cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Histamine H2 Receptor Polymorphisms, Myocardial Transcripts, and Heart Failure (from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Beta-Blocker Effect on Remodeling and Gene Expression Trial).

Myocardial H 2 receptor activation contributes to heart failure (HF) in preclinical models, and H 2 receptor antagonists are associated with decreased HF incidence. This study evaluated whether H 2 histamine receptor (HRH2) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with HF incidence and whether myocardial transcript abundance is associated with HF recovery. The association of SNPs in HRH2 with incident HF was characterized using Cox proportional hazards regression among participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Differences in myocardial HRH2 transcripts were characterized in participants with dilated cardiomyopathy comparing 6 “super-responders” with 6 nonresponders to β blockade in the Beta-Blocker Effect on Remodeling and Gene Expression Trial. In MESA, no candidate SNP was associated with HF in black, Hispanic, or white participants. The rs2241562 minor allele was present only in Chinese participants and the adjusted HF hazard among those with 1 or more copies of this allele was 3.7, 95% confidence interval 1.0 to 13.4. In BORG, super-responders to β blockade had higher levels of myocardial HRH2 transcript at baseline compared with nonresponders (fragments per kilobase per transcript per million mapped reads: Variant 2, 5.5 ± 1.1 compared with 3.2 ± 0.8 in nonresponders, p = 0.002; Variant 1 + 2, 32.1 ± 7.4 compared with 23.3 ± 4.2 in nonresponders, p = 0.04). In conclusion, t he presence of a minor allele at rs2241562 was associated with increased HF incidence in Chinese participants. Differences in myocardial HRH2 transcript abundance were seen in participants with dilated cardiomyopathy who responded to β blockade. These observations support the hypothesis that HRH2 is involved in the pathogenesis of HF.
Absorption, Scattering, and Fluorescence Techniques for Hypersonic Flow Measurements

This paper presents an overview of the primary nonintrusive diagnostic techniques being developed by the NASA Langley Research Center to address the validation needs of Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) codes. The techniques include absorption in the UV and IR, Laser Induced Fluorescence, and a number of scattering techniques including Rayleigh, spontaneous Raman, and several coherent Raman spectroscopies. Most of the techniques are highly specialized, require complex data interpretation, and can satisfy only a few of the CFD needs. For these reasons, the evolving trend in flowfield diagnostics appears to favor a mode in which the diagnostic researcher, the experimental aerodynamicist, and the CFD community jointly define experiments based on the aeronautical requirements and on available diagnostic techniques.
Other limb-girdle muscular dystrophies

The secondary α-dystroglycanopathies usually present in infancy as congenital muscular dystrophies but may manifest later in childhood or adult life (limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) 2I, LGMD2K, LGMD2M, LGMD2N, and LGMD2O). Patients with telethoninopathy (LGMD2B) may present with mainly proximal or distal lower extremity weakness, and notably the muscle biopsies may demonstrate rimmed vacuoles. LGMD2L is caused by newly described mutations in ANO5 and can sometimes present with distal weakness resembling Miyoshi myopathy.
Phytoplankton Kinetics in the Chesapeake Bay Eutrophication Model

The CE-Qual-ICM model computes phytoplankton biomass and production as a function of temperature, light, and nutrients. Biomass is computed as carbon while inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica are considered as nutrients. Model formulations for production, metabolism, predation, nutrient limitation, and light limitation are detailed. Methods of parameter determination and parameter values are presented. Results of model application to a ten-year period in Chesapeake Bay indicate the model provides reasonable representations of observed biomass, nutrient concentrations, and limiting factors. Computed primary production agrees with observed under light-limited conditions. Under strongly nutrient-limited conditions, computed product is less than observed. The production characteristics of the model are similar to behavior reported for several similar models. Process omitted from the model that may account for production shortfalls include variable algal stoichiometry, use of urea as nutrient, and vertical migration by phytoplankton.
Voluntary Sterilization A Viable Alternative

To do something voluntarily is to undertake it of one’s own accord and by free choice, without being compelled or obligated to make that choice. In deciding to be sterilized, the individual must make that decision freely if it is to be considered voluntary. But since sterilization is something that is done to one, the individual must not only freely decide that he or she wishes it to be done, but also, in legal terms, give his or her consent that it be done.
Homograft Replacement of the Aortic Valve

The aortic valve homograft is an important part of the cardiac surgeon’s armamentarium. Special techniques are required for proper procurement, storage, and implantation. It is particularly useful for aortic valve replacement in patients under 40 years of age and for patients with native or prosthetic valve endocarditis.
Native plant recovery following three years of common reed (Phragmites australis) control.

Projects that aim to control invasive species often assume that a reduction of the target species will increase native species abundance. However, reports of the responses of native species following exotic species control are relatively rare. We assessed the recovery of the native community in five tidal wetland locations in which we attempted to eradicate the invasive common reed [Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.]. We tested whether 3 yr of treatment were able to eradicate Phragmites and promote recovery of the native plant community. After 3 yr of treatment, Phragmites density declined sharply in all treated stands, though it was not eradicated in any of them. Native plant cover increased significantly in treated areas, and community composition, particularly in smaller stands, converged toward that of uninvaded habitat. Thus, even within the relatively short timescale of the treatments and monitoring, significant progress was made toward achieving the goals of controlling Phragmites infestations and promoting native biodiversity. There was a trend toward greater promise for success in smaller stands than larger stands, as has been observed in other studies. A greater emphasis on monitoring whole-community responses to exotic plant control, across a range of conditions, would enhance our ability to plan and design successful management strategies.
Dynamic Hosting Capacity Management and Demand Charge Reduction via a Hybrid Storage System

A hybrid storage system with Li-ion battery and ultracapacitor that can increase the hosting capacity of the load point and provide demand charge reduction for customer has been presented in this paper. The proposed system is a potential behind-the-meter solution for median- to large-size commercial buildings that can enable higher photovoltaics (PV) penetration in future distribution systems. In this work, a proposed optimization algorithm can reduce the peak demand, minimize the voltage variation at the load point, and consider the degradation cost of Li-ion batteries. The proposed approach is verified on a modified IEEE 13-node test feeder with scaled real PV generation and load data.
Technological advances shaping diabetes care.

Purpose of reviewTo emphasize the current unmet needs for patients with diabetes and evaluate the recent technological advances in the diabetes field and summarize upcoming technologies in diabetes care. This review highlights emerging diabetes technologies and patient-centered diabetes management.R
Heart Transplant Candidates Perceptions of the Newly Implemented United Network for Organ Sharing Heart Allocation System: An Eye Opener

Purpose In October 2018, United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) implemented a new allocation system for heart transplantation. The purpose was to better stratify the most medically urgent heart transplant candidates and address geographic disparities in donor access. In this survey of listed patients at our center, we investigate the candidate's perspective on the new changes to the heart allocation system. Methods A standardized scale-response survey was designed and delivered to heart transplant candidates currently listed at the Miami Transplant Institute. Results Thirty-six out of 39 (92%) of heart transplant candidates responded to the standardized survey questionnaire. Despite one on one patient education, provision of education material, one-third of candidates felt that they had no understanding of the changes and only half had some understanding. Even while maintaining a higher status in the new allocation system, the higher the candidates’ listing status was with the original allocation system, the stronger it correlated with unsatisfactory responses. We observed that 100% of status 1A, 50% of status 1B, and 25% of status 2 candidates felt that their new statuses moved their priority lower on the list. The candidates’ perception about the ability of the new system to provide the most critically ill candidates a broader range of donor hearts also demonstrated a similar trend. The largest disagreement and unhappiness was found among the status 1A (100%) and status 1B (28%) groups, while no disagreement was found among statuses 2 (0%) and 7 (0%). Candidates were further asked about changes in their perceived wait times under the new system. 100% of status 1A, 56% of status 1B, and 50% of status 2 candidates felt that their wait time would be longer. As expected, this correlated to unhappiness in 100% of status 1A, 33.3% of status 1B, and 25% of status 2 candidates. Conclusion Overall there was limited understanding and a sense of dis-satisfaction amongst the majority of the listed patients with regards to the new heart allocation system. A less favorable perception was observed in the patients who were listed in the higher priority statuses in the former system. Therefore, we propose that more candidate education is needed to improve their understanding and satisfaction regarding the new allocation system.
Adaptive Beamforming for Multiple-Access Millimeter Wave Communications : Invited Presentation

In this work we explore the use of adaptive beamforming for millimeter wave (mm-wave) communications. We apply a blind adaptive algorithm to blocks of signal data transmitted using 16-QAM modulation. We consider uplink transmission for both a single user and for multiple users, each equipped with a single antenna. The receiver is equipped with a uniform linear array (ULA) antenna. We estimate the effective channel and measure the performance of a blind millimeter wave combiner applied at the base station to received signal blocks, which have been corrupted by AWGN and inter-symbol interference (ISI). This is done by measuring error rates over varying SNR, and varying numbers of antenna at the base station.
A paradigm for longitudinal complex network analysis over patient cohorts in neuroscience

The study of complex brain networks, where structural or functional connections are evaluated to create an interconnected representation of the brain, has grown tremendously over the past decade. Much of the statistical network science tools for analyzing brain networks have been developed for cross-sectional studies and for the analysis of static networks. However, with both an increase in longitudinal study designs, as well as an increased interest in the neurological network changes that occur during the progression of a disease, sophisticated methods for longitudinal brain network analysis are needed. We propose a paradigm for longitudinal brain network analysis over patient cohorts, with the key challenge being the adaptation of Stochastic Actor-Oriented Models (SAOMs) to the neuroscience setting. SAOMs are designed to capture network dynamics representing a variety of influences on network change in a continuous-time Markov chain framework. Network dynamics are characterized through both endogenous (i.e., network related) and exogenous effects, where the latter include mechanisms conjectured in the literature. We outline an application to the resting-state fMRI setting with data from the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study. We draw illustrative conclusions at the subject level and make a comparison between elderly controls and individuals with AD.
A case-based illustration of a dual-operator, dual microcatheter technique for side branch wiring

Wiring a side branch through a dual lumen microcatheter is typically performed in sequential fashion: the microcatheter position is modified, followed by wiring attempts, all performed by a single operator. We describe a dual operator technique, in which positioning of the dual lumen microcatheter and guidewire advancement are performed simultaneously. This method can be used for particularly challenging wiring scenarios. We provide two case examples illustrating how this technique could facilitate the success and efficiency of side branch wiring.
Categorizing zonal productivity on the continental shelf with nutrient-salinity ratios

Abstract Coastal ocean productivity is often dependent on riverine sources of nutrients, yet it can be difficult to determine how far the influence of the river extends. The northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) receives freshwater and nutrients discharged mainly from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers. We used nutrient/salinity relationships to (i) differentiate the nutrient inputs of the two rivers and (ii) determine the potential extent of the zones where productivity is affected by each. We identified three different zones: one close to the coast having a linear nutrient/salinity relationship where physical forcing (river flow) dominates, one offshore with nutrient (N or Si) concentrations
RADIATIVE TRANSFER THEORY: CONTINUOUS FORMULATION

This chapter discusses the continuous formulation of radiative transfer theory. Beam transmittance function describes the fractional amount of radiance of a beam of light transmitted along a path through an optical medium. Beam-transmitted radiance is a nonincreasing function of distance along a path of sight. The first property of beam transmittance, the multiplication property of beam transmittance, is an important conceptual tool in radiative transfer theory. The multiplication property of beam transmittance holds under general lighting conditions in the atmosphere or the seas. It is physically impossible to distinguish between the directly transmitted and scattered components of a beam for the case ξ = ξ′. The path function describes the contribution to the radiance from the scattering of light into the direction of the path without a change in frequency. The emission function describes the contribution from either scattering into the path with a change of frequency or from the process of conversion of nonradiant energy to radiant energy of some given frequency.
New species of Microchilus and Pelexia (Orchidaceae) from the Yungas and western Amazonia of Bolivia and Peru

The Andes and adjacent regions of western Amazonia are global centers of orchid diversity. Among the Andean countries, Bolivia remains the least well characterized as to its orchid flora, probably containing many new species awaiting description. During systematic studies of Microchilus (Orchidaceae: Orchidoideae: Cranichideae: Goodyerinae) and Pelexia (Orchidaceae: Orchidoideae: Cranichideae: Spiranthinae), it became apparent that two entities represented new species: Microchilus yungasensis from the Bolivian Yungas ecoregion, and Pelexia ocreatopsis from the Southern Amazon Humid Forests of Bolivia and Peru. Descriptions and morphometric analyses are provided for these new species. Dichotomous keys are provided for the Bolivian species of Microchilus, and Bolivian and Peruvian species of Pelexia.
Innovative patient education and pain management protocols to achieve opioid-free shoulder arthroplasty

Background The creation of pain as the fifth vital sign led to skyrocketing opioid prescriptions and a crisis with addiction and abuse among Americans. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a patient engagement model including education and innovative opioid-free multimodal pain management to achieve an opioid-free recovery after shoulder arthroplasty (SA). Methods Fifty patients undergoing SA were divided into 2 groups. In the opioid-free group (OFG), patients received additional preoperative education in combination with an innovative non-opioid multimodal pain management protocol and non-opioid alternatives. Patients were compared regarding pain levels and opioid consumption at 48 hours and at 2 weeks, as well as patient-reported outcome measures, using Student t tests. Results No significant differences were found in age (average, 69.76 years) (P = .14), American Society of Anesthesiologists grade (average, 2.25) (P = .24), sex, body mass index (average, 29.5) (P = .34), or comorbidity burden. In the OFG, 24% of patients reported use of rescue opioids (<2 pills) within the first 48 hours after surgery with complete cessation by 2 weeks postoperatively. Comparatively, in the control group, 100% of patients reported using opioids in the first 48 hours after surgery and 80% reported still taking opioids at 2 weeks postoperatively. Patients in both groups showed significant improvements in outcome scores (P ≤ .05), with the OFG reporting significantly higher American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons pain (P = .036) and Constant (P = .005) scores. Conclusions Our findings support complete elimination of opioid use by 2 weeks after SA using a patient engagement model with non-opioid-based alternative pain management. The elimination of opioid pain management did not diminish outcomes or patient satisfaction after SA.
Bronchoalveolar lavage cytokine patterns in children with severe neutrophilic and paucigranulocytic asthma.

Background Asthma is a complex heterogeneous disease occurring in adults and children that is characterized by distinct inflammatory patterns. While numerous studies have been performed in adults, little is known regarding the heterogeneity of severe asthma in children, particularly inflammatory signatures involving the air spaces. Objective We sought to determine the relationship of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytokine/chemokine expression patterns in children with severe therapy-resistant asthma stratified according to neutrophilic versus nonneutrophilic BAL inflammatory cell patterns. Methods Children with severe asthma with inadequate symptom control despite therapy underwent diagnostic bronchoscopy and BAL. Inflammatory cytokine/chemokine concentrations were determined using a multiplex protein bead assay. Results Analysis of BAL constituents with an unbiased clustering approach revealed distinct cytokine/chemokine patterns, and these aligned with pathways associated with type 2 innate lymphoid cells, monocytes, neutrophil trafficking, and T effector cells. All cytokines examined (n = 27) with 1 exception (vascular endothelial growth factor) were overexpressed with BAL neutrophilia compared with nonneutrophilic asthma, and this was confirmed in a cross-validation analysis. Cytokines specifically responsible for T h 17 (IL-17, IL-6, G-CSF) and T h 1 differentiation and expression (IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ) were enhanced in the neutrophilic cohorts. Neutrophilic groups were also characterized by higher prevalence of bacterial and viral pathogens; however, cytokine expression patterns manifested independently of pathogen expression. Conclusions The results demonstrate that children with refractory asthma and neutrophilic inflammation had a BAL cytokine pattern consistent with a mixed T h 17/T h 1/T h 2 response. In contrast, nonneutrophilic asthma presented independently of cytokine overexpression.
PKC inhibition decreases amphetamine-maintained responding under a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement.

Protein kinase C (PKC) is important for the mechanism of action of amphetamine (AMPH). Inhibiting PKC blocks AMPH-stimulated increases in extracellular dopamine levels and AMPH-stimulated locomotor activity. This study examined the effects of PKC inhibition on the reinforcing properties of AMPH. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to respond for infusions of 0.032 mg/kg/infusion AMPH or for sucrose pellets under a progressive-ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement. Number of infusions earned, breakpoints, and session duration were recorded over consecutive sessions. Once AMPH-maintained responding stabilized, rats were treated with 0, 10, or 30 pmol of enzastaurin, a PKCβ-selective inhibitor, or 6 mg/kg 6c, a brain-permeable PKC inhibitor, 18 hr prior to a self-administration session. Pretreatment with 30 pmol enzastaurin or 6 mg/kg 6c decreased the number of AMPH infusions earned and breakpoints without altering sucrose-maintained behaviors. These data suggest that PKC inhibition decreases motivation for AMPH and, therefore, is worth pursuing as a potential treatment for AMPH-use disorder. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
The climate response to increased cloud liquid water over the Arctic in CESM1: a sensitivity study of Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process

The surface radiative imbalance has large impacts on the long-term trends and year-to-year variability of Arctic sea ice. Clouds are believed to be a key factor in regulating this radiative imbalance, whose underlying processes and mechanisms, however, are not well understood. Compared with observations, the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1) is known to underestimate Arctic cloud liquid water. Here, the following hypothesis is proposed and tested: this underestimation is caused by an overactive Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen (WBF) process in model as too many supercooled liquid droplets are scavenged by ice crystals via deposition. In this study, the efficiency of the WBF process in CESM1 was reduced to investigate the Arctic climate response, and differentiate the responses induced by atmosphere–ocean–sea ice coupling and global warming. By weakening the WBF process, CESM1 simulated liquid cloud fractions increased, especially in winter and spring. The cloud response resulted in increased downwelling longwave flux and decreased shortwave flux at the surface. Arctic clouds and radiation in simulations with reduced WBF efficiency show a better agreement with satellite retrievals. In addition, both coupling and global warming amplify the cloud response to a less efficient WBF process, due to increased relative humidity and enhanced evaporation, respectively. As a response, the sea ice tends to melt over the North Atlantic Ocean, most likely caused by a positive feedback process between clouds, radiation and sea ice during non-summer months. These results improve our understanding of large-scale effects of the WBF process and the role of cloud liquid water in the Arctic climate system.
Improved big data stock index prediction using deep learning with CNN and GRU

Stock index prediction has been a challenging problem due to difficult to model complexities of the stock market. More recently deep learning approaches have become an important method in modelling complex relationships in time-series data. In this paper: we propose novel deep learning models that combine multiple pipelines of convolutional neural network and uni-directional or bi-directional gated recurrent units. Proposed models improve prediction performance and execution time upon previously published models on large scale S&P 500 dataset. We present several variations of multiple and single pipeline deep learning models based on different CNN kernel sizes and number of GRU units.
Using processor affinity in loop scheduling on shared-memory multiprocessors

The authors consider a new dimension to the problem of loop scheduling on shared-memory multiprocessors: communication overhead caused by accesses to nonlocal data. It is shown that traditional algorithms for loop scheduling, which ignore the location of data when assigning iterations to processors, incur a significant performance penalty on modern shared-memory multiprocessors. The authors propose a loop scheduling algorithm that attempts to simultaneously balance the workload, minimize synchronization, and colocate loop iterations with the necessary data. They compare the performance of this algorithm to that of other known algorithm using four representative applications on a Silicon Graphics multiprocessor workstation, a BBN Butterfly, and a Sequent Symmetry, and they show that the algorithm offers substantial performance improvements, up to a factor of 3 in some cases. They conclude that loop scheduling algorithms for shared-memory multiprocessors cannot afford to ignore the location of data, particularly in light of the increasing disparity between processor and memory speeds.
Scalable solution processing of amorphous and crystalline chalcogenide films

Chalcogenide materials have attracted interest for diverse device applications, including thermoelectrics, phase-change memory and optoelectronics, and even solid-state batteries. Part of their appeal is solution processability, which offers a potentially inexpensive, scalable route to thin film fabrication. A number of solution-based methods have been explored with crystalline metal chalcogenides, but combining industrially practical solvents with high-throughput film deposition remains challenging. Similar issues are faced with amorphous chalcogenides, where decades of work has focused on the role of dissolution chemistry in processing high-quality films. Here, we outline recent progress in understanding dissolution and film formation in both systems. By combining wisdom from crystalline and amorphous chalcogenides, we aim to highlight fundamentals underlying scalable solution processing and map areas for future study.
A Collective Response to Mass Violence: Reparations and Healing in Cambodia, in Bringing the Khmer Rouge to Justice: Prosecuting Mass Violence Before the Cambodian Courts

This piece (authored by Jaya Ramji-Nogales) examines an area long neglected in current discussions of Khmer Rouge accountability-reparations for victims. It discusses the Khmer Rouge tribunal law's silence on this matter and presents several arguments, drawing on international human rights law, for the tribunal's awarding of reparations notwithstanding this textual blindspot. The chapter then reviews the various goals reparations can achieve-restitution, rehabilitation, and reconciliation; the types of reparations that can be awarded; and the mechanisms, individual versus collective, that can be used to distribute reparations. Turning to the Cambodian context, it emphasizes the need for a comprehensive study to understand the opinions of Cambodians with respect to reparations. The piece concludes by suggesting several alternative approaches to reparations that are sensitive to Cambodian attitudes and the unique Cambodian cultural context. The chapter comes from a book (co-edited by Beth Van Schaack and Jaya Ramji-Nogales) that explores the legal issues surrounding accountability for the crimes of the Khmer Rouge and crimes of mass violence more generally. Comprising chapters authored by legal academics, lawyers, historians, artists, and others, the volume analyzes the complex problems inherent to such accountability efforts, and presents novel ideas as to how to address them. Three chapters examine aspects of accountability from the Cambodian and/or Theravada Buddhist perspective, a viewpoint that has rarely been considered before in this context. Other chapters present explanations for the failure of past accountability efforts, discuss holes in the law authorizing a tribunal for senior Khmer Rouge leaders, and outline the evidence available and how it can be used for such a trial. In addition to examining accountability in Cambodia from multiple perspectives, the book presents questions and ideas that affect all efforts to hold perpetrators accountable after widespread human rights violations. One particularly ground-breaking chapter questions the focus on top leadership in genocide trials, using Cambodia as a case study, and other chapters point to new directions in amnesty and reparations scholarship and practice. The book is accompanied by an online appendix of primary documents relevant to past, current and future accountability mechanisms in Cambodia.
Lévy Processes in the Physical Sciences

We review a number of physical phenomena for which the Levy processes and, in particular, α-stable processes can be used as a reasonable model. Examples from fluid mechanics, solid state physics, polymer chemistry, and mathematical finance leading to such non-Gaussian processes are described. For nonlinear problems, the asymptotic and approximation schemes are discussed. The article is written with both mathematical and physical sciences audiences in mind.
Collective Inaction and Investment: The Political Economy of the Religious Liberty and Charitable Donation Protection Act

This Article uses the 1998 Religious Liberty and Charitable Donation Protection Act ("the Act") to understand the phenomenon of collective inaction among well organized groups. It argues that the Act was the result of a investment decision made by creditor groups that required passivity. Although the evidence is sparse, it is consistent with well organized creditor groups choosing to postpone investing in opposing a specific bankruptcy reform. The expected gains from making an investment in such reforms in the future exceeded the gains from an immediate investment in such reform. Delay maximized creditor groups' expected return over time from the package of reforms urged by them. Inaction was not the result of an inability to make cost-justified organizational efforts to oppose the Act. Nor was it an implicit "bargain," even in the extended sense of the term, between creditor groups and religious organizations in which creditor inaction was the price paid for the prospect of increased success in their ongoing efforts to have the Bankruptcy Code amended in their favor. Creditor inaction was unilateral, not a collusive outcome between creditors and religious groups, the main proponents of the Act. It was the same sort of investment decision as is made by any party who decides to delay incurring irretrievable costs. Part I describes the dominance of collective action models of legislative action. Part II briefly describes the Act's provisions and its legislative history, and argues that the Act cannot plausibly be understood by collective action models. Drawing on supporting case studies of salient phenomena in the political economy of trade protection, it also argues that the failure of well organized groups to act may not be an isolated occurrence. Part III considers and rejects some conventional explanations of creditor inaction consistent with the collective action models. Part IV analyzes creditor passivity as a deliberate postponement of an investment in bankruptcy reform and argues that the analysis is plausible. It suggests that creditor groups had a real option on maintaining existing fraudulent conveyance law, which remained more valuable unexercised than exercised. Part V concludes by briefly summarizing the Article's argument. An Appendix estimates the aggregate amount of prebankruptcy charitable contributions and describes bankruptcy law's effect on debtors' tax-driven incentives to make them.
Histamine enhances Syrian hamster hippocampal neuronal activity at low levels of synaptic excitation (1100.11)

Previous work showed that histamine (HA) infused into hippocampi excited CA1 pyramidal neurons and lengthened hibernation bouts by 50%. However, HA effectiveness in increasing CA1 pyramidal neuron excitability at low levels of synaptic stimulation (mirroring that when entering torpor) is unknown. We tested the hypotheses that HA modulation of Syrian hamster CA1 pyramidal neurons: increased evoked response amplitude (ERA) to threshold level voltages, persisted at temperatures below 37°C, and involved H2 receptors. We measured CA1 ERAs in response to Schaffer collateral stimulation ranging from near-maximal saturation ("max") to below threshold levels at 30°C (n=14) and 20°C (n=17). Addition of 10µM HA to the perfusate increased near-threshold stimulation ERAs [Taking the max response before HA as 100%, near-threshold ERAs increased from 2.7% to 12.9% at 30°C (P<0.01), and from 2.5% to 20.7% at 20°C (P<0.001)]. These HA-mediated increases in ERAs decreased as stimulation intensity approached max. Cimetidine...
U-SERIES DATING

U–Th dating of carbonates is one of the most accurate and precise methods in geochronology and is the key chronometer for the Quaternary, which has been applied to many problems including the dating of climate records in cave deposits, the calibration of the radiocarbon timescale, and the reconstruction of sea level from fossil corals. The dating of corals and speleothems provides an instructive illustration of U-series geochronology.
A 32b 66 MHz 1.8 W microprocessor

A high-performance 32b CMOS microprocessor with an on-chip cache and low power for functional and standby modes has performance of 26MIPS and dissipates only 1.77 W in functional mode. The features include a 16 b data interface and 24 b address bus, a 16 kB four-way set associative cache, and a clock doubler for operation at 33/66 MHz. The chip is 9/spl times/7.7 mm/sup 2/. It uses single-latch LSSD design and has 99.5% stuck-at fault test coverage. >
An Eight-Factor Cross in the Guinea Pig

Page 513, line 23, for "C," read "F," and for "i" read "j." Page 513, line 3, for "G" read "AG." Page 515, table 2, total under R, for "323" read "233". Page 516, table 3, column 11, for "(T3)4" read "(T3)V4." Page 518, table 4, column 7, for "m6" read "m1." Page 518, table 4, column 12, for "
Salazar v. Buono: The Cross Between Endorsement and History

Despite its procedural complications and six opinions, Salazar v. Buono provides some potential insights into the Supreme Court’s evolving approach to religion in the public square. Competing approaches have stressed either preserving history or avoiding government endorsement of religion. This Article analyzes a potential new synthesis which is suggested by Justice Kennedy’s plurality opinion and Justice Alito’s concurrence in the judgment. The Mojave Cross case involves a war memorial erected in 1934 by WWI veterans on remote federal land, in what later became the Mojave Desert Preserve. In the first round of litigation, the lower courts had found an Establishment Clause violation and enjoined display of the cross. Before the Supreme Court was the validity of a statute transferring the land to the VFW. The plurality remanded to the district court, strongly suggesting that the transfer would end any appearance of government endorsement of religion. The Kennedy and Alito opinions can be viewed as describing an expanded endorsement test, which takes the “reasonable observer” one step further along the “endorsement test continuum,” by adding another contextual factor to be considered. Both Justices suggested that privatization of a longstanding religious-historical symbol, when done to avoid showing disrespect for military sacrifice, is unlikely to be viewed as a government endorsement of religion. Given the realistic threat that the Roberts’ Court will adopt an undiluted historical approach, this Article shows the potential resiliency of endorsement-style contextual analysis, and whether the Salazar v. Buono version can be reconciled with the test’s equality rationale.
The role of antibiotics in the management of open fractures.

In 310 patients, divided into groups receiving penicillin and streptomycin, cephalothin, or no antibiotics, culture specimens were taken at four stages of triage, and each patient was followed and observed for infection. A correlation was made between retrieval of bacteria after injury and incidence of infection. In control patients the incidence of infection was 13.9 per cent while in the group receiving penicillin and streptomycin it was 9.7 per cent, the difference not being statistically significant. The group of patients receiving cephalothin had a significantly lower infection rate of 2.3 per cent.
Potential Cost-Effectiveness of Nutrition Interventions to Prevent Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in the Developing World

The potential cost-effectiveness of antenatal nutrition interventions to improve pregnancy outcomes in the developing world has not undergone formal evaluation. Furthermore, the effectiveness of antenatal care in improving maternal or fetal and neonatal health has been questioned. However, reasonably compelling evidence from randomized trials shows that nutrition interventions can prevent both infant (iodine supplementation) and maternal (vitamin A and β-carotene supplementation) deaths, and informal analysis suggests that the cost-effectiveness of nutrition interventions would be comparable and, in some cases, markedly superior to several standard antenatal interventions. Future efforts to establish the cost-effectiveness of nutrition interventions in developing countries will depend on conducting large, pragmatic clinical trials that use region- and resource-appropriate interventions with mortality or valid, incontrovertibly severe morbidity endpoints. If such trials establish effectiveness, credible cost-effectiveness analyses can then be performed.
Determination of the chemical states of sulfur in ambient pollution aerosols by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy☆

Abstract The chemical states of sulfur present in ambient paniculate matter have been identified by use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (X.P.S.-E.S.C.A.) Seven separate chemical species of sulfur were found in atmospheric samples taken in California. These, in terms of net sulfur charge, are SO3.SO42−, SO2. SO32−, S0 and two kinds of sulfides. Sulfates were found to be the dominant species, although reduced forms of sulfur were at times comparable to the sulfate concentrations.
Lost in space: A critique of NASA's crisis communications in the Columbia disaster

Abstract The explosion of space shuttle Columbia on 1 February 2003 shocked the nation and threatened to destroy the image and confidence NASA had labored years to restore in the wake of its poor handling of the Challenger disaster. This paper examines NASA's crisis communications regarding Columbia's explosion. It argues that the space agency did most things right in responding to the crisis, but it made errors that reflect serious and long-standing problems with its organizational culture. The paper concludes that NASA's handling of the crisis ultimately helped the agency to maintain good will with Congress, the media, and the American public. It proposes that the space agency must fix flaws with its organizational culture, or it may be forced into the unenviable position of relying on crisis communications to protect its image and reputation.
Placement: hot or not?

Placement is considered a fundamental physical design problem in electronic design automation. It has been around so long that it is commonly viewed as a solved problem. However, placement is not just another design automation problem; placement quality is at the heart of design quality in terms of timing closure, routability, area, power and most importantly, time-to-market. Small improvements in placement quality often translate into large improvements further down the design closure stack. This paper makes the case that placement is a "hot topic" in design automation and presents several placement formulations related to routability, clocking, datapath, timing, and constraint management to drive years of research.
IL-15 induces IFN-β and iNOS gene expression, and antiviral activity of murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells

The effects of interleukine-15 (IL-15) on macrophage activation and antiviral activity have been investigated in this study. We have provided evidence that IL-15 stimulates murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells to release nitric oxide (NO) and inhibit vaccinia virus (VV) replication in bystander human 293 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The IL-15-induced antiviral activity was partially mediated by NO, as blocking NO production by NO synthase (iNOS) inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine acetate (L-NMA) partially restored the virus replication. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was not detectable by ELISA in the cell supernatant of IL-15-activated macrophages or in the co-cultures of macrophages and infected bystander cells. Neutralizing anti-IFN-gamma, anti-IFN-gamma receptor R2, anti-TNF-alpha, or anti-IL-12 antibodies had no effect on NO production or antiviral activity. In contrast, neutralizing anti-IFN-alpha/beta antibody completely restored the VV replication and reduced the NO level to one third of that in the control. Elevated mRNA levels of IFN-beta and iNOS genes were detected in IL-15-activated RAW 264.7 cells by RT-PCR. Our data suggest that IL-15 is capable of inducing IFN-beta, which could participate in NO-mediated antiviral effect.
Effect of pressure on rate of burning /decomposition with flame/ of liquid hydrazine.

Liquid hydrazine decomposition process to determine what chemical or physical changes may be occurring that cause breaks in burning rate/ pressure curves, measuring flame temperature and light emission
Urotensin II promotes vagal‐mediated bradycardia by activating cardiac‐projecting parasympathetic neurons of nucleus ambiguus

Urotensin II (U-II) is a cyclic undecapeptide that regulates cardiovascular function at central and peripheral sites. The functional role of U-II nucleus ambiguus, a key site controlling cardiac tone, has not been established, despite the identification of U-II and its receptor at this level. We report here that U-II produces an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in retrogradely labeled cardiac vagal neurons of nucleus ambiguus via two pathways: (i) Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum via inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor; and (ii) Ca2+ influx through P/Q-type Ca2+ channels. In addition, U-II depolarizes cultured cardiac parasympathetic neurons. Microinjection of increasing concentrations of U-II into nucleus ambiguus elicits dose-dependent bradycardia in conscious rats, indicating the in vivo activation of the cholinergic pathway controlling the heart rate. Both the in vitro and in vivo effects were abolished by the urotensin receptor antagonist, urantide. Our findings suggest that, in addition, to the previously reported increase in sympathetic outflow, U-II activates cardiac vagal neurons of nucleus ambiguus, which may contribute to cardioprotection. Our study characterizes the effects of urotensin II (U-II) on cardiac-projecting nucleus ambiguus neurons. U-II depolarizes these neurons, promotes Ca2+ entry via P/Q-type Ca2+ channels and Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum via inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors. U-II microinjection into the nucleus ambiguus elicits bradycardia in conscious rats. Thus, U-II increases cardiac vagal tone, potentially promoting cardioprotection, as previously reported.
White Matter Hyperintensities among Older Adults Are Associated with Futile Increase in Frontal Activation and Functional Connectivity during Spatial Search

The mechanisms by which aging and other processes can affect the structure and function of brain networks are important to understanding normal age-related cognitive decline. Advancing age is known to be associated with various disease processes, including clinically asymptomatic vascular and inflammation processes that contribute to white matter structural alteration and potential injury. The effects of these processes on the function of distributed cognitive networks, however, are poorly understood. We hypothesized that the extent of magnetic resonance imaging white matter hyperintensities would be associated with visual attentional control in healthy aging, measured using a functional magnetic resonance imaging search task. We assessed cognitively healthy older adults with search tasks indexing processing speed and attentional control. Expanding upon previous research, older adults demonstrate activation across a frontal-parietal attentional control network. Further, greater white matter hyperintensity volume was associated with increased activation of a frontal network node independent of chronological age. Also consistent with previous research, greater white matter hyperintensity volume was associated with anatomically specific reductions in functional magnetic resonance imaging functional connectivity during search among attentional control regions. White matter hyperintensities may lead to subtle attentional network dysfunction, potentially through impaired frontal-parietal and frontal interhemispheric connectivity, suggesting that clinically silent white matter biomarkers of vascular and inflammatory injury can contribute to differences in search performance and brain function in aging, and likely contribute to advanced age-related impairments in cognitive control.
An epidemiologic study of molluscum contagiosum in Anchorage, Alaska

Several cases of molluscum contagiosum are reported from Anchorage, Alaska, thefirst such report from a subarctic area, and the first family study. There were thirteen cases in 46 family members exposed. The ages of those attacked were from 10 months to 13 years. Seventy-seven per cent of the males under 14 were infected, as opposed to 20 per cent of females under 14 years of age. The duration of lesions was from 2 weeks to 1 1/2 years. Recurrences were apparent in 8 of the 13 cases. Intrafamily spread could be demonstrated in only two of the eight families studied.
Spatial cognition and navigation

An experiment that provides data for the development of a cognitive model of pilot flight navigation is described. The experiment characterizes navigational awareness as the mental alignment of two frames of reference: (1) the ego centered reference frame that is established by the forward view out of the cockpit and (2) the world centered reference frame that is established by the aircraft's location on a map. The data support a model involving at least two components: (1) the perceptual encoding of the navigational landmarks and (2) the mental rotation of the map's world reference frame into alignment with the ego centered reference frame. The quantitative relationships of these two factors are provided as possible inputs for a computational model of spatial cognition during flight navigation.
Reprint of Prioritized gossip in vehicular networks

We propose using real world mobility traces to identify tractable theoretical models for the study of distributed algorithms in mobile networks. Specifically, we derive a vehicular ad hoc network model from a large corpus of position data generated by San Francisco-area taxicabs. Unlike previous work, our model does not assume global connectivity or eventual stability. Instead, we assume only that some subset of processes might be connected through transient paths (e.g., paths that exist over time). We use this model to study the problem of prioritized gossip, in which processes attempt to disseminate messages of different priority. We present CabChat, a distributed prioritized gossip algorithm that leverages an interesting connection to the classic Tower of Hanoi problem to schedule the broadcast of packets of different priorities. Whereas previous studies of gossip leverage strong connectivity or stabilization assumptions to prove the time complexity of global termination, in our model, with its weak assumptions, we instead analyze CabChat with respect to its ability to deliver a high proportion of high priority messages over the transient paths that happen to exist in a given execution.