cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Driving behaviors in early stage dementia: a study using in-vehicle technology

According to the Alzheimer's Association (2011), (1) in 8 people age 65 and older, and about one-half of people age 85 and older, have Alzheimer's disease in the United States (US). There is evidence that drivers with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias are at an increased risk for unsafe driving. Recent advances in sensor, computer, and telecommunication technologies provide a method for automatically collecting detailed, objective information about the driving performance of drivers, including those with early stage dementia. The objective of this project was to use in-vehicle technology to describe a set of driving behaviors that may be common in individuals with early stage dementia (i.e., a diagnosis of memory loss) and compare these behaviors to a group of drivers without cognitive impairment. Seventeen drivers with a diagnosis of early stage dementia, who had completed a comprehensive driving assessment and were cleared to drive, participated in the study. Participants had their vehicles instrumented with a suite of sensors and a data acquisition system, and drove 1-2 months as they would under normal circumstances. Data from the in-vehicle instrumentation were reduced and analyzed, using a set of algorithms/heuristics developed by the research team. Data from the early stage dementia group were compared to similar data from an existing dataset of 26 older drivers without dementia. The early stage dementia group was found to have significantly restricted driving space relative to the comparison group. At the same time, the early stage dementia group (which had been previously cleared by an occupational therapist as safe to drive) drove as safely as the comparison group. Few safety-related behavioral errors were found for either group. Wayfinding problems were rare among both groups, but the early stage dementia group was significantly more likely to get lost.
Expression of CD44 and CD44v6 in primary cutaneous CD30 positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders.

Background: Expression of the lymphocyte homing receptor CD44 and its variant form, CD44v6, have been linked to unfavorable prognosis and tumor dissemination in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The role of CD44 and CD44v6 in primary cutaneous lymphomas may not necessarily correlate with that observed in nodal lymphomas. Our study attempts to evaluate the expression pattern of CD44 and CD44v6 in primary cutaneous CD30 positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders including primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (cALCL) and lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) and compared the expression between these two subgroups. Methods: Immunohistochemical staining of CD44 and CD44v6 was performed on 10 cALCL and 18 LyP cases. Results: CD44 consistently expressed in all cases of primary cutaneous CD30 positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. In contrast with previous studies, our results showed that CD44v6 expressed in 46% of all cases, including 50% cALCL and 44% LyP. There was no statistic difference in expression of CD44 or CD44v6 between cALCL and LyP subgroups. Conclusions: These results provide a new evidence that CD44v6 is expressed in a subset cases of primary cutaneous CD30 positiveT-cell lymphoproliferative disorders and suggest that other factors or molecules rather than CD44 or CD44v6 are responsible for the difference between cALCL and LyP.
Neuroprotective effects of pramipexole in young and aged MPTP-treated mice.

Abstract This study examined the effect of pramipexole (PPX), a selective dopamine (DA) D 3 /D 2 agonist, on 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced damage to the nigrostriatal dopamine system in young (8-week-old) and aged (12-month-old) mice. Co-administration of PPX and MPTP to young or aged mice, followed by 2 or 14 days of additional PPX treatment, significantly attenuated MPTP-induced striatal DA loss. Pramipexole treatment also significantly attenuated the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons (TH-IR) within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in both young and aged animals. Effects of PPX administration on dopaminergic cell survival were confirmed in Nissl-stained sections and by quantitation of retrogradely labeled Fluorogold-positive SNc neurons. Protective effects of PPX on striatal DA levels and SNc DA neuron survival were similar in young and aged animals, although the magnitude of these effects was significantly less in aged animals. These findings support the early initiation of PPX therapy in Parkinson’s disease patients.
Seasonal patterns of foraging activity in colonies of the African honey bee,Apis mellifera scutellata, in Africa

Seasonal foraging patterns were investigated using six observation colonies maintained in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Pollen collection, flight from the hive, and recruitment for pollen and nectar sources occurred throughout the 11 months of the study. However, the distribution of foraging activity throughout the day changed seasonally. Colonies emphasized recruitment for pollen sites throughout most of the year. Brood production occurred in all months except May, and there was a significant, positive correlation between the proportion of recruitment activity devoted to pollen sources and the amount of brood comb in the colonies. The seasonal foraging patterns ofscutellata in the Okavango were similar to those of Africanized honey bees in the neotropics. The extended foraging season and emphasis on pollen collection may be associated with the high swarming rates and migrational movements of tropical honey bees.
Some epidemiological aspects of cancer of the prostate.

Abstract Certain significant characteristics of cancer of the prostate are revealed through a review of previous studies and analysis of new data from thirty-three cities in the United States. These characteristics include a geometrical increase from the critical age of 40–50 onwards; higher frequency among Negroes than among whites and among Japanese Americans than among Japanese in Japan; low frequency among Orientals and Indians; higher northern than southern frequency among whites and nonwhites; low mortality differential between urban and rural areas and between metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties; lower frequency among foreign than native-born whites; higher frequency among the migrants than among the residents in the country of origin; frequency highest among Protestants, lowest among Jews, and intermediate among Catholics; higher frequency among Occidental than among Oriental populations in Israel; higher frequency among ever-married than among single persons, particularly the widowed and divorced, and among the married with children; higher urban than rural frequency among the married; generally no regular socio-economic gradient except that high frequencies are found among professionals and low frequencies among manual workers, agricultural workers, miners, and clerical and kindred workers (the numbers in most occupational groups are small); high frequency among male relatives of prostatic cancer decedents. In addition to genetic factors, some of these characteristics may be traced to certain socio-cultural variables. It is suggested that, as a disease entity in the male genital system, prostatic cancer may be related to a person's sexual behavior. This is suggested by the higher frequency among the ever-married males with children in Australia and by the findings of the KINSEY Report with respect to the higher total sexual outlet among urban married males who are found to have a higher prostatic cancer mortality than their rural counterparts. Special attention should also be given to the differential impact of the socio-cultural environment upon various groups of persons, i.e. foreign and native-born whites; the migrants and the residents in the country of origin; persons of similar racial or religious background living in different geographical areas; persons who have been exposed to different types of communities and/or working conditions for various lengths of time. Further, the possible interaction between nativity and religion should be taken into consideration. A systematic, intensive study of each of these phenomena is necessary in order to gain better insight into possible etiological factors in this site of malignancy.
Continuous Exposure of Staphylococcus epidermidis SE1457 to Triclosan Results in Marked Triclosan Resistance Due to a Mutation in fabI

Triclosan is a multi-purpose biocide used in hundreds of personal care products, including but not limited to antibacterial hand soaps, lotions, and toothpastes. The ubiquitous usage of triclosan allows it to be widely dispersed into the environment, which could contribute to the resistance of environmental microorganisms to triclosan and perhaps to clinically relevant antibiotics. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether long-term exposure of the common skin bacterium, Staphylococcus epidermidis, to subinhibitory, but increasing concentrations of triclosan would select for triclosan-resistant mutants. The study began with exposure to 0.00015% triclosan, which was ten-fold less than the initial MIC. The concentration was increased with respect to observed increases in the MIC. The duration of the study led to the ability of the bacteria to grow in 0.15% triclosan. The fabI gene, the product of which is a known target of triclosan, was sequenced to determine whether the selection pressure applied by t...
Immunolocalization of myocilin protein in the anterior eye of normal and primary open-angle glaucomatous dogs

Objective The presence of myocilin was investigated in a colony of Beagles, a canine model for inherited primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). The myocilin protein was localized in the normal and glaucomatous canine eyes by immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry. Methods Paraffin- and plastic-embedded specimens from the anterior uveas of 10 Beagles with inherited glaucoma (3 months to 13 years old) and 6 age-matched normal dogs were sectioned, and were then incubated with primary antibody, rabbit polyclonal antihuman MYOC IgG, overnight at 4 °C. Specimens were incubated with secondary antibody with one of the following: biotinylated link followed by peroxidase-labeled streptavidin and then by substrate-chromogen for light microscopy; fluorescent marker Texas red; or 18 nm colloidal gold-labeled goat antirabbit IgG for transmission electron microscopy. Results With normal, pre- and early glaucomatous canine specimens, cell membranes of smooth muscle cells of the iris and ciliary body stained positively, as well as most resident stromal and vascular endothelial cells. The cytoplasm of cells within the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium of the ciliary body processes stained intensely, being weaker along the pars plana. Trabecular meshwork (TM) cells and surrounding extracellular matrix labeled, as well as the sclera adjacent to the angular aqueous plexus. In specimens with moderate and advanced glaucoma, greater intensity of staining was observed within TM cells and adjacent sclera, and portions of the nonpigmented epithelium of the ciliary processes. Fibrinous material labeled intensely within the posterior chamber. Conclusions Myocilin in the normal and glaucomatous canine eye was successfully immunolocalized. These findings with regard to the normal eye are nearly identical to those previously reported in humans, and support the original hypothesis that there is an increase in both accumulation and localization of myocilin in glaucomatous canine eyes. It also supports the possibility that changes in the activity of myocilin within the aqueous humor outflow pathway of individuals with spontaneous glaucoma are associated with the rise of intraocular pressure and subsequent development of this disease, but may not be the primary event in the initial raise in intraocular pressure in POAG in the Beagle.
Improvements in optical sorting of mold-damaged wheat

The current study describes the use of three forms of optical measurement of single wheat kernels for screening of Fusarium head blight for eventual incorporation in high-speed optical sorters. Our previous research has demonstrated a sorting efficiency of approximately 50 percent with existing high-speed equipment, but a much higher efficiency (~95%) when analytical spectrometers are used. The intention of the current work is to bridge this efficiency gap. Knowledge gained from analysis of the single kernel in-flight response will provide design criteria for improvement of high-speed optical sorters for recognition of mold-damaged wheat.
Introduction: Environmental Conflict

Environmental conflict appears to be increasing exponentially. Natural resource management disputes over preservation or “wise use” rage in forests, river systems, rangelands, and mineral lands. Locating hazardous waste sites is so contentious that there is only one site in the country that accepts the high-level waste produced everywhere else in the United State. Existing waste sites are closing their gates to all but local waste. Low income and minority communities are documenting the disproportionate burden of toxic contamination in their neighborhoods and are fighting back in the environmental justice movement. NIMBY (Not In My ***BackYard) responses to LULUs (Locally Unwanted Land Uses) appear to have paralyzed both government agencies and neighborhoods as they attempt to clean up past contamination, control present pollution, and manage future responses to development. Conflicts and disputes between affected parties—stakeholders in the common parlance—are regularly in the news as local, state, and f...
Confucianism in Timothy Mo's the monkey king

(1989). Confucianism in Timothy Mo's the monkey king. World Literature Written in English: Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 50-61.
Effect of antiferromagnetic ordering on the optical transitions in MnF2

Abstract Two optical absorption bands (viz. C and F ) in MnF 2 , whose line positions are nearly temperature-independent above T N = 67.3 K, are investigated for the effect of magnetic ordering. Both bands are blue-shifted by Δ E (≌90 cm −1 for C and 120 cm −1 for F at 10 K) and the lines show additional narrowing on cooling through T N . It is found that Δ E varies as the sublattice lattice magnetization below T N and nearly as the magnetic energy above T N .
Neural model of visual stereomatching: slant, transparency and clouds

Stereomatching of oblique and transparent surfaces is described using a model of cortical binocular ‘tuned’ neurons selective for disparities of individual visual features and neurons selective for the position, depth and 3D orientation of local surface patches. The model is based on a simple set of learning rules. In the model, monocular neurons project excitatory connection pathways to binocular neurons at appropriate disparities. Binocular neurons project excitatory connection pathways to appropriately tuned ‘surface patch’ neurons. The surface patch neurons project reciprocal excitatory connection pathways to the binocular neurons. Anisotropic intralayer inhibitory connection pathways project between neurons with overlapping receptive fields. The model's responses to simulated stereo image pairs depicting a variety of oblique surfaces and transparently overlaid surfaces are presented. For all the surfaces, the model (i) assigns disparity matches and surface patch representations based on global surfac...
Congenital malformations produced by injecting azo blue into pregnant rats.

SummaryThe injection of 1 cc of a 1% aqueous solution of the diazo dye azo blue into female rats on the 7th, 8th and 9th days of pregnancy resulted in congenital malformations in 59% of living fetu...
Phosphors for full-color low-voltage field-emission displays

The development of phosphors to enable full-color low-voltage field-emission displays (FEDS) is discussed. The importance of understanding the broad range of other FED enabling technologies (architectures, spacers, duty factor, vacuum technology, etc.) in order to define the key role that phosphors can play in realizing these displays is stressed. Beginning with the demands of spacer technology that primarily limits FED working voltage, a broad overview is then given on phosphor issues including an introduction to phosphor saturation mechanisms at low voltage and the applicability of certain donor-acceptor, rare-earth, and transition-metal ion phosphors to meet the requirements. The paper concludes by demonstrating that phosphor development, especially in the range of excitation of 500-1000 V, will have a significant impact on the future of FEDS.
Exploratory Heat Transfer Studies On Critical Elements Of A Proposed 6 GeV Synchrotron

Certain types of insertion devices for angiography can produce extraordinarily large heat fluxes on critical components of a synchrotron beam line and its optics. The shutters, beam splitters, filters, and the first-stage monochromators all are subjected to large fluxes of radiation. The cooling requirements of such beam line components are approached in a comprehensive manner to identify the governing parameters from first principles. Analytical techniques have been used to study various methods of handling the heat loads using both liquid metal and water coolants for various potential heated geometries. It is found that when properly designed, liquid metal cooling can be much more efficient. In addition, composites and low Z surfaces have been considered. Also investigated are the heat transfer problems of the optical stages and rotating monochromators.
RAE-A attitude determination ground support system

Radio astronomy Explorer A attitude determination via disk-oriented programming ground support system for reducing and calibrating telemetry data, attitude prediction and command, etc
Looks aren't everything: pseudohomophones prime words but nonwords do not.

After examining literature that deals with phonological and orthographic effects associated with pseudohomophones, the current effort deviates from the norm by using fewer pseudohomophones (20) and extending the lags between primes and targets (M=8). Word and pseudohomophone primes were found to facilitate lexical decision response latencies to word targets. Response latencies to word targets were not influenced by nonword primes, however. The presence of pseudohomophone effects was demonstrated by longer response latencies and higher error rates for pseudohomophones (e.g., DREEM) that were equated in orthography to nonword controls (e.g., DROAM). Despite the frequency effect observed for base words, the pseudohomophones did not exhibit an effect of base word frequency. The results suggest that phonological codes exert an influence on lexical representation but are not frequency sensitive.
Education and its Discontents: Overqualification in America, 1972–2002

The study of education-occupation mismatch, once central to the sociological investigation of the labor market, has been largely abandoned. While labor economists and scholars in other nations continue to investigate overqualification, it has been more than two decades since its last sociological assessment in the United States. Drawing on previous work and guided by Bourdieu's concept of habitus, I hypothesize that workers who have more educational attainments than needed for their jobs will be less satisfied with their jobs, be more politically liberal, and be less likely to endorse an effort-based achievement ideology. Using the 1972-2002 General Social Survey, I find that overqualification has increased substantially, that the expected effects are generally found, and that these effects remain relatively stable over time. I discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the persistence of existing stratification hierarchies.
Radical-trapping antioxidants in vitro and in vivo

Abstract The contributions from urate (58% ± 18%), plasma proteins (21% ± 10%), ascorbate (14% ± 8%) and vitamin E (7% ± 2%) to the Total Radical-trapping Antioxidant Parameter (TRAP) of plasma account for all of the peroxyl radical-trapping antioxidant activity in the majority of samples. Time dependent studies show that vitamin E is regenerated or spared during peroxyl radical attack by the water soluble antioxidants. The rates of uptake of dietary RRR - and SRR -α-tocopherols have been determined using deuterium labelled α-tocopherol acetates. There is a preferential uptake of the natural, RRR -α-tocopherol by all tissues (except the liver in the first month). These studies have potential implications for human nutrition.
Modification of the M‐DRIS for soybean

Abstract Previous research shows that the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) and modified‐DRIS (M‐DRIS) have inherently biased data base means and CV's that affect the accuracy of nutrient diagnoses. Our objective was to remove these biases and determine their effect on phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) diagnoses for soybean (Glycine max L.). Four sets of soybean M‐DRIS nutrient norms (linear, L; log‐transformed, LT; corrected anti‐log, CAL; and corrected anti‐log population, CALP) were derived for use in evaluating P and K deficiencies and sufficiencies. The four data bases differed in that: (i) the L, LT, and CAL norms were developed from 639 soybean leaf samples yielding in excess of 3500 kg/ha, while those for CALP were calculated from 3898 samples from all available yield levels, (ii) L norms were calculated from non‐log‐transformed nutrient data, while LT, CAL, and CALP norms were calculated from log‐transformed data, and (iii) CAL and CALP concentration means were developed by tak...
Stick-and-Diffuse and Caged Diffusion: A Comparison of Two Models of Synaptic Vesicle Dynamics

Two models were recently proposed to enable us to understand the dynamics of synaptic vesicles in hippocampal neurons. In the caged diffusion model, the vesicles diffuse in small circular cages located randomly in the bouton, while in the stick-and-diffuse model the vesicles bind and release from a cellular cytomatrix. In this article, we obtain analytic expressions for the fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) autocorrelation function for the two models and test their predictions against our earlier FCS measurements of the vesicle dynamics. We find that the stick-and-diffuse model agrees much better with the experiment. We find also that, due to the slow dynamics of the vesicles, the finite experimental integration time has an important effect on the FCS autocorrelation function and demonstrate its effect for the different models. The two models of the dynamics are also relevant to other cellular environments where mobile species undergo slow diffusionlike motion in restricted spaces or bind and release from a stationary substrate.
Stereospecific reduction of D-fructose oxime

Abstract Catalytic reduction of d -fructose oxime yielded 2-amino-2-deoxy- d -mannitol which was isolated as the crystalline peracetylated derivative. This was converted to 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -mannitol. The mono- and di-O-isopropylidene derivatives of this material were prepared. Oxidaiton of the latter, followed by hydrolysis yielded small amounts of a product having the same Rf as 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -mannose.
Identifying Opportunities to Increase Oil Recovery from Fluvial-dominated Deltaic Reservoirs in Oklahoma

U.S. Department of Energy data suggest that previously discovered Oklahoma reservoirs contain approximately six billion stock tank barrels of mobile oil that will not be recovered using current production practices. This mobile oil should be recovered using current technology. A significant amount of this oil is believed to be in reservoirs deposited in fluvial-deltaic (FDD) environments. These FDD reservoirs have low recovery factors because they generally have substantial heterogeneity. This paper presents results of nine case studies of Pennsylvanian FDD reservoirs. The case studies were part of the University of Oklahoma's U.S. DOE Class I project completed in 1997. The project was funded by the Department of Energy to determine if reservoir management and production strategies could be altered to increase expected recovery from the reservoirs. The FDD reservoirs studied were relatively small and thin. Some of them were associated with aquifers and had water drive. Because of the small reservoir sizes, most were developed with a limited number of wells. The largest reservoir studied had 36 wells. Expected primary recoveries for most of the reservoirs studied were less than 20%. Most wells were producing less than five barrels of oil per day at times of the studies. The simulation studies reviewed in this paper combined available geological and engineering information to develop new geological models for the reservoir. The models were translated into input data files for black-oil reservoir simulators. The models were validated by matching past reservoir behavior. After the models were validated, alternate production strategies were investigated. The alternate strategies generally included an extrapolation of the current strategy (a base case), well completion changes, infill drilling, and water injection. In one case, gas injection was studied. The alternate strategies were compared with the base case. For almost all reservoirs, it appears that recovery could be fifty per cent larger than can be expected from the base case. One reservoir had an estimated recovery eight times larger than the current policy and for one reservoir it did not appear that any alternate exploitation strategy could increase recovery. The authors used commercial, ECLIPSE, and public domain, BOAST3, reservoir simulators in the simulation studies.
Cosmic Time and the Theological View of World History.

To Christian people of the Middle Ages and the Reformation era, history contained the narrative of God’s dealings with humanity, located within and related to the history of the Christian Church. During the Protestant Reformation in Germany and Switzerland, people tried to make sense of what was happening within world history and the divine plan. Scholars, including Luther and Melanchthon, interpreted history in terms of the four-monarchies system derived from the Book of Daniel. They discovered in Scripture not only divine governance of political affairs, but also affirmation of their theological principles. Swiss theologians, such as Oecolampadius and Bullinger, understood God’s relations with humanity as an eternal covenant, expressed in different transient forms. The quest for ever greater precision in the seventeenth century eventually discredited the providential, scriptural view of world history. It proved to have been one of those transient cultural movements within Christian experience.
Financial responsibilities of library boards

Purpose – To guide library directors and their boards when financial issues arise – especially in finding a good balance on the level of involvement that the library board should have.Design/methodology/approach – Uses a list of nine key responsibilities that can guide library board members when they deal with library finances.Findings – It is impossible to have a library board and not have it involved in financial issues important to the management of the institution. Without proper guidance and management, board members cannot participate with the library in these issues in a meaningful way.Originality/value – By listing nine responsibilities as examples, library directors can determine what responsibilities they want for their boards, and avoid some problems others have witnessed in other boards.
The Allelopathic Potentials of the Non-Native Invasive Plant Microstegium vimineum and the Native Ageratina altissima: Two Dominant Species of the Eastern Forest Herb Layer

Abstract Allelopathy is one explanation for non-native plant invasion, but native plants also can be allelopathic. We tested the allelopathic potentials of the non-native, invasive grass Microstegium vimineum (Japanese Stilt-grass) and the native herb Ageratina altissima (White Snakeroot), which both can dominate the herb layer in central New Jersey forests. Aqueous extracts from roots and shoots of both species negatively affected the speed of germination and the percent germination of Lettuce and Radish seeds in Petri dishes, and White Snakeroot shoot extract had the strongest effect. In a factorial experiment in pots of forest soil that combined extract treatments with activated carbon addition (to manipulate allelochemicals) and soil sterilization (to investigate indirect allelopathic effects via the soil microflora), Lettuce and Radish seedling establishment was reduced by extracts, especially from the native White Snakeroot. However, growth of surviving seedlings was unaffected by the extracts or th...
Parameters that influence processive synthesis and site-specific termination by human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase on RNA and DNA templates.

Abstract We have examined the parameters that determine the length and distribution of products synthesized processively by the human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase (HIV-RT). On native or homopolymer templates, the overall length distribution of processively synthesized products is increased by increased temperature or deoxynucleoside triphosphate concentration, or decreased ionic strength. Specific terminations of processive synthesis on either native DNA or RNA templates occur most frequently at positions where the reverse transcriptase (RT) pauses during synthesis. These sites correlate with the template sequence 3′-(A/U)(A/U)(G/C)-5′, particularly when this sequence is predicted to be base paired with another region of the template in a secondary structure. Many positions of termination are in similar positions on DNA or RNA templates. Notable exceptions are runs of A residues, which promote termination on DNA but not RNA templates. Termination intensities vary when different RTs are used demonstrating an influence of RT structure.
The sputtering of molecular ions from surfaces in secondary ion mass spectrometry

Abstract Recently, experimental evidence was reported that the charge state and the sputtering mechanism of molecular ions may be connected. In an attempt to understand this phenomenon, this paper discusses the excess energies and the stability towards electron ejection for molecules formed by the recombination of nonadjacent sputtered atoms. It is shown that since the electron affinities of molecules are usually small, stability of a negative molecular ion against neutralization by autodetachment is possible only when the molecule is formed by lattice fragmentation in most cases. On the otherhand, the ionization potentials of neutral and positive molecular ions are usually large and stability against electron ejection is possible even if they are formed by the recombination of nonadjacent sputtered atoms.
Unified model of diffractive and multiphonon He atom scattering from adsorbates: Holstein renormalization of the interactions and the complete Debye-Waller factor

We derive general expressions for the energy and lateral momentum resolved scattering spectrum describing collisions of beams of thermal energy He atoms with adsorbates on a flat substrate surface. Elastic and inelastic components of the projectile-adlayer interaction, of which the latter can be nonlinear in adsorbate displacements, are treated to all powers in the coupling constant g and with full account of the projectile recoil. The established formalism enables a combined treatment of elastic scattering (either diffuse or diffractive) and inelastic excitation of multiple phonons and overtones in the adlayer on an equivalent footing. For nonlinear vibrational coupling the distorted wave matrix elements of the interactions are Holstein-renormalized by zero point motion of adsorbates. In the case of scattering intensities calculated to lowest order in g this gives rise to a direct analog of the standard Glauber\char21{}van Hove Debye-Waller factor. The closed form solutions for the scattering spectra to all orders in g are characterized by a unified or complete Debye-Waller factor which embodies the effects discussed so far only separately in the literature: (i) attenuation of the scattered beam intensities due to zero point motion of adsorbates, and (ii) attenuation of the beam intensity in the elastic channel due to inelastic scattering from adlayer phonons and overtones. The complete Debye-Waller factor acquires a form of an exponentiated sum of Holstein-renormalized scattering intensities and acts to preserve the unitarity of the scattering spectrum in accord with the optical theorem. The developed model facilitates evaluation of the various approximate and limiting forms of the scattering spectra and the associated Debye-Waller factors characteristic of the different scattering regimes and different types of adlayer vibrational dynamics. Potential applications of the model are illustrated by estimating the effect of Holstein renormalization occurring in the unified Debye-Waller factor and scattering intensities for several prototype adlayer systems.
Ma-huang strikes again: ephedrine nephrolithiasis

Ephedrine and its metabolites are naturally occurring alkaloids that can be derived from evergreens worldwide and have been used as medicinals for hundreds of years. Because they have "real" pharmacological alpha and beta catecholamine effects and are "natural" products, the alternative medicine industry has popularized them for multiple uses, including asthma, weight loss, energy and sexual enhancement, and euphoria. Several recent reviews have documented the dangerous nature of using these "drugs" unsupervised, including multiple deaths, and the FDA is currently reviewing ephedrine's use in the alternative medicine industry. We report a new toxicity, ephedrine nephrolithiasis, in a patient using an energy supplement, Ma-Huang extract, which contains ephedrine. Although previously not reported, the Louis C. Herring and Company kidney stone database show that this is an endemic complication of ephedrine with hundreds of previous episodes. Using gas chromatography (GC) mass spectrometry, we were able to positively identify the chemical structure of our patient's stone, as well as other similar stones from Louis Herring, as containing ephedrine, norephedrine, and pseudoephedrine.
Modeling the Violation of Reward Maximization and Invariance in Reinforcement Schedules

It is often assumed that animals and people adjust their behavior to maximize reward acquisition. In visually cued reinforcement schedules, monkeys make errors in trials that are not immediately rewarded, despite having to repeat error trials. Here we show that error rates are typically smaller in trials equally distant from reward but belonging to longer schedules (referred to as “schedule length effect”). This violates the principles of reward maximization and invariance and cannot be predicted by the standard methods of Reinforcement Learning, such as the method of temporal differences. We develop a heuristic model that accounts for all of the properties of the behavior in the reinforcement schedule task but whose predictions are not different from those of the standard temporal difference model in choice tasks. In the modification of temporal difference learning introduced here, the effect of schedule length emerges spontaneously from the sensitivity to the immediately preceding trial. We also introduce a policy for general Markov Decision Processes, where the decision made at each node is conditioned on the motivation to perform an instrumental action, and show that the application of our model to the reinforcement schedule task and the choice task are special cases of this general theoretical framework. Within this framework, Reinforcement Learning can approach contextual learning with the mixture of empirical findings and principled assumptions that seem to coexist in the best descriptions of animal behavior. As examples, we discuss two phenomena observed in humans that often derive from the violation of the principle of invariance: “framing,” wherein equivalent options are treated differently depending on the context in which they are presented, and the “sunk cost” effect, the greater tendency to continue an endeavor once an investment in money, effort, or time has been made. The schedule length effect might be a manifestation of these phenomena in monkeys.
Preparing Teachers to Foster Algebraic Thinking

The purpose of this article is to share the conceptual framework and beginning analyses of data from a teacher professional development program that focuses on cultivating teachers' understanding of algebraic thinking, learning, and teaching. Specifically, in this paper we share: (1) the conceptual framework that has guided the structure of the professional development program and research agenda, and (2) an initial set of findings from the first component of the program. These findings illustrate strategies for developing community among teachers, as well as the potential of using a professional learning community as a context for fostering teacher learning.
Intrathecal Therapy for Chronic Pain: Current Trends and Future Needs

The management of chronic pain continues to pose many challenges to healthcare providers. Intrathecal drug delivery systems (IDDS) provide an effective therapy for patients suffering from chronic pain intractable to medical management. However, the clinical growth of intrathecal therapy continues to face many challenges, and is likely underutilized secondary to its high-complexity and limited reimbursement. The clinical utility of IDDS remains limited by lack of prospective randomized, placebo-controlled studies. In addition, there remains a need to enhance physician knowledge on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of intrathecal drug delivery and promote further research into this field and drug delivery modalities. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the determinants of successful intrathecal drug delivery with an emphasis on its use in noncancer pain.
Capsid structure of satellite phage P4 and its P2 helper.

The satellite bacteriophage P4 utilizes structural proteins of its helper phage, P2, to assemble an icosahedral capsid ca. one-third the volume of that produced by the helper alone. Since the same gene products are used to construct capsids of two different sizes, it was of interest to investigate the structural differences between the two. We have determined the number of protein-monomers present in each type of capsid by quantitative gel electrophoresis, and thus defined the respective triangulation numbers. Both capsids belong the the same P class (P = 1), with triangulation numbers of T = 1 for P4 and T = 9 for P2. Electron micrographs of tungsten-shadowed whole phage particles revealed the arrangement of capsomeres (clusters of monomers), and allowed measurement of the distance between them. Comparison of these measurements with models constructed according to Caspar and Klug (1962, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 27, 1–24) indicates that in both phages the capsomeres are composed of pentamer and hexamer aggregates of protein-monomers and that the spacing between these capsomeres is the same. Hence, the major discernable structural difference between P2 and P4 capsids is the number of hexamer capsomeres used to construct them: P2 requires 80, P4 only 30. Although the molecular mechanism by which P4 directs the assembly of small capsids remains obscure, the morphology determined here limits the number of feasible models and provides a set of physical references which any models must include.
The low-frequency dielectric properties of octopus arm muscle measured in vivo

The conductance and capacitance of octopus arm are measured in vivo over the frequency range 5 Hz to 1 MHz. Measurement of these parameters for a number of electrode separations permits the determination of the variations in tissue conductivity and dielectric constant with frequency. In the range 1 - 100 kHz the conductivity is independent of the frequency f and the dielectric constant varies as . These results, in conjunction with those reported previously for frog skeletal muscle, are consistent with the fractal model for the dielectric properties of animal tissue proposed by Dissado. Transformation of the results to complex impedance spectra indicates the presence of a dispersion above 100 kHz.
Initial results utilizing optical pumping with a laser to produce spin-polarized hydrogen

Abstract Spin-polarized hydrogen was produced by laser optical pumping of rubidium and subsequent spin exchange with hydrogen atoms created by an rf discharge. Initial experiments produced approximately 10 14 hydrogen atoms with a polarization of about 64%. Utilization of a suitable wall coating will allow significant improvement in these results.
Does It Really Take Longer Not to Prescribe Antibiotics for Viral Respiratory Tract Infections in Children

Background Although overuse of antibiotics in children has been well documented, few studies have evaluated if the visit time for viral infections varies when antibiotics are or are not prescribed. Objective To examine the relationship between physician visit time and antibiotic prescribing for children with viral respiratory tract infection (RTI). Methods Data obtained from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) 1993-2003 were surveyed for children ≤18 years who were seen by a primary care physician and given a primary diagnosis suggestive of viral RTI (cold, upper respiratory infection (URI), bronchiolitis, or brochitis). We excluded visits of children given a comorbid diagnosis justifying antibiotics or a prolonged visit time and those with implausible physician visit times (0 minutes or >40 minutes). Using univariate and multivariate analysis, we compared self-reported physician visit time when antibiotics were and were not prescribed for viral RTIs. Results 2739 visits from the NAMCS database, representing 119,926 visits nationally, met study criteria. Antibiotics were prescribed at 46,949 (39%) visits—75% with a diagnosis of bronchitis, 54% with bronchiolitis, and 30% with cold or URI. After adjusting for factors related to physician visit time, there was no difference in visit duration when antibiotics were or were not prescribed (13.6 ± 8.4 and 13.3 ± 9.6 minutes, respectively, P = 0.24). Conclusion While antibiotics prescribing for viral RTI in children occurred frequently, our findings do not support the contention that it takes longer ‘not to prescribe' antibiotics for children with viral RTIs.
The ADAMs family: Coordinators of nervous system development, plasticity and repair

A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) transmembrane proteins have metalloprotease, integrin-binding, intracellular signaling and cell adhesion activities. In contrast to other metalloproteases, ADAMs are particularly important for cleavage-dependent activation of proteins such as Notch, amyloid precursor protein (APP) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha), and can bind integrins. Not surprisingly, ADAMs have been shown or suggested to play important roles in the development of the nervous system, where they regulate proliferation, migration, differentiation and survival of various cells, as well as axonal growth and myelination. On the eleventh anniversary of the naming of this family of proteins, the relatively unknown ADAMs are emerging as potential therapeutic targets for neural repair. For example, over-expression of ADAM10, one of the alpha-secretases for APP, can prevent amyloid formation and hippocampal defects in an Alzheimer mouse model. Another example of this potential neural repair role is the finding that ADAM21 is uniquely associated with neurogenesis and growing axons of the adult brain. This comprehensive review will discuss the growing literature about the roles of ADAMs in the developing and adult nervous system, and their potential roles in neurological disorders. Most excitingly, the expanding understanding of their normal roles suggests that they can be manipulated to promote neural repair in the degenerating and injured adult nervous system.
The practice of certified community health CNSs.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES This study explored the practice of clinical nurse specialists (CNSs) certified in Community Health nursing in the United States and described demographic and employment characteristics and perspectives about professional practice. METHODS The survey method was used. Of the 209 Community Health CNSs certified by American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) invited to complete the investigator-designed mail questionnaire, 111 (53%) returned a completed questionnaire. The questionnaire contained 27 items about employment, income, years in practice, certification, career satisfaction, and educational preparation, and asked participants to indicate the fit between the Community Health CNS role and the traditional CNS subroles model described by the American Nurses Association (ANA) (The Role of the Clinical Nurse Specialist, 1986) and the updated National Association of Clinical Nurse Specialists (NACNS) CNS practice model (Statement on Clinical Nurse Specialist Practice and Education, 1998). Content validity was established by Community Health CNS reviewer feedback. ANALYSIS Quantifiable data were tallied and analyzed using standard spreadsheet computer software. Qualitative data were summarized for content themes. FINDINGS The majority of participants were white, middle-aged females who reported being satisfied with their careers as Community Health CNSs. Most indicated that they were respected by colleagues, that they had been adequately prepared by their education, and that their current work made good use of their education and expertise. When asked to identify, by percentage of effort, the fit between their job responsibilities and the traditional subroles model of practice, the mean of reported fit was as follows: educator, 35%; administrator/leader, 22%; clinician, 21%; consultant, 14%; and researcher, 8%. The fit between job responsibilities and the spheres of influence in the NACNS model of practice was reported to average 39% for patient/client, 35% for organization/network, and 25% for nurses/ nursing practice. CONCLUSIONS Community Health CNS is a viable specialty practice with long-term career options. The subrole functions-described by ANA-of clinician, educator, administrator/leader, consultant, and to a lesser extent researcher apply to the role. The more intergraded updated model offered by NACNS also fits Community Health CNS practice with more emphasis on patient/client and organization/ network spheres than on nurses/nursing practice sphere. IMPLICATIONS Schools of nursing should continue to offer the Community Health CNS programs and incorporate both the traditional functions and newer practice model into their curricula, with a greater emphasis on diversity of students to help ensure a more diverse CNS population. Further research is needed to explore the outcomes of Community Health CNS practice and the factors that contribute to role satisfaction.
Lorentz and CPT violation in neutrinos

A general formalism is presented for violations of Lorentz and CPT symmetry in the neutrino sector. The effective Hamiltonian for neutrino propagation in the presence of Lorentz and CPT violation is derived, and its properties are studied. Possible definitive signals in existing and future neutrino-oscillation experiments are discussed. Among the predictions are direction-dependent effects, including neutrino-antineutrino mixing, sidereal and annual variations, and compass asymmetries. Other consequences of Lorentz and CPT violation involve unconventional energy dependences in oscillation lengths and mixing angles. A variety of simple models both with and without neutrino masses are developed to illustrate key physical effects. The attainable sensitivities to coefficients for Lorentz violation in the Standard-Model Extension are estimated for various types of experiments. Many experiments have potential sensitivity to Planck-suppressed effects, comparable to the best tests in other sectors. The lack of existing experimental constraints, the wide range of available coefficient space, and the variety of novel effects imply that some or perhaps even all of the existing data on neutrino oscillations might be due to Lorentz and CPT violation.