cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Randomized active atomicity violation detection in concurrent programs

Atomicity is an important specification that enables programmers to understand atomic blocks of code in a multi-threaded program as if they are sequential. This significantly simplifies the programmer's job to reason about correctness. Several modern multithreaded programming languages provide no built-in support to ensure atomicity; instead they rely on the fact that programmers would use locks properly in order to guarantee that atomic code blocks are indeed atomic. However, improper use of locks can sometimes fail to ensure atomicity. Therefore, we need tools that can check atomicity properties of lock-based code automatically.We propose a randomized dynamic analysis technique to detect a special, but important, class of atomicity violations that are often found in real-world programs. Specifically, our technique modifies the existing Java thread scheduler behavior to create atomicity violations with high probability. Our approach has several advantages over existing dynamic analysis tools. First, we can create a real atomicity violation and see if an exception can be thrown. Second, we can replay an atomicity violating execution by simply using the same seed for random number generation---we do not need to record the execution. Third, we give no false warnings unlike existing dynamic atomicity checking techniques. We have implemented the technique in a prototype tool for Java and have experimented on a number of large multi-threaded Java programs and libraries. We report a number of previously known and unknown bugs and atomicity violations in these Java programs.
SENSORY EVOKED POTENTIALS IN WILSON'S DISEASE

Somatosensory, brainstem auditory and pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials (SEP, BAEP and VEP) were studied in 16 patients with Wilson's disease and 16 family members In 13 patients with neurological manifestations, median nerve stimulation elicited cervical potentials with normal N13 latency. Scalp-recorded components of the median and tibial SEPs were absent bilaterally in 1 patient and unilaterally in another. The median conduction time (N13 to N20 peaks) was bilaterally prolonged in 3 patients and unilaterally prolonged in 5. In the tibial SEPs from 9 patients with neurological symptoms, the N22 latency of the lumbar evoked responses was within normal limits, but conduction time from N22 to P40 peaks was unilaterally prolonged in 5. Overall, 9 of 13 patients with neurological manifestations had SEP abnormalities. The BAEPs were bilaterally abnormal in 12 of 13 patients with neurological symptoms, mainly due to prolongation in the III–V and I–V intervals. In the VEPs from 8 patients with the neurological form, the P100 latency was delayed bilaterally in 2 patients and unilaterally in 1 Abnormalities in evoked potentials were not observed in 3 patients with other forms of Wilson's disease and in the family members. The present study indicates that the majority of the patients with neurological manifestations had subclinical dysfunction in three major sensory pathways They are consistent with neuropathological and neuroradiological findings of widespread degeneration of the brain in Wilson's disease.
Monte Carlo solution of radiant heat transfer in a nongrey nonisothermal gas with temperature dependent properties

Monte carlo method applied to nonisothermal nongray gas radiative heat transfer problem where absorption coefficient is allowed to vary with wavelength and temperature
Behavioral studies of the olivocochlear efferent system: learning to listen in noise.

Background Olivocochlear (OC) neurons make up an efferent, descending auditory system that returns sound representations to the inner ear soon after they have entered the brain. Efferent inputs into the cochlea modulate outer hair cell activity to improve the neural encoding of auditory signals in background noise. Based on this physiological evidence, loss of efferent feedback is expected to degrade perception in noise. Attempts to confirm this prediction with long-term audiological assessments have met with mixed results. Objective To isolate procedural factors that may diminish the demonstration of long-term OC deficits in listening tasks. Design Operant conditioning procedures were used to train domestic cats to signal a change in the location of an auditory stimulus by responding on a lever. The smallest detectable change in location was measured by manipulating the distance between speakers under quiet conditions and in the presence of background noise. Functional consequences of efferent feedback were evaluated by comparing the sound localization thresholds of OC-lesioned cats with normal controls. Results As predicted by the hypothesized function of OC feedback systems, the lesioned cats exhibited significantly elevated thresholds only when tested in background noise. This initially poor performance returned to normal values after long-term exposure to the testing procedure. Conclusions The results of our animal studies support the OC enhancement of sound localization behavior in background noise. Also, our behavioral observations suggest the acquisition of alternate listening strategies that allowed lesioned cats to minimize the functional consequences of their auditory deficits by attending more closely to remaining directional cues. These learned compensatory behaviors were encouraged by our present experimental design, which incorporated long-term training under consistent stimulus conditions. These findings point out the potential limitations of the highly routine audiological procedures that have been used to assess the impact of OC feedback on human hearing.
NEURAL NETWORKS FOR AGRICHEMICAL VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF RURAL PRIVATE WELLS

Assessment of pesticide and nitrate contamination of rural private wells was conducted using artificial neural networks. Data from 192 drilled and driven wells and 115 large-diameter dug and bored wells, available from two earlier studies, were used for training and testing purposes. Four separate models, two for the two well types and one each for pesticide and nitrate, were developed. Parameters such as depth to aquifer material from land surface, well depth, and distance to cropland were used as input parameters, and the concentrations of nitrate or pesticides were the outputs. While the training efficiency of the network reached between 95 and 100% for these four models, the prediction accuracy for the four models ranged from a low of slightly above 50% for nitrate in dug and bored wells to a high of 90% for pesticides in drilled and driven wells. Sensitivity analyses were performed to examine the impact of network architecture, training and testing parameters, and the size and type of input parameter...
Uptake of metabolites by germinating blastospores of Histoplasma capsulatum

The uptake of radioactive L-leucine, L-glutamic acid, and guanine was monitored during blastospore germination of Histoplasma capsulatum. Blastospores of H. capsulatum, grown in Salvin's medium at 37°C for 48 h and shifted to 23°C, germinated within 24 h. Metabolite uptake was faster in mycelial cells at 23°C than it was in yeast cells at 37°C. During the yeast to mold transition, the initial rate of uptake was first markedly depressed and then increased and achieved a level characteristic of the mycelial phase of growth. Estimates of macromolecular synthesis occurring during transitional morphological events might be influenced by these differences in the rate of uptake.
Coupling of fog and marine microbial content in the near-shore coastal environment

Abstract. Microbes in the atmosphere (microbial aerosols) play an important role in climate and provide an ecological and biogeochemical connection between oceanic, atmospheric, and terrestrial environments. However, the sources and environmental factors controlling the concentration, diversity, transport, and viability of microbial aerosols are poorly understood. This study examined culturable microbial aerosols from a coastal environment in Maine (USA) and determined the effect of onshore wind speed and fog presence on deposition rate, source, and community composition. During fog events with low onshore winds (
Asian American Attitudes toward Affirmative Action in Employment Implications for the Model Minority Myth

The authors applied the Fishbein and Ajzen theory of attitudes to understand Asian Americans' beliefs and attitudes toward affirmative action programs (AAPs) in employment, emphasizing the (dis)similarity of Asians' attitudes to those of Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics. In two studies involving more than 1,000 participants, the authors found evidence of greater attitudinal similarity among Asians, Blacks, and Hispanics than between Asians and Whites. Asian U.S. citizens reported significantly more experience with workplace discrimination than did Whites, about the same as Hispanics, and less than Blacks. These reports of discrimination were significantly and positively correlated with attitude toward AAPs. These results, which are contrary to the Model Minority Myth, are discussed along with implications for further research and for affirmative action practices.
CHARACTERIZATION OF A NEW INTRA-H-2 RECOMBINANT SEPARATION OF THE Ir-RE AND Ir-GLT GENES

This report characterizes the intra- H-2 crossover in the D2.GD mouse strain. Recombination occurred within the I region between the immune response ( Ir ) gene controlling immune responsiveness to ragweed extract (RE). Ir-RE , and the Ir gene governing responsiveness to the random linear terpolymers of glutamic acid and lysine with either tyrosine or pheylalanine ( Ir-GLT and Ir-GL ϕ). The Ir-RE gene was tentatively located in the Ir-1A subregion and the Ir-GLT and Ir-GL ϕ gene(s) tentatively placed in the Ir-1B subregion. The importance of this recombinant strain to further studies on the fine structure of the I region is discussed.
Hypercholesterolemia treatment: a new hypothesis or just an accident?

A new hypothesis concerning the association of low levels of steroid hormones and hypercholesterolemia is proposed. This study presents data that concurrent restoration to youthful levels of multiple normally found steroid hormones is able to normalize or improve serum total cholesterol (TC). We evaluated 20 patients with hypercholesterolemia who received hormonorestorative therapy (HT) with natural hormones. Hundred percent of patients responded. Mean serum TC was 263.5 mg/dL before and 187.9 mg/dL after treatment. Serum TC dropped below 200 mg/dL in 60.0%. No morbidity or mortality related to HT was observed. In patients characterized by hypercholesterolemia and sub-youthful serum steroidal hormones, our findings support the hypothesis that hypercholesterolemia is a compensatory mechanism for life-cycle related down-regulation of steroid hormones, and that broadband steroid hormone restoration is associated with a substantial drop in serum TC in many patients.
Indirect estimation of cycle time quantiles from discrete event simulation models using the Cornish-Fisher expansion

We introduce a new technique for estimating cycle time quantiles from discrete event simulation models run at a single traffic intensity. The Cornish-Fisher expansion is used as a vehicle for this approximation, and it is shown that for an M/M/1 system and a full factory simulation model, the technique provides accurate results with low variability for the most commonly estimated quantiles without requiring unreasonable sample sizes. Additionally, the technique provides the advantages of being easy to implement and providing multiple cycle time quantiles from a single set of simulation runs.
Spinodal Decomposition in Ionic Compounds

Spinodal decomposition in ionic solid solutions of the form AX-BX where A and B are cations and X is the anion is examined along similar lines as proposed by Cahn. Assuming anions to be immobile, electrostatic energy arising due to the differences in cationic mobilities is determined. This electrostatic energy is shown to retard the kinetics of spinodal decomposition. The role of aliovalent dopants on the kinetics of decomposition is also examined. Subsequently, the probable role of aluminum on spinodal decomposition in the system TiO2-SnO2 is assessed.
A transient analysis of heat transfer in double stack cold plates

There is practical interest in the mathematical characterization of the transient performance of heat dissipating extended surfaces to problems in electronic packaging. Although there has been a significant amount of work concentrating on predicting transient behavior in basic monolithic fin structures and shapes, none of these investigations is capable of handling complicated fill structures such as single or double cold-stack plates. As an example illustrating the application of the two-port method for transient analysis, the transient response to a step increase in power dissipation is predicted.
Perceptually-tuned multiscale color-texture segmentation

We present a perceptually-tuned multiscale image segmentation algorithm that is based on spatially adaptive color and texture features. The proposed algorithm extends a previously proposed approach to include multiple texture scales. The determination of the multiscale texture features is based on perceptual considerations. We also examine the perceptual tuning of the algorithm and how it is affected by the presence of different texture scales. The multiscale extension is necessary for segmenting higher resolution images and is particularly effective in segmenting objects shown in different perspectives. The performance of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated in the domain of photographic images.
Multiphase Computation of Cavitation Breakdown in Model and Prototype Scale Francis Turbines

Steady-periodic multiphase Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted to capture cavitation breakdown in a Francis hydroturbine due to large-scale vaporous structures. A reduced-scale model and a full-scale prototype were investigated to display differences in vapor content and machine performance caused by lack of Reynolds and Froude similarity. The model scale efficiencies compared favorably (within 3%) to the experimental cavitation tests. The CFD model and prototype displayed distinct qualitative and quantitative differences as σ was reduced. A stage-by-stage analysis was conducted to assess the effect of cavitation on loss distribution throughout the machine. Furthermore, a formal mesh refinement study was conducted on efficiency and volume of vapor, with three mesh levels and Richardson extrapolation, to ensure convergence.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Development of Flaw Acceptance Criteria for Aging Management of Spent Nuclear Fuel Multiple-Purpose Canisters

A typical multipurpose canister (MPC) is made of austenitic stainless steel and is loaded with spent nuclear fuel assemblies. The canister may be subject to service-induced degradation when it is exposed to aggressive atmospheric environments during a possibly long-term storage period if the permanent repository is yet to be identified and readied. Because heat treatment for stress relief is not required for the construction of an MPC, stress corrosion cracking may be initiated on the canister surface in the welds or in the heat affected zone. An acceptance criteria methodology is being developed for flaw disposition should the crack-like defects be detected by periodic Inservice Inspection. The first-order instability flaw sizes has been determined with bounding flaw configurations, that is, through-wall axial or circumferential cracks, and part-through-wall long axial flaw or 360° circumferential crack. The procedure recommended by the American Petroleum Institute (API) 579 Fitness-for-Service code (Second Edition) is used to estimate the instability crack length or depth by implementing the failure assessment diagram (FAD) methodology. The welding residual stresses are mostly unknown and are therefore estimated with the API 579 procedure. It is demonstrated in this paper that the residual stress has significant impact on the instability length or depth of the crack. The findings will limit the applicability of the flaw tolerance obtained from limit load approach where residual stress is ignored and only ligament yielding is considered.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Modeling the effects of using polycrystalline substrates for low cost III–V photovoltaics

Recent interest in growing high efficiency solar cells on polycrystalline “virtual” recrystallized substrates requires an understanding of the impact of substrate quality and growth nucleation characteristics. This work provides a study on the effects of substrate material, roughness, and crystallinity on efficiency of a GaAs solar cell. A variety of devices were grown on both monocrystalline and polycrystalline GaAs and Ge substrates, and the results were used to predict minority carrier diffusion length as a function of crystal grain size, material quality, and nucleation defect densities.
Graphene bi- and trilayers produced by a novel aqueous arc discharge process

Production of large quantities of graphene sheets with less than 10 layers is extremely difficult due to the lack of a controllable process and method to separate multilayered graphene. Here, we demonstrate a controllable and scalable aqueous arc discharge process that produces high quality bi- and trilayers of graphene. With this process, the number of stacked graphene layers is controlled by adjusting the arc discharge power, which maintains the interlayer distance at ∼0.34 nm for each level of arc discharge power. The graphene sheets are produced by exfoliation of the graphite electrodes, as opposed to evaporation of carbon molecules from the graphite. Finally, transparent electrode properties were demonstrated when the exfoliated graphene-based electrodes were transferred to a flexible substrate with high transparency (84.5% at 550 cm−1) and low resistance (27.7 kΩ cm−2).
Abstract WMP93: Uninsured Patients have Longer Hospital Stays and are Less Likely to Receive Rehab than Insured Patients

Background: In 2010 the estimated direct and indirect cost of stroke was $53.9 billion. The long-term burden to society is thought to be much more costly. Whether or not this sum can be reduced has been a subject of great debate. Recently, healthcare reform has been a priority for policy makers with health insurance as a prevailing issue. We examined the healthcare records of patients in the US who presented with stroke symptoms in a 10-year period from 2001-2011, and compared them to patients in the state of Arizona as well as our University Hospital in the same time period. We then looked for differences in the cost of stroke with regard to variations in insurance status. Methods: The records of 978,813 patients with stroke symptoms in the US from January 2001 through December 2011 were compared with 18,875 Arizona (AZ) patients. This data was evaluated and compared with data obtained from the records of 1,123 patients admitted to the University Medical Center (UMC), and separated by insurance status, discharge location and length of stay (LOS) for different stroke subtypes. The information was gathered from the get with the guidelines stroke database and only included hospitals that reported their information. Results: The mean LOS for stroke patients in the US, AZ and UMC were: 5.25 days, 4.69 and 4.75 days, respectively. When separated by insurance status, the mean LOS for patients at UMC with Medicare was 4.27 days (n=470), for Medicaid it was 6.17 days (n=150) and 5.13 days (n=464) for private insurance. Compared with insured patients, uninsured patients had a LOS of 8.18 days (n=39; p=.001). Uninsured patients were discharged home without rehab 24.4% of the time compared with only 8.8% of insured patients (p=.001), even though 93.5% of uninsured patients were considered for rehab. Conclusion: Uninsured patients had a LOS that was 3.3 days longer than insured patients and had an estimated 72% higher cost of hospitalization. Uninsured patients were almost 3 times less likely than insured patients to be discharged with rehab, and consequently were less likely to achieve long-term functional independence. Ultimately, the price of stroke in the uninsured is paid for by taxpayers, since these patients will require social services granted by the government for disability.
Hokusai's Great Wave Enters the Anthropocene

Katsushika Hokusai's 1829 woodblock print, "Under the Wave off Kanagawa," is the world's most iconic portrait of ocean waves. It has been reproduced, quoted, and repurposed over the last two centuries in a widening circle of representations of the unruly, powerful sea. Today's reimaginings of this storied Japanese image often remark upon the dangerous, damaged state of the contemporary ocean. Such commentaries sometimes refer directly to the 2011 tsunami and to its associated Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster. But adaptations of Hokusai's Wave these days also increasingly point to more general anxieties about catastrophic climate change and to worries about ocean pollution, acidification, and plastification. In such usages, the Wave operates as a synecdoche for, a symbolic capture of, the difficult-to-apprehend vastness of the ever-moving, interconnecting, and possibly threatening sea. 1 Hokusai's image has thus lately been leveraged into commentaries upon the Anthropocene—a provocative, and, so far, unofficial, geological term that postulates that humans (anthropos) have come to have significant deleterious effects on planetary ecosystems, effects that can be identified not only in the stratigraphic record, but also in the body of Earth's ocean. 2 If "Under the Wave at Kanagawa" (also "The Great Wave off Kanagawa" or, simply, "The Great Wave") in its early circulations emblematized the historical relation of Japan to the sea and to the transnational connections the sea afforded, re-imaginings today adapt the image to speak to contemporary human-generated global oceanic crisis. Such reimaginings of the Great Wave do so, significantly, by drawing attention to the materials of which such critical artworks are nowadays frequently made: plastic, trash, and other sea-borne detritus—the flotsam and jetsam of a sea damaged by the deleterious geo- historical practices of (some) humans. Heather Davis and Etienne Turpin in Art in the Anthropocene: Encounters Among Aesthetics, Politics, Environments, and Epistemologies argue that "the Anthropocene is primarily a sensorial phenomenon: the experience of living in an increasingly diminished and toxic world." 3 Contemporary revisions of Hokusai's Wave do indeed operate in the realm of the sensorially unsettling—although, perhaps contrary to Davis and Turpin's argument, they do so precisely by bringing into experience that which might otherwise be far away or beyond everyday apprehension and scale (e.g., islands of swirling ocean trash in the far middle of the Pacific). Such works also, through the garbage they incorporate, call into question the
An Application of the Shevky Social Area Indexes to a Model of Urban Society

Equation 4a 0.6029 0.0179 0.001 Equation 4b 0.7902 0.0294 0.001 Equation 4c 0.5957 0.0925 0.001 = -0.57 + 1.35Y2 - 0.17Y3 + 1.02X1 + 0.55X2, (%O0.4943) (4-0.1981) (4-0.4846) (4-0.4395)
A Generalized Logarithm for Exponential-Linear Equations

(2001). A Generalized Logarithm for Exponential-Linear Equations. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 2-14.
The SCN8A encephalopathy mutation p.Ile1327Val displays elevated sensitivity to the anticonvulsant phenytoin.

SummaryObjective SCN8A encephalopathy (early infantile epileptic encephalopathy; EIEE13) is caused by gain-of-function mutations resulting in hyperactivity of the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.6. The channel is concentrated at the axon initial segment (AIS) and is involved in establishing neuronal excitability. Clinical features of SCN8A encephalopathy include seizure onset between 0 and 18 months of age, intellectual disability, and developmental delay. Seizures are often refractory to treatment with standard antiepileptic drugs, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) has been reported in approximately 10% of patients. In a recent study, high doses of phenytoin were effective in four patients with SCN8A encephalopathy. In view of this observation, we have investigated the relationship between the functional effect of the SCN8A mutation p.Ile1327Val and its response to phenytoin. Methods The mutation was introduced into the Scn8a cDNA by site-directed mutagenesis. Channel activity was characterized in transfected ND7/23 cells. The effects of phenytoin (100 μm) on mutant and wild-type (WT) channels were compared. Results Channel activation parameters were shifted in a hyperpolarizing direction in the mutant channel, whereas inactivation parameters were shifted in a depolarizing direction, increasing Na channel window current. Macroscopic current decay was slowed in I1327V channels, indicating an impairment in the transition from open state to inactivated state. Channel deactivation was also delayed, allowing more channels to remain in the open state. Phenytoin (100 μm) resulted in hyperpolarized activation and inactivation curves as well as greater tonic block and use-dependent block of I1327V mutant channels relative to WT. Significance SCN8A – I1327V is a gain-of-function mutation with altered features that are predicted to increase neuronal excitability and seizure susceptibility. Phenytoin is an effective inhibitor of the mutant channel and may be of use in treating patients with gain-of-function mutations of SCN8A.
The Zn-finger domain of MdmX suppresses cancer progression by promoting genome stability in p53-mutant cells

The MDMX (MDM4) oncogene is amplified or overexpressed in a significant percentage of human tumors. MDMX is thought to function as an oncoprotein by binding p53 tumor suppressor protein to inhibit p53-mediated transcription, and by complexing with MDM2 oncoprotein to promote MDM2-mediated degradation of p53. However, down-regulation or loss of functional MDMX has also been observed in a variety of human tumors that are mutated for p53, often correlating with more aggressive cancers and a worse patient prognosis. We have previously reported that endogenous levels of MdmX can suppress proliferation and promote pseudo-bipolar mitosis in primary and tumor cells derived from p53-deficient mice, and that MdmX-p53 double deficient mice succumb to spontaneously formed tumors more rapidly than p53-deficient mice. These results suggest that the MdmX oncoprotein may act as a tumor-suppressor in cancers with compromised p53 function. By using orthotopic transplantation and lung colonization assays in mice we now establish a p53-independent anti-oncogenic role for MdmX in tumor progression. We also demonstrate that the roles of MdmX in genome stability and in proliferation are two distinct functions encoded by the separate MdmX protein domains. The central Zn-finger domain suppresses multipolar mitosis and chromosome loss, whereas the carboxy-terminal RING domain suppresses proliferation of p53-deficient cells. Furthermore, we determine that it is the maintenance of genome stability that underlies MdmX role in suppression of tumorigenesis in hyperploid p53 mutant tumors. Our results offer a rationale for the increased metastatic potential of p53 mutant human cancers with aberrant MdmX function and provide a caveat for the application of anti-MdmX treatment of tumors with compromised p53 activity.
Mean field ring polymer molecular dynamics for electronically nonadiabatic reaction rates

We present a mean field ring polymer molecular dynamics method to calculate the rate of electron transfer (ET) in multi-state, multi-electron condensed-phase processes. Our approach involves calculating a transition state theory (TST) estimate to the rate using an exact path integral in discrete electronic states and continuous Cartesian nuclear coordinates. A dynamic recrossing correction to the TST rate is then obtained from real-time dynamics simulations using mean field ring polymer molecular dynamics. We employ two different reaction coordinates in our simulations and show that, despite the use of mean field dynamics, the use of an accurate dividing surface to compute TST rates allows us to achieve remarkable agreement with Fermi's golden rule rates for nonadiabatic ET in the normal regime of Marcus theory. Further, we show that using a reaction coordinate based on electronic state populations allows us to capture the turnover in rates for ET in the Marcus inverted regime.
Tautomeric Equilibria of Cytosine and Isocytosine in Gas Phase and in Solution

Tautomerism is very important in computer-aided drug design because numerous compounds in small molecule databases could exist in different tautomeric structures. Structure determines the functionality of a small molecule when it is docked to the binding site of a target protein. Thus, if the structure of the ligand is not the most stable tautomer in the protein environment, the properties of the resulting protein-ligand complex will not be accurately calculated. Tautomeric equilibrium of a compound is highly influenced by the medium. For a specific ligand and its derivatives, it is therefore essential to understand potential links of tautomer stability in different media, as this information helps determine the tautomeric forms of a ligand used in docking studies.Cytosine and isocytosine are of pharmaceutical importance. It has been reported that cytosine and its derivatives can bind to the active site of E. Coli IspE protein, which is one of the attractive targets for the development of novel drugs against malaria and tuberculosis. Isocytosine and its derivatives are inhibitors of β-secretase (BACE-1) which is a key target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Both cytosine and isocytosine can exist in a number of tautomers. Understanding the relative stability of these tautomers in the gas phase and aqueous solution will help design inhibitors of IspE protein and BACE-1. We determined the two most stable tautomers of cytosine and isocytosine in gas phase by calculating the relative free energies of these tautomers. The tautomers with the lowest free energies in gas phase were then modeled in aqueous solution, free energy of solvation of these molecules have been calculated. The solvent effect on tautomeric equilibrium of cytosine and isocytosine will be discussed in detail.
Disciplinary Identity as Analytic Construct and Design Goal: Making Learning Sciences Matter

We must take up problems that matter to the local, national, and global communities in which we live, and we must do it in ways that matter; we must focus on issues of values and power … If we do t...
Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Janus-faced Syndrome

Previous conventional wisdom suggested patients who survived an episode of AKI fully recovered renal function. Recent observational research and animal studies have challenged such conclusions. Current research suggests AKI culminates in CKD in a substantial number of patients without pre-existing renal dysfunction. Risk factors for the progression of CKD after an episode of AKI have been outlined. However, CKD is an important risk factor for the development of CKD. AKI episodes enhance progression of CKD. Both AKI and CKD are associated with increased risk of development of major adverse cardiovascular events. We suggest AKI and CKD are better considered an interconnected syndrome, rather than two disparate entities. Although clinical follow-up of patients with AKI appears to be inadequate, current clinical studies have not provided information regarding how such patients should be treated. The evaluation of pediatric patients who have had an episode of AKI may be particularly important in determining outcomes in adults. Research on biomarkers which could inform the design of clinical trials, and performance of RCTs to determine best practices, and link the causal pathways of AKI to CKD and its progression, are critically needed.
Cartographic Approaches to Web Mapping Services

The progress of the geospatial community to develop WMS has opened the door to great knowledge sharing. The creation of a cartographic network that is open to all thematic data gatherers for use before and after data collection in a synchronized method can only improve scientific understand of spatial phenomena. WMS are a pathway for the discovery, distribution and understanding of scientific knowledge. As this scientific knowledge base becomes widespread through the Internet, the process of discovery could accelerate and create new and exciting opportunities for research in cartography and all the sciences. Although the current implementation of WMS is limited and has some serious drawbacks, this initial step creates numerous advantages for the cartographic process.
Culture of Treponema pallidum

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the culture of Treponerna pallidum ( T. pallidum ). T. pallidum can be cultivated in a variety of tissue culture vessels; 24-, 12-, and 6-well culture plates, and 25-, 75-, and 150-cm 2 tissue culture flasks, have been used successfully to cultivate T. pallidum . Cultivation in suspension cultures of Sf1Ep cells in Magna–Flex flasks has also been successful. The amount of cells varies for each type of vessel. The cultures are set up 2 days before infection and confluency is between 20 and 25%. Methods have been developed to cultivate T. pallidum on Sf1Ep cells attached to microcarrier beads. The rationale for this development was to provide a better vehicle for serial passage experiments. Suspension cultures would be much easier to transfer from flask to flask because harvesting using TV would not be required. Thus, the cells and the treponemes would experience minimal disturbance during the suspension culture passage process as compared with more rigorous harvesting using TV. The chapter illustrates the typical growth curve for T. pallidum cultivated in vitro . When incubated at 34 ° in a microaerophilic atmosphere of 3-4% oxygen, the typical lag period for treponemal growth is about 2 days. Small increases (2- to 3-fold) can be detected as early as 3 days. In tissue cultures, generation times between 35 and 40 hr are routinely observed. The stationary phase of growth in treponemal cultures is relatively short, typically lasting only 1 to 2 days.
Steroid Secretion by the Testis in Man

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of steroid secretion by the testis in man. The function of the Leydig cell is the synthesis of testosterone. During the process of biosynthesis, steroid precursors as well as metabolites of testosterone enter the spermatic vein and are secreted. The chapter describes techniques for identifying steroid secretion and measuring secretion rates. In the simplest case, the demonstration of a gradient between plasma steroid concentration of an effluent vein and that of a peripheral vein constitute the proof of secretion. However, because measurements of blood flow to the glands are difficult to obtain in man, estimates of secretory rates cannot be made with confidence from catheterization data. When it can be shown that one gland secretes essentially all the steroid entering the circulation, then the measurement of the production rate of that steroid will approximate the secretion rate. When the steroid is secreted by both the adrenal cortex and gonad, then selective suppression of each gland and measurement of the residual production rate will approximate the contribution of that gland to the production rate. The steroid may be secreted by both glands and synthesized in peripheral tissues from any of several peripheral tissues from any of several precursors also secreted by these glands. In adult men, testosterone is secreted by the testis in amounts approaching the production rate of about 7 mg/24 hours. Possible precursors, such as androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone, are not present at high enough concentrations to contribute significantly to testosterone production rates by peripheral conversion.
Branch-Selective Addition of Unactivated Olefins into Imines and Aldehydes.

Radical hydrofunctionalization occurs with ease using metal-hydride hydrogen atom transfer (MHAT) catalysis to couple alkenes and competent radicalophilic electrophiles. Traditional two-electron electrophiles have remained unreactive. Herein we report the reductive coupling of electronically unbiased olefins with imines and aldehydes. Iron catalysis allows addition of alkyl-substituted olefins into imines through the intermediacy of free radicals, whereas a combination of catalytic Co(Salt-Bu,t-Bu) and chromium salts enables a branch-selective coupling of olefins and aldehydes through the formation of a putative alkyl chromium intermediate.
Seeing Gender and Its Consequences.

Every MPA student learns about organization theory but too few learn to “see” gender, both within the public service workforce and among clientele of the agency. Because organizations employ gender...
Drug-Drug Interactions (DDIs) in Psychiatric Practice, Part 3: Pharmacokinetic Considerations.

This column is the sixth in a series exploring drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with a special emphasis on psychiatric medications. The first 3 columns in this DDI series discussed why patients being treated with psychiatric medications are at increased risk for taking multiple medications and thus experiencing DDIs, how to recognize such DDIs, strategies for avoiding and/or minimizing adverse outcomes from such DDIs, and pharmacokinetic considerations concerning DDIs in psychiatric practice. The fourth and fifth columns in this series presented a pair of parallel tables, one of which outlined the primary, known mechanism(s) of action of all commonly used psychiatric medications and one of which summarized major types of pharmacodynamic DDIs based on mechanism of action. Clinicians can use these 2 tables together to predict pharmacodynamically mediated DDIs. This sixth column in the series discusses some key issues related to pharmacodynamic interactions involving commonly used psychiatric medications. The column first discusses 3 types of pharmacological agents that deserve special mention because of the widespread types of pharmacodynamic DDIs they can have with psychiatric and other medications: ethanol, opioids, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, with a special focus on hypertensive crises and serotonin syndrome with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The column also discusses DDIs in terms of effects on the cardiovascular system, including QTc prolongation, blood pressure and heart rate regulation, increased risk of bleeding and abnormal bleeding, and valvular heart disease, and on the central nervous system, including increased sedation, respiratory depression, body temperature regulation, and tardive dyskinesia. The overall goal of this series of columns is to present a simple way of conceptualizing neuropsychiatric medications in terms of their pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics to allow prescribers to take these facts into consideration when they need to use more than 1 drug in combination to optimally treat a patient.
An Interdisciplinary Analysis of the Use of Ethical Intuition in Legal Compliance Decision Making for Business Entities

This article challenges the widely held view in legal education and in practice that what lawyers should be doing in providing legal advice consists solely of engaging in legal research and analytic reasoning. This article suggests that ethical intuition — i.e., the unconscious recognition that a specific action is good, evil, or morally neutral — may have a useful role to play in making legal compliance decisions for business entities.Although largely ignored by the legal academy, scholars in numerous disciplines have acknowledged the role that intuition plays in decision making. Philosophers and religious scholars initially recognized the role of intuition in moral decision making centuries ago. Within the past few decades, neuroscientists have validated these theories through the use of various brain scan technologies, which show that humans often resort to intuition first when making moral decisions. Moral psychologists, behavioral economists, and other scholars have employed the work of neuroscientists to develop sophisticated models of moral decision making that better reflect how people behave when making moral decisions.This article argues that ethical intuition can provide insights into the foundations of law, assist in discovering the law, and help to protect business entities because intuition can give insight into the legal and extra-legal punishments that may be visited upon a business entity as a result of its legal compliance decisions. This is not to claim that legal research and analytic reasoning should play no role in making legal compliance decisions for business entities. Exhaustive legal research should be at the heart of any legal compliance decision. Lessons from philosophy, neuroscience, moral psychology, behavioral economics, however, demonstrate that a dual process approach that incorporates both intuition and analytic reason is best for considering issues relating to a business entity’s compliance with the law. This article argues for such a dual process model approach to legal decision making and offers various methods for incorporating intuition into the legal compliance decision making process.
Phototherapy in Hand Dermatitis

Although the majority of chronic hand dermatitis can successfully be managed by dry skin care, contact avoidance, and topical steroidal or nonsteroidal therapies, phototherapy remains a useful adjunctive tool for the management of recalcitrant cases. Phototherapy, irradiation with ultraviolet light (UV), is administered via one of several modalities: UVA (400–320 nm), UVA-1 (400–340 nm), PUVA (psoralen plus UVA), UVB (320–270 nm), narrowband UVB (313–308 nm), or monochromatic excimer light (308 nm). At present, PUVA remains the most investigated type of phototherapy and the standard for comparison. UVA-1 and the various UVB therapies may offer comparable clinical improvements to PUVA therapy. A recent development is the availability of home oral PUVA and UVB therapies, which offer similar therapeutic benefits to clinically administered therapy with less disruption of the patient’s daily activities. Relapse rates are high for all phototherapy subtypes, but less frequent maintenance treatments may aid in sustaining continued clearance. Despite this high frequency of relapse, phototherapy is a useful adjunctive treatment option for recalcitrant chronic hand dermatitis.
Atrial fibrillation, not atrial cardiopathy, is associated with stroke: A single center retrospective study

Abstract Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) increases the risk of thromboembolism. Atrial cardiopathy, defined as structural left atrial enlargement (LAE), has been proposed to be a unifying risk factor for stroke, with or without atrial fibrillation (AF). We sought to understand the relative importance of LAE and AF as risk factors for stroke. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent echocardiography within the Henry Ford Health System between March and September 2016. Patients were categorized based on the degree of LAE (none, mild, moderate and severe). The diagnosis of prior stroke or AF was ascertained by the presence of these conditions in the electronic medical record ( www.EPIC.com ). Results Total of 8679 cases, 54% were female, 41% were African-American, and mean age was 65 ± 17 years. Fifteen percent had mild, 12% had moderate and 18% had severe LAE; the frequency of AF was 22%; and prior stroke was 18%. In multivariate analysis, the odds of AF increased progressively with severity of LAE (adjusted OR for mild 1.81, moderate 2.13 and severe 4.38, all P Conclusion Structural LAE, found in almost half of this population, has a significant association with AF. While AF was confirmed to have a significant association with prior stroke, we found no association between stroke and LAE. AF, not LAE, appears to be the true atrial factor associated with stroke.
A machine learning approach to predicting psychosis using semantic density and latent content analysis

Subtle features in people’s everyday language may harbor the signs of future mental illness. Machine learning offers an approach for the rapid and accurate extraction of these signs. Here we investigate two potential linguistic indicators of psychosis in 40 participants of the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study. We demonstrate how the linguistic marker of semantic density can be obtained using the mathematical method of vector unpacking, a technique that decomposes the meaning of a sentence into its core ideas. We also demonstrate how the latent semantic content of an individual’s speech can be extracted by contrasting it with the contents of conversations generated on social media, here 30,000 contributors to Reddit. The results revealed that conversion to psychosis is signaled by low semantic density and talk about voices and sounds. When combined, these two variables were able to predict the conversion with 93% accuracy in the training and 90% accuracy in the holdout datasets. The results point to a larger project in which automated analyses of language are used to forecast a broad range of mental disorders well in advance of their emergence.
Review: Eugenics in the Garden: Transatlantic Architecture and the Crafting of Modernity, by Fabiola López-Durán

Fabiola Lopez-Duran Eugenics in the Garden: Transatlantic Architecture and the Crafting of Modernity Austin: University of Texas Press, 2018, 312 pp., 132 b/w illus. $90 (cloth), ISBN 9781477314951; $29.95 (paper), ISBN 9781477314968 Scholarship on twentieth-century architecture beyond Europe and North America has been adjectivizing modernization for the past several decades. Authors write about incomplete modernization, conservative modernization, and unequal modernization to speak of processes that enriched a few at the expense of the many. In 1995, anthropologist Arturo Escobar's Encountering Development convincingly explained how modernity implies coloniality.1 Inequality and exclusion are not side effects of modernization but inherent conditions of its processes. Architectural historians, however, have not been at the forefront of this way of thinking. Much to the contrary, when compared to sociologists, anthropologists, and even art historians, we arrived late to the understanding that gender, race, and ethnicity are fundamental facets of how we narrate (or do not narrate) our histories of modernization. Eugenics in the Garden, by Fabiola Lopez-Duran, marks a significant step toward rectifying this situation. The book traces Le Corbusier's connection with eugenic concepts developed around the end of the nineteenth century, showing how racist ideas played a role in the transatlantic materialization of Corbusian spatial proposals in Brazil and Argentina. The author gets right to the point: modern architecture as we know it is much closer to white supremacist ideas than we would like to admit. The book starts and ends in Paris, taking us on a wild ride of more than half a century, from the 1880s to the Vichy Republic of occupied France during World War II. In her introduction, Lopez-Duran reminds us that “race is a social construction that dangerously legitimizes the conviction that inequality is inevitable. This conviction has justified slavery, apartheid, genocide, and its current …