cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Desorption of excited neutrals from surfaces via an electron attachment mechanism

Abstract A detailed comparative investigation of OH∗ and OH+ desorption from OH/TiO2, H2O(s) and H2O(g) indicates four different mechanisms are responsible for the OH∗ desorption. Two of these involve a resonant excitation-dissociative attachmentmechanism. The other two mechanisms involve non-resonant excitation or ionization processes similar to that responsible for the OH+ desorption.
Alexander and Thurston norms of fibered 3-manifolds

For a 3-manifold M, McMullen derived from the Alexander polynomial of M a norm on H^1(M, R) called the Alexander norm. He showed that the Thurston norm on H^1(M, R), which measures the complexity of a dual surface, is an upper bound for the Alexander norm. He asked if these two norms were equal on all of H^1(M,R) when M fibers over the circle. Here, I give examples which show that the answer to this question is emphatically no. This question is related to the faithfulness of the Gassner representations of the braid groups. The key tool used to understand this question is the Bieri-Neumann-Strebel invariant from combinatorial group theory. Theorem 1.7, which is of independant interest, connects the Alexander polynomial with a certain Bieri-Neumann-Strebel invariant.
Implicit Estimation of Ecological Model Parameters

We introduce an implicit method for state and parameter estimation and apply it to a stochastic ecological model. The method uses an ensemble of particles to approximate the distribution of model solutions and parameters conditioned on noisy observations of the state. For each particle, it first determines likely values based on the observations, then samples around those values. This approach has a strong theoretical foundation, applies to nonlinear models and non-Gaussian distributions, and can estimate any number of model parameters, initial conditions, and model error covariances. The method is called implicit because it updates the particles without forming a predictive distribution of forward model integrations. As a point of comparison for different assimilation techniques, we consider examples in which one or more bifurcations separate the true parameter from its initial approximation. The implicit estimator is asymptotically unbiased, has a root-mean-squared error comparable to or less than the other methods, and is accurate even with small ensemble sizes.
INFRARED AND ULTRAVIOLET STAR FORMATION IN BRIGHTEST CLUSTER GALAXIES IN THE ACCEPT SAMPLE

We present infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) photometry for a sample of brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs). The BCGs are from a heterogeneous but uniformly characterized sample, the Archive of Chandra Cluster Entropy Profile Tables (ACCEPT), of X-ray galaxy clusters from the Chandra X-ray telescope archive with published gas temperature, density, and entropy profiles. We use archival Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX), Spitzer Space Telescope, and Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) observations to assemble spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and colors for BCGs. We find that while the SEDs of some BCGs follow the expectation of red, dust-free old stellar populations, many exhibit signatures of recent star formation in the form of excess UV or mid-IR emission, or both. We establish a mean near-UV (NUV) to 2MASS K color of 6.59 {+-} 0.34 for quiescent BCGs. We use this mean color to quantify the UV excess associated with star formation in the active BCGs. We use both fits to a template of an evolved stellar population and library of starburst models and mid-IR star formation relations to estimate the obscured star formation rates (SFRs). We show that many of the BCGs in X-ray clusters with low central gas entropy exhibit enhanced UVmore » (38%) and mid-IR emission (43%) from 8 to 160 {mu}m, above that expected from an old stellar population. These excesses are consistent with ongoing star formation activity in the BCG, star formation that appears to be enabled by the presence of high-density, X-ray-emitting intergalactic gas in the core of the cluster of galaxies. This hot, X-ray-emitting gas may provide the enhanced ambient pressure and some of the fuel to trigger star formation. This result is consistent with previous works that showed that BCGs in clusters with low central gas entropies host H{alpha} emission-line nebulae and radio sources, while clusters with high central gas entropy exhibit none of these features. GALEX UV and Spitzer mid-IR measurements combined provide a complete picture of unobscured and obscured star formation occurring in these systems. We present IR and UV photometry and estimated equivalent continuous SFRs for a sample of BCGs.« less
Doping and pressure study of U3Sb4Pt3

Abstract The effects of doping and pressure on the U3Sb4Pt3 system have been studied. Substitution of either trivalent yttrium or lutetium for uranium causes significant changes in the temperature dependences of the electrical resistance and of the magnitude of the linear coefficient of the specific heat γ. However, substitution of tetravalent thorium causes little change in γ, even though it affects the electrical resistance in a manner similar to that seen in the cases of lutetium and yttrium. Finally, application of hydrostatic pressures up to 16.5 kbar causes no significant change in the electronic gap deduced from the electrical resistance.
Preparation of pyrrolidine and isoxazolidine benzamidines as potent inhibitors of coagulation factor Xa

The serine protease factor Xa is a critical enzyme in the blood coagulation cascade. Recently, the inhibition of factor Xa has begun to emerge as an attractive strategy for the discovery of novel antithrombotic agents. Here we describe pyrrolidine and isoxazolidine benzamidines as novel and potent inhibitors of factor Xa.
Study of Fretting Wear in Titanium, Monel-400, and Cobalt—25 Percent Molybdenum Using Scanning Electron Microscopy

Damage scar volume measurements taken from like metal fretting pairs combined with scanning electron microscopy observations showed that three sequentially operating mechanisms result in the fretting of titanium, Monel-400, and cobalt - 25-percent molybdenum. Initially, adhesion and plastic deformation of the surface played an important role. This was followed after a few hundred cycles by a fatigue mechanism which produced spall-like pits in the damage scar. Finally, a combination of oxidation and abrasion by debris particles became most significant. Damage scar measurements made on several elemental metals after 600,000 fretting cycles suggested that the ratio of oxide hardness to metal hardness was a measure of the susceptibility of a metal to progressive damage by fretting.
Primary bone lymphoma: treatment results and prognostic factors with long-term follow-up of 82 patients.

BACKGROUND To the authors' knowledge, there is limited information on the preferred treatment and long-term prognosis of primary bone lymphomas (PBLs). All PBL cases treated at the study center between 1963 and 2003 were analyzed to determine patient, disease, and treatment factors that could affect outcome measured by overall survival (OS), cause-specific survival (CSS), and freedom-from-treatment failure (FFTF). METHODS A total of 101 patients with PBL diagnosed at the study institution were identified. Nineteen patients were excluded because they transferred their treatment or follow-up to another center. Disease control, survival, and prognostic factors were analyzed for all 82 remaining patients. RESULTS The median age of the patients was 48 years (range, 11–83 years). Approximately 80% presented with diffuse large-cell lymphoma (DLCL), and 81% presented with Ann Arbor Stage I or II disease. Approximately 57% were treated with combined modality therapy, 14% were treated with radiation therapy alone, and 30% were treated with chemotherapy alone. The median follow-up was 67 months (range, 2–280 months). The 5-year OS, CSS, and FFTF were 88%, 96%, and 81%, respectively. The 5-year OS for patients treated with combined modality versus single-modality therapy was 95% versus 78% (P = .013), and the 5-year FFTF for patients treated with combined modality versus single-modality therapy was 90% versus 67% (P = .025). The 5-year CSS for patients treated with combined modality versus single-modality therapy was 95% versus 83% (P = .065). Using a Cox regression for multivariate analysis, age <40 years and use of combined modality therapy were found to be favorable prognostic factors for OS, CSS, and FFTF. CONCLUSIONS To the authors' knowledge, the current study is the largest series of patients with PBL treated with modern curative modalities. The data demonstrate that primary lymphoma involving the bone has an excellent prognosis. Patients with PBL treated with combined modality versus single modality therapy were found to have a superior outcome, with a significantly better survival. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Vortex dynamics in disordered Josephson junction arrays: From plastic flow to flux flow

Abstract We study the dynamics of Josephson junction arrays with positional disorder and driven by an external current. We consider weak magnetic fields, corresponding to a frustration f = n + 1 25 with n integer. We find that above the critical current ic there is a plastic flow of vortices, where most of the vortices are pinned and only a few vortices flow through channels. This dynamical regime is characterized by strong fluctuations of the total vorticity. The number of the flow channels grow with increasing bias current. At larger currents there is a dynamical regime characterized by the homogeneous motion of all the vortices, i.e. a flux flow regime. We find a dynamical phase transition between the plastic flow and the flux flow regimes when analyzing voltage-voltage correlation functions.
Synthesis of a Key Intermediate for the Synthesis of Pyranocoumarins. Contrasting Reactivity in the 1,2-and 1,4-Reduction of an Unsaturated Carbonyl System

Abstract [2,2-dimethyl-4-(t-butyldimethylsiloxy)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl] methanal (1) was synthesized from commercially available butopyronoxyl (2). The selectivity of reducing agents such as DIBAL-H and LiAlH4 towards butopyronoxyl was studied. Solvent effects were found to influence 1,2 versus 1,4 reduction.
Black holes, shock waves, and causality in the AdS/CFT correspondence

We find the expectation value of the energy-momentum tensor in the CFT corresponding to a moving black hole in AdS. Boosting the black hole to the speed of light, keeping the total energy fixed, yields a gravitational shock wave in AdS. The analogous procedure on the field theory side leads to ``light cone'' states, i.e., states with energy-momentum tensor localized on the light cone. The correspondence between the gravitational shock wave and these light cone states provides a useful tool for testing causality. We show, in several examples, how the CFT reproduces the causal relations in AdS.
Takings, the exit option and just compensation

There are several distinct interpretations of the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution mandate of the payment of just compensation for the taking of private property for a public use. The traditional economic position, put forward by Blume, Rubinfeld and Shapiro, is that just compensation requirements in the absence of imperfect markets will lead to overcapitalization. Richard Epstein calls for a broad interpretation of the Takings Clause to protect private property from redistributionist policies. Frank Michaelman interprets the Takings Clause as a means to insure efficient government regulation when demoralization costs are considered in the cost-benefit calculus. This paper starts with a discussion of the omission of demoralization costs in traditional economic models of takings. By addressing this omission, this paper contributes to the growing literature on the political economy of takings (see Been, Fischel, and Sterk) by exploring the effect of the exit option on optimal takings and compensation rules. While previous economic models have considered the takings game in the context of a single jurisdiction, this paper models the takings problem in a multi-jurisdictional context. The model is used to analyze whether states should take, purchase, or tax to finance a public project when citizens have the exit option. The model developed in this paper provides the necessary first step to develop a richer, more complete model of takings, taxation, state competition, and exit.
The Frobenius structure of local cohomology

Given a local ring of positive prime characteristic there is a natural Frobenius action on its local cohomology modules with support at its maximal ideal. In this paper we study the local rings for which the local cohomology modules have only finitely many submodules invariant under the Frobenius action. In particular we prove that F-pure Gorenstein local rings as well as the face ring of a finite simplicial complex localized or completed at its homogeneous maximal ideal have this property. We also introduce the notion of an antinilpotent Frobenius action on an Artinian module over a local ring and use it to study those rings for which the lattice of submodules of the local cohomology that are invariant under Frobenius satisfies the ascending chain condition.
Physics with Isotopically Controlled Semiconductors

This paper is based on a tutorial presentation at the International Conference on Defects in Semiconductors (ICDS-25) held in Saint Petersburg, Russia in July 2009. The tutorial focused on a review of recent research involving isotopically controlled semiconductors. Studies with isotopically enriched semiconductor structures experienced a dramatic expansion at the end of the Cold War when significant quantities of enriched isotopes of elements forming semiconductors became available for worldwide collaborations. Isotopes of an element differ in nuclear mass, may have different nuclear spins and undergo different nuclear reactions. Among the latter, the capture of thermal neutrons which can lead to neutron transmutation doping, is the most prominent effect for semiconductors. Experimental and theoretical research exploiting the differences in all the properties has been conducted and will be illustrated with selected examples.
On the complexity of approximating the independent set problem

We show that for some positive constant c it is not feasible to approximate Independent Set (for graphs of n nodes) within a factor of n c , provided Maximum 2-Satisfiability does not have a randomized polynomial time approximation scheme. We also study reductions preserving the quality of approximations and exhibit complete problems.
The thermodynamic properties of benzothiazole and benzoxazole

Measurements leading to the calculation of the ideal-gas thermodynamic properties are reported for benzothiazole (Chemical Abstracts registry number [95-16-9]) and benzoxazole (registry number [273-53-0]). Experimental methods included combustion calorimetry, adiabatic heat-capacity calorimetry, comparative ebulliometry, inclined-piston gauge manometry, and differential-scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.). Critical-property estimates were made for both compounds. Standard molar entropies, enthalpies, and Gibbs energies of formation were derived for the gas for both compounds for selected temperatures between 280 K and near 650 K. All results obtained in this research are compared with literature values. Literature wavenumber assignments were used to calculate standard molar entropies for both gaseous compounds. Comparison with the calorimetrically derived values shows the need for revision of those assignments.
Solar wind modulation of galactic cosmic rays

[1] We have analyzed the annual mean hourly data for the solar wind speed (V), the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) intensity (B), and the neutron monitor (NM) rates for 1964–1998, covering three sunspot number (SSN) cycles (20, 21, 22). The analysis brings out some of the steady state characteristics of the long-term changes in the observed galactic cosmic ray (GCR) modulation and the ‘mini’ cycle. We find that BV time series reproduces the observed variations of a variety of phenomena, including the 11-yr and the 27-day GCR modulations. We reaffirm that convective removal of GCR by the solar wind accounts for a major part of the observed modulations in the inner heliosphere.
Resonance effects on superexchange and sequential electron-transfer reactions due to energy-level crossing

Abstract A treatment using the Zusman equation is presented for electron-transfer reactions at high temperature involving three Marcus parabolic potential surfaces. Using the nonperturbative Zusman approach, analytical expressions are derived for the superexchange and the sequential electron-transfer rate constants, covering three regimes for the direct vertical energy gap Δ E : the nondegenerate, the degenerate and the quasi-degenerate regimes. For a small Δ E both superexchange and sequential mechanisms can be competing, and the rate constant can deviate significantly from the classical Marcus description which only considers the lowest-order perturbation theory. The novel resonance effects on these two processes due to degenerate energy-level crossing are examined.
Apparent target strength in long-rod penetration

We investigate the apparent enhancement of target strength in the steady-state Tate model of long-rod penetration. Computing the effective area over which the target behaves as a fluid provides a satisfactory explanation of the measured effective one-dimensional target strength. Expressing the effective target strength as Rt = aYt, we postulate that a = AeAp, where Yt is the nominal strength; Ae is the effective target fluid cross-sectional area and Ap the true projectile cross-sectional area. For the case of a rod and projectile of the same material, we use the Tate model together with the Birkhoff jet model to show a ≈ 4 is likely. Simultaneously satisfying Newton's Second Law and the Tate model yields a = 4 for purely fluid behavior, i.e. at high penetrator velocities. By explicitly including strength terms in both Bernoulli's Law and Newton's Second Law, we derive a more general strength multiplier. This multiplier is a function of the penetrator velocity as well as the density and strength of both the penetrator and target. At the velocity threshold for steady-state eroding-rod penetration, a = 2 + 2 √1−YpYt, where Yp is the projectile strength.
Hypercube algorithms and implementations

Parallel algorithms are presented for important components of computational fluid dynamics algorithms along with implementations on hypercube computers. These programs, used to solve hyperbolic and...
New effects in gauge theory from pp-wave superstrings

Abstract It has recently been observed that IIB string theory in the pp-wave background can be used to calculate certain quantities, such as the dimensions of BMN operators, as exact functions of the effective coupling λ ′= λ / J 2 . These functions interpolate smoothly between the weak and strong effective coupling regimes of N =4 SYM theory at large R charge J . In this Letter we use the pp-wave superstring field theory of hep-th/0204146 to study more complicated observables. The expansion of the three-string interaction vertex suggests more complicated interpolating functions which in general give rise to fractional powers of λ ′ in physical observables at weak effective coupling.
Standard molar enthalpy of formation of neodymium hydroxide

Abstract The enthalpies of solution of Nd(OH) 3 and of Nd 2 O 3 have been measured in 6.00 mol·dm −3 HCl(aq) at 298.15 and at 308.15 K. From these measurements Δ f H m o {Nd(OH) 3 , s, 298.15 K} has been calculated to be −(1403.7±1.0) kJ·mol −1 . When combined with S m o {Nd(OH) 3 , s, 298.15 K}, the molar Gibbs free energy of formation Δ f G m o {Nd(OH) 3 , s, 298.15 K} is calculated to be −(1270.9±1.1) kJ·mol −1 and the standard solubility-product constant for Nd(OH) 3 is calculated to be 5 × 10 −23 or p K sp o = (22.3±0.7).
Decomposing p-groups via Jordan algebras

Abstract For finite p -groups P of class 2 and exponent p the following are invariants of fully refined central decompositions of P : the number of members in the decomposition, the multiset of orders of the members, and the multiset of orders of their centers. Unlike for direct product decompositions, Aut P is not always transitive on the set of fully refined central decompositions, and the number of orbits can in fact be any positive integer. The proofs use the standard semi-simple and radical structure of Jordan rings. These rings also produce useful criteria for a p -group to be centrally indecomposable. Applications to p -groups of class 2 and arbitrary exponent are also provided.
Spectral Evolution of NGC 1313 X-2: Evidence against the Cool Disk Model

The presence of a cool multicolor disk component with an inner disk temperature kT =~ 0.1-0.3 keV at a luminosity L > 1040 ergs s-1 has been interpreted as evidence that the ultraluminous X-ray source NGC 1313 X-2 harbors an intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH). The temperature of a disk component should vary with luminosity as L ∝ T4. However, upon investigating the spectral evolution with multiple XMM-Newton observations, we found that the cool disk component failed to follow this relation, with a confidence level of 0.999964. Indeed, the luminosity decreases as the temperature increases, and the luminosities at high temperatures are more than an order of magnitude less than expected from the L ∝ T4 extrapolation of luminosities at low temperatures. This places a strong constraint against the validity of modeling the X-ray spectra of NGC 1313 X-2 as emission from the accretion disk of an IMBH. The decrease in luminosity with increasing temperature of the soft component follows the trend suggested by a model in which the soft emission arises from an outflow from a stellar mass black hole with super-Eddington accretion viewed along the symmetry axis. Alternatively, the spectra can be adequately fitted by a p-free disk model with kT ≈ 2 keV and p ≈ 0.5. The spectral evolution is consistent with the L ∝ T4 relation and appears to be a high-luminosity extension of the L-kT relation of Galactic black holes. This, again, would suggest that the emission is from a super-Eddington accreting stellar mass black hole.
Free radical reactions for heterocycle synthesis: formation of tri- and tetracyclic isoindolinones

Abstract A general method for synthesis of tri- and tetracyclic isoindolinones is achieved by intramolecular free radical cyclization.
Strong coupling expansions of SU(N) Seiberg-Witten theory☆

Abstract We set up a systematic expansion of the prepotential for N = 2 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theories with SU( N ) gauge group in the region of strong coupling where a maximal number of mutually local fields become massless. In particular, we derive the first non-trivial non-perturbative correction, which is the first term in the strong coupling expansion providing a coupling between the different U(1) factors, and which governs for example the strength of gaugino Yukawa couplings.
Regeneration of plants from long-term cultures of alfalfa cells

Abstract A sequence of media was developed for the regeneration of alfalfa callus that had been in culture for several years. Bud induction required a ratio of high cytokinin to low auxin. Three percent sucrose was necessary for the initiation of regeneration, suggesting an initial high energy requirement and/or osmoregulatory function. When the hormones were removed after about 1 month, buds develop into leaflets resembling cotyledons, and roots began to form. For shoot elongation to occur and root development to continue, the sucrose must be reduced from 3% to 1%, suggesting an osmoregulatory role of the sucrose for shoot development in the later stages of regeneration.
Engineering Portfolios: A Unified Approach

Many traditional equity managers focus on particular subsets of the investment universe – value or growth stocks, for example – and structure their portfolios from pre-selected groups. A different approach is argued here, one that takes advantage of the widest possible equity universe and the largest number of pertinent variables, while recognizing systematic differences in stock price behavior across different types of stock and over time.
Magnetic Field Morphology of Orion IRc2 from 86 GHz SiO Maser Polarization Images

In an attempt to probe the magnetic field morphology near the massive young star Orion IRc2, we mapped the linear polarization of its J = 2-1 SiO masers, in both the v = 0 and v = 1 vibrational levels, with 05 resolution. The intense v = 1 masers are confined to a narrow zone 40 AU from the star. Their polarization position angles vary significantly on timescales of years. For the v = 1 masers the stimulated emission rate R is likely to exceed the Zeeman splitting gΩ caused by any plausible magnetic field; in this case, the maser polarization need not correlate with the field direction. The much weaker v = 0 masers in the ground vibrational level lie 100-700 AU from IRc2, in what appears to be a flared disk. Their fractional polarizations are as high as 50%. The polarization position angles vary little across the line profile or the emission region and appear to be stable in time. The position angle (P.A. = 80°) we measure for the J = 2-1 masers differs by 70° from that measured for the J = 1-0 SiO transition, possibly because of Faraday rotation in the foreground, Orion A, H II region. A rotation measure 3.3 × 104 rad m-2 is required to bring the J = 2-1 and J = 1-0 position angles into concordance. The intrinsic polarization position angle for both transitions is then 57°, parallel to the plane of the putative disk. The magnetic field probably threads the disk poloidally. There is little evidence for a pinched or twisted field near the star.
Bode's Law

M. W. OVENDEN1 has outlined a theory intended to provide a dynamical explanation for Bode's Law. I suggest instead that the approximately constant spacing ratio expressed in Bode's mnemonic can be generated by a sequence of random numbers subject to the constraint that adjacent planets cannot be “too close to each other”. The physical basis for the constraint is that if in the process of accretion two planets were “too close to each other”, they would coalesce or cease to grow because they were competing for the same material. Such a constraint was embodied in a series of computer-generated planetary systems published by S. H. Dole2. Dole generated planets by injecting nuclei into a Laplace-type nebula and allowing them to accrete dust and also gas (if their mass was sufficiently large and their temperature sufficiently low). He kept track of the dust and gas accreted (so that it could not be used twice) and coalesced planets if their orbits crossed. The initial semimajor axes of the proto-planets were chosen at random.
Explaining Congressional Staff Members’ Decisions to Leave the Hill

The high turnover of congressional staff members can have a negative effect on the functioning of Congress as an institution. Though junior staff turnover is not considered a significant concern, the high turnover of senior staff members is problematic. Using data from a survey of staff members located in the Washington personal offices of House of Representatives members, this article investigates what factors influence the likelihood to leave congressional employment. Specifically, I explore how solidary, purposive, and material work incentives influence staff members’ plans to exit. The results of two different models—one for junior and mid-level staff members and one for executive staff members—indicate that purposive incentives, and material incentives that accrue for future employment opportunities, carry the most weight across both models. Current salary has a significant effect on executive staff members, but not on their lower-level counterparts. Following this analysis, I propose actions that co...
More corrections to the Higgs mass in supersymmetry

Abstract In supersymmetry, the Higgs quartic couplings is given by the sum in quadrature of the weak gauge couplings. This leads to the prediction of a light Higgs boson, which still holds when considering loop corrections from soft supersymmetry breaking. However, another source of corrections, which explicitly depends on the scale of the mediation of supersymmetry breaking, is from generic hard breaking terms. We show that these corrections can significantly modify the Higgs mass prediction in models of low-energy supersymmetry breaking, for example, gauge mediation. Conversely, the Higgs mass measurement can be used to constrain the scale of mediation of supersymmetry breaking.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Indole Homo-Michael Adducts via Dynamic Kinetic Friedel–Crafts Alkylation with Cyclopropanes

An enantioconvergent Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles with donor–acceptor cyclopropanes is described. The reaction is catalyzed by pybox•MgI2 and proceeds via a type I dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DyKAT).
On the Phelps-Koopmans theorem

We examine whether the Phelps–Koopmans theorem is valid in models with nonconvex production technologies. We argue that a nonstationary path that converges to a capital stock above the smallest golden rule may indeed be efficient. This finding has the important implication that “capital overaccumulation” need not always imply inefficiency. Under mild regularity and smoothness assumptions, we provide an almostcomplete characterization of situations in which every path with limit in excess of the smallest golden rule must be inefficient, so that a version of the Phelps–Koopmans theorem can be recovered. Finally, we establish that a nonconvergent path with limiting capital stocks above (and bounded away from) the smallest golden rule can be efficient, even if the model admits a unique golden rule. Thus the Phelps–Koopmans theorem in its general form fails to be valid, and we argue that this failure is robust across nonconvex models of growth.
Cavity-enhanced direct frequency comb spectroscopy

In less than fifteen years since the development of the first optical frequency comb (OFC), the device has revolutionized numerous research fields. In spectroscopy, the unique properties of the OFC spectrum enable simultaneous acquisition of broadband spectra while also providing high spectral resolution. Due to the regular structure of its spectrum, an OFC can be efficiently coupled to an optical enhancement cavity, resulting in vastly increased effective interaction length with the sample and absorption sensitivities as low as 1.3×10−11 cm−1 Hz−1/2 per spectral element. This technique, called cavity-enhanced direct frequency comb spectroscopy (CE-DFCS), provides ultra-sensitive absorption measurements simultaneously over a wide spectral range and with acquisition times shorter than a second.
Mobility of Polymers at the Air/Polymer Interface

In general, the relaxation of polymers from a nonequilibrium state will occur only if the polymer is above the bulk glass temperature. To examine the influence of a free surface on the mobility of polymer chains, the free surface of thick, artificially roughened polystyrene (PS) films (>10 μm) was studied. Each surface asperity of the PS film represents a nonequilibrium system with a large interfacial surface area. The Laplace pressure tends to suppress surface roughness, which can only occur if the polymer chains within the asperities are mobile. A partial relaxation of the surface asperities at temperatures well below the bulk glass temperature was observed. With increasing temperature the lateral size of the remaining surface asperities was found to increase, and the aspect ratio of the asperities decreased. However, a complete relaxation of the surface structures occurred only for temperatures comparable to or greater than the bulk glass transition temperature.
A prostate gland volume of more than 75 cm3 predicts for a favorable outcome after radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer.

Objectives. Both the benign and malignant prostatic epithelial components of the prostate gland contribute to the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level. Therefore, for a given PSA, the presence of benign hyperplastic prostate tissue (BHPT) may indicate a lower cancer burden. This study was performed to assess the impact of varying amounts of BHPT on PSA failure free (bNED) survival after radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer. Methods. Cox regression multivariable analyses were performed to assess the ability of the clinical stage, PSA, biopsy Gleason score, and prostate gland volume to predict time to postoperative PSA failure in 885 patients. Results. In addition to the PSA (P < 0.0001), biopsy Gleason score of 8 to 10 (P < 0.0001) and of 7 (P = 0.05), and clinical Stage T2c,3a (P < 0.0001) and T2b (P = 0.0016), the prostatectomy prostate gland volume (P < 0.0001) was a significant predictor of time to postoperative PSA failure. Patients with a prostatectomy prostate gland volume greater than 75 cm3 had a 100% 4-year bNED survival and favorable pathologic characteristics (pathologic Stage T2, 85%; prostatectomy Gleason score 6 or less, 78% and 7, 22%; and negative margins, 95%) despite a preoperative PSA of 10 to 20 ng/mL and more than 20 ng/mL in 28% and 13% of these men, respectively. In 75% of these cases, lead time bias because of PSA driven repeat biopsies provided an explanation. Conclusions. Lead time bias because of PSA driven repeat biopsy accounted for the high 4-year bNED survival and favorable pathologic findings for most patients who had prostate cancer coexisting in a prostate gland comprised of BHPT and a total gland volume in excess of 75 cm3. An additional explanation is needed, however, for the remaining patients.
Closed rectangle-of-influence drawings for irreducible triangulations

A (weak) closed rectangle-of-influence (RI for short) drawing is a straight-line planar grid drawing in which there is no other vertex inside or on the boundary of the axis parallel rectangle defined by the two end vertices of any edge. Biedl et al. (1999) [1] showed that a plane graph G has a closed RI drawing, if and only if it has no filled 3-cycle (a cycle of 3 vertices such that there is a vertex in the proper interior). They also showed that such a graph G has a closed RI drawing in an (n-1)x(n-1) grid, where n is the number of vertices in G. They raised an open question on whether this grid size bound can be improved (Biedl et al., 1999 [1]). Without loss of generality, we investigate maximal plane graphs admitting closed RI drawings in this paper. They are plane graphs with a quadrangular exterior face, triangular interior faces and no filled 3-cycles, known as irreducible triangulations (Fusy, 2009 [2]). In this paper, we present a linear time algorithm that computes closed RI drawings for irreducible triangulations. Given an arbitrary irreducible triangulation G with n vertices, our algorithm produces a closed RI drawing with size at most (n-3)x(n-3); and for a random irreducible triangulation, the expected grid size of the drawing is (22n27+O(n))x(22n27+O(n)). We then prove that for arbitrary n>=4, there is an n-vertex irreducible triangulation, such that any of its closed RI drawing requires a grid of size (n-3)x(n-3). Thus the grid size of the drawing produced by our algorithm is tight. This lower bound also answers the open question posed in Biedl et al. (1999) [1] negatively.
Status of Research on Parawing Lifting Decelerators

The development of flexible-wing technology has been underway for several years and a considerable amount of aerodynamic research has been obtained. Results from these research investigations have shown that maximum lift-drag ratios from about 2.0 to 17.0 can be obtained with different types of flexible wing configurations. Recent emphasis has been given to all-flexible parawings that provide lift-drag ratios from 2.0 to 3.0 because of their reliable opening characteristics, good inherent stability, and their kinship to parachutes in simplicity of construction, packaging, and deployment. This paper summarizes the status of technology development of all-flexible parawings in regard to general research, the application to recovery of manned spacecraft, and for personnel use such as escape from a disabled aircraft.
1,2-Dichalcogenins: Simple Syntheses of 1,2-Diselenins, 1,2-Dithiins, and 2-Selenathiin.

Ring opening of titanacyclopentadienes 1 with (SCN)2 or (SeCN)2 followed by bis(thiocyanate) or bis(selenocyanate) cyclization affords 1,2-dithiin (2 a) or 1,2-diselenin (2 b), respectively. Compound 1 gives 2 a directly on reaction with S2 Cl2 . Unsubstituted 1,2-diselenin is prepared by reaction of PhCH2 SeNa with 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-butadiyne followed by reductive cleavage of the benzyl group and oxidation. The unsubstituted 2-selenathiin is prepared in an analogous manner, but from a mixture of PhCH2 SeNa and PhCH2 SNa.
Theory of files

The theory of files is a tool for the logico-mathematical treatment of automatic non-numerical data processing problems, such as machine accounting, information retrieval and mechanical translation of languages. The main result which has been obtained sofar from the application of the theory of files is the formulation of a simple pattern to which the data flow of any information processing procedure conforms, regardless of how many files are involved. The flow of each file can be controlled and coordinated with the flow of the other files by means of five boolean parameters, called 'indicators'.A specially designed Algebraic Business Language exploits this result for the purpose of programming digital data processing systems. This paper also probes into the impact of the theory of files upon the logical design of digital information processing systems.
Location and lease intensity

Abstract U.S. firms lease assets extensively. We find that, during 1980–2011, the average U.S. firm has a lease intensity of about 40%. Or, the average firm has present and future (up to five years) rent commitments equal to 16.6% of their total assets. We investigate whether agency costs between the lessor and the lessee affect the lease intensity of firms. To do so, we examine the impact of firms' location on the use of operating leases. The main idea of our paper is that, because obtaining information and monitoring is costly for potential lessors, especially when a lessee is relatively far away from financial centers, rural firms are less likely to use operating leases. Consistent with this hypothesis, we show that rural firms tend to have lower lease intensities than similar urban and small city firms. In addition, we find that firms with higher levels of debt capacity lease less and firms that face more financial constraint lease more. Our findings are robust to industry and lease maturity controls and consistent with the existence of an agency problem associated with leasing.
Effects of Light and Commuter Rail Transit on Land Prices: Experiences in San Diego County

Using hedonic price models, appreciable land-value premiums were found for multiple land uses in different rail corridors of San Diego County. The most appreciable benefits were for condominiums and single-family housing near commuter-rail stations in the north county, multifamily housing near light-rail stations, and commercial properties near downtown commuterrail stations and light-rail stops in the Mission Valley. Elsewhere, commercial properties accrued small or even negative capitalization benefits. Pro-development policies, worsening traffic congestion, and a generally healthy economy are thought to have generally boosted land values in San Diego County, though impacts are corridor- and land-use specific.
Ethanol-diazepam interactions on delayed match-to-sample performance in baboons.

Abstract Four juvenile male baboons were trained on a delayed match-to-sample (MTS) discrimination task. Single administration of 0.25,0.5, 1.0, 2.0,4.0, and 6.0 mg/kg diazepam (DZ) resulted in a dose-related increase in mean response time (MRT), with a maximum effect at 2.0 mg/kg. Administration of 0.25 mg/kg of DZ had no effect. Response time was increased significantly by 1.0 g/kg of ethanol (EtOH) but was not affected by 0.5 g/kg EtOH. There were no significant effects on the number of correct responses. Combined treatment of 0.5 g/kg of EtOH with 1.0 mg/kg DZ produced the same increase in MRT as the DZ alone. When 1.0 g/kg EtOH was administered with 0.25 mg/kg DZ, MRT decreased which was a significant improvement in performance as compared to the increase in MRT observed with either the EtOH or the DZ alone. Combined doses of 1.0 g/kg EtOH and 0.5 mg/kg DZ produced essentially the same increases in MRT as either dose alone. Similar results were obtained when 1.0 g/kg EtOH and 1.0 mg/kg DZ were combined and the increase in MRT was about the same for DZ alone and more than twice as great for the EtOH alone. Combined administration of the drugs had no significant effects on the number of correct choices. Since the administration of a combination of a low dose of DZ with EtOH appeared to prevent the increases in MRT observed with either drug alone and there were no observable effects on the number of correct responses, these effects do not appear to involve cognitive processes but might be related to excitability changes in motor systems.
Some Heuristics about Elliptic Curves

We give some heuristics for counting elliptic curves with certain properties. In particular, we rederive the Brumer–McGuinness heuristic for the number of curves with positive/negative discriminant up to X, which is an application of lattice-point counting. We then introduce heuristics that allow us to predict how often we expect an elliptic curve E with even parity to have L(E, 1) = 0. We find that we expect there to be about c 1 X 19/24(logX)3/8 curves with |Δ| < X with even parity and positive (analytic) rank; since Brumer and McGuinness predict cX 5/6 total curves, this implies that, asymptotically, almost all even-parity curves have rank 0. We then derive similar estimates for ordering by conductor, and conclude by giving various data regarding our heuristics and related questions.
Buried points in Julia sets

An introduction to buried points in Julia sets and a list of questions about buried points, written to encourage aficionados of topology and dynamics to work on these questions.
Total synthesis of (-)-calyciphylline N.

The total synthesis of the architecturally complex Daphniphyllum alkaloid (−)-calyciphylline N has been achieved. Highlights of the synthesis include a Et2AlCl-promoted, highly stereoselective, susbtrate-controlled intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction, a transannular enolate alkylation, an effective Stille carbonylation/Nazarov cyclization sequence, and a high-risk diastereoselective hydrogenation of a fully substituted conjugated diene ester.
Satiety responses in eating disorders

Appetite and satiety responses in a test meal paradigm were studied in six anorexia nervosa patients (four had bingeing and purging behaviors) and in nine normal control women. The anorexic patients were distinguished from normal controls by the amounts of food taken and by the pattern of the hunger and fullness responses to the test meal. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.
Step by Recursive Step: Church's Analysis of Effective Calculability

Alonzo Church's mathematical work on computability and undecidability is well-known indeed, and we seem to have an excellent understanding of the context in which it arose. The approach Church took to the underlying conceptual issues, by contrast, is less well understood. Why, for example, was “Church's Thesis” put forward publicly only in April 1935, when it had been formulated already in February/March 1934? Why did Church choose to formulate it then in terms of Godel's general recursiveness, not his own λ-definability as he had done in 1934? A number of letters were exchanged between Church and Paul Bernays during the period from December 1934 to August 1937; they throw light on critical developments in Princeton during that period and reveal novel aspects of Church's distinctive contribution to the analysis of the informal notion of effective calculability. In particular, they allow me to give informed, though still tentative answers to the questions I raised; the character of my answers is reflected by an alternative title for this paper, Why Church needed Godel's recursiveness for his Thesis. In Section 5, I contrast Church's analysis with that of Alan Turing and explore, in the very last section, an analogy with Dedekind's investigation of continuity.
Facilitating knowledge flow through the enterprise

This paper is concerned with the issues we encountered when attempting to achieve enterprise level knowledge reuse. We present three pilot studies where new visualization techniques were used to allow manufacturing and service operations take advantage of engineering knowledge embodied in 3D models. Though all these studies showed dramatic productivity increases, only one business unit from the studies is currently working to achieve the reuse. There are a number of reasons why this is so, but the key underlying theme is a lack of enterprise level commitment to knowledge sharing and a lack of an adequate knowledge architecture for sharing knowledge across organizational boundaries. We conclude with an approach for facilitating knowledge flow across functional units. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATIONS OF DYNAMICS OF ACCRETION FLOWS IRRADIATED BY A QUASAR

We study the axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric, time-dependent hydrodynamics of gas that is under the influence of the gravity of a supermassive black hole (SMBH) and the radiation force produced by a radiatively efficient flow accreting onto the SMBH. We have considered two cases: (1) the formation of an outflow from the accretion of the ambient gas without rotation and (2) that with weak rotation. The main goals of this study are (1) to examine if there is a significant difference between the models with identical initial and boundary conditions but in different dimensionality (two and three dimensions) and (2) to understand the gas dynamics in active galactic nuclei. Our three-dimensional simulations of a nonrotating gas show small yet noticeable nonaxisymmetric small-scale features inside the outflow. The outflow as a whole and the inflow do not seem to suffer from any large-scale instability. In the rotating case, the nonaxisymmetric features are very prominent, especially in the outflow which consists of many cold dense clouds entrained in a smoother hot flow. The three-dimensional outflow is nonaxisymmetric due to the shear and thermal instabilities. In both two- and three-dimensional simulations, gas rotation increases the outflow thermal energy flux, but reduces the outflow mass and kinetic energy fluxes. Rotation also leads to time variability and fragmentation of the outflow in the radial and latitudinal directions. The collimation of the outflow is reduced in the models with gas rotation. The time variability in the mass and energy fluxes is reduced in the three-dimensional case because of the outflow fragmentation in the azimuthal direction. The virial mass estimated from the kinematics of the dense cold clouds found in our three-dimensional simulations of rotating gas underestimates the actual mass used in the simulations by about 40%. The opening angles (~30°) of the bi-conic outflows found in the models with rotating gas are very similar to that of the nearby Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151 (~33°). The radial velocities of the dense cold clouds from the simulations are compared with the observed gas kinematics of the narrow-line region of NGC 4151.