cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Management of Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus in Adults

Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is a common condition with various clinical presentations and a wide range of etiologies and outcomes. NCSE has traditionally been defined as a condition of intermittent or ongoing seizure activity without convulsions for at least 30 min with no recovery between attacks. More recently, however, experts have recommended shortening the minimum duration of seizure activity to 5–10 min for meeting NCSE criteria. NCSE most commonly occurs after generalized continuous status epilepticus. Therefore, patients without return to baseline after cessation of clinical seizure activity should be evaluated with continuous electroencephalogram monitoring. NCSE is also common in comatose patients with acute brain injury and should be suspected in patients with abrupt behavioral change or fluctuating level of consciousness. The prognosis of NCSE ranges from relatively benign to fatal and is mainly dependent on the underlying etiology and the patient’s age. Lack of randomized trials has meant that NCSE treatment recommendations rely on extrapolation from the existing literature on convulsive status epilepticus. Management should include abortive therapy with benzodiazepines and concurrent loading of a non-sedating anti-seizure drug (ASD) (such as phenytoin/fosphenytoin, valproate, lacosamide, or levetiracetam), and if seizures continue, sedative-anesthetics or a second non-sedating ASD. Careful consideration of the prognosis of the patient is paramount because aggressive treatment with anesthetic medications and prolonged ICU stays are both associated with significant medical complications. On the other hand, ongoing NCSE has been associated with secondary neurologic injury and worsened outcomes. Therefore, it is important to individualize treatment by weighing the risks of treatment against the expected outcome on a case-by-case basis.
Contributions of Ice Thickness to the Atmospheric Response From Projected Arctic Sea Ice Loss

Author(s): Labe, Z; Peings, Y; Magnusdottir, G | Abstract: A large ensemble of simulations from a high-top atmospheric general circulation model are conducted to compare the atmospheric responses from loss of Arctic sea ice thickness and sea ice concentration. The response to projected sea ice thickness loss indicates substantial surface warming over the Arctic Ocean and up to 1°C of cooling in Eurasia. While the dynamic circulation response from sea ice thickness loss is smaller in magnitude, it has a similar spatial anomaly pattern as that due to sea ice concentration loss. This pattern resembles the negative phase of the Northern Annular Mode. The simulations reveal that sea ice thickness loss enhances the thermodynamic and large-scale circulation response from sea ice anomalies. These results stress the importance of considering a realistic sea ice thickness distribution in future atmospheric general circulation model sea ice perturbation experiments.
Estimating marginal treatment effects using parametric and semiparametric methods

We describe the new command margte, which computes marginal and average treatment effects for a model with a binary treatment and a continuous outcome given selection on unobservables and returns. Marginal treatment effects differ from average treatment effects in instances where the impact of treatment varies within a population in correlation with unobserved characteristics. Both parametric and semiparametric estimation methods can be used with margte, and we provide evidence from a Monte Carlo simulation for when each is preferable.
Implementation of Multicultural Education in Unschooling and its Potential

Unschooling is a form of homeschooling in which parents allow children to self-direct their education. To determine if there was any evidence of unschoolers attending to the goals of multicultural education, we conducted a content analysis of a germinal resource—the 1977-1981 issues of Growing Without Schooling (GWS). Our analysis revealed that, in the early years, the content of this magazine depicted some degree of exposure to issues of oppression related to race, gender, and social class, but relatively rare engagement from the perspective of the marginalized, and minimal focus on taking social action to mitigate societal inequities.
Neurologic Injury in Neonates Undergoing Cardiac Surgery

Neurodevelopmental outcomes after neonatal congenital heart surgery are significantly influenced by brain injury detectable by MRI imaging techniques. This brain injury can occur in the prenatal and postnatal periods even before cardiac surgery. Given the significant incidence of new MRI brain injury after cardiac surgery, much work is yet to be done on strategies to detect, prevent, and treat brain injury in the neonatal period in order to optimize longer-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Exercises on the Theme of Continuous Symmetrization

In this paper, we discuss the Polya–Szegő continuous symmetrization and its applications to isoperimetric inequalities. In particular, we survey results concerning monotonicity properties of certain characteristics, including torsional rigidity of cylindrical beams and principal frequency of a uniformly stretched elastic membrane of a drum, of triangles and other domains. Several remaining open problems on continuous symmetrization and relevant properties of domains and functions are also discussed.
Service Members' Reactions to Amends for Lawful Civilian Casualties

When states engage in armed conflict, militaries often kill or seriously injure civilians. Sometimes the actions that lead to these deaths and injuries violate the law, but often the laws of war that govern collateral damage permit them. International and domestic law, however, say little about re-dress for these lawful harms. As a practical matter, when civilians are lawfully killed during armed conflict, states tend neither to directly acknowledge causal responsibility nor to make promises of non-repetition, though they may provide small monetary payments as an expression of sympathy to affected families — disbursements known as condolence or solatia payments. In contrast, making amends for lawful harm offers both the injured and the injurer a more fulsome mechanism for addressing that harm. Civilians and their families and communities may benefit from a recognition of their loss, an explanation of the circumstances that led to the harm, attention to the prevention of future harm, financial repair, and a showing of respect. From states’ perspectives, offering amends has the potential to further important military objectives, address soldiers’ moral injuries, and contribute to the professionalization of the military. In the study we report here, we use experimental and survey methods to begin to explore service members’ views of amends making generally and their reactions to different forms of responding in the aftermath of a lawful civilian casualty. We find that most service members did not see the lawfulness of harm to civilians as a barrier to offering a response, nor did it preclude their feelings of remorse. In addition, we find substantial support for various aspects of amends –particularly for apologies and review of policies in the aftermath of lawful harm. In contrast, service members tended to see a typical — relatively low-dollar — solatia payment as an insufficient response to lawful harm. Our results also demonstrate the ways in which remorse, moral values, and emotion, along with a tendency to shift obligation to victims following an official response, play important roles in the reactions of service members. In addition, the questions that we raise speak more generally to other settings in which the law permits harm to others. This includes other international military harm settings, but also domestic, non-military, settings such as non-negligent police uses of force that result in death or serious harm.
Implementation and Evaluation of a Team-Based Approach to Hospital Discharge Transition of Care.

Background Transitional care management (TCM) programs guide patients from hospital discharge to outpatient follow-up with the goal to decrease hospital readmissions and the cost of care. In 2017, the department of primary care internal medicine (PCIM) at Eastern Virginia Medical Group implemented TCM. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and self-sustainability of this TCM program. Methods The TCM team contacted patients upon discharge to schedule the follow-up appointment. We coded patient contact as (1) no successful phone-call contact, patient did not attend appointment; (2) successful phone-call contact, patient did not attend appointment; and (3) patient attended appointment. We collected patient demographics, readmissions, and visit costs using manual chart review and electronic health record (EHR) data extraction. We conducted χ2 analysis, one-way analysis of variance, and unpaired t tests to assess associations between readmission rates or costs and TCM care. Results Initial analysis did not indicate significant associations between readmission rates and level of TCM care at 30 (χ2=1.40, P=.50), 60 (χ2=5.48, P=.06), or 90 (χ2=4.23, P=.12) days or significant differences in patient charges at 30 (F[2,59]=2.85, P=.06), 60 (F[2,91]=2.00, P=.14), or 90 (F[2,126]=1.39, P=.25) days. Follow-up analysis indicated significant associations between readmission rates and any level of TCM care at 60 (χ2=5.40, P=.02) and 90 (χ2=4.21, P=.04) days, but not at 30 days (χ2=1.39, P=.28). Conclusions Our TCM program review suggests that the benefits of transitional care extend beyond 30 days by decreasing readmission rates at 60 and 90 days after hospital discharge.
CLAIMED: A CLAssification-Incorporated Minimum Energy Design to Explore a Multivariate Response Surface With Feasibility Constraints

Motivated by the problem of optimization of force-field systems in physics using large-scale computer simulations, we consider exploration of a deterministic complex multivariate response surface. The objective is to find input combinations that generate output close to some desired or ``target'' vector. Despite reducing the problem to exploration of the input space with respect to a 1-D loss function, the search is nontrivial and challenging due to infeasible input combinations, high dimensionalities of the input and output space and multiple ``desirable'' regions in the input space, and the difficulty of emulating the objective function well with a surrogate model. We propose an approach that is based on combining machine learning techniques with smart experimental design ideas to locate multiple good regions in the input space.
Effect of Medialization on Dyspnea Index in Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis.

Objective Patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis commonly report dysphonia and dysphagia. Dyspnea also occurs, with studies on treatment-related change producing mixed results. Studies including patient-reported outcomes have focused on single-question global scales. The Dyspnea Index (DI) includes 10 questions, is specific to upper airway-related dyspnea, and may better capture these patients' symptoms. We evaluated change in DI after treatment. Study design Retrospective review. Setting Academic medical center. Methods Forty-three patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis underwent injection augmentation (n = 25) or framework surgery (n = 18). DI was recorded preprocedure, 2 to 4 weeks afterward, and at approximately 3 months afterward in 19 patients. Voice Handicap Index-10, Glottal Function Index, Cough Severity Index, and Eating Assessment Tool-10 were also recorded. Change in parameters and correlations were assessed. Obesity, cardiac disease, pulmonary disease, and procedure (injection vs framework surgery) were evaluated for effect on DI. Results Twenty-four patients had an abnormal baseline DI (>10). DI decreased from 14.9 ± 13.8 to 6.5 ± 9.3 after treatment (P Conclusion Upper airway-related dyspnea is common in unilateral vocal fold paralysis, occurring in half of this cohort. Correcting glottic insufficiency may alleviate symptoms. Treatment decision making should consider postprocedural change in dyspnea, especially in patients for whom dyspnea is a motivating factor for seeking treatment.
Update on Exercise-Based Rehabilitation Approaches for Neurogenic Dysphagia

This article provides clinicians and researchers with a summary of recent research over the past 5 years for exercise-based rehabilitation for neurogenic dysphagia. Research that utilized rehabilitation paradigms in the neurogenic population is emphasized. Numerous studies utilizing exercise-based rehabilitation in both non-neurogenic and neurogenic populations provide positive findings following treatment. Recruitment criteria and outcome measures were variable across studies and generally focused on signs and symptoms of dysphagia rather than underlying swallowing impairment. Dosing regimens frequently varied across exercises and studies. Recent research in exercise-based dysphagia rehabilitation has added valuable information to the field. The differences across studies regarding recruitment criteria, outcome measures, and dosing, however, make it difficult to synthesize results. Future research should focus on underlying swallowing impairment for recruitment criteria and outcome measures as well as developing optimal dosing and maintenance programs. Improvement in these areas would increase robustness of results and facilitate improved translation of research findings to clinical practice.
Biochemical Systems Theory: Alternative Views of Metabolic Control

An appropriate language or formalism for the analysis of complex biochemical systems has been sought for several decades. The necessity for such a formalism results from the large number of interacting components in biochemical systems and the complex nonlinear character of these interactions. The Power-Law Formalism (Savageau, 1969b) is an example of such a language that underlies several recent attempts to develop an understanding of integrated biochemical systems. This formalism provides the basis for a theory, which is called Biochemical Systems Theory. Several different strategies of representation are possible within Biochemical Systems Theory. Among these, the “S-system” representation is the most useful, as judged by a variety of objective criteria (Sorribas and Savageau, 1989abc). This chapter first describes the predominant features of the S-system representation. The mathematical form of the S-system is deduced from the biochemical network in a straightforward fashion. The parameters of the S-system — rate constants and kinetic orders — are readily related to experimental data. The steady-state behaviour is characterized by a set of linear algebraic equations that can be solved symbolically or numerically. The differential equations that characterize the dynamic behaviour can be solved with very efficient numerical techniques. Methods for making well-controlled comparisons of alternative designs have been developed and applied to several classes of biochemical systems. In many cases these applications have led to more specialized theories with strong predictive capabilities. Specific predictions of these theories have been confirmed by experimental results from a number of independent laboratories. This chapter presents detailed comparisons between the S-system representation and other variants within Biochemical Systems Theory. These comparisons are made on the basis of objective criteria that characterize the efficiency, power, clarity and scope of each representation. Two of the variants within Biochemical Systems Theory are intimately related to other approaches for analysing biochemical systems, namely the Metabolic Control Theory of Kacser & Burns (1973) and of Heinrich & Rapoport (1974) and the Flux-Oriented Theory of Crabtree & Newsholme (1987). It is hoped that the comparisons presented here will result in a deeper understanding of the relationships between these variants.
Experimental Investigations of Sensor-Based Surface Following Tasks by a Mobile Manipulator

This paper discusses experimental investigations of the feasibility and requirements of simultaneous external-sensor-based-control of the wheeled platform and the manipulator of a mobile robot. The experiments involve 3-D arbitrary surface following by the manipulator while the platform moves along a predefined trajectory.
LIMITATIONS OF THE AXIOMATIC METHOD IN ANCIENT GREEK MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

My thesis in this paper is that the admiration many of us have for the rigor and relentlessness of the axiomatic method in Greek geometry has given us a misleading view of the role of this method in the broader framework of ancient Greek mathematical sciences. By stressing the limitations of the axiomatic method or, more explicitly, by stressing the limitations of the role played by the axiomatic method in Greek mathematical science, I do not mean in any way to denigrate what is conceptually one of the most important and far-reaching aspects of Greek mathematical thinking. I do want to emphasize the point that the use of mathematics in the mathematical sciences and the use in foundational sciences, like astronomy, compare rather closely with the contemporary situation. It has been remarked by many people that modern physics is by and large scarcely a rigorous mathematical subject and, above all, certainly not one that proceeds primarily by extensive use of formal axiomatic methods. It is also often commented upon that the mathematical rigor of contemporary mathematical physics, in relation to the standards of rigor in pure mathematics today, is much lower than was characteristic of the 19th-century. However, my point about the axiomatic method applies also to 19th-century physics.
Improving Right Party Contact Rates at Outbound Call Centers

Consumer delinquencies are a major problem for banks and other credit card issuers. These firms have collection centers across the country to collect outstanding balances from delinquent accounts. Their main strategy is to first send reminder notices and, if that does not work, to telephone delinquent customers and request payment. The latter often becomes necessary, resulting in high costs of collection. Automated dialers are used to make the calls, and when the call goes through, it is directed to one of several hundred associates manning computer workstations. In this operation, it is important to contact the account holder in order to discuss payment options. Simply getting someone on the line is not sufficient, because such calls would require follow-up calls. The objective of efficient collections is to maximize dollars collected while minimizing costs, which generally translates to making a “right party contact (RPC)” in the minimum number of attempts. We developed and tested an algorithm that increased the RPC rates by over 10%. This increase translates to annual savings of several million dollars for an average credit card company. Although the focus of our paper is collections, the methodology developed is equally applicable for improving telemarketing efficiency.
REDEFINIENDO EL CONCEPTO DE JUSTICIA EN UN MUNDO GLOBALIZADO

La globalizacion esta cambiando nuestra forma de discutir sobre la justicia. No hace mucho, en la edad de oro de la socialdemocracia, las disputas sobre la justicia presuponian lo que denominare “el marco keynesiano-westfaliano”. Se asumia que los enfrentamientos en materia de justicia, desarrollados normalmente en el interior de estados territoriales, concernian a las relaciones entre conciudadanos, eran tema de debate en el ambito nacional publico y planteaban una reparacion por parte de los estados nacionales. Este fue el caso respecto de dos tipos fundamentales de reivindicacion de justicia: reivindicaciones de redistribucion socioeconomica y reivindicaciones de reconocimiento legal o cultural.
Individual Differences in Brain Organization for Language

Part I Language and Hemispheres: From Single-Word Recognition to Discourse Pr Faust—The Handbook of the Neuropsychology of Language c01.indd 1 7/26/2011 9:29:12 AM
Is there evidence against the induced demand hypothesis? Explaining the large reduction in cesarean rates

Revised: September 2001 The induced demand model postulates that physicians respond to adverse income shocks by electing to perform more remunerative procedures. Recent work verifies the predictions of this model, finding a strong shift away from natural deliveries to the more highly reimbursed cesarean delivery in response to exogenous reductions in the fertility rate between 1970-1982. In light of this, the 10.1 percent reduction in fertility rates and contemporaneous 13.3 percent decline in cesarean rates between 1989-1996 appears to contradict the induced demand hypothesis. This paper reconciles the observed phenomenon by examining the role of the dramatic growth in managed care activity in this time period. We argue that while the inducement effect of declining fertility was pervasive in this period, its effect on cesarean rates was offset by the dramatic growth in managed care beginning in the late 1980s. Central to our argument is the removal of physician financial incentives in delivery choice under managed care. Using county-level data for a subset of this time period and instrumental variables estimators, we find a strong negative association between managed care growth and cesarean rates that persists despite controls for fertility, birth severity, risk factors, demographics, state fixed effects and hospital characteristics. JEL Classification: I11, I18, L1, I00 * Correspondence: mitali.das@columbia.edu or Asst. Professor Mitali Das, 1027a, IAB, 420 West 118th Street, NY, NY 10027. Tel/Fax 617.496.2319. I gratefully acknowledge comments and feedback for this or previous versions of the paper from David Genesove, David Sappington, Jon Gruber, Jerry Hausman, Jon Skinner, Catherine Wolfram, Whitney Newey, Jon Dworak, Annette Vissing-Jorgensen, and others. I am also grateful to Alshadye Yemane for excellent and dedicated research assistance. Financial support was partially provided by the AAUW. Remaining errors are my responsibility.
Understanding and Reducing Persistent Poverty in Africa

1. Understanding and Reducing Persistent Poverty in Africa: Introduction to a Special Issue Christopher B. Barrett, Michael R. Carter & Peter D. Little 2. The Economics of Poverty Traps and Persistent Poverty: An Asset-Based Approach Michael R. Carter & Christopher B. Barrett 3. 'Moving in Place': Drought and Poverty Dynamics in South Wollo, Ethiopia Peter D. Little, M. Priscilla Stone, Tewodaj Mogues, A. Peter Castro & Workneh Negatu 4. Exploring Poverty Traps and Social Exclusion in South Africa Using Qualitative and Quantitative Data Michelle Adato, Michael R. Carter & Julian May 5. Welfare Dynamics in Rural Kenya and Madagascar Christopher B. Barrett, Paswel Phiri Marenya, John McPeak, Bart Minten, Festus Murithi, Willis Oluoch-Kosura, Frank Place, Jean Claude Randrianarisoa, Jhon Rasambainarivo & Justine Wangila 6. Persistent Poverty in North East Ghana Ann Whitehead 7. Shocks and their Consequences Across and Within Households in Rural Zimbabwe John Hoddinott 8. Rural Income and Poverty in a Time of Radical Change in Malawi Pauline E. Peters 9. Escaping Poverty and Becoming Poor in 36 Villages of Central and Western Uganda Anirudh Krishna, Daniel Lumonya, Milissa Markiewicz, Firminus Mugumya, Agatha Kafuko & Jonah Wegoye
Melissa Aronczyk, Branding the Nation: The Global Business of National Identity

Melissa Aronczyk’s Branding the Nation is a watershed moment for the field of nation brands research. Published by the highly respected Oxford University Press, it is the first critical monograph on the topic to achieve mainstream recognition, as evidenced by a review in the Times Higher Education supplement. Drawing on over a decade of research and advertising industry experience, 100 interviews with practitioners, and the analysis of thousands of pages of documents from 12 countries, Aronczyk promises a comprehensive deconstruction of the phenomenon of nation brands in the context of nationalism, neoliberalism, and 21st-century nationhood. This promise is only partly realized however, with the initial theory-building sections providing the main contributions to the field. (Less)
An application of the theory of particle coarsening: The γ' precipitate in NiAl alloys

Abstract Coarsening of the γ' precipitate in binary NiAl alloys containing 6.35 and 6.50 wt.% Al has been studied by measuring the ferromagnetic Curie temperature as a function of ageing time at 625 and 715°C. The concentration of Al is linearly related to t − 1 3 at long ageing times, in agreement with theory. Analysis of the kinetics has provided values of ce, the concentration of Al in equilibrium with a γ' particle of infinite size. The values of ce are about 10% larger than the literature values of the solubility at the relevant temperatures. This suggests that the present values of ce, represent the coherent solubilities. The results of this investigation, combined with extant data describing the coarsening of γ' in terms of average particle size measurements, are used to exemplify a recently proposed method ( A. J. Ardell , Acta Met.15, 1772 (1967) for obtaining reliable values of the particle-matrix interfacial free energy, γ, and the “effective” diffusivity of the solute in the matrix, Deff. As a result of the proposed method, the value of γ has been revised to approximately 14 erg/cm2 from a previous estimate of 30 erg/cm2. The value of Deff is greater than the (extrapolated) coefficient of diffusion of Al in very dilute Ni by a factor cf about two. Deff is also about a factor of two greater than that predicted by the application of irreversible thermodynamics to the process of volume-constrained growth and ungrowth of coherent precipitates during coarsening.
Agglunation of a transformed mouse cell line and a variant subline with concanavalin A: Effect of temperature and time of lectin incubation

Abstract Colchicine treatment enhanced Con A-mediated agglutination of erythrocytes to LM cells (LM is a “spontaneously” transformed mouse line) incubated for brief periods with Con A at 22° C. Longer incubations with Con A at 22° C rendered colchicine treated cells less agglutinable than untreated cells. Even short incubation times with Con A at higher temperature (37° C) rendered colchicine treated LM cells less agglutinable than their untreated counterparts. Below 15° C, colchicine treated cells remained more agglutinable than untreated cells even after long periods of Con A treatment. Cells of a variant clone (Rl) isolated from LM by negative selection with concanavalin A exhibited increased substratum adhesiveness and an absolute serum requirement. LM and variant cells exhibited a differential reponse to colchicine treatment, the variant subline reguiring longer periods of colchicine treatment to elicit changes in morphology and agglutinability.
Phencyclidine pharmacokinetics and concentration-response relationships in the pigeon.

Phencyclidine (PCP) pharmacokinetics and drug discrimination were examined in pigeons (n = 6 in both groups) after intramuscular doses of 1.48 mg/kg. PCP absorption was rapid with maximum measured plasma concentrations ranging from 559 to 1450 ng/ml at 10-30 min after dosing, which corresponded to the time of maximum PCP stimulus effects in the drug discrimination studies. The terminal elimination half-life was 0.88 hr (harmonic mean). Average values for the volume of distribution and total body clearance were 1.6 l/kg and 18.2 ml/min/kg, respectively. In the behavioral studies, pigeons discriminated PCP-like effects from about 2 min to 2 hr after dosing. An average value for response on the PCP-appropriate key and for PCP concentration at each time point from 2 min to 2 hr was calculated from the individual subject data. Least-squares linear regression analysis of these data showed a highly significant relationship between the ability to discriminate PCP and log PCP concentration (y = 103x - 219, r2 = .810, p less than 0.005). This analysis suggests PCP concentration is a good predictor of behavioral efficacy.
On corrosion-induced stress states in binary noble metal alloys

Abstract The corrosion-induced stress state in dealloyed noble metal alloys is evaluated through the methods of continuum eigenstrain analysis. Microstresses are then determined employing the formalism of doublet mechanics. For partially dealloyed Cu-Au alloy plates, the stress state is tensile at the dealloyed surface decreasing to a maximum compressive stress in the interior of the layer, the magnitude of which increases with increasing overall Cu content in the starting alloy and decreases with increasing thickness of the dealloyed region. The undealloyed ‘substrate’ region immediately adjacent to the dealloyed layer is in a state of tension, the magnitude of which increases with overall starting Cu content and dealloyed region thickness. This stress state is interpreted to lead to defect segregation to the plate surface and to the dealloyed layer/substrate interface.
Exploring possible relations among social sciences, social work, and health interventions.

Health interventions are subject to the influences and constraints associated with the traditional relations and distinctions between academic disciplines and professions. The unique ethical and political-policy aspects of professional behavior are discussed, especially within the context of professionals' use of selected and specific academic discipline questions and derived subject material. Particular emphasis is given to the critical concepts of "risk" and the "community" in addition to "need" and the "individual."
Abstract ED03-03: Analysis of DNA methylation arrays in population studies: Issues and opportunities

Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene function unexplained by changes in DNA sequence, and is one of the modes by which environment is thought to interact with genetics. As such, epigenetic alterations constitute an important type of genome-scale variable mediating between environment and disease, and present unique opportunities for conducting epidemiological research. The most commonly studied type of epigenetic alteration in population studies is cytosine methylation, which is a well recognized mechanism of gene silencing that often becomes dysregulated in cancer, and is also thought to be implicated in other diseases. Arrays are now being used to study DNA methylation at a large number of loci; for example, the older Illumina Infinium platform assesses DNA methylation at 27,000 loci, while the newer Infinium array measures DNA methylation at over 470,000 sites. In this talk, we introduce the biology of DNA methylation and survey recent methods for statistical analysis of DNA methylation array data. Finally, we introduce a novel use of DNA methylation arrays to interrogate the distribution of white blood cells, an advancement in the use of DNA methylation to study immunological response as a function of disease status. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):ED03-03.
Creating aligned arrays of bacillus megaterium in sol-gel matrixes

This paper describes a simple and convenient method for constructing an array of aligned bacteria and its immobilization in a solid framework. Paramagnetic particles were attached to Bacillus megaterium via the carbodiimide coupling between the amine functional groups on the particle with carboxylic acid groups on the bacteria. It was found that the amount of particles on the surface of the bacteria was dependent on the experimental conditions such as reaction time. After the surface of the bacteria was fully coated with the magnetic particles, the bacteria responded to an external magnetic force. By taking advantage of this property, two-dimensional arrays of bacteria were easily formed on a glass substrate over a large area both in aqueous solution and in a silica-based sol. The aligned wire-like structures were frozen in place via gelation of the sol. These structures are highly stable and reproducible and can be used to create nanostructured arrays on surfaces for the fabrication of novel chemical sen...
Modification of the Rankine-Hugoniot relations for shocks in space

The Rankine-Hugoniot (R-H) equations for hydromagnetic shocks are extended to take into consideration the energy flux and momentum flux due to waves and/or turbulence and/or heat flow in the vicinity of shocks. Eighteen shocks obseved in space were analyzed. It is found that, in order to satisfy the R-H relations with the values of measured parameters in space, waves and/or turbulence and/or heat flow are needed for the shocks with a Mach number of greater than 2, and no waves and/or turbulence are needed to satisfy the R-H equations for the shocks with a Mach number of less than 2. A discussion of the waves, turbulence, and heat flow is given. Fluctuations may considerably affect the time-averaged R-H relations.
Copernicus and the impact of printing

DURING the Copernican jubilee year scholars have focused on several critical historical questions. An important one asks why a Copernicus appeared in the early 1500s rather than a century earlier or a century later. Had the ancient astronomy just then reached the brink of its final collapse? Certainly the predictions of planetary positions did not agree very well with the heavens, but there was little systematic observing to detect the discrepancies or to improve the mechanisms. In Copernicus' treatise there are no new data that could not have been found several centuries before. His own tables furnished but little improvement, and none of this could be attributed to his new heliocentric cosmology. The few avant garde astronomers who were calling for the restoration of astronomy looked back enviously to antiquity as the time when giants such as Ptolemy clearly understood the intricate mechanisms of the heavens; they certainly expected to work within a geocentric framework to tidy up those few areas where uncertainties had arisen with the passing millennium. A mythology popular today imagines that an inadequately simple astronomy of Ptolemy had meanwhile been embroidered into an unworkable complexity. In reality, virtually no one understood the Ptolemaic system well enough to embellish it. Thus, within the astronomical tradition itself, there is no clear reason why a Sun-centered cosmology should have been introduced at that particular time. 1
Saving the Bathwater

This article presents an account of the development and use of the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) over the past 15 years. It deals with both the formal and informal ways in which administering the NBAS has increased our understanding of the forces for development in the newborn, of states of consciousness in the infant, of the potential for predicting from one point in development to the next, and of a clinician's opportunities to share information with parents and to participate in the enterprise of parenting. It draws attention to the value of the qualitative insights that are gained by investigators, alongside the more quantitative fruits of a research endeavor.
Morpho-elastodynamics: the long-time dynamics of elastic growth

As elastic tissues grow and remodel, they generate stresses that influence their mechanical states which influence the way growth proceeds. This complex feedback leads to a dynamic evolution of growth and stresses which can be modelled within the theory of exact nonlinear elasticity. Here, we first review the different theoretical results considering growth laws and then, we present a new approach to look at morphoelasticity as a continuous dynamical process. These evolution laws lead to new dynamical systems that can be studied by the classical methods of dynamical systems theory.
Discovery of thienoimidazole-based HCV NS5A inhibitors. Part 2: Non-symmetric inhibitors with potent activity against genotype 1a and 1b

The discovery of non-symmetric thienoimidazole-containing HCV NS5A inhibitors is described. The inhibitors herein reported display high potencies against both genotype 1a and 1b. In this follow-up manuscript, we discuss the importance of the linker aromaticity to achieve high potency, particularly against genotype 1a.
Evidence of critical illumination and dark recovery times for increasing the photoefficiency of aqueous heterogeneous photocatalysis

Abstract A hypothesis is proposed and tested for increasing the photoefficiency of heterogeneous photocatalytic reactions on TiO 2 particles. Increasing the photoefficiency is vital for the economic scale-up of photocatalysis for decomposing organic compounds in water. An open-channel reactor was designed to test the following rationale. There is a critical illumination time during which the absorbed UV photons generate the oxidizing species on the particle surface. These species react further to oxidize the organic material in the water. This latter step can take place in the dark. After a critical dark recovery time the particle is illuminated again. Using this light—dark cycling, the photoefficiency for formate decomposition increased by 500% when the illumination time was 72 ms and the dark recovery time was 1.45 s.
Triclopyr persistence in northern Idaho forest vegetation.

The objectives of this study were to determine persistence of triclopyr in the forage at two northern Idaho sites. Such information should be useful in determining the potential for poisoning and in determining if triclopyr may reasonably be used where elk, cattle and horses are present
Methane Coupling Reaction on Oxide Solid Solution Catalysts

Abstract The methane coupling reaction to form C2 hydrocarbons has been studied over perovskite-type oxides La1−xSrxB1−yMyO3−δ(B = Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Y; M Nb, Ti), K2NiF4-type superconducting oxides A2−xBxCuO4−δ(A = La, Nd; B = Sr, Ce), and the solid solution La0.9Sr0.1O1.45. The reaction was performed in a fixed bed flow reactor with a feed containing 30% methane, 5% oxygen, and balance helium at 795°C. The results indicated that the superconducting oxides and the perovskites with high p-type electronic conductivity were not active for the methane conversion to C2 hydrocarbons. The compounds with n-type conductivity, electrolytes, and insulators were all found to proceed with selective oxidation to C2 compounds. A combination of an insulator or electrolyte associated with increased oxygen vacancy concentration appears to increase the C2 yield. Electrical conductivity, oxygen diffusion coefficient, and oxygen vacancy concentrations of the materials were considered to explain the observed variations in the methane coupling reactivity.
Doing empathy and sympathy: caring responses to troubles tellings on a peer support line:

Conversation analysis of 53 emotive responses to troubles tellings on a peer support line discovered eight different methods for expressing empathy and/or sympathy. Emotive reactions, assessments, and formulating the gist of the trouble typically occur early on in a troubles telling. Reporting one’s own reaction was found in the midst of troubles telling, as a second reaction to ‘bad’ news or after callers’ reports of their own feelings. Naming another’s feelings and using an idiom occur towards the end of a troubles telling. Sharing a similar experience of similar feelings and expressing one’s feelings were used in various places within a troubles telling and conveyed more than basic concern about the callers’ feelings. These and other differences between methods further detail the various ways support providers and recipients perform empathy and/or sympathy in situ.
The plus strand of reovirus gene S2 is identical with its in vitro transcript.

Abstract The 3′-terminal sequence of the plus-stranded RNA species transcribed in vitro from the S2 gene of reovirus serotype 3 (Dearing strain) was found to be identical with the 3′-terminal sequence of the plus strand of the S2 gene. The 5′-terminal sequence of the former RNA species was determined by M. Kozak (Nature ( London ) 269 , 390–394, 1977); this sequence has now been found to be exactly complementary to the 3′-terminal sequence of the minus strand of the S2 gene. Thus the transcript of the S2 gene, which is most probably the in vivo messenger RNA, is identical in base sequence (barring base modifications) to the plus strand of this gene. In all likelihood this situation holds for all reovirus messenger RNA species. Certain secondary structure features of s2 plus strands are described: they possess complementary sequences near their 5′- and 3′-termini which may permit them to assume a circular configuration, and they possess a sequence near their 5′-terminus that is complementary to a 3′-proximal sequence of 18 S ribosomal RNA.
On the observation and measurement of the apparent shift in direction of the radio beam of an air‐beacon and certain relations to meteorological conditions

Daily observations of the relative field-strengths of two adjacent quadrants of the southwest leg of the Boston Radio Air-Beacon have been received at the Cosmic-Research Laboratory at Needham since March, 1941. The location of the Laboratory is near the northwest edge of the twilight band, ten miles distant from the sending beacon (Fig. 1). As is generally known, the antenna-system of an air-beacon is arranged to send the Morse-Code letter A from a pair of opposite towers and the Morse-Code letter N from a second pair of opposite towers whose direction is usually at right-angles to the directional system of the first pair. The overlapping field-pattern results in a continuous hum in the direction in which the two code-letters overlap. This is known as the “on-course” beam. Near the edge of the twilight band the signal of one of these letters dominates over the other, and in the case of the Needham Laboratory this is the A-signal. The direction of the axis of the beam may be judged from the ratio of the intensities of the A- and N-signals received. An observed change in the ratio of the relative strengths of these signals may be considered a s equivalent to an apparent change in the azimuth of the beam. These ratios have been used to study such variations as occur and to endeavor to discover whether or not such changes as may be observed bear relationship to atmospheric and meteorological conditions at the time.
On line prediction of surface defects in hot bar rolling based on Bayesian hierarchical modeling

Steel bar manufacturing process is a multistage process in which melted steel passes through multiple steps to form into a bar or rod of varying diameters. The most common cause of rejection of such products is the surface defects such as seams, scales, cracks etc. Often automated inspection in the form of image analysis is done to predict the formation of such defects. These inspections suffer from the fact that they do not include the process information and hence are not very reliable. This paper presents a novel methodology of prediction of surface defects in bar manufacturing. In this method, the surface images obtained by inspection methodology are decomposed into individual defects based on process knowledge. These are then decomposed into the physical quantities affecting them which are decomposed into design parameters on rolling mill. To achieve this decomposition, Bayesian hierarchical modeling is used. Data collected from sensors installed on rolling mill are used for model building and design. After the model is built, it is converted into an automated system called Diagnostics on Rolling Mill (DORM). DORM is installed on rolling mill and its performance is evaluated for several days. It is found that the model performs very closely with manual inspection and predicts surface defects with good accuracy. The Bayesian model also gives an insight into process parameters and physical quantities which affect the individual defects.
Obsolescence of physics literature: Exponential decrease of the density of citations to Physical Review articles with age

A synchronous citation study of 15 leading physics journals has been performed to determine the obsolescence of Physical Review articles with age. The density of citations to Physical Review has been found to decrease exponentially with a half-life of 4.9 years, which is the first conclusive evidence of the exponential decrease. © 1990 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Factors influencing reagin formation in experimental human sensitization to ascaris lumbricoides antigen: III. The influence of race as a factor in rate of sensitization with further observations on the sex factor

Abstract 1. 1. Ascaris antigen introduced intracutaneously induced reagin formation at a significantly more rapid rate in adults of the Negro race than in white persons. 2. 2. Negro males were more readily sensitized than Negro females. The results obtained in white subjects in this study were not so conclusive as those obtained in previous studies, but still suggested a more rapid rate of sensitization for the males. 3. 3. The rates of sensitization for the four groups in this study could not be correlated with the incidence of naturally acquired positive reactions to Ascaris in the population groups from which the experimental subjects were selected. 4. 4. In the age range of 19 to 50 years, there was no correlation between age of the subject and rate of sensitization. 5. 5. An immediate positive reaction, indicative of the presence of skin-sensitizing antibodies was not demonstrable at seven days after first contact with Ascaris antigen, but was frequently noted at the end of the second week. In more than one-half of the cases tested such reagins were still demonstrable after six months.
A comparison of LISP specifications of function definition and argument handling

This paper presents the differences in several LISP definitions regarding the interpretation of various function types (EXPR, FEXPR, LEXPR, NEXPR). The definitions are compared according to their syntactic conventions for specifying the function type and method of argument handling--whether arguments are evaluated or unevaluated and whether their number is fixed or variable. A summary figure is given in the Appendix.
Some new difference sets

Abstract Existence status of (96, 20, 4) difference sets in Z 4 × Z 4 × Z 2 × Z 3 has been open so far. In this paper we construct these difference sets, thereby filling a missing entry in Lander's table with the answer “yes,”
Advantages and disadvantages of surgical therapy and optimal extent of thyroidectomy for the treatment of hyperthyroidism

Surgery is excellent therapy for hyperthyroidism, with no mortality,and few complications or recurrences. It achieves euthyroidism rapidly and consistently, avoids long-term risks of radioactive iodine and antithyroid medications, provides tissue for histology,renders childbearing immediately possible, and allows absolute titration of thyroid hormone. Advancements such as preoperative preparation and intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring have decreased risks greatly and improved outcomes. Hartley-Dunhill procedure is the treatment of choice. Patients should be rendered euthyroid before operation to decrease thyroid vascularity, to improve surgical planes, and to prevent life threatening thyroid storm. Patients must be monitored carefully for hypocalcemia, a potentially serious complication. Patients will require lifelong thyroid hormone replacement. Radioactive iodine ablation should be considered for disease recurrence after surgery.
Mössbauer effect studies of Fe(phen)2(NCBH3)2 - a spin triplet

Abstract Mossbauer spectroscopy and magnetic moment measurements have been used to study the compound Fe(phen) 2 (NCBH 3 ) 2 in conjunction with other octahedral Fe(II) complexes. The result of both sets of measurements indicate that Fe(phen) 2 (NCBH 3 ) 2 is an intermediate spin ( S = 1) complex at room temperature. Intermediate spin Fe(II) complexes are relatively unknown and very few, if any, are conclusively reported in the literature.