cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of sub-nuclear changes in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos exposed to brief, intermediate and long-term anoxia to analyze anoxia-induced cell cycle arrest

The soil nematode C. elegans survives oxygen-deprived conditions (anoxia; <.001 kPa O2) by entering into a state of suspended animation in which cell cycle progression reversibly arrests. The majority of blastomeres of embryos exposed to anoxia arrest at interphase, prophase and metaphase. The spindle checkpoint proteins SAN-1 and MDF-2 are required for embryos to survive 24 hours of anoxia. To further investigate the mechanism of cell-cycle arrest we examined and compared sub-nuclear changes such as chromatin localization pattern, post-translational modification of histone H3, spindle microtubules, and localization of the spindle checkpoint protein SAN-1 with respect to various anoxia exposure time points. To ensure analysis of embryos exposed to anoxia and not post-anoxic recovery we fixed all embryos in an anoxia glove box chamber. Embryos exposed to brief periods to anoxia (30 minutes) contain prophase blastomeres with chromosomes in close proximity to the nuclear membrane, condensation of interphase chromatin and metaphase blastomeres with reduced spindle microtubules density. Embryos exposed to longer periods of anoxia (1–3 days) display several characteristics including interphase chromatin that is further condensed and in close proximity to the nuclear membrane, reduction in spindle structure perimeter and reduced localization of SAN-1 at the kinetochore. Additionally, we show that the spindle checkpoint protein SAN-1 is required for brief periods of anoxia-induced cell cycle arrest, thus demonstrating that this gene product is vital for early anoxia responses. In this report we suggest that the events that occur as an immediate response to brief periods of anoxia directs cell cycle arrest. From our results we conclude that the sub-nuclear characteristics of embryos exposed to anoxia depends upon exposure time as assayed using brief (30 minutes), intermediate (6 or 12 hours) or long-term (24 or 72 hours) exposures. Analyzing these changes will lead to an understanding of the mechanisms required for initiation and maintenance of cell cycle arrest in respect to anoxia exposure time as well as order the events that occur to bring about anoxia-induced cell cycle arrest.
Evaluation of lung flute in sputum samples for molecular analysis of lung cancer

Background Molecular analysis of sputum provides a promising approach for lung cancer diagnosis, yet is limited by the difficulty in collecting the specimens from individuals who can’t spontaneously expectorate sputum. Lung Flute is a small self-powered audio device that can induce sputum by generating sound waves and vibrating in the airways of the lungs. Here we propose to evaluate the usefulness of Lung Flute for sputum sampling to assist diagnosis of lung cancer.
Code-switching in US Latino literature: The role of biculturalism:

While mixing languages in natural speech production has often been inaccurately ascribed to illiteracy or lack of linguistic competence, doing so in writing is a long-standing practice in bilingual...
Impacts of boundary layer mixing on pollutant vertical profiles in the lower troposphere: Implications to satellite remote sensing

Abstract Mixing in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) affects vertical distributions of air tracers in the lower troposphere. An accurate representation of PBL mixing is critical for chemical-transport models (CTMs) for applications sensitive to simulations of the vertical profiles of tracers. The full mixing assumption in the widely used global CTM GEOS-Chem has recently been supplemented with a non-local PBL scheme. This study analyzes the impact of the non-local scheme on model representation of PBL mixing, consequences for simulations of vertical profiles of air tracers and surface air pollution, and implications for model applications to the interpretation of data retrieved from satellite remote sensing. The non-local scheme significantly improves simulations of the vertical distributions for NO2 and O3, as evaluated using aircraft measurements in summer 2004. It also reduces model biases over the U.S. by more than 10 ppb for surface ozone concentrations at night and by 2–5 ppb for peak ozone in the afternoon, as evaluated using ground observations. The application to inverse modeling of anthropogenic NOx emissions for East China using satellite retrievals of NO2 from OMI and GOME-2 suggests that the full mixing assumption results in 3–14% differences in top–down emission budgets as compared to the non-local scheme. The top–down estimate combining the non-local scheme and the Lin et al. inverse modeling approach suggests a magnitude of 6.6 TgN yr−1 for emissions of NOx over East China in July 2008 and 8.0 TgN yr−1 for January 2009, with the magnitude and seasonality in good agreement with bottom–up estimates.
Buckling of a Confined Colloidal Crystal

The behavior of colloidal suspensions confined between two plates narrowly spaced is examined. When plate separations are small, only one layer of particles can be confined; however, as plate separation is increased, multiple layers will eventually form. These layers can exist in a variety of structures depending on the energetics of packing. We examine the unstable modes which form as a single layer buckles on its way to forming two layers. Three ordered states are found; which one is selected depends on the form of the interparticle and wall potentials.
Circulating Tumor Cells From Well-Differentiated Lung Adenocarcinoma Retain Cytomorphologic Features of Primary Tumor Type

The detailed cytomorphologic appearance of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in cancer patients is not well described, despite publication of multiple methods for enumerating these cells. In this case study, we present the cytomorphology of CTCs obtained from the blood of a woman with stage IIIB well-differentiated lung adenocarcinoma. Four years after she was diagnosed with her disease, 67 CTCs were identified in a blood sample using an immunofluorescent staining protocol and then subsequently stained with Wright-Giemsa. The cytomorphology of the CTCs was compared with the original tissue biopsy from 4 years prior. We found that CTCs and cells from the original biopsy had strikingly similar morphologic features, including large size in comparison to white blood cells and low nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios with voluminous cytoplasm. Careful cytomorphologic evaluation of CTCs will provide insights about the metastatic significance of these cells, which could yield widespread implications for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of cancer.
Impact of Enthalpy-Based Ensemble Filtering Sea Ice Data Assimilation on Decadal Predictions: Simulation with a Conceptual Pycnocline Prediction Model

AbstractThe non-Gaussian probability distribution of sea ice concentration makes it difficult to directly assimilate sea ice observations into a climate model. Because of the strong impact of the atmospheric and oceanic forcing on the sea ice state, any direct assimilation adjustment on sea ice states is easily overridden by model physics. A new approach implements sea ice data assimilation in enthalpy space where a sea ice model represents a nonlinear function that transforms a positive-definite space into the sea ice concentration subspace. Results from observation–assimilation experiments using a conceptual pycnocline prediction model that characterizes the influences of sea ice on the decadal variability of the climate system show that the new scheme efficiently assimilates “sea ice observations” into the model: while improving sea ice variability itself, it consistently improves the estimates of all “climate” components. The resulted coupled initialization that is physically consistent among all coup...
Larval Subjects, Autonomous Systems, and E. Coli Chemotaxis

Upon first reading, the beginning of Chapter 2 of Difference and Repetition, with its talk of ―contemplative souls‖ and ―larval subjects,‖ seems something of a bizarre biological panpsychism. Actually it does defend a sort of biological panpsychism, but by defining the kind of psyche Deleuze is talking about, I‘ll show here how we can remove the bizarreness from that concept. First, I will sketch Deleuze‘s treatment of ―larval subjects,‖ then show how Deleuze‘s discourse can be articulated with Evan Thompson‘s biologically based intervention into cognitive science, the ―mind in life‖ or ―enaction‖ position. Then I will then show how each in turn fits with contemporary biological work on E. coli chemotaxis (movement in response to changes in environment).
Problems on Landau’s Inequality

Let \(1\, \leqslant \,p\, \leqslant \,\infty ,\,\,J\, = \,IR\, = \,( - \infty ,\infty )\) \(J\, = \,IR^ + \, = \,(0,\infty ),\,M = Z\, = \{ .\infty , - 2, - 1,\,0,\,1,\,2,\,.\infty \} \) or M = IN = {0,1,2,….} Let \(W^p \,(J)\, = \,\{ y\,\varepsilon \,L^p (J):\,y'\) is absolutely continuous on all compact sublntervals of J and \(y''\, \in \,L^p (J)\} \). It is known that there exist positive numbers K and C such that the following inequalities hold: $$||y^1 \,||_p^2 \leqslant K||y||_p ||y''||_p \,for\,all\,y\,in\,w^p \,(J),$$ (1) $$||\Delta x\,||_p^2 \leqslant C||x||_p ||\Delta ^2 x||_p \,for\,all\,x\,in\,\ell ^p \,(M)$$ (2)
Enhancing the tumor selectivity of a picornavirus virotherapy promotes tumor regression and the accumulation of infiltrating CD8+ T-cells

Picornaviruses have emerged as promising cancer therapies due to their ability to drive cytotoxic cellular immune responses and for promoting oncolysis. These properties include preferential replication in tumor cells, the induction of strong innate and adaptive immune responses, and the ease with which their genomes can be manipulated. We have developed Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) as an immunotherapy vector that promotes strong adaptive immune responses to tumor antigens embedded within its genome. To further explore its usefulness as cancer therapy, we investigated whether direct intratumoral delivery of TMEV could promote tumor regression. We generated several picornavirus hybrids using substrains of TMEV that have unique immunopathologic characteristics, despite their extensive sequence homology. These hybrids exhibit a unique propensity to infect and replicate in melanoma. We have identified GD7-KS1, a virus that is particularly effective at replicating and infecting B16 melanoma in vitro and provides benefit as an oncolytic therapy in vivo after intratumoral injection. In addition, this virus promotes the mobilization and accumulation of CD8+ T cells within treated tumors. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that picornavirus substrains can be used to rationally design virus hybrids that promote antitumor responses and add to the known strategies identified by us and others to further enhance the therapeutic potential of vectors used to treat cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(3); 1–8. ©2016 AACR .
Quantitative EEG markers in severe post-resuscitation brain injury with therapeutic hypothermia

Therapeutic hypothermia has been regarded as one of the most effective post-cardiac arrest (CA) treatments to improve survival and functional recovery. However, many clinical prognostic markers after resuscitation have become less reliable under hypothermia. In this study, we applied and compared two developed quantitative measures - information quantity (IQ) and sub-band IQ (SIQ) - to evaluate the accuracy of EEG markers on predicting cortical recovery under therapeutic hypothermia. A total of 14 rats under 9-min asphyxial-CA, leading to severe brain injury, were randomly divided into two groups: hypothermia (32°C–34°C) and normothermia (36.5–37.5°C) (n=7 per group). For each rat, EEG and temperature were continuously recorded for the first 15 hrs. EEG was then recorded for serial 30 mins at 24, 48 and 72 hrs. The neurologic deficit score was evaluated daily to assess the neurologic recovery. Early SIQ and IQ were both significantly correlated with the 72-hr NDS, when the rats remained comatose. Both IQ and SIQ were able to discriminate the animals with good and bad functional outcomes starting from 1 hr after resuscitation. There was no significant difference in 72-hr NDS results (hypothermia (median (25th, 75th), 65 (52, 67)) versus normothermia (53.5 (52.25, 66.75))) (p>0.05) due to the high mortality rate (5/14) with severe brain injury. Contrary to IQ recovery but similarly to NDS scores, the SIQ recovery was not significantly different between the hypothermia (0.66±0.04) and normothermia (0.64±0.04) groups (p>0.05). IQ could identify the presence of high-frequency oscillations during the recovery from severe brain injury. We demonstrated that while SIQ was able to provide additional sub-band EEG information related to the recovery of different brain functions, both early IQ and SIQ markers are able to accurately predict neurologic outcome after CA.
Hysteresis in Carbon Nanotube Transistors: Measurement and Analysis of Trap Density, Energy Level, and Spatial Distribution

We present a measurement technique, which we call the Pulsed Time-Domain Measurement, for characterizing hysteresis in carbon nanotube field-effect transistors, and demonstrate its applicability for a broad range of 1D and 2D nanomaterials beyond carbon nanotubes. The Pulsed Time-Domain Measurement enables the quantification (density, energy level, and spatial distribution) of charged traps responsible for hysteresis. A physics-based model of the charge trapping process for a carbon nanotube field-effect transistor is presented and experimentally validated using the Pulsed Time-Domain Measurement. Leveraging this model, we discover a source of traps (surface traps) unique to devices with low-dimensional channels such as carbon nanotubes and nanowires (beyond interface traps which exist in today’s silicon field-effect transistors). The different charge trapping mechanisms for interface traps and surface traps are studied based on their temperature dependencies. Through these advances, we are able to quanti...
Seroprevalence of Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type II Infection, with or without Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Coinfection, among US Intravenous Drug Users

Seroprevalence of human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was determined among 7841 intravenous drug users (IVDUs) from drug treatment centers in Baltimore, Chicago, Los Angeles, New Jersey (Asbury Park and Trenton), New York City (Brooklyn and Harlem), Philadelphia, and San Antonio, Texas; 20.9% had evidence of HTLV infection, as determined using a p21e EIA for screening and p21e blot for confirmation. With a type-specific EIA and blot used in combination, HTLV-II was identified in 97.6% of HTLV-positive IVDUs whose sera could be subtyped. HIV-1 seroprevalence was 13.2%. HTLV-II without HIV-1 was most common in Los Angeles and San Antonio. HIV-1 without HTLV-II was most common in New York, New Jersey, and Baltimore. Dual infection was most common in New York and New Jersey. Logistic regression analysis revealed that seroprevalence of HTLV-II was significantly greater with HIV-1 infection and increasing age and among women, blacks, and Mexican-Americans. In conclusion, it appears that among US IVDUs, nearly all HTLV infection is attributable to HTLV-II, and HTLV-II infection is associated with HIV-1 and sociodemographic background.
The comparative gross anatomy of the arteria cerebri media in the green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) and olive monkey (Papio anubis)

The gross anatomy of the arteria cerebri media inCercopithecus aethiops andPapio anubis was studied and compared statistically. Several features appeared to be species characteristic. InCercopithecus aethiops the first branch, r. striati, arose directly from the main artery, however, inPapio anubis, r. striati arose from r. orbitales the second major branch. InCercopithecus aethiops, r. orbitales and r. frontales arose by a common trunk from the a. cerebri media and inPapio anubis these two branches had separate origins. In both species r. temporales arose from two trunks, on either side of the a. sulcus centralis. Each trunk of r. temporales divided into two or three branches inCercopithecus aethiops and three or four branches inPapio anubis. The last portion of the a. cerebri media, r. parietales, divided into two trunks inCercopithecus aethiops and continued as a single trunk inPapio anubis. In the former, r. parietales sent one or two branches to the sulcus intraparietalis and sulcus lunatus while sending one branch to the gyrus postcentralis. In the latter, r. parietales sent two or three branches to the sulcus intraparietalis, three or four to the sulcus lunatus and one to the gyrus postcentralis.
Clinical significance of screen cervical pathological changes in STD clinic

[Objective] To discuss the clinical significance of cervical fall off epithelia in STD clinic by TCT and vaginoscopy examination and sex behavior assessment in screen CIN. [Method] Cervical fall off epithelia is examined by TCT, examined by vaginoscopy to atypical hyperplastic cases and simultaneously check HPV by PCR. Divide 2 groups. No.1 cohort is 478 cases, are STD patients infected HPV, No.2 cohort is non HPV infection, include 64 cases of simplex herpes virus-2(HSV-Ⅱ), 223 chlamydi trachomatis(CT) and UU infection and 147 healthy attendees, total 434 cases. [Result] The CIN is 20.5% in HPV infection cohort, 7.1% in non-HPV infection cohort. According age group in HPV infecton cohort, 20~40 years 88.7%, 21.3% in CIN, above 40 years is 11.9%, 12.3% in CIN. [Conclusion] HPV infection has highest relation with CIN, Active sex action has higher HPV infection rate and higher CIN morbidity.
Contingency management in the treatment of substance use disorders: Trends in the literature

Aims:Opioid-related overdose is a leading cause of death in the United States. Since the 1990s, one response to increased overdose has been the distribution of naloxone, an opioid antagonist, to drug users and those in their immediate social circles. By 2010, at least 188 organizations were distributing naloxone to drug users in the United States, and collectively reported training at least 53,000 lay individuals to use naloxone, leading to at least 10,000 successful overdose reversals. In California, programs distributing naloxone exist in 14 of the state’s 58 counties, allowing exploration of the impact of such programs on rates of over-dose death. Methods: To assess the impact of naloxone programs on accidental overdose deaths in California over an 11 year period, we fit four Poisson generalized linear mixed models, employing four different offset terms: all accidental poison deaths; all accidental deaths; all deaths; and population per county per year. Results: The overall effect of naloxone distribution was statistically significant for accidental overdose deaths as a proportion of all deaths (p=0008),with a significant effect for intervention×year (p=0002), indicating that naloxone programs are associated with reductions in the rate at which overdose deaths grow as a proportion of all deaths. The overall effect of the intervention was also statistically significant for accidental overdose deaths as a proportion of county population (p<0001), with a significant effect for intervention x year (p<0001), indicating that naloxone programs are associatedwith reductions in the rate atwhich overdose deaths grow as a proportion of county population. Conclusions: Our analysis provides support for the argument that distributing naloxone to active drug users and those around them reduces deaths. Financial support: NIH/NIDA 5K01DA032443 CTRI Catalyst grant 8184, funded by NIH/NCATS UL1TR000100 NIH/NIDA K01DA031031.
Late-instar larva of Scydmaenus ( Parallomicrus ) rufus Müller & Kunze (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Scydmaeninae)

The late-instar (most likely the last instar) larva of Scydmaenus (Parallomicrus) rufus is described. A comparative study with other known larvae of Scydmaenus (belonging to Scydmaenus s. str. and the subgenus Cholerus) is carried out and it is concluded that while the general body form and some characters are shared by immature Parallomicrus and Cholerus, there are nevertheless features present in Parallomicrus and Scydmaenus s. str. that are absent in Cholerus. A subcylindrical and strongly elongated body differentiates immature Parallomicrus from Scydmaenus s. str., while the following characters, present in Parallomicrus, are not known in Cholerus: a pair of long lateral setae on head capsule, four (and not five) pairs of dorsoanterior setae on the nasale, more than 10 teeth on the anteroventral margin of nasale instead of five only, three (and not two) solenidia on the antennomere III, three (and not two) pairs of labial setae, slightly (and not strongly) elongate abdominal segment IX, and abdominal segment X not constricted near base.
Towards applications: communication with a changing network protocol

We finally return to our original technical motivations for studying semantic communication, outlined in Section 1.1. Specifically, we will present a first attempt at designing end-user network protocols that can adapt to “simple” modifications of the protocol used on the network without third-party intervention. In practice, the network protocols we wish to modify serve the purpose of forwarding messages from one user to another – in effect, realizing a channel across the network. Thus, our task seems like an insurmountable challenge a priori, since we stressed earlier (at the outset of Chapter 2) that this goal is not verifiable in general. Therefore, in service of the design of a protocol, we will need to first develop a verifiable goal of communication for the network’s users, and then exhibit a user protocol that achieves our goal. Perhaps surprisingly, a pair of users can arrange for a scheme that allows them to verify that they receive the correct messages after a (bounded) adversarial modification of the protocol, under the assumption that the encoding of the data under the protocol is computable in a single pass by a small-space program (and given that the modification is computed by a short program with similar restrictions). In particular, our scheme is ultimately capable of coping with networks that drop and reorder the packets.
Investigation of cetane number and octane number correlation under homogenous-charge compression-ignition engine operation

Abstract A novel fuel-substitution strategy was used to investigate the relationship between octane number and cetane number under representative low temperature combustion (LTC) thermodynamic conditions. The cetane number of the test fuels was known by using mixtures of the cetane number secondary reference fuels (SRFs) T-26 and U-19, which are full-blend certification fuels used in the place of 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane and n -hexadecane for engine cetane number testing. The octane number was derived from the fuel-substitution methodology in terms of the octane primary reference fuel (PRF, consisting of n -heptane and isooctane) mixture needed to maintain combustion phasing during homogeneous-charge compression-ignition (HCCI) engine operation as increasing amounts of the SRF mixture was substituted for the PRF mixture. A linear blending relationship was found to exist between the cetane and octane numbers. Results agree with other similar relationships from the literature acquired under substantially different operating conditions. The current study significantly expands the range of the cetane–octane correlation to a range of cetane numbers from 20 to 75 and validates the correlation at low equivalence ratios of interest to LTC operation.
Antipyretic Efficacy and Safety of Ibuprofen Versus Acetaminophen Suspension in Febrile Children Results of 2 Randomized, Double-Blind, Single-Dose Studies

Two blinded single-dose studies randomized children 6 months to 11 years old with fever to receive ibuprofen (IBU) pediatric suspension 7.5 mg/kg or acetaminophen (APAP) suspension 10 to 15 mg/kg. The primary efficacy parameter was time-weighted sum of temperature differences (TWSTD) from baseline through 8 hours for each study. Secondary end points included TWSTD from baseline through 6 hours, time to onset and duration of temperature control, and proportion with temperature control. Studies were pooled for post hoc analyses of efficacy and adverse event end points. The primary efficacy parameter significantly favored IBU over APAP in study 1 and the pooled analysis (both P < .001), but was not significant in study 2. Onset of temperature control significantly favored IBU in study 2 ( P = .007). Individual and pooled secondary efficacy outcomes supported significant advantages ( P < .05) of IBU over APAP. IBU pediatric suspension provided greater temperature reduction versus acetaminophen in febrile children, with a comparable safety profile.
Acute Decompensated Heart Failure in the Observation Unit: Treatment Protocols

Treatment of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) patients remains challenging. There is limited data from randomized controlled trials of these patients in the emergency department (ED), much less the observation unit (OU). As a result, there has been little consensus regarding their management, adding to the inconsistent care these patients receive. Only recently have guidelines emerged to provide clinicians a framework from which to work. This chapter will focus on therapeutic management, with respect to general supportive measures and pharmacologic therapy, and most importantly, specific treatment protocols that can be implemented in the OU.
Impact of circulating members of the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) axis on outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia.

7069 Background: AML is a disease with conservative response rates to standard therapy in the adult population. Dysregulations in insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 (IGF-1R) signaling is implica...
Electrochemical Liquid Phase Epitaxy (ec-LPE): A New Methodology for the Synthesis of Crystalline Group IV Semiconductor Epifilms

Deposition of epitaxial germanium (Ge) thin films on silicon (Si) wafers has been achieved over large areas with aqueous feedstock solutions using electrochemical liquid phase epitaxy (ec-LPE) at low temperatures (T ≤ 90 °C). The ec-LPE method uniquely blends the simplicity and control of traditional electrodeposition with the material quality of melt growth. A new electrochemical cell design based on the compression of a liquid metal electrode into a thin cavity that enables ec-LPE is described. The epitaxial nature, low strain character, and crystallographic defect content of the resultant solid Ge films were analyzed by electron backscatter diffraction, scanning transmission electron microscopy, high resolution X-ray diffraction, and electron channeling contrast imaging. The results here show the first step toward a manufacturing infrastructure for traditional crystalline inorganic semiconductor epifilms that does not require high temperature, gaseous precursors, or complex apparatus.
Air and Surface Sampling Method for Assessing Exposures to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

This method was designed for sampling select quaternary ammonium (quat) compounds in air or on surfaces followed by analysis using ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Target quats were benzethonium chloride, didecyldimethylammonium bromide, benzyldimethyldodecylammonium chloride, benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride, and benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride. For air sampling, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filters are recommended for 15-min to 24-hour sampling. For surface sampling, Pro-wipe® 880 (PW) media was chosen. Samples were extracted in 60:40 acetonitrile:0.1% formic acid for 1 hour on an orbital shaker. Method detection limits range from 0.3 to 2 ng/ml depending on media and analyte. Matrix effects of media are minimized through the use of multiple reaction monitoring versus selected ion recording. Upper confidence limits on accuracy meet the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 25% criterion for PTFE and PW media for all analytes. Using PTFE and PW analyzed with multiple reaction monitoring, the method quantifies levels among the different quats compounds with high precision (<10% relative standard deviation) and low bias (<11%). The method is sensitive enough with very low method detection limits to capture quats on air sampling filters with only a 15-min sample duration with a maximum assessed storage time of 103 days before sample extraction. This method will support future exposure assessment and quantitative epidemiologic studies to explore exposure-response relationships and establish levels of quats exposures associated with adverse health effects.
Gender-Specific Effects of Selection for Drinking in the Dark on the Network Roles of Coding and Noncoding RNAs.

BACKGROUND Transcriptional differences between heterogeneous stock mice and high drinking-in-the-dark selected mouse lines have previously been described based on microarray technology coupled with network-based analysis. The network changes were reproducible in 2 independent selections and largely confined to 2 distinct network modules; in contrast, differential expression appeared more specific to each selected line. This study extends these results by utilizing RNA-Seq technology, allowing evaluation of the relationship between genetic risk and transcription of noncoding RNA (ncRNA); we additionally evaluate sex-specific transcriptional effects of selection. METHODS Naive mice (N = 24/group and sex) were utilized for gene expression analysis in the ventral striatum; the transcriptome was sequenced with the Illumina HiSeq platform. Differential gene expression and the weighted gene co-expression network analysis were implemented largely as described elsewhere, resulting in the identification of genes that change expression level or (co)variance structure. RESULTS Across both sexes, we detect selection effects on the extracellular matrix and synaptic signaling, although the identity of individual genes varies. A majority of nc RNAs cluster in a single module of relatively low density in both the male and female network. The most strongly differentially expressed transcript in both sexes was Gm22513, a small nuclear RNA with unknown function. Associated with selection, we also found a number of network hubs that change edge strength and connectivity. At the individual gene level, there are many sex-specific effects; however, at the annotation level, results are more concordant. CONCLUSIONS In addition to demonstrating sex-specific effects of selection on the transcriptome, the data point to the involvement of extracellular matrix genes as being associated with the binge drinking phenotype.
Patent searching ain’t what it used to be

There’s an old song that goes “The old grey mare, she ain’t what she used to be.” For a while I toyed with the idea of calling this talk ‘Patent Searching is an Old Grey Mare’, but fortunately the counsel of cooler heads prevailed. Hence the actual title. And why shouldn’t patent searching be very different from what it once was? The patent documents themselves have changed enormously. It’s only fitting that techniques for searching them have also been transformed.
GENERALIZED RATIONAL IDENTITIES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the generalized rational identities. It presents a simple proof of the Amitsur–Bergman result with a somewhat different condition on the centers (which are still assumed infinite). The main tool is the notion of a universal skew field of fractions. This was constructed by Amitsur in the special case of free algebras, using precisely his results on rational identities. The explicit construction for universal skew fields of fractions to prove the result on rational identities is used. If R is any ring, then by afield of fractions of R, one understands a field K with an embedding R → K such that K is the field generated by the image. In the commutative case, such a K exists if R is an integral domain, and it is then unique. In general no necessary and sufficient conditions are known for a field of fractions to exist and even when it does exist, it need not be unique.
Text Mining for Modeling Cyberattacks

Abstract This chapter examines how natural language processing can be applied for building rich models for cybersecurity analytics. For this, it applies text mining to the natural-language content of Common Attack Pattern Enumeration and Classification (CAPECTM), a standardized corpus of cyberattack patterns. We adopt a vector-space model in which CAPEC attack patterns are treated as documents with term vectors. This provides a space in which to define distance measures, such as for retrieving attack patterns through term queries or finding clusters of related attack patterns. Analysis of clustering patterns, i.e., cluster hierarchies (clusters within clusters) is aided through tree visualization techniques. These analytic and visual techniques provide a range of capabilities for leveraging the content and relationships in CAPEC, e.g., for building more complex security models such as network attack graphs.
Tearing a hydrogel of complex rheology

Abstract Tough hydrogels of many chemical compositions are being discovered, and are opening new applications in medicine and engineering. To aid this rapid and worldwide development, it is urgent to study these hydrogels at the interface between mechanics and chemistry. A tough hydrogel often deforms inelastically over a large volume of the sample used in a fracture experiment. The rheology of the hydrogel depends on chemistry, and is usually complex, which complicates the crack behavior. This paper studies a hydrogel that has two interpenetrating networks: a polyacrylamide network of covalent crosslinks, and an alginate network of ionic (calcium) crosslinks. When the hydrogel is stretched, the polyacrylamide network remains intact, but the alginate network partially unzips. We tear a thin layer of the hydrogel at speed v and measure the energy release rate G. The v–G curve depends on the thickness of the hydrogel for thin hydrogels, and is independent of the thickness of the hydrogel for thick hydrogels. The energy release rate approaches a threshold, below which the tear speed vanishes. The threshold depends on the concentration of calcium. The threshold may also depend on the thickness when the thickness is comparable to the size of inelastic zone. The threshold determined by slow tear differs from the threshold determined by cyclic fatigue. We discuss these experimental findings in terms of the mechanics of tear and the chemistry of the hydrogel.
Disparities in time to care for pancreatic cancer.

e17587 Background: Pancreatic cancer affects more than 48,000 individuals each year and currently is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Dismal outcomes are in large part...
Medical Encounters for Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of Environmental Considerations and Interventions:

Approximately 1 in 59 youth are currently diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental disorder. In comparison to typically developing peers, youth with ASD encounter hospitalization at higher rates due to their heightened health care needs. While visiting the hospital is a stressor for youth with neurotypical needs, the experience contains unique challenges for those with ASD. This systematic literature review highlights research that considers the psychosocial impact of the hospital environment on the coping and adjustment of youth with ASD. Specifically, the review focuses on recommendations and interventions that may be used by health care professionals while supporting this population as they encounter the health care system. Ninety-six articles were identified as meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings suggest that practicing clinicians should implement a wide variety of interventions for youth with ASD including diversion techniques, comfort positions, and picture schedules. Although there are published evidence-based interventions for supporting youth with ASD in the hospital, most clinicians lack ASD-specific training. This article concludes with recommendations for future research.
Progress in understanding youth-onset type 2 diabetes in the United States: recent lessons from clinical trials

Due to the dramatic increase in the rates of childhood obesity and youth-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the late 1990s in the United States, the US government, through the National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive Disease, and Kidney (NIDDK) and the Centers for Disease Control, funded a series of large studies and trials which, together, have formed the basis for much of what we currently understand about youth-onset T2D. The review focus on the recent results and implications of the treatment options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) study and the Restoring Insulin Secretion (RISE) study. Both TODAY and RISE studies have provided critical insight into the unique aspects of the pathophysiology of youth-onset type 2 diabetes and also provided the evidence base for our current approach to the management of this disorder.
Shaping the Frequency Response Function (FRF) of a Multi-Degree-of-Freedom (MDOF) Structure Using Arrays of Tuned Vibration Absorbers (TVA)

Tuned vibration absorbers (TVA) provide passive energy dissipation from their primary structure but are limited to only having significant impact on a single frequency. Many researchers have theoretically determined optimal TVA parameters to build an array of varied sized TVAs to absorb a range of frequencies and ultimately flatten an entire peak of a structure’s frequency response function (FRF). These theoretical approaches often only considered the primary structure to have a single degree-of-freedom and did not consider material and spatial constraints that would normally arise in physical implementation. This study provides the method and results of designing and implementing multiple arrays of TVAs to flatten the FRF at and around both modal frequencies of a two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) structure. The host 2DOF structure is comprised of two small wooden blocks supported by four thin aluminum posts in a two-story setup with base excitation. A total of 20 TVAs were attached to each primary mass—ten targeting frequencies around the low-frequency mode and ten targeting frequencies around the high-frequency mode. The TVAs were cantilever beams made of varied length dry fettuccini pasta with some including modeling-clay tip masses. The final design successfully reduced the original 2DOF structure’s first natural frequency response by more than 9 dB and second natural frequency response by more than 19 dB for both primary masses.
Predictors of Delayed Emergency Department Throughput Among Blunt Trauma Patients.

BACKGROUND Delayed emergency department (ED) LOS has been associated with increased mortality and increased hospital length of stay (LOS) for various patient populations. Trauma patients often require significant effort in evaluation, workup, and disposition; however, patient and hospital characteristics associated with increased LOS in the ED for trauma patients remain unclear. METHODS The Trauma Quality Improvement Project database (2014-2016) was queried for all adult blunt trauma patients. Patients discharged from the ED to the operating room were excluded. Univariate and multivariable linear regression analysis was conducted to identify independent predictors of ED LOS, controlling for patient characteristics (age, gender, race, insurance status), hospital characteristics (teaching status, ACS trauma verification level, geographic region), abbreviated injury scale and comorbid status. RESULTS 412,000 patients met inclusion criteria for analysis. When controlling for covariates, an increase in age by 1 y resulted in 0.63 increased minutes in the ED (P < 0.001). In multivariable linear regression controlling for injury severity and comorbid conditions, non-white race groups, university status, and northeast region were associated with increased ED LOS. Black and Hispanic patients spent on average 41 and 42 more minutes, respectively, in the ED room when compared with white patients (P < 0.001). Patients seen at University hospitals spent 52 more minutes in the ED when compared with community hospitals, whereas patients at nonteaching hospitals spent 31 fewer minutes (P < 0.001). Patients seen in the Midwest spent the least amount of time in the ED, with patients in the South, West, and Northeast spending 45, 36, and 89 more minutes, respectively (P < 0.001). Non-Medicaid patients at level 1 trauma centers and those requiring intensive care admission had significantly decreased ED LOS. Medicaid patients took the longest to move through the ED with Medicare, BlueCross, and Private insurance outpacing them by 17, 23, and 23 min, respectively (P < 0.001). ACS level 1 trauma centers moved patients through the ED fastest, whereas ACS level II trauma centers and level III trauma centers moved patients through 50 and 130 min slower when compared with ACS level 1 trauma centers (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS ED LOS varied significantly by patient and hospital characteristics. Medicaid patients and those patients at university hospitals were associated with significantly higher ED LOS, whereas ACS trauma verification level status had strong correlation with ED LOS. These results may allow targeted quality improvement programs to enhance ED LOS.
Remapping citizenship: Relationships between education levels and ethnonational identities in Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, and Liberia:

This article investigates the relationships between ethnonational identity and educational level in three West African contexts: Liberia, Ghana, and Cote d’Ivoire. Citizens in these neighboring cou...
neuPrint: Analysis Tools for EM Connectomics

Due to technological advances in electron microscopy (EM) and deep learning, it is now practical to reconstruct a connectome, a description of neurons and the connections between them, for significant volumes of neural tissue. The limited scope of past reconstructions meant they were primarily used by domain experts, and performance was not a serious problem. But the new reconstructions, of common laboratory creatures such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, upend these assumptions. These natural neural networks now contain tens of thousands of neurons and tens of millions of connections between them, with yet larger reconstructions pending, and are of interest to a large community of non-specialists. This requires new tools that are easy to use and efficiently handle large data. We introduce neuPrint to address these data analysis challenges. neuPrint is a database and analysis ecosystem that organizes connectome data in a manner conducive to biological discovery. In particular, we propose a data model that allows users to access the connectome at different levels of abstraction primarily through a graph database, neo4j, and its powerfully expressive query language Cypher. neuPrint is compatible with modern connectome reconstruction workflows, providing tools for assessing reconstruction quality, and offering both batch and incremental updates to match modern connectome reconstruction flows. Finally, we introduce a web interface and programmer API that targets a diverse user skill set. We demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of neuPrint through example database queries.
Unifying the Aminohexopyranose‐ and Peptidyl‐Nucleoside Antibiotics: Implications for Antibiotic Design

In search of new anti-tuberculars compatible with anti-retroviral therapy we re-identified amicetin as a lead compound. Amicetin's binding to the 70S ribosomal subunit of Thermus thermophilus (Tth) has been unambiguously determined by crystallography and reveals it to occupy the peptidyl transferase center P-site of the ribosome. The amicetin binding site overlaps significantly with that of the well-known protein synthesis inhibitor balsticidin S. Amicetin, however, is the first compound structurally characterized to bind to the P-site with demonstrated selectivity for the inhibition of prokaryotic translation. The natural product-ribosome structure enabled the synthesis of simplified analogues that retained both potency and selectivity for the inhibition of prokaryotic translation.
Macular GCIPL Thickness Map Prediction via Time-Aware Convolutional LSTM

Macular ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness is an important biomarker for clinical managements of glaucoma. Clinical analysis of GCIPL progression uses averaged thickness only, which easily washes out small changes and reveals no spatial patterns. This is the first work to predict the 2D GCIPL thickness map. We propose a novel Time-aware Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (TC-LSTM) unit to decompose memories into the short-term and long-term memories and exploit time intervals to penalize the short-term memory. TC-LSTM unit is incorporated into an auto-encoder-decoder so that the end-to-end model can handle irregular sampling intervals of longitudinal GCIPL thickness map sequences and capture both spatial and temporal correlations. Experiments show the superiority of the proposed model over the traditional method.
Wrist in Motion: A Seamless Context-Aware Continuous Authentication Framework Using Your Clickings and Typings

In this paper, we propose enhanced continuous authentication by supplementing keystroke and mouse dynamics with wrist motion behaviors. Our method bridges the security gap when neither the mouse nor the keyboard is being used, such as during transitions from mouse to keyboard and vice versa, or during intermittent pauses when wrist movement is captured. Context-aware keystroke latency feature cell generation improves performance and solves latency fluctuation – different diagraphs have different latencies in different words. Based on two Random Forest Ensemble Classifiers (RFECs) recognizing the mouse and keystroke actions with corresponding wrist motions and one Sequential Sampling Analysis (SSA) or SSA Dynamic Trust Model (SSA-DTM), the identity of the user can be continuously verified no matter the operation mode — mouse clicking or keyboard typing. Experimental results, based on 44 subjects, show that the proposed approach can reach an FRR of 0.92% for genuine users and an FAR of 0 for attackers. The approach is shown to be more superior in efficient and timely authentications by making an authentication decision within only 35 mixed actions — mouse clicks or keystrokes, compared with conventional methods solely based on the mouse geometry and locomotion features or keystroke latency features.
Lending to the Poor and Minorities Leading to the Housing Crisis: Was There a Boom?

I provide new evidence on the boom and bust in the housing market during the mid-2000s. The boom actually began in the late 1990s, paused briefly in 2001, and then resumed through the mid-2000s. Moreover, the boom was indeed greatly pronounced among lower-income and higher-minority neighborhoods, indicating that mortgage lending expanded for reasons that were unrelated to factors such as an improvement in borrower income prospects or credit quality. These results are consistent with the credit supply view that the boom and bust was caused by an exogenous expansion in the supply of mortgage credit.
Laparoscopic Transabdominal Paraesophageal Hernia Repair

Hiatal hernias can be either sliding or paraesophageal and are divided in four types. When they become symptomatic, they need to be repaired. It is crucial to completely reduce the hernia and remove the hernia sac. The diaphragm can be repaired either primarily or with the use of mesh. The present chapter describes laparoscopic approach, which is most commonly performed.
In memoriam: H. George Frederickson

As faculty lined up in our regalia to process into the 2019 graduation ceremony for KU’s School of Public Affairs and Administration, an unexpected sound met our ears. Could that be … bagpipes? Ind...