cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comments on: A comparative analysis for determining optimal price and order quantity when a sale increases demand

Although the net present value (NPV) criterion is theoretically the correct approach to developing optimal inventory policies, in the classical EOQ case, the average profit criterion generates solutions that are practically identical to those resulting from the NPV criterion. Nevertheless, a recent paper suggests that, when the demand for a product is price-elastic and a wholesaler offers a one-time-only price discount, use of the average profit criterion may obtain policies that are drastically suboptimal compared to the policies obtained by using the NPV criterion. We show that this suggestion is based on inaccurate models and inconsistent comparisons. Although in cases of large one-time-only discounts, there may be significant differences in the policies and consequences resulting from the two criteria, such large discounts are unrealistic. Furthermore, the larger the discount, the less practicable are the optimal order quantities based on either one of these criteria. Thus, in most real-life situations, the use of the average profit criterion does not result in serious suboptimization. In these situations, what may be important is not whether a retailer uses the NPV criterion or the average profit criterion, but whether the retailer can and does implement the optimal decisions resulting from the use of either criterion.
Perchloric acid: A possible sink for stratospheric chlorine

Abstract The possibility that chlorine may deplete stratospheric chlorine has received considerable attention recently. The only termination steps considered up to now involve HCl formation by chlorine atom attack on hydrogen-bearing molecules. We propose that an important removal mechanism for chlorine in the stratosphere may be the formation of HClO4 via the sequence of steps Cl + O2 + O3 → ClO3 + O2 ClO3 + OH → HClO4. In addition to being produced as often as HCl, HClO4 may be more stable to radical attack and thus a more efficient sink than HCl for stratospheric chlorine.
Order-Disorder and Displacive Behavior of the Cation (NH4 +) Sites in the Hydrogen-Bonded Antiferroelectric NH4H2AsO4: 15N NMR Evidence

We report high resolution 15N NMR measurements of the paraelectric to antiferroelectric phase transition (TN = 216 K) of the model hydrogen-bonded antiferroelectric NH4H2AsO4 (ADA). We specifically examined whether the NH4 + ions undergo a displacive or an order-disorder behavior at the phase transition. High resolution NMR measurements were made on 15N-enriched single crystals, using the CPMAS technique at a frequency of 50.6 MHz (11.4T). The temperature dependence of the isotropic chemical shift, δiso, and of the spin-lattice relaxation time, T1, shows clear anomalies at the phase transition. These results are interpreted as evidence for the coexistence of an order-disorder and displacive behavior at the NH4 + site.
Examination of data, rule generation and detection of phishing URLs using online logistic regression

Web services such as online banking, gaming, and social networking have rapidly evolved as has the reliance upon them by people to perform everyday tasks. As a result, a large amount of information is uploaded on a daily basis to the Web. The openness of the Web exposes opportunities for criminals to upload malicious content. Despite extensive research, email based spam filtering techniques are unable to protect other web services. Therefore, a counter measure must be taken that generalizes across web services to protect the user from phishing hosts. The paper describes an approach that classifies URLs automatically based on their lexical and host-based features. The usability of Mahout is demonstrated for such scalable machine learning problems, and online learning is considered over batch learning. The classifier achieves 93–97% accuracy by detecting a large number of phishing hosts, while maintaining a modest false positive rate. The raw data is examined, and the effectiveness of various feature subsets is assessed. The relevance of bigrams is assessed, and strengthened by using the chi-squared and information gain attribute evaluation methods.
Early season dispersal of Muscidifurax zaraptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) utilizing freeze-killed housefly pupae as hosts.

. The pteromalid wasp, Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan and Legner, was released at three locations at a dairy in May before housefly and stable fly breeding had begun. Freeze-killed housefly pupae were placed adjacent to the emerging parasites at biweekly intervals for a 6-week period. Hosts placed out weeks 0 and 2 were heavily parasitized. Decreased parasitism in hosts placed out at week 4 suggested that many of the M.zaraptor had dispersed or died. High parasitism of hosts placed in the field at week 6 was the result of second generation parasites emerging from pupae placed out at week 0. Parasitism of freeze-killed housefly pupae placed 6 m and in the four cardinal directions from the release points was similar but lower than for hosts placed adjacent to the emerging parasites. The study demonstrated that emerging M.zaraptor readily utilized nearby freeze-killed housefly pupae but the availability of these hosts did not deter the parasites from searching for additional hosts.
High-density association study of 383 candidate genes for volumetric BMD at the femoral neck and lumbar spine among older men.

Genetics is a well-established but poorly understood determinant of BMD. Whereas some genetic variants may influence BMD throughout the body, others may be skeletal site specific. We initially screened for associations between 4608 tagging and potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 383 candidate genes and femoral neck and lumbar spine volumetric BMD (vBMD) measured from QCT scans among 862 community-dwelling white men ≥65 yr of age in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS). The most promising SNP associations (p < 0.01) were validated by genotyping an additional 1156 white men from MrOS. This analysis identified 8 SNPs in 6 genes (APC, DMP1, FGFR2, FLT1, HOXA, and PTN) that were associated with femoral neck vBMD and 13 SNPs in 7 genes (APC, BMPR1B, FOXC2, HOXA, IGFBP2, NFATC1, and SOST) that were associated with lumbar spine vBMD in both genotyping samples (p < 0.05). Although most associations were specific to one skeletal site, SNPs in the APC and HOXA gene regions were associated with both femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD. This analysis identifies several novel and robust genetic associations for volumetric BMD, and these findings in combination with other data suggest the presence of genetic loci for volumetric BMD that are at least to some extent skeletal-site specific.
On an adaptive lattice predictor and a related application

Presents a tutorial development of an adaptive lattice predictor, and illustrates its use in an intrusion-detection application.
Supporting the child during the wake-up time

Waking up is, for all of us, a t ime of restructuring our perception of reality, organizing our defense mechanisms toward coping, mobilizing the ego to engage the world -i.e., "gett ing our heads together ." This is a task we face and deal with daily throughout our lives, and which we all occasionally find difficult. With the children we serve, it is difficult more of ten than not. As Brown (1972) suggests,
SU-FF-T-305: Comparative Workloads for Four Multi-Modality Linacs in Two Facilities

Purpose: Physicists performing radiation shielding calculations and post-construction surveys conservatively assume linacs will be used at highest energy (23X) and largest field sizes (FS) (40 cm)2 for equal times at primary angles (PA) (00, 900, 1800, and 2700). Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) use challenges these assumptions. How are linacs used in IMRT programs? Method and Materials: From patient records, we performed a daily workload analysis for four linacs in two facilities. Facility X, a Veterans Affairs (VA) hospital, Varian 2100C, has no IMRT program and treats male patients with standard methods. Facility Y, a university hospital, treats male and female patients with three Varian 21EX linacs. Linac B treats conventional non-IMRT patients, C treats conventional and IMRT prostate patients, and D treats IMRT head and neck patients, conventional patients, and patients requiring 6X total body irradiation. This unit was analyzed excluding (D-NoTBI) and including (D-TBI) TBI treatments. Results: Results are presented as follows: VA, B, C, D-NoTBI, and D-TBI. Daily ports and patients were: (165, 47); (78, 28); (98, 30); (77, 19); (86, 20). Daily beam times (min) were: 30,15, 21, 25, and 55. Modality uses (6X, 18 or 23X, EB) were: (16%, 81%, 3%); (37%, 59%, 4%); (40%, 57%, 3%); (85%, 15%, 0%); (86%, 14%, 0%). Minimum, average, and maximum FS, excluding TBI, were similar (6 cm)2, (14 cm)2, and (23 cm)2. Use at other than PA varied from a minimum (VA; 9%) to a maximum (D NoTBI; 48%). Data for average depths and doses will be presented. Conclusion: A 50% 6X IMRT use decreased, by 50%, patients treated daily but beam time decreased only 15%. 6X use increased to 85% and non-PA use increased by 48%. 6X TBI treatments can double beam use. Consequences for facility designs, programs, and radiation surveys will be presented.
Analysis of three-dimensional grids: The estimation of two missing data

Two data that are missing from the eight- or nine-point prismatic array can often be estimated if the measurements can modeled by linear, quadratic, exponential, or trigonometric forms. The estimates are easily obtained and they are potentially useful when laboratory work is routine or expensive.
Sex and Gender Differences in Leadership

There is a continuing dispute in the literature over whether sex and/or gender differences exist in leadership behavior. The purpose of this paper is to purview the literature, make recommendations...
An algorithm for open text semantic parsing

This paper describes an algorithm for open text shallow semantic parsing. The algorithm relies on a frame dataset (FrameNet) and a semantic network (WordNet), to identify semantic relations between words in open text, as well as shallow semantic features associated with concepts in the text. Parsing semantic structures allows semantic units and constituents to be accessed and processed in a more meaningful way than syntactic parsing, moving the automation of understanding natural language text to a higher level.
GABA- and glycine-induced Cl- channels in cultured mouse spinal neurons require the same energy to close.

Abstract Fluctuation analysis has been used to study the influence of temperature on the conductance and mean open time of Cl − permeable ion channels induced by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine in the membrane of tissue cultured mouse spinal neurons. The conductance of GABA − and glycine-activated channels increased slightly at higher temperatures ( Q 10 ∼ 1.3 ). The mean open times of these channels decreased at higher temperatures ( Q 10 ∼ 3 ). Arrhenius plots for the open times of GABA- and glycine-induced channels were parallel and showed no obvious transition behavior over the temperature range 16–40°C.
Modulatory Properties of Various Natural Chemopreventive Agents on the Activation of NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Purpose. To study and compare effects of selected natural chemopreventive agents on the transcription activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in human HT-29 colon cancer cells.
The clinical outcome of needle aspirations of the lung when cancer is not diagnosed

One hundred thirty-two of 397 consecutive percutaneous fine needle aspirations done at the University of Virginia between January, 1979, and December, 1984, for pulmonary lesions showed no evidence of cancer on cytological examination. We reviewed the presenting symptoms, radiographic findings on the day of needle aspiration, and the descriptive cytological terms to determine if it was possible to distinguish benign from malignant disease in these 132 patients. We found a specific benign diagnosis in only 16 (12%) of the 132 patients, and 1 of them ultimately was found to have cancer. In the remaining 116 patients, analysis of age, sex, smoking history, presenting symptoms, radiographic findings at the time of needle aspiration, and cytological terms other than malignancy did not enable distinction of benign from malignant disease as the cause of the radiographic finding. In the group of 132 patients without suggestion of cancer on initial cytological study, 38 (29%) were subsequently found to have a malignant process.
Diethylation Labeling Combined with UPLC/MS/MS for Simultaneous Determination of a Panel of Monoamine Neurotransmitters in Rat Prefrontal Cortex Microdialysates

The primary challenge associated with the development of an LC/MS/MS-based assay for simultaneous determination of biogenic monoamine neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and normetanephrine (NM) in rat brain microdialysates is to improve detection sensitivity. In this work, a UPLC/MS/MS-based method combined with a diethyl labeling technique was developed for simultaneous determination of a panel of monoamines in rat prefrontal cortex microdialysates. The chromatographic run time is 3.5 min/sample. The limits of detection of the UPLC/MS/MS-based method for NE, DA, 5-HT/ and NM, with/without diethyl labeling of monoamines, are 0.005/0.4 (30/2367 pM), 0.005/0.1 (33/653 pM), 0.005/0.2 (28/1136 pM), and 0.002/0.2 ng/mL (11/1092 pM), respectively. Diethyl labeling of amino groups of monoamines affords 20−100 times increased detection sensitivity of corresponding native monoamines during the UPLC/MS/MS analysis. This could result from the following: (1) improved fragm...
Incorporating remotely-sensed snow albedo into a spatially-distributed snowmelt model

Basin-average albedo estimated from remotely-sensed Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectroradiometer (AVIRIS) data specific to the catchment typically differed by 20% from albedo estimated using a common snow-age-based empirical relation. In some parts of the basin, differences were as large as 0.31. Using the AVIRIS albedo estimates in a distributed snowmelt model that explicitly includes net solar radiation resulted in a much more accurate estimate of the timing and magnitude of snowmelt as compared to the same model with the empirical albedo (R2 of 0.73 versus 0.59 and magnitude error of 2% versus 36% . Model improvement was most significant in areas and at times where incident solar radiation was relatively high and temperatures low. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.
The kinetics of the reactions of Cl−, O−, and O2− with HNO3: Implications for measurement of HNO3 in the atmosphere

Abstract The rate coefficients for the reactions of O−, Cl−, and O2− with HNO3 were measured to be (3.6 ± 0.9), (2.8 ± 0.7), and (2.9 ± 0.8) × 10−9 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, respectively, at 295 K using the flowing afterglow technique. NO3− was the only product ion identified for each of these reactions. The measured rate coefficients for the O− and Cl− reactions are larger than previously reported. The implications of these results for active chemical ionization mass spectrometry (ACIMS) measurements of HNO3 in the upper atmosphere are discussed.
Group treatment of erectile dysfunction for men without partners: A controlled evaluation

This study utilized a control group design to evaluate the effectiveness of group treatment of erectile dysfunction in men without partners. Twentyone men with secondary erectile dysfunction were randomly assigned to one of two men's groups with different cotherapy teams or to a waiting-list control condition. Results indicated that while the two men's groups did not differ on any clinical-outcome measures, each men's group improved significantly more than the waiting-list clients on a variety of measures concerning sexual attitudes and behaviors related to erectile dysfunction. Furthermore, most of the treatment gains for men's group participants were maintained at six-week and six-month follow-up evaluations. However, the men's group and waiting-list participants did not differ significantly in the reported frequency of erection difficulties following treatment. In comparing the present findings with those of previous studies of men's group treatment, it is hypothesized that the absence of significant change in the frequency of erection difficulties in the present study may have been attributable to the older age of our clients or to the relative lack of emphasis on dating-skills training in this treatment format. This study illustrates the importance of including some form of no-treatment control condition in the evaluation of new treatments for sexual dysfunction.
Functional and Evolutionary Explanations in Morphology

Two partly overlapping dichotomous systems of explanations exist in morphology, namely: (a) nomological-deductive versus historical-narrative explanations; and, (b) functional versus evolutionary. Evolutionary explanations cause the partial overlap between these systems as they can be either nomological-deductive or historical-narrative depending on the particular conclusion being advocated. Complete or full explanations must include both parts of either dichotomy, but this is not possible in many instances. Most explanations in morphology are functional ones, but, although incomplete, these are perfectly sensible and usable contrary to the claims of some evolutionists. Historical evolutionary explanations must be established on prior nomological functional explanations, but this has not been done in many discussion of the evolutionary history of morphological features in comparative anatomical and paleontological texts. Unfortunately such historical, morphological explanations, no matter how ingenious they may be, are vacuous. Moreover, excellent functional explanations in morphology do not automatically lead to correct historical evolutionary explanations. What is needed in morphology is the proper blend of functional and historical evolutionary explanations to arrive at persuasive full explanations. With this broad-based approach, a true evolutionary morphology will emerge with great advances in derived phylogenetic and classificatory analyses.
Do we need placebos to evaluate new drugs in children with schizophrenia

Rationale: Ethical issues are raised when placebos are used in human experimentation. This ethical concern is accentuated when research is contemplated among special sub-groups such as children, especially if they suffer from schizophrenia. Objectives: To review critically current ethical and scientific issues regarding the use of placebos in children with schizophrenia. Methods: Manual review of literature and agency policies on pertinent issues and presentation of thoughtful original ideas as to the ethical use of placebos in children. Results: There is compelling scientific and ethical justification underscoring the need and appropriateness of placebo-controlled studies in the treatment of childhood schizophrenia. Conclusion: The authors believe that children will gain access to new medications and receive safe and optimal drug therapy through well-conducted research that employs placebo controls.
Use of organic amines in water chemistry control for pressurized water reactor secondary systems

Abstract This review of technology describes the current state of research efforts in preventing pressurized water reactor (PWR) steam generator corrosion. Methods described center on reduction of sludge deposition through control of secondary cycle water chemistry. The theory and experiences with use of organic amines as alternate pH control agents in all-volatile treatment (AVT) are described. An approach to selecting an integrated water chemistry program for PWR Secondary Coolant is outlined.
Degradative capability of Pseudomonas putida on acetonitrile.

Pseudomonas putida, capable of utilizing acetonitrile as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen, was isolated from contaminated soil and water samples collected from industrial sites. TheP. putida cells were immobilized in calcium alginate beads. The degradation of acetonitrile by the immobilized cells ofP. putida was investigated. The immobilized cells degraded different concentrations of acetonitrile into ammonia and carbon dioxide. The effect of aeration on the degradation rate was also studied. Oxygen limitation was suggested in the alginate-immobilized system. The rate of degradation of acetonitrile increased with increase in the rate of aeration.
Psychological Aspects of Sport-Injury Rehabilitation: A Developmental Perspective.

Twenty years ago, a sports medicine colleague invited me to give a presentation at the annual meeting of the NationalAthletic Trainers’ Association held in Newport Beach, CA. He speciﬁcally asked me to speak on the ‘‘psychology of the injuredathlete’’ because athletic trainers were clamoring for more information about the elusive mental issues facing individualsrecovering from injury and returning fully to competition. Although I was unfamiliar with the literature on the psychologicalaspects of sport injury, the opportunity to return to one of my favorite places and the challenge of pulling together a scholarlyarticle on a new topic were intriguing enough for me to enthusiastically say ‘‘yes’’ to the invitation. However, when I gotorganized to do my usual exhaustive library search for relevant articles to guide me, I came up with little more than a fewdescriptive articles on the injury-prone athlete and personality types that may predispose individuals to injury. I scrambled topull together an article that would be ‘‘true’’ to the psychological literature and practical for athletic trainers working withinjured athletes. I settled upon approaching the topic using the psychological stress model, couching injury as a stressor anddelving into the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral consequences of injury.
Processing of yttrium-doped barium zirconate for high proton conductivity

The factors governing the transport properties of yttrium-doped barium zirconate (BYZ) have been explored, with the aim of attaining reproducible proton conductivity in well-densified samples. It was found that a small initial particle size (50–100 nm) and high-temperature sintering (1600 °C) in the presence of excess barium were essential. By this procedure, BaZr0.8Y0.2O3−δ with 93% to 99% theoretical density and total (bulk plus grain boundary) conductivity of 7.9 × 10−3 S/cm at 600 °C [as measured by alternating current (ac) impedance spectroscopy under humidified nitrogen] could be reliably prepared. Samples sintered in the absence of excess barium displayed yttria-like precipitates and a bulk conductivity that was reduced by more than 2 orders of magnitude.
A new look at established therapies: practical tools for optimizing insulin use.

PURPOSE Current evidence shows early initiation of insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) improves glycemic control, responsiveness to subsequent oral antidiabetic therapies, beta-cell function, and possible cardiovascular outcomes. The American Diabetes Association (ADA)/European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) 2008 algorithm introduces insulin therapy earlier in the treatment of T2DM with prompt intensification to achieve therapeutic goals. Agent selection and insulin regimens are based on patient A1C levels and willingness to monitor blood glucose, use of previous medications, blood glucose patterns, diet, and lifestyle. Practical considerations offered for diabetes educators and clinicians include creating strategies for early initiation of insulin, addressing patients' psychosocial barriers and quality of life concerns, understanding pharmacokinetic properties of insulin formulations, selecting appropriate therapy and patient-based regimens, and intensifying therapy to achieve glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes education, including intentional curriculum design, for patients with T2DM who are initiating or intensifying insulin therapy, addresses patient barriers to care, reduces the burden of treatment, improves adherence to treatment protocols, and helps optimize clinical outcomes.
The rate of the molecular clock and the cost of gratuitous protein synthesis

Background: The nature of the protein molecular clock, the protein-specific rate of amino acid substitutions, is among the central questions of molecular evolution. Protein expression level is the dominant determinant of the clock rate in a number of organisms. It has been suggested that highly expressed proteins evolve slowly in all species mainly to maintain robustness to translation errors that generate toxic misfolded proteins. Here we investigate this hypothesis experimentally by comparing the growth rate of Escherichia coli expressing wild type and misfolding-prone variants of the LacZ protein. Results: We show that the cost of toxic protein misfolding is small compared to other costs associated with protein synthesis. Complementary computational analyses demonstrate that there is also a relatively weaker, but statistically significant, selection for increasing solubility and polarity in highly expressed E. coli proteins. Conclusions: Although we cannot rule out the possibility that selection against misfolding toxicity significantly affects the protein clock in species other than E. coli, our results suggest that it is unlikely to be the dominant and universal factor determining the clock rate in all organisms. We find that in this bacterium other costs associated with protein synthesis are likely to play an important role. Interestingly, our experiments also suggest significant costs associated with volume effects, such as jamming of the cellular environment with unnecessary proteins.
Adverse Interaction Between a Left Ventricular Assist Device and an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator

An increasing number of patients have a coexisting implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and left ventricular assist device (LVAD) to treat ventricular arrhythmias and refractory heart failure, respectively. To date, there have been no published reports of negative interactions between these devices that have impacted appropriate ICD or LVAD function. In this case report, we describe a patient with an LVAD-ICD interaction that necessitated replacement of the implantable defibrillator.
Auditory assessment of avian predator threat in semi-captive ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta)

Antiraptor responses from forest-living ringtailed lemurs to advertisement calls of naturally-occurring red-tailed hawks suggested that the lemurs discriminated these calls from other environmental sounds. A series of playback experiments, using real animal sounds and synthetic sound probes, was conducted to investigate the acoustic basis of this putative discrimination. Two semi-captive groups of ringtails served as study subjects: one group had many years of experience living in the forest, whereas the other group had relatively little such experience. Responses to playbacks suggested that both groups used the same acoustic criteria to discriminate “calls of large hawks” from other sounds, but the range of auditory stimuli that evoked antiraptor responses was broader for the experienced group than for the inexperienced group. Although several interpretations of the experimental results are possible, one that seems particularly compatible with the data is the “prototype” concept of stimulus categorization.
Arimetamycin A: Improving Clinically Relevant Families of Natural Products through Sequence‐Guided Screening of Soil Metagenomes

Sequence-tag-guided screening of soil environmental DNA libraries can be used to guide the discovery of new compounds with improved properties. In heterologous expression experiments the eDNA-derived arm cluster encodes arimetamycin A, an anthracycline that is more potent than clinically used natural anthracyclines and retains activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) cancer cells.
Prolonged exercise suppresses antigen-specific cytokine response to upper respiratory infection

Fatiguing exercise has been associated with an increased susceptibility to infection. This study examined the antigen-specific T-helper (Th) type 1 and Th type 2 cytokine response to herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection after an acute bout of fatiguing exercise. Male BALB/cJ mice ran on a treadmill (Ex) until voluntary fatigue (∼2.5 h), and control mice were handled and remained next to the treadmill. Mice were infected with HSV 20 min after exercise. Mice were killed 2 or 7 days postinfection, and sera and spleens were taken for the determination of HSV-specific serum IgM, splenocyte cytokine production during culture with HSV, and splenocyte natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Both Th type 1 [interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-γ, IL-12] and Th type 2 (IL-10) cytokine production in spleen cell cultures, as well as natural killer cell cytotoxicity, decreased in Ex on day 2 postinfection. On day 7 postinfection, there was no difference in HSV-specific serum IgM or cytokine production by cells from control and Ex mice, with the exception of decreased IL-12 in Ex mice. These findings suggest that fatiguing exercise may alter the kinetics of antigen-specific cytokine production.
Better time-space lower bounds for SAT and related problems

We make several improvements on time lower bounds for concrete problems in NP and PH. 1) We present an elementary technique based on "indirect diagonalization" that uniformly improves upon the known nonlinear time lower bounds for nondeterminism and alternating computation, on both sublinear (n/sup o(1)/) space RAMs and sequential worktape machines with random access to the input. We obtain better lower bounds for SAT as well as all NP-complete problems that have efficient reductions from SAT and /spl Sigma//sub k/-SAT for constant k /spl ges/ 2. For example, SAT cannot be solved by random access machines using n/sup /spl radic/(3) /time and n/sub o(1)/ space. The technique is a natural inductive approach, for which previous work is essentially its base case. 2) We show how indirect diagonalization can also yield time-space lower bounds for computation with bounded nondeterminism. One corollary is that for all k, there exists a constant c/sub k/ > 1 such that satisfiability of Boolean circuits with n inputs and n/sup k/ gates cannot be solved in deterministic time n/sup k/spl middot/c//sub k/ and n/sup o(1)/ space.
Efficient multiprocessor scheduling based on genetic algorithms

An efficient method, based on genetic algorithms, for solving the multiprocessor scheduling problem is proposed. The representation of the search node is based on the schedule of the tasks in each individual processor. The genetic operator is based on the precedence relations between the tasks in the task graph. The genetic algorithm is applied to the problem of scheduling robot inverse dynamics computations. >
Atrioventricular plane displacement is the sole mechanism of atrial and ventricular refill

the mechanism of hemodynamics on the venous side of circulation has a fundamental uncertain issue: the mechanisms of the venous blood return into the heart and beat-to-beat atrial and ventricular refill are unclear. Commonly acknowledged factors, such as skeletal and smooth muscle contractions,
Performance analysis of 10-/spl mu/m-thick VCSEL array in fully embedded board level guided-wave optoelectronic interconnects

We introduce a simple and effective heat sink structure for thin-film vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) in fully embedded board level guided-wave interconnects. A 50% quantum efficiency increase is experimentally confirmed for the 10-/spl mu/m thin-film VCSELs. The thermal resistance of a 1 /spl times/ 12 embedded thin-film VCSEL array in printed circuit board (PCB) is further analyzed. The experimental results show an excellent match with the simulated results. The 10-/spl mu/m-thick VCSEL had the lowest thermal resistance and the highest differential efficiency compared to 250-, 200-, 150-, and 100-/spl mu/m-thick VCSELs. A substrate removed VCSEL can be used in fully embedded board level optical interconnects without special cooling techniques.
Pyramidal horns. I. Simple expressions for directivity as a function of aperture phase error

New expressions for the gain-reduction factors of a pyramidal horn are developed. They offer fast and accurate computation of the horn directivity, in either linear of second-order form. These equations are much easier to evaluate than the exact equations, which involve complicated Fresnel integrals. The formulas are expressed in terms of gain-reduction factors, based on the quadratic phase errors in the aperture. >
The preparation of tritium-labelled ryanodine

A method for preparing tritium-labelled ryanodine is described. The alkaloid was first brominated, and the bromoryanodines were separated from the reaction mixture by thin layer chromatography; NMR analysis at this stage showed substitution of pyrrole protons by bromine. Bromoryanodine was first hydrogenated, and the product was purified and characterized as ryanodine, to establish the feasibility of the method. Tritium was then reacted with bromoryanodine to yield labelled ryanodine with a specific activity of 2.85 Ci/mmole. No detectable isotope exchange occurred when the labelled alkaloid was incubated in aqueous media at pH 7.0 and 30° C.
Improving child and adolescent health and health care quality: report from the pediatric health and health care quality measures committee of the Institute of Medicine.

Despite the availability of hundreds of data sets and national surveys for monitoring children’s health, we lack a single source of data that can provide meaningful, accurate, and timely information about the status of child and adolescent health and health care quality in the United States.
ART2, a T cell surface mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase, generates extracellular poly(ADP-ribose)

NAD functions in multiple aspects of cellular metabolism and signaling through enzymes that covalently transfer ADP-ribose from NAD to acceptor proteins, thereby altering their function. NAD is a substrate for two enzyme families, mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases (mARTs) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), that covalently transfer an ADP-ribose monomer or polymer, respectively, to acceptor proteins. ART2, a mART, is a phenotypic marker of immunoregulatory cells found on the surface of T lymphocytes, including intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs). We have shown that the auto-ADP-ribosylation of the ART2.2 allelic protein is multimeric. Our backbone structural alignment of ART2 (two alleles of the rat art2 gene have been reported, for simplicity, the ART2.2 protein investigated in this study will be referred to as ART2) and PARP suggested that multimeric auto-ADP-ribosylation of ART2 may represent an ADP-ribose polymer, rather than multiple sites of mono-ADP-ribosylation. To investigate this, we used highly purified recombinant ART2 and demonstrated that ART2 catalyzes the formation of an ADP-ribose polymer by sequencing gel and by HPLC and MS/MS mass spectrometry identification of PR-AMP, a breakdown product specific to poly(ADP-ribose). Furthermore, we identified the site of ADP-ribose polymer attachment on ART2 as Arg-185, an arginine in a crucial loop of its catalytic core. We found that endogenous ART2 on IELs undergoes multimeric auto-ADP-ribosylation more efficiently than ART2 on peripheral T cells, suggesting that these distinct lymphocyte populations differ in their ART2 surface topology. Furthermore, ART2.2 IELs are more resistant to NAD-induced cell death than ART2.1 IELs that do not have multimeric auto-ADP-ribosylation activity. The data suggest that capability of polymerizing ADP-ribose may not be unique to PARPs and that poly(ADP-ribosylation), an established nuclear activity, may occur extracellularly and modulate cell function.
Understanding the differences between value prediction and instruction reuse

Recently two hardware techniques-Value Prediction (VP) and instruction proposed for exploiting the redundancy in programs to collapse data dependences. In this paper we attempt to understand the different ways in which VP and IR interact with other microarchitectural features and the impact of such interactions on net performance. More specifically we perform the following tasks: (i) we identify, the various differences between the two techniques and qualitatively discuss their microarchitectural interactions, (ii) we evaluate the impact on performance of these interactions, and (iii) since IR is more restrictive of the two techniques, we also estimate the amount of total redundancy, present in programs, that can be captured by IR. Our results show that the performance obtained by VP is sensitive to the way branches with value-speculative operands are handled. We also see that, although IR captures less amount of redundancy, it may perform equally well because it validates results early, it is non-speculative, and it reduces branch misprediction penalty. Finally, we show that 84-97% of redundancy in programs can be reused, implying that the approach of detecting redundant instructions non-speculatively, based on their operands, does not significantly restrict W's ability to capture redundancy present in programs.
Particle-in-cell simulations of electron beam control using an inductive current divider

Kinetic, time-dependent, electromagnetic, particle-in-cell simulations of the inductive current divider are presented. The inductive current divider is a passive method for controlling the trajectory of an intense, hollow electron beam using a vacuum structure that inductively splits the beam's return current. The current divider concept was proposed and studied theoretically in a previous publication [Swanekamp et al., Phys. Plasmas 22, 023107 (2015)]. A central post carries a portion of the return current (I1), while the outer conductor carries the remainder (I2) with the injected beam current given by Ib = I1 + I2. The simulations are in agreement with the theory which predicts that the total force on the beam trajectory is proportional to (I2−I1) and the force on the beam envelope is proportional to Ib. Independent control over both the current density and the beam angle at the target is possible by choosing the appropriate current-divider geometry. The root-mean-square (RMS) beam emittance (eRMS) varies as the beam propagates through the current divider to the target. For applications where control of the beam trajectory is desired and the current density at the target is similar to the current density at the entrance foil, there is a modest 20% increase in eRMS at the target. For other applications where the beam is pinched to a current density ∼5 times larger at the target, eRMS is 2–3 times larger at the target.
Thomas Barfield, Afghanistan: a cultural and political history

For well over a century, analyses of politics in Afghanistan have proceeded by retelling its history. Such works are drawn to intersections of Afghans’ politics with others and shift paradigmatically with the times. Into the stream of accounts by former diplomats and Frontier officers, Vartan Gregorian inserted the modernization paradigm in the first modern history of Afghanistan, and Louis Dupree introduced a potpourri of mid-twentieth century cultural anthropology into the externalities of nation-building. If there is a problem with this approach, it lies in wrapping partial description with theories to fill in the record. Determining what is that record is Thomas Barfield’s point of entree. The point, for practical people to whom his book is primarily addressed, is to tell the story in a way that reveals the dynamics of Afghan political culture. Barfield marshals two resources. The first is a generation of newer historical studies since Hasan Kakar’s 1971 and 1979 treatments added more social and, importantly, economic history of the country to the standard political history of Afghan government. To political economy, Barfield adds political culture and shifts the frame of comparison from diplomatic history, nation-building and the Westphalian and constitutionalist moots of political science to more specifically regional frames, which he knows as an ethnographer and author of a comparative study of inner Asian nomads. Much of this work is corrective; so, to the rarely questioned imagery of Afghanistan as ‘ungovernable’ and ‘graveyard of empires’ that has become a kind of political apologetics, he compares long periods of relative stability in political forms, if not of politics, between the Mongol invasions of the 13th century and the Safavid collapse in the 18th, or between the Durrani foundation in the 1770s and the Saur Revolution two centuries later. What looks like froth and Cont Islam (2012) 6:95–97 DOI 10.1007/s11562-010-0137-4
Use of a Hybrid Operating Room to Improve Reduction of Syndesmotic Injuries in Ankle Fractures: A Case Report

Ankle fractures are one of the most common orthopedic injuries requiring operative treatment, and approximately 1 in 4 ankle fractures will have an associated distal tibiofibular syndesmosis disruption. Syndesmotic reduction is crucial to restoring ankle function and preventing the development of arthritis. The hybrid operating room provides 3-dimensional intraoperative imaging capabilities that can enable the surgeon to ensure the syndesmosis is appropriately reduced, particularly by comparing it with the contralateral ankle. By confirming the syndesmosis reduction intraoperatively, the risk of a return to the operating room for revision surgery is decreased.
Fluctuations in basal plasma levels of pancreatic polypeptide in monkeys and humans

We reported that significant rapid oscillations occur in basal plasma levels of insulin, glucagon, and glucose in rhesus monkeys and humans. We searched for evidence for similar spontaneous fluctuations also in plasma levels of pancreatic polypeptide (PP). Mean +/- SE basal plasma levels of PP were 236 +/- 15 pg/ml in 11 monkeys, 64 +/- 12 in nine normal-weight human subjects, and 74 +/- 10 in nine obese human subjects. 1) PP levels fluctuated with periods of 6–26 min. The fluctuations in PP were less regular than and did not temporally correlate with the fluctuations in plasma levels of insulin, glucagon, or glucose (usual periods 8–12 min). 2) In human subjects the concentration but not the periodicity of PP was related to obesity. 3) Comparisons of simultaneously determined levels of PP in portal and central venous plasma of monkeys suggested that PP may be extracted to varying degrees by the liver, even under basal well-controlled conditions, and that neither the size of the PP portal-central gradient nor the period and amplitude of fluctuations was associated with PP concentration. We conclude that plasma PP levels fluctuate with such a large amplitude that these fluctuations must be considered in the interpretation of experimental results based on limited numbers of samples.
On the Woman’s Liberation Movement: or, the Male Chauvinist Pig as Hero

As I see it, the vision animating the new L.P. leadership is a noble and exciting one: the expansion of the L.P. into a major force and influence on American life and on the American political scene. The point is that the L.P. motto, "The Party of Principle", involves two vital and interrelated parts: refining and cleaving to pure libertarian principle, and the spreading of those principles through a competent, professional political party structure. The idea is to expand from local kaffeeklatsches and discussion clubs to a cohesive and coherent party structure that will be as competent and as professional as possible. Only if we expand from a small sect to a cohesive and nationwide political party can we expand our political and public influence and have a decisive impact on public policy. TO be taken seriously we must begin to amass votes; increased votes will of course mean increased publicity and expanded impact on the political arena. This does not mean of course that discussions of philosophy and theory are not important; but simply that the main emphasis of a political party must be on running candidates and gaining votes and influence for those libertarian principles.
Recognition of B vs. Z-Form DNA Using Nickel and Cobalt Complexes

Nickel(II) and cobalt(II) coordination compounds are remarkably versatile in their interactions with nucleic acids. The number and nature of the ligands surrounding the metal ion control the kinetics and thermodynamics of DNA binding as well as the metal’s redox properties. These metals undergo rapid ligand exchange in the +2 oxidation state, and slower exchange as octahedral +3 complexes. Strong donor ligands such as nitrogen bases stabilize the +3 oxidation state. For nickel(II), 14-membered tetraazamacrocycles allow the complex to be only 4-coordinate, whereas both nickel(III) and cobalt(III) complexes are 6-coordinate.
Subcellular distribution of 51Cr and characterization of its binding sites in human platelets.

Subcellular fractionation of human platelets labeled with radioactive sodium chromate was utilized to study distribution and characterization of the 51Cr binding sites in these cells. The cytoplasmic fraction of the platelets contained the major portion of the radioactivity while microsomal and mitochondrial fractions played a minor role in the binding of chromate. The stromal sediment had approximately one third of the total radioactivity. Only about 20 per cent of the 51Cr taken up by the platelets was in a free ionic form and was in the cytoplasmic fraction. The major portion of the 51Cr in the platelets was bound to nucleotides in the platelet cytoplasm. Nucleotides of the α-granules had no radioactive chromate. Hypertonic media and platelet antiserum produced marked release of 51Cr from the platelets, whereas aggregating agents produced none. In physiologic conditions, elution of 51Cr from labeled platelets is very limited because there is only little 51Cr in free ionic form in the cells. Release of considerable amount of 51Cr from the platelets can occur only in case of cell damage with release of nucleotides from the cytoplasmic pool. This was seen with hypertonic solutions and with platelet antibody. Platelet degranulation, as it occurs with aggregating agents, is not associated with release of 51Cr since the granular pool of nucleotides is not labeled by this compound.
Blue 459-nm laser source with rapid modulation based on intracavity frequency mixing

Recently, there has been much interest in the development of miniature blue solid-state lasers for a wide variety of applications. Approaches based on nonlinear frequency upconversion of IR lasers have previously concentrated on second harmonic generation in nonlinear crystals.
What drives ethnic terrorist campaigns? A view at the group level of analysis:

This article examines the drivers of terrorist campaigns waged specifically for the sake of ethnic identity groups. Terrorism scholarship has generally overlooked the ethnic dimension that some ter...
Observations on the Use of Ridgway's New Color-Book. The Color of the Spores of Volvaria Speciosa FR

In using the recently published book, " Color Standards and Color Nomenclature," by Ridgway, the writer was confronted with certain difficulties which operate against exactness in color determination, viz.: the appearance of the complementary of an adjacent color in the one under observation; the darkening or lightening effects of backgrounds of varying degrees of luminosity; and the effect of area on colors. As these difficulties will be encountered by others who may have occasion to consult this valuable repository of color tones, an account of some tests will doubtless prove of interest. The writer wished to ascertain the precise color of a sporeprint of the gill-fungus, Volvaria speciosa Fr. The print was about 15 cm. in diameter, and so dense as to cover completely the white paper underneath. On comparing the entire area of the print with the small color squares in the book, it was found that a tone somewhere between I and k of column 13, P1. III, corresponded with the tone of the spore-deposit.3