cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the specific surface area of snow during high‐temperature gradient metamorphism

The structural evolution of low-density snow under a high-temperature gradient over a short period usually takes place in the surface layers on clear, cold nights. In this paper, X-ray computed microtomography (microCT) was combined with numerical simulations to investigate the temperature gradient metamorphism (TGM) on different types of snow. Precipitation particles (PP), small rounded particles (RGsr), and large rounded particles (RGlr) were each observed in high-temperature gradients (100–500 K m−1) at a mean temperature of −4°C. The specific surface area (SSA) was used to characterize the TGM, which were influenced by both the magnitude of the temperature gradient and the initial snow structures. PP samples experienced a logarithmic decrease of SSA with time, and the depth hoar structures created under high TGM (500 K m−1) have higher SSA compared to those under lower TGM. Unlike previous observations, for initial rounded and connected structures, like RGlr samples, the SSA increased during TGM. Simulated normal vapor flux distributions for different snow types were used to help understand the structural evolution under TGM. Understanding the SSA increase is important in order to predict the enhanced uptake of chemical species by snow or increase in snow albedo.
Cardiac surgery in adults performed at children's hospitals: trends and outcomes.

Objective The number of adults with congenital heart disease who require cardiac surgery is projected to increase dramatically. Controversy exists as to whether such procedures should be performed in pediatric centers, which generally have the greatest experience with operations for congenital heart disease. We sought to report the outcomes for cardiac surgery performed in adults (≥21 years of age) at children's hospitals and determine how these practices varied among institutions. Methods Data from July 2005 to June 2007 from the Child Health Corporation of America, a consortium of 37 free-standing children's hospitals, were analyzed to determine the institutional volume, type of cardiac procedure, outcome, and hospital charges. Individual institutional variables were analyzed to determine which factors might be associated with the practice of performing adult cardiac surgery in children's hospitals. Results During the study period, there were 719 admissions for cardiac surgery in adults at Child Health Corporation of America institutions. The median age at the time of operation was 26 years (range, 21–86 years). The most common surgical procedures were implantation or revision of a pacemaker or defibrillator (n = 207 [29.2%]), pulmonary valve replacement (n = 119 [16.8%]), aortic valve replacement (n = 59 [8.3%]), and Fontan revision (n = 37 [5.2%]). The median hospital length of stay was 6 days (range, 1–175 days). The hospital mortality was 1.9%. Comorbid conditions likely to require other subspecialty care were present in more than 30% of patients. Among the Child Health Corporation of America centers, adult operations as a proportion of overall cardiac operations varied from 0% to 10.9%. There was no relationship between overall cardiac surgical volume and proportion of adult cases performed in Child Health Corporation of America centers. Conclusions A significant number of adult cardiac surgical procedures are being performed at children's hospitals with excellent results. The majority of procedures are not related to complex shunt lesions but rather pacemaker/defibrillator implantation and semilunar valve surgery. Whether adult patients with congenital heart disease should continue to undergo most cardiac surgery in children's hospitals is worthy of discussion.
Magnetic-field effects on submillimeter absorptivity in epitaxial thin films of YBa2Cu3O7.

We have studied the dependence of the directly measured absorptivities in epitaxial films of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ on magnetic field. These high-quality films are characterized by their low microwave surface resistance measured at 4 K near 10 GHz. The field-dependent absorptivity measurements were made at 2 K in fields up to 3 T and for frequencies between 40 and 200 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. We observe a region of enhanced absorption in the presence of a magnetic field near 60 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ (8 meV) for all films. The shape and location of this structure varies significantly from sample to sample. We have used the model proposed recently by Hsu and also the model of Karrai et al. to fit our data. These two models suggest different interpretations of the enhanced absorption feature. The fits are unable to constrain the more physically meaningful Hsu model, indicating large systematic differences between the data and the Hsu model.
Parameter Sensitivity Analysis for Hypersonic Viscous Flow using a Discrete Adjoint Approach

A discrete adjoint approach for calculating sensitivity derivatives in viscous hypersonic ows is examined. The approach is presented within the context of both perfect gas and nonequilibrium real gas simulations and can be used to determine the sensitivity of objectives to various model and design parameters. By using an adjoint based approach, the sensitivity of an objective to a large number of input parameters can be calculated in an ecient and timely manner. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the adjoint approach, a two dimensional cell-centered nite volume solver is presented and several sensitivity derivatives are calculated using a perfect gas and a ve species, two temperature real gas model. Geometric sensitivities are presented for both models as well as sensitivity to various model parameters.
Melt motion in the float zone process with an axial magnetic field

Abstract The motion of the molten silicon in the float-zone process is significantly affected by the electromagnetic (EM) body force and the Joule heat, generated by the distribution of the AC electric current density which is induced by a needle-ey induction coil. Melt motion driven by the EM body force, buoyancy, thermocapillarity, and crystal growth are divided into two major regions, the outer and the inner core regions, under the influence of a strong, axial magnetic field. The maximum flow velocities due to the various driving forces are calculated and are compared with each other in these two regions. For a crystal with a 76 mm diameter and a growth speeds of 2 to 4 mm/min, the crystal-growth driven flow is comparable to the buoyancy driven flow in the inner core region. In the outer core region, the mass transport near the free surface of the melt is determined by EM body force and thermocapillarity. Streamlines of the flow for each driving mechanism and combined flows are presented.
The role of Cherenkov and liquid scintilation counting in evaluating the anion-exchange separation of210Pb−210Bi−210Po

Using as eluent a sequence of 3M HCl, 12M HCl, and 8M HNO3, a mixture of210Pb,210Bi, and210Po may be clearly separated on a column of Dowex 1×2−100 anion exchange resin. A Cherenkov count in H2O and the variation in count rate with time confirm that the nuclides emerge in the order210Pb→210Bi→210Po. If 12M HCl is replaced by 1.5M H2SO4/2.3 M Na2SO4, a clean separation also results, but recovery of210Po becomes considerably more difficult. All three nuclides are readily detectable by liquid scintillation counting, with the efficiency for210Pb in the 60–70% range. The Cherenkov aqueous counting efficiency for210Bi is ∼14–15%.
Parametric images as a tool for quantitative normative evaluation.

Features extracted from static or dynamic scintigraphic images can be used to produce parametric or functional images. Those images typically map a dynamic parameter (temporal encoding) or a quantitative measure of the tracer distribution. In this report, we consider the cases in which the nature of the extracted feature is well suited for a quantitative normative evaluation, ie, where the values obtained can be directly or indirectly compared with expected normal values. The major difference between this approach and the more common heuristic or synoptic interpretation of "images" lies in the underlying modeling: the model "predicts" a minimal washout rate, a match between ventilation and perfusion rates in the lungs, homogeneous contraction in the left ventricle, an expected angular distribution of thallium in the myocardium, or the absence of an additional kinetic feature. The quantitative aspect of the analysis is based in all cases on an approach that overcomes or is less sensitive to morphological or structural biological variability: in some cases the patient provides the normalizing data, as in ventilation-perfusion ratios. In other cases, the model predicts homogeneous results (as in phase analysis) or a range of normal physiological values (for xenon washout). Less commonly, the analysis requires a transformation of the data, as is the case in the analysis of myocardial perfusion, which follows a polar transformation of the image, and an analysis based on angular coordinates. In a normative approach, pathology is defined as a deviation (in this case a quantitative deviation) from the norm. The next step is to model specific abnormalities: early right-sided reappearance of the bolus in a right-to-left shunt, the appearance of "abnormal" kinetic factors, or a comparison with the expected distribution of bloodflow (or location of defects) in certain coronary lesions. However, in all cases, one should note that the analysis does not compromise the major feature of "imaging", that is to recognize regional, rather than exclusively global malfunction.
Estimating aerosol particle charging parameters using a Bayesian inversion technique

Abstract A Bayesian inversion routine is described in which data from tandem differential mobility analysis (TDMA) can be used to determine fundamental parameters for charging models as a function of particle size. The measurement and inversion techniques were verified using simulated data for particles in the 50–500 nm range undergoing unipolar diffusion charging as described by Fuchs’ limiting sphere theory, for which the fundamental charging parameter is the product of the unipolar ion concentration and residence time within the charger, the so-called nt product. Under conditions where the average particle charge is greater than one unit charge, the inversion routine is precisely and accurately able to determine the nt value. The inversion routine breaks down, however, when the average number of charges per particle is well below unity, i.e. for low nt values or for small particle sizes. Incorporation of charging efficiency data in addition to TDMA data can allow for use of the inversion routine when the average number of charges per particle is low. With its limitations known, the inversion routine was applied to determine the nt value for the unipolar charger used in the TSI electrical aerosol detector (EAD), model 3070A, for particles in the 50–200 nm size range. The effective nt value within the EAD charger decreased with decreasing particle size, implying that charged particle losses occur within the EAD charger. The described inversion routine is unique in its ability to determine size dependent charge model parameters, and can be utilized with any given charging model. It is expected that this technique will be of use in advancing the understanding of aerosol particle charging models and in future design of unipolar chargers.
Generalization of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality

where the equality sign holds only if the sets (u) and (b) are proportional (i.e., if there are two numbers h and p, both not zero, such that Au, = & for all i = 1, . . . . n). We restrict ourselves to the case where all ui and bi are positive, except in Section 3(e). For convenience we will write zy=, as C, unless otherwise specified. One may put an infinite number of well-ordered inequalities in between the members of (1):
Further evidence for mediation by histamine of estrogenic stimulation of the rat uterus.

Solutions of histamine dihydrochloride or of a synthetic histamine releasing agent (Compound 48–80) were introduced into the uterine lumen of adult, castrated rats. Within four hours following administration, increases in water content and changes in gross vascular appearance of the organ were produced which were comparable to the maxima induced by intravenous or intraluminal estrogen for the same period of treatment. Intravenously administered cortisol substantially diminished the hyperemia and water imbibition elicited by 4–80 or by histamine. Two of the 4 structurally interrelated antihistamines tested (Benadryl hydrochloride and Chlor-Trimeton maleate), were effective in blocking estradiol-stimulated hydration and hyperemia. These findings are regarded as support for the view that estrogen action, in effecting vasodilation and edema in the rat uterus, is mediated by the local release of histamine. It is proposed that cortisol may antagonize responses to estrogen in the uterus by non-specifically decre...
Coronary blood flow in left ventricular hypertrophy: a review of experimental data

Ischemia is a potential complication of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Under resting conditions, coronary blood flow (CBF) per unit mass and its transmural distribution are usually normal and reflect total or regional myocardial oxygen needs. Studies of the coronary circulation after stimulation by pharmacological means, pacing or excercise have revealed a wide spectrum of results from a normal increase in flow (coronary flow reserve) in some cases to a significant reduction in others with altered transmural distribution and decreased ratio of endo/epicardial flow. These results suggest that subendocardial ischemia may occur in experimental LVH. They are consistent with clinical observations of angina pectoris or ECG abnormalities in patients with LVH and no detectable coronary artery lesions. Much remains to be learned regarding changes in CBF with reversal of LVH. With regard to this problem, we found that the relation of myocardial mass to the driving head of pressure for the coronary circulation, i.e. the aortic pressure, plays a highly significant role. If aortic pressure and myocardial hypertrophy vary in parallel, little disturbance is expected in maximal coronary flow but if hypertrophy exists or persists in the presence of a relatively low aortic pressure, coronary reserve could be reduced. Thus, antihypertensive drugs that lower blood pressure but not LV mass may have adverse effects on the coronary flow reserve although blood pressure returns to normal.
Tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, triazoles and related heterocyclic derivatives as HIV protease inhibitors

HIV/AIDS remains a formidable disease with millions of individuals inflicted worldwide. Although treatment regimens have improved considerably, drug resistance brought on by viral mutation continues to erode their effectiveness. Intense research efforts are currently underway in search of new and improved therapies. This review is concerned with the design of novel HIV-1 protease inhibitors that incorporate heterocyclic scaffolds and which have been reported within the recent literature (2005–2010). Various examples in this review showcase the essential role heterocycles play as scaffolds and bioisosteres in HIV-1 protease inhibitor drug development. This review will hopefully stimulate the widespread application of these heterocycles in the design of other therapeutic agents.
Insulin Resistance, Hyperinsulinemia, Hypertriglyceridemia, and Hypertension: Parallels Between Human Disease and Rodent Models

There is considerable evidence that abnormalities of glucose, insulin, and lipoprotein metabolism occur more frequently in untreated hypertensive patients than in normotensive control subjects. More recently, it has also become apparent that similar metabolic abnormalities occur in rodent models of hypertension. One purpose of this article is to review the experimental data that have led to the above generalizations. The second goal is to address the significance of these findings, which is certainly not clear. For example, it could be argued that the relationship between high blood pressure and the associated metabolic defects is incidental. On the other hand, there is evidence that the changes in glucose, insulin, and lipoprotein metabolism may play a role in the etiology and/or clinical course of patients with high blood pressure. Although it is impossible at this point to definitively choose between these possibilities, an effort is made to marshal the evidence in support of the latter alternative.
Septate uterus with left fallopian tube hypoplasia and ipsilateral ovarian agenesis.

Objective To report a combined genital tract anomaly of septate uterus, unilateral fallopian tube hypoplasia, and ipsilateral ovarian agenesis.
A systematic design method for fuzzy logic control with application to automotive idle speed control

A systematic design procedure for automatic rule generation for dynamic systems such as a nonlinear engine dynamic model is investigated. By 'automatic rule generation' the authors mean clustering or collection of such meaningful transitional relations from one conditional subspace to another. Elements that result from such transitions are anticipated according to the applied action of each rule. Data required for this transitional set of rules can be collected via (i) information such as experimental results, (ii) numerical simulation runs based on dynamic models, and (iii) heuristics. However, the main advantage of the automatic rule generation scheme is that reliability can be potentially increased even in the presence of large-grained uncertainty in the system investigated. Specifications-accuracy and precision-of the system tolerances can be arbitrarily adjusted and are a function of the resolution of the design parameters. >
Covering Controversy: What Are the Implications for Women's Health?

We see it while skimming newspaper headlines, watching the nightly news, and, increasingly, scanning our social media feeds: high volumes of conflicting and controversial information about issues relevant to women’s health. Already in 2015, several such controversial issues have occupied media attention, including conflict over childhood vaccination decisions after a measles outbreak in California (Loehrke & Szabo, 2015), resurgence in controversy surrounding the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine after a Toronto newspaper published a sensationalist story highlighting dramatic and unproven vaccine side effects (English, 2015), and the release of draft U.S. Preventive Service Task Force (USPSTF) breast cancer screening recommendations (USPSTF, 2015). Although it is well known that the media can have a positive influence on health-related attitudes and behaviors (Ramirez et al., 2013; Redmond, Baer, Clark, Lipsitz, & Hicks, 2010), mass media messages that broadcast conflicting and controversial health information raise the potential for adverse effects. Although there is some evidence that exposure to media conflict and controversy is associated with public confusion, decreased trust in health recommendations, and less adoption of prevention and screening behaviors (Han et al., 2009; Nagler, 2014), this research arena remains underexplored.
Milnor numbers and the topology of polynomial hypersurfaces.

LetF: ℂn + 1→ℂ be a polynomial. The problem of determining the homology groupsH q (F −1 (c)), c ∈ℂ, in terms of the critical points ofF is considered. In the “best case” it is shown, for a certain generic class of polynomials (tame polynomials), that for allc∈ℂ,F −1 (c) has the homotopy type of a bouquet of μ-μ c n-spheres. Here μ is the sum of all the Milnor numbers ofF at critical points ofF and μ c is the corresponding sum for critical points lying onF −1 (c). A “second best” case is also discussed and the homology groupsH q (F −1 (c)) are calculated for genericc∈ℂ. This case gives an example in which the critical points “at infinity” ofF must be considered in order to determine the homology groupsH q (F −1 (c)).
Receptor expression and sympatric speciation: unique olfactory receptor neuron responses in F1 hybrid Rhagoletis populations.

SUMMARY The Rhagoletis pomonella species complex is one of the foremost examples supporting the occurrence of sympatric speciation. A recent study found that reciprocal F 1 hybrid offspring from different host plant-infesting populations in the complex displayed significantly reduced olfactory host preference in flight-tunnel assays. Behavioral and electrophysiological studies indicate that olfactory cues from host fruit are important chemosensory signals for flies to locate fruit for mating and oviposition. The reduced olfactory abilities of hybrids could therefore constitute a significant post-mating barrier to gene flow among fly populations. The present study investigated the source of changes in the hybrid olfactory system by examining peripheral chemoreception in F 1 hybrid flies, using behaviorally relevant volatiles from the parent host fruit. Single-sensillum electrophysiological analyses revealed significant changes in olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) response specificities in hybrid flies when compared to parent ORN responses. We report that flies from F 1 crosses of apple-, hawthorn- and flowering dogwood-origin populations of R. pomonella exhibited distinct ORN response profiles absent from any parent population. These peripheral alterations in ORN response profiles could result from misexpression of multiple receptors in hybrid neurons as a function of genomic incompatibilities in receptor-gene pathways in parent populations. We conclude that these changes in peripheral chemoreception could impact olfactory host preference and contribute directly to reproductive isolation in the Rhagoletis complex, or could be genetically coupled to other host-associated traits.
Waterspirit-Carrying Woman

1977. We meet Ngowuka, waterspirit priestess of an indigenous healing tradition, on Bolo Island within Okrikan precincts of the Niger Delta. Further visits over the years entail experiences not easily analyzed. An exception is the process of buruao body painting, on which this essay focuses, eventually mandala-like to remain an evanescent simulacrum of the spirit-saturated natural world of Ngowuka and her congeners. As global oil prices surge and subside, transnational companies and Nigeria's military plutocracy hang on, whereas people living along shores from which the oil is pumped sink into destitution. Conjointly, Nguwuka in her own world falters.
Simulations of Multiphase Particle Deposition on Endwall Film-Cooling Holes in Transverse Trenches

Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants allow for increased efficiency and reduced emissions as compared to pulverized coal plants. A concern with IGCCs is that impurities in the fuel from the gasification of coal can deposit on turbine components reducing the performance of sophisticated film-cooling geometries. Studies have shown that recessing a row of film-cooling holes in a transverse trench can improve cooling performance; however, the question remains as to whether or not these improvements exist in severe environments such as when particle deposition occurs. Dynamic simulations of deposition were completed using wax injection in a large-scale vane cascade with endwall film-cooling. Endwall cooling effectiveness was quantified in two specific endwall locations using trenches with depths of 0.4D, 0.8D, and 1.2D, where D is the diameter of a film-cooling hole. The effects of trench depth, momentum flux ratio, and particle phase on adiabatic effectiveness were quantified using infrared thermography. Results showed that the 0.8D trench outperformed other geometries with and without deposition on the surface. Deposition of particles reduced the cooling effectiveness by as much as 15% at I = 0.23 with the trenched holes as compared to 30% for holes that were not placed in a transverse trench.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
An overview of new video coding tools under consideration for VP10: the successor to VP9

Google started an opensource project, entitled the WebM Project, in 2010 to develop royaltyfree video codecs for the web. The present generation codec developed in the WebM project called VP9 was finalized in mid2013 and is currently being served extensively by YouTube, resulting in billions of views per day. Even though adoption of VP9 outside Google is still in its infancy, the WebM project has already embarked on an ambitious project to develop a next edition codec VP10 that achieves at least a generational bitrate reduction over the current generation codec VP9. Although the project is still in early stages, a set of new experimental coding tools have already been added to baseline VP9 to achieve modest coding gains over a large enough test set. This paper provides a technical overview of these coding tools.
Midwifery in The Netherlands: vestige or vanguard?

The midwifery system of the Netherlands, where nearly one‐third of births occur at home, is widely admired by birth activists. Why has the Netherlands maintained this way of birthing babies when all other European countries have shifted to hospital‐based maternity care? In this article, I examine the societal forces ‐ both structural and cultural ‐ that allowed the Dutch to hold on to a way of delivering maternity services that other modernizing nations discarded earlier in the first half of the 20th century.
Design considerations of a submarine laser communications system

It is pointed out that the US Navy appears to be ready to initiate the development of an optical communication system between satellites and submarines. This system will operate in the blue/green region of the spectrum. A great deal of the pat work has been to develop the critical components that will allow operations through clouds and water to submarines at depth, and to determine some of the key environment quantities that will be encountered. The author shows how the theoretical efforts in the area of optical communications must be merged with the practical limitations that will occur under operational conditions. He goes through a sample design of such a system, taking into account the theory, the components, the environment, and sample requirements. It is noted that direct detection communications are the most desirable in the atmospheric and marine optical scatter channels. >
Self-sustained oscillations in a heterrogeneous catalytic reaction: a monte carlo simulation

We have utilized Monte Carlo methods to study the kinetics of a generic heterogeneous catalytic reaction, A + B 4 AR This reaction includes the elementary steps of adsorption and desorption of reactants A and B, surface reaction through the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism, and desorption of product AB. It is shown that this model is capable of producing self-sustained oscillations in the rate of reaction. The oscillations are dependent on the rate of desorption and exhibit a time scale much greater than those of the adsorption and surface reaction steps in the model. We analyze the dvnamic aualitv of the oscillations and discern that they stem from chaos. To our best knowledge, -this is thk first st;dy in which chaos has bein observed and characterized through a Monte Carlo simulation. With the results of this work. we have been able to analyze the fundamental components responsible for producing the chaos in our simulations. We discuss the implications of our results for actual catalytic systems with oscillatory behavior.
Medical Device Clinical Trial Design, Conduct, And Analysis

The collection and evaluation of sound clinical data are the basis of the approval process for many medical devices. This paper outlines those topics that a sponsor must carefully consider in an effort to provide a meaningful evaluation and interpretation of clinical data in support of medical device Premarket Approval applications PMA). The goal of a good clinical study is to provide the most objective evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of the medical device for its intended claims. Anything in the design, conduc4 or analysiswhich impairs that objective assessment lessens the ability of the staff at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and their advisory committees to make a decision concerning a 'reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness' for a device. The cost of decisions in the design, conduct, and analysis of device clinical studies which limit objectivity must be weighed against the cost of delays in the approval process encountered as a result of those decisions. This paper provides the elements of good clinical trial design, conduct, and analysis. It is by no means exhaustive. Numerous books exist on the topic of clinical trial design and the scientific literature is rich with papers on the topic.
Automating Hierarchical Environmentally-Conscious Design Using Integrated Software: VOC Recovery Case Study

Traditionally, chemical process design and optimization has mainly been based on economic considerations. Currently, the scope is being extended to include environmentally-conscious process design (ECD). ECD will be facilitated by the emergence of integrated design methodologies and tools. The objectives of this paper are to present a hierarchical design methodology for environmentally-conscious process design, and an integrated assessment and optimization software. An application for the recycle of VOCs from a gaseous waste stream is presented using this design methodology and software. Revenue increased and environmental impacts were reduced. The net present value for the optimum design is approximately $900000, which is much higher than the base case design, -$2498200. A composite environmental index decreases from 0.000119 in the base case to about 0.0000130 in the optimum case. This automated tool along with the embedded design methodology provides an effective and efficient way to perform environmentally-conscious chemical process design and optimization.
Crime in England 1550-1800

The history of crime is becoming an increasinglhy popular area of social history and has alrady produced some notable contributions in the way of books and articles ranging from the medieval period to modern America. The pioneering book in this particular time period was Joel Samaha's Law and Order in Historical Perspective: The Case of Elizabethan Essex (New York, 1972). More recently a collection of essays, Albion's Fatal Tree: Crime and Society in Eighteenth-Century England, with contributions by Douglas Hay, Peter Linebaugh, E. P. Thompson, John G. Rule, and Cal Winslow (Londong, 1975) has appeared. The present collection of essays will be of interest not only to those who study seventeenth- and eighteenth-century English history, but to people working in social and legal history in general. The authors used a variety of approaches to their subject. Traditional legal history essays are mixed with more quantitative ones. The excellent articles fall within both the traditional and the newer approaches, showing, at least, that there is not an exclusive methodology for the study of crime.
Subtypes of Alcohol Involvement and Their Relationships to Exits from Homelessness

This study sought to ascertain the presence of meaningful subtypes of alcohol and other drug involvement among homeless persons. Subtypes were derived using factor analysis to determine dimensions underlying alcohol involvement and cluster analysis to create unique subtypes. The types with the highest level of alcohol or drug use had the longest period of continuous homelessness and were less likely to have exited from homelessness when reinterviewed 6 months later. The dimensions represent a more sophisticated framework for describing alcohol and drug involvement among homeless persons and may be useful for practitioners in conducting assessments, designing programs, and planning interventions.La intencion de esta investigacion fue determinar la presencia de subtipos significativos de usar el alcohol y otras drogas entre personas sin hogares. Subtipos fueron derivado usar la analisis de factor para determinar dimensiones de usar el alcohol y usar la analisis de racimo para crear unicos subtipos. Los tipo...
ADC integral non-linearity testing with low linearity monotonic signals

Methods to test the Integral Non-Linearity (INL) of Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) using any monotonic signal with low linearity are proposed. Two methods that estimate the INL of the ADC by removing the error due to non-linearity in the stimulus are described. Signals with linearity dramatically lesser than the ADC under test, can be used to accurately estimate the INL of the ADC. Simulation results show that the maximum INL estimation error for testing 14-bit ADCs using 36 dB pure sinusoids and 7-bit linear exponential signals is under 0.6 LSB.
Health Care Providers' Attitudes toward Nutrition

A survey questionnaire, assessing general attitudes toward the importance of nutrition in the prevention of disease and the maintenance of good health, was administered to physicians, nurses, dentists, and technicians at five U.S. Army medical centers. The various groups of health care specialists differed significantly on many items concerning the importance of good nutrition and eating habits for maintenance of good health and for recovery from illness, as well as on items concerning the importance of nutrition knowledge and training in their health care professions. More agreement was found among the groups on items concerned with the relationship between disease states and dietary factors and the effectiveness of health education programs in the prevention of various diseases. Self-reports of personal health habits did not correlate with scores on survey items concerned with the importance of good nutrition, suggesting that personal attitudes toward nutrition may be unrelated to other health practices.
STUDIES ON HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO-INFLUENZA VIRUS SYSTEM : VI. EVIDENCE FOR MULTIPLICITY REACTIVATION OF INACTIVATED VIRUS

Evidence has been presented that influenza viruses both of type A and B partially inactivated by ultraviolet irradiation may regain their capacity to propagate in the allantoic membrane of the chick embryo. In using such irradiated preparations as inocula for growth curve experiments it could be shown that the development of hemagglutinins as well as of infectivity preceded at rates resembling those noted with more than 10 times the amount of infective virus actually found in the irradiated seed. Partial inactivation of the inocula by heating to 56°C. gave similar results. The phenomenon was observed only with seed irradiated for short periods of time so that the virus particles sustained only few hits of radiation. On prolonged exposure resulting in numerous hits per virus particle the capacity of reactivation was lost. Likewise, an irradiated preparation capable of reactivation in the allantoic membrane, could not be diluted more than about 30-fold and still clearly produce this phenomenon. This indicated that reactivation is obtained only when one host cell adsorbs more than one non-infective virus particle but not upon adsorption of a single particle. These data are in striking agreement with the phenomenon of "multiplicity reactivation" observed in the bacteriophage-E. coli system by Luria and Dulbecco.
The Phenology of Sexual Reproduction in Ginkgo biloba: Ecological and Evolutionary Implications

This study examines how the latitude of cultivation ofGinkgo biloba affects the timing of all phases of its sexual reproductive cycle, from pollination through germination. Seeds produced by trees growing in warm-temperate climates germinate earlier in the year than seeds produced in cold-temperate climates, and they have a longer period of time available for seedling establishment. The embryos ofG. biloba seeds possess a temperature-dependent developmental-delay mechanism that allows seeds to survive winter by preventing premature germination in the fall. This and other cold-climate adaptations appear to have evolved within the genusGinkgo during the early Cretaceous, when the Northern Hemisphere was undergoing dramatic cooling after a long period of stable, warm conditions.Ginkgo biloba seeds possess an odoriferous sarcotesta that attracts mammalian scavengers in Asia-most notably members of the Carnivora—presumably by mimicking the smell of carrion. Seeds cleaned of their sarcotesta germinated faster and at higher percentages than those with their sarcotesta intact, suggesting that animal dispersal plays an important role in promoting seedling establishment. During the Cretaceous, potential dispersal agents included mammals, birds, and carnivorous dinosaurs.
Recent Advances in Syntactic Pattern Recognition

The many different mathematical techniques used to solve pattern recognition problems may be grouped into two general approaches [1,2]. They are the decision-theoretic (or discriminant) approach and the syntactic (or structural) approach [3]. In the decision-theoretic approach, a set of characteristic measurements, called features, are extracted from the patterns. Each pattern is represented by a feature vector, and the recognition of each pattern is usually made by partitioning the feature space. On the other hand, in the syntactic approach, each pattern is expressed as a composition of its components, called sub-patterns and pattern primitives. This approach draws an analogy between the structure of patterns and the syntax of a language. The recognition of each pattern is usually made by parsing the pattern structure according to a given set of syntax rules. In this paper, we briefly review the recent progress in syntactic pattern recognition and some of its applications.
A Confused 55-Year-Old Man

We present a case of a 55-year-old man with acute myeloid leukemia status after bone marrow transplantation who developed multiorgan failure and died within a week of the onset of symptoms. A postmortem examination revealed disseminated toxoplasmosis. We discuss the clinical presentation, epidemiology, and life cycle of toxoplasmosis.
A apuração dos lucros para decisões administrativas

De acordo com as diferentes finalidades a que se destinam,devem os lucros ser medidos de formas diversas. A especiede apuracao exigida para grande parte das decisoes adminis-trativas nao e dada pela demonstracao convencional de lucrose perdas. O "Bureau of Internal Revenue", os acionistas e osbancos exigem tipos diversos de informacoes e tambem, emgeral, demonstracoes de lucros e perdas que atendam a dife-rentes requisitos. Ademais, a administracao da empresa, paratomar decisoes, faz exigencias especiais da analise do lucro ;e a demonstracao de lucros e perdas usada pelos administra-dores obedece, comumente, mais aos conceitos da analise eco-nomica do que as convencoes do fisco. Ha, ainda, muitosadministradores que nao estao satisfeitos com a demonstra-cao de lucros e perdas obtida por meio dos metodos conven-cionais de contabilidade, por julgarem que suas decisoes pode-riam situar-se em plano mais elevado se essa demonstracaocorrespondesse, mais de perto, aos propositos da adminis-tracao.
Stop-and-go approach by a predator: a novel predation risk factor for the phrynosomatid lizards Sceloporus virgatus and Callisaurus draconoides

As an immobile prey monitors an approaching predator, the predator may move at a constant speed directly toward the prey or on a path that bypasses the prey. These scenarios have been studied extensively. Economic escape theory successfully predicts flight initiation distance (FID = predator-prey distance when escape begins). However, predators often alter their speed and may exhibit stops and starts during approaches. Empirical studies have shown that prey rapidly adjust assessed risk to a predator’s changes in approach speed and direction, but effects of interrupted (stop-start) approach are unknown. Because a prey is likely to assess that a nearby predator that resumes approaching has detected it and is attacking, escape theory predicts that assessed risk is greater at a given predator-prey distance when approach resumes than is continuous. Therefore, we predicted that FID is longer when a predator approaches, stops nearby, and renews its approach than when it approaches continuously. Second, although assessed risk increases as duration of the predator’s stop nearby increases, as indicated by latency to flee, we predicted that pause duration does not affect FID because prey interpret resumed approach as attack. Field experiments with two lizards, Sceloporus virgatus and Callisaurus draconoides , verified the predictions: FID was longer for discontinuous than continuous approaches and pause duration did not affect FID. We also observed distance fled and probability of entering refuge, escape behaviors for which theory is undeveloped. Distance fled was unrelated to continuity of approach in both species, as was refuge entry in S. virgatus .
My Family Made Me Do It: A Cross-Domain, Self-Regulatory Perspective on Antecedents to Abusive Supervision

Drawing on resource drain theory, we introduce self-regulatory resource (ego) depletion stemming from family–work conflict (FWC) as an alternative theoretical perspective on why supervisors behave ...
Population-based approaches to treatment and readmission after spinal cord injury.

Background Recent studies in surgical and non-surgical specialties have suggested that patients admitted on the weekend may have worse outcomes. In particular, patients with stroke and acute cardiovascular events have shown worse outcomes with weekend treatment. It is unclear whether this extends to patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). This study was designed to evaluate factors for readmission after index hospitalization for spinal cord injury. Methods This cohort was constructed from the State Inpatient Databases of California, New York, and Florida. For this study 14,396 patients with SCI were identified. The primary outcome measure evaluated was 30-day readmission. Secondary measures include in-hospital complications. Univariate and multivariate analysis were utilized to evaluate covariates. c2, Fisher's exact, and linear, logistic, and modified Poisson regression methods were utilized for statistical analysis. Propensity score methods were used with matched pairs analysis performed by the McNemar's Test. Results Weekend admission was not associated with increased 30- day readmission rates in multivariate analysis. Race and discharge to a facility (RR 1.60 [1.43-1.79]) or home with home care (RR 1.23 [1.07-1.42]), were statistically significant risk factors for readmission. Payor status did not affect rates of readmission. In propensity score matched pairs analysis, weekend admission was not associated with increased odds of 30-day readmission (OR 1.04 [0.89-1.21]). Patients admitted to high volume centers had significantly lower risk of readmission when compared with patients admitted to low volume centers. Conclusions Our results suggest that the weekend effect, described previously in other patient populations, may not play as important a role in patients with SCI.
"A Psychopath by Any Other Name?": Juror Perceptions of the DSM-5 "Limited Prosocial Emotions" Specifier.

DSM-5 recently added the specifier “Limited Prosocial Emotions” (LPE) to the Conduct Disorder (CD) diagnosis, yet little is known about how these traits will affect attitudes toward CD youth. Laypersons attending jury duty (N = 326) were randomly assigned to one of four case vignette conditions in which a male juvenile offender was identified as having (a) CD symptoms only, (b) CD symptoms plus a diagnostic label, (c) CD symptoms plus a diagnostic label and description of LPE traits, or (d) CD symptoms plus a description of LPE traits and a “psychopath” label. LPE traits led to more negative perceptions of the youth (e.g., more dangerous, evil, and psychopathic) and adding the psychopath label to the LPE specifier resulted in somewhat stronger support for punishment and mandated treatment. The LPE specifier may provide useful diagnostic information, but these findings raise serious concerns that it will stigmatize youth in the legal system.
Malarial pigment; a consideration of the mechanism of elimination from the duck.

Plasmodia utilize the hemoglobin in the red blood cells of the host and a fine, granular, yellow-brown pigment is formed which ultimately localizes in the reticuloendothelial cells. The composition of this pigment has been a subject of discussion from the time the parasite was discovered. This pigment does not give the reactions for iron. Since it resembles melanin many have considered it as melanin. Brown in 1911 concluded from extensive chemical studies that this pigment was identical with hematin. Many investigators have confirmed this observation-•••. Apparently at this time it is generally accepted that the pigment produced by the malarial parasites is ferrihemate (hematin). The distribution of the hematin within the body of the host has been described frequently . I t is found primarily in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Taliaferro and Cannon noted that the number and the size of the granules of pigment vary copsiderably during the different stages of the infection. In the acute phase the pigment usually occurs in small, more or less discrete granules, during the later phase of an acute infection and also during an infection of long standing the pigment occurs in clumps in masses. The pigment when extracted from the circulatory blood in P. knowlesi infections contains nonionized iron. This pigment is not liberated in soluble form from the parasites into the circulation in significant amounts according to Morrison and Anderson. Furthermore, these investigators observed in their study of the urine from monkeys infected with P. knowlesi that, 'urobilinogen, bile pigment, and ether-soluble porphyrins varied from negative to traces and could not be related to the course or extent of infection." In view of these observations the mechanism by which malarial pigment is eliminated from the host becomes significant. Two distinct types of pigment have been described in the liver in malaria, hemosiderin resulting from the destruction of erythrocytes and hematin formed by the parasites''. The former gives a positive reaction for iron with potassium ferrocvanide while the latter gives a negative reaction. McCallum also observed two types of pigment in phagocytic cells in his study of avian malaria. In a recent histologic study of the pigment occurring in the acute phase of an infection with P. lophurae in ducks it was observed that the potassium ferrocyanide staining for iron was negative. It is im-
Compressive creep of Si 3 N 4 /MgO alloys

Highly localized strain fields are observed at grain boundaries in crept specimens of Si3N4/MgO alloys which were frozen under stress. These fields disappear upon annealing. Unresolved asperities between the grain pairs appear to give rise to the strain field during deformation. Viscoelastic effects responsible for primary creep and strain recovery are explained in terms of grain-boundary sliding on the glassy interphase which is accommodated by the elastic strain arising at the asperities. Each boundary containing an asperity can be modelled as a simple Kelvin element. The spectrum of these boundaries within the bulk gives rise to a spectrum of relaxation times that is observed for the strain recovery effect. The highly stressed region at the asperity also gives rise to the higher chemical potential required to drive diffusional creep. Although the source of the asperities was not observed, the possibility of opposing ledges of either single or multiple interplanar height is discussed.