cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Buffer overflow detection for C programs is hard to learn

Machine learning has been used to detect bugs such as buffer overflow [6, 8]. Models get trained to report bugs at the function or file level, and reviewers of the results have to eyeball the code to determine whether there is a bug in that function or file, or not. Contrast this to static code analysers which report bugs at the statement level along with traces [3, 7], easing the effort required to review the reports.Based on our experience with implementing scalable and precise bug finders in the Parfait tool [3], we experiment with machine learning to understand how close the techniques can get to a precise static code analyser. In this paper we summarise our finding in using ML techniques to find buffer overflow in programs written in C language. We treat bug detection as a classification problem. We use feature extraction and train a model to determine whether a buffer overflow has occurred or not at the function level. Training is done over labelled data used for regression testing of the Parfait tool. We evaluate the performance of different classifiers using the 10-fold cross-validation and the leave-one-out strategy. To understand the generalisability of the trained model, we use it on a collection of unlabelled real-world programs and manually check the reported warnings.Our experiments show that, even though the models give good results over training data, they do not perform that well when faced with larger, unlabelled data. We conclude with open questions that need addressing before machine learning techniques can be used for buffer overflow detection.
Long-Term Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Patients With Blast-Induced Tympanic Membrane Perforations.

Objective To describe characteristics of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in patients with blast-induced tympanic membrane (TM) perforations that required surgery. Design A retrospective review of hearing outcomes in those who had tympanoplasty for combat blast-induced TM perforations. These were sequential cases from one military otolaryngologist from 2007 to 2012. A total of 87 patients were reviewed, and of those, 49 who had appropriate preinjury, preoperative, and long-term audiograms were included. Those with pre-existing hearing loss were excluded. Preinjury audiograms were used to assess how sensorineural thresholds changed in the ruptured ears, and in the contralateral ear in those with unilateral perforations. Results The mean time from injury to the final postoperative audiogram was 522 days. In the ears with TM perforations, 70% had SNHLs of 10 dB or less (by bone conduction pure tone averages). Meanwhile, approximately 8% had threshold shifts >30 dB, averaging 50 dB. The strongest predictor of severe or profound hearing loss was ossicular discontinuity. Thresholds also correlated with bilateral injury and perforation size. In those with unilateral perforations, the SNHL was almost always larger on the side with the perforation. Those with SNHL often had a low-to-mid frequency threshold shift and, in general, audiograms that were flatter across frequencies than those of a typical population of military personnel with similar levels of overall hearing loss. Conclusions There is a bimodal distribution of hearing loss in those who experience a blast exposure severe enough to perforate at least one TM. Most ears recover close to their preinjury thresholds, but a minority experience much larger sensorineural threshold shifts. Blast exposed ears also tend to have a flatter audiogram than most service members with similar levels of hearing loss.
The composition and structure of Ceres' interior

Abstract Results of Ceres' exploration with the Dawn spacecraft are modeled and discussed in terms of rock/organic/elemental composition, density and porosity in the interior, and formation, migration and geological evolution of the body. Carbon-rich surface composition is used to assess phase and elemental composition of the interior. The consistent bulk density and surface composition suggest an abundant organic matter within the body. Ceres is modeled as a chemically uniform mixture of CI-type carbonaceous chondritic rocks and 12–29 vol% of macromolecular organic matter. Water ice, gas hydrates or high porosity (>10%) are not required to explain bulk density. Ceres may not have a partially differentiated interior structure because gravity and shape could be explained by compaction of chemically uniform materials. Gravity data suggest a two-layer structure with an abrupt density change. Gravity may not reflect the current global density distribution in the interior because the implied bulk porosity >9% and grain density > 2380 kg m−3 disagree with organic-rich compositions. In contrast, Ceres' polar flattening indicates mild density gradients that could be explained by two-layer and gradual compaction models. The flattening implies grain density of 2200–2350 kg m−3 that is consistent with the organic-rich interior. Viscosity of warmed rock-organic mixtures at depth could account for the observed relaxation of long wavelength topography. The organic-rich composition together with abundant surface carbonates and NH4-bearing phases suggests Ceres' formation at larger heliocentric distances and later than CI chondrites. Ceres-forming materials could have been more water-rich than parent bodies of CI chondrites and excessive water could have been lost from the body. A majority of Ceres' surface compounds could have formed through water-rock-organic reactions in a middle interior followed by collisional stripping of an upper interior.
NuMA1 promotes axon initial segment assembly through inhibition of endocytosis

Axon initial segments (AISs) initiate action potentials and regulate the trafficking of vesicles between somatodendritic and axonal compartments. However, the mechanisms controlling AIS assembly remain poorly defined. We performed differential proteomics and found nuclear mitotic apparatus protein 1 (NuMA1) is downregulated in AIS-deficient neonatal mouse brains and neurons. NuMA1 is transiently located at the AIS during development where it interacts with the scaffolding protein 4.1B and the dynein regulator lissencephaly 1 (Lis1). Silencing NuMA1 or protein 4.1B by shRNA disrupts AIS assembly, but not maintenance. Silencing Lis1 or overexpressing NuMA1 during AIS assembly increased the density of AIS proteins, including ankyrinG and neurofascin-186 (NF186). NuMA1 inhibits the endocytosis of AIS NF186 by impeding Lis1's interaction with doublecortin, a potent facilitator of NF186 endocytosis. Our results indicate the transient expression and AIS localization of NuMA1 stabilizes the developing AIS by inhibiting endocytosis and removal of AIS proteins.
Elevated ocular pressure reduces voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.2 protein expression in retinal ganglion cell axons.

Abstract Glaucoma is an age-related neurodegenerative disease that is commonly associated with sensitivity to intraocular pressure. The disease selectively targets retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and constituent axons. RGC axons are rich in voltage-gated sodium channels, which are essential for action potential initiation and regeneration. Here, we identified voltage-dependent sodium channel, NaV1.2, in the retina, examined how this channel contributes to RGC light responses, and monitored NaV1.2 mRNA and protein expression in the retina during progression of modeled glaucoma. We found NaV1.2 is predominately localized in ganglion cell intraretinal axons with dispersed expression in the outer and inner plexiform layers. We showed Phrixotoxin-3, a potent NaV1.2 channel blocker, significantly decreased RGC electrical activity in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 of 40 nM. Finally, we found four weeks of raised intraocular pressure (30% above baseline) significantly increased NaV1.2 mRNA expression but reduced NaV1.2 protein level in the retina up to 57% (p
Effect of short course, high-dose valproic acid on proliferation in breast adenocarcinomas.

e13522 Background: Our in vitro and in vivo studies showed that single agent valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, is effective in a subset of breast cancers. Whether VPA is ...
Transthoracic echocardiography‐guided left bundle branch pacing without fluoroscopic guidance: A case report

This case study demonstrates the feasibility of pacing the left bundle branch and atrial septum under transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) without fluoroscopic guidance. This technique could be useful to guide pacemaker implantation in some patients, especially pregnant women.
Understanding the Term 'Access' through the Eyes of Developers and Administrators.

There is a continued push to address issues of inequity that arise from being able to access educational technology (edtech). Yet, despite these efforts, stakeholders including developers, teachers, and administrators have not yet coalesced around the meaning of the term ‘access’ as related to edtech. For this study, we conducted interviews with both instructional technology administrators in school districts and software developers who build edtech applications to analyze their conceptualization of the term. An open-coding technique was used to analyze the interview data and create subsequent themes from it. We found that the participants’ understanding of ‘access’ varies depending on their industry and professional role. We also found that while there is no standard consensus for what ‘access’ means, it is clear that its meaning is layered, complex, and contextual. These findings are supported by shifts in research-based definitions of the term – having expanded and narrowed in scope – to include physical possession, supporting infrastructure, and requisite cognition. We conclude with implications for developers to help ensure their products are accessible for adoption by K-12 schools.
Emergency Medicine Management of the Elderly

Emergency medicine is a clinical field that consists of the knowledge required for the unscheduled diagnosis and management of acute illness including injury across all age groups and all fields of medicine. For any given chief complaint, elderly patients are more likely to have acute disease and worse outcomes. In the United States, there are approximately 50 emergency department visits per year for every 100 people over 65 years old. The US population is undergoing a major shift as “baby boomers” grow older causing a significant increase in the elderly population. According to the United States Census Bureau the over 65-year-old cohort has increased from 37 million in 2006 to 49 million in 2016. This is projected to reach 98 million by 2060. A large increase in emergency department visits by elderly patients can be expected in the United States. To meet the needs of geriatric patients, work has been done to improve the emergency care of this challenging population. These efforts include screening for particular markers of risk among the elderly such as frailty, fall risk and dementia, reducing delays in diagnosis and care, and a focus on the specific characteristics of surgical diseases in elderly patients presenting to emergency departments. In addition, criteria have been developed by the American College of Emergency Physicians in collaboration with the American Geriatric Society, the Emergency Nurses Association, and the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine for accrediting hospitals with an intensive focus on the emergency care of the elderly, the designated “geriatric emergency department.”
Microevolution in our megadont relative.

Cranial variation in South African specimens of Paranthropus robustus illustrate temporal changes that suggest how the morphology of this hominin fossil species related to its palaeoenvironment and microevolutionary processes.
Improving Content Learning and Student Perceptions in CS1 with Scrumage

Scrumage (SCRUM for AGile Education) is a recently proposed classroom management technique in which students are given autonomy to choose individually from a variety of pedagogies (e.g., traditional lectures, active learning, a flipped-based ap-proach, etc.). The result is multiple simultaneous pedagogical styles in a single course. In this paper we present the results of comparing six sections of an introductory programming course at the same university, three of which used Scrumage and three of which took a traditional approach. We adminis-tered surveys of both content acquisition and learning atti-tudes at the beginning and end of the course. While students in all sections improved in content learning, the students in the Scrumage classrooms outperformed those in the traditional sections. The improvement in content learning was also more uniformly distributed among students, not limited to the high achievers. Scrumage students showed generally improved atti-tudes about learning after the course, especially in the areas of Effort Regulation (perseverance in problem solving) and Con-trol of Learning (taking responsibility for learning success). We observed some correlation between this metalearning and improvements in content scores in the Scrumage sections, but not in the traditional sections. Finally, based on an analysis of student comments in the Scrumage sections, we show that as the course progressed, positive student comments about their abilities and confidence were more common, even as course material became more difficult. We believe that positive atti-tude changes we saw with Scrumage mean it has potential for widening the retention of students in Computer Science.
Illumination compensation for wave equation migration shadow

Due to the effects of complicated subsurface structures and seismic acquisition systems, the seismic wave illumination to some subsurface targets may be inhomogenous, so the seismic acquisition system can not effectively acquire the reflected information from these targets, and migrated images of these targets will have some migration shadows. Based on the windowed Fourier frame expansion of wavefield and Green function, an illumination compensation method for wave equation migration shadow is proposed by using the wave equation migration and illumination analysis in angle domain and combining the wave equation inverse theory. The compensation method can take account into the effects of the seismic acquisition system and wave propagation path, remove the migration shadow on the complicated subsurface structures, and improve the results of wave equation prestack depth migration in complex structure regions.
Qualified Immunity, Sovereign Immunity, and Systemic Reform

Qualified immunity has become a central target of the movement for police reform and racial justice since George Floyd’s death last summer. And rightly so. Qualified immunity, which shields government officials from damages for constitutional violations even in many egregious cases, should have no place in American law. But in critical respects, qualified immunity has become too much a focus of the conversation about constitutional-enforcement reform. The present moment offers unique opportunities to explore deeper problems and seek deeper solutions. This Article argues that we should refocus the conversation by reconsidering other aspects of the constitutional-tort system—especially sovereign immunity for government entities—too. Qualified immunity arises from and interacts with sovereign immunity in doctrinal and functional terms. Both rest on concerns about defense-side expenses and federal-court dockets. Both create harm given the impacts of indemnification and the economics of unconstitutional acts. In important ways, the problem with qualified immunity is actually sovereign immunity. This Article recommends an incremental yet systemic reform strategy, contending that Congress should remove qualified immunity and allow entity liability at all levels of government for Fourth Amendment excessive-force claims while paving the way for further-reaching changes. Like qualified immunity, sovereign immunity falls hardest on populations that suffer a disproportional share of constitutional harm, including communities of color for police violence. Increasing accountability in this area should help provide equal justice under law while showing that peeling away unwarranted defenses will not wreak havoc on individual or government finances, the judicial system, or substantive rights.
Room-temperature ferroelectric switching

Ferroelectric switching of spin-to-charge conversion can be achieved at room temperature in germanium telluride — a Rashba ferroelectric semiconductor — deposited on a silicon substrate.
Detecting and characterizing cellular responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis from histology slides.

Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) results in immune cell recruitment to the lungs, forming macrophage-rich regions (granulomas) and lymphocyte-rich regions (lymphocytic cuffs). The objective of this study was to accurately identify and characterize these regions from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained tissue slides. The two target regions (granulomas and lymphocytic cuffs) can be identified by their morphological characteristics. Their most differentiating characteristic on H&E slides is cell density. We developed a computational framework, called DeHiDe, to detect and classify high cell-density regions in histology slides. DeHiDe employed a novel internuclei geodesic distance calculation and Dulmange Mendelsohn permutation to detect and classify high cell-density regions. Lung tissue slides of mice experimentally infected with M.tb were stained with H&E and digitized. A total of 21 digital slides were used to develop and train the computational framework. The performance of the framework was evaluated using two main outcome measures: correct detection of potential regions, and correct classification of potential regions into granulomas and lymphocytic cuffs. DeHiDe provided a detection accuracy of 99.39% while it correctly classified 90.87% of the detected regions for the images where the expert pathologist produced the same ground truth during the first and second round of annotations. We showed that DeHiDe could detect high cell-density regions in a heterogeneous cell environment with non-convex tissue shapes. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Fractional matching via balls-and-bins

We relate the problem of finding structures related to perfect matchings in bipartite graphs to a stochastic process similar to throwing balls into bins. We view each node on the left of a bipartite graph as having balls that it can throw into nodes on the right (bins) to which it is adjacent. We show that several simple algorithms based on throwing balls into bins deliver a near-perfect fractional matching, where a perfect fractional matching is a weighted subgraph on all nodes with nonnegative weights on edges so that the total weight incident at each node is 1.
American College of Clinical Engineering

The American College of Clinical Engineering (ACCE) was established with a special focus on promoting the profession of clinical engineering in the United States and in the international arena. With members across the globe, the ACCE is the only professional society for clinical engineers with international recognition. Clinical engineers are health-care professionals who work in hospitals, medical device industry, research and development, academic institutions, consulting, regulatory agencies, and other medical technology-based institutions. Their main focus is to apply engineering and management background to enhance patient care. With this focus in mind, clinical engineers work very closely with biomedical engineering technologists, physicians, clinicians, information technologists, risk managers, system engineers, construction engineers, procurement, and other health-care professionals. The ACCE's multidisciplinary activities engage ACCE members in national and international conferences, educational workshops, teleconferences, professional partnerships, and medical device industry initiatives, thus further fostering the profession of clinical engineering. Keywords: healthcare; technology; organization; clinical engineering; certification; foundation; international; interoperability; security
Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxies in the W Cloud of Virgo

As part of our study of Blue Compact Dwarf (BCD) galaxies in the Virgo Cluster (Hoffman et al. 1988), we have examined how location in the Cluster affects the properties of these objects. For a source list, we used the Virgo Cluster Catalog by Binggeli, Sandage, and Tammann (1987), which contains 64 objects classified as “BCD” with varying degrees of uncertainty. A neutral hydrogen survey at Arecibo and a subsequent spectroscopic survey with the Palomar 5-meter reflector (in addition to other sources), have yielded 35 detections at heliocentric redshift V⊙ < 3000 km s−1, and 26 in the background (Hoffman et al. 1987, Helou and Schombert 1988, Schulte-Ladbeck and Cardelli 1987), leaving only three objects with unknown redshifts.
Tracking fundamental frequency for synchronous mechanical diagnostic signal processing

Vibrational and acoustic signatures of rotating machinery are often dominated by harmonics of a fundamental frequency related to the rotation speed (i.e., RPM) of one or more of the machines components. Many standard signal processing approaches such as cyclostationary models are developed assuming a constant fundamental frequency. Even slight variations in the RPM can cause significant reduction in signal processing gain and fault detection/classification performance. Methods to track the fundamental frequency, developed originally for USA Army battlefield acoustic signatures, are presented, analyzed and applied to the NRaD firepump dataset. In addition, a visual aid technique, termed the cyclostationary image is presented that provides insight into the fundamental frequency variations and features of the time domain signature.
Promising applications of multimedia

Abstract Interactive multimedia and networking are two rapidly growing technologies worldwide. The merging of these two areas, called “networked multimedia,” is becoming more commonplace, although there are many research issues that still need to be addressed. This article describes interactive multimedia and its integration with networking.
Double-helical structures for polyxanthylic acid.

Abstract Polyxanthylic acid has been found to exist in two different duplex forms, A I and A II . a I , formed at pH5·7, occurs in a compact lattice with nearest neighbor molecules spaced at 2.11 nm. It has an axial translation per residue, h = 0·301 nm, and a rotation per residue, t = 36·0 °. The intensity distribution in its X-ray fiber diffraction pattern is analogous to that of A -RNA ( h = 0·281 nm, t = 32·7 °). On the other hand A II , formed at pH 8·0, has a less compact, statistically disordered crystal packing with nearest neighbors 2·35 nm apart. It has h = 0·252 nm and t = 32·7 ° and gives an X-ray intensity distribution essentially identical to A -DNA ( h = 0·256 nm, t = 32·7 °). Similar right-handed helical duplex models, with flexible C-3′- endo sugar rings, have been developed for each molecular structure. Both have purine purine base-pairs, possibly triply hydrogen-bonded, and certainly with the same symmetry as Watson-Crick pairs but with a 0·2 nm greater C-1′ … C-1′ separation.
Book Review Symposium

University and college teaching is always a deeply collective effort. Our students can only learn insofar as they have already learned from others, including their parents, school-teachers, and communities, as well as other academics. And precisely because of what they have already learned, our students also often teach us a great deal themselves. Meanwhile, as teachers we adapt our pedagogy from all those who have taught us throughout our own educational journeys. We also repeatedly revise and develop our teaching based on reviewing the work of those who teach alongside us–both locally and globally. And, as academic listservs, blogs and websites now document daily, scholarteachers are constantly sharing tips, tools and texts that inspire, while also offering ideas for improvement to others who share commitments to critical pedagogy. Read in the spirit of this ongoing collective effort, the four reviews of my book offered here do me the great honor of making my own teaching text on globalization the focus of evaluative and adaptive reflection. I am extremely thankful to the reviewers and Antipode for the time and space this has taken, and hope that it in turn offers an opportunity for a wider audience to reflect on how texts on globalization relate to some of the wider contexts in and about which we teach.
United States Navy (USN) Integrated Power System (IPS) Testing Experience With a LM2500 Generator Set Utilizing a MicroNet Controller

The US Navy has been researching integrated electric propulsion systems for many years. The economic advantages of the integrated electric architecture, where power for propulsion as well as ship service are derived from a common set of generators, are well recognized and such systems are used throughout many sectors of the commercial marine industry today. In addition to the economic advantages, there are military benefits to the ship when an Integrated Power System (IPS) architecture is adopted. Those include increased reliability and survivability, reduced signatures and increased upgradeability.A full scale Land Based Engineering Site (LBES) was constructed at the Advanced Propulsion and Power Generation Test Site (APPGTS) of the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division – Ship Systems Engineering Station (NSWCCD-SSES) in Philadelphia, Pa, to demonstrate the system architecture and feasibility of chosen technologies for a warship application. This paper will describe the IPS, test site construction, and test operational experience with a GE LM2500 engine, utilizing a Woodward Governor Company (WGC) MicroNet controller, as the prime mover for the main generator set.Copyright © 2000 by ASME
Trace gas evolution in the lowermost stratosphere from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measurements

[1] Daily global measurements from NASA's Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) allow comprehensive investigation of interhemispheric and interannual variations in chemical and transport processes throughout the lowermost stratosphere (LMS). We analyze nearly seven years of MLS O3, HNO3, HCl and ClO measurements along with meteorological analyses to place chemical processing in and dispersal of processed air from the winter polar lowermost vortex and subvortex in a global context. The MLS data, the first simultaneous observations of HCl and ClO covering much of the LMS, reveal that chlorine activation is widespread in the Antarctic subvortex and can occur to a significant degree in the Arctic subvortex. Unusually low temperatures and strong, prolonged chlorine activation in the lowermost vortex and subvortex promoted large ozone losses there in the 2006 (and 2008) Antarctic and 2004/2005 Arctic winters, consistent with reported record low column ozone. Processed air dispersing from the decaying vortex in spring induces rapid changes in extravortex trace gas abundances. After vortex breakdown, the subtropical jet/tropopause becomes the major transport barrier in the LMS. Quasi-isentropic transport of tropical tropospheric air into the LMS, associated with the summer monsoon circulations, leads to decreases in extratropical O3, HNO3, and HCl in both hemispheres. Strong mixing in the summertime LMS homogenizes extratropical trace gas fields. MLS measurements in the tropics show signatures of monsoon-related cross-equatorial stratosphere-to-troposphere transport. Observed seasonal and interannual variations in trace gas abundances in the LMS are consistent with variations in the strength of transport barriers diagnosed from meteorological analyses.
Babies and Bath Water, Forests and Trees

The article reviews the books “Reviews of Complex Organizations, a Critical Essay,” by Charles Perrow, and “In Defence of Organization Theory: A Reply to the Critics,” by Lex Donaldson.
Anesthesia of the geriatric equine

Advancements in veterinary medicine have resulted in an increased number of geriatric horses being presented for medical or surgical procedures that require general anesthesia. Due to the physiological changes associated with aging and the likelihood of concurrent disease conditions, the geriatric equine is at an increased risk during anesthesia. The main physiological changes associated with aging, and their impact on anesthesia, are discussed in this review.
A systematic approach to host interface design for high-speed networks

Optical fiber has made it possible to build networks with link speeds of over a gigabit per second; however, these networks are pushing end-systems to their limits. For high-speed networks (100 Mbits per second and up), network throughput is typically limited by software overhead on the sending and receiving hosts. Minimizing this overhead improves application-level latency and throughput and reduces the number of cycles that applications lose to communication overhead. Several factors influence communication overhead: communication protocols, the application programming interface (API). and the network interface hardware architecture. The author describes how these factors influence communication performance and under what conditions hardware support on the network adapter can reduce overhead. He first describes the organization of a typical network interface and discusses performance considerations for interfaces to high-speed networks. He then discusses software optimizations that apply to simple network adapters and show how more powerful adapters can improve performance on high-speed networks. >
An experimental analysis of sea urchin dynamics and community interactions on a rock jetty

Abstract Density-dependent effects of sea urchins have been investigated in Mission Bay, San Diego, California. During 1972–1973, the biomasses of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson) and S. franciscanus (A. Ag.) were manipulated in 21 experimental cells (each with an area of ≈ 15 m2)constructed on the rocks of the entrance channel breakwater. Biomasses were 0, 100, 1000, and 10,000 g (wet wt) of urchins/m2. Cells were set up with S. purpuratus only, with S. franciscanus only, and with half of the biomass of each species. The rate of change of biomass was positively correlated with original density. Because barriers were not totally effective in restricting movement, the correlation is possibly best interpreted as one of diffusion rather than density-dependent mortality. Difference in the rate of loss between cells with single urchin species and with mixed species may indicate that intraspecific is more intense than interspecific competition. Individual growth rates were determined and step-wise multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationships between growth increment and initial size, total biomass, interaction of biomass and initial size, and position along the jetty. Only original size and total urchin biomass were significant. The parameter K of the Brody-Bertalanffy growth equation was 0.61 for S. purpuratus and 0.72 for S. franciscanus. The relationship between algal biomass (kg wet wt/0.1 m2) and urchin biomass (kg wet wt/0.25 m2) was: In (algae + 1) = 1.225 In (S.p. + 1)−0.534 In (S.f. + l)+0.009 (position along jetty). Total barrenness would require 42 S. purpuratus or 41 S. franciscanus m2. These values are higher than others in the literature. The density of certain marine invertebrates was found to be correlated with urchin biomass. The hard-shelled sessile molluscs Hinnites multirugosus (Gage) and Serpulorbis squamigerus (Carpenter) were positively correlated, whereas the soft-bodied tunicates Ciona intestinalis (L.) and Styela spp. were negatively correlated.
Ligand-Mediated Interconversion of Multiply-Interpenetrating Frameworks in CuI/ReVII-Oxide Hybrids

Two new copper(I)-rhenate(VII) hybrid solids, Cu(bpy)ReO4 (I) and Cu(bpy)2ReO4·0.5H2O (II) (bpy = 4,4′-bipyridine), with 2-fold and 4-fold interpenetrating networks, respectively, were prepared fro...
O10.1Next generation ALK inhibitors and mechanisms of resistance to therapy

ABSTRACT Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements are important therapeutic targets in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that impart sensitivity to treatment with ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as crizotinib. Indeed, crizotinib is now considered a standard of care for ALK-positive NSCLC patients based upon randomized trials in which crizotinib produced significant improvements in objective response rate (ORR) and progression-free survival (PFS) compared to first- and second-line cytotoxic chemotherapy. Nonetheless, patients almost invariably relapse on crizotinib—typically within 1-2 years. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to crizotinib include: 1) acquired secondary mutations in the ALK kinase domain (e.g., L1196M, G1269A), 2) ALK fusion gene amplification, and 3) activation of bypass signaling pathways, such as EGFR and c-KIT. To date, therapeutic strategies to overcome crizotinib resistance have focused on the use of more potent and/or structurally distinct, next-generation ALK inhibitors. Ceritinib (LDK378) is one such next-generation ALK inhibitor that recently gained accelerated regulatory approval in the United States. In a recent phase I study, ceritinib was associated with an ORR of 58% among 114 patients receiving at least 400 mg per day. Importantly, among patients previously treated with crizotinib, the response rate to ceritinib was 56%. Similarly, the next-generation ALK inhibitor alectinib has shown impressive activity in ALK-positive NSCLC. In a phase I/II study conducted in Japan, alectinib was associated with an ORR of 93.5% in TKI-naive patients. More recently, data on alectinib in the crizotinib-resistant setting has also emerged. Among 44 patients previously treated with crizotinib, the ORR on alectinib was 55%. Of note, both alectinib and ceritinib have also shown activity against central nervous system metastases—an important sanctuary site in ALK-positive NSCLC. Finally, at least 6 other ALK inhibitors are currently in clinical development. Determining the mechanisms of resistance to these agents as well as the optimal sequencing of ALK inhibitors in the clinic are important emerging questions.
The Chronology of Graves' Ophthalmopathy in an Incidence Cohort

Purpose To determine the chronologic characteristics of Graves' ophthalmopathy in an incidence cohort of 120 patients. Methods We reviewed the community medical records of 120 patients residing in Olmsted County, Minnesota, in whom Graves' ophthalmopathy had been diagnosed between 1976 and 1990. Results Median age at the time of diagnosis of Graves' ophthalmopathy was 43 years; the minimum and maximum ages were 8 and 88 years, respectively. Among 108 patients with hyperthyroidism, ophthalmopathy was diagnosed in the six-month interval preceding the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction in 20 patients (18.5%); ophthalmopathy was concurrent with the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in 22 patients (20.3%); and ophthalmopathy developed in the six-month interval after thyroid diagnosis in 24 patients (22.2%). Ophthalmopathy was diagnosed more than six months before the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in only four additional patients (3.7%), whereas ocular changes developed six months or more after thyroid disease in the remaining 38 patients (35.2%). There was no significant seasonal variation in the diagnosis of either thyroid dysfunction or ophthalmopathy. Treatment of hyperthyroidism with iodine-131 did not appear to influence the course of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Conclusions There is a strong temporal relationship between the thyroid and eye manifestations of Graves' disease. The diagnosis of Graves' ophthalmopathy tends to follow the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. Treatment with iodine-131 does not appear to influence the course of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Although both childhood Graves' disease and Graves' ophthalmopathy are uncommon, ophthalmopathy occurs at all ages.
Variations in normal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels in patients with testicular cancer on surveillance.

Background: The aim of this study was to assess fluctuations in normal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels in patients with germ cell cancer. Marked variations occur after serum AFP levels normalize, creating anxiety among patients and physicians during surveillance. Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of patients with germ cell tumors in clinical remission, who had normal AFP levels and were followed at our center from 1991 to 2009. 72 patients, with a median follow-up of 50 months, were identified. Results: Of the 72 patients, 57 (79%) had a non-seminomatous germ cell histology, and 15 (21%) had seminomas. Seminomas were included as controls as serum AFP levels do not increase in this group. 68 patients underwent orchiectomy, and 50 patients received systemic chemotherapy. The majority of patients (93%) demonstrated fluctuations in serum AFP. There was no difference in the mean AFP values between patients with seminona (2.95 ng/ml) and those with non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (3.3 ng/ml) (standard deviation 1.01 ng/ml). Conclusion: Marked variations occur after serum AFP levels normalize in patients undergoing surveillance. Fluctuating AFP levels within normal limits did not result in relapse in our cohort of patients with extended follow-up.
PHYSICAL SELF-CONCEPT : ASSESSMENT AND EXTERNAL VALIDITY

This chapter summarized knowledge about the physical SC, a variable that has assumed great importance in studying how self-esteem is related to physical activity participation. It discussed the advantages of employing component scales such as physical SCs, and reviewed research and theory on the development of the physical SC, age and sex differences, and relationships with life adjustment. Skill development and self-enhancement research were summarized. Leading physical SC scales were briefly reviewed. A thesis of the chapter is that SE and its associations with physical activity participation can be studied best by the employment of models that are hierarchical in their structure, and which contain SC components ranging from very specific to very broad constructs. This has implications for item and inventory selection and for an ultimate understanding of how physical activity leads to mental and emotional benefits.
What Is the “Best” Approach for Measuring Service Quality of Periodontists?

Although consumers find it difficult to evaluate the quality of healthcare services in general and dental services in particular, they do make such evaluations. Previous research examined measureme...
Division of Household Labor, Strain, and Depressive Symptoms Among Mexican Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites

This article presents preliminary tests of the hypothesis that household labor serves as a source of strain and is indirectly associated with depressive symptoms. It also examines associations of gender and Mexican–American ethnicity with housework, household strain, and depressed mood. Respondents are 668 Mexican Americans and 394 non-Hispanic whites. Because respondents are randomly selected community residents and are married, average strain and depressive symptom levels are low. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that housework affects depressed mood indirectly, through household strain. Among women, housework is associated with an increased likelihood of household strain, which, in turn, is associated with depressive symptoms. Among men, housework is unrelated to household strain, but household strain is associated with depressed mood. Although ethnicity and gender are associated with household division of labor, with more traditional patterns among Mexican Americans, ethnicity does not modif...
Self-Presentation in Job Interviews: When There Can Be “Too Much of a Good Thing”1

Male and female subjects interviewed female applicants for an entry-level management position. The applicants were actually confederates of the researcher who engaged or did not engage in two different tactics of self-presentation: the emission of many positive nonverbal cues and the use of one popular grooming aid (perfume). It was predicted that alone, each of these tactics would enhance ratings assigned to the applicants. However, together, they would induce negative reactions among interviewers (e.g., attributions of manipulativeness to the applicant). It was further hypothesized that such reactions would be stronger among male than among female interviewers. Finally, it was predicted that the two self-presentational tactics investigated would affect interviewers' memory for information presented by the applicants. Results offered support for all of these hypotheses.
Optimal Stopping with a Horizon Constraint

A Langrangean function approach to optimality and duality is used to study the optimal stopping problem with a horizon constraint. This approach forces the analysis of the problem to “look beyond” the horizon time, which is essential to any implicit valuation of the horizon constraint. The results of this approach include the usual relationships between solutions to the primal and dual problems, optimality conditions, and saddlepoints of the Lagrangean function, as well as necessary optimality and strong duality theorems under a stability hypothesis. The constrained stopping problem is analogous in its simplicity to classical single equation constrained optimization in that an optimal multiplier is easily identified.
Survivor Revictimization: Object Relations Dynamics and Treatment Implications

In the search for more specific and practical treatment direction for survivors of abuse, counselors continue to recognize the importance of understanding the strong and complex dynamics of survivor revictimization. Although there is an abundance of research and theory in the revictimization literature, counselors seek to understand revictimization dynamics at a more practical level, along with specific treatment direction based on both theory and research. In this article, an integrated, unified framework based on object relations theory and research is used to provide specific and practical understanding of survivor revictimization. In addition, treatment direction based on that framework is presented.
Bone marrow metastasis by solid tumors—probable hematological indicators and comparison of bone marrow aspirate, touch imprint and trephine biopsy

AbstractBone marrow metastasis is an important presentation of solid tumors affecting their prognosis and management. The present study was conducted to analyze the hematological indicators which can predict the marrow metastasis along with the comparison of bone marrow aspirate, touch imprint and trephine biopsy, to define an effective method for its early diagnosis. The study showed that there was statistical significant difference in mean of mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW) between the cases and controls (P<0·001) and MPV at cut off of <8 fl showed significantly high positive predictive value (100%) and likelihood ratio (21·170) for bone marrow metastasis. Furthermore, bone marrow imprint cytology detected metastatic cells in 96% of cases. Thus, the study concluded that low MPV could be used as a probable indicator for bone marrow metastasis and the meticulously prepared touch imprint smears, along with bone marrow aspirate, provide an efficient method for rapid diagnosi...
Ionic conduction in Zn3(PO4)2.4H2O enables efficient discharge of the zinc anode in serum.

Batteries contain corrosive or reactive components necessitating containment in a case, setting a limit to their miniaturization. Miniature, small-capacity batteries could power medical sensors in the body, for example sensing glucose for diabetes management. A miniature, case-less Zn−Ag/AgCl battery would consist merely of a zinc anode and a bioinert gel-coated Ag/AgCl cathode, if both operated efficiently in the interstitial fluid. Such a battery has not previously been built, primarily because of rapid corrosion of Zn. We show that the corrosion of zinc is significantly reduced by growth of Zn2+-ion-conducting, O2-impermeable, hopeite [Zn3(PO4)2·4H2O] lamellae on the Nafion-coated Zn anode. The hopeite lamellae allow discharge of the Zn anodes over three weeks at 86% current efficiency in physiological buffer and at 60% efficiency over two weeks in serum. The Zn|physiological buffer|Ag/AgCl cell operates at 1.00 V at 13 μA cm-2 and at 0.94 V at 0.2 mA cm-2 anodic current density.
Software requirements for interventional MR in restorative and functional neurosurgery.

MRI plays a key diagnostic role in restorative and functional neurosurgery. It is the imaging modality of choice for visualizing brain structures and can provide crucial feedback on therapeutic responses based on anatomic, functional, or spectroscopic evaluations. The evolution of MR methods into the operative setting, however, creates many new challenges and opportunities. The MR system and operator must adapt to the temporal and sterility demands of the operative setting. Furthermore, the surgery staff must adapt to the MR environment, including the safety implications and periods of inactivity during MRI acquisitions. It is therefore crucial that pre- and intraoperative imaging information be efficiently acquired and seamlessly presented to the surgical team. One of the most important elements to integrating MRI to the operative setting is, therefore, the software that controls the MR acquisition, processes the image data, and subsequently presents the new information to the surgical team. This article discusses the software requirements for applying interventional MRI (iMRI) techniques to restorative and functional neurosurgery. The authors initially present an example of the use of real-time iMRI techniques to accurately target deep brain structures. This application serves to highlight the need for optimized software and identifies the limitations of existing iMRI consoles for this application. The authors subsequently explore the properties of present neuronavigation platforms and evolving iMRI interfaces to define a software environment that is appropriate for performing restorative and functional neurosurgery under iMRI guidance.
Major Sources of Exposure to Benzene and Other Volatile Organic Chemicals1,2

The major sources of human exposure to about a dozen volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) have recently been identified.1 For nearly every chemical, the major sources of exposure are completely different from the major sources of emissions. This finding implies that current environmental regulations and control strategies are misdirected. Important sources of exposure are typically not regulated in any way, whereas unimportant sources are heavily regulated. Vast sums of money are spent on problems involving little risk (e.g., hazardous waste sites), whereas few resources are expended on problems involving higher risk (e.g., indoor air pollution). The following paper summarizes recent findings regarding major sources of exposure to several VOCs. Benzene is selected as a case study. Brief discussions of tetrachloroethylene and paradichlorobenzene are also included.
Water Vapor Permeation Resistance of Polycarbonate at Various Temperatures

The permeation rate of water vapor through polycarbonate (PC) was examined. Permeability (P), diffusion (D), and solubility (S) coefficients were measured at temperatures ranging from 25 to 80 °C. P values remained almost constant over this temperature range. On the other hand, D values increased and S values decreased exponentially with temperature. These data represent a broad map of the mass-transport characteristics of water through PC, which can be used to estimate break-though times, permeation rates, absorption, desorption/outgassing, and moisture content over a wide range of temperature and humidity.