cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combining Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Perspectives on Personality Pathology: A Commentary on Hopwood et al.

Sometimes the limitations of a conceptual framework or classification system are illuminated not by the nature of the criticisms leveled at it, but by who is doing the criticizing. Such has been the case with the personality disorder (PD) symptoms and categories in DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1994) and DSM-IV-TR (APA, 2000). Behaviorists, psychoanalysts, trait theorists, cognitive researchers, and humanistic psychologists agree on very little, but they are of one mind in disliking the current framework for conceptualizing and diagnosing PDs. Problems with the extant DSM conceptualization of PDs have been documented extensively. Among the major limitations noted by clinicians and clinical researchers are excessive PD overlap and comorbidity, and reliance on a threshold model of PD diagnosis that is inconsistent with a plethora of research demonstrating that personality dysfunction exists on a continuum of severity, with no sharp cutoff distinguishing normality from pathology. Critics have also noted the difficulties that stem from heterogeneity within PD categories and the equal weighting of different PD symptoms even when these symptoms contrast sharply with respect to pathognomonic value (see Huprich & Hopwood, 2013, for reviews of limitations in extant PD models). Accompanying these criticisms has come a diverse array of proposed solutions—alternative frameworks for conceptualizing and diagnosing personality pathology. These include the formal proposal offered by the DSM-5 Personality and Personality Disorders (PPD) Work Group (see Skodol, 2012), and the Personality (P) Axis of the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (Alliance of Psychoanalytic Organizations, 2006). Other prominent alternatives include trait-based frameworks (e.g., Krueger, Derringer,
Effect of Valproate on Human Cerebral Glucose Metabolism

We studied the effects of valproate (VPA) on local cerebral glucose metabolism (LCMRglc) in eight patients with partial seizure disorders and two with primary generalized epilepsy. Each patient had two positron-emission tomography (PET) scans with 18F-2-deoxyglucose (FDG), with, and without, VPA (mean level 52 mg/dl, range 30-127 mg/dl). Patients continued carbamazepine (CBZ) for both scans: serum concentrations were not significantly changed by VPA (CBZ range 5.4-12 mg/dl). Seven patients had the "without-VPA" scan first. Mean interval between PET scans was 75 days. Global CMRglc was decreased by 22% by addition of VPA (7.2 +/- 1.8 mg/100 g/min without VPA, 5.6 +/- 1.1 g/min with VPA, p less than 0.05, corrected). Thirteen regions of interest (ROIs) were analyzed in each hemisphere in each PET scan. Metabolic rates were significantly lower in 15 of 26 ROIs with VPA (p less than 0.05, corrected). VPA depresses cerebral metabolism to a greater degree than do CBZ and phenytoin (PHT) but less than does phenobarbital (PB). The metabolic effect may be related to the mechanism of action and have neuropsychological implications.
Psychiatric symptoms in bereaved versus nonbereaved youth and young adults: a longitudinal epidemiological study.

Objective To examine potential differences in psychiatric symptoms between parent-bereaved youth (N = 172), youth who experienced the death of another relative (N = 815), and nonbereaved youth (N = 235), aged 11 to 21 years, above and beyond antecedent environmental and individual risk factors. Method Sociodemographics, family composition, and family functioning were assessed one interview wave before the death. Child psychiatric symptoms were assessed during the wave in which the death was reported and one wave before and after the death. A year was selected randomly for the nonbereaved group. Results The early loss of a parent was associated with poverty, previous substance abuse problems, and greater functional impairment before the loss. Both bereaved groups of children were more likely than nonbereaved children to show symptoms of separation anxiety and depression during the wave of the death, controlling for sociodemographic factors and prior psychiatric symptoms. One wave following the loss, bereaved children were more likely than nonbereaved children to exhibit symptoms of conduct disorder and substance abuse and to show greater functional impairment. Conclusions The impact of parental death on children must be considered in the context of pre-existing risk factors. Even after controlling for antecedent risk factors, both parent-bereaved children as well as those who lost other relatives were at increased risk for psychological and behavioral health problems.
The in vivo metabolism of methapyrilene, a hepatocarcinogen, in the rat

1. The metabolism of methapyrilene (I), was examined in vivo by g.l.c. and g.l.c.-mass spectrometric analysis of rat urinary extracts.2. Dosing the animals with tetradeuterium-labelled I helped identify 7 different metabolites of I in the urine, including (5-hydroxylpyridyl)-methapyrilene, which was identified by comparison with a synthetic reference standard.3. After 4 weeks of treatment with I, rats also excrete detectable amounts of the 3- and (6-hydroxylpyridyl)-methapyrilene metabolites suggesting that pretreatment with I alters the metabolism of the pyridine ring.4. Metabolic removal of the 2-thienylmethylene moiety is also facile, as large amounts of N-(2-pyridyl)-N,N-dimethylethylenediamine and its metabolite N-[2(5-hydroxylpyridyl)]-N,N-dimethylethylenediamine are excreted under all dosing regimens.5. Urinary concn of both I and metabolites decline with time, despite continuous dosing, indicating a change in absorption, metabolism, and/or excretion of I on repeated dosing.
Uranyl stabilized Schiff base complex

Uranyl Schiff base complex [(UO2)2(Salpro)(OH)(Solvent)2] (1) in the presence of excess of ethylenediamine (EDA) does not undergo nucleophilic addition (hydrolysis) and substitution (transamination) reactions due to an extended chelation [2N, 3O + OH] by the flexible backbone.
On the performance and use of dense servers

Dense servers trade performance at the node level for higher deployment density and lower power consumption as well as the possibility of reduced cost of ownership. System performance and the details of energy consumption for this class of servers, however, are not well understood. In this paper, we describe a research prototype designated as the Super Dense Server (SDS), which was optimized for high-density deployment. We describe its hardware features, show how they challenge the operating system and middleware, and describe how we have enhanced its software to handle these challenges. Our performance evaluation has shown that dense servers are a viable deployment alternative for the edge and application servers commonly found at conventional Web sites and large data centers. Using industry benchmarks, we have shown that SDS outperforms a comparable traditional server by almost a factor of 2 for CPU-bound electronic commerce workloads for the same space and roughly equivalent power budget. We have observed the same advantage in performance when SDS is compared to the alternative solution of virtualizing a high-end server to handle "scaled-down" workloads. We have also shown that SDS offers finer power management control than traditional servers, allowing higher energy efficiency per unit of computation. However, for high-intensity Web-serving workloads, SDS does not perform as well as a traditional server when many nodes must be configured into a cluster to provide a single system image. In that case, the limited memory of each SDS node reduces its performance scalability, and a traditional server is a better alternative. We have concluded that until technology advances allow denser packaging of memory or more efficient use of memory across nodes, the best performance and energy efficiency can be obtained by heterogeneous deployment of both traditional high-end and dense servers.
Partial damage to the noradrenergic bund;e increases tyrosine hydroxylase activity in noradrenergic terminals of hippocampus but not cerebellum

Abstract Intracerebral administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HDA) along the dorsal noradrenergic bundle produced a gradual and long-lasting decrease of norepinephrine (NE) in hippocampus. This decrease in NE levels initially was accompanied by a parallel decrease in the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme for NE biosynthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). However, by 14 days the decrease in enzyme activity was much less pronounced than that of NE levels, resulting in an 8-fold increase in the ratio of TH activity to NE content. This persisted for at least two months, the longest time examined. Depletion of NE and changes in TH activity were not observed in cerebellum after the 6-HDA treatment. The selective increase in the ratio of TH activity within denervated regions may reflect an adaptation to the lesion whereby residual noradrenergic neurons increase their synthesand release of NE.
Theoretical 3D Model of Histamine N-Methyltransferase: Insights into the Effects of a Genetic Polymorphism on Enzymatic Activity and Thermal Stability

Histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT) catalyzes the N-methylation of histamine in mammals. The experimentally determined HNMT three-dimensional (3D) structure is not available. However, there is a common genetic polymorphism for human HNMT (Thr105Ile) that reduces enzymatic activity and is a risk factor for asthma. To obtain insights into mechanisms responsible for the effects of that polymorphism on enzymatic activity and thermal stability, we predicted the 3D structure of HNMT using the threading method and molecular dynamics simulations in water. Herein, we report a theoretical 3D model of human HNMT which reveals that polymorphic residue Thr105Ile is located in the turn between a beta strand and an alpha helix on the protein surface away from the active site of HNMT. Ile105 energetically destabilizes folded HNMT because of its low Chou–Fasman score for forming a turn conformation and the exposure of its hydrophobic side chain to aqueous solution. It thus promotes the formation of misfolded proteins that are prone to the clearance by proteasomes. This information explains, for the first time, how genetic polymorphisms can cause enhanced protein degradation and why the thermal stability of allozyme Ile105 is lower than that of Thr105. It also supports the hypothesis that the experimental observation of a significantly lower level of HNMT enzymatic activity for allozyme Ile105 than that with Thr105 is due to a decreased concentration of allozyme Ile105, but not an alternation of the active-site topology of HNMT caused by the difference at residue 105.
Situational and psychophysiological factors in psychologically induced pain

To investigate pain that occurs in the absence of painful stimulation, normal subjects were connected to a sham stimulator and were told that a headache could occur as a result of the electrical current they would receive. Half of the subjects who received this suggestion reported pain. The frequency and intensity of pain reports in a group which was given prior pain experience as a reference point in reporting pain and in a group which was exposed to a manipulation designed to reduce intentional deception were not significantly different from the pain reports of a group not exposed to these manipulations. The frequency of pain reports in subjects not connected to the sham stimulator but still asked to report pain was 25% which was significantly less than the frequency for subjects who were told there would be stimulation to the head. Pain ratings increased as the settings of the sham stimulator were increased. Subjects who reported pain had significantly fewer electrodermal responses to tones signaling them to prepare for a reaction time task. The results suggest that pain can be produced in the absence of peripheral stimulation. The pain does not appear to be due to intentional deception or the lack of a standard for comparison, but is strongly influenced by environmental cues. Psychophysiologically, pain responders were less attentive to signal stimuli.
The effect of the flake to fiber transition in silicon morphology on the tensile properties of Al–Si eutectic alloys

Abstract The combined and separate effects of microstructural scale and silicon phase morphology on the mechanical properties of Al–Si eutectic alloys are investigated here. The Bridgman-type gradient-zone directional solidification method is employed to produce as-cast structures characteristic of the full range of practical (i.e. casting) growth velocities, and the corresponding mechanical properties are characterized by uniaxial tension testing. The results are analyzed in light of previously reported microstructural changes associated with the flake to fiber or “quench modification” transition [1] . Both tensile strength and elongation were found to increase with solidification rate. Application of the Nan–Clarke [2] micromechanical analysis to the Al–Si composite structure, incorporating the strengthening effects of reinforcement-induced dislocations, suggests that the decreasing microstructural scale alone is sufficient to account for the increase in tensile strength with solidification rate. However, the flake to fiber transition was found to have a particular relevance with regard to the fracture behavior of the alloy, increasing tensile elongation and decreasing the overall variability of tensile properties. A maximum in elongation was observed at approximately 600 μm/s, corresponding to the upper threshold of the flake to fiber transition associated with complete disappearance of the flake morphology and dominance of the fibrous structure. These results emphasize the importance of understanding and controlling the flake to fiber transition that occurs with increasing solidification rate in Al–Si eutectic alloys.
Design, fabrication and finite element modeling of a new wagon wheel flextensional transducer

Cymbal and moonie transducers exhibit greatly improved performance characteristics compared to a simple piezoelectric disk. This behavior is mainly due to the amplifying nature of the endcaps employed in these devices. Although these endcaps improve the displacement by amplifying the small lateral displacement associated with the d 31 coefficient to a large axial displacement, this mechanism generates a very high tangential stress in the caps, which leads to a reduction in the efficiency of this transformation. In this paper, we report on a new end cap design, called the wagon wheel flextensional transducer, in which some of the clamping boundary conditions are eased by removing the metal in areas of high stress concentration. In the wagon wheel design, the tangential stresses are further reduced, thereby improving the efficiency of the transformation of the lateral to axial displacement, and consequently increasing the displacement response of the devices. Structural and impedance analyses of the devices were carried out using the commercially available software codes, ABAQUS and ATILA, respectively. Results reported for finite element modeling and experimental characterization suggest that these devices exhibit improved displacement characteristics compared to cymbal devices with similar dimensions.
Size matters in activation/inhibition of ligand-gated ion channels

Cys loop, glutamate, and P2X receptors are ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) with 5, 4, and 3 protomers, respectively. There is now growing atomic level understanding of their gating mechanisms. Although each family is unique in the architecture of the ligand-binding pocket, the pathway for motions to propagate from ligand-binding domain to transmembrane domain, and the gating motions of the transmembrane domain, there are common features among the LGICs, which are the focus of the present review. In particular, agonists and competitive antagonists apparently induce opposite motions of the binding pocket. A simple way to control the motional direction is ligand size. Agonists, usually small, induce closure of the binding pocket, leading to opening of the channel pore, whereas antagonists, usually large, induce opening of the binding pocket, thereby stabilizing the closed pore. A cross-family comparison of the gating mechanisms of the LGICs, focusing in particular on the role played by ligand size, provides new insight on channel activation/inhibition and design of pharmacological compounds.
A simplified model for subpinchoff conduction in depletion-mode IGFET's

An expression is developed for the I-V characteristics of a depletion-mode device in the subpinchoff region. This expression is found to correlate well with experimental results taken on n-channel polysilicon gate devices, predicting a region of exponential current rise with gate voltage. It is of interest to note that the subpinchoff I-V characteristics of a depletion-mode device form a dual to those of an enhancement-mode device.
Intermediate depth earthquakes beneath the India‐Tibet Collision Zone

We report on three intermediate depth earthquakes in the India‐Tibet collision zone, two under the Himalayan Thrust Belt (HTB) and one beneath the Indus Zangbo suture. The mb magnitudes of these three events are from 4.3 to 4.9, and are too small to be well located by conventional means. However, from modeling their broadband waveforms recorded at near‐regional distances on a temporary PASSCAL array, we can confidently confine the sources to be below the crust, between 70 and 80 km deep. The existence of these intermediate depth earthquakes in this area suggests relatively low temperatures in the mantle lithosphere. The two events under the HTB display strike‐slip mechanisms with some normal faulting component; this is quite different from the shallow thrust events typical of the same area. The principal P and T axes of all 3 fault plane solutions show roughly NS compression and EW extension, consistent with a regional stress field produced by the indenting of the India continent.
Autonomous navigation based on a Q-learning algorithm for a robot in a real environment

This paper explores autonomous navigation and obstacle avoidance techniques based on Q-learning for a mobile robot in a real environment. The implemented algorithm focuses on simplicity and efficiency. The learning process takes place in both simulation and real world allowing the combination of a longer learning time in the simulator with a more accurate knowledge from the real world. After learning is completed in simulation and in the real world, the robot was able to navigate without hitting obstacles and able to generate control law for complex situations such as corners and small objects.
MULTIPLE WORLDS ON OAKLAND'S STREETS SOCIAL PRACTICE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

The daily practices of walking, bicycling, and bus-riding constitute distinct forms of urban life, each with characteristic rhythms, concerns, and social interactions. This article presents four photo-stories based on informant photography and photo-elicitation with maps, historical photographs, and contemporary images. The stories depict the perspectives of a long-time inner city resident, an elementary school crossing guard, a bicycle advocate, and a transit dependent senior citizen in Oakland, California. They illustrate the barriers to walking, bicycling, and bus-riding faced by urban residents in an American freeway metropolis. Such obstacles are embedded in the design of the built environment and the predominance of automobile-oriented living. These photo-stories offer first-person accounts of how transportation infrastructure mediates social positioning and marginality in daily life.
Combined Deletion of Id2 and Id3 Genes Reveals Multiple Roles for E Proteins in Invariant NKT Cell Development and Expansion

The invariant NKT (iNKT) cells represent a unique group of αβ T cells that have been classified based on their exclusive usage of the invariant Vα14Jα18 TCRα-chain and their innate-like effector function. Thus far, the transcriptional programs that control Vα14Jα18 TCRα rearrangements and the population size of iNKT cells are still incompletely defined. E protein transcription factors have been shown to play necessary roles in the development of multiple T cell lineages, including iNKT cells. In this study, we examined E protein functions in T cell development through combined deletion of genes encoding E protein inhibitors Id2 and Id3. Deletion of Id2 and Id3 in T cell progenitors resulted in a partial block at the pre-TCR selection checkpoint and a dramatic increase in numbers of iNKT cells. The increase in iNKT cells is accompanied with a biased rearrangement involving Vα14 to Jα18 recombination at the double-positive stage and enhanced proliferation of iNKT cells. We further demonstrate that a 50% reduction of E proteins can cause a dramatic switch from iNKT to innate-like γδ T cell fate in Id2- and Id3-deficient mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that Id2- and Id3-mediated inhibition of E proteins controls iNKT development by restricting lineage choice and population expansion.
A reduced order extended Kalman filter for sequential images containing a moving object

The extended Kalman filter (EKF) is applied to the reduction of noise in sequential images containing a moving object and to the estimation of the object's velocity. A computationally tractable approximation of the EKF, called the parallel extended Kalman filter (PEKF), is generated. The PEKF consists of a parallel bank of third-order EKFs, operating on the Fourier coefficients of the image, followed by a finite impulse response filter. The PEKF is shown to converge to the optimal (in the mean square sense) algorithm in the limit as the velocity estimation errors approach zero. The performance of the PEKF is demonstrated for very low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) images. The PEKF also provides a natural setting for tracking slow changes in the object (real or apparent) and its velocity, since these variations are included in the model. The relation of the PEKF to another frequency domain algorithm for velocity estimation is discussed. The algorithm is illustrated by application to an example and its performance is demonstrated in the presence of velocity estimation errors. >
Retiming sequential circuits to enhance testability

This paper presents a technique to enhance the testability of sequential circuits by repositioning registers. A novel retiming for testability technique is proposed that reduces cycle lengths in the dependency graph, converts sequential redundancies into combinational redundancies, and yields retimed circuits that usually require fewer scan registers to break all cycles (except self-loops) as compared to the original circuit. The retiming technique is based on a new minimum cost flow formulation that simultaneously considers the interactions among all strongly connected components (SCCs) of the circuit to minimize the number of registers in the SCCs. Experimental results on several large sequential circuits demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed retiming for testability technique. >
Lens design for acoustic microscopy

Design criteria for acoustic microscope lenses are examined with respect to their intended application. Aside from buffer rod material and F-number, the factors influencing the lens design are the critical angle for surface wave excitation, lens illumination, and leak rate of the surface wave on the sample. It is found that the design criteria are different for surface and subsurface examination and that for different applications and materials, different lenses are required for optimum imaging performance. A formalism for evaluating the performance of an acoustic microscope by considering its response in the time domain, both theoretically and experimentally, is presented. >
Effect of ethanol on electrogram changes and regional myocardial blood flow during acute myocardial ischaemia

Acute occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery in dogs produced delayed conduction and diminished amplitude of bipolar electrograms recorded from ischaemic zones. Intravenous infusion of ethanol (1.2 g . kg-1), before coronary artery occlusion, delayed conduction and reduced the amplitude of electrograms recorded in normal myocardium, but attenuated ischaemia-induced electrogram changes produced by the subsequent occlusion. Ethanol (0.6 g . kg-1 iv) did not significantly alter activation of electrograms recorded from normal myocardium, but reduced ischaemia-induced electrogram changes and decreased the incidence of ventricular fibrillation elicited by rapid ventricular pacing from five of eight to one of eight dogs. Infusion of 10 or 30% (V/V) ethanol directly into a non-occluded coronary artery significantly increased conduction time and reduced electrogram amplitude recorded in the epicardium perfused by that coronary artery. These effects were more pronounced when ethanol was infused into an occluded coronary artery distal to the site of occlusion. Ethanol did not alter regional myocardial blood flow determined by labelled microspheres during ischaemia. Thus, despite a direct depressant effect on extracellular electrical activity recorded from normal and ischaemic myocardium, ethanol reduced the severity of ischaemia-induced electrogram alterations and decreased the incidence of ventricular fibrillation when given intravenously prior to coronary artery occlusion.
Role of catheter surface morphology on intravascular thrombosis of plastic catheters

The role of catheter surface roughness in initiation and propagation of intravascular catheter thrombosis was studied in dogs, utilizing the scanning electron microscope. Catheters were inserted in major arteries and veins for 200 min and the animals then sacrificed. Catheter segments, both with and without associated thrombi, were scrutinized with the scanning electron microscope. No correlation was found between catheter surface roughness and thrombus formation, suggesting that the inherent chemical characteristics of the catheter is most important in the initiation of intravascular catheter thrombus formation.
Periacetabular osteotomy for the treatment of acetabular dysplasia associated with major aspherical femoral head deformities.

Background: Acetabular dysplasia associated with deformity of the proximal part of the femur can result in hip dysfunction and degenerative arthritis in young adults. The optimal method of surgical correction for these challenging combined deformities remains controversial. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed twenty-four hips in twenty patients who underwent a Bernese periacetabular osteotomy, which was done with a proximal femoral valgus-producing osteotomy in thirteen hips, for the treatment of acetabular dysplasia associated with proximal femoral structural abnormalities. The average age of the patients at the time of surgery was 22.7 years, and the average duration of clinical follow-up was 4.5 years. The Harris hip score and overall patient satisfaction with surgery were used to assess hip function and clinical results. Plain radiographs were used to assess the correction of the deformity, healing of the osteotomy, and progression of degenerative arthritis. Results: The mean Harris hip score increased from 68.8 points preoperatively to 91.3 points at the time of the most recent follow-up (p < 0.0001). Sixteen patients (nineteen hips) had an excellent clinical result, and one patient (one hip) had a good result. Two patients (two hips) had a fair result, and one patient (two hips) had a poor result. Twenty-two of the twenty-four hips improved clinically. There was an average improvement of 27.6° in the lateral center-edge angle of Wiberg (p < 0.0001), an average improvement of 33.1° in the anterior center-edge angle of Lequesne and de Seze (p < 0.0001), and an average improvement of 16.5° in the acetabular roof obliquity (p < 0.0001). The hip center was translated medially an average of 6.3 mm (p = 0.0003). The Tonnis osteoarthritis grade was unchanged in twenty hips, progressed one grade in three hips, and progressed two grades in one hip. There were three major technical complications. At the time of the most recent follow-up, none of the hips had required total hip arthroplasty. Conclusions: The combination of acetabular dysplasia and proximal femoral deformities presents a complex reconstructive problem. The range of motion and radiographic assessment of the hip are major factors in the selection of patients for surgery. In selected patients, the periacetabular osteotomy combined with concurrent femoral procedures, when indicated, can provide comprehensive deformity correction and improved hip function. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The poor performance of TMM on microRNA-Seq

We published our third-party comparison of seven different normalization methods that were previously employed in microarray analysis, and TMM, a method developed by Robinson and Oshlack (2010) for RNA-Seq analysis, in the context of microRNA sequencing (miRNA-Seq). We used various evaluation metrics (MSE, KS statistics, ROC curves, linear regression, and differential expression test similarities) on two independent public miRNA-Seq profiling results that had qPCR results for validation. Based on the results that used relevant R packages at the time of publication, we found (Garmire and Subramaniam 2012) that quantile and lowess normalization worked the best on the two public data sets, whereas the normalization step documented in TMM, at the time of manuscript preparation, performed the worst among all methods compared. This publication caught a tremendous amount of interest from Robinson and colleagues. They incorrectly stated many factsconcerningboththeirsoftware,whichwasmadeavailable publicly and subsequently revised, and our analysis, both in private communications as well as in their Divergent Views paper in RNA. We feel obligated to straighten the records and facts to the readers on several questions that Robinson and colleagues raised in their Divergent Views. For software that is actively being developed, such as edgeR, which uses the TMM method in their original paper, we look forward to additional improvements, such as the changes that are made in their code supplemented to their Divergent Views. Theauthorsfirstquestionedthereproducibilityofouranalysis. To answer this question, we must point out that the authors changed the software and user guidelines since the preparation of our manuscript. The changes in MSE from TMM in their Supplemental Figure 1 come from the changes intheir method. Whilepreparingthispublication,weactively sought the opinions of Robinson and colleagues given the results in Figure 3 of our recent publication (Garmire and Subramaniam 2012). We asked Robinson and colleagues directly if one should reverse the order of the numerator and denominator in calculating the normalization factor documented in their original Genome Biology paper (since we observed that doing so would improve MSE of TMM slightly). Unfortunately, Robinson and colleagues did not directly answer us, but we were pointed to their online example, which was consistent with their publication. We therefore used the normalizationfactorasdescribedbyRobinsonandcolleagues. Thisnormalizationfactorwasuseddirectlyintheirearlierversion of user guideline (dated October 14, 2010; a copy of this guidelineissubmittedtotheEditorwiththisDivergentViews
Fault Analysis and Condition Monitoring of the Wind Turbine Gearbox

Data mining algorithms and statistical methods are applied to analyze the jerk data obtained from monitoring the gearbox of a wind turbine. Two types of analyses are performed-failure component identification and monitoring vibration excitement. In failure component identification, the failed stages of the gearbox are identified in time-domain analysis and frequency-domain analysis. In the time domain, correlation coefficient and clustering analysis are applied. The fast Fourier transformation with time windows is utilized to analyze the frequency data. To monitor the vibration excitement of the gearbox in its high-speed stage, data mining algorithms and statistical quality control theory are combined to develop a monitoring model. The capability of the monitoring model to detect changes in the gearbox vibration excitement is validated by the collected data.
Baclofen-Induced Delirium a Case Report

AbstractA paraplegic patient without previous psychiatric history suffered delirium leading to coma following the ingestion of an excessive amount of baclofen (Lioresal), a gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) agonist, in conjunction with alcohol. The causative role of baclofen was substantiated by a recurrence after a second such ingestion, without associated use of alcohol. Baclofen can have significant central effects that may be potentiated by alcohol. It appears to have potential for abuse.
IMPAIRED EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING IN PEDIATRIC TRICHOTILLOMANIA (HAIR PULLING DISORDER).

Background No neurocognitive examinations of pediatric trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder; HPD) have taken place. As a result, science's understanding of the underlying pathophysiology associated with HPD in youths is greatly lacking. The present study seeks to begin to address this gap in the literature via examination of executive functioning in a stimulant-free sample of children with HPD. Methods Sixteen and 23 children between 9 and 17 years of age meeting DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for HPD or classified as a healthy control, respectively, were recruited (N = 39) to complete structured interviews, self-reports, and a subset of tests from the Cambridge Automatic Neurocognitive Test Assessment Battery (CANTAB) assessing cognitive flexibility/reversal learning (intradimensional/extradimensional; IED), working memory (spatial span; SSP), and planning and organization (Stocking of Cambridge; SOC). Results Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that, after controlling for appropriate covariates, diagnostic status predicted impaired performance on both the IED (reversal learning only) and SOC (planning and organization) but failed to predict cognitive flexibility or working memory capacity. Correlational analyses revealed that pulling severity was strongly related to working memory capacity, while disparate relationships between pulling styles (automatic, focused pulling) were evident with respect to working memory and planning and organization. Conclusions Children with HPD performed more poorly on tasks of executive functioning as compared to controls. Correlational analyses suggest potentially distinct pathophysiology underlying automatic and focused pulling warranting further research. Limitations and future areas of inquiry are discussed.
Experimental Study of Thin-Web Welded H Columns

Little attention has heretofore been paid to the strength of welded thin-web columns. The purpose of this research was to determine what factors affected the strength of this type of column. An initial literature search defined the range of testing necessary to provide pertinent data on column strength. Seven columns ranging from 9° (22.9 cm) to 24° (61 cm) deep were used in the testing program. Prior to testing, all columns were measured for residual stress distributions. Stub-columns and long column tests were performed on the 9 inch (22.9 cm) and 12 inch (30.5 cm) deep columns. It was found that residual stresses were larger than those found in either thick-wall welded or rolled sections. The columns were generally stronger in axial compression than would have been predicted by various widely used column curves. This is accounted for, in part, by the straightness of the columns tested and by partial end rotation restraint. However, proposed column design curves may unduly penalize columns of this type. Weld amperage and preparation of edges had relatively small effect on the residual stress pattern and column strength.
Management of real-time streaming data Grid services: Research Articles

We discuss our message-based approach to managing real-time data streams and building higher level services to produce and consume them. Our messaging system acts as a substrate that can be used to provide qualities of service to various streaming applications ranging from audio–video collaboration systems to sensor Grids. The messaging substrates are composed of distributed, hierarchically arranged message broker networks. Services such as filters are deployed along the edges of the network. We discuss the role of management systems for both broker networks and filter services: broker network topologies must be created and maintained, and distributed filters must be arranged in appropriate sequences. These managed broker networks may be applied to a wide range of problems. We discuss applications to audio–video collaboration in some detail and also describe applications to streaming Global Positioning System data streams. These provide specific application filters that can transform and republish message streams to the broker system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The concept of familiarity and its role in the commercialization of pest resistant genetically engineered plants

In 1987, the National Academy of Sciences [1] in the United States published a report entitled, “Introduction of Recombinant DNA-engineered Organisms into the Environment: Key Issues,” that stated that safety assessment of a recombinant DNA modified organisms “should be based on the nature of the organism and the environment into which it will be introduced, not on the method by which it was produced.” Following this report, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and other regulatory agencies asked the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (NRC) to evaluate scientific information relevant to making decisions about the field testing of engineered plants and microorganisms.
Scaling of Vaporization and Condensation in Heavy Ion Fusion Reactors

The vaporization and condensation of material in ICF reaction chambers has been modeled through computer simulation, and scaling laws have been determined. The vaporization and recondensation of material in the target chamber of a heavy-ion-beam-driven ICF reactor can be broken down into two distinct phenomena. Vaporization can occur through the very rapid adiabatic process due to the absorption of target-generated x rays in the first-wall material, or through a much slower mechanism caused by radiant and conducted heat from the vapor and gases in the reaction chamber that is absorbed on the surface of the material. Condensation also occurs in two separate phases; an early period when the vapor density is high and condensation is controlled by the speed at which the vapor atoms can reach the surface where condensation takes place, and later, when the vapor density is lower and heat conduction through the material on which the condensation occurs is the phenomenon that governs the condensation rate. The CONRAD computer code simulates these processes by modeling the vapor as a one-dimensional Lagrangian mesh through which heat is transferred via conduction and multigroup radiative heat transfer, by calculating the heat transfer through the wall material with a standard finite more » difference method, and by considering the energy, momentum, and mass exchanged between the wall material and the vapor. This code has been used parametrically to aid in the development of scaling laws that show how the vaporization and condensation depend on various reaction chamber parameters. « less
Robotic Construction Kits as Computational Manipulatives for Learning in the STEM Disciplines

AbstractThis article presents a systematic review of research related to the use of robotics construction kits (RCKs) in P–12 learning in the STEM disciplines for typically developing children. The purpose of this review is to configure primarily qualitative and mixed methods findings from studies meeting our selection and quality criterion to answer the review question: How do robotic construction kits function as computational manipulatives in P–12 STEM education? Our synthesis of the literature has resulted in four key insights that are new to the field. First, RCKs have a unique double application: They may be used for direct instruction in robotics (first-order uses) or as analogical tools for learning in other domains (second-order uses). Second, RCKs make possible additional routes to learning through the provision of immediate feedback and the dual modes of representation unique to RCKs. Third, RCKs support a computational thinking learning progression beginning with a lower anchor of sequencing a...
The effects of whiteboard animations on retention and subjective experiences when learning advanced physics topics

Digital instructional tools develop rapidly, and they can create novel learning experiences. Still, adoption of new formats is often expensive, and their efficacy is untested. Whiteboard animations are an increasingly popular form of educational media. Although recent research in the development of whiteboard animations is rich, there is a lack of understanding of learner experiences with this type of animation. The purpose of this study is to provide concrete scientific evidence for the impact on retention and subjective experiences of enjoyment, engagement, and challenge. We recruited participants from Amazon's Mechanical Turk (N?=?621; 239 females). We used a between-subjects design with participants assigned randomly to one of four instructional conditions: whiteboard animation, electronic slideshow (i.e., sequential images with narration), audio (i.e., narration) only, and text only. For learning experiences, we also introduce a novel behavioral measure of engagement alongside participant self-reports by eliciting continuation values with diminishing compensation. Using repeated measure ANOVAs to test effect of lesson format on subjective experiences and one-way ANOVAs to test the effect of lesson format on retention, we found that whiteboard animations have a positive effect on retention, engagement and enjoyment, although we do not rule out the possibility that some of this result is due to novelty. One of the first studies investigating the effectiveness of whiteboard animations.Whiteboard animations are engaging as a lesson format.Whiteboard animations improve retention compared to only text and audio formats.
Using Cryo-EM to Map Small Ligands on Dynamic Metabolic Enzymes: Studies with Glutamate Dehydrogenase.

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) methods are now being used to determine structures at near-atomic resolution and have great promise in molecular pharmacology, especially in the context of mapping the binding of small-molecule ligands to protein complexes that display conformational flexibility. We illustrate this here using glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), a 336-kDa metabolic enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate. Dysregulation of GDH leads to a variety of metabolic and neurologic disorders. Here, we report near-atomic resolution cryo-EM structures, at resolutions ranging from 3.2 A to 3.6 A for GDH complexes, including complexes for which crystal structures are not available. We show that the binding of the coenzyme NADH alone or in concert with GTP results in a binary mixture in which the enzyme is in either an “open” or “closed” state. Whereas the structure of NADH in the active site is similar between the open and closed states, it is unexpectedly different at the regulatory site. Our studies thus demonstrate that even in instances when there is considerable structural information available from X-ray crystallography, cryo-EM methods can provide useful complementary insights into regulatory mechanisms for dynamic protein complexes.
Air Launching Earth-to-Orbit Vehicles: Delta V gains from Launch Conditions and Vehicle Aerodynamics

The advantages and disadvantages of the various methods for air launching expendable or reusable space launch vehicles are described. Many different air launch scenarios are modeled and simulated using trajectory optimizations. The trajectory optimization is conducted using POST, a numerical integration program based on the three-degree-of-freedom equations of motion of a flight vehicle. Results in terms of change in velocity gains are reported as a function of launch conditions and launch vehicle aerodynamics. Air launch benefits are presented for a range of air speeds, altitudes, and flight path angles. The most beneficial launch vehicle parameters are in the following order; launch velocity, launch flight path angle, and launch altitude. Increasing launch vehicle size had the largest effect on payload size. There is an optimum launch flight path angle that maximizes the benefit from air launching. The results show that once above about 15000 meters (49,200 feet), added launch altitude has little additional benefit. Nomenclature Ae = Nozzle exit area = Angle of attack β =
The Ice and Salt Challenge: An Atypical Presentation of a Cold Injury: A Case Report.

Case: We present a case of a healthy seventeen-year-old adolescent with a cold injury to the hands from a new phenomenon known as the “ice and salt challenge,” where adolescents hold an ice cube and salt against their skin in competition to see which participant can withstand the discomfort the longest. This competition results in a characteristic injury pattern to the hands. The patient was treated with local wound care and had no long-term deficits. Conclusion: It is important for orthopaedic surgeons to be aware of the ice and salt challenge because they may be the first health-care providers to witness its effects. A high index of suspicion is critical in order to properly diagnose, treat, and counsel these patients against risk-taking behaviors.
Diffusive Energy Transport at the Macroscale

Energy transport from the casting to the environment is ultimately responsible for solidification. There are three forms of energy transport: conduction (diffusive transport), convection (heat transmitted by the mechanical motion of the fluid), and/or radiation (through space). All three are active during solidification of a casting. Energy diffusion and convection occurs within the casting, at the metal/mold interface, and within the mold. Energy is transported by radiation from the mold to its environment, which is typically the air.
Relationship Between Improved Cardiovascular Health Behavior Score and Short-time Systemic Blood Pressure Variability in Elder Population

Objective:To investigate the impact of improved AHA cardiovascular health behavior score(CHS) on short-time systemic blood pressure variability(SBPV) in elder population.Methods:A total of 2464 participants 60 years from 3 hospitals of Kailuan area were taken for cohort study.The participants had no cardiovascular disease,not taking anti-psychotic drug,Parkinson treatment drug,anti-depression drug and analgesic drug within 2 weeks.All participants received 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring(ABPM) and the24-hour,day-time,night-time SBPV were defined by the standard deviation of 24-hour,day-time,night-time systolic blood pressure.The influence of CHS on SBPV was studied by multi-linear regression analysis.Improved cardiovascular health behavior and factors implied as changing the vegetable intake amount to salt amount by American Humane Association,2010;boundary of BMI based on 《Guidelines for prevention of overweight and obesity in Chinese adults?;status of exercise was defied as the ideal status:≥80 min/week,general status: 80 min/week and bad status:no exercise.Results:Finally,1812 participants were recruited for survey and they were divided into 3 groups according to improved CHS:Group①,CHS(0-4) points,n=56,Group②,CHS(5-9) points n=1600 and Group③,CHS(10-14) points,n=156.The 24-hour SBPV in Groups ①,② and ③ were 16.02 mmHg,14.91 mmHg and 13.18 mmHg;day-time SBPV were 15.42 mmHg,14.50 mmHg and 13.22 mmHg;night-time SBPV were 12.68 mmHg,11.44 mmHg and 10.16 mmHg,all P0.05.Multilinear regression analysis indicated that with adjusted confounding factors,with 1 point of CHS elevation,the 24 hour-,daytime,night-time SBPV would reduce for 0.20 mmHg,0.19 mmHg and 0.37 mmHg respectively,all P0.05.Conclusion:CHS was negatively related to short-time SBPV in elder population.