cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An observational constraint on stomatal function in forests: evaluating coupled carbon and water vapor exchange with carbon isotopes in the Community Land Model (CLM4.5)

Abstract. Land surface models are useful tools to quantify contemporary and future climate impact on terrestrial carbon cycle processes, provided they can be appropriately constrained and tested with observations. Stable carbon isotopes of CO2 offer the potential to improve model representation of the coupled carbon and water cycles because they are strongly influenced by stomatal function. Recently, a representation of stable carbon isotope discrimination was incorporated into the Community Land Model component of the Community Earth System Model. Here, we tested the model's capability to simulate whole-forest isotope discrimination in a subalpine conifer forest at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, USA. We distinguished between isotopic behavior in response to a decrease of δ13C within atmospheric CO2 (Suess effect) vs. photosynthetic discrimination (Δcanopy), by creating a site-customized atmospheric CO2 and δ13C of CO2 time series. We implemented a seasonally varying Vcmax model calibration that best matched site observations of net CO2 carbon exchange, latent heat exchange, and biomass. The model accurately simulated observed δ13C of needle and stem tissue, but underestimated the δ13C of bulk soil carbon by 1–2 ‰. The model overestimated the multiyear (2006–2012) average Δcanopy relative to prior data-based estimates by 2–4 ‰. The amplitude of the average seasonal cycle of Δcanopy (i.e., higher in spring/fall as compared to summer) was correctly modeled but only when using a revised, fully coupled An − gs (net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance) version of the model in contrast to the partially coupled An − gs version used in the default model. The model attributed most of the seasonal variation in discrimination to An, whereas interannual variation in simulated Δcanopy during the summer months was driven by stomatal response to vapor pressure deficit (VPD). The model simulated a 10 % increase in both photosynthetic discrimination and water-use efficiency (WUE) since 1850 which is counter to established relationships between discrimination and WUE. The isotope observations used here to constrain CLM suggest (1) the model overestimated stomatal conductance and (2) the default CLM approach to representing nitrogen limitation (partially coupled model) was not capable of reproducing observed trends in discrimination. These findings demonstrate that isotope observations can provide important information related to stomatal function driven by environmental stress from VPD and nitrogen limitation. Future versions of CLM that incorporate carbon isotope discrimination are likely to benefit from explicit inclusion of mesophyll conductance.
Distributed services in pervasive systems

Devices in pervasive systems are generally resource constrained, heterogeneous, personal, and mobile. These constraints limit the services and quality of service offered by the devices. For example, execution of such tasks as video and audio processing might not be possible or successful on cell phones, PDAs and sensors. Hence interactions between devices are exploited to perform collaborative task execution. Devices with better resource levels perform tasks on behalf of other devices. This dissertation provides algorithms for cooperative service executions in pervasive environments. The major contributions of this dissertation are: (1) Cluster Based Scheduling (CBS) algorithm that performs service scheduling in smart spaces. (2) Decentralized Grading Autonomous Selection (DGAS) algorithm that performs fault tolerant service execution in Mobile Ad hoc Networks. (3) Mutual Exclusion for Opportunistic Networks (MEOP) algorithm that facilitates exclusive access to shared resources in opportunistic networks (OPNET). (4) Middleware architecture for devices in OPNETs. (5) An algorithm for performing service composition in OPNETs. The main advantages of CBS over existing schemes are - reduced communication and storage overhead, and support for usage of multiple task scheduling algorithms. CBS factors such challenges as device heterogeneity, service availability and device mobility into the scheduling algorithm. DGAS provides fault tolerance by replicating service execution onto multiple devices. Decision about participation of devices in service executions are taken autonomously by each device. DGAS avoids usage of any central entity. When multiple devices need exclusive access to a shared resource, middleware installed on the devices should facilitate the access. MEOP is a token requesting algorithm that provides exclusive access to resources in OPNETs. MEOP has lower communication overhead as compared to token ring, permission based and centralized algorithms. A middleware architecture is proposed for devices in OPNETs. The middleware is modular. Each device can implement any subset of modules. This dissertation also presents service composition algorithms for OPNETs. Analysis of success probability of task execution and the length of compositions is presented and verified. A prototype of the service composition algorithms is implemented on Bluetooth enabled devices carried by students at the University of Texas at Arlington.
Iodine Deficiency in Vegetarian and Vegan Diets: Evidence-Based Review of the World’s Literature on Iodine Content in Vegetarian Diets

As the iodine content is generally low in most vegetables and fruits, it is biologically plausible that compliance with strict vegetarian diets would increase risks of iodine deficiency. This chapter responds to these concerns by first considering the prevalence, demography and lifestyle characteristics of vegetarians residing mainly in developed countries and finally, by reviewing the nutrition and epidemiological studies that assessed iodine nutrition in vegetarians. The number of people who self-identify as “vegetarian” or “vegan” is significantly larger than the number who adhere to such diets. The iodine content of vegetarian diets may be inadequate. Vegetarians are generally more educated, have higher socioeconomic status, and more likely to adopt healthy and healthful behaviors. Strict vegetarians and vegans are likely to use iodine supplements. On balance, vegetarians and others following restrictive diets should recognize that they may be at increased risk of iodine, as well as other nutritional, deficiencies. Pregnant vegetarians and vegans are a population at particular risk of iodine deficiency and should use iodinecontaining prenatal vitamins. Nutritional studies suggest that the iodine content of vegetarian diets may be inadequate, but adherence to a vegetarian diet need not lead to iodine deficiency. As diets become increasingly restrictive, assurance of adequate iodine intake increasingly depends on the appropriate use of iodized salt and other dietary supplements.
The Use of Boron Neutron Capture for the Treatment of Pituitary Tumors

Pituitary tumors comprise approximately 15% of all intracranial tumors1. The clinical presentation of these tumors is diverse; morbidity and mortality can be high. Current treatment modalities include conventional x-irradiation and/or neurosurgery, but are inadequate for the most part. Neither are uniformly successful and both are relatively non-specific. However, several features of these tumors make them ideal candidates for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). First, the tumors are localized in the pituitary gland, rarely metastacising to other areas of the body. Second, they are rarely larger than 2 cm in diameter. Third, the tumors are outside the blood brain barrier. And fourth, the pituitary tumor cells contain cellular membrane receptors that bind and internalize specific hypothalamic polypeptide releasing hormones. The ablity to target boron-10 (10B) containing compounds to these pituitary tumor cells with releasing hormones and subsequently kill these cells with BNCT is currently being evaluated in pituitary tumor cells in vitro.
LDP Work Horse (1978–1986)

Kanemaru served sequentially in the three most important official positions within the LDP: Diet Policy Affairs Chair (1978–1983); somu kaicho or Chair of the Executive Council (1983–1984); and kanjicho or Secretary-General (1984–1986). Kanemaru expanded his power base in Yamanashi Prefecture by developing a close working relationship with the newly elected (1979) Governor Mochizuki and funneling construction monies through his office. Kanemaru’s “blood oath” speech in January, 1985, urging an open rebellion against the leader of his own faction, Kakuei Tanaka, led to the creation of a new faction or political grouping, called the Soseikai Creative Politics Association. Kanemaru’s greatest political triumph was engineering the LDP’s “dual election” landslide victory of July 6, 1986, after which he became the Deputy Prime Minister.
Propaganda and Liberation

European neutral countries brought safely to harbour did not mean that the war of words was over. The MOI took over responsibility for propaganda in liberated territories once these areas were secured. In May 1945 German forces were defeated by action of the allies and local partisans in every European nation they had occupied. Having helped win the war by keeping the neutrals neutral, the MOI now set out to help win the peace by persuading liberated as well as neutral Europe to look to Britain first among the victorious great powers.
Cellular non-heme iron modulates apoptosis and caspase 3 activity

Publisher Summary Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases that play an essential role in the signaling cascade leading to apoptosis. There is a considerable body of literature indicating that NO, produced either extracellularly by low-molecular-weight S-nitrosothiols (LMW RSNOs) or endogenously by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) prevents caspase 3-dependent apoptosis in various cell types. These effects were suggested to reflect the S-nitrosation of caspase 3 and procaspase 9, respectively. Current research on caspases includes attempts to impede the action of these proteases in order to better understand the apoptotic pathways, as well as to develop drugs that can regulate apoptosis. Observations that NO impedes caspases and apoptosis provided a foundation for the synthesis of prodrugs that could be used for liver-specific delivery of NO.
Exploration research on metal-enclosed switchgear design of withstanding internal arcing faults

This paper expounds physical phenomena of the internal arc faults in the metal-enclosed switchgear, introduces the relevant standards of Metal-enclosed Switchgear, put forward the switchgear design requirements, and internal arc test are analyzed in detail. Finally, the main characteristics of switchgear of internal arc fault are given through the analysis of the related test, and put forward the relevant parts, such as key component or location design of doors, panels, backwall, pressure relief devices, the position of the pressure relief devices, valve of close cable compartment vent, and other functional requirements, to guide the switchgear design for the internal arc faults.
Non-Human Primate Models of Tuberculosis

Among the animal models of tuberculosis (TB), the non-human primates, particularly rhesus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and cynomolgus macaques (Macaca mulatta), share the greatest anatomical and physiological similarities with humans. Macaques are highly susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and manifest the complete spectrum of clinical and pathological manifestations of TB as seen in humans. Therefore, the macaque models have been used extensively for investigating the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis infection and for preclinical testing of drugs and vaccines against TB. This review focuses on published major studies that exemplify how the rhesus and cynomolgus macaques have enhanced and may continue to advance global efforts in TB research.
Distribution of chromium species between soil and porewater

Batch experiments were carried out using three soils representing different geologic parts of the continental USA to identify processes influencing partitioning and interconversion of chromium spec...
Smartphone photography utilized to measure wrist range of motion.

The purpose was to determine if smartphone photography is a reliable tool in measuring wrist movement. Smartphones were used to take digital photos of both wrists in 32 normal participants (64 wrists) at extremes of wrist motion. The smartphone measurements were compared with clinical goniometry measurements. There was a very high correlation between the clinical goniometry and smartphone measurements, as the concordance coefficients were high for radial deviation, ulnar deviation, wrist extension and wrist flexion. The Pearson coefficients also demonstrated the high precision of the smartphone measurements. The Bland–Altman plots demonstrated 29–31 of 32 smartphone measurements were within the 95% confidence interval of the clinical measurements for all positions of the wrists. There was high reliability between the photography taken by the volunteer and researcher, as well as high inter-observer reliability. Smartphone digital photography is a reliable and accurate tool for measuring wrist range of moti...
Earth's Oceans

Sex in the Sea: Our Intimate Connection with Sex Changing Fish, Romantic Lobsters, Kinky Squid and Other Salty Erotica of the Deep . By Marah J. Hardt. 2016. St. Martin's Press. (ISBN: 9781137279972). 278 pp. Hardback. $26.99. The oceans of Earth represent a vast frontier for exploration, and we are only beginning to grasp the level of diversity they hold. Sadly, as we are coming to these revelations, a great portion of that frontier is at risk, under attack from many angles by human demands—overfishing, industry, and even the noise of our expansive movements. One area where our impact is dramatic is on the peculiar and often highly specific mating behaviors of creatures of the sea. In her book, Sex in the Sea , Marah J. Hardt tells the story of those behaviors and brings into focus our neighbors in the vast oceans around us. …
Acyl-coenzyme A:(holo-acyl carrier protein) transacylase enzymes as templates for engineering

This review will cover the structure, enzymology, and related aspects that are important for structure-based engineering of the transacylase enzymes from fatty acid biosynthesis and polyketide synthesis. Furthermore, this review will focus on in vitro characteristics and not cover engineering of the upstream or downstream reactions or strategies to manipulate metabolic flux in vivo. The malonyl-coenzyme A(CoA)-holo-acyl-carrier protein (holo-ACP) transacylase (FabD) from Escherichia coli serves as a model for this enzyme with thorough descriptions of structure, enzyme mechanism, and effects of mutation on substrate binding presented in the literature. Here, we discuss multiple practical and theoretical considerations regarding engineering transacylase enzymes to accept non-cognate substrates and form novel acyl-ACPs for downstream reactions.
Severity scores in paediatric intensive care units

The practice of paediatric critical care has matured dramatically in the course of the past three decades. Knowledge of the pathophysiology of life-threatening processes and the technological capacity to monitor and treat paediatric patients suffering from them has advanced rapidly during this period. Along with the scientific and technical advances has come the evolution of the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU), in which special needs of critically ill or injured children and their families can be met by paediatric specialists. All critically ill infants and children cared for in hospitals, regardless of the physical setting, are entitled to receive the same quality of care [1].
The Limits of Legal Reforms

Reformers clearly had high hopes for the rape law reforms, but the results of our multijurisdiction study suggest that their expectations were overly optimistic. On the positive side, judges, prosecutors, and defense attorneys in all of the jurisdictions expressed support for the reforms, which they believe have improved the treatment of rape victims. Officials in all six cities also stated that evidence of the victim’s past sexual conduct with casual acquaintances is irrelevant and is unlikely to be admitted at trial. Finally, officials in jurisdictions with strong shield laws were less likely than officials in jurisdictions with weak laws to believe that sexual history evidence of more questionable relevance should or would be admitted at trial.
Landscape Learning in Relation to Evolutionary Theory

Change in location or environment in and of itself does not entail cultural change at the macroevolutionary scale. However, consideration of the processes by which human populations develop, remember, and transmit to others environmental information from the time of colonization of a given region onward is an important component in understanding how social groups construct and respond to their natural world. Changes in the interactions between groups and their natural environment are a key feature of the transitions that macroevolutionary theory seeks to explain. Therefore, landscape learning is an important tool in the macroevolutionary kit. Landscape learning proceeds through the development of locational, limitational, and social knowledge. Locational knowledge is constrained by Bauplan; limitational knowledge responds dynamically to appropriate scales of environmental change. Social knowledge, the composite of shared locational and limitational knowledge, develops through social learning and is thereby subject to the multiple biases of the transmission process. Behavioral holons describe feedback between environmental information and social response, which may create punctuations in group-level environmental learning. Compilation of responses to environmental interaction may be one means of determining that a shift in adaptive peak is necessary or appropriate. This combination of environmental knowledge structures and the processes of holon feedback described by the landscape learning model has great relevance to our efforts to understand the patterns of long-term human–environment interaction and inform studies of macroevolution.
Control of Flexible Rotors

The goal of this chapter is to discuss the problems that rotor flexibility and hardware limitations introduce in the design of AMB controllers and to present some solution strategies for these problems. Rotor flexibility means that the rotor can have relatively high gain at higher frequencies and this introduces complications in designing controllers with physically realizable bandwidths. Further, non-collocation of actuators and sensors along with finite bandwidth of actuation, sensing, and control mechanisms can mean that a passivity type of approach to controller design is not feasible. These issues and others will be explored here through a series of examples. Control solutions are presented for a flexible rotor ranging from the simplest PID approach through to a fairly sophisticated μ−synthesis solution. The performances of these controllers are compared in terms of complexity, forced response performance, and sensitivity to model parameters. The literature relating to control of AMBs and, especially, those supporting flexible rotors is vast: certainly the largest segment of AMB literature is devoted to control. The bibliography for this chapter attempts to provide a survey of this literature but is by no means complete: a comprehensive survey would contain hundreds of references. Over 80 references are provided: a mix of background material on the general control problem and papers directed specifically at AMB control.
Food Prices as a Nutrition Policy Instrument

Most neoclassical economists are reluctant to encourage governments to intervene actively in the formation of prices for agricultural products. The markets for agricultural and food commodities tend to be competitive and efficient, even in much of the Third World. From the perspective of a Pareto Optimum, government interventions in such markets are likely to make matters worse rather than better, no matter what the motivation for intervention. The constant advice of economists to governments to “get prices right” is usually directed at government interventions that “make prices wrong.” T. W. Schultz’s latest book, Distortions of Agricultural Incentives (1), for example, provides an impressively long list of ways in which Third World governments intervene in agricultural input and output price formation, usually to the detriment of agricultural productivity and rural welfare.
Smith and Hume on Animal Minds

This paper situates Hume's views on animals in the context of the Scottish Enlightenment by contrasting them with the views of Adam Smith. While Smith is more central to the philosophical establish...
Coverings of graded pointed Hopf algebras

We introduce the concept of a covering of a graded pointed Hopf algebra. The theory developed shows that coverings of a bosonized Nichols algebra can be concretely expressed by biproducts using a quotient of the universal coalgebra covering group of the Nichols algebra. If there are enough quadratic relations, the universal coalgebra covering is given by the bosonization by the enveloping group of the underlying rack.
A seven-legged tick: Report of a morphological anomaly in Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) biting a human host from the Northeastern United States

Cases of morphological anomalies in the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae), have recently been reported from the Northeastern and upper Midwestern United States, potentially complicating identification of this important vector of human disease-causing pathogens. We hereby report a case of a morphological anomaly in I. scapularis, biting a human host residing in Norwich, Connecticut. Using a dichotomous morphological key, high-resolution and scanning electron microscopy images, as well as DNA sequencing, the tick was identified as an adult female I. scapularis with three legs on the left side of the abdomen versus four on the right side, which we believe is the first case of ectromely in an adult I. scapularis. Using diagnostic genes in polymerase chain reaction, the specimen tested positive for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agents for Lyme disease and anaplasmosis, respectively, and also showed evidence of a rickettsial endosymbiont. Here we discuss recent reports of morphological anomalies in I. scapularis, and emphasize the significance of additional studies of teratology in this important tick species and its potential implications.
The microbiome in pediatric oncology

The human microbiome comprises a diverse set of microorganisms, which play a mostly cooperative role in processes such as metabolism and host defense. Next-generation genomic sequencing of bacterial nucleic acids now can contribute a much broader understanding of the diverse organisms composing the microbiome. Emerging evidence has suggested several roles of the microbiome in pediatric hematology/oncology, including susceptibility to infectious diseases, immune response to neoplasia, and contributions to the tumor microenvironment as well as changes to the microbiome from chemotherapy and antibiotics with unclear consequences. In this review, the authors have examined the evidence of the role of the microbiome in pediatric hematology/oncology, discussed how the microbiome may be modulated, and suggested key questions in need of further exploration.
From Genes to Transcripts, a Tightly Regulated Journey in Plasmodium

Over the past decade, we have witnessed significant progresses in understanding gene regulation in Apicomplexa including the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. This parasite possesses the ability to convert in multiple stages in various hosts, cell types, and environments. Recent findings indicate that P. falciparum is talented at using efficient and complementary molecular mechanisms to ensure a tight control of gene expression at each stage of its life cycle. Here, we review the current understanding on the contribution of the epigenome, atypical transcription factors, and chromatin organization to regulate stage conversion in P. falciparum. The adjustment of these regulatory mechanisms occurring during the progression of the life cycle will be extensively discussed.
Improving Elementary Grade Students’ Science and Social Studies Vocabulary Knowledge Depth, Reading Comprehension, and Argumentative Writing: a Conceptual Replication

This experimental study aimed to replicate and extend a previous efficacy study of an elementary grade content literacy intervention that demonstrated positive effects on students’ vocabulary knowledge depth, argumentative writing, and reading comprehension. Using a cluster (school) randomized trial design, this replication experiment was conducted with 5,494 first- and second-grade students in 30 elementary schools in an urban school district located in the southeastern USA. Teachers implemented thematic lessons (20 lessons) that provided an intellectual framework for helping students who acquire networks of related vocabulary knowledge while learning science and social studies content. Teachers integrated thematic lessons, concept mapping, and interactive read-alouds of conceptually related informational texts to enable their students to build networks of vocabulary knowledge and to transfer this knowledge to argumentative writing and collaborative research activities. Confirmatory analyses replicated positive findings on science vocabulary knowledge depth (ES = 0.50) and argumentative writing (ES = 0.24) and also extended positive findings to social studies vocabulary knowledge depth (ES = 0.56) and argumentative writing (ES = 0.44). Positive and statistically significant findings were not replicated on domain-general reading comprehension. Exploratory analyses indicated that students’ vocabulary knowledge depth partially mediated the impact of content literacy instruction on domain-specific argumentative writing outcomes.
Comparing compellence strategies

“Compellence” as a causal variable is an over-simplification to understanding success or failure in military conflict. The varieties of compellence are not homogenous. It worked in World War II but...
A Mixed-Methods Comparison of a National and State Opioid Overdose Surveillance Definition.

Objectives We assessed the differences between the first version of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) opioid surveillance definition for suspected nonfatal opioid overdoses (hereinafter, CDC definition) and the North Carolina Disease Event Tracking and Epidemiologic Collection Tool (NC DETECT) surveillance definition to determine whether the North Carolina definition should include additional International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) codes and/or chief complaint keywords. Methods Two independent reviewers retrospectively reviewed data on North Carolina emergency department (ED) visits generated by components of the CDC definition not included in the NC DETECT definition from January 1 through July 31, 2018. Clinical reviewers identified false positives as any ED visit in which available evidence supported an alternative explanation for patient presentation deemed more likely than an opioid overdose. After individual assessment, reviewers reconciled disagreements. Results We identified 2296 ED visits under the CDC definition that were not identified under the NC DETECT definition during the study period. False-positive rates ranged from 2.6% to 41.4% for codes and keywords uniquely identifying ≥10 ED visits. Based on uniquely identifying ≥10 ED visits and a false-positive rate ≤10.0%, 4 of 16 ICD-10-CM codes evaluated were identified for NC DETECT definition inclusion. Only 2 of 25 keywords evaluated, "OD" and "overdose," met inclusion criteria to be considered a meaningful addition to the NC DETECT definition. Practice implications Quantitative and qualitative trends in coding and keyword use identified in this analysis may prove helpful for future evaluations of surveillance definitions.
"Housing Is Health Care": Treating Homelessness in Safety-Net Hospitals.

As medicine integrates social and structural determinants into health care, some health workers redefine housing as medical treatment. This article discusses how health workers in two U.S. urban safety-net hospitals worked with patients without stable housing. We observed ethnographically how health workers helped patients seek housing in a sharply stratified housing economy. Analyzing in-depth interviews and observations, we show how health workers: (1) understood housing as health care and navigated limits of individual care in a structurally produced housing crisis; and (2) developed and enacted practices of biomedical and sociopolitical stabilization, including eligibilizing and data-tracking work. We discuss how health workers bridged individually focused techniques of clinical care with structural critiques of stratified housing economies despite contradictions in this approach. Finally, we analyze the implications of providers' extension of medical stabilization into social, economic, and political realms, even as they remained caught in the structural dynamics they sought to address.
Plow Power Requirements for Forestry Site Preparation

In this field study, data were collected to determine power requirements required by a trailing site preparation plow and the magnitudes of dynamic forces experienced by a plow during normal operation and during impact with stumps or other obstructions. Drawbar pull data were collected from five different tillage treatments on a recently harvested loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda ) site in central Alabama. The five treatments were: 1) a coulter, ripping shank, and four bedding disks; 2) a coulter, ripping shank, and two bedding disks; 3) a coulter and ripping shank; 4) a coulter alone; and 5) a ripping shank alone. A 330 kN [75 000 lb] capacity tension load cell was used to measure the drawbar load, a GPS receiver recorded tractor speed, four direct current displacement transducers (DCDT's) monitored the depth of the disks, and two optical tachometers measured the speed of the tractor's front and rear drive shafts. Each treatment produced significantly different drawbar loads (to alpha levels less than 0.001). The resulting mean loads were 46.0 kN [10 300 lb], 33.5 kN [7530 lb], 31.5 kN [7080 lb], 15.8 kN [3560 lb], and 43.4 kN [9760 lb] for treatments one through five, respectively. Maximum recorded drawbar load during a collision with a stump was 338.9 kN [76 188 lb].
Characterization of charge-pump rectifiers for standard submicron CMOS processes

This work presents an innovative approach in designing CMOS charge pumps for a 0.6 /spl mu/m CMOS process for the control of floating-gate circuits. Central to this design are rectifier structures which would function best for both medium and high voltage applications. Shown in this paper are six different rectifier structures designed and fabricated in a standard 0.6 /spl mu/m CMOS n-well double poly process along with experimental results. These rectifiers structures are then implemented in two stage Dickson charge pumps in a standard 0.6 /spl mu/m CMOS process to determine their effectiveness. Experimental results show by way of comparison charge pump performance with the experimental results of the rectifying structures.
Prevention of Carcinogenesis by Protease Inhibitors

Abstract Protease inhibitors are very effective in their ability to suppress carcinogenesis in many different in vivo and in vitro assay systems. One particularly effective protease inhibitor, the soybean-derived Bowman-Birk inhibitor, has been extensively studied in our laboratory. Our results have indicated that Bowman-Birk inhibitor suppresses carcinogenesis 1) induced by several different types of carcinogens, 2) in three different species (mice, rats, and hamsters), 3) in several different tissues/organs [colon, liver, lung, esophagus, and cheek pouch (oral epithelium)], 4) when administered to animals by several different routes (including the diet), 5) involving several different types of tumors (squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, angiosarcomas, etc.), and 6) in different cell types [epithelial cells (in the colon, liver, lung, esophagus, and cheek pouch) as well as connective tissue cells (fibroblasts, both in vitro and those in the liver which give rise to angiosarcomas)]. Thus, the remarkable ability of Bowman-Birk inhibitor to serve as an anticarcinogenic agent has been demonstrated in a variety of different carcinogenesis assay systems. Although the mechanism of action of protease inhibitors as anticarcinogenic agents is unknown, many hypotheses have been presented. Our results suggest that anticarcinogenic protease inhibitors are capable of reversing the initiating event in carcinogenesis, presumably by stopping an ongoing process begun by carcinogen exposure. We have observed several effects of protease inhibitors which are thought to be related to their anticarcinogenic activity; these include 1) the ability to affect the expression of certain oncogenes (e.g., c-myc and c-fos) and 2) the ability to affect the levels of certain types of proteolytic activities (e.g., N-t-butoxycarbonyl-Val-Pro-Arg-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-hydrolyzing activity) which are elevated in carcinogen-exposed tissues. We have also observed other effects of anticarcinogenic protease inhibitors which may be related to carcinogenesis. For example, we have reported that the inhibitors can reduce the carcinogen-induced, elevated levels of gene amplification to nearly normal levels. While all of these effects of protease inhibitors may contribute to the prevention of carcinogenesis, the mechanism by which protease inhibitors prevent cancer cannot be determined with certainty until the mechanisms involved in cancer induction are known. While the mechanism remains unclear, it is clear that protease inhibitors can reverse a number of carcinogen-induced cellular changes which may play important roles in carcinogenesis.
Opportunities for Exploring and Reducing Prescription Drug Abuse Through Social Media

The rising toll of opioid overdoses in the past decade has been declared a prescription drug epidemic by the Centers for Disease Control. In that same period, internet platforms, such as Facebook and Twitter, have grown exponentially, being used primarily by a population similar to new initiates of substance abuse. Researchers have utilized social media to gain insights into use patterns and prevailing attitudes about various substances. Social media has potential to enhance screening, prevention, and treatment of addiction. With future funding, they should be leveraged to advance understanding of prescription drug use and improve treatment and prevention of abuse.
Reverend Jones on Suicide

: This brief article presents a verbatim transcript of an extemporaneous speech made by Reverend Jim Jones at an anti-suicide rally on the San Francisco Golden Gate Bridge on Memorial Day, May 31, 1977-some 18 months before the disastrous events in Guyana.
The impact of partial manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2)-deficiency on mitochondrial oxidant stress, DNA fragmentation and liver injury during acetaminophen hepatotoxicity.

Abstract Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is the most frequent cause of acute liver failure in many countries. The mechanism of cell death is initiated by formation of a reactive metabolite that binds to mitochondrial proteins and promotes mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidant stress. Manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) is a critical defense enzyme located in the mitochondrial matrix. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the functional consequences of partial SOD2-deficiency (SOD2+/−) on intracellular signaling mechanisms of necrotic cell death after APAP overdose. Treatment of C57Bl/6J wild type animals with 200 mg/kg APAP resulted in liver injury as indicated by elevated plasma alanine aminotransferase activities (2870 ± 180 U/L) and centrilobular necrosis at 6 h. In addition, increased tissue glutathione disulfide (GSSG) levels and GSSG-to-GSH ratios, delayed mitochondrial GSH recovery, and increased mitochondrial protein carbonyls and nitrotyrosine protein adducts indicated mitochondrial oxidant stress. In addition, nuclear DNA fragmentation (TUNEL assay) correlated with translocation of Bax to the mitochondria and release of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). Furthermore, activation of c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) was documented by the mitochondrial translocation of phospho-JNK. SOD2+/− mice showed 4-fold higher ALT activities and necrosis, an enhancement of all parameters of the mitochondrial oxidant stress, more AIF release and more extensive DNA fragmentation and more prolonged JNK activation. Conclusions: the impaired defense against mitochondrial superoxide formation in SOD2+/− mice prolongs JNK activation after APAP overdose and consequently further enhances the mitochondrial oxidant stress leading to exaggerated mitochondrial dysfunction, release of intermembrane proteins with nuclear DNA fragmentation and more necrosis.
Translocation dynamics of a semiflexible chain under a bias: Comparison with tension propagation theory

We study translocation dynamics of a semi-flexible polymer through a nanoscopic pore in two dimensions (2D) using Langevin dynamics simulation in presence of an external force inside the pore. We observe that for a given chain length N the mean first passage time (MFPT)〈τ〉 increases for a stiffer chain. By repeating the calculation for various chain lengths N and bending rigidity parameter κb we calculate the translocation exponent α (〈τ〉 ∼ Nα). For chain lengths N and bending rigidity κb considered in this paper we find that the translocation exponent satisfies the inequality α < 1 + ν, where is the equilibrium Flory exponent for a given chain stiffness, as previously observed in various simulation studies for fully flexible chains. We observe that the peak position of the residence time W(s) as a function of the monomer index s shifts at a lower s-value with increasing chain stiffness κb. We also monitor segmental gyration 〈Rg(s)〉 both at the cis and trans side during the translocation process and find that for κb ≠ 0 the late time cis conformations are nearly identical to the early time trans conformations, and this overlap continues to increase for stiffer chains. Finally, we try to rationalize dependence of various quantities on chain stiffness κb using Sakaue’s tension propagation (TP) theory [Phys. Rev. E 76, 021803 (2007)] and Brownian Dynamics Tension Propagation (BDTP) theory due to Ikonen et al. [Phys. Rev. E 85 051803 (2012); J. Chem. Phys. 137 085101 (2012)] originally developed for a fully flexible chain to a semi-flexible chain.
Examining paradigmatic development in criminology and criminal justice: A content analysis of research methods syllabi in doctoral programs

Kuhn (1996) describes a paradigm as a model for a field of scientific inquiry. He notes the importance of shared scientific research methods in the paradigm. This study examines the teaching of research methods in doctoral programs to identify elements of a paradigm. Research methods syllabi were obtained from schools that have a doctoral program in criminology and criminal justice. Content analysis was conducted to identify themes in courses and readings. There was little evidence of consensus in doctoral-level research methods teaching at these institutions. This is indicative of a discipline that does not have an established paradigm.
Regression of Body Compositional Abnormalities of Heart Failure after Intracardiac Operations

Alterations in body composition are present in patients with heart disease and congestive heart failure, and additional changes occur acutely after corrective surgery. The reversibility and time course of reversion to normal body composition have not been demonstrated. Nine patients were studied preoperatively and 2 to 4 weeks and 6 to 12 mo postoperatively. Measurements were made, using the isotope-dilution technic, of the volumes of total body water, extracellular water, plasma, and red cells, and of the amounts of total exchangeable sodium and potassium. Values were derived for body fat, indices of body cell mass, and the intracellular and extracellular distribution of water and potassium. Significant changes (P < 0.05) occurring 2 to 4 weeks after operation were increased in total body water (8.2%), intracellular water (15.0%), exchangeable sodium (7.1%), and intracellular potassium content (7.7%), and decrease in body weight (4.6%) and body fat (21.6%); 6 to 12 mo postoperatively there was increase i...
An Examination of the Relationships Among Uncertainty, Appraisal, and Information-Seeking Behavior Proposed in Uncertainty Management Theory

Uncertainty management theory (UMT; Brashers, 2001, 2007) is rooted in the assumption that, as opposed to being inherently negative, health-related uncertainty is appraised for its meaning. Apprais...
Making Sense of Place: Sarah's Story

Written from the vantage point of both a mother and teacher educator, the author recounts the journey taken by Sarah, her 4-year old daughter, as she is introduced to and explores map making as a means of representing and making sense of familiar and unfamiliar places. Offering Sarah’s experience as context, the author offers both a practical and theoretical discussion of children’s emerging geographic literacy, its relationship to identity development and the importance of understanding children’s experience and socio-emotional development to inform pedagogy.
A Rad51 Presynaptic Filament Is Sufficient to Capture Nucleosomal Homology during Recombinational Repair of a DNA Double-Strand Break

Repair of chromosomal DNA double-strand breaks by homologous recombination is essential for cell survival and genome stability. Within eukaryotic cells, this repair pathway requires a search for a homologous donor sequence and a subsequent strand invasion event on chromatin fibers. We employ a biotin-streptavidin minichromosome capture assay to show that yRad51 or hRad51 presynaptic filaments are sufficient to locate a homologous sequence and form initial joints, even on the surface of a nucleosome. Furthermore, we present evidence that the Rad54 chromatin-remodeling enzyme functions to convert these initial metastable products of the homology search to a stable joint molecule that is competent for subsequent steps of the repair process. Thus, contrary to popular belief, nucleosomes do not pose a potent barrier for successful recognition and capture of homology by an invading presynaptic filament.
SKIN: designing aesthetic interactive surfaces

In this paper we propose SKIN as an interdisciplinary design approach for sophisticated interactive surfaces, with an emphasis on their meanings and aesthetic qualities. SKIN: Surface Kinetics INterface, aims at integrating concept-driven design process and exploratory critical engagement with forms and materials into current user-centered design approaches in HCI research. The procedures of developing three design concepts and prototyping one of them--an interactive lampshade--are described in detail to illustrate the proposed approach. The narrative of the design process is followed by a pilot study and designer reflection, suggesting the broader epistemological and methodological implications of this kind of approach.
The receptor for immunoglobulin E: examination for kinase activity and as a substrate for kinases.

Abstract Purified receptor-immunoglobulin E (IgE) complexes incubated with [ γ - 32 P]-ATP incorporated phosphorus into tryosines on the β and γ chains of the receptor. The activity had the typical characteristics of a tyrosine kinase. Immunoprecipitation of the complexes with anti-IgE left the activity in the supernatant, demonstrating that the receptor itself was not the kinase. The receptor was also phosphorylated when membranes or intact cells were incubated with radioactive ATP or phosphate, respectively, but in each case the subunits or amino acid residues that were modified were distinctive.
Magnetic properties of FePtx/Au and CoPtx/Au core-shell nanoparticles

Abstract The gold-coated nanocomposites with magnetic core based on the alloys FePt, Fe2Pt, CoPt and CoPt3 were synthesized using the reverse micelles technique. They were characterized using X-ray diffractometry, SQUID magnetometry and electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that the Fe2Pt/Au samples exhibited higher coercivity than FePt/Au, 2885 Oe vs. 500 Oe at 2 K. For the cobalt-based materials, the values of blocking temperature and coercivity increase as the Pt content increases. Annealing of the Co/Au and CoPt3/Au composites at 400°C did not cause any significant change in the magnetic behavior. Annealing of FePt/Au and CoPt/Au samples caused increase of coercivity, HC=194 vs. 0 Oe for the former, and H C =500 Oe vs. 25 Oe for the later composite at 300 K. We suppose that annealing of both 1 : 1 alloys caused ordering in their cores, that affected their magnetic properties.
A Role for the P2X Receptor in Urinary Tract Physiology and in the Pathophysiology of Urinary Dysfunction

Abstract Objective: We provide a historical perspective of the P2X receptor class in bladder physiology and the pathophysiology of urinary dysfunction. Methods: A literature search was performed using the MEDLINE database. Results: Evidence suggests that P2X receptors serve a combined function in sensory and motor activity of human bladder. P2X receptors mediate excitation of sensory neurons and evoke muscle contraction in response to ATP release. Anatomical and functional defects in the P2X receptor signaling are associated with a variety of urologic diseases. Conclusion: Current research underscores the importance of P2X receptors in urologic physiology. Potential applications exist in relation to the diagnosis and treatment of urinary dysfunction. However, the detailed mechanism of P2X receptor function in bladder physiology and in urinary tract disease remains unknown and warrants further investigation.
Simulation and Optimal Design of Electrodeionization Process: Separation of Multicomponent Electrolyte Solution

Electrodeionization (EDI) technology combines the operation principle of both ion exchange and electrodialysis in one single unit and overcomes the disadvantages of either unit. This technology has been widely used in the production of ultrapure water due to its better performance and economical operation at low feed concentrations. As a result, there have been several studies that deal with application of this technology for the removal of ions from water. However, except for a few studies, most of the reported works deal with the experimental study of EDI. This study deals with the development of a mathematical model for deionization of electrolyte solutions containing more than one ion and ions that are multivalent in nature. The model validity is verified by comparing the results with a few experimental observations. This is followed by a sensitivity study of the EDI unit to explore the effect of various operating and system parameters on the ion removing ability of the EDI unit. Consequently, a syste...
Effects of mode of presentation on head-injured patients' recall of narrative information.

A 2 × 3 × 3 factorial design was used to examine the recall of units of verbal information by head-injured (n = 12) and hospitalized controls (n = 12) under three modes of presentation and three recall times. Presentation of three instruments commonly used in memory assessment was counterbalanced among overt passive (standard administration), covert active (silent reading), and overt active (reading aloud) modes. Information recall was taken immediately after presentation, 20 minutes, and 48 hours later. Analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect for group, but no main effect for either mode of presentation or recall time. Confirmatory nonparametric analysis supported initial results. Findings are discussed with regard to potential implications for clinical assessment on brain-injured patients and further research in memory assessment on this population.