cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-Frequency Current Variability Observed at the Shelfbreak in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico: May-October 2004

High-resolution current measurements were made in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) as part of its Slope to Shelf Energetics and Exchange Dynamics (SEED) project. The major goal of SEED is to understand the mechanisms that transfer properties across the shelf slope. Fourteen acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) were deployed just west of the DeSoto Canyon on the shelf and down the slope from May to November, 2004 to measure nearly full water column current profiles. Currents were found more variable on the shelf than on the slope but in the mean strongly tended to follow bathymetry, particularly on the slope. During the SEED time period currents were driven by both local and remote winds, by cyclonic eddies associated with the Loop Current extension and Loop Current rings, by smaller eddies associated with the cyclonic eddies, by frontal meanders or streamers associated with the eddies, and by tropical storms. Currents were highly barotropic, accounting for more than 80% of the eddy kinetic energy (EKE). Current magnitudes generally increased from west to east, towards the DeSoto Canyon. Tropical storms had a relatively minor short-term effect upon mass transports. Cross-shelf transports were much smaller than the along-shelf transports. Onshore transports were stronger on the western side of the array while offshore transports were stronger on the eastern side of the array near the DeSoto Canyon. Offshore transports generally occurred during eastward flow periods, onshore transports during westward flow periods, and both during eddy periods. Mesoscale eddies also provided contributions to cross-shelf exchange. Large scale circulation features could be determined from the first two empirical-orthogonal function (EOF) modes which accounted for 83% of the variance and were strongly related to the integrated wind stress.
Social Contingencies and the Effects of Punishment in Alcoholics and Nonalcoholics

Okulitch and Marlatt (1972) have argued that alcoholics show a differential tolerance for punishment relative to nonalcoholics. However, the studies purporting to support this assertion failed to control for the effects of social factors on alcoholics' tolerance of punishment. The present study compared alcoholics' and nonalcoholics' tolerance for punishment under two conditions. In the private condition, subjects were led to believe that no one would know how they responded to a task involving punishment. In the public condition, it was made clear that the subjects' responses would be known to the experimenter. In the public condition, alcoholic subjects made more punished responses than nonalcoholic subjects. In the private condition, neither group responded in the presence of punishment.
The isolated perfused porcine skin flap as an in vitro model for percutaneous absorption and cutaneous toxicology.

AbstractThe isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF) is a new perfused skin model which allowsin vitro cutaneous pharmacology and toxicology studies to be conducted in a viable skin preparation which has a normal anatomical structure and a functional microcirculation. the purpose of this review is to (1) outline the background of this field which indicated the need for this type of model; (2) outline the surgical procedures needed to create and harvest viable preparations; (3) overview the criteria (biochemical, physiological, and histological) used to assess viability during an experiment; (4) present results of percutaneous absorption, cutaneous metabolism, transdermal delivery (passive and active), and skin distribution experiments conducted to date; (5) present the strategy developed to quantitate percutaneous absorption and cutaneous drug distribution using compartmental and physiological-based pharmacokinetic models; (6) assess the correlation of IPPSF data toin vivo results; (7) define the bioch...
Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging from an Inclined Geosynchronous Orbit

Images of Earth can be produced with an assumed synthetic aperture radar (SAR) on a satellite platform undergoing a nutating relative motion from geosynchronous altitude. From a 50° inclined circular orbit, the contiguous United States can be imaged in about 3 h of segmented operation at 100-m resolution with 4-azimuth-look averaging. The 2450-MHz transmitter radiates 1312 W of average power from a steerable 15-m-diam antenna. The SAR can image daily an area bounded longitudinally and latitudinally.
Thermal redistribution reactions of Blackglas™ ceramic

Silicon oxycarbides undergo SiO and SiC bond redistribution when heated in an inert atmosphere above 900°C. This redistribution has a great influence on the mechanical, thermal, and oxidative stability properties of Blackglas™ ceramic. Based on a statistical method, three independent thermal redistribution reactions were chosen to describe the redistribution reactions between 900 and 1350°C. Over this temperature range, only SiO and SiC bond redistribution is involved, and the char yield is constant. The equilibrium constants of each independent reaction and their temperature dependence are calculated directly by using 29Si-NMR experimental data for temperatures of 900, 1000, and 1100°C and fitted to a cubic polynomial. A redistribution reaction model (RRM) is proposed to describe how the microcompositions of silicon oxycarbide change with respect to temperature. The model is based on 29Si-NMR data from 900 to 1100°C. It enables one to extrapolate results to 1400°C and indicates that the silicon oxycarbide can survive above 1400°C and that the microcomposition is very sensitive to the ratio O/Si in the polymer precursor. This prediction is in a good agreement with the experimental results observed by Belot et al., Corriu et al., Bois et al., and F. Babonneau et al. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 143–152, 2001
Correlating planned radiation dose to the cochlea with primary site and tumor stage in patients with head and neck cancer treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy.

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine tumor characteristics that predict higher planned radiation (RT) dose to the cochlea in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). From 2004 to 2012, 99 patients with HNC underwent definitive IMRT to a median dose of 69.96 Gy in 33 fractions, with the right and left cochlea-vestibular apparatus contoured for IMRT optimization as avoidance structures. If disease involvement was adjacent to the cochlea, preference was given to tumor coverage by prescription dose. Descriptive statistics were calculated for dose-volume histogram planning data, and mean planning dose to the cochlea (from left or right cochlea, receiving the greater amount of RT dose) was correlated to primary site and tumor stage. Mean (standard deviation) cochlear volume was 1.0 (0.60) cm 3 with maximum and mean planned doses of 31.9 (17.5) Gy and 22.1 (13.7) Gy, respectively. Mean planned dose (Gy) to cochlea by tumor site was as follows: oral cavity (18.6, 14.4), oropharynx (21.7, 9.1), nasopharynx (36.3, 10.4), hypopharynx (14.9, 7.1), larynx (2.1, 0.62), others including the parotid gland, temporal bone, and paranasal sinus (33.6, 24.0), and unknown primary (25.6, 6.7). Average mean planned dose (Gy) to the cochlea in T0-T2 and T3-T4 disease was 22.0 and 29.2 Gy, respectively ( p = 0.019). By site, a significant difference was noted for nasopharynx and others (31.6 and 50.7, p = 0.012) but not for oropharynx, oral cavity, and hypopharynx. Advanced T category predicted for higher mean cochlear dose, particularly for nasopharyngeal, parotid gland, temporal bone, and paranasal sinus HNC sites.
Use of a lipase immobilized in a membrane reactor to hydrolyze the glycerides of butteroil.

A lipase from A spergillus niger, immobilized by adsorption on a microporous, polypropylene flat-sheet membrane, was used to effect the continous hydrolysis of the glycerides of melted butterfat at 35 degrees C. For the reaction conditions used in this research, a pseudo-zero order rate expression can be used to model the kinetics of the overall hydrolysis of butterfat. Multiresponse nonlinear regression methods were employed to determine the kinetic parameters of a multisubstrate rate expression derived fro ma mechanism based on the general Michaelis-Menten approach. For the multiresponse data taken at pH 7.0, the dependence of the maximum rate of release of each fatty acid residue of butterfat on its carbon chain length is accurately described by a skewed, bell-shaped (or Gamma-type) distribution. Data taken at five different pH values were fit assuming a Dixon-Webb diprotic model for the pH dependence of the reaction rate. The thermal deactivation of the immobilized lipase obeyed first-order kinetics with a half-life of 19.9 days at 35 degrees C. The multisubstrate model is useful for the prediction of the free fatty acid profile of lipolyzed butterfat, whereas the lumped-substrate model provides an estimate of the overall degree of hydrolysis as a function of the reactor space time.
Flexibility of information processing and the memory of field-independent and field-dependent learners

Abstract This study examined memory differences between 48 field-independent and 48 field-dependent learners, and it hypothesized that rigid information processing by field-dependent learners interferes with cue efficiency during memory recall. The field-independent and field-dependent learners were presented with paired associates in which the target recall words were homographs, and accompanying associates emphasized one of the homograph's two meanings. Homograph recall occurred under three conditions: (a) same cue recall, (b) different cue recall (emphasized other meaning of homograph), and (c) free recall. This study found memory differences favoring the field-independent learner and findings consistent with the rigid information processing hypothesis of field-dependent learners.
Pediatric stroke: the importance of cerebral arteriopathy and vascular malformations.

Population-based estimates of the annual incidence of childhood stroke range from 2 to 13 per 100,000 person-years. More than half of children who have had a stroke have long-term neurological sequelae. The goal of this article is to review recent literature on both hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke in children with a focus on cerebral arteriopathy and vascular malformations as stroke risk factors. Additionally, we review diagnostic studies for childhood stroke, outcome data, and regional and geographic practice differences. PubMed was searched using the terms child, childhood, pediatric, stroke, ischemic, intracerebral hemorrhage, vasculopathy, and vascular malformation. Reference lists of these articles were reviewed for additional key publications. Preference was given to articles published since the year 2000; however, seminal articles in the field were also reviewed. Pediatric stroke is a heterogeneous disorder and a major cause of morbidity in the pediatric population. Five-year recurrence risk is estimated to be 5–19%. Children with cerebrovascular abnormalities are at the highest risk of recurrence (66% at 5 years for ischemic stroke in one study). Furthermore, cerebral arteriopathy including arterial dissection may account for up to 80% of childhood stroke in otherwise healthy children. In many cases, evaluation and treatment of pediatric stroke is not evidence-based, and regional and geographic variations in practice patterns exist. Ultimately multicenter cohort studies and dedicated pediatric clinical trials are essential to establish comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for pediatric stroke care.
Gender differences in e-commerce

Predictors of shopping online were compared for men and women using a sample of 365 college students. For the men, the only predictor of purchasing products online was the number of hours they spent online. For women, the predictors of making purchases online included anxiety about using computers and attitudes toward money, in addition to the number of hours spent online. The results were examined using OLS and MLE (logit and probit) regressions techniques, and the results from each technique compared and contrasted.
Food and nutrient intake of Hallelujah vegetarians

Reports the results of a survey of followers of the mostly raw, pure vegetarian, Hallelujah diet, which is promoted by the Hallelujah Acres Foundation in the USA. Seven‐day semi‐quantitative dietary records kept by 141 followers of the diet were collected and analyzed for nutrient intake. Claims self‐reported improvements in health and quality of life after adoption of the diet were significant (p < 1E‐07). Mean daily consumption of fruits and vegetables was 6.6 servings and 11.4 servings, respectively. Salads, fruits, carrot juice and grain products provided 60‐88 per cent of most nutrients. The mean energy intake was 1,460kcal/day for women and 1,830kcal/day for men. Claims that, with some modifications, this diet pattern allows people to adopt a low calorie diet sufficient in most nutrients.
Facilitated thyrotropin release after retrochiasmatic hypothalamic knife cuts.

Diencephalic structures that influence plasma thyrotropin (TSH) in male rats under pentobarbital anesthesia (35 mg/kg, IP) were studied by combining medial preoptic area-suprachiasmatic nucleus (MPOA-Sch) bilateral electrical stimulation (monophasic pulses, 200 μ A at 50 Hz, 30 min) with progressive midline lesions produced by a retractable Halasz knife. Plasma TSH was measured by radioimmunoassay just before (0 time) and at 30, 60 and 90 min after the beginning of stimulation. Rats that had received only sham surgical procedures 90 days prior to stimulation were characterized by a more than 2–3 fold elevation in basal (0 time) plasma TSH levels when compared to those found in intact control rats and expected elevations in plasma TSH at 30 min after stimulation were eliminated. After a small frontal cut (1.3 FC), 0 time plasma TSH levels increased more than 4-fold above those of controls in association with a facilitation of stimulated release of TSH. When the knife blade radius was 1.5 mm (1.5 FC) the facilitation of TSH release after stimulation occurred again; however, 0 time plasma TSH concentrations in 1.5 FC rats were not different from control levels. These effects of midline cortical, thalamic and hypothalamic damage on TSH release required the passage of more than 12 days after brain surgery. Collectively, these findings suggest potential neural elements that are inhibitory for ‘basal’ and ‘phasic’ TSH release which are in close proximity to a separate excitatory neural system and which can be activated by MPOA-Sch stimulation.
Exploring mental-state reasoning as a social-cognitive mechanism for social loafing in children

The authors explored mental-state reasoning ability among 72 preschoolers (ages 3-5 years) as a possible developmental mechanism for the well-known social loafing effect: diminished individual effort in a collaborative task. The authors expected that older children would outperform young children on standard mental-state reasoning tests and that they would display greater social loafing than younger children. In addition, we hypothesized that the ability to infer the mental states of others would be predictive of social loafing, but that the ability to reason about one's own knowledge would not. The authors gave children three standard false-belief tasks and participated in a within-subjects balloon inflation task that they performed both individually and as part of a group. Results indicated that 3-year-olds performed significantly below older preschoolers on mental-state reasoning tasks. Only 4- and 5-year-olds displayed diminished individual effort. Multiple regression analysis indicated that only the ...
Chemical defense of embryos and larvae of a West Indian gorgonian coral, Briareum asbestinum

Summary The complex life cycles of colonial marine invertebrates provide an unusual opportunity to examine potential constraints in chemical defense because colonies are of ten chemically well defended, and the multiple developmental stages are accessible. Briareum asbestinum is unique among Caribbean gorgonians in surface brooding newly fertilized, conspicuously colored eggs and larvae; therefore, all developmental stages can be collected from the surface of a colony. In St. Croix, US Virgin Islands, maternal colonies and their embryos, larvae and newly metamorphosed juveniles have high levels of asbestinane diterpenoids. Although the embryos are brooded for approximately 8 months, and the four major compounds are present in adult colonies and their early embryonic progeny in similar concentrations, there is not a significant correlation between the levels of secondary compounds in embryos and their natal colonies. Levels of compounds did not vary significantly with stage nor change linearly through deve...
Progressive hyperopia after excimer laser refractive keratectomy.

Inquiries to Peter ]. McDonnell, M.D., Doheny Eye Institute, 1450 San Pablo St., Los Angeles, CA 90033. Variability in postoperative refraction after excimer laser keratectomy has been caused pre­ dominantly by myopic regression. Since photorefractive keratectomy flattens the cornea by sculpting away the central stroma, regression of the effect is intuitively obvious as epithelial hyperplasia and deposition of new collagen add to central corneal thickness. To see a pro­ gression of effect with further flattening over the course of a year would be unusual and unexpected. Since photorefractive keratectomy is still an investigational procedure, few data on long-term results have been gathered from the limited number of cases performed. Although postoperative refraction tends to stabilize after the first six months, myopic regression does continue in some cases and can be reversed with late topical corticosteroid use. Our pa­ tient had progressive hyperopia after excimer laser refractive keratectomy. A 48-year-old woman with compound myop­ ic astigmatism was referred for excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy. She had worn toric contact lenses for nine years before becom­ ing intolerant to lens wear two years previous­ ly. She stated that she had various drug and food allergies and sinusitis with headaches but was otherwise healthy. Her preoperative refrac­ tion was R.E.: -7 .00 +1.00 x 88 (20/15) and L.E.: -7 .50 +2.00 x 67 (20/15). The remainder of her ophthalmic examination showed normal findings. She initially underwent a sequential astig­ matic ablation of —2.0 diopters at 157 degrees and myopic ablation of —4.0 diopters to achieve an intended refraction of —1.5 diopters in the left eye. A 5.5-mm optical zone and nitrogen gas blowing were used during the procedure. After the operation, treatment with topical fluorometholone 1% was instituted, but the patient developed allergic symptoms and the eyedrops were discontinued. Within the first week she attained a refraction of —1.5 diopters, after which the effect regressed -2 .5 diopters over the next six months. The patient elected to proceed with surgery on the right eye before having a second proce­ dure on the left eye, and she underwent a sequential astigmatic ablation of —1.0 diopter at 178 degrees and myopic ablation of —6.0 diopters to achieve an emmetropic endpoint in the second eye. Unlike the first ablation, nitro­ gen gas blowing was not used during this pro­ cedure. Ten days after the operation she was found to have +1.87 diopters of hyperopia. Topical corticosteroids were not given because
Anabolic-androgenic steroid interaction with rat androgen receptor in vivo and in vitro : A comparative study

Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone and are characterized by their ability to cause nitrogen retention and positive protein metabolism, thereby leading to increased protein synthesis and muscle mass. There are disagreements in the literature in regards to the interaction of anabolic steroids with the androgen receptor (AR) as revealed by competitive ligand binding assays in vitro using cytosolic preparations from prostate and skeletal muscle. By use of tissue extracts, it has been shown that some anabolic steroids have binding affinities for the AR that are higher than that of the natural androgen testosterone, while others such as stanozolol and methanedienone have significantly lower affinities as compared with testosterone. In this study we show that stanozolol and methanedienone are low affinity ligands of the rat recombinant AR as revealed by a ligand binding assay in vitro, however, based on a cell-based AR-dependent transactivation assay, they are potent activators of the AR. We also show that a single injection of stanozolol and methanedienone causes a rapid cytosolic depletion of AR in rat skeletal muscle. Based on these results, we conclude that anabolic steroids with low affinity to AR in vitro, can in fact in vivo act on the AR to cause biological responses.
Epitaxial adsorption of monodendron-Jacketed linear polymers on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite

Linear polymers with monodendron side groups adsorb on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) in a remarkably regular pattern. The wormlike molecules have been depicted individually by scanning force microscopy with their long axis aligned according to the 3-fold symmetry of HOPG. The positional and orientational order of the adsorbed molecules is explained by the specific interaction of the alkyl substituents of the monodendrons with the HOPG surface. Direct evidence of the epitaxial adsorption was found by scanning tunneling microscopy of monolayers of the monomeric dendrons on HOPG. Ordering depended on the number of the alkoxy substitutes on the monodendrons. If the substitution of the monodendrons by the alkoxy groups was too dense, regular adsorption of the alkyl tails was impeded.
The role of screening and prophylactic surgery for malrotation in heterotaxy patients.

Abstract Purpose There are no standardized guidelines for screening or management of malrotation in Heterotaxy Syndrome (HS). We sought to review our experience to determine if evidenced based guidelines could be drafted. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed at our freestanding children’s hospital on all patients under one year of age undergoing a Ladd procedure between 2000 and 2011. In addition, all Heterotaxy patients were reviewed during this period. Results Twenty-three Heterotaxy patients and seventy-nine Non-Heterotaxy patients underwent a Ladd procedure. Both groups had a high rate of complication. Heterotaxy was associated with significantly higher mortality 30 days after Ladd procedure. In our review, we also identified seventy-six HS patients who did not undergo a Ladd procedure. Among these patients, fourteen had normal intestinal anatomy, five had malrotation, and fifty-seven were never evaluated for intestinal malrotation. No patients with intestinal malrotation or unknown intestinal rotation status suffered midgut volvulus. Average follow-up time was 5.1 years. Conclusions We conclude that prophylactic Ladd procedures in children with Heterotaxy are associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Patients who avoided screening were not exposed to a significant risk of midgut volvulus, and our experience suggests that routine screening of Heterotaxy patients for malrotation should be abandoned.
4‐aminopyridine causes apoptosis and blocks an outward rectifier K+ channel in malignant astrocytoma cell lines

Among the ion channels and pumps activated by growth factor stimulation, K+ channels have been implicated in the growth and proliferation of several cancer cell lines. The role of these channels in central nervous system tumors, however, has not been described. This study used the malignant astrocytoma cell lines U87 and A172. 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) inhibition of proliferation was dose dependent, and assessment using a TUNEL in situ assay revealed that apoptosis occurred in U87 cells with wild-type p53 but not in A172 cells with mutant p53 (24-hr incubation with mM 4-AP). In patch clamp experiments, we identified two types of K+ currents in both cell lines, a charybdotoxin-sensitive Ca2(+)-activated K+ channel and a 4-AP-sensitive outward rectifier K+ current. The outward rectifier current was blocked by 4-AP in a dose-dependent manner, with half-maximal block occurring at 3.9 mM. The blocking effect of 4 mM 4-AP was noticeable at potentials as low as -65 mV and was statistically significant at -60 mV and above, suggesting that 4-AP-sensitive current is active at physiological potentials. By contrast, charybdotoxin (1 microM) and tetraethylammonium. Cl (2 mM) blocked the Ca2(+)-activated K+ channel in both cell lines but had no appreciable effect on cell growth. Our findings reveal that 4-AP inhibits proliferation and the outward rectifier K+ channel in both U87 and A172 cells. More studies are needed, however, to describe the mechanism by which K+ channels influence proliferation and induce apoptosis.
NSTEMI or not: a 59-year-old man with chest pain and troponin elevation.

In this series, a clinician extemporaneously discusses the diagnostic approach (regular text) to sequentially presented clinical information (bold). Additional commentary on the diagnostic reasoning process (italics) is integrated throughout the discussion.
Circular Hydraulic Jumps Triggered by Boundary Layer Separation.

Abstract When a high-flow-rate circular jet impinges vertically on a horizontal plane, it flows out radially and then undergoes a distinctive hydraulic jump on the plane because of boundary layer separation induced by hydrostatic back pressure. The jump radius is shown to be 0.37 a Re1/3 Λ−1/8, where Λ=(ga3/ν2) Re−7/3 is a modified Froude number, Re=(Q/aν) is the jet Reynolds number, a is the jet radius, and Q the liquid flow rate, which is favorably compared to experimental data in the limit of small Λ. When Λ exceeds 3.0×10−4 at low flow rates, the jump radius decreases below a minimum in the film depth and our experiments detect a different jump mechanism that may be triggered by capillary pressure rather than hydrostatic pressure.
On the prime zeta function

The basic properties of the prime zeta function are discussed in some detail. A certain Dirichlet series closely connected with the function is introduced and investigated. Its dependence on the structure of the natural numbers with respect to their factorization is particularly stressed.
Computational experience with penalty-barrier methods for nonlinear programming

It was recently shown that modified barrier methods are not only theoretically but also computationally superior to classic barrier methods when applied to general nonlinear problems. In this paper, a penalty-barrier function is presented that was designed to overcome particular problems associated with modified log-barrier functions. A quadratic extrapolation of logarithmic terms as well as handling simple bounds separately are utilized. The resulting penalty-barrier method is outlined and compared to previous methods. The conclusion drawn from the computational tests is that the revised method exhibits superior performance on the test set of this study and consequently holds promise as a viable technique for general nonlinear programming.
Inflammatory Biomarkers in Left Ventricular Remodeling under Stem Cell and Pharmacological Treatment in a Rat Model of Myocardial Infarction

metropolitan Atlanta, GA area between 1/2008 and 6/2009. Results: Mean age of patients was 57.1 6 12.0 years; 66.7% were male; 58.2% were white and 35.6% black; NYHA I/II/III/IV was 40.0/40.0/15.7/4.3%, respectively; median ejection fraction was 22.5% (interquartile range [IQR]: 15.0e35.0%); 41.5% had coronary artery disease (CAD) and 33.3% had diabetes; 43.5% had a biventricular pacemaker + / defibrillator. On follow-up (median: 20 months; IQR: 18-22 months), 52/147 patients (35.4%) experienced an event. Table 1 presents levels of MMPs and TIMPs according to event status. In univariate Cox models, TIMP-1 (p 5 0.002) and TIMP-2 (p 5 0.028) were positively associated with risk of adverse outcomes, while MMP-1 had an inverse U-shape association (p 5 0.008). In models controlling for age, gender, race, diabetes, CAD, creatinine, and ejection fraction, only TIMP-1 levels were associated with risk of adverse outcomes (HR per 0.1 ng/mL: 2.19; 95% CI: 1.08e4.47; p 5 0.031). Conclusions: Elevated serum TIMP-1 levels were strongly associated with adverse outcomes in this cohort of stable outpatients with systolic HF; this association was independent of clinical characteristics.
The Nonempirical Past: Enculturated Landscapes and Other-than-Human Persons in Southwest Alaska

In 1971, Ernest S. Burch identified "nonempirical phenomena" as variables in travel and settlement decision-making among Inupiaq Eskimo of Northwest Alaska. This article parses the term "nonempirical" and advocates the use of Hallowell's (1960) term "other-than-human" to describe the extraordinary persons known to Yupiit and Inupiat of Alaska. I discuss the ways in which place names and oral narratives can contribute to an understanding of the relational, intersubjective nature of Yupiit interactions with other-than-human persons and describe how such relations were anchored in enculturated landscapes. Finally, I address how archaeology is uniquely positioned to contribute to reconstructions of prehistoric ontologies that materialized relations between "real people" and the other-than-human persons with whom they shared the animated, dynamic landscapes of Southwest Alaska.
The Induction by Ultraviolet Radiation and the Photoreactivation of Heritable Respiratory Deficiency in Saccharomyces Adapted and Unadapted to Aerobic Respiration

That ultraviolet-induced respiratory deficiency in Saccharomyces was photoreversible implicated the nucleus as the site of radiation damage; further, the fact that only the induction of variants in respiration adapted cells was photoreversible supported the primary conclusion drawn from this work that the induction of respiration deficiency resulted from damage to a nuclear entity involved in the adaptive formation of respiratory enzymes. Unlike the photoreactivation of induced respiration deficient variants, photoreactivation of inactivational damage was independent of the state of cellular adaptation to respiration. This, together with the observation that the expression of ultraviolet damage resulting in the production of respiration deficient variants was completely determined by post-irradiation respiratory conditions while the expression of inactivational damage was only partly so determined, revealed that cellular inactivation and the induction of respiratory variants involve different nuclear disturbances.This paper presents the first experimental challenge to the hitherto accepted concept that non-segregational, respiratory deficiency in Saccharomyces is cytoplasmically inherited.
Facilitating gastrotomy closure during natural-orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery using tissue anchors.

Background and study aims Reliable and secure closure of the gastrotomy after natural-orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) remains a critical step for widespread acceptance and use of this mode of surgery. We describe a novel method for gastrotomy closure using endoscopic tissue anchors. Methods A standard upper endoscopy and wire placement as used for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement was performed in five pigs. Prior to gastrotomy, four tissue anchors were placed in four quadrants (1 cm away from the wire). A 12-mm gastrotomy was created endoscopically using a combination of needle-knife and balloon dilation. After transgastric peritoneoscopy, the sutures were approximated using a device knotting element. One additional pair of sutures was placed after evaluation of the gastric closure. The animals underwent in vivo contrast fluoroscopy, methylene blue instillation, and bursting pressure studies for assessment of the closure site. Results All animals studied showed complete sealing of the gastrotomy site without evidence of leak on fluoroscopic imaging or at final postmortem intragastric methylene blue instillation. Improved insufflation ability following gastrotomy was also noted using this technique, which enhanced overall visualization during the closure. Conclusion Positioning tissue anchors prior to creating a NOTES gastrotomy was a feasible and reliable method to perform gastric closure. Follow-up survival studies will be warranted to support these preliminary findings.
Degrees of sexual dimorphism in Cebus and other new world monkeys

Sexual dimorphism in primate species expresses the effects of phylogeny, life history, behavior, and ontogeny. The causes and implications of sexual dimorphism have been studied in several different primates using a variety of morphological databases such as body weight, canine length, and coat color and ornamentation. In addition to these different patterns of dimorphism, the degree to which a species is dimorphic results from a variety of possible causes. In this study we test the general hypothesis that a species highly dimorphic for one size-based index of dimorphism will be equally dimorphic (relative to other species) for other size-based indices. Specifically, the degree and pattern of sexual dimorphism in Cebus and several other New World monkey species is measured using craniometric data as a substitute for the troublesome range of variation in body weight estimates. In general, the rank ordering of species for dimorphism ratios differs considerably across neural vs. non-neural functional domains of the cranium. The relative degree of sexual dimorphism in different functional regions of the cranium is affected by the independent action of natural selection on those regions. Regions of the cranium upon which natural selection is presumed to have acted within a species show greater degrees of dimorphism than do the same regions in closely related taxa. Within Cebus, C. apella is consistently more dimorphic than other Cebus species for facial measurements, but not for neural or body weight measurements. The pattern in C. apella indicates no single best measurement of the degree of dimorphism in a species; rather, the relative degree of dimorphism applies only to the region being measured and may be enhanced by other selective pressures on morphology.
In vitro digestion of actomyosin by extracts from tails of metamorphosing Xenopus laevis

Abstract 1. 1. Actomyosin purified from the tails of immature tadpoles of Xenopus laevis was degraded by exposure to low salt, 16,000 g supernatant extracts of involuting tadpole tails, as assayed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. 2. The proteolytic activity of the tail extracts was inhibited by ATP and leupeptin. Myosin (193,000 daltons) is initially cut to produce a 161,000 dalton fragment, then in a second step yielding 95,000 dalton fragments. 3. 3. Both ATP and leupeptin inhibit the formation of these smaller fragments. 4. 4. Ca 2+ at approximately 100 μM stimulates early degradative steps.
Observations on inhibiting ultrasonic fatigue in 7030 brass

Abstract Ultrasonic fatigue in annealed 70 30 brass can be inhibited by pre-straining at low frequency but this prestraining must apparently be of a type that tends to produce in the metal a cell-like distribution of lattice defects. The ultrasonic deformation then disperses in a peculiar way marked by a network at approximately 10−4–10−6 cm intervals of what have been termed hot-spots.
EXPRESSION, SECRETION, AND AGE-RELATED DOWNREGULATION OF PIGMENT EPITHELIUM-DERIVED FACTOR, A SERPIN WITH NEUROTROPHIC ACTIVITY

Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells form a functional complex with photoreceptor neurons of the retina, interacting through the interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM). We now provide evidence that the gene for pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a protein possessing neurotrophic and neuronal-survival activities, is highly expressed by both fetal and young adult RPE cells. PEDF mRNA is present in RPE cells of the human eye at 17 weeks of gestation, demonstrating its potential for action in vivo during early retinal development. The PEDF protein is secreted in vivo where it constitutes a part of the fetal and adult IPM surrounding photoreceptor outer segments. A polyclonal PEDF antibody recognizes at least four isoforms of secreted human and bovine PEDF by two dimensional gel analysis, and detects a similar 50 kDa protein in the IPM of several other vertebrate species. Within soluble extracts of RPE cells, however, where little, if any, of the 50 kDa species can be detected, an immunoreactive 36 kDa protein is observed by Western blot analysis. By immunofluorescence, PEDF is localized intracellularly in association with the nucleus, presumptive secretory granules, and cytoskeletal elements of cultured RPE cells with PEDF and actin antibodies colocalizing to the same cytoskeletal structures. During initial stages of attachment, PEDF and actin also concentrate at the tips of pseudopods extended by the cultured RPE cells. However, with successive passages, synthesis, and secretion of the PEDF protein as well as transcription of its mRNA decrease and are lost by about 10 passages. In parallel, cultured RPE cells lose their proliferative potential and change from an epithelial-like morphology in early passages to a more fibroblast-like appearance by about the 10th passage. PEDF is thus apparently present intracellularly and extracellularly in both fetal and early adult periods where it could be involved in cellular differentiation and survival and with its loss, in the onset of senescence.
Specificity and overlap in gene segment-defined antibody repertoires.

To date several studies have sought to catalog the full suite of antibodies that humans naturally produce against single antigens or other specificities (repertoire). Here we analyze the properties of all sequenced repertoires in order to better understand the specificity of antibody responses. Specifically, we ask whether the large-scale sequencing of antibody repertoires might provide a diagnostic tool for detecting antigen exposure. We do this by examining the overlap in V H -, D-, and J H - segment usage among sequenced repertoires. We find that repertoire overlap in V H -, D-, and J H -segment use is least for V H segments and greatest for J H segments, consistent with there being more V H than J H segments in the human genome. We find that for any two antigens chosen at random, chances are 90 percent that their repertoires' V H segments will overlap by less than half, and 98 percent that their VDJ H combinations will overlap by ≤10 percent. We ran computer simulations to test whether enrichment for specific VDJ H combinations could be detected in "antigen-exposed" populations, and found that enrichment is detectable with moderate-to-high sensitivity and high specificity, even when some VDJ H combinations are not represented at all in some test sets. Thus, as large-scale sequencing becomes cost-effective for clinical testing, we suggest that sequencing an individual's expressed antibody repertoire has the potential to become a useful diagnostic modality.
The role of anger rumination and autism spectrum disorder–linked perseveration in the experience of aggression in the general population:

This study (a) examined the role of anger rumination as a mediator of the relation between social anxiety and the experience of anger, hostility, and aggression, in the general population, and (b) evaluated the degree to which the presence of autism spectrum disorder characteristics moderates the indirect influence of anger rumination. We then explored whether social cognition and perseveration characteristic of autism spectrum disorder uniquely accounted for the predicted moderation. In this survey study of young adults (n = 948), anger rumination mediated the relation between social anxiety and hostility, as well as verbal and physical aggression, as predicted. Greater autism spectrum disorder characteristics augmented the effect of social anxiety on hostility and physical aggression by increasing the effect of anger rumination, but not by increasing the effect of social anxiety on anger rumination. Implications for developing treatment approaches that target hostility and aggression among young adults who may not be formally diagnosed but have characteristics of autism spectrum disorder are discussed.
Place conditioning: age-related changes in the rewarding and aversive effects of alcohol.

Background: Alcohol abuse levels are very high in adolescents, creating a significant societal issue. It has been shown that people who begin alcohol use as adolescents are more likely to become addicts than people who initiate alcohol use as adults. It is important to note that the development of addiction in humans is more rapid with initiation in adolescence than in adulthood. Methods: To determine changes in the reinforcing efficacy of alcohol as a function of adolescent development, we used a place-conditioning paradigm. In this study, we assessed the ability of ethanol to support a conditioned place preference (CPP) or aversion. Animals [postnatal days (PND) 25, 35, 45, and 60] were tested for alcohol-induced conditioning in response to a range of ethanol doses (0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g/kg intraperitoneally) or saline. Results: In general, there was a trend for alcohol to produce an aversion to the ethanol-paired compartment at higher doses. These patterns differed significantly as a function of age. Younger animals (PND 25) exhibited a CPP to a low dose and an aversion at high doses. Late-adolescent (PND 45) animals exhibited a CPP at two moderate doses but a conditioned place aversion at the highest dose. PND 35 and 60 animals did not exhibit a CPP at any examined dose, and PND 60 animals exhibited a progressive aversion with increasing dose. Conclusions: The data show that the developmental processes of adolescence influence general responsiveness to alcohol. Specifically, late-adolescent animals (PND 45) seem to prefer doses of alcohol that are either not reinforcing (0.5 g/kg) or are aversive (1.0 g/kg) at other ages. These processes need to be examined thoroughly to understand the development of addiction in adolescence. This is especially important given that alcohol abuse in adolescence may interfere with the usual pattern of brain development as it relates to alcohol reinforcement.
The fine specificity of mannose-binding and galactose-binding lectins revealed using outlier motif analysis of glycan array data.

Glycan-binding proteins are commonly used as analytical reagents to detect the levels of specific glycan structures in biological samples. A detailed knowledge of the specificities of glycan-binding proteins is required for properly interpreting their binding data. A powerful technology for characterizing glycan-binding specificity is the glycan array. However, the interpretation of glycan-array data can be difficult due to the complex fine specificities of certain glycan-binding proteins. We developed a systematic approach, called outlier-motif analysis, for extracting fine-specificity information from glycan-array data, and we applied the method to the study of four commonly used lectins: two mannose binders (concanavalin A and Lens culinaris) and two galactose binders (Bauhinia purpurea and peanut agglutinin). The study confirmed the known, primary specificity of each lectin and also revealed new insights into their binding preferences. Lens culinaris's main specificity may be non-terminal, α-linked mannose with a single linkage at its 2′ carbon, which is more restricted than previous definitions. We found broader specificity for bauhinea purpurea (BPL) than previously reported, showing that BPL can bind terminal N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and penultimate β-linked galactose under certain limitations. Peanut agglutinin may bind terminal Galβ1,3Gal, a glycolipid motif, in addition to terminal Galβ1,3GalNAc, a common O-linked glycoprotein motif. These results could be used to more accurately interpret data obtained using these well-studied lectins. Furthermore, this study demonstrates a systematic and general approach for extracting fine-specificity information from glycan-array data.
A method for providing turnkey embedded computer/operating systems for independently developed user applications in a military environment

An embedded systems computer can be designed to allow the user to develop user code without affecting the embedded operating system. The computer contains a ROM-resident complete version of VxWorks (including Tornado capability), and a method for installing relocatable user programs into ROM, from which they will execute. The operating system and user programs are independently loadable and upgradable. This loading capability executes outside of VxWorks' influence. Field upgrades of operating systems can be loaded without affecting user program functionality.
THE TISSUE SPECIFICITY OF BRAIN AND MEDULLATED NERVES AS SHOWN BY PASSIVE ANAPHYLAXIS IN GUINEA PIGS.

Prolonged immunization of rabbits with a sedimented, heat-killed vaccine of Pasteurella boviseptica grown in an infusion broth prepared from rat brain resulted in the production of antisera containing antibodies for the broth as well as for the bacteria. When guinea pigs were prepared by intra-abdominal injection with such antisera and tested 24 hours later by intravenous injection with autoclaved extracts of different organs and tumors of rats, they were found to be passively sensitized, so that severe or fatal anaphylaxis was obtained with extracts of brain and carcinoma 256,—a transplantable tumor of the rat which originated in the mammary gland,—and very slight or negative reactions with extracts of other tissues. The brain antigen was found to be organ-specific but not species-specific. It was present in the white matter of the central nervous system and in sciatic nerve, but was almost completely absent from the brains of fetal and newly born rats and rabbits. It was absent from the brain of the fetal guinea pig but was present very soon after birth. The amount of the specific brain antigen seemed to be dependent upon the length of the period of gestation, the stage of development of the animal at birth, and the degree of myelinization of the central nervous system. The anaphylactogen of brain broth was soluble in water and insoluble in strong ethyl alcohol. It was thermostable in neutral and slightly acid solutions but more or less thermolabile on the alkaline side of neutrality.
Suppression of sidelobe levels for guided-wave acousto-optic tunable filters using weighted coupling

An analysis of guided-wave acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTFs) that employ simple acousto-optic (AO) weighted coupling techniques for sidelobe reduction and the calculated and experimental results from a specific example that involves only variation of the width of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) slot waveguide are presented. The calculations on single- and multi-stage AOTFs consisting of an optical channel waveguide and a SAW slot waveguide in LiNbO/sub 3/ substrate show that waveguide width weighting using generalized Hamming functions would provide significant improvement in sidelobe suppression. Calculated results together with the design, fabrication, and measured performance characteristics of a single-stage AOTF that utilizes a weighted-aperture SAW slot waveguide in YX-LiNbO/sub 3/ substrate at the optical wavelength of 1.55 mu m and the acoustic center frequency of 175 MHz are reported. The measured sidelobe level is -13.6 dB and the measured FWHM bandwidth is 26 AA, as compared to the theoretical values of -15.0 dB and 15 AA, respectively. The RF drive power was measured to be 1.0 W at a mode-conversion efficiency of 100%. >
Congenital absence (ankylosis) of the knee

A congenital, unilateral, fixed flexion deformity in a neonate was diagnosed as a congenital absence of the knee. A single cartilage mass, with fusion of the lower femoral and upper tibial ossification centres, was demonstrated by imaging studies. This condition has been reported in the literature only once before. Surgery on our patient, which was performed at the age of two years, consisted of separation of the fused cartilaginous anlage and gradual correction of the deformity using an Ilizarov frame.