cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Areally-Weighted Temperature and Precipitation Averages for Alaska, 1931–1977

Abstract Areally weighted time series of temperature and precipitation have been compiled for Alaska for the period 1931–1977. Correlations of the temperature values with those of the contiguous United States indicate that, at both the monthly and seasonal time scales, the temperatures over the eastern two-thirds of the contiguous United States and Alaska are basically out of phase. However, with regard to long-term trends, the; temperatures in both Alaska and the lower 48 states exhibit a similar pattern.
New myrmecomorphous longhorned beetles from Haiti and the Dominican Republic with a key to Anaglyptini and Tillomorphini of Hispaniola (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Cerambycinae).

First records of the tribes Anaglyptini and Tillomorphini (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae) are documented for Hispaniola. A new genus of a highly myrmecomorphic longhorned beetle (Licracantha gen. n.) is described and illustrated based on one species (Licracantha formicaria sp. n.) and provisionally assigned to Tillomorphini. Three other new species of ant mimic longhorned beetles are described and illustrated: Calliclytus macoris sp. n. (Tillomorphini), Tilloclytus baoruco sp. n., and Tilloclytus neiba sp. n. (Anaglyptini). An identification key and distribution map to all known Hispaniolan species of these two tribes are presented.
First report of Psittacanthus angustifolius on pines in Mexico and Guatemala.

The mistletoe Psittacanthus angustifolius Kuijt (Loranthaceae) is a common parasite of pines in Honduras (2). In March we observed this mistletoe parasitizing a pine that Farjon and Styles (1) have classified as Pinus tecunumanii Eguiluz & J. P. Perry 4 km south of Jitotol, Chiapas, Mexico. The taxonomy of this host in Chiapas is controversial as Perry (3) classifies the Chiapas populations of this pine as Pinus oocarpa var. ochoterenai Martinez. We also observed P. angustifolius on P. oocarpa Schiede 4 km north of Jitotol. In addition, we found this mistletoe parasitizing Pinus maximinoi H. E. Moore approximately 15 km west of Ocosingo, Chiapas. In Guatemala, we observed P. angustifolius on P. oocarpa at several locations north and south of La Cumbre, Department Baja Verapaz. This mistletoe appears to be less common in Chiapas and Guatemala than it is in Honduras. We did not observe this mistletoe damaging its pine hosts in Mexico or Guatemala. This is the first report of P. angustifolius in both Mexico and Guatemala and the first report of this mistletoe on Pinus tecunumanii (or Pinus oocarpa var. ochoterenai). Specimens of P. angustifolius from the above pine hosts have been deposited at the Deaver Herbarium, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff. References: (1) A. Farjon and B. Styles. Pinus (Pinaceae), Flora Neotropica, Monogr. 75, New York Botanical Garden, 1997. (2) Mathiasen et al. Plant Dis. 84:203, 2000. (3) J. Perry. The Pines of Mexico and Central America, Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, 1991.
Anisotropic damage model for woven fabric composites during tension–tension fatigue

Abstract Inelastic deformations of woven fabric composites are attributed to the formation of multitude of cracks that develop in the material in the fatigue environment. Cracks destroy material bonds and render composites more compliant. This paper presents an anisotropic damage model for glass–epoxy fabric composites accounting for the strong directionality nature of damage during a tension–tension fatigue loading. Damage is reflected through the fourth-order compliance tensor involving a damage parameter whose evolution is determined from the second invariant of the stress tensor. The model is capable of capturing permanent deformation due to damage and is checked against experimental results.
Susceptibility of Enterobacter to Cefamandole: Evidence for a High Mutation Rate to Resistance

Cefamandole minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 10 strains of Enterobacter were determined by the ICS agar dilution and broth dilution procedures. Agar dilution MICs ranged from 1 to 8 μg/ml, with an inoculum of 10 4 organisms/spot. Broth dilution MICs were consistently higher, with an inoculum of approximately 7 × 10 5 organisms/ml. Seven strains showed MICs of ≥64 μg/ml. There was a marked inoculum effect in broth, and skipped tubes were often observed. Variants resistant to 32 μg/ml or more were isolated by direct selection and were shown to occur at a frequency of approximately 10 −6 to 10 −7 . A mutant showing a 16-fold increase in agar dilution MIC was also isolated by indirect selection. These variants and others isolated from broth in the presence of cefamandole were tested for ability to inactivate the antibiotic, using both a biological and a chemical procedure. Two distinct classes of variants were seen. Twelve of 28 were shown by both methods to inactivate the antibiotic, whereas the others, including the indirectly selected mutant, did not. The wild types were also negative by both tests. The higher cefamandole MICs of Enterobacter in broth, thus, appeared to reflect a high frequency of resistant variants that were not detected with the inoculum and end point criteria usually used in agar dilution methods. The ability of some variants to inactivate cefamandole may have resulted from a mutation that extended the activity of Enterobacter cephalosporinase to include this antibiotic.
Constitutive Modeling of the Stress-Stretch Behavior of Two-Dimensional Triangulated Macromolecular Networks Containing Folded Domains

The mechanical behavior of the red blood cell membrane is governed by the lipid bilayer which resists changes in surface area and the underlying spectrin network which resists changes in shape. The constituent spectrin chains of the network consist of a series of domains along the chain, which exhibit noncovalent interactions. Upon sufficient extension of a chain, each folded domain undergoes mechanically-induced unfolding after reaching a chain force between 10 and 35 pN. Individual spectrin chains within the network experience their first unfolding event at different levels of macroscopic strain depending on the macroscopic loading conditions and the orientation of each constituent chain with respect to the macroscopic loading. A microstructurally-informed continuum level constitutive model is developed which tracks individual chain deformation behavior as well as the overall macroscopic network stress-strain behavior. Using the introduced continuum approach and statistical mechanics based models of the chain force-extension behavior together with a transition state model of domain unfolding; a constitutive model for the membrane stress-stretch behavior is constructed. Uniaxial tension and simple shear behaviors of the membrane are simulated incorporating the unfolding of the individual chains. A Taylor averaging approach is used as a first approximation to account for the irregularities in the spectrin network which result in a near plateau-like force behavior with increasing stretch. DOI: 10.1115/1.2745373
Fat-suppression MR imaging in neuroradiology: techniques and clinical application.

Fat-suppression techniques are useful in MR imaging to eliminate strong signals from fatty tissues that interfere with signals from adjacent areas. Various methods of fat suppression have been devised, but when suppression of fat is used in combination with contrast enhancement employing paramagnetic agents (e.g., gadopentetate dimeglumine), the definition of normal anatomic structures is significantly improved, enhancing lesions become more conspicuous, and lesional margins are better defined in regions of the body with large amounts of fat, whose signal is suppressed. Contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed T1-weighted images provide more information than do conventional MR images. In this review, several types of fat-suppression techniques and their clinical applications in neuroradiology are described. Gadopentetate dimeglumine-enhanced, fat-suppressed T1-weighted images appear to have significant advantages over conventional T1-weighted contrast-enhanced images and should replace them in imaging regions of the body where large amounts of fat are present.
Metal-binding abilities of antibacterial heterocyclic thiones.

Metal-binding stability constants for a series of imidazole, pyrimidine, and related heterocyclic thiones, and a few nonsulfur-containing heterocycles, with Cu (II), Al (III), and Fe (III) ions were determined. Relatively high avidities for the metal ions were found. The magnitudes of the constants, in comparison with those of both cyclic and open-chain compounds of known chelating ability, indicated that four-membered chelate rings involving nitrogen and sulfur atoms were formed. Compounds having the higher metal-binding strengths showed some antimicrobial activity.
Spectral analysis of spatial sampling by photoreceptors: topological disorder prevents aliasing.

Abstract To determine whether the spatial disorder of human photoreceptors is sufficient to prevent aliasing distortion, optical transform techniques were used to compute the power spectrum of a 12′ × 13′ array of foveal cones treated as sampling points and also the post-sampling spectra of gratings at spatial frequencies above (80 c/deg) and below (30 c/deg) the nominal Nyquist frequency for this array. No trace of aliasing was observed in the spectrum of the sampled 80 c/deg grating. The conclusion is that spatial disorder in foveal receptor placement allows alias-free sampling without introducing any appreciable spatial noise.
Continuous Cycling Peritoneal Dialysis Is Associated With Lower Rates of Catheter Infections Than Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD), unlike continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), provides freedom from daytime exchanges and is associated with lower rates of peritonitis. However, catheter infection (CI) rates have not been reported for CCPD. Previous data suggested that a CAPD disconnect system (Y set) was associated with lower rates of Cl. These results suggested that patients on CCPD, which is also a disconnect system, might also have low CI rates. We evaluated our CCPD patients for infection rates and compared them with two groups of matched control CAPD patients, one using a spike system and one a Yset disconnect system to evaluate this hypothesis. The CCPD patients had the lowest rates of Cis (0.5 episodes per year or one episode every 25 months), followed by the CAPD patients using the Y-set (0.8 episodes per year or one episode every 14 months). CAPD patients using the spike system had the highest rates of Cls (1.2 episodes per year or one episode every 10 months). Peritonitis rates followed the same pattern among the patient groups: CCPD, 0.3 episodes per year; CAPD, Y-set 0.5 episodes per year; CAPD, spike system 1.3 episodes per year. Our data suggest that disconnect systems, such as the CAPD Yset and CCPD, reduce Cls, as well as peritonitis.
Black Populations, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, and Research: Implications for Nurses

Knowledge that is generated from research is critical toward understanding the prevention, impact, and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). During the past several decades, the Black community has been disproportionately affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Therefore, engaging their participation in HIV/AIDS research is necessary to understand the disease further and to develop strategies for nursing interventions. Many factors hinder Blacks from participating in HIV/AIDS research. This review provides information for nurses about problems related to recruitment and recommendations for recruiting Black participants for HIV/AIDS research.
The Development and Validation of the Power Apprehension Scale

This study describes the development and validation of a new instrument entitled the Power Apprehension Scale (PAS) to be used by researchers interested in an objective self-report measure of negative attitudes toward power. Two PAS subscales have been identified, one dealing with concerns about having power oneself, and one dealing with concern about the power of others. The primary "Self' subscale was shown to have high test-retest reliability as well as high internal consistency. The "Others" subscale was shown to have moderately high test-retest reliability, but only modest internal consistency. Evidence for both the construct and discriminant validity of the PAS is presented.
A note on a graph-structural approach to the generalization of data management systems☆

Abstract This paper presents techniques for representing complex data structures as hierarchically organized sets of graphs or sets of matrices. We also present various system-reducing techniques for generating efficient retrieval systems from data management systems. Thus, the techniques provide an environment for efficient retrieval and fast maintenance as well as providing a simple and effective means of understanding, visualizing, and analyzing the data systems.
Avoidance of Pesticides by Untrained Sheepshead Minnows

Abstract The capacity of sheepshead minnows, Cyprinodon variegatus, to avoid six pesticides (DDT, endrin, malathion, Dursban®, Sevin®, and 2,4-D) was investigated. Test fish avoided water containing DDT, endrin, Dursban, and 2,4-D. The fish did not avoid the test concentrations of malathion or Sevin. When fish were exposed simultaneously to two different concentrations of the four pesticides that were avoided, they avoided the highest concentration of 2,4-D but preferred the higher concentration of DDT. Fish did not discriminate between other concentrations of 2,4-D or between different concentrations of endrin or Dursban.
Paradoxes of happiness

To get happiness forget about it; then, with any luck, happiness will come as a by-product in pursuing meaningful activities and relationships. This adage is known as the paradox of happiness, but actually it contains a number of different paradoxes concerning aims, success, freedom, and attitudes. These paradoxes enhance our understanding of the complexity of happiness and its interaction with other values in good lives, that is, lives which are happy as well as morally decent, meaningful, and fulfilling. Yet, each paradox conveys a one-sided truth that needs to be balanced with others. Happiness, understood as subjective well-being, involves positively evaluating our lives and living with a sense of well-being. As such, it should not be confused with either pleasure or normative conceptions of “true” happiness.
Dissociation of Mismatch Recognition and ATPase Activity by hMSH2-hMSH3

MSH2-MSH3 directs the repair of insertion/deletion loops of up to 13 nucleotides in vivoand in vitro. To examine the biochemical basis of this repair specificity, we characterized the mispair binding and ATPase activity of hMSH2-hMSH3. The ATPase was found to be regulated by a mismatch-stimulated ADP → ATP exchange, which induces a conformational transition by the protein complex. We demonstrated strong binding of hMSH2-hMSH3 to an insertion/deletion loop containing 24 nucleotides that is incapable of provoking ADP → ATP exchange, suggesting that mismatch recognition appears to be necessary but not sufficient to induce the intrinsic ATPase. These studies support the idea that hMSH2-hMSH3 functions as an adenosine nucleotide-regulated molecular switch that must be activated by mismatched nucleotides for classical mismatch repair to occur.
Vector consumption and contact process saturation in sylvatic transmission of T. cruzi

Recent research in the transmission of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, some strains of which cause Chagas' disease, suggests that consumption of vectors by sylvatic hosts such as raccoons may play a role in maintaining the transmission cycle in the wild. As both hosts and vectors have been observed to invade new ecological niches, it is important to consider the effect vector consumption may have on vector density. For this reason a per individual contact rate is employed which rises roughly linearly for low vector densities and saturates for high densities. The model under study thus superimposes a predator-prey structure on a host-vector infection cycle (with first one, and then multiple, hosts). Outbreak behavior follows classical threshold behavior through the reproductive number R 0, which allows evaluation of the importance of this transmission avenue relative to the traditional route. For sufficiently sharp contact rate saturation, two locally stable vector densities may exist.
Immune reconstitution after autologous selectedperipheral blood progenitor cell transplantation:comparison of two CD34+ cell‐selection systems

BACKGROUND: Selection of CD34+ PBPCs has been applied as a method of reducing graft contamination from neoplastic cells. This procedure seems to delay lymphocyte recovery, while myeloid engraftment is no different from that with unselected PBPC transplants. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Lymphocyte recovery was studied in two groups of patients who underwent autologous CD34+ PBPC transplant with two different technologies (Ceprate SC, Cellpro [n = 17]; CliniMACS, Miltenyi Biotech [n = 13]). The median number of CD34+ cells transfused was 3.88 × 106 per kg and 3.32 × 106 per kg, respectively. Residual CD3 cells × 106 per kg were 4.97 and 0.58, respectively (p = 0.041). Residual CD19 cells × 106 per kg were 1.33 and 0.73, respectively (NS). RESULTS: No differences were found between the two groups in total lymphocyte recovery to >0.5 × 109 per L, which achieved a stable count by Day 30. During the study period, the CD4+ cell count remained below 0.2 × 109 per L, and the B-cell subset showed a trend toward normalization. CD3/HLA-DR+ and CD16/56 increased markedly in both groups by Day 30. An increase in CMV (13%) and adenovirus (17.4%) infection was found in both groups. CONCLUSION: Both CD34+ cell selection technologies used here determined an excellent CD34+ cell purity and an optimal depletion of T cells. The high rate of viral complications is probably due to the inability of residual T cells left from the CD34+ cell selection to generate, immediately after transplant, an adequate number of virus-specific lymphocytes.
NMR behavior of the clathrate hydrate of tetrahydrofuran. I. Proton measurements

Abstract The motion of guest THF and host water molecules has been studied to 2°K by proton CW measurements and by proton T1 measurements of the THF-H2O, THF-d8-H2O, and THF-1320 systems. Reorientation rates of THF and water molecules and the corresponding activation energies (0.92 and 7.2 kcal/ mole, respectively) agree well with dielectric results, as does the NMR evidence of a very broad distribution of orientational correlation times of THF molecules. The latter is attributed to the variability of electrostatic fields in different cages arising from disordered orientations of the water molecules. Second moments show that THF molecules effectively undergo isotropic reorientation near 250°K and become rigid only below 10°K. The exponential magnetization recovery curves observed at all temperatures show guest and host protons to have common spin temperatures. T1ϱ measurements of THF-d8·17H2O suggest that both reorientation and diffusion of water molecules contribute to relaxation, the former being dominant at lower temperatures in contrast to the case in ice Ih.
Anatomy of Murder: Mystery, Detective, and Crime Fiction

This text identifies three basic fictional forms dealing with murder and detection - mystery, detective and crime fiction. It attempts to express their interrelations, to define their differences, and to explain why these subgenres take the forms they do. Parts One and Two distinguish between mystery and detective in terms of their narrative worlds and their treatment of the sign. Mystery fiction takes place in a centered world, one whose most distinctive characteristic is motivation (of behaviour and signs). Built in a faith of foundations, it insists upon the solidity of social life, the validity of social conventions and the sanctity of signs. Mystery assures us that motives exist for both words and deeds. Covering the forms that murder fiction takes, this study includes analyses of texts by Doyle; Christie; Sayers; Hammett; Chandler; Highsmith; Jim Thompson; Thomas Harris; and others. It demonstrates that various permutations of murder fiction make for very different narrative texture and reading experiences.
Communication: Smoothing out excited-state dynamics: Analytical gradients for dynamically weighted complete active space self-consistent field

State averaged complete active space self-consistent field (SA-CASSCF) is a workhorse for determining the excited-state electronic structure of molecules, particularly for states with multireference character; however, the method suffers from known issues that have prevented its wider adoption. One issue is the presence of discontinuities in potential energy surfaces when a state that is not included in the state averaging crosses with one that is. In this communication I introduce a new dynamical weight with spline (DWS) scheme that mimics SA-CASSCF while removing energy discontinuities due to unweighted state crossings. In addition, analytical gradients for DWS-CASSCF (and other dynamically weighted schemes) are derived for the first time, enabling energy-conserving excited-state ab initio molecular dynamics in instances where SA-CASSCF fails.
Effects of Gas and Soot Radiation on Soot Formation in a Coflow Laminar Ethylene Diffusion Flame

Abstract A computational study of soot formation in an undilute axisymmetric laminar ethylene-air coflow jet diffusion flame at atmospheric pressure was conducted using a detailed gas-phase reaction mechanism and complex thermal and transport properties. A simple two-equation soot model was employed to predict soot formation, growth, and oxidation with interactions between the soot chemistry and the gas-phase chemistry taken into account. Both the optically thin model and the discrete-ordinates method coupled with a statistical narrow-band correlated-K based wide band model for radiative properties of CO, CO2, H2O, and soot were employed in the calculation of radiation heat transfer to evaluate the adequacy of using the optically thin model. Several calculations were performed with and without radiative transfer of radiating gases and/or soot to investigate their respective effects on the computed soot field and flame structure. Radiative heat transfer by both radiating gases and soot were found to be important in this relatively heavily sooting flame studied. Results of the optically thin radiation model are in good agreement with those obtained using the wide band model except for the flame temperature near the flame tip.
Nitrogen isotopes in otoliths reconstruct ancient trophic position

The ratio of 15 N/ 14 N( δ 15 N) from consumer and prey tissue is commonly used in ecological studies to determine trophic level, food web structure, and mean trophic level in aquatic ecosystems. There is a predictable positive relationship between the δ 15 N values in tissue and trophic level, caused by the bioaccumulation of 15 N in tissues of consumers with each step up the food chain. Reconstructing trophic structure or food chain length over time may provide resource managers with insights about ecosystem biodiversity and resilience. Yet, in many marine systems the absence of baseline information before anthropogenic disturbances makes comparative stud- ies addressing ecosystem responses extremely diffi- cult. Here we attempt to retrospectively reconstruct trophic position in four species of fish from the upper Gulf of California, Mexico before perturbations such as overfishing or the damming of the Colorado River. We first validated if otolith δ 15 N approximates the δ 15 N observed in fish tissue. We then used the δ 15 N encapsulated in ancient fish otoliths that are between 1,000 and 5,500 years old to define the food web structure. Our results suggested that δ 15 N in otoliths has slightly more positive δ 15 N than soft tissue. The δ 15 N values from ancient otoliths appropriately defined the fishes' relative trophic position. We found significant differences in δ 15 N between functional
A conserved DNA sequence is required for efficient gonococcal pilin antigenic variation.

Summary Antigenic variation of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae pilus occurs when a variant pilin sequence from a silent locus recombines into the expression locus by predominantly unidirectional, homologous recombination. At the 3’end of all pilin loci lies a conserved ONA sequence, called the Sma/Cla repeat, which has sequence similarity to several recombinase-binding sites, and therefore may be involved in pilin recombination. We have developed a novel reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for direct monitoring of pilin recombination, and both RT-PCR and phase variation were used to examine pilin recombination in a gonococcal strain that had had the pilE Sma/Cla repeat removed. Results from these experiments showed a decrease in pilin recombination when the Sma/Cla sequence was deleted from the expression locus, showing that a specialized site (Sma/Cla) is involved in efficient pilin recombination.
Computer-aided analysis of optical data link (Poster Paper)

This paper presents a fiber optic simulation methodology for the design of digital lightwave link. Computer-aided analysis of high speed optical data link is important for a system designer to predict the system performance in advanced. Accurate modeling and simulation contribute the fundamental evaluation of optical communication integrated circuit feasibilities. In this paper, the modeling of optical source waveform, transmission fiber, photodetector and timing recovery technique using surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter are discussed. A SONET OC-3 transceiver is simulated as an example, while measured eye diagrams are compared with the simulation result.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A novel interconnection technique for manufacturing nanowire devices

This paper reviews a novel bridging technique that connects a large number of highly directional metal-catalyzed nanowires between pre-fabricated electrodes and extends the technique to an electrically isolated structure that allows conduction through the nanowires to be measured. Two opposing vertical and electrically isolated semiconductor surfaces are fabricated using coarse optical lithography, along with wet and dry etching. Lateral nanowires are then grown from one surface by metal-catalyst-assisted chemical vapor deposition; nanowires connect to the other vertical surface during growth, forming mechanically robust ‘nanobridges’. By forming the structure on a silicon-on-insulator substrate, electrical isolation is achieved. Electrical measurements indicate that dopant added during nanowire growth is electrically active and of the same magnitude as in planar epitaxial layers.
Diagnostic criteria and treatment of discogenic pain: a systematic review of recent clinical literature.

Abstract Background context Pain innate to intervertebral disc, often referred to as discogenic pain, is suspected by some authors to be the major source of chronic low back and neck pain. Current management of suspected discogenic pain lacks standardized diagnosis, treatment, and terminology. Purpose In an attempt to determine whether patterns existed that may facilitate standardization of care, we sought to analyze the terminologies used and the various modes of diagnosis and treatment of suspected discogenic pain. Study design A systematic review of the recent literature. Methods A Medline search was performed using the terms degenerative disc disease, discogenic pain, internal disc disruption while using the limits of human studies, English language, and clinical trials, for the last 10 years. The search led to a total of 149 distinct citations, of which 53 articles, where the intervertebral disc itself was considered the principal source of patient's pain and was the main target of the treatment, were retained for further analysis. Results The results of this review confirm and help quantify the significant differences that existed in the terminology and all the areas of diagnosis and treatment of presumed discogenic pain. Conclusions Our findings show that suspected discogenic pain, despite its extensive affirmation in the literature and enormous resources regularly devoted to it, currently lacks clear diagnostic criteria and uniform treatment or terminology.
Experimental Comparison of Computational Approaches to Focus Invariant Optical Systems

Many aerospace sensor platforms have a fixed opto-mechanical layout due to harsh environmental conditions. This design decision results in tight opto-mechanical tolerances. An experimental test bed of computational approaches to alleviate this constraint is presented.
Auditory Changes in the Aged: A Follow‐Up Study

: Auditory thresholds for pure-tones and spondee words were examined in 92 community volunteers seen in a seven-year follow-up study. Hearing levels for speech material did not change as much with increasing age as did hearing for pure-tones. Analysis by age, sex, and race showed that blacks had superior hearing to whites, particularly men, but in general the rate of loss over time was about the same. From about age 74, men of both races had better hearing than women at the frequencies generally considered important for speech reception, but the sex differences were not reflected in their hearing for speech material. As expected, women had better hearing than men at the high tones; however, when race was considered, the hearing patterns for black men resembled those of women. During the seven-year period, the pattern of hearing decrement was different for men and women.
Role of conduction-electron-local-moment exchange in antiferromagnetic semiconductors: Ferrons and bound magnetic polarons.

We present a theoretical description of the influence of conduction-electron\char21{}local-moment exchange on the properties of free carriers in antiferromagnetic semiconductors, with explicit application to EuTe. We conclude that the ferron, an electron self-trapped in a potential well formed by exchange-induced ferromagnetic polarization of the matrix, does not exist at low temperatures in real three-dimensional antiferromagnets, though it is stable in quasi-one-dimensional systems. An electron bound to a donor site induces a ferromagnetic moment near the donor, and we find that such bound magnetic polaron states account for the ferromagnetic clusters attributed to ferrons in previous studies.
Issues of visualized conflict resolution

Effective and efficient requirements negotiation is a key to the success of software development efforts. For large projects, this can be especially difficult to do effectively and efficiently when combining input from non-co-located experts and reaching consensus among the different stakeholders (e.g., end-users, developers, software assurance, customers) as well as among the different aspects of software requirements (e.g., functionality, nonfunctional quality, and infrastructure). Stakeholder perception conflicts about requirements issues should be identified and resolved in the early stage of the project lifecycle to achieve a shared vision of the requirements. We discuss the issues and potential solution approaches for software requirements negotiation problems through visualization. The representation of stakeholder perceptions, visualization of the perceptions, and conflict identification and resolution in the visualized perceptions are discussed.
The Grandeur of Biopolitical Science

John Hibbing's essay is a persuasive defense of biopolitical research. I argue, however, that Hibbing does not go far enough in recognizing the broad vision of biopolitical science as a science of political animals. We need to see this as a science that moves through three levels of deep history: the natural history of the political species, the cultural history of a political community, and the biographical history of political actors in a community. I illustrate this by discussing Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation at these three levels of biopolitical science.
Sound-induced artifact in cochlear blood flow measurements using the laser Doppler flowmeter

The laser Doppler flowmeter has been shown to give a response from the cochlea during high intensity acoustic stimulation which is not related to blood flow through the cochlea. The magnitude of this response depends upon the intensity and frequency of stimulation and the location of the probe on the cochlea. Evidence is presented that the response is derived from the vibration of cochlear tissue and/or the bony cochlear shell during acoustic stimulation.
From particle tracking to molecular interactions

Live cell imaging often requires single particle tracking to capture the spatio-temporal details of molecular dynamics in situ. Here we present a single-particle tracking algorithm that constructs complete and unbiased trajectories from time-lapse sequences: It first links detected particles frame- by-frame, then closes gaps between initial tracks, accounting for particle appearance, disappearance, merging and splitting. Both steps are compactly formulated as a linear assignment problem, leading to a globally optimal solution. Tracking is supported by on-the-fly classification of particle motion. The tracking algorithm is flexible and versatile. We have applied it to study trans-membrane protein interactions, endocytic pit lifetime distributions and sister kinetochore motion and coupling.
Transfer of tolerance induced by parabiosis to isologous newborn mice.

SummaryImmunological tolerance of AZ F1 hybrid tissue homograft induced in adult Z mice by virtue of parabiosis of 150 days duration can be transferred to isologous Z strain mice by injecting these animals at birth with spleen cells taken from Z donors tolerant of AZ F1 tissue. Tolerance resulting from parabiosis of only 30 days duration failed to be transferred by the same procedure.In the light of these results the mechanism of tolerance induced in adult individuals by the parabiosis procedure is discussed.
Metabolism of Doxylamine Succinate in Fischer 344 Rats Part II: Nonconjugated Urinary and Fecal Metabolites

Elimination and metabolic profiles of doxylamine and its nonconjugated metabolites were determined after the oral administration of [14C]-doxylamine succinate (13.3 mg/kg and 133 mg/kg doses) to male and female Fischer 344 rats. Total urine and fecal recovery of the administered dose was greater than 90% regardless of sex or dose. The cumulative urinary and fecal elimination of these nonconjugated doxylamine metabolites at the 13.3 mg dose was 44.4 +/- 4.4% and 36.0 +/- 5.8% of the total recovered dose for male and female rats, respectively. The cumulative urinary and fecal elimination of the doxylamine nonconjugated metabolites at the 133 mg/kg dose was 38.7 +/- 2.7% and 41.4 +/- 1.0% of the total recovered dose for male and female rats, respectively. In order to determine the contribution of mammalian and bacterial enzymes in the overall metabolism and excretion patterns for doxylamine, two in vitro techniques were investigated. Incubation of [14C]-doxylamine succinate with human and rat intestinal microflora indicated that anaerobic bacteria were not capable of effecting the degradation of [14C]-doxylamine succinate. However, the incubation of [14C]-doxylamine succinate with isolated rat hepatocytes generated several metabolites similar to those observed in vivo. The nonconjugated doxylamine metabolites isolated and identified include: doxylamine N-oxide, desmethyldoxylamine, didesmethyldoxylamine and ring-hydroxylated products of doxylamine and desmethyldoxylamine. The studies demonstrate the role of hepatic metabolism in the elimination of doxylamine succinate in the rat.
Getting a Job : Is There a Motherhood Penalty?

Survey research finds that mothers suffer a substantial wage penalty, although the causal mechanism producing it remains elusive. The authors employed a laboratory experiment to evaluate the hypothesis that status-based discrimination plays an important role and an audit study of actual employers to assess its real-world implications. In both studies, participants evaluated application materials for a pair of same-gender equally qualified job candidates who differed on parental status. The laboratory experiment found that mothers were penalized on a host of measures, including perceived competence and recommended starting salary. Men were not penalized for, and sometimes benefited from, being a parent. The audit study showed that actual employers discriminate against mothers, but not against fathers.
Automatic labeling of software requirements clusters

Clustering is of great practical value in retrieving reusable requirements artifacts from the ever-growing software project repositories. Despite the development of automated cluster labeling techniques in information retrieval, little is understood about automatic labeling of requirements clusters. In this paper, we review the literature on cluster labeling, and conduct an experiment to evaluate how automated methods perform in labeling requirements clusters. The results show that differential labeling outperforms cluster-internal labeling, and that hybrid method does not necessarily lead to the labels best matching human judgment. Our work sheds light on improving automated ways to support search-driven development.
Quantifying Antigen-Specific CD4 T Cells during a Viral Infection: CD4 T Cell Responses Are Larger Than We Think

The number of virus-specific CD8 T cells increases substantially during an acute infection. Up to 90% of CD8 T cells are virus specific following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. In contrast, studies identifying virus-specific CD4 T cell epitopes have indicated that CD4 T cells often recognize a broader array of Ags than CD8 T cells, consequently making it difficult to accurately quantify the total magnitude of pathogen-specific CD4 T cell responses. In this study, we show that CD4 T cells become CD11a hi CD49d + after LCMV infection and retain this expression pattern into memory. During the effector phase, all the LCMV-specific IFN-γ + CD4 T cells display a CD11a hi CD49d + cell surface expression phenotype. In addition, only memory CD11a hi CD49d + CD4 T cells make IFN-γ after stimulation. Furthermore, upon secondary LCMV challenge, only CD11a hi CD49d + memory CD4 T cells from LCMV-immune mice undergo proliferative expansion, demonstrating that CD11a hi CD49d + CD4 T cells are truly Ag specific. Using the combination of CD11a and CD49d, we demonstrate that up to 50% of the CD4 T cells are virus specific during the peak of the LCMV response. Our results indicate that the magnitude of the virus-specific CD4 T cell response is much greater than previously recognized.
Complex courtship displays facilitate male reproductive success and plasticity in signaling across variable environments

Effective signal transmission is essential for communication. In environments where signal transmission is highly variable, signalers may utilize complex signals, which incorporate multiple components and modalities, to maintain effective communication. Male Rabidosa rabida wolf spiders produce complex courtship signals, consisting of both visual and seismic components. We test the hypothesis that the complex signaling of R. rabida contributes to male reproductive success in variable signaling environments. We first examine the condition-dependence of foreleg ornamentation (a presumed visual signal) and seismic signal components and find that both may provide potentially redundant information on foraging history. Next, we as- sessed reproductive success across manipulated signaling environments that varied in the effectiveness of visual and/or seismic signal transmission. In environments where only one signal could be successfully transmitted (e.g., visual or seismic), pairs were still able to successfully copulate. Additionally, we found that males altered their courtship display depending on the current signaling environment. Specifically, males reduced their use of a visual display component in signaling environments where visual signal transmission was ablated. Incorporating signals in multiple modalities not only enables R. rabida males to maintain copulation success across variable signaling environments, but it also enables males to adjust their composite courtship display to current signaling conditions (Current Zoology 57 (2): 175-186, 2011).
To sink or swim: Variable diapause strategies among Daphnia species

Although dormancy is assumed to be fundamental to population persistence in temporary ponds, it has been suggested that diapause may be less frequent in populations that inhabit permanent lakes. We compared the seasonal timing and magnitude of investment in diapausing eggs and their subsequent storage in the sediment among Daphnia species from both temporary ponds (Daphnia pulex and Daphnia ephemeralis) and permanent lakes (Daphnia pulicaria and Daphnia dentifera). Species exhibited strong temporal segregation in the timing of diapausing eggs production in both temporary and permanent systems. All populations of D. ephemeralis produced ephippia in early April whereas D. pulex and D. pulicaria produced the majority of ephippia in May-June and D. dentifera did not produce males or ephippia until autumn. Maximum investment in dormant clutches (as opposed to immediately hatching eggs) was always 100% in the temporary pond species but ranged from 3% to 100% among populations living in the lakes. The number of eggs stored in the egg bank varied within and among species but was usually lower in the temporary pond species. Our results indicate that the use of dormancy in Daphnia varies considerably among populations and species and that whether the system is temporary or permanent is not necessarily a good predictor of a populationÂ's investment in dormancy.
Tissue-dependent paired expression of miRNAs

It is believed that depending on the thermodynamic stability of the 5′-strand and the 3′-strand in the stem-loop structure of a precursor microRNA (pre-miRNA), cells preferentially select the less stable one (called the miRNA or guide strand) and destroy the other one (called the miRNA* or passenger strand). However, our expression profiling analyses revealed that both strands could be co-accumulated as miRNA pairs in some tissues while being subjected to strand selection in other tissues. Our target prediction and validation assays demonstrated that both strands of a miRNA pair could target equal numbers of genes and that both were able to suppress the expression of their target genes. Our finding not only suggests that the numbers of miRNAs and their targets are much greater than what we previously thought, but also implies that novel mechanisms are involved in the tissue-dependent miRNA biogenesis and target selection process.
Density-based similarity measures for content based search

We consider the query by multiple example problem where the goal is to identify database samples whose content is similar to a collection of query samples. To assess the similarity we use a relative content density which quantifies the relative concentration of the query distribution to the database distribution. If the database distribution is a mixture of the query distribution and a background distribution then it can be shown that database samples whose relative content density is greater than a particular threshold ρ are more likely to have been generated by the query distribution than the background distribution. We describe an algorithm for predicting samples with relative content density greater than ρ that is computationally efficient and possesses strong performance guarantees. We also show empirical results for applications in computer network monitoring and image segmentation.
Circle/Popov criteria in phaselock loop design

Phaselock loops are generally designed by a combination of linear techniques, phase plane plots, rule of thumb, and simulation. It was only rather recently that Lyapunov's second method was formally applied to the design of phaselock loops. The method however, is not suitable for phaselock loops with high order filters. This note is intended to call the attention to the use of circle/Popov criteria for the design of phaselock loops, which has been made possible by the available power for numerical computation.
Designing and packaging technology of Renesas SIP

Renesas Technology Corp. started an SIP (solution integrated product) Project in April 1999, aiming at the promotion of the SiP (system in package) business. SiP can achieve 1/10-1/6 design TAT (turn around time) in comparison with SoC (system on chip). SiP, which packs a few chips in a single package, has also advantages of EMI noise reduction and customer's substrate area reduction by using signal integrity analysis technology and packaging technology of a planar and a stack structure. On the basis of these technologies, we can enlarge SIP for the digital consumer field, analog included digital field, and other fields.
ARBs and adrenal aldosterone: the beta-arrestin1 connection

Aldosterone is produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin II (AngII) acting through its AT1Rs, which are endogenously expressed in adrenocortical zona glomerulosa (AZG) cells [1, . AT1R is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that also signals through G protein-independent pathways, a plethora of which are mediated by the scaffolding actions of arrestins (arrs), originally discovered as terminators of GPCR signaling . AngII elicits aldosterone synthesis and secretion via both G proteins and arrs (specifically arr1) . Of note, the prototypic drug of the ARB class losartan appears ineffective at blocking the adrenal arr1-dependent aldosterone production and hence, at suppressing circulating aldosterone . This phenomenon (i.e. failure at suppressing aldosterone) has been observed with several angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) clinically and is sometimes referred to as “aldosterone breakthrough” . Together, these findings prompted us to investigate the relative potencies of all ARBs at inhibiting these two signal transducers activated by the AT1R and, consequently, gauge their efficacies at lowering aldosterone in vitro and in vivo.