cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multipurpose woven cotton and cotton/polyester blends containing crosslinked polyols affixed by a low temperature cure

Woven cotton and cotton/polyester blend fabrics of similar construction were treated with solutions of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, Mn of 600, 1000 and 1450 g/mol) containing tetrafunctional dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea1 (DMDHEU) and a mixed acid catalyst. Subsequent curing of these fabrics under selected mild conditions produced fabrics containing bound and crosslinked polyols with several improved functional properties (thermal storage and release, flex and flat abrasion resistance, soil release and hydrophilicity). These functional property improvements are due to structural aspects of the crosslinked polyol. These structural aspects are high latent heat due to energy required to break intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds and the elastomeric and hydrophilic nature of the polymer in the fiber matrix. When the fabrics were cured under the mildest conditions, these enhanced functional properties were obtained without adversely affecting the softness or hand and the air permeability of these fabrics. Best results were obtained with the PEG-1000/DMDHEU solutions for an overall balance of improved fabric properties. Relative to untreated fabrics, treated 100% cotton fabrics had the most dramatic increase in their flex life, sometimes over an order of magnitude greater than before treatment and curing. Baumwoll- und Baumwolle/Polyster-Gewebe mit vergleichbarer Strukture wurden mit Losungen von Dimethyloldihydroxyethylenharnstoff1 und einem sauren Mischkatalysator in Poly(oxyethylen) (PEG, Mn = 600, 1000 oder 1450 g/mol) getrankt. Die nachfolgende Hartung unter milden Bedingungen ergab Gewebe mit gebundenen und vernetzten Polyolen mit verschiedenen verbesserten Eigenschaften (Warmeaufnahme und -abgabe, Knitter- und Abriebfestigkeit, Schmutzhaftvermogen, Hydrophilie). Diese Verbesserungen funktioneller Eigenschaften beruhen auf strukturellen Aspekten des Polyols, wie hoher latenter Warme aufgrund der zum Bruch intra- und intermolekularer Wasserstoffbruckenbindungen benotigten Energie, elastomere und hydrophile Natur des Polymeren in der Fasermatrix. Durch Harten unter mildesten Bedingungen wurden die verbesserten Eigenschaften ohne nachteilige Wirkung auf Weichheit und Luftdurchlassigkeit erreicht. Mit PEG-1000/DMDHEU wurden bezuglich der Ausgewogenheit der Eigenschaften die besten Ergebnisse erhalten. Im Vergleich zu den unbehandelten Geweben zeigten die 100%-Baumwollgewebe die groste Verbesserung der Knitterfestigkeit, teilweise um eine Grosenordnung besser als vor der Behandlung.
Free Energy Cost of Stretching mRNA Hairpin Loops Inhibits Small RNA Binding

Small RNA-mRNA binding is an essential step in RNA interference, an important cellular regulatory process. Calculations of binding free energy have been used in binding site prediction, but the cost of stretching the mRNA loop when the small RNA-mRNA duplex forms requires further exploration. Here, using both polymer physics theory and simulations, we estimate the free energy of a stretched mRNA loop. We find loop stretching significantly increases the free energy of 3′ supplementary/compensatory miRNA binding and siRNA binding to mRNA hairpin loops. We also make the observation that sites where 3′ supplementary binding is available may bind at the seed only, and that loop stretching often favors seed-only binding over seed plus 3′ supplementary binding in mRNA hairpins.
Machaut’s Virtual Voir Dit and the Moment of Heidegger’s Poetry

As a counterpoint to Machaut scholarship that focuses on the materiality of the book and the professionalization of the poet in the Livre dou Voir Dit, this essay suggests that the immaterial aspects of Machaut’s work can reveal something about poets and poeticity in his time. The narrative disruption and formal interplay that are characteristic of the Voir Dit can be seen as strategies of preservation, and offer glimpses of a virtual book that would safeguard the author’s work against the ravages of time, which the material book will not escape. This article draws on Heidegger to examine the play of temporality in Machaut’s Voir Dit, specifically as temporality comes to bear on the material and the virtual. Machaut’s use of the virtual brings together two threads of Heideggerian thought: the Augenblick and the role of the poet. It is through a reading of Machaut’s virtual book that I bring together these two threads in an effort to see how the blink of an eye — whether the Augenblick or the flashes of Ma...
Neuropsychological Evaluation for Detecting Alterations in the Central Nervous System after Chemical Exposure

Individuals with multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) report decreased attention/concentration, memory loss, disorientation, confusion, fatigue, depression, irritability, decreased libido, sleep disturbances, headaches, and weakness. These neurobehavioral symptoms represent possible alterations in the central nervous system (CNS). The evaluation of neurobehavioral functioning using neuropsychological techniques provides an indirect method for determining the integrity of the CNS. However, caution must be used in interpreting neuropsychological test results, since this technique is extremely sensitive but is not specific. Clinically significant aberrant test performance may be noted after chemical exposure as well as with other diseases of the CNS. In addition, neuropsychiatric conditions such as anxiety and depression are often manifested as cognitive difficulties that are similar in pattern to the cognitive dysfunction caused by toxic chemicals. Herein, limitations and cautions in the interpretations of neuropsychological test results are discussed.
Community-based screening: association between nutritional risk status and severe disability among rural home-delivered nutrition participants.

Abstract In order to examine the association between high nutritional risk status and severe functional disability (any ADL and any IADL) among a racially diverse sample of community-dwelling older adults participating in the home-delivered nutrition program, a cross-sectional analysis was performed on data collected on all participants (n = 245) in two rural North Carolina counties. Using multivariate logistic models, participants with a high nutritional risk status were 2.4 times more likely to report severe functional disability than those with low or moderate nutritional risk status. Age demonstrated an unexpected inverse association with both nutritional risk status and functional disability. This study supports the conclusion that home-delivered nutrition participants at high risk for poor nutrition are also at high risk for severe functional disability. This underscores the importance of nutritional and functional screening as an antecedent for community-based targeted interventions to help older a...
Nipple aspirate fluid cytology in breast carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) cytology is a simple noninvasive method to study cells exfoliated into the ductal system of the breast. In the current study, the significance of cytologic findings in NAF was determined by correlating them with histopathologic findings from corresponding breast tissue. Cytologic–histologic correlations of NAF were performed in only a few studies. METHODS Nipple aspirate fluid was collected by breast massaging and by using a breast aspiration device from 74 women with biopsy confirmed intraductal or invasive carcinoma with or without a history of preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cytospin preparations were Pap stained. The number of epithelial cells was quantitated and foamy macrophages were semiquantitatively scored. Cytologic findings were categorized as insufficient for diagnosis (less than 10 epithelial cells), benign, mild atypia, marked atypia or suspicious, and malignant. Finally, they were correlated with tissue findings. RESULTS Nipple aspirate fluid was obtained from 74 women, including 24 who had received preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The median age of patients was 54 years. A mean volume of 57 μL NAF and a mean of 149 epithelial cells were obtained. Foamy macrophages were present in 51 (70%) of the specimens. There was a significant correlation between the presence of epithelial cells and foamy macrophages (P < 0.001). Patients treated with chemotherapy had fewer epithelial cells in their NAF compared with patients who were not treated with chemotherapy. Thirty specimens (41%) were inadequate for diagnosis, 34 were (46%) benign, 5 (7%) were mildly atypical, 1 (1%) was markedly atypical, and 4 (5%) were malignant. Of the five cases with mildly atypical cytology, three were intraductal papilloma, one was low-grade papillary intraductal carcinoma, and one was low-grade intracystic papillary carcinoma with invasion in the corresponding tissue specimen. The single case with markedly atypical NAF cytology had extensive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Of the four cases with malignant NAF cytology, two were extensive DCIS and two had invasive carcinoma with extensive DCIS in the breast specimen. Overall, 3 (27%) of 11 cases of DCIS were detected in NAF and only 2 (4%) of 52 invasive carcinomas including the only two cases with extensive DCIS were detected in NAF. CONCLUSION The probability of detecting malignant cells in NAF is dependent on the extent of DCIS and nipple involvement by DCIS. Nipple aspirate fluid is not a sensitive test for detecting invasive carcinoma of the breast. Atypical cytology in NAF is associated with papillary lesions in the underlying breast. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2003;99:99–104. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Variability of quantitative digital subtraction coronary angiography before and after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Abstract Quantitative coronary angiography has been proposed as a means of reducing observer variability in the interpretation of coronary angiograms, especially before and after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Analysis of 13 consecutively acquired biplane digital subtraction angiograms before and after PTCA was undertaken to determine intra- and interobserver variability of absolute lesion diameter, relative videodensitometric cross-sectional area, automated percent diameter stenosis and visual percent diameter stenosis using a new fully automated quantitative computer program. The reliability of single-view measurements was also assessed. Both before and after PTCA, measures of absolute diameter showed less interobserver variability than densitometry, percent automated diameter stenosis stenosis and percent visual diameter stenosis measurements (before, r = 0.95, 0.83, 0.86, 0.70; after, 0.95, 0.88, 0.81, 0.62, respectively). Relative videodensitometric cross-sectional area correlated poorly with images from the orthogonal view (r = 0.46). These data suggest that quantitative angiography reduces variability from visual estimates; of all quantitative angiographic measurements, the highest interobserver reproducibility is achieved using absolute lesion diameter both before and after PTCA, probably because no operator interaction is needed to identify a “normal” segment. Unselected, single-view quantitative arteriography is poorly reproducible using videodensitometry. Therefore, automated determination of absolute lesion diameter in at least 2 projections provides the most reproducible evaluation of coronary lesions both before and after PTCA.
The L-amino acid oxidases of snake venom. V. Mechanism of the reversible inactivation.

Abstract 1. 1. The spontaneous, reversible inactivation of the l -amino acid oxidase of snake venoms has been compared with reversible processes which regulate the activity of other enzymes. 2. 2. Since no change in the size, shape, electrophoretic mobility or solubility of the oxidase has been detected upon extensive inactivation of the enzyme, the process has been interpreted as involving only a limited alteration of the configuration of the native enzyme rather than an extensive unfolding. 3. 3. The mechanism of this reversible process has been interpreted as follows. The active enzyme is in reversible equilibrium with an inactive form, which differs from the active form by the presence of a new acidic group not present in the native enzyme, or an acidic group whose dissociation constant changes by about two pH units as a result of structural alterations in the protein during the inactivation step. The probable nature of this ionizing group has been discussed and its possible identity with an imidazole nitrogen, located at the active center of the enzyme, has been pointed out. 4. 4. On the basis of the above hypothesis, a kinetic development has been presented to account for the fact that the rate of reactivation of the enzyme is a function of pH while the rate of inactivation is not. 5. 5. It has been suggested that the inactivation process may involve the reversible breakage of one or two strong covalent linkages or of several weaker hydrogen bonds and that at least one of these may be joined to an imidazole ring at the active center of the enzyme. 6. 6. The possible nature of the ionizing groups at the active center of the enzyme is discussed from considerations of the influence of pH on the activity and stability of the enzyme.
Pre-irradiation spatial distribution and stability of boride particles in rapidly solidified boron doped stainless steels

Abstract The time temperature behavior of boride particles has been studied in rapidly solidified ultra low carbon and nitrogen modified 316 stainless steel with 0.088% boron and 0.45% zirconium. The results show that the as-splat-cooled specimens exhibit precipitates at the grain boundaries and triple junctions. For temperatures up to about 750°C no significant microstructural changes occur for short heat treatment times. In the temperature range of 750–950°C, however, particles typically 100–500 A in diameter containing Zr and B are formed within the grains. Higher temperatures enhance the formation of such particles and give rise to particle networks. The results show that a fine and uniform distribution of the boride particles almost exclusively within the grains can be achieved if proper annealing conditions are chosen. This type of distribution is an important requirement for the homogeneous production of helium during neutron irradiation in fast reactors.
Poloidal and toroidal potentials for solenoidal fields

Representation of solenoidal vector fields by poloidal and toroidal scalar fields relative to a fixed spatial direction is shown to be sufficient in the sense that any such vector field determines the scalar functions. The potentials are expressible by logarithmic potentials, and harmonic functions derived from them, over two-dimensional slices of the domain. The nature of the non-uniqueness of the scalar fields is discussed. Comments on applications, particularly in convection problems, are made.
Application of the embedded-atom method to covalent materials: A semiempirical potential for silicon.

The embedded-atom method, a semiempirical theory of metal bonding, is investigated as a method to calculate the bonding in a covalent material. A simple first-neighbor embedded-atom method model is sufficient to explain the geometry and structure of many metastable phases of silicon, but not its shear behavior. To obtain realistic shear behavior of silicon, an angle-dependent electron density is included to model the effects of bond bending. This model uses only the experimental bulk properties of silicon. Calculated properties of metastable phases and point defects are presented.
Observation of harmonics in the visible and ultraviolet created in C O 2 -laser-produced plasmas

Experimental studies of inertially confined plasmas irradiated with C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ laser intensities greater than ${10}^{15}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 10.6-\ensuremath{\mu}m wavelength reveal the generation of harmonic spectral components up to the 46th order (\ensuremath{\sim}230 nm). These harmonics are of very short duration (200 ps), have a polarization parallel to that of the incident 10.6-\ensuremath{\mu}m electric field, and exhibit a conversion efficiency approximately independent of the harmonic order up to a maximum order. The plasma-physics phenomena responsible for the high-harmonic emission are examined. The data and theory are consistent with the presence of self-focusing.
Tectal and cortical function in vision

Abstract Lesions in the visual cortex and tectum of tree shrews resulted in deficits in visual discrimination which were peculiar to the type of lesion made. Animals with cortical lesions appeared normal in their response to moving objects, in the detection of visual cliffs, and in the equivalence of simple stimuli but were impaired on more complicated equivalence tests. This deficit was interpreted as a defect in the intramodality attention. Tectal lesions resulted in inattention to objects (i.e., intermodality attention) while bilateral complete ablations impaired pattern vision. Thus, one type of visual attention and possibly identification are tectal functions, while the cortex operates upon the received information to inhibit incorrect responses which are available or attend to correct ones. An analogy to similar functions in the auditory system was made.
rIL-1α enhances adoptive transfer of resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection

We have previously demonstrated that administration of recombinant rIL-1 alpha enhances resistance against Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice. In this study we considered the possibility that this cytokine might also augment adoptive immunity conferred by the transfer of listeria-immune spleen cells. Concomitant administration of rIL-1 alpha with large numbers (2 x 10(7) or 10(8)) of listeria-immune spleen cells reduced the protection mediated by the transferred cells. Conversely, rIL-1 alpha co-administered with suboptimal numbers (1-5 x 10(6)) of immune splenocytes augmented anti-listeria resistance in an additive fashion. Although transfer of 10(6) listeria-immune spleen cells alone did not result in significant protection, when 10(6) immune cells were incubated with rIL-1 alpha prior to transfer they conferred significant protection to naive recipients. Time course experiments indicated that the greatest protection was achieved when listeria-immune spleen cells were pretreated with rIL-1 alpha for 2 h prior to adoptive transfer. The protection transferred by 10(6) rIL-1 alpha-pretreated immune spleen cells was not inhibited by TGF beta. This study is the first to use rIL-1 alpha to potentiate the adoptive transfer of resistance to an infectious agent by immune cells.
Surface acoustic load sensing using a face-shear PIN-PMN-PT single-crystal resonator

Pb(In0.5Nb0.5)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PIN-PMN-PT) resonators for surface acoustic load sensing are presented in this paper. Different acoustic loads are applied to thickness mode, thickness-shear mode, and face-shear mode resonators, and the electrical impedances at resonance and anti-resonance frequencies are recorded. More than one order of magnitude higher sensitivity (ratio of electrical impedance change to surface acoustic impedance change) at the resonance is achieved for the face-shear-mode resonator compared with other resonators with the same dimensions. The Krimholtz, Leedom, and Matthaei (KLM) model is used to verify the surface acoustic loading effect on the electrical impedance spectrum of face-shear PIN-PMN-PT single-crystal resonators. The demonstrated high sensitivity of face-shear mode resonators to surface loads is promising for a broad range of applications, including artificial skin, biological and chemical sensors, touch screens, and other touch-based sensors.
Aging and vascular endothelial function in humans

Advancing age is the major risk factor for the development of CVD (cardiovascular diseases). This is attributable, in part, to the development of vascular endothelial dysfunction, as indicated by reduced peripheral artery EDD (endothelium-dependent dilation) in response to chemical [typically ACh (acetylcholine)] or mechanical (intravascular shear) stimuli. Reduced bioavailability of the endothelium-synthesized dilating molecule NO (nitric oxide) as a result of oxidative stress is the key mechanism mediating reduced EDD with aging. Vascular oxidative stress increases with age as a consequence of greater production of reactive oxygen species (e.g. superoxide) without a compensatory increase in antioxidant defences. Sources of increased superoxide production include up-regulation of the oxidant enzyme NADPH oxidase, uncoupling of the normally NO-producing enzyme, eNOS (endothelial NO synthase) (due to reduced availability of the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin) and increased mitochondrial synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation. Increased bioactivity of the potent endothelial-derived constricting factor ET-1 (endothelin-1), reduced endothelial production of/responsiveness to dilatory prostaglandins, the development of vascular inflammation, formation of AGEs (advanced glycation end-products), an increased rate of endothelial apoptosis and reduced expression of oestrogen receptor α (in postmenopausal females) also probably contribute to impaired EDD with aging. Several lifestyle and biological factors modulate vascular endothelial function with aging, including regular aerobic exercise, dietary factors (e.g. processed compared with non-processed foods), body weight/fatness, vitamin D status, menopause/oestrogen deficiency and a number of conventional and non-conventional risk factors for CVD. Given the number of older adults now and in the future, more information is needed on effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of vascular endothelial aging.
Hypoxia Induces a Human Macrophage Cell Line to Release Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Its Soluble Receptors in Vitro

Tissue hypoxia following hemorrhage and trauma is a possible initiating factor of the generalized inflammatory response seen after shock. The role of hypoxia in the release from a human monocyte cell line (THP-1) of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) and its soluble membrane receptors (TNF alpha R) in-vitro is investigated in this study. Flat-bottom plates with 500,000 THP-1 cells/ml were placed in air-tight sealed boxes and exposed to hypoxia (O2 = 1%) or controls (O2 = 9%) for up to 24 hr. Supernatants were tested for TNF alpha, as well as 55- and 75-kDa soluble receptors for TNF alpha, by ELISA. Cell viability was assessed by vital dye uptake and was found to be maintained throughout hypoxic exposure. Medium pH levels were within normal range. In eight experiments conducted in duplicate, minimal change over 24 hr occurred in control samples. Control mean and SD were: TNF alpha = 12.0 +/- 4.2, 55-kDa R = 34.6 +/- 2.03, and 75-kDa R = 38.88 +/- 9.68 pg/ml. During hypoxia, TNF alpha was released as early as the first 30 min of exposure (41.3 +/- 2.3 pg/ml) with a small peak at 1 hr (52 +/- 5.0 pg/ml) and a later more pronounced peak at 18 hr (526 +/- 48 pg/ml). Both 55- and 75-kDa R were released by the hypoxic monocytes; release was progressive and was maximal at 24 hr in this study. Maximal release value of 55-kDa R was 236 +/- 15 pg/ml, while for 75-kDa R it was 2450 +/- 63 pg/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Corvid Cognition: Something to Crow About?

New research indicates that crows are capable of matching stimuli on the basis of analogical relations: that is, similarity of size, color and shape. This may be the first evidence for spontaneous analogical reasoning outside of the primate order.
Effectiveness of Brief Mindfulness Techniques in Reducing Symptoms of Anxiety and Stress

Mindfulness-based skills training has been increasingly incorporated into psychotherapeutic treatment for a variety of presenting complaints, most notably anxiety- and stress-related disorders. While there has been considerable literature documenting efficacy of full mindfulness-based treatment regimen (e.g., Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction [MBSR]), fewer studies have examined the influence of incorporating distinct elements of these treatments in psychotherapy practice. The present study examined the efficacy of two brief elements of an empirically supported mindfulness-based protocol (MBSR), hatha yoga and body scan, in the reduction of anxiety and stress symptoms. Female undergraduate students (N = 91) completed three weekly 45-min sessions of MBSR-based hatha yoga or body scan, or were included in the waitlisted control condition. Results indicated that there were significant differences between groups (i.e., waitlist control, hatha yoga, and body scan) on indices of anxiety and stress. Women in both the hatha yoga and body scan conditions had significantly greater reductions in anxiety and stress compared to those in the waitlist control condition. Significant differences in postintervention indicators of mindfulness (i.e., present-moment awareness and acceptance) were not observed. Overall, findings are consistent with the argument that brief, discrete elements of the MBSR treatment protocol are effective at reducing symptoms of anxiety and stress, providing further evidence supporting the use of mindfulness-based skills training in psychotherapy.
Normality of Very Even Nilpotent Varieties in D2l

For the classical groups, Kraft and Procesi have resolved the question of which nilpotent orbits have closures that are normal and which do not, with the exception of the very even orbits in .In this paper, these orbits are shown to have normal closure.
Disparities in psychiatric emergency department visits among youth in Hawai'i, 2000-2010

OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency and patient characteristics of emergency department encounters for mental health among youth, and to examine differences in utilization and treatment patterns. STUDY DESIGN: Data were obtained from the Hawai'i Health Information Corporation database of emergency department records between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2010. Analyses were limited to records of visits by patients aged Language: en
Protein Binding and Kinetics of Drugs in Liver Diseases

Although the liver is the major site for drug biotransformation, the effect of hepatic dysfunction on drug disposition has not been consistent or predictable. Most early studies of drug kinetics in liver disease measured only half-life. Only in the past few years has it been realised that liver diseases can affect drug absorption, hepatic metabolism, tissue distribution, and protein binding, which complicate interpretation of any change, or lack of change in drug half-life. Furthermore, it is now apparent that the efficiency with which a drug is metabolised by the liver, the extent of binding to blood constituents, and the aetiology and stage of the hepatic disorder are each important in determining whether significant alterations in drug disposition will occur. A pharmacokinetic perfusion model which takes into account many of the above factors has been proposed, and appears to be useful for predicting changes in the disposition of rapidly metabolised compounds. Nevertheless, the state of knowledge about those factors which limit the rate of metabolism of individual drugs or classes of drugs is inadequate, and no general model or guidelines which are useful clinically have been developed. Patients with hepatic disorders may show increases or decreases in sensitivity independent of alterations in drug disposition. The clinician caring for such patients must be cautious about the use of any drugs, and rely heavily on careful patient observation to determine efficacy or toxicity.
Radiation enhancement by nonequilibrium during flight through the Titan atmosphere

The chemical reactions occurring in the adiabatic inviscid shock layer over a two-dimensional wedge flying through Titan's atmosphere are calculated. Radiative transfer through the shock layer is calculated, accounting for the deviation of electronic state populations from the equilibrium distributions, to determine the heat flux reaching the edge of the boundary layer of the proposed Titan Aerocapture vehicle. The heat fluxes are found to be larger by a ratio of up to 100,000 than those calculated under the assumption of equilibrium flow. For a typical flight, the radiative heat load reaching the edge of the boundary layer is 3.4 x 10 to the 5th J/sq cm, which is 5.7 times the equilibrium value.
Difficulties for the Reconciling and Estranging Projects: Some Symmetries

Suppose that Susan did not go to the movies. The reconciling project attempts to show that this plus Determinism does not imply that Susan could not have gone to the movies. The estranging project attempts to show the opposite. A counter-entailment argument is of the form A is consistent with C, and C entails not-B, therefore A does not entail B. An instance of the counter-entailment arguments undermines a central argument for the reconciling project. Another instance undermines a central argument for the estranging project. This is one symmetry. In each case, the natural response to the counter-entailment argument begs the question. This is another symmetry.
Theology Comes Home: The Role of Theology in the Academic Study of Religion and the Role of Theology of Judaism in the Academic Study of Judaism

In the academic setting, theology examines the intellectual structure and system of a corpus of religious writings and rites. The study of religion analyses the data of religion, the texts in words and artifacts. Theology articulates the systematic consequences of those facts, the generative logic. The study of theology is particular to the study of a given religious tradition; philosophy of religion asks questions concerning religious truth claims in general. Theology of Judaism seeks evidence of the interior logic that imparts coherence to entire structure of distinct systems of that religion adumbrated in the written documents of Judaism(s). In the context of a Judaic system, that requires the identification of norms that all authorities within that system affirm.
Acquisition of atmospheric extinction profiles by lidar: further notes

On construit le profil d'extintion atmospherique dans la bande UV en tenant compte simultanement des composants ozone et aerosols de l'atmosphere. La dependance de la composante de l'aerosol par rapport a la longueur d'onde est injectee dans l'equation du rapport du pouvoir Raman oxygene/azote et permet de separer les deux profils ozone et aerosols. Developpement du profil d'extinction pour differentes altitudes et ses variations suivant la longueur d'onde
Confirmation of a speculation concerning average tissue-air ratio determinations for rotational Co-60 radiation therapy treatment planning.

The question of the number of radii which are necessary to accurately determine the average tissue–air ratio (TAR) to be used in 60Co rotational radiation therapytreatment planning was studied using actual patient contours. It was found that 12 radii adequately determine the average TAR for clinical purposes. Key words: TAR, 60Co, rotational therapy
Communist influence in the automobile industry, 1920–1933: Paving the way for an industrial union

(1979). Communist influence in the automobile industry, 1920–1933: Paving the way for an industrial union. Labor History: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 189-225.
On the kinematics and thermodynamics of general circulation of the atmosphere in the higher latitudes

The weather pattern associated with waves in the Westerlies of the higher latitudes indicates ascending motion near the troughs and descending motion near the ridges, so that the trajectory of each air parcel that flows eastward through the waves has the three-dimensional form of a left-handed helix. Non-adiabatic cooling and heating of the air, as it flows poleward and equatorward along its helical path, causes the air to lose heat when its pressure is low and to gain heat when its pressure is high, making the circulation work-producing, it is shown that the kinetic energy thus generated is of the same order of magnitude as the dissipation of the kinetic energy by internal and surface friction, thus causing the Westerlies to be maintained in a steady state.
Social Reinforcement of Activity and Problem-Solving Training in the Treatment of Depressed Institutionalized Elderly Patients

Thirty-six depressed nursing-home patients over 60 were divided into two experimental groups to test the relative effectiveness of two approaches to reduce geriatric depression. Twelve subjects received social reinforcement (SR)for their participation in an activity, 12 received problem-solving training (PS),and 12 served as a waiting list control condition (WLC).During the 2nd treatment week, the subjects were randomly divided into the following conditions: PS-PS, PS-SR, SR-SR, SR-PS, WLC-WLC, and WLC-IC. The BDI, a self-rating scale (SRS),and the HAS were administered to the subjects. After the initial treatment week, the two experimental conditions showed significantly lower BDI and SRS scores than the WLC group. After the random division of the groups (treatment week 2),when compared with the waiting list controls, only those groups that received problem-solving training significantly reduced their scores on the BDI.
Hypothalamic catecholamines (CA) and the secretion of gonadotropins and gonadotropin releasing hormones

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the hypothalamic catecholamines (CA) and the secretion of gonadotropins and gonadotropin releasing hormones. The role of catecholaminergic mechanism on the alteration of the release of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH), follicle-stimulating hormone releasing hormone, and prolactin release inhibiting hormone, which in turn regulates the release of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin is examined. The effect of CA on LH, FSH, and prolactin release were observed only when anterior pituitary halves have been co-incubated in the presence of ventral hypothalamic fragments, or CA were administered intraventricularly. The CA precursor, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, injected systemically, also stimulated the release of gonadotropin, and inhibited the release of prolactin. The effects of CA tested were actually on the discharge of hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones, because it is demonstrated that LH-RH, FSH-RH, and PR-IH activities in hypophysial portal blood were elevated after intraventricular injection, or co-incubation of pituitary halves in presence of hypothalamic fragments.
Multiphoton ionization of cesium via quadrupole transitions: Photoelectron angular distributions and polarization effects on total ionization rates.

We report measurements of photoelectron angular distributions via electric quadrupole transitions in cesium atoms using multiphoton excitation techniques. Experimental results are presented for the cases of one-photon resonant, two-photon ionization via the 6d /sup 2/D/sub 3/2/ and 6d /sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ electric quadrupole transitions and for one-photon resonant, three-photon ionization via the 5d /sup 2/D/sub 3/2/ and 5d /sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ transitions. The ratios of the total ionization rates for linearly and circularly polarized light have also been measured for the 6d /sup 2/D/sub 3/2/ and 6d /sup 2/D/sub 5/2/ states. A theoretical analysis and detailed comparison with the experimental results are given.
Microaggressions experienced by persons with mental illnesses: An exploratory study.

OBJECTIVE: Microaggressions are subtle verbal or behavioral communications of disparaging messages to people based upon membership in a socially marginalized group. Their negative impact has been demonstrated for racial/ethnic groups, gender, sexual orientation, and physical disability, but currently no research exists on microaggressions as experienced by persons with mental illnesses. METHOD: Qualitative data were gathered from 4 focus groups with 2 samples: adult mental health consumers in an assertive community treatment program and college students with mental illness diagnoses. Focus group transcripts were then analyzed using an open coding approach (Strauss & Corbin, 1990) to identify hierarchical themes and categories. RESULTS: Five major themes were identified, including invalidation, assumption of inferiority, fear of mental illness, shaming of mental illness, and second class citizen. Perpetrators of microaggressions were most commonly identified as being close friends, family members, and authority figures. Importantly, participants reported experiencing more overt discrimination experiences than subtle microaggression experiences. Reported negative outcomes related to microaggression experiences included isolation, negative emotions, and treatment nonadherence. CONCLUSIONS and Implications for Practice: Reported consequences of microaggressions have important implications for mental health treatment, especially as perpetrators were reported to include treatment providers and were usually unaware of such negative social exchanges. Loss of social support reported by participants and the frequent occurrence of microaggressions within close relationships implies these experiences could contribute to internalization of stigmatizing attitudes toward mental illness. Directions for future research include an investigation of motivation and reasoning behind perpetration of microaggressions against persons with mental illnesses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Evolution of structure and free volume in symmetric tilt grain boundaries during dislocation nucleation

Abstract Grain boundary evolution in copper bicrystals is investigated during uniaxial tension at 10 K. Grain boundary structures are generated using molecular statics employing an embedded atom method potential, followed by molecular dynamics simulation at a constant 1 × 109 s−1 strain rate. Interfacial free volume is continuously measured during boundary deformation, and its evolution is investigated both prior to and during grain boundary dislocation nucleation. Free volume provides valuable insight into atomic-scale processes associated with stress-induced grain boundary deformation. Different boundary structures are investigated in this work to analyze the role of interface structure, stress state and initial free volume on dislocation nucleation. The results indicate that the free volume influences interfacial deformation through modified atomic-scale processes, and grain boundaries containing particular free volume distributions show a greater propensity for collective atomic migration during inelastic deformation.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Mixed-Metal Triple-Layered Perovskites, Na2La2Ti3-xRuxO10 (x ≤ 1.0).

The properties of the triple-layered Ruddlesden−Popper oxide Na2La2Ti3O10 have been modified by substituting ruthenium for titanium. Polycrystalline samples of ruthenium-doped sodium lanthanum titanium oxide, Na2La2Ti3-xRuxO10 (x = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0), were prepared by heating the binary oxides at 1000 °C for 24 h under flowing argon. An upper limit to the degree of substitution was found at x = 1.0. The phases were structurally characterized by Rietveld analysis of X-ray powder diffraction data. Ruthenium cations are found to exhibit site preferences for the inner-layer octahedral sites, although not to the complete exclusion of the outer layer. A second-order Jahn−Teller effect is thought to influence the site selectively while providing an upper limit to the extent of ruthenium doping. There is spin-glass-like cusp in the magnetic susceptibility of the heavily doped (x = 1.0) phase that was not observed with the lighter doping levels. The oxides displayed high electrical resistivity (7.6 × 103 ≤ ρ ≤...
ileoanal Pouch Neoplasia in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis: An Underestimated Threat

Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is one of the two main options available for the surgical treatment of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Its main advantage is the minimal risk of rectal cancer but a possible Achilles heel is the recurrence of epithelial neoplasia at the ileal pouch-anal anastomosis and within the ileal pouch. The significance of ileoanal anastomotic and ileal pouch adenomas is not yet fully appreciated, and there is a false sense of security about this operation. The consequences of worsening pouch polyposis are serious in that endoscopic treatment is unlikely to be an effective way of controlling it. This study has been done to alert those caring for patients with familial adenomatous polyposis to the looming danger of pouch polyposis and to suggest ways to deal with it. Studies reporting ileoanal pouch adenomas, ileal pouch-anal anastomotic cancers, and ileal pouch cancers in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis were reviewed. Reports of adenomas in Kock pouches and in Brooke ileostomies in the setting of familial adenomatous polyposis were included. The primary end points of the study were the time between pouch construction and the diagnosis of neoplasia, the age of the patients at the diagnosis of neoplasia, and the severity of the neoplasia. There were 18 studies reporting pouch neoplasia, 15 with adenomas, and 3 with cancer. Ten were case reports, five were retrospective studies, and three were prospective studies. All three prospective studies showed that the incidence of pouch adenomas increases with time of follow-up and that the severity of the polyposis varies. The median time from pouch construction to diagnosis of pouch adenomas was 4.7 years and the range was 0.5 to 12 years. There were six studies reporting eight patients with cancer at the ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, diagnosed a median of 8 years after pouch construction (range, 3–20 years). One-half of the cancers were locally advanced (T4) and one-half were not (T1 or T2). One-half followed stapled anastomosis and one-half were after mucosectomy. There were eight case reports of cancer described in an ileostomy in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. The median time from ileostomy construction to the ileostomy cancers was 25 (range, 9–40) years. The combination of fecal stasis, adenomatous epithelium, and a germline APC mutation is a potent recipe for epithelial neoplasia. There is increasing evidence that this happens in an ileostomy but that the process is much faster in an ileal pouch. Endoscopic treatment of ileal adenomas is likely to be difficult, reducing the options for their control to excising the entire pouch or chemoprevention.
Determination of coenzyme A and acetyl CoA in tissue extracts.

Coenzyme A and acetyl CoA in tissue extracts determined for concentrations by recycling CoA through coupled enzyme system
Powhatan's Werowocomoco: Constructing Place, Polity, and Personhood in the Chesapeake, C.E. 1200‐‐C.E. 1609

Colonial encounters within the Powhatan village of Werowocomoco in Tidewater Virginia have captured the public's imagination through romantic literature and popular films. Shifting the focus of inquiry away from English colonial narratives and toward a history of landscape provides an alternative understanding of Werowocomoco as a Native place. Archaeological investigation has identified evidence of earthworks and related social practices that altered Werowocomoco's built environment and subjective experiences of its spaces in ways that colonial chroniclers failed to appreciate. A landscape history combining built environments, cognitive maps, and spatial practices across the historic—precontact divide indicates that the settlement became a ritualized location for the production of political status and social personhood well before English colonization in the Chesapeake. Spatial practices rooted in Algonquian cosmology and centered on Werowocomoco shaped the origins of the Powhatan chiefdom and early colonial history through which Powhatans sought to incorporate Jamestown colonists into their world. A biography of Werowocomoco as a Native place illustrates how a deep historical anthropology may challenge notions of a “prehistoric” past comprised of homogenized societies lacking history.
Tribological behavior and graphitization of carbon nanotubes grown on 440C stainless steel

Vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays were directly grown onto 440C stainless steel substrates by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Tribological properties of both short and long CNTs samples were studied under normal loads of 10 g, 25 g and 100 g. The CNTs had a steady-state friction coefficient of about 0.2 in humid air. In dry nitrogen, a friction of 0.2 was measured under a load of 10 g while high friction was measured at 25 g and 100 g loads. No significant variation of tribological behavior was measured between the short and long CNTs samples. SEM observations showed that rubbing caused the CNTs to align or lay down along the wear scar. They formed aggregates and were compressed by rubbing, which resulted in layer-structured graphite formations. SEM observation of the wear scars revealed loss of CNT structures accompanied by the appearance of dark areas. Micro Raman spectroscopic studies demonstrated that the dark areas were graphitized CNTs. Shear stress aligned the basal planes of the small graphene sheets in the CNT layers to the low friction orientation and eventually caused formation of more ordered graphite. The tribological formation of interfacial carbon layers increased with increasing stress from higher loads.
In vitro shoot and floral organogenesis from stamen explants from a Rhododendron PJM group clone

Abstract Flower buds were collected from a clone from the Rhododendron PJM group during autumn and winter, disinfested, and dissected. Stamens were placed in vitro on media containing combinations of thidiazuron (TDZ) and isopentenyladenine (2iP) where they produced callus, adventitious shoots, and adventitious floral structures. There were significant interactions between the two cytokinins as well as significant main effects. The best shoot organogenesis was obtained generally when 1 μM TDZ and 25 μM 2iP were in the medium. Thidiazuron was the predominant cytokinin that stimulated the production of adventitious floral structures.
Adapting Peer Tutoring for Learners Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing

The purpose of this article is to present a classwide peer tutoring (CWPT) model successfully implemented with children who are deaf. Classwide peer tutoring is relatively easy to implement and is both teacher- and student-friendly. A large and growing body of professional literature documents the effectiveness of systematic peer tutoring models. Systematically implemented peer tutoring systems increase academic engagement and, in most cases, increase students' acquisition, maintenance, and generalization of skills across a variety of academic content areas. The innovative use of CWPT in classrooms for students who are deaf is based on adaptations made during the dissertation research of the first author. Specifically, adaptations will be described for the process of tutor training, the creation of tutoring materials, and the implementation and monitoring of a program for individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing. Suggestions for how these adaptations can be implemented with other special needs populati...
Modeling and validation of composite patch repair to cracked thick and thin metallic panels

A two-dimensional finite element analysis is presented to predict crack growth behavior of cracked panels repaired with bonded composite patch. Fatigue experiments were conducted with precracked aluminum specimens of two thicknesses (1 and 6.35 mm), with and without debond, and repaired asymmetrically. Fatigue lives of thick and thin repaired panels extended four and ten times relative to unrepaired cases, respectively. The predicted fatigue crack growth rates were in agreement with experimental values at the unpatched face but not at the patched face. Thus, the present analysis provides a conservative assessment of durability and damage tolerance of repaired thin and thick panels.