cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nucleus accumbens dopamine release increases during instrumental lever pressing for food but not free food consumption.

Abstract This experiment was undertaken to investigate the role of nucleus accumbens dopamine (DA) in instrumental and consummatory responses for food. In vivo microdialysis methods were used to study DA release and metabolism in the nucleus accumbens of behaving rats. Four behavioral conditions were used: performance on a fixed ratio 5 (FR 5) schedule of food reinforcement, consumption of Bioserve food pellets, consumption of laboratory chow, and food deprivation control. Groups of rats that were previously exposed to these conditions were implanted with dialysis probes in the nucleus accumbens and tested the day after implantation. The rats that pressed a lever on a FR 5 schedule showed significant increases in extracellular DA and DA metabolites compared to food-deprived control rats. In further analyses, rats that responded on the FR5 schedule were divided into three groups based upon their response rates. The rats with low response rates did not significantly differ from control rats, whereas rats with medium and high rates of responding showed significant increases in DA release relative to the control group. Rats that received massed presentation of food pellets or laboratory chow consumed large quantities of food, but showed no significant increases in DA release. This experiment demonstrated that performance of lever pressing behavior is accompanied by an increase in accumbens DA release and metabolism, and that DA release in nucleus accumbens is more closely related to the performance of highly active instrumental responses that it is to consumption of large quantities of food.
An analytical technique for calculation of distributed resistance in a rectangular domain

A Green's function approach is used to obtain an integral representation for the electric potential in a multi-terminal distributed resistive structure. This integral representation for the potential is then used to formulate a coupled system of Fredholm integral equations of the first kind, in which the normal components of current density over the different terminal contacts are the unknowns. A procedure for solving this system of equations is presented and the obtained results for the unknown normal components of the current density are used to express the electric potential and current density vector at any point in the domain of the distributed resistive structure. The indefinite admittance matrix relating the terminal currents to the applied terminal voltages, is a by-product of the solution process. Explicit expressions for the Green's function and complete orthonormal sets of functions which are required to apply the solution to a rectangular domain are given. Applications to three-terminal structures are considered in order to illustrate the method.
Professional Reputation and the Neustadt Formulation

This article was written for a conference at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. The purpose was to acknowledge the impact of Richard E. Neustadt's Presidential Power, first published in 1960. The article explores the concept of professional reputation, so vital to Neustadt's perspective on presidential power. Neustadt's formulation is presented as a series of propositions so as to encourage empirical research. It is then proposed that these propositions be tested with regard to statute making. A locator matrix is offered for designating research topics. Professional reputation continues to have substantial potential for contributing to our understanding of the presidency in the separated system. The original formulation has been with us now for forty years. We are beyond the time, but not the need, for it to have been systematically studied and applied.
Cooperative research, co-management and the social dimension of fisheries science and management

Abstract Failures in the communication process have led to adversarial relations and tensions among various fisheries stakeholders and between the government sector and fishing community in particular. Co-operative research and co-management techniques should be used to increase transparency and accountability of the management process. Social science offers a way to better understand people who engage in the fisheries activities to be regulated; the social dimensions of fishing communities and the impact of policies and regulations on people should be included from the onset and become a central part of the management process.
Establishment ofPsathyrostachys juncea(Fisch.) Nevski seedlings on a foothill range site in central Utah

Abstract Seedling emergence, survivorship, and production of Psathyrostachys juncea , Russian wildrye grass, was monitored for 2 years at a foothill site, with vesicular soils, in central Utah to study the influence of seed mass, seeding depth, and seed source (Vinall and Syn-A) on seedling establishment. Seedling emergence was promoted in these soils by heavy seeds, shallow seeding depths, and Syn-A. Survivorship was promoted by heavy seed masses and shallow seeding depths but not by differences in seed source. In the second year of growth, plant basal cover and shoot biomass were greater in rows planted at shallow seeding depths or with Syn-A but not in rows of heavy seed masses. Thus, the control of seeding depth is critical in the revegetation of degraded sites and, at times, may be more important than mean seed mass or seed source.
Punishment effects in rats selectively bred for emotional elimination

Maudsley Reactive and Nonreactive rats were first trained to make a lever press-release response for water reinforcement and then exposed to electric shock punishment. Measures of response rate and response duration showed the reactive strain to be more emotionally responsive to punishment than the nonreactive strain.
Primary head and neck Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the experience of a tertiary care children's hospital in the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term outcomes of patients with primary head and neck Langerhans' cell histiocytosis....
Advantages of extended-release metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

AbstractMetformin is a first-line pharmacological treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus because of its favorable overall profile, including its glucose-lowering ability, weight-neutral effects, and low risk of hypoglycemia; however, gastrointestinal (GI) intolerance may limit use in some patients. Extended-release metformin improves GI tolerability, allows once-daily dosing, and is currently available in multiple branded and generic formulations; however, it is more expensive than immediate-release metformin. Maximum plasma metformin concentrations are reached more slowly with the extended-release formulation compared with conventional immediate-release metformin, although both provide similar exposure at a given total daily dose. Extended-release metformin is as effective as immediate-release metformin in patients newly started on metformin and those switched from the immediate-release formulation, with similar weight-neutral effects. Tolerability is generally comparable, although patients...
Downsizing improves sensitivity 100-fold for hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometry.

Abstract This paper describes a method that substantially improves the sensitivity of high-performance liquid chromatography hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometry (HPLC HX MS). The success of this method relies on using a capillary HPLC column (0.1 mm ID × 5 cm L) to increase the sensitivity of electrospray ionization, while keeping analysis times short to minimize hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange. A small, immobilized pepsin column and a capillary C18 trap were included in the capillary HPLC MS system to provide rapid digestion, peptide concentration, and desalting while maintaining slow H/D exchange conditions. To minimize the analysis time, dead volumes and capacities of all components were optimized. Fully deuterated cytochrome c and its fully deuterated peptic peptides were used to evaluate deuterium recovery at amide linkages. The deuterium recovery measured at low flow rates using this system spanned a range of 66–77% (average of 71%), which was similar to the range measured for a much larger system (67–80%, average 75%). Signal levels of most peptides for the downsized system increased by about 100-fold compared with the signal for the larger system. These results greatly strengthen the HPLC HX MS technique for studies where the quantity of protein is small.
Memory for objects presented soon after intracarotid amobarbital sodium injections in patients with medically intractable complex partial seizures

We evaluated the abilities of 36 patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy and left hemisphere dominance for language to later recognize objects presented in the confusional phase after left intracarotid amobarbital injection. Eighteen of 24 patients with left, but only 4/12 with right, temporal lobe epilepsy recognized at least two-thirds of objects during a post-test. These results demonstrate that the initial muteness and apparent confusion after amobarbital injection do not prohibit the formation of new memories; this gives further support to the idea that consciousness can be retained despite transient disruption of function of the language-dominant hemisphere.
The Effect of Short-Term Tumbling and Salting on the Quality of Turkey Breast Muscle

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term tumbling on quality of whole turkey carcasses. Twenty hen turkeys at 18 weeks of age were slaughtered and randomly allotted into two main treatments (tumbled and nontumbled). The main units were further treated in a split plot design resulting in the left breast of each bird being injected with a 7% chilled sodium chloride solution (3% of breast weight) and the right breast was unsalted. Tumbling time was 30 min using a custom designed 50-gal tumbler set at 20 rpm. Chemical composition of all treatments was not significantly different. Tumbling did not significantly affect moisture content or water holding capacity of the breast muscle. Cooking losses were significantly lower and pH of the cooked muscle was significantly higher in tumbled carcasses as compared to the non-tumbled treatment. Salt injection significantly lowered shear values and improved the water holding capacity of the breast muscle, whereas tumbling had no significant influence on these parameters in the breast muscle.
Loss of LSD1 (lysine-specific demethylase 1) suppresses growth and alters gene expression of human colon cancer cells in a p53- and DNMT1(DNA methyltransferase 1)-independent manner

Epigenetic silencing of gene expression is important in cancer. Aberrant DNA CpG island hypermethylation and histone modifications are involved in the aberrant silencing of tumour-suppressor genes. LSD1 (lysine-specific demethylase 1) is a H3K4 (histone H3 Lys4) demethylase associated with gene repression and is overexpressed in multiple cancer types. LSD1 has also been implicated in targeting p53 and DNMT1 (DNA methyltransferase 1), with data suggesting that the demethylating activity of LSD1 on these proteins is necessary for their stabilization. To examine the role of LSD1 we generated LSD1 heterozygous (LSD1+/−) and homozygous (LSD1−/−) knockouts in the human colorectal cancer cell line HCT116. The deletion of LSD1 led to a reduced cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Surprisingly, the knockout of LSD1 in HCT116 cells did not result in global increases in its histone substrate H3K4me2 (dimethyl-H3K4) or changes in the stability or function of p53 or DNMT1. However, there was a significant difference in gene expression between cells containing LSD1 and those null for LSD1. The results of the present study suggested that LSD1 is critical in the regulation of cell proliferation, but also indicated that LSD1 is not an absolute requirement for the stabilization of either p53 or DNMT1.
Heritabilities and Repeatabilities of Milk and Milk Fat Production by Lactations

Abstract Data from two sources containing 67,729 and 60,788 Holstein lactation records were used to estimate the relationship between various pairs of lactations of the same cow and to estimate the heritability of first through fourth lactation. All records were expressed as deviations from their regressed adjusted herd-year-season average. Estimates of the relationship between pairs of lactations indicated that these relationships were not constant from one lactation to the next. The relationship between consecutive lactations increased gradually as the animals got older, and the relationship between nonconsecutive lactations decreased gradually as the lactations became more separated in time. Estimates of the heritability of first lactation were higher than estimates for second lactation. These differences were not significant. It was concluded that weighting the first and second lactations separately would increase the accuracy of selection. This amounted to an increase in accuracy of about 1.5% (0.615 vs. 0.606 and 0.607 vs. 0.598) for both groups of data. When the first three lactations were considered, this increase in accuracy almost doubled.
Immunoglobulin-derived polypeptides enter the regulated secretory pathway in AtT-20 cells

Constitutively secreted proteins have traditionally been believed to be excluded from the regulated secretory pathway. In this work we show that kappa light chain and Fc fragment, two markers of the constitutive pathway, are present in the regulated pathway in AtT-20 cells. They colocalize with the endogenous hormone ACTH and they exhibit stimulus-dependent secretion. The Fc fragment, which undergoes intracellular transport at the same rate as the ACTH precursor POMC, enters the forming secretory granules, however, it is partially lost during granule maturation. These observations show that classic constitutive secretory markers are not excluded from the regulated secretory pathway and that efficient sorting for regulated secretion occurs above a background of proteins which enter the granules without sorting.
Neutron-Scattering Determination of the Li+ Environment in an Aqueous Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Solution

Neutron diffraction with isotopic substitution was used to assess the relative solvation interactions near lithium ions in a D2O/deuterated poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) mixed solvent near 25 °C. Results for local structure near Li+ indicate a hydration structure very similar to that observed previously for Li+ in D2O solution with no added polymer. For the mixed solvent ratio used, PEO does not compete effectively with D2O for solvation sites near Li+. These results contribute to our understanding of reactivity and transport of ionic species in mixed aqueous polymer systems.
Phase theory and Tree Adjoining Grammar

Abstract The phase-based approach to grammatical derivation and one rooted in the Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG) formalism share the idea that the derivation of a complex sentence is divided into separate derivations of local domains. These approaches differ, however, in their treatment of syntactic dependencies spanning across such local domains. Under the phase approach, operations in a higher domain can access the edge of a lower domain in accordance with the Phase Impenetrability Condition. In TAG, one local domain can be inserted within another under the adjoining operation. This difference has important consequences for how the locality properties of syntactic dependencies are explained. In this paper, I systematically compare the explanations for locality effects under phases and TAG. I explore the degree to which the explanations offered by these different approaches generalize across A- and A ′ -movement, across different structural contexts, and across the phenomena of displacement and agreement, and whether such generalization is empirically warranted in each case.
Strategies in character segmentation: a survey

This paper provides a review of advances in character segmentation. Segmentation methods are listed under four main headings. The operation of attempting to decompose the image into classifiable units on the basis of general image features is called "dissection". The second class of methods avoids dissection, and segments the image either explicitly, by classification of specified windows, or implicitly by classification of subsets of spatial features collected from the image as a whole. The third strategy is a hybrid of the first two, employing dissection together with recombination rules to define potential segments, but using classification to select from the range of admissible segmentation possibilities offered by these subimages. Finally, holistic approaches that avoid segmentation by recognizing entire character strings as units are described.
The effects of emitter-tied field plates on lateral PNP ionizing radiation response

Radiation response comparisons of lateral PNP bipolar devices manufactured with and without emitter-tied field plates are presented. The experimental results reveal that the devices with an emitter-tied field plate have higher current gain prior to exposure to ionizing radiation. However, the use of an emitter-tied field plate in total dose environments may provide no higher reliability against current gain degradation after significant amounts of radiation exposure.
Investigations of Stresses in Glass Bottles Under Internal Hydrostatic Pressure

The behavior of glass bottles under internal hydrostatic pressure has been studied. Three commercial beer bottle designs were investigated by four different methods of experimental stress analysis, namely, photoelastic, electric strain gauge, brittle coating, and brittle model methods. The “fixation” or “stress-freezing” method of three-dimensional photoelastic stress analysis employing Fosterite models has been applied to the study of glass bottles apparently for the first time. By this method extensive measurements of the surface stress distributions have been made and are presented in graphical form. Other tests corroborate these results and illustrate the characteristics of bottles under internal pressure, including the effects of certain elements of bottle design. Results obtained by all four methods correlate well and should find valuable and practical applications in similar studies on other types of glass containers
The Old World and New World Alphaviruses Use Different Virus-Specific Proteins for Induction of Transcriptional Shutoff

Alphaviruses are widely distributed throughout the world. During the last few thousand years, the New World viruses, including Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), evolved separately from those of the Old World, i.e., Sindbis virus (SINV) and Semliki Forest virus (SFV). Nevertheless, the results of our study indicate that both groups have developed the same characteristic: their replication efficiently interferes with cellular transcription and the cell response to virus replication. Transcriptional shutoff caused by at least two of the Old World alphaviruses, SINV and SFV, which belong to different serological complexes, depends on nsP2, but not on the capsid protein, functioning. Our data suggest that the New World alphaviruses VEEV and EEEV developed an alternative mechanism of transcription inhibition that is mainly determined by their capsid protein, but not by the nsP2. The ability of the VEEV capsid to inhibit cellular transcription appears to be controlled by the amino-terminal fragment of the protein, but not by its protease activity or by the positively charged RNA-binding domain. These data provide new insights into alphavirus evolution and present a plausible explanation for the particular recombination events that led to the formation of western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) from SINV- and EEEV-like ancestors. The recombination allowed WEEV to acquire capsid protein functioning in transcription inhibition from EEEV-like virus. Identification of the new functions in the New World alphavirus-derived capsids opens an opportunity for developing new, safer alphavirus-based gene expression systems and designing new types of attenuated vaccine strains of VEEV and EEEV.
An unusual clinical presentation resembling superior vena cava syndrome post heart surgery

Background An unusual sequence of post operative events heralded by hemodynamic deterioration followed by dyspnea and rapidly progressive dilatation of superficial neck and facial veins, resembling a superior vena cava syndrome, two days post surgical resection of filamentous aortic valve masses, closure of a patent foramen ovale, and performance of a modified Maze procedure for atrial fibrillation in a patient that presented with transient neurologic findings is presented.
Human motor cortical activity recorded with Micro-ECoG electrodes, during individual finger movements

In this study human motor cortical activity was recorded with a customized micro-ECoG grid during individual finger movements. The quality of the recorded neural signals was characterized in the frequency domain from three different perspectives: (1) coherence between neural signals recorded from different electrodes, (2) modulation of neural signals by finger movement, and (3) accuracy of finger movement decoding. It was found that, for the high frequency band (60–120 Hz), coherence between neighboring micro-ECoG electrodes was 0.3. In addition, the high frequency band showed significant modulation by finger movement both temporally and spatially, and a classification accuracy of 73% (chance level: 20%) was achieved for individual finger movement using neural signals recorded from the micro-ECoG grid. These results suggest that the micro-ECoG grid presented here offers sufficient spatial and temporal resolution for the development of minimally-invasive brain-computer interface applications.
Mapping Large Regions of Diblock Copolymer Phase Space by Selective Chemical Modification

A series of 4,1-polyisoprene-b-1,2-polybutadiene diblock copolymers of differing molecular weights and compositions were prepared by anionic polymerization. The polybutadiene blocks were selectively hydrogenated to poly(ethylethylene) using a homogeneous ruthenium catalyst. The double bonds in the polyisoprene blocks were subsequently modified to varying extents by the addition of difluorocarbene. The precursor polyisoprene−poly(ethylethylene) materials were disordered, but upon difluorocarbene (CF2) addition the effective degree of segregation in these materials increased markedly. Small-angle X-ray scattering was used to characterize the ordered state morphologies and domains spacings. Effective interaction parameters (χeff) were extracted from the temperature- and composition-dependent domain spacings, and these in turn were used to place the various samples on an experimental segregation vs composition phase map. The interaction parameter between poly(ethylethylene) and polyisoprene increases by a fac...
The Rise and Decline of Turnout in Congressional Elections: Electoral Institutions, Competition, and Strategic Mobilization

Considerable debate exists over the impact of electoral institutions on turnout in U.S. national elections. To address this debate, I exploit the rich variation in electoral rules present throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Using a newly constructed dataset of district-level turnout results for the U.S. House from 1840 to 1940, I find that electoral institutions and political competition jointly provided incentives, and by the turn-of-the-century disincentives, for political leaders to mobilize the electorate. The results demonstrate that changes in electoral institutions and varying levels of political competition help explain congressional turnout across districts and over time.
Orbital floor fractures: the maxillary approach.

The repair of orbital fl oor fractures is complicated not only bu the technical aspects of the procedure, but by the decision-making process one must initiate to determine when and if the fracture should be repaired. This article examines the indications for repairing orbital fl oor fractures through the maxillary approach and describes the technical aspects and results that can be acheived with this technique.
Risk Factors for Continued Cigarette Use After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose— Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for the formation and rupture of intracranial aneurysms. Few studies have examined predictors of resumption of cigarette smoking after a first episode of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Methods— Of 620 SAH patients treated between July 1996 and November 2002, we prospectively evaluated continued cigarette use in 152 smokers alive at 3 months. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify potential demographic, social, and clinical predictors of continued cigarette use, defined as smoking ≥1 cigarette per week in the month before follow-up. Results— Thirty-seven percent (56 of 152) resumed smoking after their SAH. Patients who continued smoking were younger, were more often black, had begun smoking at an earlier age, and had a higher frequency of prior alcohol or cocaine use and self-reported depression or anxiety than those who quit (all P<0.05). Smoking at ≤16 years of age (odds ratio [OR], 5.88; 95% confidence int...
An efficient fast neighbor discovery (EFND) scheme to reduce handover latency in mobile IPv6

Standard mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) has many delay problems while processing duplicate address detection (DAD) and movement detection in an access router. The delays associated with DAD and movement detection are unavoidable in MIPv6 because of its fundamental operation; thus, modifications to the standard are necessary for improved performance. In this paper, we propose a faster movement detection method using new neighbor discovery and DAD procedures to quickly determine the uniqueness of a new care-of-address (CoA) using a modified neighbor cache in the access router (AR). Using this method, faster handover can be achieved in MIPv6. Performance analysis shows the handover latency in the proposed scheme could be reduced compared to standard MIPv6. This process would allow a mobile node (MN) to operate with minimal disruption, less latency, and packet loss.
Decentralized consensus protocols

The goal of decentralized consensus protocols is to exchange information among computers so that each computer acquires information held by every other computer in the system. The authors introduce a unifying framework which generalizes these decentralized consensus protocols. A necessary and sufficient property for consensus protocols, which uses k round of message exchange, is presented. S. Yuan and A.K. Agrawala's (1988) k-dimensional array based protocol can be viewed in this unifying framework. The authors introduce a novel class of protocols within the unifying framework, called quorum-based protocols. Quorum-based protocols are obtained by observing only the necessary properties which must be maintained. They use two rounds of message exchange (i.e. k=2) and have the property that the first and second rounds of message exchange use the same connection. This property may be exploited if the underlying network provides connection-oriented service. Quorum-based protocols include the centralized protocol and T.V. Lakshman and A.K. Agrawala's (1986) protocol. By applying finite projective planes directly, the authors obtain a protocol which reduces the number of required messages to half the number required in Lakshman and Agrawala's protocol. >
The design and operation of a MEMS differential scanning nanocalorimeter for high-speed heat capacity measurements of ultrathin films

A MEMS sensor has been developed for use as a calorimetric cell in an ultra-sensitive, thin-film, differential scanning calorimetric technique. The sensor contains a freestanding, thin (30 nm to 1000 nm), low-stress silicon nitride membrane with lateral dimensions of a few millimeters. This membrane, along with a thin (50 nm) metallization layer, forms a calorimetric cell with an exceptionally small addenda. This small addenda creates a very sensitive calorimetric cell, able to make heat capacity measurements of nanometer-thick metal and polymer films. The sensor fabrication and various design considerations are discussed in detail. The calorimetric technique and examples of applications are described.
Linear model for nonisosceles absorbers

Previous analyses have assumed that wedge absorbers are triangularly shaped with equal angles for the two faces. In this case, to linear order, the energy loss depends only on the position in the direction of the face tilt, and is independent of the incoming angle. One can instead construct an absorber with entrance and exit faces facing rather general directions. In this case, the energy loss can depend on both the position and the angle of the particle in question. This paper demonstrates that and computes the effect to linear order.
Multiple Regions of MAP Kinase Phosphatase 3 Are Involved in Its Recognition and Activation by ERK2

Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 3 (MKP3) is a specific regulator of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 2 (ERK2). Association of ERK2 with MKP3 results in a powerful increase in MKP3 phosphatase activity. To determine the molecular basis of the specific ERK2 recognition by MKP3 and the ERK2-induced MKP3 activation, we have carried out a systematic mutational and deletion analysis of MKP3. Using activation-based and competition-based assays, we are able to quantitatively evaluate the contributions that residues/regions within MKP3 make to ERK2 binding and ERK2-induced MKP3 activation. Our results show that recognition and activation of MKP3 by ERK2 involves multiple regions of MKP3. Thus, the kinase interaction motif (KIM; residues 61--75) in MKP3 plays a major role (135-fold) for high affinity ERK2 binding. The most important residue in the KIM sequence of MKP3 is Arg(65), which probably interacts with Asp(319) in ERK2. In addition to KIM, a unique sequence conserved in cytosolic MKPs (residues 161--177 in MKP3) also contributes to ERK2 binding (15-fold). However, these two regions are not essential for ERK2-induced MKP3 activation. A third ERK2 binding site is localized in the C terminus of MKP3 (residues 348--381). Although deletion of this region or mutation of the putative ERK specific docking sequence (364)FTAP(367) in this region reduces MKP3's affinity for ERK2 by less than 10-fold, this region is absolutely required for ERK2-induced MKP3 activation.
A New Genus of Moss-Inhabiting Flea Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from the Dominican Republic

Abstract Kiskeya new genus and two new species (K. baorucae and K. neibae), from the Dominican Republic are described and illustrated. Kiskeya is compared to Monotalla Bechyne, Normaltica Konstantinov, and Clavicornaltica Scherer. Geographic ranges in which Greater Antillean endemics have closest relatives in the Old World are discussed.
Physical Activity vs Health Education for Cognition in Sedentary Older Adults—Reply

In Reply The purpose of the Lifestyle Interventions and Independence for Elders (LIFE) study was to test whether a long-term structured physical activity program reduced the risk of major mobility disability in individuals with compromised lower extremity functioning.1 Our recent article reported prespecified secondary cognitive outcomes. The trial was not designed to test the effect of changes in cardiorespiratory fitness on cognition, as implied by Dr Poulin and colleagues. Testing of Vo2 was not included in the LIFE study because in our pilot study, we found that maximal exercise testing was not well tolerated and the data were of little value for exercise prescription.
The evaluation of the National Long Term Care Demonstration. 6. The effect of channeling on informal caregiving.

Abstract Publicly funded programs that increase the use of formal community-based care by the elderly could cause less reliance on informal care. The effect of channeling on informal caregiving was examined using data collected from frail elderly and from their primary caregivers. The findings suggest some withdrawal from caregiving on the part of neighbors and friends during the demonstration. Overall, however, these reductions were not large relative to the increased use of formal community-based services.
Effects and Behavior of Implanted Fluorine in High Temperature Superconductors

The effects of implanted fluorine on the resistivity of high temperature superconductors and its diffusion within the superconductors have been studied in an attempt to duplicate a recent report of enhanced critical temperatures. Implanted fluorine was found to have no effect on the critical temperature and, upon heating, the fluorine diffuses out of the near surface.
COMT, BDNF, and DTNBP1 polymorphisms and cognitive functions in patients with brain tumors

BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is common among patients with brain tumors and can be associated with the disease and treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, little is known about genetic risk factors that may moderate the vulnerability for developing cognitive dysfunction. In this study, we examined the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) genes with cognitive functions and neuroimaging outcomes in patients with brain tumors. METHODS One hundred and fifty patients with brain tumors completed neuropsychological tests of attention, executive functions, and memory and were genotyped for polymorphisms in the COMT, BDNF, and DTNBP1 genes. Ratings of white matter (WM) abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed. RESULTS Multivariate regression shrinkage analyses, adjusted for age, education, treatment type, time since treatment completion, and tumor location, indicated a significant association between the COMT SNP rs4680 (Val158Met) and memory with lower scores in delayed recall (P < .01) among homozygotes (valine/valine). Additional COMT, BDNF and DTNBP1 SNPs were significantly associated with attention, executive functions, and memory scores. CONCLUSION This is the first study to suggest that known and newly described polymorphisms in genes associated with executive and memory functions in healthy individuals and other clinical populations may modulate cognitive outcome in patients with brain tumors.
Journalism and Realism: Rendering American Life by Thomas B. Connery Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2011, 281 Pp.

(2011). Journalism and Realism: Rendering American Life by Thomas B. Connery Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2011, 281 Pp. American Journalism: Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 144-146.
Jewish Mysticism, the Commodification of Art, and the Notion of Aura in Walter Benjamin’s “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction”

I’ve included Benjamin in this collection not only because his essay “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction” is a classic one in itself, but because of his use of the word “aura” Writes Benjamin, “That which withers in the age of mechanical reproduction is the aura of the work of art.” On a Kabbalistic level, the “aura” is the essence of the creative spirit and is also an expression of the divine nature of man. This chapter explores the relationship between the spiritual and the origin of a work of art since the work of art is a uniquely derived personal expression of the human condition mediated by the artist.
Does negative pressure wound therapy applied to closed incisions following ventral hernia repair prevent wound complications and hernia recurrence? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND Despite advances in surgical technique, ventral hernia repair (VHR) remains associated with significant postoperative wound complications. OBJECTIVE A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to identify whether the application of negative pressure wound therapy to closed incisions (iNPWT) following VHR reduces the risk of postoperative wound complications and hernia recurrence. METHODS The PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE and SCOPUS databases were searched for studies published through October 2015. Publications that met the following criteria were included: adult patients undergoing VHR; comparison of iNPWT with conventional dressings; and documentation of wound complications and/or hernia recurrence. The methodological quality of included studies was independently assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies guidelines. Outcomes assessed included surgical site infection (SSI), wound dehiscence, seroma, and hernia recurrence. Meta-analysis was performed to obtain pooled ORs. RESULTS Five retrospective cohort studies including 477 patients undergoing VHR were included in the final analysis. The use of iNPWT decreased SSI (OR 0.33 [95% CI 0.20 to 0.55]; P<0.0001), wound dehiscence (OR 0.21 [95% CI 0.08 to 0.55]; P=0.001) and ventral hernia recurrence (OR 0.24 [95% CI 0.08 to 0.75]; P=0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of seroma formation (OR 0.59 [95% CI 0.27 to 1.27]; P=0.18). CONCLUSION For patients undergoing VHR, current evidence suggests a decreased incidence in wound complications using incisional NPWT compared with conventional dressings.
Photochemical Tagging for Quantitation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids by Mass Spectrometry

Fatty acid (FA) profiling provides phenotypic information and is increasingly used in a broad range of biological and biomedical studies. Quantitation of unsaturated FAs with confident carbon–carbon double bond (C═C) location assignment is both sample and time consuming using traditional gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. In this study, we developed a rapid, sensitive, and quantitative method for profiling unsaturated FAs without using chromatographic separations. This method was based on a combination of in-solution photochemical tagging of a C═C in FAs and a subsequent gas-phase detagging via tandem (neutral loss scan) mass spectrometry. It enabled quantitation of unsaturated FAs from various biological samples (blood, plasma, and cell lines). More importantly, quantitative information on FA C═C location isomers, which was traditionally overlooked, could now be obtained and applied to studying FA changes between normal and cancerous human prostate cells.
INFORMATION NEEDS ANALYSIS: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE IN INFORMATION ORGANIZATIONS. Dorner, Daniel G., Gorman, G. E., and Calvert, Phillip J.

Dorner, Gorman, and Calvert lay out a comprehensive, high-level overview of information needs analysis (INA). The authors define INA as “the process of making value judgements regarding solutions t...
Conjure, Hoodoo, and the Cross: African Spirituality and the Slave Experience in Pre-Antebellum America

This thesis examines African spirituality and its influence on the lives of enslaved Africans in America. Earlier historiography suggested that Christian beliefs had a profound impact on the cultural attitudes of the enslaved black populations. My thesis dislodges this theory and ultimately offers a compelling appraisal to the contrary. Indeed, African spirituality was embedded in the cultural, political, social, and religious lives of Africans prior to the Trans-Atlantic Slave trade, insomuch that during the Middle Passage it was their spiritual connectedness which they held onto. My paper begins with the insurrection of Nat Turner and analyzes the fear that white planters had of African spirituality. Relaying that conversion to Christianity by enslaved Africans was minimal for the first century and a half of the slave experience, I present African spirituality as the paramount influence. Further, my thesis analyzes slave narratives showing how ritual worship was vital to the lives of enslaved Africans. Finally, I investigate the practice of conjuring and the religion of Hoodoo to display the processes through which enslaved Africans both protected themselves and developed a religious counter to Christianity. My findings show that there is a greater need to investigate the impacts of African spirituality on both sides of the Atlantic to deepen our understanding of the connection between African religions and Christianity both during the era of American slavery and modern times.
Loss of electrical anisotropy is an unrecognized feature of dystrophic muscle that may serve as a convenient index of disease status.

Abstract Objective We sought to understand the alteration in the anisotropic, or direction dependent, character of muscle as measured by electrical impedance myography (EIM) in subjects with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and its potential to serve as a biomarker of disease status. Methods Thirty-six boys with DMD and 27 healthy controls were measured with EIM, with electrical current applied both parallel and perpendicular to the major muscle fiber direction. In addition, muscle extracted from 10 mdx and 10 wild-type mice were measured analogously. Results Normalized reactance anisotropy, a direction-dependent measure of membrane charge storage capability, was significantly lower in the four muscles of DMD subjects as compared to controls ( p r = −0.36, p = 0.031), but not in healthy boys. Analogous changes were observed in mdx mouse gastrocnemius as compared to wild type ( p = 0.019). Conclusion These results support that loss of electrical anisotropy is a previously unrecognized feature of dystrophic muscle. Significance Anisotropic alterations may offer novel indices to assist in neuromuscular disease diagnosis and to serve as easy-to-obtain biomarkers in clinical therapeutic trials.
Generic Properties of Evolutionary Games and Adaptationism

Adaptationism maintains that natural selection is the principal factor causing evolutionary change. This statement is in need of qualification. Indeed, Peter Godfrey-Smith finds several possible usages of the term adaptationism. Steven Orzack and Elliott Sober argue that for adaptationism to be an interesting research program it has to be given in a reasonably strong form. Such a reasonably strong version describes adaptationism as committed to the claim that any factor other than natural selection can nearly always be ignored in the explanation of why a certain trait is found in a population. Thus, adaptationism allows one to ignore the role of non-selective factors such as mutation, drift, recombination, or epigenetic processes. Evolutionary game theory as set forth by John Maynard Smith is often associated with adaptationism. Evolutionary games are considered as nothing but ∗I am grateful to Brian Skyrms, Rory Smead, Elliott Sober, and Kevin Zollman for helpful comments.
Species Identification and Strain Typing of Staphylococcus agnetis and Staphylococcus hyicus Isolates from Bovine Milk by Use of a Novel Multiplex PCR Assay and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus hyicus and Staphylococcus agnetis are two coagulase-variable staphylococcal species that can be isolated from bovine milk and are difficult to differentiate. The objectives of this study were to characterize isolates of bovine milk origin from a collection that had previously been characterized as coagulase-positive S. hyicus based on phenotypic species identification methods and to develop a PCR-based method for differentiating S. hyicus, S. agnetis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Isolates (n = 62) were selected from a previous study in which milk samples were collected from cows on 15 dairy herds. Isolates were coagulase tested and identified to the species level using housekeeping gene sequencing. A multiplex PCR to differentiate S. hyicus, S. agnetis, and S. aureus was developed. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was conducted to strain type the isolates. Based on gene sequencing, 44/62 of the isolates were determined to be either S. agnetis (n = 43) or S. hyicus (n = 1). Overall, 88% (37/42) of coagulase-positive S. agnetis isolates were found to be coagulase positive at 4 h. The herd-level prevalence of coagulase-positive S. agnetis ranged from 0 to 2.17%. Strain typing identified 23 different strains. Six strains were identified more than once and from multiple cows within the herd. Three strains were isolated from cows at more than one time point, with 41 to 264 days between samplings. These data suggest that S. agnetis is likely more prevalent on dairy farms than S. hyicus. Also, some S. agnetis isolates in this study appeared to be contagious and associated with persistent infections.
HESITATION VACCINALE ET CONTESTATIONS AUTOUR DE LA VACCINATION EN 2017

De nombreux pays sont concernes de nos jours par la montee des hesitations a vacciner. Cette tendance n’a fait que progresser depuis deux decennies comme le prouvent toutes les enquetes. La derniere enquete internationale d’envergure revele que 41% des Francais doutent de la securite vaccinale. Il en resulte en France une diminution de la couverture vaccinale chez les enfants pour le vaccin Rougeole-Oreillons-Rubeole, le vaccin du meningocoque C et le vaccin HPV et chez l’adulte un recul de la vaccination contre la grippe. Les causes de cette hesitation sont multiples et societales : peur des effets adverses graves supposes qui remplace la peur des maladies, desinformation par les medias et Internet, croyances diverses et individualisme croissant, perte de confiance dans les experts et les institutions. Les solutions sont multiples et varient selon les pays. Elles sont dominees par l’amelioration de la formation universitaire et continue des personnels de sante en vaccinologie, par une information plus precise, lisible et transparente. L’engagement fort des autorites de sante est indispensable pour ameliorer la confiance et soutenir les vaccinateurs. L’education pour la sante devrait etre adaptee a la demande de la societe moderne et occuper une plus grande place dans l’enseignement.
Drug-Induced Asthma

Bronchospasm can be elicited by a number of drugs, including widely used agents such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, β-adrenergic blockers, opiates and radiographic contrast media. The postulated mechanisms of asthma induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs include altered sensitivity to leukotrienes and abnormal release of cytotoxic compounds from platelets.
An In Vitro Human Mammary Epithelial Model System for Studies of Differentiation and Carcinogenesis

Our laboratory has developed culture systems utilizing human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) in order to facilitate studies on the normal mechanisms controlling growth and differentiation in these cells, and to understand how these normal processes may become altered as a result of immortal and malignant transformation. One aspect of this work has been to derive cell types which may represent different stages in the progression from normal cells to malignant cells. Another aspect has been characterize these various cell types for their synthesis of and responses to different growth factors, as well as their expresson of differentiated properties. We have additionally utilized our normal and malignant cultures to identify new gene products which may be differentially expressed in these cells. Underlying this work has been the assumption that carcinogenesis involves aberrations in the normal pathways of proliferation and differentiation, and that while in vitro model systems may still not fully reflect the in vivo situation, they will nevertheless prove useful in advancing our understanding of the mechanisms of human carcinogenesis.
Problematizing Silence, Practicing Dissent: Engaging Preservice Teachers in a Critique of the Current Political Times

ABSTRACTThis article recounts our efforts as three critical teacher educators to respond to the postelection aftermath at an Hispanic-serving institution by organizing a conference aimed at re(engaging) our students in the kinds of critical conversations we deem essential to the profession. By considering the ways in which neoliberal ideology has shaped our institutional context over the past two decades and framing this work within the literature of dissent, we consider the benefits and challenges of creating space for students to grapple with contentious issues reflective of the current political times and discuss the implications of these endeavors for the field of teacher education more broadly.