cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
820 ADDITIONAL RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS (RFLS)FOR DETECTION OF ORNITHINE TRANSCARBAMYLASE (OTC) DEFICIENCY

OTC is a hepatic urea cycle enzyme encoded on the X-chromosome. Human OTC deficiency generally results in lethal neonatal ammonia intoxication in hemizygous affected males. Using an almost full length human OTC cDNA as probe, we have previously identified by Southern blotting two RFLPs following digestion with the endonuclease Msp I. 69% of control females were heterozygous for one or both polymorphisms. To increase the opportunity for prenatal diagnosis of females heterozygous for OTC deficiency, we now report two other RFLPs at the OTC locus. Genomic DNA from 27 control females was digested with Taq I. Three women (11%) were heterozygous for a new RFLP characterized by polymorphic bands at 3.6 and 3.7 kbp. Using the enzyme BamH I, screening of genomic DNA from 16 women revealed that eight (50%) were heterozygous for another RFLP characterized by polymorphic bands at 18 and 5.2 kbp. No RFLPs were detected when control DNA was digested with 4 other endonucleases. Because each of these RFLPs segregate independently, we estimate that ~85% of OTC carriers can now be offered prenatal diagnosis.
The X-gene of human hepatitis B virus transactivates the c-jun and α-fetoprotein genes

The X-gene product of human hepatitis B virus is a transacting transcriptional factor which activates a variety of heterologous viral and host promoters/enhancers. We have found that the X-gene product can significantly transactivate the regulatory sequences located at the 5′-upstream of the c-jun oncogene when a reporter plasmid containing the sequences was co-transfected to HepG2 cells with an X-gene expression plasmid. The results of mutational analysis indicate that the X-gene activation requires the AP-1 sequence of the c-jun gene. Furthermore, we also found that the X-gene is capable of activating the 5′-upstream sequence of the α-fetoprotein gene. There are at least two elements that respond to the X-gene transactivation. One is located in the sequences between −5100 and −2900, and the other is at the C/EBP site. Therefore, the X-gene activates the c-jun and α-fetoprotein genes through different host factors, namely AP-1 and C/EBP, respectively. The results of c-jun activation by the X-gene strongly support the previous hypothesis that the X-gene may play a critical role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Fast spectral domain algorithm for rapid solution of integral equations

A fast spectral domain algorithm is presented for rapid solution of planar surface integral equations. The method of moments coupling integral matrix is formulated in the spectral domain but not explicitly calculated. Thus, in conjunction with an iterative equation solver, the pertinent matrix/vector products are evaluated with complexity O(n) where n is the number of unknowns. Validation and timing results are presented for an array analysis approach using a hybrid finite element (FE)-boundary integral implementation.
Dynamics of defects in Ce^3+ doped silica affecting its performance as protective filter in ultraviolet high-power lasers

We investigate defects forming in Ce3+-doped fused silica samples following exposure to nanosecond ultraviolet laser pulses and their relaxation as a function of time and exposure to low intensity light at different wavelengths. A subset of these defects are responsible for inducing absorption in the visible and near infrared spectral range, which is of critical importance for the use of this material as ultraviolet light absorbing filter in high power laser systems. The dependence of the induced absorption as a function of laser fluence and methods to most efficiently mitigate this effect are presented. Experiments simulating the operation of the material as a UV protection filter for high power laser systems were performed in order to determine limitations and practical operational conditions.
An evaluation of an integrated on-chip/off-chip network for high-performance reconfigurable computing

As the number of cores per discrete integrated circuit (IC) device grows, the importance of the network on chip (NoC) increases. However, the body of research in this area has focused on discrete IC devices alone which may or may not serve the highperformance computing community which needs to assemble many of these devices into very large scale, parallel computing machines. This paper describes an integrated on-chip/off-chip network that has been implemented on an all-FPGA computing cluster. The system supports MPI-style point-to-point messages, collectives, and other novel communication. Results include the resource utilization and performance (in latency and bandwidth).
Surgical Treatment of Esophageal High-Grade Dysplasia

Background Barrett's esophagus, high-grade dysplasia (HGD), and invasive cancer are steps in the progression of esophageal adenocarcinoma. While surgery is recommended for resectable invasive adenocarcinoma, a number of treatment modalities are advocated for HGD. The purpose of this study is to determine the outcomes after surgery for HGD. Methods We identified cases of HGD based on endoscopic biopsy in a single institution's databases from 1980 through 2001. Records were reviewed for patient characteristics, treatments, staging, and outcomes. Results In a 22-year period, 869 cases of esophageal adenocarcinoma and 1,614 cases of Barrett's esophagus were diagnosed. Of these, 115 had HGD without pretreatment evidence of invasion. Forty-nine patients with HGD underwent resection (mean age, 59 years) as initial treatment. Forty-seven had endoscopic treatment (mean age, 70 years) by photodynamic therapy or endoscopic mucosal resection. Seven of the endoscopically treated patients failed, with three undergoing surgery and four observation. Nineteen patients were initially observed, with six eventually having surgery. For the 49 initially treated surgically, one (2%) operative mortality occurred. Invasive adenocarcinoma was present in 18 (37%). The five-year survival was 83% for all resected HGD patients (91% for those without invasion, 68% with invasion). Three of the eight deaths in those with invasion were from recurrent adenocarcinoma. Conclusions Surgical resection of esophageal HGD can be performed with low mortality and allows long-term survival. A significant percentage with an initial diagnosis of HGD will have invasive disease at resection. Surgery is the optimal treatment for HGD unless contraindicated by severe comorbidities.
Staging of Cancer and Methods for Unifying Systems Aims and Prospectives

Although there may be other factors, such as degree of differentiation and endocrine function, that are important in determing the prognosis of a cancer, the most important single factor is the anatomic extent of the lesion. For the clinician the stage of the cancer is a major factor in finding the extent of treatment for individual cases. When cases are appropriately staged using the same definitions for staging, management of groups of patients can be reported, and data can be comparable and meaningful. Confusions with regard to definitions have been overcome by joint meetings of the National TNM Committees for unification of TNM definitions.
Leveraging Web Intelligence for Finding Interesting Research Datasets

The problem of user's interest to item matching is at the core of recommendation systems and search engines. This problem is well studied in different contexts such as item, document, music and movie recommendations. For the purpose of recommendation these systems store the context or the meta-data information about the item of interest (e.g. user rating for books, tags, price etc). However, the general approaches for finding relevant items for recommendation cannot be directly applied in the case when the context or meta-data information about the item of interest is missing. In this paper we describe an algorithmic approach to handle this problem of missing context for items. In the proposed approach we have extended the context of user's interest and developed an unsupervised algorithm to find the items of interest for the user. Finally the items are ranked based on their relevance to the user's interest. We study this problem in the domain of dataset recommendation where the meta-data information about the datasets is missing due to lack of coherent and complete repository for the research datasets. We evaluate the performance of the proposed framework with real world dataset consisting of 20 user queries. We find that the proposed framework can recommend datasets for user queries with a recall of 90% in the top-4 recommendations. We also compared the performance of the dataset finding algorithm with the state of art supervised classification approach. We get a significant improvement of 36% using the proposed algorithm.
Binding constants of divalent mercury (Hg2+) in soil humic acids and soil organic matter.

Distribution coefficients (KOC) for Hg2+ binding by IHSS Pahokee peat humic acid (PHA) and humic acids separated from O-horizons and peats in a northern temperate forest were determined using a competitive ligand-exchange method. All measurements were made at low ratios of added Hg2+ to reduced S. The commonly used chelating agents, EGTA and DTPA, were found to be ineffective competitive ligands; thus, we used dl-penicillamine, a synthetic amino acid with a thiol group. Calculated free [Hg2+] at equilibrium is very low, ranging from 10-26.4 at pH 1.9 to 10-36.9 at pH 5.8. Corresponding log KOC values ranged from 22.6 to 32.8. The slope of the plot of pH versus log KOC was 2.68, suggesting that two or more protons are released when each Hg2+ is bound. This is consistent with binding of Hg2+ to bidentate thiol sites with some participation of a third weak-acid group, presumably a thiol. The 1:2 stoichiometry is consistent with X-ray spectroscopy data for Hg2+ bound to HA and with other pH-dependency results...
Recruitment time of conditioned opioid analgesia

Three experiments examined the development of conditioned analgesia in rats exposed to stimuli that had previously been paired with footshock. In Experiment 1, tailflick latencies increased if the tailflick test for analgesia was immediately preceded by 90 sec of exposure to a context in which unsignaled shock had previously been administered. This analgesia was blocked by the opiate antagonist naloxone administered prior to exposure to the context on the test day. Experiment 2 determined that 90 and 300 sec of exposure to the conditioning context immediately prior to testing evoked comparable analgesia as indexed by increased latencies to pawlick in response to thermal stimulation (hotplate). However, no analgesia was evident in animals exposed to the aversive context for 5 sec immediately prior to the hotplate test relative to animals not exposed to that context. In Experiment 3, a 5-sec exposure to the aversive context produced analgesia comparable to a 90-sec exposure if an 85-sec delay intervened between the 5-sec exposure and the hotplate test. These results suggest that brief exposure to stimuli previously paired with shock can activate the endogenous opioid system, but the analgesic action of these opioids is delayed. Implications for the role of endogenous opioids in learning are discussed.
Systems simulation. The simulation of social system evolution with spiral loops

Social system evolution is taken to be the result of the interaction of autonomous social systems for the purposes of this paper. An autonomous social system is understood to be a multilevel decision-making system which basically uses two types of rules in order to maintain its goals: rule-setting (strategies) and rule-fulfilling (policies). This article gives an introduction to a recently developed methodology which makes it possible to represent rule-setting and rule-fulfilling decision-making processes in social systems with their structural and behavioral differences. This new methodology also allows us to simulate evolutionary processes in social systems based on these two forms of decision making. The new methodology combines the continuous feedback loop concept of system dynamics with intelligent logical loops, which we call spiral loops. The spiral loop concept, which is based on new developments in evolutionary theory and in the field of artificial intelligence, is used to represent the rule-setting strategic decisions which generate qualitative changes and evolution. The continuous feedback loop concept is used to model the rule-fulfilling policy decisions of social systems which can generate quantitative changes in interaction processes. The potential of this new approach is demonstrated with two important social system applications: (1) The “portfolio simulation model” which helps us to explain and to design the evolution of multibusiness firms in duopoly markets; and (2) the “know-how transfer model” which explains the evolution of multinational corporations in less developed countries and which helps to improve the simultaneously ongoing process of know-how transfer.
A Meta-Analysis of Factors Affecting Local Adaptation between Interacting Species

Adaptive divergence among populations can result in local adaptation, whereby genotypes in native environments exhibit greater fitness than genotypes in novel environments. A body of theory has developed that predicts how different species traits, such as rates of gene flow and generation times, influence local adaptation in coevolutionary species interactions. We used a meta-analysis of local-adaptation studies across a broad range of host-parasite interactions to evaluate predictions about the effect of species traits on local adaptation. We also evaluated how experimental design influences the outcome of local adaptation experiments. In reciprocally designed experiments, the relative gene flow rate of hosts versus parasites was the strongest predictor of local adaptation, with significant parasite local adaptation only in the studies in which parasites had greater gene flow rates than their hosts. When nonreciprocal studies were included in analyses, species traits did not explain significant variation in local adaptation, although the overall level of local adaptation observed was lower in the nonreciprocal than in the reciprocal studies. This formal meta-analysis across a diversity of host-parasite systems lends insight into the role of both biology (species traits) and biologists (experimental design) in detecting local adaptation in coevolving species interactions.
A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in the Corticotropin Receptor Gene Is Associated With a Blunted Cortisol Response During Pediatric Critical Illness

Objectives:The cortisol response during critical illness varies widely among patients. Our objective was to examine single nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes regulating cortisol synthesis, metabolism, and activity to determine if genetic differences were associated with variability in the c
The distribution of corticotectal projection neurons correlates with the interblob compartment in macaque striate cortex

While much attention has been given to the correlation between cytochrome-oxidase (CO) compartments and patterns of cortico-cortical projections originating from supragranular layers in the striate cortex, little is known in this regard about patterns of cortico-subcortical projections originating from infragranular cortex. We studied the tangential distribution of the striate cortex neurons projecting to the superior colliculus and used two approaches to analyze the relationship of this distribution to the arrangement of CO "blobs." First, chi-square analysis indicated that significantly fewer labeled neurons were found within the CO blob compartment than the number expected for a random distribution. Second, spatial cross-correlation analysis--which circumvents the inherent subjectivity of delineating blob boundaries--revealed an area around blob centers in which there was a decreased probability of encountering labeled cells. The size of this area compared well with that of our outlines of CO blobs. We conclude that corticotectal projection neurons in the striate cortex are distributed preferentially within the interblob compartment of the infragranular striate cortex. These results demonstrate that the spatial distribution of cortico-subcortical projection neurons within infragranular cortex can correlate with the CO architecture of the primary visual cortex.
Role of tolvaptan in acute decompensated heart failure

Acute decompensated heart failure accounts for more than 1 million hospitalizations in the USA every year. Currently, the most common treatment for symptom relief is the use of loop diuretics, despite recent concerns for potential adverse effects. With the growing understanding of the role of neurohormonal dysregulation in the pathophysiology of heart failure, there has been increasing interest in novel pharmacologic therapies targeting specific neurohormonal axes. Serum arginine vasopressin is a potent vasoconstrictor, as well as an antidiuretic, and serum concentrations are upregulated in heart failure. Tolvaptan, a vasopressin receptor antagonist, has been shown to improve diuresis and symptom relief without adversely affecting renal function, and may be a promising novel therapeutic agent in the growing population of patients with heart failure.
Emergence of polar-jet polygons from jet instabilities in a Saturn model

Voyager flybys of Saturn in 1980–1981 revealed a circumpolar wave at ≈78° north planetographic latitude. The feature had a dominant wavenumber 6 mode, and has been termed the Hexagon from its geometric appearance in polar-projected mosaics. It was also noted for being stationary with respect to Saturn’s Kilometric Radiation (SKR) rotation rate. The Hexagon has persisted for over 30 years since the Voyager observations until now. It has been observed from ground based telescopes, Hubble Space Telescope and multiple instruments onboard Cassini in orbit around Saturn. Measurements of cloud motions in the region reveal the presence of a jet stream whose path closely follows the Hexagon’s outline. Why the jet stream takes the characteristic six-sided shape and how it is stably maintained across multiple saturnian seasons are yet to be explained. We present numerical simulations of the 78.3°N jet using the Explicit Planetary Isentropic-Coordinate (EPIC) model and demonstrate that a stable hexagonal structure can emerge without forcing when dynamic instabilities in the zonal jet nonlinearly equilibrate. For a given amplitude of the jet, the dominant zonal wavenumber is most strongly dependent on the peak curvature of the jet, i.e., the second north–south spatial derivative of the zonal wind profile at the center of the jet. The stable polygonal shape of the jet in our simulations is formed by a vortex street with cyclonic and anticyclonic vortices lining up towards the polar and equatorial side of the jet, respectively. Our result is analogous to laboratory experiments of fluid motions in rotating tanks that develop polygonal flows out of vortex streets. However, our results also show that a vortex street model of the Hexagon cannot reproduce the observed propagation speed unless the zonal jet’s speed is modified beyond the uncertainties in the observed zonal wind speed, which suggests that a vortex street model of the Hexagon and the observed zonal wind profile may not be mutually compatible.
A Method for Estimating Control Failure Effects for Aerodynamic Vehicle Trajectory Retargeting

Advanced guidance and control utilizes control reconflguration, guidance adaptation, trajectory reshaping, and an on-line mission/abort planner to achieve the best possible mission given that the vehicle’s performance has been degraded by some sort of failure. Potential failures include actuator loss (locked, ∞oating), engine out, damage to the vehicle, aerodynamic mismodelling, and so on. The trend towards the development of autonomous vehicles has placed more emphasis on requiring trajectory retargeting/reshaping algorithms. One of the main di‐culties in trajectory retargeting is predicting the efiects of failures at future ∞ight conditions. In this work, a method is presented that can generate critical information that is required to perform on-line trajectory retargeting. In particular, a method for estimating failure induced constraints, for failures involving locked or ∞oating control efiectors, is presented which accounts for 6 degree-of-freedom (DOF) effects upon the reduced order models that are used by trajectory generation algorithms. These constraints on the vehicle are not constant and can vary widely over difierent ∞ight conditions. This means that one cannot assume that a set of constraints estimated at a one ∞ight condition will be valid at any other ∞ight condition. This phenomenon limits the class of failures for which one can estimate constraints or 6 DOF efiects on reduced order models, using only the original aerodynamic database. Efiector failures such as locked or ∞oating surfaces are a class of failures whose efiects can be estimated over a wide range of operating conditions. This is because the aerodynamic database for the vehicle does not change as a result of such a failure. The efiects of locked or ∞oating surfaces can be estimated at all ∞ight conditions for which the original aerodynamic database is valid. Online aerodynamic database estimation techniques have not been developed and sensing and identiflcation of outer mold line changes compounds the problem. In order to generate a practical on-line trajectory retargeting algorithm, vehicle constraints must be estimated at future ∞ight conditions and in this work we limit ourselves to dealing with efiector failures that can be directly sensed. In this paper, the constraint estimation issue is discussed and brought to the forefront with the use of an example.
Developing an overall ranking of 79 marketing journals: An introduction of PRINQUAL to marketing

The PRINQUAL (PRINcipal components of QUALitative data) procedure transforms original variables linearly or nonlinearly and optimizes the properties of the transformed variables’ covariance or correlation matrix. During the transformation procedure, PRINQUAL also imputes missing values measured at all levels of measurement. Although the application of PRINQUAL is endless in marketing, it is virtually unknown to marketing researchers. This study introduces PRINQUAL to marketing by demonstrating its capability, which produces a composite ranking of marketing journals across a variety of studies that used different ways of rankings and ranked a different set of journals. The application PRINQUAL integrates 13 studies and produces overall rankings of 79 marketing journals.
A New Option for Glycemic Control: Insulin Degludec, a New‐Generation Basal Insulin with an Ultralong Duration of Action

Basal insulin represents an essential tool in the treatment of diabetes mellitus; it can be prescribed with oral antidiabetic agents for the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) or used as part of a basal-bolus regimen in type 1 diabetes (T1D) and more advanced T2D. The basal insulin products currently on the market, although improved, do not optimally mimic endogenous insulin secretion. It is therefore important to investigate how the action of a basal insulin can be improved to match the physiologic profile more precisely and consequently to examine the desired properties of an ideal new-generation basal insulin. Some of these characteristics would include stable pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles, true 24-hour duration of action in all patients, low within-person variability in absorption and glucose-lowering action, more flexible dose timing, and low occurrence of hypoglycemia. A new-generation basal insulin, insulin degludec, currently approved in Japan, Mexico, and Europe, was designed to provide a more stable pharmacotherapeutic option with a lower risk of hypoglycemia than the currently available basal insulins while retaining an efficacious profile. The characteristics of an ideal basal insulin are reviewed, and the pharmacology and clinical attributes of insulin degludec are discussed.
Age estimation for young bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) using annual baleen growth increments

We compiled age estimates and baleen plate δ13C data from 86 bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus L., 1758). We used previous whale age estimates based on aspartic acid racemization (AAR) and corpora counts to extend the use of δ13C data for age determination from cycle counting to a modified exponential model using annual baleen growth increments. Our approach used the growth increment data from individual whales in a nonlinear mixed effects model to assess both population-level and whale-specific growth parameters. Although age estimates from baleen-based models become less precise as the whales age, and baleen growth and length near steady state, the growth increment model shows promise in estimating ages of bowhead whales 10–13.5 m long with baleen lengths <250 cm, where other techniques are less precise or the data are scarce. Ages estimated using the growth increment data from such whales ranged from 6.4 to 19.8 years.
CHANGES IN VEGETATION AND NUTRIENT POOLS DURING RIPARIAN SUCCESSION

Changes in vegetation composition, structure, biomass, and the nutrient pools of phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium are described for a riparian sere on the floodplain of the lower Yellowstone River, Montana. Community dominance progressed from seedlings of Great Plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides) and sandbar willow (Salix exigua), to a thicket of sandbar willow and cottonwood, to cottonwood forest, to shrubs, and finally to grassland. Sandbar willow and cottonwood were lost because they died without regeneration. Community height and structural complexity increased to a maximum in the cottonwood stages and decreased in the latter stages. Change from the cottonwood seedling to cottonwood forest and grassland stages for total above-ground biomass (1 Mg/ha to 193 Mg/ha to 2 Mg/ha, respectively), below-ground biomass (6 Mg/ha to 94 Mg/ha to 29 Mg/ha, respectively) and soil organic matter (31 Mg/ha to 216 Mg/ha to 177 Mg/ha, respectively) was similar, initially increasing then decreasing. Total ecosystem phosphorus mass increased from 7000 kg/ha to 9000 kg/ha as the cottonwoods matured and remained relatively constant thereafter. In contrast, nitrogen and extractable potassium mass increased as the cottonwood forests matured (3000 kg/ha to 8000 kg/ha and 500 kg/ha to 3000 kg/ha for N and K, respectively) and declined slightly as the cottonwood forests died out.
AEDES AEGYPTI VECTORIAL CAPACITY IS DETERMINED BY THE INFECTING GENOTYPE OF DENGUE VIRUS

Dengue viruses causing severe, hemorrhagic disease have displaced less virulent strains in the Americas during the past three decades. The American (AM) genotype of dengue serotype 2 has been endemic in the Western Hemisphere and South Pacific, causing outbreaks of dengue fever (DF), but has not been linked to dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). The Southeast Asian (SEA) genotype of dengue was introduced into this hemisphere in 1981, has caused outbreaks with numerous cases of DHF, and has displaced the AM genotype in several countries. We investigated the effect of viral genotype on the potential for transmission by infecting Aedes aegypti mosquitoes collected in South Texas with six viruses, representing these two genotypes. Viral replication in the midgut was significantly higher in SEA-infected mosquitoes, and virus-specific proteins could be detected in salivary glands 7 days earlier in SEA- than AM-infected mosquitoes. This much earlier appearance of dengue virus in salivary glands resulted in an estimated 2- to 65-fold increase in the vectorial capacity of these mosquitoes for the viruses that can cause DHF. This may be one of the mechanisms through which more virulent flaviviruses spread and displace others globally.
A Hierarchical Analysis of Habitat Selection by Raccoons in Northern Indiana

Abstract Although numerous studies have examined habitat use by raccoons (Procyon lotor), information regarding seasonal habitat selection related to resource availability in agricultural landscapes is lacking for this species. Additionally, few studies using radiotelemetry have investigated habitat selection at multiple spatial scales or core-use areas by raccoons. We examined seasonal habitat selection of 55 (31 M, 24 F) adult raccoons at 3 hierarchical orders defined by the movement behavior of this species (second-order home range, second-order core-use area, and third-order home range) in northern Indiana, USA, from May 2003 to June 2005. Using compositional analysis, we assessed whether habitat selection differed from random and ranked habitat types in order of selection during the crop growing period (season 1) and corn maturation period (season 2), which represented substantial shifts in resource availability to raccoons. Habitat rankings differed across hierarchical orders, between seasons within...
Bursting into space: alterations of sympathetic control by space travel.

AIM: Astronauts return to Earth with reduced red cell masses and hypovolaemia. Not surprisingly, when they stand, their heart rates may speed inordinately, their blood pressures may fall, and some may experience frank syncope. We studied autonomic function in six male astronauts (average +/- SEM age: 40 +/- 2 years) before, during, and after the 16-day Neurolab space shuttle mission. METHOD: We recorded electrocardiograms, finger photoplethysmographic arterial pressures, respiration, peroneal nerve muscle sympathetic activity, plasma noradrenaline and noradrenaline kinetics, and cardiac output, and we calculated stroke volume and total peripheral resistance. We perturbed autonomic function before and during spaceflight with graded Valsalva manoeuvres and lower body suction, and before and after the mission with passive upright tilt. RESULTS: In-flight baseline sympathetic nerve activity was increased above pre-flight levels (by 10-33%) in three subjects, in whom noradrenaline spillover and clearance also were increased. Valsalva straining provoked greater reductions of arterial pressure, and proportionally greater sympathetic responses in space than on Earth. Lower body suction elicited greater increases of sympathetic nerve activity, plasma noradrenaline, and noradrenaline spillover in space than on Earth. After the Neurolab mission, left ventricular stroke volume was lower and heart rate was higher during tilt, than before spaceflight. No astronaut experienced orthostatic hypotension or pre-syncope during 10 min of post-flight tilting. CONCLUSION: We conclude that baseline sympathetic outflow, however measured, is higher in space than on earth, and that augmented sympathetic nerve responses to Valsalva straining, lower body suction, and post-flight upright tilt represent normal adjustments to greater haemodynamic stresses associated with hypovolaemia.
Evaluation of a Monte Carlo scatter correction in clinical 3D PET

Phantom and patient data were used to compare performance of a one-iteration Monte Carlo scatter correction (MC-SC-1i) for 3D PET, a vendor-supplied one-iteration single scatter model-based correction (SSS-1i) for 3D PET, unscatter-corrected 3D PET (No-SC), a SSS-1i followed by Monte Carlo scatter correction as a second iteration (MC-SSS) for 3D PET, and a convolution-subtraction scatter correction for 2D PET in terms of quantitative accuracy and lesion detectability. ROI analysis showed 2D PET images were more accurate than 3D, particularly for large phantoms, and MC-SSS corrected 3D PET images were more accurate than SSS-1i corrected 3D PET images for this data set. 2D and 3D PET images were reconstructed from 59 patient data sets. Bias of 3D PET images with respect to 2D images was determined using Corresponding Intensity Variance. 3D PET uncorrected images overestimated activity by /spl sim/50% (smallest patients) to /spl sim/150% (largest patients). The average absolute bias of SSS-1i corrected images (16%) was twice that of MC-SSS (8%) and more dependent on patient size. Lesion detection sensitivity in these patient images was evaluated using a Channelized Hotelling Observer. Scatter corrected 3D PET images performed /spl sim/10% better than uncorrected 3D PET images for smaller patients. Slightly better lesion sensitivity was seen for large patients in images reconstructed using SSS-1i (CHO-SNR=2.23/spl plusmn/0.29) compared to MC-SSS (2.08/spl plusmn/0.27) and uncorrected images (2.02/spl plusmn/0.23).
Sex-Role Identity, Sex-Role Behavior, And Satisfaction In Heterosexual, Lesbian, And Gay Male Couples

Partners in 10 heterosexual, 10 lesbian, and 5 gay male couples completed the BSRI and a questionnaire about their demographic backgrounds, sex-role differentiation in their relationships, and satisfaction with the relationship. Members of heterosexual couples were more sex-typed on the BSRI and more sex-role differentiated in their behavior than members of lesbian couples. Members of gay male couples appeared the most sex-typed in their identities, but the least sex-typed in their behavior. BSRI scores predicted sex-role differentiation in heterosexual couples, but not in lesbian couples. Satisfaction was related to the amount and type of sex-role behavior, but unrelated to gender, background characteristics, BSRI score, or couple type.
Eastern North Pacific hurricane season of 2000

Abstract There were 11 tropical storms, 6 hurricanes, and 2 tropical depressions during the 2000 eastern North Pacific hurricane season. Two tropical storms made landfall in Mexico.
A lesson in bias: The relationship between implicit racial bias and performance in pedagogical contexts

Abstract We posit instructors' implicit racial bias as a factor in racial disparities in academic achievement and test the relationship between this factor, instructor lesson quality, and learners' subsequent test performance. In Study 1, white participants were assigned to the role of instructor and gave a short lesson to a learner who was either black or white. Instructors' implicit bias predicted diminished test performance on the part of black, but not white, learners. Further, instructors' anxiety and lesson quality, as rated by coders, mediated the relationship between their implicit bias and learners' test performance. In Study 2, a separate sample of non-black participants watched videos of instructors from cross-race lessons from the first experiment. Once again, instructors' implicit bias predicted diminished test performance by participants. These findings suggest that underperformance by minorities in academic domains may be driven by the effect implicit racial biases have on educators' pedagogical effectiveness.
General cognitive ability and fluctuating asymmetry of brain surface area

Abstract The developmental roots of individual variation in general cognitive ability (GCA) are the subject of intense scientific interest. One unique perspective is offered by developmental instability theory, which suggests that variation in GCA in part reflects the ability to buffer brain development from key environmental and genetic perturbations. Support for this approach comes mainly from assessment of fluctuating asymmetry, or deviations from symmetry of body features that are symmetric at the population level. In this study of healthy young adults (N = 244) we assessed fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of total cortical surface area (CSFA) from 33 regions using automated analysis. Overall CSFA was negatively related to GCA, consistent with meta-analytic results from body FA studies. A correlated vectors analysis indicated that the CSFA-cognition relationship varied systematically with a test's g loading. Further, FA of frontoparietal regions was a significant predictor of GCA, but FA non-frontoparietal regions was not, consistent with the Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT) model of intelligence. Frontoparietal FA was less than non-frontoparietal FA, i.e., consistent with the hypothesis that regions linked with GCA are better buffered from perturbation, perhaps a reflection of the importance of GCA for important life outcomes.
Kummer's Test Gives Characterizations for Convergence or Divergence of all Positive Series

(1994). Kummer's Test Gives Characterizations for Convergence or Divergence of all Positive Series. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 101, No. 5, pp. 450-452.
Elimination of Copper and Iron Cyanide Complexes and Mechanism in Hypersaline System

In order to solve the problem that the presence of copper cyanide complexes(CuCN_3~(2-)and G1CN_4~(3-)) and iron cyanide complex(FeCN_6~(4-)) in lixivium increases the consumption of NaCN and activated carbon in the process of gold ore cyanide leaching,the forms of copper and iron cyanide complexes in hypersaline system were discussed preliminarily,and the elimination efficiencies of these complexes by three different methods,i.e.the hydrogen peroxide oxidation,the chlorine oxidation and the acidification,were comparatively analyzed.The results showed that the elimination efficiencies of the copper cyanide complexes are over 99%by the three methods,while that of iron cyanide complex are 73%,62%and 55%,respectively.The protonation is more effective for the elimination and decomposition of copper cyanide complexes and iron cyanide complex man oxidation in hypersaline system.
Reform of Purified Water Preparation System and Its Pipeline System for Powder Formulation Production under New GMP Requirements

The quality of purified water used in pharmaceutical production will directly affect the quality of the produced drug and the quality of injection used water. Thus, the preparation of purified water is the key step in drug production. Before the execution of new version of Chinese pharmaceutical production GMP, which is conform to EU GMP, the purified water preparation system and pipeline system were analyzed and improved, based on the requirements in EU GMP, in the reform process, so that, the powder formulation production used water system can be guaranteed to reach the requirement of new Chinese pharmaceutical production GMP.
Simulation of Accumulated Surface Charge Effect on DC Cone-type Spacers

In order to study accumulated surface charge effect on DC cone-type spacers,a simulation model of cone-type spacers which are used in GIL lines was built to yield the electric field data with the software Maxwell 2D.Finite element method was used for analysis.The simulation results show the change of electrostatic field when different polarities and amounts of surface charges occur on different locations of cone-type spacers.Different polarities of surface charges can lead to different influences,different locations which the surface charges occur on also lead to different influences.When the amount of accumulated surface charges reaches a certain lever,it may lead to the degradation of insulation performance.The amount of surface charges on cone-type spacers is reduced by degrees in the simulation until the electric field after the surface charge generated is almost as the original electric field.The amount of surface charge at this time can be accepted as the allowable value.
Congenital double pylorus. A case report and review of the literature.

A case of congenital double pylorus is reported, with illustrations of the radiological and histological characteristics. As far as can be ascertained, a complete review of the literature is given. Of the 10 cases of double pylorus previously reported, only 1 case reported by Christen et al. (1971) was considered to be congenital; the rest were thought to be acquired from ulcer disease.
George McGovern & the democratic insurgents: the best campaign & political posters of the last fifty years

In George McGovern & the Democratic Insurgents: The Best Campaign & Political Posters of the Last Fifty Years, Hal Elliott Wert tells the story of a tumultuous political era through its presidentia...
Resident and attending assessments of operative involvement: do we agree?

Abstract Background General surgery residents' (GSRs') operative experience likely improves with increased involvement. We explored GSRs and attending surgeons' (ASs') perceptions of GSRs' operative roles. Methods GSRs and ASs completed surveys postoperatively regarding responsibility for several operative tasks (incision opening, dissection of minor and major structures, major suturing, and incision closure). Analyses used chi-square test ( P Results A total of 151 pairs of surveys were collected. Interpair agreement on GSRs involvement varied for each category (ρ range: .30 to .67), and GSRs underestimated their involvement for every step. GSRs frequently performed the majority of each task (range: 86% to 97%). Decreasing operational complexity, acute operations, and junior ASs ( Conclusions GSRs involvement was extensive, and agreement with ASs was high overall. Some discrepancies remain in several categories based on operational complexity, acuity, and ASs experience.
Prehospital Care of Penetrating Trauma

Prehospital care and movement of critically injured penetrating trauma patients are key components of an effective system of trauma care.
Transforming school ensemble instruction through spiritually informed teaching practices

AbstractThe transformative experiences that could be central to learning are curiously absent from American school music education. Students are motivated through competition and the goal of most programmes is flawless large ensemble performance. This paper describes a music programme in which the daily instructional practices have been modified and influenced by an outreach programme in which the students taught socially and economically challenged children of similar age. This programme was developed by a teacher with a deep sense of faith. His spiritually informed teaching practices emphasise the same principles of social justice espoused by secular educational philosophers. Parallels between spiritual and educational philosophies and a discussion of the transformations experienced by students conclude the paper.
The Changing Landscape of Peer Aggression: A Literature Review on Cyberbullying and Interventions

While traditional forms of bullying have been steadily decreasing over the course of the last two decades, cyberbullying has emerged as a major concern among parents, teachers, and other professionals working with young people. Because cyberbullying is a relatively new phenomenon, its research base is not as well developed as research on traditional bullying. In this literature review, the authors synthesize current knowledge on cyberbullying’s prevalence among youth; its relationship to offline bullying; which youth are most likely to be perpetrators and victims; the negative effects of cyberbullying on victims; and the landscape of intervention efforts currently employed in the United States. In the process, they highlight areas in need of future research.
Predominant seismic source distance and magnitude maps for Los Angeles, Orange, and Ventura Counties, California

Abstract Hazard deaggregation at each grid point of a probabilistic seismic hazard map can provide maps of the most probable seismic source distance and magnitude. Maps of predominant seismic source distance and magnitude for PGA, and 5% damped spectral acceleration (SA) at 0.3-, 1.0-, and 2.0-sec periods are produced for the first time for Los Angeles, Orange, and Ventura counties in southern California. These maps show that large earthquakes on faults local to any site generally dominate the 10% probability of exceedence in 50- and 100-yr hazards in southern California. Major faults, like the San Andreas, San Jacinto, and Elsinore faults, dominate mainly in their vicinity. At spectral periods beyond 2 sec, earthquakes on these major faults can dominate out to larger distances.
How Navigating Uncertainty Motivates Trust in Medicine.

“Difficult” patient-physician encounters have roots in uncertainty about individuals’ trustworthiness, clinicians’ skills and training, and medical science.
Culture of War Relief

Support for the arts and bipartisan war relief activities went hand in hand in Brooklyn’s elite society during the Civil War. The new Long Island and Brooklyn Historical Society and Art Association with its planned free public gallery flourished, but the Horticultural Society faded. The Brooklyn Woman’s Relief Association aided by the men’s War Fund Committee took the lead in home front war relief efforts with their Brooklyn and Long Island Sanitary Fair which raised over $400,000 in support of the US Sanitary Commission. The Old New England Kitchen featured prominently at the Fair. Internal tensions over exclusivity continued to rankle conservative and progressive factions over what constituted proper taste in polite society and whether alcohol and raffling should be permitted at the Fair.
Grasper integrated tri-axial force sensor system for robotic minimally invasive surgery

This paper describes the design, microfabrication, and characterization of a miniature force sensor for providing tactile feedback in robotic surgical systems. We demonstrate for the first time a microfabricated sensor that can provide triaxial sensing (normal, x-shear, y-shear) in a single sensor element that can be integrated with commercial robotic surgical graspers. Features of this capacitive force sensor include differential sensing in the shear directions as well as a design where all electrical connections are on one side, leaving the backside pristine as the sensing face. The sensor readout is performed by a custom-designed printed circuit board with 24-bit resolution. Experimental results of sensor performance show normal force resolution of 0.055 N, x-shear resolution of 0.25 N, and y-shear resolution of 1.45 N, all of which fall in a range of clinically relevant forces.
Production/destruction in Latin America

Abstract Rural production has long been a central topic for social sciences and history of Latin America, and scholars have noted the ways that societies and environments form around productive systems. Inspired by Gaston Gordillo's 2014 book Rubble, this article introduces a Special Section of the JPE that shifts the focus to the inseparably destructive aspects of production. We acknowledge the temporal dynamics of booms and busts in Latin American commodity production, but challenge recent tendencies to glorify destruction as necessarily and positively creative. Framing the issue as a question for Science and Technology Studies, we argue that treating technologies as rubble can shed light on dynamics of historical change, social contestation, and environmental destruction that are too often overlooked. Key words: environment, Latin America, creative destruction, Rubble, science and technology
The Role of FNDC5/Irisin in the Nervous System and as a Mediator for Beneficial Effects of Exercise on the Brain

Exercise can improve cognitive function and the outcome of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease. This effect has been linked to the increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms driving the elevation of this neurotrophin remain unknown. Recently, we have reported a PGC-1α-FNDC5/irisin pathway that is activated by exercise in the hippocampus in mice and induces a neuroprotective gene program, including Bdnf. This review will focus on FNDC5 and its secreted form “irisin,” a newly discovered myokine, its role in the nervous system and its therapeutic potential. In addition, we will briefly discuss the role of other exercise-induced myokines in positive brain effects.
On a nonlinearity in flow birefringence

The nonlinearity observed in the flow-birefringent data can be explained by considering a properly formulated constitutiv relation, and is seen to be a natural consequence of the representation of a tensor function. The optical relation proposed is valid for a general threedimensional flow and, in addition, gives a meaning to the isoclinics in terms of the strain-rate components.