed to 0.4 ppm ozone for one hr and discs cut from primary leaves were allowed to take up /sup 14/C-UL-d-glucose or /sup 14/C-UL-2-deoxy-d-glucose. Uptake of 2-deoxy-d-glucose one hr after exposure appeared lower in exposed tissue than controls, while 24 hr after exposure uptake of both sugars by exposed tissue was three times that of controls. When uptake in one hr was examined at various times after exposure up to twenty hr it was found that permeability did not increase until several hr after the end of exposure. Cursory examination of the internal distribution of /sup 14/C label showed that the increase in permeability was not a function of increased metabolic activity since no differences were seen between exposed and control tissue, except in fractions representing cell wall material. The same percentage of /sup 14/CO/sub 2/ was released by exposed and control tissue even though uptake of glucose was greater in exposed tissue. These data are interpreted to mean that the primary targets for ozone are cellular membranes, resulting in alterations in membrane permeability.
A Content Analysis of Aging Network Conference Proceedings

The Aging Network is a federally funded group of collaborating organizations which provides support and services to older adults and caregivers. Professionals within the network are charged with staying up-to-date on current best practices, pertinent changes in federal policies, and the latest developments in aging. To promote professional networking, the dissemination of innovation, and continuing education, the Aging Network supports three annual service-based conferences at the national level. This investigation analyzed the content of 1,363 presentation sessions at these national conferences over a 10-year period. As a result, a total of 68 unique topics were identified, many of which were linked to the provision of services traditionally offered by the Aging Network including information and referral and service development. Few sessions, however, focused on organizational development, minority health and aging, gender issues, and end of life. These findings may guide conference organizers to better ...
More exact invariants for the time-dependent harmonic oscillator

Abstract We derive an infinite number of new invariants and related auxiliary equations for the time-dependent harmonic oscillator.
Human biology association guide to graduate programs and graduate training in human biology.

The Human Biology Council Executive Committee decided at its 1993 meeting that a guide to graduate programs in human biology would be very useful for students seeking graduate training and for faculty advising such students. Therefore, information on graduate training opportunities was requested from each member of the Human Biology Council in Fall 1993 and followup requests were made in spring 1994. The responses summarized below attest to the multidisciplinary nature and the international scope of the discipline. The Human Biology Association (formerly, the Human Biology Council) plans to update the guide periodically. Please contact the compiler of this version, Prof. Cynthia M. Beall with additions and comments. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Examining the Role of Emotional Avoidance in the Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Severity and Worry

A growing body of literature suggests that worry is a cognitive activity functioning to avoid unpleasant internal experiences such as negative thoughts, emotions, and somatic responses. Given the highly aversive internal events associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), individuals experiencing PTSD symptoms following exposure to a traumatic event may be particularly motivated to engage in avoidant regulation strategies such as worry. Surprisingly, however, few studies to date have examined the relationship between PTSD and worry as well as potential factors that might explain this association. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine the association between PTSD symptom severity and worry and the extent to which emotional avoidance explains this relationship. To this end, 207 college students with a history of traumatic exposure (meeting Criterion A for a PTSD diagnosis) completed a series of questionnaires assessing history of exposure to potentially traumatic events, PTSD symptom sev...
Covering and packing in ${\Bbb Z}^n$ and ${\Bbb R}^n$ , (I)

Given a finite subset ${\cal A}$ of an additive group ${\Bbb G}$ such as ${\Bbb Z}^n$ or ${\Bbb R}^n$ , we are interested in efficient covering of ${\Bbb G}$ by translates of ${\cal A}$ , and efficient packing of translates of ${\cal A}$ in ${\Bbb G}$ . A set ${\cal S} \subset {\Bbb G}$ provides a covering if the translates ${\cal A} + s$ with $s \in {\cal S}$ cover ${\Bbb G}$ (i.e., their union is ${\Bbb G}$ ), and the covering will be efficient if ${\cal S}$ has small density in ${\Bbb G}$ . On the other hand, a set ${\cal S} \subset {\Bbb G}$ will provide a packing if the translated sets ${\cal A} + s$ with $s \in {\cal S}$ are mutually disjoint, and the packing is efficient if ${\cal S}$ has large density. In the present part (I) we will derive some facts on these concepts when ${\Bbb G} = {\Bbb Z}^n$ , and give estimates for the minimal covering densities and maximal packing densities of finite sets ${\cal A} \subset {\Bbb Z}^n$ . In part (II) we will again deal with ${\Bbb G} = {\Bbb Z}^n$ , and study the behaviour of such densities under linear transformations. In part (III) we will turn to ${\Bbb G} = {\Bbb R}^n$ .
Pay for Performance in Medicare: Evidentiary Irony and the Politics of Value

Pay for performance (P4P) is of growing importance in the Medicare program. Pay-for-performance policy has the support of political actors in both parties and in the legislative and executive branches; of experts, business, and consumer interests; and in a qualified way, of health care providers. The evidence that P4P improves quality or reduces cost, however, is scant, although P4P proponents claim that the program is evidence based. This article reviews the history of Medicare P4P, documents its widespread support, and evaluates both the evidence of its effectiveness and the expert discourse about that evidence. The article analyzes the political reasons for Medicare P4P's popularity despite its evidentiary deficiencies and emphasizes its role in the politics of value. Pay for performance allows Medicare policy makers to (1) reformulate intractable cost and quality problems as more malleable value problems; (2) offer an acceptable quid pro quo for payment negotiations with providers; and (3) reach a rare, if shallow, consensus based on the ideological ambiguity of P4P.
Applying geostatistics to quantify distributions of large woody debris in streams

Abstract Large woody debris (LWD) strongly influences morphology and aquatic habitat in streams within forested watersheds. Previous studies have used data to describe spatial distributions of LWD in qualitative terms. We used high-resolution spatial data collected from a forested stream in western Oregon to conduct three geostatistical analyses. The data were collected at five time periods prior to and following the addition of LWD into the stream. Each analysis is examined for its potential and shortcomings in quantifying distributions. Our findings indicate that semi-variograms, when used with a raster spatial data structure, can be useful quantitative descriptions of LWD distributions.
Temporal and spatial variability in root reinforcement of streambanks: Accounting for soil shear strength and moisture

Abstract Riparian vegetation exerts a number of mechanical and hydrologic controls on bank stability, which can affect the delivery of sediment to channels. Estimates of root reinforcement of soils have commonly been attained using perpendicular root models that simply sum root tensile strengths and consider these as an add-on factor to soil strength. A major limitation of such perpendicular models is that tensile strength and resistance is wrongly considered to be independent of soil type and moisture, and therefore variations according to these bank properties are omitted in conventional models. In reality, during mass failure of a streambank, some roots break, and some roots are pulled out of the soil intact; the relative proportions of roots that break or pull out are determined by a combination of soil moisture and shear strength. In this paper an equation to predict the frictional resistance of root–soil bonds was tested against field data collected at Long Creek, MS, under two soil moisture conditions. The root pullout equations were then included in the root-reinforcement model, RipRoot, and bank stability model runs for Goodwin Creek, MS, were carried out in order to examine the effects of spatial and temporal variations in soil shear strength and rooting density, on streambank factor of safety. Model results showed that at smaller root diameters breaking forces exceeded pullout forces, but at larger root diameters pullout forces exceed breaking forces. The threshold diameter between root pullout and root breaking varied with soil shear strength, with increasing soil shear strength leading to a greater proportion of roots failing by breaking instead of pullout. Root-reinforcement estimates were shown to reflect changes in soil shear strength, for example, brought about by variations in soil matric suction. Resulting Factor of safety ( F S ) values for the bank during the period modeled ranged from 1.36 to 1.74 with 1000 grass roots/m 2 , compared to a range of 0.97 to 1.37 for the non-vegetated bank. Root reinforcement was shown to increase bank stability under the entire range of soil moisture conditions modeled. However, the magnitude of root reinforcement varied in both space and time as determined by soil shear strength and soil moisture.
The analysis of square matrices of scientometric transactions

A method is explained for analysing square matrices of statistics giving transactions between each member of a set of nations, papers, journals, etc. In general self-transactions are different in kind to other exchanges of money, citations, etc., and a special method is given to compute row and column coefficients without relying on the diagonal elements. It is shown that this method yields very satisfactory analyses for journal and national citation data, enabling the members of the set to be assigned measures of size, quality and self-interest and a fuzzy set of clustered members from which all data may be derived.
Pressure ulcer-related pain in nursing home residents with cognitive impairment.

PURPOSE:To enhance the learner’s competence by providing research about pressure ulcer-related pain in nursing home residents with cognitive impairment.TARGET AUDIENCE:This continuing education activity is intended for physicians and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.OBJECTIVES:After pa
a Simple Ansatz Relating all Mixing Angles to Quark Mass Ratios

A simple ansatz for quark mass matrices which yields the Kac–Moody (KM) matrix elements, , Vcb = ms/mb, and , is investigated, resulting in two empirical identities, md/ms = ms/mb and mu/mc = mc/mt. Using Vub = 0.004 ± 0.002, we obtain mt = (290 ± 140) GeV. We find that this prediction is consistent with other processes, such as mixing. The invariant quantity, J, of CP violation is of the order 3 × 10−5 in agreement with experiments.
Testosterone 5α‐Reductase in Rat Brain

We describe a simple procedure for the microassay of testosterone 5 alpha-reductase in homogenates of rat brain. This enzyme converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. We have used this assay to characterize the enzymatic activity and to map its distribution. The apparent Km is 4.1 x 10(-6) M and the Vmax is 85.6 pmol/mg protein/h. The pH optimum is broad and extends from pH 6.0 to 8.0. For the brain regions surveyed, testosterone 5 alpha-reductase activity varied over a 10-fold range. The highest activities were observed in homogenates of the midbrain and pons (37-39 pmol/mg protein/h). The lowest were seen in homogenates of the thalamus, caudate nucleus, frontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, olfactory tubercle, and preoptic area (3-7 pmol/mg protein/h).
Suicidal behavior in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder

Abstract Individuals with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder are at increased risk for completed suicide and suicide attempts. Suicide risk is increased throughout the life span and most suicide attempters and completers make more than one attempt. Investigations show that individuals with these psychotic disorders are typically experiencing psychotic symptoms and in psychiatric treatment at the time of their attempts although frequently under-treated with respect to medication. We review the literature with regard to demographic and clinical risk factors for suicidal behavior among individuals with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Specifically the role of clinical symptoms, premorbid and current social functioning, depression, substance misuse and abuse and biological factors are presented. Future directions for research regarding assessment and intervention are discussed.
Interpretation of beat-to-beat blood pressure values in the presence of ventilatory changes.

When blood pressure is measured invasively in the operating room or intensive care unit, it is reasonable to expect useful systolic, diastolic, and mean pressure values to be displayed at all times. If blood pressure is stable from beat to beat, display of values from any beat will suffice. However, the pressure often fluctuates from beat to beat. Display of values from every beat would yield a confusing jumble of numbers. This article describes an algorithm for selecting values that appear physiologically useful from blood pressure waveforms that vary with ventilation. Two classes of variation are discussed. The algorithm is optimized for the type of variation seen in pulmonary artery pressure waveforms.
Health indicators for military, veteran, and civilian women.

Background Women who have served in the military are a rapidly growing population. No previous studies have compared directly their health status to that of civilians. Purpose To provide estimates of several leading U.S. health indicators by military service status among women. Methods Data were obtained from the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, a U.S. population-based study. Health outcomes were compared by military status using multivariable logistic regression among the female participants (274,399 civilians, 4221 veterans, 661 active duty, and 995 National Guard or Reserves [NG/R]). Data were analyzed in August 2011. Results Veterans reported poorer general health and greater incidence of health risk behaviors, mental health conditions, and chronic health conditions than civilian women. Active duty women reported better access to health care, better physical health, less engagement in health risk behaviors, and greater likelihood of having had a recent Pap than civilian women. Women from the NG/R were comparable to civilians across most health domains, although they had a greater likelihood of being overweight or obese and reporting a depressive and anxiety disorder. Conclusions Compared with civilian women, NG/R women rated their health and access to health care similarly and active duty women rated theirs better on several domains, but veterans consistently reported poorer health.
A growth factor from spinal cord

Mitogenic activity is present at a variety of sites in the central nervous system. A growth factor was purified from neonatal bovine spinal cord. It has a pI of 9.5-9.8 and a molecular weight of about 11,000 daltons. Spinal cord growth factor is a basic polypeptide that is inactivated by extremely acid or basic conditions. Its mobility on SDS polyacrylamide gels suggests that this factor is different from pituitary FGF and brain FGF-1.
Physical and mechanical properties of Si3N4 sintered from shock-activated and unshocked powders

Si3N4 powder was shock activated using impact from a sabot accelerated in a light gas gun. The surface area of the shocked powder increased with the square of the impact velocity. The surface energy per gram was shown to increase linearly with the kinetic energy of the sabot (including flyer plate). The shocked (green) densities of the resulting pellets were between 60 and 70% of theoretical density using calculated impact pressures between 0.16 and 1.45 G Pa. The unshocked samples achieved 90 and 98% theoretical density after sintering; lower final densities in the shocked samples were attributed to microcracks which could not be completely eliminated by sintering. The values of hardness and fracture toughness were measured (after sintering) using an indentation technique. These values were higher for the shocked samples (measured in microcrack free areas) than for the unshocked samples.
Nitrosative capacity of macrophages is dependent on nitric-oxide synthase induction signals.

Abstract Nitrosative stress can occur when reactive nitric oxide (NO) species compromise the function of biomolecules via formation of NO adducts on critical amine and thiol residues. The capacity of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) to generate nitrosative stress was investigated in the murine macrophage line ANA-1. Sequential activation with the cytokines IFN-γ and either tumor necrosis factor-α or interleukin-1β resulted in the induction of iNOS and production of nitrite (20 nm/min) but failed to elicit nitrosation of extracellular 2,3-diaminonapthalene. Stimulation with IFN-γ and bacterial lipopolysaccharide increased the relative level of iNOS protein and nitrite production of ANA-1 cells 2-fold; however, a substantial level of NO in the media was also observed, and nitrosation of 2,3-diaminonapthalene was increased greater than 30-fold. Selective scavenger compounds suggested that the salient nitrosating mechanism was the NO/O2 reaction leading to N2O3 formation. These data mimicked the pattern observed with a 5 μm concentration of the synthetic NO donor (Z)-1-[N-ammoniopropyl)-N-(n-propyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (PAPA/NO). The NO profiles derived from iNOS can be distinct and depend on the inductive signal cascades. The diverse consequences of NO production in macrophages may reside in the cellular mechanisms that control the ability of iNOS to form N2O3 and elicit nitrosative stress.
Nuclear-electric reusable orbital transfer vehicle

To help determine the systems requirements for a 300-kWe space nuclear reactor power system, a mission and spacecraft have been examined that utilize electric propulsion supported by the nuclear reactor's power for multiple transfers of cargo between low earth orbit (LEO) and geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO). A propulsion system employing ion thrusters and xenon propellant was selected. Propellant and thrusters are replaced after each sortie to GEO. The mass of the orbital transfer vehicle (OTV), empty and dry, is 11,000 kg; nominal propellant load is 5000 kg. The OTV operates between a circular orbit at 925-km altitude, 28.5-deg inclination, and GEO. Cargo is brought to the OTV by Shuttle and an orbital maneuvering vehicle (OMV); the OTV then takes it to GEO. The OTV can also bring cargo back from GEO for transfer by OMV to the Shuttle. OTV propellant is resupplied, and the ion thrusters are replaced, by the OMV before each sortie to GEO. At the end of mission life, the OTV's electric propulsion is used to place it in a heliocentric orbit so that the reactor will not return to earth. The nominal cargo capability to GEO is 6000 kg, with a transit time of 120 days; 1350 kg can be transferred in 90 days, and 14,300 kg in 240 days. These capabilities can be considerably increased by using separate Shuttle launches to bring up propellant and cargo or by changing to mercury propellant.
cis- and trans-Hexahydroindan. Chemical thermodynamic properties and isomerization equilibrium

Abstract Calorimetrically determined values of the enthalpy and entropy of pure cis - and trans -hexahydroindan were used to calculate the thermodynamic properties and isomerization equilibrium mole fractions of the isomers in liquid and vapor phases. Experimental results are presented for heat capacities of the condensed phases from 12 to 390 K, enthalpies and entropies of fusion and solid-solid transitions, triple-point temperatures, sample purities, vapor pressures from 0.3 to 2025 Torr, and derived thermodynamic functions {G s (T)−H o (0)} T , {H s (T)−H o (0)} T , { H s ( T )− H s (0)}, and S s ( T ) at selected temperatures in solid, liquid, and vapor phases. Calculated isomeric equilibrium mole fractions for the reaction: trans -hexahydroindan = cis -hexahydroindan, based on the calorimetric measurements, are compared with mole fractions observed in catalyzed reaction equilibrium studies.
An Equivalence Principle for Nonuniform Transmission-Line Directional Couplers

The analysis of transmission-line directional couplers is formulated in terms of a pair of first-order matrix differential equations. It is shown that for every nonuniform directional coupler that is electrically symmetric, there exists an equivalent pair of dual nonuniform transmission lines. It is also shown that a matched, transmission-line directional coupler having an absolutely continuous characteristic impedance matrix must be symmetric. Restrictions on the terminating impedances and the implications of these restrictions on the realizability of transmission-line couplers are investigated. Finally, the tapered-line magic T is treated as an example.
Policy Change and Access to 2- and 4-Year Colleges The Case of the City University of New York

Higher education grew spectacularly over the last half of the 20th century. The process of growth has been contested. As ethnic minorities and women mobilized to promote broader access, processes of countermobilization developed, exemplified by debates about academic excellence. One example is the 17-campus system of the City University of New York (CUNY). In 1970, it launched a policy of open admissions. The program created unusual access to baccalaureate programs. It was quite successful in enhancing educational and labor market attainments. It was especially important in improving minority students' chances. Nonetheless, the program was attacked relentlessly, especially in terms of access to its baccalaureate programs. With the advent of conservative political leadership in New York City and State, CUNY's policy has ended. In the future, a higher proportion of entering freshmen will be placed in community colleges. It may be expected that educational and economic attainments will be diminished.
Capturing Genetic Variation during Ecological Restorations: An Example from Kankakee Sands in Indiana

Genetic variation in populations, both natural and restored, is usually considered crucial for response to short-term environmental stresses and for long-term evolutionary change. To have the best chance of successful long-term survival, restored populations should reflect the extant variation found in remnants, but restored sites may suffer from genetic bottlenecks as a result of founder effects. Kankakee Sands is a large-scale restoration being conducted by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) in northwestern Indiana. Our goal was to test for loss of genetic variation in restored plant populations by comparing them with TNC’s seed source nursery and with local remnant populations that were the source of nursery seed and of the first few restored sites. Allozyme analysis of Baptisia leucantha, Asclepias incarnata, Coreopsis tripteris, and Zizia aurea showed low levels of allozyme diversity within all species and reductions in polymorphism, alleles per locus, and expected heterozygosity between remnants and restorations for all species except A. incarnata. Almost all lost alleles were rare; restored populations contained almost 90% of alleles at polymorphic loci that occurred in remnants at frequencies greater than 1%. Allele frequencies for most loci did not differ between remnants and restored sites. Most species showed significant allele frequency differentiation among remnant populations and among restored sites. Our results indicate that seed collection techniques used at Kankakee Sands captured the great majority of allozyme variation present in seed source remnant populations.
Coarse analysis of collective motion with different communication mechanisms.

We study the effects of a signalling constraint on an individual-based model of self-organizing group formation using a coarse analysis framework. This involves using an automated data-driven technique which defines a diffusion process on the graph of a sample dataset formed from a representative stationary simulation. The eigenvectors of the graph Laplacian are used to construct ‘diffusion-map’ coordinates which provide a geometrically meaningful low-dimensional representation of the dataset. We show that, for the parameter regime studied, the second principal eigenvector provides a sufficient representation of the dataset and use it as a coarse observable. This allows the computation of coarse bifurcation diagrams, which are used to compare the effects of the signalling constraint on the population-level behavior of the model.
Novel fabrication method for surface micromachined thin single-crystal silicon cantilever beams

This paper describes a novel technique for the fabrication of surface micromachined thin silicon cantilever beams using merged epitaxial lateral overgrowth (MELO) of silicon and chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP). The objective is to demonstrate the feasibility of using this novel technique for the fabrication of arrays of ultrathin, low-stress, single-crystal silicon cantilever beams for use in ultrahigh sensitivity surface-stress or resonant-frequency-based chemical or biological detection schemes. The process flow used in this work is described in detail and the issues that were faced during the fabrication are discussed. Cantilever beams with thickness of 0.3-0.5 /spl mu/m that were 10-25-/spl mu/m wide and 75-130-/spl mu/m long were fabricated. Mechanical characterization of the cantilever beams were performed by measuring their spring constant using the "added mass" method, which also demonstrated the use of these initial structures to detect masses as low as 10-100 pg. Further work is underway to scale the thickness of these beams down to the sub-100-nm regime.
Regulation of histidine and proline degradation enzymes by amino acid availability in Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract The first enzymes of the histidine (hut) and proline degradative pathways, histidase and proline oxidase, could not be induced in Bacillus subtilis cells growing in glucose minimal medium containing a mixture of 16 amino acids. Addition of the 16-amino-acid mixture to induced wild-type cells growing in citrate minimal medium repressed histidase synthesis 25- to 250-fold and proline oxidase synthesis 16-fold. A strain containing a transcriptional fusion of the hut promoter to the beta-galactosidase gene was isolated from a library of Tn917-lacZ transpositions. Examination of histidase and beta-galactosidase expression in extracts of a hut-lacZ fusion strain grown in various media showed that induction, catabolite repression, and amino acid repression of the hut operon were mediated at the level of transcription. This result was confirmed by measurement of the steady-state level of hut RNA in cells grown in various media. Since amino acid repression was not defective in B. subtilis mutants deficient in nitrogen regulation of glutamine synthetase and catabolite repression, amino acid repression appears to be mediated by a system that functions independently of these regulatory systems.
Sulfate uptake as a measure of bacterial production 1

The [35S]SO4 uptake method forestimating bacterial production was tested on two isolates from a freshwater lake. The rate of S (as SO4) uptake multiplied by the cell C:S ratio was an accurate estimate of bacterial carbon production over a wide range of growth rates. The C:S weight ratios ranged from 98 to 110 for five isolates ( = 103) and was 218 for a sixth, assuming an isotopic discrimination of 4% for 35S vs. 32S uptake. Further investigation is required before SO4 uptake can be used as a measure of bacterial production in field studies.