cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching Literatures: A Paradigm Shift

Humanist approach to literature teaching had been an academic custom and convention in almost all cultures even since literature studies in modern languages and literatures was institutionalized in the last decade of the nineteenth century. Though the genesis of this two millennium old approach is traced back to Plato’s Academy and Aristotle’s Lyceum, it was further scaffolded with advanced arguments and methods in the Anglo-American world at the hands of Mathew Arnold in the second half the 19th century and New Critics in the early 20th century. It advocates the inculcation of ethical and aesthetic values in students (readers) of literary studies. This approach was, however, challenged for the first time in history in 1950s and 1960s by structuralist approach but it was short-lived since the John Hopkins University International Seminar on structuralism paved the way for the advent of poststructuralist approach to literature teaching. Poststructuralist approach to literature teaching became anti-humanist and anti-structuralist. It emphasizes the importance of theories of reading since poststructuralist thought has enormously influenced human interpretive capacity of the practitioners of human sciences to the extent that it has facilitated professionalization of the literary academia around the world. This paper examines the paradigm shift in approaches to literature reading, understanding, interpreting, teaching, and researching from humanist perceptions to poststructuralist assertions through structuralist recommendations, how poststructuralist approach enables literature academics around the world to create literary-critical scholarship, and how English literary academia in India is lagging far behind the rest of the world since it is inadvertently stuck in the colonial mire of humanist approaches.
ADHD Prediction via Time Series Ensemble fed Driving Simulator Data

In this paper, we identify the on-road scenarios within a simulated driving environment where a group of clinical trial participants (n= 30) with and without Attention Deficit Hyper-activity Disorder (ADHD) drive perceivably different fromone another. We partition the simulated routes into smaller non-overlapping sections in order to determine which sections elicit behaviors that are predictive of ADHD. Then, we develop section-specific classifiers, which are used as voters in bagging ensemble classifiers. Our results show gains in classifying ADHD (increase in 5-fold average evaluation accuracy) over our previous efforts, as well as providing explainable evidence that driving behaviors indicative of ADHD tend to be exhibited in turns and curves.
Soft Variable Area Energy Harvester

Capacitors are great tools to store electrostatic energy and can discharge current almost instantly when needed. Thus, they are widely used in electrical circuits and have become a crucial part of everyday life. Besides, variable capacitors are a vital component of electrostatic energy harvesters that can harvest mechanical energy. However, traditional rigid capacitors exhibit low capacitance due to a thick dielectric layer in between the electrodes limiting the charge storing capacity. Due to their rigid nature, harvesting mechanical energy by varying capacitance is limited to sliding or oscillating the electrodes up and down in a systematic way. Thus, they cannot convert all kinds of mechanical energy into electricity constraining the conversion efficiency. Here we create soft electrical double layer capacitors, which innately offer higher capacitance due to the small distance between the charged layers. Being deformable in nature, they can convert all kinds of mechanical input (slide, stretch, squish, twist, bend) into electrical energy. These devices generate around 0.23 mW m-2 by harnessing energy from mechanical motion without the need for an external power source unlike the traditional electrostatic energy harvesters. We have characterized the behavior of these devices as a function of several parameters including material properties and physical deformation. The devices behave as expected and the response of the devices to deformation match a physics-based model. The soft device generates an electrical signal when deformed, which may be useful for oceanic energy harvesting as well as wind energy harvesting. Besides, these devices can harvest human motion thereby find applications in wearable electronics, healthcare systems like rehabilitation and prosthetics.
Virtual personalities and neural networks: Capturing the structure and dynamics of personality

Abstract We describe our Virtual Personalities model of the structure and dynamics of personality and its implementation as a neural network model. The Virtual Personalities model proposes that both the structure and dynamics of personality can be understood in terms of the interaction between structured motivational systems within the individual and the motive/goal affordances of everyday situations. We first briefly review our earlier work on a goal-based model of traits and then describe our more recent Virtual Personalities computational model. We outline the basic motivational and processing structures within the individual and the critical features of the situations with which people interact. We then describe how this model is implemented as a neural network model and the basics of how neural networks work. We also discuss the advantages of creating explicit computational models. Finally, we review a number of simulations we have performed demonstrating the implications of the model.
Single Entity Behavior of CdSe Quantum Dot Aggregates During Photoelectrochemical Detection.

We demonstrate that colloidal quantum (QDs) dots of CdSe and CdSe/ZnS are detected during the photooxidation of MeOH, under broad-spectrum illumination (250 mW/cm2). The stepwise photocurrent vs. time response corresponds to single entities adsorbing to the Pt electrode surface irreversibly. The adsorption/desorption of the QDs and the nature of the single entities is discussed. In suspensions, the QDs behave differently depending on the solvent used suspension the materials. For MeOH, CdSe is not as stable as CdSe/ZnS under constant illumination. The photocurrent expected for single QDs is discussed. The value of the observed photocurrents, > 1 pA is due to the formation of agglomerates consistent with the collision frequency and suspension stability. The observed frequency of collisions for the stepwise photocurrents is smaller than the diffusion-limited cases expected for single QDs colliding with the electrode surface. Dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy studies support the detection of aggregates. The results indicate that the ZnS layer on the CdSe/ZnS material facilitates the detection of single entities by increasing the stability of the nanomaterial. The rate of hole transfer from the QD aggregates to MeOH outcompetes the dissolution of the CdSe core under certain conditions of electron injection to the Pt electrode and in colloidal suspensions of CdSe/ZnS
Modeling and performance analysis of a resource-sharing manufacturing system using stochastic Petri nets

The objectives of this work are to model a manufacturing system using top-down Petri net modeling approaches and mutual exclusion concepts; to construct stochastic Petri nets by considering the random failures of the machines, as well as such resources as robots and automated guided vehicle systems, and by incorporating temporal variables to transitions and places; to derive the performance of the system using stochastic Petri net performance models for different cases; and to compare performance results. Performance analysis problems on both deadlock-free and deadlock-prone systems are addressed and a comparison between them is made. First the stochastic Petri net modeling process is discussed on the basis of top-down and bottom-up ideas. Then, system performance indices, such as throughput for a resource-sharing manufacturing system, are derived by using existing software packages such as SPNP. Finally, conclusions are drawn and future directions are discussed for Petri net evaluation of manufacturing systems. >
Tracking People with a Sparse Network of Bearing Sensors

Recent techniques for multi-camera tracking have relied on either overlap between the fields of view of the cameras or on a visible ground plane. We show that if information about the dynamics of the target is available, we can estimate the trajectory of the target without visible ground planes or overlapping cameras.
Role and Importance of Cryospheric Processes in Climate System

The cryosphere, which includes seasonal snow, frozen ground, sea ice, glaciers, ice caps, and ice sheets, is one of Earth's five main regimes together with the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and pedosphere. It is estimated that the cryosphere contains about 1.8% of all water on Earth but nearly 70% of the freshwater. Interactions between snow and ice cover and the radiation budget make the cryosphere especially important to climate at local to global scales, while strong positive feedback mechanisms mean that the cryosphere is particularly sensitive to climate change. Impurities trapped in glaciers and ice sheets archive detailed, high-time resolution records of the Earth's changing climate and hydrologic cycle over the past million years. These and other records document repeated variations in the size of the cryosphere including very large, long-duration changes such as the glacial and interglacial periods as well as much smaller, though still important changes such as the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age during the last two millennia. The cryosphere is shrinking rapidly in response to the current warming, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. Keywords: cryosphere; glacier; ice sheet; sea ice; albedo; feedback; ice core; permafrost
Modular TCP Handoff Design in STREAMS-Based TCP/IP Implementation

Content-aware request distribution is a technique which takes into account the content of the request when distributing the requests in a web server cluster. A handoff protocol and TCP handoff mechanism were introduced to support content-aware request distribution in a client-transparent manner. Content-aware request distribution mechanisms enable the intelligent routing inside the cluster to provide the quality of service requirements for different types of content and to improve overall cluster performance.We propose a new modular TCP handoff design based on STREAMSbased TCP/IP implementation in HP-UX 11.0. We design the handoff functions as dynamically loadable modules. No changes are made to the existing TCP/IP code. The proposed plug-in module approach has the following advantages: flexibility-TCP handoff functions may be loaded and unloaded dynamically, without node function interruption; modularity- proposed design and implementation may be ported to other OSes with minimal effort.
Repetitive Elements and Human Disorders

Repetitive sequences, consisting largely of transposable elements (TEs), comprise over 50% of the mammalian genome. Ongoing proliferation of human TEs results in a significant level of disease-causing mutations. More frequently than insertional mutagenesis, TEs participate in nonallelic recombinations that generate both germ-line and somatic mutations. Further exacerbating the deleterious nature of TEs, the protein products of some autonomous elements have been demonstrated to generate double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) breaks, which have themselves been established as potent inducers of genetic instability. Other repetitive genomic sequence, such as segmental duplications and microsatellites (particularly triplet repeats), also promote genetic instability resulting in disease phenotypes. Keywords: L1; ALU; SVA; human mobile elements; insertional mutation; nonallelic homologous recombination
Radar Evidence for Liquid Surfaces on Titan

Arecibo radar observations of Titan at 13-centimeter wavelength indicate that most of the echo power is in a diffusely scattered component but that a small specular component is present for about 75% of the subearth locations observed. These specular echoes have properties consistent with those expected for areas of liquid hydrocarbons. Knowledge of the areal extent and depth of any deposits of liquid hydrocarbons could strongly constrain the history of Titan's atmosphere and surface.
Freeze-fractured sarcoplasmic reticulum in adult and embryonic fast and slow muscles

There is evidence to suggest that 8 nm calcium transport particles in the sarcoplasmic reticulum are involved in the regulation of twitch properties in adult muscles. We have studied ultrastructural characteristics of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in relation to previously defined physiological changes that take place in the normal course of development. The fast twitch posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) and the slow tonic anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) of the chicken were compared using the procedure of freeze-fracture. In the adult PLD, the sarcoplasmic reticulum was composed of longitudinal tubules, which gave rise to fenestrated cisternae at the centre of the H band and to terminal cisternae that form triads regularly at each A-I junction. In most of the fibres (85%), 8 nm intramembrane particles were closely packed in the concave fracture face (P-face). In the ALD, a tubular network with an open circular pattern extended the entire length of the A band and usually throughout the I band as well. Dyads or triads, which were infrequent, were often oriented obliquely. The density of intramembrane particles was low in the majority of the fibres, but there was a significant minority population (30%) in which particle density was relatively high. At 10 daysin ovo, when speed of contraction in both the ALD and PLD is slow, there was a circular configuration of sarcoplasmic reticulum components in both muscles, and particle density was low. Surprisingly, at 18 daysin ovo, when the rate of tension development and relaxation have reached nearly adult values in the fast PLD, this muscle, like the ALD, continued to exhibit a circular arrangement of sarcoplasmic reticulum tubules. The density of P-face particles, although greater than at 10 days, was still low relative to the adult PLD. Estimated values for the 18-day PLD were similar to those calculated for the adult slow muscle. Our observations, along with those of other investigators, suggest that abundant intramembrane particles may be related to the fast twitch properties of the adult PLD. However, they indicate that neither the pattern of membranes typical of the adult fast muscle nor the high content of calcium transport particles is required for the differentiation of fast twitch characteristics.
Characterizing Thermohaline Intrusions in the North Pacific Subtropical Frontal Zone

Abstract A monthlong field survey in July 2007, focused on the North Pacific subtropical frontal zone (STFZ) near 30°N, 158°W, combined towed depth-cycling conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) profiling with shipboard current observations. Measurements were used to investigate the distribution and structure of thermohaline intrusions. The study revealed that local extrema of vertical salinity profiles, often used as intrusion indicators, were only a subset of a wider class of distortions in thermohaline fields due to interleaving processes. A new method to investigate interleaving based on diapycnal spiciness curvature was used to describe an expanded class of laterally coherent intrusions. STFZ intrusions were characterized by their overall statistics and by a number of case studies. Thermohaline interleaving was particularly intense within 5 km of two partially compensated fronts, where intrusions with both positive and negative salinity anomalies were widespread. The vertical and cross-frontal scales o...
Production ofN* in neutrino reactionsin neutrino reactions

The production cross-section of theN* pion-nucleon isobar in neutrino-reactions is calculated. In order to determine the values of some of the form factors, the conserved vector current theory and the Goldberger-Treiman relation have been used. The high-energy behavior of the total cross-section is shown to depend rather sensitively on the high-momentum transfer behavior of the form factors.
Natural killer cell neoplasms

Natural killer (NK) cell tumors are an uncommon and heterogeneous group of disorders. The World Health Organization (WHO) classified mature NK cell neoplasms into 2 types: 1) extranodal NK cell lymphoma, nasal type and 2) aggressive NK cell leukemia. The mature NK cell tumors are prevalent in Asia and Central and South America. These tumors show polymorphic neoplastic infiltrate with angioinvasion and/or angiodestruction, cytoplasmic azurophilic granules, CD2-positive (CD2+)/CD3-negative (CD3-)/cCD3epsilon+/CD56+ phenotype, and strong association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Loss of chromosomes 6q, 11q, 13q, and 17p are recurrent aberrations. Although blastic NK cell lymphoma, currently referred to as CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm, also was included in the NK cell lymphoma category in the WHO classification scheme, existing evidence indicates a plasmacytoid dendritic cell derivation as opposed to an NK cell origin. Recently, rare cases of CD56+ immature lymphoid tumors have been reported in the literature. These tumors are characterized by blastic appearance, CD3-/CD4-/CD56+/CD13-/CD33- phenotype, T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin genes in germline configuration, and no evidence of EBV, suggesting a true immature NK cell derivation. For this article, the authors reviewed the recent concepts and progress in clinicopathologic features, pathogenesis, genetic characteristics, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment approaches, and outcomes of all subtypes of NK cell neoplasms.
Increased matrix synthesis following adenoviral transfer of a transforming growth factor β1 gene into articular chondrocytes

Monolayer cultures of lapine articular chondrocytes were transduced with first-generation adenoviral vectors carrying lacZ or transforming growth factor beta1 genes under the transcriptional control of the human cytomegalovirus early promoter. High concentrations of transforming growth factor beta1 were produced by chondrocytes following transfer of the transforming growth factor beta1 gene but not the lacZ gene. Transduced chondrocytes responded to the elevated endogenous production of transforming growth factor beta1 by increasing their synthesis of proteoglycan, collagen, and noncollagenous proteins in a dose-dependent fashion. The increases in collagen synthesis were not accompanied by alterations in the collagen phenotype; type-II collagen remained the predominant collagen. Transforming growth factor beta1 could not, however, rescue the collagen phenotype of cells that had undergone phenotypic modulation as a result of serial passaging. These data demonstrate that chondrocytes can be genetically manipulated to produce and respond to the potentially therapeutic cytokine transforming growth factor beta1. This technology has a number of experimental and therapeutic applications, including those related to the study and treatment of arthritis and cartilage repair.
MEASUREMENT OF VISCOELASTIC EFFECTS WITH A DEEP CHANNEL SURFACE VISCOMETER

Abstract The simple surface fluid represents a class of surface stress-deformation behavior. We develop for this form of material behavior a class of solutions, known as the curvilineal surface flows, that can be analyzed without assuming specific forms for the memory functions. The deep channel surface viscometer and the oscillating deep channel surface viscometer belong to this class of flows.
Clinical course of esophageal stricture managed by bougienage

To define the clinical course of patients with benign esophageal stricture treated with bougienage, we reviewed the records of 76 patients undergoing dilatation. Patients with the diagnosis of scleroderma and those with previous hiatal hernia repair or gastric surgery were excluded. Initial evaluation included contrast study, esophagoscopy, and biopsy. Patients underwent a series of dilatations until a 44-Fr or larger bougie was passed. Patients were then instructed to return for recurrence of dysphagia. In this group, mean duration of follow-up from the first dilatation was 21.1 months. A total of 569 dilatations were performed with one major complication and no mortality. Benign esophageal stricture recurred in 65% of patients. After two or more recurrences, the likelihood of requiring an additional dilatation was 86–94% after each recurrence. The interval between required dilatations was variable; however, after 8 dilatations, it approximated once monthly. The shorter mean follow-up time of patients requiring a single dilatation (9.7 months) compared to those requiring multiple dilatations (28.8 months) suggests that the recurrence rates noted in this study are underestimations. In spite of high recurrence rates and short recurrence intervals, the low morbidity and absent mortality over long-term follow-up suggests that repeated bougienage is, an effective modality for the management of benign esophageal stricture.
Drosophila BRUCE inhibits apoptosis through non-lysine ubiquitination of the IAP-antagonist REAPER.

Active caspases execute apoptosis to eliminate superfluous or harmful cells in animals. In Drosophila, living cells prevent uncontrolled caspase activation through an inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family member, dIAP1, and apoptosis is preceded by the expression of IAP-antagonists, such as Reaper, Hid and Grim. Strong genetic modifiers of this pathway include another IAP family gene encoding an E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme domain, dBruce. Although the genetic effects of dBruce mutants are well documented, molecular targets of its encoded protein have remained elusive. Here, we report that dBruce targets Reaper for ubiquitination through an unconventional mechanism. Specifically, we show that dBruce physically interacts with Reaper, dependent upon Reaper's IAP-binding (IBM) and GH3 motifs. Consistently, Reaper levels were elevated in a dBruce −/− background. Unexpectedly, we found that dBruce also affects the levels of a mutant form of Reaper without any internal lysine residues, which normally serve as conventional ubiquitin acceptor sites. Furthermore, we were able to biochemically detect ubiquitin conjugation on lysine-deficient Reaper proteins, and knockdown of dBruce significantly reduced the extent of this ubiquitination. Our results indicate that dBruce inhibits apoptosis by promoting IAP-antagonist ubiquitination on unconventional acceptor sites.
Peptide bond synthesis in the fragment reaction catalyzed by mammalian liver ribosomes.

Abstract Canine and rat liver 70S ribosomes catalyze transfer of N-formylmethionine from N-formylmethionyl-tRNA of E. coli to peptide linkage with the amino group of puromycin in the ethanol stimulated fragment reaction. The peptide bond forming step of mammalian as well as bacterial ribosomes may thus be studied by the fragment reaction. Up to four fold activation of ribosomal fragment reaction activity was found with some ribosomal preparations by preincubation at 40°, suggesting conformational rearrangement to more active configuration.
Scheduling with time dependent processing times: Review and extensions

In classical scheduling theory job processing times are constant. However, there are many situations where processing time of a job depends on the starting time of the job in the queue. This paper reviews the rapidly growing literature on single machine scheduling models with time dependent processing times. Attention is focused on linear, piecewise linear and non-linear processing time functions for jobs. We survey known results and introduce new solvable cases. Finally, we identify the areas and give directions where further research is needed.
Attitudes of nursing staff toward restraint use in long-term care

Although legislation has forced discretion in using physical restraints for institutionalized elders, considerable discussion continues about this matter. In particular, decision making around restraint use is not adequately understood. Awareness of the perceptions of nursing staff, who are usually involved in most decisions about restraint use, would be helpful to an understanding of the continued use of restraints. This study examined attitudes held by staff in long-term care settings and explored relationships of education and employment characteristics to physical restraint use. Licensed and unlicensed nursing personnel (N = 140) from 4 long-term care facilities were surveyed using a previously developed questionnaire. Results of stepwise regres sion showed that concerns about resident falls, resident disability, and staff harm explained a large portion of the variation in recommendations regarding restraint use Other findings suggest there is reason to believe improvements in perceptions about restra...
Driving High‐Performance n‐ and p‐type Organic Transistors with Carbon Nanotube/Conjugated Polymer Composite Electrodes Patterned Directly from Solution

We report patterned deposition of carbon nanotube/conjugated polymer composites from solution with high nanotube densities and excellent feature resolution. Such composites are suited for use as electrodes in high-performance transistors of pentacene and C(60), with bottom-contact mobilities of > 0.5 and > 1 cm(2) V(−1) s(−1), respectively. This represents a clear step towards development of inexpensive, high-performance all-organic circuits.
Surface and transport properties of Ag-Cu liquid alloys

Abstract The present work is an experimentally based investigation of the applicability of the complex formation model (CFM) in the framework of statistical mechanical theory in conjunction with quasi-lattice theory (QLT) to describe the surface and transport properties of Au–Sn liquid alloys. Depending on melting temperatures, the surface tension of molten Au and Au–Sn alloys has been measured by the pinned-large drop method in the temperature range of T = 1275–1493 K. The calculations have been done with various objectives in view, i.e., to analyse existing thermodynamic data related to the peculiarities of the Au–Sn phase diagram, to use these data as the input for the interaction parameter calculations, to calculate the surface properties (surface tension and surface composition) and to compare the computed data with a new set of the surface tension experimental data as well as to predict the values of dynamic properties (chemical diffusion and viscosity). Some information on the structure of Au–Sn liquid alloys are given in terms of the microscopic functions (concentration fluctuations in the long-wavelength limit and chemical short-range order parameter).
Dietary brewers yeast and the prebiotic Grobiotic™AE influence growth performance, immune responses and resistance of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis) to Streptococcus iniae infection

Abstract Use of prebiotics, nondigestible dietary ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth of and/or activating the metabolism of health-promoting bacteria in the intestinal tract, is a novel concept in aquaculture. Two separate feeding trials were conducted to evaluate graded levels of a commercial prebiotic Grobiotic™AE, a mixture of partially autolyzed brewers yeast, dairy ingredient components and dried fermentation products, in the diet of hybrid striped bass, as compared to partially autolyzed brewers yeast (Brewtech®). The basal diet in both trials was formulated to contain 40% protein, 10% lipid and an estimated digestible energy level of 3.5 kcal/g. Two levels (1% and 2% of diet) of Grobiotic™AE and brewers yeast were added to the basal diet with menhaden fish meal and menhaden oil adjusted to provide isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets. Each diet was fed to five (trial 1) or three (trial 2) replicate groups of juvenile hybrid striped bass in 110-l aquaria twice daily at rates approximating apparent satiation for 7 weeks (trial 1) or 4 weeks (trial 2). Enhanced growth performance was generally observed in fish fed the diets supplemented with Grobiotic™AE or brewers yeast compared to the basal diet after 7 weeks of feeding in trial 1. Significantly higher ( P P P Streptococcus iniae compared to fish fed the basal diet (53.3%). Based on these data, it is concluded that Grobiotic™AE and a partially autolyzed brewers yeast can serve as functional feedstuffs in the diets of hybrid striped bass by enhancing growth performance and immunological responses. Further research is needed into the mechanism(s) of action for prebiotics such as Grobiotic™AE and their application in aquaculture.
Radioimmunoassay for pig angiotensin I converting enzyme: a comparison of immunologic with enzymatic activity.

Abstract Angiotensin I converting enzyme in body fluids and extracts of various pig tissues was measured by radioimmunoassay and by enzymic assay. Based on the ratios of enzymic to immunologic activity, the extracts could be separated into two groups. One group, with ratios around 4 U/mg, included urine and extracts from the adrenal, choroid plexus, epididymis, gall bladder, heart, liver, retina, spleen, and testis. The other group, with ratios around 12 U/mg, contained serum and extracts from lung and kidney. Explanations are offered for why one group had a lower enzymic to immunologic ratio than the other.
Patterns of Avian Population Density, Habitat Use, and Flocking Behavior in Urban and Rural Habitats During Winter*

This study examined the use of urban and rural habitats by woodland bird species in winter in the vicinity of Athens, Georgia, USA. Population densities of most species on urban sites were either comparable to or greater than those on rural sites, and most species were flexible in their habitat use patterns. On urban sites, only the golden-crowned kinglet consistently avoided vegetation that had been opened either by felling trees or clearing undergrowth. Nuthatches and chickadees flocked together less often at urban than at rural sites.
Coupled-cavity ring-down spectroscopy technique

We present a technique called coupled-cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CC-RDS) for controlling the finesse of an optical resonator. Applications include extending the sensitivity and dynamic range of a cavity-enhanced spectrometer as well as widening the useful spectral region of high-reflectivity mirrors. CC-RDS uses controlled feedback of the probe laser beam to a ring-down cavity, which leads to interference between the internally circulating light and that which is fed back through a cavity mirror port. Using a 74 cm long ring-down cavity and a feedback cavity with a finesse of 16, we demonstrate that this effect increases the decay time constant from 210 μs to 280 μs, corresponding to an increase of finesse from 2.7×105 to 3.6×105. Finally, we show that with the addition of a second feedback cavity, we observe ring-down times as long as ∼0.5 ms, which is equivalent to (1−R)≈4.9×10−6, where R is the effective mirror reflectivity.
Naming Errors of Children With Specific Language Impairment

This paper explores why children with SLI are less accurate than peers in naming pictures. Subjects included 66 children with SLI (aged 4:3 to 9:7) with 2 subgroups, one with expressive-only langua...
Remote sensing of O2 in a supersonic combustor using diode lasers and fiber optics

A compact, remote sensing laser absorption spectrometer has been built and interfaced to a supersonic combustor at the NASA Langley Research Center Hypersonic Propulsion Facility. The spectrometer is based around a GaAs diode laser, fiber optics, and the wavelength modulation spectroscopic technique. Two oxygen A-band transitions were monitored in the flow as a function of time and from the resulting second harmonic lineshapes temperature and density were determined. v
Physical Activity and Risk for Cardiovascular Events in Diabetic Women

Among diabetic women, increased physical activity, including regular walking, is associated with substantially reduced risk for cardiovascular events.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CELL WALLS OF THE FRESHWATER RED ALGA LEMANEA ANNULATA (BATRACHOSPERMALES)

Cell walls of the generic phase of the freshwater red alga Lemanea annulata Kutz were mechanically isolated and chemically characterized. Walls consisted mainly of polysaccharide with lesser quantities of associated protein and lipid. The major wall component was alkali-soluble xylan, comprised mainly of 4-linked β-xylopyranosyl residues and small amounts of 3-O-substituted β-xylopyranosyl residues. Hot water extracts yielded non-sulfated polymers, with 3- or 3,4-linked β-galactosyl residues alternating with 4-linked α-glucuronosyl residues as the predominant structural features. This acid polysaccharide shares many characteristics of the mucilage previously described from the freshwater genus Batrachospermum. Isolated cell walls of L. annulata contained approximately 6% cellulose. Cellobiohydrolase/colloidal gold labelling of cell walls revealed β-4-glycan throughout the fibrillar portion of the wall. Wall protein consisted of at least 17 amino acids, of which threonine and alanine were the most abundant. Polysaccharides of the cell walls of L. annulata differ from those of marine red algae and are similar to those described for other Batrachospermales.
3D reconstruction of the optic nerve head using stereo fundus images for computer-aided diagnosis of glaucoma

The shape of the optic nerve head (ONH) is reconstructed automatically using stereo fundus color images by a robust stereo matching algorithm, which is needed for a quantitative estimate of the amount of nerve fiber loss for patients with glaucoma. Compared to natural scene stereo, fundus images are noisy because of the limits on illumination conditions and imperfections of the optics of the eye, posing challenges to conventional stereo matching approaches. In this paper, multi scale pixel feature vectors which are robust to noise are formulated using a combination of both pixel intensity and gradient features in scale space. Feature vectors associated with potential correspondences are compared with a disparity based matching score. The deep structures of the optic disc are reconstructed with a stack of disparity estimates in scale space. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) data was collected at the same time, and depth information from 3D segmentation was registered with the stereo fundus images to provide the ground truth for performance evaluation. In experiments, the proposed algorithm produces estimates for the shape of the ONH that are close to the OCT based shape, and it shows great potential to help computer-aided diagnosis of glaucoma and other related retinal diseases.
Heterogeneous RNA-binding Protein M4 Is a Receptor for Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Kupffer Cells

Here we report the isolation of the recombinant cDNA clone from rat macrophages, Kupffer cells (KC) that encodes a protein interacting with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). To isolate and identify the CEA receptor gene we used two approaches: screening of a KC cDNA library with a specific antibody and the yeast two-hybrid system for protein interaction using as a bait the N-terminal part of the CEA encoding the binding site. Both techniques resulted in the identification of the rat heterogeneous RNA-binding protein(hnRNP) M4 gene. The rat ortholog cDNA sequence has not been previously described. The open reading frame for this gene contains a 2351-base pair sequence with the polyadenylation signal AATAAA and a termination poly(A) tail. The mRNA shows ubiquitous tissue expression as a 2.4-kilobase transcript. The deduced amino acid sequence comprised a 78-kDa membrane protein with 3 putative RNA-binding domains, arginine/methionine/glutamine-rich C terminus and 3 potential membrane spanning regions. When hnRNP M4 protein is expressed in pGEX4T-3 vector system in Escherichia coli it binds125I-labeled CEA in a Ca2+-dependent fashion. Transfection of rathnRNP M4 cDNA into a non-CEA binding mouse macrophage cell line p388D1 resulted in CEA binding. These data provide evidence for a new function of hnRNP M4 protein as a CEA-binding protein in Kupffer cells.
Rat disc torsional mechanics: effect of lumbar and caudal levels and axial compression load.

Abstract Background context Rat models with altered loading are used to study disc degeneration and mechano-transduction. Given the prominent role of mechanics in disc function and degeneration, it is critical to measure mechanical behavior to evaluate changes after model interventions. Axial compression mechanics of the rat disc are representative of the human disc when normalized by geometry, and differences between the lumbar and caudal disc have been quantified in axial compression. No study has quantified rat disc torsional mechanics. Purpose Compare the torsional mechanical behavior of rat lumbar and caudal discs, determine the contribution of combined axial load on torsional mechanics, and compare the torsional properties of rat discs to human lumbar discs. Study design Cadaveric biomechanical study. Methods Cyclic torsion without compressive load followed by cyclic torsion with a fixed compressive load was applied to rat lumbar and caudal disc levels. Results The apparent torsional modulus was higher in the lumbar region than in the caudal region: 0.081±0.026 (MPa/°, mean±SD) for lumbar axially loaded; 0.066±0.028 for caudal axially loaded; 0.091±0.033 for lumbar in pure torsion; and 0.056±0.035 for caudal in pure torsion. These values were similar to human disc properties reported in the literature ranging from 0.024 to 0.21MPa/°. Conclusions Use of the caudal disc as a model may be appropriate if the mechanical focus is within the linear region of the loading regime. These results provide support for use of this animal model in basic science studies with respect to torsional mechanics.
Competing intermolecular interactions in some 'bridge-flipped' isomeric phenylhydrazones.

To examine the roles of competing inter­molecular inter­actions in differentiating the mol­ecular packing arrangements of some isomeric phenyl­hydrazones from each other, the crystal structures of five nitrile–halogen substituted phenyl­hydrazones and two nitro–halogen substituted phenyl­hydrazones have been determined and are described here: (E)-4-cyano­benzaldehyde 4-chloro­phenyl­hydrazone, C14H10ClN3, (Ia); (E)-4-cyano­benzaldehyde 4-bromo­phenyl­hydra­zone, C14H10BrN3, (Ib); (E)-4-cyano­benzaldehyde 4-iodo­phenyl­hydrazone, C14H10IN3, (Ic); (E)-4-bromo­benzaldehyde 4-cyano­phenyl­hydrazone, C14H10BrN3, (IIb); (E)-4-iodo­benzaldehyde 4-cyano­phenyl­hydrazone, C14H10IN3, (IIc); (E)-4-chloro­benzaldehyde 4-nitro­phenyl­hydrazone, C13H10ClN3O2, (III); and (E)-4-nitro­benzaldehyde 4-chloro­phenyl­hydrazone, C13H10ClN3O2, (IV). Both (Ia) and (Ib) are disordered (less than 7% of the molecules have the minor orientation in each structure). Pairs (Ia)/(Ib) and (IIb)/(IIc), related by a halogen exchange, are isomorphous, but none of the `bridge-flipped' isomeric pairs, viz. (Ib)/(IIb), (Ic)/(IIc) or (III)/(IV), is isomorphous. In the nitrile–halogen structures (Ia)–(Ic) and (IIb)–(IIc), only the bridge N—H group and not the bridge C—H group acts as a hydrogen-bond donor to the nitrile group, but in the nitro–halogen structures (III) (with Z′ = 2) and (IV), both the bridge N—H group and the bridge C—H group inter­act with the nitro group as hydrogen-bond donors, albeit via different motifs. The occurrence here of the bridge C—H contact with a hydrogen-bond acceptor suggests the possibility that other pairs of `bridge-flipped' isomeric phenyl­hydrazones may prove to be isomorphous, regardless of the change from isomer to isomer in the position of the N—H group within the bridge.
The politics of disgruntlement: Nonvoting and defection among supporters of nomination losers, 1968–1984

This paper focuses on the effect of disgruntlement among those primary voters who supported U.S. presidential nomination losers. It analyzes the general election voting behavior of primary voters in the last five presidential elections in order to determine if differences exist between those supporters of the winning nominee in each party and backers of other candidates who also sought the nomination. A multivariate analysis of the determinants of voter turnout shows significant results only for the Democrats in 1972, when primary voters who supported candidates other than George McGovern were more likely to abstain in the general election. Taking into account the option of defecting to another party in November, both parties appear to have been plagued by a considerable amount of disloyalty on the part of supporters of candidates who failed to win the nomination, although for the Republicans this type of response is confined to the 1980 election. The existence of a third party or independent candidacy may be an important variable influencing the behavior of these disgruntled primary voters.
PROTOLYTIC EQUILIBRIA IN THE LOWEST EXCITED SINGLET STATES OF 2‐HYDROXYQUINOLINE AND 4‐HYDROXYQUINOLINE

— Fluorescence spectra of 2- and 4-hydroxyquinoline in a variety of solvents indicate that the lactam-lactim tautomerism favoring the lactam structure in the ground state also favor the lactam structure in the lowest excited singlet state. Fluorimetric titrations show that the cations of both isomers become slightly more acidic in the lowest excited singlet state and that the anion of the 2 isomer becomes slightly more basic in the excited state. The excited anion of the 4 isomer is either identical in basicity to the ground state anion or does not equilibrate with the quinolone during the lifetime of the excited state. The Forster cycle is found to give a pKα* values in generally poor agreement with those obtained from fluorimetric titrations. The reasons for this are discussed.
Rank sum multiple comparisons in one- and two-way classifications

The F-test provides a test of the equality of several treatment means. Analogous nonparametric methods are the Kruskal-Wallis (1952) test for the one-way classification and Friedman's X2 or the concordance coefficient of Kendall-Babington Smith for the two-way classification. However, the findings of the F-test or one of its analogues may not be very interesting; we may wish to know why the null hypothesis of equal treatment effects has been rejected. A preliminary narrow characterization of a multiple comparison method might be that it is used to augment the F-test with a view to answering this question. A second line of thought is the following. In scanning the results of an experiment our attention will naturally be drawn to the largest contrasts and the smaller ones will not be examined. We become interested in calculating something very much like a conditional probability: what value will be exceeded by a sample contrast with a prescribed conditional probability, the condition being that the contrast was large enough to attract our attention in the first place from among a class of contrast effects of interest? The various multiple comparison methods are attempts to formulate and answer this imprecise question in different ways and especially for different classes of interesting contrasts. P. Nemenyi, in his unpublished 1963 Princeton University dissertation, 'Distributionfree multiple comparisons', surveys the entire subject of distribution free multiple comparisons. The present work treats two specific distribution free-multiple comparison techniques: (1) the Wilcoxon method and (2) the extreme rank sum test for outliers. The Wilcoxon method of multiple comparisons concentrates on detecting differences between treatment means. In the normal theory case we may ask for the value that will be exceeded by the largest absolute Studentized difference withl given probability. This leads to the Tukey method of multiple comparisons. The Wilcoxon method performs the same practical functions as that of Tukey but with weaker distributional assumptions. The desirability of using sums to detect significant differences in the m-ultiple comparison context was recognized by Kramer (1956). Kramer treated two criteria of classification, whichl we may call objects and judges; the objects are ranked by each of the judges and the sum of these ranks is then determined for each object. Objects with significantly large rank sum differences are then declared to have different means. Wilcoxon clarified the critical 'extreme value' character of this problem and in 1956, in an unpublished notebook, * Present address: Office of Naval Research, Washington, D.C.
The PASE questionnaire: Pilot-testing a Psoriatic Arthritis Screening and Evaluation tool

Results: A total of 69 participants with known psoriasis and PsA before the initiation of systemic therapy were screened with PASE after institutional review board approval. The average age was 51 years, and 51% of the participants were female. A total of 25% (17/69) were diagnosed with PsA in this study, and 37% (24/69) were diagnosed with osteoarthritis. Patients with concomitant PsA and osteoarthritis were excluded. PASE total scores ranged from 23 to 68 (possible range, 15-75). In patients with PsA, the median total score was 53 (25th and 75th percentiles, 49 and 63, respectively) and 39 (25th and 75th percentiles, 28 and 47) in non-PsA patients (P \ .001). Median PASE total score for osteoarthritis patients was 43 (25th and 75th percentiles, 37 and 51) and significantly different to PsA patient total median scores (P = .002). Using receiver operator curves, we determined that PASE total score $47 was able to distinguish PsA from non-PsA patients with 82% sensitivity and 73% specificity. Limitations: PASE is a screening tool for PsA and does not replace a comprehensive musculoskeletal evaluation by a rheumatologist. Conclusion: The PASE questionnaire is a self-administered tool that can be used to screen for PsA among patients with psoriasis. PASE can distinguish between symptoms of PsA and osteoarthritis. A larger study is needed to validate PASE in dermatology clinics in the community. ( J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57:581-7.)
A massively parallel electrochemical approach to the miniaturization of organic micro- and nanostructures on surfaces.

This paper describes a simple and convenient strategy for reducing the dimensions of organic micro- and nanostructures on metal surfaces. By varying electrochemical desorption conditions, features patterned by dip-pen nanolithography or micro contact printing and made of linear alkanethiols or selenols can be gradually desorbed in a controlled fashion. The process is referred to as electrochemical whittling because the adsorbate desorption is initiated at the exterior of the feature and moves inward as a function of time. The whittling process and adsorbate desorption were studied as a function of substrate morphology, adsorbate head and tail groups, and electrolyte solvent and salt. Importantly, one can independently address different nanostructures made of different adsorbates and effect their miniaturization based upon a judicious selection of adsorbate, applied potential, and supporting electrolyte. Some of the physical and chemical origins of these observations have been elucidated.
On the cantor-dedekind property of the Tilson order on categories and graphs

Abstract The Prime Decomposition Theorem of Krohn and Rhodes for finite monoids emphasized the importance of division (‘is a surmorphism of a submonoid of’) for monoids. B. Tilson extended this concept to division of graphs and categories. In this strict Tilson ordering we prove that between every two finite connected non-trivial (there exists an object with a non-identity self arrow) categories or graphs there exists another such.