cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpreting Survival Observations Using Phenomenological Models

It is generally accepted that the dose-rate dependence of the mammalian-cell survival curve reflects the modification of initial damage by cellular biochemical processes. However, these processes have not been adequately described to allow predictions of the effects at low doses or of radiations having higher stopping powers. The kinetics of damage induction and removal have been studied extensively, even though specific mechanisms have yet to be demonstrated. For example, it can be shown that one component of cell killing depends on the square of the concentration of radiation damage, a dependence that can be explained by sublethal damage models as well as by models featuring misrepair of potentially lethal damage. We have demonstrated two components of radiation-damage repair in plateau-phase Chinese hamster ovary cells. Analysis of repair rates shows that one component has a mean repair time of less than 1 hour, and another has a time of 18 hours. Repair rates, and fractions of damage repaired, appear independent of the initial amounts of damage produced. We have compared our data with the predictions of several different phenomenological models. These observations do not appear compatible with simple models that assume either the saturation of a rapid repair process or the interaction of pairs of sublesions. Rather, they support more-complex models that consider combinations of both sublethal and potentially lethal damage or multiple-step processes. Our observations are also consistent with models that consider the accessibility of damage to the repair enzymes.
Population-Based Survey Methods for Reaching Adolescent and Young Adult Survivors of Pediatric Cancer and Their Parents

Purpose: Contacting childhood cancer survivors (CCS) to assess reasons for declining receipt of follow-up care after treatment is difficult and participation in surveys may be low, resulting in bia...
Phosphate removal and recovery using immobilized phosphate binding proteins.

Abstract Progress towards a more circular phosphorus economy necessitates development of innovative water treatment systems which can reversibly remove inorganic phosphate (Pi) to ultra-low levels (
Photo Privacy Protection on Online Social Networks

Through my doctoral research, I aim to provide a better online photo privacy protection strategy than existing approaches such as photo self-censorship and recipient control on Online Social Networks (OSNs). To inform the building for an effective and usable photo privacy protection system on OSNs, I gain understanding on the two parameters that influence photo privacy--photo content and recipient--through a series of studies and provide design guidelines. My research will benefit privacy researchers, online social network designers, policymakers, computer vision researchers, and researchers in the field of CSCW who study collaborative photo privacy protection.
Evaluation of a Conceptual Model to Guide Health Care Providers in Promoting Exercise Among Persons With Multiple Sclerosis.

Fewer than 20% of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) engage in enough exercise to manage MS symptoms and improve function. To address this problem, the authors developed a conceptual model to promote exercise among persons with MS through the patient–provider interaction within health care settings. The current qualitative study evaluated and refined the conceptual model based on 32 semistructured interviews involving persons with MS. The data were subject to inductive, semantic thematic analysis. Participants highlighted that the conceptual model was a necessary addition to current MS care and noted multiple strengths regarding its design (e.g., structure) and content (e.g., patient–provider interaction). Furthermore participants noted areas of the conceptual model that could be improved (e.g., less focus on neurologists as exercise promoters). This comprehensive evaluation yielded a refined conceptual model for exercise promotion in MS through the patient–provider interaction.
On the macroscopic modeling of the rheology and Ostwald ripening of dilute stabilized emulsions

Stabilized-emulsions often undergo Ostwald ripening owing to the higher solubility of the smaller droplets. Their rheological properties are a direct result of the interplay between their microstructure and flow, which in turn affect their processing as well as their applications. In a recent study [Mwasame et al., “On the macroscopic modelling of dilute emulsions under flow,” J. Fluid Mech. 831, 433–473 (2017)], the use of a unit determinant conformation tensor to represent morphological changes has been advanced within the context of a thermodynamically consistent theory for a dilute monodisperse emulsion. The resulting model was validated against previously developed asymptotic theory that was also used to obtain all model parameters. In the present work, the first key innovation is to show how this theory can be extended to allow for multiple conformation tensors, subject to a single joint constraint originating from the mass conservation of the dispersed phase, in order to allow for the representation of dilute polydisperse emulsions undergoing Ostwald ripening. The second enabling innovation of this work is to show how to introduce correct dissipative terms into the dissipation bracket to account for mass transfer processes. The approach is illustrated for the particular case of a bidisperse emulsion. The model illustrates how multiple transport phenomena and thermodynamic effects can be seamlessly combined within a thermodynamically consistent approach. This work allows for not only the coexistence of a bimodal population of droplets but also the evaluation of their deformability and effective rheology in the presence of Ostwald ripening as the largest size droplets increase in mass at the expense of the smaller ones.
Toward Validating the Therapeutic Benefits of Empowerment-Oriented Social Action Groups

ABSTRACT This article speaks to the role of empowerment-oriented social action groups as one method to bridge micro and macro social work practice. Demonstrating therapeutic benefits of such groups may generate a greater acceptance among clinicians to integrate social action groups as part of their agency practice. The benefits of social action groups are specifically linked to self-efficacy theory and Yalom's curative factors of therapeutic groups.
Career stage and publication in American academia

This paper first outlines a processual approach to social life and then applies that approach to the changing social structures of American academia. Substantively, it argues that transient demographic patterns in the early and mid twentieth century shaped our ideal picture of academia: small disciplines, expanding rapidly in the face of seemingly infinite student demand, meant young disciplines, a seller’s market for PhDs, and a lack of publication pressure. The end of demand expansion meant rapid aging, a buyer’s market for PhDs, publication pressure, excessive publication, decline of reading, and consequent disciplinary confusion.
Protective Effects of Anthocyanins in Obesity‐Associated Inflammation and Changes in Gut Microbiome

Obesity is a complex disease and a major public health epidemic. Chronic, low-grade inflammation is a common underlying feature of obesity and associated metabolic diseases; adipose tissue is a major contributor to this systemic inflammation. Evidence shows that obesity-associated inflammation may originate from gut dysfunction, including changes in intestinal bacteria or microbiome profiles. Increasingly, food and plant bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are proposed to ameliorate obesity-associated inflammation. Among these, the health-promoting effects of anthocyanin-rich foods are of interest here. Specifically, this review summarizes the reported benefits of anthocyanins in obesity-associated inflammation and underlying molecular mechanisms, including the role of gut microbiome and cell signaling pathways regulated by anthocyanins both in vivo and in vitro.
Benefits of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in ovarian, primary peritoneal, or fallopian tube carcinoma.

5580 Background: NCCN guidelines recommend consideration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) for poor surgical candidates with bulky stage III or IV ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal ca...
Two New Deep-Sea Species of Burrowing Anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Edwardsiidae) from Whittard Canyon Off the Southwestern Coast of Ireland

Burrowing sea anemones have a simple morphology with an elongate body and a round aboral end that anchors the animal into mud, sand, or gravel, leaving only the tentacle crown exposed. Edwardsiids are easily differentiated from other burrowing sea anemones by their distinctive mesentery arrangement of eight unpaired macrocnemes at midcolumn with microcnemes restricted to the distal column at the base of the tentacles. Though edwardsiids may be frequently collected in biodiversity surveys, oceanographic expeditions, and ecological monitoring projects, their identification is particularly hampered by their small size, the need for histology, the high number of undescribed species, and the few specialists able to identify them. Scolanthus belongs to the subfamily Edwardsiinae, which is characterized by nemathybomes; it is differentiated from other members of the subfamily by having nemathybomes with basitrichs and periderm in the proximal end, at least eight microcnemes, and 16 or more tentacles in adults. The 14 valid species of Scolanthus are distributed worldwide, but only four species have been recorded from waters deeper than 100 m (S. ingolfi, 1461 m; S. nidarosiensis, 125–150 m; S. intermedius, 223 m; S. triangulus, 71–271 m). Here we describe Scolanthus shrimp, sp. nov., and S. celticus, sp. nov., the first two sea anemones recorded from the deep-sea Whittard Canyon off the coast of Ireland. We provide detailed morphological descriptions of the new species, including micro-CT scanning of S. celticus, and differentiate them from other species in the genus. We also generate a phylogeny using five molecular markers (12S, 16S, 18S, 28S, CO3) to establish the phylogenetic position of the new species. Based on our results, we discuss the relationship of Scolanthus to other edwardsiid genera and implications for the morphology and evolution of the group.
COVID-19 and dental emergencies: reflections on teledentistry

Early in 2020, the COVID-19 virus spread throughout the world. On March 11, 2020 the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic due to the level of spread and the severity of the disease. In efforts to control the spread of COVID-19 and reduce the number of new infections and deaths, people around the world took steps that had not been taken in modern history. As countries and locales issued “shelter in place edicts” the economic and social impact on businesses and professions was dramatic. The field of dentistry was similarly affected as edicts were made by governmental officials that elective dental procedures be stopped. In the state of Iowa, Governor Kim Reynolds issued a proclamation mandating that effective March 27, 2020 all dentists and their staff refrain from performing “elective dental procedures and nonessential or elective surgeries”. With this turn of events, dental practices across the state were effectively shut down, only being allowed to treat emergency patients. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Iowa Dental Board, Delta Dental of Iowa, and the University of Iowa College of Dentistry shared an interest in exploring telehealth as a means of improving access to dental care for vulnerable populations. While steady progress was being made prior to the Pandemic, once the practice of dentistry in Iowa was restricted, the interest in telehealth, or “Teledentistry” soared. At the University Of Iowa College Of Dentistry, procedures were put in place to allow all emergency patients to be triaged through Teledentistry prior to being appointed in the Clinic. Using synchronous Teledentistry systems, “e-visits” prior to emergency care became the “new normal”. Patients calling in for an emergency appointment were offered a menu of options for these e-visits including: 1) phone call; 2) phone call and sharing of images; or 3) a ZOOM meeting. All e-visits were provided by Dental faculty members at the University of Iowa with experience overseeing patient care in the Dental Emergency Clinic ranging from three to ten years. Final decisions on appointing patients were made by the provider based on existing records (when available), subjective symptoms (pain), objective findings (visible swelling), patients distress level, expectations and availability. During the initial 8-weeks following closure of our dental clinics (March 16-May 15), a total of 491 patients were seen in our dental emergency clinics, all of whom had been triaged by phone calls or e-visits. Most Patients reported overall satisfaction about the procedure. Based on our experience, Teledentistry (e-visits) are a useful tool to help in prioritizing dental emergencies. Keywords Teledentistry; E-visits; Zoom visits.
Gaussian Multiterminal Source-Coding with Markovity: An Efficiently-Computable Outer Bound

We provide a method for outer bounding the rate- distortion region of Gaussian distributed compression problems in which the source variables can be embedded in a Gauss- Markov tree. The outer bound so obtained takes the form of a convex optimization problem. Simulations demonstrate that the outer bound is close to the Berger-Tung inner bound, coinciding with it in many cases.
Active Phase – Week 1

Content for Week 1 of the active phase of the ACCESS program is presented. Group content is presented first, followed by mentoring session content. The aims of the initial group meeting are to orient students to the program, to present information about ADHD symptoms and associated characteristics, to discuss resources available on campus, and to introduce the tenets of cognitive therapy and adaptive thinking skills. Group members first receive detailed information about the content, structure, and goals of ACCESS. Expectations for participation and therapeutic progress are discussed as well. Information about the prevalence, developmental course, and situational variability of ADHD symptoms is presented next. As part of the review of available campus resources, students are encouraged to share their experiences with these resources. The group session concludes with students receiving an overview of the basic tenets of cognitive therapy and adaptive thinking techniques. In the initial mentoring session, students get to know their mentors and become acclimated to the mentoring process. Mentors also collect general background information about their mentees, review and clarify content that was covered in group, and gather information about mentee goals, strengths, and needs.
Construing events first-hand: Gesture viewpoints interact with speech to shape the attribution and memory of agency

Beyond conveying objective content about objects and actions, what can co-speech iconic gestures reveal about a speaker’s subjective relationship to that content? The present study explores this question by investigating how gesture viewpoints can inform a listener’s construal of a speaker’s agency. Forty native English speakers watched videos of an actor uttering sentences with different viewpoints—that of low agency or high agency—conveyed through both speech and gesture. Participants were asked to (1) rate the speaker’s responsibility for the action described in each video (encoding task) and (2) complete a surprise memory test of the spoken sentences (recall task). For the encoding task, participants rated responsibility near ceiling when agency in speech was high, with a slight dip when accompanied by gestures of low agency. When agency in speech was low, responsibility ratings were raised markedly when accompanied by gestures of high agency. In the recall task, participants produced more incorrect recall of spoken agency when the viewpoints expressed through speech and gesture were inconsistent with one another. Our findings suggest that, beyond conveying objective content, co-speech iconic gestures can also guide listeners in gauging a speaker’s agentic relationship to actions and events.
Ovulation induction is associated with altered growth but with preservation of normal metabolic function in murine offspring

Objective To study the effects of ovulation induction on mouse postnatal health, with a focus on growth pattern and glucose tolerance. To study the effect of ovulation induction on DNA methylation, we took advantage of the agouti viable yellow (Avy) mouse. Design Animal study. Setting University Setting. Animals Agouti viable yellow (Avy) mice on a C57BL/6 background. Intervention(s) Avy female mice were either allowed to mate spontaneously (control group, C) or after superovulation with 5 IU of PMSG and hCG (ovulation induction group, OI). Main Outcome Measure(s) Birth parameters and postnatal growth of the offspring were followed up to 29 weeks of age. Body composition analysis was performed by EchoMRI; fasting insulin, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by beta cells were assessed to study glucose metabolism. Result(s) Mice born to superovulated dams had lower survival rates, shorter anogenital distances, and shorter crown-rump lengths. Female mice generated by OI weighed less at birth, whereas male mice generated by OI had lower weight gain and had reduced lean mass. Glucose parameters, including islet functions, did not differ between the groups. No difference in agouti coat color was noted between the groups. Conclusion(s) Ovulation induction resulted in mice having increased morphometric differences at birth and male mice showing reduced weight gain but no difference in glucose tolerance or agouti coat color.
(In)congruities between Political Messages and Popular Music: An Analysis of Campaign Songs in U.S. Presidential Elections

This study presents a rhetorical analysis of the popular songs selected by the major party candidates for their campaigns during the U.S. presidential elections from 1972–2016. Our analysis reveals...
Asthma biologics: Real-world effectiveness, impact of switching biologics, and predictors of response

BACKGROUND Confirmation of effectiveness of asthma biologics in the real world is desirable because patient characteristics and experiences may differ from those included in randomized controlled trials. OBJECTIVE To evaluate real-world effectiveness of asthma biologics and identify predictors of response. METHODS We performed a retrospective study in patients with severe asthma receiving biologics. The primary outcome was change in clinically significant exacerbations at 12 months after starting biologic therapy, compared with 12 months before. Secondary outcomes were change in severe exacerbations, maintenance oral corticosteroid (OCS) dose, prebronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and asthma control test scores. Subgroup analyses were performed for subjects who were biologic naive or not. A stepwise logistic regression model was performed to compare responders to nonresponders. RESULTS A total of 112 patients were included. Biologic therapy was associated with a 59% reduction in clinically significant exacerbations (P < .001), 65% reduction in severe exacerbations (P < .001), and 54% reduction in maintenance OCS dose (P = .001) in the 12 months after starting therapy. Biologics also resulted in improvement in prebronchodilator FEV1 (P = .002) and Asthma Control Test score (P < .001). Subjects who were previously on another biologic also experienced significant improvements in exacerbation frequency, maintenance OCS dose, and asthma control. Responders were more likely to be nonsmokers and have higher baseline FEV1, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and eosinophil counts greater than 500 cells/μL. CONCLUSION In a real-world setting, biologic therapy in asthma is effective in improving exacerbations, asthma control, and lung function. Patients who have a suboptimal response to 1 biologic can still benefit from treatment with a different biologic.
Sex and dose-dependent antinociceptive effects of the JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor SU 3327 are mediated by CB2 receptors in female, and CB1/CB2 receptors in male mice in an inflammatory pain model

Abstract Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) has been implicated in the development and persistence of inflammatory and neuropathic pain in animal models. Moreover, JNKs have been involved in the maintenance of chronic pain, as well as development of tolerance to antinociceptive agents in the opioid and cannabinoid class of compounds. In this study, we evaluated the antinociceptive effects of the JNK inhibitor SU 3327 (0.3–30 mg/kg) in the formalin pain model with an emphasis on the sex-specific actions of this compound. In wild-type C57BL6J mice, SU 3327 produced strong antinociceptive effects in the formalin pain model which were mediated by CB2 receptors in females, and both CB1 and CB2 receptors in males. SU 3327 at a dose of 10 mg/kg produced antinociception, hypothermia, motor impairment, and hypolocomotion to a similar extent in both males and females. The antinociceptive effects of SU 3327 were more potent in males at lower doses (1 and 3 mg/kg), while females were more sensitive to the hypothermic, and motor-suppression effects at lower (3 mg/kg) doses versus males. Analysis of spinal cords, using qPCR following SU 3327 administration in the formalin test, revealed changes in cannabinoid, tolerance and inflammatory markers in females only, and only in the high (10–30 mg/kg) dose conditions. Indeed, females showed an increase in mRNA levels of cannabinoid (CB2), but a decrease in tolerance (β-arrestin 1) and inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6)-associated markers. The differences between males and females, in this study, support sex as an important factor in nociception and antinociceptive responses mediated by JNK and the endocannabinoid system.
Help!!! Theory for H3+ recombination still needed

A spectrum is haunting the field of dissociative recombination—the spectrum of H 3 + in the diffuse interstellar medium. This spectrum, discussed in detail in a separate paper of this volume,1 has revealed the surprisingly high abundance of H 3 + in the diffuse interstellar medium. The intensities of the infrared absorption lines observed toward some 10 reddened visible stars correspond to H 3 + column densities of 1−4×1014cm−2, which is one to two orders of magnitude higher than the value estimated from canonical laboratory and observational astrophysical parameters. The understanding of dissociative recombination is crucial in this estimate since it is the major destruction process of H 3 + in the diffuse interstellar medium.
Rapidity Renormalization Group

We introduce a systematic approach for the resummation of perturbative series which involves large logarithms not only due to large invariant mass ratios but large rapidities as well. A series of this form can appear in a variety of gauge theory observables. The formalism is utilized to calculate the jet broadening event shape in a systematic fashion to next-to-leading logarithmic order. An operator definition of the factorized cross section as well as a closed form of the next-to-leading-log cross section are presented. The result agrees with the data to within errors.
A geography-aware scalable community wireless network test bed

Wireless mesh networks have increasingly become an object of interest in recent years as a strong alternative to purely wired infrastructure networks and purely mobile wireless networks. Given the challenges that have arisen in construction, deployment and maintenance of wireless mesh networks, we outline a broad experimental research program in the area of medium-to-large scale community wireless networks. Our research is conducted in the context of an operational community network built in our test bed laboratory with continual plans to expand to the town of Troy, NY (up to hundreds of nodes in a 1-2 mile radius around RPl campus). Leveraging Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers and Geographic Distributed Addressing (GDA), a novel and intuitive addressing assignment, geographic-based forwarding algorithms such as GPSR and TBF can be easily tested and traffic engineering theories implemented in a real-world environment. Our paper documents several design considerations and contributions in implementing community wireless networks including autoconfiguration, addressing structure and antenna characteristics among other items, in addition to describing our novel test bed lab where RF effects of distances of thousands of meters can be simulated with server, antenna and variable attenuator clusters.
AIDS in Africa: Evidence for heterosexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus

Since its initial recognition in 1981, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become a global epidemic. Nearly 40,000 cases have been reported from over 85 countries on five different continents. Presently, an estimated 5–10 million people worldwide have been infected with the causative agent, referred to as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).1,2 From natural history studies, it can be expected that at least 10–30% of these HIV-infected individuals may develop AIDS within the next three years,3–6 resulting in a cumulative number of more than one million cases of AIDS worldwide by 1990. With the present lack of effective curative therapy or a vaccine, this disease now represents one of the most serious epidemics of the century.
Protein O‐Mannosylation in Metazoan Organisms

Protein O-mannosylation is a special type of glycosylation that plays prominent roles in metazoans, affecting development and physiology of the nervous system and muscles. A major biological effect of O-mannosylation involves the regulation of α-dystroglycan, a membrane glycoprotein mediating cell–extracellular matrix interactions. Genetic defects of O-mannosylation result in the loss of ligand-binding activity of α-dystroglycan and cause congenital muscular dystrophies termed dystroglycanopathies. Recent progress in mass spectrometry and in vitro analyses has shed new light on the mechanism of α-dystroglycan glycosylation; however, this mechanism is underlain by complex genetic and molecular elements that remain poorly understood. Protein O-mannosylation is evolutionarily conserved in metazoans, yet the pathway is simplified and more amenable to genetic analyses in invertebrate organisms, indicating that genetically tractable in vivo models could facilitate research in this area. This unit describes recent methodological strategies for studying protein O-mannosylation using in vitro and in vivo approaches. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 75:12.12.1-12.12.29. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: O-glycosylation; O-mannose; congenital muscular dystrophy; dystroglycan; Drosophila ; mass spectrometry
A rate turbidimetric immunoassay for theophylline using biotin-avidin system

We describe a biotin-avidin based rate turbidimetric homogeneous immunoassay for the determination of serum theophylline with a measuring range of 0-40 micrograms/ml. The assay features an avidin-biotin-labeled theophylline conjugate and a monoclonal antibody. The rate of change of turbidity caused by the antibody-conjugate complexing was monitored on the Beckman Synchron CX 4 System at 340 nm and 37 degrees C. Theophylline in a sample inhibited the complexation, and the extent of inhibition allowed the quantitation of theophylline in the sample. The within-run coefficient of variation (CV) was < 3.7% and the between-run CV was 5.2-9.2% depending on the theophylline concentration. Linear regression analysis showed a good correlation with an established fluorescence polarization immunoassay (r = 0.9866, n = 94).
Hyperfine Structure of the (6p) 2 Configuration of 207 Pb

By means of the atomic-beam magnetic-resonance method, we have measured the gJ factor of the (6p)2 1D2 level of lead and the hyperfine structure of the 1D2 level of ( I=12). Our experimental results are A = 609.820 (8) MHz and gJ(1D2) = 1.2263. In order to interpret these measurements, we have examined the fine structure and the hyperfine structure of all of the (6p)2 levels. Our calculations show that the inclusion of spin–spin, orbit–orbit, and spin–other-orbit interactions do not improve the theoretical fit to the observed fine structure intervals. The effects of core polarization and relativity have been estimated by writing the hfs hamiltonian in the form ℋ=2μμ0I·∑i{〈rl-3〉Ii-√10〈rsC-3〉i(sC2)i(1)+〈rs-3〉isi}.This analysis of the dipole hyperfine structure leads to a value of 〈r−3〉6p consistent with both the fine structure and the hyperfine structure.
Plasma protein adsorption to highly permeable hemodialysis membranes

Plasma protein adsorption to highly permeable hemodialysis membranes. Although membrane adsorption of plasma proteins is one of several factors determining the biocompatibility and mass transfer characteristics of a hemodialyzer, this process has not been evaluated rigorously. We performed an equilibrium and kinetic analysis of the binding of proteins of differing molecular weight to highly permeable membranes of differing hydrophobicity and surface change. Hydrophobic, anionic poly-acrylonitrile (PAN) and hydrophilic, uncharged cellulose triacetate (CT) membrane fragments were incubated in buffer containing radioiodinated β 2 -microglobulin (β 2 m) or bovine serum albumin (BSA). From an initial solution concentration of 50 mg/liter, both membranes adsorbed significantly more β 2 m than BSA at equilibrium (PAN, 352 ± 30 vs. 32.1 ± 2.4 ng; CT, 87.0 ± 0.6 vs. 30.8 ± 1.7 ng). These results were consistent with membrane pore exclusion of BSA. Comparison of the slopes of the equilibrium isotherm lines (concentration range, 0 to 220 mg/liter) showed the PAN binding affinity for β 2 m and BSA was 28 and 1.4 times that of CT, respectively. In kinetic studies, the approach to equilibrium versus (time) 1/2 was assessed. For all protein-membrane combinations, this relationship was linear, consistent with a diffusion-controlled process. This latter characteristic permitted the determination of β 2 m membrane diffusivity values for both PAN and CT, which were found to be 0.30 and 3.25 × 10 -7 cm 2 /sec, respectively. These data suggest membrane hydrophobicity more significantly influences the binding of low-molecular weight proteins than that of pore-excluded proteins. In addition, these results demonstrate electrostatic membrane-protein interactions may influence the kinetics of both the adsorption and transmembrane mass transfer of plasma proteins.
Regulation of the Drosophila Protein Timeless Suggests a Mechanism for Resetting the Circadian Clock by Light

Abstract Circadian behavioral rhythms in Drosophila depend on the appropriate regulation of at least two genes, period ( per ) and timeless ( tim ). Previous studies demonstrated that levels of PER and TIM RNA cycle with the same phase and that the PER and TIM proteins interact directly. Here we show the cyclic expression of TIM protein in adult heads and report that it lags behind peak levels of TIM RNA by several hours. We also show that nuclear expression of TIM depends upon the expression of PER protein. Finally, we report that the expression of TIM, but not PER, is rapidly reduced by light, suggesting that TIM mediates light-induced resetting of the circadian clock. Since both PER and TIM RNA are unaffected by light treatment, the effects of light on TIM appear to be posttranscriptional.
MeV x-ray generation with a femtosecond laser.

A 0.5-TW, 120-fs Ti:sapphire laser, when focused to greater than ${10}^{18}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ onto a solid target, creates a plasma which emits radiation that extends beyond 1 meV. The x-ray yield increases as the 3/2 power of the incident laser energy, reaching 0.3% energy conversion to radiation above 20 keV at 40 mJ of laser energy on target. An x-ray spectral distribution of 1/E fits the data for most of the radiation, falling faster at higher photon energies.
Using smart phones for context-aware prompting in smart environments

Individuals with cognitive impairment have difficulty successfully performing activities of daily living, which can lead to decreased independence. In order to help these individuals age in place and decrease caregiver burden, technologies for assistive living have gained popularity over the last decade. In this work, a context-aware prompting system is implemented, augmented by a smart phone to determine prompt situations in a smart home environment. While context-aware systems use temporal and environmental information to determine context, we additionally use ambulatory information from accelerometer data of a phone which also acts as a mobile prompting device. A pilot study with healthy young adults is conducted to examine the feasibility of using a smart phone interface for prompt delivery during activity completion in a smart home environment.
Examining Sex Work from the Client's Perspective: Assessing Johns Using on-line Data

Academic research on prostitution focuses on the prostitute, rather than the clients, who are called johns. This limits our understanding of the methods and reasons individuals solicit sex. However, johns increasingly use computer mediated communications to discuss sex work. Their comments provide insight into the attitudes and methods of johns. This qualitative study utilizes a sample of posts from active Web forums for johns in 10 U.S. cities. The findings indicate the importance of on-line discussions for johns to identify and solicit sex workers, as well as manage external risks. Implications for law enforcement and deviance research are also discussed.
ELISA quantification of CCI-103F binding in canine tumors prior to and during irradiation

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this work was to evaluate multiple injections of CCI-103F, a marker of hypoxia, as a method to quantify alterations in tumor hypoxia during irradiation. Methods and Materials: Twelve dogs with spontaneous solid tumors were given intravenous CCI-103F, and tumor biopsies were taken at various times after injection. Two tumor samples were taken at each biopsy procedure. CCI-103F antigen concentration was quantified by ELISA. Four of the dogs were given one injection of CCI-103F, and the other eight received two injections. In dogs receiving two injections, CCI-103F was administered before irradiation and 7 days later, following a total dose of 15.0 Gy. Plasma CCI-103F pharmacokinetics were assessed in dogs receiving two injections. Results: CCI-103F antigen was detectable in the initial biopsy in each of the four dogs receiving one injection, and the amount of detectable antigen decreased in subsequent biopsies with an initial half life of approximately 19 h. This suggests that multiple injections of CCI-103F could be used in the same subject to monitor tumor hypoxia as a function of time or during a course of treatment. In the eight dogs receiving two injections of CCI-103F, the CCI-103F antigen concentration in the 24 h samples ranged from 4.66–151.9 μmole CCI-103F antigen/kg tumor, a difference of a factor of approximately 33. The ratio of maximum to minimum concentration of CCI-103F antigen in 51 paired biopsy samples ranged from 1.01–4.07, with a mean (± s.d.) of 1.67 ± 0.67. Seventy-five percent of the ratios were _ 2.02. There was no apparent relationship between the magnitude of the ratio, i.e., intratumoral variation, and tumor volume or the absolute tumor concentration of CCI-103F antigen. Absolute radiobiologic hypoxic fraction was not known but the pattern of change in amount of intratumoral CCI-103F antigen in dogs given two injections of CCI-103F was consistent with little change in pretreatment oxygen status in six dogs, and an increase in tumor oxygenation in two dogs. Conclusion: It appears possible to obtain an estimate of the change in tumor hypoxia in an individual tumor over time by assaying biopsy samples for CCI-103F antigen concentration.
measures for branching exit Markov systems and their applications to differential equations

Semilinear equations Lu=ψ(u) where L is an elliptic differential operator and ψ is a positive function can be investigated by using (L,ψ)-superdiffusions. In a special case Δu=u2 a powerful probabilistic tool – the Brownian snake – introduced by Le Gall was successfully applied by him and his school to get deep results on solutions of this equation. Some of these results (but not all of them) were extended by Dynkin and Kuznetsov to general equations by applying superprocesses. An important role in the theory of the Brownian snake and its applications is played by measures Open image in new windowx on the space of continuous paths. Our goal is to introduce analogous measures related to superprocesses (and to general branching exit Markov systems). They are defined on the space of measures and we call them Open image in new window-measures. Using Open image in new window-measures allows to combine some advantages of Brownian snakes and of superprocesses as tools for a study of semilinear PDEs.
Weeds shall inherit the Earth

Huge numbers of species are doomed to extinction, no matter what we do, says Stephen M. Meyer . We need to think ahead to a very different world
Redshift fluctuations arising from gravitational waves.

IT is well known that when light travels through a gravitational field, the field acts like a refracting medium. Even though space may be empty in the sense that the components of the Ricci tensor vanish, we still expect an effect on the propagation of light as suggested by Maxwell's equations where Fμv is the electromagnetic field tensor and Rμvαβ is the Riemann–Christoffel curvature tensor1. If the space between a source of photons and an observer is filled with gravitational radiation, we then expect fluctuations in the appearance of the source analogous to the twinkling of starlight as seen through the Earth's atmosphere. Changes in the apparent luminosity and position of a source due to gravitational waves have been examined in the geometrical optics limit by Zipoy2. Here I shall concern myself with fluctuations in the redshift.
The Role of Cdc42 in Signal Transduction and Mating of the Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The small G-protein Cdc42 functions in many eukaryotic signal transduction pathways. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cells with defective Cdc42 fail to induce mating-specific genes in response to mating factor and to adopt the proper morphology for conjugation. Here we show that the failure of mating factor-induced transcription is largely the indirect result of arrest at a specific cell cycle position and/or the accumulation of high levels of the Cln1/2-Cdc28 kinase, a known repressor of mating factor signal transduction. Cdc42-defective cells with restored transcriptional induction have a partially restored mating ability but are still defective in the morphological response to mating factor. These results show that Cdc42 is not required for transduction of the mating factor signal per se but that it is essential for proper mating factor-induced morphogenesis.
The meeting that did not happen: Cairo, 10 years on.

Since 1974 the UN has held meetings every 10 years to consider population and development. The last meeting took place in September 1994 in Cairo. Thousands of government officials health providers activists young people and a few heads of state hammered out a Programme of Action which reshaped the way we think about population. Instead of viewing population through a narrow lens as something to be controlled by reducing fertility by widespread contraceptive use population was recast as reproductive health or “the state of complete physical mental and social well-being” implying among other things the ability for everyone to have a safe and satisfying sex life. There was no 2004 international conference on population and development. Instead 700 people mostly from non-governmental organisations met in London in September 2004 to recapture the spirit of Cairo. One less UN meeting rarely gives cause for remorse. Yet the reasons behind the decision not to hold a meeting on reproductive and sexual health are troubling. Potential organisers and supporters feared that the USA and ultraconservative governments and activists would use the meeting as a staging point to launch an attack against the consensus reached by 179 countries in Cairo. (excerpt)
Reflections on India's Development Plan

The problem of unemployment, 188. — Revival of household industries, 193. — Expansion of steel and engineering capacity, 196. — The need for public overhead facilities, 198. — Employment creation through capital construction, 200.
Self-injury and its relationship to diagnostic schemes in psychopathology

Abstract It is argued that self-injury should be conceptualized within accepted diagnostic schemes prevalent in the United States and abroad. This approach is viewed as having several benefits including better and more clearly emphasizing to practitioners the nature of the problem by inclusion in DSM III and related diagnostic systems that are readily available in applied settings. It is believed that encorporating self-injury more clearly as a diagnostic entity would also have the result of further legitimizing it for reimbursement by third party payers who routinely use DSM III categories. Additional issues pertaining to the relationship of self-injury to diagnosis a are discussed.
Joint spacing distributions from oriented core data

Oriented core drilling data from the East Ertsberg Skarn System (EESS) area of PT Freeport Indonesia were analyzed to help identify the nature of the joint spacing distributions and their impact on block cave fragment size distributions. The normalized frequencies of overall joint spacing and joint spacing within particular joint sets were examined and were modeled using negative exponential and log-normal models. For the joint sets in each of the four different rock types analyzed, the negative exponential distribution was found to provide a good simulation of the actual joint spacing distribution. The parameters of the log-normal distribution (average and standard deviation of joint spacing) needed to be adjusted to provide a good fit to the observed joint spacing. The adjusted log-normal distributions were found to provide a better fit to the observed joint spacing data than the standard exponential distributions.
Formal total synthesis of (±)-cortistatin A

A second-generation synthesis of the pentacyclic core of the cortistatins, a family of rearranged steroidal alkaloids that have recently attracted much attention, is reported. The improved sequence provides access to significant quantities of this key compound, which enabled a formal total synthesis of (±)-cortistatin A by conversion to the key Nicolaou/Hirama dienone. It is anticipated that this new, robust route to the pentacyclic core will facilitate the total synthesis of a range of natural products in the cortistatin family, as well as the construction of key structural analogs to probe the promising biological activity of these important compounds.
Ecology: A test of ideas about mutualism

Article de synthese sur les diverses formes de mutualisme (animal-animal, animal vegetal) et son evolution
Pr3InO: re‐assessment of the cubic Pr3In structure

Single crystals of the title compound, tripraseodinium indium oxide, have been synthesized from a high-temperature reaction using a Pr–Cu eutectic mixture as flux. Based on its powder X-ray diffraction pattern, the product of the reaction was believed to be Pr3In with the long known cubic AuCu3 structure. However, structure refinements from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data confirmed that it is rather an oxygen-stabilized Pr3InO with the inverse perovskite structure (Pearson's code cP5). The latter structure can be described as being built of corner-sharing Pr6O octa­hedra with the In atoms occupying the cube–octa­hedral cavities. All three atoms in the asymmetric unit are in special positions: Pr 4/mm.m, In m\overline{3}m and O m\overline{3}m.
Interface strength in NiAl–Mo composites from 3-D X-ray microdiffraction

The depth-dependent strain gradients near buried interfaces in a model system of NiAl–Mo composite were nondestructively probed with 3-D X-ray microdiffraction. Coupled with micromechanical analysis, our study shows that the relaxation of the residual thermal strains in the NiAl–Mo composites results in the formation of a near-surface “slip zone” with large strain gradients in both the reinforcing Mo fibers and NiAl matrix. Based on these results an approach to calculate the fiber–matrix interface strength for composite materials is suggested.
Phenomenological consequences of sectioning and bathing on passive muscle mechanics of the New Zealand white rabbit tibialis anterior.

Skeletal muscle tissue provides support and mobility of the musculoskeletal system. Numerical modeling of muscle tissue aids in understanding disease pathophysiology, however, the effectiveness is dependent on accurately accounting for various tissue phenomena. Muscle modeling is made difficult due to the multitude of constituents that contribute to elastic and viscous mechanisms. Often, deterministic single fiber or fiber bundle studies are undertaken to examine these contributions. However, examination of whole, intact and structurally altered tissue and comparison to findings at the myofibril scale can help elucidate tissue mechanics. Stress relaxation tests at 10% strain were performed on 28 New Zealand White rabbit's tibialis anterior muscles for whole, intact muscle and sub-sectioned muscle samples. Additionally, to aid in examining viscous effects, sub groups were tested with and without a phosphate buffered saline bath. The steady-state elastic modulus was not significantly different between groups. Interestingly, sectioning did result in a negative Poisson’s ratio following tensile loading. Additionally, sectioning resulted in altering the viscous tissue response as the time to reach steady-state was significantly faster than whole muscle samples (p<0.05), as well as the linear relaxation rate from 0 to 0.1 (p<0.01), 1 to 10 (p<0.05), and 10 to 100 s (p<0.05). Bathing tissue resulted in a significantly greater amount of percent stress relaxation for whole muscle (p<0.01). These findings provide new insight into the differing mechanical characteristics of whole and sectioned muscle tissue.