cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Training, Certification, and Continuing Education of Fellows and Attendings in the Neurocritical Care Unit

The specialty of neurocritical care developed out of a need to care for post-neurosurgical patients and polio patients around the turn of the twentieth century. However, it was not until 2005 that the United Council of Neurologic Subspecialties (UCNS) formally recognized neurocritical care, providing the first examination for subspecialty certification. The advent of formal training demanded an outline of specific criteria for management of neurologic and medical sequela of neurologic injury and surgery. Core cognitive and procedural domains are now outlined and are a prerequisite for certification in neurocritical care, with board certification possible through UCNS. Fellowship training programs are required to evaluate their programs’ rigor and ability to meet these requirements to ensure they are training the highest quality trainee. Lastly, an approach to the adult learner is provided, targeted at educating within critical care generally and neurocritical care more specifically. In this chapter, we will touch on fundamental concepts of education important for medical educators, including strategies for effective delivery of material, evaluating trainees, and providing effective feedback.
Homeless Shelter Characteristics and Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2

Introduction The unfolding COVID-19 pandemic has predictably followed the familiar contours of well established socioeconomic health inequities, exposing and often amplifying preexisting disparities. People living in homeless shelters are at higher risk of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) compared to the general population. The purpose of this study was to identify shelter characteristics that may be associated with higher transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods We conducted a cross-sectional assessment of five congregate shelters in Rhode Island. Shelter residents 18 years old and older were tested for SARS-CoV-2 from April 19-April 24, 2020. At time of testing, we collected participant characteristics, symptomatology, and vital signs. Shelter characteristics and infection control strategies were collected through a structured phone questionnaire with shelter administrators. Results A total of 299 shelter residents (99%, 299/302) participated. Thirty-five (11.7%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Shelter-level prevalence ranged from zero to 35%. Symptom prevalence did not vary by test result. Shelters with positive cases of SARS-CoV-2 were in more densely populated areas, had more transient resident populations, and instituted fewer physical distancing practices compared to shelters with no cases. Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 prevalence varies with shelter characteristics but not individual symptoms. Policies that promote resident stability and physical distancing may help reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Symptom screening alone is insufficient to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Frequent universal testing and congregate housing alternatives that promote stability may help reduce spread of infection.
Experiences in building the Clemson Computational Sciences Program

The authors describe the evolution and current status of the Computational Sciences Program at Clemson. Faculty interest generated by the acquisition of a distributed memory machine in 1986 led to the formation of a computational sciences working group. Various activities of the group members contributed to the formulation of certain fundamental principles of computational science. The authors discuss these principles and indicate how they appear in the present curriculum, including how currently recognized subjects may be incorporated. The syllabus of the offering at the graduate level, which includes a significant laboratory component, is given. Rationale for an undergraduate offering and an outline of a proposed course with laboratory are presented. Criteria for assessing the courses and setting directions for future changes are also discussed.
549-P: Understanding PCP Perspectives in a Project ECHO T1D Program Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research

The Project Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO™) model addresses disparities by empowering primary care provider (PCPs), through tele-education, to meet the needs of underserved communities lacking access to subspecialty care. Given the rapid replication of this model, it is vital to understand the perspectives of participating PCPs to refine program implementation. Project ECHO™ Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) program was piloted in Florida and California with >15 Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHC). PCPs completed pre/post-test surveys assessing knowledge and confidence in T1D care. Exit surveys and focus groups were conducted to understand their experiences (N=92 providers, 41 from FL and 51 from CA were queried). Qualitative analysis of open-ended survey feedback and thematic analysis of focus group data used the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). The CFIR identifies five domains that affect intervention implementation - including internal and external factors to the healthcare organization. Pre/post surveys demonstrated significant improvements in providers’ diabetes knowledge; mean ± SD change in score for an 11-item knowledge evaluation from pre/post: (1.0 ± 1.8, [Min: -2, Max: +5], p-value: 0.0003) and increase in overall confidence evaluated on a 4-point likert scale (0.6 ± 0.4 [Min: -0.1, Max: 1.6] p-value Disclosure A. F. Walker: None. S. L. Filipp: None. K. Turner: None. G. L. Zori: None. J. Maizel: None. N. Cuttriss: Consultant; Self; Cecelia Health. L. G. Baer: None. L. Figg: None. K. K. Hood: Consultant; Self; Cecelia Health, Cercacor, LifeScan Diabetes Institute. R. Lal: Consultant; Self; Abbott Diabetes, Biolinq, Capillary Biomedical, Inc., Morgan Stanley, Tidepool. M. Basina: None. M. J. Haller: Board Member; Self; SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc., Consultant; Self; MannKind Corporation, Other Relationship; Self; Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Sanofi. J. J. Wong: None. K. Yabut: None. D. Naranjo: None. E. Lewit: None. D. M. Maahs: Advisory Panel; Self; Abbott Diabetes, Dompe, Eli Lilly and Company, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Consultant; Self; aditxt. E. Sheehan: None. S. C. Westen: None. C. Anez-zabala: None. X. Roque: None. B. C. Fitzgerald: None. A. Bernier: None. M. J. Gurka: None. Funding The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust
Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into functional airway basal stem cells.

Summary Airway basal cells play an essential role in the maintenance of the airway epithelium. Here, we provide a detailed directed differentiation protocol to generate ‘‘induced basal cells (iBCs)’’ from human pluripotent stem cells. iBCs recapitulate biological and functional properties of airway basal cells including mucociliary differentiation in vitro or in vivo in tracheal xenografts, facilitating the study of inherited and acquired diseases of the airway, as well as potential use in regenerative medicine. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Hawkins et al. (2021) .
Hierarchical Decision Ensembles- An inferential framework for uncertain Human-AI collaboration in forensic examinations.

Forensic examination of evidence like firearms and toolmarks, traditionally involves a visual and therefore subjective assessment of similarity of two questioned items. Statistical models are used to overcome this subjectivity and allow specification of error rates. These models are generally quite complex and produce abstract results at different levels of the analysis. Presenting such metrics and complicated results to examiners is challenging, as examiners generally do not have substantial statistical training to accurately interpret results. This creates distrust in statistical modelling and lowers the rate of acceptance of more objective measures that the discipline at large is striving for. We present an inferential framework for assessing the model and its output. The framework is designed to calibrate trust in forensic experts by bridging the gap between domain specific knowledge and predictive model results, allowing forensic examiners to validate the claims of the predictive model while critically assessing results.
Some Thoughts on Change in Psychoanalysis

This chapter discusses change in child treatment and adult treatment. It is based on a conference of three individuals who returned to some form of treatment after cessation of their earlier treatments. In the child, it cannot be inferred how much of the interactive pathology with the parents is internalized until the actual separation has taken place, and often not until partnerhood and parenthood present their clear opportunities for repetition of old childhood experiences. So all this sets limits on what the child or adolescent analysis has available, to focus upon. Analysis is definitely meant to increase the odds in the patient's favor as he or she moves along developmentally; but it cannot expect to control the future. Pessimistically, analysis also includes a certain amount of coming-to-terms with limitations; with the fact that this is the life; with recognition of certain core residual anxieties, longings, vulnerabilities. But the child or adolescent neither knows what the full panoply of things-to-come-to-terms-with is, nor is he or she developmentally in any way ready to undertake such a process of coming to terms––a process bordering on wisdom with a touch of resignation.
Metastable states of dimethyloxonium, (CH3)2OH

Abstract Hypervalent dimethyloxonium radical, (CH3)2OH (1), is formed by collisional electron transfer to protonated dimethyl ether in the gas phase and dissociates rapidly by cleavage of the OH and OC bonds. Ab initio and density functional theory calculations show that these dissociations originate from different electronic states of 1. The loss of H proceeds from the repulsive ground electronic (X) state of 1 and is 131 kJ mol−1 exothermic to form vibrationally excited (CH3)2O. The loss of methyl proceeds from the first excited electronic (A) state of 1 by crossing to the repulsive part of the X state potential energy surface, yielding vibrationally excited methanol. A substantial fraction of deuterated radicals, (CH3)2OD (1-OD), are metastable on the microsecond time scale. The metastable species result from the population of the B and higher excited states of 1 that are calculated to be bound along both OH and OC coordinates. The isotope effects on the metastability of 1 are explained by less efficient vibronic coupling between the bound B and dissociative A states in the deuterated radical.
Estimates for Non-Resonant Normal Forms in Hamiltonian Perturbation Theory

We make a remark about an estimate of the rest for the non-resonant action-angle normal forms and exhibit a simple example suggesting the optimality of this estimate when there are no small divisors. Given a polynomial perturbation of degree P and an integer k, calling γ the size of the small denominators up to order k, we prove that the kth order remainder is bounded by (2/e0)k+1 with e0=const γ2/(kP2). Thus, fixing the degree of the perturbation, if γ is independent of k (i.e., if there are no small divisors), we obtain a rest bounded by (const k)k+1. These estimates are also applied to the case in which the small divisors are absent, and they are conjectured to be optimal in this context. To support this idea we present a simplified model problem with no small denominators, formally related to the above calculations, and we show that it indeed has factorial divergence of its Birkhoff series. We also obtain Nekhoroshev's Theorem for harmonic oscillators. We hope that our simple approach makes more accessible to a general audience this important (although quite technical) topic.
Distinguishing between Nitrification and Denitrification as Sources of Gaseous Nitrogen Production in Soil.

The source of N2O produced in soil is often uncertain because denitrification and nitrification can occur simultaneously in the same soil aggregate. A technique which exploits the differential sensitivity of these processes to C2H2 inhibition is proposed for distinguishing among gaseous N losses from soils. Denitrification N2O was estimated from 24-h laboratory incubations in which nitrification was inhibited by 10-Pa C2H2. Nitrification N2O was estimated from the difference between N2O production under no C2H2 and that determined for denitrification. Denitrification N2 was estimated from the difference between N2O production under 10-kPa C2H2 and that under 10 Pa. Laboratory estimates of N2O production were significantly correlated with in situ N2O diffusion measurements made during a 10-month period in two forested watersheds. Nitrous oxide production from nitrification was most important on well-drained sites of a disturbed watershed where ambient NO3− was high. In contrast, denitrification N2O was most important on poorly drained sites near the stream of the same watershed. Distinction between N2O production from nitrification and denitrification was corroborated by correlations between denitrification N2O and water-filled pore space and between nitrification N2O and ambient NO3−. This technique permits qualitative study of environmental parameters that regulate gaseous N losses via denitrification and nitrification.
Chapter 15 Mechanisms of Unification in Kaluza–Klein Theory

Abstract In this chapter I discuss the attempts by Theodor Kaluza [Kaluza, T., 1921. Zum Unitatproblem der Physik. Sitzungsber. der K. Ak. der Wiss. zu Berlin, 966–972] and by Oskar Klein [Klein, O., 1926a. Quantentheorie und funfdimensionale Relativitatstheorie. Zeitschrift fur Physik 37 (12), 895–906; Klein, O., 1926b. The atomicity of electricity as a quantum theory law. Nature 118, 516], respectively, to unify electromagnetism and general relativity within a five-dimensional Riemannian manifold. I critically compare Kaluza's results to Klein's. Klein's theory possesses more explanatory power and unificatory strength and uses less types of brute facts than Kaluza's. The characteristic feature of Klein's theory is that it relies on an extrinsic element of unification, i.e. the wavefunction behavior, which is not intrinsic to EM or GR. Finally, I compare and discuss Kaluza's and Klein's theories in the context of Tim Maudlin's [Maudlin, T., 1996. On the unification of physics. Journal of Philosophy 93 (3), 129–144] ranking of unification and I clarify in what sense they constitute counterexamples to some of Margaret Morrison's [Morrison, M., 2000. Unifying Scientific Theories: Physical Concepts and Mathematical Structures. Cambridge University Press] assertions about unification.
A bidding decision index for construction contractors

Results from applying the model on a sample of contractors, the majority of whom were international and operating in Egypt, reinforces the credibility of the developed methodology, claim the authors.
Effects of Different Levels of Pyridoxine Fed during Pregnancy Superimposed upon Growth in the Rat

Effects of pregnancy superimposed upon a rapid phase of growth in the rat on the vitamin B-6 needs during gestation were examined. Rats were fed 1.2, 2.4, 4.8, 9.6, or 19.2 mg pyridoxine-HCl/kg diet from weaning. Some animals from each dietary treatment were mated at 55 (P-55) and 115 (P-115) days of age; others of the same ages served as nonpregnant controls. Analyses were made on day 21 of gestation. Excepting the 1.2-mg diet treatment, maternal weight gains during gestation were greater for P-55 groups compared with gains of the P-115 groups, possibly reflecting maternal growth. Both maternal weight gains and fetal weights were less for the 1.2-mg, P-55 group; otherwise reproductive performance was similar among the groups. On the basis of stimulation of erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase activity by pyridoxal phosphate added in vitro, the needs in all pregnant and nonpregnant groups were met by 2.4 mg pyridoxine/kg diet. However, on the basis of vitamin B-6 saturation of tissues, the pyridoxine needs were 9.6 mg/kg diet for young growing animals and 4.8 mg/kg diet for older animals in which growth had almost ceased. The needs for both young and older pregnant animals possibly exceeded 19.2 mg pyridoxine/kg diet for vitamin B-6 saturation of maternal liver, fetus, and fetal brain. Pregnancy superimposed upon a rapid phase of growth in conjunction with a restricted intake of pyridoxine resulted in low values for most parameters used in the assessments compared with values for animals fed the same vitamin level but mated after growth velocity had diminished.
Improved audio-visual speaker recognition via the use of a hybrid combination strategy

In this paper an in depth analysis is undertaken into effective strategies for integrating the audio-visual modalities for the purposes of text-dependent speaker recognition. Our work is based around the well known hidden Markov model (HMM) classifier framework for modelling speech. A framework is proposed to handle the mismatch between train and test observation sets, so as to provide effective classifier combination performance between the acoustic and visual HMM classifiers. From this framework, it can be shown that strategies for combining independent classifiers, such as the weighted product or sum rules, naturally emerge depending on the influence of the mismatch. Based on the assumption that poor performance in most audio-visual speaker recognition applications can be attributed to train/test mismatches we propose that the main impetus of practical audio-visual integration is to dampen the independent errors, resulting from the mismatch, rather than trying to model any bimodal speech dependencies. To this end a strategy is recommended, based on theory and empirical evidence, using a hybrid between the weighted product and weighted sum rules in the presence of varying acoustic noise. Results are presented on the M2VTS database.
Numerical simulation of strongly stratified flow over a three-dimensional hill

A numerical study of stably stratified flow over a three-dimensional hill is presented. Large-eddy simulation is used here to examine in detail the laboratory experimental flows described in the landmark work of Hunt and Snyder about stratified flow over a hill. The flow is linearly stratified and U∞/Nh is varied from 0.2 to 1.0. Here N and U∞ are the buoyancy frequency and freestream velocity respectively, and h is the height of the hill. The Reynolds number based on the hill height is varied from 365 to 2968. The characteristic flow patterns at various values of U∞/Nh have been obtained and they are in good agreement with earlier theoretical and experimental results. It is shown that the flow field cannot be predicted by Drazin's theory when recirculation exists at the leeside of the hill even at U∞Nh ≪ 1. The wake structure agrees well with a two-dimensional wake assumption when U∞/Nh ≪ 1 but lee waves start to influence the wake structure as U∞/Nh increases. The dividing-streamline heights obtained in the simulation are in accordance with experimental results and Sheppard's formula. The energy loss along the dividing streamline due to friction/turbulence approximately offsets the energy gained from pressure field. When lee waves are present, linear theory always underestimates the amplitude and overestimates the wavelength of three-dimensional lee waves. The simulated variations of drag coefficients with the parameterK (=ND/π U∞) are qualitatively consistent with experimental data and linear theory. Here D is the depth of the tank.
Characterization of ultrasonic signals generated by concealed insects

It is shown that concealed insect infestations in stored grain and wood products can be detected and identified from the ultrasonic emissions generated by the feeding activity of the insects. The signal is characterized by bursts of energy in the frequency range of 5 to 75 kHz. The number of ultrasonic events increases as a function of the number of insects present, and as a function of the stage of development of an individual insect. By use of the statistical distributions of the emissions, the stage of development of the insect concealed in the medium can be determined. The method chosen to couple the transducer with the medium housing the insect is critical because of the low signal power. Owing to the complex geometrical configuration of the medium, the sonic propagation properties of the medium must be understood to characterize the signal generated by the insects. >
Kinetics of Radioactive Decay

As mentioned in Chap. 2, radionuclides decay by spontaneous fission, α-, β−-, and β+-particle emissions, electron capture, or isomeric transition. The radioactive decay is a random process, and it is not possible to tell which atom from a group of atoms disintegrates at a specific time. Thus, one can only talk about the average number of radionuclides disintegrating during a period of time. This gives the disintegration rate of a particular radionuclide.
A controlled trial of an intervention to improve urinary and fecal incontinence and constipation.

Objectives Evaluate effects of a multi component intervention on fecal (FI) and urinary incontinence (UI) outcomes
Biophysical Studies of Respiratory Syncytial Virus II. Identification of Two Soluble Complement-Fixing Antigens of Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Forsyth, Ben R. (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.), Helen V. Coates, and Robert M. Chanock. Biophysical studies of respiratory syncytial virus. II. Identification of two soluble complement-fixing antigens of respiratory syncytial virus. J. Bacteriol. 91:1270–1276. 1966.—Column chromatography of concentrated preparations was used to separate two antigenic components from the “soluble complement-fixing (CF) antigen” of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus. These antigens, designated antigen A and antigen B, stimulated homologous but not heterologous CF antibodies. Only antigen A stimulated the production of neutralizing antibody in guinea pigs. There was a dissociation between the CF and neutralizing antibody responses of guinea pigs immunized with antigen A. The two antigens were shown to have different molecular size, density, and sensitivity to lipolytic agents. Both antigens appeared to be components of the RS viral particle. Serological studies demonstrated that both antigens were formed during RS virus infection of children and adults.
Advanced HPC methods for large-scale sensitivity analysis

Nonlinear numerical control is rightfully considered to be one of the most difficult engineering problems to tackle, in terms of both practical implementation and time-to-solution. It requires time-stepping numerical models for simulating the trajectory of the system, adjoint models for sensitivity analysis and matrix-free iterative solvers to produce the solution field of the inverse problem. The field of high-performance computing (HPC) provides computational tools and practices which enable the deployment of numerical applications on computational clusters, supercomputers and cloud computing facilities. This article presents a set of practical methods aimed at accelerating and parallelizing computation for sensitivity analysis in a large-scale 4D-Var data assimilation setting.
Chorionic gonadotropin receptors and immunoreactive chorionic gonadotropin in implantation of the rabbit blastocyst.

Abstract To determine the temporal relationship between immunoreactive chorionic gonadotropin, chorionic gonadotropin receptors, and implantation of the rabbit blastocyst, (1) immunoreactive chorionic gonadotropin in plasma, uterine flushings and blastocysts; (2) chorionic gonadotropin receptors on blastocysts (day 5 and 6) and embryonic and interembryonic segments of the uterus (day 7); and (3) chorionic gonadotropin receptors on the endometrium and myometrium (day 1 through 6) were measured. Binding of I 125 -labeled β-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) by cell membranes from blastocysts increased significantly from 6.0 ± 1.1 fmol/mg of protein (mean ± SE) on day 5 (N = 6) to 16.1 ± 1.3 fmol/mg of protein on day 6 (n = 6) (P 125 -labeled hCG was absent in endometrial and myometrial cell membranes before implantation (days 1 to 6) but was found in decidual cells from embryonic segments on day 7. Plasma immunoreactive chorionic gonadotropin or chorionic gonadotropin-like material increased from 6 ng/ml of day 1 to 52 ng/ml on day 7. Uterine flushings had chorionic gonadotropin levels of 0.4 ng/ml of day 2, which increased slowly to 1.0 ng/ml on day 7. Intrauterine instillation of hCG into nonpregnant uterine horns demonstrated transuterine absorption of hCG with plasma hCG levels showing a dose-related response. Our findings demonstrate that (1) immunoreactive chorionic gonadotropin or chorionic gonadotropin-like material is detectable in plasma, uterine flushings, and blastocyst fluid before implantation, (2) chorionic gonadotropin receptors are present on the blastocyst cells before implantation, and (3) the uterus can absorb chorionic gonadotropin from its lumen.
Metacognition influences item-method directed forgetting

In 4 experiments, we examined whether metacognitive beliefs about item memorability influence item-method directed forgetting. In Experiment 1, participants studied loud and quiet items, which were subsequently cued as to-be-remembered (TBR) or to-be-forgotten (TBF). Typically, the volume of stimuli does not influence recall, although loud items are judged as more memorable than quiet items (Rhodes & Castel, 2009). In contrast, we found a recall advantage for loud items in directed forgetting, although this was observed for TBR items but not TBF items. The loud item advantage disappeared in Experiment 2, when we eliminated all TBF trials and instead inserted additional trials during which participants could engage in extra rehearsal of earlier presented items. In Experiments 3 and 4, a recall advantage for loud items was observed again when items were assigned a mixture of positive and negative values, but it did not emerge when items were assigned graded positive values. Overall, the results showed that the recall advantage for loud items emerges only in response to the need to forget some items. We propose 2 mechanisms to account for these results-either participants select to rehearse loud items as a controlled strategy that allows them to forget some items, or they have an unconscious preference for loud items that emerges only in response to the need to forget.
Conformational Effects in Photoelectron Spectra of Tetrasilanes

Four cyclic carbosilanes [(SiMe2)4(CH2)n], n = 1−4 (1−4), have been synthesized and used as models of conformationally constrained tetrasilane. Results of matrix isolation IR spectroscopy, annealing, and photodestruction, combined with HF/3-21G* calculations on low-energy conformers, suggest that in each compound the SiSiSiSi dihedral angle ω is constrained within relatively narrow limits: 1, 0°; 2, 35−55°; 3, 45−65° (30° for a higher-energy conformer); and 4, 60−80°. It is argued that other structural differences between 1−4 and the linear chain analogue, decamethyltetrasilane Si4Me10 (5), are of secondary importance, that Koopmans' theorem can be used within a family of closely related structures, and that measurements of photoelectron spectra of 1−5 permit the construction of an experimental counterpart to the orbital energy correlation diagram for the syn−anti conformational transformation in tetrasilane. The trends found for the first three ionization potentials, assigned to electron removal from th...
Person or position?: the demographics of sexual harassment in the workplace

This study contributes to the literature on sexual harassment by explicitly modeling race as a significant predictor of sexual harassment in combination with gender and occupation, rather than regarding each demographic characteristic (i.e. age, gender, race, marital status) as though experienced separately from all others. As represented in the larger literature on sexual harassment in the workplace, the female respondents in this study report more sexual harassment than men, though men do report sexual harassment. Moreover, the gender context (i.e., whether respondent’s occupation is predominantly female or male) of occupation makes a difference for both men and women. These results reveal that women are more likely to be reporting sexual harassment based upon demographic factors in the labor market and appear to be unaffected by labor force characteristics. The men, on the other hand, report more sexual harassment based upon occupational characteristics than demographic factors.
Development of a temperature gradient focusing method for in situ extraterrestrial biomarker analysis

Scanning temperature gradient focusing (TGF) is a recently described technique for the simultaneous concentration and separation of charged analytes. It allows for high analyte peak capacities and low LODs in microcolumn electrophoretic separations. In this paper, we present the application of scanning TGF for chiral separations of amino acids. Using a mixture of seven carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester-labeled amino acids (including five chiral amino acids) which constitute the Mars7 standard, we show that scanning TGF is a very simple and efficient method for chiral separations. The modulation of TGF separation parameters (temperature window, pressure scan rate, temperature range, and chiral selector concentration) allows optimization of peak efficiencies and analyte resolutions. The use of hydroxypropyl-beta-CD at low concentration (1-5 mmol/L) as a chiral selector, with an appropriate pressure scan rate ( -0.25 Pa/s) and with a low temperature range (3-25 degrees C over 1 cm) provided high resolution between enantiomers (Rs >1.5 for each pair of enantiomers) using a short, 4 cm long capillary. With these new results, the scanning TGF method appears to be a viable method for in situ trace biomarker analysis for future missions to Mars or other solar system bodies.
Cell recognition by mucus secreted by urn cell of Sipunculus nudus.

RECOGNITION of foreign particles in invertebrates is shown by the sticking of these particles to the circulating free amoebocytes of the host. The marine invertebrate Sipunculus nudus, phylum Sipunculida, has among its coelomic fluid (‘blood’) cells a remarkable ‘urn cell’ which secretes mucus that is sticky for foreign cells, but not for autologous cells. We have studied the biological specificity of this phenomenon and have attempted to alter the surface of autologous erythrocytes to render them sufficiently ‘foreign’ to stick to urn mucus.
Producer Surplus and Risk

This paper examines the welfare economics of producer behavior under risk aversion. Hicksian, Marshallian, and money equivalent measures are explored. It is found that under decreasing absolute risk aversion, compensating variation is less than the ordinary Marshallian surplus, which is less than the money equivalent measure. Under constant absolute risk aversion all measures coincide. Finally, bounds on compensating and equivalent variations using ordinary producer surplus in a manner analogous to Willige approach in consumer theory under certainty are studied. Similar results hold, mutatis mutandis, for input demands.
Optical Constants of Sodium and Potassium from 0.5 to 4.0 eV by Split-Beam Ellipsometry

The optical constants of sodium and potassium have been measured at room temperature over the frequency range 0.5-4.0 eV. The measurements were made with a split-beam ellipsometer, using a null procedure devised to yield the imaginary part of the dielectric constant, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$, with improved reliability. The samples were thick films prepared by evaporation in ultrahigh vacuum. Experiments were performed by single reflection at free surfaces, and by both single and multiple reflections at metal-fused quartz interfaces. All measurements were in agreement; however, the most accurate values for ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ were obtained in the multiple reflection experiments. They showed structure as a function of frequency which could be readily attributed to conventional interband transitions associated with the $〈110〉$ reciprocal lattice vectors. The values obtained for ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}$ in both the free-surface and the metal-quartz-interface experiments were used to deduce the optical effective mass ${m}_{\mathrm{opt}}$. For sodium, ${m}_{\mathrm{opt}}$ was found to be $1.13m$ in the infrared and $1.07m$ for wavelenghts below 0.5\ensuremath{\mu}; the corresponding values for potassium were found to be $1.16m$ and $1.06m$.
Conservation of Tropical Plant Biodiversity: What Have We Done, Where Are We Going?

Plant biodiversity in the tropics is threatened by intense anthropogenic pressures. Deforestation, habitat degradation, habitat fragmentation, overexploitation, invasive species, pollution, global climate change, and the synergies among them have had a major impact on biodiversity. This review paper provides a brief, yet comprehensive and broad, overview of the main threats to tropical plant biodiversity and how they differ from threats in temperate regions. The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, an international program with 16 global targets set for 2020 aimed at understanding, conserving, and using sustainably the world’s plant biodiversity, is then used as a framework to explore efforts in assessing and managing tropical plant conservation in a changing world. Progress on 13 of the 16 outcome-oriented targets of the Strategy is explored at the pantropical scale. Within each target, I address current challenges in assessing and managing tropical plant biodiversity, identify key questions that should be addressed, and suggest ways for how these challenges might be overcome.
Production scheduling decision rules in changing and non-linear environments

Holt at al. (1960) modollod the production scheduling problem with quadratic costs and derived an optimal set of scheduling rules. Our experiment found those rules may not be effective if costs are non-quadratic. This may explain the relative lack of use of these rules in industry.
Nuclear magnetic resonance assessment of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) dynamics in ischemic mouse livers perfused with adenine and ribose.

Hepatic energy stores are essential to liver viability. We used a mouse liver perfusion model and MR spectroscopy to study the effect of adding two precursors of ATP (adenine and ribose) on ATP dynamics during ischemia and reperfusion. Using Krebs-Henseleit buffer with or without added adenine and ribose made litT1e difference in the ATP decay rate during ischemia, but the recovery of ATP during reperfusion was more complete when adenine and ribose were added to the buffer. These findings suggest that the addition of the precursors of ATP, adenine and ribose, to perfusate after ischemia can accelerate and enhance ATP recovery.
Bilateral Renal Artery Thrombotic Occlusion: A Unique Complication Following Removal of a Transthoracic Intraaortic Balloon

Abstract An intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) was inserted through the ascending aorta during a coronary artery bypass operation. Five days later, after removal of the IABP and ligation of the end-to-side Dacron graft, the patient became acutely anuric. Abdominal aortography demonstrated a large "trapeze-shaped" thrombus which occluded both renal arteries. Following thrombectomy the patient recovered, with eventual return of renal function to the preoperative state.
Recursive solution to the sensor registration problem in a multiple-sensor-tracking scenario

This paper present an on-line solution to the aircraft tracking problem with a network of spatially distributed sensor units that are imperfectly registered. We consider errors in the relative positions and alignments of the measurement units. The sensor errors (or uncertainties) are estimated by an extended Kalman filter, along with the track variables. This optimal solution is compared through Monte- Carlo simulations to a suboptimal filter, that neglects the sensor uncertainties. The measurements are taken by 2D search sensor units or 3D track sensor units. When using track sensor data, the registration errors degrade substantially the accuracy of the aircraft position estimates and the optimal filter provides position estimates that are more accurate than those of the suboptimal filter. In the search sensor case, the registration errors are small compared to the search sensor measurement noise level and have a lower impact on the tracking performance.
Quantitation of methylmalonic acid and other dicarboxylic acids in normal serum and urine using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Methylmalonic acid, succinic acid, and other dicarboxylic acids have been extracted and partially purified from serum and urine using ether extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. The t-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives were prepared and analyzed using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. The addition of [methyl-2H3]methylmalonic acid and [1,4-13C2]succinic acid to the starting samples made it possible to quantitate these two dicarboxylic acids. Normal ranges for methylmalonic acid and succinic acid were determined in human and rat serum and in human urine. The utilization of other internal standards would make it possible to quantitate malonic, dimethylmalonic, ethylmalonic, methylsuccinic, glutaric, and other dicarboxylic acids.
Excitons and Peierls distortion in conjugated carbon nanotubes.

We investigate coupled excitonic and vibrational effects in carbon nanotubes using a time-dependent Hartree−Fock approach. The results reveal intricate details of excited-state dynamics. In the ground state, spontaneous uneven distribution of the π electrons over the bonds (i.e., Peierls dimerization) is observed throughout the entire nanotube, particularly in large-radius CNTs. However, we demonstrate that vibrational relaxation following photoexcitations leads to substantial local distortion of the tube surface, overriding the Peierls dimerization. This mutually affects the electronic system, resulting in localized states (self-trapped excitons). These phenomena critically control photoinduced dynamics and charge transport in nanotube materials.
Age differences in fear retention and extinction in male Sprague-Dawley rats: effects of ethanol challenge during conditioning.

Abstract Pavlovian fear conditioning is an ideal model to investigate how learning and memory are influenced by alcohol use during adolescence because the neural mechanisms involved have been studied extensively. In Exp 1, adolescent and adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were non-injected or injected with saline, 1 or 1.5 g/kg ethanol intraperitoneally 10 min prior to tone or context conditioning. Twenty-four hours later, animals were tested for tone or context retention and extinction, with examination of extinction retention conducted 24 h thereafter. In Exp 2, a context extinction session was inserted between the tone conditioning and the tone fear retention/extinction days to reduce pre-CS baseline freezing levels at test. Basal levels of acquisition, fear retention, extinction, and extinction retention after tone conditioning were similar between adolescent and adult rats. In contrast adolescents showed faster context extinction than adults, while again not differing from adults during context acquisition, retention or extinction retention. In terms of ethanol effects, adolescents were less sensitive to ethanol-induced context retention deficits than adults. No age differences emerged in terms of tone fear retention, with ethanol disrupting tone fear retention at both ages in Exp 1, but at neither age in Exp 2, a difference seemingly due to group differences in pre-CS freezing during tone testing in Exp 1, but not Exp 2. These results suggest that age differences in the acute effects of ethanol on cognitive function are task-specific, and provide further evidence for age differences cognitive functioning in a task thought to be hippocampally related.
Isolation and characterization of a highly polymorphic human locus (DXS455) in proximal Xq28.

Human Xq28 is highly gene dense with over 27 loci. Because most of these genes have been mapped by linkage to polymorphic loci, only one of which (DXS52) is informative in most families, a search was conducted for new, highly polymorphic Xq28 markers. From a cosmid library constructed using a somatic cell hybrid containing human Xq27.3----qter as the sole human DNA, a human-insert cosmid (c346) was identified and found to reveal variation on Southern blot analyses with female DNA digested with any of several different restriction endonucleases. Two subclones of c346, p346.8 and p346.T, that respectively identify a multiallelic VNTR locus and a frequent two-allele TaqI polymorphism were isolated. Examination of 21 unrelated females showed heterozygosity of 76 and 57%, respectively. These two markers appeared to be in linkage equilibrium, and a combined analysis revealed heterozygosity in 91% of unrelated females. Families segregating the fragile X syndrome with key Xq28 crossovers position this locus (designated DXS455) between the proximal Xq28 locus DXS296 (VK21) and the more distal locus DXS374 (1A1), which is proximal to DXS52. DXS455 is therefore the most polymorphic locus identified in Xq28 and will be useful in the genetic analysis of this gene dense region, including the diagnosis of nearby genetic disease loci by linkage.
The Long and the Short of Physical Stature in Early Adolescence

The relationship between early adolescent physical stature and competence perceptions was examined in the self-ratings and teacher ratings of short-and tall-for-age boys and girls in grades 6 and 7. Approximately one half of the sixth-graders were in their last year of elementary school; the other half, and all seventh-graders, were in secondary school. The ratings were obtained with companion scales, The Perceived Competence Scale for Children and The Teacher's Rating Scale of Child's Actual Competence, for cognitive, social, physical, and general competence. Physical stature effects were found in early adolescent self-ratings, in interaction with school context, but not in teacher ratings. The effects, which were stronger among girls than boys, were found in perceived social and general competence. The lowest self-ratings were those of tall girls in elementary school and short girls in secondary school. In contrast to previous research, the results of the present study suggest that self-perceptions may ...
Integrin-mediated calcium signaling and regulation of cell adhesion by intracellular calcium

Integrins are ubiquitous trans-membrane adhesion molecules that mediate the interaction of cells with the extracellular matrix (ECM). Integrins link cells to the ECM by interacting with the cell cytoskeleton. In cases such as leukocyte binding, integrins mediate cell-cell interactions and cell-ECM interactions. Recent research indicates that integrins also function as signal transduction receptors, triggering a number of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate cell behavior and development. A number of integrins are known to stimulate changes in intracellular calcium levels, resulting in integrin activation. Although changes in intracellular calcium regulate a vast number of cellular functions, this review will discuss the stimulation of calcium signaling by integrins and the role of intracellular calcium in the regulation of integrin-mediated adhesion.
An elementary model of neutral and ion sputtering yields

Abstract We have recently developed a simple statistical model of sputtering which indicates that the magnitudes of elemental sputtering yields are consistent with a neutralization model of atom emission. In this model, displaced ion cores at the target surface have a finite probability of neutralization; unneutralized ions must surmount an additional coulombic barrier and therefore have a much reduced probability of escape. The neutral yield will be proportional to the probability of neutralization. The positive ion yield will be proportional to one minus this probability. These suppositions are supported by experimental data in the literature. We also suggest that oxidation enhancement of positive and negative ion yields may result from a reduction of the coulombic force.
Laryngo-Tracheo-Bronchial Anesthesia for Bronchoscopy and Bronchography with Pontocaine

1)Review of the literature shows that all authors committing themselves on the actual quantity of pontocaine used for bronchoscopy or bronchography are using far more of the drug than is recommended by the manufacturer. In one case as much as fifteen times the recommended dose was used for bronchography. 2)Unnecessarily Large amounts of pontocaine are used for these procedures because of the inadequacies inherent in present techniques and instrumentarium. 3)A "one-hand" micro-atomizer and mirror-cannula which permit use of small doses of pontocaine are described. 4)A technique which makes possible bronchoscopy and bronchography with the use of 20.00 mgms. (1 cc. of 2 per cent solution) or less of pontocaine as a 0.25 per cent solution with only morphine and atropine in full doses as adjuvent sedation is described. 5)An unselected, consecutive, series of 167 bronchoscopies in adults performed with these techniques using an average of 17.37 mgms. of pontocaine (0.865 cc. of 2 per cent solution) with no complications attributable to pontocaine is reported. 6)This entire series was performed without the use of any barbiturate to counteract the reactions to pontocaine. 7)Pontocaine in 0.25 per cent solution is a safe, effective, and long-lasting surface anesthetic suitable for the procedures of bronchoscopy and bronchography.
An approximate model for boron drive diffusions in oxidizing ambients

Abstract The linear diffusion equation may be transformed to a moving reference frame which corresponds to a linear-parabolic or experimental oxide growth law. The resulting partial differential equation is separable and may be Laplace transformed. If the initial distribution is piecewise constant the solutions may be written in terms of Kummer functions in the transform domain. Use is made of this fact for a drive diffusion in an oxidizing ambient. The initial distribution is approximated by a rectangle and a two-region solution is used to determine all coefficients. The inversion of the solution to the time domain is accomplished by numerical residue techniques. The amount of boron which is lost to the oxide is computed and approximate relationships are given which allow its computation without the aid of a computer. It is found that boron leaching is controlled by the first few minutes of oxidation and may involve as much as 90% of the boron due to the deposition. Experimental data is presented which supports the theory.