cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE ENDOGENOUS μ-OPIOID AGONISTS, ENDOMORPHIN 1 AND 2, HAVE VASODILATOR ACTIVITY IN THE HINDQUARTERS VASCULAR BED OF THE RAT

Abstract Endomorphin 1 and endomorphin 2 are newly-discovered endogenous ligands for the μ-opioid receptor. In the present study, responses to intra-arterial injections of endomorphin 1 and 2 were investigated in the hindquarters vascular bed of the rat. Under constant-flow conditions, endomorphin 1 and 2 induced dose-dependent decreases in hindquarters perfusion pressure when injected in doses of 3–100 nmol into the hindquarters perfusion circuit. Vasodilator responses to endomorphin 1 and 2 and met-enkephalin were attenuated by the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (2 mg/kg i.v.) at a time when vasodilator responses to isoproterenol were not altered. In terms of relative vasodilator activity, endomorphin 1 and 2 were similar to ATP, 100-fold less potent than isoproterneol, and 10,000-fold less potent than acetylcholine. These data demonstrate that endomorphin 1 and 2 have significant naloxone-sensitive vasodilator activity in the hindquarters vascular bed of the rat. © 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.
A One-Dimensional-Subgrid Based Wall Function for Use With Coarse Near-Wall Meshes

A common alternative to full resolution of the near-wall region in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations is the use of wall functions that decrease the mesh requirements in this region. This paper presents an alternative to current wall functions based on numerically approximating a turbulent velocity profile using a one-dimensional subgrid contained within wall-adjacent control volumes (cells). Use of the subgrid allows approximation of boundary layers of varying height relative to the first layer sizing. Most significantly, this includes boundary layers with heights smaller than the first layer cells themselves. Use of the subgrid allows wall adjacent primary grid sizes to vary from low-Re model sizing of y+ ≈ 1 to grid sizes of y+ ∼ 1000 or more without significant loss in accuracy versus fully resolved simulations, and with computational costs similar to currently used wall functions. The development of the new method is presented and results are shown from two demonstration test cases — flow over a flat plate and axial flow over a cylindrical body. The results are compared to low-Re modeling with a very fine near wall mesh, and to currently used wall functions.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
TRANSLATIONAL AND ROTATIONAL DIFFUSION OF GLOBULAR PROTEINS IN CONCENTRATED POLYMER NETWORKS

The dynamics of a model ovalbumin protein in a dense polymer mesh, including both translational diffusion and rotational diffusion, are studied by NMR. Protein dynamics in complex matrices arises in applications involving enzymatic activity in inter‐cellular compartments or in industrial enzymatic hydrolysis reactions on polysaccharides at high substrate concentrations. For enzymatic reactions translational diffusion controls the spatial extent of degradation and rotational diffusion correlates with local enzyme docking on the polymer substrate. CF3 tagging of proteins enables the differentiation of the protein from polymer matrix. 19F pulsed field gradient NMR is used to measure translational diffusion coefficient, while T1 and T2 relaxation of the 19F signal is measured to obtain the rotational diffusion coefficient. Both translational and rotational diffusions are compared with micro‐mechanical hydrodynamic theories. The Brinkman effective medium model captures the reduction in both translational and r...
High-speed trains [Transportation Systems]

Includes: China Chooses SCADA Platform. Belgium Expands High-Speed Network. Amsterdam?Brussels High-Speed Train Unveiled. Los Angeles Subway System Retreats from Proof of Purchase. Boston's Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Cracks Down on Fare Evaders. Chicago Transit Authority Proposing New Fare Instrument. Denver's Regional Transportation District Takes Delivery of New Light-Rail Vehicles. Florida Applies for High-Speed Rail Money, Again. Galileo, the Global Positioning System Being Rolled Out by the European Union, Slowly Advances. Brasilia Orders New Metro Cars and Automatic Train Operation. Supercapacitor Energy Storage for Trams.
Scalable integrity monitoring in virtualized environments

Use of trusted computing to achieve integrity guarantees remains limited due to the complexity of monitoring a large set of systems, the required changes to guest operating systems, and, e.g., relay attacks or time of measurement to time of reporting attacks. Datacenters with virtualization must scale to manage large numbers of virtual machines. We suggest an extension to virtualized trusted platform modules that significantly reduces the complexity of software attestation. It enables efficient event-based monitoring of a large number of virtual machines and eliminates attacks on the currently used attestation protocol. It targets patch and configuration management and audit. The virtual TPM extension requires only 700 lines of additional code. Our experiments confirm that this approach has very low performance overhead and is comparable to other resource monitoring tools.
Hypernatremic dehydration in pediatric critical care transport

Case Reviews Our flight team was called to a local hospital to transport a 2-week-old boy diagnosed with hypernatremic dehydration to our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Because of the close proximity to our base, this transport was done by ground ambulance. This patient had pre sented to the referring hospital 5 hours before our arrival with mild to moderate dehydration manifested by dry skin and a sunken anterior fontanel but with good skin turgor, pink color, moist mucous membranes, and brisk capillary refill. He had protective airway reflexes with a good respiratory effort and good air exchange. Laboratory tests drawn after the placement of a 22-gauge peripheral intravenous line revealed a venous pH = 7.26, p0, = 40 torr, Na = 200 mEq/L, K = 5.0 mEq/L, and glucose = 84 gm/dL. He then was bolused twice with 10 mL/kg of normal saline. On our arrival, his clinical examination was as follows: he was awake and alert with an oxygen saturation of 98% on 10 L of oxygen by face mask. He had a sunken anterior fontanel, but his capillary refill was 2 seconds with good skin turgor and strong peripheral pulses. The only clinical abnormality was bradycardia with heart rates ranging from 84 to 100. The patient’s mother was at the bedside and said the infant had had no prob lems feeding, no diarrhea, but only one to two wet diapers per day. On the day of transport, she had taken him to the pediatrician, who had assessed that the boy had lost more than 2 pounds since birth and then referred him to the emergency department. After consulting with our medical control physician, the infant was given fluids of D5.9NS at a maintenance rate. It was decided not to give a fluid bolus because of the clinical examination consistent with normal intravascular volume status despite metabolic acidosis. The infant then was transported back to our facility during which time he remained stable. A few months later, our flight team transported a 2’/Z-year-old boy who weighed 11 kg and had hypernatremia. This child presented with an unsteady gait and lethargy and had a serum sodium level of 191 mEq/L. An arterial blood gas analysis was as follows: pH = 7.44, pOa = 89 tori-, pCOz = 43 torr, HCO, = 28 mEq/L, and BE = +4. An IV line was started, and he was given 30 mL/kg of normal saline as a bolus. On arrival, the flight crew found the patient to be awake, alert, and acting appropriately for his age. His capillary refill was less than 2 seconds; his skin was pink, warm, and dry; and he had strong peripheral pulses. However, he
Using embryos to produce 'saviour' cell lines.

This commentary accompanies Sparrow and Cram D (2010) Saviour embryos? Preimplantation genetic diagnosis as a therapeutic technology.
Shape reconstruction from noisy surface slope information using a multiresolution Bayesian method

Many optical inspection systems today can capture surface slope information directly or indirectly. For these systems, it is possible to perform a 3-D surface reconstruction which converts surface slopes to surface heights. Since the slope information obtained in such systems tend to be noisy and sometimes heavily quantized, a noise-tolerant reconstruction method is needed. We used a simple bayes reconstruction method to improve noise tolerance, and multi-resolution processing to improve the speed of calculations. For each resolution level, the surface slopes between pixels are first calculated from the original surface slopes. Then the height reconstruction for this resolution level is calculated by solving the linear equations that relate relative heights of each point and its related surface slopes. This is done through a Bayesian method which makes it easier to incorporate prior knowledge about height ranges and noise levels. The reconstructions are done for a small window of pixels at a time for each resolution level to make the linear equations manageable. The relative height solutions from all resolution levels are then combined to generate the final height map. This method has been used in optical inspection applications where slope data are quite noisy.
On the Use of Honesty Priming Tasks to Mitigate Hypothetical Bias in Choice Experiments

We test whether the use of an honesty priming task can help mitigate hypothetical bias in stated preference choice experiments (CE). Using a between-sample design, we conducted hypothetical and non-hypothetical choice experiments with seven treatments. Our results suggest that marginal willingness to pay estimates from hypothetical CE with an honesty priming task are not significantly different from marginal valuations from non-hypothetical CE. Values from both of these treatments are lower than those from three other hypothetical treatments, while values from the three non-hypothetical treatments are not significantly different from each other. Copyright 2013, Oxford University Press.
A comparison of accelerated life testing designs within a single bayesian inferential framework

Accelerated life testing (ALT) is the set of procedures used to reduce the time needed to obtain information related to life characteristics of an item, material or part of interest. Herein we focus on the comparison of different ALT designs (fixed stress, profile ALT, progressive step-stress ALT and regressive ALT) within a single Bayesian inference framework. We shall analyze the pre-posterior variance of the use-stress reliability based on a single failure over the course of the ALT for these different ALT designs. To the best of our knowledge Miller and Nelson in their 1983 paper entitled "Optimum Simple Step-Stress Plans for Accelerated Life Testing" in IEEE Trans. Reliability, Vol. R-32:59-65, were among the firsts to claim similarity of asymptotic estimator variance when comparing step-stress testing ALT to fixed stress ALT. The results in this paper shed some light on this claim within a Bayesian context
Hegemony in the Interior of The Salvadoran Revolution: The Erp in Northern Morazán

This article offers a nuanced explanation of the internal politics of guerilla relations. It uses the conce; ts of hegemony, fields of power and habitus to aralyze the dynamics of guerilla strategies and efforts to implement them in the Peoples Revolutionary Army (ERP) in northern Morazaa El Salvador. The author argues that the guerrilla strategies involved them in a double process of hegemony construetion: hegemony over civilians and hegemony over their own combatants. This double process was crucial if ERP guerrillas were to compete on the field of power dominated by the US-backed Salvadoran military
Subtypes of acute aortic dissection.

The technique of open distal anastomosis using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest was used in 69 cases of acute type A aortic dissection. These cases were subcategorized by site of intimal tear, which was found in the ascending aorta in 41 patients (60%), in the arch in 22 patients (32%), and in the descending aorta in 5 patients (7%). Clinical characteristics and complications are described for these subtypes. Hospital mortality, which was 14.5% overall for acute type A dissections, was 14.6% for ascending tears, 18.2% for arch tears, and 0% for descending aortic tears. Six-year survival was 69%± 15% for ascending tears, 69%± 22% for arch tears, and 80%± 25% for descending tears (mean ± SEM, p = NS). A classification system for aortic dissection is proposed, based on both site of origin and propagation. (J Card Surg 1994;9:729–733)
Opportunistic Power Allocation for Random Beamforming in MISO Broadcast Channels

This paper proposes the opportunistic power allocation (OPA) scheme for random beamforming with a limited feedback rate. Without the channel state information, the proposed scheme allocates different amounts of power to different beams. Various low-complexity search algorithms for the proposed OPA scheme are also proposed to find the optimal power allocation that maximizes the sum rate. Computer simulations show that the proposed OPA scheme significantly improves the sum rate, and the optimal power allocation is found with low complexity. In addition, it is shown that the number of beams should increase as the SNR increases in order to maximize the sum rate.
Protein Kinase C Increases the Apparent Affinity of the Release Machinery to Ca2+ by Enhancing the Release Machinery Downstream of the Ca2+ Sensor

Modulation of the release probability of releasable vesicles in response to Ca2+ influx (ProbCa) is involved in mediating several forms of synaptic plasticity, including short-term depression, short-term augmentation, and potentiation induced by protein kinases. Given such an important role, however, the mechanism underlying modulation of the ProbCais unclear. We addressed this question by investigating how the activation of protein kinase C modulates the ProbCa at a calyx-type nerve terminal in rat brainstem. Various lengths of step depolarization were applied to the nerve terminal to evoke different amounts of Ca2+ currents and capacitance jumps, the latter of which reflect vesicle release. The relationship between the capacitance jump and the Ca2+ current integral was sigmoidal and was fit well with a Hill function. The sigmoidal relationship was shifted significantly to the left during the application of the PKC activator 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), suggesting that PMA increases the apparent affinity of the release machinery to Ca2+. This effect was blocked in large part by the application of the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide, suggesting that the effect is mediated mainly by the activation of PKC. We also found that PMA increased the rate of miniature EPSCs evoked by the application of hypertonic sucrose solution, which triggers release downstream of the Ca2+ influx. Taken together, our results suggest that PKC enhances the apparent affinity of the release machinery to Ca2+ by a mechanism downstream of the binding between Ca2+ and its sensor. These results have provided the first example of the mechanisms underlying modulation of the ProbCa.
Improving Summaries by Revising Them

This paper describes a program which revises a draft text by aggregating together descriptions of discourse entities, in addition to deleting extraneous information. In contrast to knowledge-rich sentence aggregation approaches explored in the past, this approach exploits statistical parsing and robust coreference detection. In an evaluation involving revision of topic-related summaries using informativeness measures from the TIPSTER SUMMAC evaluation, the results show gains in informativeness without compromising readability.
Growth Diagrams for Individual Finger Strength in Children Measured with the RIHM

Background Although grip and pinch strength provide a more global measure of a large number of digits and muscles, measuring strength of individual fingers or the thumb can provide additional and more detailed information regarding hand strength.
Impact of race and ethnicity on inhospital outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (report from the 2000-2001 New York State Angioplasty Registry)

Background Studies regarding the impact of race and ethnicity on outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the modern era are limited. Methods Using the 2000 and 2001 New York State PCI Databases, we compared baseline clinical, demographic, and angiographic characteristics and subsequent inhospital events among 76 928 patients of black, Hispanic, and white racial/ethnic backgrounds. We sought to determine the influence of race and ethnicity, if any, on post-PCI outcomes. Results Blacks and Hispanics were younger and more likely to be hypertensive, diabetic, obese, in congestive heart failure, and have chronic renal insufficiency. Whites were more likely to be men, have multivessel disease, and receive a stent. There was no significant difference in unadjusted post-PCI inhospital mortality (0.7% for all groups) or major adverse cardiac event (defined as death, emergent coronary bypass, or stroke) among all 3 racial groups. After correcting for clinical and demographic variables, race/ethnicity was not a significant predictor of death or major adverse cardiac event. Conclusion Minority patients of black and Hispanic decent have a significantly higher incidence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and present for angioplasty at a younger age compared with whites. However, there is no significant difference in outcomes after angioplasty among these racial/ethnic groups.
Warnings about Vulnerability in Clients with Diabetes and Hypertension

The purpose of the grounded theory study discussed in this article was to discover and explicate the basic social problem in clients with diabetes and hypertension that affects their adherence to health care directives. In-depth interviews with 21 clients with both diabetes and hypertension and 3 health care providers who care for such clients were concurrently conducted, coded, and analyzed according to the grounded theory method. Clients with diabetes and hypertension described being bombarded repeatedly with warnings about their vulnerability. The warnings were both external (coming from health care providers, family, and friends) and internal (coming from within themselves). Internal warnings were discovered to be far more influential in affecting adherence. This discovery can be used to shape health care providers' social interactions and treatment plan strategies with clients with diabetes and hypertension.
Regulation of Gallbladder Contraction and Gastric Emptying by the CCK Receptor Antagonist MK-329

The gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) has been proposed as having a number of physiologic actions. These include stimulation of gallbladder contraction and pancreatic protein secretion as well as regulation of gastric emptying, stimulation of intestinal motility, stimulation of insulin secretion, and induction of satiety [23]. However, it has been difficult to establish whether these are pharmacologic or true physiologic actions of CCK. Studies on the physiology of CCK have been hampered by difficulty in measuring plasma levels of the hormone, primarily because of the structural similarities between CCK and gastrin [25]. Both hormones share an identical pentapeptide sequence at the carboxyl terminus consisting of Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2. Since this portion of the molecule is the biologically active region of CCK, it is important that an assay for CCK be able to detect all molecular forms of the peptide without cross-reactivity with gastrin. Such a radioimmunoassay must be specific for the amino terminal region of CCK-8 which would confer the ability to recognize larger forms of CCK yet not cross-react with gastrin. Development of these radioimmunoassays has been difficult and an antibody is not yet universally available. An alternative method has been the development of a sensitive and specific bioassay based on the ability of CCK in plasma extracts to stimulate amylase release from isolated pancreatic acini [14,15].
Enhancing Interdisciplinary Mathematics and Biology Education: A Microarray Data Analysis Course Bridging These Disciplines

BIO2010 put forth the goal of improving the mathematical educational background of biology students. The analysis and interpretation of microarray high-dimensional data can be very challenging and is best done by a statistician and a biologist working and teaching in a collaborative manner. We set up such a collaboration and designed a course on microarray data analysis. We started using Genome Consortium for Active Teaching (GCAT) materials and Microarray Genome and Clustering Tool software and added R statistical software along with Bioconductor packages. In response to student feedback, one microarray data set was fully analyzed in class, starting from preprocessing to gene discovery to pathway analysis using the latter software. A class project was to conduct a similar analysis where students analyzed their own data or data from a published journal paper. This exercise showed the impact that filtering, preprocessing, and different normalization methods had on gene inclusion in the final data set. We conclude that this course achieved its goals to equip students with skills to analyze data from a microarray experiment. We offer our insight about collaborative teaching as well as how other faculty might design and implement a similar interdisciplinary course.
Optimum Codebook Design and Average SEP Loss Analysis of Spatially Independent and Correlated Feedback Based MISO Systems With Rectangular QAM Constellation

In this correspondence, we present an optimum codebook design algorithm that minimizes the loss in average symbol error probability (SEP) of a spatially correlated multiple-input single-output (MISO) system with finite-rate feedback under both perfect and imperfect channel estimate assumptions. Towards the goal of designing an optimum codebook that minimizes average SEP (ASEP) loss due to finite-rate channel quantization, we derive the distortion function as a first order approximation of the instantaneous SEP loss. Utilizing high resolution quantization theory and assuming perfect channel estimation at the receiver, we analyze the loss in ASEP for spatially independent and correlated finite-rate feedback transmit beamforming MISO systems with M1 times M2-QAM constellation. We then consider the high-SNR regime and show that the loss associated with quantizing the spatially independent channels is related to the loss associated with quantizing the spatially correlated channels by a scaling constant given by the determinant of the correlation matrix. We also present simulation results that illustrate the effectiveness of the new codebook design and validate the derived analytical expressions for ASEP loss.
The karamanlidika digital library project: Connecting karamanlides memories

The purpose of this paper is to outline how an international initiative to connect Karamanlides cultural heritage could be pursued by using digital library technologies. The Karamanlides, also known as the Karamanli people, are those who spoke Ottoman Turkish and wrote in Greek characters in Asia Minor (Anatoli) during the rule of the Ottoman Empire. The first step of the research was to identify the available digital Karamanlides cultural artifacts via social media tools and pinpoint the useful metadata. The next step focused on the analysis of these user generated metadata derived from user uploaded images. Findings suggested that these unique cultural artifacts have been scattered all over the World Wide Web and lack descriptive metadata. Conceptual framework for the proposed digital library project will be discussed.
Situation assessment: procedural vs. logical

This paper discusses issues and challenges in automatic situation assessment. First, a number of problems have been identified. Then each of the problems is briefly discussed, including main approaches to their solution. Two kinds of solutions are compared-procedural and logical.
Hyperspectral adaptive matched-filter detectors: practical performance comparison

The unified treatment of adaptive matched filter algorithms for target detection in hyperspectral imaging data included a theoretical analysis of their performance under a Gaussian noise plus interference model. The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical analysis of algorithm performance using HYDICE data sets. First, we provide a concise summary of adaptive matched filter detectors, including their key theoretical assumptions, design parameters, and computational complexity. The widely used generalized likelihood ratio detectors, adaptive subspace detectors, constrained energy minimization (CEM) and orthogonal subspace projection (OSP) algorithm are the focus of the analysis. Second, we investigate how well the signal models used for the development of detection algorithms characterize the HYDICE data. The accurate modeling of the background is crucial for the development of constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detectors. Finally, we compare the different algorithms with regard to two desirable performance properties: capacity to operate in CFAR mode and target visibility enhancement.
Carbohydrate Binding Activities of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. II. Isolation and Characterization of a Galactose-specific Lectin

Extracts of Bradyrhizobium japonicum were fractionated on Sepharose columns covalently derivatized with lactose. Elution of the material that was specifically bound to the affinity column with lactose yielded a protein of Mr approximately 38,000. Isoelectric focusing of this sample yielded two spots with pI values of 6.4 and 6.8. This protein specifically bound to galactose-containing glycoconjugates, but did not bind either to glucose or mannose. Derivatives of galactose at the C-2 position showed much weaker binding; there was an 18-fold difference in the relative binding affinities of galactose versus N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. These results indicate that we have purified a newly identified carbohydrate-binding protein from Bradyrhizobium japonicum, that can exquisitely distinguish galactose from its derivatives at the C-2 position.
FIRE EFFECTS ON NITROGEN POOLS AND DYNAMICS IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS: A META-ANALYSIS

A comprehensive and quantitative evaluation of the effects of fire on eco- system nitrogen (N) is urgently needed for directing future fire research and management. This study used a meta-analysis method to synthesize up to 185 data sets from 87 studies published from 1955 to 1999. Six N response variables related to fire were examined: fuel N amount (FNA) and concentration (FNC), soil N amount (SNA) and concentration (SNC), and soil ammonium (NH4 1 ) and nitrate (NO3 2 ) pools. When all comparisons (fire treatment vs. control) were considered together, fire significantly reduced FNA (58%), increased soil NH4 1 (94%) and NO3 2 (152%), and had no significant influences on FNC, SNA, and SNC. The responses of N to fire varied with different independent variables, which were vegetation type, fire type, fuel type, fuel consumption amount, fuel consumption percentage, time after fire, and soil sampling depth. The response of FNA to fire was significantly influenced by vegetation type, fuel type, and fuel consumption amount and percentage. The reduction in FNA was linearly correlated with fuel consumption percentage (r 2 5 0.978). The response of FNC to fire was only affected by fuel type. None of the seven independent variables had any effect on SNA. The responses of SNC, NH4 1 , and NO3 2 depend on soil sampling depth. The responses of both NH4 1 and NO3 2 to fire were significantly affected by fire type and time after fire but had different temporal patterns. The soil NH4 1 pool increased ap- proximately twofold immediately after fire, then gradually declined to the prefire level after one year. The fire-induced increase in the soil NO 3 2 pool was small (24%) immediately after fire, reached a maximum of approximately threefold of the prefire level within 0.5- 1 year after fire, and then declined. This study has identified the general patterns of the responses of ecosystem N that occur for several years after fire. A key research need relevant to fire management is to understand how the short-term responses of N to fire influence the function and structure of terrestrial ecosystems in the long term.
Breast Cancer in Lesbian and Bisexual Women

This chapter describes breast cancer survivorship of women who identify as lesbian or bisexual and of women who prefer or have a woman partner, all of which are captured under the term sexual minority women. Reviewed are what is known about sexual minority women with breast cancer, comparing sexual minority women to heterosexual women, when information is available, but also paying close attention to unique issues for sexual minority women with breast cancer. Throughout this chapter, shortcomings of the available information and gaps in knowledge are brought to the forefront. Finally, challenges for research are discussed, next steps for breast cancer research that focuses on sexual minority women are described, and a research trajectory for sexual minority women with breast cancer is outlined.
What's behind the name? The intensification of co-branding in elite US colleges of business and education

This article presents research that draws attention to the intensification of co-branding within elite US graduate colleges of business and education. A robust set of descriptive data collected and...
Normalizing bilingualism:The effects of the Catalonian linguistic normalization policy one generation after

This study examines the evolution of language attitudes of linguistically diverse adolescents in urban Catalonia a generation after the instauration of Linguistic Normalization, official language policies favoring Catalan. Woolard (1984, 1989) and Woolard and Gahng's (1990) classic Catalan/Spanish matched guise studies are used as a baseline. Current data come from a modified and expanded replication of those original studies. Findings show: (1) differences in attitudes between youths of Spanish and Catalan background have softened; (2) disparities in Status and Solidarity have evened out; (3) language choice can be highly gendered; and (4) bilingual proficiency is now valued by and for both communities. The support for bilingualism and the easing of divisions are understood as signs of increased ‘linguistic cosmopolitanism,’ a stance that looks beyond parochial own-group communities and favors bridging linguistic boundaries. The significance is that minority languages can be valued when they take on such symbolic roles.
Mixed Integer Linear Programming for Maximum-Parsimony Phylogeny Inference

Reconstruction of phylogenetic trees is a fundamental problem in computational biology. While excellent heuristic methods are available for many variants of this problem, new advances in phylogeny inference will be required if we are to be able to continue to make effective use of the rapidly growing stores of variation data now being gathered. In this paper, we present two integer linear programming (ILP) formulations to find the most parsimonious phylogenetic tree from a set of binary variation data. One method uses a flow-based formulation that can produce exponential numbers of variables and constraints in the worst case. The method has, however, proven extremely efficient in practice on datasets that are well beyond the reach of the available provably efficient methods, solving several large mtDNA and Y-chromosome instances within a few seconds and giving provably optimal results in times competitive with fast heuristics than cannot guarantee optimality. An alternative formulation establishes that the problem can be solved with a polynomial-sized ILP. We further present a web server developed based on the exponential-sized ILP that performs fast maximum parsimony inferences and serves as a front end to a database of precomputed phylogenies spanning the human genome.
Family caregiving for adults with sickle cell disease and extremely high hospital use.

This study investigated coping with chronic illness in the adult patient–caregiver relationship for sickle cell disease, marked by debilitating acute and chronic pain. One-on-one interviews (N = 16...
Response of behaviorally resistant German cockroaches (Dictyoptera : Blattellidae) to the active ingredient in a commercial bait

Previous study showed that German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), evolved behavioral resistance to a chlorpyrifos-based commercial bait. Feeding experiments with chorpyrifos-treated dog chow were undertaken to determine whether cockroaches avoided the active ingredient or a base ingredient. The results indicate that resistance was caused by aversion to the active ingredient.
Non-Wilms' renal tumors in children: clinicopathological features of fifteen cases

Purpose To investigate the clinical pathological features,pathological diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the nonWilms' renal tumors in children. Methods The clinical pathological data and immunohistochemical findings of 15 cases of nonWilms' renal tumors were retrospectively analyzed with review of the relevant literature. Results In 7 /15( 46. 67%) cases of cystic nephroma( CN),microscopically the variable size of cysts were lined by a single layer flattened,cuboidal epithelia,separated by fibroblastic stroma; in 4 /15( 26. 67%) cases of rhabdoid tumor of kidney( RTK),histological characteristics were rhabdoid cells and cytoplasmic inclusions; in 2 /15( 13. 33%) cases of clear cell sarcoma( CCSK),the classical pattern of histology demonstrated nests, cords of ovoid epithelioid or spindled clear cells separated by fibrovascular septa,which had a marked 'chicken wire'pattern of small blood vessels; in 1 /15( 6. 67%) case of congenital mesoblastic nephroma( CMN),the tumor was mainly composed of spindle cells arranged in fascicular pattern,in which fetal renal tissue was seen; in 1 /15( 6. 67%) case of granularity renal cell carcinoma,microscopically,the cancer cells with eosinophilic granular cytoplasm arranged in nests,cords and tubular pattern. Conclusions Although non-Wilms' renal tumors is a small part of all kidney tumor,it is difficult to diagnose and distinguish from other tumors before operation. The pathological diagnosis is the most reliable method for differential diagnosis of non-Wilms' renal tumor.
Differential Contributions of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Pathways to Thrombin Generation in Adult, Maternal and Cord Plasma Samples.

Background Thrombin generation (TG) is a pivotal process in achieving hemostasis. Coagulation profiles during pregnancy and early neonatal period are different from that of normal (non-pregnant) adults. In this ex vivo study, the differences in TG in maternal and cord plasma relative to normal adult plasma were studied.
Metastatic carcinoid tumor discovered by capsule endoscopy and not detected by esophagogastroduodenoscopy.

Small bowel tumors are difficult to diagnose because of delayed presentation, nonspecific signs and symptoms, and lack of accurate diagnostic studies. The most common site for carcinoid tumors is the gastrointestinal tract (73.7%) (1). Within the gastrointestinal tract, most occur in the small intestine (28.7%), with the ileum being the most common site (15.4%) (1). Carcinoid tumors of the distal small bowel are aggressive and have usually metastasized by the time of diagnosis (2). Duodenal carcinoid tumors are uncommon and account for less than 5% of all carcinoids of the gastrointestinal tract in Western society, with the majority being located in the first portion of the duodenum (1, 2). For the most part, duodenal carcinoids are indolent, especially when less than 1 cm and localized to the submucosa (3). Features associated with metastatic risk are involvement of the muscularis propria, a size greater than 2 cm, and the presence of mitotic figures (3). Due to the rarity of small bowel tumors, no studies have been undertaken to determine the “gold standard” among various imaging techniques for diagnosis. However, it is felt that duodenal carcinoids will be identified more frequently with the increased use of upper endoscopy (2–4). The characteristic endoscopic finding of duodenal carcinoid tumors is a smooth, round elevation with an irregularly shaped erythematous depression or ulceration (5). Other diagnostic studies have significant limitations in their usefulness for localizing tumors in the small bowel. The routine small bowel follow-through is simple and non-
World Encounter Before 1763

The world has been spared the curse of a general war for so long that we have begun to persuade ourselves that the danger no longer exists. Would that this were true! Instead, the threat of war in the Middle East grows daily. Regardless of the efforts being made to find a peaceful solution, the present crisis between the United States and Iran, as well as Russia’s invasion of Afghanistan, has again drawn mankind to the brink of the abyss. We are faced by the seemingly irresistible, glacier-like force of war, by the incalculable willfulness of the human race to destroy itself. Once more the age-old conflict between morality and power politics unfolds before our eyes.
Rear-view and traditional projectors for educational films: A comparison

Three advantages may be claimed for this type of projector over a traditional projector and reflective screen. The first is convenience, since all needed equipment may be transported easily from room to room by any teacher, male or female. The second is that teachers may stay at the front of the classroom during the screening of films, and can stop the projector, lead discussion, and point out items of interest in the films without inconvenience. The third and most im-
Enabling Co-Design of Multi-Layer Exascale Storage Architectures

Growing demands for computing power in applications such as energy production, climate analysis, computational chemistry, and bioinformatics have propelled computing systems toward the exascale: systems with 1018 floating-point operations per second. These systems, to be designed and constructed over the next decade, will create unprecedented challenges in component counts, power consumption, resource limitations, and system complexity. Data storage and access are an increasingly important and complex component in extreme-scale computing systems, and significant design work is needed to develop successful storage hardware and software architectures at exascale. Co-design of these systems will be necessary to find the best possible design points for exascale systems. The goal of this work has been to enable the exploration and co-design of exascale storage systems by providing a detailed, accurate, and highly parallel simulation of exascale storage and the surrounding environment. Specifically, this simulation has (1) portrayed realistic application checkpointing and analysis workloads, (2) captured the complexity, scale, and multilayer nature of exascale storage hardware and software, and (3) executed in a timeframe that enables “what if'” exploration of design concepts. We developed models of the major hardware and software components in an exascale storage system, as well as the application I/O workloads thatmore » drive them. We used our simulation system to investigate critical questions in reliability and concurrency at exascale, helping guide the design of future exascale hardware and software architectures. Additionally, we provided this system to interested vendors and researchers so that others can explore the design space. We validated the capabilities of our simulation environment by configuring the simulation to represent the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility Blue Gene/Q system and comparing simulation results for application I/O patterns to the results of executions of these I/O kernels on the actual system.« less
Chemical risk assessment and translation to socio-economic assessments

The purpose of this working paper is to review existing chemical risk assessment methods in the context of supporting socio-economic cost-benefit analysis, focusing on more “typical” risk assessments that may not have strong epidemiologic data and/or were not originally designed to support socio-economic analyses. A number of case studies of such “typical” chemical risk assessments were reviewed with respect to their suitability for supporting socio-economic analyses.
P-type conduction in two-dimensional MoS2 via oxygen incorporation

The effects of oxygen incorporation on the electronic transport properties of two-dimensional (2D) MoS2 have been studied via temperature dependent and gate voltage dependent transport measurements of physical vapor deposited 2D MoS2. Gated micro-van der Pauw cross devices were fabricated from the MoS2 film for transport measurements. Field-effect measurements indicate that incorporated oxygen acts as a p-type dopant for MoS2. The combination of X-ray photoemission spectroscopy surface analysis and Raman measurements of the film indicates that acceptor states resulting from MoSxO3-x inclusions in the MoS2 film are the origin of the p-type doping. Temperature dependent van der Pauw conductivity measurements indicate an acceptor energy of 214 meV above the valence band edge for the acceptor state.
Interview With Lionel Cassin

JIPS:Could you please briefly tell me your responsibilities and role as an Information Security Officer at Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi? LC:Some of my duties are defined by Texas state law. ...
The Fruits of “Creative Disruption”: Influence Legitimacy and Tech Culture Transfer to Fashion Industry Gatekeepers

This chapter offers a wide-ranging analysis of flops in the development of moral and pragmatic legitimacy by gatekeeper brick-and-mortar fashion industry publishers (e.g., Vogue) and Internet pioneers with core businesses outside of fashion (e.g., Google). In contrast with these experiences, further evidence is presented on practices developed by Digital Moda, such as the “culture premium”, that played noteworthy role in extending the company’s influence legitimacy. This chapter examines how these approaches graduated the company from pragmatic legitimacy (characterized by spending only the technical portion of its clients’ digital budgets) to influence legitimacy (categorized as coordinating partners’ entire online marketing budgets and facilitating changes in the internal architectures of fashion firms).
Synthetic Aperture Echo Imaging

This paper presents an inversion for an echo imaging system that utilizes the motion of a single element transducer (SET) to synthesize the effect of a phased array with a size equal to the path length that the SET traverses [3]-[5]. A mobile SET, with a dimension much smaller than a phased array’s size, brings flexibility in data acquisition and processing for echo imaging systems. Synthetic aperture echo imaging also open ways for imaging an object that cannot be studied with phased arrays due to constraints imposed by the object’s anatomy.
Critical role of Bax and Bak and reactive oxygen species in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by garlic-derived cancer chemopreventive agent diallyl trisulfide

21 Diallyl trisulfide (DATS), a cancer chemopreventive constituent of processed garlic, inhibits growth of cancer cells in culture and in vivo by causing apoptosis but the sequence of events leading to cell death is poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that DATS-induced apoptosis in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells is initiated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulated by Bax/Bak and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) proteins. The DATS-mediated apoptosis in LNCaP cells was accompanied by mitochondrial swelling (revealed by transmission electron microscopy), disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (revealed by flow cytometry after staining the cells with membrane potential sensitive dye JC-1), and cytosolic release of apoptogenic molecules (revealed by immunofluorescence microscopy for cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO). The DATS-induced cell death in LNCaP cells correlated with induction of Bax and Bak, mitochondrial translocation (activation) of Bax, and a decrease in protein levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. The SV40 immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from Bax and/or Bak knockout mice, but not Bid knockout mice, were significantly more resistant to DATS-induced apoptosis compared with the MEFs derived from wild-type mice. Moreover, combined knockdown of Bax and Bak proteins using siRNA conferred statistically significant protection against DATS-induced apoptosis in LNCaP cells. On the other hand, ectopic expression of either Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL in LNCaP cells did not have any appreciable effect on the cell death caused by DATS. The DATS treatment caused a marked decrease in protein levels of XIAP in LNCaP cells, and the HCT116 derived XIAP-/- cells were relatively more sensitive to growth inhibition and apoptosis induction by DATS compared with wild-type HCT116 cells. The DATS treatment resulted in generation of ROS in LNCaP cells, which was attenuated by pretreatment with antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). The NAC pretreatment conferred near complete protection against DATS-mediated disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis in LNCaP cells. The DATS-induced apoptosis was not affected by either p53 protein knockdown in LNCaP cells or overexpression of wild-type p53 in PC-3 cells. In conclusion, the present study reveals that the DATS-induced apoptosis is initiated by ROS and regulated by Bax/Bak and XIAP, but independent of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bid and p53. This study was supported by NCI grant CA113363.
Estimated Filtration: The Continued Need for Expert Classification of Genetic Variants.

Rasouly and colleagues' study shows that the filters and other automated components of current bioinformatics pipelines alone are insufficient to make a clinically valid determination of whether a ...
Rat orbitofrontal ensemble activity contains a multiplexed but value-invariant representation of task structure in an odor sequence task

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has long been implicated in signaling information about expected outcomes to facilitate adaptive or flexible behavior. Current proposals focus on signaling of expected reward values versus the representation of a value-agnostic cognitive map of the task. While often suggested as mutually exclusive, these alternatives may represent two extreme ends of a continuum determined by the complexity of the environment and the subjects9 experience in it. As learning proceeds, an initial, detailed cognitive map might be acquired, based largely on external information. With more experience, this hypothesized map can then be tailored to include relevant abstract hidden cognitive constructs. This might default to expected values in situations where other attributes are minimized or largely irrelevant, whereas in richer tasks, a more detailed structure might continue to be represented, at least where relevant to behavior, and possibly alongside value. Here we sought to arbitrate between these options by recording single unit activity from the OFC in rats navigating an odor sequence task analogous to a spatial maze. The odor sequences provided a clearly mappable state space, with 24 unique "positions" defined by sensory information, the likelihood of reward, or both. Consistent with the hypothesis that the OFC represents a cognitive map tailored to the subjects9 intentions or plans, we found a close correspondence between how subjects9 behavior suggested they were using the sequences, and the neural representations of the sequences in OFC ensembles. Multiplexed with this value-invariant representation of the task, we also found a representation of the expected value at each location. Thus value and task structure are co-existing and potentially dissociable components of the neural code in OFC.
Tropical Cyclone Center Fix Using CYGNSS Winds

AbstractA new method is described for determining the center location of a tropical cyclone (TC) using wind speed measurements by the NASA Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS). CYGNS...