cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunogenicity and efficacy of recombinant RSV-F vaccine in a mouse model.

RSV vaccine development has constraints due to safety issues encountered by formalin inactivated FI-RSV vaccines. A desirable vaccine should induce Th1 responses and a strong mucosal immunity to provide complete protection from RSV infection. In the present paper, we developed and evaluated a mucosal vaccine against RSV in a mouse model. The antigenic regions corresponding to residues 412-524 of RSV-F protein were amplified by RT-PCR and cloned into a vector containing the ctxA2B gene of the cholera toxin. The recombinant protein was expressed in E. coli and properties of the recombinant protein were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, Western blot and GM1-ELISA. The purified recombinant protein (rRF-412) was used to immunize BALB/c mice intranasally. The results from our studies show that the rRF-412 immunogen induced mucosal (IgA) and systemic antibody (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b) responses which neutralized RSV. The IgG1/IgG2a ratios indicated a Th1 biased antibody response. The Th1 (TNF-α, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, IL-2) and Th2 (IL-10, IL-4 and IL-5) cytokine profiles were analyzed after stimulation of spleen cells from mice immunized with purified RF-412 protein. Similar to the antibody response, we observed that the rRF-412 immunogen induced a mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine immune response with a Th1 bias response. Serum antibodies were capable of neutralizing RSV and mice immunized with rRF-412 were significantly protected from live RSV challenge. Our data provides evidence that the rRF-412 immunogen may be a potential mucosal vaccine candidate against RSV.
ENHANCED METHOD FOR DETERMINING ROVIBRATIONAL EIGENSTATES OF VAN DER WAALS MOLECULES

1. S. E. Choi and J. C. Light, J. Chem. Phys. 97, 7031 (1992). 2. D. C. Sorensen, ""The k-step Arnoldi Process,'' in Large-scale Numerical Optimization, T. F. Coleman and Yuying Li, eds. (SIAM Publications, Philadelphia, PA), p 228 (1990); 3. P. Pendergast, Z. Darakjian, E. F. Hayes, and D. C. Sorensen, J. Comp. Phys. 113, 201 (1994) 4. A. C. Peet and W. Yang, J. Chem. Phys. 91, 6598 (1989) 5. (a) B. Chang, J. M. Williamson, D. W. Cullin, J. R. Dunlop and T. A. Miller J. Chem. Phys. /bf 97, 7999 (1992) (b) B. Chang, J. M. Williamson, D. W. Cullin, J. R. Dunlop and T. A. Miller J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11 198 (1994).
Manifest Anxiety in Economically Deprived Children in Rural Appalachia

The purposes of this study were to obtain data on the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (CMAS) administered to children in an Appalachian area, to compare these data with appropriate studies reported in the literature for other groups of children in the United States, and to discuss results in terms of child-rearing practices. The CMAS was administered to 176 fifth and sixth grade children from families of low socioeconomic level in a rural Appalachian area of East Tennessee. Mean scores were higher than for most groups of middle-class Midwest children reported in the literature, especially for fifth grade girls, but were commensurate with reported scores of children from a Southeastern area, black children, and a psychiatric outpatient group in Minnesota. Results of an item analysis and chi-square analysis of sex differences were compared with a St. Louis study. Findings are discussed in terms of child-rearing practices in Appalachia since reports of cross-cultural CMAS studies have stressed this aspect when reporting comparative data.
Effects of cold, short day and melatonin on thermogenesis, body weight and reproductive organs in Alaskan red-backed voles

This study examined whether cold, short day or melatonin causes reproductive regression and stimulates nonshivering thermogenesis in a subarctic rodentClethrionomys rutilus. Red-backed voles born and raised at 23°C and 22 h light per day (LD 22: 2) at Fairbanks, Alaska (65°N) were exposed in one of six groups to: 1) long day (LD 22:2), 23°C, injected daily with melatonin or saline 2 h before lights out, 2) long day, 3°C, injected daily with melatonin or saline, 3) short day (LD 8:16), 23°C or 3°C. Voles were tested for nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) prior to and after 8 wk exposure. Body weight, testes weight and female reproductive tract weight were assessed after 8 wk in long day and 12 wk in short day.
Late-Developing Premolars: Report of Two Cases

In spite of evidence indicating that the lower second premolar is frequently absent congenitally, a cautious approach to treatment planning is advised. This position is supported by the presentation of case reports on two patients in whom these teeth developed long after one would ordinarily expect to see them.
A decade-long perspective on a bioindicator of pollution: imposex in Ilyanassa obsoleta on Cape Henlopen, Delaware Bay

Imposex refers to the imposition of male characteristics on female gastropods and is a bioindicator of organotin (TBT) pollution. In summer 1992 a survey, involving dissection of 1686 snails and covering 1400 m of shoreline, was made of an estuarine neogastropod, Ilyanassa obsoleta, on the Cape Henlopen sandflat at the mouth of Delaware Bay. The purpose was to determine the frequency, intensity of expression, and spatial distribution of imposex. Further, historical data on imposex frequency and intensity of expression in this population, gathered since 1981, have been assembled to put the 1992 data into a longer term perspective. In 1992 imposex occurred throughout the habitat, but at variable frequency among 44 locations (range 0–64%). Intensity of expression was everywhere slight, as it had been throughout the 1980s. Imposex frequency increased from about 1% in the early 1980s to about 30% in 1992. Weak correlations could be made between percentage imposex in samples, position on the sandflat and trematode parasitism. Samples collected farther from the beach and with larger proportions of females parasitized by certain trematodes tended to have fewer imposexed females. It is suggested that low intertidal microhabitats, such as those where parasitized snails often gather, may be exposed to less of the imposex-inducing agent (TBT) than higher parts of the sandflat.
The role of public health nurses in service delivery to youth with mental disabilities

Abstract Background : The mental health needs of children and adolescents are not being adequately addressed. Objectives : To describe the roles of public health nurses in the care of children and adolescents with mental disabilities and to explore incentives and barriers to expansion of the role in the care of this population. Methods : Directors of nursing of public health agencies and executive directors of mental health agencies in Ohio responded to a mailed survey. Results : The majority of respondents reported that public health nurses currently work with youth with mental disabilities, primarily in the roles of referral and providing physical health care. Both groups of directors saw potential for increasing roles—provided public health nurses received education and consultation. Both groups reported that barriers to expanding public health nurses' roles were the organization and funding of mental and public health systems. Conclusion : Although better utilization of public health nurses could improve children's health care and make more efficient use of scarce specialty mental health resources, financial and organizational barriers present significant challenges to collaboration.
Post-operative complications in infancy and childhood.

Summary 1 The greatest number of deaths in the series followed operations on newborn babies. 2 The common causes of fatal complications in the neonatal group were delay in treatment, respiratory depression, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, infection and defective intestinal anastomosis. Measures which may prevent these complications have been reviewed. 3 Deaths of older infants and children most commonly followed intussusception, appendicitis and post-operative intestinal obstruction.
Quantifying the Cellular Uptake of Antibody-Conjugated Au Nanocages by Two-Photon Microscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Gold nanocages with localized surface plasmon resonance peaks in the near-infrared region exhibited a broad two-photon photoluminescence band extending from 450 to 650 nm when excited by a Ti:sapphire laser at 800 nm. The bright luminescence makes it possible to explore the use of Au nanocages as a new class of optical imaging agents for two-photon microscopy. In this work, we have demonstrated the use of two-photon microscopy as a convenient tool to directly examine the uptake of antibody-conjugated and PEGylated Au nanocages by U87MGwtEGFR cells. We have also correlated the results from two-photon microscopy with the data obtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Combined together, these results indicate that the antibody-conjugated Au nanocages were attached to the surface of the cells through antibody−antigen binding and then internalized into the cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. The cellular uptake process was dependent on a number of parameters, including incubation time, inc...
A novel three serum phospholipid panel differentiates normal individuals from those with prostate cancer.

Background The results of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination (DRE) screenings lead to both under and over treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). As such, there is an urgent need for the identification and evaluation of new markers for early diagnosis and disease prognosis. Studies have shown a link between PCa, lipids and lipid metabolism. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the concentrations and distribution of serum lipids in patients with PCa as compared with serum from controls. Method Using Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) lipid profiling, we analyzed serum phospholipids from age-matched subjects who were either newly diagnosed with PCa or healthy (normal). Results We found that cholester (CE), dihydrosphingomyelin (DSM), phosphatidylcholine (PC), egg phosphatidylcholine (ePC) and egg phoshphatidylethanolamine (ePE) are the 5 major lipid groups that varied between normal and cancer serums. ePC 38:5, PC 40:3, and PC 42:4 represent the lipids species most prevalent in PCa as compared with normal serum. Further analysis revealed that serum ePC 38:5 ≥0.015 nmoles, PC 40.3 ≤0.001 nmoles and PC 42:4 ≤0.0001 nmoles correlated with the absence of PCa at 94% prediction. Conversely, serum ePC 38:5 ≤0.015 nmoles, PC 40:3 ≥0.001 nmoles, and PC 42:4 ≥0.0001 nmoles correlated with the presence of PCa. Conclusion In summary, we have demonstrated that ePC 38:5, PC 40:3, and PC 42:4 may serve as early predictive serum markers for the presence of PCa.
A circuit within a circuit

Although the basic trisynaptic hippocampal circuit (Andersen et al. 1966) is one of the most extensively studied circuits in the brain, there remain classes of hippocampal neurons that are poorly understood. Most of these cells have been identified as interneurons by electrophysiological or immunohistochemical methods. However, a heterogeneous class of projection neurons in hippocampal CA1, containing both pyramidal and non-pyramidal morphologies, has been described that appears to be excitatory on grounds of ultrastructure and axonal labelling (radiatum giant cells, Gulyas et al. 1998). A paper by Bullis et al. (2007) in this issue of The Journal of Physiology extends our knowledge of a putative subset of these neurons in CA1 that the authors describe as pyramidal-like principal (PLP) neurons. These neurons display pyramidal morphologies with apical trunks and arborizations that extend into s. radiatum and s. lacunosum-moleculare, suggesting that the source of their input is similar to that of pyramidal cells. Only their somata, which lie in s. radiatum, suggest a difference from typical CA1 pyramids. Bullis et al. demonstrate using retrograde axonal labelling that PLPs project to the septum and olfactory bulb, demonstrating their role as principal cells. These subcortical projections of CA1, particularly the olfactory bulb, suggest a circuit distinct from the classic entorhinal–hippocampal–subicular–entorhinal loop. The relatively scarce PLPs, while embedded within CA1 and perhaps receiving similar input, may provide a direct top-down feedback signal to the bulb and other subcortical structures. Bullis et al. report that a major difference between PLPs and pyramidal cells is the density gradient of Ih channels along the apical trunk. Ih contributes to input resistance, resting membrane potential, resonant and oscillatory behaviour, and temporal integration (reviewed in Robinson & Siegelbaum, 2003). Input at distal sites is normalized by Ih, reducing the relative attenuation of distal EPSPs compared to proximal EPSPs. In large pyramidal neurons, such as those in CA1 and neocortical layer V, the density of Ih channels increases dramatically with increasing distance from the soma (Magee, 1998; Berger et al. 2001). Remarkably, the density of Ih channels in PLP dendrites decreases with distance from the soma. The other properties of Ih currents the authors examined were similar to those of CA1 pyramids. The reverse gradient of Ih suggests that, while PLPs likely receive input from similar sources to CA1 pyramids, the appropriate integration and normalization of synaptic input for neurons of this ‘circuit within a circuit’ differ qualitatively from the much more abundant pyramidal neurons.
Crystal field and magnetic heat capacity in PrIn3 and CeIn3

Abstract Heat capacities of LaIn 3 , CeIn 3 and PrIn 3 have been measured between 7 and 300°K. The LaIn 3 results fit a Debye curve with ϑ=170°K. PrIn 3 has a Schottky-type anomaly around 36°K, from which an overall crystal field splitting of about 170°K is derived, with the singlet Γ 1 as the lowest state. The heat capacity and magnetic behavior of PrIn 3 indicate a value of the crystal field parameter x in the range −0·8 to −0·6. CeIn 3 shows a Schottky anomaly around 60°K, which yields a crystal field splitting of 155°K (doublet lowest). A lambda-type anomaly is observed at 10·4±0·5°K, the Neel point. The magnetic entropy indicates that the doublet Γ 7 is the lowest level in CeIn 3 . The sign of the crystal field splitting is in both compounds in agreement with point charge predictions.
Scleritis in a Person with Stiff-Person Syndrome

Purpose: To describe a case of anterior scleritis in a patient with stiff-person syndrome. Methods: Case report. Results: A 55-year-old woman with stable stiff-person syndrome and off immunomodulatory therapy developed unilateral anterior scleritis, which resolved over three weeks with systemic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy. Conclusions: The authors are unaware of reports regarding the association of scleritis with stiff-person syndrome.
Effect of Acute Cocaine Injection on the Extracellular Level of Dopamine, Blood Flow, and Oxygen Pressure in Brain of Newborn Piglets

Abstract The present study examined the effects of acute cocaine administration on oxygen pressure in the vasculature of the cortex as well as on blood dow and extracellular levels of dopamine in the striatum of newborn piglets. The oxygen dependent quenching of phosphorescence was used to continuously monitor oxygen pressure in the vasculature of the cortex. Following acute cocaine injection (1.5 mg/kg iv) the cortical oxygen pressure rapidly decreased from 36.3 ± 1.2 to 32.9 ± 1.4 Torr and remained at the lower level during the 120 min of postinjection period during which measurements were made. Blood dow in striatum, as determined by laser Doppler, was decreased by 8-10% at 5 min after injection of cocaine. This decrease in blood flow was statistically significant up to 40 min postinjection. Extracellular dopamine, measured using in vivo micro dialysis, showed a large increase after cocaine injection. The dopamine level increased from 14 ± 7 to 88 ± 21 pmol/ml by 15 min after drug administration, then decreased to 45 ± 11 pmol/ml and remained stable for the 120 min post-injection period. The mechanism(s) by which the increase in the extracellular level of dopamine occurred may include a direct effect of cocaine on the dopamine transporter and/or an indirect effect due to the decrease in cerebral oxygenation and blood flow. The increase in extracellular dopamine can be responsible for several alterations in neuronal metabolism with potentially deleterious effects on neuronal function.
Development of limestone reservoirs in Comal County, Texas

The Edwards limestone, and to a lesser extent the Comanche Peak limestone and the lower part of the Glen Rose limestone below, all of Lower Cretaceous age, form one of the most extensive ground-water reservoirs in Texas. As a result of normal faulting, these formations are connected by underground channels to form a hydrologic unit which is partly artesian and partly unconfined. Observations in Comal County show that the development of the reservoir by solution is closely related to the geologic history, in which complex faulting and the disconformity between the Edwards and Georgetown limestones are important factors. Various phases of development are shown in different fault blocks, depending upon length of exposure at the surface. The Edwards limestone, which contains the main channels of underground drainage, is almost uniformly permeable from top to bottom, whereas the older, but more recently exposed lower part of the Glen Rose limestone is generally relatively impermeable except where exposed by mature streams.
Hexahydropyrimidines IX. Synthesis of 2-substituted-1,3-bis{2-methyl-4-[N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)-amino]benzyl}hexahydropyrimidines as transport molecules for tumor inhibition

A series of nitrogen mustard hexahydropyrimidines has been prepared by reacting N,N - bis {2 - methyl - 4 - [N,N - bis (2-chloroethyl)amino]benzyl} 1,3 - diaminopropane with various aldehydes and evaluated for antitumor activity against various test systems. Some of the aldehydes used herein for the preparation of hexahydropyrimidines were reported to cause temporary tumor regression in test animals. The majority of compounds were screened against Walker 256 in rats and KB cell culture.
Gruppe 47: Literature, Politics, and the Political Economy of Postwar Publishing

Scholars have long acknowledged the significance of Gruppe 47's close ties to the literary market. Group meetings from the early 1950s onward included a large number of media and publishing representatives. This is generally seen as a strong indicator of the group's success. However, the circumstances under which the group was able to form these market connections remain poorly understood. Studies tend to imply that there was a natural transition from literary merit to widespread public attention. This article reveals that the common perception hinges on a teleological bias. Gruppe 47's rise to success was neither linear nor self-evident. Most importantly, the group's success was not brought about by literary merit. Other factors had a far greater impact, including political orientation, and an organisational structure that facilitated market connections. As a model, the particular case of Gruppe 47 is indicative of both the potential and the drawbacks of any such institution: While a cultural organisation with close ties to the market is exceptionally effective at promoting and popularising talent, it is equally effective at eclipsing commensurate talent, especially outside its boundaries.
Modified PERT versus fractile assessment of subjective probability distributions

Abstract A technique of subjective probability distribution assessment of uncertain quantities based on a most likely, optimistic, and pessimistic estimate as used in PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) to manage large-scale projects, was compared to five direct fractile assessments. A beta probability density function was also fitted to each of the assessed distributions, compared, and then its parameters manipulated simultaneously using a scaling constant, to improve external calibration and accuracy. PERT assessments yielded somewhat looser subjective probability distributions than direct fractile assessments, and therefore fewer “surprises.” Beta density functions fit to tail fractiles were considerably tighter than beta densities fit to central fractiles. Tail fractile beta fits were also tighter than the assessed distributions, while central fractile beta fits were looser. For group generated proportions, the average underestimation bias of high valued uncertain quantities and overestimation bias of low valued uncertain quantities appeared to be reasonably well behaved. This suggested that each beta parameter might be manipulated separately using individual scaling constants as a method of recalibrating the assessor, to mitigate both the inherent biases of overconfidence (second moment bias) and departure of the .50 fractile from the true value (first moment bias). Further implications with respect to subjective probability distribution assessment and future research are discussed.
Field Evaluations on Soil Plant Transfer of Lead from an Urban Garden Soil

Lead (Pb) is one of the most common contaminants in urban soils. Gardening in contaminated soils can result in Pb transfer from soil to humans through vegetable consumption and unintentional direct soil ingestion. A field experiment was conducted in 2009 and 2010 in a community urban garden with a soil total Pb concentration of 60 to 300 mg kg. The objectives of this study were to evaluate soil-plant transfer of Pb, the effects of incorporation of a leaf compost as a means of reducing Pb concentrations in vegetables and the bioaccessibility of soil Pb, and the effects of vegetable cleaning techniques on the Pb concentrations in the edible portions of vegetables. The amount of compost added was 28 kg m. The tested plants were Swiss chard, tomato, sweet potato, and carrots. The vegetable cleaning techniques were kitchen cleaning, laboratory cleaning, and peeling. Compost addition diluted soil total Pb concentration by 29 to 52%. Lead concentrations of the edible portions of vegetables, except carrot, were below the maximum allowable limits of Pb established by the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization. Swiss chard and tomatoes subjected to kitchen cleaning had higher Pb concentrations than laboratory-cleaned plants. Cleaning methods did not affect Pb concentrations in carrots. Bioaccessible Pb in the compost-added soils was 20 to 30% less than that of the no-compost soils; compost addition reduced the potential of transferring soil Pb to humans via vegetable consumption and direct soil ingestion. Thorough cleaning of vegetables further reduced the potential of transferring soil Pb to humans.
Adaptation improves performance on a visual search task

Temporal context, or adaptation, profoundly affects visual perception. Despite the strength and prevalence of adaptation effects, their functional role in visual processing remains unclear. The effects of spatial context and their functional role are better understood: these effects highlight features that differ from their surroundings and determine stimulus salience. Similarities in the perceptual and physiological effects of spatial and temporal context raise the possibility that they serve similar functions. We therefore tested the possibility that adaptation can enhance stimulus salience. We measured the effects of prolonged (40 s) adaptation to a counterphase grating on performance in a search task in which targets were defined by an orientation offset relative to a background of distracters. We found that, for targets with small orientation offsets, adaptation reduced reaction times and decreased the number of saccades made to find targets. Our results provide evidence that adaptation may function to highlight features that differ from the temporal context in which they are embedded.
Elastic anisotropy of shales

Accompanying the resource potential of gas shales is a new interest in understanding the physical and petrophysical properties of shales. Shale by geochemical or stratigraphic measures is arguably the most common lithology encountered in sedimentary basins. Despite this, shales remain little studied while engineers and explorationists focused on conventional reservoirs. Geophysicists did this knowing full well that often a reflection coefficient from a reservoir was controlled by the shale properties of the cap rock. We compensated for this ignorance by arguing that shales are deposited in deepwater environments in which lateral and vertical changes are slow and therefore inconsequential. We further compounded this ignorance by assuming that the shales were isotropic. An example of the consequences of this ignorance was clearly documented by Margesson and Sondergeld (1999). Engineers share culpability for this ignorance too, since most of the drilling problems occur in shales and most of the lithologies d...
Arylsulfatase B (N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase): potential role as a biomarker in prostate cancer.

The enzyme arylsulfatase B (ARSB; N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase) degrades chondroitin-4-sulfate (C4S) and is reduced in malignant colonic and mammary tissues but has not previously been evaluated in prostate cancer. ARSB immunostaining was performed on two tissue microarrays (TMAs) and analyzed by digital image analysis, generating ARSB H-scores for prevalence and intensity of epithelial, stromal and combined epithelial and stromal immunostaining. Also, paired malignant and normal prostate tissues were analyzed for ARSB activity, C4S, total sulfated glycosaminoglycans and versican content. The quantities of C4S and of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that co-immunoprecipitated with versican were determined in the normal and malignant paired prostate tissues. Forty-four cases of prostate cancer were paired by age (±5 years), race, Gleason score (in order) and pathological TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) score. The pairs differed by recurrence vs non-recurrence of elevated PSA at ⩾4 years. When TMA cores were analyzed for ARSB H-score, 18 of the 22 pairs had lower ARSB H-scores in the recurrent member of the pair, whereas higher initial PSA values were associated with recurrence in only 65% of the paired cases. In a second TMA, Gleason scores 6 and 7 were associated with higher ARSB H-scores than Gleason scores 8 and 9 for stroma, epithelium and stroma and epithelium combined (P=0.052, P=0.015, P<0.0001, respectively) and were inversely correlated (r=−0.98, −0.97 and −0.99, respectively). In other paired normal and malignant prostate tissues, ARSB activity was significantly higher in the normal tissues, and C4S and versican values were lower (P<0.0001). C4S that co-immunoprecipitated with versican was greater in the malignant than in the normal tissue, whereas total EGFR that co-immunoprecipitated with versican was reduced. Study findings suggest that ARSB may be useful as a prognostic biomarker in prostate cancer and that the biological action of ARSB on chondroitin sulfate may impact upon versican’s effects in the tumor microenvironment.
SU‐E‐T‐116: Measuring Dose Distribution Accuracy in Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Gamma Knife Treatment Using MR Or CT Imaging

Purpose: This study aimed to establish a standard dosimetry protocol for HDR Ir‐192 sources using an ion chamber calibrated with a Co‐60 beam. We developed a dedicated device for ion chambermeasurements with a sandwich method and examined its measurement accuracy. Methods: A microSelectron‐v2 HDR Ir‐192 source was modeled with the EGSnrc/egs_chamber code. The accuracy of modeling was confirmed by comparing calculated results for gL (r) and F(r, angle) with those of TG‐43. First, an optimal source‐to‐chamber (SCD) separation for Ir‐192 dosimetry was determined from measurements with a PTW 31010 chamber at distances of 1.5–5 cm from the source center in water. The measuredionization chamber reading was corrected with the Monte Carlo‐calculated energy response for Co‐60 and Ir‐192, and was converted to the absorbed dose to water. The measured doses were compared with TPS values based on TG‐43. We developed a dedicated device for ion chambermeasurements with a sandwich method at the optimal SCD separation. The average dose measured with two EXRADIN A1SL chambers was compared with the TPS value. Results: Calculated gL (r) and F(r, angle) values agreed well with those of TG‐43. The absorbed dose to water measured with the PTW31010 chamber was 3% lower than that of TPS at a distance of 5 cm and was 3%‐7% lower at distances less than 5 cm. This was addressed to the uncertainty of the chamber positioning. We made a sandwich measurement device with the separation of 5 cm, considering the uncertainty of positioning and measurement time. The dose to water with the sandwich method was in agreement with that of TG‐43 within −1.2%. Conclusions: The optimal distance for ion chambermeasurements was at 5 cm from the Ir‐192 source. The dose to water measurement with the sandwich method is useful for daily dose management for Ir‐192 sources.
Reversed shunting across the ductus arteriosus or atrial septum in utero heralds severe congenital heart disease

Abstract Objectives . This study was performed to define the significance of Doppler color flow mapping in demonstrating reversal of the direction of the normal physiologic flow across the atrial septum and ductus arteriosus in the human fetus. Background . Reversal of the physiologic shunting across the ductus arteriosus or atrial septum in utero (i.e., left to right) can be readily identified by Doppler color flow mapping, complemented by pulsed and continuous wave Doppler information. Methods . We reviewed echocardiograms recorded at our three institutions from 1988 to 1993, which displayed reversal of flow by Doppler color flow in 53 fetuses of gestational age 18 weeks to term. The diagnoses were confirmed by postnatal echocardiography, operation or autopsy. Reversal of shunting was consistently associated with severe heart disease. Results . Reversed atrial shunting was found with severe left heart obstructive lesions, including 19 with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, 3 with critical aortic stenosis, 2 with double-outlet right ventricle and 1 each with an interrupted aortic arch, atrioventricular septal defect and severe left ventricular dysfunction due to dilated cardiomyopathy. Reversed ductus arteriosus shunting was found with severe right heart obstructive lesions, including nine fetuses with pulmonary atresia, six with severe obstructive tricuspid valve abnormalities, five with severe tetralogy of Fallot, four with Ebstein's anomaly and two with single ventricle and pulmonary stenosis. Associated cardiac lesions were common in both groups. Only 3 of the 15 infants who were delivered alive from the reverse ductus arteriosus shunt group and 4 of 12 from the reverse atrial shunt group still survive. Conclusions . The finding of reversed flow by Doppler color flow mapping during fetal life provides a key to subsequent accurate diagnosis and denotes a spectrum of diseases with a very poor prognosis.
Effects of parental supportiveness on toddlers' emotion regulation over the first three years of life in a low-income African American sample.

Le but de cette etude etait d'examiner la maniere dont le soutien parental et le sexe des enfants sont lies a la regulation de l'emotion des jeunes enfants au fil du temps chez les meres noires americaines de milieu defavorise et leurs enfants (n = 803). Les donnees pour cette etude ont ete recueillies dans le contexte d'un projet de recherche et d'evaluation du programme americain Early Head Start (le projet est appele EHSRE), un programme destine a aider les enfants americains de milieu defavorise. A partir d'un modele de courbe de croissance latente les resultats ont indique que le soutien parental predisait les capacites des jeunes enfants a reguler l'emotion, en moyenne (interceptions), et les taux de croissance du soutien parental a predit les taux de croissance dans la regulation de l'emotion au fil du temps (pente), au dela des effets du statut de risque parental initial, du sexe de l'enfant, des effets des traitements du Early Head Start, et de l'emotionalite du nourrisson. Cependant, le soutien parental au fil du temps n'a pas predit de maniere differentielle la regulation des jeunes enfants au fil du temps pour les garcons, compare aux filles. Les resultats suggerent que le soutien parental peut representer une forme subtile de socialisation de l'emotion en offrant un contexte dans lequel les jeunes enfants peuvent mieux utiliser leurs meres comme resource efficace pour la gestion des emotions. Les professionnels devraient, avec les parents, mettre l'accent sur le role des interactions parent-enfant en tant que contexte pour le developpement. Le manque de differences selon le sexe suggere que le parentage differentiel envers les garcons et les filles, evident dans les recherches avec des enfants plus âges, n'est pas encore present dans la toute jeune enfance. Le fait de reconnaitre tres tot des similarites dans le parentage quelque soit le groupe racial et d'etre sensible aux differences qui peuvent emerger plus tard permettra aux professionnels d'offrir un contexte culturellement respecteux.
“You Teach for Me; I've Had It!” A First-Year Teacher's Cry for Help

Abstract This case study describes the impact of high-stakes testing on a first-year teacher's literacy instruction. Results indicated that content from literacy methods courses was often abandoned in favor of compliance to a test preparatory program. As an intervention, I began teaching in the third-grade classroom while the beginning teacher observed. This model highlights the need for further consideration regarding the role of teacher educators in preparing and mentoring beginning teachers.
Growths of the gingiva and palate. II. Connective tissue tumors

Abstract In a survey of the literature concerning the so-called epulis, differences in opinion concerning this lesion were encountered. The conflicting terminology made an accurate identification of this lesion on the gingivae and palate difficult. A careful morphologic study permitted their being arranged into various groups according to their structure. The lesions in each group possessed a definite type of structure different from that of any other group. Thus each type constitutes a pathologic entity. Connective tissue tumors make up one such group. They constitute 23 per cent of all growths found on the gingiva and palate in the material studied. The sex, age distribution, and the location of these lesions are somewhat similar to the inflammatory group, i.e., they occur more frequently in females, are found more commonly during the fourth and fifth decades, and are situated more often on the maxilla rather than on the mandible. Fibromas and giant-cell tumors are the two most frequent connective tissue tumors found on the gingivae and palate. Other tumors, such as lipoma, angioma, osteofibroma, myxoma, fibrosarcoma, and melanoma occur also, but they are less frequent than the fibromas and giant-cell tumors.
High concentration of hexacosanoate in cultured skin fibroblast lipids from adrenoleukodystrophy patients.

Abstract Cultured skin fibroblasts from nine patients with the clinical diagnosis of adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) and 16 control individuals were studied for fatty acid compositions. Total lipids from 7 of the 9 ALD samples showed a high content of hexacosanoic acid (26:0) and a higher ratio of 26:0 to 22:0 acids (0.78–0.92) than the controls (0.03 to 0.09). The samples obtained from two patients with atypical marifestations had a ratio similar to control values. A similar abnormality was demonstrated in the sphingomyelin fatty acids. Diagnosis of ALD and study of its disease mechanism may thus be feasible in skin fibroblast cultures.
Relative mass defect filtering of high-resolution mass spectra for exploring minor selenium volatiles in selenium-enriched green onions.

In this study, the presence of minor Se-containing volatiles in Se-enriched green onions (Allium fistulosum) was investigated using the combination of high-resolution mass spectrometry, inductively...
Synthesis of methylene cyclopropane analogs of arachidonic acid. Potential mechanism-based inhibitors of leukotriene biosynthesis

Abstract The synthesis of methylene cyclopropane arachidonic acid analogs 1 and 2 is described.
Identification and characterization of membrane estrogen receptor from MCF7 estrogen-target cells

Estrogens control the proliferation of estrogen-target cells through a receptor mediated pathway. We have recently presented evidence that estradiol cancels the proliferative inhibition exerted by albumin on estrogen-target cells (indirect-negative hypothesis). We postulate that this mechanism requires the presence of a membrane estrogen receptor (mER)–membrane albumin receptor complex. Confirmation for mERα in MCF7 cells is now made using both the C542 monoclonal and ER-21 polyclonal antibodies (Ab)s specific for ERα. Western blot analysis of purified membrane proteins with ERα Abs revealed multiple high Mr mERs (92 k, 110 k, and 130 k Mr), as well as a 67 k Mr mER; immunoreactive proteins were competed by inclusion of 500-fold molar excess C542 peptide. Ligand blot analysis of similar extracts with estradiol-peroxidase identified several potential mERs as well; two of these proteins were also recognized by C542 and ER-21 Abs (110 and 67 k Mr). Fluorescence, confocal and electron microscopy of MCF7 cells fixed in 2.0% paraformaldehyde/0.1% glutaraldehyde identified specific mERα sites by immunocytochemistry. Specific binding of 3H-17β-estradiol was reduced by a 200-fold molar excess of unlabeled 17β-estradiol, but not by testosterone and progesterone. These results suggest that the ER on the plasma membrane of MCF7 cells is similar, but not identical to its intracellular counterpart. We propose that the observed mER actively participates in the estrogen-mediated proliferation of MCF7 cells.
Modified sham feeding of sweet solutions in women with anorexia nervosa.

Abstract Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a disorder of self-starvation characterized by decreased meal size and food intake. While it is possible that reduced food intake in AN reflects an excess of inhibitory factors, e.g., cognitive inhibition related to fear of weight gain or abnormal postingestive negative feedback, it is also possible that decreased intake reflects diminished orosensory stimulation of food intake. This has been difficult to test directly because the amount of food ingested during a test meal by patients with AN reflects an integration of orosensory excitatory, and cognitive, learned, and postingestive inhibitory controls of eating. To begin to dissociate these controls, we adapted the modified sham feeding technique (MSF) to measure the intake of a series of sweetened solutions in the absence of postingestive stimulation. Subjects with AN ( n = 24) and normal controls (NC, n = 10) were randomly presented with cherry Kool Aid® solutions sweetened with five concentrations of aspartame (0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.08 and 0.28%) in a closed opaque container fitted with a straw. They were instructed to sip as much as they wanted of the solution during 15 1-minute trials and to spit the fluid out into another opaque container. Subjects with AN sipped less unsweetened solution than NC ( p per se was not different in AN and NC. Since MSF eliminated postingestive and presumably cognitive inhibitory controls, and the orosensory response to sweet taste was not different in AN than NC, we conclude that decreased intake by AN subjects under these conditions reflects the increased inhibition characteristic of this disorder that is presumably learned, with a possible contribution of decreased potency of orosensory stimulation by the sipped solutions.
Fine control of the porous structure and chromatographic properties of monodisperse macroporous poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) beads prepared using polymer porogens

The porous structure of monodisperse macroporous beads can be controlled by using soluble polymers with well-defined structural characteristics as part of the porogenic mixture. In general, the use of linear polystyrene as a porogen in the preparation of poly (styrene-co-divinylbenzene) beads shifts the pore size distribution towards larger pores. While a direct correlation between pore size and molecular weight of the porogen has been established, the chemical composition of the polymer porogen has no effect on the porous and chromatographic properties of the beads. These findings suggest that the average molar volume of the porogenic system is important while the miscibility of the polymer porogen with the crosslinked polymer that is formed is of little relevance. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An X-ray collimator design for raster scanning geometries

Recent developments in X-ray imaging have resulted in a number of modalities using scanned X-ray beams to expose radiographic film or electronic detector arrays. Among these techniques are those focused on improving scatter rejection by scanning-slit or rotating-wheel techniques. This note outlines a simple variation of the conventional wheel collimator geometry which preserves a constant beam velocity along the length of the scan line and allows a significant reduction in wheel size.
Microwave properties of ferroelectric thin films

Abstract The microwave properties of ferroelectric thin films are being investigated. Interdigitated capacitors fabricated on ferroelectric thin films of Sr0.5Ba0.5TiO3 have been characterized at room temperature from 50 MHz to 20 GHz. The relative dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent of the ferroelectric thin film are then extracted using a conformal-mapping based approach. For large dielectric constants the upper frequency limit for which the conformal-mapping technique is valid can be as low as 5 GHz. This information is being used to optimize the ferroelectric film deposition process for microwave device application. Results indicate that this technology will compare favorably with conventional varactors above a few GHz, and should be useful for tunable microwave circuits in some 300 K applications.
Leveraging Resonant-Orbit Manifolds to Design Transfers Between Libration-Point Orbits

Resonant orbits have been widely employed in mission design for planetary flyby trajectories (Jupiter Europa Orbiter) and, more recently, as a source of long-term stability (Interstellar Boundary Explorer). Yet, resonant orbits have not been explored extensively as transfer mechanisms between nonresonant orbits in multibody systems. To highlight the benefit of employing resonant orbits for transfers and given the increased interest in employing libration-point orbits for a variety of purposes, planar and three-dimensional transfers from a low Earth orbit to the vicinity of the Earth–moon libration points via resonant arcs are constructed. Solutions are efficiently generated in the circular restricted three-body model, and transitioned to a higher-fidelity model for validation. Direct optimization techniques are applied to further reduce the propellant requirements, and a system translation process is defined to allow for the quick translation of Earth–moon transfers to other three-body systems.
Development of a microslide agglutination assay with the aid of an inexpensive projection microscope.

A microslide agglutination assay was developed involving the mixing of 2.5 microl each of antiserum and a cell suspension of Listeria monocytogenes. Cell agglutination in the final volume of 5.0 microl was visually observed at a direct magnification of 22 x on the projection screen of an inexpensive 20 US dollar projection microscope. The procedure has the advantage of increasing by a factor of 20 the number of agglutination assays that can be performed with a given volume of antiserum with the use of an inexpensive optical projection system.
Sorbic acid stability during processing and storage of an intermediate moisture cheese analog.

The chemical stability of sorbic acid during processing and storage of intermediate moisture foods was determined using a soybean based cheese analog. Samples prepared with 0.57 to 4.24% homogeneously distributed K-sorbate showed losses of less than 25% after 40 days storage at 35°C, 88% RH air and in the dark. Heating (2 h in an 85°C water bath) resulted in no significant sorbic acid losses. Samples with surface applications of 1 mg sorbic acid/cm2 showed no detectable losses after 10 days storage under the same conditions. Furthermore, the stability of the preservative was not affected by growth of Staphylococcus aureus S-6.
A restoratively driven ridge categorization, as determined by incorporating ideal restorative positions on radiographic templates utilizing computed tomography scan analysis.

Background: The introduction of implants into the field of dentistry has revolutionized the way we evaluate edentulous ridges. In an attempt to evaluate the deficient edentulous ridge, numerous classification systems have been proposed. Each of these classification systems implements a different approach for evaluating and planning treatment for the ridge deficiency. Purpose: The purpose of the present investigation was to propose a restoratively driven ridge categorization (RDRC) for horizontal ridge deformities based on an ideal implant position as determined through implant simulation, utilizing computed tomography (CT) scan images. Materials and Methods: Radiographic templates were developed to capture the ideal restorative tooth position. Measurements were performed using CT scan software in a cross-sectional view and by virtual placement of a parallel-sided implant with a 3.25-mm diameter. Results: Edentulous ridges were divided into five groupings: Group I, simulated implants with at least 2 mm of facial bone, accounted for 19.4% of ridges; Group II, simulated implant completely surrounded by bone, with less than 2 mm of facial plate thickness, accounted for 10.4% of ridges; Group III, wherein dehiscences are detected but no fenestrations are present, accounted for 33.3% of ridges; Group IV, wherein fenestrations are detected but no dehiscence is present, accounted for 6.3% of ridges; and Group V, wherein both dehiscences and fenestrations are present, accounted for 30.6% of ridges. Conclusion: The use of RDRC indicates that a high number of cases in the maxillary anterior area would require augmentation procedures in order to achieve ideal implant placement and restoration.
Coherent Beam Combination Via Microparticle Plasma Modes

Recently Hache, Ricard and Flytzanis have reported interesting observations and calculations on phase conjugation via degenerate four-wave mixing in gold colloids. The generation of phase conjugate radiation in these media arises from and reflects the creation of static index grating imposed on the electronic wave functions within the microparticies. These encouraging findings motivate us to consider the possibility of generating moving index gratings in these media with possible applications to coherent beam combination.
The role of psychological stress and prior experience in the use of personal protective equipment

This study examines the relationship of emergency response experience and psychological stress with personal protective equipment (PPE) use. Effective PPE use was assessed by behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) and by a subjective state change measure (SSCM) of PPE use. Participants, consisting of 141 emergency response team members of a chemical manufacturing organization, were evaluated in a series of field simulations where PPE was used. Subjects completed a series of paper and pencil questionnaires measuring anxiety, type A behavior, anger expression, and a knowledge test concerning chemical emergency response. Results indicated that self-estimates of PPE skill were better predictors of observed BARS performance than knowledge scores, the amount of formal training, or emergency response experience. Effective performance scores were related to knowledge and experience in PPE use and negatively related to the outward expression of anger. Discomfort in using PPE was significantly correlated with experience using protective gear, positive teamwork-effectiveness ratings, and lower levels of anxiety symptoms.