cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Independent measurements of Raman LIDAR water vapor calibration factor

One of the goals of LIDAR scientists is to obtain long term monitoring of water vapor using Raman LIDAR [1]. Previous LIDAR research suggests that the measurement of water vapor can be improved by better analysis of the LIDAR system's calibration factor. Currently LIDAR scientists generally use radiosonde data to calibrate LIDAR data. We are using a standard lamp calibration technique to calibrate the LIDAR data to compare with the radiosonde technique in efforts to independently calibrate the LIDAR system. The lamp calibration technique we implement here involves two motion controllers scanning a halogen lamp over the aperture of a LIDAR telescope. When we compared the calibration factor of the lamp mapping technique to the radiosonde technique we found that they agreed within 5%. Using this method, we have determined a calibration of a Raman LIDAR system with accuracy in the range of 5% [2]. Future work involves obtaining temperature measurements directly from the HURL system to improve water vapor measurements. We plan to obtain the temperature directly from the LIDAR system by extracting rotational Raman cross sections using two narrow band-pass filters and taking the ratio of the two measurements. Using the lamp calibration and the temperature measurements found directly from the LIDAR we can calculate a water vapor mixing ratio that is less dependent on radiosonde data [3].
A Lagrangian relaxation technique for optimizing interconnection of local area networks

This paper addresses the problem of interconnecting a group of Local Area Networks LANs with bridges. The network designer would like to minimize the cost of connecting the LANs while maintaining acceptable traffic intensity levels on each of the LANs and the bridges. This problem belongs to the class of fixed charge network flow problems. A Lagrangian relaxation algorithm is proposed that incorporates two sets of constraints into the objective function. The relaxed problem has a special structure and can be solved as a minimum spanning tree problem and a set of shortest path problems. The subgradient algorithm is then used to maximize the Lagrangian dual. A Lagrangian heuristic algorithm is also proposed to find good primal feasible solutions. For problems with five LANs, the heuristic solutions are normally within 1% of the optimum. For larger problems the heuristic solutions are close to the lower bounds generated by the Lagrangian relaxation algorithm. This suggests that the quality of the heuristic solutions does not deteriorate as the dimension of the problem grows.
Revisiting "Narrow Bipolar Event" intracloud lightning using the FORTE satellite

Abstract. The lightning stroke called a "Narrow Bipolar Event", or NBE, is an intracloud discharge responsible for significant charge redistribution. The NBE occurs within 10–20 μs, and some associated process emits irregular bursts of intense radio noise, fading at shorter timescales, sporadically during the charge transfer. In previous reports, the NBE has been inferred to be quite different from other forms of lightning strokes, in two ways: First, the NBE has been inferred to be relatively dark (non-luminous) compared to other lightning strokes. Second, the NBE has been inferred to be isolated within the storm, usually not participating in flashes, but when it is in a flash, the NBE has been inferred to be the flash initiator. These two inferences have sufficiently stark implications for NBE physics that they should be subjected to further independent test, with improved statistics. We attempt such a test with both optical and radio data from the FORTE satellite, and with lightning-stroke data from the Los Alamos Sferic Array. We show rigorously that by the metric of triggering the PDD optical photometer aboard the FORTE satellite, NBE discharges are indeed less luminous than ordinary lightning. Referred to an effective isotropic emitter at the cloud top, NBE light output is inferred to be less than ~3 × 108 W. To address isolation of NBEs, we first expand the pool of geolocated intracloud radio recordings, by borrowing geolocations from either the same flash's or the same storm's other recordings. In this manner we generate a pool of ~2 × 105 unique and independent FORTE intracloud radio recordings, whose slant range from the satellite can be inferred. We then use this slant range to calculate the Effective Radiated Power (ERP) at the radio source, in the passband 26–49 MHz. Stratifying the radio recordings by ERP into eight bins, from a lowest bin ( 140 kW), we document a trend for the radio recordings to become more isolated in time as the ERP increases. The highest ERP bin corresponds to the intracloud emissions associated with NBEs. At the highest ERP, the only significant probability of temporal neighbors is during times following the high-ERP events. In other words, when participating in a flash, the high-ERP emissions occur at the apparent flash initiation.
Anti-TNF levels and anti-drug antibodies, immunosuppressants and clinical outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease

The anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) antibodies have revolutionized the management of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The development of assays to allow for the measurements of serum drug levels and anti-drug antibodies have provided a more objective means of therapeutic decision making, particularly among patients losing response to treatment. Additionally, more evidence is emerging that indicates the relationship between drug levels and response to therapy including clinical response, mucosal healing and sustained remission. The use of combination therapies of the anti-TNF agents and the thiopurine immunosuppressants may also decrease immunogenicity to the anti-TNF agents and potentiate response to therapy. With more evidence emerging evidence of the importance of therapeutic drug levels and anti-drug antibodies, clinicians may be able to better optimize the current arsenal of inflammatory bowel disease therapeutics to achieve greater rates of durable remission and improved quality of life.
Dopant Effects on the Kinetics of Formation of Platinum Silicides

We have investigated the growth kinetics of platinum suicide compounds on undoped and heavily arsenic doped polycrystalline silicon. The results are compared with published data on the growth kinetics of these suicides on other silicon substrate materials. From this comparison we conclude that dopants and the microstructure of the substrate material do not affect the activation energy of the growth kinetics which means that the growth mechanism of these suicides is not altered. Only the preexponential factor is lowered in some cases, pointing to a slowing of the speed of growth.
Predisposing Risk Factors on Susceptibility to Exertional Heat Illness: Clinical Decision-Making Considerations

Objective: To present strategies for identifying predisposing conditions, susceptibility, and incidence reduction for the most common exertional heat illnesses (EHI): heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and most importantly, heat stroke. Data Sources: A comprehensive literature review of MEDLINE and 1996 to 2006, including all retrospective, controlled studies of EHI risk using the following keywords: exertional heat illness risk, exertional heat stroke risk, and exercise-induced dehydration risk. Search limits included the following: English language, published in the last 10 years, clinical trial, meta-analysis, practice guideline, randomized controlled trial, review, and humans. A manual review was conducted of relevant position statements and book chapters including the reference lists. Data Extraction: To evaluate the quality of the empirical studies to be included in this review, each study must have scored at least 17/22 or 77% of items included when reporting a randomized trial using the CONSORT checklist. Data Synthesis: Many cases of EHI are preventable and can be successfully treated if the ATC ® identifies indi viduals at increased relative risk and implement appropriate prevention strategies. The ability to objectively identify individuals at increased relative risk of EHI and to provide appropriate monitoring is critical in EHI prevention and reduction of repeated incidents of EHI. Conclusions: For any heat illness prevention program to be effective, greater attention and continued observation is needed for athletes at high risk for EHI. For many athletic teams or programs, because of the sheer numbers and associated catastrophic injury potential, health care professionals must implement a system by which high-risk individuals are monitored during activity with the highest level of vigilance for prevention of EHI. All physically active individuals are at some risk of exertional heat illness (EHI) such as heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke while exercising in warm and hot environments. However, certain individuals have greater susceptibility and are at higher risk for EHI than others. Exercise in the heat causes many homeostatic changes in the body, including compensatory adjustments in the circulatory, thermoregulatory, and endocrine systems. Many interrelated physiological processes
Discrepancies in Perceived Organizational Control: their Incidence and Importance in Local Churches*

The effects of discrepancies between preferred and perceived control among church members are investigated in terms of amount and distribution of control. For each dimension of control, three categories of respondents are identified: those who preferred a greater amount or wider distribution of control than they perceived to exist within their churches (deficit); those whose preferred and perceived control scores were identical (balance); and those who preferred a lesser amount or more concentrated distribution of control in their churches than they perceived to exist (surplus). For both amount and distribution of control, a perceived deficit is more common than a surplus. Respondents experiencing discrepancies in either direction are more dissatisfied and alienated than those with a balance in desired and perceived organizational control. A deficit is associated with more dissatisfaction (but not necessarily more alienation) than a surplus. Subsample comparisons show these findings hold for both officers and non-officers. Regression analyses show that discrepancies regarding organizational control are important even after other aspects of control have been introduced.
Essential role for the second extracellular loop in C5a receptor activation.

More than 90% of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) contain a disulfide bridge that tethers the second extracellular loop (EC2) to the third transmembrane helix. To determine the importance of EC2 and its disulfide bridge in receptor activation, we subjected this region of the complement factor 5a receptor (C5aR) to random saturation mutagenesis and screened for functional receptors in yeast. The cysteine forming the disulfide bridge was the only conserved residue in the EC2-mutated receptors. Notably, ∼80% of the functional receptors exhibited potent constitutive activity. These results demonstrate an unexpected role for EC2 as a negative regulator of C5a receptor activation. We propose that in other GPCRs, EC2 might serve a similar role by stabilizing the inactive state of the receptor.
Unraveling the mysteries of timing: women's perceptions about time to treatment for cardiac symptoms

Abstract Women in the USA are at disproportionate risk of dying from a myocardial infarction (MI), of suffering disabilities following an MI, and of reinfarcting and dying within a year of their initial MI. Various explanations, including women's older age at clinical manifestation of coronary heart disease (CHD) and higher likelihood of co-morbidities, have been offered for women's heightened risk of poor outcomes. Less frequently, research has focused on examining women's prolonged time elapse between symptom onset and biomedical treatment, a phenomenon that renders women less likely to undergo lifesaving reperfusion strategies. [1] To explore factors and circumstances that may shape CHD time to treatment, 40 middle age and older women living in Kentucky, USA, half with diagnosed CHD and half with chronic conditions considered to be risk factors for CHD, participated in a series of in-depth interviews. While much of the existing CHD literature implicates individual responsibility as the determining feature in time to treatment, these women's narratives suggested that treatment decisions inextricably are linked to broader social and structural constraints. Such supra-individual forces that shape the CHD experiences of women include the social construction of “standard” cardiac symptoms based on male norms that ultimately confuse symptom detection, women's negative encounters with health care providers who discount their knowledge, the competing social demands women face when threatened by a serious illness, and structural barriers delimiting women's health care choices.
Nutritional Myopathy Due to Vitamin E Deficiency in Calves Fed Fish Protein Concentrate as the Sole Source of Protein

Abstract Thirty male Holstein calves 3 to 7 days of age were used in an initial experiment to compare four rations containing fish protein concentrate (FPC) as the sole source of protein with two rations containing dried skimmilk. Necropsy examination at the conclusion of 8 weeks revealed a greater incidence and severity of nutritional myopathy in FPC-fed calves than in milk-fed calves despite all diets were supplemented with 46mg vitamin E per kilogram of dry ration. A second experiment to determine optimal dietary tocopherol supplementation for calves on fish protein diets as compared to calves fed skimmilk diets used 19 8-day-old Holstein calves of both sexes. Clinical signs of illness such as weakness and diarrhea were common among calves fed a fish protein ration unsupplemented with vitamin E. Histopathologic examination of tissues from two calves from each of five groups revealed no myopathy in calves receiving fish protein or skimmilk rations containing 46 or 92mg DL α -tocopheryl acetate per kilogram of ration. Of those receiving no supplemental vitamin E, both calves on fish protein and one on skimmilk had myopathy. Calves fed skimmilk gained more weight than fish protein-fed calves. Vitamin E supplementation improved the growth rate of calves fed fish protein, and calves on fish protein rations containing 92mg DL α -tocopheryl acetate per kilogram of dry matter gained more weight than calves on such rations containing only 46mg per kilogram. Tocopheryl supplementation did not increase growth rates of skimmilk-fed calves. Plasma tocopherol of all calves declined during the experiment, but among calves receiving supplemental tocopheryl, declines were greater in fish protein-fed calves than in those fed skimmilk.
MR Imaging and CT of the Biliary Tract

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and computed tomography (CT) can be useful in the diagnosis of biliary disease, with both modalities allowing detailed evaluation of the biliary tract. Careful interrogation of the images is critical, regardless of modality. The identification of dilated bile ducts necessitates evaluation for strictures or filling defects, which is best performed with thin-section imaging. Smooth, concentric short-segment strictures favor a benign cause, whereas abrupt, eccentric long-segment strictures favor a malignancy. At MR imaging, extrabiliary entities such as crossing vessels or metallic clip artifact may mimic strictures and should not be mistaken for disease. A stone is the most common biliary filling defect and may occur in the absence of dilated ducts. Stones commonly have a lamellated, geometric shape and are found in a dependent portion of the duct. Identification of bile duct wall thickening raises concern for cholangitis or malignancy. Improved diagnosis of biliary disease can be achieved with a knowledge of the benefits and limitations of modern MR and CT cholangiographic techniques, including the use of biliary-excreted contrast material and of various postprocessing techniques. Familiarity with the radiologic appearances of the duct lumen, wall, and surrounding structures is also important for accurate image interpretation. The rapidly evolving technology for both MR imaging and CT of the biliary tract will continue to present radiologists with opportunities as well as challenges.
Refinement of system-level designs using hybrid modeling

The design of complex systems requires an enormous amount of modeling and simulation at the various levels of detail to assure high quality results. Most design methodologies require the use of separate modeling languages and simulation environments for each refinement step and simulation technique. Since one of the major goals of design is to reduce the time to market for a given system, the current approaches are becoming unacceptable. A new unified modeling (UM) methodology is under development at the University of Virginia which provides a top-down/bottom-up design methodology based on a single modeling environment. This single environment methodology is made possible through a technique known as hybrid modeling, which enable the simulation and analysis of behavioral components within a system-level model. By simulating behavioral components along with components at the system modeling level, high risk portions of the design can be examined at earlier stages in a given product's development; thus reducing the time to market. The paper examines the hybrid modeling techniques which make this multi-level modeling possible.
Oxidative carbonylation of benzotrifluoride to form trifluoromethylbenzoic acid

Abstract The oxidative carbonylation of benzotrifluoride to form trifluoromethylbenzoic acid (TFMBA) has been catalyzed using either Rh(III) or a Pd(II) cation in combination with a carboxylic acid and its anhydride, ammonium metavanadate, CO, and O2. The influence of metal cation and vanadate concentrations, temperature, time, acid composition, and gas pressures, were explored. The accumulated data suggest that oxidative carbonylation of benzotrifluoride proceeds via an electrophilic mechanism. Rh-catalyzed reactions exhibited higher activity (∼70 turnovers in 4 h at 353 K) and trifluoromethylbenzoic acid selectivity (∼92–95%) than Pd-catalyzed reactions (∼6 turnovers in 4 h at 353 K and a trifluoromethylbenzoic acid selectivity of 80%). Formation of the principle reaction byproducts, benzoyl fluoride and benzoic acid, was highly dependant on the V(V) concentration and the acid composition. Reactions conducted in the presence of CF3COOH yielded the highest catalytic activity, but reactions conducted in CCl3COOH resulted in the highest trifluoromethylbenzoic acid selectivity. A possible mechanism for the reaction has been proposed.
Beneficial Effects of Humic Acid on Micronutrient Availability to Wheat

Humic acid (HA) is a relatively stable product of organic matter decomposition and thus accumulates in environmental systems. Humic acid might benefit plant growth by chelating unavailable nutrients and buffering pH. We examined the effect of HA on growth and micronutrient uptake in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown hydroponically. Four root-zone treatments were compared: (i) 25 micromoles synthetic chelate N-(4-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (C10H18N2O7) (HEDTA at 0.25 mM C); (ii) 25 micromoles synthetic chelate with 4-morpholineethanesulfonic acid (C6H13N4S) (MES at 5 mM C) pH buffer; (iii) HA at 1 mM C without synthetic chelate or buffer; and (iv) no synthetic chelate or buffer. Ample inorganic Fe (35 micromoles Fe3+) was supplied in all treatments. There was no statistically significant difference in total biomass or seed yield among treatments, but HA was effective at ameliorating the leaf interveinal chlorosis that occurred during early growth of the nonchelated treatment. Leaf-tissue Cu and Zn concentrations were lower in the HEDTA treatment relative to no chelate (NC), indicating HEDTA strongly complexed these nutrients, thus reducing their free ion activities and hence, bioavailability. Humic acid did not complex Zn as strongly and chemical equilibrium modeling supported these results. Titration tests indicated that HA was not an effective pH buffer at 1 mM C, and higher levels resulted in HA-Ca and HA-Mg flocculation in the nutrient solution.
MELTING POT INFLUENCES ON SECONDARY ENGLISH CURRICULUM POLICY

This article explores how racial, cultural, and linguistic diversity are addressed in secondary English curriculum policy in Massachusetts, U.S.A. Data are analyzed through theories of the sociology of knowledge and the myth of the United States melting pot. Analysis revealed that curriculum policy privileged Eurocentric literature and the English language and adhered to a melting pot ideology. The article considers how the international educational policy movement toward post-standardization may afford greater responsiveness to diversity.
Salvage surgery after failure of endoscopic balloon dilatation versus surgery first for ileocolonic anastomotic stricture due to recurrent Crohn's disease.

Background Both surgical resection and endoscopic balloon dilatation are treatment options for ileocolonic anastomotic stricture caused by recurrent Crohn's disease unresponsive to medications. Perioperative outcomes of salvage surgery owing to failed endoscopic balloon dilatation in comparison with performing surgery first for the same indication are unclear. Methods An analysis of a prospectively maintained Crohn's disease database was carried out to compare perioperative outcomes of patients who had surgery for failure of endoscopic balloon dilatation with outcomes in patients who underwent resection first for ileocolonic anastomotic stricture caused by recurrent Crohn's disease between 1997 and 2013. Results Of 194 patients, 114 (58·8 per cent) underwent surgery without previous endoscopic balloon dilatation. The remaining 80 patients had salvage surgery after one or more endoscopic balloon dilatations during a median treatment span of 14·5 months. Patients in the salvage surgery group had a significantly shorter length of anastomotic stricture (P < 0·001). Salvage surgery was associated with increased rates of stoma formation (P = 0·030), overall surgical-site infection (SSI) (P = 0·025) and organ/space SSI (P = 0·030). In multivariable analysis, preoperative endoscopic balloon dilatation was independently associated with both postoperative SSI (odds ratio 3·16, 95 per cent c.i. 1·01 to 9·84; P = 0·048) and stoma diversion (odds ratio 3·33, 1·14 to 9·78; P = 0·028). Conclusion Salvage surgery after failure of endoscopic balloon dilatation is associated with increased adverse outcomes in comparison with surgery first. This should be discussed with patients being considered for endoscopic balloon dilatation for ileocolonic anastomotic stricture due to recurrent Crohn's disease.
Neutral Landscapes: Bases for Exploration in Landscape Ecology

Neutral landscape models are computer-generated representations of the spatial pattern of habitat. Most are based on a grid of cells, although network (graph theory) representations are increasing. Representation of the landscape varies from binary (habitat – non-habitat) to nearly continuous. The motivations for this approach to the study of landscapes include concepts derived from island biogeography as well as the idea that computer experiments might be substituted for real experiments at such spatial extents. Different spatial patterns can be generated using the three primary algorithms for grid-based neutral landscapes (random, hierarchical, and fractal), while network representations are usually variations on networks derived from observed landscapes. Scale, encompassing both resolution and extent in cellular models as it is in the network models, is an underlying issue that needs to be addressed more explicitly, but it is not a fatal flaw. Numerous applications of neutral landscapes have been developed in assessing actual landscapes, evaluating spatial metrics, and studying landscape connectivity – especially in relation to organism movement or dispersal. Neutral landscapes offer geographers opportunities to pursue spatial questions and to influence questions in landscape ecology.
Establishment of the USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital in 1978

The Children's Nutrition Research Center (CNRC) is a unique cooperative venture among Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and the USDA/Agricultural Research Service. The CNRC is dedicated to defining the nutrient needs of children, from conception through adolescence, and the needs of pregnant women and nursing mothers. Scientific data from the Center enable healthcare providers and policy advisors to make dietary recommendations that improve the health of today's children and that of generations to come. CNRC research has already impacted feeding guidelines for normal U.S. children and all children of the world.
Impacts of Dredging Activities on the Accumulation of Dioxins in Surface Sediments of the Houston Ship Channel, Texas

YEAGER, K.M.; BRINKMEYER, R.; RAKOCINSKI, C.F.; SCHINDLER, K.J., and SANTSCHI, P.H., 2010. Impacts of dredging activities on the accumulation of dioxins in surface sediments of the Houston Ship Channel, Texas. Journal of Coastal Research, 26(4), 743–752. West Palm Beach (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The Houston Ship Channel (HSC) and upper Galveston Bay (GB), Texas, are known to be contaminated with dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans), the majority of which are associated with sediments. Since 1914, dredging operations to establish, sporadically expand, and consistently maintain a navigable channel for large ships has been and remains continuous here. The objectives of this research focus on determining if dredging activities have any significant impact on the quantities of dioxins associated with surface sediments in the HSC and GB. Four transects were sampled, located on the dredged and undredged sides of two dredge-spoil islands. Sediment samples were characterized in terms of their organic carbon contents, grain size fractions, indicator dioxin concentrations (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin [TCDD], 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran [TCDF], and toxic equivalents), and fallout radionuclide activities. The physical and geochemical data were examined using a combination of principal components analysis and one-way analysis of variance. Results of the statistical tests show that (1) sedimentary dioxin concentrations are significantly higher adjacent to the northernmost dredge-spoil island, which is located closer to a recently identified dioxin point source (San Jacinto waste pits); and (2) while mean sedimentary dioxin concentrations were slightly higher for undredged as compared to dredged transect samples as a whole, these differences were not significant (p . 0.05). Mean fallout isotope ratio values ( 7
A re-evaluation of the motor inhibition--fantasy hypothesis.

Summary Because support for the hypothesis that motor inhibition stimulates fantasy is based entirely on changes in the Rorschach M response, the generality of the phenomenon is in doubt and was tested by observing the effect of restricted motility on TAT productions, scored for fantasy with the Transcendence Index. The influences of general activity level and daydreaming tendency also were studied, as well as the hypothesis that motor inhibition specifically affects only fantasy about movement. No change in movement fantasy, non-movement fantasy, or total fantasy was found in the present study, suggesting that previous investigators may have overstated the case in inferring that total fantasy is stimulated by motor inhibition. Rather, some property specific to the M response may be involved, and some speculation about its nature is offered.
Genetic and Epigenetic Changes in Human Prostate Cancer

Acquired or inherited genetic alterations either alone or in combination with epigenetic alterations are associated with prostate carcinogenesis and its progression toward advance metastatic or castration-re sistant disease. A major objective of translational cancer research in post-genome era is to discover the repertoire of genetic and epigenetic variations associated with prostate cancer. Genome-wide association studies have been at least partially successful in identifying potential germline polymorphisms and allelic imbalances such as microsatellite instability and loss of heterozygosity associated with prostate cancer susceptibility. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA hyper- or hypomethylation and histone modifications are reversible genetic alterations which allow stable inheritance of cellular phenotypes without any changes in the DNA sequence or quantity. Epigenetic modifications can potentially be used for the molecular classification, detection, and risk assessment in prostate cancer. Chemical inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases and histone deacetylases have been used in different clinical trials and hold promise as novel chemotherapeutics to be effective alone or in combination with other therapeutic interventions in prostate cancer.
Toward a predictive understanding of the fitness costs of heterospecific pollen receipt and its importance in co-flowering communities

UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY While we have a good understanding of how co-flowering plants interact via pollinator foraging, we still know very little about how plants interact via heterospecific pollen (HP) receipt. To fill this gap, we sought to illuminate the extent of HP receipt and quantitatively evaluate the fitness consequences of HP receipt. We consider plant traits that could mediate the fitness costs of HP receipt in an effort to better understand the potential consequences of pollinator sharing in natural communities. • METHODS We survey the literature for occurrence of HP receipt and assess variation in the fitness effects of a standard HP treatment. We develop a conceptual framework for understanding variation in fitness consequences of HP receipt. • KEY RESULTS We find evidence for variation in HP receipt and its costs. Our framework predicts that certain traits (self-incompatibility, small, highly aperaturate or allelopathic pollen) will lead to detrimental HP donors, whereas others (self-compatibility, small or wet stigmas, short styles) will lead to vulnerable HP recipients. We also predict that detrimental effects of HP receipt will increase with decreasing phylogenetic distance between donor and recipient. • CONCLUSIONS Our framework can guide much needed additional work so that we can evaluate whether and which plant traits contribute to the variation in the effects of HP receipt. This will be a step toward predicting the consequences of HP receipt in natural communities, and ultimately transform our understanding of the role of postpollination interactions in floral trait evolution and pollinator sharing.
The Journey From Heir Apparent to CEO: Win, Wait, or Walk?

The article discusses research on executive succession which found that incumbent chief executive officers (CEOs) are highly influential in the process of power transfer. The author speculates that CEOs maneuver to avoid the loss of influence, prestige, and money that comes with stepping down while they are still in a position of power. A strong CEO will typically reduce the likelihood of an heir apparent moving up into their position. Poorly performing firms, however, are less likely to lose an heir apparent when the CEO is in a position of great power and assuming responsibility.
Physiological Arousal and Its Dysregulation in Child Maladjustment

Arousal and its regulation are key components of emotion, temperament, and flexible responding needed for healthy adjustment. This article presents a biosocial vulnerability model suggesting that maladjustment arises when psychological mechanisms are disrupted by changes in nervous system functioning that cause the discoordination of physiological regulatory systems, potentially leading to hyper- or hypoarousal and arousal dysregulation. The model posits bidirectional relationships with adverse social context at any level, ultimately derailing affective, cognitive, and interpersonal processes, which can increase psychopathology. Applications are made to childhood aggression and autism spectrum disorder as two examples of how differences in arousal and its dysregulation can impact child adjustment.
A discrete convolution kernel for No-DC MRI.

An analytical inversion formula for the exponential Radon transform with an imaginary attenuation coefficient was developed in 2007 (2007 Inverse Problems 23 1963–71). The inversion formula in that paper suggested that it is possible to obtain an exact MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) image without acquiring low-frequency data. However, this un-measured low-frequency region (ULFR) in the k-space (which is the two-dimensional Fourier transform space in MRI terminology) must be very small. This current paper derives a FBP (filtered backprojection) algorithm based on You’s formula by suggesting a practical discrete convolution kernel. A point spread function is derived for this FBP algorithm. It is demonstrated that the derived FBP algorithm can have a larger ULFR than that in the 2007 paper. The significance of this paper is that we present a closed-form reconstruction algorithm for a special case of under-sampled MRI data. Usually, under-sampled MRI data requires iterative (instead of analytical) algorithms with L1-norm or total variation norm to reconstruct the image.
Murine model of large-vein electrolytic injury induction of thrombosis with slow resolution

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and its sequela, pulmonary embolism, occur at a rate of 1 per 1000 person/year. Experimental models for evaluation of DVT have many short-comings, such as mechanical occlusion or stenosis to cause thrombosis, rather than the clinical scenario of thrombosis causing occlusion/stenosis. The goal of this study was to develop a model of flow-based large-vein thrombosis with resistance to resolution, to model clinical DVT behavior. Adult male C57Bl/6 mice underwent thrombus induction via an electrolytic injury to the femoral vein (3V positive current for 90s), with subsequent intra-vital fluorescence quantitation of platelet and fibrin accumulation through the first 60 min, and final histomorphometric volume evaluation at 1, 7, 14, and 28 days. Platelet accumulation at the injury site was comparable to a milder electrolytic injury, whereas fibrin was greatly augmented by 60 min in the more severe injury model. Thrombi showed persistent presence at 1 and 7 days, with remodeling to a stenotic fibrosis that encroached into the lumen at 14 and 28 days. The thrombotic/fibrotic volume within the femoral vein fell by 23% from 1 to 7 days, but had a residual presence at 28 days that was 31% the 1-day volume. This new model may provide an alternative approach to evaluating DVT persistence and therapeutic inhibition, to develop a better understanding of the clinical progression of DVT to thrombophlebitis.
Writing about Aj Pop B'atz': Bruce Grindal and the Transformation of Ethnographic Writing

Summary The works of Bruce Grindal teach us many things about anthropology's humanistic tradition. With examples such as Redneck Girl and “Postmodernism as Seen by the Boys at Downhome Auto Repair,” Bruce Grindal demonstrated how we can creatively engage our ethnographic writing to reflect lived experiences. In this article, I examine Bruce's influence on my ethnographic writing and collaborative research in the Maya community of San Juan Chamelco, Guatemala. Since 2006, I have worked collaboratively with a group of Chamelquenos to investigate the story of their local hero, Aj Pop B’atz’. In the 16th century, Aj Pop B’atz’ welcomed Spanish invaders to Chamelco in peace, avoiding the death and destruction suffered by indigenous communities elsewhere. Today, he is revered as a model of indigenous identity. Throughout our work together, my collaborators and I sought outlets to share the information learned through our research with the community. In 2012, we co-wrote a bilingual children's book about Aj Pop B’atz’ for use in Chamelco's schools. This book offered school children a chance to reconnect with their history, lost through decades of state-sponsored violence. The Aj Pop B’atz’ project, inspired by Bruce Grindal's legacy, reveals that ethnographic writing can inform creative collaborative projects, making them accessible to those outside of academia and those with whom we work in the field.
Pernicious Economic Rules: The SEC's Inglorious Role in Limiting Small Business's Access to Capital

One of the most curious and misdirected regulatory approaches of the Securities and Exchange Commission is the Commission's relentless refusal to permit small businesses to solicit broadly for external capital. The Commission is ably assisted in this unfortunate approach by state blue sky laws and state securities regulators. To some extent, it has always been a perfect storm for small businesses in this regard. The Securities and Exchange Commission has never understood small businesses, the way they raise capital and the obstacles they face in the capital markets, and high profile matters have left the Commission little time for (or interest in) the problems of small issuers. State securities regulators, who hold trumps in the matter, have a notorious hostility to legitimate capital formation activities by small companies. Finally, collective action problems have made it difficult for small issuers to compete for fair and efficient governmental rules respecting capital formation. As a result, small businesses, which are vital to our national economy and otherwise face enormous structural impediments when they compete for external capital, are further disadvantaged by burdensome, inefficient and anti-competitive governmental regulatory schemes. The purpose of this article is to make the case for Commission action freeing small companies from regulatory rules that unfairly limit their legitimate capital formation activities. The focus of the article is Regulation D, which is the most likely path small issuers take in order to meet the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933. Regulation D, however, requires issuers in marketing their securities to refrain from any general solicitation. State blue sky laws also effectively prohibit any general solicitation by small businesses attempting to rely on Regulation D. The Commission can - and should - eliminate both the federal and state prohibitions against general solicitations in Regulation D offerings. Permitting small issuers to solicit broadly in a Regulation D offering would improve small businesses access to external capital without any loss of investor protection.
Semiautomated Susceptibility Systems

SIR-The correspondence entitled "A Critique of Semiautomated Susceptibility Systems" (Rev Infect Dis 1987;9:655-9) raises some thought-provoking questions concerning results from semiautomated systems. It is appropriate that microbiologists question whether <4-hour antibiotic test results will be used by the clinician and whether these results are as accurate as more conventional 18-24-hour results. The authors correctly note that <4-hour results will differ from 18-hour results for many of the 3-lactam agents due to morphologic changes in the bacterium during the bacterial-agent interaction. The authors also suggest that there should be little difference in the <4-hour and 18-hour results for the aminoglycosides, since the morphologic alterations they describe are not seen. Inaccurate rapid aminoglycoside results may also occur, but for another reason. We noted in 1982 [1] that the Autobac I rapid semiautomated system reported "false-sensitive" results of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-gentamicin tests. Mixed populations of slow-growing resistant strains and faster-growing sensitive strains were interpreted as sensitive at 5 hours by the Autobac I system. Only after prolonged incubation of the cuvettes was a resistant result registered. These mixed populations of organisms could not be differentiated on primary isolation media, but double zones of inhibition clearly indicated the presence of two organisms on Kirby-Bauer test plates. These data further support the authors' call for caution in our attempt to generate rapid results.
"Tell me what you don't remember": care-seeking facilitators and barriers in the decade following repetitive blast exposure among army combat veterans

ABSTRACT Objectives: This study sought to understand facilitators and barriers to care seeking among blast-exposed veterans and service members who served before the implementation of systematic screening for traumatic brain injury. Methods: Informed by principles of Grounded Theory, we used theoretical sampling and conducted 31 interviews with 15 veterans and 10 veteran family members. Data were iteratively collected and thematically analyzed. Results: The most critical facilitator in initiating care was encouragement—verging on insistence—from a spouse, family member, or employer. Although respondents overwhelmingly described veteran and military health systems responding inadequately to patient needs, respondents also described exceptional health professionals who stood in contrast, dedicated to providing quality care. Barriers to ongoing care included: scheduling complications; redeployments; insufficient or inaccessible documentation of blast encounters or medical history; high provider turnover inte...
Pride and Prejudice and Administrative Zombies: How Economic Woes, Outdated Environmental Regulations, and State Exceptionalism Failed Flint, Michigan

It was just over forty years ago, shortly before the Safe Drinking Water Act was passed, that a group of mothers in the small, sleepy town of Woburn, Massachusetts realized there just may have been a connection between their childrens’ leukemia and the town’s water supply. They withstood the terrible smell and masked the water’s rancid flavor with orange juice. For months, they inquired, complained, and assembled in hopes that someone in a position of authority would notice what was so obvious to them. And for months, they were dismissed and even ridiculed. Turns out, they were right. It took a lawsuit and years of work by the Environmental Protection Agency, epidemiologists, and lawyers to shine a light on the seriousness of the contamination, the consequences, and the need for regulatory oversight. Fast forward to 2014: A group of concerned mothers begin complaining about the taste and smell of the water in Flint, Michigan. Bringing bottles of brown water with them to assemblies in front of town hall did little to prompt city and state officials to do anything. It took a caring pediatrician and a brave professor to wrangle city, state, and even federal officials into acknowledging the highly toxic levels of lead in the water supply. But this time, more than forty years later, it should have been different. With decades of perspective and what some say are “overreaching” regulations in place, the environmental disaster in Flint should not have happened. This article explores how and why the crisis occurred, despite the safeguards created by the Safe Drinking Water Act and the Lead and Copper Rule of 1991, which were meant to prevent this kind of disaster. I then argue why the current “action level” for lead concentrations in tap water, which requires public water systems to act to protect the public, is unsafe according to current toxicological and epidemiological data. Finally, I discuss how the current climate of “state exceptionalism” and lack of federal oversight contributed to the crisis, and suggest regulatory changes to provide a much needed public safety net.
Programmed cell death in extraocular muscle tendon/sclera precursors.

PURPOSE This study was designed to examine the occurrence of natural cell death in the periocular mesenchyme of mouse embryos. METHODS Vital staining with LysoTracker Red and Nile blue sulfate as well as terminal nick end labeling (TUNEL) were utilized to identify apoptotic cell death in whole and histologicaly sectioned gestational day 10.5 to 14 mouse embryos. Laser scanning confocal microscopy was used to provide a three dimensional representation of the cell death pattern. Immunohistochemical staining for neural crest and myoblast populations was utilized to indicate the cell population undergoing apoptosis. RESULTS Programmed cell death was evident in the developing rectus muscle tendons/sclera on gestational days 11 through 12.5 (corresponding to the weeks 5-6 of human development). Although each of these peripheral periocular condensations has readily apparent amounts of apoptosis, the pattern of cell death varied among them. Cell death was most apparent in the superior rectus tendon primordium, while that for the lateral rectus had the least evidence of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Although apoptosis was readily evident in the periocular mesenchyme in distinct regions located medial and distal to the developing rectus muscles, programmed cell death in these sites has not previously been reported. New imaging techniques coupled with stains that evidence apoptotic cell death have made it possible to define this tissue as a prominent region of programmed cell death. Although neuronal tissues, including particular regions of the developing eye, are well recognized as sites of programmed cell death, description of this phenomenon in the extraocular tendon/sclera precursors is novel.
Congenital overinflation: prenatal MRI and US findings and outcomes.

Objective The purpose is to describe fetal MR and US findings of congenital overinflation (CO) and to correlate with postnatal outcome. Methods Two radiologists reviewed fetal MR and US images in 25 fetuses diagnosed with CO. Lesion size, appearance, location, and presence of hydrops were documented. Chart review was performed for pregnancy outcome, postnatal imaging, interventions, histopathology, and clinical outcome. Results All lesions demonstrated primarily homogeneous increased echogenicity and MR signal with absent pulmonary vascular distortion. A tubular cystic hilar structure was consistent with a dilated bronchus (68% MR, 25% US). The right lower (32%) and left lower (23%) lobes were most commonly involved. Two cases with central bronchial obstruction resulted in perinatal demise. Of 23 live births, 17 were asymptomatic, 1 symptomatic, and 5 lost to follow-up. Postnatal CT was performed in 17 of 18 patients confirming CO. Histopathology in nine patients revealed bronchial anomalies with hyperinflated (n = 7) or polyalveolar lung (n = 2). Nine patients were observed and remained asymptomatic. Conclusions Fetal MR and US demonstrate a consistent pattern of imaging findings in fetuses with CO. Many cases are asymptomatic and can be managed with nonsurgical conservative therapy. CO because of central bronchial obstruction is associated with a guarded prognosis. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Video coding—techniques, standards, and applications

Teleconferencing has developed through the stages of audio, and video, and now data-conferencing (including fax, file exchange, shared-document editing, etc), and is poised to move on to virtual reality (VR) methods. VR may involve the mixing of real and synthetic video (for example, placing the real video images of peoples’ head and shoulders round a synthetic conference table), or even just purely synthetic video (for example, using completely synthetic representations of people— ‘avatars’).