cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of Injury Visits in Children and Child Maltreatment Reports

Injuries are a leading cause of childhood morbidity and are also common manifestations of child maltreatment, especially among young children. In an effort to determine whether injury-related Emergency Department (ED) visits among children aged 0 to 4 years were associated with child maltreatment reports, we identified all children with at least one injury-related ED visit in Missouri during 2000. Data on these injured children were linked to Missouri Child Protective Services (CPS) child abuse and neglect reports for 2000 and 2001. There were 50,068 children with at least one injury-related ED visit. Using children with one injury-related ED visit as the reference category, we calculated the relative risk of having a CPS report (or a substantiated report) for children with two, three, and four or more ED visits before a CPS report (or substantiated report). Compared to children with one visit, children with two visits were more likely to have a CPS report (relative risk [RR] 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8-2.0) and a substantiated report (RR 2.5; 95% CI 2.1-2.9). For children with four or more visits, the relative risk of a report and substantiated report was 3.8 (95% CI 3.0-4.7) and 4.7 (95% CI 2.4-9.2), respectively. Children with two or more injury-related ED visits in 1 year are more likely to be reported for child maltreatment and to have a substantiated report.
Cell polarity and cystic kidney disease.

Epithelial cell polarity is essential for organ development; aberrations in this process have been implicated in various diseases, including polycystic kidney disease. Establishment and maintenance of cell polarity is governed by a number of molecular processes and how these processes operate remains an interesting question. Conserved protein complexes guide both apical–basolateral polarity and planar cell polarity. In this review we discuss the recent findings that provide insights into polarity mechanisms and the intriguing crosstalk between apical–basolateral polarity and planar cell polarity, and their relationship to cystic kidney disease.
Retrobulbar Block in Combination with General Anesthesia for Equine Ophthalmic Surgery

The use of retrobulbar block in conjunction with general anesthesia was evaluated in the horse. A prospective study of 12 cases fulfilling criteria for application of retrobulbar block was compared to a retrospective survey of 25 cases (control group) in which retrobulbar block was not performed. Retrobulbar block was done using a modified Peterson technique and 2% lidocaine HCI without epinephrine. In the control group, four horses exhibited signs compatible with initiation of the oculocardiac reflex; three horses developed bradyarrhythmias and hypotension during global traction related to enucleation, and cardiac arrest occurred in one horse during cataract extraction. In the retrobulbar block group, one horse developed bradyarrhythmia subsequent to retrobulbar block.
Facial action unit recognition with sparse representation

This paper presents a novel framework for recognition of facial action unit (AU) combinations by viewing the classification as a sparse representation problem. Based on this framework, we represent a facial image exhibiting the combination of AUs as a sparse linear combination of basis constituting an overcomplete dictionary. We build an overcomplete dictionary whose main elements are mean Gabor features of AU combinations under examination. The other elements of the dictionary are randomly sampled from a distribution (e.g., Gaussian distribution) that guarantees sparse signal recovery. Afterwards, by solving L 1 -norm minimization, a facial image is represented as a sparse vector which is used to distinguish various AU patterns. After calculating the sparse representation, the classification problem is simply viewed as a rank maximal problem. The index of the maximal value of the sparse vector is regarded as the class label of the facial image under test. Extensive experiments on the Cohn-Kanade facial expressions database demonstrate that this sparse learning framework is promising for recognition of AU combinations.
A Mode-I/Mode-III UWB LNA with programmable gain and 20 dB WLAN blocker rejection in 130nm CMOS

Wireless local area network (WLAN) transmissions in the 5–6 GHz band pose severe desensitization problems for UWB receivers. This paper describes a concurrent Mode-I (3.17–4.75 GHz) and Mode-III (6.34–7.92 GHz) UWB low-noise amplifier (LNA) employing a wideband filter with a tunable notch that attenuates WLAN blockers. Specifically, the notch attenuation and gain are tunable over a wide range. The gain is enhanced using wideband feedback and is programmable from 9–14.5 dB. Simultaneously, blocker attenuation of 10–20 dB over the WLAN frequency band is achieved. Implemented in a 0.13-µm CMOS process and operated with 4.8 mA bias current, the LNA achieves a NF of 4.3–5.1 dB and a minimum IIP3 of −1.1 dBm.
Signaling From Lysosomes Enhances Mitochondria-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy In Cancer Cells

In photodynamic therapy (PDT), visible light activates a photosensitizing drug added to a tissue, resulting in singlet oxygen formation and cell death. Assessed by confocal microscopy, the photosensitizer phthalocyanine 4 (Pc 4) localizes primarily to mitochondrial membranes in cancer cells, resulting in mitochondria-mediated cell death. A Pc 4 derivative, Pc 181, accumulates into lysosomes. In comparison to Pc 4, Pc 181 was a more effective photosensitizer promoting killing cancer cells after PDT. The mode of cell death after Pc 181-PDT is predominantly apoptosis, and pancaspase and caspase-3 inhibitors prevent onset of the cell death. To assess further how lysosomes contribute to PDT, we monitored cell killing of A431cells after PDT in the presence and absence of bafilomycin, an inhibitor of the acidic vacuolar proton pump that collapses the pH gradient of the lysosomal/endosomal compartment. Bafilomycin by itself did not induce toxicity but greatly enhanced Pc 4-PDT-induced cell killing. In comparison to Pc 4, less enhancement of cell killing by bafilomycin occurred after Pc 181-PDT at photosensitizer doses producing equivalent cell killing in the absence of bafilomycin. These results indicate that lysosomal disruption can augment PDT with Pc 4, which targets predominantly mitochondria, but less so after PDT with Pc 181, since Pc 181 already targets lysosomes.
Is salivary histatin 5 a metallopeptide

Abstract Histatins are small histidine-rich salivary polypeptides which exhibit antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans. This antimicrobial activity has been ascribed in part to a high content of basic amino acids. However, unlike most other antimicrobial proteins histatins have a high content of histidine, tyrosine and acidic amino acids known to participate in metal ion coordination. This study was conducted to test whether histatin 5 could bind zinc and copper which are metals present in salivary secretions and whole saliva. Physical binding parameters and spectral properties of zinc- and copper-histatin complexes were investigated in order to obtain direct evidence of these interactions. A spectrophotometric competition assay using the metallochromic indicator murexide showed that histatin 5 dissociates metal indicator complexes containing zinc or copper ions. Absorption spectra of histatin 5 at increasing copper chloride concentrations resulted in higher absorbance in the 230–280 nm wavelength range and this spectral change was saturated at a peptide:metal molar ratio of approx. 1:1. A corresponding band was observed in the visible range of the spectrum with a maximum and molar extinction coefficient corresponding to that of copper binding to an ATCUN motif. Quantitative assessment of zinc and copper binding to histatin 5 using isothermal titration calorimetry revealed at least one high affinity site for each metal, with binding constants of 1.2×105 and 2.6×107 M−1, respectively. These results indicate that histatin 5 exhibits metallopeptide-like properties. The precise biological significance of this has not yet been established but histatins may contribute significantly to salivary metal binding capacity.
Effect of Adrenal Enucleation and of the Spironolactone SC-8109 on Granularity of Rat Juxtaglomerular Cells1

The granular cell index, a measure of the incidence of juxtaglomerular granular cells, was determined at intervals of from 3 hr to 22 days after uninephrectomy, uniadrenalectomy and enucleation of the remaining adrenal in weanling rats drinking 1 % saline. The index during this period exhibited a biphasic pattern characterized by an initial transitory elevation followed by a sustained reduction. The non-antihypertensive spironolactone, SC-8109, prevented the reduction phase without blocking adrenal regeneration. Cortisone prevented the depression phase but it also blocked adrenal regeneration. Water and electrolyte levels of serum and skeletal muscle were not correlated with changes in the index. In the complete absence of adrenal tissue, sustained reduction of the index could be produced only with DOC and not with cortisone or saline. The data show that reduction of the granular cell index which occurs during adrenal regeneration is adrenal-dependent. It is suggested that this reduction, although not cau...
Simultaneous nanoindentation and electron tunneling through alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers.

Electrical tunnel junctions consisting of alkanethiol molecules self-assembled on Au-coated Si substrates and contacted with Au-coated atomic force microscopy tips were characterized under varying junction loads in a conducting-probe atomic force microscopy configuration. Junction load was cycled in the fashion of a standard nanoindentation experiment; however, junction conductance rather than probe depth was measured directly. The junction conductance data have been analyzed with typical contact mechanics (Derjaguin−Muller−Toporov) and tunneling equations to extract the monolayer modulus (∼50 GPa), the contact transmission (∼2 × 10-6), contact area, and probe depth as a function of load. The monolayers are shown to undergo significant plastic deformation under compression, yielding indentations ∼7 A deep for maximum junction loads of ∼50 nN. Comparison of mechanical properties for different chain lengths was also performed. The film modulus decreased with the number of carbons in the molecular chain for ...
Relations between Vulcanization and Reinforcement

Abstract 1. It seems unlikely that the effects of vulcanization are due to reinforcement produced by discrete rubber sulfide particles and due to their fineness and state of dispersion. 2. There seems to be some indication that the changes which result from the introduction of finely divided powder are due to oxidation of the rubber hydrocarbon. The final products, both chemically and physically, are analogous to rubber-sulfur compounds. 3. The peculiar behavior of zinc oxide when added to rubber-sulfur mixes indicates that this material reacts during vulcanization and produces reinforcing effects of a magnitude not to be explained by its particle size and not dependent on the presence of added organic accelerator. 4. The latest information regarding effect of powders upon rate of vulcanization indicates that differences among powders in this respect are due to differences in adsorption. These latter differences result from the nature of the powder surface, which affects adsorptive power in such a way as ...
Apparent fracture toughness of acrylic bone cement: effect of test specimen configuration and sterilization method.

Abstract The plane strain fracture toughness of Palacos ® R bone cement was determined using linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) principles and three different test specimen configurations: single edge notched three-point (SENB), rectangular compact tension (RCT), and chevron notched short rod (CNSR). Another aspect of the study was an investigation of the effect of three methods used to sterilize the powder constituents of the cement-none, gamma irradiation and ethylene oxide—on the fracture toughness of the fully polymerized material. A detailed justification is provided for using LEFM. The fracture toughness results obtained using the CNSR specimens were, on average, 14 and 16% higher than those obtained using the SENB and RCT types, respectively. These differences are accounted for in terms of differences in four aspects of these specimen configuration (namely, residual stress effects, loading rate, material inhomogeneity, and the nature of the test). For a given specimen configuration, gamma irradiation produced a statistically significant decrease in fracture toughness which, it is suggested, is due to the concomitant depreciation in molecular weight. For a given cement type, there is no statistically significant difference in fracture toughness results obtained using SENB and RCT specimens. It is thus suggested that either of these configurations can be used to determine the fracture toughness of acrylic bone cement.
Formation of low density polyethylene/hollow glass microspheres composites

Hydrogen is used to absorb heavy particle radiation, which is the most damaging radiation in space for humans. Low density polyethylene/hollow glass microsphere composites have been suggested as a possible radiation shield because of the high concentration of hydrogen and the low gravimetric density of the microspheres. Composites pressed under 3.90 MPa (566 psi) and 120 °C have the highest probability of success thus far compared to polymers pressed at higher pressures and lower temperatures. Hollow glass microspheres made of borosilicate glasses do not break as easily as hollow glass microspheres made of aluminosilicate glasses. A smooth microsphere surface is better than a rough surface because it distributes the force more evenly, resulting in a more hydrostatic stress environment.
Comments on Science and Social Responsibility: A Role for Philosophy of Science?

Each of the three papers offers a different model for the role philosophers of science might play in consideration of the relations of science to society. These comments address common themes in the three papers, articulate further questions for each, and suggest some historical shifts that require different forms of philosophical engagement now than in the early part of the century.
Recent advances in phosphorescent OLEDs for small‐ and large‐area‐display sizes

— State-of-the-art phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode (PHOLED™) lifetime and efficiency performances for a range of emission colors are reported. Lifetimes in excess of 100,000 hours were demonstrated at display luminance levels for yellow-green and NTSC deep-red emission. In addition, external quantum efficiencies close to the theoretical maximum are demonstrated for long-lived PHOLEDs.
Molecular Layer Inhibitory Interneurons Provide Feedforward and Lateral Inhibition in the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus

In the outer layers of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, a cerebellum-like structure in the auditory brain stem, multimodal sensory inputs drive parallel fibers to excite both principal (fusiform) cells and inhibitory cartwheel cells. Cartwheel cells, in turn, inhibit fusiform cells and other cartwheel cells. At the microcircuit level, it is unknown how these circuit components interact to modulate the activity of fusiform cells and thereby shape the processing of auditory information. Using a variety of approaches in mouse brain stem slices, we investigated the synaptic connectivity and synaptic strength among parallel fibers, cartwheel cells, and fusiform cells. In paired recordings of spontaneous and evoked activity, we found little overlap in parallel fiber input to neighboring neurons, and activation of multiple parallel fibers was required to evoke or alter action potential firing in cartwheel and fusiform cells. Thus neighboring neurons likely respond best to distinct subsets of sensory inputs. In contrast, there was significant overlap in inhibitory input to neighboring neurons. In recordings from synaptically coupled pairs, cartwheel cells had a high probability of synapsing onto nearby fusiform cells or other nearby cartwheel cells. Moreover, single cartwheel cells strongly inhibited spontaneous firing in single fusiform cells. These synaptic relationships suggest that the set of parallel fibers activated by a particular sensory stimulus determines whether cartwheel cells provide feedforward or lateral inhibition to their postsynaptic targets.
Development of a biological control program for greenhouse whiteflies (Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood) using its parasite Encarsia formosa (Gahan) in Sweden

Trials using the parasite Encarsia formosa as a biological control agent against the whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) showed that the method was successful in commercial tomato cultures while less predictable results were obtained in commercial cucumber cultures. The importance of initial densities of pest and parasite, number and size of parasite releases, and greenhouse climate are discussed. The effects of chemical compounds in commercial use are also analyzed. High humidity, extensive occurrence of pests and diseases, and pubescence and secretion of cucumber leaves are possible reasons for problems in cucumber cultures. Widespread use of the biological control method in commercial nurseries raising tomatoes has been achieved in Sweden. Zusammenfassung Entwicklung eines biologischen Bekampfungsprogramms fur die Weise Fliege (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) mit Hilfe der Erzwespe Encarsia formosa in Schweden Bei einer Reihe von Versuchen zur biologischen Bekampfung der Weisen Fliege (Trialeuro-des vaporariorum) mit Hilfe der Erzwespe Encarsia formosa erwies sich die Methode in erwerbsmasigen Tomatenkulturen als erfolgreich, wahrend sie im Gurkenanbau weniger gut ausfiel. Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt einige wichtige Punkte, die fur die Erlangung erfolgreicher Resultate Voraussetzung sind. So mus die Populationsdichte der Weisen Fliege zum Zeitpunkt des ersten Einsatzes der Erzwespen niedrig sein. Ungefahr 10 Parasiten/m2, zu zwei verschiedenen Zeitpunkten freigelassen, gaben bei Tomaten gute Ergebnisse. Bei sehr niedriger Populationsdichte der Weisen Fliege reichten auch 5 Parasiten aus. Fungizide schienen keine negativen Einflusse auf Encarsia formosa zu haben im Gegensatz zu Insektiziden, die viele Probleme schafften. Als Ursachen fur Miserfolge des Encarsia-Einsatzes in Gurkenhausern durften die Vielfalt des Schadlingskomplexes, die hohere Luft-feuchtigkeit in den Gewachshausern sowie die Behaarung und Sekretion der Blatter in Frage kommen. In Tomatenhausern ist die biologische Bekampfung der Weisen Fliege mit Hilfe von Encarsia formosa heute in Schweden sehr verbreitet.
The Perils of Unearned Income

In addition to the internal risk of deposition, which is modeled using selectorate politics (Bueno de Mesquita et al. 2003), leaders risk being deposed by mass political movements such as revolutions. Leaders reward supporters with either public goods, which reward the whole of society, improve economic productivity, and increase the ability of revolutionaries to organize, or private goods. If confronted with a revolutionary threat then leaders respond by either suppressing public goods—which prevents revolutionaries organizing—or increasing public goods, so citizens have less incentive to rebel. Unearned resources, such as natural resource rents or aid, increase the likelihood of revolutionary onset and effect how leaders best respond to the threat. The results address the resource curse, the potentially pernicious effects of foreign aid and incentives to democratize.
An experimental analysis of factors affecting the localization of embryonic bone marrow.

The present investigations have been concerned with factors which determine and influence the localization and development of hemopoietic bone marrow in the embryo mouse and the adult. These studies, which have employed organ cultures and the transplantation of mouse embryo femur and tail rudiments, indicate that the surrounding mesenchyme is required for the normal development of the cartilage rudiment and its ossification, and for the formation and colonization of the marrow cavity. It was suggested that hemopoiesis results from the colonization of the “prepared” marrow cavity by stem cells arising from sources external to the rudiment. The addition of erythropoietin and L-thyroxine produced distinct erythropoietic differentiation in the normally myelocytic embryonic marrow cavity. The significance of the microenvironment present in developing bone rudiments and the initiation of hemopoiesis in stem cells was discussed. A hypothesis was developed to explain marrow localization in adults based on the colonization of bone rudiments which are developing their marrow sites at a time when the blood contains large numbers of colony-forming units.
Stanol Esters as a Component of Maximal Dietary Therapy in the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Report

Use of plant stanols/sterols in forms that are sufficiently bioavailable for therapeutic effect should be a key element of maximal dietary therapy. This principle was recognized by National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) and has been amply confirmed by experimental studies in humans. Since the introduction of statins, dietary therapy for control of elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels has received less attention. The time has come, however, to reassert the importance of maximal dietary therapy as a cost-effective means for treatment of elevated LDL concentrations and for lifetime prevention of coronary heart disease.
Effect of poloxamer 407 gel on the miotic activity of pilocarpine nitrate in rabbits

Abstract This study was designed to evaluate poloxamer 407 gel, relative to its suitability for use as a vehicle for ophthalmic drug delivery. Pilocarpine nitrate was incorporated into 25% poloxamer gel and the formulation was administered topically to rabbit eyes. The ocular activity of pilocarpine was assessed using the pharmacological response of miosis. The change in pupillary diameter versus time curve was compared to that obtained with an aqueous pilocarpine solution, dosed under similar conditions. As indicated by the miotic response, the gel formulation appeared to enhance the activity of pilocarpine when compared to the aqueous solution.
Exclusion of Genetic Information From the Medical Record: Ethical and Medical Dilemmas

Increasingly, physicians and patients face dilemmas of whether to exclude genetic information from medical charts, posing critical challenges for practice, research, policy, and education. Physicians and patients are obtaining more genetic information, yet medical records are rapidly becoming electronic, threatening confidentiality. Tensions thus arise between potential medical benefits vs social risks of including information. Use of genetic testing is rapidly increasing through clinicians and direct-to-consumer marketing. Direct-to-consumer tests may be definitive or show only slightly increased disease probabilities, but with advances may have increasing clinical utility. Several institutions have also discussed including whole genome data in medical records. Genetic discrimination has occurred with α1-antitrypsin deficiency, Huntington disease, and other mutations,1 although the extent remains unclear,2 partly because such discrimination can be subtle or difficult to prove. Patients may be passed over for promotion or marginalized, but not fired.3 The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) protects medical information in certain contexts and the 2008 Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) protects genetic test results in the absence of symptoms, but these laws do not prevent discrimination in many realms (eg, life, disability, or long-term care insurance). Many patient advocates are concerned that under GINA, discriminating against patients and paying fines may cost companies less than covering them—as racial, sex, and age discrimination continue, despite legislation. Federal health care reforms of 2010 should broaden coverage of preexisting conditions but have yet to be implemented, and advocates are concerned that reforms might simply raise premiums.
Serum Protein Electrophoresis Patterns in Acrylamide Gel: Patterns from Normal and Bursaless Birds,

Abstract REMOVAL of the bursa of Fabricius, a lympho-epithelial gland, from the chicken will markedly interfere with the production of circulating antibody (Glick et al., 1956; and Warner and Szenberg, 1964). Bursaless birds may be hatched by dipping eggs in ethyl alcohol solutions containing more than 1.28 gm. percent of testosterone propionate (Glick, 1964) or by injecting TP or 19 — Nortestosterone into the fertile egg (Warner and Szenberg, 1964). These chemically bursectomized birds are deficient antibody producers. The characterization of the serum proteins of chemically bursectomized and normal birds was undertaken in this laboratory utilizing a 7% acrylamide gel (Glick, 1967). This manuscript will: (1) present the electropherograms for 3 and 5 week old birds, 2) compare the relative mobilities of the different serum proteins of hormonally bursectomized and normal birds, 3) tentatively identify 8 of the 19 serum protein bands, and 4) offer data suggesting that chemically bursectomized birds contain . . .
Complexities in horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of dihydroxyphenoxazine derivatives: appropriate ranges for pH values and hydrogen peroxide concentrations in quantitative analysis

Abstract The highly sensitive, convenient fluorescence assay, based on the oxidation of nonfluorescent 10-acetyl-3,7-dihydroxyphenoxazine (Amplex Red) to highly fluorescent resorufin, is becoming increasingly popular for hydrogen peroxide quantitation. Yet, the intricacies of the horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of the reductant substrate Amplex Red by hydrogen peroxide and the resulting resorufin could complicate the assay design and data interpretation. In particular, substrate inhibition and enzyme inactivation at higher hydrogen peroxide concentrations were known to affect the enzyme kinetics and end-point fluorescence. In addition, here we report the spontaneous transformation of resorufin to less or nonfluorescent product(s) in the absence of hydrogen peroxide and horseradish peroxidase. This spontaneous decay of resorufin fluorescence is most prominent in the pH range 6.2–7.7, likely due to general base-catalyzed de-N-acetylation and polymerization of resorufin. From a practical point of view, precautions for properly designing assays for hydrogen peroxide or characterizing hydrogen peroxide-generating systems are discussed based on the spontaneous transformation of resorufin to less fluorescent compound(s), substrate inhibition and enzyme inactivation at higher (>100 μM) hydrogen peroxide concentrations, and enzymatic oxidation of resorufin to nonfluorescent resazurin.
Special feature: Controlling the use of cryptographic keys

For high integrity cryptographic systems, the control mechanisms are already available as exemplified by the IBM symmetric and asymmetric control vector approaches. These have been designed for effective extension. Such mechanisms are always inevitably in conflict with existing standards which have not sought to define control over key usage. It would be of considerable value to the community as a whole if a consolidated and effective mechanism were to be standardized in the future.
On corrosion-induced creep and the shedding of oxide pest from metal plates

We consider a boundary value problem for a flat plate of an originally ductile metal that is subject to surface corrosion. Corrosion is modeled with the aid of two mobile interfaces. The leading interface is an oxidation front where volumetric expansion generates stress. This interface is initially present, with its location taken as prescribed. The trailing interface is a failure front associated with the shedding of oxide pest. This interface is not initially present, rather it first appears at some finite time into the process, and is determined via a stress-based failure criterion. The problem is reduced to a set of ordinary differential equations whose form changes depending on whether or not shedding has initiated. Numerical treatment shows a substantial increase in creep rate due to oxide shedding.
The developing fundus oculi of the premature infantand its relationship to retrolental fibroplasia

Summary The development of the eyes of 320 premature infants, most of whom have weighed less than 1,700 grams at birth, has been followed over a three-year period. Very small premature babies are born with an immature fundus which passes through a transitional stage before reaching the mature fundus similar to that of the full-term infant. After maturation has been reached, the eye may remain normal or may progress on to show the early changes of retrolental fibroplasia. The early changes in turn may reverse spontaneously or may progress to the severe stages of the disease with varying degrees of visual impairment. Of the 320 infants examined, 86had retrolental fibroplasia, 38 of whom developed massive retinal edema with detached retinas and malignant hemorrhages. There was a statistically significant increased incidence of RLF in the white and male infants, which may possibly be related to a greater immaturity and poorer survival rate. It is also significant that the smallest infants and those with the most immature fundi at birth are the ones most likely to develop severe RLF with its resulting blindness. Evidence is presented to show that the small premature infant and those infants with severe RLF have a high and fluctuating myopia, which may remain as a residual lesion. The parts played by (1) relaxedtone of blood vessel walls, (2) increased arterial tension, and (3) decreased peripheral resistance in the pathogensis of the early stages of RLF were considered critically. It could not be demonstrated, within the limits of this study, that they were of significance. The role of excessive oxygen administration and rapid changes of oxygen environment in relation to hypervascularity were discussed. From the observations reported herein, the disease, retrolental fibroplasia appears to result from an as yet unknown factor or series of unknown factors affecting an immature eye which is passing through a period of critical differentiation and maturation.
OAKESHOTTIAN MODES AT THE CROSSROADS OF THE EVOLUTION DEBATES

. I examine Michael Oakeshott's theory of modes of experience in light of today's evolution debates and argue that in much of our current debate science and religion irrelevantly attack each other or, less commonly but still irrelevantly, seek out support from the other. An analysis of Oakeshott's idea of religion finds links between his early holistic theory of the state, his individualistic account of religious sensibility, and his theory of political, moral, and religious authority. Such analysis shows that a modern individualistic theory of the state need not be barrenly secular and suggests that a religious sensibility need not be translated into an overmastering desire to use state power to pursue moral or spiritual ends in politics. Finally, Oakeshott's vision of a civil conversation, as both a metaphor for Western civilization and as a quasi-ethical ideal, shows us how we might balance the recognition of diverse modal truths, the pursuit of singular religious or philosophic truth, and a free political order.
Ethnic and Gender Differences in Offending Patterns: Examining Family Group Conferencing Interventions among At-Risk Adolescents

This secondary study looked at the importance of ethnicity and gender in influencing the relationship between Family Group Conferencing and (FGC) recidivism. The FGC is a mediation procedure involving offenders, their families, and victims of their crimes in which outcomes of material and emotional restitution are sought. Offenders, randomly sampled to participate in a control or experimental group, were sampled via mail, telephone, and in-person interviews. Data from court records were utilized to obtain recidivism rates over an 18-month period. Multivariate analysis indicated a statistically significant difference between the re-arrest rates of FGC participants and non-participants. Female offenders were more likely to avoid arrest than their male counterparts. This study found that ethnicity was not a statistically significant indicator of re-arrest. The FGC has efficacy for juvenile offenders as (1) a cost-effective method to intervene with offenders in their own communities (2) provides alternatives to formal adjudication for vulnerable populations—females and people of color.
Cover Crops and Tillage Effects on Cotton

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is one of the most erosive row crops grown in the southeastern USA and with the implementation of the 1985 Food Security Act, producers may have to use no-till or cover crops in order to remain in compliance. A 3-yr field experiment examined cover crop (crimson clover [Trifolium incarnatum L.], hairy vetch [Vicia villosa L.], wheat [Triticum aestivum L.], and cool season weeds) and tillage (no-till [NT] and conventional [CT]) effects on cotton. Wheat produced more canopy cover during the winter and higher dry matter (DM) yields during 2 of 3 yr than the other winter vegetation. Seedcotton yields for NT cotton were significantly higher than for CT cotton during 1 yr of this study. Generally, plant height and population were unaffected by cover crops or tillage treatments. Stem, leaf, and total plant weights were significantly higher for NT cotton in 1 of 2 yr. Cone index readings at the 6-in. depth were significantly greater for NT cotton at in-row and traffic middle sites. Soil pH and organic matter percentage were generally unaffected by cover crops or tillage systems. Extractable P levels (0- to 3-in. depth) tended to be higher for NT cotton while extractable K amounts (0- to 3-in. depth) tended to be higher for CT cotton. Total production expenses across cover crops were lower for NT cotton than for CT cotton. Of the planted cover crops, wheat was the least expensive to establish. No-till cotton, therefore, could be used to reduce soil erosion while maintaining high cotton yields
On diffusions that cannot escape from a convex set

Abstract Let X t be a diffusion on R D with a generator 1 2 ∇·a∇+ 1 2 a∇f/f·∇ , where f is a probability density such that f > 0 on an open convex set D and vanishes outside. Then ∫ D 1/ f = ∞ implies that X t never leaves D . As an application we extend the asymptotics of Wiener integrals of Donsker—Varadhan from R 1 to R D .
Capsule Comment on Harrison et al., Assessing the Impact of Nurse Post-Discharge Telephone Calls on 30-day Hospital Readmission Rates

The transition from an acute care hospital to a post-hospitalization setting presents numerous logistical challenges. Failures in any of the aspects of the transition are associated with short-term (30-day) re-hospitalizations, emergency department (ED) visits, and increased costs of care. Currently, 20 % of Medicare beneficiaries are readmitted within 30 days,1 and approximately 8 % of all adults are readmitted within 30 days of an index hospital admission.2 Electronic medical records and electronic based ancillary services hold the promise of a more efficient and safer process to reduce readmissions and increase patient satisfaction. Harrison and colleagues studied the use of a 72-hour telephone follow-up after acute care hospitalization to reduce hospital readmission rates.3 The study encountered several problems, including “no call attempted” to 25 % of patients and call completion to less than 50 % of discharged patients. The content of the post-discharge call is also not clear. In multivariable models, including a propensity score analysis, the authors identified a patient’s ability to answer a telephone call as the strongest predictor of readmission and concurrently, the “success” of the program. This ability to answer the telephone is reminiscent of the relationship between lower hospital readmission rates and more favorable 6-minute walk test results in heart failure patients4 and global assessments of functional status performed in rehabilitation facilities.5 The ability to answer the phone emerged as a functional status proxy predicting both hospital readmission and the “success” of the program. The phone call itself had no effect. Reducing avoidable readmissions is a laudable goal. Research suggests that avoidable readmissions can be reduced by improving discharge planning, care coordination, coaching, education and patient self-management. It is disappointing that the post-hospitalization telephone call had no effect in this study, as it theoretically could impact factors known to reduce readmissions. However, before abandoning post-discharge calls as ineffective, future research should focus on the goals these phone calls aim to achieve and the format and content of these calls. Further, the value and impact of the call intervention could be more rapidly and effectively evaluated by enriching the study population for patients with impaired functional status.
Care of the patient undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for benign prostatic hypertrophy is a common surgical procedure in the United States. Left untreated, benign prostatic hypertrophy can lead to detrimental consequences such as renal failure from urinary obstruction. Although TURP is a common procedure, it is not without risk. Complications can occur, and the perianesthesia nurse must be familiar with them and their treatment. Complications related to the surgical procedure and the anesthesia technique must be assessed and treated quickly to prevent morbidity and mortality in these patients. The perianesthesia nurse is instrumental in managing and preventing complications associated with transurethral resection of the prostate.
Trade and Welfare Implications of Networks

This paper examines the effects on welfare and on patterns of trade of a reduction in costs of trading, such as might be the result of newly formed networks among residents of different countries with common culture or other ties. It argues that such a reduction in trade costs, even when it applies only to a particular bilateral trade route and may cause imports to be diverted from one source to another, must in the absence of distortions be welfare improving in the aggregate. On the other hand, such a change can indeed alter trade patterns distinctly, and they may also lower the welfare of particular countries. Examples are provided in which falling trade costs cause reversals of a country’s pattern of trade, and in which a country that becomes part of a trade-cost-reducing network that alters its trade loses as a result.
Effects of Electronic Monitoring Types on Perceptions of Procedural Justice, Interpersonal Justice, and Privacy

Electronic performance monitoring and control systems (EPMCSs) are raising fairness and privacy concerns in many organizations. Researchers typically have treated different types of EPMCSs as equal, yet various EPMCS types (e.g., computer monitoring, eavesdropping, surveillance) may exert differential influences on fairness and privacy perceptions. In this study, 246 participants read scenarios describing different technologies for evaluating performance. Results indicated that EPMCS types significantly influenced perceptions of procedural justice, interpersonal justice, and privacy. Computer monitoring was perceived as the most procedurally just; but traditional direct observation by a supervisor without electronic monitoring was perceived as the most interpersonally just, and the least invasive in terms of privacy. These findings suggest that employers should be cautious in the type of monitoring used. Consumers often hear “this call may be monitored or taped for quality commitment purposes,” or “this call may be recorded so we can serve you better.” The obsession with monitoring is reflective of the exponential growth in technological capability in the past decade (Griffith, Northcraft, & Fuller, 1998). Electronic performance monitoring and control systems (EPMCSs) can be defined as systems in which electronic technologies are used to collect, store, analyze, and report the actions or performance of workers (Alge, 2001; Nebeker & Tatum, 1993). In 2001, the American Management Association reported that more than three quarters of major U.S. firms (77%) record and review employee communications and activities on the job. A more recent survey found that a wide variety of techniques are being used for monitoring. In particular, 36% of organizations track content keystrokes, and time spent at the keyboard; 50% store and review computer files; 51% monitor telephone use; and 51% engage in video monitoring (American Management Association & The ePolicy Institute, 2005). Critics argue that the proliferation of
Debye temperature and second sound velocity of solid He4

Abstract A calculation of the Debye temperature and the second sound velocity of solid He 4 is made using experimental values for its elastic constants. The calculation is based on an analytic technique developed by F.I. Fedorov.
Achieving optimal throughput utility and low delay with CSMA-like algorithms: a virtual multichannel approach

Carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA) algorithms have recently received significant interests in the literature for designing wireless control algorithms. CSMA algorithms incur low complexity and can achieve the optimal capacity under certain assumptions. However, CSMA algorithms suffer the starvation problem and incur large delay that may grow exponentially with the network size. In this paper, our goal is to develop a new algorithm that can provably achieve high throughput utility and low delay with low complexity. Toward this end, we propose a new CSMA-like algorithm, called Virtual-Multi-Channel CSMA (VMC-CSMA), that can dramatically reduce delay. The key idea of VMC-CSMA to avoid the starvation problem is to use multiple virtual channels (which emulate a multichannel system) and compute a good set of feasible schedules simultaneously (without constantly switching/recomputing schedules). Under the protocol interference model and a single-hop utility-maximization setting, VMC-CSMA can approach arbitrarily close-to-optimal system utility with both the number of virtual channels and the computation complexity increasing logarithmically with the network size. Furthermore, once VMC-CSMA converges to the steady state, we can show that under certain assumptions on the utility functions and the topology, both the expected packet delay and the tail distribution of the head-of-line (HOL) waiting time at each link can be bounded independently of the network size. Our simulation results confirm that VMC-CSMA algorithms indeed achieve both high throughput utility and low delay with low-complexity operations.
VIEWPOINT: MECHANISMS OF ACTION AND THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF NEUROHORMETIC PHYTOCHEMICALS

The nervous system is of fundamental importance in the adaptive (hormesis) responses of organisms to all types of stress, including environmental “toxins”. Phytochemicals present in vegetables and fruits are believed to reduce the risk of several major diseases including cardiovascular disease, cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. Although antioxidant properties have been suggested as the basis of health benefits of phytochemicals, emerging findings suggest a quite different mechanism of action. Many phytochemicals normally function as toxins that protect the plants against insects and other damaging organisms. However, at the relatively low doses consumed by humans and other mammals these same “toxic” phytochemicals activate adaptive cellular stress response pathways that can protect the cells against a variety of adverse conditions. Recent findings have elucidated hormetic mechanisms of action of phytochemicals (e.g., resveratrol, curcumin, sulforaphanes and catechins) using cell culture and animal models of neurological disorders. Examples of hormesis pathways activated by phytochemicals include the transcription factor Nrf-2 which activates genes controlled by the antioxidant response element, and histone deacetylases of the sirtuin family and FOXO transcription factors. Such hormetic pathways stimulate the production of antioxidant enzymes, protein chaperones and neurotrophic factors. In several cases neurohormetic phytochemicals have been shown to suppress the disease process in animal models relevant to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and can also improve outcome following a stroke. We are currently screening a panel of biopesticides in order to establish hormetic doses, neuroprotective efficacy, mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential as dietary supplements.
Revitalizing computing education through free and open source software for humanity

The humanitarian focus of socially useful projects promises to motivate community-minded undergrads in and out of CS.
Interaction among Btn1p, Btn2p, and Ist2p Reveals Potential Interplay among the Vacuole, Amino Acid Levels, and Ion Homeostasis in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Btn2p, a novel cytosolic coiled-coil protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was previously shown to interact with and to be necessary for the correct localization of Rhb1p, a regulator of arginine uptake, and Yif1p, a Golgi protein. We now report the biochemical and physical interactions of Btn2p with Ist2p, a plasma membrane protein that is thought to have a function in salt tolerance. A deletion in Btn2p (btn2Δ strains) results in a failure to correctly localize Ist2p, and strains lacking Btn2p and Ist2p (btn2Δ ist2Δ strains) are unable to grow in the presence of 0.5 or 1.0 M NaCl. Btn2p was originally identified as being up-regulated in a btn1Δ strain, which lacks the vacuolar-lysosomal membrane protein, Btn1p, and serves as a model for Batten disease. This up-regulation of Btn2p was shown to contribute to the maintenance of a stable vacuolar pH in the btn1Δ strain. Btn1p was subsequently shown to be required for the optimal transport of arginine into the vacuole. Interestingly, btn1Δ ist2Δ strains are also unable to grow in the presence of 0.5 or 1.0 M NaCl, and ist2Δ suppresses the vacuolar arginine transport defect in btn1Δ strains. Although further investigation is required, we speculate that altered vacuolar arginine transport in btn1Δ strains represents a mechanism for maintaining or balancing cellular ion homeostasis. Btn2p interacts with at least three proteins that are seemingly involved in different biological functions in different subcellular locations. Due to these multiple interactions, we conclude that Btn2p may play a regulatory role across the cell in response to alterations in the intracellular environment that may be caused by changes in amino acid levels or pH, a disruption in protein trafficking, or imbalances in ion homeostasis resulting from either genetic or environmental manipulation.
Applying CMAC-based online learning to intrusion detection

The timely and accurate detection of computer and network system intrusions has always been an elusive goal for system administrators and information security researchers. Existing intrusion detection approaches require either manual coding of new attacks in expert systems or the complete retraining of a neural network to improve analysis or learn new attacks. The paper presents an approach to applying adaptive neural networks to intrusion detection that is capable of autonomously learning new attacks rapidly by a modified reinforcement learning method that uses feedback from the protected system.