cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Productive infection with cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus in renal transplant recipients: role of source of kidney.

Forty patients were prospectively studied for infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) after renal transplantation. Although 85% had antibody to CMV and 95% had antibody to HSV prior to transplantation, excretion of CMV was found in 92.5%, usually as viruria, and HSV was recovered from 70%, most often from the oropharynx. Shedding of HSV reached a peak within the first month after transplantation when immunosuppression was most intense and then rapidly declined. In contrast, excretion of CMV was found in a greater proportion of patients during each interval up to about six months after transplantation and subsequently persisted in the majority of patients. Both serologic responses and viral isolation rates indicated more rapid activation of CMV but not of HSV in recipients of kidneys from cadavers than in patients who received kidneys from living, related donors. At 60 days after transplantation, 76% of the recipients of kidneys from cadavers and only 33% of the recipients of kidneys from living, related donors had shed CMV (P = 0.003). These differences could not be accounted for by immunosuppressive treatment. Excretion of HSV was clearly associated with the time of most intense immunosuppression, but the major factor in initiation and maintenance of productive infection with CMV appeared to be the host vs. graft reaction.
Making Plans: Representation and Intention:

Conceiving planning theory as a kind of practical reason shifts attention from making rational arguments justifying planning beliefs to the study of plan-making as a feature of practical reasoning....
Immunolocalization of surfactant protein A and D in sinonasal mucosa.

BACKGROUND: Surfactant-associated proteins (SP) A and D are in the family of collectin proteins that play an integral part in the innate defense system. SP-A and SP-D expression and function are altered in a variety of inflammatory and infectious diseases of the lungs, such as asthma, allergies, and cystic fibrosis. Our prior studies are the first to identify the presence of these proteins in the human sinonasal cavity. The objective of this study was to immunolocalize SP-A and SP-D in human sinonasal tissue. METHODS: Sinonasal mucosal biopsies were performed in patients with various forms of chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis and nondiseased mucosa from patients undergoing transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. (n = 10) Immunolocalization of surfactant proteins was performed with antibodies to SP-A and SP-D using immunoperoxidase staining technique. Isotype-negative controls were performed on all specimens. RESULTS: Analyses of mucosal biopsy specimens from human sinonasal tissue reveals staining within respiratory and intermediate (metaplastic)-type surface epithelium. In addition, staining was intense in the submucosal ductal epithelium of the seromucinous glands. These properties appear to be consistent regardless of disease state and location within the sinuses. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to immunolocalize SP-A and SP-D in sinonasal human mucosa. These are secreted proteins that are intricately involved in innate immunity in the lungs. Their secretion in the upper airway indicates that future studies may allow manipulation of these proteins and development of novel treatments for sinonasal pathology.
SU-E-T-603: Evaluation of MLC-Based Robotic Radiotherapy

Purpose: A multi‐leaf collimator (MLC) system has been introduced for the CyberKnife M6 system, enabling conformal shaping of beam apertures in robotic radiotherapy. Through a multi‐disease site study, the potential for the use of MLC‐based robotic delivery is assessed for conventionally fractionated regimens. Methods: The InCise MLC, consisting of 41 leaf pairs, with leaf thickness of 2.5 mm at 800 mm SAD, and a maximum field‐of‐view field size of 120 mm × 100 mm was used in conjunction with the MultiPlan 5.0 platform for comparative planning study relative to the pseudo‐conical IRIS variable aperture collimator. Conformal avoidance technique with relaxed convergence was used for the optimization, and identical dose‐volume optimization parameters and normalization (95%) for the comparative studies. Disease sites, including the prostate, partial breast, and peri‐orbit carcinomas were evaluated, and the results were quantified with respect to total monitor units (MUs), treatment time, conformality, and dose‐volume coverage. Results: The MLC system results on average of 3– 4 modulated segments for a series of non‐coplanar nodes. Relative to plans generated by the IRIS variable aperture collimators, the MLC‐based plans resulted in a 38±10% reduction of both the MUs and treatment time. While similar dosimetry is achieved by both systems, for a dose rate of 1000 MU/min, it is shown that treatment times of less than 20 minutes are possible for most conventionally fractionated treatments with the MLC system. Conclusion: A limiting factor in the adaptation of the robotic delivery for conventional radiotherapy has been the prolonged treatment times. The introduction of compact MLC fixture enables reduction of MUs and treatment time, making conventionally fractionated treatments feasible to more efficiently leverage the higher delivering accuracy and intrafraction motion correction capabilities of robotic delivery.
Beyond Universals: Toward a Developmental Psychology of Education:

One of the most important debates about education in recent years began (and unfortunately ended) with the first issue of the journal Interchange in 1970. The debate was between Carl Bereiter and Lawrence Kohlberg (Bereiter, 1970), and it was over the issue of what constituted the proper focus of educational research and educational practice. Bereiter argued, to no one's surprise, that education ought to be concerned about things that can be changed, modified, or influenced in a direct way by educators. Kohlberg (also to no one's surprise) argued that Bereiter's focus was too myopic and atomistic, too mechanical and controlling, and urged instead that educators become attuned to the natural processes of change that occur in children. Education, Kohlberg asserted, should facilitate the child's spontaneous attempts to make sense of the world. Bereiter's approach could perhaps be characterized as an "outside to inside" strategy, while Kohlberg, like his mentor Piaget, chose an "inside to outside" approach. I tried to enter this short-lived
Glucagon-like peptide 2 is a potent growth factor for small intestine and colon☆☆☆

Factors that stimulate gut mucosal proliferation may be beneficial during periods of gut disuse or atrophy. Recently glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) has been shown to stimulate small bowel growth. The purpose of our study was to compare the trophic effects of GLP-2 with those of neurotensin (NT), a potent gut trophic factor. Mice were randomized to receive either GLP-2, NT, or saline solution (control) for 10 days. The mice were killed on day 11, at which time the jejunum, ileum, and colon were removed, weighed, and DNA and protein content measured. Mice treated with GLP-2 showed a significant increase in the weight of the jejunum, ileum, and colon compared to both control and NT-treated mice. DNA content, a marker of cellular hyperplasia, was significantly increased in the small bowel and colon by treatment with GLP-2 and NT compared to control tissues. Small intestinal protein content, an indicator of cellular hypertrophy, was significantly increased by GLP-2 compared to both NT and control; protein content of the colon was greater in each of the treatment groups compared with control mice. We have demonstrated, for the first time, that GLP-2 stimulates colonic growth. In addition, GLP-2 is a potent trophic factor of normal small intestine with proliferative effects that are equal to or greater than those of NT. Administration of GLP-2 may be useful clinically to enhance small intestinal regeneration and adaptation during periods of disease and in the early phases of the short bowel syndrome.
Numerical Modeling of Heterogeneous High Explosives

Abstract : This report contains a numerical algorithm for modeling the detonation and explosion of a heterogeneous mixture of high explosive and small metal particles. The simulation examines a spherical explosive design with a mixture of nitromethane as the high explosive and steel as the metal particles. The algorithm provides a computational model of the detonation and explosion by producing position, velocity, and temperature profiles for the metal particles over time. For the gas phase, the algorithm produces position, velocity, temperature, density, and pressure profiles over time. This is accomplished by taking into account the initial position and velocity profiles for the metal particles, a corresponding particle drag law, appropriate explosive energy and detonation pressure inputs, and a blast wave solution that governs the thermodynamic state of the gas phase. The behavior of the solid particles and gas phase throughout the explosion is simulated by a coupled, two-phase algorithm. The results of the model are compared against experimental data and critiqued on a theoretical level as well. Recommendations and plans for improvements to the algorithm are discussed. This model is intended to provide a sound representation of the detonation as well as insight into the behavior of a heterogeneous explosive.
Characterization of a calcium-activated protease that hydrolyzes a microtubule-associated protein

Abstract Rat brain extract contains a calcium-activated protease that hydrolyzes the high-molecular-weight microtubule-associated protein MAP 2 . We have purified this enzyme greater than 30-fold by pH precipitation, DEAE, and Bio-Gel P-300 chromatography. The partially purified enzyme is half-maximally activated by 2 μ m calcium when assayed using 2× cycled microtubules as substrate. The enzyme is active over a pH range of 6.5 to 7.5 and is heat labile and temperature dependent. The calcium-dependent regulator, calmodulin, cannot replace the protease in promoting MAP 2 hydrolysis. The partial purification of a calcium-activated protease from brain tissue explains the sensitivity of in vitro tubulin polymerization to micromolar concentrations of calcium.
Screening for Breast Cancer: Evidence and Recommendations

Guidelines for the early detection of breast cancer vary across agencies. This article compares available breast cancer screening guidelines for women of average or increased risk, as well as for older women. Nurses are challenged to explain risk factors, discuss variations in guidelines, and assist women in understanding the strengths and limitations of various screening modalities for the early detection of breast cancer.
Squamous cell carcinoma arising in Hailey-Hailey disease

Hailey-Hailey disease is a recurrent, autosomal dominant vesiculobullous dermatotis with a predilection for intertrigenous areas. We report what we believe to be the first case of squamous cell carcinoma arising de novo in a skin lesion of Hailey-Hailey disease. The occurrence of malignant neoplasms arising in the skin lesions of Hailey-Hailey disease and other acantholytic dermatoses is reviewed.
Optical second harmonic signals from clay minerals

Using a neodymium glass laser and time-synchronized pulse detection, second harmonic signals were observed from a number of clay mineral powders. The second harmonic generation (SHG) experiments provide the first physical evidence (other than diffraction patterns) for the polar nature of the kaolinite layer and its stacking sequences. Well-crystallized nacrite and dickite specimens gave signals comparable to those of quartz, but the SHG intensities from the smaller kaolinite and halloysite crystallites were noticeably weaker. Based on results from eight specimens, there appears to be a direct correlation between SHG intensity and particle size, similar to that reported previously for quartz.
Rate of increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide

Abstract A simple model for transfer of carbon dioxide in nature suggested by Bolin has been developed and studied. A new mechanism of exchange between the shallow and the deep seas distinguishes this model from previous ones. This newly-added form of carbon transfer is needed to explain the observed removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide was assumed to be the limiting or rate-controlling component so that predicted concentrations of carbon dioxide are minimum levels. The model predicts an atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide of 350 ppm in the year 2000 and a concentration of about 495 ppm in the year 2100. The model indicates that the global carbon cycle is sensitive to changes in the carbon emission rate and the rate of photosynthesis in the oceans.
Studies of K-Ar dating and xenon from extinct radioactivities in breccia 14318; implications for early lunar history

The lunar breccia 14318 is one of three Apollo-14 breccias containing substantial amounts of parentless xenon from the spontaneous fission of extinct Pu-244. The argon and xenon contained in this breccia were studied by stepwise heating of pristine and neutron-irradiated samples. The isotopic composition of xenon from fission, determined by an improved method, is shown to be from Pu-244. Concentrations of this fissiogenic xenon are in substantial excess (15-fold) of what could be produced by spontaneous fission of U-238. The breccia is found to contain abundant trapped argon with an Ar-40/Ar-36 ratio of roughly 14. Otherwise, the argon is radiogenic and gives a convincing K-Ar age of 3.69 plus or minus 0.09 b.y. by the stepwise Ar-40/Ar-39 method, nearly in agreement with ages for other Apollo-14 breccias.
Docking Target Design And Spacecraft Tracking System Stability

Researchers at NASA's Johnson Space Center wish to provide automatic docking capabilities to spacecraft whose only guidance signals are the images of docking targets. The proposed docking system exploits the invariant properties of log-polar and cartesian image mapping in an iterative tracking scheme that uses correlation filtering. In trade for the beneficial invariance properties of the image transforms, their sensitivity to certain tracking disturbances can cause instability and loss of tracking. This paper presents simulation studies to determine how different classes of simple target patterns affect the stability of the tracking system. The main goal is to determine empirical guidelines for designing targets that optimize tracking performance.
Exchange Rate Shocks and the Current Account Under Monopolistic Competition: An Intertemporal Optimization Model

This paper examines the current-account effect of a devaluation in a Chamberlinian model where both saving and investment are based on intertemporal optimization. It shows that devaluation tends to deteriorate the current account along the time horizon, leading to a reduction of the stock of foreign assets permanently. In contrast to recent work, these real effects do not rely on short-run disequilibrium in the goods or labor market. Besides, a temporary devaluation may generate hysteresis effects on both micro- and macro-economic aspects of a small economy.
Piezoelectrically Assisted Ultrafiltration

Abstract We have demonstrated the feasibility of using piezoelectrically assisted ultrafiltration to reduce membrane fouling and enhance the flux through ultrafiltration membranes. A preliminary economic evaluation, accounting for the power consumption of the piezoelectric driver and the extent of permeate flow rate enhancement, has also shown that piezoelectrically assisted ultrafiltration is cost effective and economically competitive in comparison with traditional separation processes. Piezoelectric transducers, such as a piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) disc or a piezoelectric horn, driven by moderate power, significantly enhance the permeate flux on fouled membranes, presumably because they promote local turbulence. Several experiments were conducted on polysulfone and regenerated cellulose UF membranes fouled during filtration of model feed solutions. Solutions of poly(ethylene glycol) and of high-molecular weight dextran were used as models. We found that we could significantly increase ...
Touchpad in Education: Dynamic Learning Framework Assessment and Content Development for the Undergraduate Fluid Mechanics

This paper presents a dynamic learning framework (DLF) based on dynamic course contents and assessment methods using latest web-based technologies with keeping in mind the recent advancement in touchpad computing devices (such as IPAD and Android based tablets). In the DLF framework, the effectiveness is assessed via evaluating the learning outcomes of increasing the learnability of high level concepts in the Bloom’s Taxonomy of cognitive learning. It proposes to address the challenges is creating a fluid mechanics module that incorporates all levels of the Bloom’s cognitive taxonomy. This is achieved via integration of mathematical, conceptual and visual contents. The lower level concepts (i.e., Remembering, Understanding, and Applying) are computerized and tested using Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT) algorithm. Our targeted audiences are from a predominantly Hispanic cultural setting and in undergraduate mechanical engineering courses. To capitalize on unique cultural setting and linguistic needs, the assessment is prepared in bi-lingual (Spanish and English) with localized problems. A pre-assessment of students’ learning styles was performed to assess their learning preference and the presentation was tuned to average audiences. It was observed that about 10% of the students used bi-lingual instructions in the exam which was conducted as an extra-credit option to paper based exam in order to assess the DLF framework. Students were also asked to contribute questions to generate a question database with localized problems.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Photoperiodic Condition Modulates the Effects of Testosterone on Song Control Nuclei Volumes in Male European Starlings

Songbirds possess a specialized network of brain nuclei mediating song learning and production, the song system. In many species, the nuclei in this circuit are larger in volume in males housed on long photoperiods than in males housed on short photoperiods. Exposure to long days initially leads to increases in circulating levels of testosterone (T) and it is generally believed that volume changes in the song system are controlled by T-dependent effects of photoperiod. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that photoperiod can also have T-independent effects on song system morphology. Previous work in our laboratory suggested that photoperiodic condition may modulate the effects of exogenous testosterone on the volumes of song control nuclei in male European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). In the present report, we tested the hypothesis that photorefractoriness attenuates the effects of T on the volumes of song control nuclei in starlings. One group of long-day photorefractory males (16L:8D) was exposed to exogenous T and two groups of short-day photosensitive birds (8L:16D) were either implanted with T or blank (control) capsules. After 8 weeks, T levels were elevated in both groups of T-implanted birds and were undetectable in control animals. Volumes of the high vocal center were larger in T-implanted photosensitive birds than in both T-implanted photorefractory and control photosensitive males, which did not differ. These results suggest that photorefractoriness renders the song nuclei of starlings less sensitive to stimulatory effects of T. Plasticity in the starling song system appears to require the coordination of the appropriate hormonal milieu with a permissive photoperiodic condition.
Fgf8 Is Required for Specification of the Left-Right Axis and for Normal Cardiac Development in Mice

Fgf8 Is Required for Specification of the Left-Right Axis and for Normal Cardiac Development in Mice
A signal detection analysis of centrally active drugs in mice

Abstract A signal detection analysis procedure was employed to evaluate 10 drugs for analgetic efficacy using both a conventional analgesiometric test involving no training (a tail flick procedure) and a minimal-training situation (a platform escape task). The signal detection parameters D′ and CR were found to provide a more complete view of the effects of the agents tested than did traditional threshold measurement. Morphine, ethanol and aspirin all significantly reduced D′ in the tail flick procedure while only morphine similarly reduced D′ in the platform escape task.
Vasopressin during abdominal hysterectomy: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Objective: To investigate if the use of vasopressin during abdominal hysterectomy would decrease blood loss. Methods: Fifty-one patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy with the diagnosis of leiomyomatous uterus were randomized and received either vasopressin 10 units/10 mL of normal saline or 10 mL of normal saline, injected 5 mL bilaterally, 1 cm medial to the uterine vessels into the lower uterine segment. The sample size was determined assuming a one-third reduction in total blood loss would be clinically relevant. A power analysis determined that 25 patients would be required in each group to assure a power of 0.80, at the .05 significance level. Results: Overall, the two groups were very similar with regard to their demographics, preoperative diagnosis, and relevant findings at the time of surgery. The mean total blood loss in the vasopressin and placebo groups was 445.41 mL and 748.42 mL, respectively. Total blood loss was significantly decreased by 40% in the vasopressin group compared with the placebo group ( P Conclusion: Injection of vasopressin into the uterus at the time of abdominal hysterectomy significantly reduces blood loss without increasing morbidity. We have shown that it is a useful adjunct during abdominal hysterectomy.
Is lymph vascular space involvement an independent prognostic factor in early cervical cancer

Abstract Objective . To determine whether lymph vascular space involvement (LVSI) in women with early cervical carcinoma is an independent prognostic factor. Methods . The literature was reviewed using Medline and known literature to determine if LVSI is an independent risk factor as determined by multivariant analysis with survival being the end point in patients undergoing radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenopathy. Results . A total of 25 articles were identified that satisfied the evaluation criteria. Only three (12%) identified LVSI as an independent risk factor while 88% and 61% of those evaluated, noted lymph node metastasis and tumor size/depth of invasion to be significant risk factors for survival. Conclusions . Using LVSI as the sole determining factor for consideration of post radical hysterectomy radiotherapy appears questionable.
Dispersion of the superconducting spin resonance in underdoped and antiferromagnetic BaFe 2 As 2

Inelastic neutron-scattering measurements have been performed on underdoped $\text{Ba}{({\text{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{Co}}_{x})}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ $(x=4.7\mathrm{%})$ where superconductivity and long-range antiferromagnetic (AFM) order coexist. The magnetic spectrum found in the normal state is strongly damped and develops into a magnetic resonance feature below ${T}_{c}$ that has appreciable dispersion along $\mathbf{c}$ axis with a bandwidth of 3--4 meV. This is in contrast to the optimally doped $x=8.0\mathrm{%}$ composition, with no long-range AFM order, where the resonance exhibits a much weaker dispersion. [see M. D. Lumsden et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 107005 (2009).] The results suggest that the resonance dispersion arises from interlayer spin correlations present in the AFM ordered state.
Revised cocultivation conditions produce effective Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)

The cocultivation medium is one of the most important factors for the successful genetic transformation of carnation node explants. High genetic transformation efficiency of node explants cocultured by Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL0 with pKT3 plasmid (containing β-glucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII)) was achieved when the explants were cocultivated on filter paper soaked with water or water and acetosyringone (AS). Conversely, no genetic transformation of node explants occurred when they were cocultivated on a phytohormone and nutrient-rich medium, regardless of whether AS was used. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations revealed many bacteria clustered on the explants cocultivated on filter paper soaked with water or water and AS. The bacterium clusters were compact and showed a polar orientation with few cellulose fibrils. On the other hand, explants cocultivated on phytohormone-rich MS medium had few clusters, which were not congested and produced numerous cellulose fibrils. Explants precultured for 3 and 5 days before inoculation showed higher transient and stable GUS expression than those precultured for 7 days. The second and third nodes produce more GUS-positive shoots than the first and fourth nodes. However, the transformation efficiency still varied, depending on the cultivar, i.e., cultivar Otome was more sensitive to genetic transformation than cultivars Killer, Master, Tanga and Laurella. Successful genetic transformation of harvested shoots was confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analysis. Transformed plants were true-to-type with high gene expression in a greenhouse.
Semimetal-semiconductor transition in InAsGaSb heterostructures

Abstract In a heterostructure consisting of neighboring layers of InAs and GaSb in a large band-gap host like AlSb, the bottom of the InAs conduction band lies ∼150meV below the top of the GaSb valence band. However, because the electron and hole subbands are weakly coupled for non-zero values of the wavevector k ∥ along the layer, an anticrossing of the levels occurs at k ∥ = k c , where k 2 c = (2μ/ħ 2 ) (Δ−e v 0 −e c 0 ). Here Δ is the band overlap, e c 0 and e v 0 are the lowest electron and hole subband energies, and μ is the reduced mass. The splitting is in the order of 5–10 meV. For an intrinsic material, the Fermi level lies in this gap, so that no semimetallic state occurs. If the InAs layers are sufficiently wide, or if an electric field can be applied across the heterostructure (by fabricating front and back gates) it is possible to have the first excited electron subband e c 1 realize an anticrossing with e v 0 as well. Then a true semimetallic state can occur with a circle of electrons in the e c 1 subband near k ∥ = 0, and a ring of holes near the anticrossing in the hybridized valence subband. A semimetal-to-semiconductor transition should occur, which is driven by shifting the single-particle subband energies with an applied electric or magnetic field.
ADOPTING PERSONNEL PRODUCTIVITY INNOVATIONS IN AMERICAN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

Improving the productivity of public employees has increasingly attracted the attention of urban policymakers and administrators concerned about the quality, cost, and efficiency of governmental service delivery. A national survey of local personnel managers was undertaken to ascertain the degree of jurisdictional receptivity to personnel-based management tools, preferred approaches, and the most serious policy and institutional barriers to the implementation of these changes. Research findings concerning the adoption of personnel reforms are generally consistent with those reported in prior studies except for an increase in the utilization of job enrichment techniques by local administrators. The reluctance of labor organizations to accept productivity bargaining and the unwillingness of local authorities to consider financial incentive plans for governmental executives are cited b y our respondents as the chief obstacles to greater managerial effectiveness.
Basis function selection and preconditioning high degree finite element and spectral methods

This work considers the effect of the choice of finite element basis on the conditioning and iterative solution of the algebraic systems obtained using high degree finite elements (p-methods). This issue is fundamental to the performance ofp-methods and to the increased use of iterative solution techniques both for standard finite element analysis and also in adaptivep solutions. The central ideas also apply to high degree spectral methods (global expansion methods).
How to Incorporate Self-Defense Instruction into Physical Activity Programs

There were 3,817,380 violent crimes committed in the United States in 2010, which included 3,148,250 assaults and 188,380 rapes or sexual attacks. This equates to more than 9,000 assaults per day n...
Single molecule detection of double-stranded DNA in poly(methylmethacrylate) and polycarbonate microfluidic devices

Single photon burst techniques were used to detect double-stranded DNA molecules in poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) and polycarbonate (PC) microfluidic devices. A confocal epi-illumination detection system was constructed to monitor the fluorescence signature from single DNA molecules that were multiply labeled with the mono-intercalating dye, TOPRO-5, which possessed an absorption maximum at 765 nm allowing excitation with a solid-state diode laser and fluorescence monitoring in the near-infrared (IR). Near-IR excitation minimized autofluorescence produced from the polymer substrate, which was found to be significantly greater when excitation was provided in the visible range (488 nm). A solution containing -DNA (48.5 kbp) was electrokinetically transported through the microfluidic devices at different applied voltages and solution pH values to investigate the effects of polymer substrate on the transport rate and detection efficiency of single molecular events. By applying an autocorrelation analysis to the data, we were able to obtain the molecular transit time of the individual molecules as they passed through the 7 νm laser beam. It was observed that the applied voltage for both devices affected the transport rate. However, solution pH did not alter the transit time for PMMA-based devices since the electroosmotic flow of PMMA was independent of solution pH. In addition, efforts were directed toward optimizing the sampling efficiency (number of molecules passing through the probe volume) by using either hydrodynamically focused flows from a sheath generated by electrokinetic pumping from side channels or reducing the channel width of the microfluidic device. Due to the low electroosmotic flows generated by both PMMA and PC, tight focusing of the sample stream was not possible. However, in PMMA devices, flow gating was observed by applying field strengths >–120 V/cm to the sheath flow channels. By narrowing the microchannel width, the number of molecular events detected per unit time was found to be four times higher in channels with 10 νm widths compared to those of 50 νm, indicating improved sampling efficiency for the narrower channels without significantly deteriorating detection efficiency. Attempts were made to do single molecule sizing of -DNA, M13 (7.2 kbp) and pUC19 (2.7 kbp) using photon burst detection. While the average number of photons for each DNA type were different, the standard deviations were large due to the Gaussian intensity profile of the excitation beam. To demonstrate the sensitivity of single molecule analysis in the near-IR using polymer microfluidic devices, the near-IR chromophore, NN382, was analyzed using our confocal imager. A detection efficiency of 94% for single NN382 molecules was observed in the PC devices.
Trimethylphosphine-bis(benzyl)nickel: Synthesis and characterization

The reaction of NiCl 2 (PMe 3 ) 2 with 2 equivs. of benzylmagnesium chloride in THF at - 120°C affords Ni(η 1 -CH 2 C 6 H 5 )(η 3 -CH 2 C 6 H 5 )PMe 3 . The formation of this thermally unstable compound is accompanied by bisbenzyl and Ni(0) side products. Single crystal X-ray analysis confirms the presence of the η 1 -benzyl and η 3 -benzyl ligands. Reaction of Ni(η 1 -CH 2 C 6 H 5 )(η 3 -CH 2 C 6 H 5 )PMe 3 with 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid and activation with B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 gave the expected product [2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoate tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate-κ 2 P,O)(η 3 -benzyl)nickel.
Nomenclatural revision: Brandon Vitaceae

Abstract A revision of the nomenclature of the seeds of the Vitaceae from the Oligocene Brandon Lignite (Vermont, U.S.A.) has resulted in the description of a new species, Vitis macrochalaza , for the form previously reported as Vitis pseudo-rotundifolia Berry.
Synthesis and characterization of the κ2-acac- O, O complex OsIV(acac)2PhCl and study of CH activation with benzene

We have synthesized and fully characterized the air-stable complex (κ^2-acac-O,O)2Os^(IV)(Ph)Cl (Cl-1-Ph; acac-O,O = acetylacetonate), which reacts with C_6D_6 to generate Cl-1-Ph-d_5 in high yield and catalyzes the H/D exchange reaction between benzene and toluene-d_8 upon heating to 140 °C. To our knowledge, this is the first example of stoichiometric and catalytic, homogeneous, intermolecular CH activation of arenes by a discrete Os complex. The reactions show extended induction periods. DFT studies of Cl-1-Ph and cis-(κ^2-acac-O,O)_2Os^(III)(C_6H_5)(C_6D_6) (cis-(C_6D_6)-2-Ph) found a mechanism involving CH activation by traces of Os(III) and Cl atom transfer between Cl-1-Ph and cis-(C_6D_6)-2-Ph. Experimental data showing that addition of reductants eliminates the induction periods suggest that CH activation occurs from an oxidation state lower than Os^(IV), consistent with the DFT predictions. Consistent with a Cl atom transfer mechanism, the triflate analogue of Cl-1-Ph, OTf-1-Ph, does not undergo a stoichiometric or catalytic reaction with C_6D_6.
Enhanced photoelectrochemical-response in highly ordered TiO2 nanotube-arrays anodized in boric acid containing electrolyte

Abstract We examine the photoelectrochemical properties of highly ordered titanium dioxide nanotube-array photoanodes, fabricated by anodization of titanium in a nitric acid/hydrofluoric acid electrolyte, with and without the addition of boric acid. Under UV–Vis illumination the photocurrent densities achieved with TiO 2 nanotube-arrays fabricated in the H 3 BO 3 –HNO 3 –HF electrolyte are a factor of seven greater than the TiO 2 nanotube-array samples obtained in the commonly used HNO 3 –HF electrolyte, indicating the ability to control the photoelectrochemical response of the highly ordered nanotube arrays by tailoring the electrolyte composition. For 560 nm long boric-acid fabricated nanotube arrays, a photoconversion efficiency of 7.9% is achieved upon a 320–400 nm illumination at an intensity of 98 mW/cm 2 , with hydrogen generated by water photoelectrolysis at the power-time normalized rate of 1708-μmol/h W (42 ml/h W). The resulting nanotube-arrays demonstrate excellent photocorrosion stability, with no detectable degradation in photoconversion properties over 6 months of testing. While the titania bandgap is not suitable for high visible spectrum efficiencies, the high photoconversion efficiency achieved under UV illumination indicates the suitability of the highly ordered nanotube-array architecture for hydrogen generation by water photoelectrolysis.
Estimating fuel consumption and emissions via traffic data from mobile sensors

Mobile sensing enabled by on-board GPS or smart phones has become the primary source of traffic data. For sufficient coverage of the traffic stream, it is important to maintain a reasonable penetration rate of probe vehicles. From the standpoint of estimating higher-order traffic quantities such as acceleration/deceleration, emission rate and fuel consumption rate, it is desirable to examine the effectiveness of sampling frequency of current sensing technology in capturing higher-order variations inherent in traffic stream. Of the two concerns raised above, the latter is rarely studied in the literature. In this paper, we study the two characteristics of mobile sensing: penetration rate and sampling frequency, and their impacts on the quality of traffic estimation. We utilize a second-order hydrodynamic model known as the phase transition model [Colombo, 2002a] and the Next Generation SIMulation [NGSIM, 2006] dataset containing high time-resolution vehicle trajectories. It is demonstrate through extensive numerical study that while first-order traffic quantities can be accurately estimated using prevailing sampling frequency at a reasonably low penetration rate, higher-order traffic quantities tend to be misinterpreted due to insufficient sampling frequency of current mobile devices. We propose, for estimating emission and fuel consumption rates, a correction factor approach which is proven to yield improved accuracy via statistical validation.
Multinomial process tree models of control and automaticity in weapon misidentification

When primed with a Black face, people are more likely to misidentify a non-weapon as a weapon. Weapon misidentification may hinge on the distinction between controlled and automatic processes. Various relationships between controlled and automatic processes are cast in the form of five multinomial process models, which are illustrated and compared. It is shown that variants of the traditional Process Dissociation model and the Stroop model are nested within the Quad-Model. Across four different studies, various complexity corrected model performance measures converged to support the Process Dissociation account. This account suggests that the automatic association between race and weapons is subordinate to controlled processing. More generally, these results suggest that the weapon-bias might be alleviated without interventions that directly target stereotypes.
Identification of excited states in Na2 by two-step polarization labeling

Abstract In two-step polarization labeling, as in polarization labeling, a polarized pump laser is tuned to a molecular transition. This produces an optical anisotropy in the upper and lower levels of the pump transition. A linearly polarized probe laser will experience a change in polarization when it interacts with these oriented levels of the molecule. Probe delays of several nanoseconds distinguish lower level depolarization from upper level depolarization. The technique has been applied to Na 2 to identify three new excited states. Preliminary values of some of the molecular constants are presented.
Sodium Nitroprusside Exacerbates Myocardial Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury

Abstract Background . The role of nitric oxide in myocardial ischemia–reperfusion is controversial. Although many studies claim that nitric oxide ameliorates reperfusion injury, others suggest that it exacerbates such injury, possibly through peroxynitrite production. These discordant results may be attributable to a dose-dependent phenomenon. Methods . Isolated rabbit hearts sustained sequential periods of blood perfusion (20 minutes), warm ischemia (30 minutes), and reperfusion (20 minutes). During reperfusion, four groups underwent intracoronary infusion of saline solution (n = 6), or the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (100 nm/min [SNP100, n=6], 1 nmol · L −1 /min −1 [SNP1, n=6], or 0.01 nmol · L −1 · min −1 [SNP0.01]). Left ventricular-developed pressure and oxygen consumption were measured after preischemic perfusion and reperfusion. Levels of myocardial nitrotyrosine, a marker for peroxynitrite, were measured after reperfusion with an immunoradiochemical assay. Results . Postischemic-developed pressure and myocardial oxygen consumption were significantly higher in the saline group than all nitroprusside-reperfused groups ( p p = 0.43). Conclusions . Nitroprusside exacerbates myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury over a wide range of doses, although the mechanism does not appear to be mediated by peroxynitrite.
Biosynthetic Burden and Plasmid Burden Limit Expression of Chromosomally Integrated Heterologous Genes (pdc, adhB) in Escherichia coli

Previous studies have shown an unexpectedly high nutrient requirement for efficient ethanol production by ethanologenic recombinants of Escherichia coli B such as LY01 which contain chromosomally integrated Zymomonas mobilis genes (pdc,adhB) encoding the ethanol pathway. The basis for this requirement has been identified as a media-dependent effect on the expression of the Z. mobilis genes rather than a nutritional limitation. Ethanol production was substantially increased without additional nutrients simply by increasing the level of pyruvate decarboxylase activity. This was accomplished by adding a multicopy plasmid containing pdc alone (but not adhB alone) to strain LY01, and by adding multicopy plasmids which express pdc and adhB from strong promoters. New strong promoters were isolated from random fragments of Z. mobilis DNA and characterized but were not used to construct integrated biocatalysts. These promoters contained regions resembling recognition sites for 3 different E. coli sigma factors: sigma(70), sigma(38), and sigma(28). The most effective plasmid-based promoters for fermentation were recognized by multiple sigma factors, expressed both pdc and adhB at high levels, and produced ethanol efficiently while allowing up to 80% reduction in complex nutrients as compared to LY01. The ability to utilize multiple sigma factors may be advantageous to maintain the high levels of PDC and ADH needed for efficient ethanol production throughout batch fermentation. From this work, we propose that the activation of biosynthetic genes in nutrient-poor media creates a biosynthetic burden that reduces the expression of chromosomal pdc and adhB by competing for transcriptional and translational machinery. This reduced expression can be viewed as analogous to the effect of plasmids (plasmid burden) on the expression of native chromosomal genes.
Additional Paper: EMSR versus EMSU: Revenue or utility?

An assumption of risk-neutrality lies at the heart of the standard algorithm for leg inventory optimisation (EMSR). This paper examines how to modify EMSR scientifically to account for different risk preferences (eg risk aversion). This new approach is called expected marginal seat utility (EMSU). A comparison is made between the differences in booking limits that are generated by the different risk preferences. Simulation analysis is used to show what the differences in expected revenues and expected utilities are between the two methods. The results show that switching to EMSU in cases of risk aversion can increase expected utility by 1.6–4 per cent.
Buoyant spreading processes in pollutant transport and mixing Part 2: Upstream spreading in weak ambient current

Buoyant upstream spreading forms part of the more or less radial spreading motion that occurs when a continuous buoyancy source exists within a weak ambient flow. Such buoyancy source may be located at the water surface, or bottom, or at a terminal level within an ambient density stratification, and follows the initial mixing phase of a pollutant discharge. The upstream spreading flow stagnates against the oncoming ambient flow, and is ultimately diverted in the downstream direction. The numerical solutions by Jones, Jirka and Caughey (1983) for the buoyant spreading flow with a drag-like arresting mechanism at the density front is used to predict the overall properties of the spreading motion for different ambient conditions. Data from laboratory experiments and from field observations are in good agreement with the model predictions.
Micro- and Nano-mechanical Properties of a CoCrMo Medical Implant Alloy and the Carbide-CoCrMo Surfaces

The micro- and nano-mechanical properties of a CoCrMo medical implant alloy and a novel micro-textured carbide-coated CoCrMo alloy (MTCC) surface hardness and roughness were examined using micro- and nano-indentation and surface profilometry. The MTCC surfaces may be a successful alternative bearing material for artificial joints. Understanding the micro- and nano-mechanical, material properties and surface morphology of the MTCC-CoCrMo surface are important for designing wear resistant artificial joints. The micro-textured carbide surfaces were created using a microwave plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition reaction (MPCVD). Micro- and nano-mechanical properties, volumetric wear properties, and surface morphology were measured and used to determine the performance of the conventional CoCrMo alloy and MTCC surfaces (processed for either 2 or 4 hours) in static environments and under severe wear conditions. The hardness and surface parameters of the 4h MTCC surfaces were always greater than the 2h MTCC and CoCrMo alloy surfaces. The mirco- and nano-mechanical properties changed for the CoCrMo alloy, 2h, and 4h MTCC surfaces after, in contrast to before, wear testing. This indicates that the wear mechanisms affect the micro- and nano-mechanical results. Overall, the 4h MTCC surfaces had greater wear resistance than the 2h MTCC or CoCrMo alloy surfaces.
Electroluminescence from annealed ZnO nanowires

We report the effect of thermal annealing on the room-temperature electroluminescence in vertically oriented ZnO nanowires. Ultra-violet luminescence around 390 nm and a broad defect-related band centered at 620 nm are observed. The ZnO nanowires are grown in electrodeposition on SnO 2 -coated glass substrates, employing a technique that is suitable for large-area applications. The nanowires are robustly encapsulated in thin polymer films deposited from low-viscosity solutions. Electron injection occurs through a transparent SnO 2 layer, while hole injection is mediated by a p-doped polymer layer and an evaporated Au-contact.
Readout Electronics and Data Acquisition of a Positron Emission Tomography Time-of-Flight Detector Module With Waveform Digitizer

A multi-element silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) based time-of-flight (ToF) detector module for positron emission tomography (PET) has been developed. The detector module is based on a 4 × 4 array of LYSO-SiPM elements (Hamamatsu MPPC S10931-050P), with individual bias supply for each element. Each element is read out by a wideband, low-noise RF amplifier to maximize timing performance. All 16 outputs are digitized with a high-speed CAEN V1742 digitizer module (32 + 2 channels, 5 GS/s sampling, 12-bit amplitude resolution, 500 MHz input bandwidth) to acquire raw pulse waveforms for offline timing and energy extraction. As the digitizer has no internal trigger for individual channels, a trigger board has been developed which produces a fast pulse that triggers the digitizer whenever any pixel of the detector detects a signal in coincidence with a reference detector. To assess the performance of the prototype module, a 4 × 4 LYSO scintillator array ( 3×3×5 mm3 elements) was coupled to the SiPM photodetectors and energy/timing resolution measurements were performed using a Ge-68 source. At 1.4 V overvoltage, the energy resolution, not corrected for saturation effects of the SiPM, varied from a minimum of 10.1% to a maximum of 13.3% with an average energy resolution of 11.4 ± 0.8% across the 16 channels. With a reference detector (single 3×3×5 mm3 LYSO crystal coupled to a Hamamatsu MPPC S10362-33), the average coincidence resolving time (CRT) across the detector module was 206 ± 7 ps FWHM at 2.4 V overvoltage-the best reported for a PET block (array) detector based on conventional photodetectors to date.
In the face of technology: toward a recovery of the human

Abstract Using the work of two American thinkers, Henry David Thoreau and John William Miller, this essay addresses the ways in which we presently teach teachers. It argues that, based on the lingering influences of positivism and British empiricism, we try to teach teachers by offering them a programmatic technology of teaching. Thoreau and Miller, each in his own way, suggest what is problematic with this approach, pointing to the loss of important human elements that accompanies it. In light of their work, the essay also points toward some avenues for a recovery of these human elements.