cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model of the Transibial Residual Limb and Prosthetic Socket to Predict Skin Temperatures

Amputees who wear prosthetic limbs often experience discomfort from blisters and sores due to mechanical insult; these skin conditions are exacerbated by elevated skin temperatures and excessive perspiration within the prosthetic socket. The goal of this study was to create a tool for developing new prostheses that accommodate varying thermal loads arising from everyday activities. A three-dimensional thermal model of a transtibial residual limb and prosthesis was constructed using the finite element (FE) method. Transverse computerized tomography (CT) scans were used to specify the geometry of the residual limb and socket. Thermal properties from the literature were assigned to both biological tissue and prosthetic socket elements. The purpose of this work was to create a model that would aid in testing the effect of new prosthesis designs on skin temperature. To validate its output, the model was used to predict the skin temperature distribution in a common prosthetic socket system (silicone liner, wool sock, and carbon fiber socket) at rest with no mechanical loading. Skin temperatures were generally elevated near muscle and decreased anteriorly and at the distal end. Experimental temperature measurements taken at the skin-prosthesis interface of five human subjects were used to validate the model. Data extracted from the thermal model at anterior, posterior, lateral, and medial locations were typically within one standard deviation of experimental results; the mean temperatures were within 0.3 degC for each section and were within 0.1 degC overall
“Critical Ethnocentrism” and the Ethnology of Ernesto De Martino

Italian anthropologist, folklorist, and historian of religions Ernesto De Martino was an eclectic and creative intellectual who fostered a whole generation of studies on popular culture in Italy. In this article, I focus on one particular aspect of his work, a method referred to as “critical ethnocentrism,” attempting to situate De Martino's concerns in the historical moment of postwar ideological struggles. De Martino's approach, however, has a wider relevance to understanding the relationships between the ethnographer and the subjects of the research, as well as the historical and political contexts in which they meet.
Urological medical malpractice

Purpose: Like all other medical and surgical practitioners, urologists are occasionally confronted with the unpleasant realization that they are being sued for medical malpractice. These suits are generated through any number of acts or failures to act during innumerable circumstances. We reviewed all urological claims presented to 1 representative insurance company and delineated the types of acts, settings, expenses and disposition of these claims. This review was performed to understand better the claims confronting urologists and provide future guidance to urologists in the medical malpractice setting.Methods and Materials: Working with The St. Paul Companies 259 medical malpractice claims against urologists consecutively closed from 1995 to 1999 were reviewed. Claims were defined as urological malpractice when the insured-defendant in a malpractice claim was a urologist. Each claim was reviewed in terms of disposition, patient age, geographic location, office-hospital setting, purported negligent act...
It's All Done with Mirrors: Calibration-and-Correspondence-Free 3D Reconstruction

We describe a 3-D object reconstruction method using a stationary camera anda planar mirror. No external calibration is required. The mirror providesthe extra views needed for a multiple-view reconstruction. We examine theimaging geometry of the camera-mirror setup and prove a theorem that givesus the constraints for computing the orientation of the mirror. Theconstraints are derived from the convex hull of the silhouettes of theimages of the object and its mirror reflection. The distance between themirror and the camera can be then obtained by a single object point or apair of points on the mirror. After the pose of the mirror isdetermined, we have multiple calibrated views of the object. We present areconstruction method customized for the special imaging geometry.
Automated generation of massive image knowledge collections using Microsoft Live Labs Pivot to promote neuroimaging and translational research

Massive datasets comprising high-resolution images, generated in neuro-imaging studies and in clinical imaging research, are increasingly challenging our ability to analyze, share, and filter such images in clinical and basic translational research. Pivot collection exploratory analysis provides each user the ability to fully interact with the massive amounts of visual data to fully facilitate sufficient sorting, flexibility and speed to fluidly access, explore or analyze the massive image data sets of high-resolution images and their associated meta information, such as neuro-imaging databases from the Allen Brain Atlas. It is used in clustering, filtering, data sharing and classifying of the visual data into various deep zoom levels and meta information categories to detect the underlying hidden pattern within the data set that has been used. We deployed prototype Pivot collections using the Linux CentOS running on the Apache web server. We also tested the prototype Pivot collections on other operating systems like Windows (the most common variants) and UNIX, etc. It is demonstrated that the approach yields very good results when compared with other approaches used by some researchers for generation, creation, and clustering of massive image collections such as the coronal and horizontal sections of the mouse brain from the Allen Brain Atlas. Pivot visual analytics was used to analyze a prototype of dataset Dab2 co-expressed genes from the Allen Brain Atlas. The metadata along with high-resolution images were automatically extracted using the Allen Brain Atlas API. It is then used to identify the hidden information based on the various categories and conditions applied by using options generated from automated collection. A metadata category like chromosome, as well as data for individual cases like sex, age, and plan attributes of a particular gene, is used to filter, sort and to determine if there exist other genes with a similar characteristics to Dab2. And online access to the mouse brain pivot collection can be viewed using the link http://edtech-dev.uthsc.edu/CTSI/teeDev1/unittest/PaPa/collection.html (user name: tviangte and password: demome) Our proposed algorithm has automated the creation of large image Pivot collections; this will enable investigators of clinical research projects to easily and quickly analyse the image collections through a perspective that is useful for making critical decisions about the image patterns discovered.
Variability of AVHRR-Derived Clear-Sky Surface Temperature over the Greenland Ice Sheet

Abstract The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer is used to derive surface temperatures for one satellite pass under clear skies over the Greenland ice sheet from 1989 through 1993. The results of these temperatures are presented as monthly means, and their spatial and temporal variability are discussed. Accuracy of the dry snow surface temperatures is estimated to be better than 1 K during summer. This error is expected to increase during polar night due to problems in cloud identification. Results indicate the surface temperature of the Greenland ice sheet is strongly dominated by topography, with minimum surface temperatures associated with the high elevation regions. In the summer, maximum surface temperatures occur during July along the western coast and southern tip of the ice sheet. Minimum temperatures are found at the summit during summer and move farther north during polar night. Large interannual variability in surface temperatures occurs during winter associated with katabatic storm event...
A shared idiotype among human anti-Ro/SSA autoantibodies.

Idiotypes and antiidiotypes are thought to be important immune regulators and have provided clues for the origin and pathogenicity of autoantibodies. Many lupus and Sjogren's syndrome patients, as well as most neonatal lupus infants with congenital heart block or dermatitis, have antibodies to the ribonucleoprotein Ro/SSA, which is one of a group of RNA-protein autoantigens commonly found in human lupus sera. To characterize the fine specificity of anti-Ro/SSA antibodies, a rabbit antidiotypic serum was prepared against polyclonal affinity purified anti-Ro/SSA F(ab')2. The resulting antiidiotype, anti-Id-Rol, is specific for the F(ab')2 fraction of the anti-Ro/SSA immunogen and its binding to anti-Ro/SSA is inhibited by purified Ro/SSA. These data indicate that the Id-Rol epitope on anti-Ro/SSA is associated with the antigen binding site of these same antibodies. The Id-Rol idiotype was present by ELISA in 3 of 12 additional anti-Ro/SSA preparations from precipitin-positive donor sera and in anti-Ro/SSA from one normal donor with low level antibody. This is the first shared idiotype to be found in the human autoantibodies binding to this RNA-protein antigen. Idiotypic differences between anti-Ro/SSA autoantibodies have the potential to explain the variation in pathologic associations found in individuals who develop this autoantibody specificity.
Cutaneous manifestations of endocrine disorders.

Skin changes are associated with a number of pituitary disorders, among them panhypopituitarism, gigantism, acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, and secondary Cushing's syndrome, an entity following excessive or protracted use of corticosteroids. Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenocortical, testicular and ovarian disorders are discussed.
Microbial CO Metabolism

CO metabolism begins with a reaction that can be considered a thermodynamically favorable disproportionation, resulting in CO2 and a pair of reducing equivalents, or molecular hydrogen as products: $$ {\text{CO}} + {\text{H}}_{ 2} {\text{O}} \to {\text{CO}}_{ 2} + 2 {\text{H}}^{ + } + 2 {\text{e}}^{ - } $$
The investigation on AIDS prevention knowledge and high risk behavior among community drug users in 400 cases in Jinniu district of Chengdu

Objective To evaluate the awareness status of AIDS prevention knowledge and the characteristics of high risk behaviors among drug users in Jinniu district of Chengdu so as to provide guidance for the AIDS intervention in the area.Methods Subjects visiting the needle/syringe exchange center were investigated by trained investigators using the uniform questionnaire adopted by AIDS surveillance sentinel in the whole country.Datas were input through Epi Data 3.02 and analyzed using SPSS11.5.Results The overall awareness rate about AIDS prevention information among community drug users was 46.81%,much lower than the goal established by the Chengdu municipal government.Besides,these subjects′ knowledge about the route of AIDS transmission was not comprehensive.The prevalence of sharing needle/syringe was rather high,yet the rate and frequency of using condom during sex activity was relatively low.However,AIDS-related service received by the drug addicts had all surpassed 90%.Conclusion Effective measures should be adopted according to the deficiency of AIDS prevention knowledge and high risk-related behaviors of the drug users,in order to enhance the AIDS education and further improve AIDS intervention among them.
Laminin-binding integrin gene copy number alterations in distinct epithelial-type cancers

The use of the Tissue Acquisition and Molecular Analysis Support Service (TACMASR) of the UA Cancer Center was essential for this work. Of particular note was the expert technical assistance of Ed Abril. The work was supported in part by CA P30 23074, CA164484 and CA159406.
Using Multiple Tracers for 13 C Metabolic Flux Analysis

(13)C-Metabolic flux analysis ((13)C-MFA) is a powerful technique for quantifying intracellular metabolic fluxes in living cells. These in vivo fluxes provide important information on the physiology of cells in culture, which can be used for metabolic engineering purposes and serve as inputs for systems biology modeling. The (13)C-MFA technique consists of several steps: (1) selecting appropriate tracers for a given system of interest, (2) performing isotopic labeling experiments, (3) measuring isotopic labeling distributions in metabolic products, (4) estimating metabolic fluxes using least-squares regression, and (5) evaluating the goodness of fit and computing confidence intervals for estimated fluxes. In this chapter, we provide guidelines for performing (13)C-MFA studies using multiple isotopic tracers, a technique that is especially useful for elucidating fluxes in complex biological systems where multiple carbon sources are present. Here, as an example, we describe key steps and decision points for designing (13)C-MFA studies for microbes grown on mixtures of glucose and xylose. The general concepts described in this chapter are applicable to many other biological systems. For example, the same procedures can be applied to design (13)C-MFA studies in mammalian cells, which are generally grown in complex media containing multiple substrates such as glucose and amino acids.
Liberalism and Urban Policy in San Francisco From the 1930s to the 1960s

W A hen former San Francisco mayor Joseph L. Alioto referred to New Deal liberalism as the inspiration for the initiatives of his administration, he thereby testified to both the ideological continuity between western and national politics and to the victory of conservative over radical priorities in urban policy. Western historians have appreciated such "imitative" dimensions of their region since Earl Pomeroy made his strong argument on the subject in 1955, but the extent to which post-New Deal liberalism in the West represented a conservative accommodation to capitalism has yet to be explored. This paper addresses that topic by analyzing the case of liberalism and urban policy in San Francisco, and it does so in the context of a growing literature critical of romanticism and reductionism in western history.2 When dramatic worldwide processes such as industrialization, or global events such as depression and war, alter relationships between individuals, groups, and organizations, new social networks develop that struggle over the economic and political resources necessary for urban policy-making. These struggles take place in ways that continue to be structured by previously existing economic and political institutions, and ideologies. Social change occurs in such contexts, and the task of
Small GTPase proteins in macroautophagy

Macroautophagy, a highly conserved process in eukaryotic cells, is initiated in response to stress, especially nutrient starvation. Macroautophagy helps cells survive by engulfing proteins and organelles into an unusual double-membraned structure called the autophagosome, which then fuses with the lysosome. Upon degradation of the engulfed contents, the building blocks are recycled for synthesis of new macromolecules. Recent work has demonstrated that construction of the autophagosome requires a variety of small GTPases in variations of their normal roles in membrane traffic. In this Commentary, we review our own recent findings with respect to 2 different GTPases, Arl1, a member of the Arf/Arl/Sar family, and Ypt6, a member of the Rab family, in the yeast S. cerevisiae in light of other information from the literature and discuss future directions for further discerning the roles of small GTPases in autophagy.
α6β4 Integrin Regulates the Collective Migration of Epithelial Cells

α6β4 integrin is localized in a unique punctate distribution at the cell-substratum interface along the leading front of single, front-rear-polarized A549 cells. These puncta are interspersed between focal adhesions and lack association with the actin cytoskeleton. Knockdown of β4 integrin in A549 cells inhibits their directed migration, with knockdown cells exhibiting large focal adhesions and reduced actin dynamics. Despite these changes, the speed of knockdown cells is equivalent to control cells. Interestingly, in such cells, α6 integrin retains its punctate distribution. Moreover, in β4 integrin knockdown cells, we observe a loss of β1 integrin from focal adhesions and an enhanced association with α6 integrin. We confirmed the switch in the β integrin binding partner of α6 integrin in the knockdown cells by immunoprecipitation. We next investigated the role of β4 integrin in collective cell migration. Wounded monolayers of β4 integrin knockdown cells exhibit reduced collective migration compared with controls. When we forced expression of β4 integrin in the leader cells of wounded monolayers, collective migration was restored. Similarly, forced expression of β4 integrin in primary rat alveolar epithelial cells also promotes collective cell migration. In addition, we interrogated the pathway by which β4 integrin regulates A549 cell-directed migration. Constitutively active Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 rescues motility defects resulting from β4 integrin deficiency. Together, our results support the hypothesis that α6β4 integrin is a positive regulator of collective cell migration of A549 cells through influence on signal pathways in leader cells.
Polarization effects from the ambient and the gate dielectric on charge transport in polymer field-effect transistors

Charge transport in polymer field-effect transistors is hugely affected by the polarization effects, which can be originated from polar molecules in the gate dielectric and ambient air. In this letter, we investigate the polarization induced trapping enhancement by dipoles in the gate dielectric layer and ambient air at the same time through the experiment with varying conditions of surface dielectric and polar analytes in the atmosphere. We demonstrate the result from diketopyrrolopyrrole based co-polymer transistors with high mobility. Polarization effects from dipoles in the atmosphere affect mostly the shallower trap states and are relatively less severe when the interface of the gate dielectric is very polar.
Publish and Perish?: An Assessment of Gender Gaps in Promotion to Tenure in Academia

In academia, there remains a gender gap in promotion to tenure, such that men are more likely to receive tenure than women. This paper tests three explanations of this gender gap in promotion: (1) contextual and organizational differences across departments; (2) performance/productivity differences by gender; and (3) gendered inequality in evaluation. To test these explanations, this project uses a novel dataset drawing from a sample of assistant professors in Sociology, Computer Science, and English, across research universities. This dataset combines data from sources including curriculum vitae, Google Scholar, and web archive employment data, resulting in a dataset of assistant professors' publication records, department affiliations, and job positions. Analyses examine the gender gap in the likelihood of promotion to tenure and in early career trajectories, while accounting for publication productivity and department/university context. The results demonstrate that productivity measures account for a portion of the gender gap in tenure, but in each discipline a substantial share of the gender gap remains unexplained by these factors. Department characteristics do not explain the tenure gender gap. Further, when women do receive tenure, they do so in lower-prestige departments than men, on average. These findings suggest that gendered inequality in the tenure evaluation process contributes to the gender gap in tenure rates.
Validity evidence for the use of the preventive resources inventory with college students

AbstractMeasurement properties of scores from the Preventive Resources Inventory (C. J. McCarthy & R. G. Lambert, 2001), a measure of stress-prevention resources, were evaluated. Sample-specific co...
On the Parallelization of the Lattice Boltzmann Method for Turbomachinery Applications

Abstract. An adaptive lattice-Boltzmann (LB) model for turbomachinery applications is being developed as an effort to integrate lattice-Boltzmann parallel computing method into aeropropulsion applications. In the present paper, we extend the parallel LB model for solving various turbomachinery flows problems with complex geometry simulations. The application of the LB model to supersonic and transonic cascades, and the largescale parallelism for this LB model with parallelization up to 500 processors is discussed in the present paper.
Nutrient transport by ruminal bacteria: a review.

Fermentation pathways have been elucidated for predominant ruminal bacteria, but information is limited concerning the specific transport mechanisms used by these microorganisms for C, energy, and N sources. In addition, it is possible that changes in ruminal environmental conditions could affect transport activity. Five carrier-mediated soluble nutrient transport mechanisms have been identified in bacteria: 1) facilitated diffusion, 2) shock sensitive systems, 3) proton symport, 4) Na+ symport, and the 5) phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (PEP-PTS). Several regulatory mechanisms are also involved at the cell membrane to coordinate utilization of different sugars. Recent research has shown that predominant ruminal bacteria are capable of transporting soluble nutrients by several of the mechanisms outlined above. Megasphaera elsdenii, Selenomonas ruminantium, and Streptococcus bovis transport glucose by the PEP-PTS, and S. ruminantium and S. bovis also possess PEP-PTS activity for disaccharides. Glucose PTS activity in S. bovis was highest at a growth pH of 5.0, low glucose concentrations, and a dilution rate of .10 h-1. The cellulolytic ruminal bacterium Fibrobacter succinogenes uses a Na+ symport mechanism for glucose transport that is sensitive to low extracellular pH and ionophores. Sodium also stimulated cellobiose transport by F. succinogenes, and there is evidence for a proton symport in the transport of both arabinose and xylose by S. ruminantium. A chemical gradient of Na+ seems to play an important role in AA transport in several ruminal bacteria. Studying nutrient transport mechanisms in ruminal bacteria will lead to a better understanding of the ruminal fermentation.
Identification of nonlinear block-oriented systems by the recursive kernel estimate

Abstract The identification of block-oriented systems by the kernel recursive estimate is discussed. Three types of system are considered: cascade of nonlinear memoryless system, Hammerstein system and Wiener system. The optimal model of memoryless cascade system is derived and estimated by the recursive kernel regression estimate. Nonlinear dynamical systems of Hammerstein and Wiener type with arbitrary nonlinearities are identified by means of nonparametric techniques. Convergence of identification procedures is investigated.
Initial assessment of architectures for production systems

Although production systems are appropriate for many applications in the artificial intelligence and expert systems areas, there are applications for which they are not fast enough to be used. If they are to be used for very large problems with severe time constraints, speed increases are essential. Recognizing that substantial further increases are not likely to be achieved through software techniques, the PSM project has begun investigating the use of hardware support for production system interpreters. The first task undertaken in the project was to attempt to understand the space of architectural possibilities and the trade-offs involved. This article presents the initial findings of the project. Briefly, the preliminary results indicate that the most attractive architecture for production systems is a machine containing a small number of very simple and very fast processors.
Effect of Obesity on the Development and Clinical Presentation of Asthma

Obesity is associated with increased risk for both prevalent and incident asthma in a dose-response relationship. It is still not clear how this association is modified by atopy or sex. It appears that abdominal adiposity rather than global adiposity drives this association, but the role of visceral fat remains unstudied. The association further does not yet fully meet the causality criteria in humans. The mechanistic basis for the association is not fully known, but multiplicity of pathways is suspected including the mechanical and metabolic/inflammatory effects of obesity on the airways. Leptin and adiponectin have been suggested as mediators in the obesity-asthma association, but this data is currently better established in mice than in humans. Multiple comorbidities of obesity, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, sleep apnea, and depression, may partly affect the disease manifestation in the obese subject. Interestingly, the clinical manifestations of asthma are more pronounced in obese than normal-weight asthmatics, but the physiological and inflammatory manifestations do not generally differ. Similarly, weight reduction improves clinical asthma outcomes without improving markers of airway eosinophilic inflammation. Obese patients with asthma also show a reduced beneficial response to asthma medications, particularly to inhaled corticosteroids. Currently, there remain critical gaps in our understanding of this association such as the “uniqueness” of the obesity-associated asthma phenotype.
Classification of Unintended Radiated Emissions in a Multi-Device Environment

Unintended radiated emissions (URE) from electronic devices are conducted on to the power infrastructure and can be collected and analyzed for non-intrusive load monitoring applications. Dimensionally aligned signal projections (DASP) were previously introduced as specialized signal transforms to enable device classification using machine learning on statistical features derived from the DASP transforms. In this paper, we explore multi-device classification which requires more sophisticated methods owing to the complexity of the feature space, such as large dynamic range, non-contiguous features, over-lapping features, and nonlinear interactions of features. In particular, we introduce an additional DASP algorithm for increased resolution and sensitivity to intermodulation products and examine the utility of convolutional neural networks to extract and learn features directly from DASP images for classification of single and multiple device URE captures.
Active pumping and control of flows in centrifugal microfluidics

This review is an account of centrifugal microfluidic systems that use various actuation strategies in addition to intrinsic centrifugal forces to accurately regulate the motion of fluids during rotation. Platforms that integrate active methods of pumping and flow control render centrifugal microfluidics more versatile as they facilitate integration and process automation by enabling (or improving the reliability of) important fluidic functions, such as metering, aliquoting, valving, flow switching, mixing, and inward pumping. Principles and working mechanisms underlying these strategies are described in the context of recent trends in instrument design and development where centrifugal platforms have been equipped with pneumatic, magnetic or electromechanical actuators serving as pumping and valving elements. The potential of these platforms to perform complex bioanalytical assays in an automated fashion is illustrated by several examples, which include on-chip preparation of aliquot libraries, nucleic acid purification, amplification and analysis as well as blood separation.
International Short-Term Immersion Study Tours: Gen Z, Curriculum, and Trauma-Informed Tours

With rapid globalization and increased connection among people of the world in the 21st century, embedding global education in the curriculum is now key for interactions in the pluralistic world of today. short-term study abroad programs combine global curriculum with experiences in international settings. However, certain factors in our contemporary world may discourage faculty from considering running these courses. This article seeks to provide educators and college administrators with information about important logistics and curriculum to consider when planning and taking Gen Z’ers on a short-term study tour program, including incorporating trauma-informed concepts. This paper provides creative ways for faculty to develop short-term study tour courses, and integrates ways to assist a population of students (Gen Z’ers) that older faculty members may not be able to fully “relate” to, as well as ways to be cost-efficient and inclusive.
Applying complexity theory for modeling human resource outcomes: Antecedent configurations indicating perceived location autonomy and work environment choice

Abstract Who are the knowledge workers perceiving high versus low location autonomy? Do these workers consistently select work environments to enhance their well-being or to enhance their productivity? This study frames the causal conditions for answering these research questions in response to calls ( Misangyi et al., 2017 ; Woodside, 2014 ) to embrace complexity theory in management research by constructing and testing asymmetric case-based models of decisions and outcomes. The present study examines propositions relating to knowledge worker's choices of work environments, including: P1: Knowledge workers high in intrinsic work motivation consistently select work environment choices to enhance productivity. P2: Knowledge workers with high scores in perceived location autonomy (PLA) consistently select work environments to enhance well-being and/or work productivity. The study includes examining these two and six additional propositions empirically using a sample of full-time professional knowledge workers. The findings deepen and expand on prior symmetric-based theory and analysis.
Kanji and non-homophonous furigana: Foreign language readings and character (stereo)types in manga

Abstract The present study seeks to investigate how one manga series Bleach, by Tite Kubo, uses a language-specific process to employ loanwords as tools to invoke a stereotype injection, as well as index certain character traits without overt characterization through dialogue. I argue in this paper that the Japanese writing system offers a key mechanism for this indexing. The system traditionally encompasses three different character sets: kanji (characters originally borrowed from/based off of the Chinese writing system), hiragana (a moraic script used for native and functional words), and katakana (a moraic script used for foreign words, sound effects, etc.). These sets each have their own normatively specialized usages, and because of this, they have come to index certain social stereotypes. One aspect of Japanese writing which may also be associated with stereotypes that has been less studied is furigana. Traditionally written in hiragana or katakana, furigana are annotations serving a metalingual function, and are primarily used to give the pronunciations of unknown or obscure kanji that the reader might not recognize. A less-frequently employed secondary purpose is giving a non-standard reading to a kanji character or series of characters. What has not received direct attention yet is how furigana itself can be used to index certain social or cultural stereotypes. While past research has looked at furigana in manga, few of these have looked at systematic uses of non-Japanese furigana readings. Through analysis of the usage of Spanish-derived and German-derived furigana readings in Bleach, it was determined that the origin language of the furigana word often correlates with a certain character type, and functions as a way to inject stereotypes about characters into even small portions of their dialogue. Further, it was determined that many of the social stereotypes concerning these languages were present in word choice and kanji usage, yielding a cultural idea of characterological type without the need for overt characterization, which is helpful in dealing with Bleach’s large cast of named characters.
9.8 – Coal Formation and Geochemistry

Coal is one of the most complex and challenging natural materials to analyze and understand. Unlike most rocks that consist predominantly of crystalline mineral grains, coal is largely an assemblage of amorphous, degraded plant remains metamorphosed to various degrees and intermixed with a generous sprinkling of minute syngenetic, diagenetic, epigenetic, and detrital mineral grains, and containing within its structure various amounts of water, oils, and gases. This chapter tries to make geochemical sense of this wonderfully complex and important resource.
Don’t Worry, Be Happy: Associations Between Worry and Positive Emotion Regulation

Positive emotional experiences are disrupted across a range of anxiety disorders, but little is known regarding specific symptoms that may inhibit positive emotions. Across two studies (N = 260 and N = 119), associations between worry and positive emotion regulation using questionnaires and a lab-based task were examined. Results from study 1 suggested that over 75% of participants reported worrying about a recent positive event, and this was more common for those with greater trait worry. Across both studies, worry was associated with dysregulation in response to positive experiences. In study 2, participants completed an emotion regulation task involving directed cognitive reflection on a past positive event, which resulted in increased positive affect regardless of trait worry. Overall, results suggest that individuals commonly worry about positive events and that worry is associated with the dysregulation of positive emotions. However, the ability to up-regulate positive emotions when directed may be maintained.
Gender and leadership development in undergraduate computing: a closer look at women’s leadership conceptions

Women remain underrepresented in undergraduate computing, student leadership roles, and computing leadership positions after college. This study provides insight into these inequities by examining ...
Trade, Structural Transformation, and Growth

This paper analyses a simple model of a small economy with agricultural and non‐agricultural sectors to study how opening to international trade affects structural transformation and output growth. In particular, we ask whether effects from accelerated structural transformation after opening to trade is large enough to account for the explosive growth patterns observed in newly industrialised economies. A simulation result suggests that the model‐generated magnitude of growth is comparable to ‘growth miracles’ experienced in newly industrialised economies. Trade policies, relative productivity between agriculture and non‐agriculture, and the persistence of structural transformation process jointly affect the growth dynamics after opening.
Discrete tolerance optimization for aircraft multi-joint assembly based on dynamic programming

According to the nature of multi-stage decision of tolerance design for aircraft multi-joint assembly,a novel method of discrete tolerance optimization was proposed based on dynamic programming. First,coordination error models of typical three-joint assembly and four-joint assembly were presented. Second,a dynamic programming-based directed graph was built by introducing assembly quality indicator and cost indicator. Each individual graph node denoted an optional tolerance and contained optimal assembly quality index and cost index of rear sub-process. The constraint of tolerance selection between adjacent dimensional links was depicted by a directed edge linking two correspondent graph nodes. Finally,a two-phrase graph traversal algorithm was developed to make the optimal tolerance selection. The binary-indicator attribute of each graph node and edge were evaluated by inverse sequence method in the "backtracking"phase,and then a heuristic search algorithm was proposed to find the optimal route based on the binary-indicator attribute of each graph node in the following"forwarding"phase. This method was verified by a case study of helicopter tail beam and inclined beam assembly. The results show that the global optimal tolerance selection can be attained. Meanwhile,the efficiency of tolerance optimization is improved significantly by elimination of repetitive cost and assembly quality evaluations as well as diminishment of tolerance search space.
Integrated Optics: An Overview

This chapter traces the history of integrated optical devices and gives an overview of its supporting technology. It also explains why integrated optics is so important in many areas of high-speed and high-density applications areas, which grow in significance with modern information systems. The recent growth in silicon photonics and its advances in fabrication technology is also emphasized.
Diary of a Family Physician

Sarah Cheek, MD Clinical assistant professor in the Department of Family, Population & Preventive Medicine at Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York. In a hospital with almost 700 beds, this welcomed coincidence exemplifies continuity of care at its finest. 2:00 p.m. I conduct a virtual meeting with a patient's legal guardians, the palliative care team, and neurosurgery. Alexandra Schieber, DO Assistant professor of Family and Community Medicine at Temple University Lew is Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
The Application of the Multispecimen J -Integral Technique to Toughened Polymers

The multispecimen J-integral technique ASTM Test Method for J 1 c , a Measure of Fracture Toughness (E 813-87) has been applied to a series of rubber-toughened polymers to determine the generality of the method for polymeric materials. The experimental procedures produce results that are similar in form with those found in the metals and ceramics literature. However, many of the procedures involving data analysis require reexamination. In this study, the effects of side grooves, ligament depths, and the relationship between critical initiation J and G values are examined. The use of side-grooved specimens for J testing is a viable way of experimentally verifying plane strain conditions. The ASTM E 813-87 recommendation for the allowable range of ligament depths appears to be inappropriate for toughened polymers. However, the recommendation of W/B = 2 as an experimental starting point is sensible. Finally, the J 1 c to G c relationship was explored. In separate, nonstandard K tests involving large specimens, the initiation point, G c , was defined at 2.5% crack growth. J 1 c , as calculated by the ASTM E 813-87 construction, was as much as 50% lower than this G c value. However. when comparing critical J and G values for specific crack growths, good agreement between the two tests was obtained, provided the crack growth was small. Although the current J 1 c construction provides a conservative estimate of the G c value, it is an open question whether the J 1 c value is appropriate for polymer design.
Operations and maintenance centre — delivering network services

Network management, administration and maintenance activities have developed dramatically since the introduction of digital exchanges, with their ever-increasing capabilities for remote interrogation and control. The operations and maintenance centre (OMC) was born to exploit the exchange capabilities and fulfil the need for fast and efficient centralised administration and maintenance facilities. This paper describes and traces the development of the OMC, outlines its key role and achievements in the delivery of network services in pace with on-going requirements, and investigates the technical challenges being addressed as part of its evolutionary design.
Optimal management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer - a review

Muscle-invasive bladder cancer is a complex disease requiring aggressive management. Patients are often older with comorbid conditions that impact treatment options. This review describes the available therapies for invasive urothelial carcinoma, including chemotherapy, radical extirpative surgery, and bladder-preserving strategies.
Determination of Flavonol Aglycones in Ginkgo biloba Dietary Supplement Crude Materials and Finished Products by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Single Laboratory Validation

A single laboratory validation (SLV) was completed for a method to determine the flavonol aglycones quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin in Ginkgo biloba products. The method calculates total glycosides based on these aglycones formed following acid hydrolysis. Nine matrixes were chosen for the study, including crude leaf material, standardized dry powder extract, single and multiple entity finished products, and ethanol and glycerol tinctures. For the 9 matrixes evaluated as part of this SLV, the method appeared to be selective and specific, with no observed interferences. The simplified 60 min oven heating hydrolysis procedure was effective for each of the matrixes studied, with no apparent or consistent differences between 60, 75, and 90 min at 90 degrees C. A Youden ruggedness trial testing 7 factors with the potential to affect quantitative results showed that 2 factors (volume hydrolyzed and test sample extraction/hydrolysis weight) were the most important parameters for control during sample preparation. The method performed well in terms of precision, with 4 matrixes tested in triplicate over a 3-day period showing an overall repeatability (relative standard deviation, RSD) of 2.3%. Analysis of variance testing at alpha = 0.05 showed no significant differences among the within- or between-group sources of variation, although comparisons of within-day (Sw), between-day (Sb), and total (St) precision showed that a majority of the standard deviation came from within-day determinations for all matrixes. Accuracy testing at 2 levels (approximately 30 and 90% of the determined concentrations in standardized dry powder extract) from 2 complex negative control matrixes showed an overall 96% recovery and RSD of 1.0% for the high spike, and 94% recovery and RSD of 2.5% for the low spike. HorRat scores were within the limits for performance acceptability, ranging from 0.4 to 1.3. Based on the performance results presented herein, it is recommended that this method progress to the collaborative laboratory trial.
Magnetic bubbles in space.

The origin of magnetic fields found in galaxies and galaxy clusters is unknown. Both models and observations suggest that extinct radio galaxies could be responsible.
Correlated set coordination in fault tolerant message logging protocols for many‐core clusters

SUMMARY With our current expectation for the exascale systems, composed of hundred of thousands of many-core nodes, the mean time between failures will become small, even under the most optimistic assumptions. One of the most scalable checkpoint restart techniques, the message logging approach, is the most challenged when the number of cores per node increases because of the high overhead of saving the message payload. Fortunately, for two processes on the same node, the failure probability is correlated, meaning that coordinated recovery is free. In this paper, we propose an intermediate approach that uses coordination between correlated processes but retains the scalability advantage of message logging between independent ones. The algorithm still belongs to the family of event logging protocols but eliminates the need for costly payload logging between coordinated processes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preventing Regulatory Capture: Preventing Economists’ Capture

When economists talk about regulatory capture, we do not imply that regulators are corrupt or lack integrity. In fact, if regulatory capture were due solely to illegal behavior, it would be simpler to fight. Regulatory capture is so pervasive precisely because it is driven by standard economic incentives, which push even the most well-intentioned regulators to cater to the interests of the regulated. These incentives are built into their positions. Regulators depend on the regulated for much of the information they need to do their job properly, and this dependency encourages regulators to cater to the regulated. The regulated are also perhaps the primary audience of the regulators, as taxpayers and citizens more generally have much less incentive to monitor regulation, and generally remain ignorant. Hence the regulators will tend to perform their job with the regulated, rather than the public, in mind, further encouraging the regulators to cater to the interests of the regulated. Finally, career incentives play a big role. The regulators’ human capital is highly industry-specific, and many of the best jobs available to them exist within the industries they regulate. Thus, the desire to preserve future career options makes it difficult for the regulator not to cater to the regulated.
A new species of rainfrog of the Eleutherodactylus milesi species group (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Guatemala.

A new rainfrog of the Eleutherodactylus milesi group is described from the Sierra de Xucaneb, Guatemala. It is compared to the other 11 upland species from southern Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras referred to the group. Within the milesi group the new species differs from the other five forms which also have toe fringes in size of the finger disks, the snout shape in profile and the amount of toe webbing and dorsal tuberculation. Difficulties in distinguishing among the character states for the tympanum (distinct, indistinct and hidden) and between toe ridges and fringes indicate that very subtle differences separate recognized species
Molecular mechanisms of nonablative fractionated laser resurfacing

Summary Background Nonablative fractionated laser resurfacing improves the texture of treated skin, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie clinical improvements. Objectives We sought to examine and quantify the time course and magnitude of dermal matrix changes that occur in response to nonablative fractionated laser resurfacing, with the dual goals of better understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie clinical improvements and of gaining knowledge that will enable evidence-based treatment parameter optimization. Methods Twenty patients (mean age 58 years) with photodamaged skin were focally treated on dorsal forearms with a nonablative fractionated laser. Serial skin samples were obtained at baseline and at various times after treatment. Biopsies were examined with real-time polymerase chain reaction technology and immunohistochemical techniques. Results Laser treatment resulted in an initial inflammatory response as indicated by statistically significant induction of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α). This was followed by substantial increases in levels of several matrix metalloproteinases and later by significant induction of type I collagen. Dermal remodelling was noted with both low and high microbeam energy treatment parameters. Conclusions Nonablative fractionated laser resurfacing induces a well-organized wound-healing response that leads to substantial dermal remodelling and collagen induction. Surprisingly, only minimal differences were observed between lower and higher microbeam energy settings. These data suggest that lower microbeam energy/higher microbeam density treatment parameters, which are generally better tolerated by patients, may yield dermal changes similar to those that result from higher microbeam energy/lower microbeam density treatment parameters.