cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Practical Considerations In The Use of CMOS Active Inductors

The lack of high quality factor integrated inductors is one of the most significant impediments to realizing high performance radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) within conventional digital CMOS. As an alternative to lossy passive spiral inductors, several active inductor topologies have been reported elsewhere which promise higher quality factors and small size. Using transistor level simulation, this paper considers two fundamental active inductor topologies with particular focus on their robustness with regard to variation with process, voltage and temperature. Simulation results reveal that these active inductors suffer significant variation in both realized inductance value and quality factor particularly as a function of transistor variability. The effects of this variability in active inductor performance are highlighted through simulation of their use in a lumped element Wilkinson power divider realized with active inductors.
New challenges for tourism promotion: tackling high competition and multimedia changes

New challenges for tourism promotion: tackling high competition and multimedia changes, edited by Peter Keller and Christian Laesser, Berlin, Erich Schmidt Verlag, 2012, 175 pp., €29.95, ISBN 978-3...
Self-Voting Dual-Modular-Redundancy Circuits for Single-Event-Transient Mitigation

Dual-modular-redundancy (DMR) architectures use duplication and self-voting asynchronous circuits to mitigate single event transients (SETs). The area and performance of DMR circuitry is evaluated against conventional triple-modular-redundancy (TMR) logic. Benchmark ASIC circuits designed with DMR logic show a 10-24% area improvement for flip-flop designs, and a 33% improvement for latch designs.
An Improved Broadband High Linearity SiGe HBT Differential Amplifier

An improved all-npn broadband highly linear SiGe amplifier is presented. The operation of the proposed amplifier relies on two dependent translinear loops. The frequency response, linearity, input voltage swing range, and noise performance are analyzed. A broadband linear amplifier with 46 dBm OIP3 at 20 MHz, 34 dBm OIP3 at 1 GHz, 6 dB noise figure, and 10.3 dBm output P1 dB is demonstrated.
Trends in ozone, its precursors, and related secondary oxidation products in Los Angeles, California: A synthesis of measurements from 1960 to 2010

[1] Decreases in ozone (O3) observed in California's South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) over the past five decades have resulted from decreases in local emissions of its precursors, nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Ozone precursors have been characterized in the SoCAB with measurements dating back to 1960. Here we compile an extensive historical data set using measurements in the SoCAB between 1960 and 2010. Faster rates of decrease have occurred in abundances of VOCs (−7.3 ± 0.7% yr−1) than in NOx (−2.6 ± 0.3% yr−1), which have resulted in a decrease in VOC/NOx ratio (−4.8 ± 0.9% yr−1) over time. Trends in the NOx oxidation products peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and nitric acid (HNO3), measured in the SoCAB since 1973, show changes in ozone production chemistry resulting from changes in precursor emissions. Decreases in abundances of PAN (−9.3 ± 1.1% yr−1) and HNO3 (−3.0 ± 0.8% yr−1) reflect trends in VOC and NOx precursors. Enhancement ratios of O3 to (PAN + HNO3) show no detectable trend in ozone production efficiency, while a positive trend in the oxidized fraction of total reactive nitrogen (+2.2 ± 0.5% yr−1) suggests that atmospheric oxidation rates of NOx have increased over time as a result of the emissions changes. Changes in NOx oxidation pathways have increasingly favored production of HNO3, a radical termination product associated with quenching the ozone formation cycle.
Some Costs of American Corporate Capitalism: A Psychological Exploration of Value and Goal Conflicts

Psychology rarely examines the effects of economic systems on people's lives. In this target article, we set out to explore some of the costs of American corporate capitalism and its focus on self-interest, competition, hierarchical wage labor, and strong desires for financial profit and economic growth. Specifically, we apply recent cross-cultural research on goal and value systems (Schwartz, 1996; Grouzet et al. 2006), as well as a variety of other types of evidence, to demonstrate how the aims and practices that typify American corporate capitalism often conflict with pursuits such as caring about the broader world, having close relationships with others, and, for many people, feeling worthy and free. We hope that by bringing to light the value and goal conflicts inherent in this economic system, psychologists might begin to systematically investigate this pervasive yet paradoxically ignored feature of contemporary culture.
Gene regulation mediates host specificity of a bacterial pathogen.

Summary Many bacterial plant pathogens have a gene-for-gene relationship that determines host specificity. However, there are pathogens such as the xylem- limited bacterium Xylella fastidiosa that do not carry genes considered essential for the gene-for-gene model, such as those coding for a type III secretion system and effector molecules. Nevertheless, X. fas- tidiosa subspecies are host specific. A comparison of symptom development and host colonization after infection of plants with several mutant strains in two hosts, grapevines and almonds, indicated that X. fas- tidiosa virulence mechanisms are similar in those plants. Thus, we tested if modification of gene regulation patterns, by affecting the production of a cell-cell signalling molecule (DSF), impacted host specificity in X. fastidiosa. Results show that disrup- tion of the rpfF locus, required for DSF synthesis, in a strain incapable of causing disease in grapevines, leads to symptom development in that host. These data are indicative that the core machinery required for the colonization of grapevines is present in that strain, and that changes in gene regulation alone can lead X. fastidiosa to exploit a novel host. The study of the evolution and mechanisms of host specificity mediated by gene regulation at the genome level could lead to important insights on the emergence of new diseases.
A single amino acid change in nsP1 attenuates neurovirulence of the Sindbis-group alphavirus S.A.AR86.

S.A.AR86, a member of the Sindbis group of alphaviruses, is neurovirulent in adult mice and has a unique threonine at position 538 of nsP1; nonneurovirulent members of this group of alphaviruses encode isoleucine. Isoleucine was introduced at position 538 in the wild-type S.A.AR86 infectious clone, ps55, and virus derived from this mutant clone, ps51, was significantly attenuated for neurovirulence compared to that derived from ps55. Intracranial (i.c.) s55 infection resulted in severe disease, including hind limb paresis, conjunctivitis, weight loss, and death in 89% of animals. In contrast, s51 caused fewer clinical signs and no mortality. Nevertheless, comparison of the virus derived from the mutant (ps51) and wild-type (ps55) S.A.AR86 molecular clones demonstrated that s51 grew as well as or better than the wild-type s55 virus in tissue culture and that viral titers in the brain following i.c. infection with s51 were equivalent to those of wild-type s55 virus. Analysis of viral replication within the brain by in situ hybridization revealed that both viruses established infection in similar regions of the brain at early times postinfection (12 to 72 h). However, at late times postinfection, the wild-type s55 virus had spread throughout large areas of the brain, while the s51 mutant exhibited a restricted pattern of replication. This suggests that s51 is either defective in spreading throughout the brain at late times postinfection or is cleared more rapidly than s55. Further evidence for the contribution of nsP1 Thr 538 to S.A.AR86 neurovirulence was provided by experiments in which a threonine residue was introduced at nsP1 position 538 of Sindbis virus strain TR339, which is nonneurovirulent in weanling mice. The resulting virus, 39ns1, demonstrated significantly increased neurovirulence and morbidity, including weight loss and hind limb paresis. These results demonstrate a role for alphavirus nonstructural protein genes in adult mouse neurovirulence.
Beyond the Model of Persistent TCP Flows: Open-Loop vs Closed-Loop Arrivals of Non-persistent Flows

It is common for simulation and analytical studies to model Internet traffic as an aggregation of mostly persistent TCP flows. In practice, however, flows follow a heavy- tailed size distribution and their number fluctuates significantly with time. One important issue that has been largely ignored is whether such non-persistent flows arrive in the network in an open-loop (say Poisson) or closed-loop (interactive) manner. This paper focuses on the differences that the TCP flow arrival process introduces in the generated aggregate traffic. We first review the Processor Sharing models for such flow arrival processes as well as the corresponding TCP packet-level models. Then, we focus on the queueing performance that results from each model, and show that the closed-loop model produces lower loss rate and queueing delays than the open-loop model. We explain this difference in terms of the increased traffic variability that the open-loop model produces. The cause of the latter is that the flow arrival rate in the open-loop model does not reduce upon congestion. We also study the transient effect of congestion events on the two models and show that the closed-loop model results in congestion-responsive traffic while the open-loop model does not. Finally, we discuss implications of the differences between the two models in several networking problems.
Seismic characterization of reservoirs with asymmetric fractures

Variations of reflection amplitude with offset and azimuth are sensitive to the presence of natural and induced fractures. We tested inversion for fracture compliance matrix components from wide azimuth noisy synthetic PP-reflection data. The model was a fractured reservoir with monoclinic symmetry, formed by two sets of vertical asymmetric fractures embedded in a VTI background. The fractures (joints) were assumed to be vertical, with noncircular shape and/or with asymmetric shear compliance. Results of synthetic inversion showed that an incorrect assumption about fracture shear symmetry (e.g., treating asymmetric fractures as rotationally invariant fractures) can cause considerable error in estimation of the fracture compliance matrix. Components of effective second- and fourth-rank fracture compliance matrices for a medium with monoclinic symmetry (which takes into account layering and multiple fracture sets) can be used as attributes related to the characteristics of the fractured medium. Monte Carlo simulation was used to test the effect of uncertainties in the a priori information (about background VTI parameters of unfractured rock), as they affect inversion for these attributes. According to this analysis, the direction of fast shear-wave polarization was inverted robustly in the Monte Carlo simulation. Although the average values of the components of fracture compliance matrices obtained from Monte Carlo simulation were in agreement with the actual values used for forward modeling, individual values obtained in Monte Carlo simulation were sensitive to uncertainties in the background properties in general. Because the elastic properties of background VTI media without fractures (or other azimuthally variable features) do not cause azimuthal changes in reflection coefficient variation with offset, simultaneous inversion for background properties and fracture tensor components require additional constraints.
Movement Rates of the Lizard Anolis carolinensis (Squamata: Dactyloidae) in the Presence and Absence of Anolis sagrei (Squamata: Dactyloidae)

Abstract Shifts in a species' habitat can be precipitated by co-occurring with a closely related, ecologically similar species, to avoid negative interspecific interactions. Such shifts in habitat may also cause a change in movement behavior in sympatric populations compared with allopatric populations. Anolis carolinensis lizards are known to shift their habitat to higher perches in the presence of Anolis sagrei, and we examine whether movement rates differ between populations of A. carolinensis that are allopatric and sympatric with recently arrived A. sagrei. We find an interaction between the effects of sex and the presence of A. sagrei on movement rates, indicating that males and females respond differently in their movement rates to the presence of a congener. We suggest that variation in the motivation for movement between the sexes may explain intraspecific relationships between movement and habitat.
How I think Hauerwas thinks about theology

This paper highlights two aspects of Stanley Hauerwas's thought: philosophical ethics, which consists of second-order methodological claims; and moral theology, which consists of first-order, local, unsystematic moral descriptions. I show how the philosophical ethics relates to the moral theology by proposing a set of rules that constitute a ‘grammar’ of Hauerwas's thought. These rules are asymmetrical in that later rules presuppose earlier rules but earlier rules do not presuppose later rules. Each rule corresponds to texts that Hauerwas recommends and relies upon. The first rule prioritizes MacIntyre's concept of non-foundational ‘practical wisdom’. The second rule, which draws on Aristotle, Wittgenstein, Anscombe and Kovesi to stress the impossibility of separating agent from act, influences the third rule that ethics is moral description. The fourth rule uses ‘postliberal’ theologians and draws on the liturgy alongside Barth and Yoder, in order to redescribe the shape of Christian life in liberal modernity.
One Sings, the Other Doesn't

SUMMARY This paper attempts to explore the psychodynamics of stage fright, elucidating the differences between stage fright and social phobia. Special attention is paid to stage fright as a significant symptom of performers. The function of stage fright in impeding or benefiting performance is also addressed. Performers' affective states will be contrasted to impostors' and their psychological dimensions will be studied. The vicissitudes of the psychoanalytic treatment of a performer who suffered from severe stage fright will illustrate the theoretical issues discussed.
The mathers coccus in the throat in influenza

During February and March, 1922, an epidemic of so-called influenza occurred in Iowa City. The disease was highly contagious, of short duration, and was followed by few complications. A study was made of the bacterial content of the throats of the students of the second year class of the medical school, before, during, and for a considerable time after the epidemic. Cultures were also made from the tonsils and nasopharynx of patients sent to the hospital with influenza and of other students with similar symptoms. In most cases the symptoms were marked from 3 to 5 days ; many of the students remained in bed from 1 to 3 days; others continued to attend classes, although they had some fever and felt rather ill. In a few instances symptoms persisted for 3 weeks. There were three types of symptoms : nasal, laryngeal, and bronchial, all of which were associated with considerable lassitude and general malaise. The general symptoms were mild, however, in the laryngeal form, but the cough was persistent in most cases. The epidemic began Feb. 18, when 2 students complained of a severe cold, and 42 students of a class of 74 had a similar attack before March 6. There was only an occasional case after this time, until April 5 to 8, when 7 students had a rather severe attack of coryza. Five of these did not have influenza during the first epidemic. Since this time there have been occasional cases of coryza among the students, but the symptoms have been different and the throat cultures have contained a variety of bacteria. Blood counts were made on 5 students and 6 patients in the hospital with influenza ; two students had white counts of 6,200 and 6,800, two hospital patients had similar counts, and one patient had a white count of 12,600. The counts of the others were within the normal range. In making throat cultures, swabs were passed over the tonsils and posterior pharyngeal wall. The swabs were then washed in tubes containing 1 c c of salt solution. One to three loopfuls of this suspension
AB1341 Accuracy of veterans affairs database for gout-related health care utilization

Background Gout outcome studies have used administrative and claims databases to assess It is unknown whether administrative-derived data are accurate and specific for gout-related utilization. Objectives The goal of the study was to assess the accuracy of Veterans Affairs (VA) administrative and clinical databases claims for gout-related health care utilization. Methods This retrospective study utilized the VA administrative and clinical databases claims in the fiscal year 2006. The data programmer identified a cohort consisting of randomly mixed sample of two types of visits: those visits with gout as primary or secondary diagnosis and those with diseases other than gout as primary and secondary diagnosis. A well-trained senior epidemiologist (JS) blinded to the database information related to the visit performed review of electronic health record (EHR). The gold standard was medical record documentation of gout or gout-related terms (gouty arthritis, tophaceous gout, acute gout, chronic gout, podagra) in the chief complaint, history of present illness or assessment and plan for the visit. This indicated that gout was the main or one of the main reasons for the visit. We assessed the accuracy of database-derived gout-related utilization by calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV). Results Of the 108 potential visits, 85 visits to a health care provider (in 85 patients: 84 men, 1 women with mean age of 63 years) in one of the three settings (outpatient, inpatient or urgent care/emergency room) and retrievable data from medical records, constituted the analyzed dataset. According to the gold standard of chart documentation, 21 visits were related to gout and 64 were not. Administrative claims for visits related to gout were accurate with excellent PPV of 86%, sensitivity of 86%, specificity of 95% and NPV of 95%. There were three visits coded as gout-related visit in databases, that did not have medical record documentation as related to gout: one visit each to discuss blood pressure medication, regular follow-up for multiple medical problems and for increased blood sugar. Three visits coded as not related to gout in administrative databases were related to gout based on medical record documentation: one patient with continuing acute gout, one with a new diagnosis with documentation of urate crystals in knee joint fluid and one with chronic gout stable on allopurinol. Conclusions VA databases can be used to identify gout-related visits with acceptable accuracy. This finding should allow for studies of health services outcomes to identify gout-related utilization using VA databases. Disclosure of Interest J. Singh Grant/Research support from: takeda, savient, Consultant for: takeda, savient, URL, Novartis, Ardea, URL
Implementation of a feasible monthly vitamin D intervention in homebound older adults using a Meals-on-Wheels programme

Commentary on : Houston DK, Tooze JA, Demons JL, et al. Delivery of a vitamin D intervention in homebound older adults using a Meals-on-Wheels program: a pilot study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015;63:1861–7.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] Studies of vitamin D and falls prevention have demonstrated variable results. … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ%2BAm%2BGeriatr%2BSoc%26rft.volume%253D63%26rft.spage%253D1861%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1111%252Fjgs.13610%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F26277680%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1111/jgs.13610&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=26277680&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febnurs%2F19%2F3%2F96.atom
Jobless growth in India: an investigation

This paper investigates the relationship between output growth and employment growth in India for the period 1978–2010 at the aggregate and sectoral levels. Using a Kaldorian framework of endogenous productivity growth, we find that Kaldor–Verdoorn effects in the economy have become more predominant over time, especially in the post-reform (1994–2010) period. Our estimated Kaldor–Verdoorn coefficients, measured as the employment elasticity of output growth, for both formal sector and total employment have dropped dramatically over time, suggesting that India has leapfrogged into a high-productivity regime without the broad-based expansion of labour-intensive production that has been characteristic of fast-growing economies in East Asia. We examine some explanations for why these Kaldor–Verdoorn effects have become pronounced over time and are not convinced that wage pressure has been one of the reasons. A shift in the composition of demand towards higher-productivity sectors, however, does appear to be an important part of the explanation. We also find mixed evidence that forces of international competition have generated pressures to adopt more capital-intensive techniques of production.
The long-term efficacy of recombinant hepatitis B vaccines for children

Objective To observe long-term efficacy of recombinant hepatitis B vaccines for children received fundamental immunization or booster dose. Methods 493 school students from Deqing county with complete information of immunization history were investigated and their serological markers were detected. 430 students received booster dose vaccines at 3-11 years old and were defined as booster group while the remaining 63 students were defined as fundamental group. Results All vaccines the 493 students received for fundamental immunization were recombinant. Compared with fundamental group( 57. 14%),booster group had significantly higher Anti-HBs positive rate of 91. 40%( P 0. 01).And the Anti-HBs positive rate had a high level of 94. 99% when 0-5 years after booster immunization while it declined to 64. 71% after 8-15 years and showed no significant difference compared with fundamental group. Conclusion Anti-HBs level and anti-HBs positive rate can significantly increase for short periods after booster immunization,and may decline considerably for long-term. Immunologic amnesia rate is low when 3-11 years after fundamental immunization among infants.
Disposition of methadone in man after a single oral dose

The levels of methadone in the plasma and urine of 5 subjects giaven a single oral dose of 15 mg. have been determined using solvent extraction and gas-liquid chromatography. Methadone was detected in plasma 30 minutes after drug administration. The peak plasma level occurred at 4 hours and was followed by an exponential decline during the next 20 hours. The mean apparent half-life of methadone was 15 hours. The time action of methadone-induced pupillary constriction closely coincided with the time course of methadone in plasma. An average of 52 per cent of the dose was excreted in the urine as methadone and metabolites in the 96 hours after drug administration. Nearly one half of the methadone and metabolites recovered in the urine was excreted during the first 24 hours. The renal clearance of methadone indicates that the drug is partially reabsorbed by a pH-dependent process. These results demonstrate the importance of biotransformation and renal excretion as determinants of the disposition of methadone in man.
Characteristics of the thyroid volume of children aged 8-10 years in Chongqing

Objective To understand the characteristics of the thyroid volume of children aged 8-10 years in Chongqing while eliminating iodine deficiency disease so as to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and treatment of the disease.Methods 40 counties were selected in Chongqing in 2009-2010.60 children aged 8-10 years of 1 school were selected from every county.The thyroid volume of children was examined by B-ultrasonograghy.Results 2 393 children aged 8-10 years were investigated.The data of the thyroid volume was abnormal distribution and the median of thyroid volume was 3.53 ml.The thyroid volumes of the normal and abnormal children were 3.46 ml and 5.47 ml,respectively.The thyroid volumes of children aged 8,9,and 10-year were 3.27 ml,3.53 ml and 3.77 ml,respectively.Children's thyroid volume was progressively increased with age.There was a significant difference for the thyroid volume among total,normal and abnormal children at same age (H total =131.54,H normal =140.07,H abnormal =57.14,P0.01).The thyroid volumes of the male and female children were 3.54 ml and 5.48 ml,respectively.There was no significant difference for the thyroid volume among total,normal and abnormal children of same sex (H total =2.30,H normal =3.24,H abnormal =0.23,P 0.05).There was a significant difference for the goiter rate (χ2 =212.56,P0.01) and thyroid volume (H=77.85,P0.01) between 1999 and 2009-2010.Conclusions The data of the thyroid volume of children aged 8-10 years was right-skewed distribution in 2009 in Chongqing.The thyroid volume and goiter rate showed a downward trend as compared with the investigated results in 1999.
Caregiver distress and patient health-related quality of life: psychosocial screening during pediatric cancer treatment.

Background Reports of acceptability of psychosocial screening are limited, and the utility of screening in identifying risk factors for health-related quality of life (HRQL) of children with cancer has not been established. This study aimed to assess acceptability of screening for parents and evaluate associations between family risk factors and patient HRQL in the first year post-diagnosis. Procedure Sixty-seven parents of children with cancer completed the Psychosocial Assessment Tool (family risk), Distress Thermometer (caregiver distress), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Civilian 6 (caregiver traumatic stress), PedsQL 4.0 (parent-proxy report of patient HRQL) and four acceptability questions via a tablet (iPad). Results Patients (Mage = 9.5 SD = 5.5 years) were equally distributed across major pediatric cancer diagnoses. The majority of parents endorsed electronic screening as acceptable (70%–97%). Patient gender, diagnosis, intensity of treatment and time since diagnosis were not significantly correlated with family risk, caregiver distress, traumatic stress, or patient HRQL. The full regression model predicting total HRQL was significant (R2 = .42, F(4,64) = 10.7, p = .000). Age (older) was a significant covariate, family risk and caregiver distress were significant independent predictors of poorer total HRQL. The full regression models for physical and psychosocial HRQL were significant; age and caregiver distress were independent predictors of physical HRQL, and age and family risk were independent predictors of psychosocial HRQL. Conclusions Screening is acceptable for families and important for identifying risk factors associated with poorer patient HRQL during childhood cancer treatment. Targeted interventions addressing family resource needs as well as parent distress identified through screening may be effective in promoting patient HRQL. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Localized Summability Kernels for Jacobi Expansions

While the direct and converse theorems of approximation theory enable us to characterize the smoothness of a function \(f: [-1,1] \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) in terms of its degree of polynomial approximation, they do not account for local smoothness. The use of localized summability kernels leads to a wavelet-like representation, using the Fourier–Jacobi coefficients of f, so as to characterize the smoothness of f in a neighborhood of each point in terms of the behavior of the terms of this representation. In this paper, we study the localization properties of a class of kernels, which have explicit forms in the “space domain,” and establish explicit bounds on the Lebesgue constants on the summability kernels corresponding to some of these.
Optimization-based 3D variable resolution image reconstruction in cone-beam CT

In cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) applications, one may be interested in detailed information only within a region of interest (ROI), while rough knowledge outside the ROI may be sufficient. Therefore, it is of practical value to develop algorithms that are capable of reconstructing an image with variable resolution: an image consisting of highresolution voxels within the ROI and low-resolution voxels outside the ROI. In this work, we investigate optimization-based algorithms for 3D CBCT image reconstruction with variable resolution, and apply them to patient data collected with a dental CBCT scanner. The results of our study demonstrate that optimization-based algorithms can be developed for yielding an image with different levels of spatial resolution. The work may have implications for the reduction of computation memory and acceleration of computational speed. In the presence of data truncation, it may also provide an approach to obtaining an ROI image of high resolution with reduced truncation artifacts.
Noughty bits: the subatomic scope of negation

Since Fodor 1970, negation has worn a Homogeneity Condition to the effect that homogeneous predicates (e.g., (1), (2)) denote homogeneously—all (1) or nothing (2)—to characterize the meaning of (1)–(2) when uttered out-of-the blue, in contrast to (3)–(4): (1) The mirrors are smooth. (2) The mirrors are not smooth. (3) The mirrors circle the telescope’s reflector. (4) The mirrors do not circle the telescope’s reflector. It has been a problem for philosophical logic and for the semantics of natural language that (5)–(6) appear to defy the Principle of Excluded Middle while (7)–(8) do not— (5) Smooth(m) (6) ¬Smooth(m) (7) Circle(m) (8) ¬Circle(m). An impoverished logical form (5)–(8) has been the occasion to embellish all else—Boolean algebra, lexical presuppositions, Strongest Meaning Hypothesis, trivalence, supervaluation, double strengthening, etc., enriching the semantics and pragmatics with what remains a special theory of negation, which may be dismissed when the logical syntax and semantics of negation reflects that negated sentences are also tensed sentences.
Anticoagulation increases alveolar hemorrhage in mice infected with influenza A

Influenza A virus infection is a common respiratory tract infection. Alveolar hemorrhage has been reported in patients with influenza pneumonia and in mice infected with influenza A. In this study, we investigated the effect of two anticoagulants on alveolar hemorrhage after influenza A virus (IAV) infection of wild‐type mice. Wild‐type mice were anticoagulated with either warfarin or the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate and then infected with a mouse‐adapted influenza virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/34 H1N1). Alveolar hemorrhage was assessed by measuring hemoglobin levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). We also measured vascular permeability and viral genomes in the lung, as well as white blood cells, inflammatory mediators, and protein in BALF. Survival and body weight were monitored for 14 days after influenza A infection. In infected mice receiving either warfarin or dabigatran etexilate we observed decreased activation of coagulation in the BALF and increased alveolar hemorrhage. Warfarin but not dabigatran etexilate increased vascular permeability and mortality of influenza A‐infected mice. Anticoagulation did not affect levels of influenza A genomes, white blood cells, inflammatory mediators, or protein in the BALF. Our study indicates that systemic anticoagulation increases alveolar hemorrhage in influenza A‐infected mice.
Disturbance impacts on land surface temperature and gross primary productivity in the western United States

Forest disturbances influence forest structure, composition, and function and may impact climate through changes in net radiation or through shifts in carbon exchange. Climate impacts vary depending on environmental variables and disturbance characteristics, yet few studies have investigated disturbance impacts over large, environmentally heterogeneous, regions. We used satellite data to objectively determine the impacts of fire, bark beetles, defoliators, and “unidentified disturbances” (UDs) on land surface temperature (LST) and gross primary productivity (GPP) across the western United States (U.S.). We investigated immediate disturbance impacts, the drivers of those impacts, and long-term postdisturbance LST and GPP recovery patterns. All disturbance types caused LST increases (°C; fire: 3.45 ± 3.02, bark beetles: 0.76 ± 3.04, defoliators: 0.49 ± 3.12, and UD: 0.76 ± 3.03). Fire and insects resulted in GPP declines (%; fire: −25.05 ± 21.67, bark beetles: −2.84 ± 21.06, defoliators: −0.23 ± 15.40), while UDs resulted in slightly enhanced GPP (1.89 ± 24.20%). Disturbance responses also varied between ecoregions. Severity and interannual changes in air temperature were the primary drivers of short-term disturbance responses, and severity also had a strong impact on long-term recovery patterns. These results suggest a potential climate feedback due to disturbance-induced biophysical changes that may strengthen as disturbance regimes shift due to climate change.
Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia Syndrome in the Rehabilitation Patient

Opioid-induced hyperalgesia is a paradoxical state where opioid usage results in increased pain, intolerance to noxious stimuli, worsening pain, or new pain patterns. Its implications are far reaching and may possibly affect anyone receiving opioid therapy. Although extensive research has been carried out over the past 40 years, medicine is just beginning to understand the pathophysiology involved. The work carried out by Vanderah and Mao has implicated neuroplastic changes in both the central and peripheral nervous systems in its etiology.
Policing the Human: Lawfare and Humanitarianism

This chapter focuses on the normalization of lawfare, a process whereby war has become less an exception than the rule and, therefore, is as much a strategic operation as a legal one. I chart how the cozy alliance of humanitarians, human rights defenders, and military lawyers could determine and police the limits of concepts of humanity. Through a critical engagement of Samuel Huntington and the war on terror, I focus on how civilizational and cultural discourses can facilitate this policing process, ultimately adjudicating which humans will be granted human rights and which can be killed with impunity.
Influence of Subsurface Inhomogeneity on the Propagation of SH Waves in Isotropic Materials

It is shown that, within the framework of a linear nonlocal continual theory of elasticity taking into account the relationship between the strain fields and local displacements of masses, it is possible to describe the process of propagation of antiplane surface shear waves (SH waves) in an isotropic half space. These surface SH waves are not predicted by the classical theory of elasticity. The indicated surface waves may propagate in the half space if the problem is posed within the framework of elasticity theory, which takes into account the tensor character of the local displacements of masses. The stress-strain state of this continuum is characterized by the strain tensor and the tensor of induced mass density, which are independent quantities.
Advances in enzyme substrate analysis with capillary electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis provides a rapid, cost-effective platform for enzyme and substrate characterization. The high resolution achievable by capillary electrophoresis enables the analysis of substrates and products that are indistinguishable by spectroscopic techniques alone, while the small volume requirement enables analysis of enzymes or substrates in limited supply. Furthermore, the compatibility of capillary electrophoresis with various detectors makes it suitable for KM determinations ranging from nanomolar to millimolar concentrations. Capillary electrophoresis fundamentals are discussed with an emphasis on the separation mechanisms relevant to evaluate sets of substrate and product that are charged, neutral, and even chiral. The basic principles of Michaelis-Menten determinations are reviewed and the process of translating capillary electrophoresis electropherograms into a Michaelis-Menten curve is outlined. The conditions that must be optimized in order to couple off-line and on-line enzyme reactions with capillary electrophoresis separations, such as incubation time, buffer pH and ionic strength, and temperature, are examined to provide insight into how the techniques can be best utilized. The application of capillary electrophoresis to quantify enzyme inhibition, in the form of KI or IC50 is detailed. The concept and implementation of the immobilized enzyme reactor is described as a means to increase enzyme stability and reusability, as well as a powerful tool for screening enzyme substrates and inhibitors. Emerging techniques focused on applying capillary electrophoresis as a rapid assay to obtain structural identification or sequence information about a substrate and in-line digestions of peptides and proteins coupled to mass spectrometry analyses are highlighted.
The Molecular Industrial Revolution: Automated Synthesis of Small Molecules.

Today we are poised for a transition from the highly customized crafting of specific molecular targets by hand to the increasingly general and automated assembly of different types of molecules with the push of a button. Creating machines that are capable of making many different types of small molecules on demand, akin to that which has been achieved on the macroscale with 3D printers, is challenging. Yet important progress is being made toward this objective with two complementary approaches: 1) Automation of customized synthesis routes to different targets by machines that enable the use of many reactions and starting materials, and 2) automation of generalized platforms that make many different targets using common coupling chemistry and building blocks. Continued progress in these directions has the potential to shift the bottleneck in molecular innovation from synthesis to imagination, and thereby help drive a new industrial revolution on the molecular scale.
Student help-seeking attitudes and behaviors in a digital era

This study examines college students’ attitudes and habits for seeking academic help. Students preferences for seeking academic help via digital and non-digital technologies are identified (N = 438). Students’ attitudes about seeking help are also analyzed. Factor analysis results indicate six attitudinal factors motivated students to seek help from peers and instructors: students’ perceived usefulness of their peers; trust of peers; their perception of instructors; preference to work independently; overall perception of the course; and, perceived threat (i.e. sense of vulnerability about their ability). Overwhelmingly, students prefer to seek help from classmates rather than instructors. Due to the cohort model of the programs –where students take all or most their courses with the same students throughout the program– they seek help more in person than via using digital resources (texting, social media). Multiple linear regression analysis indicates that perceived threat, perception of instructors, and students’ preference to work independently, are significant in predicting whether students sought help from instructors outside of class. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Workflow process mapping to characterize office-based primary care medication use and safety: A conceptual approach.

Abstract Background We developed the PCMedSafety conceptual framework to illustrate primary care medication safety transformation opportunities. PCMedSafety demonstrates the interrelationship between the practice-level primary care delivery system, medication workflow processes for common medication-related activities, and medication use and safety outcomes. This framework was used to conceptualize a workflow process mapping approach to characterize and evaluate the safety of medication-related activities performed in primary care practices. Objectives In this article, we conceptually describe how workflow process mapping of primary care medication-related activities can be used to: (1) understand and characterize common office-based primary care medication-related workflows, and (2) identify medication-related workflow process gaps and deviations and their impact on medication use and safety within office-based primary care. Methods Workflow process mapping of primary care medication-related activities consists of 9 major steps, including: (1) identification of a primary care practice, (2) establishment of a workflow mapping team, (3) selection of medication-related activities, (4) development of ideal-state workflow process map(s), (5) selection of data elements and development of data collection form(s), (6) development of a workflow observation schedule, (7) completion of direct workflow observations, (8) development of observed workflow process map(s), and (9) data analysis to identify medication safety workflow gaps and deviations. Conclusion The medication workflow process mapping approach illustrated in this article can be used by primary care executive leadership, clinician leaders, primary care providers, and clinical pharmacists to identify, resolve, and prevent medication safety concerns within a primary care practices. Workflow gaps and deviations identified through workflow process mapping can be used to inform practice-specific opportunities for: (1) team-based primary care redesign to integrate clinical pharmacists into the expanded primary care team; (2) workforce development, including staff/provider training and role delegation for common primary care medication-related activities; and (3) improvements in workflow efficiency and consistency to reduce preventable medication errors.
Path Integrals for Fermions

In order to have path-integral expressions for Fermi fields it is necessary to integrate over anticommuting c-number fields. The “integrals” we define for such fields are entirely formal objects, but the notation, which is dueto Berezin, is remarkable fruitful.
On Whole Number Computation.

berg system, a method for addition, multiplication, division, and square root extraction which depends primarily upon the memorization of a great many rules and secondarily upon the use of mental arithmetic. Trachtenberg's approach to computation suggests some interesting experimentation in the teaching of whole-number arithmetic. We would like to point out some of the directions experimentation might take, in the hope that readers of this article will be stimulated to try them. One feature of the Trachtenberg system is a collection of rules for multiplication by 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. In most cases this is unnecessary, since the majority of students memorize the multiplication tables with little serious difficulty. Once these tables have been memorized the usual mul-
Cumulative Trauma Disorders

The relationship between work activities and the diagnostic entities discussed in this article is poorly understood, but their development is probably multifactorial. The enormous cost to industry and society is driving many investigators to study the causes and pathologic manifestations of CTDs, and this research should lead to improved strategies for treating and preventing work-related injuries. Prevention, however, will work only if both management and labor participate in preventive efforts. When a task force approach can be implemented and senior management gives it the power to make effective changes, CTDs often can be reduced dramatically, as has been shown in numerous studies illustrating the success of this approach. It is unfortunate that many in senior management are reluctant to permit such task forces due to fear of increased injury claims. Our worry is that, in the end, the solution to problems believed to be associated with repetitive trauma at work may be shaped more by regulatory bodies and attorneys rather than scientists. Hand surgeons, who see patients with complaints that are perceived to be work related, often find themselves in the middle of this complicated problem, being asked to determine whether a patient's symptoms are caused by the performance of job tasks. To treat our patients with hand and wrist symptoms, we must stay abreast of the current understanding of CTDs and be familiar with the diagnosis and management of recognized disease entities such as those reviewed in this article. In most cases, a diagnosis of a specific clinical condition can be established that is based on strict criteria. If this is not possible and the picture is unclear, it is important not to guess at a diagnosis. Labeling a patient with a diagnosis such as thoracic outlet syndrome or nonspecific tendonitis without clear-cut and objective clinical signs can have lasting economic and employment consequences. For this reason, diagnosis of a specific clinical entity should be made only when the findings of the history, physical examination, and ancillary tests firmly support it.
Screening for Personality Disorders in Psychiatric Settings: Four Recently Developed Screening Measures

Prevalence rates for Personality Disorders are higher in psychiatric settings. Nonetheless, the presence of a personality disorder may go undetected for some time during the early phases of treatment. This is problematic as a failure to detect a Personality Disorder as part of the initial evaluation can result in less beneficial treatment plans, negative outcomes, and a more difficult treatment course. Nonetheless, the benefits of early detection must be weighed against practical considerations, including time and resources. Currently gold-standard assessment measures for Personality Disorders are lengthy and time consuming which may limit their practical utility. The present chapter reviews data on the importance of assessing for personality disorders, reviews the benefits of stage I (screening for Personality Disorders) and stage II (thorough evaluation for a Personality Disorder), and then reviews four recently developed measures that can be used as part of the personality disorder screening process. Information on more detailed measures for stage II assessment is also briefly presented and clinical implications are discussed.
Ultrastructural Localization of Reelin

Different chapters of the present book provide background about the molecular, genetic, and biochemical features of the reelin gene, its transcript, and final protein forms. It is not, therefore, our intention to provide an extensive background about the features of the reelin gene and protein, but to emphasize some relevant features that will be helpful for a better understanding of the data reviewed in the present chapter.