cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel Photo-Defined Polymer-Enhanced Through-Silicon Vias for Silicon Interposers

This paper presents a silicon interposer interconnection solution featuring novel electrical and optical through-silicon vias (TSVs). The copper-based electrical TSVs include polymer-clad TSVs and polymer-embedded vias (copper vias embedded in polymer wells within a low resistivity silicon substrate). Fabrication of the novel electrical TSVs is shown along with high-frequency measurements for polymer-embedded vias. Optical TSVs are fabricated in parallel with the polymer-clad TSVs to provide chip-to-motherboard optical access at the 850-nm wavelength. Optical loss measurements are performed for the fabricated optical TSVs.
Contact with Central Nervous System Myelin Inhibits Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Maturation

Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are generated during development through the proliferation and differentiation of a distinct progenitor population. Not all oligodendrocyte progenitors generated during development differentiate, however, and large numbers of oligodendrocyte progenitors are present in the adult CNS, particularly in white matter. These “adult progenitors” can be identified through expression of the NG2 proteoglycan. Adult oligodendrocyte progenitors are thought to develop from the original pool of progenitors and in vitro are capable of differentiating into oligodendrocytes. Why these cells fail to differentiate in the intact CNS is currently unclear. Here we show that contact with CNS myelin inhibits the maturation of immature oligodendrocyte progenitors. The inhibition of oligodendrocyte progenitor maturation is a characteristic of CNS myelin that is not shared by several other membrane preparations including adult and neonatal neural membrane fractions, PNS myelin, or liver. This inhibition is concentration dependent, is reversible, and appears not to be mediated by either myelin basic protein or basic fibroblast growth factor. Myelin-induced inhibition of oligodendrocyte progenitor maturation provides a mechanism to explain the generation of a residual pool of immature oligodendrocyte progenitors in the mature CNS.
Course Withdrawals: A Probit Model and Policy Recommendations.

Withdrawals from college courses prior to the assignment of grades, but after the “add-drop” period, are analyzed. In a probit model student withdrawals appear to occur randomly with notable exceptions. The more experience a student has in college, the more likely it is that he or she will withdraw from any given course. Students who have withdrawn from courses in the past tend to withdraw again. Student motivation measures are related to the withdrawal decision. Physical and mental disabilities affect withdrawals only in certain courses while athletes are no more likely to withdraw from courses than nonathletes. Finally, there appear to be economies of scale in teaching: The more students an instructor teaches in other courses, the less likely it is that students will withdraw from the course under consideration. The number of students enrolled in the course, however, is not significantly related to withdrawals.
Static axial crush performance of unfilled and foam-filled aluminum–composite hybrid tubes

Abstract In this paper, we describe an experimental investigation on the static axial crush performance of aluminum–composite hybrid tubes, containing filament-wound E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy over-wrap around aluminum tubes. Both unfilled and foam-filled hybrid tubes were tested. The fiber orientation angle in the overwrap was either ±45 or ±75° to the tube axis. Both round and square aluminum tube cross sections were considered. Some of the tubes were filled with epoxy foam. The static axial crush resistances of these tubes are compared in terms of the maximum load, mean crush load, crush energy and specific energy absorption. The deformation modes of these tubes are also described.
Surface Material of the Moon

A skeletal fuzz that consists mostly of open space probably covers the moon to a depth of several millimeters or centimeters. The solid part of the fuzz probably consists of randomly oriented linear units, with or without enlarged nodes, which either anastomose in a mesh or are branching.
Inexpensive plotters and digitizers for psychological research and instruction

The availability of low-cost microcomputers has been accompanied by the development of many inexpensive peripheral devices. The recent introduction of digitizers and plotters for use with microcomputers makes new research designs and instructional applications possible. This paper reports the characteristics and applications of one plotter and three digitizers of reasonably low cost. The application of digitizers in obtaining individual responses, quantifying data, preparing stimuli, and translating stimuli into machine-readable form is discussed. The application of plotters to hands-on instruction in data analysis and stimulus preparation is presented.
The Association Between Bathing Habits and Severity of Atopic Dermatitis in Children

Background. Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory skin disease that frequently affects children. The current recommendations on management using lifestyle modification are highly variable, leading to confusion and uncertainty among patients. Aim. To determine current bathing behaviors and the subsequent impact on disease severity. Methods. This was an observational cross-sectional study conducted at an urban pediatric emergency department. Parents were asked to fill out a questionnaire concerning the patient’s bathing habits. The results were correlated with the atopic dermatitis severity determined by the SCORAD (SCORing Atopic Dermatitis) tool. Results. No difference between variables was found to be significant for bathing frequency, time spent bathing, or use of moisturizers. Multivariate analysis showed that atopic dermatitis severity increased with age greater than 2 years (P = .0004) and with greater bathing duration (P = .001). Conclusion. Atopic dermatitis severity may be associated with a longer ...
A target tracker using spatially distributed infrared measurements

An extended Kalman filter algorithm is designed to track a point source target in an open-loop tracking problem, using outputs from a forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensor as measurements. The filter separately estimates the translational position changes of the target in the FLIR field of view due to two effects: actual target motion and apparent motion caused by atmospheric turbulence. A Monte Carlo analysis is conducted to determine the performance of the filter as a function of signal-to-noise ratio, target spot size, the ratio of rms target motion to rms atmospheric jitter, target correlation times, and mismatches between the true target spot size and the size assumed by the filter. The performance of the extended Kalman filter is compared to the performance of an existing correlation tracker under identical conditions. A one sigma tracking error of 0.2 and 0.8 picture elements is obtained with signal-to-noise ratios of 20:1 and 1:1, respectively. No degradation in performance is observed when the spot size is decreased or when the target correlation time is increased over a limited range, when filter parameters are adjusted to reflect this knowledge. Sensitivity analysis shows that the filter is robust to minor changes in target intensity spot size.
The evolution of human mating.

(effort devoted to keeping a mate). Since men and women historically confronted different adaptive problems in the mating domain, the sexes differ profoundly in evolved psychology of mating solutions. These psychological sex differences include possessing distinct mate preferences, dissimilar desires for short-term mating, and distinct triggers that evoke sexual jealousy. This article reviews empirical evidence supporting evolution-based hypotheses about these mating strategies. The study of human mating is one of the true “success stories” of evolutionary psychology.
Brief Report: Social Skills, Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms, and Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia in Autism.

Theoretical and empirical models describe respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) as a peripheral biomarker of emotion regulation and social competence. Recent findings also link RSA to individual differences in social functioning within autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, associations between RSA and symptoms of internalizing/externalizing psychopathology in ASD have not been explored. We assessed RSA, social functioning, and internalizing/externalizing symptoms among boys with and without ASD. Compared with controls, participants with ASD evidenced reduced parasympathetic cardiac control, which correlated with social behavior. Symptoms were associated with deficiencies in RSA, over-and-above the contribution of social functioning. These findings yield a more nuanced understanding of parasympathetic function in ASD, and suggest a role for integrative intervention strategies that address socioemotional difficulties.
Invasion of protozoa by Legionella pneumophila and its role in bacterial ecology and pathogenesis.

The first recognized outbreak of pneumonia due to Legionella pneumophila occurred in Philadelphia, Pa., in July of 1976 among 180 persons attending the 56th annual American Legion Convention. Twenty-nine patients died, and the disease became known as Legionnaires’ disease (23). Guinea pigs were infected with postmortem lung tissue from the patients with fatal Legionnaires’ disease, and embryonated yolk sacs were inoculated with spleen homogenates from the infected guinea pigs. In January of 1977, a gram-negative bacterium was isolated and designated L. pneumophila (36). The source of the infection during the Legionnaires’ convention was later found to be the air-conditioning system in the hotel. It has been documented that the hallmark of Legionnaires’ disease is the intracellular replication of L. pneumophila in alveolar spaces. At least 39 species of legionellae have been identified. Some of these are associated with disease, while others are environmental isolates; whether the latter can cause disease is not known. L. pneumophila is responsible for more than 80% of cases of Legionnaires’ disease, and among the 13 serogroups of L. pneumophila, serogroup 1 is responsible for more than 95% of Legionnaires’ disease cases. It is estimated that L. pneumophila is responsible for at least 25,000 cases of pneumonia per year in the United States, which is very probably an underestimate due to the difficulty of isolating bacteria from clinical samples. Since L. pneumophila is the most frequent cause of Legionnaires’ disease, most pathogenic and environmental studies have focused on L. pneumophila. In 1980, Rowbotham described the ability of L. pneumophila to multiply intracellularly within protozoa (40). Since then, L. pneumophila has been described to multiply in many species of protozoa, and this host-parasite interaction is central to the pathogenesis and ecology of L. pneumophila. Intracellular replication of L. pneumophila within mammalian and protozoan cells has been shown to occur in a ribosome-studded phagosome that does not fuse to lysosomes. Fields hypothesized that the L. pneumophila phagosome fuses to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) (20). Immunocytochemistry has proven this prediction by demonstrating the presence of an RER-specific chaperon, the Bip protein, in ribosome-studded phagosomes within macrophages (45) and protozoa (1). Based on these characteristics, the L. pneumophila phagosome may be accurately described as an endosomal maturation-blocked (EMB) phagosome.
Pattern categorization of male U.S. Civil War reenactor images

In the United States, hobby organizations participate in the public reenactment of historical events. The most popular is Civil War reenacting, which can be viewed as a manifestation of the unresol...
Limiting negative outcome in group practice

Abstract Factors contributing to negative outcome in group counseling are identified. Preventive measures are suggested for both group leaders and participants.
Plasma flares in high power impulse magnetron sputtering

Self-organized ionization zones and associated plasma flares were recorded with fast cameras in side-on view. Flare velocities were estimated to be about 20 000 m/s suggesting that the local tangential field Eξ is about 2000 V/m based on a concept where flare-causing electrons are initially ejected by Eξ×B drift. At distances of 10 mm and greater from the target, where the electric field is very small, plasma flares are guided by the magnetic field B.
Quantifying Time-Varying Multiunit Neural Activity Using Entropy-Based Measures

Modern microelectrode arrays make it possible to simultaneously record population neural activity. However, methods to analyze multiunit activity (MUA), which reflects the aggregate spiking activity of a population of neurons, have remained underdeveloped in comparison to those used for studying single unit activity (SUA). In scenarios where SUA is hard to record and maintain or is not representative of brain's response, MUA is informative in deciphering the brain's complex time-varying response to stimuli or to clinical insults. Here, we present two quantitative methods of analysis of the time-varying dynamics of MUA without spike detection. These methods are based on the multiresolution discrete wavelet transform (DWT) of an envelope of MUA (eMUA) followed by information theoretic measures: multiresolution entropy (MRE) and the multiresolution Kullback-Leibler distance (MRKLD). We test the proposed quantifiers on both simulated and experimental MUA recorded from rodent cortex in an experimental model of global hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. First, our results validate the use of the eMUA as an alternative to detecting and analyzing transient and complex spike activity. Second, the MRE and MRKLD are shown to respond to dynamic changes due to the brain's response to global injury and to identify the transient changes in the MUA.
Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis

Abstract The past decade has seen substantial advances in understanding Arctic amplification — that trends and variability in surface air temperature tend to be larger in the Arctic region than for the Northern Hemisphere or globe as a whole. We provide a synthesis of research on Arctic amplification, starting with a historical context and then addressing recent insights into processes and key impacts, based on analysis of the instrumental record, modeling studies, and paleoclimate reconstructions. Arctic amplification is now recognized as an inherent characteristic of the global climate system, with multiple intertwined causes operating on a spectrum of spatial and temporal scales. These include, but are not limited to, changes in sea ice extent that impact heat fluxes between the ocean and the atmosphere, atmospheric and oceanic heat transports, cloud cover and water vapor that alter the longwave radiation flux to the surface, soot on snow and heightened black carbon aerosol concentrations. Strong warming over the Arctic Ocean during the past decade in autumn and winter, clearly associated with reduced sea ice extent, is but the most recent manifestation of the phenomenon. Indeed, periods of Arctic amplification are evident from analysis of both warm and cool periods over at least the past three million years. Arctic amplification being observed today is expected to become stronger in coming decades, invoking changes in atmospheric circulation, vegetation and the carbon cycle, with impacts both within and beyond the Arctic.
Clinical outcome as a function of the PR-interval-there is virtue in moderation: data from the Duke Databank for cardiovascular disease.

Aims Recently, a U-shaped association between PR-interval and the risk of developing atrial fibrillation was described, with higher risk in patients with long and short PR-intervals. Little is known regarding the association of PR-interval duration and mortality. The objective of the current study was to explore the relationship between PR-interval and major cardiovascular outcomes in patients with known coronary heart disease. Methods and results Patients in sinus rhythm, undergoing coronary angiography at Duke University Medical Center between 1989 and 2010, who had significant stenosis in at least one native coronary artery, were included. Patients with arrhythmia, second- or third-degree AV-block, QRS > 120 ms were excluded. A total of 9,637 patients were included (median age 63, IQR 55–71 years, 67% men). After adjustment for relevant covariates, the risk of a CV event increased with a decreasing PR-interval (10 ms decrements) for PR-interval values 162 ms were seen for any of the studied endpoints. Conclusion In patients with coronary heart disease, a prolongation of the PR-interval was not independently associated with poor outcomes, but a PR-interval shorter than normal was associated with increased all-cause mortality and other major cardiovascular events.
Insight into genomic changes accompanying divergence: genetic linkage maps and synteny of Lucania goodei and L. parva reveal a Robertsonian fusion.

Linkage maps are important tools in evolutionary genetics and in studies of speciation. We performed a karyotyping study and constructed high-density linkage maps for two closely related killifish species, Lucania parva and L. goodei, that differ in salinity tolerance and still hybridize in their contact zone in Florida. Using SNPs from orthologous EST contigs, we compared synteny between the two species to determine how genomic architecture has shifted with divergence. Karyotyping revealed that L. goodei possesses 24 acrocentric chromosomes (1N) whereas L. parva possesses 23 chromosomes (1N), one of which is a large metacentric chromosome. Likewise, high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism−based linkage maps indicated 24 linkage groups for L. goodei and 23 linkage groups for L. parva. Synteny mapping revealed two linkage groups in L. goodei that were highly syntenic with the largest linkage group in L. parva. Together, this evidence points to the largest linkage group in L. parva being the result of a chromosomal fusion. We further compared synteny between Lucania with the genome of a more distant teleost relative medaka (Oryzias latipes) and found good conservation of synteny at the chromosomal level. Each Lucania LG had a single best match with each medaka chromosome. These results provide the groundwork for future studies on the genetic architecture of reproductive isolation and salinity tolerance in Lucania and other Fundulidae.
Max-Clique: A Top-Down Graph-Based Approach to Frequent Pattern Mining

Frequent pattern mining is a fundamental problem in data mining research. We note that almost all state-of-the art algorithms may not be able to mine very long patterns in a large database with a huge set of frequent patterns. In this paper, we point our research to solve this difficult problem from a different perspective: we focus on mining top-k long maximal frequent patterns because long patterns are in general more interesting ones. Different from traditional level-wise mining or tree-growth strategies, our method works in a top-down manner. We pull large maximal cliques from a pattern graph constructed after some fast initial processing, and directly use such large-sized maximal cliques as promising candidates for long frequent patterns. A separate refinement stage is needed to further transform these candidates into true maximal patterns.
Causality: models, reasoning, and inference

1. Introduction to probabilities, graphs, and causal models 2. A theory of inferred causation 3. Causal diagrams and the identification of causal effects 4. Actions, plans, and direct effects 5. Causality and structural models in the social sciences 6. Simpson's paradox, confounding, and collapsibility 7. Structural and counterfactual models 8. Imperfect experiments: bounds and counterfactuals 9. Probability of causation: interpretation and identification Epilogue: the art and science of cause and effect.
STOCHASTIC FLOOD AND PRECIPITATION REGIMES AND THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF A THREATENED FLOODPLAIN PLANT

Boltonia decurrens is an endangered plant restricted to the Illinois River Valley. Its complex life cycle has evolved in response to the dynamics of the historic flood regime, which has changed dramatically in the last century due to the construction of navigation dams and agricultural levees. To explore the effects of these changes, we de- veloped deterministic and stochastic matrix population models of the demography of Bol- tonia. We used periodic matrix models to incorporate intra-annual seasonal variation. We estimated parameters as a function of the timing of spring flood recession (early or late) and of growing season precipitation (high or low). Late floods and/or low precipitation reduce population growth (X). Early floods and high precipitation lead to explosive pop- ulation growth. Elasticity analysis shows that changes in floods and precipitation alter the life history pathways responsible for population growth, from annual to biennial and even- tually clonal pathways. We constructed and analyzed a stochastic model in which flood timing and precipitation vary independently, and we computed the stochastic growth rate (log Xs) and the variance growth rate (U2&) as functions of the frequency of late floods and low precipitation. Using historical data on floods and rainfall over the last 100 years, we found that log Xs has declined as a result of hydrological changes accompanying the reg- ulation of the river. Stochastic elasticity analysis showed that over that time the contribution of annual life history pathways to log Xs has declined as the contributions of biennial and clonal pathways have increased. Over the same time period, Ur2 has increased, in agreement with observations of large fluctuations in local B. decurrens populations. Undoubtedly, many plant and animal species evolved in concert with dynamic habitats and are now threatened by anthropogenic changes in those dynamics. The data and analyses used in this study can be applied to management and development strategies to preserve other dynamic systems.
Morphologic Characterization of Intraneural Flow Associated With Median Nerve Pathology

A prospective cohort of 47 symptomatic patients who reported for nerve conduction studies and 44 asymptomatic controls was examined with sonography to evaluate the median nerve. Doppler studies of the median nerve were collected with handheld sonography equipment and a 12-MHz linear broadband transducer. Strict inclusion criteria were established for assessing 435 waveforms from 166 wrists. Two sonographers agreed that 245 waveforms met the a priori criteria and analyzed the corresponding data. Spectral Doppler waveforms provided direct quantitative and qualitative data for comparison with indirect provocative testing results. These Doppler data were compared between the recruitment groups. No statistical difference existed in waveforms between the groups (P < .05). Trending of the overall data indicated that as the number of positive provocative tests increased, the mean peak systolic velocity within the carpal tunnel (mid) also increased, whereas the proximal mean peak systolic velocity decreased. However, by using multiple provocative tests as an indirect comparative measure, researchers may find mean peak spectral velocity at the carpal tunnel inlet a helpful direct measure in identifying patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.
Detection of mixed air gap eccentricity in closed-loop drive-connected induction motors

This paper focuses on the detection of mixed air gap eccentricity in closed-loop drive-connected induction motors. The influence of speed and current PI controllers on the fault detection is considered together with the load oscillation. For high detection sensitivity and accuracy, this paper points out that the monitoring of low frequency harmonics in the stator voltage and high frequency harmonics in the stator current in suitable reference frame should lie combined together. The simulation and experimental results are included to verify the feasibility of the proposed detection scheme.
Laboratory measurements of instantaneous sediment concentration under waves

An optical instrument which detects the light attenuation in sediment-laden flows has been developed to measure the instantaneous and time-average suspended concentration of cohesive sediments. In a flume test with natural muds, the device showed that the instantaneous sediment concentration oscillated with the waves but that the amplitude decreased rapidly with the distance above the mud bed. Strong sediment motion was found near the benthic boundary layer. This indicates a weak vertical turbulent diffusion in the upper portion of the water column in a pure wave erosion process. It is concluded that the probe design can be easily modified and the apparatus can be deployed for both laboratory and field measurements. >
Renaissance Neurosurgery: Italy's Iconic Contributions

Various changes in the sociopolitical milieu of Italy led to the increasing tolerance of the study of cadavers in the late Middle Ages. The efforts of Mondino de Liuzzi (1276-1326) and Guido da Vigevano (1280-1349) led to an explosion of cadaver-centric studies in centers such as Bologna, Florence, and Padua during the Renaissance period. Legendary scientists from this era, including Leonardo Da Vinci, Andreas Vesalius, Bartolomeo Eustachio, and Costanzo Varolio, furthered the study of neuroanatomy. The various texts produced during this period not only helped increase the understanding of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology but also led to the formalization of medical education. With increased understanding came new techniques to address various neurosurgical problems from skull fractures to severed peripheral nerves. The present study aims to review the major developments in Italy during the vibrant Renaissance period that led to major progress in the field of neurosurgery.
Real-Time PCR Assay for the Detection of Pufferfish Products

An assay was developed for the rapid detection of products containing tissues from potentially toxic pufferfish (family Tetraodontidae), as part of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine and Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition's charter to protect human health. In this study, we developed a TaqMan assay derived from DNA barcode data (650 bp starting at the 5′ end of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene) for the specific detection of pufferfish. The method requires only 1 h of total run time, a significant improvement over current methods, which can require 24 to 96 h for completion. The probes were tested against 105 species of fish and were able to detect 20 species of pufferfish; no cross-reactivity was shown with 85 species of nonpufferfish, including 20 related species from the same order (Tetraodontiformes). These results demonstrate that this assay is suitable for the rapid and specific detection of pufferfish and that it could be a useful regulatory t...
Learning Style-Specific Rhythmic Structures

The goal of computational music modeling is to construct models that capture the structure of music. We present our work on learning style-specific models for the rhythmic structure on a single line of music. The task by which the model is evaluated is to predict the duration of the next note given the sequence of durations leading to that note. We construct several different models that we train using works by a given composer (Palestrina), and assess the success of our models by looking at the prediction accuracy on unseen works by the same composer. We show that introducing style-specific musical knowledge improves the predictive ability of our models. proficient in transcription, trying to reproduce a musical score, where one musician has never listened to that specific style, and the other is an expert in that style. It is reasonable that the expert will be more accurate and faster in this task. We therefore suggest that methods for transcription of music in a particular style should be supported with a rhythm model that is specific to that style. Such models are more likely to produce accurate and fast (speed is especially important for online systems) rhythm quantifiers. An additional benefit of having a successful rhythm quantifier is that it will help in resolving uncertainty during tempo tracking, since the two problems are highly connected.
Hierarchal structure–property relationships of segmented polyurethanes

The highly tunable mechanical and physicochemical properties of biodegradable polyurethanes make them promising candidates in the rapidly growing market of resorbable devices. Incorporation of hydrolytically or enzymatically cleavable moieties into the polyurethane structure confers biodegradability; however, these modifications can also affect other physical properties. The impact of these modifications on the resulting properties is determined by a number of structural and morphological factors. Successful design of biodegradable polyurethane devices depends on balancing the mechanical property requirements and the desired degradation rate. To this end, key structure–property relationships of biodegradable polyurethanes are discussed. An overview of the effects of structural components, such as soft segment chemistry, hard segment chemistry, and hard segment content, on mechanical properties and degradation rate is provided.
The renal erythropoietic factor (REF). X. The question of species and class specificity.

SummaryIncubation of hypotonic extracts of the light-mitochondrial fraction of kidneys from mammalian sources with sera of several vertebrate species resulted in the generation of erythropoiesis-stimulating activity only when duck or mammalian serum was used. Similar extracts of kidneys from carp, frogs, and ducks failed upon incubation with sera from the same species or from mammalian sources to generate an ESF active in the mammalian assay system. Incubation studies also revealed that no species specificity with regard to the REF-serum interaction existed among the members of the Class Mammalia tested.
Adsorption of Organic Compounds to Diesel Soot: Frontal Analysis and Polyparameter Linear Free-Energy Relationship.

Black carbons (BCs) dominate the sorption of many hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in soils and sediments, thereby reducing the HOCs’ mobilities and bioavailabilities. However, we do not have data for diverse HOCs’ sorption to BC because it is time-consuming and labor-intensive to obtain isotherms on soot and other BCs. In this study, we developed a frontal analysis chromatographic method to investigate the adsorption of 21 organic compounds with diverse functional groups to NIST diesel soot. This method was precise and time-efficient, typically taking only a few hours to obtain an isotherm. Based on 102 soot-carbon normalized sorption coefficients (KsootC) acquired at different sorbate concentrations, a sorbate-activity-dependent polyparameter linear free-energy relationship was established: logKsootC = (3.74 ± 0.11)V + ((−0.35 ± 0.02)log ai)E + (−0.62 ± 0.10)A + (−3.35 ± 0.11)B + (−1.45 ± 0.09); (N = 102, R2 = 0.96, SE = 0.18), where V, E, A, and B are the sorbate’s McGowan’s characteristic volume, ...
Effect of Posterior Pituitary Extract on Water Up-Take in Frogs After Hypophysectomy and Infundibular Lesions.∗†

SummaryThe effect of posterior pituitary principles on the water up-take in hypophysec-tomized frogs is lower than in the normal. This applies not only to totally hypophysec-tomized frogs but also to those in which only the anterior or the posterior lobe is removed.After a wide lesion at the base of the third ventricle, the response to posterior pituitary principles falls off very sharply. When the third ventricle is merely punctured in the midline, the response decreases somewhat but not to the same extent as in the case of a wide lesion. A wide lesion at the base of the third ventricle results in a reduction of the same magnitude in response to posterior pituitary principles as does hypophysectomy.
Image Mining of Historical Manuscripts to Establish Provenance.

he recent digitization of more than twenty million books has been led by initiatives from countries wishing to preserve their cultural heritage and by commercial endeavors, such as the Google Print Library Project. Within a few years a significant fraction of the world’s books will be online. For millions of intact books and tens of millions of loose pages, the provenance of the manuscripts may be in doubt or completely unknown, thus denying historians an understanding of the context of the content. In some cases it may be possible for human experts to regain the provenance by examining linguistic, cultural and/or stylistic clues. However, such experts are rare and this investigation is clearly a time-consuming process. One technique used by experts to establish provenance is the examination of the ornate initial letters appearing in the questioned manuscript. By comparing the initial letters in the manuscript to annotated initial letters whose origin is known, the provenance can be determined. In this work we show for the first time that we can reproduce this ability with a computer algorithm. We leverage off a recently introduced technique to measure texture similarity and show that it can recognize initial letters with an accuracy that rivals or exceeds human performance. A brute force implementation of this measure would require several years to process a single large book; however, we introduce a novel lower bound that allows us to process the books in minutes.
Animal mitochondrial DNA: an extreme example of genetic economy.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes animal mitochondrial DNA. It focuses on the aspects of the structure, function, and evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). It also explores the questions raised by the recent unravelling of the mitochondrial genetic code and of the primary structure and gene organization of animal mtDNA. The most conspicuous among the features of animal mtDNA from animal cells, yeast, and filamentous fungi, is the use of UGA as a tryptophan codon rather than as a stop codon. There are genetic code differences between the individual mitochondrial genetic systems, even within the same philogenetic group. In mammalian, but not in fungal mitochondria, besides AUG, also AUA, AUU, and AUC can function as initiator codons; in this role, AUU and AUC may indeed be read by N-formyl-methionyl-tRNA and thus code for N-formyl-methionine, like AUG and AUA. There is a case among mammalian mitochondrial tRNAs where a C in the first position of the anticodon, rather than a U, enables it to pair with A and G in third codon position. The mtDNA of all animal cells so far analyzed is in the form of circular molecules of relatively uniform length, with their sizes ranging between 15.7 and 19.5 kb.
The role of androgen deprivation therapy plus radiation therapy in patients with non-metastatic prostate cancer

Introduction: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has a long and illustrious history in the treatment for prostate cancer and continues to be a mainstay treatment for locally advanced and high-risk ...
HIV and Osteoporosis

With the availability of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the mid-1990s, HIV has been transformed from a fatal disease into a manageable chronic illness in many parts of the world. Prior to this, HIV ranked among the most significant sources of morbidity and mortality among young people in the US. With current ART, sometimes referred to as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), life expectancy among HIV-infected people is approaching that of their HIV-uninfected peers. Nevertheless, even with the availability of increasingly less toxic and less cumbersome therapies, an important survival gap remains between HIV-infected and -uninfected people.
Falsifying Deep Structures

Structural anthropology puzzles even the most persistent reader. Despite Levi-Strauss’s regular explications, fundamental questions remain unanswered. In response, an exegetical industry has grown up around Levi-Strauss, partly to aid the clarification of obscure areas in his thought, partly to situate structural anthropology within a familiar context. This chapter is concerned with the scientific status of structural anthropology, especially as such a question bears on the issue of falsifiability: are structural claims falsifiable? And in what way?
Defective replication stress response inhibits lymphomagenesis and impairs lymphocyte reconstitution

DNA replication stress promotes genome instability in cancer. However, the contribution of the replication stress response to the development of malignancies remains unresolved. The DNA replication stress response protein SMARCAL1 stabilizes DNA replication forks and prevents replication fork collapse, a cause of DNA breaks and apoptosis. While the fork regression/remodeling functions of SMARCAL1 have been investigated, its in vivo functions in replication stress and cancer are unclear. Using a gamma radiation (IR)-induced replication stress T-cell lymphoma mouse model, we observed a significant inhibition of lymphomagenesis in mice lacking one or both alleles of Smarcal1. Notably, a quarter of the Smarcal1-deficient mice did not develop tumors. Moreover, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) and developing thymocytes in Smarcal1-deficient mice showed increased DNA damage and apoptosis during the proliferation burst following IR and an impaired ability to repopulate the thymus after IR. Additionally, mice lacking Smarcal1 showed significant HSPC defects when challenged to respond to other replication stress stimuli. Thus, our data reveal the critical function of the DNA replication stress response and, specifically, Smarcal1 in hematopoietic cell survival and tumor development. Our results also provide important insight into the immunodeficiency observed in individuals with mutations in SMARCAL1 by suggesting that it is an HSPC defect.
In defense of doxastic blame

In this paper I articulate a view of doxastic control that helps defend the legitimacy of our practice of blaming people for their beliefs. I distinguish between three types of doxastic control: intention-based, reason-based, and influence-based. First I argue that, although we lack direct intention-based control over our beliefs, such control is not necessary for legitimate doxastic blame. Second, I suggest that we distinguish two types of reason-responsiveness: sensitivity to reasons and appreciation of reasons. I argue that while both capacities are necessary for satisfying the control condition, neither is sufficient. Finally, I defend an influence-based view of doxastic control according to which we have the capacity to execute intentions to engage in reflection that causally influences our beliefs in positive epistemic ways. This capacity is both necessary and sufficient for satisfying the control condition for legitimate doxastic blame. I end by defending the view from two objections: that reflection is not necessary for meeting the control condition, and that it is not sufficient.
Structural Transformations in High-Capacity Li2Cu0.5Ni0.5O2 Cathodes

Cathode materials that can cycle >1 Li+ per transition metal are of substantial interest for increasing the overall energy density of lithium-ion batteries. Li2Cu0.5Ni0.5O2 has a very high theoretical capacity of ∼500 mAh/g assuming both Li+ ions are cycled reversibly. The Cu2+/3+ and Ni2+/3+/4+ redox couples are also at high voltage, which could further boost the energy density of this system. Despite such promise, Li2Cu0.5Ni0.5O2 undergoes irreversible phase changes during charge (delithiation) that result in large first-cycle irreversible loss and poor long-term cycling stability. Oxygen evolves before the Cu2+/3+ or Ni3+/4+ transitions are accessed. In this contribution, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and transmission X-ray microscopy combined with X-ray absorption near edge structure (TXM–XANES) are used to follow the chemical and structural changes that occur in Li2Cu0.5Ni0.5O2 during electrochemical cycling. Li2Cu0.5Ni0.5O2 is a solid solution of orthorhombic Li2CuO2 and...
A mixed-integer programming approach for locating jamming devices in a flow-jamming attack

Abstract The ubiquitous nature of wireless networks makes them increasingly prone to jamming attacks as such attacks become more sophisticated. In this paper, we seek to gain understanding about a particular type of jamming attack: the flow-jamming attack. Toward this end, we provide a mixed-integer programming model for optimizing the location of jamming devices for flow-jamming attacks. An accelerated Benders’ decomposition approach was used to solve the model. We solved the problem for two realistic networks and 18 randomly generated networks and found that the Benders’ approach was computationally faster than CPLEX for nearly all the problem instances, particularly for larger problems with 1440 binary variables. The experimental results show that optimally locating jamming devices can increase the impact of flow-jamming attacks. Specifically, as the number of possible locations increases the jammers’ efficacy increases as well, but there is a clear point of diminishing returns. Also, adding lower-powered jammers to work in conjunction with higher powered jammers significantly increases overall efficacy in spite of the power difference.
Out-sourcing for Trans-presentation: Assessing T Cell Intrinsic and Extrinsic IL-15 Expression with Il15 Gene Reporter Mice

IL-15 is a cytokine of the common γ-chain family that is critical for natural killer (NK), invariant natural killer T (iNKT), and CD8 memory T cell development and homeostasis. The role of IL-15 in regulating effector T cell subsets, however, remains incompletely understood. IL-15 is mostly expressed by stromal cells, myeloid cells, and dendritic cells (DCs). Whether T cells themselves can express IL-15, and if so, whether such T cell-derived IL-15 could play an autocrine role in T cells are interesting questions that were previously addressed but answered with mixed results. Recently, three independent studies described the generation of IL-15 reporter mice which facilitated the identification of IL-15-producing cells and helped to clarify the role of IL-15 both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we review the findings of these studies and place them in context of recent reports that examined T cell-intrinsic IL-15 expression during CD4 effector T cell differentiation.
Teaching “The Language of Business” as a Language: An Audio Approach to Elementary Accounting

Publisher Summary This chapter describes an audio approach to elementary accounting. A primary motivation for an audiocassette study guide and accompanying study booklet is the dissatisfaction with the way accounting principles is currently presented in textbooks and, hence, taught by most instructors. It is found that the audio medium can be helpful to elementary accounting students, most of whom are novices to the domain of accounting. The audio study guide is conceptually driven and encourages students to create mental models of the real-world situations, which are often enhanced by a dialog between two peer accounting students, and is supported by textual material, and visual aids that are included in the study booklet accompanying the audio tapes. Each topic contains the professor's narration, and at least one conversation by two fictional characters, Amie Asset, and Lola Liability. The second half of the last tape is devoted to a discussion of the 40 final exam questions presented in the final section of study booklet.
Judicial Review of Private Mass Tort Settlements

As the late Richard Nagareda so elegantly explained, settlement is the “endgame” of mass tort litigation. 1 And with the general demise of class actions in this field, mass tort litigation is increasingly resolved through non-class aggregate settlements. 2 Although it has been argued that “procedural aggregation in the law of torts” is “inevitab[le],” 3 the legal profession has struggled for many years to find an effective aggregate settlement mechanism for mass tort litigation that does not run afoul of the “historic tradition that everyone should have his own day in court,” if he should want it. 4 Over the last dec-
Why I Chose Computer Science? Women in India

In many developed countries like the United States, the percentage of women earning a bachelor’s degree in computer science (CS) is relatively low. In contrast, in many developing countries like India there has been a significant increase in the number of women pursuing a bachelor’s degree in CS. This is despite the prevalence of patriarchy in India. This paper uncovers why women in India are attracted to CS education. It is based on 60 in-depth interviews conducted with female students majoring in CS at four institutions of higher education in India in 2007-08. The findings suggest that Indian women perceive CS as a woman-friendly field.
Arendt, Agamben and the Issue of Hyper-Legality: In Between the Prisoner-Stateless Nexus

In the Origins of Totalitarianism, Hannah Arendt famously argued that the stateless were so rightless, that it was better to be a criminal who at least had some rights and protections. In this book, Kathleen R. Arnold examines Arendt’s comparison in the context of post-1996 U.S. criminal and immigration policies, arguing that the criminal-stateless binary is significant to contemporary politics and yet flawed. A key distinction made today is that immigrant detention is not imprisonment because it is a civil system. In turn, prisoners are still citizens in some respects but have relatively few rights since the legal underpinnings of "cruel and unusual" have shifted in recent times. The two systems – immigrant detention and the prison system – are also concretely related as they often house both populations and utilize the same techniques (such as administrative segregation). Arnold compellingly argues that prisoners are essentially made into foreigners in these spaces, while immigrants in detention are cast as outlaws. Examining legal theory, political theory and discussing specific cases to illustrate her claims, Arendt, Agamben and the Issue of Hyper-Legality operates on three levels to expose the degree to which prisoners’ rights have been suspended and how immigrant policy and detention cast foreigners as inherently criminal. Less talked about, the government in turn expands sovereign, discretionary power and secrecy at the expense of openness, transparency and democratic community. This book will be of interest to scholars and students of contemporary political theory, philosophy and law, immigration, and incarceration.