cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Milling Characteristics of Group I (low tannin) Sorghum Varieties

Abstract A laboratory, tangential abrasive dehulling device (TADD) was used to determine the extraction rate and abrasive hardness index (AHI) of 31 low tannin sorghum samples including 1 red, 7 yellow, and 23 white types. For 29 samples, the extraction rate, based on flour colour measurements, ranged from 69.0 to 98.0% and the AHI from 5.0 to 12.8. Two weathered sorghum samples (white types) gave extraction rates of only 42.0 and 46.0% due to a discolouration which penetrated some seeds. Sorghum variety CSH-5 grown in eight locations demonstrated a large location effect on the AHI and protein content. Two other measures of kernel hardness (Brabender hardness index and particle size index after grinding) also showed large ranges for the 31 samples, and both were significantly correlated to AHI. Differences in protein content and endosperm texture appeared to be partly responsible for the variation in AHI and particle size index. Extraction rate, as determined using the TADD, was significantly correlated (r = 0.800, P
Historians, Social Scientists, and Crisis Management An Alternative View

Because diplomatic historians Gilbert and Lauren are enthusiastic and effective exponents of interdisciplinary collaboration, it is fitting that they should assess the current state of theory on international crises. This essay evaluates four major charges in their critique: conceptual confusion, theoretical difficulties, prescriptive inadequacies, and historical insensitivity. The essay supports their premise that communication and collaboration between diplomatic historians and social scientists are essential if we are to develop empirical, policy-relevant theories of crisis. But it concludes that their interesting essay is flawed in two respects. Gilbert and Lauren aim a rather poorly calibrated shotgun at a large and diverse literature, whereas the situation would appear to call for carefully aimed rifle shots; thus, some of their shots hit the mark, but many others fly rather wide of the target. They have also missed an excellent opportunity to instruct us in ways that crisis research might be improved.
On the relation between hearing sensitivity and otoacoustic emissions

The auditory literature suggests that ears having spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) should also evidence overall better hearing in the quiet than ears with no SOAEs, but no direct tests of this presumed relationship have been made. Accordingly, hearing sensitivity was measured in both males and females having either no SOAEs or at least four SOAEs in the right ear. Averaged across frequencies, the hearing of the subjects with SOAEs was about 3 dB better, in both ears, than the hearing of the subjects with no SOAEs. In accord with past findings, sensitivity was also significantly better in right ears than left. However, the common finding of better hearing in females than males did not emerge, suggesting that this difference may exist only when the sex difference in SOAE prevalence is not taken into account. The existence of a direct relationship between hearing sensitivity in the quiet and the presence of SOAEs suggests that a common mechanism may be responsible for both.
A note on an algebraic instability of inviscid parallel shear flows

It is shown that all parallel inviscid shear flows of constant density are unstable to a wide class of initial infinitesimal three-dimensional disturbances in the sense that, according to linear theory, the kinetic energy of the disturbance will grow at least as fast as linearly in time. This can occur even when the disturbance velocities are bounded, because the streamwise length of the disturbed region grows linearly with time. This finding may have implications for the observed tendency of turbulent shear flows to develop a longitudinal streaky structure.
Fast sequential decoding algorithm using a stack

In this paper a new sequential decoding algorithm is introduced that uses stack storage at the receiver. It is much simpler to describe and analyze than the Fano algorithm, and is about six times faster than the latter at transmission rates equal to Rcomp the rate below which the average number of decoding steps is bounded by a constant. Practical problems connected with implementing the stack algorithm are discussed and a scheme is described that facilitates satisfactory performance even with limited stack storage capacity. Preliminary simulation results estimating the decoding effort and the needed stack siazree presented.
A step towards safe walking

Experiments with a walking traction test (Rig 3) designed in 1987, have continued. It has proved to be a safe, rapid and convincing method of measuring the slip-resistance of solings and floors. A method of preparing flat-slab solings has been refined and can be used to compare the coefficients of friction (cof) of solings and floors by eliminating other variables. Research with Rig 3 has confirmed the findings of work with two earlier rigs, that a microcellular polyurethane compound type T66/103 is the safest soling so far discovered for use on floors subject to contamination by mineral oil. The authors believe that the very large number of injuries caused by slipping on oil could be reduced immediately by the specification of this soling for engineering works and garages.
Molecular mechanisms of replicative senescence in endothelial cells

As human somatic cells age, they stop replicating and enter an irreversible state of growth arrest known as replicative senescence. Senescent cells are viable, metabolically active, and display altered gene and protein expression compared to proliferating cells. Endothelial cells, both in vitro and in vivo, are known to undergo senescence. As endothelial cells are a critical component of the vasculature, senescence of these cells can have a significant impact of vascular integrity, function, and overall homeostasis. This review will summarize recent work to understand the molecular mechanisms of endothelial cell senescence and the resulting alterations in gene/protein expression in these cells. Endothelial cell senescence will then be discussed in the context of disease development with a focus on atherosclerosis, an important age-associated disease of the vasculature.
Explicit construction of steady state of a model of chemical turbulence

Using only the microscopic dynamics, the nonequilibrium steady state of a one-dimensional cellular automaton (CA) model of chemical turbulence is explicitly constructed. A coding is found which decomposes the CA into three interacting shift systems, each of which has an independent steady-state distribution. It was previously shown that the steady state of this model is a Gibbs state. Hence the steady state can be represented in the formZ−1e−F, whereF is the “conditional energy” of the system such that all conditional probabilities are continuous. It is shown that the conditional energy of this model has an approximate expression in terms of familiar models from equilibrium statistical mechanics.
Nanocircuit Loading of Plasmonic Waveguides

We apply the optical nanocircuit concepts to model and design optical nanofilters in realistic plasmonic waveguides of different nature, including strips and groove waveguides. The nanocircuit elements are designed to fit the waveguide geometry, and its equivalent impedance is analytically calculated by substituting the role of the conduction current with displacement current. The effect of plasmonic waveguide walls is rigorously modeled in terms of an extra nanocircuit loading that is included in our model. We show via numerical results that the nanocircuit approach may be effectively applied to the design of nanofilters, analogous to familiar concepts at radio-frequencies.
RCOOS and Ocean Information Tools for Decision Makers

The nascent Regional Coastal Ocean Observing Systems (RCOOS) are expected to provide enhanced awareness of the coastal environment through the deployment of new sensors and the communication of user-driven information products. Successful utilization of RCOOS information will require close interaction with the intended user communities. The planned information systems and decision aids can benefit from Human Factors research. With the adoption of human-centered design principles and the employment of web-based technologies, RCOOS information can be quickly transmitted to those who need it, and visualized in ways that help users make critical decisions. We describe three web- based decision tools that identify the opportunities of this approach.
Supramolecular hydrogen-bonded frameworks from 6-phosphonopyridine-2-carboxylic acid and transition metal ions

Hydrothermal reactions of 6-phosphonopyridine-2-carboxylic acid (H3L) with divalent transition metal perchlorates (Cu, Co, Ni) afforded three new organic−inorganic hybrids, namely, [Cu(C6H4NO5P)2]·...
Respiratory arrest in rabbits exposed to hypoxia after dibenamine.

SummaryRabbits given Dibenamine 12 to 24 mg/kg in propylene glycol or ethyl alcohol by vein show sudden respiratory arrest within 3 minutes of exposure to hypoxia (circa 5% O2 in helium).
Four chimpanzee monoclonal antibodies isolated by phage display neutralize hepatitis a virus.

Chimpanzee immunoglobulins are virtually identical to human immunoglobulins and may have clinically useful applications. Four chimpanzee monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the hepatitis A virus (HAV) capsid were isolated from a combinatorial cDNA library of γ1/κ antibody genes using phage display. Competition assays indicated that three of the MAbs recognized the same or overlapping epitopes, whereas the fourth recognized a different, nonoverlapping epitope on the HAV capsid. All four MAbs neutralized the homologous HAV strain, HM-175, in a radioimmunofocus assay and two of the four MAbs neutralized a heterologous simian HAV strain, AGM-27. From these data, we conclude that the MAbs must recognize at least three epitopes on the HAV capsid. Furthermore, competition assays performed with neutralizing murine MAbs suggested that three of the chimpanzee MAbs recognized epitopes on the HAV capsid which have not been defined previously.
Temporal and spatial effects in luminance discrimination

Luminance difference thresholds (ΔI) were obtained by a successive and a simultaneous method of presenting the stimuli Spatial and temporal separation between the fields was the independent variable while other variables as stimulus size, luminance, retinal area of stimulation and duration were kept constant ΔI was less for simultaneously presented stimuli than for successively presented stimuli This was related to spatial and temporal interaction effects such that the greater the spatial interaction between simultaneously presented fields, the greater the discriminability while the greater the temporal interaction between successively presented fields, the less the sensitivity to luminance differences. It was suggested that the basis of the luminance discrimination may be different under conditions of temporal interaction than under conditions of spatial interaction between the fields.
Sjögren's syndrome in dermatology.

Abtract Sjogren's Syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by dry eyes (keratoconjunctivis sicca) and dry mouth (xerostomia). To fulfill diagnostic criteria, patients must have objective signs of dryness on examination and laboratory confirmation of an autoimmune process as evidenced by a positive autoantibody to SS-A antigen or a characteristic lip biopsy. SS may exist as a primary condition or in association with other systemic autoimmune disorders (termed secondary SS) such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), or dermatomyositis. Exclusions to the diagnosis include pre-existing lymphoma, hepatitis C or HIV infection. Pathogenesis involves both genetic (especially HLA-DR) and environmental factors. Both T-cells and B-cells are involved in the generation of cytokines and chemokines within the glands. The epithelial cells of the glands also play a role in pathogenesis. The dermatologic manifestations range from drynessness (sicca) and its complications to vasculitis. There is a significant overlap in the clinical manifestations, as well as treatment, of SS and SLE. However, SS patients require special attention to the complications of ocular dryness (keratocojunctivitis sicca and blepharitis) and oral dryness (rapid tooth loss and oral candidiasis) SS patients have a markedly increased risk of lymphoma and enlarged lymph nodes or persistently enlarged parotid/submandibular glands that require futher evaluation.
A dual role for mycobacterial RecO in RecA-dependent homologous recombination and RecA-independent single-strand annealing

Mycobacteria have two genetically distinct pathways for the homology-directed repair of DNA double-strand breaks: homologous recombination (HR) and single-strand annealing (SSA). HR is abolished by deletion of RecA and reduced in the absence of the AdnAB helicase/nuclease. By contrast, SSA is RecA-independent and requires RecBCD. Here we examine the function of RecO in mycobacterial DNA recombination and repair. Loss of RecO elicits hypersensitivity to DNA damaging agents similar to that caused by deletion of RecA. We show that RecO participates in RecA-dependent HR in a pathway parallel to the AdnAB pathway. We also find that RecO plays a role in the RecA-independent SSA pathway. The mycobacterial RecO protein displays a zinc-dependent DNA binding activity in vitro and accelerates the annealing of SSB-coated single-stranded DNA. These findings establish a role for RecO in two pathways of mycobacterial DNA double-strand break repair and suggest an in vivo function for the DNA annealing activity of RecO proteins, thereby underscoring their similarity to eukaryal Rad52.
Influence of topical steroids on bacterial proliferation in the burn wound

Abstract Topical application of steroids has been shown experimentally to prevent dermal ischemia and maintain capillary perfusion in the “zone of stasis” of the burn wound. This apparent advance would be nullified if such treatment increased susceptibility to bacterial proliferation. In the model studied, susceptibility to bacterial invasion and proliferation was not increased by topical application of steroid. Addition of vitamin A to the treatment regimen exerted no effect on bacterial levels.
Surgical management and outcome of scalp subcutaneous granuloma annulare in children: case report.

OBJECTIVE Subcutaneous granuloma annulare (SGA) is a benign inflammatory disorder that rarely affects the scalp. We report 5 cases of children with SGA scalp lesions and discuss our clinical experience and the characteristic findings, diagnostic evaluation, method of treatment, and course of the disease. CLINICAL PRESENTATION Five patients presented with multiple subcutaneous nodules at single or multiple sites overlying the scalp. A retrospective review of the medical, surgical, and pathology records of the 5 patients was conducted. INTERVENTION All scalp lesions were excised and were confirmed histologically to be SGA nodules. In 4 of the 5 patients, the nodules were nontender and nonmobile. The mean number of lesions was 4.2. The mean age of patients at presentation was 3.8 years. Of the 5 patients, 4 experienced at least 1 recurrence of a solitary lesion at either the same site or a different site. In the 80% of patients who experienced a recurrence, all lesions recurred less than 1 year postoperatively, except in the case of 1 patient who continued to experience a disappearance and reappearance of lesions at 72 months. The ultimate diagnosis of all lesions was established through biopsy and subsequent microscopic evaluation. No postoperative complications were noted. CONCLUSION Granuloma annulare should be included in the differential diagnosis whenever a scalp subcutaneous superficial nodule is observed. Although many modalities of treatment for SGA nodules are used, recurrence is common, even with surgical excision.
Sociodemographic Trends in Bariatric Surgery Utilization in the USA

Although bariatric surgery has become more accessible in recent years, it is unclear whether populations disproportionately affected by obesity are utilizing this treatment. A cross-sectional analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample was performed. The sociodemographic characteristics (race, sex, age, insurance, median income), co-morbidities, and weight loss surgery type were analyzed. Bariatric surgeries increased six-fold from 17,678 in 1998 to 112,882 in 2004 (p $45,000) decreased. From 1998 to 2007, the sociodemographic characteristics of the bariatric surgery population have changed, although those that are disproportionately affected by morbid obesity continue to be underrepresented.
Nonscalability and nontransferability in the electronic properties of the Y-Al-O system

Based on ab initio calculations of electronic structure and properties of five crystals: $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3},$ ${\mathrm{Y}}_{3}{\mathrm{Al}}_{5}{\mathrm{O}}_{12},$ ${\mathrm{YAlO}}_{3},$ ${\mathrm{Y}}_{4}{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{9},$ ${\mathrm{Y}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3},$ with different Al to Y ratios and local coordinations, it is concluded that the electronic properties of the Y-Al-O system cannot be simply scaled according to cation ratio, and any of the fundamental properties cannot be transferred from one crystal to another. This finding has an implication on the segregation of Y at the internal boundaries in alumina and the precipitate phases contained therein. It is speculated that possible Y-Al interaction may explain the ``Y effect'' in the Y-containing aluminum oxide. The electronic structure and bonding of ${\mathrm{Y}}_{3}{\mathrm{Al}}_{5}{\mathrm{O}}_{12},$ ${\mathrm{YAlO}}_{3},$ and ${\mathrm{Y}}_{4}{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{9}$ crystals are discussed in considerable detail in relation to their complex structures.
Identification of phosphorylation sites on the yeast ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor Sml1.

Abstract Sml1 is a small protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae which inhibits the activity of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). RNR catalyzes the rate-limiting step of de novo dNTP synthesis. Sml1 is a downstream effector of the Mec1/Rad53 cell cycle checkpoint pathway. The phosphorylation by Dun1 kinase during S phase or in response to DNA damage leads to diminished levels of Sml1. Removal of Sml1 increases the population of active RNR, which raises cellular dNTP levels. In this study using mass spectrometry and site-directed mutagenesis, we have identified the region of Sml1 phosphorylation to be between residues 52 and 64 containing the sequence GSSASASASSLEM. This is the first identification of a phosphorylation sequence of a Dun1 biological substrate. This sequence is quite different from the consensus Dun1 phosphorylation sequence reported previously from peptide library studies. The specific phosphoserines were identified to be Ser56, Ser58, and Ser60 by chemical modification of these residues to S-ethylcysteines followed by collision activated dissociation. To investigate further Sml1 phosphorylation, we constructed the single mutants S56A, S58A, S60A, and the triple mutant S56A/S58A/S60A and compared their degrees of phosphorylation with that of wild type Sml1. We observed a 90% decrease in the relative phosphorylation of S60A compared with that of wild type, a 25% decrease in S58A, and little or no decrease in the S56A mutant. There was no observed phosphate incorporation in the triple mutant, suggesting that Ser56, Ser58, and Ser60 in Sml1 are the sites of phosphorylation. Further mutagenesis studies reveal that Dun1 kinase requires an acidic residue at the +3 position, and there is cooperativity between the phosphorylation sites. These results show that Dun1 has a unique phosphorylation motif.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv:ΔRD1 Is More Virulent than M. bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin in Long-Term Murine Infection

Region of difference (RD1) genes are present in virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis but not the vaccine strain M. bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG). The deletion of RD1 from M. tuberculosis produces an attenuation strikingly like that of BCG, which suggests the use of RD1 mutant strains for improvement of the tuberculosis (TB) vaccine. We performed long-term murine infection with M. tuberculosis H37Rv: Delta RD1 and BCG. Mice infected with H37Rv: Delta RD1 gained less weight than did BCG-infected control mice, and, after >1 year, their lungs harbored many more bacteria and displayed significant levels of inflammation. This difference in virulence has important implications for the pursuit of strains lacking RD1 in the development of the TB vaccine.
Modeling Frailty as a Function of Observed Covariates

In survival analysis, frailty models are potential choices for modeling unexplained heterogeneity in a population, which exists due to missing covariate information or to differential survival patterns among members of a population. Typically, in these models, the frailty term, which is a random effect, is unconditional on the observed covariates. In our model, we allow the frailty effect to be modulated by the observed covariates. In this way, the frailty effect is no longer rendered separate from the covariates, allowing the model to capture the frailty effect as function of unobserved as well as observed information. We demonstrate this model on a set of subjects in the Framingham Heart Study who had atrial fibrillation events and who were followed forward in time for the development of stroke. As assessed via performance measures, our model performs better on this data than the other models considered. It also captures unique hazard configurations not produced by the other models.
Monitoring the health of power transformers

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has developed an adaptive, intelligent, monitoring system for large power transformers. Four large transformers on the Boston Edison system are under continuous surveillance by this system, which can summon attention to anomalous operation through paging devices. The monitoring system offers two advantages over more traditional (not adaptive) methods of tracking transformer operation: while temperature measurements have been made for some time and can even be incorporated into SCADA systems, comparison of actual measurements with predictions based on operating conditions and ambient temperature can provide a much more sensitive measure of actual transformer condition; and while oil samples are taken from transformers and analyzed for chemical species that might indicate abnormal operation, continuous monitoring of oil chemistry can give immediate indication of something going wrong, perhaps in time to remove the transformer from service and prevent a catastrophic failure. The authors describe the monitoring system and field experience.
Untargeted metabolic footprinting reveals a surprising breadth of metabolite uptake and release by Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002.

Cyanobacteria are important primary producers in diverse ecosystems, yet little is known about the extent of their metabolic interactions with the environment. We have used an integrated, untargeted metabolic footprinting approach to systematically evaluate the uptake and release of metabolites between a model marine cyanobacteriumSynechococcus sp. PCC 7002 and different growth media. It was found that 47 out of 202 detected metabolites were consumed, and an additional 55 metabolites were released by the cells. Surprisingly, Synechococcus was found to uptake a great diversity of metabolites dominant in and specific to its own metabolite extract including histidine betaine (hercynine), γ-glutamyl phenylalanine and a hexosamine-based trisaccharide. This provides Synechococcus a mechanism to benefit from the lysis of part of their population (i.e. due to environmental stress or predation). Additionally, stable isotope probing was used to show that adenine and glutamate are actively metabolized following uptake. A significant turnover of glucosylglycerol, a cyanobacterial compatible solute, as opposed to a negligible turnover of the hexosamine-based trisaccharide were also observed using stable isotope probing. The untargeted metabolic footprinting approach used in this study is generally applicable to investigate metabolic interactions of microorganisms with the environment and may prove useful to construct microbial community foodwebs.
Bringing the Moral Economy back in … to the Study of 21st-Century Transnational Peasant Movements

James Scott's The Moral Economy of the Peasant (1976) appeared at a time when “peasant studies” had begun to occupy an important place in the social sciences. The book's focus on Vietnam, as well as its novel argument about the causes of rural rebellion, attracted widespread attention and unleashed acerbic debates about peasants' “rationality” and the applicability of concepts from neoclassical economics to smallholding agriculturalists. In this article, I analyze E. P. Thompson's notion of “moral economy” and Scott's use of it to develop an experiential theory of exploitation. I then discuss other influences on Scott, including Karl Polanyi, A. V. Chayanov, and the Annales historians. “Moral economy” and “subsistence crisis” are concepts that Scott elaborated mainly in relation to village or national politics. In the final section of the article, I outline changes affecting peasantries in the globalization era and the continuing relevance of moral economic discourses in agriculturalists' transnational campaigns against the WTO.
Facebook and political engagement: A study of online political group membership and offline political engagement

In what ways do online groups help to foster political engagement among citizens? We employ a multi-method design incorporating content analysis of online political group pages and original survey research of university undergraduates (n=455) to assess the relationship between online political group membership and political engagement-measured through political knowledge and political participation surrounding the 2008 election. We find that participation in online political groups is strongly correlated with offline political participation, as a potential function of engaging members online. However, we fail to confirm that there is a corresponding positive relationship between participation in online political groups and political knowledge, likely due to low quality online group discussion.
A universal device model for nanoelectronic circuit simulation

As nanoelectronics approaches the maturity needed for circuit level integration we will need modeling approaches that can capture non-classical behaviors in a compact manner. We propose a universal device model (UDM) that addresses the challenge of correctly balancing accuracy, complexity, and flexibility. The UDM qualitatively represents fundamental classical and quantum phenomena such that nanoelectronic circuit design and simulation become possible. We discuss the motivation behind this modeling approach as well as the underlying details of the model. Furthermore, we present circuit examples of the model in action.
Complementary health and healing in nursing education.

This study is a description of the current status of complementary health and healing in undergraduate nursing education in the United States. A sample of 105 respondents from 202 baccalaureate nur...
Physiological ecology of desert biocrust moss following 10 years exposure to elevated CO2: evidence for enhanced photosynthetic thermotolerance

In arid regions, biomes particularly responsive to climate change, mosses play an important biogeochemical role as key components of biocrusts. Using the biocrust moss Syntrichia caninervis collected from the Nevada Desert Free Air CO₂ Enrichment Facility, we examined the physiological effects of 10 years of exposure to elevated CO₂, and the effect of high temperature events on the photosynthetic performance of moss grown in CO₂-enriched air. Moss exposed to elevated CO₂ exhibited a 46% decrease in chlorophyll, a 20% increase in carbon and no difference in either nitrogen content or photosynthetic performance. However, when subjected to high temperatures (35-40°C), mosses from the elevated CO₂ environment showed higher photosynthetic performance and photosystem II (PSII) efficiency compared to those grown in ambient conditions, potentially reflective of a shift in nitrogen allocation to components that offer a higher resistance of PSII to heat stress. This result suggests that mosses may respond to climate change in markedly different ways than vascular plants, and observed CO₂-induced photosynthetic thermotolerance in S. caninervis will likely have consequences for future desert biogeochemistry.
Color Television Signal Receiver Demodulators

This paper presents a discussion of the problems and techniques involved in the design and development of color television receiver demodulators. The basic concepts of a simultaneous subcarrier color system are described as relating to the receiver demodulator problem. The particular signal specifications for field testing as proposed by the National Television System Committee are included to the extent of their effects upon receiver demodulator design. The discussion is intended to provide at least a working knowledge of the demodulator techniques utilized to date in color television receivers, which form a background for future developments of improved techniques.
An overview of MODIS on-orbit calibration and instrument performance

The MODIS ProtoFlight Model on-board the EOS Terra spacecraft was launched on December 18, 1999 and the Flight Model 1 on-board the EOS Aqua spacecraft was launched on May 04, 2002. Together they have produced over 5 years of calibrated data sets from which many land, oceans, and atmosphere products have been developed and provided to the science community and public users for better understanding of both long- and short-term changes in the global environment. Overall, both Terra and Aqua MODIS have been performing well with constant on-orbit calibration and characterization efforts. The Level 1B algorithms and the corresponding production code used to generate the calibrated data sets are mature and stable.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Bottle Weaning Intervention: A Pilot Study

Inappropriate baby bottle use is associated with tooth decay, anemia, and overweight, and it may adversely affect dietary patterns. Parents often do not follow guidance to wean by 18 months of life. We piloted a brief, counseling-based weaning intervention in an urban WIC agency among primarily Hispanic parent/toddler dyads. At baseline (n = 48), toddlers consumed a mean 4.7 bottles/day. At follow-up (n = 39), the intervention group consumed fewer mean bottles/day than controls (0.09 vs 2.0 bottles/day, P < .045). Half the toddlers in the experimental group and one third of the control groups weaned completely. Parents of weaned children were satisfied with the outcome.
ABC Electronics: An Instructional Case Illustrating Auditors' Use of Preliminary Analytical Procedures

SUMMARY: This instructional case demonstrates auditors' use of analytical procedures during the planning/risk assessment phase of a financial statement audit. An Excel spreadsheet enables instructors to embed up to seven operating problems or potential accounting issues into a fictitious consumer electronics manufacturer's current year financial statements. Questionnaires from students at two universities indicate that the case is effective at helping undergraduate auditing students understand (1) auditors' use of analytical procedures during the planning stage of the audit, and (2) the types of accounting issues and operating problems that might be identified using analytical procedures.
Effet of Billet Difference on the High–Temperature Strength of Hot–Pressed Silicon Nitride

The strength and fatigue resistance of silicon nitride was determined from specimens machined from two hot–pressed billets. The results indicate that although fatigue resistance is not affected up to 1100°C, differences in chemical composition between the two billets result in different high–temperature strengths. Billet acceptance criteria include both high–temperature strength and oxidation resistance specifications.
Self-Regulating Informational Text Reading Comprehension: Perceptions of Low-Achieving Students

Students who struggle with learning may not have the metacognition needed to support the multiple processes required to understand what is read in informational text. Instruction for these students, therefore, should include methodologies that promote self-regulation of critical thinking processes. Fifty-eight low-achieving students were provided Self-Regulated Strategy Development instruction for the TWA (Think before reading, think While reading, think After reading) strategy approach. Students were explicitly taught to establish goals, self-monitor performance, use positive self-instructions, and self-reinforce. We examined these students' perceptions in regard to application of the self-regulation procedures. Students' worksheets and comments as well as perceptions documented in post-instruction interviews were used to gain insight into students' metacognitive awareness of the self-regulation procedures taught and learned.
Pseudo-random clocking to enhance signal integrity

A methodology is proposed to reduce power/ground and substrate coupling noise by randomizing the clock signal. A pseudo-random number generation algorithm is used to produce a pseudo-random clock. A probability adjustment technique is introduced to compensate for the speed loss, permitting the average frequency of the pseudo-random clock to be determined. The proposed method achieves more than 24 dB attenuation in noise at the center frequency at a cost ooff less than 4% reduction in speed.
Platelet Receptors for Thrombin

Platelets are activated by many different agonists, lach agonist presumably acts on a different receptor, but in no case has a receptor been defined1. Thrombin is perhaps the most potent physiological platelet agonist. In this paper, we review the current state of knowledge of the mechanism of thrombin-induced platelet activation. Results of studies of the binding of thrombin to platelets are summarized, the general characteristics of thromb in-induced platelet activation are described, the implications of these characteristics on possible mechanisms are discussed, and the possible involvement of glycoprotein V as a receptor is evaluated. Finally, special considerations for the use of thrombin as the agonist in studies of stimulus-response coupling mechanisms are discussed.
Dislocation nucleation from a crack tip : an analysis based on the Peierls concept

Abstract Dislocation nucleation from a stressed crack tip is analyzed based on the Peierls concept. A periodic relation between shear stress and atomic shear displacement is assumed to hold along the most highly stressed slip plane emanating from a crack tip. This allows some small slip displacement to occur near the tip in response to small applied loading and, with increase in loading, the incipient dislocation configuration becomes unstable and leads to a fully formed dislocation which is driven away from the crack. An exact solution for the loading at that nucleation instability is developed via the J -integral for the case when the crack and slip planes coincide, and an approximate solution is given when they do not. Solutions are also given for emission of dissociated dislocations, especially partial dislocation pairs in fcc crystals. The level of applied stress intensity factors required for dislocation nucleation is shown to be proportional to √γ us , where γ us , the unstable stacking energy, is a new solid state parameter identified by the analysis. It is the maximum energy encountered in the block-like sliding along a slip plane, in the Burgers vector direction, of one half of a crystal relative to the other. Approximate estimates of γ us are summarized and the results are used to evaluate brittle vs ductile response in fcc and bcc metals in terms of the competition between dislocation nucleation and Griffith cleavage at a crack tip. The predictions seem compatible with known behavior and also show that in many cases solids which are predicted to first cleave under pure mode I loading should instead first emit dislocations when that loading includes very small amounts of mode II and III shear. The analysis in this paper also reveals a feature of the near-tip slip distribution corresponding to the saddle point energy configuration for cracks that are loaded below the nucleation threshold, as is of interest for thermal activation.
The Effect of Cereal Grain and Energy Level of the Diet on the Response of Turkey Poults to Enzyme and Antibiotic Supplements

Abstract THE differences in growth response to antibiotics reported by different investigators have been attributed to several factors, among which are “old” and “new” environment (Coates et al., 1951; Gordon, 1952), continued use and induced resistance (McGinnis et al., 1958; Nelson et al., 1963), as well as a reduced germ load or diseased potential with continued use of an antibiotic (Libby and Schaible, 1955; Waibel et al., 1954). Growth responses attributed to enzyme supplementation also may vary due to several causes. Fry et al. (1958b) found that the type of cereal grain influences the degree of response by turkey poults, while Willingham et al. (1960), using samples of barley grown in different geographical areas, showed that the geographical source of the grain may also influence the response. The results presented in this paper show that the growth response of turkey poults to antibiotic and/or enzyme supplements may also be influenced by…
Site Characteristics for Sibbaldia procumbens (Rosaceae) on the Uapishka Plateau (Monts Groulx), Québec, with Notes on the Alpine Flora

Abstract Sibbaldia procumbens occurs in arctic and alpine environments in widely disjunct locations in North America, Europe, and Asia. It is one of the rarest native plants in New England, with only a single station in New Hampshire. To inform conservation efforts for this species near the southeastern periphery of its North American range, we studied S. procumbens in alpine snowbeds on the Uapishka Plateau (Monts Groulx) in central Quebec, a relatively poorly known mountain range in the Grenville geologic province where the species is abundant enough to evaluate associated site characteristics. Sibbaldia procumbens was positively correlated with slope, southern aspect, and elevation, with the highest abundances associated with 22–26° slopes, 100–230° aspect, and elevations of 1024–1039 m. At our site in Quebec, S. procumbens was more abundant in association with bare rock, supporting the findings of previous authors that S. procumbens may benefit from some level of disturbance. We also quantified the do...
Nonsustained Ventricular Tachycardia.: Current Evaluation and Management

Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) has been an intimidating diagnosis for many physicians because its presence, in general, portends an increased risk of sudden death. The management and approach has been quite diverse and inconsistent in part due to the absence of a large body of literature. There have been major developments, however, over the last two decades in better understanding the mechanism of VPCs and ventricular tachycardia as well as adopting a more systematic approach to diagnosis and management. With the publication of the results of CAST I and II, there has been a movement away from empiric treatment of asymptomatic VPCs and nonsustained VT, and an emphasis on risk stratification on the basis of the underlying heart disease. Coronary artery disease, by far, is the most common etiology for heart disease in the United States, but there are numerous other conditions such as hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathies, as well as right ventricular dysplasia and “normal heart” ventricular tachycardias that require a tailored approach. Noninvasive and invasive methods of risk stratification, such as measurement of heart rate variability and signal-averaged ECG's, as well as electrophysiologic testing, respectively, have enabled us to identify “high risk” patients that may benefit from therapy whether it be antiarrhythmics or implantable defibrillators. Recent and on-going prospective trials such as the CAMIAT, EMIAT, GESICA, MADIT, MUSTT, and CABG-PATCH will hopefully further our knowledge base and make the management of VPCs and nonsustained VT a more uniform process.
Analysis of the capsule edge after Fugo plasma blade capsulotomy, continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis, and can-opener capsulotomy.

Purpose To compare the quality of the edges of anterior capsulotomies performed in porcine eyes using 3 different techniques. Setting David J. Apple, MD Laboratories for Ophthalmic Devices Research, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Methods Four porcine eyes were submitted to the center in 10% neutral buffered formalin. The cornea of the eyes had been removed, and a continuous capsulotomy had been performed in each eye using the Fugo plasma blade. To provide morphologic correlation, 4 additional porcine eyes were used in the study. In 2, a manual continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC) was performed after the cornea or cornea/iris was removed and in the other 2, a can-opener capsulotomy (COC) was performed. The eyes were then placed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Gross (macroscopic) and microscopic analysis of each eye was performed, and photographs were taken. One eye in each group was also prepared and analyzed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results The capsulotomy margin in the Fugo blade group presented some regularly spaced tags directed centrally with smooth edges at the base. Such a configuration would not interfere with the dynamics of the capsulorhexis sphincter and would generally not lead to radial tears. The smooth and regular nature of the capsulotomy margin in the CCC group was confirmed by gross and microscopic examinations of the eyes. The capsulotomy margin in the COC group presented some sharp notches directed outward, irregularly spaced, and irregular in shape. These are known to have a tendency to extend and form radial tears. Conclusion Although performance of an anterior capsulotomy with the Fugo blade was associated with some margin irregularities, the geometry of the centrally directed tags prevented them from becoming the site of radial tear formation. The base of the capsulotomy performed with the Fugo blade appeared to be almost as smooth and regular as in the CCC under SEM evaluation.
A New Name for an Old Fern from North Alabama

Abstract The varieties of Thelypteris pilosa have been recognized as the sole New World members of the subgenus Stegnogramma. Ferns of this species complex are common throughout central and southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras and exhibit an intriguing temperate disjunction in Alabama. A significant amount of morphological variation exists in the Mexican taxa; it is unclear whether these differences are due to phenotypic plasticity or genetic factors. Two regionally sympatric morphotypes, varying from deltate to lanceolate fronds, occur throughout Mexico and have been described as var. major and var. pilosa, respectively. A more distinct type, described as var. alabamensis, is endemic to north Alabama rockhouse habitats and has been reported from only a single county. Data on ecology, spore morphology, gametophyte biology, and gross frond morphology support the elevation of T. pilosa var. alabamensis to specific status under the proposed name of T. burksiorum.
Hydrology and Geology of the Honolulu Aquifer

In one sub-basin of the highly permeable basalt forming the Honolulu aquifer, the freshwater that floats upon and mixes with underlying sea water has been withdrawn at rates exceeding the sustainable yield, causing shallow drawdown cones with severe upconing of brackish water. Recharge into the area is estimated by three different methods and found to be about 5.3 mgd. By the Theis non-equilibrium method permeability of the basalt is estimated to be 13,700 gpd per sq. ft. Relatively impermeable caprock deposits appear to limit leakage of freshwater to the ocean or to adjacent aquifer areas to negligible amounts, since withdrawal at approximately the estimated recharge rate causes no increase in salinity. This study is part of a project sponsored by the U.S. Department of the Interior and the Honolulu Board of Water Supply to develop a mathematical model and to simulate by use of a digital computer the dynamic behavior of isochlors when freshwater floats on salt water.
INFLUENCE SOURCES OF PROJECT AND FUNCTIONAL MANAGERS IN MATRIX ORGANIZATIONS

The article discusses a study which examined the influence of or authority structure in a military matrix organization which contains projects. Different power bases as sources of influence are des...
Fidelity of Holographic Lithography for Fabrication of 3D SU-8 Photonic Structures and How to Minimize Distortion by Optical Design

Theoretical analysis can impart great benefits on the rationale design of 3D photonic structures by revealing the underlying mechanisms of structural distortion during each processing step. In this report, we quantitatively study the distortion of a three-term diamond-like structure fabricated in SU-8 polymer by four-beam interference lithography, which can be attributed to refraction at the air-film interface, and resist film shrinkage during lithographic process. In study of photonic bandgap (PBG) properties of Si photonic crystals templated by the SU-8 structures, we find that the distortion has degraded the quality of PBGs. Furthermore, we theoretically design new optical setups to fabricate three-term diamond-like structure with minimal deformation. Instead of single exposure of four beams, we use triple exposure of two beams, one from the central beam and the other from the side beam each time. A set of new linear polarization vectors is suggested to enhance the contrast between the minimal and maximal intensities of interference pattern.
Dynamics of feeding of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acarina: Ixodidae)

In the laboratory, both larvae and nymphs of Dermacentor variabilis (Say) fed most readily on meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord), and less readily on white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque), and on Norway rats. No relationships were found between (1) the proportion of subadult ticks which fed on a host and the total number of such ticks exposed to hosts in exposure groups which ranged from a single larva or nymph to 100 larvae or nymphs per host animal, (2) the duration of larval or nymphal engorgement and the numbers of subadult ticks to which the host was exposed, or (3) the numbers of ticks attaching to a host and the body size of the host. The subadult feeding rates for each host and the duration of feeding for each, stage were used as bases for comparing the contribution of the several small-mammal hosts of this tick, as well as for determining differences in subadult tick density between different vegetative types and between different years.