cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parameters of Mosquito-Enhanced West Nile Virus Infection.

ABSTRACT The arthropod-borne West Nile virus (WNV) emerged in New York State in 1999 and quickly spread throughout the United States. Transmission is maintained in an enzootic cycle in which infected mosquitoes transmit the virus to susceptible hosts during probing and feeding. Arthropod-derived components within the viral inoculum are increasingly acknowledged to play a role in infection of vertebrate hosts. We previously showed that Culex tarsalis mosquito saliva and salivary gland extract (SGE) enhance the in vivo replication of WNV. Here, we characterized the effective dose, timing, and proximity of saliva and SGE administration necessary for enhancement of WNV viremia using a mouse model. Mosquito saliva and SGE enhanced viremia in a dose-dependent manner, and a single mosquito bite or as little as 0.01 μg of SGE was effective at enhancing viremia, suggesting a potent active salivary factor. Viremia was enhanced when SGE was injected in the same location as virus inoculation from 24 h before virus inoculation through 12 h after virus inoculation. These results were confirmed with mosquito saliva deposited by uninfected mosquitoes. When salivary treatment and virus inoculation were spatially separated, viremia was not enhanced. In summary, the effects of mosquito saliva and SGE were potent, long lasting, and localized, and these studies have implications for virus transmission in nature, where vertebrate hosts are fed upon by both infected and uninfected mosquitoes over time. Furthermore, our model provides a robust system to identify the salivary factor(s) responsible for enhancement of WNV replication. IMPORTANCE Mosquito-borne viruses are a significant class of agents causing emerging infectious diseases. WNV has caused over 18,000 cases of neuroinvasive disease in the United States since its emergence. We have shown that Culex tarsalis mosquito saliva and SGE enhance the replication of WNV. We now demonstrate that saliva and SGE have potent, long-lasting, and localized effects. Our model provides a robust system to identify the salivary factor(s) and characterize the mechanism responsible for enhancement of WNV replication. These studies could lead to the identification of novel prophylactic or treatment options useful in limiting the spread of WNV, other mosquito-borne viruses, and the diseases that they cause.
The effect of passive immunization against ghrelin on feed and water intake in turkeys

ABSTRACT Five-week-old turkeys were used to evaluate the effect of passive immunization against ghrelin on feed and water intake and animal behavior. In experiment 1, females were reared using normal feeding and lighting management recommended by the industry. At 5 wk of age (d 0 of experiment 1), birds (n = 40) were individually caged (0.65 × 0.4 × 0.4 m) with free access to feed and water. Feed and water intake were measured 3 times a day (0800, 1200, and 1700 h) by recording the weight of feed or water offered minus any unconsumed feed or water remaining. After 3 d of adaptation to the cages (d 3), birds were stratified by BW and feed consumption and randomly assigned to a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement of treatment. Starting on d 3, turkeys were given intravenous (iv) injections (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, or 8.0 mL) of pooled undiluted plasma obtained from pigs that were previously actively immunized against ghrelin or iv injections (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, or 8.0 mL) of pooled undiluted plasma, obtained from nonimmunized pigs (control). In experiment 2, the 2 highest doses (i.e., 4.0 and 8.0 mL; n = 4/treatment) were repeated in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement as described in experiment 1. A laptop computer with a built-in color camera and appropriate software was used to record birds for 9 consecutive hours, starting 4 h before treatments were applied. Video clips were saved and a human observer watched and annotated bird behavior associated with feeding, drinking, and standing. Passively immunized birds increased feed consumption (P = 0.04) compared with control animals. Water intake was not affected by treatments. There was a tendency for immunized birds to increase the number of pecks per hour and the amount of time devoted for feeding. Our data suggest that in turkeys, the effect of immunization against ghrelin on feed intake is the opposite of that observed in mammalian species.
Entomological Contributions to Human Welfare: Through Pest Control

Entomologists have a right to be proud of their profession and their accomplishments. Their efforts have contributed greatly to the human welfare of the United States and the benefits of their work are being felt throughout much of the world. At a time when the subject of agricultural chemicals is being critically reviewed it seems particularly appropriate for us to take a close look at some of these accomplishments and point out a few of the many cases where control has paid off. If such can be demonstrated, and I believe it can, we, as entomologists, must make a concerted attempt to once again bring about an understanding public to overcome the current skepticism towards insect control. To us this seems imperative, if we are to maintain an uninterrupted abundance of quality food, forage, and fiber. The contributions of the past may prove to be one of our most effective weapons in supporting our belief in the need and urgency of protection against insect pests. Let's look at the record.
Effect of subarachnoid hemorrhage on dilatation of rat basilar artery in vivo

Cerebral vasodilator responses are often impaired following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because depolarization of vascular muscle may occur after SAH, we tested in vivo the hypothesis that SAH may augment dilatation in response to hyperpolarization due to activation of K+ channels. Anesthetized rats were studied two days after injection of saline or autologous blood into the cisterna magna. Diameter of the basilar artery in vivo was 224 +/- 5 microns (mean +/- SE) in saline-treated rats and 201 +/- 6 microns in SAH rats (P < 0.05). In control rats, acetylcholine (ACh), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), aprikalim and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP; both activators of ATP-sensitive K+ channels), papaverine, 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-BrcGMP), and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP; an activator of particulate guanylate cyclase) produced concentration-dependent dilatation. In SAH rats, vasodilatation was impaired in response to ACh and SNP. In contrast, vasodilator responses to aprikalim and CGRP were augmented in SAH, rats (by two- to fourfold). Vasodilator responses to 8-BrcGMP, papaverine, and BNP were similar in both groups. Thus responses mediated by activation of soluble guanylate cyclase are selectively impaired by SAH, but responses to guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate are normal. Vasodilator responses to activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels are augmented by SAH.
Quantifying and predicting the glacial extent using valley morphometry and data-mining techniques

ABSTRACTPast glacial activities left traces of information that are important for understanding climatic changes. Differentiating between glacial and non-glacial valleys is the first step toward uncovering such information, but it often requires time-consuming fieldwork. This research aims to extend a model that uses primarily hypsometric attributes derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) to predict the presence of past glaciation in an alpine valley. The current model includes more valley morphometric measures, such as curvature and openness in an effort to exploit the difference in erosion patterns between glacial and fluvial systems. As an exploratory study, we started with over 50 morphometric parameters for each of the nearly 130 basins that were previously categorized as glacial or non-glacial, then used statistical and data-mining techniques to select a small number of variables that best distinguish the two valley types. Our result is a model that uses only five variables to predict the glaci...
Defect reduction via confined epitaxial growth of GaN

III-N materials continue to play a significant role in a range of technologies from rf electronics to visible and UV emitters and detectors. This is true despite a heavy population of extended defects in the active regions of these devices, which degrade the operation, potential performance, and reliability of such devices. One approach to improve this situation involves the use of confined epitaxy to reduce strain in the selectively grown epitaxial material and encourage dislocation annihilation near the interface between the continuous epitaxial layer and the confined epitaxy region, thus reducing dislocation density in the device active region grown by confined epitaxy. This approach is similar to lateral epitaxial overgrowth in the use of a patterned substrate, but in an effort to enable vertical devices and utilize the substrate as part of the device, the confined epitaxial method does not involve lateral growth. Using this technique, we have developed materials with dislocation densities reduced by a factor of 10 and stress reductions of 50% compared to continuous layers [1]. These improvements are theorized to be the result of the ability of the confined epitaxy columns to twist and flex to accommodate strain without a need for extended defect formation [2]. Taking advantage of the improved material, two-color UV imagers have been fabricated using this approach [3].
Mode Analysis for Long-Term Behavior in a Resonant Earth–Moon Trajectory

Trajectory design in chaotic regimes allows for the exploitation of system dynamics to achieve certain behaviors. For example, for the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission, the selected science orbit represents a stable option well-suited to meet the mission objectives. Extended analysis of particular solutions nearby in the phase space reveals transitions into desirable terminal modes induced by natural dynamics. This investigation explores the trajectory behavior and borrows from flow-based analysis strategies to characterize modes of such a motion. Perturbed initial states from a TESS-like orbit are evolved to supply motion suitable for contingency analysis. Through the associated analysis, mechanisms are identified that drive the spacecraft into particular modes and supply conditions necessary for such transitions.
Effect of food on the bioavailability of palbociclib.

This phase I study estimated the effect of food on bioavailability of palbociclib (IBRANCE®), and a selective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 approved for oncology indications has pH-dependent solubility and high permeability. In this randomized, four-sequence, four-period crossover study, 28 healthy volunteers received a single 125-mg dose of palbociclib (free-base capsule) following an overnight fast or (1) after a high-fat/-calorie meal, (2) after a low-fat/-calorie meal, and (3) between two moderate-fat/standard-calorie meals. Pharmacokinetic samples were collected predose and serially ≤144 h postdose; palbociclib concentrations were measured using validated high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic data were analyzed using a noncompartmental approach based on a mixed-effects model. Median time to maximum concentration was 8 h for all conditions. Exposure (AUCinf and C max) increased slightly in the fed versus fasted conditions; ratios (90% CIs) of the adjusted geometric mean relative to the fasted condition ranged from 111.8 (104.3–119.9%) to 120.6% (112.6–129.1%) for AUCinf and from 124.0 (108.4–141.9%) to 137.8% (120.6–157.5%) for C max due mainly to three subjects with significantly lower exposure (low liers) in the fasted condition. Pharmacokinetic variability was reduced in the fed (AUCinf, 23–27%; C max, 21–24%) versus fasted (AUCinf, 39%; C max, 73%) conditions. In a supplemental analysis excluding the three low liers, food intake did not affect palbociclib exposure. Food intake modestly increased palbociclib exposure while greatly reducing pharmacokinetic variability. For subjects with normal absorption, food intake did not affect palbociclib exposure. Thus, palbociclib should be administered with food. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01904747.
The use of BRAF V600E mutation-specific immunohistochemistry in pediatric Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

BRAF p.V600E mutations are detected in greater than 50% of pediatric Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) lesions. However, the use of mutation-specific BRAF V600E immunohistochemistry (IHC) as a surrogate for molecular testing in pediatric LCH is unknown. We tested the mutation-specific BRAF V600E monoclonal antibody (clone VE1) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded LCH samples from 26 pediatric patients (14 males and 12 females, ages 7 mo–17 y) using allele-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a limit of detection of 0.5% as the comparative gold standard. BRAF VE1 staining was scored for both intensity (0-3+) and percentage of immunoreactive tumor cells (0%-100%). BRAF VE1 immunoreactivity was determined using both lenient (≥1+, ≥1%) and stringent (≥2+, ≥10%) scoring criteria. Using lenient-scoring criteria, we found that the sensitivity and specificity of IHC compared with allele-specific real-time PCR were 100.0% and 18.2%, respectively. The poor specificity of lenient IHC analysis was attributable to weak, 1+ staining in both BRAF-mutated and wild-type LCH. Using stringent-scoring criteria, we found that specificity improved to 100.0% at the expense of sensitivity that decreased to 80.0%. Stringent scoring generated 3 false-negative results, but in all cases, neoplastic tissue comprised less than 5% of the stained section and/or the specimen was decalcified. In conclusion, highly sensitive molecular assays remain the gold standard for BRAF mutation analysis in LCH paraffin-embedded lesions. To avoid false-positive results, unequivocal VE1 staining of 2+ intensity in greater than or equal to 10% neoplastic histiocytes is required. However, negative VE1 results require additional studies to exclude false-negatives, and stringent-scoring criteria may not be optimal for scant or decalcified specimens.
What inductive explanations could not be

Marc Lange argues that proofs by mathematical induction are generally not explanatory because inductive explanation is irreparably circular. He supports this circularity claim by presenting two putative inductive explanantia that are one another’s explananda. On pain of circularity, at most one of this pair may be a true explanation. But because there are no relevant differences between the two explanantia on offer, neither has the explanatory high ground. Thus, neither is an explanation. I argue that there is no important asymmetry between the two cases because they are two presentations of the same explanation. The circularity argument requires a problematic notion of identity of proofs. I argue for a criterion of proof individuation that identifies the two proofs Lange offers. This criterion can be expressed in two equivalent ways: one uses the language of homotopy type theory, and the second assigns algebraic representatives to proofs. Though I will concentrate on one example, a criterion of proof identity has much broader consequences: any investigation into mathematical practice must make use of some proof-individuation principle.
Community health workers on a college campus: Effects on influenza vaccination

ABSTRACTObjective: To assess the impact of a campus community health worker program (HealthPALs) on student influenza vaccination. Participants: Undergraduate students at a northeastern US universi...
Renoprotective impact of estrogen receptor-α and its splice variants in female mice with type 1 diabetes.

Estrogen has been implicated in the regulation of growth and immune function in the kidney, which expresses the full-length estrogen receptor-α (ERα66), its ERα splice variants, and estrogen recept...
Alcohol consequences, not quantity, predict major depression onset among first-year female college students.

Abstract Alcohol use and its consequences have often been associated with depression, particularly among female college students. Interpretation of this association has been challenging due to potential reverse causation. The current study sought to clarify the temporality of these relationships. We examined: (1) the association between alcohol consumption and onset depression among female college students, and (2) the association between drinking consequences and onset depression among drinkers only. We used a prospective longitudinal design. Participants were first-year female college students who completed a baseline survey at study entry, and monthly assessments of alcohol consumption, drinking consequences, and depression symptoms. Cox proportional hazards regression with time-varying covariates were constructed among the full sample (N = 412) and the drinkers only sample (N = 335). Adjusted hazard ratios accounted for known risk factors for depression such as race/ethnicity, academic challenge, not getting along with one's roommate, sexual victimization prior to college, marijuana use, and socioeconomic status. For each additional average drink per week, adjusting for all covariates, there was no (95% CI: -4%, +4%) increased risk of onset depression. For each additional alcohol consequence, adjusting for all covariates, there was a 19% (95% CI: 5%, 34%) increased risk of onset depression. This significant relationship remained after adjusting for quantity of alcohol consumption. Quantity of alcohol consumed did not predict incident depression. However, experiencing alcohol consequences, regardless of consumption, did increase the risk of incident depression. College substance use and mental health interventions should aim to reduce not only alcohol consumption, but also alcohol-related consequences.
Principles of photochemistry

Photochemical reactions are some of the most important processes taking place in the human environment that occur at high altitudes in the mesosphere and stratosphere, and are essential for the maintenance of thermal and radiation balance at the surface of the earth. This chapter describes the basic principles of light absorption, electronic excitation, and subsequent photochemical and photophysical processes. According to the principle of photochemistry, for light to be effective in producing photochemical transformations, the photon must not only possess sufficient energy to initiate the reaction, but also be absorbed. Photochemistry is generally limited to absorption in the visible, near-ultraviolet, and far-ultraviolet spectral regions. Absorption in the low-energy radio, microwave, or infrared spectral regions results in no direct photochemistry unless very-high intensity laser radiation is used. The chapter also discusses the properties of light, the kinetics of photochemical processes, and the deleterious physiological effects from overexposure to radiations.
Some Properties of Rectum and Vagina as Sites for Basal Body Temperature Measurement

The choice of site for body temperature measurement and consistency in positioning the thermometer are important in achieving reliable and interpretable basal body temperature graphs in women. The distribution of temperatures in vagina (TV) and rectum (TR) were measured in women upon awakening. There were no significant differences between TR and TV at insertion depths of 5, 9, or 13 cm. Estimation of deep body temperature was not improved by inserting a thermojunction beyond 5 cm in vagina or rectum. Rates of change in TV following ingestion of a 300-ml iced drink were significantly greater than rates of change in TR.
Failure Progression and Mechanisms of Irradiated Polypropylenes and Other Medical Polymers

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the failure progression and mechanisms of irradiated polypropylenes and other medical polymers. Ionizing sterilization is gaining popularity in medical device and packaging industry because of its convenience and lower cost. The high energy electrons can also initiate ionization events in the material being sterilized. It can create peroxy and hydroperoxy free radicals in the presence of oxygen, and start the degradation cascade. Post irradiated PP material undergoes significant degradation even at ambient temperature, and its rate depends on the copolymer content and the amount and type of stabilizer system. Post radiation failure progression starts from the oxygen initiated surface degradation with residual free radicals in the polymer. An OIT method was found useful in determining the stability of PP at high temperatures, and the data may be extrapolated to ambient temperature to predict the shelf life of PP by following the curvature, non-Arrhenius behavior. This method, if supported by further data, may provide a useful method for shelf life prediction.
Using Genomic Data to Infer Historic Population Dynamics of Nonmodel Organisms

Genome sequence data are now being routinely obtained from many nonmodel organisms. These data contain a wealth of information about the demographic history of the populations from which they origi...
Clinical Utility of a Low Vision Toolkit

Older adults with low vision need interventions with their environment that will improve their ability to function safely. The purpose of this article is to discuss the results of a literature revi...
CAR-T Cell Immune Therapy: Engineering T Cells to Treat Cancer

Immunotherapy is a combination of therapeutic strategies that make use of a patient’s immune system to confront tumors. Over the past few years, immunotherapy has evolved as a crucial therapeutic program to manage some types of cancer. Our immune system is a collection of cells and tissues which perform the specialized function of defending our body against foreign pathogens. Although our immune system is designed to combat foreign agents that pose a threat, it often fails to detect and eradicate tumor cells because tumor cells have evolved complex genetic adaptive mechanisms that help them evade the immune surveillance program. In order to overcome this obstacle and in order to improve tumor cell detection and eradication by the immune system, researchers have developed a novel therapeutic treatment strategy called chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy (CAR-T cell therapy). T cells are immune cells that play a key role in shielding our body against foreign pathogens by mounting a potent immune response that ultimately eradicates abnormal cells. In brief, CAR-T cell therapy involves the isolation of T cells from patient blood, genetically altering the T cells to express receptors on their surface that specifically can bind to antigens present on the tumor cell, proliferating them in the laboratory to make millions of cells and finally, injecting back into the patient. T cells genetically manipulated in this manner harbor the capacity of multiplying inside the patient’s body and can also eradicate tumor cells that express surface antigens specifically recognized by the engineered receptor. It took researchers all around the globe several years of research to have CAR-T cell therapy approved in August 2017 for the treatment of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). So far, CAR-T cell therapy has shown extremely promising results in patient populations, especially for patients who have developed chemo-resistance. The scope of this chapter is to provide a broad and general idea about all the different aspects of CAR-T cell therapy that are essential for the application of this therapeutic strategy to combat cancer. Some of these key features include selection of a specific tumor antigen to target, developing a strong co-stimulatory signaling strategy to elicit a potent immune response, enhancing the migratory properties of CAR-T cells so that they can localize to tumor sites, and finally, engineering T cells in a manner so that they can effectively proliferate and eliminate tumor cells. In conclusion, CAR-T cells hold tremendous potential for the treatment of cancer and have shown promising results in clinical trials.
Labour in GVCs: An Analytical Framework

The paper deals with the manner in which global outsourcing interacts with labour conditions to produce employment outcomes. A link is made between the distribution of rents and profits in value chain and the possibilities for labour in different segments of GVCs. The segments themselves are differentiated by the knowledge level of the tasks sourced in that segment. There is thus a connection between knowledge levels of GVC segments and labour conditions. This connection, however, can also be affected by the strategies adopted by both firms and labour.
IgE-Mediated Food Allergy

The prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy has been increasing globally over the past two decades and now affects 4–6% of the pediatric population and about 3% of the general population in the United States. The reason for this increase is unknown, but changes in diet, food processing, neonatal exposure to food allergens, use of antibiotics and other medications, and changes in the microbiota are all thought to play some role in this increase. Allergic reactions to foods may provoke mild to severe symptoms in the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and/or respiratory tract and, in some cases, life-threatening or even fatal anaphylaxis. The diagnosis of food allergy requires a detailed history, tests for food-specific IgE antibodies, and often oral food challenges. Treatment consists of strict avoidance of food allergens and education on the management of allergic reactions due to accidental ingestions, including the use of self-injectable epinephrine. With the increasing understanding of the underlying immunopathogenesis of food allergy, a number of immunotherapeutic strategies are being evaluated in clinical trials and show promise of providing more effective approaches to treating food allergy.
Association of Medicaid Expansion With Access to Abortion Services for Women With Low Incomes in Oregon.

Abstract Background The Affordable Care Act allowed states to expand Medicaid eligibility for women with low incomes before pregnancy. Women who experience an unintended pregnancy may encounter fewer delays in accessing abortion services if they are already enrolled in Medicaid. In states where the Medicaid program includes coverage for abortion services, Medicaid expansion may increase timely access to abortion services. Oregon has expanded Medicaid and is 1 of 16 states in which the Medicaid program covers abortion services. We explored how Medicaid expansion in Oregon was associated with Medicaid-financed abortion rates and receipt of medication abortion relative to surgical abortion. Methods Using Medicaid claims and eligibility data we identified women ages 19 to 43 (n = 30,367) who had abortions before the expansion period (2008–2013) and after the expansion period (2014–2016). We used American Community Survey data to estimate the annual number of Oregon women aged 19 to 43 with incomes below 185% of the federal poverty level who would be eligible for a Medicaid-financed abortion. We conducted interrupted time series analyses using negative binomial and logistic regression models. Results Incidence of Medicaid-financed abortion increased from 13.4 in 1,000 women in 2008 to 16.3 in 2016. Medication abortion receipt increased from 11.5% of abortions in 2008 to 31.7% in 2016. For both outcomes, we identified an increasing time trend after Medicaid expansion, followed by a subsequent leveling off of the trend. By the end of 2016, incidence of Medicaid-financed abortion was 4.5 abortions per 1,000 women-years (95% confidence interval, 3.3–5.7) higher than it would have been without expansion and medication abortions comprised a 7.4 percentage point (95% confidence interval, 4.4–10.4) greater share of all abortions. Conclusions Medicaid expansion was associated with increased receipt of Medicaid-financed abortions and may have reduced out-of-pocket payment among women with low incomes. Increased receipt of medication abortion may indicate that expansion enhanced earlier access to services, possibly as a result of increased prepregnancy Medicaid enrollment, and this earlier access may increase reproductive autonomy and safety.
COST-OF-LIVING ADJUSTMENTS AND BUSINESS CYCLES: DISAGGREGATED EVIDENCE

For a sample of U.S. industries, nominal wage and price inflation follow aggregate price inflation closely during economic expansions. Hence, fluctuations in profit markup and real output are moderate in the face of expansionary demand shocks. In contrast, workers' real standard of living decreases during recessions, while producers attempt to maintain, or even increase, industrial real-price inflation. The increase in profit markup correlates with larger output contraction during recessions.
Odor-evoked Increases in Spiking Variability in the Olfactory Bulb

At the onset of sensory stimulation, the variability and co-variability of spiking activity is widely reported to decrease, especially in cortex. Considering the potential benefits of such decreased variability for coding, it has been suggested that this could be a general principle governing all sensory systems. Here we show that this is not so. We recorded neurons in olfactory bulb (OB) of anesthetized rats and found increased variability and co-variability of spiking at the onset of olfactory stimulation. Using models and analysis, we predicted that these increases arise due to network interactions within OB, without increasing variability of input from the nose. We tested and confirmed this prediction using optogenetic stimulation of OB in awake animals. Our results establish increases in spiking variability at stimulus onset as a viable alternative coding strategy to the more commonly observed decreases in variability in many cortical systems.
Protein Transnitrosylation Signaling Networks Contribute to Inflammaging and Neurodegenerative Disorders

Significance: Physiological concentrations of nitric oxide (NO•) and related reactive nitrogen species (RNS) mediate multiple signaling pathways in the nervous system. During inflammaging (chronic ...
Stressors and resilience are associated with well-being in young adult college students.

The purposes were to describe stressors and resilience behaviors of college students and examine the relationships among stressors, resilience, and well-being. Hypothesis: Resilience will modify th...
Internet User Consumption Behavior Based on Big Data

With the vigorous development of the Internet economy, competition in the domestic market has become increasingly fierce. This research mainly discusses the consumption behavior of Internet users based on big data. Text preprocessing is required first after the target text has been obtained. Clean and delete content that is of no value or limited value in the text. First, define the Request network connection request. Secondly, write a function module for obtaining multiple commodity IDs. Traverse the full text to obtain the target content, which is often used to retrieve and replace the target text. Finally, the crawling of individual product information. According to the research product goals, big data technology is used to obtain data on two dimensions of product sales information and user experience information. Store the product sales specification text and product review text as divergent texts for the next stage of data cleaning to predict user consumption behavior. The function of the product, in the price range of 100-200 yuan, the user’s attention is 27%. This research helps companies formulate precise marketing strategies.
Sexual pleasure during college students' most recent partnered sexual experiences.

OBJECTIVE We explored college students' sexual pleasure using a new self-report measure, the Body, Emotions, Sensations, Touch/Trust (B.E.S.T.) Scale of Sexual Pleasure. Participants: Data were from 3997 randomly sampled students with a partnered sexual experience. Methods: Students completed an online survey about their most recent partnered sexual experience. Data was collected in January 2020. Results: Students find the nonphysical aspects of partnered sex (e.g., emotions, trust, connection with partners) as pleasurable as physical aspects (e.g., behaviors engaged and received, bodily sensations). Self-reported arousal, wantedness, and emotional intimacy were the strongest correlates of male, female, and transgender/gender non-binary students' sexual pleasure. Few sexual behaviors were associated with sexual pleasure and only one - cuddling for women - was associated with greater sexual pleasure. Conclusions: Students find their partnered sexual experiences pleasurable. Students' sex may be more pleasurable when they feel ready for sex, desire sex, and feel close to their partners.
The Content of Computer Science

This chapter surveys the content of computer science. The objectives are to present a coherent view of the conceptual structure of the field, to indicate the scope of our concerns, and to indicate connections with other fields. The discussion here is not constrained by the need to divide subject matter into courses; Chapter 11 shows how the material described here is organized into specific courses.
Regulation of Microtubules in Tetrahymena

The coupled resorption and redifferentiation of oral structures which occurs in Tetrahymena pyriformis under conditions of amino acid deprivation has been studied by transmission electron microscopy. Two patterns of ciliary resorption have been found, ( a ) in situ , and ( b ) after withdrawal into the cytoplasm. No autophagic vacuoles containing cilia or ciliary axonemes have been seen. Stomatogenic field basal bodies arise by a process of rapid sequential nucleation, with new ones always appearing next to more mature ones, even though the latter may not be fully differentiated. Accessory radial ribbons of microtubules develop immediately adjacent to oral field basal bodies as a late step in their maturation. It can be seen that the formation of basal bodies and their orientation within the oral complex are separate processes. This is true for about 130 of the approximately 170 oral basal bodies; the remaining 40 or so form within the patterned groups of ciliary units as a later event. Clusters of randomly oriented thin-walled microtubules are found surrounding oral basal bodies at all times during stomatogenesis. They may either represent stores of microtubule subunit protein, or serve as effectors of basal body movement during their orientation into pattern.
Use and outcomes of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after spinal fusion surgery

Summary. Background: The number of spinal fusion operations in the USA is rapidly rising, but little is known about optimal venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after spinal surgery. Objectives: To examine the use of and outcomes associated with venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after spinal fusion surgery in a cohort of 244 US hospitals. Patients/Methods: We identified all patients with a principal procedure code for spinal fusion surgery in hospitals participating in the Premier Perspective database from 2003 to 2005, and searched for receipt of pharmacologic prophylaxis (subcutaneous unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin, or fondaparinux) and/or mechanical prophylaxis (compression devices and elastic stockings) within the first 7 days after surgery. We also searched for discharge diagnosis codes for venous thromboembolism and postoperative hemorrhage during the index hospitalization and within 30 days after surgery. Results: Among 80 183 spinal fusions performed during the time period, cervical fusions were the most common (49.0%), followed by lumbar fusions (47.8%). Thromboembolism prophylaxis was administered to 60.6% of patients within the first week postoperatively, with the most frequent form being mechanical prophylaxis alone (47.6%). Of the 244 hospitals, 26.2% provided prophylaxis to ≥ 90% of their patients undergoing spinal fusion; however, 33.2% provided prophylaxis to fewer than 50% of their patients. The rate of diagnosed venous thromboembolism within 30 days after surgery was 0.45%, and the rate of postoperative hemorrhage was 1.1%. Conclusions: Substantial variation exists in the use of thromboembolism prophylaxis after spinal fusion surgery in the USA. Nevertheless, overall rates of diagnosed thromboembolism after spinal fusion appear to be low.
The effects of two control strategies on children's emotional reactions to a frightening movie scene

This experiment assesses the impact of two control strategies on children's reactions to a frightening movie scene. Children from two grade levels (K–1 vs. 3–5) watched the program under one of three conditions: cover eyes, turn off TV, no strategy. The cover eyes strategy decreased emotional reactions and threatening interpretations among younger children, whereas the strategy increased such responses in older children. Unexpectedly, the turn off TV strategy had no effect on either age group.
Automatic pose estimation system for human faces based on bunch graph matching technology

We present an automatic module that can determine the pose of a human face from a digitized portrait-style image. The module is integrated into a larger system called PersonSpotter, which is able to recognize people by their faces coming from a live video stream of data. The pose estimation module is based on bunch graph matching and can distinguish between five different degrees of rotation in depth. The system features close to real-time performance, considerable decrease in data size and increase in the accuracy of pose recognition compared to similar systems developed in the past. Pose estimation success rate of 98.5% has been reached for a set of 210 faces rotated in various degrees and directions.
Disease of the Coronary Arteries Associated With Thrombo-Angiitis Obliterans of the Extremities

Excerpt It is probable that the process characteristic of thrombo-angiitis obliterans involves vessels in areas other than the extremities more commonly than is believed. Such involvement may only ...
Enhanced Carrier Transport Nonlinearities

Improvements in the sensitivity of nonlinear materials can be made by utilizing the concepts of carrier transport [1]. These concepts may be applicable to bulk materials, or in depletion regions, and may be manifest either cw or in effects which are exclusively seen in the transient regime. This talk will outline some recent results in our laboratory. Emphasis will be on the following: 1. Enhanced Photorefractively at the Band-edge in Semiconductors.
Paced activation mapping reveals organization of myocardial fibers: a simulation study.

Pacing Reveals Fiber Orientation in 3D Bidomain. Introduction: A three-dimensional bidomain model of a block section of both the right and left ventricular walls that included rotational anisotropy and fiber curvature was used to investigate potential distributions generated during paced activation mapping. Unlike previous large-scale tissue models, the extracellular stimulus was included. Methods and Results: The model was used to test the hypothesis that information about the underlying tissue structure (surface fiber angle gradients, amount of fiber rotation per unit depth, and anisotropy) can be extracted from surface potential distributions during stimulation. Results from distributions during stimulation were compared to those obtained using the distributions during activation. To better correlate results to possible experimental measurements, the analysis was performed using a 21 × 21 grid of “electrode” sites, each separated by 1 mm. Fiber orientation was estimated from the surface data by: (1) curve-fitting the elliptical shape of the epicardial potential distribution during stimulation: (2) identifying the location of the potential maxima leading the wavefront during early activation: and (3) for epicardial stimuli, curve-fitting the elliptical shape of the activation isochrones. Results show that surface potential distributions from the stimulus can be used to estimate fiber orientation: however, the accuracy of the reconstruction is highly dependent on the amount of fiber rotation per unit depth. Conclusions: Extracellular potential data during and after stimulation is shown to reflect the organization of myocardial fibers and, as such, could be used to characterize the three-dimensional anisotropic electrical properties in situ.
Motivational vs. associative role of the US in classical conditioning of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response

Two experiments tested the motivational role of the US in classical conditioning of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane (NM) response. In Experiment 1, subjects were trained to an intermediate performance level and then given a series of (1) CS-US trials, (2) “backwards” US-CS trials, (3) CS-alone trials, (4) US-alone trials, or (5) no-stimulus presentations. Interpolated presentations of the US, either alone or in a backwards contingency, tended to produce an impairment of subsequent acquisition. In Experiment 2, subjects were trained with strong or weak US intensity on paired or interpolated trials. US intensity on interpolated trials had only a very small effect, whereas the effect of US intensity on paired trials was quite large. Shifts in paired-trial US intensity produced corresponding shifts in performance, but shifts in the intensity of the interpolated US produced no apparent effect. We conclude that the arousal of motivation is not sufficient to maintain performance in classical NM conditioning.
1964 Nobel lecture: Production of coherent radiation by atoms and molecules

The techniques of quantum electronics allow interesting new ways to generate and explore most of the acoustic spectrum and much of the electromagnetic domain. We can look forward to another decade of rapid development in this field From the time when man first saw the sunlight until very recently, the light which he has used has come predominantly from spontaneous emission, like the random emission of incandescent sources. So have most other types of electromagnetic radiation — infrared, ultraviolet, or gamma rays. The maximum radiation intensities, or specifically the power radiated per unit area per unit solid angle per unit frequency bandwidth, have been controlled by Planck's black-body law for radiation from hot objects. This sets an upper limit on radiation intensity — a limit which increases with increasing temperature, but we have had available temperatures of only a few tens of thousands or possibly a few millions of degrees.
On Stability Crossing Set for General Systems with Three Delays—Part 1. Crossing Frequency Set

Abstract This is part 1 of a two-part article. The article describes the stability crossing set for linear time-delay systems of arbitrary order with three delays. The crossing frequency set, consisting of all frequencies where a pair of zeros of the characteristic quasipolynomial may cross the imaginary axis, is partitioned to Grashof set and Non-Grashof set of various types. It is found that the general characteristics of the stability crossing set is completely determined by the partition structure of the frequency crossing set. Part 1 describes the frequency crossing set. Part 2 describes the stability crossing set.
RANKL inhibition combined with tamoxifen treatment increases anti-tumor efficacy and prevents tumor-induced bone destruction in an estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer bone metastasis model.

Tumor cells in bone can induce the activation of osteoclasts, which mediate bone resorption and release of growth factors and calcium from the bone matrix, resulting in a cycle of tumor growth and bone breakdown. Targeting the bone microenvironment by the inhibition of RANKL, an essential mediator of osteoclast function, not only prevents tumor-induced osteolysis but also decreases skeletal tumor burden in preclinical models. The inhibition of skeletal tumor progression after the inhibition of osteoclasts is via interruption of the “vicious cycle” of tumor/bone interactions. The majority of breast cancer patients at risk for bone metastases harbor estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) tumors. We developed a mouse model for ER+ breast cancer bone metastasis and evaluated the effect of RANKL inhibition on tumor-induced osteolysis and skeletal tumor growth both alone and in combination with tamoxifen. Luciferase-labeled MCF-7 cells (MCF-7Luc) formed metastatic foci in the hind limbs following intracardiac injection and caused mixed osteolytic/osteoblastic lesions. RANKL inhibition by OPG-Fc treatment blocked osteoclast activity and prevented tumor-induced osteolysis, as well as caused a marked decrease in skeletal tumor burden. Tamoxifen as a single agent reduced MCF-7Luc tumor growth in the hind limbs. In a combination experiment, OPG-Fc plus tamoxifen resulted in significantly greater tumor growth inhibition than either single agent alone. Histologic analysis revealed a decrease in the proliferation of tumor cells by both single agents, which was enhanced in the combination treatment. Upon treatment with OPG-Fc alone or in combination with tamoxifen, there was a complete absence of osteolytic lesions, demonstrating the ability of RANKL inhibition to prevent skeletal related morbidity in an ER+ model. The combination approach of targeting osteoclasts and the bone microenvironment by RANKL inhibition and the tumor directly via hormonal therapy may provide additional benefit to reducing skeletal tumor progression in ER+ breast cancer patients.
Bedrock channel morphology

Analyses of 41 bedrock channel reaches indicate quantifiable relationships between bedrock channel morphology and reach- scale hydraulic and substrate variables. Discriminant analysis was used to develop a discriminant criterion based on reach-averaged channel gradient, substrate heterogeneity, and Selby rock-mass strength. This criterion correctly classified 70% of the observations into one of five channel morphologic types. Channels formed at higher gradients have a morphology that effectively maximizes the erosional force, whereas a morphology that evenly distributes flow energy or dissipates flow energy internally is associated with lower gradients. These results suggest that bedrock channel morphology, like alluvial channel morphology, reflects a quantifiable balance between hydraulic driving and substrate resisting forces.
Clinical Trials in Decompressive Craniectomy After Severe Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury

C m t d i o r q T he recently published results of the DECRA (DEcompressive CRAniectomy) trial (7) have stimulated much discussion about the role of decompressive surgery in the etting of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although decomressive craniectomy after severe diffuse TBI has been shown to educe intracranial pressure (ICP) and thereby facilitate mainteance of cerebral perfusion, the optimal timing, target population, nd effect on survivor outcome of decompression remain topics f debate. Recent studies have attempted to answer these uestions, but there is still a paucity of evidence and no concluive recommendation for lifesaving surgery in the setting intraranial hypertension after TBI. Even guidelines on ICP thresholds or hypertension and refractory hypertension are vague, usually iven as a range from 20–25 mg (3). In addition, using simple hresholds without consideration of true ICP burden is problemtic. The field of neurosurgery requires evidence-based answers o these questions now more than ever, as trauma is a leading ause of death in the first 40 years of life worldwide, with almost 0% of incidents involving the head (1).