cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced cytotoxicity of monoclonal antibody SGN-40 and immunomodulatory drug IMiD3 against human multiple myeloma

SGN-40, a humanized immoglobulin G1 (IgG1) anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, mediates cytotoxicity against human multiple myeloma (MM) cells via several mechanisms in vitro. These include induction of cytotoxic ligands of TNFR family and suppression of IL-6-induced proliferative and antiapoptotic effects, as well as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Since > 80% of primary patient MM cells express CD40, targeting CD40 using SGN-40 presents a potential novel treament strategy, and a phase I clinical study of SGN-40 in patients with refractory or recurrent MM is ongoing. We recently reported that Thalidomide and immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) target both MM cells and the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, and activate NK cells via induction of IL-2 production. In the present study, we therefore evaluated the effects of IMiD3 on the direct antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of SGN-40, as well as on ADCC against both MM cell lines and patient MM cells (CD40+CD138++). SGN-40 and IMiD3 induced synergistic growth inhibition, assayed by [3H] thymidine uptake, in dexamethasone (Dex)-sensitive MM.1S and Dex-resistant MM.1R lines, 2 other CD40-positive MM cell lines, as well as 2 patient MM cells. The temporal sequence of SGN-40 and IMiD3 treatment did not alter growth inhibition. The combination of SGN-40 and IMiD3 significantly increased MM apoptosis, evidenced by enhanced cleavage of caspase 3/8/PARP and increased subG0 cells compared with either single agent. The addition of IMiD3 to target cells and effector cells moderately increased specific lysis in any MM cell line, whereas pretreatment of target cells with IMiD3 significantly augmented sensitivity of all MM lines to ADCC and pretreatment of effector cells also improved specific MM cell lysis. In addition, preincubation of both effector and tumor cells with IMiD3 greatly enhanced specific lysis of MM cell lines and 2 patient MM cells in ADCC assay, associated with a significant increase 38+3% in natural killer cells (CD56+CD16+ and CD14-CD3-) following IMiD3 treatment. IMiD3 not only improved natural cytotoxicity of NK cells, but also significantly induced the CD56dimCD16+CD3- NK subset, which is a more potent mediator of ADCC against MM than the CD56bright NK subset. Moreover, IMiD3 treatment upregulates CD40L expression on CD56+CD3- NK effectors: IMiD3 (2 μM) induces CD40L upregulation equivalent to IL-2 (1000 unit/ml). Finally, combined SGN-40 and IMiD3 augments NK cell proliferation, which is associated with enhanced AKT/NF-kB and ERK activation. Taken together, our studies show that the addition of IMiD3 to SGN-40 results in synergistic cytotoxicity mediated via direct antiproliferative and apoptotic effects therefore increased sensitivity of MM cells to ADCC by inducing the cytotoxic NK subset. These studies establish the framework for the development of SGN-40 and IMiD3 in a new treament paradigm to both target MM cells directly and to induce immune effectors against MM.
Superficial Fluctuations in Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive optical functional neuroimaging that has seen rapid development and increasing use in studying human brain under normal and diseased conditions. Compared with blood-oxygenation-level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI), fNIRS offers advantages including its low cost, portability and compatibility with implanted medical devices. Thus, fNIRS can be used to monitor brain activity particularly in infants, elders and patients who are unable to undergo routine fMRI scans. However, fNIRS suffers from its susceptibility to scalp and to systemic physiological noises. Fluctuations originated from heartbeat, respiration and low-frequency oscillations lead to contamination of cerebral activity. In order to tap the full potential of fNIRS, it is essential to eliminate these confounding noises from fNIRS measurements. Therefore, the present study aims to understand the underlying relationship between superficial signals and the compound signals respectively measured by short channels and long channels of fNIRS optodes in a whole head configuration. Our results reveal that: 1) 49.56% of total variances in long-channel data are contributed by a global component shared across all long channels; 2) this global component is significantly correlated with the superficial fluctuations extracted from short-channel data. Finally, our findings indicate that compound signals measured by long channels of fNIRS are contaminated by superficial fluctuations and that careful removal of these fluctuations from long-channel data is critical in obtaining accurate images of cerebral activity with fNIRS.
A novel voltage clamp/dye uptake assay reveals saturable transport of molecules through CALHM1 and connexin channels

ABSTRACT Channels that are permeable to small molecules such as ATP, in addition to atomic ions, are emerging as important regulators in health and disease. Nonetheless, mechanisms of molecular permeation and selectivity of these channels remain mostly unexplored due to the lack of quantitative methodologies. To address this need, we developed a novel two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC)/dye uptake assay to examine the kinetics of molecular permeation of channels formed by human connexins (hCx), and the calcium homeostasis modulator (hCALHM1). We expressed hCx26, hCx30, and hCALHM1 individually in Xenopus laevis oocytes. To quantify the uptake of small molecular dyes through these channels, we developed a protocol that renders oocytes translucent – thereby amenable to optical detection techniques – without affecting the functional properties of the expressed channels. To control membrane potential and to determine functional channel expression accurately, dye uptake was evaluated in conjunction with TEVC. Using this methodology, we found that: (1) CALHM1 and Cx30 hemichannels display saturable transport of molecules that could be described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with apparent KM and Vmax; (2) Kinetic parameters for molecular transport through CALHM1 are sensitive to voltage and extracellular calcium; (3) Significant transport of molecules occurs through CALHM1 when there are little or no ionic currents through the channels; (4) Cx mutations in the N-terminal region significantly affect kinetics of transport and permselectivity. Our results reveal that molecular flux through these channels has a rate-limiting step, that the kinetic parameters of molecular transport are sensitive to modulators of channel gating and that molecular transport and ionic currents can be differentially affected. Our methodology allows the analysis of how human mutations causing diseases affect kinetic properties and permselectivity of molecular signaling and enables the study of molecular mechanisms, including selectivity and saturability, associated with molecular transport in large-pore channels.
Evolving Information Systems and Technology Research Issues for COVID-19 and Other Pandemics

This paper examines some of the issues for research needs from information systems and information technology researchers, elicited as part of the COVID-19 pandemic. We investigate a number of issu...
Many-atom-cavity QED system with homogeneous atom-cavity coupling.

We demonstrate a many-atom–cavity system with a high-finesse dual-wavelength standing wave cavity in which all participating rubidium atoms are nearly identically coupled to a 780-nm cavity mode. This homogeneous coupling is enforced by a one-dimensional optical lattice formed by the field of a 1560-nm cavity mode.
IoT based Heart Rate Measurement and Analysis

Generally, the human body provides information about its health regularly. However, data is available throughout devices that measure or detect amounts and variations in particular areas of the body. To improve the health of patients, health professionals use the principles of medical decision-making in diagnosis and management. Globally, obesity and Cardio diseases impact the quality of life significantly, especially among the elderly. In addition to sensor design and IoT, the emerging technological revolution is expected to offer new applications in internal/external health monitoring that can make a significant contribution to human health and wellbeing. During this decade, technological advances have overgrown in many fields of research. IoT is a recent development that has significant impacts, including sports, education, business, and the environment, in all aspects of our lives. In healthcare, IoT has a great future in remote management of patients. The accuracy of early diagnosis and treatment is aimed to improve through the recognition of early diagnosis markers and the actual rate of screening. In a new sense, the progressive system of the heart, the modifications to diagnose it, and effective treatment to slow it down.
Comparing Tropical Cyclone and King Tide Impacts on a South Carolina Coastal Dune System

Harris, M.E. and Ellis, J.T., 2021. Comparing tropical cyclone and king tide impacts on a South Carolina coastal dune system. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(5), 923–932. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Coastal populations face an ever-growing threat as natural hazards increase in frequency and magnitude. In South Carolina, king tides (abnormally high tides) responsible for coastal flooding have increased by 126% between 2014 and 2019. King tides present an evolving threat as sea levels rise, yet the implications for coastal dune response have not been investigated. This study compares the geomorphic impacts from king tides to two tropical cyclones on a South Carolina barrier island during four time periods (TPs): Hurricanes Florence (TP1) and Michael (TP2) and two subsequent periods (TP3 and TP4) with king tides but devoid of tropical cyclone activity. Florence resulted in the greatest average change to the dunes, with normalized volumes (nv) equivalent to –11.6 m3/d. During Michael, the average change rate was nv = –1.5 m3/d. Dune changes during TP3 and TP4 averaged nv = –1.7 m3/d and nv = –2.3 m3/d, respectively. The reduction rate during nonstorm conditions is indicative of the erosive potential of king tides. The erosive potential should be further investigated in conjunction with king tide magnitude and frequency. Smaller, more pervasive coastal hazards, such as king tides, should be more strongly considered, in addition to larger singular events, such as tropical cyclones, when investigating the geomorphic change of coastal dune systems.
Fostering information literacy: A call for collaboration between academic librarians and MSW instructors.

Genuine collaboration between academic librarians and social work faculty in which information literacy is embedded in social work education is lacking. Drawing from the results of the authors’ 2016 quantitative study surveying academic social work librarians across the United States, this qualitative follow-up uses data from 27 semi-structured interviews concerning the prevalence and nature of information literacy instruction (ILI) in social work education, how ILI is introduced and sustained in social work curricula, and the alignment between ILI efforts with institutional goals, guidelines from accreditation authorities, and professional social work practice standards. The literature review engages the reader in a robust definition of “information literacy” as applied to social work practice and its connection to social justice and anti-oppressive pedagogy. The findings and subsequent discussion center on current systemic obstacles in ensuring social work graduates enter the profession with sufficient information literacy (IL) skills for an ethical, research-informed, data-driven practice and conclude with recommendations for the evolution of integrated ILI at a local level within social work curricula. Collaborative and sustainable partnerships among academic librarians and social work faculty are essential for educating information literate social work practitioners of tomorrow.
Disparity in the Setting of Incident Heart Failure Diagnosis.

Background: Early heart failure (HF) recognition can reduce morbidity, yet HF is often initially diagnosed only after a patient clinically worsens. We sought to identify characteristics that predic...
Effect of Intravenous Thrombolysis on Clot Survival during Mechanical Thrombectomy in Acute Large Vessel Occlusion Strokes.

Background The benefit of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) before mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke is uncertain. Conventional metrics of final modified thrombolysis in cerebral ischemia (mTICI) score and 90-d modified Rankin Scale may be insensitive to IVT effects on procedural complexity and duration. Objective To study the effect of IVT prior to MT on clot survival. Methods We performed a single-center retrospective analysis of 257 acute stroke patients with LVO undergoing MT and analyzed the effect of IVT prior to MT using a novel, pass-by-pass clot survival methodology. Results The use of IVT was associated with a significantly lower number of passes to attain mTICI 2B or greater (P = .002) or mTICI 3 (P = .039) reperfusion. The number of patients who achieved mTICI 2B or greater after the first pass was significantly higher in the IVT group (P = .003). This increased rate of reperfusion persisted into subsequent passes. Conclusion IVT prior to MT reduces the number of thrombectomy passes required to achieve mTICI 2B or mTICI 3 reperfusion. This information should be considered as the merits of IVT prior to MT are debated.
Fuel Economy Trends and Catalytic Devices

This paper discusses: fuel economy -- definitions, measurement, testing, and passenger car trends; emission control interaction with fuel economy -- emission regulatory progression, engine factors, fuel economy at several emission control levels, and emission compliance; and catalytic converter -- basis for GM decision, unleaded gasoline, GM catalytic converter system, and the yet unregulated emissions. For the mid-1970's, catalytic converter systems provide the best compromise accounting for all considerations.
The Emphasis on Applied Mathematics Today and Its Implications for the Mathematics Curriculum

1. Across the country, and beyond the borders of the United States, the cry is being heard that we mathematicians should be concerning ourselves more, both in our research and in our teaching, with applications of mathematics. It is being argued that we have been overemphasizing mathematics itself, the autonomous discipline of mathematics, at the expense of due attention to its usefulness, to its role in science, in engineering, in the conduct of modern society. Some put it crudely—there is too much “ pure mathematics,” too little “ applied mathematics.”
Intercultural knowledge development: Evidence from student interviews during short-term study abroad

Abstract The goal of this investigation was to examine intercultural knowledge development during a short-term study abroad program focused on language and cultural learning. Interviews with students were conducted at the beginning and end of the program, allowing for a qualitative approach to analysis, supported by quantitative measures. While previous investigations have relied on qualitative data, this is the first analysis of intercultural knowledge development based on a qualitative, pre- and post-program design. Intercultural knowledge development was identified considering the change and growth in student knowledge. Results indicated that students experienced a change in the salience of intercultural knowledge themes over the period abroad, focusing on City life and Schedule differences more at the beginning of the program than at the end. Such shift may be indicative of cultural adaptation during the program. Results also demonstrated intercultural knowledge growth over the period abroad, with the greatest growth being related to knowledge themes of Big C (e.g., culture and history), daily life, food and drink, and values and politics. These results led to a distinction between types of knowledge that traditionally have been included in definitions of intercultural knowledge, an analysis of context as it intersects with knowledge development, and a theoretical consideration of the relationship between intercultural knowledge and intercultural communicative competence. Furthermore, practical considerations for cultivating intercultural knowledge during short-term study abroad programs were discussed.
Acute Treatment of Migraine: Established and Emerging Therapies

Migraine is a chronic, episodic, often disabling, neurological condition that affects more than 12% of the US population, 3 times more in women than men. It has widespread effects on cerebral function and appears to be inherited. There are many types of therapy including behavioral, complementary, acute pharmacologic care, preventive pharmacologic care, and physical techniques. General treatment principles include lifestyle changes and using rapidly acting acute care medications alone or in combination early in the migraine attack. Migraine-specific medications such as triptans and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be used when possible. There are several promising medications and devices in the migraine pipeline.
Logic Modeling: A Tool for Teaching Practice Evaluation.

Continuing the discussion of logic models in social work education, this article describes logic modeling as a tool for teachingevaluation skills in practice, research, and policy courses. Because logic models break down an intervention or program into parts, they inform evaluators about the kind of results and evaluation data available. This allows for an evaluation plan that deals effectively with a multisystemic project and works efficiently when time and money are limited. Three different evaluation approaches are considered—resource, process, and outcome—and the two case examples from the previous article are carried over in the discussion.
Cocoonase II. SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY, INHIBITORS, AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE ENZYME

Cocoonase, a proteolytic enzyme produced by silk moths, is active toward a variety of proteins. It also hydrolyzes specifically esters of basic amino acids, thus showing specificity characteristic of trypsin. Kinetic constants for the hydrolysis of synthetic substrates are remarkably similar to those of trypsin and thrombin. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate is a potent inhibitor of cocoonase, suggesting the presence of a serine in the active site. Heavy metal ions and sulfhydryl reagents have little inhibitory effect. 1-Chloro-3-tosylamido-7-amino-2-heptanone is inhibitory, indicating that histidine may participate in the active site. Soybean trypsin inhibitor blocks the action of cocoonase to a degree intermediate between its actions on trypsin and chymotrypsin. A comparison is made among cocoonase, other insect proteases, and the better known mammalian proteases.
Topics in Quantum Gravity

I wish to share with you today three separate developments in quantum gravity theory that have excited my interest during recent months. The first of these is a computer search, being carried out by my student Richard Rohwer, for a solution representing the Big Bang era, of the dynamical equations generated by a proposed approximate effective action for quantum gravity. The second is a surprising new development in the theory of the effective action due to Gregory Vilkovisky of Moscow. The third is a new attempt to confront and resolve the old question whether the notion that space may undergo spontaneous changes in topology can make any sense. It is being carried out in collaboration with my student Arley Anderson.
The Insular Cortex

The insular cortex is a discrete lobe in the cerebral cortex covered by considerable vasculature and the frontal, temporal, and parietal opercula. Basic information about insular structure and function is reviewed in this chapter, with important recent findings highlighted. The history of the insula’s association with speech and language is discussed, beginning with a review of 19th century documents. The current proposed role of the insula in speech and language is reviewed, with an emphasis on research in stroke, progressive disease, and apraxia of speech. Although the insula is engaged during speech production, it does not seem as if this engagement is specific to speech articulation. It is more likely that the role of the insula in speech production is related to interoception and/or its role in the salience network.
Altered luminol-dependent granulocyte chemiluminescence during an in vitro incubation with an influenza vaccine.

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte particle phagocytosis stimulates the ”respiratory burst.“ The changes in oxidative metabolism are associated with the release of highly reactive species, superoxide, hyd...
The Design Space of Bug Fixes and How Developers Navigate It

When software engineers fix bugs, they may have several options as to how to fix those bugs. Which fix they choose has many implications, both for practitioners and researchers: What is the risk of introducing other bugs during the fix? Is the bug fix in the same code that caused the bug? Is the change fixing the cause or just covering a symptom? In this paper, we investigate alternative fixes to bugs and present an empirical study of how engineers make design choices about how to fix bugs. We start with a motivating case study of the Pex4Fun environment. Then, based on qualitative interviews with 40 engineers working on a variety of products, data from six bug triage meetings, and a survey filled out by 326 Microsoft engineers and 37 developers from other companies, we found a number of factors, many of them non-technical, that influence how bugs are fixed, such as how close to release the software is. We also discuss implications for research and practice, including how to make bug prediction and localization more accurate.
Ventricular fibrillation in anesthesia

c ARDIAC ventricmar fibrihation is a worm-Iike movement of the ventricuIar muscIe with the heart in full diastoIe. It consists of an unsynchronized contraction and reIaxation of the individua1 muscIe fibers, providing no circuIation of bIood. Its occurrence depends upon an increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system and the resuItant increase of adrenin in the bIood, together with a probabIe increase in the irritabiIity of the ventricuIar muscIe itseIf. The adrenin may be poured into the bIood stream by the suprarena1 gIands or epinephrine may be introduced from without. Death from ventricuIar frbriIIation is due to cardiac anoxia. If the fibriIIation passes before the reserve oxygen in the heart tissues is consumed, the heart wiI1 regain its normal activity aImost immediately. If, however, the IibriIIation persists unti1 the reserve oxygen is so depIeted that anoxic depression prevents the reestabIishment of norma cardiac activity, the heart wiI1 fai1 to contract again. VentricuIar IibriIIation occurs without warning. ProbabIy it either passes in Iess than a minute or death resuIts. The approach to a surgica1 operation and the induction of anesthesia provide Assistant Professor of PharmacoIogy, University of LouisviIIe SchooI of Medicine
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Expressing Heme Oxygenase-1 Reverse Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains a serious disease, and although current treatments may prolong and improve quality of life, search for novel and effective therapies is warranted. Using genetically modified mouse lines, we tested the ability of bone marrow-derived stromal cells (mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs]) to treat chronic hypoxia-induced PAH. Recipient mice were exposed for 5 weeks to normobaric hypoxia (8%-10% O(2)), MSC preparations were delivered through jugular vein injection and their effect on PAH was assessed after two additional weeks in hypoxia. Donor MSCs derived from wild-type (WT) mice or heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) null mice (Hmox1(KO)) conferred partial protection from PAH when transplanted into WT or Hmox1(KO) recipients, whereas treatment with MSCs isolated from transgenic mice harboring a human HO-1 transgene under the control of surfactant protein C promoter (SH01 line) reversed established disease in WT recipients. SH01-MSC treatment of Hmox1(KO) animals, which develop right ventricular (RV) infarction under prolonged hypoxia, resulted in normal RV systolic pressure, significant reduction of RV hypertrophy and prevention of RV infarction. Donor MSCs isolated from a bitransgenic mouse line with doxycycline-inducible, lung-specific expression of HO-1 exhibited similar therapeutic efficacy only on doxycycline treatment of the recipients. In vitro experiments indicate that potential mechanisms of MSC action include modulation of hypoxia-induced lung inflammation and inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation. Cumulatively, our results demonstrate that MSCs ameliorate chronic hypoxia-induced PAH and their efficacy is highly augmented by lung-specific HO-1 expression in the transplanted cells, suggesting an interplay between HO-1-dependent and HO-1-independent protective pathways.
Gestational Age Affects Activation of The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and Akt in The Chronically Anemic Fetal Sheep Heart

Background: The postnatal heart responds to biomechanical stress by myocyte hypertrophy, whereas the fetal heart may additionally undergo hyperplasia. Before 100 d gestational age (GA), nearly 100% of fetal sheep cardiomyocytes are mitotically active, which decreases to about 20% near term. The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and Akt are hypertrophic signaling pathways in adult hearts. The activities of these pathways are not well characterized in the loaded fetal heart.
Synthesis and crystal and molecular structure of a binuclear tin(IV)-squarate species

Abstract The reaction of SnCl4 with squaric acid in methanol yields colorless crystals of [(n- C4H9)4N]2[Sn2Cl4(OCH3)2(C4O4)2]. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 13.914(2), b = 10.858(3), c = 19.305(4) A, β = 112.49(1)°, V = 2694.8(12) A3, Z = 2, Dcalc = 1.42 g cm−3. Structure solution and refinement based on 2120 reflections with F0⩾6σ(F0) (Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 A, 3529 reflections collected) converged at a conventional discrepancy value of 0.069. The structure consists of discrete (n-C4H9)4N+ cations and [Sn2Cl4(OCH3)2(C4O4)2]2− anions. The methoxy groups and the squarate ligands adopt bridging coordination to the hexacoordinate Sn(IV) centers.
Brain and the regulation of blood pressure: a hemodynamic perspective.

The central nervous system subserves the homeostasis of the circulation and is organized as a negative feedback system. The following properties of such a feedback system are of interest: a) the setting; b) the range of the regulation; and c) the nature of the feedback (regulated) variable.In this review we show that in hypertension blood pressure is set at a higher level, but regulation of blood pressure in hypertension is normal. The cental nervous system is involved in maintaining a higher set point in early human hypertension as well as in many forms of experimental hypertension.Results from trials of antihypertensive drugs suggest that setting of the baseline level of blood pressure and regulation of blood pressure variability are independent properties and are probably regulated by different areas of the central nervous system. It is, therefore, unlikely that research on blood pressure “reactivity” will elucidate the pathophysiology of the central resetting of baseline blood pressure level in hypert...
A comprehensive expression analysis of the starch synthase gene family in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

To elucidate the roles of the isogenes encoding starch synthase (EC 2.4.1.21) in rice (Oryza sativa L.), a comprehensive expression analysis of the gene family was conducted. Extensive searches for starch synthase genes were done in the databases of both the whole genome and full-length cDNAs of rice, and ten genes were revealed to comprise the starch synthase gene family. Multi-sequence alignment analysis of the starch synthase proteins from rice and other plant species suggested that they were grouped into five classes, soluble starch synthase I (SSI), SSII, SSIII, SSIV and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS). In rice, there was one gene for SSI, three for SSII and two each for SSIII, IV and GBSS. The expression pattern of the ten genes in the developing caryopsis was examined by semi-quantitative RT–PCR analysis. Based on the temporal expression patterns, the ten genes could be divided into three groups: (i) early expressers (SSII-2, III-1, GBSSII), which are expressed in the early stage of grain filling; (ii) late expressers (SSII-3, III-2, GBSSI), which are expressed in the mid to later stage of grain filling; and (iii) steady expressers (SSI, II-1, IV-1, IV-2), which are expressed relatively constantly during grain filling. Within a caryopsis, the three gene groups spatially share their expression, i.e. “early expressers” in the pericarp, the “late expressers” in the endosperm” and the “steady expressers” in both tissues. In addition, this grouping was reflected in the expression pattern of various rice tissues: expression in non-endosperm, endosperm or all tissues examined. The implications in this spatio-temporal work sharing of starch synthesis isogenes are discussed.
Explaining immigrant naturalization.

Prior research on immigrant naturalization has focused mainly on the effects of immigrants’ adaptation experiences and demographic characteristics on their propensity to naturalize. This article pr...
Effect of Amobarbital on Oxygen Consumption in Bovine Dental Pulp

Respiratory inhibition by amobarbital, and by the combined action of amobarbital and cyanide, was measured in bovine dental pulp slices. The oxygen consumption rate was depressed by approximately 85% under both conditions, and it is believed that this represents almost the entire portion devoted to respiratory processes. Since a prior study showed that approximately 59% of pulpal oxygen consumption was used in cyanide-sensitive respiration, it is concluded that approximately 26% is consumed in cyanide-stable respiration. A significant portion of the remaining 15% may be involved in the hydroxylation of proline necessary for collagen synthesis in dentinogenesis.
Creating rural–urban boundaries: rural workers in cities and regimes of re-rustication in China

Rural–urban difference represents a most significant social divide in China, yet the boundaries between the rural and urban spaces have shifted over time. This paper examines how the Chinese state has created and re-created rural–urban boundaries from the 1950s to the 1990s through repeated campaigns to clean out rural workers in cities and to re-settle them in the countryside. I label such practices as re-rustication and employ the concept of regimes of re-rustication to describe the changing norms and practices directed by a variety of state actors toward the goal of forcibly returning peasant workers to the countryside. Specifically, I analyse three different regimes of re-rustication to repatriate rural workers in 1960–1962, 1972–1973 and the late 1990s. These campaigns spanned three distinctive periods of China’s political economy: the transition to state socialism in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the era of high state socialism in the late 1960s and 1970s and transition away from state socialism i...
Evidence for hotspot-related carbonatite metasomatism in the oceanic upper mantle

Four peridotite xenoliths from the islands of Savai'i (Western Samoa) and Tubuai (Austral Islands) contain primary olivine of lithospheric origin, and secondary assemblages of clinopyroxene + spinel ± apatite. The trace-element contents of the secondary minerals show that they formed in equilibrium with carbonate-rich melts. Moreover, isotopic results indicate that these melts were derived from recycled crustal components in the convecting mantle, and place constraints on the origins of these components.
Attending to the Present When Remembering the Past

In this issue of Neuron, Guerin et al. (2012) provide novel evidence that distinct parietal mechanisms for attention and memory compete when past experiences are compared to current perceptual input. While dorsal parietal cortex supports attention to perceptual stimuli, high attentional demands suppress ventral parietal regions important for veridical remembering.
Mode II interlaminar fracture of graphite/epoxy and graphite/PEEK

The end notched flexure (ENF) specimen is employed in an investigation of the interlaminar fracture toughness in Mode II (skew symmetric shear) loading of unidirectional graphite/epoxy and graphite/PEEK composites. Important experimental parameters such as the influence of precracking and the data reduction scheme for the Mode II toughness are discussed. Nonlinear load-deflection response is significant for the tough thermoplastic resin composite but is also present for the brittle thermoset composite. The observed nonlinearities, which are highly rate dependent, are attributed to a combination of slow stable crack growth preceding unstable crack growth and material inelastic behavior in the process zone around the crack tip.
Afterschool shared use of public school facilities for physical activity in North Carolina

Abstract Objective To determine the status and common characteristics of shared use in public schools in North Carolina. Method All public school principals (N = 2,359) in North Carolina were invited to participate in an online survey (February – May, 2013) designed to provide baseline information about the extent and nature of shared use of school facilities. Results Responses (n = 1182, 50.1%) indicated that most schools share their facilities (88.9%). Formal agreements were more common when schools shared gyms and outdoor athletic fields. Informal agreements were most common with playgrounds and track facilities. Schools with more low income or Black students were less likely to share facilities. For schools that did not share use of their facilities the most frequent reason was no outside groups had ever asked. Conclusion Schools may be more accommodating to shared use partnerships. Community organizations seeking to use indoor school facilities or athletic fields should be prepared to complete a formal written agreement. Preconceived notions that schools are unwilling to share their facilities may be preventing community organizations from initiating shared use inquiries. Schools located in the middle tier of economic distress and schools with a greater concentration of Black students were less likely to share their facilities.
Draining tracts and nodules in dogs and cats

Draining tracts and nodules in the dog and cat can present a diagnostic challenge to the veterinarian. A systematic approach and a complete list of differential diagnoses are needed to define the underlying disease, so that appropriate therapeutic management can be instituted and prognosis can be discussed with the owner. The purpose of this article is to review a complete list of differential diagnoses for draining tracts and nodules in the dog and cat, and discuss the appropriate diagnostic steps including cytology, biopsy and histopathology, culture and sensitivity, serology, and diagnostic imaging that are an important part of the work-up for draining tracts and nodules.
On a medieval solution to the liar paradox

In this paper, I examine a solution to the Liar paradox found in the work of Ockham, Burley, and Pseudo-Sherwood. I reject the accounts of this solution offered by modern commentators. I argue that this medieval line suggests a non-hierarchical solution to the Liar, according to which ‘true’ is analysed as an indexical term, and paradox is avoided by minimal restrictions on tokens of ‘true’. In certain respects, this solution resembles the recent approaches of Charles Parsons and Tyler Burge; in other respects, it is related to a suggestion of Godel. But, as a whole, it suggests an original solution to the Liar paradox, quite unlike any current proposals.
Modelling technical and allocative inefficiency in a translog production function

Abstract This paper develops a method of estimating technical and allocative inefficiency for each firm using a translog production function. Based on expected profit maximization hypothesis, the method uses the production function and the first order conditions as the basis of parameter estimation.
MMPI-2 and Family Environment Differences between Bulimic and Nonbulimic Women and their Parents:

We examined the relationships among psychological adjustment, perceptions of family environment, and the presence of bulimia. Twenty-nine bulimics and 33 nonbulimics completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) and Family Environment Scale (FES) parents of bulimics and nonbulimics were sent the FES to complete independently. Bulimics had higher scores than nonbulimics on MMPI-2 F, Hs, D, Hy, Pd, Pa, Pt, and Sc scales and lower scores on the L and K scales, with a clinically elevated mean configuration of 7-8-1. No differences in perceptions of family environment were found between bulimics and nonbulimics or between their fathers. Mothers of bulimics perceived more active-recreational orientation and less control than mothers of nonbulimics. For bulimics, perceived family cohesion was positively correlated with the Si scale of the MMPI-2. Finally, there was qualitatively less agreement on perceptions of family environment within bulimic than nonbulimic families. We discuss the clin...
Viability of a covalent chiral auxiliary method to induce asymmetric induction in solid-state photoreactions explored

The effectiveness of covalent chiral auxiliaries in inducing stereoselectivity during the Yang type II photocyclization reaction was examined using the benzonorbornene phenyl ketone (2) and α-adamantylacetophenone (7) systems. The outstanding ability of covalent chiral auxiliaries in generating high asymmetric induction in the photoproducts has been established in 7 of the 10 investigated examples. Three examples in which molecules crystallize with equal amounts of conformational isomers in the asymmetric unit, despite the covalently linked chiral auxiliary, highlight the limits of the use of the covalent chiral auxiliary approach for asymmetric induction in the solid state.
How long does oyster shell last on an oyster reef

Abstract A reduction in population abundance, brought on by an unprecedented 6 years of low recruitment, has reduced shell input through natural mortality on Delaware Bay oyster beds. Quantitative stock surveys provide an estimate of surficial shell over the same time period, permitting the reconstruction of the time history of shell since 1998 and estimation of the rates of shell addition and loss. Shell loss rates were unexpectedly high. In most cases, half of the shell added to an oyster bed in Delaware Bay in a given year is lost over a subsequent period of 2–10 years. Unexpectedly, the shortest half-lives, typically two to three years, are at intermediate salinities. Half-lives increase upbay into lower salinity and downbay into higher salinity to about 10 years. Minimal shell doubling times were calculated under the assumption of no shell loss, a maximum accretion rate. Minimal doubling times vary from somewhat less than a decade to more than a score of years. Doubling times of decadal scale emphasize that shell has the potential to accumulate rapidly on human time scales. The rarity of definitive documentation of shell accumulation, in terms of reef vertical accretion or lateral expansion, can only be explained if most shell produced yearly does not long remain recognizably intact. Doubling times are not rapid on the scale of oyster generation time, however. Management of essential fish habitat in the estuarine realm must include management of the shell budget and management of commercial shell-producing species must include the provision of animals as carbonate producers for habitat maintenance. Shell, at least in estuarine habitats, may have low preservational potential, even in areas that, when preserved, will appear to be shellbeds. The biases in the fossil record may not be minimized in shell-rich environments of preservation because shelliness does not imply good preservability.
Superconductivity of uranium compounds

Abstract The superconducting compounds of uranium exhibit a large range of lattice spacings and of electronic specific heat γ values. Recent work has revealed superconductivity to be more common in such systems than formerly believed.
Combined experimental/analytical modeling using component mode synthesis

This study evaluates the accuracy of computed modal frequencies and mode shapes obtained from a combined experimental/analytical model for a simple beam structure. The structure was divided into two subsystems and one subsystem was tested to obtain its free-free modes. Using a Component Mode Synthesis (CMS) technique, the experimental modal data base for one subsystem was directly coupled with a finite element model of the other subsystem to create an experimental/analytical model of the total structure. Both the translational and rotational elements of the residual flexibilities and mode shapes at the interface of the experimental subsystem were measured and used in the coupling. The modal frequencies and mode shapes obtained for the combined experimental/analytical model are compared to those for a reference finite element model of the entire structure. The sensitivity of the CMS model predictions to errors in the modal parameters and residual flexibilities, which are required to define a subsystem, is also examined.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Gene Probe for HIV Detection

We report, for the first time, the use of surface-enhanced Raman (SERS)-active labels for primers used in polymerase chain reaction amplification of specific target DNA sequences. This method has the potential for combining the spectral selectivity and high sensitivity of the SERS technique with the inherent molecular specificity offered by DNA sequence hybridization. The effectiveness of the detection scheme is demonstrated using the gag gene sequence of the human immunodeficiency virus. The potential use of multiple probes for simultaneous detection of multiple biological targets is discussed.
Microscopic mechanisms of surface phase transitions on InAs(001)

Microscopic mechanisms of the $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)$ to $(4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ surface phase transition on InAs(001) are identified using a combination of theoretical and experimental methods. Two distinct transition stages are found, both rate limited by ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ desorption. The unusually high prefactors observed experimentally are traced back to the microscopic ${\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ desorption processes. Calculated interactions between As dimers explain the observed disorder of the mixed $\ensuremath{\alpha}2(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}2(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)$ reconstructions and are not responsible for observed first order behavior of the transition.
When Should Clinicians Order Genetic Testing for Dravet Syndrome

The role of neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel, α-1 subunit (SCN1A) gene mutations in Dravet syndrome is well-established. With a broader phenotype than initially described, some patients lack features of Dravet syndrome as defined by the International League Against Epilepsy. We evaluated the predictive value of International League Against Epilepsy criteria for a positive mutation in a cohort of consecutively tested children. Mutations of SCN1A were evident in 16 of 69 children. Exhibiting ≥4 International League Against Epilepsy criteria demonstrated 100% sensitivity. Seven criteria (resistance to multiple antiepileptic drugs, multiple seizure types, abnormal electroencephalogram features, exacerbation with hyperthermia, normal development before seizure onset, seizures beginning before age 1 year, and psychomotor retardation) were present in ≥85% of mutation-positive cases. The three criteria that best predicted a mutation in SCN1A included exacerbation with hyperthermia, normal development before seizure onset, and the appearance of ataxia, pyramidal signs, or interictal myoclonus. We have demonstrated a high-sensitivity testing strategy for detecting mutations of SCN1A in children with suspected Dravet syndrome.
Regulation of gene expression and its role in long-term memory and synaptic plasticity

Histories of science yet to be written will view the latter half of this century as the Age of Molecular Genetics. From a flash of insight that yielded the double helix (1) to the first genetic clone of a mammal (2), molecular genetics has invaded every aspect of biological research. Initially, this molecular-genetic onslaught was limited to species, such as bacteria, yeast, nematodes, and fruit flies, whose size and life cycle constituted an economy of scale that was advantageous to breeding (3). With the introduction of gene-knockout techniques to mice (4), however, molecular genetics now is storming mammals (5, 6). In the broadest sense, the recent paper by Guzowski and McGaugh (7) represents a vanguard of this invasion. By using antisense oligonucleotides as “pharmaceutical” disruptors of gene expression, they have liberated molecular genetics from breeding. Endogenous regulation of gene expression has been outflanked by exogenous control.
Strong Fairness and Recursive Communicating Processes

Abstract Fairness — the guarantee that every process enabled sufficiently often will eventually make progress — provides a convenient and often useful abstraction from timing details that affect how parallel processes interact with one another. For processes that communicate via synchronous message passing, strong fairness is generally accepted as the most reasonable notion of fairness. This paper describes a strongly fair, trace-based semantics for a CCS-like language of communicating processes with full recursion. The semantics is a generalization of previous semantics for fair, imperative communicating processes. Unlike those earlier semantics, however, this semantics is not fully abstract: the combination of synchronous communication, fairness, and full recursion is extremely problematic. We outline the general difficulties encountered and discuss why the fair-trace approach is unlikely to yield full abstraction for this combination of features.
Gestational age of recipient determines pattern and level of transgene expression following in utero retroviral gene transfer

The direct vector injection approach was used in the fetal sheep model of in utero gene therapy to determine the effects of the recipient gestational age on the efficacy and pattern of liver, lung, and brain transduction and transgene expression. The livers contained foci of transgene-expressing hepatocytes and demonstrated an inverse correlation between recipient age and hepatocyte transduction/transgene expression, with higher levels of gene transfer/expression early in gestation and lower levels late in gestation. Conversely, the percentage of transgene-expressing cells within the lungs of these same animals increased with gestational age, with the majority of transduction occurring in epithelium and fibroblasts. In contrast to the lung and liver, transgene-expressing cells within the brain were extremely limited at all gestational ages tested. Our results demonstrate that numerous nonhematopoietic cells within the liver and lung are transduced following direct injection of murine retroviral vectors into fetal sheep and suggest that the developmental stage of each organ at the time of injection may determine its susceptibility to in utero gene transfer and subsequent levels of transgene expression. Our results suggest that with further vector optimization this approach may be useful for treating diseases that involve the lung and liver early in development.