cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polyatomic ions in inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry: Part II: Origins of N2H+ and HxCO+ ions using experimental measurements combined with calculated energies and structures

Abstract Several polyatomic ions in inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry are studied experimentally and by computational methods. Novel calculations based on spin-restricted open shell second order perturbation theory (ZAPT2) and coupled cluster (CCSD(T)) theory are performed to determine the energies, structures and partition functions of the ions. These values are combined with experimental data to evaluate a dissociation constant and gas kinetic temperature ( T gas ) value. In our opinion, the resulting T gas value can sometimes be interpreted to deduce the location where the polyatomic ion of interest is generated. The dissociation of N 2 H + to N 2 + leads to a calculated T gas of 4550 to 4900 K, depending on the computational data used. The COH + to CO + system yields a similar temperature, which is not surprising considering the similar energies and structures of COH + and N 2 H + . The dissociation of H 2 CO + to HCO + leads to a much lower T gas ( 2 COH + to HCOH + generates a T gas value between those from the other H x CO + ions studied here. All of these measured T gas values correspond to formation of extra polyatomic ion in the interface or extraction region. The computations reveal the existence of isomers such as HCO + and COH + , and H 2 CO + and HCOH + , which have virtually the same m / z values and need to be considered in the interpretation of results.
Pertussis vaccination in adult trauma patients: Are we missing an opportunity?

Introduction Trauma centers commonly administer tetanus prophylaxis to patients sustaining open wounds. In the United States, there are different vaccinations available for adult administration: tetanus/diphtheria toxoid (Td) or tetanus/reduced diphtheria and acellular pertussis (Tdap). The importance of the Tdap preparation lies in its vaccination against pertussis while providing tetanus immunity. Vaccination against pertussis is paramount for disease prevention. In recent decades, there has been a steady rise in pertussis cases. This epidemic increase caused the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) to recommend the routine use of Tdap when tetanus prophylaxis is indicated. Objectives The aim of this study was to gather data on which formulation of tetanus vaccination is currently being given to adult trauma patients. We hoped to increase awareness of the expanded recommendations for vaccination against pertussis when tetanus prophylaxis is indicated, thus providing patients with protection against pertussis. Methods An institutional review board exempt, web-based, nationwide survey was sent to adult trauma center coordinators that could be located via an Internet search. Questions included trauma center level designation, number of trauma evaluations per year, zip code, hospital description (university, university affiliated, or community), and which vaccination is given for adults Results A total of 718 emails were successfully sent and 439 (61%) completed surveys were returned. Level 4/5 centers had the highest compliance rates for those patients between ages 18 and 64 (93%), followed by level 2/3 (87%), and then level 1 centers (57%). Among all centers, the use of Tdap was lower in the ≥65 year group. Level 2 trauma centers were the most compliant with this age group (61%) followed by level 4/5 (57%) and level 1 (43%) centers. Conclusion With the increase in pertussis cases, vaccination remains crucial to prevention. The CDC recommendations for Tdap have existed for adults
Weighted composition operators from the Besov spaces into the weighted-type space Hμ∞

Abstract Let μ denote a positive continuous function on the open unit disk D . In this work, we characterize the bounded weighted composition operators from the analytic Besov spaces B p ( 1 ≤ p ∞ ) into the weighted-type space H μ ∞ consisting of the analytic functions on D such that sup z ∈ D μ ( z ) | f ( z ) | ∞ and determine their operator norms. We also determine the essential norm of the bounded weighted composition operators acting on the Dirichlet space and obtain explicit estimates when p = 1 . In the general case when the operator maps B p into H μ ∞ , we derive an approximation of the essential norm that yields a characterization of the compact weighted composition operators. Finally, we derive characterizations of the bounded and the compact weighted composition operators from the spaces of antiderivatives of functions in B p and B M O A into the α -Bloch spaces.
Evolution of the Cerebellum in the Genus Canis

A comparative gross morphological study of the cerebellum in six species of the genus Canis ( C. aureus, C. familiaris, C. latrans, C. lupus, C. mesomelas , and C. rufus ) indicates that interspecific variation in this organ is of taxonomic and phylogenetic significance. Only the cerebellum of C. familiaris has been described previously. The genus appears to consist of at least two principal groups of recent species—one including the wolves, C.rufus and C. lupus , and the other composed of the remaining species listed. The validity of C. rufus as a distinct species is reaffirmed, and it is most closely related to C. lupus in its cerebellar features, although it appears to be more primitive in several aspects than any of the other species of Canis considered.
Two-Photon Fluorescence Technique to Study Polymer Adsorption at the Toluene-Water Interface

Adsorption of fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled polystyrene at the toluene-water interface is studied using two-photon fluorescence microscopy. We have developed a protocol to estimate the amount of polymer adsorbed at the interface. The measured surface excess is strongly influenced by fluorescence resonance energy transfer between neighboring fluorescein units. After accounting for this effect, we are able to estimate the surface excess to be approximately 1 mg/m 2 , which indicates a brushlike conformation for the adsorbed molecules.
An analysis of the functional equivalence of stimulus class members.

Abstract Three male children (7–9-years old) demonstrated a response bias when either responding to the form or color component of a compound standard stimulus was reinforced. Following assessment, responses to one member of the three-member dimension to which a bias was shown were experimentally extinguished. Under this condition, responses to all members of the bias associated dimension decreased and responses to the alternative dimension increased. When the equal reinforcement conditions of the assessment phase were reinstated, two Ss returned to their original bias; the third S did not. The inductive effect of the selective extinction procedure demonstrated the functional equivalence of the members of the particular stimulus class to which responding was initially biased.
771-5 Stretch Antagonizes the Action Potential Prolonging Effect of a Class III Antiarrhythmic Agent: Mechanism of Action

Myocardial stretch has been shown to shorten action potential duration (APD) and thus may modulate the efficacy of class III antiarrhythmic agents. We studied the effect of hypotonic-induced stretch on guinea pig ventricular myocytes treated with the d-sotalol analogue, E-4031, using a whole-cell patch clamp technique. Methods Myocytes were perfused with normal Tyrode solution [300 mOsmol/l] at 23°C and dialyzed with a pipette containing (mM): K-Asp 90, KCl 40, NaCl 10, MgCl2 1, MgATP 5, HEPES 10, EGTA 10, CaCl2 1, pH 7.1 [310 mOsmol/l]. Results Addition of 10 μM E-4031 prolonged the APD by 10.1 ± 1.8% (mean ± SEM), n = 10, P l 0.001. Perfusion with hypotonic (hT) solution [Tyrode less 35 mM NaCl, 230 mOsmol/1] + 10 μM E-4031 induced cell swelling with width increasing by 38.7 ± 2.7% and length by 6.0 ± 0.7 measured at 5 min, n = 36, p l 0.001. The APD measured at 5 min shortened in hT solution by 38.7 ± 2.7%, n = 10, p l 0.001. Voltage-clamp studies showed no significant change in the Na+, Ca2+, or inward rectifier K+ currents. The slow component of the delayed rectifier K+ current (lKs) measured during a 5 s depolarization to 60 mV increased in hT solution by 31.4 ± 8.2% from 8.2 ± 1.1 pNpF to 10.4 ± 2.5 pNpF, n = 10, P l 0.001. Addition of 10 μM azimilide (NE-10064), a potent blocker of lKs, inhibited the time-dependent outward current at 60 mV by 82.0 ± 5.3%, n = 10, p = 0.002. The initial current at 60 mV was increased in hT solution by 4.1 ± 2.2 pA/pF. This initial current was partially inhibited by the Cl- channel blocker, DIDS, and was not effected by 10 μM azimilide. In Cl- free hT solutions, IKs increased to a similar degree as in Cl- containing solutions (46.8 ± 16.8%, n = 4, p = 0.05). No increase in the initial current was observed in Cl- free hT solutions. Conclusions Hypotonic-induced stretch upregulates IKs and a Cl- current and underlies the APD shortening which occurs with stretch. The increase in these repolarizing currents with stretch antagonizes the APD prolonging effect of the d-sotalol analogue, E-4031.
Organic two-dimensional chromophores as media for tunable absorption of entangled photon pairs

Organic conjugated nonlinear optical (NLO) macromolecules have been shown to successfully absorb and detect entangled photons generated by the process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). Entangled photon pairs produced by SPDC are used in our laboratory to investigate entangled two-photon absorption (ETPA) at extremely low excitation fluxes in these materials. In this proceeding we show that with novel 2-D multi-annulene macromolecules we are able to demonstrate a strong ETPA cross-section which is also sensitive to the spatial orientation of the SPDC emission pattern.
Towards a Cultural Psychoanalysis in the Hindu Himalaya. Part One: Interweaving Selves

This article explores the intrapsychic influences of traditional Hindu patterns of caregiving on the formation of the inner object world, with emphasis on the notion of object constancy. The essay is the first of a three-part series that pursues a culture-based approach to reformulating post-Freudian psychoanalysis in Hindu settings.
The implementation of management science in higher education administration

Abstract Literature surveys during the 1970s found that many more management science models had been developed for higher education administration than had actually been implemented. This paper uses a survey of 146 recent articles to assess the current state of implementation in that area. The percentage of articles reported to have been implemented is presented for each administrative level, from departmental administration up to the federal level. Purposes for which the models were designed and the management science techniques used are also discussed as they relate to the record of successful implementation. The results are both surprising and informative. For example, although the largest number of models have been developed foruse at the presidential or vice presidential level of an institution, the highest percentage of successful implementations have occurred at the departmental administration level. There have been very few implementations at the state or federal levels. While scheduling was the one purpose for which the fewest number of models were developed, those models also had the highest rate of implementation. The most commonly used technique was mathematical programming, but it also had an extremely low percentage of ongoing implementations. The results indicate areas that need further work while also pinpointing areas that have probably been modelled too much.
Finders, keepers? The present and future perfect in support of personal information management

To keep or not to keep? People continually face variations of this decision as they encounter information. A large percentage of information encountered is clearly useless — junk e–mail, for example. Another portion of encountered information can be "used up" and disposed of in a single read — the weather report or a sports score, for example. That leaves a great deal of information in a middle ground. The information might be useful somewhere at sometime in the future. Decisions concerning whether and how to keep this information are an essential part of personal information management. Bad decisions either way can be costly. Information not kept or not kept properly may be unavailable later when it is needed. But keeping too much information can also be costly. The wrong information competes for attention and may obscure information more appropriate to the current task. These are the logical costs of a signal detection task. From this perspective, one approach in tool support is to try to decrease the costs of a false positive (keeping useless information) and a miss (not keeping useful information). But this reduction in the costs of keeping mistakes is likely to be bounded by fundamental limitations in the human ability to remember and to attend. A second approach suggested by the theory of signal detectability is relatively less explored: Develop tools that decrease the likelihood that "keeping" mistakes are made in the first place.
Meta-analysis: The Effect of Dietary Counseling for Weight Loss

Counseling about diet and lifestyle modification are the principal weight loss strategies for obese or overweight people. The long-term weight change attributable to dietary counseling is unclear. ...
What Alternatives to First-Line Therapy for Depression Are Effective?

Depression is often a chronic illness that requires a methodical, long-term approach to manage it optimally. A single antidepressant trial is often insufficient for patients to achieve remission. Remission rates for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are about 30% to 35%. Using successive treatment steps with optimal medication dosing and making measurement-based treatment decisions can help patients achieve remission, but, at each step, remission is less likely than at the first step. Depression is considered treatment-resistant if 2 adequate trials of medication fail. Clinicians can use validated symptom checklists such as the 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, 9-Item Patient Health Questionnaire, Global Assessment of Functioning, and Sheehan Disability Scale to identify patients with treatment-resistant depression. Treatment resistance is likely in patients with a history of depressive chronicity and concurrent psychiatric and medical disorders and may be mistakenly suspected in patients who have had an inadequate trial of medication or who have been misdiagnosed. Strategies that can be effective to combat treatment resistance include optimizing treatment, switching to another antidepressant, combining antidepressants, and augmenting antidepressants with nonantidepressant treatments such as buspirone, lithium, liothyronine, atypical antipsychotics, or other agents. In addition, clinicians need to cultivate strong therapeutic alliances with patients, use objective measurements, practice evidence-based medicine, and educate patients about the disease and its treatments.
Adventures in Eleven Dimensions

In ten dimensions, SO(8) triality encourages confusion between fermions ans bosons, but in eleven dimensions, SO(9) has no such features. Yet this is the domain of M — theory whose infrared limit is the divergent supergravity field theory. Curtright ascribes this divergence to an incomplete cancellation among the Dynkin indices between the supergravity representations. We speculate that an infinite number of the recently discovered Euler triplets, describing massless particles of higher spin, can cancel the divergences of eleven dimensional supergravity, perhaps providing a clue to M — theory.
The effectiveness of domestic content criteria in India's Solar Mission

Abstract Often, a goal of renewable energy policies is the development of domestic renewable energy technology manufacturing capacity. The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (NSM) in India is an example; besides targeting an installation of 20 GW of grid-tied solar power capacity, it includes a domestic content requirement (DCR) to strengthen a solar photovoltaic manufacturing base. We ask whether the DCR of the NSM will be effective in ensuring the global competitiveness of the beneficiary sector. Our analysis reveals three observations that indicate this outcome is unlikely: (1) the manufacturing base has become less competitive over time, (2) developers may be favoring thin-film technology, thereby bypassing the DCR, which applies specifically to crystalline silicon cells and modules and (3) gaps in the Indian innovation system are likely to prevent a return to competitiveness by solar photovoltaic manufacturers. In particular, a comparison with the Chinese innovation system indicates shortcomings in the Indian innovation system of R&D capabilities, coordination of resource provision and complementary industrial strengths. Given these observations, we suggest that policymakers remove the solar photovoltaic DCR from the NSM.
Research Note: Linkage Relationship Between the Pea Comb (P) and Extended Black (E) Loci of the Chicken

Abstract The linkage relationship between the autosomal genes, extended black (E) and pea comb (P), were estimated from the cross E/eyP/p+ × eb/eyp+/p+ in the coupling phase. Reciprocal crosses yielded a total of 545 chicks and indicated that the E and P loci were genetically linked by 45.5 ± 2.14 (SE) crossover units (P
Amino acid substitutions at position 43 of NaeI endonuclease. Evidence for changes in NaeI structure.

NaeI endonuclease contains a 10-amino acid region with sequence similarity to the active site KXDG motif of DNA ligase except for leucine (Leu-43) in NaeI (43LXDG46). Changing Leu-43 to lysine abolishes the NaeI endonuclease activity and replaces it with topoisomerase and recombinase activities. Here we report the results of substituting Leu-43 with alanine, arginine, asparagine, glutamate, and histidine. Quantitating specific activities and DNA binding values for the mutant proteins determined the range of amino acids at position 43 that alter NaeI mechanism. Substituting alanine, asparagine, glutamate, and histidine for Leu-43 maintained endonuclease activity, but at a lower level. On the other hand, substituting positively charged arginine, like lysine at position 43, converted NaeI to a topoisomerase with no observable double-strand cleavage activity. The specific activities ofNaeI-43K and NaeI-43R and their relative sensitivities to salt, the topoisomerase-inhibiting drugN-[4-(9-acridinylamino)-3-methoxyphenyl]methane-sulfonamide (amsacrine) and single-stranded DNA showed that the two activities are similar. The effect of placing a positive charge at position 43 onNaeI structure was determined by measuring (forNaeI and NaeI-43K) relative susceptibilities to proteolysis, UV, circular dichroism spectra, and temperature melting transitions. The results provide evidence that a positive charge at position 43 induces dramatic changes in NaeI structure that affect both the Endo and Topo domains of NaeI. The identification of four putative DNA ligase motifs in NaeI leads us to speculate that structural changes that superimpose these motifs on the ligase structure may account for the changes in activity.
Language Ideological Debates

Language Ideological Debates. Jan Blommaert. ed. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1999. viii. 447 pp., photographs, index.
Expansion of HER2/neu-specific T cells ex vivo following immunization with a HER2/neu peptide-based vaccine.

The identification and characterization of tumor antigens has facilitated the development of immune-based cancer prophylaxis and therapy. Cancer vaccines, like viral vaccines, may be effective in cancer prevention. Adoptive T-cell therapy, in contrast, may be more efficacious for the eradication of existing malignancies. Our group is examining the feasibility of antigen-specific adoptive T-cell therapy for the treatment of established cancer in the HER2/neu model. Transgenic mice overexpressing rat neu in mammary tissue develop malignancy, histologically similar to human HER2/neu-overexpressing breast cancer. These mice can be effectively immunized against a challenge with neu-positive tumor cells. Adoptive transfer of neu-specific T cells into tumor-bearing mice eradicates malignancy. Effective T-cell therapy relies on optimization of the ex vivo expansion of antigen-specific T cells. Two important elements of ex vivo antigen-specific T-cell growth that have been identified are (1) the preexisting levels of antigen-specific T cells and (2) the cytokine milieu used during ex vivo expansion of the T cells. Phase I clinical trials of HER2/neu-based peptide vaccination in human cancer patients have demonstrated that increased levels of HER2/neu-specific T cells can be elicited after active immunization. Initiating cultures with greater numbers of antigen-specific T cells facilitates expansion. In addition, cytokines, such as interleukin-12, when added during ex vivo culturing along with interleukin-2 can selectively expand antigen-specific T cells. Interleukin-12 also enhances antigen-specific functional measurements such as interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha release. Refinements in ex vivo expansion techniques may greatly improve the feasibility of tumor-antigen T-cell–based therapy for the treatment of advanced-stage HER2/neu-overexpressing breast malignancy.
Functional Crystals: Search Criteria and Design Principles

Abstract Conceptually, there are three levels of design strategy for functional crystals. The first level is the point group symmetry. In fact, point-group symmetry dictates the presence or absence of a particular physical response (and its anisotropy) of a crystal; hence, it can be used to search and/or screen for new functional crystals. The symmetry requirements of a number of technologically important physical properties of functional crystals are described. However, point-group symmetry is a necessary requirement but not a sufficient condition for a functional crystal. For a crystal to exhibit a particular property, it must be augmented by the second level of design strategy—the structure pattern or the space-group symmetry. Finally, in order to enhance or optimize the response, the third level of design strategy, molecular engineering, which involves the fine tuning of the electronic or magnetic structures of the building blocks (atoms, molecules, clusters, etc.) of the crystal, must be considered. This three-level strategy for designing functional crystals is discussed with the aid of examples from a new class of hybrid crystalline materials based on inorganic polymers with organic spacers/controllers systems recently developed by us.
The steady state fluid flow through a porous material between two infinite plates maintained at different temperatures

Abstract The recently developed one-temperature field thermo-mechanical theory of fluid-filled porous materials is applied to the steady state fluid flow through a porous material between two infinite plates where the top and bottom plates are maintained at constant hot and cold temperatures, respectively. The obtained solution depends on the microstructure of a porous material such as pore shape, size, and porosity. The investigation of the fluid flow equation provides the theoretical confirmation of Kozeny-Carman equation for permeability.
Crystalline Li3Po4/Li4SiO4 solid solutions as an electrolyte for film batteries using sputtered cathode layers

Abstract Crystalline solid solutions of 1:1 Li3PO4/Li4SiO4 were synthesized and tested electrochemically using thin film physical vapor deposited electrodes. After cathode deposition, the electrolyte/cathode structures were annealed at 700 °C for 2 h—a process that resulted in cathode crystallization without encouraging deleterious interfacial reactions. Results indicate that the electrolyte functioned well in this configuration. Test cells were taken through multiple charge/discharge cycles at different rates and temperatures and demonstrated a marked enhancement in performance parameters in comparison to previous reports. It is suggested that this material could function well in Li batteries fabricated using proper form factors.
Reflex responses to positive end-expiratory pressure.

Abstract When positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is applied to rabbits there is a large depression of cardiac output. The authors investigated the baroreceptor and lung stretch reflex responses to PEEP in rabbits to determine if reflex responses are important in causing the depression of carciac output which occurs with PEEP. With PEEP there was a depression of cardiac output and blood pressure, no change in heart rate, and an increase in systemic vascular resistance. The responses to PEEP were similar after vagotomy and after a large dose of atropine, but, after treatment with phenoxy-benzamine, blood pressure was lower during PEEP and systemic vascular resistance did not increase. The data suggests that lung stretch response is not an important factor in the cardiovascular response to PEEP in rabbits.
Precipitation and Recrystallization Behaviors of a High-Nitrogen Austenitic Stainless Steel Aging at 90°C

The behaviors of precipitation and recrystallization aging at 900 after cold work in a Fe-18Cr-12Mn-0.48N high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel were investigated by means of optical microscopy (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that precipitation and recrystallization occur simultaneously after aging at 900 for 10min. The precipitates firstly appear at dislocation, sub-boundary and inside the subgrain. Precipitation at these positions hinders the formation of recrystallization nucleus. With aging time increasing, precipitates appear in the recrystallized grain boundary and inside the grain. Precipitation at these positions hinders the growth of the recrystalized grains.
Exploiting Domain Knowledge for Improved Quantitative High-Throughput Screening Curve Fitting

Least-squares fitting of the Hill equation to quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) assays results in frequent unsatisfactory fits. We learn and exploit prior knowledge to improve the Hill fitting in a nonlinear regression method called domain knowledge fitter (DK-fitter). This paper formulates and solves DK-fitter for 44 public qHTS data sets. This new Hill parameter estimation technique is validated using three unbiased approaches, including a novel method that involves generating simulated samples. This paper fosters the extraction of higher quality information from screens for improved potency evaluation.
Haptic rendering of interaction between textured models

Surface texture is among the most salient haptic characteristics of objects; it can induce vibratory contact forces that lead to perception of roughness. In this paper, we present a new algorithm to compute contact forces and torques between textured objects using low-resolution geometric representations with texture images that encode surface details. We introduce a novel force model based on directional penetration depth and describe an efficient implementation on programmable graphics hardware that enables interactive haptic texture rendering of complex models. Our algorithm takes into account important factors identified by psychophysics studies and is able to haptically display interaction due to fine surface textures that existing algorithms do not capture.
Electrical resistivity changes in rocks during frictional sliding and fracture

Significant changes of electrical resistivity of saturated rocks and water pressure along sliding surface occurred during stick-slips in our direct shear experiment. Two types of changes of electrical resistivity occurred. In the first, resistivity decreased with increasing shear stress, reached minimum together with a sudden release of shear stress and returned to a higher value immediately afterwards. In the second, resistivity again decreased with increasing stress but, in contrast to the first type of changes, it decreased further upon the sudden drop of shear stress. The magnitude and the direction of the changes of water pressure on the sliding surface during stick-slip were not uniform, indicating local variations of surface deformation.
Optical computing by use of photorefractive polymers.

A matched-filter four-wave-mixing optical correlator was built with a photorefractive polymer as the nonlinear material. Two different time scales are important for this type of device: the time to write a grating, which is limited by the response time of the photorefractive material (~100 ms for the polymer used) and the time to diffract light from the grating, which is essentially instantaneous. For the matched-filter optical correlator we have obtained correlations comparing two 5000-pixel images, using 220-fs pulses with 5-mW average power, demonstrating that the time to compare the test image and the reference image is not limited by the relatively slow response time of the photorefractive polymer. Since the photorefractive grating is erasable the device can be reprogrammed for a different reference image in less than 1 s. The results show that photorefractive polymers can be used efficiently in optical image processing applications.
Comparing physical activity programs for managing osteoarthritis in overweight or obese patients

Obesity is a well-known modifiable risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA) in weight-bearing joints, and is present in approximately 35% of individuals with OA. Obesity adds significant burden to individuals with OA and is associated with poorer functional status and greater disability. In addition to tackling OA-related impairments, such as pain and functional limitations, interventions in this population need to address bodyweight reduction, as well as promotion of active lifestyle behaviors. While exercise and regular physical activity participation are both recommended and beneficial for OA and obese populations, our current understanding of optimal strategies to improve function and health status in those who have both OA and obesity is limited. This review will summarize the current available evidence related to effectiveness of various physical activity interventions to reduce pain, improve function and overall health-related quality of life in overweight or obese individuals with OA.
GENETIC KNOWLEDGE, CLIENT PERSPECTIVES, AND GENETIC COUNSELING

A brief history of the use of genetic counseling is presented. Existing literature on the subject is reviewed in order to assess the effectiveness of genetic counseling. Such effectiveness is measured by the amount of information transferred and the appropriateness of parental decisions following counseling. All the studies indicate that information can be transmitted by counseling; effectiveness rates vary from 1 study to another. Factors which might influence a clients ability to recall information are discussed. Effective counseling should include a discussion of the psychosocial issues involved as well as the genetic facts. Recommendations are made for improving the field of genetic counseling.
A seepage meter designed for use in flowing water

Summary Seepage meters provide one of the most direct means to measure exchange of water across the sediment–water interface, but they generally have been unsuitable for use in fluvial settings. Although the seepage bag can be placed inside a rigid container to minimize velocity head concerns, the seepage cylinder installed in the sediment bed projects into and disrupts the flow field, altering both the local-scale fluid exchange as well as measurement of that exchange. A low-profile seepage meter designed for use in moving water was tested in a seepage meter flux tank where both current velocity and seepage velocity could be controlled. The conical seepage cylinder protrudes only slightly above the sediment bed and is connected via tubing to a seepage bag or flowmeter positioned inside a rigid shelter that is located nearby where current velocity is much slower. Laboratory and field tests indicate that the net effect of the small protrusion of the seepage cylinder into the surface water flow field is inconsequentially small for surface water currents up to 65 cm s −1 . Current velocity affects the variability of seepage measurements; seepage standard deviation increased from ∼2 to ∼6 cm d −1 as current velocity increased from 9 to 65 cm s −1 . Substantial bias can result if the shelter is not placed to minimize hydraulic gradient between the bag and the seepage cylinder.
Role of outer-pore residue Y380 in U-type inactivation of KV2.1 channels

The interpretation of slow inactivation in potassium channels has been strongly influenced by work on C-type inactivation in Shaker channels. Slow inactivation in Shaker and some other potassium channels can be dramatically modulated by the state of the pore, including mutations at outer pore residue T449, which altered inactivation kinetics up to 100-fold. KV2.1, another voltage-dependent potassium channel, exhibits a biophysically distinct inactivation mechanism with a U-shaped voltage-dependence and preferential closed-state inactivation, termed U-type inactivation. However, it remains to be demonstrated whether U-type and C-type inactivation have different molecular mechanisms. This study examines mutations at Y380 (homologous to Shaker T449) to investigate whether C-type and U-type inactivation have distinct molecular mechanisms, and whether C-type inactivation can occur at all in KV2.1. Y380 mutants do not introduce C-type inactivation into KV2.1 and have little effect on U-type inactivation of KV2.1. Interestingly, two of the mutants tested exhibit twofold faster recovery from inactivation compared to wild-type channels. The observation that mutations have little effect suggests KV2.1 lacks C-type inactivation as it exists in Shaker and that C-type and U-type inactivation have different molecular mechanisms. Kinetic modeling predicts that all mutants inactivate preferentially, but not exclusively, from partially activated closed states. Therefore, KV2.1 exhibits a single U-type inactivation process including some inactivation from open as well as closed states.
Lack of efficacy of an epidural blood patch in treating abducens nerve palsy after an unintentional dura puncture

Abstract Background and Objectives. Unintentional dural puncture with a Tuohy epidural needle during the course of an epidural anesthetic may lead to a postdural puncture headache and double vision. We describe a parturient that developed left abducens nerve palsy after an epidural anesthetic for labor. Methods. A 32-year-old female developed a postdural puncture headache 1 day after an epidural anesthetic for labor. Over the next several days she began to complain of diplopia. Subsequent to this, she developed lateral rectus muscle palsy. Results. The lateral rectus palsy resolved spontaneously 8 weeks after the epidural anesthetic. Conclusions. We believe that a dural puncture during an attempted epidural anesthetic resulted in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage with a consequent headache. The CSF leak caused traction on the sixth cranial nerve resulting in lateral rectus muscle palsy. An epidural blood patch performed after the onset of symptoms did not acutely resolve the abducens nerve palsy.
The response of two types of dwarf mice to growth hormone, thyrotropin, and thyroxine.

Abstract Dwarf mice (dw) ( Snell, 1929 ) and Ames dwarf mice (df) ( Schaible and Gowen, 1961 ) were injected daily for 40 days with growth hormone (GH), thyrotropin (TSH), thyroxine, GH plus TSH, and GH plus thyroxine. All treatments except TSH resulted in increase of body weight and tail length and in maturational changes of body proportions. Response to GH and GH plus TSH was higher in df dwarfs; response to thyroxine was higher in dw dwarfs. Thyroxine did not change the histological structure of the thyroid, TSH had little effect, but GH therapy resulted in extensive repair of the gland. Most treated males became fertile. Thyroxine had the same effect on fertility of dw and df dwarfs, but GH was more effective in df dwarfs. Females given GH matured sexually, but mating never resulted in pregnancy or pseudopregnancy. The results indicate that in both types of dwarf the hypophysis produces little or no GH, TSH, or prolactin, whereas follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones are present. A direct effect of the gene on the thyroid may be involved.
Long-term follow-up in a patient after pneumonectomy and SILASTIC® prosthetic placement for unilateral pulmonary artery agenesis

Abstract Unilateral pulmonary artery agenesis is an exceedingly rare condition. The authors report the case of a 9-year-old girl with unilateral pulmonary artery agenesis who presented with exertional hemoptysis. The patient underwent a right pneumonectomy with placement of an expandable. SILASTIC® (Dow Corning, Midland, MI) prosthesis in the right thorax. A 13-year follow-up is reported, and management of this condition is discussed.
cAMP control of HCN2 channel Mg2+ block reveals loose coupling between the cyclic nucleotide-gating ring and the pore.

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-regulated HCN channels underlie the Na+-K+ permeable IH pacemaker current. As with other voltage-gated members of the 6-transmembrane KV channel superfamily, opening of HCN channels involves dilation of a helical bundle formed by the intracellular ends of S6 albeit this is promoted by inward, not outward, displacement of S4. Direct agonist binding to a ring of cyclic nucleotide-binding sites, one of which lies immediately distal to each S6 helix, imparts cAMP sensitivity to HCN channel opening. At depolarized potentials, HCN channels are further modulated by intracellular Mg2+ which blocks the open channel pore and blunts the inhibitory effect of outward K+ flux. Here, we show that cAMP binding to the gating ring enhances not only channel opening but also the kinetics of Mg2+ block. A combination of experimental and simulation studies demonstrates that agonist acceleration of block is mediated via acceleration of the blocking reaction itself rather than as a secondary consequence of the cAMP enhancement of channel opening. These results suggest that the activation status of the gating ring and the open state of the pore are not coupled in an obligate manner (as required by the often invoked Monod-Wyman-Changeux allosteric model) but couple more loosely (as envisioned in a modular model of protein activation). Importantly, the emergence of second messenger sensitivity of open channel rectification suggests that loose coupling may have an unexpected consequence: it may endow these erstwhile “slow” channels with an ability to exert voltage and ligand-modulated control over cellular excitability on the fastest of physiologically relevant time scales.
Stability of Plane Shock Waves

A new argument is presented that yields the following criterion for plane shocks to be stable: $\ensuremath{-}1l{j}^{2}{(\frac{\mathrm{dv}}{\mathrm{dp}})}_{\mathrm{H}}l1$, where ${j}^{2}=\frac{(p\ensuremath{-}{p}_{0})}{({v}_{0}\ensuremath{-}v)}$ is the slope of the Rayleigh line, and ${(\frac{\mathrm{dv}}{\mathrm{dp}})}_{\mathrm{H}}$ is the slope of the Hugoniot curve in the pressure-volume plane. The lower limit is well known and the consequences of its violation are well understood; however, no such degree of understanding has yet been achieved for the upper limit. It seems likely that it bears an important relation to detonation phenomena.
Fatal myocarditis due to Clostridium novyi type B in a previously healthy woman: Case report and literature review

Clostridium novyi is a Gram-positive anaerobe, which is commonly a pathogen of domestic and wild animals. Disease in humans typically presents as myonecrosis. C. novyi has not previously been reported as a cause of myocarditis. We report a fatal case with infection of the myocardium by C. novyi type B.
Ancient Civilization and Plural Societies in the Andean Amazon: Anthropologists and Indians Fight for Inclusion

In 1966, as a recent graduate of a liberal arts education, I began to work as a Peace Corps volunteer with the Amuesha people of the tropical forest-covered, eastern slopes of the central Andes Mountains. I was taken aback to learn that the European, Andean and coastal peoples who had colonized their territory over the past eight decades, including the majority of the government officials, considered them to be aliens, and denied their rights as Peruvian citizens. The discourse regarding the savagery and backwardness of the rural indigenous people in contrast to the civilization and progress of the urban Peruvians was very current at that time.
Where the Rubber Meets the Road: Standing the Test of the Dyad

This target article makes several important contributions to the relationships literature. First, it focuses attention on basic normative processes central to attachment theory. Relatively little r...
A Case of Esophageal Stricture After Iodine 131 Ablation

Objective: To report the first case of esophageal stricture as a complication of radioiodine (131I) ablation therapy.Methods: We review the medical and surgical history of this patient and discuss various potential causes of the esophageal stricture.Results: A 79-year-old woman presented with increasing dysphagia and weight loss of about 4.5 kg after recent 131I therapy for thyroid cancer remnant ablation. Her pertinent history included gastroesophageal reflux disease, an anterior midcervical esophageal web, and a distal esophageal stricture. She also had a history of radiation therapy to her chest for breast cancer about 28 years previously. On the day of 131I therapy, the 5.5-GBq 131I capsule lodged accidentally in her midcervical area for approximately 2.5 hours. The resulting radiation dose to the proximal esophagus was estimated to be 7.86 Gy from gamma radiation and possibly as high as several thousand grays from beta radiation. During this time, the esophagus had possible direct exposure to the sod...
Inhibition of a U(VI)- and sulfate-reducing consortia by U(VI).

The stimulation of microbial U(VI) reduction is currently being investigated as a means to reduce uranium's mobility in groundwater, but little is known about the concentration at which U(VI) might inhibit microbial activity, or the effect of U(VI) on bacterial community structure. We investigated these questions with an ethanol-fed U(VI)- and sulfate-reducing enrichment developed from sediment from the site of an ongoing field biostimulation experiment at Area 3 of the Oak Ridge Field Research Center (FRC). Sets of triplicate enrichments were spiked with increasing concentrations of U(VI) (from 49 μm to 9.2 mM). As the U(VI) concentration increased to 224 μM, the culture's production of acetate from ethanol slowed, and at or above 1.6 mM U(VI) little acetate was produced over the time frame of the experiment. An uncoupling inhibition model was applied to the data, and the inhibition coefficient for U(VI), KU, was found to be ∼100 μM U(VI), or 24 mg/L, indicating the inhibitory effect is relevant at highl...
Quantitative recurrence results

LetX be a probability measure spaceX=(X, Φ, μ) endowed with a compatible metricd so that (X,d) has a countable base. It is well-known that ifT∶X→X is measure-preserving, then μ-almost all pointsx∈X are recurrent, i.e.,\(\lim \begin{array}{*{20}c} {\inf } \\ {n \geqq 1} \\ \end{array} d(x, T^n (x)) = 0\). We show that, under the additional assumption that the Hausdorff α-measureHα(X) ofX is σ-finite for some α>0, this result can be strengthened:\(\lim \begin{array}{*{20}c} {\inf } \\ {n \geqq 1} \\ \end{array} \left\{ {n^{1/\alpha } . d(x, T^n (x))} \right\}< \infty \), for μ-almost all pointsx∈X. A number of applications are considered.
Use of optimization in applications with errors

We consider the basic problem of using optimization in situations where the quantities involved cannot be evaluated precisely. An example we have considered in the past (see reference [1]) is the circuit design optimization problem. The objective in such a problem is to determine values for certain parameters in the circuits that optimize some measure of circuit performance. This measure or criterion is evaluated by solving a system of nonlinear algebraic and differential equations. These equations can be solved to a specified degree of accuracy, but the cost of a function/ gradient evaluation can increase significantly when the accuracy is increased. In this situation the function and gradient evaluations contain approximately the same percentage errors. Initial tests as represented in [1] indicated that variable metric schemes can be reliable when applied to such problems. Many other applications exist. In this talk we examine this question of computing an 'optimal' solution in the presence of such errors.
Nanojet-induced modes in 1D chains of microspheres

We report on the light transport phenomena in linear chains composed of several tens of touching spherical microcavities. A new optical mode type, namely nanojet-induced modes (NIMs) is observed. These modes result from the optical coupling of microspheres acting as a series of micro-lenses, which periodically focus propagating wave into photonic nanojets. Theoretically, formation of periodic nanojets has been predicted in Z. Chen et al., Opt. Lett. 31, 389 (2006). The chains were produced by means of the self-assembly directed by micro-flows of water suspension of polystyrene microspheres. The mean size of spheres was varied in the 2-10 micron range. To couple light to NIMs we used built-in emission sources formed by several locally excited dye-doped microcavities from the same chain. Conversion of modes emitted by the light source into the NIMs results in losses of several dB per sphere in the vicinity (first few tens of spheres) of such sources. At longer distances we found an attenuation rate as small as 0.5 dB per sphere that reveals low intrinsic propagation loss for NIMs. The NIMs have potential applications for coupling and guiding of light in compact arrays of spherical cavities with extremely high quality (Q) whispering gallery modes.