cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
a molecular phylogeny of apiaceae subfamily Apioideae: evidence from nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences

Phylogenetic relationships among 40 New World and Old World members of Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae, representing seven of the eight tribes and eight of the ten subtribes commonly recognized in the subfamily, were inferred from nucleotide sequence variation in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of 18-26S nuclear ribosomal DNA. Although the sequences are alignable, with only 11% of sites excluded from the analyses because of alignment ambiguity, divergence values in pairwise comparisons of unambiguous positions among all taxa were high and ranged from 0.5 to 33.2% of nucleotides in ITS 1 and from 0 to 33.2% of nucleotides in ITS 2. Average sequence divergence across both spacer regions was 18.4% of nucleotides. Phylogenies derived from ITS sequences estimated using neighbor-joining analysis of substitution rates, and maximum likelihood and parsimony methods give trees of essentially similar topology and indicate that: (1) there is little support for any existing system of classification of the subfamily that is based largely on morphological and anatomical features of the mericarp; (2) there is a major phylogenetic division within the subfamily, with one clade comprising the genus Smyrnium and those taxa belonging to Drude's tribes Dauceae, Scandiceae, and Laserpitieae and the other clade comprising all other examined taxa; and (3) the genera Arracacia, Coaxana, Coulterophytum, Enantiophylla, Myrrhidendron, Prionosciadium, and Rhodosciadium, all endemic to Mexico and Central America, comprise a clade but their relationships to other New World taxa are equivocal. A phylogeny derived from parsimony analysis of chloroplast DNA rpoCl intron sequences is consistent with, but considerably less resolved than, relationships derived from these ITS regions. This study affirms that ITS sequences are useful for phylogenetic inference among closely related members of Apioideae but, owing to high rates of nucleotide substitution, are less useful in resolving relationships among the more ancestral nodes of the phylogeny.
Advances in Measurement of Global Risk Indicators in Lives of Court-Involved Youth: Brief Evidence for Concurrent Validity

The present study reports data on the concurrent validity for the Global Risk Assessment Device, a measure of global risk indicators for a sample of 37 families of adolescents who participated in a family-based program designed to divert youth our of the justice system. Significant correlations among three domains of risk (family/parenting, substance use, and personality/behavior problems) and other measures generated preliminary evidence for concurrent validity of this global risk measure.
War, sports, and aggression: an empirical test of two rival theories

This paper investigates relationships between war, sport and aggression. Two rival models of behavior are tested: the Drive Discharge Model and the Culture Pattern Model Two test strategies are used: a cross-cultural correlation study and a diachronic case study of the U.S. War and combative sports are found to be positively correlated, thus discrediting aggression as a drive in humans and supporting it as a learned cultural behavior pattern.
Creativity in Its Social Context: The Interplay of Organizational Norms, Situational Threat, and Gender

Past research has frequently made the assumptions that creativity is an individual, rather than social, behavior; that the factors shaping creative behavior influence everyone in the same way; and that these factors always have the same influence regardless of the situation. This research challenges all 3 of these assumptions. In an experiment, participants (n = 187) assumed the role of members of a business organization with either individualist or collectivist norms that was either under competitive threat or not. Results indicated that, when threat was absent, men exhibited more divergent thinking under individualist than collectivist norms. However, the reverse was true for women when threat was absent and for both sexes when their organization was under threat. Thus, a group norm emphasizing individuality can sometimes enhance divergent thinking performance. However, this influence is moderated by other situational factors such as competitive threat, and, possibly for reasons of differing socializati...
Exploring the sequence space of a DNA aptamer using microarrays

The relationship between sequence and binding properties of an aptamer for immunoglobulin E (IgE) was investigated using custom DNA microarrays. Single, double and some triple mutations of the aptamer sequence were created to evaluate the importance of specific base composition on aptamer binding. The majority of the positions in the aptamer sequence were found to be immutable, with changes at these positions resulting in more than a 100-fold decrease in binding affinity. Improvements in binding were observed by altering the stem region of the aptamer, suggesting that it plays a significant role in binding. Results obtained for the various mutations were used to estimate the information content and the probability of finding a functional aptamer sequence by selection from a random library. For the IgE-binding aptamer, this probability is on the order of 10(-10) to 10(-9). Results obtained for the double and triple mutations also show that there are no compensatory mutations within the space defined by those mutations. Apparently, at least for this particular aptamer, the functional sequence space can be represented as a rugged landscape with sharp peaks defined by highly constrained base compositions. This makes the rational optimization of aptamer sequences using step-wise mutagenesis approaches very challenging.
Geometric figure-rotation task and face representation in dyslexia: role of spatial relations and orientation.

Two tasks tapping various kinds of spatial-relational representation were given to test the role of spatial representation in writing and reading. (1) An intentional rotation task using six geometr...
Fumbling toward the edge of history: California's quest for a road-pricing experiment

Abstract California has a tradition of innovation in transport policy but has yet to initiate a policy of road pricing. This paper examines the various efforts which have been made to introduce measures of fiscal restraint on car use since the early 1970s. In particular it looks at the arguments put forward for introducing road pricing and critically examines the reasons why they have not been accepted by the decision makers. While some of these reasons appear of universal relevance, others stem from the specific nature U.S. institutions and the U.S. political system. Examination of current trends in political attitudes in California suggest that road pricing is unlikely to materialize there in the immediate future.
Partial Body Weight Support With Treadmill Locomotion to Improve Gait After Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury: A Single-Subject Experimental Design

Background and Purpose. Gait training with partial body weight support has been used to improve gait. In this study, changes in gait relative to speed, cadence, stride length, and percentages of stance and swing for both lower extremities (LEs) during comfortable walking, fast walking, and running were studied in a subject with an incomplete C-5 on C-6 spinal cord injury. Subject and Methods. A single-subject experimental design was used. Following a 6-week period of baseline measurements taken at various intervals (phase AI), the subject ambulated on a treadmill three times a week for 6 weeks with 32% of his body weight supported (phase B). Phase B was followed by a 3-week period without treatment during which measurements were taken at various intervals (phase AII). Gait variables were measured once a week during comfortable walking, fast walking, and running. Heart rate was monitored during treadmill training. Results. During comfortable walking, fast walking, and running, improvements were seen in gait speed. During running, improvements also were seen in stride length and percentages of stance and swing for the right LE. The largest changes were recorded during running. Smaller changes were recorded during comfortable walking and fast walking. Conclusion and Discussion. These results justify testing the efficacy of this technique with larger groups of subjects with neurological impairments.
PERPETUAL FOREIGNER IN ONE’S OWN LAND: POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS FOR IDENTITY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENT

The perpetual foreigner stereotype posits that members of ethnic minorities will always be seen as the “other” in the White Anglo-Saxon dominant society of the United States (Devos & Banaji, 2005), which may have negative implications for them. The goal of the present research was to determine whether awareness of this perpetual foreigner stereotype predicts identity and psychological adjustment. We conducted a series of studies with 231 Asian Americans and 211 Latino/as (Study 1), 89 African Americans (Study 2), and 56 Asian Americans and 165 Latino/as (Study 3). All participants completed measures of perceived discrimination, awareness of the perpetual foreigner stereotype, conflict between ethnic and national identities, sense of belonging to American culture, and demographics. In Study 3, participants also completed measures of psychological adjustment: depression, hope, and life satisfaction. All participants were students at a large, public university on the West Coast of the United States. Across s...
THE MAGNETIC BEHAVIOR OF CATALASE.

The magnetic moment of catalase is 4.6 ± 0.3, nearly the same as that of ferric hemoglobin hydroxide. If the moment be due to electron spin alone without orbital contribution, 3 free electrons would give rise to 3.9 magnetons.
CHIME: coupled hierarchical inductance model evaluation

Modeling inductive effects accurately and efficiently is a critical necessity for design verification of high performance integrated systems. While several techniques have been suggested to address this problem, they are mostly based on sparsification schemes for the L or L-inverse matrix. In this paper, we introduce CHIME, a methodology for non-local inductance modeling and simulation. CHIME is based on a hierarchical model of inductance that accounts for all inductive couplings at a linear cost, without requiring any window size assumptions for sparsification. The efficacy of our approach stems from representing the mutual inductive couplings at various levels of hierarchy, rather than discarding some of them. A prototype implementation demonstrates orders of magnitude speedup over a full, flat model and significant accuracy improvements over a truncated model. Importantly, this hierarchical circuit simulation capability produces a solution that is as accurate as the hierarchically extracted circuits, thereby providing a "golden standard" against which simpler truncation based models can be validated.
Vaporization Chemistry of Organoaluminum Precursors to Ain

We have used the technique of molecular beam mass spectrometry, with time of flight measurement, to study the vaporization of two organoaluminum precursors to AIN. The compounds studied were the isomers (CH 3 ) 3 Al·NH 3 (I) and (CH 3 ) 3 N·AIH 3 (II). Compound I was synthesized in house by reaction of (CH 3 ) 3 Al with NH 3 . Compound II was obtained commercially. Mass spectrometric measurements of Compound I indicated a room temperature vapor pressure below 1 Torr, and slow decomposition at room temperature to yield CH4 and a solid product, identified as the trimer, [(CH 3 ) 2 AlNH 2 ] 3 , as well as possible concentrations of the corresponding monomer and dimer. Similar measurements on Compound II indicated partial decomposition to metallic aluminum and gaseous trimethylamine and hydrogen.
First Steps in the Acquisition of Spanish Stress.

This article uses longitudinal data from four Mexican-American children to explore two aspects of the acquisition of Spanish word stress that precede and accompany learning of the stress system itself. First, contrary to Allen & Hawkins' proposed universal ‘trochaic bias’ (Allen 1982, Allen & Hawkins 1977, 1979, 1980), it is shown that children have a ‘neutral start’ in stress learning: they approach the task of stress learning unbiased towards any particular stress type. Secondly, several examples are found in which children's attention to phonetic or semantic aspects of normatively unstressed syllables leads them to shift stress to that syllable.
Antibodies directed against the peroxisomal targeting signal of firefly luciferase recognize multiple mammalian peroxisomal proteins.

We have previously shown that the peroxisomal targeting signal in firefly luciferase consists of the COOH-terminal three amino acids of the protein, serine-lysine-leucine (Gould, S.J., G.A. Keller, N. Hosken, J. Wilkinson, and S. Subramani, 1989. J. Cell Biol. 108:1657-1664). Antibodies were raised against a synthetic peptide that contained this tripeptide at its COOH terminus. Immunofluorescence and immunocryoelectron microscopy revealed that the anti-peptide antibodies specifically detected peroxisomes in mammalian cells. Further characterization revealed that the antibodies were primarily directed against the COOH-terminal three amino acids of the peptide. In Western blot experiments, the antibodies recognized 15-20 rat liver peroxisomal proteins, but reacted with only a few proteins from other subcellular compartments. These results provide independent immunological evidence that the peroxisomal targeting signal identified in firefly luciferase is present in many peroxisomal proteins.
Monitoring, recognizing and discovering social networks

This work addresses the important problem of the discovery and analysis of social networks from surveillance video. A computer vision approach to this problem is made possible by the proliferation of video data obtained from camera networks, particularly state-of-the-art Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) and tracking camera systems that have the capability to acquire high-resolution face images as well as tracks of people under challenging conditions. We perform “opportunistic” face recognition on captured images and compute motion similarities between tracks of people on the ground plane. To deal with the unknown correspondences between faces and tracks, we present a novel graph-cut based algorithm to solve this association problem. It enables the robust estimation of a social network that captures the interactions between individuals in spite of large amounts of noise in the datasets. We also introduce an algorithm that we call “modularity-cut”, which is an Eigen-analysis based approach for discovering community and leadership structure in the estimated social network. Our approach is illustrated with promising results from a fully integrated multi-camera system under challenging conditions over long period of time.
Distributed computing in practice: the Condor experience

SUMMARY Since 1984, the Condor project has enabled ordinary users to do extraordinary computing. Today, the project continues to explore the social and technical problems of cooperative computing on scales ranging from the desktop to the world-wide computational Grid. In this paper, we provide the history and philosophy of the Condor project and describe how it has interacted with other projects and evolved along with the field of distributed computing. We outline the core components of the Condor system and describe how the technology of computing must correspond to social structures. Throughout, we reflect on the lessons of experience and chart the course travelled by research ideas as they grow into production systems. Copyright c � 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compressibility of solids and Tait's law: I: P-V relationships of the alkali metals

Abstract It has been shown, using both Swenson's data at 4.2°K and Bridgman's data at room temperature, that the alkali metals, which do not follow Bridgman's empirical law, do follow Tait's Law. Both Bridgman's empirical equation and Levitt's high pressure empirical approach are shown to be special cases of Tait's Law. Bridgman's series of data up to 40,000 kg/cm2 is shown to be about as reliable as his 100,000 kg/cm2 data. Use of the Tait equation, which is founded on the strict theoretical ground of association theory, allows data to be smoothed on a theoretical basis rather than on a strictly empirical one. Since Tait's Law is derived without assumptions from the general association equation of state, it has now been shown that this equation of state is applicable to gases, liquids and most likely solids. Data for solids which is not consistent with this treatment should be held as suspect or non-continuous over the pressure range being considered.
Analysis of Interaction between Air Transportation and Economic Activity.

This paper uses both world-wide and country-level analysis to describe the relationship between air transportation and economic activity. In particular, we describe how economic, infrastructural, institutional and geographic factors aect the mapping of cargo and passenger flows to the enabled flows of labor, knowledge, investment, remittances, tourism and goods. We also identify the role of government and exogenous drivers in this relationship. We illustrate the relationship using several examples: Dubai in the United Arab Emirates, Jamaica, China and India.
Thermally Driven Tall Cavity Flows in Porous Media: The Convective Regime

Thermally driven flows in a two-dimensional rectangular cavity filled with a fluid-saturated porous medium are considered when the applied temperature difference is perpendicular to the gravity vector. The flow depends on two non-dimensional parameters, the Darcy-Rayleigh number, A , and the cavity aspect ratio, h (height / width). Steady motion is generated by maintaining the vertical sidewalls at different constant temperatures and the horizontal boundaries are assumed to be thermally insulating. The present study is concerned with the limit of large aspect ratio, h → ∞. and Darcy-Rayleigh numbers A of order h , such that convection is important throughout the cavity. The main properties of the flow and heat transfer are obtained by considering a vertical boundary-layer approximation to the motion in the main body of the cavity. This leads, in particular, to the prediction of a position of minimum heat transfer across the cavity, of interest in the thermal insulation of buildings and other areas of technology.
Determination of the Fe2+/Fe3+ Ratio in Nuclear Waste Glasses

This paper reports on the Fe{sup 2 +}/Fe{sup 3 +} ratios of 47 simulated nuclear waste glass samples with ratios varying from 0.01 (oxidized) to 1.6 (reduced) determined by wet-chemical and Mossbauer spectral analyses. The wet-chemical method involved the spectrophotometric determination of Fe{sup 2 +} and total iron using remote spectroscopy with fiber optic chemical sensing. Interferences from other species present in these glasses were examined and alternative analytical techniques were investigated. Results of wet-chemical and Mossbauer spectral analysis were comparable; however, the wet-chemical method is probably preferable for the analysis of highly radioactive glasses until such glasses have been shown to have satisfactory Mossbauer spectra.
Predictive effects of teachers and schools on test scores, college attendance, and earnings

I studied predictive effects of teachers and schools on test scores in fourth through eighth grade and outcomes later in life such as college attendance and earnings. For example, predict the fraction of a classroom attending college at age 20 given the test score for a different classroom in the same school with the same teacher and given the test score for a classroom in the same school with a different teacher. I would like to have predictive effects that condition on averages over many classrooms, with and without the same teacher. I set up a factor model that, under certain assumptions, makes this feasible. Administrative school district data in combination with tax data were used to calculate estimates and do inference.
Estimation of Magnetic Susceptibility Anisotropy of Carbon Nanotubes Using Magnetophotoluminescence

We have carried out a magnetophotoluminescence excitation spectroscopy study on micelle-suspended single-walled carbon nanotubes in high magnetic fields. By analyzing field-dependent spectral changes, we determined the degree of magnetic alignment of the observed semiconducting nanotubes at 45 T. This, together with an independently measured length distribution of the nanotubes, allowed us to estimate the magnitude of the magnetic susceptibility anisotropy χ∥ − χ⊥ to be ∼1.4 × 10-5 emu/mol for 1-nm-diameter semiconducting nanotubes.
Humanized tissue pharmacodynamics of cefazolin against commonly isolated pathogens in skin and skin structure infections

Objectives The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of humanized cefazolin tissue concentrations against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Enterobacteriaceae in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Methods Nine clinical isolates [five MSSA (cefazolin MIC range 0.5-2.0 mg/L), two Escherichia coli (cefazolin MICs 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L) and two Klebsiella pneumoniae (cefazolin MICs of 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L)] were evaluated with a starting inoculum (0 h) of 10(6) cfu/mL. Time-kill curves were built and the area under the bacterial killing and regrowth curve (AUBC) was calculated. Results The starting inoculum had a mean ± SD of 6.3 ± 0.28 log10 cfu/mL. Cefazolin human simulated targets for peak, trough and half-life were 13.0 mg/L, 2.6 mg/L and 2.6 h, respectively. Control isolates grew to 8.5 ± 0.2 log10 cfu/mL. Against MSSA, cefazolin achieved a reduction from 0 h of -1.18 ± 0.67 and -3.58 ± 1.24 log10 cfu/mL, at 4 and 24 h, respectively. Cefazolin achieved a reduction in bacterial density of -3.45 ± 0.35 and -2.68 ± 0.99 log10 cfu/mL at 4 and 24 h, respectively, when tested against Enterobacteriaceae. No significant difference was observed when comparing AUBC based on MIC values. The rate of initial bacterial reduction of Enterobacteriaceae was rapid, with a decrease of >3 log10 cfu/mL by 4 h, while MSSA exhibited a gradual reduction in bacterial density over one dosing interval. Conclusions The observed antibacterial effects of cefazolin support its continued utility against susceptible S. aureus, E. coli and K. pneumoniae in skin and skin structure infections.
Contributions of social science to agent-based models of building evacuation

This paper describes the general characteristics of the agent-based models (ABM) approach to the simulation of building evacuations, and offers details of some popular computer codes for building evacuation. Contemporary ABM computer programming emphasising the characteristics of individuals and their propensities to act should be supplemented with codes informed by group-level dimensions such as norms, values, commitments to lines of action, leadership, and a sense of identification and membership in meaningful groups. The paper discusses social science considerations that need to be borne in mind when developing an ABM simulation of building evacuation in a disaster. It includes information on an ABM simulation of a disastrous incident: the fire in a US nightclub in Rhode Island in 2003. The model incorporates aspects of the physical environment in which the evacuation took place, the nature and spread of the fire and the smoke, information on individual and groups in the fire, and the impact of the den...
Exploring Textile Traditions, Gender Shifts, and Social Capital in the American Southwest:

Gender is fundamental to the organization of labor. Cross-culturally, women are often the producers of textile arts. Several researchers have argued that men take over the means of textile producti...
All for one and one for all: Theoretical models, sociological theory, and mathematical sociology

ABSTRACTI make the argument that mathematical sociology uniquely contributes to sociological theory through the theoretical models it develops to bridge the gap between the ideas of sociological theorists and data relevant to their empirical evaluation. My work on intergroup association and social integration, the fruit of a long-time collaboration with Fararo and more recently with Karpinski, is used throughout to illustrate my points.
How Do Conventional Master Planning Processes Facilitate or Constrain Sustainable Urbanism? An Environmental Management Perspective

ABSTRACTPlanners have proposed more environmentally sustainable design alternatives to sprawl, which are often implemented through the same master planning process as the conventional subdivision development they seek to replace. This research examines the capacity to implement design alternatives using conventional development processes by asking whether and how four institutional frameworks linked to sustainable environmental management—collaboration, learning, flexibility, and leadership—influence plan implementation. Interviews with leaders from three flagship developments in the United States reveal that trusting collaborations, learning from environmental monitoring, flexible land use regulations, and leaders’ skills created favorable conditions to implement designs. Collaboration with financial-sector actors and transfer of management responsibilities to residents emerged as unique challenges in master planning sustainable urbanism. These results underscore the importance of the processes through w...
Study on noninvasive prenatal genetic testing of 792 cases of high-risk in serological screening

Objective:To discuss the value of the combination of noninvasive prenatal genetic testing and serological screening in prenatal diagnosis of fetal aneuploidy detection. Method:792 cases were enrolled from May 2013 to December 2013,and were high-risk in serological screening. Applying noninvasive prenatal genetic testing to assess the risk rate of fetal chromosomal aneuploidy,positive results were confirmed by karyotype. Result:14 cases of fetuses were aneuploidy in noninvasive prenatal genetic testing,account for 1.77% of the total number of survey data,including 6 cases of trisomy 21,3 cases of trisomy 18,which were confirmed by karyotype and 5 cases of sex chromosomal aneuploidies,but only 1 case(47,XXY)was confirmed by karyotype. Conclusion:Noninvasive prenatal genetic testing can be performed early,rapidly,accurately,noninvasively to detect trisomy 21,trisomy 18. which can avoid many issues from invasive detection. The combination of noninvasive prenatal genetic testing and serological screening is one of the most practical and effective method for prenatal screening.
The Way of Clinical Pharmacist Participating in Clinical Pathway Treating Capillary Bronchitis and Effect Analysis

Objective To discuss the way and the effect of clinical pharmacist participating in clinical pathway treating capillary bronchitis. Method After formulating the way clinical pharmacist participating in clinical pathway, we analyzed the case histories with the first diagnosis of capillary bronchitis retrospectively, compared the using of antibacterial agents, hospitalization expenses, medicine expenses and in hospital days before and after clinical pathway, discussed the way and effect of clinical pharmacist participating in clinical pathway. Result The using of antibacterial agents had statistical difference(P0.01); the hospitalization expenses, medicine expenses and in hospital days had statistical difference(P0.05 or P0.01) before and after clinical pathway, After clinical pathway, the hospitalization expenses, medicine costs and in hospital days were reduced obviously. Conclusion The clinical pharmacist participating in clinical pathway formulating, can standardize drug use for patient, save the hospitalization expenses, medicine costs, short the days in hospital, it had important meaning in economizing the cost of treating, reducing the economic burden to patient.
The prefrontal landscape: implications of functional architecture for understanding human mentation and the central executive

The functional architecture of prefrontal cortex is central to our understanding of human mentation and cognitive prowess. This region of the brain is often treated as an undifferentiated structure, on the one hand, or as a mosaic of psychological faculties, on the other. This paper focuses on the working memory processor as a specialization of prefrontal cortex and argues that the different areas within prefrontal cortex represent iterations of this function for different information domains, including spatial cognition, object cognition and additionally, in humans, semantic processing. According to this parallel processing architecture, the 'central executive' could be considered an emergent property of multiple domain-specific processors operating interactively. These processors are specializations of different prefrontal cortical areas, each interconnected both with the domain-relevant long-term storage sites in posterior regions of the cortex and with appropriate output pathways.
Antibody and immunotherapy in oncology. Which patients benefit

Among the various immunotherapeutic approaches, monoclonal antibodies in particular have acquired clinical relevance. In patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and in breast cancer it has been shown that antibody therapy and chemotherapy are not rival forms of treatment, but that the best clinical response is obtained with a combination of the two. Cellular immunotherapy with lymphokine-activated killer cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, allogeneic T-cells and dendritic cells is still in the experimental stage. This is also true of therapeutic vaccination with tumor antigens. The best clinical results of treatment with antibodies or immunotherapy may be expected in patients with minimal residual disease.
Relative Elastic Modulus Imaging Using Sector Ultrasound Data for Abdominal Applications: An Evaluation of Strategies and Feasibility

We reconstruct the elastic modulus distribution for one tissue mimicking (TM) phantom and two in vivo biopsy-confirmed liver tumors using curvilinear ultrasound echo data. Spatial distribution of the relative elastic modulus values is determined by solving an inverse problem within a region of interest (ROI). This inverse problem solution requires knowledge of the ultrasonically measured displacement field in a uniform rectilinear grid to ensure that the resolution on the resultant relative elastic modulus elastogram will be uniform over the entire ROI. Taking advantage of a new speckle tracking algorithm, two different displacement tracking strategies are investigated: 1) sector-shaped ultrasound data were converted to ultrasound data on a rectilinear grid prior to speckle tracking and 2) axial and lateral displacements directly obtained from sector-shaped data were converted to vertical and horizontal displacements on a rectilinear grid after speckle tracking. Compared with strain elastography (SE), TM phantom results show that relative elastic modulus imaging (REMI) using Strategy 2 provided higher contrast-to-noise ratios (>300% and 25% increases compared with SE and REMI using Strategy 1, respectively). Furthermore, in phantoms, REMI using Strategy 2 more accurately (a 1.3% difference to shear wave elastography measurements) estimated the elastic contrast ratio between the target and the background, compared with both SE (20%–25%) and REMI using Strategy 1 (4.1%). It was also observed that relative modulus elastograms were more consistent with anatomical structures visualized on corresponding B-mode images for the two in vivo liver cases. Overall, we conclude that applying REMI is feasible for abdominal organs such as the liver. Strategy 2 offered improved and consistent results for the data investigated.
Big Science: Government Control of Science

In this chapter, the focus is on the means by which national interests compromise the autonomy of scientists to choose their research agendas and pursue their speculative inclinations. Whether under the guise of national security or patriotic pride, scientists have historically found themselves being controlled by the state apparatus. This has been true not only under dictatorial regimes but also within representative democracies.
Development of Imaging Methods to Asses Glutamate Function at the NMDA ion channel

1038 Objectives Interaction of the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter, glutamate (GLU), with the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor ion-channel may be adversely affected in Alzheimer ’s Disease (AD) brains. Our previous in vitro studies on postmortem AD human brain slices showed greater GLU induced hyper-activation using [3H]MK801 compared to normal controls, suggestive of anomalous functioning of the NMDA ion-channel in AD (Shah et al., 2015). Hence, the MK-801 binding site within the NMDA ion channel is a target of great interest for the development of therapeutic and imaging agents. In order to assess the function of the NMDA ion-channel in vivo, we report the development and evaluation of the amphiphilic fluorodeoxyglucamine, FDGluMK801, as a potential imaging agent for PET. Methods FDGluMK801 was synthesized by reductive coupling of FDG with MK-801 using our recently published procedure (Baranwal et al., 2015). FDG (4mg) and MK-801 (5mg) were reacted in methanol and acetic acid, and then reduced using NaCNBH3. After successful product recovery, we also synthesized [18F]FDGluMK801, using the same reaction methods overall, and [18F]FDG. Binding affinity of FDGluMK801 was tested in mice brains, where brain homogenates in 5mM Tris/pH 7.4 buffer, each 100 µL, were incubated in 10 µM glutamate and glycine, and [3H]MK801. Non-specific (NS) binding was measured using standard MK-801 (10 µM). Tissue samples were incubated at 37°C for 2 hours, and were then filtered and counted. Human postmortem frontal cortex (FC) brain sections (AD, n=6, age 82-90, SP Stage C and normal controls (NC), n=6; age 85-88 SP Stage 0-A) were used for [3H]MK801 (0.017μCi/cc) autoradiographic studies. Results FDGluMK801 was synthesized in approx. 13% yield and was lower than previously reported fluorodeoxyglucamine derivatives (Baranwal et al., 2015). [18F]FDGluMK801 was prepared in low radiochemical yields ( Conclusions Our preliminary results of FDGluMK801 show promise as a possible imaging and therapeutic agent, as it has a similar binding affinity to the NMDA receptor ion-channel compared to one of the currently used therapeutic drugs, Memantine (IC50 ~0.50 µM). Since in vivo binding of NMDA ion-channel blockers may be irreversible, the moderate affinity and the amphiphilic nature of [18F]FDGluMK801 may enable visualization of the ion-channel using PET. Further studies are underway to evaluate [18F]FDGluMK801and confirm our preliminary results which indicate that NMDA receptor activity is increased significantly in AD brains in the presence of glutamate compared to normal controls. Research Support: NIH AG 029479
Ends Over Means: Self-Affirmation Strengthens Attitudinal and Weakens Perceived Control Effects on Behavioral Intention

ABSTRACTSelf-affirmation research suggests that allowing people to affirm important values can improve acceptance of health messages. However, how self-affirmation improves message acceptance is not fully understood. Integrating construal level theory and reasoned action theory, this research tested two hypotheses: first, self-affirmation affects the abstractness of how people construe behavioral choices, and second, self-affirmation influences the associations between intention and its key determinants. Data were obtained from two studies on sunscreen use and flossing (n = 123 college students, and n = 294 adults). Our findings confirmed that self-affirmation induced abstract, high level construals of behaviors in terms of ends rather than means, and that self-affirmation strengthened the impact of attitude on intention and weakened the impact of perceived control.
Team Adaptation: Realizing Team Synergy

As operational environments become increasingly fluid, organizations are turning to teams as a proven performance arrangement to structure complex work. Teams are ubiquitous in modern organizations because they can be used to create synergies, streamline workflow, deliver innovative services, satisfy incumbent needs, maximize the benefits of technology connecting distributed employees, and seize market opportunities in a global village. Teams are also increasingly used because coordinating the “…activities of individuals in large organizations is like building a sand castle using single grains of sand” (West, Borrill, & Unsworth, 1998, p. 6).
Austenite formation during tempering and its effects on mechanical properties

Austenite may be formed during tempering below A1 as determined in continuous heating. The amount formed and the decomposition characteristics depend on time and temperature of tempering. Transformation of this austenite during cooling or by plastic deformation in tensile or impact testing results in increased tensile strength, decreased ductility, and reduced notch toughness.
Life Evaluation of a Lanthanum Hexaboride Hollow Cathode for High-Power Hall Thruster

Lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) hollow cathodes have been in development in the United States for electric thruster applications for nearly 15 years. The life of the lanthanum-hexaboride insert in thes...
Front- and rear-facing horizontal sound localization results in adults with unilateral hearing loss and normal hearing.

Abstract Binaural hearing allows listeners to take advantage of auditory cues that are necessary for sound localization. Patients with asymmetric or unilateral hearing loss receive degraded or absent binaural cues and often demonstrate decreased sound localization in the horizontal plane. Given the importance of sound localization for everyday function, there is a need for clinically feasible methods to evaluate localization, particularly as validation of intervention for patients with unilateral hearing loss. The present study compared sound localization results obtained for front-facing and rear-facing soundfield systems and for a rear-facing head related transfer function (HRTF) system in two hearing groups, listeners with normal hearing and those with unilateral hearing loss. Results between the three systems were highly correlated and repeatable. Neither age nor a pure-tone average of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz correlated with localization performance among normal hearing participants. Among the UHL group, age and onset of severe to profound hearing loss were positively correlated with localization results; length of deafness was negatively correlated. Behavioral chance performance was established for localization with rear-facing HRTF and rear-facing soundfield test systems; group mean results for unilateral hearing loss participants were significantly better than chance. Continued work is needed in developing clinically feasible evaluation methods for patients with asymmetric or unilateral hearing loss, particularly as the effects of treatment options are assessed.
Contingency management for college student smokers: The role of drinking as a moderator and mediator of smoking abstinence during treatment.

Abstract Introduction Contingency management (CM) is effective for promoting smoking abstinence; however, moderators and mediators of CM treatment efficacy in young adult populations are under-explored. We leveraged fine-grained data from a large randomized controlled trial: 1) to determine whether early attainment of sustained abstinence mediated the effect of treatment on abstinence; 2) to test whether heavy drinking moderated the effect of treatment on abstinence; and 3) to test a serial mediation model of the effects of drinking during early treatment on sustained smoking abstinence. Methods College student smokers (N = 110) were randomized to receive either CM treatment or noncontingent reinforcement (NR) over a 21-day treatment period. All participants received $5 for providing twice-daily breath carbon monoxide (CO) samples. In CM, additional money was provided for samples that indicated smoking reduction (Initial Phase; first 7 days), and for samples ≤ 5 ppm (Abstinence Phase; following 14 days). Results CM treatment led to greater sustained abstinence relative to NR. Longer sustained abstinence in the Initial Phase partially mediated the effect of treatment on sustained abstinence in the Abstinence Phase. Heavier pretreatment drinkers had shorter periods of sustained abstinence in the Abstinence Phase; this effect was greater in CM. A serial mediation model determined that increased drinking during the Initial Phase led to decreased sustained abstinence, which then led to decreased sustained abstinence in the Abstinence Phase. Conclusions These data provide a greater understanding of how heavy drinking and early sustained abstinence may affect success during treatment in young adults undergoing contingency management treatment for smoking.
Radiation Therapy and Talimogene Laherparepvec (TVEC) Synergize in the Treatment of Melanoma

Talimogene laherparepvec (TVEC), an oncolytic virus, is an FDA-approved therapy that increases the overall survival of locally advanced and metastatic melanoma patients. Radiation therapy (RT) in combination with immunotherapies improves response rates (compared to either modality alone). Therefore, we hypothesized that combination RT and TVEC results in a synergistic therapeutic effect on melanoma. We treated 8 human melanoma cell lines with radiation (0, 4, or 8 Gy) and/or T-VEC (0, 0.01, 0.1, or 1 MOI) and determined its therapeutic effects using the AlamarBlue cell viability assay. Treatment of UACC257 melanoma cells with combination RT (8 Gy) and TVEC (1 MOI) resulted in a significant decrease in tumor cell viability (a decrease of 44.9%) compared to no treatment, RT alone (33.2%, P=0.0004), or T-VEC alone (24.2%, P=0.0088), with similar findings in other cell lines. We then injected a B16 mouse melanoma cell line, permissive to T-VEC infection, into B6 mice to assess in vivo synergy. Mice were treated when tumors were ~7mm × 7mm. RT resulted in an early 20% decrease in tumor size within 4 days, followed by an increase thereafter. Intra-tumoral TVEC resulted in no clear benefit until 9 days post-treatment, when it showed a slight decrease in size sustained for ~10 days. Combination treatment, however, led to an early response that was sustained until 18 days after the initial treatment. When tumors were assessed 18 days after initial treatment, a 3-fold or more increase in tumor size was lowest in the combination T-VEC + RT group (17%) compared to the control (100%), RT (60%), or TVEC (50%) groups. These data propose that combination T-VEC + RT may be beneficial for cancer patients, and studies establishing the mechanism of synergy are ongoing.
Development of Algebraic Reynolds Stress Model for Non-Equilibrium Turbulence

For over 20 years, the Rodi (1976) weak-equilibrium assumption has been invoked to derive algebraic Reynolds stress model from its transport equation. In this paper, we describe a more general procedure for formal development of an algebraic Reynolds stress model in non-equilibrium turbulence. In this approach, the departure from equilibrium of anisotropy (b ij ) is parameterized in terms of the departure from equilibrium of relative strain rate (ω = e/SK, where S is some characteristic strain rate). An algebraic solution of the Reynolds stress anisotropy transport equation in non-equilibrium turbulence is derived analytically for the case of two-dimensional mean flows employing quasilinear pressure-strain correlation model. The present model is compared with the full Reynolds stress closure model against direct numerical simulation (DNS) data and rapid distortion theory (RDT) resulting in good agreement.
Electromagnetic Topology for the Analysis and Design of Complex Electromagnetic Systems

The emerging fundamental basis for analysis and design of complex electromagnetic systems, for protection against undesirable propagation of electromagnetic signals through the system, is known as electromagnetic topology. While this may be viewed as the basis for grounding and shielding, it is more general than that.
Mapping temperature and confinement dependence of carbyne formation within carbon nanotubes

Abstract Single atomistic chains of carbon – a.k.a. carbyne – are of great interest due to their attractive properties. One route of proposed synthesis is exploiting the interior of a carbon nanotube, enabling sufficient alignment and affable temperature conditions for chain growth. Here, we delineate the optimal conditions for growth by means of full atomistic modeling of sequential carbon reactions inside single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Seeding the interior of a SWCNT with free carbons, we vary the nanotube diameters and temperature, and compare the resulting chain lengths. We systematically study the affecting factors of carbyne synthesis, investigating the effects of temperature, confinement (via nanotube diameter) and alignment (using polymer shape metrics). We verify with prior experimental studies that carbyne can be successfully synthesized when the inner diameter is less than approximately 9 A and temperature is higher than 500 K. Additionally, we map the chain length with respect to the nanotube diameter and the temperature and propose a simple empirical/phenomenological relation to predict growth rate based on classical collision theory with a modified Arrhenius relation.
Rapid de-adhesion of northern pike Esox lucius eggs using sodium hypochlorite

The elimination of egg stickiness is required for effective artificial reproduction of northern pike, but until now, available methods have required at least 40 min. Sodium hypochlorite was tested under laboratory conditions, and exposure to aqueous concentrations of 0.025–0.05% for 40 s effectively eliminated stickiness without adverse effects. Fertilization and hatching rates in laboratory trials were similar to those observed in eggs treated with traditional methods using clay or milk for 40 or 60 min, respectively, as well as those without treatment. Testing using conventional hatchery incubation techniques did not reveal differences in fertilization rates, while the number of hatched larva was significantly higher in eggs treated with sodium hypochlorite vs. clay. Eggs treated with sodium hypochlorite retained transparency, which facilitated monitoring of embryo development.
Determination of strain fields on two-dimensional images using the STC method

Abstract In this paper, a novel method called the Strain Tensor using Computational Fourier transform moire (STC) method is proposed to obtain strain maps in a 2D lattice image such as an HRTEM or HAADF-STEM image. The method is a modification of the CFTM method, but it has two essential merits. Firstly, the method provides a 2 × 2 strain tensor using two independent Bragg peaks, and can hence be used to calculate both the axial and shear components, whereas the CFTM method can be used to calculate only the axial strain. Secondly, the STC method can provide more reliable results than the CFTM method by excluding the weak Bragg peaks of low signal/noise ratio on a digital diffractogram. In addition, the STC method is better than the GPA method because it does not require an unwrapping process. In this work, the STC method is demonstrated using a computer-generated image, showing that the method matches exactly with the CFTM method. Furthermore, the results for an experimental image reveal that the STC method can be an alternative method for strain analysis when the CFTM method cannot provide reliable results owing to weak Bragg peaks of low signal/noise ratio.
Cultural Demerits: When an Afrocentric School Bends to Education Reforms:

Through an ethnographic case study within one struggling Afrocentric public charter school in the Mid-Atlantic from 2009 to 2011, I show how broader neoliberal reforms and an incomplete attempt at ...