cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to the Special Section on Supply Chain Management: Globalization in the Auto Industry

In May 2006, we published a special issue on Supply Chain Management: Technology, Globalization, and Policy at a Crossroads (Johnson 2006). The response was far greater than we could have ever hoped. When we published that special issue, we were still processing a number of papers that we could not include at that time. We now present two more papers from that stream of work. While both are interesting and relate to the special issue topic, they differ slightly from the typical Interfaces application article. They focus on very different aspects of globalization in the auto industry. Balakrishnan, Seshadri, Sheopuri, and Iyer examine the supply chain evolution in the Indian auto industry. They track the progress of the industry on dimensions of cost, quality, productivity, and profitability and compare them to the trajectories of the competitors in China. With the rapid rise of manufacturing in both India and China, the results provide an intriguing view into these changing supply chains. The second paper examines how product variety impacts supply chain design. While globalization is often accused of fostering product homogeneity, for individual manufacturers the challenge of serving global customers is more often related to the complexity of handling product variants. Over the past 10 years, operations researchers have examined many technical aspects of managing product variety. Swaminathan and Nitsch look at how global auto firms have managed variety and analyze a particular supply chain strategy called the sequencing point (SP). They classify and categorize different supply chain strategies for managing variety in the context of short case studies.
Type refinement for static analysis of JavaScript

Static analysis of JavaScript has proven useful for a variety of purposes, including optimization, error checking, security auditing, program refactoring, and more. We propose a technique called type refinement that can improve the precision of such static analyses for JavaScript without any discernible performance impact. Refinement is a known technique that uses the conditions in branch guards to refine the analysis information propagated along each branch path. The key insight of this paper is to recognize that JavaScript semantics include many implicit conditional checks on types, and that performing type refinement on these implicit checks provides significant benefit for analysis precision.To demonstrate the effectiveness of type refinement, we implement a static analysis tool for reporting potential type-errors in JavaScript programs. We provide an extensive empirical evaluation of type refinement using a benchmark suite containing a variety of JavaScript application domains, ranging from the standard performance benchmark suites (Sunspider and Octane), to open-source JavaScript applications, to machine-generated JavaScript via Emscripten. We show that type refinement can significantly improve analysis precision by up to 86% without affecting the performance of the analysis.
Breathing in India, c. 1890

This essay examines a series of ‘Hindustani’ meditation manuals from the high colonial period against a sample of etiquette and medicinal works from the same era. In doing so, the essay has two principal aims, one specific to the Indian past and one pertaining to more general historical enquiry. The first aim is to subvert a longstanding trend in the ‘history’ of religions which has understood meditational practices through a paradigm of the mystical and transcendent. In its place, the essay examines such practices—and in particular their written, and printed, formulation—within the ideological and technological contexts in which they were written. In short, meditation is historicised, and its ‘Hindu’ and ‘Muslim’ expressions, compared in the process. The second aim is more ambitious: to test the limits of historical knowledge by asking whether it is possible to recount a history of breathing. In reassembling a political economy of respiration from a range of colonial writings, the essay thus hopes to form a listening device for the intimate rhythms of corporeal history. In doing so, it may suggest ways to recount a connected and necessarily political history of the body, the spirit and the world.
The Rhetoric of Rights and Needs: Moral Discourse in the Reform of Child Custody and Child Support Laws

Laws regulating the postdivorce custody and support of minor children underwent major changes during the 1980s. This paper uses the social constructionist approach to analyze the claims making of fathers' rights groups promoting state joint custody preference statutes and mothers' groups promoting strict federal child support enforcement. Although directly opposed to each others' reforms, both groups used rhetorical strategies that included horror stories, numeric estimates, and an implied societal consensus. Interviews with leading activists indicate that private troubles were transformed into public issues via personal initiative and symbolic representation. Child custody and support reforms were likely to be adopted if they were incremental, attracted little media attention, and were consistent with professional concerns and prevailing ideologies.
Comparison of Practicum Types in Changing Preservice Teachers’ Attitudes and Perceived Competence

The purpose was to compare the effects of two practicum types (off campus and on campus) on physical education teacher education (PETE) students’ attitudes and perceived competence toward teaching school-aged students with physical disabilities or moderate-severe mental retardation. PETE students, enrolled in a 15-week introductory adapted physical education (APE) course and involved in eight sessions of either off-campus (n = 22) or on-campus (n = 15) practicum experiences, completed Rizzo’s (1993a) Physical Educators’ Attitudes Toward Teaching Individuals with Disabilities-III (PEATID-III) two times. Analysis of pretest data revealed that groups were equated on gender, experience, attitude, and perceived competence. Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA revealed no significant difference between practicum types on posttest attitude and perceived competence measures. Attitude scores did not differ significantly from pretest to posttest. Perceived competence improved significantly from pretest to posttest under both pract...
SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF MICROCOLONIAL ROCK FUNGI AS AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE -AND HUMIDITY

Summary Microcolonial rock fungi occur most typically in conditions of high temperature, sparse water, and low nutrients. This study was designed to assess their growth and survival under various conditions of temperature and relative humidity. In one set of experiments, rocks containing microcolonial fungi (MCF) from Arizona and Oregon deserts were exposed in the laboratory to different temperatures and humidities, and the survival of MCF was tested by transferring them to growth medium. The survival of MCF from Oregon and Arizona rocks was similar: many survived at 70 and 80°C even after 21 d of exposure. Those from the Sonoran Desert in Arizona which were exposed to 100°C were dead after 4 d. Low humidity favoured tolerance to high temperatures. Pure cultures of MCF from these locales in the USA as well as from Australia and Egypt were tested for growth at various temperatures and relative humidities. No isolates were able to grow at water activities below 0–95. Some strains grew at temperatures as low as 4°C, but none grew at 50°C or higher. These results indicate that these MCF are not able to grow during the hot periods encountered on desert rock surfaces regardless of the humidity, but they are able to survive for extended periods under these conditions.
Myeloid sarcomas: a histologic, immunohistochemical, and cytogenetic study

Context. - Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is a neoplasm of immature granulocytes, monocytes, or both involving any extramedullary site. The correct diagnosis of MS is important for adequate therapy, which is often delayed because of a high misdiagnosis rate.
Antiviral activity and in vitro mutation development pathways of MK-6186, a novel nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.

MK-6186 is a novel nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) which displays subnanomolar potency against wild-type (WT) virus and the two most prevalent NNRTI-resistant RT mutants (K103N and Y181C) in biochemical assays. In addition, it showed excellent antiviral potency against K103N and Y181C mutant viruses, with fold changes (FCs) of less than 2 and 5, respectively. When a panel of 12 common NNRTI-associated mutant viruses was tested with MK-6186, only 2 relatively rare mutants (Y188L and V106I/Y188L) were highly resistant, with FCs of >100, and the remaining viruses showed FCs of 10, whereas only 29% of the mutant viruses displayed greater than 10-fold resistance to MK-6186. To determine whether MK-6186 selects for novel resistance mutations, in vitro resistance selections were conducted with one isolate each from subtypes A, B, and C under low-multiplicity-of-infection (MOI) conditions. The results showed a unique mutation development pattern in which L234I was the first mutation to emerge in the majority of the experiments. In resistance selection under high-MOI conditions with subtype B virus, V106A was the dominant mutation detected in the breakthrough viruses. More importantly, mutant viruses selected by MK-6186 showed FCs of <10 against EFV or etravirine (ETR), and the mutant viruses containing mutations selected by EFV or ETR were sensitive to MK-6186 (FCs of <10).
The Investigation of Language Classroom Processes

The second language classroom has long been a center of research interest. In the last several years, attempts to examine the second language classroom-to clarify how the language classroom experience differs from what is available outside the classroom and how language classrooms differ among themselves-have been increasingly guided by a shared set of goals and premises. Classroom process research is based on the priority of direct observation of second language classroom activity and is directed primarily at identifying the numerous factors which shape the second language instructional experience. The result has been a marked departure from earlier research on the nature and effects of classroom instruction in a second language. Selected studies in three areas are reviewed: the linguistic environment of second language instruction, patterns of participation in the language classroom, and error treatment. Also reviewed are recent applications of introspective (mentalistic) research to the problem of describing the second language classroom experience.
Synthesis, Structure, Infrared Spectra, and Iodine Doping of Unsubstituted Polyazines

Polyazines, -[N=CH-CH=N] x -, are environmentally stable conjugated polymers that can be doped with iodine into an electrically conductive state. These polymers are prepared by the condensation of glyoxal and glyoxal di-hydrazone with acid catalysis. IR spectra of the undoped polymers, independent of the synthetic conditions, exhibit a broad band centered around 3240 cm −1 indicative of the presence of OH groups in the polymer. Solid state NMR spectra show that the OH groups are covalently bound to the polymer chain so that the polymer chain has a number of defect and/or cross-linking sites present. The polymer can be doped with iodine into a poorly conducting state. Iodine doping introduces one new vibrational band into the IR spectra at 1490 cm −1 , associated with a bipolaronic charge carrier.
An Uncommon Case of Bilateral Peroneal Nerve Palsy following Delivery: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Peroneal nerve palsy is an infrequent but potential complication of childbirth. Bilateral peroneal palsy is particularly rare following delivery with few reported cases. A 38-year-old gravida 1, para 0 underwent a prolonged second stage of labor, was diagnosed with an arrest of descent, and subsequently underwent an uncomplicated primary cesarean section. The patient was diagnosed with bilateral peroneal neuropathy four days after delivery. By two months postpartum, her foot drop had improved by 85% and the remainder of her symptoms resolved. Awareness of the risks of a peroneal neuropathy as well as implementation of preventive measures is important for members of the delivery team. Regional anesthesia during labor is a risk factor for the development of a peroneal neuropathy.
Pak1 regulates branching morphogenesis in 3D MDCK cell culture by a PIX and β1-integrin-dependent mechanism

Branching morphogenesis is a fundamental process in the development of the kidney. This process gives rise to a network of ducts, which form the collecting system. Defective branching can lead to a multitude of kidney disorders including agenesis and reduced nephron number. The formation of branching tubules involves changes in cell shape, cell motility, and reorganization of the cytoskeleton. However, the exact intracellular mechanisms involved are far from understood. We have used the three-dimensional (3D) Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell culture system to study how p21-activated kinase 1 (Pak1), which is an important regulator of the cytoskeleton, modulates branching. Our data reveal that Pak1 plays a crucial role in regulating branching morphogenesis. Expression of a dominant-negative Pak1 mutant (DN-Pak1) in MDCK cysts resulted in the spontaneous formation of extensions and branching tubules. Cellular contractility and levels of phosphorylated myosin light chain (pMLC) were increased in DN-Pak1 cells in collagen. Expression of a DN-Pak1 mutant that does not bind to PIX (DN-Pak1-ΔPIX) failed to form extensions in collagen and did not have increased contractility. This shows that the DN-Pak1 mutant requires PIX binding to generate extensions and increased contractility in 3D culture. Furthermore, a β1-integrin function-blocking antibody (AIIB2) inhibited the formation of branches and blocked the increased contractility in DN-Pak1 cysts. Taken together, our work shows that DN-Pak1-induced branching morphogenesis requires PIX binding and β1-integrin signaling.
Pseudo-developmental glaucoma

A comprehensive classification of pseudo-developmental glaucoma with extensive bibliography is given.
Heteroepitaxy on Silicon by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

In recent years extensive research has been conducted on growing heteroepitaxial layers of insulators, metals, and other semiconductors on silicon. This work promises to extend the use of Si (or, at least, Si substrates) far beyond present day devices into hybred semiconductor devices, optoelectronics, ballistic electron devices, and three-dimensional device structures. However, the “art” of heteroepitaxy is still poorly understood and much work remains to be done to realize most practical applications. Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) represents an attractive technique for research and development of heteroepitaxy because of its relatively low growth temperatures, flexibility in working with different materials, and by providing a good environment for in-situ observation of the heteroepitaxial process. Using examples from recent heteroepitaxial work by molecular beam epitaxy in the areas of CaF2, NiSi2 and CoSi2, and GaAs on Si, this paper discusses how heteroepitaxial quality is affected by the relative surface free energies and strain (due to both lattice and thermal expansion coefficient mismatch). The goal is to produce better heteroepitaxial layers for device applications by an improved understanding of the process.
Wire-in-a-Nozzle as a New Droplet-on-Demand Electrogenerator

Many engineering applications assume the generation of single spherical droplets on demand. Piezo and thermo droplet-on-demand (DOD) instruments are not able to produce droplets with a broad range of size distributions from the same nozzle. We show that this challenge can be resolved using the principles of electrostatic generation and capillarity. A thin conductive wire threaded through a needle can be used as the droplet electrogenerator (or DOD generator). By applying a weak-bias electric field, one can deliver a drop from the needle edge to the free wire tip. When the drop moves toward the wire tip, it leaves behind a thin coating film. The capillary pressure of this cylindrical film helps isolate the droplet from the liquid source: the film spontaneously thins, breaking the connection between the droplet and the liquid source. The detachment of a pendant drop from the wire is then achieved by applying a short voltage pulse. Using the wire-in-a-needle nozzle, we were able to produce single droplets ranging from 50 to 500 μm, and we were able to deposit them with controlled velocity in a prescribed position. Therefore, the proposed method offers new opportunities in fields dealing with the DOD applications.
Operating room waste: Disposable supply utilization in neurosurgical procedures

OBJECTIVE Disposable supplies constitute a large portion of operating room (OR) costs and are often left over at the end of a surgical case. Despite financial and environmental implications of such waste, there has been little evaluation of OR supply utilization. The goal of this study was to quantify the utilization of disposable supplies and the costs associated with opened but unused items (i.e., "waste") in neurosurgical procedures. METHODS Every disposable supply that was unused at the end of surgery was quantified through direct observation of 58 neurosurgical cases at the University of California, San Francisco, in August 2015. Item costs (in US dollars) were determined from the authors' supply catalog, and statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS Across 58 procedures (36 cranial, 22 spinal), the average cost of unused supplies was $653 (range $89-$3640, median $448, interquartile range $230-$810), or 13.1% of total surgical supply cost. Univariate analyses revealed that case type (cranial versus spinal), case category (vascular, tumor, functional, instrumented, and noninstrumented spine), and surgeon were important predictors of the percentage of unused surgical supply cost. Case length and years of surgical training did not affect the percentage of unused supply cost. Accounting for the different case distribution in the 58 selected cases, the authors estimate approximately $968 of OR waste per case, $242,968 per month, and $2.9 million per year, for their neurosurgical department. CONCLUSIONS This study shows a large variation and significant magnitude of OR waste in neurosurgical procedures. At the authors' institution, they recommend price transparency, education about OR waste to surgeons and nurses, preference card reviews, and clarification of supplies that should be opened versus available as needed to reduce waste.
Laboratory test and analysis on a food poisoning event due to contamination with Leclercia adecarboxylata

Objective To conduct microbiological test of samples collected from a food poisoning event,in order to identify the pathogen caused food poisoning,analyze 16S rRNA sequence and identify its ownership.Methods According to epidemiological investigation and clinical manifestation,suspected pathogens were selected.According to GB/T4789-2003,GB/T4789-2008,GB/T4789-2010,WS/T9-1996 and Bacteriological Inspection for Health and Disease Prevention,pathogens were isolated from samples and identified.The results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing of strains were analyzed.Results Leclercia adecarboxylata was detected out from 1 suspicious food sample of braised eggplant.The pathogen belonged to Enterobacter asburiae.Conclusion Integration of epidemiology investigation,clinical data and laboratory test results,This food poisoning event is caused by contamination with Leclercia adecarboxylata.
Evaluation of the utility of popliteal lymph node examination in a cyclophosphamide model of immunotoxicity in the rat

The objective of this study was to characterize the variability of rat lymphoid organ weights and morphology following treatment with a known immunotoxicant, with a focus on the usefulness of evaluating popliteal lymph node weight and histology. Cyclophosphamide was administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats by oral gavage at doses of 2, 7 or 12 mg/kg/day for 10 consecutive days. Left and right popliteal lymph nodes (PLN), spleen and thymus were collected at necropsy, weighed, fixed and processed for histopathology. Femoral bone marrow was also collected, fixed and processed for histology. Organ weight variability was greater for PLN than for either spleen or thymus in control animals. There was a significant but weak correlation between paired left and right PLN weights (p < 0.005; r(2) = 0.2774). Significant treatment-related decreases in lymphoid organ weights were observed in spleen and thymus at ≥ 7 mg/kg/day (p < 0.01), whereas in PLN a significant decrease (p < 0.05) was noted only at 12 mg/kg/day. The inclusion of PLN did not enhance the sensitivity of detection of systemic treatment-related changes in lymphoid organs in a rat cyclophosphamide model.
A novel method for approximating equilibrium single-channel Ca2+ domains.

Localized calcium (Ca2+) signals control some of the most fundamental physiological processes, including synaptic transmission as well as its activity-dependent plasticity. Computational and mathematical modeling played a crucial role in the understanding of spatio-temporal Ca2+ dynamics that drives these processes, and showed that Ca2+ concentration around a single Ca2+ channel reaches a quasi-stationary distribution (known as the Ca2+ "nanodomain") within tens of microseconds after the opening of the channel, and collapses as rapidly after the closing of the channel. Such localization of Ca2+ in time and space is achieved by its rapid diffusion as well as its binding to its multiple interaction partners collectively called Ca2+ buffers and Ca2+ sensors. One of the successes of mathematical modeling was the development of several analytic approximations describing the equilibrium concentration of Ca2+ as a function of distance from the open Ca2+ channel, such as the Rapid Buffering Approximation (RBA), the Linear Approximation (LA) and the Excess Buffering Approximation (EBA) [1-4]. Each of these approximations has a particular applicability parameter regime created by the interplay between the properties of Ca2+ buffers, in particular their mobility and Ca2+ binding rates, and the strength of the Ca2+ current. Here we present a novel approximation method which does not rely on a specific range of the relevant Ca2+ and buffer parameters, and is based on matching the low-distance and large-distance asymptotic behavior of the concentration function. Even at low orders, the resulting approximation is as accurate as the second-order RBA and EBA approximations [4], but its validity extends far beyond the parameter range of applicability of RBA and EBA. The usefulness of the resulting approximation is two-fold: first, together with the previously developed approximations, the novel method could provide a deeper intuition into the dependence of Ca2+ nanodomain properties on the relevant buffering parameters, and second, it constitutes an efficient numerical approximation tool in the modeling of the Ca2+ signals underlying presynaptic and postsynaptic phenomena.
Assessment of Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) as a Source of Dissolved Radium and Nutrients to Moorea (French Polynesia) Coastal Waters

Previous work has documented large fluxes of freshwater and nutrients from submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) into the coastal waters of a few volcanic oceanic islands. However, on the majority of such islands, including Moorea (French Polynesia), SGD has not been studied. In this study, we used radium (Ra) isotopes and salinity to investigate SGD and associated nutrient inputs at five coastal sites and Paopao Bay on the north shore of Moorea. Ra activities were highest in coastal groundwater, intermediate in coastal ocean surface water, and lowest in offshore surface water, indicating that high-Ra groundwater was discharging into the coastal ocean. On average, groundwater nitrate and nitrite (N + N), phosphate, ammonium, and silica concentrations were 12, 21, 29, and 33 times greater, respectively, than those in coastal ocean surface water, suggesting that groundwater discharge could be an important source of nutrients to the coastal ocean. Ra and salinity mass balances indicated that most or all SGD at these sites was saline and likely originated from a deeper, unsampled layer of Ra-enriched recirculated seawater. This high-salinity SGD may be less affected by terrestrial nutrient sources, such as fertilizer, sewage, and animal waste, compared to meteoric groundwater; however, nutrient-salinity trends indicate it may still have much higher concentrations of nitrate and phosphate than coastal receiving waters. Coastal ocean nutrient concentrations were virtually identical to those measured offshore, suggesting that nutrient subsidies from SGD are efficiently utilized.
Blood-group-related antigen Lewis(x) and Lewis(y) in the differential diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma

Distribution of Lewis(x) (Le(x)) and Lewis(y) (Le(y)) blood-group antigens was studied in nine formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded cholangiocarcinomas (CCs), 26 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), and eight normal livers. All CCs, with one exception, expressed both Le(x) and Le(y) antigens on few or many cells. In HCCs Lex was expressed infrequently (8%), while Le(y) was detected in 31% of cases. Both markers, when present in HCCs, tended to be spotty. Fibrolamellar carcinomas and normal livers did not react with either Le(x) or Le(y) antigens; however, Le(y) antigen was observed occasionally in bile duct epithelial and ductular cells. In conclusion, inappropriate tissue distribution of Le(y) blood-group antigens was observed in CCs and, much less frequently, in HCCs. The high frequency of Le(x) antigen in CCs but not in HCCs may help in the differential diagnosis of these two tumors.
Broadening students' perspectives on literature review.

Student dietitians, in our experience, have demonstrated a very narrow perspective in using professional literature. The limited scope of reference journals used and the lack of ability to critically review the literature and abstract the essentials of a study were identified as problem areas. An assignment designed to address those inadequacies was developed, implemented, and evaluated. Following scientific guidelines, 11 students from the coordinated program in dietetics each reviewed three to five non-nutrition-specific journals and abstracted all nutrition-related articles published for the current 16-month period. The resulting 339 abstracts were compiled and distributed to faculty and facility preceptors. Improvement was evident in students’ ability to critically evaluate and abstract an article. Faculty members, facility preceptors, and students evaluated the project as being worthwhile. J Am Diet Assoc 89: 1286-1289, 1989.
Molecular and cellular properties of eosinophils. (A review).

This review summarizes the eosinophil’s affector and effector mechanisms, emphasizes their biochemical aspects, and details their function in certain immunologic and parasitic conditions.
MELCOR/CONTAIN LMR Implementation Report-Progress FY15

This report describes the progress of the CONTAIN-LMR sodium physics and chemistry models to be implemented in to MELCOR 2.1. It also describes the progress to implement these models into CONT AIN 2 as well. In the past two years, the implementation included the addition of sodium equations of state and sodium properties from two different sources. The first source is based on the previous work done by Idaho National Laborat ory by modifying MELCOR to include liquid lithium equation of state as a working fluid to mode l the nuclear fusion safety research. The second source uses properties generated for the SIMMER code. Testing and results from this implementation of sodium pr operties are given. In addition, the CONTAIN-LMR code was derived from an early version of C ONTAIN code. Many physical models that were developed sin ce this early version of CONTAIN are not captured by this early code version. Therefore, CONTAIN 2 is being updated with the sodium models in CONTAIN-LMR in or der to facilitate verification of these models with the MELCOR code. Although CONTAIN 2, which represents the latest development of CONTAIN, now contains ma ny of the sodium specific models, this work is notmore » complete due to challenges from the lower cell architecture in CONTAIN 2, which is different from CONTAIN- LMR. This implementation should be completed in the coming year, while sodi um models from C ONTAIN-LMR are being integrated into MELCOR. For testing, CONTAIN decks have been developed for verification and validation use. In terms of implementing the sodium m odels into MELCOR, a separate sodium model branch was created for this document . Because of massive development in the main stream MELCOR 2.1 code and the require ment to merge the latest code version into this branch, the integration of the s odium models were re-directed to implement the sodium chemistry models first. This change led to delays of the actual implementation. For aid in the future implementation of sodium models, a new sodium chemistry package was created. Thus reporting for the implementation of the sodium chemistry is discussed in this report.« less
Skorohod Embedding and Invariance Principles

Embedding of random variables; approximation of random walks; functional central limit theorem; laws of the iterated logarithm; arcsine laws; approximation of renewal processes; empirical distribution functions; embedding and approximation of martingales
The Peacebuilding Puzzle: Political Order in Post-Conflict States

Transformative peace operations fall short of achieving the modern political order sought in post-conflict countries because the interventions themselves empower post-conflict elites intent on forging a neopatrimonial political order. The Peacebuilding Puzzle explains the disconnect between the formal institutional engineering undertaken by international interventions, and the governance outcomes that emerge in their aftermath. Barma's comparative analysis of interventions in Cambodia, East Timor, and Afghanistan focuses on the incentives motivating domestic elites over a sequence of three peacebuilding phases: the elite peace settlement, the transitional governance period, and the aftermath of intervention. The international community advances certain forms of institutional design at each phase in the pursuit of effective and legitimate governance. Yet, over the course of the peacebuilding pathway, powerful post-conflict elites co-opt the very processes and institutions intended to guarantee modern political order and dominate the practice of governance within those institutions to their own ends. This title is also available as Open Access.
Specification: The Biggest Bottleneck in Formal Methods and Autonomy

Advancement of AI-enhanced control in autonomous systems stands on the shoulders of formal methods, which make possible the rigorous safety analysis autonomous systems require. An aircraft cannot operate autonomously unless it has design-time reasoning to ensure correct operation of the autopilot and runtime reasoning to ensure system health management, or the ability to detect and respond to off-nominal situations. Formal methods are highly dependent on the specifications over which they reason; there is no escaping the “garbage in, garbage out” reality. Specification is difficult, unglamorous, and arguably the biggest bottleneck facing verification and validation of aerospace, and other, autonomous systems.
Peripheral Absolute Neutrophil, Mmonocyte and Lymphocyte Counts and Clinical Ooutcome in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Background Baseline levels of peripheral absolute neutrophil (ANC), lymphocyte (ALC) and monocyte (AMC) counts have prognostic value in solid tumors. There are limited data on their impact on outcomes in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The present study is to confirm whether the baseline levels of peripheral ANC, ALC and AMC can predict outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL. Patients and Methods Data from lymphoma database at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (UTMDACC) were used. The correlation of baseline ANC, AMC and ALC with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed in 817 newly diagnosed previously untreated patients with DLBCL who received frontline treatments at UTMDACC between 2000-2011. Kaplan-Meier method was used for time-to event analysis including PFS and OS. Multi Cox proportional hazards model were fitted to evaluate important patient characteristics on the time-to event endpoints. Results Median ages at diagnoses were 58 years (range, 18 to 91 years). Seventy-nine percent of patients received conventional immunochemotherapy(CHOP-R) while 21 % of patients had intensive immunochemotherapy (HyperCVAD-R or R-EPOCH) or intensive chemotherapy(n=5; HyperCVAD or R-EPOCH) due to CD 20 negative; two patients received radiation therapy only. IPI low, intermediate and high were 38%, 46% and 16%, respectively. Overall response rate was 98% with a complete remission rate of 73%. Patients with abnormal ANC (> 7.3 X10 9 /L) had an inferior PFS ( P P 9 /L; patients with abnormal ALC ( 9 /L) had significant short PFS ( P P 9 /L; similarly, patients with abnormal AMC (> 0.7X10 9 /L) had inferior PFS ( P P 9 /L. Multivariate analysis identified abnormal ALC and AMC as an independent adverse prognostic factors for PFS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.39 and 1.49, respectively; P P =0.004, respectively) and abnormal ANC and AMC as an independent adverse prognostic factors for OS ( P =0.017 and P =0.024, respectively; HR 1.56 and 1.42, respectively). Conclusions An abnormal Neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts in peripheral blood are independent, poor prognostic factor for PFS and OS in patients with DLBCL. Incorporation of these immunological markers into IPI prognostic model may improve outcome prediction. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Sourcing Compassionate Migration Policies: Searching for Venues of Humanity

Building on the demonstrated need for compassionate migration policy detailed in the rest of this volume and the sources of compassion suggested in Chapters 16–18, this concluding chapter summarizes and examines the suitable venues and blueprints of compassionate migration policy. These range from traditional immigration policymaking venues like the U.S. Congress to new interventions in compassion such as desert Samaritans. This chapter briefly surveys the landscape of the potential immigration venues in the hopeful search for compassion and sites of humanity in migration policy for the Americas, and supplies a detailed blueprint for those local governments, U.S. states, and civil society organizations (CSOs) willing to embrace and practice compassionate migration policy at the subnational level.
Cranium bifidum occultum associated with hypertelorism treated with posterior vault reconstruction and orbital box osteotomies: Case report and technical note

Cranium bifidum occultum is a disorder of skull ossification presenting as an enlarged posterior fontanelle in the upper posterior angle of the parietal bone near the intersection of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures. The standard treatment for cranium bifidum occultum is observation. We present a case of a 5-year-old boy who presented with a 15 × 4.5 cm midline posterior cranial vault defect consistent with diagnosis of cranium bifidum occultum associated with orbital hypertelorism and a widened nose. The patient underwent posterior vault reconstruction for correction of cranium bifidum occultum defect followed by bifrontal craniotomy and orbital box osteotomies for correction of orbital hypertelorism and nasal deformity. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case describing surgical treatment for cranium bifidum occultum associated with orbital hypertelorism.
Psychological Factors and Their Association with Ideal Cardiovascular Health Among Women and Men

Abstract Background: The cardiovascular effects of stress and other psychological factors may be different between women and men. We assessed whether self-perceived adverse psychological factors were associated with achievement of ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) as measured by the American Heart Association's Life's Simple Seven (LS7) and whether this differed by sex. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of employees from a large healthcare organization. The LS7 metrics (smoking, physical activity, diet, body mass index, blood pressure, cholesterol, and glucose) were each scored as ideal (2), intermediate (1), or poor (0). Total scores were categorized as optimal (11–14), average (9–10), and inadequate (0–8). Using logistic regression, we tested whether psychological factors obtained by questionnaire (self-perceived stress, low life satisfaction, hopelessness, sadness, depression, and anxiety) were associated with CVH, after adjustment for age, ethnicity, and education. Results: Among 9,056 partici...
Anisotropy Measurements and Indication of Ply Orientation in Composite Materials Using Holographic Mapping of Large Amplitude Acoustic Waves

Examination of graphite reinforced polymer matrix composite materials was performed using high speed, pulsed holographic interferometry. Holographic recordings of one face of a composite sheet were made before and immediately following mechanical excitation of the opposite side. Excitation was provided through a length of 6mm diameter aluminum rod affixed at one end to the back surface of the specimen. A pulsed laser beam was focused at the other end of the rod, launching an acoustic wave toward the specimen.
Self Control and Liquidity: How to Design a Commitment Contract

Investigates how the demand for commitment contracts is affected by contract design features.
Inflammatory Diabetic Neuropathy: Helpful Diagnostic Parameters.

Objectives Mild inflammatory diabetic neuropathies (IDNs) overlap with diabetic sensorimotor neuropathy (DPN) in clinical presentation and electrophysiological and laboratory tests. This study is to determine whether IDN can be differentiated from DPN by clinical features, electrophysiological, pathological, or laboratory tests. Methods Suspected IDN cases were identified by a subacute onset and progressive sensory or motor neuropathy in patients with diabetes. Results IDN occurred earlier in the course of diabetes mellitus and had higher prevalence of limb weakness, walking difficulty, and more severe electrophysiological abnormalities suggesting both demyelination and axonal loss. Sensory nerve biopsies in IDN showed perivascular inflammatory infiltrates, decreased fiber density, increased demyelination, and axonal degeneration. Most patients with IDN improved with immunotherapy. Conclusions Features that favor IDN over DPN are limb weakness, more severe nerve conduction abnormalities, inflammatory infiltrates on nerve biopsy, and a favorable response to immunotherapy. A nerve biopsy can help establish an inflammatory cause.
“Bedtime is when bad stuff happens”: Sleep problems in foster care alumni

Abstract There is substantial evidence documenting the importance of sleep for positive health and mental health. However, many young adults struggle with getting the sufficient quantity and quality of sleep each night. Individuals who have a history of adverse experiences may be at greater risk for sleep problems. While most studies of sleep and trauma have explored issues such as participating in combat, natural disasters, and child maltreatment, few have focused on the impact of being in foster care. Youth in care have not only the negative effects of abuse and neglect but the challenges of housing instability and adjustment to new caregivers and settings. The current study aimed to learn more about sleep in young adults who have spent time in foster care. Using qualitative data gathered from interviews with 24 foster care alumni, this study examined sleep before entering care, while youth lived in care, and after leaving care and establishing their independence as adults. Three areas were examined across time periods: 1) experience/context of sleep problems; 2) symptoms/behaviors related to sleep problems; and 3) coping strategies for poor sleep and its consequences. Youths' problems with sleep appeared to have greatly impacted their lives and had negative effects upon their relationships, employment, school, and even their foster care placement experiences. Recommendations are made for education about the relationship between trauma and sleep and for interventions that specifically target sleep, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia.
Monitoring drug pharmacokinetics and immunologic biomarkers in dermal interstitial fluid using a microneedle patch

Minimally invasive point-of-care diagnostic devices are of great interest for rapid detection of biomarkers in diverse settings. Although blood is the most common source of biomarkers, interstitial fluid (ISF) is an alternate body fluid that does not clot or contain red blood cells that often complicate analysis. However, ISF is difficult to collect. In this study, we assessed the utility of a microneedle patch to sample microliter volumes of ISF in a simple and minimally invasive manner. We demonstrated the use of ISF collected in this way for therapeutic drug monitoring by showing similar vancomycin pharmacokinetic profiles in ISF and serum from rats. We also measured polio-specific neutralizing antibodies and anti-polio IgG in ISF similar to serum in rats immunized with polio vaccine. These studies demonstrate the potential utility of ISF collected by microneedle patch in therapeutic drug monitoring and immunodiagnostic applications.
Recruitment-Based Robotic Colony Allocation.

Robotic colonies for distributed field operations require intelligent algorithms for allocating assets based on time-varying task requirements. Agricultural applications, including crop pollination, involve dynamic schedules that are unknown a priori; thus, an effective colony must characterize task completion and respond to perceived changes. Insect colonies rely on individuals’ observations to allocate their workforces to tasks, such as foraging in the richest flower patches. Biologically-inspired strategies for gathering observations while providing field coverage were formulated and integrated into a colony recruitment model. The strategies’ coverage results and efficiency were evaluated with varying task schedules, colony placements, and multiple colonies, yielding 50–100% pollination across all independent variables. Splitting a single colony into multiple small colonies improved coverage and efficiency.
Possible convergent evolution of yellow psittacofulvin colors in the feathers of cockatoos (Cacatuidae) and parrots (Psittacidae)

Psittacofulvins (pigments unique to Psittaciformes) produce a yellow feather color that may fluoresce in some species (Voelker 1937). To test the hypothesis that these colors may have evolved indep...
Polymorphic Blocks: Unifying High-level Specification and Low-level Control for Circuit Board Design

Mainstream board-level circuit design tools work at the lowest level of design --- schematics and individual components. While novel tools experiment with higher levels of design, abstraction often comes at the expense of the fine-grained control afforded by low-level tools. In this work, we propose a hardware description language (HDL) approach that supports users at multiple levels of abstraction from broad system architecture to subcircuits and component selection. We extend the familiar hierarchical block diagram with polymorphism to include abstract-typed blocks (e.g., generic resistor supertype) and electronics modeling (i.e., currents and voltages). Such an approach brings the advantages of reusability and encapsulation from object-oriented programming, while addressing the unique needs of electronics designers such as physical correctness verification. We discuss the system design, including fundamental abstractions, the block diagram construction HDL, and user interfaces to inspect and fine-tune the design; demonstrate example designs built with our system; and present feedback from intermediate-level engineers who have worked with our system.
Interference Reduction in Virtual Cell Optimization.

Virtual cell optimization clusters cells into neighborhoods and performs optimized resource allocation over each neighborhood. In prior works we proposed resource allocation schemes to mitigate the interference caused by transmissions in the same virtual cell. This work aims at mitigating both the interference caused by the transmissions of users in the same virtual cell and the interference between transmissions in different virtual cells. We propose a resource allocation technique that reduces the number of users that cannot achieve their constant guaranteed bit rate, i.e., the "unsatisfied users", in an uplink virtual cell system with cooperative decoding. The proposed scheme requires only the knowledge of the number of users each base station serves and relies on creating the interference graph between base stations at the edges of virtual cells. Allocation of frequency bands to users is based on the number of users each base station would serve in a non cooperative setup. We evaluate the performance of our scheme for a mmWave system. Our numerical results show that our scheme decreases the number of users in the system whose rate falls below the guaranteed rate, set to $128$Kpbs, $256$Kpbs or $512$Kpbs, when compared with our previously proposed optimization methods.
Creating a Culture of Readers through Collection Development and Outreach

Children's literature collections in academic libraries present a unique opportunity for librarians to develop engaging outreach programs for students, faculty, and community members. The Curriculu...
A comparative study of tourism Education on vocational level in Hungary and Finland

The rapid growth of tourism in Hungary and the labour migration to abroad resulted in a serious labour shortage in the industry. One of the sources of skilled and motivated workforce is the system of tourism vocational education and training, which can just slowly react to market changes due to its inertness. In addition, the highly centralized system provides low-level of freedom to respond to regional differences, as the National Core Curriculum and its related regulatory documents are compulsory for the institutions and maintainers implementing them. This paper seeks for possible solutions to the prevailing challenges by a comparative examination of the tourism VET system in Finland and Hungary. As a result the author propounds possible alternatives to develop secondary tourism education.
Use of Tablet Video for Delivery of Neonatal Discharge Instructions to First-Time Parents.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES While video discharge instructions have been shown to improve retention of information and patient satisfaction, data are limited regarding patient perceptions of video tools. METHODS We conducted a randomized controlled trial to assess self-rated comprehension and overall satisfaction with video versus face-to-face neonatal discharge instructions in first-time mothers. RESULTS Video instructions were no different from face-to-face instructions, though there was a nonsignificant increase in confidence in caring for their newborn in the video group. CONCLUSIONS Broader use of technology may allow for a more standardized approach to patient education and improve efficiency for clinicians, without compromising patient satisfaction and confidence in caring for themselves and their dependents.