cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of nuclear modulation in electron spin echoes at low magnetic fields: S-band ESE spectrometer

Abstract Most electron spin echo (ESE) experiments are performed at X-band (≈ 9 GHz) microwave frequencies. Just as in cw EPR, however, a multifrequency approach to ESE spectroscopy provides a more accurate determination of spin Hamiltonian parameters. The use of lower microwave frequencies (fields) in ESE experiments is expected to be particularly useful for enhancement of electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) depth for weakly coupled nuclei. Therefore, a pulsed EPR spectrometer was constructed to operate at S-band (2–4 GHz). Comparisons of vitrinite, perylene cation, irradiated quartz, and complexed Gd(III) ESEEM patterns at X- and S-band illustrate the expected modulation depth enhancement.
Arnold and Arnold-like diffusion in many dimensions

Abstract When several standard maps are coupled together, KAM surfaces cannot isolate stochastic regions, and particles diffuse along stochastic layers by the process of Arnold diffusion. For the case of two coupled standard maps the rate of Arnold diffusion has previously been calculated both locally around a particular KAM curve and globally across many cells of the 2π periodic mapping. When more than two standard maps are coupled, the diffusion rate increases, depending on the total number of maps, N, and the number of phases in each coupling term, m, where 2≤m≤N. As N is increased, the diffusion rate increases as N 1 2 , the length of the diagonal in the action space. As m is increased, the diffusion rate increases because the phase of the coupling term for a particular map becomes less correlated with the phase of the map itself. In the limit of large m, the coupling term is randomized with each iteration. When the effect of N is removed by dividing the diffusion distance ΔIrms by N 1 2 , a universal global diffusion ΔIrms versus m is found, for m ≠ N. For m = N, for which the mapping has a symplectic structure, a somewhat different ΔIrms vs. m is found. For local Arnold diffusion, the increase in ΔIrms for a particular m depends strongly on the stochasticity parameter K. An analytic calculation of this K dependence for the cases of two and three coupled phases has been compared to numerics and a prescription developed for many coupled phases. An analytic calculation for the m dependence at fixed K is presented, which is in good agreement with numerical results. The calculated local rate of diffusion and global phase space arguments are used to calculate the global diffusion, which is compared to the numerical results.
The behavioral ecology of supermarkets and farmers' markets

Abstract A comparison was made of the social and physical milieu of supermarkets and farmers' markets in ten California cities. On the semantic differential, the farmers' markets were perceived by their customers as more friendly, personal, rural, smaller, and happier settings than were the supermarkets by their customers. More than three-quarters of the supermarket shoppers arrived alone while at the farmers' markets, more than three-quarters arrived in the company of others. Interaction counts showed a similar number of perfunctory conversations in the two settings but more social and informational encounters at the farmers' markets. The lack of extended interaction in supermarkets is seen as a function of its social organization, relatively low density, and traffic-dominated architectural layout.
An Array of 12 Planar Germanium Detectors for in Situ Gamma Spectroscopy

There is a continuing need at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) for sensitive instruments that quantify surface concentrations of radionuclides. We have designed, fabricated, and field tested an array of 12 high-purity germanium planar detectors in a single cryostat. The detector system has a total surface area of 120 cm2 and internal shielding. The detectors are 0.8-cm thick and are individually encapsulated. This system was primarily designed for in situ detection of plutonium via the 241Am 60-keV gamma ray; however, it will also be used for in vivo lung counting and sample counting. We have fielded it at the NTS and found it to have a minimum detectable activity (MDA) for 241Am of about a factor of four lower than that of our four-detector system.
How important is asymmetric covariance for the risk premium of international assets

Abstract This paper empirically investigates the importance of asymmetric conditional covariance when computing the risk premium of international assets. Conditional second moment asymmetry of equity indices is significant and varies over time. The risk premia estimated allowing for asymmetry are statistically and economically different from risk premia estimated without allowing for asymmetry. In particular, an international investor who ignores covariance asymmetry overestimates required returns for equities of the G4 countries and for the world market, on average.
The Physics of Type Ia Supernova Light Curves. I. Analytic Results and Time Dependence

We develop an analytic solution of the radiation transport problem for Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) and show that it reproduces bolometric light curves produced by more detailed calculations under the assumption of a constant-extinction coefficient. This model is used to derive the thermal conditions in the interior of SNe Ia and to study the sensitivity of light curves to various properties of the underlying supernova explosions. Although the model is limited by simplifying assumptions, it is adequate for demonstrating that the relationship between SNe Ia maximum-light luminosity and rate of decline is most easily explained if SNe Ia span a range in mass. The analytic model is also used to examine the size of various terms in the transport equation under conditions appropriate to maximum light. For instance, the Eulerian and advective time derivatives are each shown to be of the same order of magnitude as other order v/c terms in the transport equation. We conclude that a fully time-dependent solution to the transport problem is needed in order to compute SNe Ia light curves and spectra accurate enough to distinguish subtle differences of various explosion models.
New technique for obtaining the electroreflectance spectrum: vacuum electroreflectance (Poster Paper)

Vacuum electroreflectance (VER), a new method for performing electroreflectance on a free standing surface, is introduced. In VER, the surface of the sample is in vacuum and does not come in contact with a dielectric or a metal. The sample is interferometrically aligned, and precise positioning is obtained by piezoelectric motors. Cooling to 80 K is accomplished by the Joule-Thompson effect, and temperatures up to 400 K are achieved by resistive heating. Comparison of data obtained at room temperature by VER, photoreflectance (PR), and electrolyte electroreflectance (EER), and at low temperature by VER ad PR on the same GaAs sample is presented. Also, the VER data is compared to the data obtained in air by the newly introduced contactless electroreflectance (CER) technique.
An Evaluation of the Need for Shared Blood Donor Deferral Registries

Objective : This study examined the frequency with which allogeneic, volunteer blood donors who had been deferred from donation at one blood collection facility donated, or attempted to donate, at a second blood collection facility. Methods : The blood donor computer files of two local blood collection facilities were combined and matched donors on the donor deferral registry of each blood collection facility were identified. Results : Of 26 300 donors in the hospital-based blood bank file, 6732 (25.6%) were matched to the community blood center donor file (active donor base approximately 275 000). Matched donors on the donor deferral registry at each blood collection facility numbered 427 (6.3% of total matched donors). A total of 103 evaluable donors (1.5% of total, or 24.1% of deferred, matched donors) had been deferred at one blood collection facility and then later donated, or attempted donation, at the other blood collection facility. Of these 103, 51 were allogeneic donors who had been notified of their deferral status and should not have subsequently attempted blood donation. Thirty-two donors on the donor deferral registry of one blood collection facility made donations at the second blood collection facility which entered the general blood inventory. Conclusion : Shared donor deferral registries may be valuable at the local or regional level to prevent deferred blood donors from donating at other blood collection facilities. Whether or not a national donor defferal registry would be efficacious remains to be proven and deserves further study. © 1997 Elsevler Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Parent Reading Behaviors and Communication Outcomes in Girls with Rett Syndrome

We describe evidence and intervention strategies for parents, educators, and researchers who seek to enhance communication and literacy in children with Rett syndrome (RS). Four girls with RS and their mothers videotaped their storybook interactions at home for 4 months. Parent-child storybook interactions were coded for child behaviors (e.g., use of augmentative communication devices, attention to book, or vocalizations) and parent behaviors (e.g., pointing in the book or asking predictive questions). Correlation and multiple regression analyses of these variables revealed that girls with RS can learn to communicate in meaningful ways through storybooks; however, mothers may need to engage in different strategies to facilitate better use of augmentative strategies. Successful strategies are discussed for the mother-daughter dyads.
Molecular cloning of a novel rat G-protein-coupled receptor gene expressed prominently in lung, adrenal, and liver

A gene and cDNA (named G10d) encoding a novel member of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GCR) superfamily has been isolated from a rat genomic library and a rat liver cDNA library by tandom polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and hybridization screening. Comparison of the sequence of the encoded protein to other members of the rhodopsin family of the GCR superfamily suggests that this new member is a peptide receptor. The G10d gene is present as a single copy in the rat genome and its translational open reading frame is intronless. Northern analysis demonstrates a wide and uneven distribution of G10d mRNA in the adult rat, with the highest mRNA abundance in lung, liver and adrenal gland extracts.
A Case of“Great Unstbleness”: A British Slaveholder and Brazilian Abolition1

(1998). A Case of “Great Unstbleness”: A British Slaveholder and Brazilian Abolition1. The Historian: Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 717-740.
A Study of the Composition of the Ether Soluble Fraction of Raw Silk

The ether soluble fraction of white Chinese silk has been prepared and analyzed. The "silk wax" was found to consist of a mixture of normal primary alcohols and acids of the order C26—C32, paraffins, of the order C23—C31and liquid fatty acids.
CONCENTRATION DEPENDENCE OF STAGE I ANNEALING IN IRRADIATED COPPER

An analysis is given of the radiation-damage annealing to be expected under conditions of constant warmup rate. It is found that third-order kinetics are to be expected for defects moving freely in one dimension. A discussion is given of the Wigner catastrophic annealing effect. Using the analysis, a detailed discussion is given of the annealing curves found for stored energy released on annealing deuteron-irradiated copper in stage I. Most of the conclusions reached previously by Magnuson, Palmer, and Koehler and by Corbett, Smith, and Walker using resistance measurements are confirmed. Evidence for the existence of clusters of damage in deuteron-irradiated specimens is found. Peak ${\mathrm{I}}_{E}$ is found to follow second-order kinetics, providing evidence against the possibility of freely migrating interstitials in one dimension. It is found that peak ${\mathrm{I}}_{D}$ cannot be interpreted with a unique activation energy and is interpreted instead as a superposition of additional close Frenkel pairs. Using a combination of deuteron and electron damage measurements, a value of the energy-to-resistivity ratio for Frenkel pairs is found for peak ${\mathrm{I}}_{E}$ which agrees within experimental error with that found for stage I using deuteron results alone.
Demonstration of a 459-nm pulsed, optically pumped cesium vapor laser

Abstract We report on the demonstration of a pulsed cesium vapor laser operating in the blue via direct optical excitation of the 7 P 3 / 2 2 state. The cesium laser may be considered a three-level visible analog to the near infrared diode pumped alkali laser (DPAL). The 6 S 1 / 2 2 – 7 P 3 / 2 2 pump transition is collisionally broadened by helium. Population is rapidly transferred to the 7 P 1 / 2 2 state using ethane and lasing was observed on the 459.3 nm 7 P 1 / 2 2 – 6 S 1 / 2 2 transition. The best results were found with 550 Torr of helium and 100 Torr of ethane at cell temperatures from 90–110 °C. Using this setup, the maximum slope efficiency (0.45%) and lowest threshold pump energy ( 10 μ J / pulse ) were obtained. The maximum output energy was 3.3 μ J / pulse , comparable to previous two-photon pumped blue laser demonstrations. Weak blue emission at 459 nm was also observed using 200–500 Torr of helium alone. A time-dependent rate equation model was developed to aid in the discussion of the intermultiplet mixing and strong infrared radiative transitions inherent in this system. A scalable alkali laser system operating in the blue near the Jerlov minimum has several possible communications, optical storage, color display and remote sensing applications.
A Different Path to Homeownership: The Case of Taiwanese Immigrants in Los Angeles

Taiwanese immigrants in Los Angeles stand in contrast to the well-documented homeownership deficit among immigrants. Despite the tremendous growth in Taiwanese immigrants during the 1980s, the Taiwanese homeownership rate was not only among the highest of all ethnic groups in 1990, but also recorded a phenomenal increase of 16 percentage points between 1980 and 1990. This paper examines this trend and assesses the contributing factors. It reveals that (1) education and wealth were contributors to Taiwanese high homeownership; (2) Chinese immigrants in general and Taiwanese immigrants in particular had endowment-adjusted homeownership rates well above that of non-Hispanic whites, while the ways in which ethnic Chinese immigrants achieve high homeownership were reflective of their distinctive paths of immigration; (3) surprisingly, higher English proficiency, an indicator of acculturation, was negatively associated with Taiwanese homeownership; (4) the large rise in Taiwanese homeownership in the 1980s was ...
Bacterial vaginosis is not associated with circumcision status of the current male partner.

OBJECTIVE: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is common in sexually active women, and in a large proportion the underlying aetiology is unknown. We evaluated partner circumcision status as a potential risk and hypothesised that women with uncircumcised partners were at increased risk for BV. METHODS: Retrospective audit of a partner study (272 heterosexual couples) conducted in Baltimore between 1990 and 1992. BV defined by clinical criteria and circumcision status of males was determined by physical examination. RESULTS: BV was diagnosed in 83 (30%) female partners; 75 (27%) males were uncircumcised. In males and females respectively, gonorrhoea was diagnosed in 20% and 16%, and chlamydia in 7% and 11%. In women with circumcised partners, 58/197 (29%) had BV compared with 25/75 (33%) with uncircumcised partners (p = 0.53). CONCLUSION: Women with uncircumcised current partners are not at increased risk for BV.
Urinary cadmium and beta 2-microglobulin: correlation with nutrition and smoking history.

Urinary cadmium and beta2‐microglobulin concentrations from approximately 1000 samples from the general adult U.S. population, collected as part of the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey II (NHANES II), were related to nutritional and smoking history of the individuals. Urinary cadmium concentration was negatively correlated with dietary iron (significance level of 0.0065), negatively correlated with dietary calcium (significance level of <0.0001), and significantly (level of <0.001) higher in past or present smokers than in those who had never smoked. The results suggest increased cadmium absorption in the presence of low dietary intake of iron, low dietary intake of calcium, and cigarette smoking in the general population of the United States.
Basal cell carcinoma with intracranial invasion

The risk of invasion and destruction of cranium, underlying dura, and cranial nerves by basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is extremely low, with an estimated incidence of 0.03%. Intracranial BCC invasion by direct extension is rare, and orbital spread from a nasal lesion has not been reported in the literature. We describe a case of intracranial invasion of a multiply recurrent nasal BCC, which caused progressive bilateral blindness from optic nerve compression, with spinal canal involvement causing subsequent lower extremity weakness and paralysis. This case underscores the importance of early and appropriate treatment of high risk BCC, and aggressive treatment of recurrent lesions as early as possible.
Acetyl strophanthidin sensitivity in dogs with congestive heart failure

Abstract Fifteen normal dogs and five dogs with experimental congestive heart failure were given standard doses of acetyl strophanthidin on the basis of ascites-free weight. Four animals with cardiac failure developed persistent atrioventricular dissociation with abnormal QRS complexes, whereas no normal dog showed a serious arrhythmia. The normal dogs demonstrated a greater rise in the concentration of serum potassium after acetyl strophanthidin than did the animals with congestive failure. Analysis of the electrocardiograms suggests that atrioventricular dissociation may occur as a result of simultaneous slowing of the sinus node, slowed conduction velocity in intraventricular conduction tissue, and increased rhythmicity of one or more foci in this tissue or in ordinary myocardial fibers. The available evidence suggests that physical, nervous, and chemical factors operating on the failing heart could explain its increased sensitivity to digitalis-like compounds. It is also possible that the congested liver makes a larger fraction of administered drug available to the heart and is incapable of producing the normal rise in the concentration of serum potassium after digitalis has been administered.
“Empire of the Muse”: American Encounters with Wordsworth

This essay investigates a series of encounters – critical, textual, and personal – between Wordsworth and his American Romantic contemporaries that helped to solidify the poet's transatlantic reputation. In keeping with negative British reviews, Ralph Waldo Emerson, William Cullen Bryant, and William Ellery Channing initially scorned Wordsworth's experimental poetics, but they became earnest advocates of both his poetry and his values as a result of their contemplative reading and their conversations with the poet himself. These writers function as case studies of the larger history of Wordsworth's reception in America: a history fraught by both nationalist suspicion and tremendous creative exchange.
Tick-Borne Pulmonary Disease: Update on Diagnosis and Management

Ticks are capable of transmitting viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and rickettsiae to man. Several of these tick-borne pathogens can lead to pulmonary disease. Characteristic clinical features, such as erythema migrans in Lyme disease, or spotted rash in a spotted fever group disease, may serve as important diagnostic clues. Successful management of tick-borne diseases depends on a high index of suspicion and recognition of their clinical features. Patients at risk for tick bites may be coinfected with two or more tick-borne pathogens. A Lyme vaccine has recently become available for use in the United States. Disease prevention depends on the avoidance of tick bites. When patients present with respiratory symptoms and a history of a recent tick bite or a characteristic skin rash, a differential diagnosis of a tick-borne pulmonary disease should be considered. Early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy for these disorders lead to greatly improved outcomes.
Sensory stimulation and rhesus monkey activity.

Variation in the cage activity (measured simultaneously by a photoelectric relay system and an ultrasonic activity recorder) of six rhesus monkeys was directly related to the level of ambient illumination, whereas changes in noise level had only minimal effect. Activity changes were specific to the stimulus condition and no systematic residual post-condition effects were in evidence.
Fluorescence lifetime-based sensing in tissues: a computational study

We have numerically solved the photon diffusion equation to predict the distribution of light in a tissue model system with a uniform concentration of fluorophore. Our results show that time-dependent measurements of light propagation can be used to monitor the fluorescent lifetimes of a uniformly distributed fluorophore in tissues. With proper referencing, frequency-domain measurements of phase-shift, theta, may allow quantitation of fluorescent lifetimes, tau, independent of changes in the local absorption and scattering properties. These results point to a new approach for noninvasive diagnostic monitoring through quantitation of fluorescent lifetime, tau, when the lifetime of the fluorophore is comparable with photon migration times.
Unimodality of Gaussian polynomials

Abstract Unimodality of the Gaussian polynomial is proved by establishing an identity for these polynomials from which an inductive proof of unimodality follows.
SEC adopts consolidated audit trail

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explain the requirements of SEC Rule 613 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which requires national securities exchanges and FINRA jointly to develop a national market system plan (NMS Plan) that provides for the creation, implementation and maintenance of a consolidated order tracking system (“consolidated order trail” or “CAT”) as well as the creation of a central repository responsible for the receipt, consolidation, and retention of all order and quote information for NMS securities.Design/methodology/approach – The paper discusses weaknesses of current, multiple order tracking systems; core features of the framework adopted by the SEC to create a CAT, including the creation of a central repository; key considerations for market participants, including data reporting methods and funding the creation, implementation and maintenance of the CAT; timing and phased implementation of the NMS Plan; security and order types covered by the CAT; persons required...
Deriving a class of layer-oriented graph algorithms

We survey an algebra of formal languages suitable to deal with graph algorithms. As an example of its use we derive a general scheme for layer-oriented graph traversal. This general scheme is then applied to a reachability and a shortest path problem.
Multi-objective optimization of distributed-order fractional damping

Abstract This paper investigates the multi-objective optimal design of distributed order fractional damper. A new hybrid method which takes advantages of both the evolutionary algorithms and the simple cell mapping method is used to obtain the Pareto solutions of the multi-objective optimal design. Three different cases of distributed damping coefficient c ( α ) are studied. The objective functions are taken from the time domain specifications of step response in the feedback control design, which include the overshoot, peak time and integrated tracking error. It is found that the multi-objective optimal designs of the damper can deliver much improved step responses in terms of the three objective functions, compared with the single-objective optimal design by minimizing the integrated tracking error alone. Numerical simulations of the three cases of c ( α ) demonstrate that better overall performance can be achieved with more design parameters in the multi-objective optimization setting.
Energy dependence of effective electron mass and laser-induced ionization of wide band-gap solids

Most of the traditional theoretical models of laser-induced ionization were developed under the assumption of constant effective electron mass or weak dependence of the effective mass on electron energy. Those assumptions exclude from consideration all the effects resulting from significant increase of the effective mass with increasing of electron energy in real the conduction band. Promotion of electrons to the states with high effective mass can be done either via laserinduced electron oscillations or via electron-particle collisions. Increase of the effective mass during laser-material interactions can result in specific regimes of ionization. Performing a simple qualitative analysis by comparison of the constant-mass approximation vs realistic dependences of the effective mass on electron energy, we demonstrate that the traditional ionization models provide reliable estimation of the ionization rate in a very limited domain of laser intensity and wavelength. By taking into account increase of the effective mass with electron energy, we demonstrate that special regimes of high-intensity photo-ionization are possible depending on laser and material parameters. Qualitative analysis of the energy dependence of the effective mass also leads to conclusion that the avalanche ionization can be stopped by the effect of electron trapping in the states with large values of the effective mass.
Administration of Drugs by Hyperosmotic or Vacuum Infiltration or Surfactant Immersion Ineffective for Control of Intradermally Encysted Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Abstract Eight protozoacidal compounds were ineffective in destroying Ichthyophthirius multifiliis trophozoites encysted in the skin of fishes when administered by hyperosmotic or vacuum infiltration or surfactant immersion procedures. The compounds used were Enheptin, formalin, Furacin, Furoxone, malachite green, methylene blue, quinine sulfate, and Tramisol. Histological studies indicated only superficial penetration of methylene blue into the mucous layer of fish subjected to hyperosmotic infiltration. Enheptin and Tramisol were effective in killing excised trophozoites of I. multifiliis in vitro.
Cardiac myosin heavy chain gene regulation by thyroid hormone involves altered histone modifications

The antithetical regulation of cardiac α- and β-myosin heavy chain (MHC) genes by thyroid hormone (T3) is not well understood but appears to involve thyroid hormone interaction with its nuclear rec...
Diffusion of water in silica glasses containing different amounts of chlorine

Abstract The diffusion of water into silica glasses containing different amounts of chlorine was studied at 350°C and 825°C. Chlorine concentration in the silica glass ranged from less than 50 ppm to as much as 1000 parts per million (ppm). The silica glass samples were heat-treated in the presence of water vapor at a pressure of 355 Torr and the amount of water absorbed as a function of the heat-treatment time was determined by infrared spectroscopy. It was found that both the water diffusion coefficient and the solubility of water were not affected by the chlorine content within experimental error at either heat-treatment temperature. However, chlorine and hydrogen-bonded molecular water appear to interact with one another to form an IR band located at 2810 cm −1 . This IR band became more intense as the amount of chlorine or molecular water was increased.
Early Development and Pilot Testing of a Problem-Solving Skills-Training Program for Children

This pilot study examined the impact of a prototype problem-solving skills-training program, Making Choices, on proximal outcomes in 70 6th-grade students. Method: Students received three components of Making Choices and completed pretest and posttest measures of skills on each component. Paired-sample t tests were used to assess proximal effects. Baseline measures were used to identify four subgroups of children, and differences in skill acquisition across subgroups were assessed. Results: Students displayed significantly higher scores at posttest on measures of two of three proximal skills. Nonaggressive-accepted and aggressive-accepted students displayed stronger skills at posttest, and aggressive-rejected and nonaggressive-rejected students failed to show significant gains. Conclusions: Results provided preliminary evidence of the effectiveness of Making Choices and guided refinement of the prototype program.
Government Liquidation: How Online Auctions Will Replace Bob's Army-Navy Store

ABSTRACT In the private sector, there is a great deal of interest in the use of forward auctions as a means of increasing recovery rates on surplus or returned items, as part of an overall reverse logistics strategy. Only recently has the public sector realized that it too has the potential to solve its reverse logistics problem and derive revenue at the end of the governmental supply chain. The biggest current experiment in this area involves the Department of Defense. Until recently, American military surplus was sold through physical auctions at 200 facilities worldwide. In mid-2001, the Defense Reutilization and Management Service entered into a unique partnership with Liquidity Services, awarding the firm an exclusive contract to surplus for the armed forces that is not claimed for reuse by other federal, state, and local agencies. Liquidity Services set up a special subsidiary, Government Liquidation, which oversees the storage, display, lotting, and auctioning of military surplus items on its speci...
Removal of copper and cadmium from hydrometallurgical leach solutions by fluidised bed electrolysis

A fluidised bed cell which consists of a bed of inert glass beads, in which are immersed expanded mesh electrodes, is used to provide high ion transfer conditions making it possible to recover metals efficiently from dilute solutions. The use of the cell in the removal of Cu and Cd from dilute solutions is described, and the effects of cathode density, pH, time, type of electrode, distance between the electrodes and presence of other ions in solutions studied. These investigations are then extended to examine the electrolysis of solutions obtained by leaching a copper—zinc calcine.
Photoinduction of carotenoid synthesis of a Mycobacterium sp.

Abstract The photoinduced carotenoid synthesis of a Mycobacterium sp. has been studied and found to closely resemble the same phenomenon that has been reported to occur in Neurospora crassa . It has been possible to divide photoinduced carotenogenesis of this Mycobacterium sp. into three distinct phases. 1. 1. The photoinduction step which requires oxygen and light (the blue portion of the visible spectrum). This phase is temperature independent and the only one for which light is necessary. 2. 2. The protein synthesis phase which lasts for the first 2 h of incubation following light stimulation. Chloramphenicol is an effective inhibitor of this phase. 3. 3. The final stage, carotenoid synthesis, is dependent upon the enzymes synthesized in the second step and begins after 1-1.5 h of incubation and lasts approx. 12 h.
The calibration and use of plane‐parallel ionization chambers for dosimetry of electron beams

The AAPM TG 39 protocol has proposed three different methods of calibrating plane-parallel ionization chambers, i.e., in-phantom irradiation with a high-energy electron beam and in-phantom and in-air 60Co irradiation. To verify the consistency of the three methods, we have measured Ngaspp values using each of these techniques for the five most commonly used plane-parallel chambers considered by the protocol. Our results demonstrate that the measured Ngaspp values for the three different methods for any of the chambers agree to within +/- 0.6%. Once Ngaspp was measured, the determination of absorbed dose for electron beams with different energies for an AECL Therac 20 and Philips SL25 was carried out according to the AAPM TG 39 protocol. The results show that the determination of the absorbed dose outputs for any of the five chambers agree to within +/- 0.7% for electron-beam energies of 4-20 MeV if all five chambers had Ngaspp values determined by the electron-beam method. The uncertainties are well within the expected error for these approaches.
Participatory risk mapping of garbage‐related issues in a rural mexican municipality*

Garbage generation and garbage management are two critical human-environmental issues in Mexico and across the globe. Yet, an understanding of garbage as a broader set of human environmental issues beyond generation and management is lacking, amid a significant urban bias on garbage research. Using a modified form of participatory risk mapping, a method that rank-orders risks or issues by incidence and relative importance, this study highlights the diversity and heterogeneity of garbage-related issues as reported by 433 respondents in the rural Mexican municipio of Coxcatlan, Puebla. Results show that burning, dumping, service provision, public cleanliness, and other issues affect rural households. When the data are stratified by place and demographics, and applied to inferential statistics, the results show a more nuanced, more place-contingent picture of garbage-related issues than simply the institutional narratives on generation and composition.
Expression of integrin β6 enhances invasive behavior in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is characterized by invasive growth and the propensity for distant metastasis. The expression of specific adhesion receptors promotes defined interactions with the specific components found within the extracellular matrix (ECM). We previously showed that the alpha v beta 6 fibronectin receptor is highly expressed in oral SCC. Here we forced expression of the beta 6 subunit into poorly invasive SCC9 cells to establish the SCC9 beta 6 cell line and compared these two cell lines in several independent assays. Whereas adhesion to fibronectin was unaffected by the expression of beta 6, migration on fibronectin and invasion through a reconstituted basement membrane (RBM) were both increased. Function-blocking antibodies to alpha v beta 6 (10D5) reduced both migration on fibronectin and invasion through an RBM, whereas anti-alpha 5 antibodies were effective only in suppressing migration on fibronectin, not invasion. Expression of beta 6 also promoted tumor growth and invasion in vivo and modulated fibronectin matrix deposition. When grown as a co-culture with SCC9 cells, peritumor fibroblasts (PTF) organized a dense fibronectin matrix. However, fibronectin matrix assembly was decreased in co-cultures of SCC9 beta 6 cells and PTF and this decrease was reversed by the addition of function-blocking anti-alpha v beta 6 antibodies. The expression of beta 6 also resulted in increased levels of matrix metalloproteinase 3. Addition of the general MMP inhibitor GM6001 to SCC9 beta 6/PTF co-cultures dramatically increased fibronectin matrix assembly in a similar fashion as incubation with anti-alpha v beta 6 antibodies. These results demonstrate that expression of beta 6 (1) increases oral SCC cell motility and growth in vitro and in vivo; (2) negatively affects fibronectin matrix assembly; and (3) stimulates the expression and activation of MMP3. We suggest that the integrin alpha v beta 6 is a key component of oral SCC invasion and metastasis through modulation of MMP-3 activity.
Solution of Capital Budgeting Problems Having Chance Constraints; Heuristic and Exact Methods

Abstract The capital budgeting heuristic (CBH) algorithm for solving capital budgeting problems is extended to solve problems with chance constraints of the form Pr where each αi is specified. The objective function is linear, being the expectation-variance form of utility function. Computational experience is described using the modified CBH to solve a set of 24 problems, each having 30 independent projects and 5 budget periods.
The effect of world war I on black occupational and residential segregation: The Case of Pittsburgh

The occupational and residential pattern of blacks during the postwar years have been relatively well documented. It is known, for example, that beginning around 1916 and continuing until the "Great Depression" of the 1930s, Pittsburgh, like other northern industrial cities, received thousands of southern blacks who were participating in the "Great Migration" of 1916 to 1919 that carried over a million blacks from the South to the North. It is also known that blacks moved North basically for the same reason the southern and eastern European immigrants had come to America, that is, to seek jobs in the expanding manufacturing sector. But the occupational status and residential pattern of blacks before the "Great Migration" and the changes that occurred immediately after it are not very well known. Although the prewar status of blacks within the occupational structure has been examined at particular points in time, few studies have focused on the changes over time (e.g., Ovington, 1911; Crossland, 1914; DuBois, 1899; Daniels, 1914; Osofsky, 1966). Furthermore, the position of blacks in the urban economy has
Nickel-dependent metalloenzymes.

This review describes the functions, structures, and mechanisms of nine nickel-containing enzymes: glyoxalase I, acireductone dioxygenase, urease, superoxide dismutase, [NiFe]-hydrogenase, carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, acetyl-coenzyme A synthase/decarbonylase, methyl-coenzyme M reductase, and lactate racemase. These enzymes catalyze their various chemistries by using metallocenters of diverse structures, including mononuclear nickel, dinuclear nickel, nickel–iron heterodinuclear sites, more complex nickel-containing clusters, and nickel-tetrapyrroles. Selected other enzymes are active with nickel, but the physiological relevance of this metal specificity is unclear. Additional nickel-containing proteins of undefined function have been identified.
Deterministic and nondeterministic symbolic procedures for anisotropic elasticity

Abstract The formal symbolic approach is generalized to handle laminated and singly connected anisotropic thermoelasticity problems incorporating the possibility of both deterministic and nondeterministic exciting fields. For example, symbolic operators are developed for the mean as well as higher order statistical moments (variance, covariance, etc.). The generality of the results is such that statistically homogeneous as well as non-homogeneous ensembles of space and time “histories” can be handled.
Support of education in biomedical science and career employment opportunities: Some dilemmas

Abstract I am sure that the Nation's needs for research of the highest quality must be met by a continued flow of new investigators. I am not sure that our traditional mechanisms for providing that flow will continue to be as effective as they have been in the past and, if that is so, the quality of research can be expected to decline, probably postponing solutions to critical social and health problems for some indefinite time. If these traditional mechanisms continue to prove effective, beyond all my expectations, the problem of scientists who are unemployed in midcareer will become increasingly severe. Neither horn of the dilemma provides an attractive outcome for the future.
Mirror image free Fourier domain optical coherence tomography

A novel swept source based Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FDOCT) system using an electro-optic phase modulator was demonstrated. The imaging range was doubled by cancellation of the mirror image. The elimination of low frequency noises due to DC and autocorrelation terms increases the sensitivity by 20 dB.
Impurity Effects on Alumina Scale Growth

Most high-temperature-resistant alloys oxidize to form an external alumina layer, or scale, whose slow growth protects the underlying alloy from continued aggressive oxidation. The growth of the Al 2 O 3 scale is controlled by the transport of oxygen inward and aluminum outward through it, with the rate dominated by the fastest diffusing species down the fastest path. Components in the alloy can be incorporated into the growing Al 2 O 3 layer, hence affect the transport rates of oxygen and/or aluminum. This paper summarizes existing experimental data to assess the possible effect of these incorporated impurities on the growth rate and transport properties of Al 2 O 3 scales formed on Fe-, Ni-, and Pt-based alloys. The amount and distribution of the alloy base metal, sulfur impurity, and reactive elements, such as Hf, Y, Zr, and Ce, in the alumina scale are evaluated. Their effect on the oxidation and transport rates through the scale are discussed and compared with Al and O diffusion rates deduced from creep studies.
Maximizing hysteretic losses in magnetic ferrite nanoparticles via model-driven synthesis and materials optimization.

This article develops a set of design guidelines for maximizing heat dissipation characteristics of magnetic ferrite MFe2O4 (M = Mn, Fe, Co) nanoparticles in alternating magnetic fields. Using magnetic and structural nanoparticle characterization, we identify key synthetic parameters in the thermal decomposition of organometallic precursors that yield optimized magnetic nanoparticles over a wide range of sizes and compositions. The developed synthetic procedures allow for gram-scale production of magnetic nanoparticles stable in physiological buffer for several months. Our magnetic nanoparticles display some of the highest heat dissipation rates, which are in qualitative agreement with the trends predicted by a dynamic hysteresis model of coherent magnetization reversal in single domain magnetic particles. By combining physical simulations with robust scalable synthesis and materials characterization techniques, this work provides a pathway to a model-driven design of magnetic nanoparticles tailored to a ...
A Role for Cdk2 Kinase in Negatively Regulating DNA Replication during S Phase of the Cell Cycle

Using cell-free extracts made from Xenopus eggs, we show that cdk2-cyclin E and A kinases play an important role in negatively regulating DNA replication. Specifically, we demonstrate that the cdk2 kinase concentration surrounding chromatin in extracts increases 200-fold once the chromatin is assembled into nuclei. Further, we find that if the cdk2–cyclin E or A concentration in egg cytosol is increased 16-fold before the addition of sperm chromatin, the chromatin fails to initiate DNA replication once assembled into nuclei. This demonstrates that cdk2–cyclin E or A can negatively regulate DNA replication. With respect to how this negative regulation occurs, we show that high levels of cdk2–cyclin E do not block the association of the protein complex ORC with sperm chromatin but do prevent association of MCM3, a protein essential for replication. Importantly, we find that MCM3 that is prebound to chromatin does not dissociate when cdk2– cyclin E levels are increased. Taken together our results strongly suggest that during the embryonic cell cycle, the low concentrations of cdk2–cyclin E present in the cytosol after mitosis and before nuclear formation allow proteins essential for potentiating DNA replication to bind to chromatin, and that the high concentration of cdk2–cyclin E within nuclei prevents MCM from reassociating with chromatin after replication. This situation could serve, in part, to limit DNA replication to a single round per cell cycle.
Volcanic lightning: global observations and constraints on source mechanisms

Lightning and electrification at volcanoes are important because they represent a hazard in their own right, they are a component of the global electrical circuit, and because they contribute to ash particle aggregation and modification within ash plumes. The role of water substance (water in all forms) in particular has not been well studied. Here data are presented from a comprehensive global database of volcanic lightning. Lightning has been documented at 80 volcanoes in association with 212 eruptions. The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) could be determined for 177 eruptions. Eight percent of VEI = 3–5 eruptions have reported lightning, and 10% of VEI = 6, but less than 2% of those with VEI = 1–2. These findings suggest consistent reporting for larger eruptions but either less lightning or possible under-reporting for small eruptions. Ash plume heights (142 observations) show a bimodal distribution with main peaks at 7–12 km and 1–4 km. The former are similar to heights of typical thunderstorms and suggest involvement of water substance, whereas the latter suggest other factors contributing to electrical behavior closer to the vent. Reporting of lightning is more common at night (56%) and less common in daylight (44%). Reporting also varied substantially from year to year, suggesting that a more systematic observational strategy is needed. Several weak trends in lightning occurrence based on magma composition were found. The bimodal ash plume heights are obvious only for andesite to dacite; basalt and basaltic-andesite evenly span the range of heights; and rhyolites are poorly represented. The distributions of the latitudes of volcanoes with lightning and eruptions with lightning roughly mimic the distribution of all volcanoes, which is generally flat with latitude. Meteorological lightning, on the other hand, is common in the tropics and decreases markedly with increasing latitude as the ability of the atmosphere to hold water decreases poleward. This finding supports the idea that if lightning in large (deep) eruptions depends on water substance, then the origin of the water is primarily magma and not entrainment from the surrounding atmosphere. Seasonal effects show that more eruptions with lightning were reported in winter (bounded by the respective autumnal and vernal equinoxes) than in summer. This result also runs counter to the expectations based on entrainment of local water vapor.
Clinical and subclinical infections with Cryptosporidium in animals

Cryptosporidium spp. are frequent parasites of livestock and companion animals, raising questions about the clinical significance of such infections. Cryptosporidium infections have a wide spectrum of clinical signs that can vary from asymptomatic to serious infection to death. In neonatal ruminants, cryptosporidiosis is considered an important disease characterised by diarrhoea and mortality. In companion animals most infections are asymptomatic but severe clinical illness has also been reported in dogs, cats and horses. In birds, three main clinical forms of cryptosporidiosis are primarily seen in naturally occurring infections, i.e. respiratory, intestinal, and renal. In reptiles, cryptosporidiosis is an emerging problem given that infections are frequently chronic and lethal. Molecular tools have been developed to detect and differentiate Cryptosporidium at the species/genotype and subtype levels. The use of those tools has led to a more in-depth understanding of the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium which plays an important role in the diverse clinical presentations of cryptosporidiosis. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge on clinical cryptosporidiosis in livestock, pets, and other animals.