cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal energy-conserving discontinuous Galerkin methods for linear symmetric hyperbolic systems

Abstract We propose energy-conserving discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods for symmetric linear hyperbolic systems on general unstructured meshes. Optimal a priori error estimates of order k + 1 are obtained for the semi-discrete scheme in one dimension, and in multi-dimensions on Cartesian meshes when tensor-product polynomials of degree k are used. A high-order energy-conserving Lax-Wendroff time discretization is also presented. Extensive numerical results in one dimension, and two dimensions on both rectangular and triangular meshes are presented to support the theoretical findings and to assess the new methods. One particular method (with the doubling of unknowns) is found to be optimally convergent on triangular meshes for all the examples considered in this paper. The method is also compared with the classical (dissipative) upwinding DG method and (conservative) DG method with a central flux. It is numerically observed for the new method to have a superior performance for long time simulations.
Zu den Voraussetzungen des § 3 JGG aus jugendpsychiatrischer Sicht

Unrechtserkenntnis und damit strafrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit ist abhangig von entwicklungsbiologischen und –psychologischen Reifungsschritten und laut Gesetzestext durch die Begriffe der „sittlichen“ und „geistigen“ Reife, der Einsichts- und der Handlungsfahigkeit definiert. Unrechtsbewusstsein muss stets bezogen werden auf den jeweiligen Tatvorwurf und ist auch an hirnphysiologische Reifungsprozesse gebunden. Was im Sinne des Gesetzes unter sittlicher und geistiger Reife gemeint ist, wird unter entwicklungs- und lernpsychologischen Aspekten erlautert. Die Uberschneidung von Strafreife und Schuldfahigkeit wird herausgearbeitet und diskutiert.
CLOUDS AND FOG | Classification of Clouds

The history of how clouds came to be named and what those names are is reviewed. The typical visual and microstructural attributes of the 10 cloud genera and their most commonly seen species or varieties are accompanied by a short cloud pictorial atlas.
The Messenger RNAs and Genes Coding for the Small and Large Subunits of Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase in Chlamydomonas reinhardi

The synthesis of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase/oxygenase poses some interesting strategical problems for the plant cell. The enzyme is produced in the cell in great abundance and is sequestered within the chloroplast. It is synthesized by two different protein synthesizing systems, one in the cytoplasm and one in the chloroplast (1–4). To produce large quantities of the enzyme, the cell must synthesize this protein preferentially over all others. This presents gene regulation problems that are aggravated by the enzyme being composed of two different subunits, the small subunit (S) and the large subunit (L), which are apparently encoded by two genomes within the cell (5–7) that may employ quite different means for controlling the synthesis of their gene products. In this paper we describe how Chlamydomonas reinhardi deals with these problems of RuBP carboxylase synthesis. We are not asking why certain plant cells such as C. reinhardi produce so much of this enzyme—that has been the subject of other articles in this Symposium We are concerned only with the mechanisms of how this happens.
Mechanical behavior of 3D printed biomimetic Koch fractal contact and interlocking

Abstract Inspired by the hierarchical/fractal topological interlocking innature, Koch fractal interlocking with different numbers of iteration N are designed. To better understand the mechanics of fractal interlocking, the designs are also fabricated via a multi-material 3D printer. Mechanical experiments and finite element (FE) simulations are performed to further explore the mechanical performance of the new designs. Analytical model is also developed to capture the deformation mechanisms of the fractal interlocking through contact. It is found that the load-bearing capacity of Koch fractal interlocking can be effectively increased via fractal design. However, the mechanical responses of fractal interlocks are also sensitive to imperfections, such as the gap between the interlocked pieces and the rounded tips. When fractal complexity increases, the mechanical properties will become more and more sensitive to the imperfection and eventually, the influences from imperfection can even become dominant. By considering the influences of imperfection, the theoretical model predicts the existence of an optimal level of fractal complexity for maximizing mechanical performance.
Democratic incumbent resilience in the post-1980 Senate:

In the period since the Reagan revolution that disrupted decades of Democratic control of the United States Senate, Democratic senators have proved remarkably resilient when running for reelection....
Effects of isoenergetic infusions of propionate and glucose on portal-drained visceral nutrient flux and concentrations of hormones in lambs maintained by total intragastric infusion.

Three lambs were used in a repeated Latin square design to determine the influence of isoenergetic infusions of propionate or glucose on portal-drained visceral flux (PDV) of nutrients and concentrations of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone and prolactin. Lambs were fitted with appropriate catheters for blood sampling and maintained on total intragastric infusion of nutrients. Basal VFA, casein, mineral and vitamin infusions (isocaloric and isonitrogenous) were supplemented with an additional 22 +/- .5 kcal/h from propionate, glucose or a combination of propionate plus glucose. Ruminal fluid proportion and arterial blood concentration and PDV flux of propionate increased (P less than .10) by 17 mol/100 mol, .02 mM and 40 mmol/h, respectively, with infusion of an additional 61 mmol/h of propionate. Regression equations predicted that, on a net basis, 67% of ruminally infused propionate and 43% of abomasally infused glucose appeared in portal blood. Arterial L-lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetate concentrations, and beta-hydroxybutyrate flux were increased (P less than .10) by .34 mM, .20 mM, .50 mM and 4.2 mmol/h, respectively, with infusion of 33 mmol/h of added glucose. Net utilization of glucose by the PDV was approximately 4.4 mmol/h when no glucose was infused. Increased infusion of propionate resulted in a 22.2-micrograms/h increase in PDV flux of insulin (P less than .08) but had no effect on arterial insulin, glucagon and prolactin concentrations (P greater than .10). Arterial growth hormone increased by 3.8 ng/ml with increasing glucose infusion (P less than .08).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Problem Solving Using the Sphere.

Perhaps the most dangerous and persistent difficulty associated with teaching mapreading skill derives from an overreliance on flat maps. All flat maps distort one or more features of the earth's surface, such as shape and area of land masses. It is not possible to make a flat map from a curved surface without distorting the shapes represented on it. It is possible, even likely, that frequent reference to flat maps causes children to form misconceptions about the earth. The U.S.S.R., for example, is a large country, but it is not as large as it appears to be on some flat maps. Flat maps are invaluable. It would be absurd to argue that they should not be used frequently. They should be used, but children should use them along with a global map so that they learn well the relation between flat maps and global maps. This is where the mathematics program can make an important contribution. Children will understand the global map much better if they have studied some of the elementary properties of the sphere. Fortunately, many elementary school programs now include the study of the circle. The jump from the circle to the sphere is not a great one. As the circle is the set of all points in a plane a given distance from a given point, the sphere is the set of all points in space a given distance from a given point. A sphere may be thought of as the surface swept through by a circle that is revolved about a fixed diameter (Fig. 1). Perhaps most valuable for understanding global maps is the following characterization of a sphere : A sphere is the set of all circles in space with a given line segment as a diameter.
Novel Insights on Systemic and Brain Aging, Stroke, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s Disease

The mechanisms that underlie the pathophysiology of aging, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and stroke are not fully understood and have been the focus of intense and constant investigation worldwide. Studies that provide insights on aging and age-related disease mechanisms are critical for advancing novel therapies that promote successful aging and prevent or cure multiple age-related diseases. The April 2019 issue of the journal, "Aging & Disease" published a series of articles that confer fresh insights on numerous age-related conditions and diseases. The age-related topics include the detrimental effect of overweight on energy metabolism and muscle integrity, senoinflammation as the cause of neuroinflammation, the link between systemic C-reactive protein and brain white matter loss, the role of miR-34a in promoting healthy heart and brain, the potential of sirtuin 3 for reducing cardiac and pulmonary fibrosis, and the promise of statin therapy for ameliorating asymptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis. Additional aging-related articles highlighted the involvement of miR-181b-5p and high mobility group box-1 in hypertension, Yes-associated protein in cataract formation, multiple miRs and long noncoding RNAs in coronary artery disease development, the role of higher meat consumption on sleep problems, and the link between glycated hemoglobin and depression. The topics related to ALS suggested that individuals with higher education and living in a rural environment have a higher risk for developing ALS, and collagen XIX alpha 1 is a prognostic biomarker of ALS. The topics discussed on AD implied that extracellular amyloid β42 is likely the cause of intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangle accumulation in familial AD and traditional oriental concoctions may be useful for slowing down the progression of AD. The article on stroke suggested that inhibition of the complement system is likely helpful in promoting brain repair after ischemic stroke. The significance of the above findings for understanding the pathogenesis in aging, ALS, AD, and stroke, slowing down the progression of aging, ALS and AD, and promoting brain repair after stroke are discussed.
Investigation of Single-Case Multiple-Baseline Randomization Tests of Trend and Variability

Previous simulation studies of randomization tests applied in single-case educational intervention research contexts have typically focused on A-to-B phase changes in means/levels. In the present simulation study, we report the results of two multiple-baseline investigations, one targeting between-phase changes in slopes/trends and the other targeting between-phase changes in variability. For each of these measures, we examine the comparative type I errors and powers of several randomization test procedures that have previously appeared in the literature. In so doing, we propose an alternative measure of variability that is more sensitive to detecting between-phase change than is the variance itself. We conclude by providing a summary table of recommended randomization test procedures for assessing different types of intervention-based effects associated with level, trend, and variability.
Relationship Building in a Black Space: Partnering in Solidarity.

Given the persistence of anti-Blackness, the author demonstrates what can happen when Blackness takes precedence over anti-Blackness in an 11th-grade English classroom. This study uses critical aut...
NICU Discharge Summaries: What do Pediatricians Want to Know?

Purpose Complete, accurate, and succinct neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) discharge summaries are necessary to provide effective transition of care between intensivists and primary care physicians. Adult research clearly shows the link between inaccurate and incomplete discharge summaries with medical errors, repeated unnecessary testing, and delays in appropriate care. This study will be the first to help guide and improve transfer of care of the high-risk neonate. We will determine current user satisfaction of discharge summaries and define essential elements to be included in all NICU discharge summaries. Methods …
Implementing the National Incident Management System at Schools of Nursing in Response to COVID-19

Unprecedented financial and logistical barriers in educating nurses during COVID-19 have threatened nursing education. The purpose of this article is to provide a template to facilitate the maintenance and stability of teaching and learning in a pandemic environment for nursing school administration and faculty leaders. The National Incident Management System (NIMS), previously used in training nurses for emergency preparation and response, has been applied as a guiding framework. The framework consists of five elements: Preparedness, Communication/Information Management, Resource Management, Command and Ongoing Management/Maintenance. This paper addresses how schools of nursing may apply each of these elements to address both the needs of the institution and community. The Comprehensive Vulnerability Management paradigm is further offered as a lens for professional development. Free preparedness education is showcased from leading nursing and healthcare professional and government organizations. Finally, the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses competencies are used for integrating NIMS and social dimensions of disaster. Such tools may equip academic leaders at schools of nursing to surmount challenges posed by the pandemic, and to ensure educational readiness to respond to global health crisis through use of the NIMS framework.
Uncreative Intellectual Property Law

An insidious myth has begun pervading intellectual property (IP) law and scholarship. Courts and academics commonly assume that the purposes of copyright law, patent law, and even in some cases trademark law are to reward creativity. The belief has been encouraged by opinions of the Supreme Court and influential lower courts and has become so embedded in IP law discourse that many scholars now dispute the effectiveness or relevance of copyright law and patent law in light of their understandings of psychological research showing that creativity is primarily intrinsically motivated. This article challenges the assumption on which these arguments are based by denying that any branch of IP law - copyright, patent, or trademark - is primarily designed to promote creativity. Although creativity is relevant in some ways to each field, it is not an indispensable or even a central goal of any of them. The article further explains why the related claim that IP laws "reward" or "incentivize" the desired behavior misrepresents the functioning of IP law. The article concludes by explaining how each field of IP law attempts to accomplish more complex (and, in each field, different) goals using more subtle and variable means.
The Challenges Affecting Stress Management within Organizations and its Consequences on Employees’ Performance: 'Concepts and Theoretical Models'

Stress is an unavoidable factor in everyone’s lives, people deal with it more than once in their lifetime. Stress may be defined as a feeling of physical, psychological or emotional tension which is developed by different circumstances or events that occur in our lives. In every organization, employees are the backbone that ensures the smooth running of the business, but as a matter of fact, these employees are ordinary people who are vulnerable to any and all threats, be it physical, emotional and psychological and this includes stress which can cause them to lose focus in their activities and accumulate low performance in most and/or all their functions as they may be distracted thinking about their own problems at the expense of their work. Despite that, stress can also be positive because it pushes people to do more and fulfill their obligations. Stress is not uncontrollable, It can be managed in order to protect any sort of negative impacts/ effects. This process is called stress management which means methods of handling and/or controlling stress. Stress management has a huge effect on employees and their performance as it brings about positivity and competence, therefore, it has an even greater impact on the organization because if their employees are stress-free, they are at least 95% focused in their duties, thus the businesses advantages increase. This study therefor is undertaken to investigate the Challenges Affecting Stress Management within an Organization and its Consequences on Employees’ Performance, to determine what causes stress, identify the different dimensions of stress, and how to handle or manage stress.
Tumor Selective Reactivity of a Monoclonal Antibody Prepared against a Recombinant Peptide Derived from the DF3 Human Breast Carcinoma-associated Antigen

The DF3 antigen is a member of a family of high molecular weight glycoproteins aberrantly expressed in malignant mammary epithelium. We have generated a monoclonal antibody (MAb), designated DF3-P, against a recombinant DF3/β-galactosidase fusion protein. Characterization of this MAb has demonstrated reactivity with immature precursors of DF3 antigen and not with the secreted form. These findings are in contrast to those obtained with MAb DF3, a previously described antibody with predominant reactivity against the mature glycoprotein. The finding that deglycosylation of secreted DF3 antigen with neuraminidase and endo-α- N -acetylgalactosaminidase is associated with increased MAb DF3-P reactivity provided additional support for the selectivity of this antibody against the protein core. Epitope mapping studies demonstrate that both the DF3-P and DF3 epitopes are located at a TRPAPGS domain in the 20-amino acid tandem repeat. The results of competition studies with synthetic peptides indicate that the proline in this domain is involved in both epitopes, while the potential glycosylation sites at threonine and serine may contribute to the differential reactivity of MAbs DF3 and DF3-P. Taken together, these findings suggest that both antibodies react with a similar epitope that is modified by the presence of carbohydrate moieties. The results of immunoperoxidase staining studies further demonstrate that while MAb DF3-P reacts with formalin-fixed sections of breast carcinomas, this antibody exhibits little if any reactivity with normal mammary epithelium. Selective expression of the DF3-P epitope in malignant breast cells may be useful in identifying this transformed phenotype.
Next generation local area networks

Many people now consider the local area network (LAN) to which their desktop personal computer (PC) is attached to be more important to them than the telephone network, resulting in a drive to increase both the performance and the reliability of LANs. This paper examines the key drivers for new LAN technologies, summarising LAN developments over previous years. It then looks at possible options for future LANs, which will need to evolve to meet changing traffic patterns brought about by widespread use of intranets and multimedia applications. This encompasses both new technologies such as Gigabit Ethernet, and new architectures such as virtual LANs (VLANs), multi-protocol over ATM (MPOA) and multi-protocol over LANs (MPOL).
Nonlinear Optics, Scientific Past and Technological Future

The title has been chosen to convey the idea that the past decade for the field of nonlinear optics has been most exciting in a scientific sense, but that the major technological challenges will still be with us in the foreseeable future. The title does not imply, however, that there will be no scientific future nor that in the past no optical technology has been developed.
Beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated regulation of extracellular adenosine in cerebral cortex in culture

Adenosine is an important inhibitory neuromodulator in the CNS, yet the sources of extracellular adenosine have yet to be well characterized. In this study we show that beta-adrenergic stimulation of cortical cultures results in the extracellular accumulation of cAMP as well as adenosine, and that the extracellular adenosine derives from extracellular cAMP. The concentration dependence of isoproterenol in evoking cAMP secretion was determined by radioimmunoassay, and the EC50 for this effect was found to be approximately 100 nM. In order to investigate the effect of beta-adrenergic stimulation on the regulation of extracellular adenosine, the effect of isoproterenol in stimulating the extracellular accumulation of adenine-containing compounds was examined by HPLC. Isoproterenol stimulated cAMP secretion in both astrocyte cultures and astrocyte-rich mixed cultures of astrocytes and neurons. However, no extracellular cAMP was detectable in neuron- enriched astrocyte-poor cultures. Extracellular adenosine increased in response to isoproterenol in the astrocyte-rich mixed cultures, but not in the neuron-enriched astrocyte-poor cultures. After 30 min exposure to isoproterenol, the concentration of adenosine in the extracellular medium increased by 47% in 56 experiments in the mixed astrocyte-rich cultures. In order to establish whether the adenosine that accumulates in response to isoproterenol stimulation actually derives from extracellular cAMP, phosphodiesterase inhibitors were tested for their ability to block isoproterenol-stimulated adenosine accumulation. Isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX; 100 microM), RO 20–1724 (180 microM), carbazeran (10 microM), dipyridamole (10 microM), and trifluoperazine (10 microM) had no inhibitory effect on the isoproterenol-stimulated accumulation of extracellular adenosine. However 100 microM IBMX plus 180 microM RO 20–1724 effectively blocked isoproterenol-stimulated adenosine accumulation and, as expected, increased extracellular cAMP. As a further test of the origin of isoproterenol-stimulated adenosine accumulation, we attempted to block this phenomenon by blocking cAMP secretion itself. For this purpose probenecid, a known inhibitor of cAMP secretion in many different cell types, was used. We found that probenecid at 1 mM blocked isoproterenol-stimulated adenosine accumulation. These studies suggest that one potentially important source of extracellular adenosine in the cerebral cortex is endogenous extracellular cAMP, secreted from astrocytes in response to beta- adrenergic receptor stimulation. Since the receptors of neuromodulators other than norepinephrine may also be coupled to adenylyl cyclase in the cerebral cortex, there may be several neuromodulatory systems that regulate extracellular adenosine levels by this mechanism.
Conflict or Caveats? Effects of Media Portrayals of Scientific Uncertainty on Audience Perceptions of New Technologies

Research indicates that uncertainty in science news stories affects public assessment of risk and uncertainty. However, the form in which uncertainty is presented may also affect people's risk and uncertainty assessments. For example, a news story that features an expert discussing both what is known and what is unknown about a topic may convey a different form of scientific uncertainty than a story that features two experts who hold conflicting opinions about the status of scientific knowledge of the topic, even when both stories contain the same information about knowledge and its boundaries. This study focuses on audience uncertainty and risk perceptions regarding the emerging science of nanotechnology by manipulating whether uncertainty in a news story about potential risks is attributed to expert sources in the form of caveats (individual uncertainty) or conflicting viewpoints (collective uncertainty). Results suggest that the type of uncertainty portrayed does not impact audience feelings of uncertainty or risk perceptions directly. Rather, the presentation of the story influences risk perceptions only among those who are highly deferent to scientific authority. Implications for risk communication theory and practice are discussed.
An analytical prediction of sliding motions along discontinuous boundary in non-smooth dynamical systems

This paper presents a method for the analytical prediction of sliding motions along discontinuous boundaries in non-smooth dynamical systems. The methodology is demonstrated through investigation of a periodically forced linear oscillator with dry friction. The switching conditions for sliding motions in non-smooth dynamical systems are given. The generic mappings for the friction-induced oscillator are introduced. From the generic mappings, the corresponding criteria for the sliding motions are presented through the force product conditions. The analytical prediction of the onset and vanishing of the sliding motions is illustrated. Finally, numerical simulations of sliding motions are carried out to verify the analytical prediction. This analytical prediction provides an accurate prediction of sliding motions in non-smooth dynamical systems. The switching conditions developed in this paper are expressed by the total force of the oscillator, and the nonlinearity and linearity of the spring and viscous damping forces in the oscillator cannot change such switching conditions. Therefore, the achieved force criteria can be applied to the other dynamical systems with nonlinear friction forces processing a C 0-discontinuity.
Structure in the momentum distribution of W, Z: A unified description of pp collider anomalies

Abstract We show how a new threshold can be signaled by structure in the transverse momentum distribution of W±,Z produced in p p interactions. We construct an explicit model inspired by compositeness where W±, Z are produced with increased rates for pT ≳ 30 GeV as a result of new interactions with quarks and gluons. Monojet and anomalous (ev−jet) events are obtained with correct rates as a result of Z( →v v )g and W(→ev)g production via the new interactions. The transverse momentum distribution of the new events peaks in the 30–50 GeV range and a broad enhancement in (W, Z)-jet invariant mass is obtained in the 150–200 GeV region. We suggest tests relevant to a general scenario of this type.
Effects of an acute stress on forebrain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) metabolism in C.N.S. lesioned and drug pretreated rats.

Abstract C.N.S. lesioned or drug pretreated male albino rats were subjected to a 1 hr horizontal oscillation stress. An analysis of forebrain 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels indicated that p-CPA pretreatment or M.F.B. lesions facilitated 5-HT turnover in response to stress. Raphe lesions, on the other hand, prevented this latter facilitation of indolamine turnover. The results obtained were explained on the basis of an operative negative feedback system in stressed rats. The lack of a change in raphe lesioned rats, further reinforced the concept that most forebrain 5-HT containing neurons are the result of axons extending from this nucleus.
Cell-mediated immunity in adenocarcinoma of the colo-rectum.

Abstract Leukocyte migration inhibition assays were compared in patients with colo-rectal cancer treated by resection and by electrocoagulation. Patients treated by electrocoagulation had identical leukocyte migration inhibition assays before and after treatment. Patients treated by resection were less reactive after treatment, presumably because of peri-operative immunosuppression. This suggests that electrocoagulation may stimulate host immunity in the period immediately following surgery.
In Vivo Roles of CDC25 Phosphatases: Biological Insight into the Anti-Cancer Therapeutic Targets

CDC25 phosphatases are not only rate-limiting activators of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) but also important targets of the CHK1/CHK2-mediated checkpoint pathway. Each isoform of the mammalian CDC25 family seems to exert unique biological functions. CDC25A is a critical regulator for both G1-S and G2-M transitions and essential for embryonic cell proliferation after the blastocyst stage. CDC25B is dispensable for embryogenesis but required for meiotic progression of oocytes in a manner analogous to Drosophila Twine or C. elegans cdc-25.1. Moreover, CDC25A and CDC25B appear to regulate different events or stages of mitosis. CDC25B may mediate the activation of CDK1/Cyclin B at the centrosome during prophase, while CDC25A may be required for the subsequent full activation of nuclear CDK1/Cyclin B. CDC25C is dispensable for both mitotic and meiotic divisions, although it is highly regulated during the processes. Excessive levels of CDC25A and CDC25B are often observed in various human cancer tissues. Deregulated expression of these phosphatases allows cells to overcome DNA damage-induced checkpoint, leading to genomic instability. Studies using mouse models demonstrated that deregulated expression of CDC25A significantly promotes RAS- or NEU-induced mammary tumor development with chromosomal aberrations, whereas decreased CDC25A expression in heterozygous knockout mice delays tumorigenesis. These biological properties of CDC25 phosphatases provide significant insight into the pathobiology of cancer and scientific foundation for anti-CDC25 therapeutic intervention.
Ascaridia galli (Nematoda): Development and survival in gnotobiotic chickens

Infection and growth rates of the fowl nematode Ascaridia galli were compared in germ-free, conventional, and other gnotobiotic chickens. Uniform experimental infections induced in chickens at 7–12 days of age showed that significantly fewer (P < 0.01) worms established themselves in germ-free chickens than in chickens with conventional flora. Numbers of worms established in monoassociated hosts (Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, and Penicillium sp.) were intermediate between those in grossly contaminated and germ-free hosts. Mean worm lengths were shorter from germ-free than conventional hosts but differences were not statistically significant. These experiments demonstrate that some A. galli larvae may establish themselves and grow for 14 or 21 days postinoculation in a germ-free environment.
Long-term outcome of concurrent chemotherapy and reirradiation for recurrent and second primary head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Purpose: To define favorable pretreatment characteristics for overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), locoregional control, and freedom from distant metastasis for patients with recurrent and second primary head-and-neck cancer treated with concomitant chemotherapy and reirradiation. Methods and Materials: Our study population comprised a subset of 115 previously irradiated patients without overt metastases from 304 poor-prognosis head-and-neck cancer patients treated in seven consecutive phase I-II protocols. Of the 115 patients, 49, who had undergone surgical resection, were treated with a median of four cycles of concurrent chemotherapy and reirradiation and 66, who had not undergone surgical resection, were treated with a median of five cycles. The following regimens were used: 5-fluorouracil and hydroxyurea concurrent with reirradiation (FHX) ( n = 14), cisplatin plus FHX ( n = 23), paclitaxel plus FHX ( n = 42), gemcitabine plus paclitaxel and 5-fluorouracil concurrent with reirradiation ( n = 26), and irinotecan plus FHX ( n = 10). Results: The median lifetime radiation dose was 131 Gy. The median follow-up for surviving patients was 67.4 months (range, 18.5–158.7). The median OS and PFS was 11 and 7 months (range, 0.2–158.7), respectively. The 3-year OS, PFS, locoregional control, and freedom from distant metastasis rate was 22%, 33%, 51%, and 61%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified reirradiation dose, triple agent (cisplatin-, paclitaxel-, or gemcitabine-containing chemotherapy), and surgery before protocol treatment as independently prognostic for OS, PFS, and locoregional control. Triple-agent chemotherapy was prognostic for freedom from distant metastasis. Nineteen patients died of treatment-related toxicity, five of these of carotid hemorrhage. Conclusion: For recurrent and second primary head-and-neck cancer, trimodality therapy with surgery, concurrent chemotherapy, and reirradiation for a full second dose offers potential for long-term survival. Owing to the substantial toxicity and lack of an optimal regimen, reirradiation of recurrent head-and-neck cancer should be limited to clinical trials.
Parent Perspectives on Decisions to Participate in a Phase I Hepatocyte Transplant Trial

Enrollment is a limiting factor in pediatric clinical trials, especially in Phase I studies (1). Challenges include limited patient populations, especially in trials targeting rare diseases, primary care physicians' hesitation to refer patients, and families' reluctance to participate (2). While prior studies have identified motivators for trial participation in pediatric populations, these involved either minimal risk trials (3–6) or oncology trials, in which participants choose between trial therapy and palliation (7–8). In the current study, we explored families' decision-making processes with regard to an ongoing phase I trial of hepatocyte transplantation (9) for metabolic liver disease or acute hepatic failure. Hepatocyte transplantation involves infusion of hepatocytes through the portal vein via a catheter in the umbilical vein. For children with metabolic disorders, preliminary low-dose focal radiation therapy to the liver is used to promote donor cell engraftment. Subjects considering trial participation choose between receiving trial therapy while waiting for liver transplant versus doing nothing while waiting for liver transplant. Trial enrollment does not influence transplant waitlist position. Known incremental risks of the trial protocol include complications of portal vein cannulation and cancer risk from liver irradiation. The potential benefit is improved liver function that could obviate the need for liver transplant. Furthermore, in case of infection, immune suppression could be stopped in hepatocyte transplant patients without risk of organ loss. The known risks of the alternative, waiting for organ transplant (median time to transplant at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, CHP, is 10.6 months (10)), include death or complications of continued hepatic dysfunction. This is particularly concerning for children with metabolic disorders, among whom neurological defects are related to the duration of hyperammonemia, rather than peak level (12), so even mild hyperammonemia, over months, puts children at risk for permanent neurologic damage (13). Since the introduction of this trial in July, 2010, 19 patients at CHP were eligible for hepatocyte transplantation. Of these, only 8 consented to the procedure, while the rest chose to just wait for organ transplant. The purpose of the current study was to explore the decision-making process of families faced with the option of trial enrollment, determine factors that affect parental consent, and understand reasons for a lower-than-expected enrollment rate. A better understanding of motivating and deterring factors has the potential to improve counseling and increase trial participation.
Routine chest radiography for the evaluation of febrile neutropenic patients after autologous stem cell transplantation.

Chest radiographs are routinely obtained for diagnostic evaluation of neutropenic febrile patients. We investigated the frequency of chest radiographic abnormalities during febrile episodes after autologous PBSC transplants and assessed the relationship of these abnormalities to past history of pulmonary disease, pre-transplant chest radiographic abnormalities, and pulmonary signs or symptoms at time of fever. We also studied the impact of chest radiographic findings on patient management. Sixty-one consecutive adult autologous PBSC transplant recipients were studied. Fifty-two (85%) developed fever, and 20 (38%) of these showed new chest radiographic abnormalities suggestive of pulmonary infection. Patients with pre-transplant chest radiographic abnormalities were more likely to develop additional abnormalities with fever post-transplant. Pulmonary symptoms or signs had low sensitivity or specificity for predicting radiographic abnormalities. Only 40% of patients with pulmonary symptoms or signs had an abnormal chest radiograph. Twenty-six percent of patients with abnormal chest radiographs had no clinical findings suggestive of pulmonary infection. The identification of chest radiographic abnormality did not change empiric antibiotic treatment in any patient. The role of routine chest radiography for diagnostic evaluation of febrile autologous PBSC transplant patients should be re-evaluated.
The Model of Set Theory Generated by Countably Many Generic Reals

Adjoin, to a countable standard model M of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory (ZF), a countable set A of independent Cohen generic reals. If one attempts to con- struct the model generated over M by these reals (not necessarily containing A as an element) as the intersection of all standard models that include M U A, the resulting model fails to satisfy the power set axiom, although it does satisfy all the other ZF axioms. Thus, there is no smallest ZF model including M U A, but there are minimal such models. These are classified by their sets of reals, and there is one minimal model whose set of reals is the smallest possible. We give several characterizations of this model, we determine which weak axioms of choice it satisfies, and we show that some better known models are forcing extensions of it. Among the models of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory (ZF) in which the axiom of choice is false, probably the simplest are those generated by countably many inde- pendent generic reals. They are obtained by starting with a standard model M of ZFC (ZF plus the axiom of choice), forcing with finite partial functions from c x c into 2 to obtain a generic extension M(G) that contains a countable set A of generic reals, and finally passing to a submodel N that contains all the members of M and of A but does not contain any well-ordering of A. These models are com- monly classified into two general sorts, those that contain A as an element and those that do not. The prototype of the first sort is the model defined by Cohen (1) under the assumption that M satisfies Gddel's axiom of constructibility (V = L) and by Halpern and Levy (4) in a Boolean-valued context for arbitrary M. It is the set of denotations of closed terms of a ramified language that contains, in addition to the usual apparatus for describing Gddel's L, names for A and for all members of M U A; see (4) for details. The prototype of the second sort is the model defined by Feferman (2) for the case that M satisfies V = L. It admits a similar description in terms of a ramified language with names only for the members of A. (If M does not satisfy V = L, then names for its elements should also be included; for the case considered by Feferman, however, inclusion of these names would lead to a different model.) For models of the first sort, one can make precise the sense in which the Cohen model is generated, over M, by A. Indeed, if N is any standard model of ZF with M U A U {A} c N, then one can define the ramified language and its semantics inside N. (When N contains no enumeration of A, then the names for members of
Vane Clocking Effects on Stator Loss for Different Compressor Loading Conditions

Vane clocking is the relative circumferential indexing of adjacent vane rows with similar vane counts, and it affects discrete frequency noise, forced response, and stage performance in axial compressors. The objective of this paper is to investigate vane clocking effects on stator 2 loss for many loading conditions in a three-stage axial compressor. Although previous studies have focused on two or three operating conditions, this is the first to investigate vane clocking effects over many loading conditions. Detailed circumferential traverses of stagnation pressure were acquired for six clocking configurations at six different loading conditions: a low-loading condition, two conditions near design point, two high-loading conditions, and a near-stall condition. Stator 2 wake widths and depths were similar for different clocking configurations at low loadings, but the high-loading cases exhibited larger changes associated with vane clocking, especially near the stator hub. This resulted in different radial...
Analysis of a splice array experiment elucidates roles of chromatin elongation factor Spt4-5 in splicing.

Splicing is an important process for regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes, and it has important functional links to other steps of gene expression. Two examples of these linkages include Ceg1, a component of the mRNA capping enzyme, and the chromatin elongation factors Spt4–5, both of which have recently been shown to play a role in the normal splicing of several genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using a genomic approach to characterize the roles of Spt4–5 in splicing, we used splicing-sensitive DNA microarrays to identify specific sets of genes that are mis-spliced in ceg1, spt4, and spt5 mutants. In the context of a complex, nested, experimental design featuring 22 dye-swap array hybridizations, comprising both biological and technical replicates, we applied five appropriate statistical models for assessing differential expression between wild-type and the mutants. To refine selection of differential expression genes, we then used a robust model-synthesizing approach, Differential Expression via Distance Synthesis, to integrate all five models. The resultant list of differentially expressed genes was then further analyzed with regard to select attributes: we found that highly transcribed genes with long introns were most sensitive to spt mutations. QPCR confirmation of differential expression was established for the limited number of genes evaluated. In this paper, we showcase splicing array technology, as well as powerful, yet general, statistical methodology for assessing differential expression, in the context of a real, complex experimental design. Our results suggest that the Spt4–Spt5 complex may help coordinate splicing with transcription under conditions that present kinetic challenges to spliceosome assembly or function.
The advent of liberalism and the subordination of agrarian thought in the United States

This essay contends that the ascendancy of Western liberalism after the Enlightenment worked catalytically on the development of both the Industrial Revolution and a “modern agrarianism” based on the widespread dispersal of small-scale property ownership. Due to power dynamics, however, as well as the liberal faith in inevitable progress, agrarian thought has remained a marginal concern in Western politics, economics, and education. Although the agrarian philosophical tradition in the United States was created by the same liberal rhetoric and argumentation that gave birth to industrialism, the two world views hinged on vastly different interpretations of the same concepts. One aim of this essay is to sort out these differences and examine their implications for a contemporary reconsideration of agrarian thought.
A physiological role for titin and nebulin in skeletal muscle

Production of active force in skeletal muscle results from the interaction of myosin-containing thick filaments with actiri-containing thin filaments. These muscles are also passively elastic, producing forces that resist stretch independently of ATP splitting or of interaction between the filaments. The mechanism of this passive elasticity is unknown; suggestions include gap filaments in the region between thick and thin filaments in muscles stretched beyond filament overlap1–5, or intermediate filaments which connect successive Z-disks6. Recently, the two exceptionally large proteins titin (also called connectin) and nebulin (originally called band 3) have been implicated in passive elasticity (for review see refs 7, 8). Here, we show that after these proteins are degraded by low doses of ionizing radiation, the ability of single skinned muscle cells to generate both passive tension in response to stretch and active tension in response to calcium is greatly reduced. These effects are accompanied by axial misalignment of thick filaments. Titin and/or nebulin apparently provide axial continuity for the production of resting tension on stretch and also tend to keep the thick filaments centred within the sarcomere during force generation.
Endovascular repair vs open surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms: comparative utilization trends from 2001 to 2006.

Purpose Within the past few years, endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) has come into use for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). In many cases, EVAR has the potential to replace traditional open surgical repair (OSR), which is more invasive, risky, and expensive. The aim of this study was to determine to what extent EVAR is replacing OSR, whether the frequency of treatment is increasing with the advent of the less invasive approach, and which specialties are performing the procedures. Materials and Methods The Medicare Part B data sets for 2001 through 2006 were studied. Procedure volume and utilization rates per 100,000 Medicare beneficiaries were determined for the 7 Current Procedural Terminology ® , fourth edition, procedure codes that describe EVAR and the 4 codes that describe OSR for AAA. Medicare's physician specialty codes were used to ascertain the specialties of the physician providers. Results A total of 31,965 OSRs for AAA were performed in Medicare beneficiaries in 2001, dropping to 15,665 by 2006 (−51%). In contrast, EVAR was carried out in 11,028 instances in 2001, increasing to 28,937 by 2006 (+162%). The utilization rate per 100,000 for OSR dropped from 90 to 42 (a rate decrease of 48) during the study period, while the rate for EVAR increased from 31 to 77 (a rate increase of 46). The combined utilization rate per 100,000 of the two types of interventions for AAA (EVAR and OSR) decreased from 121 in 2001 to 119 in 2006. In performing EVAR, procedure volume and market share in 2006 by specialty were 1) 22,003 procedures by surgeons, a 76% share; 2) 3,287 procedures by radiologists, an 11% share; 3) 1,915 procedures by cardiologists, a 7% share; and 4) 1,732 procedures by all other physicians, a 6% share. Conclusions Treatment for AAA seems to be an example of the responsible use of new technology by physicians. The newer, less invasive, and less risky procedure (EVAR) is replacing the older and more invasive procedure (OSR) to a considerable degree. However, the overall combined utilization rate of both types of AAA treatment has remained stable in the Medicare population. There is thus no evidence to suggest that the introduction of the newer approach has led to the overtreatment of patients. Although radiologists do have a role in EVAR, surgeons strongly predominate.
Chemical quality of bottled waters from three cities in eastern Alabama.

Abstract Twenty-five brands of bottled waters consisting of both purified and spring types collected randomly from three Alabama cities, USA were assessed for their suitability for human consumption. Water quality constituents analyzed include pH, conductivity, alkalinity, chloride, nitrate+nitrite, sulfate, phosphate, total carbon (TC), inorganic carbon (IC), total organic carbon (TOC), and 27 elements on the inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). The results obtained were compared with US EPA drinking water standards and the European union (EU) drinking water directive. Ni was non-detectable in all the samples and Cu, Pb, Sb, Zn, Mn, Al, Cr, Mg, P, Ca, sulfate, chloride and nitrates+nitrites were all below their respective USEPA drinking water standards or EU maximum admissible concentrations (MAC). The conductivity, pH, As, Cd, Hg, Zn, Se and Tl values in some samples exceeded the EU and USEPA standards for drinking water. No sample had pH>8.5, but seven bottled water brands analyzed were acidic (pH