cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biases in human estimation of interruptibility: effects and implications for practice

People have developed a variety of conventions for negotiating face to face interruptions. The physical distribution of teams, however, together with the use of computer mediated communication and awareness systems, fundamentally alters what information is available to a person considering an interruption of a remote collaborator. This paper presents a detailed comparison between self-reports of interruptibility, collected from participants over extended periods in their actual work environment, and estimates of this interruptibility, provided by a second set of participants based on audio and video recordings. Our results identify activities and environmental cues that affect participants' ability to correctly estimate interruptibility. We show, for example, that a closed office door had a significant effect on observers' estimation of interruptibility, but did not have an effect on participants' reports of their own interruptibility. We discuss our findings and their importance for successful design of computer-mediated communication and awareness systems.
Effect of Melting History on the Mechanical Properties of Glass: I, Role of Melting Time and Atmosphere

The pristine strength of 0.5Li2O·0.5K2O·2SiO2 glass measured in 3-point bending under liquid nitrogen was studied as a function of melting time and atmosphere at a constant melting temperature. The atmosphere over the melt was one of the most important parameters affecting the pristine strength. The most significant time-dependent melting effects and the highest strengths resulted from melting in a dry atmosphere of O2 or air. In contrast, vacuum-melted and Ar-melted glasses had the lowest strengths. Melting in N2 or CO2 led to intermediate strengths. The presence of water vapor in the atmosphere during melting was detrimental to strength in those cases where very high strengths had been obtained with dry gases. The introduction of water vapor into those gases which in the dry state had led to low-strength glasses did not significantly affect the strength. The effects of the atmosphere in leading to oxygen-deficient or excess-oxygen glasses on the formation or dissolution of microheterogeneous regions were correlated with the pristine strengths of the glasses.
A matched array beamforming technique for low angle radar tracking in multipath

A new technique, originated from matched field processing (MFP) for sonar target localization, is proposed for application to low-angle radar tracking or target height finding in a multipath propagation environment. This technique substitutes the plane wave steering vector, used in an antenna array beamforming algorithm, such as Capon's (1979) minimum variance or maximum likelihood method, with a composite signal predicted from a deterministic multipath propagation model. Preliminary simulation results indicate the excellent potential of the matched field processor, alternatively referred here as matched array beamformer (MAB), in estimating the altitude of a low-angle target masked by specular multipath interference. >
The role of the corpus callosum in the establishment of areas of secondary epileptiform activity.

SUMMARY The establishment of secondary epileptogenic foci through the direct application of penicillin to neocortex was studied in intact rats and in ones in which the corpus callosum was sectioned either before or after the penicillin application. Section of the corpus callosum before the creation of the focus prevented the ocurrence of a region of secondary (mirror) discharge, but low voltage, long latency activity could be observed in the contralateral hemisphere which was associated with each spike discharge in the primary hemisphere. Section of the corpus callosum after the bilateral application of penicillin temporarily disrupted the synchrony of spike discharges in the 2 hemispheres. The fact that synchrony of the epileptiform discharges did return was interpreted as indicating the presence of a subcortical mechanism independent of the callosal fibers. RESUME On a etudie les modalites ďinstallation de foyers epileptiques secondaires dus aľ application directe de penicilline sur le neocortex chez des rats intacts et chez des rats auxquels on avait sectione le corps calleux soit avant, soit apres ľ application de penicilline. La section du corps calleux avant la creation du foyer prevenait ľľapparition ďun foyer en miroir, mais une decharge de bas voltage avec une longue latence, pouvait etre observee sur ľlhemisphere contralateral, en relation avec chaque decharge de pointes sur ľ hemisphere ouľon avait applique la penicilline. La section du corps calleux apres ľ application bilaterale de penicilline n'inter-rompait que temporairement la synchronic des decharges dans les deux hemispheres. La reapparition de la synchronic des decharges epileptiques apres section du corps calleux suggere ľ existence de mecanismes sous-corticaux responsables de la synchronisation independants des fibres callosales.
Active Living Among Older Residents of a Rural Naturally Occurring Retirement Community

This cross-sectional single case study of older residents (N = 197, mean age = 71.5 years) of a Midwestern rural naturally occurring retirement community (NORC) investigates patterns of active living and how they relate to sociophysical NORC characteristics and individual factors. The study uses a self-administered questionnaire (mailed to participants), which includes the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE), and the study findings reveal that most respondents engaged in at least one leisure (93.9%) or household (94.4%) activity in the preceding 7 days and walking was the most prevalent activity; respondents who walked, as part of their routine activities (during the 7 days prior to study), had higher self-efficacy scores than nonparticipants (U = 563.5, p s = .22, p s = .26, p
The structure of the bovine protein tyrosine phosphatase dimer reveals a potential self-regulation mechanism.

The bovine protein tyrosine phosphatase (BPTP) is a member of the class of low-molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) found to be ubiquitous in mammalian cells. The catalytic site of BPTP contains a CX5R(S/T) phosphate-binding motif or P-loop (residues 12-19) which is the signature sequence for all PTPases. Ser19, the final residue of the P-loop motif, interacts with the catalytic Cys12 and participates in stabilizing the conformation of the active site through interactions with Asn15, also in the P-loop. Mutations at Ser19 result in an enzyme with altered kinetic properties with changes in the pKa of the neighboring His72. The X-ray structure of the S19A mutant enzyme shows that the general conformation of the P-loop is preserved. However, changes in the loop containing His72 result in a displacement of the His72 side chain that may explain the shift in the pKa. In addition, it was found that in the crystal, the protein forms a dimer in which Tyr131 and Tyr132 from one monomer insert into the active site of the other monomer, suggesting a dual-tyrosine motif on target sites for this enzyme. Since the activity of this PTPase is reportedly regulated by phosphorylation at Tyr131 and Tyr132, the structure of this dimer may provide a model of a self-regulation mechanism for the low-molecular weight PTPases.
Density-induced heterodyne-amplified rotational dynamics: a new technique for studying orientational relaxation

Abstract A new time-domain method, density-induced heterodyne-amplified rotational dynamics (DIHARD), for studying the orientational relaxation of pure or mixed viscous liquids is described. Extremely weak absorption of an excitation pulse produces a density perturbation like that in a thermal lensing experiment. Through translational–rotational coupling, an orientational anisotropy is produced, which is heterodyne detected with a weak probe field. The DIHARD signal appears with the time for the velocity of sound to cross the excitation spot size and decays with the reorientational dynamics of the sample. DIHARD can provide data in situations where laser-excited optical Kerr experiments are difficult to perform.
Payment for living organ donation should be legalised.

Governments seem resistant to allowing live donors to benefit from their gift. But a legalised system could solve organ shortages and be both safer and fairer
The role of the cardiology consultant: putting it all together.

Consultation represents the act of providing advice regarding diagnosis and/or management and may comprise a major component of a cardiologist's practice. A frequent cause for cardiac consultation is preoperative risk assessment. With steadily decreasing morbidity and mortality related to noncardiac surgery, cardiovascular management strategies that are known to improve long-term outcomes should guide decision making in the perioperative setting. The preoperative cardiac consultation may represent an opportunity to initiate or modify cardiac care including primary and secondary preventive measures. A stepwise approach to perioperative cardiac risk assessment, as set forth by joint American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association guidelines, should be employed. The hallmark of successful preoperative cardiology consultation is effective communication with referring physicians. A consultant's good clinical judgment will only impact a patient's care if recommendations are communicated effectively. There is no substitution for direct, verbal contact. Recommendations should be kept to less than five when possible, be brief and specific. The consultant should provide contingency plans and follow-up. Good consultative technique increases compliance with recommendations and facilitates efficient patient care.
Limits on the traffic carrying capacity of all optical networks with ring topology

This paper presents limits on the traffic earning capacity of a DWDM-based ring network. We develop limits for single-hop traffic, multi-hop traffic, as well as the total traffic carried by the network under the assumption that the incident traffic among all node-pairs is symmetric. We present some interesting results illustrating the total earned traffic by a ring network as a function of available wavelengths with fixed number of nodes, and as a function of nodes for a fixed number of wavelengths.
Mutant FLT3: A Direct Target of Sorafenib in Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

Results Sorafenib was 1000- to 3000-fold more effective in inducing growth arrest and apoptosis in Ba/F3 cells with FLT3-ITD or D835G mutations than in Ba/F3 cells with FLT3-D835Y mutant or wild-type FLT3 and inhibited the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in ITD mutant but not wild-type FLT3 protein. In a mouse model, sorafenib decreased the leukemia burden and prolonged survival (median survival in the sorafenib-treated group vs the vehicle-treated group = 36.5 vs 16 days, difference = 20.5 days, 95% confidence interval = 20.3 to 21.3 days; P = .0018). Sorafenib reduced the percentage of leukemia blasts in the peripheral blood and the bone marrow of AML patients with FLT3-ITD (median percentages before and after sorafenib: 81% vs 7.5% [ P = .016] and 75.5% vs 34% [ P = .05], respectively) but not in patients without this mutation. Conclusion Sorafenib may have therapeutic efficacy in AML patients whose cells harbor FLT3-ITD mutations.
Sensitivity of standing radiographs to detect knee arthritis: A systematic review of Level I studies

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of the available literature to define the level of quality evidence for determining the sensitivity and specificity of different radiographic views in detecting knee osteoarthritis and to determine the impact of different grading systems on the ability to detect knee osteoarthritis. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify studies that evaluated the standing anteroposterior (AP) and 45 � posteroanterior (PA) views for tibiofemoral and patellofemoral arthritis and those comparing the use of the KellgrenLawrence versus the joint space narrowing (JSN) radiographic grading systems using arthroscopy as the gold standard. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, the Cochrane Database, Clinicaltrial.gov, and EMBASE was performed using the keywords “osteoarthritis, ”“ knee, ”“ x-ray, ”“ sensitivity,” and “arthroscopy.” Results: Six studies were included in the evaluation. The 45 � flexion PA view showed a higher sensitivity than the standing AP view for detecting severe arthritis involving either the medial or lateral tibiofemoral compartment. There was no difference in the specificities for the 2 views. The direct comparison of the Kellgren-Lawrence and the JSN radiographic grading systems found no clinical difference between the 2 systems regarding the sensitivities, although the specificity was greater for the JSN system. Conclusions: The ability to detect knee osteoarthritis continues to be difficult without using advanced imaging. However, as an inexpensive screening tool, the 45 � flexion PA view is more sensitive than the standing AP view to detect severe tibiofemoral osteoarthritis. When evaluating the radiograph for severe osteoarthritis using either the KellgrenLawrence or JSN grading system, there is no clinical difference in the sensitivity between the 2 methods; however, the JSN may be more specific for ruling in severe osteoarthritis in the medial compartment. Level of Evidence: Level I, systematic review of Level I studies.
Regulation of a Chemical Defense against Herbivory Produced by Symbiotic Fungi in Grass Plants

Neotyphodium uncinatum and Neotyphodium siegelii are fungal symbionts (endophytes) of meadow fescue (MF; Lolium pratense), which they protect from insects by producing loline alkaloids. High levels of lolines are produced following insect damage or mock herbivory (clipping). Although loline alkaloid levels were greatly elevated in regrowth after clipping, loline-alkaloid biosynthesis (LOL) gene expression in regrowth and basal tissues was similar to unclipped controls. The dramatic increase of lolines in regrowth reflected the much higher concentrations in young (center) versus older (outer) leaf blades, so LOL gene expression was compared in these tissues. In MF-N. siegelii, LOL gene expression was similar in younger and older leaf blades, whereas expression of N. uncinatum LOL genes and some associated biosynthesis genes was higher in younger than older leaf blades. Because lolines are derived from amino acids that are mobilized to new growth, we tested the amino acid levels in center and outer leaf blades. Younger leaf blades of aposymbiotic plants (no endophyte present) had significantly higher levels of asparagine and sometimes glutamine compared to older leaf blades. The amino acid levels were much lower in MF-N. siegelii and MF-N. uncinatum compared to aposymbiotic plants and MF with Epichloe festucae (a closely related symbiont), which lacked lolines. We conclude that loline alkaloid production in young tissue depleted these amino acid pools and was apparently regulated by availability of the amino acid substrates. As a result, lolines maximally protect young host tissues in a fashion similar to endogenous plant metabolites that conform to optimal defense theory.
Plateau collapse model for the Transantarctic Mountains–West Antarctic Rift System: Insights from numerical experiments

The high elevation and considerable length of the Transantarctic Mountains have led to speculation about their origin. To date, no model has been able to adequately reconcile the juxtaposition of the high, curvilinear Transantarctic Mountains with the adjacent West Antarctic Rift System, a broad region of thin extended continental crust exhibiting wide rift characteristics. We present a fi rst-order investigation into the idea that the West Antarctic Rift System‐ Transantarctic Mountains region was a high-elevation plateau with thicker than normal crust before the onset of continental extension. With major Cretaceous extension, the rift underwent a topographic reversal, and a plateau edge with thickened crust, representing the ancestral Transantarctic Mountains, remained. In the Cenozoic, minor extension and major denudation reduce the crustal root while simultaneously uplifting peak heights in the mountains. The Cretaceous stage of this concept is investigated using two-dimensional numerical models to determine under what conditions plateau collapse is plausible. Model results indicate that elevation of a remnant plateau edge decreases with increasing initial Moho temperature. Very cold initial Moho temperatures, <675 °C, under the plateau leave a thick plateau edge but do not exhibit wide rifting. A cold to moderate initial thermal structure, Moho temperatures of 675‐850 °C, is needed to retain the plateau edge and still exhibit wide rifting in the middle of the plateau. We conclude that this plateau collapse concept is possible using these numerical experiments, and that application of this idea to the West Antarctic Rift System‐Transantarctic Mountains system is also supported by geological and geophysical evidence.
Fault detection effectiveness of weighted random patterns

Performance results are given for use of a weighted random pattern test generator, WRP, on ten benchmark designs. Deterministic (DET) and WRP tests created for single stuck faults are compared in their ability to detect shorts and transition faults. The WRP is able to generate a test for all the single stuck faults detected with a state-of-the-art deterministic pattern generator; WRP is highly efficient in CPU time required for full stuck fault test pattern generation; both DET and WRP achieved high net-to-net shorts fault coverage on a sample of ten designs; and WRP had significantly higher ( approximately=11%) transition fault coverage than obtained with DET for the same sample. >
Gustatory pathways in the bullhead catfish. I. Connections of the anterior ganglion

The central projections of the external gustatory system in bullhead catfish were examined using orthograde degeneration and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) techniques. Both large and small cells were observed in the anterior ganglion which contains a mixture of elements from the trigeminal, facial and anterior lateral line nerves. Some of the large cells on the lateral margin of the ganglion were found to belong to the lateral line system. No separation of trigeminal and facial nerve connections could be made. Using HRP, the relation between the barbels and specific ganglion regions was determined. The dorsalmost portion of the ganglion received recurrens nerve inputs (from taste buds on the trunk); the rostromedial portion of the ganglion, from the nasal barbel nerve; and the ventral portion of the ganglion, from the maxillary and mandibular barbel nerves. The facial lobe (similar to part of the n. solitarius) was found to be divided into lobules by fascicles of nerve fibers. The lateral lobule received input only from the dorsal-most part of the ganglion (recurrens nerve: trunk receptors); the intermediate lobule from the rostro-lateral part of the ganglion (nasal barbel); and the medial lobule from the ventral areas of the ganglion (maxillary and mandibular barbels). Thus a topographical relationship exists between the different taste receptor groups and their locus of representation in the facial lobe. The trunk receptors connect to the lateral lobule; the nasal barbel receptors to the intermediate lobule, and the maxillo-mandibular receptors to the medial lobule.
Deformation of a foreland carbonate thrust system, Sawtooth Range, Montana

An analysis of mesoscale faulting associated with thrust-belt development was completed along a transect crossing several foreland thrust sheets of the central Sawtooth Range, Montana. At a regional scale, a balanced cross section of the central Sawtooth Range, constrained by well, seismic, and surface data, indicates a minimum of 60% horizontal shortening of the upper Paleozoic carbonate bank sequence, accommodated by a forward-developing thrust system. Subsurface data delineates a 4° westward-dipping Precambrian basement and westward thickening of the Precambrian Belt Supergroup. Major decollements within the central Sawtooth Range are present at the base of the Devonian Jefferson Formation, in the lower Mississippian Allan Mountain Limestone, and in the Cretaceous Colorado Group. Within the Diversion, French, Norwegian, and Beaver thrust sheets of the central Sawtooth Range, deformation has been partitioned into arrays of meter- to decimetersized faults that constitute brittle deformation zones (BDZs). BDZ thickness is directly related to fault displacement but is not related to fault trajectories or subsequent foreland imbrication. The ratio of BDZ thickness to displacement is nearly constant, with BDZ thicknesses ranging from 65 m to 200 m for faults whose displacements range from 2 km to 5 km. The BDZs of each thrust sheet can be separated into three regions defined by differences in fault diversity, fault intensity, and fault kinematics. Proportionally, the locations of boundaries between regions within the BDZs are remarkably constant for each of the four thrust sheets studied, indicating that the BDZs widen uniformly during thrust sheet emplacement. BDZ bases are characterized by an interlocking network of faults that exhibit great diversity and accommodate mesoscale cataclastic flow. BDZ bases are dominated by oblique-slip faults, whereas the middle and upper regions of BDZs are dominantly dip- or strike-slip faults. In all regions of a BDZ, localized zones of contractional, extensional, or more commonly, transport-parallel strike-slip faults bounded by bedding-plane detachments are present. Fault length/ m2 of outcrop decreases logarithmically to zero from a maximum of 4 m/m2 across the French and Norwegian BDZs. Zones of intense faulting alter this general pattern of decreasing fault intensity in the Diversion and Beaver thrust sheets.
A Multifunctional ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter System from Vibrio cholerae Transports Vibriobactin and Enterobactin

Vibrio cholerae uses the catechol siderophore vibriobactin for iron transport under iron-limiting conditions. We have identified genes for vibriobactin transport and mapped them within the vibriobactin biosynthetic gene cluster. Within this genetic region we have identified four genes, viuP, viuD, viuG and viuC, whose protein products have homology to the periplasmic binding protein, the two integral cytoplasmic membrane proteins, and the ATPase component, respectively, of other iron transport systems. The amino-terminal region of ViuP has homology to a lipoprotein signal sequence, and ViuP could be labeled with [3H]palmitic acid. This suggests that ViuP is a membrane lipoprotein. The ViuPDGC system transports both vibriobactin and enterobactin in Escherichia coli. In the same assay, the E. coli enterobactin transport system, FepBDGC, allowed the utilization of enterobactin but not vibriobactin. Although the entire viuPDGC system could complement mutations in fepB, fepD, fepG, or fepC, only viuC was able to independently complement the corresponding fep mutation. This indicates that these proteins usually function as a complex. V. cholerae strains carrying a mutation in viuP or in viuG were constructed by marker exchange. These mutations reduced, but did not completely eliminate, vibriobactin utilization. This suggests that V. cholerae contains genes in addition to viuPDGC that function in the transport of catechol siderophores.
A gaming environment approach to analysis of energy storage for electric/hybrid vehicle

A multiplayer gaming environment, combining the multi-disciplinary engineering simulation software, Virtual Test Bed (VTB), and the gaming tool, Unity3D, is introduced to realize the analysis of energy storage for electric/hybrid vehicle through a vehicle driving game. The gaming engine couples the three-dimensional (3D) multibody vehicle system, especially developed in VTB at proper level of complexity for electrical engineers, with the real road information, exported from Google Earth to the 3D visual front-end. Several types of powertrain with energy storage system (ESS) are realized in VTB while advanced users can also conveniently construct their own design from the multi-disciplinary component library. Since the vehicle system is controlled instantaneously from user's gaming controller instead of preloaded sequential events, this gaming environment can be used to study the design of ESS in more real and complicated scenarios or help an individual vehicle owner plan his recharging events before his actual travel.
Beyond Current HIMS: Future Visions and a Roadmap

This chapter explores the new technologies being developed to support clinical decision-making and care delivery and presents a roadmap for the safer and more effective next generation health information management systems. Innovative applications (apps) are being built today using twenty-first century web technologies and cloud-based architectural platforms. A basic premise for these new care delivery support systems is that they are built as vendor-agnostic, patient-centric apps and use the current electronic medical records (EHR) and/or clinical systems as infrastructure. The roadmap presented here projects that these new clinical decision support (CDS) and care delivery apps will be built upon but outside of the current electronic health record (EHR) systems – referred to here under the general term of health information management systems (HIMS). Current HIMS will play a valuable role in the data collection process. However, it must acknowledged that the data collected by today’s HIMS systems must be augmented with data not now routinely captured. The challenge is not to undo the mainstream HIMSs but rather to use the data they record, augment the data as is possible and build apps (including novel visualizations) on the vendor-agnostic patient-centric data. A self-perpetuating cycle must be created so that as more apps are built, users (clinicians and consumers) will clamor for more. As more apps are used they will become more refined. As this cycle spins, there can be that optimism the ultimate goal – improved patient care – will be realized.
Expression and Processing of Nonstructural Proteins of the Human Astroviruses

The human astroviruses (HAst) are increasingly recognized as an important cause of gastroenteritis. These viruses contain a 6.8-kb positive-sense, single-stranded RNA molecule that is infectious when transfected into permissive cells. The HAst gene 1 is composed of two open reading frames (ORFs 1a and 1b) connected by a ribosomal frameshift. Gene 1 is predicted to encode two nonstructural polyproteins (pp1a and pp1ab), and analysis of the HAs gene 1 sequence has resulted in predictions of a serine proteinase within the ORF1a polyprotein. However, none of the gene 1 proteins have been identified. To examine the expression and processing of the HAst2 gene 1 polyprotein, we have translated pp1a and pp1ab in vitro. These ongoing studies will provide the foundation for correlating gene 1 expression in vitro with proteins expressed in virus-infected cells.
Domestic Violence and Abortion Among Rural Women in Four Indian States

The prevalence of domestic violence and abortion in India is high, yet little is known about the relationship between these experiences. Data from two linked data sets, India's 1998-1999 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2) and a follow-up survey in 2002-2003, were analyzed. The analysis examines how the experience of physical violence affects the subsequent uptake of abortion, and how the experience of abortion affects subsequent experience of physical, sexual, and verbal violence. Women who experienced physical violence have significantly higher odds of reporting a subsequent induced abortion, whereas women who had an induced abortion have significantly higher odds of reporting subsequent sexual and verbal violence. There was no significant relationship between domestic violence and spontaneous abortion.
Sonic hedgehog delivery from self-assembled nanofiber hydrogels reduces the fibrotic response in models of erectile dysfunction

Abstract Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a serious medical condition in which current treatments are ineffective in prostatectomy and diabetic patients, due to injury to the cavernous nerve (CN), which causes irreversible remodeling of the penis (decreased smooth muscle and increased collagen), through a largely undefined mechanism. We propose that sonic hedgehog (SHH) and neural innervation, are indispensable regulators of collagen in the penis, with decreased SHH protein being an integral component of the fibrotic response to loss of innervation. We examined collagen abundance and morphology in control (Peyronie’s), prostatectomy and diabetic patients, and in rat models of penile development, CN injury, SHH inhibition and under regenerative conditions, utilizing self-assembling peptide amphiphile (PA) nanofiber hydrogels for SHH delivery. Collagen abundance increased in penis of ED patients. In rats, collagen increased with CN injury in a defined time frame independent of injury severity. An inverse relationship between SHH and collagen abundance was identified; SHH inhibition increased and SHH treatment decreased penile collagen. SHH signaling in the pelvic ganglia (PG)/CN is important to maintain CN integrity and when inhibited, downstream collagen induction occurs. Collagen increased throughout penile development and with age, which is important when considering how to treat fibrosis clinically. These studies show that SHH PA treatment reduces collagen under regenerative post-prostatectomy conditions, indicating broad application for ED prevention in prostatectomy, diabetic and aging patients and in other peripheral nerve injuries. The PA nanofiber protein vehicle may be widely applicable as an in vivo delivery tool. Statement of Significance We use self-assembling peptide amphiphiles (PA) as biological delivery vehicles to prevent cavernous nerve (CN) injury induced erectile dysfunction (ED). These versatile hydrogels were molecularly pre-programmed for sonic hedgehog (SHH) protein delivery, either from an injectable solution with fast, in situ assembly into a soft hydrogel, or by highly aligned monodomain nanofiber bundles. We used PAs to examine a novel neuronal component to collagen regulation and the role of SHH in the fibrotic response to CN injury. SHH perturbation in the penis or the CN, selectively impacts collagen, with SHH inhibition increasing and SHH treatment suppressing collagen. These results suggest that SHH treatment by PA has translational potential to suppress collagen induction and remodelling, an irreversible component of ED development.
Computerized ambulatory-care pharmacy information system for direct order entry by prescribers

A computer system that links prescribers in a diabetes center to an ambulatory-care satellite pharmacy is described. In 1988 an ambulatory-care center serving the diabetic patients of a 437-bed university teaching hospital moved to a new location. To maintain efficient communication of prescription information from the diabetes center to a designated ambulatory-care satellite pharmacy, a program that enables diabetes center prescribers to enter their orders directly into the satellite pharmacy computer system was implemented. The pharmacy department's prescription-entry screen was reprogrammed so that it could be more easily used by prescribers, and a "default" list of the most frequently prescribed drugs was generated to simplify direct order entry. Prescription information entered at the diabetes center is transmitted to the satellite pharmacy; the filled prescriptions are usually ready by the time patients arrive. The average number of prescriptions entered into the computer per week remained steady during the first 14 weeks that the system was in use but increased substantially after diabetes center personnel were given a summary of use data and other information pertaining to the new system. However, because of the availability of only one terminal for order entry and the inherent ease and speed of writing prescriptions on paper, use of the system has not met expectations despite the benefits it offers. Prescribers in a diabetes center did not frequently enter prescription information into a computer system linked to the hospital's ambulatory-care pharmacy because the traditional method of writing prescriptions remained available and convenient.
Studying the Classics

Stage A 25-year-old Hispanic woman in the 27th week of pregnancy came to the emergency room complaining of cough and shortness of breath. She reported that she had been well until two days earlier. In the past day she had also been nauseated, and she had vomited once. In the emergency room she was found to have a temperature of 38°C (100.5°F) and was thought to be dehydrated. intravenous fluids, ampicillin, and gentamicin were administered. She was given a prescription for erythromycin and sent home. She returned the next day because she was more dyspneic and explained that she had . . .
The Hematopoietic Stem Cell Landscape

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) play critical roles in regulating normal blood cell development. Although initially these cells were mysterious and difficult to study in isolation, those obstacles have progressively been rolled away in just a few decades to reveal a heterogeneity of repopulating activity, cell proliferation, and energy metabolism within defined stem cell populations based on drug transporter and cell surface marker expression. A wide range of new technologies have driven innovative discovery of the regulators of HSCs and continued to move the field forward toward a full view of the landscape of single HSCs at the gene and protein levels. It is the goal of this overview chapter to summarize the array of techniques included in the third edition of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Protocols which will aid investigators in the field.
Mucosal and gingival tissue engineering

Abstract: Gingival deformities (i.e. gingival recession, mucogingival defects) are prevalent conditions that require surgical treatment. Traditional approaches for treatment of oral soft tissue deformities are subdivided in treatment modalities to augment keratinized and attached gingiva for treatment of mucogingival defects, and procedures aimed to correct gingival recession. Regenerative medicine approaches have been applied to this field to accelerate oral soft tissue wounds by a variety of methods, including intraoral grafting, growth factors, as well as cell-based and gene therapeutic approaches. The current results from preclinical and initial clinical studies are encouraging. However, some limitations exist with respect to tissue volume and predictability. The use of new therapies offers many advantages for the repair of soft tissues in the oral cavity, but, studies in humans are needed to demonstrate the practical and safety factors for clinical application. Further advancements in the field will continue to rely heavily on multidisciplinary approaches combining engineering, dentistry, medicine, and infectious disease specialists in repairing the complex oral wound environment.
It is God’s will: Exploiting religious beliefs as a means of human trafficking:

Human traffickers use various methods to maintain and control their victims, including physical, economic, and psychological restraints. Specifically focusing on the psychological aspect of control, this paper seeks to address the role of religion and how it can be exploited as a tool of coercion. Employing case study methodology, this paper will focus on examples of Islam, House of Judah, and Scientology, and how belief systems facilitated victim coercion. The purpose is threefold: (1) to establish religion as a tool of coercion at the interpersonal level, (2) to examine specific trafficking cases in which religion was the method of coercion, and (3) to discuss the challenge of prosecuting cases in which the act was the result of religious coercion.
State of Mixed Methods research in Engineering Education: In-depth examination of JEE articles, 2010–2015

Mixed methods study designs can improve understanding of many research questions in ways not possible with only qualitative or quantitative methods. Yet despite its potential advantages, mixed methods research carries challenges related to added time and resources, research skill requirements, and justification hurdles. In recent years, scholars have started using mixed methods research to understand problems related to engineering education such as student retention, active learning, diversity, and classroom-based research. In this paper we report on an in-depth examination of mixed methods research articles published 2010–2015 in the Journal of Engineering Education (JEE). We found 12 qualifying articles that explicitly mentioned mixed methods in the abstract. To evaluate the identified studies we used a research process oriented framework that offers guidance for Good Reporting on a Mixed Methods Study (GRAMMS). The results from this in-depth examination of the selected JEE articles using the GRAMMS framework suggests that authors needed to be more explicit about the rationale behind using a mixed methods approach. It also suggests a need for more explicit focus on reporting the integration of qualitative and quantitative components. We expect our findings will be useful for researchers who are involved with carrying out and/or reviewing mixed methods studies, including by providing a view on the current state of the field and associated considerations for evaluating the quality of mixed methods research.
INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUE TO ACHIEVE HEMOSTASIS WITH LARGE BORE ACCESS FOR PERCUTANEOUS HEMODYNAMIC SUPPORT DEVICES

Background: The TandemHeart(TH) is a left atrial-to-femoral artery (LA-FA) percutaneous left ventricular assist device (pLVAD) used for hemodynamic support during high risk percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). TH requires large bore venous and arterial sheaths, for which access site
Optimal timing of drug sensitivity testing for patients on first-line tuberculosis treatment

Effective treatment for tuberculosis (TB) patients on first-line treatment involves triaging those with drug-resistant (DR) TB to appropriate treatment alternatives. Patients likely to have DR TB are identified using results from repeated inexpensive sputum-smear (SS) tests and expensive but definitive drug sensitivity tests (DST). Early DST may lead to high costs and unnecessary testing; late DST may lead to poor health outcomes and disease transmission. We use a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) framework to determine optimal DST timing. We develop policy-relevant structural properties of the POMDP model. We apply our model to TB in India to identify the patterns of SS test results that should prompt DST if transmission costs remain at status-quo levels. Unlike previous analyses of personalized treatment policies, we take a societal perspective and consider the effects of disease transmission. The inclusion of such effects can significantly alter the optimal policy. We find that an optimal DST policy could save India approximately $1.9 billion annually.
Exact and Approximate Statistical Inference for Nonlinear Regression and the Estimating Equation Approach

The exact density distribution of the nonlinear least squares estimator in the one-parameter regression model is derived in closed form and expressed through the cumulative distribution function of the standard normal variable. Several proposals to generalize this result are discussed. The exact density is extended to the estimating equation (EE) approach and the nonlinear regression with an arbitrary number of linear parameters and one intrinsically nonlinear parameter. For a very special nonlinear regression model, the derived density coincides with the distribution of the ratio of two normally distributed random variables previously obtained by Fieller (1932), unlike other approximations previously suggested by other authors. Approximations to the density of the EE estimators are discussed in the multivariate case. Numerical complications associated with the nonlinear least squares are illustrated, such as nonexistence and/or multiple solutions, as major factors contributing to poor density approximation. The nonlinear Markov-Gauss theorem is formulated based on the near exact EE density approximation.
Systematic Evaluation of Immobilized Trypsin-Based Fast Protein Digestion for Deep and High-Throughput Bottom-Up Proteomics.

Immobilized trypsin (IM) has been recognized as an alternative to free trypsin (FT) for accelerating protein digestion 30 years ago. However, some questions of IM still need to be answered. How does the solid matrix of IM influence its preference for protein cleavage and how well can IM perform for deep bottom-up proteomics compared to FT? By analyzing Escherichia coli proteome samples digested with amine or carboxyl functionalized magnetic bead-based IM (IM-N or IM-C) or FT, it is observed that IM-N with the nearly neutral solid matrix, IM-C with the negatively charged solid matrix, and FT have similar cleavage preference considering the microenvironment surrounding the cleavage sites. IM-N (15 min) and FT (12 h) both approach 9000 protein identifications (IDs) from a mouse brain proteome. Compared to FT, IM-N has no bias in the digestion of proteins that are involved in various biological processes, are located in different components of cells, have diverse functions, and are expressed in varying abundance. A high-throughput bottom-up proteomics workflow comprising IM-N-based rapid protein cleavage and fast CZE-MS/MS enables the completion of protein sample preparation, CZE-MS/MS analysis, and data analysis in only 3 h, resulting in 1000 protein IDs from the mouse brain proteome.
In vivo models of myocardial metabolism during ischemia: application to drug discovery and evaluation.

Abstract This review examines the in vivo techniques that are available for evaluation of the metabolic effects and efficacy of agents intended for the treatment of myocardial ischemia. Energy substrate metabolism is complex, and requires simultaneous measurement of a variety of processes in order to obtain a thorough understanding of the biochemical mechanisms underlying any functional response. Small animals (from the mouse to the rabbit) are generally not very useful in the study of cardiac metabolism in vivo because it is not possible to sample the coronary venous drainage and measure the rate of substrate uptake or metabolite efflux. Anesthetized open-chest swine or dog models allows simultaneous serial measurement of myocardial substrate use, and repeated tissue sampling for the activities and contents of key enzymes and metabolites. The swine model is particularly good because pigs, like humans, lack innate collateral vessels, thus one can induce regional myocardial ischemia in the left anterior descending coronary artery and sample the venous effluent from the anteior interventricular vein. In this review the biochemical and physiological methods that can be used in conjunction with this preparation are described.
Resonant Magnetization Tunneling in the Molecular Magnet Mn12 Acetate

I review the evidence for thermally assisted resonant tunneling between spin states in the molecular magnet known as Mn 12 acetate. The hysteresis loops for a sample show steps at regular intervals of magnetic field, every 4.6 kOe. At these same fields, the magnetic relaxation rate increases markedly. This system can be modeled as a double-well potential with energy levels corresponding to projections of the spin along the anisotropy axis. A magnetic field tilts this potential and regularly brings levels in opposite wells into resonance, allowing tunneling between the wells. The field interval between steps quantitatively agrees with the independently measured value of the anisotropy parameter. The data imply that the tunneling is driven in part by an internal transverse magnetic field, perhaps of hyperfine origin. However, the resonances have a Lorentzian line shape with no hint of the inhomogeneous broadening expected from a random internal field.
Cortical dysplasia and epilepsy: animal models.

Cortical dysplasia syndromes—those conditions of abnormal brain structure/organization that arise during aberrant brain development—frequently involve epileptic seizures. Neuropathological and neuroradiological analyses have provided descriptions and categorizations based on gross anatomical and cellular histological features (e.g., lissencephaly, heterotopia, giant cells), as well as on the developmental mechanisms likely to be involved in the abnormality (e.g., cell proliferation, migration). Recently, the genes responsible for several cortical dysplastic conditions have been identified and the underlying molecular processes investigated. However, it is still unclear how the various structural abnormalities associated with cortical dysplasia are related to (i.e., “cause”) chronic seizures. To elucidate these relationships, a number of animal models of cortical dysplasia have been developed in rats and mice. Some models are based on laboratory manipulations that injure the brain (e.g., freeze, undercut, irradiation, teratogen exposure) of immature animals; others are based on spontaneous genetic mutations or on gene manipulations (knockouts/transgenics) that give rise to abnormal cortical structures. Such models of cortical dysplasia provide a means by which investigators can not only study the developmental mechanisms that give rise to these brain lesions, but also examine the cause-effect relationships between structural abnormalities and epileptogenesis.
In Search of Helpful Legal Scholarship, Part 1

Like reform and ambiguity and symmetry and many other things, relevance often is in the eye of the beholder. Chief Justice John Roberts may have been trying to remind scholars of that when he recently said, “Pick up a copy of any law review that you see, and the first article is likely to be, you know, the influence of Immanuel Kant on evidentiary approaches in eighteenth-century Bulgaria, or something. . . .” Not everyone got the joke, or liked it. But the joke was also serious – it was a challenge to the academy to be more helpful to judges and members of the practicing bar. The academy should take Roberts at his word, and direct his Court’s attention to helpful scholarship. Professor Sherrilyn Ifill took a step in that direction, in a blog post responding to Roberts’s Kantian-Bulgarian-evidence joke. She made a good start, but something more systematic is called for if the Justices are to receive (1) a steady supply of recommendations of legal scholarship likely to be helpful in deciding the unending stream of cases before them, and (2) recommendations that reflect both the diversity of the academy and its collective expertise. To that end, professors should organize a cert pool of a sort for law review articles. They have the knowledge: they know scholarship, good and bad. They have the know-how: they know peer review, pure and corrupt. (Peer review of a sort is at the heart of this project.) And they are in position: they have the tenure that frees them to speak truth not only to power, but also to each other. But rather than giving the Justices stacks of memos evaluating every single law review article (as the clerks in the cert pool do with petitions in every single case), the professors should take a different kind of case-by-case approach. Every time the Court grants a cert. petition or otherwise agrees to hear a case, they should give the Justices a simple, readably short list of those articles most likely to be helpful in deciding that case. Then the Justices or their minions can read the helpful scholarship themselves. Each list should be in the form of (and filed as) an amicus brief – a truly brief “brief of scholarship” rather than a conventional “scholars’ brief” (a form whose credibility is limited by the behavior of some scholars who sign such briefs). Producing briefs of that sort would be hard. But there are respectable entities that could do it. Two come immediately to mind.