cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology

Publisher Summary This chapter explores clinical pharmacology. Clinical pharmacology can be defined as the study of drugs in humans. It has been termed “a bridging discipline” because it combines elements of classical pharmacology with clinical medicine. Contemporary drug development is a complex process that is conventionally divided into preclinical research and development (R&D) and a number of clinical development phases. Phase I clinical development begins with a limited number of studies in healthy volunteers or patients. The purpose of these studies is to establish a range of tolerated doses and characterize the drug candidate's pharmacokinetic (PK) properties and initial toxicity profile. “PK” is defined as the quantitative analysis of the processes of drug absorption, distribution, and elimination that determine the time course of drug action. The utility of using the Cockcroft and Gault equation or other methods to estimate creatinine clearance stems from the fact that these estimates can alert healthcare workers to the presence of impaired renal function in patients whose creatinine formation rate is reduced. Dose-related toxicity often occurs when impaired renal function is unrecognized.
The Benefits, Challenges, and Impediments of Greywater Use in EPA Region 5

This working paper examines the rules, regulations, and ordinances in EPA Region 5 that are helping and hindering the expanded use of greywater -- particular in agricultural uses.
Performance of networked dead reckoning navigation system

Networked navigation systems aided by cooperative information sharing are evaluated using flight data from seven uninhabited aerial vehicles. Decentralized estimation architectures are evaluated, and their performance is compared against centralized implementations. It is shown that a flexible covariance intersection–based decentralized implementation is effective, at a fraction of the resources required for a centralized implementation, if resources are put toward ensuring the continued presence of one or more high-quality users in the community.
Thrombotic Vascular Disease

When vascular integrity is interrupted, the coagulation process is initiated by the contact of plasma factor Vila with tissue factor expressed on extravascular cells, mainly fibroblasts and monocytes. Thrombus formation is complex and involves four major systems: (1) activation of coagulation factors in several steps (initiation, amplification, propagation) (1,2); (2) participation of platelets; (3) limitation of clot extension via the natural anticoagulant system; and (4) dissolution of thrombus through the fibrinolytic system.
Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis.

Transthyretin (TTR)-related cardiac amyloidosis is a progressive infiltrative cardiomyopathy that mimics hypertensive, hypertrophic heart disease and may go undiagnosed. Transthyretin-derived amyloidosis accounts for 18% of all cases of cardiac amyloidosis. Thus, the study’s purpose is to provide a comprehensive review of transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis. Wild-type transthyretin (ATTRwt) protein causes cardiac amyloidosis sporadically, with 25 to 36% of the population older than 80 years of age are at risk to develop a slowly progressive, infiltrative amyloid cardiomyopathy secondary to ATTRwt. In contrast, hereditary amyloidosis (ATTRm) is an autosomal dominant inherited disease associated with more than 100 point mutations in the transthyretin gene and has a tendency to affect the heart and nervous system. Up to 4% of African-Americans carry the Val122Ile mutation in the transthyretin gene, the most prevalent cause of hereditary cardiac amyloidosis in the USA. Identifying transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis requires increased awareness of the prevalence, signs and symptoms, and diagnostic tools available for discrimination of this progressive form of cardiomyopathy associated with left ventricular hypertrophy. While there are no FDA-approved medical treatments, investigation is underway on agents to reduce circulating mutated transthyretin.
On Nonlinear Correlation of Random Elements

In view of imprecise data in a variety of situations, we proceed to investigate dependence structure of random closed sets. Inspired by the modeling and quantifying of nonlinear dependence structures of random vectors, using copulas, we look at the extension of copula connection to the case of infinitely separable metric spaces with applications to the space of closed sets of a Hausdorff, locally compact, second countable space.
ADENYLATE CYCLASE IN NORMAL AND LEUKEMIC HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES

Abnormalities in adenylate cyclase activity and cyclic AMP levels have been reported in studies of lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). This chapter presents detailed characterization of adenylate cyclase activity in purified T and B lymphocyte subpopulations from normal donors. In a study described in the chapter, lymphocytes purified with Ficoll–Hypaque were obtained from healthy donors and 19 patients with B cell type CLL. T cells were identified by the E-rosette technique. B cells were identified with rabbit antihuman Ig and the EAC-rosette technique. Monocytes were detected by esterase staining. The results of assays for adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP are shown in the chapter. The adenylate cyclase assay measured conversion of α 32 P labeled ATP to 32 P labeled cyclic AMP in freeze-thaw lysates of lymphocytes. Enzyme activity was 57 ± 4 pmoles 32 P Cyclic AMP/mg prot/min in normals, 39 ± 8 in CLL lymphocytes from patients with peripheral leukocyte counts 3 , and 20 ± 3 in patients with counts > 30,000/mm 3 .
THE MECHANICS OF THE FLAME BENDING PROCESS: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS

The flame bending process can be most useful in the present effort to automate the plate bending process in shipyards. To achieve this goal, the complicated thermo-elastic-plastic behavior of the plate during the process must be understood. A review of past analytical research efforts reveals that these attempts have been restricted to beam bending. Here a theory for the thermo-elastic-plastic plate bending is developed. Furthermore, using a boundary element method as a solution technique, the difference between the mechanics of beam bending versus plate bending is shown. Recommendations for future work are given.
Role of Associative Charging in the Entropy-Energy Balance of Polyelectrolyte Complexes.

Polyelectrolytes may be classified into two primary categories (strong and weak) depending on how their charge state responds to the local environment. Both of these find use in many applications, ...
Applying the approach/avoidance framework to understand the relationships between social courage, workplace outcomes, and well-being outcomes

ABSTRACTThe current article heeds three prior calls to advance the study of courage. First, we replicate prior findings regarding the relationship of social courage and work outcomes, but we also i...
Shared Decision Making About Starting Anti-TNFs: A Pediatric Perspective

ABSTRACTShared decision making (SDM) is central to patient-centered medicine and has the potential to improve outcomes for pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. We surveyed specialists about their use of SDM in the decision to start a tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor in pediatric pat
Anal Cancer Precursor Lesions in HIV-Infected Persons: Tissue Human Papillomavirus Type Distribution and Impact on Treatment Response.

BACKGROUND Data on tissue distribution of human papillomavirus types in anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions are limited and the impact on treatment outcomes poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate potential predictors of treatment failure after electrocautery ablation, including human papillomavirus type(s) isolated from index lesions. DESIGN This was a retrospective cohort study. SETTINGS The study was conducted at a tertiary academic referral center in New York City. PATIENTS Seventy-nine HIV-infected patients with a diagnosis of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions between January 2009 and December 2012 were included, and genomic DNA was extracted from biopsy tissue. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The prevalence of human papillomavirus types in index lesions and surveillance biopsies after electrocautery ablation were analyzed to evaluate treatment response. RESULTS Of 79 anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 71 (90%) tested positive for ≥1 human papillomavirus type; 8 (10%) had no human papillomavirus detected. The most common type was 16 (39%), followed by 33 (15%). Human papillomavirus type 18 was seen in 3%. Sixty-one patients (77%) underwent electrocautery ablation and had subsequent surveillance biopsies. Surveillance biopsies yielded benign findings or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in 31 (51%) of 61 and recurrent high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in 30 (49%) of 61 patients (mean follow-up: 35 mo). Ablation response did not differ significantly based on baseline demographics, smoking history, history of anogenital warts, mean CD4 T-cell count, antiretroviral-therapy use, and HIV viral load (<50 copies/mL). The recurrence of high-grade lesions was not significantly associated with high-risk human papillomavirus types detected in index lesions. LIMITATIONS Human papillomavirus genotyping in surveillance biopsies was not performed. CONCLUSIONS Anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-infected patients contain a wide range of human papillomavirus types, and individual lesions commonly harbor multiple types concomitantly. Recurrence of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions after electrocautery ablation occurs frequently and is not affected by high-risk human papillomavirus types. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A833.
Argentine Ant Management: Using Toxin-Laced Polyacrylamide Crystals to Target Ant Colonies in Vineyards

Summary Goals: Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) is an invasive species that is ecologically disruptive and agriculturally significant. In vineyards, Argentine ant activity compromises nonchemical approaches to mealybug management by interrupting biological control agents. Toxic baits have proven effective to control Argentine ant populations in urban and agricultural settings; however, it is resource intensive to use bait stations to deliver a toxin to ants, making it prohibitive to large-scale implementation by agricultural producers. We undertook this project to evaluate a simpler, more efficient delivery method, using toxin-laced polyacrylamide crystals. Key Findings: Polyacrylamide baits are quick and easy to prepare and apply in vineyards. Both boric acid (0.5%) and thiamethoxam (0.0006%) are compatible with the polyacrylamide crystal delivery method. In vineyards, two applications of thiamethoxam-laced bait eliminated ant foraging at sugar-soaked cotton balls for 5 to 6 wks and further suppressed activity for up to 6 mos. In vineyards, two applications of boric acid-laced bait eliminated ant foraging at sugar-soaked cotton balls for 4 to 6 wks and further suppressed activity for up to 5 mos. Overall temporal declines in ant populations in the trial blocks suggest that there are cumulative effects of the bait applications over multiple seasons. Impact and Significance: Toxic bait applied in commercial vineyards using a novel delivery method, polyacrylamide crystals, provided durable control of Argentine ant populations during the growing season. Following two bait applications, ant foraging at sugar-soaked cotton balls was eliminated for 5 to 6 wks and further suppressed for 3 to 6 mos; in several instances, this effect continued into the subsequent growing season. The broadcast toxin-laced crystals were spread across a large area of the vineyard, facilitating ant foraging at multiple point sources to target a greater number of nests within the infested areas. The sugary, aqueous bait mimicked their natural food source, making it attractive to foraging ants and therefore more likely to result in sustained population control. Using these baits to reduce Argentine ant populations in vineyard ecosystems can reduce their agricultural significance by enhancing biological control of phloem-feeding insects, particularly mealybugs. Other ecological benefits may also result from reducing populations of this invasive species in agricultural and natural systems.1,2,3
Face-to-Face Meetings with Neurosurgical Patients Before Hospital Discharge: Impact on Telephone Outreach, Emergency Department Visits, and Hospital Readmissions

The Johns Hopkins Community Health Partnerships (JCHiP) was developed in 2010 within the Johns Hopkins Health Systems. As part of JCHiP, the Patient Access Line call center was created. The average...
Noise source modifications to enhance performance of an acoustic modulation system

The ability to simulate extreme flight environments of aerospace structures, such as high-intensity thermal acoustic loading, is achieved through the use of a progressive wave tube facility. This valve modulation system, used to create the random acoustic wave, behaves like an electromagnetically driven spring-mass system that uses electro-pneumatic, vibrating-vane air valves as the noise source. Each valve requires an electrical input and reaction with a magnetic field to generate the force necessary to overcome the spring stiffness of the outer portion of the valve. This force, driven by a current carrying wire, opens and closes the modulation slots, creating airflow pressure pulses necessary to generate higher sound pressure levels. Several physical characteristics of the noise source can be modified to generate a higher force on the spring section of the valve. This work documents the increase in the overall sound pressure level output of the noise source by varying the cross-sectional area and gage size of the current carrying wire, documenting performance of materials which strengthen the magnetic field, and by comparing the frequency about which the narrow band drive signal was centered. Based on the results of these comparisons, an optimal combination of physical characteristics will be discussed.The ability to simulate extreme flight environments of aerospace structures, such as high-intensity thermal acoustic loading, is achieved through the use of a progressive wave tube facility. This valve modulation system, used to create the random acoustic wave, behaves like an electromagnetically driven spring-mass system that uses electro-pneumatic, vibrating-vane air valves as the noise source. Each valve requires an electrical input and reaction with a magnetic field to generate the force necessary to overcome the spring stiffness of the outer portion of the valve. This force, driven by a current carrying wire, opens and closes the modulation slots, creating airflow pressure pulses necessary to generate higher sound pressure levels. Several physical characteristics of the noise source can be modified to generate a higher force on the spring section of the valve. This work documents the increase in the overall sound pressure level output of the noise source by varying the cross-sectional area and gage s...
Evaluation of low-cost optical particle counters for monitoring individual indoor aerosol sources

AbstractLow-cost optical particle counters (OPC) have gained increasing attention in recent years in exposure studies. Previous studies reported that the OPCs’ performance varies considerably with ...
Targeted Intravenous Nanoparticle Delivery: Role of Flow and Endothelial Glycocalyx Integrity

Therapies for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease should target early disease stages and specific vascular sites where disease occurs. Endothelial glycocalyx (GCX) degradation compromises endothelial barrier function and increases vascular permeability. This initiates pro-atherosclerotic lipids and inflammatory cells to penetrate vessel walls, and at the same time this can be leveraged for targeted drug delivery. In prior cell culture studies, GCX degradation significantly increased endothelial cell uptake of nanoparticle vehicles that are designed for drug delivery, compared to the effects of intact GCX. The present study assessed if the cell culture findings translate to selective nanoparticle uptake in animal vessels. In mice, the left carotid artery (LCA) was partially ligated to disturb blood flow, which induces GCX degradation, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. After ligation, the LCA vessel wall exhibited a loss of continuity of the GCX layer on the intima. 10-nm gold nanospheres (GNS) coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) were delivered intravenously. GCX degradation in the ligated LCA correlated to increased GNS infiltration of the ligated LCA wall. This suggests that GCX dysfunction, which coincides with atherosclerosis, can indeed be targeted for enhanced drug delivery, offering a new approach in cardiovascular disease therapy.
A software package for immunologists to learn simulation modeling

As immunology continues to become more quantitative, increasingly sophisticated computational tools are commonly used. One useful toolset are simulation models. Becoming familiar with such models and their uses generally requires writing computer code early in the learning process. This poses a barrier for individuals who do not have prior coding experience. To help reduce this barrier, I wrote software that teaches the use of mechanistic simulation models to study infection and immune response dynamics, without the need to read or write computer code. The software, called Dynamical Systems Approach to Immune Response Modeling (DSAIRM), is implemented as a freely available package for the R programming language. The target audience are immunologists and other scientists with no or little coding experience. DSAIRM provides a hands-on introduction to simulation models, teaches the basics of those models and what they can be used for. Here, I describe the DSAIRM R package, explain the different ways the package can be used, and provide a few introductory examples. Working through DSAIRM will equip individuals with the knowledge needed to critically assess studies using simulation models in the published literature and will help them understand when such a modeling approach might be suitable for their own research. DSAIRM also provides users a potential starting point towards development and use of simulation models in their own research.
Handgrip Strength Asymmetry and Weakness Together Are Associated With Functional Disability in Aging Americans.

BACKGROUND Evaluating handgrip strength (HGS) asymmetry may help to improve the prognostic value of HGS. This study sought to determine the associations of HGS asymmetry and weakness on future activities of daily living (ADL) disability in a national sample of aging Americans. METHODS The analytic sample included 18,468 Americans aged ≥50 years from the 2006-2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. A handgrip dynamometer measured HGS. Those with HGS >10% stronger on either hand were considered as having any HGS asymmetry. Individuals with HGS >10% stronger on their dominant hand were considered as having dominant HGS asymmetry, while those with HGS >10% stronger on their nondominant hand were classified as having nondominant HGS asymmetry. Men with HGS <26 kg and women with HGS <16 kg were considered weak. ADLs were self-reported. Generalized estimating equations were used for analyses. RESULTS Relative to those with symmetric HGS and no weakness, each HGS asymmetry and weakness group had increased odds for future ADL disability: 1.11 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.20) for any HGS asymmetry alone, 1.42 (CI: 1.16-1.74) for weakness alone, and 1.81 (CI: 1.52-2.16) for both any HGS asymmetry and weakness. Most weakness and HGS asymmetry dominance groups had increased odds for future ADL disability: 1.30 (CI: 1.13-1.50) for nondominant HGS asymmetry alone, 1.42 (CI: 1.16-1.74) for weakness alone, 1.72 (CI: 1.29-2.29) for both weakness and nondominant HGS asymmetry, and 1.86 (CI: 1.52-2.28) for both weakness and dominant HGS asymmetry. CONCLUSIONS HGS asymmetry and weakness together may increase the predictive utility of handgrip dynamometers.
Determination of the Space Occupied by Moving Links of Manipulators and Linkages

A general approach for determination of the space occupied by the moving links of manipulators and linkages is proposed. The approach is based on the following considerations: (1) a link is modelled by a set of three cylinders or by a single cylinder; (2) the motion of the link is considered as governed by one parameter or as a sequence of independent motions with one degree-of-freedom; (3) the space that is swept out by a cylinder in one degree-of-freedom motion is determined by a set of: (i) envelopes of three families of surfaces that are generated by the cylinder surface and two planes that limit the length of the cylinder, and (ii) two surfaces that are generated by two bounding circles of the cylinder. The proposed approach is applied to the determination of the space occupied by a link the Cincinnati-Milacron T3 manipulator and the RSRC linkage. The swept space is determined analytically and is illustrated with computer graphics.
SwarmTalk - Towards Benchmark Software Suites for Swarm Robotics Platforms

With nearly every new swarm robotic platform built, the designers develop its software stack, from low-level drivers to high-level algorithmic implementations. And while the different software stacks frequently share components, especially in robot-to-robot communication, these common components are also developed from scratch time and again. We present SwarmTalk, a new communication library that can be quickly ported to new and existing swarm hardware. SwarmTalk adopts a publish-subscribe communication model that satisfies the severe hardware constraints found in many swarms, and provides an easy-to-use programming interface. We port our SwarmTalk prototype to two hardware swarm platforms and two simulator-based platforms, and implement commonly-used swarm algorithms on these four platforms. We present the design and implementation of SwarmTalk, discuss some of the system challenges in implementation and cross-platform porting, and report on our initial experiences as a common communication abstraction for a community benchmarking suite.
Engagement and Effectiveness of a Smoking Cessation Quitline Intervention in a Thoracic Surgery Clinic

Importance Smoking quitline programs effectively promote smoking cessation in outpatient primary care settings. Objective To examine the factors associated with smoking quitline engagement and smoking cessation among patients undergoing thoracic surgery who consented to a quitline electronic referral. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective cohort study was conducted from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2018, among 111 active smoking patients referred to the quitline from a thoracic surgery outpatient clinic visit. Patients were divided into operative and nonoperative cohorts. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcomes were engagement rates in the quitline program and successful smoking cessation. Secondary outcomes were self-reported point prevalence abstinence at 1 month and 6 months after the smoking quit date. Results Of 111 patients (62 men; mean [SD] age, 61.8 [11.2] years) who had a quitline referral, 58 (52%) underwent surgery, and 32 of these 58 patients (55%) participated in the program. Of the 53 nonoperative patients (48%), 24 (45%) participated in the program. In the operative cohort, there was no difference in the smoking cessation rate between quitline participants and nonparticipants (21 of 32 [66%] vs 16 of 6 [62%];P = .79) or in point prevalence abstinence at 1 month (23 of 32 [72%] vs 14 of 25 [56%];P = .27) or 6 months (14 of 28 [50%] vs 6 of 18 [33%];P = .36). Similarly, in the nonoperative cohort, there was no difference in the smoking cessation rate between quitline participants and nonparticipants (8 of 24 [33%] vs 11 of 29 [38%];P = .78) or in point prevalence abstinence at 1 month (7 of 24 [29%] vs 8 of 27 [30%];P = .99) or 6 months (6 of 23 [26%] vs 6 of 25 [24%];P = .99). Regardless of quitline participation, operative patients had a 1.8-fold higher proportion of successful smoking cessation compared with nonoperative patients (37 of 58 [64%] vs 19 of 53 [36%];P = .004) as well as a 2.2-fold higher proportion of 1-month point prevalence abstinence (37 of 57 [65%] vs 15 of 51 [29%];P Conclusions and Relevance Patients undergoing thoracic surgery were nearly twice as likely to quit smoking as those who did not have an operation, and smoking quitline participation further augmented point prevalence abstinence. Improved smoking cessation rates, even among nonoperative patients, were associated with appropriate outpatient counseling and intervention.
Diacylglycerols: biomarkers of a sustained immune response in proteinopathies

Abstract Proteinopathies, associated with the development of dementia, are characterized by both systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation. This sustained/unresolved immune response involves a large number of inflammatory mediators that ultimately may be responsible for the neuronal deficits that underlie cognitive dysfunction. Our research and that of others have demonstrated elevated levels of diacylglycerols in the brain and plasma of patients with proteinopathies. We conclude that these metabolic products of phospholipases C and D are lipid biomarkers of unresolved immune pathology. Since diacylglycerols serve both structural and signal transduction roles, elevations in the levels of these normally tightly regulated lipids may contribute to neuronal dysfunction in proteinopathies.
A Comprehensive Modeling Procedure for the Human Granulopoietic System: Over-all View and Summary of Data

Understanding of the granulopoietic system in both normal and diseased states might be assisted by the use of a quantitative modeling procedure that relates the underlying cellular events of granulopoiesis studied in the laboratory to the marrow and peripheral blood picture as it might be seen in the clinic. In this way, the modeling procedure could become both an adjunct to ongoing laboratory research, as well as a means for rationally deciding on modes of treatment for pathologic conditions. The depth and rapid pace of modern granulopoietic research require that the modeling procedure be, on the one hand, detailed enough to permit the inclusion of the pertinent events at the cellular level as they are known today, while on the other hand, remain flexible enough to permit both the modification of any part and the possibility of seeing the predicted consequences of this modification for both the normal and diseased states. A detailed procedure was developed for an hour-by-hour description of the interrelationship of the kinetics of the various marrow cell types with the events in the peripheral blood and tissue spaces. The model was extended to include the toxic effects of a drug (5-fluorouracil) administered according to the protocol of an actual trial with cancer patients, and the temporal pattern of the predicted effects of the drug on the peripheral blood count was compared with that found in the clinic.
Quorum sensing inhibitors: Current progress of the natural antimicrobials

The misuses of antimicrobials in infectious diseases have led to the progress of extensive resistance in the infectious organisms. The unsuccessful of accessible antimicrobials to control infections makes it essential to discover alternatives to currently existing drugs. Their connection to infectious diseases and their natural ability increase antimicrobial resistance in microbes, has led to a platforms for research focused on new techniques to control them. In this affords we study, the pathogenicity in many bacteria is regulated by Quorum sensing (QS). The inhibition of QS system may causes the reduction of virulence and protect against bacterial infections. These bacteria rely on chemical communication (or QS) to coordinate activities necessary for their survival in groups by some course of action. Their dependence on QS has made those signaling systems within bacteria an attractive target for the design of new anti-infective agents. Compounds that can interrupt these processes are known as QS inhibitors. The QS is the key regulator of virulence in various bacteria. Various plants extracts and their chemical constituents were showed their effects on bacterial virulence factors by inhibiting of QS genes and QS-controlled factors and effects on bacterial growth. The anti-QS approach has promise in the fight against infections pathogens, thereby making the bacteria more susceptible to traditional antimicrobials. The QSIs may provide the newest weapon against infections involving drug-resistant bacterial strains. These QSIs come from a variety of sources and have a wide array of structures.
The Kings River Experimental Watersheds: Infrastructure and data

The Kings River Experimental Watersheds (KREW) were established in 2002 to expand our knowledge of catchment physical, chemical, and biological processes in Sierra Nevada headwater forests, and to better understand the impacts of prescribed burning and forest thinning on these processes. Two elevation strata (high and low) were selected for the KREW sites, with four independent catchments and one nested catchment within each stratum. Both high and low elevation study areas were instrumented for continuous measurements of meteorology, streamflow, and turbidity. Atmospheric and stream chemistry, suspended sediment concentration, and bedload sediment delivery were measured on a regular schedule. Soil chemical and physical properties and vegetation were systematically sampled before and after the initial thinning and prescribed burning treatments, which were implemented between 2012 and 2016. Post-treatment data collection continues today as we explore opportunities for the second round of possible treatments. The critical research infrastructure and long-term baseline data collection has been instrumental in building partnerships with downstream managers, end users, non-governmental organizations, academic researchers, and national research programmes. Contributions to date include fundamental understanding of magnitude and variability of nutrient deposition; carbon, nutrient, and major ion dynamics in headwater streams; aquatic algae and macroinvertebrate populations; vegetation composition and structure; and streamflow responses to precipitation in the two elevation strata. Data from the experimental watersheds also support calibration and validation of diverse hydrologic models used for water resources planning.
Gossiping: Introducing Direct Quotes in Story Retelling

The language used to report direct quotes in a narrative (more commonly known as 'stories' or 'gossip') tends to be stylized. However, the forms used to introduce direct quotes can reveal something about the reporter's opinions of the people and events in a narrative, as well as the actual events. Currently, the American English system of reporting speech or thoughts in a narrative is undergoing change, increasing the emphasis on the reporter's attitude toward the events, and on the degree of certainty that quoted words were actually spoken. This change has driven a re-analysis of various words not used formerly in narrative reports. This research attempts to show that two new forms for reporting speech, be like and be all, are used and that they are functionally differentiated from the 'correct' English say. The study is a preliminary one, and the results are inconclusive. However, be like appears to be used more often when the quote was not actually verbalized by any speaker, whereas be all appears to be used exclusively for actual, spoken quotes.
The Value of Subject Specialization and the Future of Science Liaison Librarianship

Through a survey of more than 200 US academic science librarians, we investigated the perceived value of subject specialization; looked for trends toward or away from science subject specialization; and analyzed predictions about the future of science liaison librarianship. Results showed that science librarians perceive subject specialization positively and predict it will continue to be necessary in the future. They also perceive that liaison relationships will remain crucial. While functional roles appear to be growing, they were not seen as replacing traditional subject responsibilities. Results suggest a shift toward a more generalist approach; however, additional research is needed before stating this conclusively.
Longitudinal double helicity asymmetry $A_{LL}$ from direct photon, jet and charged pion production in polarized $\vec{p}+\vec{p}$ collisions

Understanding the proton spin composition from the quarks and gluons spin polarization and their motion is important to test various kinds of sum rules and nonperturbative properties of hadrons. At the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), we collide longitudinally polarized proton beams and measure the double helicity asymmetry $A_{LL}$, which is an important physical quantity for extracting the polarized parton distribution functions (PDFs) of the proton. Direct photon, jet and charged pion production are good channels to probe the gluon spin polarization inside the proton, with the ability to probe also the sign of the gluon spin. Direct photon production is the theoretically ``cleanest'' channel, with little fragmentation contribution, but limited by statistics. On the other hand, jet and charged pion production have more statistics, but include more hard processes and hadronization effects. I will present the recent measurements of direct photon, jet and charged pion $A_{LL}$s at PHENIX and show their complementary roles in extracting the gluon spin.
Physics-Aware Security Monitoring against Structural Integrity Attacks in 3D Printers

STereoLithography (STL) files describe the geometry of objects to be printed in additive manufacturing. Previous studies have shown that the STL files that describe functional objects can be attacked such that the objects appear normal during inspection, but fail during operation. Such attacks lead to damage to systems that use the objects and possibly loss of life. The detection of any defects caused due to the attacks nowadays is limited to the quality control process after the objects are manufactured.We present a Trusted Integrity Verifier (TIV) to detect such attacks on 3D printed objects in the early stage of the manufacturing process. These type of new attacks cannot be detected by traditional software security mechanisms since they only focus on the printers and do not consider the inputs (STL design files) to the printer. Early detection of attacks prevents from printing malicious objects resulting in saving time, resources and manufacturing efforts. TIV detects malicious STL files using multidisciplinary approaches unlike the traditional integrity verification techniques. TIV develops a void detection module based on computer vision techniques to identify the internal defects such as voids. Some of these features could be from the design and some could be due to the attack. To differentiate the malicious features from the design features, TIV develops safety verification module based on a numerical method. TIV’s safety verification module is used to differentiate the malicious features from the design features by calculating the load bearing mechanical stress on the objects. These mechanical stresses are compared to the safety operational conditions to determine if the printed object will break or fail during its normal operation.To illustrate TIV’s generality and scalability, we conducted a large-scale analysis on 16,000 real-world 3D print STL files. TIV verified the STL files successfully as either safe or malicious with high accuracy of 92% for object classification and 96.5% for void detection.
Efficacy, Toxicity, and Immunogenicity of Adenoviral Vectors

To date, over 60% of all gene therapy clinical trials in the United States have focused on the development and validation of new therapies for cancer. Many of these trials utilize Ad vectors as novel anticancer therapeutics. In recent years, however, initial enthusiasm and high expectations for successful clinical application of Ad-based vectors as efficient anticancer therapeutics has been dampened based on the data obtained during a series of clinical trials. Along with the major concerns over the safety of systemic Ad application, which was found to be associated with immediate innate and inflammatory host responses and can also lead to fatalities, such issues as rapid clearance of the bulk of administered vector by cells of the reticulo-endothelial system, neutralization of virus particles by highly prevalent pre-existing antibodies, and poor transduction of primary tumors resulting from low-level Ad receptor expression and/or anatomical barriers, including extracellular matrix surrounding tumors, have established a great need for research to further improve existing Ad vectors and unravel their true therapeutic potential as anticancer agents. This chapter reviews and discusses the current status, limitations and future challenges for the Ad vector development field with respect to their efficacy, toxicity and immunogenicity.
Nitrogen Retention in Men Fed Isolated Soybean Protein Supplemented with L-Methionine, D-Methionine, N-Acetyl-L-Methionine, or Inorganic Sulfate

The ability of various sulfur-containing compounds to replace L-methionine (L-Met) was investigated by metabolic balance studies in man. N-acetyl-L-Methionine (AcMet), D-methionine (D-Met), and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) were used to supplement a diet deficient in sulfur amino acids. The daily diet contained 4.5 g nitrogen (N) from isolated soybean protein (SB) and 4.5 g from glycine and alanine (9 g total N). SB diet was given alone or supplemented to six adult men for periods of 9 days after a standardization period with an equal N eggwhite diet, preceded by a 2-day zero N adaptation period. Supplements provided equivalent amounts of sulfur to that present in 420 ml L-Met, the amount added to SB to bring the total sulfur amino acid content to 900 mg/day. AcMet was as benfeficial as L-Met in improving N balance but D-Met was not as effective as L-Met. Difference between balances obtained with L-Met and Na2SO4 was not significant due to large variation in response to Na2SO4. While addition of D-Met to SB did not result in significantly greater N retention than unsupplemented SB, NA2SO4 addition did cause increased N retention.
Modeling the Dynamics of Tumor Heterogeneity

Simon Tavare introduced Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) for simulating posterior distributions where computing the likelihood is intractable. In 2010, Tavare and Andrea Sottoriva extended ABC to complex models from cancer biology. On the other hand, Hisashi Ohtsuki, Martin Nowak and colleagues have introduced evolutionary graph theory, the study of evolutionary dynamics on graphs, and have proved results about time to fixation (i.e., for one subpopulation to take over the graph) in several settings. We will recapitulate these results and also characterize the nontrivial spatial distributions that arise and are observed during clinical timescales. We will use measures of spatial/spatiotemporal statistics of point processes arising from a variety of fields as summary statistics for ABC, to see if we can use them to distinguish regimes of interest in the parameter space corresponding to different hypotheses (e.g., cooperation, competition, and neutral coexistence of different subpopulations occupying the graph). We will apply the resulting new statistical tests to images of heterogeneous tumors, informing the course of therapy. Time permitting, we will touch on the connection with our work on the theory of graphical games. This research is in progress.
Analysis of normal fault populations in the Kumano forearc basin, Nankai Trough, Japan: 2. Principal axes of stress and strain from inversion of fault orientations

[1] We use a high-resolution 3-D seismic survey to map a population of recent normal faults within the Kumano Basin of the Nankai subduction zone, in order to quantify patterns of strain and stress state over the last 0.44 Myr. We identify distinct fault populations that define three phases of extension. Phases 1 and 2 comprise NW-SE striking faults located along the western basin edge and in the northwestern portion of the study area, respectively. The NE-SW striking faults of phase 3 comprise the largest population, and extend ~20 km landward from the basin's seaward edge. Phase 2 faults typically terminate within a few reflectors of the seafloor, whereas most phase 3 faults form seafloor scarps. Inversion of the fault populations documents NE-SW extension during phases 1 and 2 and NW-SE extension during phase 3, consistent with both core-scale structures and horizontal stress orientations observed at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) boreholes. Slip on phase 3 faults accommodates strain of up to ~1–2%, concentrated near the basin's seaward edge. Inversion for a best-fit stress tensor yields a subvertical σ1 and subhorizontal σ2 and σ3 for all faulting phases. We find that during phase 3 in most portions of the basin, σ2 = σ3 (SHmax = Shmin), reflecting widely varying fault strikes. This contrasts with distinct SHmax and Shmin magnitudes inferred from IODP borehole data; these observations may be reconciled if the orientation of maximum horizontal stress fluctuates due to variation of subduction parallel compression through the seismic cycle.
The Slip-Pad: A haptic display using interleaved belts to simulate lateral and rotational slip

We introduce a novel haptic display designed to reproduce the sensation of both lateral and rotational slip on a user's fingertip. The device simulates three-degrees-of-freedom of slip by actuating four interleaved tactile belts on which the user's finger rests. We present the specifications for the device, the mechanical design considerations, and initial evaluation experiments. We conducted experiments on user discrimination of tangential lateral and rotational slip. Initial results from our preliminary experiments suggest the device design has potential to simulate both tangential lateral and rotational slip. Source files: https://github.com/Slip-Pad.
Relationship of insulin dynamics to body composition and resting energy expenditure following weight loss

Objective To examine associations of baseline insulin dynamics with changes in body composition and resting energy expenditure (REE) following weight loss.
Preparation and [2+2] Cycloaddition of 1‐Triisopropylsiloxy‐1‐Hexyne with Methyl Crotonate: 3‐Butyl‐4‐Methyl‐2‐Triisopropylsiloxy‐Cyclobut‐2‐Enecarboxylic Acid Methyl Ester

Methyl crotonate Triisopropylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate Trifluoromethanesulfonanimide Silver carbonate Keywords: Cycloaddition; Triisopropylsiloxy-1-hexyne; Methylcrotonate; Siloxy alkynes; tert-Butyl hydroperoxide; Silylation; 1-Siloxy-1-alkynes; Cycloadditions; Waste disposal
Sensor-array data processing for multiple-signal sources

Techniques are considered for processing the outputs of a sensor array that is observing J distinct signal sources. Three types of wideband signals are discussed: unknown, stochastic, and parameterized. Narrowband signals are a special case. Four types of random errors are discussed: additive sensor noise, sensor gain errors, sensor time-delay errors, and "beam-pointing' errors. It is concluded that the so-called decoupled-beam data processor is a very promising technique, which can be implemented by passing the output of J individual "beams" through a J -input, J -output linear system. When sensor gain-delay and beam-pointing errors are not present, the decoupled-beam data processor provides "infinite sidelobe rejection."
In situ NMR characterization of pyrolysis oil during accelerated aging.

COMING OF AGE: A method for investigating the accelerated aging of biomass pyrolysis oils is reported. The in situ NMR investigation, done by using quantitative ¹H, ¹³C NMR and heteronuclear single-quantum correlation (HSQC)-NMR techniques, reveals the chemical structural changes of pyrolysis oil during the aging process, providing insight into the mechanism of aging process.
THE LEGAL CONTROL OF DRUNKEN DRIVING: A COMMENT ON METHODOLOGICAL CONCERNS IN ASSESSING DETERRENT EFFECTIVENESS

Appearing in this volume are papers by Votey and Phillips, Ray, and Votey that raise basic questions about the effectiveness of efforts to reduce drunken driving through legal controls implemented in the criminal justice system. The primary issues of extent, source, and duration of any effect are raised by those authors. This paper discusses the concern for deterrence expressed by Phillips, et al., and particularly focuses on some methodological problems in demonstrating the deterrent effectiveness of criminal sanctions on drunken driving.
Effect of extracellular matrix on the expression of peroxisome proliferation associated genes in cultured rat hepatocytes.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether the extracellular matrix used in hepatocyte culture would alter gene expression induced by the peroxisome proliferator ciprofibrate (CIP). We compared the activities and mRNA levels of two enzymes associated with peroxisome proliferation—fatty acyl-CoA oxidase (FAO), the first enzyme in the peroxisomal β-oxidation pathway, and lauric acid hydroxylase (LAH), which represents the activity of the cytochrome P450 4A subfamily—in rat hepatocytes cultured on different plates: plastic, collagen-coated, thin and thick Matrigel, and collagen gel plates. CIP increased FAO activity about fivefold in collagen gel plates and sixfold in thick Matrigel plates compared to a fourfold increase in other plates; LAH was increased about threefold in thin Matrigel plates and fourfold in thick Matrigel and collagen gel plates compared to only a twofold increase in plastic and collagen-coated plates. The mRNA level for FAO was highest in hepatocytes cultured on collagen gel and Matrigel plates compared to those cultured on plastic and collagen-coated plates. The P-450 4A1 mRNA expression, however, was highest in the collagen gel plates, with lower expression in the thick Matrigel, collagen-coated and plastic plates. DNA synthesis and the DNA binding activity of the transcription factor AP-1 were also examined in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) and CIP. Without the addition of EGF, DNA synthesis was significantly higher on collagen-coated plates than on collagen gel plates. The DNA binding activity of AP-1 was also induced after 24 hr culture in collagen-coated plates, whereas it was not detected in collagen gel plates. After the addition of EGF, the DNA binding activity of AP-1 was increased in both collagen-coated plates and collagen gel plates. CIP did not increase the DNA binding activity of AP-1 in either plate. These results demonstrate that components of the extracellular matrix influence the induction of peroxisome proliferator-induced enzyme activities and mRNA levels by CIP, with the highest induction seen in collagen gel and thick Matrigel plates. Furthermore, the induction of cell proliferation and AP-1 DNA binding activity are influenced by the extracellular matrix.