cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘The heaviest thing for me is being seen as aggressive’: the adverse impact of racial microaggressions on Black male undergraduates’ mental health

This phenomenological study explores Black male students’ lived experiences with racial microaggressions and the subsequent perceptions of their mental health while attending a predominately white ...
Impact of ZrO2 Dielectrics Thickness on Electrical Performance of TiO2 Thin Film Transistors with Sub-2 V Operation

In the present work, the impact of ZrO2 gate dielectric thickness on the electrical performance of TiO2 thin film transistors (TFTs) is systematically investigated. Exhaustive electrical measuremen...
Experimental evaluation of human-machine collaborative algorithms in planning for multiple UAVs

Many planning applications are theoretically intractable or unable to be solved in a practical amount of time by a human or a computer alone. Typical approaches involve a significant number of heuristics in an effort to deal with the complexity of the problem; limited decision support is provided for a human. An alternative is to integrate a human with the algorithms, so they can become partners. This paper describes an experimental study of such integration using a command and control resource allocation and planning system. The plans created with human involvement in the algorithms are compared to those created by the machine alone. Two levels of human-machine collaboration are studied, one in which the human completes a subproblem independently and the other in which the machine provides support. The results show that improved solutions are achieved when a human is aided by machine support in completing the subproblem.
Gastric Cancers Overexpress S100A Calcium-binding Proteins

Serial analysis of gene expression provides quantitative and comprehensive expression profiling in a given cell population. In our efforts to define the genes overexpressed in carcinoma of the stomach, we performed serial analysis of gene expression analyses on dissected neoplastic and normal gastric epithelia. We identified 91,334 expressed tags, including 26,633 that were unique. The 20 most up-regulated genes (P < 0.01) in gastric cancer (GC) compared with normal gastric epithelia included several keratins that are specific for epithelial cells such as keratin 6A, 13, and 17. Interestingly, five calcium-binding proteins (S100A2, S100A7, S100A8, S100A9, and S100A10) were overexpressed. Quantitative real-time PCR on primary GC samples demonstrated overexpression of S100A2 in 18 of 20 tumors (90%). The other calcium-binding proteins were overexpressed in 25-45% of the GC samples that we studied. Our results indicate that S100A proteins may be important for gastric tumorigenesis. Additional investigations are required to elucidate the biological role of calcium-binding proteins in cancer.
Radio frequency interference at the geostationary orbit

Growing demands on the frequency spectrum have increased the possibility of radio frequency interference (RFI). Various approaches to obtain in orbit RFI data are compared; this comparision indicates that the most practical way to obtain RFI data for a desired orbit (such as a geostationary orbit) is through the extrapolation of in orbit RFI measurements by a low orbit satellite. It is concluded that a coherent RFI program that uses both experimental data and analytical predictions provides accurate RFI data at minimal cost.
Evaluation of Adhesive-Bonded Joints in Housing Components of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyester Laminate

A series of tests was performed on sandwich panel housing components made with glass fiber-reinforced polyester (FRP) laminates. Specifically, long- and short-term tests were performed to evaluate the adhesive bonds between the FRP laminate facings and cores of the panels. Specimens of two different FRP laminates were analyzed and their bonding characteristics with two different adhesives were studied. The test data show that the bond strength was significantly affected by the laminate formulation, adhesive formulation, adhesive thickness, sustained loading, and temperature.
Learning from Words

The Stuff of Thought . Language as a Window into Human Nature. By Steven Pinker . Viking, New York, 2007. 511 pp. $29.95, C$37.50. ISBN 9780670063277. The author addresses the question of how the mind works by considering the way in which we use words.
On Hidden Hatred and Open Reproach: Early Exegesis Of Leviticus 19:17

As is well known, the beginnings of biblical exegesis are to be found within the Hebrew Bible itself: later books or passages often comment on earlier ones, clarifying perceived ambiguities, at times harmonizing apparent contradictions, or seeking to bring an ancient text up to date, even rewriting history or trying to bring out some would-be esoteric meaning. Indeed, evidence of these interpretive concerns is to be found not only within the later parts of the Jewish canon, but among the biblical apocrypha and pseudepigrapha, in the Qumran documents, Hellenistic Jewish writings, the New Testament, rabbinic literature, and so forth. Sometimes we can do more than simply catalogue how a given verse or passage was interpreted in various sources—we can actually try to glimpse something of the history and evolution of its interpretation.
Genome Sequence of a Newly Isolated Mycobacteriophage, ShedlockHolmes

ABSTRACT Mycobacteriophage ShedlockHolmes is a newly isolated phage infecting Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155. It has a 61,081-bp genome containing 99 predicted protein-coding genes and one tRNA gene. ShedlockHolmes is closely related to mycobacteriophages Pixie, Keshu, and MacnCheese and is a new member of subcluster K3.
Thymidyl biosynthesis enzymes as antibiotic targets

The two long-known "classical" enzymes of uridyl-5-methylation, thymidylate synthase and ribothymidyl synthase, have been joined by two alternative methylation enzymes, flavin-dependent thymidylate synthase and folate-dependent ribothymidyl synthase. These two newly discovered enzymes have much in common: both contain flavin cofactors, utilize methylenetetrahydrofolate as a source of methyl group, and perform thymidylate synthesis via chemical pathways distinct from those of their classic counterparts. Several severe human pathogens (e.g., typhus, anthrax, tuberculosis, and more) depend on these "alternative" enzymes for reproduction. These and other distinctive properties make the alternative enzymes and their corresponding genes appealing targets for new antibiotics.
Is the Hyde Park Dump, near the Niagara River, Still Affecting the Sediment of Lake Ontario?

Fifteen dated sediment cores from the four Lake Ontario sedimentation basins were analyzed by electron capture, gas chromatographic mass spectrometry for three fluorinated compounds originating fro...
Development of an integrated model for process planning and parameter selection for machining processes

The concept of ‘do it right the first time’ in the machining industry not only expects the best quality products but also at the best possible cost. The cost of machining depends on intelligent process planning and selection of machining parameters such as speed, feed, and depth of cut. The problem of machining parameter selection has received great attention by researchers and many techniques have been developed. A review of these techniques reveals that the selection of the machine and cutting tool is done before the process of cutting parameter selection and process sequencing, and often the selection is based on experience. The current research is an attempt to develop an integrated model (ExIMPro: Expert system based Integrated model for Machining Processes) which finds the sequence of operations with set of machines, tools, and other process parameters to minimise the cost of machining for a cylindrical part. This system consists of existing expert system Machining Parameter SELection (MPSEL) for ma...
3DVAR and Cloud Analysis with WSR-88D Level-II Data for the Prediction of the Fort Worth, Texas, Tornadic Thunderstorms. Part I: Cloud Analysis and Its Impact

Abstract In this two-part paper, the impact of level-II Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) reflectivity and radial velocity data on the prediction of a cluster of tornadic thunderstorms in the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) model are studied. Radar reflectivity data are used primarily in a cloud analysis procedure that retrieves the amount of hydrometeors and adjusts in-cloud temperature, moisture, and cloud fields, while radial velocity data are analyzed through a three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) scheme that contains a mass divergence constraint in the cost function. In Part I, the impact of the cloud analysis and modifications to the scheme are examined while Part II focuses on the impact of radial velocity and the mass divergence constraint. The case studied is that of the 28 March 2000 Fort Worth, Texas, tornado outbreaks. The same case was studied by Xue et al. using the ARPS Data Analysis System (ADAS) and an earlier version of the cloud analysis procedure with WSR-88...
Risk marker analysis of the cessation and persistence of wife assault

This study evaluated the utility of specific risk markers of wife assault in understanding the cessation and persistence of violence against women over a 3-year period. Longitudinal data were used to identify violent men who ceased the violence for 2 years and violent men who persisted in using violence. A group of nonviolent men was used for comparison. Factor analysis indicated that marital conflict, socioeconomic status (SES), and witnessing violence in the family of origin were the most powerful discriminators of these groups. Moreover, it was found that high levels of marital conflict and low SES were associated not only with the occurrence of violence but also with the continuity of wife assaults over time.
Elective neck irradiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: Analysis of time-dose factors and causes of failure

Abstract This is an analysis of 190 patients who were treated with radiation therapy alone at the University of Florida, between October 1964 and December 1982, for T1-4 NO squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, in all patients, the primary lesion was permanently controlled and the neck was evaluable for at least 2 years following radiation therapy. The control of neck node disease is analyzed as a function of elective neck irradiation, the dose of radiation delivered to the first-echelon lymph nodes, and the likelihood that occult disease was present in the neck prior to treatment.
Silicon-containing resists for 157-nm applications

We have designed and developed an aqueous base soluble polymer system with a silsequioxane (SSQ) backbone for 157nm bilayer resist applications. These base resins have absorbances as low as 0.6micrometers -1 at 157nm. The imagable polymers which contain acid-labile ester functionalities have absorbances between 2.0 and 3.0micrometers -1. The silicon content of these polymers is around 15% by weight. Therefore, our polymers can be utilized in 157nm positive bilayer resist applications with a film thickness of around 150nm. We have evaluated several resist formulations based on these polymers. These resist formulations have shown high contrast and excellent resolution.
A RELM earthquake forecast based on pattern informatics

There have been a wide variety of approaches applied to forecasting earthquakes (Turcotte 1991; Kanamori 2003). These approaches can be divided into two general classes. The first is based on empirical observations of precursory changes. Examples include precursory seismic activity, precursory ground motions, and many others. The second approach is based on statistical patterns of seismicity. Neither approach has been able to provide reliable short-term forecasts (days to months) on a consistent basis. Although short-term predictions are not available, longer-term seismic-hazard assessments can be made. A large fraction of all earthquakes occur in the vicinity of plate boundaries, although some do occur in plate interiors. It is also possible to assess the long-term probability of having an earthquake of a specified magnitude in a specified region. These assessments are primarily based on the hypothesis that future earthquakes will occur in regions where past, typically large, earthquakes have occurred (Kossobokov et al. 2000). As we will discuss, a more promising approach is to begin with the hypothesis that the rate of occurrence of small earthquakes in a region can be analyzed to assess the probability of occurrence of much larger earthquakes. The Regional Earthquake Likelihood Models (RELM) forecast described in this paper is primarily based on the pattern informatics (PI) method (Rundle et al. 2002, 2003; Tiampo et al. 2002a, 2000c). This method identifies regions of strongly correlated fluctuations in seismic activity. These regions are the locations where subsequent large earthquakes have been shown to occur, therefore indicating a strong association with the high stress preceding the main shock. The fluctuations in seismicity rate revealed in a PI map may be related to the preparation process for large earthquakes. Seismic quiescence and seismic activation (Bowman et al. 1998; Wyss and Habermann 1988), which are revealed by …
Reduced hippocampal long-term potentiation and context-specific deficit in associative learning in mGluR1 mutant mice

We generated a novel strain of mutant mouse with a deletion in the gene encoding metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1). Gross anatomy of the hippocampus, excitatory synaptic transmission, long-term depression, and short-term potentiation in the hippocampal CA1 region are all apparently normal in the mutant mice. In contrast, long-term potentiation (LTP) is substantially reduced, and a moderate level of impairment is observed in context-specific associative learning. We propose that mGluR1 is not "in line" in LTP production, but rather modulates the plasticity process, and hence affects context-specific associative learning.
Computational Tools for the Safety Control of a Class of Piecewise Continuous Systems with Imperfect Information on a Partial Order

This paper addresses the two-agent safety control problem for piecewise continuous systems with disturbances and imperfect state information. In particular, we focus on a class of systems that evolve on a partial order and whose dynamics preserve the ordering. While the safety control problem with imperfect state information is prohibitive for general classes of nonlinear and hybrid systems, the class of systems considered in this paper admits an explicit solution. We compute this solution with linear complexity discrete-time algorithms that are guaranteed to terminate. The proposed algorithms are illustrated on a two-vehicle collision avoidance problem and implemented on a hardware roundabout test-bed.
Thermal gradients as a tool for estimating groundwater advective rates in a coastal estuary: White Oak River, North Carolina, USA

Abstract We calculate rates of groundwater discharge into the White Oak River in coastal North Carolina, using time series measurements of the thermal structure of shallow estuarine sediments recorded over a period of four months. Computer models using numerical solutions to the advection–diffusion equation show that sediment thermal structure is not explained by purely conductive heat transport. Results of models that incorporate groundwater advection from an underlying source closely mimic field observations of sediment temperatures, verifying that thermal data can be used to monitor groundwater discharge. An advantage of this technique is that it provides insight into temporal variations in groundwater flow rates. Thermal methods may thus be useful for quantifying groundwater flux in areas where low volumes of discharge cannot be detected by direct observation.
Increase in histamine receptors on thymus-derived effector lymphocytes during the primary immune response to alloantigens.

Increase in Histamine Receptors on Thymus-derived Effector Lymphocytes during the Primary Immune Response to Alloantigens
Solubilization, solution equilibria, and biodegradation of PAH's under thermophilic conditions.

Abstract Biodegradation rates of PAHs are typically low at mesophilic conditions and it is believed that the kinetics of degradation is controlled by PAH solubility and mass transfer rates. Solubility tests were performed on phenanthrene, fluorene and fluoranthene at 20 °C, 40 °C and 60 °C and, as expected, a significant increase in the equilibrium solubility concentration and of the rate of dissolution of these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was observed with increasing temperature. A first-order model was used to describe the PAH dissolution kinetics and the thermodynamic property changes associated with the dissolution process (enthalpy, entropy and Gibb’s free energy of solution) were evaluated. Further, other relevant thermodynamic properties for these PAHs, including the activity coefficients at infinite dilution, Henry’s law constants and octanol–water partition coefficients, were calculated in the temperature range 20–60 °C. In parallel with the dissolution studies, three thermophilic Geobacilli were isolated from compost that grew on phenanthrene at 60 °C and degraded the PAH more rapidly than other reported mesophiles. Our results show that while solubilization rates of PAHs are significantly enhanced at elevated temperatures, the biodegradation of PAHs under thermophilic conditions is likely mass transfer limited due to enhanced degradation rates.
Testicular revascularization using arterial without venous anastomosis for intraperitoneal cryptorchism

An eleven-year-old boy with bilateral intraperitoneal cryptorchism underwent transabdominal orchiopexy. The right internal spermatic vessels had to be divided to allow for scrotal transposition. Because of previous inguinal exploration, only the right inferior epigastric artery was found. The accompanying veins could not be identified. Therefore, the testicle was revascularized by an arterial without venous anastomosis. Perivasal collaterals were relied on to carry the venous return. The postoperative result was excellent, providing a testicle of growing size in the inferior scrotum nine months after surgery. Testicular revascularization in the management of intraperitoneal cryptorchism currently provides 85 to 90 per cent chance for a successful scrotal transposition when the testicular blood supply must be divided. This case suggests that only the arterial micro-anastomosis is necessary for the management of this difficult surgical problem. Further experience is needed to validate this concept.
The effect of temperature on standard metabolic rate of Brown Anoles

Understanding the influences of sex and ambient temperature on metabolic rates of reptiles is of fundamental interest to biologists because of the role that temperature-dependent metabolic rates play in shaping behaviour, life history evolution and geographic range. We investigated the effects of sex, body mass and temperature on standard metabolic rate, respiratory quotient (RQ), and Q10 in male and female Brown Anoles, Norops sagrei. When mass-adjusted, oxygen consumption increased linearly with temperature, and there was no effect of sex. RQ did not differ by sex or temperature. Q10 was within the range published for other lizards.
On the Development of Multiaxial Phenomenological Constitutive Laws for Ferroelectric Ceramics

Multiaxial constitutive laws for ferroelectric ceramics that include hysteresis, rate dependence, saturation, and are capable of simulating nonproportional loading are needed for stress analysis and reliable design of smart structures. The relationship between constitutive behavior of ferroelectric ceramics and phenomena that occur across multiple length scales is reviewed. A framework for the development of phenomenological constitutive laws at the macroscopic scale is presented, and a multiaxial law with 90° (70.5 and 109.5 when rhombohedral) and 180° switching effects is described.
Responses of Four Yeast Genes to Changes in the Transcriptional Machinery Are Determined by Their Promoters

Many yeast genes are distinguished by their specific requirements for different components of the transcriptional machinery. Here we examine four genes that fall into two classes as defined by their dependence on specific components of the transcriptional machinery. We describe a series of hybrid constructs, each of which bears activator binding sites that are associated with a promoter other than that with which they are usually affiliated. We examine expression of these reporters in strains bearing three modifications of the transcriptional machinery. Our results indicate that, in each of these cases, the promoter (and not the activator) determines which components of the transcriptional machinery are required. These and additional results, including those of others, clarify how disparate activators can work at many different promoters.
Studies of early culture in East Africa

(1969). Studies of early culture in East Africa. World Archaeology: Vol. 1, Recent work and new approaches, pp. 1-28.
The behaviour of foreign substances in the human body

Abstract Oxygen and ethanol admirably illustrate the Paracelsian doctrine that foods, drugs and poisons are much the same and that the type of effect obtained depends mainly on the dose. The present review compares and contrasts these three categories of xenobiotics. The uncomfortable fact that good, pure, wholesome food has insidiously toxic properties has been brushed under the carpet for too many centuries, but can now be seen emerging. Adrien Albert discusses the main aspects of malnutrition (too much, too little, and the wrong mix) and indicates opportunities for wider reading. A clear separation of medicines from poisons, Paracelsus notwithstanding, is taking place at last, in our own times, through implementation of the principles of selectivity, a concept that flows from Paul Ehrlich's discovery of the Chemotherapeutic Index in 1911.
The role of arthroscopy in chronic elbow instability.

Purpose Elbow arthroscopy has had an emerging role in the management of many disorders of the elbow. In patients with chronic elbow instability, several arthroscopic techniques have been described in the diagnosis and management of posterolateral rotatory instability and valgus instability. Methods We performed a systematic review investigating the role of arthroscopy in posterolateral rotatory instability and valgus instability in the elbow using the PubMed and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) databases, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, consisting of articles from peer-reviewed journals published in the English language after January 1, 1991. Results Search criteria initially identified 249 articles. Twenty-five articles met criteria for inclusion. This included 17 review articles, 4 cadaveric studies, 3 retrospective studies, and 1 prospective study. Two of the retrospective studies compared arthroscopic and open techniques. Articles included in this systematic review concluded that arthroscopy is an accurate adjunct to physical examination and imaging in the diagnosis of chronic elbow instability and affords an exceptional view of the joint with the ability to address intra-articular pathologic conditions. Arthroscopic surgical techniques have shown equivalent clinical outcomes in a comparison of arthroscopic and open techniques. Conclusions Elbow arthroscopy is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and management of chronic elbow instability. Patients treated arthroscopically benefit from additional diagnostic techniques, improved visualization of the elbow joint, the ability to address coexisting intra-articular pathologic conditions, and minimal soft tissue injury with no clinical consequences in outcomes. With such significant advantages, the use of elbow arthroscopy is likely to expand in the management of chronic elbow instability. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review.
Magnetically catalyzed fusion

We calculate the reaction cross sections for the fusion of hydrogen and deuterium in strong magnetic fields as are believed to exist in the atmospheres of neutron stars. We find that in the presence of a strong magnetic field ({ital B}{approx_gt}10{sup 12} G), the reaction rates are many orders of magnitude higher than in the unmagnetized case. The fusion of both protons and deuterons is important over a neutron star{close_quote}s lifetime for ultrastrong magnetic fields ({ital B}{approximately}10{sup 16} G). The enhancement may have dramatic effects on thermonuclear runaways and bursts on the surfaces of neutron stars. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
1204 DETERMINANTS IN THE MORPHOGENESIS OF MUSCLE TENDON INSERTIONS

Recent studies suggest that muscle originates from somites and tendons from lateral plate mesoderm. This study explored the factors which normally determine the location and insertion of a muscle, a previously unanswered question. Human experiments of nature with early problems in morphogenesis were used to determine how muscle development proceeds when known critical developmental factors are varied. In a variety of monozygotic conjoined twins for whom there could be no genetic determinants for muscle attachments at the sites of juncture, these attachments must follow general principles of morphogenesis. A second type involves absence of bone that antedated muscle and tendon development (e.g. radial aplasia). A third category includes mechanical alteration of early limb position prior to development of muscle attachments (e.g. early amnion rupture sequence). The dissection findings from all 3 types strongly imply a general hierarchy of muscle tendon attachments. Tendons appear to attach preferentially to bone. If the bone they would normally attach to is absent, they will attach to the next closest bone. If no such bone is available, they will attach to tendons, and if no tendon is available, occasionally they will attach to the aponeurosis of another muscle. If there is no connective tissue attachment site, there will be no muscle, implying a need for function in the development and preservation of muscle.
Improvements in Salivary Cortisol, Depression, and Representations of Family Relationships in At-Risk Adopted Children Utilizing a Short-Term Therapeutic Intervention

Abstract Adopted children with histories of abuse, neglect, or trauma are disproportionately represented among those who deteriorate into behavioral and emotional disorders. Numerous mechanisms have been identified which are believed to drive these aberrations in development such as changes in children's trust and belief systems, changes in their stress reactivity, and changes in their brain development and brain chemistry. The current study was carried out in the context of a therapeutic summer day camp for at-risk, adopted children with histories of neglect, abuse, or trauma. Research findings document reduced levels of salivary cortisol, reductions in child depression, and healthier attachment representations as assessed through family drawings. These findings highlight reduction of fear as a crucial element in creating positive behavioral change in at-risk adopted children.
SP Education Laboratory

The SP (signal processing) Education Laboratory (an educational project at the University of Michigan) is a software package designed to provide a highly interactive, flexible environment within which students can explore basic concepts of signal processing. The authors summarize the basic features of this software, some of the reasoning behind certain design decisions, and experience in using this software as a teaching tool. >
Paracrine-Acting Adiponectin Promotes Mammary Epithelial Differentiation and Synergizes with Genistein to Enhance Transcriptional Response to Estrogen Receptor β Signaling

Mammary stromal adipocytes constitute an active site for the synthesis of the adipokine, adiponectin (APN) that may influence the mammary epithelial microenvironment. The relationship between “local,” mammary tissue-derived APN and breast cancer risk is poorly understood. Here, weidentifyanovelmechanismofAPN-mediatedsignalingthatinfluencesmammaryepithelialcell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis to modify breast cancer risk. We demonstrate that early dietary exposure to soy protein isolate induced mammary tissue APN production without corresponding effects on systemic APN levels. In estrogen receptor (ER)-negative MCF-10A cells, recombinant APN promoted lobuloalveolar differentiation by inhibiting oncogenic signal transducerandactivatoroftranscription3activity.InER-positiveHC11cells,recombinantAPNincreased ERexpression, inhibited cell proliferation, and induced apoptosis. Using the estrogen-responsive 4X-estrogen response element promoter-reporter construct to assess ER transactivation and small interfering RNA targeting of ER and ER, we show that APN synergized with the soy phytoestrogen genistein to promote ER signaling in the presence of estrogen (17-estradiol) and ERspecific agonist 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile and to oppose ER signaling in the presence of the ER-specific agonist 4,4,4-(4-propyl-(1H)-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol. The enhancement of ER signaling with APN genistein cotreatments was associated with induction of apoptosis, increased expression of proapoptotic/prodifferentiation genes (Bad, p53, and Pten), and decreased antiapoptotic (Bcl2 and survivin) transcript levels. Our results suggest that mammary-derived APN can influence adjacent epithelial function by ER-dependent and ER-independent mechanisms that are consistent with reduction of breast cancer risk and suggest local APN inductionbydietaryfactorsasatargetedapproachforpromotionofbreasthealth.(Endocrinology 152: 3409–3421, 2011)
MOTHERHOOD AND THE OBFUSCATION OF MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE: The Case of Sickle Cell Disease

This study examines how low-income African American mothers of children with sickle cell disease (SCD) cope with the reproductive implications of having passed a genetic disease on to their children. Based on in-depth interviews with 29 African American mothers, I found that most mothers knew about SCD prior to having a child with the disease; many knew they were carriers of the sickle cell trait. In explaining why this knowledge did not lead them to alter their reproductive behaviors, mothers invoked a theme of medical mismanagement; that is, they said the genetic screening programs for SCD did not provide them with enough medical knowledge about the disease. The implication that adequate knowledge about SCD would have affected their childbearing choices, however, is contradicted by their subsequent reproductive behaviors. I argue that the SCD diagnosis threatened motherhood, an important cultural value among low-income African American women, and that they protected their reproductive autonomy by obfusc...
Fluorescent products from reaction of peroxidizing polyunsaturated fatty acids with phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phenylalanine.

Fluorescent chromophores produced by reaction of peroxidizing arachidonic acid or methyl docosahexaenoate with synthetic dipalmityl phosphatidyl ethanolamine were lipid soluble, and those from reaction with phenylalanine were water soluble. In all reaction systems that contained polyunsaturated fatty acid and only one amine compound, the development of fluorescence was linearly related to oxygen absorption for 12–24 hr (p<0.001) and to the amount of thiobarbituric acid reacting materials until the rate of oxygen absorption decreased. The fluorochromes typically had maximum excitation at 360 nm and maximum emission at 430–440 nm, indicating that they were conjugated Schiff bases with the general structure R−N=C−C=C−N−R, where R represents the amino acid phenylalanine or the phospholipid phosphatidyl ethanolamine. The fluorochromes were similar to those extracted from isolated age pigments and tissues of animals that are aged, vitamin E-deficient, or stressed with highly unsaturated lipid diets.
A BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE METABOLITE OF VITAMIN A AND VITAMIN A ACID.

A RECENT report by Zachman and Olson1 described the formation of acidic water-soluble metabolites from vitamin A (retinol) and vitamin A acid (retinoic acid) by perfused rat liver. We have isolated an acidic metabolite, with potent vitamin A-like activity, from both retinol and retinoic acid. No compound metabolically related to retinol or retinoic acid with growth-promoting activity has hitherto been described.
The Tradition of Groundwater Irrigation in Northwestern India

Ethnographic research in the central Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan documents a coherent system of groundwater irrigation distinctively different from the system of dams, wiers, and perennial canals redesigned for India by the British during the early nineteenth century and continued by contemporary Indian governments. This paper articulates these indigenous principles and practices and contrasts them with those found in the scholarly literature on irrigation in Rajasthan which follows modern engineering concerns. Our analysis indicates a difference set of questions to guide future research on surface impoundments and groundwater management. Furthermore, this study has broader implications for an understanding of the human-shaped hydrology of northwestern India, where the earlier system has been overlaid, but not fully displaced by subsequent irrigation projects. Indeed, indigenous practices involving groundwater recharge and retrieval may have continued to flourish and expand, achieving a new order of hydrologic and adaptive complexity, through the local initiative of the peasantry to adapt to the unintended spillage, soakage, and siltage from the grand system of dams and perennial canals constructed by the state.
Particle evolution during the decomposition of CdCO3

Particle evolution during and following the decomposition of cadmium carbonate was investigated using surface area and crystallite size analyses. Surface area results of decompositions at temperatures ranging from 523 to 775 K showed a maximum corresponding to the total decomposition of the carbonate. The maxima for vacuum and air decomposition occurred at 583 and 613 K, respectively. Crystallite size analyses showed that the sizes of the CdO resulting from the air decomposition of CdCO3 at low temperatures was significantly larger than the corresponding values obtained for vacuum decomposition. These observations suggest that CdCO3 sinters favourably in air before decomposition, leading to larger CdO crystallites after decomposition. After complete dissociation, the evolution of CdO particles is the same for vacuum and air decomposition, indicating that the sintering of CdO is essentially the same under these two conditions.
High viral load and mild liver injury in children with hemophilia compared with other children with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.

Background: In adults with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, the severity of liver disease may be influenced by the mode of transmission. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the mode of transmission affects liver injury and viral load in children with chronic HCV infection, independent of duration of infection and/or HCV genotype. Methods: Thirty-nine anti-HCV (EIA-2) positive patients, were divided into three groups: group 1, children with a history of blood transfusion (n = 9; age, 13.3 ± 1.3 years), group 2, children with hemophilia (n = 19; age, 11.6 ± 0.8 years); and group 3, children with maternal-fetal transmitted disease (n = 10; age, 4.7 ± 1. 1 years). Serum alanine aminotransferase, HCV viral load, HCV genotype, and liver histology were assessed. Results: Serum HCV viral load was higher in group 2 (4.27 ± 1.0 × 10 6 copies/ml; p = 0.006) than in group 1 (0.73 ± 0.3 × 10 6 copies/ml) and in group 3 (0.83 ± 0.2 × 10 6 copies/ml). Conversely, group 2 had less severe liver injury compared with children of similar age in group 1 (p = 0.022). Despite a shorter duration of infection, group 3 had liver injury similar to that in group 1. Hepatitis C virus genotype did not influence the level of viremia or liver injury. Conclusions: Although children with hemophilia exhibited a high HCV viral load, liver histopathology was less severe than in children who had acquired HCV by blood transfusion or maternal-fetal transmission. These observations support the need to investigate the role of host immune response rather than the virus per se in the pathogenesis of HCV infection in children.
Practical Considerations in Conducting School-Based Medication Evaluations for Children with Hyperactivity

A continuing concern in clinical child psychopharmacology is developing treatment evaluation procedures that are more scientifically rigorous and ecologically valid than the ones that are popularly used at the present time. One potential model for such a procedure is school-based medication evaluation. This article describes some of the practical considerations associated with its implementation based on experience with 35 consecutive cases over a 6-year period. H YPERACTIVITY (ALSO REFERRED to as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder) is generally recognized as one of the most common reasons for psychiatric referral in elementary school children. Its purported primary symptoms are short attention span, excessive motor activity, and impulsivity, but the majority of children with hyperactivity who are referred for psychiatric evaluation typically have associated disabilities such as oppositional defiant disorder (characterized by a pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior), conduct disorder (characterized by a pattern of behavior in which the rights of others and age-appropriate social rules are violated), depressive disorders, tic disorders, and learning disabilities (reviewed by Biederman, Newcorn, & Sprich, 1991). In short, heterogeneity is the rule and not the exception. Both disagreements over and changes in diagnostic criteria make it impossible to generate precise estimates of the true prevalence of this disorder, but it is generally agreed that approximately 3% to 5% of elementary school children exhibit the symptoms of hyperactivity to such a degree
Remembering the Pattern that Connects: Toward an Eco-Informed MFT

Gregory Bateson, who is regarded as one of the founders of the field of family therapy, warned about the dangers of chopping up the ecology (literally and metaphorically). Yet the ecosystem is showing signs of faltering under the pressure of human mistreatment, and increasingly people are manifesting symptoms associated with extreme disconnection from nature. Although family therapists have devoted little attention to the relationship between human and ecological planetary suffering, as systemically trained professionals MFTs are uniquely situated to see the big picture and to promote integrative healing between individual, familial, and environmental levels. This article explores some of the factors underpinning the field’s lack of attention to ecological issues and provides recommendations for how MFTs can remember the pattern that connects by cultivating a more eco-informed approach to training and clinical practice.
Laboratory Diagnostic Oversight Committees and the Profession of Laboratory Medicine

Laboratory medicine has historically emphasized “laboratory” over “medicine.” Professional activities and competencies largely center on analytic techniques and bench science. Outside of transfusion medicine, few laboratory professionals regularly engage clinicians to actively influence diagnostic and management decisions. Some of us in the laboratory diagnostic community are concerned about this gap. In addition to marginalizing laboratory medicine/clinical pathology within the health care professions, it represents a huge missed opportunity to apply laboratory expertise for more effective patient care. In value-based health care delivery, to which accountable care organizations and other forward-thinking institutions aspire, pathologists and other laboratory professionals will be measured against the outcome-related value we create for patients, as assessed by our clinical colleagues and others. As money tightens, it may become more difficult to justify an existence based primarily on inward-facing activities such as specimen management, quality control of instrumentation, and technical proficiency of laboratory staff (important though these are). The good …
Black Hole Studies: Overview and Outlook

In this article, I will attempt to give an overview of the motivations for studying black holes and of the current major problems in the field. I will also give some perspectives on what can be done in the future, focusing on instrumentation which has already been approved. This chapter will necessarily be more speculative than the other chapters in this volume.
The Mobility of Weavers in Three Textile Centers

Characteristics of the occupation, 460. — The three markets studied, 464. — Occupational characteristics of weavers, 465. — The pattern of weaving experience, 472. — Job changes made by weavers, 1926–35, 476. — Shifts between textile industries, 483. — Work of weavers during the World War period, 483. — Geographic movement, 484. — Conclusions, 485.
Fiber nanotechnology: a new platform for “green” research and technological innovations

The eve of the twenty first century brought the promise of a myriad of technological advancements, not only because of the symbolism of the year 2000, but also because of the possibilities inherent in the ever burgeoning interdisciplinarity of the sciences. Indeed, almost every transition in human history occurring at the beginning of a century or millennium was ripe with the advent of new findings, breakthroughs, and technological advances. The nineteenth century was the dawn of the mechanical age in which machines burdened the labor of humans; the twentieth century was characterized by the juggernaut concepts of relativity and quantum physics that lead to computer manufacture and communication, and finally the 21st century is becoming, as many are realizing, the age of advances in nanotechnology and the biological sciences. Nanotechnology may be loosely defined as a multidisciplinary field overseeing the manipulation of structures at the atomic, molecular and nanometric levels to perform discrete functions such as memory storage, data (electrons) flow, stimuli-triggered (pH, temperature) events, etc. In fact, the marriage of nanotechnology to the arena of biology has become an inevitable reality based on our needs to improve the quality and longevity of life. As an illustration we can cite the development of smart drug delivery vehicles and biomimetic applications based on the principles of self-assembly, convergent synthesis, and the precise control of functionality of cellular sub-structures. Many new advances in DNA molecular science, AFM biologically modified probes, and biosensing enabled scientists to make great contributions to genomics, proteonomics, gene therapy, PCR, and recombinant DNA technologies. One sub-discipline that is currently gaining momentum is the field of biobased fiber nanotechnology. The area of fiber science encompasses not only relevant macroscopic structures but their constitutive polymeric assemblies at the nanoscale (5–500 nm). In general, biopolymers such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, chitosan, hylauronic acid, lactic acid, etc., composed of distinct monomeric units (e.g., glucose residues in cellulose) fall under this umbrella. Interestingly, a focus on the nanotechnological aspects of these materials has not been realized until the last few years in which we have witnessed a virtual explosion of symposia, conferences, and workshops on the subject. In the following text, we wish to point out the salient features of the subjects contained in this special issue, and stress the value of natural biopolymers and biochemicals from forests and crops as precursors for nanotechnological applications. Four general realms in this area are covered here which we L. A. Lucia (&) O. J. Rojas Department of Wood and Paper Science, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8005, Raleigh, NC 276958005, USA e-mail: lucian.lucia@ncsu.edu
Elemental fractionation in ultraviolet laser ablation sampling of igneous silicate minerals relevant to Mars

Laser ablation has significant potential for terrestrial and extraterrestrial remote sampling applications if elemental fractionation can be understood and controlled.
Rediscovery of the Yellow-Fronted Gardener Bowerbird

The long-lost bowerbird Amblyornis flavifrons was found in the Foja Mountains of west New Guinea, and its bower and display were discovered. The bower is a stick tower on a rimmed moss platform, adorned with separate piles of fruit of three different colors. The displaying male extends toward the female a blue fruit set against his golden crest. These observations support a derivation of bower ornamentation from ritual courtship feeding and a transfer of ornamentation from the male9s plumage to the bower.
WE‐C‐301‐01: Overview of Accreditation Programs for Radiation Oncology: ACR and ACRO

There are two accreditation bodies that perform practice reviews specific for radiation oncology: ACR/ASTRO and ACRO. The history and process/procedures for accreditation of these two organizations will be presented from both a Medical Physicist and Radiation Oncologist perspective. In addition, State activities for requiring accreditation will be discussed. Finally, requirements for Medical Physics reviewers will be outlined.
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: center case review.

Purpose To retrospectively analyze nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) cases at our center, to determine prior gadolinium based contrast agent (GBCA) administration and to evaluate possible common risk factors for the development of NSF by reviewing laboratory data and concurrent medications. Materials and Methods A total of four data bases (pathology, MRI, dialysis, and medical records) were cross-referenced for identification and evaluation of NSF patients. Medical history of NSF patients was assessed as for previous deep venous thrombosis (DVT), surgery, or infections. Laboratory data (creatinine, anion gap, calcium, phosphorus, and albumin) as well as concurrent medication were evaluated. Findings were compared to those of a control group of non-NSF dialysis patients. Results Between October 2003 and February 2007 a total of nine NSF cases were identified. All patients had undergone contrast-enhanced MRI prior to the diagnosis of NSF. Only one gadolinium chelate had been used at our MRI center (Omniscan®, gadodiamide; GE Healthcare). Of nine patients, eight were receiving dialysis at the time of the MRI scan. During the same time 312 dialysis patients received gadodiamide. Thus, the prevalence of NSF within dialysis patients exposed to gadodiamide was 2.6%. NSF patients presented with a higher creatinine and anion gap than the control patients. Other laboratory values as well as medication did not show a significant difference. There were no patterns regarding previous history of DVT, surgery, or infection in the NSF group. Conclusion Our findings are consistent with the previously reported association between gadodiamide exposure and NSF. All NSF patients had severe renal insufficiency with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 30 (highest GFR = 25 mL/minute) at the time of last gadodiamide administration, and on average had received 71 mL of gadodiamide over an average of 2.9 administrations. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:1198–1203. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.