cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement and Comparison of Surface Dose outside Treatment Area for Different Radiation Treatment Modalities in Breast Cancer Patients Using Thermoluminescence Dosimeters

Purpose: We propose a new intra-uterine tandem design that are capable of creating non-isotropic 192-Ir dose distributions and give unprecedented dose conformality for treatment of cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: The MRI-compatible DMBT tandem design has 6 peripheral holes of 1mm diameter, on a non-magnetic tungsten-alloy rod (18.0 g/cc), enclosed in a polyoxymethylene tube (1.41 g/cc), with a total diameter of 6mm. The tungsten-alloy shield has a diameter of 5mm and the grooves are evenly distributed (60 ) on the surface of tungsten-alloy shield. A VariSource iX HDR source was used for delivering radiation dose. MCNPX Monte Carlo was used to simulate the resulting nonisotropic dose distributions. An in-house developed HDR brachytherapy planning platform, with intensity modulated planning capability using Simulated Annealing and Constrained-Gradient Optimization algorithms, was used to re-plan 75 plans (5 fractions (fx) of 15 patient cases) treated with a conventional tandem & ovoids (T&O) applicator. For the proposed tandem designs, the plans were optimized with the same ovoids in place, as the conventional T&O plans. All DMBT plans were normalized to match the HRCTV V100 coverage of the original T&O plans. Results: Generally, the plan qualities were markedly better using DMBT. Mean 2cc doses to the bladder were 4.0 0.2Gy and 3.37 0.19Gy, for T&O and DMBT, respectively. For the rectum, they were 2.30 0.17Gy and 1.82 0.1Gy. For the sigmoid, they were 1.58 0.19Gy and 1.48 0.17Gy. The best single plan reduction was in the bladder dose, 0.32Gy (40.8%), and this was due to the horseshoe-like wrapping of the bladder around the CTV, thus benefitting the most with the dose conformation enhancements achieved by the proposed designs. The best sigmoid improvement, 0.13Gy (27.5%), was shown for endophytic growth type cervical cancer. The HRCTV dose heterogeneity index (DHI) was 2.56 0.24 and 2.36 0.22 for T&O and DMBT, respectively. Conclusions: We have shown the new tandem designs that advance the conformality of image-guided cervix HDR, in congruence with the current trend of 3D image based planning to maximize the therapeutic ratio.
Adsorption and diffusion of Rh and Au dimers and trimers on graphene/Ru(0001)

Abstract Periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to study metal nanoparticles on graphene/Ru(0001). Specifically, we examined adsorption and diffusion of monomers, dimers, and trimers of Rh and Au on graphene/Ru(0001). These two metal species were chosen for their distinct behaviors in cluster formation on the graphene/Ru(0001) moire. The fcc region of this surface was predicted to be where the nucleation of metal nanoclusters occurs. The diffusion mechanisms and energy barriers for metal dimers and trimers were calculated. It was shown that the mobility of Rh clusters decreases with the increase of cluster size. For Au, however, dimers and trimers diffuse faster than monomers on the moire surface. These calculations give insights into the nucleation process of metal clusters on the graphene moire.
Walking the Talk: Castillo Theatre of 2002

There are many reasons I almost didn't write this essay: (I) The Castillo Cultural Center' has been denounced as a cult by both the Village Voice and the Anti-Defamation League; (2) the three productions I have seen at the Castillo Theatre were consistently deadening and hermetic; and (3) although Castillo's leaders preach socialism, antiracism, anticlassism, and the fundamental importance of empowering every member of their large and growing community to "develop," an overwhelming percentage of Castillo's theatre work is written and directed by one white male, Fred Newman, and acted by the same handful of actors.
Host-Plant Preference of the Asiatic Oak Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Natural oak regeneration is poor in Missouri's forests. The potential of the Asiatic oak weevil to affect Missouri's oak resource was addressed by determining the weevil's host plant preference for 10 common Missouri tree species. Host plant preference was assessed in two-choice feeding experiments and no-choice longevity and oviposition experiments. Changes in host plant preference because of previous feeding experience also was investigated. Black oak, red oak, white oak, and sugar maple were acceptable hosts for adult weevils because measurable feeding occurred on these species during two-choice preference tests. In 1985, significantly more leaf was consumed from each oak species than from sugar maple. Leaf consumption for sugar maple and black oak did not differ in 1986. Adults fed red oak and black oak in no-choice tests lived significantly longer and laid significantly more eggs than weevils fed white oak or sugar maple, indicating that red and black oaks were preferred hosts. Of the other species tested, ash, basswood, dogwood, elm, hickory, and sassafras were considered nonhosts because adults did not feed or oviposit when restricted to these tree species. Sugar maple and white oak were acceptable but not preferred hosts because longevity and egg production were reduced when weevils fed on these species. A feeding preference for white oak and sugar maple could not be induced in adults by an earlier feeding experience on these hosts.
Photosensitive Polysilane Thin Films for Write-as-Needed Optical Devices.

The use of photosensitive materials for the development of integrated, refractive-index structures supporting telecom, remote sensing, and varied optical beam manipulation applications is well established. Our investigations of photosensitive phenomena in polysilanes, however, have been motivated by the desire to configure, or program, the photonic device function immediately prior to use. Such an operational mode imposes requirements on wavelength sensitivity, incident fluence and environmental conditions that are not typical of more conventional applications of photosensitive material. The present paper focuses on our efforts to understand and manipulate photosensitivity in polysilane thin films under different excitation wavelengths, local atmospheric compositions and thermal history in this context. We find that the photoresponse can be influenced through the control of such optical exposure conditions, thereby influencing the magnitude of the photoinduced refractive-index change attained.
Optical Trapping: A Versatile Technique for Biomanipulation

T he ability to manipulate biologically important molecules individually has made great impact in the ongoing biotechnological revolution. One of the most versatile and effective manipulation techniques is the optical trap, also known as laser tweezers. Tight focusing of high-intensity beams of single wavelength radiation (lasers) with high numerical aperture objectives allows for the generation of intense and localized electro-magnetic  elds or photon  uxes. Although photons have no mass, they can impart momentum. For example, at 1 W and assuming 10% of the laser light is re ected at the particle surface, a 1 mm bead can be accelerated at ;106 g.1 Through an appropriately shaped spatial distribution of light intensity, highly focused intense laser light can be exploited to exert force for manipulating small particles in room temperature solutions under biologically relevant conditions. This optical force, or radiation
Four new cis,cis-germacranolides from cytotoxic fractions of Melampodium cinereum

Abstract The aerial parts of Melampodium cinereum afforded an antineoplastic crude extract from which, besides the known dilactones cinerenin and melampodin B, four new cis -1(10)- cis -4,5- germacranolides, melcanthins DG, were isolated from cytotoxic fractions.
Misconceptions in recent papers on special relativity and absolute space theories

Several recent papers which purport to substantiate or negate arguments in favor of certain theories of absolute space have been based on fallacious principles. In this paper we discuss three related instances, indicating where misconceptions have arisen. We establish, contrary to popular belief, that the classical Lorentz ether theory accounts for all the experimental evidence which supports the special theory of relativity. We demonstrate that the ether theory predicts the null results obtained from pulsar timing and Mossbauer experiments. We conclude that a measurement of the one-way velocity of light has physical meaning within the context of the Lorentz theory, and argue that an adequately designed experiment to measure the one-way velocity of light should be attempted.
Finite-difference algorithms for the time-domain Maxwell's equations - A numerical approach to RCS analysis

The applications of two CFD-based finite-difference methods to computational electromagnetics are investigated. In the first method, the time-domain Maxwell's equations are solved using the explicit Lax-Wendroff scheme and in the second method, the second-order wave equations satisfying the Maxwell's equations are solved using the implicit Crank-Nicolson scheme. The governing equations are transformed to a generalized curvilinear coordinate system and solved on a body-conforming mesh using the scattered-field formulation. The induced surface current and the bistatic radar cross section are computed and the results are validated for several two-dimensional test cases involving perfectly-conducting scatterers submerged in transverse-magnetic plane waves.
Mapping participant deictics: A technique for discovering speakers' footing

Abstract This article presents a systematic technique for uncovering interactional patterns in conversation. While an indefinite number of verbal and paralinguistic cues can potentially establish interactional structure, one type of form often plays a central role. Deictics systematically index aspects of the context, and these forms often sketch out the framework of an interactional event. This article discusses and illustrates the methodological usefulness of one type of deictic in particular — participant deictics, or ‘personal pronouns’. It analyzes five minutes of a classroom conversation, and shows how systematic attention to participant deictics helps uncover the interactional dynamics. The paper ends by considering the limitations of this methodological technique.
Downregulation of Prohormone Convertase-1 by a Phorbol Ester

Acute TPA treatment (1h, 100nM) of a human pancreatic carcinoid cell line (BON) depletes cell contents of chromogranin A (CGA) and pancreastatin (PST), a peptide derived posttranslationally from CGA. Despite removal of TPA, BON cells continue to release CGA in an unregulated fashion whereas PST secretion is reduced substantially. TPA treatment also reduced prohormone convertase-1 (PC-1) protein and increased PC-1 mRNA levels. Together, these findings indicate that the TPA-induced switch from a regulated to unregulated pattern of CGA secretion is accompanied by a decrease in the processing of CGA to PST and a decrease in the active form of a processing enzyme potentially involved in processing CGA to a smaller peptide, PST.
Onset of convection in the icy Galilean satellites: Influence of rheology

[1] Ice I exhibits a complex rheology at temperature and pressure conditions appropriate for the interiors of the ice I shells of Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. We use numerical methods and existing parameterizations of the critical Rayleigh number to determine the conditions required to trigger convection in an ice I shell with each of the stress-, temperature- and grain size–dependent rheologies measured in laboratory experiments by Goldsby and Kohlstedt (2001). The critical Rayleigh number depends on the ice grain size and the amplitude and wavelength of temperature perturbation issued to an initially conductive ice I shell. If the shells have an assumed uniform grain size <0.4 mm, deformation during initial plume growth is accommodated by Newtonian volume diffusion. If the ice grain size is between 0.4 mm and 3 cm, deformation during plume growth is accommodated by weakly non-Newtonian grain boundary sliding, where the critical ice shell thickness for convection depends on the amplitude of temperature perturbation to the −0.5 power. If the ice grain size exceeds 2 cm, convection can not occur in the ice I shells of the Galilean satellites regardless of the amplitude or wavelength of temperature perturbation. If the grain size in a convecting ice I shell evolves to effective values greater than 2 cm, convection will cease. If the ice shell has a grain size large enough to permit flow by dislocation creep, the ice is too stiff to permit convection, even in the thickest possible ice I shell. Consideration of the complex ice rheology implies that estimates of the grain size in the satellites and knowledge of their initial thermal states are required when judging the convective instability of their ice I shells.
A fatality involving metaxalone

A case is presented of a 54-year-old white female found dead in a secured apartment. Postmortem toxicologic analysis of the heart blood identified acetaminophen (97 mg/L), citalopram (0.4 mg/L), gabapentin (24 mg/L) and metaxalone (21 mg/L). The metaxalone concentration is within the range of previously reported fatalities involving metaxalone. The medical examiner ruled that the cause of death was metaxalone and gabapentin intoxication and the manner of death was suicide.
Investigation of novel quantum dots/proteins/cellulose bioconjugate using NSOM and photoluminescence

We investigated the engineered bioconjugate of cadmium selenide core/zinc sulfide shell, (CdSe)ZnS, quantum dots (QDs) with genetically modified proteins using near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM). A genetically engineered protein polymer was expressed and purified from E. coli. The protein polymer was allowed to self-assemble to the bacterial microcrystalline cellulose surface through the cellulosic binding domain. QDs were then conjugated to the protein/cellulose assembly through interaction with the 6x-histidine tag on the protein. The transmitted near-field optical signals are collected and detected by both a PMT (near-field scanning optical microscopy, NSOM) and a spectrometer (near-field scanning optical spectroscopy, NSOS). Results from the sample containing the QDs/protein/cellulose assemblies suggest that QDs were arrayed along the cellulose surface. The near-field spectroscopic study also showed that the slight change of spectroscopic properties of the QDs upon bioconjugation, indicating the strong interaction between the constructed protein and QDs.
Energy Use in Italian Agriculture: Alternatives to Mineral Fertilizers

ABSTRACT The productivity of industrialized agricultural systems is dependent upon fossil fuel energy subsidies. The high cost of fossil energy has prompted considerable research on conservation and alternative energy sources, primarily in the United States and Europe. Little research, however, has been conducted in Italy where the agricultural sector is developing rapidly and fuel costs are exceedingly high. The objectives of this research were l) to determine the regional energy input and efficiency of Italian agriculture, and 2) to suggest alternatives to high energy inputs, in particular, mineral fertilizers. Energy values were determined for each of the 20 regions in Italy using a process analysis approach. The results showed that agriculture in Italy was energy efficient due in part to geographic constraints. In the future, energy efficiency will decline and agricultural chemicals will play an increasingly important role in “modern” Italian agriculture. Not only does this represent a high pecuniary ...
Ballistic walking: an improved model

Abstract A mathematical model of the swing phase of walking is presented. The lower extremities are represented by links, and the rest of the body by a point mass at the hip joint. It is assumed that no muscular moments are provided to any of the joints of the extremities during the swing phase. The body then moves under the action of gravity alone. The model analyzed here is an improvement of a previous model by the same authors. The range of possible times of swing for each step length is computed for the model, and the results are compared with published experimental data. Typical histograms of forces applied to the ground and angles of the limbs against time are also given. The computed forces and angles have the same general time course as those found experimentally in normal walking, with the exception of the vertical force. The reasons responsible for this are discussed. The comparison of the results of the model with normal walking also suggests the possible effects that the absent determinants have on gait.
Development: Evolutionary ecology's midwife

We agree with Henrich et al. that documenting cultural universality and variability provides an indispensable window into human nature. We want to stress the mediating role development plays between evolution and culture. Moving beyond the mere documentation of universality or variability, developmental approaches can provide mechanistic explanations, linking ecology to phenotype. Combining phylogeny and adaptationism, evolutionary approaches can explain the properties of developmental systems.
Electronic journal collection management issues

Introduces and analyzes basic library collection management issues regarding electronic journals, including selection, budgeting, policy making, collection evaluation, and preservation/archiving. Argues that staffing and budgeting for electronic journals can be organized on subject‐based or format‐based approaches, or some combination of both. Electronic journals are selected through the same three‐stage process used for print journals: identification, evaluation, and selection. Most of the traditional criteria for print journals are also applicable to electronic journals, but additional criteria are superimposed on them. The cancellation and weeding of electronic journals have not been addressed by the profession, but will assume more significance in the future. There is a need for new client‐centered evaluation methodologies that focus on availability and accessibility rather than ownership.
A Framework for the Analysis of Probabilistic Demand Response Schemes

We describe the class of probabilistic demand response (PDR) schemes, which are particularly suited for dynamic load management in the residential sector. Our main contribution is a new methodology for implementing and analyzing these schemes based on an operational objective function that balances the total cost of meeting demand, which includes the costs of supply generation, and spinning reserves, with the total revenue from the met demand and the gain from storage/deferment. We derive structural results for the design of PDR schemes in terms of sufficient conditions that yield a well-posed joint optimization problem for the two decision variables: the planned supply generation level and the real-time PDR signal magnitude. These results are used to evaluate the suitability of various proposed PDR schemes in single-period and multiple-period contexts. Finally, using simulations, we illustrate the application and effectiveness of the proposed methodology for a collection of thermostatically-controlled residential loads.
Distal Biceps Tendon Reconstruction With Tendoachilles Allograft: A Modification of the Endobutton Technique Utilizing an ACL Reconstruction System

Distal biceps tendon ruptures typically occur with biceps contraction against resistance with the elbow flexed at 90°. Anatomic repair is the gold standard in active patients. Numerous surgical techniques are available; however, the Endobutton might offer several advantages. We describe a novel technique for chronic distal biceps reconstruction using a modification of the Endobutton technique with an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) drill guide as well as tendoachilles allograft. The Endobutton technique might offer several advantages, including direct tendon-to-bone healing, less bony debris to limit heterotopic ossification, less heating of the bone, ease of use, a biomechanical superiority, and excellent clinical outcomes.
How is Type I procollagen synthesis regulated at the gene level during tissue fibrosis.

In response to tissue injury connective tissue synthesis occurs either normally or abnormally, which is mediated by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and other growth factors. This article will be primarily concerned with the response of injured tissues at the gene level of Type I procollagen synthesis in response to TGF-beta. This leads to provisional repair, which in turn may lead to involution, remodeling, regeneration, and ultimately repair. Alternately, continuation of provisional repair may lead to fibrosis and ultimately scarring. Scarring of internal organs such as the liver and the lung leads to loss of function and ultimately death. In the case of scarring of skin, this is a cosmetic problem and can be rectified by surgery. Type I procollagen is synthesized by two genes, proalpha1 (Type I) and proalpha2 (Type I) collagen genes. This article will focus on DNA binding sites on these two genes, which regulate the transcription of the specific gene. This article will also define specific cell signaling pathways for the turning on of the proalpha1 and proalpha2 (Type I) collagen genes. This article will address several questions. First, what is the major cytokine acting extracellularly which stimulates the transcription of the proalpha1 and proalpha2 (Type I) collagen genes during tissue fibrosis? Secondly, how are the signals transmitted by the extracellular profibrotic cytokine TGF-beta from the cellular membrane to the nucleus for transcription of the proalpha1 (Type I) and proalpha2 (Type I) collagen genes? Thirdly, what signaling pathways cross-talk with the signaling pathways resulting in the expression of the Type I collagen genes? Fourthly, how does TGF-beta affect extracellular matrix homeostasis? Fifthly, what are the nuclear factors corresponding to the DNA elements required for the promotion of the proalpha1 (Type I) and proalpha2 (Type I) collagen genes? Finally, how are the proalpha1 (Type I) and proalpha2 (Type I) collagen genes coordinately regulated? Strategies will also be presented for reducing fibrosis, which is the result of overexpression of TGF-beta.
Cografts of adrenal medulla with C6 glioma cells in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions.

Abstract Amitotic [ 3 H]thymidine-labeled C6 glioma cells, which are known to produce neurotrophic factor(s), were grafted alone and with adrenal chromaffin cells in an attempt to improve chromaffin cell survival and phenotypic differentiation. Long-Evans rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway were divided into four groups: (1) those receiving adrenal medullary cells co-transplanted with C6 glioma cells; (2) those receiving adrenal medullary graft alone; (3) those receiving C6 glioma grafts alone; and (4) those serving as a vehicle control group. All rats were killed one month after transplantation. Immunohistochemical, neurochemical, and autoradiographic methods were used to identify and characterize the grafted cells. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells were found in all animals that received grafts of the adrenal medulla alone or of adrenal medulla co-transplanted with C6 glioma cells. The cograft recipients had more tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells than the hosts receiving just adrenal chromaffin cells ( P P P Significantly higher dopamine levels were found in the transplant sites of both cograft and adrenal medullary graft recipients than in sham grafted control animals.
On the odd-parity states in 4He

Abstract Taking one-hole one-particle configurations up to 2p shell and employing various exchange mixtures the odd parity states J= 1− (T= 1) and 0−, 2− (T=0) in 4He have been calculated. The ratio of B(E1′)1-′→ 0+/ B(E1)1− → 0+ is found to be 0.312 for the Serber-Yukawa force, compared to the experimental value 0.5.
Engineering Education: Paragon or Paradox?

Engineering remains largely a profession based on a baccalaureate education while most other learned (and licensed) professions have some graduate education requirements based on a general undergraduate program. The model for engineering should include at least the master's degree in order to ensure inclusion of the most essential elements of education preparation. In a cultural milieu of ever increasing complexity in all its dimensions and midst a rising tide of expectations for what modern engineering can do for society, we should not be content with maintaining the status quo based on some nominal minimum standard, but seek to raise the level of educational preparation. It is the author's contention that Accreditation Board of Engineering Technology (ABET) should be the forcing function in this regard, and set the standards/criteria somewhat higher than at present. We should demand a higher educational standard for entry into practice generally, and for licensed practice in particular. To do less than ...
Optimizing fixed-size stochastic controllers for POMDPs and decentralized POMDPs

POMDPs and their decentralized multiagent counterparts, DEC-POMDPs, offer a rich framework for sequential decision making under uncertainty. Their high computational complexity, however, presents an important research challenge. One way to address the intractable memory requirements of current algorithms is based on representing agent policies as finite-state controllers. Using this representation, we propose a new approach that formulates the problem as a nonlinear program, which defines an optimal policy of a desired size for each agent. This new formulation allows a wide range of powerful nonlinear programming algorithms to be used to solve POMDPs and DEC-POMDPs. Although solving the NLP optimally is often intractable, the results we obtain using an off-the-shelf optimization method are competitive with state-of-the-art POMDP algorithms and outperform state-of-the-art DEC-POMDP algorithms. Our approach is easy to implement and it opens up promising research directions for solving POMDPs and DEC-POMDPs using nonlinear programming methods.
A process algebra of communicating shared resources with dense time and priorities

The correctness of real-time distributed systems depends not only on the function they compute but also on their timing characteristics. Furthermore, those characteristics are strongly influenced by the delays due to synchronization and resource availability. Process algebras have been used successfully to define and prove correctness of distributed systems. More recently, there has been a lot of activity to extend their application to real-time systems. The problem with most current approaches is that they ignore resource constraints and assume either a total parallelism (unlimited resources) or total interleaving (single resource). Algebra of Communicating Shared Resources (ACSR) is a process algebra designed for the formal specification and manipulation of distributed systems with resource and real-time constraints. A dense time domain provides a more natural way of specifying systems compared to the usual discrete time. Priorities provide a measure of urgency for each action and can be used to ensure that deadlines are met. In ACSR, processes are specified using resource bound, timed actions and instantaneous synchronization events. Processes can be combined using traditional operators such as nondeterministic choice and parallel execution. Specialized operators allow the specification of real-time behavior and constraints. The semantics of ACSR is defined as a labeled transition system. Equivalence between processes is based on the notion of strong bisimulation. A sound and complete set of algebraic laws can be used to transform almost any ACSR process into a normal form. In practice, several specifications may satisfy the same requirements with various degree of desirability. Some may use more resources; some may be faster. In fact, there are many ways to rank processes. We describe a method for defining order relations between execution traces and further expanding the relation to general processes. Monotonicity is an important property of operators as it ensures that ordering is preserved by contexts. We study the conditions that must be satisfied by the trace ordering to ensure monotonicity at the process level, both in the prioritized and unprioritized cases. While most operations are monotonic for a large variety of trace relations, few retain this property in a prioritized setting.
Vital dyes in sentinel node localization.

Vital blue dyes were used to show the feasibility and accuracy of intraoperative lymphatic mapping of the sentinel node (SN) in patients with melanoma, breast cancer, and other solid tumors. Surgeons who have successfully completed an adequate number of cases of intraoperative mapping and sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) can use blue dye alone to localize the SN. However, radiopharmaceutical agnets can facilitate intraoperative mapping; preoperative lymphoscintigraphy can identify the location of the SN, and intraoperative mapping with the gamma probe can provide an auditory signal that complements the visual guide provided by the blue dye. Studies are required to establish more clearly the intralymphatic kinetics of the various radiopharmaceutical agents. An ongoing international Phase III trial in melanoma, the 2 upcoming trials in breast cancer, and similar trials for other solid tumors will further clarify the future role of SLND.
The influence of convective outflow on water vapor mixing ratios in the tropical upper troposphere: An analysis based on UARS MLS measurements

The source of increased water vapor mixing ra- tios over the central and eastern tropical Pacic region during the 1992 El Ni~ no event is examined using measurements of upper tropospheric water vapor provided by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on board the Upper Atmosphere Re- search Satellite. Horizontal winds on isentropic surfaces are combined with ISCCP cloud information to provide back- trajectory calculations free of high clouds. These calculations show that the water vapor mixing ratio of an air parcel in the cloud-free regions of the eastern Pacic decreases to approxi- mately one-half of its original value within the rst 30 hours after encountering deep convection. This analysis also nds a larger number of air parcels encountering deep convection within 30 hours of observation, and therefore having higher mixing ratios, in March-April 1992 compared to March-April 1994. Hence, increased deep convection over the equatorial central and eastern Pacic in 1992 contributed to the moist- ening of the downstream tropical upper troposphere.
The compound eye in the opaque-eye phenotype ofDrosophila melanogaster

Abstract The compound eye of the opaque-eye mutant of Drosophila melanogaster was investigated by means of electron microscopy to determine the morphological and physical properties of ommatidial elements. These elements in the mutant were found to differ from those of the wild-type flies in the following ways: (1) The cuticular lens was thinner than that of the control and lacked the typical lamellar construction. (2) The Semper cells were irregular in shape and contained many membranous inclusions similar to those found in degenerating cells; also their nuclei contained virus-like particles. (3) The primary pigment cells contained an abundance of drosopterin-containing granules which were lacking in those of wild-type flies. (4) The superior and inferior central photoreceptor cells were misplaced and their rhabdomeres evidenced some degeneration. (5) The secondary pigment cells had only one type of pigment granules instead of the three types found in the control. These morphological changes in ommatidial elements induced physical abnormalities such as the apparent opaqueness of the eye, the lack of a pseudopupil, the probable disability of the photoreceptor cells to respond to light and the inability of the dioptric system to produce utilizable geometrical images.
Variation Between Physicians and Mid-level Providers in Opioid Treatment for Musculoskeletal Pain in the Emergency Department.

Abstract Background Effective, appropriate, and safe opioid analgesia administration in the Emergency Department (ED) is a complex issue, with risks of both over- and underutilization of medications. Objective To assess for possible association between practitioner status (physician [MD] vs. mid-level provider [MLP]) and use of opioids for in-ED treatment of musculoskeletal pain (MSP). Methods This was a secondary, hypothesis-generating analysis of a subset of subjects who had ED analgesia noted as part of entry into a prospective registry trial of outpatient analgesia. The study was conducted at 12 U.S. academic EDs, 10 of which utilized MLPs. Patients were enrolled as a convenience sample from September 2012 through February 2014. Study patients were adults (>17 years of age) with acute MSP and eligibility for both nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and opioids at ED discharge. The intervention of interest was whether patients received opioid therapy in the ED prior to discharge. Results MDs were significantly more likely to order opioids than MLPs for ED patients with MSP. The association between MD/MLP status and likelihood of treatment with opioids was similar in both classical logistic regression (odds ratio [OR] 2.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–4.5, p = 0.019) and in propensity-adjusted modeling (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.0–4.5, p = 0.049). Conclusions In preliminary analysis, MD/MLP status was significantly associated with likelihood of provider treatment of MSP with opioids. A follow-up study is warranted to confirm the results of this hypothesis-testing analysis and to inform efforts toward consistency in opioid therapy in the ED.
Deformation Behavior of a Quaternary Mo-Nb-Si-B Alloy

The microstructure and compression response of a quaternary Mo-Nb-Si-B alloy has been examined in in the temperature interval 1200°C-1600°C and in the strain rate regime 10–4 s–1 to 10–6 s–1 and compared to earlier results on the ternary Mo-Si-B alloys The microstructure is composed of a three-phase microlamellar eutectic composed of the Mo-Nb solid solution phase, the T1 and the T2 intermetallic phases. Compression test confirm significantly superior creep resistance for the eutectic alloy compared to the ternary Mo-rich Mo-Si-B alloys with virtually no microstructural degradation.
Efficient on-the-fly model checking for CTL

This paper gives an on-the-fly algorithm for determining whether a finite-state system satisfies a formula in the temporal logic CTL. The time complexity of our algorithm matches that of the best existing "global algorithm" for model checking in this logic, and it performs as well as the best known global algorithms for the sublogics CTL and LTL. In contrast with these approaches, however, our routine constructs the state space of the system under consideration in a need-driven fashion and will therefore perform better in practice.
A Theoretical and Experimental Study on the Dynamic Response of Ni-Mn-Ga Specimens for Energy Harvesting

This paper presents experimental results and model predictions on power harvesting/sensing capabilities of magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs). The theoretical predictions are made using a refined thermodynamic based constitutive model, developed initially by Kiefer and Lagoudas. In an attempt to better predict the observed experimental response of the material at high frequencies, dynamic effects are included in the simulation. Furthermore, internal magnetic and external Lorentz forces are also included in the analysis and their effect on the material’s overall response is discussed. The experimental program is carried out at frequencies of up to 40Hertz in two control modes, i.e. load and displacement control. A comparison between the simulated and experimental material response and measured voltage outputs, over a range of frequencies, is presented and discussed.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Median Cracking of Brittle Solids Due to Scribing with Sharp Indenters

The process of moving a loaded hard indenter across the surface of a brittle solid to produce a median crack is referred to as “scribing.” As a first step in predicting the depth of median cracking due to sharp indenters, an approximate plastic plane strain analysis is presented for the region under the indenter. This allows the horizontal force transverse to the scribing direction to be predicted. Taking this force and an approximate solution for the stress intensity factor for the crack geometry in scribing leads to a prediction for crack depth as a function of load. The residual stresses which arise on unloading are shown to be a strong function of indenter geometry and may act to extend or partially close the original median crack formed during loading. Reasonable agreement is found between prediction and experiment for six indenter configurations.
Preservice Elementary Teachers' Conceptions of the Causes of Seasons.

This study used both a written procedure and a procedure of models with verbal explanation to investigate 49 preservice elementary teachers' conceptions of what causes the seasons. Only one person each provided a response on each procedure which reflected a scientific conception. A total of 39 students provided alternative conception responses on the written procedure: 42 students provided responses judged to reflect alternative conceptions on the models with verbal explanation procedure. The distance of the earth from the sun was the most commonly expressed alternative conception on both procedures. Many students were not consistent in providing a particular alternative conception for the two procedures, which indicates that the alternative conceptions expressed may not be firmly held. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Organizational and Leadership Implications for Transformational Development

Transformational development is a concept of change that originated in the Christian context but has now become generally used in the work of both secular and faith-based organizations. The growing...
Assessing the scenic route: measuring the value of search trails in web logs

Search trails mined from browser or toolbar logs comprise queries and the post-query pages that users visit. Implicit endorsements from many trails can be useful for search result ranking, where the presence of a page on a trail increases its query relevance. Follow-ing a search trail requires user effort, yet little is known about the benefit that users obtain from this activity versus, say, sticking with the clicked search result or jumping directly to the destination page at the end of the trail. In this paper, we present a log-based study estimating the user value of trail following. We compare the relevance, topic coverage, topic diversity, novelty, and utility of full trails over that provided by sub-trails, trail origins (landing pages), and trail destinations (pages where trails end). Our findings demonstrate significant value to users in following trails, especially for certain query types. The findings have implications for the design of search systems, including trail recommendation systems that display trails on search result pages.
Measuring Treatment Outcomes in Women With Vulvodynia

Vulvodynia or vulvar pain syndrome is a chronic, heterogeneous, and multifactorial gynecological condition with an estimated prevalence of 9 - 12%, broad and substantial effect on quality of life due to physical disabilities, psychological distress and sexual dysfunction. A rationale therapeutic approach for the treatment of vulvodynia is still under investigation. A review of treatment modalities proposed by most of the clinicians involved in managing these patients advocated initially utilizing non-invasive therapies and then to proceed gradually to more aggressive therapies. A multidisciplinary approach that includes behavioral science and neuroimaging is required and recommended. Additionally a team approach should be utilized to test and evaluate therapies including pelvic floor physiotheraphy, psychotherapy, microbiology and pharmacology. It is my hope that this review will assist in the understanding of vulvodynia and its measuring treatment outcomes and will provide a thrust in the right direction to once and for all clarify this complex multifactorial disorder affecting women. doi:10.4021/jocmr526w
Is seeing believing?: how recommender system interfaces affect users' opinions

Recommender systems use people's opinions about items in an information domain to help people choose other items. These systems have succeeded in domains as diverse as movies, news articles, Web pages, and wines. The psychological literature on conformity suggests that in the course of helping people make choices, these systems probably affect users' opinions of the items. If opinions are influenced by recommendations, they might be less valuable for making recommendations for other users. Further, manipulators who seek to make the system generate artificially high or low recommendations might benefit if their efforts influence users to change the opinions they contribute to the recommender. We study two aspects of recommender system interfaces that may affect users' opinions: the rating scale and the display of predictions at the time users rate items. We find that users rate fairly consistently across rating scales. Users can be manipulated, though, tending to rate toward the prediction the system shows, whether the prediction is accurate or not. However, users can detect systems that manipulate predictions. We discuss how designers of recommender systems might react to these findings.
Attempting to avoid false memories in the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm: Assessing the combined influence of practice and warnings in young and old adults

On each of five study-test trials, young and old adults attempted to memorize the same list of 60 words (e.g., bed, rest, awake), which were blocked according to their convergence on four corresponding associates. Half of the participants in each age group were given an explicit warning about the DRM paradigm prior to encoding and were asked to attempt to avoid recalling any associated but nonpresented words (e.g., sleep). Lists were presented auditorily at either a fast (1,250 msec/word) or a slow (2,500 msec/word) rate. Without a warning, the probability of veridical recall across trials increased for both age groups; however, the probability of false recall across trials decreased only for young adults. When a warning about false recall was provided, young adults virtually eliminated false recall by the second trial. Even though old adults also used warnings to reduce false recall on Trial 1, they were still unable to decrease false memories across the remaining four study-test trials. Old adults also reduced false recall more with slow than with fast presentation rates. Taken together, these findings suggest that old adults have a breakdown in spontaneous, self-initiated source monitoring as reflected by little change in false recall across study-test trials but a preserved ability to use experimenter-provided warnings or slow presentation rates to reduce false memories.
The orbital stability of the cnoidal waves of the Korteweg-de Vries equation

Abstract The cnoidal wave solution of the integrable Korteweg–de Vries equation is the most basic of its periodic solutions. Following earlier work where the linear stability of these solutions was established, we prove in this Letter that cnoidal waves are (nonlinearly) orbitally stable with respect to so-called subharmonic perturbations: perturbations that are periodic with period any integer multiple of the cnoidal-wave period. Our method of proof combines the construction of an appropriate Lyapunov function with the seminal results of Grillakis, Shatah and Strauss (1987, 1990) [17] , [18] . The integrability of the Korteweg–de Vries equation is used in that we need the presence of at least one extra conserved quantity in addition to those expected from the Lie point symmetries of the equation.
Magnetic resonance microscopy of morphological alterations in mouse trabecular bone structure under conditions of simulated microgravity.

This work describes the use of magnetic resonance (MR) microscopy to examine changes in tibial trabecular bone structure in mice following 28 days of hindlimb suspension, a model simulating the effects of microgravity in rodents. In this first MR study involving mice, analysis of 3D images showed that apparent bone volume fraction, trabecular number, and trabecular thickness were decreased, and apparent trabecular spacing increased, significantly (P < 0.05) in hindlimb-suspended mice compared to controls. These changes agreed well with light microcopy measurements from an independent study and also with actual spaceflight experiments with rats. Magn Reson Med 45:1122–1125, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pedagogy in Catastrophic Times: Giroux and the tasks of critical public intellectuals

This article reflects on Henry Giroux's work as a critical public intellectual and the important role his work plays in fostering educated hope and insurgent possibilities during our present times of daily and longer term catastrophes. In addition to attempting to capture the experience of what it means and how it feels to read Giroux along with what Giroux is working to accomplish, the piece reflects on various forms of public pedagogy (anti-public and ‘public’ public), and the interpenetrating relationships between knowledge, power, politics and pedagogy. Furthermore, it examines the stepping in/stepping out nature of the approaches to theorizing and practicing, proposing and activating, and reflecting and insurrecting that inform Giroux's ongoing critical project. The piece includes a postscript: ‘Blues for Giroux’.
Negotiating English identity: Englishness, Britishness and the future of the United Kingdom

ABSTRACT. The current interest in Englishness and English national identity, spurred partly by parliamentary devolution to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, has been accompanied by calls for an English parliament and even the promotion of a robust English nationalism. This article argues that this is a mistaken direction for the English. English traditions have been non-national and even supra-national. English identities have been especially bound up with Britain and Britishness. An England without Britain is hard to conceive, and would be impolitic to pursue. Survey evidence shows continuing Britishness among the English, with scant support for an English parliament or English independence. The expressions of English nationalism remain relatively muted. ‘England for the English’ is neither a realistic nor a sensible strategy.
Sedentary “tweens” at higher risk for heart disease

The sedentary lifestyle of Canadian “tweens” is putting them at risk of developing heart disease at a younger age than members of previous generations, a new report from the Canadian Heart and Stroke Foundation indicates. ![Figure][1] Figure. Put that back! Photo by: Canapress It
The role of attachment in the early development of disruptive behavior problems.

This paper presents information pertaining to attachment processes as risk factors in the development of disruptive behavior in young children. In recognition of the fact that attachment is not the only or necessarily most important risk factor in the prediction of behavior problems, attachment is considered in the context of other domains of variables, including child biologic factors, family ecology, and parental management and socialization practices. Within the attachment domain, we describe three complementary processes that may lead to disruptive behavior: the information-processing aspects of affective-cognitive structures, the function of observable attachment patterns, and the motivational consequences of attachment security. The indirect effects of maternal representations of attachment on child disruptive behavior are also considered. Examples of protypical risk factor combinations involving attachment and other domains are provided. The implications of the attachment perspective for research and clinical work with young disruptive children are discussed.