cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large-scale narrative events in popular cinema

Most experiments in event perception and cognition have focused on events that are only a few minutes in length, and the previous research on popular movies is consistent with this temporal scope. Scenes are generally between a few seconds and a few minutes in duration. But popular movies also offer an opportunity to explore larger events—variously called acts, major parts, or large-scale parts by film theorists—in which the boundaries often have few if any unique physical attributes. These units tend to be between about 20 to 35 min in duration. The present study had observers watch seven movies they had not seen before and, over the course of several days and with ample justifications, reflect on them, and then segment them into two to six parts with the aid of a running description of the narrative. Results showed consistency across viewers’ segmentations, consistency with film-theoretic segmentations, and superiority over internet subjects who had access to only the scenarios used by the movie viewers. Thus, these results suggest that there are large scale events in movies; they support a view that their events are organized meronomically, layered with units of different sizes and with boundaries shared across layers; and they suggest that these larger-scale events can be discerned through cognitive, not perceptual, means.
Quality Service and Quality of Life

(1994). Quality Service and Quality of Life. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 79-79.
DITADURAS DO CONE SUL: A EXPERIÊNCIA BRASILEIRA DE RESISTÊNCIA A PARTIR DO ARAGUAIA

As ditaduras dos paises do chamado Cone Sul representaram um periodo de autoritarismo institucional com restricao das liberdades democraticas e aplicacao sistemica de praticas de tortura na America Latina. Cada pais que atravessou o enfrentamento aos regimes ditatoriais produziu suas proprias estrategias e ferramentas na busca pelo restabelecimento democratico. Neste sentido, analisaremos uma das experiencias fabricadas em solo brasileiro e que compoe o conjunto de movimentos contrarios as ditaduras do Cone Sul. A resistencia, em suas mais diversas formas, nasce como elemento fundamental na oposicao a Ditadura Civil- Militar Brasileira. Os movimentos, organizacoes e partidos de esquerda, na perspectiva da luta pelo retorno da democracia no pais, trouxeram a tona os debates teoricos e, por conseguinte praticos, a serem utilizados como caminho para superacao do regime militar e construcao de um governo popular e soberano. Neste contexto, a luta armada surgiu como uma das alternativas de resistencia ao estado de excecao estabelecido a partir de 1964 no pais e o Partido Comunista do Brasil, atraves das suas opcoes teoricas e alinhamento politico, atuou a partir da Guerrilha do Araguaia no enfrentamento armado frente ao periodo de interrupcao do ciclo democratico no Brasil.
A role for connexin-43 in Duchenne muscular dystrophy cardiomyopathy

The cardiomyopathy of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in affected males with this dreaded muscle disease. Previous studies have implicated changes in expression and subcellular localization of connexin-43 (Cx43), the major ventricular gap junction protein, in DMD cardiomyopathy. In this issue of the JCI, Himelman et al. explore how hypophosphorylation of Cx43 at a triplet of serine residues (S325/S328/S330) in the regulatory C-terminus contributes to multiple features of the cardiomyopathy phenotype. Using a mouse model of DMD cardiomyopathy in which phosphomimetic glutamic acids are substituted for serines at these residues in Cx43, Himelman et al. observed reduced gap junction remodeling and lateralization of Cx43 immunosignals, protection against isoproterenol-induced arrhythmias, and improved Ca2+ homeostasis. This study contributes to the understanding of pathologic Cx43 remodeling and encourages further research into developing strategic interventions to mitigate cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias in DMD patients.
Technology and eating behaviors in adolescents

Abstract This chapter focuses on the intersection between adolescent technology use and eating behaviors within the school context and greater community. Traditional media outlets [television (TV)] and newer technologies (social media, smartphone applications, etc.) can have both positive and negative effects on adolescent eating behaviors. Specifically, TV watching behaviors, reality TV, and TV advertisements may influence the eating behaviors of adolescents through the adoption of social norms while social media sites that promote weight loss content may lead adolescents to engage in eating disordered behavior. Despite these potential negative effects, participation in social media movements may improve self-esteem, foster social connections, and allow for discussion of important issues surrounding health and identity. Additional advancements in technology allow for the tracking of adolescent eating patterns through digital devices, educating students through online training tools, and incorporating technology and nutrition outside of the classroom in “living laboratories.” The final section of the chapter examines the impact of social determinants of health on adolescent eating behaviors and overall health.
Development of Sliding-Mode Landing Controller using Cooperative Relative Localization with Pattern Generation

In this paper, we develop a landing controller based on sliding-mode control law for landing a UAV on a moving ship using relative estimates in GPS-denied environments with range-only measurements. Precise knowledge of relative position, orientation and velocity is required to accurately land an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) onto the surface of a moving platform. Although vision-based techniques have been used to previously solve such problems, they fail in dark or hostile weather conditions and also a line of sight is required with the landing platform at all times. Cooperation among different Unmanned Vehicles (UVs) have been introduced to aid the estimation process. We also investigate how different trajectories followed by supporting vehicles effect the localization accuracy. A Matlab/Simulink simulator has been created and exhaustive simulations have been performed that demonstrates the effect of these trajectories on localization accuracy.
EP3 signaling is decoupled from regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in β-cells compensating for obesity and insulin resistance

Of the {beta}-cell signaling pathways altered by non-diabetic obesity and insulin resistance, some are adaptive while others actively contribute to {beta}-cell failure and demise. Cytoplasmic calcium (Ca2+) and cyclic AMP (cAMP), which control the timing and amplitude of insulin secretion, are two important signaling intermediates that can be controlled by stimulatory and inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors. Previous work has shown the importance of the cAMP-inhibitory EP3 receptor in the beta-cell dysfunction of type 2 diabetes. To examine alterations in {beta}-cell cAMP during diabetes progression we utilized a {beta}-cell specific cAMP biosensor in tandem with islet Ca2+ recordings and insulin secretion assays. Three groups of C57BL/6J mice were used as a model of the progression from metabolic health to type 2 diabetes: wildtype, normoglycemic LeptinOb, and hyperglycemic LeptinOb. Here, we report robust increases in {beta}-cell cAMP and insulin secretion responses in normoglycemic Leptinob mice as compared to wild-type: an effect that was lost in islets from hyperglycemic Leptinob mice, despite elevated Ca2+ duty cycle. Yet, the correlation of EP3 expression and activity to reduce cAMP levels and Ca2+ duty cycle with reduced insulin secretion only held true in hyperglycemic LeptinOb mice. Our results suggest alterations in beta-cell EP3 signaling may be both adaptive and maladaptive and define {beta}-cell EP3 signaling as much more nuanced than previously understood.
Cost and Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas Implications of Integrating Biogas Upgrading and Carbon Capture Technologies in Cellulosic Biorefineries.

Gaseous streams in biorefineries have been undervalued and underutilized. In cellulosic biorefineries, coproduced biogas is assumed to be combusted alongside lignin to generate process heat and ele...
A comparison study on trading behavior and profit distribution in local energy transaction games

Abstract With the increasing integration of distributed energy resources, localized peer-to-peer energy transactions are receiving more attention since they could absorb more distributed renewables locally and stabilize the power grid. To better study the trading behavior and provide guidance for a viable local market design, different game-theoretical frameworks including cooperative and non-cooperative games are established and compared in this study. For the cooperative grand coalition, the maximum social welfare is guaranteed, the Shapley value and bargaining based approaches are implemented for further profit redistribution. It is shown that the asymmetrical bargaining power can be critical in the final payment clearing and it is equivalent to the Shapley value allocation if prosumers bargain based on their marginal contributions. Non-cooperative trading is formulated by using a Stackelberg bilevel model in which the upper level has the privilege in internal price setting. However, system optimum is not obtained due to competition, and the selfish leader could take away 89% of the collective benefit by price-gap based arbitraging. Aiming for a long-lasting trading market, a virtual benevolent leader and a uniform price structure in which purchase price equals selling price are tested. Experimental results indicate that maximum social welfare and a fairer profit allocation can be achieved with a uniform price structure, regardless of the selfish or benevolent attitude.
Monte Carlo comparisons to a cryogenic dark matter search detector with low transition-edge-sensor transition temperature

We present results on phonon quasidiffusion and Transition Edge Sensor (TES) studies in a large, 3 inch diameter, 1 inch thick [100] high purity germanium crystal, cooled to 50 mK in the vacuum of a dilution refrigerator, and exposed with 59.5 keV gamma-rays from an Am-241 calibration source. We compare calibration data with results from a Monte Carlo which includes phonon quasidiffusion and the generation of phonons created by charge carriers as they are drifted across the detector by ionization readout channels. The phonon energy is then parsed into TES based phonon readout channels and input into a TES simulator.
Exploratory biomarkers in the HGF/SF:c-Met axis: preclinical and clinical results

2804 Introduction: Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF - also known as Scatter Factor (SF)) and its receptor, c-Met, have been implicated in the progression of several types of cancers. AMG 102 is a fully human monoclonal antibody to HGF that is currently in phase 2 clinical trials as a cancer therapeutic. We have previously shown that this antibody can significantly inhibit the growth of HGF-dependent tumor models, including the U-87 MG model of glioblastoma. Here we examined exploratory biomarkers that might be useful pharmacodynamic or patient enrichment markers for HGF/SF:c-Met therapies in the clinic. Methods: In preclinical experiments, CD-1 nude mice were injected with 5x106 U-87 MG human glioblastoma cells. When tumors reached an average volume of 475 mm3, mice were treated with a single dose of AMG 102 ranging from 3- 300 µg IP. On days 3 and 7 after treatment initiation, plasma was harvested and levels of total human HGF, soluble human c-Met and CD44v6 (a c-Met associated protein) were quantified by ELISA. Plasma samples from patients enrolled in the AMG 102 FIH trial were also examined. Total HGF and soluble c-Met levels were determined in plasma from patients in sequential dose cohorts (4-6 pts/cohort) that had been treated with AMG 102 at 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg. Results: Tumor-derived, human HGF levels in the plasma of mice treated with isotype control antibody correlated with tumor volume (133 to 399 pg/mL). As previously shown, treatment with AMG 102 led to a dose-dependent reduction in tumor volume. However, despite the reduction in tumor mass, AMG 102 treatment also resulted in a dose-dependent increase in total HGF levels, (up to 1300 and 5476 pg/mL on day 3 and day 7 post treatment, respectively). In contrast, soluble human c-Met and CD44v6 levels correlated with tumor size, regardless of treatment. In all patients, we observed a similar dose-dependent increase in the levels of plasma HGF upon treatment with AMG 102. In the high-dose cohorts HGF reached a plateau by day 8. Pharmacokinetic measurements of AMG 102 suggest that even at the highest levels of plasma HGF measured, AMG 102 is in great excess. Soluble c-Met levels did not change with AMG 102 treatment. Conclusions: Targeting the HGF/SF:c-Met axis is a promising oncology therapeutic strategy. We have shown that treatment of tumor bearing mice or cancer patients with AMG 102 gives rise to a dose-dependent increase in circulating HGF levels. This suggests that monitoring HGF levels during treatment may serve as a biomarker for inhibition of the HGF/SF:c-Met pathway, in addition to its potential utility as a patient enrichment marker.
Molecular basis of C-S bond cleavage in the glycyl radical enzyme isethionate sulfite-lyase.

Summary Desulfonation of isethionate by the bacterial glycyl radical enzyme (GRE) isethionate sulfite-lyase (IslA) generates sulfite, a substrate for respiration that in turn produces the disease-associated metabolite hydrogen sulfide. Here, we present a 2.7 A resolution X-ray structure of wild-type IslA from Bilophila wadsworthia with isethionate bound. In comparison with other GREs, alternate positioning of the active site β strands allows for distinct residue positions to contribute to substrate binding. These structural differences, combined with sequence variations, create a highly tailored active site for the binding of the negatively charged isethionate substrate. Through the kinetic analysis of 14 IslA variants and computational analyses, we probe the mechanism by which radical chemistry is used for C-S bond cleavage. This work further elucidates the structural basis of chemistry within the GRE superfamily and will inform structure-based inhibitor design of IsIA and thus of microbial hydrogen sulfide production.
Current State of Sex Estimation in Forensic Anthropology

Sex estimation is perhaps the most important component of the biological profile. Our sex estimates aid in decedent identification by helping to narrow the missing persons list, and set the basis for many of the remaining biological profile estimates (age, ancestry, stature), which factor in sexual differences. A review of the current research and general literature reveals the use of a wide variety of methodological approaches to sex estimation, which are far from standardized. The goals of this work are (1) reviewing the current state of sex estimation, based on practitioner preferences, case studies, research publications, and proposed standards; (2) presenting and discussing opposing viewpoints regarding issues such as the lack of agreement on terminology standards; whether sex should be estimated at all in subadults; different analytical and data collection approaches; and whether it is appropriate to directly apply sex-specific methods if sex has been positively established, or if keeping a blind approach is still necessary in that case, in order to prevent observer biases; (3) discussing current challenges and future applications; and (4) summarizing the review with a set of recommendations and suggestions for future practice.
Inclisiran: A Novel Agent for Lowering Apolipoprotein B-containing Lipoproteins.

ABSTRACT Hypercholesterolemia is a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Accordingly, efforts to lower apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in plasma are the centerpiece of strategies for cardiovascular prevention and treatment in primary and secondary management. Despite the importance of this endeavor, many patients do not achieve appropriate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) goals, even among those who have experienced atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The development of new LDL-C-lowering medications with alternative mechanisms of action will facilitate improved goal achievement in high-risk patients. Inclisiran is a novel small interfering RNA-based drug that is experimental in the United States and approved for clinical use in the European Union. It lowers LDL-C and other apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins by reducing production of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin Type 9 (PCSK9), a protein that normally contributes to LDL-receptor degradation, thereby increasing LDL-receptor density and recycling in hepatocytes. Although the lipid-lowering efficacy of inclisiran is comparable with results achieved with PCSK9-blocking monoclonal antibodies (alirocumab and evolocumab), there are several important differences between the 2 drug classes. First, inclisiran reduces levels of PCSK9 both intracellularly and extracellularly by blocking translation of and degrading PCSK9 messenger RNA. Second, the long biological half-life of inclisiran produces sustained LDL-C lowering with twice yearly dosing. Third, although PCSK9-blocking monoclonal antibodies drugs are proven to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events, clinical outcomes trials with inclisiran are still in progress. In this article, we review the clinical development of inclisiran, its mechanism of action, lipid-lowering efficacy, safety and tolerability, and potential clinical role of this promising new agent.
The Dependence of CEO Pay-Performance Sensitivity on the Size of the Firm

I analyze the relationship between firm size and the extent to which executive compensation depends on the wealth of the firm's shareholders. I use a simple agency model to motivate an econometric model of this relationship. Estimating this model on Chief Executive Officer compensation data using non-linear least squares, I determine that pay-performance sensitivity (as defined by Jensen and Murphy, 1990) appears to be approximately inversely proportional to the square root of firm size (however measured). I also analyze the properties of pay-performance sensitivity for "teams" of executives working for the same firm and show it to have similar properties to CEO pay-performance sensitivity.
Impact of Nonlinearity Including Bleaching in $p$ - $i$ - $n$ Photodetectors on RF-Modulated Electro-Optic Frequency Combs

We use a drift-diffusion model that includes the effect of bleaching to study the impact of nonlinear distortion in a $p$ - $i$ - $n$ photodetector (PD) on RF-modulated frequency combs. This work complements a similar study that we carried out for a modified uni-traveling carrier (MUTC) PD. We begin by using experimental responsivity data to develop an empirical model of the bleaching in a $p$ - $i$ - $n$ PD when operating in pulsed mode. We then incorporate this model of bleaching into a drift-diffusion model. Next, we use this drift-diffusion model to determine the impact of nonlinearity on the second- and third-order intermodulation distortion products IMD2 $_n$ and IMD3 $_n$ as a function of the comb line number $n$ . We then determine the corresponding output intercept points OIP2 $_n$ and OIP3 $_n$ and distortion-to-signal ratios $\rho _{\mathrm{2}n}$ and $\rho _{\mathrm{3}n}$ . In contrast to MUTC devices, we find that bleaching increases $\rho _{\mathrm{2}n}$ and $\rho _{\mathrm{3}n}$ at all comb line numbers. However, these distortion products change little as $n$ increases, in contrast to MUTC devices where they grow rapidly as $n$ increases.
A real-world evaluation of radium-223 in combination with abiraterone or enzalutamide for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Introduction Radium-223, abiraterone, and enzalutamide have each been shown to significantly improve survival as monotherapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. However, effects of combination radium-223 plus abiraterone or enzalutamide on survival and safety remain unclear. Patients and methods This single-center retrospective cohort study used electronic health record data of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and bone metastases who were treated with radium-223 between April 1, 2014 and February 19, 2019. Patients who received radium-223 monotherapy were compared to patients who received a combination of radium-223 plus either abiraterone or enzalutamide. The primary endpoint was overall survival. Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival, time to symptomatic skeletal event, symptomatic skeletal event-free survival, and incidence of drug-related adverse events. Time-to-event analyses were estimated by log rank tests using Kaplan-Meier curves. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were derived from Cox proportional hazards models. Chi-square tests evaluated difference in serious adverse events between the two arms. Results A total of 60 patients met inclusion criteria (n = 41 in the monotherapy arm, n = 19 in the combination arm). Differences in median overall survival were not observed (12.7 vs. 12.8 months; HR 1.15, 95% CI 0.59-2.23; P = 0.68), but median progression-free survival was significantly longer in the combination arm (7.6 vs. 4.9 months; HR 1.94, 95% CI 1.11-3.40; P = 0.02). Significant differences were not observed in time to first SSE (P = 0.97), SSE-free survival (P = 0.16), or in the overall incidence of serious adverse events (P = 0.45). Conclusion Combination radium-223 plus abiraterone or enzalutamide did not improve overall survival, but prolonged progression-free survival without increasing the incidence of serious adverse events in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients with bone metastases. However, these results are limited by small numbers and patient selection inherent in retrospective analysis.
Belatacept for Simultaneous Calcineurin Inhibitor and Chronic Corticosteroid Immunosuppression Avoidance: Two-Year Results of a Prospective, Randomized Multicenter Trial.

Immunosuppressive therapy in kidney transplantation is associated with numerous toxicities. CD28-mediated T cell costimulation blockade using belatacept may reduce long-term nephrotoxicity, compared with calcineurin inhibitor-based immunosuppression. The efficacy and safety of simultaneous calcineurin inhibitor avoidance and rapid steroid withdrawal were tested in a randomized, prospective, multi-center study. Methods All kidney transplants were performed using rapid steroid withdrawal immunosuppression. Recipients were randomized to 1:1:1 to receive belatacept with alemtuzumab induction, belatacept with rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG) induction, or tacrolimus with rATG induction. The composite endpoint consisted of death, kidney allograft loss, or an MDRD calculated eGFR of <45 ml/min/1.73m2 at 2 years. Results The composite endpoint was observed for 11/107 (10%) participants assigned to belatacept/alemtuzumab, 13/104 (13%) assigned to belatacept /rATG, and 21/105 (21%) assigned to tacrolimus/rATG (belatacept/alemtuzumab vs tacrolimus/rATG p = 0.99: belatacept/rATG vs tacrolimus/rATG p = 0.66). Patient and graft survival rates were similar between all groups. eGFR <45 ml/min/1.73m2 was observed for 9/107 (8%) participants assigned to belatacept/alemtuzuab, 8/104 (8%) participants assigned to belatacept/rATG, and 20/105 (19%) participants assigned to tacrolimus/rATG (p<0.05 for each belatacept group vs tacrolimus/rATG). Biopsy-proven acute rejection was observed for 20/107 (19%) participants assigned to belatacept/alemtuzuab, 26/104 (25%) participants assigned to belatacept/rATG, and 7/105 (7%) participants assigned to tacrolimus/rATG (belatacept/alemtuzumab vs tacrolimus/rATG p = 0.006: belatacept/rATG vs tacrolimus/rATG p < 0.001). Gastrointestinal and neurologic adverse events were less frequent with belatacept versus calcineurin based immunosuppression. Conclusions Overall two-year outcomes were similar comparing maintenance immunosuppression based on belatacept versus tacrolimus, each protocol with rapid steroid withdrawal. The incidence of eGFR <45 ml/min/1.73m2 was significantly lower but the incidence of biopsy proven acute rejection significantly higher with belatacept compared with tacrolimus.
Prevalence of Surgical Flow Disruptions Across Intra-operative High- and Low-Workload Phases in Cardiac Surgery:

While the influence of surgical flow disruptions (SFDs) on surgical performance has been observed in live cardiovascular surgery and their influence on cognitive workload has been evaluated in high...
Review of Behavioral Research for Cardiopulmonary Health: Emphasis on Youth, Gender, and Ethnicity

(1995). Review of Behavioral Research for Cardiopulmonary Health: Emphasis on Youth, Gender, and Ethnicity. Journal of Health Education: Vol. 26, Cardiopulmonary Health Behavior Research: Focus on Youth, Gender, and Ethnicity, pp. S9-S17.
der(3)t(3;5). Another recurring abnormality in myelodysplastic disorder.

Abstract Monosomy for chromosome 5 or a portion of the long arm is a common finding in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), especially when the disorder is therapy related [1, 2]. If only a portion of chromosome 5 is missing, the loss is usually accomplished by interstitial deletion of various bands, most frequently q12–14 to q31–33 [3]. Occasionally monosomy for 5q is the result of a translocation between chromosome 5 and another chromosome, with the loss of the derivative chromosome that contains 5q. A previously described unbalanced translocation involves chromosome 7: [der(5)t(5;7)(q11.2;p11.2)] and appears to be a recurring abnormality in these disorders [4]. We report here one case of therapy related MDS, one case of MDS which may be therapy related, and two cases of MDS with another "variant" 5q− abnormality, namely a derivative chromosome 3 composed of most of the short arm of chromosome 5 and the long arm of chromosome 3: [der(3)t(3;5)(?p11;?p11)].
Learning Grammatical Models for Object Recognition

Many object recognition systems are limited by their inability to share common parts or structure among related object classes. This capability is desirable because it allows information about parts and relationships in one object class to be generalized to other classes for which it is relevant. This ability has the potential to allow effective parameter learning from fewer examples and better generalization of the learned models to unseen instances, and it enables more efficient recognition. With this goal in mind, we have designed a representation and recognition framework that captures structural variability and shared part structure within and among object classes. The framework uses probabilistic geometric grammars (PGGs) to represent object classes recursively in terms of their parts, thereby exploiting the hierarchical and substitutive structure inherent to many types of objects. To incorporate geometric and appearance information, we extend traditional probabilistic context-free grammars to represent distributions over the relative geometric characteristics of object parts as well as the appearance of primitive parts. We describe an efficient dynamic programming algorithm for object categorization and localization in images given a PGG model. We also develop an EM algorithm to estimate the parameters of a grammar structure from training data, and a search-based structure learning approach that finds a compact grammar to explain the image data while sharing substructure among classes. Finally, we describe a set of experiments that demonstrate empirically that the system provides a performance benefit.
A Comparative Analysis of Two-Phase-Commit Protocols

We compare the performance of four variants of the two-phase-commit paradigm, in the absence of failures. They are tree-commit ([SW1]), the decentralized ([Sk]), the linear ([G]), and the central-site ([LS]) algorithms. The performance measures are communication cost and communication time. We find that the communication cost of tree-commit is equal to that of the linear and central-site algorithms, its communication time cannot be worse, but it can be twice as fast. The communication time of the decentralized algorithm is better than that of tree-commit, whereas tree-commit wins as far as communication cost is concerned. When comparing the communication-complexity of the two algorithms, namely the product of the communication cost and the communication time, tree-commit wins.
On Linsu Kim's Imitation to Innovation: The Dynamics of Korea's Technological Learning

How does a nation transform itself from an imitative one to an innovative one? This is a challenge that most catching-up countries face as they make their way up the ladder in the world economy. In the twentieth century, however, examples of countries that successfully made the transition are rare, South Korea being one of the very few. In this book, the late Linsu Kim analyzes Korea’s experience of rapid industrialization (1960-1995) and identifies the late 1970s and early 1980s as the critical turning point at which the Korean nation made the transition from “imitation to innovation.” If you are in search of a clear-cut answer as to how the Koreans managed to make that transition, this is not the book for you. Kim enumerates a long list of “factors”— “government, chaebols, education, export policy, technology transfer strategy, research, development policy, sociocultural systems, and private-sector strategy” ( p. 194)—that interact with one another to create a complex dynamics of change. The author’s intention is to provide a comprehensive overview of how this dynamics of change played out in three key industries (automobiles, consumer electronics, and semiconductors), with an additional chapter on small and medium-sized enterprises. Korea’s technological trajectory, as Kim observes, has been in the reverse direction compared to that of advanced countries. Scholars in technology studies have long debated whether technology determines human action. If the tenet of technological determinism holds anywhere, it is at the catching-up countries constrained by the technological trajectories set by advanced nations. As particular technologies go through stages of development in advanced countries—emergence, consolidation, and maturity—developing nations typically take the opposite route, beginning with mature technologies and gradually moving onto emerging ones. (Figure 4-2, p. 89). If this strategy is successful, the catching-up country acquires the capability to conduct indigenous development and research activities. East Asian Science, Technology and Society: an International Journal (2007) 1:259–261 DOI 10.1007/s12280-007-9017-2
Design and performance of denitrification bioreactors for agricultural drainage

33 Introduction 33 Methods and Materials 35 Results & Discussion 38 Conclusions 45 Acknowledgements 45 References 46 CHAPTER 3 OPTIMIZED DENITRIFICATION BIOREACTOR TREATMENT THROUGH SIMULATED DRAINAGE CONTAINMENT 48 Abstract 48 48 Introduction 48 Methods 50
Behavior of structural and target materials irradiated in spallation neutron environments

This paper describes considerations for selection of structural and target materials for accelerator-driven neutron sources. Due to the operating constraints of proposed accelerator-driven neutron sources, the criteria for selection are different than those commonly applied to fission and fusion systems. Established irradiation performance of various alloy systems is taken into account in the selection criteria. Nevertheless, only limited materials performance data are available which specifically related to neutron energy spectra anticipated for spallation sources.
Optical Microring Resonator Sensors with Selective Membrane Surface Customization

Optical microresonator sensors with surface customization using chemically selective membranes have been demonstrated for the first time. The ethylene/propylene copolymer membrane enriches o-xylene representing an organic contaminant from water, which was sensed by the microresonator.
Regulation of renal peripheral benzodiazepine receptors by anion transport inhibitors

The in vitro and in vivo regulation of [3H]Ro 5-4864 binding to peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBR) by ion transport/exchange inhibitors was studied in the kidney. The potencies of 9-anthroic acid, furosemide, bumetanide, hydrochlorothiazide and SITS as inhibitors of [3H]Ro 5-4864 binding to renal membranes were consistent with their actions as anion transport inhibitors (Ki approximately equal to 30 - 130 microM). In contrast, spironolactone, amiloride, acetazolamide, and ouabain were less potent (Ki = 100-1000 microM). Administration of furosemide to rats for five days resulted in a profound diuresis (approximately equal to 350% increase in urine volume) accompanied by a significant increase in PBR density (43%) that was apparent by the fifth day of treatment. Administration of hydrochlorothiazide or Ro 5-4864 for five days also caused diuresis and increased renal PBR density. Both the diuresis and increased density of PBR produced by Ro 5-4864 were blocked by coadministration of PK 11195, which alone had no effect on either PBR density or urine volume. The equilibrium binding constants of [3H]Ro 5-4864 to cardiac membranes were unaffected by administration of any of these drugs. These findings suggest that renal PBR may be selectively modulated in vivo and in vitro by administration of ion transport/exchange inhibitors.
Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in UVB- and DMBA/TPA-induced mouse skin cancer models.

Abstract Aims Ultraviolet irradiation and carcinogens have been reported to induce epigenetic alterations, which potentially contribute to the development of skin cancer. We aimed to study the genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of skin cancers induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-1,3-acetate (TPA). Main methods Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) followed by next-generation sequencing was utilized to ascertain the DNA methylation profiles in the following common mouse skin cancer models: SKH-1 mice treated with UVB irradiation and CD-1 mice treated with DMBA/TPA. Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (IPA) software was utilized to analyze the data and to identify gene interactions among the different pathways. Key findings 6003 genes in the UVB group and 5424 genes in the DMBA/TPA group exhibited a greater than 2-fold change in CpG methylation as mapped by the IPA software. The top canonical pathways identified by IPA after the two treatments were ranked were pathways related to cancer development, cAMP-mediated signaling, G protein-coupled receptor signaling and PTEN signaling associated with UVB treatment, whereas protein kinase A signaling and xenobiotic metabolism signaling were associated with DMBA/TPA treatment. In addition, the mapped IL-6-related inflammatory pathways displayed alterations in the methylation profiles of inflammation-related genes linked to UVB treatment. Significance Genes with altered methylation were ranked in the UVB and DMBA/TPA models, and the molecular interaction networks of those genes were identified by the IPA software. The genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of skin cancers induced by UV irradiation or by DMBA/TPA will be useful for future studies on epigenetic gene regulation in skin carcinogenesis.
The Dispositional Flow Scale–2 as a Measure of Autotelic Personality: An Examination of Criterion-Related Validity

The Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2; Jackson & Eklund, 2002) may be one of the most promising measures for assessing Csikszentmihalyi's (1990) construct of "autotelic personality." Despite strong internal validity, external validity of the DFS-2 remains open. We used 2 methods to provide evidence for external validity: (1) multiple-time assessments of experience sampling (1,856 entries generated over 7 days) to derive aggregate indices of criterion validity; and (2) single-time assessments of flow and personality for additional criterion-related validity. For single-time assessments of flow, we used a modified version of the Flow Questionnaire (Csikszentmihalyi & Larson, 1984). To assess personality, we included a measure of the Five-factor traits using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1992). A path model of NEO domains, DFS-2 global scores, and experience sampling aggregates fit the data well.
Biomarkers of sepsis

Sepsis is an unusual systemic reaction to what is sometimes an otherwise ordinary infection, and it probably represents a pattern of response by the immune system to injury. A hyper-inflammatory response is followed by an immunosuppressive phase during which multiple organ dysfunction is present and the patient is susceptible to nosocomial infection. Biomarkers to diagnose sepsis may allow early intervention which, although primarily supportive, can reduce the risk of death. Although lactate is currently the most commonly used biomarker to identify sepsis, other biomarkers may help to enhance lactate’s effectiveness; these include markers of the hyper-inflammatory phase of sepsis, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines; proteins such as C-reactive protein and procalcitonin which are synthesized in response to infection and inflammation; and markers of neutrophil and monocyte activation. Recently, markers of the immunosuppressive phase of sepsis, such as anti-inflammatory cytokines, and alterations of the cell surface markers of monocytes and lymphocytes have been examined. Combinations of pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers in a multi-marker panel may help identify patients who are developing severe sepsis before organ dysfunction has advanced too far. Combined with innovative approaches to treatment that target the immunosuppressive phase, these biomarkers may help to reduce the mortality rate associated with severe sepsis which, despite advances in supportive measures, remains high.
Analysis of Cellular Components, Biochemical Reactions, and Habitat of Human Cutaneous Lipophilic Diphtheroids

The cutaneous distribution of lipophilic diphtheroids was determined in normal human volunteers. The organisms were found to be plentiful in moist regions (scalp, nares, axilla, groin, and toe web) and scarce in dry and purely oily regions. The lipid requirement, cellular fatty acids, mycolic acid and cell wall diaminopimelic acid content of these lipophilic diphtheroids was compared to those of strains of Corynebacterium bovis, C. xerosis, C. diphtheriae, and C. minutissimum. Only lipophilic diphtheroids and C. bovis strains were found to have a strict lipid requirement. Lipophilic diphtheroids were found to have meso-diaminopimelic acid and corynemycolic acid in their cell walls, consistent with membership in the genus Corynebacterium. Lipophilic diphtheroids were also found to comprise a homogeneous group which was distinct from the speciated strains on the basis of cellular fatty acids and mycolic acids.
How Biological and Behavioural Influences on Mortality in Malaysia Vary during the First Year of Life

Abstract This study uses retrospective data from the 1976–7 Malaysian Family Life Survey to examine the determinants of infant mortality variations in Peninsular Malaysia. It considers proximate biological correlates of mortality as well as family characteristics and behaviour, and inspects the degree to which some of these latter factors exercise their effects indirectly through more proximate factors. It assesses how these influences and interactions change in importance through successive sub-periods of the first year of an infant's life. Biological factors such as low birthweight are more important early in the first year of life, while such behavioural and environmental factors as mother's education, or types of water and sanitation system, are more important later. Breast-feeding significantly reduces mortality, especially during the first half of infancy. Unsupplemented breastfeeding is more beneficial than supplemented breast-feeding.
Concurrent error detection using watchdog processors-a survey

Concurrent system-level error detection techniques using a watchdog processor are surveyed. A watchdog processor is a small and simple coprocessor that detects errors by monitoring the behavior of a system. Like replication, it does not depend on any fault model for error detection. However, it requires less hardware than replication. It is shown that a large number of errors can be detected by monitoring the control flow and memory-access behavior. Two techniques for control-flow checking are discussed and compared with current error-detection techniques. A scheme for memory-access checking based on capability-based addressing is described. The design of a watchdog for performing reasonable checks on the output of a main processor by executing assertions is discussed. >
Oxygen diffusion through horseradish peroxidase.

— The quenching by molecular oxygen of the fluorescence from a protoporphyrin IX adduct of horseradish peroxidase has been investigated using both intensity and time-resolved techniques. The bimolecular quenching rate constant determined for this process, as evaluated by the conventional Stern-Volmer analysis, was 2 × 108 M−1 s−1, among the lowest observed for protein systems. This result suggests that the heme binding site in horseradish peroxidase is relatively inaccessible to oxygen, which may account for the observation of room temperature phosphorescence in aerated solutions from enzymatically created triplet states.
Marlex Mesh Support for the Correction of Very Severe and Recurrent Pectus Excavatum

A method for the correction of very severe and recurrent pectus excavatum is presented. The technique consists of mobilization of the sternum, transverse osteotomy, parasternal resection of the costal cartilages (modified Ravitch procedure), followed by placement of Marlex mesh behind the sternum and suturing the edge of the Marlex mesh to the peripheral stump of the resected ribs. This method has been used with good results in 6 patients, 2 of them with recurrent deformities.
Dietary Inorganic Phosphorus Effects on Retention and Deposition of Sr89

Abstract OF THE bone-seeking elements found in fission products, radiostrontium is generally accepted as constituting the greatest potential health hazard, not only because of the large quantities produced, but also because it has a long half-life (Sr90, T I/2= 28 y) and the fact that Sr may be exchanged for Ca in the bone matrix. Alterations in dietary Ca levels have already been shown to influence the elimination of radiostrontium from bones in chicks (Colvin et al., 1966; Mraz, 1961a,b); rats (Razumovskii and Torchinskya, 1961); and goats (Comar et al., 1961). However, the influence of other elements important to bone mineralization, such as P, have been studied less extensively and results tend to be conflicting. Wasserman and Comar (1960) reported that a three-fold increase in dietary P from 0.4 to 1.2% had no effect on the skeletal retention of radiostrontium. Similarly, Dubrovina and Malkin (1965) reported that dietary phosphate level had …
HIFU treatment time reduction in superficial tumours through focal zone path selection

Purpose: This study evaluates the hypothesis that optimising the path of a high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment's N focal zone heating pulses can significantly reduce treatment time, and identifies the underlying bio-thermal principles.Materials and methods: Thirty-one scanning paths were investigated using 3D simulations, with a minimum thermal dose delivered to every tumour position. Treatment time was calculated as the sum of the N, individually optimised heating and cooling periods. Tumours were superficial (skin to tumour distance ranging from 1.3 to 2.5 cm), but always deep enough so that the pre-tumour normal tissue was routinely heated to its constraint temperature (range: 42−45°C). Properties were uniform and constant, and a range of blood perfusion and phased array powers were studied.Results: The best paths significantly reduced treatment times, with the largest gains occurring when (1) temperature superposition inside the tumour was maximised by successively heating the focal zon...
Dynamical Parameters for AM 0644–741

We present a simulation match to the 2004 Hubble Heritage high-resolution optical images of AM 0644-741. In N-body/smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations of AM 0644-741, we recreate the star formation features, as well as the underlying kinematics. Our simulations contain sufficient numerical density to accurately distinguish the overlapping/double ring, as well as the off-center nucleus seen in the radio observations of Higdon & Wallin and the young stellar features noted in the Space Telescope Science Institute Heritage observation. Derived star formation rates for the ring and nucleus match the observed star formation features, particularly when using a dρ/dt star formation formulation. Kinematic comparison with the results of Few and collaborators yields a match for the ring velocities but not necessarily the companion. We note that the gravity and gas dynamics, modeled by N-body plus SPH, dominate over feedback from stellar evolution effects (modeled using a variety of Schmidt-type parameters), resolving the dilemma posed by Cox and coworkers. Comparing our simulation to reality gives us insight into the ring longevity and likely generative impact scenario, reaffirming the collisional origins of this ring.
Temporal Characteristics of Functionally Misarticulated /S/ in 4- to 6-Years-Old Children

This paper reviews instrumental studies of "functional" misarticulations in children and reports an experiment involving acoustic measures of the duration of normally articulated and misarticulated...
Function of Pro-185 in the ProCys of conserved motif IV in the EcoRII [cytosine-C5]-DNA methyltransferase

Abstract ProCys in the conserved sequence motif IV of [cytosine-C5]-DNA methyltransferases is known to be part of the catalytic site. The Cys residue is directly involved in forming a covalent bond with the C6 of the target cytosine. We have found that substitution of Pro-185 with either Ala or Ser resulted in a reduced rate of methyl group transfer by the EcoRII DNA methyltransferase. In addition, we observed an increase in the Km for substrate S- adenosyl - l - methionine (AdoMet), but a decrease in the Km for substrate DNA. This is reflected in minor changes in kcat/Km for DNA, but in 10- to 100-fold reductions in kcat/Km for AdoMet. This suggests that Pro-185 is important to properly orient the activated cytosine and AdoMet for methyl group transfer by direct interaction with AdoMet and indirectly via the Cys interaction with cytosine.
Parameter analysis of absolute stability

A reformulation of absolute stability is used which includes variations of the system parameters. The envelope method is developed to determine the stability regions in the parameter space. In addition, a simple analytic test for absolute stability is presented.
Scale-guided object matching for case-based reasoning

Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) can be seen as a problem-solving paradigm that advocates the use of previous experiences to limit search spaces and to reduce opportunities for error repetition. In this paradigm, the case at hand is compared against former experiences to select from a set of possible courses of action the best one. A comparison method is required to ensure that the most resembling experience is, in fact, chosen to drive the problem-solving process. This paper discusses an object-oriented framework that provides a scale-guided measure of similarity between objects, and shows how this framework can be applied for case-based reasoning, drawing examples from device diagnosis.