cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capacity Region and Capacity-Achieving Signaling Schemes for 1-bit ADC Multiple Access Channels in Rayleigh Fading

This paper investigates the capacity region and detailed characterizations of capacity-achieving signaling schemes of a multiple access channel (MAC) with two users communicating to a base station (BS) equipped with 1-bit quantizers. We consider Rayleigh fading channels where channel state information (CSI) is known only at BS. Towards this end, we first study the weighted sum-rate maximization problem over the set of input distributions of one user for a fixed input signal at another user. By examining a necessary and sufficient Kuhn-Tucker condition (KTC) for an input to be optimal, it is first shown that the power constraint is active, i.e., the equality in the power constraint is achieved. By further exploiting novel bounds on the output distribution functions, the optimal distribution is shown to have a bounded amplitude. In the next step, we prove that if a fixed input with bounded amplitude is used at one user, the other user also needs to use a bounded amplitude signal to maximize the weighted sum-rate. To effectively analyze the KTC, our approach is to divide the domain of fading into two disjoint regions and examine the region with non-zero measure. It is then concluded that any boundary point in the capacity region is achieved by using bounded amplitude signals, and they are $\pi /2$ circularly symmetric. Building upon these results, we turn our focus to the sum-capacity segment, and demonstrate that any $\pi /2$ circularly symmetric input distribution having a constant amplitude is sum-capacity achieving. The sum-capacity can then be established.
Altered collagen chemical compositional structure in osteopenic women with past fractures: A case-control Raman spectroscopic study.

Abstract Incidences of low-trauma fractures among osteopenic women may be related to changes in bone quality. In this blinded, prospective-controlled study, compositional and heterogeneity contributors of bone quality to fracture risk were examined. We hypothesize that Raman spectroscopy can differentiate between osteopenic women with one or more fractures (cases) from women without fractures (controls). This study involved the Raman spectroscopic analysis of cortical and cancellous bone composition using iliac crest biopsies obtained from 59-cases and 59-controls, matched for age (62.0 ± 7.5 and 61.7 ± 7.3 years, respectively, p = 0.38) and hip bone mineral density (BMD, 0.827 ± 0.083 and 0.823 ± 0.072 g/cm3, respectively, p = 0.57). Based on aggregate univariate case-control and odds ratio based logistic regression analyses, we discovered two Raman ratiometric parameters that were predictive of past fracture risk. Specifically, 1244/1268 and 1044/959 cm−1 ratios, were identified as the most differential aspects of bone quality in cortical cases with odds ratios of 0.617 (0.406–0.938 95% CI, p = 0.024) and 1.656 (1.083–2.534 95% CI, p = 0.020), respectively. Both 1244/1268 and 1044/959 cm−1 ratios exhibited moderate sensitivity (59.3–64.4%) but low specificity (49.2–52.5%). These results suggest that the organization of mineralized collagen fibrils were significantly altered in cortical cases compared to controls. In contrast, compositional and heterogeneity parameters related to mineral/matrix ratios, B-type carbonate substitutions, and mineral crystallinity, were not significantly different between cases and controls. In conclusion, a key outcome of this study is the significant odds ratios obtained for two Raman parameters (1244/1268 and 1044/959 cm−1 ratios), which from a diagnostic perspective, may assist in the screening of osteopenic women with suspected low-trauma fractures. One important implication of these findings includes considering the possibility that changes in the organization of collagen compositional structure plays a far greater role in postmenopausal women with osteopenic fractures.
Scrotal circumference at weaning in beef bulls and subsequent ability to pass a breeding soundness examination as a yearling

Identifying bulls at weaning with higher likelihood ofpassing a breeding soundness examination as yearlings mayimprove management options to optimize production efficiency.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of weaning scrotal circumference and other factors collected at the time of weaning on the likelihood of passing a breeding soundness examination as a yearling. Data, at both weaning and time of breeding soundness examination, were collected from 1 operation (n = 466 bulls). A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the potential associations of relevant factors (actual weaning scrotal circumference, adjusted weaning scrotal circumference, weight per day of age at weaning, scrotal circumference per day of age at weaning, weaning weight, and breed) on the probability of passing a breeding soundness examination as a yearling. Overall, 92.3% of bulls passed the yearling breeding soundness examination on first evaluation. Weaning scrotal circumference was the only factor of those evaluated associated (P < 0.01) with the probability of passing the breeding soundness examination. No significant differences were found between the categories of weaning scrotal circumference. In the future, more research needs to evaluate predictive model development for weaning scrotal circumference and ability to pass breeding soundness examination.
Mortality and Major Neonatal Morbidity in Preterm Infants with Serious Congenital Heart Disease.

Objective To investigate the trends of 1-year mortality and neonatal morbidities in preterm infants with serious congenital heart disease (CHD). Study design This cohort study used a population-based administrative dataset of all liveborn infants of 26-36 weeks gestational age with serious CHD born in California between 2011 and 2017. We assessed 1-year mortality and major neonatal morbidities (ie, retinopathy of prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage grade >2, and periventricular leukomalacia) across the study period and compared these outcomes with those in infants without CHD. Results We identified 1921 preterm infants with serious CHD. The relative risk (RR) of death decreased by 10.6% for each year of the study period (RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.84-0.95), and the RR of major neonatal morbidity increased by 8.3% for each year (RR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.02-1.15). Compared with preterm neonates without any CHD (n = 234 522), the adjusted risk difference (ARD) for mortality was highest at 32 weeks of gestational age (9.7%; 95% CI, 8.3%-11.2%), that for major neonatal morbidity was highest at 28 weeks (21.9%; 95% CI, 17.0%-26.9%), and that for the combined outcome was highest at 30 weeks (26.7%; 95% CI, 23.3%-30.1%). Conclusions Mortality in preterm neonates with serious CHD decreased over the last decade, whereas major neonatal morbidities increased. Preterm infants with a gestational age of 28-32 weeks have the highest mortality or morbidity compared with their peers without CHD. These results support the need for specialized and focused medical neonatal care in preterm neonates with serious CHD.
CBT-I for people diagnosed with bipolar disorder: Moving from a disorder-focused to a transdiagnostic conceptualization

Abstract Despite advances in treatment, bipolar disorders (BP) remain severe and chronic conditions associated with high rates of relapse, marked functional impairment, and disabling symptoms, even between syndromal episodes. Sleep dysfunctions are among the most prominent correlates of mood episodes and inadequate recovery. Sleep disturbance in BP impairs quality of life and contributes to relapse and serious impairment in affect regulation, cognitive performance, and health. This chapter describes the process of adapting cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) for BP. In addition, we describe how this resulted in moving from a disorder-focused approach to a transdiagnostic approach. This long-term objective is to contribute to ensuring that treatments for sleep and circadian problems for BP and severe mental illness are disseminable and widely available to the public.
The U.S. Department of Energy’ s Appliance Energy Efficiency Process Improvement Effort

Minimum energy efficiency standards for appliances have had a relatively long history in the United States, albeit a tempestuous and, at many times, politically charged one. After the oil shocks of the early 1970s, the U.S. Congress passed the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 (EPCA), setting energy conservation targets for residential appliances. This legislation was strengthened by amendments to EPCA in 1978 which directed the Department of Energy (DOE or Department) to prescribe minimum efficiency standards for certain household appliances. The statute provided that within five years of prescribing an appliance efficiency standard, the Department had to determine whether the standard should be amended. It also required that each proposed standard’ s maximum efficiency level must be “technologically feasible and economically justified” as well as allowed states to set their own standards if they had a “significant interest” in doing so.
On the Stark effect in open shell complexes exhibiting partially quenched electronic angular momentum: Infrared laser Stark spectroscopy of OH–C2H2, OH–C2H4, and OH–H2O

Abstract The Stark effect is considered for polyatomic open shell complexes that exhibit partially quenched electronic angular momentum. Matrix elements of the Stark Hamiltonian represented in a parity conserving Hund’s case (a) basis are derived for the most general case, in which the permanent dipole moment has projections on all three inertial axes of the system. Transition intensities are derived, again for the most general case, in which the laser polarization has projections onto axes parallel and perpendicular to the Stark electric field, and the transition dipole moment vector is projected onto all three inertial axes in the molecular frame. Simulations derived from this model are compared to experimental rovibrational Stark spectra of OH–C 2 H 2 , OH–C 2 H 4 , and OH–H 2 O complexes formed in helium nanodroplets.
In Duobus Modis: Is Exemplar Causality Instrumental According to Aquinas?

In speaking of the divine ideas or God's creative act in general, Aquinas's favorite analogy is that of the artist. Hence, understanding the finite artisan, especially in the way his idea functions as an exemplar, is key to understanding the mentem Thomae on a whole host of issues most especially exemplar causality. This paper asks a question seeking specificity on the causality of the artist's idea and thereby exemplar causality in general. Is an exemplar cause in its primary instance (the idea) an instrument? Does an exemplar idea always cause in an instrumental mode? This paper, after delineating exemplar and instrumental causality separately, argues the affirmative. All ideas which function as exemplars also necessarily function as instruments, the objections of mediation, temporality, the relation of intellect/will, and efficient causality notwithstanding. In concluding the paper identifies three possible implications for this finding including a slight qualification of Aquinas's mature rejection of instrumental creation.
Various approaches to validating full wave simulations

It is never enough to simply "believe" a model has created the correct answers; engineers must be able to prove it by validating the model. Simulation is usually performed on a computer, and the old phrase "garbage in, garbage out (GIGO)" still applies. Engineers should validate their models to ensure the model's correctness, and to help understand the basic physics behind the model. Models can be validated by a variety of techniques. Which technique is the best to validate a specific model depends on a number of parameters, and must be decided on a case-by-case basis. Measurements can be used to validate modeling results, but extreme care must be used to ensure the model correctly simulates the measured situation. Omitting feed cables, shielding or ground reflections, or different measurement scan areas can dramatically change the results. An incorrect model result might be indicated when, in fact, the measured and modeled results are obtained for different situations, and should not be directly compared. Multiple simulation techniques applied to the same model is a good way to ensure the correct physics are included in the model, and that the appropriate physics are modeled correctly. Care is needed to insure that the modeling techniques are different enough to ensure a meaningful comparison is made. Intermediate results can also be used to help increase the confidence in a model. Using the RF current distribution in a MoM model, or the animation in an FDTD model, can help ensure the overall results are correct by determining the intermediate results are correct. These intermediate results have the added benefit of increasing the engineer's understanding of the underlying causes and effects of the overall problem. There are a number of other possible validation techniques, including using known quantities, model parameter variation, etc. These various possibilities depend greatly on the exact model and the goal for the simulation. The bottom line is that engineers need to understand the physics of the problem at-hand and to ensure the results can be shown to be correct. Regardless of the accuracy of the modeling tool for 'other' models, each modeling exercise must have some level of validation before the simulation results can be trusted. This does not mean that each and every model must be validated, but each group of models or each series of models for similar problems must have some level of validation.
A review of the possible role of the essential fatty acids and fish oils in the aetiology, prevention or pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia

Summary What is known and Objective: Fish oils and other essential fatty acids have been purported to ameliorate the symptoms of schizophrenia or the adverse effects of the drugs that are used to manage it. Our objective is to review the basic and clinical evidence regarding replenishment of the reported decreased levels of polyunsaturated essential fatty acids, such as the omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid, the omega-6 linoleic and arachidonic acids, in brains of patients with schizophrenia. Methods: We summarize the literature related to the postulated mechanistic connection between essential fatty acids and schizophrenia and the clinical trials testing fatty acids in patients with schizophrenia. Results and Discussion: Fatty acids play critical roles in cell membranes of neurons, and certain fatty acids appear to be abnormally low in brains of patients with schizophrenia. The attempt to enhance endogenous levels thus seems a rational and worthwhile goal. The value of such intervention awaits the results of ongoing trials. What is new and Conclusion: Despite the limited evidence that supplements ameliorate symptoms of schizophrenia, given the low risk of harm, some clinicians might opt to add omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid to current drug regimens in hope of better symptomatic control in schizophrenia.
Massive head trauma as a cause of intravascular air

Three examples of intravascular air caused by massive head trauma are presented. The basic types of air embolism are discussed and the pathophysiology in the three cases is offered. The association should be recognized to avoid misinterpretation of the radiographs.
A multihop 2/spl times/2 all-optical photonic packet switch

We describe an all-optical packet switch architecture and present experimental results of all-optical multihop routing using 2/spl times/2 photonic packet switches. The switch is designed for distributed switching systems. At each hop, the full functions of self-routing, contention resolution, and header regeneration/reinsertion are performed with both switch inputs active. These results demonstrate a basic level of functionality needed to build full scale all-optical packet switched networks. Deflection routing is used to arbitrate contention. Three hops without optical amplification is demonstrated at a switch throughput of 36.4 Mpackets/sec, 145.6 Mbits/sec with a four bit payload. WDM out-of-band signaling is used to code and process the packet control header. >
Adult OASDI Beneficiaiaries and SSI Recipients Who Need Representative Payees: Projections for 2025 and 2035

For Social Security beneficiaries and Supplemental Security Income recipients who are not capable of managing their own benefit payments, the Social Security Administration (SSA) pays benefits to a representative payee. We estimate that the demand for representative payees will increase from 2.94 million beneficiaries in 2013 to 3.27 million by 2025 and to 3.56 million by 2035. Growth in the number of retired-worker beneficiaries by 2025, and the transition of the baby boom generation into the 85-or-older age category by 2035, account for much of the increased demand for representative payees. Although 71.1 percent of disabled-worker beneficiaries who need a payee have a family member serving in that role, only 57.3 percent of retired-worker beneficiaries do. SSA should be prepared to recruit payees in numbers sufficient to meet the future demand, and to devote the resources necessary to monitor payees and prevent their misuse of benefits.
Storage-Aware Caching: Revisiting Caching for Heterogeneous Storage Systems

Modern storage environments are composed of a variety of devices with different performance characteristics. In this paper, we explore storage-aware caching algorithms, in which the file buffer replacement algorithm explicitly accounts for differences in performance across devices. We introduce a new family of storageaware caching algorithms that partition the cache, with one partition per device. The algorithms set the partition sizes dynamically to balance work across the devices. Through simulation, we show that our storageaware policies perform similarly to LANDLORD, a costaware algorithm previously shown to perform well in Web caching environments. We also demonstrate that partitions can be easily incorporated into the Clock replacement algorithm, thus increasing the likelihood of deploying cost-aware algorithms in modern operating systems.
Culture, history, and sex : Anthropological contributions to conceptualizing father involvement

SUMMARY This paper provides a brief overview of anthropological approaches and studies of father involvement with the hopes of providing insights into how father involvement is conceptualized in the United States. The paper reviews four topics: (1) how our culture shapes how we feel about father-child relations; (2) factors cross-cultural studies have identified as being associated with high levels of father involvement; (3) the different roles of fathers during the past 120,000 years of human history; and (4) how biology and male reproductive interest influence father involvement.
Aerodynamical Effects in Snow Crystal Growth

We review several aspects of aerodynamics that affect the growth, morphology, and symmetry of snow crystals. We derive quantitative estimates for aerodynamical forces that orient falling snow crystals, estimate how air flow around snow crystals affects their growth rates (the ventilation effect), and examine how the combination of orientation and growth modification can stabilize or destabilize different growth behaviors. Special attention is given to the formation of triangular snow crystals, since it appears that aerodynamical effects are responsible for producing this unusual morphology, both in nature and in the laboratory.
Building an affective learning companion

About a half century ago, the computer became a model, metaphor and modelling tool privileging the cognitive over the affective, and engendering theories in which thinking and learning are viewed as information processing and affect is ignored or marginalised. In the last decade there has been an acceleration in efforts to redress this imbalance, developing technologies that can begin to measure and manage the role of affect, enabling new theories and interventions in which affect and cognition are appropriately integrated with one another. This invited keynote presents a vision for developing an automated learning companion that jointly supports a learner's affective and cognitive needs. In particular, I will describe our efforts at MIT to invent several of the affective technologies to enable such a learning companion. The talk will show examples of the state of the art with respect to affect sensing and recognition and with respect to developing strategies for responding intelligently to learner affect.
Patterned Vertical Carbon Nanotube Dry Electrodes for Impedimetric Sensing and Stimulation

Traditional wet or gel impedimetric electrodes for neuro-physiological signal (e.g., electroencephalography and electrocardiography) monitoring are usable for a short duration, as the performance of electrodes deteriorates rapidly when exposed to the environment. Dry impedimetric electrode is a promising alternative tool for long duration monitoring, however suffers from high interfacing impedance. This paper describes a novel dry interfacing electrode utilizing patterned vertical carbon nanotube (pvCNT) for impedimetric sensing. The electrodes were fabricated on circular stainless steel foil substrates (thickness = 2 mil) that are laser cut to circular discs (O = 10 mm). Pattern on the substrate was developed with a custom shadow mask while sputter coating the substrate with Al2O3 and iron. Electrically conductive multiwalled CNTs were then grown vertically in pillar formation ( $100~\mu \text{m}^{}$ each side of square footprint) with various interpillar spacing (50, 100, and $200~\mu \text{m}$ for various masks). The heights of the CNT pillars were between 1 and 1.5 mm. The impedances of the electrodes were 1.92, 3.11, and $8.15~\Omega $ for 50-, 100-, and 200- $\mu \text{m}$ spacing, respectively. A comparative in vitro study with commercial wet and gel electrodes showed pvCNT electrode has lower interfacial impedance, comparable signal capture quality, and ability to be used for stimulation. Long duration study showed minimal impedance degradation for pvCNT electrodes over a week. The results demonstrate pvCNT is a promising dry electrode for impedimetric sensing and stimulation of neurophysiological signals over a prolonged duration.
Religion and Spirituality in Adolescent Development

The Role of Religion and Spirituality in Adolescents’ Lives: Demographic Trends Concepts and Theories of Religious and Spiritual Development in Adolescence The Ecology of Adolescent Religious and Spiritual Development Religious Institutional Influences on Adolescent Rsd and Positive Youth Development Developmental Correlates of Religion and Spirituality During Adolescence Directions for Future Theory and Research Conclusions Keywords: demographic trends; meaning/coping system; faith development theory; cognitive-cultural; identity system; positive youth development; religious institutional influences; RSD; religious and spiritual development
Global illumination of glossy environments using wavelets and importance

We show how importance-driven refinement and a wavelet basis can be combined to provide an efficient solution to the global illumination problem with glossy and diffuse reflections. Importance is used to focus the computation on the interactions having the greatest impact on the visible solution. Wavelets are used to provide an efficient representation of radiance, importance, and the transport operator. We discuss a number of choices that must be made when constructing a finite element algorithm for glossy global illumination. Our algorithm is based on the standard wavelet decomposition of the transport operator and makes use of a four-dimensional wavelet representation for spatially and angularly varying radiance distributions. We use a final gathering step to improve the visual quality of the solution. Features of our implementation include support for curved surfaces as well as texture-mapped anisotropic emission and reflection functions.
Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Respiration and Ethylene Production of Avocado Fruit

THE pathway of ethylene formation by ripening fruit has proved to be an elusive problem1. Conventional techniques have yielded little information concerning the mechanism of ethylene synthesis. High doses of γ-radiation have been shown to cause lemon fruit to produce ethylene2. This observation prompted the investigation of radiation-induced ethylene formation on the supposition that some parallel might exist in natural and radiation-induced synthesis.
The effect of surgery and ether anesthesia on excretion of biliary copper by the rat.

SummaryBiliary fistulas were created in rats under ether anesthesia. Biliary excretion of copper diminished after the first day. When the rats were reanesthetized with ether 1 to 4 days after the operation, more dramatic changes in biliary copper excretion occurred. If the second anesthetic was administered 1 to 2 days after the operation, biliary copper fell about one-half. The reduction was modest on the third day and 4 days after the operation biliary excretion of copper was little affected by ether anesthetization.The technical excellence of Mr. Curtis Grabau is much appreciated.
Younger and Older Adults’ Attitudes Toward Robot Faces Effects of Task and Humanoid Appearance

Although humanoid robots are being designed to assist people in various tasks, there remain gaps in our understanding of the perceptions that humanoid faces evoke in the user. Understanding user pe...
Update in psychiatry.

In covering the pertinent psychiatric literature published in 1998, this Update expands on and introduces information about psychiatry that may not be readily available to the general clinical inte...
Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase II Is Stimulated by Wnt and Frizzled Homologs and Promotes Ventral Cell Fates in Xenopus

Wnt ligands working through Frizzled receptors have a differential ability to stimulate release of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) and activation of protein kinase C (PKC). Since targets of this Ca2+ release could play a role in Wnt signaling, we first tested the hypothesis that Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CamKII) is activated by some Wnt and Frizzled homologs. We report that Wnt and Frizzled homologs that activate Ca2+ release and PKC also activate CamKII activity in Xenopus embryos, while Wnt and Frizzled homologs that activate β-catenin function do not. This activation occurs within 10 min after receptor activation in a pertussis toxin-sensitive manner, concomitant with autophosphorylation of endogenous CamKII. Based on data that Wnt-5A and Wnt-11 are present maternally in Xenopus eggs, and activate CamKII, we then tested the hypothesis that CamKII participates in axis formation in the early embryo. Measurements of endogenous CamKII activity from dorsal and ventral regions of embryos revealed elevated activity on the prospective ventral side, which was suppressed by a dominant negative Xwnt-11. If this spatial bias in CamKII activity were involved in promoting ventral cell fate one might predict that elevating CamKII activity on the dorsal side would inhibit dorsal cell fates, while reducing CamKII activity on the ventral side would promote dorsal cell fates. Results obtained by expression of CamKII mutants were consistent with this prediction, revealing that CamKII contributes to a ventral cell fate.
1596 HYPERTENSION IN BABIES FOLLOWING DISCHARGE FROM NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (ICU)

We followed 17 babies who were found to have elevated blood pressure (BP) at or after discharge from neonatal ICU (systolic BP > 115 mm Hg, repeated 3 times under quiet conditions); babies with hypertension during their stay were excluded. All 17 babies had nursery stays longer than 48 hr. Follow-up was 6 months to 3½ years. Five babies had the following secondary diagnoses: 2 UPJ obstruction, 1 coarctation of the aorta, 1 neuroblastoma and 1 renal artery thrombosis. Five babies had umbilical artery catheters (UAC) for more than 24 hours; three of these babies are included in the group with secondary diagnoses. Thus, 10 babies developed hypertension without obvious cause. Sex, age of gestation, type of feeding, ventilator use or antibiotic use, proved insignificant. Sixteen of 17 babies were treated with 1-2 mg/kg/day of propranolol and/or 10-20 mg/kg/day of chlorthiazide. All children older than 2 years were off medication and were normotensive. We conclude: 1) follow-up of babies discharged from neonatal ICU should include careful BP measurements; 2) high BP may develop in babies who have not had prolonged use of UAC; 3) even when no secondary cause can be elucidated, hypertension responds to medication; 4) further study is needed to determine if babies discharged from neonatal ICU are at high risk for elevated BP and to determine the natural history, prognosis and best form of treatment for these babies.
On the lower Markov spectrum

C. Hightower found two infinite sequences of gaps in the Markov spectrum, (α n , β n ) and (γ n , δ n ) with β n and γ n both Markov elements, converging to\(1 + \sqrt 5 \). This paper exhibits Markov elements α n * and δ n * such that, for alln ⩾ 1, (α n * , β n ) and (γ n δ n * ) are gaps in the Markov spectrum. Other results include showing that, for alln ⩾ 1, β n is completely isolated, while the other endpoints of the gaps are limit points in the Markov spectrum.
The experimental behavior of FRP-strengthened RC beams subjected to design fire exposure

Abstract The results from fire resistance experiments on five rectangular reinforced concrete (RC) beams are presented in this paper. Four of these RC beams were tested after being strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), while the remaining one was tested as a control RC beam specimen. The beams were tested by exposing them to fire and service load, computed based on the nominal capacity of an unstrengthened/strengthened beam in accordance with ACI 318/ACI 440.2R provisions. The test variables included type of fire exposure, anchorage zone, insulation type, and restraint conditions. The data from the fire tests is used to evaluate the thermal and structural response, as well as failure patterns in FRP-strengthened RC beams. The test results indicate that the anchorage configuration plays a critical role in limiting the deflections of the strengthened beam after debonding of the FRP occurs at T g ± 10 ° C , where T g is the glass transition temperature. Also, FRP-strengthened RC beams supplemented with 25 mm thick spray-applied insulation can survive failure under ASTM E119 standard fire or a design fire. Further, the fire-induced axial restraint force significantly increases the fire resistance of FRP-strengthened/unstrengthened RC beams, provided that the location of restraining force is below the geometric centroid of the beam and that the beam’s deflection is sufficiently small along the entire span.
The Image Understanding Architecture

THIS PAPER PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMAGE UNDERSTANDING ARCHITECTURE (IUA), A MASSIVELY PARALLEL, MULTI-LEVEL SYSTEM FOR SUPPORTING REAL-TIME IMAGE UNDERSTANDING APPLICATIONS AND RESEARCH IN KNOWLEDGE-BASED COMPUTER VISION. THE DESIGN OF THE IUA IS MOTIVATED BY CONSIDERING THE ARCHITECTURAL REQUIREMENTS FOR INTEGRATED REAL-TIME VISION IN TERMS OF THE TYPE OF PRO- CESSING ELEMENTS, CONTROL OF PROCESSING, AND COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PROCES- SING ELEMENTS. THE IUA INTEGRATES PARALLEL PROCESSORS OPERATING SIMULTANEOUSLY AT THREE LEVELS OF COMPUTATIONAL GRANULARITY IN A TIGHTLY-COUPLED ARCHITECTURE. EACH LEVEL OF THE IUA IS A PARALLEL PROCESSOR THAT IS DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT FROM THE OTHER TWO LEVELS, IN ORDER TO BEST MEET THE PROCESSING NEEDS AT EACH OF THE CORRESPONDING LEVELS OF ABSTRACTION IN THE INTERPRETATION PROCESS. COM- MUNICATION BETWEEN LEVELS TAKS PLACE VIA PARALLEL DATA AND CONTROL PATHS. THE PROCESSING ELEMENTS WITHIN EACH LEVEL CAN ALSO COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER IN PARALLEL, VIA A DIFFERENT MECHANISM AT EACH LEVEL THAT IS DESIGNED TO MEET THE SPECIFIC COMMUNICATION NEEDS OF EACH LEVEL OF ABSTRACTION. AN ASSOCIATIVE PROCESSING PARADIGM, THAT PROVIDES A SIMPLE YET GENERAL MEANS OF MANAGING MASSIVE PARALLELISM, HAS BEEN UTILIZED AS THE PRINCIPLE CONTROL MECHANISM AT THE LOW AND INTERMEDIATE LEVELS. CONTROL OF PROCESSING IN THESE LEVELS IS BASED UPON THEIR RAPID RESPONSES TO QUERIES, INVOLVING
Molecular orbital studies of the conformation of peroxyacetic acid

Abstract A conformational study of peroxyacetic acid has been performed using both STO-3G and PCILO molecular orbital methods. The totally planar, cis conformer is obtained by both methods and is consistent with X-ray, infrared, and dipole moment results.
Backward association in serial learning as a function of prior paired-associate training

Young, Milauckas, & Bryan (1963) found mean trials to criterion in serial learning to be faster if a prior paired-associate list was compatible with later serial order than if it was incompatible. The present experiment added a paired-associate list constructed by reversing the members of each pair in the “compatible” group. This “backward” group differed significantly from the “incompatible group,” but was similar to both a “compatible” and an unrelated control group.
Predicting the post-fire establishment and persistence of an invasive tree species across a complex landscape

The reintroduction of pre-European fire regimes has allowed the entry of many invasive plant species into fire-dependant ecosystems of North America. However, the environmental factors that favor the post-fire establishment of these species across complex landscapes are not well understood and the initial establishment of invasive species does not necessarily result in long-term persistence. To evaluate the post-fire establishment and persistence of disturbance-dependent invasive plants, we studied the invasion of Paulownia tomentosa (princess tree, an early-successional species introduced from Asia) across three burns in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Based upon classification tree analysis, the presence/absence of P. tomentosa 2 years after burning was most strongly related to the cover of residual vegetation, topographic shading, and moisture availability. Spatial application of classification tree models to repeated survey data showed that P. tomentosa established across a wide range of microsites 2 years after burning. However, predicted habitat for P. tomentosa decreased by 63% 4 years after fire and by 73% 6 years after fire. Following its initial widespread establishment, P. tomentosa only persisted on xeric and exposed topographic positions that experienced high intensity burning. However, the sites where it persisted include rare community types that contain two endangered plant species that depend upon fire for successful reproduction. The control of P. tomentosa on these ecologically important sites may require special attention from land managers.
An Analysis of Two Schemes to Numerically Solve the Stochastic Collection Growth Equation

Abstract Two schemes for the numerical solution of the stochastic collection growth equation for cloud drops are compared. Their numerical approaches are different. One (the Berry/Reinhardt method) emphasizes accuracy; the other (the Bleck method) emphasizes speed. Our analysis shows that for applications where the number of solutions (time steps) does not exceed 104 the accuracy-oriented scheme is faster. For larger, repetitive applications, such as a comprehensive cloud model, an objective analysis can be made on the merits of exchanging accuracy for computational time.
The Grid: A New Infrastructure for 21st Century Science

As computer networks become cheaper and more powerful, a new computing paradigm is poised to transform the practice of science and engineering.
A three-dimensional model for lignocellulose from gymnospermous wood

Abstract The three-dimensional characteristics of lignocellulose complexes are examined by the use of molecular mechanics and dynamics. The model created is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin as would be present in gymnospermous wood tracheids. Molecular mechanics and dynamics show that the hemicellulose is hydrogen bonded and oriented parallel to the cellulose microfibrils. Energy minimization of lignin units linked by the major lignin type bond reveals a helical structure. On the basis of these findings we propose a model for three-dimensional organization of lignocellulose.
Intraocular penetration of rifampin after oral administration.

Rifampin, the most potent anti-staphylococcal drug known, was examined for its penetration into the aqueous and vitreous of rabbits after a single oral dose of 150 mg, 300 mg, or 600 mg. Maximum levels after the 150 mg dose were achieved at 4 h and were 4.2 µg/ml in the aqueous and 2.2 µg/ml in the vitreous. After the 300 mg dose, maximum levels were also achieved at 4 h, and were 5.0 µg/ml in the aqueous and 2.6 µg/ml in the vitreous. The 600 mg dose produced maximum levels at 6 h after administration, with 20.0 µg/ml in the aqueous and 15.2 µg/ml in the vitreous. These levels exceed the mimimum inhibitory concentration for many microorganisms and suggest additional investigation into possible applications of systemic rifampin in the prophylaxis and treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis.
Expression of γ-aminobutyric acid immunoreactivity in reactive astrocytes after ischemia-induced injury in the adult forebrain

Abstract Transient ischemia induces an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity which can be detected in specific forebrain regions of the adult gerbil as early as day 2, becomes prominent by day 4–7 and persists for at least 3 months. These forebrain areas include layers 2/3 of the somatosensory and auditory cortices, the CA1 and CA4 sectors of the hippocampus, the dorsolateral region of the striatum, and the dorsolateral subregion of the medial septal nucleus. In addition, astrocytes in the ischemically lesioned areas stain with gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) antiserum. These GABA-immunoreactive astrocytes are not found in non-damaged areas. The time-course of expression of GABA immunoreactivity is similar to that of GFAP immunoreactivity. Using a double immunofluorescent staining method, reactive astrocytes which express GABA immunoreactivity were also found to immunostain with either GFAP or vimentin. On the other hand, astrocytes were not found to be immunoreactive with antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase or glutamate. Our present finding demonstrates, in an in vivo model, an aberrant expression of GABA immunoreactivity by astrocytes which is not observed in non-ischemic adult animals.
A Numerical Study on Combustion and Emissions in a Dual Fuel Directly Injected Engine Using Biogas and Diesel

A numerical study on the use of biogas and diesel in a dual-fueled directly-injected engine has been conducted. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of using biogas on engine performance, combustion, and emissions. The main fuel is biogas which is premixed with air in order to form a homogeneous mixture. The mixture is then compressed and ignited by injecting diesel fuel before TDC. The pilot fuel is expected to lead to multiple ignition points in the cylinder in order to achieve uniform combustion in the cylinder. The expected benefits are lower nitrogen oxides and soot compared to pure diesel combustion. Numerical simulations using CFD software were used to simulate fuel-air mixture, compression, fuel injection, combustion, and emissions. Different quantities of biogas and diesel were investigated to determine the optimum mixture ratio. Since biogas, which is natural gas produced from human waste, contains large quantities of carbon dioxide, the effect of carbon dioxide content in the fuel was investigated. The results of this study agree very well with results from other studies found in the literature.© 2014 ASME
Circulating concentrations of FSH, LH, estradiol, and progesterone associated with acute, male-induced puberty in female mice.

Changes in circulating concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins and ovarian steroids were examined in young female mice undergoing male-induced, precocial puberty. Preliminary experiments revealed that body weight was the most critical factor in determining the rapidity with which puberty could be so induced. A restricted (lg) weight range, at which 80–85% of the immature females would uniformly achieve a complete ovulatory cycle in a 3-day period, was thus chosen as a model system for studying hormonal changes. Under these predictable conditions, male exposure was followed by a 4–5-fold increase in serum LH in 1–3 hr, and a 15–20-fold increase in plasma es-tradiol in 3–6 hr. Circulating concentrations of FSH and progesterone did not change during the first 24 hr of male exposure. A second peak in plasma estradiol levels was detected during the second day. FSH, but not LH, was totally depressed at this time. Normal, adult-like, periovulatory changes in serum LH and FSH and in plasma progesterone (but not...
Recurrent Calcium Emboli in a Patient with Aortic Stenosis

We report a patient with moderate aortic stenosis who had two episodes of calcium embolus to the left popliteal artery within ten months. This case suggests that calcium emboli can be recurrent and that major calcium emboli should warrant consideration of valve replacement, even in patients with mild aortic stenosis.
Functional characterisation of sexual stage specific proteins in Plasmodium falciparum

The various stages of the malaria parasites in the vertebrate host and in the mosquito vector offer numerous candidates for vaccine and drug development. However, the biological complexity of the parasites and the interaction with the immune system of the host continue to frustrate all such efforts thus far. While most of the targets for drug and vaccine design have focused on the asexual stages, the sexual stages of the parasite are critical for transmission and maintenance of parasites among susceptible vertebrate hosts. Sexual stage parasites undergo a series of morphological and biochemical changes during their development, accompanied by a co-ordinated cascade of a distinct expression pattern of sexual stage specific proteins. Mechanisms underlying the developmental switch from asexual parasite to sexual parasite still remain elusive. Methods that can break the malaria transmission cycle thus occupy a central place in the overall malaria control strategies. This paper provides a review of genes expressed in sexually differentiated Plasmodium. In the past few years, a molecular approach based on targeted gene disruption has revealed fascinating biological roles for many of the sexual stage gene products. In addition, we will briefly discuss other functional genomic approaches employed to study not only sexual but also other aspects of host-parasite biology.
Variable Selection for Model-Based High-Dimensional Clustering and Its Application to Microarray Data

Variable selection in highâdimensional clustering analysis is an important yet challenging problem. In this article, we propose two methods that simultaneously separate data points into similar clusters and select informative variables that contribute to the clustering. Our methods are in the framework of penalized modelâbased clustering. Unlike the classical L1ânorm penalization, the penalty terms that we propose make use of the fact that parameters belonging to one variable should be treated as a natural âgroup.â Numerical results indicate that the two new methods tend to remove noninformative variables more effectively and provide better clustering results than the L1ânorm approach.
Antilisterial Activity of Hops Beta Acids in Broth with or Without Other Antimicrobials

Hops beta acids (HBA) are parts of hops flowers used to preserve wort and provide flavor in beer, and are reported as having antimicrobial properties. This study evaluated the antilisterial activity of HBA alone or in combination with other known antimicrobials in a culture broth medium. Listeria monocytogenes (10-strain mixture) was inoculated (2.6 to 2.8 log CFU/mL) into tryptic soy broth supplemented with 0.6% yeast extract (TSBYE) without (control) or with HBA (0.5 to 5.0 microg/mL), potassium lactate (1.0%), sodium diacetate (0.25%), or acetic acid (0.1%), alone or in combination with HBA (0.5 to 3.0 microg/mL). Survival/growth of the pathogen during storage at 4 degrees C (35 d), 10 degrees C (20 d), or 25 degrees C (2 d) was periodically monitored by spiral plating onto tryptic soy agar plus 0.6% yeast extract. As expected, TSBYE without antimicrobials (control) supported rapid pathogen growth with growth rates of 0.40, 2.88, and 9.58 log CFU/mL/d at 4, 10, and 25 degrees C, respectively; corresponding Y(end) values exceeded 9.0 log CFU/mL at 35, 20, and 2 d storage. HBA used alone (1.0 to 5.0 microg/mL) inhibited growth of L. monocytogenes at all 3 temperatures, with inhibition being more pronounced at higher concentrations and at the lower storage temperature (4 degrees C). The antilisterial activity of HBA (0.5 to 3.0 microg/mL) was enhanced when combined with sodium diacetate, acetic acid, or potassium lactate, achieving complete inhibition at 4 degrees C when 3.0 microg/mL HBA were used in combination with each of the above antimicrobials. Overall, HBA exhibited promising antilisterial activity in a broth medium and further studies are needed to investigate its potential antilisterial effects in food products.
The mechanism of antibody-antigen reaction.

Abstract 1. 1. By selective absorption of rabbit antisera to crystalline yeast alcohol dehydrogenase and crystalline egg albumin as antigens it is possible to show specific antibodies to antibody-antigen complexes and to the antigen. 2. 2. Antibody-antigen complexes show an antibody response when injected into rabbits. Such antibodies react more rapidly with the complex than with the antigen. 3. 3. Rabbits injected once with antigen show little or no antibody to a chosen antibody-antigen complex. Rabbits injected two or more times show progressively more antibody to that complex. 4. 4. On the basis of these findings a new theory of antibody-antigen reaction is proposed. Its possible role in the understanding of some aspects of immunochemistry is discussed.
Development of Potent μ-Opioid Receptor Ligands Using Unique Tyrosine Analogues of Endomorphin-2

Six analogues of tyrosine, which contained alkyl groups at positions 2‘, 3‘, and 6‘, either singly or in combination on the tyramine ring, were investigated for their effect on the opioid activity of [Xaa1]endomorphin-2 (EM-2). The opioid analogues displayed the following characteristics: (i) high μ-opioid receptor affinity [Ki(μ) = 0.063−2.29 nM] with selectivity [Ki(δ)/Ki(μ)] ranging from 46 to 5347; (ii) potent functional μ-opioid agonism [GPI assay (IC50 = 0.623−0.924 nM)] and with a correlation between δ-opioid receptor affinities and functional bioactivity using MVD; (iii) intracerebroventricular administration of [Dmt1]- (14) and [Det1]EM-2 (10) produced a dose−response antinociception in mice, with the former analogue more active than the latter; and (iv) a marked shift occurred from the trans-orientation at the Tyr1-Pro2 bond to a cis-conformer compared to that observed previously with [Dmt1]EM-2 (14) (Okada et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2003, 11, 1983−1984) except [Mmt1]EM-2 (7). The active profile...