cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stains in microbiology and molecular biology

H. J. Conn of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station was the founder and leader of the Commission on the Standardization of Biological Stains. This Commission ultimately evolved into the present Biological Stain Commission. Conn did much to determine the chemistry of stains and to promote their applications in biology. Interestingly, Conn was a microbiologist and co-authored an early textbook entitled `` Bacteriology ’’ (Williams and Wilkins, 1st ed., 1923). It was ® tting for the Biological Stain Commission, at its 79th annual meeting, to convene a scienti® c session devoted to microbiological stains and stains employed in contemporary molecular biology. The most important stain in microbiology is the Gram stain. The mechanism of this empirical stain remained unresolved until Terry Beveridge and his colleagues (University of Guelph) developed seminal techniques to show that the Gram-positive character was due to physical entrapment of the dye. During the 1980s, Beveridge et al. published the de® nitive work on the Gram stain mechanism. In the scienti® c session, Dr Beveridge reviewed the history of the Gram stain and provided a critical description of its mechanism. During the past several decades important new stains have been discovered that proved to have signi® cant use in the clinical diagnostic microbiology laboratory. Dyes are available that speci® cally stain capsules, ¯ agella, spores, nucleic acids, polyphosphates, polysaccharides, lipids and proteins. Dr Berneice Madison (Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta) described the most commonly employed stains in diagnostic microbiology. She not only provided a lucid discussion of the general properties of the stains, but gave speci® c applications and de® ned their limits and reliabilities as well. During the past three decades, molecular biology has emerged as an essential component of all aspects of biology and medicine. Molecular biology assumed its elevated position partially because techniques were developed for electrophoresis and blotting. These techniques required the use of new and sensitive stains to detect minute amounts of protein and/or nucleic acids. Dr Lisa Williams (University of Louisville) gave an elegant overview of most of the stains utilized to detect molecules on gels and blots. Her presentation not only provided a background on the mechanisms of the individual dyes and stains, but also included examples of their use. Science is incremental. The genius of Conn and others early in the 20th century is now paying large dividends for scientists in the 21st century.
Fixed-Priority Allocation and Scheduling for Energy-Efficient Fault Tolerance in Hard Real-Time Multiprocessor Systems

Energy-efficient task allocation and scheduling schemes with deterministic fault-tolerance capabilities are proposed for symmetric multiprocessor systems executing tasks with hard real-time constraints. The proposed heuristic is proven to achieve energy savings by optimally balancing application workload among processors in a system. Based on the observation that fault-free operation is expected to remain dominant in the near future and the probability of the worst case faults is low, an optimistic fault-tolerant heuristic is then proposed to achieve maximum energy savings in the absence of faults while degrading gradually to meet application timing requirements in the worst case of faults. Simulation results show that compared to state-of-art allocation and scheduling schemes proposed heuristic achieves average energy savings of up to 70%. It is also shown that optimistic approach is more resilient to variations in application utilizations and fault occurrences beyond system specifications.
Peptide-conjugated antisense oligonucleotides for targeted inhibition of a transcriptional regulator in vivo

Transcription factors are important targets for the treatment of a variety of malignancies but are extremely difficult to inhibit, as they are located in the cell's nucleus and act mainly by protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions. The transcriptional regulators Id1 and Id3 are attractive targets for cancer therapy as they are required for tumor invasiveness, metastasis and angiogenesis. We report here the development of an antitumor agent that downregulates Id1 effectively in tumor endothelial cells in vivo. Efficient delivery and substantial reduction of Id1 protein levels in the tumor endothelium were effected by fusing an antisense molecule to a peptide known to home specifically to tumor neovessels. In two different tumor models, systemic delivery of this drug led to enhanced hemorrhage, hypoxia and inhibition of primary tumor growth and metastasis, similar to what is observed in Id1 knockout mice. Combination with the Hsp90 inhibitor 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin yielded virtually complete growth suppression of aggressive breast tumors.
Multiuser detection in fast-fading multipath environments

We propose a new framework for multiuser detection in fast-fading channels that are encountered in many mobile communication scenarios. Existing multiuser RAKE receivers, developed to combat multipath fading and multiuser interference in slow fading, suffer substantial degradation in performance under fast fading due to errors in channel state estimation. The detectors proposed in this paper employ a novel receiver structure based on time-frequency (TF) processing that is dictated by a canonical representation of the wide-sense stationary uncorrelated scatterer (WSSUS) channel model. The workhorse of the framework is a TF generalization of the RAKE receiver that exploits joint multipath-Doppler diversity. Analytical and simulated results based on realistic fast-fading assumptions demonstrate that the proposed multiuser detectors promise substantially improved performance compared to existing systems due to the inherently higher level of diversity afforded by multipath-Doppler processing.
Triple-Quantum Two-Dimensional 27Al Magic-Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Study of Aluminosilicate and Aluminate Crystals and Glasses

A new two-dimensional magic-angle spinning NMR experiment1,2 using multiple-quantum coherences of half-integer quadrupolar nuclei was used to study 27Al sites in crystalline samples of leucite (KAlSi2O6), anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8), and kyanite (Al2SiO5), as well as CaAl2Si2O8 glass and a magnesium aluminoborate glass. In the crystals, multiple sites are partially resolved and new results for isotropic chemical shifts and quadrupolar parameters are derived, using data collected at a single magnetic field. Data for both leucite and anorthite are consistent with previous results that correlate chemical shifts with mean intertetrahedral bond angle. Signal can be obtained from sites with quadrupolar coupling constants as large as 9 MHz, but intensities are reduced. In the aluminoborate glass, peaks for sites with different Al coordination numbers are well separated. The lack of such features in CaAl2Si2O8 glass rules out the presence of significant quantities of AlO5 and AlO6 groups.
SURGICAL VARIABLES AFFECTING SWALLOWING IN PATIENTS TREATED FOR ORAL/OROPHARYNGEAL CANCER

Background. Postoperative swallowing function may be influenced by a number of treatment variables; this study examines the relationship of various treatment factors to measures of swallow function. Methods. Swallowing was examined with the modified barium swallow procedure in 144 patients surgically treated for oral or oropharyngeal cancer 3 months after healing. Univariate and multivariate correlations were used to examine the relation- ship between swallowing function and treatment. Results. Percent tongue base resected and total volume resected were most often correlated with swallowing function in the univariate analyses. Multivariate analyses identified the
Adapting training to international standards: a case study in aviation English training

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has mandated that pilots and air traffic controllers around the world meet or exceed a set standard of English Language Proficiency by 2008. This paper presents a case study of an English language training company's adaptation of its Aviation English training program to match ICAO goals and to help clients meet the mandated level of proficiency.
Reconfigurable control design: achieving stability robustness and failure tracking

This paper is concerned with the design of reconfigurable controls for fault tolerant control systems. The task is to seek for reconfigurable control laws that also effectively facilitate the acquisition of information used for diagnostic purposes. The overall control system performance is measured by a control performance index and a diagnostic performance index. A set of controllers is first designed to achieve a certain control performance level. Then an optimized diagnostic performance level is achieved by using the remaining degree of freedom in the controller. Simple relationships can be established between the two performance indices, which can be used as a guideline to reiterate the design. Technical discussion of the paper is focused on the selection of control criterion that guarantees robust stability in the presence of failures, and on the selection of locations where diagnostic signals are acquired. >
New Evidence for Beneficial Effects of Statins Unrelated to Lipid Lowering

Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (statins) constitute the single most powerful class of hypolipidemic drugs currently available. Their efficacy in reducing coronary morbidity and mortality has been established by several large secondary and primary intervention trials (reviewed in Reference 11 ). Remarkably, in some of these trials, survival curves began to diverge within a relatively short period, presumably too short to achieve a significant reduction of preexisting atheroma2 or to prevent progression of lesions to clinically relevant stages. This suggests that effects of statins other than lesion regression contribute to the rapid reduction of coronary symptoms. During the past several years, numerous additional effects of statins on vascular cells have been identified that could modulate atherogenesis, plaque rupture, or thrombosis. Some of these appear to be independent of cholesterol lowering.3 4 For example, statins upregulate nitric oxide (NO) expression by interfering with the posttranscriptional regulation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS).5 6 Evidence for the importance of this mechanism in vivo was provided by the observation that statins inhibit ischemic cerebral stroke induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in normal but not in eNOS-deficient mice.7 Other potentially protective effects of statins on endothelial cells include an increased fibrinolytic activity through enhanced expression of tissue plasminogen activator and platelet activator inhibitor-1.8 In smooth muscle cell cultures, statins inhibit proliferation9 and stimulate apoptosis.10 Monocyte recruitment into the vascular intima in response to inflammatory cytokines may also be affected by statins, which inhibit the expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 by stimulated peripheral blood monocytes and endothelial cells.11 Such pleiotropic effects of statins are not altogether surprising. In addition to reducing cholesterol …
EXPENSE PREFERENCE AND MINORITY BANKING: A NOTE

Previous research has concluded that, in comparison to nonminority institutions, minority-owned banks have lower profitability and higher operating costs. This note examines such findings in the context of the expense preference theory of managerial behavior. Rather than focusing on the effect of regulated product markets, however, this research investigated whether imperfections in the capital markets, introduced through government deposit programs making low-cost funds available to participating minority banks, were associated with expense preference practices by minority bank managers. The results suggest that managers of minority banks did not practice the traditional forms of expense preference but instead appeared to act in a manner consistent with public policy objectives.
ESTIMATES AND TESTS OF PER CAPITA INTERACTION STRENGTH: DIET, ABUNDANCE, AND IMPACT OF INTERTIDALLY FORAGING BIRDS

Predicting the dynamics of natural food webs requires estimates of the strength of interactions among species. The ability to estimate per capita interaction strength from observational data is desirable because of the logistical difficulty of using experimental manipulations to obtain such measures for all species within complex natural communities. In this paper, I derive observational measures of per capita interaction strength having units matching those of dynamic food web models (per capita consumption and assimilation rates). I also highlight the difference between per capita interaction strength (a parameter used in theoretical models) and species impact (empirical measures of total species effect). I then use behavioral observations and population censuses in a rocky intertidal community to estimate both per capita interaction strengths and species impacts on invertebrate prey of Glaucous-winged Gulls ( Larus glaucescens), American Black Oystercatchers (Haema- topus bachmani), and Northwestern Crows (Corvus caurinus). Estimated per capita inter- action strengths exhibited a skewed distribution with many weak interactions and few strong interactions: mean 6 1 SD of log10(interaction strength) 52 1.95 6 1.40 (bird-day/m of shore) 21 . Per capita interaction strength correlated poorly ( r 2 5 0.152-0.157) and nonlinearly with both consumption rates and percentage contribution of a prey species to the diet. Using my observational estimates of per capita interaction strengths, I predicted the species impact of bird predation on different prey taxa. Predictions included strong effects of birds on goose barnacles (Pollicipes polymerus), limpets (Lottia and Tectura spp.), sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus spp.), and large starfish (Pycnopodia helianthoidesand Solaster stimp- soni), but little effect on mussels ( Mytilus californianusand M. trossulus), dogwhelk snails (Nucella spp.), and acorn barnacles (Semibalanus cariosus). I compared nine of the pre- dictions with 126 results of experimental manipulations of birds. The predictions agreed both qualitatively and quantitatively with the experimental results. These findings suggest that observational measures of interaction strength that have units matching those of dy- namical food web models may be reasonable to use in estimating those found in natural communities.
From “atomic bomb baby” to “nuclear funeral”: Atomic music comes of age, 1945–1990

(1990). From “atomic bomb baby” to “nuclear funeral”: Atomic music comes of age, 1945–1990. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 11-37.
Current concepts of amyloid.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the structure, chemistry, immunology, cellular origin, metabolism, and possibly the pathogenesis of amyloid. The simplest and most widely used classification of amyloidosis is based on the four major categories introduced by Reimann. Primary amyloid occurs with no known antecedent or coexistent disease and usually involves mesodermal tissues, such as smooth or skeletal muscle, or the cardiovascular system. Generally there is variability in staining of the deposits with Congo red, iodine, and metachromatic dyes. Secondary amyloid is usually associated with chronic diseases, such as infections, neoplasms, neurological disorders, or connective tissue diseases—especially rheumatoid arthritis. It generally involves spleen, liver, kidney, intestines, and adrenals and tends to have reproducible and characteristic staining properties with the above mentioned dyes. Amyloid associated with myeloma tends to resemble the primary type but is invariably associated with a neoplasm involving plasma cells or lymphocytes—such as multiple myeloma, macroglobulinemia, or heavy chain disease. Tumor-forming amyloid is characterized by the small masses of amyloid in the skin, eye, bladder, urethra, respiratory tract, or other organs and is generally unassociated with any underlying disease.
Vaginal cytology for prediction of onset of labor.

Abstract An evaluation of the vaginal cytologic changes occurring during the last 6 weeks of gestation was carried out in 355 pregnant women. Cytologic changes in the vaginal smears that would indicate approaching labor or the likelihood of successful induction of labor do not occur regularly at the end of pregnancy. The gradual changes in and the variations of smear patterns make the prediction of the onset of labor quite difficult. These findings are at variance with those reported by others. Vaginal cytology as a tool in predicting the onset of labor appears to be of little practical value.
Pathobiology of magnesium deficiency: a cytokine/neurogenic inflammation hypothesis.

During the progression of Mg deficiency in a rodent model, we have observed dramatic increases in serum levels of inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necro...
Buckling of Circular Arches Under Nonuniform Pressure

The equations of an earlier article are applied to the buckling of circular elastic arches under nonuniform pressure. The earlier work used the Winkler-Bach theory of bending to obtain general equations for the behavior of circular arches composed of linearly elastic material. In that paper, the authors formulated an eigenvalue problem for computation of the critical load. The present paper demonstrates that these equations are applicable to nonuniform pressure, provided that the rebuckling deflections are small. A description of how the critical value of a nonuniform load is obtained from known eigenvalues by a supplementary computation is included. The latter is a routine calculation involving only the prebuckling deformation; this is illustrated by an example.
Is Foreign Exchange Delta Hedging Risk Priced

If there is no priced risk - including volatility risk - associated with hedging an option, then expected delta hedging errors should be zero. This paper finds that delta hedging errors of a synthetic at-the-money call option on foreign exchange futures are significantly positive and cannot be explained by standard asset pricing models. However, we cannot rule out the hypothesis that delta hedging errors reflect rational pricing; foreign exchange volatility and stock market volatility predict them. Moreover, foreign exchange volatility also predicts excess stock market returns, indicating that foreign exchange volatility risk might be priced because of its relation to foreign exchange level risk.
Immunohistochemistry and In Situ Hybridization in Pancreatic Neoplasia

There are many types of pancreatic neoplasms. Pathologic examination, which includes both routine (e.g., hematoxylin-and-eosin staining) and ancillary (e.g., immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization) techniques, is essential in correctly typing a pancreatic neoplasm. This chapter focuses on the use of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in the differentiation of pancreatic neoplasms. The materials and methods of these two techniques are described in detail.
The impact of aging, hearing loss, and body weight on mouse hippocampal redox state, measured in brain slices using fluorescence imaging

The relationships between oxidative stress in the hippocampus and other aging-related changes such as hearing loss, cortical thinning, or changes in body weight are not yet known. We measured the redox ratio in a number of neural structures in brain slices taken from young and aged mice. Hearing thresholds, body weight, and cortical thickness were also measured. We found striking aging-related increases in the redox ratio that were isolated to the stratum pyramidale, while such changes were not observed in thalamus or cortex. These changes were driven primarily by changes in flavin adenine dinucleotide, not nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride. Multiple regression analysis suggested that neither hearing threshold nor cortical thickness independently contributed to this change in hippocampal redox ratio. However, body weight did independently contribute to predicted changes in hippocampal redox ratio. These data suggest that aging-related changes in hippocampal redox ratio are not a general reflection of overall brain oxidative state but are highly localized, while still being related to at least one marker of late aging, weight loss at the end of life.
Ceramic specialization and agricultural marginality : Do ethnographic models explain the development of specialized pottery production in the prehistoric American southwest?

Ethnographic data indicate that historically, ceramic specialization is strongly correlated with agricultural and economic marginality. Where such specialization is concentrated geographically, it often is found in areas having agriculturally poor lands (Arnold 1985). Although this association is well established for modern-day and historic peasant communities, the degree to which this pattern extended into prehistory is unknown. In this paper, I evaluate the applicability of the agricultural marginality model to the prehistoric American Southwest by considering evidence from six areas where specialized pottery production is known to have occurred. The data from these areas suggest that, in the prehistoric Southwest, agricultural marginality was not the primary or sole factor leading to the adoption of part-time ceramic specializations. To understand why the ethnographic model does not apply to the prehistoric Southwest, attention must be focused on understanding the differing social and economic contexts within which prehistoric farmers and historic and modern-day peasants operated.
Time-domain solution of vector wave equations by Taylor expansion

In a recent publication we have described a method for solving a general class of wave equations by Taylor expansion.1
E-014 Effect of carotid artery stenting on cognitive function in patients with carotid artery stenosis: one year outcomes

Background Carotid artery stenosis may be a cause of reduced cognitive performance. We have previously demonstrated that stent revascularization resulted in short term improvement in cognitive testing. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the long term durability of improved cognitive performance 1 year after carotid stenting. Methods Patients referred for stenting of a unilateral carotid artery stenosis were enrolled in the study. Neuropsychological testing was performed with a Mini-Mental Status Examination, an extended mental status examination, a subjective cognitive status measure and a psychomotor performance speed test. The severity of stenosis was measured on angiography performed prior to stenting. One year after stenting, CT angiography was performed to ensure no restenosis had occurred and neuropsychological testing was repeated. Differences in neuropsychological test scores pre- and post-stenting were calculated and tested for significance with a Student t test. Result 13 patients with a single unilateral greater than 50% carotid stenosis completed the study. The stenosis of the carotid artery averaged 84% prior to treatment and 9% after treatment. Post-stenting, the extended mental status examination was significantly improved. There was also significant improvement in delayed memory at 1 year that was not present at the 3 month follow-up. The subjective cognitive status measure also improved. No significant change was noted in the Mini-Mental Status Examination or in the speed of psychomotor performance. Conclusion Carotid artery stenting in patients with a unilateral carotid artery stenosis resulted in significant long term improvements in cognitive test scores, most notably delayed memory.
Polynomials with large numbers of prime values

(1990). Polynomials With Large Numbers of Prime Values. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 97, No. 4, pp. 316-317.
Thyroxine-Induced Regression of Tadpole Lymph Glands

SummaryThis preliminary investigation was designed to determine if thyroxine has any direct observable effect upon the larval lymph gland in vitro. Both lymph glands were aseptically removed from Rana catesbeiana larvae. One gland from each tadpole was maintained in vitro in medium containing 10 μg/ml of l-thyroxine. The contralateral glands served as control cultures and were maintained on the same medium without hormone. After eight days of culture, hormone-treated glands showed signs of degeneration as evidenced by fibrosis and loss of lymphoid cells, but control glands remained intact. Thyroxine, therefore, appears to have a direct effect upon the larval lymph gland in vitro.
Premature polyadenylation of MAGI3 produces a dominantly-acting oncogene in human breast cancer

Genetic mutation, chromosomal rearrangement and copy number amplification are common mechanisms responsible for generating gain-of-function, cancer-causing alterations. Here we report a new mechanism by which premature cleavage and polyadenylation (pPA) of RNA can produce an oncogenic protein. We identify a pPA event at a cryptic intronic poly(A) signal in MAGI3, occurring in the absence of local exonic and intronic mutations. The altered mRNA isoform, called MAGI3(pPA), produces a truncated protein that acts in a dominant-negative manner to prevent full-length MAGI3 from interacting with the YAP oncoprotein, thereby relieving YAP inhibition and promoting malignant transformation of human mammary epithelial cells. We additionally find evidence for recurrent expression of MAGI3(pPA) in primary human breast tumors but not in tumor-adjacent normal tissues. Our results provide an example of how pPA contributes to cancer by generating a truncated mRNA isoform that encodes an oncogenic, gain-of-function protein.
Angiotensin II stimulates T-type Ca2+ channel currents via activation of a G protein, Gi

Angiotensin II (ANG II) is the most potent and the most physiologically important stimulator of aldosterone synthesis and secretion from the adrenal zona glomerulosa. Because steroidogenesis by adrenal glomerulosa (AG) cells is mediated in part by Ca2+ influx through T- and L-type Ca2+ channels, we evaluated whether T-type Ca2+ channels are regulated by ANG II. We observe that ANG II enhances T-type Ca2+ current by shifting the voltage dependence of channel activation to more negative potentials. This shift is transduced by the ANG II type 1 receptor. The effect of the hormone is not mediated by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) as it is not prevented by CaMKII(281-302), a peptide inhibitor of the catalytic region of the kinase. Rather, this shift is mediated by the activation of a G protein, Gi, because it is abolished by cell pretreatment with pertussis toxin and by cell dialysis with a monoclonal antibody generated against recombinant Gi alpha. This effect of ANG II on T-type Ca2+ channels should increase Ca2+ entry in AG cells at physiologically relevant voltages and result in a sustained increase in aldosterone secretion.
Electronic Structure and Quantum Conductance of Carbon Nanotubes

The unique electronic properties of carbon nanotubes stem from the fact that the electronic structure of these systems is derived from a folded graphene band structure which is highly sensitive to the tube diameter and chirality. In this chapter, we review some theoretical work on the electronic and transport properties of the single-walled carbon nanotubes, including systems with junction structures, defects, and disorder. On-tube metal-metal, semiconductor-semiconductor, and metalsemiconductor junctions have been studied. In addition, substitutional impurities and pentagon-heptagon defect pairs are shown to have interesting effects on the conductance. The structure and properties of crossed nanotube junctions and disordered nanotubes with static external perturbations have also been studied. The nanoscale size and the unique electronic properties of the carbon nanotubes make the potential usage of these novel systems for new device applications very promising.
A study of the apparent change in the foundation response of a nine-story reinforced concrete building

Forced vibration tests of the Millikan Library building, a nine-story reinforced concrete shear-wall structure, were conducted in 1966 and 1967, before the San Fernando earthquake, and again in 1974. The measured foundation response of the structure reported for the two tests was significantly different: in the earlier tests, motion of the foundation in the N-S direction contributed only about 3 per cent to the total roof motion, whereas in the more recent tests almost 30 per cent of the roof motion was contributed by foundation compliance. A lengthening of the fundamental period of vibration of 11 per cent was also noted. The purpose of this study is to examine the indication that the foundation response of the structure may have changed because of the earthquake. To determine whether the observed changes in foundation response are consistent with the change in natural period, two analytical models of the Millikan Library building were developed. Both of these models include the effects of foundation compliance and one includes the effects of shear deformations in the walls of the structure. The results of these simple analyses show the changes of mode shape and period observed between the two tests to be consistent. From the analysis, and from an examination of what is thought to be minor earthquake damage at the ground floor level of the structure, the authors conclude that the most probable cause of the differences observed in the two tests is the loss of rotational and translational stiffness provided by retaining walls, concrete slabs and other stiff, but brittle elements.
Capture, learning, and classification of upper extremity movement primitives in healthy controls and stroke patients

There currently exist no practical tools to identify functional movements in the upper extremities (UEs). This absence has limited the precise therapeutic dosing of patients recovering from stroke. In this proof-of-principle study, we aimed to develop an accurate approach for classifying UE functional movement primitives, which comprise functional movements. Data were generated from inertial measurement units (IMUs) placed on upper body segments of older healthy individuals and chronic stroke patients. Subjects performed activities commonly trained during rehabilitation after stroke. Data processing involved the use of a sliding window to obtain statistical descriptors, and resulting features were processed by a Hidden Markov Model (HMM). The likelihoods of the states, resulting from the HMM, were segmented by a second sliding window and their averages were calculated. The final predictions were mapped to human functional movement primitives using a Logistic Regression algorithm. Algorithm performance was assessed with a leave-one-out analysis, which determined its sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for all classified primitives. In healthy control and stroke participants, our approach identified functional movement primitives embedded in training activities with, on average, 80% precision. This approach may support functional movement dosing in stroke rehabilitation.
Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases and Insecticide Resistance: Lessons from CYP6D1

The cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases (monooxygenases) are a vital biochemical system because they metabolize xenobiotics such as drugs, pesticides and plant toxins, and because they regulate the titers of endogenous compounds such as hormones, fatty acids and steroids. Cytochrome P450 (P450) is a hemoprotein which acts as the terminal oxidase in monooxygenase systems, and there are multiple P450 isoforms in eukaryotic species. Monooxygenases are remarkable in that they can oxidize widely diverse substrates and are capable of producing a bewildering array of reactions (Kulkarni and Hodgson 1980; Rendic and Di Carlo 1997; Mansuy 1998).
Nonurgent care in the emergency department-bane or boon?

The increasing provision of nonurgent care in American emergency rooms might be not only inevitable, but, all things considered, fairly effective. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Econometrics of Event Studies

The number of published event studies exceeds 500, and the literature continues to grow. We provide an overview of event study methods. Short-horizon methods are quite reliable. While long-horizon methods have improved, serious limitations remain. A challenge is to continue to refine long-horizon methods. We present new evidence illustrating that properties of event study methods can vary by calendar time period and can depend on event sample firm characteristics such as volatility. This reinforces the importance of using stratified samples to examine event study statistical properties.
Artificial Urethral Sphincters

Since the introduction of the first artificial urethral sphincter (AUS) in 1973, approximately 50,000 AUS devices have been implanted. The development of new biomaterials, surgical techniques, and new prosthetic sphincter design has correspondingly evolved over this period such that the previously seen problems of tissue inflammation, erosion, infection, and poor device design are fortunately now less common. The currently available AUS available from American Medical Systems (AMS) is the AMS Sphincter 800™ (Fig. 1). It is estimated that approximately 5000 AUS devices are implanted worldwide each year.
Review Article: Hydrogenated graphene: A user’s guide

Graphene’s chemical versatility is unique among two-dimensional materials. One of the simplest and most well-studied chemical modifications of graphene is hydrogenation. The electronic, optical, and mechanical properties of hydrogenated graphene can differ significantly from those of unmodified graphene, and the tunability of these properties has played a major factor in the broad interest in hydrogenated graphene throughout the scientific community. Here, the author presents a practical review of the state of the art in hydrogenated graphene research. The target audience is the researcher who is interested in working with hydrogenated graphene but lacks practical experience with the material. The author focuses on considerations of the working scientist, highlighting subtleties in preparation and characterization that are generally only gained by experience in the laboratory. In addition, the author enumerates a number of the most important categories of results concerning the properties of hydrogenated graphene. In particular, the author examines what these results mean for potential near- and long-term applications of hydrogenated graphene.Graphene’s chemical versatility is unique among two-dimensional materials. One of the simplest and most well-studied chemical modifications of graphene is hydrogenation. The electronic, optical, and mechanical properties of hydrogenated graphene can differ significantly from those of unmodified graphene, and the tunability of these properties has played a major factor in the broad interest in hydrogenated graphene throughout the scientific community. Here, the author presents a practical review of the state of the art in hydrogenated graphene research. The target audience is the researcher who is interested in working with hydrogenated graphene but lacks practical experience with the material. The author focuses on considerations of the working scientist, highlighting subtleties in preparation and characterization that are generally only gained by experience in the laboratory. In addition, the author enumerates a number of the most important categories of results concerning the properties of hydrogenated ...
Comment on "Relating Chain Conformations to Extensional Stress in Entangled Polymer Melts".

Based on non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of entangled polymer melts, a recent Letter [Phys. Rev. Lett. $\textbf{121}$, 047801 (2018), arXiv:1806.09509] claims that the rising extensional stress is quantitatively consistent with the decreasing entropy of chains at the equilibrium entanglement length. We point out that exactly the opposite is true: the intrachain entropic stress arising from individual entanglement strands generally does not agree with the total "macroscopic" stress. The conclusion of the Letter is based on an incomplete and questionable analysis of a limited range of the simulation trajectory. The opposite conclusion should have been drawn from their data, had they examined the full simulation trajectory in a proper way.
Raman hyperspectral imaging of different salivary gland cell types for tissue engineering

Regenerative medicine encompasses the rebuilding or repairing of organs. We are developing bioengineered organoids that will differentiate when implanted in vivo to partially restore organ function. These complex organoids, derived from embryonic salivary gland cells, include both primary mesenchyme and epithelial progenitor cells. Noninvasive quality monitoring of tissue-engineered constructs is required before implantation of bioengineered constructs in vivo. Raman spectroscopy offers fast, simple, and, most importantly, non-invasive quantitative cell and tissue analysis that does not require elaborate sample preparation. We demonstrate the application of Raman micro-spectroscopy technique to in vitro monitoring of cell types within 3D cell clusters, with the ultimate goal of applying this technology in situ to monitor adult cell-derived organoids that are implanted in vivo. We have collected Raman spectra of epithelial and mesenchymal progenitor cells in vitro, and have shown that we are able to identify different Raman signatures corresponding to each cell type. In particular, we have observed Raman spectral differences which correspond to the C-C and C-N stretch in proteins, as well as in the Amide I and III envelopes. The embryonic mesenchyme cells are similar to mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs, which can differentiate into bone, cartilage, and other cell types. In addition to salivary gland tissue engineering applications, mesenchymal cells offer a great potential in repairing bone, cartilage, and damaged heart cells, and to treat inflammation and immune system diseases. In future studies, our Raman spectroscopy methods can be broadly applied to monitoring of organoids for application in many diseases.
Design Strategy for Porous Composites Aimed at Pressure Sensor Application

Flexible and highly sensitive pressure sensors have versatile biomedical engineering applications for disease diagnosis and healthcare. The fabrication of such sensors based on porous structure composites usually requires complex, costly, and nonenvironmentally friendly procedures. As such, it is highly desired to develop facile, economical, and environment-friendly fabrication strategies for highly sensitive lightweight pressure sensors. Herein, a novel design strategy is reported to fabricate porous composite pressure sensors via a simple heat molding of conductive fillers and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) powders together with commercially available popcorn salts followed by water-assisted salt removal. The obtained TPU/carbon nanostructure (CNS) foam sensors have a linear resistance response up to 60% compressive strain with a gauge factor (GF ) of 1.5 and show reversible and reproducible piezoresistive properties due to the robust electrically conductive pathways formed on the foam struts. Such foam sensors can be potentially utilized for guiding squatting exercises and respiration rate monitoring in daily physical training.
High-resolution Navier-Stokes simulations of Richtmyer-Meshkov instability with reshock

Variable-density effects at a twice shocked mixing layer between gases are studied through Navier-Stokes adaptive mesh refinement simulations. Development of instability after first shock and chaotic mixing after reshock are discussed for 2D and 3D cases and as a function of the Reynolds number.
High Phase Order Transmission Line Fault Types

For high phase order (HPO) transmission systems, a major hurdle to overcome is the fault analysis and protection studies needed to guarantee successful implementation. This paper presents new equat...
What Are We Missing in Our Search for MIS-C?

A previously healthy 3-year-old boy presented with 6 days of fever and fatigue. Three days before, he saw his pediatrician and had negative rapid strep antigen and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) polymerase chain reaction test results. Given persistent fever up to 40°C with decreased appetite and urine output, the patient presented to the emergency department. There was no reported rash, skin peeling, eye redness, redness of the oral mucosa, congestion, rhinorrhea, cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. The patient had recently started preschool but had no known exposure to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). On arrival, the patient was febrile to 39.2°C, mildly tachycardic, and normotensive. On examination, he had clear conjunctivae, a normal oropharynx, and moist mucous membranes. No rash, extremity swelling, or lymphadenopathy was appreciated. He was breathing comfortably, and his lungs were clear to auscultation bilaterally. His abdomen was soft and nontender with mild left-sided flank tenderness. Given the patient’s prolonged fever, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) was considered and an extensive laboratory evaluation was initiated, including all the laboratories suggested as potentially useful in the evaluation of MIS-C (Table 1). Laboratory results were notable for normal white blood cell and platelet counts and a metabolic panel with normal sodium and albumin. Inflammatory markers were elevated with a C-reactive protein (CRP) level of 14 mg/dL, an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of 110 mm/hour, and mild elevations of ferritin, D-dimer, and fibrinogen levels. The patient’s troponin level was within normal limits, and his B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) level was mildly elevated. A urinalysis was notable for small protein, negative nitrite results, small leukocyte esterase, …
A Survey and Comparison of Secure Software Development Standards

There are standards, guidelines, and certifications for software security to help guide software development projects into becoming more securely written to comply with any regulations that may apply to the project. These best practices and standards include Common Criteria, The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF), Security Assurance Maturity Model (SAMM), Building Security In Maturity Model (BSIMM), Application Security Verification Standard (ASVS), OWASP, and SAFECode, in addition to the national or international standards groups, PCI, NIST and ISO/IEC. In this paper, we focus on secure software development by surveying and comparing these methods and standards and discover which areas of the software development life cycle SDLC, that one or more could be applied to improve the security of a software application during its development lifecycle.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer Between Intercalated Molecules: Using Polynucleotides to Self-Assemble Donor-Acceptor Systems

Intercalation of ethidium bromide (EB+) and N,N’-dimethyl-2,7-diazapyrenium dichloride (DAP2+) into calf-thymus DNA is highly efficient and gives stable supramolecular systems. Selective excitation of intercalated EB+ results in electron transfer to a nearby intercalated DAP2+ molecule. The transient products formed by this charge-shift reaction are readily observed by laser flash photolysis techniques. The rate of forward electron transfer decreases with increasing number of interspersed nucleic acid bases and, for the closest approach (≈10 A), kf = (1.3 ± 0.2) × 109 s-1 whereas the reverse electron transfer reaction occurs on a much slower timescale (kr = (5.0 ± 1.1)×107 s-1). Treating the kinetic data according to kf = Aexp(-bR), where R is the separation distance, gave an average β value of (0.88 ± 0.08) A-1.
Castleman Disease with Mesenteric Involvement

Castleman Disease (CMD) is a form of lymphoproliferative disorder that most commonly occurs in the mediastinum. CMD can involve a single lymph node (termed Unicentric CMD) or multiple lymph nodes (termed Multicentric CMD). Only 55 cases of CMD with mesenteric involvement have been described in the medical literature. Variable symptoms and physical findings are present. Diagnosis is based on characteristic findings on imaging studies. Suggested treatments include surgical resection, corticosteroids, chemotherapy and inhibitors of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and are tailored to individual cases.
A DATA DRIVEN MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH TO DISCOVERING RULES OF PRICE BEHAVIOR IN A FINANCIAL MARKET SIMULATION

The field of agent-based simulation of financial markets has grownconsiderably in the last decade. However, the interpretation ofsimulation results has received far less attention. Typically, theresults of a large number of simulations are reduced to one or twosummary statistics, such as sample moments. While suchsummarization is useful, it overlooks a vast amount of additionalinformation that might be gleaned by examining patterns ofbehavior that emerge at lower levels. In this paper we propose anapproach to interpreting simulation results that involves the use ofso-called data mining techniques to identify the rules of behaviorthat govern an underlying system. We demonstrate the approachby using data from a single run of an order market simulation toderive rules about the behavior of prices in that simulation.
Water transport properties of Nafion membranes. Part I. Single-tube membrane module for air drying

Abstract A simple formula for water permeability of a Nafion hollow-fiber membrane has been determined. The result shows that water permeability of the membrane is proportional to the 1.5 power of the local partial pressure of water vapor in the gas phase. The water permeability was converted to a diffusion coefficient, which was found to attain a maximum value when the number of water molecules per sulfonate in the Nafion membrane is equal to 3.3. This agrees well with some reports in the literature. An effective mathematical model for a membrane process to remove water vapor from nitrogen gas was developed. Using the obtained permeability expression, the model simulations for the membrane module matched experimental data over a wide range of operating conditions. In most cases, the absolute errors between the predicted product relative humidity and the measured values are within ±2%, and the relative errors are less than 15%. Mass transfer resistances along the membrane module at typical operating conditions were also analyzed.
Seamless Bluetooth Connectivity to IPv6 Networks

The availability and adoption of a wide range of mobile computing devices (e.g., laptops, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), wearable computers) of varying sizes and processing capabilities, along with the emergence of Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) such as IEEE 802.11 and Personal Area Networks (PANs) such as Bluetooth and HomeRF, are catalysts enabling the ubiquitous access of information anywhere, anytime. These networks are frequently being used as extensions to the Internet and end-users are exploiting them to access wireless Internet services from different types of handheld devices. In this paper, we focus on the Bluetooth PAN technology and we explore the different approaches available to Bluetooth devices that provide these devices seamless IP connectivity to the Internet. In addition, we also investigate and report experimental results on voice delivery to IPv6-enabled Bluetooth handheld devices such as pocket PCs connected to the Internet.