cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Review of Solid State Image Sensors

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a review of solid state image sensors. Solid state image sensors are distinguished by their exceedingly wide dynamic range, linear response and high quantum efficiency in the green to near infrared spectrum. This review attempts to provide a brief summary of the various competing devices and a qualitative discussion of characteristics unique to solid state arrays. Solid state image sensors encompass charge coupled devices (CCDs), charge injection devices (CIDs), and addressable photodiode arrays such as Reticon devices. Serious work on solid state image detectors of the sort discussed began about 20 years ago, and there was a significant advance ten years ago with the invention of the CCD. One can expect continued invention and innovation in this field during the next decade, with particular emphasis on conventional television and color television applications. Infrared solid state image sensors are especially active areas of research and development with much of the present work classified.
Functional Manganese Model Chemistry Relevant to the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II: Oxidation of a Mn(III,IV) Complex Coupled to Deprotonation of a Terminal Water Ligand

A comparison of the pH-dependent oxidation of two structurally similar dinuclear manganese complexes, one that contains terminal water ligands and one that does not, shows that deprotonation of a terminal water ligand is coupled to the Mn(III,IV)/Mn(IV,IV) oxidation. Analysis of the data reveals that the pKa of the terminal water bound to the Mn(IV,IV) complex is approximately 1.8. Proton-coupled electron transfer makes the Mn(III,IV) complex with terminal water ligands progressively easier to oxidize by 59 mV per pH unit when the pH is above 1.8. The presence of terminal water ligands in the oxygen-evolving complex may play an important role in the “redox leveling” effect in which all of the redox steps in the four-electron cycle of the oxygen-evolving complex occur over a narrow range of potential.
Testing the Friedman-Phelps natural rate hypothesis using survey data: An instrumental variable approach

Abstract In this paper, a simple expectations-augmented Phillips Curve consistent with the Friedman-Phelps Natural Rate Hypothesis is estimated using the instrumental variable technique and a survey measure of expected inflation. The results support the NRH because the estimated coefficient on expected inflation is not significantly different from one, the value implied by the NRH.
Accuracy of Aim with Conventional and Croquet-Style Golf Putters

Abstract A special measuring device was constructed to compare relative accuracy of aim of subjects using conventional and croquet-style golf putters. Twenty-four males from an evening golf class were assigned randomly to one of six treatment groups. Groups used either a conventional or a croquet putter to aim at targets that were 5, 10, or 15 ft. away. Results indicated significantly greater mean accuracy for those aiming with the croquet putter and significantly greater variability among subjects aiming with the conventional putter. No significant differences in accuracy were found between distances.
Increasing the robustness of networked systems

What popular news do you recall about networked systems? You've probably heard about the several hour failure at Amazon's computing utility that knocked down many startups for several hours, or the attacks that forced the Estonian government web-sites to be inaccessible for several days, or you may have observed inexplicably slow responses or errors from your favorite web site. Needless to say, keeping networked systems robust to attacks and failures is an increasingly significant problem. Why is it hard to keep networked systems robust? We believe that uncontrollable inputs and complex dependencies are the two main reasons. The owner of a web-site has little control on when users arrive; the operator of an ISP has little say in when a fiber gets cut; and the administrator of a campus network is unlikely to know exactly which switches or file-servers may be causing a user's sluggish performance. Despite unpredictable or malicious inputs and complex dependencies we would like a network to self-manage itself, i.e., diagnose its own faults and continue to maintain good performance. This dissertation presents a generic approach to harden networked systems by distinguishing between two scenarios. For systems that need to respond rapidly to unpredictable inputs, we design online solutions that re-optimize resource allocation as inputs change. For systems that need to diagnose the root cause of a problem in the presence of complex subsystem dependencies, we devise techniques to infer these dependencies from packet traces and build functional representations that facilitate reasoning about the most likely causes for faults. We present a few solutions, as examples of this approach, that tackle an important class of network failures. Specifically, we address (1) re-routing traffic around congestion when traffic spikes or links fail in internet service provider networks, (2) protecting web-sites from denial of service attacks that mimic legitimate users and (3) diagnosing causes of performance problems in enterprises and campus-wide networks. Through a combination of implementations, simulations and deployments, we show that our solutions advance the state-of-the-art. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Posthemorrhagic anemia and shock in the newborn due to hemorrhage during delivery; report of 8 cases.

A multiparous woman (VDRL-negative, Rh-positive) was admitted in labor to an Air Force hospital at an estimated 38 weeks of pregnancy. A 1,928-gm, male infant was delivered precipitously. Immediately after expulsion, the infant was noted to be extremely pale and weak, although it breathed and cried promptly. A second male infant, of similar weight, was then delivered spontaneously and appeared normal. The contrast in appearance between the two infants was striking. The first infant, receiving oxygen by mask, had obvious pallor without cyanosis or respiratory retractions. The respirations were irregular and gasping, the cry feeble. Neither peripheral nor precordial pulses of the first baby were palpable, but a faint, rapid heart beat was heard on auscultation. The second infant was pink, active, and crying vigorously, even without the administration of oxygen. Neither baby had edema, a palpable spleen or liver. A diagnosis of posthemorrhagic shock in the first infant was made. Soon thereafter, a single placenta with velamentous insertions of the cords (Fig. 1) at each side was delivered. The umbilical vessels of one cord were totally avulsed at the velamentous insertion, except for a thread-like strand which later separated in handling. Thirty milliliters of dextran were injected immediately into a cutaneous vein of the first infant, approximately 15 minutes after delivery. The baby immediately became much more vigorous and developed a discernible pulse. Further improvement occurred when 30 ml of Group-O, Rh-negative blood was injected, approximately 30 minutes later. The first hemoglobin determination, deferred until 20 hours of age to avoid unnecessary handling was 10.6 gm/100 ml in the first infant, as compared to 16 gm/100 ml in the second. Further replacement and comparative studies are shown in Figure 2. Neither infant developed icterus during the stay in the nursery. Both infants received a transfusion toward the end of the hospitalization. Blood studies and development of both infants were normal at 2 and 5 months, respectively.
Search, Binary Representations and Counting Optima

Choosing a good representation is a vital component of solving any search problem. However, choosing a good representation for a problem is as difficult as choosing a good search algorithm for a problem. Wolpert and Мacready’s No Free Lunch theorem proves that no search algorithm is better than any other over all possible discrete functions. We elaborate on the No Free Lunch theorem by proving that there tend to be a small set of points that occur as local optima under almost all representations. Along with the analytical results, we provide some empirical evaluation of two representations commonly used in genetic algorithms: Binary Reflected Gray coding and standard Binary encoding.
THREE TESTS FOR RANDOMNESS OF ATTACK OF SOCIAL GROUPS DURING AN EPIDEMIC

It is suggested that investigation of the attack of social units can be more illuminating of an epidemic process than the usual study of secondary attack rates of individuals. Three tests for detecting non-random differences in the occurrence of a disease between two groups of social units are presented. In each method the number of units attacked (X) in one of two groups of units is considered, rather than the number of individuals attacked. The tests are: (a) to use the Monte Carlo method, computer simulation of the epidemic process, to obtain an empirical distribution to which the observed value of X is compared; (b) to obtain the exact distribution of X; (c) to standardize X and compare it to the standard normal distribution. The three approaches are compared using data obtained from an epidemic of variola minor in two schools and the differences between the results are trivial. However, for large samples the only feasible approach is the Monte Carlo method.
Cerebral protection during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest: Can a molecular approach via microRNA inhibition improve on a millennia-old strategy?

E T /B S experiments would be performed to explore the mechanisms of the observed cerebral protections. Dr Lawton. But are there other ways you could specifically implicate that as the mechanism for the benefit you see? Maybe in future studies. I have a couple concerns regarding translation in the future to human benefit. So the first would be the fact that you gave your anti-miRNA 5 days before the deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. The second one is in your neurologic function you showed that there were no differences after 9 days or 14 days. In other words, the benefit of the inhibition of the miRNA was lost. Do you think these benefits would be more long term if you looked at something else? Dr Gu. It does need some time to achieve better transfection effects after injection of lentiviral vectors. In general,
MBARI Technology for Self-Configuring Interoperable Ocean Observatories

The ocean science and engineering communities have identified some key requirements for large-scale ocean observatories at a recent ORION-sponsored workshop, and these requirements are being refined by the ORION project and others. MBARI has developed and deployed hardware and software technologies that address many of these requirements. In particular, we describe how these technologies address several key issues: (1) scalable integration, configuration, and management of large numbers of diverse instruments and data streams, (2) reliable association of instrument data and contextual metadata, and (3) development of observatory infrastructure and components that are interoperable among a variety of observatory architectures, including at-sea systems with relatively limited power and bandwidth availability. We focus on three technologies developed at MBARI. These technologies work together to enable MBARI's self-configuring self-describing MOOS mooring-based observatory. Yet these technologies have been designed to be largely independent of an observatory's physical implementation, and will be deployed for testing on the MARS cable-to-shore observatory test-bed. Moreover each of the technologies provide components that could be selectively used by other observatories. For example, PUCKs could be widely useful and are not dependent in any way on SIAM middleware or SSDS metadata structures. We also describe lessons learned during development and deployment of these technologies, and how policies and human-procedures interact with the new technologies. Finally, we discuss how these technologies are being refined through community efforts such as the emerging Marine Plug and Work Consortium and Marine Metadata Initiative
A Case of Giant-Cell Tumor of the Sacrum which Invaded the Inferior Vena Cava

Giant-cell tumors have been considered capable of producing metastases. Goforth (1) attempted to grade the microscopic picture to show the gradual transition of benign giant-cell tumor to osteogenic sarcoma. Geschickter and Copeland (2) analyzed forty-one cases of giant-cell tumor showing clinical or microscopic evidence of malignant tendencies. “In the clinical group, twenty-six cases recurring after primary curettement were studied. Recurrence in this group was found to depend not on histologic structure, but on a poor selection in the type of treatment applied in the individual case or on an incomplete operation. Advanced destruction of the bone shell, incomplete curettement, failure to use chemical or thermal cauterization or needless sacrifice of cortical bone at the operation, as well as an age over thirty-five, were found to be factors predisposing to recurrence after curettage. “In seven cases showing a microscopic resemblance to malignancy, the histologic change was usually found to be the result and not the cause of the recurrence, being dependent on intervening infection, necrosis or an accentuated healing reaction following irradiation. In two cases, actual sarcoma with giant cells was found to be erroneously placed in this group.” Bloodgood in a foreword to a paper by Geschickter and Copeland, cites one death from metastasis from a possible giant-cell tumor of the epiphysis. In this case a restudy of the sections of the original tumor led to its classification as a malignant variant of the giant-cell tumor, of which eight cases were found in the authors' series, only one of which metastasized.
The reaction of benzoquinone with amines and proteins

Abstract It has been shown that benzoquinone will form 1,4 addition products with amines, amino acids, and proteins. The substituted quinones produced via this reaction have altered redox potentials. The quinone amine adduct can be reduced by ascorbate and oxidized by oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide. This sequence of reactions can be conveniently monitored by following the oxygen consumption in the presence of excess ascorbate. Under appropriate experimental conditions the rate of oxygen consumption is proportional to the concentration of the quinoae adduct. Since benzoquinone alone will not react in this way, the reaction between the amines and benzoquinone can be followed by determining the rate of ascorbic acid oxidation. With this assay, it was shown that the glycine will react with benzoquinone at a very slow rate below pH 7.0, exhibiting an optimum rate at pH 8. All amino acids seemed to react with the benzoquinone in the same manner independent of their side chains. The reaction can be made an assay for an amino acid, and with this procedure quantities of glycine as low as 1 × 10−7 m , could be readily detected. Both mono- and di-substituted benzoquinone amine products were formed. Proteins reacted with the benzoquinone in a manner similar to that described for the simple amino acids. The reaction with cytochrome c was studied in some detail. By using radioactively-labeled benzoquinone, it was shown that cytochrome c reacted readily to form a product containing two to four moles of benzoquinone per mole of cytochrome c. The position of the benzoquinone was such that it was not accessible to the heme groups, and did not cause denaturation or alteration of the structure of the cytochrome c. Other proteins vary with regard to their ability to form the quinone adduct, but all form adducts which are capable of catalyzing ascorbate oxidation. It has been suggested that quinone adducts of the type described here may be important in biological systems.
Unresponsive, a new behavioral mutant in Xenopus laevis

Abstract A new recessive nonlethal behavioral mutant, unresponsive (ur), was recovered from a wild-caught Xenopus laevis female by gynogenesis and inbreeding. Mutant embryos do not move until they are three days old, just before feeding begins, in contrast to normal embryos which begin movements at one day, during tailbud stage. Recovery of mutant embryos is complete but slow, requiring another nine days. Grafting analysis suggests that sensory neuron function is normal in homozygous mutant embryos, but that both motorneurons and their target muscles derived from somites are affected by the mutation. Either muscle or motorneurons of unresponsive embryos can participate in normal movements during early development, prior to the stage at which intact mutant embryos recover, in chimerae with normal tissue. Failure of mutant muscle to respond normally to acetylcholine, along with the behavior of chimerae, suggests that mutant embryos do not move because they do not form functional neuromuscular junctions during early development and that the component process of neuromuscular junction formation affected by this mutation is normally performed by both nerve and muscle. during embryogenesis due to a defect in the muscle cells [5]. Armstrong and collaborators [I] have used the immobile mutant to demonstrate that the cholinergic stimulation- induced loss of gap junctions during development does not depend on muscle contraction. In this report, we examine a new mutant of Xenopus laevis, unresponsive (ur), which does not move voluntarily or in response to stimulation until just prior to the feeding stage, after which it recovers.
Failure to detect human papillomavirus DNA in extramammary Paget's disease

Ten genital skin specimens, biopsy proven to be Paget's disease, were examined by human papillomavirus (HPV) in situ hydridization in an effort to detect DNA of HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, and 35. All ten specimens showed no evidence of DNA of these HPV types. Extra-mammary Paget's disease is probably not a result of infection with HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, or 35.
Weed Control for Tall Fescue Seed Production and Stand Duration without Burning

Effective weed control was a major concern of Oregon grass seed growers during their recent transition from open-field burning to mechanical methods of managing post-harvest residues. This 4-yr herbicide by residue management study was conducted to determine: (i) efficacy of herbicides on volunteer tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) seedlings and other weeds, (if) whether treatments required for weed-free seed production could be reapplied annually without damaging stands, (iii) occurrence of interactions between herbicides and crop residue management, and (iv) increases in grassy weeds over time. Nearly all herbicide treatments controlled volunteer tall fescue seedlings with bale/flail chop/rake residue removal. Vacuum sweep residue removal improved control over bale/flail chop/rake in many cases, and controlled seedlings even without herbicides in 1995. Incorporation of pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] improved weed control in bale/flail chop/rake and residue-retained conditions. Although carryover treatment effects reduced weed seedling survival in later years of production and sometimes reduced tall fescue seed yield, specific treatments existed which controlled weeds for all 4 yr without reducing yield. Interactions between residue management and herbicide treatments included reduced efficacy of pendimethalin in residue-retained management, higher yields at equal weed densities in residue-removed conditions, and higher weed densities from equivalent herbicide treatments in residue-retained conditions. Roughstalk bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.) increased over time in some treatments and was a major cause for reduced yields in later years of production. Tall fescue seed growers must risk some current-year yield loss from herbicide injury to avoid greater losses in future years from perennial weeds like roughstalk bluegrass.
The Gladiators: History's Most Deadly Sport – By Fik Meijer

In this English translation of a work first published in Dutch in the Netherlands in 2003, the author suggests that the gladiator mania and the supposed “lust for blood” of ancient Rome has paralle...
Nonsimilarity solutions for mixed convection from vertical surfaces in porous media: variable surface temperature or heat flux

Abstract Nonsimilarity solutions for mixed convection from a vertical flat plate embedded in a porous medium are reported for two surface heating conditions: variable wall temperature (VWT) and variable surface heat flux (VHF) of the power-law form. The entire mixed convection regime is divided into two regions. One region covers the forced convection dominated regime and the other one covers the free convection dominated regime. The governing equations are first transformed into a dimensionless form by the nonsimilar transformation and then solved by a finite-difference scheme. Four nonsimilarity parameters are introduced. The parameters Rax/Pex and Rax*/Pex3/2 characterize the effect of buoyancy forces on the forced convection for the VWT and VHF cases, respectively; while the parameters Pex/Rax and Pex/Rax*2/3 characterize the effect of forced flow on the free convection for VWT and VHF cases, respectively. Numerical results for both heating conditions are presented. Correlation equations for the local and average Nusselt numbers are also presented.
Pantothenic Acid Supplementation of Diets for Catfish Fry

Abstract Two studies were conducted with channel catfish fry (Ictalurus punctatus) fed diets containing four levels of pantothenic acid activity (10, 25, 66, and 250 mg/kg diet). Supplemental pantothenate markedly improved growth rate, survival, and feed conversion, and prevented a loss of appetite, clubbed gills, and sluggishness. The results of these experiments suggest that diets fed to catfish fry should contain at least 250 mg of pantothenic acid per kg of diet.
Systemic magnesium chloride administration fails to produce phencyclidine-like discriminative stimulus effects in rats.

Abstract Systemic administration of magnesium chloride was evaluated for phencyclidine (PCP)-like discriminative stimulus effects. Six rats were trained to discriminate PCP (1.25 mg/kg, i.p.) from saline under a two-lever fixed-ratio 32 schedule of food reinforcement. Magnesium chloride (10–80 mg/kg, i.p.) failed to substitute for PCP, with no dose producing greater than an average of 21% PCP-lever responding. At doses greater than 40 mg/kg, magnesium chloride decreased rates of responding, providing evidence that it was evidence that it was evaluated over a behaviorally-relevant dose range. The results provide further evidence for differences in the behavioral effects of drugs which antagonize N- methyl- d -aspartate receptor-mediated neurotransmission by different mechanisms.
Fabrication of a silicon-based superfluid oscillator

We have constructed an integrated superfluid oscillator using various silicon processing techniques, including micromachining and electron beam lithography. This device has the advantage of a very small internal volume (0.72 mm/sup 3/). This makes it insensitive to spurious external acoustic noise which has limited the performance of larger experiments. We have tested the performance of this device in two configurations, one with a single micro-aperture and another with an additional fine tube. Both configurations demonstrate macroscopic quantum phenomena in superfluid /sup 4/He at low temperatures (0.25 K<T<2.2 K) and have been used to study these effects in detail.
Synthesis and Structure of Cyclic Zwitterionic Silicates. Formation via Si−N Donor Interaction1

New silanes, [C6H4(CH2)NMe2](C6H4O2)SiPh (1) and [C6H4(CH2)NMe2]2Si(OCH2CH3)2 (2), and new bicyclic zwitterionic silicates, [C6H4(CH2)NMe2H](C6H4O2)2Si (3), [C6H4(CH2)NMe2H](C6H3O2F)2Si (4), [C6H4(CH2)NMe2H](C10H6O2)2Si·C6H5CH3 (5), and [C6H4(CH2)NMe2H][C6H3O2(OMe)]2Si (6), all containing the N,N-dimethylbenzylamine ligand, are reported. X-ray structures of 1 and 3−5 were obtained as well as 1H and 29Si NMR data. As a consequence of strong Si−N coordination, the geometry of silane 1 is characterized more as a trigonal bipyramid (TBP), whereas the zwitterionic silicates 3−5 are displaced toward a rectangular pyramid (RP). The synthesis of zwitterionic 3 is achieved either by way of 1, which exhibits Si−N coordination, or by way of 2 in reactions with catechols. Zwitterionic 4−6 also are formed from 2 using the appropriate catechols. It is likely that an intermediate analogous to pentacoordinate silane 1 involving Si−N coordination assists in promoting the reactions leading to 3−6. In comparison with the 1H...
Orthogonal error methods

In this paper we discuss the conjugate gradient method generalized to nonsymmetric matrices, constructing a class of algorithms that includes both the conjugate gradient algorithms as described in [12] and the orthogonal residual algorithms (cf. Elman [10]). We call this class orthogonal error algorithms and characterize the class of matrices for which finite term orthogonal error algorithms exist.
Fish fertilizer: a native north american practice?

The belief that the use of fish fertilizers originated among North American Indians, and was communicated as such by Squanto to the Plymouth settlers, has achieved the status of folklore and is therefore difficult to challenge. However, examination of the documentary evidence of Squanto9s history and of native cultivation practices, and a cultural analysis of the implications of the use of fish fertilizer, have produced complementary lines of evidence. This evidence indicates that widely held beliefs about the "manner of the Indians" should be revised: Squanto9s advice at Plymouth is probably best viewed as an interesting example of culture contact, one in which a native "culture-bearer" conveyed a technological idea from one group of Europeans to another.
The description of polarization analyzing powers for three-body breakup reactions

Abstract We present a discussion of the geometrical aspects of the measurement of analyzing powers for nuclear reactions with three particles in the final state that are induced by polarized spin-1 or spin- 1 2 particles. The present interest is focussed on the reac D( p , pp)n and H( d , pp)n, for which a measurement program at 16 MeV deuteron energy is currently underway at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL).
A comparison of 399 open and 568 laparoscopic gastric bypasses performed during a 4-year period.

Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) was introduced at the authors’ institution 5 years ago. The authors analyzed the short- and long-term results of this procedure compared with those for the same procedure using the laparotomy approach over the same period. Retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected bariatric database used the outcome end points used by the American Society of Bariatric Surgery (ASBS) and the American College of Surgeons (ACS) in their center of excellence programs. From January 2001 to July 2005, 568 laparoscopic and 399 open gastric bypasses were performed at Vanderbilt University. The patients were from the same bariatric surgery program and therefore received the same pre- and postoperative care. The hospital length of stay in the laparoscopic group was significantly shorter (2.5 ± 2.4 days) than in the open group (3.7 ± 3.7 days; p = 0.001). The procedure time was significantly shorter in the laparoscopic group (164 ± 50 min) than in the open group (195 ± 50 min; p = 0.0001). The follow-up assessment response at 2 years was 76.6%. At 2 years, the excess weight loss (EWL) was significantly greater in the laparoscopic group (71.3% ± 18.4%) than in the open group (67.3% ± 15.3%; p = 0.03). The wound infection rate was significantly higher in open group (9.2%) than in the laparoscopic group (1.7%; p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in 30-day mortality: open (0.50%) versus laparoscopic (0.17%; p = 0.371). There was no significant difference in the 30-day reoperation rate between the open (2.4%) and laparoscopic (2.6%; p = 0.705) groups. The 30-day readmission rate was similar in the open (5.0%) and laparoscopic (5.2%; p = 0.852) groups, as was the rate of leakage from the gastrojejunostomy in the open (0.50%) and laparoscopic (0.35%; p = 0.127) groups. The conversion rate from laparoscopic procedure to laparotomy was 1.7%. In the authors’ institution, a laparoscopic bariatric surgery program with a very low rate of morbidity and mortality has been introduced. Operative time, hospital stay, and wound complications are reduced with the laparoscopic approach. The laparoscopic and open procedures are equally safe, with equivalent 30-day mortality, readmission, reoperation, and gastrojejunostomy leakage rates.
Low-temperature structures of CuO and AgO and their relationships to those of MgO and PdO

Abstract The CuO structure has been refined from time-of-flight neutron diffraction data collected at 11 K. Crystal data: C2 c , a = 4.6833(2) A, b = 3.4208(1) A, c = 5.1294(2) A, β = 99.567(1)°, V = 81.031(7)A3. The CuO distances are 1.951(1) and 1.961(1) A (each 2 ×) with corresponding OCuO angles of 84.315(7)° and 95.685(7)°. Data for a mixture of AgO and Ag2SO4 were collected at 9 K. Crystal data for AgO: P2 1 c , a = 5.8517(3) A, b = 3.4674(2) A, c = 5.4838(3) A, β = 107.663(3)°, V = 106.02(1)A3. The formula for AgO is better written as Ag(I)Ag(III)O2. The Ag(III) atoms are 4-coordinated: AgO = 2.008(3) (2x) and 2.036(3) (2x), and the Ag(I) atoms are 2-coordinated by O: AgO = 2.147(3) (2x). A comparison of the CuO, AgO, PdO, and MgO structures is presented.
Guiding the experimental discovery of magnesium alloys

Magnesium alloys are among the lightest structural materials known and are of considerable technological interest. To develop superior magnesium alloys, experimentalists must have a thorough understanding of the concentration-dependent precipitates that form in a given system, and hence, the thermodynamic stability of crystal phases must be determined. This information is often lacking but can be supplied by first-principles methods. Within the high-throughput framework, AFLOW, $T=0\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}$ K ground-state predictions are made by scanning a large set of known candidate structures for thermodynamic (formation energy) minima. The following 34 systems are investigated: AlMg, AuMg, CaMg, CdMg, CuMg, FeMg${}^{\ensuremath{\star}}$, GeMg, HgMg, IrMg, KMg${}^{\ensuremath{\star}}$, LaMg, MgMo${}^{\ensuremath{\star}}$, MgNa, MgNb${}^{\ensuremath{\star}}$, MgOs${}^{\ensuremath{\star}}$, MgPb, MgPd, MgPt, MgRb${}^{\ensuremath{\star}}$, MgRe${}^{\ensuremath{\star}}$, MgRh, MgRu, MgSc, MgSi, MgSn, MgSr, MgTa${}^{\ensuremath{\star}}$, MgTc, MgTi${}^{\ensuremath{\star}}$, MgV${}^{\ensuremath{\star}}$, MgW${}^{\ensuremath{\star}}$, MgY, MgZn, and MgZr (${}^{\ensuremath{\star}}$$=$ systems in which the ab initio method predicts that no compounds are stable). Avenues for further investigation are clearly revealed by this work. These include stable phases predicted in compound-forming systems as well as phases predicted in systems reported to be non-compound-forming.
Matching choices to avoid offending stigmatized group members

Abstract People (selectors) sometimes make choices both for themselves and for others (recipients). We propose that selectors worry about offending recipients with their choices when recipients are stigmatized group members and options in a choice set differ along a stigma-relevant dimension. Accordingly, selectors are more likely to make the same choices for themselves and stigmatized group member recipients than non-stigmatized group member recipients. We conducted eight studies to study this hypothesis in different choice contexts (food, music, games, books) and with recipients from different stigmatized groups (the obese, Black-Americans, the elderly, students at lower-status schools). We use three different approaches to show that this effect is driven by people’s desire to avoid offending stigmatized group members with their choices. Thus, although prior research shows that people often want to avoid being associated with dissociative groups, such as stigmatized groups, we demonstrate that people make the same choices for self and stigmatized other to minimize offense.
Concepts in Heterogeneous Catalysis

We review some general concepts associated with chemisorption and active sites as they apply to heterogeneous catalysis. This is followed by some specific concepts that affect reactivity. These include solid acidity, bifunctionality, structure sensitivity, metal-oxide support interaction and stereochemistry.
Predictors of low-density lipoprotein particle size in a high-risk African-American population.

A predominance of small, dense, low-density lipoprotein particles (pattern B) has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk independent of absolute cholesterol levels in primarily white populations. Because of the putative association of pattern B with increased risk, some investigators have proposed that routine measurement of low-density lipoprotein particle size may be beneficial for cardiovascular risk assessment. Because no studies have specifically examined this possibility in African-Americans, it remains unclear whether measurement of low-density lipoprotein particle size adds information beyond that of traditional lipid risk factors. We compared standard lipid profile measurements with extended measurements concurrently in an apparently healthy, high-risk population of African-American siblings of patients who had premature cardiovascular disease. We determined the extent to which patients who had pattern B would be identifiable from the usual lipid profile. A high triglyceride level alone was a strong independent correlate of pattern B. In subjects whose triglyceride level was ≥150 mg/dl, 67% had pattern B, whereas only 17% of subjects whose triglyceride level was
Review: Factor Xa inhibitors reduce DVT more than LMWH in total knee or hip replacement

Source Citation Neumann I, Rada G, Claro JC, et al. Oral direct factor Xa inhibitors versus low-molecular-weight heparin to prevent venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing total hip or knee r...
MOSAIK: A Hash-Based Algorithm for Accurate Next-Generation Sequencing Short-Read Mapping

MOSAIK is a stable, sensitive and open-source program for mapping second and third-generation sequencing reads to a reference genome. Uniquely among current mapping tools, MOSAIK can align reads generated by all the major sequencing technologies, including Illumina, Applied Biosystems SOLiD, Roche 454, Ion Torrent and Pacific BioSciences SMRT. Indeed, MOSAIK was the only aligner to provide consistent mappings for all the generated data (sequencing technologies, low-coverage and exome) in the 1000 Genomes Project. To provide highly accurate alignments, MOSAIK employs a hash clustering strategy coupled with the Smith-Waterman algorithm. This method is well-suited to capture mismatches as well as short insertions and deletions. To support the growing interest in larger structural variant (SV) discovery, MOSAIK provides explicit support for handling known-sequence SVs, e.g. mobile element insertions (MEIs) as well as generating outputs tailored to aid in SV discovery. All variant discovery benefits from an accurate description of the read placement confidence. To this end, MOSAIK uses a neural-network based training scheme to provide well-calibrated mapping quality scores, demonstrated by a correlation coefficient between MOSAIK assigned and actual mapping qualities greater than 0.98. In order to ensure that studies of any genome are supported, a training pipeline is provided to ensure optimal mapping quality scores for the genome under investigation. MOSAIK is multi-threaded, open source, and incorporated into our command and pipeline launcher system GKNO (http://gkno.me).
Alternative energy sources for surgical atrial ablation.

As less complex modifications of the Maze procedure have been developed, a number of energy sources have been introduced to facilitate the creation of electrically isolating lesions within the atria. These include cryoablation, radiofrequency, microwave, laser, and focused ultrasound. Although each of these sources works slightly differently, the goal of all thermal sources is to heat tissue to a temperature (50°C) above which irreversible electrical isolation occurs. These sources have been utilized both endocardially in arrested heart procedures as well as epicardially in the beating heart setting. There are several obstacles to the use of these sources epicardially, mostly related to the heat sink effect of endocardial blood. Several recent modifications have been introduced that will hopefully increase the efficacy of these sources in beating heart applications. (J Card Surg 2004;19:201-206)
Mental health of rural elderly: A Research agenda for nursing

Only recently have the health sciences, including nursing, begun to focus on the dynamics of mental health and aging. Reports on rural initiatives, are beginning to appear; these developments have occurred without the benefit of context and direction, however, especially in terms of how these issues apply in rural areas. The article reviews selected issues in the interface of aging and mental health in rural areas. It offers a research agenda comprising descriptive, intervention, and utilization studies as a context to guide research and knowledge development in mental health nursing of rural elderly.
Teacher Training, Development, and Decision Making: A Model of Teaching and Related Strategies for Language Teacher Education.

Language teacher education has become fragmented; too often, its efforts focus on ancillary areas such as applied linguistics, methodology, or language acquisition while overlooking the core—teaching itself. Emphasis on these areas, although it may create a pedagogical foundation for the teacher-in-preparation, skirts the central issue of learning to teach. This article refocuses language teacher education on teaching itself by proposing two schemata: (a) a descriptive model that defines teaching as a decision-making process based on the categories of know-ledge, skills, attitude, and awareness and (b) a related framework of two educating strategies—training and development—to teach teaching.
Dynamic effects in fragmentation reactions.

Fragmentation reactions offer a useful tool to study the spectroscopy of halo nuclei, but the large extent of the halo wave function makes the reaction theory more difficult. The simple reaction models based on the eikonal approximation for the nuclear interaction or first-order perturbation theory for the Coulomb interaction have systematic errors that they investigate here, comparing to the predictions of complete dynamical calculations. They find that stripping probabilities are underpredicted by the eikonal model, leading to extracted spectroscopy strengths that are two large. In contrast, the Coulomb excitation is overpredicted by the simple theory. They attribute this to a screening effect, as is well known in the Barkas effect on stopping powers. The errors decrease with beam energy as E{sub beam}{sup -1}, and are not significant at beam energies above 50 MeV/u. At lower beam energies, the effects should be taken into account when extracting quantitative spectroscopic strengths.
Exchange Rate "Fundamentals" versus Speculation in a Developing Economy: An Illustrative Example Using Lebanese Data

Competing hypotheses about what causes excessive exchange rate volatility--speculative bubbles or "fundamental" economic variables--are examined for the Lebanese pound during its protracted depreciation from end-1982 to November 1987 and its marked appreciation over the following six months. Reduced-form and time-series models of the exchange rate are estimated and tested for nonstationarity. The results suggest that much of the pound's volatility was consistent with excessive growth in domestic-versus foreign-currency-denominated liquidity rather than speculation.
Hyperactivity and impulsiveness in rats fed diets supplemented with either Aroclor 1248 or PCB-contaminated St. Lawrence river fish.

Abstract We examined whether exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) around puberty would produce hyperactivity and impulsiveness in adult Sprague–Dawley rats. Randomly assigned groups consumed food containing environmental concentrations of Aroclor 1248, PCB-contaminated St. Lawrence River carp, or corn oil (control). All received operant training to a final multiple (mult) 120-s, fixed interval (FI), 5-min extinction (EXT) schedule. Pressing rates of both exposed groups for drops of water averaged more than 1.5 times that of controls, especially toward the end of the 120-s interval. This overactivity included bursts with short (≤0.5 s) interresponse times (IRTs), behavior characteristic of hyperactive boys and genetically hyperactive rats. The exposed groups also overreacted to the decreases in reinforcement density associated with transition to the final schedule. The results were interpreted in terms of the possible alterations in the animals’ reinforcement mechanisms and the possible neurotoxic effects of PCB exposure.
Evaluating Staple Fiber Processing Propensity: Part I: Processing Propensity of Cotton Fibers

In this study, we present a novel approach to simulate and characterize the behavior of fibers during processing using a modified version of the familiar rotor ring system. With this modification, we attempt to create an area approximately resembling the carding zone and measure the energy required to shear the fibers in this area. We then use the energy readings to provide an index of fiber processing propensity. Such an index is believed to be a function of combined fiber cohesion and fiber resiliency. In addition to the rotor ring, we present corresponding results from other independent techniques such as NIR wax analysis and sliver cohesion. The most important finding of this part of the study is that deterioration in the quality of yarns and fabrics should not be rationalized only on the basis of standard fiber properties (such as length, fine ness, and strength) and that measures of processing propensity, wax content, and sur face cohesion provide a complete picture of fiber processibility and its i...
Caged regulators of signaling pathways.

Abstract Although inhibitors can implicate individual protein kinases in specific signal transduction pathways, simple reversible inhibitors are unable to define both the time of initiation and the duration of protein kinase activity. How long must a specific protein kinase remain active in a particular transduction cascade to ensure that the message results in the appropriate cellular response? What is the precise temporal assembly order of individual components of an intracellular signaling complex? What, if any, temporal cross-talk is there between individual members of bisecting signaling pathways? Caged protein kinase inhibitors, as well as caged protein kinases, should serve as useful tools for temporal studies of signal transduction. We have prepared both a caged cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and a caged inhibitor of this enzyme. Upon photolysis, the functional activities of both species are dramatically unleashed in vitro. We have also explored both the activation and the inhibition of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase-driven signaling pathway in rat embryo fibroblasts with these caged species via microinjection, and have now demonstrated that the activity of signal transduction pathways can be controlled by light in living cells.
Muscle contraction produced by sulphydryl inhibitors.

IT was recently reported1 that the sulphydryl (—SH) agent, parachloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), causes superprecipitation of actomyosin gel. Masking of an —SH group appears to prevent interaction between ATP and some inhibitory site on the protein, thus enabling ATP to induce superprecipitation through reaction with another site. If this phenomenon is related to changes occurring in the actomyosin system during muscle activity, then —SH agents should be expected to produce contraction. Accordingly, several such agents were tested on skeletal muscle, and they were found to cause various types of contractile phenomena.
Axillary Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Carcinoma of the Breast: A Personal Perspective

Because of its low rate of complications, once the technique is learned, axillary sentinel lymph node biopsy has all but replaced axillary dissection as the appropriate first step in the assessment of the axilla in patients with clinically node negative T1 and T2 breast cancer. The author’s experience with the technique is presented with the criteria for successful identification and review of the sentinel node (SN). The author’s choice for identification of the SN is blue dye rather than radiocolloid. Frozen section of the SN is recommended as highly accurate, with levels I and II dissection to be considered if the SN’s contain metastasis. The finding of sub-microscopic metastasis by immunochemical techniques should not currently influence clinical decisions.
A note on the twisting deformation of a non-homogeneous shaft containing a circular crack

A closed form solution is obtained, within the limitations of the theory of elasticity of non-homogeneous solids, for a cylindrical bar containing a penny-shaped crack and subjected to torsional loads only. The material of the solid is assumed to possess a shear modulus which is a power function of the space coordinate normal to the crack plane. The singular stress field arising at the rim of the crack is studied in detail and some physical results which are relevant in the application of the Griffith-Irwin theory of fracture are derived.
Indentation Crack‐Shape Evolution during Subcritical Crack Growth

Indentation crack-shape evolution during subcritical crack growth was examined in soda-lime glass. Crack-arrest markings were generated on the fracture surfaces by temporary unloading during subcritical crack growth. Crack shapes were determined from these crack-arrest markings by optical microscopy. The shapes were found to be semi-elliptical, but the ellipticity changed significantly with crack extension under an applied bending stress. Crack-shape evolution was predicted by using the stress intensity factor equation for a semi-elliptical crack for the applied stress distribution and the subcritical crack growth parameters for the material/environment system. Experimental results were found to be in excellent agreement with the predictions. The influence of the initial crack size and shape, the loading configuration, and the subcritical crack growth exponent it on crack-shape evolution was also investigated in the simulations. It was found that, for the particular loading configuration and material, there is an equilibrium shape associated with the subcritically growing crack. The variation in crack shape with its extension during subcritical crack growth was found to be an important factor in lifetime prediction.