cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling the costs and benefits of dam construction from a multidisciplinary perspective.

Although the benefits of dam construction are numerous, particularly in the context of climate change and growing global demand for electricity, recent experience has shown that many dams have serious negative environmental, human, and political consequences. Despite an extensive literature documenting the benefits and costs of dams from a single disciplinary perspective, few studies have simultaneously evaluated the distribution of biophysical, socio-economic, and geopolitical implications of dams. To meet the simultaneous demands for water, energy, and environmental protection well into the future, a broader view of dams is needed. We thus propose a new tool for evaluating the relative costs and benefits of dam construction based on multi-objective planning techniques. The Integrative Dam Assessment Modeling (IDAM) tool is designed to integrate biophysical, socioeconomic, and geopolitical perspectives into a single cost/benefit analysis of dam construction. Each of 27 different impacts of dam construction is evaluated both objectively (e.g., flood protection, as measured by RYI years) and subjectively (i.e., the valuation of said flood protection) by a team of decision-makers. By providing a visual representation of the various costs and benefits associated with two or more dams, the IDAM tool allows decision-makers to evaluate alternatives and to articulate priorities associated with a dam project, making the decision process about dams more informed and more transparent. For all of these reasons, we believe that the IDAM tool represents an important evolutionary step in dam evaluation.
Misdirection in Multinozzle Ink-Jet Arrays

One of the factors affecting print quality in ink-jet matrix printing systems is how accurately drops are placed within the matrix. One source of inaccurate drop placement is misdirection of the ink-jet streams. This report discusses techniques for the measurement, analysis, and interpretation of misdirection of ink-jet streams. These techniques are used to separate macroscale and microscale misdirection effects in glass capillary multinozzle ink-jet arrays. The effects of nozzle length, operating frequency, drop velocity, ink viscosity, and nozzle diameter are examined. A minimum mass flow must be exceeded so that an array will operate with minimum stream misdirection, hence the mass-flow rate of ink through the nozzles is a governing parameter for misdirection.
The Indo-European Homeland from Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives

Archaeological evidence and linguistic evidence converge in support of an origin of Indo-European languages on the Pontic-Caspian steppes around 4,000 years BCE. The evidence is so strong that arguments in support of other hypotheses should be reexamined.
A PC-based system for evaluating speech intelligibility with the diagnostic rhyme test (DRT)

A computer-based system that automates the process of measuring speech intelligibility with the diagnostic rhyme test (DRT) is described. The system was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of speech intelligibility enhancement techniques, but it can be used in any situation where a measure of speech intelligibility is required. Normally, the process of administering a thorough intelligibility test is tedious and timeconsuming. The computer-based system streamlines the testing procedure because it requires proctor-subject interaction, automatically records responses, computes scores, and compiles statistics in tabular and graphical format. Such a system makes rigorous intelligibility testing more feasible, providing an opportunity for efficiently obtaining accurate results. >
Synthetic Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR7 Ligands as Influenza Virus Vaccine Adjuvants Induce Rapid, Sustained, and Broadly Protective Responses

Current vaccines against influenza virus infection rely on the induction of neutralizing antibodies targeting the globular head of the viral hemagglutinin (HA). Protection against seasonal antigenic drift or sporadic pandemic outbreaks requires further vaccine development to induce cross-protective humoral responses, potentially to the more conserved HA stalk region. Here, we present a novel viral vaccine adjuvant comprised of two synthetic ligands for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR7. 1Z105 is a substituted pyrimido[5,4-b]indole specific for the TLR4-MD2 complex, and 1V270 is a phospholipid-conjugated TLR7 agonist. Separately, 1Z105 induces rapid Th2-associated IgG1 responses, and 1V270 potently generates Th1 cellular immunity. 1Z105 and 1V270 in combination with recombinant HA from the A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 strain (rPR/8 HA) effectively induces rapid and sustained humoral immunity that is protective against lethal challenge with a homologous virus. More importantly, immunization with the combined adjuvant and rPR/8 HA, a commercially available split vaccine, or chimeric rHA antigens significantly improves protection against both heterologous and heterosubtypic challenge viruses. Heterosubtypic protection is associated with broadly reactive antibodies to HA stalk epitopes. Histological examination and cytokine profiling reveal that intramuscular (i.m.) administration of 1Z105 and 1V270 is less reactogenic than a squalene-based adjuvant, AddaVax. In summary, the combination of 1Z105 and 1V270 with a recombinant HA induces rapid, long-lasting, and balanced Th1- and Th2-type immunity; demonstrates efficacy in a variety of murine influenza virus vaccine models assaying homologous, heterologous, and heterosubtypic challenge viruses; and has an excellent safety profile. Importance Novel adjuvants are needed to enhance immunogenicity and increase the protective breadth of influenza virus vaccines to reduce the seasonal disease burden and ensure pandemic preparedness. We show here that the combination of synthetic Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR7 ligands is a potent adjuvant for recombinant influenza virus hemagglutinin, inducing rapid and sustained immunity that is protective against influenza viruses in homologous, heterologous, and heterosubtypic challenge models. Combining TLR4 and TLR7 ligands balances Th1- and Th2-type immune responses for long-lived cellular and neutralizing humoral immunity against the viral hemagglutinin. The combined adjuvant has an attractive safety profile and the potential to augment seasonal-vaccine breadth, contribute to a broadly neutralizing universal vaccine formulation, and improve response time in an emerging pandemic.
Linear multipath-decorrelating receivers for CDMA frequency-selective fading channels

Analytical expressions for the error probability of linear multipath-decorrelating receivers with coherent and differentially coherent reception are derived. Both multi-user receivers have superior performance compared to the RAKE receiver and eliminate error probability floor caused by multiple-access interference on a code-division multiple access (CDMA) reverse link. Results also emphasize benefits of using coherent multi-user reception with maximal-ratio combining in frequency-selective fading channels.
The search is on for the voltage sensor-to-gate coupling.

[Hodgkin and Huxley (1952)][1] demonstrated the presence of voltage-activated sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) permeabilities in the squid giant axon. Ever since then, biophysicists have tried to understand how voltage activates the ionic pathways responsible for the action potential. [Hodgkin and
SOLj: A Domain-Specific Language (DSL) for Secure Service-Based Systems

We present SOLj (Secure Operations Language-Java), an event-driven domain-specific synchronous programming extension of Java for developing secure service-based systems. The language has capabilities for handling service invocations asynchronously, includes strong typing for the enforcement of information flow and security policies, and exception handling mechanisms to deal with failures of components or services (both benign and Byzantine). Applications written in SOLj are formally verifiable using static analysis techniques. SOLj programs may be deployed, configured, and run on SINS (Secure Infrastructure for Networked Systems) under development at the Naval Research Laboratory
Random dynamic voltage scaling design to enhance security of NCL S-box

The demand for enhanced security in cryptographic systems is increasing rapidly in recent years with the development of mobile devices, such as smart phones and tablets. One of the most popular cryptographic devices that are used in these security sensitive devices is the smart card, which provides the security identification and authentication for those applications. To secure these cryptographic devices from various attacks has grown to become an attractive research topics. While recent advancements in public-key cryptographic algorithms try to eliminate or reduce the theoretical weaknesses to resist attacks, an alternative way to obtain the information of secret keys is from the physical implementation of the crypto-hardware. In this work, a random dynamic voltage scaling (RDVS) design has been proposed and implemented into an AES S-Box which is designed using asynchronous delay-insensitive logic referred to as Null convention logic (NCL). NCL utilizes symbolic completeness of expression to achieve self-timed behavior. It has been demonstrated that NCL contains all the properties to resist common forms of side-channel attack (SCA). RDVS is designed to enhance the resistance against SCA in the way of randomly changing the supply voltage so that “random noise” can be injected into the power traces to make the SCA more difficult to attack.
THE PATH TOWARDS X-RAY FREE-ELECTRON LASERS ∗

physics and technology of x-ray sources based on self-amplified-spontaneous-emission (SASE) are reviewed, together with an overview of the main activities in this field around the world. The design status of a 1.5 A SASE-FEL at SLAC, the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) is described.
Aikido: accelerating shared data dynamic analyses

Despite a burgeoning demand for parallel programs, the tools available to developers working on shared-memory multicore processors have lagged behind. One reason for this is the lack of hardware support for inspecting the complex behavior of these parallel programs. Inter-thread communication, which must be instrumented for many types of analyses, may occur with any memory operation. To detect such thread communication in software, many existing tools require the instrumentation of all memory operations, which leads to significant performance overheads. To reduce this overhead, some existing tools resort to random sampling of memory operations, which introduces false negatives. Unfortunately, neither of these approaches provide the speed and accuracy programmers have traditionally expected from their tools. In this work, we present Aikido, a new system and framework that enables the development of efficient and transparent analyses that operate on shared data. Aikido uses a hybrid of existing hardware features and dynamic binary rewriting to detect thread communication with low overhead. Aikido runs a custom hypervisor below the operating system, which exposes per-thread hardware protection mechanisms not available in any widely used operating system. This hybrid approach allows us to benefit from the low cost of detecting memory accesses with hardware, while maintaining the word-level accuracy of a software-only approach. To evaluate our framework, we have implemented an Aikido-enabled vector clock race detector. Our results show that the Aikido enabled race-detector outperforms existing techniques that provide similar accuracy by up to 6.0x, and 76% on average, on the PARSEC benchmark suite.
Antigen specific suppressor T cells respond to cytokines released by T cells.

Previous studies have demonstrated that suppressor T (Ts) cells are capable of down-regulating the antibody response to pneumococcal polysaccharide Type III (SSS-III) (1–11), by limiting the expansion of antigen stimulated B lymphocytes. Such studies have also shown that during the course of a normal antibody response both Ts cells and amplifier T cells are activated not by antigen but by cell associated antibody on the surface of immune B cells (10, 12, 13,). However, the critical events that occur during activation as well as the events following activation, such as the clonal expansion of precursor T cells leading to fully functional Ts cells, have not yet been examined in sufficient detail. It is not clear which growth factors are required either for the activation of resting Ts cells or for the expansion of these cells. Therefore, studies were conducted to examine the cytokine requirement for the functional activity of Ts cells.
A single-chip multiprocessor for multimedia: the MVP

The multimedia video processor (MVP) architecture, which incorporates a variety of parallel processing techniques to deliver very high performance to a wide range of imaging and graphics applications, is described. The MVP combines, on a single semiconductor chip, multiple fully programmable processors with multiple data streams connected to shared RAMs through a crossbar network. Each of the independent processors can execute many operations in parallel every cycle. The architecture is scalable and supports different numbers of processors to meet the cost and performance requirements of different markets. MVP's target environment and the development of MVP are outlined. >
Case Studies for Biomass/Coal Co-Gasification in IGCC Applications

Employing biomass as a feedstock to generate fuels or power has the advantage of being carbon neutral or even becoming carbon negative, if carbon is captured and sequestrated. However, there are challenges facing the effective utilization of biomass wastes: (a) biomass supply is limited and varies with the seasons, (b) biomass density is low and expensive for long-distance transportation, and (c) due to a limited supply of feedstock, biomass plants are usually small, which results in higher capital and production costs. Considering these challenges, it is more economically attractive and less technically challenging to co-combust or co-gasify biomass wastes with coal. This paper focuses on discussing issues associated with coal/biomass co-gasification as well as an investigation into the effect of adding different amounts of biomass up to 50% (wt.) on a 250MW IGCC plant’s performance, although a smaller plant of 75MW using 100% biomass is also included for comparison. The Siemens SGT6-6000G and Alstom GT8C2 gas turbines are used in the larger and smaller plants respectively. The results show the plant’s efficiency increases first as 10% biomass is added; then decreases as the biomass is increased to 30%; and increases again once the biomass reaches 50%. The variation of efficiency is minor, only within one percentage between 38% and 39%. The advantage of adding biomass can be seen from the almost proportional reductions of SOx , ash, energy for H2 S removal, water for scrubber, and the effective CO2 emission. The effective CO2 is calculated by subtracting the neutral CO2 that is theoretically produced by burning the added biomass.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Thermal habitat experienced by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) kelts in coastal Newfoundland waters

Thermal habitat was recorded by data storage tags (DSTs) applied to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) kelts during their seaward migration in the spring of 1998 at enumeration facilities in Highlands River, Humber River, Western Arm Brook, and Campbellton River, Newfoundland. In total, 139 DSTs were applied and data were downloaded from eleven of the recovered tags. The recovered tags had been applied at Highlands, Campbellton and Western Arm rivers and recovered in the coastal waters of Newfoundland and Quebec and at the enumeration facilities at Highlands and Campbellton rivers. Water temperatures experienced by the fish were recorded for periods of 62–118 days at resolutions of 15–30 min. The data from the sea record on the DSTs were analysed for temperature patterns in relation to migration behaviour and diurnal movement of the fish. A variety of patterns were exhibited on the temperature records suggesting that the fish were behaving in various ways at different times. For Campbellton and Highlands fish over the course of some 24 h periods, night-time temperatures changed little and were among the highest daily temperatures experienced by the fish, whereas daytime temperatures often showed dramatic and frequent shifts in temperature presumably as the fish rapidly and frequently changed depth. For the Western Arm Brook fish, rapid fluctuations in temperature occurred sometimes during the day and night without a consistent diurnal pattern. We also considered large-scale aspects of the data by examining oceanographic conditions in relation to the temperatures recorded by the tags.
Color image processing with quantum dot structure on a multi-peak resonant tunneling diode

Quantum dot nanostructure has dual advantages of high speed and small size. One promising new application for these devices is to use them for color image processing. However, the use of the quantum dot structure for image processing has been limited to black and white images. In fact, it is impossible to process general color images using the conventional quantum dot network. In this paper, we suggest a new quantum dot network design which implements color image processing. A novel quantum dot structure is formed by metallic islands on the surface of a multi-peak resonant tunneling diode. With the new structure and circuit configuration, we achieve filters for performing color quantization, smoothing, and color extraction. Based on simulation results, we achieve the new color image processor, which is 2 to 3 orders faster than conventional CMOS color image processors.
Negative life stress and longitudinal hippocampal volume changes in older adults with and without depression

Major depressive disorder is associated with smaller hippocampal volumes but the mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear. To examine the effect of environmental influences, we examined the relationship between self-reported stressors and two-year change in hippocampal volume. Seventy elderly nondepressed subjects and eighty-nine elderly depressed subjects were followed for two years. The number of negative stressful life events (nSLE), perceived stress levels, and cranial MRI were obtained at baseline and at the two-year assessment. For secondary analyses, subjects provided blood for 5-HTTLPR polymorphism genotyping. After controlling for covariates including presence or absence of depression, greater numbers of baseline nSLEs were significantly associated with greater baseline hippocampal volumes bilaterally. Greater numbers of baseline nSLEs were also associated with reduction in hippocampal volume over two years in the right but not the left hemisphere. Neither perceived stress levels nor changes in stress measures were significantly associated with hippocampal volume measures. However, in secondary analyses, we found that increases in perceived stress over time was associated with volume reduction of the left hippocampus, but only in 5-HTTLPR L/L homozygotes. Our findings suggest different short- and long-term effects of negative life stressors on hippocampal volumes in older adults. These effects appear independent on the presence or absence of depression. Furthermore, these effects may be moderated by genetic polymorphisms in key neurotransmitter systems. These novel findings have important implications for understanding environmental influences on brain aging.
A competitive hybridization model predicts probe signal intensity on high density DNA microarrays

A central, unresolved problem of DNA microarray technology is the interpretation of different signal intensities from multiple probes targeting the same transcript. We propose a competitive hybridization model for DNA microarray hybridization. Our model uses a probe-specific dissociation constant that is computed with current nearest neighbor model and existing parameters, and only four global parameters that are fitted to Affymetrix Latin Square data. This model can successfully predict signal intensities of individual probes, therefore makes it possible to quantify the absolute concentration of targets. Our results offer critical insights into the design and data interpretation of DNA microarrays.
Demonstrating Robustness of Aerospace Electronic Systems

Automatic code generation using Model Based Design can be used to develop complex aerospace electronic systems. Best practices for the verification and validation of these systems involve the use of comprehensive verification techniques at the model and code level. That is environments that contain generated code produced from models that are integrated with handwritten code. Models must be verified to ensure that they do not contain design errors. Run-time errors must be identified and eliminated from handwritten code as well as the integrated code. Run-time errors may also propagate from handwritten code to generated code. This paper explores the application of formal methods based verification techniques in mixed model and code environments. The use of these techniques to improve the quality of the final production code will be discussed to understand how these techniques can enhance the quality of production software.
Calvinism and Cosmic Evil in "Moby-Dick"

Melville employs theological materials which complicate and deepen his portrayal of cosmic evil in the conflict of Ahab and the whale. Father Mapple's presentation of the Jonah story sets forth Calvinist teachings which throw Ahab's revolt into relief as a revolt against the ultimate. Melville elaborates Ahab's view of his symbolic quarry by drawing upon an anti-Calvinist tradition in which Calvin's God was attacked as a brutal monster. Further, Calvin's interpretation of the Old Testament King Ahab heavily influences the characterization of Captain Ahab. Calvin used King Ahab as an example of the reprobate, those predestinately damned. He stressed Ahab's victimization by Satan and his madness as marks of his reprobation. Melville uses these themes in a way which makes evident the cosmic evil implicit in the plight of one who is thus hopeless. Here also he draws upon a tradition of attack against Calvinism. But while Melville's use of theology is extensive and sophisticated, it is always subordinate to the thematic concerns of Moby-Dick.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme, Transforming Growth Factor β1, and Interleukin 11 in the Osteolytic Lesions of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

Abstract Objective.—To assess the expression of potential osteoclastogenic and osteolytic factors in osteolytic lesions from patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Design.—Paraffin-embedded b...
Gifted Education Research from the Economists' Perspective: What Have We Learned?.

The commentaries in this special issue as well as the articles they address contribute to the knowledge base about advanced learners, how they are identified, and how they are best served. In our Editors’ commentary, we have organized our thoughts following the same order in which the commentaries appear in the remainder of this issue. As the other commentary authors have done, in our discussion, we endeavor to provide our own perspective as well as a coalescing of ideas around the ideas addressed in each commentary.
7: INTEGRATED PATHWAY ANALYSIS OF MICRORNA EXPRESSION IN PLASMA OF OVARIAN CANCER (OVCA) PATIENTS SHOWS LACK OF BH3 PROTEIN DEPENDENT SIGNALING

Purpose of Study More than 100,000 pelvic surgeries to remove ovarian masses (BOM) are performed yearly in the USA only 8% of those remove ovarian cancer. Circulating microRNA are biomarkers for disease detection. Purpose of study: 1. To analyze patterns of microRNAs in women with BOM vs. OvCa 2. Discover pathway involved malignant transformation. Methods Used Plasma from 32 women OvCa, 24 controls 32 (BOM) was analyzed using ABI Taqman OpenArray MicroRNA pools A and B to measure the expression of 754 known miRNAs .Real-time PCR was performed on the Taqman Open Array MicroRNA arrays using the Applied Biosystem Open Array Real-Time PCR system. Data were processed using the OpenArray Real-Time qPCR Analysis software and exported for analysis using the Applied Biosystems DataAssist Software Data analysis was done with the R programming language. A cutoff for Ct values at 30 was used. MiRNAs with Ct values higher than 30 were considered not detected. Data was normalized using a mean-centering restricted (MCR), a modification of the traditional delta Ct method and uses miRNAs which are expressed in all samples for data normalization. Statistical analysis was performed via custom scripts based on the R/Bioconductor package LIMMA (Linear Models for Microarray). Summary of Results BOM had higher expression (2–14 fold higher) of miRs −195, −126, −139-5p, −27b, −127, −152, −28, −106b, −17, −363, −181a, −192 relative to OvCa (p Conclusions BOM patients have immune recognition and pro-apoptotic protective circulating microRNAs. It is unknown whether miRs originate in ovary or another tissue. Recent work shows that BH3 mimetics are very effective in inducing cancer cell death.
Complete trifurcation of the urethra.

AbstractThe first case of complete trifurcation of the anterior urethra is presented. The embryology, previous classifications and symptoms are discussed.
PmST3 from Pasteurella multocida encoded by Pm1174 gene is a monofunctional α2–3-sialyltransferase

Pasteurella multocida (Pm) strain Pm70 has three putative sialyltransferase genes including Pm0188, Pm0508, and Pm1174. A Pm0188 gene homolog in Pm strain P-1059 encodes a multifunctional α2-3-sialyltransferase, PmST1, that prefers oligosaccharide acceptors. A Pm0508 gene homolog in the same strain encodes a monofunctional sialyltransferase PmST2 that prefers glycolipid acceptors. Here, we report that the third sialyltransferase from Pm (PmST3) encoded by gene Pm1174 in strain Pm70 is a monofunctional α2-3-sialyltransferase that can use both oligosaccharides and glycolipids as efficient acceptors. Despite the existence of both Pm0188 and Pm0508 gene homologs encoding PmST1 and PmST2, respectively, in Pm strain P-1059, a Pm1174 gene homolog appears to be absent from Pm strains P-1059 and P-934. PmST3 was successfully obtained by cloning and expression using a synthetic gene of Pm1174 with codons optimized for Escherichia coli expression system as the DNA template for polymer chain reactions. Truncation of 35 amino acid residues from the carboxyl terminus was shown to improve the expression of a soluble and active enzyme in E. coli as a C-His(6)-tagged fusion protein. This sialidase-free monofunctional α2-3-sialyltransferase is a useful tool for synthesizing sialylated oligosaccharides and glycolipids.
The Classification of Diseases

So far I have argued that the concept of disease is necessarily value-laden. Different sorts of values are involved at different levels in the construction of the concept of disease. Most basically, value judgments are made in the acceptance of any state of affairs as a scientific fact. These foundational values are the values that are epistemically fundamental for the scientific community, and they are usually so well accepted that they remain covert. The covert acceptance of these values is what can tend to make scientists think that scientific facts are simply discovered through observation that is value-neutral. As we go about the business of determining what is to count as a fact, the foundational values remain invisible, as the air we breathe remains invisible to us in the course of everyday life.
A comparative pilot study of historical artifacts in a CAVE automatic virtual reality environment versus paper-based artifacts

The purpose of this research is to synthesize and transform real world physical environments (PE) into a CAVE automatic virtual reality system (CAVE) by using three-dimensional (3D) models of cultural and historical artifacts. 3D models are often used in many applications including visualizations and digital preservation. Virtual reality is used to improve perception and sensation and to better understand products and environments for studying human factors and behaviors. As a pilot study, we developed and prototyped a customizable 3D physical environment using historical data and archives into an interactive CAVE virtual reality (VR) system. We then conducted a study of user preferences using pretest and post-test questionnaires of the CAVE versus paper-based artifacts.
Long-Term Result of Hip Decompression and Vascularized Fibula for Steinberg Stage IV AVN

Radiographic collapse and flattening of the femoral head without joint space narrowing is considered stage IV change on the Steinberg classification of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). In this stage of disease, subchondral collapse is evident without the presence of joint arthrosis. If femoral head collapse is minimal, non-arthroplasty intervention remains a viable option. The case presented highlights the treatment of Steinberg stage IV osteonecrosis of the femoral head with a vascularized fibular graft. As a hip preserving surgical treatment, free vascularized fibular graft (FVFG) yields more favorable outcomes than core decompression (CD) alone in patients with radiographic collapse.
A MSFR with Young UC and HC HII Regions: G20.08N

Spectral line and continuum observations of the molecular and ionized gas in G20.08–0.14N explore the dynamics over a range of spatial scales in this massive star-forming region.
Stroke-like migraine attacks after radiation therapy: A misnomer?

Objective To understand the frequency of electrographic and clinical seizures in patients with stroke-like migraine attacks after radiation therapy (SMART), and determine whether SMART warrants comprehensive electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring and aggressive seizure management. Methods We searched our magnetic resonance brain imaging report database for all patients between January 2013 and December 2015 for suspected SMART syndrome. Clinical inclusion criteria were further applied as follows: inpatient adults (>18 years of age) with history of cranial radiation presenting with acute neurologic deficits as primary admission reason who lacked evidence of recurrent or new brain malignancy, stroke, or infectious agents in cerebrospinal fluid. Six patients were identified. All 6 patients underwent prolonged video EEG monitoring as part of our standard protocol. Results All patients but 1 were found to have multiple or prolonged electrographic seizures consistent with status epilepticus during video EEG monitoring. Their neurological deficit and/or mental status change improved in parallel with resolution of the seizure activity. Significance SMART is likely a misnomer that underestimates the significance of seizures and status epilepticus in the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of the syndrome. Systematic continuous EEG monitoring and appropriate seizure management is warranted to reduce symptom duration and optimize clinical outcome.
Athlete Identity and Eating Pathology in Distance Runners: When Compulsive Exercise Matters

Purpose: The current study evaluated associations between exercise identity (Exercise Identity Scale; EIS), compulsive exercise (Compulsive Exercise Test; CET), and their association with Eating Disorder Examination – Questionnaire (EDE-Q) scores among adult runners registered for mid- and long-distance races (N = 282, 48.2% male). Methods: Runners of half and full marathon races completed the EIS, CET, and EDE-Q. Results: Regression analyses indicated that increased EIS, b = −.21, and CET, b = −3.25, scores contribute to decreased eating pathology amongst half-marathon runners; a significant interaction effect emerged for EIS × CET scores, b = .08, such that relations between EIS and EDEQ scores were significant among runners reporting either lower or higher CET scores. These associations were not demonstrated in marathon runners. Conclusions: Results suggest that it is beneficial to consider running status when addressing the effect that exercise identity and compulsive exercise may have on eating patho...
Melt Extrusion in Drug Delivery: Three Decades of Progress

This chapter appraises the role of melt extrusion as a solubilization and bioavailability enhancement technique. The introductory chapter highlights major aspects of hot melt extrusion (HME) technology as applied in the pharmaceutical industry, particularly processing techniques, material considerations, recent innovative applications of melt extrusion in drug delivery system design, and a review of current HME-based formulations (marketed or under commercial development). The chapter also focuses on key development aspects of HME processes, such as material sparing screening approaches, process formulation relationships, and stability evaluation of prototype formulations, which emphasize the clinical and biological significance of this technique. In addition, it displays the journey and evolution of this important processing technology into an established pharmaceutical manufacturing platform. The chapter describes several case studies wherein melt extrusion has been utilized to develop commercial drug products.
Ethical Infrastructures and De Facto Ethical Norms at Work in Large U.S. Law Firms: The Role of Ethics Counsel

This paper reports on a qualitative empirical study exploring the evolving role of ethics counsel in large law firms in the United States. On the basis of extensive interviews with lawyers formally charged with responsibility for institutional ethics in their large law firms, the study asked what ethical issues ethics counsel attempt to address and how they attempt to address those issues. The paper examines ethics counsels’ conceptions of their roles and the assumptions and beliefs that frame their decision-making. The paper reports the study’s findings that currently ethics counsel and the ethical infrastructures they design and implement are primarily focused on the norms that govern lawyers’ loyalty to their clients and the ethics rules designed to protect a client from lawyers and firms with conflicting interests. In contrast, most ethics counsel spend relatively little time in their formal role as ethics counsel addressing norms relating to a lawyer’s independence from his client.
Impact of 3D echocardiography on grading of mitral stenosis and prediction of clinical events

Background The mitral valve orifice area (MVOA) is difficult to assess accurately by 2D echocardiography because of geometric assumptions; therefore, 3D planimetry may offer advantages. We studied the differences in MVOA measurements between the most frequently used methods, to determine if 3D planimetry would result in the re-grading of severity in any cases, and whether it was a more accurate predictor of clinical outcomes. Methods This was a head-to-head comparison of the three most commonly used techniques to grade mitral stenosis (MS) by orifice area and to assess their impact on clinical outcomes. 2D measurements (pressure half-time (PHT), planimetry) and 3D planimetry were performed retrospectively on patients with at least mild MS. The clinical primary endpoint was defined as a composite of MV balloon valvotomy, mitral valve repair or replacement (MVR) and/or acute heart failure (HF) admissions. Results Forty-one consecutive patients were included; the majority were female (35; 85.4%), average age 55 (17) years. Mean and peak MV gradients were 9.4 (4) mmHg and 19 (6) mmHg, respectively. 2D and 3D measures of MVOA differed significantly; mean 2D planimetry MVOA was 1.28 (0.40) cm2, mean 3D planimetry MVOA 1.15 (0.29) cm2 (P = 0.003). Mean PHT MVOA was 1.43 (0.44) cm2 (P = 0.046 and P < 0.001 in comparison to 2D and 3D planimetry methods, respectively). 3D planimetry reclassified 7 (17%) patients from mild-to-moderate MS, and 1 (2.4%) from moderate to severe. Overall, differences between the two methods were significant (X2, P < 0.001). Only cases graded as severe by 3D predicted the primary outcome measure compared with mild or moderate cases (odds ratio 5.7). Conclusion 3D planimetry in MS returns significantly smaller measurements, which in some cases results in the reclassification of severity. Routine use of 3D may significantly influence the management of MS, with a degree of prediction of clinical outcomes.
Evaluation of immunological parameters in pit bull terrier‐type dogs with juvenile onset generalized demodicosis and age‐matched healthy pit bull terrier‐type dogs

BACKGROUND: Juvenile onset generalized demodicosis (JOGD) is thought to occur due to immunological abnormalities and is over‐represented in pit bull terrier‐type dogs. ANIMALS: Twelve pit bull terrier‐type dogs with JOGD and 12 age‐matched healthy pit bull terrier‐type dogs. OBJECTIVE: To investigate immunological differences between age‐matched healthy and JOGD pit bull terrier‐type dogs by flow cytometry, multiplex, molecular and serological assays. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Flow cytometry quantified B cells expressing MHCII or surface‐bound IgG, CD4+ T cells expressing MHCII, CD8 T cells expressing MHCII or CD11a, neutrophil and monocyte markers. Surface expression was quantified by calculating the geometric mean fluorescence index. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare median results for IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐7, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐13, IL‐18, FOXP3, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, GM‐CSF, KC, IgE, IgA, IgG, IgM, C‐reactive protein, lymphocyte, neutrophil and monocyte in the groups. IFN‐gamma, IP‐10, IL‐15, IL‐31 and TNF‐alpha also were measured; however, insufficient dogs (<5) had values that were in range of the assay to allow for statistical evaluation. Significance was defined as P < 0.05. RESULTS: Serum concentrations of IL‐2, IL‐18 and MCP‐1 were significantly higher (P = 0.01, P = 0.01, P = 0.04) in the JOGD group. Also, IgA median value was significantly higher (P = 0.002) in pit bull terrier‐type dogs with JOGD. Flow cytometry revealed that T‐cell, neutrophil and monocyte markers were not different between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest an appropriate compensatory immune response by pit bull terrier‐type dogs in the JOGD group and do not support the explanation of global immune deficiency in these dogs.
A Brownian quasi-crystal of pre-assembled colloidal Penrose tiles

Penrose’s pentagonal P2 quasi-crystal1–4 is a beautiful, hierarchically organized multiscale structure in which kite- and dart-shaped tiles are arranged into local motifs, such as pentagonal stars, which are in turn arranged into various close-packed superstructural patterns that become increasingly complex at larger length scales. Although certain types of quasi-periodic structure have been observed in hard and soft matter, such structures are difficult to engineer, especially over large areas, because generating the necessary, highly specific interactions between constituent building blocks is challenging. Previously reported soft-matter quasi-crystals of dendrimers5, triblock copolymers6, nanoparticles7 and polymeric micelles8 have been limited to 12- or 18-fold symmetries. Because routes for self-assembling complex colloidal building blocks9–11 into low-defect dynamic superstructures remain limited12, alternative methods, such as using optical and directed assembly, are being explored13,14. Holographic laser tweezers15 and optical standing waves16 have been used to hold microspheres in local quasi-crystalline arrangements, and magnetic microspheres of two different sizes have been assembled into local five-fold-symmetric quasi-crystalline arrangements in two dimensions17. But a Penrose quasi-crystal of mobile colloidal tiles has hitherto not been fabricated over large areas. Here we report such a quasi-crystal in two dimensions, created using a highly parallelizable method of lithographic printing and subsequent release of pre-assembled kite- and dart-shaped tiles into a solution–dispersion containing a depletion agent. After release, the positions and orientations of the tiles within the quasi-crystal can fluctuate, and these tiles undergo random, Brownian motion in the monolayer owing to frequent collisions between neighbouring tiles, even after the system reaches equilibrium. Using optical microscopy, we study both the equilibrium fluctuations of the system at high tile densities and also the ‘melting’ of the pattern as the tile density is lowered. At high tile densities we find signatures of a five-fold pentatic liquid quasi-crystalline phase, analogous to a six-fold hexatic liquid crystal. Our fabrication approach is applicable to tiles of different sizes and shapes, and with different initial positions and orientations, enabling the creation of two-dimensional quasi-crystalline systems (and other systems that possess multiscale complexity at high tile densities) beyond those of current self- or directed-assembly methods18–20. We anticipate that our approach for generating lithographically pre-assembled monolayers could be extended to create three-dimensional Brownian systems of fluctuating particles with custom-designed shapes through holographic lithography21,22 or stereolithography23. A lithographic patterning and release method is used to create a dense, fluctuating, Brownian system of mobile colloidal kite- and dart-shaped Penrose tiles over large areas that retains quasi-crystalline order.
How to successfully introduce logo redesigns

Logos are an important element of brand identity and aesthetics, and the management of these brand assets includes redesign efforts. However, despite best managerial intentions, not all consumers welcome logo redesigns. This paper examines how marketing managers can minimize the negative impact of logo redesigns, particularly among their most loyal customers. We find that consumers who are most attached to the brand are least receptive to logo redesigns. To avoid alienating their most committed consumers, managers can achieve the greatest success when a change in logo redesign is accompanied by empathetic messages that acknowledge consumers’ feelings of discomfort about the redesigned logos. While this finding is intuitive, managers rarely follow it in practice. This study fills a gap in the brand aesthetics literature, adds to the literature on brand attachment, and offers managers considering a logo redesign important guidance.
ULF waves observed during substorms in the solar wind and on the ground

Abstract We present results of analysis of ultra-low-frequency (ULF) waves observed by the Advanced Composite Explorer (ACE) satellite at the Earth's L1 Lagrangian point (in the solar wind) and the fluxgate magnetometer at the Poker Flat ground station in Alaska, USA. We considered 75 high-intensity substorm events occurring between October 2015 and April 2017. Our goal is to investigate possible correlation between spectral characteristics of the waves observed in the solar wind and on the ground. Our findings show that: 1) ULF waves with the same frequencies are frequently observed at both locations, in particular, about 30% of the cases yield very good correlation between power spectral density of corresponding signals; 2) the waves with frequencies of 0.60 mHz, 0.70–0.75 mHz are most often seen at both locations; 3) the trend of repeating dominant frequencies is consistent throughout the whole period of observation of about a year and a half. There are also some cases of either mismatch of expectation and occurrence of substorm or a poor correlation between the frequencies of ULF waves detected in space and on the ground. Our findings suggest that the variations of plasma density or the magnetic field in the solar wind indeed serves as a driver for the ULF waves in the Earth's magnetosphere-ionosphere system. This system works like a resonator, and when the frequency of the driver matches one of the eigenfrequencies of the resonator, the large amplitude waves are observed on the ground. When the frequency of the driver mismatch the eigenfrequency, the amplitude of the ground oscillations are much smaller.
Iron-Deficiency Anemia During Childhood

Iron-deficiency anemia continues to affect persons of all ages and socioeconomic groups. The most common cause in children is consumption of a sideropenic diet and in women of childbearing age is menstrual blood loss. Challenging aspects of iron-deficiency anemia management are securing the correct diagnosis that resulted in iron deficiency and cajoling children and adolescents to take oral iron. Iron metabolism is tightly regulated at the intestinal cell level since too much or too little iron causes disease. It cannot be stressed enough that iron-deficiency anemia has a cause and that without understanding and correcting the underlying cause will result in iron therapy failure. For persons unable to tolerate oral iron, there are intravenous iron preparations that may facilitate the therapy of iron-deficiency anemia. Pediatricians are in an enviable position to continue to screen for and prevent iron-deficiency anemia.
Variations in reason for intention not to vaccinate across time, region, and by race/ethnicity, NIS-Teen (2008-2016).

Abstract Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is expected to reduce HPV-related disease and cancer in the US. However, many parents are hesitant to obtain the vaccine for their children. The purpose of this study is to examine how the reasons for refusing the HPV vaccine vary across regions of the US, across time, and by race/ethnicity. Methods This study used data on 13–17 year old adolescents collected by the National Immunization Survey – Teen (NIS-Teen) annually between 2008 and 2016. We evaluated the frequencies of parents who did not intend to vaccinate their children in the next year among unvaccinated children. Among these non-intenders, we evaluated how reasons for HPV vaccine hesitancy changed across time, by region of the US, and race/ethnicity. Results The proportion of non-intenders among unvaccinated decreased from 72% in 2010 to 58% in 2016. The most frequent reason for vaccine hesitancy was that parents felt HPV vaccination was not necessary (22.4%), followed by lack of provider recommendation (16.2%), and lack of knowledge (15.6%). Lack of provider recommendation increased in frequency as a reason for HPV vaccine hesitancy until 2012, then decreased in frequency through 2016. Cost was one reason that was elevated in all regions compared to the Northeast. Black non-intenders were less likely to report safety, costs, or their children’s fear as reasons for not intending to vaccinate their children compared to white non-intenders. Hispanic non-intenders were more likely to report lack of knowledge and that the vaccine is not a school requirement as reasons not to vaccinate their children compared to white non-intenders. Conclusions National advocacy for improving provider recommendation for HPV vaccination likely contributed to a sharp decline in HPV vaccine hesitancy due to lack of provider recommendation. Results indicate the need for multifaceted interventions to increase HPV vaccination.
A verified protocol buffer compiler

The code responsible for serializing and deserializing untrusted external data is a vital component of any software that communicates with the outside world, as any bugs in these components can compromise the entire system. This is particularly true for verified systems which rely on trusted code to process external data, as any defects in the parsing code can invalidate any formal proofs about the system. One way to reduce the trusted code base of these systems is to use interface generators like Protocol Buffer and ASN.1 to generate serializers and deserializers from data descriptors. Of course, these generators are not immune to bugs. In this work, we formally verify a compiler for a realistic subset of the popular Protocol Buffer serialization format using the Coq proof assistant, proving once and for all the correctness of every generated serializer and deserializer. One of the challenges we had to overcome was the extreme flexibility of the Protocol Buffer format: the same source data can be encoded in an infinite number of ways, and the deserializer must faithfully recover the original source value from each. We have validated our verified system using the official conformance tests.