cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Becoming a nurse faculty leader: Taking risks by being willing to fail.

Background Higher education is undergoing rapid transformation requiring nurse faculty leaders to engage in risk taking. Consequently, what is known about the experience of taking risks? How do leaders decide what constitutes a risk worth taking? How do leaders who take risks tolerate failure? The purpose of this study was to explicate the leadership practices of risk taking in nurse faculty leaders. Method Interpretive phenomenology was used to explore the experience of risk taking among 15 self-identified nurse faculty leaders. Unstructured audio recorded interviews were conducted in which participants described their experiences of taking risks. Transcribed interviews were analyzed by a research team to uncover themes in the narrative data. Results A theme, willingness to fail, and three subthemes, enacting a culture of experimentation, working hard for success, and learning from failure are reported. Conclusion This study provides practical know-how and an evidence-base to support nurse academic leaders in the practice of risk taking during these challenging times in higher education.
Communication-Efficient distributed optimization for sparse learning via two-way truncation

We propose a communication and computation efficient algorithm for high-dimensional distributed sparse learning, motivated by the approach of (Wang et al., 2016). At each iteration, local machines compute local gradients on their own local data and using these, a master machine solves a shifted l\ regularized minimization problem. Here, our contribution reduces the communication cost per transmission from the order of the parameter dimension to the order of the number of nonzero entries in the parameter via a Two-Way Truncation procedure. Theoretically, we prove that the estimation error of the proposed algorithm decreases exponentially and matches that of the centralized method under mild conditions. Extensive experiments on both simulated data and real data support that the proposed algorithm is efficient and has statistical performance comparable with the centralized method.
Review of the Neurological Implications of von Hippel–Lindau Disease

Importance von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease-associated central nervous system (CNS) lesions include hemangioblastomas and endolymphatic sac tumors (ELSTs), which are associated with significant neurological morbidity and mortality. Recent studies provide critical new biological, diagnostic, and management insights into these tumors. Observations Biological features, natural history, clinical findings, and management strategies of VHL disease-associated CNS tumors are reviewed. The VHL disease results from a germline mutation of the VHL gene (located on the short arm of chromosome 3), a tumor suppressor that encodes for the VHL protein. Whereas VHL disease is associated with visceral manifestations, CNS lesions are the most common source of morbidity and mortality. Craniospinal hemangioblastomas are almost entirely (99%) found in the cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord. These tumors arise from multipotent hemangioblasts. Peritumoral cysts frequently underlie the clinical findings associated with hemangioblastomas (>90% of symptomatic tumors). Prospective natural history studies demonstrate that CNS hemangioblastomas typically grow in a saltatory pattern. Due to this unpredictable growth pattern, surgical resection is reserved for symptomatic lesions, as many tumors do not become symptomatic. Recent studies indicate that VHL disease-associated ELSTs cause audiovestibular morbidity (hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo) via 3 mechanisms-otic capsule invasion, intralabyrinthine hemorrhage, and endolymphatic hydrops. Specialized magnetic resonance imaging techniques have been defined to elucidate each of these mechanisms, even when a tumor mass is not identified on imaging. Endolymphatic sac tumors cause audiovestibular morbidity unrelated to size or progression, and resection is now recommended at initial discovery of a tumor mass or a tumor-associated mechanism of morbidity. Conclusions and relevance New insights into the development, pathobiological origin, natural history, and long-term outcomes of VHL disease-associated CNS tumors have redefined their management and treatment indications and potentially provide new targeted therapeutic strategies. Resection is reserved for symptomatic hemangioblastomas, but early resection of newly detected ELSTs is now recommended.
Biochemistry and Neuropharmacology

Biochemical changes in the brain strongly contribute to age-related changes. In this chapter, theories of aging, including wear and tear, oxidative damage, DNA damage, and telomere shortening will be introduced. Also, the effects of aging on the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine will be reviewed. These neurotransmitters are often the therapeutic targets of treatment interventions.
Automated scientific discovery

We investigate the bidirectional links between knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) and automated scientific discovery. Both are concerned with discovery of knowledge, but they differ in many ways. We contrast them and explain why they differ. Then we propose the interchange of ideas and ways of thinking between automated scientific discovery and KDD, so that results in each area can influence the other.
Using agreement maker to align ontologies for OAEI 2009: overview, results, and outlook

This paper describes our participation in the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative (OAEI) 2009 with the AgreementMaker system for ontology matching, in which we obtained excellent results. In particular, we participated in the benchmarks, anatomy, and conference tracks. In the anatomy track, we competed against nine other systems in all four subtracks obtaining the best result in subtrack 3 and the second best result in subtracks 1 and 2. We were also first in finding the highest number of non-trivial correspondences. Furthermore, AgreementMaker came in first place among seven participants in the conference track and achieved the highest precision among all thirteeen participating systems in the benchmarks track. In addition to presenting this year's results, we give an overview of the AgreementMaker system, discuss ways in which we plan to further improve it in the future, and present suggestions for future editions of the OAEI competition.
Knowledge-based programming using abstract data types

Features of the GLISP programming system that support knowledge-based programming are described. These include compile-time expansion of object-centered programs, interpretation of messages and operations relative to data type, inheritance of properties and behavior from multiple superclasses, type inference and propagation, conditional compilation, symbolic optimization of compiled code, instantiation of generic programs for particular data types, combination of partial algorithms from separate sources, knowledge-based inspection and editing of data, menu-driven interactive programming, and transportability between Lisp dialects and machines. GLISP is fully implemented for the major dialects of Lisp and is available over the ARPANET.
In-hospital versus postdischarge major adverse events within 30 days following lower extremity revascularization.

Abstract Objective Studies using hospital discharge data likely underestimate postoperative morbidity and mortality after lower extremity revascularization because they fail to capture postdischarge events. However, the degree of underestimation and the timing of postdischarge complications are not well-characterized. Methods We used the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program procedure-targeted vascular databases from 2011 to 2015 to tabulate 30-day adverse events (in hospital and after discharge) for lower extremity bypass (LEB) and percutaneous vascular interventions (PVIs) performed for claudication and chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI). Results A total of 14,125 patients underwent lower extremity revascularization, 8909 patients (63%) with LEB and 5216 (37%) with PVI. For CLTI, total 30-day mortality was similar between PVI and LEB (2.3% vs 2.1%; P = .61), but in-hospital deaths only accounted for 43% of PVI mortality and only 65% of LEB mortality (P ≤ .001). Major adverse cardiac events occurred in 2.9% of PVI patients and 4.6% of LEB patients (P Conclusions Most MAEs occur less frequently after PVI than LEB. However, a significant number of major of adverse events after lower extremity revascularization occur after leaving the hospital, especially after PVI, which may overestimate its benefits compared with LEB if only in-hospital data are evaluated. These data demonstrate the importance of reporting 30-day rather than in-hospital outcomes when evaluating postoperative adverse events.
USER EXPERIENCES WITH TRADITIONAL AND 3D-PRINTED UPPER EXTREMITY PROSTHESES, DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY INSTRUMENT

INTRODUCTION Additive Manufacturing (AM), colloquial known as 3D-printing, has been deemed capable to revolutionize a great number of industries, including the Health Care industry.1 In the field of upper limb prosthetics, it has been attempted to leverage the potential advantages of AM, such as crowd based design optimization, infrastructure independent fabrication, and economical material use, in the interest of providing low-cost, readily available devices to recipients whose needs were only insufficiently met by traditional approaches of device prescription and fitting. While the popular media has been quick to emphasize the potential – perceived or real – of 3D printed prostheses, clinicians have generally been less euphoric and the base of scientific evidence on questions related to these applications has been small.2 As with most research endeavors in prosthetics and orthotics, recruiting sufficient sample sizes to allow solid conclusions is a perennial challenge also in this sub-field. As a consequence, the effectiveness of the many 3D-printed upper limb devices made by volunteers of the E-nable community (Fig.1) is yet to be determined. Self-reported outcome assessment tools can somewhat mitigate the issue of low sample sizes. However, none have been applied to a wider range of device classes, to allow comparative analyses across those. We describe the development and preliminary testing of an online based survey tool to generate comparison outcome data for a wide variety of upper limb prosthetics devices, including varieties that are 3D-printed by hobbyists. Abstract PDF Link: https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/cpoj/article/view/32009/24428 How to cite: Mankoff J, Savage S, Eckert S, Ngo C, Fiedler G. USER EXPERIENCES WITH TRADITIONAL AND 3D-PRINTED UPPER EXTREMITY PROSTHESES, DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY INSTRUMENT. CANADIAN PROSTHETICS & ORTHOTICS JOURNAL, VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2, 2018; ABSTRACT, POSTER PRESENTATION AT THE AOPA’S 101ST NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, SEPT. 26-29, VANCOUVER, CANADA, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v1i2.32009 Abstracts were Peer-reviewed by the American Orthotic Prosthetic Association (AOPA) 101st National Assembly Scientific Committee. http://www.aopanet.org/
Evidence for Managing Hypernatremia: Is It Just Hyponatremia in Reverse?

Acute hyponatremia or hypernatremia can cause brain damage. Correcting chronic hyponatremia or hypernatremia too aggressively can do the same. A rapidly falling plasma sodium concentration causes cerebral edema; a rapidly rising concentration causes osmotic demyelination ([1][1]). There is an
Reasons for differences in the incidence of venous thromboembolism in black versus white Americans.

Abstract Introduction Venous thromboembolism incidence rates are 30%-100% higher in US blacks than whites. We examined the degree to which differences in the frequencies of socioeconomic, lifestyle, medical risk factors, and genetic variants explain the excess venous thromboembolism risk in blacks and whether some risk factors are more strongly associated with venous thromboembolism in blacks compared with whites. Methods We measured venous thromboembolism risk factors in black and white participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study in 1987-1989 and followed them prospectively through 2015 for venous thromboembolism incidence. Results Over a mean of 22 years, we identified 332 venous thromboembolisms in blacks and 578 in whites, yielding 65% higher crude incidence rates per 1000 person-years in blacks. The age and sex-adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of venous thromboembolism for blacks compared with whites was 2.04 (1.76, 2.37) for follow-up > 10 years and was attenuated to 1.14 (0.89, 1.46) when adjusted for baseline confounders or mediators of the race association, which tended to be more common in blacks. For example, adjustment for just baseline weight, family income, and concentration of plasma factor VIII reduced the regression coefficient for race by 75%. There were no significant (P Conclusion The higher incidence rate of venous thromboembolism in blacks than whites was mostly explained by blacks having higher frequencies of venous thromboembolism risk factors.
Rapid Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes by Solid-State Metathesis Reactions

Solid-state exchange reactions between carbon halides and lithium acetylide catalyzed by cobalt dichloride enable the rapid synthesis of carbon nanotubes as observed by TEM. Without the catalyst, only graphite and amorphous carbon form. These reactions are self-propagating and can be initiated with a heated filament. Regulating the reaction temperature provides a method for controlling these reactions. The theoretical temperature for a reaction between hexachloroethane and lithium acetylide is 2302 K assuming adiabatic conditions. Calculations indicate that increasing the length of the carbon chain can lower the reaction temperature by up to 61 K. Replacing chlorine with fluorine can further reduce the temperature by up to 384 K. Replacing chlorine with hydrogen can, in principle, lower the reaction temperature by up to 925 K. These calculations suggest that polymers such as poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidene chloride), and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) can be used as precursors to carbon nanotubes. This i...
Historical Perspectives on Mucosal Vaccines

Abstract This chapter reviews the historical background to vaccination using mucosal routes of administration and the distinctive characteristics of the mucosal immune system that have emerged over many decades of past study. Several human vaccines have already been successfully developed for application by oral or intranasal routes, and more are under experimental investigation. The diversity of antigenic challenges presented to the immune system at its principal interface with the environment has shaped the evolution of the mucosal immune system to mount responses appropriate to the nature of the threat while maintaining the mucosal barrier. An awareness of past achievements in mucosal vaccination and how they illuminate the complex subtleties of the mucosal immune system will facilitate the future development of mucosal vaccines.
Vegetation characteristics influence fine-scale intensity of habitat use by wild turkey and white-tailed deer in a loblolly pine plantation

Abstract Habitat quality is often evaluated based on food availability. However, ecological theory suggests cover should be a more important decision rule when food is not a proximate threat to fitness, as cover mediates predation risk as well as other important factors of fitness. In reality, vegetation characteristics related to food availability and cover are rarely coupled with animal use in the same space and time to determine their relative influences on habitat use. Using an array of 81 camera traps in a matrix of forest management strategies used to deliberately cause a wide disparity in vegetation characteristics, we monitored intensity of use by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). We measured vegetation characteristics related to food and cover at each camera trap location then used a generalized additive model to determine how vegetation characteristics specific to the location affected intensity of habitat use by animals at the location. Consistent among both species, cover best explained intensity of habitat use. Contrastingly, food did not explain intensity of habitat use well for either species. Some vegetation simultaneously provides cover and food, and our data indicate that areas with vegetation characteristics providing both resources had the greatest influence on intensity of habitat use by both species. Our results suggest deer and turkey may perceive cover as a more important habitat component when food is not a proximate fitness threat.
Syndemics and salivary inflammation in people living with HIV/AIDS

Objective: People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are disproportionally exposed to a host of structural, community, and individual-level physical and psychosocial stressors also termed ‘syndemic condi...
A Return to State-Led Integrated Regional Planning? Emerging Approaches from Three U.S. States

After decades of neglect, several U.S. states have increased support for regional development planning, creating new programs, organizations, and funding streams to support it. Analysis of programs...
Critical Infrastructure Analysis

On 28 June 1914 it was a beautiful day in Sarajevo, Bosnia where crowds lined the streets to receive the arrival of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The Archduke had been sent to Sarajevo to oversee military training in the region despite hostile sentiment in the area. While the Archduke and his wife Sophie rode in the motorcade to the capital building, extremist known as the Young Bosnians lined the street with intent to assassinate the Archduke. Multiple attempts were made along the motorcade but were unsuccessful. It would be fate that the driver of the Archduke’s car would take a wrong turn during the escape and stall the vehicle right in front of a man by the name of Gavrilo Princip. Gavrilo, realizing the opportunity in front of him and armed with a small pistol fired two rounds into the Archduke’s car hitting him in the neck and Sophie in the abdomen. Gavrilo was 20 years old at the time, engulfed in his extremist mindset established by those in the Young Bosnian group an unbeknownst created a defining moment in world history. The malevolent actions conducted on this day would throw the world into a state of chaos that would come to be World War One. Although surreptitious, this scenario parallels a situation unfolding across the cyber domain as it relates to critical infrastructure. The actions of a single young man on a seemingly normal day would be the catalyst for hundreds of thousands of casualties. Tomorrow, the actions of a few young individuals acting on behalf of a state actor disable the electric grid for an entire country. A single cyber-attack on an electric grid may yield the same kinetic potential as the rounds fired from Gavrilo’s pistol. Attacks against the nation’s critical infrastructures is a matter of “when”, not “if” (Brasso, 2016, para. 2). The threat to critical infrastructure is tangible as these systems are generally insecure, lack proper top-down policy support, and provides a perfect conduit to wage asymmetric maneuver warfare. This paper will aim to discuss the definition of critical infrastructure, analyze current sentiment in the industry, and deconstruct government actions taken in the United States while comparing these to Germany.
Trickle down Registration: Exploring the Lived Experiences of Partners of Persons Registered as a Sexual Offender.

Accessing stigmatized persons for research purposes can be difficult, and accessing their significant others is perhaps even more challenging. We present here our defining moments of recruiting and...
Sentinel Lymph-Node Mapping with Near-Infrared Indocyanine Green in Laparotomy for Early Endometrial Cancer

Objective: Sentinel lymph-node (SLN) mapping with indocyanine green (ICG) and near-infrared (NIR) imaging is a feasible alternative to pelvic lymphadenectomy in endometrial cancer staging. While IC...
The role of gender in the acquisition of the Serbian case system

Serbo-Croatian is marked for seven cases and has a noun class vs. gender distinction. Given the complexity of the inflectional system, we look at Serbo-Croatian as a case study in case acquisition. We explore different correlations available in the input that children could leverage to acquire the case system in Serbo-Croatian. We ask three main questions: 1) does a noun’s gender predict the noun’s nominative singular suffix? 2) does a noun’s nominative singular suffix predict the noun’s gender? and 3) does a noun’s noun class predict the noun’s gender? Specifically, we ask whether the language input provides children with sufficient evidence to form these three productive generalizations. To test this, we apply the Tolerance Principle (Yang, 2016) to a corpus of 270 inflected Serbian nouns. Within this set of data, we find that: 1) all nominative singular suffixes productively predict a gender; 2) all genders productively predict a nominative singular suffix (with the exception of the neuter gender which predicts two suffixes); and 3) two of the three noun classes predict a single gender. We conclude that the input provides sufficient evidence for these productive correlations and we argue that children can leverage these generalizations to infer the declension patterns or gender of novel nouns. We discuss how, given these findings, children could acquire most of the inflectional system by focusing on gender as a categorization system for nouns, without needing to posit abstract categories of noun class.
Heterogeneity in effects of parent-child separation on young-adult substance use disorder.

A large body of literature suggests that parent-child separation predicts child maladjustment. However, further advancement in methodology is needed to account for heterogeneity in types of separation. Additionally, given a lack of research examining different types of separation as predictors of offspring substance use, further research into this topic is warranted. The present study tested the relation between parent-child separation and young-adult substance use disorder (SUD), capturing heterogeneity in these effects based on group differences and measurement of separation. In a sample of 427 young adults from a larger longitudinal study oversampled for parental alcohol use disorder (AUD), effects of number and type of separations on SUD diagnosis were tested. Further, we explored whether these associations were moderated by gender, ethnicity, or parental AUD. Two underlying types of separation were found: parental health-related separation (i.e., parental death, hospitalization) and nonhealth-related separation (i.e., divorce, arrest). A higher sum of separations and greater nonhealth-related separation predicted higher odds of SUD. Greater health-related separation predicted lower odds of SUD. However, these effects were qualified by interactions with ethnicity and parental AUD. Although the vast majority of studies measure cumulative parent-child separation with sum scores, the present study demonstrates that measuring underlying "types" of cumulative separation also reveals important effects. Moreover, childhood separation is a significant risk factor for SUD. Future research on separation should implement methods to capture separation types and further account for potential effects of selection into separation types. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Efficacy of oil and gas produced water as a dust suppressant

Abstract The effectiveness of oil and gas produced water (OGPW) applied to unpaved roads to reduce particulate matter (PM10) generation has not been well-characterized. Here we quantify the efficacy of OGPW compared to commercial and alternative byproducts as dust suppressants applied to unpaved roads and estimate efficacy of a dust suppressant extrapolated from both lab experiments and published data for OGPW across U.S. states. Both treated and untreated OGPW, simulated brines, and commercial dust suppressants were characterized by major and trace element composition and then applied to road aggregate in the laboratory. PM10 generation after treatment was quantified, both before and after simulated rain events to assess the need for multiple applications. We found the dust suppression efficacy of all OGPW to be less than commercial products and alternative byproducts such as waste soybean oil. In addition, OGPW lost efficacy following simulated rain events, which would require repeated applications of OGPW to maintain dust suppression. The dust suppression efficacy of OGPW can be estimated based on two chemical measurements, the sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and the total dissolved solids (TDS). OGPW with the lowest SAR and highest TDS performed best as dust suppressants while high SAR and lower TDS led to greater dust generation.
Mapping Protein Conformational Landscapes under Strongly Native Conditions with Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry.

The thermodynamic stability and kinetic barriers separating protein conformations under native conditions are critical for proper protein function and for understanding dysfunction in diseases of protein conformation. Traditional methods to probe protein unfolding and folding employ denaturants and highly non-native conditions, which may destabilize intermediate species or cause irreversible aggregation, especially at the high protein concentrations typically required. Hydrogen exchange (HX) is ideal for detecting conformational behavior under native conditions without the need for denaturants, but detection by NMR is limited to small highly soluble proteins. Mass spectrometry (MS) can, in principle, greatly extend the applicability of native-state HX to larger proteins and lower concentrations. However, quantitative analysis of HXMS profiles is currently limited by experimental and theoretical challenges. Here we address both limitations, by proposing an approach based on using standards to eliminate the...
Canister compatibility with Carlsbad salt

This paper describes the results of the examination of candidate canister alloy specimens heated with Carlsbad salt in sealed capsules for up to 5000 hours and in unsealed capsules for up to 10,000 hours. The compatibility of candidate alloys, for use in fabricating canisters for solidified radioactive waste, with salt from a potential final storage location for waste forms is being evaluated by long term heating tests (1). In these tests, canister alloys are being exposed to salt in a manner similar to that expected during final storage of canisters of solidified waste forms in a salt deposit. Test specimens are being heated at the temperature expected during waste form storage and at higher temperatures to accelerate any reactions that may occur. Reaction rates are determined by examining replicate specimens periodically removed from the test.
Inkjet-Print Micromagnet Array on Glass Slides for Immunomagnetic Enrichment of Circulating Tumor Cells

We report an inkjet-printed microscale magnetic structure that can be integrated on regular glass slides for the immunomagnetic screening of rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs). CTCs detach from the primary tumor site, circulate with the bloodstream, and initiate the cancer metastasis process. Therefore, a liquid biopsy in the form of capturing and analyzing CTCs may provide key information for cancer prognosis and diagnosis. Inkjet printing technology provides a non-contact, layer-by-layer and mask-less approach to deposit defined magnetic patterns on an arbitrary substrate. Such thin film patterns, when placed in an external magnetic field, significantly enhance the attractive force in the near-field close to the CTCs to facilitate the separation. We demonstrated the efficacy of the inkjet-print micromagnet array integrated immunomagnetic assay in separating COLO205 (human colorectal cancer cell line) from whole blood samples. The micromagnets increased the capture efficiency by 26% compared with using plain glass slide as the substrate.
Surface Reactions and Selectivity in Electrocatalysis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the surface reactions and selectivity in electrocatalysis. Conventional heterogeneous catalysis and empiricism provides a starting point in the selection of electrocatalysts for new unexplored processes for chemical production, energy generation or conservation, and environmental control. But, a fundamental understanding of adsorption characteristics, electrode kinetics, mechanisms, adsorbate-support interactions, and deactivation processes are needed for improved electrocatalyst designs. A combination of surface spectrometries, isotopic reactions, and conventional electrode kinetics could help unravel some of the surface mysteries. The application of such methods in electrocatalysis is limited at present to hydrogen and oxygen reactants on simple catalytic surfaces. The most notable application of electrocatalysis has been in the area of electrochemical energy generation from which in essence the field emanates. Complete, fuel-cell electrooxidations of hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, hydrazine, etc. are the most well-studied reactions next to the classical hydrogen and oxygen electrocatalytic reactions. Deliberate use of electrocatalysts for other reactions, and especially for selective promotion of reaction paths for chemical processing, has only occasionally been considered.
Impact of Exercise Timing on Appetite Regulation in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes.

AB Purpose: Exercise improves appetite regulation, but it is not known if premeal or postmeal exercise more effectively improves appetite regulation in individuals with type 2 diabetes. For the first time, this study compared how premeal and postmeal exercise alters appetite regulation in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Twelve obese individuals with type 2 diabetes performed 3 different trials, all in a random order, in which they consumed a dinner meal with the following: no resistance exercise (RE), premeal RE, or postmeal RE beginning 45 min after dinner. A visual analog scale was used to assess perceived hunger and fullness, and frequent blood samples were drawn for determination of acylated ghrelin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) concentrations. Results: Premeal RE increased premeal perceived fullness, reduced perceived hunger, and reduced acylated ghrelin concentrations compared with the no RE and postmeal RE trial (P < 0.05). In the postprandial period, both premeal and postmeal RE reduced perceived hunger compared with no RE, whereas only postmeal RE reduced postprandial perceived fullness (P < 0.05) compared with no RE. Premeal or postmeal RE did not alter PYY concentrations. In both the premeal and postprandial period, RE reduced PP concentrations compared with no RE (P < 0.05), but upon cessation of RE, PP concentrations rebounded to concentrations that were similar to no RE. Conclusions: Both premeal and postmeal RE reduced perceived hunger and increased perceived fullness, effects that may help control food intake and aid in weight management efforts in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
The structure of a tail-anchor membrane protein-binding complex reveals the regulation of Get3 by Get4 (950.4)

Tail-anchored (TA) membrane proteins are targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum via the post-translational GET pathway. A critical step in this essential pathway is the transfer of TA substrates from the co-chaperone Sgt2 to the Get3 ATPase, mediated by the hetero-tetrameric complex Get4/Get5 (Get4/5). However, a major outstanding question is how Get4 binds to Get3 and regulates its activity. Here we report a 5.4 A crystal structure of an ATP-bound Get3-Get4/5 complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc), the largest pathway components solved to date. Our structure reveals the role of nucleotide in complex formation and the presence of two functionally distinct binding interfaces. Mutational analysis confirms that one interface is required for the specificity of binding, while the other interface is involved in the regulation of Get3 ATPase activity. Additional functional assays demonstrate that Get4/5-mediated regulation of ATP hydrolysis by Get3 is essential for efficient TA protein targeting. Our work also supports a model for Get3/TA complex formation in which two opposing Get3 dimers are bridged by a single Get4/5 hetero-tetramer. Finally, we present a 2.8 A crystal structure of an apo ScGet3-Get4/5 complex that provides evidence for a rapid initial binding state mediated by electrostatics. This work illustrates how Get4/5 regulates Get3, priming it for TA loading, a critical step in this important pathway.
Protection of Individual Investors Under U.S. Securities Laws: The Impact of International Regulatory Competition

Internationalization is the most significant development in the securities markets of the United States and many other countries. Until recently transnational market linkages have been limited primarily to North America, Western Europe, and Japan. Today, as a result of political change throughout the world, including the fall of the Iron Curtain and the Berlin Wall, and because of continuing technological advances in communication, a "global market economy" has actually materialized. With the disappearance of economic barriers, investors are experiencing new choices in the selection of financial services and investment instruments. The
The effects of fairness in buffer sizing

Buffer sizing in Internet routers is a fundamental problem that has major consequences in the design, implementation, and economy of the routers, as well as on the performance observed by the end users. Recently, there have been some seemingly contradictory results on buffer sizing. On the one hand, Appenzeller et al. show that as a direct consequence of desynchronization of flows in the core of the Internet, buffer sizes in core routers can be significantly reduced without any major degradation in network performance. On the other hand, Raina and Wischik show that such reduction in buffer sizing comes at the cost of synchronization and thus instability in the network. This work unifies these results by studying the effects of fairness in buffer sizing. We show that the main difference arises from the implicit assumption of fairness in packet dropping in the latter result.We demonstrate that desynchronization among flows observed by Appenzeller et al. is caused by unfair packet dropping when a combination of TCP-Reno and the drop-tail queue management is used. We also show that bringing fairness in packet dropping will introduce synchronization among flows, and will make the system unstable as predicted by Raina and Wischik. Our analysis suggests that there is an intrinsic trade-off between fairness in packet drops and desynchronization among TCP-Reno flows when routers use the drop-tail queue management. Achieving fairness, desynchronization, small buffer size, and 100% link utilization at the same time is desirable and feasible yet challenging. The studies in this paper provide insights for further explorations in reaching this goal.
Detecting deception in field settings: A review and critique of the criminal justice and psychological literatures

Purpose – This paper aims to systematically compare the textbook‐based criminal justice and psychological literatures on detecting deception in field settings to determine the accuracy of the criminal justice literature in this area.Design/methodology/approach – A total of 18 criminal justice textbooks covering detecting deception were systematically reviewed and coded. The alleged indicators of deception were then compared with the psychological literature on the valid indicators of deception.Findings – Many criminal justice textbooks on interviewing, interrogation, and criminal investigation claim that there are numerous accurate indicators of deception which can be readily used in field settings. The comparison of these claims with the research in psychology indicates that a great deal of the information found in criminal justice textbooks is erroneous. Further review indicates that in controlled studies criminal justice practitioners rarely detect deception at levels greater than chance or comparison ...
Recurrence factors for chronic subdural hematomas after burr-hole craniostomy and closed system drainage

AbstractRecurrence of chronic subdural hematoma after burr-hole craniostomy and closed system drainage is not uncommon. We sought to identify risk factors for recurrence. In 121 patients, various factors including age, initial neurologic status, hematoma thickness, computed tomographic density of the hematoma, midline shift, multiplicity, systemic disease, and drainage volume were compared retrospectively between nonrecurring cases and recurring cases. Recurrence was noted in 10 cases (8.3%). In recurring cases, the drainage volume was significantly larger than in nonrecurring casesand the recurrence rate increased in proportion to drainage volume. Other factors significantly influencing recurrence were hematoma thickness and associated diabetes mellitus. Drainage contents mainly derived frrom either exudate within the subdural membrane or cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Entry of cerebrospinal fluid into the hematoma cavity or continuing leakage of serum components through opened endothelial gap junctions ar...
Meteorological and Wave Measurements from a Stable Research Platform at Sea

Abstract : The approach that describes air-sea exchange as interaction between a flow and a rough surface, now considered traditional, dates back to the 1950s (Charnock, 1956). Within that approach, the complex exchange processes are condensed down to exchange coefficients, thus delivering computational efficiency in large-scale numerical modeling of air-sea meteorology. However, inability to distinguish between momentum and kinetic energy transferred to waves from those transferred to currents, as well as considerable variance in the experimental estimates of the drag coefficients, show some of the applicability limits for this traditional approach. Clearly, a short-term phase-resolved wave forecasting, a goal of the High-Resolution Wave-Air-Sea Interaction project, requires a more detailed mechanistic description of the marine boundary layer dynamics with a special focus on the elements distinctly introduced by the compliant interface and the sea surface waves. While wave dynamics on the water side has already been reduced to a computationally-intensive numerical problem (Friehe et al., 2007, section III.B), the complexity of which is determined by the number of nonlinearly interacting wave modes, the wind driving of the waves on the other hand, is less understood. Current challenges include gaps in theoretical knowledge and in techniques for numerical modeling. In particular, the observational validation for most of the wind-wave interaction mechanisms proposed so far in theoretical works is lacking. The purpose of this work is to advance our understanding on these open issues.
Cultural Colonialization: The Displacement of Mongolians in Inner Mongolia

In this paper I analyze the emergence of Chinese Mongolians as displaced persons within Inner Mongolia due to planned urbanization by the Chinese government throughout the region. I explore how Mongolians are displaced from their traditional cultural space, the grasslands, to new urban centers and how that displacement creates “cultural colonization.” I also analyze how Mongolians now living in urban centers where Mandarin is widely spoken further undergo “cultural colonization” through the decrease use of the Mongolian language. I address the power dynamics between the (Han) Chinese government and ethnic Mongolians with the works of Foucault, Schmitt, and Agamben. I also draw from Said and Malkki's work on refugees and subalternity and Gladney's scholarship on minorities in China as subalterns to frame the Mongolians as subaltern subjects within the Chinese state.
7. High-Field Techniques

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that in the absence of lenses, illuminating devices and automatic controls, a field-emission microscope, is less of an apparatus and more of a direct aid to the eye and brain. Perhaps for this reason, field emission microscopy made possible a direct observation of adsorption, desorption, and diffusion phenomena on atomically clean, single crystal metal surfaces. The foundation for field-electron emission microscopy was established in with the discovery that an electron current could be measured between two room-temperature electrodes in high vacuum whenever critical electric field strength was established between them. It was found that the logarithm of the electron current, striking the anode, depended linearly on the reciprocal of the cathode potential. A sharply pointed cathode produced the same current as a dull tip, but at a lower voltage. This suggested that the electron emission process depended upon the electric field strength generated at the tip surface. The chapter also discusses the applications of field-electron emission microscopy that includes surface diffusion, sputtering, nucleation, and electron sources, electrical breakdown in high vacuum, molecular imaging, and single-atom imaging.
Packaging Yourself for Public Interest Employment: Career Planning Guidance for Aspiring Public Interest Lawyers

This is an updated version of a career counseling piece for law students who are interested in pursuing work in the public interest field. It covers topics such as course selection, clinics and internships, and overall career development. First published in 1985, versions of this article have been adapted for use by NALP, National Association for Public Interest Law (now Equal Justice Works), and various law schools including Georgetown, NYU, Suffolk, and Tulane.
Bandpass Filtering at the Rod to Second-Order Cell Synapse in Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) Retina

The ability to see at night relies on the transduction of single photons by the rod photoreceptors and transmission of the resulting signals through the retina. Using paired patch-clamp recordings, we investigated the properties of the first stage of neural processing of the rod light responses: signal transfer from rods to bipolar and horizontal cells. Bypassing the relatively slow phototransduction process and directly modulating the rod voltage or current allowed us to characterize signal transfer over a wide range of temporal frequencies. We found that the rod to second-order cell synapse acts as a bandpass filter, preferentially transmitting signals with frequencies between 1.5 and 4 Hz while attenuating higher and lower frequency inputs. The similarity of the responses in different types of postsynaptic cell and the properties of miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) recorded in OFF bipolar cells suggest that most of the bandpass filtering is mediated presynaptically. Modeling of the network of electrically coupled rod photoreceptors suggests that spread of the signal through the network contributed to the observed high-pass filtering but not to the low-pass filtering. Attenuation of low temporal frequencies at the first retinal synapse sharpens the temporal resolution of the light response; attenuation of high temporal frequencies removes voltage noise in the rod that threatens to swamp the light response.
Dewetting instabilities in thin block copolymer films: nucleation and growth

We examined the dynamics of dewetting of a thin symmetric diblock copolymer film on a substrate above the bulk order−disorder transition temperature, TODT, of the copolymer using atomic force microscopy. The dewetting mechanism proceeded with the formation of discrete holes without their characteristic peripheral rims. During this early stage, the hole radii R increased exponentially with time. This stage was followed by a narrow intermediate regime where the rim develops and R ∼ t. When the rim was fully developed, R increased as t2/3. The shape of the rim was highly asymmetrical and its width L increased as t1/2. At the final stage of the process, droplets of the copolymer, a few microns in diameter and with heights on the order of tens of nanometers, existed on a dense copolymer “brush” of uniform thickness 7 nm anchored to the substrate. This clearly indicates that the process is autophobic, a phenomenon first documented in small molecule liquids.
Assessment of Sympathetic Blocks

Abstract Sympathetic nervous system blockade provides both diagnostic and therapeutic potentials in certain chronic pain states. Sympathetically maintained pain associated with complex regional pain syndrome and chronic intractable abdominal or pelvic pain are perfect examples for such conditions. Because pain relief is a subjective phenomenon, it is important to establish an objective way of assessing the success of the sympathetic blockade. This report will discuss various tests of sympathetic function that could be used in clinical practice. Special emphasis in this report will be on changes in cutaneous temperature, blood flow, provocative sweat tests, and electrical skin conduction as indicators of sympathetic function. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Images of Suffering in Augustine and Luther

: This article examines how images of suffering are interpreted in Augustine and Luther, using their recommendations on meditations on the suffering Christ as a case study. Augustine and Luther are ambivalent about how such images mold religious experience. On the one hand, Augustine cautions that they can distort human affections, while Luther warns that they can deceive the mind. On the other hand, meditations on images of the suffering Christ can contribute to a Christian spiritual practice that builds faith.
Fractal Based Image Analysis of Human Trabecular Bone using the Box Counting Algorithm: Impact of Resolution and Relationship to Standard Measures of Trabecular Bone Structure

An image texture measure based on the box counting algorithm is evaluated for its potential to characterize human trabecular bone structure in medical images. Although bone images lack the self-similarity of theoretical fractals, bone images are candidates for characterization using fractal analysis because of their highly complex structure. The fractal based measure, herein called the box counting dimension (BCD), is an effective dimension, and does not imply an underlying fractal geometry. The importance of resolution in quantifying bone characteristics using the BCD is addressed. The relationship of BCD to standard measures of trabecular bone structure is also analyzed. To evaluate the variability of the BCD with change in resolution, the BCD is determined for two sections from each of seven 3D X-ray Tomographic Microscopy (XTM) images of human radius bone specimens, while the resolution is varied using lowpass filtering. An automated method of choosing the range of scales for the fractal analysis curve regression is used. The relationship of BCD to trabecular bone width and spacing is analyzed both for the XTM images and for simulated images representing idealized structures. The range of BCD values is 1.21–1.54. Variation in BCD over a range of resolutions is found to be small compared to the variation in BCD between different bone specimens. Maximum change in BCD over a large range of resolutions (17.60–176 microns per pixel) is 0.08. BCD decreases as space between trabeculae increases. Fractal based texture measures may potentially allow clinical monitoring of changes in bone structure — for example, using Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 150–200 micron resolution.