cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bündnissolidarität – zur Genese des Begriffs in der deutschen Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik

„‚[W]ould you leave us if we don’t pay our bills?‘ They hated my answer. I said, ‚yeah, I would consider it‘„. Mit diesen Worten postete der US-amerikanische Prasident Donald Trump seine Botschaft an die anderen Regierungschefs und ihre Reaktion beim NATO-Gipfel im Juli 2018 in Brussel im Netz.
Eligibility for a Shorter Treatment Regimen for Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis in the United States, 2011–2016

Background In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended a shorter (9-12 month) multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment regimen (as compared to the conventional 18-24 month regimen) for patients without extrapulmonary TB, pregnancy, a previous second-line TB medication exposure, or drug resistance to pyrazinamide, ethambutol, kanamycin, moxifloxacin, ethionamide, or clofazimine. The recommendation was based on successful clinical trials conducted in Asia and Africa, but studies, using mainly European data, have shown few patients in higher-resource settings would meet WHO eligibility criteria. Methods We assessed eligibility for the shorter regimen among US MDR-TB cases that had full drug susceptibility testing (DST) results and were reported during 2011-2016 to the US National TB Surveillance System. We estimated costs by applying the eligibility criteria for the shorter regimen, and proportional inpatient/outpatient costs from a previous, population-based study, to all MDR-TB patients reported to the National TB Surveillance System. Results Of 586 reported MDR-TB cases, 10% (59) were eligible for the shorter regimen. Of 527 ineligible patients, 386 had full DST, of which 246 were resistant to ethambutol and 217 were resistant to pyrazinamide. Compared with conventional MDR-TB treatment, implementing the shorter regimen would have reduced the US annual societal MDR-TB cost burden by 4%, but the cost burden for eligible individuals would have been reduced by 37-46%. Conclusions Relying on full DST use, our analysis found a minority of US MDR-TB patients would have been eligible for the shorter regimen. Cost reductions would have been minimal for society, but large for eligible individuals.
Regulation of Prostacyclin (PGI2) Release into Circulation

Several chemicals released prostacyclin (PGI2) and other prostanoids (CDP) that disaggregated platelet clumps in arterial blood of anaesthetized, heparinized cats. Methacholine (0.1 - 3.0 μg/kg i.v.) and other cholinergic stimuli released CDP that were more stable than authentic PGI2. This release was blocked by atropine and potentiated by any of seven beta-adrenolytic drugs studied. Noradrenaline and dopamine at high doses (10 - 30 μg/kg i.v.) occasionally released an unidentified disaggregatory substance. Stimulation of chemoreceptors (e.g.by almitrine at doses of 0.5 - 5 mg/kg i.v.) caused the release of a CDP with stability close to that of PGI2. Angiotensin I and II (0.5 - 1.5 μg/kg i.v.) and bradykinin (4 - 8 μg/kg i.v.) released CDP. Captopril (0.2 mg/kg i.v.) blocked the secretogenic effect of angiotensin I and potentiated that of bradykinin. Saralasin (20 μg/kg i.v.) abolished the release of CDP by angiotensin II and angiotensin I. Nicotinic acid, beta-pyridyl carbinol and nicotinamide (100 - 300 mg/kg i.v.) released CDP. Arachidonic acid (200 - 600 μg/kg/min i.v.) was hardly converted to CDP by the lung. In summary we found that CDP release may be controlled by : 1. cholinergic - beta-adrenergic balance, 2.stimulation of chemoreceptors, 3.activation of renin-angiotensin system, 4.nicotinic acid derivatives. Patho-physiological relevance of these mechanisms and analysis of the chemical nature of the secreted CDP require further studies.
Distillation Experiments and Observations

This chapter reviews some general observations about whisky distillation, and describes a few published experiments designed to assess chemical changes that occur during distillation, and how a still’s construction influences its distillates.
PROTEOLYSIS OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX BY INVADOPODIA FACILITATES HUMAN BREAST CANCER CELL INVASION AND IS MEDIATED BY MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES

Breast cancer cell lines vary in invasive behavior and one highly invasive cell line (MDA-MB-231)proteolytically degrades extracellular matrix with invadopodia (Thompson et al. 1992, J Cell Physiol, 150,534-44; Chen et al. 1994, Breast Cancer Res Treat, 31, 217-26). Invadopodial proteolysis of extracellularmatrix is thought to be necessary for invasion; however, this has not been demonstrated directly. To obtainsuch evidence, normal (HBL-100) and malignant (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) breast cells were evaluated forinvadopodial proteolysis of extracellular matrix and invasive behavior. We report that invadopodial prote-olysisof immobilized fibronectin is positively correlated with invasion of cells into type I collagen gels.Moreover, reducing the proteolytic activity of invadopodia with the metalloproteinase inhibitor, batimastat(BB-94), also decreases invasion indicating that breast cancer cell invasion is dependent upon proteolyti-callyactive invadopodia. ©Kluwer Academic Publishers
A heterologous in-cell assay for investigating intermicrovillar adhesion complex interactions and function

ABSTRACT Solute transporting epithelial cells build arrays of microvilli on their apical surface to increase membrane scaffolding capacity and enhance function potential. In epithelial tissues such as the kidney and gut, microvilli are length-matched and assembled into tightly packed ‘brush borders’, which are organized by ∼50 nm thread-like links that form between the distal tips of adjacent protrusions. Composed of protocadherins CDHR2 and CDHR5, adhesion links are stabilized at the tips by a cytoplasmic tripartite module containing the scaffolds USH1C and ANKS4B, and the actin-based motor, MYO7B. As several questions about the formation and function of this ‘intermicrovillar adhesion complex’ remain open, we devised a system that allows one to study individual binary interactions between specific complex components and MYO7B. Our approach employs a chimeric myosin consisting of the motor domain of MYO10 fused to the cargo-binding tail domain of MYO7B. When expressed in HeLa cells, which do not normally produce adhesion complex proteins, this motor exhibited robust trafficking to the tips of filopodia and was also able to transport individual components to these sites. Unexpectedly, the MYO10/MYO7B chimera was able to deliver CDHR2 and CDHR5 to distal tips in the absence USH1C or ANKS4B. Cells engineered to localize high levels of CDHR2 at filopodial tips acquired inter-filopodial adhesion and exhibited a striking dynamic length matching activity that aligned distal tips over time. These observations reveal a robust adhesion-dependent mechanism for matching the lengths of adjacent surface protrusions, and may offer insight on how epithelial cells minimize microvillar length variability.
Emma Dafouz and Ute Smit. 2020. ROAD-MAPPING English Medium Education in the Internationalised University. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. 163 pp. ISBN: 978-3-030-23462-1

Book review: Emma Dafouz and Ute Smit. 2020. ROAD-MAPPING English Medium Education in the Internationalised University. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. 163 pp. ISBN: 978-3-030-23462-1.
Electro-optic response in epitaxially stabilized orthorhombic m m 2 BaTi O 3

$\mathrm{BaTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (BTO) is an emergent material in the field of silicon-integrated photonics, as its thin films have been demonstrated to have a very large electro-optic (Pockels) coefficient that can be used for optical modulators. However, BTO grown directly on $\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (STO)-buffered Si (STO is required for epitaxial growth) initially grows with a polarization direction not suitable for the geometries currently used in photonic devices. Here, we grow BTO on a $\mathrm{BaSn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$-buffered STO substrate to form orthorhombic $mm2$ BTO, which has in-plane polarization orientation needed for photonic devices. Extensive crystalline characterization is done to confirm the high quality of the films, along with electro-optic measurements. Theoretical simulations coupled with the experimental results provide a foundational understanding of the properties of strain-stabilized orthorhombic BTO. Large electro-optic coefficients of 121 pm/V are observed in films as thin as 40 nm.
Laser Diagnostics of a Nansoecond Pulsed Helium Plasma Jet Using Thomson Scattering and Talif

Non-invasive laser diagnostics such as Thomson scattering and Two-Photon Absorption Laser Induced Fluorescence (TALIF) are powerful tools to measure electron properties and to probe the plasma chemistry with high spatial and temporal resolutions. Using laser Thomson scattering, the electron density and electron temperature of a 140-ns pulsed helium plasma jet were resolved in distributions of bell-shaped profiles with lower values in the center and higher at the outer edge of the 1-mm diameter helium flow column. Laser energy dependence studies were performed to validate the quantitative measurements. Absolute atomic oxygen measurements for the same plasma jet using TALIF, however, revealed a Gaussian-shaped distribution of the O-density. Dependence of the electron properties and atomic oxygen generation on the peak voltage of the applied nanosecond pulses and the oxygen concentration in helium are discussed.
Energy Spectrum of Electrons Emitted by a Hot Cathode

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the energy distribution of electrons emitted by a thermionic cathode. In the absence of a space-charge barrier outside the cathode, that is, in the emission-limited (low electric field) case, several careful experiments have shown that the energy distribution of the electrons is indeed half-Maxwellian. A self-consistent procedure for computing both the space-charge density and the electrostatic potential outside a spherical cathode surrounded by a concentric spherical anode is described. As far as the experimental measurement of the energy spectrum of emitted thermoelectrons is concerned, the principal feature of the electron gun described is the radial symmetry of the space-charge cloud that can be expected to form in front of the hemispherical tip of the cathode. Many experimental results have been published on the energy distribution of thermoelectrons following Boersch's discovery of the so-called anomalous energy spread. In most cases, energy spectra much wider than a half-Maxwellian distribution and energy shifts depending on some power of the current density were reported.
Algorithms for approximate conditional inference

This paper presents a method for listing the sample space for a conditional distribution in a discrete generalized linear model. This tabulation is used in conjunction with saddlepoint methods to approximate the associated conditional probabilities. These probabilities are used to calculate conditional p-values.
CCD-based microarray scanner system

In this paper, the fluorescence detection of microarray is analyzed. The guidelines for optical system of microarray scanner based on CCD is proposed. A novel CCD-based microarray scanner system is developed in terms of the guidelines. The control subsystem and software for scanner are studied in details. Finally, some preliminary experiment results are presented.
ARMSPAN: ARGONNE MULTICHANNEL STORED PROGRAM ANALYZER.

Abstract A pulse height analysis system based on a computer (DDP-116) with a memory of 4096 16-bit words has been developed. While the cost of the system is comparable to that of a conventional multichannel analyzer, its capabilities are far greater. The system features include single or 2-parameter pulse height analysis, software controlled servo-stabilization of gain and zero-intercept, digital bias, flicker-free interlaced display etc. The deadtime of the system is comparable to that of a conventional multichannel analyzer. Data are stored in 3000 memory locations and programs in the remainder. Basic functions such as ACCUMULATE, DISPLAY and READOUT are controlled by special front panel sense switches. Communication between operator and computer is in decimal. Data reduction programs include routines for determinations of centroids, fwhm and peak/total. Energies corresponding to unknown spectral peaks are computed by using the system's differential response to correct for non-linearity. Prompt calculations on the accumulated data provide the researcher with key parameters which enable him to determine whether the data is meaningful and he should proceed, or the run should be repeated. Similar calculations at a later time may result in inefficient use of time and experimetal facilities.
Isolating, expanding, and infecting human and rodent fetal neural progenitor cells.

Neural progenitor cells have tremendous utility for understanding basic developmental processes, disease modeling, and therapeutic intervention. The protocols described in this unit provide detailed information to isolate and expand human and rodent neural progenitor cells in culture for several months as floating aggregates (termed neurospheres) or plated cultures. Detailed protocols for cryopreservation, neural differentiation, exogenous gene expression using lentivirus, and transplantation into the rodent nervous system are also described. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 6:2D.2.1-2D.2.16. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: stem cells; brain; in vitro; mouse; rat; embryonic; neural progenitor cells
Abstract T P197: Variation in Last Known Normal Times of Stroke Code Patients

Introduction: Given the time-sensitivity of thrombolytic therapy, the accurate documentation of the patient’s last known normal (LKN) time is crucial to ensure safe and effective management of stroke patients. There exist no studies comparing first recorded LKN times to final verified LKN times. This study investigates whether a difference exists, and the potential impact on treatment and emergent management of acute stroke. Methods: All stroke code patients evaluated at UCSD hospitals (4/2008-7/2013) with 90 day mRS scores available were included. Electronic chart review was performed to obtain first recorded LKN time. Onset to arrival (OTA) intervals were calculated using both the first recorded LKN and official LKN times. Patients were split into three groups based on the disparity between the OTA intervals. Group A: longer OTA interval using first LKN, Group B: two intervals equal, and Group C: shorter OTA interval using first LKN. These groups were compared by baseline characteristics, rates of tPA administration, 90 day mRS score, and rates of symptomatic ICH. Results: Of 226 patients included, 74.3% had disparity between first and official LKN time; 16.8% in Group A and 57.5% in Group C. The median discrepancy between the times was 30 minutes for Group A and 45 minutes for Group C. Baseline characteristics were not significantly different between groups. In stroke/TIA patients, rates of tPA administration were significantly different (A: 65.4%, B: 39.5%, C: 34.8, p=0.022). In Group A, 62.5% had 90 day mRS of 0-1, versus 50% of Group B and 34.4% of Group C, without significant difference. There were no symptomatic ICHs in Group A, compared to 1 (5.6%) in Group B and 3 (9.1%) in Group C. Conclusions: There was a significant proportion of patients with disparity between the first and official recorded LKN times, with the majority falling into Group C (shorter OTA interval using first LKN). If this first recorded time were used to make treatment decisions, as may be the case at community hospitals without stroke neurologists, patients may be frequently treated outside of the recommended window, with a higher risk of adverse safety outcomes. This study highlights the need for accurate determination of last known normal time in order to make the proper treatment decisions.
T4 gene 40 mutants: II. Phenotypic properties

Abstract Evidence is presented that p40 affects the solubility of p20 inside the T4-infected cell. In the absence of p20 and p40 function at high temperature, p20 is located specifically and exclusively in the cell envelope. It is possible that p40 may interact with p20 before head assembly can be initiated. Cleavage of the major head protein in gene 40 mutant-infected cells is also inhibited. In addition to producing single-layered polyheads and phage at 30°, am restrictive cells infected with gene 40 am mutants produce some empty capsids. It is likely that p40 function is only strictly required for phage growth at high temperature. Electron microscopy of thin sections of crude cell envelopes showed few recognizable structural components, although most phage structural proteins were present upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis of envelope preparations. Extraction with sodium chloride selectively removes some of the viral proteins from the crude cell envelope preparation, while extraction with 4 M guanidine · HCl greatly reduces the amount of T4 protein in the cell envelopes. The envelope association of most of these proteins appears to be nonspecific.
Affect and eating behavior in obese adults with and without elevated depression symptoms

Obesity and depression are major public health concerns.1 There is a relatively high degree of overlap among obesity, depression, and binge eating,2 which may compound physical and psychosocial dysfunction.3,4 Depression may be a risk factor for obesity,1 although mechanisms involved in this relation are unclear. Disturbances in eating behavior are common in both obesity5 and depression,6 and eating to alleviate negative affect may be one pathway to obesity in depressed individuals. The current study aimed to characterize the relations among affect, eating behavior, and body weight in obese adults with and without comorbid depression symptoms. Emotional eating refers to the tendency to eat in response to aversive affective states.7 Emotional eating is associated with obesity8,9 and depression symptoms,10 and cross-sectional data suggest that it may mediate the relation between the two.11,12 Binge eating (i.e., the consumption of an objectively large amount of food accompanied by loss of control while eating)6 is also associated with obesity and depression13 and may be a potential mediator.14 Emotional eating among obese adults with binge eating disorder (BED) is associated with binge frequency and depression symptoms,15 indicating that it may be a marker for a more severe phenotype within the BED population. Taken together, these data suggest a potential model whereby depression symptoms may predispose some individuals to engage in eating as a method of alleviating distress, which then confers a greater risk of obesity. However, existing studies of mediation have been limited by cross-sectional, self-report questionnaire data, which are prone to retrospective recall biases. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA), on the other hand, utilizes “real time” data, allowing for investigation of momentary antecedents and consequences of behavior.16 Thus, EMA could help elucidate the relation between affect and eating behavior in depressed individuals with obesity. This study aimed to investigate eating behavior and mood among obese adults with and without comorbid depression symptoms. We expected that obese individuals with elevated depressive symptomatology would endorse greater emotional eating and binge eating on self-report questionnaires and EMA recordings than obese controls, and that these symptoms would mediate the relation between depression symptoms and body mass index (BMI; kg/m2)12,14. A secondary aim was to examine daily affect in participants with and without depressive symptoms; it was hypothesized that individuals with comorbid depression symptoms would experience overall poorer mood than obese controls.17 This is the first study, to our knowledge, to investigate the relation between affect and eating behavior among obese adults with comorbid depression symptoms, which could have important clinical implications for both conditions.
Stationarity of sodium channel gating kinetics in excised patches from neuroblastoma N1E 115

Na channel gating parameters in a number of preparations are translated along the voltage axis in excised patches compared to cell attached or whole cell recording. The aim of this study is to determine whether these changes in gating behavior continue over an extended period or, rather, develop rapidly on excision with stationary kinetics thereafter. Average currents were constructed from single-channel records from neuroblastoma N1E 115 at various times after excision, excluding the first 5 min, in eight inside-out excised patches. Single exponentials were fitted to the current decay of the average records, and the mean time constant for each patch was determined. Values were plotted as the percentage difference from these means for each patch against time from excision. Collected results show no obvious trend in values from 5 min to 2 h. Kinetics are stationary, and shifts in Na channel gating parameters along the voltage axis seen in excised as compared to whole cell configuration in neuroblastoma must be complete by the first few minutes after excision. Raising the internal Na concentration reduced the single channel current amplitude, confirming that these are Na channels.
A study on surface morphologies of (001) homoepitaxial diamond films

Abstract A systematic study on surface morphologies of (001) homoepitaxial diamond films prepared by microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition indicates that growth of these films strongly depends on deposition parameters such as misorientation angles of substrates, methane concentrations, and growth temperatures. With increasing the misorientation angles, the surface morphologies changed from growth hillocks to macrosteps. Step-flow growth resulted in higher growth rates than hillock growth. These indicate that surface steps play a significant role in diamond growth. It is proposed that hillock growth occurs through two-dimensional nucleation on terraces when the density of surface steps is low, while the step-flow growth proceeds along the 〈110〉 directions on the substrates with the high density of steps. Homoepitaxial growth at 1% CH4 produced macrosteps with the surface close to the single-domain structure, while at 2 and 6% CH4, growth hillocks and random growth morphology occurred with the double-domain surface. The variation of surface morphologies and structure with methane concentration is attributed to lower mobility and shorter diffusion length of adsorbates on the surface at higher methane concentrations. During the step-flow growth, step bunching was more apparent at a lower temperature of 875 than at 1200°C. Step-flow growth with the single-domain surface is believed to produce higher-quality films with fewer lattice defects than other growth modes. It is likely that the step-flow growth is favored by increasing the misorientation angles, lowering the methane concentrations, and increasing the growth temperatures.
Acute sinusitis in the rabbit model: histologic analysis.

Objectives: Characterize the histology of the rhinogenic model of sinusitis and compare this with existing models of sinusitis. Study Design: Prospective controlled trial in animals. Methods: New Zealand white rabbits were implanted with a synthetic sponge, which was then impregnated with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. After a specified time the animals were sacrificed, and whole-mount sectioning of both the infected and noninfected sinuses was performed. The sinuses were carefully examined for evidence of inflammatory changes. Results: This model produced a sinus infection that is characterized by luminal exudates of neutrophils and eosinophils, mucosal infiltration with lymphocytes and plasma cells, and epithelial degeneration. In addition, discrete lymphoid follicles were identified in both the implanted and nonimplanted sides that in the implanted sides appear to hypertrophy and liberate leukocytes into the sinus lumen. Other areas were observed where luminal exudates seem to act on and degrade mucosa that has little or no underlying inflammation. In severely infected sinuses submucosal vacuole formation with overlying granulation tissue was observed. Conclusions: The rhinogenic model of sinusitis demonstrates features typical of other known models of sinusitis. In addition, there appear to be unique features of this model, specifically the identification of discrete lymphoid aggregates, which suggest that this model has the potential to be valuable for the study of the immune response of the sinuses.
Computer-generated solar halos and sun dogs

Describes a technique for creating dot patterns that approximate solar phenomena such as sun dogs and solar halos. I extend the simulation to include energy considerations, smooth images and color. I present a summary of the basic process for creating the dot patterns. We start by imagining a perfectly hexagonal ice crystal, which may be thin compared with its radius (in which case we call it a plate) or long and skinny (a pencil). To create a solar display, we first find an orientation for the crystal. If there's not much wind, each crystal will tend to fall with one of its biggest faces parallel to the ground. Wind can cause the crystals to tumble as they fall, which we simulate by adding some amount of random rotation. Once we have rotated the crystal into the chosen orientation, we send a ray from the infinitely distant sun toward the crystal. If the ray hits the crystal, we follow its refractive path through the ice and find its outgoing direction as it leaves the crystal. To see that light, we must be looking in its direction back at the crystal, so we add some light from that direction into our image. I simply quantize the direction to the nearest pixel and color in that pixel. Then we pick a new orientation and trace a new ray, repeating the process over and over. The result is a cloud of dots. By following different paths through the crystals, constraining the possible orientations, and changing the crystal's length, we can simulate a wide variety of solar phenomena.
The Effect Of Bradykinin On Eustachian Tube And Nasal Patency

The patency of the Eustachian tube and nasal passages is decreased during inflammation due to vascular congestion. The vasodilation and increased capillary permeability due to histamine have been known for years and treated with antihistamines. Recent evidence of another endogenous substance involved in inflammation, bradykinin, ten times more active than histamine, has led to this study which showed the effectiveness of bradykinin in reducing the patency of the Eustachian tube and nasal passages. A comparison was made with an even more effective substance, eledoisin, which is similar to bradykinin but does not occur in mammals. Two drugs, aspirin and Dilantin, that might have reduced inflammation by blocking bradykinin, were found to be ineffective. This may shed some light on the highly variable results obtained clinically when treating congested nasal passages and Eustachian tubes.
“Whole new worlds”: Music and the disney theme park experience

One can easily discover the value of music in the “Disney Experience” by tracing its role throughout the history of the company, from its early use in cartoons to its current incarnation as a stand-alone product (for example, soundtrack recordings). In this paper, I explore some of the ways in which music operates in the Disney theme park experience. In the context of Walt Disney World, my belief is that music functions in at least three specific capacities: 1) music links current Disney experiences to (often romanticized) experiences of the past through nostalgia; 2) music defines the boundaries which separate “same” from “other” in terms of both geography and, ultimately, identity; 3) and music serves as an index for the “Disney Experience” in general; an experience which itself is built upon a commixture of the aforementioned modes of identity and nostalgia.
d-2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate, an NMDA receptor antagonist, blocks induction of associative long-term potentiation of the flexion reflex in spinal cat

The effect of the NMDA receptor antagonist D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) on classical conditioning of the flexion reflex in spinal cat was examined. Animals perfused intrathecally with artificial cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) containing APV exhibited flexion reflex potentiation during the conditioning period that was not significantly different from cats receiving artificial CSF alone. However, the APV group exhibited no signs of reflex potentiation during the 2.5 h retention period, in contrast to the CSF alone group. The results suggest that NMDA receptor activation plays a critical role in the induction of associative long-term potentiation of flexion reflexes in spinal cat.
Behavior Changes Exhibited by Siblings of Pediatric Oncology Patients: A Comparison Between Maternal and Sibling Descriptions

The purpose of this study was to identify the coping strategies used by the well siblings of pediatric oncology patients as identified by both the mother and the well siblings. The findings of this research study showed that both mothers and the well siblings were able to identify behavioral changes (95.2% of the mothers and 85.7% of the well siblings identified behavior changes). Behavior changes identified by both the siblings and mothers included being more sensitive to the needs of others, being more thoughtful, playing with friends, fighting, trouble sleeping, and complaints of headaches. Nurses can conduct thorough assessments of sibling behavior changes when a child family member has been diagnosed with cancer. From these assessments, nurses can provide care to assist the entire family during the ill child's treatment.
A Quick Criterion on Judging Short-Term Large-Disturbance Voltage Stability Considering Dynamic Characteristic of Induction Motor Loads

Short-term large-disturbance voltage instability is an increasing industry concern. A common scenario is a large disturbance such as a multi-phase fault near a load center that decelerates motor loads. Following fault clearing with transmission outages, motors draw very high current while simultaneously attempting to reaccelerate, and may stall if the power system is weak. Massive loss of load and possibly area instability and voltage collapse may follow. Here Short-term large-disturbance voltage stability is analyzed considering electromechanical transient model of induction motor. A criterion serving to quickly judge power system short-term large- disturbance voltage stability is presented considering electromechanical transient procedure of induction motor after large disturbance. The accuracy of this criterion is improved in comparison with the existing criterion. It can give quick judgment on short-term large-disturbance voltage stability and effectively reduce the amount of calculation for simulation analysis. It is expected to be used in the on-line environment in the future. The correctness of this criterion is verified by time domain simulation results.
Reduction of Raman MPI and noise figure in dispersion-managed fibre

Raman amplification in dispersion-managed fibre is studied experimentally. In positive-dispersion (+D)/inverse-dispersion (-D) configuration, severe multipath interference impairments at high Raman gain are observed. These are eliminated by using the +D/-D/+D configuration. In addition, the Raman gain in the +D/-D/+D configuration starts earlier in the span, improving the noise figure dramatically over conventional transmission fibres.
A standardized instrument to assess hazards for falls in the home of older persons

Hazards in the home are implicated in up to half of all falls among older persons. Yet, the instruments used to identify these hazards usually have been unstandardized, have lacked specific definitions of hazards, and have not been evaluated. Therefore, in 1988, as part of the Study to Assess Falls among the Elderly, in Miami Beach, Florida, the authors evaluated the reliability of a standardized instrument used for assessing the training of evaluators and assessing home environments. Based on up to 176 observations for each potential hazard, the interviewers' assessment of hazards such as throw rugs, tripping hazards, light switch hazards, and hazardous bath surfaces had good overall reliability (kappa = 0.65-0.92). Their assessment of grab-bars and hazardous furniture was unreliable (kappa = 0.18-0.35). Variations in the reliability reflect the difficulty in creating definitions that are simple to be understood and used, yet detailed enough to produce sensitive and specific survey items. Investigators studying falls among older persons should use standardized definitions to train evaluators and assess environmental hazards.
On stars and links of shellable polytopal complexes

The vertex stars of shellable polytopal complexes are shown to be shellable. The link of a vertex v of a shellable polytopal complex is also shown to be shellable, provided that all facets of the star of v are simple polytopes, or (more generally) if there exists a shelling F1,....,Fn of the star of v such that, for every 1 < j ≤ n, the intersection of Fj with the previous facets is an initial segment of a line shelling of the boundary complex of Fj.
Cloning of the Rat Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 4 Gene Promoter ACTIVATION OF PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE KINASE 4 BY THE PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR γ COACTIVATOR

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA in mitochondria and is a key regulatory enzyme in the metabolism of glucose to acetyl-CoA. Phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDK) inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity. There are four PDK isoforms, and expression of PDK4 and PDK2 genes is elevated in starvation and diabetes, allowing glucose to be conserved while fatty acid oxidation is increased. In these studies we have investigated the transcriptional mechanisms by which the expression of the PDK4 gene is increased. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC-1alpha) stimulates the expression of genes involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. We have found that PGC-1alpha will induce the expression of both the PDK2 and PDK4 genes in primary rat hepatocytes and ventricular myocytes. We cloned the promoter for the rat PDK4 gene. Hepatic nuclear factor 4 (HNF4), which activates many genes in the liver, will induce PDK4 expression. Although HNF4 and PGC-1alpha interact to stimulate several genes encoding gluconeogenic enzymes, the induction of PDK4 does not involve interactions of PGC-1alpha with HNF4. Using the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we have demonstrated that HNF4 and PGC-1alpha are associated with the PDK4 gene in vivo. Our data suggest that by inducing PDK genes PGC-1alpha will direct pyruvate away from metabolism into acetyl-CoA and toward the formation of oxaloacetate and into the gluconeogenic pathway.
Disulfide Bond Formation Affects Stability of Whey Protein Isolate Emulsions

The viscosity and degree of flocculation of 20 wt% n-hexadecane oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by whey protein isolate (1 wt% WPI in 0.05M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0) increased as the emulsions aged. These effects were reduced when N-ethylmaleimide, a sulfhydryl blocking agent, was added to the emulsions immediately after homogenization, but were not completely eliminated. Gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed an increase in the extent of intermolecular disulfide bond formation between proteins absorbed at the droplet interface with time. Floes were probably formed initially by noncovalent bonding or bridging flocculation, and then stabilized by disulfide bonds between proteins absorbed to different droplets.
Protein stability: still an unsolved problem

This brief review suggests that molecular packing, the efficient filling of space, may be the most generally applicable factor that leads to the unique structures of most globular proteins. While simple in concept, the details of packing can lead to very subtle effects. The mechanical properties of a protein, dynamics and deformations under stress, tend to be asymmetric. In terms of structural alterations and thermostability, responses to genetic mutations are context dependent and remain difficult to predict with any confidence. Through small shifts proteins can frequently accommodate major changes in composition of the core region without substantial alteration in the basic chain conformation. Extending a jigsaw puzzle analogy, all of the pieces (side chains) are convex, varying flexible, and cannot be packed together without leaving cavities. Although large cavities do occasionally occur, a relatively even distribution of empty space is more common, and the overall packing does seem to specify the unique native structure. While it might appear that the translation machinery of the cell could have been designed with any set of α amino acids, the packing requirements, while strong, must be flexible enough to permit nondestructive single site mutations. This flexibility, combined with the need to produce a unique structure, may limit the average number of allowed side chain rotamers per residue. This in turn will reduce the allowable asymmetry of the side chains in order to maintain the largest number of structural motifs. It may be hard to improve on current set of amino acids.
COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY OF THE FINITE ALGEBRA MEMBERSHIP PROBLEM FOR VARIETIES

We exhibit finite algebras each generating a variety with NP-complete finite algebra membership problem. The smallest of these algebras is the flat graph algebra belonging to the tetrahedral graph, a graph of 6 vertices obtained by cutting and spreading out the surface of a tetrahedron on the plane. The sequence of graphs we use to build up our flat graph algebras is similar to the sequence exhibited by Wheeler in [36], 1979, to describe the first order theory of k-colorable graphs. Graph algebras were introduced by Shallon in [34], 1979, and investigated, among others, by Baker, McNulty and Werner in [2], 1987. Flat algebras were constructed and used by McKenzie in [27], 1996, to settle some open questions related to decidability, like Tarski's Finite Basis Problem. Flat graph algebras were also discussed by Willard in [37], 1996, and Delic in [8], 1998.
Remnants of initial anisotropic high-energy density domains in nucleus-nucleus collisions

Anisotropic high energy density domains may be formed at early stages of ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions, e.g., due to phase transition dynamics or nonequilibrium phenomena like (mini)jets. Here we investigate hadronic observables resulting from an initially created anisotropic high energy density domain. Based on our studies using a transport model we find that the initial anisotropies are reflected in the freeze-out multiplicity distribution of both pions and kaons due to secondary hadronic rescattering. The anisotropy appears to be stronger for particles at high transverse momenta. The overall kaon multiplicity increases with large fluctuations of local energy densities, while no change has been found in the pion multiplicity. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Labour Flexibility and Regional Development: The Role of Labour Market Intermediaries

B ENNER C. (2003) Labour flexibility and regional development: the role of labour market intermediaries, Reg. Studies 37 , 621-633. As contemporary labour markets have become more complex, volatile and unpredictable, labour market intermediaries (LMIs) have played an increasingly prominent role in shaping labour flexibility and regional development. Existing theories of regional development, however, do not adequately account for this prominent role. Using Silicon Valley as a case study, this paper contributes to developing a theory of intermediaries and regional development by highlighting the role LMIs play in three important labour market functions - reducing transactions costs, building networks and managing risk. In doing this, intermediaries play a critical role in shaping the speed and character of labour market adjustment, thus contributing directly to regional development, with significant implications for regional development policy. B ENNER C. (2003) La flexibilite du travail et l'ame nagement ...
Erasure and regeneration of the primordial baryon asymmetry by sphalerons.

We show that a cosmological baryon asymmetry generated at the grand unified theory scale, which would be destroyed at lower temperatures by sphalerons and possible new B- or L-violating effects, can naturally be preserved by an asymmetry in the number of right-handed electrons. This results in a significant softening of previously derived baryogenesis-based constraints on the strength of exotic B- or L-violating interactions.
Spectral Responses in Zebrafish Horizontal Cells Include a Tetraphasic Response and a Novel UV-Dominated Triphasic Response

Zebrafish are tetrachromats with red (R, 570 nm), green (G, 480 nm), blue (B, 415 nm), and UV (U, 362 nm) cones. Although neurons in other cyprinid retinas are rich in color processing neural circuitry, spectral responses of individual neurons in zebrafish retina, a genetic model for vertebrate color vision, are yet to be studied. Using dye-filled sharp microelectrodes, horizontal cell voltage responses to light stimuli of different wavelengths and irradiances were recorded in a superfused eyecup. Spectral properties were assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Six spectral classes of horizontal cell were distinguished. Two monophasic response types (L1 and L2) hyperpolarized at all wavelengths. L1 sensitivities peaked at 493 nm, near the G cone absorbance maximum. Modeled spectra suggest equally weighted inputs from both R and G cones and, in addition, a “hidden opponency” from blue cones. These were classified as R−/G−/(b+). L2 sensitivities were maximal at 563 nm near the R cone absorbance peak; modeled spectra were dominated by R cones, with lesser G cone contributions. B and UV cone signals were small or absent. These are R−/g−. Four chromatic (C-type) horizontal cells were either depolarized (+) or hyperpolarized (−) depending on stimulus wavelength. These types are biphasic (R+/G−/B−) with peak excitation at 467 nm, between G and B cone absorbance peaks, UV triphasic (r−/G+/U−) with peak excitation at 362 nm similar to UV cones, and blue triphasic (r−/G+/B−/u−) and blue tetraphasic (r−/G+/B−/u+), with peak excitation at 409 and 411 nm, respectively, similar to B cones. UV triphasic and blue tetraphasic horizontal cell spectral responses are unique and were not anticipated in previous models of distal color circuitry in cyprinids.
Vortex ring bubbles

Toroidal bubbles with circulation are studied numerically and by means of a physically motivated model equation. Two series of computations are performed by a boundary-integral method. One set shows the starting motion of an initially spherical bubble as a gravitationally driven liquid jet penetrates through the bubble from below causing a toroidal geometry to develop. The jet becomes broader as surface tension increases and fails to penetrate if surface tension is too large. The dimensionless circulation that develops is not very dependent on the surface tension. The second series of computations starts from a toroidal geometry, with circulation determined from the earlier series, and follows the motion of the rising and spreading vortex ring. Some modifications to the boundary-integral formulation were devised to handle the multiply connected geometry. The computations uncovered some unexpected rapid oscillations of the ring radius. These oscillations and the spreading of the ring are explained by the model equation which provides a more general description of vortex ring bubbles than previously available.
Dynamics of Confined Crowd Modelled Using Fermionic Operators

An operatorial method based on fermionic operators is used to describe the dynamics of a crowd made of different kind of populations mutually interacting and moving in a two–dimensional bounded closed region. The densities of the populations are recovered through the Heisenberg equation and the diffusion process is driven by the Hamiltonian operator defined by requiring that the populations move along optimal paths. We apply the model obtained in a concrete situation and we discuss the effect of the interaction between the populations during their motion.
Effect of hydrogen donor on liquid phase catalytic transfer hydrogenation of furfural over a Ru/RuO2/C catalyst

Abstract The effect of alcohol hydrogen donor on methyl furan production through catalytic transfer hydrogenation of furfural in the liquid phase has been investigated over a mildly calcined Ru/C catalyst in the temperature range of 110–200 °C. It has been found that several parameters contribute to furfural hydrogenolysis, including alcohol dehydrogenation activity, solvent properties, as well as side reactions such as etherification between the intermediate, furfuryl alcohol, and the hydrogen donor. Methyl furan yield increases from 0 to 68% at 180 °C following the order of 2-methyl-2-butanol
SPATIAL SYNCHRONY OF SPRUCE BUDWORM OUTBREAKS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA

We investigated the spatial synchrony of outbreaks of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana,over much of its outbreak range in eastern North America during the period 1945-1988. Spatial synchrony decreased with distance between local populations and approached zero near 2000 km. Investigation of the synchrony of local population time series with cluster analysis revealed a pattern of geographically distinct blocks of clusters oriented along an east-west axis. Spatial synchrony also was identified in monthly tem- perature and precipitation time series at 18 weather stations over the same time period and geographical range as the spruce budworm outbreaks. Cross correlations decreased linearly with distance between stations and approached zero near 3000 km and 1800 km, respec- tively. We developed a spatially explicit lattice model for a single species occupying multiple patches. Within patches, the model had first order logistic dynamics, and patches were linked by dispersal that depended upon their separation distances. Both local and regional stochasticity (i.e., a Moran effect) were present. The modeled lattice had the same spatial configuration as the outbreak region to facilitate investigating the relative effects of a Moran effect and dispersal on spatial synchrony. Simulations with and without a simple region- wide Moran effect and three levels of dispersal did not produce the decrease in spatial synchrony with distance observed with spruce budworm time series. However, when run at the highest dispersal rate, those simulations produced cluster maps similar to that observed for spruce budworm defoliation. Simulations with a spatially autocorrelated disturbance that had either zero or high local variability and three levels of dispersal produced decreases in spatial synchrony with distance similar to that observed in the historical data. When run at the highest dispersal rate, simulations yielded cluster maps similar to the cluster map for defoliation. We discuss the potential significance of the spatially autocorrelated dis- turbance factor in understanding regional insect outbreaks. We also consider the plausibility of dispersal rates used in our simulations. We suggest in conclusion that spruce budworm outbreaks were synchronized by a combination of a spatially autocorrelated Moran effect and a high dispersal rate.
Undergraduate Curricula of Inland Fisheries Schools

Abstract The undergraduate curricula of 17 fisheries programs were examined from lists of required courses. Only 15% of coursework was elective for the average curriculum. Humanities, general biology, and physical sciences made up over 70% of the average requirements. Total requirements for humanities and general biology were inversely proportional to total requirements for forestry and agriculture courses. Total requirements for fisheries and aquatic biology courses were inversely proportional to total requirements for wildlife and fisheries-wildlife courses. Plans for curricular revision indicate that combined fisheries-wildlife programs will increase and that multiple-option fisheries programs may become more common.