cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of Mesoscale Magnetic Field in Diffusive Shock Acceleration

We present a theory for the generation of mesoscale (krg 1, where rg is the cosmic-ray gyroradius) magnetic fields during diffusive shock acceleration. The decay or modulational instability of resonantly excited Alfv?n waves scattering off ambient density perturbations in the shock environment naturally generates larger scale fields. For a broad spectrum of perturbations, the physical mechanism of energy transfer is random refraction, represented by the diffusion of Alfv?n wave packets in k-space. The scattering field can be produced directly by the decay instability or by the Drury instability, a hydrodynamic instability driven by the cosmic-ray pressure gradient. This process is of interest to acceleration since it generates waves of longer wavelength, and so enables the confinement and acceleration of higher energy particles. This process also limits the intensity of resonantly generated turbulent magnetic fields on rg scales.
Is Leasing Greener Than Selling

Based on the proposition that leasing is environmentally superior to selling, some firms have adopted a leasing strategy and others promote their existing leasing programs as environmentally superior to “green” their image. The argument is that because a leasing firm retains ownership of the off-lease units, it has an incentive to remarket them or invest in designing a more durable product, resulting in a lower volume of new production and disposal. However, leasing might be environmentally inferior because of the direct control the firm has over the off-lease products, which may prompt the firm to remove them from the market to avoid cannibalizing the demand for new products. Motivated by these issues, we adopt a life-cycle environmental impact perspective and analytically investigate if leasing can be both more profitable and have a lower total environmental impact. We find that leasing can be environmentally worse despite remarketing all off-lease products and greener than selling despite the mid-life removal of off-lease products. Our analysis also provides insights for environmental groups and entities that use different approaches to improve the environmental performance of business practices. We show that imposing disposal fees or encouraging remanufacturing, under some conditions, can actually lead to higher environmental impact. We also identify when educating consumers to be more environmentally conscious can improve the relative environmental performance of leasing. This paper was accepted by J. Miguel Villas-Boas, marketing.
Operator interface development for control software

A code generator and library that provide rapid prototyping for control system operator interfaces are described. There two tools help programmers develop windowing programs with no more effort than would have been needed for writing a conventional C program. A major subset of standard windowing functionality is provided. Real-time operation is achieved by using a character-based windowing package running with real-time software, all on top of MS/PCDOS. Portability of the operator interface across popular platforms is achieved through the use of XVT, a portable windows development toolkit. >
Universal properties of Bose systems with van der Waals interaction

We show that universal properties of a many-atom quantum system exist at a much higher density, or a much shorter length scale, than those implied by traditional theories for a dilute Bose gas. In particular, a universal equation of state at length scale β6 = (mC6/2)1/4 (corresponding to the van der Waals interaction) is defined and investigated by combining the concept of effective potential, the constrained variational method and the analytic solution for the van der Waals potential. In one application, we show that a many-atom Bose system with negative scattering length may form a metastable liquid Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) state with an equilibrium density that is controlled by a scaled scattering length.
The DEEP2 galaxy redshift survey : Clustering of quasars and galaxies at z = 1

We present the clustering of Deep Extragalactic Evolutionary Probe 2 (DEEP2) galaxies at 0.7 < z < 1.4 around quasars identified using both the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and DEEP2 surveys. We measure the two-point cross-correlation of a sample of 36 optically selected, spectroscopically identified quasars from the SDSS and 16 more found in the DEEP2 survey with the full DEEP2 galaxy sample over scales 0.1 h-1 Mpc < rp < 10 h-1 Mpc. The clustering amplitude is found to be similar to the autocorrelation function of DEEP2 galaxies, with a relative bias of b = 0.89 ± 0.24 between quasars and DEEP2 galaxies at z ~ 1. No significant dependence is found on scale, quasar luminosity, or redshift over the ranges we probe here. The clustering amplitude errors are comparable to those from significantly larger quasar samples, such as the 2dF (Two Degree Field) QSO Redshift Survey. This results from the statistical power of cross-correlation techniques, which exploit the fact that galaxies are much more numerous than quasars. We also measure the local environments of quasars using the third-nearest-neighbor surface density of surrounding DEEP2 galaxies. Quasars are found in regions of similar mean overdensity to blue DEEP2 galaxies; they differ in environment from the red DEEP2 galaxy population at 2 σ significance. Our results imply that quasars do not reside in particularly massive dark matter halos at these redshifts, with a mean dark matter halo mass of M200 ~ 3 × 1012 M☉ in a concordance ΛCDM cosmology.
M(atrix) string theory on K3

Abstract We conjecture that M-theory compactified on an ALE space (or K3) is described by 0-branes moving on the ALE space. We give evidence for this by showing that if we compactify another circle, we recover string theory on the ALE space. This guarantees that in the large N limit, the matrix model correctly describes the force law between gravitons moving in an ALE background. We also show the appearance in M(atrix) theory of the duality of M-theory on K3 with the heterotic string on a three-torus.
Synthesis of Enantioenriched α-(Hydroxyalkyl)-tri-n-butylstannanes†

A catalytically asymmetric synthesis of α-(hydroxyalkyl)-tri-n-butylstannanes 1 in good-excellent yields and enantioselectivities (up to 98% e.e.) via addition of ethyl(tri-n-butylstannyl)zinc to aldehydes was achieved. In practice, 1 was isolated after protection as its more stable ester or thiocarbamate (PG). The reagent was prepared from equimolar amounts of tri-n-butylstannyl hydride and Et2Zn in DME so as to avoid contamination by lithium and magnesium ions which suppress enantioselectivity.
THE VARIABLE REFLECTION NEBULA CEPHEUS A EAST

We report K'-band imaging observations of the reflection nebula associated with Cepheus A East covering the time interval from 1990 to 2004. Over this time the reflection nebula shows variations of flux distribution, which we interpret as the effect of inhomogeneous and varying extinction in the light path from the illuminating source HW2 to the reflection nebula. The obscuring material is located within typical distances of 10 AU from the illuminating source.
A novel input filter compensation scheme for switching regulators

The interaction between the input filter and the control loop of switching regulators often results in detrimental effects, such as loop instability, degradation of transient response and audiosusceptibility, etc. The concept of pole-zero cancellation is employed to mitigate some of these detrimental effects and is implemented using a novel feedforward loop, in addition to existing feeback loops of a buck regulator. Experimental results are presented which show excellent correlation with theory.
The future of CAM systems

A recent Delphi-type forecast of the future of manufacturing carried out by the International Institution for Production Engineering Research (CIRP) resulted in 94 forecast events on which good consensus was obtained. Of these, 24, or over one-fourth, strongly indicated that the computer-integrated automatic factory would be a full-blown reality well before the end of this century. The three key events which summarize this aspect of that forecast are as follows:1. By 1980 (median), a computer software system for full automation and optimization of all steps in the manufacturing of a part will be developed and in wide use.2. By 1985 (median), full on-line automation and optimization of complete manufacturing plants, controlled by a central computer, will be a reality.3. By 1990 (median), more than 50 percent of the machine tools produced will not have a "stand-alone" use, but will be part of a versatile manufacturing system, featuring automatic part handling between stations, and being controlled from a central process computer.
Quivers, YBE and 3-manifolds

We study 4d superconformal indices for a large class of $ \mathcal{N} = 1 $ superconformal quiver gauge theories realized combinatorially as a bipartite graph or a set of “zig-zag paths” on a two-dimensional torus T 2. An exchange of loops, which we call a “double Yang-Baxter move”, gives the Seiberg duality of the gauge theory, and the invariance of the index under the duality is translated into the Yang-Baxter-type equation of a spin system defined on a “Z-invariant” lattice on T 2. When we compactify the gauge theory to 3d, Higgs the theory and then compactify further to 2d, the superconformal index reduces to an integral of quantum/classical dilogarithm functions. The saddle point of this integral unexpectedly reproduces the hyperbolic volume of a hyperbolic 3-manifold. The 3-manifold is obtained by gluing hyperbolic ideal polyhedra in $ {\mathbb{H}^3} $ , each of which could be thought of as a 3d lift of the faces of the 2d bipartite graph. The same quantity is also related with the thermodynamic limit of the BPS partition function, or equivalently the genus 0 topological string partition function, on a toric Calabi-Yau manifold dual to quiver gauge theories. We also comment on brane realization of our theories. This paper is a companion to another paper summarizing the results [1].
Correlation-induced anomalies and extreme sensitivity in fcc Pu

GGA + U density functional theory was used to study the effects of correlation on the properties of fcc Pu. The structural and elastic properties of fcc Pu are found to be highly sensitive to the Hubbard U parameter. Within an interval of 0.1 eV of the U parameter, the equilibrium lattice constants of fcc Pu can change from 0.44 to 0.47 nm. Whereas the bulk modulus can drop by a factor of 5–10, the pressure derivative, dB/dp, of the bulk modulus can rise dramatically from 5 to 16 and then drop discontinuously to a negative value before recovering to a more normal value. These observations are partially supported by existing experiments and the prediction of a negative dB/dp needs to be tested in future experiments. The 5f electron occupancy number also shows a drastic change near the transition range that clearly separates the delocalized and localized electron regions.
Parity-time acoustic metamaterials and unidirectional invisible sensors

We theoretically and experimentally investigate the unique scattering properties of parity-time acoustic systems. We observe acoustic invisibility of airborne sound at audible frequencies in a parity-time symmetric meta-molecule made of perfectly balanced gain and loss subunits. This is achieved in a waveguide configuration using electro-acoustic resonators loaded with non-Foster elements, which are tailored to induce invisibility at the design frequency. This unidirectional reflectionless system is fully stable and self-sensing, allowing for robust implementation of parity-time acoustic metamaterials for loss compensation, non-invasive sensing and advanced acoustic signal manipulation.
Engineering estimates for supersonic flutter of curved shell segments

Cylindrical shell segments supersonic flutter boundaries engineering estimates related to Saturn 5 booster, obtaining thickness requirement as function of panel geometry
Underground pumped hydro storage an overview

Abstract This paper reviews the status of underground pumped hydro storage (UPHS) for electric utility peaking and energy-storage applications. The salient features of major recent studies are reviewed. Turbomachinery options and advances in high-head pump/turbines are discussed. The effect of head, capacity, turbomachinery unit size and type, and other performance variables on die cost of a UPHS plant are presented. Market potential, siting criteria, lower reservoir construction, and geologically-related issues are addressed. The environmental impact of a UPHS plant is deduced from comparable facilities, and these issues and other safety concerns are presented. UPHS is an economically viable scheme for energy-storage and peaking applications in which considerable savings in premium fuels can be achieved through the replacement of combustion gas turbines. The technology for UPHS is available, but additional research and development are required for high-head turbomachinery, motor/generators, cavern geolog...
Running Simulations without Ruining Your Life: Simple Ways to Incorporate Active Learning into Your Teaching

Despite the growing availability and popularity of simulations and other active teaching techniques, many instructors may be deterred from using simulations because of the potentially high costs involved. Instructors could spend a preponderance of their time and resources developing and executing simulations, but such an approach is not necessary. Instead of investing a great deal of time and effort into running a complex simulation, I recommend developing low-intensity simulations, using three possible strategies: (1) using one's own scholarly research to develop simulations, (2) using current events as the basis for simulations, and (3) using student research to create simulations. These strategies provide a starting place for the professor who has held off on trying simulations before and practical information for the professor who is accomplished in using active learning techniques and wants to take the next step by designing his or her own simulation.
Extreme midinfrared nonlinear optics in semiconductors.

We have observed extreme nonlinear optical phenomena produced by intense midinfrared (MIR) pulses in semiconductors. These phenomena include multiple off-resonance optical sidebands (up to $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3\mathrm{MIR}$ photons interacting with a near-infrared photon), multiple MIR harmonics (up to the seventh harmonic), and significant broadening and modification of MIR harmonic spectra. The generation of these extreme MIR nonlinear optical phenomena is primarily aided by cross-phase modulation.
Cops and Robbers is EXPTIME-complete

We investigate the computational complexity of deciding whether k cops can capture a robber on a graph G. Goldstein and Reingold (1995) 8] conjectured that the problem is EXPTIME-complete when both G and k are part of the input; we prove this conjecture.
Variable coordination numbers in crystalline bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)samarium oxide, iodide and alkoxide complexes

Abstract Three crystallographically characterized organosamarium complexes containing formally {itx}-coordinate trivalent samarium have been recrystallized under appropriate conditions to give formally {itx} + 1-coordinate species. The structures of these complexes have been determined and are compared with the {itx}-coordinate structures. The implications of this structural flexibility on the steric factors which are very important in organolanthanide reactivity are discussed. Recrystallization of the seven-coordinate dihydroindenoindene diolate complex [(C{in5}Me{in5}){in2}Sm]{in2}O{in2}C{in16}H{in10} ({bd1}) from THF gives the eight-coordinate solvate [(C{in5}Me{in5}){in2}Sm(THF)]{in2}O{in2}C{in16}H{in10} ({bd2}) which crystallizes as a THF solvate in the space group {itP}2{in1}/{itn} with {ita} = 10.811(4), {itb} = 13.878(4), c = 25.114(7) \rA, \gb = 98.77(7)\dg and {itD}{incalc.} = 1.15 g cm{su\t-3} for {itZ} = 2. Least-squares refinement on the basis of 2208 observed reflections led to a final {itR} valueof 0.049. In {bd2}, two (C{in5}Me{in5}){in2}Sm bent metallocene units are coordinated to the O{in2}C{in16}H{in10} framework via SmO bonds of 2.099(9) \rA. Each Sm centre is also ligated by a THF molecule with a SmO distance of 2.490(9) \rA. Both {bd1} and {bd2} have similar O{in2}C{in16}H{in10} units but {bd2} has larger average SmC distances (2.75(2) vs 2.70(3) \rA) and a smaller (ring centroid)Sm(ring centroid) angle (132.9 vs 139.8\dg). Recrystallization of [(C{in5}Me{in5}){in2}Sm]{in2}(\gm-O) ({bd3}) from toluene in the presence of {bdCNCMe}{in3}, forms [(C{in5}Me{in5}){in2}Sm(CNCMe{in3})]{in2}(\gm-O) ({bd4}) which crystallizes in the space group {itP}2{in1}/{itc} with {ita} = 27.265(10), {itb} = 13.946(5), {itc} = 15.505(5)\rA, \gb = 101.25(3)\dg and {itD}{incalc.} = 1.28 g cm{su\t-3} for {itZ} = 4. Least-squares refinement on the basis of 8275 observed reflections led to a final {itR} value of 0.064. Like {bd3}, {bd4} has short SmO distances, 2.101(7) \rA, and a nearly linear (174.3(4)\dg) SmOSm angle. {bd4} has a larger SmC(ring) average (2.80(1) vs 2.73(1) \rA) and a smaller (ring centroid)Sm(ring centroid) angle (133.5 vs 137.2\dg). Recrystallization of (C{in5}Me{in5}){in2}SmI(THF) ({bd5}) in the presence of one equivalent of 1,5-pentamethylenetetrazole (C{in6}H{in10}N{in4}) gives the complex (C{in5}Me{in5}){in2}SmI(C{in6}H{in10}N{in4}) ({bd6}) which crystallizes in space group {itP}2{in1}/{ita} with {ita} = 15.969(10), {itb} = 10.741(10), {itc} = 17.768(7)\rA, \gb = 108.81(4)\dg and {itD}{incalc.} = 1.58 g cm{su\t-3} for {itZ} = 4. Least-squares refinement on the basis of 3327 observed reflections led to a final {itR} value of 0.061. In addition to the attachments of the two C{in5}Me{in5} rings and the iodide ligand to Sm, two of the nitrogen atoms of the tetrazole ligand are oriented towards the metal at distances of 2.539(14) and 2.812(18) \rA. The Sm(ring) average (2.73(2) \rA) in {bd6} is the same as that in {bd5} and the SmI distance is larger (3.100(2) vs 3.048(2) \rA).
Dichloromethane photodegradation using titanium catalysts

The use of titanium dioxide and titanium aluminosilicates in the photocatalytic destruction of chlorinated hydrocarbons is investigated. Titanium-exchanged clays, titanium-pillared clays, and titanium dioxide in the amorphous, anatase, and rutile forms are used to photocatalytically degrade dichloromethane to hydrochloric acid and carbon dioxide. Bentonite clays pillared by titanium dioxide are observed to be more catalytically active than titanium-exchanged clays. Clays pillared by titanium aluminum polymeric cations display about the same catalytic activity as that of titanium-exchanged clays. The rutile form of titanium dioxide is the most active catalyst studied for the dichloromethane degradation reaction. The anatase form of titanium dioxide supported on carbon felt was also used as a catalyst. This material is about five times more active than titanium dioxide-pillared clays. Degradation of dichloromethane using any of these catalysts can be enhanced by oxygen enrichment of the reaction solution or by preirradiating the catalyst with light.
A new and efficient reaction for the synthesis of the carbon-carbon bond

Abstract Palladium (O) converts tellurides of type R 1 -Te-R 2 into coupled product R 1 -R 2 and metallic tellurium (as a mirror) in high yield under mild conditions. There is little or no sign of β-elimination and no evidence for cross coupling.
N-O-1,2,3-BENZOTRIAZIN-4(3H)ONE-YL-3,(2-PYRIDYLDITHIO)PROPIONATE : A MORE REACTIVE ALTERNATIVE TO SPDP

Abstract N-[O-1,2,3-Benzotriazin-4(3H)one-yl]-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate [BPDP] has been synthesized and found to react with secondary amines to give high yields of acylated product. In sharp contrast, the widely used heterobifunctional coupling reagent, N-[O-succinimdy]-3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate [SPDP] afforded low to negligible yields of product.
Assessing employee turnover intentions before/after TQM

Many BPR related people problems have been mentioned in the literature: communications barriers between functional areas, difficulty having the changes accepted by the employees affected, disruption to the company as a social system, and the elimination of positions and worker anxiety over losing jobs. The importance of gaining a better understanding of the factors related to the retention of manufacturing employees is underscored by rising personnel costs and high rates of turnover. Researchers have established the important determinants of employee turnover. The major purpose of this study was to test several hypotheses which compare employee turnover intentions and its antecedents before and after BPR projects. Employees from a manufacturing plant were randomly selected before and after the BPR project was completed. BPR does have significant impact on personnel attitudes toward their jobs and their organizations. The results show that the BPR project significantly affected the average employee ratings for eight of the thirteen major variables studied. Furthermore, the BPR project has produced a significantly wider difference of opinion among employees along nine of these variables.
Proof of the TCP theorem

A comparatively simple proof is given for the general theorem that a wide class of quantized field theories which are invariant under the proper Lorentz group is also invariant with respect to the product of time reversal (T), charge conjugation (C), and parity (P). In the proof use is made of an important simplification introduced by Pauli.
PROBABILISTIC SMART TERRAIN

"Smart Terrain" is an efficient algorithm used in many games, in which objects that meet needs transmit signals to non-player characters with those needs, influencing the character to move towards those objects. We describe how probabilistic reasoning can be added to this algorithm, enabling an object to broadcast that it "may" meet a need with a given probability. These probabilities are used to estimate an expected distance to an object that meets a need, allowing non-player characters to make plausible decisions about which direction to move towards in an uncertain environment. We also show how the algorithm can factor in learned knowledge of whether an object actually does meet a need, as well as how to revert to the original probabilities for objects not recently explored. We also describe a hierarchical system for realistic exploration of a complex world.
The semi-classical expansion and resurgence in gauge theories: new perturbative, instanton, bion, and renormalon effects

We study the dynamics of four dimensional gauge theories with adjoint fermions for all gauge groups, both in perturbation theory and non-perturbatively, by using circle compactication with periodic boundary conditions for the fermions. There are new gauge phenomena. We show that, to all orders in perturbation theory, many gauge groups are Higgsed by the gauge holonomy around the circle to a product of both abelian and nonabelian gauge group factors. Non-perturbatively there are monopole-instantons with fermion zero modes and two types of monopole-anti-monopole molecules, called bions. One type are magnetic bions which carry net magnetic charge and induce a mass gap for gauge uctuations. Another type are neutral bions which are magnetically neutral, and their un- derstanding requires a generalization of multi-instanton techniques in quantum mechanics | which we refer to as the Bogomolny-Zinn-Justin (BZJ) prescription | to compactied eld theory. The BZJ prescription applied to bion-anti-bion topological molecules predicts a singularity on the positive real axis of the Borel plane (i.e., a divergence from summing large orders in peturbation theory) which is of order N times closer to the origin than the leading 4-d BPST instanton-anti-instanton singularity, where N is the rank of the gauge group. The position of the bion-anti-bion singularity is thus qualitatively similar to that of the 4-d IR renormalon singularity, and we conjecture that they are continuously re- lated as the compactication radius is changed. By making use of transseries and Ecalle's resurgence theory we argue that a non-perturbative continuum denition of a class of eld theories which admit semi-classical expansions may be possible.
Why quantum bit commitment and ideal quantum coin tossing are impossible

Abstract There had been well-known claims of unconditionally secure quantum protocols for bit commitment. However, we, and independently Mayers, showed that all proposed quantum bit commitment schemes are, in principle, insecure because the sender, Alice, can almost always cheat successfully by using an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) type of attack and delaying her measurements. One might wonder if secure quantum bit commitment protocols exist at all. We answer this question by showing that the same type of attack by Alice will, in principle, break any bit commitment scheme. The cheating strategy generally requires a quantum computer. We emphasize the generality of this “no-go theorem”: Unconditionally secure bit commitment schemes based on quantum mechanics-fully quantum, classical or quantum but with measurements-are all ruled out by this result. Since bit commitment is a useful primitive for building up more sophisticated protocols such as zero-knowledge proofs, our results cast very serious doubt on the security of quantum cryptography in the so-called “post-cold-war” applications. We also show that ideal quantum coin tossing is impossible because of the EPR attack. This no-go theorem for ideal quantum coin tossing may help to shed some lights on the possibility of non-ideal protocols.
Model-Size Reduction for the Buckling and Vibration Analyses of Anisotropic Panels

A computational procedure is presented for reducing the size of the model used in the buckling and vibration analyses of symmetric anisotropic panels to that of the corresponding orthotropic model. The key elements of the procedure are the application of an operator splitting technique through the decomposition of the material stiffness matrix of the panel into the sum of orthotropic and nonorthotropic (anisotropic) parts and the use of a reduction method through successive application of the finite element method and the classical Rayleigh-Ritz technique. The effectiveness of the procedure is demonstrated by numerical examples.
Prediction of Pressurant Mass Requirements for Axisymmetric Liquid Hydrogen Tanks

Experimental data from several test series are compared to an existing correlation that predicts the amount of pressurant gas mass required to expel liquid hydrogen from axisymmetric tanks. It was necessary to use an alternate definition of the tank equivalent diameter to accommodate thermal mass in the tank wall that is initially warm and to accommodate liquid residuals in the tank after expulsion is stopped. With this modification, the existing correlation predicted mass requirements to within 14 percent of experimental results. Revision of the correlation constants using a nonlinear least-squares fit of the current experimental data has a minor effect, thus supporting the validity of the original correlation's form, its fitted constants, and the alternate definition of the tank equivalent diameter.
Issues in topological gauge theory

Abstract We discuss topological theories, arising from the general N = 2 twisted gauge theories. We initiate a program of their study in the Gromov-Witten paradigm. We re-examine the low-energy effective abelian theory in the presence of sources and study the mixing between the various p-observables. We present the twisted superfield formalism which makes duality transformations transparent. We propose a scheme which uniquely fixes all the contact terms. We derive a formula for the correlation functions of p-observables on the manifolds of generalized simple type for 0 ⪕ p ⪕ 4 and on some manifolds with b2+ = 1. We study the theories with matter and explore the properties of universal instantons. We also discuss the compactifications of higher dimensional theories. Some relations to sigma models of type A and B are pointed out and exploited.
The Degrees-of-Freedom Region of the MIMO Interference Channel With Shannon Feedback

The two-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) fast-fading interference channel (IC) with an arbitrary number of antennas at each of the four terminals is studied under the settings of Shannon feedback and output feedback, wherein channel matrices and outputs, or just the channel outputs, respectively, are available to the transmitters with a delay. While for most numbers of antennas at the four terminals, the degree-of-freedom (DoF) regions with Shannon feedback are equal to that with just delayed channel state information (CSIT), it is shown that for the rest of the MIMO ICs, the DoF region with Shannon feedback is strictly larger than the DoF region with just delayed CSIT. To realize these DoF gains with Shannon feedback, a new interference alignment scheme is obtained wherein transmitter cooperation made possible by output feedback (in addition to delayed CSIT) is employed to effect a more efficient form of interference alignment than is feasible with previously known schemes that use just delayed CSIT. The DoF region for output-only feedback is also obtained for all but a class of MIMO ICs that satisfy one of two inequalities involving the numbers of antennas. Moreover, the DoF region for Shannon feedback is shown to be applicable to two limited Shannon feedback settings where the transmitters have knowledge only of certain channel matrices and certain outputs with delay.
Local Well-Posedness of Dynamics of Viscous Gaseous Stars

We establish the local-in-time well-posedness of strong solutions to the vacuum free boundary problem of the compressible Navier–Stokes–Poisson system in the spherically symmetric and isentropic motion. Our result captures the physical vacuum boundary behavior of the Lane–Emden star configurations for all adiabatic exponents \({\gamma < \frac{6}{5}}\) .
Untimely politics avant la lettre: The temporality of social formations

A number of contemporary political theorists have recently called for a turn toward a more radical thinking of temporality that would prove more appropriate to, and more robust in thinking through, contemporary politics. This work marks an important turn in contemporary theory. However, in order to advance the very enterprise on radical temporality and politics to which these works are committed requires viewing them from a perspective that reveals a set of commonalities, commonalities which may also mark the limits of this project as currently formulated. In particular, contemporary theorists try to reconceptualize temporality in a manner more suitable to politics by starting with different experiences of temporality. Here I argue for a thinking of time that goes beyond experience. I start to make sense of this claim, first, by suggesting that the recent turn toward untimeliness might itself be considered untimely in the sense of arriving on the scene late, since contained within Louis Althusser’s projec...
FABRY-PEROT ABSORPTION LINE SPECTROSCOPY OF THE GALACTIC BAR. I. KINEMATICS

We use Fabry-Pabsorption line imaging spectroscopy to measure radial velocities using the Caii line in 3360 stars toward three lines of sight in the Milky Way's bar: Baade's Window and offset position at (l, b) � (±5.0, −3.5) ◦ . This sample includes 2488 bar red clump giants, 339 bar M/K-giants, and 318 disk main-sequence stars. We measure the first four moments of the stellar velocity distribution of the red clump giants, and find it to be symmetric and flat-topped. We also measure the line-of-sight average velocity and dispersion of the red clump giants as a function of distance in the bar. We detect stellar streams at the near and far side of the bar with velocity difference 30 km s −1 at l =± 5 ◦ , but we do not detect two separate streams in Baade's Window. Our M-giants kinematics agree well with previous studies, but have dispersions systematically lower than those of the red clump giants by ∼ 10 km s −1 . For the disk main-sequence stars we measure a velocity dispersion of ∼ 45 km s −1 for all three lines-of-sight, placing a majority of them in the thin disk within 3.5 kpc of the Sun, associated with the Sagittarius spiral arm. We measure the equivalent widths of the Caii λ8542 line that can be used to infer metallicities. We find indications of a metallicity gradient with Galactic longitude, with greater metallicity in Baade's Window. We find the bulge to be metal-rich, consistent with some previous studies.
Molecular Design Principle of All-organic Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

All-organic dyes have shown promising potential as an effective sensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The design concept of all-organic dyes to improve light-to-electric-energy conversion is discussed based on the absorption, electron injection, dye regeneration, and recombination. How the electron-donor-acceptor-type framework can provide better light harvesting through bandgap-tuning and why proper arrangement of acceptor/anchoring groups within a conjugated dye frame is important in suppressing improper charge recombination in DSSCs are discussed. Separating the electron acceptor from the anchoring unit in the donor-acceptor-type organic dye would be a promising strategy to reduce recombination and improve photocurrent generation.
Operator-Valued Herglotz Kernels and Functions of Positive Real Part on the Ball

We describe several classes of holomorphic functions of positive real part on the unit ball; each is characterized by an operator-valued Herglotz formula. Motivated by results of J. E. McCarthy and M. Putinar, we define a family of weighted Cauchy–Fantappie pairings on the ball and establish duality relations between certain pairs of classes, and in particular we identify the dual of the positive Schur class. We also establish the existence of self-dual classes with respect to this pairing, and identify some extreme points of the positive Schur class.
Anisotropic pressure tokamak equilibrium and stability considerations

Investigation of the effect of pressure anisotropy on tokamak equilibrium and stability is made with a magnetohydrodynamic model. Realistic perpendicular and parallel pressure distributions, P⊥(ψ,B) and P∥(ψ,B), are obtained by solving a one‐dimensional Fokker–Planck equation for neutral beam injection to find a distribution function f (E,v∥/v) at the position of minimum field on each magnetic surface and then using invariance of the magnetic moment to determine its value at each point on the surface. The shift of the surfaces of constant perpendicular and parallel pressure from the flux surfaces depends strongly on the angle of injection. This shift explains the observed increase or decrease in the stability conditions. Estimates of the stabilizing effect of hot trapped ions indicate that a large fraction must be nonresonant and thus decoupled from the bad curvature before it becomes important.
Are nonprofit entrepreneurs also Jacks-of-all-trades?

We investigate whether nonprofit and for-profit entrepreneurs share similar observable and unobservable skills. In JLE 23:649-680, 2005 ‘Jacks-of-all-Trades’ model of entrepreneurship, individuals with more diverse academic and occupational training are more likely to become entrepreneurs, while more narrowly trained individuals become employees. Data on college graduates from a single university show that observed diverse skills increase the probability that the graduate will open both for-profit and nonprofit venture. Positive correlation in the errors that jointly affect for-profit and nonprofit start-ups is consistent with the existence of an unobserved entrepreneurial skill, a key factor underlying Lazear’s theory. J24; L3
Probabilistic Treatment of Crack Nucleation and Growth for Gas Turbine Engine Materials

The empirical models commonly used for probabilistic life prediction do not provide adequate treatment of the physical parameters that characterize fatigue damage development. For these models, probabilistic treatment is limited to statistical analysis of strain-life regression fit parameters. In this paper, a model is proposed for life prediction that is based on separate nucleation and growth phases of total fatigue life. The model was calibrated using existing smooth specimen strain-life data, and it has been validated for other geometries. Crack nucleation scatter is estimated based on the variability associated with smooth specimen and fatigue crack growth data, including the influences of correlation among crack nucleation and growth phases. The influences of crack nucleation and growth variability on life and probability of fracture are illustrated for a representative gas turbine engine disk geometry.
A two-dimensional mixed-compression inlet system designed to self-restart at a Mach number of 3.5

M 3.5 two dimensional mixed compression inlet system with self restart using flexible variable ramp system
Radical chemistry based on (+)-cis-pinonic acid

Abstract The capture of the radical from decarboxylation of (+)-cis-pinonic acid has been investigated. Efficient trapping agents give good yields of desired products. Less efficient trapping conditions permit undesired opening of the four-membered ring.
Constraining the Adaptive Optics Point-Spread Function in Crowded Fields: Measuring Photometric Aperture Corrections

The point-spread function (PSF) of an adaptive optics (AO) system is often poorly known. This ignorance can lead to significant systematic errors. Since the degree of AO correction is sensitive to the observing conditions (seeing, wind speed, brightness of the wave front reference, etc.), it would be desirable to estimate the PSF from the data themselves rather than from observations of a PSF star at another time. We have developed a method to estimate the PSF delivered by an AO system in the case where the scene consists of a crowded star field. We model the modulation transfer function (MTF) of several key components of the imaging system (atmosphere filtered by an AO system, telescope pupil, and pixel array). The power spectrum of the image, even a dense star field, can be used to constrain our model, which in turn can be used to reconstruct the PSF. In the case of circularly symmetric PSFs, we demonstrate that the power spectrum of the source distribution function can be successfully removed from the measured MTF and that our fit successfully recovers input parameters from a model data set constructed from these parameters. We also show that the method yields reasonable fit parameters and a useful approximation to the PSF when applied to data from the laser guide star (LGS) AO system at the Keck Observatory. Comparison of Keck LGS AO data and Hubble Space Telescope observations with NICMOS show that photometric accuracy of a few percent can be achieved for data with Strehl ratios as low as 4%.
iDSRT: Integrated Dynamic Soft Real-time Architecture for Critical Infrastructure Data Delivery over WLAN

The real-time control data delivery system of the Critical Infrastructure (i.e. SCADA--Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system) is important because appropriate decisions cannot be made without having data delivered in a timely manner. Because these applications use multiple heterogeneous resources such as CPU, network bandwidth and storage, they call for an integrated and coordinated real-time scheduling across multiple resources to meet end-to-end deadlines. We present a design and implementation of iDSRT--an integrated dynamic soft real-time system to provide fine-grained end-to-end delay guarantees over WLAN. iDSRT takes the deadline partitioning approach: end-to-end deadlines are partitioned into multiple sub-deadlines for CPU scheduling and network scheduling. It integrates three important schedulers: task scheduler, packet scheduler and node scheduler to achieve global coordination. We validate iDSRT in Linux and evaluate it in an experimental SCADA test-bed. The results are promising and show that iDSRT can successfully achieve soft real-time guarantees in SCADA system with very low packet loss rate compared to available commodity best-effort systems.
Spin Pinning at Ferrite-Organic Interfaces

Ultrafine particles of Ni${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ coated with organic molecules show a behavior consistent with extremely strong pinning of the ferrite surface spins. The low-temperature magnetization is only \ensuremath{\sim}75% saturated in fields of 200 kOe, and M\"ossbauer spectra show that the spins remain at large angles with respect to the direction of an applied field of 68.5 kOe. Uncoated ultrafine Ni${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ particles do not show this behavior.
Strong CP and low-energy supersymmetry

Abstract A spontaneously-broken CP provides an alternative to the KM mechanism for CP violation with the advantage that the strong CP problem is solved. We consider, for such a model with a new gauged U(1), the incorporation of low-energy supersymetry and find the constraints on alignment and squark degeneracy. The conclusion is that although the θ constraints are much less severe than in other generic schemes with supersymmetry breaking and spontaneous CP violation, one restriction remains stronger than needed in the MSSM for suppression of FCNC.
Assessing the reliability of RNA folding using statistical mechanics.

We have analyzed the base-pairing probability distributions of 16 S and 16 S-like, and 23 S and 23 S-like ribosomal RNAs of Archaea, Bacteria, chloroplasts, mitochondria and Eukarya, as predicted by the partition function approach for RNA folding introduced by McCaskill. A quantitative analysis of the reliability of RNA folding is done by comparing the base-pairing probability distributions with the structures predicted by comparative sequence analysis (comparative structures). We distinguish two factors that show a relationship to the reliability of RNA minimum free energy structure. The first factor is the dominance of one particular base-pair or the absence of base-pairing for a given base within the base-pairing probability distribution (BPPD). We characterize the BPPD per base, including the probability of not base-pairing, by its Shannon entropy (S). The S value indicates the uncertainty about the base-pairing of a base: low S values result from BPPDs that are strongly dominated by a single base-pair or by the absence of base-pairing. We show that bases with low S values have a relatively high probability that their minimum free energy (MFE) structure corresponds to the comparative structure. The BPPDs of prokaryotes that live at high temperatures (thermophilic Archaea and Bacteria) have, calculated at 37°C, lower S values than the BPPDs of prokaryotes that live at lower temperatures (mesophilic and psychrophilic Archaea and Bacteria). This reflects an adaptation of the ribosomal RNAs to the environmental temperature. A second factor that is important to consider with regard to the reliability of MFE structure folding is a variable degree of applicability of the thermodynamic model of RNA folding for different groups of RNAs. Here we show that among the bases that show low S values, the Archaea and Bacteria have similar, high probabilities (0.96 and 0.94 in 16 S and 0.93 and 0.91 in 23 S, respectively) that the MFE structure corresponds to the comparative structure. These probabilities are lower in the chloroplasts (16 S 0.91, 23 S 0.79), mitochondria (16 S-like 0.89, 23 S-like 0.69) and Eukarya (18 S 0.81, 28 S 0.86).
Clumpy Streams from Clumpy Halos: Detecting Missing Satellites with Cold Stellar Structures

Dynamically cold stellar streams are ideal probes of the gravitational field of the Milky Way. This paper re-examines the question of how such streams might be used to test for the presence of "missing satellites"—the many thousands of dark-matter subhalos with masses 105-107 M ☉ which are seen to orbit within Galactic-scale dark-matter halos in simulations of structure formation in ΛCDM cosmologies. Analytical estimates of the frequency and energy scales of stream encounters indicate that these missing satellites should have a negligible effect on hot debris structures, such as the tails from the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy. However, long cold streams, such as the structure known as GD1 or those from the globular cluster Palomar 5 (Pal 5), are expected to suffer many tens of direct impacts from missing satellites during their lifetimes. Numerical experiments confirm that these impacts create gaps in the debris' orbital energy distribution, which will evolve into degree- and sub-degree-scale fluctuations in surface density over the age of the debris. Maps of Pal 5's own stream contain surface density fluctuations on these scales. The presence and frequency of these inhomogeneities suggests the existence of a population of missing satellites in numbers predicted in the standard ΛCDM cosmologies.
Sensor selection for energy-efficient ambulatory medical monitoring

Epilepsy affects over three million Americans of all ages. Despite recent advances, more than 20% of individuals with epilepsy never achieve adequate control of their seizures. The use of a small, portable, non-invasive seizure monitor could benefit these individuals tremendously. However, in order for such a device to be suitable for long-term wear, it must be both comfortable and lightweight.Typical state-of-the-art non-invasive seizure onset detection algorithms require 21 scalp electrodes to be placed on the head. These electrodes are used to generate 18 data streams, called channels. The large number of electrodes is inconvenient for the patient and processing 18 channels can consume a considerable amount of energy, a problem for a battery-powered device.In this paper, we describe an automated way to construct detectors that use fewer channels, and thus fewer electrodes. Starting from an existing technique for constructing 18 channel patient-specific detectors, we use machine learning to automatically construct reduced channel detectors. We evaluate our algorithm on data from 16 patients used in an earlier study. On average, our algorithm reduced the number of channels from 18 to 4.6 while decreasing the mean fraction of seizure onsets detected from 99% to 97%. For 12 out of the 16 patients, there was no degradation in the detection rate. While the average detection latency increased from 7.8 s to 11.2 s, the average rate of false alarms per hour decreased from 0.35 to 0.19.We also describe a prototype implementation of a single channel EEG monitoring device built using off-the-shelf components, and use this implementation to derive an energy consumption model. Using fewer channels reduced the average energy consumption by 69%, which amounts to a 3.3x increase in battery lifetime.Finally, we show how additional energy savings can be realized by using a low-power screening detector to rule out segments of data that are obviously not seizures. Though this technique does not reduce the number of electrodes needed, it does reduce the energy consumption by an additional 16%.
Superconductivity with extremely large upper critical fields in Nb2Pd0.81S5

Here, we report the discovery of superconductivity in a new transition metal-chalcogenide compound, i.e. Nb2Pd0.81S5, with a transition temperature Tc ≅ 6.6 K. Despite its relatively low Tc, it displays remarkably high and anisotropic superconducting upper critical fields, e.g. μ0Hc2 (T → 0 K) > 37 T for fields applied along the crystallographic b-axis. For a field applied perpendicularly to the b-axis, μ0Hc2 shows a linear dependence in temperature which coupled to a temperature-dependent anisotropy of the upper critical fields, suggests that Nb2Pd0.81S5 is a multi-band superconductor. This is consistent with band structure calculations which reveal nearly cylindrical and quasi-one-dimensional Fermi surface sheets having hole and electron character, respectively. The static spin susceptibility as calculated through the random phase approximation, reveals strong peaks suggesting proximity to a magnetic state and therefore the possibility of unconventional superconductivity.