cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Student Ratings of Televised Classroom Demonstrations

AbstractStudent attitude toward classroom observation experience in an educational psychology course were explored as a function of whether observations were made in person, by closed circuit television, or kinescope recordings. Two hundred fifty-seven college juniors were randomly grouped to observe the same classroom demonstrations by different means or to receive a control lecture.At the conclusion of the course mean subject ratings of the special observation (or lecture) experience were significantly different for the four treatment groups. Highest ratings were given by students who observed In person, next highest were given by “live” television observers, next highest by kinescope observers, and lowest by those who received the control lecture. No significant differences were observed between groups on ratings of the course of which the observations were a part.
The stress pulses propagated as a result of the rapid growth of brittle fracture

Abstract Stress pulses are generated whenever a brittle fracture occurs, and this paper first describes the phenomena observed when a Hertzian fracture is produced by the impact of a spherical indentor on a block of glass. The block is sufficiently large to be regarded as a half space, and the wave propagated over the surface of the glass is diverging from the region of impact and consists of a combination of dilatation, distortional and Rayleigh surface waves. At large distances of travel, the last of these predominates since it diverges cylindrically, while the others are diverging spherically. Satisfactory agreement was observed between the wave shapes predicted theoretically and those observed experimentally. The next problem was concerned with the fracture of glass rods in simple tension, here the fracture was initiated at a scratch on the surface of the rod and diverged cylindrically across the rod at high velocity from the point of initiation. The growth of the fracture results in the propagation of two pulses one longitudinal in nature and the other flexural. The shape of these pulses was measured by means of strain gages fixed to opposite sides of the surface of the rod parallel to the diameter which contained the point of initiation. In order to account for the shapes of these pulses theoretically, some assumption had to be made about the stress distribution over the cross section during the fracture process. The stress on the fractured portion clearly vanished, and it was assumed that since the fracture growth was so rapid it would be reasonable to assume that the stress in the unfractured portion retained the value it had before fracture commenced. On this assumption the shapes of the longitudinal pulse and the flexural pulse could be predicted, and from these the records of the strain pulses to be expected from the two strain gages could be determined. It was assumed that, the longitudinal pulse was propagated without change in form, while the propagation of the flexural pulse was calculated by the use of the Timoshenko theory. Excellent agreement between theory and experiment was obtained. Experiments were next carried out on the fracture of thin rods in flexure, and it was found that the observed pulses had very much longer durations. The type of treatment used for extensional fracture could here clearly not account for the whole phenomenon, since it would appear to predict that fracture started at the surface, ran to the neutral axis, and then stayed there permanently. In fact it was found that with short specimens the fracture rapidly approached the neutral axis and stayed in the neighborhood of this axis until an unloading wave arrived from the end of the rod. As longer and longer rods were employed the lengths of the pulses increased, and where very long rods were used, it could be seen that the stress was continuing to decrease even in the absence of reflected pulses from the ends. The program of experimental and theoretical work on the problems is continuing.
Location and nucleotide sequence of the site on SV40 DNA methylated by the ECO B modification methylase.

Summary The modification methylase from Escherichia coli strain B, Eco B, introduces two methyl groups into one SV40 DNA molecule. The only base methylated has been identified as N6-methyladenine. Digestion of the methylated SV40 DNA with two restriction endonucleases, one from Hemophilus influenzae , Hind III, and another from Hemophilus aegyptius , Hae , locates the methyl groups in the same DNA fragment, about 250 base pairs long, between 0.860 and 0.907 fractional lengths of SV40 DNA clockwise from the Eco RI site on the circular SV40 genome. Analysis of dinucleoside monophosphates, trinucleoside diphosphates, and tetranucleoside triphosphates, generated by partial digestion of the methylated DNA with pancreatic DNase I gave the following sequences of nucleotides at the site(s) of methylation by the Eco B methylase: 5′…C-m6A-G-C-T…3′ and 5′…T-G-m6A-A…3′ These cannot be incorporated into a simple sequence with 2-fold rotational symmetry.
Advances in optical imaging of dynamic three-dimensional engineered tissues

Recent advances in OCT and multiphoton microscopy have enabled nondestructive monitoring of cell dynamics and distributions in 3-D engineered tissues. Dynamic cell processes including migration, proliferation, and mechanical restructuring are observed during engineered tissue development.
Evaluation of a new homogenous method for detection of small dense LDL cholesterol: Comparison with the LDL cholesterol profile obtained by density gradient ultracentrifugation

Abstract Background Small, dense LDL (sdLDL) are highly atherogenic, and evidence indicates that sdLDL are useful predictors of cardiovascular disease. We evaluated a homogeneous method for the quantitative determination of sdLDL cholesterol (sdLDL-C) and compared it to the LDL-cholesterol profile obtained by density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGUC). Methods sdLDL-C was measured in plasma and in lipoprotein fractions obtained by DGUC using the sdLDL-EX “Seiken” kit. Results sdLDL-C was only present in dense or intermediate LDL fractions obtained by DGUC. Plasma sdLDL-C levels were inversely corelated to the LDL relative floatation rate. The proportion of LDL-C that is sdLDL-C increases as a function of LDL density from a median of 19% for very buoyant LDL to 91% for very dense LDL particles. Plasma sdLDL-C level was significantly correlated with plasma triglyceride (TG) (n = 840, rs = 0.710, p 150 mg/dl, 75% had sdLDL-C > 30 mg/dl, whereas among those with TG ≤ 150 mg/dl, only 17% had sdLDL-C > 30 mg/dl. Conclusions This precise and fully automated method for measuring plasma levels of sdLDL-C will allow the analysis of large number of samples in routine laboratories which will facilitate the evaluation of the clinical usefulness of sdLDL as a risk factor for CHD.
Blockly Language Creation and Applications: Visual Programming for Media Computation and Bluetooth Robotics Control

Over the past decade, an increased interest has emerged in block-based languages that have been used to support initial exposure of programming concepts to new learners (children or adult). Such languages can shield initial-learners from some of the frustrations of learning the syntax of a programming language, and allow them to focus on the core computational idea being taught. Blockly is a type of visual block language development kit that allows the rapid construction of new block-based visual programming languages to address a specific pedagogical or content focus. This demo provides a brief tutorial on the steps used to create a new Blockly environment, along with two case studies demonstrating the power of Blockly. The two environments introduced have two different contexts: the manipulation of images via operations on pixels (Pixly), and programmatic control of a Sphero robot (Spherly). Pixly and Spherly serve as a context for introducing how new Blockly languages are created, as well as showcasing the opportunity to use these languages as new educational environments in the context of media computation and robotics. More information can be found at http://outreach.cs.ua.edu/pixly/ and http://outreach.cs.ua.edu/spherly/. This work is supported by an NSF CE21 project and a Google CS4HS award.
PURE NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE RESONANCES IN PARAMAGNETIC IRON-GROUP HALIDES

Nuclear quadrupole resonances were detected in TiC1/sub 3/, TiC1/sub 2/, VCIsub 3/,CrC1/sub 3/, CrBrsub 3/, and CrCl/sub 2/. The observed C1 /sup 37/ and Br/sup 81/ resonance frequencies are listed and an estimate of the covalent character alpha /sup 2/ metal-halogen bond in these compounds is given. (C.J.G.)
Protecting 3d graphics content

The digital rights management problem of protecting data from theft and misuse has been addressed for many information types, including software code, digital images, and audio files. Few technological solutions are designed specifically to protect interactive 3D graphics content.Demand for ways to protect 3D graphical models is significant and growing. Contemporary 3D digitization technologies allow the efficient creation of accurate 3D models of many physical objects. For example, our Stanford Digital Michelangelo Project [3] has developed a high-resolution digital archive of 10 of Michelangelo's large statues, including the David (see the sidebar "Generating a Replica of Michelangelo's David"). These statues represent the artistic patrimony of Italy's cultural institutions, and our contract with the Italian authorities permits distribution of the 3D models only to established scholars for noncommercial use. Though everyone involved would like the models to be available for any constructive purpose, the digital 3D model of the David would quickly be pirated if it were distributed without protection; simulated marble replicas would be manufactured outside the provisions of the parties authorizing creation of the model.
Intracellular Targeting Specificity of Novel Phthalocyanines Assessed in a Host-Parasite Model for Developing Potential Photodynamic Medicine

Photodynamic therapy, unlikely to elicit drug-resistance, deserves attention as a strategy to counter this outstanding problem common to the chemotherapy of all diseases. Previously, we have broadened the applicability of this modality to photodynamic vaccination by exploiting the unusual properties of the trypanosomatid protozoa, Leishmania, i.e., their innate ability of homing to the phagolysosomes of the antigen-presenting cells and their selective photolysis therein, using transgenic mutants endogenously inducible for porphyrin accumulation. Here, we extended the utility of this host-parasite model for in vitro photodynamic therapy and vaccination by exploring exogenously supplied photosensitizers. Seventeen novel phthalocyanines (Pcs) were screened in vitro for their photolytic activity against cultured Leishmania. Pcs rendered cationic and soluble (csPcs) for cellular uptake were phototoxic to both parasite and host cells, i.e., macrophages and dendritic cells. The csPcs that targeted to mitochondria were more photolytic than those restricted to the endocytic compartments. Treatment of infected cells with endocytic csPcs resulted in their accumulation in Leishmania-containing phagolysosomes, indicative of reaching their target for photodynamic therapy, although their parasite versus host specificity is limited to a narrow range of csPc concentrations. In contrast, Leishmania pre-loaded with csPc were selectively photolyzed intracellularly, leaving host cells viable. Pre-illumination of such csPc-loaded Leishmania did not hinder their infectivity, but ensured their intracellular lysis. Ovalbumin (OVA) so delivered by photo-inactivated OVA transfectants to mouse macrophages and dendritic cells were co-presented with MHC Class I molecules by these antigen presenting cells to activate OVA epitope-specific CD8+T cells. The in vitro evidence presented here demonstrates for the first time not only the potential of endocytic csPcs for effective photodynamic therapy against Leishmania but also their utility in photo-inactivation of Leishmania to produce a safe carrier to express and deliver a defined antigen with enhanced cell-mediated immunity.
Copper and zinc levels in serum from human patients with sarcomas

Serum copper levels (SCL) and serum zinc levels (SZL) were evaluated in 19 patients with sarcomas, 12 of which were osteosarcomas at various stages. Patients with primary or metastatic osteosarcoma has elevated SCL, whereas amputated osteosarcoma patients who were clinically tumor-free had nearly normal SCL. Patients with primary osteosarcoma had elevated SZL, those with metastases had depressed zinc levels, and amputated patients who were clinically tumor-free had nearly normal SZL. Thus, the ratio of SCL:SZL in metastatic osteosarcoma patients is higher than in patients with primary osteosarcoma. SCL and SZL are compared to clinical histories for selected patients. Patients with the more advanced disease and poorest prognoses had the most elevated SCL and highest SCL:SZL ratios. It appears that the determination of SCL and SZL in osteosarcoma patients may be of value in prognosis and therapy evaluation; furthermore, the ratio of SCL:SZL may be useful in discriminating between patients with primary and metastatic osteosarcoma. (auth)
Toward a Reliable Distributed Data Management System

Modern collaborative science has placed increasing burden on data management infrastructure to handle the increasingly large data archives generated. Beside functionality, reliability and availability are also key factors in delivering a data management system that can efficiently and effectively meet the challenges posed and compounded by the unbounded increase in the size of data archive generated by scientific applications. In this paper, we present our work on increasing and improving reliability and availability in the data management system we designed for the PetaShare project, we also discuss our work on benchmarking the performance and scalability of metadata management system in PetaShare project.
Completeness of the set of scattering amplitudes

Abstract Let f ∈ L 2 ( S 2 ) be an arbitrary fixed function on the unit sphere S 2 , and D ⊂ R 3 be an arbitrary fixed bounded domain. Let k > 0 and α ∈ S 2 be fixed. It is proved that there exists a potential q ∈ L 2 ( D ) such that the corresponding scattering amplitude A ( α ′ ) = A q ( α ′ ) = A q ( α ′ , α , k ) approximates f ( α ′ ) with arbitrary high accuracy: ‖ f ( α ′ ) − A q ( α ′ ) L 2 ( S 2 ) ‖ ⩽ e where e > 0 is an arbitrarily small fixed number. This means that the set { A q ( α ′ ) } ∀ q ∈ L 2 ( D ) is complete in L 2 ( S 2 ) . The results can be used for constructing nanotechnologically “smart materials”.
Optimal Sizing of a Vanadium Redox Battery System for Microgrid Systems

The vanadium redox battery (VRB) has proven to be a reliable and highly efficient energy storage system (ESS) for microgrid applications. However, one challenge in designing a microgrid system is specifying the size of the ESS. This selection is made more complex due to the independent power and energy ratings inherent in VRB systems. Sizing a VRB for both required power output and energy storage capacity requires an in-depth analysis to produce both optimal scheduling capabilities and minimum capital costs. This paper presents an analytical method to determine the optimal ratings of VRB energy storage based on an optimal scheduling analysis and cost-benefit analysis for microgrid applications. A dynamic programming (DP) algorithm is used to solve the optimal scheduling problem considering the efficiency and operating characteristics of the VRBs. The proposed method has been applied to determine the optimal VRB power and energy ratings for both isolated and grid-connected microgrids, which contain PV arrays and fossil-fuel-based generation. We first consider the case in which a grid-tie is not available and diesel generation is the backup source of power. The method is then extended to consider the case in which a utility grid tie is available.
Neurological disease: UPS stops delivering!

Abstract The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) plays a vital role in directing molecules to the 26S proteasome for degradation as well as other locales in the cell. Disrupting UPS function can lead to the aggregation of mutant or misfolded proteins, which disrupts normal cellular activity in diverse ways. Here we discuss how UPS dysfunction might contribute to a variety of neurological problems.
Pion absorption followed by two-nucleon emission

Abstract The process is considered in which a negative pion in a 2P atomic orbital is captured on a correlated pair of nucleons. Mutual final-state scattering of the emitted nucleons is taken into account. The absorption process is treated in perturbation theory using a nonrelativistic pion-nucleon interaction. Asymptotic radial wave functions of the emitted nucleon pair, used in earlier works, are replaced by radial wave functions in a realistic nucleon-nucleon potential. The results are significantly affected by this substitution. Numerical results, including angular and energy distributions and absorption rates, are presented for pair emission from the 1s 1 2 and 1p 3 2 Subshells.
Bunch by Bunch Intensity Monitor for Fermilab Main Ring

A bunch-by-bunch intensity monitor has been developed for the Fermilab Main Ring with future intended use in the Energy Doubler/Saver. The input signal is a beam doublet from a quarter wave stripline pickup that varies from 2 to 8 nanoseconds FWHM. The faithful integration of this pulse will produce an intensity signal proportional to the number of protons per bunch. The technique used is a fast integrate, hold, and damp. The intensity output is then made available for digitizing in the Snapshot Digitizer System. Beam losses at various points of the accelerating cycle may then be monitored on a bunch-by-bunch basis. The intensity monitor requires, in addition to the beam doublet, the input of a synchronized VCO. It is important that the group delay of both the VCO and beam input lines be identical so as not to change the phase relationship between the two as the RF is frequency modulated during acceleration. The doublet input dynamic range adjustment is a switched bank of coaxial attenuators. Their selection is based on predicted beam intensity for each accelerator cycle. A block diagram of the intensity monitor is provided.
Cardiac responses during uninterrupted treadmill exercise and recovery. Measurement by systolic time intervals

In 12 normal subjects, use of ear densitography permitted measurement of systolic time intervals (STI) during uninterrupted treadmill exercise to over 90 percent maximal heart rate on a modified Bruce protocol. Results for control (sitting → standing) → end-exercise at 18 minutes → 10 minutes' sitting recovery were—heart rate (HR): (77→86)→171→98 beats per minute; preejection period (PEP): (106→111)→49→110 msec; ejection time index (ETI) (351→330)→380→366 msec; PEP/LVET (0.42→0.49)→0.29→0.45. Heart rate increased steadily to 18 minutes. In contrast, the PEP/LVET decrease was almost complete by three minutes and both ETI and PEP responses were bimodal with respective plateaus between three and six minutes and three and nine minutes. All STI and HR curves showed rapid restitution during early recovery. The changes during treadmill exercise were numerically comparable to those during bicycle exercise at a common heart rate. The results indicate that it is technically feasible to measure systolic time intervals with precision during uninterrupted treadmill exercise; responses to treadmill exercise were in the direction expected and quantitatively comparable to bicycle exercise at comparable stress level. These observations provide the technical and physiologic bases for applying this method in clinical treadmill exercise testing.
The complete nucleotide sequence, genome organization, and specific detection of Beet mosaic virus

Beet mosaic virus (BtMV) was identified almost five decades ago but has not been fully characterized at the molecular level. In this study, we have determined for the first time the complete nucleotide sequence of BtMV genomic RNA and have developed a specific molecular means for its diagnosis. The viral genome of BtMV comprises 9591 nucleotides, excluding the 3′ terminal poly (A) sequence, and contains a single open reading frame (ORF) that begins at nt 166 and terminates at nt 9423, encoding a single polyprotein of 3086 amino acid residues. A 3′ untranslated region of 168 nucleotides follows the ORF. The deduced genome organization is typical for a member of the family Potyviridae and includes 10 proteins: P1, HC-Pro, P3, 6K1, CI, 6K2, NIa-VPg, NIa-Pro, NIb and coat protein (CP). Nine putative protease cleavage sites were predicted computationally and by analogy with genome arrangements of other potyviruses. Conserved sequence motifs of homologous proteins of other potyviruses were found in corresponding positions of BtMV. BtMV is a distinct species of the genus Potyvirus with the most closely related species being Peanut mottle virus (∼55% amino acid identity). Based on the nucleotide sequence obtained, we have developed a virus-specific RT-PCR assay for accurate diagnosis and differentiation of BtMV.
The Relationship Between Donepezil and Behavioral Disturbances in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease

The authors tested the hypothesis that behavioral disturbances are reported at significantly lower rates by caregivers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients receiving the antidementia drug donepezil, compared with a group of patients receiving no antidementia drug treatment. Patients administered donepezil for 6 months (n = 84) were compared with patients not on donepezil (n = 248). Patients taking donepezil had significantly lower levels of behavioral disturbances than patients not receiving this agent (P≤0.01). Specifically, donepezil patients were described as significantly (P≤0.05) less likely to be threatening, destroy property, and talk loudly. Also, significantly fewer patients receiving donepezil were treated with sedatives (P≤0.05). These findings support the growing body of evidence that cholinesterase inhibitors have psychotropic properties and reduce behavioral disturbances in patients with AD.
Effects of chemoradiotherapy on voice and swallowing.

Purpose of reviewChemotherapy has been found to result in comparable survival rates to surgery for head and neck cancer. However, toxicity can often be worse after chemoradiotherapy, with impairment in voice, swallowing, nutrition, and quality of life. Investigators are attempting to modify radiothe
The stigma of obesity: the consequences of naive assumptions concerning the causes of physical deviance.

It is proposed that whether or not a physically deviant person is derogated will depend on the extent to which that individual can be blamed or held responsible for his or her appearance. In line with this proposition, two experiments were conducted to examine how adolescent girls' opinions of an obese peer would be influenced by their beliefs about the cause of her obesity. In both studies, subjects were asked to look at afolder containing a photograph and a statement of introduction that a girl from a previous experiment had supposedly written. It was demonstrated that unless the obese target could offer an "excuse" for her weight, such as a glandular disorder, or could report recent successful weight loss, she was given a less positive evaluation, and was less liked, than was a normal-weight target.
Modeling the effects of stress concentrations on the initiation of matrix cracking in woven CMCs

In this study, we employ detailed three-dimensional (3D) finite element models of plain and satin weave ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) as needed to establish the stress concentration around existing voids and their effect on the elastic response of these complex material systems. Fundamental 3D elasticity boundary value problems addressing the response of these materials under a combination of remote biaxial tension, in-plane shear, and thermal loading are utilized to characterize the matrix micro-stresses in the vicinity of large-scale macroscopic voids. The combined stress fields are then used to assess the conditions for the initiation of matrix cracking in such regions of high-stress concentration. Comparison of model results with available experimental data is discussed. Extensive parametric studies have yielded broad matrix cracking loci, which may be critical for the reliable use of woven CMCs in engineering applications.
THERAPY OF INFECTION WITH PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM) : EFFECT OF A POLYSACCHARIDE ON THE MULTIPLICATION CYCLES OF THE VIRUS AND ON THE COURSE OF THE VIRAL PNEUMONIA

Inhibition of the multiplication of PVM by the capsular polysaccharide of Friedlander bacillus, type B, is associated with restriction in the development of pneumonia induced with the virus in the mouse lung. The extent of the pneumonic process appears to be a function of the degree of viral multiplication; the greater the inhibition of multiplication, the less extensive is the pneumonia and the more probable is the recovery of animals treated with the polysaccharide. Effective therapy of pneumonia induced in mice with PVM is obtained with a single injection of 0.02 mg. of the substance given intranasally either 2 or 3 days after inoculation. Under appropriate conditions, treated animals recover completely from a viral infection which is, in control animals, uniformly fatal. The polysaccharide produces inhibition if given in the first two-thirds of the latent period of the multiplication cycle, i.e., within 10 hours, but is ineffective when given at 12 hours or later. However, the second cycle and subsequent cycles are inhibited irrespective of the time the substance is injected during the first cycle of multiplication. The findings are discussed in relation to a theory regarding the mechanism of action of the polysaccharide.
Business and Management in Russia

This article presents a review of the book "Business and Management in Russia," by Sheila M. Puffer.
Calcium Modulates Fatty Acid Dynamics in Rat Liver Plasma Membranes

Modulation of free fatty acid binding in isolated rat liver plasma membranes was evaluated using the fluorescent fatty acids trans-parinaric and cis-parinaric acid as analogues for saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, respectively. Binding of trans-parinarate but not cis-parinarate was inhibited by physiological levels of Ca2+. The effect was reversed by addition of excess EGTA. Calcium decreased the aqueous to lipid partition coefficient, Kp, of trans-parinaric acid for liver plasma membranes while increasing the Kp for cis-parinaric acid. In addition, Ca2+ also altered the fluorescence lifetime, the quantum yield, and the relative partitioning of trans-parinaric and cis-parinaric acid into fluid and solid phases. Calcium and EGTA did not affect the binding of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene. The effect of Ca2+ on the liver plasma membrane structure was to increase the rigidity of the membrane, primarily the solid domain. The fluorescence polarization of trans-parinarate, cis-parinarate, and 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene at 24 degrees C in liver plasma membranes in the absence of Ca2+ was 0.295 +/- 0.008, 0.253 +/- 0.007, and 0.284 +/- 0.005, respectively. Calcium (2.4 mM) increased the polarization of these probe molecules in liver plasma membranes by 8-10%. EGTA (3.4 mM) reversed or abolished the increase in polarization. Thus, the fluorescent fatty acids trans-parinarate and cis-parinarate may be used to monitor fatty acid binding by isolated membranes, to evaluate factors such as Ca2+ which modulate fatty acid binding, and to investigate the microenvironment in which the fatty acids residue. The data suggest that Ca2+ may be an important regulator of fatty acid uptake by the liver plasma membrane, and thereby interact with intermediary metabolism of lipids at a step not involving lipolytic or synthetic enzymes.
Reduced outer membrane permeability of Escherichia coli O157:H7: suggested role of modified outer membrane porins and theoretical function in resistance to antimicrobial agents.

Outer membrane permeability of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was determined by an in vivo kinetic model with the periplasmic enzyme alkaline phosphatase [Martinez et al. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 1179−1186]. p-Nitrophenyl phospate (PNPP) substrate, added to intact bacteria, must diffuse through the outer membrane to reach the enzyme. At low substrate concentration the bacterium was in the perfectly reactive state where all molecules that entered the periplasm were captured and converted to product. Transmembrane diffusion was rate limiting, and the permeability of the outer membrane was determined from kinetic properties. The O157:H7 strain grown at 30 °C showed one-sixth the permeability of wild-type E. coli grown at 30 °C. Wild-type bacteria grown at ≥37 °C show a physiological response with a shift in expression of outer membrane porins that lowered permeability to PNPP by approximately 70%. The O157:H7 strain did not display this temperature-sensitive shift in permeability even though a change in porin expre...
Liquid motions in nonaxisymmetric, partially filled containers rotating at zero gravity

Sloshing and internal wave motions of liquid in rotating wedge-shaped tanks are studied. The tank cross section is composed of a cylindrical annulus with sidewalls that are radial rays. The axis of rotation is the axis of the cylinder. The liquid is inviscid and incompressible. Closed-form solutions are obtained for the full three-dimensional flowfield, as well as for the limiting cases of axisymmetric and two-dimensional cylindrical containers. Two kinds of oscillating motions are found. For motions that are completely internal (i.e., have no oscillation of the free surface), infinite families of discrete frequencies were predicted, with all frequencies being less than twice the rotation frequency. For oscillations with frequencies greater than twice the rotation frequency, each harmonic supplied one or two characteristic sloshing modes (i.e., having an oscillation of the free surface), depending upon the geometrical parameters. These solutions should prove useful in validating approximate theories for situations in which an exact analysis is not possible.
Somatosensory evoked magnetic fields in patients with stroke

Abstract We used magnetoencephalography to evaluate areas of sensory cortex in patients with ischemic strokes involving the somatomotor system. We measured somatosensory evoked magnetic fields using a 7-channel neuromagnetometer and estimated the location of cortical responses to median nerve stimulation in 5 patients with cortical or subcortical strokes involving the somatomotor system. All patients underwent quantitative neurological examinations and a high resolution volumetric magnetic resonance imaging. The estimated current dipoles were localizeed onto the patient's own MRI scan in all patients with measureble responses. The location of the estimated dipole was always in non-infarcted tissue in the anatomical region of the somatosensory cortex. In 1 patient the somatosensory dipole localized to a peninsula of cortex flanked by infarcted tissue. Single photon emission computed tomography found the localized area of cortex to have significant blood flow. The estimated current dipole strengths of somatosensory evoked fields from median nerve stimulation correlated significantly ( r = 0.95, P
Dynamics of the surface layer diurnal cycle in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean (0°, 23°W)

A 15 year time series (1999–2014) from the 0°, 23°W Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA) mooring, which includes an 8 month record (October 2008 to June 2009) of high-resolution near-surface velocity data, is used to analyze the diurnal variability of sea surface temperature, shear, and stratification in the central equatorial Atlantic. The ocean diurnal cycle exhibits pronounced seasonality that is linked to seasonal variations in the surface wind field. In boreal summer and fall, steady trade winds and clear skies dominate, with limited diurnal variability in sea surface temperature. Diurnal shear layers, with reduced Richardson numbers, are regularly observed descending into the marginally unstable equatorial undercurrent below the mixed layer, conditions favorable for the generation of deep-cycle turbulence. In contrast, in boreal winter and spring, winds are lighter and more variable, mixed layers are shallow, and diurnal variability of sea surface temperature is large. During these conditions, diurnal shear layers are less prominent, and the stability of the undercurrent increases, suggesting seasonal covariance between diurnal near-surface shear and deep-cycle turbulence. Modulation of the ocean diurnal cycle by tropical instability waves is also identified. This work provides the first observational assessment of the diurnal cycle of near-surface shear, stratification, and marginal instability in the equatorial Atlantic, confirming previous modeling results and offering a complementary perspective on similar work in the equatorial Pacific.
a taxonomy of part-whole relations

A taxonomy of part-whole or meronymic relations is developed to explain the ordinary English-speaker's use of the term “part of” and its cognates. The resulting classification yields six types of meronymic relations: 1. component-integral object (pedal-bike), 2. member-collection (ship-fleet), 3. portion-mass (slice-pie), 4. stuff-object (steel-car), 5. feature-activity (paying-shopping), and 6. place-area (Everglades-Florida). Meronymic relations ore further distinguished from other inclusion relations, such as spatial inclusion, and class inclusion, and from several other semantic relations: attribution, attachment, and ownership. This taxonomy is then used to explain cases of apparent intransitivity in merological syllogisms, and standard form syllogisms whose premises express different inclusion relations. The data suggest that intransitivities arise due to equivocations between different types of semantic relations. These results are then explained by means of the relation element theory which accounts for the character and behavior of semantic relations in terms of more primitive relational elements. The inferential phenomena observed are then explained by means of a single principle of element matching.
An Alternative Mechanism for Neuropathic Pain

The Focus article by Doctors Sove and Light calls attention to the generally neglected inner­ vation of nerve sheaths, the nervi nervorum. It is asserted that the hypotheses that were pro­ posed during the last century concerning the diagnosis and treatment of neuropathic and musculoskeletal pain have failed to withstand scientific scrutiny and that the nervi nervorum may be at least one of the "offending agents" that cause neuropathic pain. The Focus article gives a historical review of what is known about the nervi nervorum (including in this cate­ gory the nervi vasorum nervorum , the nerve fibers that supply the blood vessels within the nerve sheath). They are chiefly unmyelinated axons havinq "free endings" (although some have encapsulated endings) in the lay­ ers of connective tissue about peripheral nerves [13], and many of these axons contain neuropeptides, such as substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) [2,6]. The authors have recently shown that at least some nervi nervorum in the deep paraspinal tis­ sues are nociceptors [7]. The nervi nervorum afferents have multiple, punctate receptive fields and respond to noxious mechanical, chemical , and thermal stimuli. Interestingly, they can also have receptive fields in adja­ cent muscles or tendons. The authors agree with Asbury and Fields [3] that the nervi nervorum contribute to nerve trunk pain. Damage to a peripheral nerve or application of cap­ saicin results in hyperemia as a result of the release of SP and CGRP from the nervi nervorum [26,27]. The hyperemia can be prevented by local administration of a
Intensities and Self-Broadening Coefficients of Weak Water Vapor Lines in the 720-nm Region Determined by Intracavity Laser Absorption Spectroscopy

Abstract The time-resolved quasi-cw form of intracavity laser spectroscopy is used for the quantitative determination of absolute intensities and self-broadening coefficients of weak vibration-rotation lines of water that absorb in the region of the 720-nm band. The studies have been conducted using a 0.68-m-long intracavity absorption cell, and the data are analyzed both by directly fitting the absorption lineshape and by the curve of growth method. Values determined for some of the stronger lines are compared with the ones obtained in previous studies where multipass absorption cells and alternative instrumental techniques were employed. The comparisons show that the accuracy of the intracavity laser spectroscopy technique is comparable to that obtained by the use of other techniques. In addition, intensities and pressure-broadening parameters of several previously unanalyzed transitions are reported.
Solution‐Processed Fullerene‐Based Organic Schottky Junction Devices for Large‐Open‐Circuit‐Voltage Organic Solar Cells

A solution-processed fullerene-based organic Schottky junction photovoltaic device is fabricated to produce a large open circuit voltage, 0.85-0.95 V, which is higher than that of most organic bulk-heterojunction devices. A power conversion efficiency of 5% is achieved in fullerene-derivative [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methylester-based Schottky junction devices.
Analysis of atomic force microscopy data for surface characterization using fuzzy logic

In this paper we present a methodology to characterize surface nanostructures of thin films. The methodology identifies and isolates nanostructures using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) data and extracts quantitative information, such as their size and shape. The fuzzy logic based methodology relies on a Fuzzy Inference Engine (FIE) to classify the data points as being top, bottom, uphill, or downhill. The resulting data sets are then further processed to extract quantitative information about the nanostructures. In the present work we introduce a mechanism which can consistently distinguish crowded surfaces from those with sparsely distributed structures and present an omni-directional search technique to improve the structural recognition accuracy. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach we present a case study which uses our approach to quantitatively identify particle sizes of two specimens each with a unique gold nanoparticle size distribution.
Morphological changes and yield enhancement of superior potatoes by AC 243,654

AC 243,654, 1-(m)-methoxybenzyl)-3-nitroguanidine, represents a new family of plant growth regulators with cytokinin-like activity. This compound was tested at 1 and 4 kg/ha on greenhouse-grown potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), cultivar Superior. The treatments were applied two weeks after emergence. Morphological and yield effects of AC 243,654 were determined at 4, 7, 11, 14, 21, 42 and 70 days after treatment (DAT). Shortly after treatment, AC 243,654 stimulated plant height, branch number and stolon number. Plant weights were initially stimulated. At the final harvest, 70 DAT, the dry weight of treated plants was greater than that of the check plants; this is attributed to the anti-senescence effect of this compound on vine tissue. AC 243,654 induced tuber initiation at 14 DAT, whereas checks did not have tubers until one week later. Between 14 and 70 DAT, treated plants produced greater yield than check plants; the yield increases were primarily due to larger tubers. The yield of smaller tubers was decreased by the treatments. Although the number of larger tubers increased, total tuber number was decreased by AC 243,654. Observations on tuber number over time suggested that the check plants initiated more tubers than treated plants but most of these aborted. In treated plants, less tubers were initiated.
Nonlinear atomic homodyne detection: A technique to detect macroscopic superpositions in a micromaser

We propose a measurement scheme to detect the multiphoton coherences inherent in the macroscopic quantum superpositions that can be generated in a superconducting micromaser cavity. The scheme is a nonlinear version of a single-atom homodyne detector. It is shown that the ionization probability of a single test atom is given in terms of the Wigner characteristic function of the field.
Further studies on Col-SK virus hemagglutination

1. A method is described for the purification of Col-SK virus which makes use of adsorption on and elution from sheep red blood cells. 2. The ultraviolet adsorption spectrum of Col-SK virus is characteristic of nucleoproteins. 3. When large amounts of Col-SK virus are adsorbed on sheep red blood cells there occurs a decrease of electrophoretic mobility of the latter. This effect is not obtained with less than maximal amounts of virus. 4. Red cells from which the virus has been eluted move in the electrical field at the same rate as do normal red cells.
Dynamic analysis of threaded fasteners subjected to axial vibration

This paper examines the dynamics of threaded components loaded by gravity and subjected to axial harmonic vibration. A dynamic model which accommodates thread interface characteristics as well as the dominant elastic modes of the components is developed. The model quantitatively predicts the intuitive twisting with load and the counter-intuitive twisting against load observed in experiments as well as changes in twist behavior resulting from variations in vibration frequency and amplitude, component mass and material, and thread fit and friction.
The Carroll Rearrangement: 5‐Dodecen‐2‐one

The Carroll rearrangement: 5-dodecen-2-one intermediate: (1-Ethenyl)heptanyl 3-ketobutanoate. reactant: 3-Hydroxy-1-nonene (, 7.5 g, 0.053 mol) intermediate: 2-Carboxy-5-dodecen-2-one. product: 5-Dodecen-2-one. Keywords: acylation; addition, to CO; decarboxylation; esterification, unsubstituted monobasic acids; rearrangements; rearrangements; ring opening reactions; assay methods, for butyllithium, with diphenylacetic acid; lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), preparation of; tetrahydrofuran
Isoflavone excretion phenotypes influence plasma cholesterol in golden Syrian hamsters

Abstract We hypothesized that hamsters sorted into high and low isoflavone excreter phenotypic categories would show significant differences in plasma cholesterol status, the high isoflavone excreters having lower cholesterol. One-year-old hamsters were fed either 1.18 mmol of total isoflavones per kilogram diet (5 males and 5 females) or 1.77 mmol of total isoflavones per kilogram diet (5 males and 4 females) for 10 days. Urine and feces were collected for 24 hours in metabolic cages, and blood collected at euthanasia after 16 hours of fast. According to a cluster analysis, hamsters were sorted into 2 distinct urinary isoflavone phenotypes: high and low excreters with mean total isoflavone excretion of 44% ± 5% vs 14% ± 7%; daidzein excretion of 30% ± 7% vs 8% ± 3%; glycitein excretion of 84% ± 6% vs 28% ± 13%; and genistein excretion of 35% ± 7% vs 8% ± 4% of the ingested dose. Urinary excretion of all isoflavones was strongly correlated (0.93 r P
A case study of mediators of treatment effectiveness.

Background: Recent research has observed that the use of confrontation in psychosocial treatment for alcohol abuse or dependence has a negative effect on posttreatment alcohol use among patients at average or above average levels of trait anger. It is not known what mediates that negative effect. The current study examines the role of session attendance as a mediator of the effect of confrontation on patients’ subsequent alcohol use. In doing so, the study demonstrates the process of testing for mediation as well as planning analyses to meet additional conditions that can lend support to a causal mechanism of change. Methods: Multiple regression analyses were used to test for session attendance as a mediator among 107 individuals with alcohol abuse or dependence who received either cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) (n = 39), motivational enhancement therapy (MET) (n = 34), or twelve-step facilitation therapy (TSF) (n = 34). Emphasis was placed on achieving the desired temporal sequence of the therapy intervention, the mediator, and the outcome variable. Results: The data supported the role of session attendance as a partial mediator of the effect of confrontation on future alcohol use among patients who received CBT, but not among patients who received MET or TSF. In CBT, other potential mediators (e.g., therapeutic alliance and in-session resistance) were not supported and did not change the support for session attendance in the model. Beyond mediation, some but not all criteria for a causal mechanism of change were also met. Conclusions: This study suggests that in CBT the negative impact of confrontation early in treatment is partially explained by a reduction in the number of sessions patients attended. Different processes appear to be occurring in MET and TSF. By carefully constructing analytic models, results can speak both to issues of mediation and to causal mechanisms of change.
The Response of Orographic Precipitation over Idealized Midlatitude Mountains Due to Global Increases in CO2

AbstractThe sensitivity of stratiform midlatitude orographic precipitation to global mean temperature is investigated through numerical simulations. As a step toward understanding the relative influence of thermodynamic and dynamical processes on orographic precipitation, simple idealizations of Earth’s major north–south mountain chains are considered. The individual terrain elements occupy four islands equally spaced around the Northern Hemisphere of a planet otherwise covered by ocean. Although these mountains have very little influence on the sensitivity of the zonally averaged precipitation to changes in global mean surface temperature, the precipitation on the windward slopes of the ridges is highly sensitive to such changes. When the ridges run between 40° and 60°N, the windward-slope hydrological sensitivity exceeds the Clausius–Clapeyron scaling of about 7% K−1 over the northern half of the barrier, leading to substantial precipitation changes. The annual accumulated orographic precipitation is mo...
Rosiglitazone: a new therapy for Type 2 diabetes.

Rosiglitazone (Avandia™) is a new generation thiazolidinedione used in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. As with other thiazolidinediones, it binds to the γ-isoform of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), a nuclear hormone receptor. Subsequent to PPAR-γ activation, rosiglitazone increases insulin suppression of hepatic glucose output and increases peripheral glucose uptake in the muscles, thereby improving the glycaemic state of the individual. In rodent models of obesity and Type 2 diabetes, rosiglitazone has been shown to have positive effects in the main target organs responsible for the condition, namely the liver, pancreas, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. These studies also suggest that rosiglitazone may help in preserving renal and pancreatic function that deteriorates in chronic hyperinsulinaemia. In clinical studies, rosiglitazone has been shown to be effective, safe and well-tolerated, not only when used as monotherapy, but also when used in combination with sulphonylureas, ...