cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognition and technology: Effectiveness of intelligent tutoring systems for software training

This study addresses the potential of using an intelligent tutoring system (ITS) to tutor on off-the-shelf (OTS) software. ITSs have been successfully used to tutor on a variety of learning domains, but there has been little research comparing ITS-based training on an OTS application with traditional software training approaches such as books or interactive software simulations. The work presented here includes procedures and results for Paint.NET training and evaluation using three methods: book-based, interactive simulation, and an ITS. It is reported that there were some associations between the training method and training experiences. Book-based training exhibited higher scores on both task performance and system usability perception, while better times were recorded for the simulation approach. Concept acquisition score was not found to significantly correlate with training method, however. Additionally, it was found that interactions between training mode and spatial ability or general self-efficacy (GSE) significantly affected system usability perception. It was also learned that within ITS high computer self-efficacy (CSE) learners outperformed these with low CSE on task performance measure. Similar findings were reported for simulation group where high-spatial learners recorded better training times than low-spatial learners. Overall, results indicated that four individual characteristics to succeed indicators explored in this study significantly correlated with total training time and system usability measures. It is concluded that if an ITS is to be a tutor on OTS application then further refinements are needed.
Atm haploinsufficiency results in increased sensitivity to sublethal doses of ionizing radiation in mice.

Atm haploinsufficiency results in increased sensitivity to sublethal doses of ionizing radiation in mice
The Molecular Properties of ApoA-I from Human High Density Lipoprotein

Abstract The molecular properties of the principal protein component of human high density lipoprotein have been evaluated in aqueous solution at pH 2.0, 7.4, and 12.0 and in guanidine hydrochloride at pH 7.4. The high helical content observed at neutral pH by circular dichroism is partly eliminated in acid, more extensively lost in alkali, and almost completely lost in 1.7 m guanidine hydrochloride. The fluorescence properties of the tryptophanyl residues also indicate greater loss of structure in 1.7 m guanidine hydrochloride than in aqueous solutions at any pH. ApoA-I contains both secondary and tertiary structure in water at neutral pH comparable to that found in native globular proteins and undergoes molecular transitions below pH ∼7, above pH ∼11, and in guanidine hydrochloride solutions between 0.8 to 1.4 m. The properties of succinylated apoA-I at neutral pH resemble those of apoA-I at pH 12.0.
Simple and Efficient Graph Compression Schemes for Dense and Complement Graphs

We present two graph compression schemes for solving problems on dense graphs and complement graphs. They compress a graph or its complement graph into two kinds of succinct representations based on adjacency intervals and adjacency integers, respectively. These two schemes complement each other for different ranges of density. Using these schemes, we develop optimal or near optimal algorithms for fundamental graph problems. In contrast to previous graph compression schemes, ours are simple and efficient for practical applications.
Explaining Alternation in Power: Political Business Cycle, Incumbent Advantage, and Electoral Outcome in Ghana's Multiparty Elections

Academics, political practitioners, and interested observers of politics in Ghana often agree on one thing: a robust and a positively linear evolution of democratic practice in this West African nation-state have been nothing but spectacular. Academic reviewers especially are enthralled by the constant occurrence of the once elusive element of politics in Africa: the peaceful alternation of power through competitive multiparty elections. In Ghana, such alternation has become a virtuous habit almost. In 1992, the National Democratic Congress (NDC) led by Jerry John Rawlings won the inaugural election and repeated that feat four years later. In 2'008 the New Patriotic Party (NPP) led by John Kuffour won and was again rewarded with another four-year term after a re-election contest in 2004. In 2008, John Atta Mills led the then opposition party back into power and the NDC now under John Mahama, have held serve and retained office in the 2012 election. But just like the tennis analogy and what goes on in free and fair contest, an outcome of a competitive game or an election does not follow a predetermined path. One constant that has become synonymous with the emerging democracy in Ghana though is the selective responsiveness of the political system. Sometimes incumbent presidents are rewarded and at times they and their party are thrown out en mass. This accountability occurs after two terms have been served. What explains these selective responsiveness and accountability? Given the strong correlation between ethnicity and party loyalty and giving the near parity in how social groups in Ghana divide their support for the two main parties, I argue that an important variable driving this responsiveness is voter turnout. Incumbent party and presidents stay in power if on a given election day they are able to mobilize more voters to go to the polls. These incumbents do so by massaging the national economy and use the upside of the political business cycle to draw voters to the polls. After winning a second term, the incumbent president and the ruling party come under immense domestic and international pressure to get the economic fundamentals right. Hence, they right the national economy just in time for the elections. While this good management appeal to international audience, the resultant austerity leads to the low end of the political business cycle. Supporters of the ruling party respond by staying away from the polls thus punishing their leaders. On the other hand, the opposition exploits the hardships and are able to win with their relatively energized support base and a relatively low voter turnout overall.
A context-based transformation of high-level conceptual query trees

Creating a unified view on structured data residing in different, heterogeneous data sources is a problem that exists in many application domains. Various approaches have been proposed to address it. In this thesis, a different approach is taken by using an existing, ontology based querying tool and extending it to cope with heterogeneous data sources. The approach uses a mapping from ontology symbols to data source symbols on a high-level query tree. A RDF (Resource Description Framework) compliant description of data sources is proposed. Furthermore, a prototype implementation is presented. The approach is compared with other, description logic based, data integration approaches.
Die and Let Live? the Asymmetry of Accommodation

In culture war battles over same-sex marriage, one group of scholars (“the moderators”) offers what is held out as a “live and let live” truce: same-sex marriage would be legalized, qualified by exemptions to protect groups and individuals who oppose same-sex marriage on religious grounds against liability or legal sanctions. The appeal of this proposal lies in part in its implicit claim to symmetry. The compromise– namely, same-sex marriage with religious exemptions-- is said to respect the legitimate interests of each side. Consequently, the moderators view both religious conservatives and secular egalitarians who decline to embrace the compromise as intransigent, and as unreasonably attempting to “impose their values” on others. This essay criticizes the moderators’ implicit claim of symmetry. In fact, neither rejection of same-sex marriage nor legalization qualified by exemptions is equally respectful of each side’s interests. Both sides understand this fact, and they understand that it is better to be in a position of granting accommodation than to be in need of accommodation. In addition, the parties face different risks if they find themselves in a politically subordinate position and hence in need of accommodation. The final section of the essay considers the likelihood that either party, if politically dominant, will be inclined to accommodate the other party. While emphasizing that the question is inherently speculative, the essay argues (contrary to much academic opinion) that Christian conservatives have both the intellectual resources and the historical experience to support an attitude of tolerance. Whether secular egalitarianism has these toleration-supportive ingredients is more uncertain.
TCNJ Athlete Tracker

Athletes participating in competitive physical activity are susceptible to injury and overexertion. Due to the invasiveness of some monitoring devices, lack of durability, and discomfort when worn, most health monitoring devices are not suitable for athletes to wear during sports-based practices or games. The TCNJ Athlete Tracker was designed to monitor impact forces on the body, dehydration levels, body temperature, and heart rate while secured onto the athlete's body inside a form-fitting belt. The device was programmed to alert the athlete when a physiological metric was outside a specified safe range. The device records data from an infrared thermopile sensor, infrared heart rate monitor, two Ag/AgCl electrodes, and two three-axis accelerometers, and records the data on a USB memory drive. The performance of the TCNJ Athlete Tracker will be verified using standardized testing methods and validated by having athletes wear the device during a set of pre-determined exercises. This design offers a less obtrusive, comfortable, and durable monitoring device that athletes can wear during games and practices.
Prophylactic Treatment with Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-3 Ligand after Burn Injury Enhances Global Immune Responses to Infection

Severely burned patients are susceptible to infections with opportunistic organisms due to altered immune responses and frequent wound contamination. Immunomodulation to enhance systemic and local responses to wound infections may be protective after burn injury. We previously demonstrated that pretreatments with fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 (Flt3) ligand (Flt3L), a dendritic cell growth factor, increase the resistance of mice to a subsequent burn injury and wound infection by a dendritic cell-dependent mechanism. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that Flt3L administration after burn injury decreases susceptibility to wound infections by enhancing global immune cell activation. Mice were treated with Flt3L after burn injury and examined for survival, wound and systemic bacterial clearance, and immune cell activation after wound inoculation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To gain insight into the local effects of Flt3L at the burn wound, localization of Langerhans cells was examined. Mice treated with Flt3L had significantly greater numbers of CD25-expressing T cells and CD69-expressing T and B cells, neutrophils, and macrophages after, but not before, infection. Overall leukocyte apoptosis in response to infection was decreased with Flt3L treatment. Survival and local and systemic bacterial clearance were enhanced by Flt3L. Langerhans cells appeared in the dermis of skin bordering the burn wound, and further increased in response to wound infection. Flt3L augmented the appearance of Langerhans cells in response to both injury and infection. These data suggest that dendritic cell enhancement by Flt3L treatments after burn injury protects against opportunistic infections through promotion of local and systemic immune responses to infection.
Rydberg electron transfer to CS2: properties of the product CS2− ions

Abstract The properties of long-lived parent anions formed by electron transfer in collisions between K( n p) Rydberg atoms and CS 2 molecules are investigated. Collisions give rise to two groups of CS 2 − ions, one that undergoes electric-field-induced detachment in fields of ≲ 3 kV cm −1 , the other requiring fields of ∼ 10–20 kV cm −1 . Measurements using a Penning ion trap indicate that ions in both groups undergo autodetachment and radiative stabilization. The autodetachment rate for those ions that detach in low (high) fields is ∼ 5×10 2 s −1 (1.1×10 2 s −1 ) . The corresponding radiative stabilization rates are ∼ 4.7×10 2 s −1 (2.8×10 2 s −1 ) .
Extended Canonical Transformations Increasing the Number of Variables

Redundant variables have been successfully used in Celestial Mechanics for a long time. Here, we are concerned specially with the changes of coordinates increasing their number. Among them, the Euler parameters, K-S variables, or other sets of variables by Broucke are widely known.
Tails in the Density of States

A simple physical explanation for the observed exponential behavior of the density of states based on short range Gaussian fluctuations is presented. Several techniques for obtaining the density of states and other quantities of physical interest are briefly reviewed. The universal and quasi-universal features of the electronic behavior near a band edge in a disordered material are also presented.
A stepwise evolutionary approach to machine learning

The biological concepts of stepwise evolution and cumulative selection are used to develop programs for a digital computer. The initial goal of these programs is to separate small, two-dimensional arrays of binary valued patterns into two classes. Learning is accomplished by the automatic evaluation of a criterion of separability of the two classes for each of the possible single-step mutations of the initial classification program. The mutant program which performs best is then selected automatically by the environment program and used as the new classification program. Only four operations are initially available, but as each classification program is mutated and cumulatively selected based on its performance, a new classification program is developed for implementing this particular classification. Each resulting program is then assigned a next sequential number, stored in mass storage, and made available for use as a single program step by subsequent programs. As the development program is run, it not only learns how to dichotomize more patterns but also has available to it the results of previous evolutionary learning experiences. >
Aircraft emissions and local air quality impacts from takeoff activities at a large International Airport

Real time number concentrations and size distributions of ultrafine particles (UFPs, diameter <100 nm) and time integrated black carbon, PM2.5 mass, and chemical species were studied at the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) and a background reference site. At LAX, data were collected at the blast fence (∼140 m from the takeoff position) and five downwind sites up to 600 m from the takeoff runway and upwind of the 405 freeway. Size distributions of UFPs collected at the blast fence site showed very high number concentrations, with the highest numbers found at a particle size of approximately 14 nm. The highest spikes in the time series profile of UFP number concentrations were correlated with individual aircraft takeoff. Measurements indicate a more than 100-fold difference in particle number concentrations between the highest spikes during takeoffs and the lowest concentrations when no takeoff is occurring. Total UFP counts exceeded 107 particles cm−3 during some monitored takeoffs. Time averaged concentrations of PM2.5 mass and two carbonyl compounds, formaldehyde and acrolein, were statistically elevated at the airport site relative to a background reference site. Peaks of 15 nm particles, associated with aircraft takeoffs, that occurred at the blast fence were matched with peaks observed 600 m downwind, with time lags of less than 1 min. The results of this study demonstrate that commercial aircraft at LAX emit large quantities of UFP at the lower end of currently measurable particle size ranges. The observed highly elevated UFP concentrations downwind of LAX associated with aircraft takeoff activities have significant exposure and possible health implications.
Thermoelectric effect in molecular electronics

We provide a theoretical estimate of the thermoelectric current and voltage over a Phenyldithiol molecule. We also show that the thermoelectric voltage is (1) easy to analyze, (2) insensitive to the detailed coupling to the contacts, (3) large enough to be measured, and (4) give valuable information, which is not readily accessible through other experiments, on the location of the Fermi energy relative to the molecular levels. The location of the Fermi-energy is poorly understood and controversial even though it is a central factor in determining the nature of conduction $(n$ or p type). We also note that the thermoelectric voltage measured over Guanine molecules with a scanning tunneling microscope by Poler et al., indicate conduction through the highest occupied molecular orbital level, i.e., p-type conduction.
Information Technology User Devices in Higher Education.

System planners must understand that user devices serve as a translator between the technology's internal representation of information and what can be perceived, processed, and used by humans.
Biochemistry and semiconductor electronics—the next big hit for silicon?

Two recent developments portend a new era for silicon electronics in biomedical applications. Firstly, highly specific chemical recognition and massively parallel sample preparation techniques are being combined with VLSI to make new kinds of analytical chips. Secondly, critical dimensions are beginning to approach the size of biomolecules, opening new pathways for physical interactions between molecules and semiconductor structures. Future generations of hybrid chemical–CMOS devices could revolutionize diagnosis and make personalized medicine cheap enough to become widespread.
An Equivalent Second Order Model with Application to Traffic Control

Abstract The most popular second order traffic model used for traffic control is the Payne-Papageorgiou model which is essentially density-speed dynamics. Due to point sensor detection limit in highways such as inductive loops, flow estimation is easy and reasonably accurate while density estimation is very difficult. This is the motivation for us to have a look at flow dynamics in place of density. It turns out that flow dynamics of first order cannot be well-defined contrasted to the Cell Transmission Model. However, a flow-speed dynamics can be obtained which is equivalent to the density-speed dynamics of the Payne-Papageorgiou model. Such model plus a modified onramp queue model are used to formulate a traffic control problem to maximize recurrent bottleneck flow, which can be modeled as lane reduction. The problem formulated with Model Predictive Control turns out to be a quadratic programming.
Scaling HEP to Web Size with RESTful Protocols: The Frontier Example

The World-Wide-Web has scaled to an enormous size. The largest single contributor to its scalability is the HTTP protocol, particularly when used in conformity to REST (REpresentational State Transfer) principles. High Energy Physics (HEP) computing also has to scale to an enormous size, so it makes sense to base much of it on RESTful protocols. Frontier, which reads databases with an HTTP-based RESTful protocol, has successfully scaled to deliver production detector conditions data from both the CMS and ATLAS LHC detectors to hundreds of thousands of computer cores worldwide. Frontier is also able to re-use a large amount of standard software that runs the Web: on the clients, caches, and servers. I discuss the specific ways in which HTTP and REST enable high scalability for Frontier. I also briefly discuss another protocol used in HEP computing that is HTTP-based and RESTful, and another protocol that could benefit from it. My goal is to encourage HEP protocol designers to consider HTTP and REST whenever the same information is needed in many places.
Some Solubnility Characteristics of Cholesteryl Esters

Abstract Heretofore, ethanol has been the most widely used solvent for the recrystallization of cholesteryl esters. In this study of some solubility characteristics of cholestery1 esters, n-pentanol is shown to be a more effective solvent than ethanol in which to remove impurities and/or crystalline structural defects from cholesteryl esters that can cause additional transitions on initial heating. n-Pentanol is shown to be a regular solvent for cholestetryl esters, whereas ethanol is not. This could be a major reason why n-pentanol is better able to discriminate between compound and impurity than ethanol. Contrary to previous reports, after crystallization from n-pentanol, in contrast to ethanol, cholesteryl acetate and cholesteryl laurate have only one transition on first heating. A detailed study of cholesteryl benzoate recrystallized from n-pentanol has confirmed that there are two transitions, one at 146.0 °C. the secpond at 179.6 °C. The heats of transitions are found to be 14.7 cal./gm. and 0.26 ca...
Roles of NMDA and dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the acquisition and expression of flavor preferences conditioned by oral glucose in rats

Animals learn to prefer flavors associated with the intake of sugar (sucrose, fructose, glucose) and fat (corn oil: CO) solutions. Conditioned flavor preferences (CFP) have been elicited for sugars based on orosensory (flavor-flavor: e.g., fructose-CFP) and post-ingestive (flavor-nutrient: e.g., intragastric (IG) glucose-CFP) processes. Dopamine (DA) D1, DA D2 and NMDA receptor antagonism differentially eliminate the acquisition and expression of fructose-CFP and IG glucose-CFP. However, pharmacological analysis of fat (CO)-CFP, mediated by both flavor-flavor and flavor-nutrient processes, indicated that acquisition and expression of fat-CFP were minimally affected by systemic DA D1 and D2 antagonists, and were reduced by NMDA antagonism. Therefore, the present study examined whether systemic DA D1 (SCH23390), DA D2 (raclopride) or NMDA (MK-801) receptor antagonists altered acquisition and/or expression of CFP induced by oral glucose that should be mediated by both flavor-flavor and flavor-nutrient processes. Oral glucose-CFP was elicited following by training rats to drink one novel flavor (CS+, e.g., cherry) mixed in 8% glucose and another flavor (CS-, e.g., grape) mixed in 2% glucose. In expression studies, food-restricted rats drank these solutions in one-bottle sessions (2 h) over 10 days. Subsequent two-bottle tests with the CS+ and CS- flavors mixed in 2% glucose occurred 0.5 h after systemic administration of vehicle (VEH), SCH23390 (50-800 nmol/kg), raclopride (50-800 nmol/kg) or MK-801 (50-200 μg/kg). Rats displayed a robust CS+ preference following VEH treatment (94-95%) which was significantly though marginally attenuated by SCH23390 (67-70%), raclopride (77%) or MK-801 (70%) at doses that also markedly reduced overall CS intake. In separate acquisition studies, rats received VEH, SCH23390 (50-400 nmol/kg), raclopride (50-400 nmol/kg) or MK-801 (100 μg/kg) 0.5 h prior to ten 1-bottle training trials with CS+/8%G and CS-/2%G training solutions that was followed by six 2-bottle CS+ vs. CS- tests in 2% glucose conducted without injections. The significant and persistent CS+ preferences observed in the VEH (94-98%) group was significantly reduced by rats receiving SCH23390 at 400 nmol/kg (65-73%), raclopride at 200 or 400 nmol/kg (76-82%) or MK-801 at 100 μg/kg (68-69%). Thus, systemic DA D1 and DA D2 receptor antagonism produced smaller reductions in the expression of oral glucose-CFP relative to fructose-CFP or IG-glucose-CFP. Correspondingly, systemic DA D1, DA D2 and NMDA receptor antagonism also produced smaller reductions in the acquisition of oral glucose-CFP relative to fructose-CFP or IG-glucose-CFP. These data suggest, but do not prove, that the magnitude and persistence of these receptor antagonist effects upon sugar-CFP might depend upon the individual or combined engagement of flavor-flavor and flavor-nutrient processes.
Preventing mass violence.

Our Species has a long history of distrusting strangers, despising outgroups, and fighting each other in many ways and many places, using the most damaging technology available at the time. This special issue of Science on Human Conflict illustrates the role of the scientific community in achieving deep insights into the evolutionary history of human conflict and, most importantly, demonstrates how science can help to clarify the major factors that affect the risk of mass violence (see p. 818). Such understandings are critical to develop education that decreases the probability of conflicts, to provide early and active help to countries having trouble with intergroup relations, to help foster equitable democratic development, to protect and promote human rights, and to place constraints on weaponry.
Au(111) autoepitaxy studied by scanning tunneling microscopy

Abstract Using a scanning tunneling microscope in ultra-high vacuum, we have studied several stages of autoepitaxy on Au(111) from submonolayer up to twenty monolayer coverage at room temperature. The substrate, Au(111) epitaxially grown on mica, exhibits several hundred →ngstrom wide atomatically flat terraces separated by monoatomic steps. At submonolayer coverages, the gold nucleates into single layer clusters arranged preferentially in rows along 〈11 2 〉 directions. As the metal coverage increases, cluster coalescence by growth is observed. Cluster size distributions and spatial correlation functions have been extracted from the STM data. Higher layers start forming before the lower ones are completely filled. The number of incomplete layers increases with deposition rate and total thickness of the film. Room temperature diffusion smooths the terrace structure over a period of several hours. This process is observed to accelerate with a moderate anneal.
Anaerobic nitrate-dependent iron(II) bio-oxidation by a novel lithoautotrophic betaproteobacterium, strain 2002.

Microbial nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation is known to contribute to iron biogeochemical cycling; however, the microorganisms responsible are virtually unknown. In an effort to elucidate this microbial metabolic process in the context of an environmental system, a 14-cm sediment core was collected from a freshwater lake and geochemically characterized concurrently with the enumeration of the nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidizing microbial community and subsequent isolation of a nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidizing microorganism. Throughout the sediment core, ambient concentrations of Fe(II) and nitrate were observed to coexist. Concomitant most probable number enumeration revealed the presence of an abundant nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidizing microbial community (2.4 × 103 to 1.5 × 104 cells g−1 wet sediment) from which a novel anaerobic, lithoautotrophic, Fe(II)-oxidizing bacterium, strain 2002, was isolated. Analysis of the complete 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain 2002 was a member of the beta subclass of the proteobacteria with 94.8% similarity to Chromobacterium violaceum, a bacterium not previously recognized for the ability to oxidize nitrate-dependent Fe(II). Under nongrowth conditions, both strain 2002 and C. violaceum incompletely reduced nitrate to nitrite with Fe(II) as the electron donor, while under growth conditions nitrate was reduced to gaseous end products (N2 and N2O). Lithoautotrophic metabolism under nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidizing conditions was verified by the requirement of CO2 for growth as well as the assimilation of 14C-labeled CO2 into biomass. The isolation of strain 2002 represents the first example of an anaerobic, mesophilic, neutrophilic Fe(II)-oxidizing lithoautotroph isolated from freshwater samples. Our studies further demonstrate the abundance of nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidizers in freshwater lake sediments and provide further evidence for the potential of microbially mediated Fe(II) oxidation in anoxic environments.
Quantitative faunal associates of the serpulid polychaete hydroides dianthus

A study of the calcareous tube-building polychaete Hydroides dianthus (Verrill) in a temperate estuary (Delaware Bay, USA) revealed an assemblage that was strongly associated with the serpulid. This polychaete species provided numerous microhabitats by means of its tubes and sediment enriched with tube fragments. Quantitative associations for winter and summer tube heads showed that 17 and 12 species, respectively, were statistically dependent on H. dianthus. There were significant associations between number of species, number of individuals, mean number of animals, standard deviation, the size of the tube clump for both seasons (winter and summer), and for scaled standard deviation (SDN) and species diversity (H) during the winter. Successional development of the serpulid assemblage starts with the settling of H. dianthus, progresses through growth, maturation, mortality, and the interaction of associates and predators, resulting in a highly diverse benthic assemblage in this temperate estuary.
New triscyclometalated iridium complexes for applications in phosphorescent light-emitting diodes

Abstract A series of new triscyclometalated iridium complexes Ir1–3 containing diphenylamino substituted phenylpyridine derivatives as ligands have been synthesized and characterized. Inter-ligand energy transfer and related emission color tuning were observed in these iridium complexes. The phosphorescence emission peaks red-shifted to longer wavelengths with increasing the conjugation length of the ligands. Heteroleptic Ir2 is highly amorphous and readily dissolved in a wide range of organic solvents. High-efficiency electrophosphorescent light-emitting diodes have been fabricated using iridium complexes Ir1–3 doped into hole-transporting host materials as the emitters. The device structure used in this study is ITO/PEDOT-PSS/Ir complex:host material/F-TBB/Alq 3 /LiF/Al, where F-TBB is morphologically stable 1,3,5-tris(4′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)benzene functioning as a hole- and exciton-blocking layer. It was found that the device performance was strongly influenced by a number of factors, such as the triplet energy and electrochemical properties of host materials, the energy offset between host and guest, and the balance of electron and hole in emitting layers. When doped in PVK host, amorphous Ir2 showed promising EL performance with a turn-on voltage of 5 V, a maximum luminance >15,000 cd/m 2 at a driving voltage of 18 V, and a peak current-efficiency of 21 cd/A at a luminance of 1200 cd/m 2 .
Market Failures in Real-Time Metering

Policies to promote real-time metering (RTM) require more than showing benefits from more timely responses to variations in cost. They require positive externalities to imply that too few meters would be installed through private transactions. RTM presents no systematic externalities when utilities must serve peak period users, and may present negative externalities under some conditions. Positive externalities are likely when electricity is rationed through blackouts. RTM may or may not increase welfare when peak period wholesale markets are not competitive; a prohibition on RTM might be appropriate in such situations even if metering itself were costless.
Quantitative measurement of SV40 T-antigen production

Abstract African green monkey cells (CV-1) were infected with SV40 virus at high multiplicities of infection (MOI), and the production of T-antigen was studied. A new instrumentation, flow microfluorometry, coupled with indirect immunofluorescence permitted quantitative evaluation of this antigen. Optimum conditions were determined for antibody excess. Antigen production was not detected for the first 6 h post-infection. The value of this technology is discussed in relation to quantitative evaluation of expression of cellular antigens.
A Beam Current Integrator for Radioactivity Cross Section Determinations

A specialized beam current integrator has been built for use in measuring cross sections for reactions which lead to radioactive products with halflives in the millisecond to hour range. The principle of operation, NIM module construction and typical example of results are described.
The development of a specific appetite for calcium in growing broiler chicks 1

1. Growing broilers were fed on a calcium‐deficient diet and allowed access to a separate calcium source. 2. When housed in a group, they consumed enough from the calcium source to supplement their diet adequately. 3. Caging individually inhibited the development of the calcium appetite in most birds even with visual contact between birds and colour cues to the calcium supplement. 4. Birds which had learned to consume a calcium supplement in a group continued to consume the supplement after being caged individually. Intake of the calcium source decreased immediately after the calcium‐deficient diet was replaced with one adequate in calcium, suggesting the existence of a physiological control mechanism for calcium intake.
Design Method and Effect Analysis of 3D Block Acquisition Geometry in Loess Plateau

Abstract The huge thick loess plateau has the characteristic of dry, loose, high attenuation for seismic wave, and it's hard to get high S/N ratio data. According to the practical condition of survey area, the survey area was divided and 3-d block acquisition geometry was designed to acquire seismic data. after improving shot condition, optimizing acquisition geometry, increasing fold times and using multi-domain iteration static correction, the result showed that the block acquisition geometry and shot condition choosing were proper for data acquisition geometry and the S/N ratio of acquired data was high. The data processing procedure was suitable for data process, and the final result was good.
Pair-Box (PAX8) protein-positive expression is associated with poor disease outcome in women with endometrial cancer

The Pax8 transcription factor genes have a role in cell differentiation and cell growth, and silencing of Pax8 in cell cultures results in cell death. The aims of this study were to determine the expression and correlation of Pax8 protein with several clinicopathological variables in patients with endometrial cancer. The following clinical parameters from 229 patients were used for correlation with Pax8 expression; age, histological subtype, myometrial depth of invasion, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics grade, lymph nodes status, and disease status. A positive association of Pax8+ expression was found with high tumour grade (P=0.002), LVI+(P=0.0186), and type II tumour subtype (P<0.0001) in univariate analysis. Survival analysis showed an association of Pax8 and 5-year overall survival probability (P=0.01486), 80.04% for patients with Pax8− and 55.59% for patients with Pax8+. There was also an association of Pax8 and 5-year disease-free survival probability (P=0.02028), 72.12% for patients with Pax8− vs 49.88% for patients with Pax8+. Finally, an association of Pax8+ and shorter recurrence-free survival was also found (P=0.00203), with 74.36% for Pax8− and 52.11% for Pax8+. Overexpression of Pax8 protein by endometrial cancer is associated with poor disease outcomes. Inhibition of Pax8 may be a very attractive targeted therapy for selective patients.
Purification and characterization of human placental ferredoxin.

Abstract A ferredoxin-type iron-sulfur protein was isolated from human placenta mitochondria. The properties of the purified protein were very similar to those of adrenal ferredoxin (adrenodoxin), and immunological cross-reactivity with polyclonal antibodies to bovine adrenodoxin was observed. The N-terminal amino acid sequence and the visible absorption spectrum were identical to bovine adrenodoxin. The molecular mass as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Mr ~ 13,500), however, is slightly smaller than that of adrenodoxin, and the C-terminal sequence is different. Human placental ferredoxin can substitute for bovine adrenodoxin in reactions reconstituted with bovine adrenal enzymes which catalyze the side chain cleavage of cholesterol to pregnenolone and the 11β-hydroxylation of deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone.
The Model of Multiple Oppression in Group Psychotherapy with HIV-Infected Injecting Drug Users

SUMMARY The Model of Multiple Oppression is used to outline the various oppressed group memberships which impact on the lives of Black and Latino HIV-infected injecting drug users. Descriptions of the important issues for each level of oppression are discussed. Clinical examples are given to describe how the factors manifest and what types of clinical interventions are most effective.
Influence of application technique on microstructure and strength of acrylic restorations.

An investigation was made of the influence of application techniques on the microstructure and properties of an acrylic tooth restorative. Mixtures of acrylic powder and monomer (“Sevriton Simplified”) were applied by the brush technique of Nealon (J. Prosth. Dent., 2, 513, 1952) and by two bulk flow techniques. While similar porosities (about 4%) were observed, the brush technique resulted in a greater quantity of grains from the acrylic powder. Despite this, there was little difference in values of compression modulus, compressive yield stress, and diametral compressive strength. The mechanical strength of the materials studied was less than one-half that of high molecular weight poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Crack propagation studies established that the interface between the grains and matrix was not a source of weakness. However, as the matrix was crosslinked this could not be checked by solution methods of polymer characterization.
Modeling the effects of topography and wind on atmospheric dispersion of CO2 surface leakage at geologic carbon sequestration sites

Modeling the effects of topography and wind on atmospheric dispersion of CO 2 surface leakage at geologic carbon sequestration sites Fotini K. Chow a ,*, Patrick W. Granvold a , and Curtis M. Oldenburg b Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1710, USA b Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., MS 90-1116, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA a Abstract Understanding the potential impacts of unexpected surface releases of CO 2 is an essential part of risk assessment for geologic carbon sequestration sites. We have extended a mesoscale atmospheric model to model dense gas dispersion of CO 2 leakage. The hazard from CO 2 leakage is greatest in regions with topographic depressions where the dense gas can pool. Simulation of dispersion in idealized topographies shows that CO 2 can persist even under high winds. Simulation of a variety of topographies, winds, and release conditions allows the generation of a catalog of simulation results that can be queried to estimate potential impacts at actual geologic carbon sequestration sites. Keywords: atmospheric dispersion, dense gas, leakage and seepage, carbon sequestration. 1. Introduction An essential component of risk assessment at geologic carbon sequestration sites is the estimation of the impact and likelihood of unexpected surface releases of CO 2 . Carbon dioxide gas can potentially migrate through faults, fractures, or abandoned wells that may provide pathways for leakage to the ground surface. Though such leakage is typically slow and in small amounts if it can occur at all, negatively buoyant CO 2 may accumulate at the ground surface under calm conditions, posing health risks to humans and animals in the vicinity. Prior studies have suggested that wind-driven dispersion would be effective at dispersing leaking CO 2 [1], but the model was unable to represent dense gas effects above the ground surface that could inhibit mixing. Because atmospheric dispersion of CO 2 is driven by gravity (gas-density contrast) and wind, the danger from CO 2 is greatest in regions with topographic depressions where the dense gas can pool, or under stably-stratified background atmospheric conditions which further inhibit mixing and dilution of the gas. In this work, we have extended a mesoscale atmospheric model to predict dispersion of releases of dense CO 2 gas. Simulation of dispersion in idealized topographies illustrates the * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-510-643-4405; fax: +1-510-642-7483. E-mail address: chow@ce.berkeley.edu.
Frequent and Widespread Parallel Evolution of Protein Sequences

Understanding the patterns and causes of protein sequence evolution is a major challenge in evolutionary biology. One of the critical unresolved issues is the relative contribution of selection and genetic drift to the fixation of amino acid sequence differences between species. Molecular homoplasy, the independent evolution of the same amino acids at orthologous sites in different taxa, is one potential signature of selection; however, relatively little is known about its prevalence in eukaryotic proteomes. To quantify the extent and type of homoplasy among evolving proteins, we used phylogenetic methodology to analyze 8 genome-scale data matrices from clades of different evolutionary depths that span the eukaryotic tree of life. We found that the frequency of homoplastic amino acid substitutions in eukaryotic proteins was more than 2-fold higher than expected under neutral models of protein evolution. The overwhelming majority of homoplastic substitutions were parallelisms that involved the most frequently exchanged amino acids with similar physicochemical properties and that could be reached by a single-mutational step. We conclude that the role of homoplasy in shaping the protein record is much larger than generally assumed, and we suggest that its high frequency can be explained by both weak positive selection for certain substitutions and purifying selection that constrains substitutions to a small number of functionally equivalent amino acids.
Changes in adolescent and parent hopefulness in psychotherapy: effects on adolescent outcomes as evaluated by adolescents, parents, and therapists

We examined the role of hope in the behavioral and socioemotional outcomes of adolescents referred to psychotherapy. Adolescents (n = 3517), aged 12–17 years, and their parents rated adolescents’ behavior problems, adolescents’ adaptive behavior, and their own subjective experience of hopefulness at intake and at 3-month follow-up. Therapists also rated adolescents’ behavior problems and adaptive behavior at intake and follow-up. Adolescents who reported increased hopefulness during treatment showed significantly fewer problems and significantly greater adaptive behavior at follow-up than adolescents who reported stable or decreased hopefulness. Similarly, adolescents’ outcomes were significantly associated with parents’ change in hopefulness during treatment. Results were consistent for adolescent, parent, and therapist ratings of outcomes. Our findings provide some of the first empirical evidence for the importance of hopefulness in the psychosocial treatment of adolescents and highlight the need to att...
Enhanced death signaling in ozone-exposed ischemic-reperfused hearts

Although numerous advancements made in the field of human health have resulted in reduced deaths due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD), many patients with cardiac disease show no established risk. Therefore, other unknown factors may be responsible for the pathophysiology of CVD. Out of 350,000 sudden cardiac deaths each year in the United States, 60,000 deaths have been related to air pollution, suggesting a detrimental role of environmental pollutants in the development of CVD. The present study tested our hypothesis that chronic ozone exposure enhances the sensitivity to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in isolated perfused hearts. Sprague-Dawley rats were continuously exposed for 8 h/day for 28 and 56 days to filtered air or 0.8 ppm ozone. Isolated hearts were subjected to 30 min of global ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion. Cardiac function after I/R measured as left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), +dP/dt, -dP/dt, and left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was significantly decreased and increased respectively in ozone-exposed I/R hearts compared to I/R hearts exposed to filtered air. The enhanced sensitivity to I/R injury upon ozone exposure was associated with increased myocardial TNF-alpha levels and lipid peroxidation and decreased myocardial activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and IL-10. These data suggest that ozone-induced sensitivity to myocardial I/R injury may be due to promoting levels of oxidative stress as well as inflammatory mediators.
Linear frequency estimation technique for reducing frequency based signals

This paper presents a linear frequency estimation (LFE) technique for data reduction of frequency-based signals. LFE converts a signal to the frequency domain by utilizing the Fourier transform and estimates both the real and imaginary parts with a series of vectors much smaller than the original signal size. The estimation is accomplished by selecting optimal points from the frequency domain and interpolating data between these points with a first order approximation. The difficulty of such a problem lies in determining which points are most significant. LFE is unique in the fact that it is generic to a wide variety of frequency-based signals such as electromyography (EMG), voice, and electrocardiography (ECG). The only requirement is that spectral coefficients are spatially correlated. This paper presents the algorithm and results from both EMG and voice data. We complete the paper with a description of how this method can be applied to pattern types of recognition, signal indexing, and compression.
Synthesis and antituberculosis activity of C-phosphonate analogues of decaprenolphosphoarabinose, a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of mycobacterial arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan.

The cell wall complex in mycobacteria, including the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is comprised in large part of two polysaccharides that contain a significant number of arabinofuranose residues. Both polysaccharides are assembled by a family of arabinosyltransferases that use decaprenolphosphoarabinose (3) as the donor species. In this paper, we describe the synthesis of a panel of C-phosphonate analogues of 3, which were designed to inhibit these arabinosyltransferases and thus block the biosynthesis of mycobacterial cell wall polysaccharides. A number of routes were explored for the preparation of the targets. The successful approach involved the synthesis of a protected C-phosphonate allyl ester 16, which was then coupled to an alkene via an olefin cross metathesis reaction. Subsequent reduction of the alkene with diimide and deprotection afforded the targets. Screening of these compounds in vitro against Mycobacterium tuberculosis revealed that one of the compounds, 15f, possessed antitu...
On the radial flow of a viscous fluid between porous disks

A boundary value problem which yields exact solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for the flow between two infinite, coaxial, and permeable disks is studied here. This problem was introduced in [1], and various conclusions were drawn on the basis of approximations to the solution. In what follows the existence, uniqueness, and asymptotic behavior of a solution are rigorously established. These results are of interest in themselves in providing a complete discussion of an exact solution of the Navier-Stokes equations. On the other hand, the flow problem is closely related to the VON K.~RMAN problem of flow between rotating, coaxial disks, and, if suction or injection is allowed on the disks in that problem, the one studied here may be thought of as the special case in which the disks do not rotate. Many questions remain unanswered for the VON KARM,~N problem ([2], [3] give recent work on existence of a solution), and in particular nothing is known about uniqueness. The boundary value problem dealt with here is much simpler than the one which arises from the rotating disk flow problem, but it is of a similar type, and it may be hoped that these results will shed some light on that problem.