cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of Job Characteristics and Functional Impairments on Return to Work After ARDS.

Background Joblessness is common after ARDS, but related risk factors are not fully understood. Research Question What is the association between survivors’ pre-ARDS workload and post-ARDS functional impairment, pain, and fatigue with their return to work (RTW) status? Study Design and Methods The U.S. Occupational Information Network (O∗NET) was used to determine pre-ARDS workload for participants in the ARDS Network Long-Term Outcomes Study (ALTOS). Post-ARDS functional impairment was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination and SF-36 Physical Functioning, Social Functioning, and Mental Health sub-scales, and categorized as either no impairments, only psychosocial impairment, physical with low psychosocial impairment, or physical with high psychosocial impairment. Post-ARDS pain and fatigue were assessed using the SF-36 pain item and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy—Fatigue Scale fatigue scale, respectively. Generalized linear mixed modeling methods were used to evaluate associations among pre-ARDS workload, post-ARDS functional impairment, and symptoms of pain and fatigue with post-ARDS RTW. Results Pre-ARDS workload was not associated with post-ARDS RTW. However, as compared with survivors with no functional impairment, those with only psychosocial impairment (OR [CI]: 0.18 [0.06-0.50]), as well as physical impairment plus either low psychosocial impairment (0.08 [0.03-0.22]) or high psychosocial impairment (0.01 [0.003-0.05]) had lower odds of working. Pain (0.06 [0.03-0.14]) and fatigue (0.07 [0.03-0.16]) were also negatively associated with RTW. Interpretation For previously employed survivors of ARDS, post-ARDS psychosocial and physical impairments, pain, and fatigue were negatively associated with RTW, whereas pre-ARDS workload was not associated. These findings are important for designing and implementing vocational interventions for ARDS survivors.
The CSU Face Identification Evaluation System

The CSU Face Identification Evaluation System includes standardized image preprocessing software, four distinct face recognition algorithms, analysis tools to study algorithm performance, and Unix shell scripts to run standard experiments. All code is written in ANSII C. The four algorithms provided are principle components analysis (PCA), a.k.a eigenfaces, a combined principle components analysis and linear discriminant analysis algorithm (PCA + LDA), an intrapersonal/extrapersonal image difference classifier (IIDC), and an elastic bunch graph matching (EBGM) algorithm. The PCA + LDA, IIDC, and EBGM algorithms are based upon algorithms used in the FERET study contributed by the University of Maryland, MIT, and USC, respectively. One analysis tool generates cumulative match curves; the other generates a sample probability distribution for recognition rate at recognition rank 1, 2, etc., using Monte Carlo sampling to generate probe and gallery choices. The sample probability distributions at each rank allow standard error bars to be added to cumulative match curves. The tool also generates sample probability distributions for the paired difference of recognition rates for two algorithms. Whether one algorithm consistently outperforms another is easily tested using this distribution. The CSU Face Identification Evaluation System is available through our Web site and we hope it will be used by others to rigorously compare novel face identification algorithms to standard algorithms using a common implementation and known comparison techniques.
Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo en la era neoliberal: ampliando objetivos para unir el pasado, el presente y el futuro

Despues de mas de 25 anos de haber sido desaparecidos sus hijos e hijas, Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo siguen marchando por la justicia cada semana y tienen un papel prominente en el sector de movimientos sociales en Argentina. Han ampliado su lucha contra la impunidad para incluir llamados por la paz y los derechos humanos alrededor del mundo y para confrontar el neoliberalismo y la reciente crisis economica en Argentina. ?Como han ampliado las madres su resistencia al expandir sus objetivos? Este trabajo relata la labor contemporanea de las Madres y documenta su presencia en los movimientos progresivos que se organizan en la Argentina moderna. Con base en informaciones de los medios, trabajo de campo cualitativo sobre sus actividades en Buenos Aires en 2002-2003, relatos publicados y documentos y publicaciones de la organizacion, muestro como las Madres han ampliado sus objetivos para criticar al neoliberalismo y a sus consecuencias. Ejercen su autoridad moral en marcos de accion colectiva que establecen conexiones entre el pasado y el presente, y explican y apoyan la expansion de sus objetivos.
Quantification of MSCs involved in wound healing: use of SIS to transfer MSCs to wound site and quantification of MSCs involved in skin wound healing.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to be effective in wound healing, but not much has been reported on quantitative correlations between MSCs injected into the wound site and MSCs that actually participate in wound healing. This study traced MSCs participating in wound healing by using small intestinal submucosa (SIS) as a cell carrier, identified their moving path and calculated the number of MSCs involved in wound healing. First, MSCs were isolated from the nude mouse and 1 × 106 cells were seeded onto the centre of the SIS. MSC-seeded SIS complexes were injected onto full-thickness skin wounds made on the dorsum of nude mice. Tracing of MSC-seeded SIS complex transplanted to the wound site revealed that 27.6% of the MSCs were migrated to the wound site at the first attempt. Second, repeated injection of additional MSCs did not increase the number of MSCs participating in wound healing beyond a certain constant maximum amount. The number of MSCs present in the wound site remains constant in the range 2–3 × 105 from day 1 to day 10. The expression of skin regeneration-related growth factors was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). MSCs participating in wound healing were found not only to suppress inflammation of the wound but also to increase the skin regeneration-related growth factors that enable the recovery of the skin. An optimal number of about 3 × 105 MSCs injected into the site was found to adapt themselves to the skin wound-healing process effectively. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NEUTRINO DEFICIT CHALLENGES CONSERVATION LAWS

New observations of neutrinos threaten cherished conservation laws, and call into question the completeness of the Standard Model of particle physics, which describes the fundamental properties and interactions of every particle in the Universe. New data from the SuperKamiokande detector, a giant underground tank of water lined with photomultiplier tubes, show that neutrinos spontaneously change their ‘flavour‘ in flight, violating the laws of lepton number conservation.
A quantitative description of the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter and its conformity to experimental data

In epithelia, the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter cooperates with other transport mechanisms to produce transepithelial NaCl transport. The reaction cycle for the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter has been established experimentally, but whether it accounts, quantitatively, for experimental findings has yet to be established. The differential equations that describe the reaction cycle were formulated, and the steady-state solutions were obtained by digital computation. Conformity between this description and the experimental data obtained from the literature was explored by automatic searches for the sets of rate constants that yielded statistical best-fits to the experimental data. Fits were obtained from renal epithelial cell lines, HeLa cells, and duck erythrocytes. Results show that the reaction cycle for the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter conforms well, quantitatively, with the experimental data.
Contained rupture of patched right ventricular outflow tracts during balloon sizing for percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation

Transcatheter pulmonary valves are being used off-label to treat pulmonary insufficiency in patched right ventricular outflow tracts (RVOTs). We describe the first reported cases of patched RVOT rupture, during balloon sizing for percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation, in two patients with tetralogy of Fallot status post repair. Both RVOTs were too large for subsequent catheter-based intervention. The ruptures remained stable over time, and both patients were managed conservatively with follow-up imaging.
Effects of Lysozyme and Inorganic Anions on the Morphology of Streptococcus mutans BHT: Electron Microscopic Examination

Abstract The effects of hen egg white lysozyme and the inorganic salt sodium thiocyanate on the integrity of Streptococcus mutans BHT were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Both control cells and cells exposed to NaSCN possessed thick outer cell walls and densely staining inner cell walls juxtaposed to the plasma membranes. In the presence of NaSCN, however, the S. mutans BHT nucleoid was coagulated into thick electron-dense filaments. Exposure of S. mutans BHT to 150 μg of hen egg white lysozyme per ml resulted in the progressive destruction of both the cell walls and the plasma membranes. The enzyme appeared to affect the region of the cell wall septum, and exposure to 150 μg of hen egg white lysozyme per ml for as short a time as 10 min resulted in visible morphological cell wall alterations. At 30 min, ultrastructural observations revealed that the majority of the cells were in the process of expelling a portion of their cytoplasmic contents from the septal and other regions of the cells at the time of fixation. After 3 h of incubation in the presence of this high lysozyme concentration, gelled protoplasmic masses, which were free from the cells, were evident. In addition, extensive damage to the outer and inner cell walls and to the plasma membranes was apparent, although the cells maintained their shape. On some areas of the cell surface, the outer cell wall and plasma membrane were completely absent, whereas at other locations the outer cell wall was either split away from the inner cell wall and plasma membrane or distended from an area free of inner cell wall and plasma membrane. Upon addition of NaSCN to the hen egg white lysozyme-treated cells, both the gelled protoplasmic masses and the damaged cells exhibited an exploded appearance and existed as membrane ghosts, cell wall fragments, or dense aggregates of cytoplasmic components. The effects of a low lysozyme concentration (22.5 μg/ml) on S. mutans morphology were less pronounced at short incubation times (i.e., 10 and 30 min) than those that were observed with a high enzyme concentration; however, breaks in the cell walls and dissolution of the plasma membranes with resulting cell lysis were visible after a prolonged (3-h) incubation and after subsequent addition of NaSCN.
The cell biology of planar cell polarity

Planar cell polarity (PCP) refers to the coordinated alignment of cell polarity across the tissue plane. Key to the establishment of PCP is asymmetric partitioning of cortical PCP components and intercellular communication to coordinate polarity between neighboring cells. Recent progress has been made toward understanding how protein transport, endocytosis, and intercellular interactions contribute to asymmetric PCP protein localization. Additionally, the functions of gradients and mechanical forces as global cues that bias PCP orientation are beginning to be elucidated. Together, these findings are shedding light on how global cues integrate with local cell interactions to organize cellular polarity at the tissue level.
Exercise, Serum Free Tryptophan, and Central Fatigue

Brain tryptophan (TRP) concentrations and serotonin (5HT) synthesis and release increase during running. This increase in 5HT function may promote central fatigue and contribute to suboptimal physical performance. The rise in brain TRP is reputed to result from exercise-induced elevations in serum nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations, which dissociate TRP from albumin in blood and increase the serum free TRP pool. But, as discussed in this article, ample evidence exists that the serum free TRP pool does not control brain TRP uptake. The clearest data are dietary, but pharmacologic data in exercising rats also support this conclusion. Changes in the serum levels of amino acids that compete with TRP for brain uptake appear also not to explain the rise in brain TRP. The mechanism is therefore not presently known. The link between the rise in brain TRP and 5HT synthesis/release is not simple: a rise in brain TRP stimulates 5HT synthesis/release in actively firing neurons. Hence, during exercise, only 5HT neurons that are firing should increase 5HT production/release when brain TRP rises. It is not known which 5HT neurons fire during exercise; the 5HT neurons that respond to exercise-induced increases in brain TRP are therefore not known. Hence, it is not possible to conclude which 5HT neurons contribute to the generation of central fatigue. Because some 5HT neurons control specific functions important to physical performance (e.g., respiration), the current understanding of 5HT neuronal function in central fatigue might benefit from the study of specific 5HT pathways during exercise.
Understanding Women’s Work through the Confluence of Gender, Race, and Social Class

This article examines the experiences of women’s work by focusing on the lives of working class and middle class women, African Americans, Caucasians and Latinas. Research for this project was cond...
Graphical simulation for sensor based robot programming

The programming of robots is slowly evolving from traditional teach pendant methods to graphical Off-Line Programming (OLP) methods. Graphical simulation tools, such as OLP, are very useful for developing and testing robot programs before they are run on real industrial equipment. OLP systems are also used to develop task level programs. Traditional OLP systems, however, suffer from the limitations of using only position control which does not account for inherent robot inaccuracies and dynamic environments. This paper describes our work on improving and supplementing traditional position control programming methods. A baseline OLP system was implemented at NIST's Automated Manufacturing Research Facility (AMRF). Experience gained in implementing this system showed that an effective OLP system must accurately simulate the real world and must support sensor programming to compensate for real-world changes that cannot be simulated. The developed OLP geometric world model is calibrated using robot mounted ultrasound ranging sensors. This measurement capability produces a baseline geometric model of relatively good static accuracy for off-line programming. The graphical environment must also provide representations of sensor features. For this specific application, force is simulated in order to include force based commands in our robot programs. These sensor based programs are able to run reliably and safely in an unpredictable industrial environment. The last portion of this paper extends OLP and describes the functionality of a complete system for programming complex robot tasks.
Effect of thermal cycling on interface bonding requirements in Al2O3 fiber-reinforced superalloy composites

CTE (coefficient of thermal expansion) mismatch-induced stresses as they affect the fiber-matrix bond integrity of Al2O3 fiber-reinforced superalloy composites are examined. Of the three individual stress components, only the radial stress directly affects the integrity of the fiber-matrix interface. It is noted that a compressive radial stress leads to a clamping action on the fiber and is therefore beneficial to the integrity of the fiber-matrix bond. A radial tensile stress, on the other hand, can cause debonding of the fiber from the matrix for a weak fiber-matrix bond.
On the iron-vacancy-hydrogen system

Abstract The solubility of hydrogen in equilibrium with H2-gas at atmospheric pressure exhibits a temperature variation, in the BCC phase range, which is incompatible with the simple quasi-regular statistics expected for a dilute interstitial solid solution. This behavior has been analyzed in term of a statistical model that includes the interactions between interstitial H-atoms and lattice vacancies. Good agreement is found between the model and the experimental data.
Warning and Informing the Domestic International Market

Abstract The authors believe that U.S. marketers should offer necessary instructions and warnings in English and Spanish and should consider including these in additional languages as well. The argument is based on the literature of “special needs” populations, the usefulness of warnings, and the understanding of the Spanish-speaking “domestic international market” in the United States. The authors also advocate public policy that requires multilingual information and warnings where necessary and practical.
Conformational induction in copolypeptides of the form AnBm.

The polymerization kinetics and optical rotatory properties of AnBm polypeptides have been studied, where A = D,L-Tyr, D,L-TyrZ, D,L-LysZ, L-AspOBzl, or L-Asp-ONBzl, and B = D,L-GluOR (R = Me or Bzl). In most cases where An and Bm prefer the same helix sense, the polymerization of A N-carboxyanhydride (initiated by Bm in dioxane) shows first order kinetics and produces a monotonic change in optical rotation, while if opposite helix senses are preferred, the kinetics are multiphasic and the change in rotation reverses direction after the addition of several residues. The rotation change in the latter case is interpreted to mean that the helix in the A block is initially induced to take the nonpreferred sense, as originally suggested by Doty and Lundberg from similar observations on (D-GluOBzl)n-(L-GluOBzl)m. It is found here that the CD spectra for the latter polymer show the sign changes required by this hypothesis. The optical rotation curves and CD spectra for (D,L-Tyr)n-(L-GluOBzl)20 suggest, by analogy, that (L-Tyr)n prefers the same helix sense as (L-GluOBzl)n. However, it is found that the opposite conclusion is equally consistent with the data if one considers the effects of possible changes in side-chain conformation on these data in accordance with the calculated CD spectra of Chen and Woody. The optical rotation curves for (D-GluOBzl)n-(L-GluOBzl)20, (D-Tyr)n-(L-GluOBzl)20, and (L-Tyr)n-(L-GluOBzl)20 are all found to be consistent with a two-state equilibrium model in which the A block initially takes on an induced conformation and has an increasing tendency to revert to its preferred conformation as n increases. It is concluded that in both D-Tyr and L-Tyr the side-chain and/or the backbone conformation is induced by the neighboring L-GluOBzl block, and the data do not distinguish which type of change is occurring. These results are discussed in connection with other observations bearing on the helix sense of (L-Tyr)n.
Environmentally responsive peptides as anticancer drug carriers

The tumor microenvironment provides multiple cues that may be exploited to improve the efficacy of established chemotherapeutics; furthermore, polypeptides are uniquely situated to capitalize on these signals. Peptides provide: 1) a rich repertoire of biologically specific interactions to draw upon; 2) environmentally responsive phase behaviors, which may be tuned to respond to signatures of disease; 3) opportunities to direct self-assembly; 4) control over routes of biodegradation; 5) the option to seamlessly combine functionalities into a single polymer via a one-step biosynthesis. As development of cancer-targeted nanocarriers expands, peptides provide a unique source of functional units that may target disease. This review explores potential microenvironmental physiology indicative of tumors and peptides that have demonstrated an ability to target and deliver to these signals.
A toxicity index for comparison of side effects among different drugs

This report describes the development of a morbidity toxicity index and a mortality toxicity index for comparing the overall toxicity of different drugs. The task required the step-by-step procedure of 1) development of techniques for valid estimation of the numerator, i.e., the number of particular toxic events with a specific drug, 2) development of a denominator, i.e., a valid estimate of the years of exposure to a specific drug, 3) establishment of appropriate weights for different side effects, 4) deciding upon a particular index structure using weights and severity, 5) elaborating on and refining the final index, and 6) use of statistical techniques for adjustment and for comparison among drugs. In addition to describing the proposed structure and design of the morbidity and mortality toxicity indexes, we outline our preliminary results in comparing morbidity from major classes of antirheumatic drugs with the use of these indexes, and we discuss the potential use of the indexes by others who are studying drug toxicities
Effect of density on magnitude of directional selection on seed mass and emergence time in Plantago wrightiana Dcne. (Plantaginaceae)

Although population density is believed to be an important factor influencing evolutionary processes, surprisingly few studies have documented the existence or nature of density-dependent selection. We quantified the effects of density on directional selection on seed mass (the mass of a sown seed) and emergence time in the greenhouse and field for the annual plant Plantago wrightiana. In the greenhouse, we quantified selection on seed mass and emergence time at each of five planting densities (1 m−2 to 10,000 m−2) using the relationship between final plant mass and each trait at each density. We observed no significant selection on either seed mass or emergence time when plants were grown alone. At all higher densities, there was significant selection favoring early emergence and large seed mass, but there were no significant differences among the selection gradients determined at densities greater than individually grown plants. In the field, we detected no relationship between the magnitude of selection for early emergence and density. Our results suggest that selection on seed mass and time of emergence is density dependent, but the relationship between density and the magnitude of directional selection on these traits is not continuously increasing. Over broad ranges of density in the greenhouse and in the field, there was no detectable relationship between density and the magnitude of directional selection.
Earth Wind & Fire: A Learning Community Approach to Build Ties Between Degree Programs in a Geoscience Department

We describe the components of a learning community program for meteorology, geology, and Earth Science undergraduates in a geoscience department. The learning community provides the students with opportunities to interact with each other and with faculty, and it helps them in the transition from high school to a large public university. Enrollment data show that, in addition to being a successful community-building approach, the learning community has a positive impact in major retention to the programs and is well received by the students. 2015 National Association of Geoscience Teachers. [DOI: 10.5408/14-018]
Operation, design and simulation tests for an impedance-based pole slipping algorithm

This paper discusses the operation, design and simulation tests for an impedance-based pole slipping protection algorithm. It can be applied to hydro generators as well as other types of machine. Directional and blinder elements are used together with a mho element to obtain the desired relay characteristics. Extensive simulation tests have been performed to demonstrate the correct operation of the algorithm.
Inhibition of 6-methylsalicylic acid synthesis in penicillium patulum.

VARIOUS reports1–3 have indicated that the biosynthesis of 6-methylsalicylic acid (2,6-cresotic acid; 6-MSA) may be patterned after fatty acids, involving the condensation of one acetyl and three malonyl derivatives (presumably derivatives of coenzyme A or of a protein analogous to the acyl carrier protein4 in E. coli). Bu'Lock and Ryan5 and later Tanenbaum and Bassett6 showed that 6-MSA is metabolized by Penicillium patulum to form patulin and possibly other compounds as well. These compounds, which have been designated secondary metabolites7, have no apparent function in the organism. While the formation of 6-MSA is limited to a few species, the phenomenon of secondary metabolite formation is widespread in micro-organisms.
Phosphatase activity ofPenicillium citrinum submerged batch cultures and its relationship to fungal activity

Acid and alkaline phosphatase activities were evaluated using batch fermenter cultues ofPenicillium citrinum, an organism used in studies of fungal functioning in soil. Fungal activity was assessed by monitoring rates of O2 utilization, glucose utilization, dry weight changes over time, and lengths of FDA-stained hyphae. At low growth rates (7 μg dry wt increases·h−1·ml−1) and low culture activity, phosphatase activity at both pH 8.5 and 5.5 tended to decrease with culture age, with the exception that phosphatase activity at pH 8.5 peaked during early stationary phase. At higher growth rates (25 μg dry wt increase·h−1·ml−1) and high culture activity, phosphatase activity tended to remain constant throughout the course of the experiment. The relationship between phosphatase activity and other measures of fungal activity was consistent only at low growth rates for acid phosphatase. These results suggest that phosphatase measurements will be of limited utility in assessing activity, except at low growth rates.
Democracy's Effect on Terrorist Organizations: Regime Type and Armed Group Behavior in Chile

How does democracy influence terrorism? The regime-responsive school argues that lack of representation in autocracies motivates violence; the regime-permissive school posits that individual liberty in democracies allows it. The schools thus disagree about the democratic feature to which violence responds—representation or individual liberty. These arguments are problematic in two ways. First, neither accounts for the potentially competing effects of different democratic features. Second, treating terrorism as a set response to operating context ignores the operational processes behind violence, described in organizational theories of terrorism. This article develops a bridge between the regime-responsive and regime-permissive schools by applying organizational theories of terrorism to their key arguments. I argue that representation and individual liberty have independent, and sometimes competing, effects on armed groups' missions, hierarchies, and membership—collectively organizational capacity, the abi...
Mapping of the C3d Ligand Binding Site on Complement Receptor 2 (CR2/CD21) Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Chemical Shift Analysis

Complement receptor 2 (CR2, CD21) is a cell membrane protein, with 15 or 16 extracellular short consensus repeats (SCRs), that promotes B lymphocyte responses and bridges innate and acquired immunity. The most distally located SCRs (SCR1-2) mediate the interaction of CR2 with its four known ligands (C3d, Epstein-Barr virus gp350, interferon-α, and CD23). Inhibitory monoclonal antibodies against SCR1-2 block binding of all ligands. To develop ligand-specific inhibitors that would also assist in identifying residues unique to each receptor-ligand interaction, phage were selected from randomly generated libraries by panning with recombinant SCR1-2, followed by specific ligand-driven elution. Derived peptides were tested by competition ELISA. One peptide, C3dp1 (APQHLSSQYSRT) exhibited ligand-specific inhibition at midmicromolar IC50. C3d was titrated into 15N-labeled SCR1-2, which revealed chemical shift changes indicative of specific intermolecular interactions. With backbone assignments made, the chemical shift changes were mapped onto the crystal structure of SCR1-2. With regard to C3d, the binding surface includes regions of SCR1, SCR2, and the inter-SCR linker, specifically residues Arg13, Tyr16, Arg28, Tyr29, Ser32, Thr34, Lys48, Asp56, Lys57, Tyr68, Arg83, Gly84, Asn101, Asn105, and Ser109. SCR1 and SCR2 demonstrated distinct binding modes. The CR2 binding surface incorporating SCR1 is inconsistent with a previous x-ray CR2-C3d co-crystal analysis but consistent with mutagenesis, x-ray neutron scattering, and inhibitory monoclonal antibody epitope mapping. Titration with C3dp1 yielded chemical shift changes (Arg13, Tyr16, Thr34, Lys48, Asp56, Lys57, Tyr68, Arg83, Gly84, Asn105, and Ser109) overlapping with C3d, indicating that C3dp1 interacts at the same CR2 site as C3d.
The effects of parts, wholes, and familiarity on face-selective responses in MEG

Although face perception is commonly characterized as holistic, as opposed to part-based, we have recently shown that both face parts and wholes are represented in "face-selective" cortical regions, with greater adaptation of holistic representations for familiar faces (A. Harris & G. K. Aguirre, 2008). Here we investigate the time course of these holistic and part-based face processing effects using magnetoencephalography (MEG). We examined "face-selective" components at early (approximately 170-200 ms) and later (approximately 250-450 ms) latencies in occipitotemporal sensors. While both "M170" and "M400" components showed significantly larger responses for familiar versus unfamiliar faces, neither exhibited a main effect of holistic versus part-based processing. These data affirm the existence of part-based "face-selective" representations, and additionally demonstrate that such representations are present from relatively early stages of face processing. However, only the later M400 component showed a modulatory effect of familiarity similar to that previously seen with fMRI, with a larger response to familiar faces in the holistic condition. Likewise, behavioral recognition was significantly correlated with the M400, not the M170, and only in the holistic condition. Together, these data suggest that, while face parts are represented from the earliest stages of face perception, modulatory effects of familiarity occur later in the face processing stream.
Atmospheric science: Long-range linkage

Evidence indicates that the continued loss of Arctic sea-ice and snow cover may influence weather at lower latitudes. Now correlations between high-latitude cryosphere changes, hemispheric wind patterns and mid-latitude extreme events are shown for the Northern Hemisphere.
Application of the Rader-Brenner FFT algorithm to number-theoretic transforms

An FFT algorithm developed by Rader and Brenner, which eliminates complex multipliers, is shown to apply to complex number-theoretic transforms (NTT's). The major disadvantage of the algorithm, enhancement of quantization effects, is absent in the NTT application.
Evaluation of Cathodic Air Flow Transients in a Hybrid System Using Hardware Simulation

Effective control of cathode airflow in a direct fired solid oxide fuel cell gas turbine (SOFC/GT) hybrid power system is critical to thermal management of a fuel cell stack. Hybrid fuel cell turbine designs often incorporate the use of a valved hot air bypass in parallel with the cathode flow to divert a portion of the compressor effluent around the fuel cell system. The primary objective of this valve in the early development of hybrid power systems was to facilitate system startup. From a system controls perspective, the hot air bypass offers the means to balance and manipulate the level of airflow supplied to the fuel cell stack at a minimal efficiency penalty. Manipulation of this valve has a significant impact on stack performance and reliability, as well as cathodic exhaust airflow conditions. Since the turbine is directly coupled to the fuel cell subsystem through the cathode airflow, non-linear effects are propagated through the system components in response to any hot air bypass valve change. The effect of cathode flow transients on hybrid system performance has been evaluated though the manipulation of a hot air bypass valve on a hardware-based simulation facility designed and built by the U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL). A brief overview of this experimental facility is provided and has been described in more detail previously. Open loop experiments were conducted using the facility, where a perturbation was made to the hot air bypass flow and turbine speed was allowed to change in response. The impact of the transients to both fuel cell and turbine performance are discussed.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Dopamine and serotonin systems in human and rodent brain: effects of age and neurodegenerative disease

The nonpathological age-related changes in the dopamine- and serotonin-containing neurotransmitter systems in human and rodent brain are reviewed. The dopamine system exhibits age-related declines both presynaptically and postsynaptically. Presynaptically, both the levels of dopamine and the number of midbrain dopamine-containing neurons decline by up to 50% at advanced ages in the absence of neurological disease. Postsynaptically, the density of D-2 dopamine receptors decreases by 40%, while D-1 dopamine receptors either increase (man) or remain stable (rodents). Additional reductions of dopamine levels and D-2 receptors have been reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but these changes are relatively small, and not consistently observed. The levels of serotonin appear stable during normal aging, and presynaptic markers such as (3H)imipramine binding may actually increase. In human brain, the two major classes of serotonin receptor (S-1 and S-2) decrease by 30 to 50% over the lifespan. In AD, both presynaptic and postsynaptic markers of the serotonin system are reduced, including a loss of the serotonin-containing raphe neurons. The additional loss of serotonin receptors in AD approaches 80% when compared with young normals. A hypothesis is presented to explain the typically young age at onset of schizophrenia (usually before 30 years of age) and the older age at onset of parkinsonism (rarely before 50 years of age) within the context of normal age-related declines in the dopamine system occurring in the absence of neurological disorders. The possibility that chronic cocaine abuse might accelerate the development of parkinsonism is discussed.
Acute versus chronic effects of brimonidine on aqueous humor dynamics in ocular hypertensive patients.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report the acute vs chronic effects of brimonidine, a selective α 2 -adrenergic receptor agonist, on aqueous humor dynamics in ocular hypertensive patients. METHODS: Brimonidine 0.2% was given topically twice daily for 29 days to one eye each of 28 ocular hypertensive volunteers in a randomized double-masked study. The fellow eye was similarly treated with vehicle. Aqueous flow (Fa) and outflow facility (C fl ) were determined with fluorophotometry. Intraocular pressure, outflow facility (C ton ), and episcleral venous pressure (Pev) were measured with pneumatonometry, tonography, and venomanometry, respectively. Uveoscleral outflow (Fu) was calculated from intraocular pressure, Fa, Pev, and C fl values. All measurements were taken on baseline day, day 8, and day 29 of treatment. Intraocular pressure and Fa only were measured after instillation of 1 drop of brimonidine on day 1. RESULTS: When measured 3 hours after instillation on days 1, 8, and 29 of treatment, brimonidine significantly ( P P P P CONCLUSIONS: The brimonidine-induced reduction in intraocular pressure in humans is associated initially with a decrease in aqueous flow, and after chronic treatment with an increase in uveoscleral outflow.
Molecular mechanisms and binding site location for the noncompetitive antagonist crystal violet on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

We investigated the molecular mechanisms and the binding site location for the fluorophor crystal violet (CrV), a noncompetitive antagonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR). To this end, radiolabeled competition binding, fluorescence spectroscopy, Schild-type analysis, patch-clamp recordings, and molecular dynamics approaches were used. The results indicate that (i) CrV interacts with the desensitized Torpedo AChR with higher affinity than with the resting state at several temperatures (5-37 degrees C); (ii) CrV-induced inhibition of the phencyclidine (PCP) analogue [(3)H]thienylcyclohexylpiperidine binding to the desensitized or resting AChR is mediated by a steric mechanism; (iii) tetracaine inhibits CrV binding to the resting AChR, probably by a steric mechanism; (iv) barbiturates modulate CrV binding to the resting AChR by an allosteric mechanism; (v) CrV itself induces AChR desensitization; (vi) CrV decreases the peak of macroscopic currents by acting on the resting AChR but without affecting the desensitization rate from the open state; and (vii) two tertiary amino groups from CrV may bind to the alpha1-Glu(262) residues (located at position 20') in the resting state. We conclude that the CrV binding site overlaps the PCP locus in the resting and desensitized state. The noncompetitive action of CrV may be explained by an allosteric mechanism in which the binding of CrV to the extracellular mouth of the resting receptor leads to an inhibition of channel opening. Binding of CrV probably increases desensitization of the resting channel and stabilizes the desensitized state.
Policy futures markets with multiple goals

Abstract Previous work in monetary policy futures markets under a single policy goal have shown this approach to be effective at eliminating the circularity problem inherent with private-sector targeting strategies. We extend this monetary policy setting framework to a typical multiple goal policy objective: inflation and output stabilization. We also demonstrate how the prices in policy futures markets can help resolve debates over important policy questions.
Fixed interval responding by pigeons following damage to corpus striatal and limbic brain structures (paleostriatal complex and parolfactory lobe)

Abstract Twenty-three adult pigeons were trained on a fixed-interval 2 min schedule for grain reinforcement. After responding stabilized on the fixed-interval schedule, groups of animals were either lesioned bilaterally in paleostriatal complex (PC), parolfactory lobe (LPO), neostriatum and/or ectostriatum (N/E controls) or received no lesioning current at all (sham controls). Analysis of reponse timing patterns and response rates indicated significant declines only in experimental animals; PC group quarter life scores and rates returned to normal after 6 days, LPO group quarter life scores returned to preoperative levels after 16 days and response rates remained significantly depressed through 21 test days. PC pigeons exhibited short-lived postsurgical signs of somnolence with sustained docility. LPO pigeons, in contrast, exhibited early and sustained defensive behavior. It is hypothesized that subtelencephalic PC inputs and/or outputs may be more critical than neostriatal inputs in paleostriatal control of operant responding and/or arousability. The results suggest that the PC and LPO, two basal forebrain structures, are separable both anatomically and functionally.
Fire Impact and Passive Fire Protection of Infrastructure: State of the Art

AbstractBuilt infrastructure in the United States is generally susceptible to damage or collapse if subjected to severe fire conditions, such as those associated with the burning of a fully loaded gasoline tanker truck. Because of the importance and heavy use of transportation systems within the United States, it is critical that susceptibilities to fire damage are investigated and mitigated to reduce the potential for substantial life-safety and economic losses. The need for infrastructure fire protection is heightened by the frequency of collapse of infrastructure components (e.g., bridge superstructures) as part of severe fire incidents. However, fire protection of infrastructure remains a developing area. Presented in this paper is the state of the art in passive fire protection of transportation structures. More specifically, the impacts of high-intensity fires on existing infrastructure and commonly used structural materials are reviewed. Additionally, design standards that provide means of assessin...
North Central Sociological Association 2014 Teaching Address: The John F. Schnabel Lecture—Sociology’s Special Pedagogical Challenge

Instructors and students must overcome a course’s special pedagogical challenge in order for meaningful and important learning to occur. While some suggest that the special pedagogical problem varies by course, I contend that the special pedagogical problem is likely to be shared across a discipline’s curriculum, rather than being unique to each course. After reviewing a three-part typology of learning outcomes for sociology, I argue that the development of students’ sociological imaginations is sociology’s special pedagogical challenge; I then offer some general guidelines for teaching strategies to enhance the students’ success in developing a sociological imagination.
The effects of chronic prostacyclin therapy on cardiac output and symptoms in primary pulmonary hypertension.

Abstract OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the response to prostacyclin dose reduction in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) who developed high cardiac outputs. BACKGROUND Patients on prostacyclin require chronic upward dose titration to overcome tolerance to the medication. No upper limit of effective dose has been described. METHODS We studied 12 patients with PPH treated with chronic prostacyclin therapy who presented in high cardiac output states. Each patient underwent prostacyclin dose reduction under hemodynamic guidance targeted to reduce the cardiac index to ≤4 liter/min/M 2 , unless rebound pulmonary hypertension occurred. Following dose reduction, patients were observed for changes in the effectiveness of the prostacyclin. RESULTS Patients were treated for 39 ± 20 months, resulting in a 71% reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance compared to baseline. At the time of their most recent evaluation their cardiac outputs were increased to 10.1 ± 2.3 liter/min. The patients underwent a 39% dose reduction (range 12% to 78%) resulting in a change of mean PAP from 45 to 46 mm Hg (p = NS), cardiac index from 7.4 ± 1.4 to 4 ± 0.74 liter/min/M 2 (p = 0.01), and pulmonary vascular resistance from 3.7 ± 1.7 to 4.7 ± 1.5 units (p CONCLUSIONS Excessive prostacyclin in PPH can lead to a high cardiac output state, suggesting it has important positive inotropic effects. In this circumstance, reducing the dose can allow the cardiac output to return to normal without worsening the clinical state.
Mechanistic insight into the ribosome biogenesis functions of the ancient protein KsgA.

While the general blueprint of ribosome biogenesis is evolutionarily conserved, most details have diverged considerably. A striking exception to this divergence is the universally conserved KsgA/Dim1p enzyme family, which modifies two adjacent adenosines in the terminal helix of small subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA). While localization of KsgA on 30S subunits (SSUs) and genetic interaction data have suggested that KsgA acts as a ribosome biogenesis factor, mechanistic details and a rationale for its extreme conservation are still lacking. To begin to address these questions we have characterized the function of E. coli KsgA in vivo using both a ksgA deletion strain and a methyltransferase deficient form of this protein. Our data reveals cold sensitivity and altered ribosomal profiles are associated with a ΔksgA genotype in E. coli. Our work also indicates that loss of KsgA alters 16S rRNA processing. These findings allow KsgAs role in SSU biogenesis to be integrated into the network of other identified factors. Moreover, a methyltransferase-inactive form of KsgA, which we show to be deleterious to cell growth, profoundly impairs ribosome biogenesis prompting discussion of KsgA as a possible anti-microbial drug target. These unexpected data suggest that methylation is a second layer of function for KsgA and that its critical role is as a supervisor of biogenesis of SSUs in vivo. These new findings and this proposed regulatory role offer a mechanistic explanation for the extreme conservation of the KsgA/Dim1p enzyme family.
Photometry of southern hemisphere red dwarf stars.

Results are presented for a photometric investigation of a spectroscopically selected sample of red dwarf stars in the Southern Hemisphere. Absolute magnitudes and distances for the stars are estimated from broadband red colors. Three stars which may be subluminous are identified, as are several stars which may be within 25 pc. The tangential velocity and velocity dispersion of the sample are similar to values found in other studies of nearby late-type stars.
Ferromagnetic seeding for the magnetic targeting of drugs and radiation in capillary beds

Abstract A new implant assisted-magnetic drug targeting approach is introduced and theoretically analyzed to demonstrate its feasibility. This approach uses ferromagnetic particles as seeds for collecting magnetic drug carrier particles at the desired site in the body, such as in a capillary bed near a tumor. Based on the capture cross section ( λ c ) approach, a parametric study was carried out using a 2-D mathematical model to reveal the effects of the magnetic field strength ( μ 0 H 0 =0.01–1.0 T), magnetic drug carrier particle radius ( R p =20–500 nm), magnetic drug carrier particle ferromagnetic material content ( x fm,p =20–80 wt%), average blood velocity ( u B =0.05–1.0 cm/s), seed radius ( R s =100–2000 nm), number of seeds ( N s =1–8), seed separation ( h =0–8 R s ), and magnetic drug carrier particle and seed ferromagnetic material saturation magnetizations (iron, SS 409, magnetite, and SS 304) on the performance of the system. Increasing the magnetic field strength, magnetic drug carrier particle size, seed size, magnetic drug carrier particle ferromagnetic material content, or magnetic drug carrier particle or seed saturation magnetization, all positively and significantly affected λ c , while increasing the average blood velocity adversely affected it. Increasing the number of seeds or decreasing the seed separation, with both causing less significant increases in λ c , verified that cooperative magnetic effects exist between the seeds that enhance the performance. Overall, these theoretical results were encouraging as they showed the viability of this minimally invasive, implant assisted-magnetic drug targeting approach for targeting drugs or radiation in capillary beds.
Analysis of Governing Parameters for Silver-Silver Chloride Electrodes in Microfluidic Electrokinetic Devices

Electrokinetics has become a popular method of both particulate and fluidic control in microdevices. In an effort to address the problems associated with conventional electrokinetic control, we use silver-silver chloride electrodes for low-voltage, spatially localized electrokinetic control in microfluidic devices. This work presents an analysis of the electric fields generated by silver-silver chloride electrodes and establishes a nondimensional design parameter that governs the device performance. In addition, an optimal parameter space for maximum electrode longevity is presented.