cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dendritic cell based tumor vaccines

Dendritic cells (DC) constitute a unique system of cells that induce, sustain and regulate immune responses. Distributed as sentinels throughout the body, DC are poised to capture antigen (Ag), migrate to draining lymphoid organs, and, after a process of maturation, select Ag-specific lymphocytes to which they present the processed Ag, thereby inducing immune responses. DC present Ag to CD4(+) T cells which in turn regulate multiple effectors, including CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells, B cells, NK cells, macrophages and eosinophils, all of which contribute to the protective immune responses. Several key features of the DC system may be highlighted: (1) the existence of different DC subsets that share biological functions, yet display unique ones such as polarization of T cell responses towards Type 1 or Type 2 or regulation of B cell responses; (2) the functional specialization of DC according to their differentiation/maturation stages; and (3) the plasticity of DC which is determined by the microenvironment (e.g. cytokines) and may manifest as (i) the final differentiation into either DC (enhanced antigen presentation) or macrophage (enhanced antigen degradation); (ii) the induction of immunity or tolerance; and (iii) the polarization of T cell responses. Because of these unique properties, DC represent both vectors and targets for immunological intervention in numerous diseases and are optimal candidates for vaccination protocols both in cancer and infectious diseases.
Herpes simplex virus type 2 transcripts in trigeminal ganglia during acute and latent infection in mice

Abstract Adult mice were inoculated intracerebrally with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and perfused at days 5, 8, 81, 108, and 130 after infection. Trigeminal ganglia and roots were dissected out and embedded in paraffin. Four 35S-labelled DNA probes that contained immediate-early (ICP-0, ICP-4), delayed-early (thymidine kinase; TK), or late (morphological transforming region; MTR) genes were prepared. In situ hybridization methods or an immunoperoxidase antigen method using HSV-2 antibody were applied to serial sections. During acute infection, use of each of the 4 probes (ICP-0, ICP-4, TK, MTR) gave hybridization signals in a distribution similar to that of antigen. During latent infection, only the ICP-0 probe gave hybridization signals overlying neurons, while in adjacent sections, the other probes (ICP-4, TK, MTR) did not show signals. No antigen was detected during latency. Hybridization signals were also demonstrated in nuclei of neurons during latency using a non-radioactive ICP-0 probe labelled with a steroid hapten. These results suggest that the transcription of the HSV-2 genome is restricted during latency, with transcript localization to nuclei of neurons as has been described in latent HSV-1 infection. Evidence for latent ganglionic infection by in situ hybridization in this model is consistent with that obtained by ganglionic explantation and by reactivations induced by immunosuppression.
Long-term response to sunitinib therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Abstract Background Sunitinib achieves objective response and prolongs progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). A subset of patients achieves long-term responses. The characteristics of patients who achieved long-term response (defined as patients achieving ongoing complete response [CR] or remaining progression free for > 18 months while receiving sunitinib) are reported. Patients and Methods A database of 186 patients treated with sunitinib alone (n = 89) or in combination (n = 97) in 9 clinical trials was reviewed; all had 1 year or more follow-up from sunitinib start to data cutoff for analysis. Median PFS was 10.8 months (95% CI, 8.3-13.3); median overall survival (OS) was 30.4 months (95% CI, 21.5-36.8 months) for the 186 patients. Thirty-four patients were identified as long-term responders because they either had durable CR or remained progression free while receiving sunitinib for > 18 months. Results Best response for 34 long-term responders was CR in 3 patients, partial response (PR) in 24 patients, and stable disease in 7 patients. The median duration of sunitinib therapy was 24.9 months (range, 18.1-73.9 months). The median PFS among the long-term responders was 17.4 months (95% CI, 7-29.9 months) at a landmark PFS analysis performed after 18 months from treatment start. Univariate analysis from the 186 patients identified bone metastasis, lung metastasis, and intermediate/poor risk groups as adverse prognostic factors for long-term response. Conclusion Sunitinib achieves long-term response in a subset of patients with metastatic RCC. Lack of bone metastasis or lung metastasis and good MSKCC risk status may predict long-term response.
Tunable lossless slow and fast light in a four-level N-system

We investigate the propagation of a weak probe laser field in a medium of warm Rb atoms, controlled with two strong resonant pump fields tuned to the D1 and D2 optical transitions to form an N-scheme arrangement. We have shown theoretically that four-wave mixing has a profound effect on the probe-field group velocity and absorption, allowing the probe-field propagation to be continuously tuned from superluminal to slow-light regimes with amplification. We have also identified the experimental conditions for observation of such tunable slow-to-fast light regime (continuously through the point of zero group index) with positive probe-field gain, and demonstrated that the spectral range corresponding to the zero group index can be tuned by controlling the power of one of the pump laser.
Bandgap and band offsets determination of semiconductor heterostructures using three-terminal ballistic carrier spectroscopy

Utilizing ambipolar tunnel emission of ballistic electrons and holes, we have developed a model-independent method to self-consistently measure bandgaps of semiconductors and band offsets at semiconductor heterojunctions. Lattice-matched GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs and GaAs/(AlxGa1−x)0.51In0.49P (100) single-barrier heterostructures are studied at 4.2 K. For the GaAs/AlGaAs interface, the measured Γ band offset ratio is 60.4:39.6 (±2%). For the heteroanion GaAs/AlGaInP (100) interface, this ratio varies with the Al composition and is distributed more in the valence band. The indirect-gap X band offsets observed at the GaAs/AlGaInP interface deviates from predictions by the transitivity rule.
Large-N limit of the square-lattice t-J model at (1/4 and other filling fractions.

Presentation d'une theorie de champ moyen du modele t-J. Analyse detaillee de l'energie libre pour une fraction de remplissage egale a 0,25. L'etat fondamental est soit un cristal isolant d'un etat lie a un trou N, soit un liquide de Fermi normal (pour t/J important)
Nitrogen-isotope ratio studies of soils and groundwater nitrate from alluvial fan aquifers in Texas☆

Average nitrate concentrations of 54 water samples from the Lockhart and Taylor alluvial carbonate gravel aquifers (central Texas) and of 37 groundwater samples from Seymour alluvial siliceous gravel aquifer are 75 and 138 mg/l, respectively. The dominant nitrate sources over the aquifers are cultivated land with ammonium-type fertilizer and animal wastes from livestock and domestic waste. Kreitler has previously identified two ranges of nitrogen-isotope values (δ 15N) for soil nitrate under different land uses in west Texas: nitrate originating from nonfertilized, cultivated fields (δ 15N range, +2 to +8‰ with an average of +4.9‰), and nitrate from animal wastes (δ 15N range, +10 to +22‰ with an average of +14.4‰). The δ 15N of fertilizer nitrogen used on the Lockhart and Taylor fans ranges from −7.4 to +1.9‰. The δ 15N range of 20 soil nitrate samples from 15 cultivated fields on the two alluvial fans is +2 to +14‰ with an average of +8.8‰. This δ 15N range for ammonium-fertilized, cultivated fields is more positive than the δ 15N range of nonfertilized fields because of volatilization of ammonia depleted in 15N during and after fertilizer application, which leaves nitrate enriched in 15N. The δ 15N of groundwater nitrate from irrigation wells on the two fans range from +3.3 to +10.8‰ with an average of +7.3‰. Groundwater from domestic wells on the two fans has higher nitrate concentrations and a more positive δ 15N range (+6.7 to +18.2‰ with an average of +11.1‰) than wells located in the cultivated fields. Nitrate contamination of wells located in cultivated fields results primarily from cultivation with ammonium-type fertilizers, whereas animal wastes are contaminating domestic well waters.
Sequence analysis, characterization and mRNA distribution of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque, 1818) chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) cDNA

Chemokine receptor CXCR4, a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily, binds selectively CXCL12. This protein plays many important roles in immunological as well as pathophysiological functions. In this study, we identified and characterized the channel catfish CXCR4 transcript. The full-length nucleic acid sequence of channel catfish CXCR4 cDNA comprised of 1994 nucleotides, including an open reading frame, which appears to encode a putative peptide of 357 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 40.1kDa. By comparison with the human counterpart, the channel catfish CXCR4 peptide can be divided into domains, including seven transmembrane domains, four cytoplasmic domains, and four extracellular domains. The CXCR4 transcript was detected in spleen, anterior kidney, liver, intestine, skin and gill of all catfish examined in this study. Because four CXCL of channel catfish have been identified, the result provides valuable information for further exploring the channel catfish chemokine signalling pathways and their roles in immune responses to infection.
QEEG profiles of psychiatric disorders

While reports of EEG correlates of psychiatric disorders date back five decades, clinical sensitivity of the EEG to psychiatric disorders has been greatly enhanced with the advent of quantitative methods of analysis (QEEG). Using a QEEG methodology known as neurometrics we have identified distinctive electrophysiological profiles associated with different psychiatric disorders. With this method quantitative features are extracted from 2 minutes of artifact- free eyes closed resting EEG data, log transformed to obtain Gaussianity, age-regressed, and Z-transformed relative to population norms. Using small subsets of neurometric features, multiple stepwise discriminant analyses were used to construct mathematical classifier functions, the values of which are different for members of different a priori defined diagnostic groups. Using this approach, we have demonstrated high discriminant accuracy in independent replications separating many populations of psychiatric patients from normal as well as from each other, including major affective disorder, schizophrenia, dementia, alcoholism, and learning disabilities, as well as high accuracy of discrimination between known subtypes of depression (unipolar vs bipolar). The use of classification accuracy curves (CACs) which allow one to assess the sensitivity and specificity achieved by the discriminant functions is discussed. In addition, using cluster analysis, neurometric subtypes can be identified in several clinically homogenous populations. Preliminary results suggest that baseline membership in some neurometric subtypes may be highly correlated with response to treatment.
An explicit finite difference scheme based on the modified method of characteristics for solving convection‐diffusion problems in one space dimension

Finite differences are combined with the modified method of characteristics to develop an explicit scheme for solving convection-dominated convection-diffusion problems in one spatial dimension. Error analysis shows that the new algorithm is stable under a mild stability criterion. Problems with known analytical solutions are used to test the algorithm and demonstrate its convergence. Numerical solutions are free of numerical dispersion, undershoot and overshoot. The algorithm is easy to implement and requires small computational times for the test problems considered.
Drowning in data: digital library architecture to support scientific use of embedded sensor networks

New technologies for scientific research are producing a deluge of data that is overwhelming traditional tools for data capture, analysis, storage, and access. We report on a study of scientific practices associated with dynamic deployments of embedded sensor networks to identify requirements for data digital libraries. As part of continuing research on scientific data management, we interviewed 22 participants in 5 environmental science projects to identify data types and uses, stages in their data life cycle, and requirements for digital library architecture. We found that scientists need continuous access to their data from the time that field experiments are designed through final analysis and publication, thus reflecting a broader notion of "digital library." Six categories of requirements are discussed: the ability to obtain and maintain data in the field, verify data in the field, document data context for subsequent interpretation, integrate data from multiple sources, analyze data, and preserve data. Three digital library efforts currently underway within the Center for Embedded Networked Sensing are addressing these requirements, with the goal of a tightly coupled interoperable framework that, in turn, will be a component of cyberinfrastructure for science.
Effects of Suction-Dredge Gold Mining on Benthic Invertebrates in a Northern California Stream

Abstract The effects on benthic invertebrates of mining with two suction dredges were investigated in 1983 by using artificial-substrate samplers in Big East Fork Creek, a tributary to Canyon Creek in northern California. The samplers were placed in Big East Fork Creek above and below the dredge site and in Canyon Creek above and below the confluence of Big East Fork Creek. The effects of dredging on invertebrates varied with taxa and were site-specific at the level of dredging during the study. Total numbers of invertebrates that colonized samplers and their diversity indices did not differ significantly between Big East Fork and Canyon creeks or above and below dredges in either creek. Numbers of invertebrates peaked earlier in samplers below the dredges. In Big East Fork Creek, shredders were more abundant above than below dredges, whereas gatherers were more abundant below dredges. Filterers rapidly colonized samplers below dredges and were later displaced by siltation. Shredders were more abundant ab...
Growth Hormone Treatment Accelerates Growth of Short Children with Neural Tube Defects

Children with Open Neural Tube Defects have been noted to be short. To test the hypothesis that changes or growth hormone secretion may occur in Open Neural Tube Defects and contribute to this short stature, we assessed 12 hour Nocturnal and Clonidine stimulated Growth Hormone responses of 7 significantly short non obese pre-pubertal patients with Open Neural Tube Defects. Growth rate and Somatomedin responses to 6 months of treatment with Recombinant Human Growth Hormone were evaluated. Somatomedin C was measured via the Nicholas SMC RIA Kit. Growth Hormone was measured by a Hybritech Irma Kit. Recombinant Human Growth Hormone dose was .1 mg/kg SQ TIW. Statistical analysis utilized the non parametric Wilcoxon signed rank test. Controls were 33 pre-pubertal subjects whose Nocturnal Samples were assayed in the same laboratory.
Treatment of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with the intravenous administration of splenocytes coupled to encephalitogenic peptide 91–103 of myelin basic protein☆

Abstract Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (CR-EAE) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and serves as an experimental model of human multiple sclerosis. Amino acid residues p91–103 of myelin basic protein are encephalitogenic in SJL mice and transfer of T cell lines that recognize this epitope results in CR-EAE. We show here that coculture of T cells in the presence of p91–103 that has been chemically cross-linked to the antigen presenting cells renders the T cell lines tolerant to the antigen. Injection of p91–103 coupled splenocytes into animals that had received encephalitogenic p91–103 reactive T cells significantly reduced the incidence and severity of EAE. Furthermore, treatment of mice with a single injection of antigen coupled splenocytes after they had recovered from their initial paralytic attack prevented the development of subsequent clinical relapses in all animals. These studies indicate than this effect is long lasting and can be successfully accomplished in an established autoimmune disease. Hence this form of immunotherapy may be considered as a therapeutic modality in the treatment of autoimmune diseases when the autoantigens are known.
Education's role in rural areas of Latin America

Abstract Large rural surveys from Bolivia, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, and Paraguay are used to examine the role of education. Three frameworks which explain the effects of education are explored: the human capital-productivity approach, the modernizing environment approach, and the political economic-social differentiation framework. The main conclusion is that education has a consistently important effect which differs across countries. It is strongest in the modernizing environment context and is consistently related to social differentiation, except in Guatemala. Education has a positive and significant relation with rural productivity in Bolivia and the Dominican Republic, though not in Paraguay or Guatemala.
Pesticide detection using a lateral field excited acoustic wave sensor

Abstract Although organophosphate pesticides have been widely used in agriculture to control pests, they can have adverse effects on the environment and also enter the food chain causing adverse health effects in humans. Therefore, a need exists to develop a low-cost, robust, sensitive, and portable sensor for organophosphate pesticides. A lateral field excited (LFE) acoustic wave sensor has been developed in which the sensing surface is bare and the external excitation is applied to the reference surface. The LFE sensor is sensitive to both mechanical and electrical property changes in the monitored solution. In the present work, the LFE sensor is used as the sensing platform to detect the organophosphate pesticide, phosmet (C11H12NO4PS2). A polyepichlorohydrin (PECH) polymer film is applied to the sensing surface to detect phosmet in solution. The results show that the PECH-coated LFE sensor displays a nearly linear response to the addition of phosmet with a slope of 20 Hz/ppm and detection limit in the ppb range.
Testicular hypotrophy does not correlate with grade of adolescent varicocele.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Testicular hypotrophy is the most widely accepted indication for correcting adolescent varicocele. Previous studies in adolescents have shown a relationship between increasing grade of varicocele and the likelihood of testicular hypotrophy. As this relationship has significant clinical implications, we studied the correlation between grade and testicular volume disproportion in our adolescent varicocele population.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the adolescent varicocele database at our institution. A total of 168 patients 8 to 21 years old were studied. We routinely calculated testis volumes using scrotal ultrasound. Testicular disproportion was calculated using the equation [(size of unaffected testis) − (size of affected testis)]/(size of unaffected testis) × 100%. Disproportion was categorized as less than 10%, 10% to 20% and more than 20%. Varicoceles were graded by an attending urologist with the patient standing, using the system of Dubin and Amelar. Analysis of variance and Pea...
A concept of stochastic transitivity for the random utility model

Abstract This essay presents several major results concerning the random utility model. First, if a stochastic choice function is ex post rational with respect to a random utility function, then it is also ex ante rational and the ex ante revealed weak preference relation is transitive. Second, ex ante transitive rationality characterizes ex ante rationality with respect to a determinate utility function defined upon lotteries. Third, the additive determinate utility model is characterized in terms of acyclic choice probabilities, and the Luce strict utility model is verified to satisfy this condition.
Still learning from SARS.

Eleven years ago, a novel coronavirus, branded “SARS” for the severe acute respiratory syndrome, sparked the first major global emerging infectious disease outbreak of the 21st century. This commen...
A Service Learning Student-community Project

Abstract A collaborative project is described. In this project, students in a web design class were asked to contact local non-profit organizations and create websites (collections of web pages) to benefit these non-profits. Two phases of the project, planning and implementation, are described. The project, suitable for both online and face-to-face instruction, required that students keep a journal. The instructor did a follow-up investigation to assure that the websites that students created were indeed what the non-profit asked for.
A search for subpicosecond absorption components in photosystem II reaction centers

Abstract The transient absorption kinetics of spinach photosystem II reaction centers were measured at 672 nm (detection bandwidth ≈ 11 nm) following excitation at 310 nm. A temporal resolution of ≈ 50 fs was used which is three times higher resolution than the current literature value. We observed a very fast absorption decrease with a rise time of 150 ± 15 fs followed by a 13 ± 4 ps recovery. The kinetics of the recovery step did not reveal a 3 ps component, however, a slight break in the data suggests a more complicated fit may explain the data as well or better. Based on a comparison of the rise time reported here and those reported by Durrant, the relaxation from S n to S 1 occurs very rapidly, within the 150 fs initial absorption decrease.
Taste and olfaction: Independence vs interaction

Abstract Twenty persons sipped and judged overall perceived magnitude, odor magnitude, and taste magnitude of various concentrations of the odorant citral, the tastants sodium chloride and sucrose, and odorant-tastant combinations. In a second experiment, the same twenty persons sniffed and judged perceived odor magnitude for the same set of stimuli. The investigation probed two primary questions: Does the apparent harmony of an olfactory-taste mixture dictate the degree of additivity in that mixture? Does harmony of the components influence the production of any taste-smell confusion? The data from both the harmonious mixture (citral and sucrose) and the dissonant mixture (citral and NaCl) imply absence of sensory inhibition or facilitation between taste and olfaction. Nevertheless, both types of mixtures led to substantial taste-smell confusion whereby olfactory stimulation evoked sensations of taste.
Survival patterns in clinical and angiographic subsets of medically treated patients with combined proximal left anterior descending and proximal left circumflex coronary artery disease (CASS).

Abstract Baseline, clinical, and angiographic features of 1014 Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry patients with combined proximal left anterior descending and proximal left circumflex coronary disease were examined to define determinants of prognosis in this clinical high-risk patient subset. A stepwise Cox regression analysis identified congestive heart failure score, left ventricular contraction score, mitral regurgitation, age, and digitalis usage as independent variables predictive of 8-year survival. When patients were stratified by left ventricular contraction score, the 8-year survival rate was 62%, 49%, and 19%, respectively, for patients with a left ventricular score of 5 to 9, 10 to 14, and ≥ 15 ( p p = 0.051). In conclusion, the diagnosis of combined proximal left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary artery disease represents a large prognostic spectrum that needs to be considered when counselling individual patients.
A Local Sign for Depth

WHEN a human observer views a tridimensionally ordered scene, each of his eyes receives a slightly different perspective view of the scene. Differences in tridimensional location are coded on to the retinae as differences in bidimensional position, that is to say, as retinal disparities. As is well known1, retinal disparity alone produces compelling perceived spatial separation. The way in which the nervous system decodes retinal disparity into perceived spatial separation is somewhat mysterious, since retinal disparity alone does not specify whether an object is nearer or farther than a fixated object, but merely that they are not in the same plane. (Disparities are geometrically ambiguous. For them to become unambiguous, additional information is required. Different authors have involved different sources of information, none of which is wholly satisfactory: see, for example, ref. 2).) The nervous system obviously can distinguish these two situations but the way in which it does this is not clear. Hering3 solved the problem by giving each point on the two retinae a specific depth-value. On this model all points on the nasal hemiretinae of each eye have positive depth-values, so that any point imaged there will be seen as further than the fixation point, while points on the temporal hemiretinae have negative depth-values, so that points imaged there will be seen as nearer than the fixation point. This simple and elegant solution has never gained wide acceptance, largely because Hering never specified any mechanism which could add depth-values to inputs. The specification of a mechanism to do that is as great a problem as the specification of a mechanism to decode retinal disparity into perceived spatial separation. It is no wonder that the majority of investigators felt that Hering had solved one mystery by another mystery.
Inversion of spectral emission measurements to reconstruct the temperature profile along a blackbody optical fiber thermometer

A blackbody optical fiber thermometer consists of an optical fiber whose sensing tip is given a metallic coating. The sensing tip of the fiber forms an isothermal cavity, and the emission from this cavity is approximately equal to the emission from a blackbody. Standard two-color optical fiber thermometry involves measuring the spectral intensity at the end of the fiber at two wavelengths. The temperature at the sensing tip of the fiber can then be inferred using Planck's law and the ratio of the spectral intensities. If, however, the length of the optical fiber is exposed to elevated temperatures, erroneous temperature measurements will occur due to emission by the fiber. The results presented in this article show it is possible to use additional spectral measurements to account for emission by the fiber and accurately measure the tip temperature. In addition, the proposed technique can be used to obtain an estimate of the temperature profile along the fiber.
The caloric and intoxicating properties of fluid intake as components of stress-induced ethanol consumption in rats.

Rats housed continuously in a test environment for 25 days were offered water, 5% v/v ethanol, 10% v/v ethanol, and propylene glycol at 7.5% w/v. The propylene glycol concentration represented a caloric midpoint between the 5 and 10% ethanol. After 10 baseline sessions, during which preference for the four solutions was shown to be statistically equal, shock schedules were introduced. The consumption of ethanol at both concentrations showed significant peaks for the interval immediately following 12 min of shock each hour. Intake peaks were not observed for the water or propylene glycol. Baseline blood alcohol levels were negligible, but blood levels under shock averaged 143 mg/dl and ranged from 45.0 mg/dl to 295.0 mg/dl. After the shock sessions were terminated, baseline drinking indicated no significant change in preference relative to pre-shock baselines, but there was an elevation in preference for 5% ethanol relative to the other fluids. The preference for propylene glycol or water did not change.
Real-time, automated, interactive cardiac electrophysiology testing.

We describe a new automated interactive system that performs all of the functions required for complete evaluation of the intracardiac conduction system, for inducing, terminating and analyzing tnchydys-rhythmias, and for locating and characterizing accessory atrioventricuJar (AV) connections and ectopic foci. In the first year of operation, the system was used to conduct 220 electrophysiology studies. These ranged from simple postoperative evaluation of the conduction system to complete tachycardia studies during pharmacological manipulation of the patient. Patient age at time of catheterization ranged from 6 days to 70 years, with median age of 8 years and 7 months. Advantages accruing from automated electrophysiology testing with this system included great precision and accuracy of timing measurements, flexibility in designing and implementing pacing protocols, and rapid management of induced or spontaneous dysrhythmias. Significant savings of time and labor were achieved by computer generation of reports and graphs as opposed to manual data extraction and plotting. The single most significant advantage is the ability of the system to provide information on a real-time basis, permitting the electrophysiol-ogist to analyze, modify, extend or curtail the procedure.
Staining Reactions of some Anionic Disazo Dyes and Histochemical Properties of the Red Impurity in Trypan Blue

Some staining properties of 10 anionic disazo dyes are clarified by comparison with previous chromatographic analysis. Trypan blue contains both blue and red components and the purified blue fraction displays no color shifts in tissue sections. Evans blue, Niagara blue 2B, Niagara sky blue, Niagara sky blue 4B and Niagara sky blue 6B generally resemble trypan blue. Congo red is a metachromatic dye and the only known example among anionic dyes of established purity whose color shows shifts in tissue sections and also in solutions with certain basic compounds. Other red dyes (Congo corinth, trypan red and vital red) are not metachromatic. The red dye impurity of trypan blue selectively stains nuclei which are pycnotic, degenerating or undergoing no further division. This reaction is apparently related to basic protein content. Other reactions of the red fraction of trypan blue (mammalian erythrocytes, blood plasma) are not fully explained on this basis.
Domain dependence of critical Rayleigh numbers

Abstract The dependence of critical Rayleigh numbers for buoyancy-driven convection on the size of the domain is investigated. The method of parameter differentiation is used to establish monotonicity conditions for the Rayleigh number-geometry dependence for axisymmetric convection in a cylindrical container and for three-dimensional convection in a rectangular box. The dependence of the critical Rayleigh number on the. Nusselt number is also studied.
ECONOMIC DEPRIVATION AND CHANGES IN HOMICIDE ARREST RATES FOR WHITE AND BLACK YOUTHS, 1967–1998: A NATIONAL TIME‐SERIES ANALYSIS*

Using time-series techniques with national data for 1967–98, we model the effects on changes in age-race-specific arrest rates of changes in indicators of economic deprivation. A measure of child poverty is positively related to juvenile arrest rates for both races, whereas changing unemployment (lagged) yields a surprising negative effect on youth offending. Measures of intraracial income inequality are also associated with changes in juvenile arrest rates, but the effects differ by race. Between-race inequality is unrelated to changes in arrest rates for both races. Our general conclusion is that fluctuations in juvenile homicide offending over recent decades can be understood, at least in part, with reference to the macro-economic environment confronting young people and their families.
Hierarchical scheduling in an intelligent environmental control system

This paper describes the design and implementation of a hierarchical scheduling subsystem and graphical user interface in an intelligent environmental control system. The hierarchical scheduling system is capable of managing all environmental events occurring in widely different time scales as specified by the user. We employ a knowledge representation scheme called a system entity structure to specify the environmental schedules in a hierarchical fashion. A system entity structure called TAL (Timed Action Language) is developed. TAL organizes a family of all possible long-/mid-/short-term schedules from which a specific schedule can be pruned by the user through graphical interface.
Most-memorable experiences: evidence for a link between implicit and explicit motives and social cognitive processes in everyday life

Two studies investigated the relationship of implicit and explicit motives to most-memorable experiences (MMEs). Participants completed implicit and explicit measures of task and social motives and recorded their MMEs for 60 days. In Study 1, implicit motives were expected to be related to affective
The metabolism of lactose byClostridiumacetobutylicum

Acetone and butanol biosynthesis byClostridiumacetobutylicum ATCC 824 was affected by lactose concentration and by agitation during the fermentation. At 1% and 3% lactose concentrations acid production predominated, while butanol production predominated at 5% lactose concentration. Higher solvent production was observed in fermentors without agitation than in fermentors with agitation.
Bilingual children's writing: Self-correction and revision of written narratives in Spanish and Nahuatl

The article reports on findings from a replication of a study of bilingual children’s editing and correction strategies. The earlier study analyzed revisions that 2nd, 4th, and 6th graders made to their own compositions, written in Spanish. The present study applied the same procedure and assessment rubric to the first draft of compositions written in the other language students speak, Nahuatl. Subjects were all fluent speakers of both languages, from an indigenous community in Central Mexico. The discussion of the findings examines how the concept of a Common Underlying Proficiency [Cummins, J. (2000). Language, power and pedagogy: Bilingual children in the crossfire. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters] may apply to a situation of communitywide bilingualism that is characterized by wide sociolinguistic disparities between the language of schooling and an indigenous language spoken by both students and teachers. Specifically, how might the access to underlying abilities related to literacy learning be affected by these disparities?
Human papillomavirus and anal neoplasia

Anal cancer is a rare disease in the general population, but the incidence of anal cancer is higher in certain at-risk groups, such as men who have sex with men (MSM), and immunosuppressed individuals, including those with HIV infection. Among HIV-positive MSM, the incidence of anal cancer may be as high as 10 times greater than current rates of cervical cancer in the general population of women. Anal cancer is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and may be preceded by high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (HGAIN). HGAIN and anal HPV infection are both highly prevalent in groups at risk for anal cancer. Current issues include determining the effect of antiretroviral therapy on the natural history of HGAIN and the incidence of anal cancer, optimizing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to HGAIN, and determining the potential for prophylactic HPV vaccines to prevent anal HPV infection and anal cancer in at-risk groups.
The Walrus and the Carpenter: Late Dorset Ivory Working in the High Arctic

Abstract Late Dorset sites on Little Cornwallis Island provide the collections from which an ivory reduction sequence is derived. Walrus crania were split sagittally and through the sinus cavity to isolate the tusk alveolus; the anterior alveolus was grooved or chopped to extract the tusk. The outer layer of primary ivory (as opposed to the innermost layer of marbled ivory) will flake with a characteristic conchoidal fracture pattern. Initial reduction of the ivory involved chopping to remove the tip and splitting or grooving the tusk longitudinally into rectangular blanks. An appropriate blank was selected for the desired tool type (e.g. sled shoe, harpoon head, zoomorphic carving); the item was shaped by scraping, whittling, and adzing. Pieces were sometimes removed by the “groove and snap” method.
Is Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1 Elevated in Aseptic Loosening of TKA?: A Pilot Study

Background Failure of TKA from aseptic loosening is a growing concern, as TKA is performed with increasing frequency. Loosening is multifactorial and may be associated with elevated inflammatory cytokines in addition to biomechanical failure.
Review of Making the News: Politics, the Media, and Agenda Setting

Media coverage is an essential feature of American politics. What is on the news is highly correlated with what the public thinks is important, the media agenda indicates the top issues of concern ...
How do stream grazers partition their benthic habitat

Emphasizing species’ trait similarities over differences, functional feeding guilds underrepresent functional diversity within stream communities. Species within guilds commonly overlap in their distributions and must partition their shared resources to coexist. Guild partitioning strategies may be revealed by the dissimilar responses the species show to environmental conditions, and these responses may be predicted from species-specific traits. To test this, I examined a grazer guild in a mountain stream dominated by three mayflies, Baetis, Epeorus, and Cinygmula. My objective was to determine how these species responded to gradients of current velocity, stream depth, and rock size and the abundance of algal food. I sampled 35 streambed locations and measured near-bed current velocity and depth at nine points at each location before sampling macroinvertebrates with a Surber sampler. Nine of the sampled rocks were measured for size, and benthic algae were collected from four of them. Multiple regression and non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS) revealed that each mayfly had unique responses to current velocity, depth, rock size, and algal abundance. Baetis correlated with depth, current velocity, and the interaction of these variables. Epeorus correlated exclusively with current velocity, and Cinygmula correlated with depth in interaction with other variables. Algal abundance by itself was a poor predictor of mayfly abundance, and NMDS indicated that individual species responses were not good predictors of mayfly assemblage patterns. Nevertheless, the mayflies’ idiosyncratic responses to current velocity, depth, and rock size supported the notion that these variables are components of unique partitioning strategies.
Check it out: A practical tool for improving medication safety

Abstract Objective To recommend incorporation of a prospective drug utilization review (DUR) checklist into the routine processing of prescription orders in the community practice setting to improve the quality and safety of pharmaceutical care. Practice innovation We proposed a checklist that was designed to include all the elements of a prospective DUR required by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA ‘90) and most pharmacy practice acts. Conclusion If properly incorporated into workflow and supported by company policies and procedures, a simple DUR checklist like that proposed in this study could significantly improve the quality of pharmacists' prospective DUR activities and the safety of medication therapy provided to patients. We also recommend that future quality metrics be created and implemented to ensure that pharmacists consistently perform this key professional responsibility.
Lessons from the History of Medicine

What is the point of teaching the history of medicine? Many historians and clinicians find it regrettable that some medical students today will graduate knowing almost nothing of such “greats” of the past as Hippocrates, Galen, Vesalius, Harvey, Lister, and Pasteur. But does this really matter? After all, traditional history of medicine curricula tended to distort medicine's past, omitting the countless errors, wrong turns, fads, blunders, and abuses, in order to tell the sanitized stories of a few scientific superheroes. Modern scholarship has seriously challenged most of these heroic dramas; few of our heroes were as farsighted, noble, or obviously correct as once thought. Joseph Lister, for example, turns out to have had filthy wards, whereas William Harvey was devoted to the Aristotelianism he was long said to have overthrown []. But as the history of medicine has become less romanticized, it has also become much more relevant, for it promises to impart useful lessons in the vital importance of scient...
Characterization of Photochemical Processes for H2 Production by CdS Nanorod–[FeFe] Hydrogenase Complexes

We have developed complexes of CdS nanorods capped with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and Clostridium acetobutylicum [FeFe]-hydrogenase I (CaI) that photocatalyze reduction of H+ to H2 at a CaI turnover frequency of 380–900 s–1 and photon conversion efficiencies of up to 20% under illumination at 405 nm. In this paper, we focus on the compositional and mechanistic aspects of CdS:CaI complexes that control the photochemical conversion of solar energy into H2. Self-assembly of CdS with CaI was driven by electrostatics, demonstrated as the inhibition of ferredoxin-mediated H2 evolution by CaI. Production of H2 by CdS:CaI was observed only under illumination and only in the presence of a sacrificial donor. We explored the effects of the CdS:CaI molar ratio, sacrificial donor concentration, and light intensity on photocatalytic H2 production, which were interpreted on the basis of contributions to electron transfer, hole transfer, or rate of photon absorption, respectively. Each parameter was found to have pr...
GENETIC EVIDENCE ON THE DEMOGRAPHY OF SPECIATION IN ALLOPATRIC DOLPHIN SPECIES

Under a neutral model, the stochastic lineage sorting that leads to gene monophyly proceeds slowly in large populations. Therefore, in many recent species with large population size, the genome will have mixed support for monophyly unless historical bottlenecks have accelerated coalescence. We use genealogical patterns in mito- chondrial DNA and in introns of four nuclear loci to test for historical bottlenecks during the speciation and divergence of two temperate Lagenorhynchus dolphin species isolated by tropical Pacific waters (an antitropical distribution). Despite distinct morphologies, foraging behaviors, and mitochondrial DNAs, these dolphin species are polyphyletic at all four nuclear loci. The abundance of shared polymorphisms between these sister taxa is most consistent with the maintenance of large effective population sizes (5.09 3 10 4 to 10.9 3 104) during 0.74-1.05 million years of divergence. A variety of population size histories are possible, however. We used gene tree coalescent probabilities to explore the rejection region for historical bottlenecks of different intensity given best estimates of effective population size under a strict isolation model of divergence. In L. obliquidens the data are incompatible with a colonization propagule of an effective size of 10 or fewer individuals. Although the ability to reject less extreme historical bottlenecks will require data from additional loci, the intermixed genealogical patterns observed between these dolphin sister species are highly probable only under an extended history of large population size. If similar demographic histories are inferred for other marine antitropical taxa, a parsimonious model for the Pleistocene origin of these distributions would not involve rare breaches of a constant dispersal barrier by small colonization propagules. Instead, a history of large population size in L. obliquidens and L. obscurus contributes to growing biological and environmental evidence that the equatorial barrier became permeable during glacial/interglacial cycles, leading to vicariant isolation of anti- tropical populations.
Time-series tests of income convergence with two structural breaks: evidence from 29 countries

This article uses data on real per capita incomes from 1900 to 2001 to test for stochastic convergence in a diverse group of 29 countries. We utilize LM unit root tests to endogenously determine the number and location of structural breaks for each country. These tests avoid spurious rejections that can occur in Dickey–Fuller-type endogenous break tests used in many previous studies. We find significant evidence that incomes are stochastically converging in 23 of the countries, with World War II most often identified as the time period of structural breaks.
Prevalence and Distribution of Dental Restorative Materials in US Air Force Veterans

Objectives: Millions of restorative procedures are performed annually in the United States, yet very little is known about their distribution in the general population. With increasing concern about potential adverse health effects of some restorative materials, a better understanding of the extent of exposure to these materials in the population is important. The purpose of this study is to report the prevalence, patterns, and distribution of dental restorative materials in a population of male veterans. Methods: This collaborative study with the US Air Force examined 1,166 male veterans to assess exposure to dental amalgam and other restorative materials. An inventory of dental materials in the study population was obtained through oral examinations. Dental materials were classified into five categories: (1) amalgam; (2) resin; (3) porcelain, cement, or temporary, including ionomer (PCT); (4) cast gold alloys/direct filling gold; and (5) other metals (OM). The mean age of the study participants was 52.9 years. Over 94 percent of the study participants were dentate. Results: The study participants averaged 45.8 restored/replaced surfaces. Restored/replaced surfaces increased with age while the number of teeth decreased with age. The most frequently used restorative material was amalgam, averaging 19.89 surfaces per subject, followed by PCT (9.38), resins (8.99), OM (5.52), and gold (4.91). The distributions of restorative materials varied by age, arch type, and location in the mouth. Conclusion: The study population experienced substantial exposure to dental materials.