cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
School phobia: understanding a complex behavioural response

School phobia affects about 5% of the school-age population. If left untreated, school phobia can have devastating long-term consequences in children challenged by this condition. Various treatment approaches have been used to explore this complex behavioural response, major among them being the psychoanalytic, psychodynamic, pharmacological and behavioural approaches. Different therapeutic interventions have developed as outgrowths of these approaches; however, the utility of most of these approaches is still controversial. This paper explores current research on school phobia in a North American context and these writers propose extending research on the application of positive behaviour supports (PBS) as a treatment modality for addressing the behavioural support needs of children affected by school phobia.
Food safety and security and the dose-response

Getting the dose-response right is a critical component in the assessment of chemical food safety. Being able to validate dose-response model predictions in the low-dose zone would be a critical aspect of the assurances that correct decisions about food safety and security are made. The present paper examines the history of the threshold dose-response model and how it became incorporated into governmental regulatory and risk assessment activities, including those affecting chemical food safety. The present analysis reveals that the major risk assessment models used by international regulatory agencies, such as the threshold dose-response model, were never validated prior to their acceptance and use by international regulatory agencies. Furthermore, once they were tested both the threshold and linear dose-response models failed to make accurate predictions in the low-dose zone. The only model providing accurate predictions in the low dose zone was the hormetic dose-response, a model not used by regulatory agencies. The present analysis raises important new questions for the risk assessment process in general and that of chemical food security in particular.
The SAM Domain of Human TEL2 Can Abrogate Transcriptional Output from TEL1 (ETV-6) and ETS1/ETS2

Regulation of gene expression downstream of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase signaling pathway in Drosophila relies on a transcriptional effector network featuring two conserved Ets family proteins, Yan and Pointed, known as TEL1 (ETV6) and ETS1/ETS2, respectively, in mammals. As in Drosophila, both TEL1 and ETS1/ETS2 operate as Ras pathway transcriptional effectors and misregulated activity of either factor has been implicated in many human leukemias and solid tumors. Providing essential regulation to the Drosophila network, direct interactions with the SAM domain protein Mae attenuate both Yan-mediated repression and PointedP2-mediated transcriptional activation. Given the critical contributions of Mae to the Drosophila circuitry, we investigated whether the human Ets factors TEL1 and ETS1/ETS2 could be subject to analogous regulation. Here we demonstrate that the SAM domain of human TEL2 can inhibit the transcriptional activities of ETS1/2 and TEL1. Drosophila Mae can also attenuate human ETS1/ETS2 function, suggesting there could be cross-species conservation of underlying mechanism. In contrast, Mae is not an effective inhibitor of TEL1, suggesting the mode of TEL2SAM-mediated inhibition of TEL1 may be distinct from how Drosophila Mae antagonizes Yan. Together our results reveal both further similarities and new differences between the mammalian and Drosophila networks and more broadly suggest that SAM domain-mediated interactions could provide an effective mechanism for modulating output from the TEL1 and ETS1/2 oncogenes.
Managing anemia in dialysis patients: hemoglobin cycling and overshoot

CASE PRESENTATION A 67-year-old African American female with end-stage renal disease secondary to renal artery stenosis and ischemic nephropathy presents with increased somnolence of 1-day duration. Past medical history is notable for depression, mild dementia, glaucoma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, Graves disease that is inactive, diastolic heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and peripheral vascular disease. Two years prior to admission, the patient had undergone a dobutamine stress test for the work-up of dyspnea that was reported normal. The patient had a left brachio-cephalic arteriovenous graft inserted in February 2004. In November 2006, 2 months before the present admission, the graft required a declotting procedure and angioplasty and stenting of two lesions in the cephalic vein. At the same time, large pseudoaneurysms of the mid-venous and mid-arterial limbs were also identified. Medications included aspirin, diltiazem, amiodarone, esomeprazole, salmeterol, sevelamer, paricalcitol, and metoprolol. The patient was receiving epoetin at each dialysis treatment using an anemia protocol (10 000 U every dialysis treatment, three times each week, that had been intensified over the prior 3 months; Figure 1). Approximately 1 month prior to admission, the patient had received iron gluconate 125 mg x 1 dose. Social history was significant for the patient living at home with a nephew as her principal caregiver. There was no significant family history. Review of systems was not possible as patient was too somnolent. On examination the patient was drowsy. Blood pressure was 120/70 mm Hg and heart rate was 61 beats per min. She was afebrile and had normal respiratory rate. Pupils bilaterally were equal and reactive to light. Other cranial nerves, motor, and sensory examination was grossly normal. The examination of other systems was otherwise unremarkable except for 1 + edema bilaterally and the absence of a thrill or bruit over the left brachiocephalic arteriovenous graft. Laboratory testing on admission revealed a serum sodium of 140mEq/l, potassium 5.6 mEq/l, chloride 90 mEq/l, bicarbonate 33mEq/l, blood urea nitrogen 30 mg/dl, creatinine 5.9 mg/dl, glucose 42 mg/dl. Calcium, phosphate, and liver function tests, including transaminases and bilirubin, were within normal limits, except for alkaline phosphatase of 120 lU and serum albumin, 3 mg/dl (normal range 3-5 mg/dl); hematocrit was 55.9%; hemoglobin (Hgb) 16.8 mg/dl, white blood cell count was 6.42 x 10 6 l -1 (normal range 4.5-11 x10 6 l -1 ), platelets 219000. Her laboratory records from 2 weeks previously, as checked in her outpatient dialysis unit, showed Hgb level of 13.1 mg/dl, transferrin saturation of 23%, serum ferritin level of 283 ng ml -1 , and serum albumin level of 3.1 g/dl.
Elucidation of substrate binding interactions in a membrane transport protein by mass spectrometry

Integration of biochemical and biophysical data on the lactose permease of Escherichia coli has culminated in a molecular model that predicts substrate-protein proximities which include interaction of a hydroxyl group in the galactopyranosyl ring with Glu269. In order to test this hypothesis, we studied covalent modification of carboxyl groups with carbodiimides using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and demonstrate that substrate protects the permease against carbodiimide reactivity. Further more, a significant proportion of the decrease in carbodiimide reactivity occurs specifically in a nanopeptide containing Glu269. In contrast, carbodiimide reactivity of mutant Glu269-->Asp that exhibits lower affinity is unaffected by substrate. By monitoring the ability of different substrate analogs to protect against carbodiimide modification of Glu269, it is suggested that the C-3 OH group of the galactopyranosyl ring may play an important role in specificity, possibly by H-bonding with Glu269. The approach demonstrates that mass spectrometry can provide a powerful means of analyzing ligand interactions with integral membrane proteins.
A Review of the Evidence Comparing the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Versus Condoms in the Prevention of Human Papillomavirus Infections

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the evidence related to the efficacy of condom use versus the human papillomavirus vaccine in the prevention of human papillomavirus infections. Data sources Cochrane, CINHAL, PubMed, and Clinical Evidence. Various combinations of the keywords HPV, vaccine, and condoms were used for the search. Study selection Randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled trials were reviewed for evaluation of the human papillomavirus vaccine. Several longitudinal studies and a meta-analysis were used for review of condom efficacy related to human papillomavirus transmission. Data extraction and synthesis Studies evaluating the use of either condoms or the human papillomavirus vaccine and its impact on human papillomavirus transmission rates, detected through either human papillomavirus DNA testing or clinical disease. Conclusions The evidence indicates that the greatest degree of protection from specific types of human papillomavirus infection is provided by the vaccine. However, the use of condoms in addition to the human papillomavirus vaccine provides the greatest protection from the untoward effects of human papillomavirus infection and may also provide protection against human papillomavirus types not in the vaccine and other sexually transmitted infections.
Degeneration in the spinal cord of old rats.

Abstract Silver impregnation of spinal cords of young, adult, and old male Fischer 344 rats revealed an age-related loss of axons in the spinal gray and white matter. Beginning at 455 days of age, the animals showed degenerating fibers in the dorsal horn, intermediate gray, and ventral horn regions as well as in the fasciculus gracilis at the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar levels of the spinal cord. Axonal degeneration was not seen in the fasciculus cuneatus at any of the spinal cord levels examined. Degeneration was greatest in the gray matter of thoracic and in the dorsal columns of the cervical spinal cord levels. There were no differences in the quality of degeneration between the 15-, 17-, 24-, and 28-month-old animals.
Molybdate and the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor from chick intestine.

Abstract The nature of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor from chick intestine was examined in regard to its response to sodium molybdate. Sodium molybdate (10 m m ) stabilized the receptor from crude nuclear extract but not that from the supernatant or cytoplasmic fraction, suggesting the molybdate may act by binding to the DNA binding region of the receptor. At a concentration of 50 m m , sodium molybdate prevented aggregation of the nuclear receptor. This concentration of sodium molybdate also inhibited the receptor from binding to DNA cellulose while the same ionic strength KCl (90 m m ) did not. These properties also suggest that molybdate interacts with the DNA binding region. Purification of the receptor using DNA cellulose chromatography has also been improved by using a sodium molybdate gradient (0–0.2 m ) instead of the KCl gradient used previously.
A merging approach of the demodulation and equalization for MAP block detection in CPM-SC-FDMA systems

CPM-SC-FDMA has been recently suggested as an attractive alternative to SC-FDMA multiple access technique which inherits the benefits of the continuous phase modulation (CPM). In this paper, we propose an optimal block detection algorithm for CPM-SC-FDMA systems that merges the frequency domain equalization (FDE), the temporal sample recovery using the inverse DFT (discrete Fourier transform) and the successive CPM decoding operations. The optimal detector derives the MAP (maximum a posteriori) estimate of JTs-length blocks of symbols by developing a state model description of the questioned problem and then applying a Bayesian detection algorithm referred as to the MAPBD (MAP block detector) algorithm. The MAPBD algorithm is actually a recursive implementation of well-known Bayes filtering equations updating the APP (a posteriori probabilities) vector related to a block of delayed symbols. Simulations show a significant improvement of the BER performance of the MAPBD receiver compared to the conventional CPM-SC-FDMA receiver using an MMSE-FDE in conjunction with a MAP symbol-by-symbol CPM decoder. For complexity requirements, a decision feedback (DF) mechanism is associated to the so-developed MAPBD algorithm as well as a pruning procedure of the APP vector. HighlightsA MAP block detector, based on the state space model description, is developed for optimal reception in CPM-SC-FDMA systems.The new optimal detection algorithm outperforms largely the conventional CPM-SC-FDMA receiver with MMSE-FDE.A decision feedback mechanism is used in the algorithm, for complexity reduction, as well as a pruning procedure.The complexity of the so-called MAPBD-DF detector is controllable via the over-sampling factor setting.
Ruth Abbey. The Return of Feminist Liberalism.

Ruth Abbey. The Return of Feminist Liberalism. Durham: Acumen Publishing, 2011. ISBN 978-1-84465-270-9. Ruth Abbey's thoughtful book begins by noting that liberalism has fallen into disrepute among...
Adipose-Derived Stems Cells and Their Role in Human Cancer Development, Growth, Progression, and Metastasis: A Systematic Review

Obesity is a well recognized risk factor for several types of cancers, many of which occur solely or disproportionately in women. Adipose tissue is a rich source of adipose-derived stem cells (ASC), which have received attention for their role in cancer behavior. The purpose of this systematic review is to present the existing literature on the role of ASCs in the growth, development, progression, and metastasis of cancer, with an emphasis on malignancies that primarily affect women. To accomplish this goal, the bibliographic database PubMed was systematically searched for articles published between 2001 and 2014 that address ASCs' relationship to human cancer. Thirty-seven articles on ASCs' role in human cancer were reviewed. Literature suggests that ASCs exhibit cancer-promoting properties, influence/are influenced by the tumor microenvironment, promote angiogenesis, and may be associated with pathogenic processes through a variety of mechanisms, such as playing a role in hypoxic tumor microenvironment. ASCs appear to be important contributors to tumor behavior, but research in areas specific to women's cancers, specifically endometrial cancer, is scarce. Also, because obesity continues to be a major health concern, it is important to continue research in this area to improve understanding of the impact adiposity has on cancer incidence.
Determination of exchange forces in the ππ P wave

Abstract A new representation is derived for the ππ P wave. This representation enables us to compute the second and all higher negative moments of the discontinuity across the left cut, strictly in terms of physical-region absorptive parts. We construct N / D solutions for the P wave, using a model for the left cut which incorporates generous estimates for the second, third, and fourth negative moments. We find that despite generosity of our estimates, the left cut is too weak to generate a resonance when elastic unitarity is assumed, and also when the possibility of substantial inelasticity is taken roughly into account. We conclude that the ϱ resonance is due either to presently unknown details of the inelasticity, or to a bound state in some other channel.
Behavioral science in medical education: a 1985 updated bibliography.

Holmes, et al. in 1981 compiled 200 studies in a bibliography of behavioral science in undergraduate and graduate education. Since then, 46 additional studies of behavioral science in medical educa...
ZOning out Tight Junctions

The tight junction is an intricate seal between adjoining epithelial cells that also separates the apical and basolateral membranes within these cells. A paper in this issue of Cell by Umeda et al. (2006) demonstrates that loss of the ZO scaffolding proteins prevents the formation of tight junctions but surprisingly does not perturb apico-basal polarity.
Personal Exposures, Indoor Outdoor Relationships, and Breath Levels of Toxic Air-Pollutants Measured for 355 Persons in New-Jersey

Abstract EPA's TEAM Study has measured exposures to 20 volatile organic compounds in personal air, outdoor air, drinking water and the breath of 355 persons in NJ, in the fall of 1981. The NJ residents were selected by a probability sampling scheme to represent 128,000 inhabitants of Elizabeth and Bayonne. Participants carried a personal monitor to collect two 12-h air samples and gave a breath sample at the end of the day. Two consecutive 12-h outdoor air samples were also collected on identical Tenax cartridges in the back yards of 90 of the participants. About 3000 samples were collected, of which 1000 were quality control samples. Eleven compounds were often present in air. Personal exposures were consistently higher than outdoor concentrations for these chemicals, and were sometimes ten times the outdoor concentrations. Indoor sources appeared responsible for much of the difference. Breath concentrations also usually exceed outdoor concentrations, and correlated more strongly with personal exposures than with outdoor concentrations. Some activities (smoking, driving, visiting dry cleaners or service stations) and occupations (chemical, paint and plastics plants) were associated with significantly elevated exposures and breath levels for certain toxic chemicals.
Simultaneous stent implantation to treat bifurcation stenoses in the pulmonary arteries: Initial results and long-term follow up

Background: Balloon angioplasty of bifurcating pulmonary artery (PA) stenoses is often inadequate, and stent treatment often requires simultaneous implantation of two stents. This study evaluates initial results and long-term follow up of transcatheter stent placement in bifurcating PAs. Methods: This is a retrospective review of patients (pts) who had bifurcating PA stents placed in main and lobar branches from 1993 to 2007. Results: Forty-nine pts had bifurcating PA stents placed at a median age of 10.9 years (range 1–43 years). The mean minimum vessel diameter increased from 5.7 ± 2.5 mm to 11.0 ± 3.6 mm (P < 0.001), the mean gradient across the stenoses decreased from 37.0 ± 26.9 to 9.2 ± 13 mm Hg (P < 0.001), whereas the mean RV:FA ratio decreased from 0.76 ± 0.29 to 0.53 ± 0.24 (P < 0.001). There was one death due to severe pulmonary hemorrhage. F/U data were available in 38 pts (mean duration 6.3 ± 4.1 years, range 1.2–13.1 years). Thirty pts underwent repeat catheterizations (mean 2.3 ± 2.2 years poststent), with 26 requiring further interventions: Fifteen had balloon angioplasty alone and 11 had additional stents placed. There were no complications at f/u catheterization. Six pts underwent further palliative surgeries, although none for repair of branch PA stenoses. Conclusions: Simultaneous transcatheter placement of bifurcating PA stents provides immediate gradient relief of bifurcating stenoses in the proximal or lobar branch PAs and reduces RV systolic pressure. Further interventions can be safely performed in future procedures, and the presence of stents does not complicate future surgeries. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Lead (Pb)-free solders for electronic packaging

The harmful effects of lead on the environment and human health, coupled with the threat of legislation, have prompted a serious search for lead-free solders for electronic packaging applications. At present, Sn-Pb eutectic and other Pb-containing solders find widespread use in printed circuit board assembly. Several Pb-free solder alloys which appear to have the potential for replacing Sn-Pb solders are receiving increased attention from the electronic assembly community. Recently, numerous studies have been published detailing the wetting characteristics, tensile and shear strength, and creep and low-cycle fatigue properties of these alloys. It is the purpose of this paper to review these results and assess the suitability of the solders for electronic packaging from the viewpoints of process technology and reliability.
Evidence that fine primary afferent axons innervate a wider territory in the superficial dorsal horn following peripheral axotomy

Peripheral axotomy initiates changes in central primary afferent receiving areas of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Most of the presently known changes are degenerative in nature and consist of such things as cell and axon death or declines in peptides or enzymes. Other changes are regenerative in nature and because most of these occur in the superficial dorsal horn, which is where fine primary afferents end, we wished to ask whether peripheral axotomy results in a change in the distribution in these fine afferents. Using recently available markers for fine primary afferent axons and small dorsal root ganglion cells, we demonstrate that peripheral axotomy results in a considerable increase in the immunolabeled area for these compounds. Our interpretation is that there may be an extension of fine primary afferent fibers into lamina III and possibly lamina IV following peripheral axotomy. If further work bears out this conclusion, this would provide a possible explanation for the chronic pain states that sometimes follow peripheral nerve damage.
Energy demand forecasting: industry practices and challenges

Accurate forecasting of energy demand plays a key role for utility companies, network operators, producers and suppliers of energy. Demand forecasts are utilized for unit commitment, market bidding, network operation and maintenance, integration of renewable energy sources, and for novel dynamic pricing mechanisms, e.g., demand response. In order to achieve accurate forecasts with high spatial and temporal resolution, data from various sources needs to be integrated: Smart meters, SCADA, weather forecasts, physical, statistical and geographical models. In this talk I will give an overview of recent work within IBM Research on an intelligent large-scale energy demand forecasting solution which provides forecasts at different aggregation levels, quantifies uncertainty in demand, and estimates the amount of distributed renewable energy behind the meters. The solution can be seamlessly integrated with external applications for network planning and decision support, and has been validated with leading electric utility companies world-wide.
Ultrafast Expected Time Parallel Algorithms

It was shown previously that sortingnitems intonlocations with a polynomial number of processors requires ?(logn/loglogn) time. We sidestep this lower bound with the idea of padded sorting, or sortingnitems inton+o(n) locations. Because many problems do not rely on the exact rank of sorted items, a padded sort is often just as useful as an unpadded sort. Our algorithm for padded sort runs on the tolerant concurrent read, concurrent write parallel random access machine (CRCW PRAM) and takes ?(loglogn/logloglogn) expected time usingnlogloglogn/loglognprocessors, assuming the items are taken from a uniform distribution. Using similar techniques we solve some computational geometry problems, including Voronoi diagram, with the same processor and time bounds, assuming points are taken from a uniform distribution in the unit square. Further, we present an arbitrary CRCW PRAM algorithm to solve the closest pair problem in constant expected time withnprocessors regardless of the distribution of points. All of these algorithms achieve linear speedup in expected time over their optimal serial counterparts.
Why All the Talk About Sex? An Authoethnography Identifying the Troubling Discourse of Sexuality and Intellectual Disability

Individuals labeled with intellectual disability (ID) have long been denied the right to express their sexuality. Through a history of paternalism, protectionism, and patronizing, individuals labeled with an ID have been labeled as asexual, aggressive, or victims. Individuals living within residential facilities and within family homes face similar discrimination when it comes to sexuality. As professionals and family members, we place ourselves as the protector of these individuals without realizing the paternalism inherent in this role. In doing this, we restrict the citizenship and human rights of those labeled with an ID. This authoethnography will delve into my own personal experiences with and awareness of the intersections of ID and sexuality as both a professional and a family member. Not only is my own journey uncovered, but the dominant discourse embedded in social services working with those labeled with an ID regarding sexuality.
Spatiotemporal clustering of fMRI time series in the spectral domain

We propose a new method for the analysis of functional magnetic resonance images (fMRI). The decision that a voxel v0 is activated is based not solely on the value of the fMRI signal at v0, but rather on the comparison of all time series s(v)(t) in a small neighborhood Nv0 around v0. Our approach explicitly takes into account the intrinsic spatiotemporal correlations that exist in the data. We focus on experimental designs with periodic stimuli, and therefore we can capture most of the features of the BOLD signal with a low dimensional subspace in the frequency domain. The presence of activated time series can be detected by partitioning the time series in this low dimensional space. Experiments with simulated data, and experimental fMRI data, demonstrate that our approach can outperform standard methods of analysis, such as the t-test.
Metastatic Breast Cancer Masquerading as Sarcoidosis

Malignancies can cause mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy that is easily mistaken for sarcoidosis. We report a patient with breast cancer who initially had respiratory symptoms and thoracic lymphadenopathy. Despite the rarity of breast cancer manifesting in this way, the importance of obtaining histologic confirmation of suspected sarcoidosis is stressed.
Chern-Simons invariants of $3$-manifolds decomposed along tori and the circle bundle over the representation space of $T^2$

We describe a cut-and-paste method for computing Chern-Simons invariant of flatG-connections on 3-manifolds decomposed along tori, especially forG=SU(2) andSL(2,C). We use this method to make computations ofSU(2) Chern-Simons invariants of graph manifolds which generalize Fintushel and Stern's computations for Seifert-fibered spaces. We also use this technique to give a simple derivation of a formula of Yoshida relating the flatSL(2,C) Chern-Simons invariant of the holonomy representation to the volume and the metric Chern-Simons invariant for cusped hyperbolic 3-manifolds.
Neural control of feeding behavior in the pigeon

Anatomical studies have identified a network of structures at several levels of the avian brain whose location and connections suggest that they are involved in the neural control of feeding in the pigeon. The network originates in a cranial nerve sensory nucleus innervating the oral region and includes striatal and limbic components. Bilateral lesions placed in several of the structures of this network produced disturbances of feeding and drinking, including aphagia, adipsia, and hypophagia. It is suggested that further neurobehavioral analysis of these structures may clarify the role of extrahypothalamic mechanisms in the neural control of feeding.
Synthesis of (S)-3-(1-hydroxy-p-carboran-12-yl)alanine, a novel hydrophobic tyrosine-mimetic for peptides.

Abstract A new, p -carborane containing analog of tyrosine, 3-[1-hydroxy-1,12-dicarba- closo -dodecaboran (12)-12-yl]alanine, was prepared from protected 3-[1-hydroxy-1,12-dicarba- closo -dodecaboran (12)-12-yl]propionic acid in five steps using Oppolzer ’s sultam methodology for asymmetric hydroxyamination as the key step. The tyrosine mimetic can function as a hydrophobic surrogate for tyrosine residues in insect and mammalian neuropeptides to enhance the lipophilicity, and therefore, the cuticle and/or tissue permeability properties of mimetic analogs. As an amino acid, insertion of the mimic is not limited to the N-terminus but can replace a tyrosine residue at any position within a peptide sequence.
NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE SOLIDIFICATION OF LIQUID METAL DROPLETS IMPACTING ONTO A SUBSTRATE

The problem of normal incidence impact with solidification of a spherical liquid metal droplet onto a rigid planar substrate is studied. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a finite volume formulation with a fixed grid. The free surface of the droplet is tracked by the volume-of-fluid method. The surface tension on the droplet surface is evaluated by a continuum surface force model. The energy equation is modeled by using an enthalpy-based formulation. The method developed provides a comprehensive model of the dynamic and thermal aspects of the impact process. The effects of several parameters on the spread of the droplet on the substrate are determined. A correlation for the maximum spread factor is obtained and is in agreement with the experimental data available in the literature.
The GDR in COMECON: Does the GDR economy demonstrate that orthodox central planning is viable and has a future?

Abstract It has been demonstrated conclusively that centrally planned economies do not work in three crucial areas: supplying consumers with final goods, supplying goods efficiently, and stimulating technological advance in the civilian economy. The economy of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) is one of the most planned of the planned economies, yet it performs satisfactorily in these three areas. Does this invalidate the conclusion that central planning has no future? The answer is no. The GDR's performance is (1) relatively good, relative to the very poor performance of all other centrally planned economies, and (b) this relatively good performance is due in very large measure to special circumstances, such as the GDR's ability, through its special relationship, to benefit from help from capitalist West Germany.
Changes of ornithine decarboxylase activity in dorsal root ganglion cells after axon injury: possible relationship to alterations in neuronal chromatin.

Abstract An autoradiographic technique was used to detect changes in ornithine decarboxylase in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons after sciatic nerve lesions. Binding of [ 3 H]difluoromethylornithine ([ 3 H]DFMO) to tissue sections of L5 ganglia was compared between axotomized and unoperated ganglia at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, and 30 days after a crush lesion of the sciatic nerve. The [ 3 H]DFMO binding to axotomized ganglion neurons, was elevated compared with the unoperated side at 0.5, 1, 5, 7, 8, and 11 days postoperation. Enzymatic measurements of ornithine decarboxylase on ganglia at 1, 4, 8, and 9 days after sciatic nerve crush confirmed basic patterns of enzyme activity comparisons derived from autoradiography. Compared with patterns of [ 3 H]actinomycin D binding to nuclei during the same periods after axotomy, [ 3 H]DFMO binding increased prior to increases in [ 3 H]actinomycin D binding within the first week. After that time, changes in both variables occurred in parallel. The data suggest that increased activities of ornithine decarboxylase or concentrations of polyamines may be linked to the induction of increased RNA synthesis in the early phases of the axon reaction.
Critical current density and microstructure of YBa2Cu3O7 thin films post-annealed at a low oxygen partial pressure

Post-annealing of thin films of YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) has been performed at 29 Pa and 750°C. For films 0.6 μm thick, a critical current density >1 MA cm−2 is obtained at 77 K, with a sharp eddy current response at 25 MHz. Microstructural investigation of these films by crosssectional and planar transmission electron microscopy reveals that the YBCO film has thec-axis normal to the plane of the substrate in a continuous sheet of varying thickness, frequently covering the entire thickness of the film. Mutually perpendicular rods with thec-axis in the plane of the LaAlO3 substrate are also seen. The microstructure and critical current density of these films are compared with those of previously reported films post-annealed in atmosphericpressure oxygen.
Miranda - Color and albedo variations from Voyager photometry

Voyager 0.48-micron images of Miranda covering phase angles of 13-39 deg, together with 0.35-micron 0.41-micron, and 0.56-micron data at 16-deg phase angle, are the bases of the Minnaert parameters from which the present albedo/color maps are derived. Color ratios are found to be essentially constant over all terrain types and albedo ranges on the satellite; spectrally, Miranda is gray. The color data are noted to conform with a model in which varying amounts of materials spectrally resembling the asteroidal F-material are mixed with an icy component.
Stability of EEG Laterality Effects

Task related interhemispheric asymmetries of ongoing EEG activity (alpha band) were tested for stability across three separate occasions. Seven cognitive tasks, presumed to differentially engage either the left or right cerebral hemisphere, were presented to 6 subjects. Involvement with the tasks was determined by evaluation of performance and with a subjective report on degree of involvement. Bilateral EEG was recorded over the parietal areas referenced to an ipsilateral ear, vertex and a central placement, on separate channels. Spectral intensity estimates of 8–13 Hz activity were used to form left/right ratios for determination of asymmetry. Intra-subject stability of alpha band activity was found to improve with the establishment of task validity and to be related to the electrode placement used.
Technology and Supervisory Functions: A Preliminary View

In the last decade, a modest number of investigations have been undertaken which probe the relationship between supervisory functions and the level of technological attainment or refinement. To the extent that results have been available, variation in content and method has compounded the problem of discerning possible relationships among the variables comprising process technology and supervisory organization and activities. This paper reports an exploratory field study dealing with the influence of process technology on two important functional activities of supervision, Direction and Control. Two high-volume production units within baking industry, one more technologically advanced than the other, provided the basis for the development of comparative data and information. Supervisors in the more advanced technological system devoted significantly less time to direction and control activities. This difference in allocation of supervisory time and variation in supervisory practices suggests some of the o...
Skill and Laterality Differences in Medical Laboratory Diagnostics: Reply

Abstract In a recent commentary on Clancy and Hoyer (1993), Hellige (1994) offered an alternative interpretation for the observed right visual field/left-hemisphere (RVF/LH) advantage for skilled subjects in the speed of detecting small featural differences in domain-specific visual images. Because there was a RVF/LH advantage in the accuracy of detecting target-probe differences only in the difficult condition, Hellige suggested that spatial frequency differences between easy and difficult probes could account for the findings. In reply to Hellige′s comments, we argue that the obtained pattern of results can be attributed to hemispheric asymmetries at a conceptual or knowledge representational level, because only skilled observers exhibited a RVF/LH advantage in the speed of detecting featural disparity.
A universal technology for monitoring G-protein-coupled receptor activation in vitro and noninvasively in live animals

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a versatile and ubiquitous family of membrane receptors that transmit extracellular signals to mammalian cells and constitute the most important class of drug targets. Yet, sensitive and specific methods are lacking that would allow quantitative comparisons of pharmacologic properties of these receptors in physiological or pathological settings in live animals. We sought to overcome these limitations by employing low affinity, reversible β-galactosidase complementation to quantify GPCR activation via interaction with β-arrestin. A panel of cell lines was engineered expressing different GPCRs together with the reporter system. In vitro evaluation revealed highly sensitive, dynamic, and specific assessment of GPCR agonists and antagonists. Following implantation of the cells into mice, it was possible for the first time to monitor pharmacological GPCR activation and inhibition in their physiological context by noninvasive bioluminescence imaging in living animals. Thi...
Investigation of the Chromosome Regions with Significant Affinity for the Nuclear Envelope in Fruit Fly – A Model Based Approach

Three dimensional nuclear architecture is important for genome function, but is still poorly understood. In particular, little is known about the role of the “boundary conditions” – points of attachment between chromosomes and the nuclear envelope. We describe a method for modeling the 3D organization of the interphase nucleus, and its application to analysis of chromosome-nuclear envelope (Chr-NE) attachments of polytene (giant) chromosomes in Drosophila melanogaster salivary glands. The model represents chromosomes as self-avoiding polymer chains confined within the nucleus; parameters of the model are taken directly from experiment, no fitting parameters are introduced. Methods are developed to objectively quantify chromosome territories and intertwining, which are discussed in the context of corresponding experimental observations. In particular, a mathematically rigorous definition of a territory based on convex hull is proposed. The self-avoiding polymer model is used to re-analyze previous experimental data; the analysis suggests 33 additional Chr-NE attachments in addition to the 15 already explored Chr-NE attachments. Most of these new Chr-NE attachments correspond to intercalary heterochromatin – gene poor, dark staining, late replicating regions of the genome; however, three correspond to euchromatin – gene rich, light staining, early replicating regions of the genome. The analysis also suggests 5 regions of anti-contact, characterized by aversion for the NE, only two of these correspond to euchromatin. This composition of chromatin suggests that heterochromatin may not be necessary or sufficient for the formation of a Chr-NE attachment. To the extent that the proposed model represents reality, the confinement of the polytene chromosomes in a spherical nucleus alone does not favor the positioning of specific chromosome regions at the NE as seen in experiment; consequently, the 15 experimentally known Chr-NE attachment positions do not appear to arise due to non-specific (entropic) forces. Robustness of the key conclusions to model assumptions is thoroughly checked.
Analyzing the Performance of Hierarchical Binary Classifiers for Multi-class Classification Problem Using Biological Data

Multi-class classification problem has become a challenging problem in bioinformatics research. The problem becomes more difficult as the number of classes increases. Decomposing the problem into a set of binary problems can be a good solution in some cases. One of the popular approaches is to build a hierarchical tree structure where a binary classifier is used at each node of the tree. This paper proposes a new greedy technique for building a hierarchical binary classifier to solve multiclass problem. We use neural networks to build all possible binary classifiers and use this greedy strategy to build the hierarchical tree. This technique is evaluated and compared with two popular standard approaches One-Versus-All, One-Versus-One and a multi-class single neural network based classifier. In addition, these techniques are compared with an exhaustive approach that utilizes all possible binary classifiers to analyze how close those classifiers perform to the exhaustive method.
A proposed concept for the extraction of energy stored in magnetic or electric fields in space

It is known that enormous energy resources associated with electric, magnetic, gravitational, and other fields exist in space. It is also known that the major difficulty in 'tapping' this energy arises from the extremely low density level at which this energy exists. An analytical study has been made of a particular scheme that appears promising for an efficient utilization of some of these energy resources in propulsion. The principle involves the exchange of energy between a fluctuating magnetic field and a velocity field of electrically conducting fluid in turbulent motion located onboard a spacecraft. Under certain conditions the total energy of the turbulent flow field onboard the spacecraft can be increased and this increase appears in the form of Joulean heat. The utilization of the fluctuating part of the magnetic field, in the form of Joulean dissipation (because of its random character) does not introduce any drag on the spacecraft. The application appears promising for flights in the vicinity of Jupiter and other planets. The rate at which energy is gained by the conducting fluid is of the order of 100 watts when the rms value of the fluctuating magnetic field strength is about 1 gauss.
Psychoeducational Approaches to Medication Adherence in Patients with Bipolar Disorder

There is growing consensus that a major obstacle to good outcomes among individuals with bipolar disorder (BPD) is premature discontinuation of medications. This review summarizes the current literature on prevalence and consequences of non-adherence in BPD populations, measurement of adherence, risk factors for non-adherence, and general and psychoeducational interventions to enhance treatment adherence among bipolar populations, and suggests future directions in psychoeducational approaches with respect to treatment adherence. Risks associated with discontinuation of medication among individuals with BPD are well documented and include manic and depressive relapses, re-hospitalization, and more lengthy hospital stays. A relatively limited but growing literature suggests that it is possible to enhance treatment adherence among patients with BPD. The most positive evidence for the improvement of medication adherence among patients with BPD comes from specific psychosocial interventions used in conjunction with pharmacotherapies. It has been suggested that improved treatment adherence is at least a partial component of the observed positive outcomes of psychoeducational approaches among bipolar populations. Many individuals with BPD remain relatively uninformed regarding their illness, creating potential barriers to optimal treatment adherence, and limiting self-management skills. Psychoeducation is based on the premise that individuals have a fundamental right to have information regarding their illness, and individuals who are informed are more likely to take a more active role in managing their illness, which results in better health outcomes. Psychoeducation strategies for BPD that have contributed to positive outcomes have ranged from simple one-site, education-only interventions that improve lithium adherence and attitudes about medications to a more complex, multi-site, collaborative care system intervention that yielded shorter durations of affective episodes for patients, improved functioning and quality of life, and treatment satisfaction. Although psychological therapies that emphasize psychoeducation generally support benefits in achieving and maintaining remission from bipolar symptoms, the effects of these interventions on treatment adherence are not consistent and the way in which psychoeducation improves outcomes is not entirely clear. There is an urgent need for greater understanding of interventions that can be implemented in real-world settings that address patient, provider/system, and environmental/social factors that are critical to treatment adherence.
Effect of elective hospitalization on plasma lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoproteins A-I, B and Lp(a).

Abstract Plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins are subjects of interest because of their association with coronary artery disease. Elevations of total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and the main apolipoprotein constituent of LDL, apolipoprotein B, are associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease. Similarly, elevated plasma levels of Lp(a) are seen more frequently in patients with premature coronary artery disease. Conversely, low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and its major protein constituent, apolipoprotein A-I, are also associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease. 1–5 Many studies linking lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels are case-controlled where patients are diagnosed by coronary angiography. 4,5 Despite technologic advances made in the last 2 decades in noninvasive cardiology, angiography remains the method of choice for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. We have previously reported data on 88 patients sampled at coronary angiography and in the free-living state and found that HDL cholesterol was significantly lower when sampled in-hospital. 6 To extend these findings and examine apolipoproteins A-I, B and Lp(a), we prospectively sampled patients who underwent elective coronary angiography and then returned for blood sampling in the free-living state. Use of certain medications, especially β blockers and diuretics, can alter lipid levels. Major surgery, physical exercise and acute myocardial infarction can alter these levels as well. 7,8 We therefore attempted to offset the presence of β blockers and other medications.
Dynamics of the oil transition: Modeling capacity, depletion, and emissions

Abstract The global petroleum system is undergoing a shift to substitutes for conventional petroleum (SCPs). The Regional Optimization Model for Emissions from Oil Substitutes, or ROMEO, models this oil transition and its greenhouse gas impacts. ROMEO models the global liquid fuel market in an economic optimization framework, but in contrast to other models it solves each model year sequentially, with investment and production optimized under uncertainty about future prevailing prices or resource quantities. ROMEO includes more hydrocarbon resource types than integrated assessment models of climate change. ROMEO also includes the carbon intensities and costs of production of these resources. We use ROMEO to explore the uncertainty of future costs, emissions, and total fuel production under a number of scenarios. We perform sensitivity analysis on the endowment of conventional petroleum and future carbon taxes. Results show incremental emissions from production of oil substitutes of ≈ 0–30 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon over the next 50 years (depending on the carbon tax). Also, demand reductions due to the higher cost of SCPs could reduce or eliminate these increases. Calculated emissions are highly sensitive to the endowment of conventional oil and less sensitive to a carbon tax.
Discovery of high-dimensional inclusion dependencies

Determining relationships such as functional or inclusion dependencies within and across databases is important for many applications in information integration. When such information is not available as explicit meta data, it is possible to discover potential dependencies from the source database extents. However, the complexity of such discovery problems is typically exponential in the number of attributes. We have developed an algorithm for the discovery of inclusion dependencies across high-dimensional relations in the order of 100 attributes. This algorithm is the first to efficiently solve the inclusion-dependency discovery problem. This is achieved by mapping it into a progressive series of clique-finding problems in k-uniform hypergraphs and solving those. Extensive experimental studies confirm the algorithm's efficiency on a variety of real-world data sets.