cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optically Thick ( O I) and (C II) Emission toward NGC 6334A

This work focuses on [O I] and [C II] emission toward NGC 6334A, an embedded H+ region/PDR only observable at infrared or longer wavelengths. A geometry in which nearly all the emission escapes out the side of the cloud facing the stars, such as Orion, is not applicable to this region. Instead, we find the geometry to be one in which the H+ region and associated PDR is embedded in the molecular cloud. Constant-density PDR calculations are presented which predict line intensities as a function of AV [or N(H)], hydrogen density (nH), and incident UV radiation field (G0). We find that a single-component model with AV ~ 650 mag, nH = 5 × 105 cm-3, and G0 = 7 × 104 reproduces the observed [O I] and [C II] intensities, and that the low [O I] 63 to 146 μm ratio is due to line optical depth effects in the [O I] lines, produced by a large column density of atomic/molecular gas. We find that the effects of a density law would increase our derived AV, while the effects of an asymmetric geometry would decrease AV, with the two effects largely canceling. We conclude that optically selected H+ regions adjacent to PDRs, such as Orion, likely have a different viewing angle or geometry than similar regions detected through IR observations. Overall, the theoretical calculations presented in this work have utility for any PDR embedded in a molecular cloud.
Methionine Sulfoxide Determination After Alkaline Hydrolysis of Amino Acid Mixtures, Model Protein Systems, Soy Products and Infant Formulas

Two previously reported methods (2M NaOH, 18 hr, 100°C; 3M NaOH, 16 hr, 110°C) for alkaline hydrolysis of proteins containing methionine sulfoxide (MetSO) were compared in free amino acid and model protein systems. Recoveries of MetSO from amino acid mixtures after 2M NaOH hydrolysis and ion-exchange chromatography were higher than after 3M NaOH hydrolysis. Recoveries of methionine (Met), MetSO and methionine sulfone (MetSO2) from model proteins after 2M NaOH hydrolysis suggested destruction of Met, no production of MetSO2 and, in the presence of glucose, possible production of small amounts of MetSO. Except for one soy isolate, measured MetSO was ≦ 7% of total methionine (oxidized plus unoxidized) in soy products. In milk- and soy-based infant formulas, measured MetSO ranged from 7 - 32% of totalmethionine.
Gallium Nitride Nanowire Nanodevices

Field effect transistors (FETs) based on individual GaN nanowires (NWs) have been fabricated. Gate-dependent electrical transport measurements show that the GaN NWs are n-type and that the conductance of NW−FETs can be modulated by more than 3 orders of magnitude. Electron mobilities determined for the GaN NW FETs, which were estimated from the transconductance, were as high as 650 cm2/V·s. These mobilities are comparable to or larger than thin film materials with similar carrier concentration and thus demonstrate the high quality of these NW building blocks and their potential for nanoscale electronics. In addition, p−n junctions have been assembled in high yield from p-type Si, and these n-type GaN NWs and their potential applications are discussed.
Signaling through the stromal epidermal growth factor receptor is necessary for mammary ductal development

Stromal-epithelial interactions are critical in determining patterns of growth, development and ductal morphogenesis in the mammary gland, and their perturbations are significant components of tumorigenesis. Growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) contribute to these reciprocal stromal-epithelial interactions. To determine the role of signaling through the EGF receptor (EGFR) in mammary ductal growth and branching, we used mice with a targeted null mutation in the Egfr. Because Egfr-/- mice die perinatally, transplantation methods were used to study these processes. When we transplanted neonatal mammary glands under the renal capsule of immuno-compromised female mice, we found that EGFR is essential for mammary ductal growth and branching morphogenesis, but not for mammary lobulo-alveolar development. Ductal growth and development was normal in transplants of mammary epithelium from Egfr-/- mice into wild-type (WT) gland-free fat pads and in tissue recombinants prepared with WT stroma, irrespective of the source of epithelium (StromaWT/Epi-/-, StromaWT/EpiWT). However, ductal growth and branching was impaired in tissue recombinants prepared with Egfr-/- stroma (Stroma-/-/EpiWT, Stroma-/-/Epi-/-). Thus, for ductal morphogenesis, signaling through the EGFR is required only in the stromal component, the mammary fat pad. These data indicate that the EGFR pathway plays a key role in the stromal-epithelial interactions required for mammary ductal growth and branching morphogenesis. In contrast, signaling through the EGFR is not essential for lobulo-alveolar development. Stimulation of lobulo-alveolar development in the mammary gland grafts by inclusion of a pituitary isograft under the renal capsule as a source of prolactin resulted in normal alveolar development in both Egfr-/- and wild-type transplants. Through the use of tissue recombinants and transplantation, we have gained new insights into the nature of stromal-epithelial interactions in the mammary gland, and how they regulate ductal growth and branching morphogenesis.
Working Memory as an Emergent Property of the Mind and Brain

Cognitive neuroscience research on working memory has been largely motivated by a standard model that arose from the melding of psychological theory with neuroscience data. Among the tenets of this standard model are that working memory functions arise from the operation of specialized systems that act as buffers for the storage and manipulation of information, and that frontal cortex (particularly prefrontal cortex) is a critical neural substrate for these specialized systems. However, the standard model has been a victim of its own success, and can no longer accommodate many of the empirical findings of studies that it has motivated. An alternative is proposed: Working memory functions arise through the coordinated recruitment, via attention, of brain systems that have evolved to accomplish sensory-, representation-, and action-related functions. Evidence from behavioral, neuropsychological, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging studies, from monkeys and humans, is considered, as is the question of how to interpret delay-period activity in the prefrontal cortex.
Synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of anziaic acid and analogues as topoisomerase I inhibitors.

Naturally occurring anziaic acid has very recently been reported as a topoisomerase I inhibitor with antibacterial activity. Herein total synthesis of anziaic acid and its structural analogues is described and the preliminary structure–activity relationship (SAR) has been developed based on topoisomerase inhibition and whole cell antibacterial activity.
Protective Role for Myeloid Specific KLF2 in Atherosclerosis

In this issue of Circulation Research , Lingrel and colleagues1 describe the phenotype of myeloid-specific Klf2 knockout mice. Although this transcription factor has long been known to be involved in protection from atherosclerosis, the cell type responsible was not clear. Article, see p 1294 Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis, are associated with imbalanced recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils to the impaired tissue. Neutrophils are among the first cells detected in developing atherosclerotic plaque. As early as in fatty streaks, monocytes enter the nascent lesions and can differentiate into macrophages.2 Lineage and microenvironmental stimuli determine the macrophages' phenotypic and biological functions, with proinflammatory …
Argonaute-2 promotes miR-18a entry in human brain endothelial cells.

Background Cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a vascular disease exhibiting abnormal blood vessel morphology and function. miR-18a ameliorates the abnormal characteristics of AVM-derived brain endothelial cells (AVM-BEC) without the use of transfection reagents. Hence, our aim was to identify the mechanisms by which miR-18a is internalized by AVM-BEC. Since AVM-BEC overexpress RNA-binding protein Argonaute-2 (Ago-2) we explored the clinical potential of Ago-2 as a systemic miRNA carrier. Methods and Results Primary cultures of AVM-BEC were isolated from surgical specimens and tested for endogenous miR-18a levels using qPCR. Conditioned media (CM) was derived from AVM-BEC cultures (AVM-BEC-CM). AVM-BEC-CM significantly enhanced miR-18a internalization. Ago-2 was detected using western blotting and immunostaining techniques. Ago-2 was highly expressed in AVM-BEC; and siAgo-2 decreased miR-18a entry into brain-derived endothelial cells. Only brain-derived endothelial cells were responsive to the Ago-2/miR-18a complex and not other cell types tested. Secreted products (eg, thrombospondin-1 [TSP-1]) were tested using ELISA. Brain endothelial cells treated with the Ago-2/miR-18a complex in vitro increased TSP-1 secretion. In the in vivo angiogenesis glioma model, animals were treated with miR-18a in combination with Ago-2. Plasma was obtained and tested for TSP-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A. In this angiogenesis model, the Ago-2/miR-18a complex caused a significant increase in TSP-1 and decrease in VEGF-A secretion in the plasma. Conclusions Ago-2 facilitates miR-18a entry into brain endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. This study highlights the clinical potential of Ago-2 as a miRNA delivery platform for the treatment of brain vascular diseases.
Evolution of diffraction methods for solving crystal structures

The discovery of X-ray diffraction in 1912 by Laue and co-workers had important implications for the physics of diffraction, for the nature of X-radiation and for the structure of matter. Lawrence Bragg made important contributions to early developments in each of these areas, but the most pregnant of his innovations was in structure determination from X-ray diffraction data. He continued to make highly significant contributions to structure determination right on to the first crystal structures of proteins. Crystallography has made substantial contributions to chemistry and biology, and notably so for biological macromolecules.
Experimental Evidence for the Fermi Surface Overlap Effect in $\epsilon $-phase Ag-Zn Alloys, Obtained from Low Temperature Specific Heats

Measurements of the electronic specific heat coefficient and of the limiting Debye temperature are reported for ten Ag-Zn alloys in the range of the h.c.p. $\epsilon $-phase. After a correction for the electron-phonon enhancement, the trend of the electronic specific heat coefficient is consistent with a nearly rigid band behaviour, showing a general decrease of the density of states at the Fermi level when the corners of the Brillouin zone are filled. A slight deviation from this trend occurs at electron concentration values exceeding approximately 1.85$_{5}$, in agreement with other measured properties and confirming a theoretical model involving overlaps of electrons across the {00.2} planes of the Brillouin zone. The estimated band gaps are of the order of 2 eV. It appears that whereas in the dilute $\eta $-phase alloys of zinc with silver the rigid band condition is not valid the opposite is true in the concentrated $\epsilon $-phase alloys.
Solving future problems: Default network and executive activity associated with goal-directed mental simulations

Mental simulations are often focused on a goal in the future or a problem to be solved. Recent neuroimaging studies have associated mental simulations of the future with default network activity, but the simulations in these studies were not typically directed toward achieving a particular goal. Goal-directed simulation requires cognitive control to maintain information, make decisions, and coordinate abstract action sequences. Therefore, it should recruit not only the default network, but also executive regions. To investigate whether default network and executive regions can be coactive in the context of goal-directed simulation, we designed a problem-solving task in which participants simulated solving several specific problems in imaginary scenarios while in the MRI scanner. We analyzed brain activity during simulation relative to a semantic elaboration task and found that goal-directed simulation engaged core regions of the default network and executive dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. A functional connectivity analysis with posterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex seeds revealed that activity in these regions was coupled throughout the goal-directed simulation period and associated with a distributed network of other default and executive regions, including medial prefrontal cortex, medial temporal, and parietal regions.
Toward an Etiology of Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Neurodevelopmental Approach

This article elaborates on Putnam's "discrete behavioral states" model of dissociative identity disorder (Putnam, 1997) by proposing the involvement of the orbitalfrontal cortex in the development of DID and suggesting a potential neurodevelopmental mechanism responsible for the development of multiple representations of self. The proposed "orbitalfrontal" model integrates and elaborates on theory and research from four domains: the neurobiology of the orbitalfrontal cortex and its protective inhibitory role in the temporal organization of behavior, the development of emotion regulation, the development of the self, and experience-dependent reorganizing neocortical processes. The hypothesis being proposed is that the experience-dependent maturation of the orbitalfrontal cortex in early abusive environments, characterized by discontinuity in dyadic socioaffective interactions between the infant and the caregiver, may be responsible for a pattern of lateral inhibition between conflicting subsets of self-representations which are normally integrated into a unified self. The basic idea is that the discontinuity in the early caretaking environment is manifested in the discontinuity in the organization of the developing child's self.
Towards a long-term global aerosol optical depth record: applying a consistent aerosol retrieval algorithm to MODIS and VIIRS-observed reflectance

Abstract. To answer fundamental questions about aerosols in our changing climate, we must quantify both the current state of aerosols and how they are changing. Although NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors have provided quantitative information about global aerosol optical depth (AOD) for more than a decade, this period is still too short to create an aerosol climate data record (CDR). The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) was launched on the Suomi-NPP satellite in late 2011, with additional copies planned for future satellites. Can the MODIS aerosol data record be continued with VIIRS to create a consistent CDR? When compared to ground-based AERONET data, the VIIRS Environmental Data Record (V_EDR) has similar validation statistics as the MODIS Collection 6 (M_C6) product. However, the V_EDR and M_C6 are offset in regards to global AOD magnitudes, and tend to provide different maps of 0.55 μm AOD and 0.55/0.86 μm-based Angstrom Exponent (AE). One reason is that the retrieval algorithms are different. Using the Intermediate File Format (IFF) for both MODIS and VIIRS data, we have tested whether we can apply a single MODIS-like (ML) dark-target algorithm on both sensors that leads to product convergence. Except for catering the radiative transfer and aerosol lookup tables to each sensor's specific wavelength bands, the ML algorithm is the same for both. We run the ML algorithm on both sensors between March 2012 and May 2014, and compare monthly mean AOD time series with each other and with M_C6 and V_EDR products. Focusing on the March–April–May (MAM) 2013 period, we compared additional statistics that include global and gridded 1° × 1° AOD and AE, histograms, sampling frequencies, and collocations with ground-based AERONET. Over land, use of the ML algorithm clearly reduces the differences between the MODIS and VIIRS-based AOD. However, although global offsets are near zero, some regional biases remain, especially in cloud fields and over brighter surface targets. Over ocean, use of the ML algorithm actually increases the offset between VIIRS and MODIS-based AOD (to ~ 0.025), while reducing the differences between AE. We characterize algorithm retrievability through statistics of retrieval fraction. In spite of differences between retrieved AOD magnitudes, the ML algorithm will lead to similar decisions about "whether to retrieve" on each sensor. Finally, we discuss how issues of calibration, as well as instrument spatial resolution may be contributing to the statistics and the ability to create a consistent MODIS → VIIRS aerosol CDR.
Silencing of the novel p53 target gene Snk/Plk2 leads to mitotic catastrophe in paclitaxel (taxol)-exposed cells.

Loss of p53 sensitizes to antimicrotubule agents in human tumor cells, but little is known about its role during mitosis. We have identified the Polo-like kinase family member serum inducible kinase (Snk/Plk2) as a novel p53 target gene. Snk/Plk2 mutagenesis demonstrated that its kinase activity is negatively regulated by its C terminus. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated Snk/Plk2 silencing in the presence of the mitotic poisons paclitaxel (Taxol) or nocodazole significantly increased apoptosis, similar to p53 mutations, which confer paclitaxel sensitivity. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the apoptosis due to silencing of Snk/Plk2 in the face of spindle damage occurs in mitotic cells and not in cells that have progressed to a G1-like state without dividing. Since siRNA directed against Snk/Plk2 promoted death of paclitaxel-treated cells in mitosis, we envision a mitotic checkpoint wherein p53-dependent activation of Snk/Plk2 prevents mitotic catastrophe following spindle damage. Finally, these studies suggest that disruption of Snk/Plk2 may be of therapeutic value in sensitizing paclitaxel-resistant tumors.
Improving survival in patients with high-risk and metastatic melanoma: immunotherapy leads the way.

The two most widely investigated immunotherapy drugs for melanoma are interferon (IFN)-α and interleukin-2 (IL-2). The role of IFNα-2b in the adjuvant therapy of patients with localized melanoma at high risk for relapse has recently been established by the results of three large randomized trials conducted by the US Intergroup; all three trials demonstrated an improvement in relapse-free survival and two in overall survival. Recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2) has an overall response rate of 15–20% in metastatic melanoma and is capable of producing complete and durable remissions in about 6% of patients treated. Based upon these data, the US FDA has recently approved the use of high-dose bolus administration of rIL-2 for the therapy of patients with metastatic melanoma. Results of combination chemotherapy and immunotherapy regimens containing rIL-2 and IFNα (biochemotherapy) are promising, but conclusions regarding an advantage for this therapy in terms of survival must await the completion of ongoing randomized trials. The use of therapeutic vaccines is an ongoing area of research, and clinical trials of several types of vaccines (whole cell, carbohydrate, peptide) are being conducted in patients with intermediate and late-stage melanoma. In the setting of adjuvant therapy, to date, no vaccine has demonstrated a survival benefit in comparison with either observation or IFNα. Vaccines are also being tested in patients with metastatic melanoma to determine their immune effects and to define their activity in combination with other immunotherapeutic agents such as IL-2 or IFNα.
Neutropenia and Neutrophil Defects

Cutaneous infections with Staphylococcus aureus are often recurrent and can be severe. In neutrophil disorders characterized by inadequate inflammation (neutropenia, leukocyte adhesion deficiency [LAD], Chediak-Higashi syndrome, and specific granule deficiency), infections can extend locally and subcutaneously with little reaction until marked destruction has taken place. There are three basic mechanisms by which neutropenia can occur: decreased neutrophil production, increased neutrophil destruction, or abnormal neutrophil trafficking (either defective release of neutrophils from the bone marrow or an abnormal increase in the marginated or tissue pools). Recently, an autosomal dominant disorder with mild neutropenia due to neutrophil retention in the bone marrow (myelokathexis) has been molecularly characterized. The determination of a qualitative defect of neutrophil function is more complex than the simple determination of neutropenia, since it requires the demonstration of a dysfunctional phenotype. The major classes of neutrophil defects highlight the major neutrophil functions: adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, degranulation, and killing. Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction and dihydrorhodamine (DHR) oxidation are the simplest tests available and are discussed. Chemiluminescence and staphylococcal killing are also discussed since they not only are used in the demonstration of CGD functional defects but also occasionally may help in diagnosis. Despite the important role of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the neutrophil, clinical disease from MPO deficiency is quite rare and has been reported mostly for diabetics with disseminated Candida infections. MPO is an important marker of myeloid maturation, appearing at the promyelocyte stage of development.
Methylamine oxidase from Arthrobacter P1 as a prototype of eukaryotic plasma amine oxidase and diamine oxidase

Methylamine oxidase (MAOX) from Gram-positive soil bacterium Arthrobacter PI catalyzes the oxidation of CH3NH2 to H2C=O and NH4 + via reduction of O2 to H2O2. Past work indicates that MAOx is similar to mammalian plasma amine oxidase (PAO) and diamine oxidase (DAO), plant DAO, and yeast peroxisomal amine oxidase (YAO). All have Mr ≃ 170,000 and are composed of 2 identical subunits, each of which contains 1 atom of Cu(II) and one molecule of quinonoid cofactor. Herein, we report further evidence as to the striking similarity of these enzymes, and describe properties of MAOX which offer insights into understanding the eukaryotic oxidases. It is our belief that the structure of the quinone cofactor, and the Cu(II) site in MAOX are identical to these sites in PAO and DAO.
Apoptotic Response and Differentiation Ability of Adipose Derived Stem Cells (ASCs) Frozen/Thawed in the Presence of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)

Effective techniques for the cryopreservation of human Adipose Stem Cells (ASCs) could increase the usefulness of these cells in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The traditional method of using fetal calf serum (FCS) and a chemical cryoprotectant like dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) during freezing storage restricts the direct use of ASCs in regenerative medicine and reconstruction surgery. The objective of this study was to investigate the apoptotic, necrotic and viability response of ASCs frozen/thawed in the presence of a high molecular weight polymer, Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and in the absence of FCS. Post-freeze/thaw studies were also conducted to evaluate the effect of PVP on the in vitro osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of ASCs. The results were compared with those obtained using the most commonly used cryopreservation media of 10%DMSO + 10% Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Media (DMEM) + 80%FCS.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Computer Comment Files and Writing Evaluation

The computer's ability to store and process large volumes of material can be very helpful in writing criticism and evaluation. By using this technological capability, evaluative decisions made by an instructor can be processed quickly and transformed into typewritten commentary. This article describes a method for storing anticipated instructional comments in computer memory and retrieving those comments for the purpose of providing both evaluative and reinforcing feedback to students. In this manner, the computer aids the instructor by improving the speed of encoding those comments into written form.
Determining the Structure of Oxalate Anion Using Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy Coupled with Gaussian Calculations

A laboratory project for the upper-division physical chemistry laboratory is described, and it combines IR and Raman spectroscopies with Gaussian electronic structure calculations to determine the structure of the oxalate anion in solid alkali oxalates and in aqueous solution. The oxalate anion has two limiting structures whose vibrational spectra have distinct differences: planar with D2h symmetry and nonplanar with D2d symmetry. In the former case, the IR and Raman spectra are complementary. Students measure the IR and Raman spectra of solid Na2C2O4, K2C2O4, and Cs2C2O4, and a nearly saturated aqueous solution of K2C2O4. They also carry out Gaussian calculations on the oxalate anion to predict the vibrational wavenumbers of both the planar and nonplanar structures and use the results to assign the spectra. By considering their results for the four samples, they decide on the oxalate structure in each and defend their choice in a report. The complexity of the project immerses the students in vibrational ...
Monitoring of dengue virus from Aedes albopictus in Guangzhou, 2008-2010

Objective To study the epidemic features of dengue fever in Guangzhou area by means of monitoring of dengue virus from the vectors. Methods Both larvae and the adult Aedes albopictus were collected from dengue fever epidemic foci and previous epidemic foci of Guangzhou. Total RNA of mosquitoes was extracted and dengue viral gene fragments were amplified by real-time fluorescence reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Result No dengue virus RNA was detected in Aedes albopictus since 2008. Conclusion Dengue virus infection rate in Aedes albopictus field was very low in the Guangzhou area.
Ergonomics analysis of work postures in space laboratory based on JACK

Based on principles of Man-machine Engineering and Ergonomics, the author tends to import the 3D model of space laboratory into JACK software, through which work postures of astronauts in space laboratory will be under emulation analysis in view shed, reachable region, fatigue and comfort level to achieve their modification and optimization therefore. In the thesis, virtual mode of astronauts in space laboratory will be emulated to search the best man-machine environment.
Cytokines affect ion transport in primary cultured thick ascending limb of Henle's loop cells

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) affect epithelial cell ion transport. However, the site of action along the nephron has not been elucidated fully for these cytokines. Thus, the effect of TNF and IL-1 on the ion transport function of primary cultured medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (mTALH) cells was determined by measuring rubidium (86Rb) uptake. TNF, IL-1, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a known activator of cytokine production, inhibited 86Rb uptake by cultured mTALH cells after a 24-h incubation period but had no effect when incubated with the cells for 1 or 4 h. Furthermore, mTALH cells produced biologically active TNF after stimulation with LPS for 24 h, and the LPS-induced inhibition of 86Rb uptake was abolished in the presence of an anti-TNF antibody, suggesting that TNF produced by the mTALH cells acted in an autocrine manner to inhibit 86Rb uptake. The effects of LPS on 86Rb uptake also were inhibited by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin. As TNF inc...
Dorsally Recumbent Female Equine Urogenital Endoscopic Surgery

The ventral abdominal approach for laparoscopy is versatile. Reported techniques using a ventral approach in the mare include bilateral ovariectomy and granulosa cell tumor removal. Laparoscopic ovariectomy is performed by way of four instrument portals in the caudoventral aspect of the insufflated abdomen. The procedure has several advantages over the traditional approaches of colpotomy and celiotomy, including tension-free closure of all incisions and minimal invasiveness.
Heat, mass, and crystal growth of GaN in the ammonothermal process: A numerical study

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a computational model for the ammonothermal gallium nitride (GaN) crystal growth process, including fluid flow, heat transfer, dissolution and crystallization rates, GaN metastable phase transport, and crystal interface advancement. The presented article solves the Navier–Stokes equations along with the Brickman–Darcy–Forchheimer extensions for nutrient porous medium and Boussinesq approximation for free convection. Piecewise Linear Interface Calculation (PLIC) method is adopted to construct and advance the crystal interface. Simulations, in particular, were performed for a common research autoclave with a retrograde ammonothermal system. Special attention is given to the regions close to the crystal interface.
Propagation from the start: the spread of a concept-based instructional tool

We describe the propagation of a technology-based educational innovation through its first 3 years of public use. The innovation studied is the Concept Warehouse (CW), a database-driven website developed to support the use of concept-based pedagogies. This tool was initially developed for instructors in undergraduate chemical engineering courses, but has spread to other disciplines as well. In this time, it has grown to over 650 registered instructors representing over 170 institutions. While this study is specific to a particular case, the intent of this article is to provide an exemplar of real-time propagation that informs other researchers and developers. We frame our analysis with Diffusion of Innovation Theory and use a design research methodology that focuses on communication channels, types of knowledge, and stages of the innovation-decision process. Data sources include usage records and survey responses which are analyzed with network diagrams and non-parametric statistics. We find that in comparison to mass media, interpersonal communications tended to result in higher proportions of how-to knowledge and implementation. Three types of opinion leaders were identified through user data and network diagrams. All played critical roles in the tool’s propagation, especially the project collaborators—opinion leaders who actively promoted the CW, in part, because it also propagates their own innovations. Finally, users with self-identified prior principles knowledge showed statistically significantly greater progress in gaining how-to knowledge, but no significant difference in progressing to the implementation stage of the innovation-decision process when compared to users without.
Update on the Diagnosis and Management of Neurocysticercosis

Neurocysticercosis is an important cause of seizures worldwide and is endemic in most of Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, India, and China. Neurocysticercosis has profoundly different disease manifestations varying from asymptomatic presentation to life-threatening hydrocephalus. Clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, and optimal treatment vary with the location, number of lesions, and host response. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical presentation, neuroimaging findings, history of exposure, and serologic testing. Initial therapy should be focused on symptom management including seizure control and management of increased intracranial pressure. Emerging data are demonstrating that the optimal management approach varies with stage. Single enhancing or cystic lesions should be treated with albendazole and steroids. Patients with more than two cystic lesions should be treated with combination therapy with albendazole and praziquantel, whereas patients with hydrocephalus benefit from surgical management, especially with minimally invasive approaches.
Local Food: Does it Matter What You Eat?

Everybody eats. Period. Some of us prefer hamburgers. Some like veggies. But what we eat is only the beginning. Increasingly, interest in where our foods are grown and processed has emerged. As numerous grass roots organizations proffer information on local foods, it becomes critical for research-based youth programs to also encourage study on this topic. This article introduces a new curriculum that aims to help students learn about what we eat, where it comes from, and how it impacts the environment. The main goal is to help participants understand the concept of local food systems, how they operate, and how students and their families can be involved in creating positive changes. It targets students in grade school thru high school. By stimulating their interest at an early age, we can encourage their participation in the local food systems movement. The curriculum is available as a self-study guide at no cost. Email: raison.1@osu.edu.
Initial Diagnostic Workup of Acute Leukemia: Guideline From the College of American Pathologists and the American Society of Hematology

Context.— A complete diagnosis of acute leukemia requires knowledge of clinical information combined with morphologic evaluation, immunophenotyping and karyotype analysis, and often, molecular genetic testing. Although many aspects of the workup for acute leukemia are well accepted, few guidelines have addressed the different aspects of the diagnostic evaluation of samples from patients suspected to have acute leukemia. Objective.— To develop a guideline for treating physicians and pathologists involved in the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of new acute leukemia samples, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and acute leukemias of ambiguous lineage. Design.— The College of American Pathologists and the American Society of Hematology convened a panel of experts in hematology and hematopathology to develop recommendations. A systematic evidence review was conducted to address 6 key questions. Recommendations were derived from strength of evidence, feedback received during the...
A Primer to the Structure, Content and Linkage of the FDA’s Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) Files

Introduction and Background: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)’s Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database is a publicly available resource providing over 4 million records relating to medical device safety. Using downloadable MAUDE files avoids limitations of the online MAUDE search interface. However, naive file usage can result in errors, while independent discovery of the nuances required to correctly work with the database can be time-consuming. Practical information is provided to shorten this learning curve and obtain accurate results when using the MAUDE database files. MAUDE File Descriptions: The MAUDE database consists of 135 fields in four primary (Master Event, Device, Patient, Text) and two supplemental (Device Problems and Problem Code Descriptions) file types. When combined, these six files provide a detailed account of an adverse event or product problem report. Website instructions for joining the files are incomplete. Comprehensive details are provided to enable precise file linking. Lessons Learned: MAUDE files have irregularities that must be understood to download and work with the data efficiently. Accurate results depend upon combining the files correctly and understanding the difference between report and event denominators. Appreciating data availability can facilitate successful MAUDE investigations. Conclusion: The MAUDE database can provide key insights about medical device safety. Detailed information is provided about the structure, content and interrelationships of the MAUDE database files to enable investigators to use this valuable resource more quickly and accurately.
In-cell overlay metrology by using optical metrology tool

Overlay is one of the most critical process control steps of semiconductor manufacturing technology. A typical advanced scheme includes an overlay feedback loop based on after litho optical imaging overlay metrology on scribeline targets. The after litho control loop typically involves high frequency sampling: every lot or nearly every lot. An after etch overlay metrology step is often included, at a lower sampling frequency, in order to characterize and compensate for bias. The after etch metrology step often involves CD-SEM metrology, in this case in-cell and ondevice. This work explores an alternative approach using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) metrology and a machine learning analysis technique. Advanced 1x nm DRAM wafers were prepared, including both nominal (POR) wafers with mean overlay offsets, as well as DOE wafers with intentional across wafer overlay modulation. After litho metrology was measured using optical imaging metrology, as well as after etch metrology using both SE and CD-SEM for comparison. We investigate 2 types of machine learning techniques with SE data: model-less and model-based, showing excellent performance for after etch in-cell on-device overlay metrology.
Effect of multimodal analgesia with paravertebral blocks on biochemical recurrence in men undergoing open radical prostatectomy.

Abstract Background Recent studies suggest that anesthetic technique during radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer may affect recurrence or progression. This association has previously been investigated in series that employ epidural analgesia. The objective of this study is to determine the association between the use of a multimodal analgesic approach incorporating paravertebral blocks and risk of biochemical recurrence following open radical prostatectomy. Patients and methods Using a prospective database of 3,029 men undergoing open radical prostatectomy by a single surgeon, we identified 2,909 men who received no neoadjuvant androgen deprivation and had at least 1 year of follow up. We retrospectively compared patients who received general analgesia with opioid analgesia (1999–2003, n = 662) to those who received general analgesia with multimodal analgesia incorporating paravertebral blocks (2003–2014, n = 2,247). The primary outcome was time to biochemical recurrence. Biochemical recurrence-free interval was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier technique and compared using a multivariate Cox-proportional hazards regression model. Results In total, 395 patients (14%) experienced biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy, including 265 (12%) who received multimodal analgesia and 130 (20%) who did not (adjusted P = 0.27). After adjusting for age, race, body mass index, preoperative prostate specific antigen, grade, stage, perineural invasion, margin status, percent of tumor in the gland, and diameter of the dominant nodule, there was no difference in recurrence-free interval between groups (HR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.73–1.17). Conclusion Use of a multimodal analgesic approach incorporating paravertebral blocks is not associated with a reduced risk of biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy.
Rise of the National Movement

Although the French interest in papal reform continued to decline, the idea of liberalizing the clergy and restricting the absolute temporal power of the pope did not falter. In Italy, Piedmont remained the acknowledged leader in anticlerical policies. This was given an evident proof in its ecclesiastical legislation, the Siccardi Laws voted by the Subalpine Chambers in 1850 when the king’s negotiations with Rome on the subject had failed.1
Mitochondrial decay and impairment of antioxidant defenses in aging RPE cells.

In the eye, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is exposed to a highly oxidative environment, partly due to elevated oxygen partial pressure from the choriocapillaris and to digestion of polyunsaturated fatty acid laden photoreceptor outer segments. Here we examined the vulnerability of RPE cells to stress and changes in their mitochondria with increased chronological aging and showed that there is greater sensitivity of the cells to oxidative stress, alterations in their mitochondrial number, size, shape, matrix density, cristae architecture, and membrane integrity as a function of age. These features correlate with reduced cellular levels of ATP, ROS, and [Ca2+]c, lower Δψm, increased [Ca2+]m sequestration and decreased expression of mtHsp70, UCP2, and SOD3. Mitochondrial decay, bioenergetic deficiencies, and weakened antioxidant defenses in RPE cells occur as early as age 62. With increased severity, these conditions may significantly reduce RPE function in the retina and contribute to age related retinal anomalies.
Silyl Transfer Pathway to a Ce(IV) Imido Complex

The formation and stabilization of multiple bonds between a lanthanide cation and an anionic p-block element fragment are challenging, and only a few examples of such terminal complexes have been reported to date. Notably, all reported synthetic routes to lanthanide-imido moieties employed deprotonation as the key formation step. In the present report, we describe the generation of a Ce(IV) imido complex by a trimethylsilyl group transfer pathway. Experimental and computational evidence supports an equilibrium proceeding by a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution mechanism.
A Wild West of the Mind

abstractThis paper addresses the relation between morality and private thought. It is widely agreed that government and society have no business trying to control our thoughts—that, as long as we d...
Embodied Practitioner Knowledge: Reconfiguring the Boundary between Science and Meditation

ABSTRACTThe scientific study of meditation is a new field of cross-disciplinary investigation that brings together neuroscientists, psychologists, and expert meditators. One might expect that in or...
Delivering mobile eye care to underserved communities while providing training in ophthalmology to medical students: experience of the Guerrilla Eye Service

Objective The objective of the study was to characterize the population served by the student-led Guerrilla Eye Service (GES), a mobile outreach program that delivers comprehensive ophthalmic care to underserved communities in the greater Pittsburgh area. Patients and methods Patients attending GES missions at a single urban free clinic from 2012 through 2017 were included in this retrospective case series. All patients underwent a comprehensive eye examination at no cost, with referral to a university eye clinic if necessary. Demographic characteristics, past ocular history, reasons for attendance, and ophthalmic diagnoses were recorded. Attendance rates and treatment outcomes of patients referred to the university eye clinic were also reviewed. Results We reviewed records of 360 GES patients (mean age 43 years, age range 1-79 years; 56% [200] male; 37% [133] non-English speakers). The most common reasons for attending were blurry vision (28% [101]), need for new glasses (22% [80]), and referral for a diabetic eye exam (18% [63]). The most common diagnosis made was refractive error (59% [214]), and vouchers for free spectacles were provided. One-third of diabetic patients had retinopathy (32% [38]). Glaucoma suspect (11% [40]), narrow angles (4% [13]), treatment-requiring diabetic eye disease (4% [14]), and visually-significant cataract (3% [11]) were diagnoses that most often prompted referral to the university clinic. In all, 114 patients were referred (32%), of whom 82 (72%) attended the follow-up visit. Other patients continued to receive longitudinal care through GES. Conclusion Medical student-led outreach programs under the supervision of an attending ophthalmologist can deliver regular eye care to underserved communities while providing referrals to a university clinic for those with advanced disease.
Local superconductivity in vanadium iron arsenide

We investigate the chemical substitution of group 5 into $\mathrm{BaF}{\mathrm{e}}_{2}\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{s}}_{2}$ (``122'') iron arsenide, in the effort to understand why Fe-site hole doping of this compound (e.g., using group 5 or 6) does not yield bulk superconductivity. We find an increase in the $c$-lattice parameter of the $\mathrm{BaF}{\mathrm{e}}_{2}\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{s}}_{2}$ with the substitution of V, Nb, or Ta; the reduction in $c$ predicts the lack of bulk superconductivity [Konzen and Sefat, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 29, 083001 (2017)] that is confirmed here through transport and magnetization results. However, our spectroscopy measurements find a coexistence of antiferromagnetic and local superconducting nanoscale regions in V-122, observed in a transition-metal hole-doped iron arsenide. In $\mathrm{BaF}{\mathrm{e}}_{2}\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{s}}_{2}$, there is a complex connection between local parameters such as composition and lattice strain, average lattice details, and the emergence of bulk quantum states such as superconductivity and magnetism.
Chandelier Cells Swipe Right for L1CAM.

Establishing a functional neuronal circuit requires not only synapsing with the right cell type, but also targeting the right subcellular compartment. In this issue of Neuron, Tai et al. (2019) identify the cell adhesion molecule L1CAM as integral to the mechanism by which chandelier cells establish subcellular compartment-specific innervation of pyramidal neurons in the mammalian cerebral cortex.
Preliminary in vitro angiographic comparison of the flow diversion behavior of Evolve and Pipeline devices

Background and purpose Flow diverters are increasingly used to treat a broad category of cerebral aneurysms. We conducted an in vitro study to angiographically compare the flow diversion effect of Surpass Evolve from Stryker Neurovascular with the Pipeline Shield Embolization Device from Medtronic Neurovascular. Methods Three copies each of three carotid aneurysm geometries were manufactured from silicone. Evolve and Pipeline flow diverters were deployed in one copy of each geometry; the third copy was used as Control. High-speed angiography was acquired under pulsatile flow in each replica, contrast concentration-time curves within the aneurysms were recorded, and the curves were quantified with six parameters. The parameters were statistically evaluated to compare the flow diversion effect of both devices. Results The Evolve showed greater flow diversion trends in almost all intra-geometry comparisons than the Pipeline. When aggregated over the three geometries, the Evolve was statistically significantly better than the Pipeline in four of the six parameters, and about the same or better (not statistically significant) than the Pipeline in the other two parameters. Conclusions The Evolve device demonstrated greater in vitro flow diversion effects than Pipeline. Comparative efficacy of the devices will need to be adjudicated based on clinical outcomes.