cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Juvenile Crime and Criminal Justice: Resolving Border Disputes

Summary Rising juvenile crime rates during the 1970s and 1980s spurred state legislatures across the country to exclude or transfer a significant share of offenders under the age of eighteen to the jurisdiction of the criminal court, essentially redrawing the boundary between the juvenile and adult justice systems. Jeffrey Fagan examines the legal architecture of the new boundarydrawing regime and how effective it has been in reducing crime. The juvenile court, Fagan emphasizes, has always had the power to transfer juveniles to the criminal court. Transfer decisions were made individually by judges who weighed the competing interests of public safety and the possibility of rehabilitating young offenders. This authority has now been usurped by legislators and prosecutors. The recent changes in state law have moved large numbers of juveniles into the adult system. As many as 25 percent of all juvenile offenders younger than eighteen, says Fagan, are now prosecuted in adult court. Many live in states where the age boundary between juvenile and criminal court has been lowered to sixteen or seventeen.
Three-dimensional differential absorption x-ray cone-beam microtomography using balanced filters and algebraic reconstruction

Abstract A new x-ray tomographic method to image a particular element is proposed and described. This method uses an x-ray tube spectrum and a pair of balanced filters with absorption edges just above and just below the edge of the desired element. The proposed system consists of a microfocus x-ray tube as an x-ray source and a 2-D detector array to collect projection data. The main advantage of this system over traditional differential tomography using two monoenergetic sources is its easy application to fan-beam or cone-beam geometry without reducing too much its intensity. ART is used to reconstruct the 3-D images from the simulated projection data generated by a Monte Carlo program. Computer experiments demonstrate the feasibility of selective imaging in cone-beam geometry.
Perturbation formulations for satellite attitude dynamics

Two analytical developments for the arbitrarily torqued motion of an asymmetric rigid body, both of which utilize a new torque-free solution as the reference motion, are presented. The first is an Encke-type perturbation formulation in which differential equations for the angular velocity and orientation departures from Poinsot motion are derived. The second technique is a variation of parameters scheme in which an analogue of Herrick's two-body perturbative differentiation technique is employed. The torque-free motion constants selected for variation are initial orientation and initial angular velocity; differential equations which specify the time variation of these parameters are developed, so that the torque-free solution is then instantaneously valid in the presence of arbitrary torques. Both developments are motivated by classical perturbation theories in orbital mechanics. Extensive use is made of the Euler parameter description of body orientation and kinematics rather than the more conventional Euler angles in order to avoid the geometrical singularities implicit in the latter.
Asset Allocation and Information Overload: The Influence of Information Display, Asset Choice, and Investor Experience

This paper examines whether information overload might partially explain why defined contribution plan participants tend to follow the "path of least resistance" (Choi et al. [2002]) In two experiments, we test how three common differences among defined contribution plans (the number of investment choices offered, the similarity of the choices, and the display of the choices) lead to varying degrees of information overload and the probability of opting for the default. Notably, we control for the financial aptitude of each individual. The findings suggest that the success of certain plan features depends strongly on the financial background of the participant. We find that low-knowledge individuals opt for the default allocation more often than high-knowledge individuals (experiment 1: 20% versus 2%). The results emphasize the importance of plan design, especially the selection of plan defaults, and the need to improve the financial literacy of participants.
Global sensitivity analysis for the short-term prediction of system variables

Short-term prediction of system variables with respect to load levels is highly important for market operations and demand response programs in wholesale power markets with congestion managed by locational marginal prices (LMPs). Previous studies have conducted local sensitivity analyses for LMPs at specific system operating points. This study undertakes a more global analysis of system variable sensitivities when LMPs are derived from DC optimal power flow solutions for day-ahead energy markets. The possible system states are first partitioned into subsets (“system patterns”) based on relatively slow-changing attributes. It is next established analytically that there is a fixed linear-affine mapping between bus load patterns and corresponding system variables, conditional on a particular system pattern. It is then explained how this global piecewise linear-affine mapping can be used to predict system patterns corresponding to forecasted load patterns, hence also dispatch levels, LMPs, and line flows. A 5-bus case study is used to illustrate the accuracy of the proposed prediction method.
The QUEST Data Processing Software Pipeline

A program that we call the QUEST Data Processing Software Pipeline has been written to process the large volumes of data produced by the QUEST camera on the Samuel Oschin Schmidt Telescope at the Palomar Observatory. The program carries out both aperture and PSF photometry, combines data from different repeated observations of the same portion of sky, and produces a Master Catalog. A rough calibration of the data is carried out. This program, the calibration procedures, and quality checks on the output are described.
On the strain and strain rate dependence of the fraction of plastic work converted to heat: an experimental study using high speed infrared detectors and the Kolsky bar☆

The conversion of plastic work to heat at high strain rates gives rise to a significant temperature increase which contributes to thermal softening in the constitutive response of many materials. This investigation systematically examines the rate of conversion of plastic work to heat in metals using a Kolsky (split Hopkinson) pressure bar and a high-speed infrared detector array. Several experiments are performed, and the work rate to heat rate conversion fraction, the relative rate at which plastic work is converted to heat, is reported for 4340 steel, 2024 aluminum and Ti-6A1-4V titanium alloys undergoing high strain and high strain rate deformation. The functional dependence of this quantity upon strain and strain rate is also reported for these metals. This quantity represents the strength of the coupling term between temperature and mechanical fields in thermomechanical problems involving plastic flow. The experimental measurement of this constitutive function is important since it is an integral part of the formulation of coupled thermomechanical field equations, and it plays an important role in failure mode selection — such as the formation of adiabatic shear bands — in metals deforming at high strain rates.
To spritz or not to spritz: the doubtful value of aimless iontophoresis.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the different aspects of iontophoresis. The response of a neuron to a drug applied by iontophoresis can be determined by the changes in any parameter of cell activity. For cells with spontaneous electrical activity, changes in discharge pattern can be determined from interspike interval histograms and poststimulus time histograms can be used when test cells can be influenced by defined, isolated, monosynaptic inputs. In each case, accuracy of response measurements requires continuous detection of distinguishable action potentials of a constant spike height. With the recording barrel of a multibarrel electrode used in iontophoresis, extracellular spikes often have low signal to noise ratios and more than one cell can be recorded simultaneously. These signals can be improved electronically with gate or window discriminators provided that spike size remains constant. In iontophoretic tests, spike size can change by drift in the spatial relation between electrode and cell, by interaction between ejection or retention currents and the spike generating mechanisms of the cell, or when the drug to be tested has membrane anesthetizing properties. Noise levels are frequently increased during iontophoretic tests, especially when the drug solution has a high electrical impedance from low solubility or low ionization constants.
Damping of Type I X-Ray Burst Oscillations by Convection

I construct a simple model of the convective burning layer during a type I X-ray burst to investigate the effects convection has on the stability of the layer to nonradial oscillations. A linear perturbation analysis demonstrates that the region is stable to nonradial oscillations when energy transport is convection-dominated, but it is unstable when energy transport is radiation-dominated. Thus, efficient convection always dampens oscillations. These results may explain the nondetection of oscillations during the peak of some X-ray bursts.
Organizational Economics in the Food, Agribusiness, and Agricultural Sectors

The past three decades have seen significant advances in the field of organizational economics. By endogenizing "institutions" into their analysis, organization economists have enriched and extended the study of economic behavior. This paper explores the dynamic process of adoption of organizational economics or new institutional economics as applied to food economics, agribusiness management, and agricultural economics. The authors view the rapid agroindustrialization of the global food system as fertile ground for adoption of transaction cost, property-rights/incomplete contracting, and agency approaches to understanding the significant changes currently affecting the sector. Numerous research centers and data collection efforts have emerged to expand the organizational economics analytical approach. This paper also serves as an introductory umbrella for the three subsequent papers which document the progress of conceptualization and empirical work in organizational economics applied to food, agribusiness, and agriculture.
The Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway and Proteasome Inhibitors

The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has emerged as a central player in the regulation of several diverse cellular processes. Here, we describe the important components of this complex biochemical machinery as well as several important cellular substrates targeted by this pathway and examples of human diseases resulting from defects in various components of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In addition, this review covers the chemistry of synthetic and natural proteasome inhibitors, emphasizing their mode of actions toward the 20S proteasome. Given the importance of proteasome-mediated protein degradation in various intracellular processes, inhibitors of this pathway will continue to serve as both molecular probes of major cellular networks as well as potential therapeutic agents for various human diseases.
An exact combinatorial algorithm for minimum graph bisection

We present a novel exact algorithm for the minimum graph bisection problem, whose goal is to partition a graph into two equally-sized cells while minimizing the number of edges between them. Our algorithm is based on the branch-and-bound framework and, unlike most previous approaches, it is fully combinatorial. We introduce novel lower bounds based on packing trees, as well as a new decomposition technique that contracts entire regions of the graph while preserving optimality guarantees. Our algorithm works particularly well on graphs with relatively small minimum bisections, solving to optimality several large real-world instances (with up to millions of vertices) for the first time.
Synthesis of some fluorinated putrescine analogues

Abstract Mono- and tetrafluoroputrescine were obtained in moderate yields from 2-hydroxy-1,4-dibromobutane and perfluorosuccinamide respectively.
MicroRNAs suppress NB domain genes in tomato that confer resistance to Fusarium oxysporum.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) suppress the transcriptional and post-transcriptional expression of genes in plants. Several miRNA families target genes encoding nucleotide-binding site–leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) plant innate immune receptors. The fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici causes vascular wilt disease in tomato. We explored a role for miRNAs in tomato defense against F. oxysporum using comparative miRNA profiling of susceptible (Moneymaker) and resistant (Motelle) tomato cultivars. slmiR482f and slmiR5300 were repressed during infection of Motelle with F. oxysporum. Two predicted mRNA targets each of slmiR482f and slmiR5300 exhibited increased expression in Motelle and the ability of these four targets to be regulated by the miRNAs was confirmed by co-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Silencing of the targets in the resistant Motelle cultivar revealed a role in fungal resistance for all four genes. All four targets encode proteins with full or partial nucleotide-binding (NB) domains. One slmiR5300 target corresponds to tm-2, a susceptible allele of the Tomato Mosaic Virus resistance gene, supporting functions in immunity to a fungal pathogen. The observation that none of the targets correspond to I-2, the only known resistance (R) gene for F. oxysporum in tomato, supports roles for additional R genes in the immune response. Taken together, our findings suggest that Moneymaker is highly susceptible because its potential resistance is insufficiently expressed due to the action of miRNAs.
Shock Compression of Liquid Helium to 56 GPa (560 kbar)

The first shock-compression experiments on liquid helium are reported. With a two-stage light-gas gun, liquid He at 4.3 K and 1 atm was shocked to 16 GPa and 12 000 K and double shocked to 56 GPa and 21 000 K. Liquid perturbation theory has been used to determine an effective interatomic potential from which the equation of state of He can be obtained over a wide range of densities and temperatures.
Illustrating the Implications of How Inequality is Measured: Decomposing Earnings Inequality by Race and Gender

This paper makes three distinct contributions: it presents a novel modification to an established methodology for assessing inequality using the CPS ASEC data, it illustrates how valuable a multi-metric inequality analysis is by reconciling some open questions regarding the trend in inequality and the role of the composition of income along the distribution, and it provides a baseline assessment of the trend in earnings inequality for four distinct groups of income earners. The evolution of earnings inequality from 1995 to 2010 is compared to increasing inequality in total income as documented by Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez to show that earnings inequality has followed a qualitatively similar, though less extreme trend. In the process, the disconnect between the trend in the Gini coefficient and inequality assessed via the share of income going to the top 1 % of income earners is reconciled through the use of several alternative inequality indices. Finally, the evolution of the earnings distribution for black women, black men, white women, and white men are considered separately, which shows that there are important differences in the experience of inequality. The main findings are that only white men have experienced changes in within-group earnings inequality that parallel the changes in inequality seen in the overall distribution. By contrast, black income earners have seen no notable increase in within-group inequality by any measure, suggesting that they may rightly perceive growing inequality as primarily a between-group phenomena.
Altering the Acidity and Solution Properties of Bilirubin. Methoxy and Methylthio Substituents.

Substitution of electron-withdrawing groups at the α-position of an aliphatic carboxylic acid can be expected to increase the acidity of the acid. Methoxy and methylthio groups are especially effective; they increase the acidity of acetic acid by ∼1.1 pKa units. Bilirubin, the water-insoluble pigment of jaundice, has two propionic acids, and an α-methoxy or α-methylthio substituent in each propionic acid can be expected to lower the pKa similarly and thus alter its solubility properties. (A previously synthesized analogue, α,α‘-difluororubin (4), is soluble in water.) Two new analogues of bilirubin, α,α‘-dimethoxyrubin (1) and α,α‘-bis(methylthio)rubin (2), have been synthesized, separated into diastereomers, and analyzed. The isomers are shown by NMR to adopt intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded ridge-tile-shaped conformations. Like bilirubin, both 1 and 2 are insoluble in water. Unlike bilirubin, 1 is soluble in dilute aqueous bicarbonate, but 2 is insoluble, which would not be predicted from the expectatio...
Size and density measurement of core–shell Si nanoparticles by analytical ultracentrifugation

Si nanocrystals, terminated with cyclohexane and allylamine, were analyzed using analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy. We found that AUC yielded equivalent particle size distribution data to other nanoparticle characterization techniques, while also providing important information not probed by techniques such as DLS regarding the relative size of the particle core and shell components and the overall effective particle density. Estimates of particle core and shell dimensions are consistent with the particle's optical properties within the quantum confinement representation and available theoretical Si nanocrystal models. Measurement of sedimentation velocity in several solvents with different densities presents a way to circumvent the ambiguity of simultaneous fitting of particle density and sedimentation coefficient and allows us to significantly reduce the uncertainty in the estimates of particle hydrodynamic diameter by finding the effective particle density value.
Do school-based health centers improve adolescents' access to health care, health status, and risk-taking behavior?

Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to assess the School-Based Adolescent Health Care Program, which provided comprehensive health-related services in 24 school-based health centers. Methods: The outcomes evaluation compared a cohort of students attending 19 participating schools and a national sample of urban youths, using logit models to control for observed differences between the two groups of youths. Outcome measures included self-reports concerning health center utilization, use of other health care providers, knowledge of key health facts, substance use, sexual activity, contraceptive use, pregnancies and births, and health status. Results: The health centers increased students' access to health care and improved their health knowledge. However, the estimated impacts on health status and risky behaviors were inconsistent, and most were small and not statistically significant. Conclusions: School-based health centers can increase students' health knowledge and access to health-related services, but more intensive or different services are needed if they are to significantly reduce risk-taking behaviors.
Fatou–Bieberbach Domains as Basins of Attraction of Automorphisms Tangent to the Identity

We prove that there exists an automorphism of ℂ2 tangent to the identity with a domain of attraction D to the origin, biholomorphic to ℂ2, along a degenerate characteristic direction. Our automorphism of ℂ2 is conjugate to a translation in D. We also prove the existence of a curve Γ, a biholomorphic copy of ℂ, entirely contained in the boundary of D. In our construction Γ is tangent to the z-axis in a neighborhood of the origin. The automorphisms we construct also fix the w-axis; therefore we obtain D, a Fatou–Bieberbach domain that does not intersect two biholomorphic copies of ℂ locally transversal at the origin.
Notes on heterotic compactifications

Abstract In this technical note we describe a pair of results on heterotic compactifications. First, we give an example demonstrating that the usual statement of the anomaly-freedom constraint for perturbative heterotic compactifications (meaning, matching second Chern characters) is incorrect for compactifications involving torsion-free sheaves. Secondly, we correct errors in the literature regarding the counting of massless particles in heterotic compactifications.
New brown dwarfs and an updated initial mass function in Taurus

By combining infrared photometry from the Two Micron All Sky Survey with new optical imaging and spectroscopy, I have performed a search for young low-mass stars and brown dwarfs in two regions encompassing a total area of 4 deg2 in the Taurus star-forming region (τ ~ 1 Myr). From this work I have discovered 15 new members of Taurus. In addition, I present seven new members outside of these areas from the initial stage of a survey of all of Taurus. These 22 objects exhibit spectral types of M4.5-M9.25 and masses of 0.3-0.015 M☉ according to the theoretical evolutionary models of Baraffe & Chabrier, seven of which are likely to be brown dwarfs. Emission in Hα, He I, Ca II, [O I], and [S II] and excess emission in optical and near-infrared bands among some of these objects suggest the presence of accretion, outflows, and circumstellar disks. These results add to the body of work—initiated by the first detections of brown dwarf disks by Comeron and coworkers in 1998 and Luhman in 1999—indicating that disks around young brown dwarfs are relatively common. The results from the 4 deg2 survey have been combined with previous studies of Taurus to arrive at an initial mass function (IMF) for a total area of 12.4 deg2. As in the previous IMFs for Taurus, the updated IMF peaks at a higher mass (0.8 M☉) than the mass functions in IC 348 and Orion (0.1-0.2 M☉). Meanwhile, the deficit of brown dwarfs in Taurus appears to be less significant (×1.4-1.8) than that found in earlier studies (×2) because of a slightly higher brown dwarf fraction in the new IMF for Taurus and a lower brown dwarf fraction in the new spectroscopic IMF for the Trapezium from Slesnick and coworkers. The spatial distribution of the low-mass stars and brown dwarfs discovered in the two new survey areas closely matches that of the more massive members. Thus, on the degree size scales (~3 pc) probed to date, there is no indication that brown dwarfs form through ejection.
Effect of illumination on automatic expression recognition: A novel 3D relightable facial database

One of the main challenges in facial expression recognition is illumination invariance. Our long-term goal is to develop a system for automatic facial expression recognition that is robust to light variations. In this paper, we introduce a novel 3D Relightable Facial Expression (ICT-3DRFE) database that enables experimentation in the fields of both computer graphics and computer vision. The database contains 3D models for 23 subjects and 15 expressions, as well as photometric information that allow for photorealistic rendering. It is also facial action units annotated, using FACS standards. Using the ICT-3DRFE database we create an image set of different expressions/illuminations to study the effect of illumination on automatic expression recognition. We compared the output scores from automatic recognition with expert FACS annotations and found that they agree when the illumination is uniform. Our results show that the output distribution of the automatic recognition can change significantly with light variations and sometimes causes the discrimination of two different expressions to be diminished. We propose a ratio-based light transfer method, to factor out unwanted illuminations from given images and show that it reduces the effect of illumination on expression recognition.
Gold(I)-Catalyzed Diastereo- and Enantioselective 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition and Mannich Reactions of Azlactones

Azlactones participate in stereoselective reactions with electron-deficient alkenes and N-sulfonyl aldimines to give products of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and Mannich addition reactions, respectively. Both of these reactions proceed with good to excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivity using a single class of gold catalysts, namely C2-symmetric bis(phosphinegold(I) carboxylate) complexes. The development of the azlactone Mannich reaction to provide fully protected anti-α,β-diamino acid derivatives is described. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reactions of several acyclic 1,2-disubstituted alkenes and the chemistry of the resultant cycloadducts are examined to probe the stereochemical course of this reaction. Reaction kinetics and tandem mass spectrometry studies of both the cycloaddition and Mannich reactions are reported. These studies support a mechanism in which the gold complexes catalyze addition reactions through nucleophile activation rather than the more typical activation of the electrophilic reacti...
Polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of hepatic gene transcription.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the n-6 and n-3 families inhibit transcription of a number of hepatic lipogenic and glycolytic genes, e.g. fatty acid synthase. In contrast, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids exert no suppressive action on lipogenic gene expression. The unique PUFA regulation of gene expression extends beyond the liver to include genes such as adipocyte glucose transporter-4, lymphocyte stearoyl-CoA desaturase 2, and interleukins. Some of the transcriptional effects of PUFA appear to be mediated by eicosanoids, but PUFA suppression of lipogenic and glycolytic genes is independent of eicosanoid synthesis and appears to involve a nuclear mechanism directly modified by PUFA. With the recent cloning of a fatty acid-activated nuclear factor termed peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) has come the suggestion that PPAR may be the PUFA response factor. This review, however, presents several lines of evidence that indicate that the PPAR and n-6 and n-3 PUFA regulation of lipogenic and glycolytic gene transcription involve separate and independent mechanisms. Thus PPAR appears not to be the PUFA response factor.
Securitization and Banks’ Equity Risk

This research explores the effects of securitization on the market’s perception of banks’ risk exposure between 2002 and 2007. Our results show that, contrary to some prior evidence in the literature, securitizing banks actually had lower systematic betas until 2007. We find no evidence of increasing idiosyncratic risk with securitization. We identify significant structural break in 2007, when securitizing banks experienced jumps in both systematic and idiosyncratic risks. Finally, we confirm the general belief that larger banks tend to have higher systematic risk and lower idiosyncratic risk because of diversification.
Speech and sketching for multimodal design

While sketches are commonly and effectively used in the early stages of design, some information is far more easily conveyed verbally than by sketching. In response, we have combined sketching with speech, enabling a more natural form of communication. We studied the behavior of people sketching and speaking, and form this derived a set of rules for segmenting and aligning the signals from both modalities. Once the inputs are aligned, we use both modalities in interpretation. The result is a more natural interface to our system.
Dispersion anomalies induced by the low-energy plasmon in the cuprates

We discuss the characteristic effects of the electron plasmon interaction resulting from the $\ensuremath{\sim}1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ plasmon, which is a universal feature in the cuprates. Using the framework of a one-band tight-binding model, we identify signatures of this low-energy plasmon in the electronic structure of metallic overdoped ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}\mathrm{Ca}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ as well as half-filled insulating ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}\mathrm{Cu}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$. The electron-plasmon interaction is found to yield renormalizations near the Fermi energy in reasonable accord with experimental observations, and to produce dispersion anomalies at higher energies.
On the Cauchy Problem for a Dynamical Euler's Elastica

Abstract The dynamics for a thin, closed loop inextensible Euler's elastica moving in three dimensions are considered. The equations of motion for the elastica include a wave equation involving fourth order spatial derivatives and a second order elliptic equation for its tension. A Hasimoto transformation is used to rewrite the equations in convenient coordinates for the space and time derivatives of the tangent vector. A feature of this elastica is that it exhibits time-dependent monodromy. A frame parallel-transported along the elastica is in general only quasi-periodic, resulting in time-dependent boundary conditions for the coordinates. This complication is addressed by a gauge transformation, after which a contraction mapping argument can be applied. Local existence and uniqueness of elastica solutions are established for initial data in suitable Sobolev spaces.
Las cadenas productivas como marco analítico para la globalización

This article uses the global commodity chains framework to examine the structure and dynamics of global industries, and the development prospects for nations and firms within them. First, we distinguish between producerdriven and buyer-driven commodity chains, and we put forward the hypothesis that development requires selective linkage with distinct kinds of lead firms in global industries. Second, we identify the main types of lead firms in the automobile and apparel commodity chains, which exemplify producerdriven and buyer-driven chains, respectively. Third, we illustrate how the global commodity chains approach can be used to study multiple dimensions of industrial upgrading, wich is a new way to analyze economic development in the era of export-oriented industrialization. Particular emphasis is given to the notion of industrial upgrading as export role shifts. Finally, we discuss some of the theoretical implications of our historical and organizationally grounded global commodity chains approach to development.
Convenient Synthesis of 5‐Aryl Uracils

Abstract A convenient one‐step synthesis of 5‐aryl uracils has been developed. The procedure involves heating ethyl 3‐hydroxy‐2‐arylpropenate with urea at 130°C, followed by base‐catalyzed cyclization. The method is simple and high yielding.
Mathematics and German politics: The national socialist experience

Abstract During the Nazi period in Germany, an attempt was made to discern a kind of mathematics that was German as distinct from other ethnic or “racial” types of mathematics: a “Deutsche Mathematik.” While not denying the universal validity of all mathematical truths, such a “German” mathematics stressed ideology in terms of research and pedagogical styles. Because mathematics was nearly independent of anything material, it was—for the “Deutsche Mathematiker”—especially amenable to the Nazi argument that different racial psychological types exhibit different racial characters and modes of thought. This paper is a brief examination of the nature and intellectual content of “Deutsche Mathematik.”
Gravitinos and a low ultimate temperature for the early universe

Abstract We obtain new stronger bounds by orders of magnitude, on the ultimate temperature of the universe by exploiting the copious production of gravitinos at finite temperature.
Comments on Schnabl's analytic solution for tachyon condensation in Witten's open string field theory

Schnabl recently constructed an analytic solution for tachyon condensation in Witten's open string field theory. The solution consists of two pieces. Only the first piece is involved in proving that the solution satisfies the equation of motion when contracted with any state in the Fock space. On the other hand, both pieces contribute in evaluating the kinetic term to reproduce the value predicted by Sen's conjecture. We therefore need to understand why the second piece is necessary. We evaluate the cubic term of the string field theory action for Schnabl's solution and use it to show that the second piece is necessary for the equation of motion contracted with the solution itself to be satisfied. We also present the solution in various forms including a pure-gauge configuration and provide simpler proofs that it satisfies the equation of motion.
Early Predictors of ASD in Young Children Using a Nationally Representative Data Set

Current clinical diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) occurs between 3 and 4 years of age, but increasing evidence indicates that intervention begun earlier may improve outcomes. Using secondary analysis of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort data set, the current study identifies early predictors prior to the diagnosis of ASD at 4 years for approximately 100 children. Children with ASD were compared with children with other disabilities and children who were typically developing. Multinomial logistic regression analyses identified limited unique characteristics (e.g., self-regulation and sleep patterns) at the 9-month time point. A majority of the differences in communication and language, mental/cognitive function, motor function, social interaction, and self-regulation were found at the 2-year time point. Implications for research and practice are presented.
A Digital Interface for Gaussian Relay and Interference Networks: Lifting Codes From the Discrete Superposition Model

For every Gaussian network, there exists a corresponding deterministic network called the discrete superposition network . We show that this discrete superposition network provides a near-optimal digital interface for operating a class consisting of many Gaussian networks in the sense that any code for the discrete superposition network can be naturally lifted to a corresponding code for the Gaussian network, while achieving a rate that is no more than a constant number of bits lesser than the rate it achieves for the discrete superposition network. This constant depends only on the number of nodes in the network and not on the channel gains or SNR. Moreover the capacities of the two networks are within a constant of each other, again independent of channel gains and SNR. We show that the class of Gaussian networks for which this interface property holds includes relay networks with a single source-destination pair, interference networks, multicast networks, and the counterparts of these networks with multiple transmit and receive antennas. The code for the Gaussian relay network can be obtained from any code for the discrete superposition network simply by pruning it. This lifting scheme establishes that the superposition model can indeed potentially serve as a strong surrogate for designing codes for Gaussian relay networks. We present similar results for the K ×K Gaussian interference network, MIMO Gaussian interference networks, MIMO Gaussian relay networks, and multicast networks, with the constant gap depending additionally on the number of antennas in case of MIMO networks.
Ge-codoped laser fibers for mitigating Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in high power fiber amplifiers

Rare-earth doped fibers for high power fiber amplifiers normally have a small refractive index difference between the core and inner cladding, but have a larger core diameter than conventional telecom fibers. We take advantage of this feature as well as the difference between the optical and acoustic waveguides and proposed several fiber designs to mitigate Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) to produce higher output powers. The numerical modeling showed that an increase in SBS threshold by 3–5 dB can be achieved using Ge-codopant while maintaining diffraction limited beam quality. The study also highlights the need to take into account the effects of minor refractive index profile variation in evaluating SBS performance.
Research and Praxis On Challenging Anti-immigration Discourses in School and Community Contexts

Recently, harsh immigration policies have made the lives of the new immigrant Diaspora in the southeastern United States extremely challenging. Disturbed by the impact of these sociopolitical changes on students, their families, and their teachers, as multicultural educators, we have turned for help to recent research and praxis from the U.S. and Europe that overtly challenges anti-immigration discourse. We examine two theoretical perspectives that can support educators in talking back and acting against anti-immigration discourses and practices in schools and communities. We provide cases of our own work in the southeastern United States to test the value of these theories
Recurrence of hydrosalpinges after cuff neosalpingostomy in a poor prognosis population

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the recurrence rate of hydrosalpinges after cuff neosalpingostomy in poor prognosis candidates. Methods: Forty consecutive patients with hydrosalpinx treated with cuff neosalpingostomy were included. Main outcome measures were recurrence rate of hydrosalpinx after cuff neosalpingostomy, intrauterine and ectopic pregnancy rates. Results: Intraoperatively, the mean size of the hydrosalpinx was 1.9±0.7 cm, and 77% of patients had evidence of pelvic adhesions. Recurrence of hydrosalpinx, whether unilateral or bilateral was 70% (28/40) per patient. Intrauterine and ectopic pregnancy rates were 5% (2/40) and 2.5% (1/40), with a total pregnancy rate of 7.5% (3/40). Conclusions: Most patients experience recurrence of hydrosalpinx after cuff neosalpingostomy, thus requiring additional surgery such as salpingectomy prior to in vitro fertilization (IVF). In a poor prognosis population, salpingectomy should be considered as the primary treatment for hydrosalpinx prior to IVF.
On the energy measurement of jets in high-energy physics experiments

Abstract As the energies at which the elementary structure of matter is studied increased, the emphasis in scattering experiments has shifted from detecting individual hadrons to fragmenting quarks and gluons, which manifest themselves as particle jets. In this paper, we investigate and quantify some systematic effects that affect the precision with which the properties of the fragmenting constituents can be determined. We concentrate on the calorimeters that are used to measure the energies, and in particular on how the non-compensating nature of a calorimeter affects the energy measurement of different types of partons.
The Fox Project

Picture a piece of land on the Iowa River in Central Iowa. Some of it is bottomland that floods over. Some of it is wooded hillside. Some is useful for farming. For the past 100 years this has been the home of a growing community of American Indians who call themselves Mesquakies. They are commonly known as Fox Indians. After the Blackhawk War they were removed from Illinois and Iowa to Kansas. They defied the government, however, and in 1857 a few of them sought and received permission from the state of Iowa to buy 80 acres of land on which to settle. The 80 acres have grown to 3300. The population has grown to some 600 persons who think of this settlement as home even though many work and live in the towns and the cities of the white world—which in the meantime has surrounded their land and their lives.
Measurable schur multipliers and completely bounded multipliers of the Fourier algebras

Let G be a locally compact group, and AðGÞ the Fourier algebra of G from [17]. In [24], Herz de-ned the space of Herz --Schur multipliers, B2ðGÞ. He claimed that this space coincided with the space he denoted VðGÞ in his article [23], but o2ered no proof of this fact. The completely bounded multipliers of the Fourier algebra, McbAðGÞ, were de-ned by De Canniere and Haagerup in [8]. In was shown by Bo_ zejko and Fendler [7] that McbAðGÞ 1⁄4 B2ðGÞ, isometrically. Unfortunately, this result relies on unpublished work of Gilbert (entitled ‘Convolution operators and Banach space tensor products I, II and III’ but not widely available). However, there is a proof of the fact that McbAðGÞ 1⁄4 B2ðGÞ, due to Jolissaint [27], which relies on the representation theorem for completely bounded maps applied to the reduced C -algebra, C rðGÞ. In this paper we prove an analogue of the fact that McbAðGÞ 1⁄4 B2ðGÞ. In fact, our result obtains that fact in the case that G is a discrete group, and improves upon it in the respect that we obtain a complete isometry, where both McbAðGÞ and B2ðGÞ are given natural operator space structures. Moreover, we show that the natural module action of McbAðGÞ on the von Neumann algebra generated by the left regular representation, VNðGÞ, extends completely isometrically to a normal action of McbAðGÞ on all of BðLðGÞÞ, the space of bounded operators on LðGÞ. In fact, the image of McbAðGÞ in the (completely) bounded normal maps on BðLðGÞÞ consists of L1ðGÞ-bimodule maps, and can be characterised as a certain intrinsic ‘invariant part’ amongst those maps. We feel that our approach is interesting in and of itself since it makes systematic use of modern operator space theoretic techniques, pioneered by Blecher, E2ros, Haagerup, Paulsen, Ruan and Smith, amongst others. It thus gives a starting point for obtaining representations of completely bounded multipliers of Kac algebras, after [29], or of multipliers of locally compact quantum groups after Vaes et al. (see [47]). To support our approach, in x 3 we describe the space of measurable Schur multipliers, V1ðX; Þ, for any suitable measure space ðX; Þ. We develop the theory of V1ðX; Þ fully and systematically. Our main tools for doing this are the results of Smith [41] and Blecher and Smith [5] which characterise the normal completely bounded maps on the space of all bounded operators on a Hilbert space, which are module maps over a von Neumann algebra. We make great use of the weak* Haagerup tensor product of two von Neumann algebras, which is
Differential regulation of NPR-B/GC-B by protein kinase C and calcium

C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) activation of the guanylyl cyclase-linked natriuretic peptide receptor-B (NPR-B) stimulates vasorelaxation and bone growth. Hormones and phorbol esters (PMA) inhibit NPR-B in calcium- and protein kinase C-dependent manners, respectively. Here, we characterize the kinetic properties of NPR-B in membranes from cells exposed to PMA, the calcium ionophore, ionomycin, or sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). PMA and ionomycin primarily increased the Km and decreased the Vmax of NPR-B for GTP, respectively, whereas S1P caused modest changes in both parameters. PMA and S1P treatment increased the EC50 for CNP activation by 8 and 3-fold, whereas ionomycin was ineffective. All three agents caused NPR-B dephosphorylation, but the basis for the loss of phosphate differed between treatments. In vitro phosphorylation of NPR-B in membranes was markedly diminished by prior PMA or S1P exposure, whereas ionomycin pretreatment had no effect. The involvement of the known phosphorylated residues in each process was tested with a mutant receptor containing glutamates substituted for these sites. While the effect of PMA was lost on this receptor, the effects of S1P and ionomycin were only partially blocked. Our data suggest that the molecular bases for PMA- and calcium-dependent inhibition of NPR-B are unique. The former results from reduced phosphorylation of a known site and primarily affects the affinity of NPR-B for CNP and GTP. The latter is associated reductions in maximal velocities by a mechanism that does not involve inhibition of NPR-B phosphorylation and requires a process in addition to the dephosphorylation of the known sites.
Scaling in pπ− → pX− and an estimate of the triple-Pomeranchukon coupling

Abstract We show that the CERN-IHEP data on pπ− → pX− at 25 and 40 GeV/c exhibit scaling in s′/s. We give an estimate of the triple-Pomeranchukon coupling and discuss the possibility of its measurement at NAL.
Collapsing of the Chern–Ricci flow on elliptic surfaces

We investigate the Chern–Ricci flow, an evolution equation of Hermitian metrics generalizing the Kahler–Ricci flow, on elliptic bundles over a Riemann surface of genus greater than one. We show that, starting at any Gauduchon metric, the flow collapses the elliptic fibers and the metrics converge to the pullback of a Kahler–Einstein metric from the base. Some of our estimates are new even for the Kahler–Ricci flow. A consequence of our result is that, on every minimal non-Kahler surface of Kodaira dimension one, the Chern–Ricci flow converges in the sense of Gromov–Hausdorff to an orbifold Kahler–Einstein metric on a Riemann surface.
Effective Masses of Diquarks

We study meson and diquark bound states using the rainbow-ladder truncation of QCD’s Dyson-Schwinger equations. The infrared strength of the rainbow-ladder kernel is described by two parameters. The ultraviolet behavior is fixed by the one-loop renormalization group behavior of QCD, which ensures the correct asymptotic behavior of the Bethe-Salpeter amplitudes and brings important qualitative benefits. The diquark with the lowest mass is the scalar, followed by the axialvector and pseudoscalar diquark. This ordering can be anticipated from the meson sector.
Discovering nonstandard Higgs bosons in the H → ZA channel decay to multileptons

In this article we consider the possibility of observing nonstandard Higgs bosons in the H → ZA → Zτ + τ − channel. We present three benchmark scenarios in the NMSSM where H → ZA is the dominant decay mode for one of the nonstandard Higgs bosons while the lightest CP-even Higgs is Standard Model like. Using the latest CMS multilepton analysis based on 7 TeV LHC data, we put limits on the signal cross-section, which constrain leptophilic scenarios. Projecting to future LHC analyses with improvements in background modeling, we show that with O(30) fb−1 of data, such a multilepton analysis is very close to constraining our NMSSM benchmarks. As we illustrate with a toy model, for light A masses, the large boost of the A makes it inefficient to select two hadronic taus, since isolation and the transverse momenta are in tension. This efficiency could be improved by including boosted di-tau jets as an object in future multilepton analyses. We also discuss different methods to confirm this scenario by reconstruction of the m H and m A masses. In particular we consider the transverse mass distribution, collinear mass distribution and an analytical solution using trial masses.
Computer simulations of a 100 GHz cyclotron autoresonance maser oscillator with Bragg reflectors

Abstract Computer simulations of a 100 GHz electron-cyclotron autoresonance maser (CARM) oscillator that has been designed for an experiment at the Naval Research Laboratory are carried out using a time-dependent, 3D, particle-in-cell code. The results indicate an intrinsically low efficiency for the experimental parameters. Enhancement of the efficiency by varying the beam current, interaction length and magnetic field, and tapering the magnetic field are investigated. It is demonstrated that an efficiency above 20% may be obtained by reducing or tapering the magnetic field.