cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Swallowable capsule with air channel for improved image-guided cancer detection in the esophagus

ABSTRACT A new type of endoscope has been developed and tested in the human esophagus, a tethered-capsule endoscope (TCE) that requires no sedation for oral ingestion and esophageal inspection. The TCE uses scanned red, green, and blue laser light to image the upper digestive tract using a swallowable capsule of 6.4mm in diameter and 18mm in length on a 1.4mm diameter tether. The TCE has been modified for image-guided interventions in the lower esophagus, specifically for more effective detection and measurement of the extent of Barretts esophagus, a precursor to esophageal cancer. Three modifications have been tested in vivo : (1) weighting the capsule so it is negatively buoyant in water, (2) increasing the frame rate of 500-line images to 30 Hz (vid eo rate), and (3) adding a 1.0mm inner diameter working channel alongside the tether for distending the lower eso phagus with air pressure during endoscopy. All three modifications proved effective for more clearly visualizing the lower esophagus in the first few human subjects. The air channel was especially useful because it did not change tolerability in the first subject for unsedated endoscopy and the air easily removed bubbles obscuring tissue from the field of view. The air provided a non-invasive intervention by stimulating the mechanosensor of the lower esophageal sphincter at the precise time that the TCE was positioned for most informative imaging. All three TCE modifications pr oved successful for improved vi sualization of esophageal pathology, such as suspected Barretts esophagus, without the use of sedation. Keywords: Endoscopic Procedures, Barretts Esophagus, Gastroesophageal Junction, Unsedated Intervention, Lower Esophageal Sphincter, Cancer Screening, Tethered-Capsule Endoscope
Sixty Million Acres: American Veterans and the Public Lands Before the Civil War

The disposal of the millions of acres of public lands played a major role in shaping the economic geography of the United States and greatly influenced our national attitudes toward land. Students of land economics are not necessarily students of history; yet ignorance of the history of the disposal of the public lands is a serious handicap in developing an understanding of the contemporary political economy of American land. James Oberly's book may not be the place to start if one wishes to overcome that handicap, but it will need to be on the reading list. It has something of interest for those who hold to the efficient market hypothesis and to those who are concerned about how institutional arrangements shape market outcomes. Fundamentally, Oberly's book is a specialized historical monograph. It examines the ways in which the federal government went about making land available to veterans as a reward for military service in the Revolution, the War of 1812, and the Mexican War. The title of the book comes from the fact that over sixty million acres of public land was disposed of as a bounty to veterans before the Civil War. Working with primary records and documents in the National Archives as well as other contemporary accounts, Oberly paints a detailed picture of the interest groups that influenced land legislation, their lobbying techniques, and the distribution of benefits resulting from the legislation. The emphasis in the book is upon depth of detail. For both historians and economists, the most interesting parts of the book are likely to be the sections where Oberly examines who benefited from the various pieces of land legislation. In a chapter entitled, "Westward Who? The Warrantees and Th ir Bounties," and another entitled, "Prices, Markets and Fairness in the Trading of Land Warrants," Oberly uses some simple economic theory and statistical analysis to examine what happened after land warrants were issued. His conclusions do not refute, but do seriously challenge the view of historians like Paul Gates who contend that the benefits of the public lands disposal programs accrued primarily to speculators. "The 1850, 1852, and 1855 grants should be thought of as a one-time pension payment and evaluated accordingly" Oberly suggests. "On the basis of price information, one must conclude that land warrants were an effective way for a land-rich, cash-stingy government to reward its veterans" (p. 161). The focus upon speculators that has marked most previous scholarship is merited in the sense that most of those who
Correlation energy of 4He

Abstract We investigate the correlation energy in the ground state of 4 He due to all 2ℏω excitations. An effective residual interaction derived from the Hamada-Johnston potential is used. Contributions from 2ℏω excitations are treated to all orders by diagonalization. These constributions are found to be relatively small (≈0.6 MeV particle ). It is found that the calculation is extremely sensitive to the presence of states with spurious center-of-mass motion. The spectrum of negative-parity 1ℏω states is calculated with the same interaction. The calculated spectrum is in only qualitative agreement with experiment.
GEOMETRIC TASK DECOMPOSITION IN A MULTI-AGENT ENVIRONMENT

ABSTRACT Task decomposition in a multi-agent environment is often performed online. This paper proposes a method for sub-task allocation that can be performed before the agents are deployed, reducing the need for communication among agents during their mission. The proposed method uses a Voronoi diagram to partition the task-space among team members and includes two phases: static and dynamic. Static decomposition (performed in simulation before the start of the mission) repeatedly partitions the task-space by generating random diagrams and measuring the efficacy of the corresponding sub-task allocation. If necessary, dynamic decomposition (performed in simulation after the start of a mission) modifies the result of a static decomposition (i.e., in case of resource limitations for some agents). Empirical results are reported for the problem of surveillance of an arbitrary region by a team of agents. This material is based on work carried out at the Applied Research Laboratory at The Pennsylvania State Uni...
Safety monitoring of exothermic reactions using time derivatives of temperature sensors

We propose a new method of safety monitoring for overheating in exothermic reactions that is applicable to detection of thermal runaway in Li-ion batteries. The proposed method is based on the solutions of a one-dimensional heat conduction problem across the wall thickness of a cylinder. The problem is known as an Inverse Heat Conduction Problem (IHCP) since heat is conducted outwards while monitoring sensors only have access to the outside surface. We first obtain the transfer functions relating the inner and outer boundaries through Laplace transform. We then use Hadamard factorization theorem to express the transfer functions in terms of infinite product of polynomials. Truncations of the polynomial transfer functions represent time domain relationships between physically accessible measurements and the heating inside a cylindrical wall. These relationships lead us to propose time derivatives of temperature as better indicators for safety monitoring in exothermic processes.
Water in Mexico City: what will climate change bring to its history of water-related hazards and vulnerabilities?

This paper describes the risks that Mexico City faces from flooding and water scarcity, how these risks developed over time and how climate change will affect them. It begins by discussing the climatic and hydrological conditions that explain the abundance of water resources and the droughts and floods that have affected the city and its surrounds for centuries. It then presents the water- relevant implications of climate change for the city and considers who is likely to be most impacted. Floods, droughts and other water-relevant hazards are the result not only of "nature" (and now of human-induced climate change) but also of past and present socio-environmental changes. This helps explain why Mexico City's population, infrastructure and systems are less able to cope with climate change.
Paving machine improvements

This paper details a way to improve asphalt pavement durability by making specific changes to asphalt paving machines.
Hermann Joseph Muller, Evolutionist

This essay is dedicated to the proposition that Hermann Joseph Muller, widely regarded as the greatest geneticist of the first half-century of the subject, was also one of the greatest evolutionists of this period. His Nobel Prize-winning work, which showed that radiation increases the mutation rate, is in every genetics textbook, and his prescient ideas have influenced almost every aspect of the discipline. Here I emphasize his less well-known contribution to the neo-Darwinian theory of evolution.
Isotretinoin and affective disorders: thirty years later.

‘‘Significant reductions in anxiety were observed on several measures of anxiety after treatment, with mitigation of anxiety and depression most robust in those patients with the greatest.improvement.’’ steroids’’. The excitement surrounding the remarkable benefits of isotretinoin on severe acne and its capacity to improve the self-esteem of young patients is still felt today. The featured article by Rubinow et al was among the first to highlight significant improvements in psychosocial measures in patients with cystic acne treated with isotretinoin. These findings mirror our clinical experience in a vast majority of patients. However, depression in isotretinoin-treated patients was a point of discussion even at that meeting in 1982. In Rubinow’s study of 72 patients, one patient who met criteria for a current major depressive disorder was treated with an antidepressant. Further details were not presented. A comprehensive review of evidence for an association between retinoic acid and affective disorders was published in 2012 by Bremner et al in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. The evidence examined included case reports, temporal association between onset of depression and exposure to the drug, challenge-rechallenge cases, class effect
The antecedents of a ‘chilly climate’ for women faculty in higher education

The literature on women’s under-representation in academia asserts that faculty women face a ‘chilly climate’, but there are few theoretically based studies examining this proposition. Relational demography, organizational justice, and social network theories all identify possible antecedents of ‘chilly climate’. Using survey data of faculty at a private Midwestern US university, we test whether the perception of exclusion (chilly climate) is influenced by demographic dissimilarity, and perceptions of fairness and gender equity. We find that faculty women perceive more exclusion from academic departments with a low representation of women, consistent with relational demography. Perceptions of procedural fairness and gender equity are powerful factors that foster inclusion and warm the climate for both men and women. The ‘chilly climate’ for women faculty is a complex phenomenon with multiple causes. Policies that fail to address these multiple causes are unlikely to be effective.
Paleotemperature analysis of the marine Pleistocene of Long Island, New York, and Nantucket Island, Massachusetts

Fossil marine faunas from the Pleistocene sediments of eastern Long Island, New York, and Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, previously attributed to the Sangamonian interglacial, appear to transcend the Sangamonian-Wisconsinan boundary. The Gardiners Clay in its type area on Gardiners Island, New York, is of questionable age and is not correlative with the rhythmically bedded glaciolacustrine Gardiners Clay of Wisconsinan age on Long Island. The Wisconsinan Jacob Sand at its type area (Jacobs Hill, Long Island) is a nonfossiliferous glaciolacustrine or glaciofluvial unit. It is not correlative with the fossiliferous marine Jacob Sand of Gardiners Island. The Jacob Sand and the underlying glaciolacustrine Gardiners Clay are simply fluvial and lacustrine facies of the outwash that developed as part of the depositional system of the Montauk ice sheet. The Jacob Sand or the Tobaccolot Bay fauna of Gardiners Island contains cold-water marine species extant north of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. This fauna suggests that Long Island waters were once 3° to 7°C colder than at present. The marine fossil fauna from Bridgehampton, Long Island, contains species extant farther south, suggesting that Long Island waters were previously 2° to 11°C warmer than at present. The sparse fauna of the Gardiners Clay of Gardiners Island prevents its correlation with any of the other fossil-bearing units. The fauna of the lower unit of the Sankaty Beds exposed on Nantucket Island is extant in the Nantucket area, while the fauna of the upper unit is extant in the Gulf of Maine. This suggests that water in the Nantucket area was 2° to 7°C cooler when the upper Sankaty Beds were deposited. It is thought that the warm-water Bridgehampton fauna is Sangamonian in age and that the marine waters of that time were as much as 6°C warmer than the present. The cold-water faunas from the upper Sankaty Beds and Tobaccolot Bay are Wisconsinan in age and suggest a cooling of approximately 5°C during the last glacial stage.
An empirical study on the critical factors for balanced scorecard implementation in the Indian context

Balanced scorecard (BSC) is one of the popular management tools that have been gaining prominence globally and being adopted by organisations for performance improvement and strategic alignment. This research paper is an earnest endeavour in identifying the critical factors that facilitates BSC implementation in Indian organisations. The criticality of each of these dimensions from an Indian business perspective is corroborated in detail. Based on the thorough investigation of conceptual and empirical literature the researcher has identified eight factors that motivate Indian organisations to implement BSC. The critical factors that have facilitated Indian organisations to implement BSC have been identified and validated. The instrument has been empirically tested for unidimensionality, reliability and constructs validity using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approach. The present work offers a platform for understanding the conceptual and empirical foundation of BSC implementation in the context of Indian organisations.
Comparison of Survival, Emigration, Habitat Use, Marking Mortality, and Growth between Two Strains of Brook Trout in Adirondack Ponds

Abstract Performances of age-0 Assinica and Temiscamie strain brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis were compared in 1985 and 1986, 2-3 months after the fish had been stocked into two drainable ponds located in the Adirondack Mountains of New York. Overall recovery did not differ significantly between strains in three trials when both pond and inlet habitats were considered. Assinica fish emigrated at higher rates in all three trials than Temiscamie fish. In both 1986 trials, approximately 50% of the recovered Assinica brook trout were in the inlet stream, but less than 25% of the recovered Temiscamie brook trout had emigrated upstream. These differences in emigration may indicate habitat preferences of these strains or density-dependent displacement. The Temiscamie strain had higher marking mortality than the Assinica strain; thus, the Assinica strain appeared to be more resistant to the stress of handling. Temiscamie brook trout had significantly higher instantaneous growth rates after stocking than the Ass...
Recombination, Dominance and Selection on Amino Acid Polymorphism in the Drosophila Genome: Contrasting Patterns on the X and Fourth Chromosomes

Surveys of nucleotide polymorphism and divergence indicate that the average selection coefficient on Drosophila proteins is weakly positive. Similar surveys in mitochondrial genomes and in the selfing plant Arabidopsis show that weak negative selection has operated. These differences have been attributed to the low recombination environment of mtDNA and Arabidopsis that has hindered adaptive evolution through the interference effects of linkage. We test this hypothesis with new sequence surveys of proteins lying in low recombination regions of the Drosophila genome. We surveyed >3800 bp across four proteins at the tip of the X chromosome and >3600 bp across four proteins on the fourth chromosome in 24 strains of D. melanogaster and 5 strains of D. simulans. This design seeks to study the interaction of selection and linkage by comparing silent and replacement variation in semihaploid (X chromosome) and diploid (fourth chromosome) environments lying in regions of low recombination. While the data do indicate very low rates of exchange, all four gametic phases were observed both at the tip of the X and across the fourth chromosome. Silent variation is very low at the tip of the X (thetaS = 0.0015) and on the fourth chromosome (thetaS = 0.0002), but the tip of the X shows a greater proportional loss of variation than the fourth shows relative to normal-recombination regions. In contrast, replacement polymorphism at the tip of the X is not reduced (thetaR = 0.00065, very close to the X chromosome average). MK and HKA tests both indicate a significant excess of amino acid polymorphism at the tip of the X relative to the fourth. Selection is significantly negative at the tip of the X (Nes = -1.53) and nonsignificantly positive on the fourth (Nes approximately 2.9), analogous to the difference between mtDNA (or Arabidopsis) and the Drosophila genome average. Our distal X data are distinct from regions of normal recombination where the X shows a deficiency of amino acid polymorphism relative to the autosomes, suggesting more efficient selection against recessive deleterious replacement mutations. We suggest that the excess amino acid polymorphism on the distal X relative to the fourth chromosome is due to (1) differences in the mutation rate for selected mutations on the distal X or (2) a greater relaxation of selection from stronger linkage-related interference effects on the distal X. This relaxation of selection is presumed to be greater in magnitude than the difference in efficiency of selection between X-linked vs. autosomal selection.
The elusive search for stable risk preferences.

In the early morning hours of June 20, 2011 Ryan Dunn was driving his Porsche 911 GTE up to 140 miles per hour through the Pennsylvania countryside. The car careened over a guardrail and into a wooded area, killing Dunn and a passenger in a fiery crash. A toxicology report later determined that Dunn's blood alcohol level was more than twice the legal limit. Many observers found the accident somewhat unsurprising because Dunn was best known for performing dangerous stunts in the popular Jackass television and movie series. As one blogger put it: “This is the type of person he was. He was a risk-taker”.1 Indeed, the headline in the Philadelphia Daily News later read: “Dunn deal: Death of a risk-taker.” The public's response to the Ryan Dunn tragedy illustrates a prevalent belief that there are consistent individual differences in not only people's risk-taking behavior but also in their underlying appetite for risk. Several industries depend on this assumption. For instance, in financial services the “suitability doctrine” legally requires financial advisors to assess their clients’ risk preference before dispensing advice (Mundheim, 1965). Likewise, most social–science disciplines traditionally assume stable and measurable individual differences in risk preference. However, based on our reading of the empirical literature, the common intuition that risk preference is a stable disposition may reflect more of an attribution error than empirical fact.
Observation of Unusual Homoepitaxy in Ultrathin Pentacene Films and Correlation with Surface Electrostatic Potential

Identifying specific microstructure-property relationships in polycrystalline organic semiconductor films is a key goal for the field of organic electronics. [1‐6] Using transverse shear microscopy, [7] we have established for the first time the presence of both epitaxial and non-epitaxial domains in ultrathin polycrystalline layers of pentacene grown on SiO2. The microstructure of pentacene films is particularly important, as pentacene is a benchmark semiconductor for organic field effect transistors (OFETs). [8‐11] Epitaxial domains in the second pentacene molecular layer exhibit unusual type-II coincidence with respect to the first pentacene monolayer, while the third and subsequent layers show commensurism with their respective underlayers. In addition, Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFM) reveals that the epitaxial domains have significantly more positive surface potential than the non-epitaxial domains. Collectively, these findings establish a previously unrecognized link between epitaxial order in organic semiconductor films and a well-defined electrical property, the surface potential, which is known to
Evaluation of the Experimental Model for Methanol Crossover in DMFCs

Independent transport measurements of carbon dioxide permeation were undertaken to evaluate a standard assumption of attributing cathodic CO 2 flux in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) entirely to methanol crossover. With a humid air cathode at ambient conditions, a DMFC cathode emanated 3.5 to 4 X 10 -8 mol/(cm 2 s) of CO 2 (20 to 25 mA/cm 2 leak current density). From a methanol-free anode feed of either carbonated liquid water or humid CO 2 /H 2 gas (90%:10%), carbon dioxide permeated to the cathode at 0.7 X 10 -8 mol/(cm 2 s) or 20% of the total DMFC flux. Under current (enabled with the presence of H 2 in CO 2 ), the permeation rate rose to 1 × 10 -8 mol/(cm 2 s). The rise with cell current density increase from 24 to 80 mA/cm 2 was quantitatively consistent with convection of CO 2 with electro-osmosis of water. The indication that anodic CO 2 contributes to the total cathodic flux has a positive implication for fuel efficiency in DMFCS.
Risk Factors and Predictors of Subsequent ACL Injury in Either Knee After ACL Reconstruction Prospective Analysis of 2488 Primary ACL Reconstructions From the MOON Cohort

Background:Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reinjury results in worse outcomes and increases the risk of posttraumatic osteoarthritis.Purpose:To identify the risk factors for both ipsilateral and contralateral ACL tears after primary ACL reconstruction (ACLR).Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:Data from the Multicenter Orthopaedic Outcomes Network (MOON), a prospective longitudinal cohort, were used to identify risk factors for ACL retear. Subjects with primary ACLR, no history of contralateral knee surgery, and a minimum of 2-year follow-up data were included. Age, sex, Marx activity score, graft type, lateral meniscal tear, medial meniscal tear, sport played at index injury, and surgical facility were evaluated to determine their contribution to both ipsilateral retear and contralateral ACL tear.Results:A total of 2683 subjects with average age of 27 ± 11 years (1498 men; 56%) met all study inclusion/exclusion criteria. Overall there were 4.4% ipsilateral graft tears and 3.5% contra...
Trajectory of the center of rotation in non-articulated energy storage and return prosthetic feet

Non-articulated energy storage and return prosthetic feet lack any true articulation or obvious point of rotation. This makes it difficult to select a joint center about which to estimate their kinetics. Despite this absence of any clear point of rotation, methods for estimating the kinetic performance of this class of prosthetic feet typically assume that they possess a fixed center of rotation and that its location is well approximated by the position of the contralateral lateral malleolus. To evaluate the validity of this assumption we used a finite helical axis approach to determine the position of the center of rotation in the sagittal plane for a series of non-articulated energy storage and return prosthetic feet. We found that over the course of stance phase, the sagittal finite helical axis position diverged markedly from the typically assumed fixed axis location. These results suggest that researchers may need to review center of rotation assumptions when assessing prosthetic foot kinetics, while clinicians may need to reconsider the criteria by which they prescribe these prosthetic feet.
Pricing And Long-Run Performance Of The Venture-Backed And Nonventure-Backed IPOS

Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) were the most prevalent form to raise capital by firms wanting to go public during the last decade (1990 – 2000) in the United State. There were thousands of firms that went public for the first time, mostly in the technology-heavy NASDAQ stock market. Along with the regular IPOs came the IPOs backed by venture capitalists, who specialize in financing promising startup companies and bringing them public. As one-third of the IPOs were backed by venture capitalists during 1990 – 2000, our purpose here is to examine the pricing and long-run performance of the venture-backed and nonventure-backed IPOs that were issued in the NYSE and NASDAQ stock market during the period covered by our study. We have found, among others, that the venture-backed IPOs performed much better as compared to the nonventure-backed IPOs. The returns of the former were consistently higher than the latter during 1900 – 2000. Also, the price returns as well as the operating ratios and the growth of cash flows, were higher both in the NYSE and NASDAQ market. The regression equations also confirmed closer association with the independent variables belonging to the IPOs backed by venture capital than the non-venture capital.
Utilizing Review Summarization in a Spoken Recommendation System

In this paper we present a framework for spoken recommendation systems. To provide reliable recommendations to users, we incorporate a review summarization technique which extracts informative opinion summaries from grass-roots users' reviews. The dialogue system then utilizes these review summaries to support both quality-based opinion inquiry and feature-specific entity search. We propose a probabilistic language generation approach to automatically creating recommendations in spoken natural language from the text-based opinion summaries. A user study in the restaurant domain shows that the proposed approaches can effectively generate reliable and helpful recommendations in human-computer conversations.
Quantification of hepatic and visceral fat by CT and MR imaging: relevance to the obesity epidemic, metabolic syndrome and NAFLD

Trends in obesity have continued to increase in the developed world over the past few decades, along with related conditions such as metabolic syndrome, which is strongly associated with this epidemic. Novel and innovative methods to assess relevant obesity-related biomarkers are needed to determine the clinical significance, allow for surveillance and intervene if appropriate. Aggregations of specific types of fat, specifically hepatic and visceral adiposity, are now known to be correlated with these conditions, and there are a variety of imaging techniques to identify and quantify their distributions and provide diagnostic information. These methods are particularly salient for metabolic syndrome, which is related to both hepatic and visceral adiposity but currently not defined by it. Simpler non-specific fat measurements, such as body weight, abdominal circumference and body mass index are more frequently used but lack the ability to characterize fat location. In addition, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a related condition that carries relevance not only for obesity-related diseases but also for the progression of the liver-specific disease, including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis, albeit at a much lower frequency. Recent CT and MRI techniques have emerged to potentially optimize diagnosing metabolic syndrome and NAFLD through non-invasive quantification of visceral fat and hepatic steatosis with high accuracy. These imaging modalities should aid us in further understanding the relationship of hepatic and visceral fat to the obesity-related conditions such as metabolic syndrome, NAFLD and cardiovascular disease.
Tidal resuspension in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts: III. Seasonal cycles of nitrogen and carbon: Nitrogen ratios in the seston and zooplankton

Seasonal changes in zooplankton nitrogen biomass, particulate organic nitrogen and dissolved inorganic nitrogen species were measured for 2 years at a station in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. The ratio of particulate organic N: dissolved inorganic N: zooplankton N ranged from 64: 32:1 to 5: 2:1. The C: N ratio (by weight) of zooplankton was relatively constant over the 2 year, ranging from 3°6 to 4°7, whereas the C: N ratio of seston (by weight) fluctuated from a minimum of 5°1 in summer to a maximum of 13°6 in winter. The percentages of C and N of the zooplankton average 38% and 10% respectively but decreased to below 5% C and 1% N in August, September and October when the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi was abundant in the Bay. Zooplankton daily ration was estimated as 25 and 75% of their nitrogen biomass and compared to approximate N assimilation by phytoplankton as well as the total particulate nitrogen pool. Over most of the year in Buzzards Bay the approximate daily N assimilated by phytoplankton was lower than estimated zooplankton daily ration, suggesting that detritus is the dominant particulate nitrogen pool consumed.
Some New Species of Stoneflies from Oregon (Plecoptera)

The following new species of stoneflies were discovered while studying a large series of specimens, both adults and nymphs, collected in Oregon and sent to me by Mr. R. E. Dimick, of the Oregon State Agricultural College, Corvallis, Oregon.
Unique Secondary “Accessory Glands” in the Female Genitalia of Dalceridae (Lepidoptera)

Female genitalia of Dalceridae have paired lateral glands unlike those of any other Lepidoptera. These secondary “accessory glands” differ from those of other Lepidoptera in having their external openings on the outer side of the papillae anales and in the two members of the gland pair not being connected. Limited field observation suggests that these glands may secrete a rapidly drying fluid onto the eggs as they are laid.
Small Donors, Special Interests and Polarization in Congressional Elections

I propose a theory of campaign finance, candidate emergence and polarization in Congressional elections. The model assumes that candidate emergence depends critically on the ability to successfully raise campaign funds. I model campaign donations as motivated either by demand for ideology or access. I find that the reluctance of special interest groups and other access-seeking donors to fund campaigns in the early stages of elections increases the influence of small donors and other ideologically motivated donors on candidate emergence. Empirical tests based on measures of non-incumbent ideology provide robust support for the theoretical predictions.
The Neonatal Brain and Opioids

The neonatal brain, and its response to pain, stress, and opioids, has been a topic of debate for decades. Most neonates are subject to painful procedures in hospital, which may have a profound adverse impact on neurodevelopmental and psychological outcomes. Repetitive painful stimuli alter perception and response to pain resulting in the “wind-up phenomenon.” The role of opiates is primarily to ameliorate adverse effects in the acute phase and mitigate the long-term sequelae of pain. Despite the benefit of analgesia, there are ongoing controversies that stem from evidence suggesting long-term adverse outcomes following the administration of opioids in neonates. Apoptosis seen in animals and human microglia cells has been attributed to morphine with a lasting impact in behavior, spatial recognition memory, and delayed response times. This chapter illustrates the response of a neonatal brain to opioids and pain, and addresses potential long-term consequences of pain and opioid therapy.
The main food-borne pathogenic bacteria in Tongliao City,2009-2010

Objective Through investigating the contamination of the main food-borne pathogenic bacteria in the large consumption and wide circulation of food in Tongliao City,rainforcing the risk assessment of food and establishing risk management decision-making in Tongliao to reduce the morbidity of food-bome disease.Methods According to the detection methods of national foodbome pathogens monitoring manual of the Ministry of Health in 2009 and 2010.Results Detecting 8 pathogenic bacterias in all 397 collected samples.In 2009,there were 17 strains of pathogenic bacteria were detected in 80 samples, the positive rate is 21.25%;in 2010,there are 40 strains of pathogenic bacteria were detected in 317 samples,and the positive rate is 12.62%.In 2009,there were 2 strains of Saimonellas were detected in all 80 collected samples,11 strains of mononuclear Listeria were detected in SS samples,and 3 strains of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were detected in 25 samples,respectively.While in 2010,there were 9 strains of Saimonellas were detected in all 317 collected samples,15 strains of mononuclear Listeria were detected in 183 samples,13 strains of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were detected in 150 samples,and 3 strains of Vibrio parahaemotyticus were detected in 75 samples,respectively.However,Ban Enterobacter sakazakii,E.O157:H7/NM,Campylobacter jejuni and Vibrio vulnificus were not detected in all of those samples.Conclusion According to the presence of pathogenic bacteria in food can pose a potential health hazard to people,it is necessary to strengthen the supervision and monitoring of food-bome pathogenic bacteria in food and prevent the the incidence of foodbome disease.
Study on Problem of 4PL's Development in China

This text first studies the concept and present situation of the 4PL on the basis, it analyzes present condition, points out present stage and the problem of the else, and development strategy of logistics in our country.
Verification of the applicability of the time–temperature superposition principle to interface shear stiffness and strength of GlasGrid-reinforced asphalt mixtures

This paper aims to verify the applicability of the time–temperature superposition (t–TS) principle to the interface shear performance of GlasGrid-reinforced asphalt specimens under monotonic and random cyclic shear loading. A double shear tester and a direct shear device, the Modified Advance Shear Tester that has the capability to apply confining loads, were used to fulfil this objective. Double-layered asphalt specimens were fabricated and reinforced using two types of fibreglass grids with 12.5-mm and 25-mm grid openings, respectively. PG 64-22 asphalt binder was used as the tack coat when the smaller opening grid was used, and SS-1 emulsion was applied as the tack coat when the larger opening grid was used. Approaches that employ the mixture dynamic modulus, tack coat residue complex modulus, and interface shear modulus shift factors for shifting the shear test results and constructing shear master curves were evaluated. The results show that the t–TS principle is applicable to the shear strength and ...
Skin conductance and subjective arousal in anxiety, depression, and comorbidity: Implications for affective reactivity

Abstract. Skin conductance (SC), an autonomic arousal measure of the sympathetic nervous system, is a sensitive and useful index of physiological arousal. However, SC data does not always align with self-reports of arousal. SC, self-reported arousal, and their association, known as emotion coherence, may be altered with the presence of major psychiatric illness. This study investigated group differences on SC reactivity and self-reported arousal while viewing positive, negative, neutral, and threat images between participants diagnosed with major depression with and without anxiety disorders relative to a healthy comparison group. Additionally, the strength and direction of association between SC reactivity and arousal ratings (emotion coherence) was examined within groups. Unmedicated participants were recruited via online and paper advertisements around Chicago and categorized into one of four groups (Depressed: n = 35, Anxious: n = 44, Comorbid: n = 38, Healthy: n = 29). SC and affect ratings were coll...
Influence of Microwave Radiation on Psychrotrophic Bacteria1

Pure cultures of bacteria in nutrient broth at 107 or 108 organisms/ml and various raw meat products were exposed to either 915 or 2450 MHz microwaves. After various timed exposures, temperature increases were noted and samples were removed for plate-count determination of survivors. In nutrient broth, all psychrotrophic bacteria counts were dramatically reduced by short exposure (5 to 20 sec) to microwave radiation. In some instances, initial counts of 107 to 108/ml were reduced to zero after 15 sec of microwave exposure and a temperature of 60 C. Moraxella-acinetobacter (MA-3), Serratia marcescens , Pseudomonas synthaxa , and Alcaligenes viscolactis were extremely susceptible to the microwave treatments. When raw poultry parts, with initial total counts of 104/cm2 of surface area, were exposed to microwave radiation, organisms were reduced by 1 log cycle in 20 sec and by 2 log cycles in 40 sec. Total counts on microwave-treated chicken skin were reduced from 105/cm2 to 103/cm2 in 30 sec. Refrigerated storage of microwave-treated chicken parts indicated that such treatment could substantially increase shelf life.
Functional Characteristics of Health Coalitions in Local Public Health Systems: Exploring the Function of County Health Councils in Tennessee.

Context Partnerships are emerging as critically important vehicles for addressing health in local communities. Coalitions involving local health departments can be viewed as the embodiment of a local public health system. Although it is known that these networks are heavily involved in assessment and community planning activities, limited studies have evaluated whether health coalitions are functioning at an optimal capacity. Objective This study assesses the extent to which health coalitions met or exceeded expectations for building functional capacity within their respective networks. Design An evaluative framework was developed focusing on 8 functional characteristics of coalitions previously identified by Erwin and Mills. Twenty-nine indicators were identified that served as "proxy" measures of functional capacity within health coalitions. Setting and participants Ninety-three County Health Councils (CoHCs) in Tennessee. Main outcome measure(s) Diverse member representation; formal rules, roles, and procedures; open, frequent interpersonal communication; task-focused climate; council leadership; resources; active member participation; and external linkages were assessed to determine the level of functionality of CoHCs. Scores across all CoHCs were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency distributions, measures of central tendency, and measures of variability. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.3. Results Of 68 CoHCs (73% response rate), the total mean score for the level of functional characteristics was 30.5 (median = 30.5; SD = 6.3; range, 18-44). Of the 8 functional characteristics, CoHCs met or exceeded all indicators associated with council leadership, tasked-focused climate, and external linkages. Lowest scores were for having a written communications plan, written priorities or goals, and opportunities for training. Conclusion This study advances the research on health coalitions by establishing a process for quantifying the functionality of health coalitions. Future studies will be conducted to examine the association between health coalition functional capacity, local health departments' community health assessment and planning efforts, and changes in community health status.
Genetic Manipulation with Viral Vectors to Assess Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Function

Viral vectors have become widely used tools for genetic manipulation of adipose tissues to understand the biology and function of adipocytes in metabolism. There are a number of different viral vectors commonly used: retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, and adeno-associated virus (AAV). Here, we review examples from the literature and describe methods to transduce adipocytes and adipose tissues using retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, and AAV to ascertain gene function in adipose biology.
Immune reconstitution and remission in CML.

In a comprehensive and provocative report in this issue of Blood, with findings that were not necessarily expected, Hughes and colleagues report on the immune reconstitution that occurs as a consequence of the deepening remission achieved by patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) on tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). A significant fraction of patients with CML treated with BCR-ABL TKI achieve long-term remissions and maintain this state even after stopping the TKI. Why is this? Although the TKI itself may be contributing to this immune restoration, it is not entirely responsible as best effects are observed in those patients no longer on these drugs.1
Two-Dimensional Analytical Model and Experimental Validation of Garter Stitch Knitted Shape Memory Alloy Actuator Architecture

Active knits are a unique architectural approach to meet the industrial need for high strain and simultaneous force generation. This paper presents an analytical state-based model to predict the actuation response of a Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) garter knit textile. Garter knits generate significant contraction against moderate to large loads when heated due to the continuous interlocked network of loops of SMA wire. For this knit architecture, the states of operation are defined based on the thermal and mechanical loading of the textile, the resulting phase change of the SMA, and the load path followed to that state. Transitions between these operational states induce either stick or slip frictional forces depending upon the state and path, which affect the actuation response. A load-extension model of the textile is derived for each operational state using Elastica Theory and Euler-Bernoulli beam bending for the large deformations within a loop of wire based on the stress strain behavior of the SMA material. This provides kinematic and kinetic relations which scale to form analytical transcendental expressions for the net actuation motion against an external load. The model was validated experimentally for an SMA garter knit textile over a range of applied forces with good correlation for both the load-extension behavior in each state as well as the net motion produced during the actuation cycle. Throughout the experiments, large strains (up to 250% recoverable, over 50% actuation strain) against moderate forces (order of tens of Newtons) were achieved which demonstrates promise for a wide range of applications.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Stanol to sterol ratios in late Quaternary sediments from southern California: An indicator for continuous variability of the oxygen minimum zone

Abstract In this study, we analyzed 5α(H)-stanol/Δ 5 -sterol ratios in offshore marine sediments using offline tetramethylammonium hydroxide thermochemolysis (TMAH) gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Data were used to reconstruct redox events recorded in a southern California marine sediment core (Ocean Drilling Program, Leg167, Hole 1017E). The 24-nordehydrocholestanol/24-nordehydrocholesterol and diatomstanol/diatomsterol ratios clearly recorded oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) fluctuations in southern California during the last 40 kyr. In particular, two ratios corresponding to Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3) varied significantly at the OMZ, exhibiting millennial-scale fluctuations related to Dansgaard-Oeschger shifts of warming and cooling intervals. In contrast, other ratios (cholestanol/cholesterol, campestanol/campesterol, sitostanol/sitosterol, and 22-dehydrocholestanol/22-dehydrocholesterol) showed no significant trends, possibly reflecting the influence of stanol-creating organisms. Our results show that 5α(H)-stanol/Δ 5 -sterol ratios obtained using the TMAH GC–MS method are useable tracers of water column and surface sediment redox conditions in southern California marine sediments.
A Magnetically Coupled Communication and Charging Platform for Microsensors

A double layer spiral antenna with side length of $740~\mu \text{m}$ was fabricated by a multilayer electroplating process and bonded with an radio frequency identification chip by silver epoxy to form a microsensor chip. A theoretical power transfer model was built to optimize the power transfer efficiency. The resonant frequency of the microsensor was characterized inside a small coupling loop, exhibiting a high degree of agreement with theoretical results. A magnetically coupled communication and charging platform was developed to work with the microsensors. The reader antenna was composed of a coupling loop and a secondary coil with 40-mm diameter wrapped around a polycarbonate tube. To maximize the magnetic field generated inside the secondary coil, a lump circuit model was built and its resonant modes were analyzed. The maximum current inside the secondary coil was achieved at the serial resonant frequency, at which the current followed a sinusoidal distribution along the coil. The magnetic field distribution inside the coil was calculated to analyze the read-out of the reader antenna. The communication and power transfer was demonstrated with the microsensors flowing through the reader antenna by successfully retrieving the sensor ID. [2016-0318]
Vacíos e identidad en la novela gráfica de no-ficción

El presente articulo pretende explorar la presencia de la no-ficcion; especialmente la no-ficcion autobiografica o testimonial, en el mundo del comic bajo el formato de la novela grafica, modalidad reciente de publicacion en el ambito de la historieta. Al mismo tiempo, se plantean algunas cuestiones relativas al modo como los comics comunican desde un lenguaje que esta marcado por la presencia de vacios, tanto a un nivel sintactico, con la presencia inevitable del gutter y la elipsis, como a nivel de la mediacion del dibujo, cuando se refiere a acontecimientos inspirados en la vida real.
High-Fidelity Multistate Switching with Anion-Anion and Acid-Anion Dimers of Organophosphates in Cyanostar Complexes.

The acid–base switching of complexes formed from anti-electrostatic anion–anion homodimers of organophosphates and cyanostar macrocycles was investigated for the first time. High-fidelity 2:2 complexes were selected by using suitably sized organo substituents. Reversible and direct switching occurs with triflic acid and hydroxide base. An unexpected acid⋅⋅⋅anion heterodimer was discovered with weaker picric acid, which helped reveal some of the elementary steps. Switching can also proceed in a cooperative (strong anion then weak acid) or stepwise manner (weak acid then strong anion).
22 – Supramolecular drug delivery platforms in photodynamic therapy

: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the photonic excitation of a photosensitizer (PS) dye in the presence of ambient oxygen, in turn forming reactive oxygen species that kill undesired cells. Many conventional PS possess organic frameworks that are hydrophobic and consequently prone to aggregation in solution which both alters photophysical characteristics of the dyes and prevents desired PS localization at target cells. Though chemical modification has traditionally been used to alter PS solubility and improve drug targeting, recently the prospect of using self-assembling supramolecular liposomal and nonliposomal delivery platforms has emerged as a method for drastically improving PS drug delivery. This chapter reviews liposomal dug delivery systems as well as nonliposomal systems including polymeric micelles, block copolymers, polymersomes, fullerosomes, nanocells, nanoemulsions, and lipoplexes. As PDT emerges as a viable clinical tool for the treatment of malignant as well as other diseases, modes of improving PS localization will become increasing relevant.