cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Muslim Conspiracy in British India?: Politics and Paranoia in the Early Nineteenth-Century Deccan

As the British prepared for war in Afghanistan in 1839, rumors spread of a Muslim conspiracy based in India's Deccan region. Colonial officials were convinced that itinerant preachers of jihad - whom they labelled 'Wahhabis' - were collaborating with Russian and Persian armies, and inspiring Muslim princes to revolt. Officials detained and interrogated Muslim travelers, conducted weapons inspections at princely forts, surveyed mosques, and ultimately annexed territories of the accused. Using untapped archival materials, Chandra Mallampalli describes how local intrigues, often having little to do with 'religion', manufactured belief in a global conspiracy against British rule. By skillfully narrating stories of the alleged conspirators, he shows how fears of the dreaded 'Wahhabi' sometimes prompted colonial authorities to act upon thin evidence, while also inspiring Muslim plots against princes not of their liking. At stake were not only questions about Muslim loyalty, but also the very ideals of a liberal empire.
A Review of Anatomical Placement of Corticosteroid Injections for Uncommon Hand, Wrist, and Elbow Pathologies.

Abstract Corticosteroid injections are a common nonsurgical treatment of intersection syndrome, flexor carpi radialis tendonitis, flexor carpi ulnaris tendonitis, and medial epicondylitis. The benefits of corticosteroid injections for these conditions have been well studied and documented in the medical literature. Patients with less common upper extremity complaints usually first present to their primary care provider. A correct anatomical diagnosis will help with early definitive treatment, as the injection must be in the proper location for maximal benefit to the patient. The following review on uncommon upper extremity complaints provides information for a correct diagnosis and treatment plan, followed by a possible injection. This review will hopefully provide high quality care while also cutting health care costs by making the correct diagnosis at the initial presentation. [Full article available at http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal-2017-03.asp].
Use of Organic Cosolvents for Enhanced Leaching of HEMA/MAA Copolymers

Leaching processes that use solvents to shrink and swell hydrogels by ionizing constituents of the gel and/or by solvating the hydrophobic regions with organic cosolvents were explored as a means to cleanse implantable hydrogels. 336 Gels of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/methacrylic acid) (pHEMA/MAA) were chosen because of their common use as bio-materials; a composition having 2.5 mole % MAA and a cross-linker of tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) at 0.15 mole % was used. Leaching solutions with pH 10 and 3, which lie above and below the dissociation point of the MAA moieties on the gel network, were used either alone or as 50% volume mixtures with ethanol or isopropanol. Execution of three shrink/swell cycles shows that as much as an 4% of additional material was lost from the gel compared to simple leaching in pH 6 water baths. Sequential exposure to acidic and basic aqueous alcohol solutions was shown to be a faster, but equivalent method of leaching as compared with sequential exposure to acid and base. A method for controlled swelling and shrinking was developed to allow delicate or irregularly shaped gel structures to be leached without damage due to stress associated with rapid swelling/shrinking.
Navier-Stokes Computations with One-Equation Turbulence Model for Flows Along Concave Wall Surfaces

This report presents the use of a time-marching three-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equation numerical solver with a one-equation turbulence model to simulate the flow fields developed along concave wall surfaces without and with a downstream extension flat wall surface. The 3-D Navier- Stokes numerical solver came from the NASA Glenn-HT code. The one-equation turbulence model was derived from the Spalart and Allmaras model. The computational approach was first calibrated with the computations of the velocity and Reynolds shear stress profiles of a steady flat plate boundary layer flow. The computational approach was then used to simulate developing boundary layer flows along concave wall surfaces without and with a downstream extension wall. The author investigated the computational results of surface friction factors, near surface velocity components, near wall temperatures, and a turbulent shear stress component in terms of turbulence modeling, computational mesh configurations, inlet turbulence level, and time iteration step. The computational results were compared with existing measurements of skin friction factors, velocity components, and shear stresses of the developing boundary layer flows. With a fine computational mesh and a one-equation model, the computational approach could predict accurately the skin friction factors, near surface velocity and temperature, and shear stress within the flows. The computed velocity components and shear stresses also showed the vortices effect on the velocity variations over a concave wall. The computed eddy viscosities at the near wall locations were also compared with the results from a two equation turbulence modeling technique. The inlet turbulence length scale was found to have little effect on the eddy viscosities at locations near the concave wall surface. The eddy viscosities, from the one-equation and two-equation modeling, were comparable at most stream-wise stations. The present one-equation turbulence model is an effective approach for turbulence modeling in the near solid wall surface region of flow over a concave wall.
An Evolutionary Algorithm for Discovering Manufacturing Control Strategies

This paper presents an unsupervised, genetic algorithm based machine learning technique that has been developed to address control issues for complex manufacturing systems. The machine learning technique supports the co-evolution of control strategies for multiple (and often competing) decision makers without providing them with a great deal of a priori control information. Results are presented where competing parts learn appropriate strategies for routing themselves through a simulated cellular manufacturing system.
Learning in Markov games with incomplete information

The Markov game (also called stochastic game (Filar & Vrieze 1997)) has been adopted as a theoretical framework for multiagent reinforcement learning (Littman 1994). In a Markov game, there are n agents, each facing a Markov decision process (MDP). All agents’ MDPs are correlated through their reward functions and the state transition function. As Markov decision process provides a theoretical framework for singleagent reinforcement learning, Markov games provide such a framework for multiagent reinforcement learning. In my thesis, I expand the framework of Littman of a 2-player zero-sum Markov game to a 2-player generalsum Markov game. In a zero-sum game, two players’ rewards always sum to zero for any situation. That means one agent’s gain is always the other agent’s loss, thus agents have strictly opposite interests. In a general-sum game, agents’ rewards can sum to any number. Agents may have incentive to cooperate if they all receive positive rewards in certain situations. Thus general-sum games include zero-sum games as a special case. The solution concept for general-sum games is Nash equilibrium, which requires every agent’s strategy to be the best response to the other agents’ strategies. In a Nash equilibrium, no agent can gain by unilateral deviation. In Markov games with incomplete information, agents cannot observe the payoff functions of other agents. Thus they need to form certain beliefs about other agents by learning during the interactions with other agents. The learning must be online in dynamic systems (Hu ~ Wellman 1998). I aim to design a online Q-learning algorithm for Markov games, and prove that it converges to a Nash equilibrium. Before designing an algorithm, I defined the equilibrium concept for Markov games under incomplete information. The definition has the following requirements: (1) Each agent’s belief must be consistent with the actual outcome; (2) Each agent’s strategy must the best response to its belief about the other agent. When the system reaches equilibrium, there will be no more changes in agents’ strategies and their beliefs. We
Preliminary findings of the minimally-invasive surgery plus rtPA for intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation (MISTIE) clinical trial.

Introduction Compared to ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is easily and rapidly identified, occurs in younger patients, and produces relatively small initial injury to cerebral tissues - all factors suggesting that interventional amelioration is possible. Investigations from the last decade established that extent of ICH-mediated brain injury relates directly to blood clot volume and duration of blood exposure to brain tissue. Using minimally-invasive surgery plus recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA), MISTIE investigators explored aggressive avenues to treat ICH.
The economic growth impact of tourism in Small Island Developing States—evidence from the Caribbean:

Tourism’s contribution to economic output in the Caribbean exceeds that in other regions of the world. We use panel data over the period of three decades, focusing exclusively on Caribbean islands,...
Trust and Human-Machine Teaming: A Qualitative Study

Abstract The current chapter discusses the concepts of human-machine trust and human-machine teaming while presenting data from a qualitative study regarding the antecedents of trust and the components of human-machine teaming. The construct of human-machine trust and the dimensions of teammate-likeness from a human-robot interaction perspective were reviewed. Trust antecedents derived from the literature were used as the basis for coding reasons why individuals reported trust of a technology. The dimensions of human-machine teaming were pulled from a recent conceptual model of teammate-likeness, which formed the basis of a coding scheme used to analyze qualitative data. US workers (N = 605) were asked to: (1) identify an intelligent technology that they use on a regular basis, (2) classify the interaction with that technology as a teammate or a tool, (3) report the reasons why they trust or distrust the technology, and (4) explain why they viewed the relationship as one of a teammate (or describe what it would take for the relationship to be viewed as one of a teammate if they reported viewing the technology as a tool). The trust results demonstrated good consistency with the published literature, with the dimensions’ reliability and predictability being paramount. The results regarding human-machine teaming were mostly consistent with an emerging model of teammate-likeness as discussed in the recent literature. Notable divergences were found for individuals who reported the technology as a tool versus as a teammate for the human-machine teaming dimensions but not for the trust factors.
Building Skills, Confidence, and Wellness: Psychosocial Effects of Soft Skills Training for Young Adults with Autism

Recognizing that social functioning and mental health are linked to social participation and employment outcomes, this pilot study examined the preliminary outcomes of an eight-session, work-related social skills training program designed for young adults with high-functioning autism (HFASD). Results indicate statistically significant improvements in social cognition, social function, and social confidence. Furthermore, participants (n = 26) reported statistically significant reductions in anxiety, and a trend toward lessening depressive symptoms. These results suggest that: (1) social skills training is suitable for individuals with HFASD and clinically-significant levels of anxiety and/or depression, and (2) bolstered social functioning may have broader, cyclical impacts on social confidence, psychological wellness, and social and vocational participation in this population.
Ideas of Power: The Politics of American Party Ideology Development

This groundbreaking book challenges the dominant view of ideology held by both political scientists and political commentators. Rather than viewing ideological constructs like liberalism and conservatism as static concepts with fixed and enduring content, Professor Verlan Lewis explains how the very meanings of liberalism and conservatism frequently change along with the ideologies of the two major parties in American politics. Testing a new theory to help explain why party ideologies evolve the way that they do, this book traces the history of American political parties from the Hamiltonian Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans of the 1790s to the liberal Democrats and conservative Republicans of today. Ideas of Power shows us how changing party control of government institutions, such as Congress, the presidency, and the Supreme Court, influences how party ideologies develop.
Increasing Follow-Up Rates at a Free Clinic

This project aimed to increase the follow-up visit rates at a free medical clinic and evaluate the effects of SMS messaging on follow-up adherence, regardless of whether patients scheduled their follow-up appointments prior to leaving the clinic or if they received paper reminder cards. The use of the SMS application increased overall follow-up rate by 7%. This project supports that patients who received reminder messages via the SMS application kept their follow-up appointments consistently.
Spin transport in an electrically driven magnon gas near Bose-Einstein condensation: Hartree-Fock-Keldysh theory

An easy-plane ferromagnetic insulator in a uniform external magnetic field and in contact with a phonon bath and a normal metal bath is studied theoretically in the presence of DC spin current injection via the spin Hall effect in the metal. The Keldysh path integral formalism is used to model the magnon gas driven into a nonequilibrium steady state by mismatched bath temperatures and/or electrical injection, and we analyze the magnon system in the normal (uncondensed) state, but close to the instability to Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC), within the self-consistent Hartree-Fock approximation. We find that the steady state magnon distribution function generally has a nonthermal form that cannot be described by a single effective chemical potential and effective temperature. We also show that the BEC instability in the electrically driven magnon system is signaled by a sign change in the imaginary part of the poles for long-wavelength magnon modes and by the divergence of the nonequilibrium magnon distribution function. In the presence of two bath temperatures, we find that the correlation length of the superfluid order parameter fluctuations exhibits nontrivial finite temperature crossover behaviors that are richer than the standard crossover behaviors obtained for the vacuum-superfluid transition in an equilibrium dilute Bose gas. We study the consequences of these thermal crossovers on the magnon spin conductivity and obtain an inverse square-root divergence in the spin conductivity in the vicinity of the electrically induced BEC instability. A spintronics device capable of testing our spin transport predictions is discussed.
Angio-AI: Cerebral Perfusion Angiography with Machine Learning

Angiography is a medical imaging technique used to visualize blood vessels. Perfusion angiography, where perfusion is defined as the passage of blood through the vasculature and tissue, is a computational tool created to quantify blood flow from angiography images. Perfusion angiography is critical in areas such as stroke diagnosis, where identification of areas with low blood flow and where assessment of revascularization are essential. Currently, perfusion angiography is performed through deconvolution methods that are susceptible to noise present in angiographic imaging. This paper introduces a machine learning-based formulation to perfusion angiography that can greatly speed-up the process. Specifically, kernel spectral regression (KSR) is used to learn the function mapping between digital subtraction angiography (DSA) frames and blood flow parameters. Model performance is evaluated by examining the similarity of the parametric maps produced by the model as compared those obtained via deconvolution. Our experiments on 15 patients show that the proposed Angio-AI framework can reliably compute parametric cerebral perfusion characterization in terms of cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), arterial cerebral blood volume, and time-to-peak (TTP).
Modality-Specific Effects of Perceptual Load in Multimedia Processing

Digital media are sensory-rich, multimodal, and often highly interactive. An extensive collection of theories and models within the field of media psychology assume the multimodal nature of media stimuli, yet there is current ambiguity as to the independent contributions of visual and auditory content to message complexity and to resource availability in the human processing system. In this article, we argue that explicating the concepts of perceptual and cognitive load can create progress toward a deeper understanding of modality-specific effects in media processing. In addition, we report findings from an experiment showing that perceptual load leads to modality-specific reductions in resource availability, whereas cognitive load leads to a modality-general reduction in resource availability. We conclude with a brief discussion regarding the critical importance of separating modality-specific forms of load in an increasingly multisensory media environment.
Oxygen Saturation and Blood Flow Measured as a Function of Time During Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Near-infrared spectroscopy and diffuse correlation spectroscopy were applied to measure oxygen saturation and blood flow changes in the brain at four timepoints in swine models during cardiopulmonary bypass.
Hypomelanosis of Ito

Hypomelanosis of Ito, also known as incontinentia pigmenti achromians, is a cutaneous condition characterized by various patterns of bilateral or unilateral hypopigmentation following the lines of Blaschko. It is a disorder of mosaicism, but may have genetic susceptibility factors. The skin findings can be accompanied by a central nervous system, ocular, and musculoskeletal defects. It affects both genders equally.
High-frequency stimulation of ventral CA1 neurons reduces amygdala activity and inhibits fear

Abstract The hippocampus can be divided into distinct segments that make unique contributions to learning and memory. The dorsal hippocampus supports cognitive processes like spatial learning and navigation while the ventral hippocampus regulates emotional behaviors related to fear, anxiety and reward. In the current study, we determined how pyramidal cells in ventral CA1 respond to spatial cues and aversive stimulation during a context fear conditioning task. We also examined the effects of high and low frequency stimulation of these neurons on defensive behaviors. Similar to previous work in the dorsal hippocampus, we found that cells in ventral CA1 expressed high-levels of c-Fos in response to a novel spatial environment. Surprisingly, however, the number of activated neurons did not increase when the environment was subsequently paired with footshock. This was true even in the subpopulation of ventral CA1 pyramidal cells that send direct projections to the amygdala. When these cells were stimulated at high-frequencies (20-Hz), we observed feedforward inhibition of basal amygdala neurons and impaired expression of context fear. In contrast, low-frequency stimulation (4-Hz) did not inhibit principal cells in the amygdala and produced a slight increase in fear generalization. Similar results have been reported in dorsal CA1. Therefore, despite the clear differences between the dorsal and ventral hippocampus, CA1 neurons in each segment appear to make similar contributions to context fear conditioning.
Suspended Nanoscale Field Emitter Devices for High-Temperature Operation

In this work, we demonstrate suspended two- and four-terminal field emission devices for high-temperature operation. The planar structures were fabricated with tungsten on a 200-nm silicon nitride membrane. The insulator in the vicinity of the terminals was removed to minimize undesirable Frenkel–Poole emission and increase the resistance of leakage current pathways. The effects of temperatures up to 450 °C on Fowler–Nordheim emission characteristics and parasitic leakage resistance were studied. Turn-on voltages with magnitudes under 15 V that further decreased as a function of increasing temperature for the two-terminal device were reported. Gating at temperatures of 150 °C and 300 °C was shown for the four-terminal device, and corresponding transconductance and cutoff frequency values were computed.
#MIGS: Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery Tag Ontology Project.

ABSTRACT Study Objective The creation of an ontology may enable providers to more definitively engage the public in evidence-based and meaningful discussions about women's health. The goal of this study is to review and analyze the current social media status of minimally invasive gynecologic surgery (MIGS) on Twitter and create a tag ontology. Design Tag ontologies are lists of hashtags used to standardize searches within a social media platform. We examined trending terms and influencers on Twitter on the basis of the keyword “MIGS.” We then compiled a list of top hashtags on the basis of the number of tweets from January 2018 to August 2020. Terms were identified with manual Twitter queries and Symplur Signals and selected for inclusion in the ontology on the basis of frequency of use and clinical relevance. The ontology was then categorized by pelvic disease and intervention and reviewed/supplemented by key social media influencers for inclusivity. Setting N/A Patients N/A Interventions N/A Measurements and Main Results We identified 4550 tweets and 1836 users while searching #MIGS in August 2020. Twenty-nine terms were included in our ontology, which were then subcategorized into 6 groups (uterine pathology, adnexal pathology, menstruation, pelvic pathology, pelvic pain, and other). Conclusion Our study has created an ontology specific to the MIGS on the basis of Twitter usage over the last 2 years that may facilitate more effective social media communication.
XANES reflects coordination change and underlying surface disorder of zinc adsorbed to silica.

Zinc K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy of Zn adsorbed to silica and Zn-bearing minerals, salts and solutions was conducted to explore how XANES spectra reflect coordination environment and disorder in the surface to which a metal ion is sorbed. Specifically, XANES spectra for five distinct Zn adsorption complexes (Znads) on quartz and amorphous silica [SiO2(am)] are presented from the Zn-water-silica surface system: outer-sphere octahedral Znads on quartz, inner-sphere octahedral Znads on quartz, inner-sphere tetrahedral Znads on quartz, inner-sphere octahedral Znads on SiO2(am) and inner-sphere tetrahedral Znads on SiO2(am). XANES spectral analysis of these complexes on quartz versus SiO2(am) reveals that normalized peak absorbance and K-edge energy position generally decrease with increasing surface disorder and decreasing Zn-O coordination. On quartz, the absorption-edge energy of Znads ranges from 9663.0 to 9664.1 eV for samples dominated by tetrahedrally versus octahedrally coordinated species, respectively. On SiO2(am), the absorption-edge energy of Znads ranges from 9662.3 to 9663.4 eV for samples dominated by tetrahedrally versus octahedrally coordinated species, respectively. On both silica substrates, octahedral Znads presents a single K-edge peak feature, whereas tetrahedral Znads presents two absorbance features. The energy space between the two absorbance peak features of the XANES K-edge of tetrahedral Znads is 2.4 eV for Zn on quartz and 3.2 eV for Zn on SiO2(am). Linear combination fitting of samples with a mixture of Znads complex types demonstrates that the XANES spectra of octahedral and tetrahedral Znads on silica are distinct enough for quantitative identification. These results suggest caution when deciphering Zn speciation in natural samples via linear combination approaches using a single Znads standard to represent sorption on a particular mineral surface. Correlation between XANES spectral features and prior extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) derived coordination environments for these Znads on silica samples provides insight into Zn speciation in natural systems with XANES compatible Zn concentrations too low for EXAFS analysis.
The Great Political Divergence

This paper investigates the worldwide phenomenon of "political divergence'' between the East and the West. During the 8th to 10th centuries, Western Europe and China both achieved political stability, but they did so through dramatically different routes. Western Europe developed parliamentary representation on the basis of a power balance between the aristocracy and the crown, whereas China consolidated absolutism based on a state bureaucracy and an exam-based meritocracy. This paper provides empirical evidence to document this great political divergence, and it proposes a theory to understand the relationship between institutions and the monarchy-aristocracy power balance and the implications for political stability and long-run political development.
Evaluation of Inhaled Alprostadil in Hospitalized Adult Patients.

Background Intermittent inhaled alprostadil (iPGE1) may be a viable alternative to inhaled nitric oxide or epoprostenol for management of right ventricular failure, pulmonary hypertension (pHTN) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, limited evidence exists regarding iPGE1 use in adults, ideal dosing strategies, or optimal use cases. Objective To describe the clinical characteristics of patients receiving iPGE1 and identify specific sub-populations warranting further research. Methods This was a single-center, retrospective, descriptive analysis of inpatients who received at least one dose of iPGE1. The primary outcome was to describe patient characteristics and alprostadil dosing strategies. Secondary outcomes included changes in respiratory support requirements, hemodynamics, and inotropic/vasoactive use. Outcomes were stratified and compared based on primary therapeutic indication (cardiac or pulmonary). Results Fifty-four patients received iPGE1 40 (75%) for pulmonary (pHTN or ARDS) and 14 (25%) for cardiac indications. There was no difference between indications in the number of patients de-escalated from level of respiratory (53% vs 57%, P = 0.76), inotropic (70% vs 57%, P = 0.39), or vasopressor support (78% vs 57%, P = 0.17). Furthermore, there was no significant improvement in cardiopulmonary parameters at multiple time intervals after iPGE1 initiation. Conclusion and relevance This is the largest study to date on the use of intermittent iPGE1 in adults. Alprostadil was safely utilized in novel populations; however, efficacy as evaluated by clinical or surrogate endpoints could not be demonstrated and further investigation is needed to determine its potential and optimal place in therapy.
Brentuximab-induced sensorimotor polyneuropathy with acquired demyelinating features resembling chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) (2084)

Objective: To describe a case of brentuximab-induced sensorimotor polyneuropathy with acquired demyelinating features resembling chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). Background: Chemotherapy-induced polyneuropathy (CIPN) is a recognized complication of microtubule-disrupting agents (MDA).1 Brentuximab vedotin (BV), an anti-CD30 biologic linked to the MDA monomethyl auristatin-E, is an effective treatment against Hodgkins lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.1 The common reported neurological side effect is sensory neuropathy (SN) with axonal injury on electrodiagnostics.1–4 More recently, reports are emerging of Brentixumab treatment associated with acquired demyelinating features resembling acute and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP).5 Design/Methods: NA Results: A 39-year-old man with recurrent cutaneous T-cell lymphoma presented with painful paresthesia and significant distal weakness in all limbs. Several years prior he was diagnosed with mycosis fungoides, the common form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Initial treatment consisted of total skin irradiation and weekly BV which was discontinued due to development of a painful sensory neuropathy. His disease course had several recurrences and he was retreated with BV. All recurrent BV treatments were terminated early due to re-emergence of painful SN and he went on to develop bilateral foot and wrist drop with atrophy of the distal muscles. Examination demonstrated distal greater than proximal weakness, decreased vibration and pinprick sensation to the knees, and areflexia. MRI of the brain and C-spine did not identify culprit lesions. Nerve conduction study (NCS) showed absent responses from right peroneal and tibial motor nerves with evidence of partial conduction block in bilateral median and right ulnar nerves, with the right ulnar motor study also showing temporal dispersion. EMG of tested muscles showed acute and chronic denervation changes with decreased recruitment. He was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) and had notable improvement in strength. Conclusions: This case demonstrates that BV may produce a CIDP phenotype which can potentially be treated with IVIg. Disclosure: Dr. Zubair has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rethana has nothing to disclose. Dr. Keung has nothing to disclose.
RLT Hierarchy for General Discrete Mixed-Integer Problems

Thus far, we have been focusing on 0–1 mixed-integer programming problems and have developed a general theory for generating a hierarchy of tight relaxations leading to the convex hull representation. However, in many applications, we encounter problems in which the decision variables are required to take on more general discrete or integer values as opposed to simply zero or one values. Of particular interest in this context are classes of problems involving variables that are restricted to taken on only a few discrete values, that are possibly not even consecutive integers, for which one might expect to have weak ordinary linear programming relaxations. In this chapter, we demonstrate how one can generate a hierarchy of relaxations leading to the convex hull representation for such general bounded variable discrete optimization problems.
Influence of Soluble Fibers on Experimental Colon Carcinogenesis

The original fiber hypothesis of Burkitt (1971) proposed that a high consumption of fiber-containing foods is associated with a lower frequency of large bowel cancer. Although this association still seems valid, the mechanisms by which fiber-containing foods produce such an effect remain unclear. Furthermore, definitive clinical trials in humans to demonstrate the cancer-prevention properties of dietary fiber have yet to be successfully completed. In the meanwhile we have only the results from retrospective, correlation, and case-control studies in humans and controlled prospective studies in animals. In a recent review of the literature (Jacobs, 1988), I found that 62% of correlational and 48% of case-control studies showed evidence of a protective effect of dietary fiber. Moreover, out of the 11 case-control studies showing a protective effect, eight reports found vegetables to be the protective fiber-containing food. This suggests that not all fiber-containing foods are equally protective and that vegetables may be protective because of some ingredient they contain other than fiber. A further possible explanation is that not all forms of dietary fiber have a similar effect on colon carcinogenesis. Recent advances in the chemical analysis of dietary fibers and in our knowledge of the effects of fibers on gastrointestinal physiology have permitted a reanalysis of the fiber and cancer literature according to the physiochemical properties of individual fibers.
Retail Traders and the Competitive Allocation of Attention

I consider a rational expectations framework in which attention-constrained individuals compete against each other and institutions. The model reconciles a set of empirical facts that cannot be simultaneously explained by standard theories: retail trader portfolios are highly correlated, retail traders tend to follow some stocks and ignore others, and aggregate trades from retail traders are profitable over short-horizons and predict future returns (even controlling for past returns or past volume). Additionally, the equilibrium herding behavior of individuals suggests that their actions are not subsumed by institutions. Instead, the herd competes directly against institutions. The analysis also yields novel predictions regarding portfolio composition and turnover.
Specificity of Acquired Resistance Produced by Immunization with Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria Fractions

Mice were immunized with 1.0 mg of an attenuated strain of Listeria monocytogenes to determine the period of protection afforded by this strain when the mice were challenged intravenously with 5 MLD of listeria. Protection appeared 2 days after immunization and was still apparent 4 weeks after immunization. If the challenge dose was decreased to 1 MLD, protection was apparent at 10 weeks. Mice immunized with a comparable dose of mycobacterial cells and challenged intravenously with 1 MLD of listeria showed no protection at 10 weeks. The magnitude of the immune response to listeria challenge was not increased in mice immunized with the same virulent strain as that used for challenge. It was also found that resistance to listeria challenge appeared early after listeria immunization if the immunizing dose was large. As the immunizing dose was decreased and the challenge dose increased, resistance appeared later. Listeria killed by heat or ultraviolet irradiation, living but nonmultiplying streptomycin-dependent listeria, or listeria ribosomal fraction gave no protection against listeria challenge. The magnitude of the immune responses after listeria immunization to listeria challenge and to mycobacteria challenge were compared. It was found that protection after listeria challenge was of longer duration. In addition, a 100-fold larger vaccinating dose was required to give comparable protection against tuberculous infection.
Rapid development of carcinoma in diverticulum of the bladder. A pitfall in conservative management.

Abstract The poor prognosis associated with carcinoma in diverticula of the bladder is well documented. This case report demonstrates the rapid development of carcinoma in a diverticulum of the bladder within a four-month- period of observation, and suggests that early surgical excision is indicated.
What is Constructivism in Ethics and Metaethics

Most agree that when it comes to so-called ‘first-order’ normative ethics and political philosophy, constructivist views are a powerful family of positions. When it comes to metaethics, however, there is serious disagreement about what, if anything, constructivism has to contribute. In this paper I argue that constructivist views in ethics include not just a family of substantive normative positions, but also a distinct and highly attractive metaethical view. I argue that the widely accepted ‘proceduralist characterization’ of constructivism in ethics is inadequate, and I propose what I call the ‘practical standpoint characterization’ in its place. I then offer a general taxonomy of constructivist positions in ethics. Since constructivism’s standing as a family of substantive normative positions is relatively uncontested, I devote the remainder of the paper to addressing skeptics’ worries about the distinctiveness of constructivism understood as a metaethical view. I compare and contrast constructivism with three other standard metaethical positions with which it is often confused or mistakenly thought to be compatible: realism; naturalist reductions in terms of an ideal response; and expressivism. In discussing the contrast with expressivism, I explain the sense in which, according to the constructivist, the distinction between substantive normative ethics and metaethics breaks down. I conclude by distinguishing between two importantly different debates about the mind-dependence of value. I argue that a failure to make this distinction is part of what explains why the possibility of constructivism as a metaethical view is often overlooked.
Targeted mutagenesis as a rational approach to dengue virus vaccine development.

The recombinant dengue virus type 4 (rDEN4) vaccine candidate, rDEN4Δ30, was found to be highly infectious, immunogenic and safe in human volunteers. At the highest dose (105 PFU) evaluated in volunteers, 25% of the vaccinees had mild elevations in liver enzymes that were rarely seen at lower doses. Here, we describe the generation and selection of additional mutations that were introduced into rDEN4Δ30 to further attenuate the virus in animal models and ultimately human vaccinees. Based on the elevated liver enzymes associated with the 105 PFU dose of rDEN4Δ30 and the known involvement of liver infection in dengue virus pathogenesis, a large panel of mutant viruses was screened for level of replication in the HuH-7 human hepatoma cell line, a surrogate for human liver cells and selected viruses were further analyzed for level of viremia in SCID-HuH-7 mice. It was hypothesized that rDEN4Δ30 derivatives with restricted replication in vitro and in vivo in HuH-7 human liver cells would be restricted in replication in the liver of vaccinees. Two mutations identified by this screen, NS3 4995 and NS5 200,201, were separately introduced into rDEN4Δ30 and found to further attenuate the vaccine candidate for SCID-HuH-7 mice and rhesus monkeys while retaining sufficient immunogenicity in rhesus monkeys to confer protection. In humans, the rDEN4Δ30-200,201 vaccine candidate administered at 105 PFU exhibited greatly reduced viremia, high infectivity and lacked liver toxicity while inducing serum neutralizing antibody at a level comparable to that observed in volunteers immunized with rDEN4Δ30. Clinical studies of rDEN4Δ30-4995 are ongoing.
The Poetic Function of the Stage Audience and Embedded Performance in Drama

The on-stage audience appears in plays that have embedded performances. In considering the embedded performance, one must distinguish between the on-stage performance and the theater performance, as well as the on-stage audience and the theater audience. In this perception the performer, the performed text and the audience of the embedded performance are the components of the basic communication triad, homologous to the performed dramatic text in the theater.
Structure of the Elastic Fiber: An Overview

Intense research efforts over the past 18 yr have probed deeply into the structure of the elastic fiber. This began with the elucidation of the demosine crosslinks in elastin and the description of the elastin precursor, tropoelastin, derived from copper-deficient animals. Characterization of the precursor material indicates that it is a single polypeptide chain of approximately 800 amino acid residues containing lysine residues in clusters destined to form the desmosine crosslinks. The molecule contains large areas of hydrophobic sequence interspersed with shorter stretches of polyalanine and the lysines. The shorter structures may be folded into alpha-helices. The larger hydrophobic areas appear to form a unique structure known as the beta spiral which possesses elastometric properties. Inside the hydrophobic areas repeating sequences such as the pentapeptide pro-gly-val-gly-val have been observed the exact significance of which is not appreciated, but it appears to be well-conserved between species. Recent studies in the molecular biology of this protein have indicated that it is synthesized on the rough ER with a short leader sequence of about 25 residues. This is lost before the tropoelastin is exported. Diversity in sequence studies in these leaders suggest that there may be two elastins, type A and B, which vary with the maturation of the animal.
Targeted disruption of the murine mucin gene 1 decreases susceptibility to cholesterol gallstone formation

Gallbladder mucins play a critical role in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones because of their ability to bind biliary lipids and accelerate cholesterol crystallization. Mucin secretion and accumulation in the gallbladder is determined by multiple mucin genes. To study whether mucin gene 1 (Muc1) influences susceptibility to cholesterol cholelithiasis, we investigated male Muc1-deficient (Muc1−/−) and wild-type mice fed a lithogenic diet containing 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid for 56 days. Gene expression of the gallbladder Muc1 and Muc5ac was significantly reduced in Muc1−/− mice in response to the lithogenic diet. Muc3 and Muc4 levels were upregulated and were similar between Muc1−/− and wild-type mice. Little or no Muc2 and Muc5b mRNAs were detected. Muc1−/− mice displayed significant decreases in total mucin secretion and accumulation in the gallbladder as well as retardation of crystallization, growth, and agglomeration of cholesterol monohydrate crystals. At 56 days of feeding, gallstone prevalence was decreased by 40% in Muc1−/− mice. However, cholesterol saturation indices of gallbladder biles, hepatic secretion of biliary lipids, and gallbladder size were comparable in Muc1−/− and wild-type mice. We conclude that decreased gallstone formation in mice with disrupted Muc1 gene results from reduced mucin secretion and accumulation in the gallbladder.
Peroxodisulfate assisted leaching of chalcopyrite

Abstract This research investigated the effectiveness of peroxodisulfate (S 2 O 8 2− ) for enhancing copper leaching rates from chalcopyrite. Batch and column experiments were performed using sulfuric acid leach solutions at pH = 2, with and without Na 2 S 2 O 8 . The presence of peroxodisulfate greatly increased copper leaching rates. Tafel analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments performed using chalcopyrite powder electrodes indicated that peroxodisulfate increased the corrosion rate by decreasing the charge transfer resistance for chalcopyrite oxidation. In contrast to the preferential leaching of iron that has been observed for other oxidants added to chalcopyrite leach solutions, peroxodisulfate assisted leaching resulted in the release 1 mol of Cu per mole of Fe, which is identical to their stoichiometric ratio in chalcopyrite. Rates of Cu leaching from chalcopyrite followed a surface reaction rate limited, shrinking-core model with an apparent activation energy of 41 kJ/mol.
The impact of central line simulation before the ICU experience.

Abstract Background This study was designed to evaluate whether resident performance of placing central lines improved after simulation training on newly available partial-task simulators. Methods This study was designed as a prospective, randomized controlled trial of standard training versus simulated training using CentralLine Man (SimuLab, Seattle, WA, USA). After receiving a lecture on central line placement, all junior residents on the trauma rotation were randomized on a monthly alternating schedule. Equivalency of groups was determined with a self-reported survey. All lines placed by the participants were monitored, and data were collected on performance and complications. Results The 2 groups (n = 34; 21 standard and 13 simulated) were equivalent at baseline. The simulated training group had a significantly higher level of comfort and ability than the standard training group. The simulated group outperformed the standard group on 12 of the 15 specific variables monitored, although this did not reach statistical significance. There were significantly more complications in the standard group. Conclusions Simulation for central line placement using a partial-task simulator does positively impact resident performance.
The dynamics of ball bearings

Ball bearing dynamics, considering motion equations for four degree of freedom balls and six degree of freedom separator
Investigation into the mechanism of lithiation of 2,3-dihydrooxepin

Abstract The NMR characterization of the trienolate product of lithiation of 2,3-dihydrooxepin with 6-lithiodihydropyran in THF is reported. The NMR spectra also support a direct ring opening upon allylic lithiation via an E2-type mechanism rather than vinylic lithiation or stepwise allylic lithiation. We also found the structure of the trienolate product of this reaction to be the Z , Z configuration.
Differences in mean and variability of heart rate and ambulatory rate-pressure product when valsartan or carvedilol is added to lisinopril.

Abstract Guidelines recommend combining β-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in high-risk heart disease but not in the initial treatment of hypertension. The mechanism of this benefit has not been determined. After 3 weeks of lisinopril (L, 40 mg/day) run-in, 30 subjects entered a single-blinded, forced-titration, crossover study in which carvedilol (C, 20 then 40 mg/day) or a control renin-angiotensin blocker, valsartan (V, 160 then 320 mg/day) were added to L. Ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) and heart rate monitoring was performed at the end of each period. Rate-pressure product (RPP, systolic BP × heart rate, an indicator of cardiac oxygen consumption) was measured over 24 hours, daytime (6 am to midnight), and nighttime (midnight to 6 am) periods. Variability (standard deviation and range) of RPP, BP, and heart rate was also investigated. After 4 weeks, mean 24-hour systolic BP was about 8 mm Hg lower when either V or C was added to L ( P P P = NS). Consequently, C lowered RPP to a greater degree than V over 24 hours (about 8% vs. 2%, P P
INCONEL 718: A solidification diagram

As part of a program studying weldability of Ni-base superalloys, results of an integrated analytical approach are used to generate a constitution diagram for INCONEL 718* in the temperature range associated with solidification. Differential thermal analysis of wrought material and optical and scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and analytical electron microscopy of gas tungsten arc welds are used in conjunction with solidification theory to generate data points for this diagram. The important features of the diagram are an austenite (γ)/Laves phase eutectic which occurs at ≈19.1 wt pct Nb between austenite containing ≈9.3 wt pct Nb and a Laves phase which contains ≈22.4 wt pct Nb. The distribution coefficient for Nb was found to be ≈0.5. The solidification sequence of INCONEL 718 was found to be (1) proeutectic γ, followed by (2) a γ/NbC eutectic at ≈1250°C, followed by (3) continued γ solidification, followed by (4) a γ/Laves phase eutectic at ≈1200°C. An estimate of the volume fraction eutectic is made using the Scheil solidification model, and the fraction of each phase in the eutectic is calculatedvia the lever rule. These are compared with experimentally determined values and found to be in good agreement.
Plasma Pinch Effects in Indium Antimonide

In pulsed studies of the properties of n-type indium antimonide at 77 K in high electric fields, some interesting effects were observed in the presence of an external longitudinal magnetic field. It is suggested that thcse observations indicate the presence of pinching effects for the electron-hole pair current in indium antimonide. Measurements were made on two samples with an electron density of 2 x 10/sup 14/ cm/sup -3/ at low electric fields. (W.D.M.)