cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absence of a runaway ice-albedo feedback in the Neoproterozoic

A runaway ice-albedo feedback at low latitudes has been proposed as an essential mechanism for achieving an ice-covered Earth. Previous simulations of the Neoproterozoic climate using a coupled ocean-atmosphere model have failed to trigger this feedback, but have also not simulated sea ice equatorward of 30°. To directly test for a runaway ice-albedo feedback, a 1000 yr simulation of the Neoproterozoic using a coupled ocean- atmosphere general circulation model was completed with sea ice specified to 10° latitude. In this experiment, low-latitude sea-surface temperatures remain above freezing, inhibiting sea-ice advance toward the equator. An ice-free ocean is maintained by a low latent-heat flux to the atmosphere and low ocean-heat transport from low latitudes. A Neoproterozoic climate with low-latitude sea ice is not stable. Once the sea-ice specification was released, allowing sea ice to melt, the sea-ice margin retreated poleward of 45° latitude. These climate simulations demonstrate the resilience of Earth's climate and emphasize the extreme conditions required to initiate a “hard” snowball Earth.
Effects of hypoxia and metabolic inhibition on the intracellular sodium activity of mammalian ventricular muscle.

1. Intracellular Na+ activity (aiNa) has been measured in Purkinje fibres from sheep heart and in ventricular muscle from rabbit heart during hypoxia and metabolic inhibition. The aiNa was measured using liquid sensor ion-sensitive microelectrodes. 2. Hypoxia, produced by replacement of O2 with N2 in the superfusate, produced an increase in aiNa. This increase was larger if sucrose replaced glucose in the superfusing Tyrode solution. The increase in aiNa was accompanied by a small depolarization. Upon reoxygenation aiNa decreased and cells rapidly repolarized. 3. When oxidative phosphorylation was inhibited by application of 2 mM-cyanide, aiNa increased. This increase was also accompanied by a small depolarization. Upon removal of cyanide, aiNa and membrane potential recovered to control levels. 4. After inhibiting glycolysis, by replacing glucose with 2-deoxy-D-glucose, inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (by addition of cyanide or exposure to hypoxia) produced a much more rapid increase in aiNa and a large contracture. The rise in aiNa and the occurrence of a contracture could not be inhibited by application of amiloride (1 mM) or tetrodotoxin (1 microgram ml-1). Removal of cyanide or reoxygenation and replacement of glucose resulted in a rapid relaxation of the contracture and a slower decrease in aiNa. 5. The relative rates of increase in aiNa during metabolic inhibition were compared with the rate observed when Na+-K+-ATPase was inhibited by application of 10 mumols l-1 of the cardio-active steroid strophanthidin. The rate of increase of aiNa when both oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis were inhibited was approximately twice that observed with only oxidative phosphorylation inhibited and approximately half that observed in the presence of 10 microM-strophanthidin. 6. Cyanide, applied when aiNa had been elevated (i.e. during exposure to 10 microM-strophanthidin to inhibit Na+-K+-ATPase), did not produce a contracture. The contracture observed in the presence of cyanide and 2-deoxy-D-glucose still occurred when Ca2+ was removed from the superfusate.
The distributions of cell size and generation time in a model of the cell cycle incorporating size control and random transitions

A deterministic/probabilistic model of the cell division cycle is analysed mathematically and compared to experimental data and to other models of the cell cycle. The model posits a random-exiting phase of the cell cycle and a minimum-size requirement for entry into the random-exiting phase. By design, the model predicts exponential "beta-curves", which are characteristic of sister cell generation times. We show that the model predicts "alpha-curves" with exponential tails and hyperbolic-sine-like shoulders, and that these curves fit observed generation-time data excellently. We also calculate correlation coefficients for sister cells and for mother-daughter pairs. These correlation coefficients are more negative than is generally observed, which is characteristic of all size-control models and is generally attributed to some unknown positive correlation in growth rates of related cells. Next we compare theoretical size distributions with observed distributions, and we calculate the dependence of average cell mass on specific growth rate and show that this dependence agrees with a well-known relation in bacteria. In the discussion we argue that unequal division is probably not the source of stochastic fluctuations in deterministic size-control models, transition-probability models with no feedback from cell size cannot account for the rapidity with which the new, stable size distribution is established after perturbation, and Kubitschek's rate-normal model is not consistent with exponential beta-curves.
Feedback: How Does It Function?.

A study was conducted to assess whether feedback on a school related learning task serves an informational or a reinforcing function. An analysis of feedback delay, expectation, and development was used to make this assessment. Subjects in grades 4, 6, and 8 studied, were tested and received feedback on a learning task. One-half of the subjects received immediate feedback and one-half received delayed feedback. Additionally one-half of the subjects made expectancy statements prior to testing. Learning was assessed in terms of both acquisition and retention. The results support the theory that feedback serves an informational function and does not follow the rules suggested by reinforcement theory. An additional finding, that delayed feedback facilitates retention, suggests we re-examine our educational materials that provide immediate feedback.
A Trial of Amitriptyline and Fluphenazine in the Treatment of Painful Diabetic Neuropathy

We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of the effectiveness of amitriptyline and fluphenazine in alleviating the pain of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in six diabetic patients. Pain was evaluated by the patients with a graphic rating scale. A placebo response was found, but no additional effect of amitriptyline and fluphenazine was seen. Although the statistical power of this study was low, these data, when combined with a reevaluation of previous trials of amitriptyline and fluphenazine in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy, indicate that there is no justification for the use of these agents in the treatment of painful neuropathy outside of large, controlled clinical trials. Depression as a possible cause of this condition should not go unnoted or untreated. ( JAMA 1986;255:637-639)
Improvement in polishing of fused-silica parts.

High-power laser optics can require high-quality polished surfaces for damage resistance. Fabrication efficiency for producing quality surfaces becomes an important cost consideration. Our systematic study of fused-silica polishing conditions has led to the discovery that enhanced removal efficiency and higher quality optical surfaces can be achieved by decreasing the cerium oxide polishing slurry pH to 4. Both hydrochloric acid and citric acid have been used to lower the slurry pH with equal success.
Evaluation of Neck and Body Metastases to Nodes with Ferumoxtran 10–enhanced MR Imaging: Phase III Safety and Efficacy Study

PURPOSE: To determine the safety and efficacy of ferumoxtran 10–enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for diagnosis of metastases to lymph nodes and the clinical usefulness of ferumoxtran 10 in nodal staging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred fifty-two patients were injected with ferumoxtran 10. Readers independently evaluated precontrast MR images by using node size criteria and subjective assessment of other imaging features. Ferumoxtran 10–enhanced MR images were evaluated alone and paired with precontrast images for comparison. The diagnostic performances of precontrast MR size criteria and postcontrast MR imaging were evaluated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Lymph node signal intensity was correlated with histopathologic findings. MR imaging and histopathologic nodal stages were compared. RESULTS: Node-level sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of precontrast MR imaging were 54%, 82%, and 68%, respectively, with node size criterion alone; 91%, 51%, and 71%, respectively,...
The singlet deuteron and trinucleon-induced stripping reactions

Abstract The normalization factor for zero-range and finite-range DWBA calculations of (h, kd) reactions has been determined by three theoretical methods. Although the values obtained show a fair spread, they are all, nevertheless, close to the single N (h, kd ) extracted from experiment.
Preliminary results from conversation therapy in two cases of Aphasia

Background: Few studies have investigated conversation therapy between a person with aphasia and a clinician. Furthermore, little information exists on generalisation of impairment-based stimulation treatment to conversational outcomes.Aim: The purpose of this preliminary study was to compare the effects of stimulation therapy and conversation therapy on conversational outcome measures in two cases.Method: We employed a single-subject AB1AB2A design with randomised ordering of interventions across two participants. Primary outcomes included 6-minute conversations coded for discourse functions of an utterance.Outcomes & Results: The participant who received stimulation therapy first demonstrated improved conversational outcomes after the first phase. The participant who received conversation therapy first demonstrated improved conversational outcomes after the first phase. Although improvements were made in each type of therapy, the highest gains in conversational production were during or following conver...
Thermal exchange diffusivity in nucleate boiling

The phase conversion occurring in nucleate boiling is investigated by referring to the vapor-liquid exchange concept and making use of the boiling enthalpy ratio (liquid excess enthalpy ρLCLΔT/vapor excess enthalpy ρυλ). The ratio serves as a criterion to distinguish two fundamentally different kinds of boiling equations: first, thermodynamically oriented correlations which do not account for the exchange effect; and secondly, rate process equations describing the exchange as a function of governing system parameters. Taking advantage of the first possibility allows the correlation of the metastable liquid superheat as a function of reduced thermodynamic coordinates.
Enzymatic substrate determination by flow injection analysis in stopped flow modus using a single 5-port-valve for sample and reagent injection

The determination of ethanol with alcohol dehydrogenase is described as an example of enzymatic determination with the flow injection analysis system (FIAS). Both, sample and reagent, are successively injected into the carrier stream by using only one valve. Compared with other techniques, the principle described is more economical with regard to reagent consumption and analysis time. Basic experiments about this kind of reagent addition (dispersion, reproducibility, possibility for gradient dilution) were made by simulation with dye solution. The determination of ethanol is carried out using the stopped flow technique. The peristaltic pumps are stopped when the reaction zone is located in the flow cell, and the change of absorbance with time is monitored. Thus background signals and other matrix influences can be minimized. The method is tested under real conditions for the determination of alcohol in several beverages.
Individual differences in preschool children's knowledge of superordinate categories☆

Abstract The present study assesses intensional knowledge of superordinate categories in preschool children. This assessment is part of a larger programmatic research effort aimed at the development of a cognitive preschool screening test to detect learning problems prior to their manifestation in school failure. Necessary prerequisites for including intensional superordinate category knowledge as a potential component of this screening test are addressed: (a) Are there substantial variations in this knowledge across preschool children? (b) Can the knowledge be measured reliably using game-like picture tasks? (c) Do individual differences in this knowledge relate to the child's current level of intellectual functioning? An underlying assumption for the development of this screening test is that assessing gradually emerging abstract knowledge that develops through active, ongoing processing is more likely to predict learning problems than assessing knowledge that develops through rote associative learning. Consistent with this approach was the prediction that one component of intension, knowledge of differences, would be a better predictor of current functioning than knowledge of similarities. The data support this contention. Although both knowledge of similarities and differences was stable within an individual, variable among individuals and highly correlated with each other, only knowledge of differences related to the child's concurrent level of intellectual functioning.
Fabricating thin beryllium windows for X-ray applications

Abstract X-ray windows for diagnostics into vacuum chambers are commonly made of beryllium, which must be as thin as possible to minimize attenuation of the X rays. The windows must be bonded to mounting flanges, and the bond must be leak-tight and able to withstand a pressure differential of one atmosphere. A solid-state bonding process can be used to attach windows of thickness from 0.025 down to 0.015 mm. The process bonds the beryllium window, a silver intermediate layer, and the mounting flange together using compression and heat. The process is not sensitive to the bonding parameters; usual ranges are: pressures of 83–172 MPa, temperatures of 750–950 K, and holding times of 5–60 min. Unsuccessful bonds can often be repaired, or parts can be salvaged for re-use. A variety of window geometries can be accommodated.
Sample-induced cross-coil coupling. Implications for magnetic-resonance-imaging quadrature coils

Abstract Presented is an analysis of the coupling between two orthogonal radiofrequency coils mediated by an included lossy sample as would be the case in quadrature imaging coils. We demonstrate that if the sample is irregularly shaped a substantial coupling may exist between the coils. Results of the analysis are shown to agree well with observation in an experimental quadrature imaging coil-sample system.
Regulatory logic of neuronal diversity: Terminal selector genes and selector motifs

Individual neuronal cell types are defined by the expression of unique batteries of terminal differentiation genes. The elucidation of the cis-regulatory architecture of several distinct, single neuron type-specific gene batteries in Caenorhabditis elegans has revealed a strikingly simple cis-regulatory logic, in which small cis-regulatory motifs are activated in postmitotic neurons by autoregulating transcription factors (TFs). Loss of the TFs results in the loss of the identity of the individual neuron type. I propose to term these TFs "terminal selector genes" and their cognate cis-regulatory target sites "terminal selector motifs." Terminal selector genes assign individual neuronal identities by directly controlling the expression of downstream, terminal differentiation genes and act in specific regulatory network configurations. The simplicity of the cis-regulatory logic on which the terminal selector gene concept is based may contribute to the evolvability of neuronal diversity.
Gettering of Luminescent Point Defects along Step Bunching in 4H-SiC Epitaxial Layers by Ultraviolet Excitation

Luminescent lines, perpendicular to the step flow direction, were observed in SiC epitaxial layers with ultraviolet (UV) excitation of the sample surface. These lines appear at step bunching sites in SiC epilayers with UV illumination of greater than 3 s at 50 W/cm2. They become brighter and wider, reaching a width of ∼5 μm. Zygo profilometry shows that there is a shallow triangular-shaped valley at the surface to the left of the luminescent lines, with reference to the step flow direction. The left apex of the valley starts at a local defect that is created during the epitaxial growth, and the valley fans out during subsequent epitaxial growth. The luminescent lines are at the right-side boundary of the triangle. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) profilometry shows that at this boundary there is a double macrostep at the sample surface, which is between 2.5 nm and 8 nm high. This relates to 5 to 15 bilayer steps. The first step is always observed to be smaller than the second one. There is a valley approximately 4 nm to 8 nm deep between them. The luminescent lines appear due to UV-activated diffusion and gettering of point defects to the double macrostep.
Extreme ultraviolet light production from a ZaP flow z-pinch xenon plasma

Abstract. A potential alternative extreme ultraviolet EUV light sourcefor lithography is studied. The ZaP z-pinch Flow Z-Pinch experiment isstudying the effect of sheared ﬂow on gross plasma stability. In the ex-periment, hydrogen gas is used to produce plasma with quiescent peri-ods in the magnetic mode activity, which are 2000 times longer thanother plasma concepts for creating EUV light, in a conﬁguration with 300times the volume. Similar results are found with xenon gas. An EUVdetector designed using an AXUV100, silicon/zirconium ﬁltered photodi-ode with an 11- to 18-nm bandpass is used to detect EUV emissionswithin that spectrum and the total power of the emissions. EUV emis-sions in 17.4% of the z-pinch have lasted longer than 16 s, with anaverage power of 550 kW. The total EUV power potential inband at13.5 nm from 17.4% of the z-pinch is calculated to be 140 W at theintermediate focus, with a total 100-cm z-pinch emission potential of800 W at 1 kHz. Based on this information, the ZaP Flow Z-Pinch ex-periment is a promising EUV light source for lithography if properlyscaled and optimized for EUV light production.
Chlorophyll fluorescence of stem cambial tissue reflects dormancy development in Juglans nigra seedlings

Assessment of chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) of forest tree seedlings can provide important insight into physiological function, dormancy status, and stress resistance. This evaluative tool has been measured routinely using foliage on conifer seedlings to assess seedling physiological status during winter dormancy. Absence of foliage during dormancy has thus far precluded the potential application of CF to seedling quality assessment of temperate deciduous hardwood seedlings. Because stems contain chlorophyll, however, assessment of CF using stem tissue may serve as an effective alternative tissue type to facilitate CF measurements. We collected Juglans nigra L. (black walnut) seed from two provenances (Alabama and Indiana, USA) and subjected 1-year-old container seedlings from these provenances to a simulated hardening regime (i.e., progressively decreasing temperatures and photoperiods) in a growth chamber environment over an 18-week period; CF of stem tissue (evaluated as ΦPSII, efficiency of photosystem II) was sampled periodically at seven time intervals. Though both provenance and measurement period significantly affected ΦPSII, measurement period had a much more pronounced effect. Values for ΦPSII fluctuated (ranging from 0.45 to 0.72) during the simulated growth and hardening regimes, generally decreasing over time for both provenances. Our results suggest that physiological status of temperate deciduous seedlings may be effectively evaluated during dormancy by assessing CF of stem tissue.
Image compression using cascade of neural networks

This paper introduces a novel adaptive cascade architecture for image compression. The idea is an extension of parallel neural network (NN) architectures which have been previously used for image compression. It is shown that the proposed technique results in higher image quality for a given compression ratio than existing NN image compression schemes. It is also shown that training of the proposed architecture is significantly faster than that of other NN-based techniques and that the number of learning parameters is small. This allows the coding process to include adaptation of the learning parameters, thus, compression does not depend on the selection of the training set as in previous single and parallel structure NN.
Gender differences and similarities in sex and love

One's attitudes toward love and sexuality are influenced by many factors, including gender. To explore the role of gender (and other variables) in participants' attitudinal orientations toward love and sexuality, data were collected in the United States at three time points (1988, 1992, 1993), resulting in a total sample of 1,090 participants. Data analyses showed gender differences in both sexual attitudes and love. Men were more sexually permissive than women (consistent with previous research), although women and men similarly endorsed other aspects of sexuality, including sex as an emotional experience. Men and women differed on several relationship variables (e.g., women were more oriented to friendship-based love, and men to game-playing love). However, correlational analyses showed many similar patterns for women and men. These findings underline the need to consider both gender differences and similarities in sex and love within intimate relationships.
SURVEY OF NITRATE, CADMIUM AND SELENIUM IN BABY FOODS — HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS

An analytical survey was conducted of the nitrate, cadmium and selenium content of baby foods containing fruits, vegetables or meats. Those containing greenbeans, beets, carrots, spinach, squash and mixed vegetables were notably higher in nitrate ranging up to 5228 ppm (dry weight) in squash. Among the vegetables, beets, carrots and spinach were highest in cadmium, with carrots containing 2467 ppb. Selenium was consistently higher in meats and vegetables. Fruit-containing baby foods were lowest in all three constituents measured. The epidemiologic health implications of this study are discussed.
The implications of interstate banking for consumers

The purpose of this article is to discuss the implications of interstate banking for consumers. The article describes the current structure of the banking industry, the history of legislation affecting interstate banking, and the expected effects of interstate banking on bank operating costs, availability of local funds, and concentration and competition within local banking markets as well as the anticipated effects on consumers of banking services. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
SU‐FF‐J‐55: Effects of Motion On Cone Beam CT Image Quality

Purpose: On‐board cone‐beam imaging is being used to collect kilovoltage CTimages for treatment position verification and analysis of tumor response. One challenge of cone‐beam imaging is that full sinogram acquisition takes more than 1 minute. While breathing motion in the lungs, influence both cone‐beam and fan‐beam modalities, its profound effects in cone‐beam CT are well known. However, there are many portions of the body where voluntary and involuntary processes can yield small motions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of small motions on cone‐beam reconstruction quality. Materials and Methods: A commercial CT performance phantom (Catphan, Phantom Laboratory, Salem, NY) containing various image quality assessment tools was imaged using a kilovoltage on‐board cone‐beam CT system (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto). The imaging phantom was moved using an in‐house developed “4D phantom” (with a 0.4 mm position accuracy), in sinusoidal patterns with amplitudes of 1.25mm and 2.5 mm in the three orthogonal directions and elliptical patterns with axes from 1 mm to 2.5 mm in steps of 0.5 mm. To quantify the effect on the image quality, the CT number accuracy, spatial integrity, image uniformity, high and low contrast resolution were compared. Results:CT number accuracy and spatial linearity were unaffected by motion. While single‐dimensional motion did not affect the low‐contrast resolution, elliptical motion yielded degradation. The visibility of the 1% cylindrical low contrast resolution targets was 7 mm, 8 mm and 15 mm for static through 1 mm, 2.0 mm, and 2.5 mm ellipses. High contrastspatial resolution was improved slightly for in‐plane motion, but degraded sharply with out‐of‐plane motion. Conclusions: This information will allow investigators to evaluate the ultimate utility of cone‐beam imaging for imaging studies when patient immobilization is not perfect.
Network for whole slide imaging (WSI) clinical usage

Methods Four diff erent WSI systems were used and each had a different structure and a data format over the network. Th e standard PC in our department is Microsoft Windows XP Professional version 2002 Service Pack 3 and CPU is Intel Core 2 CPI 6300 1.86GHz with 1GB or 2GB of RAM. Th e network bandwidth is either 10, 100MB/s. Th e storage server is Quad-Core-2.33 GHz Zeon Processors, 18GB RAM, and 5TB SAS RAID array; OS is Windows 2003 server. All scanners are connected to the storage server by 1GB. 5 TB NAS is used to optimize storage capability. W examined the network and GUI performance for diff erent purposes under varying conditions. All viewers were an open HTTP message interface to enable client software to incrementally access image information and view data. Images were located in the internal storage server, and in three outside servers. Screen resolution was 1280x1024 pixels. Basic viewer study, the time to data completion was measured at seven conditions. All data were an average of three measurements. JPEG 2000 performance was compared with JPEG. Th e time to complete the 3D model was measured. Nine of Multilayer Cytology specimen was used and compared comfortableness to view the multiple focus planes. Results • Th e amount of computer memory is more important than network speed when images are accessed externally via the internet. Computer memory is also more important when images are compressed with JEPG2000. • Network speed is more important when images are accessed locally through the intranet and compressed with JPEG. • An external hard drive could be useful. However, the particular network conjunctions still might aff ect the speed at which images could be accessed.
A Three-Mode Factor Analysis of Students’ Perceptions of a University

The structure of students’ responses on a semantic differential instrument to certain facets of their university was analyzed by Tucker’s three-mode factor analytic procedure. Factors were identified and named for the R, P, Q and core matrices. Tucker’s procedure offers the investigator additional information in interpreting such response data. The additional information obtained from Tucker’s procedure over classical two-mode procedures, particularly the core box of interdependencies, was helpful in interpreting the semantic differential data.
Quantified small-scale turbulence inhibits a red tide dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax polyedra Stein

Abstract The development of marine dinoflagellate red tides off southern California requires optimal temperature and light regimes, a source of nutrients that may be supplied by wind-induced upwelling and upmixing, and vertical migration by cells to this source. Red tides occur after the winds decrease and the water becomes highly stratified with a shallow mixed layer. This implies low turbulence levels may be an additional requirement for red tide development. Because dinoflagellates with sizes about 35 μm are much smaller than the inertial-viscous, or Kolmogorov scales L κ ≡ (ν 3 /ϵ) 1 4 = (ν/γ) 1 2 of oceanic turbulence, the important flow parameters are the viscous dissipation rate per unit mass ϵ (cm2s−3 or ergs g−1s−1), the rate-of-strain γ ≡ (ϵ/ν) 1 2 ( rad s −1 ) , and the stress τ ≡ μγ (dyne cm−2), where ν is the kinematic viscosity and μ is the dynamic viscosity. In the present work we have cultured the red tide dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax polyedra Stein, under conditions of known ϵ, γ and τ. Growth was inhibited at ϵ values from 0.18 to 164 cm2 s−3 (γ from 4.4 to 132 rad s−1) but not at 0.05 (γ = 2.2) so the threshold stress τ for growth inhibition was 0.02–0.04 dyne cm−2 (0.002–0.004 Pa). This is in the expected range for light winds at the sea surface, suggesting small-scale scale turbulence is the reason higher winds inhibit red tides. Threshold turbulence levels are related to calculated surface levels at various wind speeds and to postulated subsurface euphotic zone levels under incipient red tide conditions. Motile cells in shear-inhibited cultures lost their ability to swim forward vigorously but rather spun in place due to the loss of longitudinal (trailing) flagella, observed microscopically, without loss of girdle flagella.
Adverse events reported after the use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2.

Purpose The US Food and Drug Administration has approved recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) (Infuse Bone Graft; Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Minneapolis, MN) as an alternative to autogenous bone graft for sinus augmentations and for localized alveolar ridge augmentations for defects associated with extraction sockets. The objective of this analysis was to characterize adverse events reported after the use of rhBMP-2 in oral and maxillofacial procedures. Materials and Methods The US Food and Drug Administration's Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience database contains reports of adverse events involving medical devices. The publicly available version of the database was searched for reports for the brand name Infuse Bone Graft. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the procedures and adverse events. Results As of April 30, 2011, the Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience database contained 83 reports of adverse events after oral and maxillofacial operations involving rhBMP-2. Of these reports, 55 (66.3%) described off-label uses, such as reconstruction of the mandible after fracture or cancer or alveolar cleft repair. The most commonly reported adverse events included local reactions, graft failure, infections, and other wound complications. Of the reports, 25 (30.1%) stated that the patient required additional surgery to address the reported adverse event. Conclusions Serious adverse events, some of which may require a second operation, can occur after the use of rhBMP-2 in oral and maxillofacial procedures. In this analysis graft, failure and pseudarthrosis were more commonly reported after off-label uses of rhBMP-2 than approved uses.
Incidence of implantable defibrillator discharges after coronary revascularization in survivors of ischemic sudden cardiac death

Abstract Coronary revascularization has been suggested as sole therapy for secondary prevention of sudden cardiac arrest associated with ischemia. The use of implantable defibrillators (ICD) in combination with coronary revascularization for this patient population is unclear. Among 412 consecutive patients receiving an ICD, 23 (6%) were identified as sudden cardiac arrest survivors who were noninducible with programmed stimulation and had unstable angina or ischemia on a functional study; they underwent successful coronary revascularization. During a follow-up of 34 ± 18 months, 10 (43%) of the 23 patients received ICD shocks (8 ± 8 per patient, range 1 to 22 shocks), and nine of the 10 patients had syncope/presyncope associated with at least one ICD discharge. Patients with ICD discharges were compared with those without ICD discharges, and no clinical characteristics were statistically different between the two groups. In conclusion, revascularization alone may be inadequate therapy for survivors of sudden cardiac arrest associated with ischemia who are noninducible with programmed stimulation, and clinical variables cannot predict which patients are likely to have recurrent malignant ventricular arrhythmias.
The effect of cycloheximide on Euglena gracilis phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases.

The effect of cycloheximide on the chloroplastic, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial phenylalanyltransferRNA synthetases of Euglena gracilis was studied by growing both logarithmic and stationary phase cultures in the presence of the antibiotic. Enzyme activity was measured relative to untreated control cultures. At very low concentrations of cycloheximide (1 μg/ml), all three log phase enzymes showed an increase in activity of 40–50%. At slightly higher concentrations (2.5 μg/ml), the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase activities were comparable to those of the control cultures. At a cycloheximide concentration of 5μg/ml the enzyme activities from stationary phase cultures showed only very slight decreases (5–20%). The cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes behaved similarly in log phase cultures at this concentration. However, the chloroplastic phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from log phase cultures treated with 5μg/ml cycloheximide showed a marked decrease in activity (70%). A further increase in antibiotic concentration to 10μg/ml resulted in significant losses of activity of all three enzymes, from both growth stages. The implications of the data with regard to identification of the site(s) of chloroplast enzyme synthesis are discussed.
Cancer and the microbiota

A host's microbiota may increase, diminish, or have no effect at all on cancer susceptibility. Assigning causal roles in cancer to specific microbes and microbiotas, unraveling host-microbiota interactions with environmental factors in carcinogenesis, and exploiting such knowledge for cancer diagnosis and treatment are areas of intensive interest. This Review considers how microbes and the microbiota may amplify or mitigate carcinogenesis, responsiveness to cancer therapeutics, and cancer-associated complications.
FROM SINGLE WELL CHAOS TO CROSS WELL CHAOS: A DETAILED EXPLANATION IN TERMS OF MANIFOLD INTERSECTIONS

The study of stable and unstable manifolds, and their intersections with each other, is a powerful technique for interpreting complex bifurcations of nonlinear systems. The escape phenomenon in the twin-well Duffing oscillator is one such bifurcation that is elucidated through the analysis of manifold intersections. In this paper, two escape scenarios in the twin-well Duffing oscillator are presented. In each scenario, the relevant manifold structures are examined for parameter values on either side of the escape bifurcation. Included is a description of the role of the hilltop saddle stable manifolds, which are known to separate the single well basins (should single well attractors exist). In each of the two bifurcation scenarios, it is shown through a detailed analysis of Poincare maps that a homoclinic intersection of the manifolds of a specific period-3 saddle implies the destruction of the single well chaotic attractor. Although the Duffing oscillator is used to illustrate the ideas advanced here, it is thought that the approach will be useful for a variety of dynamical systems.
Absorption by double-centered D3-branes and the Coulomb branch of Script N = 4 SYM theory

We calculate the classical cross-section for absorption of a minimally coupled scalar in the double-centered D3-brane geometry. The dual field theory has gauge symmetry broken to S(U(N1) ? U(N2)) and is on the Coulomb branch of = 4 Super Yang-Mills theory. Our analysis is valid at energy scales much smaller than the W particles mass, giving logarithmic corrections to the cross-section calculated at the IR conformal fixed points. These corrections are associated with deformations of the = 4 Super Yang-Mills theory by irrelevant operators that break conformal invariance and correspond to processes where a virtual pair of gauge particles or a virtual pair of W bosons interact with the incident wave to create a pair of gauge particles.
State Tax Policy and State Sales Taxes: What Tax Expenditure Budgets Tell Us About Sales Taxes

Tax expenditure budgets provide a window into intended tax policy. They sort the mixture that adopted tax laws represent by dividing tax structures into provisions that define how revenue is to be raised (tax policy) and provisions that deliver preferences to certain economic entities (budget policy). A review of individual state sales tax expenditure budgets reveals considerable confusion about the tax policy intent of retail sales taxes for distributing the tax burden, although they do suggest general agreement, at least implicitly, that the tax is intended as a general tax on household consumption. An investigation of the major components of these reports, however, reveals major differences across states, partly because of differing exemption patterns in state laws, partly because of differing state economies, but also partly because of differences in how the states define the normal structure for the tax. While some states identify consumption as the normal base fairly directly, other states have less...
Examining the Relationship Among Miles and Snow's Strategic Types and Measures of Organizational Effectiveness in NCAA Division I Athletic Departments

Miles and Snow's typology of strategic types — prospectors, defenders, analyzers, and reactors — was used to identify different organizational strategies within intercollegiate athletics in the United States. Specifically, in order to examine the relationship between strategy and organizational outcomes, namely, (a) athletic achievement, (b) student-athlete graduation rates, and (c) compliance with Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Division I athletic directors (N = 172) were surveyed by mail. The majority of the departments (55.8%) used an analyzer strategy. Analyses indicated that prospector departments had the best athletic achievement, prospector and defender departments had higher graduation rates than analyzers, and defender departments were most compliant with Title IX. Results demonstrate the importance of examining the multidimensional nature of organizational effectiveness in relation to organizational strategy.
Tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 overexpression in M1 myeloblasts impairs IL-6-induced differentiation

The balance between matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP) is important for extracellular matrix interactions of hematopoietic cells. MMP-independent growth modulating activity for TIMP-1 on B lymphocytes and erythroid progenitors has also been described, but a role for TIMP-1 in myelomonocytic differentiation has not been previously reported. In this study, we demonstrate that TIMP-1 overexpression impairs differentiation of the myeloblastic M1 cell line following interleukin (IL)-6 stimulation. We generated retroviral vectors coexpressing human TIMP-1 and the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and stably transduced murine M1 myeloid cells. TIMP-1 expressing cells showed a large reduction in IL-6-induced macrophage differentiation in vitro that was reversible with a specific monoclonal antibody. The differentiation delay in M1/TIMP-1 cells was also specifically reversible by pharmacologic phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3-K) inhibition. Additionally, overexpression of a TIMP-1/GFP fusion protein also impaired M1 differentiation and this protein was localized to the cell surface, consistent with an autocrine receptor-mediated mechanism. Surprisingly, TIMP-1 transduced cells had a selective advantage for growth in IL-6, indicating that functional effects on growth and differentiation of M1 cells were primarily through an autocrine mechanism. Intrinsic TIMP-1 expression in myeloid leukemia cells might thus impact upon survival or differentiation.
Susceptibility to Acute Mouse Adenovirus Type 1 Respiratory Infection and Establishment of Protective Immunity in Neonatal Mice

There is an incomplete understanding of the differences between neonatal immune responses that contribute to the increased susceptibility of neonates to some viral infections. We tested the hypothesis that neonates are more susceptible than adults to mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) respiratory infection and are impaired in the ability to generate a protective immune response against a second infection. Following intranasal infection, lung viral loads were greater in neonates than in adults during the acute phase but the virus was cleared from the lungs of neonates as efficiently as it was from adult lungs. Lung gamma interferon (IFN-γ) responses were blunted and delayed in neonates, and lung viral loads were higher in adult IFN-γ−/− mice than in IFN-γ+/+ controls. However, administration of recombinant IFN-γ to neonates had no effect on lung viral loads. Recruitment of inflammatory cells to the airways was impaired in neonates. CD4 and CD8 T cell responses were similar in the lungs of neonates and adults, although a transient increase in regulatory T cells occurred only in the lungs of infected neonates. Infection of neonates led to protection against reinfection later in life that was associated with increased effector memory CD8 T cells in the lungs. We conclude that neonates are more susceptible than adults to acute MAV-1 respiratory infection but are capable of generating protective immune responses.
The Microcirculation in Cardiac Hypertrophy

Left ventricular hypertrophy has long been associated with increased risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events. In the Framingham experience, individuals with EKG evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy had an approximately five fold increased risk of death, new onset of angina pectoris, or nonfatal myocardial infarction [23]. Recent studies have shown that over one-third of hypertensive patients have measurable increases in left ventricular mass, even if the EKG is normal [13, 15]: these patients also represent a high-risk group for cardiovascular events [11, 26]. Several observations in humans with left ventricular hypertrophy, whether primary (e.g., hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) or secondary (e.g., hypertension, aortic stenosis) suggest that myocardial ischemia may mediate many of these events, such as complaints of anginalike chest pain, often with abnormal noninvasive testing similar to that seen in patients with coronary artery disease [9, 19, 28, 53]. Because epicardial coronary arteries commonly appear normal during angiography, consideration has been made that the coronary microcirculation may be abnormal in structure or function in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy.
Cooperative decision problems with confrontation of jamming and estimation: Multi-resolution strategies for performance robustness

The work presents an attainment of cooperative solutions in multi-person, single-objective decision problems for situations with the following complexities: (1) closed-loop performance assessment via a complete statistical description, (2) cooperative decision selection via output feedback, and (3) respective jamming confrontation and random realizations from a malevolent opponent and a stationary environment.
Intraoperative Ultrasonographic Troubleshooting After the Arterial Switch Operation

Abstract Background . Less than perfect coronary artery translocation accounts for the majority of perioperative deaths after the arterial switch procedure for transposition of the great arteries. Some types of coronary arterial anatomy are associated with a higher risk of death. Methods . Prospective epicardial ultrasound examination of all neonates with failing left ventricle or difficulty in weaning off cardiopulmonary bypass was performed after completion of the arterial switch operation during a 2-year period from March 1994 to February 1996. The aim was to identify any mechanical, and potentially remediable, factors accounting for ventricular failure. Results . Four neonates fulfilling the above criteria were identified during a 2-year period when epicardial echocardiography was routinely applied. In 2 patients coronary arterial problems in the form of kinking of the proximal left coronary artery (1 patient) and extrinsic compression of the artery by the neo-pulmonary trunk (1 patient) were identified and successfully corrected. In 2 other patients, supravalvar aortic stenosis was recognized, leading to prompt revision. Conclusions . Epicardial echocardiography has an important "troubleshooting" role in the subgroup of patients with a suboptimal hemodynamic result after the arterial switch operation. Patients with unusual coronary anatomy should routinely be candidates for such studies. (Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63:445–8)
The Use of Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass for the Treatment of Giant and Fusiform Aneurysms

Proximal cervical carotid artery occlusion has become the preferred method for the treatment of symptomatic intracavernous aneurysms (primarily because of the risk to cranial nerve function that accompanies direct cavernous sinus surgery for clipping of such aneurysms). Most patients tolerate cervical internal carotid artery occlusion because the circle of Willis (particularly through the anterior communicating and posterior communicating arteries) provides adequate collateral circulation. However, in perhaps 15% of patients, because of collateral circulation inadequacy, carotid artery occlusion cannot be performed without causing injurious cerebral ischemia. The adequacy of the cerebral collateral circulation is tested, before permanent carotid occlusion, by temporary balloon occlusion performed under local anesthesia. When a patient develops ischemic neurological symptoms (or cerebral blood flow inadequacy measured by transcranial Doppler or xenon-computed tomography [CT]) during 20 to 30 minutes of trial occlusion), it is clear that the patient
Should I Stay or Should I Go? Investigating Cambodian Women’S Participation and Investment in Adult ESL Programs:

Drawing on the work of Norton Peirce, the author argues that traditional views of adult motivation and participation are limited because they do not address the complex relationships among adult learners’ identities, the social contexts of their daily lives, the classroom context, and investment in learning English. By focusing on the lived experiences of four Cambodian women, this research suggests the value of investigating the variety and commonality of adult experience within a single ethnolinguistic group. The findings go beyond social identity to address issues of cultural identity relevant to understanding participation in adult English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) programs. This analysis shows how shifting identities of these women at home and as current or future workers, and the ways these identities are connected to the work of the classroom, have much to do with their investment in participating in particular adult ESL programs.
Immunoglobulin G-mediated phagocytosis activates a calcium-independent, phosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase.

Inhibition of arachidonate release down- regulates immunoglobulin G-mediated phagocytosis. This arachidonate requirement is selective for IgG- opsonized targets, suggesting that arachidonate may act as a second messenger for Fc'y receptor-mediated phago- cytosis. Here we report the characterization of a phospho- lipase, activated during phagocytosis, that releases arachidonate from phosphatidylethanolamine in the ab- sence of intracellular calcium ((Ca)1 � 2 nM). In vitro, a phospholipase with these characteristics was detected in soluble and particulate fractions of human monocyte homogenates. (E)-6-(Bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1- naphthalenyl)-2H-pyran-2-one, a drug that selectively inhibits Ca-independent phospholipase A2s, is shown to inhibit IgG-mediated phagocytosis and its associated arachidonate release in intact monocytes as well as the in vitro enzyme activity. These findings provide a link be- tween the whole-cell and in vitro data and present the mi- tial characterization of a receptor-activated, calcium- independent phospholipase from human monocytes. J. Lcukoc. Biol. 54: 389-398; 1993.