cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Associations Between Magnitude of Child Maltreatment and Medicaid Expenditures for Psychotropic Medications

Objective:This study examined relationships between various measures of the severity of child maltreatment and expenditures on psychotropic drugs among children in the welfare system.Methods:Child participants (N=4,453) in the first National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW) were linked to their Medicaid claims from 36 states. Three specifications for severity of maltreatment were developed. A two-part regression of logistic and generalized linear models of expenditures on psychotropic medications was estimated for each specification.Results:Physically abused children had higher odds (odds ratio [OR]=1.34) and neglected children had lower odds (OR=.76) of incurring psychotropic drug expenditures. Children who experienced the most severe level of harm had higher odds (OR=1.33) of medication use, compared with children without appreciable harm. No maltreatment specifications were associated with increased expenditures on psychotropic drugs.Conclusions:The magnitude of maltreatment affected o...
Intermittent Administration of Rapamycin Extends the Life Span of Female C57BL/6J Mice

Inhibition of the mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) signaling pathway by the FDA-approved drug rapamycin promotes life span in numerous model organisms and delays age-related disease in mice. However, the utilization of rapamycin as a therapy for age-related diseases will likely prove challenging due to the serious metabolic and immunological side effects of rapamycin in humans. We recently identified an intermittent rapamycin treatment regimen-2mg/kg administered every 5 days-with a reduced impact on glucose homeostasis and the immune system as compared with chronic treatment; however, the ability of this regimen to extend life span has not been determined. Here, we report for the first time that an intermittent rapamycin treatment regimen starting as late as 20 months of age can extend the life span of female C57BL/6J mice. Our work demonstrates that the anti-aging potential of rapamycin is separable from many of its negative side effects and suggests that carefully designed dosing regimens may permit the safer use of rapamycin and its analogs for the treatment of age-related diseases in humans.
Characteristics of Resultant Electric Field Under Ultra High Voltage Direct Current Test Lines in High Altitude Area

In order to obtain characteristics of electromagnetic environment(EME) around UHVDC transmission lines and to provide reliable intelligent support for power line designing,we performed long-term statistical measurements of resultant electric field(ES) on the UHVDC test lines located in National Laboratory for UHV Technology in Kunming,China.The lateral distribution of ES was obtained through synchronous measurements at multiple points under the test lines,and the cumulative probability distribution of ES was acquired based on the results of long-term statistical tests under standard condition.By changing minimum conductor height,pole spacing,and bundle radius,the influences of the line parameters on ES were obtained.Furthermore,the effects of line voltage and polarity on the magnitude and distribution of ES were studied.Conclusions can be drawn that,1) under the regular operating condition,peak values of ES appear at the projection of energized poles,while the negative extremum is larger than the positive one.Compared with bipolar situation,the position where extremum shows is closer to the voltage injecting pole in mono-polar situation;2) in spring,the statistical 50% value of the positive extremum of ES is 19.10 kV/m,while for the negative extremum,it is-25.00 kV/m,however,in fall,these two values are 23.10 kV/m and-21.50 kV/m,respectively,both larger than those in spring;3) as the minimum conductor height,pole spacing,and bundle radius increase,the magnitude of ES decreases;4) the magnitude of ES increases monotonously with the voltage applied on the conductors,and the increasing speeds of bipolar and mono-polar conditions are quite close to each other.
EXPANSION APPROACH FOR PACKING DESIGN OF PLANAR GEAR TRANSMISSION

： Packing design is an important problem in gear transmission system design,the ke y is to build an effcient representation and solvent model.An expansion method i s provided to solve this problem. Expansion method is a kind of algorith m method that finds positions of packing items by putting expansion and repulsio n operations among packing items.This method can represent multi layer structur e of gearbox and gear mashing constraints,and it is a kind of good solvent mode l for gear transmission’s packing problem.
Delay-Dependent Robust Stabilization of Uncertain State-Delayed Systems

In this paper we discussed delay-dependent feedback stabilization of linear uncertain state-delayed systems. Based on the status feedback of system, the control regularity for the feedback stability of system is offered. Using the linear matrix inequality (LMI), we got the sufficient condition for the feedback stability of system. Finally an illustrative example verified the effectiveness and rationality of the conclusion.
Coadministration of disulfiram and lorazepam in the treatment of alcohol dependence and co-occurring anxiety disorder: an open-label pilot study

ABSTRACTBackground: Anxiety is common among persons with alcohol use disorder during early abstinence from alcohol. Although benzodiazepines are effective for short-term treatment of anxiety, they are rarely used beyond acute detoxification due to concerns about misuse or interactions with alcohol. Objectives: We conducted an open-label trial to explore the effects of coadministering lorazepam and disulfiram to alcohol-dependent patients with anxiety disorder symptoms. The rationale for this model is to minimize the risks of the benzodiazepine, while also potentially enhancing adherence to disulfiram. Methods: Forty-one participants with DSM-IV alcohol dependence who also met syndromal criteria for anxiety disorder with or without co-occurring major depressive syndrome initiated treatment with lorazepam (starting dose 0.5 mg three times daily) and disulfiram (starting dose 500 mg three times weekly). Participants received 16 weeks of monitored pharmacotherapy with manualized medical management. Results: A...
Nonlinear Time Series — Bifurcation, Chaos, and Stationarity

The qualitative behavior of time series (like stationarity and ergodicity) is often assumed to be known for time series analysis (like estimation and prediction). For nonlinear time series, the qualitative behavior is often difficult to study. Using associated control systems, we describe a method to determine the system behavior that is successful for series with bounded random term. In the process, we also analyze the relation between deterministic dynamical systems and their random counterparts. This includes bifurcation behavior depending on the parameters of the system, and random perturbations of chaotic attractors.
Pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica Demonstrated in the Suckling Mouse.

An experimental suckling mouse intraperitoneal injection test was compared with four plasmid-associated tests (adult mouse peroral exposure, adult mouse intraperitoneal injection, auto-agglutination and plasmid detection by gel electrophoresis) to measure Yersinia enterocolitica pathogenicity. Of eight Vwa plasmid-harboring strains (O:3; O:4,32; O:5,27; O:8; O:9; O:13; O:21; and O:Tacoma) and one isogenic plasmidless strain (O:8), all Vwa plasmid-harboring strains gave identical results in all tests except the two adult mouse tests. In studies of 35 clinical strains of Y. enterocolitica recently isolated during two foodborne outbreaks, a comparison of the autoagglutination, gel electrophoresis for Vwa plasmid detection and suckling mouse tests showed that 29 strains (83%) gave identical results in all three tests. The other six strains produced different reactions in the plasmid detection and autoagglutination tests, indicating that neither test alone is sufficient to evaluate the virulence of Y. enterocolitica . To compare the sensitivity of these in vitro tests with a biological assay (the suckling mouse intraperitoneal injection test), a mixture of plasmid-harboring (P+) and plasmidless (P-) isogenic Y. enterocolitica cells was examined. The suckling mouse test was more sensitive and consistent in detecting the Vwa plasmid (as evidenced by mouse lethality). A bacterial population containing 0.1 % P + cells induced a lethal infection in the suckling mouse, whereas the other two tests required at least 10% P + cells for detection of the Vwa plasmid. The 50% lethal dose (LD50) in the suckling mouse was directly proportional to the number of Vwa-harboring cells in the culture.
Prion-like Aggregation of Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein in Lupus Patients Is Associated With Increased Levels of Type I Interferon.

Objective Increased levels of type I interferon (IFN) and type I IFN–regulated genes are found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and may be central to its pathogenesis. Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) is a key regulator of type I IFN that undergoes a dramatic prion-like aggregation and self propagates the activation signal from viral RNA to amplify downstream IFN production. We undertook this study to determine whether such MAVS aggregates might play a role in the sustained increased production of type I IFN in SLE. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and mitochondrial extracts were prepared. MAVS aggregation was detected by semidenatured agarose gel electrophoresis and confirmed by immunofluorescence staining. MAVS-associated signaling proteins were analyzed by Western blotting. MAVS aggregation–associated gene expression signature was analyzed by microarray. Results In blood cells from 22 of 67 SLE patients, essentially all MAVS was in a high molecular weight aggregated form. None of 6 rheumatoid arthritis patients and only 3 of 33 healthy controls had abnormal MAVS. Compared to MAVS aggregate–negative patients, MAVS aggregate–positive SLE patients had significantly higher serum levels of IFNβ and significantly increased levels of autoantibodies against Sm and U1 RNP. Gene array data revealed a characteristic gene expression pattern in these patients, with altered expression of genes involved in IFN signaling and membrane trafficking. Conclusion Persistent MAVS aggregates may lead to increased type I IFN production and result in unmitigated signals leading to autoimmunity.
Multicarrier Broadcast and Unicast Hybrid Systems

Wireless infrastructures can be conveniently categorized into two types: those that provide point-to-point 'unicast' connectivity (e.g., cellular) and others that are 'broadcast' in nature (such as TV and radio) and are inherently point-to- multipoint. This paper introduces a transmission scheme for multicarrier hybrid system that supports both broadcasting and unicasting on a single-frequency platform. In particular, we present a dirty-paper coding (DPC) based overlay architecture to enable interference-free reception of unicast signals. The fundamental limits of hybrid communications are investigated, along with power allocation algorithm that approaches the hybrid capacity. Our results show that considerable gains over orthogonal multiplexing (e.g., TDM/FDM) can be achieved through interference-free overlay. In addition, we describe approaches to further improve the spectral efficiency through multicell collaboration.
Proper Functioning and Practical Judgment

There may be some plausibility to realist accounts of the morality of direct concern. Thus Thomas Nagel has argued for the impersonal badness of pain, for the idea that not just our own pain but anyone's pain provides us with a reason for ameliorating action. But realist accounts of the morality of reciprocal concern are more problematic. For metaethical realists, a judgment employing one of the concepts of the morality of reciprocal concern will be an attempt to represent a fact consisting in the possession, by a pattern of interaction within a group, of an objective normative property of a certain kind. The resulting metaethical picture will thus be more complicated than that associated with a realist account of the badness of a simple mental state like pain. To say that a realist account of the morality of reciprocal concern would be more complicated than a realist account of the morality of direct concern is not to say that no such account can be provided. To take the example of fairness, I have proposed that it consists in appropriate concession in an ongoing cooperative endeavor, where concession is understood to be appropriate when disparities of concession have been eliminated. A realist view could posit the objective to-be-avoidedness of such disparities of concession while admitting that what constitutes a disparity of concession can change over time, giving fairness a historical character of a sort. But I believe that the morality of reciprocal concern fits more comfortably with an antirealist, and in particular a constructivist, metaethics. This approach enables us to explain why disparities of concession loom large in moral thought by invoking the motivational disposition that I have posited, and to attribute the historicity of the morality of reciprocal concern to the evolution of senses of fairness grounded in this disposition. The morality of reciprocal concern has a history because senses of fairness, and justice, evolve as people encounter new natural and social environments. In this short chapter, I begin the presentation of my historical metaethics of the morality of reciprocal concern by introducing and explaining the fundamental normative concept employed by my theory, proper functioning. The first part of the chapter provides a general account of the normativity of proper functioning; the second extracts from this an account of practical judgment.
INDUSTRY AND PRACTICE: Initiating Change in Documentation Practices

As database systems continue to grow in size and complexity, organizations may find themselves struggling with the burden of poorly documented systems. In many cases, developers and testers are forced to work directly with cryptic and unstructured applications potentially introducing errors or delaying schedules. This occurs far too often when the â€œexpertsâ€ are no longer available to explain system functionality and semantics. One developer pointed out that â€œwe have little documentation because we donâ€™t have the time or the resources to implement a formal process. What we need is a simple documentation process that can be readily used so that we no longer have to wait in line to talk to the experts.â€
White innocence as an investigative frame in a schooling context

ABSTRACTIneffective and oppressive schooling of people of color has been obstinate and widespread. Disinviting and hostile practices often engaged through written and oral discourses contribute to ...
On early detection of application-level resource exhaustion and starvation

Abstract Software systems are often engineered and tested for functionality under normal rather than worst-case conditions. This makes the systems vulnerable to denial-of-service attacks, where attackers engineer conditions that result in overconsumption of resources or starvation and stalling of execution. While the security community is well familiar with volumetric resource exhaustion attacks at the network and transport layers, application-specific attacks pose a challenging threat. In this paper, we present Radmin, a novel system for early detection of application-level resource exhaustion and starvation attacks. Radmin works directly on compiled binaries. It learns and executes multiple probabilistic finite automata from benign runs of target programs. Radmin confines the resource usage of target programs to the learned automata and detects resource usage anomalies at their early stages. We demonstrate the effectiveness of Radmin by testing it using a variety of synthetic and in-the-wild attacks. We provide a theoretical analysis of the attacker’s knowledge of Radmin and provide a metric for the degree of vulnerability of a program that is protected by Radmin. Finally, we also compare the accuracy and effectiveness of two different architectures, Radmin which works in both the user and kernel spaces, and URadmin which works solely in user space.
Risk assessment of dry bulk cargo operations using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method

Risk assessment is a vital for any industry to characterize the hazards and decision making on its control options. Risk assessment comprise 3 stages of process which are risk identification, risk estimation and risk evaluation. In the case of seaport terminal operation, it is crucial for seaport to determine possible risks. This study review a qualitative decision making method known as Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for assessing the risk of the dry bulk cargo operations within seaport terminal. A brainstorming approach has undertaken to identify the risk attributes to operational process of dry bulk cargo. Using the real live data from the case study, the dry bulk cargo operations risk ranking was measured to be an indicator in decision making on risk control options and evaluation of its effectiveness towards each risk factor identified in this study. It shows that AHP method is good tools to converting qualitative measures which used a set of linguistic terms in describing the relationship between risk factors in the hierarchy into quantitative measures using mathematical calculation through Analytic Hierarchy Process to measure the operational risk of bulk cargo operation within seaport. Therefore, the pairwise comparisons between factors in the hierarchy could applied linguistic terms and the calculation of weightage to measure the operational risk of bulk cargo operation within seaport.
Comment on 'Market and Management Failures' (by Pankaj Ghemawat)

This paper is a comment on 'Market and Management Failures' (by Pankaj Ghemawat) which can be found at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2863089.
Exploiting a Thermal Side Channel for Power Attacks in Multi-Tenant Data Centers

The power capacity of multi-tenant data centers is typically oversubscribed in order to increase the utilization of expensive power infrastructure. This practice can create dangerous situations and compromise data center availability if the designed power capacity is exceeded. This paper demonstrates that current safeguards are vulnerable to well-timed power attacks launched by malicious tenants (i.e., attackers). Further, we demonstrate that there is a physical side channel --- a thermal side channel due to hot air recirculation --- that contains information about the benign tenants' runtime power usage and can enable a malicious tenant to time power attacks effectively. In particular, we design a state-augmented Kalman filter to extract this information from the side channel and guide an attacker to use its maximum power at moments that coincide with the benign tenants' high power demand, thus overloading the shared power capacity. Our experimental results show that an attacker can capture 54% of all attack opportunities, significantly compromising the data center availability. Finally, we discuss a set of possible defense strategies to safeguard the data center infrastructure against power attacks.
Customizing the Education Needs of Accounting Professionals: Two Australian Case Studies

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates two Australian case studies on customizing the education needs of accounting professionals. The two programs, the Master of Accounting Studies offered by The University of New England—Northern Rivers, and the Bachelor of Taxation offered by The University of New South Wales are both national programs that have been customized to meet the educational needs of accounting professionals, and the profession itself. Each of these programs represents a departure from the norm for the institutions concerned. A particular feature of the ATAX programs was the collaborative and consultative nature of the processes that took place in the design, development, and delivery of the programs between staff from The University of New South Wales, the Australian Taxation Office, and the University of Central Queensland. In both programs, it is envisaged that the network of centers across Australia will be used for both student-initiated, and university-initiated activities, including teletutorials, self-directed study groups, video viewing, tutorials presented by local tutors, audio conferences with staff, and students at other locations, and various computer activities including on-line library searches, submission of assignments by electronic mail, or facsimile, and computer-assisted learning.
Enhanced Out-of-Plane Conductivity and Photovoltaic Performance in n = 1 Layered Perovskites through Organic Cation Design

Layered perovskites with the formula (R–NH3)2PbI4 have excellent environmental stability but poor photovoltaic function due to the preferential orientation of the semiconducting layer parallel to the substrate and the typically insulating nature of the R–NH3+ cation. Here, we report a series of these n = 1 layered perovskites with the form (aromatic-O-linker-NH3)2PbI4 where the aromatic moiety is naphthalene, pyrene, or perylene and the linker is ethyl, propyl, or butyl. These materials achieve enhanced conductivity perpendicular to the inorganic layers due to better energy level matching between the inorganic layers and organic galleries. The enhanced conductivity and visible absorption of these materials led to a champion power conversion efficiency of 1.38%, which is the highest value reported for any n = 1 layered perovskite, and it is an order of magnitude higher efficiency than any other n = 1 layered perovskite oriented with layers parallel to the substrate. These findings demonstrate the importanc...
Chemical, physical and mechanical analysis of explanted breast implants.

The slow degradation or deterioration of a material due to the long-term effects of the environment are usually referred to as aging. Aging is an extremely complex process which may represent a myriad of physical and/or chemical processes. In polymeric materials the physical processes accompanying aging range from loss of additives, such as plasticizers or anti-oxidants to swelling by liquids. Chemical aging includes diverse phenomenon such as cross-linking, depolymerization, or reaction with environmental species, such as oxygen, to produce new or different compounds. The aging of silicones is of great interest, particularly with respect to changes which may occur in body implants during long-term implantation.
Optimization approaches to the problem of edge linking with a focus on parallel processing

An important problem in computer vision, that of edge linking for contour or line drawing extraction, is approached from the point of view of a graph labeling problem. A Lagrange dual approach to an integer programming formulation of this problem will be presented. Although the inherent complexity of the problem will not be reduced, the techniques presented below will allow for a partial decomposition of the solution algorithm. Furthermore, the approach which will be presented appears to have certain advantages over existing line tracking and graph searching algorithms.
The French Revolution, war, and state-building: making one Tilly out of three

In this chapter, Tilly’s work on revolutions and state-building are connected to each other to show how state building and contentious mechanisms combined to produce both the terror and the foundation for the people’s army and other foundations for mass politics.
Long-term moderately elevated LDL-cholesterol and blood pressure and risk of coronary heart disease.

Background Harmful effects of long-term exposure to moderately elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and blood pressure on coronary heart disease (CHD) have not been rigorously examined. We estimated the risk of CHD under long-term exposure to moderately elevated LDL-cholesterol and blood pressure compared with the risk under shorter exposures to higher levels of the same risk factors. Methods Observational study using data from 2,714 adults in Framingham Offspring Study who were free of existing cardiovascular disease and aged <70 years at baseline (1987–1991). We used the parametric g-formula to estimate 16-year CHD risk under different levels and durations of exposure to LDL-cholesterol (low: <130 mg/dL, moderate: 130 to <160 mg/dL, high 160 to <190 mg/dL, and very high: ≥190 mg/dL) and systolic blood pressure (low: <120 mmHg, prehypertension: 120 to <140 mmHg, stage 1 hypertension: 140 to <160 mmHg, and stage 2 hypertension: ≥160 mmHg). Results The estimated 16-year CHD risk under exposure to low LDL was 8.2% (95% CI = 7.0–9.6). The 16-year CHD risk under exposure to moderate LDL was 8.9% (7.8–10.1) which was similar to CHD risk under 8 years of low LDL followed by 8 years of high LDL at 9.0% (7.7–10.3); and 12 years of low LDL followed by 4 years of very high LDL at 8.8% (7.6–10.1). The results for blood pressure were similar. Conclusions Long-term exposure to moderate levels of LDL-cholesterol and blood pressure had a similar impact on CHD risk as shorter exposures to levels considered ‘high’ per clinical guidelines.
The Civil Rights Movement: Revised Edition

The civil rights movement was arguably the most important reform in American history. This book recounts the extraordinary and often bloody story of how tens of thousands of ordinary African-Americans overcame long odds to dethrone segregation, to exercise the right to vote and to improve their economic standing.Organized in a clear chronological fashion, the book shows how concerted pressure in a variety of forms ultimately carried the day in realizing a more just society for African- Americans. It will provide students of American history with an invaluable, comprehensive introduction to the Civil Rights Movement.
The mortality for surgical repair is similar to ligation in patients with traumatic portal vein injury.

Abstract Background Portal vein injury is uncommon, and the optimal treatment is controversial. We compared the outcomes of ligation vs repair of portal injury using the National Trauma Data Bank. Methods Adult patients who suffered portal injury were identified from the National Trauma Data Bank (2002-2014) by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis codes. Patients were stratified by treatment modality into no surgery, ligation, and surgical repair using International Classification of Diseases procedure codes. Outcomes including hospital mortality, bowel resection, and length of stay between ligation and surgical repair were compared by Kruskal-Wallis or Fisher exact test as appropriate. Multivariable analyses were performed with logistic regression. Results Among 752 patients with portal vein injury, 345 patients (45.9%) underwent no surgery, 103 patients (13.7%) had ligation, and 304 (40.4%) underwent surgical repair. Overall mortality was 49%. Age, sex, Injury Severity Score, Glasgow Coma Scale score, presenting blood pressure, and heart rate were similar between groups that underwent ligation and surgical repair. The hospital mortality (59.2% vs 47.7%; P = .08), bowel resection (1.9% vs 1.0%; P = .55), and length of stay (12.5 vs 15.0 days; P = .08) were also comparable between ligation and repair in univariate analysis. In multivariable analysis, hospital mortality for surgical repair was similar to ligation (risk ratio, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.41-1.16; P = .16). Conclusions Portal vein injury is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Surgical repair showed a trend for lower postoperative mortality than ligation, but this was not statistically significant on multivariate analysis. Repair of a traumatic portal vein injury should be attempted, but ligation is an acceptable alternative without an increase in bowel resection rates or a statistically significant increase in mortality.
The natural history, treatment pattern, and survival of the patients with sarcomatoid bladder carcinoma: A pooled analysis.

e15532 Background: Sarcomatoid bladder carcinoma (SRBC) is a rare variant of urothelial cancer. Current data is limited on clinical features, appropriate management and outcomes. Methods: A retrosp...
A “Common” Campaign: Reinventing the Book in Common Program on A Liberal Arts Campus

If the book in common is truly an institutional endeavor, campus stakeholders (i.e., faculty, staff, and administrators) should feel some sense of ownership during the development phase of common b...
Toward a Rationale for Value-Centered Argument.

Argumentation can provide the rational framework for a rhetoric of value evolution.” The broad outline of an approach to value-centered argument is sketched which can clarify our understanding of t...
Metric Learning for Approximation of Microwave Channel Error Covariance: Application for Satellite Retrieval of Drizzle and Light Snowfall

Improved microwave retrieval of land and atmospheric state variables requires proper weighting of the information content of radiometric channels through their error covariance matrix. Inspired by recent advances in metric learning techniques, a new framework is proposed for a formal approximation of the channel error covariance. The idea is tested for the detection of precipitation and its phase over oceans, using coincidences of passive/active data from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) and CloudSat satellites. The initial results demonstrate that the presented approach cannot only capture the known laws of radiative transfer equations, but also the surrogate signatures that can arise due to the co-occurrence of precipitation and other radiometrically active land-atmospheric state variables. In particular, the results demonstrate high precision (low error) for the low-frequency channels of 10–37 GHz in the detection of both rain and snowfall over oceans. Using the optimal estimate of the channel error covariance through the multi-frequency ${k}$ -nearest neighbor (kNN) classification approach, without any ancillary data, it is demonstrated that the probability of passive microwave detection of snowfall (0.97) can be higher than that of the rainfall (0.88), when drizzle and light snowfall are the dominant form of precipitation. This improvement is hypothesized to be largely related to the information content of the low-frequency channels of 10–37 GHz that can capture the co-occurrence of snowfall with an increased cloud liquid water content, sea ice, and wind-induced changes of surface emissivity.
Access to extracorporeal life support as a quality metric: Lessons from trauma.

BACKGROUND Access to centers with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) capabilities varies by region and may affect overall outcomes. We assessed the outcomes of trauma patients requiring ECMO support and compared the overall survival of all patients with trauma at facilities with and without ECMO capabilities. METHODS A retrospective review of the National Trauma Data Bank was performed to identify all trauma patients receiving care at ECMO and non-ECMO centers. Baseline patient characteristics and outcomes were analyzed. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) was used to compare survival at ECMO and non-ECMO facilities. RESULTS Between 2007 and 2015, a total of 5 781 123 patients with trauma were identified with 1 983 986 (34%) admitted to an ECMO facility and 3 797 137 (66%) admitted to a non-ECMO facility. A total of 522 (0.03%) patients required ECMO. Both the number of patients with trauma requiring ECMO support and the number of trauma facilities utilizing ECMO increased over the 9-year-study period (4.9 to 13.8 patients per 100 000 admissions, and 18 to 77 centers, respectively). The mortality for ECMO patients was 40.5%. Patients with trauma admitted to ECMO facilities had more severe injuries (injury severity score: 9.0 vs 8.0; P < .001). The overall mortality was 3.3%. The adjusted OR for mortality associated with admission to an ECMO facility vs a non-ECMO facility was 0.96 (95% confidence interval: 0.95-0.97; adjusted P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The use of ECMO for patients with trauma is expanding. Our study demonstrates a survival benefit associated with admission to a facility with ECMO capabilities. Thus, access to ECMO is a potential quality metric for trauma centers.
CHAPTER 5 – DESULFONYLATION REACTIONS

A variety of reactions in organic sulfur chemistry involve elimination of sulfur dioxide. Some general considerations concerning the various types of mechanisms and intermediates likely to be involved in such “desulfonylation reactions” are first presented. This is followed by detailed consideration of the results of mechanistic studies of a number of specific desulfonylations. The particular reactions discussed are: The pyrolysis of sulfones, the peroxide-initiated decomposition of sulfonyl chlorides, and the thermal decompositions of chlorosulfites, sulfites and thiolsulfonates. In each case the probable mechanism for the reaction suggested by the experimental results is outlined and any exceptions to the usual behavior noted and discussed. Areas needing further investigation are indicated. Finally, attention is called to some important and interesting desulfonylation reactions which have not yet been subjected to mechanistic study.
PyIF: A Fast and Light Weight Implementation to Estimate Bivariate Transfer Entropy for Big Data

Transfer entropy is an information measure that quantifies information flow between processes evolving in time. Transfer entropy has a plethora of potential applications in financial markets, canonical systems, neuroscience, and social media. We offer a fast open source Python implementation called PyIF that estimates Transfer Entropy with Kraskov's method. PyIF utilizes KD-Trees, multiple processes by parallelizing queries on said KD-Trees, and can be used with CUDA compatible GPUs to significantly reduce the wall time for estimating transfer entropy. We find from our analyses that PyIF's GPU implementation is up to 1072 times faster (and it's CPU implementation is up 181 times faster) than existing implementations to estimate transfer entropy on large data and scales better than existing implementatin.
Gene delivery using AAV8 in vivo for disease stabilization in a bimodal gene therapy approach for the treatment of ADA-deficient SCID.

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency is an inborn error of metabolism affecting multiple systems and causing severe combined immunodeficiency. We tested intravenous administration of recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) 2/8-ADA vector in ADA-deficient neonate and adult mice or as part of a bimodal approach comprised of rAAV treatment at birth followed by infusion of lentiviral vector (LV)-modified lineage-depleted bone marrow cells at 8 weeks. ADA−/− mice treated with rAAV and enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for 30 days were rescued from the lethal pulmonary insufficiency, surviving out to 180 days without further treatment. rAAV vector copy number (VCN) was highest in liver, lung, and heart and was associated with near-normal ADA activity and thymocyte development. In the bimodal approach, rAAV-mediated ADA expression supported survival during the 4 weeks before infusion of the LV-modified bone marrow cells and during the engraftment period. Conditioning prior to infusion may have resulted in the replacement of rAAV marked cells in marrow and liver, with LV VCN 100- to 1,000-fold higher in hematopoietic tissue compared with rAAV VCN, and was associated with immune cell reconstitution. In conclusion, a bimodal approach may be an alternative for patients without reliable access to ERT before receiving a stem cell transplant or gene therapy.
InfoNEAT: Information Theory-based NeuroEvolution of Augmenting Topologies for Side-channel Analysis.

Profiled side-channel analysis (SCA) leverages leakage from cryptographic implementations to extract the secret key. When combined with advanced methods in neural networks (NNs), profiled SCA can successfully attack even those crypto-cores assumed to be protected against SCA. Despite the rise in the number of studies devoted to NN-based SCA, existing methods could not systematically address the challenges involved in the NN-based SCA. A range of questions has remained unanswered, namely: how to choose a NN with an adequate size, how to tune the NN's hyperparameters, when to stop the training, and how to explain the performance of the NN model in quantitative terms, in the context of SCA. Our proposed approach, "InfoNEAT," tackles these issues in a natural way. InfoNEAT relies on the concept of evolution of NNs (both the network architecture and parameters, so-called neuroevolution), enhanced by information-theoretic metrics to guide the evolution, halt it with a novel stopping criteria, and improve time-complexity and memory footprint. The performance of InfoNEAT is evaluated by applying it to publicly available datasets composed of real side-channel measurements. In addition to the considerable advantages regarding the automated configuration of NNs, InfoNEAT demonstrates significant improvements over other approaches including a reduction in the number of epochs and width of the NN (i.e., the number of nodes in a layer) by factors of at least 1.25 and 6.66, respectively. According to our assessment and on the basis of our results, this is indeed achieved without any deterioration in the performance of SCA compared to the state-of-the-art NN-based methods.
Classed conservation: Socio-economic drivers of participation in marine resource management

Abstract Conservation organizations often adopt the normative value of “whole community” participation, predicated on the idea that broad community involvement across categories of identity and social stratification will lead to more successful project outcomes. Analysis of intra-community social stratifications in relation to participation in conservation is important to the pursuit of environmental justice as well as improved efficacy of a given conservation intervention. While a large body of literature broadly examines intra and inter-community dynamics in relation to community-based conservation, few have specifically quantified how wealth influences one’s participation in community-based conservation initiatives, especially in the marine realm. To address these questions, we interviewed people living near marine conservation initiatives in Madagascar. Using a principle component analysis, we created an asset-based wealth index and showed that both knowledge of and participation in marine conservation was positively correlated with wealth. Specifically, three of the four participation categories were statistically correlated with wealth, including involvement in any element of the conservation project, involvement in decision-making, and in enforcement. However, wealth was not significantly correlated with participation in monitoring. Ultimately our research highlights the importance of understanding underlying drivers of participation in community-based conservation. If the poorest in a community are underrepresented in local participation, the conservation initiative will not only be unjust, but will also likely be less effective.
A Review of the Year in Family Law 2014­–2015: Family Law Continues to Evolve as Marriage Equality Is Attained

On June 26, 2015, the United States Supreme Court settled the question of marriage equality in a five-to-four decision written by Justice Kennedy, which declared that marriage is a fundamental right inherent in the liberty of the person. Therefore, state bans on same-sex marriage are invalid under both equal protection and due process analysis. The majority found that liberty extends to “certain personal choices central to individual dignity and autonomy, including intimate choices that define personal identity and beliefs.” Same-sex married couples will now become presumed parents under most state laws that recognized children born to a marriage as “legitimate.” However, questions remain for nonbiological, nonadoptive same-sex partners who do not marry. In addition, there will be some questions as to the statutory exemptions for religious institutions, the limits of free-speech-clause defenses, the Religious Freedom Restoration Act and religious accommodation requirements under employment law, but the right to marry and to have the marriage recognized by all states is now clear.
Influence of social determinants of health on oncology care quality rankings.

139Background: Adjustment for social determinants of health (SDOH) when assessing provider care quality remains limited. The Oncology Care Model (OCM), for example, includes low-income status/dual ...
A classic book‐revisited

Book review by Peter Maresco. Ricardo Semler, Maverick: The Success Story Behind the Worldʼs Most Unusual Workplace, New York: Warner Books, 1993. ISBN 9780446516969
Synthesis and Characterization of α-Diimine Complexes of Group 13 Metals and Their Catalytic Activity toward the Epoxidation of Alkenes.

Complexes of group 13 metal (Al, Ga, In) ions with neutral α-diimine ligands have been prepared and characterized. The AlIII and GaIII [M(α-diimine)2Cl2][MCl4] complexes catalyze the epoxidation of alkenes by peracetic acid under ambient conditions. The two complexes display nearly identical reactivity, demonstrating that inexpensive and highly abundant aluminum is a viable catalytic metal for these reactions.
Oxidation and reduction of BaLa4Cu5O13+δ

Abstract The stability of the metallic, nonsuperconducting cuprate, BaLa4Cu5O13+δ, was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray and electron diffraction. In air or oxygen this highly oxidized compound only loses small amounts of oxygen; and at 1000°C the formal copper valence is close to 2.3+. To probe the chemical and structural factors that stabilize this high valence state, methods were developed to reduce the 145 structure. Under helium gas a new structure with δ ≈ −0.5 was obtained; however, the removal of additional oxygen could only be accomplished by reducing the samples at low temperatures under 15% H 2 85% Ar gases. Under these conditions two additional structures were isolated for phases with δ ≈ −1.0 and −2.0. The differences in the X-ray patterns of these new phases result from a change in the symmetry of the perovskite subcell from cubic to orthorhombic to tetragonal. Models for the reaction sequence involved a systematic reduction in the coordination of the octahedral Cu groups in the oxidized structure to square pyramidal, square planar, and finally linear coordination in the fully reduced samples. We propose that the stability of the fully oxidized structure is primarily a result of unfavorable Cu coordinations in the partially reduced samples.
Purification and Properties of Human Erythrocyte Carbonic Anhydrases

Abstract Three different methods are described for separating hemoglobins from carbonic anhydrases in hemolysates from human erythrocytes. The preferred method involves adsorption on diethylaminoethyl Sephadex at pH 8.7 followed by selective elution of the carbonic anhydrases. Carbonic anhydrases A, B, and C are subsequently separated from each other on DEAE-Sephadex by elution with 0.05 m Trischloride buffer at pH 8.7. Complete amino acid analyses are reported for carbonic anhydrases B and C, with results in good accord with those of preparations obtained in other laboratories by different procedures. The partial specific volume of carbonic anhydrase B is found to be 0.731 ml per g and its intrinsic viscosity is 2.76 ml per g. Molecular weights from sedimentation, diffusion, and sedimentation equilibrium are close to 28,000 for both enzymes; estimates from the amino acid analyses are 28,730 for Enzyme B, and 30,000 for Enzyme C. The s020, w values are close to 2.75 S for both enzymes. The values for both s and D are lower than others previously reported, by a factor close to 1.2, but the resulting molecular weights are in good agreement with others. Studies of optical rotatory dispersion between 330 and 600 mµ are reported for the native and the acid-denatured carbonic anhydrases B and C, and also for solutions containing the substrate bicarbonate ion and, in other experiments, the inhibitor acetazolamide. The data in all these solvents give a good fit to the simple Drude equation, with λc values that lie below 210 mµ for native Enzyme B and average close to 210 mµ for Enzyme C. Analysis of the data in terms of the Moffitt-Yang and Shechter-Blout equations is also reported, but a computer analysis indicates that the basis for applying the former equation is dubious. There appears to be a small amount of helix (10 to 20%) in the acid-denatured proteins; the complexity of the optical rotatory dispersion spectra of the native proteins makes inferences concerning helix content uncertain (see following paper). Studies on the esterase activity of Enzyme B, with p-nitrophenyl acetate as substrate, are reported. Esterase activity rises with increasing pH between 7 and 9.5. Acetazolamide is a powerful inhibitor of the esterase activity, with Ki = 0.3 µm at pH 7, 0.9 µm at pH 8, and approximately 2.8 µm at pH 9. The inhibition appears to be noncompetitive.
Use of Willapa Bay, Washington, by shorebirds and waterfowl after Spartina control efforts

ABSTRACT Over the past 15 yr, an invasive cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, has covered more than 5000 ha of tidal mudflats in Willapa Bay, Washington, threatening key shorebird habitat on the Pacific Flyway. Although chemical and mechanical control methods have been used to manage Spartina in Willapa Bay, little is known about how these methods affect subsequent use by shorebirds and waterfowl. During 2003–2004, four sites were monitored for 10-min periods for use by shorebirds [Dunlin (Calidris alpina), Western Sandpiper (C. mauri), Least Sandpiper (C. minutilla), Black-bellied Plovers (Pluvialis squatarola) and Long-billed and Short-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus sp.)] and waterfowl [Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Gadwall (A. strepera), American Wigeon (A. americana), Green-winged Teal (A. crecca), and Canada Goose (Branta canadensis)]. The four sites were bare mudflat (never infested with Spartina), tilled Spartina meadow (free of live Spartina and dead stubble), herbicide-sprayed Spartina meadow (10% living Spartina and 30% dead stubble), and an untreated Spartina meadow. Untreated Spartina meadow was rarely used by birds, with a mean of seven small Calidris sandpipers (peeps) and 0.8 waterfowl ha−1. Mean numbers of peeps and waterfowl observed using the herbicide-treated Spartina meadow were 62 and 16 ha−1, and the tilled Spartina meadow were 700 and 27 ha−1, respectively. Mean use of the adjacent bare mud site by peeps and waterfowl was 450 and 11 ha−1, respectively. The untreated Spartina meadow, sprayed meadow, tilled meadow and the bare mud site had mean densities of Black-bellied Plovers and dowitchers of 26, 24, 6, and 0 ha−1, and 0.8, 6, 0.3, and 0 ha−1, respectively. Our results demonstrate that, within several years of removal of invasive Spartina from mudflats in a large Washington estuary by either mechanical or chemical means, use by shorebirds and waterfowl will increase dramatically.
The Dilemmas of Preparing Teachers to Teach Mathematics within a Constructivist Framework

Teaching future elementary teachers to teach mathematics requires making choices and taking positions from among the multiple pressures placed upon mathematics teacher educators. As part of a broader teacher education faculty, mathematics teacher educators find themselves negotiating the positions of the mathematics education community and the larger community of teacher educators. Furthermore, pressures from licensure agencies, accreditation institutions, and the positions of practicing teachers-- collaborators in the teacher education process, add further complexity to the frameworks within which teachers are prepared to teach mathematics.