cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the effectiveness of induced seismicity mitigation: Numerical modeling of wastewater injection near Greeley, Colorado

Mitigation of injection-induced seismicity in Greeley, Colorado, is based largely on proximity of wastewater disposal wells to seismicity and consists of cementation of the bottom of wells to eliminate connection between the disposal interval and crystalline basement. Brief injection rate reductions followed felt events, but injection rates returned to high levels, >250,000 barrels/month, within six months. While brief rate reduction reduces seismicity in the short term, overall seismicity is not reduced. We examine contributions to pore pressure change by injection from twenty-two wells within 30 kilometers of the center of seismicity. The combined injection rate of seven disposal wells within 15 kilometers of the seismicity (Greeley Wells) is correlated with the seismicity rate. We find that injection from NGL-C4A, the well previously suspected as the likely cause of the induced seismicity, is responsible for ~28% of pore pressure increase. The other six Greeley Wells contribute ~28% of pore pressure increase, and the fifteen Far-field Wells between 15 and 30 kilometers from the seismicity contribute ~44% of pore pressure increase. Modeling results show that NGL-C4A plays the largest role in increased pore pressure, but shows the six other Greeley Wells have approximately the same influence as NGL-C4A. Furthermore, the fifteen Far-field Wells have significant influence on pore pressure near the seismicity. Since the main mitigation action of cementing the bottom of wells has not decreased seismicity, mitigation based on reduced injection rates and spacing wells farther apart would likely have a higher potential for success.
ESTIMATING THE EARTH'S IMPEDANCE FUNCTION WHEN THERE IS NOISE IN THE ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC SIGNALS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a technique for making asymptotically unbiased estimates of the transfer or impedance function of an electric circuit, a black box, or the earth when both the input and output signals are contaminated by additive noises. The chapter explores the consistency of an estimator of a constant multiple of a minimum-phase frequency response function for the situation in which both the input series and the output series are measured with error. The chapter also explains how the constant multiplier can be determined and how an estimate of the phase of the frequency response function can be obtained from the cross spectrum of the observed series. It then presents an estimate of a multiple of the amplitude function by way of approximations to the Hilbert transform formulas connecting these quantities. The effectiveness of this procedure is demonstrated by adding noise to a known set of magnetic and electric field data from magnetotellurics and then recovering the estimate of the impedance function of the earth gotten from the noiseless data.
Digital Distraction: Shedding Light on the 21st-Century College Classroom:

It is not uncommon to walk into a college classroom and find all heads bowed down to a flashing screen and the room . . . silent. While digital devices can certainly support learning, what about wh...
Physical Activity Interventions to Decrease Substance Use in Youth: A Review of the Literature.

Background: Adolescent substance use, a major problem in the United States, has a significant negative effect on both short- and long-term mental and physical health. Physical activity (PA) may off...
Three-dimensional shallow water sound propagation and applications toward acoustical oceanography

Underwater sound propagation in areas of the continental shelf, shelf break, and continental slope can encounter strong horizontal reflection, refraction, diffraction, focusing, and/or defocusing due to a variety of environmental factors, including bathymetric variability, water column fluctuations (internal waves and shelf-break fronts), and boundary roughness. Theoretical, numerical, and experimental approaches have been taken to investigate the underlying physics of these three-dimensional (3-D) sound propagation effects and their temporal and spatial variability induced jointly by marine geological features and dynamic oceanographic processes. Some recent work on theoretical analysis, numerical modeling and field work experiments to study 3-D sound propagation in nonlinear internal wave ducts, over the continental slope and in submarine canyons will be reviewed in this talk. The ultimate goal of investing these 3-D sound propagation effects is to improve long-distance acoustical oceanographic technolo...
Quantitative critical thinking: Student activities using Bayesian updating

One of the central roles of physics education is the development of students' ability to evaluate proposed hypotheses and models. This ability is important not just for students' understanding of physics but also to prepare students for future learning beyond physics. In particular, it is often hoped that students will better understand the manner in which physicists leverage the availability of prior knowledge to guide and constrain the construction of new knowledge. Here, we discuss how the use of Bayes' Theorem to update the estimated likelihood of hypotheses and models can help achieve these educational goals through its integration with evaluative activities that use hypothetico-deductive reasoning. Several types of classroom and laboratory activities are presented that engage students in the practice of Bayesian likelihood updating on the basis of either consistency with experimental data or consistency with pre-established principles and models. This approach is sufficiently simple for introductory...
Science and Religion: Meshing and Conflicting Worldviews

In this chapter we examine how various religious groups and belief systems experience the potential conflict between science and religion, as well as the degree of conflict experienced. The reasons behind these conflicts are explored with an eye toward cultural perceptions of science and the perception of the scientific culture toward various faith groups. Finally, the ways in which groups that do not experience cultural conflict with science perceive science are explored, with the goal of discovering how potentially conflicting worldviews are able to mesh. These insights are utilized to present strategies for effective science teaching.
The Coefficients of Cyclotomic Polynomials

Let \( {_n}(z) = \sum\nolimits_{m = o}^{(n)} {a(m,n){z^m}} \) be the nth cyclotomic polynomial. Let $$ A\left( n \right)\, = \,\mathop {\max }\limits_{0\, \leqslant \,m\, \leqslant \,\phi \,\left( n \right)} \,\left| {a\,\left( {m,\,n} \right)} \right| $$ (1.1) and let $$ S\left( n \right)\, = \,\sum\limits_{0\, \leqslant \,m\, \leqslant \,\phi \,\left( n \right)\,} {\left| {a\,\left( {m,n} \right)} \right|} . $$ .
Five Key Factors in Supporting Comprehensive School Reform

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss five key factors that contribute to supporting the successful implementation of comprehensive school reform. We discuss the effects of various systemic and school factors including: (1) the reform selection process; (2) leadership at site and district levels; (3) design team support and professional development; (4) fiscal resources to support reform; and (5) the reform’s ability to help schools meet state accountability mandates. This chapter draws upon qualitative data gathered in of a longitudinal case study of comprehensive school reform in 12 schools in three states. Findings from this case study are discussed in light of other research on comprehensive school reform
Is Social Work Still Racist? A Content Analysis of Recent Literature

Addressing systems of oppression that disproportionately affect racial and ethnic minoritized groups appears to be of marginal interest in social work's professional literature. This article describes the content analysis of articles on Asian Pacific Islander (API) Americans, African Americans, Latinx or Hispanic Americans, and Native or Indigenous Americans in four major social work journals published between 2005 and 2015. (The analysis serves to update a 1992 article by Anthony McMahon and Paula Allen-Meares that examined literature between 1980 and 1989.) Of the 1,690 articles published in Child Welfare, Research on Social Work Practice, Social Service Review, and Social Work over an 11-year period, only 123 met the criteria for inclusion. Findings suggest that social work researchers are still failing to address institutional racism and are relying heavily on micro-level interventions when working with minoritized groups. Social workers need to increase efforts to dismantle institutional racism.
3D visualization of sex differences in the immune response to influenza infection in the mouse lung

Recent developments of imaging techniques, including histo-cytometry and a new tissue clearing and staining protocol called Clearing-enhanced 3D (Ce3D), allow for high-resolution, 3D multiplex quantitative imaging and analysis of cell populations in intact organ material. We have established a panel of 10–14 markers for use in Ce3D-cleared 250μm-thick sections of lung tissue to visualize both innate and adaptive aspects of the immune response as comprehensively as possible. This panel, combined with quantitative analysis provided by histo-cytometry, allows for the collection of larger, more informative imaging datasets than typically generated by conventional histochemistry methods. In our study, we applied these techniques to the mouse model of influenza A virus (IAV) infection to investigate the patterns of immune cell distribution and viral spread in the lungs of male and female mice. In C57BL/6J mice, we observed increased mortality in female mice compared to males when infected with the same dose of the lethal PR8 strain of IAV. Literature research as well as data from the infection of different transgenic mouse lines suggest that higher levels of innate inflammation in female mice may lead to the observed difference in mortality. Ce3D multiplex images show multiple differences in the distribution of both innate immune cells and infected areas in lungs from male and female mice. This study will contribute to a better understanding of both the immune response to IAV infection and sex differences in immunity in general, potentially leading to better design of tailored vaccines and treatments in the future.
Abstract P191: Greater Beat-To-Beat Blood Pressure Variability is Associated With Lower Cognitive Performance Independent of Mean Blood Pressure Among Cigarette Smokers

Introduction: Cigarette smoking is associated with increased cerebrovascular disease risk and reduced cognitive performance, particularly in domains sensitive to vascular insults, such as executive...
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Support Ophthalmic Suspension Product Development

FDA’s Orange Book lists 17 currently marketed active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) formulated within ophthalmic suspensions in which a majority has 90% or more of the API undissolved. We used an ocular physiologically based pharmacokinetic (O-PBPK) model to compare a suspension with a solution for ophthalmic products with dexamethasone (Dex) as the model drug. Simulations with a Dex suspension O-PBPK model previously verified in rabbit were used to characterize the consequences of drug clearance mechanism in the precorneal compartment on pharmacokinetic (PK) exposure and to assess the ocular and systemic PK characteristics of ophthalmic suspensions with different strengths or magnitudes of viscosity. O-PBPK-based simulations show that (1) Dex suspension 0.05% has a 2.5- and 5-fold higher AUC in aqueous humor and plasma, respectively, than the Dex saturated solution; (2) strength increase by 5- and 10-fold induces a respective 2.2- and 3.3-fold increase in aqueous humor and 4.4- and 8.6-fold increase in plasma Cmax and AUC; and (3) increasing formulation viscosity (from 1.6 to 75 cP) causes an overall increase in API available for absorption in the cornea resulting in a higher ocular Cmax and AUC with no significant impact on systemic exposure. This research demonstrates that solid particles present in a suspension can not only help to achieve a higher ocular exposure but also unfavorably raise systemic exposure. A model able to correlate formulation changes to both ocular and plasma exposure is a necessary tool to support ocular product development taking into consideration both local efficacy and systemic safety aspects.
Designing cancer immunotherapy trials with delayed treatment effect using maximin efficiency robust statistics

The indirect mechanism of action of immunotherapy causes a delayed treatment effect, producing delayed separation of survival curves between the treatment groups, and violates the proportional hazards assumption. Therefore using the log-rank test in immunotherapy trial design could result in a severe loss efficiency. Although few statistical methods are available for immunotherapy trial design that incorporates a delayed treatment effect, recently, Ye and Yu proposed the use of a maximin efficiency robust test (MERT) for the trial design. The MERT is a weighted log-rank test that puts less weight on early events and full weight after the delayed period. However, the weight function of the MERT involves an unknown function that has to be estimated from historical data. Here, for simplicity, we propose the use of an approximated maximin test, the V0 test, which is the sum of the log-rank test for the full data set and the log-rank test for the data beyond the lag time point. The V0 test fully uses the trial data and is more efficient than the log-rank test when lag exits with relatively little efficiency loss when no lag exists. The sample size formula for the V0 test is derived. Simulations are conducted to compare the performance of the V0 test to the existing tests. A real trial is used to illustrate cancer immunotherapy trial design with delayed treatment effect.
Labyrinthine concussion: Historic otopathologic antecedents of a challenging diagnosis

Objective The term "labyrinthine concussion" has evolved to mean audiovestibular dysfunction in the absence of a temporal bone fracture (TBF). Despite a multitude of case descriptions of labyrinthine concussion, the precise pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Herein, we explore the historical otopathologic underpinnings of the diagnosis of labyrinthine concussion with a focus on the auditory pathway during the late 19th to the mid-20th centuries and conclude with a discussion of its contemporary relevance. Methods and data sources A review of primary and secondary medical sources written in English, German, and French on otopathology labyrinthine concussion studies from the late-19th to the mid-20th centuries. Results Around the turn of the 20th century, otopathologists identified histologic changes in the temporal bones of individuals that sustained head injury without TBFs. Based on these otopathologic findings in humans, early experiments investigating the pathophysiology of labyrinthine concussion were performed in animals through either the delivery of blows to the head or direct introduction of a pressure wave into the labyrinthine fluid. Collectively, otopathologists hypothesized that predominant mechanisms for labyrinthine concussion included inner ear hemorrhage, cochleovestibular nerve traction injury, direct damage from a labyrinthine fluid pressure wave, or vasomotor dysfunction. Conclusion Historical study shows a variety of inner ear pathologies potentially responsible for auditory dysfunction following head injury. Understanding the history and otopathology of labyrinthine concussion may help clinicians focus on new pathways toward novel research and improved patient care.
Latest Advances in Limb Lengthening Using Magnetically Controlled Intramedullary Lengthening Nails

Magnetically controlled intramedullary lengthening nails (MCILN) have revolutionized the field of limb lengthening and deformity correction. They allow for accurate and precise distraction with excellent patient outcomes and satisfaction. Though potentially technically easier than external fixation, general deformity principles and bone and soft-tissue biology must be considered for successful use. MCILN can address deformities of a wide range of etiologies including congenital, posttraumatic, post-infectious, tumor, and many others with excellent healing rates and outcomes as well as better patient satisfaction and similar cost compared to external fixation. Of the approximately 10,000 MCILN that have been implanted (written communication, NuVasive, Inc., San Diego, California), about 749 cases have been reported in the published literature. Applications outside of deformity correction are on the rise, with new uses reported in reconstruction after tumor resection and acute trauma. This review of MCILN summarizes the history, recent advances, and results of MCILN treatment in a multitude of clinical applications.
Investigation of immune repertoires in thymoma.

e21117Background: Paraneoplastic autoimmune manifestations are seen in 30 to 40% of thymoma cases. Thymus plays the main role in T- cell maturation with ‘negative selection’ of autoreactive T-cells...
Schrödinger evolution of the Hawking state

A Schr\"odinger picture description of the evolving quantum state of Hawking radiation is given, based on an ADM decomposition using time slicings that smoothly cross the horizon. This treatment avoids requiring a role for trans-planckian excitations, which can be viewed as artifacts of Hawking's original calculation, and also supports arguments that radiation from black holes is produced in a ``quantum atmosphere'' with thickness comparable to the horizon size, rather than microscopically far from it. Particularly explicit formulas are given for the two-dimensional analog of the Schwarzschild geometry. This analysis is expected to generalize to other black holes, and to cosmology. The resulting quantum evolution also provides important background for investigating corrections to the Hawking process, as are necessary for restoring unitary evolution of black hole decay.
Core Mentalizing Techniques

The purpose of this chapter is to define the core techniques necessary to implement mentalizing therapy. First, the therapist will be introduced to the four legs of the mentalizing stance: inquisitive or not knowing, holding the balance, stopping non-mentalizing, and highlighting/reinforcing accurate mentalizing. Second, the therapist will learn how to recognize specific moments in therapy where mentalizing has gone awry in three specific ways: psychic equivalence, teleological, and pretend mode. Next, techniques designed to restore mentalizing once a specific non-mentalizing mode is recognized are reviewed. Finally, the therapist learns how to use the iterative process of the mentalizing loop (or notice and name) to organize the therapy around coherent themes that can assist the patient in addressing their identified concerns.
Political Development in the New States (II)

The elites of the new states are seeking to a greater extent than ever before to create something new. Their aspirations are cast on a more drastic and more comprehensive scale even than those of the European revolutionaries who have flourished since 1789. They are working to a model, which however vague in its details, is more elaborate and more exogenous than those which guided the formation of the modern state in Great Britain, France, Germany and the United States. These were, of course, influenced by models drawn from outside their own territories and their own current culture. The models of the Roman Republic, of the China of the Mandarins, of the British Constitution as portrayed by Montesquieu have played their parts in the formation of modern Western states. They were, however, only fragments accepted in isolation or as parts of a larger program which was constructed largely from elements already existent and accepted in the situation to be reformed. There was moreover very much in their current situation which they were prepared to accept.
Influence of facility volume on long-term survival of patients undergoing esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.

Abstract Objective This study investigated the influence of facility volume on long-term survival in patients with esophageal cancer treated with esophagectomy. Methods Patients treated with esophagectomy for cT1 3N0 3M0 adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma of the mid-distal esophagus in the National Cancer Database between 2006 and 2013 were stratified by annual facility esophagectomy volume dichotomized as more/less than both 6 and 20. Patient characteristics associated with facility volume were evaluated using logistic regression, and the influence of facility volume on survival was evaluated with Kaplan-Meier curves, Cox proportional hazards methods, and propensity matched analysis. Results Of 11,739 patients who had esophagectomy at 1018 facilities where annual volume ranged from 1 to 47.6 cases, 4262 (36.3%) were treated at 44 facilities with annual esophagectomy volume > 6 and 1515 (12.9%) were treated at 7 facilities with annual volume > 20. Higher volume was associated with significantly better 5-year survival for both annual volume > 6 (47.6% vs 40.2%; P 20 (47.2% vs 42.3%; P 6 and hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.65-0.95; P = .01 for facility volume > 20). In Cox multivariable analysis that considered facility volume as a continuous variable, higher volume continued to be associated with better survival (hazard ratio, 0.93 per 5 cases; 95% CI, 0.91-0.96; P Conclusions Esophageal cancer patients treated with esophagectomy at higher volume facilities have significantly better long-term survival than patients treated at lower volume facilities.
Persistent effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on diet, exercise, risk for food insecurity, and quality of life: A longitudinal study among U.S. adults.

COVID-19 has affected the health and well-being of almost every American. The aim of this study was to examine the sustained impacts of COVID-19 prevention measures on the diet and exercise habits, risk for food insecurity, and quality of life among adults in the U.S. We conducted a longitudinal study using a convenience sample of participants recruited via Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) platform between March 30 and April 7, 2020, and 8 months into the outbreak, from November 2 to November 21, 2020. We compared self-reported diet and exercise habits and risk for food insecurity shortly after the pandemic began, in April, to those reported in November. We also measured changes in quality-of-life using the PROMIS-29 + 2 (PROPr) scale. A total of 636 respondents completed both surveys. Compared to reports in April, respondents ate lunch and dinner out more frequently in November and consumed more take-out and fast food. Weekly frequencies of consuming frozen food and the number of daily meals were slightly lower in November than they were in April. 54% of respondents screened positively for being at risk for food insecurity in April, reducing to 41% by November. In April, survey respondents were found to have lower quality-of-life relative to U.S. population norms, but by November levels of depression and cognitive function had improved. Our findings underscore how the initial effects of the pandemic on diet, exercise, risk for food insecurity, and quality of life have evolved. As U.S. states re-open, continued efforts to encourage healthy eating and support mental health, especially to reduce feelings of anxiety and social isolation, remain important to mitigate the potential long-term effects of the pandemic.
High Throughput Discovery of Complex Metal Oxide Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

The oxygen reduction electrocatalysis is a key reaction for energy technologies such as fuel cells and air breathing batteries for which development of stable and efficient electrocatalysts remains a substantial challenge, especially when excluding precious metals. Multi-component metal oxides are complex materials that offer opportunities for catalyst development and challenges for prediction of optimal compositions. We use high throughput synthesis and electrochemistry to explore metal oxide electrocatalysts containing 1 to 4 of the elements Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Y, In, and La. Mining the resulting dataset of 7798 unique metal oxide compositions guides additional activity and stability experiments that reveal multiple avenues for further catalyst development based on (i) stabilization of Mn through incorporation in Mn-Ni–Fe oxides, (ii) discovery of Ni–Fe-La oxide electrocatalysts with excellent stability, and (iii) discovery of Mn-Ni–Fe-La oxide electrocatalysts that optimize activity while retaining excellent operational stability.
New state of play in information systems research: the push to the edges

The dominant way of producing knowledge in information systems (IS) seeks to domesticate high-level reference theory in the form of mid-level abstractions involving generic and atheoretical information technology (IT) components. Enacting such epistemic scripts squeezes IS theory to the middle range, where abstract reference theory concepts are directly instantiated or slightly modified to the IS context, whereas IT remains exogenous to theory by being treated as an independent variable, mediator, or moderator. In this design, IT is often operationalized using proxies that detect the presence of IT or its variation in use or cost. Our analysis of 143 articles published in MIS Quarterly and Information Systems Research over the past 15 years demonstrates that over 70 percent of published theory conforms to this mode of producing IS knowledge. This state of play has resulted in two negative consequences: the field (1) agonizes over the dearth of original and bold theorizing over IT and (2) satisfices when integrating theory with empirics by creating incommensurate mid-range models that are difficult to consolidate. We propose that one way to overcome these challenges is to critically examine and debate the negative impacts of the field's dominant epistemic scripts and relax them by permitting IS scholarship that more fluidly accommodates alternative forms of knowledge production. This will push IS inquiry to the "edges" and emphasize, on the one hand, inductive, rich inquiries using innovative and extensive data sets and, on the other hand, novel, genuine, high-level theorizing around germane conceptual relationships between IT, information and its (semiotic) representations, and social behaviors. We offer several exemplars of such inquiries and their results. To promote this push, we invite alternative institutionalized forms of publishing and reviewing. We conclude by inviting individual scholars to be more open to practices that permit richer theorizing. These recommendations will broaden the field's knowledge ecology and permit the creation of good IS knowledge over just getting "hits." We surmise that, if such changes are carried out, the field can look confidently toward its future as one of the epicenters of organizational inquiry that deal with the central forces shaping human enterprise in the 21st century.
On the eigenstructure of spherical harmonic equations for radiative transport

The spherical harmonic equations for radiative transport are a linear, hyperbolic set of balance laws that describe the state of a system of particles as they advect through and collide with a material medium. For regimes in which the collisionality of the system is light to moderate, significant qualitative differences have been observed between solutions, based on whether the angular approximation used to derive the equations occurs in a subspace of even or odd degree. This difference can be traced back to the eigenstructure of the coefficient matrices in the advection operator of the hyperbolic system. In this paper, we use classical properties of the spherical harmonics to examine this structure. In particular, we show how elements in the null space of the coefficient matrices depend on the parity of the spherical harmonic approximation and we relate these results to observed differences in even and odd expansions.
Electromagnetic Properties of Hemoproteins III. ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF IRON (III) AND MANGANESE (II) PROTOPORPHYRINS IX AND THEIR APOHEMOPROTEIN COMPLEXES IN HIGH SPIN STATES

Manganese protoporphyrin IX was recombined with apoproteins of cytochrome c peroxidase, horseradish peroxidase, myoglobin, and hemoglobin to prepare artificial hemoproteins containing the manganese porphyrin in place of protoheme or iron protoporphyrin IX. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of manganese (II) protoporphyrin IX and its apohemoprotein complexes were measured at X- and K-band frequencies in the temperature range from 4.2°K to 253°K and compared with those of the corresponding high spin iron (III) compounds. The ligand fields of these transition metal ions in 3d5 (S = 5/2) ground states were found to have an essentially axial symmetry, in agreement with EPR studies of high spin ferric hemoproteins by Ingram and his associates. The axial ligand field of the manganese (II) ion in manganese protoporphyrin IX was further distorted rhombically upon binding to apohemoproteins. These axial and rhombic distortions of the ligand field symmetry of the manganese (II) ion were quantitatively estimated by determining zero field splitting parameters D and λ from EPR characteristics. The combination of metalloporphyrins to apohemoproteins appeared to be an excellent method of achieving an ideal magnetic dilution of paramagnetic centers for EPR studies.
Serum vasoconstrictor (serotonin) the presence of creatinine in the complex; a proposed structure of the vasoconstrictor principle.

In the fourth paper in this series (1) the isolation of the substance believed to be responsible for the marked vasoconstrictor activity of serum was reported. This substance was characterized as an indole derivative from its ultraviolet absorption spectrum and its behavior in various color and other chemical reactions. The analytical data agreed well with the empirical formula C14Hz103Nb.H2S04. The titration curve in aqueous solution revealed two titratable groups with PK’~ of 4.9 and pK’2 of 9.8. Both of these groups were believed to be basic in nature, and the pK’ value of the weaker suggested an acylated guanidine structure. Indeed, the value was very close to that reported in the literature for creatinine, while the formation of ammonia on treatment with alkali and the presence of one N-methyl grouping suggested that a creatinine residue might well be present in the molecule. The fact that only exceedingly small quantities of pure substance were available led to an investigation of this possibility by calorimetric means, and it was quickly determined that serotonin sulfate responded positively to both the Jaffe alkaline picrate reagent and the Benedict alkaline 3,5dinitrobenzoic acid reagent, with a color intensity equal (within an experimental error of about 10 per cent) to that of creatinine on a molar basis. Benedict’s study (2) of the specificity of the alkaline 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid reagent with respect to creatinine showed that derivatives and closely related compounds such as glycocyamidine could be readily distinguished by measuring both the intensity of color and the rate of color development. Comparison of serotonin sulfate with creatinine in this fashion again revealed almost identical behavior. It then became necessary to investigate the question of whether a creatinine-like residue was actually part of the molecular structure of serotonin, or whether, as now seemed more likely, the entity isolated and designated as serotonin sulfate was not in reality a complex containing an indole base, creatinine, and sulfuric acid. The behavior of serotonin on a paper chromatogram developed with butanol showed that the latter was indeed the case, for the creatinine chromogen was completely separable from the indole chromogen.
Nonextensive Statistical Mechanics and Nonlinear Dynamics

This chapter addresses turbulence and related questions from a statistical– mechanical viewpoint. More precisely, as one of the many existing realizations of nontrivial–nonlinear dynamical phenomena, which stands at the grounding of statistical mechanics itself. Consistently, we shall first review some general aspects of the statistical approach of mechanical phenomena, and only later make a connection with turbulence, in Sect. 4.4. A mechanical foundation of statistical mechanics from first principles should essentially include, in one way or another, the following main steps. (i) Adopt a microscopic dynamics. This dynamics is typically deterministic, i.e. without any phenomenological noise or stochastic ingredient, so that the foundation may be considered as from first principles. This dynamics could be Newtonian, or quantum, or relativistic mechanics (or some other mechanics to be found in future) of a many-body system composed by say N interacting elements or fields. It could also be conservativeor dissipative-coupled maps, or even cellular automata. Consistently, time t could be continuous or discrete. The same is valid for space. The quantity which is defined in space-time could itself be continuous or discrete. For example, in quantum mechanics, the quantity is a complex continuous variable (the wave function) defined in a continuous space-time. On the other extreme, we have cellular automata, for which all three relevant variables—time, space and the quantity therein defined—are discrete. In the case of a Newtonian mechanical system of particles, we may think of N Dirac delta functions localized in continuous spatial positions which depend on a continuous time. Langevin-like equations (and associated Fokker–Planck-like equations) are typically considered not microscopic, but mesoscopic instead. The reason, of course, is the fact that they include at their very formulation, i.e. in an essential manner, some sort of noise. Consequently, they should not be used as a
Tropical Atlantic seasonal predictability: The roles of El Niño remote influence and thermodynamic air-sea feedback

[1] Recent studies suggest that the thermodynamic feedback and the remote influence of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are two dominant factors affecting climate variability in the tropical Atlantic sector. Given that both of these processes are included in an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) coupled to a mixed layer ocean (ML), such a simple coupled system is expected to possess useful skills in predicting regional climate variability on seasonal time scales. This letter reports some preliminary results from a set of prediction experiments using a coupled AGCM-ML model. These results show promise for prospects of seasonal climate prediction in the tropical Atlantic sector using the simple dynamical seasonal prediction system.
l-Glycerol 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases II. EFFECTS OF PHOSPHORYLATED COMPOUNDS ON NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE-LINKED ENZYME FROM RABBIT LIVER

Abstract The effects of sugar phosphates, nucleotides, and other phosphorylated compounds on NAD-linked l-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase from rabbit liver were studied. Glucose-6-P, fructose-1,6-P2, ribose-5-P, ribulose-1,5-P2, 2,3-propanediol-3-P, and 3-P-glycerate, but not 2-P-glycerate, 2,3-P2-glycerate, or glycerol-2-P, inhibited the oxidation of glycerol-3-P in a noncompetitive manner with respect to either glycerol-3-P or NAD+. The inhibition constants were in the range from 1 to 4 mm. These sugar phosphates in the range from 0.4 to 4 mm did not significantly inhibit the reduction of dihydroxyacetone-P at 0.03 mm dihydroxyacetone-P and 0.01 mm NADH. On the other hand, glyceraldehyde-3-P elicited competitive inhibition (Ki = 0.9 mm) with respect to glycerol-3-P and noncompetitive inhibition (Ki = 1.7 mm) with respect to NAD+. Inorganic phosphate in the range from 1 to 20 mm did not significantly affect the oxidation of glycerol-3-P. However, a significant inhibition on the rate of reduction of dihydroxyacetone-P in a noncompetitive manner with respect to either dihydroxyacetone-P or NADH was observed. Nucleotides and pyrophosphate were found to inhibit both the reverse and forward reactions in a competitive manner with respect to NAD+ or its reduced form and in a noncompetitive manner with respect to glycerol-3-P or dihydroxyacetone-P. From the present kinetic studies, it seems that sugar phosphates, phosphoenolpyruvate, and inorganic phosphate interact with different sites of the enzyme. Nucleotides and pyrophosphate likely interact with the enzyme at the site for NAD+. The physiological significance of the findings in relation to the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism is discussed.
Self-Regulation: How Wikipedia Leverages User-Generated Quality Control Under Section 230

As Virginia Woolf once wrote, “[T]o enjoy freedom, we have…to control ourselves.” In the market for online information services, Wikipedia has done just that. Wikipedia has achieved astounding success via self-regulation. Wikipedia promotes user-generated quality control not as a legal obligation, but as a commitment to its educational purpose and values of its fact-checking community. In doing so, Wikipedia has leveraged the purpose of Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act into consumer welfare. Section 230 protects sites that engage in "Good Samaritan" policing of harmful material, with no requirement on the quality or quantity of such monitoring. Interactive sites should treat the statute an opportunity, rather than mere permission to thrive in the world of Web 2.0: those who can productively self-regulate, should.
Care Coordination and Electronic Health Records: Connecting Clinicians

Objective : To examine the association between use of electronic health records (EHR) and care coordination. Study Design: Two surveys, in 2005 and again in 2006, of primary care clinicians working in a prepaid integrated delivery system during the staggered implementation of an EHR system. Using multivariate logistic regression to adjust for clinician characteristics, we examined the association between EHR use and clinicians’ perceptions of three dimensions of care coordination: timely access to complete information; treatment goal agreement; and role/responsibility agreement. Results: Compared to clinicians without EHR, clinicians with 6+ months of EHR use more frequently reported timely access to complete information, and being in agreement on treatment goals with other involved clinicians. There was no significant association between EHR use and being in agreement on roles and responsibilities with other clinicians. Conclusions: EHR use is associated with aspects of care coordination involving information transfer and communication of treatment goals.
A positive carbon feedback to ENSO and volcanic aerosols in the tropical terrestrial biosphere

[1]The relationship between the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), volcanic aerosol, and the carbon cycle has been characterized through analyses of atmospheric CO 2 , biogeochemical modeling and recently through inverse estimation. However, the studies to date contain weaknesses that make quantitative assessment of the relationship unreliable. Here we present a systematic quantification of the relationship between ENSO, volcanic aerosols and regional net carbon exchange using results from the TransCom Atmospheric CO 2 Inversion Intercomparison and a simple 2-step regression method. A modified ENSO index (ENSOt) is created by estimating the component of ENSO variability that is linearly uncorrelated to aerosol optical depth, and the relationships are estimated by performing correlation analysis with the TransCom 3 tropical terrestrial carbon flux estimates. Flux anomalies from the tropical land regions (Tropical America, Northern Africa, Tropical Asia) show statistically significant correlations with anomalies of ENSOt, with carbon exchange lagging the ENSOtby two to six months. Further analysis by season and warm phase/cold phase shows the ENSOtwarm phase explaining >70% of the variability in tropical net carbon exchange. Tropical Asia shows the largest response with positive carbon flux anomalies following two to three months behind the peak of the ENSOtwarm phase. Total tropical land carbon flux anomalies of +0.59 GtC/year result from a typical (one standard deviation) warm ENSOtevent and are consistent with estimates of carbon loss via tropical fire. Citation:Gurney, K. R., K. Castillo, B. Li, and X. Zhang (2012), A positive carbon feedback to ENSO and volcanic aerosols in the tropical terrestrial biosphere,Global Biogeochem. Cycles,26, GB1029, doi:10.1029/2011GB004129.
Ceftaroline for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: Case series and review of the literature

Data regarding ceftaroline use for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (MRSAB) are lacking. Here we review the outcomes of 31 patients with MRSAB treated with ceftaroline, including 9 patients with endocarditis. Clinical success was observed in 23 patients (74.2%). Adverse events associated with prolonged therapy were rare and included eosinophilic pneumonia, rash and diarrhoea. We conclude that ceftaroline can be used for MRSAB.
Tryptophan Probes at the Apolipoprotein C-III and Membrane Interface

Lipoproteins are lipid-protein complexes which facilitate lipid transport throughout the body. The proteins which bind lipids to form these complexes are called apolipoproteins. Since apolipoproteins play essential roles in lipid metabolism, their dysfunction is associated with numerous diseases. Therefore, it is vital to gain a detailed molecular understanding of their interactions with lipid. In this work, we investigate the site-specific membrane interactions of apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) by measuring the steady-state fluorescence and time-resolved anisotropy of single Trp containing variants (W54F/W65F (W42), W42F/W65F (W54), W42F/W54F (W65)) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles and phospholipid vesicles (1:1 molar ratio of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (POPA) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC)). Upon addition of vesicles or SDS micelles, apoC-III undergoes a secondary structural change from disordered to α-helical as indicated by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Using CD and fluorescence data, apparent membrane partition constants were extracted. Though secondary structural formation is comparable amongst the Trp variants upon vesicle binding, distinct site-specific Trp environments are observed. The penetration depths of W42, W54, and W65 into the vesicle bilayer also were assessed by using lipids labeled with the heavy-atom quencher, bromine, at different positions in the lipid hydrocarbon acyl-chain.
Nicotinic stimulation in two populations: aircraft pilots and dementia patients

Our previous studies in a professional flight simulator have demonstrated a positive effect of nicotine on a complex cognitive task, flying an aircraft. This effect may be mediated by working memory or attentional processes, in addition to direct effects on sort-term and long-term memory. Similar data exist for galantamine's nicotinic effects in vivo and in vitro. In a similar manner to the effects of nicotine on aircraft pilots, galantamine's effects might lead to specific improvements attention, which is suggested by its having positive effects on severely affected Alzheimer's patients who memory function is virtually absent. Data also exist suggestion a neuroprotective effect of galantamine, however studies suggesting this effect have been limited to one year duration. Future studies of such compounds should focus on their effects on attention and neuroprotection longitudinally across all levels of Alzheimer's pathology. from International Society on Brain and Behaviour: 3rd International Congress on Brain and Behaviour Thessaloniki, Greece. 28 November – 2 December 2007
The freezing of finite domain aqueous solutions: Solute redistribution

Abstract An analysis of the unidirectional freezing of finite domain aqueous solutions during cooling at subzero temperatures is presented. Under conditions where the solute is completely rejected by the advancing ice front, the conventional diffusion equation is invalid and suitable transport expressions can only be obtained by an appropriate variable transformation from the laboratory frame of reference where the volume of the liquid region varies with time to a “solute-fixed” frame of reference where the volume of the liquid region remains constant (Levin et al. [34]). Such an analysis results in a nonlinear parabolic partial differential diffusion equation in the laboratory frame with a spatially and time varying effective convective velocity term in addition to the usual time and spatial derivative terms. The analysis is valid at both short and long times and also for both ideal, dilute and non-ideal, non-dilute solutions. Additional approximations are made only to the extent that the liquid-solid interface is assumed to remain planar and that the system is assumed to remain in thermal equilibrium during the freezing process. Generalized results are obtained for initially ideal, dilute aqueous solutions cooled at various rates on one boundary by standard numerical methods. These results indicate that non-uniform concentration profiles can exist within the liquid region of systems during freezing and that the variation with time/temperature of the volumes of the liquid and solid regions is significantly affected by the non-uniform distribution of solutes. Our results also indicate that under certain circumstances (e.g. fast cooling rates) that the solidification process may be limited by mass transfer considerations, that is, by the ability of the solutes to diffuse away from the interface, rather than solely by the heat-transfer considerations of whether or not the sensible and latent heats can be removed.
Effects of lithium on synaptosomal Ca2+ fluxes.

Lithium is the primary treatment for mania, and it has been employed as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of a number of other conditions. In spite of its widespread clinical use, the specific mechanism by which lithium acts is still not known. Because lithium bears some chemical resemblance to Ca2 + and because it has been found to interfere with many Ca2 +-dependent processes, we investigated the possibility that lithium can alter intracellular Ca2 + homeostasis by an effect on Ca2 + fluxes. When added in vitro to synaptosomes prepared from rat forebrains, lithium had no effect on 45Ca2 + influx mediated by fast or slow phase depolarization-dependent Ca2 + channels or by Na+/Ca2 + exchange. In vitro treatment with lithium also had no effect on ATP-dependent Ca2 + sequestration by mitochondria or synaptosomal endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, 45Ca2 + influx in synaptosomes prepared from rats treated chronically with lithium was increased significantly relative to controls. The fact that chronic in vivo treatment with lithium affected synaptosomal Ca2 + flux whereas in vitro treatment did not is consistent with the time course of therapeutic effectiveness in man. The results suggest that lithium does not directly interact with synaptosomal Ca2 + flux, but rather may influence Ca2 + flux through an indirect mechanism following chronic treatment.
On the degrees of freedom of lattice electrodynamics

Using Euler's formula for a network of polygons for 2D case (or polyhedra for 3D case), we show that the number of dynamic degrees of freedom of the electric field equals the number of dynamic degrees of freedom of the magnetic field for electrodynamics formulated on a lattice. Instrumental to this identity is the use (at least implicitly) of a dual lattice and of a (spatial) geometric discretization scheme based on discrete differential forms. As a by-product, this analysis also unveils a physical interpretation for Euler's formula and a geometric interpretation for the Hodge decomposition.