cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health Disparities Between Appalachian and Non-Appalachian Counties in Virginia USA

The examination of health disparities among people within Appalachian counties compared to people living in other counties is needed to find ways to strategically target improvements in community health in the United States of America (USA). Methods: A telephone survey of a random sample of adults living in households within communities of all counties of the state of Virginia (VA) in the USA was conducted. Findings: Health status was poorer among those in communities within Appalachian counties in VA and health insurance did not make a difference. Health perception was significantly worse in residents within communities in Appalachian counties compared to non-Appalachian community residents (30.5 vs. 17.4% rated their health status as poor/fair), and was worse even among those with no chronic diseases. Within communities in Appalachian counties, black residents report significantly better health perception than do white residents. Conclusion: Residents living in communities in Appalachian counties in VA are not receiving adequate health care, even among those with health insurance. More research with a larger ethnic minority sample is needed to investigate the racial/ethnic disparities in self-reported health and health care utilization within communities.
Use of Thermal Blooming Spectroscopy for Enzymatic Analyses

Thermal blooming has been used to measure weak absorption. The thermal lens was generated with a chopper ion laser (488 nm) and monitored with a helium-neon laser, using lock-in detection. The generation of dopachrome by enzyme-catalyzed air oxidation of dopamine was monitored as the rise of the dopachrome absorption signal. Dopamine concentrations were found to be proportional to initial slopes. Modifications to the existing apparatus to improve detection limits are suggested.
Transport of c-MYC by Kinesin-1 for proteasomal degradation in the cytoplasm

c-MYC is an oncogenic transcription factor that is degraded by the proteasome pathway. However, the mechanism that regulates delivery of c-MYC to the proteasome for degradation is not well characterized. Here, the results show that the motor protein complex Kinesin-1 transports c-MYC to the cytoplasm for proteasomal degradation. Inhibition of Kinesin-1 function enhanced ubiquitination of c-MYC and induced aggregation of c-MYC in the cytoplasm. Transport studies showed that the c-MYC aggregates moved from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and KIF5B is responsible for the transport in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, inhibition of the proteasomal degradation process also resulted in an accumulation of c-MYC aggregates in the cytoplasm. Moreover, Kinesin-1 was shown to interact with c-MYC and the proteasome subunit S6a. Inhibition of Kinesin-1 function also reduced c-MYC-dependent transformation activities. Taken together, the results strongly suggest that Kinesin-1 transports c-MYC for proteasomal degradation in the cytoplasm and the proper degradation of c-MYC mediated by Kinesin-1 transport is important for transformation activities of c-MYC. In addition, the results indicate that Kinesin-1 transport mechanism is important for degradation of a number of other proteins as well.
Ant-like missionaries and cannibals: synthetic pheromones for distributed motion control

Many applied p roblems in d omains s uch as military operations, manufacturing, and logistics require that entities change location under certain constraints. These problems are traditionally addressed with centralized control mechanisms, which b ecome bottlenecks and points of vulnerability. More recent multi-agent negotiation schemes enable the e ntities to maintain the desired constraints among themselves in d ecentralized fashion. This paper explores a particularly simple form of coordination that replaces central coordination and agent-to-agent communication with interaction through a shared environment. Inspired b y pheromone mechanisms in natural insect populations, this method is capable of solving the classical Missionaries and Cannibals movement problem. We illustrate how agents can b e programmed to interact using synthetic pheromones, and evaluate the performance of our algorithms for four different l evels of pheromone information and two different approaches to constructing the functions by which agents respond to the pheromones.
Sexuality as a Diversity Factor: An Examination of Awareness:

The problem and the solution . Lack of awareness of the facets of sexuality—sex discrimination, sexual harassment, sexual orientation, gender identity, and sexual attraction—can be stressful and distracting, has the potential for creating workplace misunderstandings and tension, and may lead to allegations of unfair treatment and/or a hostile work environment.The purpose of this article is to examine how facets of sexuality may be viewed differently within the same workplace context, based on individual employees' stage of awareness development around each facet. The results of an exploratory study demonstrate that employees within the same workplace context have different stages of awareness development around the five facets of sexuality.The results also show that the awareness development around sexual orientation and gender identity is substantially different—less developed—than the awareness development for sex discrimination, sexual harassment, and sexual attraction. The discussion includes implicat...
Interconversion between molecular polyhedra and metal-organic frameworks.

The construction of a metal−organic framework (MOF) with a pcu-a topology using a preassembled soluble molecular octahedron has been realized experimentally. The resulting MOF can also be reversibly converted to the molecular octahedron. All such conversions are based on axial-ligand substitution reactions on the molecular octahedron.
On the Detectability of Synthetic Disturbances in FG5 Absolute Gravimetry Data Using Lomb-Scargle Analysis

An instrumental or environmental disturbance (signal plus noise) in FG5 absolute gravimetry observations becomes visible by analyzing the residuals, which represent the misfit from the theoretical acceleration parabola. While spectral analysis of FG5 residuals via classical discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is limited by the non-equispaced nature of the FG5 observations, the Lomb-Scargle periodogram can analyze nonequispaced observations and estimate (detect) signals in FG5 residuals. We investigate the detectability of synthetically introduced disturbances in FG5 residuals using Lomb-Scargle periodogram analysis. The sensitivity of the FG5 measurement and adjustment process is a function of disturbance frequency, amplitude, phase, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We conclude that the used drop length and the transfer function of the instrument can significantly alter the estimated gravity values. Further, we establish a sensitivity function called LOFSMAP which depends on the disturbance parameter space o...
The Responsibility and Accountability of CEOs: The Last Interview with Ken Lay

Responsibility and accountability of CEOs has been a major ethical concern over the past 10 years. Major ethical dilemmas at Enron, Worldcom, AIG, as well as other well-known organizations have been at least partially blamed on CEO malfeasance. Interviews with Ken Lay, CEO of Enron, after his 2006 fraud convictions provides an opportunity to document his perceived role in the demise of Enron. Possibly no other CEO has had as much impact on the scrutiny and legalization of business ethics as Ken Lay. This analysis is timely because of many information sources now available and the recent Supreme Court decisions on Enron conviction appeals. Using Ken Lay as the focal point, a review of literature provides the background for research questions to explore the role of the CEO in developing an ethical corporate culture.
A TEM study of fibrous cuprite (chalcotrichite); microstructures and growth mechanisms

The presence of axial screw dislocations in almost all of the chalcotrichite whiskers of square cross section indicates that they formed by a spiral growth mechanism, thus accounting for their extreme elongation. Ribbon-shaped whiskers are also present. Growth conditions (temperature, pressure, vapor composition, degree of supersaturation) determine whether whiskers or equidimensional crystals will grow, rather than the specific mechanisms of whisker growth.--Modified journal abstract.
Identifying passive UHF RFID tags using signal features at different Tari durations

In this work, we identify RFID tags based on their inherent signal features, which can be another level of security on top of the traditional way of demonstrating knowledge of a secret key. Identification is the process of discovering the true identity of an entity from the entire collection of similar entities and requires one-to-many matching. Passive UHF RFID tags are identified by their signal features. The backscattered signal is recorded and a set of features based on timing and/or power are extracted to create a fingerprint. A fingerprint consisting of timing and power features was less accurate than either a timing-only or power-only fingerprint. The fingerprint consisting of timing-only features was more accurate than the fingerprint consisting of power-only features. We propose to use a fingerprint consisting of timing-only features as another layer of security because the accuracy is better and the features are easier to measure.
Typed closure conversion preserves observational equivalence

Language-based security relies on the assumption that all potential attacks are bound by the rules of the language in question. When programs are compiled into a different language, this is true only if the translation process preserves observational equivalence.We investigate the problem of fully abstract compilation, i.e., compilation that both preserves and reflects observational equivalence. In particular, we prove that typed closure conversion for the polymorphic »-calculus with existential and recursive types is fully abstract. Our proof uses operational techniques in the form of a step-indexed logical relation and construction of certain wrapper terms that "back-translate" from target values to source values.Although typed closure conversion has been assumed to be fully abstract, we are not aware of any previous result that actually proves this.
Nonlinear image processing by a rotating kernel transformation

We present a new method for nonlinear image processing that is well suited for hybrid optical–electronic implementation. An input image is convolved with a long, narrow two-dimensional kernel that is rotated, either continuously or discretely, through 360 deg. During rotation the convolution output is monitored, and the maximum and minimum values measured at each point are stored. The processed image is given by an application-dependent function of Max(x, y) and Min(x, y). Setting the output equal to [Max(x, y) − Min(x, y)] enhances straight-line features in noisy, low-contrast images. Better results can be obtained by cascading a Max and a [Max − Min] operation. Numerically calculated examples illustrate the method and compare it with linear filtering.
The “fossilized” mitochondrial genome of Liriodendron tulipifera: ancestral gene content and order, ancestral editing sites, and extraordinarily low mutation rate

The mitochondrial genomes of flowering plants vary greatly in size, gene content, gene order, mutation rate and level of RNA editing. However, the narrow phylogenetic breadth of available genomic data has limited our ability to reconstruct these traits in the ancestral flowering plant and, therefore, to infer subsequent patterns of evolution across angiosperms.
Econophysics: financial time series from a statistical physics point of view

In recent years, physicists have started applying concepts and methods of statistical physics to study economic problems. The word \Econophysics" is sometimes used to refer to this work. Much recent work is focused on understanding the statistical properties of nancial time series. One reason for this interest is that nancial markets are examples of complex interacting systems for which a huge amount of data exist and it is possible that nancial time series viewed from a dierent perspective might yield new results. This article reviews the results of three recent phenomenological studies | (i) The probability distribution of stock price uctuations: Stock price uctuations occur in all magnitudes, in analogy to earthquakes | from tiny uctuations to drastic events, such as market crashes. The distribution of price uctuations decays with a power-law tail well outside the Levy stable regime and describes uctuations that dier by as much as eight orders of magnitude. In addition, this distribution preserves its functional form for uctuations on time scales that dier by three orders of magnitude, from 1 min up to approximately 10 d. (ii) Correlations in nancial time series: While price uctuations themselves have rapidly decaying correlations, the magnitude of uctuations measured by either the absolute value or the square of the price uctuations has correlations that decay as a power-law and persist for several months. (iii) Correlations among dierent companies: The third result bears on the application of random matrix theory to understand the correlations among price uctuations of any two dierent stocks. From a study of the eigenvalue statistics of the cross-correlation matrix constructed from price uctuations of the leading 1000 stocks, we nd that the largest 1% of the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors show systematic deviations from the predictions for a random matrix, whereas the rest of the eigenvalues conform to random matrix behavior | suggesting that these 1% of the eigenvalues contain system-specic information about correlated time evolution of dierent companies. c 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Selection of potential therapeutics based on in vivo spatiotemporal transcription patterns of heme oxygenase-1.

Heme oxygenase (HO), a key catabolic enzyme in the conversion of heme to bilirubin, is an ideal target for reducing bilirubin production and preventing pathological jaundice in newborn infants. Metalloporphyrins (Mps) have been well characterized as competitive inhibitors of HO and have been evaluated as potential chemopreventive agents for neonatal jaundice. However, in addition to reducing HO activity, many Mps have been shown to increase HO-1 transcription, which would likely reduce their potential therapeutic utility. The differential effects of Mps on the transcription of HO-1 were therefore evaluated in living transgenic (Tg) reporter mice. Of the compounds evaluated, we observed that zinc bis-glycol porphyrin (ZnBG), a potent inhibitor of HO enzyme activity, did not alter HO-1 transcription patterns in Tg mice. Whole body images of HO-1 transcription patterns did, however; reveal increases in HO-1 transcription in Tg mice after treatment with other Mps, heme and cadmium chloride (CdCl2). Intravenous injections of CdCl2 resulted in expression patterns that differed in tempo and location from those observed in Tg mice treated with intraperitoneal injections. Spatiotemporal analyses of transcriptional regulation in living animals accelerated the assessment of an adverse effect of Mps by revealing different patterns of HO-1 transcription. Among the known inhibitors of HO enzyme activity that were evaluated in this study, ZnBG did not significantly affect HO-1 transcription and therefore may be well suited for the prevention of neonatal jaundice.
Assessing the soil quality of long-term reclaimed wastewater-irrigated cropland

The properties of soils may be characterized by many attributes. However, there is not a systematic procedure to objectively select the measurement parameters that may be used to assess soil quality. Following the data collection, it is often a dilemma to decide how many and which of the measured parameters should be included in the assessment as the outcomes may be influenced by the parameters included. In this study, 29 physical, chemical, and biological attributes of soils at a long-term reclaimed wastewater-irrigated field in Bakersfield, CA and its adjacent non-wastewater-irrigated control were determined with samples collected along a 100-m transect at 1-m interval. The fields have been cultivated with varieties of field crops over the past 70 years. The spatial variability of the data was evaluated. The principal component method was employed to identify the soil attributes that were most significant in describing variances of the fields. Soil quality of the treated and control fields were compared using the principal components identified in this process. Results indicated that the soil quality might be evaluated by comparing the total porosity (or drainable porosity), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn) of soils in the control and the treated fields. Except for the total porosity and Mg, the other soil parameters of the control and treated fields were not significantly different. While the soils of both fields support successful crop production, the reclaimed wastewater irrigation appeared to slightly increase the soil compaction and reduce the soil's capacity of holding nutrient elements, such as Mg.
Ecology of antibiotic resistance genes: characterization of enterococci from houseflies collected in food settings.

In this project, enterococci from the digestive tracts of 260 houseflies (Musca domestica L.) collected from five restaurants were characterized. Houseflies frequently (97% of the flies were positive) carried enterococci (mean, 3.1 × 103 CFU/fly). Using multiplex PCR, 205 of 355 randomly selected enterococcal isolates were identified and characterized. The majority of these isolates were Enterococcus faecalis (88.2%); in addition, 6.8% were E. faecium, and 4.9% were E. casseliflavus. E. faecalis isolates were phenotypically resistant to tetracycline (66.3%), erythromycin (23.8%), streptomycin (11.6%), ciprofloxacin (9.9%), and kanamycin (8.3%). Tetracycline resistance in E. faecalis was encoded by tet(M) (65.8%), tet(O) (1.7%), and tet(W) (0.8%). The majority (78.3%) of the erythromycin-resistant E. faecalis isolates carried erm(B). The conjugative transposon Tn916 and members of the Tn916/Tn1545 family were detected in 30.2% and 34.6% of the identified isolates, respectively. E. faecalis carried virulence genes, including a gelatinase gene (gelE; 70.7%), an aggregation substance gene (asa1; 33.2%), an enterococcus surface protein gene (esp; 8.8%), and a cytolysin gene (cylA; 8.8%). Phenotypic assays showed that 91.4% of the isolates with the gelE gene were gelatinolytic and that 46.7% of the isolates with the asa1 gene aggregated. All isolates with the cylA gene were hemolytic on human blood. This study showed that houseflies in food-handling and -serving facilities carry antibiotic-resistant and potentially virulent enterococci that have the capacity for horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes to other bacteria.
Oxidative stress contributes to methamphetamine-induced left ventricular dysfunction.

Aims Our aim was to test the hypothesis that the repeated, binge administration of methamphetamine would produce oxidative stress in the myocardium leading to structural remodeling and impaired left ventricular function. Methods and results Echocardiography and Millar pressure–volume catheters were used to monitor left ventricular structure and function in rats subjected to four methamphetamine binges (3 mg/kg, iv for 4 days, separated by a 10-day drug-free period). Hearts from treated and control rats were used for histological or proteomic analysis. When compared with saline treatment, four methamphetamine binges produced eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy. The drug also significantly impaired systolic function (decreased fractional shortening, ejection fraction, and adjusted maximal power) and produced significant diastolic dysfunction (increased −d P /d t and tau). Dihydroethedium staining showed that methamphetamine significantly increased (285%) the levels of reactive oxygen species in the left ventricle. Treatment with methamphetamine also resulted in the tyrosine nitration of myofilament (desmin, myosin light chain) and mitochondrial (ATP synthase, NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase, prohibitin) proteins. Treatment with the superoxide dismutase mimetic, tempol in the drinking water prevented methamphetamine-induced left ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction; however, tempol (2.5 mM) did not prevent the diastolic dysfunction. Tempol significantly reduced, but did not eliminate dihydroethedium staining in the left ventricle, nor did it prevent the tyrosine nitration of mitochondrial and contractile proteins. Conclusion This study shows that oxidative stress plays a significant role in mediating methamphetamine-induced eccentric left ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction.
Early nocturnal meal skipping alters the peripheral clock and increases lipogenesis in mice

In humans, skipping meals, especially breakfast, has been associated with obesity and other related syndromes. Recent studies in rodents suggest that fasting and feeding times are potential factors that affect the peripheral circadian clocks and metabolism. However, the link between fasting and obesity in rodents has yet to be fully demonstrated. We conducted early nocturnal fasting (ENF) from zeitgeber time (ZT) 12 to 18 for 4 consecutive days in C57B6 mice. The first set of experiments was performed under ad libitum conditions, where ENF and free-feeding (FF) control groups were compared. The second set was performed under isocaloric adjustment by restricting the diet to 90% of the basal intake of ENF mice. Calorie-restricted ENF (ENF-CR) mice were then compared with isocaloric controls (IC-control). Body weight, food intake, core body temperature, activity, adiposity, and clock-related gene expression levels in the liver and adipose tissues were investigated. A stable isotopic analysis was also conducted to estimate de novo lipogenesis fluxes. In the ad libitum condition, the ENF mice ate more during the day, increased their overall daily food intake and gained more weight than FF-control mice. The amplitude of the body core temperature rhythm in ENF mice was also lower than in the FF-controls. Under isocaloric conditions, ENF-CR attenuated the CR-induced body weight loss, compared with the IC-control. ENF-CR also altered the acrophase time of the expression of the clock genes, which is associated with time-shift of genes involved in lipid metabolism and increased lipogenesis, compared with the IC-control. ENF in nocturnal mice disturbs the peripheral clock and increases de novo lipid synthesis and results in a predisposition to obesity.
FS/sup 3/: a random walk based free-form spatial scan statistic for anomalous window detection

Often, it is required to identify anomalous windows over a spatial region that reflect unusual rate of occurrence of a specific event of interest. A spatial scan statistic essentially considers a scan window, and identifies anomalous windows by moving the scan window in the region. While spatial scan statistic has been successful, earlier proposals suffer from two limitations: (i) They restrict the scan window to be of a regular shape (e.g., circle, rectangle, cylinder). However, the region of anomaly, in general, is not necessarily of a regular shape. (ii) They take into account autocorrelation among spatial data, but not spatial heterogeneity. As a result, they often result in inaccurate anomalous windows. To address these limitations, we propose a random walk based free-form spatial scan statistic (FS/sup 3/). Application of FS/sup 3/ on real datasets has shown that it can identify more refined anomalous windows with better likelihood ratio of it being an anomaly, than those identified by earlier spatial scan statistic approaches.
In Vitro Suppression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication by Measles Virus

During the acute phase of measles, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected children have a transient, but dramatic, decrease in plasma HIV-1 RNA levels (W. J. Moss, J. J. Ryon, M. Monze, F. Cutts, T. C. Quinn, and D. E. Griffin, J. Infect. Dis. 185:1035-1042, 2002). To determine the mechanism(s) by which coinfection with measles virus (MV) decreases HIV-1 replication, we established an in vitro culture system that reproduces this effect. The addition of MV to CCR5- or CXCR4-tropic HIV-1-infected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) decreased HIV-1 p24 antigen production in a dose-dependent manner. This decrease occurred with the addition of MV before or after HIV-1. The inhibition of HIV-1 p24 antigen production was decreased when UV-inactivated MV or virus-free supernatant fluid from MV-infected PBMCs was used. Inhibition was not due to increased production of chemokines known to block coreceptor usage by HIV-1, a decrease in the percentage of CD4+ T cells, or a decrease in chemokine receptor expression by CD4+ T cells. Viability of PBMCs was decreased only 10 to 20% by MV coinfection; however, lymphocyte proliferation was decreased by 60 to 90% and correlated with decreased production of p24 antigen. These studies showed that an in vitro system of coinfected PBMCs could be used to dissect the mechanism(s) by which MV suppresses HIV-1 replication in coinfected children and suggest that inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by MV may play a role in the suppression of HIV-1 p24 antigen production.
Promoter analysis of intestinal genes induced during iron-deprivation reveals enrichment of conserved SP1-like binding sites

Iron-deficiency leads to the induction of genes related to intestinal iron absorption and homeostasis. By analyzing a large GeneChip® dataset from the rat intestine, we identified a large cluster of 228 genes that was induced by iron-deprivation. Only 2 of these genes contained 3' iron-response elements, suggesting that other regulation including transcriptional may be involved. We therefore utilized computational methods to test the hypothesis that some of the genes within this large up-regulated cluster are co-ordinately regulated by common transcriptional mechanisms. We thus identified promoters from the up-regulated gene cluster from rat, mouse and human, and performed enrichment analyses with the Clover program and the TRANSFAC database. Surprisingly, we found a strong statistical enrichment for SP1 binding sites in our experimental promoters as compared to background sequences. As the TRANSFAC database cannot distinguish among SP/KLF family members, many of which bind similar GC-rich DNA sequences, we surmise that SP1 or an SP1-like factor could be involved in this response. In fact, we detected induction of SP6/KLF14 in the GeneChip® studies, and confirmed it by real-time PCR. Additional computational analyses suggested that an SP1-like factor may function synergistically with a FOX TF to regulate a subset of these genes. Furthermore, analysis of promoter sequences identified many genes with multiple, conserved SP1 and FOX binding sites, the relative location of which within orthologous promoters was highly conserved. SP1 or a closely related factor may play a primary role in the genetic response to iron-deficiency in the mammalian intestine.
Attenuation of shear waves in the upper and lower mantle

The attenuation of seismic waves is a direct measure of the absorption due to nonelastic processes in the earth. The well known difficulties in obtaining body wave amplitude decrement data have been avoided by studying the spectral ratios of multiple ScS and sScS phases from two deep focus earthquakes recorded at near normal incidence. The average Q, for shear, in the mantle is about 600 for the frequency range 0.015 to 0.07 cps. Assuming that equal radiation occurs upwards and downwards from the source the average Q for the upper 600 km of the mantle is determined to be about 200 and about 2200 for the rest of the mantle. The value for Q at the base of the mantle is at least 5000 for shear waves.
Missed posterior fracture-dislocation of the humeral head. A case report with a fifteen-year follow-up after delayed open reduction and internal fixation.

Posterior fracture-dislocation of the humeral head is an uncommon and frequently missed injury of the shoulder. A delay in diagnosis may increase the risk of osteonecrosis and subsequent collapse of the humeral head. Some authors have advocated routine primary replacement of the humeral head with a prosthesis for these injuries, particularly if there has been a delay in treatment4. We describe the case of a patient who had a late diagnosis of a two-part fracture-dislocation of the anatomical neck of the humerus. The fracture was treated with open reduction and internal fixation, and the patient had no evidence of segmental collapse of the humeral head at the time of the fifteen-year follow-up. A twenty-two-year-old, right-hand-dominant man was seen in the emergency department of a large hospital after he was involved in a motorcycle accident. The patient was managed for multiple injuries, including a head injury with loss of consciousness, amnesia, impairment of hearing, and numbness on the left side of the face; fractures of the ribs, the right foot, and the ankle; and lacerations of the left foot. He also reported pain in the left shoulder. A diagnosis of a possible fracture of the left scapular body was made on the basis of a single anteroposterior radiograph of the left shoulder (Fig. 1). The left upper limb was immobilized in a sling, and the patient was discharged from the hospital after ten days. Fig. 1 Initial anteroposterior radiograph of the left shoulder, which was interpreted as showing a possible scapular fracture. The posterior fracture-dislocation of the humeral head was missed. Approximately two weeks after the accident, the patient was assessed by an orthopaedic surgeon because of continued pain in the left shoulder. A repeat anteroposterior radiograph was interpreted as showing a possible acromioclavicular disruption. The patient was advised …
Noise Generation in the Near-Nozzle Region of a Chevron Nozzle Jet Flow

This paper reports on the simulation of the near-nozzle region of a moderate Reynolds number cold jet flow exhausting from a chevron nozzle. The chevron nozzle conside red in this study is the SMC001 nozzle experimentally studied by the researchers at the NASA Glenn Research Center. This nozzle design contains six symmetric chevrons that have a five-degree penetration angle . The flow inside the chevron nozzle and the free jet flow outside are computed simultaneously by a high-order a ccurate, multi-block, large eddy simulation (LES) code with overset grid capability. The total number of grid points at which the governing equations are solved is about 100 million. The main emphasis of the simulation is to capture the enhanced shear layer mixing due to the chevrons and the consequent noise generation that occurs in the mixing layers of the jet within the first few diameters downstream of the nozzle exit. Details of the co mputational methodology are presented together with an analysis of the simulation results. The simulation data are compared with available experimental flow field measurements for the same nozzle geometry. A co mparison of the noise spectrum in the sideline direction with experimental data is also carried out. Overall, t he simulation results are very encouraging and demonstrate the feasibility of chevron nozzle jet computations using our simulation methodology.
NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES AGAINST SIMIAN VIRUSES SV5 AND SV20 IN HUMAN SERA.

SummarySera from 267 infants, children, and adults living in 2 markedly different eco-logic settings, New Guinea and the United States, were examined for presence of neutralizing antibodies to monkey myxovirus SV5 and monkey adenovirus SV20. SV20 neutralizing antibody in titers of 1:10 to 1:160 were present in New Guinea in 70% of ½-to 5-year olds; in 72% of 6- to 18-year olds; and in 78% of adults. This antibody was absent in the U. S. in individuals in the ½-to 5-year old age group, but was present in titers of 1:10 to 1:80 in 33% of 6- to 18-year olds and in 22% of adults. None of the New Guinea sera and only 8% of the U. S. sera possessed SV5 neutralizing antibody. These data suggest the possibility that SV5 and SV20, or agents antigenically related to them, might be infectious for man.
Social media and loneliness

Social media use continues to grow and is especially prevalent among young adults. It is surprising then that, in spite of this enhanced interconnectivity, young adults may be lonelier than other age groups, and that the current generation may be the loneliest ever. We propose that only image-based platforms (e.g., Instagram, Snapchat) have the potential to ameliorate loneliness due to the enhanced intimacy they offer. In contrast, text-based platforms (e.g., Twitter, Yik Yak) offer little intimacy and should have no effect on loneliness. This study (Nź=ź253) uses a mixed-design survey to test this possibility. Quantitative results suggest that loneliness may decrease, while happiness and satisfaction with life may increase, as a function of image-based social media use. In contrast, text-based media use appears ineffectual. Qualitative results suggest that the observed effects may be due to the enhanced intimacy offered by image-based (versus text-based) social media use. Loneliness remains pervasive in societies where social media usage is highest.Interconnectedness offered by social media usage should attenuate loneliness.Image-based social media may attenuate loneliness due to increased social presence.We examine psychological well-being of a sample of young adult social media users.Only image-based social media usage attenuates loneliness in a linear pattern.
Considerations for the Evaluation of Antiretroviral Agents in Infants and Children Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Perspective from the National Cancer Institute

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in infants and young children differs in a number of ways from that in adults. In most HIV-infected children the infection is acquired perinatally and the course of infection is more accelerated than in adults. Diseases related to B cell defects and dysgammaglobulinemia (e.g., multiple or recurrent bacterial infections) predominate early in the disease, and children can be symptomatic before their CD4+ count decreases. Lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis occurs frequently and almost exclusively in children, and a number of the opportunistic infections (e.g., cryptococcosis, toxoplasmosis) or malignancies (e.g., Kaposi's sarcoma) occur infrequently in children. A major disease manifestation in the pediatric population is HIV encephalopathy, which results in impairment in neurologic development that can lead to loss or lack of developmental milestones and to diminished intellectual function. The methodology and design of clinical trials for the study of pediatric HIV infection should consider these clinical and laboratory manifestations as well as the developmental differences that reflect the disease in infants and young children.
Unbalanced analysis and transposition research for 1000kV EHV transmission lines

PSCAD was used to study transmission line unbalance based on 1 000 kV EHV transmission project from Ximeng to Nanjing.The emulation result shows that unbalance level of transmission line is increased with the increasing of length of transmission line or transmission power and is influenced greatly by the arrangement of conductors.By studying,reverse-phase arrangement conductor and reverse transposition method is recommended to gain best effection for 1 000 kV EHV transmission project from Ximeng to Nanjing.
Differential effects of acute hypertriglyceridemia on insulin action and insulin receptor autophosphorylation

Experimentally induced hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) and high plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels impair in vivo insulin action. To determine if this is a consequence of impaired in vivo insulin receptor autophosphorylation and related to defective receptor signaling, hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps, indirect calorimetry, and skeletal muscle biopsies were performed in nine healthy subjects. In vivo insulin action was determined from the glucose infusion rate (GINF) and glucose oxidation (Glcox) during 40 and 120 mU/m2 /min clamps with (HTG clamp) and without (control clamp) a triglyceride emulsion infusion. The percentage of receptors autophosphorylated in vivo was determined by 125I-labeled insulin tracer binding in skeletal muscle immunoprecipitates of insulin receptors and phosphorylated receptors. Compared with the control clamps, plasma triglycerides and FFA increased four- and twofold, whereas GINF and Glcox decreased 15 and 35%, respectively, during the HTG clamps (all P<0.05). However, the percent...
Understanding the Influence of State/Phase Transitions on Ice Recrystallization in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) During Frozen Storage

Temperature fluctuations during storage and distribution of frozen foods lead to ice recrystallization and microstructural modifications that can affect food quality. Low temperature transitions may occur in frozen foods due to temperature fluctuations, resulting in less viscous and partially melted food matrices. This study systematically investigated the influence of state/phase transitions and temperature fluctuations on ice recrystallization during the frozen storage of salmon fillets. Using a modulated differential scanning calorimeter, we identified the characteristics glass transition temperature (T g ′) of −27 °C and the onset temperature for ice crystal melting (T m ′) of −17 °C in salmon. The temperature of salmon fillets in sealed plastic trays was lowered to −35 °C in a freezer to achieve the glassy state. The temperature (T) of frozen salmon fillets in sealed plastic trays was modulated to achieve a rubbery state (T > T m ′), a partially freeze-concentrated state (T g ′ < T < T m ′) and a glassy state (T < T g ′). We performed temperature modulation experiments by exposing packaged salmon to room temperature twice a day for 2 to 26 min during 4 weeks of storage. We also analyzed ice crystal morphology using environmental scanning electron microscopy and X-ray computed tomography techniques to observe the pore distribution after sublimation of ice crystals. Melt–refreeze and isomass rounding mechanisms of ice recrystallization were noticed in the frozen salmon subjected to temperature modulations. Results show that ice crystal growth occurred even in the glassy state of frozen salmon during storage, with or without temperature fluctuations. Ice crystal size in frozen salmon was greater in the rubbery state (T > T m ′) due to the increased mobility of unfrozen water compared to the glassy state. The morphological/geometric parameters of ice crystals in frozen salmon stored for 1 month differed significantly from those in 0-day storage. These findings are important to the frozen food industry because they can help optimize storage and distribution conditions and minimize quality loss of frozen salmon due to recrystallization.
Epidermal Nevus Syndrome Associated with Brain Malformations and Medulloblastoma

Researchers at Juntendo University and Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Japan; and University of California, San Francisco, Ca, report a male infant with epidermal nevus syndrome associated with brainstem and cerebellar malformations and neonatal medulloblastoma.
Warfarin and phenytoin drug interaction with possible purple glove syndrome

Though the impact of phenytoin on warfarin has been reported to potentiate the anticoagulant effect or interact in a biphasic manner, the effect of phenytoin on warfarin appears to be unpredictable and dependent upon multiple factors. Additionally, purple glove syndrome has rarely been reported secondary to therapeutic doses of oral phenytoin. We report on the case of a patient who experienced international normalized ratio (INR) fluctuations upon initiation of warfarin and phenytoin concurrently and who subsequently required discontinuation of therapeutic-dose phenytoin secondary to possible purple glove syndrome.
Gender differences in systemic sclerosis: relationship to clinical features, serologic status and outcomes.

IntroductionThere is a strong female preponderance reported in many connective tissue diseases and in almost all systemic sclerosis (SSc) case series.MethodsWe compared gender differences in SSc pa...
Preface: Dangerous Spaces: Beyond the Racial Profile (Praeger 2016)

In the twentieth century the problem of race has become more complex. It is no longer simply black and white but a matter of place -the zip code one lives in - as well. Thirty years after the drug war and 9/11 we target neighborhoods and spaces associated with suspect populations creating geographies of fear for those who live there. For blacks it is the inner city, for Hispanics the border, and for Muslims not merely the airport but any place we associate with the threat of terror. We explore also how the media and the right have deployed scapegoating threat narratives in which inner city blacks become the poster children for drugs and violent crime, Hispanics for illegal immigration, and Muslims for threats to national security. We explore how these threat narratives have underwritten military style assaults on these powerless groups in vaguely defined spaces.
Misfitting and Hater Blocking: A Feminist Disability Analysis of the Extraordinary Body on Reality Television

This article analyzes three popular TLC programs that are emblematic of contemporary reality televisual representations of the extraordinary body: Abby & Brittany (2012), The Little Couple (2009-), and My Big Fat Fabulous Life (2015-). Extending Rosemarie Garland-Thomson's concept of "misfitting," I demonstrate how the non-normative body fits seamlessly into the mediated domain of reality television precisely because of its misfit in material and social spheres. The representational mode of these programs appears as a corrective to oppressive depictions of people with non-normative bodies, yet, I argue, the discourse of extraordinary normalcy built into the narrative framework of these programs is in fact supported by a scaffolding of normativizing logics that hinge upon casts members' whiteness, upward class mobility, and fulfillment of conventional gender and sexual norms. As such, I examine how specific bodies – heterosexual, white, gender normative, affluent – are called upon to perform disability on reality television. I assert that these programs dangerously depoliticize disability by narratively isolating it from other facets of identity and power, and furthermore regard ableism as an individual and moralistic matter perpetuated by antagonistic "haters" rather than a concern of the State.
Scenes of Commitment

What shape does ethical reasoning assume in the face of potentially contradictory commitments? Drawing on fieldwork in a private clinic in Chennai, the capital of the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, I examine how patients, their families, and the clinic’s staff navigated ethically complex situations in which one was called on as both family member and patient. I argue that the doctors and counselors at the clinic attempted to reconfigure the relationship between what were experienced as divergent or contradictory commitments—to treatment and to close kin—in terms of what I call hierarchical subsumption. This mode of response worked not simply to recast treatment as noncontradictory with familial obligations; rather, the commitment to therapy became hierarchically subsumed by and therefore necessary to the fulfillment of such kin-based commitments. In attending to those ordinary moments in which commitments are felt to be at odds, I suggest that we might develop a better understanding of the particular styles of ethical reasoning that people employ to manage such conflictual situations, which refuse the kind of tacitness that scholars have associated with everyday life.
Recoding Gender: Women's Changing Participation in Computing, J. Abbate. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (2012), 247

This book provides a vivid portrait of how gender bias has evolved and shaped the culture and distribution of rewards and opportunities in the computer science and programming professions. The auth...
The New “Color Blind” Conservatism: Creating an Intellectual Infrastructure

This chapter continues the historical narrative with a brief examination of the color-blind philosophy and an analysis of the rise of the New Right and neoconservative wings of the movement. This chapter traces the roots of color blindness back to the founding of the nation and makes note that the concept was at the core of liberal racial ideology, but around the seventies conservatives shrewdly co-opted the concept to bolster their own racial agenda. The seventies saw both the New Right and neoconservatives make important contributions to the American conservative movement. Both sectors of the conservative movement created a network of institutions that helped to establish in the realm of public opinion the beginnings of a conservative hegemony on the discourse of color blindness.
Economics of networked infrastructures at the edge of undesirable contagion: A case of SIS infection

Economic and convenience benefits of interconnectivity drive current explosive emergence and growth of networked systems. However, these benefits of interconnectivity are inherently associated with various risks, including risk of undesirable contagion [1]. Due to reliance on networked infrastructures, understanding and ability to manage the fundamental risk/benefit tradeoffs of interconnectivity is one of the most important challenges faced by modern society. Generally, this is a difficult problem especially for large-scale networked infrastructures when centralized management may not be feasible. Often, different parts of infrastructure have different owners, which further complicates the problem.
Cree, Inc.: An Update

An update to "Cree Inc.: Which Bright Future?"Learning Objective: Enables a discussion around the strategic choice of scope and a calculation of the willingness to pay concept; facilitates a discussion of the strategic issues that are involved when a new technology substitutes for a traditional technology.
‘Nonlinear’ Biochemistry of Nucleosome Detergents

The transcriptional activation domains (TADs) are critical for life, yet intrinsically disordered polypeptides with no specific consensus sequence, interacting with multiple targets via low-specificity fuzzy contacts. The recent integration of machine learning approaches in biochemistry allows analysis of large experimental datasets of functional TADs as a whole and clear observation of TAD features. The emerging picture describes TADs as sequences without consensus but with a variety of detergent-like mini-motifs enriched in negatively charged and aromatic amino acids. Comparison of the canonical direct coactivator recruitment model and a new model describing TADs as nucleosome detergents that trigger chromatin remodeling during gene activation helps solve a fundamental enigma of molecular biology spanning 30 years.
A Primer on Single-Case Research Designs: Contemporary Use and Analysis.

Abstract The overarching purpose of this article is to provide an introduction to the use of rigorous single-case research designs (SCRDs) in special education and related fields. Authors first discuss basic design types and research questions that can be answered with SCRDs, examine threats to internal validity and potential ways to control for and detect common threats, and provide guidelines for selection of specific designs. Following, contemporary standards regarding rigor, measurement, description, and outcomes are presented. Then, authors discuss data analytic techniques, differentiating rigor, positive outcomes, functional relations, and magnitude of effects.