cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electroconvulsive shock and l-dopa reduce head-turning induced by electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus in the rat

The effect of repeated electroconvulsive shock (ECS) and L-dopa on contralateral head-turning induced by electrical stimulation of the caudate nucleus in rats was determined. Repeated ECS treatment consisting of a single daily ECS for 10 days was found to increase the number of caudate stimuli required to induce head-turning. As reported by others, oral L-dopa (250 mg/kg) was also found to antagonize the caudate stimulation-induced head-turning. The repeated ECS treatment had an additive effect with the 250 mg/kg L-dopa dose to increase the number of stimulations to induce the head-turn. These findings support previous reports that repeated ECS enhances dopamine-mediated behaviors as well as the theory that caudate stimulation-induced head-turning is mediated in part by dopaminergic mechanisms.
PROPERTIES OF PREDICTORS FOR MULTIVARIATE AUTOREGRESSIVE MODELS WITH ESTIMATED PARAMETERS

. The k-dimensional pth-order autoregressive processes {Yt} that are either stationary or have one unstable or explosive root are considered. The properties of the s-periods-ahead predictor Ŷn+s, obtained by replacing the unknown parameters in the expression for the best linear predictor YTn+s by their least-squares estimators, is shown to be asymptotically equivalent to the optimal predictor except in the explosive case. An expression for the mean squared error of Ŷn+s is derived through terms of order n-1 for normal stationary processes when the parameters are estimated from the realization to be predicted. In addition, small-sample properties of Ŷn+s are investigated.
Study of silicon incorporation from SiH4 in GaAs layers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy using tertiarybutylarsine

Abstract The incorporation of silicon from SiH 4 into GaAs grown using tertiarybutylarsine (t-C 4 H 9 AsH 2 or TBAs) as the group V source has been investigated. The dependence of silicon incorporation on growth conditions was used to evaluate the role of gas phase and surface chemistry in the doping process. The use of TBAs results in a greater SiH 4 doping efficiency and weaker dependence on growth temperature than is typically observed with AsH 3 . The doping is insensitive to gas residence time with AsH 3 and TBAs, indicating that the process is limited by heterogeneous chemistry in both cases. AsH 3 addition to layers grown at a constant TBAs/TMGa ratio results in a rapid decrease in Si incorporation. A surface kinetic-limited process is proposed to describe this behaviour. The influence of TBAs on SiH 4 doping chemistry was also found to improve the doping uniformity of GaAs films grown in our metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) reactor.
Functional dental correlates of food properties in five Malagasy lemur species

Biomechanical explanations are fundamental to studies of functional dental morphology. Until recently foods were not classified in mechanical categories amenable to a rigorous examination of the fundamental physical relationship between teeth and foods. Fruit, insect and leaf categories, although descriptive, are mechanically heterogeneous. The diets of five Malagasy lemur taxa were described in terms of two mechanical properties, hardness and shear strength, in an earlier study (Yamashita, 1996b). In the present study, correlations between these two physical food properties and second molar tooth features of two lemur families are examined. Several relationships are hypothesized: 1) crest length is expected to be positively correlated with food shear strength; 2) the radius of curvature (r) of cusps is expected to be positively correlated with food hardness; and 3) basin area should increase relative to cusp radius as food hardness increases, and cusp-to-basin ratios should decrease with increasing food hardness. Two additional hypotheses address the debate concerning the relative influences of the most frequently eaten foods versus the most stressful foods in determining tooth form. The results of the predicted relationships are equivocal. 1) Crest length is negatively instead of positively correlated with strong foods. Crest lengths are correlated with quantities of leaf consumption, which are related to leaf shape more than to material composition. 2) As expected, r is positively correlated with food hardness and negatively with shear strength, but this applies to upper molar cusps only. Lower molar cusps complicate simple generalizations of relationships. 3) Hard foods are correlated with a tight fit of occluding cusps and basins instead of the expected loose fit. The most stressful foods eaten (hardest and strongest) have higher correlations with tooth features than the most frequently eaten foods. Several functional complexes can be identified. Hard food items are correlated with short cusps in lemurids, tight occlusal fit, small trigon and large talonid areas, and deep, acute basins. Large, shallow trigons, shallow, unrestricted talonids, and large upper molar basins are indicative of a diet of strong foods. These results demonstrate that some variation in tooth features is explicable with reference to mechanical properties of diet, although the relationships are complex.
Publication Productivity among Doctoral Graduates of Educational Psychology Programs at Research Universities before and after the Year 2000

Research suggests that new doctoral graduates face increased publication pressure to achieve tenure: doctoral programs may have also increased this expectation. We examined whether faculty graduating before and after the year 2000 differed significantly in total publications, peer-reviewed publications, and first-authored publications as of the year they graduated with their doctoral degrees along with peer-reviewed publications as of tenure. A sample of 197 curriculum vitae was retrieved from educational psychology departmental websites across the 24 universities; vitae were coded for year the faculty member completed his/her doctorate and total number of publications, number of peer-reviewed publications and number of first-authored, peer-reviewed publications. Results indicated that faculty who graduated in the year 2000 and beyond had a significantly greater number of total publications—more peer-reviewed publications, more first-authored, peer-reviewed publications as of the year they graduated with their doctoral degrees, along with more peer-reviewed publications as of tenure. Publication productivity among doctoral graduates of educational psychology programs at research universities before and after the year 2000.
Postpartum Depression: Racial Differences and Ethnic Disparities in a Tri-racial and Bi-ethnic Population

Objectives This research investigated the differences and disparities of postpartum depression in a sample of African American, Hispanic, Native American, and White women. Methods A sample of 586 women were administered the Beck-Gable PDSS at 6-weeks postpartum. Factor analysis was applied to analyze the similarities among African American, Hispanic, Native American, and White participants. Confidence intervals of the rates of depression by group were estimated, followed by statistical tests to determine the differences among these rates. Risk assessment was performed with factor analysis and correlation methods. Results Hispanic women had a remarkably lower depression rate (2.5%) than other groups (P-values < 0.05). Significant differences for major depression were not found among African American, Native American, and White women; but Whites had higher minor depression (P-values < 0.05). Native American women had the highest rate of major depression (18.7%) and an average minor depression (10.5%). Although Whites had the second highest major depression (17.6%) and the highest minor depression (19.6%), their average full score (76.1) was noticeably lower than that of Native Americans (82.9) and slightly lower than that of African Americans (78.9; major and minor depression rates: 14.8% and 9.9%). The sample also demonstrated strong associations of depression with depression history and breastfeeding. Conclusion Statistically, postpartum depression can be ranked from high to low as Native Americans, Whites, African Americans and Hispanics (Hispanics have remarkably lower depression rates). This information is critically important to clinicians, researchers, agency administrators and social workers who work with these populations.
Men's heterosocial skill and attitudes toward women as predictors of verbal sexual coercion and forceful rape

This study assessed whether men's heterosocial skill and attitudes toward women are related to verbal and physical sexual coercion in a nonincarcerated population. We predicted that heterosocially skilled men would be more likely than unskilled men to have engaged in verbal sexual coercion, whereas unskilled men would be more likely than skilled men to have engaged in physical sexual coercion (i.e., forceful rape). We expected an interaction, with this pattern holding only for men who accepted traditional gender roles or male sexual dominance; men who did not accept these attitudes were expected to be unlikely to have engaged in either verbal or physical coercion. To identify sexually coercive men, we administered questionnaires to 1152 male introductory psychology students. They completed anonymous self-report measures of (a) heterosocial skill, (b) attitudes toward women, and (c) involvement with verbal and physical sexual coercion. Results showed that heterosocially skilled men were more likely than unskilled men to have engaged in verbal sexual coercion, but heterosocial skill was unrelated to forceful rape. Men who accepted traditional gender roles or male sexual dominance were more likely than other men to have engaged in both verbal sexual coercion and forceful rape. There were no interactions. Theoretical issues and treatment implications are discussed.
1179 RHESUS ROTAVIRUS VACCINE IN CHILDREN

Rotaviruses are now recognized as a leading cause of severe diarrhea throughout the world with associated mortality estimated at 5–10 million/ year. Several approaches to the derivation of an acceptable vaccine are under investigation. We are evaluating in progressively younger children a live, orally administered rota virus derived from a heterologous host, rhesus rotavirus strain MMU 18006, serotypically related to human sero-type 3. Fifty children aged 12 years to 9 months have been studied in groups of 6–12 children in close daily contact for 3 days before and 10 days after vaccine administration in a dose of 105–6 plaque forming units. Following vaccination, 4/24 placebo controls and 2/26 vaccinees experienced fever and 3 placebo controls and 4 vaccinees had loose stools. No child had an increase in number of stools. We judge the vaccine clinically acceptable from trials to date. All stools were collected and tested for rotavirus antigen by ELISA and virus isolation in MA-104 cells. Eighteen of 26 vaccinees shed low liters of rotavirus (maximum 1.8×104/ml of 10% stool) from 2–10 days after vaccination. No stools were positive by ELBA, a less sensitive assay than tissue culture, and no rotavirus was recovered 1 from controls. Serologic responses were determined by complement fixation, indirect hemagglutination or neutralization in 37 children. Antibody responses occurred in 15/19 vaccinees and 2/18 controls, suggesting possible limited transmission. The rhesus rotavirus appears to be a highly promising vaccine candidate for further evaluation in the prevention of diarrheal disease.
Hyperparathyroidism‐jaw tumour syndrome

Amongst hyperparathyroidism-related syndromes, hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumour syndrome is one of the least common and relatively unknown but its clinical and genetic aspects are not less interesting or important. With the recent identification of its genes, we can now better characterize the disease, both clinically and genetically, which will certainly impact the field of endocrinology and oncology. In this article, we review the clinico-pathological features and genetic basis of this syndrome with the hope that it will create awareness and interest in this disease amongst clinicians and basic scientists.
Enantiomeric separations of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with cyclodextrin chiral stationary phases (CSPs).

Rapid, highly efficient, analytical resolution of the enantiomers of eight different monomeric ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes has been achieved using HPLC with cyclodextrin chiral stationary phases. This technique also proved capable of separating both of the diastereomers and the enantiomers of one dinuclear complex in a single run, whereas similar efforts with another dinuclear complex gave only one stereoisomer cleanly. Factors such as the stereochemistry of the chiral selectors, solvent polarity, and salt effects can be altered to provide precise control of the enantioselective interactions. The ability to quickly and quantitatively determine the enantiopurity of a given ruthenium complex allowed facile reexamination and optimization of the commonly used bulk resolution procedures based on diastereomeric coprecipitation with sodium arsenyl (+)-tartrate or sodium arsenyl (−)-tartrate salts.
Potassium Channels in the Peripheral Microcirculation

Vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells, endothelial cells (EC), and pericytes that form the walls of vessels in the microcirculation express a diverse array of ion channels that play an important role in the function of these cells and the microcirculation in both health and disease. This brief review focuses on the K+ channels expressed in smooth muscle and endothelial cells in arterioles. Microvascular VSM cells express at least four different classes of K+ channels, including inward-rectifier K+ channels (Kin), ATP-sensitive K+ channels (KATP), voltage-gated K+ channels (Kv), and large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKCa). VSM KIR participate in dilation induced by elevated extracellular K+ and may also be activated by C-type natriuretic peptide, a putative endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). Vasodilators acting through cAMP or cGMP signaling pathways in VSM may open KATP, Kv, and BKCa, causing membrane hyperpolarization and vasodilation. VSMBKc. may also be activated by epoxides of arachidonic acid (EETs) identified as EDHF in some systems. Conversely, vasoconstrictors may close KATP, Kv, and BKCa through protein kinase C, Rho-kinase, or c-Src pathways and contribute to VSM depolarization and vasoconstriction. At the same time Kv and BKCa act in a negative feedback manner to limit depolarization and prevent vasospasm. Microvascular EC express at least 5 classes of K+ channels, including small (sKCa) and intermediate(IKCa) conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels, Kin, KATP, and Kv. Both sK and IK are opened by endothelium-dependent vasodilators that increase EC intracellular Ca2+ to cause membrane hyper-polarization that may be conducted through myoendothelial gap junctions to hyperpolarize and relax arteriolar VSM. KIR may serve to amplify sKCa- and IKCa-induced hyperpolarization and allow active transmission of hyperpolarization along EC through gap junctions. EC KIR channels may also be opened by elevated extracellular K+ and participate in K+-induced vasodilation. EC KATP channels may be activated by vasodilators as in VSM. Kv channels may provide a negative feedback mechanism to limit depolarization in some endothelial cells.
Esophageal foreign bodies in the pediatric population: our first 500 cases.

Background: Children with esophageal foreign bodies are frequently seen by pediatric surgeons. Choking and dysphagia are common presentations; however, esophageal perforation has been reported. Historically, rigid esophagoscopy with extraction of the foreign body has been the recommended treatment. Alternatively, Foley balloon extraction is a safe and effective approach. Methods: Over a 16-year period, 555 children presented with an esophageal foreign body. Retrospective analysis of the medical record was undertaken. Statistics were by univariate analysis. Results: Two hundred ninety-eight boys and 257 girls presented with a mean age of 3.24 years. Dysphagia (37%) and drooling (31%) were the most common symptoms. Foreign bodies were lodged in the superior esophagus in 73%, and 88% of the objects were coins. Balloon extraction with fluoroscopy was performed in 468 children. Eighty percent of the objects were successfully removed with a mean fluoroscopy time of 2.2 min, and 8% were advanced into the stomach. The overall success rate was 88%, with failures necessitating rigid esophagoscopy under general anesthesia. Children younger than 1 year were the most likely to fail (25% failure rate). Airway aspiration never occurred. Significant savings in patient charges were observed with this approach. Conclusions: Balloon extraction of pediatric esophageal foreign bodies is a safe and cost-effective procedure. This technique is applicable for infants, children, and adolescents. Experienced practitioners should be able to achieve greater than 80% success rate.
Finite temperature calculation of angular velocities and moments of inertia in rotating nuclei

Abstract The rotational properties of nuclei in the statistical region are predicted on the basis of a simple BCS model. A back-bending, which disappears as the temperature increases, is observed in the plot of the moment of inertia versus the square of the angular velocity.
Distance education: a multidimensional evaluation

SUMMARY The empirical evaluation of distance education is social work has lagged behind that of other fields. This research compares classes taught in person and via interactive television on the dimensions of student satisfaction (course evaluations), and educational outcomes (pretest, post test, and follow up design). The research design and controlling for the instructor variable (the same instructor taught both courses) adds methodological rigor not present in prior evaluations. Outcome differences between the instructional mediums were explained by the demographic and other differences brought by the students. This research joins the bulk of such research that finds the effectiveness of the mediums comparable.
Adverse drug reactions leading to hospitalization in children

During a three-year period of prospective epidemiologic surveillance for adverse drug reactions in a pediatric population, 72 (2.0%) of 3,556 medical admissions were the result of adverse drug reactions. Antineoplastic drugs were most frequently cited as causing a reaction leading to admission. Approximately 40% of the reactions were severe, and four reactions contributed to death.
Estrogen receptor expression in benign breast ductal cells obtained from random periareolar fine needle aspiration correlates with menopausal status and cytomorphology index score.

Introduction Estrogen receptor (ER) expression in breast epithelial cells has potential as a risk marker for development of breast cancer and as a response marker for preventive interventions.
A precision high vacuum target barrel

Abstract A precision high vacuum target barrel has been constructed to be used in the 85 cm carbon free scattering chamber system. The design of this target barrel features the use of a Saginaw ball screw and Thompson linear bearings to achieve accurate positioning of targets in the chamber. The design and operation of the barrel are presented.
A diagnostic study of tropospheric diabatic heating and the generation of available potential energy

Calculations of the horizontal distribution of mid-tropospheric diabatic heating have been made through use of the first law of thermodynamics in conjunction with a simplified form of the vorticity equation. Objective analyses of the geopotential heights of the 850 and 500 mb surfaces over a region extending from the pole southward to approximately 15° N were utilized. Calculations of the daily distributions of the heat sources and sinks were obtained for the following months: January 1959, 1962, 1963; April 1961, 1962; July 1961, 1962; and October 1961, 1962. The daily distributions were then averaged within each month, and one of the resulting monthly distributions for each season is presented. Furthermore, the 9 monthly averaged zonal heating profiles are presented together with the latitudinal variation of the heat flux required to maintain these profiles. The zonal and eddy components of the generation of available potential energy were computed from the daily 500–850 mb thickness and heating patterns. The averaged zonal profiles of each component for each of the 9 months is presented. Furthermore, through a linear Fourier analysis method the eddy generation of available potential energy was obtained in the wave-number regime. The average monthly contribution and the standard deviation of the daily values were obtained for each of the 9 months for each harmonic from n = 1 to n = 20. The results of the monthly averaged heating patterns indicate that relatively intense heat sources and sinks exist during the winter months while the least intense ones exist in the summer months. An annual zonal heating maximum of 4 times 10 −3 kj t −1 sec −1 was found near 40° N and intense cooling existed in the high latitudes. All monthly averaged values of the zonal generation of available potential energy were positive with maximum values obtained for the winter months and minimum values obtained for the summer months. Results indicate that for the troposphere the available potential energy is generally destroyed by the eddies in all seasons except summer with the greatest destructions occurring in winter. Also, during winter the long waves, n = 1 to 5, are responsible for the majority of this destruction. The annual average of the zonal generation of available potential energy for the troposphere obtained from the 9 months considered here was + 19 times 10 −4 kj m −2 sec −1 and the corresponding value for the eddy generation was −9 times 10 −4 kj m −2 sec −1 . DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1964.tb00174.x
Gazing Forward, Not Looking Back: Comfort Food without Nostalgia in the Novels of Polly Horvath

Conventionally, children are depicted finding comfort in the sensory appeal of food, as part of experiences that eventually will become sources of adult nostalgia. Polly Horvath’s novels provide narratives that depict the creation of such moments without the accompanying nostalgia. This essay analyzes two of Horvath’s most successful and food-focused novels, Everything on a Waffle and The Canning Season , using the disciplinary and theoretical frames of children’s literature, food studies, social science research on comfort food as well as literary scholarship on nostalgia and on Proust’s A la recherche du temps perdu , pursuing a counter-argument to the conventional view of children’s literature as a locus of nostalgia.
Otolaryngologists' perceptions of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis (OMS) is a common cause of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS); however, the condition is infrequently mentioned in recent rhinosinusitis guidelines and often overlooked as a cause of sinusitis by otolaryngologists, dentists, and radiologists. The goal of this survey is to assess otolaryngologists' perceptions of the incidence, diagnosis, and treatment of OMS. Study Design: Physician survey. Methods: Ninety-three board certified otolaryngologists in the United States completed a 17-question survey on etiologies of CRS, which also included questions on alternative diagnoses and radiologic findings to reduce respondent bias toward the survey's focus on odontogenic sinusitis. Results were compared between self-reported general otolaryngologists and rhinologists. Results: Both groups recognized an odontogenic source as a common cause of maxillary sinusitis and reported treating an average of 2.9 patients per year with OMS who were initially misdiagnosed. Most otolaryngologists surveyed perceived radiologists to never or rarely report on dental pathology in their sinus computed tomography (CT) interpretation. Conclusions: Both general otolaryngologists and rhinologists recognize odontogenic sinusitis is common, although often initially misdiagnosed. With increasing awareness of OMS, we believe that otolaryngologists and radiologists will review sinus CT scans for the presence of periapical abscesses and dental pathology. The otolaryngologist should suspect an odontogenic etiology of purulent maxillary CRS in patients failing to improve with antibiotics, regardless of a negative dental workup.
Classifying and coding online actions

Research on how the Internet is diffusing across the population has broadened from questions about who uses the medium to what people do during their time online. With this change in focus comes a need for more detailed data on people's online actions. The author provides a method for coding and classifying users' online information-seeking behavior. The author presents an exhaustive list of ways in which a user may arrive at a web page. The proposed methodology includes enough nuanced information to distinguish among different search actions and links. In its entirety, the coding scheme makes it possible to understand many details about the users' sequence of actions simply by looking at the spreadsheet containing the information proposed in this article. The author also demonstrates the utility of this scheme with findings from a study on the information-seeking behavior of 100 randomly selected Internet users to exemplify the utility of this coding and classification scheme.
Safety and reliability considerations for lithium batteries

Battery safety and reliability are closely related and, in some instances, safety may be considered a subset of reliability. However, safety is a concern from manufacture through disposal. Reliability can be approached through three different perspectives: lot reliability, individual cell reliability, and root cause analysis of failed cells. To ensure a quality product, a good reliability management program must be established as part of the manufacturing process. Reliability can be designed into cells through the use of fault tree analysis, while root cause analysis of failed cells is determined by a thorough post mortem analysis of individual failed cells. An existing fault tree can help focus the analysis. Battery safety can be classified as to the different types of hazards according to their effect on personnel and equipment, e.g., physical, chemical, equipment damage, and environmental. To maximize safe performance, each cell and battery should be designed specifically for its intended use. Battery packs must be designed to maintain the safety features designed into individual cells. However, the ultimate responsibility for battery safety lies with the consumer, who must insure proper storage conditions, train personnel in proper handling techniques, and dispose of them in accordance with government regulations.
Alpha-tocopherol succinate inhibits growth of gastric cancer cells in vitro.

Background. Vitamin E in the form of alpha-tocopherol succinate (ATS) has been shown to inhibit growth of several cancer cell lines in vitro, including pancreas, breast, and prostate. No data exist on the effect of ATS on gastric cancer cell viability. Methods. A gastric cancer cell line in suspension form, KATO-III, was plated in 96-well plates at 30,000 cells per well with 100 μl RPMI media. The cells were allowed to incubate for 24 h and were then treated with ATS at doses of 25, 50, or 100 μg/ml. The ATS was dissolved in 1% EtOH solution and control cells received an identical solution of EtOH without ATS. Treated cells were incubated for 24, 48, or 72 h. At the completion of the treatment period, MTT assay was performed to determine cell viability. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t test. Results. All doses of ATS resulted in inhibition of growth of the KATO-III cells. Both 100 and 50 μg/cc doses inhibited growth at all time points (P < 0.005), with 48- and 72-h treatments more effective than 24-h treatment. At 24 and 48 h, 100 μg/cc was more effective at inhibition of growth than 50 μg/ml (P < 0.005), but by 72 h the effects of the doses were equivalent; 25 μg/ml inhibited cell growth only at 48 and 72 h. At all time points, 50 and 100 μg/ml doses were more effective at inhibiting cell growth than 25 μg/ml. Conclusions. ATS inhibits gastric carcinoma cell growth in vitro in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. In vivo studies are indicated to further evaluate the potential benefit of this antioxidant against gastric cancer.
Rotational excitation as a probe of photochemistry in (HI)n clusters

Abstract Laser excitation in the range 280–285 nm was used to initiate chemistry in small (HI)n clusters formed in a supersonic expansion. The same laser pulse also probed the rotational population of HI monomers by 2+1 REMPI through three different excited states. An increase in the HI rotational temperature above the normally very low temperature of the molecular beam was detected and is indicative of chemistry occurring within the cluster environment. Laser intensity and stagnation pressure dependence studies were conducted to provide further insight into the chemistry. Possible mechanisms that yield product molecules with internal excitation, including H-atom exchange reactions, are discussed.
Preheat measurements in UV-laser target interaction☆

Abstract Preheat was studied using X-ray K α lines of neutral and ionized nickel and chlorine atoms in flat target irradiation experiments using 40 J, 0.5 ns laser pulses at a wavelength of 0.35 μm. At an irradiance of 10 15 W/cm 2 it is found that ∼3% of the absorbed energy appears as preheat, due almost entirely to X-ray radiation. Use of a low- Z (plastic) target coating is predicted to produce sufficiently low preheat to be consistent with the requirements for high density ablative implosions.
Palliation of patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction with the enteral Wallstent: outcomes from a multicenter study.

Background Endoscopic placement of self-expandable metallic stents for palliation of patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction is safe and feasible. Methods Patients with malignant gastric outlet obstruction undergoing enteral stent insertion were identified from endoscopy databases. Duration of oral intake after stent insertion was calculated by using the log-rank test. Factors associated with duration of oral intake were assessed by using Cox multivariable regression analysis. Results A total of 176 patients (mean age 65 [14] years) treated at 4 centers from 1996 to 2003 were identified. Obstruction was caused by cancer of the pancreas in 84, the stomach in 20, the bile duct in 15, the major duodenal papilla in 8, another primary site in 16, and metastases in 33. The site of obstruction was the duodenum in 125, the distal stomach in 17, the stomach and the duodenum in 18, and surgical anastomosis in 16 patients. Stent deployment was technically successful in 173. Complications occurred in 14 patients. Seventeen patients were lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 159 patients, 133 resumed oral intake for a median time of 146 days: 95% CI [65, 202]. On regression analysis, chemotherapy after stent placement was associated with prolonged duration of oral intake (hazard ratio 0.41: 95% CI [0.23, 0.72]). Conclusions After enteral stent insertion for malignant gastric outlet obstruction, 84% of patients resumed oral intake for a median time of 146 days. Chemotherapy after enteral stent insertion was independently associated with prolongation of oral intake.
Trading rules, large blocks and the speed of price adjustment

Abstract In this paper large block stock transactions are examined in the context of a trading rule devised by Grier and Albin. The study makes use of the actual intra-day history of stock transactions. Considerable effort is taken to correctly incorporate the effects of transaction costs on trading rule profits and evidence is presented on the sensitivity of such profits to variations in these costs. The use of intra-day prices yields results consistent with the weak form of the efficient markets hypothesis and provides important evidence on the speed of price adjustment.
Novel microstructures and reactivity for n-butane oxidation: advances and challenges in vapor phase alkane oxidation catalysis

Abstract The development of novel and improved microstructures is reported for vanadium phosphorus oxide (VPO) catalysts for the oxidation of n -butane to maleic anhydride (MA) by grafting alkoxides of bismuth and molybdenum on to pre-formed vanadium phosphorus oxide precursor, VO(HPO 4 )·0.5 H 2 O. Depth profiling shows that the surface is molybdenum-rich, following a calcination and activation procedure which converts the catalyst precursor to the final, active phase(s). This novel composition profile in the catalyst may be responsible for the reactivity enhancements observed for this catalyst system. Catalysts prepared using bismuth or molybdenum containing precursors individually do not show a performance enhancement.
Nuclear Polarization and Impurity-State Spin Relaxation Processes in Silicon

Two proposals are made for producing nuclear polarization by a transient analog of the Overhauser effect in the impurity-state electron spin resonance in silicon. The success of the proposal polarization schemes requires that the electron spin relaxation process in which the impurity nucleus and the electron simultaneously flip their spins be faster than those relaxation processes in which an electron alone changes its spin. A detailed study of many electron spin relaxation processes is carried out. It is found that for sufficiently low concentrations of P, As, and Sb impurities in silicon transient nuclear polarization should occur; for Li impurities it should not. The foregoing theoretical predictions have been verified for As by the recent experiments of Abragam and Combrisson, and of Feher.
Mutations at the GABA receptor selectivity filter: a possible role for effective charges

An important feature of ligand-gated ion channels is their exquisite ability to discriminate between ions. Still, little is known about the mechanisms underlying, or structural determinates of, this ability. We examined the structural elements underlying the ionic selectivity of ρ1 GABA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes and human embryonic kidney cells using site-directed mutagenesis and two-electrode voltage-clamp or patch-clamp techniques. The wild-type GABA receptor was chloride selective, with a small but significant permeability to potassium (PNa+ : PK+ : PCl-= 0 : 0.03 :1). Mutation of an alanine to glutamate at position 291 (thought to be located at the intracellular end of the second transmembrane domain), formed a channel that exhibited little discrimination among ions (0.70:0.87:1), while deletion of a neighbouring proline (290) was chloride selective, but had elevated cation permeabilities compared to the wild-type channel (0.12 : 0.14 : 1). Together, the two mutations (ΔP290/A291E) caused a reversal of selectivity (2.72 : 3.59 : 1). We also examined the effects of neutralizing and reversing the charge of the adjacent, and highly conserved, arginine. Mutation of the neighbouring arginine to glutamate (R292E) increased the cation permeability similar to the ΔP290/A291E double mutant (2.4 : 3.0 : 1), whereas neutral mutations at this position (R292M or R292C) retained chloride selectivity (0 : 0.11 : 1.0 and 0 : 0.14 : 1.0, respectively). Our experiments suggest that the effective charge near the presumed intracellular mouth of the pore is critical for ionic selectivity.
Investigating Classroom Discourse Surrounding Partner Reading

This study examined the functions that student talk served during partner reading events in a second grade classroom. Five major themes of talk emerged from the data including organizational, disputational, word strategy, meaning making and personal talk. All of these types of talk functioned to support partner reading except for personal talk, which occurred infrequently. The classroom teacher also provided support for these same discourses through her mini-lessons and read alouds.
Which chest pain patients potentially benefit from continuous 12-lead ST-segment monitoring with automated serial ECG?

Abstract A prospective observational study was performed in 678 chest pain patients with suspected acute coronary ischemic syndrome (ACS) and absence of clinical and ECG criteria for emergent reperfusion therapy on presentation to determine how often continuous 12-lead ST-segment monitoring with automated serial ECG (SECG) results in a significant change in therapy during the initial emergency department (ED) evaluation in typical high- and low-risk chest pain patients. After initial history, physical, and ECG were obtained, patients were grouped into high and low risk subgroups based on ED physician's assessment of likelihood of ACS. Significant change in therapy was defined as thrombolytic drug administration, emergent percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PTCA), and intensive anti-ischemic therapy with intravenous heparin and/or intravenous nitroglycerin. SECG monitoring was continued until either the patient was taken for emergent PTCA or until 2-hour serum markers measurements were obtained. A total of 26 patients therapy was changed secondary to SECG monitoring which represented 14.6% of high-risk patients and 1.1% of low-risk patients. New injury (21 patients) and new ischemia (4 patients) were the only SECG findings that led to a change in therapy. SECG monitoring had a 15.2 times increased odds of changing therapy in the high risk patients as compared with the low risk patients ( P
Toughness, fracture markings, and losses in bisphenol-A polycarbonate at high strainrate

As-received and heat-treated specimens of bisphenol-A polycarbonate were impacted at temperatures ranging from −196 to +100° C. The critical stress intensity has been calculated for the as-received case from the impact energy data by making a strain-rate correction. To make this correction, the time-temperature superposition principle has been applied to existing dynamic mechanical measurements of the storage modulus and loss modulus (tan δ). Critical stress intensity values of 2.2 to 3.9 MPa m1/2 were found to be comparable with those obtained from instrumented impact and low strain-rate test techniques. Resulting fracture surfaces of the specimens were studied with the scanning electron microscope. Specifically, the morphology of the regions in which sharp striations were present was investigated and the width of the striations have been reported as a function of testing temperature for both as-received and heat-treated cases. There appears to be a direct correlation between the strain-energy release rate, the stress intensity, the striation spacing and the loss curve (tan δ) for the as-received case.
THE UPTAKE AND DEGRADATION OF INJECTED LABELED PROTEINS BY MOUSE-LIVER PARTICLES.

Abstract 1. 1. An examination of particulate fractions from livers of mice injected with [ 131 I]albumin treated with formaldehyde at pH 10 for 3 days, or [ 74 As] arsonoazoalbumin, at various times after injection revealed a decrease in radioactivity in the 39 000 × g (45 min) fraction with time. With [ 74 As]arsonoazoalbumin a concurrent increase in the radioactivity in the 900 × g (10 min) fraction was noted. 2. 2. The rate of removal of radioactivity from the liver after injection of [ 131 I]albumin was rapid enough to be evident in the isolated particles. The rate of release of trichloroacetic acid-soluble radioactivity was most rapid from the 27 000 × g (10 min) particles, somewhat less from the 900 × g and negligible from the 39 000 × g fractions. The release of radioactivity was inhibited by iodoacetamide, stimulated by cysteine, and had a pH optimum of about 5. 3. 3. The results were interpreted as the uptake of protein by pinocytosis into vacuoles which appeared in the 39 000 × g fraction. The denser particles represented a fusion of pinocytosis vacuoles with lysosomes in which the protein was degraded by cathepsins.
Corpus Luteum Function in the Rat: A Critical Period for Luteal Activation and the Control of Luteal Maintenance

The ability of LH or prolactin to initiate and maintain progestin secretion by the corpus luteum was tested in pseudopregnant rats using anti-LH (A/LH) and anti-prolactin (A/Pro) sera. Progestin secretion was evaluated by the decidual reaction test (12 groups of 6 animals/ group) and by competitive protein-binding assay. A/Pro or anti-LH given immediately after electrical stimulation of the cervix (1800 hr of proestrus) completely abolished the expected pseudopregnancy and decidual reaction. A/Pro given at 2000, 2200, 2400 of proestrus or at 0200 hr of estrus also completely blocked the decidual reaction, but resulted only in a depressed response when given later during estrus at 0400, 0600 or 0800 hr. When A/Pro treatment was delayed until 1000 hr of the morning of estrus, pseudopregnancy proceeded and the decidual reaction was maximal. A/LH given at the time of cervical stimulation completely abolished the expected reaction and also depressed deciduomata when given at 1000 hr on days 1, 2 or 3. In gener...
A Switch Between Cytoprotective and Cytotoxic Autophagy in the Radiosensitization of Breast Tumor Cells by Chloroquine and Vitamin D

Calcitriol or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the hormonally active form of vitamin D, as well as vitamin D analogs, has been shown to increase sensitivity to ionizing radiation in breast tumor cells. The current studies indicate that the combination of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 with radiation appears to kill p53 wild-type, estrogen receptor-positive ZR-75-1 breast tumor cells through autophagy. Minimal apoptosis was observed based on cell morphology by DAPI and TUNEL staining, annexin/PI analysis, caspase-3, and PARP cleavage as well as cell cycle analysis. Induction of autophagy was indicated by increased acridine orange staining, RFP-LC3 redistribution, and detection of autophagic vesicles by electron microscopy, while autophagic flux was monitored based on p62 degradation. The autophagy inhibitors, chloroquine and bafilomycin A1, as well as genetic suppression of the autophagic signaling proteins Atg5 or Atg 7 attenuated the impact of the combination treatment of 1,25 D3 with radiation. In contrast to autophagy mediating the effects of the combination treatment, the autophagy induced by radiation alone was apparently cytoprotective in that either pharmacological or genetic inhibition increased sensitivity to radiation. These studies support the potential utility of vitamin D for improving the impact of radiation for breast cancer therapy, support the feasibility of combining chloroquine with radiation for the treatment of breast cancer, and demonstrate the existence of an "autophagic switch" from cytoprotective autophagy with radiation alone to cytotoxic autophagy with the 1,25 D3-radiation combination.
A histopathologic study of retinitis pigmentosa

The ultrastructural features of the retina in two cases of X-linked recessive and one of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa are described. Histopathologic changes were most apparent in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), photoreceptor cells, and retinal vessels. the RPE was foeally absent, focally proliferated, and mostly depigmented. Thickening of the basal membrane of the RPE was present. Photoreceptors were severely reduced in number. Two forms of photoreceptor cell degeneration were observed. In the first form the photoreceptor cells exhibited mitochondrial swelling, wateriness of cytoplasm, and loss of organelles. In the second form the cells showed densified, shrunken cytoplasm with vacuolated mitochondria. In many retinal vessels, endothelial cell and pericytic degeneration were apparent. Pigment-laden macrophages were present in all layers of the retina. A preretinal membrane was observed in the posterior pole of all six eyes and consisted of cellular elements bearing the ultrastructural ch...
Recombinant Human IGF-1 (Insulin-Like Growth Factor) Therapy: Where Do We Stand Today?

Recombinant human (rh) IGF-1 has been available for therapy since the 1980s and has been commercially available for over 5 y, yet the role of rhIGF-1 in treating children with short stature remains ambiguous. This is consequent to the inherent difficulty in defining criteria for IGF-1 deficiency, and in determining the outcome of rhIGF-1 therapy in terms of growth rate and adult height. The rationale for its efficacy compared with rhGH (recombinant human growth hormone) for treatment of short stature is still widely debated. Additionally, adverse events such as increased intracranial pressure and hypoglycemia are of therapeutic concern. The goal of this article is to review published data that describes the impact of IGF-1 therapy in treatment of short stature and other growth disorders.
A closed system audio helmet for monkeys.

Abstract : This report describes a closed system audio helmet for monkeys which is both reliable and inexpensive. The need for head restraint is eliminated and also permits self-feeding. No problem was experienced in the daily fitting of the helmet; the operation required less than 5 minutes. (Author)
Comparative Effect of 200 KV. X-Rays and Gamma Rays on the Pupae of Drosophila Melanogaster: I. Determination of ”Equivalent Roentgen“ Value for Gamma Rays: II. Summation Experiments with X-Rays and Gamma Rays

I. Determination of “Equivalent Roentgen” Value for Gamma Rays The roentgen has been adopted as the international unit of quantity or dose of x-rays and has proved satisfactory in practice. It is based on the measurement of ionization, satisfying the physical conditions of an “absolute” measurement. Since gamma rays also produce ionization, it is therefore theoretically possible to extend this unit to these rays as well, which for practical reasons is highly desirable. Direct and indirect methods of measurement have been applied for that purpose. The direct method involves the adaptation to the measurement of gamma rays of the same physical premises applied to the establishment of the international roentgen for x-rays and has been shown to be attended by considerable experimental difficulties, the analysis of which is beyond the scope of this report (see Failla and Marinelli, 1). The indirect method consists in a comparison of gamma ray doses of unknown roentgen value with x-ray doses of known roentgen value producing an equal effect on a test object. The dosage values thus obtained can be expressed in equivalent roentgens (Failla, 1933). It need not be emphasized that the unit of gamma ray dosage thus determined does not necessarily satisfy the conditions which the definition of the roentgen imposes. On the other hand, such a procedure gives the true comparative evaluation of the total secondary electronic effect and its biological effectiveness in a given object, which is the final determining factor for conditions met with in practice.