cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ULDBs: databases with uncertainty and lineage

This paper introduces ULDBs, an extension of relational databases with simple yet expressive constructs for representing and manipulating both lineage and uncertainty. Uncertain data and data lineage are two important areas of data management that have been considered extensively in isolation, however many applications require the features in tandem. Fundamentally, lineage enables simple and consistent representation of uncertain data, it correlates uncertainty in query results with uncertainty in the input data, and query processing with lineage and uncertainty together presents computational benefits over treating them separately.We show that the ULDB representation is complete, and that it permits straightforward implementation of many relational operations. We define two notions of ULDB minimality--data-minimal and lineage-minimal--and study minimization of ULDB representations under both notions. With lineage, derived relations are no longer self-contained: their uncertainty depends on uncertainty in the base data. We provide an algorithm for the new operation of extracting a database subset in the presence of interconnected uncertainty. Finally, we show how ULDBs enable a new approach to query processing in probabilistic databases.ULDBs form the basis of the Trio system under development at Stanford.
The History and Future of Assessment for Effective Intervention

Assessment for Effective Intervention (AEI) has been published for more than 36 years encompassing 90 issues and 615 articles. The topics and trends of these articles have varied by decade. Notably, the period of 2000 to 2010 was a very productive time for the journal. This article introduces the new editorial team, summarizes the trend of topics and formats, and provides a brief history of AEI before presenting the format and goals of the near future for AEI.
Maturational influences on perseveration of avoidance and reversal learning after selected brain damage in rats.

In Experiment I, 18 weanling and 18 adult male rats re- ceived bilateral electrolytic lesions of the dorsomedial or ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, or the hippocampus, while 12 additional pups and adults served as nonoperated controls (n = Glgroup). Subjects were observed for perseverative responding in acquisition of a step-up avo- idance task, followed by reversal training and extinction. Thirty days later, subjects were retrained and tested in the same manner. During initial training, the numbers of trials to criteria, errors, and latencies on the last 5 trials all indicated significant effects from age, primarily, and surgery, secondarily. After 30 days, surgical effects assumed a more dominant role, with hippocampal and ventrolateral damage producing the greatest extent of response perseveration. Experiment 11 replicated the essential procedural sequence as Experiment I, but included damage from combined lesions. 24 weanlings and 24 adults received bilateral lesions to the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex plus caudate nucleus, or sham lesions. Subjects from this experi- ment were trained after 7 days or 60 days recovery (n = G/group). The acquisition results indicated that all independent variables were signi- ficant, but only the age effect attained significance in the extinction data. Both experiments point to the prafound influence of age at the time of damage in accounting for recovery of avoidance behavior.
Accounting Based Regulation and Earnings Management

We document the distortionary effects of accounting-based regulation on reported earnings. In India only firms with negative book value of equity (networth) can seek bankruptcy protection. Using a novel dataset of bankrupt firms from India, we show that firms manage earnings downward to seek bankruptcy protection. Strengthening creditor rights reduces downward earnings management among non-group affiliated firms. Firms with income-decreasing pre-bankruptcy accruals have worse post-bankruptcy performance, suggesting that pre-bankruptcy accruals are a strong signal of opportunistic bankruptcy filing. We also find evidence for upward earnings management among firms with positive, but low networth in an effort to avoid bankruptcy filing. Overall, our paper underscores the importance of factoring economic incentives in designing regulation using accounting numbers. Validating our findings, the proposed new bankruptcy law in India does away with the accounting rule.
Funding policies and postabortion long-acting reversible contraception: results from a cluster randomized trial.

Background Almost one-half of women having an abortion in the United States have had a previous procedure, which highlights a failure to provide adequate preventive care. Provision of intrauterine devices and implants, which have high upfront costs, can be uniquely challenging in the abortion care setting. Objective We conducted a study of a clinic-wide training intervention on long-acting reversible contraception and examined the effect of the intervention, insurance coverage, and funding policies on the use of long-acting contraceptives after an abortion. Study Design This subanalysis of a cluster, randomized trial examines data from the 648 patients who had undergone an abortion who were recruited from 17 reproductive health centers across the United States. The trial followed participants 18-25 years old who did not desire pregnancy for a year. We measured the effect of the intervention, health insurance, and funding policies on contraceptive outcomes, which included intrauterine device and implant counseling and selection at the abortion visit, with the use of logistic regression with generalized estimating equations for clustering. We used survival analysis to model the actual initiation of these methods over 1 year. Results Women who obtained abortion care at intervention sites were more likely to report intrauterine device and implant counseling (70% vs 41%; adjusted odds ratio, 3.83; 95% confidence interval, 2.37–6.19) and the selection of these methods (36% vs 21%; adjusted odds ratio, 2.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.39–3.21). However, the actual initiation of methods was similar between study arms (22/100 woman-years each; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.88; 95% confidence interval, 0.51–1.51). Health insurance and funding policies were important for the initiation of intrauterine devices and implants. Compared with uninsured women, those women with public health insurance had a far higher initiation rate (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.31–3.62). Women at sites that provide state Medicaid enrollees abortion coverage also had a higher initiation rate (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.73; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–2.88), as did those at sites with state mandates for private health insurance to cover contraception (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.80; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–3.07). Few of the women with private insurance used it to pay for the abortion (28%), but those who did initiated long-acting contraceptive methods at almost twice the rate as women who paid for it themselves or with donated funds (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.10–3.43). Conclusions The clinic-wide training increased long-acting reversible contraceptive counseling and selection but did not change initiation for abortion patients. Long-acting method use after abortion was associated strongly with funding. Restrictions on the coverage of abortion and contraceptives in abortion settings prevent the initiation of desired long-acting methods.
Review of Living with “The Gloria Films”: A daughter's memory.

In Everett Shostrom's 1965 film, Three Approaches to Psychotherapy, Carl Rogers (Client-Centered Therapy), Fritz Perls (Gestalt Therapy) and Albert Ellis (Rational Emotive Therapy) conducted demons...
Driver Restraint System Optimization for Vehicle Frontal Impact

In 2010, the UN General Assembly proclaimed the period 2011–2020 as the Decade of Action for Road Safety, with a goal to stabilize and then reduce the forecast level of road traffic fatalities around the world. Road traffic accidents are the 8th cause of death in Brazil, according to World Health Rankings. There are few studies around the world with respect to cost due to traffic accidents, however a study performed in 2011 estimates that were spent R$ 44.6 billion in Brazil. So, the recent Brazilian regulations updates have enforced the automakers to develop vehicles safer to passengers and pedestrians. These regulations focus on prevent, reduce or minimize the traumas and injuries caused by different types of vehicular accidents. The present work was developed to optimize the driver restraint system, while focusing on minimizing the trauma during a vehicle frontal impact. The driver restraint system was optimized considering the complex interaction between the ATD and the different components that assemble the restraint system, like airbag, safety belts with/without pretensioners, seatbelt load limiting devices and steering column stroke. The numerical computational simulations were performed based on Design of Experiments (DOE), which is a powerful tool that allows for multiple input factors to be manipulated determining their effect on a desired output. The numerical computational model created was initially correlated with a physical test, and then 36 numerical simulations were performed in order to create the optimization matrix. The optimized parameters provided by the analysis of the DOE orthogonal matrix were simulated and showed a significant reduction at probability of injuries due to vehicle frontal impact. The computational numerical optimization tool helped to reduce the cost and time development of a safer vehicle that satisfies the current Brazilian regulations, focusing on driver performance. The results presented excellent correlation and the goals of the optimization were achieved showing that this tool is reliable and helpful for current and future developments.
Long-term follow-up of viable frozen aortic homografts: a viable homograft valve bank

There is currently a renewed interest in the use of both fresh and commercially available frozen homograft valves for children and young adults. This has prompted us to review a series of 32 patients who received frozen homograft valves for aortic replacement between 1973 and 1975. The cryogenic technique evolved to include the use of selected antibiotics and equilibrated dimethyl sulfoxide solution to freeze homografts at a rate of 1 degrees C per minute to liquid nitrogen temperatures of -196 degrees C. Histologic sections of experimental frozen valves explanted 6 months postoperatively revealed the presence of viable donor cells, and tissue culture demonstrated the reproductive capacity of cusp fibroblasts. Of the 32 frozen viable homografts implanted in this series, 23 were inserted as free-sewn aortic replacements and nine were premounted on stents before implantation in the aortic position. There were two operative deaths, and three valves failed as a result of the technical problems of mounting in one patient and surgical insertion of a free graft in two patients. Of the 22 patients who remained at long-term risk, 13% with free-sewn grafts and 57% with premounted valves underwent reoperation for valve failure. After 10 years of follow-up, 15 (68%) of these patients, 12 (80%) with free-sewn and three (43%) with premounted valves, are alive with their original valve in place. Actuarial analysis shows that 58% of the 32 valves implanted are functional at the beginning of the eleventh year. There have been six late deaths resulting in an overall actuarial patient survival rate of 79% at 10 years and 69% after 13 years. These clinical results are believed to add support to our current application of the frozen homograft in selected patients.
Sorption onto and Recovery of Cr(VI) Using Iron-Oxide-Coated Sand

A new adsorbent media has been prepared consisting of iron oxide coated onto sand surfaces. The oxide coating is made by adding a solution of a ferric salt and base to a mixture of sand and applying various heating protocols. The iron oxide is an excellent, regenerable adsorbent, and the process of coating it on sand allows the media to be used in a packed column. Depending on solution pH, the media can be made to adsorb either cationic or anionic metals. In this work, the media was used to collect hexavalent chromium from a synthetic waste stream. The influent contained 20 mg/L Cr(VI), and better than 99% removal was achieved consistently. Once breakthrough occurred, the media could be regenerated by exposure to base. The pH of the regenerant solution determined the kinetics and efficiency of the regeneration process. With further development, the process represents an inexpensive and effective method for removal and recovery of metals from industrial waste streams.
Data directed root cause analyses of hospital adversities and their proximities

Background: In this current era of healthcare reformations, medical professionals, patients, governments, and insurance agencies seek zero tolerance with respect to adverse outcomes. When adversities occur, hospital administrators more often than not perform root cause analysis (RCA) to avoid future reoccurrence. There exist three types of RCA. They are divergent, serial, and convergent root causes. Which adversity type exists in a situation is not medically or intuitivcly trivial. This article develops a data directed new methodology to characterize the type and interpret it. Methods: Because tracing root causes of medical adversity is a necessity, pertinent data are collected. Patterns in correlation are examined to check whether it is a divergent or serial type. When it is not either, it is concluded to be convergent. This practice is too elementary to convince professionals. For this purpose, this article innovatively develops a new methodology using inverted correlation matrix and Mahalanobis distances to sort out causes of adversity as serial, divergent, or convergent type. Their proximities are quantifiable due to new expressions in the article. These expressions are not seen in the literature and hence, would benefit practioners. Results: A new methodology of this article is illustrated using medical adversities that existed in hospitals during 2006 through 2014 in Indiana state. Data consist of number of surgeries, cases with ulcer acquired in hospital, cases with foreign objects in patient after surgery, cases with wrong part surgery, deaths due to medication error, and disability cases due to fall during hospital treatment. Their correlations ranged from -0.87 to 0.79. Conclusions: This article has developed expressions to quantify non-equilibrium level in serial and divergent RCA and has demonstrated their use to identify a convergent RCA. The Mahalanobis distance of attained diversities from an ideal scenario is obtained. A formula to make and interpret safety index is developed and demonstrated using adversities that occurred in India State during 2006-2014. These concepts and analytic expressions would enrich the practice of RCA which is a necessity in the current era of healthcare reforms.
Revision total knee arthroplasty using a custom tantalum implant in a patient following multiple failed revisions

Abstract The number of revision total knee arthroplasty procedures performed annually is increasing and, subsequently, so is the number of patients presenting following a failed revision. Rerevising a total knee arthroplasty after one or more failed revision procedures presents many challenges, including diminished bone stock for prosthetic fixation. "Off the shelf" implants may not offer the best alternative for reconstruction. We present the case of a 55-year-old patient who required a rerevision total knee arthroplasty following multiple failed revisions with severe femoral and tibia bone loss. We describe a novel technique we employed to improve component fixation within the compromised bone stock.
Post-transcriptional regulation of cytokine and growth factor signaling in cancer

Abstract Cytokines and growth factors regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis, and play important roles in coordinating growth signal responses during development. The expression of cytokine genes and the signals transmitted through cytokine receptors are tightly regulated at several levels, including transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. A majority of cytokine mRNAs, including growth factor transcripts, contain AU-rich elements (AREs) in their 3′ untranslated regions that control gene expression by regulating mRNA degradation and changing translational rates. In addition, numerous proteins involved in transmitting signals downstream of cytokine receptors are regulated at the level of mRNA degradation by GU-rich elements (GREs) found in their 3′ untranslated regions. Abnormal stabilization and overexpression of ARE or GRE-containing transcripts had been observed in many malignancies, which is a consequence of the malfunction of RNA-binding proteins. In this review, we briefly summarize the role of AREs and GREs in regulating mRNA turnover to coordinate cytokine and growth factor expression, and we describe how dysregulation of mRNA degradation mechanisms contributes to the development and progression of cancer.
Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial Comparing the Impact of Sham or Intranasal Tear Neurostimulation on Conjunctival Goblet Cell Degranulation

Purpose The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of the Allergan Intranasal Tear Neurostimulator (ITN) on conjunctival goblet cell (GC) degranulation. Design A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Methods A total of 15 subjects (5 normal and 10 dry eye) were enrolled in a 3-visit study consisting of 1 screening and 2 separate randomized-masked ITN treatments (sham extranasal or intranasal). Tear meniscus height (TMH) was measured by anterior segment optical coherence tomography before and after applications. Impression cytology (IC) was taken from the bulbar conjunctiva of the right eye for periodic acid–Schiff staining and from the left eye for MUC5AC mucin immunostaining at baseline and after each treatment. The ratio of degranulated to nondegranulated GCs was measured as a marker of secretion. Results In all participants, both inferior bulbar (IB) and temporal bulbar (TB) cytology specimens stained for MUC5AC revealed a significantly higher ratio of degranulated to nondegranulated GCs after the ITN (IB: 2.28 ± 1.27 and TB: 1.81 ± 1.01) compared to baseline (IB: 0.56 ± 0.55, P = .015) (TB: 0.56 ± 0.32, P = .003) and extranasal sham application (IB: 0.37 ± 0.29, P = .001) (TB: 0.39 ± 0.33, P = .001). When the same analysis was repeated in the dry eye or control groups, the ratio was significantly higher after ITN than the baseline ratio and ratio after extranasal application in both groups ( P Conclusions These preliminary results document that the Allergan ITN can stimulate degranulation of goblet cells in the conjunctiva, which is a promising new approach for the management of dry eye.
Large-area 64-pixel array of WSi superconducting nanowire single photon detectors

We developed a 64-pixel 320 μm diameter array of WSi SNSPDs for the ground receiver of a deep-space optical communication link. The SNSPD array exhibits a free-space system detection efficiency of 40% at 1550 nm.
Modeling and Simulation of Extreme-Scale Fat-Tree Networks for HPC Systems and Data Centers

As parallel and distributed systems are evolving toward extreme scale, for example, high-performance computing systems involve millions of cores and billion-way parallelism, and high-capacity storage systems require efficient access to petabyte or exabyte of data, many new challenges are posed on designing and deploying next-generation interconnection communication networks in these systems. Fat-tree networks have been widely used in both data centers and high-performance computing (HPC) systems in the past decades and are promising candidates of the next-generation extreme-scale networks. In this article, we present FatTreeSim, a simulation framework that supports modeling and simulation of extreme-scale fat-tree networks with the goal of understanding the design constraints of next-generation HPC and distributed systems and aiding the design and performance optimization of the applications running on these systems. We have systematically experimented FatTreeSim on Emulab and Blue Gene/Q and analyzed the scalability and fidelity of FatTreeSim with various network configurations. On the Blue Gene/Q Mira, FatTreeSim can achieve a peak performance of 305 million events per second using 16,384 cores. Finally, we have applied FatTreeSim to simulate several large-scale Hadoop YARN applications to demonstrate its usability.
Do Major League Baseball Team Physicians Harvest the Semitendinosus From the Drive Leg or Landing Leg When Performing Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction on Elite Baseball Pitchers

Background:Hamstring autograft is a common graft choice when performing ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR).Purpose/Hypothesis:The purpose of this study was to survey Major League Baseb...
Development and experimental validation of the composition and treatability of a new synthetic bathroom greywater (SynGrey)

Bathroom greywater, including bathing and handwashing wastewater, can be reused for toilet flushing to reduce 35% of residential water demand. Despite these potential savings, greywater reuse is underutilized and the development of innovative treatment technologies is impeded by a lack of validated synthetic recipes to support laboratory-scale experimentation. The objective of this work was to develop and validate a new, representative synthetic bathroom greywater to enable reproducible and translatable treatment studies. A literature review compiled data from 49 real bathroom greywaters, which was used to set 20 water quality criteria for a synthetic recipe. A new synthetic greywater – SynGrey – was developed to match real bathroom greywater composition across all criteria and was found to be more representative of real greywater than existing recipes. SynGrey's validity was evaluated by comparing its treatability against a real bathroom greywater including via chlorination, aerobic biodegradation, adsorption, and coagulation. Total chlorine residuals were statistically similar between SynGrey and the real bathroom greywater, but doses were an order of magnitude higher than for drinking water. The readily biodegradable fraction of total chemical oxygen demand was about 40% for both greywaters. The dissolved organic carbon percent removal by activated carbon was similar between SynGrey and the real greywater (±14%). Alum coagulation achieved comparable effluent turbidity, but SynGrey had a much more narrow dose curve, and coagulation achieved substantially greater total organic carbon removal from the real greywater. SynGrey represents a superior synthetic recipe for laboratory-scale experimentation to facilitate the evaluation, selection, and optimization of greywater reuse technologies.
Analyzing and simplifying model uncertainty in fuzzy cognitive maps

Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) represents the `mental model' of individuals as a causal network equipped with an inference engine. As individuals may disagree or evidence be insufficient, causal links may be assigned a range rather than one value. When all links have range, the massive search space is a challenge to running simulations. In this paper, we presented, implemented, and evaluated a new approach to identify which ranges are important and simplify models accordingly. Our approach uses a factorial design of experiments, implemented using parallelism to offset its high computational cost. Our implementation (including our new Python library for FCM) is freely available on a third-party repository. Our evaluation on three previously published models shows that our approach can simplify almost half of a model under common settings, and runs within seconds on entry-level hardware for small FCMs. Further research is needed on simplifying the few FCMs having many links.
Attitudes Toward Technology, Digital Activities, and Use of Internet Shopping Features Among Chinese and US College Students

The purpose of this study was to examine how attitudes toward technology (ATT), habitual use of digital activities, and frequency of use of internet shopping features differ among male and female Chinese and US college students. Participants were 114 male, 92 female students from a Midwestern US university and 100 male, 93 female students from Lanzhou University in China. Results revealed that US and Chinese students shared some attitudes and behaviors (positive ATT, use of internet shopping features) but differed in others (negative and anxious/dependent ATT, habitual use of digital activities). US (vs. Chinese) students indicated more habitual use of all digital activities. Men and women did not differ in positive or negative ATT but women indicated greater anxiety/dependence on technology than men did. Women indicated more habitual use of total digital activities, social media, and smartphone than men. Implications for Chinese consumers and the fashion market are provided.
A Sleeping Area of Malaria Research Awakes.

Phenotypic screening methods have had a profound impact on antimalarial drug development, but assays that predict which compounds might provide a radical cure have remained elusive. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Gural et al. (2018) report hypnozoite culturing and systems to study these elusive, yet deadly, parasites.
Strong Episodic Selection for Natural Competence for Transformation due to Host-Pathogen Dynamics

Sexual recombination only occurs in eukaryotes; however, many bacteria can actively recombine with environmental DNA. This behavior, referred to as transformation, has been described in many species from diverse taxonomic backgrounds. Transformation is hypothesized to carry some selective advantages similar to those postulated for meiotic sex in eukaryotes. However, the accumulation of loss-of-function alleles at transformation loci and an increased mutational load from recombining with DNA from dead cells create additional costs to transformation. These costs have been shown to outweigh many of the benefits of recombination under a variety of likely parameters. We investigate an additional proposed benefit of sexual recombination, the Red Queen hypothesis, as it relates to bacterial transformation. Here we describe a model showing that host-pathogen coevolution may provide a large selective benefit to transformation and allow transforming cells to invade an environment dominated by otherwise equal non-transformers. Furthermore, we observe that host-pathogen dynamics cause the selection pressure on transformation to vary extensively in time, potentially explaining the tight regulation and wide variety of rates observed in naturally competent bacteria. Host-pathogen dynamics may explain the evolution and maintenance of natural competence despite its associated costs.
Consolidation Promotes the Emergence of Representational Overlap Across Related Memories in the Hippocampus and Medial Prefrontal Cortex

Structured knowledge is thought to form through the extraction and representation of regularities across new learning experiences. However, little is known about how novel episodic memories are transformed over time to reflect such regularities. In a multi-day fMRI study, participants encoded trial-unique associations that shared features with other trials. Multi-variate pattern analyses were used to measure neural similarity across overlapping and non-overlapping memories during immediate and one-week retrieval of these associations. We found that neural patterns in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex represented the featural overlap across memories, but only after a week. Furthermore, after a week, the strength of a memory's unique episodic reinstatement during retrieval was inversely related to its representation of overlap, suggesting a trade-off between the integration of related memories and the recovery of episodic details. These findings suggest that time-dependent changes in neural representations support the gradual organization of discrete episodes into structured knowledge.
Degradable Chelating Agents for Decontamination and Chemical Cleaning

To facilitate the treatment of spent decontamination and chemical cleaning solutions, this study explored the feasibility of replacing stable complexing agents (such as EDTA) by complexing agents which can be readily decomposed using chemical or thermal treatment. Acetohydroxamic acid was found to be a promising candidate for such a role. Preliminary experiments carried out on actual corrosion products from steam generators indicated that 15% acetohydroxamic acid solutions had similar effectiveness to that of the EPNSGOG iron solvent (which contains 15 AEDTA) with respect to certain magnetite-rich deposits. The addition of malonic acid and hydrazine enhanced the dissolution of magnetite in acetohydroxamic acid solution. EDTA and acetohydroxamic acid were similarly effective in the decontamination of stainless steel surfaces superficially contaminated with {sup 60}Co. It was found that acetohydroxamic acid in spent solvents can be completely decomposed through acid-catalyzed hydrolysis using nitric or hydrochloric acid. Complete decomposition can also be achieved through oxidation of acetohydroxamic acid with active manganese dioxide or potassium permanganate. Regeneration of spent, contaminated acetohydroxamic acid solutions was demonstrated using a cation exchange resin to remove ferric or ferrous ions from the solution. Cobalt ions were removed from such solutions using charcoal. Based on the experimental findings, acetohydroxamic acidmore » solutions appear to be promising candidates for use in decontamination or chemical cleaning, followed by decomposition or regeneration of the spent solutions.« less
ALK Fusion Partners Impact Response to ALK Inhibition: Differential Effects on Sensitivity, Cellular Phenotypes, and Biochemical Properties

Oncogenic tyrosine kinase fusions involving the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) are detected in numerous tumor types. Although more than 30 distinct 5' fusion partner genes have been reported, treatment of ALK-rearranged cancers is decided without regard to which 5' partner is present. There is little data addressing how the 5' partner affects the biology of the fusion or responsiveness to ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). On the basis of the hypothesis that the 5' partner influences the intrinsic properties of the fusion protein, cellular functions that impact oncogenic potential, and sensitivity to ALK TKIs, clonal 3T3 cell lines stably expressing seven different ALK fusion variants were generated. Biochemical and cellular assays were used to assess the efficacy of various ALK TKIs in clinical use, transformative phenotypes, and biochemical properties of each fusion. All seven ALK fusions induced focus formation and colonies in soft agar, albeit to varying degrees. IC50s were calculated for different ALK TKIs (crizotinib, ensartinib, alectinib, lorlatinib) and consistent differences (5-10 fold) in drug sensitivity were noted across the seven ALK fusions tested. Finally, biochemical analyses revealed negative correlations between kinase activity and protein stability. These results demonstrate that the 5' fusion partner plays an important biological role that affects sensitivity to ALK TKIs.Implications: This study shows that the 5' ALK fusion partner influences ALK TKI drug sensitivity. As many other kinase fusions are found in numerous cancers, often with overlapping fusion partners, these studies have ramifications for other kinase-driven malignancies. Mol Cancer Res; 16(11); 1724-36. ©2018 AACR.
Elementarity and Reality in Particle Physics

Recent developments in high-energy physics have not been encouraging for anyone interested in the problem of elementarity. Not only has the number of so-called elementary particles increased rapidly during the past few years — from less than a half dozen to thirty, then to over a hundred — but also the propriety of referring to these as ‘elementary’ has been increasingly questioned.1 Part of the latter concern arises from the great number of particles, for it would seem that the elements of which things are constituted should be few in number. A more puzzling paradox arises from the fact that many of the particles being discussed by physicists, particularly those referred to as strongly interacting particles, seem in some sense to be composites of one another.2
Classical Lack-of-Fit Tests

We now turn our attention to the problem of testing the fit of a parametric regression model. Ultimately, our purpose is to show how the nonparametric smoothing methods encountered in the previous three chapters can be useful in this regard. We begin, however, by considering some classical methods for checking model fit. This is done to provide some historical perspective and also to facilitate comparisons between smoothing-based and classical methods.
A multi-scale calibration approach for process-oriented aggregated building energy demand models

Abstract Long-term energy planning relies largely on projections of future energy demand and hourly load profiles. Aggregate building models are increasingly being utilized to characterize the sensitivity of current and future building stocks to changes in climate, population, and building technology on city-to-regional-to-national scales. Due to challenges in the availability of data, those analyses have been limited to projection of energy demand at a single scale, usually state or country, while long-term planning power system models and production cost models might operate at different spatial scales such as energy regions which are focused on ensuring adequate generation infrastructure. We propose and evaluate a novel method to calibrate an aggregate building energy demand model (PNNL's BEND model) against the best available data at the spatial scale of balancing authorities. This approach extends previous work on aggregated building energy demand by facilitating analysis of building energy demand across scales, in particular policy and operational decision-making scales. We show that the bias-corrected model estimates building electric loads reasonably well compared with estimates from a statistical model, but has the additional feature of flexibility across spatial scales. While the calibration approach is presently U.S.-centric and associated with U.S. energy regions, it can be extrapolated to other worldwide regions with similar scale challenges between policy and operational implementation decision making. We discuss the significant challenges involved in formulating and calibrating a complex physical model based on simulations of roughly 100,000 individual buildings against available aggregate regional electric load data and highlight areas for potential future work and improved data collection.
Health behaviors and disordered eating in adolescents and young adults with spina bifida: results from a national survey.

Purpose: Youth with disabilities are at higher risk for obesity, disordered eating, and poor body image but are often excluded from research on these domains. The current study is the first to char...
Stimulus and Civil Rights

Federal spending has the capacity to perpetuate racial inequality, not simply through explicit exclusion, but through choices made in the legislative and institutional design of spending programs. Drawing on the lessons of New Deal and postwar social programs, this Essay offers an account of the specific features of federal spending that give it salience in structuring racial arrangements. Federal spending programs, this Essay argues, are relevant in structuring racial inequality due to their massive scale, their creation of new programmatic and spending infrastructures, and the choices made in these programs as to whether to impose explicit inclusionary norms on states and localities. Exploring these features has relevance for understanding the current stimulus. Key aspects of the stimulus entrench funding and programmatic structures that promote racial inequality, defer to states and localities rather than advance explicit civil rights rules and norms, and miss key opportunities to innovate to promote racial inclusion and equity. Yet, this Essay argues that even with these limitations, the stimulus presents opportunities for civil society groups to learn from the lessons of New Deal and postwar programs by using the stimulus to promote racial inclusion and equality. Indeed, this Essay shows that the magnitude of the stimulus is generating a new set of laws and regulatory institutions designed to promote transparency and accountability in federal spending. These interventions, this Essay suggests, provide promise for interrupting the mechanisms through which federal spending perpetuates inequality, and for leveraging the stimulus to advance racial inclusion.
Switching sides-Reengineered primary charge separation in the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center.

We report 90% yield of electron transfer (ET) from the singlet excited state P* of the primary electron-donor P (a bacteriochlorophyll dimer) to the B-side bacteriopheophytin (HB) in the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center (RC). Starting from a platform Rhodobacter sphaeroides RC bearing several amino acid changes, an Arg in place of the native Leu at L185—positioned over one face of HB and only ∼4 A from the 4 central nitrogens of the HB macrocycle—is the key additional mutation providing 90% yield of P+HB−. This all but matches the near-unity yield of A-side P+HA− charge separation in the native RC. The 90% yield of ET to HB derives from (minimally) 3 P* populations with distinct means of P* decay. In an ∼40% population, P* decays in ∼4 ps via a 2-step process involving a short-lived P+BB− intermediate, analogous to initial charge separation on the A side of wild-type RCs. In an ∼50% population, P* → P+HB− conversion takes place in ∼20 ps by a superexchange mechanism mediated by BB. An ∼10% population of P* decays in ∼150 ps largely by internal conversion. These results address the long-standing dichotomy of A- versus B-side initial charge separation in native RCs and have implications for the mechanism(s) and timescale of initial ET that are required to achieve a near-quantitative yield of unidirectional charge separation.
Constitutive promoter expression of transgenes in wheat ( Triticum aestivum )

Particle bombardment is a routine method of transformation for wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Particle bombardment parameters, explant tissue and culture, and the choices of DNA constructs are factors that affect successful transformation. This study focuses on the DNA construct. The DNA construct must have a promoter that will function properly in the plant genome for gene expression to occur. Constitutive promoters were evaluated for gene expression in a population of stably transformed wheat callus lines and plants. The promoters were fused to the β-glucuronidase gene and evaluated for expression by histochemical and chemiluminescent assays. The maize ubiquitin promoter caused significantly higher levels of β-glucuronidase expression in populations of callus lines and plants than the other promoters evaluated.
SNAP-Ed physical activity interventions in low-income schools are associated with greater cardiovascular fitness among 5th and 7th grade students in California.

Abstract Introduction California’s Department of Public Health (CDPH) distributes Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-Education (SNAP-Ed) funding, known as CalFresh Healthy Living (CFHL) in California, to local health departments to implement school-based physical activity/nutrition interventions. We determined the association between intervention presence/dose and student cardiorespiratory fitness and BMI. Methods This cross-sectional, observational study included 5th and 7th grade students with 2016–17 FitnessGram® results who attended SNAP-Ed eligible California schools. Intervention group students attended schools with CDPH-CFHL interventions during October 2015-September 2016 (n = 904 schools; 97,504 students, 49% female); comparison group students attended schools without CDPH-CFHL interventions (n = 3,506 schools; 372,298 students, 49% female). Adjusted multilevel models determined the association between school-level intervention presence/dose and students’ cardiorespiratory fitness (estimated VO2max) and BMI z-score, and tested for effect modification by student grade and sex. Results Students attending intervention schools demonstrated greater VO2max (males: 0.18 mL/kg per min, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.34; females = 0.26 mL/kg per min, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.39) and lower BMI z-scores (males: −0.03, 95% CI: −0.05, −0.02; females = -0.02, 95% CI: −0.04, −0.01) than students in comparison schools. Students in schools with the highest intervention levels demonstrated higher VO2max (0.37 (95% CI: 0.06, 0.16) and 0.22 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.42), respectively), than comparison students, with the strongest associations seen for females and 7th graders. Conclusion On average, students in schools with CDPH-CFHL physical activity interventions demonstrated better cardiorespiratory fitness and slightly lower BMI z-scores than students in comparable schools without such programing. Investment in these interventions may positively impact students’ cardiorespiratory health, though further causal investigation is warranted.
Cuffed together: A study on how law enforcement work impacts the officer’s spouse:

Law enforcement officer spouses and significant others (LEOS) are susceptible to secondary trauma, i.e., psychological and physiological strain from exposure to occupational stress through their in...
Overview of Indoor Navigation Techniques

This chapter provides an overview of the state of the‐art in the area of indoor localization and navigation. It discusses performance metrics that are necessary to understand, in order to compare and contrast the landscape of indoor localization approaches. In general, the signals discussed can help improve the accuracy of indoor localization when used in tandem with other more robust and comprehensive localization signals, for example, dead reckoning or RF‐signal‐based localization. The chapter provides an easy reference to the key technical terms that are used throughout the rest of the chapter. It presents a review of the various signals that can be used to provide tracking in indoor locales, for the purpose of localization. The chapter also provides an overview of the vast landscape of solutions for indoor localization. Lastly, it discusses open research issues and challenges that still remain to be overcome for viable indoor localization.
Depressive symptoms, childhood maltreatment, and allostatic load: The importance of sex differences.

Abstract Objective Roughly half the individuals who experience childhood maltreatment also experience depressive symptoms in adulthood; however, many current treatments are ineffective. Allostatic load (AL) offers a method of exploring this relationship through the lens of biometric dysregulation that may explain these increased odds for depressive symptoms in adulthood. We attempted to expand the limited research base on AL, depressive symptoms, and childhood maltreatment by examining how these variables are associated in a U.S. community sample. Method Data were acquired through secondary analysis of the Midlife in the United States Refresher biomarker survey (n = 691). Depression severity, measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, served as the dependent variable, while summed scores for the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and a 16 measure AL index served as independent variables. All analyses were stratified by sex (n male = 347, n female = 344). The Perceived Stress Scale was included to control for recent stress. An OLS regression was used to understand the relationship between depression and predictor variables before then being tested for the possible mediating role of AL. Results Comparison of OLS models yielded notable differences in predicting depressive symptoms between males and females, namely that while maltreatment was significant for both groups, AL was only significant for females. Mediation by allostatic load was not significant for males or females. Conclusion We explored the possible mediation of childhood maltreatment and adulthood depressive symptoms by AL. While our study did not confirm mediation, this was the first known study to explore these relationships in a U.S., community sample. Sex stratification reveals a clear need for accounting for sex differences in predictor variables for future studies.
Optimism pattern of all-star analysts

Abstract This paper studies what drives the change in optimism among all-star analysts. Using unique hand collected data for the entire career of all-star analysts, the paper discovers the optimism patterns in their forecasts and recommendations. One the one hand, while analysts tend to issue more optimistic estimate forecasts, they are less likely to issue optimistic recommendations after becoming all-stars. On the other hand, analysts appear to be less optimistic in terms of both estimates and recommendations after being eliminated from the all-star list. The results are significant controlling for forecast accuracy, firm coverage, and job separation effect. This is the first study to look at both the optimism pattern of all-star analysts, and the effect of demotion from all-star team on analyst optimism.
Spatial Distribution of Mast Cells Regulates Asymmetrical Angiogenesis at the Ocular Surface.

Mast cells, historically known for their function as effector cells in the induction of allergic diseases, reside in all vascularized tissues of the body, particularly, in proximity to blood and lymphatic vessels. Despite being neighboring sentinel cells to blood vessels, whether the spatial distribution of mast cells regulates the degree of angiogenesis remains to be investigated. Herein, an asymmetrical distribution of mast cells was shown at the murine ocular surface, with the higher number of mast cells distributed along the nasal limbus of the cornea compared with the temporal side. Using a well-characterized murine model of suture-induced corneal neovascularization, insult to the nasal side was shown to result in more extensive angiogenesis compared with that to the temporal side. To directly assess the impact of the spatial distribution of mast cell on angiogenesis, neovascularization was induced in mast cell–deficient mice (cKitw-sh). Unlike the wild-type (C57BL/6) mice, cKitw-sh mice did not show disproportionate growth of corneal blood vessels following the temporal and nasal insult. Moreover, cromolyn-mediated pharmacologic blockade of mast cells at the ocular surface attenuated the asymmetrical nasal and temporal neovascularization, suggesting that spatial distribution of mast cells significantly contributes to angiogenic response at the ocular surface.