cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chylothorax secondary to venous outflow obstruction treated with transcervical retrograde thoracic duct cannulation with embolization and venous reconstruction

Abstract A chylothorax may be due to either direct trauma or occlusion of the thoracic duct. Treatments include antegrade or retrograde glue and coil embolization as well as thoracic duct stent graft placement. This report describes a patient with chylothorax secondary to venous outflow occlusion. Left upper extremity venography demonstrated multifocal left brachiocephalic and axillary vein occlusions with retrograde filling of an engorged and disrupted thoracic duct. Retrograde thoracic duct lymphangiography with embolization and left upper extremity venous reconstruction were performed with complete resolution of chylothorax.
"We are fierce, independent thinkers and intelligent": Social capital and stigma management among mothers who refuse vaccines.

Abstract Despite measurable benefits of childhood vaccines, mothers with high levels of social privilege are increasingly refusing some or all vaccines for their children. These mothers are often clustered geographically or networked socially, providing information, emotional support, and validation for each other. Mothers who reject vaccines may face disapproval from others, criticism in popular culture, negative interactions with healthcare providers, and conflicts with people they know, which serve to stigmatize them. This article uses qualitative data from in-depth interviews with parents who reject vaccines, ethnographic observations, and analyses of online discussions to examine the role of social capital in networks of vaccine-refusing mothers. Specifically, this article explores how mothers provide each other information critical of vaccines, encourage a sense of one's self as empowered to question social expectations around vaccination, provide strategies for managing stigma that results from refusing vaccines, and define a sense of obligation to extend social capital to other mothers. In examining these strategies and tensions, we see how social capital can powerfully support subcultural norms that contradict broader social norms and provide sources of social support. Even as these forces are experienced as positive, they work in ways that actively undermine community health, particularly for those who are the most socially vulnerable to negative health outcomes from infection.
Valvular Heart Disease: Stenotic Lesions

1. Aortic stenosis is the narrowing of the orifice and increased velocity of blood flow between the left ventricle and aorta during systole. 2. Severity of aortic stenosis is characterized by valve area (cm2), mean pressure gradient (mmHg), and jet velocity (m/s) across the aortic valve measured by echocardiography or cardiac catheterization [1]. (a) Normal—valve area 3.0–4.0 cm2, mean gradient 0 mmHg (b) Mild—valve area 1.5–3.0 cm2, mean gradient <25 mmHg, jet velocity < 3.0 m/s (c) Moderate—valve area 1.0–1.5 cm2, mean gradient 25–40 mmHg, jet velocity 3.0–4.0 m/s (d) Severe—valve area 40 mmHg, jet velocity > 4.0 m/s
Evaluation of CAD Technology for Mass Customization

CAD technologies have been used for size and fit factors and mass customization. To find a better CAD technical and managerial solution for apparel companies and provide a good fit for consumers' different body shapes, researchers explored the differences between two 2D CAD systems regarding the customization process using four different body shapes. Measurements for the development of a customized garment were obtained using a 3D body scanner. The results showed both software packages are valuable for their specific purpose. It is necessary to carefully analyze measurement data before any steps for pattern making and fit evaluation. Based on the different cost and technical considerations, apparel pattern makers and companies could weigh up the pros and cons of each CAD technology to build their competitive advantages in the apparel product development.
Desensitization and Therapeutic Behavioral Approaches to Dental Care

Children with special healthcare needs are accustomed to receiving occupational and behavioral therapy outside the dental office. While not routine in dentistry, these approaches can be leveraged to help patients learn to accept oral healthcare. Behavior modification, or desensitization, centers on gradual exposure to triggering stimuli. Over time the child learns to tolerate aspects of dental care that were previously not possible. Successful behavior modification programs focus on careful patient selection through the use of pre-visit questionnaires and in-person interviews with the patient and family. The program is then individualized for each patient, taking into account individual strengths and limitations. It may also incorporate strategies such as peer modeling, individualized reinforcement, and distraction. Ultimately this offers the child an opportunity to experience dental care at her own pace, learning skills that can be used to maintain health over the course of a lifetime.
A comparison of meperidine and lidocaine for spinal anesthesia for postpartum tubal ligation

Background and Objectives This study compares the anesthetic potency, duration, and side effects of subarachnoid meperidine and lidocaine for postpartum tubal ligation. Method Twenty healthy, unpremedicated postpartum women gave written informed consent to participate in this randomized double-blind study. After intravenous infusion of 200 mL physiologic salt solution, patients received subarachnoid injections of either lidocaine 70 mg in 7.5% glucose or meperidine 60 mg in saline while lying in the right lateral position. Heart rate, blood pressure, sensory and motor block, pain, nausea, and pruritus were recorded at intervals for up to 12 hours after injection. The time to first postoperative analgesic was also recorded. Results There were no differences between the groups in demographics, heart rate, or blood pressure at any time. Sensory or motor block developed slightly faster in the lidocaine group. One patient in each group required general anesthesia owing to inadequate sensory block. Beginning at 60 minutes, meperidine patients experienced more pruritus (P Conclusions Subarachnoid meperidine and lidocaine both provide adequate anesthesia for postpartum tubal ligation. Meperidine provided longer postoperative analgesia.
The Influence of Stigma and Views on Mental Health Treatment Effectiveness on Service Use by Age and Ethnicity: Evidence From the CDC BRFSS 2007, 2009, and 2012:

The purpose of this study is to conduct a cross-cultural comparison of perceived public stigma of mental health and views on mental health treatment effectiveness and their effects on service use a...
Smoking behavior and social contexts associated with smoking among dual-smoker couples

OBJECTIVES To examine smoking behavior and social contexts related to smoking among dual-smoker couples. DESIGN Cross-sectional online survey study. SAMPLE A convenience sample of 183 dual-smoker couples. MEASUREMENTS Investigator-developed survey on smoking and related social contexts. RESULTS Participants smoked 16.0 cigarettes daily for 14.2 years; 48.4% shared more than half of their smoking time with their spouse. More than half made quit attempts in the past year individually (M = 5.3) and jointly (M = 2.5). Couples sharing more smoking time were more likely to be motivated to quit (p = .002), make quit attempts (p < .0001), and be interested in cessation interventions (p = .002); but less likely to implement home smoking bans (p < .001). Among those who reported quit attempts, 41% quit by themselves and 15.3% sought professional assistance. Most common reasons for relapse were chronic stress and crisis, 63.6%, however, were interested in smoking cessation services, preferably technology-based interventions. CONCLUSIONS We found smoking interdependence within dual-smoker couples. Despite high levels of motivation to quit, most did not utilize professional help, leading to low successful quit rates. Technology-based smoking cessation interventions incorporating spousal support and addressing stress/crisis may best assist dual-smoker couples.
Issues and Opportunities When Using Rating Scales to Identify Creatively Gifted Students: Applying an IRT Approach.

Identifying creatively gifted students remains a challenging yet important task. Often, teacher rating scales are used to assess students’ creative behaviors; however, the school environment may no...
Return to Sports and Activity After Total Ankle Arthroplasty and Arthrodesis: A Systematic Review:

Background:There is no consensus regarding participation in sports and recreational activities following total ankle replacement (TAR) and ankle arthrodesis (AA). This systematic review summarizes ...
BURROWING CENTRAL AMERICAN MANGROVE LAND CRABS AND THEIR BURROW ASSOCIATES

General remarks on the following aspects of the life history of land crabs are presented: migration, shedding of eggs, molting, juveniles and food. The nature of the crab burrows and the associated burrowdwelling organisms also are presented. The distribution of burrowing land crabs is discussed with respect to three general plant formations in gecarcinid crab localities, ie., Mangrove-Estero, Island and Strand patterns.
PHASE-RESOLVED X-RAY SPECTRA OF MAGNETARS AND THE CORONAL OUTFLOW MODEL

We test a model recently proposed for the persistent hard X-ray emission from magnetars. In the model, hard X-rays are produced by a decelerating electron-positron flow in the closed magnetosphere. The flow decelerates as it radiates its energy away via resonant scattering of soft X-rays, then it reaches the top of the magnetic loop and annihilates there. We test the model against observations of three magnetars: 4U 0142+61, 1RXS J1708-4009, and 1E 1841-045. We find that the model successfully fits the observed phase-resolved spectra. We derive constraints on the angle between the rotational and magnetic axes of the neutron star, the object inclination to the line of sight, and the size of the active twisted region filled with the plasma flow. Using the fit of the hard X-ray component of the magnetar spectrum, we revisit the remaining soft X-ray component. We find that it can be explained by a modified two-temperature blackbody model. The hotter blackbody is consistent with a hot spot covering 1%-10% of the neutron star surface. Such a hot spot is expected at the base of the magnetospheric e ± outflow, as some particles created in the e ± discharge flow back and bombard the stellar surface.
The Search for Biological Models to Investigate Human Carcinogenic Risks: Human Pathology and Experimental Carcinogenesis Correlations at the Organ, Tissue, and Cellular Level, In Vivo and In Vitro

The use of human cells for the assessment of risks from physical and chemical agents — the subject of the present course — is rapidly evolving in the field of carcinogenesis. Its methodology is emerging from basic advances in experimental pathology, cell biology and biochemistry. The use of human tissues and cells for the study and evaluation of human carcinogenesis is becoming a highly productive area of cancer research, although much work remains to be done toward establishing its precise role in the complex process of risk assessment. Considerable progress has been made in establishing appropriate methods and models for the study of the pathogenesis of human cancers. Partiular attention was given to models for epithelial cancers, which constitute the vast majority of human neoplasms. A variety of closely related biological systems was developed to link together the pathology observed in whole human organisms and in the corresponding whole animal models for the chemical induction of the same types of tumors, derived from the same organs and tissues. When appropriate chemically induced organ-level animal models were established, the subsequent development was devoted to organ culture models for the in vitro maintenance of the tissues of origin of the main types of tumors and the study of their response to carcinogens. When the organ culture models were established from experimental animal tissues, the next step was aimed at. developing their human counterparts, using culture methods for the corresponding human tissues of origin. Finally, from these organ culture systems — or in parallel with them — the next stage of model development was that of systems for the culture of isolated cells from the target epithelia, both from the experimental animals and from their human counterpart. Once all these were established, linking together animal and human pathology at the organ, tissue and cellular levels, it became possible to study mechanisms of induction of neoplastic transformation in progressively linked biological systems and particularly in the isolated target cells, directly comparing animal and human cellular responses.
Understanding Other Minds

Human beings spend vast amounts of time thinking about what other people believe, want, hope, and fear. Understanding other minds is part of our social nature and forms the basis of the social fabr...
Prior Bone Marrow Stimulation Surgery Influences Outcomes After Cell-Based Cartilage Restoration: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis:

Background:Cell-based cartilage restoration with autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is a safe and effective treatment for symptomatic cartilage lesions. Many patients undergoing ACI have a h...
An Ironic Pairing: Enlisting Technology to Bring the Benefits of Nature to Counseling Students

This qualitative and phenomenological study investigated the experiences of eleven counselors-in-training (CITs) exposed to four live computer-projected scenes and sounds of nature (running stream,...
Reagents and Procedures for the Ultraviolet Spectral Analysis of Flavonoids

Sodium methoxide (NaOMe). Freshly cut metallic sodium (2.5 g) was added cautiously in small portions to dry spectroscopic methanol (100 ml). The solution was stored in a glass container with a tightly fitting plastic stopper.
India's Land Title Crisis: The Unanswered Questions

This article calls into question the Government of India’s National Land Records Modernization Programme, a massive, multi-lakh billion rupee program of land titling based upon the principles underlying Torren Registration. It argues that the Union Government would be better advised to preserve and update the current deeds registration system of the Registration Act. Torrens registration is ill-suited to the current state of Indian governance, and risks not only wasting scarce resources, but injuring those millions of low-income farmers that it is intended to assist. Better methods of empowering low-income rural farmers exist and can be achieved at much lower cost. The paper thus also suggests that in many areas of the Global South, the rush to Torrens registration could represent both another episode of failed economic development planning and a missed opportunity for genuine legal justice for the poor.
Surgical Treatment of Impotence

The personal and social implications of spinal cord injury are far reaching. The initial post-injury period frequently involves life-saving procedures because of the associated injuries. This is followed by a period of recovery that may last 18 months or longer. Once the full impact of the lesion is understood, numerous adjustments become necessary. Two important aspects that may have a significant effect on the rehabilitation of the patient are the sexual and bladder dysfunctions that invariably accompany this injury. Significant advances have been made during the last decade in treating problems of incontinence, impotence, and infertility. Pharmacological manipulation for both bladder and erectile dysfunction, together with mechanical improvements in the field of prosthetics, have demonstrated that urological intervention can play an important role in the rehabilitation of these patients.
Amino acid sequence and function of the light subunit of rat kidney gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase.

The heavy subunit (M(r), 72,614) of rat kidney gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of glutathione (GSH) synthesis, mediates the catalytic activity of this enzyme and its feedback inhibition by GSH. There is evidence that the light subunit has a regulatory function (Huang, C.-S., Chang, L.-S., Anderson, M.E., and Meister, A. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 19675-19680). In the present work the cDNA for the light subunit was isolated, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The cDNA was found to code for a protein of 274 amino acid residues (M(r) 30, 548). Recombinant holoenzyme was obtained by co-expression of the heavy and light subunits and by mixing of the separately expressed proteins. These recombinant holoenzyme preparations exhibit catalytic and GSH feedback inhibitory properties that are virtually identical to those of the isolated holoenzyme. These studies establish that the light subunit is an integral part of the enzyme and that the light and heavy subunits, are coded for separately. Possibly significant similarity of sequence of amino acids was found between the light subunit and E. coli gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, which is a single polypeptide.
Development of a London moment readout for a superconducting gyroscope

A gyroscope for verifying certain predictions of General Relativity is under development at Stanford. A method of measuring the gyroscope orientation based on the use of the London moment and a SQUID magnetometer is described. It is estimated that the required sensitivity of 1 milliarc‐sec can be achieved in a bandwidth of 2.5×10−6 Hz.
Protein nutriture of a group of free-living elderly

The adequacy of the protein intakes of elderly people without overt debilitating diseases was investigated on 691 free-living men and women divided into those aged 60-75 y and those greater than 75 y. In both age groups men and women had average protein intakes of 1.02-1.06 g/kg body weight, values well above the safe level of 0.75 g/kg recommended in a WHO/FAO/UNU report. Although plasma concentrations of albumin, prealbumin, and transferrin declined with age, these were not related to low intakes of protein by individual elderly people. Similarly, upper-arm muscle mass was not less in those elderly people at the lower end of the range of protein intakes. Thus in this population of overtly healthy elderly men and women, there was no evidence of protein deficiency in contrast to other surveys where elderly people with chronic diseases were included.
Kinetics of Microbial Processes and Population Growth in Soil

The kinetics of microbial growth and substrate utilization in liquid culture have been worked out in great detail. However, it has become acknowledged that kinetics in soil are greatly affected by the complex physical environment of soils. Much progress has been made toward incorporating soil physical effects into the current understanding of the kinetics of microbial processes in soil. The review synthesizes new and classic work on the physical and biological factors that affect kinetics in soil. Keywords: kinetics in soil; microbial growth; substrate utilization; abiotic soil components; monod equation; soil physics; microbiology
Vibrational spectroscopy of an amorphous∕crystalline sandwich structure for silicon: Numerical results

We study the lattice dynamics of an amorphous∕crystalline∕silicon sandwich model using the environment-dependent interatomic potential (EDIP). We establish a base line by computing the vibrational properties of the component bulk crystal and bulk amorphous structures, which show reasonable agreement with experiment and with Stillinger-Weber (SW) potential results. We study the confinement of the modes in the different structural regions (crystal, amorphous, and interface). Low-frequency modes have disproportionate weight in the amorphous structure because of its lower shear elastic constants, and there are some narrow frequency bands with confinement of modes to the crystal. We examine the localization properties of modes at different frequencies by computing the inverse participation ratio. We find Anderson-localized modes in the amorphous structure with a mobility edge at a frequency below the maximum crystal vibration frequency. This frequency relation leads to modes that are extended in the crystal but localized or evanescent in the amorphous. We also find evidence for disorder-inducded quasilocalized modes in the crystal near the amorphous∕crystal interface. Resonance modes, which appear in the bulk amorphous structure, are not present in the EDIP results for the sandwich structure, although they do exist in the SW results. We discuss the lowest- (nonzero-) frequency modes, which arise from transverse-acoustic vibrations propagating perpendicular to the amorphous∕crystal interface.
Romantic Labouring-Class Pastoral as Eco-Queer Camp

The few eighteenth-century and Romantic labouring-class poems that have been recuperated within recent efforts at canon revision appear to have attracted critical attention primarily because they represent the authentic hardships of the working poor, thereby suggesting a nascent effort toward solidarity. However, while these direct expressions of a more familiarly class-based politics are important, they are also relatively rare within the broader tradition of labouring-class poetry, a tradition made up of countless poems written by over 1300 poets who published in Great Britain and Ireland between 1700 and 1900. This essay proposes that a queer reading might productively undermine the usual critical practices for evaluating and valorizing labouring-class writing. It begins by questioning the current logic for determining whether to include a labouring-class poet within mainstream literary history, a logic which proceeds from the assumption that, as John Guillory describes, “the noncanonical author’s experience as a marginalized social identity necessarily reasserts the transparency of the text to the experience it represents” (Cultural Capital 10). A queer reading complicates such representational reductionism. Furthermore, it may also contribute to a broader queer history of eighteenth-century and Romantic literature, which although it has certainly been sensitive to the class issues, has heretofore focused predominantly on tensions between bourgeois and aristocratic subjects. The essay focuses in particular on conventional pastoral poetry as a paradoxically felicitous site from which to launch a queer reading of labouring-class poetry. Through Moe Meyer’s concept of queer camp, the essay explores what happens when labouring-class pastoral is read as queer camp expression. Through a close reading of poems by John Clare, Janet Little and Samuel Thomson, the essay also considers to what extent these poems question representations of what is “natural” for a particular rank of society and, more broadly, opens up the discussion of what is “natural” in other categories of identity, including sexuality.
Lightning Protection of Wind Turbines

Possible damages to wind turbine components due to lightning strikes are discussed and means to prevent the damage are presented. A low resistance path to the ground is noted to be essential for any turbine system, including metal paths on nonmetal blades to conduct the strike. Surge arrestors are necessary to protect against overvoltages both from utility lines in normal operation and against lightning damage to control equipment and contactors in the generator. MOS structures are susceptible to static discharge injury, as are other semiconductor devices, and must be protected by the presence of static protection circuitry. It is recommended that the electronics be analyzed for the circuit transient response to a lightning waveform, to induced and dc current injection, that input/output leads be shielded, everything be grounded, and lightning-resistant components be chosen early in the design phase.
Oncogenic targeting of an activated tyrosine kinase to the Golgi apparatus in a glioblastoma

Activating oncogenic mutations of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have been reported in several types of cancers. In many cases, genomic rearrangements lead to the fusion of unrelated genes to the DNA coding for the kinase domain of RTKs. All RTK-derived fusion proteins reported so far display oligomerization sequences within the 5' fusion partners that are responsible for oncogenic activation. Here, we report a mechanism by which an altered RTK gains oncogenic potential in a glioblastoma cell line. A microdeletion on 6q21 results in the fusion of FIG, a gene coding for a Golgi apparatus-associated protein, to the kinase domain of the protooncogene c-ROS. The fused protein product FIG-ROS is a potent oncogene, and its transforming potential resides in its ability to interact with and become localized to the Golgi apparatus. Thus we have found a RTK fusion protein whose subcellular location leads to constitutive kinase activation and results in oncogenic transformation.
Changes to Pediatric Clerkships' Nighttime Structure After Introduction of the 2011 ACGME Resident Duty Hour Standards

Abstract Objective To report changes in pediatric clerkship nighttime clinical structures before and after implementation of the 2011 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) resident duty hour standards. Methods As part of the 2011 Council on Medical Student Education in Pediatrics (COMSEP) member annual survey, we surveyed leaders of pediatric undergraduate medical education on their medical school's current nighttime clinical structure, changes in nighttime structure between 2010 and 2011, and their school's student duty hour standards. Results Fifty-six percent (n = 83) of Liaison Committee for Medical Education (LCME)-accredited medical schools responded to the survey. Of received responses, 98% of pediatric clerkships have some form of nighttime clinical experience; 49% of clerkships have medical students stay late, 24% of clerkships utilize night shifts, and 16% use a traditional call structure. Forty-five percent of clerkships report changing their nighttime clinical experience after implementation of the 2011 ACGME duty hour standards; 46% of clerkships that changed had previously used traditional call. Seventy-six percent of clerkships report having medical student duty hour standards at their medical school. Conclusions The majority of pediatric clerkships in our survey include nighttime clinical experiences in their curriculum, although variability exists in the type of structure. Additionally, the new ACGME duty hour standards appear to affect clerkships directors' choice of structure.
Mapping and monitoring Mount Graham red squirrel habitat with Lidar and Landsat imagery

Abstract The Mount Graham red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis) is an endemic subspecies located in the Pinaleno Mountains of southeast Arizona. Living in a conifer forest on a sky-island surrounded by desert, the Mount Graham red squirrel is one of the rarest mammals in North America. Over the last two decades, drought, insect infestations, and fire destroyed much of its habitat. A federal recovery team is working on a plan to recover the squirrel and detailed information is necessary on its habitat requirements and population dynamics. Toward that goal I developed and compared three probabilistic models of Mount Graham red squirrel habitat with a geographic information system and logistic regression. Each model contained the same topographic variables (slope, aspect, elevation), but the Landsat model contained a greenness variable (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) extracted from Landsat, the Lidar model contained three forest-inventory variables extracted from lidar, while the Hybrid model contained Landsat and lidar variables. The Hybrid model produced the best habitat classification accuracy, followed by the Landsat and Lidar models, respectively. Landsat-derived forest greenness was the best predictor of habitat, followed by topographic (elevation, slope, aspect) and lidar (tree height, canopy bulk density, and live basal area) variables, respectively. The Landsat model's probabilities were significantly correlated with all 12 lidar variables, indicating its utility for habitat mapping. While the Hybrid model produced the best classification results, only the Landsat model was suitable for creating a habitat time series or habitat–population function between 1986 and 2013. The techniques I highlight should prove valuable in the development of Landsat- or lidar-based habitat models range wide.
An extension of the Kemp-Wan theorem on the formation of customs unions

Abstract Kemp and Wan (1976) proved that nations forming a customs union can always compensate each other so that no nation will be worse off, relative to the pre-union equilibrium. Their proof, however, is existential, giving no clue how to construct such compensation schemes. This paper proposes a particular compensation scheme which is always feasible. Further, there are circumstances where this scheme is the only feasible one. At world prices the arrangement breaks even for each nation. At post-union internal prices, member compensations sum to the union's tariff receipts. The proof that such a scheme is feasible depends upon the Grandmont McFadden theorem.
Mexican-American and Anglo-American Parental Involvement with a Public Elementary School: An Exploratory Study

Parents of children attending a K-3 elementary school in New Mexico were surveyed in order to examine Mexican-American andAnglo-American parental involvement in the school. Two hundred and eight parents were contacted. Those parents who did not return the first questionnaire were provided with a second questionnaire. Twenty-four Anglo-Americans, 19 Mexican-Americans, I African-American, and 6 individuals who did not identify their ethnic affiliation completed the questionnaire. The most frequent type of involvement in the school, as reported by both Anglo-American and Mexican-American respondents, was conferring with teachers. Interest in their child's success motivated both groups most frequently. Implications of parental responses are discussed.
Giant Inverted T waves in the emergency department: case report and review of differential diagnoses

Inverted T waves are frequently seen in electrocardiograms (ECGs) and may represent a myriad of pathologies or nonspecific change. However, deep (giant) inverted T waves are only seen in a few clinical conditions. Presence of giant T waves should generally prompt investigations for apical (Yamaguchi) variant of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, raised intracranial pressure, severe myocardial ischemia, posttachycardia syndrome, and others. This report describes an unusual case of moderate but not massive pulmonary embolism presenting with an ECG finding of giant inverted T waves. A review of the common conditions associated with such an ECG is also presented.
Chess and supercomputers: details about optimizing Cray Blitz

The Cray YMP (or XMP) computer system offers particular advantages for computer chess programs. This paper describes the architectural features that Cray Blitz [5,6] uses to search approximately 200,000 chess positions per second. It also describes the programming and algorithmic changes required to take advantage of each of several architectural features of the Cray family of computer systems.
Escalating dose methamphetamine pretreatment alters the behavioral and neurochemical profiles associated with exposure to a high-dose methamphetamine binge.

The neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine (METH) have been characterized primarily from the study of high-dose binge regimens in rodents. However, this drug administration paradigm does not include a potentially important feature of stimulant abuse in humans, that is, the gradual escalation of stimulant doses that frequently occurs prior to high-dose exposure. We have argued that pretreatment with escalating doses (EDs) might significantly alter the neurotoxic profile produced by a single high-dose binge. In the present study, we tested this hypothesis by pretreating rats with saline or gradually increasing doses of METH (0.1–4.0 mg/kg over 14 days), prior to an acute METH binge (4 × 6 mg/kg at 2 h intervals). These animals, whose behavior was continuously monitored throughout drug treatment, were then killed 3 days later for determination of caudate-putamen dopamine (DA) content, levels of [3H]WIN 35,428 binding to the DA transporter, and levels of [3H]dihydrotetrabenazine ([3H]DTBZ) binding to the vesicular monoamine transporter. ED pretreatment markedly attenuated the stereotypy response, as well as the hyperthermia and indices of sympathetic activation associated with the acute binge. In addition, ED pretreatment prevented the decline in [3H]WIN 35,428 binding, and significantly diminished the decrease in DA levels, but did not affect the decrease in [3H]DTBZ binding associated with the acute binge. We suggest that further study of the effects produced by a regimen which includes a gradual escalation of doses prior to high-dose METH binge exposure could more accurately identify the neurochemical and behavioral changes relevant to those that occur as a consequence of high-dose METH abuse in humans.
Decolonising 'French Universalism': Reconsidering the Impact of the Algerian War on French Intellectuals

This chapter illustrates how the French-Algerian War transcended military and political concerns but its goal is not to illuminate France's impact on Algeria and the Maghreb but rather the war's impact on French intellectuals. More than any other colonial confrontation, the French-Algerian War forcibly demonstrated North Africa's impact on a major European power. The French-Algerian War and the process of decolonisation disrupted France and French perceptions of France on a level not seen since the German Occupation and, one can argue, even since the French Revolution. Due to the severity and the importance of the Algerian crisis, there is a sense of urgency to research on the French-Algerian War because it continues to affect France and Algeria, and by extension Europe and North Africa. For intellectual and cultural historians of France, the Algerian War is thus one of the most important moments of the twentieth century.
Optimization of the Ferroelectric Plasma Thruster for Microspacecraft Propulsion

Summary form given only. The ferroelectric plasma thruster (FEPT) is a microthruster for use in microspacecraft propulsion. The FEPT parameters are optimized under the constraints of maximum efficiency and low mass. The use of a ferroelectric dielectric allows for plasma to be produced with a low applied rf voltage. Depending on the polarity, the applied voltage electrostatically accelerates ions or electrons out of the plasma. Based on ion current and energy measurements as well as emission and mass spectroscopy, thruster characteristics include thrust of ~60 muN, specific impulse of 1400 s, and impulse bits of 92 pN-s. Ferroelectric plasma sources typically utilize ferroelectric switching to lower the applied electric field required to produce plasma. High-permittivity dielectrics increase the triple-point field enhancement which also potentially reduces the required applied field to form plasma. Our research has shown a strong effect of the piezoelectric properties of the dielectric in creating plasma. We present these effects and their influence on thruster performance. In addition to the piezoelectric effect listed above, we will present progress on reducing thruster mass. Also, steps taken to increase thruster efficiency will be detailed. The measured thrust for the prototype will be presented and compared to past calculations. Finally, future designs and performance projections will be made.
Assessing Factors Influencing Acceptance of No-Difference Research

In this randomized study 160 members of the Evaluation Research Society acted as judges to assess the attributes of research that produce credibility. The study focused on acceptability of no-difference findings, a long ignored but important domain of research. In the context of a hypothetical study, four factors were tested to determine their influence on acceptability of both no-difference and difference findings: randomization/nonran domization, one/three outcomes, power = .80/.60, and equivalence on baseline measures of all eight/all but two of eight. Experts were asked to judge degree of acceptability and to reject or accept findings in both a no-difference and a difference study. Randomization consistently enhanced the believability of outcomes whereas other factors exerted a less consistent influence. Limitations of the study were discussed.
Detection of changes in linear sequences

We discuss the asymptotic properties of some tests to detect possible changes in the mean of linear processes.
The effectiveness of project-specific information competence instruction

Abstract A faculty member and a librarian collaborated on an information competence workshop designed to enhance the skills necessary to complete a specific class project. Twenty-five students participated in the workshop and reported their skill level and comfort with researching for information at three times: before the workshop, the class session after the workshop, and at the end of the semester when the project was due. Further aspects of information competence instruction and project-specific performance are discussed.
Cocaine Transport and Metabolism by the Colonic T84 Epithelial Cell Line 559

To study cocaine uptake and metabolism in the colon we used polarized epithelial monolayers of human colonic T84 cells. T84 monolayers were maintained in 75 cm2 tissue culture flasks, in DMEM/Ham's F-12 medium containing 6% newborn calf serum. The cells were passaged upon confluency(every 7-8 days). For the experiment cells were plated on 1.0 μm collagen type I coated tissue culture inserts in 24 well plates. Cells (passages 47-55) were grown to confluency as determined by steady state trans epithelial resistance of 180 Ωcm2. On the day of the experiment, the culture medium from the upper (U) and lower (L) chamber was removed and replaced with serum free medium. Cocaine HCl (500-4000 ng/ml) was added to U. After incubation with cocaine, samples were obtained from both U and L at 30 and 60 min. The samples were analyzed for cocaine, benzoylecgonine (BE), norcocaine(NC) and ecgonine methyl ester (EME) by GC/MS. All studies were run in duplicates. Each experiment was done in a new passage. Cocaine incubated with media alone for 30-60 min showed no metabolism. Data for cocaine and its metabolites in U and L at 60 min respectively are shown below. Results: 1) Cocaine transport across T84 cell monolayer increased linearly with increasing cocaine concentration in U. 2) Significant amounts of BE and EME were detected in U whereas only small amounts were seen in L. Conclusion: 1) Concentration dependent cocaine transport occurs across colonic monolayers. 2) Appearance of BE and EME in U in the presence, but not absence of T84 cells, suggests cellular breakdown of cocaine. 3) Significant amounts of cocaine and metabolites(37-40%) may be retained by the monolayer. Table
Social History Goes to Class

Book reviewed: Peter N. Stearns, Peter Seixas and Sam Wineburg (eds.), Knowing, Teaching, and Learning History: National and International Perspectives
Bioprosthetic tricuspid valve regurgitation associated with pacemaker or defibrillator lead implantation.

Objectives The goal of this study was to determine the impact of transvenous pacemaker and defibrillator leads on the incidence of bioprosthetic tricuspid valve (BTV) regurgitation compared with BTV patients without a transvalvular lead. Background Although concern has been raised regarding the potential deleterious effect of permanent transvenous device leads on BTV function, little is known about the incidence of prosthetic tricuspid regurgitation (TR) after lead placement. Methods A retrospective review of 58 patients who underwent BTV implantation and subsequently required endocardial pacemaker (n = 52) or defibrillator (n = 6) lead implantation across the BTV was conducted. Patient and prosthesis characteristics, lead type, and clinical events were collected. The incidence and severity of prosthetic TR, determined by Doppler echocardiography, was compared with 265 consecutive patients who underwent BTV implantation without undergoing subsequent transvalvular device lead implantation. Results Over a mean follow-up of 25 months, in 5 patients (9%) with a transvalvular lead significant (moderate or greater) prosthetic TR developed compared with 12 patients (5%) in the control group (p = 0.20). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed no significant difference in the incidence of TR in BTV patients with and without transvalvular leads (p = 0.45). Significant prosthetic TR in patients with and without a transvalvular lead more commonly occurred 2 years or later after lead or BTV implantation (4 of 5, 80% and 10 of 12, 83%, respectively). Conclusions Transvalvular device lead implantation in BTV patients was not associated with an increased incidence of significant prosthetic TR (p = 0.45). Based on these data, transvalvular lead implantation appears to be an acceptable approach for patients with a BTV who require permanent pacemaker or defibrillator placement.
Absence of metabolic bone disease in adult patients with the nephrotic syndrome and normal renal function.

Patients with the nephrotic syndrome and normalrenal function have low levels of 25(OH)D in serum presumablydue to the loss of this metabolite in the urine. Osteomalaciaand hyperparathyroidism have been recently reported to occuras a consequence of those low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(25OHD). We studied six patients (aged 26–52yr) with thenephrotic syndrome (mean duration, 6.7 yr; range, 2–12 yr) andnormal renal function, and evaluated their calcium, phosphorus,PTH, and vitamin D metabolite levels. Bone biopsies wereobtained in all patients. The creatinine clearance ranged from83-134 ml/min-1.73 m2 of body surface, serum albumin was 2.65± 0.42 (±SD) g/100 ml, and proteinuria ranged from 3.5–3.2 g/24 h. All patients had normal serum magnesium, phosphorus,ionized calcium, and alkaline phosphatase (total and bone fraction),and normal roentgenographic metabolic bone survey.Serum PTH, measured by the carboxy-terminal RIA, was 5.1±2.3 μleq/ml (normal, 2–10), serum 25OHD was 8.8 ± 4.0 ng/ml(normal, 15–30), an...
Specimen diameter, impact velocity, erosion rate and particle density in a slurry pot erosion tester

Using the technique of measuring impact crater size, stagnation line impact velocities of glass spheres (mean diameter 666 μm) suspended in diesel oil at 40 °C on cylindrical copper erosion test specimens ranging in diameter from 3.2 mm to 9.5 mm tested at a nominal speed of 18.7 m s−1 in a slurry pot tester have been measured. Similarly, the variation in normal impact velocity of the same glass spheres as a function of angular location about the specimen has been measured for a 4.7 mm diameter specimen. Erosion rates for 1020HR steel specimens in the diameter range 3.2 mm to 9.1 mm were determined using a 1.2 wt.% suspension in diesel oil of silicon carbide particles, mean size 136 μm. Stagnation line impact velocities have been measured for spherical particles ranging in density between 2420 kg m−3 and 7830 kg m−3 suspended in diesel oil. The changes in impact conditions and erosion rates were analyzed using a model of suspension flow about, and particle impact on, a cylindrical target. It is shown that changes in erosion rate can be well accounted for by the changes in mean kinetic energy dissipated in collision and the frequency of particle impact, themselves controlled by the conditions of two-phase flow. It was also found that while the dispersion of solid particles in a slurry pot tester is very fast, the test method is subject to uncertainty in the value of the free-stream velocity. This effect is thought to be caused by rotation of the suspension in the test apparatus. A method of estimating its magnitude is given.
>Technologies de l'information: nécessités stratégiques ou sources d'avantage concurrentiel? Une étude empirique dans le secteur de la distribution aux états‐Unis

Resume Cette etude explore les conditions dans lesquelles l'utilisation des technologies de l'information (TI) dans le secteur de la distribution aux etats-Unis engendre un avantage concurrentiel. Sa contribution reside dans la synthese, a partir de la theorie des ressources, de nombreux travaux de recherche sur les TI et dans le soutien empirique qu'elle apporte a une litterature peu verifiee sur le plan experimental. L'etude met en evidence l'absence de correlation entre TI et performance et montre que les TI n'engendrent un avantage que lorsqu'elles sont utilisees en conjonction avec certaines ressources complementaires, immaterielles et difficilement imitables, telles que l'integration TI-strategie et une cooperation particuliere avec les fournisseurs. Les resultats sont conformes a la theorie des ressources et expliquent pourquoi certaines entreprises beneficient mieux que d'autres des TI, pourquoi les avantages fondes sur les TI disparaissent rapidement, et comment gagner un avantage par l'integration des TI aux ressources complementaires appropriees. Abstract This paper investigates the conditions under which the use of information technology (IT) can produce performance advantages. Its contribution lies in the resource theory-based conceptual synthesis and empirical evidence that it provides to a still fragmented and insufficiently tested IT literature. The empirical study takes place in the retail industry and the findings show no correlation between ITs, in and of themselves, and performance. They show, however, that some retail firms have gained advantages by combining IT with intangible, difficult to imitate complementary resources, such as flexible culture, strategic planning-IT integration and supplier relationships. The findings support the resource-based approach, and help to explain why some firms struggle while others flourish with the same ITs, why IT-based advantages tend to dissipate rapidly, and how firms can gain advantages by integrating IT with the appropriate complementary resources.
Variation between strains of the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum in relative performance on five flours

When populations are exposed to different environments, evolutionary processes can lead either to genetically differentiated strains or to the appearance of increased generalism at the individual level. For evolution to occur, genetic variability in performance in different environments is required. Here, intra-specific genetic variation across environments was estimated in the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) by comparing the responses of two strains of T. castaneum to different flour types. Replicated groups from each strain were allowed to develop on either the standard whole wheat medium or on one of four novel flours (wheat, rice, corn and oat). In several of the novel flours, clear differences in mean development time or population size of one or both strains were seen relative to performance in the standard medium. Moreover, the strains differed significantly in their phenotypic responses to the flours. One strain did particularly poorly on oat flour. Reduced oviposition, reduced larval survivorship and increased larval cannibalism were examined as possible causes of the low productivity on oat flour. These three factors accounted for about 70% of the reduction in population size when this strain oviposited and developed in oat flour. The difference between these two outbred strains in response to these five flours suggests that genetic variation in resource use is present within T. castaneum and may also be present within strains and natural populations in grain storage facilities. Such variation would permit an evolutionary response to selection in multiple environments (flours). This process has agricultural implications when several types of grain are stored in a single location because it could eventually lead to the evolution of highly generalized populations of T. castaneum, an important pest of stored products.