cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Trypanosoma brucei mutant resistant to α-difluoromethylornithine

Abstract Procyclic Trypanosoma brucei brucei strain 366D is susceptible to dl -α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) with an in vitro ED50 value of 225 μM. A mutant of the procyclic strain resistant to 20 mM of DFMO was isolated by serial in vitro passages of the organisms in increasing concentrations of the drug. Drug resistance remains unchanged after at least ten serial passages in the absence of DFMO. The mutant contains the same level of ornithine decarboxylase activity as the wild-type procyclic, and the mutant enzyme exhibits a similar susceptibility toward DFMO as the wild type. Neither the rate of decarboxylation of ornithine, nor the membrane potential in the mutant cell is changed. The only observed change in the mutant is its significantly decreased uptake of DFMO which reaches a saturating level of 18 μM inside the cells; a concentration seven times below the Ki value of DFMO on T. brucei ornithine decarboxylase (130 μM). Apparently, the failure of DFMO uptake in the mutant strain has provided the basis of drug resistance. The results also raise the question on whether the uptake of DFMO by T. brucei is by passive diffusion or by transporter(s) mediation. DFMO does not compete with the uptake of ornithine, arginine or putrescine, and the reverse holds also true. However, the mutant strain cultivated under DFMO for several generations has a greatly enhanced uptake of ornithine and a moderately heightened uptake of putrescine. Both are reduced to the normal level upon further propagations of the mutant strain in the absence of DFMO.
‘‘They don’t know what it’s like to be in my shoes’’: Topic avoidance about race in transracially adoptive families:

Families formed through transracial adoption face communicative challenges not faced by single-race families. Drawing upon communication privacy management theory and research on topic avoidance, this paper explores Korean adult adoptees’ reports of racial derogation in their youth and the extent to which they avoided discussing these interactions with their White adoptive parents. Results from qualitative interviews and surveys suggest that adoptee participants reported having received a range of racially derogatory messages, including appearance attacks, ethnicity attacks, and physical attacks. Most participants reported avoiding discussing these occurrences with their adoptive parents due to parent unresponsiveness and/or self-protection. This study extends the work on topic avoidance by offering sub-themes for parent unresponsiveness and sheds light on privacy management in transracially adoptive families.
The politeness of a disciplining text: Ideal readers in Ancrene Wisse

This paper uses linguistic theories of politeness to shed light on the functioning of certain discourse features of the Early Middle English Ancrene Wisse. It has been suggested that Ancrene Wisse is generically impolite because of the presence of conventional misogynistic tropes; however, the nature of the text as a religious rule requires a stance in which face-threatening acts, such as admonishing, advising, and even condemning, are common. The text also exhibits clear politeness strategies, including affectionate direct addresses of readers and comments that explicitly exclude readers from the text’s admonishments. The pragmatic effect of integrating these politeness strategies with the genre’s regulatory requirements creates a complex discourse field for readers to compass but, in fact, may provide an ideal environment for the text and its readers to pursue the genre’s Christian ideals.
The poetics and politics of Navajo ideophony in contemporary Navajo poetry

Abstract This article describes aspects of Navajo sound symbolism within its social and political contexts. Specifically, it focuses on the use of Navajo ideophony. Examples of Navajo ideophony are presented from a variety of verbal and written genres including song, narrative, place-names, and contemporary written poetry. It is argued that Navajo ideophony is an important poetic device in Navajo aesthetics and that its current promotion in written poetry challenges a simple view of ideophony as fragile in the face of outside contact. Navajo ideophony also challenges a received Western linguistic ideology that devalues such expressive forms.
Cross Comparison of ALOS PALSAR L-Band Retrieval Model Functions

We make a systematic comparison of wind speed computed from the advanced land observing system (ALOS) phased array type L-band synthetic aperture radar (PALSAR) against wind speed analyses from an operational weather model. The standard deviation of the residual difference is very similar to results from C-band synthetic aperture radars (SARs) on Radarsat-2 and Envisat when compared against models, albeit with a systematic and easily removed bias. Results are limited to HH-polarization data. There is little available VV-polarization data over water.
Combination chemotherapy for advanced lung cancer

Lung cancer is now a major public health problem in Thailand. This study was undertaken to gain some preliminary data regarding the potential effectiveness in treating advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) using an ifosfamide combination therapy IA(E)P. A clinical study was made of all 50 patients (Thais) with histologically proven, advanced NSCLC admitted to the University of Siriraj Hospital between 1985 and 1987 and followed up until February 1992. Survival was calculated for responders and non-responders as distinct groups, and for the different histological tumors among the responders. There were 22 cases of adenocarcinoma, 13 large cell carcinoma, and 15 squamous carcinoma. Twenty-seven out of 50 (54%) responded to treatment. The median survival of the response group was 17 months, compared with 5.5 months in the nonresponse group. The longest survival period was seen in patients with large cell carcinoma. The results suggest that moderate success might be expected in selected patients using the IA(E)P. Further work should be undertaken in developing countries using controlled clinical trials to more fully determine the efficacy of IA(E)P in treating NSCLC.
Cosmological perturbations in the early universe

We elucidate and somewhat extend Bardeen's gauge-invariant formalism for calculating the growth of linear gravitational perturbations in a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmological background. We show that the formalism can be derived from the usual gravitational Lagrangian, by variation with respect to a restricted set of metric perturbation functions. This approach produces a natural decomposition of an arbitrary matter field (whose constitutive equations need not resemble the usual cosmological perfect fluid) into a spatially homogeneous piece, which couples to the background metric, plus a spatially inhomogeneous piece, which is not necessarily small and which is the source term in a second-order differential equation which evolves the gauge-invariant metric perturbation potential. We show how the complete perturbed metric can be reconstructed in arbitrary gauge from the single gauge-independent metric potential, so that the evolution of the matter fields can be concurrently calculated in the usual manner (i.e., in a perturbed coordinate frame). The approach of this paper is designed to be particularly suited to the study of fluctuations generated by classical scalar or gauge fields in "inflationary" cosmological models.
Analyzing the factors that influence persistence rates in STEM field, majors: Introduction to the symposium

Abstract To improve our understanding of the factors that influence persistence rates in STEM field majors, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation provided a grant to the Cornell Higher Education Research Institute in 2007 to study the question. The five papers in the symposium represent the output of the project. This introduction explains the motivation for undertaking the study, describes the questions the researchers asked and the data bases they used in their studies, summarizes their findings, and suggests directions for future research.
MELD: a modest extensible LISP dialect

This paper describes the structure and implementation of an interactive list processing language so small that its interpreter can be programmed in a few days but powerful enough to allow definition of many high level language features. Since its programs are executed by a threaded sequence of machine language routines, the system is suitable for efficient implementation on microcomputers, and possibly even in hardware.
Polymorphic bonding and thermal stability of elemental noncrystalline solids

Based on a correlation found between the thermal stability of elemental noncrystalline solids and crystalline polymorphism it is suggested that the structure of noncrystalline solids is composed of atomic bonds of the crystalline polymorphs. For noncrystalline solids, each covalent element has a narrow range of stability that correlates on the basis of group number and number of polymorphic forms. Many metallic elements, however, have a reported wide range of stability, which are divided into two characteristic ranges. The Bernal or random close-packed structure is proposed for metallic noncrystalline solids with low thermal stability whereas impurity-induced polymorphic bonding is proposed for the instances of high thermal stability. Aufgrund von Beziehungen, die zwischen thermischer Stabilitat von nicht-kristallinen Element-Festkorpern und kristalliner Polymorphie gefunden werden, wird vermutet, das die Struktur nicht-kristalliner Festkorper durch die atomare Bindung des kristallinen Polymorphen bestimmt wird. Fur nicht-kristalline Festkorper hat jedes kovalente Element einen engen Stabilitatsbereich, welcher mit der Gruppenzahl und der Zahl der polymorphen Formen in Wechselbeziehung steht. Viele Metallelemente haben jedoch einen relativ weiten Stabilitatsbereich, der in zwei charakteristische Abschnitte eingeteilt wird. Die Bernal- oder regellos dicht gepackte Struktur wird fur metallisch nicht-kristalline Festkorper mit geringer thermischer Stabilitat vorgeschlagen, wahrend die durch Verunreinigungen erzeugte polymorphe Bindung fur die Falle mit hoher thermischer Stabilitat vorgeschlagen wird.
Automatisierte Apparatur zur gravimetrischen Messung der Gassorption, insbesondere für die Bestimmung der spezifischen Oberfläche und der Porengröße

Fur die gravimetrische Bestimmung der Sorption von Gasen und Dampfen an Feststoffen wurde eine Apparatur entwickelt, die aus einer automatisch arbeitenden Evakuier- und Gaszufuhrungsanlage unter Verwendung der elektronischen Mikrowaage nach Gast besteht. Die Ad- und Desorption wird entweder kontinuierlich oder diskontinuierlich-isobar gemessen, wobei die Druckanderung und Druckkonstanthaltung mit Hilfe eines Multikontaktmanometers in Verbindung mit Zahlmagneten gesteuert wird. Bei der diskontinuierlich-isobaren Messung wird die Einstellung des Sorptionsgleichgewichtes kontrolliert und die isobar-isotherme Sorptionsgeschwindigkeit ermittelt. Die Sorption kann im Druckbereich von 10−3 bis 760 Torr und Temperaturbereich von ca. −200 bis 1000 °C gemessen werden.
Effect of PGF2α and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α (PGFM) on corpora luteal function in nonpregnant mares.

The objective of this study was to determine if the primary circulating metabolite of PGF2alpha, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha (PGFM), is biologically active and would induce luteolysis in nonpregnant mares. On Day 9 after ovulation, mares (n = 7/group) were randomly assigned to receive: 1) saline control, 2) 10 mg PGF2alpha or 3) 10 mg PGFM in 5 mL 0.9% sterile saline i.m. On Days 0 through 16, blood was collected for progesterone analysis. In addition, blood was collected immediately prior to treatment, hourly for 6 h, and then at 12 and 24 h after treatment for progesterone and PGFM analysis; PGFM was measured to verify that equivalent amounts of hormone were administered to PGF2alpha- and PGFM-treated mares. Mares were considered to have undergone luteolysis if progesterone decreased to 0.1) in the occurrence of luteolysis in control and PGFM-treated mares. More (P 0.1) in progesterone concentrations between control and PGFM-treated mares on Days 10 through 16. Progesterone concentrations were lower (P 0.05) in PGFM concentrations between PGF2alpha- and PGFM-treated mares; PGFM concentrations in both groups were higher (P<0.001) than in control mares. These results do not support the hypothesis that PGFM is biologically active in the mare, since there was no difference in corpora luteal function between PGFM-treated and control mares.
A US International Health Service Corps: Options and Constraints

A US International Health Service Corps to place American health professionals in developing countries is under consideration. The various options for such a corps are examined in light of past attempts, present needs, and future potential. Justifications, costs, benefits, administrative/legislative mechanisms, and alternative ways to meet US international health goals are evaluated. We conclude that there are more feasible ways to meet US international health objectives than through a governmental International Health Service Corps. ( JAMA 1987;257:2622-2625)
Planned out-of-hospital births, New Jersey, 1978-1980.

Abstract This study involves 775 cases of New Jersey residents who had planned out-of-hospital births during the years 1978–1980. Birth certificate data were analyzed and compared to New Jersey statewide birth data for the same time period. The women who chose a planned out-of-hospital birth were more likely than the total resident population to be older, married, better-educated and having their second baby. Reasons for selecting alternatives to physician in-hospital delivery were the desire to be attended by a midwife, to have the family present, to be part of the decision-making process, and faith in the birth process as being in line with nature. The out-of-hospital birth phenomenon was diffuse throughout the state, with more births attended by midwives than physicians and more births at home rather than at birthing centers. This study provides a basis for comparison of specific choices, providers and clientelle involved in the birth alternative movement, and lays the groundwork for investigating long term changes in the demand for birthing services in New Jersey.
A rapid, valid and inexpensive assay for measuring epiphyseal plates in mouse tibia.

One of the most accurate indices of changes in somatic tissue growth rate in rodents is the width of tibial epiphyseal plates as unlike most mammals, rodent growth plates never ossify. Unfortunately, the original procedure to measure tibial epiphyseal plate width (TEPW) was developed for rats and yields poor results with mice. This paper demonstrates a simple method for silver staining growth plates that can be used to inexpensively and quickly measure the TEPW of mice. Poor visualization due to overstaining and the shattering of growth plates necessitated several revisions to the original protocol. These include exposing the growth plate prior to acetone dehydration, reducing the silver nitrate concentration from 2% to 1.5% and staining time from 2 min to 10 s and finally, the use of reflective light rather than transmissive light when imaging. The optimized protocol was then validated by generating an age-dependent TEPW growth curve that matched changes in tibia length. A total of 120 tibias were processed in a combined time of less than one day and for less than $30. By contrast, histological processing in the university’s core facility would have cost $1440 and taken approximately three weeks. Thus, the revised protocol is vastly more cost effective, reliable and can be performed considerably quicker with minimal training.
Nanometer-scale test of the Tung model of Schottky-barrier height inhomogeneity

Tung has shown [Phys. Rev. B 45, 13 509 (1992)] that a range of ``nonideal'' behaviors observed in metal/semiconductor (MS) Schottky diodes could be quantitatively explained by assuming that specific microscopic distributions of nanometer-sized ``patches'' of reduced barrier height exist at the MS interface. Here we report a simultaneous microscopic and macroscopic test of this model as applied to $\mathrm{metal}/6H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{SiC}$ Schottky diodes, by (1) measuring the nm-scale barrier-height distribution (BHD) of particular Schottky diodes using ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM), (2) extending the Tung model to calculate the expected nm-scale BHD for particular parameter values, and (3) quantitatively relating the measured nm-scale BHD of a particular Schottky diode to its macroscopic $I\ensuremath{-}V$ characteristic. Our studies indicate that (1) for relatively ideal diodes, both the microscopic and macroscopic behaviors are explained well by the Tung model with a large coverage (g5%) of shallow patches, (2) the measured BHDs are nearly identical for relatively ideal and highly nonideal diodes, and (3) a simple Tung model can account for highly nonideal behavior only by assuming an unphysical patch distribution in which the excess current is dominated by a few patches in the extreme tail of the patch distribution. Our measurements instead suggest that all the diodes contain a broad ``intrinsic'' distribution of shallow patches, while the large excess current in highly nonideal diodes is due to a few large defects of extrinsic origin. This last conclusion is consistent with a recent study by Skromme and co-workers [J. Electron. Mater. 29, 376 (2000)].
Selective use of ultrasonography for acute appendicitis in children.

Abstract Background: To evaluate the role of ultrasonography in children with equivocal signs of acute appendicitis, and correlate with initial clinical impression and pathological findings. Methods: This is a prospective evaluation of all children presenting with a possible diagnosis of appendicitis during a 14-month study period. Patients with unequivocal clinical signs of appendicitis underwent appendectomy without ultrasonography. Patients with equivocal signs had documentation of the clinical impression and subsequent abdominal ultrasound. Statistical analysis of results was performed using the chi-square test ( P Results: Two hundred fifteen consecutive children were enrolled. Signs were unequivocal in 116 and equivocal in 99. Seven patients in the first group had a normal appendix at operation. Of the 99 patients with equivocal signs, there were 28 true positives, 3 false positives, 64 true negatives, and 4 false negatives. In equivocal cases, sensitivity of the initial clinical impression versus ultrasound was 50% and 88%, respectively ( P Conclusions: The low false positive rate (6%) in clinically obvious cases of appendicitis does not, in our opinion, warrant ultrasonography. In clinically equivocal cases, ultrasonography is a fast, sensitive, and specific diagnostic modality to diagnose or rule out appendicitis, avoiding the need for prolonged observation and/or hospitalization.
Numerical simulation of deep tropical convection associated with large-scale convergence

Abstract A set of four-hour simulations has been carried out to study deep moist convection characteristic of the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE). The present model includes warm rain bulk cloud physics and effects associated with a large-scale, time-invariant convergence. The convection took approximately two hours to develop from a random moisture disturbance. The cloud efficiency, in terms of the total water vapor condensed, was near 40%. The heat and moisture budgets and the time–mean vertical fluxes of mass, heat, and moisture were calculated for the last 80 minutes of the simulations. In this study the primary emphasis was placed upon run A, the three-dimensional calculation. For this calculation, the layer centered near 4.0 km was a region of low mean cloudiness but of strong convection. The upward mass flux was strong and upward heat and moisture fluxes had maximum values in this layer. The strongest downward mass flux was due to weak downward velocit...
Exchange splitting of the degenerate levels of a magnetic impurity in an antiferromagnetic insulator

Abstract A model to describe the splitting of the degenerate levels of a strongly coupled magnetic impurity in an antiferromagnetic insulator is proposed. In this model the degeneracy is lifted by the finite instantaneous exchange field produced by the fluctuations of the nearest neighbor spins of the impurity. The splitting energy and the local magnetic order induced by the impurity are treated self-consistently. The results are used for the interpretation of the temperature dependent fluorescence spectrum of GdAlO3 with Cr3+ impurities. The agreement between theory and experiment is good in the whole temperature range. The local self-consistent antiferromagnetic order, which differs from the perfect long-range order of the host, is responsible for the splitting of the Cr3+ ground state at 0°K.
Ultrastructural Data for the Practicing Plant Systematist

During the past decade, ultrastructural data from both transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been used to determine relationships among flowering plants. Modern studies in plant systematics rely upon many kinds of comparative data such as morphology, cytology, cytogenetics, chemistry, and anatomy; and ultrastructure is another important source of information. Practicing plant systematists put most of their efforts into making classifications, which involve grouping and ranking. Ultrastructure appears suitable for use in classification, and it has the advantage of allowing comparisons of structure at the cellular or subcellular level, and this may help reveal homologies more clearly. For systematics of the flowering plants, pollen grains, seed coats, and leaves have been investigated most intensively so far, and the first two have been particularly useful because of their ontogenetic and environmental stability. From leaves, cuticular waxes, generalized epidermal cells, stomata, and trichomes have been studied most frequently. Within stems, sieve-tube plastids have been used as characters at the higher taxonomic levels. In general, those internal features that are best viewed via TEM are those most important at the higher levels in the taxonomic hierarchy. External features viewed best with SEM are more useful at the lower levels. Ultrastructural studies add new potential to systematic research through such efforts as the determination of the adaptive nature of taxonomic characters, and the use of ultrastructure to understand evolutionary dynamics such as ecotypic differentiation and hybridization.
Some Effects of Open and Closed Questions on Respondents' Answers

The style of a research interview is determined in considerable part by the investigator's decisions about whether to make his questions open or closed.1 In 1944, Lazarsfeld suggested that, in the absence of empirical evidence concerning the effects on responses of these two question forms, researchers would have to base their decisions about when to use them on wisdom gained from experience.2 Nearly twenty years later, for lack of systematic studies of effects of open and closed questions, we are still following this advice.
Porosity in Conformal Infinite Iterated Function Systems

Abstract In this paper we deal with the problem of porosity of limit sets of conformal (infinite) iterated function systems. We provide a necessary and sufficient condition for the limit sets of these systems to be porous. We pay special attention to the systems generated by continued fractions with restricted entries and we give a complete description of the subsets I of positive integers such that the set J I of all numbers whose continued fraction expansion entries are contained in I , is porous. We then study such porous sets in greater detail examining their Hausdorff dimensions, Hausdorff measures, packing measures, and other geometric characteristics. We also show that the limit set generated by the complex continued fraction algorithm is not porous, the limit sets of all plane parabolic iterated function systems are porous, and of all real parabolic iterated function systems are not porous. We provide a very effective necessary and sufficient condition for the limit set of a finite conformal iterated function system to be porous.
Predicting lithology and transport properties from acoustic velocities based on petrophysical classification of siliciclastics

Based on the recently developed petrophysical classification of siliciclastics, which takes into account the amount of the volumetric clay content C and textural position of clay, it is shown that acoustic velocities can be fairly accurate tools in predicting lithology, porosity, and ultimately, transport properties of these rocks. Four major petrophysical groups of carbonate‐ and organic‐poor siliciclastics are distinguished: (1) clean arenites (C 35 percent). The compressional velocity versus porosity relation for consolidated rocks in each of these groups is found to be linear with very high correlation coefficients. This allows for remarkably accurate porosity estimates or lithology prediction in consolidated siliciclastics from acoustic velocities compared to the widely used time average (Wyllie) equation or its improved modification (Raymer equations), both of which neglect textural factors...
Psychometric testing of the agitation severity scale for acute presentation behavioral management patients in the emergency department

Agitation is a vexing problem frequently observed in emergency department acute psychiatric patients, yet no instruments to measure agitation in this setting and population were found upon review of the literature. Previously developed agitation rating scales are limited by the length of observation they require, their need for participation by the patient, complexity in scoring, and a lack of validity in this setting and population. The purpose of this study was to psychometrically evaluate and refine an observation-based agitation scale for use with emergency department acute psychiatric patients. Using a methodological design, the 21-item Agitation Severity Scale was utilized to assess 270 adult psychiatric patients in the emergency setting in a prospective, observational fashion. Reliability analysis, item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and validity assessments were completed. The relationship between Agitation Severity Scale scores and scores on the previously established Overt Agitation Severity Scale was evaluated. The instrument was reduced to 17 items representing four factors (Aggressive Behaviors, Interpersonal Behaviors, Involuntary Motor Behaviors, and Physical Stance) that accounted for nearly 70% of observed variance, Cronbach's α = 0.91. Evidence of internal consistency reliability, equivalence reliability, construct validity, and convergent validity was established. Through this study, the 17-item Agitation Severity Scale demonstrated acceptable levels of reliability and validity when used with acute psychiatric patients in the emergency setting. This instrument holds promise as a method of enhancing clinical communication about agitation, evaluating the efficacy of interventions aimed at decreasing agitation, and as a research tool.
Mechanism of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase: evidence for an enzyme-pyrophosphate intermediate

Abstract The enzyme 5-phosphoribosyl-α-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase (ATP: D -ribose-5-phosphate pyrophosphotransferase, E. C. 2.7.6.1) catalyzes the first step of a highly branched biosynthetic pathway which leads ultimately to the synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, tryptophan, histidine, and pyridine nucleotides. Feedback inhibition of PRPP synthetase from Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli by the various end products of PRPP metabolism has been reported ( Switzer, 1967 ; Atkinson and Fall, 1967 ). As part of a study of the details of the regulation and mechanism of action of PRPP synthetase from S. typhimurium , it was found that the purified enzyme catalyzes an exchange between 14C-AMP and ATP in the absence of ribose compounds and an exchange between 14C-ribose-5-phosphate and PRPP in the absence of adenine nucleotides (R.L. Switzer, unpublished experiments). These results suggested the participation of an enzyme-pyrophosphate intermediate in the PRPP synthetase reaction. This communication presents direct evidence for the formation of such an intermediate and its function in the overall enzyme reaction.
Preparation of Immunoglobulin Y from Egg Yolk Using Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation and Ion Exchange Chromatography

The objective of this study was to develop an economical, simple, and large-scale separation method for IgY from egg yolk. Egg yolk diluted with 9 volumes of cold water was centrifuged after adjusting the pH to 5.0. The supernatant was added with 0.01% charcoal or 0.01% carrageenan and centrifuged at 2,800 x g for 30 min. The supernatant was filtered through a Whatman no. 1 filter paper and then the filtrate was concentrated to 20% original volume using ultrafiltration. The concentrated solution was further purified using either cation exchange chromatography or ammonium sulfate precipitation. For the cation exchange chromatography method, the concentrated sample was loaded onto a column equilibrated with 20 mM citrate-phosphate buffer at pH 4.8 and eluted with 200 mM citrate-phosphate buffer at pH 6.4. For the ammonium sulfate precipitation method, the concentrated sample was twice precipitated with 40% ammonium sulfate solution at pH 9.0. The yield and purity of IgY were determined by ELISA and electrophoresis. The yield of IgY from the cation exchange chromatography method was 30 to 40%, whereas that of the ammonium sulfate precipitation was 70 to 80%. The purity of IgY from the ammonium sulfate method was higher than that of the cation exchange chromatography. The cation exchange chromatography could handle only a small amount of samples, whereas the ammonium sulfate precipitation could handle a large volume of samples. This suggests that ammonium sulfate precipitation was a more efficient and useful purification method than cation exchange chromatography for the large-scale preparation of IgY from egg yolk.
Community and child energy balance: differential associations between neighborhood environment and overweight risk by gender

Using data from the 2003 to 2004 continuous National Health Nutrition Examination Survey merged with the 2000 census and other geographic information systems-based neighborhood data, this study conducted gender-specific analyses to examine the influence of neighborhood characteristics on child risk for overweight (defined as gender-specific body mass index which is greater than the 85 percentile). Models of neighborhood influence that include institutional factors, built environment factors, and social modeling dynamics were tested. The study sample included 1753 (915 girls and 838 boys) children aged 2–11 years. Results indicate that institutional neighborhood features such as poverty in the census tract and rurality are associated with higher odds of risk of child overweight. Built environment factors also have connections to child risk of overweight, with long commute times within the census tract associated with higher overweight risk. Higher prevalence of physical activity is associated with lower ri...
A glycostatic effect of testosterone on the perineal muscles of the rat.

THE question as to whether glycogen storage (glycopexis) in skeletal muscle is influenced by the amount of circulating androgens in the male has not been satisfactorily answered. Schuman (1940a, b) and Borgatti (1947) reported that testosterone increased and castration decreased the storage of glycogen in skeletal muscle, but on the other hand, negative results were obtained by Gaunt, et al. (1939), Cahane (1940), Griffiths (1941), McCullagh and Lewis (1942), and Winter and Thompson (1944). One of the leg muscles was used as test material in the above experiments. The fact that the striated muscles of the perineal complex of the male rat decrease in size following castration and increase in size under the influence of male hormone (Wainman and Shipounoff, 1941) suggests that these muscles might show definite alterations in glycogen concentration relative to androgen stimulation. This paper will report the changes which occur in the glycogen concentration of these muscles following castration and testoster...
Magnetic amplifier performs analytical operations

THE CIRCUIT shown contains two saturable reactors with “square loop” cores. An alternating voltage is applied to their windings through rectifying diodes. During positive half-cycles of the supply voltage V c the core flux of the converter stage rises from some preset value to saturation. Before “firing” only a small magnetizing current flows; after firing the supply voltage appears across the load resistance R c and the winding resistance r c . The preset flux is determined jointly by the line voltage, which in negative (presetting) half-cycles tries to remove the core from positive saturation and by the opposing voltage of a given half-wave sinusoidal signal V s1 1 This stage converts the waveform of the signal V s1 into a net output waveform V c ′ of nearly equal half-cyclic area.
Indications for a critical point in the phase diagram for hot and dense nuclear matter

Abstract Two-pion interferometry measurements are studied for a broad range of collision centralities in Au+Au ( s N N = 7.7 – 200 GeV ) and Pb+Pb ( s N N = 2.76 TeV ) collisions. They indicate non-monotonic excitation functions for the Gaussian emission source radii difference ( R out − R side ), suggestive of reaction trajectories which spend a fair amount of time near a soft point in the equation of state (EOS) that coincides with the critical end point (CEP). A Finite-Size Scaling (FSS) analysis of these excitation functions, provides further validation tests for the CEP. It also indicates a second order phase transition at the CEP, and the values T cep ∼ 165 MeV and μ B cep ∼ 95 MeV for its location in the ( T , μ B )-plane of the phase diagram. The static critical exponents ( ν ≈ 0.66 and γ ≈ 1.2 ) extracted via the same FSS analysis, place this CEP in the 3D Ising model (static) universality class. A Dynamic Finite-Size Scaling analysis of the excitation functions, gives the estimate z ∼ 0.87 for the dynamic critical exponent, suggesting that the associated critical expansion dynamics is dominated by the hydrodynamic sound mode.
Measuring and modeling reduction of DDT availability to the water column and mussels following activated carbon amendment of contaminated sediment

A 28-day accumulation study demonstrated the use of mussel uptake, passive samplers, and biodynamic modeling to measure the reduction of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) availability in the water column after the addition of activated carbon to contaminated sediment. Sediment collected from Lauritzen Channel, Richmond, California (16.5mg total DDT/kg) was mixed with either virgin activated carbon or a reactivated carbon for one month, after which a 28-day laboratory exposure study was completed. Mussels (Mytilus edulis) suspended above activated carbon-treated sediment accumulated significantly less total DDT in soft tissue, 91% and 84% for virgin and reactivated carbon, respectively, as compared to untreated sediment. Mussel tissue concentrations correlated to concentrations in semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and polyethylene devices (PEDs) suspended over the same sediments. A biodynamic model that incorporated DDT water concentrations, either analytically measured or estimated from PED uptake, described mussel accumulation over time. Thus, passive samplers in combination with biodynamic modeling may provide an important screening tool for assessment of filter-feeding uptake and ecological risk to water-dwelling organisms exposed to aqueous phase hydrophobic organic contaminants.
Thickness limitations in carbon nanotube reinforced silicon nitride coatings synthesized by vapor infiltration

Abstract Chemical vapor infiltration is a convenient method for synthesizing carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced ceramic coatings. The thickness over which infiltration is relatively uniform is limited by gas phase diffusion in the pore structure. These effects were investigated in two types of silicon nitride matrix composites. With CNTs that were distributed uniformly on the substrate surface dense coatings were limited to thicknesses of several microns. With dual structured CNT arrays produced by photolithography coatings up to 400 μm thick were obtained with minimal residual porosity. Gas transport into these dual structured materials was facilitated by creating micron sized channels between “CNT pillars” (i.e. each pillar consisted of a large number of individual CNTs). The experimental results are consistent with basic comparisons between the rates of gas diffusion and silicon nitride growth in porous structures. This analysis also provides a general insight into optimizing infiltration conditions during the fabrication of thick CNT-reinforced composite coatings.
Direct analysis of kryptofix 2.2.2 in 18FDG by gas chromatography using a nitrogen-selective detector

Abstract A method is described for the direct measurement of Kryptofix 2.2.2 levels in 18 FDG preparations dissolved in isotonic saline using gas Chromatography coupled with a nitrogen-selective detector. The cryptand can be eluted intact in 2 min time from a short megabore capillary column, and detected at levels as low as 0.25 μg/mL. This method offers rapid, quantitative and sensitive detection of Kryptofix 2.2.2 levels in 18 FDG thus making it amenable to routine quality assurance testing.
Coordinated interdisciplinary management of pediatric intestinal failure: a 2-year review.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Intestinal failure is a complex metabolic process that results from malabsorption and malnutrition and provides challenges for a variety of pediatric subspecialists. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of coordinated interdisciplinary team management of children with intestinal failure on nutritional outcome measures. Methods: The Intestinal Care Center (ICC) is staffed with an interdisciplinary team of pediatric specialists including a gastroenterologist, pediatric surgeon, transplant surgeon, clinical dietitians, and a nutrition support nurse. Using an established registry, the authors conducted a comprehensive evaluation of patient data including anthropometric measures, organ system function, and mode of nutrition support. Disease-associated complications including micronutrient deficiencies, growth delay, and death also were monitored. Nutritional outcome was assessed by transition from enteral to oral feeding, cessation of total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and maintenance of linear growth. Results: Since the inception of the ICC in 1996, 103 patients (69 boys, 34 girls) with intestinal failure have been evaluated with a median age of 2.6 years (range, 0.2 to 21.3 years). Mode of nutritional therapy on initial consultation included TPN (n = 76, 74%), enteral feedings (n = 6, 6%) and oral intake (n = 21, 20%). After intensive management of the 76 patients who were TPN dependent, 22 (29%) subsequently have been weaned from TPN (duration, 0.2 to 17.5 years) to oral (n = 14), oral-enteral (n = 4) or enteral feedings (n = 4). Of the 6 patients who were receiving enteral feedings, 4 (67%) were transitioned to oral feedings. Sixty-eight patients (66%) had evidence of hepatic disease. Of these, 10 underwent transplant, and 23 died (2 posttransplant). Linear growth velocity of neither pre- nor postpubescent patients significantly improved during the 2-year study period. Conclusion: Data registry establishment and concurrent interdisciplinary team management of children with intestinal failure provides for innovative treatment approaches and a foundation for retrospective or prospective assessment of children with disease. J Pediatr Surg 35:380-385. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Immunocytochemistry of mouse and human retina with antisera to insulin and S-100 protein.

Immunocytochemistry using peroxidase antiperoxidase (PAP) techniques showed insul in-like immunoreactivity in the human retina, and in the mouse retina and optic nerve. The immunoreaction product was seen in the inner nuclear, ganglion cell, outer and inner plexiform layers of the retinas, and in glial cell bodies of the optic nerve. A similar staining pattern using antiserum to S-100 protein, a marker for glial elements, was also seen in these tissues. This demonstrates that insulin or insulin-like immunoreactivity appears to be limited to glial cells of the retina and optic nerve. Our study suggests that the presence of insulin or a similar peptide in retina and optic nerve may be important for their normal function and metabolism.
A study on the deformation of metals

Abstract Based on the expanding process of grain boundary sliding, a kinetic model on superplastic deformation was proposed. According to the deduced equations, the relationships between flow stress, strain rate, temperature and initial grain size were analysed and discussed. The calculated results are in better agreement with experimentation within a certain range of strain rate. Some phenomena on superplasticity can be explained.
A Descriptive Longitudinal Study of Perceived Family Stability and Substance Use with Low Income African-American Adolescents

Abstract Despite extensive research surrounding the adolescent's family and substance use, there is little information in terms of family stability and the relationship with adolescent substance use. There is also little research of these particular issues with low-income African-American youth living in poverty. This project explored the relationship of perceived family stability and substance use with a sample of 233 adolescents (aged 9 to 19) living in public housing. The results imply that the quality or type of family relationship has greater impact upon adolescent substance use than the structure of the family or the stability of the family relationship. It also would seem that strengthening the existing relationship of parents and adolescents would bring greater treatment results than spending time attempting to promote and ensure stability of a particular type of relationship.
Catalyst support effects in the growth of structured carbon from the decomposition of ethylene over nickel

Abstract The characteristics of carbon nanofibers generated during ethylene decomposition over supported nickel can be readily manipulated by a judicious choice of the support material. The occurrence and ramifications of Ni/support interaction(s), in terms of Ni particle size/morphology/orientation, are considered and related to the carbon structure/dimensions and yield. A 7±1% w/w Ni loading was achieved by standard impregnation of SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , MgO, Ta 2 O 5 , activated carbon (AC), and graphite: the reduced catalysts have been characterized by H 2 chemisorption, CO chemisorption/temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The reaction of ethylene with hydrogen over these catalysts also generated ethane via hydrogenation, a step that was favored over Ni/Al 2 O 3 and Ni/MgO. Carbon yield (where T 2 O 3 ∼ Ni/MgO 2 O 5 2 ; at higher temperatures (>850 K), Ni/AC and Ni/graphite delivered the highest yields. With the exception of Ni/graphite and Ni/Ta 2 O 5 , which produced helical and highly curved fibers, the other supported Ni catalysts generated a relatively straight (limited curvature) fibrous growth. The occurrence of Ni fragmentation and secondary fiber growth from such fragments is illustrated and discussed. The influence of H 2 content in the feed was investigated with respect to both carbon yield and structure; an increased H 2 content served to enhance fiber structural order. Temperature-programmed oxidation studies have been used to probe the graphitic nature of the carbon product; the results are consistent with HRTEM analysis.
Archival Representation in the Digital Age

This study analyzes the representation systems of three digitized archival collections using the traditional archival representation framework of provenance, order, and content. The results of the study reveal a prominent role of provenance representation, a compromised role of order representation, and an active role of content representation in digital archives. The findings of the study highlight the challenges faced by the archival community to preserve archival context and at the same time expand archival accessibility in the digital environment.
“Lexicon of Love”: Genre Description of Popular Music Is Not as Simple as ABC

In 2007, the University of Arkansas Libraries received a large donation of 5,295 popular music recordings. This gift nearly doubled the existing CD holdings and greatly altered the collection's emphasis. The present authors sought to enhance retrieval in the local catalog, concentrating particularly on subject access. To this end, they analyzed popular music genre terminology used by three well-known online resources: allmusic.com, Wikipedia, and The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. This article reports their findings about the genres that each assigned to the specific artists in the collection and whether the genres were applied consistently among the three resources.
The use of selective and direct DAF for removal of particulate contaminants in drinking water treatment

Cationic polymers were found to coat bubbles resulting in charge reversal and increasingly positive EPM. Batch bench-scale dissolved air flotation (DAF) studies show promising benefits from the addition of cationic or non-ionic polymers to the saturated recycle line of conventional DAF. In cases where low turbidity, low color waters are being treated, direct DAF compared well with conventional DAF. Polymer addition improved the percentage solids of the float. Anionic polymers were not found to be effective. Further research at the pilot and full-scale is needed to verify these findings.
A pharmacological investigation of the seeds of Pyrularia pubera Michx

Pharmacological studies were made of a partially purified extract of the seeds of Pyrularia pubera. Tests showed the extract to be a powerful, smooth muscle stimulant, especially on the uterus and isolated intestinal strips of the guinea pig and rabbit.