cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Agrobacterium rhizogenes GALLS Gene Provides an Alternative Method to Transform Plants

Agrobacterium rhizogenes and A. tumefaciens transfer DNA and effector proteins into plant cells, where transferred DNA (T-DNA) is inherited and expressed. Most transgenic plants are created using A. tumefaciens, but transformation by A. rhizogenes yields desirable single-copy transgenes more frequently than A. tumefaciens does. DNA transfer from both species resembles plasmid conjugation, but later events differ between species. Efficient transformation by A. tumefaciens requires single-strand DNA-binding protein VirE2, which A. rhizogenes lacks, so substrates for T-DNA integration differ greatly. In A. rhizogenes, the GALLS proteins substitute for (but do not resemble) VirE2. GALLS proteins occur in two forms: full-length (FL) and a more abundant C-terminal domain (CT). Both have protein-binding domains and type IV secretion signals. GALLS-FL has ATPase/strand transferase and nuclear localization (NLS) domains, allowing it to enter the nucleus and bind VirD2, a pilot protein attached to single-stranded T-DNA (T-strands). GALLS-FL ATPase may pull T-strands into the nucleus. GALLS-CT stimulates an early step in gene transfer to plants; this effector protein alters host gene expression and stimulates T-DNA transfer, apparently by suppressing host defenses. These observations challenge the assumption that A. rhizogenes and A. tumefaciens transform plants and mitigate host defenses by the same mechanisms.
Histologic measures of angiogenesis in human primary brain tumors.

Quantitative determination of the degree of vascularity has been shown to be independently prognostically significant in many human tumor types. hi particular, tumor vascularity has known importance in astrocytomas, in which endothelial proliferation is a criterion for anaplasia in many grading schemes. This chapter summarizes the known associations of quantitated microvessel parameters obtained from histologic sections of human brain tumors with clinical outcome, or other pathobiologic factors that have been examined. Among the conclusions are 1) brain tumors have the unique feature of complex “glomeruloid” vessels, as well as heterogeneity of microvascular distribution and caliber; 2) lower-grade astrocytomas incorporate pre-existing vessels, while glioblastomas develop new vessels; 3) quantitation may have additional independent prognostic value over and above routine histologic grade in low-grade astrocytomas with low tumor cell proliferative indices. These findings have implications for the appropriateness of antiangiogenic therapies
Post-transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression and Human Disease

A large number of mutations in genes that encode RNA binding proteins cause human disease. Many of these RNA binding proteins mediate key steps in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression from mRNA processing to eventual decay in the cytoplasm. Surprisingly, these RNA binding proteins, which are ubiquitously expressed and play fundamental roles in gene expression, are often altered in tissue-specific disease. Mutations linked to disease impact nearly every post-transcriptional processing step and cause diverse disease phenotypes in a variety of specific tissues. This review summarizes steps in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression that have been linked to disease providing specific examples of some of the many genes affected. Finally, recent advances that hold promise for treatment of some of these diseases are presented.
3D ground/air sensor common operating picture

The ability to visualize sensor data, from either ground or airborne sensors, with respect to the associated 3-D terrain is powerful. Fusion3D is a software application for stereoscopic visualization of 3-D terrain data that was developed in the Image Processing Branch at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory. It uses a 3-D display, 3-D glasses, and a 3-D mouse to quickly view province-sized 3-D maps in stereo. It is capable of ingesting large 3-D datasets from a variety of sources and includes many useful features to aid a user in the exploitation of 3-D terrain data, such as features for providing route planning, mensuration, and line-of-sight analysis. Additionally, in a recent attempt to further improve situational awareness, Fusion3D was modified to support overlaid real-time data, from both ground and airborne sensors, onto a 3-D terrain map. We are calling the result a 3-D Sensor Common Operating Picture (3-D Sensor COP). Discovery of sensor location and data across coalition assets allows for greater diversity of sensor use and improved data and sensor interoperability. In this presentation, we will show ground and airborne data, collected at a recent exercise, overlaid on a 3-D terrain map of an urban environment. Using this data collection, we will describe how an analyst would use the sensor and terrain data to improve their understanding of the environment.
Testing Enabling Technologies for Safe UAS Urban Operations

A set of more than 100 flight operations were conducted at NASA Langley Research Center using small UAS (sUAS) to demonstrate, test, and evaluate a set of technologies and an overarching air-ground system concept aimed at enabling safety. The research vehicle was tracked continuously during nominal traversal of planned flight paths while autonomously operating over moderately populated land. For selected flights, off-nominal risks were introduced, including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) encounters. Three contingency maneuvers were demonstrated that provide safe responses. These maneuvers made use of an integrated air/ground platform and two on-board autonomous capabilities. Flight data was monitored and recorded with multiple ground systems and was forwarded in real time to a UAS traffic management (UTM) server for airspace coordination and supervision.
Structural Basis of Ciliary Activity

The overt behavior of many single celled eukaryotic organisms, as well as most sperm cells and some multicellular organisms, is, in large measure, swimming behavior determined by the physiological parameters controlling a single cell organelle, the cilium.1 The eukaryotic cilium is considerably more complex than the prokaryotic flagellum, both biochemically and structurally, but the larger diameter of the cilium permits the single living organelle to be used in physiological experiments.
Intellectual Property Policies in Academe: Issues and Concerns with Digital Scholarship

The generation of digital scholarship, through both research and teaching/learning activities, has caused colleges and universities to either create or revise their institutions’ intellectual property policies. Many factors should be considered when crafting a comprehensive and fair policy. This discussion focuses on the relatively new interest by higher education institutions in the copyright ownership of scholarly literary works, which has traditionally rested with the faculty creator. Digital technologies have led to the easy reproduction and commodification of these creations, prompting institutions to rethink their positions. The discussion considers the characteristics of copyrightable digital works, competing interests in the ownership of such works, and the federal legal provisions in place that offer an understanding of copyrights in these contexts. The discussion closes with remarks about intellectual property policies currently used in American higher education institutions. Most colleges and universities have some manner of an intellectual property policy. There is a great deal of variation regarding the scope and formality of such policies, however. Regarding scope, policies range from only addressing the fair use of library materials to addressing both the use and creation of all types of intellectual property that might exist in an academic setting. Some academic organizations merely incorporate a few paragraphs regarding intellectual property in the employee handbook, whereas others have composed comprehensive policies that exist independently from other employment materials. Research institutions began paying attention to the generation of intellectual property in the United States shortly after the transition from the industrial age to the information age. Patentable inventions were the first type of intellectual property to be noticed as commodifiable, and soon policies were springing up in universities to address the issue of ownership and revenue division among interested parties. The 1980 Bah Doyle Act codified the notion that universities have property rights in the inventions of their faculty arising from federally funded research. In the information age, intellectual property has come to the fore. The expression of original ideas is the currency that drives the economy, as well as political and social forces (Sun & Baez, 2009, p. 10). As institutions of higher education are inherently concerned with intellectual property, they have necessarily had to pay attention to the changes in the landscape and adapt accordingly. Hence, almost all universities and colleges now have policies to address intellectual property. Due to the increasing use of digital technologies to develop scholarly works, institutions that have had policies in place for decades have been revising them to address copyright issues previously not considered worth including in
Seeing Risk: Towards a Process Model of Learning to Perceive Risky Employees

Risk Perception, the subjective judgement that individuals make about the characteristics and severity of a risk, has been widely studied in the social science literature. In this paper, I provide ...
Free tropospheric aerosols at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory: more oxidized and higher sulfate content compared to boundary layer aerosols

Abstract. Understanding the properties and life cycle processes of aerosol particles in regional air masses is crucial for constraining the climate impacts of aerosols on a global scale. In this study, characteristics of aerosols in the boundary layer (BL) and free troposphere (FT) of a remote continental region in the western US were studied using a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-AMS) deployed at the Mount Bachelor Observatory (MBO; 2763 m a.s.l.) in central Oregon in summer 2013. In the absence of wildfire influence, the average ( ± 1 σ ) concentration of non-refractory submicrometer particulate matter (NR- PM1 ) at MBO was 2.8 ( ± 2.8) µ g m −3 and 84 % of the mass was organic. The other NR- PM1 components were sulfate (11 %), ammonium (2.8 %), and nitrate (0.9 %). The organic aerosol (OA) at MBO from these clean periods showed clear diurnal variations driven by the boundary layer dynamics with significantly higher concentrations occurring during daytime, upslope conditions. NR- PM1 contained a higher mass fraction of sulfate and was frequently acidic when MBO resided in the FT. In addition, OA in the FT was found to be highly oxidized (average O∕C of 1.17) with low volatility while OA in BL-influenced air masses was moderately oxidized (average O∕C of 0.67) and semivolatile. There are indications that the BL-influenced OA observed at MBO was more enriched in organonitrates and organosulfur compounds (e.g., MSA) and appeared to be representative of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) originated in the BL. A summary of the chemical compositions of NR- PM1 measured at a number of other high-altitude locations in the world is presented and similar contrasts between FT and BL aerosols were observed. The significant compositional and physical differences observed between FT and BL aerosols may have important implications for understanding the climate effects of regional background aerosols.
Securing Analog Mixed-Signal Integrated Circuits Through Shared Dependencies

The transition to a horizontal integrated circuit (IC) design flow has raised concerns regarding the security and protection of IC intellectual property (IP). Obfuscation of an IC has been explored as a potential methodology to protect IP in both the digital and analog domains in isolation. However, novel methods are required for analog mixed-signal circuits that both enhance the current disjoint implementations of analog and digital security measures and prevent an independent adversarial attack of each domain. This paper demonstrates the vulnerabilities of implementing disjointed obfuscation techniques to protect analog mixed-signal ICs. In addition, a novel methodology is developed to generate functional and behavioral dependencies between the analog and digital domains that results in an increase in the adversarial key search space. The dependencies between the analog and digital keys result in a 3x increase in the number of iterations required to complete the SAT attack. An analysis of best practices is also provided to aid in the implementation of security measures for analog mixed-signal circuits.
Euler elastica as a Γ-limit of discrete bending energies of one-dimensional chains of atoms:

In the 1920s, Hencky proposed a discrete elastica model describing a chain of identical rigid bars connected by torsional springs. Hencky observed that this discrete elastica model converges to Eul...
Hippocampal subfields integrate information about past temporal and cognitive contexts

The hippocampus plays a critical role in supporting episodic memory. Although we know that temporal context is a defining feature of episodic memory, we understand relatively little about how this information may be represented by the hippocampus. Research in rodents has suggested that the hippocampus represents temporal information on an absolute scale or in terms of relative temporal intervals, but cognitive models of memory have argued that temporal context in episodic memory is a consequence of changes in cognitive states and experiences. Here, we combined high-resolution fMRI imaging with voxel pattern similarity analyses to answer the question of how human hippocampal subfields represent retrieved information about cognitive states and the time at which a past event took place. As participants recollected previously presented items, activity patterns in the CA23DG subregion carried information about prior cognitive states, along with coarse-grained information about when the item was previously encountered. These findings are consistent with the idea that CA23DG supports temporal context in episodic memory by encoding an integrated representation of discrete and gradually-changing cognitive states.
Managers' Intentions to Share Knowledge to Internal Auditors: The Effects of Procedural Fairness and Internal Auditor Type

Knowledge sharing to internal auditors by managers helps internal auditors learn about critical information and improve operational effectiveness, the internal control structure, and the internal a...
Dietary and policy priorities to reduce the global crises of obesity and diabetes

The world faces a global nutrition crisis, most clearly evidenced by the twin pandemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Yet, substantial confusion and controversy exist about optimal dietary priorities and policy approaches to address these challenges. This paper reviews the evolution of nutritional evidence, emerging areas and corresponding policy lessons to address obesity and T2DM. This includes the complexity of diet–health pathways for long-term weight maintenance and metabolic health; a need to focus on both increasing protective foods (for example, minimally processed, phytochemical-rich foods) and reducing detrimental factors (for example, refined starches, added sugars and processed meats); and critical assessment of popular diets for weight-loss and metabolic health. Emerging evidence highlights areas for further research, including those related to food processing, non-nutritive sweeteners, emulsifiers, the microbiome, flavonoids and personalized nutrition. Evidence-based, multi-sectoral policy actions to address the global nutrition crisis are shown to span several domains, including health systems, economic incentives, school and workplace environments, quality and labelling standards, and innovation and entrepreneurship. Diet and policy approaches to curb obesity and type 2 diabetes can be contentious and confusing. This Review synthesises state-of-the-art and emerging evidence on diet and health, reflects on policy and reconciles the evolution of the discipline of nutritional science with changes in dietary advice.
The Admiralty’s interwar planning with the British fishing industry, 1925–1940

The Admiralty and the Royal Navy made extensive use of the British fishing fleet in a variety of auxiliary roles during the First World War. On demobilisation the emphasis quickly switched to increasing the economic output of the British fishing industry and many of the wartime lessons were lost during the following decade. Throughout the interwar period the Admiralty struggled to frame a requirement for the contribution of the fishing fleet in during any future conflict. The contrary interests of minesweeping, anti-submarine warfare and fisheries protection were not reconciled with the result that the overall requirement was never fully visible. As the Second World War approached the Admiralty’s planning was further hampered by a loss of corporate understanding of the fishing fleet’s capabilities, a lack of technical intelligence (in the case of minesweeping) and by the effect of the British fishing crisis. This paper examines the Admiralty’s attempts to establish a coherent policy for the employment of the fishing fleet in an auxiliary role during the interwar period and its results on the outbreak of the Second World War.
Stochastic multistage co-planning of integrated energy systems considering power-to-gas and the cap-and-trade market

Abstract This paper develops an expansion co-planning model for integrated power and gas systems where uncertainties in both systems are considered. The power-to-gas technology is modeled and considered as a potential solution for some worldwide societal goals such as decarbonized economy and 100% renewable penetration. Compared with expansion planning models for power systems, the complexity of expansion co-planning models is severely exacerbated by random variables in gas systems. A scenario based decomposition scheme called branch-and-price is presented. The numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and show the economic value of power-to-gas technology.
Pre-crime, Post-criminology, and the Captivity of Ultramodern Desire

This article further elaborates on the “pre-crime society” thesis as developed and examined by Arrigo and Sellers. Specifically, the article focuses on the ultramodern era of digital inter-connectivity and argues that productive psychic desire is held clinically captive. Ultra-modernity is populated by cyber-forms of human relating and of economic exchange that nurture hyper-securitization. We discuss how the maintenance of hyper-securitization supports a pre-crime society, and how hyper-securitization’s object of desire consists of sign-optics (i.e., panopticism, synopticism, and banopticism). We argue that the co-constitutive forces (i.e., relational flows and fluctuations) of this desire represent the sign-exchange values of post-criminology. Post-criminology’s signifiers include, among others, “predictive policing”, “crime mapping”, and “actuarial penology.” Post-criminology’s signifieds (re)produce captivity-generating bio-digital “laws” of human relatedness. Among others, these laws sanction the neurosis of de-vitalization and certify the psychosis of finalization. We explain how the unchecked excess neutralizations of de-vitalization and finalization cultivate clinical captivity. Clinical captivity is a social anxiety in which reciprocal consciousness, inter-subjectivity, and mutual power are limited in existence (the reduction of inter-relatedness) or are denied an existence (the repression of inter-relatedness).
Caregiving Factors as Predictors of Care Recipient Mortality.

Abstract Objective Assess a conceptual model linking caregiving factors to care recipient mortality in a large representative sample of older adults with disability. Design Descriptive longitudinal study with 5-year mortality follow-up among older adults with disability. Baseline in person and telephone interviews/assessments of older adults with disability and their family caregivers carried out in 2011. Setting Representative samples of older US population and their family caregivers. Participants US representative samples of older adults with disability aged 65 and over (National Health and Aging Study) and their family caregivers (National Study of Caregiving; www.nhats.org ; N = 1,262). Measurement Controlling for known risk factors for mortality in older adults, including age, gender, race, education, socioeconomic status, disability, and cognitive status, we assess the role of three caregiving factors (depression, anxiety, and burden) and three mediating factors (care recipient depression, anxiety, and unmet needs for care) as predictors of care recipient mortality. Results Caregiver burden, care recipient depression, and care recipient unmet needs are independent predictors of care recipient mortality. Conclusion Caregiving factors may play an important role in the survival of their care recipients. This is a relatively unexplored research area that calls for fine-grained studies capturing caregiver—care recipient health-related interactions over time.
Recent advancements in manufacturing technologies of microcellular polymers: a review

Significant research efforts are being pursued by numerous plastic foaming industries towards the transformation of macrocellular polymer foam to microcellular and imminent future is trending towards nanocellular polymer foams. These novel foamed plastic possess enhanced properties and easy tunability which could potentially fulfill many of the ever-evolving industrial requirements. These industrial requirements have led to several advancements in the current manufacturing technologies and as a result, new industrial-scale production technologies are being researched upon cellular plastics and its allied composites. The microcellular polymeric foams have huge industrial demand due to their improved properties such as specific strength, energy absorption, and thermal/electrical/acoustic insulation compared to their unfoamed counterparts. This review article aims to summarise the existing manufacturing technologies for producing microcellular polymers and provide an up-to-date report on the recent advancements in these manufacturing technologies.
Essay: Supersymmetry, the Cosmological Constant, and a Theory of Quantum Gravity in Our Universe

There are many theories of quantum gravity, depending on asymptotic boundary conditions, and the amount of supersymmetry. The cosmological constant is one of the fundamental parameters that characterizes different theories. If it is positive, supersymmetry must be broken. A heuristic calculation shows that a cosmological constant of the observed size predicts superpartners in the TeV range. This mechanism for SUSY breaking also puts important constraints on low energy particle physics models.
Is the Board of Immigration Appeals’ Refusal to Toll the Filing Period for Motions to Reopen Removal Proceedings Subject to Judicial Review?

Case at a Glance: Mata v. Holder After being ordered removed from the United States, petitioner filed a motion to reopen removal proceedings. The Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) denied the motion based on petitioner’s untimely filing and declined to apply equitable tolling for ineffective assistance of prior counsel. Petitioner appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, arguing that the BIA should have tolled the filing period. The Fifth Circuit held that it did not have jurisdiction to review the BIA’s decision regarding tolling.
The Scars We Carve: Bodies and Wounds in Civil War Print Culture, by Allison M. Johnson: Louisiana State U P, 2019.

The arresting image on the book jacket of Allison M. Johnson’s The Scars We Carve – that of Columbia urging an unseen audience to consider the citizenship claims of the uniformed African American a...
HIV-HBV Co-infection, Clinical Concerns

Both Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B virus result in chronic disease states resulting in clinical concerns both acute and chronic. There is no cure for either virus and both require chronic medication which can present challenges in terms of disease surveillance and management of decompensation. Even in the presence of appropriate antiviral therapy, mortality remains high in the HIV-HBV co-infected population with accelerated hepatic fibrosis and significantly increased incidence of hepatocellular cancer. While multiple risk factors and possible etiologies have been uncovered, the relative contribution of each has yet to be adequately determined, though further elucidation of these risks may present novel approaches for therapy. That stated, as discussed, antiviral therapy comes with its inherent risks in terms of both side effects of medication as well as its interactions. This review focuses to review the prevalence of co-infection with these viruses and the resultant special clinical concerns in this population.
Ultra-Expensive Drugs And Medicare Part D: Spending And Beneficiary Use Up Sharply.

The proliferation of “ultra-expensive” drugs has sparked debate on their sustainability and affordability. Medicare Part D’s share of annual spending on these drugs increased by 1,170 percent betwe...
Framing the Trucial Coast's tribes: Shifting notions of borders and imperial influence before the United Arab Emirates

Abstract The process of border formation of the United Arab Emirates included extensive local leadership participation. Such a rare event in the Middle East affords a glimpse into local inhabitants’ notions of borders and their transformations over time. Based on primary sources in English and Arabic, the paper follows the evolution of the unique spatial interpretation of borders adopted by the local leadership. It highlights two perceptual turning points during the border negotiations, from the reticular border system, through the setting up of frontier zones to the phase of territorial borders. The negotiations records shed light on the dialectic process of shaping and reshaping border perceptions through an ongoing dialogue between the local and British elites and through mutual adjustment of spatial ideas and practices. The paper argues that the borders delineation process in this region exemplifies late-stage decolonization when pragmatism transcended ideology and when locally-oriented considerations prevailed bureaucratic amenity.
Analyses of stregths and weaknesses of the economies of the EU memberstates and of the non-member states before the EU-enlargement

This study deals with the analyses of the strengths and weaknesses of the economy both of EU member states and other European countries before the enlargement of the European Union in 2004. It should be an macroeconomic effort of all European countries - not only in the nowadays candidate countries; this will be the time when the potential of European economy will be subjected to strict tests.
Being a postgraduate student of James K. Cameron

Bruce Gordon recounts how his time spent as a student of James Cameron effectively shaped him as a scholar. Central to this was the need for breadth – to strive to understand the whole of the temporal and spatial sphere he sought to operate in as a church historian – as well as rigorous standards in the finer arts of research and writing. From this emerges a portrait of James Cameron as a man as well as a teacher: one with an incisive mind coupled with a generosity of spirit that led him to share his expertise and to draw out the best from others.
Protein Synthesis in the Early Prereplicative Phase of Isoproterenol-stimulated Synthesis of Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Abstract The stimulation of DNA synthesis which occurs in mouse salivary gland 20 to 30 hours after a single administration of isoproterenol is inhibited by drugs that inhibit protein synthesis. Both cycloheximide and puromycin are most effective in inhibiting isoproterenol-stimulated DNA synthesis when given 1 hour after the isoproterenol. At this time, the aminonucleoside of puromycin has no effect on the subsequent onset of DNA synthesis. Although cycloheximide has only a temporary effect on protein synthesis in mouse salivary gland, its effect on isoproterenol-stimulated DNA synthesis, when given 1 hour after isoproterenol, consists not in a mere delay but in a true inhibition. The free ribosome fraction of mouse salivary gland shows an increase in protein synthesis 1 hour after isoproterenol, when the stimulated gland is incubated in vitro. In addition, ribosomes isolated from salivary glands of mice killed 1 hour after the administration of isoproterenol have a higher amino acid-incorporating activity in a cell-free system than free ribosomes isolated from control salivary glands. This increased capacity for protein synthesis is accompanied by an increase in the number of free polysomes in the stimulated gland. These results indicate that isoproterenol causes an early stimulation of protein synthesis in mouse salivary gland and that this stimulation is relevant to the subsequent onset of DNA synthesis.
Improved Double-Vial Radiorespirometric Technique for Mineralization of 14C-Labeled Substrates

New procedures which simplify sample preparation and improve counting efficiency were developed for double-vial radiorespirometry. Under certain conditions, efficiency of fluor-NaOH-impregnated wicks was not stable, but was adversely affected by water vapor, NaOH concentration, and CO2 loading. Glass fiber wick material treated with a methanolic fluor-NaOH solution showed improved 14C counting efficiency (58%) compared with previous methods.
Spine routing in ad hoc networks

An ad hoc network is a multihop wireless network in which mobile hosts communicate without the support of a wired backbone for routing messages. We introduce a self organizing network structure called a spine and propose a spine-based routing infrastructure for routing in ad hoc networks. We propose two spine routing algorithms: (a) Optimal Spine Routing (OSR), which uses full and up-to-date knowledge of the network topology, and (b) Partial-knowledge Spine Routing (PSR), which uses partial knowledge of the network topology. We analyze the two algorithms and identify the optimality-overhead trade-offs involved in these algorithms.
Prolapse of the umbilical cord: A review of the literature with a report of an additional 26 cases

Abstract 1. 1. A review of the literature from 1932 to 1956 regarding prolapse of the umbilical cord is presented. 2. 2. The incidence of prolapse in most of the series reported is less than 0.5 per cent. 3. 3. An additional 26 cases are reported with an incidence of 0.18 per cent. 4. 4. Presentation is considered to be the greatest contributing factor leading to prolapse of the cord. 5. 5. Other predisposing factors are discussed. 6. 6. Diagnosis is dependent upon the recognition of one or more of the predisposing factors. 7. 7. Management is considered in the light of the degree of cervical dilatation at the time the diagnosis is established or presumed.
A linguistic analysis of question taxonomies: Research Articles

Recent work in automatic question answering has called for question taxonomies as a critical component of the process of machine understanding of questions. There is a long tradition of classifying questions in library reference services, and digital reference services have a strong need for automation to support scalability. Digital reference and question answering systems have the potential to arrive at a highly fruitful symbiosis. To move towards this goal, an extensive review was conducted of bodies of literature from several fields that deal with questions, to identify question taxonomies that exist in these bodies of literature. In the course of this review, five question taxonomies were identified, at four levels of linguistic analysis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Personnel vs. strategic human resource management in public education

Education human resources (HR) professionals have often been neglected in education research. This study seeks to better understand their role in the American school industry, by first examining ho...
Positive-Definite Energy Density and Global Consequences for General Relativity

An expression for energy density in general relativity is constructed starting from the viewpoint that such an expression should be represented by the generator of translations of a preferred set of spacelike coordinate surfaces. The resulting expression is shown to yield a positivedefinite value for the energy. It is further shown that, in conformity with one version of Mach's principle, if the total energy vanishes, the space is locally flat. (auth)
Large amplitude waves in stratified media: acoustic pulses

A general theory is presented which describes disturbances generated by large amplitude, high frequency pulses in stratified media. The theory is used to discuss large amplitude, but shockless, acoustic pulses propagating under the influence of a constant gravity force into an atmosphere which need not be in thermal equilibrium before their arrival.The modulating influences of pressure and temperature stratification on the amplitudes of such pulses as they move towards or away from earth are described in detail.The paper generalizes techniques already established by Whitham (1956) so that they are applicable to disturbances of any amplitude.
Vibrational resonant desorption from surfaces using the infrared free-elctron laser

The IRFEL is a useful infrared light source that can be employed as a probe of vibrational dynamics on surfaces. This paper will discuss the application of the IRFEL to desorb adsorbates from surfaces by resonantly exciting their vibrational modes. This application is illustrated by recent investigations of the resonant desorption of butane from Al2O(1120) using the Mark III IRFEL. These resonant desorption studies revealed a greater desorption yield for the asymmetric C-H stretches in comparison with the symmetric C-H stretches. This greeter desorption efficiency for the asymmetric C-H stretches was attributed to the orientation of the butane molecules in an ordered adlayer on A1203 (1120).
Kinetic factors influencing the dissolution behavior of calcium oxalate renal stones: a constant composition study

A constant composition method has been used to examine the dissolution kinetics of calcium oxalate renal stones over a wide range of undersaturationin vitro. Demineralization experiments have been carried out with the concentrations of calcium and oxalate ions and ionic strength (hence the solution undersaturation) held constant by the potentiometrically controlled addition of medium electrolyte solution as diluent, triggered by a calcium ion electrode. Kinetic data for renal stones have been compared with results obtained for synthetic calcium oxalate. In addition, constant composition results have been directly compared with results obtained using conventional dissolution methods for both calculi and synthetic calcium oxalate. Overall, calcium oxalate renal stones exhibited markedly different kinetic dissolution behavior as compared with synthetic controls. The renal stone samples dissolved more slowly at all undersaturations, exhibited increased kinetic orders of reaction, and showed reduced sensitivity to solution hydrodynamics. Stones composed of mixed hydrates of calcium oxalate (mono- and di-) came to dihydrate equilibrium in conventional experiments and underwent net dissolution in solutions supersaturated to monohydrate under constant composition conditions. No conversion of di- to monohydrate was observed under these experimental conditions. These results indicate that stone dissolution is strongly influenced by adsorbed inhibitors, presumaly including matrix components, which may complicate efforts to develop systemic and/or irrigation measures effective forin situ solubilization.
Study of the mechanism of hydralazine-induced myocardial necrosis in the rat.

Abstract Hydralazine, 25 mg/kg ip given on 2 consecutive days, causes myocardial necrosis in rats. Propranolol, 10 mg/kg sc twice daily, or verapamil, 10 mg/kg sc twice daily, protected against this effect. Hydralazine alone caused marked tachycardia, but bradycardia occurred when hydralazine and propranolol were given in combination. Verapamil caused a mild tachycardia which was increased further by hydralazine. Pretreatment with dihydrotachysterol, 1 mg/kg po for 3 days, aggravated the hydralazine-induced lesion. 45 Ca measurements indicated increased calcium concentration in the heart 6 hr after hydralazine administration. The data suggest that the lesion is induced by the pharmacological effects of hydralazine and that hypoxia and increased intracellular calcium play a role in the development of necrosis.
Bone stiffness predicts strength similarly for human vertebral cancellous bone in compression and for cortical bone in tension.

The yield strength and ultimate strength of cortical and cancellous bone tissue are very highly correlated to bone stiffness. For samples of human vertebral cancellous bone in compression and for bovine cortical bone in tension, the coefficient of determination (r2) for regression between ultimate strength and stiffness was 0.89 and 0.92, and between yield strength and stiffness it was 0.94 and 0.93, respectively. The slope of the regression for human vertebral cancellous bone ultimate strength predicted by stiffness was not statistically different from similar regressions for cortical bone in tension in either a bovine sample or in published data from multiple species. We believe that the observed correlation results from the evolutionary need to build sufficiently strong bones using cells that are sensitive to deformation and that directly control bone stiffness, but not strength. The practical significance of this work is that an in vivo estimate of bone stiffness (e.g., from ultrasound measurement) may be a surrogate for bone strength.
Writing from un Lugar Negro: A Call Towards Healing Fantasm­­­­­as Chingadas

In this article, I weave personal recollections as a sexual abuse survivor with a selected review of the empirical literature on Latinas and sexual violence in order to begin a discussion towards the need to go beyond the “sharing our experiences” as a healing technique. As daughters of Malinche our project should be devoted to investing our energies into the deand reconstruction of those discourses that have made us into objects of sexual prey and shame. In doing so, we can truly transform our communities ideas about mujeres and gender. [Article copies available for a fee from The Transformative Studies Institute. E-mail address: journal@transformativestudies.org Website: http://www.transformativestudies.org ©2011 by The Transformative Studies Institute. All rights reserved.]
Wideband High Frequency (WBHF) for Anti-access Area-Denial (A2AD) Environments

This paper describes the applicability of High Frequency (HF) infrastructure and standards to provide robust and satellite-alternative communications for the Anti-Access Area-Denial (A2AD) environment. Recent Wideband High Frequency (WBHF) over-the-air demonstrations are described.
Reduced accumulation of 3H-norepinephrine in the rat heart following hypophysectomy.

The disposition of norepinephrine (NE) in hypophysectomized rats has been investigated by labeling the neurotransmitter stores in sympathetic nerve endings with tracer doses of 3H-NE. The specific activity of cardiac NE was markedly decreased 24 hr after labeling in hypophysectomized rats. This was not the result of either decreased delivery or impaired uptake of 3H-NE since no defect in accumulationaccumulation was found 5 min after labeling. Similar but less marked changes were noted in the spleens of hypophysectomized rats, but not in the salivary glands. Since the endogenous NE concentration was elevated in the hypophysectomized animals, the increased release of tracer 3H-NE over 24 hr suggests more rapid turnover and synthesis of NE following hypophysectomy. (Endocrinology 82: 175, 1968)
New velocity-space discretization for continuum kinetic calculations and Fokker–Planck collisions

Numerical techniques for discretization of velocity space in continuum kinetic calculations are described. An efficient spectral collocation method is developed for the speed coordinate – the radius in velocity space – employing a novel set of non-classical orthogonal polynomials. For problems in which Fokker–Planck collisions are included, a common situation in plasma physics, a procedure is detailed to accurately and efficiently treat the field term in the collision operator (in the absence of gyrokinetic corrections). When species with disparate masses are included simultaneously, a careful extrapolation of the Rosenbluth potentials is performed. The techniques are demonstrated in several applications, including neoclassical calculations of the bootstrap current and plasma flows in a tokamak.
A comparative study of palliative resections for gastric carcinoma

Of 449 patients with carcinoma of the stomach seen at Memorial Hospital over a span of 10 years, 80 had palliative gastric resection. Forty-six had residual gross disease and thirty-four had microscopic cancer at the margins of the specimen. The postoperative mortality rate was 17.5%. The duration of palliation averaged two thirds of the survival time with 91% of the patients developing late complications. The outcome of any palliative reaction in patients with gastric cancer depends on the location and extent of the disease. Distal subtotal gastrectomy should be performed only in the absence of extensive intra-abdominal spread or ascites. The high mortality and the poor results of total gastrectomy and esophagogastrectomy preclude their application.
Demand estimation under limited product availability

Consumer purchases are determined, in part, by the assortment of products available at retailers. Despite this, commonly employed aggregate demand models fail to control for the fraction of stores that carry a given item. We detail the conditions under which aggregate demand is consistently estimated when heterogeneity in product assortment is ignored. The required assumptions are quite strict and likely violated in many empirical applications. Even when they hold, however, a problem of inference arises. One cannot tell whether a lack of interaction between two products is due to limited substitution in those stores where both are available or because many stores do not carry both products. This is a significant shortcoming since in many situations it is important to distinguish between these two possibilities.
Pair-Bonding, Female Aggression and the Evolution of Lemur Societies

Lemur societies have been described as convergent with those of anthropoids, including Papio- like female-bonded multi-male groups. Recent research, however, shows at least 5 pair-bo
Dose-response profile of acarbose in older subjects with type 2 diabetes.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the dose-response relationship of acarbose, an a-glucosidase inhibitor, in older subjects with type 2 diabetes. Research Oesign Fourteen subjects with type 2 diabetes who were over 65 years old were studied. Five subjects had been treated with diet alone and 9 were receiving a sulfonylurea. The subjects underwent a meal tolerance test in the presence of varying doses of acarbose (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg) on 4 occasions, each 1 week apart. The test meal was chosen to include food items commonly consumed during breakfast in the United States. The 483-kcal meal consisted of 51 % of calories in the form of carbohydrates, 14% protein, and 35% fat. The serum glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels were measured at 0, 1, and 2 hours after the meal. Results The postprandial hyperglycemic response to the test meal was significantly reduced with 25 mg of acarbose compared with baseline values. Increasing doses of acarbose to 50 or 100 mg had no significant additional ameliorating effects on postprandial hyperglycemia. Postprandial insulin or triglyceride levels were not significantly altered with single dose acarbose treatment. Conclusions It is concluded that the acute efficacy of acarbose is near maximal at 25 mg when the meal size does not exceed 483 kcal and contains only 61 gm of carbohydrates.
Generative work: Day labourers’ Freirean praxis

This paper examines an important aspect of the politicisation of contingent work: the evolution of grassroots organising strategies by immigrant day labourers, an allegedly ‘unorganisable’ class of contingent workers. The paper focuses on the ways in which repertoires of contestation – based in a philosophy of social transformation through radical democracy and Popular Education – have defused from mass-movement social struggles in Latin America in the 1980s to street-corner organising in US cities today. Through a series of in-depth interviews with day labour organisers, the paper: (1) follows the continental travels of Popular Education methodologies; and (2) explores how organising approaches from the global South have been adapted and recombined to meet the challenges presented by day labour markets in the US which are characterised by rampant violations of core labour standards.
Optical correlator performance using a phase-with-constrained-magnitude complex spatial filter.

Certain kinds of spatial light modulators (SLMs) can be used in a mode where the phase transmittance at a given point has the desired value, measured modulo-2π, and the magnitude transmittance has approximately the desired value. Computer simulations, based on a specific model of a deformable-mirror SLM, show that these phase-with-coupled-magnitude SLMs perform better for the particular cases studied, in terms of discrimination and signal-to-clutter ratio, than phase-only and binary phase-only SLMs in coherent optical pattern-recognition correlators where the input is distorted by variable illumination, rotation, and noise relative to the template pattern.
Electrical potential and ion transport across the conjunctiva.

Abstract The exchange of Na 22 and Cl 36 was measured between the blood and fluid contained in a basin formed above the eye by pulling up the lids, in rabbits. The permeability of the conjunctiva was approximately 5×10 −3 cm/hr to both ions in either direction. The electrical potential on the conjunctival surface was measured in man and the rabbit and found to be about −15 mV negative to the blood on the average, with values twice as great being recorded. The possible significance of this as representing a mechanism for absorption of the lacrimal fluid is discussed.