cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variables in the measurement of serum cholesterol by gas-liquid chromatography

Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) is an effective method for the measurement of total serum cholesterol. Its use in the clinical laboratory, however, requires careful attention to many variables (flow rate, sample size, sensitivity of solvent and choice of the quantitation method, i.e. peak-height ratio vs. peak height). This report evaluates the effect of these variables on the quantitation of serum cholesterol by GLC.
MULTIPLE-MEASURE ASSESSMENT OF PARTY IDENTIFICATION

Recent research has focused attention on the impor- tance of accounting for measurement error in party identification when modeling the stability of partisanship and the determinants of the vote. Measurement error estimates have in the past been based on a single measure of partisanship observed at multiple points in time, a test-retest methodology that requires fairly strong assumptions about the character of change over time. This article assesses the reliability of the Michigan party identification scale using multiple measures of partisanship at a single point in time. Our data not only corroborate previous test-retest results but also suggest that the accuracy with which partisanship pre- dicts candidate preferences can be enhanced using multiple mea- sures. One measure in particular, a labeled 7-point self-placement continuum, is found to hold significant potential to supplement and illuminate the Michigan scale.
Linear-time algorithms for max flow and multiple-source shortest paths in unit-weight planar graphs

We give simple linear-time algorithms for two problems in planar graphs: max st-flow in directed graphs with unit capacities, and multiple-source shortest paths in undirected graphs with unit lengths.
Dispersion‐Strengthened Aluminum Oxide

Finely divided molybdenum particles were dispersed in aluminum oxide to serve as inclusions for the inhibition of grain growth and secondary recrystallization during sintering. Conventional powder metallurgy techniques were used to fabricate compacts of aluminum oxide containing up to 16 vol% molybdenum. Three methods for developing a uniform dispersion of molybdenum particles in aluminum oxide are compared on the basis of the resulting microstructures. Specimens sintered in vacuum had densities approaching 98% of theoretical density with an average grain size of 2μ or less with no evidence of secondary recrystallization. The grain refinement is reflected in transverse rupture strength data with average strengths exceeding 80 kpsi and maximum strengths exceeding 100 kpsi.
ADAPTIVE PHASE FORMATION IN MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATION

It is shown that an appearance of an intermediate martensite phase called adaptive martensite may be expected if the surface energy of a boundary between two orientational variants of the normal martensite phase is very low and the typical lattice-mismatch-related elastic energy is high. The adaptive martensite is formed as an elastically constrained phase when the scale of structure heterogeneities induced by the crystal-strain accommodation is reduced to the microscopic scale commensurate with the twin-plane interplanar distance. An example of the cubic\ensuremath{\rightarrow}tetragonal transformation is considered where the adaptive phase has a pseudo-orthorhombic lattice. The crystal-lattice parameters of the adaptive phase are expressed through those of the parent cubic phase and tetragonal normal martensite. It is shown that the (5,2\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{})7R martensite in \ensuremath{\beta}'NiAl alloys and the intermediate phase recently found just above the temperature of the fcc\ensuremath{\rightarrow}fct martensitic transformation in Fe-Pd are examples of the adaptive martensite. A possible role of the adaptive phase in the thermal nucleation of the martensite is discussed. The nucleation of the normal martensite may be bypassed by nucleation of the adaptive phase, which transforms to the normal martensite during the growth.
The Use of Time among College Students\ A U.S. – China Comparison

Chinese students are generally known to be working harder, spending more time on academic activities and having stronger commitment to educational goals than their American counterparts. Confucian culture of learning, coupled with social and economic pressures, compel Chinese youths to place much greater emphasis on educational attainment. Drawn on survey data gathered from university students in both the USA and China, this study explores how study habits formed during school years affect time allocation decisions made by university students. We use samples of Shanghai and NYC college students to investigate young adults’ perceptions and attitudes toward the allocation of time between independent academic activities (studying and reading) and non-study activities (social networking, video gaming, and TV watching). The results appear to support claims that Chinese university students spend a greater time on independent academic activities than their US counterparts.
Spatial and temporal variation in enterococcal abundance and its relationship to the microbial community in Hawaii beach sand and water.

ABSTRACT Recent studies have reported high levels of fecal indicator enterococci in marine beach sand. This study aimed to determine the spatial and temporal variation of enterococcal abundance and to evaluate its relationships with microbial community parameters in Hawaii beach sand and water. Sampling at 23 beaches on the Island of Oahu detected higher levels of enterococci in beach foreshore sand than in beach water on a mass unit basis. Subsequent 8-week consecutive samplings at two selected beaches (Waialae and Kualoa) consistently detected significantly higher levels of enterococci in backshore sand than in foreshore/nearshore sand and beach water. Comparison between the abundance of enterococci and the microbial communities showed that enterococci correlated significantly with total Vibrio in all beach zones but less significantly with total bacterial density and Escherichia coli. Samples from the different zones of Waialae beach were sequenced by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing to determine the microbial community structure and diversity. The backshore sand had a significantly more diverse community and contained different major bacterial populations than the other beach zones, which corresponded to the spatial distribution pattern of enterococcal abundance. Taken together, multiple lines of evidence support the possibility of enterococci as autochthonous members of the microbial community in Hawaii beach sand.
Temperature-dependent electron-mediated coupling in subpicosecond photoinduced desorption

Abstract We compare the adequacy of empirical frictional-coupling models to simulate the femtosecond-laser-induced desorption of molecular oxygen from Pd(1 1 1). We find that a model that incorporates temperature-dependent frictional coupling provides a superior description of the experimental observations compared to those incorporating temperature-independent frictional coupling. The implication is that the electron-mediated substrate–adsorbate coupling strength is dependent on the temperature of the substrate electronic distribution. There have been theoretical predictions of temperature-dependent coupling [M. Brandbyge, P. Hedegard, T.F. Heinz, J.A. Misewich, D.M. Newns, Phys. Rev. B 52 (1995) 6042; J.C. Tully, M. Gomez, M. Head-Gordon, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 11 (1993) 1914], and dependence of the efficiency of surface–molecule energy transfer on the electronic temperature is consistent with a resonance-enhanced process believed to be responsible for the photoinduced desorption in this and related systems. The model we describe also provides a simple explanation for the biexponential decay observed in the time-resolved correlation experiments.
Cyclic semipeptoids: peptoid-organic hybrid macrocycles.

Cyclic semipeptoids 1 and 2 represent constrained, secondary structure mimics where the R1 and R2 side chains correspond to those of amino acids. Solid-phase syntheses and conformational analyses of these compounds are described.
Analysis of Climb Trajectory Modeling for Separation Assurance Automation

Climb prediction uncertainty is a major source of error in trajectory-based automation for air traffic management. In this study, the performance of a trajectory-based automated separation assurance system is analyzed under different levels of uncertainty in laboratory simulations to investigate its robustness to climb uncertainty. Results indicate that this fully automated system can successfully detect and resolve 99% of conflicts in the high-altitude sectors of Fort Worth Center during 3-20 minutes prior to first loss of separation under near-zero uncertainty. Trajectory uncertainty was then incorporated into the simulation in the form of weight uncertainty. System performance remained unchanged for these scenarios when weight uncertainties ranged ± 10%. However, performance declined to 87% when this range was expanded to ± 20%.
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans in experimental models of diabetes: a role for perlecan in diabetes complications.

Proteoglycans are ubiquitous extracellular proteins that serve a variety of functions throughout the organism. Unlike other glycoproteins, proteoglycans are classified based on the structure of the glycosaminoglycan carbohydrate chains, not the core proteins. Perlecan, a member of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) family, has been implicated in many complications of diabetes. Decreased levels of perlecan have been observed in the kidney and in other organs, both in patients with diabetes and in animal models. Perlecan has an important role in the maintenance of the glomerular filtration barrier. Decreased perlecan in the glomerular basement membrane has a central role in the development of diabetic albuminuria. The involvement of this proteoglycan in diabetic complications and the possible mechanisms underlying such a role have been addressed using a variety of models. Due to the importance of nephropathy among diabetic patients most of the studies conducted so far relate to diabetes effects on perlecan in different types of kidney cells. The various diabetic models used have provided information on some of the mechanisms underlying perlecan's role in diabetes as well as on possible factors affecting its regulation. However, many other aspects of perlecan metabolism still await full elucidation. The present review provides a description of the models that have been used to study HSPG and in particular perlecan metabolism in diabetes and some of the factors that have been found to be important in the regulation of perlecan.
Implications of the revised surveillance definition : AIDS among New York City drug users

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has proposed revising the AIDS surveillance definition to include any HIV-seropositive person with a CD4 cell count of less than 200 cells per microliter. Based on a study of persons receiving treatment for HIV infection, this new definition would lead to an estimated 50% increase in the number of persons recognized as living with AIDS. Among 440 HIV-seropositive research subjects recruited from drug treatment programs and through street outreach in New York City, 59 met this definition, yet only 25% of those had been reported to the New York City AIDS registry. The new definition, if combined with HIV and T-cell testing at drug treatment and street outreach programs, could thus yield very large increases in the number of injecting drug users meeting the new surveillance definition of AIDS.
The Effect of Early Hominin Occlusal Morphology on the Fracturing of Hard Food Items

Tooth profile plays an important role in interpretations of the functional morphology of extinct species. We tested hypotheses that australopith occlusal morphology influences the fracture force required to crack large, hard food items using a combination of physical testing and finite element analysis (FEA). We performed mechanical experiments simulating both molar and premolar biting using metal replicas of four hominin specimens representing species that differ in occlusal relief (Praeanthropus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, Paranthropus robustus, and P. boisei). The replicas were inserted into an Instron machine and used to fracture hollow acrylic hemispheres with known material properties. These hemispheres simulate a hard and brittle food item but exhibit far less variability in size and strength than actual nuts or seeds, thereby facilitating interpretations of tooth function. Fracture forces and fracture displacements were measured, and analysis of variance revealed significant differences in fracture force and energy between specimens and tooth types. Complementing the physical testing, a nonlinear contact finite element model was developed to simulate each physical test. Experimental and FEA results showed good correspondence in most cases, and FEA identified stress concentrations consistent with mechanical models predicting that radial/median fractures are important factors in the failure of nut and seed shells. The fracture force data revealed functional similarities between relatively unworn Pr. afarensis and P. robustus teeth, and between relatively unworn A. africanus and heavily worn P. boisei teeth. These results are inconsistent with functional hypotheses, and raise the possibility that the tooth morphology of early hominins and other hard object feeders may not represent adaptations for inducing fractures in large, hard food items, but rather for resisting fractures in the tooth crown.
Humoral inhibition of host-seeking in Aedes aegypti during oöcyte maturation.

Female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were given 1 μl blood enemas, and their subsequent host-seeking behaviour determined in an olfactometer. Those females failing to develop eggs consistently responded to a host stimulus whenever tested, but inseminated mosquitoes developing eggs were inhibited from host-seeking during the period of egg development. Gravid uninseminated mosquitoes were also inhibited, but not to the same degree as inseminated mosquitoes. Experiments involving surgical manipulations and haemolymph transfusions indicate that a haemolymph-borne substance, present during egg development, inhibits the response toward a host.
Angular disparity in ETACT scintimammography.

Emission tuned aperture computed tomography (ETACT) has been previously shown to have the potential for the detection of small tumors (<1 cm) in scintimammography. However, the optimal approach to the application of ETACT in the clinic has yet to be determined. Therefore, we sought to determine the effect of the angular disparity between the ETACT projections on image quality through the use of a computer simulation. A small, spherical tumor of variable size (5, 7.5 or 10 mm) was placed at the center of a hemispherical breast (15 cm diameter). The tumor to nontumor ratio was either 5:1 or 10:1. The detector was modeled to be a gamma camera fitted with a 4-mm-diam pinhole collimator. The pinhole-to-detector and the pinhole-to-tumor distances were 25 and 15 cm, respectively. A ray tracing technique was used to generate three sets of projections (10°, 15°, and 20°, angular disparity). These data were blurred to a resolution consistent with the 4 mm pinhole. The TACT reconstruction method was used to reconstruct these three image sets. The tumorcontrast and the axial spatial resolution was measured. Smaller angular disparity led to an improvement in imagecontrast but at a cost of degraded axial spatial resolution. The improvement in contrast is due to a slight improvement in the in-plane spatial resolution. Since improved contrast should lead to better tumordetectability, smaller angular disparity should be used. However, the difference in contrast between 10° and 15° was very slight and therefore a reasonable clinical choice for angular disparity is 15°.
Intrahypothalamic colchicine infusions disrupt lordotic responsiveness in estrogen-treated female rats

Since some estrogenic effects on lordotic responsiveness are mediated through hypothalamic protein synthesis, we conducted experiments to determine if axoplasmic transport in the hypothalamus is necessary for the induction and maintenance of this reflex by estrogen. Colchicine infusion into the hypothalamus, but not into the dorsal thalamus, of ovariectomized rats 24 h prior to administration of subcutaneous estrogen implants delayed the induction of lordotic responsiveness, as measured by the manual (cutaneous-pressure) method, by 2 days, as compared with vehicle-infused rats. In other experiments, colchicine infusion into the hypothalamus, but not into the dorsal thalamus, of conscious, ovariectomized, estrogen-implanted rats displaying maximal lordotic responsiveness resulted in a bimodal decline in lordotic responsiveness. An initial decline occurred 20-40 min after infusion, and was associated with general behavioral agitation and hyperactivity. A subsequent decline began 4 h after infusion and lasted for several days. Vehicle infusion did not decrease lordotic responsiveness. Colchicine infusion did not alter multiunit electrical activity recorded near hypothalamically directed cannulae tips over a period of several hours. Results suggest that axoplasmic transport within and/or from the hypothalamus is necessary for the estrogenic induction and maintenance of the lordosis reflex in rats.
POSTIRRADIATION DYNAMIC TEAR AND CHARPY-V PERFORMANCE OF 12-IN. THICK A533- B STEEL PLATES AND WELD METAL.

Abstract Charpy-V (C V ) and dynamic tear (DT) test comparisons are developed for the irradiated condition of two 12 in. thick A533-B steel plates and a submerged arc weld deposit. Materials for the investigation were donated by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission's Heavy Section Steel Technology (HSST) Program. Individual plates were identified as HSST plates 01 and 02; the weld was identified as weld 50. Low temperature ( 2.5–3.3 × 10 19 n/cm 2 (> 1 MeV). Postirradiation C V and DT mid-energy transition temperature increases were found comparable for both plate and weld deposit (quarter thickness position evaluations). For the case of plate, percentage reductions in C V and DT shelf energy with irradiation also compared well. As a result, preirradiation DT to C V shelf energy ratios appeared to be retained with irradiation. Shelf observations are in agreement with recent findings for A543, A302-B, and other A533 steel plates which illustrate a DT to C V shelf energy ratio of 8.0:1 for pre- and postirradiation conditions. It is concluded that postirradiation DT properties of A533-B plate, including mid-energy transition and shelf level, can be calculated with reasonable accuracy from postirradiation C V results for use in fracture safety analyses. Assessments of shelf level toughness before and after irradiation are developed by ratio analysis diagram (RAD) procedures. Unlike observations for plate, a significant reduction in DT to C V shelf energy ratio by irradiation was found for the weld deposit. Weld metal fracture appearances suggest preferred paths for fracture within the duplex (layered) microstructure. Radiation embrittlement sensitivity at 550°F (288°C) was found to increase with increasing copper content as expected; however, embrittlement sensitivities of all three materials exceeded expectations. An influence of nickel content on radiation embrittlement sensitivity development is proposed.
Preservice Teachers' Beliefs and Practice After Participating in an Integrated Content/Methods Course

There is substantial evidence that teachers' beliefs about mathematics impact their teaching of mathematics. Given this evidence, it is appropriate that teacher education programs assess their effectiveness, at least in part, on how well they nurture beliefs that are consistent with their philosophy of learning and teaching. To explore this perspective a study was conducted with preservice elementary teachers participating in an alternative certification program for teaching in an urban setting. Students were required to take 6 hours of mathematics and 6 hours of mathematics education taught as a seamless course over three semesters. Before and after the program students completed a Mathematics Belief Instrument. Descriptive statistics were used to study trends across the group (n=14). Higher mean scores were found in all three parts of the post survey. Qualitative data were collected over the year in the form of weekly teaching logs. Results suggest that the program was successful in changing preservice teacher beliefs.
Associations of social integration variables with prenatal care use by adolescents and young adults

This study examines the degree to which social indicators such as rates of employment, divorce, death and population density are predictive of the timing and frequency of prenatal visits among adolescents and young adults. Predictive models are examined separately for urban versus rural women, and by age cohort: early, middle, late adolescents and young adults. Findings suggest that the timing of prenatal care is predominantly influenced by emotional and cognitive factors, whereas he frequency of visits is influenced by economic and logistical phenomena. These phenomena vary with age and urban and rural environments. Specifically, social conditions can have a disproportionate effect on prenatal care use by younger mothers.
Obligate ordered binding of human lactogenic cytokines.

Class 1 cytokines bind two receptors to create an active heterotrimeric complex. It has been argued that ligand binding to their receptors is an ordered process, but a structural mechanism describing this process has not been determined. We have previously described an obligate ordered binding mechanism for the human prolactin/prolactin receptor heterotrimeric complex. In this work we expand this conceptual understanding of ordered binding to include three human lactogenic hormones: prolactin, growth hormone, and placental lactogen. We independently blocked either of the two receptor binding sites of each hormone and used surface plasmon resonance to measure human prolactin receptor binding kinetics and stoichiometries to the remaining binding surface. When site 1 of any of the three hormones was blocked, site 2 could not bind the receptor. But blocking site 2 did not affect receptor binding at site 1, indicating a requirement for receptor binding to site 1 before site 2 binding. In addition we noted variable responses to the presence of zinc in hormone-receptor interaction. Finally, we performed Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) analyses where receptor binding at subsaturating stoichiometries induced changes in FRET signaling, indicative of binding-induced changes in hormone conformation, whereas at receptor:hormone ratios in excess of 2:1 no additional changes in FRET signaling were observed. These results strongly support a conformationally mediated obligate-ordered receptor binding for each of the three lactogenic hormones.
Features of a scan and clock resource chip for providing access to board-level test functions

The architecture and some of the specific features of a Scan and Clock Resource (SCR) chip are described. This chip is currently being used in a high-end workstation product to provide access to the testability features of the individual chips and/or printed circuit boards. Using a board-level controller to gain access to the testability features of system components and interfacing the controller to a diagnostics processor (or external tester) is emerging as a common strategy for designing testable digital systems. Based upon experience gained from such an application, controller features that are deemed useful are discussed.
Colloid dispersion in a uniform-aperture fracture

This research investigates the dispersion of colloids through fracture systems by exploring experimentally and numerically the transport and dispersion of 1.0-, 0.11-, and 0.043-μm diameter fluorescent carboxylate-modified microspheres and chloride at various flow rates through variable-length, synthetic Plexiglas fractures (flow cells). A dimensionless number describing each experiment is varied by changing the colloid size, flow rate, and fracture length. Surface characteristics of the microspheres and Plexiglas favor repulsive interactions, thereby minimizing the chance of colloid filtration and remobilization. Full recovery of the colloids is typically observed, thereby supporting the assumption of negligible colloid filtration. In comparison to chloride transport, there is increased tailing for colloid plumes traveling through the flow cell. This increased tailing is attributed to Taylor dispersion phenomena (dispersion due to an advection gradient). In the synthetic fractures investigated here, colloid dispersion due to the velocity gradient is evident, but fully developed Taylor conditions are not realized. A particle-tracking algorithm is run inversely to estimate the effective dispersion rate for the colloid plume in each experiment as a function of the experimental parameters (flow rate, fracture length, and colloid size). Results suggest that the log of the effective dispersion rate of the colloid plume increases linearly with the log of the dimensionless number comprising experimental parameters.
Identification of high permeability zones from dynamic data using streamline simulation and inverse modeling of geology

It is well-recognized that naturally fractured rocks can significantly influence the fluid flow patterns in a reservoir. Although it is very difficult to characterize fractures in deterministic detail, production data can be a vital source of information for identifying the spatial distribution and regional orientation of high permeability zones in a reservoir. This paper proposes to interpret the geological causes of preferential flow by integration of a prior geological model with dynamic data using streamline-based travel time inversion. The streamline-based generalized travel time inversion was performed constrained to a detailed stratigraphic model in a reservoir 3D grid with more than one million cells. No up-scaling was performed during the flow modeling. Dynamic data available on a significant number of wells were used to rapidly identify and reconcile discrepancies between the flow response from the prior geological model and measured dynamic data. The enhanced permeability was used to identify the spatial distribution of the dominant natural fracture zones and preferential flow paths in the reservoir. A statistical analysis of permeability modifications using correlations reveals the spatial distribution and possible extent of the high permeability zones that may be caused by macropores and fractures. In addition, results show the existence of localized high permeability fracture zones associated with specific rocks and high curvature regions. This integrative approach can potentially lead to significant savings in time and manpower as one is able to condition large prior geology models to dynamic data with fast streamline simulation and travel time inversion tools.
Do elephants ever forget

Three adult female elephants (Elephas maximus) were tested on a light-dark discrimination problem with an 8-yr intertrial interval. The first subject took only 6 min to reach criterion and made only two errors, suggesting remarkable retention. The other two subjects were found to have visual anomalies that would have gone undetected without this research.
Combined bending and thermal fatigue of high-temperature metal-matrix composites - Computational simulation

The nonlinear behavior of a high-temperature metal-matrix composite (HT-MMC) was simulated by using the metal matrix composite analyzer (METCAN) computer code. The simulation started with the fabrication process, proceeded to thermomechanical cyclic loading, and ended with the application of a monotonic load. Classical laminate theory and composite micromechanics and macromechanics are used in METCAN, along with a multifactor interaction model for the constituents behavior. The simulation of the stress-strain behavior from the macromechanical and the micromechanical points of view, as well as the initiation and final failure of the constituents and the plies in the composite, were examined in detail. It was shown that, when the fibers and the matrix were perfectly bonded, the fracture started in the matrix and then propagated with increasing load to the fibers. After the fibers fractured, the composite lost its capacity to carry additional load and fractured.
Individual and Peer Correlates of the Annual Frequency of Marijuana Use Among African American Adolescents Living in US Urban Public Housing Neighborhoods

Marijuana is the most commonly used illegal drug in the United States. Urban minority youth reports the highest consumption. Using a sample of 550 African American youth living in public housing located in three large Northeastern US cities, this article examines individual and peer correlates of the annual frequency of marijuana use. Data were collected between the Fall of 2007 and the Spring of 2008. The sample reported a mean age of 15 with 48% being female. Pearson's bivariate correlation and sequential regression analysis were conducted. The model explained 35% of the variance. Limitations and implications are discussed.
Release of heat-loss responses in paradoxical sleep by thermal loads and by pontine tegmental lesions in cats

Abstract Thermoregulatory heat-loss responses at high ambient temperatures were studied in intact cats and those with bilateral electrolytic lesions in the pontine tegmentum during wakefulness (W), slow-wave sleep (SWS), paradoxical sleep (PS) and PS without atonia induced by the lesions. Panting (respiratory rate ⩾ 90/min) was present W, SWS, and in some cases, during PS. The percentage of the PS episodes with panting was directly related ambient temperature. In intact cats at 30 °C, panting occurred in 8% of the PS episodes; at 35 °C, in 52%, and at 40 °C, in 77%. The percentage of PS episodes with panting higher in the pontine-lesioned cats (90% at 35 °C), probably another indication of the altered thermoregulation of such animals. Thermoregulatory responses to heat load, and thermoregulation in general, have previously been shown to be suppressed in PS. Because hypothalamic thermosensitive neurons lack thermal responses during PS, the partial activation of heat-loss responses observed here may depend upon the function of extrahypothalamic brainstem areas.
Stress and irradiation induced mass transport

An exact analytical solution to a model problem that elucidates the relative contributions and interplay of mass-diffusion currents induced by displacement-producing irradiation, stress gradients, and differences in normal tractions applied at surfaces is presented. It was found that Nabarro-Herring creep is independent of irradiation-produced defects and depends on stress gradients. With stress gradients present, the total mass flux is not determined by specification of the boundary values of the chemical potentials for diffusion. Details of stress gradients must be accounted for.
General formulation of the semirelativistic approach to atomic sum rules

A general scheme is presented for obtaining systematic relativistic corrections to quantum-mechanical sum rules for various calculations in atomic physics. The single-particle picture and the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation [Phys. Rev. 78, 29 (1950)] are adopted to derive such corrections. Results are obtained for the ``generalized Bethe sums,'' which include all higher moments of the energy transfer, and explicit results are given to the lowest order of relativistic corrections.
Decreased expression of T-cell NF-κB p65 subunit in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome

Decreased expression of T-cell NF-κB p65 subunit in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Background Although the etiology of childhood nephrotic syndrome is unclear, there is evidence to suggest an important role for T cells in the pathogenesis. Steroid resistance is considered a poor prognostic sign but the mechanism of the resistance is unknown. The study examined the potential role of T-cell nuclear transcription factors in the steroid resistance. Methods The expression of the nuclear transcription factors activating protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) as well as that of lymphokines interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) were compared in T cells obtained from normal subjects, children with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) and children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) before any treatment was given. Changes in expression and binding of the nuclear transcription factors were studied with electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and Western blot, whereas mRNA cytokine expression were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-linked reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results A significant decrease of the p65 subunit protein of NF-κB but not in p50 was documented by both EMSA ( N = 7) and Western blotting ( N = 5) in five of five SRNS patients but not in control subjects or SSNS patients; there was a decrease in mRNA expression as shown by ELISA-linked RT-PCR. In contrast, there were no significant differences in AP-1 expression by EMSA. IL-2 mRNA level was higher in T cells from SRNS patients than in T cells from either SSNS or control subjects. IL-4 and IFN-γ were equally decreased in both groups of patients. Conclusion The results show differences in T cells between untreated SSNS and SRNS patients. The decrease of NF-κB p65 subunit and up-regulation of IL-2 are potential mechanism of glucocorticoid resistance in SRNS.
Iron chelators may help prevent photoaging.

Summary For years, cosmetic ingredients for anti-aging treatments have attracted consumers. Skin aging is accelerated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated by exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), in a process known as photoaging. Because cutaneous iron catalyses ROS generation, it is thought to play a key role in photoaging. Iron is essential to almost all forms of life. However, excess iron is potentially toxic as its catalytic activity induces the generation of ROS. Iron-catalysed ROS generation is involved in numerous pathological conditions, including cutaneous damage. When skin is directly exposed to UVR, cutaneous intracellular catalytic iron levels increase because of the release of iron from iron-binding proteins such as ferritin. Consequently, the subsequent ROS generation may overwhelm cutaneous defense systems such as the cellular iron sequestration and ROS scavenging capacity. The harmful role of excess cutaneous iron implies that there may be a potential for topical iron chelator treatments. We now consider cutaneous photodamage skin photoaging as the result of iron-catalysed ROS generation and discuss preventative strategies based on iron chelators.
ERAP140, a conserved tissue-specific nuclear receptor coactivator.

We report here the identification and characterization of a novel nuclear receptor coactivator, ERAP140. ERAP140 was isolated in a screen for ER-interacting proteins using the ER ligand binding domain as a probe. The ERAP140 protein shares no sequence and has little structural homology with other nuclear receptor cofactors. However, homologues of ERAP140 have been identified in mouse, Drosophila, and Caenorhabditis elegans. The expression of ERAP140 is cell and tissue type specific and is most abundant in the brain, where its expression is restricted to neurons. In addition to interacting with ER, ERAP140 also binds ER ,T R, PPAR, and RAR. ERAP140 interacts with ER via a noncanonical interaction motif. The ER-ERAP140 association can be competed by coactivator NR boxes, indicating ERAP140 binds ER on a surface similar to that of other coactivators. ERAP140 can enhance the transcriptional activities of nuclear receptors with which it interacts. In vivo, ERAP140 is recruited by estrogen-bound ER to the promoter region of endogenous ER target genes. Furthermore, the E2-induced recruitment of ERAP140 to the promoter follows a cyclic pattern similar to that of other coactivators. Our results suggest that ERAP140 represents a distinct class of nuclear receptor coactivators that mediates receptor signaling in specific target tissues.
The Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Immediate-Early Protein (bICP0) Associates with Histone Deacetylase 1 To Activate Transcription

Infected-cell protein 0 encoded by bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) (bICP0) is necessary for efficient productive infection, in large part, because it activates all 3 classes of BHV-1 genes (U. V. Wirth, C. Fraefel, B. Vogt, C. Vlcek, V. Paces, and M. Schwyzer, J. Virol. 66:2763–2772, 1992). Although bICP0 is believed to be a functional homologue of herpes simplex virus type 1-encoded ICP0, the only well-conserved domain between the proteins is a zinc ring finger located near the amino terminus of both proteins. Our previous studies demonstrated that bICP0 is toxic to transfected cells but does not appear to directly induce apoptosis (Inman, M., Y. Zhang, V. Geiser, and C. Jones, J. Gen. Virol. 82:483–492, 2001). C-terminal sequences in the last 320 amino acids of bICP0 mediate subcellular localization. Mutagenesis of the zinc ring finger within bICP0 revealed that this domain was important for transcriptional activation. In this study, we demonstrate that bICP0 interacts with histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), which results in activation of a simple promoter containing four consensus Myc-Max binding sites. The interaction between bICP0 and HDAC1 correlated with inhibition of Mad-dependent transcriptional repression. In resting CV-1 cells, bICP0 relieved HDAC1-mediated transcriptional repression. The zinc ring finger was required for relieving HDAC1-induced repression but not for interacting with HDAC1. In fetal bovine lung cells but not in a human epithelial cell line, bICP0 expression correlated with reduced steady-state levels of HDAC1 in crude cytoplasmic extracts. We hypothesize that the ability of bICP0 to overcome HDAC1-induced repression plays a role in promoting productive infection in highly differentiated cell types.
Chromatin proteomic profiling reveals novel proteins associated with histone-marked genomic regions

More than a thousand proteins are thought to contribute to mammalian chromatin and its regulation, but our understanding of the genomic occupancy and function of most of these proteins is limited. Here we describe an approach, which we call "chromatin proteomic profiling," to identify proteins associated with genomic regions marked by specifically modified histones. We used ChIP-MS to identify proteins associated with genomic regions marked by histones modified at specific lysine residues, including H3K27ac, H3K4me3, H3K79me2, H3K36me3, H3K9me3, and H4K20me3, in ES cells. We identified 332 known and 114 novel proteins associated with these histone-marked genomic segments. Many of the novel candidates have been implicated in various diseases, and their chromatin association may provide clues to disease mechanisms. More than 100 histone modifications have been described, so similar chromatin proteomic profiling studies should prove to be valuable for identifying many additional chromatin-associated proteins in a broad spectrum of cell types.
The In Vitro Evaluation of Tigecycline and the In Vivo Evaluation of RPX-978 (0.5% Tigecycline) as an Ocular Antibiotic

Abstract Purpose: The goals of the current study were to determine the in vitro antibacterial activity of tigecycline against multiple clinically relevant ocular pathogens and to evaluate the in vivo ocular tolerability and efficacy of 0.5% tigecycline in a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) keratitis model. Methods: In vitro: Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for 110 clinical conjunctivitis isolates, 26 keratitis isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 10 endophthalmitis isolates each of MRSA, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), MR, and MS coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Tolerability: Six uninfected rabbits were topically treated in both eyes with 0.5% tigecycline, vehicle, or saline every 15 min for 3 h. Efficacy: Thirty-two rabbits were intrastromally injected with 700 Colony Forming Units (CFU) of MRSA in both eyes and were separated into 4 groups (n = 8): tigecycline 0.5%; vancomycin 5%; saline; and no treatment (euthanized before treatment for baseline...
Achieving and sustaining a good life.

How can we live well? To answer this question, psychology must acknowledge and integrate its descriptive and prescriptive components. One of psychology's strengths has been its willingness to embrace different purposes, perspectives, and approaches, and this recommendation is in the spirit of the field's history. At present, psychology knows more about people's problems and how to solve them than it does about what it means to live well and how to encourage and maintain such a life. Moreover, what is known is often fragmented because of psychology's specialization. Our article calls for further discussion in psychological terms of what it means to live well; the study of actual people and how they behave; multivariate, multimethod, and longitudinal research; more sophisticated interventions; interdisciplinary collaboration; and translational research.
Thermomechanical reliability of underfilled BGA packages

The effect of underfill on various thermomechanical reliability issues in super ball grid array (SBGA) packages is studied in this paper. Nonlinear finite element models with underfill and no underfill are developed taking into consideration the process-induced residual stresses. In this study, the solder is modeled as time and temperature-dependent, while other materials are modeled temperature and direction-dependent, as appropriate. The stress/strain variations in the package due to thermal cycling are analyzed. The effect of underfill is studied with respect to magnitude and location of time-independent plastic strain, time-dependent creep strain and total inelastic strain in solder balls. The effect of copper core on the solder ball strains is presented. The possibility of delamination at the interposer-underfill interface as well as substrate-underfill interface is studied with the help of qualitative interfacial stress analysis. Results on SBGA packages indicate that the underfill does not always enhance BGA reliability, and that the properties of the underfill have a significant role in the overall reliability of the BGA packages. The predicted number of thermal cycles to solder joint fatigue are compared with the existing experimental data on similar nonunderfilled BGA packages.
A full electromagnetic analysis of the structural color of insects

Our objective is to analyze the butterfly wing using a new formulation for periodic structures in the FDTD method. In our approach, only a single periodic cell is modeled, so only one of the nine cells is needed. The structure is illuminated by a normally-incident plane wave, and the far-zone scattered field is calculated.
MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry – Painting Molecular Pictures

MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry is a molecular analytical technology capable of simultaneously measuring multiple analytes directly from intact tissue sections. Histological features within the sample can be correlated with molecular species without the need for target-specific reagents such as antibodies. Several studies have demonstrated the strength of the technology for uncovering new markers that correlate with disease severity as well as prognosis and therapeutic response. This review describes technological aspects of imaging mass spectrometry together with applications in cancer research.
Altered Functional and Anatomical Connectivity in Schizophrenia

Background: Schizophrenia is characterized by a lack of integration between thought, emotion, and behavior. A disruption in the connectivity between brain processes may underlie this schism. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were used to evaluate functional and anatomical brain connectivity in schizophrenia. Methods: In all, 29 chronic schizophrenia patients (11 females, age: mean = 41.3, SD = 9.28) and 29 controls (11 females, age: mean = 41.1, SD = 10.6) were recruited. Schizophrenia patients were assessed for severity of negative and positive symptoms and general cognitive abilities of attention/concentration and memory. Participants underwent a resting-fMRI scan and a DTI scan. For fMRI data, a hybrid independent components analysis was used to extract the group default mode network (DMN) and accompanying time-courses. Voxel-wise whole-brain multiple regressions with corresponding DMN time-courses was conducted for each subject. A t-test was conducted on resulting DMN correlation maps to look between-group differences. For DTI data, voxel-wise statistical analysis of the fractional anisotropy data was carried out to look for between-group differences. Voxel-wise correlations were conducted to investigate the relationship between brain connectivity and behavioral measures. Results: Results revealed altered functional and anatomical connectivity in medial frontal and anterior cingulate gyri of schizophrenia patients. In addition, frontal connectivity in schizophrenia patients was positively associated with symptoms as well as with general cognitive ability measures. Discussion: The present study shows convergent fMRI and DTI findings that are consistent with the disconnection hypothesis in schizophrenia, particularly in medial frontal regions, while adding some insight of the relationship between brain disconnectivity and behavior.
Trigeminal trophic syndrome after stroke.

53-year-old man with diabetes mellitus presented with an 18-month history of an expanding ulcer on the right nasal ala. Two months before the ulcer formation, the patient sustained 2 strokes, 3 weeks apart, involving the right cerebellar tonsil and the right posterior medulla. After the strokes he developed altered sensation characterized by numbness and tingling on the right side of the face. Examination revealed a 1x1.8-cm ulcer with destruction of the noncartilaginous right nasal ala (Figure 1 and Supplemental Figure 1). There were no changes in the mucosa or the contralateral aspect of the nose, consistent with a diagnosis of trigeminal trophic syndrome. Trigeminal trophic syndrome is a selfinduced process that characteristically involves ulceration of the nasal ala, and less frequently, theipsilateralcheek,upperlip,andforehead.Paresthesias, dysethesias, or post-stroke neuropathic itch all may contribute to severe, unremitting
Shear Deformation and Densification of Powder Compacts

Kinetics of densification and deformation can be studied simultaneously by measuring the time-dependent axial and radial strains in cylindrical specimens of powder compacts when they are sintered under a superimposed uniaxial load. Such experiments, carried out on powder compacts of magnesia-doped alumina, are reported. Several results have been obtained. The experiments have provided a direct measure of the intrinsic sintering pressure, which we find to lie in the range 0.4 to 0.8 MPa. The deformation rate, or shear rate of the porous body, is found to follow Coble creep behavior except for a stress enhancement factor arising from the reduced effective cross-sectional area from the presence of voids. The rate of densification follows a linear dependence on the total mean pressure and a cubic dependence on the average grain size.