cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial DNA analysis of native and selectively inbred Chesapeake Bay oysters, Crassostrea virginica

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genotypes were examined in 1989 in threeCrassostrea virginica (Gmelin) populations native to Chesapeake Bay, USA, and in one population selectively inbred for rapid growth for ten generations. We wished to determine whether this character would be useful as a genetic marker for distinguishing between the inbred line and the native oysters and to determine whether detectable genetic differences exist among present-day native populations ofC. virginica. Thirty mtDNA haplotypes were identified. The average percentage nucleotide difference between native haplotypes was 1.8%. Inbred oysters were characterized by mtDNA haplotypes distinctly different from ancestral native oysters, indicating a high degree of genetic differentiation between the two groups (average percentage mtDNA nucleotide sequence divergence,δ=21.8%). The common native haplotype was not present in the selectively inbred sample, and six of the seven haplotypes detected in the inbred oysters were not found in the survey of native oysters. Chi-square tests on haplotype frequencies indicated that the native populations were not significantly different from one another. However, the distribution and relatedness of haplotypes suggest that significant change in the oyster gene pool may have occurred over the past few decades.
Barbiturate-induced transmitter release at a frog neuromuscular junction

Summary 1 The influence of barbiturates on neuromuscular transmission at end-plates of frog sartorius muscles was investigated electrophysiologically on preparations bathed in Ringer solution containing a low concentration of calcium and a high concentration of magnesium. 2 Effects of a convulsant barbiturate, 5-(2-cyclohexylideneethyl)-5-ethyl barbituric acid (CHEB), were compared with those of phenobarbitone. 3 CHEB and phenobarbitone increased the mean quantum content of the end-plate potentials and decreased the mean amplitude of the miniature end-plate potentials. 4 Both barbiturates enhanced the duration of the nerve-terminal action potential and had little or no effect on the effective resistance of the skeletal muscle membrane.
Design and verification of a multiple fault tolerant control system for STS applications using computer simulation

General Dynamics/Convair is under NASA contract to integrate the Centaur upper stage into the space transportation system for future planetary missions. This requires that control of all safety critical functions be two-failure tolerant. The control system developed consists of five asynchronous computers, each contributing at their outputs to a 3-out-of-5 voting plane. Subsystem control is based on an end function redundancy management scheme. Analysis of multiple component failures and worst-case time-phase asynchrony among the computers is performed by a real-time computer simulation. The simulation emulates the hardware and subsystem interfaces, wire by wire, providing assessibility to any component for the insertion of preprogrammed failures. Observability is provided via a graphics system and diagnostic software. The simulation provides an engineering tool where the integrity of control system hardware and imbedded software can be demonstrated.
Stereoselective Sensing by Substrate-Controlled syn/anti Interconversion of a Stereodynamic Fluorosensor

A stereoselective sensing method that is based on the unique stereodynamic and photochemical properties of 1,8-diquinolylnaphthalenes has been developed. The ability to undergo substrate-induced syn/anti interconversion and the striking difference in the fluorescence intensity of the syn and anti isomers of 1,8-bis(2-isopropyl-4-quinolyl)naphthalene (1) have been utilized for stereoselective sensing of the isomers of 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (5). The conformational stability of 1 at room temperature greatly facilitated spectroscopic and crystallographic studies of this new prototype of stereodynamic fluorosensors. Fluorescence measurements of the anti and syn isomer of 1 revealed a quantum yield of 11.6% and 2%, respectively. NMR spectroscopy experiments confirmed that trans-5 stabilizes the C2-symmetric anti isomers of 1, whereas cis-5 favors formation of the less fluorescent meso syn-1 isomer, which results in a reduced fluorescence response. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
A molecular survey of S. mutans and P. gingivalis oral microbial burden in human saliva using Relative Endpoint Polymerase Chain Reaction (RE-PCR) within the population of a Nevada dental school revealed disparities among minorities

The University of Nevada, Las Vegas School of Dental Medicine recently opened an orthodontic treatment clinic to address the needs of the racially and ethnically diverse population of Southern Nevada, primarily focusing on the treatment and care of low-income and minority patients. Although orthodontic treatment and therapy has been shown to induce changes in the oral cavity, much of this evidence was collected from traditional White, teenage orthodontic clinic populations. The primary goal of this study was to describe the microbial burden of the cariogenic and periodontal pathogens, Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis within the UNLV-SDM patient population. Representative saliva samples were collected from healthy adult patients for DNA isolation. Relative endpoint polymerase chain reaction (RE-PCR) was performed to ascertain the presence and relative microbial burden of these oral pathogens. Nearly one quarter (13/56) or 23.3% of these patients had elevated levels of S. mutans, while (10/56) and 17.8% of these samples were found to have elevated levels of P. gingivalis, - with (90%) of P. gingivalis-positive samples from minority patients (X 2 = 17.921, d.f. = 1; p < 0.0001). These findings of elevated P. gingivalis levels, primarily among minority patients, may suggest underlying oral health practices contributing to adverse oral health conditions within this population. Oral health knowledge and practices among minority patients may be strongly influenced by other factors, including education and socioeconomic status, suggesting additional research may be needed to accurately determine the most appropriate standards for care and oral health education within this patient population.
Preference for Signal-Shock vs Shock-Signal:

Sixteen rats were run in a tilt box for 11 hr. on each of three successive days, and then three more days with conditions reversed. On one side, Ss received 3 sec. light followed immediately by .5 sec. shock. On the other side, they received the same stimuli in reverse order. Six shocks were presented each half hour regardless of Ss' behavior. A reliable preference for signal-shock was acquired during pre-reversal training. There was some tendency for Ss to shift their preference to the new signal-shock side during reversal, but this did not differ reliably from chance at the end of the reversal training. The results are interpreted as supporting a preparatory response interpretation of classical conditioning and of the acquisition of observing responses in the absence of differential external reinforcement.
The nucleoporin Nup153 regulates embryonic stem cell pluripotency through gene silencing

Nucleoporins (Nups) are a family of proteins best known as the constituent building blocks of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), membrane-embedded channels that mediate nuclear transport across the nuclear envelope. Recent evidence suggests that several Nups have additional roles in controlling the activation and silencing of developmental genes; however, the mechanistic details of these functions remain poorly understood. Here, we show that depletion of Nup153 in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) causes the derepression of developmental genes and induction of early differentiation. This loss of stem cell identity is not associated with defects in the nuclear import of key pluripotency factors. Rather, Nup153 binds around the transcriptional start site (TSS) of developmental genes and mediates the recruitment of the polycomb-repressive complex 1 (PRC1) to a subset of its target loci. Our results demonstrate a chromatin-associated role of Nup153 in maintaining stem cell pluripotency by functioning in mammalian epigenetic gene silencing.
Electrospinning of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Nanocomposite Fibrils and Yarns

Single wall (SWNT) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were electrostatically assembled into nanofibers through an electrospinning process in order to increase the strength and toughness of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-derived carbon fibers. It was found that the effectiveness of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in reinforcing the PAN precursor is highly dependent on the dispersion and the alignment of the CNT. Alignment was achieved during electrospinning by the flow of polymer, electrostatic charge and diameter confinement. Up to 10 wt. % SWNT coelectrospun with PAN was successfully produced with fiber diameters in the range of 40 nm to 400 nm. With the addition of 1 wt. % SWNT, a two-fold increase in strength and modulus was obtained in the as-spun nanofibers mat. These encouraging results show a promising pathway to produce the next generation of high performance carbon fibers that will help bridge dimensional and properties gap between nanoscopic and macroscopic structures.
Distributed smart disks for I/O-intensive workloads on switched interconnects

Disk-based smart storage represents processor-embedded active I/O devices that are equipped with a dedicated network interface controller and on-disk storage (memory and disk). Today's I/O-intensive workloads require architectures whose performance scales with increasing storage capacity. The advent of switch-based, low-latency and high-bandwidth network protocols, such as Virtual Interface Architecture and InfiniBand, promises to improve both performance and scalability beyond current state-of-the-art I/O interconnect topologies. This paper evaluates a disk-based distributed smart storage architecture composed of fully distributed processor-embedded disks that are interconnected by a high-performance switched network, and investigates the performance of the proposed processing model on different storage interconnects with representative workloads, including TPC-H queries, association rules mining, high-dimensional data clustering, and two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (FFT).
Patterning mechanisms in the evolution of derived developmental life histories: the role of Wnt signaling in axis formation of the direct-developing sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma

A number of echinoderm species have replaced indirect development with highly modified direct-developmental modes, and provide models for the study of the evolution of early embryonic development. These divergent early ontogenies may differ significantly in life history, oogenesis, cleavage pattern, cell lineage, and timing of cell fate specification compared with those of indirect-developing species. No direct-developing echinoderm species has been studied at the level of molecular specification of embryonic axes. Here we report the first functional analysis of Wnt pathway components in Heliocidaris erythrogramma, a direct-developing sea urchin. We show by misexpression and dominant negative knockout construct expression that Wnt8 and TCF are functionally conserved in the generation of the primary (animal/vegetal) axis in two independently evolved direct-developing sea urchins. Thus, Wnt pathway signaling is an overall deeply conserved mechanism for axis formation that transcends radical changes to early developmental ontogenies. However, the timing of expression and linkages between Wnt8, TCF, and components of the PMC-specification pathway have changed. These changes correlate with the transition from an indirect- to a direct-developing larval life history.
Multiple Episodes of Dolomitization in the Arbuckle Group, Arbuckle Mountains, South-Central Oklahoma: Field, Petrographic, and Geochemical Evidence

ABSTRACT The Cambro-Ordovician Arbuckle Group in the Arbuckle Mountains, south-central Oklahoma, had a complex history of dolomitization that resulted in two different geometries of dolomite bodies: stratal dolomite of stratigraphically consistent, widespread distribution, and non-stratal dolomite of stratigraphically inconsistent, local occurrence. Stratal dolomite includes the Royer and Butterly units in the lower Arbuckle Group. Most stratal dolomite samples are coarsely crystalline and have 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.70890-0.70919) similar to Late Cambrian limestone and coeval seawater (0.7089-0.7092). All stratal dolomite and Arbuckle limestone samples have low 18O values (- 5.3 to - 11.9). The cross-platform distribution of stratal dolomite, coupled with dominant 87Sr/86Sr ratios similar to coeval seawater, suggests that stratal dolomite formed during early diagenesis. However, the low 18O values indicate that all stratal dolomite and Arbuckle limestone samples suffered postdepositional modification, probably as the result of infiltration of meteoric water during development of the Ordovician unconformities. Nonstratal dolomite is present in two areas: the Tishomingo Anticline and the Arbuckle Anticline. In the Tishomingo Anticline area, massive bodies (> 10 km2) of nonstratal dolomite are present in a paleokarst system of pre-Middle Ordovician age. Some of the nonstratal dolomite bodies were displaced by Pennsylvanian faults, whereas many dolomite bodies are related to the faults. Petrographically, nonstratal dolomite is finely to medium crystalline and has replaced recrystallized limestone. The dolomite has lower 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.70772-0.70900; average 0.70834) and higher 18O values (+0.6 to -5.8; average -2.9), relative to associated (Lower Ordovician) limestone (87Sr/86Sr, 0.70878-0.70898, average 0.70887; 18O, -6.1 to -8.9, average -7.4). The petrographic and isotopic characteristics suggest that the nonstratal dolomite probably resulted from dolomitization of recrystallized limestone by post-Early Ordovician seawater. The relation of the nonstratal dolomite bodies to Pennsylvanian faults may indicate that the dolomite originated from multiple times of seawater circulatio through a paleokarst system. In the Arbuckle Anticline area, nonstratal dolomite is present as small (< 1 km2) irregular bodies that are related to Pennsylvanian faults and are associated with the margins of stratal Butterly dolomite. The nonstratal dolomite, medium to coarsely crystalline and brightly luminescent, is characterized by high (radiogenic) 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.70951-0.70974), 18O) values (average -1.1), and Fe and Mn concentrations (average 1.32 mol % and 0.65 mol %, respectively), relative to all Arbuckle carbonates. Such compositions suggest that this type of dolomite probably originated from fluids that were derived from the adjacent basin(s) duri g late Paleozoic time.
INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN CONSERVATION BIOLOGY

▪ Abstract Inbreeding depression is of major concern in the management and conservation of endangered species. Inbreeding appears universally to reduce fitness, but its magnitude and specific effects are highly variable because they depend on the genetic constitution of the species or populations and on how these genotypes interact with the environment. Recent natural experiments are consistent with greater inbreeding depression in more stressful environments. In small populations of randomly mating individuals, such as are characteristic of many endangered species, all individuals may suffer from inbreeding depression because of the cumulative effects of genetic drift that decrease the fitness of all individuals in the population. In three recent cases, introductions into populations with low fitness appeared to restore fitness to levels similar to those before the effects of genetic drift. Inbreeding depression may potentially be reduced, or purged, by breeding related individuals. However, the Speke's ...
Integrating LIDAR into Stereo for Fast and Improved Disparity Computation

The fusion of stereo and laser range finders (LIDARs) has been proposed as a method to compensate for each individual sensor's deficiencies - stereo output is dense, but noisy for large distances, while LIDAR is more accurate, but sparse. However, stereo usually performs poorly on textureless areas and on scenes containing repetitive structures, and the subsequent fusion with LIDAR leads to a degraded estimation of the 3D structure. In this paper, we propose to integrate LIDAR data directly into the stereo algorithm to reduce false positives while increasing the density of the resulting disparity image on textureless regions. We demonstrate with extensive experimental results with real data that the disparity estimation is substantially improved while speeding up the stereo computation by as much as a factor of five.
A Tractate about the Council of Florence attributed to George Amiroutzes

George Amiroutzes, commonly called the Philosopher for his wide learning, was a native of Trebizond. In 1437 he accompanied John VIII Palaeologus, emperor of Constantinople, to Italy to the Council of Ferrara-Florence as one of the three erudite laymen (the others were George Scholarius and George Gemistus ‘Pletho’) that the emperor took with him to advise him on the difficult theological questions there to be discussed. As the events unfolded division arose in the ranks of the Greeks. First, in Ferrara, there was the question as to what should be the subject of the opening discussion—the addition of the Filioque to the Creed, or the doctrine of the Filioque. Bessarion, metropolitan of Nicaea (later cardinal) and Scholarius (later the patriarch Gennadius) wanted to start with the latter as the more fundamental; Mark Eugenicus, metropolitan of Ephesus, and Gemistus preferred the former and their opinion prevailed. Amiroutzes agreed with Bessarion and Scholarius. In Florence, where the subject of debate was the doctrine of the Filioque, the rift between the two parties was more serious. It was a rift mainly between the leaders, for the majority of the Greek bishops, of a lower intellectual standard, was content to follow. For union the protagonists were Bessarion, Isidore, metropolitan of Kiev and of all Russia, Gregory, the imperial confessor, and Dorotheus, metropolitan of Mitylene. Against union, Mark of Ephesus stood almost alone but indomitable. George Amiroutzes was a staunch supporter of the unionists, who in several of the private conferences of the Greeks bitterly attacked Eugenicus and who gave a written vote in decisive and clear terms in favour of the orthodoxy of the Latin doctrine on the Procession of the Holy Spirit. The decree of union of the Latin and the Greek Churches was promulgated in solemn session on 6 July 1439. It bears the signatures of the emperor, of all the Greek prelates but two (Eugenicus and Isaias of Stauropolis), of five deacons of the Great Church and of several monks. The three ‘philosophers’ did not sign because they were laymen. As is well known, after their return to Constantinople most of the Greek prelates, under the influence of Mark Eugenicus and of popular sentiment, repented of their adherence.
Frequency Modulated (FM) And Amplitude Modulated (AM) In Millimeter Radar Due To Vibrating Structures

A theoretical analysis of the spectral content of a frequency modulated (FM) and amplitude modulated (AM) electromagnetic plane wave is presented. An unmodulated transmitted millimeter wave is modulated when reflected from a sinusoidally oscillating structure. The FM results from the doppler effect, while AM results from the optical properties (antenna beamwidths, radar cross sections (RCS)) of millimeter waves. The purpose of the analysis is to investigate the effect of the AM on the spectral lines resulting from FM. It is anticipated that AM is largely due to the RCS characteristics of the vibrating structure. For FM only, the amplitude of the first side band (spectral line) is maximized when the transmitted wavelength is approximately seven times the structure oscillation displacement amplitude. When the waveform also has AM, the spectral line amplitudes are increased, and the maximization criterion no longer applies.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The migration of supersaturated constituents of point and line sinks

The migration of supersaturated constituents in solids to sinks permanently kept at equilibrium concentration is examined for two geometrical cases: linear sinks and inclusion-type or point sinks. The time versus temperature cooling curve that will effect the fastest removal of the migrating species is determined, where the migrating species may be non-interacting point defects, or any constituent whose equilibrium concentration is of the form Ce = exp (− ΔG/kT), where ΔG is the excess Gibbs free energy per single migrating constituent. Die Diffusion von ubersattigten, gelosten Atomen in Festkorpern zu Senken, die standig im Gleichgewicht bleiben, wurde fur eindimensionale Senken sowie fur Punktsenken untersucht. Die Abkuhlungskurve, die zur raschesten Entfernung der diffundierenden Atome aus dem Kristall zu den permanentem Senken fuhrt, wurde fur den Fall bestimmt, das die Gleichgewichtskonzentration von der Form Ce = exp (− ΔG/kT) ist, wobei ΔG der Beitrag des einzelnen diffundierenden Atoms zur Gibbsschen freien Energie ist. Die Atome konnen nicht-wechselwirkende Fremddefekte sowie Leerstellen oder Zwischengitteratome sein.
The structure of cell signaling: Histidine Kinases in Signal Transduction

Edited by Masayori Inouye and Rinku Dutta Academic Press (2003) 520 pages. ISBN 0-12-372484-8 £89.65/$129.95 ![Figure][1] Receptors involved in signal transduction fall into a few well recognized and intensively studied classes, and so it is surprising that a lot of scientists
Lady Inger and Her Family: Norway's Exemplar of Mixed Motives in the Reformation

Le role important joue par Inger d'Austraat, la derniere representante de l'ancienne noblesse norvegienne, dans le passage politico-religieux de la Norvege au lutheranisme. Elle possedait, avec ses deux gendres danois, Vincens Lunge et Nils Lykke, d'immenses territoires dans la region de Trondheim. Deux rois danois se disputent les deux royaumes: Frederik I (lutherien) puis son fils Christian III, et le catholique Christian II. En Norvege, le clan de Inger a pour adversaire implacable l'archeveque catholique Olaf Engelbriktson (qui fit assassiner les deux gendres d'Inger).
Colonization of Restored Wetlands by Amphibians in Minnesota

Abstract Twelve wetlands (7 recently restored; 5 reference) in central and southern Minnesota were monitored during the 1998 breeding season to assess colonization of recently restored wetlands by amphibians, compare the amphibian fauna to that of reference wetlands and identify important factors influencing the probability of colonization. Eight amphibian species rapidly colonized recently restored wetlands and established breeding populations. Reference wetlands were inhabited by twelve species, including four not found in restored wetlands (Ambystoma laterale, Notophthalmus viridescens, Pseudacris crucifer and Rana clamitans). Most local habitat variables, such as water chemistry or aquatic vegetation cover, were not influential in determining species richness patterns in recently restored wetlands. Size and spatial isolation of restored wetlands, however, were important predictors of species richness. Habitat suitability also influenced the probability of colonization for some species. The results of ...
Documenting Recreation and Tourism in New England

New England tourism is more than a century old, but historians have only recently begun to write about it, and about the related field of recreation. At first limited to the summer, tourism now flourishes in every season; once limited to the leisure class, it is now available to nearly everyone, and ethnic, racial, and religious exclusion has been reduced. Sources for tourism and recreation are either lacking or hard to find. This article describes some types of tourism, its history, and existing documentation of various kinds of resorts and recreational activities, and points to the possibilities for and difficulties of a documentation strategy.
SEGREGATION AND SPECIATION IN THE NEOGENE PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERAL CLADE GLOBOCONELLA

The origin of the Neogene planktonic foraminifer Globorotalia (Globoconella) pliozea in the subtropical southwest Pacific has been attributed to its isolation resulting from intensification of the Subtropical Divergence (Tasman Front). Oxygen isotopic analyses suggest that, although the Subtropical Divergence may have played a role, the evolution of Gr. (G.) pliozea was facilitated by depth segregation of Gr. (G.) conomiozea morphotypes (low and high conical) during an interval of near-surface warming and increasing thermal gradient. Oxygen isotopic analyses suggest that low conical morphotypes of Gr. (G.) conomiozea inhabited greater depths than high conical morphotypes. Low conical forms of Gr. (G.) conomiozea are considered ancestral to the low conical species, Gr. (G.) pliozea. Oxygen isotopes indicate that Gr. (G.) pliozea inhabited greater depths than its ancestor, Gr. (G.) conomiozea. These data are consistent with depth-parapatric and depth-allopatric models, but not with a sympatric model of speciation. In the allopatric model, reproduction at different water depths acts as a barrier between morphotypes. In the parapatric model, clinal variation along a depth gradient acts as a barrier between morphotypes living at the limits of the gradient. Depth segregation in both models results in genetic isolation and evolutionary divergence. Our data support a correlation between morphological evolution and habitat changes in the Globoconella clade, implying separation of populations as a driving force for morphological evolution. Ecological segregation of morphotypes and species may be related to morphology (height of the conical angle), based on the data from Gr. (G.) conomiozea and Gr. (G.) pliozea. However, morphological differences alone do not necessarily produce depth differences. Large morphological differences between Gr. (G.) pliozea and closely related Gr. (G.) puncticulata did not result in isotopic and therefore depth differences between these species. These species coexisted at the same water depths for nearly 1 m.y. Thus, it is unlikely that the extinction of Gr. (G.) pliozea in the middle Pliocene resulted from competition with Gr. (G.) puncticulata , as previously suggested.
Taxing Carbon and Recycling the Revenue: Who Wins and Loses?

This Tax Fact explores the distributional impact of taxing carbon dioxide to combat climate change and in recycling the revenues into tax cuts.
The Morphological Distinction Between Urocystis Gladioli and Papulaspora Gladioli

Although, Requien (cf. Duby (3)), in 1830, in France, had described a disease of Gladiolus as a rust, Uredo Gladioli, the correct determination was not made until 1876 when Worthington G. Smith (11), in England, described what was apparently the same fungus on Gladiolus communis as a smut disease, Urocystis Gladioli. He justly recognized that the sporeballs were clearly related to the smut Thecaphora although they greatly resembled the imperfect fungus, Papulaspora. However, having secured the opinion of Wittmark and Magnus and of Brefeld, the smut authority, Smith decided that he was correct in placing it in the genus Urocystis. In referring to the disease he stated that it was "most virulent in damp, heavy soils" during the wet seasons and that the bulbs seemed to be attacked while in the ground. In Great Britain, since the work by Smith, Massee (5) recorded it, in 1906, at Kew, Surrey, and in a later article (6) described the sporeballs as 40-50 , in diameter. Pethybridge (8) stated that it occurred in Somerset, in 1923; in Yorkshire, in 1932; and, in 1936, on the variety of Gladiolus nanus, Peach Blossom, in Devonshire. Moore (7), in 1939, included this fungus in his book on the diseases of bulbs, as a rare disease giving a description and some control measures. In Continuental Europe, Wallroth (12), in 1833, in Germany, recorded it as Erysibae arillata var. Gladioli (Req.) Wallr., while van Poeteren (10), in 1923-24, found it in Holland on Gladiolus
Abstract 100: NF-κB2/p52 induces resistance to enzalutamide possibly by upregulation of AR-V7.

Introduction and Objective: Despite initial response of prostate cancer (CaP) to androgen deprivation, clinical observations suggest that castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) develops resistance to the recently approved anti-androgen, enzalutamide. There is an urgent need to identify pathways that perpetuate disease progression during AR blockade. Identification of these resistance pathways will help design co-targeting strategies to improve the magnitude and duration of benefit of enzalutamide in CRPC. Our previous studies have demonstrated that NF-κB2/p52 plays an important role in the aberrant activation of AR in CaP. In this study we tested whether NF-κB2/p52 mediates resistance to enzalutamide in CaP cells. Methods: Cell growth was analyzed in LNCaP cells stably expressing p52 (LN-p52) and control cells (LN-neo) treated with enzalutamide. C4-2B cells were transfected with shRNA against p52 and cell growth was monitored. Expression levels of p52 in CaP cells grown chronically in enzalutamide were analyzed by Western blotting. Expression of AR variant AR-V7 was examined in LN-p52 and LN-neo cells by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Expression of p52 was downregulated in VCaP and 22Rv1 cells by shRNA followed by treatment with enzalutamide and cell growth was monitored. Expression of AR-V7 was examined by qRT-PCR and Western blotting in VCaP and 22Rv1 cells transfected with shRNA against p52. Results: LN-p52 cells exhibited significantly better growth rates compared to LN-neo cells in the presence of enzalutamide, indicating that NF-κB2/p52 may enhance the survival of CaP cells treated with enzalutamide. Downregulation of p52 in castration resistant C4-2B cells reduced cell survival when treated with enzalutamide, suggesting that p52 may mediate resistance to enzalutamide. Expression levels of p52 were enhanced in enzalutamide resistant C4-2B cells generated by chronic treatment with enzalutamide, indicating that increased expression of p52 may facilitate the development of resistance to enzalutamide. We also found that LN-p52 cells exhibited higher levels of AR-V7 compared to LN-neo cells. Downregulation of p52 in VCaP and 22Rv1 cells (expressing endogenous levels of AR variants such as AR-V7) decreased the expression of AR-V7, demonstrating that p52 may regulate alternative splicing of AR mRNA. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate an important role for NF-κB2/p52 in inducing resistance to enzalutamide in CaP cells. Our results also suggest that NF-κB2/p52 may regulate resistance to enzalutamide via upregulation of AR-V7. Citation Format: Nagalakshmi Nadiminty, Ramakumar Tummala, Wei Lou, Joy C. Yang, Christopher P. Evans, Allen C. Gao. NF-κB2/p52 induces resistance to enzalutamide possibly by upregulation of AR-V7. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 100. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-100
Destructive operations on the fetus: Review of literature and application in 10 cases of neglected dystocia☆

Abstract This report concerns itself with a brief history of destructive operations on the fetus and with an analysis of the management of 10 patients who presented with some form of obstructed labor and with fetuses who died ante- or intrapartum. Some patients were in an appalling condition at the time their obstetric operations were effected: infected; dehydrated; in two patients prior attempts at delivery under uncertain conditions. Five patients had breech presentations in which the head would not deliver; the remaining had vertex presentations, severe cephalopelvic disproportion, and prolonged rupture of membranes. All 10 patients were managed successfully by some form of destructive operation. In our opinion, destructive operations in areas such as ours represent an infrequent but eminently satisfactory way to solve some difficult obstetric problems.
The incidence and age distribution of cervical cancer in Guangzhou City from 2000 to 2011,China

Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the change of incidence and age distribution of cervical cancer in Guangzhou from 2000 to 2011,in order to provide scientific basis for cervical cancer prevention. Methods The data of cervical cancer incidence and population were provided by Guangzhou Cancer Registry Center and Statistics Bureau separately. The raw incidence rate by age,age-standardized incidence rates( ASR) and annual percentage change( APC) were calculated. The Join Point Regression Program was applied to detect the trend of cervical cancer incidence.Results A total of 2 300 cervical cancer patients were diagnosed. The world ASIR by year was 7. 77 per 100 000. In the12 years,the cervical cancer incidence continued to rise and the average annual percent change( APC) was 5. 86%( 95%CI: 1. 20%-10. 70%). The age of patients was located in 35-59 years old,and the incidence peak was at the age of 45-59. Conclusions The cervical cancer incidence is rising. The patients were the middle-aged and elderly people. It is necessary to carry out cervical cancer screening and treatment in the whole city,particularly for the high risk populations.
Studies on Variations of Wheat Agronomic Characters Induced by Pingyangmycin

The study was conducted on variation induction in three wheat varieties by injecting the pingyangmycin solution of 20 μg/ml to the leaf veins at the early booting stage. Many character variations of short plant height, maturation and grain colour were found in M2, but the induced variation type and frequency were different with varieties. Some character variations selected from M2 tended towards stability by M3, but the others remained seperating.
Molecular Mechanisms of Associative Learning in Hermissenda

Cellular studies of associative learning suggest that changes in synaptic strength and intrinsic enhanced cellular excitability are basic mechanisms supporting the formation and expression of memory within the nervous system. An analysis of Pavlovian conditioning of Hermissenda has led to the identification of molecular mechanisms contributing to the acquisition of short-term, intermediate-term, and long-term memory. The neural circuitry supporting the expression of the conditioned response has been identified and provides for the opportunity to understand how cellular and molecular modifications at specific loci within a neural circuit can be reconfigured to express learned behavior.
HEAT TRANSFER IN VERTICAL GRANULAR FLOWS

The effect of shearing on the eonvective heat transfer from a heater immersed in a vertical granular flaw in a channel was investigated experimentally. Comparisons were made with previous experimental and semiempirical results. Experiments were performed with smooth and rough wall conditions in order to examine the influence of boundaries on the shear rate, medium density, and particle agitation. The results indicated that the medium density adjacent to the wall played a critical role in determining the overall heat transfer.
The Benefits of Virtual Humans for Teaching Negotiation

This article examines the potential for teaching negotiation with virtual humans. Many people find negotiations to be aversive. We conjecture that students may be more comfortable practicing negotiation skills with an agent than with another person. We test this using the Conflict Resolution Agent, a semi-automated virtual human that negotiates with people via natural language. In a between-participants design, we independently manipulated two pedagogically-relevant factors while participants engaged in repeated negotiations with the agent: perceived agency (participants either believed they were negotiating with a computer program or another person) and pedagogical feedback (participants received instructional advice or no advice between negotiations). Findings indicate that novice negotiators were more comfortable negotiating with a computer program (they self-reported more comfort and punished their opponent less often) and expended more effort on the exercise following instructional feedback (both in time spent and in self-reported effort). These findings lend support to the notion of using virtual humans to teach interpersonal skills.
Text Mining for Hypotheses and Results in Translational Medicine Studies

Most common and complex diseases, such as diabetes and cancer, are influenced at some level by variation in the genome. To truly address the goal of translational research, genetic variation must be taken into consideration. Research done in public health genetics, specifically in the area of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), is the first step to understanding human genetic variation. In addition, novel methods are needed to represent and to conduct text mining over textual genotypic data sources. In this paper, we describe the development and evaluation, in the context of a genetic study, of a translational-informatics method that supports both machine-learning text mining (e.g., Conditional random fields) and automated inference for identifying key concepts (e.g., Hypotheses and results). After scaling for inter-annotator agreement, our adjusted overall precision was 64%, with a range of 48% to 80%. While other biological text mining systems have focused on named-entity recognition, the development of tools for genetic studies focusing on hypotheses and results has been relatively rare.
The Effect of Health on Labor Force Participation

Health plays an important part in individual human capital. Studies in the relationship between individual health status and labor participation rate of laborers are urgently needed to be solved in China. We use ordered probit model to process the self-assessed health status. Considering covariate endogeneity and sample selection bias, we use multiple treatment effect method to analyze and meet the consistent estimation on the effect of health status on labor force participation. The result shows that health status significantly affects the individual labor force participation rate of China.
Population dynamics of brown trout in a Minnesota (USA) stream: A 25-year study

Brown trout (Salmo trutta) were surveyed by mark recapture in a 200-m section of Gilmore Creek, Minnesota, annually during fall 1989–2013 to assess long-term trends in abundance. Young-of-year (YOY) fish comprised >68% of the population annually, but age 3 and older fish were present in 23 of 25 years. Trout abundance varied irregularly, peaking every 4 to 6 years. Fall densities of YOY brown trout were positively correlated with median annual stream discharge but inversely correlated with 10% exceedance discharge in May, at a nearby gaged stream. Changes in brown trout abundances were synchronized with those of trout in 2 nearby streams. Annual mortality rates (mean = 74%) and sizes of YOY trout were correlated with YOY densities, with high densities (>1.0 fish/m2) producing small size during fall and high cohort mortality. High YOY densities resulted in low proportional size structure-quality (PSSQ, <20%) 1 and 2 years later. If similar brown trout population dynamics occur in other streams within the region, interpretation of short-term studies of brown trout (e.g., regulation evaluations, creel surveys, population response to habitat improvement, seasonal movements, and growth rates) may be confounded.
Black ice! Using Information Centric Networks for timely vehicular safety information dissemination

Vehicles are increasingly equipped with sensors for safety applications. Sharing information among vehicles can further improve the safety of the overall transportation environment. Enabling each vehicle to get the “right information at the right time” can be valuable to avoid dangerous situations. Information-Centric Networks (ICN) that use the notion of “named-objects” enable information dissemination regardless of location of the publisher or consumer. ICNs, especially supporting publish/subscribe capabilities, can provide timely delivery of the safety information. Our V-ICE architecture utilizes Roadside Units (RSUs) as infrastructure-based aggregators to communicate with vehicles generating notifications. RSUs disseminate information to vehicles that subscribe to the RSUs on their route. To evaluate the benefit of V-ICE, we demonstrate its use in propagating “black ice” warnings to vehicles that will likely be affected on their routes. The critical need is to deliver the information in a timely manner, providing other vehicles sufficient time to react. We build V-ICE's namespace and architecture using the roadways of Luxembourg as an example, and evaluate our approach with a trace-driven simulation using a 4-hour trace generated by SUMO. We show that V-ICE performs better than a server-based approach or even V2V broadcast, in terms of timeliness, relevance, and reduced network traffic.
“As Nature Has Formed Them”: The History and Current Status of Racial Difference Research:

Background/ContextResearch in the latter half of the 20th century purporting to show significant racial differences in intelligence and social behavior appears to pit civil rights concerns against ...
ZHENG ZHEN AND THE RISE OF EVIDENTIAL RESEARCH IN LATE QING NORTHERN GUIZHOU

This article investigates the formation of the Shatan scholarly group and the contribution of its leader, Zheng Zhen. Zheng benefitted from a vigorous trans-regional cultural network of returned local scholars such as Li Xun and Mo Yuchou and prominent scholar-officials from outside such as Cheng Enze and He Changling. Zheng Zhen remained true to the approaches and research topics of evidential research, i.e., historical philology and exegesis of pre-Qin classics, bibliography, and an inquiry into ancient institutions and technology, in an era when the general intellectual trend turned toward statecraft studies and the politicized Modern Text School, promoted by scholars like Gong Zizhen and Kang Youwei. The contribution of the Shatan group, Zheng Zhen in particular, embodies the rise of evidential research, a passion for facts, as well as concerns about society. More importantly, it prompts us to rethink Guizhou as an active agent in the late Qing Chinese cultural landscape.
Spectral measurements of alpha-induced radioluminescence in various gases

Abstract Radioluminescent emission in Ar, N 2 , O 2 , and dry air at P = 1 atm was observed induced by 5 MeV α particles. The wavelength range with a single detector spanned 250–1100 nm, extending the range well into the UV and IR bands with a single detector. Measured spectral lines for alpha-induced luminescence were corrected for detector transmission and intensities compared to previous work. The exploration of multiple gases over a wide frequency range opens the door to security and remote sensing applications, where different environments are routinely encountered. This work provides spectra that can be used in guiding future filter development focusing on remote alpha detection.
Honor's Constitutional Moment: The Oath and Presidential Transitions

This Essay is part of a virtual symposium on the law of presidential transitions which will run in the coming weeks in Colloquy, the online supplement of the Northwestern University Law Review. This contribution to the symposium focuses on the implications of the Presidential Oath Clause. Drawing on Bruce Ackerman's language, the Essay argues that every presidential transition is, in an important sense, a constitutional moment. That moment is instantiated in a single act - the taking of the presidential oath. The oath is both an official act and a deeply personal one, in which the oath-taker stakes his honor on the preservation, protection, and defense of the Constitution. In doing so, the new President necessarily must come to his own understanding of what the Constitution means and what obligations it imposes on him. The President's duty to consider what the Constitution means, and thus what his oath requires of him, is indefeasible: he cannot simply defer to the constitutional views of the courts, of Congress, of prior presidents, or even of the people who elected him. This understanding of the presidential oath as constitutional moment carries with it a host of possible implications. They involve competing understandings of the nature of executive power, of whether the President is obliged to preserve only the Constitution or the nation itself, and of whether the new President is obligated to revisit and either ratify or rescind - or even prosecute - every action taken by the prior administration. In confronting these questions, the new President will also consider competing informational influences and policy considerations that may weigh on his choices. Ultimately, however, the Presidential Oath Clause makes clear that the new President is oath-bound to independently consider what the Constitution means and what it requires of him, and to act accordingly.
Investigation of resonance bandwidths and critical absorption for passive-active coupled-cavity Fabry-Pérot absorption resonators

The optical characteristics of an absorption-tunable Fabry-Perot etalon coupled with a passive non-tunable etalon are analyzed. The effects of additional optical feedback due to coupling from the passive cavity on the resonance optical bandwidth determined by the device structure and critical absorption of the absorption-tunable cavity required for null resonance mode reflectivities are investigated. For this type of resonator, there is a tradeoff between the optical bandwidths and critical absorption within the active cavities required for null resonance reflectivities. It is shown that wider (narrower) bandwidths can be exchanged with higher (lower) critical absorption.
Biofuel cell operating in human plasma

Here an enzymatic glucose biofuel cell for monitoring human plasma glucose level is reported. The system comprised pyrolloquinoline quinone glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH) modified bioanode and bilirubin oxidase (BOx) modified biocathode. Half-cell experiments of the bioanode (PQQ-GDH) and biocathode (BOx) exhibited distinctive electrochemical responses to various plasma glucose concentrations. The complete biofuel cell assembly in 11.11 mM plasma glucose generated 3.6 fold higher peak power density than in 2.78 mM plasma glucose. In the presence of 11.11 mM plasma glucose, an open circuit voltage, short circuit current density and peak power density of 491.5 mV, 4.75 mA/cm2 and 0.917 mW/cm2, respectively was observed. The system exhibited a linear dynamic operating range of 2.78 mM–11.11 mM with a sensitivity of 7.63 mW/ mM cm2. These results when compared to the biofuel cell operating in standard glucose solution exhibited higher performance and the system has the potential to be miniaturized and therefore can be used to monitor blood glucose.
Pulmonary Complications of Mental Health Problems

There is often a complex reciprocal relationship between pulmonary disease symptoms, stress, and mental health disorders. The management of chronic pulmonary illness often causes increased levels of stress in children and their families and, when chronic, can contribute to mental health problems. For children who have maladaptive coping mechanisms or poor emotion regulation, psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety and depression can manifest as physiological symptoms, either causing pulmonary complications or exacerbating present symptoms. This chapter provides an overview of the psychophysiological links between pulmonary and mental health problems. It highlights common pediatric disorders including asthma, dyspnea, vocal cord dysfunction, and psychogenic cough. Additionally, this chapter provides useful and practical tools for practitioners from diverse disciplines to evaluate and treat functional and comorbid mental health and pulmonary conditions.