cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiresolution time-frequency techniques for spread spectrum demodulation and jamming

Some preliminary work is presented in which multiresolution time-frequency techniques are used to estimate the hopping function of an unknown (intercepted) slow frequency hopping signal in an uncluttered environment. Wavelet and short-time Fourier analysis are both used to measure the temporally evolving frequency characteristics of the hopping signal. >
Mortality Gradients within and among Dominant Plant Populations as Barometers of Ecosystem Change During Extreme Drought

Understanding patterns of plant population mortality during extreme weather events is important to conservation planners because the frequency of such events is expected to increase, creating the need to integrate climatic uncertainty into management. Dominant plants provide habitat and ecosystem structure, so changes in their distribution can be expected to have cascading effects on entire communities. Observing areas that respond quickly to climate fluctuations provides foresight into future ecological changes and will help prioritize conservation efforts. We investigated patterns of mortality in six dominant plant species during a drought in the southwestern United States. We quantified population mortality for each species across its regional distribution and tested hypotheses to identify ecological stress gradients for each species. Our results revealed three major patterns: (1) dominant species from diverse habitat types (i.e., riparian, chaparral, and low- to high-elevation forests) exhibited significant mortality, indicating that the effects of drought were widespread; (2) average mortality differed among dominant species (one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.) 3.3%; manzanita (Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth), 14.6%; quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), 15.4%; ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson), 15.9%; Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii S. Wats.), 20.7%; and pinyon pine (Pinus edulis Engelm.), 41.4%); (3) all dominant species showed localized patterns of very high mortality (24-100%) consistent with water stress gradients. Land managers should plan for climatic uncertainty by promoting tree recruitment in rare habitat types, alleviating unnatural levels of competition on dominant plants, and conserving sites across water stress gradients. High-stress sites, such as those we examined, have conservation value as barometers of change and because they may harbor genotypes that are adapted to climatic extremes.
Study of rotating modes in high frequency whispering gallery mode gyrotrons

An investigation of coupling to the two rotations of TE/sub m,2,1/ modes of a gyrotron oscillator was made. Experiments were performed on a megawatt power level, 3 /spl mu/s pulsed gyrotron operating at frequencies from 123.5 GHz (TE/sub 13,2,1/) to 153.5 GHz (TE/sub 17,2,1/). Single rotation operation was observed with the electron beam centered in the cavity. The influence of tube misalignment on rotation mix was studied. The experimental results were in good agreement with predictions of linear coupling theory for an off axis electron beam. Both experiment and theory showed that significant misalignments of the beam are possible before a switch in the rotation direction of the output mode occurs. >
Absence of within–colony kin discrimination in behavioural interactions of swarm–founding wasps

Within-colony kin discrimination has not been demonstrated conclusively for any social insect, perhaps partly because highly polymorphic genetic markers necessary to assess within-colony relatednesses have only recently become available. We use microsatellite loci to investigate within-colony kin discrimination in behavioural interactions in the neotropical multiple-queen wasp, Parachartergus colobopterus. Within-colony kin discrimination would be particularly advantageous in this species since average genetic relatedness among colony members overall is low (0.32 =/- 0.06), compared to the relatedness value between full sisters of 0.75. Using seven colonies of individually marked females, we recorded behavioural interactions that were cooperative (222 grooming, 2438 feeding), aggressive (511 body or wing biting, 240 mandible biting) or neutral (1676 antennating). We expected cooperative behaviours to favour closer kin and aggressive behaviours to be directed towards more distant kin, but found that none of the behaviours we investigated showed discrimination on the basis of relatedness. We could have detected a difference in relatedness values of as little as between 0.03 and 0.12, depending on the behaviour being analysed. Thus, we found no evidence for kin discrimination in within-colony behaviour in this species.
Computer-determined kinetic parameters from TG curves. Part XIII

Abstract Several procedures have been previously reported whereby non-isothermal TG (NITG) data can be analyzed for values of the activation energy ( E ) independent of values of the reaction order ( n ). In this paper, other expressions will be derived for the estimation of E which are essentially independent of n -values and are valid at relatively low degrees of conversion. These equations are applied to NITG data for a siloxane and teflon, as well as for theoretical data. The resulting computer and graphical procedures are both utilized to estimate E -values. Limitations of the methods are also mentioned.
Three-Beam Interferometric Technique For The Determination Of Strain Of Curved Surfaces

By using three noncoplanar coherent laser beams intersecting one another at angles larger than 30° three sets of interferometric grating are generated. By placing a specimen coated with a photosensitive material inside this grating field and exposing to it before and after load three distinctive moire fringe patterns can be obtained, from which principal surface strains can be calculated by using the strain rosette formula.
Factors Affecting the Acceptance of Green Products

The findings from this exploratory survey study (n=1300) of factors affecting the acceptance of green products indicate that consumers are more concerned with purchase risk than with product benefits. Poor product performance/failure and risk of wasting money were rated most important factors. Peer acceptance and personalization were rated least important.
Wireless Throughput and Energy Efficiency With Random Arrivals and Statistical Queuing Constraints

Throughput and energy efficiency in fading channels are studied in the presence of randomly arriving data and statistical queuing constraints. In particular, Markovian arrival models, including discrete-time Markov, Markov fluid, and Markov-modulated Poisson sources, are considered. Employing the effective bandwidth of time-varying sources and the effective capacity of time-varying wireless transmissions, maximum average arrival rates in the presence of statistical queuing constraints are characterized. For the two-state (ON/OFF) source models, throughput is determined in a closed form as a function of the source statistics, channel characteristics, and quality of service (QoS) constraints. Throughput is further studied in certain asymptotic regimes. Furthermore, energy efficiency is analyzed by determining the minimum energy per bit and a wideband slope in the low signal-to-noise ratio regime. Overall, the impact of source characteristics, QoS requirements, and channel fading correlations on the throughput and energy efficiency of wireless systems is identified.
Curtailing the Scope of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's Powers? Regulatory and Government Accountability

In addition to designated primary functions, pursuant to Title X Dodd Frank Act sec. 1021 (c), this title being cited as the "Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010," other functions of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau incorporate rule-making authorities, monitoring, enforcement responsibilities – as well as administration and implementation powers. Primary functions of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, according to the Act, include the conduction of financial education programs; the collection, investigation, and the redress of consumer complaints; collecting, researching, monitoring, and publishing information relevant to the functioning of markets for consumer financial products and services to identify risks to consumers and the proper functioning of such markets; issuing rules, orders, and guidance implementing Federal consumer financial law; and the performance of support activities as may be necessary or useful to facilitate the other functions of the Bureau.As well as evaluating and justifying why central banks should retain certain functions, as well as control, this paper is aimed at contributing to the extant literature on the topic in respect of the importance of retaining an adequate degree of linkages, communication and coordination – particularly between banking, investment and consumer protection authorities. In so doing it also highlights the importance of independence from other authorities whilst retaining communicative links, as well as organs of accountability which will enable it to respond appropriately and effectively in times of instability or financial crises.
Oviposition and survival of migrating boll weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) under selected environmental holding conditions

Migrating boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, captured in pheromone traps, were observed for ability to oviposit and survive under a variety of temperature, photoperiod, and dietary regimes. Migrating weevils were found to be young, usually mated, and capable of ovipositing immediately. Survival was influenced by the length of the feeding period and the food source, with boll-fed weevils surviving significantly longer than square-fed weevils. Photoperiod and temperature during the feeding period did not significantly affect the ability of the weevils to survive a 30-day period of exposure to cold without food.
Distribution of 2,2 (p-Chlorophenyl) 1,1,1 Trichlorethane (DDT) in Tissues of Rats after Its Ingestion.

SummaryThe DDT contents of the liver, kidney, brain antl adrcnals of rats fed diets containing 0.1% and 0.2% UDT were determined al various intervals.The amounts of this agent stored in the respectivc tissues reaches a maximum within a few days and remains at a constant level in animals fed 0.1% DDT. The greatest concentration was noted in the adrenals.The concentrations of DDT in the brain, liver antl kidney of rats fed 0.2% DDT increaie slightly and progressively with time. The concentration of this material is markedly increased in the adrenal at the time when the animals are severely intoxicated.
Hypertrophy of the Abductor Hallicus Muscle: An Unusual Congenital Foot Mass:

A rare case of an isolated congenital muscle hypertrophy involving the abductor hallicus muscle is presented. Although the entity has not been well described previously, it should be entertained in the different diagnoses of medial childhood foot masses. Presently, the diagnoses of such masses should be made more easily with the widespread availability of magnetic resonance imaging. Treatment is generally straightforward, consisting of observation alone, versus partial or total excision, as dictated by the operative findings and previous functional impairment.
The Rational Distribution of Cognitive Resources in Interpretation

The author points out that interpretation is an online multi-task processing cognition and many interpreters,especially those new comers in this field,fail to have a good performance as a result of irrational distribution of cognitive resources in this process.In light of the Effort Model proposed by Daniel Gile,and supported by the first-hand data from his teaching experience,the author goes to explore the ideal model of energy distribution in class training for interpretation.
The thermal design and research of radiation hardening for a phased array antenna

As the signal transmit/receive module of radar,antenna is often exposed to the intense solar radiation.The high temperature of the radome inner module caused by the thermal effect of sunlight can make antenna inner module to be overheating and failure,the performance index of antenna will be severely influenced.This paper is aimed at the thermal design of phased array antenna caused by solar radiation,the problem of circuit damage due to solar radiation thermal was solved by simulation combined with scaled model testing and research.
Analysis of Awareness of AIDs Knowledge among Female Freshmen Majored in Medicine

Objective: To learn about awareness of AIDs knowledge among female freshmen majored in the medicine in a university of Yunnan,so as to provide scientific basis for the later health education.Methods: We investigated 674 female freshmen according to sampling method.Results: There were 91.52% female freshmen majored in the medicine who know something about the spreading ways.The awareness of high-risk behavior and prevention measures was relatively high,but in the other transmission ways such as through mosquitoes,multiple partners and preoperative examination,they know a little.Except the regional factor,a freshman's knowledge about HIV/AIDS also depended on other factors,such as family,education,nationality and registered permanent residence(P0.05).Conclusion: The awareness of female freshmen majored in the medicine about AIDs is relatively high to some degree,but we should improve college students' health education by various means in order to prevent and control HIV/AIDs spreading.
Quantitation of the Phosphoproteome Using the Library-Assisted eXtracted Ion Chromatogram (LAXIC) Strategy

Phosphorylation is a key posttranslational modification that regulates many signaling pathways, but quantifying changes in phosphorylation between samples can be challenging due to its low stoichiometry within cells. We have introduced a mass spectrometry-based label-free quantitation strategy termed LAXIC for the analysis of the phosphoproteome. This method uses a spiked-in synthetic peptide library designed to elute across the entire chromatogram for local normalization of phosphopeptides within complex samples. Normalization of phosphopeptides by library peptides that co-elute within a small time frame accounts for fluctuating ion suppression effects, allowing more accurate quantitation even when LC-MS performance varies. Here we explain the premise of LAXIC, the design of a suitable peptide library, and how the LAXIC algorithm can be implemented with software developed in-house.
An Algebraic Method to Find the Symmedian Point of a Triangle

A relationship between the symmedian point of a triangle and the least-squares solution of a linear system is presented. The coordinates of the symmedian point are explicitly calculated as a soluti...
Economic Sanctions and Human Rights

In recent years, the use of economic sanctions as a tool of diplomacy has been widely criticized. Spokespersons for the business community complain about a loss of profits or about the advantages gained by competitors in countries that do not impose sanctions. Those concerned with national security lament interference in policymaking by interests that seem to them to lack strategic significance, and many people with humanitarian concerns lament the harmful impact on ordinary citizens who may themselves be victims of the governments that are the targets of sanctions. In this chapter I argue that, although sanctions can be counterproductive or ineffective, in certain circumstances they also may playa significant role in promoting human rights internationally.
Set Partition Coding

Principles The storage requirements of samples of data depend on their number of possible values, called alphabet size. Real-valued data theoretically require an unlimited number of bits per sample to store with perfect precision, because their alphabet size is infinite. However, there is some level of noise in every practical measurement of continuous quantities, which means that only some digits in the measured value have actual physical sense. Therefore, they are stored with imperfect, but usually adequate precision using 32 or 64 bits. Only integer-valued data samples can be stored with perfect precision when they have a finite alphabet, as is the case for image data. Therefore, we limit our considerations here to integer data. Natural representation of integers in a dataset requires a number of bits per sample no less than the base 2 logarithm of the number of possible integer values. For example, the usual monochrome image has integer values from 0 to 255, so we use 8 bits to store every sample. Suppose, however, that we can find a group of samples whose values do not exceed 15. Then every sample in that group needs at most 4 bits to specify its value, which is a saving of at least 4 bits per sample. We of course need location information for the samples in the group. If the location information in bits is less than four times the number of such samples, then we have achieved compression.
I-05 Dual functions of TREX1 in autoimmune diseases

Background TREX1 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated exonuclease and a critical negative regulator of innate immunity. TREX1 mutations are associated with several autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, including Aicardi–Goutieres syndrome (AGS), familial chilblain lupus, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL). Both DNase-dependent and –independent functions have been described for TREX1 N-terminal DNase domain and C-terminal ER localization domain, respectively. Biallelic mutations abrogating DNase activity cause autoimmunity by allowing immunogenic self-DNA to activate the cGAS-STING-TBK1 signalling pathway leading to type I interferon (IFN) response and autoimmunity. Methods and results We recently showed that inhibiting TBK1 by a potent small molecule inhibitor, Compound II, was able to ameliorate autoimmune disease phenotypes of Trex1-/- mice, increase mouse survival, and dampen the IFN gene signature in TREX1 mutant patient lymphoblasts. We are also interested in a group of dominant frame-shift (fs) mutations that encode DNase-active but mislocalized proteins. We found that TREX1 C-terminus suppressed immune activation by interacting with the ER oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex and stabilising its catalytic integrity. C-terminal truncation of TREX1 by fs mutations dysregulated the OST complex, leading to free glycan release, immune activation and autoantibody production. Proper glycosylation of proteins in immunity is critical for their function, and protein glycosylation is also important for preventing self-immune recognition and production of autoantibodies. We recently established the TREX1-V235fs knock-in mouse to better understand the disease associated with TREX1-fs mutations. Conclusion Together, our past and ongoing studies reveal dual functions of TREX1 in regulating self-DNA and self-glycan metabolism, and suggest potential therapeutic targets and options for TREX1 mutant-associated autoimmune diseases.
Iron Transporters and Iron Homeostasis

Whole-body iron homeostasis can be largely understood by considering the iron metabolism in four main cell types: the enterocyte, the erythroid precursor cell, the hepatocyte, and the reticuloendothelial macrophage. These cell types are involved in iron absorption, iron incorporation into hemoglobin, iron storage, and iron recycling, respectively. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge of iron metabolism in these cells. Emphasis is placed on iron transporters and molecular mechanisms that direct the movement of iron (and heme) into, within, and out of cells. The role of hepcidin in controlling the flow of iron among various cell types, along with the main drivers of hepcidin expression, will also be discussed.
Dislocation engineering in strained mos materials

Strain in electronic devices is receiving renewed interest due to the advantageous effects of strain on carrier mobility, and therefore drive current. However, the physics of strain incorporation, by definition, introduces the physics of strain relief. At typical CMOS process temperatures, semiconductors become ductile, and therefore dislocation nucleation and glide are the most common means of plastic relaxation. To obtain the highest levels of strain, dislocation nucleation and propagation must be avoided. It can be advantageous to create alternative lattice constants for creating strain in other regions, in which case plastic deformation is purposely created in the structure and dislocation sites must be managed. If the goal for the particular device is to create completely relaxed lattice constants, we show global and local methods to control threading dislocation densities. We also show methods to achieve the opposite, i.e. larger values of strain, higher than the level expected in equilibrium. By understanding the nature of dislocation nucleation and propagation, we can overcome future dislocation engineering challenges for new materials systems such as III-V MISFIT heterostructures
Why Post Did [Not] Have Turing’s Thesis

The conceptual confluence of Post’s and Turing’s analysis of combinatory processes, respectively of mechanical procedures, is the central topic in Davis and Sieg’s [14]. Where Turing argued convincingly for the adequacy of his notion of machine computation in 1936, Post viewed his identical notion in the same year as being tied to a working hypothesis in need of “continual verification”. Post gave novel and informative arguments for his thesis or, as he put it, generalization . He insisted, however, that ultimately a psychological analysis “of mental processes involved in combinatory mathematical processes” has to be given. In this way, he hoped to obtain a natural law and thus the basis for the claim that the undecidability and incompleteness theorems constitute “a fundamental discovery in the limitations of the mathematizing power of Homo Sapiens”. Our detailed analysis of (the background for) his work on the issues leads to an unambiguous answer to the question Did Post have Turing’s Thesis?: He did [not].
Remembering Gene Cooper

Of Brooklyn origin, charter member of the Columbia University Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars (CCAS) in 1968 and later an advisory board member of Critical Asian Studies, Gene Cooper (born Ma...
People Out of Place : Globalization, Human Rights and the Citizenship Gap

Part 1: Framework 1. Globalization and the Citizenship Gap Alison Brysk and Gershon Shafir 2. Citizenship and Human Rights In An Era of Globalization Gershon Shafir Part 2: Producing Citizenship 3. Constituting Political Community Ronnie Lipschutz 4. Latitudes of Citizenship Aihwa Ong Part 3: Constructing Rights 5. Agency on a Global Scale: Rules, rights and the European Union David Jacobson and Galya Benarieh Ruffer 6. International Law and Citizenship: Mandated membership, diluted identity Peter Spiro Part 4: Globalizing the Citizenship Gap 7. Deflated Citizenship: Labor rights in a global era Gay W. Seidman 8. The Globalization of Social Reproduction: Women migrants Kristen Hill Maher 9. Children Across Borders: Patrimony, property or persons? Alison Brysk Part 5: Reconstructing Citizenship 10. Citizenship and Globalism: Markets, empire and terrorism Richard Falk 11. The Repositioning of Citizenship Saskia Sassen 12. Globalizing Citizenship? Alison Brysk and Gershon Shafir
Complexity and Scale in the Study of Fisher–Gatherer–Hunters: An Example from the Eastern United States

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses complexity and scale in the study of fisher–gatherer–hunters (FGH). Advances in the understanding of FGH complexity can be traced in part to improvements in dating, recovery of paleoecological information, and macrolevel spatial analysis. This research has taken place almost entirely under the controlling model of cultured evolution—cultural ecology. The perspectives of historical materialism can add an important dimension to the evolutionary–ecological paradigm. One of the most important advances in FGH studies since the 1940s has been the improvements in chronological studies, the most dramatic and revolutionary of which is undoubtedly the advent of 14 C dating. Another development having a significant effect on FGH studies has been the increasing emphasis on macrolevel spatial analysis. Certainly no more revolutionary advance regarding FGH societies can be envisioned than the development of special techniques for the recovery and analysis of paleoecological data. The advances in basic chronology building, spatial analysis, and data recovery have taken place in a theoretical framework conditioned predominantly by cultural evolutionism and cultural ecology.
Nitric oxide is an epigenetic regulator of gene expression by directly controlling DNA methylation patterns

Previously we demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO) could inhibit the catalytic activity and expression levels of JmjC-domain containing histone demethylases which resulted in significant changes in histone posttranslational modifications. Current studies investigated whether NO could similarly inhibit Ten Eleven Translocation (TET) enzymes which belong to the same family of mononuclear non-heme iron dioxygenases. TET proteins are involved in DNA demethylation by catalyzing the successive oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxy- (5hmC), 5-formly, and 5-carboxy-. Cancer cells treated with physiologic concentrations of NO demonstrated differential changes in TET mRNA/protein expression levels for all three isoforms. We measured changes in 5mC oxidation products in response to NO and found that global levels of 5hmC were markedly decreased in the NO treated cells suggesting inhibition of TET activity. Measurement of TET enzyme activity following cellular NO exposed demonstrated a significant decrease in activity which was by supported by EPR studies showing that NO could directly bind to catalytic non-heme iron. Lastly, the enrichment of 5mC/5hmC at specific NO-regulated genes correlated to changes in their expression indicating a novel mechanisms of gene regulation by NO.
Rigid Cyclic Tetrapeptides as Probes and Mimics of Reverse Turns

Introduction Cyclic tetrapeptides, like -turns, form ~180° turn between the first and fourth amino acid and therefore inherently possess bonds in close proximity to the Cα-C bonds of a -turn. We have found certain sequences of cyclic tetrapeptides that have both one unique conformation and bonds that overlap a significant portion of the C -C bonds from -turns found in the PDB [1,2]. Substitution off these bonds is the basis for -turn mimetics that uniquely orient side chains. The use of proline or pipecolic acid adds rigidity, prevents internal hydrogen bonding, reinforces cis conformations, and provides extended rigid bonds distal that of C -C (i.e., C -Cγ, Cγ-Cδ). These compounds can be used to mimic known -turns pharmacophores and probe unknown -turn recognition motifs. The rigidity of these compounds should minimize the entropy of binding and enhance affinity by preorganization. Cyclic tetrapeptides were synthesized and analyzed by NMR and computational dynamics methods.
Creating “wizards” on the library’s website

Objectives: The library website is the virtual front door to the variety of services that the authors’ library offers. Library staff found confusion arose focused on two areas: how to reserve rooms in the library and how to reuse images using best practices. Two interactive forms were created that would hide and reveal content based on choices and lead the patron to answers. Methods: Brainstorming meetings were held to create a flow chart that identified the specific questions to be answered that would lead users to a logical answer. Once the correct flow was created, we approached each of these challenges by creating a custom module decision tree, using code through Drupal’s application programming interface (API) for forms. Results: The image reuse decision tree went live on the library website on February 17, 2017, and the room reservation wizard went live on August 27, 2017. By the end of the spring 2018 semester on May 18, 2018, the room reservation wizard had been accessed 1,945 times and risen to number 7 on the list of top-accessed website pages, and the image reuse wizard had been accessed 484 times. Conclusions: The popularity of both the decision tree pages is exciting. Both “wizards” have empowered users to find an answer to their questions virtually, especially during nonbusiness hours. This article was selected by the Virtual Projects Advisory Committee of technology experts after an annual call for projects in MLA-FOCUS and announcements to encourage submissions from all types of libraries.
Building an Autonomous Lane Keeping Simulator Using Real-World Data and End-to-End Learning

Autonomous lane keeping is an important safety feature for intelligent vehicles. This paper presents a lane keeping simulator that is built with image projections of recorded data in conjunction with vehicle dynamics estimation. An end-to-end learning method using convolutional neural network (CNN) takes front-view camera data as input and produces the proper steering wheel angle to keep the vehicle in lane. A novel method of data augmentation is proposed using vehicle dynamic model and vehicle trajectory tracking, which can create additional training data as if a vehicle drives off-lane in any displacement and orientation. Experimental results demonstrate that the CNN model trained with the simulator can achieve higher accuracy for autonomous lane keeping and much lower failure rate. The simulator can serve as a platform for both training and evaluation of vision based autonomous driving algorithms. The experimental dataset is made available at http://computing.wpi.edu/dataset.html .
A Double-Resonant Sensor for Identifying Biological Tissues

A new radio-frequency (RF) sensor was proposed for identifying biological tissues with double resonant frequencies. The sensor consists of two planar parallel split rings and a round ground plane. Simulation were carried out by the finite-element method to find the design parameters and validated by one-port scattering-parameter experiments. Four samples of fat and lean pork were measured to obtain resonant frequencies from the spectral scattering parameters. The resonant frequencies were projected onto a 2-D vector space for data classification. In the 2-D space, the fat and lean pork can be clearly differentiated in this demonstration. This new sensor can be designed to monitor hydration loss in tissues, and potentially used for identification of abnormal or cancerous tissues based on their dielectric properties. More than two resonators can be designed to provide more accurate identification parameters in a multi-dimensional vector data space.
Future of breast elastography

Both strain elastography and shear wave elastography have been shown to have high sensitivity and specificity for characterizing breast lesions as benign or malignant. Training is important for both strain and shear wave elastography. The unique feature of benign lesions measuring smaller on elastography than B-mode imaging and malignant lesions appearing larger on elastography is an important feature for characterization of breast masses. There are several artifacts which can contain diagnostic information or alert to technique problems. Both strain and shear wave elastography continue to have improvements and new techniques will soon be available for clinical use that may provide additional diagnostic information. This paper reviews the present state of breast elastography and discusses future techniques that are not yet in clinical practice.
Care for the Earth as Archetypal Emergence in the Christian Tradition

This paper explores the renewed emphasis of care for the Earth in the Christian tradition as an emerging archetypal shift toward Earth-centered psyche. Jung proposed that the Christian psyche would continue to evolve toward greater psychic wholeness. The current trends toward environmental awareness in religious communities offer compelling parallels to Jung’s ideas about the evolution of religious consciousness. “If faith (God) is said to be able to move mountains (Job 9.5; 1 Cor. 13.2), scholars need to explore how belief systems could ‘move’ climates” (Gerten & Bergmann, 2012, p. 13).
Specifying verified x86 software from scratch

We present a simple framework for specifying and proving facts about the input/output behavior of ELF binary files on the x86-64 architecture. A strong emphasis has been placed on simplicity at all levels: the specification says only what it needs to about the target executable, the specification is performed inside a simple logic (equivalent to first-order Peano Arithmetic), and the verification language and proof checker are custom-designed to have only what is necessary to perform efficient general purpose verification. This forms a part of the Metamath Zero project, to build a minimal verifier that is capable of verifying its own binary. In this paper, we will present the specification of the dynamic semantics of x86 machine code, together with enough information about Linux system calls to perform simple IO.
Code Against the Machine: Design-based Research Towards More Equitable Computational Tools for Performing Artists

My research motivation is to empower performing artists, particularly women and non-binary adults, to have more equity in the technological implementations of computational systems used in their performances. Many women have missed out on current youth CS Education initiatives, requiring artists to frequently contract technical work to male engineers. To address this inequity, I am working on a design-based research project. My work involves understanding artists' technological needs and challenges they face working with DIY "beginner-friendly'' technologies, in order to iteratively develop design theories for more novice accessible and expressive tools develop interactive artistic systems. Currently, while novice-targeted beginner-friendly physical computing tools can simplify some aspects of learning programming and electronics, these tools are still limited in supporting novices who want to go beyond the creation of simple projects and create sophisticated artistic performance systems.
Native ribonucleases process sgRNA transcripts to create catalytic Cas9/sgRNA complexes in planta

The current CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing dogma for single guide RNAs (sgRNA) delivery is based on the premise that 5' and 3' nucleotide overhangs negate Cas9/sgRNA catalytic activity in vivo. This has led to engineering strategies designed to either avoid or remove extraneous nucleotides on the 5' and 3' termini. Previously, we used a Tobacco mosaic virus viral vector to express both GFP and a sgRNA from a single virus-derived mRNA in Nicotiana benthamiana. This vector yielded high levels of GFP and catalytically active sgRNAs. Here, in an effort to understand the biochemical interactions of this result, we used in vitro assays to demonstrate that nucleotide overhangs 5', but not 3', proximal to the sgRNA do in fact inactivate Cas9 catalytic activity at the specified target site. Next we showed that in planta sgRNAs bound to Cas9 are devoid of the expected 5' overhangs transcribed by the virus. Furthermore, when a plant nuclear promoter was used for expression of the GFP-sgRNA fusion transcript it also produced indels when delivered with Cas9. These results reveal that 5' "auto-processing" of progenitor sgRNAs occurs natively in plants. Towards a possible mechanism for the perceived "auto-processing", we found, using in vitro generated RNAs and those isolated from plants, that the 5' to 3' exoribonuclease XRN1 can degrade elongated progenitor sgRNAs whereas the mature sgRNA end-products are resistant. Comparisons with other studies suggest that sgRNA "auto-processing" may be a phenomenon not unique to plants, but other eukaryotes as well.
Perceptualization: Techniques for Efffective Image Generation Visualization and Communication of Information

Abstract Most scientists, doctors, analysts, and even com-puter animators are faced with a data deluge. Theymust analyze, extract meaningful information, andcreate solutions from huge quantities of data whosesize is increasing at an enormous rate. However,screen resolution, image generation techniques, andvisualization techniques are only making modestimprovements. This has led us to take a differentapproach to image generation and visualization thatwe call perceptualization. We describe our initialwork in perceptualization, the main challenges, andour current research directions. 1 Introduction Throughout history, man has tried to effectivelyconvey important information through the use ofimages, using techniques such as illustrations, pho-tographs, and detailed technical drawings. Thesetechniques harness the enormous bandwidth andpre-attentive processing of the human visual sys-tem. Many disciplines of study have evolved toto further these techniques, including photography,technical and medical illustration, and now visual-ization. While illustration and photography bothare successful at capturing and conveying informa-tion, they utilize different techniques and character-istics of the human visual system to convey infor-mation. Photography concentrates on conveying in-formation with light and color variation, while illus-trations additionally tries to effectively convey in-formation by omitting unimportant details, enhanc-ing the most signiﬁcant components of the image,simplifying complex features, and exposing hiddenfeatures [8]. Scientiﬁc illustrations have been usedfor centuries because of their effective communica-tive ability [4].The effectiveness of illustration techniques, theamazing power of the human perceptual system,and the enormous data deluge facing informationanalysts, medical and scientiﬁc researchers havemotivated our work on extending visualizationtech-niques to
Partners of young breast cancer survivors: a cross-sectional evaluation of psychosocial concerns, coping, and mental health

Evaluation of psychosocial concerns, coping style, and mental health in partners of young (diagnosed at ≤40 years) survivors of early-stage breast cancer (BC). Cross-sectional; partners participate...
Can Single-Shuffle SGD be Better than Reshuffling SGD and GD?

We propose matrix norm inequalities that extend the Recht-R\'e (2012) conjecture on a noncommutative AM-GM inequality by supplementing it with another inequality that accounts for single-shuffle, which is a widely used without-replacement sampling scheme that shuffles only once in the beginning and is overlooked in the Recht-R\'e conjecture. Instead of general positive semidefinite matrices, we restrict our attention to positive definite matrices with small enough condition numbers, which are more relevant to matrices that arise in the analysis of SGD. For such matrices, we conjecture that the means of matrix products corresponding to with- and without-replacement variants of SGD satisfy a series of spectral norm inequalities that can be summarized as: "single-shuffle SGD converges faster than random-reshuffle SGD, which is in turn faster than with-replacement SGD." We present theorems that support our conjecture by proving several special cases.
The Epidemiology of Opioids in Critical Illness

Intensive care services have developed in response to public health crises and the health consequences of an aging and comorbid population. Apart from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic, few crises are as nationally prominent as the opioid epidemic. Intensive care units (ICUs) have seen a rise in admissions related to opioid overdoses and complications of opioid use such as systemic infections. Moreover, ICUs face significant challenges in the acute pain management and prevention of hyperalgesia in opioid-tolerant patients. The use of opioids in intensive care is nearly ubiquitous as strategies for sedating critically ill patients have shifted to opioid-based regimens and pain assessment becomes more routinely applied. As in the general population, the use of opioids in the ICU faces increased scrutiny due to their adverse effects. In addition to respiratory depression and oversedation, there is recent evidence of a long-term impact of opioid use in critical illness on the development of chronic pain and opioid dependence. Intensive care, opioids, and public health needs are dynamic interactions requiring ongoing attention and understanding.
Pose guided anchoring for detecting proper use of personal protective equipment

Abstract Ensuring proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is essential for improving workplace safety management. The authors present an extensible pose-guided anchoring framework aimed at multi-class PPE compliance detection. The overall approach harnesses a pose estimator to detect worker body parts as spatial anchors and guide the localization of part attention regions using body-knowledge-based rules considering workers' orientations and object scales. Specifically, “part attention regions” are local image patches expecting PPEs based on their inherent relationships with body parts, e.g., (head, hardhat) and (upper-body, vest). Finally, the shallow CNN-based classifiers can reliably recognize both PPE and non-PPE classes within their corresponding part attention regions. Quantitative evaluations tested on the developed construction personal protective equipment dataset (CPPE) show an overall 0.97 and 0.95 F1-score for hardhat and safety vest detection, respectively. Comparative studies with existing methods also demonstrate the higher detection accuracy and advantageous extensibility of the proposed strategy.
Believing intentionally

According to William Alston, we lack voluntary control over our propositional attitudes because we cannot believe intentionally, and we cannot believe intentionally because our will is not causally connected to belief formation. Against Alston, I argue that we can believe intentionally because our will is causally connected to belief formation. My defense of this claim is based on examples in which agents have reasons for and against believing p, deliberate on what attitude to take towards p, and subsequently acquire an attitude A towards p because they have decided to take attitude A. From the possibility of intentional belief, two conclusions follow. First, the kind of control we have over our propositional attitudes is direct; it is possible for us to believe at will. Second, the question of whether what we believe is under our control ultimately depends on whether our will itself is under our control. It is, therefore, a question of the metaphysics of free will.
Capital requirements in a model of bank runs: The 2008 run on repo

Abstract Capital requirements involve a trade-off between financial intermediation and financial stability. I analyze this trade-off in a macroeconomic model that allows for systemic bank runs, a la Gertler and Kiyotaki (2015). I show that fixed capital requirements make the economy more prone to runs because they slow down the recovery and reduce welfare compared to the laissez-faire benchmark. On the other hand, appropriately chosen countercyclical capital requirements can increase financial stability and welfare. To weigh the costs and benefits of this policy, I estimate the probability of a systemic shock to the financial sector using a novel measure derived from CDS data and find it to be around 0.5% per year prior to the 2007-09 financial crisis. I then show that implementing a countercyclical capital requirement that would have prevented the run on repo markets in 2008 would have cost 3% of steady-state bank capital and less than 0.1% in consumption terms.
Conical Classification For Computationally Efficient One-Class Topic Determination.

As the Internet grows in size, so does the amount of text based information that exists. For many application spaces it is paramount to isolate and identify texts that relate to a particular topic. While one-class classification would be ideal for such analysis, there is a relative lack of research regarding efficient approaches with high predictive power. By noting that the range of documents we wish to identify can be represented as positive linear combinations of the Vector Space Model representing our text, we propose Conical classification, an approach that allows us to identify if a document is of a particular topic in a computationally efficient manner. We also propose Normal Exclusion, a modified version of Bi-Normal Separation that makes it more suitable within the one-class classification context. We show in our analysis that our approach not only has higher predictive power on our datasets, but is also faster to compute.
Src family kinases mediate the inhibition of substance P release in the rat spinal cord by μ-opioid receptors and GABAB receptors, but not α2 adrenergic receptors

GABA(B) , μ-opioid and adrenergic α(2) receptors inhibit substance P release from primary afferent terminals in the dorsal horn. Studies in cell expression systems suggest that μ-opioid and GABA(B) receptors inhibit transmitter release from primary afferents by activating Src family kinases (SFKs), which then phosphorylate and inhibit voltage-gated calcium channels. This study investigated whether SFKs mediate the inhibition of substance P release by these three receptors. Substance P release was measured as neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) internalization in spinal cord slices and in vivo. In slices, NK1R internalization induced by high-frequency dorsal root stimulation was inhibited by the μ-opioid agonist DAMGO and the GABA(B) agonist baclofen. This inhibition was reversed by the SFK inhibitor PP1. NK1R internalization induced by low-frequency stimulation was also inhibited by DAMGO, but PP1 did not reverse this effect. In vivo, NK1R internalization induced by noxious mechanical stimulation of the hind paw was inhibited by intrathecal DAMGO and baclofen. This inhibition was reversed by intrathecal PP1, but not by the inactive PP1 analog PP3. PP1 produced no effect by itself. The α(2) adrenergic agonists medetomidine and guanfacine produced a small but statistically significant inhibition of NK1R internalization induced by low-frequency dorsal root stimulation. PP1 did not reverse the inhibition by guanfacine. These results show that SFKs mediate the inhibition of substance P release by μ-opioid and GABA(B) receptors, but not by α(2) receptors, which is probably mediated by the binding of G protein βγ subunits to calcium channels.