cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methods of gas-balance control to be used with a portable hyperbaric chamber in the treatment of high altitude illness

A portable fabric hyperbaric chamber (Gamow BagTM) has been designed for on site treatment of altitude illness. The chamber includes a manual pumping system, weighs 6.57 kg (14.5 pounds), and can be carried in a backpack. A laboratory study was undertaken to document safety, subject comfort and gas retention characteristics of the chamber. The chamber is designed to be used in one of three different modes: pump mode, bladder mode, and oxygen-scrubber mode. In the pump mode, 521 min–1 of fresh air is continuously supplied via an air pump. Using this technique, ten healthy volunteers were placed in the chamber for 90 min at pressures up to 16.0 kPa (120 mmHg) above ambient pressure. Ambient CO2 and O2 levels were found to be less than 1% and more than 20%, respectively. Testing the bladder mode, six subjects exhaled via a nasal mask into a latex bladder, not allowing CO2 to accumulate in the chamber. Using this mode, the pumping rate can be decreased by a factor of ten, a great advantage when the pumper is working at altitudes above 5792 m (19000 ft). In the oxygen-scrubber mode, O2 was continuously added via a pressure regulator. CO2 accumulation was eliminated with a high efficiency CO2 scrubber made of LiOH. One pound of scrubber and 150 1 of pressurized O2 can keep an average person in an atmosphere of 21% O2 with less than 1% CO2for 6 h. In this mode, all pumping, except the initial pressurization of the bag, is eliminated.
Assessing the Utility of a Virtual Environment for Enhancing Facial Affect Recognition in Adolescents with Autism

Teenagers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and age-matched controls participated in a dynamic facial affect recognition task within a virtual reality (VR) environment. Participants identified the emotion of a facial expression displayed at varied levels of intensity by a computer generated avatar. The system assessed performance (i.e., accuracy, confidence ratings, response latency, and stimulus discrimination) as well as how participants used their gaze to process facial information using an eye tracker. Participants in both groups were similarly accurate at basic facial affect recognition at varied levels of intensity. Despite similar performance characteristics, ASD participants endorsed lower confidence in their responses and substantial variation in gaze patterns in absence of perceptual discrimination deficits. These results add support to the hypothesis that deficits in emotion and face recognition for individuals with ASD are related to fundamental differences in information processing. We discuss implications of this finding in a VR environment with regards to potential future applications and paradigms targeting not just enhanced performance, but enhanced social information processing within intelligent systems capable of adaptation to individual processing differences.
A reduced mechanism for biodiesel surrogates with low temperature chemistry for compression ignition engine applications

Biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines. It is a renewable energy source that can be used in these engines without significant alteration in design. The detailed chemical kinetics of biodiesel is however highly complex. In the present study, a skeletal mechanism with 123 species and 394 reactions for a tri-component biodiesel surrogate, which consists of methyl decanoate, methyl 9-decanoate and n-heptane was developed for simulations of 3-D turbulent spray combustion under engine-like conditions. The reduction was based on an improved directed relation graph (DRG) method that is particularly suitable for mechanisms with many isomers, followed by isomer lumping and DRG-aided sensitivity analysis (DRGASA). The reduction was performed for pressures from 1 to 100 atm and equivalence ratios from 0.5 to 2 for both extinction and ignition applications. The initial temperatures for ignition were from 700 to 1800 K. The wide parameter range ensures the applicability of the s...
SERUM IRON CONCENTRATION (SI) AND TRANSFERRIN SATURATION (SAT) ARE LOWER IN NORMAL CHILDREN THAN IN ADULTS

Low SI or low Sat without anemia is often equated with latent iron deficiency. Several studies have suggested that the SI and Sat may be lower in children than in adults. However, in the absence of systematically derived standards, adult values are commonly used. We studied a healthy group of 286 children and 39 adults between 9 a.m. and 2 p.m. and excluded 129 with any result that might suggest iron deficiency (either serum ferritin (SF) 3.0 μg/g Hgb, or low MCV or Hgb for age) or hemoglobinopathy (abnormal Hgb electrophoresis). Means ± SEN and 95% confidence limits were: The SI and Sat were significantly lower in children than in adults (*p<0.01). Of the 163 presumptively normal children, 17% would have been designated as subnormal by usual criteria for adults (sat<16%). There are also wide variations in SI and Sat independent of age, due to diurnal, dietary, and other factors, that are reflected in a large normal range. For better accuracy of diagnosis SI and Sat should be used in conjunction with at least one other test of iron status, and developmental norms for SI and Sat must be applied.
Localized constrictive radial neuropathy in the absence of extrinsic compression: Three cases

Three patients, one with bilateral disease, experienced spontaneous onset of radial nerve dysfunction. Each demonstrated significant motor paralysis and had surgical exploration 3 weeks to 3 months after symptoms were first noted. AU three patients showed well-localized hourglass constrictions of the radial nerve that could not be attributed to extrinsic compression. Each subsequently required tendon transfers for a persistent radial nerve palsy. Each showed electrical evidence of late recovery, although this was incomplete in two out of three.
Agendas for Developmental Supervision Research: A Response to Borders

Borders (1989) put forth what she termed a pragmatic agenda and moratorium for research in developmental conceptualizations of the supervision and training process. This Comments article articulates our points of disagreement with Borders's recommendations for moratoriums on developmental supervision areas and provides an alternative reading of the empirical literature concerning the validity of developmental conceptualizations.
On the Latent Heat of Steam

SINCE the invention of M. Berthelot's extremely elegant and simple apparatus, described in his “Mecanique Chimique,” vol. i. p. 288, the approximate determination of the latent heat of vaporisation of liquids has become comparatively easy. The exact evaluation of the correction due to the heating of the calorimeter from extraneous sources is, however, a matter of considerable difficulty with the original form of apparatus. The correction is necessarily calculated from data supplied by the thermometric observations made previously to, and after, the actual condensation of the liquid has taken place. For this calculation to be as simple and satisfactory as possible, it is essential that during the whole experiment the temperature of the bodies in the immediate neighbourhood of the calorimeter shall remain approximately constant. In M. Berthelot's method of determination this condition is however not strictly fulfilled. For during the “preliminary period,” although the flame is lighted over the calorimeter, the liquid in the flask has not yet begun to boil, so that the radiation to the calorimeter varies, and during the “final period” the flame is extinguished and no further heat reaches the calorimeter from this source. Also during the beginning of the “middle period” a considerable amount of liquid which has been volatilised from the flask at a temperature below its boiling-point, reaches the worm and is there condensed. We therefore modified the apparatus in such a way that the flame was at a constant height and the liquid was boiling during the whole time of the experiment, including both the preliminary and final periods. We found that under these circumstances, with a rise of 3° or 4° in ten minutes, the Regnault-Pfaundler correction is perfectly accurate. We propose shortly to publish a complete description of our apparatus, and shall not therefore go into details at present. It differs mainly from that of M. Berthelot, by the insertion in the interior of the boiling flask of a glass valve, which is opened when the rise of the thermometer in the calorimeter has become steady, and closed when sufficient liquid has been condensed in the worm. The vapour during both the preliminary and final periods passes into a reversed condenser.
The role of minoxidil on endogenous opioid peptides in the spinal cord: a putative co-agonist relationship between K-ATP openers and opioids.

Abstract ATP-gated K+ channel openers produce antinociception that is attenuated by opioid receptor antagonists, indicating K-ATP openers produce antinociception, in part, via the release of endogenous opioid peptides. Utilizing the spinal perfusion method, male Sprague–Dawley rats were administered minoxidil intrathecally (i.t.) at doses ranging from 12.5 to 200 μg/rat for 3 min, tested for antinociception using the tail-flick test, and perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) to collect endogenous opioid peptides. Endogenous opioid peptide levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Naltrindole, a δ-opioid receptor antagonist, at 4 mg/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.), blocked minoxidil-induced antinociception. β-Funaltrexamine, a μ-opioid receptor antagonist, at 100 μg/rat, partially blocked minoxidil, whereas the κ-opioid receptor antagonist nor-binaltorphimine, at a dose of 100 μg/rat, did not attenuate minoxidil. Although antagonists of the μ- and δ-opioid receptor attenuated minoxidil-induced antinociception, there was no increase in β-endorphin, an endogenous ligand with affinity for both μ- and δ-opioid receptors or [Leu5]enkephalin, an endogenous ligand with affinity for δ-opioid receptors.
Phase Behavior of Nearly Symmetric Polystyrene-block-polyisoprene Copolymers in the Presence of CO2 and Ethane

The phase behavior of nearly symmetric styrene−isoprene (SI) diblock copolymers in the presence of compressed CO2 or ethane was studied using small-angle neutron scattering. Sorption of either flui...
Draw resonance involving rheological transitions

The periodic diameter variations in melt spinning known as draw resonance have been extensively studied, both theoretically and experimentally. The theory has evolved from analyses for isothermal, Newtonian spinning in which the critical draw ratio was found to be 20.21. Compared with this, recent theories have shown that elasticity and cooling are stabilizing (with certain qualifications on the range of variables) and that non-linear rheological response is destabilizing. The present work presents systematic data on two polymers, one that is always amorphous (polystyrene) and one that solidifies into a semi-crystalline state (polypropylene). Isothermal and non-isothermal data are available for the former; non-isothermal data, for the latter. The melt temperature, the cooling environment, the die length, the spinning length, the mass flow rate and the draw ratio were varied. Certain observations cannot be explained within the existing theoretical framework, specifically the destabilizing effect of certain cooling histories in the case of polystyrene and the destabilizing effect of short dies, presumably a die swell effect, in the case of polypropylene. Very highly oriented polystyrene can be produced under certain conditions when the fiber temperature is held above Tg.
Comparison of the effects of different adenosine and guanosine nucleotides on the assemly of bovine neurotubules

Summary Crude brain tubulin was purified in the presence of two non-hydrolyzable guanosine triphosphate analogues. While crude tubulin extracted in 5-guanylylimidodisphosphate was capable of assembly without added nucleotide, that extracted in β,γ-methyleneguanosine 5′-triphosphate required additional nucleotide to promote assembly. Adenosine diphosphate promoted the assembly of the latter tubulin; however, the same diphosphate slightly inhibited the assembly of tubulin which had been extracted in guanosine triphosphate and which was otherwise capable of assembly without added nucleotide.
Does IMF Financing Result in Moral Hazard

The view that the IMF`s financial support gives rise to moral hazard has become increasingly prominent in policy discussions, particularly following the 1995 Mexican crisis. This paper seeks to clarify a number of conceptual issues and bring some basic empirical evidence to bear on this hypothesis. While some element of moral hazard is a logical consequence of the IMF`s financial support, such moral hazard is difficult to detect in market reactions to various IMF policy announcements and there is no evidence that such moral hazard has recently been on the rise.
TOTAL ASSIGNMENT OF THE PROTON NMR SPECTRA OF 5H-INDOLO(1,7-AB)(1)BENZAZEPINE, 6,7-DIHYDRO-5H-INDOLO(1,7-AB)(1)BENZAZEPINE AND PYRROLO(3,2,1-KL)PHENOTHIAZINE

The total assignment of the 1H nmr spectrum of the three tetracyclic compounds: 5H -indolo[1,7-ab][1]benzazepine,6,7-dihydro-5H -indolo[1,7-ab ][1]benzazepine and pyrrolo[3,2,1-kl ]phenothiazine is described. Assignments were based on decoupling experiments and the spectrum of 1,10-dideuteriopyrrolo[3,2,1-kl]phenothiazine and the spectral parameters were verified by spin-simulation techniques. A temperature study of 6,7-dihydro-5H -indolo[1,7-ab][1]benzazepine was also performed.
Marijuana price gradients implications for exports and export-generated tax revenue for California after legalization

California nearly legalized commercial marijuana production in 2010; in coming years, other states and California are expected to entertain similar proposals. This raises the question of whether ma...
Localization of pulpal sensation

Abstract 1. Normal clinical precautions to prevent current spread during pulp testing are adequate to ensure that the sensations evoked are due to pulpal stimulation only. 2. Neural mechanisms permitting two-point discrimination between pulp tissue in different teeth exist. 3. Accuracy of stimulus localization within a quadrant increases as a direct function of stimulus separation. 4. Clinicians searching for the tooth responsible for poorly localized pain may rely with some confidence on the patient's choice as to quadrant. Within the quadrant, posterior teeth in the mandible appear to have the greatest potential for erroneous identification.
Value of computerized tomography in evaluation of kidney

Abstract The use of intravenous iodinated contrast material after a preliminary computerized axial tonrographie scan of the kidney has been an extremely valuable adjunct in diffe rentiating benign, malignant, and some infanonatory processes. The diagnosis of the type of lesion present has been facilitated and allows direction for further diagnosis and therapy.
Elevation of cAMP, but not cGMP, inhibits thrombin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation in human platelets

Abstract Platelets have abundant tyrosine kinase activities, and activation of platelets results in the increased tyrosine phosphorylation of numerous protein substrates. The stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation elicited by thrombin can be completely inhibited by preincubation with 10nm prostacyclin (PGI 2 ), 1μM PGD 2 , or 1mM N 2 , 2′-O-dibutyryl-cAMP. In contrast, incubation of platelets with agents that increase cGMP (sodium nitroprusside or with 1mM 8-Bromo-cGMP) was without effect. The inhibition by prostacyclin was dose dependent, with an IC 50 of approximately 3nM, corresponding to the dose range necessary to inhibit other platelet activation processes. These results demonstrate a novel pathway by which agents which raise cAMP may inhibit platelet signal transduction and differential mechanism of action between compounds which raise cAMP and those which elevate cGMP.
Electronic structure of the water oxidation catalyst cis,cis-[(bpy)2(H2O)Ru(III)ORu(III)(OH2)(bpy)2]4+, the blue dimer.

The first designed molecular catalyst for water oxidation is the “blue dimer”, cis,cis-[(bpy)2(H2O)RuIIIORuIII(OH2)(bpy)2]4+. Although there is experimental evidence for extensive electronic coupling across the μ-oxo bridge, results of earlier DFT and CASSCF calculations provide a model with magnetic interactions of weak to moderately coupled RuIII ions across the μ-oxo bridge. We present the results of a comprehensive experimental investigation, combined with DFT calculations. The experiments demonstrate both that there is strong electronic coupling in the blue dimer and that its effects are profound. Experimental evidence has been obtained from molecular structures and key bond distances by XRD, electrochemically measured comproportionation constants for mixed-valence equilibria, temperature-dependent magnetism, chemical properties (solvent exchange, redox potentials, and pKa values), XPS binding energies, analysis of excitation-dependent resonance Raman profiles, and DFT analysis of electronic absorpti...
The interaction of Sendai virus glycoprotein-bearing recombinant vesicles with cell surfaces.

Abstract Sendai virus glycoproteins HN and F were purified by immunoaffinity chromatography from virions disrupted by β- d -octylglucoside . The purified glycoproteins were reconstituted in recombinant vesicles with phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. P815 or EL-4 cells treated with glycoprotein HN/F-phosphatidylcholine recombinant vesicles acquired the glycoproteins and retained them in the plasma membrane for 4 h as demonstrated by surface immunofluorescence specific for each protein. Cells treated with glycoprotein HN-phosphatidylcholine recombinant vesicles initially bore glycoprotein HN on the surface but the protein eluted within 2 h. Surfaces of cells treated with glycoprotein F-phosphatidylcholine recombinant vesicles did not acquire the glycoprotein. Cells treated with glycoprotein HN-phosphatidylethanolamine: phosphatidylserine recombinant vesicles or glycoprotein F-phosphatidylethanolamine: phosphatidylserine recombinant vesicles in the presence of 5 mM Ca2+ acquired each protein for at least 2 h. Experiments showed that the acquired glycoproteins capped with antibody and that when glycoproteins HN and F were together on the surface they co-capped. Acquired viral glycoproteins did not co-cap with intrinsic H-2 glycoproteins.
On variational normal mode initialization

Abstract The variational problem of initial data specification from observations with the strong constraint of the elimination of transient gravity waves through nonlinear normal mode balancing is reconsidered. The exact formulation of this problem is contrasted to the approximate formulation previously given by Daley. Through the judicious use of model normal modes, an alternative algorithm is developed which allows the use of confidence weights which reflect the fidelity of observations in a more realistic manner than previously possible. In particular, longitudinally varying confidence weights can be utilized. Examples of the use of this technique using the Machenhauer and the second-order Baer-Tribbia initialization are given. An attempt to ascertain the validity of Daley's method demonstrates the accuracy of this approximation and justifies its continued use.
Phosphorylation of Tropomyosin Extends Cooperative Binding of Myosin Beyond a Single Regulatory Unit

Tropomyosin (Tm) is one of the major phosphoproteins comprising the thin filament of muscle. However, the specific role of Tm phosphorylation in modulating the mechanics of actomyosin interaction has not been determined. Here we show that Tm phosphorylation is necessary for long-range cooperative activation of myosin binding. We used a novel optical trapping assay to measure the isometric stall force of an ensemble of myosin molecules moving actin filaments reconstituted with either natively phosphorylated or dephosphorylated Tm. The data show that the thin filament is cooperatively activated by myosin across regulatory units when Tm is phosphorylated. When Tm is dephosphorylated, this “long-range” cooperative activation is lost and the filament behaves identically to bare actin filaments. However, these effects are not due to dissociation of dephosphorylated Tm from the reconstituted thin filament. The data suggest that end-to-end interactions of adjacent Tm molecules are strengthened when Tm is phosphorylated, and that phosphorylation is thus essential for long range cooperative activation along the thin filament.
Values, Beliefs, and Proenvironmental Action: Attitude Formation Toward Emergent Attitude Objects1

Discoveries in environmental science become the raw material for constructing social attitude objects, individual attitudes, and broad public concerns. We explored a model in which individuals construct attitudes to new or emergent attitude objects by referencing personal values and beliefs about the consequences of the objects for their values. We found that a subset of the major clusters identified in value theory is associated with willingness to take proenvironmental action; that a biospheric value orientation cannot yet be discerned in a general population sample; that willingness to take proenvironmental action is a function of both values and beliefs, with values also predicting beliefs; and that gender differences can be attributed to both beliefs and values. Our model has promise for explicating the factors determining public concern with environmental conditions.
Spatial and temporal development of iron(III) reductase activity in root systems of Pisum sativum (Fabaceae) challenged with iron-deficiency stress

The development of plasma membrane-associated iron(III) reductase activity was characterized in root systems of Pisum sativum during the first 2 wk of growth, as plants were challenged with iron-deficiency stress. Plants of a parental genotype (cv. Sparkle) and a functional iron-deficiency mutant genotype (E107) were grown hydroponically with or without supplemental iron. Iron(III) reductase activity was visualized by placing the roots in an agarose matrix containing 0.2 mm Fe(III)ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 0.3 mm Na2-bathophenanthrolinedisulfonic acid (BPDS). Red staining patterns, resulting from the formation of Fe(II)-BPDS, were used to identify iron(III)-reducing regions. Iron(III) reduction was extensive on roots of E107 as early as d 7, but not until d 11 for -Fe-treated Sparkle. Roots of +Fe-treated Sparkle showed limited regions of reductase activity throughout the period of study. For secondary lateral roots, iron(III) reduction was found for all growth types except + Fe-treated Sparkle. Treating Sparkle plants alternately to a cycle of iron deficiency, iron sufficiency, and iron deficiency revealed that reductase activity at a given root zone could be alternatively present, absent, and again present. Our results suggest that for Pisum roots grown under the present conditions, iron-deficiency stress induces the activation of iron(III) reductase capacity within 2 d.
A generalized quadratic programming-based phase I-phase II method for inequality-constrained optimization

We present a globally convergent phase I-phase II algorithm for inequality-constrained minimization, which computes search directions by approximating the solution to a generalized quadratic program. In phase II these search directions are feasible descent directions. The algorithm is shown to converge linearly under convexity assumptions. Both theory and numerical experiments suggest that it generally converges faster than the Polak-Trahan-Mayne method of centers.
The Eshelby Tensors in a Finite Spherical Domain—Part I: Theoretical Formulations

This work is concerned with the precise characterization of the elastic fields due to a spherical inclusion embedded within a spherical representative volume element (RVE). The RVE is considered having finite size, with either a prescribed uniform displacement or a prescribed uniform traction boundary condition. Based on symmetry and group theoretic arguments, we identify that the Eshelby tensor for a spherical inclusion admits a unique decomposition, which we coin the “radial transversely isotropic tensor.” Based on this notion, a novel solution procedure is presented to solve the resulting Fredholm type integral equations. By using this technique, exact and closed form solutions have been obtained for the elastic disturbance fields. In the solution two new tensors appear, which are termed the Dirichlet‐Eshelby tensor and the Neumann‐Eshelby tensor. In contrast to the classical Eshelby tensor they both are position dependent and contain information about the boundary condition of the RVE as well as the volume fraction of the inclusion. The new finite Eshelby tensors have far-reaching consequences in applications such as nanotechnology, homogenization theory of composite materials, and defects mechanics. DOI: 10.1115/1.2711227
On the Singular Values of Generalized Toeplitz Matrices

For a bounded function σ defined on \( [0, 1]\times \mathbb{T} \), let \( \{s^{(n)}_{k}\}^{n+1}_{k=1} \) be the set of singular values of the (n + 1) x (n + 1) matrix whose (j, k)-entries are equal to $$ \frac{1}{2\pi}\int^{2\pi}_{0} \sigma(\frac{k}{n},e^{i\theta})e^{-i(j-k)\theta}d\theta,\qquad j,k = 0, 1,...,n. $$ These matrices can be thought of as variable-coefficient Toeplitz matrices or generalized Toeplitz matrices. Matrices of the above form can be also thought of as the discrete analogue of pseudodifferential operators. Under a certain smoothness assumption on the function σ, we prove that $$ \sum_{k=1}^{n+1} f(s^{2}_{k})\quad = \quad c_{1}\cdot (n+1) + c_{2} + o(1)\qquad as \enskip n \rightarrow \infty, $$ where the constant c1 and a part of c2 are shown to have explicit integral representations. The other part of c2 turns out to have a resemblance to the Toeplitz case. This asymptotic formula can be viewed as a generalization of the classical theory on singular values of Toeplitz matrices.
Characterization of the diurnal rhythm of peptide YY and its association with energy balance parameters in normal-weight premenopausal women.

PYY may play a role in modulating satiety and energy expenditure; increasing PYY postprandially has been studied largely in single-meal responses. The diurnal rhythm of PYY and its role in energy b...
Positive-feedback loops in cell cycle progression

A positive-feedback loop is a simple motif that is ubiquitous to the modules and networks that comprise cellular signaling systems. Signaling behaviors that are synonymous with positive feedback include amplification and rapid switching, maintenance, and the coherence of outputs. Recent advances have been made towards understanding how positive-feedback loops function, as well as their mechanistic basis in controlling eukaryotic cell cycle progression. Some of these advances will be reviewed here, including: how cyclin controls passage through Start and maintains coherence of G1/S regulon expression in yeast; how Polo-like kinase 1 activation is driven by Bora and Aurora A, and its expression is stimulated by Forkhead Box M1 in mammalian cells; and how some of the various dynamic behaviors of spindle assembly and anaphase onset can be produced.
The chemical basis for the mutagenicity of hydroxylamine and methoxyamine.

Abstract 1. The reaction of cytidine with hydroxylamine in poly(C) and TMV RNA causes the formation of predominantly N -4-hydroxycytidine at early stages of the reaction. At pH 4 the reaction proceeds much more slowly than at pH 6 and with greater preference for the primary substitution at N-4 over the C-5,6 addition reaction. 2. The reaction of cytidine in monomeric and polymeric form with methoxyamine shows a similar preference for the N-4 substitution reaction, but it proceeds more rapidly at pH 4 than at pH 5.5. 3. The number of cytosines transformed to the N-4 hydroxylated or methoxylated state in TMV RNA at early stages of the reaction is in approximate agreement with the number of inactivating events observable by bioassay. 4. The predominance of the N-4 substitution reaction, coupled with the recognition that this reaction tends to transform the binding properties of C to those of U, renders it very probable that the mutagenicity of these reagents is also to be attributed to this reaction.
Coccidioidomycosis Presenting as a Heart Base Mass in Two Dogs

Two atypical cases of canine coccidioidomycosis presenting as heart base masses are described. An echocardiogram performed in one of the two dogs revealed a large mass at the base of the heart and a computed tomography scan showed that the mass compressed the bronchi, left atrium, aorta and pulmonary arteries. A firm, white or pale yellow mass was found at the base of the heart at necropsy examination in both cases. Microscopical examination of the masses revealed severe, chronic, locally extensive granulomatous or pyogranulomatous inflammation with intralesional spherules consistent with Coccidioides spp. The diagnosis was further confirmed by immunohistochemistry and in-situ hybridization. Coccidioides spp. have been reported to cause pericarditis in dogs, but this is the first description of coccidioidomycosis mimicking a heart-based tumour in dogs.
Dynamic heterogeneity of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in embryonic stem cell populations captured by single-cell 3D high-content analysis.

Abstract Cell-surface markers and transcription factors are being used in the assessment of stem cell fate and therapeutic safety, but display significant variability in stem cell cultures. We assessed nuclear patterns of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC, associated with pluripotency), a second important epigenetic mark, and its combination with 5-methylcytosine (5mC, associated with differentiation), also in comparison to more established markers of pluripotency (Oct-4) and endodermal differentiation (FoxA2, Sox17) in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) over a 10-day differentiation course in vitro: by means of confocal and super-resolution imaging together with 3D high-content analysis, an essential tool in single-cell screening. In summary: 1) We did not measure any significant correlation of putative markers with global 5mC or 5hmC. 2) While average Oct-4 levels stagnated on a cell-population base (0.015 lnIU/day), Sox17 and FoxA2 increased 22-fold and 3-fold faster, respectively (Sox17: 0.343 lnIU/day; FoxA2: 0.046 lnIU/day). In comparison, global DNA methylation levels increased 4-fold faster (0.068 lnIU/day), and global hydroxymethylation declined at 0.046 lnIU/day, both with a better explanation of the temporal profile. 3) This progression was concomitant with the occurrence of distinct nuclear codistribution patterns that represented a heterogeneous spectrum of states in differentiation; converging to three major coexisting 5mC/5hmC phenotypes by day 10: 5hmC+/5mC−, 5hmC+/5mC+, and 5hmC−/5mC+ cells. 4) Using optical nanoscopy we could delineate the respective topologies of 5mC/5hmC colocalization in subregions of nuclear DNA: in the majority of 5hmC+/5mC+ cells 5hmC and 5mC predominantly occupied mutually exclusive territories resembling euchromatic and heterochromatic regions, respectively. Simultaneously, in a smaller subset of cells we observed a tighter colocalization of the two cytosine variants, presumably delineating chromatin domains in remodeling. We conclude that 1) 5mC emerges as the most differential marker in our model system. 2) However, the combined enrollment of the two DNA modifications provided higher-definition screening and lead to the identification of cell subpopulations based on differential 5hmC/5mC phenotypes corresponding to different 5hmC/5mC ratios. The results encourage: a) assessing the regenerative potential of early-endodermal cells enriched for the three DNA methylation/hydroxymethylation categories, and b) exploring the universality of this type of epigenetic phenotyping across other lineage-specific differentiations.
Two-color photoionization and photoelectron studies by combining infrared and vacuum ultraviolet

Abstract Recent developments of two-color infrared (IR)-vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and VUV-IR photoionization and photoelectron detection schemes for spectroscopic studies are described. By preparing molecules in selected rovibrational states by IR excitation prior to VUV-photoionization, state-selected and state-to-state photoionization cross sections can be obtained by IR-VUV-photoionization efficiency (IR-VUV-PIE) and IR-VUV-pulsed field ionization-photoelectron (IR-VUV-PFI-PE) measurements, respectively. Rotationally resolved autoionizing Rydberg states converging to excited ionic states, which cannot be observed by single-photon VUV-PIE measurements, can be examined by the IR-VUV-PIE scheme. By monitoring the photoion and the PFI-PE intensities at a fixed VUV energy as a function of IR frequency, the respective IR photoion and IR absorption spectra of the corresponding neutral molecule can be measured. Two-color VUV-IR photo-induced Rydberg ionization (PIRI) experiment, in which high-n Rydberg states are prepared by VUV-photoexcitation followed by IR-induced autoionization, has also been demonstrated. Since the IR-VUV-PIE, IR-VUV-PFI-PE, and VUV-IR-PIRI methods do not require the existence of a bound intermediate electronic state in the UV and are generally applicable to all molecules, the development of these two-color photoionization and photoelectron schemes is expected to significantly enhance the scope of VUV spectroscopy and chemistry.
The Three Last Years of Manuel II Palaeologus’ Reign Between Two Stroke Attacks: Aphasia or Not?

The authors attempt to solve the enigma about the possible aphasia of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaeologus (1391–1425) in the 3-year period between his first and his second and fatal stroke. The texts of historians and chroniclers reveal that Manuel remained semi-paralyzed at bed and his motor disability alienated him from the state affairs and condemned him to isolation from all embassies and contact with others, except his family. Only the funeral oration of the Bishop Bessarion raises the suspicion of a speechless emperor. All testimonies referring to this infirmity are examined.
Hexamminecobalt(III) chloride assisted, visible light induced, sequence dependent cleavage of DNA

Abstract 9-Anthracene methyl ammonium chloride (AMAC) cleaves supercoiled pUC18 DNA with a marked preference for 3′-AG-5′ sites when the reaction mixture is irradiated with blue light (390 nm) in the presence of hexamminecobalt(III) chloride (CoHA). Irradiation of pUC18 DNA in the presence of either CoHA or AMAC alone, led to poor photocleavage, establishing a strong synergistic effect for the DNA nicking reaction. Irradiation of a mixture of AMAC and CoHA in the absence of DNA led to the photooxidation of AMAC to anthraquinone. Time resolved fluorescence studies show that AMAC fluorescence is quenched by DNA in a base sensitive manner. AMAC emission is quenched by CoHA at diffusion controlled rate, and the quenching events may involve electron transfer from AMAC to CoHA. The DNA may facilitate bimolecular electron transfer between the DNA-bound AMAC, and CoHA. The cation radical resulting from AMAC oxidation by CoHA is suggested to result in DNA cleavage. DNA sequencing experiments reveal preferential cleavage at 3′-AG-5′ sites. Among these cleavage sites, 3′-AGG-5′ sequences were associated with higher intensities. Only one out of 9 observed cleavage sites is not a 3′-AG-5′ sequence, instead it was a 3′-TGC-5′ site, containing a central G flanked by T/C instead of A/G. Little or no cleavage is observed at 3′-GCA-5′, or 3′-TGT-5′ sites. Several visible light absorbing agents bind to DNA at specific sites, and current observations may open the possibility of using these binding agents for sequence dependent photocleavage of DNA.
Oxygen Consumption in Heifers Three Months of Age Related to Lactation Milk Energy

Calibration techniques were developed for a modified commercial oxygen consumption computer. Oxygen consumption over 5 min by 130 3-mo-old dairy calves was measured 3 h after feeding. Subsequently, Estimated Transmitting Abilities were used to calculate the production potential for lactation milk energy (kcal/305-day lactation) for 88 of the animals. Correlations between lactation milk energy and oxygen consumption or oxygen consumption corrected for weight of calf were calculated by breed. Breed correlations were tested for homogeneity and pooled. The correlation coefficient between oxygen consumption and lactation milk energy was .20 with a 95% confidence interval of -.02 to .40.
Effect of anticonvulsants on in vitro prothrombin synthesis in adult and fetal rat liver.

Abstract Prothrombin synthesis in a postmitochondrial supernatant fraction of rat liver from vitamin K-deficient rats was unchanged in the presence of 10−3 m concentrations of phenobarbital, phenytoin, or primidone. Warfarin (10−5 m ) significantly decreased prothrombin synthesis with 4.4 X 10−7 or 2.2 × 10−6 m vitamin K added to the incubation medium whereas phenytoin (10−3 m ) had no affect. Pretreatment of vitamin K-deficient adult male rats for 2 days with phenobarbital (80 mg/kg), phenytoin (200 mg/kg), or primidone (200 mg/kg) did not alter in vitro prothrombin synthesis. Pregnant vitamin K-deficient rats were treated from the 14th to 20th day of gestation with 100 mg/kg phenytoin or 80 mg/kg phenobarbital. Although the fetuses contained significant quantities of phenytoin (95.4 ± 37.5 μg/ml serum) or phenobarbital (32.25 ± 4.51 μg/ml serum), prothrombin synthesis by fetal liver was unaffected. Feeding a diet deficient in both vitamin K and folic acid to pregnant rats treated with phenytoin (100 mg/kg) also did not alter prothrombin synthesis but appeared to increase fetal accumulation of phenytoin (289 ± 109.9 μg/ml serum).
The deictic nature of the directives in Biblical Hebrew

Biblical Hebrew has three specific verb forms for performing directive speech-acts such as commands and requests. Hebraists (e.g., Bendavid 1967) observe that two other forms are also used for this purpose, in addition to other uses. In Hatav (1997), I show that those two forms are general modals, which may be used for any kind of modality, including directives. Complying with Grice’s (1975) cooperative rule, I argue in this paper, a biblical character would prefer the specific forms to perform directives. However, I show that the specific forms are deictic in nature, and can be used only when the speech-time functions as the reference-time of the utterance. In case of another reference-time, the speaker must resort to the general modals.
Are L5 fractures an indicator of metastasis

Objective. To determine whether L5 vertebral body fractures are an indicator of malignancy. Design and patients. A retrospective study of L5 vertebral body fractures was carried out using plain radiographs, CT, and/or MRI. Over a 5-year period, 51 patients with L5 vertebral body fractures were seen at our institution. Since L1 vertebral body fractures are common, 51 age- and gender-matched (20 men, 31 women; mean age 60 years) patients with L1 fractures were utilized as the control group. The frequency of neoplastic infiltration of the vertebrae was compared between these two populations to determine whether pathologic fracture was more frequent at L5. Results. Twelve (24%) of the L5 fractures were pathologic compared with four (8%) of the L1 fractures (chi-square test, P<0.05). Neoplasm types included multiple myeloma (n=4), prostate (n=3), breast (n=2), lung (n=2), melanoma (n=2), bladder, colon, and leukemia (each n=1). Conclusion. Although most L5 fractures are not pathologic, there is an increased incidence of pathologic fractures in this location compared with L1. Therefore, a fracture of L5 should raise the suspicion of metastasis.
The Honorable Bureaucrat among the Philistines: A Reply to "Ethical Discourse in Public Administration"

The argument that analytical philosophy should be the working philosophy of public administration is premature. Since the primary loyalty of public administrators must be to the "American regime values," rather than to elected officials, an ability to do moral philosophy is the necessary foundation upon which all public administration education must be based. Specifically, it is indispensable to the correct exercise of the discretionary powers of public administrators.
An overview of several recent antenna designs utilizing nature-inspired optimization algorithms

Many new, high-performance antenna designs have employed optimization strategies to tune their geometric parameters for optimal electromagnetic properties such as return loss and gain. Several antenna designs are presented here that demonstrate the ability of these optimization strategies to competently fulfill the designer's performance criteria. Designs such as the anisotropic zero-index and low-index metamaterial-enabled antennas illustrate the benefits of applying evolutionary strategies to create metamaterials for integration into classical antennas as well as tune the final, integrated antenna system. The folded meander-slot and embedded-element stacked patch antenna designs illustrate how the algorithms can be used to directly optimize antenna geometries for wide-band and multi-band purposes.
Spontaneous magnetization in isotropic ferromagnets

Abstract An exact upper bound for the spontaneous magnetization of a Heisenberg ferromagnet is obtained.
The Isolation and Characterization of Glycosylated Phosphoproteins from Herring Fish Bones

Past studies of bone extracellular matrix phosphoproteins such as osteopontin and bone sialoprotein have yielded important biological information regarding their role in calcification and the regulation of cellular activity. Most of these studies have been limited to proteins extracted from mammalian and avian vertebrates and nonvertebrates. The present work describes the isolation and purification of two major highly glycosylated and phosphorylated extracellular matrix proteins of 70 and 22 kDa from herring fish bones. The 70-kDa phosphoprotein has some characteristics of osteopontin with respect to amino acid composition and susceptibility to thrombin cleavage. Unlike osteopontin, however, it was found to contain high levels of sialic acid similar to bone sialoprotein. The 22-kDa protein has very different properties such as very high content of phosphoserine (∼270 Ser(P) residues/1000 amino acid residues), Ala, and Asx residues. The N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of both the 70-kDa (NPIMA(M)ETTS(M)DSKVNPLL) and the 22-kDa (NQDMAMEASSDPEAA) fish phosphoproteins indicate that these unique amino acid sequences are unlike any published in protein databases. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that the 70-kDa phosphoprotein was present principally in bone and in calcified scales, whereas the 22-kDa phosphoprotein was detected only in bone. Immunohistological analysis revealed diffusely positive immunostaining for both the 70- and 22-kDa phosphoproteins throughout the matrix of the bone. Overall, this work adds additional support to the concept that the mechanism of biological calcification has common evolutionary and fundamental bases throughout vertebrate species.
Recognition of sloppy, hand-printed characters

This report describes a pattern recognition scheme particularly intended to handle noisy and highly distorted data. The sample is subjected to a set of tests at the conclusion of which a single decision is made. The decision is made on the basis of experience obtained from prior processing of labelled samples. The method has been applied to hand-printed English capitals but is evidently general. Results are given for some trials made on the IBM 709.
Bias and commitment in science: Phenetics and cladistics

Summary The journal Systematic Zoology is studied in order to see what effect factionalism in the taxonomic community had on the refereeing process. Publication patterns in the journal were largely independent of changes in editorship. Although the taxonomic community was subdivided into feuding factions during the period under study, little bias along these lines was discernible in the refereeing process when studied statistically. Several explanations are suggested for the wide-spread impression at the time that bias was pervasive.
The atypical antipsychotic agents zisprasidone, risperdone and olanzapine as treatment for and prophylaxis against progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an unremitting, advancing disease of central nervous system white matter. PML is caused by infection of the JC polyoma virus, most always in patients with immunosupression due to, for example, cancer, anti-rejection transplant medications or HIV. There is no specific treatment or cure for PML, and untreated it has a median life expectancy is less than four months. Highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) has greatly reduced the incidence and prevalence of PML in HIV+ patients likely, however, even in the best case scenario of an HIV+ patient with PML and taking HAART, a significant mortality remains. Novel treatments for PML are needed. Recently Atwood and colleagues have found that the cellular receptor for JC virus is the serotonin 5HT2A receptor. In vitro they used the older antipsychotic medications chlorpromazine and clozapine to block the serotonin 5HT2A receptor and block JC virus cell entry. Unfortunately, however, chlorpromazine and clozapine have such significant side effects and toxicities, e.g., extrapyramidal symptoms and the possibility of bone marrow dyscrasias - that they may be problematic to use clinically. Here, we point out that some newer atypical antipsychotics such as zisprasidone, risperidone and olanzapine--medicines with much better side effect and toxicity profiles than the older antipsychotics--in vitro are significantly more potent 5HT2A receptor antagonists than chlorpromazine or clozapine by in some cases more than a factor of 10, and thus may be useful as treatment for or prophylaxis against PML.
Choosing with confidence: Self-efficacy and preferences for choice

Previous research on the role of choice set size in decision making has focused on decision outcomes and satisfaction. In contrast, little is known about interindividual differences in preferences for larger versus smaller choice sets, let alone the causes of such differences. Drawing on self-efficacy theory, two studies examined the role of decision-making self-efficacy in preferences for choice. Using a correlational approach, Study 1 (n = 89) found that decision-making selfefficacy was positively associated with preferences for choice across a range of consumer decisions. This association was found both between- and within-subjects. Study 2 (n = 65) experimentally manipulated decision-making self-efficacy for an incentive-compatible choice among photo printers. Preferences for choice and pre-choice information seeking were significantly lower in a low-efficacy condition compared to a high-efficacy condition and a control group. Future research directions and implications for decision-making theory and public policy are discussed.
Transnational Feminist Advocacy Online: Identity (Re)Creation Through Diversity, Transparency, and Co-Construction

Transnational feminist networks (TFNs) are organizational forms that transcend geographical, political, and cultural boundaries to advance a gender justice and development agenda. TFNs form collective identities for survival, especially in the face of competing goals such as solidarity and diversity, movement building, and financial sustainability. Informed by feminist organizing theories, this study uses thematic analysis to explore how one TFN discursively creates an online organizational identity. Three themes emerged: (a) diversity as identity-building strategy; (b) transparency as collective identity management; and (c) identity creation through co-construction. Combined, these strategic discourses allow the navigation of opposing organizational requirements of collectivity for global movements building and differentiation for organizational and financial sustainability.