cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen-component fugacity coefficients in binary mixtures with isobutane: temperature dependence

The fugacity coefficients of hydrogen in binary mixtures with isobutane were measured using a physical equilibrium technique. This technique involves the use of an experimental chamber which is divided into two regions by a semipermeable membrane through which hydrogen, but not isobutane, can penetrate. Measurement of the gas pressures inside and outside the membrane allow a direct measurement of the hydrogen component fugacity at a given temperature, binary mixture mole fraction, and mixture pressure. In this paper, results are reported at 120, 140, 160, and 180°C. In each case, the total pressure of the mixture was maintained at an average value of 3.40 MPa. The general qualitative features of the data are discussed, and comparisions are made with predictions obtained from the Redlich-Kwong and the Peng-Robinson equations of state.
Introduction and establishment ofApanteles flavipes [Hym.: Braconidae] onDiatraea saccharalis [Lep.: Pyralidae] in texas

The braconid parasite,Apanteles flavipes (Cameron), was introduced into the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas in 1977 and has become established onDiatraea saccharalis (F.) attacking 4 species of host plants. Approximately 71% of the 26,971 adult parasites released were released in sugarcane,Saccharum officinarum L., with the remainder being released on field corn,Zea mays L., broomcorn,Sorghum vulgare technicum (Koern.) and Johnson grass,Sorghum halepense (L.). Recoveries indicate dispersal of at least 4 km from release sites.
Free Energy Driven Geometrical Simulation of Protein Dynamics

Proteins are macromolecules consisting of myriad noncovalent interactions that determine their three-dimensional structure, stability and dynamics. Global constraints such as temperature and pressure play an essential role in defining thermodynamic equilibrium properties. Similarly, covalent bonding and weaker intramolecular interactions such as hydrogen bonds impose mechanical constraints at the molecular level. Application of graph-rigidity has played an important role in determining protein flexibility [Jacobs, et. al. 2001, Proteins, 44:150] exploring conformational dynamics using geometrical simulation [David and Jacobs, 2011, J. Mol. Graph Model, 31:41] and predicting thermodynamic stability using a Distance Constraint Model (DCM) that provides a rapid method to calculate the free energy of a protein as a function of constraint topology [Vorov, et. al. 2011, Biophysical Journal, 16:1129]. Whereas geometrical simulation is an athermal (strictly mechanical) model, and the DCM is an Ising-like model that does not simulate real conformational dynamics; both depend on the underlying constraint topology of a protein. A new method is presented that combines geometrical simulation with a minimal DCM to efficiently explore conformational dynamics that is guided by the free energy landscape, not the energy landscape. Consequently, this hybrid model is a novel Monte Carlo approach to probe long-time dynamics of a protein that includes non-native contacts because hydrogen bonds and other weak intramolecular interactions are continually breaking and forming consistent with thermodynamic equilibrium. Further, augmenting the free energy landscape with an analytical driving term enables enhanced sampling of rare events. For example, conformational changes are externally biased to sweep back and forth between the folded and unfolded states, passing through the transition state each time. Thermodynamic and dynamic properties will be presented for adenylate kinase (214 residues), which exhibits partial unfolding events. Quantitative relationships between stability, flexibility and dynamics will be discussed.
Judith the Heroine: Lies, Seduction, and Murder in Cultural Perspective

Many readers have questioned Judith's status as heroine, describing her behavior as morally reprehensible at worst and morally ambiguous at best largely on the basis of her use of deceit to establish herself in the camp of the enemy and to lure Holofernes into a position of weakness. A study of the use of deceit in the Hebrew Scriptures, Pseudepigrapha, and classical Greek literature as an acceptable—even praiseworthy—virtue to be employed when advancing the interests of one's reference group against outsiders shows Judith to be acting very much in line with the path defined as virtuous in Mediterranean cultures. Judith finds herself in the midst of a web of honor challenges and uses culturally appropriate strategies to defend her honor, the honor of her people, and the honor of God.
Influence of dispersal from almonds on the population dynamics and acaricide resistance frequencies of spider mites infesting neighboring cotton.

Neighboring almond and cotton fields were sampled for spider mites in four locations in the San Joaquin Valley of California. The dominant species in the almonds wasTetranychus pacificus McGregor. In three cotton sites.T. pacificus was present in significantly higher densities near the almonds on at least one sampling date. In contrast.T. urticae Koch andT. turkestani Ugarov & Nikolski were equally abundant across the cotton fields. Almonds appeared to act as a continuous early-season source ofT. pacificus for cotton, with peaks in aerial dispersal from almonds occurring due to overcrowding, plant water stress, and applications of repellent acaricides. Cotton, which experienced little water stress, supported very high densities of spider mites and so acted primarily as a sink for spider-mite dispersal from almonds and other field crops throughout the growth-season. The frequencies of resistance expressed byT. pacificus andT. urticae were similar between neighboring crops, even if the acaricide had been registered for use only in almonds (cyhexatin) or cotton (dicofol). Thus, longterm acaricide selection and movement of spider mites between the two crops resulted in similar proportions of resistant individuals. In these study sites, large-scale dispersal ofT. pacificus from almonds rarely directly affected acaricide efficacy in cotton, because resistance frequencies were similar for spider mites from the two crops and because acaricide applications were usually made in cotton after dispersal from almonds was completed. In two cotton sites, field selection with dicofol was reversed by subsequent immigration of spider mites from neighboring field crops.
The social antecedents of anger proneness in young adulthood.

Anger has been shown to be an important factor in occupational maladjustment, family conflict, physical and sexual assault, criminal behavior, and substance abuse. It has also been linked with such adverse health outcomes as hypertension, heart disease, and cancer. Focusing on anger proneness, conceptualized as a relatively enduring propensity to experience and express anger, this article examines both early and recent antecedent factors that predict and may condition levels of anger proneness. The roles of both prospectively and retrospectively assessed factors are considered. Data from an ethnically diverse and representative sample of young adults reveals clear gender differences and, at least for short-tempered anger, decreasing levels of anger with increasing socioeconomic status. Prior exposure to violent events, prior exposure to other forms of social stress, and certain personal attributes were found to be significant antecedents of both hostility and short-tempered forms of anger proneness.
Diagnosis of Burkitt's tumor in the united states

The relationship between Burkitt's tumor, so-called conventional childhood lymphosarcoma and acute leukemia in children, is the subject of controversy. The distinction between these diseases appears to offer little difficulty hi those areas of Africa where Burkitt's tumor is endemic Comparative studies of cases of childhood lymphoma and leukemia in the United States have indicated that a clear-cut distinction can not be made between Burkitt's tumor and childhood lymphoma of the poorly differentiated lymphocytic or “stem cell” type. Furthermore, no single criterion can be considered as pathognomonic of Burkitt's tumor, the diagnosis of which rests on a combination of histologic, cytologic, clinical and gross anatomical features.
Intralesional cidofovir for the treatment of severe juvenile recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: long-term results in 4 children.

Abstract Objective We sought to determine the efficacy of intralesional injection of cidofovir in improving resolution of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). Study design and setting We conducted a prospective, observational trial at an academic tertiary children’s hospital. Results Four children with RRP requiring more than 6 surgical excisions per year were treated with intralesional cidofovir. Cidofovir (5 mg/mL) was injected into airway sites where papillomas had just been excised using sharp technique. Each patient had 6 treatments performed 6 to 8 weeks apart. Biopsies confirmed benign papilloma lesions in all cases. During treatment with intralesional cidofovir there was diminished growth of the papillomas in each patient. Once cidofovir treatment was stopped, the rate of regrowth and frequency of surgical excision returned to pretreatment levels in 3 of the 4 patients. Conclusions Intralesional cidofovir may provide benefit in reducing the rate of RRP growth while under treatment, but RRP severity returned to pretreatment levels once cidofovir treatment was stopped using this treatment program.
The distribution of benthic foraminifera with respect to oxygen concentration and organic carbon levels in shallow-water Antarctic sediments

Etude de la repartition verticale de Foraminiferes vivants dans des sediments recoltes dans le Detroit de McMurdo,en relation avec la teneur en oxygene et en carbone organique ainsi que la granulometrie du sediment
Apoptosis amelioration through hypothermic reperfusion in heart transplant.

Objective: To investigate the effects of two different sets of graft temperature during perfusion on myocardial protection in the immediate post transplantation period in rats. Materials and Methods: Rats grouped into: Sham and two study groups, which include two set groups of heterotopic heart transplant perfused at two different temperature set. The studied groups underwent cuff method cervical heterotopic heart transplant. Myocardial cell injury and stress were assessed by measuring: Cardiac troponin-I, score of tissue injury, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen, caspase 3 enzyme, and degree of myocardial apoptosis. The low set temperature (18°C) significantly reduced myocardial cell injury compared to 37°C reperfusion temperature. This cytoprotective effect of low temperature reperfusion phase was addressed by significant reduction in ROS and nitrogen and inflammatory cytokines, caspase 3, and myocardial apoptosis. Conclusion : Hypothermic reperfusion phase exerts cytoprotection in heart transplant through down regulation of oxygen, nitrogen reactive species, and inhibition of apoptosis.
The Inflow to Tropical Cyclone Humberto (2001) as Viewed with Azimuth–Height Surfaces over Three Days

AbstractThe deployment of 228 global positioning system dropwindsondes (GPS sondes), over three consecutive days in Tropical Cyclone Humberto (2001), allows for the creation of azimuth–height (ϕ–z) surfaces from sea level to 3-km altitude at 0.25° and 0.5° latitude distance from the storm center. The authors estimate the radial flow along these ϕ–z surfaces to diagnose the mass flux through said surfaces as Humberto deepens from 1000 to 983 hPa from the first to the second day, then fills to 992 hPa by the third day. As the tropical cyclone (TC) intensifies the width, depth, and rate of inflow increase. The inflow remains a wavenumber-1 pattern throughout the three days. The center of the inflow rotates clockwise over this period following the expected forcing due to both the tropical cyclone motion and deep layer shear vectors. Net vertical mass flux, based on continuity within a given volume, is correlated with TC intensity only for the inner 0.25° ϕ–z surface. Slightly farther from the center, at 0.5° ...
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectra of Inorganic Molecules. XIX.† Thiocyanato and Isothiocyanato Complexes of the Transition Metals: Carbon 1s, Nitrogen 1s and Sulfur 2p Binding Energies and their Possible Correlation with the Mode of Thiocyanate Bonding

The X-ray photoelectron spectra of a series of thiocyanato and isothiocyanato complexes of the transition metals have been recorded. Carbon 1st, nitrogen 1s and sulfur 2p binding energies were measured in order to establish whether there was any clear correlation with the mode of thiocyanate bonding. Complexes which were studied included those possessing M–NCS, M–SCN and M–NCS–M units. In addition, several species were investigated which contained two different thiocyanate environments within the same molecule. These were the ionic complexes [Cu(tren)(NCS)]SCN and [Cu(trien)(SCN)]SCN, where tren = tris(2-aminoethyl)amine and trien = triethylenetetramine, and Pd(dppe)(NCS)(SCN), where dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane. The latter complex contains both N- and S-bound thiocyanate. Within the range of complexes studied, the S 2p energies of M–NCS, M–SCN and SCN− differ at most by a few tenths of an electron volt. This indicates that the XPS technique will not usually permit a ready distinction between these different bonding modes in most transition metal complexes.
On the cascade mechanism of short surface wave modulation

Abstract. Modulation of short surface ripples by long surface or internal waves by a cascade mechanism is considered. At the first stage, the orbital velocity of the long wave (LW) adiabatically modulates an intermediate length nonlinear gravity wave (GW), which generates a bound (parasitic) capillary wave (CW) near its crest in a wide spatial frequency band. Due to strong dependence of the CW amplitude on that of the GW, the resulting ripple modulation by LW can be strong. Adiabatic modulation at the first stage is calculated for an arbitrarily strong LW current. The CWs are calculated based on the Lonquet-Higgins theory, in the framework of a steady periodic solution, which proves to be sufficient for the cases considered. Theoretical results are compared with data from laboratory experiments. A discussion of related sea clutter data is given in the conclusion.
Another fork in the road--life or death decisions by the tumour suppressor p53.

In response to cellular stress signals, the tumour suppressor p53 accumulates and triggers a host of antineoplastic responses. For instance, DNA damage activates two main p53-dependent responses: cell cycle arrest and attendant DNA repair or apoptosis (cell death). It is broadly accepted that, in response to DNA damage, the function of p53 as a sequence-specific transcription factor is crucial for tumour suppression. The molecular determinants, however, that favour the initiation of either a p53-dependent cell cycle arrest (life) or apoptotic (death) transcriptional programme remain elusive. Gaining a clear understanding of the mechanisms controlling cell fate determination by p53 could lead to the identification of molecular targets for therapy, which could selectively sensitize cancer cells to apoptosis. This review summarizes the literature addressing this important question in the field. Special emphasis is given to the role of the p53 response element, post-translational modifications and protein–protein interactions on cell fate decisions made by p53 in response to DNA damage.
Tribology in the former USSR

The purposes of this trip were to visit tribology research laboratories in the former Soviet Union (FSU), to attend the New Materials and Technologies in Tribology Conference in Minsk, and to explore possible collaborations between US tribologists and those in FSU countries. I was accompanied by 11 senior scientists representing universities and federal laboratories in the United States. This report briefly describes research areas in the institutes that we visited and the overall topics discussed at the conference.
Complex synaptic activation of bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells is elicited with biphasic electrical stimulation

Summary form only given. Correlation of excitatory and inhibitory input currents with ganglion cell spiking responses suggest that excitatory and inhibitory presynaptic neurons (likely bipolar and amacrine cells respectively) are activated by biphasic stimulus pulses. Inhibitory input, likely arising from direct or indirect (via bipolar) activation of amacrine cells, suppresses the ganglion cell spiking response and therefore increases the stimulus current threshold for ganglion cell activation. This suggests that electrical stimulation drives a complex interactive range of presynaptic activity. Stimulus parameters that minimize direct or indirect activation of amacrine cells may result in generating higher response/stimulus efficiency.
Using surface imaging and visual coaching to improve the reproducibility and stability of deep-inspiration breath hold for left-breast-cancer radiotherapy

Late cardiac complications may arise after left-breast radiation therapy. Deep-inspiration breath hold (DIBH) allows reduction of the irradiated heart volume at the same time as it reduces tumor bed motion and increases lung sparing. In the present study, we have evaluated the improvement in reproducibility and stability of the DIBH for left-breast-cancer treatment when visual coaching is provided with the aid of 3D video surface imaging and video goggles. Five left-breast-cancer patients and fifteen healthy volunteers were asked to perform a series of DIBHs without and with visual coaching. Reproducibility and stability of DIBH were measured for each individual with and without visual coaching. The average reproducibility and stability changed from 2.1 mm and 1.5 mm, respectively, without visual feedback to 0.5 mm and 0.7 mm with visual feedback, showing a significant statistical difference (p 2 mm) in reproducibility and stability were observed in 35% and 15% of the subjects, respectively. The average chest wall excursion of the DIBH with respect to the free breathing preceding the DIBH was found to be 11.3 mm. The reproducibility and stability of the DIBH improve significantly from the visual coaching provided to the patient, especially in those patients with poor reproducibility and stability.
Computation of high breakdown nonlinear regression parameters

Most algorithms for estimating high breakdown regression estimators in linear regression rely on finding the least squares fit to many p-point elemental sets, where p is the dimension of the X matrix. Such an approach is computationally infeasible in nonlinear regression. This article presents a new algorithm for computing high breakdown estimates in nonlinear regression that requires only a small number of least squares fits to p points. The algorithm is used to compute Rousseeuw's least median of squares (LMS) estimate and Yohai's MM estimate in both simulations and examples. It is also used to compute bootstrapped and Monte Carlo Standard error estimates for MM estimates, which are compared with asymptotic Standard errors (ASE's). Using the PROGRESS algorithm for a two-parameter nonlinear model with sample size 30 would require finding the least squares fit to 435 two-point subsets of the data. In the settings considered in this article, the proposed algorithm performs just as well with 25 as with 435 ...
A historical account of the hypodermic model in mass communication

This essay examines a dispute over the history of mass communication research by focusing on different accounts of the hypodermic model in mass communication literature. The essay argues that attention to the processes of historiography can help to explain how different conceptions of the hypodermic model, and different conceptions of the field's history, are embraced and articulated. Different conceptions of the history of mass communication research are related to different ideological, theoretical, and methodological commitments. The essay demonstrates that how one articulates the history of mass communication research has significant implications for how one understands and studies the media.
Greater Expectations: A Field Experiment to Improve Accountability in Mali

I argue that if citizens systematically underestimate what their government can and should do for them, then they will hold politicians to a lower standard and sanction poor performers less often. A field experiment across 95 localities in Mali in which randomly assigned localities receive a civics course identifies the effect of raising voter expectations of government on their willingness to hold leaders accountable. The course provides information about local government capacity and responsibility as well as how local politicians perform relative to others, effectively raising voter expectations of what local governments can and should do. Survey experiments among individuals in treated and control communities (N = 5,560) suggest that people in treated villages are indeed more likely to sanction poor performers and vote based on performance more often. A behavioral outcome—the likelihood that villagers challenge local leaders at a town hall meeting—adds external validity to survey findings.
The Cytoplasmic Tail of the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus F Protein Plays Critical Roles in Cellular Localization of the F Protein and Infectious Progeny Production

The importance of the F protein cytoplasmic tail (CT) for replication of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) was examined by monitoring the behavior of viruses expressing F proteins with a modified COOH terminus. The F protein mutant viruses were recovered and amplified under conditions where F protein function was complemented by expression of a heterologous viral envelope protein. The effect of the F protein modifications was then examined in the context of a viral infection in standard cell types (Vero and HEp-2). The F protein modifications consisted of a deletion of the predicted CT or a replacement of the CT with the CT of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G protein. In addition, engineered HRSVs that lacked all homologous glycoprotein genes (SH, G, and F) and expressed instead either the authentic VSV G protein or a VSV G containing the HRSV F protein CT were examined. We found that deletion or replacement of the F protein CT seriously impaired the production of infectious progeny. Cells infected with viruses bearing CT modifications displayed increased F protein surface expression and increased syncytium formation. The distribution of F protein in the plasma membrane of infected cells was altered, resulting in an F protein that was evenly distributed rather than localized predominantly to virus-induced surface filaments. CT deletion or exchange also abrogated interaction of F protein with Triton-insoluble lipid rafts. Addition of the F protein CT to the VSV G protein, expressed as the only viral glycoprotein in an HRSV genome, had the opposite effects: the number of infectious progeny was higher, the surface distribution was changed from relatively even to localized, and the proportion of VSV G protein associated with lipid rafts was higher. Together, these results show that the HRSV F protein CT plays a critical role in F protein cellular localization and production of infectious virus and suggest that the function provided by the CT is independent of the F protein ectodomain and transmembrane domain and is mediated by F protein-lipid raft interaction.
Frontiers of Flow Control

In contrast to the first chapter, in the present chapter I shall emphasize the frontiers of the field of flow control, pondering mostly the control of turbulent flows. I shall review the important advances in the field that took place during the past few years and are anticipated to dominate progress in the near future, essentially covering the fifth era outlined in Sect. 2 of the previous chapter. By comparison with laminar flow control or separation prevention, the control of turbulent flow remains a very challenging problem. Flow instabilities magnify quickly near critical flow regimes, and therefore delaying transition or separation are relatively easier tasks. In contrast, classical control strategies are often ineffective for fully turbulent flows. Newer ideas for turbulent flow control to achieve, for example, skin-friction drag reduction focus on the direct onslaught on coherent structures. Spurred by the recent developments in chaos control, microfabrication and soft computing tools, reactive control of turbulent flows, where sensors detect oncoming coherent structures and actuators attempt to favorably modulate those quasi-periodic events, is now in the realm of the possible for future practical devices. In this article, I shall provide estimates for the number, size, frequency and energy consumption of the sensor/actuator arrays needed to control the turbulent boundary layer on a full-scale aircraft or submarine.
Modulatory Effect of Thyroid Function on Enzymes of the Vasopressin-Sensitive Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate System in Renal Medulla*

Enzymes of hormone-dependent cAMP metabolism and other enzymes were studied in renal medulla, cortex, and liver of hypothyroid rats and of hypothyroid rats treated for 1 week with T4. In the hypothyroid group, basal activity of renal medullary adenylate cyclase and the activity stimulated by vasopressin were markedly decreased. Treatment of hypothyroid rats with T4 resulted in an increase in the renal medullary adenylate cyclase activity and in a decrease of the activity of cAMP phosphodiesterase. In studies of other renal medullary enzymes, only cytochrome c oxidase activity was decreased in hypothyroidism, but it was not influenced by T4 treatment. In vitro, the addition of 10-7-10-5 M T4 had no effect on adenylate cyclase activity or on its stimulation by vasopressin or NaF. At 10-5 M, but not at lower concentrations, T4 inhibited cAMP phosphodiesterase. The activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in cytosol was not different among the three groups, but the state of activation of protein kinase in si...
The Pasts of an Indian Village

Events of the last two hundred years have led many scholars to divide the societies of the world into contrasting pairs, such as developed—under-developed, advanced—backward, traditional—modern. Central to these concepts are not only ideas about the level of technological development, but the very character of the societies and cultures which are compared and contrasted as well. Professor Edward Shils has recently remarked that the traditional society is one in which, among other things, there is a strong attachment to the past, by which behavior is determined and validated. Solutions to problems old and new are determined by the past of the society, and modernization quickens when ties to the past begin to be cut and new criteria for determining and validating behavior are invoked.
Expression of Keratinocyte Growth Factor in Periapical Lesions

The epithelial proliferation associated with inflammatory periapical lesions and with periapical cyst formation represents an interesting but poorly understood pathological change. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is a recently identified growth factor that is produced by stromal fibroblasts and acts specifically to stimulate epithelial growth and differentiation. To investigate its possible role in the activation of the normally quiescent rests of Malassez, we examined the expression of KGF by in situ hybridization of sections of normal periodontal ligament (PDL) and of 12 periapical granulomas or cysts. Normal PDL and periapical granulomas with scant inflammatory infiltration showed few cells expressing message for KGF. However, KGFexpressing cells were found in the connective tissue stroma close to dense foci of inflammatory cells and to proliferating epithelial elements and cystic epithelial linings. Examination of tissues by the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed KGF expr...
Power voltage-current converter using quasi-complementary MOSFET current mirrors

A voltage-current converter is described having a quasi-complementary class-AB architecture that is particularly suited to implementation using discrete power MOSFETs. High-voltage mirror designs are presented, enabling the construction of sources with kilovolt compliance range, tens of watts of output power and greater than 100 kHz bandwidth. GΩ output impedance and distortion below 1% can be obtained with no trimming or transistor matching.
Experimental investigation of radio performance in wireless sensor networks

Testing of the range and radiation pattern of wireless sensors is often not fully documented. In this paper, we perform a full characterization of the Tmote Sky motes from MoteIV Corporation. Packet yield, RSSI, and LQI are measured as a function of distance, angle, and transmit power, while taking environmental conditions into consideration. Wireless sensors have a very limited energy source, and the ability to make nodes last as long as possible can be greatly affected by their placement in the network. We aim to present a set of guidelines for setting up Wireless Sensor Networks that will enable them to achieve their QoS goals and maximum lifetime. Our results show that the radio antenna pattern on the Tmote Sky devices is not truly omnidirectional. RSSI does appear to degrade as an exponential function of distance, and LQI appears to be a very reliable indication of packet yield. The most significant result we have found is that transmitting and receiving node heights have a major impact on link performance. We have also found that under any circumstance, it is difficult to support data rates higher than 30 kbps with the current radio stack in TinyOS 1.x. Experimental data is analyzed and the importance of these results is discussed in depth.
Increasing Diversity among Students in Recreation, Parks, and Leisure Studies Curricula: A Case Study

Much has been written about increasing the cultural competence of students in recreation, parks, and leisure studies curricula. Little has been written, however: about how these programs can increase the actual number of individuals from underrepresented groups. This article discusses the reasons for problems in recruitment and retention of underrepresented groups in higher education. Data -specific to recreation, parks and leisure studies curricula are also presented. Additionally, the paper outlines the conceptual background and actual components of a case example that successfully increased the number of African American students in a therapeutic recreation program by 23% over four years. Finally, this article will offer specific recommendations and strategies gleaned from the case example as well as from the literature for ways to improve the contextual conditions of a department or institution in order to not only recruit but also retain students from underrepresented populations.
Middle-Class Educational Values among Latino Gang Members in East Los Angeles County High Schools

In East Los Angeles, Mexican-American gang members value schooling, but gangs impede schooling, especially if mishandled.
Variable response of selected cuproproteins in rat choroid plexus and cerebellum following perinatal copper deficiency

Recent immunohistochemical characterization of the copper transport protein, Ctr1, reported enriched levels in mouse choroid plexus, and enhancement by copper deficiency. To extend and confirm this, experiments were conducted with Holtzman rats. Following perinatal copper deficiency there was an 80% reduction in brain copper of 24–27 day old copper-deficient (Cu-) rat pups compared to copper-adequate (Cu+) controls. Choroid plexus immunoblot analysis with rabbit anti-hCtr1 demonstrated a 50% higher Ctr1 protein expression in Cu-samples. However, levels of copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase (CCS) were unchanged, suggesting that Ctr1 buffers the choroid plexus against copper deficiency, since CCS normally is much higher in Cu-tissues. There were 13% lower levels of cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX IV) detected in Cuchoroid plexus. In contrast, in cerebellum of Cu-rats CCS was 2-fold higher and COXIV 1.7-fold lower than Cu+ rats consistent with severe copper deficiency. Brain mitochondria from Cu-rats had severe reductions in COXIV content and CCO activity and modest but significant elevations in CCS and reductions in Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase. COXIV may be a more sensitive marker for copper deficiency than CCS and may prove useful to assess copper status.
Evaluation of a Macrofoam Swab Protocol for the Recovery of Bacillus anthracis Spores from a Steel Surface

A protocol to recover Bacillus anthracis spores from a steel surface using macrofoam swabs was evaluated for its accuracy, precision, reproducibility, and limit of detection. Macrofoam swabs recovered 31.7 to 49.1% of spores from 10-cm2 steel surfaces with a ≤32.7% coefficient of variation in sampling precision and reproducibility for inocula of ≥38 spores.
The role of laminin-5 and its receptors in mammary epithelial cell branching morphogenesis

In vivo, normal mammary epithelial cells utilize hemidesmosome attachment devices to adhere to stroma. However, analyses of a potential role for hemidesmosomes and their components in mammary epithelial tissue morphogenesis have never been attempted. MCF-10A cells are a spontaneously immortalized line derived from mammary epithelium and possess a number of characteristics of normal mammary epithelial cells including expression of hemidesmosomal associated proteins such as the two bullous pemphigoid antigens, alpha 6 beta 4 integrin and its ligand laminin-5. More importantly, MCF-10A cells readily assemble mature hemidesmosomes when plated onto uncoated substrates. When maintained on matrigel, like their normal breast epithelial cell counterparts, MCF-10A cells undergo a branching morphogenesis and assemble hemidesmosomes at sites of cell-matrigel interaction. Function blocking antibodies specific for human laminin-5 and the alpha subunits of its two known receptors (alpha 3 beta 1 and alpha 6 beta 4 integrin) not only inhibit hemidesmosome assembly by MCF-10A cells but also impede branching morphogenesis induced by matrigel. Our results imply that the hemidesmosome, in particular those subunits comprising its laminin-5/integrin 'backbone', play an important role in morphogenetic events. We discuss these results in light of recent evidence that hemidesmosomes are sites involved in signal transduction.
Distillation and the Isolation of Alcohol

As discussed in the previous chapters, the production of alcoholic beverages via fermentation is thought to date back to sometime before 6000 BCE [1, 2, 3, 4], yet the separation, isolation, and application of alcohol as a distinct chemical species did not occur until the 12th century CE [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. This of course begs the question: Why did it take so long? The principle factor in the long delay between these events was the fact that the most common method for this separation, distillation, was not really developed until the 1st century CE [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]. Even so, it still took essentially another thousand years for the successful isolation of ethanol.
Effect of anise oil fed to lactating sows and nursery pigs on sow feed intake, piglet performance, and weanling pig feed intake and growth performance

Anise oil (AO) was fed to lactating sows and to pigs after weaning to determine its effect on feed intake and performance of nursery pigs. Sows (24) were fed either (1) control or (2) AO (control + 50 mg/kg of AO). At weaning, within sow treatment, 168 pigs were assigned to control or AO. Pigs were fed a 3-phase nursery program (1 wk each), and feed intake was determined daily during wk 1. On d 2, 3, or 7, daily feed intake tended to be greater for progeny of sows fed AO (P < 0.10). Pigs fed AO also tended to consume more feed on d 1, 5, and 7 (P < 0.10). On d 7 and phase 1, progeny of sows fed control tended to have the least ADFI when fed control and the highest when fed AO (P < 0.10). Pigs fed AO had greater ADFI, ADG, and G:F (P < 0.05) in wk 2. In wk 3, progeny of sows fed control had the least ADFI when fed control and the highest when fed AO (P < 0.05). Overall, progeny of sows fed control tended to have the least ADFI when fed control and greatest when fed AO (P = 0.06). Pigs fed AO during the nursery phase tended to have greater ADG and BW (P < 0.10). Feeding AO did not affect sow performance but increased ADFI in pigs immediately after weaning.
Trends In Orphan New Molecular Entities, 1983–2014: Half Were First In Class, And Rare Cancers Were The Most Frequent Target

The Orphan Drug Act was enacted in 1983 to stimulate drug development for rare diseases. How well this law has accomplished that goal is an important public health question. This study examined the characteristics of the 209 orphan drugs approved as new molecular entities in the period 1983–2014. As a whole, these drugs were highly innovative and provided substantial gains in reducing unmet medical needs for rare diseases: Over 50 percent of the drugs were first in class, and 78 percent received a priority review. Drugs approved as either therapeutic or supportive therapies for rare cancers represented the highest proportion of these drugs (35 percent). Additionally, in 2010–14 large companies became a strong presence in developing orphan new molecular entities for oncology indications. Overall, new orphan drugs appeared to be highly innovative and provided important advances in care for patients with rare diseases.
Optoacoustic monitoring of total hemoglobin concentration: In vitro, and in vivo studies

We performed in vitro and in vivo tests of optoacoustic monitoring of total hemoglobin concentration. The results of the in vitro measurements in blood and pilot in vivo studies in volunteers suggest that the optoacoustic technique may be used for noninvasive and continuous monitoring of total hemoglobin concentration.
Closed Systems of Behavior and Traditional Family Ideology

The objective was to obtain data relevant to the hyporhesis that closed systems of behavior at either the personality or the social structural level of analysis can influence the development of traditional or anti-democratic ideology in family relationships. At the level of personaliry, a high magnitude of rejection of opposing beliefs predisposes the closedminded individual to form an authoritarian outlook on life as expressed in a rigid dichotomization of family roles (Rokeach, 1960; Holz, 1968). Similarly, at the social structural level, traditional family ideology can be viewed as the prodct of a closed social milieu which limits the perspective of any given individual so thar he has few opporrunities to develop role-playing abilities and consequently must rely upon narrow reference groups to define normative family behavior (Stewart & Hoult, 1959). Since a high magnitude of resistance to change is present at either level of analysis, the narrow social milieu can be regarded as "closed" to opposing normative influences in the same manner that the closedminded personality is "closed" to opposing beliefs. An anonymous questionnaire was administered to 174 students at Boston University containing a 20-item form of Rokeach's Dogmatism (D) Scale to measure closedmindedness; a 12-item form of Levinson and Huffman's Traditional Family Ideology (TFI) Scale to tap anti-democratic family tendencies; and an indicator of closed social milieu for which S was instructed to list the ethnic characteristics of his "close friends.'' Responses to statements contained in the Scales of TFI and D were scored from 0 to 5 in Likerr fashion. Ss indicating little diversity in ethnic characteristics among friends (e.g., religion, race, nadonality, national origin) were regarded as having a closed social milieu. A 2 X 2 analysis of variance of TFI scores yielded significant main effects for Closedmindedness (F = 44.78, df = 1/170, p < ,001) and Closed Social Milieu (F = 8.61, df = 1/170, p < ,005). [As predicted, high-D scorers expressed a more traditional family outlook (M = 37.60, SD = 9.12) than Low-D scorers (M = 28.86, SD = 8.02). Also consistent with initial expectations, Ss reporting a closed social milieu were significantly more traditional (M = 34.97, SD = 8.58) than Ss expressing a relatively open social milieu (M = 30.93, SD = 8.82) .] The results lend themselves to the interpretation thar the traditional family outlook is a narrow reference group definition of family relations which can be located in closed behavioral systems at either the personality or the social structural level of analysis. Further research of an experimental nature seems to be indicated.
New Zeno-Like Liquid States.

A Zeno line is a straight line in a fluid’s temperature-density plane where the compressibility factor equals unity and stretches from supercritical to subcritical regimes. A second unexpected linearity also occurs in liquids in their normal liquid range (NLR) where the compressibility factor approaches zero. This Zeno-like line includes liquids as diverse as monatomic and diatomic elements to hydrogen bonding liquids, with water and helium being the only currently known exceptions. Remarkably, this second linearity is also present in polymeric liquids, molten metals, and salts, i.e., it is a generic characteristic of liquids with negligible or low vapor pressures. This observation yields the following new corresponding states principle: Saturated liquid densities are a linear function of temperature in the NLR for molecular, polymeric, inorganic, ionic, and metallic liquids and superpose to form a single master curve. Another Zeno-like linearity in the NLR has also been identified for the configurational...
Core drug-drug interaction alerts for inclusion in pediatric electronic health records with computerized prescriber order entry.

Objective The study aims to develop a core set of pediatric drug-drug interaction (DDI) pairs for which electronic alerts should be presented to prescribers during the ordering process. Methods A clinical decision support working group composed of Children's Hospital Association (CHA) members was developed. CHA Pharmacists and Chief Medical Information Officers participated. Results Consensus was reached on a core set of 19 DDI pairs that should be presented to pediatric prescribers during the order process. Conclusions We have provided a core list of 19 high value drug pairs for electronic drug-drug interaction alerts to be recommended for inclusion as high value alerts in prescriber order entry software used with a pediatric patient population. We believe this list represents the most important pediatric drug interactions for practical implementation within computerized prescriber order entry systems.
Reproduction of Amphibians in Natural and Anthropogenic Temporary Pools in Managed Forests

Vernal-pool breeding amphibians often oviposit in anthropogenic pools formed during industrial forest-management activities, as well as in natural ephemeral pools. We quantified wood frog (Rana sylvatica) and spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) reproductive effort and metamorph emergence, pool hydroperiods and environmental features, and the density of natural and anthropo- genic pools across the landscape to compare the reproductive effort and success of amphibians breeding in natural and anthropogenic pools in managed forests in Maine. Numbers of egg masses in anthropogenic and natural pools did not differ for either wood frogs (median number masses/pool = 15 and 14, respectively) or spotted salamanders (13 and 13 masses/pool). Anthropogenic pools outnumbered natural pools on survey transects by a factor of 3.7. Pool area, depth, temperature, solar exposure, and coverage of closed-canopy forest within 100 m influenced amphibian reproductive effort in temporary pools. In a year with typical breeding-season rainfall (1997), anthropogenic pools dried sooner than natural pools (median drying dates: June 17 and July 30, respectively), and extensive larval mortality occurred upon pool drying. During an unusually wet breeding season (1996), the two pool types had similar hydroperiods (median drying dates: August 17 and 28). Metamorphs emerged from natural pools later and at larger size than metamorphs emerging from anthropogenic pools. Anthropogenic pools seem to function as ecological traps for breeding wood frogs in most years, and thus they should be avoided or designed with adequate size, depth, and shading to maintain an adequate hydroperiod. FOR. SCI. 48(2):397-406.
Optimal Fleet Size and Fare Setting in Emerging Taxi Markets with Stochastic Demand

The emerging taxi services, for instance, Uber and Lyft, are challenging traditional fully regulated taxi markets. Transportation agencies are spending significant efforts to understand the optimal pricing and fleet size taxis that are efficient for a given urban area. This study develops a modeling framework for studying a decentralized equilibrium based market study where the fare is strictly regulated by a taxi commission. The nature of demand-supply equilibria with stochastic demand are discussed to determine optimal development strategies, for instance, number of issued licenses and fare setting. Two Stackelberg games are formulated to specify leader-follower relationships between transportation authorities and and the followers — taxi drivers and passengers. An iterative approach is designed to simulate the games and solve corresponding mathematical optimization problems. The case study is based on New York City data which shows that the taxi market may be oversupplied and underpriced, which confirms findings from other studies and price hikes in 2012. Furthermore, different development strategies are proposed based on two Stackelberg games to respond to intended taxi system changes, such as price and quantity elasticity of taxi demand, levels of demand variance, average taxi operation speed, passengers' waiting time value, and taxi service coverage. The results have important implications in determining development strategies for taxi industry with emerging taxi services, stochastic demand, and the rapidly changing environment.
Industrial Melanism, History of

H.B.D. Kettlewell’s research on industrial melanism during the early 1950s is widely regarded as the classic investigation of natural selection. This article reviews the history of research on the phenomenon, drawing attention to discrepancies between the critical reception of Kettlewell’s work by fellow scientists who work on the phenomenon and how it is often portrayed in science textbooks. Some critics of evolution have attempted to exploit these differences, but the phenomenon nonetheless remains a particularly well-documented example of natural selection. Complexities surrounding Kettlewell’s early investigations and our understanding of the phenomenon actually augment its continued role in science teaching.
Prostatic Cancer Revisited

AbstractThirty patients with prostatic carcinoma treated for varying lengths of time by radiation or endocrine therapy alone and in combination underwent staging and biopsy of the prostate 3 years ago. Survival data for these patients have been correlated with the clinical and histologic findings of 3 years ago. A negative biopsy was associated with a better prognosis than a positive one and clinical rectal examination of the treated prostate was a poor index of cancer control. The group of patients treated with a combination of endocrine and radiation therapy was associated with the highest proportion of negative biopsies.