cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using emotion as information in future-oriented cognition: Individual differences in the context of state negative affect

Predictions about the future are susceptible to mood-congruent influences of emotional state. However, recent work suggests individuals also differ in the degree to which they incorporate emotion into cognition. This study examined the role of such individual differences in the context of state negative emotion. We examined whether trait tendencies to use negative or positive emotion as information affect individuals' predictions of what will happen in the future (likelihood estimation) and how events will feel (affective forecasting), and whether trait influences depend on emotional state. Participants (N=119) reported on tendencies to use emotion as information ("following feelings"), underwent an emotion induction (negative versus neutral), and made likelihood estimates and affective forecasts for future events. Views of the future were predicted by both emotional state and individual differences in following feelings. Whereas following negative feelings affected most future-oriented cognition across emotional states, following positive feelings specifically buffered individuals' views of the future in the negative emotion condition, and specifically for positive future events, a category of future-event prediction especially important in psychological health. Individual differences may confer predisposition toward optimistic or pessimistic expectations of the future in the context of acute negative emotion, with implications for adaptive and maladaptive functioning.
Methylene Blue in Illuminating Gas Poisoning

Summary and ConclusionsThe data reported include the figures obtained in study of 100 animals. Many more were sacrificed in trial procedures. The results show no significant action by methylene blu...
The Influence of Masculinity on Coping in Undergraduate Black Men

This study examined the influence of masculinity on the coping mechanisms of undergraduate Black men. Black male college students were recruited from a Historically Black College and University (HB...
Ethically Related Judgments by Observers of Earnings Management

Merchant and Rockness (1994, p. 92) characterize earnings management as "probably the most important ethical issue facing the accounting profession" and provide initial evidence of the ethical judgments of various organizational members. The current study extends their work by examining the extent to which an individual's ethically-related judgments in response to earnings management activities are associated with the individual's role. In an experimental study, evening MBA students read three hypothetical scenarios involving a manager engaging in earnings management. The scenarios involved a gain from an operating activity, a gain from an accounting activity, and a loss from an accounting activity. Before reading the cases, however, participants were randomly assigned to one of three roles: a shareholder, another manager from the company who is unfamiliar with the manager in the case, or another manager from the company who is familiar with the manager in the case. Following each case, participants made four ethically related judgments. Participants assuming the role of another manager from the company who is unfamiliar with the manager in the case were expected to reach more unfavorable ethically related judgments than were shareholders or a manager who is familiar with the manager in the case. Generally, the results supported these predictions for accounting based earnings management activities but not for the operating based case.
Analytical Inquiry of Cfo Responsibilities: Aggregate Analysis Of Perceptual Differences Among Sda Conference Leaders In The Usa, Canada And Bermuda

The basis of this investigation was incited by the notion that the perceptions of Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) Conference leadership significantly impacts how the responsibilities of Chief Financial Officers (CFOs) are perceived in terms of their understanding and working knowledge of the importance and performance of CFO duties. Data was collected from a purposeful sample of N=399 at fifty-seven SDA Local Conferences in the United States of America (USA), Canada and Bermuda. A Mixed-Methods sequential exploratory research design utilizing Descriptive Statistics and Student-Newman-Keuls Post-Hoc Tests reflected significant differences among the aggregate results of conference leaders consisting of presidents {CEOs}, treasurers {CFO}, and board members {BM}, concerning CFO responsibilities. Discussion and Conclusions include potential conflicting leadership expectations of the CFO’s responsibilities, and a negative influence on the organizational culture and climate. Implications are applicable to organizations where leadership expectations of the CFO’s responsibilities have changed or may not be clearly defined or understood.
The efficacy of autologous laminectomy bone combined with bone graft extenders in posterolateral lumbar instrumented fusion

Abstract Iliac crest autograft has been used successfully for many years in spinal fusion operations. The main advantages to iliac crest autograft are the easy accessibility, the robust combination of osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive properties, and the resultant efficacy. However, autograft iliac crest bone graft has fallen out of favor in spinal fusion operations due to the morbidity associated with harvest. Various bone graft substitutes have become commercially available that provide similar fusion rates when compared to iliac crest autograft. None of the bone graft substitutes can match iliac crest bone graft in all 3 osteogenic, osteoinductive, and osteoconductive parameters, but when combined with local autologous laminectomy bone and, therefore, used as a bone graft extender, may very well come close. This article reviews the main categories of bone graft substitutes and extenders and the role of these substances when combined with local autologous laminectomy bone in posterolateral lumbar instrumented fusion operations.
Group Counseling in Corrections

The counseling of juveniles and adults who are under the supervision of a criminal justice agency will generally involve some form of individual counseling as well as some form of group counseling. The specific situation or problem for which the counseling is needed, the setting, the resources available, and the desired outcomes from the counseling experience must be considered before a decision can be made on whether to utilize an individual or group method. Group counseling is often the preferred form of counseling for special problem individuals, such as substance abusers, sex offenders, aggressive individuals, family abusers, or those who are emotionally despondent. Such forms of group counseling as guided group interaction, transactional analysis, positive peer culture, conjoint family therapy, and self-help group counseling have been utilized in various settings, including the courts, private agencies, residential treatment centers, and secure correctional facilities.
Abstract 165: Chronic Ethanol Consumption Impacts Post-Myocardial Infarction Cardiac Function and Modulates Gene Expression in Cardiac Cell Types through Alteration of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Methylation

The beliefs surrounding the cardiac effects of chronic ethanol (EtOH) consumption in humans are known to be dictated by the frequency of ingestion. Studies have established that moderate consumption (i.e. 1-2 drinks/day) imparts a cardiac benefit to patients by reducing the frequency of adverse cardiovascular events (ACE). EtOH consumption beyond moderate levels (i.e. >2 drinks per day) is associated with a significant increase in ACEs. Despite this knowledge, little is known regarding the functional impact of chronic EtOH consumption on post-myocardial infarct repair or the cellular mechanisms involved in this process. Therefore, we investigated the post-AMI functional consequences of chronic ethanol consumption in mice. Mice received chronic ethanol via the Lieber-DeCarli paradigm and each group of mice received either: 0%, 1% (moderate) or 5% (high) ethanol v/v in an isocaloric fashion for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, mice then underwent a 60 minute ischemic/reperfusion injury and the subsequent assessment of their cardiac function at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after AMI. As early as two weeks post-AMI, mice fed the 1% EtOH displayed significant improvements in ejection fraction, systolic ventricular volumes and infarct size as compared to control mice. Conversely, mice that consumed the 5% EtOH diet displayed diminished ejection fraction and increased systolic chamber volume and infarct size. To investigate the mechanistic basis behind these changes, isolated murine cardiac fibroblasts (CFBs) were exposed to EtOH using a “chronic” 5 day treatment paradigm in which media ± EtOH was replaced daily. CFB lysates were then harvested and several epigenetic histone marks were assessed via western blotting. Specifically, methylation of histone 3 lysine 79 (H3K79) was significantly increased at the moderate dose (0.1% v/v) and severely diminished at the high dose (0.5% v/v). H3K79 is exclusively methylated by the methyl-transferase Dot1, suggesting that chronic ethanol may have biphasic dose effects on the regulation of genes influenced by H3K79 methylation. This data represents the first indication that chronic EtOH may affect cells of the post-ischemic heart by influencing their gene expression profiles through manipulation of their epigenetic fingerprint.
Integrative network analysis identifies novel drivers of pathogenesis and progression in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable malignancy of bone marrow plasma cells characterized by wide clinical and molecular heterogeneity. In this study we applied an integrative network biology approach to molecular and clinical data measured from 450 patients with newly diagnosed MM from the MMRF (Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation) CoMMpass study. A novel network model of myeloma (MMNet) was constructed, revealing complex molecular disease patterns and novel associations between clinical traits and genomic markers. Genomic alterations and groups of coexpressed genes correlate with disease stage, tumor clonality and early progression. We validated CDC42BPA and CLEC11A as novel regulators and candidate therapeutic targets of MMSET-related myeloma. We then used MMNet to discover novel genes associated with high-risk myeloma and identified a novel four-gene prognostic signature. We identified new patient classes defined by network features and enriched for clinically relevant genetic events, pathways and deregulated genes. Finally, we demonstrated the ability of deep sequencing techniques to detect relevant structural rearrangements, providing evidence that encourages wider use of such technologies in clinical practice. An integrative network analysis of CoMMpass data identified new insights into multiple myeloma disease biology and provided improved molecular features for diagnosing and stratifying patients, as well as additional molecular targets for therapeutic alternatives.
An Age of ‘Crisis and Discontinuity’: Brownson’s Early Religious Confusion and Mobility

In Chapter 2, Cortes describes Brownson’s early biographical and religious struggles in Vermont, as well as his conversion to the Christian Connection in the context of the Second Great Awakening (1800–1830). The chapter then proceeds to chronicle Brownson’s relocation to New York and subsequent adoption of Universalism in the midst of religious confusion. After experimenting with Presbyterianism for a short time, Brownson returns to Universalism, becoming a minister in 1826. The chapter concludes by noting Brownson’s marriage to Sally Healy and their subsequent geographic mobility.
Mathematics and Biology

Quantifying Life: A Symbiosis of Computation, Mathematics, and Biology . By Dmitry A. Kondrashov. 2016. University of Chicago Press. (ISBN 978-0-226-37176-4). 417 pp. Softcover. $35.00. Imagine a textbook. Is it more of a tome than a book, heavy and daunting in its unwavering claim to knowledge? Most textbooks are, which is likely why so many are struggling to find relevance in today's nimble world of digital media and online education. Sure, the Internet requires some work to sift out reliable sources, but its conveniences and ubiquity are continuing to win out over printed text. As you surely know, this trend has made its way into classrooms too, where a single resource is less common than ever, and teachers are being asked to assemble courses all their own. Now back to that textbook you are imagining. Do you really want to invest yourself and your students in it? Dmitry Kondrashov's Quantifying Life makes a compelling case that in spite of …
Influence of soil surface conditions and host plant on soybean nodule fly Rivellia quardifasciata (Macquart) (Diptera: Platystomatidae) oviposition.

Soybean nodule fly, Rivellia quadrifasciata (Macquart) eggs were oviposition in the soil and crop residue around the bases of potential larval host plants. Approximately 75% of the egg clutches observed being oviposited in cracks and crevices, in the field, were within 2 cm of the host plant stem (Phaseolus limensis Macf. L.). Most eggs were oviposited within 2 mm of the soil surface but eggs were sometimes deeper when females entered soil cracks and crevices. Oviposition from laboratory colony adults was not observed in the absence of host plants in no-chioce situations. When given a choice between closely arranged pots of soil with and without soybean plants, little oviposition occurred in soil without plants. Significantly (p = > 0.05) more oviposition occurred in pots containing soybean plants with loose soil than with compacted soil surfaces. The short-term responses of females to the absence of appropriate oviposition sites included egg retention and apparent increased flight activity.
The Effects of the 1930s Holc \QRedlining\Q Maps

In the wake of the Great Depression, the Federal government created new institutions such as the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) to stabilize housing markets. As part of that effort, the HOLC created residential security maps for over 200 cities to grade the riskiness of lending to neighborhoods. We trace out the effects of these maps over the course of the 20th and into the early 21st century by linking geocoded HOLC maps to both Census and modern credit bureau data. Our analysis looks at the difference in outcomes between residents living on a lower graded side versus a higher graded side of an HOLC boundary within highly close proximity to one another. We compare these differences to counterfactual boundaries using propensity score and other weighting procedures. In addition, we exploit borders that are least likely to have been endogenously drawn. We find that areas that were the lower graded side of HOLC boundaries in the 1930s experienced a marked increase in racial segregation in subsequent decades that peaked around 1970 before beginning to decline. We also find evidence of a long-run decline in home ownership, house values, and credit scores along the lower graded side of HOLC borders that persists today. We document similar long-run patterns among both redlined and non-redlined neighborhoods and, in some important outcomes, show larger and more lasting effects among the latter. Our results provide strongly suggestive evidence that the HOLC maps had a causal and persistent effect on the development of neighborhoods through credit access.
Visual working memory span in adults with cochlear implants: Some preliminary findings.

Objective: Neurocognitive functions, specifically verbal working memory (WM), contribute to speech recognition in postlingual adults with cochlear implants (CIs) and normal-hearing (NH) listener shearing degraded speech. Three hypotheses were tested: (1) WM accuracy as assessed using three visual span measures — digits, objects, and symbols — would correlate with recognition scores for spectrally degraded speech (through a CI or when noise-vocoded); (2) WM accuracy would be best for digit span, intermediate for object span, and lowest for symbol span, due to the increasing cognitive demands across these tasks. Like-wise, response times, relating to processing demands, would be shortest for digit span, intermediate for object span, and longest for symbol span; (3) CI users would demonstrate poorer and slower performance than NH peers on WM tasks, as a result of less efficient verbally mediated encoding strategies associated with a period of prolonged auditory deprivation. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 30 postlingually deaf adults with CIs and 34 NH controls. Participants were tested for sentence recognition in quiet (CI users) or after noise-vocoding (NH peers), along with WM using visual measures of digit span, object span, and symbol span. Results: Of the three measures of WM, digit span scores alone correlated with sentence recognition for CI users; no correlations were found using these three measures for NH peers. As predicted, WM accuracy (and response times) were best (and fastest) for digit span, intermediate for object span, and worst (and slowest) for symbol span. CI users and NH peers demonstrated equivalent WM accuracy and response time for digit span and object span, and similar response times for symbol span, but contrary to our original predictions, CI users demonstrated better accuracy on symbol span than NH peers. Conclusions: Verbal WM assessed using visual tasks relates weakly to sentence recognition for degraded speech. CI users performed equivalently to NH peers on most visual tasks of WM, but they outperformed NH peers on symbol span accuracy. This finding deserves further exploration but may suggest that CI users develop alternative or compensatory strategies associated with rapid verbal coding, as a result of their prolonged experience of auditory deprivation. Key words: Cochlear implants; Sensorineural hearing loss; Speech perception; Verbal working memory; Digit span
Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1A Has a Lysine Succinyltransferase Activity

Summary Lysine succinylation was recently identified as a post-translational modification in cells. However, the molecular mechanism underlying lysine succinylation remains unclear. Here, we show that carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) has lysine succinyltransferase (LSTase) activity in vivo and in vitro . Using a stable isotope labeling by amino acid in cell culture (SILAC)-based proteomics approach, we found that 101 proteins were more succinylated in cells expressing wild-type (WT) CPT1A compared with vector control cells. One of the most heavily succinylated proteins in this analysis was enolase 1. We found that CPT1A WT succinylated enolase 1 and reduced enolase enzymatic activity in cells and in vitro . Importantly, mutation of CPT1A Gly710 (G710E) selectively inactivated carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPTase) activity but not the LSTase activity that decreased enolase activity in cells and promoted cell proliferation under glutamine depletion. These findings suggest that CPT1A acts as an LSTase that can regulate enzymatic activity of a substrate protein and metabolism independent of its classical CPTase activity.
Pre-clinical development of farnesyltransferase inhibitors

ras is the oncogene most frequently found in human cancers, being detected in 30% of most human cancers and at significantly higher rates in certain cancers including pancreatic (90%) and colon (50%) [1]. Almost 10 years ago it was shown that a C-terminal lipid modification of Ras, catalyzed by a specific farnesyl-protein transferase (FPTase), was required for the function of both normal and oncogenic Ras proteins. This finding spurred the development of FPTase inhibitors (FTIs) as a potential cancer therapy directed at the ras oncogene. FTIs have exhibited potent antiproliferative activity in cell culture and animal tumor models with a surprising lack of toxicity to normal tissues. However, while FTIs were originally conceptualized as Ras-specific agents, their mechanism of action is significantly more complicated than originally envisioned.
Engineering Community and Place: Facebook as Megaengineering

Facebook may be considered a megaengineering project because while the service has more than 200 million users worldwide, it is centrally designed and maintained by a relatively small number of engineers. Facebook’s engineers design the infrastructure and write software code to create virtual spaces that encourage the formation of communities that exist simultaneously online and in material spaces. These socially engineered communities also constitute audiences that can be sold to marketers. By providing spaces for community formation Facebook potentially plays a significant role in transforming the face of the Earth. For example it may stimulate increased energy use and travel. It also transformed elections in the United States and is used by nationalist political movements. While Facebook’s use of few-to-many engineering resembles traditional megaengineering projects, it differs in the degree to which users both participate in and resist the engineering of the service in both sanctioned and unsanctioned ways.
Problems and Methods of Model Theory

1. Introduction, Over the last century, the axiomatic approach has pervaded Mathematics. According to this approach, a mathematical discipline starts from a specified list of conditions or axioms, which are concerned with a set of basic notions, otherwise undefined. The discipline then consists of a detailed investigation of the structures which are models of, i.e. which satisfy, the system of axioms in question. In order that such structures may be assumed to exist, it is necessary that the given set of axioms be devoid of contradictions and this is proved either absolutely, or relative to another system, which is itself supposed to be devoid of contradiction, or else it is simply assumed.
Multi-Dimensional Compositional Functions as a Basis for Grammatical Analysis

In the first part of this paper, I show how one natural methodological approach to linguistic problems leads directly to a framework which emphasizes the generalization of the problem of composition to a number of dimensions. In the second part, I introduce a general notion of compositional function, which provides an appropriate abstract setting in which to discuss the problem of multi-dimensional composition. In this general setting, we may think of a grammar G,much as Montague did (1974, Chapter 7, hereafter ‘UG’), as the closure of a set of compositional functions over a set of postulated basic expressions (each endowed with properties in the various dimensions under consideration). There are then a number of ways of conceiving of languages associated with G, depending on whether we wish to consider every analysis generated by G,some special class of analyses generated by G (such as those associated with a designated symbol ‘S’),the phonological structures definable in the structure G,and so on.
Assessing the International Criminal Court

One of the most important issues surrounding international courts is whether they can further the dual causes of peace and justice. None has been more ambitious in this regard than the International Criminal Court (ICC). And yet the ICC has been the object of a good deal of criticism. Some people claim it has been an expensive use of resources that might have been directed to other purposes. Others claim that its accomplishments are meager because it has managed to try and convict so few people. And many commentators and researchers claim that the Court faces an inherent tension between the dual objectives of securing the peace and ending impunity for perpetrators of some of the most egregious crimes, including genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression. This chapter assesses the ability of the ICC to deter. In so doing, we follow the lead of the introduction and think not only about the Court’s performance in the narrow sense (e.g., how many people have been tried?) but rather think about the ways in which the ICC has contributed to a broader culture that refuses to tolerate impunity for violations of international criminal law. Because we must limit our topic to manageable proportions (and because we are social scientists and not lawyers) our focus is primarily on outcome performance rather than procedural performance. We focus on two outcomes alluded to in the introductory chapter: 1) reaching desired goals, and 2) deterring atrocities against civilians.
The Pre-and Postoperative Patient Intracranial Considerations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses intracranial considerations for the pre- and post-operative patient. One of the consequences of an intracranial pressure (ICP) increase is a reduction on the cortical surface of the brain. When the brain becomes acidotic, either for exogenous or endogenous reasons, carbon dioxide sensitivity as well as autoregulation will be very much blunted. The utilization of the ICP measuring devices provides the dynamic details of intracranial pressure events. This continuous ICP information dramatically changes the time course of physician's responses to impending neurologic catastrophes. The chapter discusses the results of cerebrospinal fluid studies and ICP studies and the way the coalescence of these factors helps to formulate a modern basis for neurologic supportive care. It also presents basic physiologic and pathologic mechanisms involved in cerebral and intracranial pressure dynamics.
The Lemons Problem in Criminal Appeals: On the Pernicious Effects of Douglas v. California

Douglas v. California holds that states that provide an appeal as a matter of right from a criminal conviction must provide appellate counsel to indigent defendants wishing to appeal. States don’t have to provide a right of appeal at all, but if they do they have to give indigent defendants a free lawyer. Combined with earlier cases, Douglas provides defendants a free option to appeal. Combined with counsel whose ideological commitments may cause them to raise some issue — any issue — that has the slightest chance of success, Douglas has created a pool of criminal appeals that judges tend to view with a deservedly skeptical eye. The free option it creates makes it hard for defendants with solid appellate claims to distinguish themselves from the large fraction of appeals raising unsound claims. The situation is partly analogous to the well-known “lemons” problem in economics. The rule against contingent criminal representation is flawed on its own terms, but it also forecloses the most rational solution to the lemons problem in criminal appeals. The rule against contingent criminal representation should be repealed. Appellate defense counsel should be paid a market hourly wage to review a file, but any actual merits briefing and argument should be done on a contingent fee basis, with the risk-adjusted fee award paid by the government.
Dystonia: Phenotypes and Genetics

Abstract Dystonia has been defined as a syndrome of involuntary, sustained muscle contractions affecting one or more sites of the body, frequently causing twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. Dystonia is also a clinical sign that can be the presenting or prominent manifestation of many neurodegenerative and neurometabolic disorders. Etiological categories include primary dystonia, secondary dystonia, heredodegenerative diseases with dystonia, and dystonia-plus. Primary dystonia includes syndromes in which dystonia is the sole phenotypic manifestation with the exception that tremor can also be present. Most primary dystonia begins in adults, and approximately 10% of probands report one or more affected family members. Many cases of childhood- and adolescent-onset dystonia are due to mutations in TOR1A and THAP1, respectively. Although significant recent progress has been made in defining the genetic basis for most of the dystonia-plus and heredodegenerative diseases with dystonia, a major gap remains in understanding the genetic etiologies for most cases of adult-onset primary dystonia. Common themes in the cellular biology of dystonia include G1/S cell cycle control, monoaminergic neurotransmission, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the neuronal stress response.
Electrochemically stimulated molecule release associated with interfacial pH changes

A new linker with a hydrolyzable aryl ester bond was used for electrode modification. Basic pH locally produced at the electrode surface upon electrochemical reduction of O2 resulted in the hydrolytic cleavage of the aryl ester bond and release of the immobilized fluorescent dye used as a model compound.
An Evaluation of Sedatives for Use in Transport of Juvenile Endangered Fishes in Plastic Bags

Abstract Trucks and aircraft typically transport rare or endangered fishes in large unsealed tanks containing large volumes of water (typically hundreds of liters) during conservation efforts. Howe...
Clinical Trial Design Considerations in the Era of Targeted Therapy

Abstract In the era of targeted therapy use of complex innovative clinical trial designs may be necessary to deliver the treatment to the population that benefits most. This presentation will include some of the examples highlighting the clinical trial considerations and their complexities in the regulatory setting involved in oncology clinical trials.
Resident and Facility Factors Associated With the Incidence of Urinary Tract Infections Identified in the Nursing Home Minimum Data Set

Objective: This research examined resident and facility-specific factors associated with a diagnosis of a urinary tract infection (UTI) in the nursing home setting. Method: Minimum Data Set and Online Survey, Certification and Reporting system data were used to identify all nursing home residents in the United States on April 1, 2006, who did not have a UTI (n = 1,138,418). Residents were followed until they contracted a UTI (9.5%), died (8.3%), left the nursing home (33.2%), or the year ended (49.0%). A Cox proportional hazards model was estimated, controlling for resident and facility characteristics and for the state of residence. Result: The presence of an indwelling catheter was the primary predictor of whether a resident contracted a UTI (adjusted incidence ratio = 3.35, p < .001), but only 6.1% of the residents in the sample had such a catheter. Therefore, only one eighth of the UTIs were contracted by residents with a catheter. Thus, subsequent analysis examined the populations with and without ca...
Bordetella Holmesii: An Unusual Cause of Endogenous Endophthalmitis in a Patient With Sickle Cell Disease:

Purpose:This case report describes a rare organism causing endogenous endophthalmitis in a patient with sickle cell disease.Methods:A case report was conducted.Results:A 41-year-old man with sickle...
Psychiatric disorders as an imperfect community: interview with Peter Zachar, PhD.

This interview with Peter Zachar, PhD, discusses his 2014 book ‘A Metaphysics of Psychopathology’, and explores his application of the philosophy of scientifically-inspired pragmatism to psychiatri...
Using Desmos to Understand the Difference Between Phase and Group Velocity

An individual harmonic wave (i.e., having a single frequency and wavelength over all time and space) traveling in a loss-free medium has a single constant speed, which is equal to the magnitude of the phase velocity of the wave. However, when a set of different harmonic waves are traveling in the same direction, they interfere to form wave packets. In general, the peak of a wave packet travels at a speed equal to the magnitude of the group velocity that can be vastly different than the phase speeds of the component harmonic waves, even if the entire set of harmonic waves only differ among themselves slightly in frequency and wavelength. It is difficult for students to understand the origin of this difference from verbal descriptions and static graphs of wave functions at successive instants in times, such as are typically presented in textbooks. However, considerable insight is possible using the free online software Desmos.
Incompatibility, inconsistency, and logical analysis in Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

Statements of degree appear to falsify basic doctrines in Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. I offer a fresh formulation of the challenge and assess a solution proposed on Wittgenstein’s behalf by Sarah Moss. I find that Moss’s proposal fails. The proposal rides in part on novel interpretations of pronouncements by Wittgenstein on the nature of the elementary proposition. I find that the interpretations cannot be sustained but that Moss’s textual case hints at important and overlooked features of the Tractarian program. I develop Wittgenstein’s comparison of propositions to measuring instruments and apply it throughout, showing that it captures philosophical commitments in Tractatus that otherwise tend to slip from view.
Dimensions of Agency: Conceptual and Data-Driven Approaches

It has long been recognized that neurointerventions raise neuroethical questions regarding their effects on agency. Schonau et al. (2021) discuss four dimensions of agency that have been implicated...
Dexmedetomidine for sedation following cerebral angiography

Dexmedetomidine, a centrally acting α2-adrenergic agonist, is being used with increased frequency in the pediatric population due to its unique ability to render patients in a sedated, yet cooperative state, with a limited risk of adverse respiratory or hemodynamic effects. We report the successful use of dexmedetomidine to provide sedation following general anesthesia in two adolescents following cerebral angiography. Dexmedetomidine was used with limited effects on hemodynamic and ventilatory function to provide sedation and limit movement to prevent hematoma formation at the femoral artery cannulation site. Both patients had underlying neurobehavioral disorders, which precluded their ability to cooperate with a prolonged period of post-procedure immobility. The potential application of dexmedetomidine in this unique patient population is discussed.
Approximate String Matching and Local Similarity

The best known rigorous method for biological sequence comparison has been the algorithm of Smith and Waterman. It computes in quadratic time the highest scoring local alignment of two sequences given a (nonmetric) similarity measure and gap penalty. In this paper, we describe how the distance-based sublinear expected time algorithm of Chang and Lawler can be extended to solve efficiently the local similarity problem. We present both a new theoretical result, polynomialspace, constant-fraction-error matching that is provably optimal, and a practical adaptation of it that produces nearly identical results as Smith-Waterman, at speedups of 2X (PAM 120, roughly corresponding to 33% identity) to 10X (PAM 90, 50% identity) or better. Further improvements are anticipated. What makes this possible is the addition of a new constraint on unit score (average score per residue), which filters out both very short alignments and very long alignments with unacceptably low average. This program is part of a package called Genome Analyst that is being developed at CSHL.
Dismal Science: The Shortcomings of U.S. School Choice Research and How to Address Them

Pressing questions about the merits of market accountability in K-12 education have spawned a large scholarly literature. Unfortunately, much of that literature is of limited relevance, and some of it is misleading. The studies most widely cited in the United States used intense scrutiny of a few small-scale, restriction-laden U.S. programs -- and a handful of larger but still restriction-laden foreign school choice expansions -- to assert general conclusions about the effects of "choice," "competition," and "markets." The most intensely studied programs lack most or all of the key elements of market systems, including profit, price change, market entry, and product differentiation -- factors that are normally central to any discussion of market effects. In essence, researchers have drawn conclusions about apples by studying lemons. To address the need for credible evidence on the effects of genuine education markets, economists should look to simulation models, indirect evidence such as outcomes in similar industries, and school systems abroad that enjoy varying degrees of market accountability.
Physical activity of children attending afterschool programs : research- and practice-based implications.

Background Afterschool programs (3pm–6pm; ASPs) are positioned to play a vital role in the improvement of children's daily physical activity. Recent guidelines specify that children should accumulate 4600 steps per day while attending an ASP. The extent to which ASPs currently meet this goal and how many steps per day children naturally accumulate within the ASP setting is unknown. Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe the pedometer-determined physical activity of a large sample of children attending a diverse range of ASPs and evaluate the extent to which ASPs are meeting current physical activity guidelines. Methods Children (N=934, 51% girls, average 8.2 years; range 4–14 years) enrolled across 25 ASPs wore Walk4Life MVPa pedometers (number of steps accumulated, time spent active [hours:minutes:seconds]) up to 4 days. Data were collected in fall/spring 2010–2011 and analyzed in summer 2011. Results On average, children attended ASPs for 125 minutes per day, accumulated 2944 steps per day, and spent approximately 26.6 minutes per day in physical activity. Only 16.5% of the 1819 daily observations met the 4600 steps per day guideline. No differences in steps per day, minutes per day in physical activity, or demographics were observed among children measured a single day versus 2, 3, or 4 days. Based on current practice, children would need to spend approximately 3.4 hours per day at an ASP to reach 4600 steps per day. Conclusions Activity levels in ASPs are well below recommendations. Substantial effort is needed to identify strategies ASPs can employ to ensure children are sufficiently active.
Control of input-series and output-independent power converter building block system based on buck converter topology

A modularized battery system made up of integrated battery building blocks has been brought into sight recently. The battery building block system has advantages such as no external equalizers, no centralized converters, reduced power and voltage stresses, easy reconfiguration and customization, control of thermal distribution, etc. However, the control of charging the building block system faces challenges in stabilizing the system while distributing different power to different modules. This paper recognizes the battery building block system as a single-input and multiple-output system (SIMO). The system features an input-series and output-independent (ISOI) architecture, where the inputs of the converters are connected in series while the output of each converter is independently supplying different load. The modeling and control of the ISOI system are demonstrated. A two-level supervised distributed control method is proposed and analyzed to achieve the stable power distribution control with simulation and experiment validation.
Human mucosal cytotoxic effector cells

Abstract Human intestinal lamina propria mononuclear cells have been shown to mediate mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and lymphokine activated killer cell function. However, although natural killer cells have been demonstrated in the gut mucosa of rodents, recent reports found little or no spontaneous cytotoxic activity in the lamina propria of the human gut. Using the natural killer cell-related monoclonal antibody NKH-1, which has not previously been applied to studies of mucosal killer cell function, we have shown by immunofluorescence that 2%–3% of enzymatically dispersed lamina propria lymphocytes are NKH-1 + . A "panning" technique was then used to enrich for the NKH-1 + cells. Panned cells were consistently ≥80% NKH-1 + by indirect immunofluorescence. Unlike their counterparts in the peripheral blood, the mucosal NKH-1 + cells were Leu-11 − . Although unseparated lamina propria lymphocytes failed to exhibit natural killer activity against K562 targets in 4-h chromium release assays at effector to target ratios of up to 100:1, the NKH-1 + cells were cytolytically active at ratios of − ) exhibited cytotoxic activity when cultured for 72 h with interleukin-2. The precursors of the lymphokine culture activated phenomenon were NKH-1 − , Leu-11 − , T4 − , T3 − , T11 + , and T8 + . Although lamina propria T3 + cells did not exhibit spontaneous or culture activated cytotoxicity, they were shown to exhibit nonspecific anti-CD3 (anti-T3)-induced T-cell cytotoxicity. In conclusion, (a) functional natural killer and lymphokine activated killer cells are both present in the human gut mucosa and represent distinct populations of cytotoxic cells. In addition, anti-CD3-induced cytotoxicity is a feature of mucosal T cells, (b) These mucosal killer cell subsets differ phenotypically from those previously described in the peripheral blood.
Teaching as Theater

As new media proliferate, professors need to be particularly attentive to the ways by which students learn—in and out of the classroom—and how scarce classroom time can be organized. This article argues that professors' comparative advantage lies as an exemplar of discipline-based thinking. Effective training in how to think about problems (the essence of any discipline) demands that professors embrace the classroom as theater, where business drama and the story it tells can capture the hearts and minds of the student participants. The article talks through a case as theater.
An Updated Review of Industrial Organization: Applications of Experimental Methods

From the very beginning laboratory experiments in economics were motivated by theories of industrial organization. The first published market experiments were those of Chamberlin (1948) who explored the behavioral characteristics of markets he described as being "purely" but not " perfectly" competitive. He thought that the principles of monopolistic competition would be more useful than the theory of competitive demand and supply in explaining the observed behavior. Hoggatt (1959) and Sauermann and Selten (1959) independently provided the first experimental evidence that the Cournot model might be a reasonably accurate description of oligopolistic behavior. Oligopoly and bilateral monopoly motivated the classic work of Fouraker and Siegel (1963) which introduced several of the experimental techniques still used today. Smith's (1962) sensitivity to the organization of the floor of the stock exchanges led him to the fundamental discovery that the law of competitive demand and supply can be observed operating in an experimental environment. The field of experimental economics has experienced substantial evolution during the intervening twenty-eight years.
Quasi ex uno ore: Legal Performance, Monastic Return, and Community in Medieval Southern Italy

Focusing on the charter that contains the first sentence of written Italian, this article explores the return of the Monastery of St. Benedict at Monte Cassino to the Liri valley after seventy years of exile. Central to this homecoming was a legal dispute with the nearest neighbors of the monastery over a large piece of property. During the court case, the monks supported their claim to the lands with the oaths of witnesses rather than the display of documents. The performance of oaths by witnesses conformed to southern Italian norms about legal proof as well as alluded to a body of religious literature about persecution of holy men by secular authorities. The second half of the article discusses the possible afterlife of the charter as a script for future performances as well as the end of this conflict with a second performance and a donation of the land to Monte Cassino.
Sleep, residual mood symptoms, and time to relapse in recovered patients with bipolar disorder.

Abstract Background Sleep disturbance in bipolar disorder (BD) is common during and between mood episodes. In recovered (euthymic at least two months) BD patients, we assessed sleep compared to controls and its relationships with residual mood symptoms and mood episode recurrence. Method Recovered Stanford University BD Clinic patients diagnosed with the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for BD (STEP-BD) Affective Disorders Evaluation and monitored with the STEP-BD Clinical Monitoring Form (CMF) for >1 year and healthy controls completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). PSQI parameters were compared in BD patients versus controls, and the most robustly differentiating PSQI parameter was assessed in relationship to residual mood symptoms, and time to mood episode recurrence in BD patients. Results Eighty nine recovered BD patients compared to 56 healthy controls had significantly worse PSQI global score, more sleep medication use, longer sleep latency, and worse daytime dysfunction. PSQI global score had the greatest BD patient versus control effect size, and among BD patients, correlated significantly with residual mood symptoms and predicted earlier mood episode recurrence, even after covarying for residual mood symptoms. Limitations Use of subjective (PSQI) rather objective (polysomnography) sleep metric. Statistical power limited by small sample size. Potential psychotropic medication confound. Northern California tertiary BD clinic referral sample. Conclusion Further research is needed to confirm that in recovered BD patients, poor sleep quality correlates with residual mood symptoms, and independently predicts mood episode recurrence. If confirmed, these observations suggest potential mood benefit for focusing on sleep quality in interventions for recovered BD patients.
The spokes in Saturn's rings - A critical evaluation of possible electrical processes

Among the mechanisms proposed to explain the novel spoke phenomenon occurring in Saturn's B-ring, the alignment of particles by an electric field has been suggested. In this and related theories, the particles are assumed to be adequately conducting; or at least it is the case that electrical conductivity generally acts to enhance the feasibility of the proposed processes. These ideas are appraised in light of the fact that the particles are most likely composed of ice. We conclude that the electrical torque required to align the particles is many orders of magnitude larger than that which is likely to exist. Also, the conductivity of ice at ring temperatures is probably so small as to inhibit some of the proposed processes.
Can we see epithelium tissue structure below the surface using an optical probe

This paper answers the question of whether it is possible to detect changes below the surface in epithelium layered structures using a Stochastic Decomposition Method (SDM) that models the scattered light reflected from the layered structure over an area (2-D scan) illuminated by an optical sensor (fibre) emitting light at either one wavelength or with white light. Our technique correlates the differential changes in the reflected tissue texture with the morphological and physical changes that occur in the tissue occurring inside the structure. This work has great potential for detecting changes in mucosal structures and may lead to enhanced endoscopy when the disease is developing to the outside of the mucosal structure and hence becoming hidden during colonoscopy or endoscopic examination. Tests are performed on layered tissue phantoms, and the results obtained show great effectiveness of the model and method in picking up changes in the morphology of the layered tissue phantoms occurring below the surface. We also establish the robustness of the model to changes in viewing depth by testing it on phantoms viewed at different depths. We show that the model is robust to within a 4-mm-deep viewing range.