cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An octree-based algorithm for the optimization of extraneous material removal in laminated object manufacturing (LOM)

Layered Manufacturing (LM) has emerged as the technology of choice for creating prototypes from CAD models. Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) is a form of layered manufacturing technology developed by Helisys Inc. Here the solid is built from stacked-up layers of paper (or other laminates) backed with a heat-activated adhesive. A laser is used to cut the profile of the solid and crosshatch the extraneous material on each layer for easy removal. Layered manufacturing has greatly reduced the time required to make models and prototypes. There is, however, great scope for making the processes faster and more accurate by using better algorithms. Experiments have shown that the cross-hatching of the extraneous material contributes between 30 to 50% of the build time in the case of the LOM process. This paper targets the cross-hatching of extraneous material as a means to reduce the build time of the LOM part. In this paper, an octree-based, variable-size cross-hatching algorithm for generating the laser path is presented. Results on test parts have produced up to a 50% reduction in the cross-hatching time of the object as compared to the traditional fixed-size cross-hatching approach. An AutoLISP/AutoCAD environment was used for validation of the laser path generated by the algorithm.
Separation of tetracyclines by high-performance capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography

Abstract Separations of various tetracycline mixtures by high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) and a new form of electrochromatography (CEC) are compared. The new CEC method involves etching the inner wall of the capillary surface with an appropriate reagent (ammonium dihydrogen fluoride) in order to produce a significant increase in surface area. The etched surface is then modified by a silation/hydrosilation reaction sequence to first produce a hydride intermediate which is then further reacted to attach a C 18 moiety. The bare and hydride capillaries are tested under HPCE conditions while the C 18 capillary functions in the CEC mode. The effects of pH and the presence of an organic modifier (methanol) are also studied. Detection limits ( μ g/ml) are comparable to previous HPLC and HPCE results. Resolutions for mixtures which simulate real analytical problems are equal to or better than those reported for separations on polymeric and diol columns by HPLC and in earlier studies by HPCE and MECC.
Electrochemical and microstructural analysis of nickel–yttria-stabilized zirconia electrode operated in phosphorus-containing syngas

Abstract Trace impurities in coal-derived syngas pose a threat on the performance and durability of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operated in syngas. A Ni–YSZ/YSZ/Ni–YSZ (YSZ stands for yttria-stabilized zirconia) half-cell is constructed in order to evaluate the effects of a phosphorus impurity on the performance of the Ni–YSZ cermet anode in the simulated coal-derived syngas containing 30.6% H 2 , 30% CO, 11.8% CO 2 , 27.6% H 2 O and 20 ppm PH 3 . Electrochemical impedance analysis shows that both the charge transfer resistance and the diffusion resistance increase with time during exposure to the P-containing syngas. The diffusion resistance increases faster than the charge transfer resistance. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies show that phosphorus is incorporated into the Ni–YSZ electrode, leading to the formation of secondary phases of nickel phosphate and zirconium phosphate. The incorporation of phosphorus into the anode is accelerated by an applied electric field.
Driver's health management system using nanosecond pulse near-field sensing technology

Long-term and continuous non-invasive driver's health monitoring has shown that it is the most important to measure driver's fatigue level and personal health status. Currently, there are many preferable methods, including ECG, EEG and EOG, to get the physiological parameters of driver. However, the size of the machine is large and the operation of monitors is difficult. The measurement procedure is limited by long-term, continuous measurement and also easy to cause discomfort. To improve these issues, the noncontact and non-pressurized measuring method will become an important innovation improvement. This paper presents a driver's health management system using noncontact physical sensor technology. The system contains three portions: (a) nanosecond pulse near-field sensing (NPNS) radar system, (b) physiological signal processing, and (c) controller area network (CAN) system. The experimental results show that the NPNS radar sensor can be applied to detect driver's health status and combined with car system for driving safety and health management. 1
Specific PCR detection and identification of Xylella fastidiosa strains causing citrus variegated chlorosis

By cloning and sequencing specific randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) products, we have developed pairs of PCR primers that can be used to detect Xylella fastidiosa in general, and X. fastidiosa that cause citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) specifically. We also identified a CVC-specific region of the X. fastidiosa genome that contains a 28-nucleotide insertion, and single base changes that distinguish CVC and grape X. fastidiosa strains. When using RAPD products to develop specific PCR primers, we found it most efficient to screen for size differences among RAPD products rather than presence/absence of a specific RAPD band.
Randomized clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of a brief intervention targeting anxiety sensitivity cognitive concerns

Objective Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is a well-established, malleable risk factor for anxiety and other forms of psychopathology. Structural evaluation models of AS suggest it can be decomposed into physical, social, and cognitive concerns, and emerging work indicates that these components may be differentially related to various adverse outcomes. In particular, AS cognitive concerns have been consistently linked with suicide. Prior work has also shown that brief interventions can effectively reduce overall AS, but these treatments tend to focus on its physical subcomponent. The aim of the current investigation was to design and evaluate the efficacy of an AS treatment more specifically focused on its cognitive component. Method Non-treatment-seeking participants (N = 108) with elevated AS were randomly assigned to a 1-session intervention utilizing psychoeducation and interoceptive exposure techniques to target AS or a health information control intervention and assessed posttreatment and at 1-month follow-up. Results The active treatment condition produced significantly greater reductions in AS at posttreatment. Group differences persisted at 1-month follow-up that were specific to AS cognitive concerns. Moreover, changes in cognitive AS mediated symptom change at follow-up including suicide outcomes. Conclusions Despite the brevity of the treatment intervention, findings demonstrate that it resulted in substantial reductions in AS cognitive concerns that were linked with symptom improvement.
On the Validity of the Poisson Assumption in Sampling Nanometer-Sized Aerosols

For a constant aerosol concentration, it is traditionally assumed that a Poisson process describes the behavior of particle detections during sampling and consequently fluctuations in the measured concentration. Recent studies, however, have shown that sampling of micrometer-sized aerosols has non-Poissonian behavior with positive correlations. The validity of the Poisson assumption for nanometer-sized aerosols has not been established and thus was tested in this study. Its validity was tested for four particle sizes—10 nm, 25 nm, 50 nm, and 100 nm—by sampling from indoor air with a differential mobility analyzer-condensation particle counter (DMA-CPC) setup to obtain a time series of particle counts. Five metrics were calculated from the data: pair-correlation function (PCF), scaled clustering index (SCI), coefficient of variation, probability of measuring a concentration at least 25% greater than average, and posterior distributions from Bayesian inference. To identify departures from Poissonian behavio...
Characterization of cartilage metabolic response to static and dynamic stress using a mechanical explant test system

Abstract A new mechanical explant test system was used to study the metabolic response (via proteoglycan biosynthesis) of mature, weight-bearing canine articular cartilage subjected to static and dynamic compressive stresses. Stresses ranging from 0.5 to 24 MPa were applied sinusoidally at 1 Hz for intervals of 2–24 h. The explants were loaded in unconfined compression and compared to age-matched unloaded explants. Both static and dynamic compressive stress significantly decreased proteoglycan biosynthesis (range 25–85%) for all loading time intervals. The inhibition was proportional to the applied stress but was independent of loading time. After rehydration uponload removal, the measured water content of the loaded explants was not different from the unloaded explants for all test variables. Autoradiographic and electron microscopic analysis of loaded explants showed viable chondrocytes throughout the matrix. Our results suggest that the decreased metabolic response of cyclically loaded explants may be dominated by the static component (RMS) of the dynamic load. Furthermore, the observed decreased metabolism may be more representative of the in situ tissue response than that of unloaded explants, in which we found an increasing rate of metabolism for up to 6 days after explant removal.
Managing patients with acute, nonvariceal gastrointestinal hemorrhage: development and effectiveness of a clinical care pathway.

Managing patients with acute, nonvariceal gastrointestinal hemorrhage: development and effectiveness of a clinical care pathway
Temperature Modeling for Carbon Nanofiber Breakdown

Carbon nanofibers (CNF) are proposed for electrical interconnect applications because of their relatively large current capacity and ability to form well-aligned one-dimensional structures. It is experimentally determined that nanofibers that are suspended between two electrodes breakdown at or near the nanofiber center. Based on published property values a simple model is used to calculate the temperature and quantify the effect of heat generation at the CNF/electrode interface on the nanofiber temperature. The model has the capability to separately account for the substrate temperature and the temperature at the CNF/electrode junction. It is determined that the CNF reaches a temperature at which carbon oxidation is likely to occur.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Ask the plant: investigating and teaching plant structure

The discipline of comparative plant morphology can play an important role in both teaching and research at a comprehensive university. Natural variation can be used as the basis for studies that begin with the simple premise of ‘ask the plant’. Research questions from a variety of disciplines can be examined using the unique methods and perspectives of comparative morphology. In addition to its common application in clarifying developmental relationships and processes, comparative morphology is naturally and has been historically suited to examining the adaptations of plants to their environments. Two examples (one from grasses and another from native Utah shrubs) of studies relating plant form to patterns of growth and competition will be used to illustrate this interface between morphology and ecology. The potential role of comparative morphology in teaching will be described for three different levels in the university curriculum: Biology I (an introductory course for first-year students); Plant Structure (an elective for third- or fourth-year students); and Ecological Plant Morphology and Anatomy (post-baccalaureate or postgraduate level). Describing and explaining plant diversity and variation in the context of common structural adaptations, rather than from a strictly taxonomic perspective, has been an effective ‘hook’ to interest students in plants in the introductory course. In the more advanced courses it has provided a useful framework for understanding how plant diversity reflects adaptive value as well as common descent and has provided a broader perspective for student research projects in the basic and applied plant sciences. © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 150, 73–78.
Fatigue crack growth retardation in an aluminum alloy

Abstract A detailed fractographic analysis of fatigue crack retardation due to peak overloads was performed on a 2124 T351 aluminum alloy. The influence of an overload ratio KOL/Kmax equal to 1.3 was investigated for the stress intensity factor ranges corresponding to KOL/Kmax values of 16.5 and 22 MPa m 1 2 . Microscopic growth rates were measured on compact tension specimens at midthickness (plane strain) and near the edges (pseudoplane stress). The crack retardation after a peak overload was observed to extend over the length of the calculated plane strain plastic zone due to the overload. The crack retardation near the surface of the specimen was greater than in the plane strain region near the center. The models of Wheeler and Willenborg were found to provide a fair approximation of the retardation phenomenon.
Differences in steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression from the luteinizing-granulosa cells of patients undergoing in vitro fertilization with embryo transfer: implications for cycle outcomes.

Abstract Objective: Previous research has suggested a correlation between the subtle rise in progesterone induced by the administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and cycle outcome in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization with embryo transfer (IVF-ET). The data suggest that patients who have 3-fold; normal responders). Recent studies have demonstrated that steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) regulates the rate-limiting step in steroid hormone biosynthesis. The objective of the present study was to determine whether StAR expression differed in normal responders and poor responders undergoing IVF-ET. Study Design: The luteinizing-granulosa cells of 6 patients were isolated after follicular aspiration and assayed for StAR expression. Three sets of cells were from patients exhibiting a normal response to hCG administration and 3 sets were from patients exhibiting a poor response. Results: Data suggest a 17% drop in StAR protein in patients with a poor response to hCG administration when compared with those with a normal response. Conclusions: Although StAR protein was expressed in all 6 cellular extracts, expression appeared greatest in cells recovered from normal responders. Further, although two thirds of the patients with a normal response reported term pregnancies, no pregnancies were reported in the poor responders. Low levels of progesterone and absence of pregnancy may be due to a defect in the mechanism that converts granulosa and theca-lutein cells to luteal cells after the luteinizing hormone surge (or hCG administration). Data from the current study would suggest that the StAR protein may be involved. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:872-5.)
The scientific methodology in the light of cybernetics

Presents the scientific methodology from the enlarged cybernetical perspective that recognizes the anisotropy of time, the probabilistic character of natural laws, and the entry that the incomplete determinism in Nature opens to the occurrence of innovation, growth, organization, teleology communication, control, contest and freedom. The new tier to the methodological edifice that cybernetics provides stands on the earlier tiers, which go back to the Ionians (c. 500 BC). However, the new insights reveal flaws in the earlier tiers, and their removal strengthens the entire edifice. The new concepts of teleological activity and contest allow the clear demarcation of the military sciences as those whose subject matter is teleological activity involving contest. The paramount question “what ought to be done”, outside the empirical realm, is embraced by the scientific methodology. It also embraces the cognitive sciences that ask how the human mind is able to discover, and how the sequence of discoveries might converge to a true description of reality.
The shift of Curie temperature and evolution of ferroelectric domain in ferroelectric crystals

Abstract A micromechanics-based thermodynamic model for the phase transition of ferroelectric crystals is developed and, with it, the shift of Curie temperature and evolution of ferroelectric phase upon cooling are examined. This approach differs from the classical phenomenological one in that the evolution of new domain concentration can be predicted. We start out by formulating the Gibbs free energy of a generic, two-phase crystal consisting of the parent paraelectric phase and the transformed ferroelectric phase, at a given level of temperature, stress, and electric field. The thermodynamic driving force for domain growth is then derived and, together with the resistance force, a kinetic equation is established. The derived driving force is found to arise from three different sources of Gibbs free energy: (i) the interaction energy due to the heterogeneity of electromechanical moduli of the parent and product phases, (ii) the energy dissipation due to spontaneous polarization, and (iii) the self-energy of the dual-phase system due to the existence of polarization strain and electric polarization. For a BaTiO 3 crystal the electromechanical heterogeneity is found to play a rather significant role that seems not to have been recognized before. The derived shift recovers to the Clausius–Clapeyron relation if such heterogeneity disappears. We have examined in detail several factors that affect the shift of Curie temperature, and calculated the evolution of overall polarization and dielectric constant of a BaTiO 3 crystal. The results are found to be consistent with available test data.
Acute hypoxia and reoxygenation impairs exhaled nitric oxide release and pulmonary mechanics.

Abstract Objective: Changes in exhaled nitric oxide levels often accompany conditions associated with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and altered lung mechanics. However, it is unclear whether changes in exhaled nitric oxide reflect altered vascular or bronchial nitric oxide production. This study determined the effects of acute hypoxia and reoxygenation on pulmonary mechanics, plasma nitrite levels, and exhaled nitric oxide production. Methods: Ten piglets underwent 90 minutes of hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen=12%), 1 hour of reoxygenation on cardiopulmonary bypass, and 2 hours of recovery. Five additional animals underwent bypass without hypoxia. Exhaled nitric oxide, plasma nitrite levels, and pulmonary mechanics were measured. Results: Exhaled nitric oxide decreased to 36% of baseline by end hypoxia (34 ± 14 vs 12 ± 9 ppb, P = .005) and declined further to 20% of baseline at end recovery (7 ± 6 ppb). Aortic nitrite levels decreased from baseline during hypoxia (from 102 ± 13 to 49 ± 7 μmol/L, P = .05) but returned to baseline during recovery. Pulmonary arterial nitrite also decreased during hypoxia (from 31.4 ± 7.8 to 22.9 ± 9.5 μmol/L, P = .04) and returned to baseline at end recovery. Decreased production of exhaled nitric oxide was associated with impaired gas exchange (alveolar-arterial gradient=32 mm Hg at baseline and 84 mm Hg at end recovery), decreased pulmonary compliance (6.6 ± 0.9 mL/cm H 2 O at baseline, 5.0 ± 0.7 mL/cm H 2 O at end hypoxia, and 5.4 ± 0.7 mL/cm H 2 O at end recovery), and increased inspiratory airway resistance (41 ± 4 cm H 2 O · L –1 · s –1 at baseline, 56 ± 4.9 cm H 2 O · L –1 · s –1 at end hypoxia, and 50 ± 5 cm H 2 O · L –1 · s –1 at end recovery). Conclusions: A decrease in exhaled nitric oxide persisted after hypoxia, and plasma nitrite levels returned to baseline on reoxygenation, indicating that alterations in exhaled nitric oxide during hypoxia-reoxygenation might be unrelated to plasma nitrite levels. Furthermore, decreased exhaled nitric oxide corresponded with altered pulmonary mechanics and gas exchange. Reduced exhaled nitric oxide after hypoxia-reoxygenation might reflect bronchial epithelial dysfunction associated with acute lung injury. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:931-8)
Influence of oxime ether safeners and metolachlor on acetate incorporation into lipids and on acetyl-CoA carboxylase of grain sorghum

Abstract The individual and combined influence of the chloroacetanilide herbicide, metolachlor, and of the oxime ether safeners, oxabetrinil and CGA-133205, on the growth and selected physiological processes of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, var. Funk G-522 DR] were examined under laboratory conditions. Plant material for these experiments was derived from seed that was either untreated or treated with 1.25 or 0.4 g ai/kg seed of oxabetrinil or CGA-133205, respectively. Metolachlor at 10 μM and seed-applied CGA-133205 had no effect on germination while treatment with seed-applied oxabetrinil significantly reduced germination of grain sorghum. Metolachlor at 10 μM had no significant influence on [14C]acetate incorporation into total lipids or the individual lipid classes of grain sorghum roots that were evaluated. Oxabetrinil stimulated [14C]acetate incorporation into grain sorghum lipids was even greater when oxabetrinil was applied in combination with metolachlor. CGA-133205 did not stimulate [14C]acetate incorporation into any lipid fraction while the CGA-133205/metolachlor treatment stimulated incorporation of [14C]acetate into the free fatty acids and the triglycerides. These results indicate that metolachlor and the oxime ether safeners influence lipid metabolism, causing a redistribution of carbon in the lipid fractions of germinating sorghum roots. However, these effects were not of sufficient magnitude to explain the herbicidal activity of metalachlor or to account for the safening activity of oxime ether safeners on sorghum. The activity of acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2) extracted from safener-treated sorghum tissue was similar to that extracted from untreated tissue. Metolachlor, oxabetrinil, or CGA-133205 at 50 μM did not influence acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity, indicating that this enzyme is not a target site for either metolachlor or the oxime ether safeners. However, the metolachlor/oxabetrinil combination (at 50 μM each) slightly inhibited the activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
Placebo washout is not a meaningful part of antidepressant drug trials

Most trials testing the effectiveness of psychotropic drugs begin with a placebo washout phase. Hypothetically this technique rids studies of placebo responders before randomization of subjects to drug and placebo groups. In theory, this lowers the level of response to placebo in the study and magnifies the superiority of the response to medication. An analysis of 10 years of research literature demonstrates that the washout technique does not do what it was designed to do in antidepressant studies. Within placebo or drug groups neither measures of depression nor dropouts were affected by including a preliminary washout in the design. The findings are consistent with the two other studies that have addressed this issue.
A temperature- and strain-rate-dependent model of NiTi shape memory alloys for seismic control of bridges

This paper proposes a neuro-fuzzy model of NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) wires that is capable of capturing behavior of superelastic SMAs at different temperatures and at various loading rates while remaining simple enough to realize numerical simulations. First, in order to collect data, uniaxial tensile tests are conducted on superelastic wires in the temperature range of 0 oC to 40 oC, and at the loading frequencies of 0.05 Hz to 2 Hz that is the range of interest for seismic applications. Then, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is employed to construct a model of SMAs based on experimental input-output data pairs. The fuzzy model obtained from ANFIS training is validated by using an experimental data set that is not used during training. Upon having a model that can represent behavior of superelastic SMAs at various ambient temperature and loading-rates, nonlinear simulation of a multi-span continuous bridge isolated by rubber bearings that is equipped with SMA dampers is carried out. Response of the bridge to a historical earthquake record is presented at different ambient temperatures in order to evaluate the effect of temperature on the performance of the structure. It is shown that SMA damping elements can effectively decrease peak deck displacement and the relative displacement between piers and superstructure in an isolated bridge while recovering all the deformations to their original position.
The Effect of Different Planting Dates on the Infestation of Soybean by Heterodera glycines Race 5

The effects of different planting dates on infestation of susceptible soybean cvs. Essex and Lee by Heterodera glycines were investigated during three growing seasons. Early planting dates of susceptible soybean cvs. at lower temperatures resulted in smaller nodules, lower nematode populations and field infestations, lower soybean cyst nematode (SCN) disease ratings, taller plants, and higher yields. SCN induced more nodules on soybean roots at 14 May plantings date. The development of SCN race 5 in the field was associated closely with soil temperature. The infestation of susceptible soybean cvs. at early planting dates by H. glycines greatly affected the agronomic performance of these cvs. in the field. Susceptible soybean cvs grown in infested soil with SCN race 5 planted earlier than the recommended planting dates escaped severe infestation of SCN in the field.
Contemporary management of acute mesenteric ischemia: Factors associated with survival.

Abstract Purpose: Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) is a morbid condition with a difficult diagnosis and a high rate of complications, which is associated with a high mortality rate. For the evaluation of the results of current management and the examination of factors associated with survival, we reviewed our experience. Methods: The clinical data of all the patients who underwent operation for AMI between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 1999, were retrospectively reviewed, clinical outcome was recorded, and factors associated with survival rate were analyzed. Results: Fifty-eight patients (22 men and 36 women; mean age, 67 years; age range, 35 to 96 years) underwent study. The cause of AMI was embolism in 16 patients (28%), thrombosis in 37 patients (64%), and nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia (NMI) in five patients (8.6%). Abdominal pain was the most frequent presenting symptom (95%). Twenty-five patients (43%) had previous symptoms of chronic mesenteric ischemia. All the patients underwent abdominal exploration, preceded with arteriography in 47 (81%) and with endovascular treatment in eight. Open mesenteric revascularization was performed in 43 patients (bypass grafting, n=22; thromboembolectomy, n=19; patch angioplasty, n=11; endarterectomy, n=5; reimplantation, n=2). Thirty-one patients (53%) needed bowel resection at the first operation. Twenty-three patients underwent second-look procedures, 11 patients underwent bowel resections (repeat resection, n=9), and three patients underwent exploration only. The 30-day mortality rate was 32%. The rate was 31% in patients with embolism, 32% in patients with thrombosis, and 80% in patients with NMI. Multiorgan failure (n = 18 patients) was the most frequent cause of death. The cumulative survival rates at 90 days, at 1 year, and at 3 years were 59%, 43%, and 32%, respectively, which was lower than the rate of a Midwestern white control population ( P P P =.03) were associated with improved survival rates. Conclusion: The contemporary management of AMI with revascularization with open surgical techniques, resection of nonviable bowel, and liberal use of second-look procedures results in the early survival of two thirds of the patients with embolism and thrombosis. Older patients, those who did not undergo bowel resection, and those with NMI have the highest mortality rates. The long-term survival rate remains dismal. Timely revascularization in patients who are symptomatic with chronic mesenteric ischemia should be considered to decrease the high mortality rate of AMI. (J Vasc Surg 2002;35:445-52.)
The influence of first generation fertility and economic status on second generation fertility.

This paper examines the impact of parental economic status and family size on the actual and expected fertility of adult children using longitudinal data from two generations of families participating in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. There was a modest positive relationship between first generation family size and second generation fertility. More importantly, the ideal family size of the parental family was more closely related to fertility behavior and plans in the second generation than was actual parental family size. In addition, the data revealed the hypothesized negative correlation between parental financial status and second generation fertility behavior and plans. Several mechanisms which could produce the correlation between parental characteristics and the fertility of their children are explored.
Microtubule translocation properties of intact and proteolytically digested dyneins from Tetrahymena cilia

Tetrahymena cilia contain a three-headed 22S (outer arm) dynein and a single-headed 14S dynein. In this study, we have employed an in vitro assay of microtubule translocation along dynein-coated glass surfaces to characterize the motile properties of 14S dynein, 22S dynein, and proteolytic fragments of 22S dynein. Microtubule translocation produced by intact 22S dynein and 14S dynein differ in a number of respects including (a) the maximal velocities of movement; (b) the ability of 22S dynein but not 14S dynein to utilize ATP gamma S to induce movement; (c) the optimal pH and ionic conditions for movement; and (d) the effects of Triton X-100 on the velocity of movement. These results indicate that 22S and 14S dyneins have distinct microtubule translocating properties and suggest that these dyneins may have specialized roles in ciliary beating. We have also explored the function of the multiple ATPase heads of 22S dynein by preparing one- and two-headed proteolytic fragments of this three-headed molecule and examining their motile activity in vitro. Unlike the single-headed 14S dynein, the single-headed fragment of 22S dynein did not induce movement, even though it was capable of binding to microtubules. The two-headed fragment, on the other hand, translocated microtubules at velocities similar to those measured for intact 22S dynein (10 microns/sec). This finding indicates that the intact three-headed structure of 22S dynein is not essential for generating microtubule movement, which raises the possibility that multiple heads may serve some regulatory function or may be required for maximal force production in the beating cilium.
X-ray structure of a NF-kappaB p50/RelB/DNA complex reveals assembly of multiple dimers on tandem kappaB sites.

We describe here the X-ray crystal structure of NF-κB p50/RelB heterodimer bound to a κB DNA. Although the global modes of subunit association and κB DNA recognition are similar to other NF-κB/DNA complexes, this complex reveals distinctive features not observed for non-RelB complexes. For example, Lys274 of RelB is removed from the protein–DNA interface whereas the corresponding residues in all other subunits make base-specific contacts. This mode of binding suggests that RelB may allow the recognition of more diverse κB sequences. Complementary surfaces on RelB and p50, as revealed by the crystal contacts, are highly suggestive of assembly of multiple p50/RelB heterodimers on tandem κB sites in solution. Consistent with this model our in vitro binding experiments reveal optimal assembly of two wild-type p50/RelB heterodimers on tandem HIV κB DNA with 2 bp spacing but not by a mutant heterodimer where one of the RelB packing surface is altered. We suggest that multiple NF-κB dimers assemble at diverse κB promoters through direct interactions utilizing unique protein–protein interaction surfaces.
The Constant Impedance Method for Measuring Inductance of Choke Coils

This paper describes a method for measuring at power frequencies the inductance of iron-cored choke coils of the type commonly used in radio as filters. It has been used to measure values of from one to more than 2000 henries. Two circuit arrangements are illustrated and several families of curves show how the inductance depends upon the magnitude of the superposed alternating and direct-current magnetomotive forces. The method may also be used at higher frequencies. It is simple, convenient to use, and requires the minimum of equipment.
Time-Domain Far-Field Analysis of Radiation Sources and Point-Source Coherence

A procedure called FARS (Far-field Analysis of Radiation Sources) has been previously described by the author as a means of determining the quantitative contribution per unit length or per unit area to the power radiated from some object in either the frequency domain or the time domain. Just as frequency-domain and time-domain solutions provide complementary perspectives of general electromagnetic phenomena, so do Frequency-Domain FARS (FDFARS) and Time-Domain FARS (TDFARS) for their particular applications. For example, a time-domain solution enables separating various effects due to their different time delays to the far field. TDFARS can thus be useful in demonstrating the effect of the time-space coherence of propagating charge/current pulses as they meet, when propagating along a perfectly conducting wire. Some results concerning this effect are included, as well as their correlation with the time variation of current and charge energy measures.
Multi-level tiling: M for the price of one

Tiling is a widely used loop transformation for exposing/exploiting parallelism and data locality. High-performance implementations use multiple levels of tiling to exploit the hierarchy of parallelism and cache/register locality. Efficient generation of multi-level tiled code is essential for effective use of multi-level tiling. Parameterized tiled code, where tile sizes are not fixed but left as symbolic parameters can enable several dynamic and run-time optimizations. Previous solutions to multi-level tiled loop generation are limited to the case where tile sizes are fixed at compile time. We present an algorithm that can generate multi-level parameterized tiled loops at the same cost as generating single-level tiled loops. The efficiency of our method is demonstrated on several benchmarks. We also present a method-useful in register tiling-for separating partial and full tiles at any arbitrary level of tiling. The code generator we have implemented is available as an open source tool.
2, 2′‐ and 4, 4′‐Cyanines are transporter‐independent in vitro dopaminergic toxins with the specificity and mechanism of toxicity similar to MPP+

Specific uptake through dopamine transporter followed by the inhibition of the mitochondrial complex-I have been accepted as the cause of the specific dopaminergic toxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+) ). However, MPP(+) is taken up into many cell types through other transporters, suggesting that, in addition to the efficient uptake, intrinsic vulnerability of dopaminergic cells may also contribute to their high sensitivity to MPP(+) and similar toxins. To test this possibility, two simple cyanines were employed in a comparative study based on their unique characteristics and structural similarity to MPP(+) . Here, we show that they freely accumulate in dopaminergic (MN9D and SH-SY5Y) as well as in liver (HepG2) cells, but are specifically and highly toxic to dopaminergic cells with IC50s in the range of 50-100 nM, demonstrating that they are about 1000-fold more toxic than MPP(+) under similar experimental conditions. They cause mitochondrial depolarization non-specifically, but increase the reactive oxygen species specifically in dopaminergic cells leading to the apoptotic cell death parallel to MPP(+) . These and other findings suggest that the specific dopaminergic toxicity of these cyanines is due to the inherent vulnerability of dopaminergic cells toward mitochondrial toxins that lead to the excessive production of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, the specific dopaminergic toxicity of MPP(+) must also be, at least partly, due to the specific vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons. Thus, these cyanines could be stronger in vivo dopaminergic toxins than MPP(+) and their in vivo toxicities must be evaluated. Here, we show that cationic lipophilic cyanines with structural similarity to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+) ) freely accumulate non-specifically, but only toxic to dopaminergic cells. They are 1000-fold more toxic than MPP(+) under similar conditions. They cause mitochondrial depolarization non-specifically, but increase the ROS specifically in dopaminergic cells leading to the apoptotic cell death parallel to MPP(+) . Thus, the specific dopaminergic toxicity of MPP(+) and related toxins could be due to the intrinsic vulnerability of dopaminergic cells toward mitochondrial oxidative stress.
A World of Difference: International Trends in Women's Economic Status

Around the globe and starting in the affluent West, women have made major, even revolutionary, strides toward equality with men. However, while access to major social institutions has equalized dramatically, expanded participation in labor markets and educational systems often comes in the form of gender-differentiated roles within these institutions. This article reviews international trends on different indicators of women's economic status and considers explanations for observed patterns. The forms of equality that tend to persist in advanced industrial societies are those that are readily interpreted as outcomes of free choices by formally equal but innately different men and women.
Cutting Edge: NKG2D Is a Costimulatory Receptor for Human Naive CD8+ T Cells

In humans, all αβ CD8+ T cells express NKG2D, but in mouse, it is only expressed by activated and memory CD8+ T cells. We purified human naive CD8+ T cells to show that NKG2D serves as a costimulatory receptor for TCR induced Ca2+ mobilization and proliferation. The resulting effector cells are skewed toward a type 1 phenotype and produce high levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α. NKG2D ligands, MHC class I chain-related (MIC)A, MICB, and UL16-binding proteins are expressed on the proliferating cells and NKG2D is down-regulated. The addition of the homeostatic cytokines IL-7 and IL-15 to the culture medium not only enhances proliferation but also counteracts the down-regulation of NKG2D, more so than the addition of IL-2. These results indicate that NKG2D can regulate the priming of human naive CD8+ T cells, which may provide an alternative mechanism for potentiating and channeling the immune response.
Structure-Function Analysis of Reovirus Binding to Junctional Adhesion Molecule 1 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MECHANISM OF REOVIRUS ATTACHMENT

Mammalian reoviruses are nonenveloped viruses with a long, filamentous attachment protein that dictates disease phenotypes following infection of newborn mice and is a structural homologue of the adenovirus attachment protein. Reoviruses use junctional adhesion molecule 1 (JAM1) as a serotype-independent cellular receptor. JAM1 is a broadly expressed immunoglobulin superfamily protein that forms stable homodimers and regulates tight-junction permeability and lymphocyte trafficking. We employed a series of structure-guided binding and infection experiments to define residues in human JAM1 (hJAM1) important for reovirus-receptor interactions and to gain insight into mechanisms of reovirus attachment. Binding and infection experiments using chimeric and domain deletion mutant receptor molecules indicate that the amino-terminal D1 domain of hJAM1 is required for reovirus attachment, infection, and replication. Reovirus binding to hJAM1 occurs more rapidly than homotypic hJAM1 association and is competed by excess hJAM1 in vitro and on cells. Cross-linking hJAM1 diminishes the capacity of reovirus to bind hJAM1 in vitro and on cells and negates the competitive effects of soluble hJAM1 on reovirus attachment. Finally, mutagenesis studies demonstrate that residues intimately associated with the hJAM1 dimer interface are critical for reovirus interactions with hJAM1. These results suggest that reovirus attachment disrupts hJAM1 dimers and highlight similarities between the attachment strategies of reovirus and adenovirus.
A secure and reliable in-network collaborative communication scheme for advanced metering infrastructure in smart grid

We consider various security vulnerabilities of deploying Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) in smart grid, and explore the issues related to confidentiality for customer privacy and customer behavior as well as message authentication for meter reading and control messages. There are only a very few research work on AMI authentications, and no work exists on confidentiality for user privacy and user behavior, from the best of our knowledge. In this paper, we propose an in-network collaborative scheme to provide secure and reliable AMI communications in smart grid, with smart meters interconnected through a multihop wireless network. In this approach, an AMI system can provide trust services, data privacy and integrity by mutual authentications whenever a new smart meter initiates and joins the smart grid AMI network. Data integrity and confidentiality are fulfilled through message authentication and encryption services respectively using the corresponding keys established in the mutual authentications. A transmission scheme is proposed to facilitate the data collection and management message delivery between smart meters and a local collector for AMI communications. Simulation results show that the proposed method has a better end-to-end delay and packet losses comparing with a basic security method, and the proposed method can provide secure and reliable communications for AMI in smart grid systems.
For Members Only Ingroup Punishment of Fairness Norm Violations in the Ultimatum Game

Although group membership has many privileges, members are expected to reciprocate those privileges. We tested whether in-group members would be punished more harshly than out-group members for mar...
Meeting human need through consumption, work, and leisure

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a perspective on need that derives from a personalism which is grounded in Catholic social thought and runs counter to the individualism of mainstream economics, focusing on need in the context of three economic activities: consumption, work, and leisure.Design/methodology/approach – Three strands of Christian personalism emerged in twentieth‐century Europe: in Paris, Munich, and Lublin. The author's comments derive from the Lublin strand.Findings – Mainstream economics regards consumption as satisfying human material wants. Need is disregarded except when poverty is addressed. Personalist economics insists that there are needs of the human spirit which are addressed through consumption. Personalist economics views work as having two effects. First, by producing goods and services it provides income to purchase those goods and services. Second, it provides opportunities to associate with others in the workplace, and to apply creative talents and energies. ...
Stream diurnal dissolved oxygen profiles as indicators of in-stream metabolism and disturbance effects: Fort Benning as a case study

We investigated whether two characteristics of stream diurnal dissolved oxygen profiles, the daily amplitude and maximum value of the dissolved oxygen saturation deficit, are useful indicators of stream metabolism and the effects of catchment-scale disturbances. The study was conducted at the U.S. Army's Fort Benning installation where vegetation loss and high rates of erosion from intensely used training areas and unpaved roads have resulted in extensive sedimentation in some streams. Diurnal profiles of dissolved oxygen were measured in 10 second-order streams draining catchments which exhibited a range of disturbance levels. Rates of gross primary production (GPP) and total ecosystem respiration (R) per unit surface area were determined for each stream using the single-station diurnal dissolved oxygen change method with direct measurement of air–water oxygen exchange rates. The daily amplitude of the diurnal dissolved oxygen deficit profile was highly correlated with daily rates of GPP, and multiplying the daily amplitude by average stream depth to account for differences in water volume did not improve the correlation. The daily maximum dissolved oxygen deficit was highly correlated with daily rates of R, and multiplying by average stream depth improved the correlation. In general, these indicators of stream metabolism declined sharply with increasing catchment disturbance level, although the indicators of R showed a more consistent relationship with disturbance level than those of GPP. Our results show that the daily amplitude and maximum value of diurnal dissolved oxygen deficit profiles are good indicators of reach-scale rates of metabolism and the effects of catchment-scale disturbance on these metabolism rates. At Fort Benning, and presumably at other military installations, they are useful tools for evaluating trends in impacts from military training or rates of recovery following restoration activities.
Breastfeeding and the Risk of Childhood Leukemia: A Meta-Analysis:

Objectives.The authors used a meta-analytic technique to (1) quantify the evidence of an association between duration of breastfeeding and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), (2) assess the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on any such associations, and (3) discuss the implications of these findings for the evaluation of whether breastfeeding reduces the risk of childhood leukemia.Methods.A fixed effects model was employed to systematically combine the results of 14 case-control studies addressing the effect of short-term (⩽6 months) and long-term (>6 months) breastfeeding on the risk of childhood ALL and/or AML. Subgroup analyses of studies that did and did not adjust for SES were also performed.Results.A significant, negative association was observed between long-term breastfeeding and both ALL risk (odds ratio [OR] = 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.68, 0.84) and AML risk (OR=0.85; 95% CI 0.73, 0.98). Short-term breastfeeding was similarl...