cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer-Aided Design Of Optimal Infrared Detector Preamplifiers

A mathematical model is given for a frequency-compensated detector/preamplifier appropriate for cryogenically-cooled infrared sensors operating under low background conditions. By use of a digital computer, this model is used to rapidly select the optimal combination of design values. These parameters include load resistance, compensation resistance, com-pensation capacitance, chopping frequency and detector area to meet desired specifications of noise equivalent power, frequency response, dynamic range, and level of output noise. This computer-aided optimal design approach is demonstrated using a contemporary infrared sensor application.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Short-read assembly of full-length 16S amplicons reveals bacterial diversity in subsurface sediments.

In microbial ecology, a fundamental question relates to how community diversity and composition change in response to perturbation. Most studies have had limited ability to deeply sample community structure (e.g. Sanger-sequenced 16S rRNA libraries), or have had limited taxonomic resolution (e.g. studies based on 16S rRNA hypervariable region sequencing). Here, we combine the higher taxonomic resolution of near-full-length 16S rRNA gene amplicons with the economics and sensitivity of short-read sequencing to assay the abundance and identity of organisms that represent as little as 0.01% of sediment bacterial communities. We used a new version of EMIRGE optimized for large data size to reconstruct near-full-length 16S rRNA genes from amplicons sheared and sequenced with Illumina technology. The approach allowed us to differentiate the community composition among samples acquired before perturbation, after acetate amendment shifted the predominant metabolism to iron reduction, and once sulfate reduction began. Results were highly reproducible across technical replicates, and identified specific taxa that responded to the perturbation. All samples contain very high alpha diversity and abundant organisms from phyla without cultivated representatives. Surprisingly, at the time points measured, there was no strong loss of evenness, despite the selective pressure of acetate amendment and change in the terminal electron accepting process. However, community membership was altered significantly. The method allows for sensitive, accurate profiling of the “long tail” of low abundance organisms that exist in many microbial communities, and can resolve population dynamics in response to environmental change.
The relationship among pKa, pH, and binding constants in the interactions between boronic acids and diols—it is not as simple as it appears

In our continuing efforts into designing boronic acid-based sensors that recognize cell-surface carbohydrates, it has been necessary to examine various factors that affect the binding affinity between a boronic acid moiety and a diol. The current prevailing view is that the strongest boronic acid/diol complexes are generated by a combination of high solution pH and a low boronic acid pKa. However, there has never been a systematic examination of the relationship among the binding constants, boronic acid pKa, and the pH of the solution. Herein we report our findings with a series of 25 arylboronic acids with various substituents and their binding affinities with diols. We have found that (1) the relationship between the pKa of monosubstituted phenylboronic acid and its substituents can be described using a Hammet plot; (2) the optimal pH for binding is not always above the pKa of the boronic acid, and is affected by the pKa values of the boronic acid and the diol, and other unknown factors; and (3) the general belief that boronic acids with lower pKa values show greater binding affinities for diols is not always true.
Variations in Tracheobronchial Airway Morphology for Different Age Groups

Knowledge of the geometric characteristics of actual human tracheobronchial (TB) airways is crucial for realistic and accurate computer simulations and experimental studies. An area of particular interest is drug delivery in the respiratory system to combat various diseases, such as COPD/asthma, diabetes and certain cancers. Deposition in the upper TB region is significant because it may be related to clearance of deposited particulate matters (PM) [1] and drug-aerosol treatment for upper airway asthma such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids [2,3]. The air flow characteristics, which affect particle deposition in the lung, depend strongly upon the morphology of the respiratory system and the breathing pattern of the subject. Therefore, an accurate understanding of the lung airway morphology is a crucial first step for an accurate analysis of inhaled particle trajectories as well as local and regional deposition of PM due to the irregular and asymmetric branching pattern [4]. In this paper, the age group variations of TB morphology are evaluated using lung airway morphology data from the literature and PET/CT images of two adolescents, 4 adults, and 4 seniors.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Case Studies of Educational Effectiveness in Rural China

Much educational effectiveness research has been conducted over the past 40 years in developed countries, whereas few studies have focused on developing or newly industrialized countries such as the People's Republic of China. The case studies discussed in this article are part of a larger multiple-case, mixed-methods study that investigated 6 pairs of more and less effective Chinese schools. The research described here focused on differentially effective rural schools and revealed several important differences and similarities between those schools. The study also found differences between Chinese urban and rural schools and contrasts between the processes of educational effectiveness in China and those described in the international literature. Suggestions for improving educational effectiveness in rural China are presented.
Simultaneous demonstration of neuronal somata that innervate the tooth pulp and adjacent periodontal tissues, using two retrogradely transported anatomic markers

Abstract Two axonally transported substances were used to demonstrate the spatial relationships between trigeminal ganglion cells innervating the tooth pulp and adjacent periodontal tissues of the mandibular canine teeth in cats. 4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were applied in the periodontal tissues and in the tooth pulp, respectively. The trigeminal ganglion and brain stem were then examined for the presence of fluorescent DAPI-labeled cells, HRP-labeled cells, and cells containing both labels. Cells containing either DAPI or HRP were observed in the mandibular portion of the ganglion; DAPI-labeled cells were observed in the pontine portion of the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Examples of double labeling, indicative of collateralization of single neurons to innervate both the tooth pulp and adjacent tissues, were not commonly observed. Finally, there was no indication of a mesencephalic nucleus contribution to the tooth pulp innervation.
High performance digital circuit design using Ballistic Nano-electronics

With modern CMOS technology already close to approaching the limits of lithography, serious doubts exist over the ability of the standard CMOS ASIC design approach to deliver the required complexity, integration density and computational capability. This has prompted increasing research in novel non-CMOS devices to address the issues of modern day computing. This paper presents an investigation into the feasibility of recently proposed Ballistic Deflection Transistors (BDT) for future generation Terahertz computing. By means of Monte Carlo modeling we show that the device is capable of entering into the THz range at room temperature. We propose an analytical expression which can be used to describe an accurate behavioral model of BDT in Verilog-A, to serve as the first generation Predictive Technology Model for the Ballistic Deflection Transistor. We conclude presenting structures for various logic gates developed using the BDT.
Stochastic Computational Fluid Mechanics

Stochastic simulations in computational fluid dynamics let researchers model uncertainties beyond numerical discretization errors. The authors present examples of stochastic simulations of compressible and incompressible flows and provide analytical solutions for verifying these newly emerging methods for stochastic modeling
Chromatographic estimation of iothalamate and p-aminohippuric acid to measure glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow in humans

Iothalamate (IOT) clearance and p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) clearance are used for estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF). A simple and rapid method is described for simultaneous determination of IOT and PAH in the same chromatogram in the serum and urine of humans. The mobile phase consisted of methanol-50 mM sodium monobasic phosphate with 0.5 mM tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen sulfate (18:82, v/v), pumped at a rate of 0.8 ml/min on a C18 reversed-phase column. Samples of serum and urine were deproteinized with two volumes of acetonitrile containing the internal standard, p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). The UV detector was set at 254 nm and peak height ratios of PAH or IOT to PABA were calculated with an integrator. Precision and accuracy were within 15% for both PAH and IOT. The recovery of PAH in urine and serum were 94% and 91%, respectively. For IOT the corresponding recoveries were 93% and 92%, respectively. This method clearly distinguishes acetyl-PAH from PAH and has been validated in healthy volunteers.
Constitutive overexpression of BAFF in autoimmune‐resistant mice drives only some aspects of systemic lupus erythematosus–like autoimmunity

Objective To determine whether overexpression of BAFF can promote systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)–like autoimmunity in mice that are otherwise autoimmune-resistant. Methods We used class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)–deficient C57BL/6 (B6) mice as a model of resistance to SLE and Sles1-bearing B6 mice as a model of resistance to the autoantibody-promoting capacity of the Sle1 region. We generated BAFF-transgenic (Tg) counterparts to these respective mice and evaluated lymphocyte phenotype, serologic autoimmunity, renal immunopathology, and clinical disease in the BAFF-Tg and non-Tg mouse sets. Results Although constitutive BAFF overexpression did not lead to B cell expansion in class II MHC–deficient B6 mice, it did lead to increased serum IgG autoantibody levels. Nevertheless, renal immunopathology was limited, and clinical disease did not develop. In B6 and B6.Sle1 mice, constitutive BAFF overexpression led to increased numbers of B cells and CD4+ memory cells, as well as increased serum IgG and IgA autoantibody levels. Renal immunopathology was modestly greater in BAFF-Tg mice than in their non-Tg counterparts, but again, clinical disease did not develop. Introduction of the Sles1 region into B6.Sle1.Baff mice abrogated the BAFF-driven increase in CD4+ memory cells and the Sle1-driven, but not the BAFF-driven, increase in serum IgG antichromatin levels. Renal immunopathology was substantially ameliorated. Conclusion Although constitutive BAFF overexpression in otherwise autoimmune-resistant mice led to humoral autoimmunity, meaningful renal immunopathology and clinical disease did not develop. This raises the possibility that BAFF overexpression, even when present, may not necessarily drive disease in some SLE patients. This may help explain the heterogeneity of the clinical response to BAFF antagonists in human SLE.
Behavioral effects of subchronic inhalation of toluene in adult rats.

Abstract Whereas the acute neurobehavioral effects of toluene are robust and well characterized, evidence for persistent effects of repeated exposure to this industrial solvent is less compelling. The present experiment sought to determine whether subchronic inhalation of toluene caused persistent behavioral changes in rats. Adult male Long–Evans rats inhaled toluene vapor (0, 10, 100, or 1000 ppm) for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 13 weeks and were evaluated on a series of behavioral tests beginning 3 days after the end of exposure. Toluene delayed appetitively-motivated acquisition of a lever-press response, but did not affect motor activity, anxiety-related behavior in the elevated plus maze, trace fear conditioning, acquisition of an appetitively-motivated visual discrimination, or performance of a visual signal detection task. Challenges with acute inhalation of toluene vapor (1200–2400 ppm for 1 h) and injections of quinpirole (0.01–0.03 mg/kg) and raclopride (0.03–0.10 mg/kg) revealed no toluene-induced latent impairments in visual signal detection. These results are consistent with a pattern of subtle and inconsistent long-term effects of daily exposure to toluene vapor, in contrast to robust and reliable effects of acute inhalation of the solvent.
Pathology of Gastric Cancer and Its Precursor Lesions

Gastric cancers are a histologically heterogenous group of neoplasms arising from unique epidemiologic and molecular backgrounds. There is accumulating evidence that the intestinal type of gastric adenocarcinoma develops through a multistep process beginning with chronic gastritis triggered primarily by Helicobacter pylori and progressing through atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia (intraepithelial neoplasia) to carcinoma. Loss of E-cadherin expression resulting from CDH1 gene alterations is the primary carcinogenetic event in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. Proximal gastric adenocarcinomas likely result from either gastroesophageal reflux or H pylori gastritis. This article provides an update of the histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular pathways of gastric cancer and its precursors.
Scattering theory for a model of an atom in a quantized field

We compute the scattering operator for a simplified model of an atom interacting a with a quantized field. The field is restricted to the vacuum and one-particle sectors, and the atom has only two states. We also solve the inverse scattering problem for the same model. The methods used rely on the particular form of the interaction, which is chosen to mimic the interaction between radiation and matter.
The establishment and management of corporate intranets

Corporate intranets are being deployed at an increasing rate as organizations seek to harness the potential of internet technologies for the sharing of information and the facilitation of collaboration. However, the management of the development process cannot be ignored. If left unrestricted and unsupported in the hands of end-users, the result may echo what happened to client-server. This paper presents an approach to actively managing intranet development by recognizing and treating it as an extension of end-user computing.
Analysis of collateral projections with a double retrograde labeling technique.

Abstract A method is described whereby collateral innervation by a single cell type may be determined by double retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and tritiated bovine serum albumin ([ 3 H]BSA). The projections from the entorhinal area to the hippocampal formation were analyzed as a model system, since layer III pyramidal cells project bilaterally to the hippocampus. Following HRP injections into the hippocampus of one side, and [ 3 H]BSA injections into the opposite hippocampus, double labeled cells were found in layer III of the entorhinal cortex. These doubly labeled cells could best be viewed in plastic embedded material, whereas frozen sections were found to be inadequate for clearly distinguishing between silver grains and HRP reaction product.
Organizational change readiness practices of business turnaround change agents

This paper summarizes the findings of an investigation of 145 business turnaround change agents (TCAs) to determine (a) the period of time expected to improve the performance of failing companies; (b) the extent of fear of job loss and resistance to change by managers in these companies; and (c) the readiness practices employed by TCAs in preparing managers for the organizational changes necessary to effect business turnarounds. These TCAs indicated that they expected to reverse a negative cash flow in 60 days and to generate a profit in an additional 150 days. Furthermore, target group members feared job loss but paradoxically resisted organizational changes. Additionally, TCAs primarily employed personal readiness interventions including involving target group members. The implications of these findings and future research directions are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and Cornwallis Emmanuel Ltd.
Complex mandibular rehabilitation of a self-inflicted gunshot wound: A clinical report

This report describes the surgical and prosthodontic rehabilitation of a patient traumatized by a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the mandible which required rehabilitation with a free fibula microvascular graft, single stage dental implant placement, and rehabilitation with CAD/CAM and laser assembled prosthetic components.
CSpray: a collaborative scientific visualization application

We present the design and implementation of Collaborative Spray or CSpray (pronounced 'sea spray'). CSpray is a CSCW (Computer Supported Cooperative Work) application geared towards supporting multiple users in a collaborative scientific visualization setting. Scientists are allowed to share data sets, graphics primitives, images, and create visualization products within a view independent shared workspace. CSpray supports incremental updates to reduce network traffic, separates large data streams from smaller command streams with a two level communication strategy, provides different service levels according to client's resources, enforces permissions for different levels of sharing, distinguishes private from public resources, and provides multiple fair and intuitive floor control schemes for shared objects. Off the shelf multimedia tools such as nv and vat can be used concurrently. CSpray is based on the spray rendering visualization interaction technique to generate contours, surfaces, particles, and other graphics primitives from scientific data sets such as those found in oceanography and meteorology.
Grammation, regrammation, and degrammation: Tense loss in Russian

Taking Heine’s (2003) characterization of Grammaticalization as its point of departure, this paper proposes an elementary framework, and corresponding terminology, for the description of the most common types of historical change in grammar (changes in content, content syntax, expression, and morphosyntax) and the types of innovation that give rise to them (neologism, extension, adoption, reanalysis, monolingual and bilingual). These basic conceptual tools of the historical linguist are illustrated with an analytic account of the development of the Russian tense–aspect system, from prehistory through the attested period. The account includes a plausible explication of the remarkable historical reduction in tense–aspect paradigms, from eight in Old Russian through five in Middle Russian to three in the modern language.
Visual search asymmetries in heavy clutter: implications for display design.

Objective: An experiment aimed to test whether design of symbology to produce visual search asymmetries might facilitate target detection in cluttered displays.Background: A visual search asymmetry exists between two stimuli when a target of one type is found efficiently among distractors of the second type but a target of the second type is found with difficulty among distractors of the first type. Asymmetries have generally been studied within relatively sparse displays. In the present study, the authors tested whether an asymmetry driven by stimulus familiarity persists within heavily cluttered imagery.Method: In this study, 10 participants performed a visual search task using stimuli (canonical vs. reversed Ns) known to produce a search asymmetry. Search stimuli were embedded within geospatial images containing either low or high levels of clutter. A decision theoretic index of sensitivity served as the dependent measure.Results: The search asymmetry was robust against the presence of heavy display clutter. Specifically, sensitivity was greater when the target was a reversed N rather than an N, and this pattern remained within cluttered displays. Time-accuracy analysis revealed that the search asymmetry increased the rate of information accumulation roughly equally within low- and high- clutter images.Conclusion: Search asymmetries are robust against heavy, spatially continuous visual clutter.Application: Design of display symbology to produce visual search asymmetries can offset the costs of visual clutter, maximizing detectability of task-critical information in complex displays.
Graphics tablets—a review

Abstract Graphics tablets have been devised using many of the physical parameters known to physics. The patent literature over more than 30 years is abundant in techniques, and variations of them, so that a classification and description of general principles is necessary in order to appraise the possibilities. Four broad categories of transducer are identified which are further broken down into individual techniques.
Stress corrosion testing of a superplastically deformed aluminum-lithium alloy

Abstract An investigation was conducted to study the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) tendency of a superplastically deformed aluminum-lithium-based alloy (AA X2094 [UNS A92094]) that had been received in a thermomechanically processed form suitable for dynamic recrystallization. Tensile specimens made from sheets of this material were superplastically deformed at a constant true strain rate of 2 × 10−4/s and a temperature of ∼ 500°C. Specimens then were subjected to stress corrosion testing using the slow strain rate tensile testing (SSRT) technique at a constant initial strain rate of 2 × 10−6/s. Effects of different superplastic deformation variables and stress corrosion testing conditions on the stress-strain relationship of the test specimens were studied.
Classification of hyperspectral spatial/spectral patterns using Gauss-Markov random fields

Hyperspectral imaging sensors capture digital images in hundreds of contiguous spectral bands, allowing remote material identification. Most algorithms for identifying materials characterize the materials according to spectral information only, ignoring potentially valuable spatial relationships. This paper investigates the use of integrated spatial and spectral information for characterizing materials. It examines the specific situation where a set of pixels has resolution such that it contains spatial patterns of mixed pixels. An autoregressive Gauss-Markov random field (GMRF) is used to model the predictability of a target pixel from neighboring pixels. At the resolution of interest, the GMRF model can successfully classify spatial patterns of aircraft and a residential area from the HYDICE airborne sensor Desert Radiance field collection at Davis Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona.
A Nuclear Factor Regulates Abscisic Acid Responses in Arabidopsis

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that regulates plant growth as well as stress responses. In this study, we identified and characterized a new Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) protein, Nuclear Protein X1 (NPX1), which was up-regulated by stress and treatment with exogenous ABA. Stomatal closure, seed germination, and primary root growth are well-known ABA responses that were less sensitive to ABA in NPX1-overexpressing plants. NPX1-overexpressing plants were more drought sensitive, and the changes in response to drought were due to the altered guard cell sensitivity to ABA in transgenic plants and not to a lack of ABA production. The nuclear localization of NPX1 correlated with changes in the expression of genes involved in ABA biosynthesis and ABA signal transduction. To understand the function of NPX1, we searched for interacting proteins and found that an ABA-inducible NAC transcription factor, TIP, interacted with NPX1. Based on the whole plant phenotypes, we hypothesized that NPX1 acts as a transcriptional repressor, and this was demonstrated in yeast, where we showed that TIP was repressed by NPX1. Our results indicate that the previously unknown protein NPX1 acts as a negative regulator in plant response to changes in environmental conditions through the control of ABA-regulated gene expression. The characterization of this factor enhances our understanding of guard cell function and the mechanisms that plants use to modulate water loss from leaves under drought conditions.
A diffusion-controlled step in the catalytic cycle of nitrous oxide reductase from Wolinella succinogenes.

Abstract The viscosity test was applied to the highly active nitrous oxide reductase purified from Wolinella succinogenes to determine whether the catalytic cycle may contain a diffusion-controlled step. For this test, the benzyl viologen cation (BV + )-N 2 O oxidoreductase reaction, which exhibits a k catBV / K m BV ∼2 × 10 8 M −1 s −1 at 23°C and pH 7.1, was run in solutions of nominally nondenaturing viscogens that were used to increase microviscosity. The parameters k catN 2 O and k catBV were unaffected by viscosity in the range of viscogen concentrations that were not inhibitory and where the data were well behaved. K m BV , but not K m N 2 O , was observed to increase linearly with relative viscosity with a slope of 0.14 for all viscogens surveyed. The results, when considered in the context of a plausible kinetic model for the BV + -N 2 O oxidoreductase reaction, suggest that one of the two one-electron reactions between BV + and enzyme is diffusion-controlled but only partially rate determining. The ratio of the second-order-rate constants for these two one-electron steps is estimated to be about 6.1, and the larger rate constant to be about 1.1 × 10 9 M −1 s −1 . There would appear to be no diffusion-controlled step associated with the half-reaction which results in reduction of N 2 O to N 2 .
Studies on the Flavor of Creamed Cottage Cheese

Summary The biacetyl contents of 41 samples of commercial creamed cottage cheese, obtained from retail stores, varied from 0 to 3.2 p.p.m.; 73.1% of samples contained less than 1.0 p.p.m. and 95.1% contained less than 2.0 p.p.m. When cottage cheese is manufactured by the long-set method, the maximum amount of biacetyl capable of being produced by a lactic culture is not attained at the time of cutting the curd (pH 4.7). During cottage cheese manufacture there is a partition of the milk constituents and flavor compounds. The whey fraction contains considerably more citric acid, lactose, biacetyl, and acetylmethylcarbinol than the curd. However, a proportionate amount of the biacetyl present at the time of cutting is retained by the cheese and the use of a culture producing considerable biacetyl results in cheese with a correspondingly higher biacetyl content. The addition of citric acid to a creaming mixture for cottage cheese did not result in an increased biacetyl content when the cheese was held at 45° F. The addition of both citric acid and lactic culture to a creaming mixture for cottage cheese increased the biacetyl content when the holding temperature was 45° F., but a sour flavor was evident after several days' storage.
ASSOCIATING EMBEDDED FIGURES TEST PERFORMANCE WITH EXTREME HYSTERIA AND PSYCHASTHENIA MMPI SCORES IN A PSYCHIATRIC POPULATION

21 female subjects from a psychiatric population scoring high on one of two MMPI scales, Hysteria or Psychasthenia, were given Jackson's (1956) shortened version of the Embedded Figures Test. Hysteria correlates positively and significantly .71 with time spent in detecting embedded geometric figures. Obsessive-compulsiveness and Embedded Figures Test performance time are negatively correlated -.63. The average times were 102.5 sec. for hysteria subjects and 62.6 sec. for psychasthenia subjects. Chi-squared establishes the significant association of MMPI measurements for hysteria and obsessive-compulsiveness with field-dependence and field-independence, respectively.
Interplay of physics and evolution in the likely origin of protein biochemical function

The intrinsic ability of protein structures to exhibit the geometric and sequence properties required for ligand binding without evolutionary selection is shown by the coincidence of the properties of pockets in native, single domain proteins with those in computationally generated, compact homopolypeptide, artificial (ART) structures. The library of native pockets is covered by a remarkably small number of representative pockets (∼400), with virtually every native pocket having a statistically significant match in the ART library, suggesting that the library is complete. When sequences are selected for ART structures based on fold stability, pocket sequence conservation is coincident to native. The fact that structurally and sequentially similar pockets occur across fold classes combined with the small number of representative pockets in native proteins implies that promiscuous interactions are inherent to proteins. Based on comparison of PDB (real, single domain protein structures found in the Protein Data Bank) and ART structures and pockets, the widespread assumption that the co-occurrence of global structure, pocket similarity, and amino acid conservation demands an evolutionary relationship between proteins is shown to significantly underestimate the random background probability. Indeed, many features of biochemical function arise from the physical properties of proteins that evolution likely fine-tunes to achieve specificity. Finally, our study suggests that a repertoire of thermodynamically (marginally) stable proteins could engage in many of the biochemical reactions needed for living systems without selection for function, a conclusion with significant implications for the origin of life.
100 million Alaskan Scientific Endowment

Governor Steve Cowper has seen a longtime goal and campaign promise realized as he signed a law creating the Alaska Science and Technology Foundation on May 13. Its purpose is to fund Alaska-related scientific research projects and to promote economic and technological development and public health through basic and applied research. Cowper first proposed the foundation in 1980 and feels strongly that Alaska's natural resources must be treated wisely to insure their future. According to Cowper, “Alaska has more coastline than the rest of the nation combined. We have more forest, more minerals, and more oil and gas than any other state. And we're the only Arctic region the U.S. has.” He does not believe that the oil industry or the federal government can sufficiently handle the state's resources, thus his devotion to creating and supporting the foundation.
Comparative ability of IL-12 and IL-28B to regulate Treg populations and enhance adaptive cellular immunity.

Improving the potency of immune responses is paramount among issues concerning vaccines against deadly pathogens. IL-28B belongs to the newly described interferon lambda (IFNλ) family of cytokines, and has not yet been assessed for its potential ability to influence adaptive immune responses or act as a vaccine adjuvant. We compared the ability of plasmid-encoded IL-28B to boost immune responses to a multiclade consensus HIV Gag plasmid during DNA vaccination with that of IL-12. We show here that IL-28B, like IL-12, is capable of robustly enhancing adaptive immunity. Moreover, we describe for the first time how IL-28B reduces regulatory T-cell populations during DNA vaccination, whereas IL-12 increases this cellular subset. We also show that IL-28B, unlike IL-12, is able to increase the percentage of splenic CD8+ T cells in vaccinated animals, and that these cells are more granular and have higher antigen-specific cytolytic degranulation compared with cells taken from animals that received IL-12 as an adjuvant. Lastly, we report that IL-28B can induce 100% protection from mortality after a lethal influenza challenge. These data suggest that IL-28B is a strong candidate for further studies of vaccine or immunotherapy protocols.
African American School Choice and the Current Race Politics of Charter Schooling: Lessons from History

Through a discussion of the current race politics of charter schooling and a brief, empirical examination of a community-based charter school that I helped to found in California, the public school community control movement in New York City in the late 1960s, and the African American independent school movement and the Council of Independent Black Institutions in the 1970s, I argue that a full understanding of the race politics of charter schooling requires a look at the historical roots of African American school choice. I find that history helps us better understand the complex dynamics of race and school choice. We can understand that African American parent and educator commitment to desegregated schooling is complex and certainly not unwavering; that the distinction between public and private in public education is quite murky; and that the definition of community for purposes of building schools is complicated and that strange bedfellows in African American education are nothing new. I appeal to the history of African American school choice to complicate the current public and scholarly debate on race and charter schooling.
A Barotropic Model for Operational Prediction of Tracks of Tropical Storms

Abstract In response to early success in barotropic prediction of selected storm tracks, we undertook development of a system for operational application. The main effort was in devising a statistical method for automated analysis of the flow averaged in depth from 1000 to 100 mb. Initially the storm was represented in the flow pattern in a parametric way. Numerical calculation was carried out over a grid area from the Equator to 55°N latitude and from 36.5° to 123.5°W longitude, with a mesh length of 154 km. It was necessary to modify the prediction equation to prevent spurious retrogression of the long waves, despite the restricted grid area. It was also necessary to employ truncation-error control in the evaluation of Jacobians to avoid a spuriously slow predicted speed for the tropical storm, despite the small mesh length. The method of representing the storm in the initial flow pattern was found unsatisfactory. After considerable experimentation, we now require the pattern of the initial streamfuncti...
Base-catalysis of imino proton exchange in DNA: effects of catalyst upon DNA structure and dynamics.

Characterization of the kinetics and energetics of base-pair opening in nucleic acids relies upon measurements of the rates of exchange of imino protons with water protons at high concentrations of the exchange catalyst. Under these conditions, the exchange catalyst may affect structural or dynamic properties of the nucleic acid molecule and thus, limit the significance of the exchange data. To address this problem, we have used NMR spectroscopy to characterize the effects of a catalyst of imino proton exchange, namely, ammonia upon the structure and dynamics of the self-complementary DNA dodecamer [d(CGCAGATCTGCG)]2. The changes in structure were monitored in proton NOESY and DQF-COSY experiments and in phosphorus spectra at 15 degrees C and at ammonia concentrations ranging from 0.002 to 0.5 M. The results indicate that ammonia induces subtle changes in the solution conformation of the dodecamer, but the overall structure is maintained close to the B-type DNA structure. However, the relaxation rates (i.e., transverse, longitudinal, and cross-relaxation rates) of several non-exchangeable protons were found to increase by approximately 50% upon changing ammonia concentration from 0.002 to 0.5 M. The increases were comparable for all protons investigated suggesting that they originate from an ammonia-induced increase in the overall correlation time of the DNA dodecamer. Numerical analysis revealed that the catalyst-induced enhancements in proton relaxation can alter significantly the calculated values of the exchange rates of imino protons, especially those obtained from measurements of the line widths of these proton resonances.
PRECIPITATION AS A SOURCE OF ASSIMILABLE NITROGEN: A HISTORICAL SURVEY

The sources, uptake, and assimilation of nitrogen by plants has a history that dates from the time of the ancient Greeks, and the elucidation of the interlocking questions occupied some of the finest philosophical and scientific minds of Europe for considerably longer than two millenia. Current acidic precipitation, containing a significant amount of nitrogen, has again focused attention on the role of precipitation nitrogen in plant nutrition. THAT CONTEMPORARY precipitation in industrial nations is 10 to 20 times more acidic than prior to 1940 and that a significant fraction of the hydrogen ions are derived from nitric acid (Likens et al., 1975; Galloway and Likens, 1981) have occasioned renewed interest in the role of precipitation as a source of assimilable nitrogen. The topic is far from new; ancient agriculturists knew that soils lost fertility over time in cultivation and that they were restored by annual inundations of the flood plains along the Nile, Tigrus, Indus, and
Thermal fluctuations of small rings of intrinsically helical DNA treated like an elastic rod

It is shown that the writhe distribution in a collection of thermally fluctuating rings formed from intrinsically helical DNA treated like an elastic rod can be determined completely from a knowledge of the dependence of the configuration integral on the intrinsic geometric torsion of the rods. When the length of the rods is of the order of the persistence length or less, the configuration integral can be expressed in terms of the frequencies of the normal modes of the rings, and so these torsion-dependent frequencies then become the quantities of interest. The nature of the normal modes of rings formed from intrinsically helical elastic rods, as deduced from the equations of motion in the Kirchhoff-Clebsch theory of the dynamics of elastic rods, is described. Examples of computed writhe distributions are given. The observed broadening of the writhe distribution as the intrinsic curvature of the rods is increased is shown to be related to the stability properties of the circular equilibrium configuration of the elastic rods. These results thus imply that thermal fluctuations in small rings of intrinsically curved DNA will be more pronounced than in rings of the same size formed from intrinsically straight DNA.
Widening access while tightening control: Office-holding, marriages, and elite consolidation in early modern Poland

Elites are dynamically emergent and evolving groups, yet their organization at any given time has tremendous implications for the tenor of social life and the probability of historical change. Using data on more than 3,000 Senatorial office-holders and over 3,100 elite marriages in early modern Poland, this article systematically documents changes over time in the structure of the Polish elite between 1500 and 1795 from a “multiple-networks” perspective. It measures timing of entry into senatorial ranks, regional integration of the elite, degree of elite dominance, and patterns of overlap between office-holding and marriage networks across four distinct eras in Polish history. Aggregate network patterns reveal a system in the eighteenth century characterized simultaneously by widening political access and increasing super-elite political control. Highlighting these patterns makes better sense of the Polish nobility's distinct cultural practices than do other historical sociological accounts and illuminates the structural basis for Poland's remarkable constitutional moment in the late eighteenth century.
Allocation and the transient dynamics of succession on poor soils.

Biomass and nitrogen allocation to leaf, root, stem, and reproduction was determined in a 35-field chronosequence that spans the first 60 yr of secondary succession on a Minnesota sand plain. Biomass (grams per square metre) in leaf and root increased during succession, but reproductive biomass declined, and that in stem remained constant. Because root biomass increased twice as rapidly as leaf biomass, the proportion of total biomass in root increased during succession, whereas that in leaf, reproduction, and stem declined. In an additional study, biomass allocation was determined on a species-by-species basis for 46 species common at different times during succession. This study showed a similar pattern of increasing proportional root allocation and declining proportional re- productive and stem allocation during succession. These changes were accompanied by an increase in total soil nitrogen and a decrease in light penetration to the soil surface during succession. Increasing root allocation and decreasing reproductive allocation suggest that succession on these nutrient-poor soils is the transient dynamics of colonization and competitive displacement, with later successional species being superior nitrogen competitors because of higher root allocation. Allocation trade-offs between root, stem, leaf, and seed can lead to initial dominance by species with high seed and leaf allocation, presumably because of greater colonization and/or maximal growth rates. Thus, this succession differs markedly from successions on rich soils, for which stem allocation is increasingly important. These results contradict the resource ratio hypothesis as an explanation for the pattern of early succession on impoverished soils.
Friction and heat transfer of compressible flow into an infinite lattice of flat plates

Es wird eine Analyse vorgelegt, die erlauben soll, die Bestimmung der Reibungs-und Warmeubergangs-Kenngrossen einer kompressiblen, laminaren Stromung in einem unendlich grossen Gitter flacher Platten vorzunehmen.
Analysis of coated pit recycling on human fibroblasts.

The recycling to the cell surface of previously internalized coated pits has been proposed as a likely mechanism for the rapid regeneration of coated pits on human fibroblast surfaces at 37°C (1). We present a general mathematical model of coated pit recycling for the case when the coat cycles as a single unit, and use it to analyze certain time and temperature dependent data obtained by Anderson et al. (1) and Vermeer et al. (2). We show how recycling can account for these data and how this type of data can be used to distinguish between different possible recycling mechanisms. We show that these data are inconsistent with a two compartment model where coat material simply shuttles back and forth between coated pits and short-lived coated vesicles. From these data we estimate for human fibroblasts at 37°C: that the time for a coated pit to be replenished through recycling after it is lost through internalization is greater than 3.5 min; and that at any moment 53% or less of the cell’s clathrin that is involved in coated pit recycling is on the cell surface.
Two New Examples of Symbiosis or Parasitism in Cypridacean Ostracoda

L'ostracode Mungava riseri Maddocks, sp. n. (Tribu Thalassocypridini, Famille Cyprididae), trouve fixe sur les branchies d'un vers, Eurythoe parvecarunculata, semble manger ces branchies et etre un parasite du vers. L'annelide elle-meme est un symbionte des tarets Teredo et Nototeredo, qui vivent dans des galeries forees dans des bois recueillis en Floride et a Panama. Deux femelles d'une nouvelle espece de Pontocypria ont ete trouvees sur Echinocardium flavescens dans l'Atlantique nord. On ignore le mode d'attachement et la position sur l'Oursin. Deux autres associations d'Ostracodes avec une Eponge et avec l'Oursin Diadema, sont aussi mentionnees, mais elles sont probablement accidentelles.
Resocialing work? Anticipatory anthropology of the labor process

Abstract My research focuses on the possible future transformations of work in the increasingly dominant computer-technology-based work environment. I surmise that one characteristic that future work might take the form of is a renewed and expanded “sociality”, in which co-operation, self-management, and qualitative social interaction are fostered to counter the potentially isolating computer-mediated environment. Since the advantage of such new technologies is also their opposite capacity to expand communication, one must encourage more communication to make use of these capabilities. Although I am somewhat skeptical about the current climate of cyberenthusiasm, I recognize that, as ethnographers, we need to take these speculations seriously and, where possible, participate actively in the creation of the kinds of futures which we prefer. I have taken a participant–observation approach to the study of “proto-cyberspace” venues which are widely seen as suggestive of the social relations of a future new social formation. I begin this essay by analyzing the argument for the resocialing hypothesis, then consider the opposite arguments which see a degradation of social relations in the work environment. Data have been derived primarily from my studies of automated information technology-mediated labor processes in the USA, the UK, and the Nordic countries.
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Isoenzymes in Human Myeloid Leukemia (HL60) and Breast Tumor (MCF-7) Cells

Abstract Combinations of retinoic acid (RA) and cAMP mediate many biological responses in a large variety of cell types. While the basis for the apparent synergistic effects of RA and cAMP are not clearly defined, it is likely that activation of PKA by cAMP is involved. However, literature reports concerning the identity of PKA isoforms in HL60 and MCF-7 cells are conflicting. The purpose of the present investigation is to identify PKA isoforms in HL60 and MCF-7 cells. Utilization of high-performance anion-exchange liquid chromatography, immunoblotting, and 8-azido-cAMP photoaffinity binding resulted in the finding that HL60 cells contain PKA types Iα and IIα, while MCF-7 cells contain PKA types Iα, IIα, and IIβ. PKA type Iα in both HL60 and MCF-7 cells eluted from columns as two well-separated peaks. One peak eluted at a low salt concentration in agreement with previous reports. The second HL60 PKA type Iα peak eluted at a salt concentration intermediate between that eluting the first peak and that eluting PKA type IIα and contained approximately 62% of the total RIα protein. However, the second MCF-7 PKA type Iα peak contained approximately 66% of the total RIα protein and co-eluted with PKA types IIα and IIβ. This “contamination” of PKA type II fractions with PKA type I has led, in some cases, to interpretations that may need reevaluation.
Inhibition of transepithelial osmotic water flow by blockers of the glucose transporter.

Abstract On the basis of evidence derived mostly from human erythrocytes, it has been suggested that water traverses cell membranes through membrane-spanning proteins such as the anion channel or the glucose transporter acting as water pores. However, specific inhibitors of such permeation processes have not been found to block water transport, and hence a precise identification of the water route has not been possible so far. We have investigated this issue by characterizing the osmotic flows across a fluid-transporting epithelium, the rabbit corneal endothelium. The rate of such flows was monitored continuously as a function of time. We confirmed prior findings of (a) an inhibition by PCMBS on osmotic water flow, and (b) lack of inhibition by DTNB and DIDS. On the other hand, we have found for the first time that several blockers of glucose facilitated diffusion, namely, phloretin (2 mM), phloridzin (2 mM), diallyldiethylstilbestrol (0.1 mM), cytochalasin B (20 μg/ml), and ethylidene- d -glucose (200 mM), all clearly inhibit osmotic flow. Our evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that both water and glucose may traverse these cell membranes through the same channel-like pathway contained in the glucose transporter membrane-spanning protein.