cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeting Motivation—Adapting Flow Theory to Instructional Design

Flow theory identifies several structural variables that can be manipulated by an instructional designer. Modifying these variables may cause an increase in the likelihood that a learner will be motivated to continue with the lesson. While some researchers suggest activity contents, such as challenge and goal and induce flow experience [1], others hypothesize flow is enhanced by vividness and interactivity of the presentation [2]. This study investigates the effect of activity content, its presentation, and the interactions between the two on flow experience (intrinsic motivation) in instructional activity. The results suggested that the activity content has major influences on motivation, but presentation is a double-edge sword. Hypermedia presentation adds appeals to instructions that motivate students if they are used appropriately. When the content relevance is complicated, complex presentations can be distracting. Consequently, hypermedia elements should be used sparingly at the beginning of a lesson...
Irreversible aggregation kinetics : power-law exponents from series

The kinetics of irreversible aggregation are studied using power series in time for general sum and product kernels of the type (${\mathit{i}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$+${\mathit{j}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$) and (ij${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$. Assuming a power-law form for the asymptotic behavior of the first moment of the cluster distribution, ${\mathit{M}}_{0}$\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{t}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, we are able to determine the exponent \ensuremath{\gamma} by inverting the series to give t as a function of the first moment. Exact solutions are known for \ensuremath{\alpha}=0 and 1. Our numerical method gives \ensuremath{\gamma} as a function of \ensuremath{\alpha} for \ensuremath{\alpha} in the range from 0 to 1 for the sum kernel. For the product kernel we are able to determine \ensuremath{\gamma} near \ensuremath{\alpha}=0 and 1, but a power-law form does not seem to fit the series well in the midrange near \ensuremath{\alpha}=1/2. For the product kernel we clearly detect the onset of the gelation transition at \ensuremath{\alpha}=1/2.
Mapping phytoplankton chlorophyll in turbid, Case 2 estuarine and coastal waters

We tested variants of semianalytic algorithms for estimating phytoplankton chlorophyll pigment in Case 2 waters. Since 2002 we sampled 279 stations in 22 estuaries, bays, and near shore at seven National Estuarine Research Reserves between Delaware and Texas (USA). The following median values and ranges were observed: chlorophyll a = 17.4 μg/L3 (0.2-490.1); total suspended solids = 23.4 mg/L dry weight (0.7-191.1); and CDOM absorbance (440 nm) = 3.11 m-1 (0.00-21.08). Spectroradiometers measured volume reflectance at each station. Sampling was designed to capture upriver to coastal mixing gradients. Algorithms utilized features in the red and lower NIR, with interference adjustments for CDOM absorption and non-algal particle scatter using bands in either the green (550 nm) or NIR between 723-739 nm. Data from an additional 53 inland lake, reservoir, and river stations were included for comparison in algorithm testing. Our best two algorithms were re-parameterized using matchups with AISA Eagle imagery. Ex...
Cluster miss prediction with prefetch on miss for embedded CPU instruction caches

Soft CPU cores are often used in embedded systems, yet they limit opportunities to improve cache performance to hardware assistance outside the CPU core. Instruction prefetching is commonly used, but the popular Prefetch On Miss (POM) technique is less helpful when the instruction flow does not follow a sequential execution order, which is often the case in real-time networking applications. Cluster Miss Prediction (CMP) can help in those worst case situations when cache misses do not follow a sequential order, and can be combined with POM to provide an effective technique for real-time networking applications on embedded systems. The benefits of the CMP+POM technique are illustrated in the context of an industrial embedded networking application using different cache configurations.
Structure and function of thebc-complex ofRhodobacter sphaeroides

The ubiquinol: cytochromec2 oxidoreductase (bc-complex) ofRhodobacter sphaeroides has three main subunits, which bear the prosthetic groups, and contribute to three catalytic sites and internal electron transfer pathways which define the modified Q-cycle mechanism. In this paper, we report on progress in modelling the structure of thebc-complex, and experiments using site directed mutagenesis and biophysical assay to probe the structural and function consequences of specific modifications to these subunits.
Observing agonistic interactions alters subsequent fighting dynamics in the crayfish, Orconectes rusticus

In many species, social interactions play a key role in deciding resource allocation. Aggression is one mechanism by which crayfish become dominant, which, in turn, enables them to acquire higher-quality resources. In crayfish, hierarchies and dominance structures are formed by dyadic interactions. In natural habitats, crayfish have agonistic interactions that often take place with other crayfish in the vicinity. There is a possibility for observers to gain information about potential future opponents. We were interested in examining the impact of observing agonistic interactions on the social behaviour of a bystander crayfish. Bystanders were visually exposed to one of four treatments followed by an agonistic interaction with a naive individual. Treatments consisted of: (1) two size-matched crayfish fighting (fight treatment); (2) two size-matched crayfish not fighting (visual control); (3) an empty fight arena with a retractable wall (motion control); or (4) an empty tank with no retractable wall (handling control). The second interaction, where the bystander crayfish was fought against a naive size-matched individual, or tester crayfish, was analysed by a person, blind to treatment, for initiation, winner–loser and temporal dynamics of escalation. Our results indicate that bystander crayfish exposed to the fight treatment lost significantly more often to tester crayfish than bystander crayfish subjected to control treatments. In addition, there were changes in the fight dynamics for the bystander crayfish. These results show that observations of interactions by a third crayfish have implications for hierarchies and social behaviour in natural settings.
Siblings of retarded children: a population at risk.

One of the major tasks of contemporary child psychiatry is to build programs of early intervention to prevent the development of emotional illness in children. In order to construct such programs it is necessary first to identify those groups of children who are frequently seen at child psychiatric clinics and are likely to have emotional problems. Among the many groups of children frequently seen in clinics, the siblings of retarded children comprise one important identifiable group. There are many factors responsible for the problems of this group: excessive parental attention to the retarded child and relative neglect of the siblings, the identification of a sibling with the behavior of a retarded child, a normal child's anxiety over the meaning of retardation and its relationship to his own sexual and aggressive fantasies. One of the most important factors responsible for the symptoms and symptomatic behavior of this group is guilt. Evaluation of these children and of their parents reveals the importance of unconscious parental guilt about the retarded child, the mechanisms that parents employ to deal with guilt, and the effect of these mechanisms on the sibling's personality, attitudes, behavior, and symptoms. Parental guilt based on fantasies about the meaning of having a retarded child, unconscious and intolerable, is often projected onto the normal sibling who is then held responsible for the trouble. Parental superegos indict the sibling who is perceived as angry and destructive. Anger at the retardate, which further intensifies parental guilt, is displaced onto the scapegoated sibling whose own conflicts over aggression are intensified. Via the mechanism of introjection and identification the normal child in some cases takes on some of the characteristics of the retarded sibling; this identity both serves a defensive purpose to ward off anxiety and guilt and leads adaptively to parental acceptance. In other cases the child's guilt may lead to overcompliance, nonlearning, or a masochistic search for punishment. The guilt-ridden sibling may further project his own guilt and take on a blaming and attacking attitude toward others including therapists. The family mythology provides clues as to the blending of mechanisms used. Clinical examples are cited and treatment implications discussed.
A note on factor analysis: Arbitrary orthogonal transformations

A modification of the Gram-Schmidt process yields an easily constructed orthogonal transformation matrix which may be used to rotate a centroid, principal axis, or maximum likelihood factor matrix in a manner such that one of the new axes has predetermined direction. The procedure is illustrated by rotating a centroid factor matrix into an abbreviated bifactor matrix, the general factor being defined as the centroid of a specified subgroup of reasoning tests.
What Einstein Did Not Know

This public lecture is about 100 years of research on elementary particles and fundamental forces, beginning with the identification of the electron about 1900 and extending to the astonishing discovery of Dark Matter in the late 1900s. The author talks about the elementary particle concept; the discoveries of leptons, quarks and force carrying particles; and some of the experimental technology used. The author tells of his own research, the discovery of the tau lepton, the long, inconclusive search for fractional charged particles and his new involvement in astronomical research on Dark Matter. He concludes by looking ahead to old unsolved puzzles and new questions on the fundamental nature of matter and force that face us in the 21st Century.
Comparative assembly of colloidal quantum dots on surface templates patterned by plasma lithography

Plasma lithography is a template-guided self-assembly nanomanufacturing strategy for creating functional engineering devices using nanoscale and molecular building blocks. To elucidate the plasma lithography manufacturing process, the comparative binding of colloidal quantum dots on plasma patterned surface templates is investigated. In particular, fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were performed to characterize the pH-dependent assembly of quantum dots at equilibrium conditions. Remarkably, the amino-modified quantum dots adhere favorably to plasma treated, hydrophilic areas at low pH and to untreated, hydrophobic areas at high pH. The crossover pH for this transition occurs at approximately pH 9. Similar transitions can also be observed in other molecules, including bovine serum albumin, fluorescein isothiocyanate, and poly-L-lysine. Examining the crossover pH values for different building blocks reveals that the assembly process is a result of the competition between electrostatic and van der Waals interactions. The “image reversal” by adjusting the pH provides a simple and effective approach for manipulating the amount and location of nanoscale building blocks assembled on plasma lithography patterned surface templates.
Theory of Phase Equilibrium

The historical background and some of the highlights of more recent developments in the theory of phase equilibria and their critical points are described. The historical mean-field theoriestheir strengths and certain of their deficienciesare emphasized, as well as some of their recent applications to complex systems such as polymer solutions, microemulsions, multicomponent solutions and their tricritical points, and the interfaces between phases.
Price variation in spatial markets: the case of perfectly inelastic demand

This paper analyzes short-run price variation in one-dimensional (i.e., circular, linear) spatial markets where both producers and consumers are numerous. Price reaction functions are established for firms under symmetrical price conjectures. For perfectly inelastic consumer demand each firm's equilibrium price is shown to depend upon distance-decay effects in both firms' locations and marginal costs. The rate of distance decay in these effects is inversely related to the degree of price conjectural variation in the market. Boundary effects in spatial markets are also shown to influence these distance-decay rates and, thus, patterns of firms' equilibrium prices.
The scale height of the venus haze layer

Abstract The recent spectrographic data of Belton, Hunten and Goody (1967) can be combined with refraction measurements from Venus transits to give a scale height of the scattering centers in the haze of about 3.7 km. This figure agrees with the work of Dollfus (1966) on the extension of the horns and suggests a closer analogy to terrestrial haze than to condensation clouds.
Iron alloy Fischer-Tropsch catalysts: V. FeCo on Y zeolite

Abstract A series of Fe, Co, and FeCo catalysts on Y-zeolite support, prepared both by ion exchange and impregnation, has been investigated and compared with a previously reported (7,9) series supported on wide-pore SiO2. Characterization methods were X-ray diffraction, H2 and CO chemisorption, Mossbauer spectroscopy, and atomic absorption. The oxidation, reduction, and carburization behavior of the iron-containing catalysts were observed by Mossbauer spectroscopy. The reversibility of FeY (ion exchanged) in oxidation-reduction cycles was confirmed. The ion-exchanged catalysts (FeY, FeCoY) do not show any iron metal, or alloy or carbide phase after reduction or attempted carburization. In contrast with prior results with silica-supported Fe and FeCo, where there appear to be significant differences, Fe HY (impregnated) and FeCo HY appear quite similar in characterization by Mossbauer spectroscopy and in reaction behavior. A 1 1 : CO H 2 feed was used to investigate the Fischer-Tropsch reaction at 1 atm and 523 K. Some additional runs were made at a total pressure of 13.6 atm. As in prior studies (Amelse, J. A., Schwartz, L. H., and Butt, J. B., J. Catal.72, 95, 1981; Arcuri, K. B., Piotrowski, R. B., Schwartz, L. H., and Butt, J. B., J. Catal.85, 349, 1984) it was found that the CO turnover frequency (Nco) in general decreases with increasing CO conversion. A higher selectivity for higher molecular weight products is found for HY-supported catalysts, and in all cases an approximate behavior in accord with the Schultz-Anderson distribution was observed.
The Development of Semantic Associations in Profoundly Deaf Children

Studies of the development of associations in profoundly deaf children using English words and English associations have not presented clear evidence of a syntagmatic-paradigmatic shift. This study...
THE PROBLEMS AND BENEFITS OF ADOPTING FAMILY GROUP CONFERENCING FOR PINS (CHINS) CHILDREN

One of the least scrutinized and improved areas of juvenile justice is the area of Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS). These children comprise a large portion of the time and resources of the judicial system, but questions of what will help PINS kids and their families are rarely answered. New Zealand developed Family Group Conferencing to deal with family problems in the juvenile crime and abuse and neglect contexts. Such a process lends itself well to the resolution of PINS matters.
Computed flux and brightness of infrared edge and synchrotron radiation

Abstract The flux and brightness are computed with the Synchrotron Radiation Workshop (SRW) for the infrared edge-radiation beamline at the electron storage ring, Aladdin. Similar computations are performed for a feasible far-infrared beamline at Aladdin and preliminary beamline geometries at other electron storage rings. A comparison is made between the use of edge radiation and ordinary synchrotron radiation as the infrared source. For the cases considered, edge radiation provides more flux with greater or comparable brightness for most wavelengths between 1 and 1000 μm, when comparing edge and ordinary synchrotron radiation sources located at the same distance from an entrance aperture.
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Complicating T-Cell Lymphoma in a Patient with HIV Infection.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), while uncommon, may be a devastating complication of lymphoma and/or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. While several of the diagnostic criteria for HLH are relatively nonspecific, particularly in the setting of a systemic inflammatory response, more diagnostic specificity may be achieved with marked elevations in serum ferritin (e.g., >100,000 ng/mL). Increased suspicion of HLH, particularly in the setting of persistent, unexplained fevers, pancytopenia, and transaminitis, should prompt consideration of HLH. Earlier diagnosis and initiation of therapy have the potential to alter the natural history and poor prognosis of this disorder. We present a patient with HIV infection who developed relapsed T-cell lymphoma complicated by hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.
Cosmic-ray-induced radioactivities in meteorites—I Chemical and radiometric procedures for aluminium, beryllium and cobalt

ABS>lt is expected that the long-lived radionuclides Al/sup 26/ Be/sup 10/, and Fe/sup 60/ (with its daughter Co/sup 60/), among others, are present in detectable amounts in meteorites as the result of the action of cosmic rays in space. For the detection and measurement of these activities, which have considerable potential significance, chemical isolation and purification are essential. Chemical procedures developed for the separation and purification of aluminum, beryllium, iron, and cobalt from iron and stone meteorites, tektites, and terrestrial silicate materials are described in detail. The prime objective was radiochemical purity of the isoiated radioelements, chemical purity and chemical yields being of secondary importance. Ion-exchange and solvent- extraction tech niques were used wherever possible because of their high specificity and applicability to very small quantities of elements. Al/sup 26/ and Be/sup 10/ are prepared for counting in the forms of Al/sup 2/O/sup3/ and BeO. Fe/sup 60/ is best detected by extraction of its active daughter Co/sup 60/, counted as CoS. The identity of a radionucllde is established by the criterion of constant specific activity upon recycling the sample through the chemical purification procedure. Special low-background counters have been constructed for the detection and measurement of feeble amounts of betamore » emmitters in the form of small solid samples. The backgrounds are about 0.4 count min/sup -1/and are exceptionally constant. In routine operation 3-4 day backgrounds are alternated with 6-8 day sample counts, yielding a lower counting rate limit (2 sigma criterion) of 0.017 count min/sup -1/. With counting yields of about 40 per cent and specimen sizes of about 100 g, it is possible to detect radionuclides at a specific activity of 0.0004 dis min/sup -1/ (g specimen)/sup -1/in favorable cases. Thin-sample counting yields have been measured for Al/sup 26/ and Na/sup 22/ Sample-thickness factors have been determined for Al/sup 26/ in Al/sub 2/O/ sub 3/ and Be/sup 10/ in BeO. (auth)« less
Case 28-1986: An Eight-Year-Old Girl with Multiple Osteolytic Lesions during the Preceding Six Months

Presentation of Case An eight-year-old girl was admitted to the hospital because of multiple osteolytic lesions. She was well until approximately six months earlier, when varicella occurred; after ...
Paleontological completeness of the record of lower tertiary mollusks, U.S. Gulf and Atlantic coastal plains: Implications for phylogenetic studies

Choice of method in phylogenetic analysis should involve some consideration of the quality or completeness of the available fossil record. If it is poor, cladistic methods are preferable; if it is good, stratophenetic methods may be valid. A concept of paleontological completeness, defined herein, is useful for judging the quality of a given fossil record. This paper considers eight possible measures of paleontological completeness, and evaluates their value as phylogenetically useful estimates of the quality of the fossil record. Of the eight measures, Sadler‐Schindel type analysis of stratigraphic completeness and analysis of geographic ranges appear to be the most useful and reliable. The remaining six are useful only as rough approximations of the quality of the record, or as supporting evidence for conclusions based on other methods. Use of these eight measures on the lower Tertiary molluscan record of the U.S. Gulf and Atlantic coastal plains indicates that this record is approximately 30–50% comple...
Class III β-tubulin, a marker of resistance to paclitaxel, is overexpressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia

Aims: Class III β-tubulin (TUBB3) reduces microtubule stability and confers resistance to microtubule-stabilizing taxanes, including paclitaxel and docetaxel. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas show limited responsiveness to taxanes, but little is known of the underlying mechanisms. The aim of this study was to examine TUBB3 expression in pancreatic cancer cell lines, invasive pancreatic adenocarcinoma and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN). Methods and results: Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to study TUBB3 expression in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Immunohistochemistry was employed to assess TUBB3 in pancreatic cancer specimens, including 75 invasive adenocarcinomas and 41 PanIN precursor lesions. TUBB3 was undetectable in non-neoplastic ducts of the pancreas. In contrast, the vast majority (78–93%) of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas demonstrated either diffuse or focal TUBB3 expression. TUBB3 was found to increase progressively in PanIN lesions from 3/16 of PanIN-1 (19%), 5/17 of PanIN-2 (29%) to 5/8 of PanIN-3 lesions (63%). Conclusions: TUBB3 is expressed in most pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, possibly accounting for the suboptimal response of these tumours to microtubule-stabilizing agents. Up-regulation of TUBB3 in PanIN lesions suggests that microtubule dysfunction is an early feature of this disease. TUBB3 immunohistochemistry could potentially help identify pancreatic cancer patients lacking TUBB3 expression who might benefit from taxane therapy.
Questions to be asked & answered as to NLP's role in improving semantic annotation

In the realm of Information Retrieval, why is Semantic Annotation needed? What has changed? Is it the users, the sources, the genres, the technologies, the applications, the queries? If there are differences, why and how can Semantic Annotation help? And more specifically, how and what is Natural Language Processing (NLP) contributing.This talk will share some practical use cases of where and how NLP-based semantic annotation has demonstrated its utility (or a solid promise of utility) in some information access tasks, by virtue of the depth and richness of annotation possible with today's more powerful NLP technologies. What is showing promise is the ability to understand how to utilize the higher levels of language processing to do Semantic Annotation. This is largely through the introduction of the Pragmatic level of language processing -- the functional perspective which provides the extra understanding that comes from the study of language in actual use. Pragmatics is concerned with the aspects of language which require context to be understood. Basically, how situational context is lexicalized and grammaticalized. In Pragmatics, the goal is to recognize the extra meaning that humans read into utterances, which other levels of language processing have not recognized as being encoded in them. Semantic Annotation can then go the next step and amplify current annotations with this additional contextual & intentional knowledge.Examples will be shown of what is being done with NLP today that couldn't be done, or simply wasn't being done in earlier days of IR. In applications of keenest interest today, there is an increased relative emphasis focus on dialogue, interaction, real-time, social, and exploratory search, where understanding the user's intent or plan in their query is key. Applications in exploratory search, eDiscovery, sentiment recognition, collaborative search, along with very, very large scale medical insurance consumer applications will be considered in terms of how and what Semantic Annotations can improve by adding more advanced levels of Natural Language Processing
On Some Approximate Solutions of Nonlinear Integrodifferential Equation on Time Scales

The main objective of the paper is to study the approximate solutions of certain dynamic nonlinear integrodifferential equations on time scales which unifies the study of corresponding continuous and discrete version of the same. A new integral inequality with explicit estimates are used to establish the results.
Structural and functional insight into TAF1–TAF7, a subcomplex of transcription factor II D

Transcription factor II D (TFIID) is a multiprotein complex that nucleates formation of the basal transcription machinery. TATA binding protein-associated factors 1 and 7 (TAF1 and TAF7), two subunits of TFIID, are integral to the regulation of eukaryotic transcription initiation and play key roles in preinitiation complex (PIC) assembly. Current models suggest that TAF7 acts as a dissociable inhibitor of TAF1 histone acetyltransferase activity and that this event ensures appropriate assembly of the RNA polymerase II-mediated PIC before transcriptional initiation. Here, we report the 3D structure of a complex of yeast TAF1 with TAF7 at 2.9 A resolution. The structure displays novel architecture and is characterized by a large predominantly hydrophobic heterodimer interface and extensive cofolding of TAF subunits. There are no obvious similarities between TAF1 and known histone acetyltransferases. Instead, the surface of the TAF1–TAF7 complex contains two prominent conserved surface pockets, one of which binds selectively to an inhibitory trimethylated histone H3 mark on Lys27 in a manner that is also regulated by phosphorylation at the neighboring H3 serine. Our findings could point toward novel roles for the TAF1–TAF7 complex in regulation of PIC assembly via reading epigenetic histone marks.
High Affinity Insulin Binding: Insulin Interacts with Two Receptor Ligand Binding Sites

The interaction of insulin with its receptor is complex. Kinetic and equilibrium binding studies suggest coexistence of high- and low-affinity binding sites or negative cooperativity. These phenomena and high-affinity interactions are dependent on the dimeric structure of the receptor. Structure-function studies of insulin analogs suggest insulin has two receptor binding sites, implying a bivalent interaction with the receptor. Alanine scanning studies of the secreted recombinant receptor implicate the L1 domain and a C-terminal peptide of the receptor alpha subunit as components of one ligand binding site. Functional studies suggest that the first and second type III fibronectin repeats of the receptor contain a second ligand binding site. We have used structure-directed alanine scanning mutagenesis to identify determinants in these domains involved in ligand interactions. cDNAs encoding alanine mutants of the holo-receptor were transiently expressed in 293 cells, and the binding properties of the expressed receptor were determined. Alanine mutations of Lys(484), Leu(552), Asp(591), Ile(602), Lys(616), Asp(620), and Pro(621) compromised affinities for insulin 2-5-fold. With the exception of Asp(620), none of these mutations compromised the affinity of the recombinant secreted receptor for insulin, indicating that the perturbation of the interaction is at the site of mutation and not an indirect effect on the interaction with the binding site of the secreted receptor. These residues thus form part of a novel ligand binding site of the insulin receptor. Complementation experiments demonstrate that insulin interacts in trans with both receptor binding sites to generate high-affinity interactions.
Recent developments in the analysis of fluoride

Abstract The advent of the fluoride ion-selective electrode (ISE) in 1966 considerably simplified the analysis of fluoride. Using this electrode, fluoride can be analyzed by (1) direct potentiometry (plots of emf vs log activity) and by (2) potentiometric titration vs fluoride-precipitating species. We recently reported that a graphite rod coated with poly(vinyl chloride) and dioctylphthalate can be a useful sensor for a large variety of potentiometric titrations, including that of fluoride vs La(III). However, because the organic coating will dissolve in nonaqueous media, this sensor could be used only in aqueous solution. We have investigated several types of graphite and metals as sensors in the potentiometric titration of fluoride in a partially nonaqueous medium. As expected, larger endpoint breaks than in an aqueous medium were thus obtained. The largest endpoint breaks were obtained with vitreous carbon, pyrolytic graphite, and platinum sensors, but none were as large as those obtained with the fluoride ISE. Conditioning in neutral permanganate significantly enhanced the breaks for all types of graphite, with the exception of vitreous carbon. While for most types of graphite this increase was in no case larger than twofold, it was more than sevenfold for high-density graphite. The break obtained with a platinum sensor can be enhanced by the application of a polarizing current of -2.0 μA. Pyrolytic graphite responds only in the ab plane and not at all in the c plane. A semi- quantitative study still in progress showed that any kind of conducting material seems to respond as an endpoint sensor in the titration of fluoride vs La(III). Surprisingly, every ISE used, and every metal rod used responded in the titration. This includes such sensors as a glass (pHO electrode, sodium electrode, copper rod, “lead” pencil, and some common kitchen utensils. All sensors investigated were considerably less expensive than a fluoride I SE and some may serve as suitable alternates. Obviously, none can be used in the direct potentiometric measurement of fluoride. Many, although not all, of the sensors tested showed a transient response to La(III). In retrospect, we should like to state that the potentiometric titration of fluoride would have been feasible well before the invention of the fluoride ISf in 1966, had the proper materials been examined. This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Under Contract W-7405-Eng-48.
Theory of microfracture healing in ice

Abstract The thermodynamics of air- and vapor-filled microfractures in ice is described. Simple models of healing are constructed assuming the cracks are spheroidal. The healing of air-filled cracks is rate limited by vapor diffusion through the air, while the healing of vapor-filled cracks is rate limited by heat flow through the ice. Therefore vapor-filled cracks heal more rapidly. Vapor-filled cracks of less than 5 mm radius and an initial aspect ratio of 103 can heal to a 1 e decay diurnally. Larger cracks weaken the most, heal more slowly, and are effective longer. A temperature gradient imposed on the ice should accelerate healing, especially in a vapor-filled crack that is oriented perpendicular to the temperature gradient.
The angular dislocation in a half space

The solution for an angular dislocation allows one to construct the fields for any polygonal loop by superposition. The paper presents the displacements induced by the angular dislocation in an elastic half space. In view of potential applications in geophysics, particular attention is paid to the elastic fields at the free surface. The surface data are seen to exhibit a very simple dependence on the elastic constants.
Perturbation analysis of fluxon dynamics

A two-stage scheme is presented to study structural perturbations of the sine-Gordon equation. Although the method is based upon the inverse scattering transform, detailed knowledge of this technical apparatus is not necessary in order to effect the calculations. In the first stage, slow modulations of speeds and positions for the soliton components are computed. The radiation resulting from the acceleration of the solitons is then calculated as a first-order correction through an easily constructed radiative Green's function. The method is exemplified by using it to study several outstanding problems that arise in applications of the Josephson transmission line. In particular we consider: (i) the pinning of flux quanta by microshorts, (ii) the quantum flux shuttle, (iii) annihilation conditions for fluxon-antifluxon collisions, (iv) breather decay, and (v) radiation from a moving fluxon.
969-100 Changing Profile of the Cardiac Donor

Abstract As the demand for organs for cardiac transplantation has increased, donor criteria have evolved. We reviewed the characteristics of 190 cardiac donors from 1983 to 1993 to identify trends in donor profile and to determine if recipient outcome were affected. Donors were divided into early(1983–1987; n = 86) and late (1988-1993; n = 104) groups according to operative era, While mean donor age has not changed significantly (24 ± 0.9 to 26 ± 1.3 years), the proportion of donors older than 40 years has increased from 1% (1/86) to 15% (16/104) (p l 0.001). Trauma was the cause of death in 93% (80/86) of the early group and 65% of the late group (68/104) (p l 0.001); in the total series, donors older than 40 years were less likely to have died from trauma 131%; 5/16) than younger donors (83%; 143/173) (p = 0.001). The proportion of out-of-state donors has fallen from 71% (61/86) to 27% (28/104) (p l 0.001), while the proportion of ethnic minorities increased from 10% (9/86) to 25% (26/1041 (p l 0.001). There have been no significant changes in gender profile; males constituted 78% (67/86) of the early group and 72% (75/104) of the late group. Five year survival after transplant was not predicted by donor age, mode of donor death, recipient age, or recipient UNOS status. In summary, donors in the current era are more likely (1) to be older, (2) to be within the state, (3) to come from an ethnic minority, and (4) to have died from causes other than trauma when compared to donors from the earlier era.
The Treatment of Severe Glomerulopathies in Children Using High Dose Intravenous Methylprednisolone Pulses

Thirty-five patients, 29 with severe proliferative glomerulonephritis and six with either steroid resistant or steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome, were treated with high dose bolus infusions of methylprednisolone (pulses) followed by prednisone given orally in more conventional doses for 6 mo or longer. Twenty-one of the 29 patients with severe proliferative glomerulonephritis had sustained improvement in renal function after treatment. In addition, pulse treatments reduced proteinuria and urine sediment abnormalities in these patients. Those who did not respond had a long duration of disease before receiving pulse therapy. Five of six patients with the nephrotic syndrome had reduction in proteinuria and three of these patients entered prolonged remission after treatment. Few side effects occurred with pulse therapy. Our observations suggest that the use of steroid pulses may limit or prevent long-term major loss of renal function in many patients with severe proliferative glomerulonephritis. It may be effective also in treatment of some patients with steroid refractory or frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. This therapeutic approach deserves continuing evaluation.
Data Consistent Phase Unwrapping in Three Dimensions

Stark (2003) demonstrated that in siliclastic sequences, unwrapped instantaneous phase may be used as a proxy for relative geologic time. Unwrapping phase trace by trace, however, can generate artifacts which reduce usefulness and interpretability of the resulting relative-age volumes. Hence, I propose use of a multidimensional, data-consistent algorithm which unwraps all traces of seismic sections or volumes simultaneously.
A Compact Low Loss Single-Ended to Two-Way Differential Power Divider/Combiner

This letter presents the analysis and design of a novel compact single-ended to two-way differential passive power divider/combiner using coupled lines. A model for the power combiner/divider is proposed and verified using electromagnetic simulations and measurements. The coupled line power combiner (CLPC) is designed at 5 GHz center frequency and fabricated on a standard 4-layer FR-4 printed circuit board. The combiner core has dimensions of 4.1 $\,\times \,$ 8.5 ${\rm mm}^{2}$ . Measurement results show an input matching below $-10~{\rm dB}$ from 3 to 6 GHz, and an insertion loss less than 0.5 dB over the same frequency range. The amplitude mismatch between the output ports is less than 0.5 dB, and the phase mismatch is less than five degrees.
Coexistence results for catalysts

In this paper we consider a modification of Ziff, Gulari and Barshad's (1986) model of oxidation of carbon monoxide on a catalyst surface in which the reactants are mobile on the catalyst surface. We find regions in the parameter space in which poisoning occurs (the catalyst surface becomes completely occupied by one type of atom) and another in which there is a translation invariant stationary distribution in which the two atoms have positive density. The last result is proved by exploiting a connection between the particle system with fast stirring and a limiting system of reaction diffusion equations.
LAPAROSCOPIC BONE DOWEL FUSIONS OF THE LUMBAR SPINE

Studies that show laparoscopic lumbar fusion to decrease cost or time of hospitalization or to increase the speed or incidence of return to activities are not currently available. Laparoscopic fusion of the lumbar spine appears to be a potentially attractive approach to treating axial back pain secondary to different causes. Although the technique is attractive because of its minimally invasive nature and marketing allure, it has yet to be established as to what the true clinical efficacy of this procedure will be. Further clinical study of these techniques with longer follow-up, and case-controlled studies should help clinicians to know the best fusion technique to offer patients.
Multiple-kernel based vehicle tracking using 3-D deformable model and license plate self-similarity

In this paper, we propose a novel vehicle tracking system under a surveillance camera. The proposed system tracks vehicles by using constrained multiple-kernel, facilitated with Kalman filtering, to continuously update the position and the orientation of the moving vehicles. To further reliably track vehicles under partial occlusion or even total occlusion, our tracking algorithm also systematically builds 3-D vehicle model, from which the license plate region is identified and a self-similarity descriptor is further used for low-resolution license plate matching. Experimental results have shown the favorable performance of the proposed system, which can successfully track vehicles under serious occlusion while maintaining the knowledge of 3-D geometry of the tracked vehicles.
the distribution of exit times for weakly colored noise

We analyze the exit time (first passage time) problem for the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model of Brownian motion. Specifically, consider the positionX(t) of a particle whose velocity is an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process with amplitudeσ/ρ and correlation time e2, $$dX/dt = \sigma Z/\varepsilon , dZ/dt = - Z/\varepsilon ^2 + 2^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}} \xi (t)/\varepsilon $$ whereξ(t) is Gaussian white noise. Let the exit timet ex be the first time the particle escapes an interval −A<X(t)<B, given that it starts atX(0)=0 withZ(0)=z 0. Here we determine the exit time probability distributionF(t)≡Prob {t ex>t} by directly solving the Fokker-Planck equation. In brief, after taking a Laplace transform, we use singular perturbation methods to reduce the Fokker-Planck equation to a boundary layer problem. This boundary layer problem turns out to be a half-range expansion problem, which we solve via complex variable techniques. This yields the Laplace transform ofF(t) to within a transcendentally smallO(e −A/eσ +e −B/eσ error. We then obtainF(t) by inverting the transform order by order in e. In particular, by lettingB→∞ we obtain the solution to Wang and Uhlenbeck's unsolved problem b; throughO(e2σ2/A 1) this solution is $$F(t) = Erf\left\{ {\frac{{A + \varepsilon \sigma \alpha + \varepsilon \sigma z_0 }}{{2\sigma (t - \varepsilon ^2 \kappa )^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}} }}} \right\} + ... for \frac{t}{{\varepsilon ^2 }} > > 1$$ andF=1 otherwise. Here, α=∥ξ(1/2)∥=1.4603⋯, where ξ is the Riemann zeta function, and the constant κ is 0.22749⋯.
Analysis of the Parallel Blade Vortex Interaction With Leading Edge Blowing Flow Control Using the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition

Interactions of vortical unsteady flows with structures are often encountered in several engineering applications. Such flow structure interactions (FSI) can be responsible for generating significant loads and can have many detrimental structural and acoustic side effects, such as structural fatigue, radiated noise and even catastrophic results. Amongst the different types of FSI, the parallel Blade-Vortex Interaction (BVI) is one of the most prominent. The authors in a previous work (Weiland and Vlachos, 2006) reported an active flow control technique that successfully minimizes the parallel BVI. This technique is based on disrupting the incident vortex using a jet issued via Leading Edge Blowing (LEB), hence, hereon we term the method LEB. The effectiveness of the method was experimentally analyzed using Time-Resolved Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (TRDPIV) recorded at a rate sufficient to fully resolve the spatio-temporal dynamics of the flow field combined with simultaneous accelerometer measurements of the structure. These measurements quantitatively document the FSI dynamics. While our results demonstrated that for the range of our experimental parameters the LEB is successful in dramatically modifying the BVI, the question still remains as to which physical processes are responsible for this reduction. This paper represents a continuation of our effort to further understand the dynamics of using active flow control to mitigate BVI. We present Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) analysis of the temporally resolved planar flow fields for two extreme cases that were reported in the previous work. The two cases correspond to a large wake generator and a small wake generator. The POD technique was chosen specifically for its ability to reduce a complicated flow field into its optimal fundamental modes with a description of the energy contained in each mode, thereby simplifying the dynamics of a flow-field system for analysis. Results of the POD analysis for the small wake generator indicate that for no LEB, the fundamental (i.e. most energetic) mode is given by the vortex shedding of the circular cylinder upstream. The addition of LEB reduces the energy contained in this fundamental mode. Thus the LEB jet has the effect of reducing the flow field coherency; the structure of the exciting vortices is broken up into smaller vortices which have less or little effect on the transfer of energy from the wake to the airfoil. For the case of the large wake generator, the LEB jet has the opposite effect: the jet organizes the circular cylinder wake into flow structures that maintain their form, and thus the wake retains its ability to excite the airfoil into vibrations.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Cardiovascular responses to changes in blo blood gases in dogfish shark, Squalus acanthias

Abstract 1. Cardiovascular responses to change in blood gases and to vasoactive drugs were studied in autoperfused and perfused dogfish shark, Squalus acanthias. 2. Hypercapnia was accompanied by a vagally mediated bradycardia, a decrease in cardiac output and a doubled resistance to blood flow across the gills. The marked increase in gill vascular resistance persisted in the perfused fish made hypercapnic. 3. Hypoxia elicited a similar response as that found with hypercapnia. 4. Serotonin mimicked the response of fish to hypoxia and hypercapnia. 5. Epinephrine increased systematic resistance in the perfused fish, but had no effect on gill resistance.
A distributed spring model algorithm for sensor localization using dimension expansion and hyperbolic tangential force

This paper proposes two improvements of the spring model algorithm for solving localization problems in a wireless sensor network with anchors. First, the two-dimensional localization problem is solved in three-dimensional space. This “dimension expansion” can effectively prevent the spring model algorithm from falling into local minima. Second, the Hooke spring force (linear) is replaced by hyperbolic tangential force (a continuous function that emulates the sign function). This significantly improves the robustness of the algorithm in the presence of multiplicative noise. The efficacy of these two techniques are demonstrated by several simulations, especially in a scenario with anchor points of longer broadcasting radius than other sensors.
Calcium flux and ornithine decarboxylase activity in cultured endothelial cells

Abstract This brief communication reports the observation that calcium influx appears to be a requirement in the serum-induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in cultured aortic endothelial cells. Addition of 35% fetal calf serum causes an increase in endothelial ODC activity within three hours to levels that are 16 times those of baseline. Preincubation of EC with lanthanum chloride (LaCl) or the addition of ethylene glycol (β-aminoethyl ether)-N-N′ tetraacetic acid (EGTA) to the medium inhibits the serum-induction of ODC. The displacement of the lanthanum ions with EGTA reverses the inhibition which demonstrates the viability of the LaCl3-pretreated cells, and lends support to the view that calcium may be involved in the induction of ODC.
Planetary boundary layer heights from GPS radio occultation refractivity and humidity profiles

[1] The height of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is an important parameter that relates to the various processes associated with the PBL. In this paper, we use Global Positioning System radio occultation (GPSRO) measurements to derive a global climatology of PBL heights. Utilizing the strength of GPSRO in capturing fine vertical structures, the top of the PBL is defined to be the height at which the vertical gradient of the refractivity or water vapor partial pressure is minimum, corresponding to the height where the refractivity or water vapor pressure changes most rapidly. A “sharpness parameter” is defined that quantifies the applicability of these definitions. The sharpness parameter is largest over the subtropical regions characterized by strong subsidence. When the sharpness parameter is large, the refractivity- and moisture-based heights are shown to converge. We derived global PBL height climatology using three years (Dec. 2006–Nov. 2009) of COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 measurements and compared with values calculated from ECMWF Reanalysis Interim (ERA-Int). We found that the mean PBL heights from GPSRO shared similar spatial and seasonal variations with ERA-Int; however, GPSRO heights were higher by 500 m. The standard deviation was also higher from GPSRO, especially in the tropics. We present detailed comparisons between GPSRO and ERA-Int over the Pacific Ocean and the Sahara desert and examine the PBL height distributions as well as its annual and diurnal variabilities. These results suggest that the underlying causes of the bias between GPSRO and ERA-Int likely vary from region to region.