cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphology and morphogenesis of a coronavirus infecting intestinal epithelial cells of newborn calves.

Abstract The morphology and morphogenesis of virus strain LY-138 recovered from neonatal diarrheic calves were investigated by electron microscopy using negativestaining techniques and ultrathin sectioning. Purified viral particles were spherical in shape and measured 90 nm in average diameter in negatively stained preparations. Pleomorphic forms were also present. The virions had envelopes with petal-shaped projections characteristic of coronaviruses. In ultrathin sections, cores in viral factories were round with a diameter of 50–60 nm. Most of these cores were electron dense but some had an electron-lucent center. In cytoplasmic vacuoles, Golgi vesicles, and on the apical plasmalemma of intestinal epithelial cells, the virions were round or ellipsoidal in shape, measuring 70–80 nm in diameter, and had fine thread-like projections on their surfaces. Uptake of virus occurred through fusion of viral envelopes with the plasmalemma of the microvillous border or by entry into intercellular spaces and interaction with the lateral cell membranes of adjacent intestinal epithelial cells. As a result of this interaction, the lateral cell membranes became altered and ill-defined. During the early stage of infection, the rough andasmooth elements of the endoplasmic reticulum became distended with electron-dense granulofibrillar material. This material accumulated subsequently as well-defined, smooth membrane-bound areas mainly in the apical cytoplasm of infected cells. These structures were considered to be viral factories. The morphogenesis of virus occurred mainly through condensation of the electron-dense, granulo-fibrillar material into viral cores in cytoplasmic viral factories or within the distended cisternes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Viral envelopment occurred on membranes of cytoplasmic vacuoles, Golgi vesicles, or in association with membranes of viral factories. Release of virus from infected cells occurred by lysis and fragmentation of the apical plasmalemma and flow of the cytoplasm with its contents into the gut lumen. Release also occurred by digestion and lysis of extruded infected cells or by fusion of virus-containing cytoplasmic vacuoles with the apical plasmalemma and liberation of their contents.
Visualizing Large, Heterogeneous Data in Hybrid-Reality Environments

Constructing integrative visualizations that simultaneously cater to a variety of data types is challenging. Hybrid-reality environments blur the line between virtual environments and tiled display walls. They incorporate high-resolution, stereoscopic displays, which can be used to juxtapose large, heterogeneous datasets while providing a range of naturalistic interaction schemes. They thus empower designers to construct integrative visualizations that more effectively mash up 2D, 3D, temporal, and multivariate datasets.
Energetics of Mesoporous Silica: Investigation into Pore Size and Symmetry

Two families of calcined highly ordered mesoporous silicas, designed as M41S (MCM-41 and MCM-48) and SBA-n (SBA-15 and SBA-16), are investigated in a wide range of pore sizes from 2.1 to 26.4 nm by high-temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry using lead borate solvent at 974 K. These data are consistent with and extend our earlier studies of zeolite microporous and of mesoporous silicas. The formation enthalpies observed are 19.0−31.4 kJ/mol less exothermic than that of quartz and correlate linearly with pore size for a given structure type. Small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering, nitrogen adsorption (BET), thermogravimetric analysis, and 29Si NMR are employed to give insight into structure and symmetry. The enthalpy differences among samples are discussed in terms of symmetry and structural (point and ring) defects in the materials.
Phosphorus Geochemistry in the Sediment-Water Column of a Hypereutrophic Lake

The role of sediment biogeochemistry on diffusive flux of inorganic P was examined under laboratory conditions using intact sediment cores obtained from a subtropical hypereutrophic lake. The effect of light and dark conditions in the water column on soluble P flux from sediments was measured over a period of 1 yr. Soluble reactive P (SRP) level in the overlying water column was low ( 9.5. This was attributed to two processes: (i) P desorption from Fe oxides and hydroxides due to exchange with OH-, and (ii) precipitation of P as hydroxyapatite. Phosphorus release from sediments was also shown to be highly correlated to the concentration gradient of P in the interstitial waters (Kamp-Nielsen, 1974) and to temperature (Holdren and Armstrong, 1980). Sequential chemical extraction procedures have been widely used to characterize sediment P. Chang and Jackson (1957) tirst developed a P-fractionation scheme for soils. Williams et al. (1971) modified the procedure so that it ~liscriminated Feand Al-bound P from that associated with Ca; however, their fractionation scheme included the use of CDB, which also extracts about one-third of the P from C phosphate minerals such as apatite (Hieltjes and Lijklema, 1980). Modifications of this procedure by Hieltjes and Lijklema (1980) and by Van Eck (1982) suggested using NH4C1 for loosely bound P, NaOH for Feand A1bound P, and HC1 tbr Ca-bound P. Bostrom et al. (1982) reported that fi~w papers are available that combine studies on fractional distribution of P with studies on associated P release from sediments. Solubility measur,~ments provide an alternative method for characterizing the stability of P minerals in lake sediments. In Fe-dominated systems that are oxidized, ferrosoferric hydroxyphosphates have been reported to be the most stable minerals (Nriagu and Dell, 1974), whereas vivianite is the dominant phase under reduced conditions (Nriagu and Dell, 1974; Emerson and Widmer, 1978). Golterman (1982) dicated that apatite equilibrium may also influence P concentrations in calcareous lakes. However, apatite formation may be hindered by the presence of Mg (Martens and Harris,;, 1970), carbonate (Stumm Leckie, 1970) and organic acids (Inskeep and Silvertooth, 1988), or by the absence of calcite surfaces or seed crystals (Griffin and Jurinak, 1973, 1974). Lake Apopka, located in central Florida, is a shallow lake (mean water depth of 2 m) that is currently hypereutrophic as a result of nutrient loadings from external (agricultural d:rainage from adjacent vegetable farms and runoff from nearby citrus groves) and internal (sediment) sources (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1979a). Heavy N and P loadings from
Yield loss in lithographic patterning at the 65nm node and beyond

Parametric yield loss is an increasing fraction of total yield loss. Much of this originates in lithography in the form of pattern-limited yield. In particular, the ITRS has identified CD control at the 65nm technology node as a potential roadblock with no known solutions. At 65nm, shrinking design rules and narrowing process windows will become serious yield limiters. In high-volume production, corrections based on lot averages will have diminished correlation to device yield because APC systems will dramatically reduce error at the lot and wafer levels. As a result, cross-wafer and cross-field errors will dominate the systematic variation on 300mm wafers. Much of the yield loss will arise from hidden systematic variation, including intra-wafer dose and focus errors that occur during lithographic exposure. In addition, corollary systematic variation in the profiles of critical high-aspect-ratio structures will drive requirements for vertical process control. In this work, we model some of the potential yield losses and show how sensitive focus-exposure monitors and spectroscopic ellipsometry can be used to reduce the impact of hidden error on pattern limited yield, adding tens of millions of dollars in additional revenue per factory per year.
Effect of acute metabolic acidemia on renal electrolyte transport in man.

The effect of acute NH4C1-induced metabolic acidemia on renal electrolyte excretion was examined in nine healthy subjects during steady state water diuresis. Following oral NH4C1, venous pH and bicarbonate concentration declined significantly (p < 0.01) while inulin and PAH clearances remained unchanged. Mean sodium excretion (UNaV) increased from 142 ± 16 μeq/min (mean ± SEM) to 310 ± 49 μeq/min (p < 0.01) at 8 hr without change in plasma aldosterone or renin levels. Urine flow remained unchanged while CH2O(CH2O + CCl) declined significantly, suggesting that acute metabolic acidemia inhibits sodium transport in the distal nephron. Similar results were observed in two subjects with central diabetes insipidus. Three subjects restudied following the ingestion of an equivalent amount of chloride administered as NaCl, failed to demonstrate a significant rise in UNaV.UKV fell acutely from 91 ± 13 to 45 ± 5 μeq/min (p < 0.001) despite an increase in serum potassium concentration. No change in plasma insulin was observed. UCaV rose from 66 ± 15 to 143 ± 18 μg/min and fractional excretion of calcium increased from 0.55 ± 0.13 to 1.24 ± 0.21% (p < 0.001). Total serum calcium fell slightly, but ionized calcium rose from 3.99 ± 0.05 to 4.30 ± 0.03 mg/dl (p < 0.001). No change in nephrogenous cyclic (cAMP) excretion was observed. In conclusion, acute metabolic acidemia in man (1) inhibits sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron independent of changes in plasma aldosterone concentration, filtered chloride load, or volume expansion; (2) inhibits potassium excretion despite a rise in serum potassium concentration; and (3) inhibits tubular calcium reabsorption independent of changes in parathyroid hormone (as reflected by urinary cAMP).
The microdetermination of dissolved oxygen in water. III titrimetric determination of iodine in sub-microgramme amounts†

A sensitive electrical circuit is described for use with all-platinum or tungsten/platinum electrodes in the amperometric titration of iodine. The procedure described is sensitive to 0·01 μg. of iodine in 100 ml. of solution. The presence of up to at least 2 p.p.m. of ferrous, ferric and cupric ions causes no interference. Thiosulphate and iodate solutions of concentration 10−5N can be accurately prepared by successive dilution of 0·1N solutions. Titration of 100 ml. of 10−7N-thiosulphate with 10−5N-iodate is reproducible and practicable.
SV40 Neutralizing Antibodies in Sera of US Residents without History of Polio Immunization

SIMIAN virus 40 (SV40) is a natural infection of rhesus and some other Asiatic macaques1 and has no known natural host in the United States. It is therefore difficult to account for our finding of antibodies neutralizing SV40 in the sera of some elderly persons in the United States who do not have a history of immunization with any vaccine prepared in rhesus kidney cultures. The only recognized exposure of the US population to this virus occurred when poliovirus and adenovirus vaccines prepared in rhesus kidney cultures and administered to a large number of people were later found to have been contaminated with SV40 (ref. 1). The chief exposure occurred between 1955 and 1961 through the use of Salk vaccine, and it is known that subcutaneous administration of SV40 gives a long-lasting antibody response2.
Characteristics of ion-implanted hybrid voltage-variable capacitors

Hybrid voltage-variable capacitors were fabricated with hyperabrupt ion-implanted doping profiles. The capacitance uniformity was within 2% over the operating voltage range. Losses in the low-bias-voltage range were reduced by a factor of 3 by a 475°C anneal in N2?H2. A small bias-temperature instability was observed.
Monitored lighting energy savings from dimmable lighting controls in The New York Times Headquarters Building

Abstract Digital addressable, dimmable lighting controls were introduced to the US market in the early 2000s with the promise of energy savings while allowing greater flexibility than their analog counterpart. The New York Times Company installed this emerging technology, after thorough pre-procurement testing, in their new building in New York, NY. Four years after full occupancy (2007), the owner agreed to participate in post-occupancy monitoring of the lighting system to verify actual performance. Annual lighting energy savings from daylighting, setpoint tuning and occupancy controls were determined for the daylit, open-plan office areas on three typical floors (6th, 11th, and 20th) of the 51-story tower. Energy savings were calculated from data recorded by the lighting control system, after calibration through independent energy consumption measurements. Savings from dimming controls (daylighting and setpoint tuning) were 12.6 kWh/m2 yr for the daylit spaces on the three floors overall, or 20%, relative to ASHRAE 90.1-2007. Against the prescriptive code in effect at the time of the building's construction (ASHRAE 90.1-2001), savings were 21.0 kWh/m2 yr or 28%. Annual lighting energy use with all lighting control strategies was 33.9 kWh/m2 yr in the daylit, open plan zones on average for the three floors. A simple payback analysis was conducted.
Applications of FTIR Spectroscopy to Supercritical Fluid Drying, Extraction and Impregnation

INTRODUCTION Most applications of infrared (IR) spectroscopy deal with samples in one of the three states of matter: gases, liquids and solids. In this context, IR spectroscopy of liquefied or high-pressure gases has never been considered as a study of a distinct state of matter. The term “supercritical fluid” has been used so frequently in the past few years that it could imply, to some inexperienced readers, that one is dealing with a state of matter which is neither gas nor liquid. However, if a supercritical fluid (SCF) is defined as a substance above its critical pressure and temperature, there is still no distinction between a highpressure gas and an SCF because, under all circumstances, such a fluid will occupy the full volume of its container, demonstrating behavior typical of a gas.
Ligand substitution in HC(O)CCo3(CO)9 with 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-4-cyclopenten-1,3-dione (bpcd): Diphosphine ligand fluxionality, decarbonylation of the formyl moiety and competitive P–Ph bond cleavage reactivity

Abstract The reaction of the formyl-capped cluster HC(O)CCo3(CO)9 (1) with the diphosphine ligand 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-4-cyclopenten-1,3-dione (bpcd) in the presence of added Me3NO leads to the production of the disubstituted cluster HC(O)CCo3(CO)7(bpcd) (2). Thermolysis of 2 in toluene at 60 °C gives the methylidyne-capped cluster HCCo3(CO)7(bpcd) (4) and the phosphido-bridged cluster Co3(CO)7[μ2,η2,η1-P(Ph)C C(PPh2)C(O)CH2C(O)] (5). Cluster 4 has been independently prepared from HCCo3(CO)9 and bpcd and shown to serve as the precursor to 5. The new clusters 2, 4, and 5 have been isolated and characterized in solution by IR and NMR (1H and 31P) spectroscopies and their solid-state structures have been established by X-ray diffraction analyses. Both clusters 2 and 4 contain 48e- and exhibit triangular Co3 cores with a chelating and bridging bpcd ligand in the solid state, respectively. The structure of 5 provides unequivocal support for the loss of the methylidyne capping ligand and P–Ph bond cleavage attendant in the activation of 4 and confirms the presence of the face capping seven-electron μ2,η2,η1-P(Ph)C C(PPh2)C(O)CH2C(O) ligand in the final product. The fluxionality displayed by the bpcd ligand in clusters 2 and 4 and the decarbonylation behavior of the formyl moiety in the former cluster are discussed relative to related alkylidyne-capped Co3 derivatives.
Effect of chemically induced diabetes mellitus on glutamine transport in rat intestine

The effect of chemically induced diabetes mellitus on the intestinal transport of glutamine was examined using a brush-border membrane vesicle technique. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (100 mg/kg body weight). Control and diabetic rats were studied 5 days following the induction of diabetes. Na(+)-dependent and Na(+)-independent glutamine (0.5 mM) transport was found to be significantly higher in the diabetic rats than in the control rats. This increase was found to be caused by a significant increase in the Vmax of the Na(+)-dependent and the Na(+)-independent glutamine transport processes in the diabetic rats (Vmax of 3742 +/- 487 and 2055 +/- 279 pmol/mg protein per 7 s, respectively) compared with that of the control rats (2183 +/- 75 and 1271 +/- 83 pmol/mg protein per 7 s, respectively). The apparent Km values of glutamine transport systems, on the other hand, were similar in the two rat groups. Insulin treatment of the diabetic rats significantly reduced the Vmax of glutamine transport by both the Na(+)-dependent and the Na(+)-independent processes to a level similar to that of the control rats (Vmax in the insulin-treated diabetic rats of 2036 +/- 123 and 1247 +/- 105 pmol/mg protein per 7 s, respectively). This study demonstrates that chemically induced diabetes mellitus is associated with an increase in intestinal glutamine transport. This increase is the result of the diabetic condition itself and appears to be mediated through an increase in the number of the transport carriers of glutamine.
Electron spin resonance study of irradiated bone and its constituents

Abstract Rat femora, fetal calf cancellous and compact bone, demineralized bovine cortical bone, human enamel, and various synthetic calcium phosphates were x-irradiated at 105 °K and examined by electron spin resonance spectroscopy at various temperatures. All mineral-containing specimens exhibited a complex main signal and two satellite resonance lines attributed to trapped hydrogen atoms. Satellite signals from mineral samples with large crystal sizes showed a fine detail probably due to proton interaction, possibly from hydroxide ions. Noncrystalline calcium phosphate yielded spectra different from those of crystalline apatite, and percentage crystallinity measurements based on these differences indicated that bone tissue contains both of these phases. Low-temperature spectra of demineralized bone protein and young rat femora exhibited poor resolution attributed to interference by collagen degradation products in the former and noncollagenous proteins in the latter case. Resonance signals from mechanical mixtures of organic bone matrix and synthetic calcium phosphates differed qualitatively and quantitatively from those of bone tissue itself. These data indicate that a transfer of free radical electron spin energy may take place between bone mineral and bone protein. Thus it is suggested that there is an intimate interaction, perhaps through chemical bonding, between the organic and mineral phases of skeletal tissue.
Efficient prediction of RF interference in a shielding enclosure with PCBs using a general segmentation method

Cavity model with segmentation method is extended to the analysis of radio frequency interference (RFI) problems in a shielding enclosure with printed circuit boards (PCBs) . Sixteen different Green's functions, instead of one in the conventional segmentation method developed for PCB cavities, are introduced to describe the fields in various cavities formed by enclosure walls and PCB copper planes. Both horizontal and vertical connections among these cavities are achieved by enforcing the boundary conditions along their common interfaces. Numerical examples demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the method by compared with full wave simulations.
Where Bad Teeth Come From: Culture and Causal Force

This study tests hypotheses about the origins of bad teeth and good teeth. In the process, we show how cultures exert "causal force" and produce what, following the lead of the dental professionals and dental patients who served as our research participants, we call "bad teeth." We conducted a mixed method ethnography that integrated narratives from one set of diverse research participants (n=39) with structured interviews from a different set of diverse participants (n=288). The population studied shares a single cultural understanding organized around the assumption that oral health constitutes a cosmetic not a disease category. Quality of life standards, however, varied with work cultures and oral health prevention behaviors reflected cultural norms that bear on appearance. This variation produces the apparent paradox that the use of oral health services increases with access but may decrease with objective need. Improved oral health may require social marketing that stresses both the socially enhancin...
Fiber optic ultrasound generator using periodic gold nanopattern fabricated by focused ion beam

Ultrasound generation on optical fiber based on photoacoustic principle is a promising approach for many advanced ultrasonic applications, which require wide bandwidth and compact size in order to achieve high resolution as well as the capability of being operated in limited space. This paper reports a fiber optic photoacoustic ultrasound generator using gold nanopattern. The gold nanopattern with high absorption efficiency was fabricated using focused ion beam (FIB) on the fiber endface, which was excited by a nanosecond laser to generate ultrasound signals via the photoacoustic principle. Experimental results demonstrated that ultrasound signals can be generated by this approach and the fiber optic ultrasound generator can be used in the advanced ultrasonic applications.
A legal look at the retention-promotion controversy

Abstract The authors find that courts generally defer to the promotion-retention decisions of school officials. However, courts may demand officials to provide additional justification for retention decisions based on a single criteria and are likely to overturn school retention decisions based on a single criteria that have a disproportionate impact on minority students.
Vortex-antivortex lattice in ultracold fermionic gases.

We discuss ultracold Fermi gases in two dimensions, which could be realized in a strongly confining one-dimensional optical lattice. We obtain the temperature versus effective interaction phase diagram for an $s$-wave superfluid and show that, below a certain critical temperature ${T}_{c}$, spontaneous vortex-antivortex pairs appear for all coupling strengths. In addition, we show that the evolution from weak-to-strong coupling is smooth, and that the system forms a square vortex-antivortex lattice at a lower critical temperature ${T}_{M}$.
Increase in the relative rate of synthesis of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in the nucleus locus coeruleus elicited by reserpine.

— Three days following a single injection of reserpine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) the activity and amount of dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) are increased nearly 2-fold in the noradrenergic cell bodies of the nucleus locus coeruleus of rat. To determine if this increased accumulation of DBH is due to an increased rate of enzyme synthesis, [3H]amino acids were infused into the IVth ventricle of reserpine-and saline-injected rats. This method was 35 times more effective than intracisternal infusion and 600 times more effective than intravenous infusion. DBH protein was isolated from the locus coeruleus by immunoprecipitation and SDS-electrophoresis. These steps proved crucial for the complete isolation of DBH from other labelled proteins. Indeed, only 10–15% of the immunoprecipitate was finally identified as labelled DBH protein. The rate of incorporation of [3H]leucine into DBH protein of locus coeruleus was increased to 181%, of control following reserpine, whereas that into TCA-precipitable protein was unchanged. A similar result was obtained using [3H]lysine. In contrast, the apparent half-life of the enzyme did not change following reserpine. The relative rate of synthesis of DBH ([3H]DBH/3H-total protein), denoting selectivity of response, was increased in the locus coeruleus of reserpine-treated rats to 154% of control (P < 0.01). These findings indicate that increased synthesis accounts for the observed increase in DBH protein in the locus coeruleus following reserpine administration.
Evidence for ionization-related conformational differences of peptide ions in a quadrupole ion trap

The differences in boundary-activated dissociation (BAD) onsets have been investigated for peptide ions that were generated by two different ionization techniques, nanoflow electros-pray ionization (nanoESI) and liquid secondary-ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS). BAD onsets of these ions were determined to compare the relative internal energies of the ions. Protonated peptide ions formed by nanoESI had lower BAD onsets than ions formed by LSIMS. The BAD onsets of peptides derivatized to have a fixed charge on the N-terminus also were lower for those generated by nanoESI than those generated by LSIMS. The BAD onsets of ions formed by nanoESI did not change with the variation of collisional cooling periods after gating ions into the ion trap and after isolating them prior to dissociation, indicating that the ions formed by the two ionization techniques would not adopt the same energy distributions. It is proposed that the ions formed by the two techniques differ in secondary structure, and the LSIMS ions are collisionally cooled to a lower local minimum along the potential energy surface than the nanoESI ions. Ions formed by both techniques show the same dissociation patterns, so assuming the absolute energy required for dissociation is the same, the LSIMS ions possess a higher critical energy of dissociation. This leads to the observation of the higher BAD onset.
A new genus and species of chigger (acari: Trombiculidae) from the Philippine Islands

Abstract A new genus of chigger, Octasternala, from bats, Taphozous philippinensis, from Negros Island is proposed to accommodate the new species O. taphozousa. The genus is diagnosed and the species described.
The predictive validity of typical and maximal personality measures in self-reports and peer reports

Recent investigations have suggested that personality measures based on a maximal format are superior to those based on a typical format. The results of the present study suggest that peer reports and self-reports of a subject's maximal expression of aggression are more reliable predictors of the subject's laboratory behavior thm are their reports of the subject's typical expression of aggression. Recently, trait approaches to personality theory and assessment have been seriously questioned. Extensive arguments have been expressed by Mischel (1968, 1971, 1973), who contends that situational factors are more influential than personality traits in predicting criterion behaviors. In support of his hypothesis, Mischel cites numerous cases where correlations between responses made in different situations by the same person are consistently low (.24 to .34). Mischel has challenged long-standing assumptions about the nature of person­ ality and, while his conclusions have not been universally accepted (e.g., Alker, 1972; Bowers, 1973), Mischel's arguments have stimulated investigations into how the predictive validity of self-report measures might be enhanced (Turner, 1978; Willerman, Turner, & Peterson, 1976). In an attempt to increase the predictive validity of
Jovian seismic waves and their detection

The impacts of the pieces of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 should generate strong waves and fronts. Those that start out downward within a few degrees of vertical can travel large distances before reaching the surface again, and may probe to depths (13000 km) as great as the metallic-hydrogen boundary. It is shown that the wave fronts should be detectable through their stratospheric heating and cooling, by imaging in the 7.8 µm band of CH4, which is very temperature sensitive (radiance ∝ T12.3). In addition to the “seismic” waves, the experiment should be able to detect slower-moving ducted acoustic waves near the tropopause and still slower gravity waves.
Revisit of MALDI for small proteins

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) was used for several small proteins (such as insulin) and for peptides. It was found that the detection efficiencies of MALDI for the insulin B chain and the insulin A chain are drastically different. Similar phenomena were also observed for various types of peptides. The positive-ion signal of MALDI in detecting proteins or peptides was found to be greatly enhanced by the presence of a basic amino acid in their chains. The experimental results indicate that this enhancement may arise from proton transfer in solution by an acid-base reaction between the protein/peptide and matrix molecule. This pre-protonated mechanism provides a low energy barrier for the ionization of peptides in a MALDI process, and greatly reduces the energy threshold of MALDI. Matrix effects on the ionization mechanism are discussed.
Insulin therapy versus cell-based therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus: what lies ahead?

Current approaches to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus can be divided into three categories: insulin therapy, cell-based therapy and modification of the autoimmune process associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Comparing the benefits, risk and challenges of insulin therapy and cell-based therapy, the author of this Viewpoint discusses the prospects for these two therapeutic approaches.
The relation between posture and movement: A study of a simple synergy in a two-joint task

Abstract Human subjects performed fast, discrete elbow or wrist flexion or extension movements in a sagittal plane under the instruction to move one of the joints “as fast as possible”. We hypothesize that, when an instruction requires voluntary movement in only one joint, the muscles controlling the other, postural joint will display changes in their levels of activation tightly coupled to the primary movement, i.e. a postural synergy. Joint angles and electromyographic (EMG) signals from two flexor and two extensor muscles were recorded and analyzed. Both muscle pairs demonstrated commonly observed tri-phasic EMG patterns. The elbow flexor and the wrist flexor tended to demonstrate simultaneous EMG bursts, while the elbow extensor and the wrist extensor also showed similar patterns of activation. This was confirmed by both visual analysis and also cross-correlation analysis of the EMG pairs. The timing of the antagonist burst in postural muscles frequently coincided with shortening of the muscle and thus could not be attributed to the action of the local reflexes to muscle stretch. We consider the EMG patterns in postural muscles to be primarily of a central origin. We suggest that the formation of postural synergies (postural anticipation) may be not a separate process, but a separate peripheral pattern of a single control process that may involve a number of joints and muscles.
Characterization of Cr-Curcumin Complex by Differential Pulse Voltammetry and UV-Vis Spectrophotometry

Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) and UV-Vis techniques were used in characterizing the complexation of chromium with curcumin. It was observed that chromium complexed with curcumin in a 1 : 3 ratio. The experimental values that were used to calculate this ratio were independently determined by the two techniques used. The values obtained from each technique agree with each other reasonably well, within limits of experimental error. The stability constant or formation constant, , of the complex, , was determined using the Lingane equation and Gibb’s free energy of formation was calculated as −58.18 kJ.
Interface degradation processes and durability

This paper discusses a recently developed surface energetics criterion for adhesive bonding and fracture and its applications in such diverse areas as structural adhesive bonding, fiber reinforced composites, biomaterials development, and lithographic printing. The theoretical relations describe systematic methods for the surface energy analysis of solid adhesive and adherend surfaces. The surface tension properties for the adhesive and adherend can then be introduced into a modified Griffith fracture mechanics relation to obtain predictions of bond strength under varied conditions of liquid or gas phase immersion such as water and dry air.
Inference in dynamic error-in-variable-measurement problems

Efficient algorithms were developed for estimating model parameters from measured data, even in the presence of gross errors. In addition to point estimates of parameters, however, assessments of uncertainty are needed. Linear approximations provide standard errors, but they can be misleading when applied to models that are substantially nonlinear. To overcome this difficulty, profiling methods were developed for the case in which the regressor variables are error free. These methods provide accurate nonlinear confidence regions, but become expensive for a large number of parameters. These profiling methods are modified to error-in-variable-measurement models with many incidental parameters. Laplace's method is used to integrate out the incidental parameters associated with the measurement errors, and then profiling methods are applied to obtain approximate confidence contours for the parameters. This approach is computationally efficient, requires few function evaluations, and can be applied to large-scale problems. It is useful when certain measurement errors (such as input variables) are relatively small, but not so small that they can be ignored.
Adolescent Autonomy and the Impact of Family Structure on Materialism and Compulsive Buying

Although divorce is a common and highly stressful event, marketing scholars know little about the impact of family structure on materialism and compulsive buying. Extending the earlier work of Roberts, Manolis, and Tanner (2003), which utilized a sample of adolescents between ages 11 and 15, this study finds that the impact of family structure on materialism expands beyond the happiness dimension of materialism to include the centrality and success dimensions of materialism in older adolescents (16 to 19). Moreover, family structure is also found to directly affect compulsive buying. It appears that the increasing autonomy that accompanies adolescent development affects the consumer outcomes of divorce. Marketing's contribution toward a better understanding of the consumer outcomes of family disruptions can be enhanced by further refinement of the original Rindfleisch, Burroughs, and Denton (1997) model. Future research that incorporates coping resources and strategies into the model will likely prove ill...
The "clopidogrel resistance" trap.

a p w b e p “ S b s “ t a s i n i v t p m d e o n s u a b o b b S f d v r p e w a a ( r d p d Q v f t o w o Numerous randomized trials have indicated the benefits f clopidogrel either as an alternative1 or as an adjunct2 to spirin for the secondary prevention of acute vascular vents, including absolute mortality reduction in the largest ver acute myocardial infarction study.3 Despite proved fficacy, antiplatelet protection with clopidogrel has several otential limitations, such as delayed onset of platelet inhiition even after loading regimens,4,5 substantial response ariability in the acute setting,6,7 remaining risk for the evelopment of vascular thrombosis,8,9 and higher rates of erioperative bleeding complications during cardiac surery10,11 because of the irreversible nature of platelet P2Y12 eceptor blockade. It is unclear to what extent clopidogrel er se is responsible for all these shortcomings, how damging are they in real-life clinical scenarios, and, most mportant, what can be done to prevent, minimize, or comensate for such limitations. All real or perceived limitaions associated with response to clopidogrel can be divided nto 2 categories: those driven by measuring multiple bimarkers in the platelet studies (the variability and durabilty of response, excess timing needed to exhibit full-scale ntiplatelet potency, and inefficient inhibition due to inreased baseline preexisting platelet activity) and those scearios really observed in clinical practice (recurrent vascuar events, including stent thrombosis, and increased leeding risks). Insufficient platelet inhibition with clopiogrel has been termed “clopidogrel resistance.” However, uch “resistance” still remains a laboratory research finding ather than a proved, clinically relevant fact, despite numerus attempts to link low response to clopidogrel with worsned vascular outcomes12,13 in general and the development f stent thrombosis14,15 in particular. All these small studies all short of proving that changes in certain platelet biomarers may predict outcomes after clopidogrel, because they re overpowered by discrepancies with available randomzed clinical data and contradicting epidemiologic evidence. It seems that noncompliance is a major and the most ogical practical reason for nonresponse to clopidogrel. ith regard to compliance, it is critical to divide the evience into acute (in-hospital) and maintenance (outpatient) ong-term settings. In fact, clopidogrel administration is ontrolled much better in the hospital than in outpatients. herefore, platelet data suggesting “resistance” may have erit when properly assessed during loading regimens beause clopidogrel is indeed on board. However, these studes cannot overcome the power and validity of the Clopiogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial COMMIT),3 in which a combination of moderate-dose
Incongruence between Histologic and Endoscopic Diagnoses of Barrett's Esophagus Using Transnasal Esophagoscopy

Objectives: The symptoms, patterns of reflux, and clinical manifestations of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) differ from those of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in many ways. The purposes of this study were to determine the prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in patients with LPR using transnasal esophagoscopy (TNE) and to determine if there is agreement between TNE clinical findings and pathology results when using TNE for Barrett's screening. Study Design: This study involved a retrospective review of the records of 200 consecutive patients with LPR undergoing esophageal screening. Methods: The prevalence of patients with findings clinically suspicious for Barrett's and the biopsy results for those patients were reviewed. Results: Of the 200 patients with LPR who were screened with TNE, 10% (20 of 200) had findings suspicious for Barrett's esophagus, and, of those, only 30% (six of 20) had biopsy-proven Barrett's metaplasia. Conclusion: Although TNE may be a useful screening tool for Barrett's, there is incongruence between TNE findings and biopsy results, which likely reflects suboptimal biopsy methods with TNE. New biopsy techniques such as the CDx brush biopsy may enhance the sensitivity of TNE biopsies, and future studies are needed in this area.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEPRESSION OF BRAIN OR PLASMA CHOLINESTERASE AND PARALYSIS IN CHICKENS CAUSED BY CERTAIN ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS.

Abstract A study has been made of the relationship between the inhibition of plasma or brain cholinesterase of the chicken and the paralytic syndromes caused by DFP, TOCP, malathion, ronnel, EPN, and Trithion. DDVP and Dipterex served as non-paralytic controls. TOCP was the only compound tested that was a specific inhibitor of brain cholinesterase. All compounds except EPN inhibited plasma cholinesterase. All compounds tested inhibited brain true and/or pseudocholinesterase. All paralytic compounds tested except DFP produced a prolonged inhibition of brain true and/or pseudocholinesterase which lasted for 5 to 17 days. It was concluded that no causative relationship exists between the prolonged inhibition of brain cholinesterase and the paralytic syndromes. The regeneration of brain cholinesterase after inhibition with DFP, Dipterex, or DDVP is probably due to protein synthesis de novo ; the prolonged inhibition of these enzymes after the administration of the other compounds may be due in part to the persistence of the inhibitor in the body.
SU-DD-A4-04: Predicting Tumor Local Control in Lung Cancer From Pre-Treatment PET/CT Image Features

Purpose: The role of PET/CT imaging in radiotherapytreatment planning and monitoring has been increasing on a rapid pace. There is accumulating evidence that characteristics of pre‐treatment FDG‐PET could be utilized as prognostic factors to predict radiotherapy outcomes in different cancer sites. Direct standardized uptake value (SUV) measurements were traditionally used to assess risk. To improve our understanding of embedded information in PET/CT we are investigating an alternative image‐feature based approach for analyzing and predicting post‐radiotherapy local control in non‐small cell lungcancer(NSCLC) patients. Method and Materials: We analyzed pre‐treatment PET/CT scans of thirty‐one patients for the endpoint of local/loco‐regional failure. The Gross Tumor Volume (GTV) was considered as the region of interest (ROI). All patients underwent pre‐radiotherapy diagnostic PET/CT and the images were registered with their corresponding treatment planningCT. We studied the effect of motion artifacts using deblurring methods based on deconvolution with a 4D‐CT derived motion kernel. Features from the GTV region based on intensity‐volume histogram (IVH) metrics and texture characteristics were extracted from each CTimage,PETimage with and without motion correction. Results: About thirty candidate features were extracted for each case and were analyzed for assessment of patients' risk of failure. Our preliminary results indicate that IVH metrics and texture features could be potentially useful for failure prediction in NSCLC compared to volume and maxSUV. PET seemed to be more informative than CT in general. Motion correction affected the feature values and not the general trend in this data. Conclusion: We have explored new methods for analyzing failure risk in NSCLC from PET/CT data. Our results suggest a role for functional imaging based on image features in predicting risk of failure. However, further analysis of these variables and cross‐validation is still needed to determine which parameters are strong predictors of radiation treatment response.
C-reactive protein and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review of prospective studies

C-reactive protein is a sensitive but nonspecific systemic marker of inflammation. Several prospective studies have investigated the association of prediagnostic circulating C-reactive protein concentrations with the development of colorectal cancer, but the results have been inconsistent. We performed a systematic review of prospective studies of the association between prediagnostic measurements of circulating high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and development of invasive colorectal cancer. Authors of original studies were contacted to acquire uniform data. We combined relative risks (RR) for colorectal cancer associated with a one unit change in natural logarithm-transformed high-sensitivity C-reactive protein using inverse variance weighted random effects models. We identified eight eligible studies, which included 1,159 colorectal cancer cases and 37,986 controls. The summary RR per one unit change in natural log-transformed high-sensitivity C-reactive protein was 1.12 (95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.01-1.25) for colorectal cancer, 1.13 (95% CI, 1.00-1.27) for colon cancer, and 1.06 (95% CI, 0.86-1.30) for rectal cancer. The association was stronger in men (RR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.04-1.34) compared to women (RR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.93-1.27) but this difference was sensitive to the findings from a single study. Prediagnostic high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations were weakly associated with an increased risk for colorectal cancer. More work is needed to understand the extent to which circulating high-sensitivity C-reactive protein or other blood inflammatory markers are related to colonic inflammation.
Research Participants’ Understanding of and Reactions to Certificates of Confidentiality

Background: Certificates of Confidentiality are intended to facilitate participation in critical public health research by protecting against forced disclosure of identifying data in legal proceedings, but little is known about the effect of Certificate descriptions in consent forms. Methods: To gain preliminary insights, we conducted qualitative interviews with 50 HIV-positive individuals in Durham, NC, to explore their subjective understanding of Certificate descriptions and whether their reactions differed based on receiving a standard versus simplified description. Results: Most interviewees were neither reassured nor alarmed by Certificate information, and most said it would not influence their willingness to participate or to provide truthful information. However, compared with those receiving the simplified description, more who read the standard description said it raised new concerns, that their likelihood of participating would be lower, and that they might be less forthcoming. Most interviewees...
Synthesis of new, functionalized poly(butyl vinyl ether) oligomers and novel copolymers containing these materials

This paper reports the synthesis and characterization of new, functionalized poly(alkyl vinyl ether) oligomers, and block copolymers containing poly(alkyl vinyl ether) and poly(methyl methacrylate). Using the HI/ZnI2 initiating system in nonpolar solvents (hexane, toluene) at −20°C, both monofunctional and difunctional poly(alkyl vinyl ether) oligomers of predicted molecular weights precisely terminated with aldehyde, primary hydroxyl and ester endgroups have been prepared. Novel diblock copolymers comprised of poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(butyl vinyl ether) have also been synthesized using a combination of living cationic and living group transfer polymerization.