cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grandparent-Headed Families in the United States: Programming to Meet Unique Needs

Abstract Grandparents are returning to the role of parents in ever-increasing numbers. Custodial grandparents often find themselves isolated from sources of support as they face unique emotional, physical, and financial challenges on a daily basis. Nearly half are grandparents without partners and the majority are caring for two or more young children. Children in the care of grandparents are more likely to experience cognitive, emotional, and physical challenges. Their early traumatic experiences may lead to difficulties in communication and forming attachments. The Parent Topics Questionnaire is a standardized assessment measure designed to provide parent education group facilitators with specific information about needs, desires, and expectations of participants. Administration of this instrument to four parent groups revealed a high readiness for information among the custodial grandparent population. Based on information obtained from this measure, a holistic program was developed which simultaneousl...
Hepatic stellate cell-derived retinoic acid regulates group 3 innate lymphoid cells and modulates viral hepatitis (INC8P.432)

IL-17 and IL-22 are important for T cell priming and hepatoprotection in viral hepatitis, respectively; however, the source and regulation of these cytokines in the liver microenvironment are not well defined. Here, we present evidence for a significant expansion of intrahepatic cells producing IL-17 or IL-22 in mice during adenovirus infection. A subset of IL-17+ or IL-22+ cells expressed no myeloid/lymphoid lineage markers. Instead, they expressed high levels of stem-like markers, IL-7Rα (CD127) and RORγt, consistent with the newly described group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s). These cells contributed significantly to the establishment of the early cytokine milieu in virus-infected liver. Interestingly, retinoic acid increased in the liver following viral infection. Moreover, hepatic stellate cell (HSC)-derived retinoic acid promoted IL-22 production by ILC3s and protected liver from inflammatory response-related injuries. Notably, hepatic IL-7 was important for ILC3-derived IL-22 production. Blockade of IL-7Rα in vivo significantly decreased IL-22 levels and exacerbated hepatic inflammation. Collectively, this study has demonstrated the importance of a unique intrahepatic subpopulation ILC3 and its cytokine production during the initial stages of viral infection in the liver. Moreover, the cross talk among the hepatic stellate cell and innate immune cells plays a critical role in modulating immune responses in viral hepatitis.
Computational finance: correlation, volatility, and markets

Financial data by nature are inter-related and should be analyzed using multivariate methods. Many models exist for the joint analysis of multiple financial instruments. Early models often assumed some type of constant behavior between the instruments over the time period of analysis. But today, time-varying covariance models are a key component of financial time series analysis leading to a deeper understanding of changing market conditions. Models for covolatility of financial data quickly grow in their complexity and parameters, and 20 years of research offers a variety of solutions to this complexity. After a short introduction of univariate volatility models, this article begins with the basic multivariate formulation for time series covariance modeling and moves to leading time series tools that address this complexity. Coupling these models with regime switching via a Markov process extends the features that can be understood from market behavior. We ground this review in an example of modeling the covariance of securities within sectors and sectors within markets, with dynamics that allow for two different market regimes. Specifically, we simultaneously model individual daily stock data that belong to one of three market sectors and examine the behavior of the market as a whole as well as the behavior of the market sectors over time. A motivation for this characterization concerns portfolio diversification and stock anomalies, and we capture the changing comovement of stocks within and between sectors as market conditions change. For example, some of these market conditions include market crashes or collapses and common external influences. WIREs Comput Stat 2014, 6:326–340. doi: 10.1002/wics.1323 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
Services spanning heterogeneous networks

Computer networks exist to provide services to users. In domains where more than one network dominates and provides useful services, users will want to avail themselves of services on either of the networks. This paper looks at the convergence of two networks in the telecommunication domain: the Internet and the public switched telephone network and discusses techniques to access services between the two networks, including an architecture for realizing services which would not be possible if either of the networks was operating in isolation.
Racial-ethnic variations in paid and unpaid caregiving: Findings among persons with traumatic spinal cord injury

Abstract Background The effects of race-ethnicity on the use of paid and unpaid caregivers for those with spinal cord injury (SCI) have received little attention in the literature. Objective Compare the amount of paid and unpaid caregiver hours received and sources of caregiving between non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black participants with SCI, controlling for demographic, injury-related, and economic variables. Methods Participants were identified from a large specialty hospital. Self-report data were collected by mail. Five aspects of caregiving were assessed: (a) paid assistance hours, (b) satisfaction with care, (c) unpaid assistance hours, (d) sources of informal care, and (e) evaluation of whether needs were met. Results Whites were more satisfied with paid care. Approximately 43.4% of Whites received informal care from their spouse every day, 14.7% higher than Blacks. Blacks were more likely to receive informal care from other family members, friends, church, and others. When controlling for gender, injury severity, chronological age, and years post injury, Blacks reported 1.50 more paid assistance hours (95% CI, 0.31–2.68 hours) and 1.83 less unpaid assistance hours than Whites (95% CI, 0.25–3.41 hours). Differences diminished and were not statistically significant after adding marital status and income into regression models. Conclusions The results did not provide strong evidence of racial disparities regarding caregiver assistance for those with SCI. Level of income appears to be directly related to satisfaction of quality caregiving and the use of paid versus unpaid care for those living with SCI.
Sex-Linked Inheritance of a Quantitative Trait of Drosophila Pseudoobscura.

HE analyses of genetic variations for most quantitative traits in diploid animals have often been made on the assumption that a majority of genes governing such traits are located on autosomal chromosomes. In a few instances, however, it has been found that the sex chromosomes might carry a considerable portion of the genes for a quantitative trait (e.g. chaetae number of D. melanogaster studied by MATHER 1942). The basic principle for determining the existence of sex-linked genes for a certain trait is to investigate the pattern of variation associated with the transmission of sex chromosomes. Sometimes the investigation can be much facilitated by the use of tester stocks with appropriate markers. Unfortunately, however, such tester stocks are not readily available for the quantitative genetics studies with most organisms. The objective of this paper is to report the results of three different experiments which all point to the existence of sex-linked genes governing a major portion of genotypic variation of a quantitative trait in a population of Drosophila.
Aspects of English Language learning in Tripura

Tripura is a hilly state. The community of this state is mostly tribes and Bengalese. The official language is English and Bengali. The Government vernacular medium schools and English medium schools support the use of the mother tongue in classroom. In vernacular medium schools it is obvious that all the subjects are written in Bengali except the subject English. But in English class also the mother tongue is used as a medium of instruction which is a hindrance to the students in the way of learning to speak and write English fluently. The paper focuses on the methods and procedures of teaching English to those whose mother tongue is not English.
Use of Residual Gas Analysis in Low-Pressure Semiconductor Process Reactors

Residual gas analysis (RGA) was used for troubleshooting tetra (ethoxyorthosilicate) (TEOS) and tungsten silicide chemical vapor deposition processes. In each process, RGA identified reactor impurity sources later proven to be the root cause of film defects and foreign material deposition. RGA verified the effectiveness of modified reactor hardware and operating procedures. This paper describes two case studies that represent RGA contributions to the 0.5-μ process development at the IBM semiconductor manufacturing facility in Essex Junction, Vermont.
Suppressing competition in a computer-supported collaborative learning system

The purpose of this study is to explore how student competition using the tit-for-tat strategy could be remedied with a minimum design change in order to support student to collaborate constructively in a computer supported-collaborative learning system called SWoRD (Scaffolded Writing and Reviewing in the Discipline) [5], a reciprocal peer reviewing of writing system. We identified a factor for the tit-for-tat that causes learners to compete each other, and removed the factor from the interface. The results show when with the interface improvement the tit-for-tat strategy was restrained in the SWoRD system, which helped the learners constructively respond to peer comments.
ANIMAL ALTRUISM AND CO-OPERATION: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Darwin's and Spencer's respective doctrines of “natural selection” and “survival of the fittest” have influenced psychologists' research for the past century. That is, there has been a substantial amount of research devoted to aggression and competition, while little research has been undertaken concerning co-operation and altruism. Both Darwin and Spencer, however, felt that species capable of co-operation, mutual aid, and altruism would be favored by natural selection. Thus, according to Darwinian-Spencerian theory altruism is a logical axis for the study of animal behavior. To that end, a bibliography listing studies concerning the development and maintenance of altruistic and co-operative behavior in animals is offered.
The lymph node barrier to viable tumor cells before and after irradiation

The effect of ionizing irradiation on the barrier function of the rabbit popliteal lymph node was studied using the V2 rabbit carcinoma. The popliteal lymph node acted as an effective barrier to viable V2 tumor cells for 2–3 weeks. Three weeks after tumor infusion, distant tumor growth was significantly increased in rabbits receiving 1000 rad and 3000 rad to the popliteal node. Six weeks after tumor infusion, all three groups had similar incidences of distant tumor growth. The number of tumor takes was similar in all groups. However, the tumor mass in the irradiated popliteal node was markedly smaller than the tumor mass in the control node at 3 weeks and 6 weeks. The earlier presence of tumor in the pelvic nodes of the irradiated rabbit may be dependent on the following factors: (a) irradiation decreased the barrier function of the lymph node, or (b) the irradiated lymph node was unable to retain growing cancer cells for the same length of time as the normal node. This effect of irradiation on the lymph node may be only a transient influence.
Single-Step and Multistep Mechanisms of Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution of Halobenzenes and Halonitrobenzenes with Halide Anions: Ab Initio Computational Study

The C6H5X + X- (X = Cl−I) gas phase SNAr reactions proceed via a single-step mechanism without the formation of a stable C6H5X2- σ-complex. The C2v structures of C6H5X2- (X = Cl−I), which are transition structures in these reactions, are predicted to be considerably higher in energy (by 102.3 (Cl), 100.3 (Br), and 103.7 (I) kJ mol-1 at the MP2/6-31+G(d) + ZPE(HF/6-31+G(d)) level) than their isolated reactants. These high overall barriers suggest that it would be hardly possible to observe the SNAr reactions of monosubstituted halobenzenes with halide anions in the gas phase. The introduction of a nitro group into the benzene ring, however, leads to a significant decrease in the overall barrier and for 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene (5) in its reaction with Cl- the overall barrier is only 18.6 kJ mol-1 (B3LYP/6-31+G(d)+ ZPE(B3LYP/6-31+G(d)). This reaction also follows a concerted pathway without the formation of an intermediate. The stabilization energies for σ-complexes 8−10 formed in the reactions of 1-chloro-4...
Leprosy and thumb reconstruction by opponensplasty or phalangizing the first metacarpal

Two relatively simple procedures can improve thumb function in leprosy (Hansen's disease): one provides opposition for the thumb by an indicis proprius transfer; the other provides grasp for the hand lacking digits by phalangizing the first metacarpal.
Parameterizing diatomic spectra: “Best” spectroscopic constants for the I2B 3 X transition

Abstract Recent analyses of the molecular constants for the X( 1 Σ g + ) and B( 3 Π 0 + u ) states of I 2 are reviewed. To resolve the remaining minor inconsistencies, high-resolution data for the B 3 X transition are analyzed using a method which involves band-by-band direct fitting procedures, followed by a correlated least-squares treatment of the intermediate results. This method provides near-optimum estimates of the expansion coefficients for the vibrational and rotational constants, permitting an accurate description of the B X spectrum in terms of a limited number of parameters. The agreement between experimental and calculated centrifugal distortion constants for the B state indicates this state is well decribed by the rotating oscillator model.
Analytical solution for transient flow of energy in a one-dimensional radiating fin.

Analytical solution for transient flow of energy in one dimensional semiinfinite fin in zero irradiation environment
Orographic Influences on the Distribution and Generation of Atmospheric Variability in a GCM

Abstract The effect of large-scale mountains on atmospheric variability is studied in a series of GCM experiments in which a single mountain is varied in height from 0 to 4 km. High-frequency (τ 30 days) variability are largest in the jet exit region, while the intermediate-frequency (7 < τ < 30 days) variability has its maximum upstream of the mountain where it exhibits enhanced equatorward propagation. High and intermediate frequencies change from zonal wave trains to localized wave packets as orographic forcing is increased, but they retain their characteristic scale and frequency. The dominant pattern of low-frequency is variability changes from a zonally symmetric oscillation, for which transient eddy-zonal flow interaction is the dominant mechanism, to a more localized oscillation of the jet downstream of the mountain. The transient eddy forcing still plays a significant role in maintaining the variations of this more localized jet, however. The total amount of wave ...
The change leader

“This is not a book of predictions, not a book about the future,” writes the prolific Peter Drucker in his latest work, Management Challenges for the 21st Century. “The challenges and issues discussed in it are already with us in every one of the developing countries and in most of the emerging ones…. Those who wait until these challenges have indeed become ‘hot’ issues are likely to fall behind, perhaps never to recover.” In this excerpt from his new book, Dr. Drucker focuses on the importance of embracing and planning for change. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Graphene–aluminum nanocomposites

Abstract Composites of graphene platelets and powdered aluminum were made using ball milling, hot isostatic pressing and extrusion. The mechanical properties and microstructure were studied using hardness and tensile tests, as well as electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. Compared to the pure aluminum and multi-walled carbon nanotube composites, the graphene–aluminum composite showed decreased strength and hardness. This is explained in the context of enhanced aluminum carbide formation with the graphene filler.
Establishing pediatric cancer nursing research priorities: a Delphi study.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to have pediatric oncology nurses identify and rate topic priorities for clinical nursing research in the specialty and to determine if nurses in a pediatric cancer center identified different priorities than did nursing colleagues in other settings. The sample consisted of 44 nurses from a comprehensive pediatric cancer center and 43 nurses attending the 12th Annual APON Conference. A decision-making method, the classical Delphi technique, was used. Three rounds of soliciting opinions by questionnaires were completed, and data from each round were reviewed and categorized by a research team of six nurses until group consensus was achieved. The majority of priorities identified by both groups concerned nursing procedures, the pediatric oncology patient, and the specialty itself. The least number of priorities were in the categories of care delivery systems and families. One difference between the two groups was that professional issues dominated the cancer center sample, whereas psychosocial issues were more prominent in the APON sample.
Design and analysis of multi-wavelength diffractive optics

We present an extension of the direct-binary-search algorithm for designing high-efficiency multi-wavelength diffractive optics that reconstruct in the Fresnel domain. A fast computation method for solving the optimization problem is proposed. Examples of three-wavelength diffractive optics with over 90% diffraction efficiency are presented. These diffractive optical elements reconstruct three distinct image patterns when probed using the design wavelengths. Detailed parametric and sensitivity studies are conducted, which provide insight into the diffractive optic’s performance when subject to different design conditions as well as common systematic and fabrication errors.
Dopamine blockade alters ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia in goats

Dopamine (DA) is generally accepted to be an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the carotid body (CB). It is released and depleted from the CB by acute hypoxia. From this background we made the hypothesis that hypoxic depletion of CB DA could be responsible for a time-dependent increase in CB afferent output and the early phase of ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia (VAH) in goats. We reasoned, then, that blockade of DA receptors in the CB would accelerate the time course of VAH in the goat, i.e. produce a greater acute response to hypoxia (first 15 min) followed by a reduced rate of change of the subsequent time-dependent hyperventilation. We tested this hypothesis by exposing 7 adult female goats to up to 28 h of hypobaric hypoxia (PB = 380 Torr) on 3 different occasions separated by at least 2 months. The first was as control. During the second and third exposures different doses of the DA antagonist, domperidone, were administered prior to and during the hypoxic exposure (0.5 mg/kg followed by 0.25 mg/kg every 3 h and in the second study 1.0 mg/kg followed by 0.5 mg/kg every 2 h). The time course of acclimatization was assessed by measurement of arterial blood gases and pH in the awake goats. The data obtained in the first 4-5 h of hypoxia in domperidone treated animals appeared to support the hypothesis. Domperidone treated animals had a significantly greater acute ventilatory response to hypoxia followed by a lower rate of progressive hyperventilation in this period. However, variation in control values, greater respiratory alkalosis and a secondary significant hyperventilation after 6-7 h of hypoxia in the domperidone treated animals prevents a clear conclusion as to the precise role of CB dopaminergic mechanisms in acclimatization to hypoxia. Nevertheless, peripheral DA receptor blockade with domperidone does alter the time course and magnitude of hyperventilation during the first 7 h of hypobaric hypoxia in goats.
Theory of high-energy N-component cascades

Abstract The longitudinal development of the N component of cosmic rays is studied theoretically in the extreme relativistic region. The intergro-differential equations of the N-component cascades are solved analytically for kernel functions which describe multiple meson production in nucleon-nucleon collisions. It is shown that Fermi's and Landau's models are included in the general solutions as two special cases. Some numerical examples for initial conditions of interest are quoted to demonstrate the mathematical procedures involved. In conclusion, a generalization of the discussed kernel functions is proposed in order to incorporate a possible partial elasticity in high-energy nucleon-nucleon collisions.
Intracranial Epidermoid Cysts in Three Dogs

Intracranial epidermoid cysts were identified within the fourth ventricle of three dogs. The cysts measured up to 2.5 cm in diameter, were lined by stratified squamous epithelium, and contained intraluminal keratinaceous debris. Secondary compression of the medulla oblongata and cerebellum caused neurologic dysfunction in two dogs; the cyst was an incidental finding in the other dog. Similarities between these dogs and three previously reported intracranial epidermoid cysts in dogs included an apparent predilection for young dogs and involvement of the cerebellopontine angle, fourth ventricle, or both.
Curt Richter : Spontaneous activity and food intake

Curt Richter's seminal contributions to the field of psychobiology continue to enlighten us today. His approaches to scientific questions, his ability to design ways of allowing his research subjects (usually rats) to answer his questions and his unique style of data presentation inform current investigations into the biological bases of behavior. One of Richter's earliest interests was identifying the causes of rhythmic spontaneous activity. Richter demonstrated an important relationship between bouts of activity and food intake in the laboratory rat. In his search for a causal link, he invoked contemporary thinking about the relationships between gastric contractions and hunger. Although his idea for a causal role for stomach contractions in eliciting spontaneous activity and food intake was mistaken, this early work identified themes for many of Richter's subsequent contributions and his behavioral observations continue to be relevant for current investigations.
Multiple Nhp6 molecules are required to recruit Spt16-Pob3 to form yFACT complexes and to reorganize nucleosomes.

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nhp6 protein contains a DNA-binding motif that is similar to those found in the high mobility group B family of chromatin proteins. Nhp6 bound to nucleosomes and made at least two changes in them: the nucleosomal DNA became more sensitive to DNase I at specific sites, and the nucleosomes became competent to bind Spt16-Pob3 to form yFACT.nucleosome complexes. Both changes occurred at similar concentrations of Nhp6, suggesting that they reflect the same structural reorganization of the nucleosome. Nucleosomes have multiple binding sites for Nhp6, and structural reorganization was associated with a concentration of Nhp6 about 10-fold higher than that needed for simple binding. We propose that the coordinated action of multiple Nhp6 molecules is required to convert nucleosomes to an alternative form as the first step in a two-step reorganization of nucleosomes with the second step being dependent on Spt16-Pob3. The presence of linker DNA had only subtle effects on these processes, indicating that both Nhp6 and yFACT act on core nucleosome structure rather than on the interaction between nucleosomes and adjacent DNA. These results suggest that Nhp6 and the related high mobility group B proteins may have a general role in promoting rearrangements of chromatin by initiating the destabilization of core nucleosomal structure.
Pertussis toxin attenuates intracranial morphine self-administration

Mu and delta opioid receptor subtypes are thought to mediate the reinforcing actions of opioids. Since these opioid receptors use pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive inhibitory G-proteins for signal transduction, we determined whether PTX would block the opioid reinforcement signals produced by intrahippocampal or intraventral tegmental area (VTA) injections of morphine in rats. Hippocampal PTX pretreatment prevented the acquisition of intrahippocampal morphine self-administration. Similarly, in rats previously trained to self-administer morphine in the VTA, PTX injections in the VTA abolished morphine self-administration behavior, while sparing behavior reinforced by food pellets. This result suggested that the toxin did not interfere generally with motor capacity but rather acted selectively to block morphine reinforcement. Inactivated PTX did not reduce VTA morphine self-administration, thus demonstrating that PTX blockade of opioid reinforcement is primarily due to enzymatic inactivation of inhibitory G-proteins. All these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that inhibitory G-proteins in the hippocampus and VTA mediate the reinforcing effects of opioid drugs.
Possibilities as cumulative subjective probabilities and a norm on the space of congruence classes of fuzzy numbers motivated by an expected utility functional

Abstract In our prior paper (Jamison and Lodwick, 1996) we defined a fuzzy function and discussed the theory for optimizing unconstrained fuzzy functions. In that paper we described the need for a measure for comparing different possibility distributions in order to determine the decision makers preference for one distribution over another. In this paper we develop one such measure. We begin by developing possibility distributions from a set of axioms to show that possibility levels can be viewed as cumulative subjective probabilities. We use this development to motivate a norm on the vector space of congruence classes of fuzzy numbers. This norm is based on an expected utility functional. We show that our normed space is complete if the supports of our fuzzy numbers are contained within a bounded subset of the real line.
Oxidation of monomethyl-L-tryptophan.

Abstract 1. 1. A method for the determination of formaldehyde and formic acid in the same sample is described. 2. 2. One mole of oxygen was taken up and one mole of formaldehyde was produced when one mole of monomethyl- l -tryptophan was oxidized by a partially purified demethylase. 3. 3. It is postulated that formaldehyde produced from monomethyl- l -tryptophan is converted into formic acid in liver and kidney. 4. 4. Formic acid added to homogenates of rat liver and kidney disappeared at a significant rate.
Cervical cancer control for Hispanic women in Texas: Strategies from research and practice

Abstract Objective Hispanic women in Texas have among the highest rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality in the country. Increasing regular Papanicolaou test screening and HPV vaccination are crucial to reduce the burden of cervical cancer among Hispanics. This paper presents lessons learned from community-based cervical cancer control programs for Hispanics and highlights effective intervention programs, methods and strategies. Methods We reviewed and summarized cervical cancer control efforts targeting Hispanic women, focusing on interventions developed by researchers at the University of Texas, School of Public Health. We identified commonalities across programs, highlighted effective methods, and summarized lessons learned to help guide future intervention efforts. Results Community–academic partnerships were fundamental in all steps of program development and implementation. Programs reviewed addressed psychosocial, cultural, and access barriers to cervical cancer control among low-income Hispanic women. Intervention approaches included lay health worker (LHW) and navigation models and used print media, interactive tailored media, photonovellas, client reminders, one-on-one and group education sessions. Conclusions Small media materials combined with LHW and navigation approaches were effective in delivering Pap test screening and HPV vaccination messages and in linking women to services. Common theoretical methods included in these approaches were modeling, verbal persuasion, and facilitating access. Adaptation of programs to an urban environment revealed that intensive navigation was needed to link women with multiple access barriers to health services. Collectively, this review reveals 1) the importance of using a systematic approach for planning and adapting cervical cancer control programs; 2) advantages of collaborative academic–community partnerships to develop feasible interventions with broad reach; 3) the use of small media and LHW approaches and the need for tailored phone navigation in urban settings; and 4) coordination and technical assistance of community-based efforts as a way to maximize resources.
Turn-over of diglycerides during flight and rest in the moth Spodoptera frugiperda

In the unfed moth the diglyceride pool (0.5 mg.) is in a steady state during flight and rest. When the diglycerides were labelled, a specific activity-time curve showed that the pool turned over in approximately 1 hour during flight and in 6 hours during rest. The turn-over was sufficient to account for the energy used in flight as well as at rest, and is consistent with the hypothesis that diglycerides function in lipid transport. After flights sustained to exhaustion, radioactivity in diglycerides and in triglycerides had diminished, although the total amount of lipids was not lower than at rest. This suggests that flight stimulates the de novo synthesis of lipids.
Anaphylaxis: Underdiagnosed, Underreported, and Undertreated

Diagnostic criteria and administrative codes for anaphylaxis have evolved in recent years, partly reflecting the challenges in recognizing anaphylaxis and understanding its symptoms. Before the diagnostic criteria were disseminated by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network, several studies showed that a substantial proportion of anaphylaxis cases presenting to the emergency department (ED) were not recognized as such. Furthermore, epinephrine, the first-line treatment, was used in fewer than half of cases, especially if anaphylaxis was not diagnosed at the time. Although management practices may have improved since that time, anaphylaxis continues to be underrecognized and undertreated in the US. Of particular concern are findings that the majority of patients who visited the ED for an acute allergic reaction or anaphylaxis were not given a prescription for an epinephrine autoinjector, educated about avoiding the offending allergen, or advised to consult with an allergist. Improvements in the recognition and management of anaphylaxis have the potential to reduce the substantial burden that it currently places on the health care system. The articles in this supplement cover a wide range of issues surrounding anaphylaxis and seek to disseminate information helpful to health care professionals in general and primary care providers in particular.
Ethical and legal issues in pain research in cognitively impaired older adults

Research involving those with dementia is critical to informing best practices and improving the quality of their lives. Pain research in people with dementia is of particular interest because the prevalence of both dementia and painful conditions increases with age. Considerable evidence exists documenting inadequate assessment and treatment of pain in this vulnerable population. Unfortunately, research that supports best practices for assessing and treating pain in the cognitively impaired is limited with obstacles to conducting research. Obstacles to research in older adults, including those with cognitive impairment, have been highlighted along with an urgent call for increased research to promote quality pain care for all older adults. The aims of this paper are to provide an overview of major ethical challenges that can occur in pain research in cognitively impaired populations and to present potential solutions when preparing study protocols.
An expert system for the classification of wetlands: The wetland advisor

ABSTRACT An accepted taxonomic scheme for classification of wetlands is dynamically applied using expert systems technology. This approach is further enhanced by the use of rule-selected graphics, creating an on-line catalog for plant and wetland feature identification. Finally, a test site is examined with the advisor and the results are discussed.
Comparison of Procedures Used for Evaluating Sires Used in Artificial Insemination

Summary The correlations between evaluation procedures, based on deviations from contemporaries of first records and averages of records of daughters and a method currently used at the New York Dairy Records Processing Laboratory, are computed for records of daughters of 198 A.I. Holstein sires. These correlations are successively recalculated for number of daughters per sire greater than 20, 50, and 200. The relationships are relatively low when all sires are included in the analysis. For more than 50 daughters, a few correlations are large enough to warrant consideration of these procedures in sire evaluation when computing facilities are limited.
Menstrual Issues in Adolescents with Physical and Developmental Disabilities

Puberty and menstruation are difficult issues for teens with disabilities and for their families as well. Irregular bleeding, mood swings, and problems with hygiene often complicate the delicate balance in the lives of these adolescents. The care provider is asked to help with the pubertal transition and the issues surrounding menstruation and reproductive health. This review will concentrate on the issues concerning menstruation that need special focus in teens with developmental disability (DD). The impact of the menstrual cycle on these teenagers, including hygiene issues, menstrual irregularities due to specific clinical circumstances, and treatment dilemmas associated with the use of hormonal medication will be discussed for this special group of teens.
Implications of secondary structure in messenger RNA.

Abstract The physical properties and nucleotide sequences of some messenger RNA molecules suggest the presence of extensive base-paired secondary structure. This paper evaluates the evolutionary conflict between this secondary structure and the encoded amino acid sequence, and concludes that selection pressure for specific base-pairing in a messenger RNA severely limits its coding potential.
lα, 25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 RECEPTOR IN THE X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC MOUSE.

We have attempted to determine i f the resistance of the X-linked hypophosphatemic mouse to the actions of 1.25(0H)2D3 is due to abnormal cytosolic receptors for this hormone. Cytoplasmic 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [l,25(0H)2D3] receptors were demonstrated in hypophosphatemic (HYP) mouse tissues including intestine, kidney and testis. Cytosol preparations from 14 murine tissues were prepared using hypertonic buffer and incubated for three hours at 0 C with 1,25(OH)2 [23,24(n);-3H]D3 ([3H]-1,25(0H)2D3). The results of studies using 5–20% sucrose density gradients revealed that cytosol preparations from intestine, kidney and testis exhibited a 3.2 S peak which was specific for l,25(0H)2D3. Scatchard analysis of intestinal, renal and t 6e s t i - cular cytoso'l preparations of Hyp mice revealed a single class of noninteracting binding sites with a range of equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) of 0.9–3.5 × 10-1010M,and a r a nge of specific binding sites of 15–317 fmol/mg protein. There were no significant d...
Quality Curriculum and Instruction for Highly Able Students

(2005). Quality Curriculum and Instruction for Highly Able Students. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 44, Gifted Education, pp. 160-166.
Prototype Testing of Intelligent Stiffener for Bridges at I-35 Walnut Creek Bridge

There is an evident need to develop technologies to extend the useful life of bridges. A recent report to the U.S. Congress indicates that approximately 25 percent of U.S. bridges are rated as deficient, with an estimated cost of $7 billion per year for the next 26 years to rebuild or replace those bridges. The Center for Structural Control at the University of Oklahoma has been engaged in a multiyear effort to develop smart technologies that extend the useful service life of bridges. The research effort has culminated in the development of an intelligent stiffener for bridges (ISB) that can be retrofitted to an existing bridge. Results indicate that the ISB system can add decades of service life to an existing bridge. The ISB consists of an otherwise generic stiffener retrofitted to a bridge. The stiffener is unique in that it is equipped with an adjustable hydraulic link that is used to regulate the amount of stiffness (and damping) provided by the stiffener as vehicles pass over the bridge, acting much...
Exposure of CR-39 plastic to the bevalac Mn beam

CR-39 plastic nuclear track detector has been exposed to a fragmented beam of 25Mn nuclei in order to calibrate plastics used in a recent ballon flight. Response to the 1.75 GeV/amu Mn beam and the fragments produced in a polyethylene target was determined as reduced etch rate S = 0.0746 (Zs)0.95 for s = 0.93 and 18 ⩽ Z ⩽ 25. Charge resolution in the plastic at the Mn peak was found to be 0.14 charge units. A measurement of partial inelastic cross-sections for 18 ⩽ Z ⩽ 25 yielded qualitative agreement with other measurements.
Fragmentation of photomodified oligodeoxynucleotides adducted with metal ions in an electrospray-ionization ion-trap mass spectrometer

We report the effect of metal—ion adduction on the fragmentation of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) bearing DNA photoproducts. When protons on backbone phosphates of ODNs are completely replaced with metal ions, cleavages occur readily within the photoproduct moiety, whereas those cleavages do not occur in photomodified ODNs in which the phosphates are associated with protons. For example, thymine/adenine (TA*) photoproducts revert to their undamaged precursors upon collisional activation, the pyrimidine(6-4)pyrimidone product and its Dewar valence isomer show a characteristic neutral loss of C4H3NO3, and dimeric adenine photoproducts show a distinctive loss of NH2CN from the adenine six-membered ring. The product—ion mass spectra of photodamaged ODNs that are adducted to metal ions are complementary in terms of structure information to those spectra of ODNs in which the phosphates are associated with protons. The results also demonstrate that the energy required for strand cleavages is higher for ODNs adducted with metal ions than that for ODNs bound with protons. Furthermore, the loss of a pyrimidine is more favorable than the loss of a purine in the fragmentation of ODNs associated with metal ions.
Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Penetration of Loaded Apertures

Low-frequency (quasi-static) electromagnetic penetration of an aperture can be reduced by loading the aperture with a conductive film or a bonded-junction wire mesh. A quantitative analysis of this phenomenon is carried out in this paper for a loaded circular aperture in a perfectly conducting ground plane of infinite transverse extent. Contact resistance between the aperture loading and the rim is taken into account. The quasi-static magnetic-field problem and the electrostatic field problem from which the aperture polarizabilities and penetrant fluxes are determined are shown to reduce to the problem of solving a single Fredholm integral equation. Exact (numerical) and approximate (variational) solutions to this integral equation are obtained, and the latter are used to represent the polarizabilities and penetrant fluxes by simple analytical formulas and equivalent circuits. These representations are found to be quite accurate when the contact resistance is not too large
Comparison of Birkeland current observations during two magnetic cloud events with MHD simulations

Low altitude field-aligned current densities obtained from global magnetospheric simulations are compared with two-dimensional distributions of Birkeland currents at the topside ionosphere derived from magnetic field observations by the constellation of Iridium satellites. We present the analysis of two magnetic cloud events, 17–19 August 2003 and 19–21 March 2001, where the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) rotates slowly (~10°/h) to avoid time-aliasing in the magnetic perturbations used to calculate the Birkeland currents. In the August 2003 event the IMF rotates from southward to northward while maintaining a negative IMF B y during much of the interval. During the March 2001 event the IMF direction varies from dawnward to southward to duskward. We find that the distributions of the Birkeland current densities in the simulations agree qualitatively with the observations for northward IMF. For southward IMF, the dayside Region-1 currents are reproduced in the simulation, but appear on average 5° further poleward of their observed location, while the nightside Region-1 currents and the Region-2 currents are largely under-represented. Comparison of the observed and simulated Birkeland current distributions, which are intimately related to the plasma drifts at the ionosphere, shows that the ionospheric convection pattern in the MHD model and its dependence on the IMF orientation is essentially correct. The Birkeland total currents in the simulations are about a factor of 2 larger than observed during southward IMF. For B z >0 the disparity in the total current is reduced and the simulations for purely northward IMF agree with the observations to within 10%. The disparities in the magnitudes of the Birkeland currents between the observations and the simulation results are a combined effect of the simulation overestimating the ionospheric electric field and of the Iridium fits underestimating the magnetic perturbations. The marginal difference in the latitude resolution of the ionospheric grids in the simulations and the observations is shown to have only secondary effect on the magnitudes of the Birkeland currents. The electric potentials in the simulation for southward IMF periods are twice as large as those obtained from measurements of the plasma drift velocities by DMSP, implying that the reconnection rates in the simulation are too large.
Increased capillary supply in skeletal muscle of guinea pigs acclimated to cold.

Abstract The ATPase technique was used to visualize blood capillaries and to study fiber composition in 10-μm transverse sections of guinea pig gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. A control group of newborn, weanling, juvenile and adult male guinea pigs (GP) (BW = 89−1274 g) was studied in a 20–24 °C environment (22 °C GP) while 2–3 week old animals were exposed continuously to 5 °C for 2–18 weeks before sacrifice (5 °C GP) (BW = 239−1074 g). Both weight gain was not affected by cold exposure; however, the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of the 5 °C GP grew at a slower rate than did the muscles of the 22 °C GP. The equations relating fiber cross sectional area (FCSA) and muscle weight (MW) were not different between the 22 °C GP and 5 °C GP for the soleus and gastrocnemius. Therefore, in both muscles at the same BW, FCSA was smaller in the 5 °C GP than in the 22 °C GP. In both of the two muscles of each group, capillary density (CD) decreased hyperbolically with increasing FCSA, while the capillary to fiber ratio (C/F) and the average number of capillaries around each fiber (CAF) increased linearly with increasing FCSA. The regression lines for CD, C/F and CAF versus FCSA for both muscles were parallel between groups, but at any FCSA, the CD, C/F and CAF were greater in the 5 °C GP than in the 22 °C GP. Percent fiber composition of the gastrocnemii of the 22 °C GP and 5 °C GP were not different; however, at the same FCSA each fiber type had a greater capillary supply in the 5 °C GP. The increased capillarity in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of the 5 °C GP suggests an improved capacity for oxygenation, a response which would correlate well with the increased oxygen utilization during prolonged cold exposure.
THE ACCURACY OF COMPUTER ALGORITHMS IN DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS

We study the mathematical accuracy of computer algorithms used to produce pictures of Julia sets by analyzing two representatives cases of the complex exponential function. We first define the Julia set and give the simple algorithm used for the exponential function. We then define what it means for a picture to be "right" and consider the two totally different Julia sets of E0.3(z) = 0.3ez and E(z) = ez. We use a simple expansion argument together with the properties of the exponential function to show that each of these pictures is correct.
Evaluation of DNA extraction methods for the detection of Cytomegalovirus in dried blood spots.

Abstract Background Dried blood spots (DBS) are collected universally from newborns and may be valuable for the diagnosis of congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. The reported analytical sensitivity for DBS testing compared to urine or saliva varies greatly across CMV studies. The purpose of this study was to directly compare the performance of various DNA extraction methods for identification of CMV in DBS including those used most often in CMV studies. Study design Whatman ® Grade 903 filter paper cards were spotted with blood samples from 25 organ transplant recipients who had confirmed CMV viremia. Six DNA extraction methods were compared for relative yield of viral and cellular DNA: 2 manual solution-based methods (Gentra Puregene, thermal shock), 2 manual silica column-based methods (QIAamp DNA Mini, QIAamp DNA Investigator), and 2 automated methods (M48 MagAttract Mini, QIAcube Investigator). DBS extractions were performed in triplicate followed by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Results For extraction of both viral and cellular DNA, two methods (QIAamp DNA Investigator and thermal shock) consistently gave the highest yields, and two methods (M48 MagAttract Mini and QIAamp DNA Mini) consistently gave the lowest yields. There was an average 3-fold difference in DNA yield between the highest and lowest yield methods. Conclusion The choice of DNA extraction method is a major factor in the ability to detect low levels of CMV in DBS and can largely account for the wide range of DBS sensitivities reported in studies to date.
High efficiency 15–500MHz wideband cascode GaN HEMT MMIC amplifiers

Two broadband VHF MMIC power amplifiers using GaN HEMT transistors are described in this paper. The first circuit exhibits a PAE ranging from 85% to 51% in the 15MHz - 500MHz bandwidth. The second circuit is a self-biased design and demonstrates a peak PAE of 75% at 100MHz for 13.5W output power in a similar bandwidth. The self biased topology enables a higher bias voltage and therefore higher output power. The 3.3 decade bandwidth operation is accomplished by choosing the device size to match the 50-Ω load thus avoiding any additional matching circuit. The results in this paper demonstrate the usefulness of GaN on SiC technology at VHF/UHF frequencies with fully integrated circuits operating at high output power and efficiency.