cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reducing Implicit Bias Through Curricular Interventions

As an undergraduate at Berkeley, I was fortunate to live in International House, a multicultural residential complex of about 600 students from over 70 different countries that aims to foster intercultural respect through mutual understanding and tolerance. By witnessing and forming numerous positive intercultural friendships across political, religious, and social boundaries, International House completely reshaped how I viewed cultural differences as well as race relations in thiscountry.Understandingthecontextforculturaldifferences as well as humanizing them ultimately promotes empathy and tolerance rather than validating stereotypes. The study featured in this month’s issue of JGIM by Ryn et al. 1 reminded me of how positive as well as negative social interactions can significantly change and modify the stereotypes we may hold unconsciously. By 2035, more than 40 % of the US population will be comprised of minorities, making health inequity one of the most pressing policy issues facing our country. 2 In contrast to explicit bias, implicit biases are the biases that are activated at the unconscious level or unintentionally and without one’s awareness. As described by Malcolm Gladwell in his bestseller, Blink: “All of us have implicit biases to some degree. This does not necessarily mean we will act in an inappropriate or discriminatory manner, only that our first “blink” sends us certain information. Acknowledging and understanding this implicit response and its value and role is criticaltoinformeddecision-making andis particularly critical to those whose decisions must embody fairness and justice.” 3 Although multiple factors impact health disparities, previous research suggests that implicit bias may play a role in the ongoing health disparities in this country by contributing to differential treatment of patients based on race, gender, ethnicity and other social stereotypes. Ryn et al. provide an interesting insight into the potential sources of change in students’ implicit bias toward African Americans during medical school. They found that both informal (e.g., having heard attending physicians or residents make negative comments about African American patients and having had unfavorable contact with African American
Rendering multiple scattering in hair and other discrete random media

Discrete random media are collections of explicitly-defined scatterers distributed according to an underlying random process. Examples include blond hair assemblies, piles of soap bubbles, sand, and snow. High albedo discrete random media exhibit smooth high-order scattered radiance that depends not on the specific instance of scattering geometry but instead on the statistical properties of that geometry. This dissertation proposes three new techniques for rendering discrete random media that accelerate the computation of high-order scattering by assuming its smoothness and by limiting the computation done using explicit geometry. The first technique precomputes bulk scattering properties for spatially and directionally homogeneous discrete random media, then uses them in a path tracing method to take large steps through the core of a medium. The other two methods focus on rendering multiple scattering in hair assemblies, although the methods can be applied to other discrete random media as well. One method is a two pass photon mapping approach that uses a 5D data structure to estimate scattered radiance values while preserving their directionality. The other method is also a two pass method, but instead of a particle map it uses a grid of spherical harmonic coefficients to store radiance and to efficiently calculate scattering integrals. These new methods are among the first to render discrete random media accurately and efficiently, with the third technique being able to estimate multiple scattering in blond hair several orders of magnitude faster than a Monte Carlo path tracer, in roughly the time it takes to render the single scattering component.
Ranch Women and Men on Both Sides of the Border

Hell on Horses and Women. Alice Marriott Charreria Mexicana: An Equestrian Folk Tradition. Kathleen Mullen Sands
Polimialgia reumática: As dores que se multiplicam

Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a rheumatic disease that usually affects the elderly. It is an indication for long-term steroid therapy. The etiology is unknown. The diagnosis is clinical and one of exclusion. It should be considered in patients over age 50 with bilateral pain and stiffness in the pelvic or shoulder girdles. In most cases, PMR can be treated by the general practitioner. We present a case of a 69 year-old woman in which there were diagnostic and management problems
Transforming the search space with Gray coding

Genetic algorithm test functions have typically been designed with properties in numeric space that make it difficult to locate the optimal solution using traditional optimization techniques. The use of Gray coding has been found to enhance the performance of genetic search in some cases. However, Gray coding produces a different function mapping that may have fewer local optima and different relative hyperplane relationships. Therefore, inferences about a function will not necessarily hold when transformed to another search space. In fact, empirical results indicate that some genetic algorithm test functions are significantly altered by Gray coding such that local optimization methods often perform better than genetic algorithms. >
Desde El lado frío de la almohada: la izquierda española imagina la revolución cubana

AbstractThis article analyses the controversial role that the Cuban revolution plays in the imaginary of some sectors of the Spanish radical left, through a contextualized reading of El lado frio de la almohada, by Belen Gopegui (b. Barcelona, 1963). In a historical process that begins before the Spanish Civil War, the repression, neutralization, and trivialization of the extreme left have given Cuba a central role in locating utopian desire in a remote country that arguably has a strong kinship with Spain. The publishing boom of Cuban books in Spain, aided by political and economic factors, as well as the tradition and popularity of detective and spy novels in both countries, have caused Belen Gopegui's novel to be a great success. However, one can question whether the author achieves her stated political objectives; note her difficulties in spinning a narrative driven almost exclusively by ideology; and wonder whether the appropriate approach to the Cuban revolution on the part of Spanish intellectuals ...
The Application of a Computer Algebra System as a Tool in College Algebra.

This study compared a traditional lecture-based college algebra course to an experimental algebra course. The experimental course stressed active student involvement and the use of the computer as a tool to explore mathematics. One hundred thirty-seven subjects were divided into an experimental group and a control group. Subjects in the experimental group scored significantly higher than the control group on a final measure of inductive reasoning, visualization, and problem solving while maintaining an equivalent level of manipulation and computation skills. However, the attitude of subjects in the experimental group towards the use of the computer in learning mathematics declined significantly.
The cell death response to γ-radiation in MCF-7 cells is enhanced by a neuroleptic drug, pimozide

Neuroleptic drugs that bind sigma sites were tested for their ability to inhibit growth and radiosensitize MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Inhibition of growth by ∼ 50% occurred in cells exposed to pimozide (0.6 μM), haloperidol (10 μM), and the sigma ligand DTG (1,3-di(2-tolyl)guanidine, 20 μM), but no growth inhibition occurred in cells exposed to clozapine, a neuroleptic drug lacking sigma binding activity, or dextromethorphan, a selective sigma 1 binding ligand. Pimozide (2.5 μM), but not haloperidol (3.6 μM), enhanced the sensitivity of MCF-7 cells to γ radiation in clonogenic survival assays. Pimozide significantly decreased MCF-7 clonogenic survival following a 5 or 8 Gy dose of γ radiation, and the dose of radiation required for 1% survival (survival enhancement ratio, SER) was decreased by a factor of 2. Exposure of normal WI-38 human embryonic lung cells to pimozide did not increase their sensitivity to γ radiation. Pimozide (2.5 μM) activated early apoptotic changes in MCF-7 cells that were detected by the uptake of Hoechst 33342 dye, and 10 μM pimozide activated a complete apoptotic pathway resulting in the death of > 90% of the cells within 24 hours. MCF-7 cells exposed to γ radiation alone (8 Gy) showed giant cell formation, mitotic arrest, and a limited degree of apoptosis and necrosis. Within 50 hours of treatment with a combination of radiation and pimozide, cell numbers were sharply reduced compared with cultures exposed to either radiation or pimozide alone. We conclude that pimozide augmented the sensitivity of MCF-7 cells to radiation-induced cell killing through a mechanism not shared by haloperidol, but suggest that concentration of pimozide in MCF-7 cells as a result of an enrichment of sigma 2 sites might target the radiosensitization.
Cultural Influences on Web Service Quality Perceptions of e-Retailing Consumers

Internet-based retailing is growing and increasingly becoming popular as an alternative to traditional retailing around the world. Increased research interest in the quality of e-retailer service has led to the development of domain-specific models. The new models, however, have not been extensively tested, and their generalizability remains to be established. The present study undertakes the task of extending the available models by incorporating the influence of cultural factors and empirically testing the proposed model. Data from China and the United States are employed for this purpose. The results provide partial support for the proposed model.
The induction of the CO2-concentrating mechanism is correlated with the formation of the starch sheath around the pyrenoid of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The pyrenoid is a prominent proteinaceous structure found in the stroma of the chloroplast in unicellular eukaryotic algae, most multicellular algae, and some hornworts. The pyrenoid contains the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and is sometimes surrounded by a carbohydrate sheath. We have observed in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard that the pyrenoid starch sheath is formed rapidly in response to a decrease in the CO2 concentration in the environment. This formation of the starch sheath occurs coincidentally with the induction of the CO2-concentrating mechanism. Pyrenoid starch-sheath formation is partly inhibited by the presence of acetate in the growth medium under light and low-CO2 conditions. These growth conditions also partly inhibit the induction of the CO2-concentrating mechanism. When cells are grown with acetate in the dark, the CO2-concentrating mechanism is not induced and the pyrenoid starch sheath is not formed even though there is a large accumulation of starch in the chloroplast stroma. These observations indicate that pyrenoid starch-sheath formation correlates with induction of the CO2-concentrating mechanism under low-CO2 conditions. We suggest that this ultrastructural reorganization under lowCO2 conditions plays a role in the CO2-concentrating mechanism C. reinhardtii as well as in other eukaryotic algae.
Effects of ethanol on glutethimide absorption and distribution in relationship to a mechanism for toxicity enhancement

Abstract In studies aimed at elucidating the underlying mechanism(s) of the enhanced toxicity which occurs following the combined ingestion of ethanol and glutethimide, it was found that ethanol accelerated the onset of central nervous system (CNS) depression and enhanced glutethimide sleep time and lethality in rats. Plasma content of glutethimide was significantly elevated at 4 and 8 hr following oral glutethimide and ethanol treatment. Glutethimide concentrations in rat whole brain were significantly enhanced at 4 and 8 hr following combined ethanol administration. In regional brain distribution studies, ethanol treatment caused a marked increase in pons-medulla and cerebellum areas at 4 and 8 hr, while the remaining brain tissue content was reciprocally lowered following orally administered glutethimide. Following ip injection of glutethimide, ethanol treatment resulted in elevated pons-medulla and remaining brain regions, whereas cerebellum content was unaltered. The demonstrated alterations in absorption and distribution may account, at least in part, for the observed enhancement of toxicity following ethanol-glutethimide interactions.
Genetic structure in a population of the ribbed mussel Geukensia demissa (Dillwyn) in a North Carolina salt marsh tidal gradient

Abstract This study examined the genetic structure of a North Carolina population of the ribbed mussel, Geukensia demissa (Dillwyn), in 2 salt marsh tidal inundation zones and across 4 size classes, and compared and integrated the findings with previous ecological and genetic research, including companion growth and mortality research in the same marsh site. Heterozygote deficiencies in young were found in 3 of 4 enzyme loci (Lap-I, Pgi, Pgm), but, in contrast with other studies in New England, Sod genotypic frequencies did not differ from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in any size classes. The deficiencies continued into larger animals in two of the loci, and an excess of heterozygotes never appeared in any locus in any of the larger size classes. Both loglinear and F-static analyses confirmed some but not strong genetic differentiation among the 7 size class-tide zone subpopulations, with higher homozygosity in the low zone, and lowered average heterozygosity across increasing size classes. Differentiation in allelic variances were confined to the above 3 loci. Drawing from companion growth and mortality work and the work of others, I hypothesize that in more southern salt marshes mussels ribbed are less likely to escape from predation by more rapid growth, and that the more extensive (wider range of vulnerable size) predation may negate the previously hypothesized reversal of heterozygote fitness and thus contribute to the lack of recovery of heterozygosity as the population ages.
Using Personal Ads and Online Self-Help Groups to Teach Content Analysis in a Research Methods Course

Abstract This paper describes methods for teaching content analysis as part of the Research sequence in social work education. Teaching content analysis is used to develop research skills as well as to promote students' knowledge and critical thinking and about new information technology resources that are being increasingly used by the general public. The rationale and teaching methods for two assignments, one related to content analysis of Singles Ads and one focusing on analysis of an online self-help group, are presented. Additional areas for content analysis are suggested.
Electronic commerce: current and future practices

Tabulates the numbers of internet users in various countries and assesses the size of the e‐commerce economy in the USA. Discusses the reasons why consumers use the internet, the issues of customer service and product delivery/return, what they buy online and how their concerns over privacy and security might be solved. Notes that business‐to‐business e‐commerce still accounts for most online transactions, predicts continued growth in this area and looks at the use of both intranets and extranets. Briefly considers various technical and other aspects of the internet’s future and sees it as impossible to ignore but warns that not all types of business can be successful online.
Relief of cannabis withdrawal symptoms and cannabis quitting strategies in people with schizophrenia.

This study examined the response to cannabis withdrawal symptoms and use of quitting strategies to maintain abstinence in people with schizophrenia. A convenience sample of 120 participants with schizophrenia who had at least weekly cannabis use and a previous quit attempt without formal treatment were administered the 176-item Marijuana Quit Questionnaire to characterize their “most serious” (self-defined) quit attempt. One hundred thirteen participants had withdrawal symptoms, of whom 104 (92.0%) took some action to relieve a symptom, most commonly nicotine use (75%). 90% of withdrawal symptoms evoked an action for relief in a majority of participants experiencing them, most frequently anxiety (95.2% of participants) and cannabis craving (94.4%). 96% of participants used one or more quitting strategies to maintain abstinence during their quit attempt, most commonly getting rid of cannabis (72%) and cannabis paraphernalia (67%). Religious support or prayer was the quitting strategy most often deemed “most helpful” (15%). Use of a self-identified most helpful quitting strategy was associated with significantly higher one-month (80.8% vs. 73.6%) and one-year (54.9% vs. 41.3%) abstinence rates. Actions to relieve cannabis withdrawal symptoms in people with schizophrenia are common. Promotion of effective quitting strategies may aid relapse prevention.
Phosphorescence investigation of xanthone in n-hexane at 77 and 4.2 K

Abstract The phosphorescence spectrum of xanthone embedded in a polycrystalline matrix of n -hexane has been measured at 77 and 4.2 K. Dramatic differences in spectral features and triplet lifetime are evident at these two temperatures. The emitting species at 4.2 K is assigned as predominantly 3 (ππ*) in character; whereas, the phosphorescence state observed at 77 K is clearly 3 (nπ*).
Recall of related and unrelated gender-typed item pairs by young children

Aspects of 40 young children's (22 boys, 18 girls; mean age = 51.00 months) recall of related and unrelated item pairs were assessed. Children were primarily white and middle SES. Consistent with previous recall research, boys recalled significantly more pairs, and individual items from pairs, of related gender-typed items than pairs containing unrelated items. Girls recalled significantly more pairs, and individual items from pairs, of related animal items than any other types of related or unrelated pairings. Congruent with the component model of gender role knowledge development, girls showed significantly greater recall of pairs, and individual items from pairs, of same-sex feminine item pairs than other-sex masculine ones. Consistent with previous memory research examining young children's pair recall, boys demonstrated significantly better recall of pairs, and individual items from pairs, containing related same-sex masculine items than pairs with two unrelated items. These data suggest young children conceptualize gender roles as social categories to organize processing of social information.
A semi-Bayesian study of Duncan's Bayesian multiple comparison procedure

Abstract Duncan's Bayesian decision-theoretic multiple comparison procedure requires a decision on the relative magnitudes of losses due to Type I and Type II errors. In this paper, the relative losses are chosen so that the procedure results in weak control of familywise error at the 0.05 level, i.e. the probability that all hypotheses are accepted is 0.95 when all hypotheses are true. Duncan's Bayesian formulation requires prior distributions and specification of associated hyperparameters for the variances of the population means and of the errors. With noninformative priors, the required ratio of these values can be estimated from the sample. From a frequentist point of view, this obviates the necessity for any prior specification for these distributions. However, Duncan's assumption of a prior normal distribution for the population means is required and is retained. A simulation study then compares the modified method, with respect to Bayes risk and average power, to several frequentist-based multiple comparison procedures for testing hypotheses concerning all pairwise comparisons among a set of means. Results indicate considerable similarity in both risk and average power between Duncan's modified procedure and the Benjamini and Hochberg (1995, J. Roy. Statist. Soc. 57, 289–300) FDR-controlling procedure, with the same weak familywise error control. Both risk and power of these procedures are close to the risk and power of individual t -tests of the mean comparisons, and considerably superior on both measures to the properties of the best symmetric simultaneous testing procedure, based on the range of normally distributed observations.
Predictors of postextraction complications in HIV-positive patients

Objective. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with an increased risk for post-tooth-extraction complications in a sample of HIV-positive patients. Study design. A cohort of HIV-positive patients who required the extraction of one or more teeth was enrolled. The predictor variables were grouped into the following sets: demographics; medical and social history; preoperative clinical findings; preoperative laboratory measures (hematologic, immunologic, and nutritional); and treatment. The outcome variable was defined as the presence or absence of a complication following tooth extraction. Logistic regression techniques were used to identify variables associated with an increased risk for complications following tooth extraction. Results. During the enrollment period, 76 HIV-positive patients were enrolled into the study cohort. Seventeen patients (22.4%) had postoperative complications. Based on the bivariate statistical analyses, variables associated with the presence of postoperative complications were red blood cell count, CD8 count, total number of positive sites tested using cell-mediated immunity skin tests, and extraction technique (p ≤ 0.05). Using a stepwise logistic regression technique, the variable identified as being predictive of postoperative complications was the CD8 count (p = 0.02). The post-tooth-extraction complication rate of the HIV-positive patients in this study sample was greater than the rate reported in most other studies (22% vs. 3%–5%). The complications, however, were minor and easily treated. The variable consistently identified with an increased risk for complications was the CD8 count: the lower the CD8 count, the higher the risk for complications. The CD8 count, however, had poor predictive value. Conclusion. In acute clinical situations—for example, in cases of patients with significant dental pain—the results suggest that delaying treatment to obtain laboratory studies may be of little clinical value. It may be appropriate to proceed with suitable, definitive procedure(s) to alleviate symptoms.
Recovering CO2 from large- and medium-size stationary combustors

This paper summarizes the results of research conducted at Ar-gonne National Laboratory (ANL) to develop and design a novel method for the recovery of CO2 from flue gases. The basic process concept Involves the combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel using a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide (or CO2 and H20) rather than air as the oxidant, which results In a product stream that contains primarily CO2 and H2O. This stream Is then dried and conditioned to meet the specifications of the end user, A slip stream of CO2 (or CO2, and H20) is used as a diluent in the combustion chamberto maintain a flame temperature equivalent to the temperature that would otherwise be obtained using air as an oxidant. The cost-effectiveness of the process in recovering C02 is dependent on the scale of the operation, the type of fuel used, the cost of oxygen, and the cost of capital. The sensitivity of the cost of the recovered C02 to these variables Is discussed, and a model for estimating the cost of CO2 recovered using the ANL pro...
Radiation recall secondary to adjuvant docetaxel after balloon-catheter based accelerated partial breast irradiation

Abstract For early stage breast cancer, wide local excision and post-operative whole breast irradiation is a standard treatment. If adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended, radiation is usually given after completion of chemotherapy. In recent years, accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) with balloon-cathetered based brachytherapy has become an option for selected patients. For these patients, adjuvant chemotherapy would have to be administered after radiation. The sequence of treatment with radiation followed by chemotherapy results in increased risk of radiation recall reaction (RRD) in these patients. Docetaxel is becoming a more commonly used drug as adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Here we report a case of docetaxel induced RRD after APBI with balloon-cathetered based brachytherapy. Such reaction would have an adverse impact on the cosmetic outcome and quality of life of the patient. For patients who develop an intense skin reaction after the administration of docetaxel following APBI, RRD should be considered in the differential diagnosis.
Experimental techniques for determining tin solubility in silicate melts using silica capsules in 1 atm furnaces and rhenium capsules in the piston cylinder

The reactivity, oxygen fugacity, volatility, and wetting properties of tin complicate experimental work in tin-bearing systems. Open-graphite and vitreous-carbon crucibles may be used for preparing tin-rich glass starting materials. Such glasses are prepared by fusing mixtures of stannous oxalate with oxides, crushed rocks, or silicate gels. Decomposition of SnC2O4 into CO+CO2 and SnO provides a reducing atmosphere for the incorporation of Sn+2 into the silicate melt, while Sn+2 provides an effective flux. Such melts can incorporate Sn far in excess of any reasonable abundance of this element in natural silicate magmas. Experiments where constant bulk composition is required are best conducted in sealed crucibles because SnO is lost as gas. Evacuated silica tubes may be used for such purposes if saturation in SiO2 is desired; however, oxygen fugacity cannot be independently controlled. Rhenium metal is a useful crucible material for relatively reduced Sn-bearing experiments (below oxidation to ReO2), and the coexistence of metallic Sn and stannic oxide controls oxygen fugacity. Adverse mechanical properties inherent to Re, such as work-hardening and embrittlement, are addressed by the use of thick-walled capsules in the piston-cylinder apparatus. Such capsules behave elastically at temperatures of geological interest (~1100 °C), producing higher sample pressures than those provided by the surrounding solid media. These high sample pressures are found to partially relax in week-long experiments. Sealed graphite, sintered SnO2, and Re-foil capsules are plausible crucible materials for Sn-bearing experiments, but may only be used if their porosity and brittleness can be moderated.
Chemomechanics of concrete at finer scales

Concrete, like many other materials (whether man-made, geological or biological), is a highly heterogeneous material with heterogeneities that manifest themselves at multiple scales. As new experimental techniques such as nanoindentation have provided unprecedented access to micro-mechanical properties of materials, it becomes possible to identify the mechanical effects of chemical reactions at the micro-scale, where the reactions occur, and trace these micro-chemo-mechanical effects through upscaling techniques to the macro-scale. The focus of this paper is to review recent developments of a microchemomechanics theory which ultimately shall make it possible to capture chemomechanical deterioration processes at the scale where physical chemistry meets mechanics. This is illustrated through application of the theory to early-age concrete and calcium leaching, and an outlook to biologically mediated deterioration processes in solid materials is given.
Contrast sensitivity of the human peripheral retina.

Abstract Threshold contrasts were measured psychophysically for a sinusoidal grating target centered 12° in the peripheral retina. The relationship between contrast sensitivity, the reciprocal of the threshold contrast, and the spatial frequency of the gratings can be adequately described by the difference of two Gaussian functions. The parameters of the fitted Gaussians are used to describe the effects of varying the mean luminance of the target on the shape of the contrast sensitivity function. With increasing luminance the characteristic radii—parameters which are related to the width of the spread function of the visual system—decrease, while the overall contrast sensitivity of the eye increases.
Back Fitting Maintainability Into a Gas Turbine Generator Set

The Allison Model AG9130 Ship Service Gas Turbine Generator Set was designed to meet specifications for the DDG 51 Class destroyer of the U.S. Navy. The specifications called for a “turnkey” unit which required only fluid and electrical interfaces with the ship to operate. The fitting of all of the controls, voltage regulating and ancillary equipment on to a single foundation resulted in a cluttered and difficult to maintain set. This paper discusses the program initiated by the Navy to improve the maintainability of the AG9130. It details the changes which have already been made and those currently proposed. It also provides some insight into possible future modifications.Copyright © 1997 by ASME
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: A report on 29 patients treated by Mohs micrographic surgery with long-term follow-up and review of the literature

BACKGROUND Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is an uncommon tumor of the skin. Clinically, it often masquerades as a benign, indolent tumor on the trunk and extremities. Microscopically, it extends far beyond assessed clinical margins, spreading locally in the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and muscle. The local recurrence rate in patients with DFSP who undergo wide local excision ranges from 0% to 21%. Recent preliminary reports indicate more consistently favorable cure rates with Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS). However, to date only a few scattered reports have documented long-term 5-year follow-up. The authors present data on 29 patients with DFSP who underwent MMS. In addition, they reviewed the medical literature to summarize the accumulated experience of MMS treatment in the management of DFSP. METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective review of a series of 40 consecutive patients with DFSP who underwent MMS over the last 20 years. Of these, there were 29 patients with > 5 years of follow-up who formed the basis of the current review. The literature also was searched for patients with DFSP who underwent MMS with > 5 years of follow-up RESULTS At the University of Wisconsin Mohs Surgery Clinic, 29 patients with > 5 years of follow-up were treated. There were 16 women and 13 men. Eight patients developed recurrent disease after previous non-Mohs treatment. Site distribution was 45% head and neck and 55% trunk and extremities. In the current series, there were no local recurrences, with a local 5-year cure rate of 100%. In the literature review, which included the current series, there were 136 patients with DFSP who underwent Mohs surgery with > 5 years of follow-up. Nine patients in the current series developed local recurrences, including five patients who underwent a second Mohs procedure. The local cure rates after the first and second Mohs surgeries were 93.4% and 98.5%, respectively. The rate (percent) and time to local recurrence was 50% at 3 years and 75% at 5 years. However, 25% of local recurrences appeared late, after the usual 5-year recommendation. CONCLUSIONS In a series of 29 patients with of DFSP and in an accompanying update of the medical literature, 136 patients with DFSP underwent MMS with > 5 years of follow-up. There were no regional and/or distant metastases. However, late recurrences beyond the usual recommended 5-year follow-up may occur. Therefore, all patients with DFSP, especially those with recurrent tumors, should be followed for an extended period. The accumulated data continue to confirm that, when DFSP is discovered early and is accessible readily to excision by MMS, a favorable outcome can be expected with minimal trauma or sacrifice of adjacent normal structures and with a low recurrence rate. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
COMPARING MATCHING ABILITY, SPATIAL MEMORY, AND IDEATIONAL FLUENCY IN BOYS AND GIRLS

The purpose of our study was to examine whether girls and boys show patterns of problem-solving ability similar to those attributed by Kimura in 1992 to women and men, respectively. Subjects were 28 girls and 24 boys, aged 5–11 years, who were tested individually on matching ability, spatial memory, and ideational fluency, tasks on which women reportedly outperform men. No significant gender differences in these problem-solving abilities were found. On ideational fluency, the youngest girls were seven times more likely than young boys to give whimsical responses, but older girls were ten times less likely than older boys to give whimsical responses. These results suggest that the patterns of visuospatial problem-solving abilities that Kimura ascribed to women and men are not present in preadolescent girls and boys.
An analysis of DNA replication in synchronized CHO cells treated with benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide.

Abstract Synchronized Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells treated with (±)7 β ,8 α -dihydroxy-9 α ,10 α -epoxy-7,8,9,10-dihydrobenzo[ a ]pyrene (BP diol epoxide I) were used to test the ‘block-gap’ model of replicative bypass repair in mammalian cells. One feature of the model is that carcinogenic or mutagenic DNA adducts act as blocks to the DNA replication fork on the leading strand. Using synchronized CHO cells, the rate of S phase progression by BrdUrd labeling of newly replicated DNA was measured. The rate of S phase progression was reduced by 22% and 42%, when the cells were treated at the G1/S boundary with 0.33 and 0.66 μM BP diol epoxide I, respectively. Using the pH step alkaline elution assay, it was found that the reduced rate of S phase progression was due to a delay in the appearance of multiple replicon size nascent DNA. This observation was consistent with the frequency of BP-DNA adducts present in the leading strand. A second feature of the ‘block-gap’ model is that the adduct-induced blockage on the lagging strand will produce gaps. It was determined by the use of high-resolution agarose gel electrophoresis, that the ligation of Okazaki size replication intermediates was blocked in a dose-dependent manner in BP diol epoxide I treated, synchronized CHO cells. These data are consistent with a block to the leading strand of DNA replication at DNA-carcinogen adducts. An inhibition of the ligation of Okazaki size fragments by BP diol epoxide I implies a block to replication of the DNA lagging strand leading to gap formation. The data presented here are, therefore, supportive of the ‘block-gap’ model of replicative bypass repair in carcinogen damaged mammalian cells.
Antibodies to prostate-specific antigen in immunoinfertile women and men

Abstract Immunoinfertility is caused by antisperm antibodies (ASA) present in the female or male partner of an infertile couple. PSA is a serine protease produced primarily by the prostate gland and is present in human semen. Although the modulation of PSA has been investigated in prostate abnormalities, its role and effect of its dysfunction on human fertility has not been examined. The present study was conducted to examine the presence and incidence of antibodies to PSA in sera of immunoinfertile women and men. The presence of iso- and autoantibodies in the sera of immunoinfertile patients was examined using the well-characterized purified human PSA and seminal plasma from normal fertile men in ELISA. Sera were collected from infertile women (n = 25) and infertile men (n = 19) who were positive for ASA. Sera from ASA-negative fertile women (n = 24) and fertile men (n = 19) served as controls. In women, sera from 40% of the immunoinfertile women showed positive reactivity with PSA, and 20% reacted positively with seminal plasma. None of the sera from fertile women reacted positively with PSA or seminal plasma. In men, sera from 16% of the immunoinfertile men showed positive reactivity with PSA, and none (0%) with seminal plasma. None of the sera from fertile men reacted positively with PSA or seminal plasma. This is the first study to examine the presence and incidence of PSA antibodies in immunoinfertile women and men. The findings may have clinical application in the specific diagnosis and treatment of immunoinfertility in humans.
Five-year plan of philosophy: Stalinism after Kojève, Hegel after Stalinism

The aporia inherent in Kojeve’s discussion of the end of history stems from the temporality implicit in the moment of inscribing the end of history in philosophy. Hegel’s Phenomenology as the unfolding of absolute knowledge stands at the last moment in history, without necessarily constituting its end. Reading the post-NEP (New Economic Policy) Soviet ideology through Kojeve demonstrates that the doctrine of “socialism in one country” similarly situates itself outside historical time as history’s last moment, marked by the coincidence of being and concept, the disappearance of negation, and classless society without an historical agent. In the reconceptualization of labor in Stalinist ideology as a temporalization of being without negation, the representation of time in five-year plans radically reinvents temporality as a suspension of history in the perpetual deferral of its end. Going beyond Kojeve, the immanent logic of temporality of five-year plans enables a non-teleological reading of Hegelian philosophy with regard to the status of its method and the function of the end of history.
Kinetic Model for Oxide Film Passivation in Aluminum Etch Tunnels

Aluminum etch tunnels are micrometer-wide corrosion pits with large length-width aspect ratios, in which dissolution proceeds from the tip or end surfaces, while the sidewalls are covered by oxide films. The dynamics of oxide film passivation in etch tunnels has been investigated using decreasing current ramps superimposed on the otherwise constant applied current during anodic etching in 1 N HCl at 708C. The ramps cause the dissolving area on the tip to be continuously reduced by passivation around its perimeter. Analysis of potential transients along with tunnel width profiles shows that two additive processes contribute to the passivation rate, expressed as the rate of decrease of actively dissolving area: a potential-dependent Tafel-type kinetic expression and a term proportional to the time derivative of the potential. The potential driving force is the “repassivation overpotential,” the difference between the potential at the dissolving surface and the repassivation potential there. The kinetic model for passivation is consistent with both potential transients and tunnel width profiles, over a range of current ramp rates. The rate-controlling step of passivation is considered to be potential-dependent removal of chloride ions from the dissolving surface.
Twistor fibrations over Hermitian symmetric spaces and harmonic maps

Abstract Given a twistor space over a Hermitian symmetric space of compact type we construct a map onto a twistor space over another inner symmetric space of compact type. This map is holomorphic and preserves the superhorizontal distributions. We describe an application to harmonic maps.
Influence of diethylstilbestrol on lipids in intact and hypophysectomized cockerels.

THERE is ample evidence to show that the remarkably high level of blood lipids attained by laying hens and other birds is associated with hormones elaborated by the developing follicles. Much of the early literature has been reviewed by Riddle (1927, 1942). The effectiveness of estrogens in simulating in immature pullets and cockerels the concentration of blood lipids characteristic of laying hens was demonstrated in a series of publications by Entenman, et al. (1938, 1940) and Lorenz, et al. (1939). Other steroid hormones such as androgen, progesterone, and desoxycorticosterone do not similarly affect blood lipids. Restriction of dietary fat (Horlock and Katz, 1948) or starvation (Zondek, 1941) does not prevent the elevation of blood lipids in estrogentreated cockerels. Observations by Bird (1946) further indicate that estrogen does not promote more efficient absorption of fat from the gut. The source of lipids in the bloodstream following estrogen treatment, therefore, is not exogenous fat.
A cardiomyopathy of BALB/c mice (superimposed infection by coxsackievirus B-3).

SummaryWe describe progressive cardiomyopathy affecting three, and probably all four substrains of BALB/c (C) mice examined. Cardiac changes are limited to the pericardium and immediately subjacent epicardium of the right ventricle. By 2 months of age, mice have mononuclear infiltrates which progress to a dense exudative pericarditis. Whitish flecks on the pericardial surface can be seen at 6 months, and a calcifying scar persists.When 103.5TCD50 of coxsackievirus B-3 (Nancy) is inoculated intraperitoneally into weanling Swiss or C3H mice, myocarditis without pericarditis results. If the infected mice are BALB/c, myocarditis and right ventricular pericarditis ensues. A calcified fibrotic scar over the right ventricle identical to the end-stage of the inherent lesion appears in coxsackievirus B3 infected mice at about one month of age.Coxsackievirus B-3 multiplies equally well in the right and left ventricles of C mice, but pericarditis is limited to the right heart. In age-matched controls, the prevalence...
A stochastic approach to the study of parasite populations

The aim of this paper is to develop a general framework for building stochastic models to describe some features of parasite populations. Starting from the few basic biological assumptions outlined below, it is shown that input mechanisms, whereby the parasite gains entrance to the host, can be defined in probabilistic terms. Once in the host, the female parasite is allowed to “mature” and produce offspring according to given probability laws. Moreover, the host is supposed to react to control the rate of maturation and/or the rate of production of offspring. The overall accumulation of parasites, male and female, in the host is also considered. In the sequel, a host is defined to be any organism which is subjected to a burden or infection of “lesser” organisms which we will call parasites. The biological assumptions concerning the relationships between host and parasite are outlined below. 1. (i) The parasite gains entrance to the host, either orally, intradermally or otherwise. Entry may be as a continuous stream or in the form of administered doses. 2. (ii) Once in the host the female enters a period of maturation at the completion of which she is capable of producing offspring. 3. (iii) Each parasite in the host has an “antigenic information trajectory”. This term is used to describe the phenomenon that at any fixed time, the parasite is releasing information to the host to the effect that he, the parasite, is there. It is further assumed that antigenic information is additive, in the sense that the information emitted by a number of parasites is the sum of the individual antigenic informations. The offspring are assumed to produce no relevant antigenic information. 4. (iv) Each host responds in his own way to the build up of antigenic information. He responds by, in some way, controlling or otherwise affecting the rate of maturation of the parasites and/or the rate of reproduction of the females. A deliberate attempt has been made to keep the treatment as general as possible. Unfortunately, this may lead to some obscurities and, in order to demonstrate the ideas, examples will be discussed in conjunction with the general development. In one case we consider sheep as the host, worms as the parasite and eggs of the female worm as the offspring. The sheep are given a massive dose of larvae (immature worms) at zero time and the task is to describe the total egg output of the worm population in the sheep as a function of time. As further examples we examine some highly simplified continuous models. The purpose of these exercises is purely illustrative and the components of the models have been chosen for mathematical convenience. Nevertheless, it is hoped that the resulting models are not too unrealistic. Details leading to the biological assumptions used in this paper may be found in Dineen (1963a, b), Donald, Dineen, Turner & Wagland (1964) and Dineen, Donald, Wagland & Offner (1965), Dineen, Donald, Wagland & Turner (1965).
"Mulata, Hija de Negro y India": Afro-Indigenous Mulatos in Early Colonial Mexico

Since the fifteenth century, the term "mulato" has been used to describe individuals of mixed African and European ancestry. Through an examination of mulatos from sixteenth century New Spain this piece complicates our understanding of the usage and implication of this socio-racial ascription. Both demographic and anecdotal evidence suggests that in the early colonial period mulato frequently described individuals of mixed African-indigenous ancestry. Moreover, these individuals may have represented the majority of individuals so named. Additionally this piece uses several case studies to demonstrate that Afro-indigenous mulatos formed frequent and long-term connections to indigenous society and culture. Through acculturation and familial ties, early mulatos helped to encourage interethnic unions and may have played a key role in the growth of a highly varied, multi-ethnic colonial population in Mexico. By highlighting these important trends, this study challenges our traditional assumptions concerning the category of mulato and suggests that we must avoid the homogenizing tendency inherent in such terminology.
Lysine β311 of Protein Geranylgeranyltransferase Type I Partially Replaces Magnesium

Abstract Protein geranylgeranyltransferase type I (GGTase I) catalyzes the attachment of a geranylgeranyl lipid group near the carboxyl terminus of protein substrates. Unlike protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) and protein geranylgeranyltransferase type II, which require both Zn(II) and Mg(II) for maximal turnover, GGTase I turnover is dependent only on Zn(II). In FTase, the magnesium ion is coordinated by aspartate β352 and the diphosphate of farnesyl diphosphate to stabilize the developing charge in the transition state (Pickett, J. S., Bowers, K. E., and Fierke, C. A. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 51243–51250). In GGTase I, lysine β311 is substituted for this aspartate and is proposed to replace the catalytic function of Mg(II) (Taylor, J. S., Reid, T. S., Terry, K. L., Casey, P. J., and Beese, L. S. (2003) EMBO J. 22, 5963–5974). Here we demonstrate that the prenylation rate constant catalyzed by wild type GGTase I (kchem = 0.18 ± 0.02 s-1) is not dependent on Mg(II), is ∼20-fold slower than the maximal rate constant catalyzed by FTase, and has a single pKa of 6.4 ± 0.1, likely reflecting deprotonation of the peptide thiol. Mutation of lysine β311 in GGTase I to alanine (Kβ311A) or aspartate (Kβ311D) decreases the kchem in the absence of magnesium 9–41-fold without significantly affecting the binding affinity of either substrate. Furthermore, the geranylgeranylation rate constant is enhanced by the addition of Mg(II) for Kβ311A and Kβ311D GGTase I 2–5-fold compared with wild type GGTase I with KMg of 140 ± 10 mm and 6.4 ± 0.8 mm, respectively. These results demonstrate that lysine β311 of GGTase I partially replaces the catalytic function of Mg(II) observed in FTase.