cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uncommon castration complication: Penile amputation and sheath ablation following an iatrogenic phallectomy

Summary This report describes the repair of an iatrogenic phallectomy that occurred during an attempted castration of a horse that was discovered to be a unilateral cryptorchid (inguinal testis). Use of a modification of a described phallectomy and sheath ablation technique allowed penile retroversion to be avoided, decreasing excessive dissection and post-operative morbidity, despite the urethral orifice being positioned more caudally than previously reported.
3.1-HOUR Y$sup 90$m

A 3.1-hr isomer, Y/sup 90m/, was produced by neutron capture in yttrium. The isomeric transition consists of two coincident gamma rays of nearly equal intensity and energies, 203 kev and 480 kev, Mass and atomic number assignment was made by cross bombardment and chemical separations. Modes of preduction were Y/sup 89/(n, gamma )Y/sup 90m/ (thenmal and epicadmium neutrons) and Nb/sup 93/ (n, alpha )Y/sup 90m/m, and Zr/sup 90/ (n,p)Y/sup 90m/ (14-Mev neutrons). (auth)
Colony founding, queen dominance and oligogyny in the Australian meat ant Iridomyrmex purpureus

Field observations and laboratory experiments demonstrate that in the Australian meat ant, Iridomyrmex purpureus, the modes of colony founding are remarkably diverse. New colonies can originate from single foundresses (haplometrosis), or foundress associations (pleometrosis), or by colony budding, or the adoption of newly-mated queens that dig founding chambers next to mature nests (probably their natal nests, as workers protect them and may help them dig). Readoption of foundresses and pleometrosis lead to the coexistence of several queens in one nest. We discovered a striking antagonistic behavior among coexisting queens in young colonies, in the form of ritualized antennation bouts. These interactions result in a reproductive rank order in which dominant queens inhibit egg-laying by subordinates, but escalation into physical fighting is rare. Workers ignore queen dominance interactions and treat all queens equally. The first quantitative ethogram of dominance display behavior between multiple ant queens, and its reproductive consequences, is presented. As a colony grows, queens become intolerant of each other's presence and permanently separate within the nest. Once separated, queens appear to be equal in status, laying approximately equal numbers of eggs. All queens continue to be tolerated by workers, even when the colony has reached a size of several thousand workers and begun to produce reproductives. Such mature nests of I. purpureus fulfill the criteria of oligogyny, defined by worker tolerance toward more than one queen and antagonism among queens, such that a limited number of fully functional queens are spaced far apart within a single colony. Oligogynous colonies can arise in this species by pleometrotic founding (primary oligogyny) or by adoption of queens into existing nests (secondary oligogyny). The adaptive significance of the complex system of colony founding, queen dominance and oligogyny in I. purpureus is discussed.
Millennials and the Gender Wage Gap in the U.S.: A Cross-Cohort Comparison of Young Workers Born in the 1960s and the 1980s

Using two cohorts of young workers born in the early 1960s and early 1980s, this paper analyzes the temporal change in the U.S. gender wage gap and its determinants, which persists for both explained and unexplained reasons. Results suggest that the gender wage gap closed four (seven) percentage points at the mean (median) between cohorts. It finds cross-cohort evidence that young females’ increasing returns to marriage and a changing occupational wage structure contributed to a narrowing of the gap. Nonetheless, the majority of this convergence remains unexplained due to relative improvements in unobservable institutional factors or heterogeneity for females. Compared to the previous generation, millennials likely entered a more progressive, female-friendly labor market. It is also possible that female millennials are more ambitious and competitive in their early years of work experience relative to females born in the 1960s.
Guided Lithium Metal Deposition and Improved Lithium Coulombic Efficiency through Synergistic Effects of LiAsF6 and Cyclic Carbonate Additives

Spatial and morphology control over lithium (Li) metal nucleation and growth, as well as improving Li Coulombic efficiency (CE), are among the most challenging issues for rechargeable Li metal batteries. Here, we report that LiAsF6 and cyclic carbonate additives such as vinylene carbonate (VC) or fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) can work synergistically to address these challenges. It is revealed that LiAsF6 can be reduced to LixAs alloy and LiF, which act as nanosized seeds for Li growth and form a robust solid electrolyte interface layer. The addition of VC or FEC not only enables the uniform distribution of LixAs seeds but also improves the flexibility of the solid electrolyte interface layer. As a result, highly compact, uniform, and dendrite-free Li film with vertically aligned column structure can be obtained with increased Li CE, and the Li metal batteries using the electrolyte with both LiAsF6 and cyclic carbonate additives can have improved cycle life.
The Sense-Reference Distinction

It is generally accepted that Indian philosophers of language do not posit sense as a component of the meaning of an expression in addition to its reference. There is, for instance, no notion of analyticity-- of propositions which are true by virtue of meaning alone--in Indian philosophy. Likewise no distinction is drawn between contingently and necessarily non-existent objects: two stock examples of a non-existent are the horns of a hare and the son of a barren woman, and these two examples are treated as in all respects alike. Thus the distinction is not drawn between negative existentials that are true by virtue of the meanings of their constituent words, and negative existentials that are made true by the facts. We find instead a more or less pure reference theory of meaning: the meaning of an expression is that entity which the expression designates. Here the name-bearer relation seems to reign supreme as the central metaphor of semantics. I shall nonetheless argue that, predominant though the reference theory might be in their tradition, certain Indian philosophers of language were still forced to recognize something akin to sense as a distinct element in meaning. That the sense- reference distinction was never extensively made use of by Indian philosophers of language is clear; I shall not be concerned to dispute this or attempt to explain it. Instead I wish to explore how recognition of something sense-like is forced on philosophers working in a tradition dominated by an extreme realist view of all semantic properties.1.
VOT in Tibetan is conditioned by tone

Several South Asian languages exhibit interactions among tone and consonant phonation, including Tamang (Mazoudon 2014) and Gurung (Ronkos 2015). In Central Tibetan, oral stops present a four-way contrast between two voicing/aspiration categories split across two lexical tones, high and low/rising. Across tones, previous analyses propose either a two-way contrast between unaspirated and aspirated stops (e.g., Dawson 1980), or a three-way contrast between voiced, unaspirated, and aspirated series (e.g., Denwood 1999), though acoustic measurements are lacking. This study recorded 19 native speakers of Tibetan in Kathmandu, Nepal, producing words exemplifying the phonological contrasts in stops and high/low tones. VOT measurements showed similar values for the unaspirated stops in both tonal environments, but a longer VOT in high-tone aspirated stops (46 ms) than low-tone aspirated stops (30 ms), or three different positive VOT values. That this three-way surface contrast cross-cuts tonal categories suggests an underlying two-way aspiration contrast. The apparent contrast between middle-VOT and long-VOT series results from the presence of a phonologically-specified high tone, which causes a lengthened VOT. This provides evidence for the conditioning of apparently-segmental characteristics by tone.Several South Asian languages exhibit interactions among tone and consonant phonation, including Tamang (Mazoudon 2014) and Gurung (Ronkos 2015). In Central Tibetan, oral stops present a four-way contrast between two voicing/aspiration categories split across two lexical tones, high and low/rising. Across tones, previous analyses propose either a two-way contrast between unaspirated and aspirated stops (e.g., Dawson 1980), or a three-way contrast between voiced, unaspirated, and aspirated series (e.g., Denwood 1999), though acoustic measurements are lacking. This study recorded 19 native speakers of Tibetan in Kathmandu, Nepal, producing words exemplifying the phonological contrasts in stops and high/low tones. VOT measurements showed similar values for the unaspirated stops in both tonal environments, but a longer VOT in high-tone aspirated stops (46 ms) than low-tone aspirated stops (30 ms), or three different positive VOT values. That this three-way surface contrast cross-cuts tonal categories suggests...
Recent Ovulation in a Postmenopausal Woman

A case of recent ovulation in a postmenopausal, chronically alcoholic woman taking conjugated estrogens is presented. Bilateral corpora lutea, Graafian follicles, numerous corpora albicantia and secretory endometrium were found. The possible role of the prolonged alcohol and conjugated estrogens intake in modulating the pituitary-gonadal axis is discussed.
The Neuroendocrine System

Neuroendocrinology is the study of the interaction between the nervous and endocrine systems. The premier site of this interaction is that of the hypothalamus and pituitary. The hypothalamus acts as a central station where neural and hormonal messages arising from internal and external stimuli are decoded and the appropriate message sent to the anterior pituitary. The Moore-Price theory, published in 1930, suggested a reciprocal influence between the gonads and the pituitary. The pituitary elaborated a gonad-stimulating hormone. In turn the gonads were thought to produce hormones that suppress the pituitary in a negative manner. This interaction was described as a seesaw, or a push-pull effect. The results of these experiments suggested that the anterior pituitary is the master gland that controls the gonads, adrenal cortex, and thyroid. This concept persisted until the late 1940s.
The Interpolation Theorem

In this chapter we shall prove several theorems which involve, loosely speaking, elimination of superfluous notions. These results are considerably deeper than the similar sounding facts exposed in Chapter 11, and the reader would be well advised to review that chapter before beginning this one. The theorems of this chapter are based on the following fundamental theorem.
Cryo-EM insight into the structure of MTOR complex 1 and its interactions with Rheb and substrates

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) is a giant protein kinase that, together with the accessory proteins Raptor and mLst8, forms a complex of over 1 MDa known as MTOR complex 1 (MTORC1). MTORC1, through its protein kinase activity, controls the accretion of cell mass through the regulation of gene transcription, mRNA translation, and protein turnover. MTORC1 is activated in an interdependent manner by insulin/growth factors and nutrients, especially amino acids, and is inhibited by stressors such as hypoxia and by the drug rapamycin. The action of insulin/growth factors converges on the small GTPase Rheb, which binds directly to the MTOR polypeptide in MTORC1 and, in its GTP-bound state, initiates kinase activation. Biochemical studies established that MTORC1 exists as a dimer of the MTOR/Raptor/mLst8 trimer, and progressive refinements in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) have enabled an increasingly clear picture of the architecture of MTORC1, culminating in a deep understanding of how MTORC1 interacts with and phosphorylates its best-known substrates—the eIF-4E binding protein/4E-BP, the p70 S6 kinase/S6K1B, and PRAS40/AKT1S1—and how this is inhibited by rapamycin. Most recently, Rheb-GTP has been shown to bind to MTORC1 in a cooperative manner at an allosteric site remote from the kinase domain that twists the latter into a catalytically competent configuration. Herein, we review the recent cryo-EM and associated biochemical studies of MTORC1 and seek to integrate these new results with the known physiology of MTORC1 regulation and signaling.
Inhibition of dog platelet function by in vivo infusion of F(ab')2 fragments of a monoclonal antibody to the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor.

To assess the potential of monoclonal antibodies that inhibit platelet function in vitro as in vivo therapeutic agents, F(ab’)2 fragments (0.17 to 0.81 mg/kg) of a murine monoclonal antibody (7E3) that binds to platelet glycoproteins lib and/or Ilia and blocks platelet aggregation induced by ADP were infused into three dogs. Soon after infusion, platelets recovered from the dogs showed a decreased aggregation response to adenosine diphosphate, with the highest dose producing nearly total inhibition. These platelets also showed decreased ability to bind 125I-7E3, which was assumed to reflect occupancy of the sites by the unlabeled F(ab’)2 fragments. At the highest dose, the binding decreased by 85%, reflecting the binding of –44,000 molecules of 7E3 F(ab’)2 per platelet. Platelet counts decreased after antibody infusion by less than 20%, and none of the dogs showed spontaneous bleeding. Both the aggregation and binding results reverted toward normal within one day. We conclude that it is possible to profoundly inhibit platelet function by in vivo infusion of F(ab’)2 fragments of a monoclonal antiplatelet antibody without producing spontaneous hemorrhage or significant thrombocytopenia. © 1985 by Grune & Stratton, Inc.
Three-Dimensional Optical Imaging for Pectus Excavatum Assessment

Background Corrective surgery for pectus excavatum often relies on the Haller index (HI), derived from chest roentgenograms or computed tomography; however, this exposes children to potentially unnecessary radiation. Our aim was to develop a novel three-dimensional (3D) optical imaging technique to accurately measure chest wall dimensions in a clinically relevant manner. Methods Patients with pectus excavatum were imaged using a 3D structured light scanner. Patient characteristics, including height, weight, body mass index, and radiographic HIs (rHI) were recorded. We defined the optical index (OI) as the ratio of the lateral to anterior-posterior measurements obtained from the 3D optical images and compared those to patients' rHIs. Two-thirds of the patients' images were used to develop a predictive model of the rHI, using their OI and biometric data in multilinear regression modeling. The predictive model was applied to the remaining images, and the predicted HIs (pHI) were compared to the rHIs. Results Optical imaging was performed in 42 patients (ages, 5-35 years) with pectus excavatum; of these, 31 had recent chest roentgenograms, with rHIs ranging from 2.00 to 7.20. The OIs derived from the images correlated closely with rHIs (r = 0.850). Our predictive model, using patients' OI, height, and weight, was able to accurately estimate their rHIs with a median error of 8.11% (interquartile range, 3.5%-17.4%). Conclusions 3D optical imaging of patients with pectus excavatum is emerging as an alternative method to assess HIs without the use of ionizing radiation. Additional studies will focus on volumetric quantification of chest wall deformities, using the 3D capabilities of this technology.
Weak and Winded

Weak and Winded A 22-year-old woman with a history of sickle cell disease and migraine headaches presented with weakness that had caused her to fall on the day of admission. She reported gradual pr...
An Outsider's Way In: The Use of Comparative Election Law

One way of developing a true appreciation and understanding of American election law is to compare it with a country that lacks the checks and balances many of us take for granted. Because of my personal knowledge of events related to these elections, I highlight the way in which two different societies responded to recent election crises-the United States in 2000 and the Republic of Madagascar in 2002. The former is very familiar to most Americans with even a casual interest in politics, but the latter is not.
Soil nitrification increases with elevated phosphorus or soil pH in an acidic mixed mesophytic deciduous forest

Abstract The role of phosphorus (P) mediating nitrogen (N) transformation processes is poorly understood which raises an important question: Does P, like soil pH, have a strong control in altering the cycling of soil N? From 2010 to 2018, pH and/or P availability was elevated with lime and P fertilizer in three mixed mesophytic deciduous forests on the unglaciated portion of the Allegheny Plateau, southeast Ohio, USA. We hypothesized that in addition to soil pH, P addition can influence the cycling of soil N because both can change N dynamics, which can alter nitrification rates. Increasing soil pH increased nitrification and nitrate pools by 30 and 4 times, respectively during the growing season. Furthermore, elevating P also stimulated nitrification and increased soil nitrate pools by 10 and 2 times, respectively. However, the influence of raising soil pH on nitrification was diminished when combined with P addition. Results suggest that N biogeochemical processes are sensitive to P availability, but the mechanistic nature of this relationship appears complex with unclear feedback systems regulating nitrification rates from these deciduous forests.
Possessed by the Mirror

A discussion of Borges’s early tale “The Mirror of Ink” and the title sequence of Brooker’s Black Mirror series lays the groundwork for the introduction of some of the key themes to be addressed in the volume. These include the materiality of forms of written and visual media, the nature of self-awareness as it takes shape in the works of both authors, and the concept of remediation as an interpretive strategy for bringing Borges and Brooker into dialogue. Some attention is also given to the challenges posed by “anachronistic” approaches to reading Borges as well as the danger of failing to attend to the ways that the vision of Black Mirror is grounded not just in recent technological developments but in the broader literary and philosophical tradition.
Chemical Abundances of DEEP2 Star-forming Galaxies at 1.0<z<1.5

We present the results of near-infrared spectroscopic observations for a sample of 12 star-forming galaxies at 1.0 1 DEEP2 galaxies in our sample are significantly offset from the excitation sequence observed in nearby HII regions and SDSS emission-line galaxies. This offset implies that physical conditions are different in the HII regions of distant galaxies hosting intense star formation, and may affect the chemical abundances derived from strong-line ratios for such objects (Abridged).
Field Experiences on Oil Ageing Characteristics of Transformer On-Load Tap Changers

On-Ioad tap changer (OLTC), extinguishing arc with oil, is one of the important components of transformer. Combined many years of field experience, physicochemical properties and electrical properties of oil deteriorate under the combined action of electric, thermal and mechanical agitation. Taking the oil for OLTC in 110kV transformers as research object, ageing characteristics of oil in different operation periods, such as water content, breakdown voltage and oil group composition, were studied comparatively. The results show that the decrease of breakdown voltage is determined by the water content in oil, operation time and operation times of OLTC. Furthermore, the low content of aromatic carbon in the oil is also cause the breakdown voltage to decrease obviously, but the change of water content is small. The water content undulates during operation. The leak of sealed for OLTC is the main factor that makes the breakdown voltage and the water content greatly change.
Allostatic Load Among U.S.- and Foreign-Born Whites, Blacks, and Latinx

Introduction The objective of this study is to examine how allostatic load, a multidimensional measure of the body's cumulative response to stressors experienced throughout the life course, has changed over time and by age among U.S.- and foreign-born Whites, Blacks, and Latinx. Methods Data were from 26,818 adult participants in the 2005–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a national repeated cross-sectional study. Allostatic load was measured based on 10 indicators of cardiovascular, metabolic, and immunologic risk. The analyses were conducted in March 2020. Results Allostatic load increased over time across all groups. The difference between the first and last survey cycle was greatest among U.S.-born Black women (from 2.74 in 2005–2006 to 3.02 in 2017–2018), U.S.-born Latino men (from 2.69 to 3.09) and foreign-born Latino men (from 2.58 to 2.87). Aging gradients in allostatic load were steepest among foreign-born Blacks of both genders and foreign-born Latina women and flattest among U.S.-born and foreign-born Whites. Conclusions Chronic exposure to stressors leads to an erosion of health that is particularly severe among foreign-born Blacks and Latinx. Policies should seek to reduce exposure to structural and environmental risks and to ensure equitable opportunities to achieve optimal health among racial/ethnic minorities and immigrants.
Resisting the racialization of medical deservingness: How Latinx nurses produce symbolic resources for Latinx immigrants in clinical encounters.

Abstract This paper investigates how Latinx nurses resisted the racialization of medical un-deservingness against co-ethnic immigrants in everyday clinical encounters. Drawing on 26 in-depth interviews and dialoguing with the literature on minority professionals, we find that, as a form of racialized equity work, Latinx nurses produced certain symbolic resources, specifically the interactional signals to counteract Latinx patients’ internalization of un-deservingness and other medical staff’s open hostility towards these “undeserving illegals.” Latinx nurses hybridized neoliberal norms (self-sufficiency and responsibility) and social justice values (including healthcare as a universal right and compassion for members of the community): they emphasized Latinx immigrants’ efforts at “becoming” self-sufficient and clinically responsible, debunked the relevance of citizenship to a right to healthcare, and highlighted their communal bonds with co-ethnic patients. Meanwhile, accentuating these communal bonds revealed hefty loads of previously self-censored healthcare needs among Latinx patients, which compelled Latinx nurses to reassert some professional boundaries. Whereas some Latinx nurses were able to engage in “moralized boundary-drawing,” others experienced setting professional boundaries as “demoralizing boundary-drawing,” which resulted in burnout, disillusionment, or internalized racism. Our findings indicate that the path to de-racializing medical deservingness needs to be multi-tiered. Latinx nurses’ racialized equity work of generating symbolic resources for Latinx immigrants is only sustainable if supported by non-Latinx colleagues’ cross-ethnic equity work. Furthermore, everyday resistance in clinical encounters is necessarily incomplete unless state-level policy initiatives transform the currency of symbolic capital for medical deservingness.
Increasing incidence and risk factors for divergence insufficiency esotropia.

Purpose To document the increasing incidence of divergence insufficiency (DI) esotropia and to identify risk factors for DI. Methods All patients with a diagnosis of esotropia seen by one provider (DLG) over 41 years were identified from the medical record. Patients with onset of strabismus before age 10 years or with prior strabismus surgery were excluded. Cases of esotropia associated with thyroid eye disease, scleral buckles, trauma, neurological diseases, or atypical misalignment were included but not labeled as DI regardless of the distance versus near deviation. The remaining patients, whatever the original diagnosis, were retrospectively categorized as having, or not having, DI, using a uniform criterion: distance esotropia ≥5Δ more than near esotropia. Results The percentage of DI patients among acquired esotropia patients increased significantly between the first and second half of the 41-year period, from 11.8% to 29.4% (P Conclusions The incidence of DI is increasing. DI's association with age and progressive addition lenses may help us to understand its etiology and to decrease the prevalence of this condition in the future.
The Repolarization Model: Conceptual Considerations

The goal of this chapter is to facilitate understanding of the repolarization model which is the backbone of this monograph. The main repolarization landmark is the peak of the T wave (Tp) on the ST-T wave spatial magnitude curve (‘global’ ST-T wave). At the time of Tp the largest number of left ventricular myocytes is at some point of phase 3 of their action potential. In normal repolarization sequence the time point of Tp to represent left ventricular epicardial repolarization time (RTepi). The other important landmarks of the repolarization model are Txd, the inflection point at T wave downstroke and Te, the end of the T wave, and the corresponding repolarization times (RT) RTxd and RTe. RTe is the ‘global’ repolarization time and RTxd is taken by the repolarization model as the best ECG estimate of endocardial repolarization time (RTendo). All RT subintervals vary with heart rate and they need to be represented as rate-adjusted intervals labeled RTea, RTpa, (RTepi)a and (RTendo)a where ‘a’ refers to the rate-adjusted interval. The common link between QTpa, RTepi and RTendo in the repolarization model is Ѳ(Tp|Tref), the spatial angle between Tp and Tref vectors.
Critical Phenomena in Fluids

In this paper we consider the behavior of fluids near the critical point and discuss in particular the use of light scattering as a tool for probing the dynamics of fluids near the critical point. In this volume Pike1 and Lallemand2 have presented extensive developments of the theory of light scattering Toy fluids; hence in the present paper we are able to concentrate primarily on describing the phenomena which are peculiar to the critical region and on the experiments which have explored those phenomena.
Biofuels: Ethanol Producers

Two groups of microbes, saccharolytic and ethanologenic, are important in ethanol production. The former makes sugar utilisation possible and the latter converts the sugar to ethanol. Many promising or potential ethanologenic and saccharolytic microbes fall within the respective phyla Ascomycota and Neocallimastigomycota for fungi, and Proteobacteria and Fibrobacteres for bacteria. Saccharomyces sp. (Ascomycota) and Zymomonas mobilis (Proteobacteria) are the only microbes naturally capable of producing ethanol close to theoretical maximum, with Saccharomyces cerevisiae predominant for current ethanol production based on starch and sugar feedstocks. To enable cellulosic ethanol technologies, microbial capability and efficiency must be enhanced by appropriately designed mixed-culture systems and/or genetically modified microbes. As cellulosic ethanol nears commercialisation, these two approaches are key to sustainable and economical production. Key Concepts: Ethanol producers are known as ethanologens. Currently, commercial production of bioethanol depends on yeast, especially species of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for fermentation of hexose (6-carbon) sugars. Zymomonas mobilis is the only bacteria naturally capable of producing ethanol as the sole product and the only ethanologen that uses a nonglycolytic metabolic pathway. Saccharolytic or hydrolytic microbes are an important complement to ethanologens in ethanol production. Production of ethanol from carbohydrate oligomers (2–10 monosaccharide units) or polymers (>10 monosaccharide units) usually requires hydrolysis to simple hexose or pentose sugars. Of the ten major phylogenetic phyla of fungi, only two are currently identified as relevant to ethanol production. Thermophilic microorganisms and species of the genus clostridium are expected to play greater roles in future ethanol production. Microbial consortia, comprising different saccharolytic and diverse sugar fermenting microbes, provide one promising strategy for cellulosic ethanol production. Other cellulosic ethanol strategies are genetically modifying microbes capable of producing hydrolytic enzymes as well as co-fermenting 5-carbon and 6-carbon sugars. Keywords: bioethanol; fermentation; ethanologens; yeast; saccharolytic microbe; recombinant microbes; metabolic pathways; microbial consortium
Change as Crisis or Growth? Toward a Trans-disciplinary View of Information Systems as a Field of Study: A Response to Benbasat and Zmud's Call for Returning to the IT Artifact

Benbasat and Zmud (2003) express concern that the research community in Information Systems is responsible for the ambiguity of the discipline’s central identity by “underinvestigating phenomena intimately associated with IT-based systems and overestimating phenomena distantly associated with IT-based systems” (p. 183). Their related argument is that IS needs to focus on the core of the discipline to survive. I seriously contend this point of view. Questioning that we are at a crossroads in the Information Systems (IS) field, I argue that the field should become less disciplinary, and more trans-disciplinary in nature. I build my case by focusing on –and then questioning – underpinnings in their argument. These include: (1) their definitions of IS as a field; (2) the locus of our field in organizations; (3) the assumption that IS is a discipline; and (4) the lack of consideration given to the interand trans-national nature of IS as a field of study. Thus, the paper attempts to reposition Information Systems (IS) as quintessentially trans-disciplinary in nature. This case develops by considering how fields of study evolve over time. This evolution can be seen as either natural or as producing crisis. Next, I offer an alternative “core” to Benbasat’s and Zmud’s “IT artifact.” Following this, I present an appropriate locus of study for IS, one that offers a less constricting boundary than that of the organization, including societal and cross-cultural considerations. Finally, I question the very notion of “discipline” as applied to IS, and identify implications
SUBSURFACE CHLOROPHYLL MAXIMUM IN THE NORTHEAST PACIFIC OCEAN1

A well-developed subsurface chlorophyll maximum is present during summer in oceanic waters off the Oregon coast. It appears to be formed at depth by a photosynthetically active phytoplankton community that is adapted to low light intensity. It may be present and may affect the distributions and concentrations of primary production, oxygen, and nutrients over large areas of the North Pacific Ocean.
Spectroscopic Observations of Differential Rotation with Height in the Solar Envelope

The problem of determining the spectroscopic rotation of the sun is not one of instrumental sensitivity, which can be about 10 m/sec, but rather of abstracting the rotational component from the hierarchy of long-lived surface currents. Required are continued daily observations over long periods of time and this task is not presently feasible at most observatories. Past observations have indicated a height gradient of rotational angular velocities. We have determined the photosphere and chromosphere angular velocity gradient from observations across the disk of C 5380 A (h⋍−250 km), CN 3882 A (h⋍0 km), Ca+K3 (h− + 5000 km), together with other Fraunhofer lines of intermediate origin while K-line spectra of prominences are used to sense the chromosphere-corona interface.
Illustrating Interpretive Inquiry: A Reflection for Art Museum Education

Abstract Acknowledging that the purpose and form of inquiry processes can vary across and within disciplines, this article focuses on interpretive inquiry: the kind of inquiry conducted to interpret works whose reading is not “rigidly pre-established and ordained” by a set of cultural references, but rather invite “freedom of reception” (Eco 1989, 6). Through comparison of two real-life inquiries, the author shines a light on the distinctive features of interpretive inquiry. These include a web-like meaning making process, a reliance on analogies and metaphors, and the possibility of accepting uncertainty as part of the work’s meaning. Implications for art museum education practice are explored.
Sequential Learning From Multiple Tutors and Serial Retuning of Auditory Neurons in a Brain Area Important to Birdsong Learning

Songbirds hear many vocal models during a juvenile sensitive period, transiently imitating some while retaining imitations of others in their repertoires. Despite subsequent conflicting experiences...
Observed Infant Reactions During Live Interparental Conflict

Associations between interparental conflict and infant reactions were examined. Infants' history of exposure to interparental conflict and infant reactive temperament were examined as moderators. A community sample of 74 infants, aged 6–14 months, participated with their parents. Behavioral observations were made of parents' marital conflict and their infants' reactions. Parents reported on their emotional states during conflict, infants' history of exposure to interparental conflict, and infant temperament. Multilevel modeling indicated that infants showed differential responses to marital conflict; destructive and depressive conflict were associated with increased infant discussion attending and negative reactions, whereas constructive conflict was associated with decreased discussion attending and negative reactions. Infants' history of exposure to marital conflict and infant reactive temperament emerged as moderators.
Proposed Modifications of the Berkeley Hilac

Improvements are planned for the Berkeley Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator which will make possible the acceleration of all elements from hydrogen to uranium to 7.5 MeV/nucleon. The improved system will consist of a 2.7 MV dc injector, a new 11 meter-long prestripper linac and the existing 27 meter long poststripper linac which will be extended to 37 meters. Baffles in the latter portion of this cavity will separate it into individually excited segments to provide completely variable energy from 3 to 7.5 MeV/nucleon. To provide the lighter heavy ion beams, at energies acceptable for biological research and medical therapy, a 25 meter diameter rapid cycling alternating gradient synchrotron is proposed. With this machine fully stripped ions from the Hilac with M?20 can be accelerated to energies up to 500 MeV/nucleon. Details of the synchrotron design will closely follow those developed for the Omnitron and a prototype of the Omnitron accelerating resonator will be used.
Iodomethaneboronic esters and aminomethaneboronic esters

Abstract An efficient preparation of pinacol iodomethaneboronate and dibutyl iodomethaneboronate from the respective (phenylthio)methaneboronic esters has been devised, using the reaction with methyl iodide. Pinacol iodomethaneboronate reacts efficiently wit tertiary amines to form the crystalline quaternary ammonium salts. Dibutyl iodomethaneboronate reacts with excess piperidine or morpholine in ether to precipitate piperidine or morpholine hydriodide and yield the distillable piperidino- or morpholinomethaneboronic ester. Benzylamine failed to yield a stable product.
Assistive Technology and Learning Disabilities Today's Realities and Tomorrow's Promises

Many forms of technology, both "high" and "low," can help individuals with learning disabilities capitalize on their strengths and bypass, or compensate for, their disabilities. This article surveys the current status of assistive technology for this population and reflects on future promises and potential problems. In addition, a model is presented for conceptualizing assistive technology in terms of the types of barriers it helps persons with disabilities to surmount. Several current technologies are described and the research supporting their effectiveness reviewed: word processing, computer-based instruction in reading and other academic areas, interactive videodisc interventions for math, and technologies for daily life. In conclusion, three themes related to the future success of assistive technology applications are discussed: equity of access to technology; ease of technology, use; and emergent technologies, such as virtual reality.
Evidence of three-dimensional acoustic propagation in the Catoche Tongue

This paper presents observations of two classes of acoustic arrivals recorded on a sparsely populated vertical line array (VLA) moored in the center of the Catoche Tongue, a major reentrant in the Campeche Bank in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico. The acoustic signals were generated by signals underwater sound (SUS) located 50–80 km from the VLA. The first class of arrivals was identified as resulting from a direct (non-horizontally refracted) path. Then following a quiescent period, a second, more diffuse class of arrivals is observed and is believed to be the result of horizontal refraction from the margin of the Tongue. A spectral analysis of the measured data revealed that both classes of arrivals were characterized by the source spectrum associated with SUS. Additionally, the difference in time between the onset of the first and second class of arrivals observed as a function of range from the VLA is consistent with the relative difference in the length of the direct and refracted paths. The observations are further supported by a three-dimensional (3D) acoustic propagation computation that reproduces many of the features of the measured data and provides additional insight into the details of the 3D propagation.
Cholesterol in eggs from different species of poultry determined by capillary GLC

Abstract This study compared two methods of egg cholesterol extraction and determination by gas liquid chromatography (GLC), validated by comparison with standard reference material (SRM 1845). The two extraction procedures were of comparable accuracy with dried whole egg samples of 0·25–0·5 g, but the direct saponification method was rapid, reduced occupational hazard, and quantitative precision was within 2% coefficient of variation. The validated procedure was used to determine cholesterol in eggs of several domestic avian species. Eggs produced by commercial types of chicken (White Leghorn) had the lowest cholesterol (11·5–11·8 mg/g yolk) compared to 13·0, 14·6, 15·2, 15·6, 16·5, 16·8 and 18·1 mg/g for Rhode Island Red chicken, guinea fowl, New Hampshire chicken, duck, pea fowl, domestic turkey and wild turkey eggs, respectively. Yolk cholesterol concentration of commercial White Leghorn chicken eggs was not influenced by age. However, eggs from older birds contained about 23% more cholesterol on a per egg basis (220 versus 179 mg) because of the larger yolk.
Quantitative Evaluation of the Effect of Uncertainty in Property Models on the Simulated Performance of Solvent-Based CO2-Capture☆

Process modelling has increasingly become the basis for the quantitative design and evaluation of chemical processes in general and CO2-capture processes in particular. How good are the available tools? Where are they weak and where are they strong? Which data are best to develop reliable models? How accurate should the data be? How large should the safety factors be? An effective way to answer these important questions is through uncertainty analysis, and this work attempts to do so. The approach taken here is first to ensure that the model used properly meets asymptotic limits (e.g., predicts equilibrium behavior for high kinetics or long contact times), and then to devise practical perturbation variables that provide quantitative engineering insight into process uncertainties. Our preliminary results indicate that uncertainty analysis can help evaluate the reliability and accuracy of the process models used for solvent-based CO2 capture.
Hyper-velocity and tidal stars from binaries disrupted by a massive Galactic black hole

A close but newtonian encounter between a tightly bound binary and a 106 M⊙ black hole causes one binary component to become bound to the black hole and the other to be ejected at up to 4,000 km−1. The discovery of even one such hyper-velocity star coming from the Galactic centre would be nearly definitive evidence for a massive black hole. The new companion of the black hole has a high orbital velocity which increases further as its orbit shrinks by tidal dissipation. The gravitational energy released by the orbit shrinkage of a such a tidal star can be comparable to its total nuclear energy release.
Surface chemistry of ferrihydrite: Part 2. Kinetics of arsenate adsorption and coprecipitation

Abstract The kinetics of As(V) adsorption by ferrihydrite was investigated in coprecipitation and postsynthesis adsorption experiments conducted in the pH range 7.5–9.0. In coprecipitation experiments, As(V) was present in solution during the hydrolysis and precipitation of iron. In adsorption experiments, a period of rapid ( Waychunas et al., 1993) showed that neither ferric arsenate nor any other As-bearing surface precipitate or solid solution was formed. The high adsorption densities are possible because the ferrihydrite particles are extremely small, approaching the size of small dioctahedral chains at the highest As(V) adsorption density. The results suggest that the solid solution model proposed by Fox (1989, 1992) for control of arsenate and phosphate concentrations in natural waters may be invalid.
SOIL RESOURCES, MICROBIAL ACTIVITY, AND PRIMARY PRODUCTION ACROSS AN AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEM

The degree to which soil resource availability is linked to patterns of microbial activity and plant productivity within ecosystems has important consequences for our understanding of how ecosystems are structured and for the management of systems for agricultural production. We studied this linkage in a 48-ha site in southwest Michigan, USA, that had been cultivated and planted to row crops for decades. Prior to seeding the site to genetically identical soybean plants (Glycine max) in early spring, we removed soil samples from ≈600 locations; plant biomass was harvested from these same locations later in the season. Soil samples were analyzed for physical properties (texture, bulk density), chemical properties (moisture, pH, total C, total N, inorganic N), and biological attributes (microbial biomass, microbial population size, respiration potential, and nitrification and N-mineralization potentials). Plant analyses included biomass and C and N contents. Soil resource variability across this long-cultiva...
Octadecanthiol for tarnish-resistant silver coatings

Octadecanethiol self-assembling monolayers have been reported to protect silver against tarnish in typical environments. We have undertaken a study to investigate whether such coatings have potential use for silver-based mirror coatings for astronomy, particularly in instruments where mirror coatings would be protected from dirt and potential mechanical damage. We find that simple treatment of bare silver with octadecanethiol does significantly reduce the rate of tarnish while preserving silver’s excellent reflectivity. We describe the simple process of application, how the coatings are evaluated, and directions for further investigations.
Effect of intrathecal sufentanil on isoflurane requirements during lower abdominal surgery

Abstract Study Objective: To determine the effect of intrathecal sufentanil on volatile anesthetic requirements during lower abdominal surgery. Design: Randomized, double-blind study. Setting: Military tertiary care hospital. Patients: 15 female patients, ASA status I and II, undergoing elective lower abdominal surgery. Interventions: After induction of anesthesia, each patient had a lumbar puncture performed with a 24-gauge Sprotte needle through a Tuohy needle positioned in the epidural space to receive either intrathecal sufentanil 10 μg or intrathecal normal saline (control). An epidural catheter was then placed for use in postoperative analgesia. Anesthesia was maintained in all patients with isoflurane, air, and oxygen. Gas flows were constant and the isoflurane concentration was adjusted at 5-minute intervals to maintain systolic blood pressure within 20% of preoperative baseline. Measurements and Main Results: The mean end-tidal isoflurane concentration during the first hour of surgery was significantly lower in the sufentanil group (0.74 ± 0.02%) compared with the control group (1.05 ± 0.03%; ( p = 0.006), an overall reduction of 28% in the isoflurane requirement. Conclusion: Prior administration of intrathecal sufentanil significantly decreases the isoflurane requirement in surgical patients, in addition to its previously demonstrated rapid onset and receptor efficacy.
STUDENT PARTICIPATION AND PERFORMANCE IN DUAL-CREDIT COURSES IN A REFORM ENVIRONMENT

ABSTRACT Dual-credit programs are an increasingly popular policy tool of state-driven postsecondary reform, particularly where legislatures and state higher-education boards seek to increase access to higher education and achieve greater collaboration between schools and colleges. This study reports on the role and impact of dual-credit programs in the reform of Kentucky postsecondary education. Student records of the Kentucky Community and Technical College System analysis reveal that more students are enrolling and succeeding in dual-credit courses. Participation rates of students from underserved populations are also increasing, thus indicating the efficacy of Kentucky's policies on dual-credit to help institutions meet the state's reform goals for access and achievement in higher education.
Chemoradiation with Novel Agents for Rectal Cancer

Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment for colorectal cancer. Although the role of radiation therapy in colon cancer is unclear, its role in the management of locally advanced rectal cancer has been extensively studied in clinical trials. The use of postoperative chemoradiotherapy has been shown to improve local control and disease-free survival in patients with locally advanced disease over surgery alone; however, an overall survival advantage remains unproven. Clinical trials evaluating preoperative radiotherapy have demonstrated an improved local control as well as a survival advantage. Randomized studies comparing preoperative versus postoperative combined-modality approaches have failed in the United States, mainly due to the perceived advantages of preoperative treatment: improved patient tolerance, tumor downstaging, and fewer treatment-related complications. While 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy remains the standard systemic agent used along with radiation, other novel agents and strategies have recently been developed and are under investigation. In this review, we discuss the use of novel anticancer agents in combination with radiation therapy for the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer.
Distant Quasar found

An international team has peered farther into the universe than ever before. Observers from the United States, Great Britain, and Australia, working through the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), report that a quasar, designated PKS 2000-330, is more than 12 billion light years away. The quasar is approximately 1 billion light years farther away than what had previously been the most distant observed object. Light arriving at the earth from PKS 2000-330 began its long journey here before the solar system, and probably the Milky Way This page galaxy, were formed, according to the team. Considering that the solar system is believed to be about 4.6 billion years old and the Milky Way is believed to have formed about 10 billion years ago, this is old light indeed.