cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of 2-Amino, 5-Nitrothiazole on Testis Function in the Turkey

ABSTRACT ONE of the most successful drugs for the treatment and prevention of infectious enterohepatitis in turkeys has been 2-amino, 5-nitrothiazole (Waletsky et al., 1949; Jungherr and Winn, 1950; Grumbles et al., 1952a; and others). Very little is known concerning the effects of this drug on reproduction in the turkey, although it has been shown to seriously impair gonad function in the fowl (Hudson and Pino, 1952; Pino and Hudson, 1953). That this effect of 2-amino, 5-nitrothiazole may be somewhat species-specific is indicated by its failure to affect adversely testis function in the rat (Pino et al., 1954; Shellabarger and Schatzlein, 1955). The turkey also appears to be affected less by this drug than the fowl (Grumbles et al., 1952b). These investigators fed grown turkeys 2-amino, 5-nitrothiazole at levels of 0.03,0.05 and 0.10 percent for 18 weeks. An examination of their data suggests that the 0.10 percent level reduced egg numbers, . . .
Propagation of Intercellular Calcium Waves in Retinal Astrocytes and Müller Cells

Intercellular Ca2+ waves are believed to propagate through networks of glial cells in culture in one of two ways: by diffusion of IP3 between cells through gap junctions or by release of ATP, which functions as an extracellular messenger. Experiments were conducted to determine the mechanism of Ca2+ wave propagation between glial cells in an intact CNS tissue. Calcium waves were imaged in the acutely isolated rat retina with the Ca2+ indicator dye fluo-4. Mechanical stimulation of astrocyte somata evoked Ca2+ waves that propagated through both astrocytes and Muller cells. Octanol (0.5 mm), which blocks coupling between astrocytes and Muller cells, did not reduce propagation into Muller cells. Purinergic receptor antagonists suramin (100 μm), PPADS (20–50 μm), and apyrase (80 U/ml), in contrast, substantially reduced wave propagation into Muller cells (wave radii reduced to 16–61% of control). Suramin also reduced wave propagation from Muller cell to Muller cell (51% of control). Purinergic antagonists reduced wave propagation through astrocytes to a lesser extent (64–81% of control). Mechanical stimulation evoked the release of ATP, imaged with the luciferin–luciferase bioluminescence assay. Peak ATP concentration at the surface of the retina averaged 78 μm at the stimulation site and 6.8 μm at a distance of 100 μm. ATP release propagated outward from the stimulation site with a velocity of 41 μm/sec, somewhat faster than the 28 μm/sec velocity of Ca2+ waves. Ejection of 3 μm ATP onto the retinal surface evoked propagated glial Ca2+ waves. Together, these results indicate that Ca2+ waves are propagated through retinal glial cells by two mechanisms. Waves are propagated through astrocytes principally by diffusion of an internal messenger, whereas waves are propagated from astrocytes to Muller cells and from Muller cells to other Muller cells primarily by the release of ATP.
Semiparametric Models for Missing Covariate and Response Data in Regression Models

We consider a class of semiparametric models for the covariate distribution and missing data mechanism for missing covariate and/or response data for general classes of regression models including generalized linear models and generalized linear mixed models. Ignorable and nonignorable missing covariate and/or response data are considered. The proposed semiparametric model can be viewed as a sensitivity analysis for model misspecification of the missing covariate distribution and/or missing data mechanism. The semiparametric model consists of a generalized additive model (GAM) for the covariate distribution and/or missing data mechanism. Penalized regression splines are used to express the GAMs as a generalized linear mixed effects model, in which the variance of the corresponding random effects provides an intuitive index for choosing between the semiparametric and parametric model. Maximum likelihood estimates are then obtained via the EM algorithm. Simulations are given to demonstrate the methodology, and a real data set from a melanoma cancer clinical trial is analyzed using the proposed methods.
Pose estimation from corresponding point data

Solutions for four different pose estimation problems are presented. Closed-form least-squares solutions are given to the overconstrained 2D-2D and 3D-3D pose estimation problems. A globally convergent iterative technique is given for the 2D-perspective-projection-3D pose estimation problem. A simplified linear solution and a robust solution to the 2D-perspective-projection-2D-perspective-projection pose-estimation problem are also given. Simulation experiments consisting of millions of trials with varying numbers of pairs of corresponding points and varying signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) with either Gaussian or uniform noise provide data suggesting that accurate inference of rotation and translation with noisy data may require corresponding point data sets with hundreds of corresponding point pairs when the SNR is less than 40 dB. The experimental results also show that the robust technique can suppress the blunder data which come from outliers or mismatched points. >
Scalar implicatures: experiments at the semantics-pragmatics interface.

In this article we present two sets of experiments designed to investigate the acquisition of scalar implicatures. Scalar implicatures arise in examples like Some professors are famous where the speaker's use of some typically indicates that s/he had reasons not to use a more informative term, e.g. all. Some professors are famous therefore gives rise to the implicature that not all professors are famous. Recent studies on the development of pragmatics suggest that preschool children are often insensitive to such implicatures when they interpret scalar terms (Cognition 78 (2001) 165; Chierchia, G., Crain, S., Guasti, M.T., Gualmini, A., & Meroni, L. (2001). The acquisition of disjunction: evidence for a grammatical view of scalar implicatures. In A.H.-J. Do, L. Dominguez, & A. Johansen (Eds.), Proceedings of the 25th Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 157-168). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press; Musolino, J., & Lidz, J. (2002). Preschool logic: truth and felicity in the acquisition of quantification. In B. Skarabela, S. Fish, & A.H.-J. Do, Proceedings of the 26th Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 406-416). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press). This conclusion raises two important questions: (a) are all scalar terms treated in the same way by young children?, and (b) does the child's difficulty reflect a genuine inability to derive scalar implicatures or is it due to demands imposed by the experimental task on an otherwise pragmatically savvy child? Experiment 1 addresses the first question by testing a group of 30 5-year-olds and 30 adults (all native speakers of Greek) on three different scales, ( ), ( ) and ( ). In each case, subjects were presented with contexts which satisfied the semantic content of the stronger (i.e. more informative) terms on each scale (i.e. all, three and finish) but were described using the weaker terms of the scales (i.e. some, two, start). We found that, while adults overwhelmingly rejected these infelicitous descriptions, children almost never did so. Children also differed from adults in that their rejection rate on the numerical scale was reliably higher than on the two other scales. In order to address question (b), we trained a group of 30 5-year-olds to detect infelicitous statements. We then presented them with modified versions of the stories of Experiment 1, which now more readily invited scalar inferences. These manipulations gave rise to significantly higher rejection rates than those observed in Experiment 1. Overall, these findings indicate that children do not treat all scalar terms alike and, more importantly, that children's ability to derive scalar implicatures is affected by their awareness of the goal of the task. Developmental and methodological implications as well as theoretical implications for the semantics of numeral terms are discussed.
Similarities and Differences in Parental Investment for Mothers and Fathers

This study examines the factorial invariance (comparability) of a measure designed to assess four aspects of parents' investment in children for mothers and fathers. Participants were 70 couples, a subset of respondents participating in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care. Parenting investment was assessed when the child was 15 months old during a home visit using the Parental Investment in the Child (PIC) questionnaire. Results indicate that the dimensions of PIC were useful for both mothers and fathers (Separation Anxiety, Delight, Acceptance of the Parenting Role, and Knowledge and Sensitivity) based on confirmatory factor analyses that considered the dependent nature of the constructs within couples. However, differences were found in the reliability of specific items between mothers and fathers.
Activation entropy of electron transfer reactions

Abstract We report microscopic calculations of free energies and entropies for intramolecular electron transfer reactions. The calculation algorithm combines the atomistic geometry and charge distribution of a molecular solute obtained from quantum calculations with the microscopic polarization response of a polar solvent expressed in terms of its polarization structure factors. The procedure is tested on a donor–acceptor complex in which ruthenium donor and cobalt acceptor sites are linked by a four-proline polypeptide. The reorganization energies and reaction energy gaps are calculated as a function of temperature by using structure factors obtained from our analytical procedure and from computer simulations. Good agreement between two procedures and with direct computer simulations of the reorganization energy is achieved. The microscopic algorithm is compared to the dielectric continuum calculations. We found that the strong dependence of the reorganization energy on the solvent refractive index predicted by continuum models is not supported by the microscopic theory. Also, the reorganization and overall solvation entropies are substantially larger in the microscopic theory compared to continuum models.
Grade-School Children’s Social Collaborative Skills Links With Partner Preference and Achievement

Little is known about the skills children need to successfully collaborate with classmates on academic assignments. The purposes of this study were to identify grade-schoolers’ collaborative skills, evaluate the importance of identified skills for collaborative work, and determine whether differences in skill use were related to children’s social and scholastic competence. Initially, third through fifth graders (N = 113) described attributes of “good” collaborators, and these attributes were distilled into distinct skill categories or “types.” Next, third through fifth graders (N = 212) rated exemplars of each skill type as a basis for skill importance and peers’ skill use and provided data that were used to construct measures of work partner preference and peer acceptance. Teachers reported on participants’ achievement in multiple academic domains. Four categories of work-related and interpersonal skills were identified, and these skill types were differentially associated with children’s work partner pr...
Validity of the parenting inventory: Young children

The Parenting Inventory: Young Children (PI) is a rating scale that measures the developmental expectations and behaviors of parents of children who are between the ages of 1 and 4 years, 11 months. Using a representative urban sample of 1,056 mothers, the PI was found to discriminate successfully between parents with children of different ages and to have substantial item-construct correlations (content validity). The PI was not strongly related to the Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory, a measure of parenting attitudes (discriminant validity). Reasons for this latter finding are discussed. Potential uses of the PI for practitioners working with parents in the schools are described.
Cartilage Injury After Acute, Isolated Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear Immediate and Longitudinal Effect With Clinical/MRI Follow-up

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears have been implicated in the development of osteoarthritis. Limited data exist on longitudinal follow-up of isolated ACL injury.Hypotheses: All isolated ACL tears are associated with some degree of cartilage injury that will deteriorate over time. There is a threshold of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–detectable cartilage injury that will correlate with adverse change in subjective patient-reported outcome measures.Study Design: Cohort study, Level of evidence, 2.Methods: The authors conducted a prospective, observational analysis of 42 knees in 40 patients with acute, isolated ACL injury (14 treated nonoperatively, 28 by reconstruction) with imaging at the time of injury and yearly follow-up for a maximum of 11 years. Morphologic MRI and quantitative T2 mapping was performed with validated outcome measures.Results: All patients sustained chondral damage at initial injury. The adjusted risk of cartilage loss doubled from year 1 for the lateral compartmen...
Response of amphibians to restoration of a southern Appalachian wetland: A long-term analysis of community dynamics

Although amphibians are increasingly being used to assess ecosystem function of compensatory wetlands, there are almost no long-term studies of responses to ecological restoration. Consequently, much uncertainty exists about the appropriate timeframes and best criteria for evaluating responses to wetland restoration. We studied aspects of pond colonization and long-term community dynamics in ponds created at a mitigation site in western North Carolina. We examined whether landscape variables influenced the initial colonization of 22 constructed ponds and conducted a long-term study of changes in species richness and community composition in ten constructed and ten reference ponds over seven breeding seasons. During the first year of pond filling, species richness and the number of egg masses of the wood frog (Rana sylvatica) and spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) were positively correlated with pond size, depth, and hydroperiod but independent of distance to the nearest forest, paved road, or source pond. The ten constructed ponds in the long-term study first filled in 1996 and were larger, deeper, warmer, more oxygen-rich, and of longer seasonal hydroperiod than reference ponds. Seven species bred in the constructed ponds during the first year of filling, and species richness reached equilibrium within two years of initial pond filling. Most species colonized constructed ponds rapidly, but frequency of use by eastern newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) increased slowly over five years. Constructed ponds supported significantly more species than reference ponds, and the annual turnover rate of breeding populations was approximately 25% for both pond types. Our data suggest that post-restoration monitoring for 2–3 years may be sufficient to characterize species and communities that will utilize ponds for the first decade or so after pond creation.
Dynamic Properties of Elastomers

Abstract The large volume uses of rubber involve its cushioning, quieting, vibration-energy absorbing and isolating characteristics. Applications such as tires, belts, and engine mounts employ rubber under conditions of rapidly repeated deformations which are relatively small compared to ultimate breaking values. Although ultimate values and fatigue tests are important as criteria of quality, they are of no assistance to the engineer, designer or technologist for anticipating the response of his product to the forces experienced in service. To fill this need, there has grown up a body of technical and scientific methods, data, and principles usually referred to as the field of dynamic properties. The term dynamic properties as applied to elastomers usually means vibration properties which are displayed in response to sinusoidal forces. But restriction to sinusoidal forces is unduly narrow. In principle, both theory and experiment can be extended to more complex force patterns, such as square or saw tooth ...
A Butterfly Flaps its Wings in Menlo Park: An Organizational Analysis of Increases in Associate Salaries

There are distinctly social processes that shape how and why organizations adopt new policies and procedures and how and why other organizations decide to copy those innovations. In order to determine the factors that compel a firm to innovate, and the social mechanisms through which those changes diffuse across the profession, it is necessary to find particular historical moments when the environment radically challenges previously held paradigms. The dot-com bubble in Silicon Valley provides precisely such a time and place. I present quantitative data on the dramatic salary increases that took place at law firms across the U.S. in 2000. From this empirical observation, I attempt to explain the processes and social dynamics through which this transformation occurred. I present original qualitative findings from a study of Silicon Valley law firms that show how and why a dramatic increase in salaries that took place at a single small firm quickly diffused across the entire legal industry. From this discussion, I suggest the possibility of strategic opportunities for anti-discriminatory measures to have the best chance to take hold and spread across firms.
Prolonged cell cycle arrest in irradiated human diploid skin fibroblasts: the role of nutrient deprivation.

Abstract DeSimone, J.N., Dolezalova, H., Redpath, J.L. and Stanbridge, E.J. Prolonged Cell Cycle Arrest in Irradiated Human Diploid Skin Fibroblasts: The Role of Nutrient Deprivation. Ionizing radiation has been reported to cause an irreversible cell cycle arrest in normal human diploid fibroblasts. However, colony survival assays show that even at high doses of γ radiation, human diploid fibroblasts do not irreversibly arrest, and that a dose-dependent fraction is capable of continued cycling. In this study, we resolve the apparent discrepancy between colony survival assays and the observed radiation-induced prolonged arrest. Using flow cytometry analysis, we have confirmed that human diploid fibroblasts do exhibit a prolonged cell cycle arrest in both G1 and G2/M phases of the cell cycle. However, a single replacement of fresh growth medium stimulated a fraction of the arrested population of cells to transiently re-enter the cell cycle. Daily medium changes stimulated these irradiated human diploid fibr...
Army active duty members' linkage to Veterans Health Administration services after deployments to Iraq or Afghanistan and following separation

ABSTRACT This study described the rate and predictors of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom active duty Army members' enrollment in and use of Veterans Health Administration (VHA) services (linkage), as well as variation in linkage rates by VHA facility. We used a multivariate mixed effect regression model to predict linkage to VHA, and also calculated linkage rates in the catchment areas of each facility (n = 158). The sample included 151,122 active duty members who deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan and then separated from the Army between fiscal years 2008 and 2012. Approximately 48% of the active duty members separating utilized VHA as an enrollee within one year. There was significant variation in linkage rates by VHA facilities (31–72%). The most notable variables associated with greater linkage included probable serious injury during index deployment (odds ratio = 1.81), separation because of disability (odds ratio = 2.86), and various measures of receipt of VHA care before and after s...
Silent Partners: Developing a Critical Understanding of Community Partners in Technical Communication Service-Learning Pedagogies

ABSTRACTAlthough many technical communication teachers and programs integrate some form of service-learning pedagogy, there is a dearth of technical communication research on the silent partners of these projects: the community partners. Drawing upon research data from 14 former community partners of professional writing service-learning courses, the authors suggest that understanding community partners’ own self-defined stakes in service-learning projects can challenge hyperpragmatist representations of community partners and aid us in the continued creation, management, and critical evaluation of service-learning pedagogies and curricula.
Japanese Preschool Children's and Adults' Narrative Discourse Competence and Narrative Structure

AbstractThis study presents empirical evidence o f Japanese preschool children's (a) narrative discourse competence and narrative structure and (b) rhetorical/expressive flexibility, compared to adults. With data on oral personal narratives told by Japanese preschoolers and adults, and with verse/stanza analysis (Gee, 1985; Hymes, 1981) and high point analysis based on the Labovian approach (Labov, 1972; Peterson & McCabe, 1983), it was discovered that children's and adults' narratives are similar in terms o f structure in that they both tend to have three verses per stanza, and that children and adults tend to tell about multiple experiences. By contrast, there are some clear differences in terms o f content and delivery. Whereas children tend to tell their stories in a sequential style, adults emphasize nonsequential information. Specifically, compared to children's narratives, adults' narratives place considerably more weight on feelings and emotions. The findings of this study strongly suggest that oral personal narratives told by Japanese preschoolers do not represent the final phase o f development. Rather, they still have a long way to go. (Narrative Development; Narrative Structure)
Level of structural quality and process quality in rural preschool classrooms

ABSTRACTPreschool classrooms with varying levels of structural quality requirements across the state of West Virginia were investigated for differences in measured structural and process quality. Quality was measured using group size, child-to-teacher/staff ratio, teacher education, and the Early Childhood Environmental Rating Scale-Revised (ECERS-R; Harms, T., Clifford, R. M., & Cryer, D. (2005). The early childhood environment rating scale-revised. New York, NY: Teachers College Press). Thirty-six classrooms with less structural quality requirements and 136 with more structural quality requirements were measured. There were significant differences between classroom type, with classrooms with more structural quality requirements having significantly higher teacher education levels and higher environmental rating scores on the ECERS-R subscales of Space and Furnishings, Activities, and Program Structure. Results support previous research that stricter structural state regulations are correlated with highe...
New drugs for infections in patients with cancer.

Background. During the past several years, the treatment and prevention of infections in patients with cancer have improved because of the development of new antimicrobial drugs. Methods. A representative antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral drug is discussed. Results. The fluoroquinone compounds, such as ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin, have broad spectrum bactericidal activity and have proved to be effective in both the treatment and prevention of certain infections in patients with cancer
Driving factors of carbon emissions from energy consumption in China-Based on LMDI-PDA method

The DEA-Shephard distance function of energy input was taken into a seven-factor LMDI decomposition model,which was built of carbon emissions from the energy consumption of six major industries in China from 1995 to2010.The empirical results revealed that industrial structure,economic output,population size, and energy efficiency had a pulling effect on industrial carbon emissions from energy consumption, and the cumulative effect of economic output had the maximum contribution of 135%.The cumulative effects of industrial structure,population scale, and energy efficiency on carbon emissions were 10.74%,9.39%, and 0.65% respectively.Energy intensity with a cumulative contribution of 54.6% has the largest potential to reduce carbon emissions,which meant industrial energy intensity had larger room for improvement, and the inhibitory effect was increasing; the cumulative contributions of energy structure and energy technological progress to China's carbon emissions reduction were 0.2% and 1.04%,they had weak contributions,so needed to be improved; In terms of the industrial carbon reduction,agriculture,forestry,animal husb andry and fishery,construction,wholesale and retail and catering industry and other industries had been better in reducing carbon emissions.Transportation,storage and postal industry had been lagging behind in carbon reduction.Industrial carbon emissions had always been the major source of carbon emissions in China.
Meta-Ethical Analyses

According to Sidgwick, ethical judgments are, primarily, judgments about the right actions, or actions which ought to be done. Therefore, it is essential for students of ethics to understand the meanings of the terms ‘right’ and ‘ought’. At the same time, the notion of ‘good’ also plays an important role in ethics. Moral actions are often called ‘good’ acts. Some actions are judged as right because they attain a certain ultimate end, which is also called a human’s ‘True Good’ (ME p. 3). Moreover, two of the three axioms, which Sidgwick proposes as the fundamental axioms to determine the right actions, tell us to aim at certain kinds of good as the ultimate ends of human actions. Therefore, the basic moral concepts that we need to analyze are those of ‘right’, ‘ought’, and ‘good’.
Cárcel de mujeres: Gender and Gendering in “La Tita” Avendaño’s De la libertad y el encierro

This chapter focuses on Roberta “La Tita” Avendano Martinez’s De la libertad y el encierro in which she begins to articulate a female experience in 1968 and expose the gendering of the discourse of 1968. Tita examines the way in which the prison, the prison experience, and the concept of justice and political agency are all gendered and privilege a male perspective. Her work gives voice to a woman’s perspective of prison life, away from the confines of the well-known Lecumberri prison. Still, rather than exploring her contributions to the movement, Tita illustrates her subaltern position within the movement itself by describing the drastically different living conditions she faced in a prison with only a handful of political prisoners. Additionally, she details the life of other nonpolitical prisoners as a way of illustrating the far-reaching and permeating injustices of which women were victims.
Local passivity analysis of nonlinear systems: A sum-of-squares optimization approach

This paper deals with the problem of passivity and passivity indices in nonlinear systems. Since the behavior of nonlinear systems depends on the neighborhood of interest, a local approach is taken to study passivity and passivity indices of such systems. An optimization-based method for passivity analysis of nonlinear systems is presented here. The system's dynamics are considered to be defined by polynomial functions, which can cover a broad range of nonlinear systems. Also, state space and input space are considered to be defined as semialgebraic sets. Results are presented as sum of squares optimization, which can directly address nonlinearities without any linearization or further approximation. Examples are given to show the necessity of local analysis for passivity of nonlinear systems and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Nanomanufacturing Concerns about Measurements Made in the SEM Part V: Dealing with Noise

Scanning electron microscopes (SEM) are used extensively in research and advanced manufacturing for materials characterization, metrology and process control. Unfortunately, noise can limit the specimen-specific detail and the information that can be acquired in any SEM micrograph, or measurement made from those data. The majority of SEM measurements are done at low primary electron beam currents and fast imaging mode resulting in rather noisy signals - often too noisy. The amount and the type of the noise and the steps taken to deal with it are critical to the quality and amount of the information gathered. This fifth presentation, in this series of SEM dimensional metrology tutorial papers, discusses some of the various causes of measurement uncertainty in scanned particle beam instruments specifically dealing with signal-to-noise (SNR) and its contribution to measurement imprecision.
New texture features for improved differentiation of hyperplastic polyps from adenomas via computed tomography colonoscopy

Feature classification plays an important role in computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) of suspicious lesions. While many texture features have been extracted and applied for various clinical purposes, Haralick's feature extraction method is of great interest, because it gives a series of texture measures on the image intensity correlations among the image pixels across an image slice. Based on the Haralick's method, we proposed a new set of features for CADx of colonic polyps or differentiation of hyperplastic polyps from adenomas. We evaluated this new feature set by means of random forest (RF) classifiers on a database of 153 polyps, including 116 adenomas and 37 hyperplastic polyps. The classification results were documented quantitatively by the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis and the merit of area under the ROC curve (AUC), which are well-established evaluation criteria to various classifiers. Experimental results demonstrated that the new feature set significantly improved the CADx performance for colonic polyps.
Transformation of a City

Gentrification changes the landscape and the cultural makeup of a city by increasing property values and changing consumption patterns. Since the late 1980s, gentrification has challenged the resid...
SQL for NoSQL Databases: Déjà Vu.

Existing relational database technology experience tells us that declarative database query languages are beneficial for different reasons, including application independence from access path considerations and decades of sophisticated query optimization technologies [2]. In context of most NoSQL databases, however, users are forced to implement complex query algorithms manually themselves using low-level programming language interfaces that provide only limited data access functionality.
Pharmacokinetic Considerations for Combining Antiretroviral Therapy, Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents for Hepatitis C Virus, and Addiction Treatment Medications

There are many factors that can affect the pharmacokinetics (PK) of drugs. Pathophysiological changes from disease states can alter the mechanisms that control the PK of antiretrovirals (ARVs), direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), and addiction treatment medications. Drug-drug interaction pathways of certain ARVs and DAAs can be very complex, with agents being substrates, inhibitors, or inducers of multiple metabolic and transporter pathways. Buprenorphine and methadone may be used in HIV- and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients and may also be affected by drug interactions. Current research is focused on novel PK analyses, which aim to describe the PK of agents within organs that host the infection of interest, such as within hepatocytes during treatment for HCV. Modeling techniques allow for the prediction of drug PK in specific organs and the plasma compartment. This review will provide a summary of these areas while exploring PK considerations for ARVs, DAAs, and addiction treatment medications.
Generalizing the appeal of B2C site features across domains

Purpose The purpose of this paper is threefold: first, to present a framework of five “facets,” i.e., distinct but complementary ways in which the observed appeal of a consumer shopping site’s features can potentially be generalized across product/service domains (the authors call this framework the feature appeal generalization perspective); second, to determine if and how observed feature preferences for consumer electronics, bookstores, and sites “in general” generalize across domains; third, to test hypotheses about the impact of frequency of domain usage upon feature generalizability. Design/methodology/approach Via an online survey administered in a controlled laboratory setting, 313 respondents evaluated 26 website features in three domains (books, electronics, general) for a total of 24,414 preference judgments. Findings Two facets, individual feature values and within domain evaluative dimensions, revealed minimal generalizability, while there was moderate comparability across all domains in between domain feature correspondence. Personal preference elevation could be generalized between books and general, but not between these two and electronics. Differentiating dimensions showed that preferences were not generalizable from electronics to books and general because consumers wanted electronics features to provide “flashy sizzle” and books/general features to give “comfortable safety.” As hypothesized, patterns of generalizability coincided with frequency of domain usage. Research limitations/implications Practitioners should not apply published studies of feature appeal to their domain of interest unless those studies directly analyzed that domain. Scientists should incorporate all five facets in modeling what attracts consumers to commercial websites. Originality/value This is the first multidimensional analysis of the generalizability of site feature appeal across business-to-consumer product/service domains, and the first to propose this integrated evaluative framework with its unique facets.
Abstract 75: Effects of Physical Exercise Following Ischemic Stroke: Too Early is not a Good Thing

Introduction: Accumulating evidence has shown that physical rehabilitation after stroke may reduce morbidity. The extents of these rehabilitative benefits, however, appear to be contingent upon the...
Boron- and nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide coated separators for high-performance Li-S batteries

Abstract Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are regarded as a potential next-generation energy storage system but they are hampered by low active-material utilization, polysulfide shuttling, and rapid capacity fade. We present here the use of lightweight boron- and nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (B-rGO, N-rGO) coated separators to suppress polysulfide diffusion and enhance active material utilization at high sulfur contents. B-rGO and N-rGO are synthesized through a facile modified Hummer's method involving the exfoliation of graphite sheets. Upon reduction, the carbon forms valuable interlayers with dynamic spacings for polysulfide trapping. Freeze-drying is utilized to preserve the structure of the pillow-like carbon, which is then slurry-coated onto a separator and placed against a sulfur cathode. The advantages of boron and nitrogen and their affinity towards polysulfides is compared while noting the lighter carbon coatings with good electrochemical stability. The cells attain a loading of 4.0 mg cm−2 with a high sulfur content of 66.5 ± 0.5 wt % on including the weight of the coatings. After a long cycle life of 400 cycles, N-rGO and B-rGO are still able to maintain a specific capacity of, respectively, 430 mA h g−1 and 367 mA h g−1.
Promoting Social Connections across Environments for Students with Severe Disabilities.

Building and maintaining positive social relationships is important to every young adult’s quality of life. However, supporting the social inclusion of middle and high school students with severe d...
How Are Real-time Opioid Prescribing Cognitions by Emergency Providers Influenced by Reviewing the State Prescription Drug Monitoring Program?

OBJECTIVE To understand how real-time opioid prescribing cognitions by emergency medicine (EM) providers are influenced by review of the state prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP). METHODS We collected prospective data from a convenience sample of 103 patient encounters for pain from 23 unique EM providers. After seeing the patient, before and immediately after reviewing the PDMP, EM providers answered how much they thought "the patient need[ed] an opioid to help manage their pain?", how concerned they were "about drug abuse and/or diversion?", and whether they planned to prescribe an opioid (yes/no). If they changed their decision to prescribe after querying the PDMP, they were asked to provide comments. We categorized encounters by opioid prescribing plan before/after PDMP review (e.g., O+/O- means plan changed from "yes" to "no") and examined changes in cognitions across categories. RESULTS Ninety-two of 103 (89.3%) encounters resulted in no change in opioid prescribing plan (61/92 [66.3%] O+/O+; 31/92 [33.7%] O-/O-). For the four O+/O- encounters, perceived patient opioid need decreased 75% of the time and concern for opioid abuse and/or diversion increased 75% of time. For the seven O-/O+ encounters, providers reported increased perceived patient opioid need 28.6% of the time and decreased concern for opioid abuse and/or diversion 14.3% of time. CONCLUSIONS PDMP data rarely alter plans to prescribe an opioid among emergency providers. When changes in opioid prescribing plan were made, this was reflected by changes in cognitions. Findings support the need for a properly powered study to identify how specific PDMP findings alter prescribing cognitions.
Jacobi and the Analytical Origins of Lie’s Theory

Lie began to study the general theory of first-order partial differential equations assiduously while in Paris in 1870. His main source was a well-written monographic essay on the subject by V. G, Imschenetsky [1869]. Imschenet-sky’s essay, which ran to almost two hundred pages, was symptomatic of the interest in the theory of first order equations that had been generated by the contributions of Jacobi. Although Jacobi had developed his ideas in the 1830s (he died in 1851) and lectured on their relation to dynamical systems in the early 1840s, it was not until the 1860s that most of this work was published by Clebsch [Jacobi 1862; 1866]. The appearance of these papers stimulated considerable interest in the theory of first order partial differential equations, particularly in France and Germany. By the time he was in Paris, Lie was already interested in the application of groups to differential equations, for Klein’s observations (discussed in Section 1.3) of an analogy between some of his work on tetrahedral complexes and Galois theory had been made in Berlin in 1869.
Observations during Al:Zr composite particle combustion in varied gas environments

Abstract This work presents observations of Al:Zr bi-metallic composite particle combustion in multiple gas environments using particles that were synthesized by both arrested reactive ball milling and physical vapor deposition (PVD). We report on combustion and microexplosion behavior using high speed videography and emission spectroscopy in four different environments: air, Ar + O2, Ar + N2, and Ar. We report multiple final morphologies including thin, hollow-shelled combustion products that imply gaseous expansion of the particles during combustion at temperatures ranging from 2700 to 3500 K. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy are performed on these post-reaction products to analyze their morphologies and elemental compositions. We also report evidence of Al burning in the vapor-phase in air and in Ar + O2. Ball milled and PVD particles microexplode extensively and repeatedly in air. In the Ar + O2 environment, ball milled particles show no secondary or tertiary explosions, while the PVD particles rarely microexplode. In Ar + N2 and Ar environments, the particles react to form hot intermetallic particles but show very little combustion and no microexplosions. We propose a two-phase reaction mechanism for Al:Zr in which Al vaporizes and combusts in the vapor phase, then exhibits a critical shift to a condensed phase reaction and burns similarly to pure Zr.
Abstract 1893: The evaluation of INCB059872, an FAD-directed inhibitor of LSD1, in preclinical models of T-ALL

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematological tumor that is derived from the clonal expansion of immature T-cell progenitors. Multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations are attributed to the development of malignant T cell transformation. Among these, there is supporting evidence for a role of lysine specific demethylase (LSD1) in T-ALL. Oncogenic transcription factors, such as TAL-1, Notch, and ZEB2, form a complex with LSD1 to alter gene expression in T-ALL cells. In addition, LSD1 is aberrantly expressed in ALL, including B-ALL and T-ALL. Furthermore, the overexpression of LSD1 under control of the Sca-1 promoter in transgenic mice triggered T leukemogenesis via acquisition of self-renewal activity and alteration in the differentiation program to T-cell lineages. Together with the known function of LSD1 in regulating the activity of self-renewal in hematological malignancies, these studies prompted evaluation of the efficacy of the potent, selective, and orally bioavailable FAD-directed LSD1 inhibitor, INCB059872, in preclinical models of T-ALL. Expression of LSD1 was abundant in human-T-ALL cell lines as detected by immunoblotting. In vitro, INCB059872 treatment significantly inhibited the proliferation of a subset of human T-ALL cell lines. In vivo, once daily oral administration of INCB059872 inhibited tumor growth significantly in multiple human T-ALL subcutaneous xenograft models including Molt-4, RPMI-8402, CCRF-HSB-2, and CCRF-CEM, but was ineffective against DND-41 xenografts. The anti-tumor efficacy observed with INCB059872 had no clear genetic correlation with Notch mutation status of T-ALL tumors. Combination efficacy studies of INCB059872 with standard care of agents or targeted therapeutic agents in T-ALL models are currently being evaluated. These data suggest exploring the potential clinical development of INCB059872 as a therapy for T-ALL patients. Citation Format: Melody Diamond, Yvonne Lo, Antony Chadderton, Min Ye, Valerie Roman, Michael Weber, Chunhong He, Liangxing Wu, Swamy Yeleswaram, Alan Roberts, Wenqing Yao, Gregory Hollis, Reid Huber, Peggy Scherle, Bruce Ruggeri, Sang Hyun Lee. The evaluation of INCB059872, an FAD-directed inhibitor of LSD1, in preclinical models of T-ALL [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1893.
Using Quizizz to Integrate Fun Multiplayer Activity in the Accounting Classroom

This study investigates the effectiveness of Quizizz on enhancing students’ learning experiences in an accounting classroom. Quizizz is an educational app that enables students to participate in fun multiplayer class activities. After doing in-class exercises using Quizizz, students report that this app brings positive impact on their learning experiences. Class section in which Quizizz is applied more frequently reports higher scores on the satisfaction of using this app and higher scores on the instructor’s teaching evaluation.
High-Energy Excitonic Transitions in CdSe Quantum Dots

An atomistic direct diagonalization pseudopotential approach has been used to analyze the optical excitation spectra of CdSe quantum dots for up to 1.5 eV about the band gap. Good agreement is obtained with experiment for all the eight excitonic transitions, without resorting to fitting to the experimental data on dots. The observed excitonic transitions are identified in terms of specific pairs of valence and conduction single-particle states. For the lowest few transitions, the assignments agree with the conventional k.p effective-mass result, but this is not the case for the higher peaks. Indeed, we find in our atomistic approach that many more valence states exist within a given energy range than in the continuum k.p approach. Furthermore, we find that the mixing of even and odd angular momentum symmetry, disallowed in the contemporary simple k.p models, is actually permitted in the more general atomistic approach.
Electronic alignment for the CubeSat Infrared Atmospheric Sounder

Technological advancements in detectors, cryocoolers, infrared spectrometers and optical materials enables hyperspectral infrared atmospheric sounding in a CubeSat. Legacy instruments such as NASA Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) measure the upwelling spectrum to retrieve temperature profiles and atmospheric water vapor. These data are assimilated by National Weather Prediction (NWP) centers worldwide and had significant positive impact to the operational forecasts. NASA and NOAA have sponsored technology demonstration of a hyperspectral IR sounder packaged in a 6U CubeSat at JPL. The instrument is called the CubeSat Infrared Atmospheric Sounder (CIRAS). Like AIRS, CIRAS uses a grating spectrometer that senses spatial information in one dimension and spectral in the other, but CIRAS uses a 2-dimensional Focal Plane Assembly (FPA), while AIRS uses multiple linear arrays to produce one spectrum. For CIRAS, if the dispersion direction is not aligned with the rows and columns of the detectors, spectral and spatial mixing can cause radiometric errors if uncorrected. This paper discusses a method to resample the signals from the detector array while viewing a spectral and spatial calibration source and produce a spectrally and spatially corrected image. The correction, or ‘Electronic Alignment’ can be performed pre-flight during Integration and Test, or in-flight using a combination of on-board and ground processing systems. Results are presented for simulated misalignments and errors consistent with design requirements using real scenes from the legacy sounders. The method works reasonably well with highest errors around sharp absorption features for cold scenes. Residual radiance errors from the simulation can be used in a larger simulation of the retrieval of geophysical parameters from hyperspectral IR instruments.
Kidnapping: Carjacking and Related Crimes

“Carjacking is defined as completed or attempted robbery of a motor vehicle by a stranger to the victim. It differs from other motor vehicle theft because the victim is present and the offender uses or threatens to use force” (Klaus 2004). Carjacking may include other offenses such as kidnapping, robbery, rape, and homicide. Other types of motor vehicles are also hijacked. For example, in Albuquerque, New Mexico, an ambulance was reportedly hijacked with a sleeping ambulance worker inside (Associated Press, 2014, February 8).
VII.7 – DARKLIGHTS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of darklights. Every image designer knows that appropriate illumination is an important part of an effective image. The play of light on the surfaces of the scene gives the image depth and mood, indicates position and character, reveals both objective visual information, and suggests subjective emotional impressions. Even objective physical rendering, when used in fields such as scientific visualization, requires sensitive judgement for the placement and control of illumination. The chapter discusses a tool that is used subconsciously by many painters and quite explicitly by many graphics designers. Darklights can cause the final pixel values to dip below zero. The techniques that are applied to map pixel values greater than one into gamut should also be applied to pixel values that dip below zero. As with all lights, darklights must be designed and positioned with care to achieve an effect. They are useful for simulating fuzzy shadows, darkening up corners of rooms, and changing the relative brightness of objects without affecting the basic lighting scheme. They are naturally available in virtually all rendering systems. If used with care and sensitivity, darklights can extend one's expressive power with the medium of image synthesis.