cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of ventilation and backfill on a mined waste disposal facility

Abstract The effects of ventilation and backfill on the temperature and relative humidity of waste packages in a mined underground nuclear waste disposal facility are evaluated. The evaluations account for ventilation of the underground drifts for the first 100 years and emplacement of crushed unconsolidated backfill in the drifts after 100 years. Three areal mass loading (AML) strategies are evaluated: 20, 40, and 80 tU acre−1 (MTU acre−1). It is found that ventilation decreases the peak waste package temperature by 10°C for the 20 MTU acre−1 case, by 15°C for 40 MTU acre−1, and by 42°C for 80 MTU acre−1. The flow of moisture is minimal for below boiling conditions and increases greatly for above boiling conditions. Even for the lowest AML of 20 MTU acre−1, a dry-out zone of 3.3 m radius surrounding the drifts develops and for the highest thermal loading of 80 MTU acre−1 as much as 8.6 m is dried. The emplacement of low conductivity backfill significantly increases waste packages temperature by over 100°C and leads to low relative humidity to 10 000 years.
Salinity influence on the ecology of phytoflagellate blooms in lower new york bay and adjacent waters

Abstract The possible role of salinity in phytoflagellate blooms in New York Harbor estuarine and oceanic waters was examined by culture studies of the dominant species. Massartia rotundata (Lohmann) Schiller (=Katodinium rotundatum (Lohmann) Loeblich III) grew best in the range 24–30‰, Olisthodiscus luteus Carter in the range 10–36‰, and Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg in the range 27–36‰. The optimum ranges for all three species sufficiently match the characteristic bay-ocean range (17–32‰) to eliminate salinity tolerance as a major factor in bloom development. Laboratory simulation of the change from brackish-river to ocean water salinities, by culture preconditioning at 20‰ or at 30‰ before inoculation into a salinity gradient, shows stress effects on growth, especially in Massartia rotundata and Olisthodiscus luteus. It is speculated that salinity stress may temporarily affect the development of particular blooms of these two species.
Mitochondrial membrane cholesterol, the voltage dependent anion channel (VDAC), and the Warburg effect

Normal cells of aerobic organisms synthesize the energy they require in the form of ATP via the process of oxidative phosphorylation. This complex system resides in the mitochondria of cells and utilizes oxygen to produce a majority of cellular ATP. However, in most tumors, especially those with elevated cholesterogenesis, there is an increased reliance on glycolysis for energy, even in conditions where oxygen is available. This aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect) has far reaching ramifications on the tumor itself and the cells that surround it. In this brief review, we will discuss how abnormally high membrane cholesterol levels can result in a subsequent deficiency of oxidative energy production in mitochondria from cultured Morris hepatoma cells (MH-7777). We have identified the voltage dependent anion channel (VDAC) as a necessary component of a protein complex involved in mitochondrial membrane cholesterol distribution and transport. Work in our laboratory demonstrates that the ability of VDAC to influence mitochondrial membrane cholesterol distribution may have implications on mitochondrial characteristics such as oxidative phosphorylation and induction of apoptosis, as well as the propensity of cancer cells to exhibit a glycolytic phenotype.
Variability of (ring centroid)–Ln–(ring centroid) angles in the mixed ligand C5Me5/C8H8 complexes (C5Me5)Ln(C8H8) and [(C5Me5)Yb(THF)](μ-η8∶η8-C8H8)[Yb(C5Me5)]

The trivalent mixed ligand metallocene complexes (C5Me5)Ln(C8H8) have been structurally characterized for Ln = Sm, Dy, Er, and Yb and compared with the known lutetium analog to study the effect of radial size and fn electron configuration on the (C5Me5 ring centroid)–Ln–(C8H8 ring centroid) angles. Analogous angles were also examined in the mixed ligand, bimetallic, partially-solvated complex [(C5Me5)Yb(THF)](μ-η8∶η8-C8H8)[Yb(C5Me5)].
Behavioural factors in non-coital methods of contraception: A review

The purpose of this article is to review behavioral factors mentioned in the literature as considerations in the selection and use of vasectomy tubal ligation intrauterine devices or oral contraceptive agents as methods of birth control. Further the purpose of this article will be to identify from a review of the literature the nature and extent of behavioral problems associated with the use of non-coital contraceptive methods. These four methods have been chosen for this review because of the extent of their use as well as the extent of unanswered questions regarding possible behavioral effects surrounding their use. (authors)
Mineralocorticoids decrease the activity of the apical small-conductance K channel in the cortical collecting duct

We used the patch-clamp technique to examine the effect of DOCA treatment (2 mg/kg) on the apical small-conductance K (SK) channels, epithelial Na channels (ENaC), and the basolateral 18-pS K chann...
Changes in alpine vegetation over 21 years: Are patterns across a heterogeneous landscape consistent with predictions?

One significant unanswered question about biotic responses to climate change is how plant communities within topographically complex landscapes will respond to climate change. Alpine plant communities are strongly influenced by topographic microclimates which can either buffer or compound the effects of more regional climatic changes. Here, we analyzed species changes over 20+ years in a complex alpine landscape with pronounced gradients in microtopography and consequently large variation in temperatures, snow depths, and nitrogen availability across small (10 m) scales. Using data from long-term monitoring plots from six community types, we asked how species composition and functional diversity changed over time in these different areas of the landscape, and whether fine-scale heterogeneity allowed species to move in response to temporal changes in the environment. We found site-wide patterns of increasing species and functional diversity. However, the majority of variability in composition over time was...
RATIO OF ELECTRONS TO POSITRONS IN THE PRIMARY COSMIC RADIATION

Ratio of electron to positrons in primary cosmic radiation investigated by balloon-borne instrument over Ft. Churchill
Comparison of first‐pass Gd‐DOTA and FAIRER MR perfusion imaging in a rabbit model of pulmonary embolism

Purpose To compare the sensitivity of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and arterial spin labeling to perfusion deficits in the lung. Materials and Methods A rabbit model of pulmonary embolism was imaged with both flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery with an extra radiofrequency pulse (FAIRER) arterial spin labeling and Gd-DOTA enhanced MRI. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was measured in the area of the perfusion deficit and the normal lung for both techniques. Results The defect was readily visible in all images. The normal lung had an average of 3.8 ± 1.2 times the SNR of the unperfused lung with the arterial spin labeling technique, and approximately 13.7 ± 3.3 times the SNR with the contrast-enhanced technique. Conclusion Gd-DOTA enhanced MRI provides higher SNR in pulmonary perfusion imaging; however, arterial spin labeling is also adequate and may be used when repeated studies are indicated. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:168–171. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Improvement of a low pH antigen-antibody dissociation procedure for ELISA measurement of circulating anti-Aβ antibodies

Background Prior work from our group found that acid dissociation (pH 2.5 incubation) of serum from APP transgenic mice vaccinated against Aβ increased the apparent anti-Aβ titers, suggesting antibody masking by antigen in the ELISA assay. Subsequently, we found that pH 2.5 incubation of serum from unvaccinated non-transgenic mice showed antibody binding to Aβ1–42, but no increase when other proteins, including shorter Aβ peptides, coated the ELISA plate. To investigate further the effects of low pH incubation on apparent anti-Aβ1–42 signals, we examined normal sera from nonTg unvaccinated mice, nonTg mice vaccinated with Aβ peptide (to produce authentic anti-Aβ antibodies) or a monoclonal antibody against Aβ (6E10) using competitive-inhibition ELISA and Aβ epitope mapping assays. In addition, we examined use of a less stringent low pH procedure at pH 3.5, to ascertain if it had the same effects as the pH 2.5 procedure.
The use of an index-based regression model for precipitation analysis on the Iberian peninsula

A large number of atmospheric circulation classification techniques have been developed in the investigation of synoptic controls on regional rainfall. Often the rationale is to aid efforts to downscale GCM output for the purpose of producing more confident climate change impact scenarios. Discrete weather typing techniques, although proven to be successful do not capture weather type intensity and within-type variability can often be high. In this study an objective indexing method, developed for Egypt and the British Isles area is applied to the Iberian peninsula. Air flow index values are then used as predictor variables in simple linear regression models to estimate monthly mean grid point rainfall amounts. Separate models are evaluated for the winter and summer halves of the year and also for surface and mid-tropospheric flow (500 hPa). The models are evaluated and compared indicating that the index values provide good estimation of rainfall but variability in performance between season and site is noted.
Quantification of HCl from High Resolution Infrared Solar Spectra Obtained at the South Pole in December 1986

Ground-based infrared solar spectra at 0.02/ cm resolution obtained at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole station in December 1986 have been analysed for the atmospheric content of HCl. Nonlinear least-squares spectral fitting applied to the spectra yields a total HCl column amount of (6.4 +/- 0.8) x 10(exp 15) molec/sq cm, most being stratospheric. This amount is larger than that extrapolated from earlier results on the latitudinal distribution of atmospheric HCl.
INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS OF THE RENEWAL OF WATERS OF THE COLD INTERMEDIATE LAYER IN THE BLACK SEA FOR THE LAST DECADES

On the basis of the archival hydrological data, recently accumulated data of buoy profilometers, and the array of satellite data on sea-surface temperature, we estimate the interannual variability of the renewal of waters of the cold intermediate layer in the Black Sea for the last two decades. We propose a procedure of estimation of the intensity of renewal of waters for this layer according to the data on sea-surface temperature in the winter period without taking into account the vertical profiles of temperature. It is indicated that the last 50 yr are characterized by the alternation of periods with different intensities of ventilation of the upper layer of the sea. We analyze the correlations between the temperature of waters of the cold intermediate layer and the winter temperature of air (according to the data of meteorological stations located on the north coast of the Black Sea) and the level of salinity in the surface layer of the sea. The role played by the last factor is emphasized.
The Role of Political Skill in the Stressor–Outcome Relationship: Differential Predictions for Self- and Other-Reports of Political Skill

Abstract The beneficial role of political skill in stress reactions and performance evaluations has been demonstrated in a substantial amount of empirical research. Most of the research, however, has focused on self-perceptions of political skill. This study examines the differential moderating effects of self- vs. other-rated political skill in the conflict – emotional burnout and performance relationships, using two samples including non-academic staff employees of a large university ( N = 839) and a variety of office and retail employees from an automotive organization ( N = 142). We argue that self-reported political skill moderates the relationship between conflict and a self-reported strain-related outcome that is important to the individual (i.e., emotional burnout), but that supervisor-rated political skill does not moderate this relationship. Further, we argue that supervisor-rated political skill moderates the relationship between conflict and an outcome important to the supervisor and the organization (i.e., job performance), but that self-reported political skill does not moderate this relationship. Findings partially support our hypotheses as both self and supervisor-rated political skill neutralized the negative effects of conflict on burnout, but only supervisor-rated political skill neutralized the negative effects of conflict on performance. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
The putting-out system: Transitional form or recurrent feature of capitalist production?

Abstract The putting-out system has frequently been described in accounts of rural domestic industry during the European industrial revolution as a transitional form of production relations accompanying the development of full-fledged capitalism. In this article, the authors argue that the putting-out system is a relatively enduring feature of capitalist production, appearing in various times and places under conditions which can be specified through comparative analysis. To contribute to such specification, we systematically analyze the similarities and differences between the putting-out system in the contemporary hammock industry in Yucatan and in earlier European cases.
Estimation of reciprocal residual flexibility from experimental modal data

A technique is presented for estimating the residual flexibility between nonexcited structural degrees of freedom from experimental structural vibration data. Using this method, one can include the residual flexibility estimated from modal measurements in the computation of measured flexibility for experiments with incomplete reciprocity, i.e., when the response and excitation measurement sensors are not fully collocated. The method can also be used to estimate the unknown entries in the residual flexibility matrix for experimental component mode synthesis when excitations are not provided at all interface degrees of freedom. A general solution is presented that contains an unknown positive semidefinite contribution. The general solution satisfies modal orthogonality in the limit that all of the structural degrees of freedom are instrumented and when the positive semidefinite contribution lies in a nullspace defined by the stiffness matrix and the modal flexibility. With a limited number of measurements, modal orthogonality is shown to be satisfied to the extent that the measured modes are preserved by static condensation. A rank-deficient solution is presented that allows the residual to be used in the computation of the flexibility matrix without further modeling assumptions. Numerical and experimental results that demonstrate the application of the method to both flexibility matrix convergence and experimental component mode synthesis are presented.
Conditioned place preferences (CPPs) to high-caloric “snack foods” in rat strains genetically prone vs. resistant to diet-induced obesity: Resistance to naltrexone blockade

A previous study in our laboratory using Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats showed that conditioned place preferences (CPPs) can be learned to two different high-caloric "snack foods"--one high in sugar (Froot Loops cereal: FL) vs. one high in fat (Cheetos: C), and that both preferences were mediated by endogenous opioids. Using the same CPP apparatus and procedures, two genetic sub-strains of SD rats, one selectively bred for diet-induced obesity (DIO) vs. another bred for diet resistance to obesity (DR), were used in this investigation. The experiment determined if (a) CPPs can be created in both strains using the same high-caloric "snack foods" and, (b) if CPPs existed, were they opioid dependent. Four non-deprived groups of eight male rats, half being of each strain, were given 20 min sessions to eat either FL or C in one side of a three-chamber CPP apparatus vs. chow on the opposite side over alternating days of a 20 day period. Each predetermined side had distinctly different environmental cues. Following conditioning, rats were tested during 10 min sessions to see if CPPs existed to the "snack food" trained sides. During conditioning and testing, bodyweights, intakes of foods, and activity were measured. Both FL and C generated strong CPPs that were equivalent in both strains. In contrast to our previous study in the parent strain, doses of 0, 0.50, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/kg of the opioid antagonist, naltrexone, had no effect on blocking these CPPs. These results show that (a) DIO and DR rats can learn CPPs (i.e., "exhibit food cravings") as well as their parent strain after periodic access to high-caloric palatable foods, but imply that (b) some physiological system other than the endogenous opioid system mediates such learning.
Research Advances: Addressing the Environmental Fates of Everyday Products from Cigarette Butts to Shampoos and Cleaning Agents

This installment of Research Advances describes the results of two studies to gain a better understanding of the chemistry of human waste.
Bivariate spline spaces and minimal determining sets

Abstract The paper describes bivariate spline spaces and minimal determining sets, shows applications of these concepts, presents two new triangular finite elements, describes public domain software for the analysis of spline spaces, and concludes with a concise history of these subjects. The software described in this paper is available on http : //www.math.utah.edu/ ∼ alfeld/MDS That page also contains links to colored versions of the figures in this paper.
Power-Law Scaling in Protein Synthesis of a Stochastic Regulon-An Experimental Study

We investigate the protein expression pattern of the lamB gene in Escherichia coli bacterium. The gene product LamB is an important membrane protein for maltose transport into cells but it is also exploited by bacteriophage lambda for infection. Using a dual-colored phage labeling technique, we find that the LamB receptor distribution p(n) has a majority population with average receptor number n∼500 and a minority population at small n. This small-n distribution is scale invariant with p(n)∼ nˆα. A power law is also observed when LamB expression is chemically repressed by growing the bacteria in a glucose medium. We propose a heuristic model which can account qualitatively for our observations.
Factors affecting pediatric residents' intentions to screen for high risk behaviors

Purpose: To determine the factors associated with the intentions of pediatric residents to: 1) screen adolescents for high risk behaviors using the Guidelines for Adolescent preventive Services (GAPS) and 2) to record the results in the medical record. Methods: 64 pediatric residents at a university children's hospital were given seven scenarios and were asked to rate on a five point Likert scale (1 = always, 5=never) the likelihood that they would ask and document adolescent patient responses about sexual activity/birth control, alcohol/drug use, depression/suicidal ideation, fighting/coping with anger, and nutrition/eating disorders. The association of patient-related factors (e.g., gender, presenting symptom, medical setting, known private provider, and presence of a chronic illness) and resident-related factors (e.g. gender, post graduate level, future plans, and a prior adolescent rotation) on intentions to screen was determined using analysis of variance for ranked data. Results: Residents indicated they were most likely to ask adolescents about sexual activity (mean Likert=2.6, median Likert=2, range 1–5) (P = 0.014). Residents were more likely to screen for substance use (2.8, 3, 1-5) than nutritional issues (3.5, 4, 1–5) (P ≤ 0.0001), and were least likely to ask about depression (3.8, 4, 1–5) and fighting (3.9, 4, 1–5) (P ≤ 0.0001). Although residents reported that they were likely to record screening results in the medical record (median Likert score=1), they noted the most common reasons for not recording to be fear that parents would see the record, lack of time, and the feeling that negative responses to screening need not be recorded. The patient-related factors that significantly affected residents' intentions to screen included: presenting symptom, medical setting, and the presence of a chronic illness (P ≤ 0.05). Female gender of the patient increased only the likelihood of nutrition screening. Male residents reported a greater intention to screen for depression (P = 0.046). Post-graduate level and a prior adolescent rotation influenced the intention to screen for most behaviors. Conclusions: This study found that residents are more likely to indicate that they would screen for sexual activity and substance use than for nutritional disorders, depression, and fighting. Several patient-related and resident-related factors influence the likelihood of residents to screen for various high risk behaviors. Educational efforts are needed to increase residents' screening for high risk behaviors.
Academic Achievement and Primary Care Specialty Selection of Volunteers at a Student-Run Free Clinic

Background: Previous studies have reached conflicting conclusions about the associations between service and academic achievement and service and primary care specialty choice. Purposes: This study examines the associations between service at a student-run clinic and academic achievement and primary care specialty choice. Methods: Retrospective review of medical student service and statistical analysis of grade point average (GPA), Step 1 and Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) scores, and specialty choice were conducted, as approved by our Institutional Review Board. Results: Volunteers, compared to nonvolunteers, had higher GPA (3.59 ± 0.33 vs. 3.40 ± 0.39, p < .001), Step 1 (229 ± 19 vs. 220 ± 21, p < .001), and Step 2 CK (240 ± 18 vs. 230 ± 21, p < .001) scores, but did not pursue primary care specialties at a significantly higher percentage (52% vs. 51%, χ2 = .051, p = .82). Conclusions: Further exploration of the associations between service and academic achievement and primary care specialty choice is w...
The Association of Well-Being with Health Risk Behaviors in College-Attending Young Adults

The present study investigated the associations of well-being with engagement in illicit drug use, sexual risk taking, and impaired driving in a sample of 9,515 students from 30 U.S. colleges and universities. Participants completed measures of subjective well-being, psychological well-being, and eudaimonic well-being, and indicated how many times in the past 30 days that they had engaged in several illicit drug use, sexual risk, and impaired driving behaviors. Findings indicated that well-being was negatively associated with incidence of illicit drug use and some sexual risk behaviors, but not with incidence of drunk/drugged driving or riding with an impaired driver. Well-being was negatively related to frequency of casual sex, sex while drunk/high, drunk/drugged driving, and riding with an impaired driver. Associations of well-being were strongest for more dangerous types of drug use and sexual behavior and for riding with an impaired driver. Results are discussed in terms of implications for research a...
Off-diagonal matrix coefficients are tangents to state space: Orientation and C*-algebras

Any non-commutative C * -algebra A, e.g., two by two complex matrices, has at least two associative multiplications for which the collection of positive linear functionals is the same. Alfsen and Shultz have shown that by selecting an orientation for the state space K of A, i.e., the convex set of positive linear functionals of norm one, a unique associative multiplication for A is determined. We give a simple method for describing this orientation.
Bulk viscosity due to kaons in color-flavor-locked quark matter

We calculate the bulk viscosity of color-superconducting quark matter in the color-flavor-locked (CFL) phase. We assume that the lightest bosons are the superfluid mode H and the kaons K{sup 0} and K{sup +}, and that there is no kaon condensate. We calculate the rate of strangeness-equilibrating processes that convert kaons into superfluid modes, and the resultant bulk viscosity. We find that for oscillations with a timescale of milliseconds, at temperatures T<1 MeV, the CFL bulk viscosity is much less than that of unpaired quark matter, but at higher temperatures the bulk viscosity of CFL matter can become larger.
Fast browsing of large-scale images using server prefetching and client caching techniques

To support fast browsing of large scale images in a client/server environment, we propose a prediction-based server prefetching and client caching algorithm. By prefetching the predicted data using available network resources, the system can effectively reduce the size of data needed for the next access. While traditional browsing cache systems can not address both nonstationary and stationary browsing behaviors at the same time, our G/L-cache system is adaptive to dynamic user accesses. As a result, the response time for an interactive browsing system can be greatly reduced.
DECISION MAKING AND DISPLAY METHODS: THE CASE OF PRESCRIPTION AND PRACTICE IN CAPITAL BUDGETING

ABSTRACT Surveys of businesses' capital budgeting practices reveal that the IRR is much preferred over the NPV as an investment decision making tool even though business scholars prescribe the NPV as theoretically optimal. Here practitioners' preference for the IRR is explained through ergonomics: the IRR is treated as a display method. As such it is more compatible with decision makers' expectations and therefore, is more cognitively efficient. Because the IRR is expressed as an interest rate, it more closely resembles an analog display, in which the IRR is simply compared to the required return. In contrast, the NPV is stated in dollars, resembling more a very precise digital display. Academicians should reorient their efforts from promoting the NPV to teaching methods to ameliorate the pitfalls of the IRR.
Editor’s Introduction: A Reflective Miscellany

In this issue we present a wide ranging set of papers that offer thoughtful reflections on a mix of historical and contemporary concerns. Some also include insightful empirical analysis, but the overall emphasis is on the meaning and significance of events. Matteo Bortolini begins with an examination of “the Bellah Affair” of the early 1970s, a controversy that centered on qualifications for membership in the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University. As he demonstrates, a “reputational struggle” played out in high-profile mass media, based largely on leaks of confidential documents, including evaluations of Robert Bellah’s scholarly work. In the process, the reputation of sociology itself, as a field of scientific inquiry aspiring to parity with the natural sciences, was called into question. Brian Conway contributes an analysis of the relationship between the Catholic Church and sociology in Ireland, using a comparative institutional perspective. He traces three historical stages in the career of Catholic sociology in Ireland, and compares developments there with events elsewhere in Europe and in the United States. Many readers, even those with a strong interest in the history of sociology, may be unaware that during the middle decades of the twentieth century there was also a significant “Catholic sociology” movement within the United States, complete with its own sociological journal. Though it seems strange now, I still recall seeing copies of this journal on the library shelves at St. Louis University during my studies there. It is interesting to speculate whether the near future will see other religiously imbued forms of sociology, perhaps especially an Islamic variant, and also whether some concept of spirituality may find its way back into sociological thought and writing. Robert Prus focuses on Emile Durkheim and the significance of his 1903 Moral Education, a work that is not well known among the majority of sociologists in the United States. Approaching this work from the perspective of symbolic interactionAm Soc (2011) 42:1–2 DOI 10.1007/s12108-011-9127-0
Intellective Functioning and Strategy Use in Children with Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus

The cognitive development of children with either early or late onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) was investigated with tasks measuring intellectual ability, memory, and academic progress. In addition, children's perceptions of their competence and parents' perspectives on family functioning and their children's behavior were compared. It was found that children with IDDM scored within the normal range on standardized measures of intelligence and academic performance but evidenced some school difficulties, as reflected in subscale performance as well as in their need of remedial education services. Further, evidence was found to suggest deficiencies in children's use of strategies to organize and recall information, particularly for those with early onset of disease. Children's perceived self-competencies and parents' reports of family functioning were strikingly similar across groups. However, parents of those children whose illness began prior to age 5 reported their children to have poor attention spans and difficulty completing tasks.
The Temporal Expectations of Schooling and Literacy Learning Jermaine's Story

Although the term chronotope may be unfamiliar, the meaning and significance of the construct resonate with many ELA teachers. Chronotope (Bakhtin, 1981) captures how people come to make sense of stories and the characters that inhabit those stories. In this longitudinal case study, chronotope is used to explore what school literacy experiences offer, allow, and reject in terms of identity construction, providing students with possibilities for change, malleable sequences, connections to the world beyond school, and opportunities for critique. This analysis reveals how school policies and expectations carry meanings about who Jermaine is as a student and as a reader. Chronotopic motifs related to schooling and literacy characterize Jermaine as a particular type of student and invoke probable school trajectories. The article closes with implications for teachers designed to support students, like Jermaine, who struggle to meet the expectations imposed by schools.
Amine and phenol solvation by Lewis bases: calculated binding constants and stoichiometries presented as evidence of bifurcated and trifurcated hydrogen bonds

Abstract Evidence is presented for multiple solvation of individual polar hydrogens by aprotic Lewis bases, forming bifurcated, trifurcated and possibly tetrafurcated hydrogen bonds. In addition to this primary furcation, secondary bifurcation or trifurcation to multiple atoms within one Lewis base molecule occurs when the orbital geometry is appropriate. For example, a single hydrogen appears to be solvated by all six oxygens of two trioxanes. We propose that such multiple bonding is characteristic of solvation by hydrogen bonding and is to be expected whenever it is sterically possible and one of the participants is in sufficient excess to qualify as “solvent”. These conclusions are based on non-linear least squares fitting of a two-site solvation model to equilibrium data for the proton-transfer complex of 2,4-dinitrophenol and diethylamine in benzene/Lewis base mixed solvents. Solvation binding constants and stoichiometries for both the amine in the proton-transfer complex and the free dinitrophenol are reported for 21 different Lewis bases. The most common stoichiometry is two solvent molecules per hydrogen, corresponding to primary bi furcation. The solvation binding constants range from 10 to 200 (molarity scale) for the complexed amine, and from 2 to 100 for the free dinitrophenol. Unexpectedly large solvation constants for a cyclic triether and certain cyclic diethers are attributed to secondary trifurcation and bifurcation, respectively, involving all of the oxygen atoms in the ring.
Leptin does not affect adipocyte glucose metabolism: Studies in fresh and cultured adipocytes

Leptin, the 16-kd hormone produced by white fat cells, regulates energy homeostasis, satiety, and multiple sites in the neuroendocrine system. Leptin receptors have been identified in the central nervous system (CNS) and are widespread in peripheral tissues, including fat. Given the association between insulin resistance and obesity, it is important to establish whether leptin has additional effects on peripheral insulin action and glucose metabolism. This study examined whether leptin has a direct autocrine/paracrine action on glucose metabolism in both freshly isolated and 24-hour cultured rat fat cells. Freshly isolated rat adipocytes were incubated for 30 minutes with 200 ng/mL recombinant murine leptin. Thereafter, basal and insulin-stimulated (10(-8) mol/L) glucose transport, glycolysis-Krebs oxidation and lipogenesis ([6-14C]glucose conversion to [14C]O2 and to [14C]triglyceride), and lipolysis were measured. Upon leptin exposure, no statistical differences were detected in glucose transport or metabolism. Increasing the leptin concentration to 1 to 2 microg/mL or prolonging the duration of preincubation with the fat cells to 60 minutes before the metabolic assays did not alter the results. Finally, using two disparate fat cell culture methods with differing substrate additions (pyruvate and high or low glucose concentrations), there was no effect of 24-hour exposure to leptin (200 ng/mL) on basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport or lipogenesis. We conclude that leptin does not modulate basal or insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism in isolated and cultured fat cells in vitro. However, in vivo, higher pericellular leptin concentrations, as well as other cellular or soluble serum factors, may exist that might lead to a physiologically relevant autocrine action of leptin.
As Happy As Can Be: How Republic's Philosophers Fare Best by Ruling

Many scholars hold that in Plato's Republic philosophers who rule suffer in terms of philosophical activity. This view is based largely on Socrates' silence on the matter in response to a complaint from Glaucon. Yet two major themes of Republic maintain that philosophers who act justly and rule do not suffer in terms in philosophy: (i) with respect to the material goods and physical security which are pre-requisites for philosophical activity, philosophers benefit from the support of the city, and (ii) rule by inferior people is inimical to philosophy. I develop these two themes, disarm in passing the evidence for thinking that the philosophers are worse off, and consider four types of non-ruling philosopher — "spontaneous", "besotted" "wealthy" and "deceitful" philosophers. None of the four fares better in terms of philosophical activity than ruling philosophers.
Value of Consensual Ratings in Differentiating Organic and Functional Low Back Pain.

Evaluated 40 low back pain patients by a multidisciplinary team (orthopedic surgeons, nursing staff and a medical psychologist) to identify the behavioral characteristics associated with functional and organic determinants of pain. Significant relationships were found between orthopedists' clinical judgments and higher scores on MMPI scales F, Hs, and MA, between nurses' ratings and higher scores on MMPI scales D, PA, PT, and SI, and on the Zung Depression Scale and STAI Trait-Anxiety scale. Physicians and nurses consensually agreed on 27 cases. Behavioral observations of the orthopedists and the nursing staff revealed contrasting patterns of behavior for those patients classified as organic or functional. The power of the consensual rating method and its usefulness in clinical appraisals were discussed.
Significance of Persistent EBV Viral Load in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients

Purpose As most cases of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) are driven by EBV, most centers monitor EBV viral load (VL) by quantitative PCR. Optimal treatment for patients (pts) with persistent EBV VL is unknown. Aim: To determine the outcome of reduced immunosuppression (IS) and anti-viral therapy on the frequency of PLTD and acute rejection (AR) in pediatric heart transplant (Tx) recipients. Methods and Materials We reviewed medical records of 113 pts whose EBV serostatus was known at Tx. We ascertained their EBV PCR VL, IS regimen, anti-viral therapy, CT/PET scan and biopsy results, and AR episodes. Whole blood PCR was used for EBV VL monitoring. Pts were divided into 3 groups based on EBV VL: not detected (ND) ( 10,000) copies/ml. Pts who had persistently high VL twice within 2 months underwent whole body CT/PET imaging to exclude PTLD. Diagnosis of PTLD was based on histopathology findings of abnormal lymphoid proliferation and positive in situ hybridization using EBER probe for EBV. Results The findings of this study are shown in Figure. Abnormal CT/PET scan concerning for PTLD was observed in 66% in EBV naive heart Tx recipients who had high VL. Of 10 pts who had abnormal PET/CT scan, 3 had PTLD on biopsy. Antiviral therapy was initiated in 4 pts who showed only temporary decrease in VL. Reduction in IS in pts with high VL resulted in AR in 3 cases. [ figure 1 ] Conclusions Pediatric heart Tx recipients with high EBV VL are at risk for PTLD despite reduction in IS. We recommend frequent surveillance of the allograft for AR with IS reduction. Multicenter study is needed to focus on strategies not only to prevent PTLD, but also to protect the allograft.
A "Reef-Up" approach to classifying coral habitats from IKONOS imagery

Monitoring coral reef benthos with satellites has typically followed a "sensor-down" approach, with the classification algorithm driven by statistics derived from the imagery. I adopt a "reef-up" method, drawing on statistics derived from hyperspectral optical field measurements of substrate reflectance to train image classification. In order to calibrate the satellite data with direct physical measurements of reflectivity, it is necessary to process both the imagery and in situ data to common units of albedo. Building upon a proof-of-concept study conducted by the author in the Red Sea, the link is made by correcting the remote sensing data for the effect of varying bathymetry using in situ measurement of water column optical properties and a digital elevation model constructed from a vessel-based acoustic survey, thereby yielding units of substrate reflectance. Extensive ground verification of the predictive benthic habitat map resulting from image classification showed that eight substrate classes were resolved with an overall accuracy of 69% down to a depth of 6 m, including live and dead coral framework. As compared to conventional from-image classification techniques, the reef-up method offers the potential for higher thematic accuracy while maintaining a greater degree of flexibility for repeat survey using platforms of higher spectral and spatial resolution, expected to come online in the near future. The fact that image acquisition and optical ground-truthing did not occur concurrently, is of particular relevance in confirming that in situ measurements can be made independent of image acquisition and retrospectively linked to appropriate substrate classes. Considering the wealth of hyperspectral data already acquired for shallow reef facies, the work highlights the potential of the reef-up approach for quantifying substrate distribution in coral environments using both air- and spaceborne platforms.
Growth Hormone Neurosecretory Dysfunction: Update

The neuroregulation of GH secretion is complex involving the dual regulatory control of a GH releasing hormone (GHRH) and GH inhibiting hormone (somatostatin or SRIH) (see Figures 1 and 2). These neurohormones are further regulated by neurotransmitters (Fig. 1). Experimental evidence (animal and human) for anatomic distribution and the possible role of neurotransmitters (dopaminergic, catecholaminergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, histaminergic, gama-aminobutyric acidergic) are reviewed in greater detail elsewhere (1,2). We hypothesize that defects in the neuro- regulatory control of GH secretion results in decreased or disordered GH secretion which is, ultimately, expressed as poor growth velocity and short stature.
On the role of dynamic programming in statistical communication theory

In this paper we wish to show that the fundamental problem of determining the utility of a communication channel in conveying information can be interpreted as a problem within the framework of multistage decision processes of stochastic type, and as such may be treated by means of the theory of dynamic programming. We shall begin by formulating some aspects of the general problem in terms of multistage decision processes, with brief descriptions of stochastic allocation processes and learning processes. Following this, as a simple example of the applicability of the techniques of dynamic programming, we shall discuss in detail a problem posed recently by Kelly. In this paper, it is shown by Kelly that under certain conditions, the rate of transmission, as defined by Shannon, can be obtained from a certain multistage decision process with an economic criterion. Here we shall complete Kelly's analysis in some essential points, using functional equation techniques, and considerably extend his results.
Estimates of carbon stored in harvested wood products from the United States forest service northern region, 1906-2010

Global forests capture and store significant amounts of CO2 through photosynthesis. When carbon is removed from forests through harvest, a portion of the harvested carbon is stored in wood products, often for many decades. The United States Forest Service (USFS) and other agencies are interested in accurately accounting for carbon flux associated with harvested wood products (HWP) to meet greenhouse gas monitoring commitments and climate change adaptation and mitigation objectives. This paper uses the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) production accounting approach and the California Forest Project Protocol (CFPP) to estimate HWP carbon storage from 1906 to 2010 for the USFS Northern Region, which includes forests in northern Idaho, Montana, South Dakota, and eastern Washington. Based on the IPCC approach, carbon stocks in the HWP pool were increasing at one million megagrams of carbon (MgC) per year in the mid 1960s, with peak cumulative storage of 28 million MgC occurring in 1995. Net positive flux into the HWP pool over this period is primarily attributable to high harvest levels in the mid twentieth century. Harvest levels declined after 1970, resulting in less carbon entering the HWP pool. Since 1995, emissions from HWP at solid waste disposal sites have exceeded additions from harvesting, resulting in a decline in the total amount of carbon stored in the HWP pool. The CFPP approach shows a similar trend, with 100-year average carbon storage for each annual Northern Region harvest peaking in 1969 at 937,900 MgC, and fluctuating between 84,000 and 150,000 MgC over the last decade. The Northern Region HWP pool is now in a period of negative net annual stock change because the decay of products harvested between 1906 and 2010 exceeds additions of carbon to the HWP pool through harvest. However, total forest carbon includes both HWP and ecosystem carbon, which may have increased over the study period. Though our emphasis is on the Northern Region, we provide a framework by which the IPCC and CFPP methods can be applied broadly at sub-national scales to other regions, land management units, or firms.
No homosexuals in Star Wars? BioWare, ‘gamer’ identity, and the politics of privilege in a convergence culture

Fan studies scholar Henry Jenkins lays out a blueprint for participatory culture that highlights its potential for more democratic, more inclusive mediascapes, asserting that corporate media produc...
Coumarins VIII: Mass Spectra of Lomatin and Some of Its Derivatives

The fragmentation behavior of lomatin and certain of its derivatives has been studied. Two distinct fragmentation pathways have been observed, one leading to aromatization of the chroman ring and the other leading to its fission. These findings are in complete agreement with the observations of other workers. Probable fragmentation mechanisms have been proposed.
Predicted Muscular Activity for Varying Inputs to Optimization-Based Biomechanical Trunk Models

The Minimum Intensity Compression (MIC) model developed by Bean, Chaffin, and Schultz (1988) and the Sum of the Cubed Intensities (SCI) model developed by Crowninshield and Brand (1981) have been used to predict trunk muscle forces during external loads. The models require muscle geometries (moment arms, lines of action, and cross-sectional areas) as inputs. This paper reports on a computer simulation conducted to evaluate the changes in trunk muscle forces predicted by the MIC and SCI models with changes in inputs. Two muscle geometries were used for a 10-muscle set one reported by Han, Ann, Goel, Takeuchi, and McGowan (1992) and a second formed by a compilation of several studies. The results indicate that regions of muscle activity and magnitude vary greatly between the models and associated inputs. Muscle EMG data indicating active and inactive loading conditions reported by Lavender, Tsuang, Hafezi, Andersson, Chaffin, and Hughes (1992) are significantly predicted by the model combinations for some r...
Drug-permeability and transporter assays in Caco-2 and MDCK cell lines.

The human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 and Madin–Darby canine kidney epithelial cell lines provide in vitro tools to assess a drug’s permeability and transporter interactions during discovery and development. The cells, when cultured on semiporous filters, form confluent monolayers that model the intestinal epithelial barrier for permeability, transporter and drug-interaction assays. The applications of these assays in pharmaceutical research include qualitative prediction and ranking of absorption, determining mechanism(s) of permeability, formulation effects on drug permeability, and the potential for transporter-mediated drug–drug interactions. This review focuses on recent examples of Caco-2 and Madin–Darby canine kidney cells assays for drug permeability including transfected and knock-down cells, miniaturization and automation, and assay combinations to better understand and predict intestinal drug absorption.
A novel nuclear signaling pathway for thromboxane A2 receptors in oligodendrocytes: evidence for signaling compartmentalization during differentiation.

The present study investigated G protein expression, localization, and functional coupling to thromboxane A2 receptors (TPRs) during oligodendrocyte (OLG) development. It was found that as OLGs mature, the expression levels of Gq increase while those of G13 decrease. In contrast, the expression levels of Gs ,G o, and Gi do not change significantly. Localization studies revealed that Gq ,G 13, and Gi are present only in the extranuclear compartment, whereas Gs and Go are found in both the extranuclear and the nuclear compartments. Purification of TPR-G protein complexes demonstrated that TPRs couple to both Gq and G13 in the extranuclear compartment but only to Gs in the nuclear compartment. Furthermore, functional analysis revealed that stimulation of nuclear TPR in OLGs stimulates CREB phosphorylation and myelin basic protein transcription and increases survival. Collectively, these results demonstrate that (i) OLGs selectively modulate the expression of certain G proteins during development, (ii) G proteins are differentially localized in OLGs leading to subcellular compartmentalization, (iii) TPRs couple to Gq and G13 in the extranuclear compartment and to Gs only in the nucleus, (iv) mature OLGs have a functional nuclear TPR-Gs signaling pathway, and (v) nuclear TPR signaling can stimulate CREB phosphorylation and myelin gene transcription and increase cell survival. These findings represent a novel paradigm for selective modulation of G protein-coupled receptor‐G protein signaling during cell development.