cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robust optimization for interactive multiobjective programming with imprecise information applied to R&D project portfolio selection

A multiobjective binary integer programming model for R&D project portfolio selection with competing objectives is developed when problem coefficients in both objective functions and constraints are uncertain. Robust optimization is used in dealing with uncertainty while an interactive procedure is used in making tradeoffs among the multiple objectives. Robust nondominated solutions are generated by solving the linearized counterpart of the robust augmented weighted Tchebycheff programs. A decision maker’s most preferred solution is identified in the interactive robust weighted Tchebycheff procedure by progressively eliciting and incorporating the decision maker’s preference information into the solution process. An example is presented to illustrate the solution approach and performance. The developed approach can also be applied to general multiobjective mixed integer programming problems.
Lessons for strategists in Graham & Dodd's Security Analysis, 6th edition

Purpose – This paper aims to consider how top corporate executives in a variety of industries can find important lessons in the recently published sixth edition of Benjamin Graham and David Dodd's Security Analysis (New York: McGraw‐Hill, 2008).Design/methodology/approach – This paper includes an interview with the lead editor of the book, value investor Seth Klarman. He explains key strategic lessons that non‐financial executives can learn from the value investing concepts and methodology.Findings – The insights contained within Security Analysis can and should be leveraged by business leaders and strategists to create value for their firms.Practical implications – Graham and Dodd‐based valuation and investment is a viable method with which to assess corporate strategic initiatives (such as mergers and acquisitions, share buy‐backs, etc.).Originality/value – This paper, the first in a business strategy journal, explains how business leaders can become adept at using modern applications of Graham and Dodd...
Equalization and tone controls on phonograph amplifiers

The necessity for equalization in phonograph amplifiers is explained, and numerous examples are given. The difference between the action of equalization controls and tone controls is explained. Examples are shown in terms of response curves for a particular amplifier.
On REIT CEO Compensation: Does Board Structure Matter?

In a perfect world where the board of directors is independent of CEO influence, CEO pay-for-performance compensation contracts should be a function of performance only. If the CEO can influence board structure through his ownership of company stock or chairmanship of the board, however, performance contracts are sub-optimal and agency problems arise, which allow the CEO to extract rent and demand compensation in excess of the equilibrium level. As such, models of compensation contracts must include board and ownership structure variables, in addition to the traditional economic determinants. Our analyses with REITs corroborate this notion. Our data demonstrate that the structure of REIT boards are not independent of CEO influence, and significant agency problems exist allowing the CEO to design boards that reward him at the cost of shareholder wealth. CEO compensation in REITs depends significantly on the usual economic measures of performance including firm size and return on assets; more importantly, CEO compensation is higher in REITs where the board is weak in monitoring because of large size, and older directors; the effect of a blockholder is adverse, however. This study provides additional evidence to the growing literature that observed board structures are ineffective in monitoring and governance.
Link Floer homology detects the Thurston norm

We prove that, for a link L in a rational homology 3–sphere, the link Floer homology detects the Thurston norm of its complement. This result has been proved by Ozsvath and Szabo for links in S^3. As an ingredient of the proof, we show that knot Floer homology detects the genus of null-homologous links in rational homology spheres, which is a generalization of an earlier result of the author. Our argument uses the techniques due to Ozsvath and Szabo, Hedden and the author.
Response of Alum Rock springs to the October 30, 2007 Alum Rock earthquake and implications for the origin of increased discharge after earthquakes

The origins of increased stream flow and spring discharge following earthquakes have been the subject of controversy, in large part because there are many models to explain observations and few measurements suitable for distinguishing between hypotheses. On October 30, 2007 a magnitude 5.5 earthquake occurred near the Alum Rock springs, California, USA. Within a day we documented a several-fold increase in discharge. Over the following year, we have monitored a gradual return towards pre-earthquake properties, but for the largest springs there appears to be a permanent increase in discharge. The Alum Rock springs discharge waters that are a mixture between modern (shallow) meteoric water and old (deep) connate waters expelled by regional transpression. After the earthquake, there was a small and temporary decrease in the fraction of connate water in the largest springs. Accompanying this geochemical change was a small (1–2°C) temperature decrease. Combined with the rapid response, this implies that the increased discharge has a shallow origin. Increased discharge at these springs occurs both for earthquakes that cause static volumetric expansion and for those that cause contraction, supporting models in which dynamic strains are responsible for the subsurface changes that cause flow to increase. We make a quantitative comparison between the observed changes and model predictions for three types of models: (i) a permanent increase in permeability; (ii) an increase in permeability followed by a gradual decrease to its pre-earthquake value; and (iii) an increase of hydraulic head in the groundwater system discharging at the springs. We show that models in which the permeability of the fracture system feeding the springs increases after the earthquake are in general consistent with the changes in discharge. The postseismic decrease in discharge could either reflect the groundwater system adjusting to the new, higher permeability or a gradual return of permeability to pre-earthquake values; the available data do not allow us to distinguish between these two scenarios. However, the response of these springs to another earthquake will provide critical constraints on the changes that occur in the subsurface and should permit a test of all three types of models.
Impure public goods and the comparative statics of environmentally friendly consumption

Abstract This paper develops an impure public good model to analyze the comparative statics of environmentally friendly consumption. “Green” products are treated as impure public goods that arise through joint production of a private characteristic and an environmental public characteristic. The model is distinct from existing impure public good models because of the way it considers the availability of substitutes. Specifically, the model accounts for the way that the jointly produced characteristics of a green product may be available separately as well—through a conventional-good substitute, direct donations to improve environmental quality, or both. The analysis provides a theoretical foundation for understanding how demand for green products and demand for environmental quality depend on market prices, green-production technologies, and ambient environmental quality. The comparative static results generate new insights into the important and sometimes counterintuitive relationship between demand for green products and demand for environmental quality.
Modulation of Prothrombinase Assembly and Activity by Phosphatidylethanolamine

Constituents of platelet membranes regulate the activity of the prothrombinase complex. We demonstrate that membranes containing phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) bind factor Va with high affinity (Kd = ∼10 nm) in the absence of phosphatidylserine (PS). These membranes support formation of a 60–70% functional prothrombinase complex at saturating factor Va concentrations. Although reduced interfacial packing does contribute to factor Va binding in the absence of PS, it does not correlate with the enhanced activity of the Xa-Va complex assembled on PE-containing membranes. Instead, specific protein-PE interactions appear to contribute to the effects of PE. In support of this, soluble C6PE binds to recombinant factor Va2 (Kd = ∼6.5 μm) and to factor Xa (Kd = ∼91 μm). C6PE and C6PS binding sites of factor Xa are specific, distinct, and linked, because binding of one lipid enhances the binding and activity effects of the other. C6PE triggers assembly (Kdapp = ∼40 nm) of a partially active prothrombinase complex between factor Xa and factor Va2, compared with Kdapp for C6PS ∼2 nm. These findings provide new insights into the possible synergistic roles of platelet PE and PS in regulating thrombin formation, particularly when exposed membrane PS may be limiting.
The K-Band Galaxy Luminosity Function

We measured the K-band luminosity function using a complete sample of 4192 morphologically typed 2MASS galaxies with ? = 20 mag arcsec-2 isophotal magnitudes 7 -0.5) galaxies have similarly shaped luminosity functions, ?e = -0.92 ? 0.10 and ?l = -0.87 ? 0.09. The early-type galaxies are brighter, MK*e = -23.53 ? 0.06 mag compared to MK*l = -22.98 ? 0.06 mag, but less numerous, n*e = (0.45 ? 0.06) ? 10-2 h3 Mpc-3 compared to n*l = (1.01 ? 0.13) ? 10-2 h3?Mpc-3 for H0 = 100 h km s-1 Mpc-1, such that the late-type galaxies slightly dominate the K-band luminosity density, jlate/jearly = 1.17 ? 0.12. Including a factor of 1.20 ? 0.04 correction for the conversion of the isophotal survey magnitudes to total magnitudes, the local K-band luminosity density is j = (7.14 ? 0.75) ? 108 h L? Mpc-3, which implies a stellar mass density relative to critical of ?*h = (1.9 ? 0.2) ? 10-3 for a Kennicutt initial mass function (IMF) and ?*h = (3.4 ? 0.4) ? 10-3 for a Salpeter IMF. Our morphological classifications are internally consistent, are consistent with previous classifications, and lead to luminosity functions unaffected by the estimated uncertainties in the classifications. These luminosity functions accurately predict the K-band number counts and redshift distributions for K 18 mag, beyond which the results depend on galaxy evolution and merger histories.
The evolution of CO2 on Mars

At the surface, the atmosphere of Mars contains approximately 95.3 percent CO2 by volume. At the Viking Lander 1 (VL1) site, the total surface pressure varied with the season between about 6.89 and 8.94 mbar. Questions related to the observed CO2 pressure on Mars are explored. Several published estimates of the total amount of CO2 outgassed over the history of Mars, varying between 140 and 3000 mbar, are shown in a table. It is pointed out that the study of likely reservoirs for outgassed CO2 has focused mainly on the polar caps and regolith. Constraints on the formation of transitory pockets of moist soil are discussed, taking into account heat requirements, supply of water, and constraints related to pressure. Attention is also given to chemical considerations, implications for the current status of CO2 reservoirs, and scenarios for the evolution of CO2 pressure.
Empirical and kernel estimation of covariate distribution conditional on survival time

In biomedical research there is often interest in describing covariate distributions given different survival groups. This is not immediately available due to censoring. In this paper we develop an empirical estimate of the conditional covariate distribution under the proportional hazards regression model. We show that it converges weakly to a Gaussian process and provide its variance estimate. We then apply kernel smoothing to obtain an estimate of the corresponding density function. The density estimate is consistent and has the same rate of convergence as the classical kernel density estimator. We have developed an R package to implement our methodology, which is demonstrated through the Mayo Clinic primary biliary cirrhosis data.
On the center of affine Hecke algebras of type A

We give an explicit expression for the central elements of affine Hecke algebras of type A in the Coxeter presentation, in terms of (parabolic) affine Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials. Our approach is based on a version of quantum affine Schur-Weyl duality involving the Hall algebra of a cyclic quiver, on the theory of canonical bases and on the higher-level q-deformed Fock spaces recently introduced by Uglov.
Effects of aliasing on numerical integration

Abstract During the course of processing acceleration data from mechanical systems it is often desirable to integrate the data to obtain velocity or displacement waveforms. However, those who have attempted these operations may be painfully aware that the integrated records often yield unrealistic residual values. This is true whether the data has been obtained experimentally or through numerical simulation such as Runge–Kutta integration or the explicit finite element method. In the case of experimentally obtained data, the integration errors are usually blamed on accelerometer zero shift or amplifier saturation. In the case of simulation data, incorrect integrations are often incorrectly blamed on the integration algorithm itself. This work demonstrates that seemingly small aliased content can cause appreciable errors in the integrated waveforms and explores the unavoidable source of aliasing in both experiment and simulation—the sampling operation. Numerical analysts are often puzzled as to why the integrated acceleration from their simulation does not match the displacement output from the same simulation. This work shows that these strange results can be caused by aliasing induced by interpolation of the model output during sampling regularisation.
N2-Acetyl-O6-(2-(P-Nitrophenyl)Ethyl)Guanine: A Convenient Building Block for the Synthesis of 9-Substituted Guanine Derivatives

Abstract Readily accessible N2-acetyl-O6-(2-(p-nitrophenyl)ethyl)guanine can undergo Mitsunobu reactions with either a primary or secondary alcohol to generate guanine derivatives. X-ray data indicates that only the desired 9-subsituted derivatives of guanine are formed.
Residential Investment and Business Cycles in an Open Economy: A Generalized Impulse Response Approach

We study the impact of residential and non-residential investment on economic growth using U.S. data. Unlike previous studies we include the external sector (net exports) in our estimations, and we calculate impulse response analysis using Pesaran and Shin’s (Economics Letters 58:17–29, 1998) generalized impulse response approach. We find that shocks to residential investment have a larger impact on GDP than shocks to non-residential investment, which supports the findings of the closed-economy approach of Coulson and Kim (Real Estate Economics 28:233–247, 2000). However, a closed economy model tends to overstate the importance of residential investment and understate the relevance of nonresidential investment.
Rotation-induced Asymmetry of Far-field Emission from Optical Microcavities

We study rotation-induced asymmetry of far-field emission from optical microcavities, based on which a new scheme of rotation detection may be developed. It is free from the ``dead zone
Procyclical Productivity: Increasing Returns or Cyclical Utilization?

This paper investigates the relative importance of cyclical fluctuations in labor and capital utilization, increasing returns to scale, and technology shocks as explanations for procyclical productivity. It exploits the intuition that materials inputs do not have variable utilization rates, and materials are likely to be used in fixed proportions with value added. Therefore, materials growth is a good measure of unobserved changes in capital and labor utilization. Using this measure shows that cyclical factor utilization is very important, returns to scale are about constant, and technology shocks are small and have low correlation with either output or hours growth.
Bimodal Infrared Colors of the M87 Globular Cluster System: Peaks in the Metallicity Distribution*

The globular cluster (GC) systems of many galaxies reveal bimodal optical color distributions. Based on stellar evolutionary models and the bimodal colors and metallicities of Galactic GCs, this is thought to reflect an underlying bimodal metallicity distribution. However, stars at many different phases of stellar evolution contribute to optical light. The I - H color is a much cleaner tracer of metallicity because it primarily samples the metallicity-sensitive giant branch. Therefore, we use deep HST NICMOS H, and WFPC2 optical observations, of M87 GCs to study their metallicity distribution. The M87 clusters are bimodal in I - H, for which there is no known physical explanation other than a bimodal metallicity distribution. Moreover, the two modes defined by the B - I and I - H colors are comprised of roughly the same two sets of objects, confirming that optical colors also primarily trace the metallicity. This is inconsistent with a recent suggestion based on one model of metallicity effects on the horizontal branch that bimodality arises from an underlying unimodal metallicity distribution due to a specific color-metallicity relation. We also find no discernible variation in the peak colors of the M87 GCs out to ~75 kpc due to the declining ratio of red to blue GCs, as implied by this model. Similarly, there is no evidence that the bimodal peaks are bluer for systems with a large blue-to-red GC ratio. Our observations confirm that the primary cause of bimodality in cluster systems is an underlying bimodal metallicity distribution and not the specific color-metallicity relationship defined by this horizontal-branch model.
An information-theoretic framework for field monitoring using autonomously mobile sensors

We consider a mobile sensor network monitoring a spatio-temporal field. Given limited caches at the sensor nodes, the goal is to develop a distributed cache management algorithm to efficiently answer queries with a known probability distribution over the spatial dimension. First, we propose a novel distributed information theoretic approach assuming knowledge of the distribution of the monitored phenomenon. Under this scheme, nodes minimize an entropic utility function that captures the average amount of uncertainty in queries given the probability distribution of query locations. Second, we propose a correlation-based technique, which only requires knowledge of the second-order statistics, relaxing the stringent constraint of a priori knowledge of the query distribution, while significantly reducing the computational overhead. We show that the proposed approaches considerably improve the average field estimation error. Further, we show that the correlation-based technique is robust to model mismatch in case of imperfect knowledge of the underlying generative correlation structure.
Errors in the diagnosis and management of necrotizing otitis externa.

Abstract Objective Necrotizing otitis externa (NOE) is a life-threatening condition that may be difficult to distinguish from other clinical entities. The purpose of this study was to assess the pitfalls associated with contemporary diagnosis and management of NOE. Study Design Case series with chart review. Setting Tertiary referral center. Subjects And Methods Patients given the diagnosis of NOE or one of its typical presenting complaints over the past 14 years were identified by diagnostic and radiology codes. Charts were reviewed for history, findings, treatment, and outcomes. Results Fifty-one patients with NOE were identified. The annual case numbers rose steadily. A risk factor was known in 46 patients. Gallium single-photon emission computed tomography was accurate for the presence (44 of 46 patients) and resolution of disease. Prolonged systemic antimicrobial therapy (mean 15 weeks, range 4-59 weeks) was required. Microbial cultures influenced therapy in only 50 percent. Two diabetic men died with disease. Of the cases seen at the request of otolaryngologists, 68 percent were for indications other than NOE (e.g., chronic otitis media). With a known risk such as diabetes, the mean time to diagnosis was 6.9 months. History of and clinical appearance overlapping with benign otitis were the primary reasons for diagnostic delay. Conclusion NOE remains a life-threatening condition that requires prolonged antimicrobial therapy. Its incidence may be on the rise. NOE may develop in patients with benign otitis media and externa, and must be considered in all patients with temporal bone inflammation, especially those with risk factors and those who fail to improve with more conservative measures.
Thin shell dynamo models consistent with Mercury's weak observed magnetic field

Abstract Energetic and magnetostrophic balance arguments show that a dynamo source for Mercury's observed magnetic field is problematic if one expects an Earth-like partitioning of toroidal and poloidal fields. We perform 3-dimensional numerical dynamo simulations to determine if a thin shell dynamo geometry for Mercury could produce non-Earth-like magnetic field partitioning and therefore provide a possible explanation of Mercury's weak observed dipole signature. We examine the ratio of the dipole field at the core–mantle boundary to the toroidal field in the core for various shell thicknesses and Rayleigh numbers and find that some thin shell dynamos can produce magnetic fields with Mercury-like dipolar field intensities. In these dynamos, the toroidal field is produced more efficiently through differential rotation than the poloidal field is produced through upwellings interacting with the toroidal field. The poloidal field is also dominated by smaller-scale structure which was not observable by the Mariner 10 mission, compared to the dipole field.
Inelastic dissipation in a freely rotating body: application to cosmic dust alignment

Motivated by a recent study by Lazarian and Draine, which showed that a high degree of grain alignment of the paramagnetic dust is achievable if the rates of internal relaxation are controlled by the Barnett relaxation process, we undertake a study of an alternative mechanism of internal dissipation, namely, the inelastic dissipation of energy in oblate dust grains. We find that deformations at double frequency that were disregarded in earlier studies dominate the inelastic relaxation. Our results indicate that for sufficiently oblate grains, e.g. for grains with a 4:1 axis ratio, or/and grains formed by agglomeration, inelastic relaxation dominates the Barnett relaxation within large (a > 0.1 μm) grains. For grains with an axis ratio less than 1:2, the inelastic relaxation is dominant for suprathermally rotating grains.
Biochemical genetics in medicine.

Summary 1. The history of human biochemical genetics is reviewed with special references to Garrod's and Pauling's contributions. 2. Recent knowledge on the correlation of gene structure and protein structure is reviewed. 3. The influence of various mutations on the hemoglobin molecule is discussed. Heterozygote structural mutations affecting the critical active site of the hemoglobin molecule may lead to hemolytic anemia, drug sensitivity, polycythemia and methemoglobinemia. Other mutants are usually harmless. Another class of hemoglobin mutants–the thalassemias–cause diminished hemoglobin chain production and may lead to severe anemia in the ho-mozygote state. 4. Many different glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mutations have been discovered. Some are rare mutants, others are common and, as the sickle trait, owe their frequency to a selective advantage vis-a-vis falciparum malaria. The African type of G6PD mutant is caused by a structural mutation which causes more rapid degradation of the enzyme during red cell ageing. The chemically most unstable mutants are associated with chronic hemolytic disease. 5. Mutations of controlling elements as contrasted to structural mutations have not yet been proven in man, but hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin and oroticaciduria can best be explained by control mutations. 6. Differences in drug response and drug reactions may be caused by genetically determined biochemical variability. G6PD deficiency may cause drug hemolytic anemia. Pseudocholinesterase alterations may cause sensitivity or resistance to succinylcholine and differences in the acetylation of some drugs are genetically controlled. 7. Biochemical screening is feasible for a variety of disorders and is strongly indicated since certain forms of mental retardation may be prevented by early treatment, e.g., phenylketonuria. 8. Carrier detection of many heterozygote traits is possible. Overlap in enzyme activity between heterozygotes and normals may be caused by the existence of isoalleles in the normal population. Screening of heterozygotes of X-linked diseases (muscular dystrophy and hemophilia) is practically more important in family counseling than screening for heterozygotes of autosomal diseases.
Precision Measurement of the g Factor of the Free Positron

In this paper we describe a precision measurement of the $g$ factor of the free positron. The basic experimental technique is that developed by Rich and Crane in an earlier positron experiment: A group of positrons from a ${\mathrm{Co}}^{58}$ source is confined in a magnetic mirror trap. On emission from the source, the positron beam is polarized parallel to its average velocity $〈\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{v}}〉$, with polarization $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{P}}=\frac{〈\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{v}}〉}{c}$. While in the field the beam undergoes cyclotron orbital motion at an angular frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$. Simultaneously $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{P}}$ precesses at an angular frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{s}$, i.e., $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{P}}$ rotates about $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{v}}$ at the difference frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{D}={\ensuremath{\omega}}_{s}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$. After a controlled length of time, the particles are ejected from the trap and sent into a polarimeter, this being a device whose response is proportional to the helicity, $\frac{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{v}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{P}}}{|\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{v}}\ensuremath{\parallel}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{P}}|}$. The recorded polarimeter output vs trapping time is fitted to a cosine curve and the best-fit frequency is taken as ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{D}$. This measurement of ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{D}$, when combined with a measurement of the time-averaged field $B$ experienced by the positrons in the trap, is the basis of the experiment. More explicitly, if the $g$ factor is written as $g=2(1+a)$, where $a$ is the $g$ factor anomaly, then $a=(\frac{{m}_{0}c}{\mathrm{eB}}){\ensuremath{\omega}}_{D}$. The principal difference between the present experiment and previous work is the use of a pulsed coil instead of a dc magnet to generate a 10-kG magnetic field used in the polarimeter. Fringe fields from the dc magnet caused severe drifting of the trapped beam, a problem which has been overcome by use of the coil. The longer trapping times now obtained account for a factor of 5 improvement in measurement accuracy. The result of our experiment may be written as $a=(11603\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}12)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$. Invariance under $\mathrm{TCP}$ requires equality of the electron and positron $g$ factors. Our results, when compared with previous electron measurements, serve to confirm this prediction at the 1-ppm level in the $g$ factor. Furthermore, since the ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ $g$ factors are equal to within 0.7 ppm, any violation of $\mathrm{TCP}$ which manifests itself in a lepton-antilepton $g$ factor asymmetry is ruled out at the 1-ppm level.
A Note On Zeroes Of Superpotentials In F-Theory

We discuss the dependence of superpotential terms in 4D F-theory on moduli parameters. Two cases are studied: the dependence on world-filling 3-brane positions and the dependence on 2-form VEVs. In the first case there is a zero when the 3-brane hits the divisor responsible for the superpotential. In the second case, which has been extensively discussed by Witten in 3D M-theory, there is a zero for special values of 2-form VEVs when the M-theory divisor contains non-trivial 3-cycles. We give an alternative derivation of this fact for the special case of F-theory.
Multi-queue scheduling of two tasks

A class of schedules in the two customer central server queueing model, consisting of a “CPU” server and m “I/O” servers, is considered. Optimal (maximal CPU utilization) CPU and I/O schedules are obtained. The best CPU schedule depends on the I/O schedule in effect; and is either Longest or Shortest-Expected-Remaining-Processing-Time-First. However, for certain I/O schedules the CPU schedule is immaterial. The best I/O schedule is always to process the (expected) longer CPU customer first.
In vivo release of interleukin-1β into hypothalamic extracellular fluid in rats: effects of repeated sampling

Interleukin-1 beta (Il-1 beta) concentrations in extracellular fluid (ECF) withdrawn at 10-min intervals through a push-pull cannula (PPC) located in the hypothalamus were studied in freely behaving male rats for 1 h at 24 and 72 h and again at 7 days after PPC implantation. Il-1 beta concentrations in ECF were similar in the latter. However, when ECF was sampled at 3 h and again 7 days after PPC implantation, Il-1 beta concentrations were greatly elevated at 7 days when compared to all other intervals. These results demonstrate how the relationships between Il-1 beta measured in ECF and the conditions of measurement appear to be integral parts of a whole intracerebral system: cytokine concentrations appear to be inextricably bound to intrahypothalamic conditions created by the sampling device presence and frequency of use.
An unusual isomerization under Lawesson thiation conditions

Abstract Treatment of lactam esters 9 and 10 under Lawesson thiation conditions caused epimerization of a remote stereocenter, providing diastereomeric lactam esters 13 and 14 .
A survey of poverty research in Russia: Does it follow the scientific method?

Abstract This paper presents the first critical review of the literature on poverty published in Russia between 1992 and 2006. Using a dataset of about 250 publications in Russian scientific journals we assess whether the poverty research in Russia satisfies the general criteria of a scientific publication and if such studies could provide reliable guidance to the Russian government as it maps out its anti-poverty policies. Our findings indicate that only a small proportion of papers on poverty published in Russia in 1992–2006 follow the universally recognized principles of the scientific method. The utility of policy advice based on such research is questionable. We also suggest certain steps that could, in our view, improve the quality of poverty research in Russia.
Resistance Switching Memories Are Memristors

All 2-terminal non-volatile memory devices based on resistance switching are memristors, regardless of the device material and physical operating mechanisms. They all exhibit a distinctive “fingerprint” characterized by a pinched hysteresis loop confined to the first and the third quadrants of the v–i plane whose contour shape in general changes with both the amplitude and frequency of any periodic “sine-wave-like” input voltage source, or current source. In particular, the pinched hysteresis loop shrinks and tends to a straight line as frequency increases. Though numerous examples of voltage vs. current pinched hysteresis loops have been published in many unrelated fields, such as biology, chemistry, physics, etc., and observed from many unrelated phenomena, such as gas discharge arcs, mercury lamps, power conversion devices, earthquake conductance variations, etc., we restrict our examples in this tutorial to solid-state and/or nano devices where copious examples of published pinched hysteresis loops abound. In particular, we sampled arbitrarily, one example from each year between the years 2000 and 2010, to demonstrate that the memristor is a device that does not depend on any particular material, or physical mechanism. For example, we have shown that spin-transfer magnetic tunnel junctions are examples of memristors. We have also demonstrated that both bipolar and unipolar resistance switching devices are memristors.
Photometric Stellar Variability in the Galactic Center

We report the results of a diffraction-limited, photometric variability study of the central 5'' × 5'' of the Galaxy conducted over the past 10 years using speckle imaging techniques on the W. M. Keck I 10 m telescope. Within our limiting magnitude of mK < 16 mag for images made from a single night of data, we find a minimum of 15 K[2.2 μm]-band variable stars out of 131 monitored stars. The only periodic source in our sample is the previously identified variable IRS 16SW, for which we measure an orbital period of 19.448 ± 0.002 days. In contrast to recent results, our data on IRS 16SW show an asymmetric phased light curve with a much steeper fall time than rise time, which may be due to tidal deformations caused by the proximity of the stars in their orbits. We also identify a possible wind colliding binary (IRS 29N) based on its photometric variation over a few year timescale, which is likely due to episodic dust production. None of the four luminous blue variable (LBV) candidates in our sample show the characteristic large increase or decrease in luminosity. However, our time baseline is too short to rule them out as LBVs. Among the remaining variable stars, the majority are early-type stars, and three are possibly variable due to line-of-sight extinction variations. For the seven OB stars at the center of our field of view that have well-determined three-dimensional orbits, we see no evidence of flares or dimming of their light, which limits the possibility of a cold, geometrically thin, inactive accretion disk around the supermassive black hole, Sgr A*.
Stereoselective Synthesis of γ-Lactams from Imines and Cyanosuccinic Anhydrides

A reaction between imines and anhydrides has been developed with chiral disubstituted anhydrides and chiral imines. The synthesis of highly substituted γ-lactams with three stereogenic centers, including one quaternary center, proceeds at room temperature in high yield and with high diastereoselectivity in most cases. Enantiomerically pure alkyl-substituted anhydrides proceed with no epimerization, thus providing access to enantiomerically pure penta-substituted lactam products.
Studies of plasma detachment using a one dimensional model for divertor operation

Abstract To characterize the conditions required to reach advanced divertor regimes, a one-dimensional computational model has been developed based on a coordinate transformation to incorporate two-dimensional effects. This model includes transport of ions, two species each of atoms and molecules, momentum, and ion and electron energy both within and across the flux surfaces. Impurity radiation is calculated using a coronal equilibrium model which includes the effects of charge-exchange recombination. Numerical results indicate that impurity radiation acts to facilitate plasma detachment and enhances the power lost from the divertor channel in escaping neutral atoms by cooling the electrons and suppressing ionization. As divertor particle densities increase, cold and thermal molecules become increasingly important in cooling the plasma, with molecular densities dominating electron and atomic densities under some conditions.
Direct adaptive command following and disturbance rejection for minimum phase systems with unknown relative degree

This paper considers parameter-monotonic direct adaptive command following and disturbance rejection for single-input single-output minimum-phase linear time-invariant systems with knowledge of the sign of the high-frequency gain (first non-zero Markov parameter) and an upper bound on the magnitude of the high-frequency gain. We assume that the command and disturbance signals are generated by a linear system with known characteristic polynomial. Furthermore, we assume that the command signal is measured, but the disturbance signal is unmeasured. The first part of the paper is devoted to a fixed-gain analysis of a high-gain-stabilizing dynamic compensator for command following and disturbance rejection. The compensator utilizes a Fibonacci series construction to control systems with unknown-but-bounded relative degree. We then introduce a parameter-monotonic adaptive law and guarantee asymptotic command following and disturbance rejection. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving known solutions is hard

In this paper, we study the complexity of computing better solutions to optimization problems given other solutions. We use a model of computation suitable for this purpose, the counterexample computation model. We first prove that, if PH ≠ ΣP3, polynomial time transducers cannot compute optimal solutions for many problems, even givenn1−enon-trivial solutions, for any e>0. These results are then used to establish sharp lower bounds for several problems in the counterexample model. We extend the model by defining probabilistic counterexample computations and show that our results hold even in the presence of randomness.
A Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective Action: Presidential Address, American Political Science Association, 1997

Extensive empirical evidence and theoretical developments in multiple disciplines stimulate a need to expand the range of rational choice models to be used as a foundation for the study of social dilemmas and collective action. After an introduction to the problem of overcoming social dilemmas through collective action, the remainder of this article is divided into six sections. The first briefly reviews the theoretical predictions of currently accepted rational choice theory related to social dilemmas. The second section summarizes the challenges to the sole reliance on a complete model of rationality presented by extensive experimental research. In the third section, I discuss two major empirical findings that begin to show how individuals achieve results that are “better than rational” by building conditions where reciprocity, reputation, and trust can help to overcome the strong temptations of short-run self-interest. The fourth section raises the possibility of developing second-generation models of rationality, the fifth section develops an initial theoretical scenario, and the final section concludes by examining the implications of placing reciprocity, reputation, and trust at the core of an empirically tested, behavioral theory of collective action.
White X-ray microdiffraction analysis of defects, strain and tilts in a free standing GaN film

A novel white-beam microdiffraction analysis of defects, strains and tilts in a free standing m -plane GaN film grown via hydride vapor phase epitaxy is presented. It is shown that misfit dislocations are grouped within cell boundaries creating local lattice rotations (tilts) between the growing cells. Distribution of lattice rotations in the film is not homogeneous. Regions of large rotations are separated by low rotations regions. The dominating rotation axis is parallel [110] direction. High in plane shear stress component is observed along [0001]. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stereoselective synthesis of β-C-d-glucopyranosides using the reaction of TMSCN and Grignard reagents with cyclic five-membered sulfonium salt intermediates

Abstract In the presence of a Lewis acid, ArSCl adducts of tri- O -benzyl- d -glucal react with vinyl ethers to form cyclic five-membered sulfonium salt intermediates. The latter are capable of reacting with TMSCN and Grignard reagents furnishing exclusively 2- S -(aryl)-2-thio-β- C - d -glucopyranosides. The one-pot reaction also proceeds with high stereoselectivity of C–C bond formation in the lateral chain providing exclusively or predominantly C -glycosides with ( S )-configuration of the chiral center in the lateral chain.
Pilot-Force Measurement with Inertia and Gravity Compensation

Measuring pilot force on pilot control loaders used in flight simulators is difficult due to force errors introduced by pilot control loader inertia, simulator cab motion, and gravity. Attempts to correct this problem by using strain gauges near the grip handle or in gloves have proven impractical because the devices are sensitive to grip position. This paper describes a technique for measuring the pilot control loader pilot force with compensation for all inertial effects by incorporating an accelerometer located at a specific location for each particular pilot control loader axis. There are no additional requirements on the pilot, who is only required to operate the pilot control loader in a normal manner. The pitch axis on a McFadden wheel and column pilot control loader, used at the NASA Ames Research Center, was used to demonstrate the pilot-force measurement technique with compensation for inertial effects and gravity.
The Effects of Heat Transfer on Gas Spring Performance

Gas springs are devices in which the compressibility of a gas is used to provide a force varying with distance. The force-distance relationship is similar to that provided by a mechanical spring. Experiments were performed on a piston-cylinder gas spring. Speed, cyclic mean pressure, gas, bore/stroke ratio, volume ratio, and internal extended surface geometry were varied. Hysteresis loss, pressure wave magnitude, and pressure-volume phase shift were measured. Nondimensional variables were found to correlate results, and a theoretical model was found to predict results well, over most of the operating range.
On Resonance-Line Profiles Predicted by Radiation-driven Disk-Wind Models

We report on resonance-line profiles predicted by radiation-driven disk-wind models that extend radially 1 order of magnitude farther out than our previous models. Our main result is that the inclusion of a disk wind at larger radii changes qualitatively and quantitatively the line profiles predicted by the models. Our new models predict line absorption that is significantly stronger than those predicted by old models. Some of the previous line profiles exhibit a double-humped structure near the line center that is now replaced by a more plausible single, blueshifted minimum. We emphasize that the improvements in the shape as well as the strength of the absorption were achieved without changing the gross properties of the wind. In particular, our new models do not predict a higher mass-loss rate than the previous models did. The main changes in the line profiles are due to the fact that the ratio between the rotational velocity and the poloidal velocity of the wind decreases downstream. The new line profiles reproduce well the line absorption of the nova-like variable IX Vel and promise to reproduce observations of other cataclysmic variables. This success of the radiation-driven disk-wind model provides an important link between outflows in OB stars and outflows in active galactic nuclei.
CW Operation of the FMIT RFQ Accelerator

Recently, we have achieved reliable cw operation of the Fusion Materials Irradiation Test (FMIT) radiofrequency quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator. In addition to the operational experiences in achieving this status, some of the modifications of the vacuum system, cooling system, and rf structure are discussed. Preliminary beam-characterization results are presented.
Happiness and virtue in socrates' moral theory

In Section IV above we start with texts whose prima facie import speaks so strongly for the Identity Thesis that any interpretation which stops short of it looks like a shabby, timorous, thesis-saving move. What else could Socrates mean when he declares with such conviction that ‘no evil’ can come to a good man (T19), that his prosecutors ‘could not harm’ him (T16(a)), that if a man has not been made more unjust he has not been harmed (T20), that ‘all of happiness is in culture and justice’ (T16(a)), that living well is ‘the same’ as living justly (T15)? But then doubts begin to creep in. Recalling that inflation of the quantifier is normal and innocuous in common speech (“that job means everything to him, he'll do anything to get it, will stick at nothing”) we ask if there is really no chance at all that ‘no evil’ in T19, ‘not harmed’ in T20 might be meant in the same way? The shift from ‘no harm’ at T16(a) to ‘no great harm’ at T16(b), once noticed, strengthens the doubt. It gets further impetus in T21(b) when to explain how ‘all of happiness is in culture and justice’ he depicts a relation (that recurs more elaborately in T22) which, though still enormously strong, is not quite as strong as would be required by identity. The doubt seeps into T15 when we note that current usage did allow just that relation as a respectable use of ‘the same’.
Hd 209458: physical parameters of the parent star and the transiting planet

The Sun-like star HD 209458 harbors a close-in giant planet that transits across the star's disk, and thus allows an unprecedented access to the basic parameters of the planet, given a certain knowledge of the basic parameters of the star, namely, its mass and radius. We present theoretical stellar evolution model calculations for HD 209458 and discuss the uncertainties involved in deriving the stellar mass and radius. We derive the mass, M = 1.06 M☉, radius, R = 1.18 R☉, and age, t = 5.2 Gyr of the star with uncertainties of 10% or more. The dominant sources of uncertainty remain the helium abundance estimate and the treatment of convection, even after an optimistic estimate for the effective temperature of the star. However, we find that in deriving the radius of the planet, Rp, the relevant stellar model input is the M/R relation, which runs orthogonal to a degeneracy in the transit light-curve solution and greatly improves the estimate of Rp. Theoretically, the M/R relation has a lower uncertainty than the M and R separately. We estimate the planet radius and mass to be Rp = 1.42 RJ and Mp = 0.69 ± 0.02 MJ.
Characterization of the finite variation property for a class of stationary increment infinitely divisible processes

Abstract We characterize the finite variation property for stationary increment mixed moving averages driven by infinitely divisible random measures. Such processes include fractional and moving average processes driven by Levy processes, and also their mixtures. We establish two types of zero–one laws for the finite variation property. We also consider some examples to illustrate our results.