cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the evaluation.

Dear editor Zhang et al1 sought to determine which adjustment method is the best. That is a laudable objective, but their approach leaves quite a bit to be desired. When we cut to the chase, we find that they pre-supposed that the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was ideal, and, presumably, confirmed this empirically by noting that the ANCOVA results were most aligned with the ANCOVA gold standard. This is fairly perplexing logic. Had any of the other methods been chosen instead as the gold standard, then that method would have been found to be the best by virtue of agreeing with its own results. This is hardly a compelling endorsement. Beyond that, even if the authors did use a more reasoned approach, how can one trial be used to validate an analysis? An analysis is good or bad based on how well its results align with the underlying reality of the situation. In a simulation study, we would know this reality. In actual trials, we do not. There is no gold standard. Moreover, there is only one trial being considered. This is most assuredly not the way to compare analysis techniques. It is worth noting, however, that ANCOVA relies on normality, among other assumptions, for its validity. Since the data are never actually normally distributed, the method is never technically valid.2 This indisputable fact should give us pause before we blindly accept so fanciful a method. There is a valid and exact method that is based on a ranking of the pairs, pre and post, without having to make any assumptions at all.3 Surely, this method, which was developed for categorical data but applies equally well to continuous data, might have been considered as well. Finally, it is stated that “no methods are available for analysis of data that are ‘missing not at random’.” This is patently untrue4 and almost reaches the level of lunacy attained two sentences later when it is stated that because there were not much missing data, the data were assumed to be missing at random. Missing data can never be demonstrated to be missing at random. This is an entirely academic construct with no application in the real world.5
DESCRIBING THE NEOCLASSICAL PSYCHE EMBEDDED IN STERNBERG'S TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love was examined to identify the structure of the psyche implied in that theory. Sternberg's theory posits three components of human functioning to explain the phenomenon of love in close relationships: intimacy, passion, and commitment. Analysis of these three components indicates that they align with a neoclassical model of the human psyche. A neoclassical psyche consists of at least three fundamental, irreducible capacities: cognition, affect, and conation. Sternberg's commitment component relies on the capacity for cognition (and conation), the passion component is derived from conation (and affect), and the intimacy component is derived from emotional investment or the capacity for affect (and cognition). Therefore, Sternberg's overall Triangular Theory of Love ontologically presupposes a neoclassical structure to the psyche.
Ab Initio Molecular Orbital Study of Organometallic Complexes Containing Benzo[b]thiophene

Ab initio molecular orbital calculations have been carried out on benzo[b]thiophene (BT), 2-methylbenzo[b]thiophene (2-MeBT), 3-methylbenzo[b]thiophene (3-MeBT), and a number of organometallic complexes containing these thiophenic moieties in an attempt to understand the usual preference for insertion of metal fragments into the sulfur−carbon(vinyl) bond of BT and the recent observations of insertion into the sulfur−carbon(aryl) bond. The results indicate that insertion selectivity is governed by several factors, including the orbital structure of BT, steric interactions between the metal and the heterocycle, and the metal−carbon bond strengths of the inserted products. In most cases, all three factors support the experimentally observed preference for insertion into the S−C(vinyl) bond. Subtle structural changes, however, can lead to S−C(aryl) metal-inserted products. For instance, steric factors inhibiting insertion of metal fragments into the sulfur−carbon(aryl) bond of BT can be overcome by “tied back...
Improved Glycemic Control and Enhanced Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects Treated With Pioglitazone

OBJECTIVE —To elucidate the effects of pioglitazone treatment on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —A total of 23 diabetic patients (age 30–70 years, BMI 2 ) who were being treated with a stable dose of sulfonylurea were randomly assigned to receive either placebo ( n = 11) or pioglitazone (45 mg/day) ( n = 12) for 16 weeks. Before and after 16 weeks of treatment, all subjects received a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); and hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity was measured with a two-step euglycemic insulin (40 and 160 mU · min − 1 · m –2 ) clamp performed with 3-[ 3 H]glucose and indirect calorimetry. HbA 1c was measured monthly throughout the study period. RESULTS —After 16 weeks of pioglitazone treatment, the fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 184 ± 15 to 135 ± 11 mg/dl, P P 1c (8.9 ± 0.3 to 7.2 ± 0.5%, P P P r = 0.67, P P P CONCLUSIONS —These results suggest that pioglitazone therapy in type 2 diabetic patients decreases fasting and postprandial plasma glucose levels by improving hepatic and peripheral (muscle) tissue sensitivity to insulin.
Lymphatic Interrupted: Do We Really Understand the Risks and Consequences?

Lymphedema remains one of the most feared complications of breast cancer therapy, yet at the same time, is arguably one of the least well understood. Review of the literature reveals inconsistencies in defining and measuring this condition, as well as in understanding the extent of lymphedema that is clinically significant. The true incidence of lymphedema is widely debated, as are the risk factors leading to its development. The surgical removal of lymph nodes and disruption of lymphatic channels during dissection of the axilla clearly contribute, but there are other variables that play a role, including treatment-related variables such as use of radiation therapy, and patientrelated variables. Some of the most frequently reported patient-related factors are increasing age, higher body mass index, and weight gain. Although infection and injury have been reported to be inciting events in the development of lymphedema, these relationships are less clear. 1,2
A conceptual design for simultaneous measurements of 3D surface wave field and ocean surface current vector using the InSAR technology

The radial velocity measured by a conventional along-track interferometric synthetic aperture radar (ATI) is contributed by all three orthogonal velocity components of the ocean surface current, of which the oscillatory orbital velocity of surface waves is frequently a dominant term. Mathematically, three simultaneous radial velocity measurements from different incident or azimuthal angles are needed to yield the unique solution of the ocean surface current. The 3D solution for sidelooking ATI is presented. If only two measurements are available, the error of the two horizontal velocity components caused by assuming zero vertical velocity is quantified. A conceptual design of integrating cross-track (XT) and along- track (AT) interferometry is presented. The XTI phase data give the surface wave topography, from which the 3D wave-induced current field can be calculated. The wave contribution in the ATI phase data can then be removed to recover the mean component of the ocean surface current while maintaining the SAR resolution. By taking a zigzag path, both horizontal components of the surface current and the 3D wave field can be resolved from a single sensor on a single platform.
Spatial Scale Decomposition of Shear Layer Turbulence and the Sound Sources Associated with the Missing Scales in a Large-Eddy Simulation

In turbulent ∞ows, it is well known that there exists a range of spatial and temporal scales that increases monotonically with the Reynolds number. The major premise in the formulation of a large eddy simulation (LES) is that of this range of scales only the the energy containing eddies are dynamically important and that the small scales can be modeled in some appropriate fashion. When a LES is used for noise prediction, the question arises as to the importance of these small, or missing, scales in the noise generation process. Moreover, this question becomes increasingly important as the Reynolds number threshold in LES is pushed higher, implying a larger range of scales that must be accounted for in the subgrid scale model. To address the role of the small scales on noise generation, we perform an a priori analysis of a direct numerical simulation (DNS) database of a turbulent spatially developing shear ∞ow between a cold stream at a Mach number of 1.2 and the stationary ambient. The kinematics of the small scales are discussed where it is found that the small scales have convection velocities similar to the large scales with decorrelation times roughly one-half of the full fleld statistics. The large scale ∞uctuations carry the entire efiect of compressibility, leaving the small scales incompressible. The generation of sound by the interaction of the small scales and large scales is estimated in a proposed statistical noise model, with simpliflcations for a unidirectional transversely sheared mean ∞ow. The model’s source terms are seen to have characteristics distinct from the Lighthill source term, including difierent convection velocity and decorrelation time but with similar lengthscales.
An Experiment on Heat Transfer by Overstable and Ordinary Convection

A layer of mercury heated from below and subject to rotation first becomes unstable via a state of purely oscillatory motions. For a Rayleigh number, generally, much in excess of the value at which overstability sets in, the system becomes unstable also for ordinary stationary convection. Chandrasekhar has suggested that one might be able to detect the onset of this latter mode of in stability even though it will be superim posed over the ovorstable pattern . The present experiments confirm this expectation in a quantitative way.
The Beloved Disciple and Implied Readers

The gaps in the narratives about the "disciple whom Jesus loved" suggest that he has a typological relationship with the implied readers of the canonical Fourth Gospel. (A) The investigation chiefly focuses on three gaps. (1) The beloved disciple is never named. (2) He is first mentioned (at least as beloved) in the farewell address. The link between the beloved disciple and the farewell address, which is directed to the time of the implied readers by Jesus' prayer in John 17:20-26, is evidence that the implied readers are meant to identify themselves with this ideal disciple. (3) The beloved disciple's knowledge of the betrayer does not affect the plot. (B) Later references to this disciple (as probably at John 18:15-16; as related to "the mother of Jesus" at 19:25-27; as witness in 19:33-37; as first to believe in Jesus' resurrection in 20:9-10; as first to recognize the risen Lord in 21:7; and as witness grounding the Gospel in 21:24) confirm the paradigmatic significance of this historical figure as t...
Understanding the interleaving-space overlap across inputs and software versions

In the multi-core era, it is critical to effectively test multithreaded software and expose concurrency bugs before software release. Previous work has made a lot of progress in exercising the interleaving space and detecting concurrency bugs under a given input. Unfortunately, since software often has many test inputs and constant pressure to release new versions, existing techniques are still too expensive in practice. In this position paper, we use open-source software to study how interleavings, data races and atomicity violations particularly, overlap across test inputs and software versions. We also conduct preliminary explorations to improve the testing efficiency of multi-threaded software by avoiding redundant analysis across inputs and software versions.
Natural Interferon-α Producing Cells: The Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells

NIPCs have had a long history of study, with the first observations of peripheral blood cells with IFN-producing capacity being made approximately 20 years ago. Over the past three years with the identification of NIPCs as plasmacytoid dendritic cells, an enormous amount has been learned about their function in both innate and adaptive immunity and their dysregulation in certain viral infections such as HIV infection and in autoimmunity. Further studies of their mechanisms of IFN-alpha induction, of their distribution and in vivo function are required. It is anticipated that a further understanding of the PDC will lead to the ability to specifically manipulate these cells in human disease.
Numerical modeling of the impact of sea-level rise on fringing coral reef hydrodynamics and sediment transport

Most climate projections suggest that sea level may rise on the order of 0.5-1.0 m by 2100; it is not clear, however, how fluid flow and sediment dynamics on exposed fringing reefs might change in response to this rapid sea-level rise. Coupled hydrodynamic and sediment- transport numerical modeling is consistent with recent published results that suggest that an increase in water depth on the order of 0.5-1.0 m on a 1-2 m deep exposed fringing reef flat would result in larger significant wave heights and setup, further elevating water depths on the reef flat. Larger waves would generate higher near-bed shear stresses, which, in turn, would result in an increase in both the size and the quantity of sediment that can be resuspended from the seabed or eroded from adjacent coastal plain deposits. Greater wave- and wind-driven currents would develop with increasing water depth, increasing the alongshore and offshore flux of water and sediment from the inner reef flat to the outer reef flat and fore reef where coral growth is typically greatest. Sediment residence time on the fringing reef flat was modeled to decrease exponentially with increasing sea-level rise as the magnitude of sea-level rise approached the mean water depth over the reef flat. The model results presented here suggest that a 0.5-1.0 m rise in sea level will likely increase coastal erosion, mixing and circulation, the amount of sediment resuspended, and the duration of high turbidity on exposed reef flats, resulting in decreased light availability for photosynthesis, increased sediment-induced stress on the reef ecosystem, and potentially affecting a number of other ecological processes.
Principles of Clinical Pharmacology

Principles of Clinical Pharmacology is a successful survey covering the pharmacologic principles underlying the individualization of patient therapy and contemporary drug development. This essential reference continues to focus on the basics of clinical pharmacology for the development, evaluation, and clinical use of pharmaceutical products while also addressing the most recent advances in the field. Written by leading experts in academia, industry, clinical and regulatory settings, the third edition has been thoroughly updated to provide readers with an ideal reference covering the wide range of important topics impacting clinical pharmacology as the discipline plays an increasingly significant role in drug development and regulatory science. The Third Edition has been endorsed by the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics * Includes new chapters on imaging and the pharmacogenetic basis of adverse drug reactions. * Offers an expanded regulatory section that addresses US and international issues and guidelines. * Provides extended coverage of earlier chapters on transporters, pharmacogenetics and biomarkers and also illustrates the impact of gender on drug response. * Presents a broadened discussion of clinical trials from Phase 1 to incorporate Phases II and III.
Differential effects of serine proteases on the migration of normal and tumor cells: implications for tumor microenvironment.

The supporting role of proteases in tumor progression and invasion is well known; however, the use of proteases as therapeutic agents has also been demonstrated. In this article, the authors report...
Fast computation of critically sampled time frequency signal representations

An algorithm is proposed to compute samples of any bilinear joint time-frequency representation of the Cohen's class. The computation is performed on a decimated sampling grid, mapping N equals 3BD signal samples into N equals K X L critical samples of the joint representation in the time-frequency domain. This is in contrast with the usual approaches that perform the computation on a much denser grid, mapping N signal samples into N X N samples in the time-frequency plane. The algorithm is based on the discrete Zak transform and represents an extension of the work by Auslander et al. on fast computation of the ambiguity function. For a number of popular representations, the algorithm is shown to have computational complexity about the same as an ordinary FFT.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
RAB8 enhances TMEM205-mediated cisplatin resistance.

Purpose To determine whether the small endosomal recycling GTPase, RAB8, plays a role in TMEM205-associated resistance to the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin.
Comment: US – Countervailing Duty Investigation of DRAMS

There are two compelling issues involved in US – Countervailing Duty Investigation of DRAMS. First, there is the question of whether creditors were ‘entrusted or directed’ to make financial contributions to Hynix, a large South Korean DRAM producer. This was the main topic addressed by the Appellate Body (AB) and is the focus of the Francois–Palmeter paper. Second, there is there is the question of injury assessment and nonattribution. Because the US did not appeal the Panel's decision, this aspect of the WTO dispute was not considered by the AB.
Vibrational feedback control in the problem of acoustic stability

The problem of absolute stability in a vibrational feedback controller is introduced and discussed. It is shown that for any rational G(s)=n(s)/d(s) with d(s) Hurwitz and deg d(s) -deg n(s)=1 there exists a linear dynamic periodic controller that ensures, in a certain sense, the infinite sector of absolute stability. This implies that an additional dynamical element, inserted in the feedback loop, may lead to improvements in the robustness of nonlinear systems. >
Highly efficient method for BER modeling in quasi-linear fibers and its validation in a 40 Gb/s DWDM testbed

A novel ultra-fast quasi-analytical method capable of directly computing BER in terrestrial WDM systems within few minutes is presented and validated. The modeled BER results remarkably agree with 40 Gb/s duo-binary WDM testbed measurements.
Molecular Biology Applications in Cardiovascular Medicine

Basic science research has made great contributions to the field of cardiovascular medicine. Scientific studies have had a major impact on clinical practices and outcomes. For example, the principles of cardiac contractile function and unique aspects of hemodynamic loading on the ventricles were defined in animal studies. These findings translated directly into pressure monitoring devices used for patients in the acute care setting. The rationale for drug therapies for treating cardiovascular diseases was based primarily on data derived from basic science investigations. For example, the treatment of heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias evolved from elegant pharmacologic and physiologic studies. A clear path has emerged from the basic science laboratory to the bedside.
Turbulence measurements in marine stratocumulus with airborne Doppler radar

This study investigates the ability of a W-band radar to measure turbulence structure as a function of height throughout the drizzling marine boundary layer from the fine-structure of the Doppler velocity field obtained during Dynamics and Chemistry of Marine Stratocumulus Experiment using the NCAR C-130 aircraft. In situ air velocity measurements are used as a basis for the comparison with radar measurements of turbulence energy and dissipation, and integral length-scale, after correcting for the effects of velocity averaging within the pulse resolution volume and random uncorrelated noise. One essential step for this study is to estimate the contribution to the fluctuations in Doppler velocity due to the terminal velocity of hydrometeors. To do this, we use microphysics probe measurements of the spatial distribution of the drop counts in each size bin. We find a small velocity standard deviation (0.05 to 0.1 m s−1) contributed by the radar-measured drizzle fall velocity and a substantial negative correlation between air vertical velocity and this fall velocity in the upper part of the cloud. This correlation has an impact on the turbulent energy and dissipation deduced from the Doppler velocity. However, it does not significantly affect the integral scales, which are in good agreement with the in situ measurements. Thus, the radar enables us to obtain the profile of this key variable through the entire cloud-capped boundary layer. We obtain estimates of the dissipation in the lower 2/3 of the boundary layer that are in excellent agreement with the in situ measurements and consistent with the predominant production terms in the turbulent kinetic energy budget. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
Resolution of futility by due process: early experience with the Texas Advance Directives Act

Every U.S. state has developed legal rules to address end-of-life decision making. No law to date has effectively dealt with medical futility--an issue that has engendered significant debate in the medical and legal literature, many court cases, and a formal opinion from the American Medical Association's Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs. In 1999, Texas was the first state to adopt a law regulating end-of-life decisions, providing a legislatively sanctioned, extrajudicial, due process mechanism for resolving medical futility disputes and other end-of-life ethical disagreements. After 2 years of practical experience with this law, data collected at a large tertiary care teaching hospital strongly suggest that the law represents a first step toward practical resolution of this controversial area of modern health care. As such, the law may be of interest to practitioners, patients, and legislators elsewhere.
Physiological significance of anthocyanins during autumnal leaf senescence

The light screen hypothesis states that foliar anthocyanins shade the photosynthetic apparatus from excess light. In this paper we extend the light screen hypothesis, postulating that plant species at risk of photoinhibitory conditions during autumnal leaf senescence often utilize anthocyanins to protect the photosynthetic apparatus during the period of nutrient resorption. When senescence-related photosynthetic instabilities are compounded by other environmental stresses, particularly low temperature, severe photoinhibition may result in reduced resorption of critical foliar nutrients, which can significantly affect plant fitness. There is evidence that environments where low and often freezing temperatures are common in autumn selectively favor the production of anthocyanins in senescing foliage. The stimuli for, and the timing and location of, autumnal anthocyanin production are all consistent with a photoprotective role for these pigments in senescing leaves. Furthermore, differences in nitrogen allocation strategies between early and late successional species appear to affect photosynthetic stability during leaf senescence, resulting in a reduced need for foliar autumnal anthocyanins in many early successional plants. The ecological and physiological evidence presented in this paper suggest that, for many deciduous species, the production of anthocyanins provides effective photoprotection during the critical period of foliar nutrient resorption.
Seasonal dynamics and interspecific competition in Oneida Lake Daphnia

I investigated the population dynamics and competitive interactions of two species of the suspension-feeding crustacean Daphnia in Oneida Lake, N.Y. Both species have persisted in the lake for decades, but their water-column densities are negatively correlated. The larger Daphnia pulicaria dominates in some years, the smaller D. galeata mendotae in others, and in some years one species replaces the other seasonally. Although this pattern results in part from annual variation in vertebrate predation pressure, predation alone cannot explain the irregular daphnid dynamics. In 1992-1995, I examined the water-column abundances, birth and death rates of both species. D. pulicaria dominated in two years, D. galeata mendotae was replaced by D. pulicaria in one year and in 1994, both species persisted in low numbers. To test the effect of temporal changes on the strength of intra- and interspecific competition on both juvenile and adult daphnids, I manipulated a series of field enclosures in 1994 and 1995. The outcome of competition varied within and between years, and its effects were most evident at the highest densities and lowest resource levels. For adults of both species, the effects of interspecific competition were detected more often than those of intraspecific competition. Lipid reserves (a metric of fitness) among juveniles were generally low, with those of D. galeata mendotae often being less than those of D. pulicaria. Contrary to the results of other studies examining competition in daphnids, spatial segregation and predictable within-year reversals in competitive dominance most likely do not play a large role in fostering coexistence of the Oneida Lake daphnids. Instead, coexistence of these competitors is promoted by interannual variation and long-lived diapausing eggs.
Hand tracking and visualization in a virtual reality simulation

Tracking a user's hand for 3D rendering and visualization creates a sense of presence in virtual reality environments. At present, tracking devices built for both research and consumer use are increasingly accessible, with ever improving spatiotemporal accuracy. This work seeks to contribute a new design which offers an ability to track the fingers and palm. The hand tracking method described herein ties absolute tracking of the user's palm with relative tracking of individual fingers. A virtually rendered image of the movements of the user's hand is displayed in near real-time to a virtual environment developed with the X3D ISO standard for representing 3D graphics. The tracking system was verified using experiments designed to confirm the accuracy and usability of the device. Experiment 1 tested the absolute positioning capability by tracking the subject's palm. Experiment 2 tested the relative positioning capability by tracking the subject's fingers. The results of the experiments indicate that the tracking component of the virtual reality system is able to accurately detect subjects' interaction with objects in the virtual environment.
Family and Consumer Sciences Theses and Dissertations: 2009 Graduate Research Productivity

Family and consumer sciences programs in colleges and universities submitted 331 titles of graduate research in 2009, an increase of 102 titles from the previous year. This represents the greatest increase in research productivity since 2006, most notably in dissertations. Not only does this illustrate the many important and challenging topics of study in family and consumer sciences, but also serves to document the significant contributions of scholars so vital to the field.
Sharing the preliminary outcomes of designing a semi-standardized accessible concept-based introduction to computing course curriculum

The computing field is a rapidly expanding and ever moving target. As a result, computing gatekeeper curriculum design has remained a challenging issue for higher education institutions (HEIs). This paper reports the progress of a State University of New York (SUNY) Innovative Instructional Technology Grant (IITG) project, which aims to craft a computing gatekeeper course curriculum for the purpose of improving the quality of undergraduate computing education and facilitating seamless transfer across the SUNY system and as well as HEIs nationwide. Specifically, we will reflect on the motivation of the project, describe the course portfolio design, present the preliminary results obtained to date, and discuss possible future work and scale-up ideas for the project.
Differential Inhibition of Glial K+ Currents by 4-AP

Spinal cord astrocytes express four biophysically and pharmacologically distinct voltage-activated potassium (K+) channel types. The K+ channel blocker 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) exhibited differential...
Assaying Communities: Notes from the Tempest

No creative work has a single source, an isolated origin. This truism about humankind is, if anything, even more true of great works of art. From the start of any inquiry into the origins of a famous book or poem or painting, it is appropriate to be humbled by the complexity, indeed the impossibility, of entirely capturing influences, sources, and context.
Book Review: The Corner of the Living: Ayacucho on the Eve of the Shining Path Insurgency.

Review(s) of: The corner of the living: Ayacucho on the eve of the Shining Path insurgency, by La Serna, M. (2012). Chapel Hill, NC. University of North Carolina Press. 286 pp. ISBN: 978-0-80787-219-2.
Dynamic culture improves cell reprogramming efficiency

Cell reprogramming to pluripotency is an inefficient process and various approaches have been devised to improve the yield of induced pluripotent stem cells. However, the effect of biophysical factors on cell reprogramming is not well understood. Here we showed that, for the first time, dynamic culture with orbital shaking significantly improved the reprogramming efficiency in adherent cells. Manipulating the viscosity of the culture medium suggested that the improved efficiency is mainly attributed to convective mixing rather than hydrodynamic shear stress. Temporal studies demonstrated that the enhancement of reprogramming efficiency required the dynamic culture in the middle but not early phase. In the early phase, fibroblasts had a high proliferation rate, but as the culture became over-confluent in the middle phase, expression of p57 was upregulated to inhibit cell proliferation and consequently, cell reprogramming. Subjecting the over confluent culture to orbital shaking prevented the upregulation of p57, thus improving reprogramming efficiency. Seeding cells at low densities to avoid over-confluency resulted in a lower efficiency, and optimal reprogramming efficiency was attained at a high seeding density with dynamic culture. Our findings provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of how dynamic culture condition regulate cell reprogramming, and will have broad impact on cell engineering for regenerative medicine and disease modeling.
Numerical and Experimental Investigations of an ASME Venturi Flow in a Cross Flow

Numerical investigations of an ASME venturi flow into a cross flow were performed. The velocity ratios between the venturi flow and the free stream were 25, 50, and 75%. For the numerical investigations, two cases of the venturi with and without a tube extension have been investigated. The tube extension was approximately 4D (here D is the inner diameter of the venturi’s outlet), connecting the venturi to the bottom surface of the numerical wind tunnel. A finite volume approach with the Wilcox K-ω turbulence model were used. Results for the numerical investigations indicate that when the venturi is flushed with the surface, there are flow separations within the venturi, near the outlet for 25% and 50% velocity ratios. However, at the higher momentum ratio, pressure recovery is sustained, flow separation has disappeared and flow characteristics are similar to a jet in cross flow. When the tube extension was added, at all velocity ratios, the pressure recovery was sustained and flow separation within the venture was not present and the characteristics of the flow were similar to the corresponding characteristics of a pipe jet in a cross flow. The paper also includes some experimental results at the venturi’s outlet and in the near-field regions downstream of the jet in cross flow.
Adjusting the Metrics of 1-D Helical Gold Nanoparticle Superstructures Using Multivalent Peptide Conjugates.

The properties of nanoparticle superstructures depend on many factors, including the structural metrics of the nanoparticle superstructure (particle diameter, interparticle distances, etc.). Here, we introduce a family of gold-binding peptide conjugate molecules that can direct nanoparticle assembly, and we describe how these molecules can be systematically modified to adjust the structural metrics of linear double-helical nanoparticle superstructures. Twelve new peptide conjugates are prepared via linking a gold-binding peptide, AYSSGAPPMPPF (PEPAu), to a hydrophobic aliphatic tail. The peptide conjugates have 1, 2, or 3 PEPAu headgroups and a C12, C14, C16, or C18 aliphatic tail. The soft assembly of these peptide conjugates was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Several peptide conjugates assemble into 1-D twisted fibers having measurable structural parameters such as fiber width, thickness, and pitch that can be systemat...
Amniotic fluid index in hospitalized hypertensive patients managed expectantly.

OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between low amniotic fluid (AF) index and fetal growth retardation (FGR), fetal distress, and cesarean delivery in patients hospitalized for hypertensive disease, and to describe changes in AF status in relation to the severity of maternal disease. METHODS The AF index in 142 hospitalized hypertensive patients was followed per an inpatient protocol with semi-weekly testing; medical records were reviewed to obtain delivery data. RESULTS Fetal growth retardation was significantly associated with an AF index of 5.0 cm or less or 7.0 cm or less (P < .001) at initial assessment, with positive predictive values of 86 and 52%, respectively. However, the sensitivity of an AF index of 5.0 cm or less or 7.0 cm or less to detect FGR was limited (21 and 46%, respectively). Fetal distress and cesarean delivery were not associated with an AF index of 5.0 cm or less or 7.0 cm or less throughout observation in this cohort. Based upon a definition of oligohydramnios as an AF index of 7.0 cm or less, the AF status worsened from an initial normal value in 39% of patients whose final diagnosis was severe preeclampsia, versus only 14% of patients who were diagnosed as having mild disease. The AF index also normalized in ten patients who were originally diagnosed with oligohydramnios and admitted for expectant management. Only one of these women was diagnosed with severe preeclampsia. CONCLUSIONS 1) Depending on the definition, the incidence of oligohydramnios ranges from 10-30% in hypertensive patients requiring hospitalization; 2) an AF index of 5.0 cm or less at initial evaluation predicts FGR but lacks sensitivity; 3) the AF status frequently changes with serial assessment, and these changes appear to be related to the severity of hypertensive disease; and 4) the frequency of the obstetric complications studied depends more upon the severity of hypertensive disease than on its potential effect of inducing oligohydramnios.
What is the Future for Nationally or Regionally Based Financial Centres

The early stock exchanges were usually developed to serve the needs of market users in particular geographical areas. In larger countries, several exchanges often emerged to serve different parts of the country. Over time, one of these become dominant and served the country as a whole. National exchanges thus evolved in most parts of the world, and are still largely in place.
Stromal ETS2 Regulates Chemokine Production and Immune Cell Recruitment during Acinar-to-Ductal Metaplasia.

Abstract Preclinical studies have suggested that the pancreatic tumor microenvironment both inhibits and promotes tumor development and growth. Here we establish the role of stromal fibroblasts during acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM), an initiating event in pancreatic cancer formation. The transcription factor V-Ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 2 (ETS2) was elevated in smooth muscle actin–positive fibroblasts in the stroma of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patient tissue samples relative to normal pancreatic controls. LSL-Kras G12D/+ ; LSL-Trp53 R172H/+ ; Pdx-1-Cre (KPC) mice showed that ETS2 expression initially increased in fibroblasts during ADM and remained elevated through progression to PDAC. Conditional ablation of Ets- 2 in pancreatic fibroblasts in a Kras G12D -driven mouse ADM model decreased the amount of ADM events. ADMs from fibroblast Ets- 2–deleted animals had reduced epithelial cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. Surprisingly, fibroblast Ets-2 deletion significantly altered immune cell infiltration into the stroma, with an increased CD8+ T-cell population, and decreased presence of regulatory T cells (Tregs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and mature macrophages. The mechanism involved ETS2-dependent chemokine ligand production in fibroblasts. ETS2 directly bound to regulatory sequences for Ccl3 , Ccl4 , Cxcl4 , Cxcl5 , and Cxcl10 , a group of chemokines that act as potent mediators of immune cell recruitment. These results suggest an unappreciated role for ETS2 in fibroblasts in establishing an immune-suppressive microenvironment in response to oncogenic Kras G12D signaling during the initial stages of tumor development.
My Library: Copyright and the Role of Institutions in a Peer-to-Peer World

Today's technology turns every computer - every hard drive - into a type of library. But the institutions traditionally known as libraries have been given special consideration under copyright law, even as commercial endeavors and filesharing programs have begun to emulate some of their functions. This Article explores how recent technological and legal trends are affecting public and school-affiliated libraries, which have special concerns that are not necessarily captured by an end-consumer-oriented analysis. Despite the promise that technology will empower individuals, we must recognize the crucial structural role of intermediaries that select and distribute copyrighted works. By exploring how traditional libraries are being affected by developments such as filesharing services, the iTunes Music Store, and Google's massive digitization project, this Article examines the implications of legal and technological changes that are mainly not directed at libraries, but are nonetheless vital to their continued existence.
MRI Utilization and the Associated Use of Sedation and Anesthesia in a Pediatric ACO.

Abstract Background and Objectives MRI is commonly used in the pediatric population and often requires sedation or general anesthesia to complete. This study used data from a pediatric accountable care organization (ACO) to investigate trends in MRI utilization and in the requirement for anesthesia to complete MRI examinations. Methods The Partners for Kids (PFK) ACO claims database was queried for MRI examination encounters involving patients 0 to 18 years old from 2009 to 2014, with utilization expressed as encounters per 10,000 PFK members-months. Data were limited to 2011 to 2014 to ensure consistent billing of anesthesia services. Encounters were classified according to the presence of procedure codes for anesthesia or sedation. Results MRI utilization was approximately constant over the study period at 11 to 12 encounters per 10,000 member-months. The need for anesthesia increased from 21% to 28% of encounters over 2011 to 2014. The latter increase was shared across 1- to 6-year-old, 7- to 12-year-old, and 12- to 18-year-old subgroups. In multivariable regression analysis of monthly utilization, increasing need for anesthesia could not be attributed to secular trends in patient demographics or types of examinations ordered. Paid cost data were available for outpatient MRIs, and MRIs with sedation accounted for an increasing share of these costs (from 22% in 2011 to 33% in 2014). Conclusion There was an increasing need for anesthesia services to complete MRI examinations in this pediatric population, resulting in increasing cost of MRI examinations and presenting a challenge to ACO cost containment.
Affinity coefficients of the Polanyi/Dubinin adsorption isotherm equations: A review with compilations and correlations

Abstract A historical review presents the assumptions and approximations made in the Polanyi and Dubinin adsorption theories, which have defined the affinity coefficient β and proposed parameters to calculate it. A previous compilation of experimental β [Wood GO. Activated carbon adsorption capacities for vapors. Carbon 1992;30:593–599] for gases and vapors on activated carbons has been supplemented to more than double the available database. Experimental affinity coefficients reported and calculated for water vapor have also been compiled. For water vapor at relative humidity >50% on normal industrial (unacidified) activated carbons, 0.1 is a good average value of the affinity coefficient relative to that of benzene. Direct correlations of experimental affinity coefficients (other than for water) with molecular parachor, molar polarizability, and molar volume were successful (β standard deviations of 0.09, 0.12, and 0.12, respectively). Power functions with exponents less than unity (0.9, 0.75, and 0.9, respectively) provided slightly better fits of predictions to experimental values (standard deviations of 0.08, 0.10, and 0.11, respectively). Any of these correlations can be used. Listed advantages of using molar polarization make it the correlation parameter of preference. Correlation of β with critical temperature was largely unsuccessful. No obvious effects of adsorbate polarity, adsorbent molecular sieve properties, or form of the Dubinin equations were detected for β and its correlations.
Abstract 83: Molecular Mechanism of Aortic Aneurysm Formation in Fibulin-4--Deficient Mice

Background: Fibulin-4 (Fbln4) is a secreted extracellular matrix protein, which is expressed in blood vessels and associated with microfibrils surrounding elastic fibers. Fbln4-null mice exhibit perinatal lethality with rupture of aortic aneurysm and a marked disruption of elastic fibers, and these phenotypes were recapitulated by smooth muscle cell (SMC)-specific deletion of Fbln4 in vivo (Fbln4SMKO). Severe aneurysms developed exclusively in the ascending aorta at postnatal day 90 (P90) and vascular SMCs were hyper-proliferative and failed to fully differentiate in the Fbln4SMKO aorta. Objective: To elucidate the molecular mechanism that initiates the aneurysmal change in Fbln4SMKO mice, we performed proteomics analysis of Fbln4-deficient (Fbln4-/-) SMCs and compared with wild-type SMCs. Methods: The early stage of ascending aneurysm was evaluated in Fbln4SMKO mice using microscopic methods and immunohistochemistry. The protein expression profiles were obtained from postnatal day (P) 7 wild-type and Fbln4 -/- SMCs by two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis. Several differentially expressed proteins were identified by mass spectrometry and validated using qPCR and Western blot analysis. Results: Macroscopic observation revealed that the ascending aorta dilatation was not observed at P7 but became detectable at P14. Histologically, however, focal lesion of SMC proliferation was already noticeable in the sub-endothelial region at P7 and became evident at P14 with a thickened aortic media. Differential proteomic analysis showed that molecules involved in actin dynamics, including gelsolin, ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) protein, cofilin-2, and Rho GDI were upregulated in Fbln4 -/- SMCs. In addition, phosphorylation of cofilin and ERM was increased in Fbln4 -/- SMCs. Interestingly, SMC differentiation markers were normally expressed in Fbln4SMKO aortae until P7. Conclusion: Our study indicated that the phenotypic change of SMCs occurred after P7 in the Fbln4SMKO aorta and Fbln4 deficiency contributed to aneurysm formation by facilitating the alteration in actin dynamics. This information will shed light on the molecular mechanism of aneurysm initiation in the Fbln4 deficient SMCs.
FIXIT: A Case-Based Architecture for Computationally Encoding Fault Management Experience

Abstract An important requirement in the development of increasingly automated systems is a better understanding of how operators manage faults in complex systems. A system which computationally encodes operational expertise about anomalies and faults, and which potentially applies this knowledge to solve future problems or to aid to operators, is an important interim step. To support this goal, an architecture for understanding fault diagnosis in supervisory control systems is presented. The Fault Information Extraction and Investigation Tool (FIXIT) architecture uses recognition-primed decision making to describe how experts make decisions in real-world settings. Case-based reasoning is used to encode expert knowledge and experiences, with additional structure for fault management drawn from Rasmussen's strategies for state identification and diagnosis.
The Korean Wave: Korean Media Go Global, Youna Kim (Ed.). Routledge, London and New York (2013), 233 pp., ISBN: 978-0-415-71279-8

The Korean Wave, as a hybridity of Western and local culture, is the product of the Korean (East Asian) government’s neoliberal policy of culture and technology, with the primary aim to promote exp...
Managing Aquatic Environments for Wildlife in Urban Areas

Wetlands, streams, and riparian areas are often the center of wildlife conservation challenges in urban and suburban areas. Most aquatic environments and associated riparian zones exhibit high diversity and abundances of wildlife, yet these habitat types and the associated wildlife are among the most threatened by urbanization. In this chapter, we focus on the management of aquatic environments and their wildlife inhabitants in urban areas. Although a broad range of wildlife rely on urban aquatic environments, we focus on fishes, amphibians, and reptiles. Fishes, amphibians, and reptiles play important ecological roles, exhibit high diversity and abundances in aquatic and riparian systems, and often are useful in indicating the conditions of aquatic environments. We cover the following topics in this chapter: (1) the general importance of urban wetlands, streams, and riparian zones to wildlife; (2) aquatic habitat types that occur in urban areas; (3) the effects of urban areas and urbanization on local and regional populations of fishes, amphibians, and semiaquatic reptiles; (4) the critical elements necessary for effective management of aquatic environments for fishes, amphibians, and reptiles in urban and suburban areas.
Common Items on a Bucket List

Abstract Background: To provide preference-sensitive care, we propose that clinicians might routinely inquire about their patients' bucket-lists and discuss the impact (if any) of their medical treatments on their life goals. Methods: This cross-sectional, mixed methods online study explores the concept of the bucket list and seeks to identify common bucket list themes. Data were collected in 2015–2016 through an online survey, which was completed by a total of 3056 participants across the United States. Forty participants who had a bucket list were identified randomly and used as the development cohort: their responses were analyzed qualitatively using grounded theory methods to identify the six key bucket list themes. The responses of the remaining 3016 participants were used for the validation study. The codes identified from the development cohort were validated by analyses of responses from 50 randomly drawn subjects from the validation cohort. All the 3016 validation cohort transcripts were coded fo...