cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanoproteomics comes of age

Introduction: Nanoproteomics, which is defined as quantitative proteome profiling of small populations of cells (<5000 cells), can reveal critical information related to rare cell populations, hard...
Economic appraisal and scoping of geothermal energy extraction projects using depleted hydrocarbon wells

Abstract This study offers a first step in examining a potential solution for what to do with the ever-increasing number of horizontal shale wells in the United States (and lately, Argentina and China), as they come to the end of their economic life. A comprehensive decision-making tool was developed for scoping assessments based on the technical and economic appraisal of abandoned hydrocarbon wells repurposed into enhanced geothermal systems. We specifically target near end-of-life oil and gas wells, re-commissioned to extract geothermal energy as opposed to hydrocarbons, because these potential geothermal resources are prevalent near a handful of major US population and energy demand centers, including Pittsburgh, Houston, Denver, Dallas, Oklahoma City and San Antonio. This study addresses some of the technical challenges associated with such projects. However, the main focus is on (1) the probabilistic evaluation of the economic net present value, and (2) specific solutions for possible commercial deal structures required for negotiation and project implementation. The backdrop for the test case in this study is the new Texas A&M RELLIS Campus being constructed in College Station, Texas. A successful commercial model for the use of abandoned oil and gas wells to extract low and medium temperature geothermal resources could spur further development and a pilot study is proposed for this green source of energy. Our estimations suggest a net present value of $1.2 billion could be unlocked in the US alone, through the repurposing of wells, previously used for hydrocarbon extraction only.
Biomass and nutrient concentration of lettuce grown with organic fertilizers

The responses of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Arroyo’) to organic nitrogen (N) fertilizers were investigated in a greenhouse. Fertilizers were blood meal (BLO), feather meal (FM), cottonseed meal, a...
Advancements in DNA Technology as Applied to the Study of the Human Histocompatibility Complex

The human major histocompatibility complex (MHC), located on the short arm of chromosome 6, encodes the various genes of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex (Figure 1). The HLA region contains three classes of molecules (reviewed in 1). The class I molecules are found on the surface of all nucleated cells associated with peptide fragments derived from proteolytic processing of cellular proteins. The class I molecules A, B and C are associated at the cell surface with β2-microglobulin, a short (12 kD) protein encoded by a gene of chromosome 15. The α and β chains that constitute the class II heterodimeric transmembrane glycoproteins are encoded by a family of genes clustered in the HLA-D region. Class II molecules which present to the helper T cell peptides derived from endocytosis are expressed on B lymphocytes, activated T cells, macrophages, and other antigen-presenting cells. The class III genes encode elements of the complement cascade that are not directly involved in immune recognition.
Tropical geometry

Tropical mathematics redefines the rules of arithmetic by replacing addition with taking a maximum, and by replacing multiplication with addition. After briefly discussing a tropical version of linear algebra, we study polynomials build with these new operations. These equations define piecewise-linear geometric objects called tropical varieties. We explore these tropical varieties in two and three dimensions, building up discrete tools for studying them and determining their geometric properties. We then discuss the relationship between tropical geometry and algebraic geometry, which considers shapes defined by usual polynomial equations.
Indian Families in the U.S. Who Have Children with Disabilities: Implications for Inclusive and Culturally Responsive Practices.

A grounded theory approach is used to explore the "lived experiences" of two upper-middleclass families from India who have children with disabilities. Findings provide insight into the parents' beliefs and perceptions about disabilities, their goals and expectations for their children, and their views of inclusive education programs. Implications for culturally responsive practices are discussed, and future research directions are recommended.
The effect of subscapularis management technique on outcomes and complication rates following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty

Abstract Background Repair of the subscapularis tendon following rTSA has been shown to decrease postoperative dislocations in some studies, but the effect of repair on other outcomes has not been defined. We proposed to assess differences in postoperative pain, function, range of motion, strength, complications, and reoperations after three types of management of the subscapularis tendon—primary repair (tendon-to-tendon), transosseous repair, and no repair—at a minimum of two years of follow-up after rTSA. Methods Review of an institutional database identified patients with primary rTSA treated by a single surgeon using the same operative technique and implant (medial glenoid with lateral humeral implant) except for subscapularis repair (tendon-to-tendon repair, transosseous repair, no repair). Patients with revision rTSA, anatomic TSA, hemiarthroplasty, or surgery for proximal humeral fracture, nonunion, or malunion were excluded. Results Of 210 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 82 (39%) had primary tendon repair of the subscapularis (PTR), 88 (41.9%) had transosseous repair (TOR), and 40 (19%) did not have the subscapularis repaired (NR). Of all demographics and comorbidities measured, the only significant differences among treatments groups were in gender (54.9% female in PTR, 43.2% in TOR, and 72.5% in NR, p = 0.008) and subscapularis status before surgery (89% intact in PTR, 80.7% in TOR, and 38.5% in NR, p Conclusion Subscapularis management technique in rTSA did not affect complication or reoperation rates, and the procedure led to improvements in pain, function, range of motion, and strength in all three treatment groups. Repair of the subscapularis, regardless of technique, led to greater improvements in pain compared to no repair, although this may be partially attributable to better preoperative subscapularis status in the repair groups. Both repair techniques led to equal improvements in all measured outcomes, with the exception of primary tendon repair producing more improvement in ER strength compared to transosseous repair. Level of evidence Level III; Case Control Study
Early-life cancer, infertility, and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a registry linkage study in Massachusetts

Investigate the relationship between history of cancer and adverse pregnancy outcomes according to subfertility/fertility treatment. Deliveries (2004–2013) from Massachusetts (MA) Registry of Vital Records and Statistics were linked to MA assisted reproductive technology data, hospital discharge records, and Cancer Registry. The relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals of adverse outcomes (gestational diabetes (GDM), gestational hypertension (GHTN), cesarean section (CS), low birth weight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA), preterm birth (PTB), neonatal mortality, and prolonged neonatal hospital stay) were modeled with log-link and Poisson distribution generalized estimating equations. Differences by history of subfertility/fertility treatment were investigated with likelihood ratio tests. Among 662,630 deliveries, 2,983 had a history of cancer. Women with cancer history were not at greater risk of GDM, GHTN, or CS. However, infants born to women with prior cancer had higher risk of LBW (RR: 1.19 [1.07–1.32]), prolonged neonatal hospital stay (RR: 1.16 [1.01–1.34]), and PTB (RR: 1.19 [1.07–1.32]). We found clinically and statistically significant differences in the relationship between cancer history and SGA by subfertility/fertility treatment (p value, test for heterogeneity = 0.02); among deliveries with subfertility or fertility treatment, those with a history of cancer experienced a greater risk of SGA (RRsubfertile: 1.36 [1.02–1.83]). Women with a history of cancer had greater risk of some adverse pregnancy outcomes; this relationship varied by subfertility and fertility treatment.
Transatlantic Relations Under US President Joe Biden

This essay examines three levels of challenges the new U.S. President Joe Biden must confront: those in the global arena, those that are pertinent for transatlantic relations and those which relate specifically to German-American relations. Plotting steps in all three arenas will require coordination with partners and engagement with competitors. That triangle requires understanding how the three levels overlap, where they can complement each other and where they will require finding common ground.
Analysis of Current and Potential Characteristics of UHVAC GIL Tunnel Project

In order to master the safety of the GIL shell grounding system of the 1000kV AC UHV GIL tunnel project and support the design and construction of the project, a shell grounding system model consisting of the main grounding grid of connection stations on both sides, the tower grounding grid of overhead ground wires on both sides and the tunnel grounding grid is established. The GIL current and potential distribution under normal operation and short-circuit fault are calculated, and the influence and setting of grounding poles and three-phase connection poles are analyzed. The results show that: under normal operation, the current of connection poles and grounding poles along the GIL presents a U-shaped distribution. In case of short-circuit fault, besides the two ends, the current of the connection poles and grounding poles near the fault point also presents a peak, which can reach hundreds of amperes; and the distribution of potential and potential difference along the GIL also presents a similar U-shaped feature. The spacing of grounding poles can be set within 300m, which can ensure that the potential difference is within the safety limit. The copper bar of 50mm×5mm can be selected for both the grounding pole and the intermediate connecting pole, and the conductor with larger cross section is needed for the connection pole at both ends due to the long-term passing current close to the rated value.
Language, Image, and Emotion

The power of language to evoke emotional imagery is well understood by playwrights and novelists. Through artful composition they can generate the whole spectrum of affective reactions in the receptive reader or listener. Psychotherapists make similar use of language to instigate emotional responses in their patients. In fact, the instructional evocation of emotional imagery is a basic treatment intervention in a host of therapies, varying widely in theory and purpose, from systematic desensitization to transactional analysis.
Trying Something Old: The Impact of Shame Sanctioning on Drunk Driving and Alcohol‐Related Traffic Safety

Largely absent from US criminal sentencing since the early 1800s, shame penalties have been staging a comeback. This revival has been met by a number of debates among legal scholars, one of which centers on the potential for such penalties to reduce crime. This study addresses this debate by investigating the impact of formal shaming on drunk driving and alcohol-related traffic safety in Ohio. In accordance with the Traffic Law Reform Act of 2004, judges have since been mandated to issue “restricted plates” to certain first-time and all repeat DUI offenders with limited driving privileges. Results indicate a curvilinear association between punishment levels and drunk driving. Increases in the certainty and visibility of plates are associated with decreases in suspension rates, but there is a point at which increasing the punishment level no longer retains its intended impact. In addition, levels of punishment are unrelated to alcohol-related traffic safety.
The impact of a full-time director of minimally invasive surgery: clinical practice, education, and research.

Background: One of the biggest challenges of the laparoscopic surgery revolution is resident training. To enhance resident training, some programs have hired an experienced laparoscopic surgeon. This study documents the impact of this addition to our training program.
Inhibition of Gluconeogenesis by Butylmalonate in Perfused Rat Liver

Abstract The role of mitochondrial anion exchange reactions in the control of gluconeogenesis in perfused livers from fasted rats was investigated by using 2-n-butylmalonate to inhibit malate transport across the mitochondrial membrane. Glucose production from pyruvate or lactate was inhibited 50% to 80% by 5 mm butylmalonate. Oleate (0.5 or 1.5 mm) increased glucose production from pyruvate from 82 to 218 µmoles per 100 g, body wt, per hour, while butylmalonate decreased the rate of gluconeogenesis observed in the presence of oleate to 130 µmoles per 100 g, body wt, per hour. Uptake of substrates and oxygen consumption by the liver were only slightly inhibited, while production of ketone bodies was stimulated both in the presence and absence of oleate. Measurements of the tissue contents of intermediates of the gluconeogenic sequence with pyruvate as substrate identified sites of interaction at the pyruvate carboxylase, glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase steps. Calculated estimates of the intracellular distribution of malate were consistent with the hypothesis that the primary effect of butylmalonate was inhibition of malate transport, resulting in an increased concentration gradient of malate between mitochondria and cytosol. Since malate egress from the mitochondria provides both the carbon and reducing equivalents required for glucose production from pyruvate, diminished malate transport results directly in a decreased rate of gluconeogenesis. A relative deficiency of reducing equivalents in the cytosol caused by competition between lactate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde-P dehydrogenase for the available NADH in the cytosol accounts for the inhibitory site of interaction at the latter step. The activational interaction at phosphofructokinase is interpreted as due to a redistribution of citrate into the mitochondria accompanying the altered malate concentration gradient. It is postulated that an increased rate of recycling between fructose diphosphate and fructose-6-P, resulting in a wasteful use of ATP, accounts for the maintenance of high oxygen consumption rates despite decreased net glucose formation after butylmalonate addition. Flux through the citric acid cycle in livers perfused with pyruvate was calculated to be 230 µmoles per 100 g, body wt, per hour. This rate was unchanged by addition of butylmalonate in the absence of oleate. In the presence of 1.5 mm oleate, flux through the mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase was in the direction of malate synthesis, and the activity of the citric acid cycle was calculated to be 320 µmoles per 100 g, body wt, per hour. Further addition of butylmalonate decreased citric acid cycle flux to 210 µmoles per 100 g, body wt, per hour. The present work provides substantial support to the concept that exchange of anions across the mitochondrial membrane is an integral feature of gluconeogenesis in rat liver and that malate transport can be a rate-controlling step in the over-all sequence.
Evaluating the quality of cancer care: development of cancer quality indicators for a global quality assessment tool.

BACKGROUND The rise of managed care has increased interest in measuring, reporting, and improving quality of care. To date, quality assessment has relied on a leading indicator approach, which may miss important variations in care. The authors developed cancer specific indicators using a novel case-based approach for a quality measurement tool designed to compare different managed care organizations. METHODS Based on a review of the literature, quality indicators were developed for 6 types of cancer and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as 39 general adult conditions (GAC). The validity and feasibility of these candidate indicators were evaluated using three modified Delphi expert panels. The strength of evidence, type of care (preventive, acute, or chronic), function (screening, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up), and modality (history, physical examination, laboratory, medication, or other intervention) of the cancer/HIV quality indicators were compared with indicators developed for GAC. RESULTS The final system included 117 of the 145 proposed cancer/HIV quality indicators (81%) and 569 of the 705 proposed GAC indicators (81%). A greater percentage of the cancer/HIV indicators were based on evidence from clinical trials compared with the GAC indicators (59% vs. 31%; P = 0.001). Cancer/HIV had significantly more indicators pertaining to chronic care than did GAC (74% vs. 56%; P = 0.001) as well as more indicators for treatment (53% vs. 39%; P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Using the case-based approach, it is feasible to develop quality indicators for cancer that cover the continuum of care. Future studies will evaluate the reliability and validity of measurements made using these indicators in three managed care plans. Cancer 2000;88:701–7. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
IMPROVED CRASH AVOIDANCE USING PERFORMANCE-BASED BRAKE TEST RESULTS

This paper describes the use of performance-based brake testers (PBBT) to measure the brake forces on different configurations of control vehicles. It shows how PBBT data can be combined with the knowledge of limiting tire/road coefficient of friction. This allows the maximum deceleration potential to be obtained and incorporated into on-board crash avoidance systems.
Rotary Wing Aeroelasticity

This chapter provides an introduction to rotary wing aeroelasticity (RWA). Basic rotor configurations in use currently are described. Fundamental differences between RWA and fixed wing aeroelasticity are identified. The methodology for formulation and solution of the RWA problem is given, followed by a limited number of illustrative results. These examples illustrate several key problems in RWA such as the coupled flap–lag and coupled flap–lag–torsional isolated blade stability in hover, followed by the coupled rotor–fuselage problem in hover. Comprehensive rotorcraft analysis codes are also discussed, and their application to bearingless rotor stability analysis is illustrated. Modeling of composite blades is also briefly described. The chapter describes noteworthy current activities and concludes by discussing future developments. Keywords: rotary wing aeroelasticity; aeroelasticity; rotorcraft aeromechanics; VTOL vehicles; helicopter dynamics; helicopter aeroelasticity
Degree-two Inequalities, Clique Facets, and Biperfect Graphs

We consider zero-one solutions to inequality systems having inequalities involving only two variables. Special cases include the independent node problem, the node covering problem, and the set packing problem. We develop a unified framework using a class of bidirected, transitively closed graphs and show properties of the zero-one solutions in terms of these graphs. A type of clique inequality is defined and shown to yield facets of the convex hull of zero-one solutions, extending well-known results for the independent node problem. For the latter problem, the development of perfect graphs has been important with regard to characterizing polytopes which have only zero-one vertices. We place our work in that setting, give some results, and conjecture some properties of perfect graphs involving our more general graph structures.
On derivations and holomorphs of nilpotent Lie algebras

A linear Lie algebra is called toroidal if it is abelian and consists of semi-simple transformations. The maximum, t(L), of the dimensions of the toroidal subalgebras of the derivation algebra, Δ(L), is an invariant of L. This paper is mainly concerned with the relation between the magnitude of t(L) for nilpotent L and the structures of L and Δ(L).
Using vTree indices for queries over objects with complex motions

We introduce the vTree, an index structure for efficient processing of spatiotemporal queries over sets of objects moving along complex trajectories. The vTree is a tiered structure, and partitions space at different granularities at different tiers. It uses two novel strategies to enhance the performance of spatiotemporal queries. First, it groups objects by velocity, and indexes objects from each group at an appropriate tier in the vTree, to localize the loss of precision induced by fast objects. Second, it accommodates complex trajectories by controlled replication of object descriptors at each tier. These features permit vTree indices to remain useful for longer time durations, and to support very efficient query processing. Our algorithms for vTree joins are designed to limit the portions of index and data space explored, as well as to maximize locality within the portion of space explored.
No Way out: An Analysis of Exit Processes for Gang Injunctions

In the past thirty years, gang membership and gang-related violence have proliferated across the nation as gangs in urban and rural areas fight for territorial control and market dominance.1 Today, the U.S. Department of Justice estimates that there are more than 800,000 gang members and 30,000 2 gangs in the United States. No state is more affected by gang violence than California, which contains more than one-third of all gang members in the United States and attributes more than twenty five percent of all its homicides to gang activity.3 Recognizing that traditional law enforcement techniques alone were insufficient to address the growing problem, leading public officials and residents began to seek new, innovative solutions to slow the spread of gang violence in the 1980s. In greater Los Angeles, home to more than half of all gang members in California, and where more than half of all homicides are
Distribution of receptors for insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (somatomedin C) in the adrenal gland

Rat adrenal glands contain cell surface high-affinity receptors for several peptide hormones. Receptors for IGF-I were abundant in this tissue, but receptors for insulin were relatively scarce. The behavior of adrenal membrane IGF-I receptors in radioligand binding assays was similar to the behavior of IGF-I receptors from other tissues, with a KD congruent to 6.2 x 10(-9) M. Covalent cross-linking studies with [125I]IGF-I revealed an IGF-I receptor alpha-subunit with Mr congruent to 135,000 on dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions, as well as a smaller radiolabeled peptide, Mr = 116,000. In contrast, little binding of [125I]insulin to adrenal membranes was observed and no labeling occurred in cross-linking studies using [125I]insulin. These results contrast with the findings of whole-body autoradiographic studies that indicated substantial binding of [125I]insulin to adrenal glands and suggest that IGF-I, rather than insulin, may play a critical role in the growth and development of the adrenal gland.
Symbolic expression analysis for compiled communication

Enabling circuit switching in multiprocessor systems has the potential to achieve more efficient communication with lower cost compared to packet/wormhole switching. However, in order to accomplish this efficiently, assistance from the compiler is required to reveal the communication pattern in the parallel application. In this paper we present symbolic expression analysis techniques in a MPI parallel compiler. Symbolic expression analysis allows the identification and representation of the communication pattern and also assists in the determination of communication phases in MPI parallel applications at compile-time. We demonstrate that using the compiler analysis based on symbolic expression analysis to determine the communication pattern and phases provides an average of 2.6 times improvement in message delay over a threshold-based runtime system for our benchmarks with a maximum improvement of 9.7 times.
Retrieval facilitation in normal and amnesic rats with kinesthetic feedback.

Kinesthetic cues provided by a step-down response proved effective in improving performance following ECS-produced retrograde amnesia in the rat for a passive-avoidance task. The kinesthetic feedback produced a similar increment in performance for animals that received footshock but not ECS. Although a partial consolidation effect or a generalization hypothesis can not be completely ruled out, results are interpreted in favor of a retrieval failure explanation of ECS-induced amnesia.
Growing hair on black holes

A black hole can carry quantum numbers that are not associated with massless gauge fields, contrary to the spirit of the "no-hair" theorems. In the Higgs phase of a gauge theory, electric charge on a black hole generates a nonzero electric field outside the event horizon. This field is nonperturbative in ħ and is exponentially screened far from the hole. It arises from the cloud of virtual cosmic strings that surround the black hole. In the confinement phase, a magnetic charge on a black hole generates a classical field that is screened at long range by nonperturbative effects. Despite the sharp difference in their formal descriptions, the electric and magnetic cases are closely similar physically.
Small Angle Scattering of Neutrons

The differential and total scattering cross sections have been calculated for slow neutrons impinging on crystalline spheres whose radii are very much greater than the neutron wavelength. The results for the differential cross section show that when the difference, $\ensuremath{\rho}$, between the neutron phase shift in traversing the particle diameter and the phase shift in traversing the same distance in vacuum is small, the result agrees with the Born approximation, while if $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is large, the result agrees with that obtained by geometrical optics. Also, the total cross section for $\ensuremath{\rho}$ small is $\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}{R}^{2}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{2}}{2}$ and for $\ensuremath{\rho}$ large is $2\ensuremath{\pi}{R}^{2}$, where $R$ is the particle radius.Using the Oak Ridge reactor, the broadening of a neutron beam in traversing finely divided materials was measured as a function of neutron wavelength, particle size, and coherent scattering cross section, and the results verified these considerations.A new method for determining coherent cross sections of nuclei and the phases of slow neutron scattering was demonstrated through the use of a liquid of known index of refraction into which the finely divided materials were immersed. In this manner, the phases of Mo, Cb, Pd, Ru, Si, P, and Te were shown to be positive.
Imaging spectrometry for remote sensing: vision to reality in 15 years

In 1980, development of the first imaging spectrometer for earth observation began at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. At that time neither the detectors, optics, electronics, nor computers for rapid analysis were readily available. Subsequent developments led to the implementation of the airborne imaging spectrometer (AIS) and the airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS), the present-day workhorse for hyperspectral imaging. Plans for a shuttle instrument and the Earth observing system (EOS) high resolution imaging spectrometer (HIRIS) did not materialize. The newest major airborne imaging system is HYDICE, sponsored by the Naval Research Laboratory, and currently undergoing flight tests. Data analysis techniques and software to deal with 200 channel images has recently become available and it has made it feasible for researchers and application specialists, not directly involved with sensor development, to make sensible use of hyperspectral image data.
Aggregation of gold nanoframes reduces, rather than enhances, SERS efficiency due to the trade-off of the inter- and intraparticle plasmonic fields.

It is usually observed and understood that aggregation of silver and gold solid nanoparticles gives rise to enhanced SERS spectra due to the increased plasmon field between the particles. In the present work, we observed that the increase of aggregation of Langmuir−Blodgett assembled 80 nm gold nanoframe particles reduces the efficiency of the surface-enhanced Raman spectra of adsorbed thiophenol molecules. Using discrete dipole approximation simulation of the plasmonic fields of a pair of nanoframes as a function of their interparticle separation, it is found that at large separation the fields inside the cavities are stronger than those outside. As the interpair separation decreases, the gain in the interparticle field does not make up for the loss in the field within the cavities, supporting the observation of the decrease in the SERS intensity with aggregation.
Partition coefficients in calcite: Examination of factors influencing the validity of experimental results and their application to natural systems

Abstract Partition coefficients of metals in calcite have been of great interest in the study of the geochemistry of sedimentary carbonate mineral deposition and diagenesis. However, they are not equivalent to thermodynamic constants and generally represent phenomenological measurements under a given set of conditions. In recent years a number of factors, which were not previously considered of importance, have been found to exert major influences on the relation between the compositions of solutions and the calcites which precipitate from them. In this paper, we examine the complexities associated with the coprecipitation of metals in calcite using the behavior of Sr and Mg, which have received the most detailed study, as examples. Given the growing number of parameters which have been found to exert major influences on partition coefficients, and the failure of experimentally determined partition coefficients to predict even the composition of modern marine cements, we recommend that they be applied to natural systems with considerable caution.
Cation transport in vascular endothelial cells and aging.

To understand the generation and maintenance of Na and K gradients in cultured vascular endothelial cells, net Na and K movements were studied. Ouabain-sensitive (OS) net Na gain and K loss were estimated as the difference between the cation content in the presence of ouabain and that in the control. Ouabain-and furosemide-resistant (OFR) fluxes were determined in the presence of the two inhibitors. When the normal medium bicarbonate and phosphate buffers were replaced by N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethane sulfonic acid both the OS ans OFR fluxes decreased more than 50%. Ouabain-sensitive and ouabain-and furosemide-resistant fluxes decreased with increasing cellular age (passage number) an effect not observed when the cation movements were studied in the absence of bicarbonate and phosphate. These results suggest that cultured vascular endothelial cells possess bicarbonate-and phosphate-dependent Na and K pathways which account for a significant portion of their passive movements. Furthermore, the behavior of cation permeabilities with passage number suggests that these modulations may be related to the cellular aging process.
Extended depth of field using the logarithmic asphere

Transmission functions are derived for a novel logarithmic aspheric lens that provides an extended depth-of-field when used in an integrated digital processing system. Diffraction-theory equations valid in the non-paraxial case are presented together with a comparative study of two designs. This lens can be used either singly or in conjunction with a standard photographic lens. A tenfold increase in the depth-of-field has been obtained.
A distributed memory parallel implementation of the multigrid method for solving three-dimensional implicit solid mechanics problems

We describe the parallel implementation of a multigrid method for unstructured finite element discretizations of solid mechanics problems. We focus on a distributed memory programming model and use the MPI library to perform the required interprocessor communications. We present an algebraic framework for our parallel computations, and describe an object-based programming methodology using Fortran90. The performance of the implementation is measured by solving both fixed- and scaled-size problems on three different parallel computers (an SGI Origin2000, an IBM SP2 and a Cray T3E). The code performs well in terms of speedup, parallel efficiency and scalability. However, the floating point performance is considerably below the peak values attributed to these machines. Lazy processors are documented on the Origin that produce reduced performance statistics. The solution of two problems on an SGI Origin2000, an IBM PowerPC SMP and a Linux cluster demonstrate that the algorithm performs well when applied to the unstructured meshes required for practical engineering analysis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ischemic liver dysfunction after elective repair of infrarenal aortic aneurysm: incidence and outcome.

Objective: To assess the frequency of early postoperative liver dysfunction in patients undergoing elective infrarenal aortic aneurysm repair, their hospital course, and outcome. Design: A retrospective case-control study. Setting: A single tertiary referral center. Participants: A review of medical records of 942 consecutive asymptomatic patients with normal preoperative liver function test results who had elective infrarenal aortic aneurysm repair with infrarenal aortic cross-clamping. The authors selected all patients who had an acute increase in serum hepatic enzyme levels (minimum fivefold increase in aspartate aminotransferase [AST] and twofold increase in lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] levels) within the first 7 perioperative days (study patients). The control group consisted of 42 patients with normal postoperative liver function test results, matched by age, sex, and year of surgery to study patients. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: Aortic cross-clamping times, lowest intraoperative blood pressure, duration of hypotension (systolic blood pressure ≤95 mmHg), lowest intraoperative base deficit, and estimated blood loss were compared between control and study patients. The study also analyzed perioperative metabolic, hemostatic, hepatic, and renal function variables; the intraoperative course; postoperative complications; and inhospital outcome. Fourteen of 942 patients (1.5%) comprised a study group. In 11 patients (1.2%), AST and LDH levels moderately increased, and three patients (0.3%) developed changes consistent with a diagnosis of acute ischemic hepatitis (AIH). In all patients, the serum liver enzyme levels peaked between 24 and 72 postoperative hours. Three patients with AIH developed concomitant acute renal failure; one had associated disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and died. Of 11 patients with moderate increases, one subsequently developed multisystem organ failure and died. The overall in-hospital mortality rate for patients with postoperative liver dysfunction was 14% (214) and for the control group it was 2.3% (142). The duration of hypotension and metabolic acidosis were more pronounced in patients who postoperatively developed liver dysfunction (both p < 0.001); however, study and control patients did not differ in the duration of aortic cross-clamping, lowest intraoperative blood pressure, or estimated blood loss. Conclusion: Liver enzyme levels acutely increased in 1.5% of patients after elective infrarenal aortic aneurysm repair with infrarenal cross-clamping. In patients with moderately elevated serum liver enzyme levels, postoperative recovery was relatively uncomplicated, whereas all three patients with AIH developed acute renal failure and had a more complicated postoperative course. Those with postoperative liver dysfunction had a longer duration of intraoperative hypotension and more pronounced metabolic acidosis.
The Haves and the Have Nots: A Historical Study of Disability in Modern Iran

This essay provides a historical analysis of Iranian experiences with disability. I will begin by reviewing the literary application of the term in various contexts. Next, I will examine the social milieux in which local observers, medical professionals, and policy makers talked about and treated disability. As state-run institutions emerged to address disability needs, health professionals often drew a distinction between physical disability and intellectual or psychological disability, raising ethical and legal questions about the status of the disabled in modern Iranian society. Finally, an attempt will be made to situate disability politics in contemporary Iran, where the disabled population has increased significantly as a consequence of the Iran–Iraq War (1980–88). Although this paper concentrates on Iranian experiences with disability, comparisons can be drawn with other Islamic societies.
Identification and phyletic distribution of the plasma esterases of some anthropoid primates

Using electrophoresis, specific staining, and selective inhibition, we examined and identified esterase components in the plasma of 13 anthropoid species: 5 hominoids, 7 cercopithecoids, and 1 platyrrhine. Most species, unlike humans, exhibited one or more arylesterase and/or carboxylesterase components as well as cholinesterase and albumin-associated arylesterase. A distinctive arylesterase probably indicates pregnancy in cercopithecoids. While some characters (such as the net charge of the cholinesterase molecule) were extremely uniform across all taxa examined, other quantitative and qualitative traits showed intra- and interspecific variation. Comparison of a cladogram with the distribution of traits shows that the least phyletically stable traits are, in general, those that also exhibit intraspecific polymorphism. One genus-specific, and therefore relatively conservative, trait (weak dimer-dimer bonding in the cholinesterase molecule) evidently appeared independently among papionin cercopithecoids and hominoids. The most parsimonious interpretation of this distribution reinforces the notion of a Pan-Gorilla-Homoclade sororally related to Pongo.In general, plasma esterases are an underexploited source of genetic markers in primates.
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognition of non-Hodgkin’s B cell lymphomas

Human cytolytic T lymphocytes specific for autologous Burkitt's lymphoma express the γ,δ T cell receptor and recognize immunoglobulin idiotype in an MHC-unrestricted manner. Antibodies against a member of the heat shock protein 70 family inhibit this specific cytotoxicity, implicating these molecules in tumor recognition and antigen presentation. Such data is relevant to the design of novel immunotherapies for cancer and provides new insights into target recognition by γ,δ T cells.
Timescales of land surface evapotranspiration response in the PILPS phase 2(c)

Abstract Present-day land surface schemes used in weather prediction and climate models include parameterizations of physical processes whose complex nonlinear interactions can lead to models of unknown spatial and temporal characteristics. This paper describes the timescales of the evapotranspiration response of 16 land surface schemes which participated in the Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes (PILPS) Phase 2(c) Red-Arkansas River experiment. The basins were represented by 61, 1°×1° grid boxes. Ten years of hourly meteorological data were used to force 16 land surface schemes off line. The evapotranspiration responses of the models are characterized by an impulse response function (or unit kernel) which is described by a two-parameter model, representing the fast response of evaporation from the canopy surface or bare soil and a slower one due to transpiration. The analysis of the results shows significant differences among the various LSS in their characteristic timescales across the basins.
Two-focal-length optical correlator

A two-focal-length coherent optical correlator design is presented that uses simple, single element lenses. Experimental autocorrelation results using a binary phase-only filter verify the performance of this compact design.
Biphasic action of sarin on monosynaptic reflex in the neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro.

The action of sarin, an organophosphorus (OP) compound, was examined in vitro for its effects on the spinal monosynaptic reflex (MSR) in neonatal rats. The effects of sarin were biphasic, i.e. facilitation at lower concentrations (2–20 nM) followed by depression of the MSR at concentrations above 30 nM. Facilitation of MSR was maximal (150% of control) at 20 nM sarin. The depression of MSR was maximal (70% of control) at 200 nM sarin, with half maximal inhibition occurring at 90 nM sarin. Atropine (200–500 nM) effectively reversed the depression caused by sarin, while pretreatment with low concentrations of atropine (10 nM) completely blocked the depression otherwise observed with sarin. Benactyzine was also effective in preventing sarin-induced depression, while pirenzepine was less effective. The nicotinic blocking agents tubocurarine and mecamylamine were, however, ineffective in preventing or reversing sarin-induced depression. The facilitation of MSR seen with lower concentrations (2–20 nM) correlated well with the blockade of late phase inhibition (between 30 and 50 ms conditioning-test interval) elicited in spinal cord by stimulating the adjacent dorsal root at various condition-test intervals, which has been shown elsewhere to be sensitive to bicuculline (Deshpande and Warnick 1988). Thus it is speculated that sarin at lower concentrations blocks GABA transmission, producing facilitation, and at higher concentrations activates the muscarinic receptors producing depression of MSR. The beneficial action of pretreatment with antimuscarinic agents may be attributed to the protection of the muscarinic receptors.
Reading skill in adult survivors of childhood brain tumor: a theory-based neurocognitive model.

OBJECTIVE This study investigated the relationship between word reading and white matter (WM) integrity within a neuroanatomical-based reading system comparing adult survivors of childhood brain tumors and controls. It was predicted that the association between WM integrity and word reading would be mediated by processing speed, and this indirect effect would be moderated by group. METHOD Thirty-seven adult survivors of childhood brain tumor and typically developing adults participated (age M = 24.19 ± 4.51 years, 62% female). DTI Tractography identified the WM tract for 3 of the reading system connections: inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF), arcuate fasciculus (AF), and parietotemporal-occipitotemporal connection (PT-OT). RESULTS Fractional anisotropy values (FA) of the PT-OT tract were significantly correlated with word reading in survivors and controls (r = .45, .58, respectively; p < .05) and IFOF values were associated with reading in survivors only (r = .59, p < .01). Further, the moderated mediated model was significant for PT-OT and IFOF, such that the indirect effect of processing speed was only present for survivors (CI: PT-OT: 2.90, 28.41, IFOF: 2.92, 40.17). CONCLUSION Results suggest the tracts emerging from the occipitotemporal area are a critical component of the reading system in adults. The finding that processing speed was the mechanism by which WM was associated with reading in survivors is in alignment with the developmental cascade model. Current findings bolster the existing theory-based models of reading using innovative diffusion tensor imaging and moderated mediation statistical neurodevelopmental model, establishing the role of processing speed and specific WM pathway integrity in word reading skill.
PFS: Professional File: Easy file management

PFS: Professional File is a well‐designed file management package that is easy to use, comes with excellent documentation, and is only moderately expensive.
Targeted treatments for fragile X syndrome

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common identifiable genetic cause of intellectual disability and autistic spectrum disorders (ASD), with up to 50% of males and some females with FXS meeting criteria for ASD. Autistic features are present in a very high percent of individuals with FXS, even those who do not meet full criteria for ASD. Recent major advances have been made in the understanding of the neurobiology and functions of FMRP, the FMR1 (fragile X mental retardation 1) gene product, which is absent or reduced in FXS, largely based on work in the fmr1 knockout mouse model. FXS has emerged as a disorder of synaptic plasticity associated with abnormalities of long-term depression and long-term potentiation and immature dendritic spine architecture, related to the dysregulation of dendritic translation typically activated by group I mGluR and other receptors. This work has led to efforts to develop treatments for FXS with neuroactive molecules targeted to the dysregulated translational pathway. These agents have been shown to rescue molecular, spine, and behavioral phenotypes in the FXS mouse model at multiple stages of development. Clinical trials are underway to translate findings in animal models of FXS to humans, raising complex issues about trial design and outcome measures to assess cognitive change that might be associated with treatment. Genes known to be causes of ASD interact with the translational pathway defective in FXS, and it has been hypothesized that there will be substantial overlap in molecular pathways and mechanisms of synaptic dysfunction between FXS and ASD. Therefore, targeted treatments developed for FXS may also target subgroups of ASD, and clinical trials in FXS may serve as a model for the development of clinical trial strategies for ASD and other cognitive disorders.
Patterns of Spread in Recurrent Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To examine the pattern of spread regarding recurrent disease in primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: A retrospective study reviewed 128 patients who underwent primary tumor resection and postoperative radiation and/or chemoradiation for squamous cell carcinoma at Loyola University Medical Center from July 1993 to August 1998. Patterns of spread of recurrent disease were grouped according to site of recurrence and compared with the histopathology.RESULTS: Of 128 patients, 40 (32%) had recurrent disease, 22 (17%) died without disease, and 66 (51%) are disease free. Although the recurrences in patients who were N0 were primarily local-regional (8/11), the majority of recurrences in patients that were N+ with extracapsular nodal spread involved distant sites (18/24); 17/18 involved metastasis to the lung.SIGNIFICANCE: This study gives the first report at our institution of patterns of spread in recurrent head and neck squamous cell cancer and compares these patter...
Large cyst of the mandible partially lined by ciliated epithelium.

The histologic finding of a respiratory type of lining epithelium in nondevelopmental cysts of the jaws has been declared a relative rarity.1-4 If dentigerous cysts of the mandible only are considered, the incidence of partially or completely ciliated epithelial lining is extremely small. In 1957 Gorlin’ described one such case of a dentigerous cyst associated with a mandibular molar in his review of 200 dentigerous cysts of the lower jaw. Shear 2 followed in 1960 with his report of four mandibular cysts, but these were apparently not identified as being dentigerous in origin. Marsland and Browne,3 Small,4 and Friedlander et al5 added reports of three cases with respiratory lining epithelium to the literature. The following case is reported because it represents another example of prosoplasia of lining epithelium in a mandibular cyst, as postulated by Bhaskar.”