cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications of ECH on the DIII-D tokamak and projections for future ECH upgrades

Electron Cyclotron Heating and Current Drive plays an important role in the DIII-D program. In high performance discharges EC power contributes greatly to MHD stability, and this is particularly important for discharges with low rotational torque applied, as will be the case for ITER. Off-axis EC current drive also plays a key role in the actualization of steady-state scenarios by supporting the desired current profile. In order to carry out these applications at higher beta and higher field, an upgrade of the EC power to 15 MW is needed, and the best gyrotron frequency for the DIII-D program is 117.5 GHz.
Spectrophotometric determination and computational evaluation of the rates of hydrolysis of 9-amino-substituted acridines.

Aminoacridines have a long history in the drug and dye industries and display a wide range of biological and physical properties. Despite the historical relevance of 9-aminoacridines, there have been few studies investigating their stability. 9-Aminoacridines are known to hydrolyze at the C9−N15 bond, yielding acridones. In this study, the pH-dependent hydrolysis rates of a series of 9-substituted aminoacridines are investigated. In addition, ground-state physical properties of the compounds are determined using ab initio quantum mechanics calculations to gain insight into the forces that drive hydrolysis. An analysis of the bond orders, bond dissociation energies, and conformational energies show that the rate of hydrolysis depends on two main factors: delocalization across the C9−N15 bond and steric effects. The computational results are applied to explain the change in experimental rates of hydrolysis going from primary to secondary and to tertiary substituted 9-aminoacridines. In the case of tertiary...
Exercise programmes for older people with dementia may have an effect on cognitive function and activities of daily living, but studies give inconsistent results

Commentary on: Forbes D, Thiessen EJ, Blake CM, et al. Exercise programs for people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;12:CD006489.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] The lack of success in phase 3 antiamyloid trials has increased attention on lifestyle interventions to slow dementia progression and improve function.1 ,2 Exercise intervention trials are difficult and costly, especially … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCochrane%2BDatabase%2BSyst%2BRev%26rft.volume%253D12%26rft.spage%253DCD006489%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1002%252F14651858.CD006489.pub3%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F24302466%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1002/14651858.CD006489.pub3&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=24302466&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F18%2F1%2F4.atom
Predictive validity of driving-simulator assessments following traumatic brain injury: a preliminary study

Objective: To evaluate whether driving simulator and road test evaluations can predict long-term driving performance, we conducted a prospective study on 11 patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Sixteen healthy subjects were also tested to provide normative values on the simulator at baseline. Method: At their initial evaluation (time-1), subjects’ driving skills were measured during a 30-minute simulator trial using an automated 12-measure Simulator Performance Index (SPI), while a trained observer also rated their performance using a Driving Performance Inventory (DPI). In addition, patients were evaluated on the road by a certified driving evaluator. Ten months later (time-2), family members observed patients driving for at least 3 hours over 4 weeks and rated their driving performance using the DPI. Results: At time-1, patients were significantly impaired on automated SPI measures of driving skill, including: speed and steering control, accidents, and vigilance to a divided-attention task. These simulator indices significantly predicted the following aspects of observed driving performance at time-2: handling of automobile controls, regulation of vehicle speed and direction, higher-order judgment and self-control, as well as a trend-level association with car accidents. Automated measures of simulator skill (SPI) were more sensitive and accurate than observational measures of simulator skill (DPI) in predicting actual driving performance. To our surprise, the road test results at time-1 showed no significant relation to driving performance at time-2. Conclusion: Simulator-based assessment of patients with brain injuries can provide ecologically valid measures that, in some cases, may be more sensitive than a traditional road test as predictors of long-term driving performance in the community.
Fast Food Consumption and Breakfast Skipping: Predictors of Weight Gain from Adolescence to Adulthood in a Nationally Representative Sample

Abstract Purpose To investigate whether fast food consumption and breakfast skipping are associated with weight gain during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Methods A prospective study of 9919 adolescents participating in Waves II (age range 11–21 years) and III (age range 18–27 years) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. BMI z scores (zBMI) were computed using the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts. Multivariate regression models assessed the relationship between Wave II fast food and breakfast consumption and change in fast food and breakfast consumption between Waves II and III and weight gain during the transition to adulthood. Results Marked increases in fast food consumption and decreases in breakfast consumption occurred over the 5-year interval. Greater days of fast food consumption at Wave II predicted increased zBMI at Wave III. Fewer days of breakfast consumption at Wave II and decreases in breakfast consumption between Waves II and III predicted increased zBMI at Wave III. Conclusions Fast food consumption and breakfast skipping increased during the transition to adulthood, and both dietary behaviors are associated with increased weight gain from adolescence to adulthood. These behaviors may be appropriate targets for intervention during this important transition.
Modified LC-trie based efficient routing lookup

IP address lookup at the router is a complex problem. This has been primarily due to the increasing table sizes, growth in traffic rate and high link capacities. We propose an algorithm for fast routing lookup with reduced memory utilization and access time. This approach shows significant performance improvement in the average case and optimizes the overall time taken for packet routing. Since storage requirement, processing time and number of lookups performed are reduced, power consumption by the router is also reduced. Our simulation result indicates that the proposed technique works approximately 4.11 times better than the standard level compressed trie (LC-trie) approach (see Nilsson, S. and Karlsson, G., Proc. IEEE Broadband Commun. 98, p.9-18, 1998) in the average case.
NK cells and cancer: you can teach innate cells new tricks

Natural killer (NK) cells are the prototype innate lymphoid cells endowed with potent cytolytic function that provide host defence against microbial infection and tumours. Here, we review evidence for the role of NK cells in immune surveillance against cancer and highlight new therapeutic approaches for targeting NK cells in the treatment of cancer.
The existence of complete mappings of SL(2,q), q≡3 modulo 4

In 1955, Hall and Paige conjectured that any finite group with a noncyclic Sylow 2-subgroup admits complete mappings. For the groups GL(2,q), SL(2,q), PSL(2,q), and PGL(2,q) this conjecture has been proved except for SL(2,q), q=3 modulo 4. We prove the conjecture true for SL(2,q), q=3 modulo 4.
The Representative Expenditure System and the District of Columbia's Financial Need

The author says the District of Columbia has a curtailed tax base because of the federal presence and suggests that the federal government should do more to help the district, such as giving it a payment in lieu of taxes.
Amorphous aluminum-carbide and aluminum–magnesium-carbide nanoparticles from gas phase activation of trimethylaluminum and octamethyldialuminummagnesium using simultaneous spatially and temporally focused ultrashort laser pulses

Gas-phase laser irradiation of head-space AlMe3(g) using simultaneous spatially and temporally focused pulses results in nucleation of Al-rich nanoparticles, which fall from the gas phase into the liquid-phase precursor to give a black suspension of nanoparticles. Isolation of the particles and characterization by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray dispersive energy, vibrational, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy identify the material as amorphous aluminum- and carbide-containing nanoparticles. An analogous experiment using Al2MgMe8 as a precursor results in nanoparticles containing both Al and Mg atoms.
Learning a Severity Score for Sepsis: A Novel Approach based on Clinical Comparisons

Sepsis is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. Early administration of treatment has been shown to decrease sepsis-related mortality and morbidity. Existing scoring systems such as the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores (SOFA) achieve poor sensitivity in distinguishing between the different stages of sepsis. Recently, we proposed the Disease Severity Score Learning (DSSL) framework that automatically derives a severity score from data based on clinical comparisons - pairs of disease states ordered by their severity. In this paper, we test the feasibility of using DSSL to develop a sepsis severity score. We show that the learned score significantly outperforms APACHE-II and SOFA in distinguishing between the different stages of sepsis. Additionally, the learned score is sensitive to changes in severity leading up to septic shock and post treatment administration.
ffects of whole-body vibration on the protein expression of VEGF in bone of ovariectomized osteoporosis rats

Objective To observe the effects of whole-body vertical vibration on bone mineral density and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) protein expression in bone tissues of in ovariectomized osteoporosis rats.Methods Thirty-six healthy female SD rats,aged 3 months,were randomly divided into sham-operation(Sham,n=12),ovariectomized(OVX,n=12) and ovariectomized whole-body vibration(WBV,n=12) groups.After 10 w of ovariectomized operation,the WBV group rats were vibrated for 8 w following the schedule:twice a day,frequency of 90 Hz,15 min a time,accelerated speed of 3.8 g and 7 times a week.At the end of experiment,the whole-body bone mineral density(BMD) was detected by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA) in vivo.The bone protein expression of VEGF was detected by Western blot.Results(1) BMD of the lumbar vertebra,distal femur and proximal tibia in OVX group were significantly lower than those in Sham group.BMD of the proximal tibia in WBV group was significantly higher than that in OVX group while there was no significant difference in other positions.(2) The protein expression of VEGF in the proximal tibia in OVX group was significantly lower than that in Sham group.The protein expressions of VEGF in the lumbar vertebra,distal femur and proximal tibia of WBV group were significantly higher than those in OVX group.Conclusions The whole-body vertical vibration could improve the protein expression of VEGF in bone tissues of ovariectomized osteoporosis rats.
Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Is There One Standard Approach?

Despite enormous advances in the treatment of colorectal cancer, there is no single standard treatment approach for all patients. However, there are general principles of management that can be used to guide therapy. The clinician who fails to individualize therapy for colorectal cancer is likely not taking full advantage of all therapeutic options available. Reviewing key clinical evidence that can help inform decision-making, this article addresses important questions in colorectal cancer management, including: Should bevacizumab (Avastin) be a component of most patients' first-line treatment? Is there a role for continuing bevacizumab in subsequent regimens? Is there a role for cetuximab (Erbitux) in standard first-line chemotherapy? Are there practices in colorectal cancer that have become widely accepted without direct supportive data?
Increased Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Immunoreactivity in Astrocytes within the Lateral Vestibular Nucleus of the Cat following Labyrinthectomy and Vestibular Neurectomy

Unilateral vestibular injury evokes a characteristic pattern of acute disorganization of posture, locomotion, and eye movements. Following this acute stage, functional recovery occurs. In the prese...
Comparing Two Multifraction Spine Radiotherapy Regimens: Are They Really Equivalent?

an important radiotherapy question for patients with metastatic epidural spinal cord compression. The trial results nicely demonstrate the efficacy of two commonly used palliative radiotherapy regimensonimportantfunctionalandtumorcontrolend points (eg, motor function, ambulation, and local progression-free survival).
Refractory Depression and the Right to Terminate Active Treatment

This chapter discusses whether patients with treatment-refractory depression (TRD) have the same right as patients with other refractory illnesses to control when to terminate active treatment of their psychiatric disorders. The chapter questions the rationale for compelling such patients, refractory to many trials of ever more complicated medication regimens, to continue with treatment, even when knowing that doing so would be unlikely to help. The definitions of TRD and terminal depression are reviewed, and a case illustrating them is presented. Possible biological substrates of TRD and novel antidepressant techniques are discussed. The disparities between psychiatric and medical patients regarding decision-making capacity and autonomy are discussed and compared to the end-of-life treatment in Europe of persons with psychiatric illness.
Feeding by Bluefish and Weakfish along Riprap-Hardened Shorelines: Comparisons with Adjacent Sandy Beach in Delaware Bay, USA

AbstractShoreline hardening alters the morphology of the intertidal zone and has been shown to impact various measures of shore zone habitat quality. Diet composition and stomach fullness of two predatory fishes, the Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix and Weakfish Cynoscion regalis, were compared between natural (beach) shorelines and adjacent hardened (riprap) shorelines at three sites in Delaware Bay during July and August 2013 to assess differences in shore zone habitat function. Young Bluefish were available from one site, and their diet consisted primarily of Bay Anchovy Anchoa mitchilli, Atlantic Silversides Menidia menidia, and the mysid shrimp Neomysis americana. Bluefish diet composition differed significantly between beach and riprap during July, with Atlantic Silversides predominating in beach samples and mysids dominating riprap samples. Bluefish also had significantly higher feeding activity (stomach fullness) along beach shorelines than along riprap during August. For young Weakfish, diets were do...
Bridging views in cinema: a review of the art and science of view integration

Recently, there has been a surge of interest in the relationship between film and cognitive science. This is reflected in a new science of cinema that can help us both to understand this art form, and to produce new insights about cognition and perception. In this review, we begin by describing how the initial development of cinema involved close observation of audience response. This allowed filmmakers to develop an informal theory of visual cognition that helped them to isolate and creatively recombine fundamental elements of visual experience. We review research exploring naturalistic forms of visual perception and cognition that have opened the door to a productive convergence between the dynamic visual art of cinema and science of visual cognition that can enrich both. In particular, we discuss how parallel understandings of view integration in cinema and in cognitive science have been converging to support a new understanding of meaningful visual experience. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1436. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1436 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Modeling the emergence and convergence of norms

In many multi-agent systems, the emergence of norms is the primary factor that determines over-all behavior and utility. Agent simulations can be used to predict and study the development of these norms. However, a large number of simulations is usually required to provide an accurate depiction of the agents' behavior, and some rare contingencies may still be overlooked completely. The cost and risk involved with agent simulations can be reduced by analyzing a system theoretically and producing models of its behavior. We use such a theoretical approach to examine the dynamics of a population of agents playing a coordination game to determine all the norms to which the society can converge, and develop a system of linear recurrence relations that predict how frequently each of these norms will be reached, as well as the average convergence time. This analysis produces certain guarantees about system behavior that canot be provided by a purely empirical approach, and can be used to make predictions about the emergence of norms that numerically match those obtained through large-scale simulations.
A High-Protein Diet Reduces Weight Gain, Decreases Food Intake, Decreases Liver Fat Deposition, and Improves Markers of Muscle Metabolism in Obese Zucker Rats.

A primary factor in controlling and preventing obesity is through dietary manipulation. Diets higher in protein have been shown to improve body composition and metabolic health during weight loss. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of a high-protein diet versus a moderate-protein diet on muscle, liver and fat metabolism and glucose regulation using the obese Zucker rat. Twelve-week old, male, Zucker (fa/fa) and lean control (Fa/fa) rats were randomly assigned to either a high-protein (40% energy) or moderate-protein (20% energy) diet for 12 weeks, with a total of four groups: lean 20% protein (L20; n = 8), lean 40% protein (L40; n = 10), obese 20% protein (O20; n = 8), and obese 40% protein (O40; n = 10). At the end of 12 weeks, animals were fasted and euthanized. There was no difference in food intake between L20 and L40. O40 rats gained less weight and had lower food intake (p < 0.05) compared to O20. O40 rats had lower liver weight (p < 0.05) compared to O20. However, O40 rats had higher orexin (p < 0.05) levels compared to L20, L40 and O20. Rats in the L40 and O40 groups had less liver and muscle lipid deposition compared to L20 and L40 diet rats, respectively. O40 had decreased skeletal muscle mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) phosphorylation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) mRNA expression compared to O20 (p < 0.05), with no difference in 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4EBP1), protein kinase B (Akt) or p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (p70S6K) phosphorylation. The data suggest that high-protein diets have the potential to reduce weight gain and alter metabolism, possibly through regulation of an mTORC1-dependent pathway in skeletal muscle.
US-Quellenregeln für Zinszahlungen von und an eine Personengesellschaft

Die US-Quellenregeln1 sind wichtig sowohl fur US-Staatsburger, ansassige Auslander, ansassige Personengesellschaften und US-Korperschaften, als auch fur nichtansassige Auslander, nichtansassige Personengesellschaften und auslandische Korperschaften. Fur die ersteren sind sie wichtig fur die Frage der Art und Weise der Anrechnung auslandischer Steuern2. Fur die letzeren sind sie aus zwei Grunden wichtig. Zum einen unterliegen sie der US-Besteuerung grundsatzlich nur mit Einkunften aus US-Quellen3 Zum anderen fur die Frage, ob die Zinszahlungen4, die sie leisten aus US- oder aus auslandischer Quelle stammen. Verbunden hiermit ist die Frage, ob ein Glaubiger zur Einbehaltung einer 30%igen Abzugsteuer verpflichtet ist, wenn er an nichtansassige Auslander, nichtansassige Personengesellschaften oder auslandische Korperschaften leistet5.
Evolution of Total Ionizing Dose Effects in MOS Devices With Moore’s Law Scaling

The general reduction in the thicknesses of critical dielectric layers driven by Moore’s law scaling has led to increasingly more manageable total-ionizing-dose (TID) response over the last ~50 years. Effects of oxide, interface, and border traps in MOS gate oxides on TID response are now mostly well known for SiO2 gate dielectrics, and the leakage currents due to isolation oxides can be conservatively bounded with existing test methods. Radiation hardened and/or radiation-tolerant technologies have been developed that can survive doses that exceed 1 Mrad(SiO2). Advances in computing technology enabled by Moore’s law scaling and concomitant enhancements in computational techniques have greatly facilitated the modeling and simulation of TID effects in microelectronic devices and ICs. However, the TID response of nanoscale MOS devices with advanced gate stacks and high- ${K}$ gate dielectrics, and/or alternative materials to Si, is often more complex than for MOS devices with SiO2 gate oxides. TID challenges remain for linear bipolar technologies that exhibit enhanced low-dose-rate sensitivity and for microelectronic devices that must function at doses above ~100 Mrad(SiO2), e.g., in high luminosity accelerator environments. TID effects have also recently been observed in wide bandgap semiconductor devices (e.g., GaN/AlGaN HEMTs) with no gate oxide.
A Distributed Numerical Approach for Managing Uncertainty in Large-Scale Multi-agent Systems

Mathematical models of complex processes provide precise definitions of the processes and facilitate the prediction of process behavior for varying contexts. In this paper, we present a numerical method for modeling the propagation of uncertainty in a multi-agent system (MAS) and a qualitative justification for this model. We discuss how this model could help determine the effect of various types of uncertainty on different parts of the multi-agent system; facilitate the development of distributed policies for containing the uncertainty propagation to local nodes; and estimate the resource usage for such policies.
Challenges in next generation sequencing analysis of somatic mutations in transplant patients

Abstract Analysis of somatic mutations in solid tumors and hematologic malignancies using targeted next generation sequencing (NGS)-based assays has become part of routine oncology practice as well as clinical trials. The use of paired tumor-normal DNA samples increases confidence of somatic calls. NGS assays that utilize unique patient identifiers (SNP IDs) allow further comparison of samples within a run or paired tumor/normal samples. The sources of germline DNA include peripheral blood (PB) and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPE). However, the source of normal can be problematic, especially in transplant setting. Herein, we report two cases of NGS-based molecular testing in a patient with mycosis fungoides treated with stem cell transplant [SCT] (Pt1) and a patient with lung adenocarcinoma who previously had acute leukemia cured by SCT. These cases highlight the importance of selecting an appropriate normal sample for excluding germline polymorphisms during somatic mutation testing. Initial analyses that included concurrent PB sample failed to filter known germline polymorphisms. Repeat analyses using pre-transplant PB/bone marrow allowed for the successful subtraction of germline variants. Somatic mutations in PTEN and ERBB4 (Pt1) and CDKN2A, KRAS, KDR, and TP53 (Pt2) were reported with confidence. Selection of an appropriate source of germline DNA for NGS-based somatic mutation testing for patients with SCT transplant can be challenging. Particular attention to the clinical history is crucial for accurate interpretation and reporting.
An Instrument to Evaluate the VD Knowledge of Elementary Teachers

(1976). An Instrument to Evaluate the VD Knowledge of Elementary Teachers. Health Education: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 30-30.
Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease Tremor

Thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) was introduced for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) tremor and essential tremor (ET) in the late 1980s. Its remarkable success for these indications was followed by the introduction of DBS in other brain targets for the treatment of PD and dystonia. With the advent of subthalamic DBS for PD, the use of thalamic DBS for PD tremor has markedly declined. However, thalamic DBS is effective for PD tremor and remains a valid option in selected older patients with tremor predominant PD who do not have other disabling features of PD.
Biological Applications and Evolutionary Origins of Ionophores

The structure and physical chemical properties are reviewed of various ionophores, small molecules which transport cations across biological membranes. The subclass of carboxylic ionophores has dramatic pharmacological properties, dilating the coronary arteries and increasing cardiac contractility, which make them especially interesting. They share related structures containing a terminal carboxyl group hydrogen bonded to the opposite end of the molecule in a cyclic conformation. A variety of oxygen atoms, in heterocyclic rings or linear ether configurations, hydroxyls, and/or ketonic carbonyls as well as carboxyls, focus upon a sphere which can ligand to appropriately fitting cations via ion-dipole interaction. Extreme dependency of liganding energy on fit confers striking ion selectivity upon ionophores. It is speculated that carboxylic ionophores originated as prosthetic groups of ion carriers and represent a natural experiment by the streptomyces genus in the construction of non-proteinaceous binding sites. Ultimately production of these prosthetic groups hypertrophied and subsequently they were elaborated as antibiotics to provide their producers with a survival advantage over competitors. Analogous ionophores have now been synthesized. Unique applications for these compounds are emerging, based either on their selective toxicity or ability to modify physiological processes by altering membrane gradients.
Psychiatry and torture.

I would like to add to Julio Arboleda- Florez's excellent discussion of the problem of psychiatric participation in interrogations. There is considerable international support for asking psychiatrists and other physicians not only to decline to participate in torture and related practices, but also to speak out vigorously against its use by governments. While medical ethics surely disapproves such practices, they are also widely condemned in other quarters. For example, in its aspirational "Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment", the United Nations General Assembly, after asserting that "no person under any form of detention or imprisonment shall be subject to torture or to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment", adds in a note: "The term 'cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment' should be interpreted so as to extend the widest possible protection against abuses, whether physical or mental, including the holding of a detained or imprisoned person in conditions which deprive him, temporarily or permanently, of the use of any of his natural senses, such as sight or hearing, or of his awareness of place and the passing of time" (1). In addition, the Body of Principles requires that "no detained person while being interrogated shall be subject to violence, threats or methods of interrogation which impair his capacity of decision or his judgement" (1). Psychiatrists are in a unique position to understand and communicate the importance of these principles and should denounce torture strongly in every possible venue. As Sagan and Jonsen (2) observed, because the medical skills used for healing can be maliciously perverted "with devastating effects on the spirit and the body", it is "incumbent upon the medical profession and upon all of its practitioners to protest in effective ways against torture as an instrument of political control". This is even more urgently true today than when it was written thirty years ago.
Bern conference on gene flow: one scientist’s reflections

The debate that surrounds the release of genetically modified plants into the environment is rich with information, misinformation, and opinion. This conference was a worthwhile attempt to bring these factors into a dialogue with basis in objective science. The goal was to summarize the current status of the science and propose tangible actions for the future. Key scientists with a great deal of experience in evaluating transgenic plants were given the opportunity to summarize their work and engage in informal discussions. Complementing these presentations were presentations given by regulatory officials who have the responsibility to assess the data and make decisions based on the risks present. I personally experienced many discussions, and obtained some valuable insights. It remains to be shown whether progress was made toward establishing the balance between risk assessment and pure scientific inquiry.
Physicians and Patients in a Pluralist World

This chapter examines the problem which physicians inevitably encounter in dealing with patients from sometimes starkly differing belief systems. It examines physicians as moral agents dealing with their patients in a nonpaternalist fashion and contrasts this to physicians functioning as bureaucrats of health.
Broken Windows as Growth Machines: Who Benefits from Urban Disorder and Crime?:

Using interview data from two groups in the Woodlawn neighborhood on Chicago's South Side—mothers of young children and neighborhood merchants—this paper suggests a way of connecting two dominant w...
Archipelagic rhetoric: remapping the Marianas and challenging militarization from “A Stirring Place”

ABSTRACTEngaging critical rhetorical fieldwork in the Mariana Islands archipelago, this article destabilizes colonial naming projects and US federal control that dispossess island places from Indig...
In-Process monitoring of porosity during laser additive manufacturing process

Abstract This paper describes a deep-learning-based method for porosity monitoring in laser additive manufacturing process. A high-speed digital camera was mounted coaxially to the process laser beam for in-process sensing of melt-pool data, and convolutional neural network models were designed to learn melt-pool features to predict the porosity attributes in deposited specimens during laser additive manufacturing. With the image processing tools developed in this paper, the extraction of porosity information from raw quality inspection data, such as cross-section images and tomography data sets, can be automated. The CNN models with a compact architecture, part of whose hyperparameters were selected through cross-validation analysis, achieved a classification accuracy of 91.2% for porosity occurrence detection in the direct laser deposition of sponge Titanium powders and presented predictive capacity for micro pores below 100 μm. For local volume porosity prediction, the model also achieved a root mean square error of 1.32% and exhibited high fidelity for both high porosity and low porosity specimens.
Experimental validation of a new COMS-like 24 mm eye plaque for the treatment of large ocular melanoma tumors.

Abstract Purpose A new Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study (COMS)-like 24 mm eye plaque was experimentally characterized using physical and dosimetric measurements in preparation for clinical usage. The new eye plaque will enable surgeons and radiation oncologists to accommodate patients who have larger ocular melanoma tumors. Methods and Materials Physical measurement of the Modulay radius of curvature was performed using a FARO Edge, and the base thickness of the Silastic insert was measured with a depth gauge and Vernier caliper. Dosimetric measurements, using Gafchromic film, were used to determine the absolute dose as a function of the depth along the plaque's central axis, profiles as a function of polar angle, and basal coverage at the inner sclera. The measured results were compared with a theoretical model, which incorporated the plaque's heterogeneities using a modified TG-43 formalism. Results The Modulay radius of curvature measured 14.7 mm (specification = 14.55 mm). The Silastic base thickness measured 0.9 mm (specification = 1.0 mm). For a 24 mm plaque fully loaded with 1.27 U 125I model 2301 seeds, the dose rate at a prescription depth of 5 mm from the inner sclera was measured to be 36 cGy U−1 hr−1. The basal coverage for the same prescription depth was 17.9 mm. The experimental measurements were in close agreement with the theoretical predictions. Conclusions The new 24 mm COMS-like plaque was experimentally validated for clinical use. Physical and dosimetric measurements for the 24 mm plaque agreed with nominal specifications and theoretical predictions. The 24 mm plaque provides greater basal coverage and lower surface doses than existing COMS plaques.
Graphene superlattices in strong circularly polarized fields: Chirality, Berry phase, and attosecond dynamics

We propose and theoretically explore states of graphene superlattices with relaxed $\mathcal{P}$ and $\mathcal{T}$ symmetries created by strong circularly polarized ultrashort pulses. The conduction-band electron distribution in the reciprocal space forms an interferogram with discontinuities related to topological (Berry) fluxes at the Dirac points. This can be studied using time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (TR-ARPES). Our findings hold promise for control and observation of ultrafast electron dynamics in topological solids and may be applied to petahertz-scale information processing.
The Use of Slightly Soluble, Non-Polar Solutes as Probes for Obtaining Evidence of Water Structure

The solubilities of non-polar molecules in water have been examined extensively in recent years in attempts to explain their abnormal behavior as compared to solubility behavior for ideal and for regular solutions. The explanations for the abnormal solubility behavior have involved considerations of enthalpy and entropy changes which have been attributed to iceberg formation, the mixing of molecules, and intermolecular interactions. From their analysis, Frank and Evans(1) concluded that water forms iceberg-like structures around the solute molecules, and such behavior explains the large negative entropies of solution and the small or negative enthalpies of solution. Shinoda and Fujihira(2) have extended the regular solution theory of Hildebrand and Scott(3) to account for the solution behavior in terms of a large positive enthalpy of mixing due to the intermolecular interactions plus a large negative enthalpy of iceberg formation to give the net small or negative enthalpy of solution and the corresponding entropy of solution. They conclude that the iceberg formation of water promotes the solubility of non-polar solutes (at room temperature relative totemperatures above 120°C) and that the small solubilities are not due to entropy effects.
Construction of A New Dose-Response Model for Staphylococcus aureus Considering Growth and Decay Kinetics on Skin.

In order to determine the relationship between an exposure dose of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) on the skin and the risk of infection, an understanding of the bacterial growth and decay kinetics is very important. Models are essential tools for understanding and predicting bacterial kinetics and are necessary to predict the dose of organisms post-exposure that results in a skin infection. One of the challenges in modeling bacterial kinetics is the estimation of model parameters, which can be addressed using an inverse problem approach. The objective of this study is to construct a microbial kinetic model of S. aureus on human skin and use the model to predict concentrations of S. aureus that result in human infection. In order to model the growth and decay of S. aureus on skin, a Gompertz inactivation model was coupled with a Gompertz growth model. A series of analyses, including ordinary least squares regression, scaled sensitivity coefficient analysis, residual analysis, and parameter correlation analysis were conducted to estimate the parameters and to describe the model uncertainty. Based on these analyses, the proposed model parameters were estimated with high accuracy. The model was then used to develop a new dose-response model for S. aureus using the exponential dose–response model. The new S. aureus model has an optimized k parameter equivalent to 8.05 × 10−8 with 95th percentile confidence intervals between 6.46 × 10−8 and 1.00 × 10−7.
Dysregulated inflammation in diabetic wounds

Abstract Impaired wound healing is a frequent complication in patients with diabetes that often results in lower-limb amputation. Normal wound healing proceeds through a series of phases that initially allow for disinfection of the wound site, then progress to rebuilding and remodeling of the tissue. In the context of diabetes, the transition to the reparative phases is impeded and the process becomes fixed in a proinflammatory state promoting destruction of the tissue. Evidence shows that prolonged hyperglycemia leads to altered transcriptional programming of inflammatory cells causing them to remain in a pro/hyperinflammatory state and that this effect can remain after blood glucose is controlled. In this chapter, we discuss alterations in the immune cells during diabetic wound healing and describe some of the mechanisms involved in these changes.
Using finite element analyses to assess the effect of a thickness gradient on the stress profile at the epoxy/silicone interface of thin coatings subjected to pull-off loading

Abstract Silicone-based materials can be applied on ship hulls to serve as foul release coatings. Depending on the application, coatings are not likely to have a uniform thickness. Pull-off tests of epoxy studs from silicone coatings with a thickness gradient found that for the thickest coatings, release initiated at the edge and proceeded inward with no bias in the peeling direction, and as the thickness decreased the release initiated on the thin side of the coating. Release mechanism and critical pull-off force were also affected. In this work, finite element models were developed to predict the detailed stress field at the silicone/epoxy interface in silicone coatings with a thickness gradient. Average coating thickness, thickness gradient, and Poisson's ratio were varied to determine changes in the value and location of the peak interface stress and determine the properties that produce the highest peak interface stress, which should correspond to the lowest critical pull-off force. While the peak stress increased with increasing thickness gradients in all cases, the optimal geometric properties depended on the Poisson's ratio of the coating, so the specific material chosen is an important factor. The location of the peak stress was nearly always on the thin side of the coating when a thickness gradient was present, although the exact location (i.e., edge or interior) also depended on the Poisson's ratio.
Robust Decentralized Control of Synchronous Generators for Improving Transient Stability of Multimachine Power Grids

In this article, a decentralized controller for improving the transient stability of multimachine power systems is proposed. A coordinated control of excitation and steam turbine of synchronous generators is developed based on model predictive control (MPC) strategy that explicitly takes into account physical constraints of the actuators. A tube-based MPC is developed to ensure the robustness and convergence of the control signal in the presence of exogenous perturbations and modeling uncertainties. To attenuate the noise level in measurement signals that are used in the controller, an improved tracking differentiator is utilized. The proposed controller is implemented locally at individual synchronous generator stations which makes it suitable for practical applications. The performance of the proposed control scheme is studied using 39-bus New England test system. The simulation results show that the proposed robust approach enhances the transient stability of the power systems.
Activation of Lrrk2 and α-Synuclein in substantia nigra, striatum, and cerebellum after chronic exposure to arsenite.

Abstract Arsenic is a neurotoxin and environmental exposure to it correlates with an incidence of neurodegenerative diseases. Considering that arsenic has the potential to inhibit autophagic flux, it was hypothesized that arsenite (NaAsO2) may interplay with LRRK2 and α-Synuclein, affecting their phosphorylation in brain regions prone to neurodegeneration. After 15 weeks of chronic exposure to arsenite, a reduction in grip strength of C57BL/6 male mice was observed. Thirty minutes exposure to arsenite increased phosphorylation of Lrrk2 and α-Synuclein in organotypic brain slice cultures from the cerebellum and striatum, respectively. Chronic exposure of mice to a wide-range of concentrations of arsenite led to a significant induction of Lrrk2 phosphorylation in substantia nigra and cerebellum and α-Synuclein phosphorylation in substantia nigra and striatum. Strong correlations between phosphorylated forms of Lrrk2 and α-Synuclein in substantia nigra, Lrrk2 levels between substantia nigra and striatum, and between Lrrk2 in striatum and α-Synuclein in substantia nigra observed in control animals were completely disrupted by arsenic exposure at 50, 500, and 5000 ppb. A transcriptome analysis identified specific genes and canonical pathways that distinguish striatum, substantia nigra, and cerebellum from each other in control animals and compare individual brain regions to arsenite exposed animals. Chronic arsenite exposure altered transcripts of glutathione redox reactions and serotonin receptor signaling in striatum, axonal guidance signaling, NF-κB and androgen signaling in substantia nigra and mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative phosphorylation, apoptosis and sirtuin signaling in the cerebellum. These data suggest that arsenite affects processes associated with neurodegenerative diseases in brain region specific manner.
BMI as a Risk Factor for Clinical Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 in New York

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the association between BMI and clinical outcomes among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection METHODS: A total of 10,861 patients with COVID-19 infection who were admitted to the Northwell Health system hospitals between March 1, 2020, and April 27, 2020, were included in this study BMI was classified as underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity classes I, II, and III Primary outcomes were invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and death RESULTS: A total of 243 (2 2%) patients were underweight, 2,507 (23 1%) were normal weight, 4,021 (37 0%) had overweight, 2,345 (21 6%) had obesity class I, 990 (9 1%) had obesity class II, and 755 (7 0%) had obesity class III Patients who had overweight (odds ratio [OR] = 1 27 [95% CI: 1 11-1 46]), obesity class I (OR = 1 48 [95% CI: 1 27-1 72]), obesity class II (OR = 1 89 [95% CI: 1 56-2 28]), and obesity class III (OR = 2 31 [95% CI: 1 88-2 85]) had an increased risk of requiring IMV Underweight and obesity classes II and III were statistically associated with death (OR = 1 44 [95% CI: 1 08-1 92];OR = 1 25 [95% CI: 1 03-1 52];OR = 1 61 [95% CI: 1 30-2 00], respectively) Among patients who were on IMV, BMI was not associated with inpatient deaths CONCLUSIONS: Patients who are underweight or who have obesity are at risk for mechanical ventilation and death, suggesting that pulmonary complications (indicated by IMV) are a significant contributor for poor outcomes in COVID-19 infection
Equity and Criminal Law

The relationship between courts of equity and the criminal law in Arkansas is laid out by two black letter rules: (1) equity will not enjoin a criminal prosecution, and (2) equity will not enjoin a crime. The basis of both rules is that equity should not intervene in criminal courts, unless no other remedy in the court of law exists. However, the exceptions allowed for each rule are different. Exceptions to the first rule include: cases involving property rights, multiple prosecutions, unlawful exactions, or prosecutions made in bad faith. The second rule allows for an exception when a criminal punishment provides an inadequate remedy. In case-by-case applications of these rules, the requirements of what justifies an exception are constantly being questioned. While Arkansas has persisted in keeping the courts of law and equity separate, Arkansas voters may have the chance to merge both courts in November 2000. However, revising the Arkansas Constitution will not be enough; proper examinations of equitable intervention into criminal law, as well as the traditional amounts discretion associated with all forms of equitable relief, will be required.
Late Hip Dysplasia After Normal Ultrasound in Breech Babies: Implications on Surveillance Recommendations.

Background There is significant controversy in the literature over rates of late-developing dysplasia following normal screening ultrasound in breech babies, with reported rates varying from 7% to 29%. The purpose of this study is to investigate the rates of radiographic dysplasia in breech babies after a normal ultrasound with a minimum of 1 year of radiographic follow-up. Methods This study was an institutional review board-approved prospective study of all patients referred by their pediatrician for concern for developmental dysplasia of the hip between July 2008 and August 2014. We identified all subjects with breech presentation and excluded those with an abnormal initial examination/ultrasound or with 12 months and acetabular indices (AIs) were measured and compared with contemporary normative data. Dysplasia was diagnosed as >2 SDs above the mean. Results A total of 654 patients were referred with a history of a breech presentation, and 150 (22.9%) were found to have clinical instability or sonographic evidence of dysplasia on initial presentation and were observed with serial imaging or treated. Of the remaining 504 subjects with a normal clinical examination and screening ultrasound, 133 (26.4%; 74.4% females, 25.6% males) were followed until at least 12 months of age. Of those presenting at age 12 to 14 months, the mean AI was 0.42±0.83 SD above the mean with a skew towards elevated AIs. At the final follow-up (mean: 20.7±6.7 mo), the mean AI was 0.05±0.92 SD above the mean, and only 3/133 (2.2%) patients had a dysplastic hip. No patients underwent treatment other than an observation during the study period. Conclusions One in 5 breech babies have dysplasia at presentation, but late dysplasia following normal screening ultrasound may be less common than previously reported and may be due to our prolonged follow-up period. We recommend surveillance of breech babies with follow-up visits after 12 months of age since earlier visits may offer limited benefits. Level of evidence Level II-prospective prognostic study.