cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Extract from a Student's Examination Paper

communities. A collection of life histories of different types of mobile families would be more informative on this point. In conclusion, (i) the neat pattern of spatial distribution of mobile areas within cities which has been posited for the large urban areas does not appear in these smaller cities, although there is some intensity of mobility of residence around the downtown business districts. (i) The effects of mobility of residence upon participation of individuals in community activities must be studied in terms of particular groups, especially occupation and economic status groups. Present generalizations Qn the effects of residential mobility upon human behavior in community process are not likely to prove valid for all groups.
Serum enzyme data in diagnosis of myocardial infarction during or early after aorta-coronary saphenous vein bypass graft operations.

In 397 cases, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) values were determined on the first, second, and third days after aorta-coronary artery saphenous vein bypass graft operations. Electrocardiographs (ECG) or vectorcardiographic (VCG) evidence of postoperative transmural infarction was found in 48 cases. Multivariate analysis indicated that GOT and CPK concentrations on Day 1 had substantial discriminatory value regarding infarction. Discrimination by GOT alone was not significantly improved by addition of CPK. Of the 61 cases positive by GOT values measured 1 day postoperatively (> 100 U. per liter; normal
Introduction: Vertical Relations in Science, Philosophy, and the World: Understanding the New Debates over Verticality1

This chapter critiques the new mechanistic explanatory program on grounds that, even when applied to the kinds of examples that it was originally designed to treat, it does not distinguish correct explanations from those that blunder. First, I offer a systematization of the explanatory account, one according to which explanations are mechanistic models that satisfy three desiderata: they must (1) represent causal relations, (2) describe the proper parts, and (3) depict the system at the right “level.” Second, I argue that even the most developed attempts to fulfill these desiderata fall short by failing to appropriately constrain explanatorily apt mechanistic models.
The fruition of 4f discovery, the interplay of basic and applied research

Abstract A broad base of knowledge is necessary for the successful solution to applied problems, but on the other hand, developing such practical solutions can open the door to new and exciting adventures in basic research. Several such synergistic events are briefly described. These include the design and development of magnetic refrigerant materials (1) for the liquefaction of H 2 gas, and (2) for near-room temperature cooling and refrigeration; and (3) the design and development of cryocooler regenerator materials. The first led to the discovery of both supercooling and superheating in the same substance (Dy and Er); the second to the discovery of the giant magnetocaloric effect, the colossal magnetostriction, and the giant magnetoresistance in the same substance [Gd 5 (Si x Ge 1− x ) 4 ]; and the third the disappearance of three of the four magnetically ordered phases in Er by Pr additions in both high purity Er and commercial grade Er.
Risperidone-induced reversible neutropenia

This case report presents a 44-year-old man with a history of schizophrenia who developed neutropenia on risperidone therapy. The patient's laboratory reports showed a gradual decline of leukocytes and neutrophils after resolution and rechallenging. This was reversed with the discontinuation of risperidone and by switching to olanzapine. In this case report, we also discuss the updated evidence base for management of risperidone-induced neutropenia.
An oxazole-based small-molecule Stat3 inhibitor induces Stat3 aggresome formation and antitumor cell effects

4872 Constitutive activation of STAT3 and STAT5, members of the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) family of proteins, occurs with a high frequency in diverse human tumors. Several lines of evidence from studies with tumors and cell lines have indicated constitutive activation of STAT3 to be one of the molecular abnormalities leading to carcinogenesis and established a requirement for constitutively-active STAT3 for tumor maintenance and progression, thereby making STAT3 a valid cancer drug target. How aberrant STAT3 is regulated in tumor cells to meet the tumor-specific requirements, however, remains undefined. We present a novel small-molecule STAT3 dimerization inhibitor and describe the dynamics of the intracellular processing of activated STAT3 within the context of the biochemical and biological effects of the STAT3 inhibitor. S3I-M2001 is a newly synthesized oxazole-based peptidomimetic small-molecule that is designed to selectively disrupt STAT3 dimerization. Studies in vitro and in vivo reveal S3I-M2001 selectively abrogates constitutive activation of STAT3 signaling in tumor cells. Consequently, hyperactivated STAT3, which hitherto occurs as “dotlike” structures of nuclear bodies, undergoes an early aggregation into nonfunctional perinuclear aggresomes and a late-phase proteasome-mediated degradation in malignant cells treated with S3I-M2001. Furthermore, S3I-M2001 inhibited growth and survival of malignant cells harboring aberrant STAT3, in contrast to the minimal effect on non-STAT3 signaling pathways or cells that do not harbor aberrant STAT3. S3I-M2001 further inhibited STAT3-dependent malignant transformation, blocked the migration and invasion of mouse and human cancer cells harboring persistently activated STAT3, and repressed STAT3-dependent transcriptional regulation of tumor survival genes, such as Bcl-xL. Finally, S3I-M2001 inhibited growth of human breast tumor xenografts. Our studies together provide proof-of-concept for the anti-tumor cell activity of an oxazole-based peptidomimetic STAT3 dimerization inhibitor, which represents a major advance toward molecular-targeted therapies for tumors that harbor persistent STAT3 activity. Moreover, these studies are the first on intracellular STAT3 stability and processing following inhibition by a small molecule that has significant antitumor activity.
Compiler-Assisted Threshold Implementation against Power Analysis Attacks

Side-channel attack utilizes side-channel leakages to extract the secret in crypto systems. Various countermeasures for different algorithms and platforms have been proposed to protect crypto systems against such attacks. Manual countermeasure design requires deep understanding of the target algorithm and implementation, and oftentimes is platform-specific and error-prone. In this paper, we propose the construction of Threshold Implementation (TI), a provably secure countermeasure against power attacks, as an automated compiler pass in the open LLVM (Low Level Virtual Machine) framework. Attack results show that the automatically generated TI designs are secure against power attacks. As our proposed scheme implements the countermeasure at the intermediate representation (IR) level, our method can be applied to any cipher software in any programming language, and the generated implementations can be ported to different platforms and architectures.
Sexual Games in Black Male/Female Relations:

Almost every day someone will say "don't play that game with me" or "I've played that game before." These comments are usually used in reference to interpersonal interactions and not a sport event or activity. Such comments are commonplace in Black-Black interactions. This article explores the dynamics involved in specific sexual games played between Black males and Black females. Needless to say, the players of social and sexual games do not want the dynamics of those games highlighted, because exposure of the games hinders the strategies and handicaps the players. It is only through exposure of the sexual games, however, that Black males and females can move toward a genuine and authentic interaction with each other. The game theory is appropriate for exploring the Black male/female relationship. The sexual games that Black males and females play with each other are destructive to the development of a genuine and lasting relationship. Maulana Ron Karenga (1978) makes references to games in the Black male/female relationship in his book, "Beyond Connections in Love and Struggle." According to Karenga, the dynamics of love in the Black male/female relationship may fall within one of the following categories: dependency connection, flesh connection, and the cash connection. Karenga suggests that the root of the social difficulties inherent in Black male/female relationships rests on these stereotypical connections. In other words, dependency connection, the flesh connection, and cash connection provide the basis of most games played in the Black male/female relationship. Eric Berne (1964), who is the author of the game theory, defines games as "a recurring set of transactions, often repetitions superfi-
Linked Data for Cultural Heritage -- Book Review

This article is a review of the book “Linked Data for Cultural Heritage” edited by Ed Jones and Michele Seikel.
Crack path selection in orientationally ordered composites

While cracks in isotropic homogeneous materials propagate straight, perpendicularly to the tensile axis, cracks in natural and synthetic composites deflect from a straight path, often increasing the toughness of the material. Here we combine experiments and simulations to identify materials properties that predict whether cracks propagate straight or kink on a macroscale larger than the composite microstructure. Those properties include the anisotropy of the fracture energy, which we vary several fold by increasing the volume fraction of orientationally ordered alumina (Al_{2}O_{3}) platelets inside a polymer matrix, and a microstructure-dependent process zone size that is found to modulate the additional stabilizing or destabilizing effect of the nonsingular stress acting parallel to the crack. Those properties predict the existence of an anisotropy threshold for crack kinking and explain the surprisingly strong dependence of this threshold on sample geometry and load distribution.
U.S. prescribing trends of fentanyl, opioids, and other pain medications in outpatient and emergency department visits from 2006 to 2015

Abstract The United States is currently facing an epidemic of opioid-related deaths, increasingly associated with fentanyl use. Our objective was to characterize rates of fentanyl, general opioid and non-opioid pain medication prescription at a national level in both outpatient and emergency department settings. We used a retrospective cross-sectional research design using data from the 2006–2015 National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys. Between 2006–2015, 66,987 (17.4%) of 390,538 office-based outpatient visits (nationally-representative of 961 million visits) and 134,953 (45.0%) of 305,570 ED visits (nationally-representative of 130 million visits) listed a pain medication prescription. The proportion of all outpatient visits in which any pain medication was prescribed increased from 15.0% in 2006–2007 to 20.5% in 2014–2015 (p
Corrigendum: Subjective and Oxytocinergic Responses to Mindfulness Are Associated With Subjective and Oxytocinergic Responses to Sexual Arousal.

Mindfulness - the ability to pay attention, on purpose, without judgment, and in the present moment - has consistently been shown to enhance women's sexual arousal. As a first step toward understanding potential neuroendocrine underpinnings of mindfulness and sexual arousal, we examined whether individual differences in subjective and neuroendocrine (i.e., oxytocin) responses to mindful breathing were associated with individual differences in subjective and neuroendocrine responses to sexual arousal. To achieve this aim, 61 lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual women completed a questionnaire assessing dispositional mindfulness, underwent an arousal task while continuously rating their sexual arousal and a mindful breathing task, after which participants reported on their ability to detect attentional shifts, and provided salivary samples after each assessment. Results indicated that women who were quicker to detect attentional shifts and women who reported greater sexual arousability reported larger changes (decreases) in oxytocin in response to mindful breathing and were the only women to report increases in oxytocin in response to the sexual arousal induction. Results further indicated that individuals who report greater subjective responsiveness to mindfulness and sexual arousal appear to have an oxytocinergic system that is also more responsive to both arousal and to mindfulness. These results make a significant contribution to our understanding of the role of attentional processes in sexual arousal, and warrant future examination of oxytocin as a potential neuroendocrine mechanism underlying the link between mindfulness and sexual arousal.
Egocentric Basketball Motion Planning from a Single First-Person Image

We present a model that uses a single first-person image to generate an egocentric basketball motion sequence in the form of a 12D camera configuration trajectory, which encodes a player's 3D location and 3D head orientation throughout the sequence. To do this, we first introduce a future convolutional neural network (CNN) that predicts an initial sequence of 12D camera configurations, aiming to capture how real players move during a one-on-one basketball game. We also introduce a goal verifier network, which is trained to verify that a given camera configuration is consistent with the final goals of real one-on-one basketball players. Next, we propose an inverse synthesis procedure to synthesize a refined sequence of 12D camera configurations that (1) sufficiently matches the initial configurations predicted by the future CNN, while (2) maximizing the output of the goal verifier network. Finally, by following the trajectory resulting from the refined camera configuration sequence, we obtain the complete 12D motion sequence. Our model generates realistic basketball motion sequences that capture the goals of real players, outperforming standard deep learning approaches such as recurrent neural networks (RNNs), long short-term memory networks (LSTMs), and generative adversarial networks (GANs).
Optimizing the Use of Human Milk Cream Supplement in Very Preterm Infants: Growth and Cost Outcomes

BACKGROUND An exclusive human milk-based diet has been shown to decrease necrotizing enterocolitis and improve outcomes for infants ≤1250 g birth weight. Studies have shown that infants who received an exclusive human milk diet with a donor-human milk-derived cream supplement (cream) had improved weight and length velocity when the cream was added to mother's own milk or donor-human milk when energy was <20 kcal/oz using a human milk analyzer. Our objective was to compare growth and cost outcomes of infants ≤1250 g birth weight fed with an exclusive human milk diet, with and without human milk cream, without the use of a human milk analyzer. METHODS Two cohorts of human milk-fed premature infants were compared from birth to 34 weeks postmenstrual age. Group 1 (2010-2011) received a donor-human milk fortifier, whereas Group 2 (2015-2016) received donor-human milk fortifier plus the commercial cream supplement, if weight gain was <15 g/kg/d. RESULTS There was no difference in growth between the 2 groups for weight (P = 0.32) or head circumference (P = 0.90). Length velocity was greater for Group 1 (P = 0.03). The mean dose of donor-human milk fortifier was lower in Group 2 (P < 0.001). Group 2 saved an average of $2318 per patient on the cost of human milk products (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Infants receiving a human milk diet with cream supplementation for growth faltering achieve appropriate growth in a cost-effective feeding strategy.
Comparison of Oxygen Utilization on Portable Ventilators Using Internal vs External Oxygen Concentrators

Background: The VOCSN (Ventec Life Systems, Bothell, WA) device integrates up to five therapies (ventilation, oxygen concentrator, cough assist, suction, and nebulization) and can operate using two low flow oxygen sources: internal concentrator or bleed-in from an external gas source. We evaluated the oxygen flow requirements using the VOCSN pulse dose internal concentrator (PDIC) vs the VOCSN and Trilogy 100 ventilator (Philips Respironics, Murrysville, PA) using an external oxygen concentrator (EC). We hypothesized the flow necessary to achieve a specified FIO2 would be lower when using the pulse dose internal concentrator. Methods: The VOCSN and Trilogy 100 were compared using passive and active circuits connected to a TTL test lung (Michigan Instruments, Grand Rapids, MI). Three simulated lung models using different TTL test lung parameters included: normal – Cst 60 mL/cm H2O and Raw 5 cm H2O/L/s, restrictive – Cst 30 mL/cm H2O and Raw 5 cm H2O/L/s, and obstructive – Cst 60 mL/cm H2O, Raw 20 cm H2O/L/s. Using pressure ventilation, the peak pressure and rise time were titrated to achieve VT of 500mL as measured by a Certifier FA Plus (TSI Inc, Shoreview MN). Additional settings include: 12 breaths/min, PEEP 5 cm H2O, and IT 1.0 second. VOCSN PDIC and a Millennium M10 (Respironics, Murrysville, PA) EC flow were adjusted to achieve a measured FIO2 of approximately 0.40. Flow from the EC was measured by the Certifier FA Plus and FIO2 was measured by the Handi + oxygen analyzer (Maxtec, Salt Lake City, UT) at the inlet of the test lung. At least three measurements were done for each ventilator, circuit type, lung model, and oxygen concentrator combination. Data for the three lung models were averaged for each test configuration and reported as the mean ± SD for each circuit type. Results: The oxygen flow in L/min required to maintain a FIO2 of 0.40 (mean ± SD) with passive and active circuits respectively was: VOCSN-PDIC 2.61 ± 0.02 and 2.68 ± 0.12, VOCSN-EC 3.05 ± 0.16 and 5.59 ± 0.36, Trilogy-EC 4.78 ± 0.70 and 8.28 ± 1.31. Measured VT and FIO2 for all lung models, test configurations, and circuit types averaged 502 ± 8 mL and 0.397 ± 0.006 respectively. Conclusions: Oxygen flow requirement was lowest with the VOCSN ventilator using pulse dose internal oxygen concentrator with both the passive and active circuits, and with VOCSN using an external oxygen concentrator with the passive circuit compared to the Trilogy 100 ventilator.
Social perceptions of warmth and competence influence behavioral intentions and neural processing.

Perceptions of the primary social dimensions, warmth and competence, determine how we view and relate to social targets. To discern how warmth and competence might affect neural processing and its downstream behavioral consequences, we manipulated impressions of targets’ warmth and competence and then measured intentions toward the target and motor resonance, a neural process previously linked to social processing. While EEG was recorded, 66 participants watched videos of people performing a simple motor activity and completed a measure of hypothetical intentions to help or harm. Both perceptions of warmth and competence predicted an increase in helping intentions. Moreover, participants showed the least motor resonance with high competence-medium warmth targets, suggesting the importance of both social dimensions in driving neural simulation of targets’ actions. Perceptions of a person’s warmth and competence can affect not only how others might intend to treat them, but also how they might process their basic experiences on a neural level.
Recent advances in production and extraction of bacterial lipids for biofuel production

Lipid-based biofuel is a clean and renewable energy that has been recognized as a promising replacement for petroleum-based fuels. Lipid-based biofuel can be made from three different types of intracellular biolipids; triacylglycerols (TAGs), wax esters (WEs), and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). Among many lipid-producing prokaryotes and eukaryotes, biolipids from prokaryotes have been recently highlighted due to simple cultivation of lipid-producing prokaryotes and their ability to accumulate high biolipid contents. However, the cost of lipid-based biofuel production remains high, in part, because of high cost of lipid extraction processes. This review summarizes the production mechanisms of these different types of biolipids from prokaryotes and extraction methods for these biolipids. Traditional and improved physical/chemical approaches for biolipid extraction remain costly, and these methods are summarized and compared in this review. Recent advances in biological lipid extraction including phage-based cell lysis or secretion of biolipids are also discussed. These new techniques are promising for bacterial biolipids extraction. Challenges and future research needs for cost-effective lipid extraction are identified in this review.
Loss of Protease-Activated Receptor 4 Prevents Inflammation Resolution and Predisposes the Heart to Cardiac Rupture after Myocardial Infarction

Background: Cardiac rupture is a major lethal complication of acute myocardial infarction (MI). Despite significant advances in reperfusion strategies, mortality from cardiac rupture remains high. ...
High Capacity Neural Block Classifiers with Logistic Neurons and Random Coding

We show that neural networks with logistic output neurons and random codewords can store and classify far more patterns than those that use softmax neurons and 1-in-K encoding. Logistic neurons can choose binary codewords from an exponentially large set of codewords. Random coding picks the binary or bipolar codewords for training such deep classifier models. This method searched for the bipolar codewords that minimized the mean of an inter-codeword similarity measure. The method used blocks of networks with logistic input and output layers and with few hidden layers. Adding such blocks gave deeper networks and reduced the problem of vanishing gradients. It also improved learning because the input and output neurons of an interior block must equal the input pattern’s code word. Deep-sweep training of the neural blocks further improved the classification accuracy. The networks trained on the CIFAR-100 and the Caltech-256 image datasets. Networks with 40 output logistic neurons and random coding achieved much of the accuracy of 100 softmax neurons on the CIFAR- 100 patterns. Sufficiently deep random-coded networks with just 80 or more logistic output neurons had better accuracy on the Caltech-256 dataset than did deep networks with 256 softmax output neurons.
Motivation and Motor Control: Hemispheric Specialization for Approach Motivation Reverses with Handedness

Background: According to decades of research on affective motivation in the human brain, approach motivational states are supported primarily by the left hemisphere and avoidance states by the right hemisphere. The underlying cause of this specialization, however, has remained unknown. Here we conducted a first test of the Sword and Shield Hypothesis (SSH), according to which the hemispheric laterality of affective motivation depends on the laterality of motor control for the dominant hand (i.e., the 'sword hand,’ used preferentially to perform approach actions) and the non-dominant hand (i.e., the ‘‘shield hand,’’ used preferentially to perform avoidance actions).Methodology/Principal Findings: To determine whether the laterality of approach motivation varies with handedness, we measured alpha-band power (an inverse index of neural activity) in right- and left-handers during resting-state electroencephalography and analyzed hemispheric alpha-power asymmetries as a function of the participants’ trait approach motivational tendencies. Stronger approach motivation was associated with more left-hemisphere activity in right-handers, but with more right-hemisphere activity in left-handers.Conclusions: The hemispheric correlates of approach motivation reversed between right- and left-handers, consistent with the way they typically use their dominant and non-dominant hands to perform approach and avoidance actions. In both right- and left-handers, approach motivation was lateralized to the same hemisphere that controls the dominant hand. This covariation between neural systems for action and emotion provides initial support for the SSH.
Pharmacy student stress with transition to online education during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract Introduction Pharmacy student-perceived stress may impact academic experiences. This research aimed to investigate whether there was an increase in student-perceived stress due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Current pharmacy students were surveyed in May 2020 at a public pharmacy school that utilizes an active learning design and follows a flipped classroom approach. In addition to measuring perceived stress, the survey measured coping behaviors, self-efficacy, and emotional status. The collected data were compared with archived data that were collected for internal use in 2018. Student's t-test analyses were used to compare 2020 with 2018 data. Results A total of 66 students completed the 2020 survey (response rate 26.2%) and 192 students completed the 2018 survey (response rate 63.2%). On a scale from 0 (never or not applicable) to 5 (multiple times each day), average student-perceived stress was 1.75 (SD = 0.93) in 2020. This value of perceived stress presented a slight, but not statistically significant, reduction from 1.85 (SD = 1.04) in 2018. Comparing 2018 and 2020 datasets showed no significant differences in coping behavior, self-efficacy, or emotional status. Conclusions Based on the sample with the lower response rate that completed the survey in 2020, student-perceived stress did not increase during online, remote learning associated with the COVID-19 pandemic as compared to the sample with a higher response rate prior to the pandemic. Perhaps the COVID-19 related changes were seamless to students due to their aptitude for remote, online learning.
Trapping beetles in boreal coniferous forest – how many species do we miss?

The beetle fauna of the Oulanka National Park region has been shown to include about 850 species, 630 of these being true forest dwellers. A combination of two commonly used sampling methods, pitfall traps and flight intercept traps, will show the presence of 55% to 60% of these in one year. However, even if all trapping results of the region are combined, only about 90% of the species are included in the material. A rare species is missed more often than a random one - only about 55% of them have been trapped. Species classified as threatened are still harder to detect, only 25% of them were caught with trapping. Many rare and most threatened insects have a specialised mode of life. Their population may be small and they are frequently patchily distributed. These species are very hard to catch with standard trapping schemes. The potential breeding sites of the threatened species should be emphasised as indicators of conservation value rather than the hard to show presence of these species. The higher the number of difficult to catch species, the harder it is to obtain a representative sample of the fauna. This factor may have a considerable effect on the estimates of insect diversity in the tropical regions, as many tropical species are believed to be, at least anecdotally, highly specialised ecologically. Normal 0 21 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
Speech Errors, Psychology of

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by M. Garrett, volume 22, pp. 14864–14870, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Evolution and Design in the East European Transition

Most of the work on privatization in Eastern Europe to date has concentrated on the change of ownership issue and its importance for the restructuring process (2). In our previous papers (3), we have linked these issues to a broader question of the future corporate governance structure in Eastern Europe. But all of the studies so far have looked at the impact of privatization primarily in terms of its effect on each enterprise taken as a unit. The aggregate effects of privatization have usually been left out of account, presumably on the assumption that the interaction among firms and the effect of their restructuring on the economy as a whole had no particular bearing on the appropriate method and scope of privatization to be pursed on the enterprise level (4).
Plasmas and Microwaves

Since the inception of modern plasma research, microwaves have played an important role. It has first served as a diagnostic tool to determine such properties of the plasma as electron density, collision frequency and electron temperature. Second the plasma with an applied magnetic field has served as a medium with interesting propagation properties, which may be exploited for various microwave devices.
Intermittent exercise alters endurance in an eight-legged ectotherm.

Most animals move intermittently, yet many proposed performance limitations of terrestrial locomotion are based on steady-state measurements and assumptions. We examined the effect of work-rest transitions by exercising the ghost crab, Ocypode quadrata (28.1 +/- 8.1 g), intermittently on a treadmill at 0.30 m/s, a supramaximal speed [i.e., greater than the speed that elicits the maximal rate of oxygen consumption (VO2)]. Duration of the exercise and pause periods, ratio of exercise to pause, and speed during the exercise period were varied to determine the effect on performance. Crabs fatigued after 7.5 min of continuous running, a distance capacity (i.e., total distance traveled before fatigue) of 135 m. When the task was done intermittently with 2-min exercise and 2-min pause periods, the crabs fatigued after 87 min (a total distance of 787 m), representing an 5.8-fold increase in distance capacity compared with continuous exercise at the same absolute speed (0.30 m/s) and a 2.2-fold increase in distance capacity compared with continuous exercise at the same average speed (0.15 m/s). Pause periods less than 30 s did not result in greater distance capacity compared with continuous exercise at the same average speed. Longer (3-5 min) and shorter exercise periods (less than or equal to 30 s) decreased distance capacity. Leg muscle lactate increased 10-fold to 15 mumol/g leg during intermittent exercise. However, significant amounts of lactate were cleared from the leg during the brief pause periods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Biological mechanisms of acoustically-induced hemostasis

Several mechanisms are postulated to be responsible for acoustically-induced hemostasis. Both mechanical and thermal aspects of ultrasound energy are thought to play a role. Thermal effects may be important when tissue shrinkage is necessary to close a bleeding site. A moderate temperature rise may also accelerate clotting when hypothermia and coagulopathy is present. Tissue welding via collagen restructuring may be promoted via a thermal effect. The mechanical effects of streaming and radiation pressure may assist in stopping the flow of blood out of a wound and, if directed properly, may cause insertion of blood vessel wall material into a breached region to plug the hole, and aid the natural clotting mechanism. Streaming may provide shearing forces on platelets, facilitating their activation for subsequent aggregation and adhesion to the vessel wall. Cavitation may produce tissue disruption that exposes collagen and tissue factors to platelets thus assisting in triggering clotting. These mechanisms are discussed, and supportive evidence given.
Controlled temperature tissue fusion: Ho:YAG laser welding of rat intestine in vivo

The results of a closed loop thermal feedback controlled laser-assisted tissue welding study in vivo are reported. A series of experiments was carried out to study and compare the weld strength and healing response of sutured and laser welded rat enterotomies with and without temperature feedback control (TFC) using a cryogenically cooled Ho:YAG laser. Although assignment of animals to three groups (control sutured, laser welded with and without TFC) and four observation periods (1, 3, 7, and 21 days) was randomized, several laser welded enterotomies without TFC had complications resulting in death of the animals. Those experiments were repeated. From the failure rates encountered, it is shown that TFC improves the quality of laser-assisted enterotomy closures.
The Pilgrim Tercentenary And Theological Progress

The approaching tercentenary of the founding of Plymouth incites, not to say compels, a review of the remarkable developments and departures from the doctrines of the fathers that have taken place in these three hundred years and calls for a conscientious consideration of what these changes ought to lead to in theological and ecclesiastical readjustments. It is a task which overawes as well as invites and one in which there is need of wide cooperation.
The role of vitamin D in left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac function

The role of vitamin D in left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac function. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Traditional cardiac risk factors, as well as other factors specific to the ESRD population such as hyperphosphatemia, elevated calcium and phosphate product, abnormal lipid metabolism, hyperhomocysteinemia, and chronic inflammation play a role in the excessive risk of cardiovascular death in this population. Left ventricular disorders are proven risk factors for cardiac mortality in hemodialysis patients. These disorders are present in incident ESRD patients at rates far above the general population. There is an accumulating body of evidence that suggests that vitamin D plays a role in cardiovascular disease. Abnormal vitamin metabolism, through deficiency of the active form of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and acquired vitamin D resistance through the uremic state, have been shown to be important in ESRD. Vitamin D deficiency has long been known to affect cardiac contractility, vascular tone, cardiac collagen content, and cardiac tissue maturation. Recent studies using vitamin D receptor deficient mice as a model demonstrate a crucial role of vitamin D in regulation of the renin-angiotensin system. Additionally, there is emerging evidence linking treatment with vitamin D to improved survival on hemodialysis and improvement in cardiac function. The emergence of this data is focusing attention on the previously underappreciated nonmineral homeostatic effects of vitamin D that very likely play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiac disease in ESRD.
Evidence of Chaotic Mood Variation in Bipolar Disorder

Background: Using long-term daily mood records obtained from patients with bipolar disorder and normal subjects, we sought to determine the temporal pattern of mood in bipolar disorder. Methods: Time series of 1.0 to 2.5 years from seven rapid-cycling patients with bipolar disorder and 28 normal controls were obtained. These were evaluated with several techniques to identify whether the temporal pattern of mood originates from a periodic, a random, or a deterministic source. Results: True cyclicity was not apparent in the power spectra of either the normal subjects or the patients with bipolar disorder. Instead, spectra with a broadband "1/f" shape were observed in both groups, and these spectra were significantly flatter in normal subjects ( P =.02). Correlation dimension estimates are a measure of nonlinear deterministic structure, and convergent estimates could be obtained for six of the seven patients with bipolar disorder and none of the normal subjects ( P Conclusions: These studies indicate that mood in patients with bipolar disorder is not truly cyclic for extended periods. Nonetheless, self-rated mood in bipolar disorder is significantly more organized than self-rated mood in normal subjects and can be characterized as a low-dimensional chaotic process. This characterization of the dynamics of bipolar disorder provides a unitary theoretical framework that can accommodate neurobiologic and psychosocial data and can reconcile existing models for the pathogenesis of the disorder. Furthermore, consideration of the dynamical structure of bipolar disorder may lead to new methods for predicting and controlling pathologic mood.
Stereochemical control in homogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts

Racemic ethylenebis(η5-indenyl)zirconium dichloride (Et[Ind]2ZrCl2) activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO) catalyzed propylene polymerization with varying degree of stereochemical control which decreases greatly with the increase of Tp (temperature of polymerization). The PP&s are characterized by low melting temperature (Tm), high solubility, and prefers to crystallize in the γ-modification. The catalytic activity of Et[Ind]2ZrCl2/MAO becomes very small with the lowering of Tp. Very active and highly stereoselective cationic metallocene alkyl, Et[Ind]2Zr+(CH3), was produced by the reaction of Et[Ind]2Zr(CH3)2 with Ph3C+B(C6F5)4−. Comparison of this system with the Et[Ind]2ZrCl2/MAO catalyst showed that in the latter case a quarter of the Et[Ind]2ZrCl2 was converted by MAO to Et[Ind]2Zr+CH3 at room temperature but less than 0.14% of the Zr was so activated at −20°C. The Et[IndH4]ZrCl2/MAO catalyst was shown to have two kinds of catalytic species one with high propagation rate constant (kp) and stereoselectivity and another with low kp and poor stereoselectivity. The very narrow molecular weight distribution of the PP produced may be attributed to the fact that the different types of active species have comparable kp/ktrA, the latter is the rate constant of transfer. Non-symmetric, rac-[anti-ethylidene(1-η5-indenyl)(1-η5-tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)-Ti-Cl2 and -(CH3)2 have been synthesized and structures determined. The complexes provide dissimilar steric environment to propagating chains to produce crystalline-amorphous multiblock thermoplastic elastomeric PP. The polymerization process here involves a two-state propagation mechanism.
Linear Polarization of 21-cm Wave-length Radiation from Radio Sources

A SYSTEMATIC search for linear polarization of radio sources has been carried out at this Observatory at three frequencies and several antenna separations. A detailed discussion of the results obtained awaits further analysis and will be published elsewhere. However, the measurements made during September 1962 at a wave-length of 21 cm have been completely analysed. The preliminary results have been reported previously1.
Metoclopramide pretreatment attenuates emergency contraceptive-associated nausea.

Abstract Objective: The study was undertaken to determine whether metoclopramide pretreatment attenuates side effects associated with high-dose estrogen/progestin emergency contraception in at-risk patients. Study design: This was a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study at the University of Kansas. Patients (141) requesting emergency contraception and lacking contraindications were offered entry in the study. Both the treatment (metoclopramide 10 mg) and placebo groups received active emergency contraception. Participants evaluated symptom severity with a 12-question survey tool developed for this study. Results: Metoclopramide pretreatment provided protection against nausea and cramping associated with estrogen/progestin emergency contraception. The average scores on a 10-point scale for the treatment group and placebo group were as follows: nausea 3.2 versus 4.8 ( P = .01) and cramping 0.9 versus 2.2 ( P Conclusion: Metoclopramide pretreatment attenuates the nausea and cramping associated with Yuzpe emergency contraceptive treatment. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:330-3.)
The coexistence of low-grade mucinous neoplasms of the appendix and appendiceal diverticula: a possible role in the pathogenesis of pseudomyxoma peritonei.

We examined 38 appendectomies with diagnoses of mucocele, diverticulum, or adenoma to study the coincidence of appendiceal diverticula and appendiceal low-grade mucinous neoplasms and to examine the possible role of diverticula in the pathogenesis of pseudomyxoma peritonei. Invasive adenocarcinomas and retention cysts were excluded (six cases). Cases were classified as adenomas or mucinous tumors of unknown malignant potential, with or without diverticula. Medical records were reviewed for multiple parameters, including presenting symptoms, presence of pseudomyxoma peritonei, and presence of associated malignancies. Binomial statistics were used to calculate the probability that the observed prevalence of low-grade mucinous neoplasms and diverticula together was significantly different from the expected prevalence of diverticula or low-grade mucinous neoplasms alone, using historical controls from the literature. Twenty-five percent of the total cases (8 of 32) contained both a low-grade mucinous neoplasm (7 cystadenomas and 1 mucinous tumor of unknown malignant potential) and a diverticulum. Thus, 8 of 19 low-grade mucinous neoplasms (42%) were associated with diverticula. Of the appendices with both low-grade mucinous neoplasms and diverticula, three contained dissecting acellular mucin within the appendiceal wall, four showed diverticular perforation, and one had pseudomyxoma peritonei associated with the ruptured diverticulum. A significant percentage (P < .001) of cases contained low-grade mucinous neoplasms and diverticula together. The case of coexistent low-grade mucinous neoplasm, diverticulum, and pseudomyxoma peritonei suggests that diverticula could play a role in the pathogenesis of pseudomyxoma peritonei. This could occur either by involvement of preexisting diverticula by the neoplasm or by distention of the appendiceal lumen by mucin, leading to increased intraluminal pressure and subsequent diverticulum formation at a weak area in the wall. Either mechanism might allow low-grade mucinous neoplasms to penetrate the appendiceal wall more easily.
Use of alumina with anchored polymer coating as packing material for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract A new material with anchored polymer coating on alumina can be used as a packing material for the reversed-stationary phase of HPLC columns. The coatings are formed by in situ polymerization of maleic acid adsorbed on alumina with 1-octadecene, with cross-linking by 1,4-divinylbenzene. The chromatographic performance of this material was studied and compared with that of 20–30 μm octadecyl-bonded silica particles and a commercial column packed with 5 μm octadecyl-bonded silica. The results indicate that this new material is a promising alternative to silica-based reversed-phase packings due to its competitive performance and stability in acidic and basic media.
Potential Novel Drugs to Combine with Radiation in Rectal Cancer

The management of rectal cancer has seen significant advances in surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy in recent years. These advances have translated into improved rates of local and distant disease control, survival, and quality of life for these patients. The recent implementation of novel chemotherapeutic and targeted agents in patients with advanced colorectal cancer has led to further improvements in disease-free and overall survival. These radiosensitizing agents are now being studied in combination with radiation therapy in the neoadjuvant therapy of rectal cancer.
Coexistence of metallic and nonmetallic charge transport in PrBa2Cu3O7.

Magnetotransport measurements on highly oriented thin films of ${\mathrm{PrBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ demonstrate a unique coexistence of nonmetallic hopping conduction with metallic Boltzmann transport. At high temperature (Tg10 K) hopping transport dominates, but when the inelastic conduction freezes out at low temperature, metallic behavior can be distinguished. The hopping conduction is assigned to the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ planes, while the Boltzmann transport arises from the CuO chain structure, in agreement with recent electronic-structure calculations.
FAIR exempting separate T (1) measurement (FAIREST): a novel technique for online quantitative perfusion imaging and multi-contrast fMRI.

A new pulse sequence, dubbed FAIR exempting separate T1 measurement (FAIREST) in which a slice-selective saturation recovery acquisition is added in addition to the standard FAIR (flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery) scheme, was developed for quantitative perfusion imaging and multi-contrast fMRI. The technique allows for clean separation between and thus simultaneous assessment of BOLD and perfusion effects, whereas quantitative cerebral blood flow (CBF) and tissue T1 values are monitored online. Online CBF maps were obtained using the FAIREST technique and the measured CBF values were consistent with the off-line CBF maps obtained from using the FAIR technique in combination with a separate sequence for T1 measurement. Finger tapping activation studies were carried out to demonstrate the applicability of the FAIREST technique in a typical fMRI setting for multi-contrast fMRI. The relative CBF and BOLD changes induced by finger-tapping were 75.1 ± 18.3 and 1.8 ± 0.4%, respectively, and the relative oxygen consumption rate change was 2.5 ± 7.7%. The results from correlation of the T1 maps with the activation images on a pixel-by-pixel basis show that the mean T1 value of the CBF activation pixels is close to the T1 of gray matter while the mean T1 value of the BOLD activation pixels is close to the T1 range of blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abnormal location of umbilical venous catheter due to Scimitar syndrome

Scimitar syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly where the right pulmonary veins return to the inferior vena cava (IVC) just below the diaphragm. On chest X-ray (CXR), an IVC catheter will be in a bizarre location outside the heart if it inadvertently passes into the scimitar vein rather than into the right atrium.
Surface effects on Young’s modulus and hardness of fused silica by nanoindentation study

The surface Young’s modulus (E) and hardness (H) of fused silica samples have been studied by nanoindentation. Two factors strongly affect the results of E and H. One factor is the polishing quality of the fused silica surface. Poor polishing quality produces much smaller E and H than the literature values for bulk fused silica. The second factor is surface flatness. Even for a well-polished silica surface, an “arch bridge effect” may hinder the measurements of the true values of E and H. A correction procedure is proposed to eliminate this effect, and the corrected results show substantial improvements.