cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlled-rate freezing of human ES cells

A significant obstacle to using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) arises from extremely poor survival associated with freezing, typically in the range of 1%. This report describes a slow controlled-rate freezing technique commonly used for mammalian embryo cryopreservation. Using a combination of surviving colony number and colony diameter, survival was determined relative to untreated hESCs. Using a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) cryoprotectant and either a homemade controlled-rate freezing device or a commercial freezing device, survival rates of 20%–80% were obtained. To achieve the highest levels of survival, the critical factors were an ice crystal seed (at -7° to -10°C), a freeze rate between 0.3° and 1.8°C/min, and a rapid thaw rate using room temperature water. Slow controlled-rate cooling allows a rapid, simple, and reproducible means of cryopreserving hESCs.
Magnesium balance and distribution during total parenteral nutrition: effect of calcium additives

Homeostatic alterations and derangements in magnesium (and phosphate) metabolism may occur during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and may be influenced by the amounts of calcium supplied daily. We tested these possibilities in previously fasted or nonfasted animals receiving TPN with variable amounts of calcium. Large calcium additives (90 mg/d) produced hypomagnesemia in nonfasted animals and increased the degree of hypomagnesemia observed in some of the fasted groups. Bone and muscle magnesium were occasionally altered, by high-calcium additives. Urine magnesium was increased, metabolism may have been dependent upon the amount of calcium added and magnesium supplied in TPN. Some of the derangements may have been dependent upon the state of fasting (and resultant phosphate-depletion syndrome).
Reasserting the importance of qualitative methods in planning

Abstract The goals of this paper are to suggest what is lost by ignoring field research and to reassert the significance of qualitative research methods to the field of urban and regional planning. I assume that methodological choices between quantitative and qualitative methods are a matter of determining which research method is best suited to capture a particular ‘data slice’. Research methods are techniques to retrieve data and carry no theoretical baggage to bias their data set. To illustrate the significance of field research I discuss three points. First, I illustrate some of the technical strengths and weaknesses associated with qualitative research approaches, and highlight three important issues that are lost without field research methods: a link between planning researchers and the people they plan for, quality of life issues, and informal/illegal activity. Second, I propose that by pursuing a mixed-method research methodology, some of the issues lost by ignoring field research methods can be recaptured. Finally, I give an example of how I researched informal street vendors as part of the urban landscape through a mixed-method approach. This paper argues that until planning research re-evaluate what is being lost by their pursuit of quantitative methods, critical problems in the social realm will continue to lack the attention they need from urban and regional planners. Why all that obsession with Method? Because it was through Method that you arrived at the solution... (Umberto Eco, Foucault's Pendulum, 1989, p. 384)
The effect of scene structure on time perception

The current experiments examined the hypothesis that scene structure affects time perception. In three experiments, participants judged the duration of realistic scenes that were presented in a normal or jumbled (i.e., incoherent) format. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the subjective duration of normal scenes was greater than subjective duration of jumbled scenes. In Experiment 2, gridlines were added to both normal and jumbled scenes to control for the number of line terminators, and scene structure had no effect. In Experiment 3, participants performed a secondary task that required paying attention to scene structure, and scene structure's effect on duration judgements reemerged. These findings are consistent with the idea that perceived duration can depend on visual–cognitive processing, which in turn depends on both the nature of the stimulus and the goals of the observer.
Picosecond photorefractive effect in BaTiO(3).

We report the observation of photorefractive index gratings written and read out in BaTiO3 using single pulses of 30-psec duration and fluences of 1 to 15 mJ/cm2 at a wavelength of 0.532 μm. While the photorefractive gratings are masked during formation by large free-carrier grating, they are clearly seen from 50 psec to many minutes following the peak in the writing beams. The rapid and complete formation of the photorefractive grating and the complete decay of the free-carrier grating on a scale of 50 to 100 psec indicate either that the carrier-recombination time in our sample of BaTiO3 is less than 100 psec or that the mobility of the carriers is >23 cm2/V sec.
Optimized scorings for ordinal data for the general linear model

Abstract There are a number of possible statistical procedures that can be used for analyzing ordinal categorical data collected in a designed experiment. In this paper we present an approach which allows us to do a preliminary examination of the data set to see whether or not the statistical results are sensitive to the choice of procedure. In our approach we start by considering analyzing ordinal categorical data collected in a designed experiment considered in the context of a general linear model with scores assigned to the ordinal categories. The standard F-statistics for testing linear hypotheses concerning model parameters are considered. Since the increasing scores can be chosen arbitarily, two sets of scores may potentially lead to opposing analytical and statistical conclusions. To deal with such concerns we optimize the F-statistics as functions of the scores assigned to the categories. For reference purpose we suggest using the F-distribution, although there is the usual caution if sample sizes are small. In two cases, namely, when the maximized F is nonsignificant, or when the minimized F is significant, all scores lead to the same conclusions, respectively, either rejecting or accepting H0. For example, in a one way lay-out with C treatments and K categories a nonsignificant maximum F indicates that there would be no significant treatment effect no matter what scores are used. Methods for computing the maximum and the minimum F-statistics are presented. The methods suggested in the paper are exemplified. The relationship between the F-statistics used for testing the treatment effect in one-way design and certain monotone correlations is also established.
Behavioral activation system deficits predict the six-month course of depression.

Abstract Background Behavioral activation system (BAS) deficits are hypothesized to increase risk for depression. This study tested the hypothesis that BAS deficits, measured with both self-report and electrophysiological methods, would predict the six-month course of depression. Methods 67 participants with major depressive disorder (MDD) with or without pre-existing dysthymia were assessed at baseline with Carver and White's [Carver, C.S., White, T.L., 1994. Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: the BIS/BAS scales. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 67, 319–333.] BIS/BAS scales and resting EEG. The week-by-week course of their depressive symptoms was assessed six months later with the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation (LIFE). Results Baseline self-reported BAS sensitivity predicted depression diagnosis (MDD or dysthymia) at follow-up, number of MDD symptoms at follow-up, average weekly level of depression, and time to recovery. These effects persisted after controlling for baseline clinical variables associated with a worse course. Baseline resting EEG alpha asymmetry did not significantly predict the course of depression. Limitations Although BAS sensitivity predicted the subsequent course of depression, we cannot determine whether it played a causal role in maintaining depression. Conclusions Lower self-reported BAS sensitivity predicts a worse course of depression but EEG asymmetries do not.
Entrepreneurship and the Rise of Silicon Valley: The Career of Robert Noyce, 1956-1990

My premise in this dissertation is that the career of Robert Noyce can illuminate the relationship between technical entrepreneurship and the rise of the semiconductor industry in Silicon Valley, California. Noyce invented the first practical integrated circuit, the precursor to the microprocessors that lie at the heart of modern electronics. He cofounded Silicon Valley's first successful semiconductor company, Fairchild Semiconductor, in 1957, as well as the industry's most power ful firm, Intel. Noyce both cofounded and served as a prominent spokesman for the industry's most effective lobbying organization, the Semiconductor Industry Association. His successful entrepreneurial career inspired hundreds of Silicon Valley residents to start their own high-tech companies. For the last two years of his life, Noyce served as the first Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of SEMATECH, a billion dollar manufacturing research consortium with membership that included fourteen semiconductor firms and the Department of Defense. I draw on twenty-five oral history interviews with Noyce's contemporaries and on four years of research in a half-dozen corporate and university archives.1 I explore four major themes: the
The dimensional of a subset of lp as p varies

Abstract We investigate how the dimension of a set X contained in lp can change as p is varied. Assume 1 ⩽ s dimr X, then dimp X = dimr X + 1, dimq X = dimr X, and X is not a subset of ls. Another example shows that it is possible that dimr X > dimp X. It is shown, for example, that the dimension of the rational points in l2 is zero when this set is viewed as a subset of lp where p > 2. There is a positive dimensional closed subset of lp whose projection onto each coordinate axis is a two point set; this subset admits a natural topological group structure.
A question of merit: John Hutton Balfour, Joseph Hooker and the ‘concussion’ over the Edinburgh chair of botany

In 1845, Robert Graham's death created a vacancy for the traditionally dual appointment to the University of Edinburgh's chair of botany and the Regius Keepership of the Edinburgh Royal Botanic Garden. John Hutton Balfour and Joseph Hooker emerged as the leading candidates. The contest quickly became embroiled in long running controversies over the nature and control of Scottish university education at a time of particular social and political tension after a recent schism in Church of Scotland. The politics of the appointment were complicated by the fact that the Edinburgh Town Council (which preferred Balfour) chose the chair while the keepership was under the patronage of the Westminster government (which preferred Hooker). Balfour eventually emerged triumphant after a bitter campaign marked on all sides by intense politicking. The struggle to replace Graham provides a case study in how Victorian men of science adapted their aspirations to the practical realities of life in industrial, reforming, imperial, multinational Britain.
A Note on "Pauline Predications" in Plato

For to say this is to imply that (3) Snow is hot is always false:' there could never have been an occasion on which snow would be hot; hence (2) would be bound to be always true. Now in the Platonic ontology the nouns, "fire," "snow," and the adjectives, "hot," "cold," get their meaning by referring to their respective Forms. Some scholars have doubted or denied that things like Fire and Snow have a place in the authorized gallery of Platonic Forms. But it is not an eccentric view to hold, as I have held,2 that in the passage on "the clever aitia" in the Phaedo Plato treats Fire, Snow, Fever as et& on a par with ultra-respectable Forms, like Odd and Even. Proceeding on this assumption, I ask: How would Plato want us to understand the "is" in (1), (2), and (3)? Is he using the copula in the same way it is most commonly used in Greek (as in English) subjectpredicate sentences, sc. to indicate that the individual named by the subject-term is a member of the class of those possessing the attribute expressed by the predicate-term? This use of "is" may be conveniently indicated, after Peano, by the letter epsilon (for "=Lr"'), writing "Socrates c wise," for "Socrates is wise." It is beyond dispute that
Detection of histidine decarboxylase in rat aorta and cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells.

Objective: Having previously demonstrated release of histamine from mast-cell-deficient rat aorta, the objective of this study was to determine and localize histamine synthe- sis capability in the aorta by detecting histidine decarboxy- lase (HDC), the enzyme that catalyzes histamine formation. Material and methods: Experiments were conducted with nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (nRT- PCR) to detect HDC mRNA and with immunofluorescence and western blot analysis to detect HDC protein in rat aorta, cultured rat aortic smooth muscle (RASMC) and endothelial cells (RAEC). Results: Gel electrophoresis of nRT-PCR products indicated HDC mRNA in liver, aorta and RASMC but not in RAEC or kidney. Sequence analysis confirmed that the band observed in RASMC was the target HDC amplicon. Immunofluores- cence indicated the presence of HDC protein in RASMC and not in RAEC. Western Blot analysis revealed HDC pro- tein (55 kDa) in liver, aorta, RASMC but not in RAEC or kid- ney. Conclusions: The results of this study are the first to demon- strate the presence of HDC mRNA and protein in rat aorta and more specifically in RASMC, indicative of their capa- bility to synthesize histamine.
Civic Engagement, Social Capital, and Economic Cooperation

In Making Democracy Work and a recent article in The American Prospect, Robert Putnam argues that the same factors he believes contribute to a healthy polity—civic engagement and social capital—als...
Enhancing Drug Development and Drug Monitoring: Academia, Industry and Government Chart Common Goals

A workshop was hosted by the Biomedical Imaging Science Initiative of the University of Southern California in January 2007, entitled "Imaging-based Tools: Role in Drug Development and Drug Monitoring". This workshop brought together leaders from the pharmaceutical and the imaging industries, from academia and from government, who worked together to identify technical, educational, financial and procedural roadblocks that have delayed progress in the pharmacokinetic imaging field. The outcome has been a report that identifies future actions, including the formation of a Multidisciplinary Advisory Council on Noninvasive Imaging Studies.
Conductivity-type conversion in multiple-implant/multiple-anneal SOI

Results of an investigation of the electrical properties of superficial silicon and epitaxial capping layers grown on multiple-implant/anneal SIMOX and zone melt recrystallization substrates are presented. An unexpected SIMOX conductivity type change (from n to p) was observed in the SIMOX superficial layer, as well as in subsequently grown epi-layers. It is believed that the conductivity-type change is related to the presence of a process-induced acceptor impurity or an impurity (oxygen)-vacancy complex. >
Litter Gender Composition and Sex Affect Maternal Behavior and DNA Methylation Levels of the Oprm1 Gene in Rat Offspring

The mu-opioid receptor is encoded by the Oprm1 gene and contributes to mother-infant behaviors. Rodent dams lick male pups more than female pups in the anogenital region. This behavior is linked to stress responsivity in the offspring that may be mediated by epigenetic changes. We hypothesized that maternal behavior may affect DNA methylation levels of the Oprm1 gene and show sex differences. To further explore sex differences in mother-pup behaviors and DNA methylation levels, we altered the litter gender composition (LGC) of rats. Litters were culled to 8 all male, all female, or 4 male/4 female pups on postnatal (PN) day 1. On PN4, 7, and 10, a dam was placed in a test cage with a pup for a 10-min period. Latency to pup contact was determined as were times spent licking the anogenital and other body regions of the pup. Frequencies of other behaviors were tabulated. On PN35, samples from various brain regions were obtained. DNA methylation at specific CpG sites in the Oprm1 promoter region were measured by direct sequencing of bisulfite treated DNA. LGC and sex interacted with day for latency to pup contact. Latencies were longest on PN4 for single-sex males and on PN10 for single-sex females. Dams licked male pups more than female pups in both the anogenital and other body areas. Sex differences were seen in other behaviors. LGC altered DNA methylation at specific CpG’s of Oprm1 in hippocampus with higher levels in single-sex rats. In nucleus accumbens, single-sex males showed hypermethylation levels, a trend seen in caudate-putamen. Results confirm and extend sex differences in maternal care with modest LGC effects. That both LGC and sex have enduring effects on DNA methylation of the Oprm1 gene in brain regions associated with addiction, stress regulation, motivation, and cognition may suggest one factor that contributes to gender differences in these behaviors.
Design and fabrication of a GaAs vertical MESFET

Vertically oriented GaAs MESFET's were fabricated on thick epitaxial conductive layers grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on a semi-insulating substrate. The vertical channel pattern was defined by electron-beam lithography and included structures as small as 0.3- 0.4 µm on a total period of 1.0 µm. The vertical channels were formed by reactive ion etching, and the gate contact was formed by dual-angle evaporation. The top ohmic contacts were interconnected by a metal bridge supported by a dielectric layer. The drain characteristics displayed a drain punchthrough effect, indicating that a very short gate length was achieved. Microwave measurements indicated a maximum oscillation frequency of 12 GHz.
Testing for Perturbations of Program Statements

Many testing methods require the selection of a set of paths on which tests are to be conducted. Errors in arithmetic expressions within program statements can be represented as perturbing functions added to the correct expression. It is then possible to derive the set of errors in a chosen functional class which cannot possibly be detected using a given test path. For example, test paths which pass through an assignment statement "X := f(Y)" are incapable of revealing if the expression "X -f( Y)" has been added to later statements. In general, there are an infinite number of such undetectable error perturbations for any test path. However, when the chosen functional class of error expressions is a vector space, a finite characterization of all undetectable expressions can be found for one test path, or for combined testing along several paths. An analysis of the undetected perturbations for sequential programs operating on integers and real numbers is presented which permits the detection of multinomial error terms. The reduction of the space of (potential undetected errors is proposed as a criterion for test path selection.
Numerical simulation of carbon dioxide injection in the western section of the farnsworth unit

Abstract Numerical simulation is an invaluable analytical tool for scientists and engineers in making predictions about of the fate of carbon dioxide injected into deep geologic formations for long-term storage. Current numerical simulators for assessing storage in deep saline formations have capabilities for modeling strongly coupled processes involving multifluid flow, heat transfer, chemistry, and rock mechanics in geologic media. Except for moderate pressure conditions, numerical simulators for deep saline formations only require the tracking of two immiscible phases and a limited number of phase components, beyond those comprising the geochemical reactive system. The requirements for numerically simulating the utilization and storage of carbon dioxide in partially depleted petroleum reservoirs are more numerous than those for deep saline formations. The minimum number of immiscible phases increases to three, the number of phase components may easily increase fourfold, and the coupled processes of heat transfer, geochemistry, and geomechanics remain. Public and scientific confidence in the ability of numerical simulators used for carbon dioxide sequestration in deep saline formations has advanced via a natural progression of the simulators being proven against benchmark problems, code comparisons, laboratory-scale experiments, pilot-scale injections, and commercial-scale injections. This paper describes a new numerical simulator for the scientific investigation of carbon dioxide utilization and storage in partially depleted petroleum reservoirs, with an emphasis on its unique features for scientific investigations. The mathematical foundations of this new simulator for enhanced oil recovery are those of the simulators developed for carbon sequestration in deep saline reservoirs, altered to consider the increased number of potential phases and compositional aspects by considering the oil in the system. As a demonstration of the simulator, a numerical simulation of carbon dioxide utilization for enhanced oil recovery in the western section of the Farnsworth Unit, representing an early stage in the progression of numerical simulators for carbon utilization and storage in depleted oil reservoirs.
Static Single-Arm Force Generation With Kinematic Constraints

Smooth, frictionless, kinematic constraints on the motion of a grasped object reduce the motion freedoms at the hand, but add force freedoms, that is, force directions that do not affect the motion...
PAC Contributions from Sectors of the Financial Services Industry, 1998-2002

This paper explores the relationship between House committee membership and campaign contributions from financial services industry political action committees (PACs) over the 1998–2002 election periods. Three significant pieces of banking legislation were passed during this time. Because members of the financial services industry were affected greatly by this legislation, it seems logical that PACs might attempt to influence the legislative process through the distribution of campaign contributions. We examine the relationship between PAC contributions to individual legislators for the 1998–2002 election cycle and membership on the House banking committee using a sample selection model. We find committee membership matters and the different financial services industry PACs give disproportionately more to representatives with the power to write legislation favorable to the industry.
Neurological maturation of late preterm infants at 34 wk assessed by amplitude integrated electroencephalogram.

This study tested if measures of central nervous system (CNS) immaturity reflected by amplitude integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG) and associated clinical morbidities are determinants of length of hospitalization among late preterm infants born at 34 wk. This was a prospective cohort study of infants with a gestational age of 34 wk 0–6 d who had a single aEEG recording acquired over 6 h in a neonatal intensive care unit within 72 h of birth (n = 80). Infants were followed for predefined morbidities (classified as CNS or non-CNS) and length of hospitalization (determined by the clinical care team). aEEG variables were correlated with length of hospitalization. Eighty infants were enrolled and 75 aEEG recordings were analyzed. The average length of hospitalization was 10.4 ± 7.2 d (range 3–46 d). The total number of cycles recorded in the first 72 h following birth were inversely correlated with the length of hospitalization (r2 = 0.44, P < 0.001). Kaplan–Meier curves indicated that morbidities consistent with neurological immaturity were associated with a longer length of hospitalization (P < 0.001). Neurological maturation as indicated by aEEG and specific clinical morbidities is an important determinant of length of hospitalization among late-preterm infants.
Purification and reconstitution of the calcium release channel from skeletal muscle

The calcium release channel from rabbit muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) has been purified and reconstituted as a functional unit in lipid bilayers. Electron microscopy reveals the four-leaf clover structure previously described for the 'feet' that span the transverse tubule (T)-SR junction. Ca2+ release from the SR induced by T-system depolarization during excitation-contraction coupling in muscle may thus be effected through a direct association of the T-system with SR Ca2+-release channels.
Physical activity and Alzheimer disease course.

Objectives To examine the association between physical activity (PA) and Alzheimer disease (AD) course. Background PA has been related to lower risk for AD. Whether PA is associated with subsequent AD course has not been investigated. Methods In a population-based study of individuals aged 65 years and older in New York who were prospectively followed up with standard neurologic and neuropsychological evaluations (every ∼1.5 years), 357 participants i) were nondemented at baseline and ii) were diagnosed with AD during follow-up (incident AD). PA (sum of participation in a variety of physical activities, weighted by the type of activity [light, moderate, and severe]) obtained 2.4 (standard deviation [SD], 1.9) years before incidence was the main predictor of mortality in Cox models and of cognitive decline in generalized estimating equation models that were adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, education, comorbidities, and duration between PA evaluation and dementia onset. Results One hundred fifty incident AD cases (54%) died during the course of 5.2 (SD, 4.4) years of follow-up. When compared with incident AD cases who were physically inactive, those with some PA had lower mortality risk, whereas incident AD participants with much PA had an even lower risk. Additional adjustments for apolipoprotein genotype, smoking, comorbidity index, and cognitive performance did not change the associations. PA did not affect rates of cognitive or functional decline. Conclusion Exercise may affect not only risk for AD but also subsequent disease duration: more PA is associated with prolonged survival in AD.
Co-Occurrence of Preference Functions and Acceptance Thresholds in Female Choice: Mate Discrimination in the Lesser Wax Moth

Basic economic models adapted from foraging theory predict that decisions in mate choice may be determined either by ‘best-of-n’ preference functions or by sequential rules incorporating acceptance thresholds. However, in some species, more complex determinations that incorporate versions of both protocols are found. To understand the functions of co-occurring protocols, we studied mating decisions in the lesser wax moth, Achroia grisella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), an acoustic species in which females prefer males, the advertisement songs of which are delivered at relatively high ‘pulse-pair’ rates. In addition to this preference, A. grisella females avoid mating with a male, the song of which does not exceed a minimum pulse-pair rate, and they hold to this criterion even when no other singing males are present and regardless of song amplitude. Thus, mating decisions are not simply based on acoustic power (pulse-pair rate × amplitude). We recorded male songs and female responses in an A. grisella population and found that male pulse-pair rates showed a median of 87/s and ranged from 50 to 115/s, while female acceptance thresholds for male song showed a median of 60/s and ranged from 30 to 105/s. The distributions of thresholds were approximately normal and were not significantly skewed toward the right. Male song rates declined slightly with age, but female thresholds remained stable over the adult lifespan. Both the male and female traits showed significant repeatability within individuals. Whereas phylogenetic inference indicates that hearing in pyralid moths originated as a means of avoiding predation by insectivorous bats, the specific distribution of female acceptance thresholds suggests that currently this protocol does not primarily function to preclude inappropriate, and potentially lethal, responses to bat echolocations: pulse rates in the searching-phase echolocations used by either aerial-hawking or substrate-gleaning bats mostly range from 10 to 20/s, and the lack of positive skew in the distribution of thresholds indicates an absence of directional selection from the left. Rather, we infer that thresholds augment preference functions in A. grisella by precluding mating with males which are markedly inferior in a critical song character. In general, co-occurring protocols may be important where population density fluctuates markedly, as preference functions may be ineffective in preventing mating with inferior males when density is low.
Malodor management in high exuding chronic wounds

Chronic wounds, discontinuities in the skin that do not heal within the expected time frame, can emanate a very unpleasant odor. This odor can be distressing for both patients and their caretakers, leading to a decreased quality of life and poor treatment of the wound. While clinical and commercial solutions for this problem do exist, these products lack efficacy for high exuding wounds. The design objective for this project is to design a method for odor control that can be used with high-exuding wounds. This will be completed by developing a wound dressing by incorporating Beta-Cyclodextrin (BCD), the active ingredient in Febreze®, into a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel. The PVA polymer matrix will be designed to absorb exudate while the BCD will complex with odorous molecules and prevent them from escaping the dressing. Characterization of the dressing's properties in in-vitro experiments that isolate particular components of an odorous, high-exuding wound will be used to develop a mathematical model of odor elimination. This model will be used to optimize the dressing composition.
Shuttling Between Depictive Models and Abstract Rules: Induction and Fallback

A productive way to think about imagistic mental models of physical systems is as though they were sources of quasi-empirical evidence. People depict or imagine events at those points in time when they would experiment with the world if possible. Moreover, just as they would do when observing the world, people induce patterns of behavior from the results depicted in their imaginations. These resulting patterns of behavior can then be cast into symbolic rules to simplify thinking about future problems and to reveal higher order relationships. Using simple gear problems, three experiments explored the occasions of use for, and the inductive transitions between, depictive models and number-based rules. The first two experiments used the convergent evidence of problem-solving latencies, hand motions, referential language and error data to document the initial use of a model, the induction of rules from the modeling results, and the fallback to a model when a rule fails. The third experiment explored the intermediate representations that facilitate the induction of rules from depictive models. The strengths and weaknesses of depictive modeling and more analytic systems of reasoning are delineated to motivate the reasons for these transitions.
Strategies to Stem Declining Engineering Enrollments

Engineering enrollments have been on the decline since 1982. This decline is particularly true for native-born American students, and the gains women have made in engineering over the past few years are also being eroded. These declines come at a time when engineering salaries continue to gain and with a favorable job market. The enrollment decline will lead to a shortage of engineers in the United States at all degree levels. Furthermore, these declining enrollments could weaken the bargaining power of engineering schools or colleges at their home institutions with respect to both personnel and financial allocations. A set of recommendations and suggested activities are presented that could prove effective as strategies to stem these declining engineering enrollments. Examples are included of how some of these measures have been implemented at the writer’s school, Youngstown State University, and the successes achieved.
Effect of adenosine on the relaxation of coronary arteries at varying pH values.

The efficiency of adenosine to relax the bovine coronary arterial strips increased significantly by lowering the bath pH from 7.4 to 6.8 (CO2 or HCO3−). The large vessels (3–4 mm O.D.) relaxed with greater significance at higher concentrations of adenosine, whereas small vessels (0.5–0.7 mm O.D.) relaxed better at low concentrations of adenosine. Theophylline and 8-phenyltheophylline competitively inhibited the effect of adenosine. 8-phenyltheophylline was found to be a better antagonist than theophylline. Furthermore, binding assays with 2-3H adenosine displayed a single species of binding sites. The Kd was 3×10−6 M and 4×10−6 M, while Bmax was 48 and 19 pmoles/mg protein for small and large vessels, respectively. The antagonistic effect of theophylline and 8-phenyltheophylline was not affected by pH variations. It is concluded that relaxation of coronary arteries by adenosine is affected by pH variations.
Nanoscale Molding of a Zirconium Based Bulk Metallic Glass

Geometrically complex, high aspect ratio microstructures and limited aspect ratio nanostructures have been successfully fabricated in supercooled Bulk Metallic Glass (BMG) substrates by molding against patterned Silicon and Silicon dioxide substrates. However, demand exists for similar metallic substrates with high aspect ratio, nanoscale features. Van Der Waals based interfacial energies between the supercooled liquid BMG and the Silicon cavity represent a substantial obstacle to the direct scaling of the molding process to the nanoscale. In an effort to investigate these effects, experiments were conducted using molds of various compositions: Silicon, SiO2 and SiO2 coated with Gold. The Gold coating failed to impact molding performance due to the thin layer deposited. However, drastically superior results were obtained by using a Silicon mold because of the variation in interfacial interaction between the BMG and the mold material. In addition, a theoretical model to predict achievable aspect ratio is presented and was found to be in qualitative agreement with experimental results. Finally, a value for the surface tension of Viterloy-1b within it’s supercooled liquid state was deduced from experimental data.© 2007 ASME
Vacuolation of Oligodendroglia in Neoplastic Perifocal Edema

Vacuolation of oligodendroglia, a new type of cytopathological change, has been described. The change is observed frequently at the perifocally edematous cerebral white matter adjacent to the metastatic lesions of carcinoma from the lung in all three cases examined. It is also present occasionally in association with astrocytoma. This condition is characterized by swelling of oligodendroglias due to numerous cytoplasmic vacuolations which contain the material identical with that of the extracellular edema fluid. In such cells, the nucleus is displaced and deformed by vacuoles but the nuclear chromatin and envelopes are arranged normally. By occupation of numerous large vacuoles the cytoplasm is divided into small areas, but the individual organelles are only minimally altered. The oligodendroglial vacuolation seems to be a phagocytic response to the edema fluid which contains proteinous macromolecules derived from blood-borne protein and necrotic material of brain tissue and neoplastic cells. The vacuolation may result in some oligodendroglial dysfunction in maintenance of myelin and probably be related with diffuse loss of myelin sheath in the longstanding brain edema secondary to neoplastic invasion. The vacuolated cells can be identified with light and electron microscopes in Epon-embedded sections of surgically removed tissue but not in paraffin sections.
The volume shrinkage, thermal and sorption behaviour of polydiacrylates

Abstract Crosslinked polymers of ethylene glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate and poly(ethylene glycol (400)) diacrylate were prepared by photopolymerization using 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone as the initiator at a light intensity of 2 mW cm−2. Volume shrinkage on polymerization was recorded. The most highly crosslinked networks exhibited the maximum volume shrinkage. Thermal stability was directly related to the high crosslinking density. The presence of heterogeneities in the network structure was ascertained using thermomechanical analysis. Dynamic and equilibrium swelling studies were used to study further the crosslinked structure of these polymers.
The use of a 4-step algorithm in the electrocardiographic diagnosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction by novice interpreters.

Abstract The electrocardiographic (ECG) diagnosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) represents a challenge to all health care providers, particularly so for the novice ECG interpreter. We have developed—and present in this article—a 4-step algorithm that will detect STEMI in most instances in the prehospital and other nonemergency department (ED) settings. The algorithm should be used in adult patients with chest pain or equivalent presentation who are suspected of STEMI. It inquires as to the presence of ST-segment elevation as well as the presence of STEMI confounding/mimicking patterns; the algorithm also makes use of reciprocal ST-segment depression as an adjunct in the ECG diagnosis of STEMI. If STEMI is detected by this algorithm, then management decisions can be made based upon this ECG diagnosis. If STEMI is not detected using this algorithm, then we can only note that STEMI is not “ruled in”; importantly, STEMI is not “ruled out.” In fact, more expert interpretation of the ECG will be possible once the patient (and/or the ECG) arrive in the ED where ECG review can be made with the more complex interpretation used by expert physician interpreters.
Design, experiments and motion planning of a spherical rolling robot

This paper describes a prototype and analytical studies of a spherical rolling robot, a new design of a nonholonomic system. The spherical robot is driven by two remotely controlled, internally mounted rotors that induce the ball to roll and spin on a flat surface. It is tracked on the plane by an overhead camera. A mathematical model of the robot motion was developed using the nonholonomic constraints on its motion. For a number of simple motions, it is shown experimentally that the model agrees well with the results. Methods were developed for planning feasible, minimum time and minimum energy trajectories for the robot. These methods are illustrated both by mathematical simulation and hardware experiments.
Individual- versus group-based financial incentives for weight loss: a randomized, controlled trial.

Background There are limited data on the effectiveness of employer-sponsored financial incentives for employee weight loss.
Neptunium(V) Sorption Behavior on Clinoptilolite, Quartz and Montmorillonite

Performance assessment models have identified 237 Np as a radionuclide of concern in meeting release limits established for the geologic disposal of high-level nuclear waste at the proposed repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. In this study, quartz, clinoptilolite, and montmorillonite, which are minerals representative of phases that occur both in the rock matrix and as fracture coatings at Yucca Mountain, were reacted with 237 Np-bearing solutions to characterize the sorption behavior of Np(V) on these minerals. Batch experiments were conducted over a wide range of conditions in which pH of solution, surface loading, sorbent surface area, initial concentration of Np(V), and partial pressure of CO 2 were varied. Initial Np(V) concentrations were between 1 × 10 -7 and 1- 10 -6 M in electrolyte solutions of 0.1 or 0.01 M NaNO 3 . The oxidation state of Np in solution was verified with NIR spectroscopy and by solvent extraction. Prior to the start of experiments, minerals were pretreated to eliminate impurities, and the clinoptilolite and montmorillonite were converted to Na-form by ion exchange with NaCI solutions. Results indicate that, for all three minerals, Np(V) sorption begins at pH values coincident with the start of hydrolysis in solution (-7). For solutions undersaturated with respect to atmospheric CO 2 , sorption increases continuously with increasing pH. Under equilibrium with atmospheric CO 2 , Np(V) sorption is important in the pH range (7–9.5) where NpO 2 (OH)°(aq) is significant, whereas sorption is inhibited at higher pH where neptunyl carbonate complexes are the predominant species.
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus Extending to the Palate

A 57-year-old female presented to the emergency department with left sided facial rash with associated pain, blurred vision and oral discomfort. Past medical history included hypertension, and remote scleroderma (untreated). There was no history of neck stiffness, ear pain, environmental exposures, trauma, or immunosuppressive medications. Her facial pain was sharp in quality and extended to her mouth, localizing to her palate. She was mildly hypertensive and other vitals were normal. Physical exam revealed vesicular rash of the left side of her face, along with swelling and periorbital inflammation. There were also multiple vesicular lesions on the left side of her hard palate. Ocular exam showed a small area of fluorescein uptake infranasally concerning for a pseudodendrite, with mild cell and flare of the anterior chamber. There were no vesicles in the ear or tip of her nose. She was diagnosed with herpes zoster ophthalmicus involving the V1–V2 distribution of the trigeminal nerve, was put on oral acyclovir with opiates for pain control, and referred to ophthalmology. The oral mucosal lesions do not represent another dermatomal involvement, and are extensions of the V2 branch. These lesions are associated with involvement of the palatine nerves, greater and lesser, as well as the nasopalatine nerve, which are extensions of the V2 branch of the trigeminal nerve via the pterygopalatine ganglion.1 This distribution of lesions is not uncommon in nonimmunocompromised patients with zoster.2 Herpes zoster can also begin on the palate and should be considered in patients presenting with oral lesions and pain.
Compliance/Incentive Classifications of Organizations Underlying Dimensions

A number of incentive-compliance classification systems have been developed to explain differences in the power and hold of organizations in relation to their mem bers. Terms such as "coercive," "normative," "purposive," "solidary," and "material incentive" are used to describe the incentive-compliance base.These classification systems partially overlap and use terms in different ways. A set of dimensions is introduced to substruct the property space of incentives. Related to the economic conception of utility, the dimensions are negative and positive utility, probability of delivery, transferability, and collective goods. The property space includes most of the prior classifications as specific types. Finally, we introduce power-dependence concepts as an explanatory mechanism.
Promoting Fresh Produce: A Losing Battle?

Previous research indicates that returns to agricultural producers from generic promotion of their products are substantial. Yet, despite public policy interest in increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables, the United States produce industry has not embraced industry wide promotion. We conduct a survey to better understand stakeholder opinion of a proposed promotion program, and to examine how changes in program design might influence support. Econometric results indicate that support would increase if specific promotion examples were provided, if evidence of likely profitability was clear and if substantial government matching funds were available. Policy implications, including the importance of appropriate target audience and clear communication of program features, are suggested.
A quantitative study of the effect of thyrotropin upon the thyroidal secretion rate in euthyroid and thyrotoxic subjects.

ALTHOUGH previous investigations have demonstrated that the thyroid gland of both euthyroid and thyrotoxic patients responds to administration of exogenous thyrotropin (1–7), the existence of differences in the nature of this response has not been explored fully. It was therefore considered of interest to make a quantitative study in normal and hyperthyroid subjects of the effect of varying doses of thyrotropin. In most thyrotoxic patients the thyroidal uptake of I131 is so high initially that the detection of any stimulation by means of this measurement is difficult. Of the parameters available for assessing thyroid function, we therefore employed the thyroidal secretion rate, as measured by the release of radioactive iodine from the thyroid gland, believing this to be the most sensitive. Use of the rate of thyroidal secretion as a parameter also obviates the necessity of giving repeated doses of radioisotope. In addition, corollary studies were made of changes in the serum protein-bound stable iodine an...
Estimating Yield Distributions with a Stochastic Trend and Nonnormal Errors

Randomness in crop yields can be decomposed into two broad modeling focuses: the estimation of the mean or central tendency of the distribution and the dispersion around that central tendency. We propose modeling the central tendency of the distribution with a stochastic trend model and allowing for nonnonnality within the stochastic trend through an inverse hyperbolic sine distribution. Results are consistent with this construction. First, residuals around the stochastic trend model are found to be non normal. Second, the inverse hyperbolic sine modification of the stochastic trend model corrects both skewness and kurtosis of corn yields.