cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduced amino acid alphabets exhibit an improved sensitivity and selectivity in fold assignment

Motivation: Many proteins with vastly dissimilar sequences are found to share a common fold, as evidenced in the wealth of structures now available in the Protein Data Bank. One idea that has found success in various applications is the concept of a reduced amino acid alphabet, wherein similar amino acids are clustered together. Given the structural similarity exhibited by many apparently dissimilar sequences, we undertook this study looking for improvements in fold recognition by comparing protein sequences written in a reduced alphabet. Results: We tested over 150 of the amino acid clustering schemes proposed in the literature with all-versus-all pairwise sequence alignments of sequences in the Distance mAtrix aLIgnment database. We combined several metrics from information retrieval popular in the literature: mean precision, area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve and recall at a fixed error rate and found that, in contrast to previous work, reduced alphabets in many cases outperform full alphabets. We find that reduced alphabets can perform at a level comparable to full alphabets in correct pairwise alignment of sequences and can show increased sensitivity to pairs of sequences with structural similarity but low-sequence identity. Based on these results, we hypothesize that reduced alphabets may also show performance gains with more sophisticated methods such as profile and pattern searches. Availability: A table of results as well as the substitution matrices and residue groupings from this study can be downloaded from http://www.rpgroup.caltech.edu/publications/supplements/alphabets. Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Real-time Optical Thickness Monitor for thin film growth

In order to achieve maximum efficiency and performance in a photovoltaic solar cell module, the precise thickness of the semiconductor layers must be controlled. An Optical Thickness Monitor (OTM) based on optical interference can be used to better understand and to monitor the deposition process in real time. The OTM utilizes laser light either in transmission mode or in reflection mode which is detected with a photodiode. By measuring the interference fringes produced, the OTM displays real-time film thickness and material growth rate. Predicted film thicknesses are in good agreement with measured values.
IGS/BIPM pilot project: GPS carrier phase for time/frequency transfer and timescale formation

The development within the International GPS Service (IGS) of a suite of clock products, for both satellites and tracking receivers, offers some experiences which mirror the operations of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) in its formation of TAI/UTC but some aspects differ markedly. The IGS relies exclusively on the carrier phase-based geodetic technique whereas BIPM time/frequency transfers use only common-view and two-way satellite (TWSTFT) methods. The carrier-phase approach has the potential of very high precision but suitable instrumental calibration procedures are only in the initial phases of deployment; the current BIPM techniques are more mature and widely used among timing labs, but are either less precise (common-view) or much more expensive (TWSTFT). In serving its geodetic users, the essential requirement for IGS clock products is that they be fully self-consistent in relative terms and also fully consistent with all other IGS products, especially the satellite orbits, in order to permit an isolated user to apply them with accuracy of a few centimetres. While there is no other strong requirement for the IGS timescale except to be reasonably close to broadcast GPS time, it is nonetheless very desirable for the IGS clock products to possess additional properties, such as being highly stable and being accurately relatable to UTC. These qualities enhance the value of IGS clock products for applications other than pure geodesy, especially for timing operations. The jointly sponsored `IGS/BIPM Pilot Project to Study Accurate Time and Frequency Comparisons using GPS Phase and Code Measurements' is developing operational strategies to exploit geodetic GPS methods for improved global time/frequency comparisons to the mutual benefit of both organizations. While helping the IGS to refine its clock products and link them to UTC, this collaboration will also provide new time transfer results for the BIPM that may eventually improve the formation of TAI and allow meaningful comparisons of new cold atom clocks. Thus far, geodetic receivers have been installed at many timing labs, a new internally realized IGS timescale has been produced using a weighted ensemble algorithm, and instrumental calibration procedures developed. Formulating a robust frequency ensemble from a globally distributed network of clocks presents unique challenges compared with intra-laboratory timescales. We have used these products to make a detailed study of the observed time transfer performance for about 30 IGS stations equipped with H-maser frequency standards. The results reveal a large dispersion in quality which can often be related to differences in local station factors. The main elements of the Project's original plan are now largely completed or in progress. In major ways, the experiences of this joint effort can serve as a useful model for future distributed timing systems, for example, Galileo and other GNSS operations.
Magnetic Cellular Automata wires

Magnetic Cellular Automata (MCA) is a novel take on an alternative technological actualization of Boolean logic machines. Not only has it been able to prototypically demonstrate successful operation of logical gates at room temperature; all key components necessary to implement any Boolean function has been realized. We present work further reducing the size of the single domain nano-magnet, approximately 100 × 50 × 30 nm, and physically implement two types of MCA wire architectures ferromagnetic and anti-ferromagnetic. We report the first physical implementation of shape engineered ferromagnetic wires and compare both wires under saturating magnetic fields in the Z direction. We have concluded experimentally, that for conventional data propagation between logical networks, ferromagnetic wires provide extremely stable operation. The high order of coupling we found under saturating magnetic fields demonstrates the flexible clocking nature of ferromagnetic wires and inches the technology closer to implementing complex circuitry.
Microbursts: A Design Format for Mobile Cloud Computing

The authors examine the Microburst Framework and the literature on Cloud and Mobile Computing with a focus on the educators' thinking processes and the power of the constructivist learning environment interactions. The Microburst Framework is designed to address the increased thinking processes needed in Cloud and Mobile computing, and is based upon other theories and frameworks as described in the article. The purpose of this article is to provide educators of all ages an efficient and effective framework that could be useful in their instructional designs and skill acquisition for Cloud and Mobile Computing learning environments.
Protein Requirements of a Specialized Frugivore, Pesquet's Parrot (Psittrichas fulgidus)

Abstract For those few bird species that are exclusively frugivorous, the low protein content of fruits is likely a major nutritional constraint. Physiological mechanisms that allow strict frugivory remain enigmatic, but reduced protein requirements may suffice. We investigated protein requirements of Pesquet's Parrot (Psittrichas fulgidus), a highly specialized, obligate frugivore. Three isocaloric, fruit-based diets of varying protein content (6.1, 3.3, and 2.6% dry mass crude protein) were used in feeding trials lasting three to five days per diet. A minimum dietary protein requirement of 3.2% dry mass was estimated from balance trials. Endogenous nitrogen losses were 0.05 gN kg−0.75 day−1 and nitrogen equilibrium occurred at 0.32 gN kg−0.75 day−1. Those values are extremely low compared to those of granivorous and omnivorous bird species, but higher than those of nectarivorous species. In terms of nitrogen losses and requirements, Pesquet's Parrot most closely parallels the highly frugivorous Cedar Wa...
Psychosocial dwarfism: a critical review of the evidence

Diagnostic criteria for classical psychosocial dwarfism (PSD) are given and behavioral, environmental and endocrinologic findings are reviewed. It is concluded that PSD does occur independently of malnutrition. However, the growth retardation and catch-up growth upon removal from the inimical environment do not correspond directly to any consistent endocrine finding. A new hypothetical model is presented to clarify relationships among environments, hormonal levels and growth.
Calcineurin regulates innate antifungal immunity in neutrophils

Patients taking immunosuppressive drugs, like cyclosporine A (CsA), that inhibit calcineurin are highly susceptible to disseminated fungal infections, although it is unclear how these drugs suppress resistance to these opportunistic pathogens. We show that in a mouse model of disseminated Candida albicans infection, CsA-induced susceptibility to fungal infection maps to the innate immune system. To further define the cell types targeted by CsA, we generated mice with a conditional deletion of calcineurin B (CnB) in neutrophils. These mice displayed markedly decreased resistance to infection with C. albicans, and both CnB-deficient and CsA-treated neutrophils showed a defect in the ex vivo killing of C. albicans. In response to the fungal-derived pathogen-associated molecular pattern zymosan, neutrophils lacking CnB displayed impaired up-regulation of genes (IL-10, Cox2, Egr1, and Egr2) regulated by nuclear factor of activated T cells, the best characterized CnB substrate. This activity was Myd88 independent and was reproduced by stimulation with the β(1,3) glucan curdlan, indicating that dectin-1, rather than toll-like receptors, is the upstream activator of calcineurin. Our results suggest that disseminated fungal infections seen in CsA-treated patients are not just a general consequence of systemic suppression of adaptive immunity but are, rather, a result of the specific blockade of evolutionarily conserved innate pathways for fungal resistance.
Critique of Williamson's Economic Case for an Efficiencies Defense in Antitrust Merger Analysis: Are Rectangles Really Larger than Triangles?

This article examines the pricing, output, and welfare effects resulting from a merger in which a pre-merger competitively organized market becomes a post merger monopolistically organized market, and the acquiring firm realizes substantial productive efficiencies. The findings call into question the basic assertion by Professor Williamson and others that productive efficiencies are likely to offset the loss in welfare represented by the welfare triangle.
The interest-driven learning design framework: motivating learning through usefulness

The Interest-Driven Learning Design Framework (IDLDF) provides guidelines for designing learning activities that achieve the benefits of interest as a motivator for learning. The IDLDF addresses two major challenges to the implementation of interest-driven learning. The challenge of covering learning objectives is addressed by establishing relevance. The challenge of insuring enough strength to motivate learning of all learning objectives is addressed by using other forms of motivation as context motivators.
The “Scary World” of the Nonviewer and Other Anomalies A Reanalysis of Gerbner et al.'s Findings on Cultivation Analysis Part I

This article critically examines the statistical evidence presented by Gerbner et al. to support their assertion that television-viewing “cultivates” distorted perceptions of the “real world.” In Part I, I point out discrepancies in the items, samples, and coding categories employed, and show that when controls are applied simultaneously (rather than singly) there is no linear relationship between amount of viewing and the provision of “television answers.” This reanalysis concludes that the “cultivation” hypothesis lacks empirical support and that the very data presented in its support argue strongly for rejecting the assertion that it has any scientific basis in fact.
Propantheline Bromide in the Management of Hyperhidrosis Associated with Spinal Cord Injury

Objective:To report 2 cases in which oral propantheline reduced the discomfort associated with sweating related to spinal cord injury (SCI), and to review the literature on the management of SCI-related sweating.Case Summaries:Case 1: A 27-year-old quadriplegic man with an American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Frankel class C injury to C5/C6 experienced profuse sweating and requested propantheline. He stated that he had received the medication previously and reported that propantheline 15 mg tid had controlled his sweating. Propantheline bromide was reinstituted, and within 24 hours, the patient's episodes of profuse sweating had decreased markedly in number and frequency. Case 2: A 35-year-old quadriplegic woman had an ASIA class D lesion at C3. Since her injury, she had experienced profuse sweating that worsened when she became cold and at night. She stated that her sweating was under control as long as she took propantheline. Propantheline therapy was continued and no further sweating episodes have...
The Impact of Colorism on the Career Aspirations and Career Opportunities of Women in India

The ProblemColorism is a preference for light skin tones and devaluing of dark skin. It is a genderized phenomenon, mostly affecting women, that creates social and workplace inequities and negative...
Generation of inheritable and “transgene clean” targeted genome-modified rice in later generations using the CRISPR/Cas9 system

Generation of inheritable and “transgene clean” targeted genome-modified rice in later generations using the CRISPR/Cas9 system
Subways as a Space of Cultural Intimacy: The Mass Rapid Transit System in Taipei, Taiwan

This article addresses two questions related to an incident related to the author comparing the subways of New York and Taiwan. Why do the majority of residents of Taipei, the capital city of Taiwan, hold a highly positive view about their Jie-yun, officially known as the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system? Why do they put up with the many regulations imposed by the Taipei Rapid Transit Corporation (TRTC), a city government agency in charge of the daily operation of the MRT, even though they may behave differently outside the subway system?
Variations in Concentration of Certain Electrolytes of Blood Serum During Induced Hyperpyrexia

SummaryIn 15 cases of induced hyperpyrexia, there were no changes in the potassium content of the blood which would indicate that an increase in the amount of potassium is a factor in shock. The blood potassium level tends to vary directly with the degree of hydration of the blood. There were no significant changes in the Na, Ca, or blood sugar levels, produced by this condition.
Polyethylenimine-Enhanced Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to Formate at Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanomaterials

Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes are selective and robust electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction to formate in aqueous media without the use of a metal catalyst. Polyethylenimine (PEI) functions as a co-catalyst by significantly reducing catalytic overpotential and increasing current density and efficiency. The co-catalysis appears to help in stabilizing the singly reduced intermediate CO2(•-) and concentrating CO2 in the PEI overlayer.
A Curiosity-Driven System for Developing Coding Literacy (Abstract Only)

Coding literacy is the ability to understand a written computer program and interpret its functionality and output. Literacy is a valuable skill for programmers at all levels, because understanding written code requires developing and applying mental models of program execution. Previous work has shown that explicit instruction in program literacy is beneficial for new computer science students and aids the development of algorithmic thinking. This poster summarizes the authors' work- in-progress developing COLT: the Coding Literacy Trainer, a web-based adaptive tutorial system that provides instruction in the fundamentals of coding literacy and program interpretation to new computer science students. In addition to its pedagogical applications, COLT serves as a development platform for a novel theoretical foundation for adaptive teaching systems based on the concept of intrinsic curiosity. Inspired by the work of Lee et al. in the field of developmental robotics, a curiosity-driven system explores its complete knowledge environment in way that continually maximizes its learning progress. Thus, learners are driven to explore areas where they are currently making the greatest advances, while avoiding regions of the knowledge space that are either too simple to be interesting or too challenging to be approachable at the current time. The poster summarizes the theoretical background and implementation of the COLT system in a clear, easy-to-read format. A web-based version of COLT is currently under active development and slated for an open-source release in the spring of 2016.
Discussion: Some Comments on “Queuing Theory Revisited”

The article presents a commentary on the paper “Queuing Theory Revisited,“ by Joel Zelnick. The authors contend that Zelnick's simulation approach is more expensive, time-consuming, and complex. Ze...
Theoretical predictions of end-capillary PO2 in muscles of athletic and nonathletic animals at VO2max

Characterizing the resistances to O2 transport from the erythrocyte to the mitochondrion is important in understanding potential transport limitations. A steady-state model of this process was developed to predict the minimum (critical) end-capillary PO2 required to prevent hypoxia at maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) in a circular region of tissue surrounding the venular end of a capillary. Capillary density was used as a measure of O2 delivery, and mitochondrial density was used as a measure of O2 consumption. The effects of oxyhemoglobin dissociation kinetics and diffusion facilitation by hemoglobin in the erythrocytes and facilitation by myoglobin in the tissue were taken into account. Calculations made for selected skeletal muscles, diaphragm, and myocardium in three adaptive animal pairs (dog and goat, horse and cow, and pony and calf) yielded values of end-capillary PO2 that were consistent with measured values of mixed venous PO2 in maximally working animals. Values of end-capillary PO2 were found to be uncorrelated with values of VO2max in different muscles. No significant difference in end-capillary PO2 was found between similar muscles of athletic versus nonathletic animals. Predicted intracapillary O2 transport resistance ranged from 18 to 54% of the total transport resistance in the O2 pathway. Further investigation is required to explore the extent to which spatial and temporal heterogeneities in O2 delivery and consumption play a role in O2 transport.
Beyond Two Worlds: Critical Conversations on Language and Power in Native North America. Edited by James Joseph Buss and C. Joseph Genetin-Pilawa.

Beyond Two Worlds: Critical Conversations on Language and Power in Native North America . Tribal Worlds: Critical Studies in American Indian Nation Building Series. Edited by James Joseph Buss and C. Joseph Genetin-Pilawa. (Albany: SUNY Press, 2014. xvi + 331 pp. Illustrations, charts, notes, index. $95.00.) For well over a decade, scholars in Native American studies have steadily dismantled the false divide between indigeneity and authenticity, which goes something like this: Native people can be modern or they can be Native—but never both. If they embrace modernity, they cease to be “real Indians.” If they reject modernity, then they fade into the past, unable to navigate the changing tides of contemporary societies. Beyond Two Worlds aptly brings critiques of this idea, which have thus far come from a variety … kwhalen{at}morris.umn.edu
The State and Debt Management Strategies

Indebted development is conceptualized in this book as a wide-ranging series of attempts by debtor states to create, implement, and sustain economic adjustment and debt management strategies. The question should not be whether such states have sufficient political will to make hard adjustment decisions; rather, the question is, given that adjustment is unavoidable, how can we explain the selection and implementation of two complementary adjustment strategies: one that targets domestic economic reforms or the other that is oriented toward external debt management? The previous chapter examined the first side of the question; that is, state economic objectives and policies that impinge on domestic interests. This chapter will analyze the second side of the question; that is, the state’s debt management policies as they impact upon international creditors. As noted in Chapter One, the state, caught in the center of often countervailing pressures, becomes empowered to respond to these pressures and demands. Through a mixture of economic orthodoxy and heterodoxy, the state uses its power in an attempt to shape the adjustment process. Towards international creditors, states choose between a) cooperating with creditors — by meeting debt obligations often through the imposition of austerity measures — and b) defecting — by selecting debt repudiation or interest non-repayment in order to pursue domestic economic growth. Of course, as demonstrated in the previous chapter on the state’s negotiating strategies toward economic adjustment, these two strategic options reflect ideal-types. State bargaining stances on debt management often involve considerable slippage.
Terahertz Spectroscopy of Biopolymers in Water: Absorption and Circular Dichroism

Biological polymers are expected to exhibit broad low frequency spectral features in the terahertz regime, corresponding to functionally relevant, global and sub-global collective modes with periods on the picosecond timescale. We have developed a broad band terahertz spectrometer suitable for studying these collective modes of biomolecules in their natural water environment. Radiation is provided by harmonic multipliers (up to 210 GHz) and the UCSB free-electron lasers (up to 4.8 THz). The spectrometer combines these sources with a cryogenic detector, a variable path length sample cell, and a circular polarizing interferometer. The spectrometer offers an opportunity to probe the terahertz dynamics of biopolymers in water by terahertz absorption, and terahertz circular dichroism spectroscopy.
Vitamin D metabolites and bioactive parathyroid hormone levels during Spacelab 2.

The effect of an 8-day space flight (Spacelab mission 2) on plasma levels of the vitamin D and parathyroid hormones is investigated experimentally in four crew members. The results are presented in tables and graphs and briefly characterized. Parathyroid hormone levels remained normal throughout the flight, whereas vitamin D hormone levels increased significantly on day 1 but returned to normal by day 7.
The semiotics of carbon: Atmospheric space, fungibility, and the production of scarcity

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, greenhouse gases are responsible for climate change, and for this reason, the reduction of these gases' emissions has become one of the main tenets of international climate change policy. Against this backdrop, parties at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change decided that emissions trading would be one of the main instruments to reduce emissions. Through the critical examination of several documents about carbon markets, this article argues that the codification of carbon dioxide as a commodity constitutes a semiotic process that transforms atmospheric space into a more tangible product, providing it with several levels of fungibility. Within this semiotic process, carbon is also fetishized, acquiring a mystic power. While identifying dissonances between the belief in markets' efficiency to solve the problem of climate change and demands for governments to address the problem of excessive supply, this article asserts that carbon's fetishization results in a tautology sustaining carbon markets' existence; that is, the existence of carbon markets becomes an end in itself, independent of their efficiency in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Development of a Perfusion-Based Cadaveric Simulation Model Integrated into Neurosurgical Training: Feasibility Based On Reconstitution of Vascular and Cerebrospinal Fluid Systems.

Background Novel methodologies providing realistic simulation of the neurosurgical operating room environment are currently needed, particularly for highly subspecialized operations with steep learning curves, high-risk profiles, and demands for advanced psychomotor skills. Objective To describe the development of a curriculum for using perfusion-based cadaveric simulation models in a "Mock Operating Room" for neurosurgical procedures. Methods At the USC Keck School of Medicine Fresh Tissue Dissection Laboratory between 2012 and 2016, 43 cadaveric specimens underwent cannulation of the femoral or carotid artery and artificial perfusion of the arterial system, and/or cannulation of the intradural cervical spine for intrathecal reconstitution of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system. Models were used to train neurosurgical residents in various procedures. Self-assessment of pre- and postprocedure trainee confidence (Likert) scores was compared for each module. Results The following novel procedural training methodologies were successfully established: management of an injury to the carotid artery during an endoscopic endonasal approach (n = 12), endoscopic endonasal CSF leak repair (n = 6) with fluorescein perfusion, carotid endarterectomy (n = 4), extracranial-to-intracranial bypass (n = 2), insertion of ventriculostomy catheter (n = 7), spinal laminectomy with durotomy repair (n = 9), and intraventricular neuro-endoscopy with septum pellucidotomy and third ventriculostomy (n = 12). In all instances, trainees reported improvement in their postprocedural confidence scores, with mean pre- and postprocedural Likert scores being 2.85 ± 1.09 and 4.14 ± 0.93 (P Conclusion Augmentation of fresh cadaveric specimens via reconstitution of vascular and CSF pathways is a feasible methodology for complimenting surgical training in numerous neurosurgical procedures, and may hold implications in the future of neurosurgical resident education.
Physical inactivity and cardiac events: An analysis of the Detection of Ischemia in Asymptomatic Diabetics (DIAD) study

Abstract Aims Diabetes affects 29 million adults, and the majority have type 2 diabetes (T2D). Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death, and physical inactivity is an important risk factor. The aims of this study were to examine the contribution of physical inactivity to CAD events, and to identify the independent predictors of CAD events in a sample of older adults with T2D. Method A secondary data analysis of the prospective randomized screening trial "Detection of Ischemia in Asymptomatic Diabetics (DIAD)" study. Cox proportional hazard modeling was used to examine the outcome of CAD events. Results During the five years of follow-up, the CAD event rate for all subjects (n=1119) was 8.4% ( n =94). In unadjusted analysis, physical inactivity was significantly associated with development of a CAD event. In the final model, nine baseline variables were significant predictors (p Conclusion Several variables predicted CAD events in this sample of older adults with T2D. Understanding baseline characteristics that heighten risk may assist providers in intervening early to prevent its occurrence.
Rules Infants Look By: Testing the Assumption of Transitivity in Visual Salience

What drives infants’ attention in complex visual scenes? Early models of infant attention suggested that the degree to which different visual features were detectable determines their attentional priority. Here, we tested this by asking whether two targets—defined by different features, but each equally salient when evaluated independently—would drive attention equally when pitted head-to-head. In Experiment 1, we presented 6-month-old infants with an array of Gabor patches in which a target region varied either in color or spatial frequency from the background. Using a forced-choice preferential-looking method, we measured how readily infants fixated the target as its featural difference from the background was parametrically increased. Then, in Experiment 2, we used these psychometric preference functions to choose values for color and spatial frequency targets that were equally salient (preferred), and pitted them against each other within the same display. We reasoned that if salience is transitive, then the stimuli should be iso-salient and infants should therefore show no systematic preference for either stimulus. On the contrary, we found that infants consistently preferred the color-defined stimulus. This suggests that computing visual salience in more complex scenes needs to include factors above and beyond local salience values.
Uncertainty in Empirical Climate Sensitivity Estimates 1850-2017

Atmospheric CO2 concentrations and surface temperature reconstructions in the study period 1850-2017 are used to estimate observed equilibrium climate sensitivity. Comparison of climate sensitivities in the first and second halves of the study period and a study of climate sensitivities in a moving 60-year window show that the estimated values of climate sensitivity are unstable and unreliable and that therefore they may not contain useful information. These results are not consistent with the existence of a climate sensitivity parameter that determines surface temperature according to atmospheric CO2 concentration.
School Punishment and Education: Racial/Ethnic Disparities With Grade Retention and the Role of Urbanicity:

There are racial/ethnic disparities associated with school punishment practices and academic progress. In addition, research suggests that urban schools have stricter school punishment practices an...
Evaluating the Safety Effectiveness of Advance Downgrade Warning Signs in Preventing Downgrade Truck Crashes using a Propensity Scores Framework

Truck crashes on steep downgrades exact devastating tolls on lives and property. An important intervention to reduce the frequency of truck crashes on downgrades has been to present quality informa...
Clinical significance of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in hormone receptor-positive (HR+) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients (pts) receiving letrozole (Let) or Let plus bevacizumab (Bev): CALGB 40503 (Alliance).

1049Background: CALGB 40503 randomized HR+ MBC postmenopausal pts to Let alone or Let+Bev as first-line therapy. Adding Bev to Let prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) but not overall survival...
Adolescents' awareness of the nicotine strength and e-cigarette status of JUUL e-cigarettes.

Abstract Background JUUL e-cigarettes are popular among youth. However, it is unknown whether adolescents understand that 5% JUUL pods contain a high nicotine concentration or consider JUULs to be e-cigarettes. Method 3170 students from 4 Connecticut high schools completed a school-based survey (May–October 2018). Students reported on lifetime and past-month JUUL use and perceived JUUL nicotine strength (low/medium/high/don’t know) when no information about nicotine concentration was provided and, subsequently, when informed JUULs contain 5% nicotine. Students reported whether they believe JUULs are e-cigarettes (no/yes/don’t know). Results Students were never JUUL users (56.6%), ever users (13.2%), and past-month users (30.2%). When no information was provided, students reported that JUULs contain low (10.5%), medium (26.9%), or high nicotine levels (31.1%); 31.4% did not know. When informed JUULs contain 5% nicotine, students were more likely to believe JUUL’s nicotine strength was low (29.5%) or medium (29.3%) than high (21.3%) and less likely to report not knowing (19.9%). 39% of students believed JUULs are not e-cigarettes or did not know. Discussion Most students were unaware of JUUL’s high nicotine concentration, with more believing that JUULs contain low or medium nicotine concentrations when informed JUULs contain 5% nicotine. Thus, youth may misinterpret the nicotine concentration printed on JUUL pod packaging, raising concerns about inadvertent exposure to high nicotine levels and dependence risk. Further, 39% of adolescents believed JUULs are not e-cigarettes or were unsure. Regulatory efforts are needed to establish understandable nicotine concentration labels, require products to be labeled accordingly, and clarify what products constitute e-cigarettes.
Dropout vs. Time to Degree: The Existing Tension between Retaining and Graduating 'At-Risk' Students in a Timely Manner

Students' dropout and delayed graduation have been serious issues in higher education. Especially, the dropout rates are high, and time-to-graduation is longer than usual in computing programs. Higher education institutions are under pressure to retain at-risk students and helping them to graduate in a timely manner. In this work, we show the need for flexibility in terms of recommending courses and offering additional classes (or sessions) to retain and graduate at-risk students.
Clinical Predictors of Recurrence After Primary Clostridioides difficile Infection: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a major public health threat. While clinical prediction tools exist, they do not incorporate the newest Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines. This was a prospective longitudinal study of patients experiencing their first episode of uncomplicated CDI. Patients were followed from diagnosis through 8 weeks post-completion of their anti-CDI therapy to assess recurrence. Stool was collected at diagnosis and weekly for 8 weeks following treatment. Recurrence was defined as diarrhea as well as a positive stool test by toxin EIA (EIA) for C. difficile. Fisher’s exact test for binary variables and Student’s t test for continuous variables were performed. Cox regression was performed to assess for predictors of CDI recurrence. Seventy-five patients were enrolled between August 1, 2015, and September 1, 2018. Mean age 58.1 years ± 15.5, 69.3% female, 74.7% were white, 11.3% had baseline irritable bowel syndrome, and 54.7% were actively using PPIs. Over the 8-week follow-up period, 22 patients developed a confirmed CDI recurrence. Univariate predictors of recurrence included treatment with metronidazole (40.9% vs 15.1%, p = 0.03), initially diagnosis by EIA (77.3% vs 43.4%, p = 0.007) and platelet count (206 ± 72.1 vs 270.9 ± 114.8, p = 0.03). A Cox regression model revealed primary diagnosis by EIA (HR 3.39, 95% CI 1.23, 9.31, p = 0.018) and treatment with metronidazole (HR 3.27 95% CI 1.31–8.19, p = 0.01) remain predictors for CDI recurrence. In a large prospective longitudinal cohort of uncomplicated CDI patients, treatment with metronidazole and diagnosis via EIA were the most robust predictors of CDI recurrence.
Detection of the progenitors of Be X-ray Binaries

A recent survey of the far-ultraviolet spectra of 264 B-emission line stars has revealed 16 systems with hot companions that are the stripped down remains of a former mass donor star. Some of these will probably become Be + neutron star X-ray binaries in the future. The actual numbers of such systems may be large, because the detected systems have companions that occupy the brief and bright, He-shell burning stage of evolution.
Surviving an intervention: ERPs and masked intervenor priming

This study investigates the behavioural and neurophysiological consequences of presenting an additional masked word between a masked identity prime and its target. In line with previous research, t...
Incorporating the Effects of Climate Change into Bridge Deterioration Modeling: The Case of Slab-on-Girder Highway Bridge Deck Designs across Canada

AbstractClimate change is expected to impact both the operational and structural performance of infrastructure such as buildings, roads, and bridges. However, infrastructure design guides widely re...
Insecticidal and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Isothiocyanates against Red Imported Fire Ants, Solenopsis invicta

Contact and fumigation toxicity of four isothiocyanates (ITCs), including allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), 3-butenyl isothiocyanate (3BITC), 3-(methylthio) propyl isothiocyanate (3MPITC) and 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate (2PEITC), were evaluated against the red imported fire ant worker, Solenopsis invicta Buren. 2PEITC and 3MPITC exhibited strong contact toxicity. The median lethal dose (LD50)value of AITC, 2PEITC and 3MPITC were 7.99, 2.36 and 2.09 µg/ant respectively. In addition, AITC and 3MPITC also showed strong fumigation toxicity but not 2PEITC. The median lethal concentration (LC50) values of AITC and 3MPITC were 32.49 and 57.6 µg/L, respectively. In contrast, 3BITC did not exhibit any contact and fumigation toxicity even at 100 μg/μL. Esterase (EST), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-inhibiting activities were assessed for three ITCs in S. invicta workers. All three ITCs inhibited both EST and GST activities but not AChE. The in vitro half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)values of AITC, 2PEITC and 3MPITC for GST were 3.32, 0.61 and 0.66 µg/µL, respectively. These results suggested that naturally occurring ITCs might be potentially useful for developing fire ants control products.
Diversity and inclusion activisms in animal behaviour and the ABS: a historical view from the U.S.A.

This paper examines the context of science scholarship and research careers experienced by behavioural biologists from under-represented minority (URM) groups during the period starting in the late 1800s until the early decades of the Animal Behavior Society (ABS). For much of history, white European and American men have dominated the seats of scientific leadership, shaping narratives and controlling who asks scientific questions, how these questions are examined and what is significant. Yet, individuals from URM groups have navigated careers in animal behaviour and related fields, and along with some nonminority allied scientists, have often simultaneously advocated for diversity and inclusion among our ranks. The lasting impact of these scholar activists has been important not only to the discipline, but to science as a whole. This paper shines lights on missing narratives of URMs who were often excluded in academic histories, as well as emphasizing the importance of creating more inclusive spaces for future animal behaviour scholars. I highlight the contributions of American scientists in the U.S.A. who have contributed to the development of animal behaviour and related disciplines and have raised awareness about social justice and inclusivity in our field.
The Human Machine in Three Dimensions: Implications for Measurement and Analysis

Scientists and laymen have a favorite analogy: the human body as machine. In this context, machine is “...a structure consisting of a framework and various fixed and moving parts, for doing some kind of work” (Webster’s New World Dictionary, 1974). The human skeletal system is the “framework”, while the neuromuscular system generates forces and controls movements for performing work. Modeled as a machine, the body’s skeletal linkage system acts as mechanical levers (Tichauer, 1978). Dempster (1955) defined skeletal links as straight-line distances between joint centers of rotation; for computer simulations, his interpretation suggests a stick-man model as a reasonable, straight-forward approximation. Unlike present-day machinery, however, there is poor “quality control” in the linkage system of our human machines; that is, the length of the links varies among individuals with respect to body size and even in the same individual with respect to position. Thus, the potential range of variation in body position and mobility may be maximized by behavioral and cultural variables (Maule and Weiner, 1975). Consequently, anthropometrists measuring the body are concerned with standardization of instruments, landmarks, and body configuration. These three technical areas have largely determined the parametric definition of the human machine in current models.
Anthropogenic Impacts on Atmospheric Carbonyl Sulfide Since the 19th Century Inferred From Polar Firn Air and Ice Core Measurements

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) was measured in firn air collected during seven different field campaigns carried out at four different sites in Greenland and Antarctica between 2001 and 2015. A Bayesian pr...
No Easywalk: African-American Educators Coping With Their Own Children With Special Needs

In parenting a child with a disability, you face a major choice. You can believe that your child's condition is a deathblow to everything you've dreamed and worked toward until now, or you can decide that you will continue to lead this life you'd planned—and incorporate your child into it. Parents who choose the latter course find they do a tremendous amount of growing. They find inner strength they didn't know they had. (Simons, 1987, foreword)
Multimodal Imaging in the Diagnosis of Exophytic Juxtapapillary Retinal Capillary Hemangioblastoma

Purpose Exophytic juxtapapillary retinal capillary hemangioblastoma (JRCH) can be difficult to diagnose. We explore the value of multimodal imaging to aid in the diagnosis. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Medical records and multimodal imaging studies were reviewed on all patients diagnosed with RCH at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, between January 2013 and December 2019. Patients with exophytic lesions within 2 mm of the disc were included. One patient from the Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas was included. Patient demographics, referring diagnosis, history of von Hippel–Lindau syndrome, initial and last visual acuity, and treatments were recorded. Fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography, and B-scan images were reviewed. Results Twelve patients were identified with exophytic JRCH. The mean age was 54 years (range 38-73 years). Five patients had von Hippel–Lindau syndrome. The most common referral diagnoses were choroidal neovascularization and neuroretinitis. Imaging features included nodular outer retinal thickening with shadowing and intra-/subretinal fluid on OCT, hypoautofluorescence on fundus autofluorescence, middle to outer retinal hypervascularity on OCT angiography, early hyperfluorescence with late leakage on fluorescein angiography, and lack of choroidal vascular lesion on indocyanine green angiography. Treatments included photodynamic therapy (6 patients), intravitreal anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy (6 patients), argon laser photocoagulation (2 patients), intravitreal or sub-Tenon's triamcinolone (3 patients), and observation (4 patients). Conclusions A key to the accurate diagnosis of exophytic JRCH is its intraretinal location, typically involving the outer retinal layers, which results in a clinical appearance that is distinct from the more common and easily recognizable endophytic RCH. Multimodal imaging can aid in ruling out choroidal neovascularization and disc edema by demonstrating an absence of involvement of those structures.
Co-simulation of transactive energy markets: A framework for market testing and evaluation

Abstract The proliferation of distributed energy resources (DER)—and the ability to intelligently control these assets—is re-defining the electrical distribution system. As the number of controllable devices rapidly expands, grid operators must determine how to incorporate these assets while delivering reliable, equitable, and affordable electricity. One possible approach is to establish distribution-level electricity markets and allow devices/aggregations of devices to participate in price establishment. While this approach purports some of the same benefits as the highly successful wholesale electricity markets (i.e., open competition, efficient price discovery, reduced communication overhead), this needs to be researched and quantified via an analysis platform that models distribution-level markets at the appropriate fidelity. Specifically, the simultaneous evaluation of market performance, DER performance, DER bidding approaches, and distribution feeder power quality requires modeling that spans multiple technical areas. Co-simulation has emerged as a powerful tool in addressing this type of problem, where outputs depend on a range of underlying areas of expertise and associated models. In this paper we describe a solution, as implemented in the HELICS co-simulation platform, where we include (1) high fidelity house models, (2) intelligent bidding agents, (3) a modular market integration/design, and (4) a distribution feeder model. We then present a case study where we test two different market designs: (1) a pseudo-wholesale double-blind auction, and (2) an asynchronous matching market. The markets are run under two DER penetration levels and economic results are compared to full retail net energy metering and avoided cost net metering scenarios that bookend current approaches to remuneration of DER participation. We show the potential for transactive markets to provide increased value for most customers relative to net metering (and all customers relative to avoided cost scenarios) while decreasing costs for the utility.
Structural basis for substrate recognition and cleavage by the dimerization-dependent CRISPR-Cas12f nuclease.

Cas12f, also known as Cas14, is an exceptionally small type V-F CRISPR-Cas nuclease that is roughly half the size of comparable nucleases of this type. To reveal the mechanisms underlying substrate recognition and cleavage, we determined the cryo-EM structures of the Cas12f-sgRNA-target DNA and Cas12f-sgRNA complexes at 3.1 and 3.9 A, respectively. An asymmetric Cas12f dimer is bound to one sgRNA for recognition and cleavage of dsDNA substrate with a T-rich PAM sequence. Despite its dimerization, Cas12f adopts a conserved activation mechanism among the type V nucleases which requires coordinated conformational changes induced by the formation of the crRNA-target DNA heteroduplex, including the close-to-open transition in the lid motif of the RuvC domain. Only one RuvC domain in the Cas12f dimer is activated by substrate recognition, and the substrate bound to the activated RuvC domain is captured in the structure. Structure-assisted truncated sgRNA, which is less than half the length of the original sgRNA, is still active for target DNA cleavage. Our results expand our understanding of the diverse type V CRISPR-Cas nucleases and facilitate potential genome editing applications using the miniature Cas12f.
Scenarios for sustainable management of plant parasitic nematodes

Plant parasitic nematodes cause significant yield reductions worldwide. Before development of soil fumigation, sustainable practices were developed for nematode management; but were utilized with limited success. The restricted availability of fumigants and other nematicides, has stimulated a return to research into more sustainable management scenarios. In recent years, new tools have been developed that improve the successful utilization of sustainable methods including: nematode resistant crop varieties, trap cropping, biofumigation, molecular identification techniques, databases that can be accessed online to search for crops resistant to nematodes, relatively inexpensive soil temperature dataloggers, nematode degree-day models, research on nematode biology and population cycling, development of less toxic chemicals, and development of new soil amendments and natural products. Combining these with a strong nematode control and certification program for nursery crops, have made it possible to develop promising scenarios to reduce damaging nematode populations and increase yields.