cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health Literacy Considerations for Users of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) users may present a unique challenge for health literacy. Though the average CAM user is not considered at high risk for limited health literacy, CAM use is multi-faceted and cannot be generalized to a single population. There may be different reasons for use of CAM in place of, or alongside, conventional medicine. Health literacy must be assessed, not only in terms of functional skills, but in the context of personal belief systems. Health literacy can be considered a holistic construct composed of functional, critical, and communicative skills, with the goal of understanding how belief systems and personal philosophy affect medical decision-making.
“Violence is everywhere!” An analysis of children's narratives on violence

Exposure to violence is a threat to the health and well-being of society, especially for children. Previous research on youth exposure to violence has focused primarily on the implications for vict...
Separating the Wheat From the Chaff: An Evaluation of Readability, Quality, and Accuracy of Online Health Information for Treatment of Peyronie Disease

Objective To characterize available information about Peyronie disease online and evaluate its readability, quality, accuracy, and respective associations with HONcode certification and website category. Methods The search term “Peyronie disease” was queried on 3 major search engines (Google, Bing, and Yahoo) and the first 50 search results on each search engine were assessed. All websites were categorized as institutional or reference, commercial, charitable, personal or patient support, or alternative medicine, and cross-referenced with the Health on the Net (HON) Foundation. Websites that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed for readability using 3 validated algorithms, for quality using the DISCERN instrument, and for accuracy by a fellowship-trained urologist. Results On average, online health information about treatment of Peyronie disease is written at or above the 11th grade level, exceeding the current reading guidelines of 6th-8th grade. The mean total DISCERN score for all website categories was 50.44 (standard deviation [SD] 11.94), the upper range of “fair” quality. The mean accuracy score of all online Peyronie treatment information was 2.76 (SD 1.23), corresponding to only 25%-50% accurate information. Both institutional or reference and HONcode-certified websites were of “good” quality (53.44, SD 11.64 and 60.86, SD 8.74, respectively). Institutional or reference websites were 50%-75% accurate (3.13, SD 1.20). Conclusion Most of the online Peyronie disease treatment information is of mediocre quality and accuracy. The information from institutional or reference websites is of better quality and accuracy, and the information from HONcode-certified websites is of better quality. The mean readability of all websites exceeds the reading ability of most US adults by several grade levels.
Ethical Dilemmas in Forensic Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

The young subspecialty of child and adolescent forensic psychiatry is characterized by complex, multifaceted evaluations and numerous ethical dilemmas. This article describes the limitations of current ethical guidelines as applied to child and adolescent forensic psychiatry. Issues related to confidentiality and role definition are detailed. Commonly confronted clinical vignettes and accompanying ethical dilemmas are reviewed.
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) can be treated effectively with cognitive-behavioral therapy. When working with clients who have GAD, therapy can focus on four central areas that help to promote therapeutic change. The initial focus of therapy is on developing a sound therapeutic alliance and educating the client about anxiety symptoms. Skills training focuses on relaxation training and cognitive changes that can help clients confront their worries in a constructive manner. Then, exposure to internal and external aspects of the anxiety can help clients test and refine their coping skills. Finally, because of the chronic nature of GAD, relapse prevention strategies can be used to help maintain treatment gains over time. These strategies allow a broad but flexible treatment plan that can be adapted to the unique needs of each individual client.
Bone Marrow Transplantation in Acute Leukemia: Current Status and Future Directions

Acute leukemia is a neoplastic disease characterized by the abnormal proliferation and accumulation of immature hematopoietic cells. Progress in our understanding of this disease is reviewed in this volume. Significant recent advances in the therapy of acute leukemia include high remission rates in both acute lymphoblastic (ALL) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), the prevention of central nervous system leukemia in ALL, and development of moderately effective remission maintenance programs, particularly in ALL. Despite this progress, approximately 50 per cent of patients with ALL and over 95 per cent of those with AML will eventually die of resistant leukemia.
Zika Virus and Neurologic Disease.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus that belongs to the Flaviviridae family. Although most cases are mild or go undetected, rare severe neurologic effects, including congenital ZIKV syndrome (CZS) and Guillain-Barre syndrome, have been identified. The serious neurologic complications associated with ZIKV prompted the declaration of the public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization. Overall, transmission occurred throughout South and Central America as well as the Caribbean, affecting 48 countries and territories from March 2015 to March 2017. Long-term management of CZS requires a comprehensive combination of supportive services throughout early development.
Does Process Matter? Direct Democracy and Citizens’ Perceptions of Laws

Does the process used to pass a law affect the way citizens evaluate the outcome? In a series of experiments, I manipulate the way in which a law is passed – ballot initiative or the legislative process – to test the effect of process on citizens’ evaluations of policy outcomes. The results show that people view the ballot initiative process as fairer than the legislative process, but that process has a negligible effect on outcome evaluations.
Growth of the retina and tectum: Implications for the retinotectal map

Abstract Fish and frogs add new neurons to retina and tectum while it is functioning and do so in geometrically different patterns, which implies that there is ongoing natural plasticity. Retinal cells are added in an annulus, while tectal cells are added in a crescent, open at one end. This is fundamentally different than in reptiles, birds, and mammals, which generate all neurons before connecting them. This chapter reviews retinal and tectal growth, the hypothesis that synaptic connections shift to keep the visual map centered on tectum, and the evidence for and against this hypothesis. It also considers the need for behavioral adjustments to maintain accurate visual localization as the animals grow, a form of visuomotor plasticity. Individual retinal ganglion cells and tectal cells have changing receptive fields that look out onto progressively different parts of visual space, necessitating not only changing retinotectal connections, but also tectal connections with the motor centers.
cognac: rapid generation of concatenated gene alignments for phylogenetic inference from large, bacterial whole genome sequencing datasets

The quantity of genomic data is expanding at an increasing rate. Tools for phylogenetic analysis which scale to the quantity of available data are required. To address this need, we present cognac, a user-friendly software package to rapidly generate concatenated gene alignments for phylogenetic analysis. We illustrate that cognac is able to rapidly identify phylogenetic marker genes using a data driven approach and efficiently generate concatenated gene alignments for very large genomic datasets. To benchmark our tool, we generated core gene alignments for eight unique genera of bacteria, including a dataset of over 11,000 genomes from the genus Escherichia producing an alignment with 1353 genes, which was constructed in less than 17 h. We demonstrate that cognac presents an efficient method for generating concatenated gene alignments for phylogenetic analysis. We have released cognac as an R package ( https://github.com/rdcrawford/cognac ) with customizable parameters for adaptation to diverse applications.
21968 Adapting a global telehealth model to solve U.S. healthcare needs: age-related hearing loss as a test market

ABSTRACT IMPACT: We are adapting a global telehealth platform and model of care to the U.S. context in order to solve the problem of undertreatment of age-related hearing loss and, in turn, facilitate healthy aging and social engagement among older adults. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Intelehealth is a nonprofit startup that provides medical care to last-mile populations in India by equipping frontline health workers with an open-source digital assistant and telemedicine platform. Here, we explore how this technology and model of care might be adapted to address health inequities in the context of the U.S. healthcare system. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We first sought to identify a specific healthcare need that we could address as a case study on applying the Intelehealth model more broadly in the U.S. context. We began with a needs assessment, wherein we conducted primary ethnographic research, expert interviews, and literature review to identify problems in the general areas of health disparities, community health workers, and telemedicine accessibility. We then scored each need on clinical impact, feasibility, business potential, and strategic fit. After a top need was selected, a root cause analysis was performed. Brainstorming and solution concepting will be followed by prototyping, iterative design with primary stakeholder feedback, usability testing, and finally implementation and validation of the solution. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of 106 needs, the most highly scored was undertreatment of age-related hearing loss (ARHL). The third most common chronic condition in the U.S., ARHL presents a significant barrier to healthy aging and the single largest modifiable risk factor for dementia; yet only 15% of those with ARHL regularly use hearing aids. Thus, a large market segment - nearly 30 million Americans - is underserved by the current hearing care paradigm. Root cause analysis revealed that the primary reasons for hearing aid non-use include stigma around aging, denial of hearing loss, poor awareness of resources, and insufficient education around proper use and maintenance. These barriers, being primarily sociocultural in nature, may be optimally addressed by community health workers, making ARHL an ideal fit for the Intelehealth model. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: We have identified ARHL as an optimal test market for Intelehealth in the U.S. By developing a targeted intervention to improve hearing aid access and acceptability among older adults, we will create a generalizable model for delivering care through community health workers equipped with a decision support and telemedicine platform.
A multiple-pulse emplacement model for the Shonkin Sag laccolith, Montana, USA

Abstract The Shonkin Sag laccolith (Montana) is a differentiated mafic hypabyssal intrusion that was concordantly emplaced into undeformed sandstones. Erosional processes have produced a cross-section-like exposure of the laccolith, revealing its base, roof, and eastern contact, where it transitions to fringing sills. We present evidence for a multi-pulse emplacement model for the Shonkin Sag laccolith by showing that the rapidly cooled margin of the laccolith and fringing sills preserve features formed during emplacement. These features include internal contacts associated with variably deformed zones at the margin of the laccolith and normal and thrust faults within the surrounding sedimentary rocks. Bulk magnetic susceptibility measurements, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and thin section analyses support evidence for strain accumulation in pulses. Thermal models suggest that the pulses emplaced over ~3 years, while total cooling and differentiation of the laccolith to the solidus occurred over ~21 years. From these results, a three-stage emplacement model was determined. The model provides insight into ground deformation and associated hazards caused by the rapid emplacement of shallow magma bodies similar in size to the Shonkin Sag laccolith, such as the 1980 Mt. St. Helens cryptodome and the 2011 Cordon Caulle laccolith.
Understanding CGM Metrics in Children with T1D Before and After the COVID-19 Shelter-in-Place Order

To slow the spread of COVID-19, a shelter in place (SIP) order was imposed in California between 03/16/2020 - 05/31/2020. We assessed the impact of SIP on glycemic control in a pediatric population with T1D using a continuous glucose monitor (CGM). We hypothesized that glucose control would improve due to increased supervision at home. The retrospective study included 96 patients between the ages of 3-22 years who were diagnosed with T1D at least one year earlier. We analyzed CGM data during three time periods: baseline, SIP, and post SIP (06/01/2020 - 07/30/2020) and compared standard CGM metrics controlling for gender (56% male), race (55% White), ethnicity (70% non-Hispanic), age (mean 11 yrs ± 3.9), and insurance type (8.4% public). The mean time in range (70-180 mg/dL: TIR) increased across the three time periods: from 59.9% ± 15.1 at baseline to 62.8% ± 15.9 during SIP (p<0.001) and maintained at 63.5% ± 16.6 during post-SIP period (p=0.23) compared with SIP. Increases in TIR were seen in both privately insured (2.9% ± 6.0) and publicly insured (3.7% ± 6.2) individuals during SIP vs. baseline with no increase in time with hypoglycemia (<70 mg/dl) in privately insured (0.1% ± 1.4) and publicly insured (-0.08%±1.3). Our analyses highlight the impact of the SIP order on glycemic control. Better understanding of the factors associated with improved TIR could translate to better glycemic control post-COVID.
Review: After Print: Eighteenth-Century Manuscript Cultures edited by Rachel Scarborough King

The essays collected in After Print: Eighteenth-Century Manuscript Cultures, edited by Rachel Scarborough King, offer a series of compelling cases for why we should study manuscript cultures in the...
Hodgkin lymphoma masquerading as perforated gallbladder adenocarcinoma: A case report.

BACKGROUND There are several case reports of acute cholecystitis as the initial presentation of lymphoma of the gallbladder; all reports describe non-Hodgkin lymphoma or its subtypes on histopathology of the gallbladder tissue itself. Interestingly, there is no description in the literature of Hodgkin lymphoma causing hilar lymphadenopathy, inevitably presenting as ruptured cholecystitis with imaging mimicking gallbladder adenocarcinoma. CASE SUMMARY A 48-year-old man with a past medical history of diabetes mellitus presented with progressive abdominal pain, jaundice, night sweats, weakness, and unintended weight loss for one month. Work-up revealed a mass in the region of the porta hepatis causing obstructions of the cystic and common hepatic ducts, gallbladder rupture, as well as retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. The clinical picture and imaging findings were suspicious for locally advanced gallbladder adenocarcinoma causing ruptured cholecystitis and cholangitis, with metastases to retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Minimally invasive techniques, including endoscopic duct brushings and percutaneous lymph node biopsy, were inadequate for tissue diagnosis. Therefore, this case required exploratory laparotomy, open cholecystectomy, and periaortic lymph node dissection for histopathological assessment and definitive diagnosis. Hodgkin lymphoma was present in the lymph nodes while the gallbladder specimen had no evidence of malignancy. CONCLUSION This clinical scenario highlights the importance of histopathological assessment in diagnosing gallbladder malignancy in a patient with gallbladder perforation and a grossly positive positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan. For both gallbladder adenocarcinoma and Hodgkin lymphoma, medical and surgical therapies must be tailored to the specific disease entity in order to achieve optimal long-term survival rates.
Biomechanics of Load Carriage

Loads carried by the Warfighter have increased substantially throughout recorded history, with the typical U.S. ground Soldier carrying external loads averaging 45 kg during recent conflicts. Carrying heavy loads is one potential source of injury that has been researched from a performance and epidemiological perspective. This chapter focuses on the biomechanics of military load carriage, primarily focusing on lower extremity joint stresses and potential overuse injury mechanisms that may be associated with carrying a load. Studies into the biomechanics of load carriage have documented motion-related differences such as increased step rate, decreased stride length, and more trunk lean with increases in pack-borne loads. Ground reaction forces have been found to increase proportionately with loads up to 40 kg. However, there is a paucity of literature on the relationship between load carriage and biomechanical mechanisms of overuse injury. Findings of recent studies will be presented which add mechanistic information to increased stresses on the lower extremity. Efforts to model injury mechanisms require continued biomechanical measurements in humans while carrying occupationally-relevant loads in order to be validated. In addition to lab-based biomechanics data needed to further explore the mechanistic relationship between load magnitude and injury, technologies should be exploited to accurately quantify stresses related to load carriage the field.
THREE ESSAYS ON PRODUCT FORM CHOICE

Innovators and high-technology entrepreneurs have three principal options for transforming their innovations into viable business models and deriving value from their innovations. They may: market intellectual know-how (via licensing and/or proof-of-concept), market intermediate products (i.e., sell components/sub-systems), or market end-products (i.e., sell complete systems/solutions). In this dissertation, I aim to contribute to the organizational design and marketing strategy literature with three separate essays that study these fundamental strategy alternatives, which are called “product form choice.” In the first essay, I explore product form choices in the context of early-stage and established firms engaged in new product development projects, and generate a theoretical framework that shows (a) how technology, market, and enterprise-resource related factors systematically impact this choice, and (b) how the enterprise coordinates with other actors in its “eco-system” to design, produce, and market effective products/solutions based on the core innovation. The other two essays use two different methodologies and contexts to systematically test some key refutable predictions from the framework developed in Essay 1. In particular, in the second essay, I use simulated experimental scenarios and ordered-choice models to investigate explore product form choices in the context of early-stage ventures seeking angel investor funding to examine the effect of technology, marketing, and firm-level factors on product form decisions. In the third essay, I use primary survey data obtained from executives from firms selling industrial equipment in four industry sectors to study how coordination and safeguarding motives, in conjunction with a firm’s unique set of product development resources impact their product form decision.
High Speed Motion Neutron Radiography of Two-Phase Flow

Current research in the area of two-phase flow utilizes a wide variety of sensing devices, but some limitations exist on the information which can be obtained. Neutron radiography is a feasible alternative to “see” the two-phase flow. A system to perform neutron radiographic analysis of dynamic events which occur on the order of several milliseconds has been developed at Oregon State University. Two different methods have been used to radiograph the simulated two-phase flow. These are pulsed, or “flash” radiography, and high speed movie neutron radiography. The pulsed method serves as a “snapshot” with an exposure time ranging from 10 to 20 miliseconds. In high speed movie radiography, a scintillator is used to convert neutrons into light which is enhanced by an optical intensifier and then photographed by a high speed camera.
Characterization of β-Glucosidase Activity in Intertidal Marine Sediments

Glycoside derivatives of 4-methylumbelliferone (MUF) were used to characterize the polysaccharidase enzyme systems present in sediments from an intertidal mud flat. The formation of highly fluorescent MUF on hydrolysis of the various glycosides was determined at low substrate concentrations ( 5 min). The hydrolysis of MUF-β-d-glucose in sediments from depth intervals of 0 to 2 cm was insensitive to the presence of oxygen, dissolved sulfide, and iron; magnesium and calcium were stimulatory, however. A pronounced temperature optimum was observed at 40°C, a salinity optimum at 30‰, and a pH optimum at 8.5. Rates of hydrolysis were completely inhibited by the addition of mercuric chloride and sodium azide, but only partially inhibited by toluene and the specific β-glucosidase inhibitor δ-1,5-gluconolactone. The response to δ-1,5-gluconolactone suggested that about 50% of the observed hydrolysis of MUF-β-d-glucoside was due to exo- and endoglucanases. A wide variety of hydrolytic activities was observed, with at least some nonspecificity occurring in the case of MUF-β-d-fucoside. Depth profiles indicated maximal activity in surface sediments with a rapid decline below 2 cm. MUF-glycosides provided a convenlent tool for initial analyses of the dynamics and controls of polymer hydrolysis in marine sediments.
The state of computer ethics as a philosophicalfield of inquiry: Some contemporary perspectives, future projections, and current resources

The present article focuses upon three aspects of computer ethics as a philosophical field: contemporary perspectives, future projections, and current resources. Several topics are covered, including various computer ethics methodologies, the `uniqueness' of computer ethics questions, and speculations about the impact of globalization and the internet. Also examined is the suggestion that computer ethics may `disappear' in the future. Finally, there is a brief description of computer ethics resources, such as journals, textbooks, conferences and associations.
An analysis of the role of offspring population size in EAs

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are general stochastic search heuristics often used to solve complex optimization problems. Unfortunately, EA theory is still somewhat weak with respect to providing a deeper understanding of EAs and guidance for the practitioner. In this paper we improve this situation by extending existing theory on the well-known (1+1) EA to cover the (1 + λ) EA, an EA that maintains an offspring population of size λ. Our goal is to understand how the value of λ affects expected optimization time. We compare the (1 + λ) EA with the (1+1) EA and prove that on simple unimodal functions no improvements are obtained for λ > 1. By contrast there are more complex functions for which sensible values of A can decrease the optimization time from exponential to a polynomial of small degree with overwhelming probability. These results shed light on the role of λ and provide some guidelines for the practitioner.
The treatment of advanced stage favorable histology non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a preliminary report of a randomized trial comparing single agent chemotherapy, combination chemotherapy, and whole body irradiation.

Between 1975 and 1978, 51 patients with favorable histology non- Hodgkin's lymphomas, pathologic stage III-IV, were treated prospectively on a randomized treatment protocol. Treatment options were single alkylating agent chemotherapy, combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (CVP), or fractionated whole body irradiation followed by low dose involved field irradiation. The median follow-up interval in this group of patients is not 41 mo. Actuarial survival is excellent, 84% at 4 yr for the entire group, with similar survival observed for each of the three treatment options. Initial complete remission rates (64%, 88%, and 71%) were not significantly different in the three treatment arms. Frequent relapse after initial remission induction was noted, however, with a freedom from relapse at 4 yr of only 25%. The toxicities of the three therapies were acceptable. Acute complications of therapy were most numerous in the group of patients treated with CVP; however, long-term hematologic depression was most commonly observed in patients treated with whole body irradiation. In general, hematologic complications were more frequent among patients who had marrow involvement and intact spleens at the time of initial therapy. The relationship of this study to other clinical trials in the management of patients with advanced stage favorable histology lymphomas and its implications for future clinical trials are discussed.
The Strengths Model: Birth to Toddlerhood

The Strengths Model/Perspective was developed by social workers and the profession continues to be the leader in its practice, research and refinement. This article traces the three decades of evolution of this approach and the continuing expansion of its use around the world. Cautionary notes are provided and an agenda for future development is proposed.
The Pain of “Thinking too Much”: Dolor de Cerebro and the Embodiment of Social Hardship among Nicaraguan Women

Abstract In this article I present the results of a community-based ethnographic study of the social and cultural meanings of dolor de cerebro (“brainache”), a pain commonly expressed by Nicaraguan women. Based on the results of narrative interviews conducted with 12 women, I show how these women situate the pain of dolor de cerebro in relation to their persistent worries about the impact of death, abandonment, and outmigration on personal and family well-being. I argue that, though the sensate physical experience of dolor de cerebro is significant, this pain is meaningful primarily as an embodied expression of the distress women experience as they confront the often-overwhelming circumstances of hardship in their local social worlds. In this way, women's narratives of dolor de cerebro emphasize how somatic forms of suffering are inherently moral experiences, as they bring to the fore “what matters most” in people's lived experience. Thus, this research contributes to our understanding of how personal narratives of bodily disruption relate to cultural norms and social ideals, in this case, reaffirming Nicaraguan women's desires for continuity and stability in family relationships.
Gephyrin interacts with the glutamate receptor interacting protein 1 isoforms at GABAergic synapses.

We have previously shown that the glutamate receptor interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) splice forms GRIP1a/b and GRIP1c4–7 are present at the GABAergic post-synaptic complex. Nevertheless, the role that these GRIP1 protein isoforms play at the GABAergic post-synaptic complex is not known. We are now showing that GRIP1c4–7 and GRIP1a/b interact with gephyrin, the main post-synaptic scaffold protein of GABAergic and glycinergic synapses. Gephyrin coprecipitates with GRIP1c4–7 or GRIP1a/b from rat brain extracts and from extracts of human embryonic kidney 293 cells that have been cotransfected with gephyrin and one of the GRIP1 protein isoforms. Moreover, purified gephyrin binds to purified GRIP1c4–7 or GRIP1a/b, indicating that gephyrin directly interacts with the common region of these GRIP1 proteins, which includes PDZ domains 4–7. An engineered deletion construct of GRIP1a/b (GRIP1a4–7), which both contains the aforementioned common region and binds to gephyrin, targets to the post-synaptic GABAergic complex of transfected cultured hippocampal neurons. In these hippocampal cultures, endogenous gephyrin colocalizes with endogenous GRIP1c4–7 and GRIP1a/b in over 90% of the GABAergic synapses. Double-labeling electron microscopy immunogold reveals that in the rat brain GRIP1c4–7 and GRIP1a/b colocalize with gephyrin at the post-synaptic complex of individual synapses. These results indicate that GRIP1c4–7 and GRIP1a/b colocalize and interact with gephyrin at the GABAergic post-synaptic complex and suggest that this interaction plays a role in GABAergic synaptic function.
Serotonin Neurons, Neuroplasticity, and Homeostasis of Neural Tissue

Homeostasis is the process by which the internal milieu of the body is able to maintain equilibrium in the face of constant insults from the external world. Endocrine, immune, and vascular systems play pivotal roles in adjusting internal biochemical reactions to counteract assaults from the outside. Despite the vast accumulation of data over the last 50 years, a role for serotonin in brain homeostasis has not been proposed. In this chapter I will review the plasticity and anatomy of serotonergic neurons in integrating external sensory and motor systems as well as internal endocrine, glial and vascular signals with the various cellular elements comprising neural tissue. Steroids and neuropeptides have both been shown to alter the morphology of serotonergic neurons. In turn, alterations in serotonin levels in the adult brain can change the morphology of its target cells. A pivotal role for serotonin in the homeostasis of neural tissue is consistent with the function of serotonin throughout evolution and explains the large number of biological systems, behavioral activities, and clinical diseases associated with serotonergic neurons.
Visualizing gene expression with luciferase fusions

Abstract The ability to measure gene expression with light is revolutionizing biotechnology. It is now possible to visualize transcription or translation and localize it to particular domains, cells or organelles of any organism. Moreover, this can be done repeatedly, noninvasively, and with unsurpassed sensitivity.
Two strong limit theorems for processes with independent increments

Two related almost sure limit theorems are obtained in connection with a stochastic process {ξ(t), −∞ < t < ∞} with independent increments. The first result deals with the existence of a simultaneous stabilizing function H(t) such that (ξ(t) − ξ(0))H(t) → 0 for almost all sample functions of the process. The second result deals with a wide-sense stationary process whose random spectral distributions is ξ. It addresses the question: Under what conditions does (2T)−1∫−TTX(t)X(t + τ)dt converge as T → ∞ for all τ for almost all sample functions?
Central mechanisms of frog calling.

Release calling and warning crying in Rana pipiens are described and compared with breathing. Vokalizations consist of a vocal phase, which is merely a modification of the expiratory phase of breathing, followed by an inspiratory phase, which is identical to inspiratory phase of breathing. Electrical and mechanical stimulation of the brain and brain lesions are used to locate some of the central mechanisms controlling release calling and warning crying in Rana pipiens, and mating calling in Rana pipiens and a number of hylids (mainly Hyla cinerea). It is concluded that the main control mechanisms are in the trigeminoisthmic tegmentum (below the nucleus isthmi). Mating calling requires, in addition, input transmitted through the ventral thalamus from hormone receptors in the preoptic area. Mating calling can be evoked in hylids by presenting them with recordings of specific calls. The mechanisms for responding to an acoustic stimulus are probably located in the anterior medulla and midbrain tegmentum (below the nucleus isthmi). Mating calling was evoked in two Hyla cinerea females after replacing the ovaries with Rana testes and injecting Rana pituitaries. It is suggested that release calling evolved from breathing, and that warning crying and mating calling may then have evolved from release calling.
Characterization of nitrogen-doped NiAl

Poor tensile ductility and fracture toughness below the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature are the primary factors limiting acceptance of NiAl as a high temperature structural material. Consequently, current research has been directed towards understanding the relationship between various metallurgical parameters and mechanical behavior, with emphasis on interstitial impurity effects. Interstitial elements do exert some influence on the flow behavior of single crystal NiAl. Therefore, it is probably safe to conclude that interstitial elements have a definitive effect on the flow behavior of NiAl, but the relationship between interstitial elements and fracture behavior is still unclear. Furthermore, there has been little work done to identify those interstitial elements responsible for the various observations recorded in the literature. Consequently, the purpose of this note is to describe the effect of nitrogen doping on the microstructure and tensile properties of NiAl.
The temperature range of liquid metals and an estimate of their critical constants

Abstract It is shown that the temperature range of liquid metals extends in the case of the “refractory” metals, tungsten, tantalum and rhenium, to over 20,000°K. Methods are described that show how, based on the law of rectilinear diameter, and available experimental data, such as density vs. temperature, and vapour-pressures, heats and entropies of vaporization, liquid temperature diagrams for various metals, may be constructed. Estimates for the critical temperature, pressure and density of various metals, for example, sodium, lead and tin, have been made.
Gerontology Field Education Experiences of Graduate Social Work and Gerontology Certificate Students

Abstract This descriptive-exploratory study examines gerontology field work and practicum experiences of thirty-eight graduate social work students who additionally completed gerontology certificate programs. Data were gathered through content analysis of field work and practicum contracts and field evaluation summaries. Study findings reflect a variety of learning expectations and opportunities at micro and macro practice levels. Curriculum implications to better prepare students for gerontological social work are presented.
Sacrificial Iconography: Creating History, Making Myth, and Negotiating Ideology on the Ara Pacis Augustae

Augustus, first emperor of Rome, invented a new genealogy, myth of origins, and history for himself and for Rome as he negotiated for authority with the Roman senate. As part of these negotiations the senate dedicated the Ara Pacis Augustae on the Campus Martius in 9 B.C.E. The function, location, and iconography of the monument participated in Augustus's attempts to link his present with the prehistory of Rome. In order for power and authority to be negotiated and legitimized, and for a history and myth to be invented, audience participation is required. This essay argues that the Ara Pacis Augustae was a symbol of the senate's participation and acceptance of Augustus's status, as well as a statement of its own power vis-a-vis that of the emperor.
Throughput-delay scaling in wireless networks with constant-size packets

In previous work (2004), we characterized the optimal throughput-delay trade-off in static wireless networks as D(n) = Theta(nT(n)), where D(n) and T(n) are the average packet delay and throughput in a network of n nodes, respectively. While this trade-off captured the essential network dynamics, packets needed to scale down with the network size. In this "fluid model", no buffers were required. Due to this packet scaling, D(n) did not correspond to the average delay per bit. That led to the question whether the trade-off remains the same when the packet size is kept constant, which necessitates buffers and packet scheduling in the network. In this paper, we answer this question in the affirmative by showing that the optimal throughput-delay trade-off is still D(n) = Theta(nT(n)), where now D(n) is the average delay per bit. Packets of constant size necessitate the use of buffers in the network, which in turn requires scheduling packet transmissions in a discrete-time queueing network and analyzing the corresponding delay. Our method consists of deriving packet schedules in the discrete-time network by looking at a corresponding continuous-time network and then analyzing the delay induced in the actual discrete network using results from queueing theory for continuous-time networks
Structure of domain walls in an oscillator array.

An array of parametrically driven pendulums has been found to exhibit a remarkably wide range of behavior. Here, we establish an analytically based model for a type of domain wall that is, so far, unique to this system. This domain wall separates two regions in containing standing wave modes having different wavelengths. The model entails the ``elimination'' of a fraction of the oscillators. Numerical predictions based on this model are compared with data generated by numerically solving the equations of motion of a one-dimensional lattice of coupled nonlinear oscillators. The agreement between theory and numerical simulation is, by and large, satisfactory.
A generalized mathematical scheme to analytically solve the atmospheric diffusion equation with dry deposition

A generalized mathematical scheme is developed to simulate the turbulent dispersion of pollutants which are adsorbed or deposit to the ground. The scheme is an analytical (exact) solution of the atmospheric diffusion equation with height-dependent wind speed and eddy diffusivities, and with a Robin-type boundary condition at the ground. Unlike published solutions of similar problems where complex or non-programmable (e.g., hypergeometric or Kummer) functions are obtained, the analytical solution proposed herein consists of two previously derived Green's functions (modified Bessel functions) expressed in an integral form that is amenable to numerical integration. In the case of invariant wind speed and turbulent eddies with height (i.e., Gaussian deposition plume), the solution reduces to an equivalent well-known heat conduction solution. The physical behavior represented by the Green's functions comprising the solution can be interpreted. This generalized scheme can be modified further to account for inversion effects or other meteorological conditions. The solution derived is useful for examining the accuracy and performance of sophisticated numerical dispersion models, and is particularly suitable for modeling the transport of pollutants undergoing strong surface adsorption or high depositional losses.
A cytosine·cytosine base paired parallel DNA double helix with thymine·thymine bulges

Abstract 500 MHz 1 H NMR studies using 2D-NOESY indicate that the oligonucleotide d(CTCTCT) at low pH forms a parallel double helix with cytosine·cytosine base pairs and thymine·thymine bulges. This unusual structure may explain the hypersensitivity of S 1 nuclease at low pH towards supercoiled plasmids containing d(CT) n inserts.
Effects of Diabetes on the Dietary Lipid Alteration of R3230AC Mammary Carcinoma Growth in Rats

To examine the effects of diabetes on the alteration of R3230AC mammary tumor growth by dietary lipids, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were fed diets containing either 20% corn oil (HF), 20% hydrogenated cottonseed oil (HCTO), or 0% fat (FF). Diabetes resulted in lower tumor weights and body weights compared to those of intact animals. Unlike intact animals, relative tumor weight (g tumor/100 g body wt) of diabetic animals fed HF diets were not greater than those from animals fed FF diets. However, in these diabetic animals, growth of tumors in HF-fed rats was faster than in HCTO-fed rats, a relationship similar to that seen in intact rats. A surprising result was the almost twofold greater tumor weight/100 g body wt observed in diabetic FF-fed rats compared to those fed HCTO diets. Insulin binding to tumor plasma membranes from diabetic animals was higher in rats fed HF diets than in rats fed FF or HCTO diets. The tumor plasma membrane fatty acid composition of diabetic rats fed FF and HCTO diets displayed higher proportions of the monounsaturates (C18:1 and C21:1) and decreased amounts of the polyunsaturates (C18:2 and C20:4) compared to the levels observed in membranes from HF-fed rats. These results, as well as the insulin binding data, were similar to those obtained using intact animals. The data presented here indicate that the more rapid growth of the R3230AC mammary tumor seen in intact animals fed high polyunsaturated fat vs fat-free diets did not occur in diabetic animals.
Comparison of the morbidity of tetanus toxoid boosters with tetanus-diphtheria toxoid boosters

A double-blind randomized trial was performed to compare the subjective morbidity of tetanus toxoid (T) with that of tetanus-diphtheria toxoid (Td). Symptoms occurred in 46 (48%) of 93 patients who received T, and in 75 of 100 patients who received Td (χ 2 = 12.3; P
Estimation of the precision matrix of multivariate Kotz type model

In this paper, the problem of estimating the precision matrix of a multivariate Kotz type model is considered. First, using the quadratic loss function, we prove that the unbiased estimator @a"0A^-^1, where A denotes the sample sum of product matrix, is dominated by a better constant multiple of A^-^1, denoted by @a"0^@?A^-^1. Secondly, a new class of shrinkage estimators of @S^-^1 is proposed. Moreover, the risk functions of @a"0A^-^1, @a"0^@?A^-^1 and the proposed estimators are explicitly derived. It is shown that the proposed estimator dominates @a"0^@?A^-^1, under the quadratic loss function. A simulation study is carried out which confirms these results. Improved estimator of tr(@S^-^1) is also obtained.
Ethical Issues on Campus: How Should Campuses Respond to Student Free Speech?

While news reports from today’s college and university campuses do not announce widespread sitins at administration buildings or large-scale demonstrations, student activism regarding numerous political and social causes remains evident in diverse forms.
Ecological interaction between sympatric Mytilus species on the west coast of Canada investigated using PCR markers.

M. californianus is the dominant marine mussel species on exposed rocky shores, while M. trossulus is usually the dominant mussel species in more sheltered waters on the west coast of North America. Since these species are physically indistinguishable when small ( 20.0 mm) on the open coast. Our results indicate that M. californianus are excluded from sheltered waters via early life factors, while M. trossulus are excluded from the open coast due to mortality later in life.
The Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Generation Test: Resistance to Growth Hormone With Aging and Estrogen Replacement Therapy

Circulating IGF-I is primarily regulated by growth hormone, but other factors such as nutritional status may also influence IGF-I secretion. The effects of age, gender, and estrogen replacement on responsiveness of serum IGF-I to GH administration have not been directly studied. The high-affinity circulating GH-binding protein (GHBP) has the same structure as the extracellular domain of the GH receptor and may reflect the sensitivity to GH in humans. To examine these issues, we employed an IGF-I generation test in which a single dose of GH (0.1 mg/kg SQ) was administered to 31 healthy adults comprising five groups: young (20-29 years) males (YM), young females in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (YF), older (60-69 years) males (OM), older females not on estrogen replacement (OFN), and older females on oral estrogen replacement (OFE). Blood was sampled for IGF-I and GHBP over 72 hours following GH administration. OM had lower peak IGF-I levels (323 +/- 38 vs. 497 +/- 85 micrograms/l, p = 0.0015) and a lower IGF-I response to GH (delta IGF-I: 187 +/- 33 vs. 293 +/- 57 micrograms/l, p = 0.0085) than YM. OFE had lower basal IGF-I (63 +/- 11 vs. 133 +/- 19 micrograms/l, p = 0.0046), peak IGF-I (174 +/- 28 vs. 400 +/- 40 micrograms/l, p = 0.0015), and delta IGF-I (111 +/- 21 vs. 268 +/- 27 micrograms/l, p = 0.0085) than OFN. IGFBP-3 levels were unchanged 24 hours after GH administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
ADRP/ADFP and Mal1 expression are increased in macrophages treated with TLR agonists

Activation of macrophages by TLR agonists enhances foam cell formation, but the underlying mechanisms are not understood. We examined the effects of TLR agonists on ADRP/ADFP, a protein associated with forming lipid droplets, and Mal1 a fatty acid-binding protein, in two mouse macrophage cell lines and human monocytes. Low doses of LPS, a TLR4 agonist increased both mRNA and protein levels of ADRP/ADFP and Mal1 in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Following pretreatment with Intralipid, fatty acids, or acetyl-LDL to increase triglyceride or cholesterol ester storage, LPS treatment still increased ADRP/ADFP and Mal1 mRNA levels. LPS also induced ADRP/ADFP and Mal1 in J774 macrophages and ADRP/ADFP in human monocytes. Zymosan, a fungal product that activates TLR2, poly-I:C, a viral mimetic that activates TLR3, and imiquimod, a TLR7 agonist, also increased ADRP/ADFP. Zymosan, but not poly-I:C or imiquimod, induced Mal1. In contrast, neither gene was induced by TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, or interferon-gamma. Thus TLR agonists induce ADRP/ADFP and Mal1, which likely contributes to macrophage triglyceride and cholesterol ester storage leading to foam cell formation.
Small cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the larynx: Report of two patients and review of 13 additional cases

Two patients with small cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the larynx (SCUCL) are described and 13 additional well-documented cases are reviewed. SCUCL affects middle-aged and elderly smokers and has a 2:1 male predominance. Half the patients presented with cervical metastases, an additional 43% developed regional metastases, and 71% ultimately had distant metastases. Thyroid gland involvement occurred in 29% of cases. Ten of fourteen patients had died of their neoplasms (mean survival, 7.8 months). One was living with unresectable tumor. Three were clinically disease-free, 30, 15, and six months, respectively, after diagnosis. Following initial therapy, six patients had recurrent or persistent local tumor or regional metastases. None of them received both total laryngectomy and ipsilateral cervical lymphadenectomy. Four of the six patients had radiation, suggesting that radiotherapy was not always effective in the control of local or regional disease when used in lieu of more extensive surgery. Three patients received chemotherapy, in addition to other modes of treatment, and their mean survival compared favorably with the overall group. The tumor from one of the patients contained a squamous component, and, ultrastructurally, both neoplasms had squamous and neuroendocrine features.
White House announces “big data” initiative

The world is now generating zetabytes—which is 10 to the 21st power, or a billion trillion bytess—of information every year, according to John Holdren, director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. With data volumes growing exponentially from a variety of sources such as computers running large-scale models, scientific instruments including telescopes and particle accelerators, and even online retail transactions, a key challenge is to better manage and utilize the data. The Big Data Research and Development Initiative, launched by the White House at a 29 March briefing, initially includes six federal departments and agencies providing more than $200 million in new commitments to improve tools and techniques for better accessing, organizing, and using data for scientific advances. The agencies and departments include the National Science Foundation (NSF), Department of Energy, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Defense, and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.