cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Damaging Myth of Patent Exhaustion

Patent exhaustion enjoys a reputation as a well-established doctrine of “over 160 years” with a further “impeccable historic pedigree” reaching back to Lord Coke’s seventeenth century property writings. The doctrine allows purchasers of patented goods to use those items according to common expectations without obtaining a further license. Its impact is both widespread and hotly debated in our technology-based economy where innovative product distribution models are constantly introduced. But the doctrine’s historical reputation is not well deserved. In fact, the modern account of the doctrine’s origin is both thin and demonstrably wrong—it is based on selective quotes from Coke’s annotation of a real property treatise and Chief Justice Taney’s dicta from a mid-nineteenth century opinion, both of which are taken out of context and do not support any sweeping rule of exhaustion. The Supreme Court’s recent embrace of that modern account is not merely bad history; it also misses the serious implications that the revisionist history could have for central contract and property law mechanisms, including conditions precedent and subsequent. Either patentees have powerful work-arounds for a purported bright line exhaustion rule through the contractual clauses that maintain reversionary interests, or the common law of property and contract have suffered serious collateral damage in service of a historical myth. This Article introduces extensive original research on the history both of the rule against restraints on alienation of property and of “patent exhaustion” to argue that—contrary to the dominant modern account—certain restrictions on the use of purchased (patented) goods based on conditional transfers of property title have been carefully preserved by courts. This is a revised version of 'Origins of Patent Exhaustion: Jacksonian Politics, ‘Patent Farming,’ and the Basis of the Bargain' found at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2920738.
Optical needles with arbitrary three-dimensional spin angular momentum

Based on our previous research on optical needles with arbitrary three-dimensional (3D) polarization, we investigate the relationship between the electric field and spin angular momentum (SAM). We have realized optical needles with arbitrary 3D spin-orientation and SAM per photon. To our best knowledge, it is the first time to obtain optical needles whose SAM can be customized on both direction and size. The relative error between the obtained spin and customized spin is always less than 5% even if SAM per photon is very small.
Supersonic mode in a low-enthalpy hypersonic flow over a cone and wave packet interference

A computational fluid dynamics study is conducted in which acoustic-like waves are observed emanating from the boundary layer of a Mach 8 slender blunt cone with a relatively low freestream enthalpy and a warm wall. The acoustic-like wave emissions are qualitatively similar to those attributed to the supersonic mode. However, the supersonic mode responsible for such emissions is often found in high-enthalpy flows with highly cooled walls, making its appearance here unexpected. Linear stability analysis on the steady-state solution reveals an unstable mode S (Mack's second mode) with a subsonic phase velocity and a stable mode F whose mode F- branch takes on a supersonic phase velocity. It is thought that the stable supersonic mode F- is responsible for the acoustic-like wave emissions. Unsteady simulations are carried out using blowing-suction actuators at two different surface locations. The analysis of the temporal data and spectral data using Fourier decomposition reveals constructive/destructive interference occurring between a primary wave packet and a satellite wave packet in the vicinity of the acoustic-like wave emissions. The constructive/destructive interference between the wave packets also appears to have a damping effect on individual frequency growth in both unsteady simulations. Based on this study's results and analysis, it is concluded that a supersonic discrete mode is not limited to high-enthalpy, cold wall flows and that it does appear in low-enthalpy, warm-wall flows; however, the mode is stable.
Escape Dynamics of a Particle From a Purely-nonlinear Truncated Quartic Potential Well Under Harmonic Excitation

This paper focuses on the escape problem of a harmonically-forced classical particle from a purely-quartic truncated potential well. The latter corresponds to various engineering systems that involve purely cubic restoring force and absence of linear stiffness even under the assumption of small oscillations, such as pre-tensioned metal wires and springs, and compliant structural components made of polymer materials. This, in contrast to previous studies where the equivalent potential well could be treated as linear at first approximation under the assumption of small perturbations. Due to the strong nonlinearity of the current potential well, traditional analytical methods are inapplicable for describing the transient bounded and escape dynamics of the particle. The latter is analyzed in the framework of isolated resonance approximation by canonical transformation to action-angle (AA) variables and the corresponding reduced resonance manifold (RM). The escape envelope is formulated analytically. Surprisingly, despite the essential nonlinearity of the well, it exhibits a universal property of a sharp minimum due to the existence of multiple intersecting escape mechanisms. Unlike previous studies, three underlying mechanisms that govern the transient dynamics of the particle were identified: two maximum mechanisms and a saddle mechanism. The first two correspond to a gradual increase in the system's response amplitude for a proportional increase in the excitation intensity, and the latter corresponds to an abrupt increase in the system's response and therefore more potentially hazardous. The response of the particle is described in terms of energy-based response curves. The maximal transient energy is predicted analytically over the space of excitation parameters and described using iso-energy contours. All theoretical predictions are in complete agreement with numerical results.
Preparation, characterization, and photocatalytic activity of La-doped TiO 2 supported on activated carbon at the decomposition of methylene orange

A composite photocatalyst (La/TiO2/AC) has been prepared by supporting photoactive La-doped TiO2 (La/TiO2) on activated carbon (AC) via hydrolysis of tetrabutyl titanate (Ti(OC4H9)4) with La(NO3)3 · 6H2O and Ti(OC4H9)4 as precursors in the presence of activated carbon. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized by BET surface area, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activities of the obtained photocatalysts under UV light are estimated by measuring the degradation rate of methylene orange in aqueous solution. The effect of La-doped content on the photocatalytic activity was studied and the result revealed that 0.2 mol % La/TiO2/AC exhibited highest photoactivity. In addition, the recyclability of the prepared photocatalyst was also confirmed, the photocatalytic activity of La/TiO2/AC remains about 86.5% of its activity as-prepared after being used four times. The photocatalyst therefore may be used as effective catalyst in photooxidation reactions and potentially applied for the treatment of water contaminated by organic pollutants.
Repair of 3-methyladenine and 7-methylguanine in nuclear DNA of Chlamydomonas: Requirement for protein synthesis

Abstract The removal of 3-methyladenine and 7-methylguanine from nuclear DNA was determined following exposure of Chlamydomonas reinhardi to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). The amount of 3-methyladenine in DNA was determined using an extract from Micrococcus luteus that has a 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase. The amount of 7-methylguanine was estimated by heating the DNA for 30 min at 70° followed by alkaline hydrolysis of the resulting apurinic sites. The molecular weight of the DNA was determined using alkaline sucrose gradients. The 3-methyladenine is removed with a half-life of 2–3 h whereas the 7-methylaguanine is removed with a half-life of 10–12 h. The rate of removal of the 7-methylguanine is more than an order of magnitude faster than the estimated non-enzymatic hydrolysis rate indicating the probability of enzymatic repair. Addition of cycloheximide immediately after MMS treatment inhibits the removal of 3-methyladenine and 7-methylguanine from DNA. If cycloheximide is added 1.5 h after treatment with MMS, there is much less inhibition of the removal of 3-methyladenine. These results are interpreted to mean that MMS induces the synthesis of 1 or more proteins that are required for the repair of 3-methyladenine from Chlamydomonas DNA.
Induced Synthesis of Alkaline Phosphatase by Bile Acids in Rat Liver Cell Culture

Synthesis of hepatic alkaline phosphatase is induced during cholestasis. To test whether bile acids, which accumulate to high levels in cholestasis, can stimulate hepatic alkaline phosphatase, we studied the ability of various bile acids and other detergents to stimulate hepatic alkaline phosphatase activity in primary monolayer cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. Alkaline phosphatase rose spontaneously in these cells during the first 2 days of culture and then stabilized. Taurocholate added to the medium on day 2 stimulated alkaline phosphatase in a dose-dependent fashion at concentrations from 10-2 to 1 MM (the highest concentration used). The rise in alkaline phosphatase required more than 6 hr to occur and could be blocked by cycloheximide. Other bile acids had similar effects; there was no correlation between the detergent properties of bile acids or their ability to disrupt biologic membranes and their propensity to induce hepatic alkaline phosphatase. 5'-Nucleotidase, an enzyme which increases in the plasma, but not in the hepatocyte during in vivo cholestasis, did not rise in cells incubated with taurocholate. We conclude that bile acids induce the synthesis of hepatic alkaline phosphatase in cultured rat hepatocytes, and speculate that such induction could account, at least in part, for the increase in hepatic levels of alkaline phosphatase observed in cholestasis.
Cooperation and Conflict, Large-Scale Human

Along with a few other animals such as bees, termites, ants and wasps, humans live in societies that cooperate for a common goal. Serving the greater good seems to go against basic Darwinian theory, so the question is, how and why have complex, cooperative societies developed in some species? In spite of so much cooperation, why do human societies remain so conflict ridden? Keywords: cooperation; conflict; complex societies; evolution
WATER AND SEDIMENT TEMPERATURES AT MUSSEL BEDS IN THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASIN

Native freshwater mussels are in global decline and urgently need protection and conservation. Declines in the abundance and diversity of North American mussels have been attributed to human activities that cause pollution, waterquality degradation, and habitat destruction. Recent studies suggest that effects of climate change may also endanger native mussel assemblages, as many mussel species are living close to their upper thermal tolerances. Adult and juvenile mussels spend a large fraction of their lives burrowed into sediments of rivers and lakes. Our objective was to measure surface water and sediment temperatures at known mussel beds in the Upper Mississippi (UMR) and St. Croix (SCR) rivers to estimate the potential for sediments to serve as thermal refugia. Across four mussel beds in the UMR and SCR, surface waters were generally warmer than sediments in summer, and were cooler than sediments in winter. This suggests that sediments may act as a thermal buffer for mussels in these large rivers. Although the magnitude of this effect was usually <3.0°C, sediments were up to 7.5°C cooler at one site in May, suggesting site-specific variation in the ability of sediments to act as thermal buffers. Sediment temperatures in the UMR exceeded those shown to cause mortality in laboratory studies. These data suggest that elevated water temperatures resulting from global warming, thermal discharges, water extraction, and/or droughts have the potential to adversely affect native mussel assemblages.
Applications section: Modifications to program SPACEFIL to produce shaded space-filling molecular models with perspective

Abstract Modifications to the program SPACEFIL are described, which allow the application of perpective transformations and atom shading to the space filling pl
Standing State and Cycling of Nitrogen in Soil-vegetation Components of Prairie Ecosystems

In the present paper, distribution of nitrogen in different plant compartments and in the top 20 cm soil from three grassland sites for a 3-year period at the time of peak standing crop has been studied. The sites represent short-grass, mixed-grass, and tall-grass prairies located, respectively, in Colorado, South Dakota, and Oklahoma. Partitioning, uptake, transfers, and release of nitrogen in the above-ground and below-ground compartments were evaluated with respect to the abiotic factors. A positive linear relationship was found with the total nitrogen content in shoots ((g m−2) and the annual precipitation as well as with the annual actual evapotranspiration. On the other hand, a negative linear relationship was found with the nitrogen per gram dry weight in shoots, and the annual precipitation and evapotranspiration. Inter-seasonal and inter-site variations in the nitrogen content (g m−2) in different plant compartments indicated significant differences. The short-grass and mixed-grass prairies indicated greater nitrogen content in the above-ground and below-ground plant tissues as compared to the tall-grass prairie. However the total nitrogen content in shoots from the tall-grass prairie was greater than that of short-grass or mixed-grass prairies which was mainly due to greater shoot biomass in the tall-grass prairie. The major portion of nitrogen (over 90 per cent) in the system was retained in the soil while a fraction of nitrogen (4-8 per cent) resided in the biological material. The distribution of nitrogen in different plant compartments, the uptake, transfer, and release of nitrogen with respect to abiotic factors have been discussed in detail.
Specific detection of toxigenic strains of Clostridium difficile in stool specimens.

Clostridium difficile is the infectious agent responsible for antibiotic-associated colitis. We report the use of the polymerase chain reaction technique to identify toxigenic strains of C. difficile in human stool specimens. A set of primers based on the nucleotide sequence of the toxin B gene, which amplified a 399-bp fragment from isolates producing toxin B, was designed. We examined 28 known toxigenic strains, which were all positive by this assay. DNAs from the nontoxigenic strains examined and from strains of Clostridium sordellii and C. bifermentans were not amplified with these primers. The sensitivity of this assay allowed us to identify as little as 10% toxigenic C. difficile cells in the presence of 90% nontoxigenic cells and to detect the toxin B gene in 1 pg of DNA from a toxigenic strain. DNAs extracted from 18 clinical stool specimens that were positive for toxin B by the tissue culture cytotoxicity assay were also positive by this assay. In addition, we detected toxin B sequences in DNA from 2 of 18 stool specimens that were negative for toxin B by the cytotoxicity assay. These two stool specimens were from patients who had a clinical pattern of colitis that was compatible with C. difficile causation. This rapid, sensitive assay will be useful for specific identification of toxigenic C. difficile and for revealing cases that are undetected by analysis of fecal samples for toxin B alone. Images
Mapping surface mineralogy using imaging spectrometry

Abstract Imaging spectrometry, simultaneous measurement of spectra and images in up to hundreds of spectral channels or bands, is a proven technology for identifying and mapping minerals based on their reflectance or emissivity signatures. Also known as hyperspectral imaging or “HSI”, extraction of key spectral signatures from these data allows direct identification of iron minerals such as hematite, goethite, and jarosite in the visible/near infrared (VNIR); clays, carbonates, micas, sulfates, and other minerals in the short wave infrared (SWIR); and silicates and carbonates in the long wave infrared (LWIR). The unique capability of imaging spectrometry to produce detailed maps of the spatial distribution of specific minerals, mineral assemblages, and mineral variability on the surface of Earth makes it an ideal tool for enhanced geomorphic mapping. Case histories illustrate the use of HSI for characterizing and mapping active and relict geothermal/hydrothermal systems and determining relations between mineralogy and derived landforms. Imaging spectrometry, used in conjunction with complimentary datasets such as InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar), Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), or stereo (photogrammetric-derived) digital elevation models (DEMs), provides a unique means of visualizing the spatial distribution and association of mineralogy with topography, thus contributing to the understanding of the relations between geology and landscape and to improved interpretation of surface geologic processes.
Interpretation of sediment cores from the Ross Ice Shelf Site J-9, Antarctica: Reply by Thomas B. Kellogg & Davida E. Kellogg

Interpretation of sediment cores from the Ross Ice Shelf Site J-9, Antarctica: Reply by Thomas B. Kellogg & Davida E. Kellogg
Learning and Applying Color Styles From Feature Films

Directors employ a process called “color grading” to add color styles to feature films. Color grading is used for a number of reasons, such as accentuating a certain emotion or expressing the signature look of a director. We collect a database of feature film clips and label them with tags such as director, emotion, and genre. We then learn a model that maps from the low-level color and tone properties of film clips to the associated labels. This model allows us to examine a number of common hypotheses on the use of color to achieve goals, such as specific emotions. We also describe a method to apply our learned color styles to new images and videos. Along with our analysis of color grading techniques, we demonstrate a number of images and videos that are automatically filtered to resemble certain film styles.
Effect of sex steroids on bone collagen synthesis in vitro.

Although sex steroids are known to affect skeletal metabolism, their effects on bone collagen synthesis have not been studied. We have examined the direct effects of progesterone, 17β estradiol, testosterone, 5α dihydrotestosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone on bone collagen and noncollagen protein synthesis in cultures of calvaria obtained from 21-day fetal rats. Bones were incubated for 24 to 168 h and3H-proline was added for the last 2 h of culture. Incorporation of the label into collagenase-digestible protein (CDP)1 and noncollagen protein (NCP) was determined using repurified bacterial collagenase.
A scalable e-engineering technology for network-based concurrent engineering in electronics

The Electronics Agile Manufacturing Research Institute (EAMRI) at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, with its industrial partners Lucent Technologies, Pitney Bowes, and CISCO Systems, is developing new methodologies for network-based design and agile manufacturing in the electronics industry, and conducting demonstration projects and assessments of the effectiveness of these new approaches. The emphasis of the EAMRI is the development, integration, and demonstration of e-engineering tools that facilitate distributed interactions among design, planning, manufacturing, and marketing functions. This paper presents recent research results on issues of scalable enterprise systems building upon the Virtual Design Environment (VDE) e-engineering technology.
The Effects of Logo-Based Instruction:

A new teaching method, Logo-Based Instruction (LBI), was applied for teaching basic geometric concepts: points, rays, lines, and line segments. The aim of LBI is to enable teachers and students to investigate and explore Logo integration into the geometry curriculum. Logo computer language was used for developing class activities and tutorial programs. The students used Logo to solve problems. The sample consisted of sixty-seven seventh and eighth graders (31 females and 36 males; 51 blacks and 16 whites). The regular classroom teacher taught both the experimental and the control groups using the treatment plan designed by the researcher. The results of the statistical analyses (applied to the scores of achievement tests, Likert Scales, Semantic Differential Scales, Interview Sheets; and the gain in van Hiele levels) were significant in favor of the experimental group at 0.05 level. These results are encouraging and support the use of LBI for teaching geometry.
An analysis of the series generator — Shunt motor oscillator

IN THE COURSE of a University “Open House” exhibition at the University of Michigan, a self-excited series generator — shunt motor oscillator was demonstrated. This inspired some of the students to search the literature for a theoretical discussion of the rotating machine oscillator. When their search proved fruitless, this brief essay was prepared and some quantitative tests of the theory presented were made. These tests are submitted for what value they may have for other teachers and anyone else who might be interested in the subject of machinery system analysis.
Comparison of short-and long-term sexual reproduction tests with the marine red alga champia parvula

A 2-d exposure test using the marine red alga Champia parvula was developed to assess the toxic effects of pollutants entering the marine and estuarine environments. The initial exposure was followed by a 5- to 7-d recovery period to allow the development of any cystocarps (evidence of sexual reproduction, the endpoint measured). The 2-d exposure test was validated by comparison with a previously developed 2-weed tests in which “no sexual reproduction” was used as the reproductive endpoint. The 2-d procedure is intended for use in testing both single compounds and complex effluents. Complex effluents, however, cannot be accurately tested with the 2-week test; therefore, only single compounds were used to compare the two procedures. Nine single compounds were tested. Concentrations that resulted in a 95% or greater decrease from the control response with the 2-d exposure were considered the best estimate of the no sexual reproduction response from the 2-week test. All of the single compounds tested, except cadmium, yielded essentially the same results with both tests.
Kinetics of Oxidation and Decarburization in Al-Si Transformation Induced Plasticity Steel

This research elucidates the evolution of internal oxidation, external oxidation, and decarburization and their interdependence under different gas atmospheres for a transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel sample. A rolled steel sample chemistry of 0.14 wt pct C, 1.8 wt pct Mn, 0.6 wt pct Si, and 1 wt pct Al is used as a case study. Thermogravimetric techniques are used to examine the net mass change in a sample during isothermal heat treatment under five different atmospheres: $$ P_{{{\text{H}}_{{\text{2}}} {\text{O}}}} /P_{{{\text{H}}_{{\text{2}}} }} $$ = 0.01, 0.06, 0.13, 0.20, and 0.32. The results show an initial mass decrease and later an increase. Scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), optical microscopy, and glancing-angle X-ray are used to quantify the microstructure and show that the samples have four distinct zones: (1) the external scale, often rich in fayalite; (2) an internally oxidized region with Al, Si, and Mn oxides in an Fe matrix; (3) a decarburized steel region, characterized by large ferrite grains and low carbon content; and (4) a relatively unaffected steel core with a structure similar to the starting material. The results show that the oxidation is predominantly internal and proceeds independently of decarburization, following a parabolic oxidation law where the parabolic rate constant is higher, as would be expected, at higher water vapor contents. Decarburization rates are slightly lower than the predicted rates based on carbon diffusion only, suggesting that the external scale might have an effect in blocking CO escape from the surface.
A Functional Outcomes Survey of Elderly Patients who Sustained Distal Radius Fractures

This study aims to examine the subjective functional outcomes of patients 70 years or older who sustained distal radius fractures through the use of the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) and Short Form-8 Health (SF-8) surveys. Patients at least 70 years old with a distal radius fracture between 2000 and 2004 were identified and their charts reviewed. They were contacted to answer the DASH and SF-8 surveys. The radiographic injury parameters examined were articular stepoff greater than 2 mm, dorsal tilt on the lateral radiograph, ulnar variance, and presence of an ulnar styloid fracture. Fifty-eight patients answered the DASH and SF-8 surveys. The mean age at the time of injury in the survey group was 78 years old (range 70–94 years). Mean follow-up period was 33 months (range 13–65 months). Average DASH and SF-8 scores were 22.3 (SD 22.4) and 31.5 (SD 6.9), respectively. DASH scores were inversely correlated with SF-8 scores (R = −0.65, p < 0.01). Patients who sustained an associated ulnar styloid fracture demonstrated worse DASH scores than those without an ulnar styloid fracture (presence of ulnar styloid fracture: mean DASH 26.2, no ulnar styloid fracture: mean DASH 12.9, p = 0.04). There were no significant differences in functional outcome for any other radiographic parameters assessed. Males had statistically better DASH scores than the females (males: mean DASH 6.9, females: mean DASH 24.4, p = 0.003). No difference was found in functional outcome scores among different treatment groups. In elderly patients with distal radius fractures, the only radiographic parameter we found that affects functional outcome is an associated ulnar styloid fracture. Additionally, females had worse functional outcomes than males.
Cardiac complications in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma patients treated with carfilzomib.

Carfilzomib is a novel, highly selective, tetrapeptide epoxyketone proteasome inhibitor that irreversibly binds to the N-terminal threonine-containing active sites of the 20S proteasome, which is the proteolytic core particle within the 26S proteasome, as compared with bortezomib, which reversibly inhibits the 20S proteasome.1 In vitro, carfilzomib has demonstrated antiproliferative and proapoptotic activities in solid and hematologic tumor cells.2
Algunas reflexiones en torno al término latín en la documentación alfonsí

This study examines the development of linguistic consciousness in thirteenth-century Hispano-Romance by analyzing the relationship between the terms latin and romance in works sponsored by Alfonso X. In the article, the author demonstrates that numerous lexical items (e.g., injuria, negligencia, suspension, inquisicion) were already a part of Romance vocabulary despite their labeling as latin in the Alfonsine texts ("iniuria en latin tanto quiere dezir en romance commo desonrra que es fecha o dicha aotro a tuerto o a despreciamiento del," Siete Partidas). Framed within the (later stages of the) "complex monolingualism" approach proposed by Roger Wright, the author also argues that, as Hispano-Romance speakers in Castile expanded their cultural knowledge, the term latin became associated with the areas from which vocabulary was taken to supply new scientific or pseudo-scientific expressions. The designation latin, in the contexts under scrutiny, was perceived not as a language but as a lexical register ma...
The essential amino acid requirements of the red abalone, Haliotis rufescens

Abstract 1. 1. Three juvenile specimens of the red abalone, Haliotis rufescens , were each injected with (U- 14 C) glucose. During an incubation period of 71–96 hr the radioactivity of the respiratory carbon dioxide and incubating sea water was monitored. 2. 2. Amino acid compositions of whole body protein were determined. 3. 3. The radioactivity of individual amino acids was measured. Label was incorporated into glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, half-cystine, glycine, serine and proline. These amino acids are nonessential or dispensable. 4. 4. Threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, lysine, histidine and arginine incorporated no label from glucose and are inferred to be essential. 5. 5. No conclusion was drawn concerning the essentiality of tyrosine.
Ubiquitin interacts with the Tollip C2 and CUE domains and inhibits binding of Tollip to phosphoinositides

A large number of cellular signaling processes are directed through internalization, via endocytosis, of polyubiquitinated cargo proteins. Tollip is an adaptor protein that facilitates endosomal cargo sorting for lysosomal degradation. Tollip preferentially binds phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P) via its C2 domain, an association that may be required for endosomal membrane targeting. Here, we show that Tollip binds ubiquitin through its C2 and CUE domains and that its association with the C2 domain inhibits PtdIns(3)P binding. NMR analysis demonstrates that the C2 and CUE domains bind to overlapping sites on ubiquitin, suggesting that two ubiquitin molecules associate with Tollip simultaneously. Hydrodynamic studies reveal that ubiquitin forms heterodimers with the CUE domain, indicating that the association disrupts the dimeric state of the CUE domain. We propose that, in the absence of polyubiquitinated cargo, the dual binding of ubiquitin partitions Tollip into membrane-bound and membrane-free states, a function that contributes to the engagement of Tollip in both membrane trafficking and cytosolic pathways.
Comparison of Two Perennial Grass Breeding Systems with Switchgrass

Two breeding systems, between- and within- family selection (BWFS) and multistep family selection (MFS), were compared using three switchgrass (
On constant time to learn: A proposed modification of function

The Ss learned a serial CVC list to criterion at a 2-sec rate. The 2 sec was composed of one of four combinations of stimulus presentation time (Tp) and interstimulus interval (ISI; i.e., .25+1.75, .5+1.5, 1+1 or 1.5+.5 sec). Results were consistent with constant total learning time, k = (Tp + ISI) N trials to criterion. Reported breakdowns in k at fast Tp (≤.5 sec) were suggested to be due to the lack of an ISI or (Tp + ISI) time sufficient to process item information adequately for storage.
J. Dwight Peterson and the Rescue of City Securities Corporation 1930‐1940

American business historians now posses a well‐established collection of literature relating to the investment banking industry. Due to excellent studies written by Robert Sobel and Vincent Carosso, students of American business and financial history may study the histories of the major securities exchanges and several prominent investment banking houses, the development of the industry since 1945 as it relates to the growth and regulation of the national and international securities marekts, and the effect of the telecommunications revolution upon the industry.
Accumulation of DNA growing points in caffeine-treated human lymphoblastoid cells

Abstract DNA bifilarly substituted with bromodeoxyuridine (DNA HH ) can be obtained after incubation of human lymphoblastoid cells with heavy analog for short periods. The DNA HH originates from DNA growing points and is derived by branch migration in vitro during or after cell lysis. Treatment of the cells with caffeine resulted in an increase in both the relative and absolute amount of DNA HH as compared to non-treated cultures synthesizing equivalent amounts of DNA. In conjunction with the smaller size of the nascent DNA synthesized in the presence of caffeine, the accumulation of DNA HH likely indicates an accumulation of growing forks, possibly resulting from the decreased rate of chain elongation and the initiation of replication at additional sites of origin. The usefulness of measurement of DNA HH as a probe to estimate the number of replicating forks, i.e. the number of active replicons, is discussed.
The present and future being of geography as a human science

Abstract ‘Being’ made evident as a concrete ‘world’ offers a horizon of meaning that is given historically. As a region within such a ‘world’, human geography appears to be constrained to a horizon of mathematical thinking arising essentially out of Newtonian physics devised to describe the natural world of things. It is from such a functional and numerical tradition of mathematics that attempts have been made to move towards freer, qualitative forms to describe structural properties of the human world. These attempts, however, have immediately withdrawn back to the metric forms from which thinking was trying to escape. One problem appears to be that the intuitive concept of structure led to descriptions for their own sake, rather than for the things that might be supported and channelled by such structures. If human beings are an intimate part of such descriptions, the structures can allow or forbid, but not require. It is asserted that such properties reflect, and properly allow, human agency, and so are relevant as methodological considerations in a theory of structuration that presently, and quite consciously, brackets such issues. A parallel is drawn between the determinism of Marxian laws in the human realm and Newtonian laws in the physical realm, since the ethos of the latter constituted an enlargement of the horizon which allowed the thinking of the former. Attempts to think beyond the horizon given by the concrete condition of possibilities of our ‘world’ are noted as more bracing, though more dangerous, than thinking within the secure horizon. ... the social sciences are inescapably critical of the subject matter in which they are involved... (Anthony Giddens, quoted in GREGORY, 1984b, p.130).
Spatio-temporal cluster analysis of county-based human West Nile virus incidence in the continental United States

West Nile virus (WNV) is a vector-borne illness that can severely affect human health. After introduction on the East Coast in 1999, the virus quickly spread and became established across the continental United States. However, there have been significant variations in levels of human WNV incidence spatially and temporally. In order to quantify these variations, we used Kulldorff's spatial scan statistic and Anselin's Local Moran's I statistic to uncover spatial clustering of human WNV incidence at the county level in the continental United States from 2002–2008. These two methods were applied with varying analysis thresholds in order to evaluate sensitivity of clusters identified. The spatial scan and Local Moran's I statistics revealed several consistent, important clusters or hot-spots with significant year-to-year variation. In 2002, before the pathogen had spread throughout the country, there were significant regional clusters in the upper Midwest and in Louisiana and Mississippi. The largest and most consistent area of clustering throughout the study period was in the Northern Great Plains region including large portions of Nebraska, South Dakota, and North Dakota, and significant sections of Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana. In 2006, a very strong cluster centered in southwest Idaho was prominent. Both the spatial scan statistic and the Local Moran's I statistic were sensitive to the choice of input parameters. Significant spatial clustering of human WNV incidence has been demonstrated in the continental United States from 2002–2008. The two techniques were not always consistent in the location and size of clusters identified. Although there was significant inter-annual variation, consistent areas of clustering, with the most persistent and evident being in the Northern Great Plains, were demonstrated. Given the wide variety of mosquito species responsible and the environmental conditions they require, further spatio-temporal clustering analyses on a regional level is warranted.
Dietary protein induces endothelin-mediated kidney injury through enhanced intrinsic acid production

Dietary protein as casein (CAS) augments intrinsic acid production, induces endothelin-mediated kidney acidification, and promotes kidney injury. We tested the hypothesis that dietary CAS induces endothelin-mediated kidney injury through augmented intrinsic acid production. Munich-Wistar rats ate minimum electrolyte diets from age 8 to 96 weeks with 50 or 20% protein as either acid-inducing CAS or non-acid-inducing SOY. Urine net acid excretion and distal nephron net HCO3 reabsorption by in vivo microperfusion (Net J(HCO3)) were higher in 50 than 20% CAS but not 50 and 20% SOY. At 96 weeks, 50% compared the 20% CAS had higher urine endothelin-1 excretion (U(ET-1)V) and a higher index of tubulo-interstitial injury (TII) at pathology (2.25+/-0.21 vs 1.25+/-0.13 U, P<0.03), but each parameter was similar in 50 and 20% SOY. CAS (50%) eating NaHCO3 to reduce intrinsic acid production had lower Net J(HCO3), lower U(ET-1)V, and less TII. By contrast, 50% SOY eating dietary acid as (NH4)2SO4 had higher Net J(HCO3), higher U(ET-1)V, and more TII. Endothelin A/B but not A receptor antagonism reduced Net J(HCO3) in 50% CAS and 50% SOY+(NH4)2SO4 animals. By contrast, endothelin A but not A/B receptor antagonism reduced TII in each group. The data support that increased intake of acid-inducing dietary protein induces endothelin B-receptor-mediated increased Net J(HCO3) and endothelin A-receptor-mediated TII through augmented intrinsic acid production.
Biphasic and Reversible Adaptation of Goldfish to Alcohol

GOLDFISH are well suited to the study of the effects of alcohol on behaviour. The concentration of alcohol in their blood rapidly approximates the concentration of alcohol in the water in which they swim1. Thus the study of tolerance, for example, is not complicated by such variables as rate of alcohol absorption. We have studied certain responses of goldfish as a function of time in an alcohol solution, to learn whether tolerance to alcohol develops, and whether it persists after return to water.
Emigration dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa.

PIP: The introduction to this description of emigration dynamics in sub-Saharan Africa notes that the region is characterized by intensive migration caused by such factors as population growth, negative economic growth, ethnic conflict, and human rights abuses. The second section of the report discusses the fragmentary and incomplete nature of data on international migration in the region, especially data on conventional migration. Section 3 looks at demographic factors such as high population growth, illiteracy levels, HIV seroprevalence, and urbanization which lead to high unemployment and emigration. The fourth section considers the effects of the rapid expansion of education which is outstripping the absorptive capacity of the economies of many countries. Unemployment is a serious problem which is projected to become worse as increases in employment opportunities continue to lag behind increases in output. Sections five, six, and seven of the report describe relevant economic factors such as per capita income, income distribution, the economic resource base, and economic development; poverty; and the effects of economic adjustment programs, especially on employment opportunities and wages in the public and private sectors. The next section is devoted to sociocultural factors influencing migration both on the micro- and the macro-levels, including the influence of ethnicity and ethnic conflicts as well as the domination of leadership positions by members of minority groups. The political factors discussed in section 9 include women's status, repressive regimes, political instability which leads to underdevelopment, and the policies of the Organization of African Unity which broadened the definition of refugees and set inviolable borders of member states identical to those inherited upon independence. Section 10 outlines ecological factors contributing to migration, including the decline in acreage of arable land, soil deterioration, poor land management, and the effects of draught. The interaction of all of these factors has contributed to refugee flows of acute magnitude and complexity. The next major section of the report describes the migration situation in each subregion (Western Africa, Nigeria and Ghana, the Sahel, Mail, Eastern Africa, Southern Africa, and Lesotho). The report concludes that migration in response to socioeconomic conditions will continue until conditions improve in the countries of origin.
Partition functions for two-level parastatistical systems

Abstract We obtain the partition function for two-level parabosonic and parafermionic systems and discuss their properties. We show that they exhibit intrinsic parastatistical behavior and point out why two-level systems are the simplest systems in which these intrinsic features arise.
Battery electrolytes based on saturated ring ionic liquids: Physical and electrochemical properties

Abstract Physical and electrochemical properties of mixtures of ionic liquids based on saturated ring systems with carbonate based solvents were investigated. The conductivity and electrochemical stability of two series of ionic liquids based on piperidinium and pyrrolidinium cations with tetrafluoroborate and bis(trifluorosulfonylimide) anions were evaluated. The effects of the ionic liquid cation, substituent chain length of the cation function group, and the anion type on conductivity and electrochemical stability as determined by cyclic voltammetry were studied. The conductivity was influenced by the substituent chain length of the ionic liquid cation and the solvent carbonate type, where higher conductivities were observed with shorter substituent chains and EC versus PC. The saturated ring ionic liquid–carbonate mixtures may show particular promise for implementation as battery electrolytes due to notable high voltage stabilities, where stability >5.5 V was maintained in the presence of lithium salt. This study should promote development of future safe, high voltage lithium ion battery systems.
Contact transscleral retinopexy using a sapphire crystal probe.

To examine the laser-tissue interactions for contact transscleral irradiation, argon and CW Nd: YAG light was delivered through a synthetic sapphire crystal which was held in direct conjunctival contact perpendicular to the peripheral retina. The threshold for retinal whitening was 0.5 J in the rabbit, 1.0–1.5J in the monkey, and 1.0–4.0 J in human eyes. Histologic examination of the acute injury and at 2 days, 1, 3, 6, and 12 weeks, showed coagulative lesions centered around the pigmented layers in the rabbit. While severe chorioretinal disruption and hemorrhage did occur depending on species, energy level, and probe location, no scleral perforation was noted at any setting. These preliminary studies suggest that transscleral contact lasers may be used safely in clinical situations where selective ablation of the peripheral retina or pigmented tissues is the primary objective.
Atomism and Mobility among Underclass Chippewas and Whites

Chippewas and whites of underclass background were studied in order to identify possible differences in the frequency of atomism in the two populations and to determine the effect of any such differences on mobility after training. Comparative data were gathered through observations, use of training center case records, and through interviews conducted both prior to leaving training and one year after training was terminated.It was concluded that atomism was not more frequently present in the Chippewa than the white population studied for this report. The presence of about the same frequency of atomism in both groups suggests that the atomism cannot be simply explained as the result of past cultural or historical influences. Furthermore, the similar frequency of response to opportunities suggests that whatever atomism may be present is not a deeply ingrained psychological trait or value orientation. The policy implication derived from this study asserts that both ethnic groups can significantly benefit fr...
Effects of temperature and ammonium ions on formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase from Clostridium thermoaceticum

Abstract NH4+ and K+ but not Na+ increase the thermostability of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (formate: tetrahydrofolate ligase (ADP-forming), EC 6.3.4.3) from the thermophile Clostridium thermoaceticum. When the reaction is measured in the direction of synthesis of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate (forward direction), NH4+ and K+ activate the enzyme at low but not at high concentrations of formate. The apparent K m of formate is decreased 10-fold by the presence of 2 mM NH4Cl. A small decrease in the apparent K m of ATP and tetrahydrofolate also occurs on addition of NH4Cl. The V of the reaction is not changed. The reverse reaction is stimulated 4-fold by the addition of 20 mM NH4Cl. Arrhenius plots show that the activation energy for the synthesis of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate is higher below 40–43 °C than above. Plots of apparent K m values for each of the substrates (for the forward reaction) versus temperature, have breaks at 40–43 °C in the presence or absence of NH4Cl. The fluorescence (at 325 nm) of the enzyme in the absence of NH4Cl decreases linearly with increasing temperature; however, in the presence of NH4Cl, the linearly decreasing fluorescence has a slope change at 40 °C. Absorbance of the enzyme at 295 nm increases linearly with increasing temperature with a slope change at 40 °C both in the presence and absence of NH4Cl. The kinetic and physical data indicate that the enzyme undergoes a temperature-dependent conformational change at 40–43 °C.
An Investigation of Certain Factors Related to Ease of Conditioning

Resume Dans l'experience principale, vingt sujets ont subi 200 stimulations doubles, consistant du son d'un timbre, suivi dans le tiers d'une seconde d'un coup sur le tendon patellaire. Puis on a range les sujets selon la facilite de leur conditionnement. On a fait des correlations entre cet ordre de rang, et ceux obtenus de certaines mesures. La facilite du conditionnement a donne une bonne correlation avec le premier effet facilitant du timbre sur le reflexe rotulien. Il se trouve aussi une correlation entre facilite du conditionnement et certaines mesures de vitesse, comme le simple temps de reaction, et les divisions I et II du Test de Volonte-Temperament de Downey. Certaines autres mesures ont donne des coefficients de peu de valeur ou de nulle valeur. Il semble probable que l'effort d'eliminer les elements “volontaires” dans la formation d'une reponse conditionnelle chez un etre humain adulte oppose les formes nouvelles de comportement a celles formees prealablement dans la vie. On s'attendrait donc...