cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Early Severe Malnutrition on Heart and Skeletal Muscle Lactate Dehydrogenase

Following weaning, rats from litter sizes of 15 to 20 were subjected to severe food restriction for 10 weeks, and compared to rats from litter size 5 fed ad libitum. Percent M (muscle type) lactate dehydrogenase, M and H (heart type) subunit activity and lactate dehydrogenase activity (per g wet weight) determined both electrophoretically and spectrophotometrically were all significantly lower in separated left and right ventricles of the malnourished rats. There were no differences in skeletal muscle lactate dehydrogenase activity. Following 5 weeks of ad libitum feeding, the previously malnourished rats showed large increases in body weight. Now only the right ventricle showed slight decreases in H subunit and lactate dehydrogenase activity; other measurements in the right ventricle and all in the left ventricle had returned to control levels. Skeletal muscle lactate dehydrogenase activity was not different from controls.
Logging RAID - An Approach to Fast, Reliable, and Low-Cost Disk Arrays

Parity-based disk arrays provide high reliability and high performance for read and large write accesses at low storage cost. However, small writes are notoriously slow due to the well-known read-modify-write problem. This paper presents logging RAID, a disk array architecture that adopts data logging techniques to overcome the small-write problem in parity-based disk arrays. Logging RAID achieves high performance for a wide variety of I/O access patterns with very small disk space overhead. We show this through trace-driven simulations.
Role of the Classical and Alternative Complement Pathways in Chemotaxis and Opsonization: Studies of Human Serum Deficient in C4

The roles of the classical and alternative C pathways in the formation of chemotactic factors and opsonins in human serum were evaluated by comparative studies on normal serum and serum from a patient with a nonfunctional classical pathway resulting from an inherited absence of C4. Neutrophil chemotactic activity was determined in serum activated by zymosan, bacterial endotoxin, intact bacteria, and cobra venom factor, by using a 51Cr radioassay in Boyden chambers. Opsonization of zymosan by serum was determined by the iodination reaction with human neutrophils as the test cells. Chemotactic activity and opsonization were both markedly impaired in C4-deficient serum; these defects were most apparent when the serum concentration was low or the period of exposure to the activating agent was short. Normal chemotactic and opsonic activity was observed when either the serum concentration or the incubation time was increased with zymosan as the activating agent. In contrast, correction of the chemotactic defect was not achieved under similar conditions when endotoxin was the activating agent. The addition of purified C4 resulted in improvement or normalization of chemotactic and opsonic function. Similar defects were demonstrated in sera from an unrelated patient with inherited C4 deficiency and from a patient with absent C4 and C2. These observations point out the necessity for an intact classical pathway in order to achieve optimal formation of biologic mediators from the C system.
A framework and review of online documentation of patient encounters during Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences

Abstract Objective To establish a mechanism for student documentation of patient encounters including problems identified and interventions performed; to assess the breadth of student exposure during Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences (APPEs); to identify the most commonly reported problems and interventions as reported by students. Design Students document selected patient care encounters via an online case documentation system using 12 different pharmacotherapy categories and include information such as patient demographics, drug therapy problems identified, medications involved, and type of intervention. Data were analyzed from the classes of 2012 and 2013 during their APPE year. Assessment During the two year period, over 21,000 individual patient encounters and over 40,000 pharmacotherapy category entries were documented. Cardiology and Infectious Disease (ID) were the most prevalent pharmacotherapy categories documented, while Dermatology, Urology/Nephrology, Respiratory, and Other were the least commonly documented. The most common interventions were Medication Therapy Management (MTM), education to patients, and provider contact. The most common problems identified were “needs additional therapy” and “incorrect dose.” Conclusion The online documentation system was shown to be an effective tool for documenting breadth of student exposure to patients, drug therapy problems, and interventions during the APPE curriculum. Students were able to document a variety of patient encounters, problems, and interventions. Documentation of students’ encounters across all APPE curricula is one way to demonstrate diversity and variety in patient care experiences. This article provides a framework for other colleges of pharmacy to document student interventions and level of engagement with the outside community during practice-based experiences.
Ligand induced cleavage and nuclear localization of the rice XA21 immune receptor

The rice XA21 receptor confers immunity to the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) upon recognition of the conserved microbial signature AxY^S^22. Here, we demonstrate that the intracellular kinase domain of XA21 translocates to the nucleus upon AxY^S^22-mediated perception and that this translocation event is required for XA21-mediated immunity.
Modeling the insurgent activities with a geographic information system: a case study from Iraq

This paper investigates the root causes of insurgency and exploits a Geographic Information System (GIS) to model the effects of terrain and urban infrastructure on insurgent behavior. It develops a mathematical model that can predict the likelihood of an individual turning into an insurgent based on various contributory factors. Insurgency in Iraq and Afghanistan has been on the rise, primarily to fight the United States (U.S.)-led coalition forces. Insurgents often seek complex terrain and urban infrastructure to ambush U.S.-led coalition forces which are carrying out military missions in Iraq and Afghanistan. Using examples from Iraq we model spatial and temporal trends in insurgent activities with a GIS, which may help understand the overall insurgency and behavior of insurgents who carry out attacks against U.S-led coalition forces.
Extended abstract: Professional writing in the arts and media: Reports from the field

Although professional writing research has explored the key role of written communication shaping the American professions, this research focuses almost exclusively on the engineering profession and its workplaces [1]. Inversely, no research investigates professional writing in art and design workplaces such as game development corporations; graphics design firms or radio stations. Furthermore, because the genres of professional writing are tied to specific professional contexts [2] our knowledge of engineers' writing practices does not automatically transfer to the writing that art and design professionals do. If the National Endowment of the Arts' recent report predicting job growth in the arts relative to other professions is accurate, professional writing research must immediately address the gap in our knowledge of writing in the arts in order to portray a complete and current picture of professional writing in North America [3].
Reflections of evolution and culture in children's cognition: Implications for mathematical development and instruction.

An evolution-based framework for understanding biological and cultural influences on children's cognitive and academic development is presented. The utility of this framework is illustrated within the mathematical domain and serves as a foundation for examining current approaches to educational reform in the United States. Within this framework, there are two general classes of cognitive ability, biologically primary and biologically secondary. Biologically primary cognitive abilities appear to have evolved largely by means of natural or sexual selection. Biologically secondary cognitive abilities reflect the co-optation of primary abilities for purposes other than the original evolution-based function and appear to develop only in specific cultural contexts. A distinction between these classes of ability has important implications for understanding children's cognitive development and achievement.
GLOBAL SOURCING: OFFSHORE INVESTMENT STRATEGY FOR THE 1980s

Transnational companies in this decade face greater risks, more constraints, and new competition from advanced developing countries. In order to survive and grow in this new environment, they are going to have to learn to be adept at tapping new sources of labor, resources, capital, and technology around the globe.
A deterministic model for a repairable item inventory system with a finite repair rate

SUMMARY This paper examines a model for an inventory system which stocks two types of items: repaired and unrepaired. This model extends a previous model developed by Schrady to allow for a finite repair rate at the repair depot. Formulas for the optimal repair and procurement batches are developed and extended to the case where there is limited storage space in both the repair and supply depots.
Overlapping role of the outer membrane cytochromes of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 in the reduction of manganese(IV) oxide

Aim: To determine if the outer membrane (OM) cytochromes OmcA and OmcB of the metal-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 have distinct or overlapping roles in the reduction of insoluble manganese(IV) oxide. Methods and Results: The gene replacement mutant (OMCA1) which lacks OmcA was partially deficient in Mn(IV) reduction. Complementation of OMCA1 with a vector (pVK21) that contains omcB but not omcA restored Mn(IV) reduction to levels that were even greater than those of wild-type. Examination of the OM of OMCA1/pVK21 revealed greater than wild-type levels of OmcB protein and specific haem content. Conclusions: Overexpression of OmcB can compensate for the absence of OmcA in the reduction of insoluble Mn(IV) oxides. Therefore, there is at least a partial overlap in the roles of these OM cytochromes in the reduction of insoluble Mn(IV) oxide. Significance: The overlapping roles of these two cytochromes has important implications for understanding the mechanism by which MR-1 reduces insoluble metal oxides. There is no obligatory sequential electron transfer from one cytochrome to the other. They could both potentially serve as terminal reductases for extracellular electron acceptors.
Effects of relaxation and stress on the capsaicin-induced local inflammatory response

Objective Although stress is known to modulate the inflammatory response, there has been little experimental examination of the effects of stress and stress reduction on inflammation in humans. In particular, the effects of stress and relaxation on neurogenic inflammation have been minimally studied. This study examines the effects of three experimental manipulations: mental stress, relaxation, and control on the local inflammatory response evoked by the intradermal injection of capsaicin, the active ingredient in chili peppers. Methods Fifty subjects (28 men and 22 women) were pretrained in relaxation using an imagery-based relaxation tape and then randomized to experimental condition. Subjects participated in an evening reactivity session including 20 minutes of a stress (Stroop test), relaxation (tape), or control (video) manipulation, followed by a capsaicin injection in the forearm. Digitized flare measurements were taken for 1 hour postcapsaicin, and measurements of cardiovascular variables, cortisol, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and norepinephrine were taken at regular intervals. Results The size of the maximum capsaicin-induced flare was significantly smaller in the relaxation condition than in the stress or control conditions, which did not differ from each other. Increases in norepinephrine, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure during the experimental task, but not after capsaicin, significantly predicted size of maximum flare and total area under the curve of flare measurements. Conclusions These findings suggest that stress reduction may affect local inflammatory processes. Results are consistent with sympathetic modulation of the effects of relaxation on the flare response.
Impact of endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration on the surgical management of pancreatic cancer

Background Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) with EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) enables one to visualize the pancreas and surrounding structures and can provide access for FNA of those structures that appear suspicious for tumor. Patients and methods From 1993 to 1995, 50 patients suspected of having pancreatic cancer underwent EUS/EUS-FNA and abdominal computed tomography (CT). Malignancy was found in 30 (60%) cases, which included 24 (48%) pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Results Endoscopic ultrasound/EUS-FNA identified 26 of the 30 malignancies (85%) and 21 of the 24 pancreatic adenocarcinomas (88%), with no false positives. Thirteen of the 24 pancreatic cancer patients had lymph nodes that were sampled with EUS/EUS-FNA. Seven of these 13 patients (62%) were found to have metastatic spread to lymph nodes. Operations were performed on 11 of the pancreatic cancer patients. Of these 11, the 5 that were predicted to be resectable by EUS/EUS-FNA underwent successful resection. Of the 6 predicted to be unresectable, 5 had palliative biliary bypasses, and 1 had a grossly positive margin of resection. Conclusions Endoscopic ultrasound/EUS-FNA can identify patients for curative surgical resection. It can also preoperatively identify patients with regional nodal disease for inclusion in appropriately designed clinical trials.
DIFFERENTIATION OF APICAL VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS (VSD) FROM MITRAL REGURGITATION(MR) BY PULSED DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY (PDE)

DIFFERENTIATION OF APICAL VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS (VSD) FROM MITRAL REGURGITATION(MR) BY PULSED DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY (PDE)
Sedimentation effects on shallow coral communities in Kenya

Since the early 1960s increased soil erosion due to changing land-use practices in the Sabaki River catchment basin, has increased river-sediment discharge into coastal waters around Malindi, Kenya. Line transect surveys of shallow (< 5 m at low tide) coral reef communities were conducted in 1985–1988 and 1992–1993 on a gradient of sediment influence in the Watamu (low influence) and Malindi (intermediate and high influence) National Marine Parks. Total algal cover increased between surveys only at the control (low sediment) reef, to levels comparable to the sediment influenced reefs. Within algal categories (turf, calcareous, fleshy and coralline) there were no consistent differences among treatment groups consistent with sediment influence. Soft coral and sponge cover were higher at increasing levels of sediment influence, though this trend is confounded by a parallel increase in water motion. Coral cover increased significantly over time at the intermediate reef, to levels comparable to the low and high-sediment influenced reefs. Generic richness, diversity and dominance of corals were broadly similar among all reefs except for higher dominance in the control reef. Positive correlation between differences in coral genus abundance and differences in mean coral colony sizes over time and among reefs suggests a suite of sediment-tolerant (Echinopora, Galaxea, Hydnophora, Millepora and Platygyra) and sedimentintolerant (Favia, Montipora and Pocillopora) genera. Acropora, Astreopora, Favites and Porites were intermediate between these groups. Reefs exposed to high sediment influence were dominated by sediment tolerant and intermediate coral genera during both surveys, while reefs exposed to low sediment influence were dominated by sediment-intolerant and intermediate genera. Overall, although there were changes in some of the parameters listed above, and in coral genus abundance patterns, no evidence for decreased diversity and ecological health of sedimentinfluenced reefs could be found for our set of community-level measurements of the shallow-water coral assemblage.
Orientation changes in myosin regulatory light chains following photorelease of ATP in skinned muscle fibers

The orientation of the light-chain region of myosin heads in muscle fibers was followed by polarized fluorescence from an extrinsic probe during tension transients elicited by photolysis of caged ATP. Regulatory light chain from chicken gizzard myosin was covalently modified with iodoacetamidotetramethylrhodamine and exchanged into skinned fibers from rabbit psoas muscle without significant effect of the tension transients. Fluorescence polarization ratios Q parallel = (parallel I parallel-perpendicular I parallel)/ (parallel I parallel+perpendicular I parallel) and Q perpendicular = perpendicular I perpendicular - parallel I perpendicular)/ (perpendicular I perpendicular + parallel I perpendicular), where mIn denote fluorescence intensities for excitation (pre-subscript) and emission (post-subscript) parallel or perpendicular to the fiber axis, were simultaneously measured at 0.5 ms time resolution. Q perpendicular decreased and Q parallel increased promptly after ATP release in the presence or absence of CA2+, indicating changes in orientation of the light-chain region associated with ATP binding or cross-bridge detachment. Little further change in the Q signals accompanied either active tension development (+Ca2+) or the final relaxation (-Ca2+). The Q and tension transients slowed when liberated ATP concentration was reduced. Assuming that ATP is released at 118 s-1 (20 degrees C), the apparent second-order rate constants were 3–10 x 10(5) M-1 s-1 for Q parallel, 1–5 x 10(5) M-1 s-1 for Q perpendicular, and 0.5–2 x 10(5) M-1 s-1 for the convergence of tension traces starting from different rigor values. Fitting of model orientation distributions to the Q signals indicated that the angular disorder increases after ATP binding. This orientation change is specific to ATP because photo release of ADP caused much smaller changes in the Q signals.
Sulphur transformation and removal for Western Kentucky coals

Abstract Inhibition isotherms were measured for Western Kentucky No.9 coal. Crushed and sieved coal (−25 + 140 U.S. mesh) was fluidized in 10-g batches in a 22-mm i.d. quartz reactor up to a temperature of 870 °C. The release of hydrogen sulphide during heatup under nitrogen and at the run temperature (usually 1–2 h) under the same gas (pyrolysis), hydrogen, or hydrogen/hydrogen sulphide mixtures was followed by gas chromatography. The residue or char was analysed for pyritic, organic, sulphide, sulphate, and total sulphur. Inhibition isotherms, which are pseudo-equilibria between sulphur in the char and gaseous hydrogen sulphide, were measured at 600 and 870 °C. At the lower temperature the isotherm was found to be independent of the hydrogen sulphide concentration in the gas stream and the char sulphur content remained constant at 2.6%. At 870 °C the sulphur content of the char was greater than that of the original coal when gas mixtures of 1, 3, and 6% hydrogen sulphide in hydrogen were used, indicating the necessity of maintaining low hydrogen sulphide concentration for sulphur removal. In pure hydrogen, sulphur removal increased continuously from 47% at 600 °C to 84% at 870 °C. For pyrolysis under nitrogen, sulphur removal was 40% at 600 °C and increased to 59% at 740 °C. No further removal occurred above this temperature up to 870 °C. In addition to the inhibition isotherms, sulphur-form transformation diagrams were constructed for coal treated with nitrogen, hydrogen, and hydrogen/hydrogen sulphide mixtures. Pyritic sulphur, which comprised 40% of the sulphur in the original coal, was completely converted to ferrous sulphide at 600 °C in hydrogen and 740 °C in nitrogen. At 870 °C the sulphur content of the char produced under hydrogen was 1.1% made up of 48.4% ferrous sulphide, 43.4% organic sulphur, and 8.2% sulphate.
Educational Supports for High Functioning Youth With ASD: The Postsecondary Pathway to College

This article provides direction for educational decision making specifically for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), who have the cognitive and adaptive capabilities required to pursue...
Rapid method for selenium assay of plant material.

WE have found the following to be a particularly rapid and reproducible means of assaying for selenium in leafy plant material. It is based on the use of perchloric acid and H2O2 to facilitate digestion and clarification of the sample and on the spectrophotometric determination of the elemental selenium produced on reduction of the combined forms of the element. Our method represents, in part, a combination ot techniques recently found useful for higher plant and microbial material1–3.
High-throughput single-molecule DNA screening based on electrophoresis

In electrophoresis, the migration velocity is used for sizing DNA and proteins or for distinguishing molecules based on charge and hydrodynamic radius. Many protein and DNA assays relevant to disease diagnosis are based on such separations. However, standard protocols are not only slow (minutes to hours) but also insensitive (many molecules in a detectable band). We successfully demonstrated a high-throughput imaging approach that allows determination of the individual electrophoretic mobilities of many molecules at a time. Each measurement only requires a few milliseconds to complete. This opens up the possibility of screening single copies of DNA or proteins within single biological cells for disease markers without performing polymerase chain reaction or other biological amplification. The purpose is not to separate the DNA molecules but to identify each one on the basis of the measured electrophoretic mobility. We developed three different procedures to measure the individual molecular mobilities. The...
Discretization of fractional order differentiator over Paley-Wiener space

The Paley-Wiener space consists of functions whose Fourier transform is compactly supported in the frequency domain. In the context of signal processing, such functions are also known as bandlimited signals, which represent a large class of signals in signal processing. An analog fractional order differentiator is representable by way of the Cauchy integral formula, special functions, as well as the Fourier/Laplace transformer, while a digital differentiator of fractional order can be obtained through direct or indirect discretization techniques. In this paper, we present the design of a finite impulse response (FIR) filter that discretizes the fractional order differentiator over functions in Paley-Wiener space. The proposed FIR model has some meritorious properties that are preferred in applications: the filter coefficients are independent of the signal samples; it is capable of interpolating or extrapolating at an arbitrary point in the sampling domain; it is adaptive to uniform or non-uniform sampling scenarios. We present explicit formulas on the matrices that lead to computing the filter coefficients. A closed form formula on the error of approximation is derived to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed discretization model of fractional derivatives. Numerical results also show that the proposed method is more computationally efficient than the well-known methods such as the Grunwald-Letnikov approximation.
Rate Dependent Deformation of Semi-Crystalline Polypropylene Near Room Temperature

We examine the strain rate dependent, large plastic deformation in isotropic semi-crystalline polypropylene at room temperature. Constant strain rate uniaxial compression tests on cylindrical polypropylene specimens show very little true strain softening under quasi-static conditions. At high strain rates very large amounts (38 percent) of apparent strain softening accompanied by temperature rises are recorded. We examine the capability ofa recently proposed constitutive model of plastic deformation in semi-crystalline polymers to predict this behavior. We neglect the contribution of the amorphous phase to the plastic deformation response and include the effects of adiabatic heating at high strain rates. Attention is focused on the ability to predict rate dependent yielding, strain softening, strain hardening, and adiabatic temperature rises with this approach. Comparison of simulations and experimental results show good agreement and provide insight into the merits of using a polycrystalline modeling assumption versus incorporating the amorphous contribution. Discrepancies between experiments and model predictions are explained in terms of expectations associated with neglecting the amorphous deformation.
A modified extrathoracic approach to the treatment of dysphagia lusoria

The management of patients with esophageal compression by an anomalous right subclavian artery (dysphagia lusoria) has been controversial. A classic approach involves left thoracotomy, with resection of the aberrant subclavian artery from its origin to the right border of the esophagus. To prevent possible ischemic complications, most surgeons favor revascularization of the distal subclavian artery. Thoracotomy has been the traditional approach for division or reimplantation of the aberrant right subclavian artery. We describe a modification (right supraclavicular incision) of an extrathoracic approach, which was first described by Orvald in 1972, to simplify simultaneous correction of dysphagia lusoria and revascularization of the right upper extremity.
Extracellular Ca++-independent and -dependent components of the biphasic release of LH in response to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in vitro.

Pituitary tissue blocks excised from diestrous II rats were exposed to continuous (4 h) or bolus (10 min) infusions of LHRH in Krebs Improved Ringer I medium using a perifusion system. Two different rates of LH release were obtained in response to continuous infusions of various concentrations of LHRH: an initial relatively low rate of LH release (phase I), followed approximately 60 min later by a greatly increased secretion rate (phase II). In the absence of extracellular Ca++, phase I release was completely inhibited while phase II release was only partially inhibited. The acute response (phase I) to a bolus infusion of LHRH was also inhibited by removing Ca++ from the medium, the inhibition being readily reversed by Ca++ replacement. During constant stimulation (4 h) with LHRH, normal medium was switched to Ca++-free medium after 1.5 h. This resulted in a steady decline in the rate of release of LH to the level previously obtained during LHRH stimulation in a Ca++-free medium. Cycloheximide (5 μM), whi...
Antitoxins: novel strategies to target agents of bioterrorism.

Never before has there been such a strong possibility that biological agents might be used indiscriminately on civilian populations. This review focuses on the use of antitoxins — antibodies, receptor decoys, dominant-negative inhibitors of translocation, small-molecule inhibitors and substrate analogues — to counteract those biological weapons for which toxins are an important mechanism of disease pathogenesis.
Isotopic spin selection rules XIII: The 6.92 MeV state of 16O revisited

Abstract The status of the possible E1-E3 cascade between the 2 + state at 6.92 mev, the 3- state at 6.14 mev and the 0+ ground state of 16O is reviewed in the light of recent improvements in our knowledge of radiative transitions and isotopic spin impurities. It is concluded that the present limit of 5 × 10−3 on the relative intensity, although clearly demonstrating the efficacy of the isotopic spin selection rule, is not sharp enough to be a significant test for detailed models of the nuclear structure, for which purpose an improvement by an order of magnitude would be required. It is shown by a coincidence method, wing the reaction 19F(p, α)16O, that the relative intensity is less than 4 × 10−4. This corresponds to α0 2(1) < 2 × 10−3, a low figure.
Automatic classification of meta-search engine design and implementation

as growing network information, as well as the limitations of traditional search engines, so that people searching for information using traditional search engine, the difficulty greatly increased. We have developed a Meta search engine, which can be automatic classification of information, users use this search engine to search for information; on the one hand can guarantee the recall of information. More importantly, the user can quickly obtain the necessary information based on the system for automatic separation of the categories of information. This paper describes the design and implementation of this system.
COMPARATIVE ONTOGENY OF THE INFLORESCENCE AND FLOWER OF HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA AND LOROPETALUM CHINENSE (HAMAMELIDACEAE)

An objective of this comparison is to provide basic information on floral organogenesis of these genera that may be used to construct phylogenetic hypotheses. In addition, we attempt to answer the question of whether or not the sterile floral appendages which occur opposite the petals in both genera are attributable to the same cycle of floral appendages in the common ancestor
Allozyme Studies of Pacific Salmonids with Nonlethal Sampling of Fin Tissue

Abstract We evaluated the use of nonlethal sampling of bony fin tissue to obtain allozyme data for Pacific salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. Enzyme activity was detected for 53 loci, including many polymorphic loci, in caudal fin tissue sampled from chinook salmon O. tshawytscha, chum salmon O. keta, coho salmon O. kisutch, sockeye salmon O. nerka, and steelhead O. mykiss. This represents 61% of all the loci (N = 87) routinely analyzed using eye, heart, liver, and muscle tissue. Anal, dorsal, caudal, pelvic, and pectoral fin tissues all expressed the same loci with approximately the same strength of activity. Fin tissue sampled from adult salmonids yielded a slightly greater number of loci than did juvenile samples. Sufficient allozyme activity was observed for 9 mg of juvenile chinook salmon and steelhead fin tissue for some loci; however, the minimal amount of tissue needed to obtain all detectable loci was 54 mg. We performed computer simulations to test the feasibility of using allozyme data from fin tissue...
CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID LYMPHOCYTE POPULATIONS AND IMMUNE COMPLEXES IN ACTIVE MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

A specific subpopulation of mononuclear cells bearing a surface receptor for the Fc portion of IgG was considerably reduced in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients during exacerbation, but returned toward normal levels as the patient entered remission. Low concentrations of immune complexes were found in the CSF in nearly 50% of MS patients during exacerbations but immune complexes were not found in patients with stable MS.
ASRI2005‐86 Ovine Mx1 associates with microtubules during metaphase and with intercellular bridges between dividing cells

Mx proteins are 70–80 kD intracellular antiviral proteins induced by viruses and type I interferons (IFNs). Mx proteins belong to the dynamin superfamily of large GTPases, thought to regulate endocytosis, intracellular vesicle trafficking and cytokinesis. Although antiviral Mx proteins are highly inducible during early pregnancy by embryo-derived IFN tau, cellular functions of Mx proteins in uninduced cells are poorly defined. To better understand the physiological role of Mx proteins during early pregnancy, expression and localization of ovine Mx1 (oMx1) protein were determined in a uterine derived cell line (oGE). oMx1 and beta tubulin were immunolabeled in cells at different stages of the cell cycle. oMx1 was uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm during interphase in the absence of roIFN tau, whereas oMx1 aggregated around vacuoles near the surface of the cells in the presence of roIFN. Interestingly, oMx1 co-localized with mitotic spindles during metaphase. During telophase, oMx1 co-localized with remnants of mitotic spindles at intercellular bridges between dividing cells. Our findings are consistent with a role for Mx1 in secretion by oGE cells and indicate that oMx1 may be involved in cell division. Supported in part by USDA NRICGP grant 2002-02398 and NIH NCRR grant P20-RR15587-01 to T.L.O.
Monolithic Si-based technology for optical receiver circuits

Optical communications networks must be terminated by receiver circuitry capable of converting an optical circuit to an electrical one. While current III-V technology is capable of delivering high performance, it is costly and difficult to integrate with low-cost Si based technologies. In order to overcome these barriers, we are pursuing a Si-compatible technology for integrated photodetectors. Ge, monolithically integrated with Si, offers a low-cost, high-performance materials system for photodetector integration with existing Si technology. In this paper we discuss the performance requirements and figures of merit for integrated photodetectors. We then discuss the materials issues associated with the integration of Ge on Si and show that high quality Ge films can be grown directly on Si, despite the 4% lattice mismatch. By cyclic annealing after growth, the dislocation density can be reduced to 2.3x107 cm-2, and diodes fabricated on these films show a responsivity of 300 mA/W at 1300 nm without an AR coating. Finally, we discuss the integration of waveguides with photodetectors and propose an integration scheme we believe will be capable of delivering high-performance integrated photoreceivers on a Si platform.
In vivo gene transfer of parvalbumin improves diastolic function in aged rat hearts

Objective : Diastolic dysfunction is a characteristic finding of the aged mammalian heart. Parvalbumin acts as a Ca2+ sink and enhances relaxation in skeletal muscle, and overexpression of parvalbumin in myocardium increased cardiac relaxation in vitro as well as in vivo. Therefore, the objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that in vivo gene transfer of parvalbumin will improve diastolic dysfunction in aged rat heart. Methods : We used adenovirus to transfer parvalbumin into two different rat models of aging: the Fischer 344 (F344) and the Fischer 344 × Brown Norway F1 hybrid (F344 × BN). Cardiac function was measured and compared after gene transfer. Results : In vivo overexpression of parvalbumin in both rat aging models had no effect on systolic parameters but reduced left ventricular diastolic pressure and the time course of pressure decline. Overexpression of parvalbumin also improved the force frequency relationship in senescent rats. Conclusion : In vivo overexpression of parvalbumin improves diastolic dysfunction in two rat models of senescence, and this effect is independent of the rat strain investigated. The results show promise that gene therapy of parvalbumin may address the impaired Ca2+ homeostasis and diastolic dysfunction without an increase in energy expenditure.
Aortic origin of the RPA: immediate resolution of severe pulmonary artery hypertension by surgical repair.

Aortic origin of the right pulmonary artery (AORPA) is a rare condition requiring a high index of suspicion for diagnosis as the usual signs of structural heart disease are often absent. Ultrasound examination can strongly suggest the condition but can easily be misinterpreted. Infants should be considered “operable” even when the resistance calculations predict otherwise as there appears to be a large component of immediately reversible pulmonary artery hypertension. With technical skills learned from arterial switch operations (for transposition of the great arteries), surgical repositioning of the RPA should be possible in nearly all cases without the use of a tube graft.
A dynamic model of the advertising-price sensitivity relationship for heterogeneous consumers

Abstract With the increase in price competition in many markets, an understanding of the dynamic effects of advertising on price sensitivity has gained added importance. Unfortunately, however, empirical as well as theoretical work in this area has not been able to provide conclusive findings regarding these effects. Whereas some researchers report a reduction in price sensitivity with increased advertising, others conclude the opposite. One explanation for these contradictions is that the results in previous studies were biased by consumer heterogeneity, which was not controlled for in the analyses. In this study, we propose a choice model and estimation procedure to investigate the dynamic effects of advertising exposure on price sensitivity at the individual level while controlling for heterogeneity. The key feature of our model is that household heterogeneity is incorporated through the use of a random effects formulation for the price sensitivity parameter. Furthermore, the parameter is assumed to be a function of the cumulative advertising exposures of each household thereby accounting for heterogeneity in exposures as well. The assumptions that we make regarding the distribution of the random error in utilities result in a heteroskedastic covariance probit specification of the model. We calibrate this model on the A. C. Nielsen scanner database for the liquid detergent and yogurt product categories. Estimates of the parameters indicate that advertising reduces price sensitivity. However, brands differ in how much they gain from increased advertising. Specifically, brands with lower average price sensitivity are found to exhibit stronger reductions with advertising. Whereas our results support the market power hypothesis, additional research is necessary to generalize these findings. For instance, an investigation of markets with different tiers of brands may reveal some asymmetries in the effects of advertising. These and other avenues for future research are also discussed.
A genetic tool for optimal design sequencing in complex engineering systems

Methods in multidisciplinary design optimization rely on computer tools to manage the large amounts of information involved. One such tool is DeMAID (DEsign Manager's Aide for Intelligent Decomposition), which incorporates planning and scheduling functions to analyse the effect of the information coupling between design tasks in complex systems on the efficiency of the design process. Scheduling involves the formation of circuits of interdependent design tasks, and the minimization of feedbacks within these circuits. Recently there has been interest in the incorporation of other considerations in the sequencing of tasks within circuits. This study presents the program Gendes (GENetic DEsign Sequencer), a sequencing tool based on a genetic algorithm. The program currently has the capability to minimize feedbacks as well as crossovers (intersections in the flow of design information which obscure straightforward evaluation), and allows the potential for other considerations in the sequencing function. This paper presents the development of this tool and the methods used. The results of computational studies to determine the most effective settings of the genetic algorithm for the task sequencing problem are presented, including population size, objective function weighting for the tradeoff between feedbacks and crossovers, mutation rate, and choice of selection operator and fitness function form. The incorporation of Gendes into the DeMAID scheduling function is explored, and the method is applied to two test systems to show its feasibility.
Calculation of fission barriers with the droplet model and folded Yukawa single-particle potential

Abstract Single-particle levels in a folded Yukawa potential are studied as functions of various types of distortions. Some level diagrams are plotted versus an elongation coordinate in the fission direction. The levels are also plotted as functions of the asymmetric coordinate ϵ 35 . The levels are labeled by their asymptotic quantum numbers.These diagrams thus show the calculated single-particle level structure at the second minimum and second peak in the fission barrier for nuclei in the actinide region. Fission barriers are calculated by the use of the macroscopic-microscopic method; the macroscopic part of the energy is obtained from the droplet model of Myers and Swiatecki. The relevant equilibrium points in the fission barrier are tabulated for the actinide elements and also for some lighter elements in the region 76 ≦ Z ≦ 84. The calculated energies of the equilibrium points reproduce experimental values to within an accuracy of 1 or 2 MeV. A detailed comparison is made between the three-quadratic-surface parametrization and the ϵ-coordinates in Nilsson's perturbed-spheroid parametrization.
Invariant resolution dynamic focus OCM based on liquid crystal lens

A primary limitation of optical coherence microscopy is the lack of sufficient lateral resolution over a usable imaging volume for diagnostic applications, even with high-numerical aperture imaging optics. In this paper, we first motivate the benefit of refocusing at multiple depths in a highly scattering biological sample using optical coherence microscopy, which experimentally shows invariant 2.5 µm axial and 6.5 µm lateral resolution throughout the sample. We then present the optical system design of a hand-held probe with the advanced capability to dynamically focus with no moving parts to a depth of 2 mm in skin-equivalent tissue at 3 µm resolution throughout an 8 cubic millimeter imaging volume. The built-in dynamic focusing ability is investigated with an addressable liquid crystal lens embedded in a custom-designed optics optimized for a Ti:Sa pulsed broadband laser source of bandwidth 100nm centered at 800nm. The design was developed not only to account for refocusing into the tissue but also to minimize and compensate for the varying on-axis and off-axis optical aberrations that would be introduced throughout a 2 mm thick and 2 mm wide skin imaging volume. The MTF contrast functions and distortion plots at three different skin depths are presented.
Access to housing and the death of a Mexican‐American building tradition

Adobe row houses represented the possibility for poor families, including female‐headed families, to become owner‐investors in housing. Such housing could be self‐built, could be improved and enlarged over time, could house a variety of household types and — given a permissive regulatory climate — could contribute to economic activity. Between 1880 and 1950 a norm of single‐family home ownership and professionally built housing appears to have guided owners away from traditional adobe housing. However, its characteristics suggest a flexible model of homes and home ownership that is suited to the present socio‐economic conditions of many Americans.
Metolachlor Movement Through Sorghum Seedling Root Plasma-Membranes

Abstract 14 C-ring-labeled (RL) metolachlor [2-chloro- N -(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)- N -(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide] uptake through the plasma membrane of sorghum [ Sorgham bicolor (L.) Moench. cv Funk G522DR] roots was inhibited by Cl − channel blockers (4-acetamide-4′-isothiocyano-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid, 25% inhibition at 1 m M : 4,4-disothiocyano-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid, 55% inhibition at 1 m M , but not by a Ca 2+ channel blocker [1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (nifedipine), 1 μ M ], an impermeant ATPase inactivator ( p -chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid, 1 m M ), or increased H + concentration. Shoot absorption was about 10% of the total 14 C-RL-metolachlor uptake by seedlings of four sorghum cultivars. Absorption was GP-10 >Funk G522DR = SC574 >SC283. Root absorption of 14 C-RL-metolachlor was Funk G522DR >SC574 = SC283 = GP-10.
Production of a discrete, infectious, double-stranded DNA by reverse transcription in virions of Moloney murine leukemia virus.

One of the most unique viral replication schemes is that of the retroviruses (a class that includes the RNA tumor viruses). These viruses synthesize a double-stranded (DS) DNA copy of their single-stranded (SS) RNA genome as the initial event following infection of susceptible cells (see Weinberg 1977). The details of this process—called reverse transcription—are still obscure, but the general outlines have become clear during the last few years.
An Imprint of Superstructures on the Microwave Background due to the Integrated Sachs-Wolfe Effect

We measure hot and cold spots on the microwave background associated with supercluster and supervoid structures identified in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey luminous red galaxy catalog. The structures give a compelling visual imprint, with a mean temperature deviation of 9.6 ± 2.2 μK, i.e., above 4 σ. We interpret this as a detection of the late-time integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect, in which cosmic acceleration from dark energy causes gravitational potentials to decay, heating or cooling photons passing through density crests or troughs. In a flat universe, the linear ISW effect is a direct signal of dark energy.
Coenrollment for Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing: Friendship Patterns and Social Interactions.

Third- and fourth-grade students in two separate classrooms--one a classroom with only hearing students and the other a coenrolled classroom with hearing, hard of hearing, and deaf students--were assessed to determine friendship patterns, attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions about sign language and deafness. Sociograms, interviews, and videotape analysis of the students' responses were done. Results suggest that hearing students in the coenrolled classroom had better sign language skills, a more positive attitude toward deafness, and an improved awareness of certain aspects of hearing loss (such as speech and amplification). Deaf and hard of hearing students' social acceptance was similar to that of their hearing peers.
A molybdenum disulfide/carbon nanotube heterogeneous complementary inverter

We report a simple, bottom-up/top-down approach for integrating drastically different nanoscale building blocks to form a heterogeneous complementary inverter circuit based on layered molybdenum disulfide and carbon nanotube (CNT) bundles. The fabricated CNT/MoS2 inverter is composed of n-type molybdenum disulfide (MOS2) and p-type CNT transistors, with a high voltage gain of 1.3. The CNT channels are fabricated using directed assembly while the layered molybdenum disulfide channels are fabricated by mechanical exfoliation. This bottom-up fabrication approach for integrating various nanoscale elements with unique characteristics provides an alternative cost-effective methodology to complementary metal–oxide–semiconductors, laying the foundation for the realization of high performance logic circuits.