cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of microencapsulation for toxicology studies. II. Toxicity of microencapsulated trichloroethylene in Fischer 344 rats.

Abstract Gelatinsorbitol microcapsules containing 44.1% trichloroethylene (TCE) were prepared and mixed in NIH-07 rodent meal diet and provided at microcapsule concentrations of 0 (untreated control group), 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, or 10% (equivalent to 0, 0.55, 1.10, 2.21, or 4.41% TCE, respectively) to groups of 10 male F344 rats for 14 days. An additional control group received diets containing 5% empty capsules. For comparisons, TCE dissolved in corn oil was administered by gavage to different groups of 10 male rats for 14 consecutive days at dose levels adjusted to correspond to those in the feed study. Treatment-related deaths occurred only in the highest dose group of the gavage study. Body weight gain and feed consumption were reduced in high-dose groups of both the feed and gavage studies. There was no measurable loss of TCE in feed sampled from the cages during the study. Dose-related increases in organ (liver and kidney) weight/body weight ratios, individual cell necrosis in the liver, and hepatic microsomal NADPH cytochrome c reductase and peroxisomal palmitoyl-CoA oxidase and catalase activities were found in both the dosed-fed and gavage groups. Induction of cytochrome P -450 occurred only in the dosed-feed study. There were no significant compound-related pathologic lesions observed in the kidneys, the only other organ examined microscopically. Differences in lethality, cytochrome P -450 levels, and induction of microsomal or peroxisomal enzyme activities were attributed to differences in the method of dosing (gavage versus dosed-feed). The demonstration of no significant loss of TCE from the feed and of similar toxic effects produced by microencapsulated TCE via feed and TCE in corn oil via gavage indicate that microencapsulation can provide an excellent alternative exposure route for studying the oral toxicological properties of volatile chemicals, such as TCE, in rats.
Phenolic compounds in the treatment of rheumatic fever. I. A study of gentisic acid derivatives.

The chemical compounds known to suppress the manifestations of rheumatic fever are reviewed and the antirheumatic nature of certain phenolic compounds discussed. We report on 75 patients with acute rheumatic fever who have been treated with gentisate compounds and discuss the records of 44 of these patients who have been followed for 3 to 20 months after discontinuing drug therapy. These patients were treated with sodium gentisate, "Gen," methyl cellulose-sodium gentisate and gentisic acid ethanolamide. The urinary excretion records of these drugs are given with selected blood level studies. The antihyaluronidase effect of salicylic acid metabolites and the relationship of these phenolic compounds to the pituitary-adrenal axis are discussed.
Time-Quantum Hurdle Model for Activity Type and Duration of Nonworkers:

Contemporary activity-travel models use a discrete-continuous structure to model activity type and duration. Analysis of raw-activity-travel-diary data shows frequent rounding of start and end times by respondents to multiples of 5 or 10 min. A continuous representation of activity duration in the model could lead to a significant error in estimation that might not always be random. A Poisson process model that uses discrete time to jointly model activity type and duration is presented. It is proposed that a quantum representation of time would possibly provide a more rigorous behavioral interpretation to the individual's activity choice process. A theoretical description of the time-quantum hurdle model is provided, followed by an estimation of the model for nonworkers in the 1990 Bay Area Travel Survey data set. Also included are an analysis of computational efficiency of the model and possible extensions.
Zone-specific gene expression patterns in articular cartilage

Objective Identify novel genes and pathways specific to superficial (SZ), middle (MZ) and deep zones (DZ) of normal articular cartilage.
Effects of Nitrate in Drinking Water of Japanese Quail

Abstract Up to 5940 p.p.m. nitrate (sodium salt) was given to straight-run Coturnix quail in their drinking water from day-old to various ages. In 2 of 3 experiments, nitrate up to 3960 p.p.m. did not markedly affect cumulative mortality at 7 days of age, but 5280 p.p.m. or more killed quail before, or by, day four in 2 of 3 experiments. In a fourth experiment quail continued to tolerate 3960 p.p.m. during the growing-laying period (1–15 wk.) as shown by weight gain, feed and water consumption, and livability and egg production.
The formation of mantle phlogopite in subduction zone hybridization

Extrapolation and extension of phase equilibria in the model system KAlSiO4-Mg2SiO4-SiO2-H2O suggests that at depths greater than 100 km (deeper than amphibole stability), hybridism between cool hydrous siliceous magma, rising from subducted oceanic crust, and the hotter overlying mantle peridotite produces a series of discrete masses composed largely of phlogopite, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene (enriched in Jadeite). Quartz (or coesite) may occur with phlogopite in the lowest part of the masses. The heterogeneous layer thus produced above the subducted oceanic crust provides: (1) aqueous fluids expelled during hybridization and solidification, which rise to generate in overlying mantle (given suitable thermal structure) H2O-undersaturated basic magma, which is the parent of the calc-alkalic rock series erupted at the volcanic front; (2) masses of phlogopite-pyroxenites which melt when they cross a deeper, high-temperature solidus, yielding the parents of alkalic magmas erupted behind the volcanic front; and (3) blocks of phlogopite-pyroxenites which may rise diapirically for long-term residence in continental lithosphere, and later contribute to the potassium (and geochemically-related elements) involved in some of the continental magmatism with geochemistry ascribed to mantle metasomatism.
Topical Imiquimod as an Adjuvant to Laser Removal of Mature Tattoos in an Animal Model

BACKGROUND Lasers are a commonly employed method of tattoo removal; however, numerous treatments are often needed and laser treatment may fail to eliminate the tattoo completely. It has been shown in animal studies that topical application of imiquimod cream, alone, fades tattoos. It is suspected that the combination of both imiquimod and laser treatment will result in enhanced tattoo pigment clearance. OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of topical imiquimod cream as an adjuvant to laser removal of mature tattoos. METHODS Fourteen albino guinea pigs were tattooed with black ink, then randomly assigned into two groups: one underwent sequential laser treatments with a Q-switched alexandrite laser in conjunction with triweekly applications of 5% imiquimod cream, while the other group underwent laser therapy alone. Subjects were evaluated with clinical photographs and skin biopsies after six laser treatment sessions. RESULTS The combination laser and imiquimod treated group was clinically and histologically rated as having less pigment than the tattoos that were treated with laser alone (p=.012 and p=.047, respectively). Adjuvant imiquimod treatment had greater inflammation (p=.002) and fibrosis (p=.002) on posttreatment skin biopsies. CONCLUSION Imiquimod appears to be a useful adjuvant to experimental laser tattoo removal in guinea pigs.
A micro vibratory stage for on chip physical stimulation and calibration of MEMS gyroscopes

This paper presents the design and preliminary test results of a micro actuation and sensing platform to provide on chip physical stimulus for in situ calibration of long-term drifts in scale factor and offset of dual-axis MEMS gyroscopes. The platform consists of a 3-DOF micro vibratory stage that can provide piezoelectric actuation for X/Y-tilting reference stimuli, off-axis motion compensation, analog sensing of applied periodic stimulus, and electrostatic position lockdown for shock protection. Initial characterizations are performed with a commercial MEMS gyroscope (25 mg) mounted on top of the micro motion platform, while its electrical interconnects provided through microfabricated highly-flexible parylene cables. The piezoelectric stage is measured to provide up to 220 degree/sec angular AC excitation, while providing an analog sensing signal to determine the applied stimulus with a precision of 1.2 degree/sec. The estimated scale factor has <; 0.8% deviation from rate-table values on the same-model gyroscope samples.
A life career in the polarities of dissent

This autobiographical sketch is divided into five major sections. A first indicates how participation in certain sectors of institutional life in a small industrial community (in central PA between World Wars I and II) might be conducive to non-conformity. A third shows how early personal experiences could commit one to religious dissent, involving a CO. position, entering civilian public (rather than military) service, and volunteering as a subject in a semi-starvation experiment in a laboratory at a major Midwestern university, which simultaneously permitted work on an M.A. in sociology. A fourth (after discharge from service) brought a return to normal civilian life, marriage, and completion of sociology doctorates (by both spouses). The fifth summarizes the pursuit of a career specializing in sociological theory (especially history of American theory) and development of a classificatory-periodizing scheme considerably at variance with the conventional approach in the history of theory.
Severe necrotizing soft-tissue infections. Multiple disease entities requiring a common approach.

The spectrum of severe soft-tissue surgical infections extends from synergistic necrotizing soft-tissue infections to histotoxic clostridial infections. These syndromes may demonstrate dramatic destruction of underlying tissue far out of proportion to the external evidence for infection, although a marked systemic response is common. The differential diagnosis hinges on the clinical presentation, the Gram's stain, and operative inspection. More important than the precise label placed on a given case is the early recognition of the urgent surgical nature of the infection. Signs indicating a rapidly spreading soft-tissue infection mandate fluid resuscitation, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and early operative exploration with aggressive debridement. These are highly lethal infections in which timely recognition and effective managment may be lifesaving. ( JAMA 1981;246:1717-1721)
Hormonal Sex Control of Largemouth Bass

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine the potential for controlling sex of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) by administration of steroid hormones (17β-estradiol, estrone, 17∝-methyltestosterone, and androsterone) in food to larvae. In one experiment, a commercial pelleted feed was soaked in hormone (50 or 100 mg/kg). In a second experiment, fish were fed live brine shrimp (Artemia gracilis) reared in culture media containing hormone (5 mg/L). Both methods were successful in masculinizing females, but only the live brine shrimp method was 100% successful in changing sex in either direction.
Design reuse through high-level library mapping

We present high-level library mapping (HLLM), a technique that permits reuse of complex databook components (specifically ALUs) in architectural synthesis. We describe a dynamic programming formulation of HLLM, demonstrate the versatility of our approach on a variety of libraries and compare HLLM for ALUs with the traditional logic-synthesis approach. Our experiments show that HLLM for ALUs outperforms logic-synthesis in area, delay and runtime, indicating that HLLM is a promising approach for reuse of datapath components in architectural synthesis. >
A Patient with an Unusual Cause Right Lower Quadrant Pain and Vomiting: Pyelonephritis of an Ectopic Right Kidney Masquerading as Acute Appendicitis

An adolescent female presented with one day of abdominal pain and clinical findings of acute appendicitis. CT scan revealed an ectopic right kidney with changes of acute pyelonephritis. This paper underscores the importance of imaging the right pelvis prior to surgical intervention in suspected cases of acute appendicitis in children.
Association between a Novel Human Coronavirus and Kawasaki Disease

Kawasaki disease is a systemic vasculitis of childhood; its etiology is unknown. We identified evidence of a novel human coronavirus, designated "New Haven coronavirus" (HCoV-NH), in respiratory secretions from a 6-month-old infant with classic Kawasaki disease. To further investigate the possible association between HCoV-NH infection and Kawasaki disease, we conducted a case-control study. Specimens of respiratory secretions from 8 (72.7%) of 11 children with Kawasaki disease and from 1 (4.5%) of 22 control subjects (children without Kawasaki disease matched by age and the time the specimens were obtained) tested positive for HCoV-NH by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (Mantel-Haenszel matched odds ratio, 16.0 [95% confidence interval, 3.4-74.4]; P=.0015). These data suggest that HCoV-NH infection is associated with Kawasaki disease.
Natural extensions of probability measure in function space

Let {Xt}t ∈ T be a family of real (R) random variable defined on a probability space (Ω, A P) and having the ranges in a subset S of R, that is, Xt (Ω) ⊂ S for all t. Let X be the mapping of Ω into the function space St such that for any ω ∈ Ω We shall write X = {Xt}t ∈ T and call X the random fundtion arising from {Xt}t ∈ T. It is well-known that any finite subfamily of {Xt}t∈T induces a “finite joint distribution” in ST, and according to Kolmogorov (1933) these finite joint distributions can be simultaneously extended to a probability measure Po on the Borel class Bo of subsets of ST. This extension is natural in the sense that for any B∈B0P0(B) turns out to be exactly P[X−1(B)]. The Kolmogorov extension Po has however a shortcoming in that its domain B0 is not broad enough to include many events of practical interest.
Physical and genetic interactions between Alx4 and Cart1

Alx4 and Cart1 are closely related members of the family of transcription factors that contain the paired-type homeodomain. In contrast to other types of homeodomains, the paired-type homeodomain has been shown to mediate high-affinity sequence-specific DNA binding to palindromic elements as either homodimers or as heterodimers with other family members. Alx4 and Cart1 are co-expressed at several sites during development, including the craniofacial mesenchyme, the mesenchymal derivatives of neural crest cells in the first branchial arch and the limb bud mesenchyme. Because of the molecular similarity and overlapping expression pattern, we have analyzed the functional and genetic relationships between Alx4 and Cart1. The two proteins have similar DNA-binding activity in vitro and can form DNA-binding heterodimers; furthermore, they activate transcription of reporter genes that contain high-affinity DNA-binding sites in cell culture in a similar manner. Therefore, at least by these criteria, the two proteins are functionally redundant. Analysis of double mutant animals reveals several genetic interactions. First, mutation of Cart1 exacerbates Alx4-dependent polydactyly in a manner that is dependent on gene dosage. Second, there are complex genetic interactions in the craniofacial region that reveal a role for both genes in the fusion of the nasal cartilages and proper patterning of the mandible, as well as other craniofacial structures. Third, double mutant mice show a split sternum that is not detected in mice with any other genotype. Interpreted in the context of the biochemical characterization, the genetic analysis suggests that Alx4 and Cart1 are indeed functionally redundant, and reveal both unique and redundant functions for these genes in development.
First Case of Infant Botulism Caused by Clostridium baratii Type F in California

In late 2003 a severely hypotonic neonate, just 38 h old at onset of illness, was found to have infant botulism caused by neurotoxigenic Clostridium baratii type F. Environmental investigations failed to identify a source of this strain. This is the youngest patient reported to have infant botulism and the fifth instance of infant botulism caused by C. baratii type F.
Raising the voice of nursing science at the National Institutes of Health.

Pamela Mitchell, RN, PhD, FAHA, FAAN, is an Associate Dean for Research, School of Nursing; The Elizabeth S. Soule Professor of Health Promotion, School of Nursing; Adjunct Professor, Department of Health Services; SPHCM Director, Center for Health Sciences Interprofessional Education at the University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Corresponding author: Dr. Pamela Mitchell, University of Washington, Biobehavioral Nursing & Health Systems, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357265, Seattle, WA 98195-7265. E-mail: pmitch@u.washington. edu
Extensive in Situ Activation of Nuclear Estrogen Receptors after Exposure of Murine Uteri to [3H]Estradiol or [3H]4-Hydroxytamoxifen*

Estrogen receptor activation has been examined in murine uteri by characterizing binding to ATP-Sepharose. Determinations were performed under conditions in which specific binding to estrogen receptors was demonstrated by both agonist and antagonist without participation by honreceptor antiestrogen-binding components: Cell-free activation of estrogen receptors in cytbsol was more effectively promoted by [3H] estradiol than by [3H]4-hydroxytamoxifen or [3H]tamoxifen aziridine. However, when in situ activation was examined after intact uteri were exposed to [3H]estfadiol or [3H]4-hydroxytamoxifen, virtually all extracted nuclear receptors demonstrated activated binding to ATP-Sepharose within 20 min of hormone exposure. Profiles of nuclear receptor activation were remarkably similar after exposure to either agonist or antagonist. Estrogen receptors in cytosol prepared after exposing intact uteri to 3H-labeled ligands were characterized by much less ability to bind to ATP-Sepharose than nuclear receptors. Af...
THE DEVOLUTION OF THE AMERICAN PENSION SYSTEM: WHO GAINED AND WHO LOST?

One of the most dramatic transformations in the economy over the last two decades has been the replacement of traditional Defined Benefit (DB) pension plans with Defined Contribution (DC) pensions. Using data from the 1983, 1989, and 1998 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF), I find that among age group 47-64, the proportion with a DB plan plummeted from 69% to 42% between 1983 and 1998 and the share with a DC plan skyrocketed from 12% to 60%. However, median Private Accumulations (the sum of net worth and pension wealth) fell by 14% among middle-aged households over this period. The inequality of total pension wealth increased sharply over this period as a result of the switchover from DB plans to DC accounts. DB pension wealth is also found to have a very modest equalizing effect on overall wealth inequality. Moreover, DB pension wealth has a weaker offsetting effect on wealth inequality in 1998 than in 1983.
A Transgenic Lef1/β-Catenin-Dependent Reporter Is Expressed in Spatially Restricted Domains throughout Zebrafish Development

The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays multiple roles during embryonic development, only a few of which have been extensively characterized. Although domains of Wnt expression have been identified throughout embryogenesis, anatomical and molecular characterization of responding cells has been mostly unexplored. We have generated a transgenic zebrafish line that expresses a destabilized green fluorescent protein (GFP) variant under the control of a β-catenin responsive promoter. Early zygotic expression of this transgene (TOPdGFP) mirrors known domains of Wnt signaling in the embryo. Loss of Lef1 activity results in decreased reporter expression and posterior defects, while loss of Tcf3 (Headless, Hdl) activity does not alter reporter expression, even though it results in loss of forebrain structures. In addition, ectopic Wnt1 expression can activate the reporter. In older embryos, we identify a number of transgene-expressing cell populations as novel sites of β-catenin signaling. We conclude that our TOP-dGFP reporter line faithfully illustrates domains of β-catenin activity and enables the identification of responsive cell populations.
Convergence analysis for collective vocabulary development

We study how decentralized agents can develop shared vocabularies without global coordination. Answering this question can help us understand the emergence of many communication systems, from bacterial communication to human languages, as well as helping to design algorithms for supporting self-organizing information systems such as social tagging or ad-word systems for the web. We introduce a formal communication model in which senders and receivers can adapt their communicative behaviors through a type of win-stay lose-shift adaptation strategy. We find by simulations and analysis that for a given number of meanings, there exists a threshold for the number of words below which the agents can't converge to a shared vocabulary. Our finding implies that for a communication system to emerge, agents must have the capability of inventing a minimum number of words or sentences. This result also rationalizes the necessity for syntax, as a tool for generating unlimited sentences.
Designerly Talk in Non-Pedagogical Social Spaces.

Students live and work in worlds where virtual communities, such as those created via social network sites (e.g. Facebook) may interplay with their formal learning, but scholars of design pedagogy know little about how these spaces can support design learning. In this study, we describe how a set of informal communications, encapsulated in five student-created and managed Facebook groups, functioned as part of the overall pedagogy in an interaction design Master’s program. We discuss ways in which students may learn in these spaces apart from the formal curriculum, and document instances where communication with other students and practitioners brought about instances of self-directed learning and sharing of expertise. Some of these learning experiences emerged as designerly talk through our investigation of extended comment threads in these Facebook groups. We present the conventions of the discourse and four types of design learning embodied in specific examples, noting implications for design pedagogy and the recognition of a student-generated hidden curriculum.
Mouse prostate tumor inhibition via disruption of murine telomerase: In vivo and in vitro data for a new preclinical cancer model

e14631 Background: Telomerase-interference (TI), a novel therapeutic strategy, exploits the high telomerase activity in prostate cancer by introducing a mutated telomerase RNA (MT-Ter) that encodes toxic telomeres. Until now, TI has been tested by targeting human telomerase in tumor cells xenografted into immuno-deficient mice, an inadequate model for predicting efficacy and toxicity. We designed and validated 2 new TI gene constructs that specifically target murine telomerase RNA (mTER), enabling the study of TI in preclinical mouse models that are immuno-competent and that develop endogenous prostate tumors. Methods: We designed 2 constructs and cloned them into a lentiviral delivery system: MT-mTER and siRNA against wild type mTer (α-mTer-siRNA). Using a mouse prostate cancer cell line, E4, we tested the 2 constructs for expression (RT-PCR), telomerase activity (TRAP), and biologic activity (53bp1 DNA damage staining, MTS growth assay, TUNEL and caspase apoptosis assays), as well as in vivo efficacy (N...
Phase I study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) and irinotecan (I) in patients with solid tumors

12023 Background: Irinotecan (I) and doxorubicin are cytotoxic agents that interact with topoisomerase I and II respectively, and display some evidence of preclinical synergy. Pegylated liposomal d...
Income Targeting of Housing Vouchers: What Happened after the Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act?

The Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act (QHWRA) of 1998 overhauled the nation's approach to managing publicly owned housing and consolidated the Section 8 certificate and voucher programs into a new streamlined Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) Program. With the repeal of federal preferences for new admissions before QHWRA and the anticipated poverty deconcentration within public housing anticipated to occur following the adoption of QHWRA, new federal income-targeting requirements were established as part of QHWRA to ensure that the nation's neediest families would continue to receive first priority in the allocation of tenant-based housing assistance. These requirements stated that no less than 75 percent of any local public housing agency's (PHA's) new admissions to the HCV Program in any given fiscal year must be families with extremely low incomes (ELIs) (income at or below 30 percent of the area median income). This research examines data from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) administrative records for all households receiving housing choice vouchers from 1997 through 2005 to determine if the income-targeting goals of QHWRA are being met at the national and local levels. Analyses of the characteristics of new admissions between 1997 and 2005 reveal several important trends. First, while most PHAs were in compliance with the income-targeting goals of QHWRA during the 1997 through 2005 period, nearly 40 percent of PHAs still are not in compliance with the goals of QHWRA. On average, larger PHAs are more likely to comply with the goals of QHWRA than are small PHAs, although rural PHAs have made substantial strides in meeting the goals of QHWRA. Since the enactment of QHWRA, there has been a trend toward increased HCV participation among Hispanic households and a general trend toward smaller family sizes, older household heads, and fewer ELI female-headed households with children.
Estimating Time-Varying Beta Coefficients: An Empirical Study of US and ASEAN Portfolios

Abstract As the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) becomes an emerging market, US investors will want to know how their favorite method of calculating asset pricing fits into this new undeveloped market. Also, as the ASEAN becomes more internationalized, managers within will look for ways in which the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) can be applied for their needs. This research looks at the capabilities of the CAPM using ex-post time varying and compares it with the traditional constant beta model. The data include five US sectors and five ASEAN countries, for 10 total portfolios. Find that using a simple nonparametric method that allows for time variation is not statistically different from the traditional constant beta model for portfolios. This research provides additional support for the constant beta.
The nucleosome: orchestrating DNA damage signaling and repair within chromatin.

DNA damage occurs within the chromatin environment, which ultimately participates in regulating DNA damage response (DDR) pathways and repair of the lesion. DNA damage activates a cascade of signal...
Correlates of response to IL-2 therapy in patients treated for metastatic renal cancer and melanoma

Purpose We evaluated the characteristics of patients with metastatic renal cancer or metastatic melanoma prior to and during treatment with bolus intravenous interleukin-2 to define prognostic indicators of subsequent response to therapy. Patients and methods A consecutive series of 509 patients with progressive metastatic cancer were treated with intravenous interleukin-2 from September 1985 to July 1993. Pretreatment demographic characteristics, treatment history, results of laboratory tests, and metastatic sites of disease were evaluated. The amount of interleukin-2 administered, toxicity, and changes in laboratory test results were recorded for the first course of therapy. Subsequent objective response to therapy and survival were determined and used to evaluate pretreatment and treatment characteristics that acted as prognostic indicators of response. Results At the end of the study, 22.6% of patients with renal cancer and 16.3% of patients with melanoma experienced an objective response to interleukin-2 therapy. Patients with renal cancer responded more frequently if they had not previously failed other immunotherapies. Also, renal cancer patients who achieved an objective response had a more profound thrombocytopenia during the first cycle of therapy. Patients with melanoma responded more frequently to interleukin-2 therapy when metastases were confined to subcutaneous tissue. In addition, responding patients with melanoma received more interleukin-2 in their first course and exhibited a more profound lymphocytosis 7 to 11 days after initiating therapy than did nonresponders. Conclusions Renal cancer and melanoma displayed separate prognostic indicators with respect to response from interleukin-2 therapy. Although significant correlates to response were identified, there was much variability and a reliable predictive model of response to therapy could not be formulated based on these results.
Development and validation of the NDDI-E-Y: a screening tool for depressive symptoms in pediatric epilepsy

SummaryObjectives To validate the revised 12-item revised Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory-Epilepsy for Youth (NDDI-E-Y), a self-report screening tool for depressive symptoms tailored to youth ages 12–17 with epilepsy. Methods Youth at two sites completed the NDDI-E-Y during a routine epilepsy visit. Youth at one site also completed the Children's Depression Inventory-2 (CDI-2). Seizure and demographic data were abstracted from the electronic medical record. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted. Internal consistency, area under the curve (AUC), and construct validity were assessed. Results NDDI-E-Y questionnaires were analyzed for 143 youth. The coefficient for internal consistency for the NDDI-E-Y was 0.92. Factor analyses suggested a one-factor solution with all 12 items loading on the factor. The NDDI-E-Y was positively correlated with the CDI-2 (N = 99). Sensitivity and specificity of the NDDI-E-Y were high. Significance Reliability and construct validity were established for the revised 12-item NDDI-E-Y. The NDDI-E-Y is a brief, free measure of depressive symptoms that can be administered during a routine epilepsy visit.
DYNAMIC STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF LIVER TISSUES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the feasibility of quantifying the morphologic alterations of hepatic tissue by mechanical measurements. The data for each liver tissue group were analyzed to determine the absolute value of the complex modulus. The chapter also presents the results along with the histological estimates of the degrees of cirrhosis and steatosis. The values of the phase angle and the elastic modulus and storage modulus, which are dependent on the phase angle and measurement, are omitted because of the high degree of uncertainty in the measurement of the phase angle. The absolute modulus results were correlated with the histological estimates of the degrees of cirrhosis and steatosis. Steatosis was found to have a good correlation with the inverse of the absolute complex modulus. Steatosis is a mechanically degenerating process that concurs with the medical definition of steatosis. Cirrhosis showed poor linear correlation with the absolute complex modulus. Considering cirrhosis to be a fibrotic process associated with the presence of regenerative nodules, one would expect it to correlate with mechanical stiffness.
Development Considerations for Nanocrystal Drug Products

Nanocrystal technology has emerged as a valuable tool for facilitating the delivery of poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and enhancing API bioavailability. To date, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has received over 80 applications for drug products containing nanocrystals. These products can be delivered by different routes of administration and are used in a variety of therapeutic areas. To aid in identifying key developmental considerations for these products, a retrospective analysis was performed on the submissions received by the FDA to date. Over 60% of the submissions were for the oral route of administration. Based on the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), most nanocrystal drugs submitted to the FDA are class II compounds that possess low aqueous solubility and high intestinal permeability. Impact of food on drug bioavailability was reduced for most nanocrystal formulations as compared with their micronized counterparts. For all routes of administration, dose proportionality was observed for some, but not all, nanocrystal products. Particular emphasis in the development of nanocrystal products was placed on the in-process tests and controls at critical manufacturing steps (such as milling process), mitigation and control of process-related impurities, and the stability of APIs or polymorphic form (s) during manufacturing and upon storage. This emphasis resulted in identifying challenges to the development of these products including accurate determination of particle size (distribution) of drug substance and/or nanocrystal colloidal dispersion, identification of polymorphic form (s), and establishment of drug substance/product specifications.
Cerebral aneurysm blood flow simulations are sensitive to basic solver settings

Computational modeling of peri-aneurysmal hemodynamics is typically carried out with commercial software without knowledge of the sensitivity of the model to variation in input values. For three aneurysm models, we carried out a formal sensitivity analysis and optimization strategy focused on variation in timestep duration and model residual error values and their impact on hemodynamic outputs. We examined the solution sensitivity to timestep sizes of 10-3s, 10-4s, and 10-5s while using model residual error values of 10-4, 10-5, and 10-6 using ANSYS Fluent to observe compounding errors and to optimize solver settings for computational efficiency while preserving solution accuracy. Simulations were compared qualitatively and quantitatively against the most rigorous combination of timestep and residual parameters, 10-5s and 10-6, respectively. A case using 10-4s timesteps, with 10-5 residual errors proved to be a converged solution for all three models with mean velocity and WSS difference RMS errors less than <1% compared with baseline, and was computationally efficient with a simulation time of 62h per cardiac cycle compared to 392h for baseline for the model with the most complex flow simulation. The worst case of our analysis, using 10-3s timesteps and 10-4 residual errors, was still able to predict the dominant vortex in the aneurysm, but its velocity and WSS RMS errors reached 20%. Even with an appealing simulation time of 11h per cycle for the model with the most complex flow, the worst case analysis solution exhibited compounding errors from large timesteps and residual errors. To resolve time-dependent flow characteristics, CFD simulations of cerebral aneurysms require sufficiently small timestep size and residual error. Simulations with both insufficient timestep and residual resolution are vulnerable to compounding errors.
Blinded by the Spite? Path Model of Political Attitudes, Selectivity, and Social Media

ABSTRACTDespite fears that selective exposure and selective avoidance could deepen polarization and negatively affect the democratic process, few studies have directly studied this phenomenon. This study explores whether selective exposure and avoidance to blogs, social network sites, and Twitter directly influence confidence in Congress and the president or more indirectly through polarization. This study suggests that fears of selective exposure, selective avoidance, and polarization infecting the democratic process appear overstated. First, polarization was positively related to confidence in Congress and the president. Second, selective exposure to social media sites strengthens confidence in the president and in Congress. Twitter boosts confidence in Congress. Third, selective avoidance had a negative influence on other measures, which suggests people seek both information that challenges their views as well as ones that supports them. Finally, selective exposure and avoidance proved weak indicators ...
Alternative Paths to Diversity: Exploring and Implementing Effective College Admissions Policies

Author(s): Flores, Stella M; Horn, Catherine L; Kidder, William C; Gandara, Patricia; Long, Mark C; Orfield, Gary
Solitary Myoma: Laparo-Endoscopic Single Site (LESS) Surgery

Twenty-seven year-old presents with menorrhagia and is found to have a 3.5 cm intramural fibroid. She desires fertility in the future. She elects medical management with oral contraceptive pills at this time. She returns 14 months later with significant pelvic pain, deep dyspareunia, and anemia with hemoglobin of 7.2 g/dL, and ultrasound reveals the fibroid has increased in size to 9 cm.
Affinity and path of binding xylopyranose unto E. coli xylose permease

Abstract Glucose transporters (GLUTs), expressed in all types of human cells, are responsible for the uptake of sugars as the primary energy source for the normal functions of good cells and for the abnormal growth of cancer cells. The E. coli xylose permease (XylE), a homologue of human GLUTs, has been investigated more thoroughly than other major facilitator proteins in the current literature. In this paper, we present a molecular dynamics (MD) study of an all-atom model system to elucidate the atomistic details and the free-energy landscape along the path of binding a xylopyranose (XYP) from the extracellular space to the inside of the transporter protein XylE. From the MD simulations, the Gibbs free energy of binding was found to be − 4.4 kcal/mol in agreement with the experimental value of − 4.7 kcal/mol. The accuracy of our study is further shown in the computed hydration energy of XYP of − 14.6 kcal/mol in comparison with the experimental data of − 15.0 kcal/mol. Along the binding path, the Gibbs free energy of the XYP-XylE complex first rises from zero in the dissociated state to approximately 4 kcal/mol in the transition state (when XylE slightly increases its opening toward the extracellular side to accommodate XYP) before dropping down to − 9.0 kcal/mol in the bound state. These quantitative insights indicate the fast equilibration between the bound and the unbound states of XylE and XYP. They also serve as an atomistic-dynamic corroboration of the experimental conclusion that XylE is a high-affinity sugar transporter.
A Method for the Suppression of Multiple Spurious Modes

This paper reports on a novel electrode design technique for spur suppression in parallel-plate piezoelectric resonators with minimal impact on the intended vibration mode. To demonstrate this technique, fabricated two-port resonators were designed to optimally excite the first harmonic of length extension in a lead zirconate titanate-on-silicon resonator and suppress chosen higher harmonics. The targeted harmonics have been largely suppressed, while the intended mode experienced no change in magnitude. This is the first step towards a general technique for suppression of an arbitrary mode. [2017–0251]
Barriers to End-of-Life Care for LGBT Persons in the Absence of Legal Marriage or Adequate Legal Documentation.

Abstract End-of-life care has attracted increased attention in recent years due to increases in both the number and mean age of the world's population; however, the experiences of LGBT persons duri...
EQUATIONS OF STATE FOR THE ALKALI METALS, WITH GENERALIZATIONS TO NaCl

Our recent 20 kbar P-V-T data for the alkali metals cover a wide range of relative pressures and temperatures and are sufficiently accurate to provide guidelines for testing empirical equation of state relations. Data for rubidium, as typical for these metals, are presented in terms of a modification of the ME-2 relation, the MME, at room temperature, and thermal pressures for the other isotherms. These ideas are shown to apply to previous NaCl data to 30 kbar and from 20°C to 500°C. A generalization of the MME is applied to the 25°C shock-wave isotherm for NaCl to 250 kbar to obtain a representation which is consistent with existing high quality P-V data for NaCl at room temperature.
Interneuron Pathophysiologies: Paths to Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Clinical observations and retrospective studies in postmortem tissues indicate that cerebral cortical GABA systems are disrupted in a number of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Because GABAergic interneuron maturation is influenced substantially by activity-dependent mechanisms, it is unclear whether these associations are a cause or a consequence of a given disorder. Cortical GABA systems have received increased attention as targets of convergent pathophysiological processes because experimental manipulations of GABA systems in model organisms cause disturbances in the regulation of normal physiological activity, cognition and emotion. The disruptions often parallel certain dimensional components of clinical diagnoses, leading to testable hypotheses about the mechanisms through which altered development and maturation of GABAergic interneurons result in specific neurodevelopmental disorders.
Racial and ethnic differences in student participation in private supplementary education activities

Abstract Students in the United States increasingly use private supplementary education activities (PSEAs), but research has largely overlooked how race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status may affect participation. Drawing on nationally representative data from the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 (HSLS:09), we use logistic regression models to analyze variation in 11th-grade student reports of participation, by race/ethnicity, in each of four PSEAs: (1) test preparation courses, (2) out-of-school academic instruction, (3) consulting a hired counselor, and (4) college preparation camps, as well as the total number of PSEAs. We find that minority students are more likely than White students to participate in each of the PSEAs. The higher likelihood of PSEA participation among minority students is particularly noticeable among families whose mothers do not have a bachelor's degree. We also find that the relationship between prior academic performance and PSEA participation varies across race/ethnicity, with Black and Hispanic students generally using PSEAs to “catch up” and Asian students using PSEAs to “get ahead.” Findings point to the relevance of race/ethnicity in family investment in PSEAs beyond social class and also highlight the potential implications of PSEAs for educational inequalities.
Determining the Forensic Data Requirements for Investigating Hypervisor Attacks

Hardware/server virtualization is commonly employed in cloud computing to enable ubiquitous access to shared system resources and provide sophisticated services. The virtualization is typically performed by a hypervisor, which provides mechanisms that abstract hardware and system resources from the operating system. However, hypervisors are complex software systems with many vulnerabilities. This chapter analyzes recently-discovered vulnerabilities associated with the Xen and KVM open-source hypervisors, and develops their attack profiles in terms of hypervisor functionality (attack vectors), attack types and attack sources. Based on the large number of vulnerabilities related to hypervisor functionality, two sample attacks leveraging key attack vectors are investigated. The investigation clarifies the evidence coverage for detecting attacks and the missing evidence needed to reconstruct attacks.
A 62 GHz Tx/Rx 2x128-Element Dual-Polarized Dual-Beam Wafer-Scale Phased-Array Transceiver with Minimal Reticle-to-Reticle Stitching

This paper presents a 62 GHz transmit/receive (TRX) dual-polarized/dual-beam wafer-scale phased-array with 2x128-elements spaced λ/2 apart in the x- and y-directions. Two reticles each containing 2x64-element arrays are stitched together in the IF/LO domain to form a super-reticle occupying an area of 21×42 mm2. Each 64-element reticle-based phased-array includes RF-beam-forming TRX channels with 5-bit phase control, 9-bit gain control for each polarization, two 64:1 nested Wilkinson divider/combiners with bidirectional amplifiers, dual-transceivers with a common LO path for transmit and receive modes, and an active distribution network in the IF and LO domains to allow for tiling at the 64-element sub-array level. Also, high-efficiency quartz superstrate dipole antennas are used on the reticle to eliminate any RF transitions between the TRX channels and the antennas, resulting in a true wafer-scale array. The 2x128-element arrays scans to ±50° with side-lobe levels <−10 dB for both polarizations, achieving 43 dBm and 41 dBm saturated EIRP for V- and H-polarizations, respectively. To our knowledge, this paper presents the first dual-polarized dual-beam large-scale transmit/receive phased-array built using a reticle stitching technique.
Multi-objective Optimization of Meta-atoms

Metasurfaces are thin structures that can control electromagnetic propagation in a variety of ways. This is done by designing discrete elements (meta-atoms) with desired properties that form the building blocks of the metasurface. In the past, these meta-atoms have often been comprised of simple shapes (e.g., rectangles, ellipses, split-rings). However, greater throughput and multiple functionalities can be achieved by more complex shapes. In the present work, a single method to represent most shapes is demonstrated. By combining this shape generation method with a multi-objective optimizer, the best meta-atom designs can be found that achieve good performance for multiple objectives. This method is demonstrated by designing a polarization-selective, beam steering application where transmitted electromagnetic radiation deflects into the +1 or −1 diffraction order depending on the incident wave polarization.
Law Enforcement Perspectives on Public Access to Misconduct Records

Laws restricting public access to law enforcement misconduct records are the subject of national debate. Opponents of these laws argue that public access to law enforcement misconduct records is critical to holding officers accountable, while proponents claim that permitting public access violates privacy rights and endangers law enforcement officers. Neither side has much data to support its arguments. This article summarizes the results of a research project conducted in the summer and fall of 2019, which surveyed hundreds of law enforcement administrators (primarily police chiefs and sheriffs) on their experiences with and attitudes toward disclosure of misconduct records. Several dozen administrators also participated in follow-up phone interviews. The project is, to the best of the authors’ knowledge after an extensive interdisciplinary literature review, the first systematic effort to gather data on the topic of how laws regulating public access to law enforcement misconduct records affect law enforcement agencies, officers, and the communities in which those officers work. The results of the study are enlightening. While law enforcement unions typically portray officers as universally opposed to release of misconduct records, the administrators in this study were deeply divided on the topic. More administrators found public access to misconduct records beneficial to their departments and communities than harmful to their officers. Most of the benefits came in the form of improved community relations and public trust. The harms administrators did identify were largely reputational; very few provided support for the notion that public access to misconduct records endangers officers. Administrators also provided many suggestions for changes to existing records laws.