cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absolute differential cross sections for small-angle elastic scattering in helium-rare-gas collisions at keV energies.

This paper reports measurements of absolute differential cross sections for elastic scattering of 0.5-, 1.5-, and 5.0-keV He atoms by Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe at laboratory scattering angles between 0.05\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 0.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Comparisons are made between the measured differential cross sections and those calculated from various model potentials. These comparisons reveal the range of validity of potentials appearing in the literature and provide new information about the lower repulsive walls of the ground-state He\char21{}rare-gas interaction potentials.
Prone accelerated partial breast irradiation using cone-beam CT (CBCT) guidance.

CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2008 Abstracts Abstract #5136 Introduction: Prone external beam partial breast irradiation when used for a carefully selected subset of patients has been shown to have excellent long term control and cosmesis (Formenti et al. IJROBP 60(2): 493-504 2004). We used Cone-beam CT (CBCT) to visualize the tumor bed target prior to each daily fraction of partial breast irradiation. The purpose of this study is to measure the residual error in soft tissue positioning after alignment based on skin marks and MV portal imaging for patients treated on a prospective prone APBI study (3000cGy in 5 fractions over 5 days). Methods: Twenty-five post-menopausal women with pT1 breast cancer have consented on our NYU partial breast protocol using CBCT. Twenty-three patients have been simulated and treated in the prone position on a specially designed mattress. After initial skin mark setup and alignment, MV portal imaging with shift using the tangent beams eye view was used to optimize setup for the first 6 patients (Group I). For all daily fractions, CBCT was performed with the Varian On-Board Imager kV imaging system with a 35cm field of view and a 2.5mm slice thickness. CBCT was compared with the planning CT to shift the patient and evaluate the residual error in setup. The residual error from CBCT setup after optimal portal imaging was recorded for each patient. For the subsequent 17 patients (Group II), portal imaging was performed without shift to calculate the residual error from CBCT setup representing skin mark setup. Results: At the time of this report, 23 patients have been treated with all 5 fractions. The values for the residual error detected after cone-beam CT for Group I (after skin mark set up and portal imaging) and for Group II (after skin mark setup alone) are compared and shown in Table 1. Conclusions: In this preliminary study with a small number of patients, the residual error was minimal, around 2 mm. Therefore, for patients immobilized on our customized mattress, a reproducible and accurate prone APBI setup can be achieved with use of CBCT. However, given the very small residual error detected clinicians should be weary of indiscriminant use of CBCT for PBI. Concerns over contralateral breast dose and carcinogenic risk should limit the routine use of CBCT imaging for breast radiotherapy unless larger studies demonstrate improved accuracy of treatment delivery with CBCT. ![][1] Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 5136. [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Grip strength and endurance throughout the menstrual cycle in eumenorrheic and women using oral contraceptives

Abstract This study examined whether grip strength and endurance fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle, thereby potentially contributing to upper extremity injury risk. This research had two primary objectives: (1) to quantify any changes in grip strength and endurance that occur throughout the menstrual cycle in eumenorrheic (naturally cycling) women, and (2) to examine the potential impact that monophasic oral contraceptive use may have on grip strength and endurance by comparing contraceptive-users to the eumenorrheic sample. Participants in the study (11 eumenorrheic and 8 contraceptive-using women) were measured during the early-follicular (day 4–6), late-follicular (day 11–13), and luteal (day 20–23) phases of the menstrual cycle. During each phase, each subject completed three experiments: single repetition maximum voluntary contraction, 20-repetition grip test, and a 30-s static (continual) hold. To provide a control, a group of 7 males was measured twice, with a 2-week interval between experiments. Menstrual cycle phase did not have a detectable effect on any measure of strength (absolute force production) in eumenorrheic women or women taking chemical contraceptives. However, static endurance (percent change in force throughout the 30-s hold) was significantly reduced during the late-follicular phase in the eumenorrheic women, when levels of estrogen are expected to be elevated. The women using oral contraceptives did not experience any similar fluctuation in static endurance across the three phases; however the static endurance of the contraceptive group was significantly lower than the eumenorrheic women during both the early-follicular and luteal phases. The implications of these data for assessing injury risk, performance, and future study are discussed. Significance Understanding the potential effects of menstrual cycle phase on musculoskeletal function is critical for developing proactive ergonomic interventions that are tailored specifically to women.
T-genes and limb bud development†

The T-box family of transcriptional factors is ancient and highly conserved among most species of animals. Haploinsufficiency of multiple T-box proteins results in severe human congenital malformation syndromes, involving craniofacial, cardiovascular, and skeletal structures. These genes have major roles in embryogenesis, including the development of the limbs. Formation of the limbs begins with a limb bud and its morphogenesis requires complex epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Recent studies have shown that T, Tbx2, Tbx3, Tbx4, Tbx5, Tbx15, and Tbx18 are all expressed in the limb buds, and many have developmental functions. The study of these genes is clinically relevant as mutations in several of them cause human congenital malformation syndromes. Furthermore, understanding the function and biology of these genes is important in understanding normal embryogenesis.
Evaluation of cerebral oxygenation during procedural sedation in children using near infrared spectroscopy.

Study objective We evaluate the utility of near infrared spectroscopy monitoring and its correlation to conventional respiratory monitors during changes in cardiorespiratory characteristics during pediatric procedural sedation. Methods In this prospective observational study of 100 children, cerebral oxygenation (rSO 2 ), pulse oximetry (SpO 2 ), and end-tidal carbon dioxide (etco 2 ) were monitored continuously. Values were manually recorded at least every 3 minutes from baseline until 30 minutes after sedative administration, resulting in 1,515 triplicate (simultaneous near infrared spectroscopy/etco 2 /SpO 2 ) measurements. Correlations between conventional monitoring characteristics (SpO 2 and etco 2 ) and rSO 2 were determined, with focus during adverse cardiorespiratory events. Results Cerebral oxygenation remained normal in 1,483 of 1,515 measurements (97.9%). rSO 2 decreased significantly during 3 of 13 hypoxic events occurring in 13 patients and during 5 of 17 hypercarbic events occurring in 8 patients, with 15 measurements of greater than 20% decrease from baseline. Cerebral oxygenation increased transiently in 88% of children. During 31 cerebral desaturation recordings, 3 hypoxic recordings (9.3%, always in combination with hypercarbia) and 5 hypercarbic recordings (15.6%) were observed, whereas in 23 (74.2%), cardiorespiratory characteristics were unchanged. There was poor correlation between rSO 2 and both SpO 2 and etco 2 , with correlation coefficients of 0.05 (95% confidence interval 0.04 to 0.07) and 0.01 (95% confidence interval –0.01 to 0.02), respectively. Conclusion Cerebral oxygenation as measured by near infrared spectroscopy demonstrated few significant negative changes during pediatric procedural sedation. Transient cardiorespiratory events seldom altered rSO 2 , with hypercarbia having a greater effect than hypoxemia. However, cerebral desaturations frequently occurred without associated cardiorespiratory changes.
Lymphoma depletion during CD20 immunotherapy in mice is mediated by macrophage FcγRI, FcγRIII, and FcγRIV

Despite the demonstrated clinical efficacy of CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) for lymphoma therapy, the in vivo mechanisms of tumor depletion remain controversial and variable. To identify the molecular mechanisms responsible for lymphoma killing by CD20 mAb in a homologous system amenable to mechanistic studies and genetic manipulation, a mouse lymphoma model was developed using primary tumor cells from a C57BL/6 Eμ-cMyc transgenic mouse and mouse antimouse CD20 mAbs. CD20 mAb treatment of syngeneic mice with adoptively transferred lymphomas prevented tumor development or significantly prolonged mouse survival depending on tumor volume, mAb dose, and treatment timing. Cooperative FcγRIV, FcγRIII, and FcγRI interactions mediated optimal lymphoma depletion by CD20 mAb in vivo, whereas clodronate-mediated depletion of macrophages eliminated the therapeutic benefit of CD20 mAb. Although CD20 mAbs activated complement in vitro and in vivo, normal and malignant B-cell depletion was induced through C1q- and C3-independent mechanisms. Thus, the ability of CD20 mAbs to deplete malignant B cells in vivo required FcγR-dependent use of the innate mononuclear cell immune system. These findings allow for mechanism-based predictions of the biologic outcome of CD20 mAb therapy and treatment optimization.
Evidence for utilization of Diptera in the diet of field-collected coccinellid larvae from an antibody-based detection system

Abstract Aphidophagous coccinellid larvae have a wide range of potential prey in alfalfa and during times of low aphid abundance, larvae may supplement their diet with alternative prey. To understand the effects of the seasonal aphid availability on alternative prey use, an order-specific monoclonal antibody, DrosW-VI-B8 , was used to examine the frequency of dipteran predation by these important natural enemies. Over 400 larvae were hand-collected from alfalfa and, in parallel, arthropod abundance was recorded. Harmonia axyridis and Coccinella septempunctata larvae were abundant early in the season when aphid populations were at their peak and Coleomegilla maculata larvae were collected later in the season when potato leafhoppers were abundant in the alfalfa. A relatively low proportion of field-collected H. axyridis , C. septempunctata , and C. maculata tested positive for dipteran proteins throughout the season. Similar to prior studies examining stage differences in coccinellid food breadth, older instars tested positive for dipteran proteins (3rd instar, 6% positive; 4th instar, 7% positive) but no early instars screened positive. This study provides a valuable insight into the trophic linkages that exist between coccinellid larvae and Diptera.
The clinical significance of pre-invasive breast carcinoma

Improvements in mammography in the past 25 years have made it possible to detect before surgery many lesions with a high probability of being pre-invasive carcinoma. Because these cancers are virtually all cured by mastectomy, there has been considerable interest in alternative types of treatment. Retrospective studies of pre-invasive carcinoma treated by biopsy only revealed subsequent carcinoma in 30 to 40% of patients. Among women with lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), the frequency of subsequent carcinoma was nine times the expected rate, and mortality due to the disease was 11 times greater than expected. The risk of later invasive carcinoma appeared to involve both breasts equally when LCIS was present and to be largely limited to the breast that harbored intraductal carcinoma (IDC). When mastectomy was performed for pre-invasive carcinoma, unsuspected invasion was found in 4% of patients with LCIS and 6% with IDC. It remains to be determined whether multicentric preinvasive carcinoma will follow the same course in patients with palpable invasive carcinoma treated by partial mastectomy and some form of adjuvant therapy. At present, it is prudent to treat pre-invasive breast cancer by ipsilateral mastectomy with low axillary dissection and to perform a contralateral breast biopsy. However, prospective, controlled investigations are urgently needed to identify groups of patients with a high or low risk of developing invasive carcinoma and to determine whether non-surgical treatment can alter the course of pre-invasive disease. By pursuing these studies, it may ultimately be possible to measure the success of breast cancer detection by the number of patients cured without mastectomy.
Bleaching of limestones in the Notch Peak contact-metamorphic aureole, Utah

Where dark-colored limestone is "bleached" to white, the composition of metamorphic fluids can be constrained. Dark-blue limestone layers that have a carbon phase comprising 0.04 ±0.02 wt% of the rock were bleached during contact metamorphism by a neighboring quartz monzonite. Fluids responsible for the bleaching must have been >90% water, on the basis of graphite-C-O-H fluid interactions. Mathematical modeling indicates that diffusion of a water-rich fluid through pores or along fluid films on grain edges could complete the observed bleaching, if it is assumed that the diffusion coefficient of water is greater than 10-15.
Changing from the Way We Were.

Offered here are some strategies for use in updating school physical education programs—for moving from "the way we were" to "the way we wish to be."
Class struggles in the tubercular world: nurses, patients, and physicians, 1903-1915.

Au debut du XX e siecle, aux Etats-Unis, le travail de certaines infirmieres consistait a visiter les patients tuberculeux a leur domicile afin de leur apporter leur traitement et a faire de la prevention pour la maladie
Shop ′til you drop: tales from a physically challenged shopper

Consumer behavior is the behavior of people – at home, in the store, on the street – just about everywhere people are thinking about, purchasing, using and being satisfied or dissatisfied with their products. Consumer researchers have captured the experiences and perceptions of such real people in the study of decision processes, feelings, and reactions as individuals and as part of families and other groups. Some of those everyday shoppers, however, may be challenged by disabilities, affecting the products which are purchased and where these purchases take place. The study of consumer behavior can be further enriched by developing a program for conceptual evaluation and actual research focussing on the special and everyday needs of such challenged shoppers. Such a perspective leads to the possibility for uncovering product, advertising, and retail opportunities which better meet the needs and wants of such customers.
Relearning after Damage in Connectionist Networks: Toward a Theory of Rehabilitation

Connectionist modeling offers a useful computational framework for exploring the nature of normal and impaired cognitive processes. The current work extends the relevance of connectionist modeling in neuropsychology to address issues in cognitive rehabilitation: the degree and speed of recovery through retraining, the extent to which improvement on treated items generalizes to untreated items, and how treated items are selected to maximize this generalization. A network previously used to model impairments in mapping orthography to semantics is retrained after damage. The degree of relearning and generalization varies considerably for different lesion locations, and has interesting implications for understanding the nature and variability of recovery in patients. In a second simulation, retraining on words whose semantics are atypical of their category yields more generalization than retraining on more typical words, suggesting a counterintuitive strategy for selecting items in patient therapy to maximize recovery. In a final simulation, changes in the pattern of errors produced by the network over the course of recovery is used to constrain explanations of the nature of recovery of analogous brain-damaged patients. Taken together, the findings demonstrate that the nature of relearning in damaged connectionist networks can make important contributions to a theory of rehabilitation in patients.
Religiosity, Attitude Toward Business, and Ethical Beliefs: Hispanic Consumers in the United States

Growth of the Hispanic consumer population in America is changing the marketplace landscape. Due to their considerable buying power, a better understanding of Hispanic consumer behavior has become a necessity. The marketing literature has examined issues regarding religiosity and attitude toward business in regards to consumer ethical beliefs as well as research differentiating consumers on the basis of ethnicity due to their inherently different religious principles. Therefore, the present study contributes to the existing consumer ethics literature by examining the roles of religiosity and attitude toward business in determining consumer ethical beliefs. Furthermore, this study compares the relationships among religiosity, attitude toward business, and ethical beliefs at the sub-cultural level (i.e., between Hispanic and Anglo-American consumers). Survey data compare a sample of 187 predominately Catholic Hispanic consumers with a sample of 127 predominately protestant Anglo consumers. Results suggest a positive relationship between intrinsic religiousness and beliefs that questionable consumer activities are unethical. However, extrinsic religiousness does not impact consumer views as to the ethicality of consumer practices. Hispanics exhibit higher levels of extrinsic religiousness than Anglos, but no difference in terms of their intrinsic religiousness. Results also suggest that Hispanics have a more negative attitude toward business than Anglos do. Implications of these results are discussed.
Cocaine-induced ACTH secretion: dependence of plasma levels of the drug and mode of exposure.

Abstract To determine whether changes in pituitary responsiveness might account for the lack of corticotropin (ACTH) stimulation following 6 consecutive days of continuous cocaine administration (5 or 25 mg/kg/day, via osmotic minipumps), the hormonal response of vehicle- or cocaine-pretreated male rats was compared. Intravenous injections of synthetic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) (0.2, 1, or 5 μg/Kg) elicited dose-dependent increases in ACTH secretion irrespective of whether rats had been previously exposed to cocaine or not. Similarly, in both vehicle- and cocaine-pretreated rats ACTH response to acute injections of the drug was identical, indicating that pituitary corticotrophs remained responsive following continuous administration of cocaine. To determine and compare plasma concentrations of cocaine and its metabolites after continuous or acute administration of the drug, pharmacokinetics analysis of concentration vs. time was ascertained. Circulating concentrations of cocaine from rats continuously exposed to the drug were relatively low throughout the 6 days of exposure. In contrast, intravenous injections of cocaine produced peak concentrations of the drug that were significantly higher than those measured during continuous cocaine infusion. Such peak concentrations in cocaine correlated with marked increases in plasma ACTH levels. Plasma concentrations of the metabolites benzoylecgonine and methyl ester ecgonine followed a pharmacokinetic clearance similar to that of the parent compound, with low concentrations detected during continuous exposure whereas high concentrations were observed following intravenous injections of the drug. Our results suggest two nonmutually exclusive conclusions. First, there may be a critical threshold of cocaine plasma concentrations (as indicated by our results as being over 800 ng/ml) that are necessary for activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to occur. Second, stimulation of ACTH secretion may only occur during rapid systemic increases in drug concentrations.
Indexing and Retrieving Continuations in Musical Time Series Data Using Relational Databases

This paper proposed and tested a model that provides quick search and retrieval of continuations for time series, particularly musical data, using relational databases. The model extends an existing interactive music-generation system by focusing on large input sequences. Experiments using textural and musical data provided satisfactory performance results for the model.
How Columbus Encountered America

(1992). How Columbus Encountered America. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 219-225.
Contractile smooth muscle cell apoptosis early after saphenous vein grafting.

Abstract Background . The media of saphenous veins is composed of two cell populations: smooth muscle (SMC) and non-smooth muscle (NSMC) cells. Previous studies demonstrate a loss of SMCs by 3 days after grafting, despite an increase in cell proliferation. The purpose of this study is to determine the rates of apoptotic cell death versus cell proliferation for the two major cell populations of the media. Methods . Veins (six/time point) were examined at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours after grafting in crossbred pigs. Terminal transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) stains were used to assess apoptosis and proliferation. Apoptosis was also corroborated with confocal and electron microscopy. Results . Apoptosis was high in both cell populations: at 8 hours, SMC and NSMC apoptosis peaked at 14.5% ± 3.5% and 49.9% ± 7.8%, respectively. In contrast, cell proliferation was different between the two populations. SMC proliferation was low at all time points, whereas NSMC proliferation rose to 22% ± 5.4% by 48 hours. Conclusions . Medial SMCs are removed through apoptosis and appear to be replaced by fibrous tissue (NSMCs) early after vein grafting. This reciprocal change between the medial SMC and NSMC populations may contribute to late vein graft degeneration.
Coal-Water Slurry Spray Characteristics of a Positive Displacement Fuel Injection System

Experiments have been completed to characterize coal-water slurry sprays from a modified positive displacement fuel injection system of a diesel engine. The injection system includes an injection jerk pump driven by an electric motor, a specially designed diaphragm to separate the abrasive coal from the pump, and a single-hole fuel nozzle. The sprays were injected into a pressurized chamber equipped with windows. High speed movies and instantaneous fuel line pressures were obtained. For injection pressures of order 30 MPa or higher, the sprays were similar for coal-water slurry, diesel fuel, and water. The time until the center core of the spray broke up (break-up time) was determined both from the movies and from a model using the fuel line pressures. Results from these two independent procedures were in good agreement. For the base conditions, the break-up time was 0.58 and 0.50 ms for coal-water slurry and diesel fuel, respectively. The break-up times increased with increasing nozzle orifice size and with decreasing chamber density. The break-up time was not a function of coal loading for coal loadings up to 53 percent. Cone angles of the sprays were dependent on the operating conditions and fluid, as well as on the time and location of the measurement. For one set of cases studied, the time-averaged cone angle was 15.9 and 16.3 deg for coal-water slurry and diesel fuel, respectively.
The anaphora problem

Abstract Consider the computational problem of understanding the utterances of a human language that contain pronouns. In order to completely understand such utterances, the language user must determine the intended reference of each pronoun in a given utterance. For example, in order to comprehend the English sentence Jocasta loved her son, the hearer might determine that the possessive pronoun her and the proper noun Jocasta both refer to Jocasta, the Queen of Thebes. Using such facts of linguistic knowledge, we develop a sophisticated formal model of this computational problem and prove that it is NP-complete. No knowledge of linguistic theory is needed to understand our analysis, only knowledge of English.
Helium isotope geochemistry of some volcanic rocks from Saint Helena

Abstract 3 He/ 4 He ratios have been measured for olivine and clinopyroxene phenocrysts in 7–15 m.y. old basaltic lavas from the island of St. Helena. Magmatic helium was effectively resolved from post-eruptive radiogenic helium by employing various extraction techniques, including in vacuo crushing, and stepwise heating or fusion of the powders following crushing. The inherited 3 He/ 4 He ratio at St. Helena is 4.3–5.9 R A . Helium isotope disequilibrium is present within the phenocrysts, with lower 3 He/ 4 He upon heating and fusion of the powders following crushing, due to radiogenic ingrowth or to α-particle implantation from the surrounding (U + Th)-rich lavas. A single crushing analysis for clinopyroxene in a basalt from Tubuaii gave 3 He/ 4 He= 7.1 R A . 3 He/ 4 He ratios at St. Helena and Tubuaii (HIMU hotspots characterized by radiogenic Pb isotope signatures) are similar to 3 He/ 4 He ratios previously measured at Tristan da Cunha and Gough Island (EM hotspots characterized by low 206 Pb/ 204 Pb ). Overall, the He Sr Pb isotope systematics at these islands are consistent with a mantle origin as contiguous, heterogeneous materials, such as recycled crust and/or lithosphere. 3 He/ 4 He ratios at HIMU hotspots are similar to mantle xenoliths which display nearly the entire range of Pb isotope compositions found at ocean islands, and are only slightly less than values found in mid-ocean ridge basalts (7–9 R A ). This suggests that the recycled materials were injected into the mantle within the last 10 9 yrs.
Chronic peritoneal dialysis in iron-deficient rats with solutions containing iron dextran.

Chronic peritoneal dialysis in iron-deficient rats with solutions containing iron dextran. Background We evaluated the effects of different concentrations of iron dextran administered through the intraperitoneal route, in iron-deficient rats, on hematocrit (Hct in percentage), serum iron (mg/dL), total iron binding capacity (TIBC in mg/dL), and the function and histology of the peritoneal membrane. Methods Seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 85 to 110 g were divided into two groups and seven subgroups. Group I consisted of rats on iron-deficient chow, and group II consisted of rats on normal chow. Both groups contained dialysis control subgroups ( N = 12: IA, IID), dialyzed with Dianeal® solution, and tissue control subgroups ( N = 6: IE, IIN), in which rats were not dialyzed and catheters were not implanted. Study group I contained the following study subgroups ( N = 12): (B) rats dialyzed with Dianeal® solution containing 2 mg/L of iron dextran and (C) rats dialyzed with Dianeal® solution containing 1 mg/L of iron dextran. Group IID was dialyzed with Dianeal® solution containing 2 mg/dL of iron dextran. Study duration was 12 weeks with peritoneal equilibration tests (PETs) performed at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. Prior to baseline, rats were placed on iron-deficient chow or normal chow for three weeks. Dialysis was performed with three 25 mL volume exchanges per day. Hematocrit (Hct), serum iron (Fe), and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were determined for each study interval. After the final PET, the animals were sacrificed, and the peritoneal membrane was evaluated by gross inspection and light microscopy. Results Rats on an iron-deficient diet developed severe iron-deficiency anemia after three weeks of the diet (Hct 27; Fe 21 to 23; TIBC 799 to 806). After 12 weeks, the rats remained anemic in groups A (Hct 34 ± 0.9; Fe 16 ± 2; TIBC 998 ± 27) and IE (Hct 38 ± 2.7), whereas the rats corrected anemia in group B (Hct 45.8 ± 1.8; Fe 115 ± 15; TIBC 546 ± 77). The results were not significantly different from those of group IID (Hct 47.1 ± 1.6; Fe 94 ± 19; TIBC 516 ± 46). In group C, Hct (44.8 ± 2.1) and Fe (94 ± 19) did not differ significantly from group IID, but TIBC (734 ± 76) remained significantly higher than that in the group IID. Peritoneal iron deposits were not detected. The morphometric analysis of the submesothelial space did not reveal any difference in thickness between dialysis groups. PETs were not significantly different among groups. Conclusions Intraperitoneal iron dextran supplementation in concentrations of 2 mg/L of dialysis solution is nontoxic to the peritoneum and effective in correcting iron deficiency in rats maintained on an iron-deficient diet. Iron dextran in concentration of 1 mg/L of dialysis solution may be sufficient for correcting a lesser degree of iron deficiency.
Brain cDNA clone for human cholinesterase

Abstract A cDNA library from human basal ganglia was screened with oligonucleotide probes corresponding to portions of the amino acid sequence of human serum cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8). Five overlapping clones, representing 2.4 kilobases, were isolated. The sequenced cDNA contained 207 base pairs of coding sequence 5' to the amino terminus of the mature protein in which there were four ATG translation start sites in the same reading frame as the protein. Only the ATG coding for Met-(-28) lay within a favorable consensus sequence for functional initiators. There were 1722 base pairs of coding sequence corresponding to the protein found circulating in human serum. The amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA exactly matched the 574 amino acid sequence of human serum cholinesterase, as previously determined by Edman degradation. Therefore, our clones represented cholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) rather than acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7). It was concluded that the amino acid sequences of cholinesterase from two different tissues, human brain and human serum, were identical. Hybridization of genomic DNA blots suggested that a single gene, or very few genes, coded for cholinesterase.
Multi-surface Cyclic Plasticity Sand Model with Lode Angle Effect

A Drucker-Prager J 2 multi-surface-plasticity sand model is modified to employ the Lade-Duncan failure criterion as the yield function. This function includes the first and third stress invariants to account for the dependence of cyclic shear stress–strain behavior on confining pressure and the Lode angle. Related modifications to the flow rule and hardening rule are described. Dependence of dilatancy on confinement is also included. Salient features of the model performance are presented under general three-dimensional (3D) loading conditions, where the yield function provides a more accurate representation of nonlinear shear response. Dynamic response analyses of a mildly inclined infinite slope are performed to illustrate the influence of excitation direction on the accumulation of liquefaction-induced lateral ground deformation.
A Quiet Place for Student Veterans

As electronic gadgets predominate a student’s life, there comes a need for silence. A quiet place free of electromagnetic spectrum waves, dirty and stray electricity, and the endless chirps, whistles, beeps, and customized signaling. A quiet place can offer solitude for meditation, inspiration, and spiritual awareness. Student involvement in the classroom and campus activities is of upmost importance for student retention and successful program completion; however, student veterans often face overwhelming transitioning barriers as they cross from combat to the community college environment. Whether student veterans need a place to calm themselves, compartmentalize traumatic memories, or concentrate on overcoming an educational challenge, the quiet place can offer sanctuary. The proposed quiet place will be designed inexpensively using furniture available on the host rural community college campus, the state surplus warehouse, and from employee donations. The labor to paint and refurbish will be provided b...
Cooperative binding of lactose and the phosphorylated phosphocarrier protein HPr(Ser-P) to the lactose/H+ symport permease of Lactobacillus brevis.

Abstract Lactobacillus brevis accumulates lactose and nonmetabolizable lactose analogues via sugar/H+ symport, but addition of glucose to the extracellular medium results in rapid efflux of the free sugar from the cells due to the uncoupling of sugar transport from proton transport. By using vesicles of L. brevis cells, we recently showed that these regulatory/effects could be attributed to the metabolite-activated ATP-dependent protein kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation of serine-46 in the phosphocarrier protein HPr [HPr(Ser-P)] of the phosphotransferase system and that a mutant form of HPr with the serine-46-->aspartate replacement ([S46D]HPr) is apparently locked in the seryl phosphorylated conformation. We here demonstrate that [S46D]HPr binds directly to inside-out membrane vesicles of L. brevis that contain the lactose permease. Sugar substrates of the permease markedly and specifically stimulate binding of [S46D]HPr to the membranes while certain transport inhibitors such as N-ethylmaleimide block binding. The pH dependency for binding follows that for transport. Wild-type HPr and the [S46A]HPr mutant protein did not appreciably compete with [S46D]HPr for binding to the permease. These results provide evidence for the direct interaction of HPr(Ser-P) with an allosteric site on the lactose/proton symporter of L. brevis for the purpose of regulating sugar accumulation in response to the metabolic needs of the cell.
Qualified Health Claims for Calcium and Colorectal, Breast, and Prostate Cancers: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Evidence-Based Review

In 2003, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) received a health claim petition for calcium supplements and reduced risk of colorectal, breast, and prostate cancers. Health claims characterize the relationship between a substance (food or food component) and disease (e.g., cancer or cardiovascular disease) or health-related condition (e.g., hypertension) and require premarket approval for the labeling of conventional foods and dietary supplements by the FDA. This review describes how the FDA used the evidence-based review system to evaluate the scientific evidence for these proposed health claims. FDA found no credible evidence to support health claims for calcium and a reduced risk of breast and prostate cancers. The agency did find limited evidence for the relationship between calcium intake and colorectal cancer risk.
Topic adaptation for language modeling using unnormalized exponential models

We present novel techniques for performing topic adaptation on an n-gram language model. Given training text labeled with topic information, we automatically identify the most relevant topics for new text. We adapt our language model toward these topics using an exponential model, by adjusting the probabilities in our model to agree with those found in the topical subset of the training data. For efficiency, we do not normalize the model; that is, we do not require that the "probabilities" in the language model sum to 1. With these techniques, we were able to achieve a modest reduction in speech recognition word-error rate in the broadcast news domain.
A scalable approach to human-robot interaction

Much of the current research in human-robot interaction is concerned with single systems and single or few users. These systems and their interfaces are generally tightly-coupled and well-defined. For large-scale human-robot applications, the systems may be unknown prior to designing the interface for potential human interaction. This presents a difficult goal for allowing multiple users to interact with many possibly unknown systems. In this paper, we present an interaction infrastructure aligned with providing this interface. It operates in two phases that accommodate both many-to-many interaction and generalized, one-to-one interaction between users and robotic systems. Our previous research has demonstrated the infrastructure to scale to a large number of users and several systems in simulation. The experiments in this paper substantiate these results in a smaller-scale real robotic environment.
Changing trends in neonatal subglottic stenosis

OBJECTIVESTo determine whether there are any changes in the incidence and management of neonatal subglottic stenosis (SGS).METHODSA retrospective chart review of 416 infants who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of the Children's National Medical Center between July 1, 1995, and June 30, 1996, was carried out. The incidence of airway obstruction requiring anterior cricoid split or placement of tracheotomy tube was determined and compared with the incidence studied 10 years ago at the same institution.RESULTSOne of 416 neonates required surgical intervention for airway obstruction caused by SGS, for an overall neonatal SGS incidence of 0.24%. When only the neonates who were intubated for 48 hours or longer were considered, the incidence of SGS was 0.49% (1/204). In neonates who were intubated for 48 hours or longer and survived, the incidence of SGS was 0.63% (1/160). This is in comparison with the incidences of 0.65% (3/462), 1.5% (3/195), and 1.9% (3/159), respectively, seen in a study do...
On decoding of maximum-distance separable linear codes

In this paper, some properties of maximum-distance separable linear codes are presented. Based on these properties, a decoding algorithm for correcting random errors is established. A simpler decoding algorithm for correcting burst errors is also given. Applying these decoding algorithms to known classes of maximum-distance separable linear codes, the amount of hardware required for implementation is only a small fraction of those required by the existing decoding algorithms.
Structure of Enveloped Viruses and Their Interaction with Cell Surfaces

Viruses possessing a lipid-protein membrane are collectively referred to as enveloped viruses. Because of the ability to vary independently, the lipid and protein composition of the virus particles, they may be considered as model biological membranes. As such they offer a unique opportunity to study lipid-protein interactions as well as membrane-membrane interactions.
Post-traumatic stress symptoms and distress following acute burn injury

The occurrence and predictors of acute post-traumatic stress symptoms were assessed in a large, prospective sample of persons with new burn injuries (N = 172). Participants completed a self-report post-traumatic stress symptom checklist, pain ratings, and a premorbid mental health inventory within 24 h of admission to a burn center (Day 1). Over half of the sample reported sleep disturbance and recurrent, intrusive recollections of the burn injury on Day 1. Other commonly endorsed symptoms were difficulties concentrating, avoidance of thoughts/feelings associated with the burn, flashbacks, and exaggerated startle response. Persons with less favorable premorbid mental health and larger burns reported a greater number of stress symptoms on Day 1. These results suggest that experiencing some post-traumatic stress symptoms immediately following a burn trauma is normal. It is recommended that burn care professionals identify and intervene with patients who are suffering clinically significant distress early in the hospitalization.
Cost Evaluation of Risperidone Compared With Olanzapine

This study evaluated costs associated with risperidone and olanzapine treatment for schizophrenia. Data were collected from the Department of Veterans Affairs computerized database nine months before and nine months after patients began continuous treatment with risperidone (N=23) or olanzapine (N=47). Both agents were associated with significant reductions in psychiatric hospitalization costs. Median increases in antipsychotic costs were significantly higher for patients treated with olanzapine ($1,892) than for those treated with risperidone ($733). Mean dosages were 3.5 mg per day for the risperidone group and 18 mg per day for the olanzapine group. Although both treatments were associated with similar reductions in costs of psychiatric inpatient and outpatient care, it was significantly less expensive to prescribe risperidone than olanzapine.
P3-109: Comparability of neuropsychological test results in diverse groups

clinical interview by a neurologist and later administered a series of questionnaires on their cognitive status. The questionnaires were phrased either in an unanchored format, or with the symptoms anchored by age (compared to others your age) or time (compared to a couple years ago). Results: Seventy-six percent of controls reported memory problems in the clinical interview, and 32% of the sample acknowledged a triad of symptoms (memory loss, gradual, progressive) consistent with AD. A significant number of participants still endorsed problems with memory on an unanchored questionnaire (38%). Anchoring the question by age significantly reduced memory complaints (3%). Age-anchoring also reduced endorsement for several other cognitive complaints (misplacing items, word finding, concentration problems, clarity of thought). Anchoring the question by time had a smaller effect, but was still significant for some measures. Conclusions: Cognitively normal healthy elderly tend to over-report cognitive symptoms at a high rate. This occurs most often in a simple interview setting, but can also occur on written questionnaires. Changing the format of the question to anchor by age—and to a lesser extent by time—significantly reduces the instances of false positive responding.
Revealing information while preserving privacy

We examine the tradeoff between privacy and usability of statistical databases. We model a statistical database by an n-bit string d1,..,dn, with a query being a subset q ⊆ [n] to be answered by Σieqdi. Our main result is a polynomial reconstruction algorithm of data from noisy (perturbed) subset sums. Applying this reconstruction algorithm to statistical databases we show that in order to achieve privacy one has to add perturbation of magnitude (Ω√n). That is, smaller perturbation always results in a strong violation of privacy. We show that this result is tight by exemplifying access algorithms for statistical databases that preserve privacy while adding perturbation of magnitude O(√n).For time-T bounded adversaries we demonstrate a privacypreserving access algorithm whose perturbation magnitude is ≈ √T.
Advancing Strategic Management Insights Why Attention to Methods and Measurement Matters

This commentary discusses the six articles that have been selected for publication in the Organizational Research Methods feature topic on ``Research Methods in Strategic Management: Opportunities and Challenges'' and lays out three directions to further our understanding of the centrality of methodological and measurement issues in strategy research.
Studies on the improvement of breakdown strength of polyolefins

Breakdown tests were conducted on a variety of polyethylenes and polypropylenes. High density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene random copolymers (PPR) exhibited the highest breakdown strengths among the examined polyolefins. Model cables insulated with HDPE and PPR were manufactured, and the impulse breakdown strength of the HDPE cables made under some specific manufacturing conditions was 1.6*larger than that of conventional crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE). However, improvements were not observed in the impulse breakdown strength of PPR. The AC breakdown strength of HDPE and PPR cables also did not improve. The reason for the improvement in impulse breakdown strength of HDPE is the increased crystallinity of the insulating material, is brought about by the heat annealing applied to the cable in a manufacturing process. >
An Analysis of Social Skills Instruction Provided in Teacher Education and In-Service Training Programs for General and Special Educators

An adapted version of the Teacher/Staff Skillstreaming Checklist was used to determine the level, type, and area of social skills instruction provided to general and special education teachers. Nine universities participated in the study in which facilitators advertised the adapted questionnaire to licensed general and special education teachers enrolled in university-based degree programs over a 6-month period. A total of 237 participants completed the questionnaire. Results indicate that general and special education teachers receive a limited amount of direct and incidental social skills instruction in their preservice and/or in-service training programs. The general and special education teachers reported receiving more instruction in particular areas of social skills within their in-service training. Special education teachers who teach in self-contained settings did not receive more social skills instruction than did resource room teachers in preservice or in-service training programs. However, spec...
Work in progress - educational classroom technology: what works best in the engineering context

Since PowerPoint was introduced in the late 1980s, this presentation software has attracted its share of advocates and detractors, both in industry and academia. Although PowerPoint is widely used, it may not be the best fit for all purposes in the engineering classroom, and there are many other classroom technologies available to supplement or use in place of it. An innovative survey of engineering faculty at a large public research university in the Midwest reveals which educational technologies they use in their classrooms, the reasons for their choices, and any technological limitations they believe need to be addressed to help faculty present instructional content as effectively as possible. Future work may include a review of new and additional technologies available to complement or replace existing educational technology in the engineering classroom.
Cross-Species Amplification of Bovidae Microsatellites and Low Diversity of the Endangered Korean Goral

The Korean goral (Nemorhaedus caudatus) is an endangered species of wild goat. The conservation and management of this species could benefit from a better understanding of its genetic diversity and structure. Cross-species amplification of 34 Bovidae microsatellite loci was tested on a panel of 6 Korean gorals and 10 domestic goats. After polymerase chain reaction (PCR) optimization, 29 (85.3%) microsatellite loci amplified successfully for the Korean gorals and 27 (79.4%) for the domestic goats. Of the amplified products, 16 (55.2%) were polymorphic in the Korean goral and 22 (81.5%) in domestic goats. Nei's unbiased mean heterozygosity and mean allele number per locus were, respectively, 0.356 and 2.6 in the Korean goral and 0.636 and 4.8 in domestic goats. Low genetic diversity in the Korean gorals observed in this preliminary microsatellite survey suggests an urgent need for further detailed study of genetic diversity in Korean goral populations and a population management strategy based on these studies. Current results of cross-species amplification of domestic Bovidae microsatellites could be employed for the necessary population genetic studies on the Korean goral and other endangered Caprinae species.
The King model for electrons in a finite-size ultracold plasma

A self-consistent model for a finite-size non-neutral ultracold plasma is obtained by extending a conventional model of globular star clusters. This model describes the dynamics of electrons at quasi-equilibrium trapped within the potential created by a cloud of stationary ions. A random sample of electron positions and velocities can be generated with the statistical properties defined by this model.