cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theodore Roosevelt: Conservative as Revolutionary

The prominence of U.S military forces in the region after the 1880s placed the emphasis on obtaining economic opportunity and strategic footholds from which the United States could move to obtain further opportunities. In the final decades of the nineteenth century, the British relationship with Canada made Great Britain one of the two major obstacles to U.S. expansionism. The opportunities for expansion seemed plentiful, but two problems, race and revolution, brought to a stop the plans of Grant to annex areas in the Caribbean region. Railroad builders had tried to lay track in the 1860s to link up with their own transcontinental system, but the plan fell to Mexico's anti-Americanism. The Good Neighbor approach in the 1889-90 conference produced an arbitration convention to help settle disputes, a recommendation to build a railroad uniting North and South America, and the establishment of the Commercial Bureau of American Republics.
Uncertain route, destination, and traffic predictions in energy management for hybrid, plug-in, and fuel-cell vehicles

This paper incorporates uncertain future route predictions, destinations, and charging locations with associated speed and grade profiles into the energy management control of alternative powertrains like hybrid, plug-in, electric, and fuel cell vehicles. The method allows the combination of other sources of uncertain information like markov driver models, historic speed information, and real-time traffic predictions. This flexibility allows the consideration of a variety of information cases like uncertain traffic/speed and route information, multiple possible destinations, stopping points, and charging locations, simple range estimates to the destination, and no future knowledge at all. The model can be used with any vehicle type and stochastic control method, and is suitable for real-time calculations either on the vehicle or a server. Two techniques are also presented to reduce the computational complexity of the problem. This approach is demonstrated on a simulated trip with two possible destinations using the stochastic dynamic programming algorithm.
Association of Obstructive Sleep Apnea with Episodic Memory and Cerebral Microvascular Pathology: A Preliminary Study.

Objectives To evaluate the impact of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on neurocognitive function and brain morphology in older adults with depression and cognitive impairment. Methods We prospectively screened OSA with the STOP-Bang questionnaire in the last 25 patients enrolled into the Donepezil Treatment of Cognitive Impairment and Depression (DOTCODE) trial. High and low probability of OSA were defined as a STOP-Bang score of ≥5 (h-OSA) and of Results After 16 weeks of antidepressant treatment, the h-OSA group performed significantly worse on the Selective Reminding Test delayed recall task than the l-OSA group, controlling for baseline performance (F = 19.1, df = 1,22, p Conclusions OSA is associated with impaired verbal episodic memory and microvascular damage in older adults with depression and cognitive impairment. One possibility is that by contributing to cerebral microvascular damage, OSA may exacerbate progressive memory decline.
An Approach to Planning Multi-Phase Projects

We introduce multi-phase project planning (MPPP) as the problem of finding an executable sequence of sets of actions to achieve all hard subgoals of all milestones and achieve hard and soft subgoals optimally, using fully-specified initial state, milestones and their subgoals, preconditions and effects of operators, rewards and penalties associated achievement and cancellation of soft subgoals, rewards for earlier achievement of hard subgoals and specified events affecting the subgoals. We present a constraint-based approach to solving this problem.
Elder self-neglect: research and practice

Elder self-neglect is a global public health and human rights issue that threatens older people's health and safety. It commonly refers to refusal or failure to provide oneself with care and protection in areas of food, water, clothing, hygiene, medication, living environments, and safety precautions. While prevalent, the status of self-neglecting individuals remains largely unclear, in particular within community-dwelling populations. By reviewing the epidemiology of elder self-neglect (definition, prevalence, risk factors, and consequences) to date, the present paper identifies key research gaps such as methodological inconsistency in case identification and measurement, and study designs that are inadequate to determine risk factors of self-neglect. More importantly, in light of the rapidly growing older population, relevant stakeholders (researchers, healthcare providers, social service providers, legal professionals, community organizations, and policymakers) must be prepared for an expected increasing number of self-neglect cases and enlarging scope of the problem. Hence, in this article, I present an overview regarding the management issues of elderly self-neglect related to the detection, assessment, reporting and referral, and decision-making capacity. Based on the current literature, the paper is aimed to explore the present knowledge and challenges, and how they can pave the way for solutions to self-neglect research, practice, and policy.
Old Menace in New China: Coastal smuggling, illicit markets, and symbiotic economies in the early People's Republic*

This article explores the ambiguous role of coastal smuggling during the first decade and a half of Communist rule (1949–65). Fearing that the illicit flow of commodities siphoned critical revenues and undermined foreign policy, Communist China repurposed and expanded Nationalist China's war on smuggling while employing novel tactics of mobilization. Yet smuggling was not just a threat; it was also a lifeline that alleviated widespread material shortages and supplied the everyday needs of individuals and firms during the tumultuous transition to central planning. Businesses from ‘underground factories’ to state-owned enterprises relied on black markets to meet ambitious production targets and circumvent bottlenecks in official supply channels. Smuggling was thus more than just ‘corruption’ practised by officials—it was also a ‘creative accommodation’ employed by broad swaths of social actors coping with the enormous changes. This article argues that the nascent command economy and the vibrant underground economy existed symbiotically rather than antagonistically. Exploration into this complex relationship reveals many cross-border connections between Communist China and the capitalist world that both complemented and undermined domestic state consolidation.
Should there be an app for that? The case for text messaging in mHealth interventions.

The promise of mHealth (mobile health) is to reduce health disparities by increasing reach to patients who have fewer resources and have been historically difficult to engage. App- and web-based interventions are increasingly the focus of mHealth behavior change interventions.1 Yet only a fraction of the 165,000 health-related apps (available as of 2015) are used; 12% of apps account for 90% of downloads.2 Nonetheless, the number of health-related apps continues to increase exponentially. Recently, physicians and experts in behavior change have begun collaborating to create apps with greater promise for improving outcomes. But are apps the best option for our most vulnerable patients? This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Multiple Comparisons: Theory and Methods

(1997). Multiple Comparisons: Theory and Methods. Journal of Quality Technology: Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 359-359.
THE REMOVAL OF UV-INDUCED PYRIMIDINE DIMERS FROM THE REPLICATED AND UNREPLICATED DNA OF HUMAN FIBROBLASTS

Excision repair in uv irradiated human fibroblasts has been examined in portions of DNA replicating after irradiation versus those remaining unreplicated. Two approaches, one using a uv-endonuclease to estimate pyrimidine dimers remaining in DNA, the other using density labeling to measure excision resynthesis, indicate that the extent of repair is the same for both replicated and unreplicated DNA.
Differential and Pseudo-differential Operators on Graphs as Models of Mesoscopic Systems

The lecture contains a brief survey on graph models for wave propagation in thin structures.
Using Differentiation and Integration

1. Differentiate equations implicitly. 2. Examine inverse trigonometric functions and find their derivatives. 3. Model situations using equations involving derivatives. 4. Solve related rates problems. 5. Solve separable differentiable equations. 6. Investigate an uninhibited growth model. 7. Approximate solutions to differential equations using Euler’s Method. 8. Evaluate improper integrals. 9. Find volumes of solids of revolution using disks and washers.
Interscalene Block with and without Intraoperative Local Infiltration with Liposomal Bupivacaine in Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background:Interscalene brachial plexus blockade (ISBPB) is an effective anesthetic technique for shoulder arthroplasty; however, “rebound pain” can increase the patient’s postoperative pain experience and narcotic usage. Exparel (liposomal bupivacaine) injected into the soft tissues at the surgical
22-nm FD-SOI Embedded MRAM with Full Solder Reflow Compatibility and Enhanced Magnetic Immunity

We demonstrate a fully functional embedded MRAM (eMRAM) macro integrated into a 22-nm FD-SOI CMOS platform. This macro combined with eFlash-flavor MTJ film stacks shows median-die bit error rate (BER) < 1 ppm after 5× solder reflows. It also meets the automotive grade-1 data retention requirement and shows intrinsic stand-by magnetic immunity of 1.4 kOe (BER criteria = 1 ppm) after 1-hr exposure at 25 °C. The results reveal that eMRAM is capable of serving a broad spectrum of eFlash applications at 22 nm or beyond.
Diagnostic Shoulder Arthroscopy: Surgical Technique

Shoulder arthroscopy is the second most common orthopaedic procedure. Diagnostic arthroscopy of the shoulder requires an efficient and reproducible technique. In this Technical Note, we describe a step-wise approach to diagnostic arthroscopy of the shoulder. This technique is performed using a posterior viewing portal. It can be performed from the beach chair or the lateral decubitus position. This technique uses a 2-circle approach: the surgeon first evaluates the glenoid aspect of the joint space, followed by the humeral aspect of the joint space. This method ensures a complete and consistent evaluation of the glenohumeral joint.
Statistical learning based predictive models to assess stress changes-reservoir deformation due to CO2 sequestration into saline aquifers

Abstract Mechanical integrity of saline reservoirs is necessary to ensure the safe and effective storage of CO2. In this work, three poroelastic metrics, total stress changes (horizontal and vertical) and reservoir displacement, were considered to evaluate the mechanical performance of a sandstone aquifer with a single reservoir and overlying caprock and a carbonate aquifer comprising multiple reservoirs and intermediate caprock units in the Northern Appalachian basin. While the coupled multiphase flow - geomechanics simulations could be computationally expensive, the statistical learning based simplified predictive model is used as an alternative method to assess the poroelastic performance of saline aquifers during CO2 injection. A combination of experimental design and a response surface model (proxy model) is used to develop a simplified predictive model to evaluate the poroelastic response of carbonate and sandstone reservoir caprock systems using combinations of different predictors. In this work, Box Behnken experimental design combined with polynomial proxy models were used to evaluate mechanical performance metrics using five poroelastic predictors. The predictive models, developed in this work, provide a simpler and quicker tool to evaluate the mechanical performance of the deep aquifers with similar characteristics to the reference cases. The overall conclusion of the work is that each metric parameter has its own control parameters. In addition, carbonate reservoirs with multiple caprocks use different control parameters than the sandstone reservoir. In this work, we also developed a simple linear regression model to predict surface uplift using top vertical reservoir displacement data.
Under the Sign of an Evil Power: Jacob Burckhardt and Alfredo Bosi

I will organize my present analysis around Jacob Burckhardt’s formulation and Alfedo Bosi’s reception of the idea that “power is in itself evil” (die Macht an sich bose ist), which Burckhardt repeated as a kind of mantra throughout his historiographical reflections.
A Computational Model of Dynamic Group Formation on Social Media

We need process theories of how groups form dynamically on social media in response to news events. We perform an analytic ethnography of a case where groups formed on social media in response to incomplete news of an incident. The groups framed the incident in terms of existing narratives and called for action against those actors they perceived as the aggressors. Later, footage showed this framing to be inaccurate. Based on the analytic ethnography, we propose a computational model of how groups form in response to incomplete or inaccurate reports on social media.
Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Machines: A Review of Opportunities and Challenges—Part I: Fundamentals and Topologies

Flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machines have been gaining interest over the last few decades. This is due to the several advantages that this type of machines provides. These advantages include high torque density due to the flux-focusing effects, favorable thermal management due to the location of PMs on the stator, passive and hence robust rotor structure which is suitable for high-speed applications, etc. The two-part companion articles are going to provide a comprehensive analysis of FSPM machines in terms of opportunities and challenges. In the first part of these two-part series, it covers the principle theory, computation methods, various topologies of FSPM machines, and the comparison with other PM machines. Meanwhile, the basic performance characteristics and design requirements, viz. torque density, over-load torque capability, flux-weakening capability, fault-tolerance capability, as well as the latest development, are also provided.
BioFabric Visualization of Network Alignments

Background: Dozens of global network alignment algorithms have been developed over the past 15 years. Effective network visualization tools are lacking and would enhance our ability to gain an intuitive understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of these algorithms.
The New Copyright Opportunist

Delivered as the Copyright Society of the USA's 49th Annual Donald C. Brace Memorial Lecture (Nov. 4, 2019). After defining copyright opportunism, I review three recent litigation case studies that meet this definition of opportunism: one involving basketball players’ tattoos depicted in a realistic videogame, another involving lawsuits against celebrities by paparazzi photographers for posting their photos of them on social media, and a third involving claims of infringement in popular songs by copyright owners of much more obscure songs. I then explore how courts might handle opportunistic lawsuits, particularly when the plaintiff is seeking to establish a new licensing market enabled by technological advances. I propose that opportunistic lawsuits can be resolved only at the intersection of copyright doctrine and policy, as informed by relevant economic and technological realities.
Bi aliovalent substitution in Li7La3Zr2O12 garnets: Structural and ionic conductivity effects

We report on the synthesis of cubic-phase garnet-type solid-state electrolytes based on Bi-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO). Bi aliovalent substitution of Zr in LLZO utilizing the Pechini processing method is employed to synthesize Li7−xLa3Zr2−xBixO12 compounds. A strong dependence of the ionic conductivity on Bi content is observed, and under our synthesis and sintering conditions, a >100-fold increase over the un-doped sample is observed for x=0.75. Cubic-phase Li6La3Zr1BiO12 compounds are generated upon annealing in air in the temperature range 650 °C–900 °C. In contrast, in the absence of Bi, the cubic garnet phase of Li7La3Zr2O12 is not formed below 700 °C and a transformation to the tetragonal phase is observed at ∼900 °C for this un-doped compound. The role of Bi in lowering the formation temperature of the garnet cubic phase and in the ionic conductivity improvements is investigated in this work. We ascribe the effect of Bi-doping on ionic conductivity increments to changes in Li+-site occupancy and lattice parameters and the reduction in the formation temperature for the cubic-phase formation to rate enhancements of the solid-state reaction. To identify the site occupancy of Bi in the garnet structure, we employ synchrotron extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Our results indicate that Bi additions occupy the Zr-type sites exclusively, to within the accuracy of the measurements.
Covert Violence: Counting Cultural Trauma at the Intersection of ATR, Islam, and Neoliberalism in Africa

This chapter will deal with the relationship between trauma and mental health of loss of culture and will hopefully put another nail in the coffin to the ubiquitous yet problematic question of whether or not Islam needs its equivalent of a Protestant Reformation. It focuses on the Wahhabi-Salafi movement’s puritanical and iconoclastic targeting of indigenous cultures and those culture’s concrete symbols and embodied practices across the Africa and Asia, and their Western diaspora; it also looks at austerity within more firmly Salafi-Wahhabi Muslim societies in the Middle East. The thesis claims that the pervasiveness of the Wahhabi-Salafi strain, due to the amount of self-repression it calls for, dehumanizes both those who internalize it by choice and those who have it imposed on their thinking, in a way which evokes the same culturally complex trauma that the White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) does. This chapter engages with the subject of Salafi-Wahhabi cultural colonialism through the lens of a similar religious movement that has a puritanical, austere, and iconoclastic birth and strand: Protestantism. This chapter is about healing one’s self and one’s communities from dominant culture and being accountable to the internalized repression which colonialism, slavery, and neocolonialism in vulnerable communities bring.
The Perfect Graph Conjecture for Toroidal Graphs

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the perfect graph conjecture for toroidal graphs. Graphs are assumed to be finite without loops or multiple edges. The ω (G) is defined as the size of the largest complete subgraph of G, while γ (G) is defined as the vertex coloring number of G. A graph G is perfect only if G has property P. Each maximal clique of G intersects all but one maximal independent set of G, and vice versa. If G is toroidal and has property P, then G is perfect. In a critical toroidal graph G, either ω (G)
exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration: current Therapies and potential Treatments

Strategies for preventing vision loss in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) have evolved over the past decade. Whereas earlier treatments were based on thermal destruction of choroidal neovascularization (CNV), new therapies rely on targeted pharmacologic approaches to reduce the harmful effects of CNV treatment. For the first time in the history of neovascular ARMD treatment, anti-VEGF therapies have consistently improved visual acuity in a subset of patients. Clinical trials continue to investigate the optimal dosing strategies and combination therapies to better refine the treatment of this chronic and debilitating disease.
Discrete-event simulation of health care systems

Over the past forty years, health care organizations have faced ever-increasing pressures to deliver quality care while facing rising costs, lower reimbursements, and new regulatory demands. Discrete-event simulation has become a popular and effective decision-making tool for the optimal allocation of scarce health care resources to improve patient flow, while minimizing health care delivery costs and increasing patient satisfaction. The proliferation of increasingly sophisticated discrete-event simulation software packages has resulted in a large number of new application opportunities, including more complex implementations. In addition, combined optimization and simulation tools allow decision-makers to quickly determine optimal system configurations, even for complex integrated facilities. This chapter provides an overview of discrete-event simulation modeling applications to health care clinics and integrated health care systems (e.g. hospitals, outpatient clinics, emergency departments, and pharmacies) over the past forty years.
Paradox of the active user

One of the most sweeping changes ever in the ecology of human cognition may be taking place today. People are beginning to learn and use very powerful and sophisticated information processing technology as a matter of daily life. From the perspective of human history, this could be a transitional point dividing a period when machines merely helped us do things from a period when machines will seriously help us think about things. But if this is so, we are indeed still very much within the transition. For most people, computers have more possibility than they have real practical utility. In this chapter we discuss two empirical phenomena of computer use: (1) people have considerable trouble learning to use computers (e.g., Mack, Lewis and Carroll, 1983; Mantei and Haskell, 1983), and (2) their skill tends to asymptote at relative mediocrity (Nielsen, Mack, Bergendorff, and Grischkowsky, 1986; Pope, 1985; Rosson, 1983). These phenomena could be viewed as being due merely to “bad” design in current systems. We argue that they are in part more fundamental than this, deriving from conflicting motivational and cognitive strategies. Accordingly, (1) and (2) are best viewed not as design problems to be solved, but as true paradoxes that necessitate programmatic tradeoff solutions. A motivational paradox arises in the “production bias” people bring to the task of learning and using computing equipment. Their paramount goal is throughput. This is a desirable state of affairs in that it gives users a focus for their activity with a system, and it increases their likelihood of receiving concrete reinforcement from their work. But on the other hand, it reduces their motivation to spend any time just learning about the system, so that when situations appear that could be more effectively handled by new procedures, they are likely to stick with the procedures they already know, regardless of their efficacy. A second, cognitive paradox devolves from the “assimilation bias”: people apply what they already know to interpret new situations. This bias can be helpful, when there are useful similarities between the new and old information (as when a person learns to use a word processor taking it to be a super typewriter or an electronic desktop). But irrelevant and misleading similarities between new and old information can also blind learners to what they are actually seeing and doing, leading them to draw erroneous comparisons and conclusions, or preventing them from recognizing possibilities for new function. It is our view that these cognitive and motivational conflicts are mutually reinforcing, thus exaggerating the effect either problem might separately have on early and longterm learning. These paradoxes are not defects in human learning to be remediated. They are fundamental properties of learning. If learning were not at least this complex, then
Bioactive (+)-manzamine A and (+)-8-hydroxymanzamine A tertiary bases and salts from Acanthostrongylophora ingens and their preparations

The genus Acanthostrongylophora is famous for producing a wide array of manzamine alkaloids as natural hydrochloride salts. An examination of A. ingens has now yielded two tertiary bases, (+)-8-hydroxymanzamine A (1) and (+)-manzamine A (2), by chromatography over alumina using CHCl3-MeOH-NH3.H2O as solvent. In addition, (+)-8-hydroxymanzamine A hydrochloride (3) and (+)-manzamine A hydrochloride (4) were isolated under the same conditions from the same source by silica gel chromatography. The structures of 1-4 were determined from 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra and by circular dichroism experiments, and the spectral features of the bases 1 and 2 were found to be different from those of the salts 3 and 4. Compounds 3 and 4 were deprotonated by both A12O3 and strong base to afford 1 and 2, which were converted again to their respective salts 3 and 4. Both the compounds 1 and 3 showed equally potent in vitro antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive (D6) and -resistant (W2) strains of P. falciparum (IC50 = 19.5 and 22.0 ng/mL vs. 27.0 and 36.5 ng/mL, respectively), while 2 was >3-fold less potent than 4 (IC50 = 20.8 and 25.8 ng/mL vs. 6.1 and 7.3 ng/mL, respectively). Compounds 1, 3 and 4 showed good antimicrobial activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium intracellulare and antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani promastigotes. In contrast, manzamine A base (2) showed relatively weaker antimicrobial, antileishmanial and cytotoxic activities [towards cancer (HepG2: Human hepatocellular carcinoma or hepatoma), and non-cancer cells (VERO: Monkey kidney fibroblast; LLC-PK11: Pig kidney epithelial)], compared with salt 4.
Recurrence and mortality following treatment for Clostridum difficile infection with metronidazole or vancomycin

Metronidazole is considered first-line therapy for patients with mild to moderate Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), but was recently shown to be inferior to vancomycin for clinical cure. The effect of treatment choice on downstream outcomes such as recurrence and risk of death is not well understood.
Evaluation of human glioma radiosensitization using a combination of caffeine and phenylbutyrate (a histone deacetylase inhibitor)

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 1288 Sodium Phenylbutyrate (PB) is a histone deacytalase (HDAC) inhibitor which has been reported to have differentiating and cytotoxic effects on cultured tumor cells and has demonstrated promising results in Phase I/II clinical trials. We have previously reported that at clinically achievable doses, PB attenuates the expression of Bcl-XL, DNA-PK, caveolin and VEGF in prostate cancer cells (1). Furthermore, PB blocks the invasive properties of metastatic prostate and breast cancer cells (2) and can act in synergy with ionizing radiation and chemotherapy to induce apoptosis in prostate cancer (1) and normal human fibroblasts (3). However, this synergy was only observed when PB was added after irradiation. Since PB induces high expression of the Cdk inhibitor p21 (WAF1/Cip1), it is possible that the lack of radiosensitisation when PB was added prior to irradiation was due to p21-mediated G1 arrest. To test whether ablation of p21 expression will lead to increased radiosensitisation by PB, we selected three human glioma cell lines: U87, D54 (p53 WT) and SK-MG3 (p53 heterozygous mutant/EGFR vIII overexpression). Treatment of cells with PB (2 mM) prior to irradiation resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of glioma cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis; however, pre-treatment with PB failed to yield significant radiosensitisation in these cell lines. Our preliminary data indicated that p21 expression in these cell lines was enhanced by a 24-hour pre-treatment with PB. It is known that caffeine inhibits p21 induction and increases the sensitivity of cells to radiation, independent of p53. Thus, we pretreated cells with 2 mM each of PB and caffeine for 24 hours before irradiation and found significant G1 arrest and enhanced radiosensitization. Western blot analysis showed increased p21 production with PB alone and repression of p21 at 24 hours after the addition of caffeine. Currently, experiments are underway to investigate if other inhibitors of the PI 3-kinase-PKC signaling pathway such as LY294002 and Calphostin C as well as p21 specific inhibition by siRNA yield similar effects. These results suggest that specific inhibition of p21 following PB induction could lead to enhanced synergy with ionizing radiation and other chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of malignant gliomas. 1. Goh, M., et al. Neoplasia, 3: 331-338, 2001. 2. Dyer, E. S., et al. Int. J. Cancer, 101: 496-499, 2002. 3. Chung, D. H., et al. Radiat. Res., 149: 187-194, 1998.
Application of Person‐Centered Approaches to Critical Quantitative Research: Exploring Inequities in College Financing Strategies

This chapter discusses the utility of person-centered approaches to critical quantitative researchers. These techniques, which identify groups of individuals who share similar attributes, experiences, or outcomes, are contrasted with more commonly used variable-centered approaches. An illustrative example of a latent class analysis of the college financing strategies of a nationally representative sample of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics bachelor's degree holders is presented.
Induction of Malignant Vascular Tumors of the Liver in Guinea Pigs Treated With 2,2′-Dihydroxy-di-n-propylnitrosamine

The effect of chronic administration of 2,2'-dihydroxy-di-n-propylnitrosamine (DHPN) was studied in randombred guinea pigs. DHPN, dissolved in olive oil, was injected sc into 40 animals at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight/week for 30 weeks, and the animals were observed until their death or termination of the experiment at the end of 40 weeks. Of the 32 guinea pigs that survived more than 20 weeks of DHPN treatment, 23 developed angiosarcoma of the liver between 22 and 40 weeks. Metastases to lungs, spleen, and peripancreatic lymph nodes were observed in 8 animals. Other tumors included hepatocellular carcinoma (1 animal), cholangiocarcinoma (1 animal), chronic myeloid leukemia (1 animal), acinar cell adenoma of pancreas (1 animal), and acinar cell carcinoma of pancreas (1 animal). In addition, megalocytic change of hepatic cells with intranuclear inclusions, pelliosis hepatis, and cholangiomatous lesions were also encountered frequently in the livers.
Treatment of Obesity

For primary care physicians, obesity is one of the most challenging problems confronted in office practice. The disorder is increasing in prevalence despite the efforts of both patients and physicians. Treatment requires a multimodality approach that addresses diet, physical activity, and behavioral issues. Medication and surgical approaches may be appropriate as well. This review outlines the evidence for each approach, suggests how primary care physicians can best help obese patients, and provides practical tips for weight loss.
The stratonovich integral via the renormalization operator on fock space

A stochastic integral is denned as a generalized white noise functional using a renormalization operator on Fock space which incorporates a notion of “ trace ” The integral is described in terms of multiple Stratonovich integrals and its relationship to the Fisk–tratonovich integral is investigated
Robust Exponential Stability of Recurrent Neural Networks With Multiple Time-Varying Delays

New criteria for the uniqueness and global robust exponential stability are established for the equilibrium point of interval recurrent neural networks with multiple time-varying delays via a decomposition method and analysis technique. Results are presented in the form of linear matrix inequality, which can be solved efficiently. Two numerical examples are employed to show the effectiveness of the present results.
Impacts of Signal-Related Characteristics on Crash Frequency at Urban Signalized Intersections

The effect of signals at urban intersections is critical in reducing death, injuries, and property loss. Unfortunately, the signal-related factors that can effectively reduce crash frequencies have not been adequately explored. This study investigates the impacts of signal-related, traffic, and highway geometric characteristics on crash frequency at urban signalized intersections. Seven-year crash data from 381 intersections in Illinois, United States of America, was used to estimate a random-parameters negative binomial model. The estimation results showed that a unit increase in the number of signal phases would increase crash frequency by 0.4. Additionally, the ratio of traffic volume on the major road to the traffic volume on the minor road was shown to unambiguously increase crash frequency. On the other hand, the number of approach lanes and the maximum green time of different approaches in a signal revealed an ambiguous effect, whereas increasing crash frequency on 76.33%, and 93.32% and decreasing...
Patient-centered quality indicators for pulmonary resection.

Background Quality of care is increasingly scrutinized. However, no standard quality measures exist for surgical care of patients undergoing pulmonary resection. Methods Our thoracic surgical team developed a set of patient-centered quality of care measures specific to patients undergoing pulmonary resection. Measures were chosen that demonstrated evidence-based preoperative assessment, adequate mediastinal staging, and interventions to prevent and expeditiously treat postoperative morbidity. Medical records of all patients undergoing pulmonary resection in 2005 were analyzed. Results In all, 606 patients (men:women = 330:276) underwent 628 pulmonary resections. Median age was 65.8 years (range, 2 to 93). Operative mortality was 2.1%. Pulmonary function testing within 1 year before surgery was documented in 74.2%. Electrocardiogram within 90 days before surgery was documented in 81.6% of patients 50 years and older. Smoking history was documented in all patients, and smoking cessation consultation was offered to 85.7% of current smokers. Deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis was implemented in 99.7%. Mediastinal staging was documented in 94.0% of patients undergoing lung cancer resection (n = 333). Postoperatively, 92.4% of patients used incentive spirometry. Atrial fibrillation treatment occurred within 45 minutes of onset in 70.5%. Postoperative analog pain scores were above 6 in only 7.4% of assessments; treatment and reassessment occurred within 2 hours in 81.0%. Follow-up planning was documented at hospital discharge in 100%. No National Quality Forum "never events" occurred. Conclusions Patient-centered and clinically relevant quality measures can be developed and evaluated in general thoracic surgery. This panel of quality indicators highlights and guide areas for potential improvement in the care of patients undergoing pulmonary resection.
Rauch-Tung-Striebel high-degree cubature Kalman smoother

In this paper, a new Rauch-Tung-Striebel type of nonlinear smoothing method is proposed based on a class of high-degree cubature rules. This high-degree cubature Kalman smoother generalizes the conventional third-degree cubature Kalman smoother and considerably improves its estimation accuracy. A target tracking problem is utilized to demonstrate the performance of this new smoother and compare it with other Gaussian approximation smoothers. It will be shown that the high-degree cubabure Kalman smoother outperforms the extended Kalman smoother, the unscented Kalman smoother, the third-degree cubature Kalman smoother, and maintains close performance to the Gauss-Hermite quadrature smoother with much less computational cost.
P-selectin Expression is Decreased in Premature Infants • 1401

Newborn infants have an increased susceptibility to infection compared to older individuals. Despite the advent of more potent antibacterial agents, newborns also have increased morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. There are many reports that focus on neutrophils (PMNs) as the defective cell in the neonatal immune system. However, we have previously reported that in an animal model of inflammation, PMNs from adult animals do not transmigrate efficiently in neonatal animals and this defect is associated with decreased expression of P-selectin on the surface of neonatal endothelial cells (ECs)(Pediatr Res 39:295A, 1996). To determine if ECs from human neonates have the same defect, we collected mesentery from autopsy to determine if there was less P-selectin on the postcapillary venule ECs of infants compared to older individuals. No P-selectin could be detected by immunohistochemistry on the ECs of infants 38 weeks) and preterm ( 38 weeks) cords and found approximately 5x more Weibel -Palade bodies in the HUVECs from term cords compared to preterm cords. When we compared the amount of P-selectin mRNA in HUVECs from term and preterm infants, we found 4.6x as much message in the term cords compared to the preterm cords even though other cell adhesion molecules, including E-selectin, are expressed early during development. These experiments demonstrate that ECs from premature infants express less P-selectin on their surface in response to inflammatory stimuli as a result of decreased transcription and fewer storage granules. Decreased P-selectin expression in premature neonates may contribute to delayed PMN adhesion and transmigration in vivo and an increased susceptibility to infection.
Thermal and photochemical interconversions of isomeric monocarbonyl η5-Cyclopentadienyl(η3-allyl)iron complexes

Abstract The photolysis of η 5 -C 5 H 5 -η 1 -C 3 H 5 Fe(CO) 2 at 10°C gives two stereoisomers of η 5 -C 5 H 5 -η 3 -C 3 H 5 Fe(CO). The less stable isomer ( endo ) thermally isomerizes to the more stable ( exo ) isomer with a moderate rate at ambient temperatures. Similarly the endo -η 3 -methallyliron complex isomerizes completely to the exo isomer with AG ≠ = 24.1 kcal/mol. Photolyses of cis - and trans -1-substituted-η 1 allyliron compounds yield the syn - and anti -η 3 -allyliron isomers stereospecifically as a mixture of endo and exo stereoisomers. In all the cases examined the exo , syn stereoisomers are the thermodynamically most stable while the endo , anti are the least stable isomers. Approximate rates for the thermal interconversion of the different stereoisomers have been determined. Anti to syn conversion occurs at a rate comparable to endo to exo isomerization and implies a similar mechanism involving a η 3 → η 1 → η 3 transformation. Theoretical arguments are presented to explain the apparent change in mechanism for endo and exo interconversion of Group VI and VIII η 3 -allyl complexes.
Anomalous spectroscopy of Li4- clusters.

The photoelectron spectra of ${\mathrm{Li}}_{4}^{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{-}}$, in sharp contrast to that of other alkali tetramers, consist of two very narrow peaks separated by an energy gap that is about a factor of 5 smaller than those in ${\mathrm{Na}}_{4}^{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\mathrm{K}}_{4}^{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{-}}$. Self-consistent field calculations based on both quantum chemical and density functional techniques reveal that the ground state of ${\mathrm{Li}}_{4}^{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{-}}$ consists of two nearly degenerate isomeric states with different spin multiplicities. The anomalous spectroscopy results from an intricate interplay among the geometry, electronic structure, and spin multiplicity of these two structures.
Decomposition of coupling effects on damping of laminated composites under flexural vibration

Abstract A new method for characterizing the effects of vibration coupling on the damping of symmetric composite laminated cantilever beams is presented. In this work, a three-dimensional finite-element/strain-energy approach has been applied to predict resonant frequencies, mode shapes, and damping. The effects of vibration coupling on damping were studied by decomposing the laminate energy dissipation associated with each of the six resulting stress components. The coupling-energy-dissipation terms were then identified, and their effects on damping were examined by calculating their contributions to the total laminate-energy dissipation. For comparison with the analytical results, experimental measurements of resonant frequencies and damping were carried out by using an impulse frequency response technique. On the basis of this work, two major coupling modes (stretching-shearing and bending-twisting) were found to have considerable influence on composite damping properties. The coupling effects appear to increase vibration damping, and the effect of coupling was found to be significantly dependent upon the fiber angle. A maximum coupling effect on damping was observed at a fiber angle between 30° and 45°.
Immunosuppression-induced bronchial epithelial–mesenchymal transition: A potential contributor to obliterative bronchiolitis

Objective Obliterative bronchiolitis is the predominant histopathologic finding in patients with chronic rejection after lung transplant. This fibroproliferative transformation within small airways of lung allograft is poorly understood; however, studies suggest epithelial–mesenchymal transition plays a role. Transplant immunosuppressive therapy has been shown to cause epithelial–mesenchymal transition in renal tubular epithelial cells, with subsequent fibrosis. This study explored whether immunosuppressive therapy contributes to epithelial–mesenchymal transition in airway epithelial cells. Methods Bronchial epithelial cell line RL-65 was treated 3 to 5 days with several immunosuppressive agents, including cyclosporine (INN ciclosporin), tacrolimus, azathioprine, mycophenolic acid, sirolimus, prednisone, and transforming growth factor β1 as control. We then analyzed cells for presence of mesenchymal morphology and protein markers. Results Treatment with cyclosporine, azathioprine, mycophenolate, and sirolimus resulted in elongated and irregular cell shape, and all but azathioprine showed loss of cell–cell adhesions relative to vehicle-treated cells. Expressions of extracellular matrix proteins, fibronectin and collagen, along with mesenchymal marker, vimentin, were significantly upregulated. Immunofluorescence showed loss of E-cadherin at cell membranes and cytoskeletal rearrangements typical of epithelial–mesenchymal transition. These immunosuppressive agents also increased transforming growth factor produced by cells; however, tacrolimus- and prednisone-treated cells maintained epithelial morphology, baseline levels of matrix protein expression, and transforming growth factor production levels. Conclusions Overall, we found that certain immunosuppressive agents may contribute to partial epithelial–mesenchymal transition in bronchial epithelial cells, specifically increasing production of excessive extracellular matrix proteins. This may provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of obliterative bronchiolitis after lung transplant.
Skinomics: past, present and future for diagnostic microarray studies in dermatology

Easily accessible, skin was among the first targets analyzed using 'omics' and dermatology embraced the approaches very early. Microarrays have been used to define disease markers, identify transcriptional changes and even trace the course of treatment. Melanoma and psoriasis have been explored using microarrays. Particularly noteworthy is the multinational mapping of psoriasis susceptibility loci. The transcriptional changes in psoriasis have been identified using hundreds of biopsies. Epidermal keratinocytes have been studied because they respond to UV light, infections, inflammatory and immunomodulating cytokines, toxins and so on. Epidermal differentiation genes are being characterized and are expressed in human epidermal stem cells. Exciting discoveries defining human skin microbiomes have opened a new field of research with great medical potential. Specific to dermatology, the non-invasive skin sampling for microarray studies, using tape stripping, has been developed; it promises to advance dermatology toward 'omics' techniques directly applicable to the personalized medicine of the future.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for epilepsy: can it also improve depression and vice versa?

Abstract Comorbidity with depression is an important determinant of the quality of life for patients with epilepsy. Antidepressant medications can effectively treat depression in epileptic patients, but drug–drug interactions and epileptogenic effects of these drugs pose therapeutic challenges. The mood-stabilizing effects of antiepileptic medications may not be sufficient to treat depression. Therefore, treatments that alleviate the burden of depression without increasing seizure risk or, better yet, with the possibility of improving seizure control are worth exploring. Neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, are providing novel insights into the pathophysiology of depression in epilepsy. For example, there appears to be prominent brain prefrontal hypoactivity, which may be sustained by the hyperactivity of the seizure focus. If so, neuromodulatory approaches that suppress epileptic focus hyperactivity and concurrently enhance prefrontal activity may be ideally suited. Indeed, vagus nerve stimulation has been shown to yield simultaneous antiseizure and mood effects. Another neuromodulatory technique, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), can also modulate brain activity, but in a noninvasive, painless, and focal manner. Depending on the stimulation parameters, it is possible to enhance or reduce activity in the targeted brain region. Furthermore, TMS has been shown to be effective in treating depression, and preliminary data suggest that this treatment may also be effective for epilepsy treatment. This article reviews these data and explores further the question of whether depression and epilepsy can be simultaneously treated with TMS for optimal therapeutic impact.
Inhibition of phospholipid/Ca2+-dependent protein kinase and phosphorylation of leukemic cell proteins by CP-46,665-1, a novel antineoplastic lipoidal amine.

Summary CP-46,665-1, an antineoplastic lipoidal amine, was found to inhibit phospholipid/Ca2+-dependent protein kinase (PL/Ca-PK, or protein kinase C), with an IC50 (concentration causing a 50% inhibition) of 10 μM. Its inhibition of the enzyme was reversed by phosphatidylserine, but not by Ca2+. The agent also inhibited the enzyme activity which was further augmented by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), mezerein or diolein. Phosphorylation of endogenous proteins from HL-60 cells by the enzyme, with or without being further augmented by TPA, was inhibited by CP-46,665-1 as well as by alkyllysophospholipid (an antineoplastic agent). CP-46,665-1, while without effect on cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, also inhibited myosin light chain kinase (a calmodulin/Ca2+-dependent protein kinase). The present findings suggest that inhibition of the Ca2+-effector enzymes may be related in part to the antimetastatic activity of the lipoidal amine.
Determining blast damage envelope through vibration model and validation using seismic imaging

AbstractBlast induced rock damage has been related to peak particle velocity (PPV) by many researchers. Some researchers have estimated threshold values of PPV for rock damage by using the Holmberg–Persson near field formula (modified in this paper) and by extrapolation. In this paper, we propose a mathematical formula for assessing the extent of the damage zone by extending the formula proposed by Holmberg and Persson (1979) for the near field vibration approximation. This model gives the damage envelope when plotted in space (x,y). To test the acceptability of the proposed model, a crater blast experiment has been carried out in a surface mining bench with 1 m long and 32 mm diameter drill holes. The holes were loaded with 250 g (0·4 m) of explosive. Vibrations were monitored close to the blast site to establish the vibration predictor. The blast site was seismically imaged before and after the blast. The seismic images (pre- and post-blast) were analysed to determine the extent of rock damage and the d...