cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An insertion algorithm for catabolizability

Our recent work in Blasiak (2011) [1] exhibits a canonical basis of the Garsia-Procesi module R"@l with cells labeled by standard tableaux of catabolizability @?@l. Through our study of the Kazhdan-Lusztig preorder on this basis, we found a way to transform a standard word labeling a basis element into a word inserting to the unique tableau of shape @l. This led to an algorithm that computes the catabolizability of the insertion tableau of a standard word. We deduce from this a characterization of catabolizability as the statistic on words invariant under Knuth transformations, certain (co)rotations, and a new set of transformations we call catabolism transformations. We further deduce a Greene's Theorem-like characterization of catabolizability and a result about how cocyclage changes catabolizability, strengthening a similar result in Shimozono and Weyman (2000) [8].
Reverse Monte Carlo Method for Transient Radiative Transfer in Participating Media

The Monte Carlo (MC) method has been widely used to solve radiative transfer problems due to its flexibility and simplicity in simulating the energy transport process in arbitrary geometries with complex boundary conditions. However, the major drawback of the conventional (or forward) Monte Carlo method is the long computational time for converged solution. Reverse or backward Monte Carlo (RMC) is considered as an alternative approach when solutions are only needed at certain locations and time. The reverse algorithm is similar to the conventional method, except that the energy bundle (photon ensemble) is tracked in a time-reversal manner. Its migration is recorded from the detector into the participating medium, rather than from the source to the detector as in the conventional MC. There is no need to keep track of the bundles that do not reach a particular detector. Thus, RMC method takes up much less computation time than the conventional MC method. On the other hand, RMC will generate less information about the transport process as only the information at the specified locations, e.g., detectors, is obtained
An Integer Generalized Transportation Model for Optimal Job Assignment in Computer Networks

This paper investigates the assignment of tasks in a network of functionally similar computers. We formulate the problem by a periodic review model with Boolean variables. A computationally efficient, integer-generalized transportation model is applicable because of the existence of relative efficiencies of computers for jobs. Since a job is to be processed exclusively by one computer, we show that an optimal solution to this problem is a basic feasible solution to a slightly modified generalized transportation problem. A branch-and-bound solution procedure prevents possible splitting of a job among computers. We provide an algorithm and computational results.
Evaluation of Clay Stabilizers for a Sandstone Field in Central Saudi Arabia

An oil field in central Saudi Arabia produces super-light crude from a sandstone reservoir. The formation contains up to 2 wt. percent authigenic clays dominated by kaolinite and illite/montmorillonite mixed layer clays. To improve well productivity, a well stimulation treatment has been conducted on the producing wells in this field. The treatment introduces several fluids which might invade the formation and induce formation damage. An experimental study was conducted to determine potential formation damage due to fines migration and clay swelling and design an effective clay stabilizer treatment. The work included performing coreflood experiments using reservoir cores at reservoir conditions (180°F and overburden pressure of 1500 psi). The critical salt concentration (defined as the salt concentration below which there is loss of permeability) was first determined. Several commercial clay stabilizers, cationic polymers, were evaluated. The effects of stabilizer concentration (0 to 2 vol. percent.), soaking time, and acids (15 wt. percent HCl) on core permeability were investigated in detail. The experimental results indicated that the critical salt concentration (KCl brine) was nearly 5 wt. percent. Severe loss of permeability was observed when brines of lower salt concentrations were injected into reservoir cores. The effectiveness of clay stabilizer was found to be a function of chemical type and concentration. Some of the chemicals tested were not effective at concentrations less than 1.5 vol. percent. Others were effective clay stabilizers, but caused loss of injectivity at higher concentrations (2 vol. percent). After conducting a thorough investigation, it was found that these chemicals did not readily dissolve in water and formed fish-eyes. When these chemicals were injected into reservoir cores, they formed an external filter cake which caused loss of permeability. This problem was solved by good mixing of the stabilizer and proper filtration. Hydrochloric acid did improve the performance of at least of the clay stabilizers examined. Based on lab testing, a cost effective clay stabilizer was tested in the field at a concentration of 2 vol. percent. Field results indicated that the chemical did not cause loss of injectivity, and minimized formation damage due to fines migration and clay swelling.
Currency crashes in emerging markets: An empirical treatment

We use a panel of annual data for over 100 developing countries from 1971 through 1992 to characterize currency crashes. We define a currency crash as a large change of the nominal exchange rate that is also a substantial increase in the rate of change of nominal depreciation. We examine the composition of the debt as well as its level, and a variety of other macroeconomic factors, external and foreign. Crashes tend to occur when: output growth is low; the growth of domestic credit is high; and the level of foreign interest rates are high. A low ratio of FDI to debt is consistently associated with a high likelihood of a crash.
Discovery of non-glucoside SGLT2 inhibitors

A series of benzothiazinone and benzooxazinone derivatives were discovered as SGLT2 inhibitors. The optimization led to the discovery of compounds 31 and 32, which exhibited similar potency and better SGLT1 selectivity compared to dapagliflozin. These compounds may provide novel promising scaffolds, which are different from phlorizin-based SGLT2 inhibitors.
The spectrum of mathematical modeling and systems simulation

The methodology involved in the modeling and simulation of physical, life and social science systems is viewed in perspective. A critical factor determining the validity of a model is the extent to which it can be derived from basic laws and insights into the internal structure of the system using deductive methods, rather than relying upon observations and measurements of the system input and outputs. Accordingly, the mathematical models as they arise in various application disciplines are arranged along a spectrum according to the relative amount of deduction and induction involved in their construction. This provides an insight into the ultimate validity of simulations and to what use they can properly be put.
Streamwater Particulate Mercury and Suspended Sediment Dynamics in a Forested Headwater Catchment

Due to the inherent differences in bioavailability and transport properties of particulate and dissolved mercury (HgP and HgD), it is important to understand the processes by which each is mobilized from soil to stream. Currently, there is a paucity of HgP data in the literature despite the fact that it can be the dominant fraction in some systems. We analyzed HgP in conjunction with volatile solids (VS, an estimate of organic content) and total suspended solids (TSS) and investigated the viability of using turbidity as a surrogate measure of HgP. Samples were collected for flow conditions ranging from 72 to 8,223 L s−1 during October 2009 through March 2010 in a 10.5-km2 forested headwater catchment. Total Hg concentrations ranged from 0.28 to 49.60 ng L−1, with the relative amount of HgP increasing with discharge from approximately 40% to 97%. Storm dynamics of HgP and HgD were not consistent, indicating unique controls on the export of each fraction. During high-flow events, HgP was consistently higher on the rising limb of the hydrograph compared with the receding limb for a range of discharge events, with this hysteresis contributing to a degraded relationship between HgP and streamflow. Overall, HgP was strongly positively correlated with VS (r 2 = 0.97), confirming the known association with organic carbon. Due to a consistent organic fraction of the suspended solids (34 ± 6%), HgP was also well correlated with TSS (r 2 = 0.95), with an average of 0.10 ng of HgP per milligram of TSS in this system. Stream turbidity measured with an in situ sonde also had a strong correlation with TSS (r 2 = 0.91), enabling commutative association with VS (r 2 = 0.86) and HgP (r 2 = 0.76). Turbidity can explain more than twice the temporal variance in HgP concentrations (n = 50) compared with discharge (r 2 = 0.76 versus 0.36), which leads to improved monitoring of HgP dynamics and quantification of mass fluxes.
Baryon and Lepton Nonconserving Processes

A number of properties of possible baryon- and lepton-nonconserving processes are shown to follow under very general assumptions. Attention is drawn to the importance of measuring ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ polarizations and $\frac{{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e}}{{e}^{+}}$ ratios in nucleon decay as a means of discriminating among specific models.
On the dynamic programming principle for uniformly nondegenerate stochastic differential games in domains

Abstract We prove the dynamic programming principle for uniformly nondegenerate stochastic differential games in the framework of time-homogeneous diffusion processes considered up to the first exit time from a domain. The zeroth-order “coefficient” and the “free” term are only assumed to be measurable. In contrast with previous results established for constant stopping times we allow arbitrary stopping times and randomized ones as well. The main assumption, which will be removed in a subsequent article, is that there exists a sufficiently regular solution of the Isaacs equation.
Copper-Catalyzed Rearrangement of Vinyl Oxiranes

A novel copper-catalyzed vinyl oxirane ring expansion protocol has been developed. A wide range of vinyl oxiranes can be rearranged to 2,5-dihydrofurans in excellent yields in the presence of electrophilic copper(II) acetylacetonate catalysts. Regioisomeric vinyl oxiranes can be converted to a single dihydrofuran product using these conditions. This method uses low catalyst loadings (0.5−5 mol %), has good tolerance of substitution patterns, and can be done in the absence of solvent.
The Near-Field Disturbance Created by a Body in a Stratified Medium With a Free Surface

Abstract : The inviscid equations of motion for a slender body in a stratified fluid are formulated in a way which clearly illustrates the relation between the vorticity in the flow and the internal wave behavior. This formulation makes it clear that the problem admits a singular perturbation expansion of the solution if the density variation is small (large Vaisala length). Analytic solutions valid in the near field are obtained for the case of a finite-thickness constant thermocline. These solutions include both internal wave and gravity wave perturbations to the basic potential flow.
Gaining Trust Through Online Privacy Protection: Self-Regulation, Mandatory Standards, or Caveat Emptor

Trust is particularly important in online markets to facilitate the transfer of sensitive consumer information to online retailers. In electronic markets, various proposals have been made to facilitate these information transfers. We develop analytic models of hidden information to analyze the effectiveness of these regimes to build trust and their efficiency in terms of social welfare. We find that firms' ability to influence consumer beliefs about trust depends on whether firms can send unambiguous signals to consumers regarding their intention of protecting privacy. Ambiguous signals can lead to a breakdown of consumer trust, while the clarity and credibility of the signal under industry self-regulation can lead to enhanced trust and improved social welfare. Our results also indicate that although overarching government regulations can enhance consumer trust, regulation may not be socially optimal in all environments because of lower profit margins for firms and higher prices for consumers.
Methods for the Chemical Synthesis of Fullerenes

C60 has been synthesized by chemical methods in 12 steps. Lessons learned in the author's laboratory during a decade devoted to the synthesis and study of open geodesic polyarenes strongly influenced the strategy and methodology ultimately employed for preparing a suitable 60-carbon precursor and for closing it up to the fullerene ball. This review provides a personal account of how the new synthetic tools were developed and put to use.
Some recent developments in the design of SIS mixers

SIS mixers in which superconducting tuning elements are integrated with the tunnel junctions have resulted in very low noise heterodyne receivers in the range 68–260 GHz. Above ∼120 GHz the need for extremely small reduced-height waveguides is avoided by mounting the SIS junctions in a suspended-stripline circuit coupled to a full-height waveguide by a broadband probe. The special characteristics of coplanar transmission line permit the design of SIS mixers with low parasitic reactances. Such a mixer operates over the full WR-10 band (75–110 GHz) without mechanical tuners.
Synthesis of the C(3)C(15) segment of rutamycin B via a C(8)C(9) fragment assembly aldol reaction: Metal dependence of the aldehyde and enolate diastereofacial selectivities

The diastereofacial selectivities of aldehyde 2b and ketone 3 are metal dependent, and their fragment assembly aldol coupling is a matched double asymmetric reaction when a chlorotitanium enolate is used.
N=2 supersymmetry, Painlevé III and exact scaling functions in 2D polymers

We discuss in this paper various aspects of the off-critical O(n) model in two dimensions. We find the ground-state energy conjectured by Zamolodchikov for the unitary minimal models, and extend the results to some non-unitary minimal cases. These results are applied to the discussion of scaling functions for polymers on a cylinder. Using the underlying N = 2 supersymmetry, the scaling function for one non-contractible polymer loop around the cylinder is shown to be simply related to the solution of the Painleve III differential equation. We also find the ground-state energy for a single polymer on the cylinder. These results are checked by numerically simulating the polymer system. The flow to the dense polymer phase is also analyzed numerically. We find there surprising results, with a ceff function that is not monotonically decreasing and seems to have a roaming behavior, getting very close to the value 8170 and 710 between its UV and IR values of 1.
Geophysical parameter estimation

Seismic exploration for oil and gas is a parameter estimation problem. Geological properties and fluid content of subsurface reservoirs are sensed from the earth's surface. Seismic data are acquired by generating elastic waves at the surface and recording the reflections off subsurface targets using large receiver arrays. At present, it is not practical to determine earth parameters by iteratively refining an earth model until simulated seismic data match recorded field data. The computational demands of accurately simulating viscoelastic wave propagation in a 3-D heterogeneous earth are prohibitive. Instead, seismic data are processed to remove many complexities of wave propagation in the real environment, like multipath, attenuation, dispersion, shear waves, and interface waves. With these complexities removed, the processed data conform to simpler propagation models which can be solved in reasonable computer time. The cost of each simplification, however, is the loss of some information about the subsu...
The effect of power law body forces on a thermally-driven flow between concentric rotating spheres

A numerical study is conducted to determine the effect of power-law body forces on a thermally-driven axisymmetric flow field confined between concentric co-rotating spheres. This study is motivated by Spacelab geophysical fluid-flow experiments, which use an electrostatic force on a dielectric fluid to simulate gravity; this force exhibits a (1/r)sup 5 distribution. Meridional velocity is found to increase when the electrostatic body force is imposed, relative to when the body force is uniform. Correlation among flow fields with uniform, inverse-square, and inverse-quintic force fields is obtained using a modified Grashof number.
Glacial flow of floating marine ice in ``Snowball Earth''

[1] Simulations of frigid Neoproterozoic climates have not considered the tendency of thick layers of floating marine ice to deform and spread laterally. We have constructed a simple model of the production and flow of marine ice on a planetary scale, and determined ice thickness and flow in two situations: when the ocean is globally ice-covered (“hard snowball”) and when the tropical waters remain open (“soft snowball”). In both cases, ice flow strongly affects the distribution of marine ice. Flowing ice probably carries enough latent heat and freshwater to significantly affect the transition into a Snowball Earth climate. We speculate that flowing marine ice, rather than continental ice sheets, may be the erosive agent that created some Neoproterozoic glacial deposits.
Performance Analysis of Queueing Networks via Robust Optimization

Performance analysis of queueing networks is one of the most challenging areas of queueing theory. Barring very specialized models such as product-form type queueing networks, there exist very few results that provide provable nonasymptotic upper and lower bounds on key performance measures. In this paper we propose a new performance analysis method, which is based on the robust optimization. The basic premise of our approach is as follows: rather than assuming that the stochastic primitives of a queueing model satisfy certain probability laws---such as i.i.d. interarrival and service times distributions---we assume that the underlying primitives are deterministic and satisfy the implications of such probability laws. These implications take the form of simple linear constraints, namely, those motivated by the law of the iterated logarithm (LIL). Using this approach we are able to obtain performance bounds on some key performance measures. Furthermore, these performance bounds imply similar bounds in the underlying stochastic queueing models. We demonstrate our approach on two types of queueing networks: (a) tandem single-class queueing network and (b) multiclass single-server queueing network. In both cases, using the proposed robust optimization approach, we are able to obtain explicit upper bounds on some steady-state performance measures. For example, for the case of TSC system we obtain a bound of the form C(1-ρ)-1 ln ln((1-ρ)-1) on the expected steady-state sojourn time, where C is an explicit constant and ρ is the bottleneck traffic intensity. This qualitatively agrees with the correct heavy traffic scaling of this performance measure up to the ln ln((1-ρ)-1) correction factor.
Quantifier elimination by Dependency Sequents

We consider the problem of existential quantifier elimination for Boolean CNF formulas. We present a new method for solving this problem called Derivation of Dependency-Sequents (DDS). A Dependency-sequent (D-sequent) is used to record that a set of quantified variables is redundant under a partial assignment. We introduce the join operation that produces new D-sequents from existing ones. We show that DDS is compositional, i.e., if our input formula is a conjunction of independent formulas, DDS automatically recognizes and exploits this information. We introduce an algorithm based on DDS and present experimental results demonstrating its potential.
Five-dimensional gauge theories and relativistic integrable systems

Abstract We propose a non-perturbative solution of N = 2 supersymmetric gauge theory in five dimensions compactified on circle of a radius R . We consider the cases of the pure gauge theory as well as the theories with matter in the fundamental and in the adjoint representations. The pure theory as well as the one with adjoint hypermultiplet give rise to the known relativistic integrable systems with 1/ R playing the role of the speed of light. The theory with adjoint hypermultiplet exhibits some interesting finiteness properties.
BRISK: a portable and flexible distributed instrumentation system

Researchers and practitioners in the area of parallel and distributed computing have been lacking a portable, flexible and robust distributed instrumentation system. We present the Baseline Reduced Instrumentation System Kernel (BRISK) that we have developed as a part of a real-time system instrumentation and performance visualization project. The design is based on a simple distributed instrumentation system model for flexibility and extensibility. The basic implementation poses minimalistic system requirements and achieves high performance. We show evaluations of BRISK using two distinct configurations: one emphasizes isolated simple performance metrics; and the other BRISK's operation on distributed applications, its built-in clock synchronization and dynamic on-line sorting algorithms.
System architecture for computer integration of design and construction knowledge

Abstract A strategy for dealing with the volume and diversity of knowledge involved in design and construction is through integration of a variety of knowledge sources. The representation of design knowledge is a key element is this strategy. The Engineering Data Model (EDM) provides a strong foundation for defining the semantics of a product design. It explicates all relations with the objective of establishing a way to interface modules of knowledge in a uniform manner that does not delimit future extensions. Here, we present EDM as a means of representing design information in a modular way. We present our view of modularity and the integration of knowledge in a computerized design environment. We propose a system architecture for the integration of knowledge and compare it with the PDES/STEP international effort.
Kinetics of medium-chain triglycerides and free fatty acids in healthy volunteers and surgically stressed patients

To determine the hydrolysis rate of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) to medium-chain free fatty acids (MCFAs) and the disposition rate of MCFAs, five healthy volunteers (H) and eight surgically stressed patients (S) received 0.5 mL of Lipofundin 20% per kilogram body weight as an intravenous bolus. Serum MCTs (C8 and C10) and MCFAs were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography during the 120 minutes postinjection. A linear two-compartment model was found to be descriptive and robust: the apparent volumes of distribution were found to be similar in healthy and surgical subjects for both MCTs and MCFAs. The first-order transformation rate constant (hydrolysis) from MCTs to MCFAs was not significantly different between the H and S groups (overall 0.112 +/- 0.022/min, C8; 0.078 +/- 0.020/min, C10). The rate constant for tissue MCFA uptake from plasma was significantly different between S and H subjects both for C10 alone (H: 0.0337 +/- 0.0078; S: 0.1194 +/- 0.0240; p = .020) and for C8 and C10 together (H: 0.0382 +/- 0.0054; S: 0.1012 +/- 0.0168; p = .008), whereas it failed to attain significance when C8 alone was considered (H: 0.047 +/- 0.0077; S: 0.0829 +/- 0.0230; p = .210). These results show that use of MCTs is increased in surgical patients because of enhanced tissue uptake of the corresponding free fatty acids, whereas there does not seem to be an increase of MCT hydrolysis in response to acute disease. This would indicate that the stressed patient is in fact able to effectively use this alternative lipid substrate in the face of increased metabolic demand.
Physical-resource demands for scalable quantum computation

The primary resource for quantum computation is Hilbert-space dimension. Whereas Hilbert space itself is an abstract construction, the number of dimensions available to a system is a physical quantity that requires physical resources. Avoiding a demand for an exponential amount of these resources places a fundamental constraint on the systems that are suitable for scalable quantum computation. To be scalable, the number of degrees of freedom in the computer must grow nearly linearly with the number of qubits in an equivalent qubit-based quantum computer.
The Relative Stability against Merger of Close, Compact Binaries

The orbital separation of compact binary stars will shrink with time owing to the emission of gravitational radiation. This inspiral phase of a binary system's evolution generally will be very long compared to the system's orbital period, but the final coalescence may be dynamical and driven to a large degree by hydrodynamic effects, particularly if there is a critical separation at which the system becomes dynamically unstable toward merger. Indeed, if weakly relativistic systems (such as white dwarf-white dwarf binaries) encounter a point of dynamical instability at some critically close separation, coalescence may be entirely a classical, hydrodynamic process. Therefore, a proper investigation of this stage of binary evolution must include three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations. We have constructed equilibrium sequences of synchronously rotating, equal-mass binaries in circular orbit with a single parameter—the binary separation—varying along each sequence. Sequences have been constructed with various polytropic as well as realistic white dwarf and neutron star equations of state. Using a Newtonian, finite-difference hydrodynamics code, we have examined the dynamical stability of individual models along these equilibrium sequences. Our simulations indicate that no points of instability exist on the sequences we analyzed that had relatively soft equations of state (polytropic sequences with polytropic index n = 1.0 and 1.5 and two white dwarf sequences). However, we did identify dynamically unstable binary models on sequences with stiffer equations of state (n = 0.5 polytropic sequence and two neutron star sequences). We thus infer that binary systems with soft equations of state are not driven to merger by a dynamical instability. For the n = 0.5 polytropic sequence, the separation at which a dynamical instability sets in appears to be associated with the minimum energy and angular momentum configuration along the sequence. Our simulations suggest but do not conclusively demonstrate that, in the absence of relativistic effects, this same association may also hold for binary neutron star systems.
Electroweak baryogenesis, electric dipole moments, and Higgs diphoton decays

We study the viability of electroweak baryogenesis in a two Higgs doublet model scenario augmented by vector-like, electroweakly interacting fermions. Considering a limited, but illustrative region of the model parameter space, we obtain the observed cosmic baryon asymmetry while satisfying present constraints from the non-observation of the permanent electric dipole moment (EDM) of the electron and the combined ATLAS and CMS result for the Higgs boson diphoton decay rate. The observation of a non-zero electron EDM in a next generation experiment and/or the observation of an excess (over the Standard Model) of Higgs to diphoton events with the 14 TeV LHC run or a future e^+e^− collider would be consistent with generation of the observed baryon asymmetry in this scenario.
Generalized Green-Schwarz mechanism in F theory

Abstract We derive the anomaly 8-form of 6-dimensional gauge theories arising in F theory compactifications on elliptic Calabi-Yau threefolds. The result allows the determination of the matter content of certain such theories in terms of intersection numbers on the base of elliptic fibration. We also discuss gauge theories on 7-branes with double point singularities on the worldvolume. Applications to Type II compactifications on Hirzebruch surfaces and P 2 are outlined.
Antarctic Ozone Depletion Chemistry: Reactions of N2O5 with H2O and HCl on Ice Surfaces

The reactions of dinitrogen pentoxide (N(2)O(5)) with H(2)O and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were studied on ice surfaces in a Knudsen cell flow reactor. The N(2)O(5) reacted on ice at 185 K to form condensed-phase nitric acid (HNO(3)). This reaction may provide a sink for odd nitrogen (NO(x)) during the polar winter, a requirement in nearly all models of Antarctic ozone depletion. A lower limit to the sticking coefficient, gamma, for N(2)O(5) on ice is 1 x 10(-3). Moreover, N(2)O(5) reacted on HCl-ice surfaces at 185 K, with gamma greater than 3 x 10(-3). This reaction, which produced gaseous nitryl chloride (ClNO(2)) and condensed-phase HNO(3), proceeded until all of the HCl within the ice was depleted. The ClNO(2), which did not react or condense on ice at 185 K, can be readily photolyzed in the Antarctic spring to form atomic chlorine for catalytic ozone destruction cycles. The other photolysis product, gaseous nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), may be important in the partitioning of NO(x) between gaseous and condensed phases in the Antarctic winter.
Steric control in the pauson cycloaddition: Further support for the proposed mechanism

Abstract Dicobalthexacarbonyl complexes of internal alkynes react with olefins to give cyclopentenones with a high degree of regiocontrol. Analogous reactions of terminal alkynes give rise to regioisomeric mixtures of cyclopentenones.
Unsteady-State Distributions of Fluid Compositions in Two-Phase Oil Reservoirs Undergoing Gas Injection

A mathematical study was made of the dynamic behavior of a depleted oil reservoir undergoing gas injection. The important variable considered in this study, not included in previously published work, was that of compositional effects on the phase behavior of 2-phase flow. Pressure, saturation and component composition profiles were developed for a linear, horizontal and homogeneous porous medium containing oil and gas but undergoing dry gas injection. Special new techniques were developed to overcome the problems of numerical smoothing which arise in the solution of the equations representing such systems. The method of solution includes the development of partial differential equations describing the behavior of the system, representing these equations by finite difference approximations, making certain simplifying assumptions and finally applying methods of numerical analysis with the aid of a high speed digital computer. (38 refs.)
Monopoly capital and capitalist inefficiency

This paper examines the arguments and assertions of Baran’s and Sweezy’s Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Economic and Social Order (1966) by assessing the degree of economic efficiency or inefficiency in how surplus value and economic surplus were created by 16 major capitalist economies during the 2000s using data envelopment analysis (DEA). After assigning a score to the degree of economic efficiency/inefficiency for each country, one can then assess which factors influence the degree of efficiency/inefficiency. This paper finds empirical support for many of the arguments put forth by the authors, Baran and Sweezy, as well as others regarding the inefficiency of the use of some forms of economic activity to help absorb economic surplus and to create surplus value.
The projection postulate of quantum mechanics on the lightcone

We discuss an interpretation of the projection postulate that implies collapse of the wavefunction along the lightcone.
Study of IEMP effects on IC operational amplifier circuits

Three typical operational amplifiers were irradiated by a plasma focus to study their IEMP responses with and without superposition of TREE responses. The 30-kJ plasma focus device produced photons primarily in the 8–100 keV range with pulse widths typically in the range of 10–15 nsec. Pulses of electrons were also deposited on the external leads of the op amps to determine the characteristic responses. These units were operated in circuits with closed-loop gains ranging from 5 to 100. During direct irradiation of the op amps, it was found that the IEMP responses (caused by photoemission within the housings) dominated the TREE responses provided that the RC time for the deposited charge to drainto ground was longer than a characteristic op arnp response time. The gas normally contained inside hermetically-sealed op amp units enhanced their IEMP responses. For most op amps, charge deposited on the input leads dominated the response, but some types were also sensitive to charge deposited on other external leads such as those controlling the offset.
A General Method for Estimating Correlated Aggregates Over a Data Stream

On a stream $${\fancyscript{S}}$$S of two dimensional data items $$(x,y)$$(x,y) where $$x$$x is an item identifier and $$y$$y is a numerical attribute, a correlated aggregate query $$C(\sigma ,AGG,{\fancyscript{S}})$$C(?,AGG,S) asks to first apply a selection predicate $$\sigma $$? along the $$y$$y dimension, followed by an aggregation $$AGG$$AGG along the $$x$$x dimension. For selection predicates of the form $$(y c), where parameter $$c$$c is provided at query time, we present new streaming algorithms and lower bounds for estimating correlated aggregates. Our main result is a general method that reduces the estimation of a correlated aggregate $$AGG$$AGG to the streaming computation of $$AGG$$AGG over an entire stream, for an aggregate that satisfies certain conditions. This results in the first sublinear space algorithms for the correlated estimation of a large family of statistics, including frequency moments. Our experimental validation shows that the memory requirements of these algorithms are significantly smaller than existing linear storage solutions, and that these achieve a fast per-record processing time. We also study the setting when items have weights. In the case when weights can be negative, we give a strong space lower bound which holds even if the algorithm is allowed up to a logarithmic number of passes over the data. We complement this with a small space algorithm which uses a logarithmic number of passes.
Inhibition of cPLA2 has neuroprotective effects on motoneuron and muscle atrophy following spinal cord injury.

Surviving motoneurons undergo dendritic atrophy after spinal cord injury (SCI), suggesting an important therapeutic target for neuroprotective strategies to improve recovery of function after SCI. Our previous studies showed that phospholipase A2 (PLA2) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of SCI. In the present study, we investigated whether blocking cPLA2 pharmacologically with arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (ATK) or genetically using cPLA2 knockout (KO) mice attenuates motoneuron atrophy following SCI. C57BL/6 mice received either sham or contusive SCI at the T10 level. At 30 min after SCI, mice were treated with ATK or vehicle. Four weeks later, motoneurons innervating the vastus lateralis muscle of the quadriceps were labeled with cholera toxin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase, and dendritic arbors were reconstructed in three dimensions. Soma volume, motoneuron number, lesion volume, and tissue sparing were also assessed, as were muscle weight, fiber cross-sectional area, and motor end...
On the Performance of Very High Temperature Reactor Plants With Direct and Indirect Closed Brayton Cycles

The performance of very high temperature reactor plants with direct and indirect closed Brayton cycles (CBCs) is compared and the effects of the molecular weight of the CBC working fluid on the number of stages and sizes of the axial flow, single shaft compressor and turbine are investigated. The working fluids considered are helium (4 g/mole), He― Xe, and He―N 2 binary mixtures (15 g/mole). Also investigated are the effects of using low and high pressure compressors with intercooling, instead of a single compressor, and changing the reactor exit temperature from 700°C to 950°C on the plant thermal efficiency, the CBC pressure ratio, and the number of stages in and size of the turbomachines. For plants with direct CBCs, the effect of cooling the reactor pressure vessel with He bled off at the exit of the compressor is also investigated. The present analyses are performed for a reactor thermal power of 600 MW, shaft rotation speed of 3000 rpm, and intermediate heat exchanger temperature pinch of 50°C.
A Novel Radical-Based Synthesis of Valerolactones

Abstract The photolytic radical addition of phenylselenomalonates to allylic alcohols, followed by acid-catalyzed cyclization yields valerolactones incorporating a phenylseleno substituent.
Diamond nitrogen-vacancy center as a probe of random fluctuations in a nuclear spin ensemble

New schemes that exploit the unique properties of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are presently being explored as a platform for high-resolution magnetic sensing. Here we focus on the ability of a NV center to monitor an adjacent mesoscopic nuclear spin bath. For this purpose, we conduct comparative experiments where the NV spin evolves under the influence of surrounding ${}^{13}$C nuclei or, alternatively, in the presence of asynchronous alternating current fields engineered to emulate bath fluctuations. Our study reveals substantial differences that underscore the limitations of the semi-classical picture when interpreting and predicting the outcome of experiments designed to probe small nuclear spin ensembles. In particular, our study elucidates the NV center response to bath fluctuations under common pulse sequences, and explores a detection protocol designed to probe time correlations of the nuclear spin bath dynamics. Further, we show that the presence of macroscopic nuclear spin order is key to the emergence of semi-classical spin magnetometry.
On the Formation of the Homunculus Nebula around η Carinae

We have constructed an interacting winds scenario to account for the geometric and kinematic properties of the Homunculus in η Carinae as seen in recent Hubble Space Telescope observations. Winds from a giant eruption in 1840–1860 sweep into a small (1014 cm), dense (~1014 cm-3), 2 M⊙, near-nuclear toroidal ring. The external medium is uniform at ~2000 particles cm-3. The ring is all but destroyed by the winds in the eruption. Even so, it manages to provide a good deal of collimation to the mass ejected in the first 20 years. Subsequent weaker outflows ram into the outburst gas and initiate surface instabilities and wrinkles. Unlike earlier models, ours is in accordance with the observation that no large, extended disklike distribution is seen around the nebula that could have collimated the bipolar lobes. Models with cooling form essentially ballistic flows (that is, a pair of cones each with a spherical base) whose lateral edges become wrinkled by shear instabilities. A new aspect of the radiative models is the fragmentation of the dense ring, which may help to explain the thin, radial filamentary structure that is seen in the equatorial region of the Homunculus. Adiabatic models become very hot quickly and explode through the nascent cones into the confining gas before the dense collar is destroyed. A pair of spherical lobes form. After 150 years the lobe walls are corrugated by shearing instabilities. These lobes morph into a large, single balloon after about another 300 years.
Cochlear and Brainstem Implantation

Cochlear and auditory brainstem implants offer safe and effective hearing habilitation and rehabilitation for profoundly deafened adults and children. Brainstem implant technology is currently approved for use in patients with type 2 Neurofibromatosis, who have lost integrity of auditory nerves following vestibular schwannoma removal. An update on implant devices, speech processing strategies, candidacy criteria, and perceptual performance are provided in this article.
TRANSIT TIMING VARIATIONS FOR INCLINED AND RETROGRADE EXOPLANETARY SYSTEMS

We perform numerical calculations of the expected transit timing variations (TTVs) induced on a hot-Jupiter by an Earth-mass perturber. Motivated by the recent discoveries of retrograde transiting planets, we concentrate on an investigation of the effect of varying relative planetary inclinations, up to and including completely retrograde systems. We find that planets in low-order (e.g., 2:1) mean-motion resonances (MMRs) retain approximately constant TTV amplitudes for 0° 170°. Systems in higher order MMRs (e.g., 5:1) increase in TTV amplitude as inclinations increase toward 45°, becoming approximately constant for 45° 135°. Planets away from resonance slowly decrease in TTV amplitude as inclinations increase from 0° to 180°, whereas planets adjacent to resonances can exhibit a huge range of variability in TTV amplitude as a function of both eccentricity and inclination. For highly retrograde systems (135° < i ≤ 180°), TTV signals will be undetectable across almost the entirety of parameter space, with the exceptions occurring when the perturber has high eccentricity or is very close to an MMR. This high inclination decrease in TTV amplitude (on and away from resonance) is important for the analysis of the known retrograde and multi-planet transiting systems, as inclination effects need to be considered if TTVs are to be used to exclude the presence of any putative planetary companions: absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.
Computer simulation: a solution technique for management problems

Although computers are currently being used primarily for rapid processing of data, there is little doubt that computer-processed information will be a requirement in providing management with timely and accurate data for evaluation, analysis, and as an aid in decision making. At the top management level, decisions are concerned with directing the organization and providing means of assuring its survival. To achieve maximum effectiveness at the operating level, plans and policies must be applied to the available resources, subject to specified constraints and risks. However, there is generally insufficient information for these decisions, and they often cannot be structured as a set of procedures. But, most important, policy decisions are based on a blend of intuition, experience and emotion.
Some applications of direct adaptive control to large structural systems

Direct multivariable model reference adaptive control (DMMRAC) applications are considered with a representative example of a large structural system (LSS). Such applications have in the past been shown to be feasible for multivariable systems provided that there exists a constant feedback gain matrix such that the resulting input-output transfer function is (simply) positive real.
Comparison of Radio Observations and Numerical Simulations of the Radio Lobes of Cygnus A

We present a comparison of radio observations of the powerful archetypal radio galaxy Cyg A and two-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic simulations. We characterize some global trends in the observed radio properties and compare them with the properties of a simulated radio source. The observational results are the following. The width of the observed surface brightness distribution perpendicular to the source axis can be well characterized by a Gaussian over most of the length of the source. The ratio of the Gaussian FWHM to the second moment is fairly constant along the source, with an average value of about 2.5, indicating that they give roughly consistent measurements of the source width. The average observed surface brightness, estimated pressure, and estimated minimum-energy B-field decrease with distance from the hot spots. We find evidence for significant structure in the estimated cross-sectional slices of the emissivity. The numerical results are the following. Jets propagating in a constant-density atmosphere decelerate with time. Thus, the estimated dynamical age of the source is greater than the actual age of the source. For a source similar to Cyg A, the difference is about a factor of 2. The second moment gives an accurate representation of the "true" width of the simulated source. The Gaussian FWHM tends to be about 40% larger than the true width and can be systematically in error if the surface brightness exhibits multiple peaks. We suggest that the ratio of the Gaussian FWHM to the second moment may be a diagnostic of the emissivity profile in the lobes. The simulations can qualitatively reproduce the overall observed morphology, the behavior of the cross sections in surface brightness, the decline in surface brightness with distance from the hot spots, and the width of the lobes. This suggests that the two-dimensional simulations give a reasonable representation of the properties of Cyg A.
Modeling Nonlinear Deformation of Carbon-Carbon Composite Materials

Carbon-carbon composite materials have different nonlinear stress-strain behavior under tension loading than under compression loading. The Jones-Nelson-Morgan nonlinear multimodulus material model is fit to the characteristics of AVCO Mod 3a carbon-carbon, which consists of woven layers of orthogonal fibers in the x-y plane pierced by fibers in the z direction. The model is thus defined by use of measured behavior in the principal material directions. Then, the model is validated by comparison of predicted and measured response under uniaxial off-axis loading in tension and in compression.
Mathieu moonshine in four dimensional \mathcal{N} = 1 theories

We show that the recently discovered Mathieu moonshine plays a role for certain four dimensional theories with $ \mathcal{N} $ = 1 supersymmetry. These theories are obtained from the E 8 × E 8 heterotic string theory by compactifying on toroidal orbifolds. We find that a universal contribution to the holomorphic gauge kinetic function can be expanded in such a way that the expansion coefficients are the dimensions of representations of the Mathieu group M24.
Synthesis and evaluation of GGPP geometric isomers: divergent substrate specificities of FTase and GGTase I.

Abstract A stereocontrolled synthetic route has been used to prepare two of the geometric isomers of all- trans -GGPP. Neither of these isomers is effective substrates for mammalian GGTase I, but 3 is a potent inhibitor of this enzyme (IC 50 =100 nM). Surprisingly, both compounds are effective substrates for mammalian FTase.
Spontaneous Polarization in One-Dimensional Pb(ZrTi)O~3 Nanowires

Formation of spontaneous polarization in one-dimensional (1D) structures is a key phenomenon that reveals collective behaviors in systems of reduced dimensions, but has remained unsolved for decades. Here we report ab initio studies on finite-temperature structural properties of infinite-length nanowires of $\mathrm{Pb}({\mathrm{Zr}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{0.5}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ solid solution. Whereas existing studies have ruled out the possibility of phase transition in 1D chains, our atomistic simulations demonstrate a different conclusion, characterized by the occurrence of a ferroelectric polarization and critical behaviors of dielectric and piezoelectric responses. The difference is accounted for by the use of depolarizing effects associated with finite thickness of wires. Our results suggest no fundamental constraint that limits the use of ferroelectric nanowires and nanotubes arising from the absence of spontaneous ordering.