cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ceramide synthase inhibition by fumonisin B1 treatment activates sphingolipid-metabolizing systems in mouse liver.

Sphingolipids are important components of cell structure and cell signaling. Both external and internal stimuli can alter levels of cellular sphingolipids by regulating enzyme activities associated with sphingolipid metabolism. Fumonisin B1, mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides, is a reportedly specific inhibitor of ceramide synthase. In order to test our hypothesis whether ceramide synthase inhibition by fumonisin B1 alters other sphingolipidmetabolizing enzymes, we investigated the changes in free sphingoid bases and sphingomyelin (SM) and activities of key enzymes for their metabolism, sphingomyelinase (SMase), serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), and sphingosine kinase (SPHK) in mouse liver. The hepatic free sphingoid bases increased significantly following five daily treatments with fumonisin B1 in mice. The activity of acidic SMase was enhanced by fumonisin B1, accompanied with a decrease in liver SM content. The expression and activities of SPT and SPHK1 in liver increased significantly following fumonisin B1 treatment. Another hepatotoxicant acetaminophen caused liver regeneration similar to fumonisin B1 but did not produce similar effects on liver sphingolipid-metabolizing enymes, suggesting that activation of sphingolipid metabolism was not a consequence of hepatocye regeneration. Data suggest that ceramide synthase inhibition by fumonisin B1 treatment stimulates sphingolipid-metabolizing systems to maintain a balance of cellular sphingolipids.
The use of vasopressin receptor antagonists in hyponatremia.

Introduction: Considerable data have recently characterized hyponatremia as fairly common in the intensive care and general hospital settings. Moreover, mounting evidence suggests the association of mild degrees of hyponatremia with untoward neurocognitive and musculoskeletal outcomes. A key development in our ability to treat hyponatremia was the introduction and approval of aquaretics (vaptans). These vasopressin receptor antagonists work by increasing electrolyte-free water excretion and thus raising serum sodium concentration. Areas covered: This review presents a diagnostic approach for hyponatremia and discusses some therapeutic considerations. It displays new evidence linking mild chronic hyponatremia with unfavorable outcomes and examines the available treatment options and their limitations and strengths. New data on vaptans and their potential role to treat hyponatremia in different clinical settings are reviewed. Expert opinion: Vaptans are likely to play an important role in treating hyponatre...
The automated screening of irregular blood group antibodies.

Summary. Antomated antibody screening has been performed on donor bloods for six months, using a filter paper model Antoanalyzer and a specially built automatic pooler for an antiglobulin technie. This combined system screens donor blood for antibodies which react by either enzymes or anti-human globulin methods. The method appears to be fast and sensitive and to be adaptable to the procedures at a large blood center.
Where to go with barebacking research.

We appreciate the careful reading by Mr. Shawn Chrisman of our article (Frasca, Ventuneac, Balan, & Carballo-Dieguez, 2012). Chrisman correctly notes that we found intentional pursuit of HIV infection (“bug chasing”) to be rare. In fact, among our sample of 120 sexually active men who reported barebacking with partners met via the Internet, not a single such case was reported.
Physiological face recognition is coming of age

The previous work of the authors has shown that physiological information on the face can be extracted from thermal infrared imagery and can be used as a biometric. Although, that work has proved the feasibility of physiological face recognition, the experimental results revealed high false acceptance rates due to methodological weaknesses in the feature extraction and matching algorithms. This paper, presents a new methodology that corrects these problems and yields high recognition rates. Specifically, a post-processing algorithm removes fake vascular contours, which degraded performance. Also, a new vascular network matching algorithm copes with deformations caused by varying facial pose and expressions. First, it estimates the facial pose in the test image and then calculates the deformation of the vascular network in the database image. Next, it registers test and database vascular networks using the dual bootstrap iterative closest point (ICP) matching algorithm. Finally, it computes a matching score between the vascular networks, which is a function of overlapping vessel pixels. Extensive experiments have been undertaken to test the new method. The results highlight its superiority.
A simple determination of first order velocity shifts and reflection coefficients for periodic IDTs

The design and fabrication of interdigital transducers with metallic fingers on piezoelectric substrates requires accurate values of velocity shifts and reflection coefficients caused by the mechanical and electrical loading of the fingers. We describe a simple and reliable method of determining electric reflection and velocity shifts as well as mechanical velocity shifts to first order in h//spl lambda/ for transducers with an anisotropic substrates. We calculate SAW velocities and wavefunctions (displacements and potential) for various substrates with one thin metallic layer. A simple multiplication of the resulting material constants with the appropriate geometrical factor yields the desired SAW parameters. An analogous procedure for the mechanical reflection coefficient is being sought. We present results for many standard SAW substrates and crystal orientations with a metallic overlay, and compare with other first order treatments and some experimental results presently available.
The prospero transcription factor is asymmetrically localized to the cell cortex during neuroblast mitosis in Drosophila

Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors are known to regulate sibling cell fate. Here we describe a novel mechanism for the asymmetric localization of a transcription factor to one daughter cell at mitosis. The Drosophila CNS develops from asymmetrically dividing neuroblasts, which give rise to a large neuroblast and a smaller ganglion mother cell (GMC). The prospero gene encodes a transcription factor necessary for proper GMC gene expression. We show that the prospero protein is synthesized in the neuroblast where it is localized to the F-actin cell cortex. At mitosis, prospero is asymmetrically localized to the budding GMC and excluded from the neuroblast. After cytokinesis, prospero is translocated from the GMC cortex into the nucleus. Asymmetric cortical localization of prospero in neuroblasts requires entry into mitosis; it does not depend on numb function. prospero is also observed in cortical crescents in dividing precursors of the peripheral nervous system and adult midgut. The asymmetric cortical localization of prospero at mitosis is a mechanism for rapidly establishing distinct sibling cell fates in the CNS and possibly other tissues.
Detecting fraudulent use of cloud resources

Initial threat modeling and security research on the public cloud model has primarily focused on the confidentiality and integrity of data transferred, processed, and stored in the cloud. Little attention has been paid to the external threat sources that have the capability to affect the financial viability, hence the long-term availability, of services hosted in the public cloud. Similar to an application-layer DDoS attack, a Fraudulent Resource Consumption (FRC) attack is a much more subtle attack carried out over a longer duration of time. The objective of the attacker is to exploit the utility pricing model which governs the resource usage in the cloud model by fraudulently consuming web content with the purpose of depriving the victim of their long-term economic availability of hosting publicly accessible web content in the cloud. In this paper, we thoroughly describe the FRC attack and discuss why current application-layer DDoS detection schemes are not applicable to a more subtle attack. We propose three detection metrics that together form the criteria for identifying a FRC attack from that of normal web activity. Experimental results based on three plausible attack scenarios show that an attacker without knowledge of the web log has a difficult time mimicking the self-similar and consistent request semantics of normal web activity.
Developmental Origins of Adult Disease

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) has been linked to development of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Using a rat model, we tested the hypothesis that uteroplacental insufficiency disrupts the function of the electron transport chain in the fetal beta-cell and leads to a debilitating cascade of events. The net result is progressive loss of beta-cell function and eventual development of type 2 diabetes in the adult. Studies in the IUGR rat demonstrate that an abnormal intrauterine environment induces epigenetic modifications of key genes regulating beta-cell development; experiments directly link chromatin remodeling with suppression of transcription. Future research will be directed at elucidating the mechanisms underlying epigenetic modifications in offspring.
BRAID GROUP REPRESENTATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH ${\mathfrak{sl}}_m$

It has been seen elsewhere how elementary topology may be used to construct representations of the Iwahori-Hecke algebra associated with two-row Young diagrams, and how these constructions are related to the production of the same representations from the monodromy of n-point correlation functions in the work of Tsuchiya & Kanie and to the construction of the one-variable Jones polynomial. This paper investigates the extension of these results to representations associated with arbitrary multi-row Young diagrams and a functorial description of the two-variable Jones polynomial of links in S3.
Dynamics of aerial target pursuit

During pursuit and predation, aerial species engage in multitasking behavior that involve simultaneous target detection, tracking, decision-making, approach and capture. The mobility of the pursuer and the target in a three dimensional environment during predation makes the capture task highly complex. Many researchers have studied and analyzed prey capture dynamics in different aerial species such as insects and bats. This article focuses on reviewing the capture strategies adopted by these species while relying on different sensory variables (vision and acoustics) for navigation. In conclusion, the neural basis of these capture strategies and some applications of these strategies in bio-inspired navigation and control of engineered systems are discussed.
Assessment of Prosthetic Valve Function After TAVR.

Calcific aortic valve stenosis is a common valve pathology that increases in prevalence with advancing age. Transcatheter aortic valve (TAV) replacement has now emerged as the preferred treatment for patients at high risk for surgery and for those who are inoperable. However, the use of this ground-breaking technology has inevitably been associated with a host of new problems. These new types of complications are frequently unrecognized or underestimated due to lack of familiarity with the normal and pathological appearance of TAV and often require redefining strategies for diagnosis and treatment. This review presents a systematic approach for follow-up assessment of TAV function, as well as pathology uniquely related to TAV. Because the worldwide transcatheter aortic valve replacement experience has been dominated by the Edwards Sapien (Irvine, California) and Medtronic CoreValve (Minneapolis, Minnesota) family of bioprosthetic aortic valves, we will focus our review on these valves, each with their unique set of advantages and technological challenges.
Corrigendum to ‘An educational overview of the chemistry, biochemistry and therapeutic aspects of Mn porphyrins – From superoxide dismutation to H2O2-driven pathways’ [Redox Biology 5C (2015) 43–65]

The authors regret and apologize that there was an error in the Scheme XXVI. The corrected Scheme XXVI is given below. The figure legend for Scheme XXVI in the original publication is correct. This error does not affect the other content or conclusions of the work. Scheme XXVI
Abstract 344: Intrarenal Ghrelin Receptors Mediate Sodium Reabsorption via an ENaC-Dependent Pathway

Intrarenal ghrelin infusion stimulates distal nephron-dependent sodium (Na+) reabsorption in normal rats, but the mechanism is unknown. The main Na+ transporters of the distal nephron segment are the Na+-Cl- co-transporter (NCC) and the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). To determine which of these transporters is involved in the antinatriuretic actions of intrarenal ghrelin receptors, uninephrectomized Sprague-Dawley rats received 3 cumulative 1h renal interstitial (RI) infusions of ghrelin (0.3-3 μg/min, N=8) or vehicle (5% dextrose in water, D5W, N=8), prior to harvesting the infused kidney for determination of NCC and ENaC protein expression. Ghrelin-infused rats demonstrated significantly reduced Na+ excretion rates (UNaV) compared to D5W-infused rats (66.7±7.1% of baseline, P
The Execution as Sacrifice

America's national vulnerabilities revealed in the wake of 9-11 render "justice," normalcy, and restoration important concepts. But by what means does the vulnerable nation-state restore and maintain normalcy in the face of crisis, when its sovereign jewel, the authority to legitimately kill, is stolen? Adapting RenA© Girard's theory of sacrifice enunciated in Violence and the Sacred, this paper posits that America retakes its killing authority through execution. It first describes Girard's theory of sacrifice, elaborating its social nature and redemptive consequences, and exploring the judiciary's sacrificial role. Thereafter, this paper applies these theories to execution, explicating how ritual victims are chosen. It then describes how execution redeems as it purifies and protects national borders, and outlines how the execution is constructed through witnesses, jurors, and the mass media. Finally, this theoretical analysis is applied to the 2001 execution of Oklahoma City Bomber Timothy McVeigh. This paper concludes by discussing how the State conceals this sacrificial symbolism by carefully maintaining borders and execution "visibility."
The Dynamics of Monopoly

(1924). The Dynamics of Monopoly. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 77-83.
A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Predictive Capabilities of Several Advanced Micromechanics Approaches

The objective of this paper is to comprehensively evaluate predictive capability and efficiency of advanced micromechanics approaches such as generalized method of cells (GMC), the high fidelity generalized method of cells (HFGMC), and the variational asymptotic method for unit cell homogenization (VAMUCH) and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) based micromechanics approaches using representative examples of heterogeneous materials such as: 1. continuous fiber reinforced composite; 2. particle reinforced composite; 3. discontinuous fiber reinforced composite; 4. woven composite. The evaluation reveals that GMC experiences noticeable loss of accuracy in predicting effective properties and also ineffectively recovers the local stress fields in all cases. HFGMC shows good agreement compared to FEA and also better recovers the local stress fields while VAMUCH shows an excellent agreement with FEA for both effective properties prediction and local field recovery. The shear moduli prediction of FEA is noticed to converge to the prediction of VAMUCH as the number of unit cell increases particularly for 3D analysis. It is also found that GMC is computationally efficient however VAMUCH with fewer elements can better approximate effective properties with better efficiency.
Thoracic Anesthesia: A Review of Current Topics and Debates

Thoracic anesthesia is a continually evolving field due to the development of new surgical and anesthetic technologies. Advances in lung isolation techniques, ventilation strategies, and postoperative pain management have improved patient outcomes. Airway management continues to progress as different devices provide advantages and disadvantages for lung isolation, surgical visualization, and access to the operative lung. Optimal ventilation strategies are moving toward lung protection, where oxygenation and ventilation are maintained with lower, more physiologic lung volumes with judicious use of alveolar recruitment, positive end-expiratory pressure, and lower FiO2. Neuraxial and regional anesthetics are the mainstays of postoperative analgesia, with adjuvants having roles in the acute period, but chronic post-thoracotomy pain remains challenging to treat. The role of perioperative inflammation has grown in importance, and volatile anesthetics have protective effects at the cellular and molecular levels, however the debate between the use of volatiles versus a total intravenous anesthetic technique continues.
Public health infrastructure system change: outcomes from the turning point initiative.

The Robert Wood Johnson and W.K. Kellogg Foundations created the Turning Point initiative to transform and strengthen the public health infrastructure. This study examined 135 public health system changes for their links to multiple sector collaborative engagement, essential public health services, health outcomes, and infrastructure building strategies. An on-line documentation system developed by the University of Kansas was used to record and analyze these linkages. The results showed that each state accomplished notable system changes; the majority involved more than one sector and primarily related to increasing local public health system capacity and organizational change.
247 ENDOTHELIAL CELL PRESERVATION IN PULMONARY ARTERIAL TREE EXPLANTS BY LUMINAL SUPPORT AND HYPOXIA.

Background Culture of embryonic lung buds has provided insight into airway branching morphogenesis; however, similar insights into pulmonary vascular morphogenesis have not been possible in lung bud explants because the pulmonary vasculature collapses and withers. We developed a method to isolate and culture the pulmonary arterial tree from chick embryos (Albertine, PAS 2005;57:3219 [abstract #1994]). One of the remaining uncertainties is whether the PA cultures are lined by endothelial cells. Objective We hypothesized that luminal support and hypoxia will facilitate retention of endothelial cells lining embryonic pulmonary vascular explants. Methods Chick embryos at 16-18 d gestation (hatching is 21 d) were used. The pulmonary arterial (PA) tree was injected with 0.75% low gelling temperature agarose dissolved in Waymouth9s media containing Evan9s blue dye (Van Winkle, AJRCMB 1996). The injected embryos were placed on ice to gel the agarose. The PA tree was dissected from the lung tissue (5-6 arterial generations). Arterial trees without agarose were controls. Agarose-filled or unfilled arterial trees (> 6 each) were cultured at 37°C in 12% O2 for 21 d, in F12 + 6 media with retinol and bovine serum albumin. The PA trees were fixed and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) weekly. Results The PA trees retained the dissected generations. Electron microscopy revealed that the PA vessels were lined by endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells for at least 6 d. By 12 d, however, few cultured PA trees had endothelial cells lining the lumen. Conclusion Embryonic PA trees, with intact endothelial and smooth muscle cells, can be cultured for at least 6 d, thereby providing a model system to study embryonic pulmonary vascular biology. Supported by CHRC, HL62875, HL56401, and T35 HL07744.
314 DIFFERENTIAL ACTIVATION OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING BY HIGH GLUCOSE, METFORMIN, AND AICAR IN HUMAN MESANGIAL CELLS.

Introduction Hyperglycemia-induced activation of extracellular mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK1,2) is considered to be one of the central mechanisms contributing to the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Metformin has been shown to provide nephroprotective action in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, intracellular mechanisms by which this drug exerts beneficial effects on DN remain to be determined. Purpose To investigate the effects of hyperglycemia on activation of ERK1,2 and AMP-kinase (AMPK) in human mesangial cells. The effects of hyperglycemia were also studied in the presence of known activators of AMP-kinase (metformin and 5-amonoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-b-D-ribofuranoside [AICAR]). Methods Human mesangial cells were incubated in normal (5.5 mM) or high (25 mM) glucose in the presence or absence of 1 mM metformin or 1 mM AICAR for 24 hours. Activation of ERK1,2 and AMPK was assessed by detection of phosphorylated forms of ERK1,2 and AMPK by Western blotting. Results High glucose induced activation of ERK1,2 by 60% (p = .001) and inhibited phosphorylation of AMPK by 17% (p = .04). In the presence of 5.5 mM glucose, metformin induced ERK1,2 phosphorylation by 51% (p = .03) and AICAR inhibited ERK1,2 phosphorylation by 57% (p = .02). While metformin did not alter high glucose-induced activation of ERK1,2, AICAR was able to inhibit ERK1,2 by 58% (p = .001). Both metformin and AICAR stimulated AMPK phosphorylation in the presence of 5.5 mM glucose by 2.1-fold (p = .07) and 12-fold (p = .04), respectively. Incubation of mesangial cells with metformin in the presence of 25 mM glucose increased AMPK phosphorylation 2.9-fold (p = .001) compared with high glucose alone. Similarly, AICAR activated AMPK 13-fold in the presence of high glucose (p = .03). Conclusion High glucose down-regulates AMPK and induces activation of ERK1,2 in human mesangial cells. Both metformin and AICAR were able to prevent inhibition of AMPK induced by high glucose. In contrast, AICAR, but not metformin, led to inhibition of ERK1,2. These data suggest that the beneficial effects of metformin may involve additional signaling pathways.
Adrenal crisis in active duty service members

Primary adrenal insufficiency is a chronic, debilitating condition that usually produces a variety of characteristic but non-specific clinical features. Up to 25% of patients present instead with acute life-threatening adrenal crisis, marked by severe hypotension and shock. Recognition of the disease in the chronic indolent phase is critical because adrenal steroid replacement effectively relieves symptoms and prevents the development of most acute crises. To illustrate these points, we describe four case histories in which the manifestations of chronic adrenal insufficiency went unrecognized in active duty service members until they presented with near-fatal adrenal crises. The salient clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease are also reviewed.
Democratic Socialism: An Alternative Path of Development?

Physically, Jamaica, a tropical island paradise, seems to be an unlikely stage for a political drama that increasingly attracted worldwide attention, but socially, the country was a powder keg by 1972. After ten years of political independence and two decades of rapid economic growth, Jamaican society clearly demonstrated the costs of dependent development. Despite vigorous growth rates of 5 per cent per annum, unemployment increased from 13 per cent in 1960 to 24 per cent in 1972. Affluence and poverty grew in visible sight of one another as the rich built mansions in the hills around Kingston and the unemployed filled the ghetto below. Crime rates doubled in the first decade of independence. Two spontaneous riots directed at privileged groups in society broke out. Political violence assumed ominous tones as political gangs from the two main parties exchanged their rocks and bottles for guns, and a mid-decade clash, the’ West Kingston War’ escalated to such a level that the government was forced to declare a state of emergency in the ghetto area.
The Dilemmas of Common Defence: US Initiatives, Allied Reactions

In 1969, US-West European discussions with respect to common defence were dominated by five issues. The first issue concerned the credibility of the doctrine of flexible response which had been officially adopted by NATO in 1967 under American pressure. The second was SALT and its effect on the defence of Western Europe. The third was the levels of US troops in Europe and the growing Senate pressure to reduce them unilaterally. Fourth was the perennial issue of burden-sharing, and the fifth issue was Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions (MBFR).
Recycled light improves gravity-wave detection

The detection of gravitational waves from coalescing binary neutron stars and other astrophysical sources presents an outstanding challenge to experimental physics. Several major experimental facilities are being built to observe the tiny ripples in space caused by the waves. A team of researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics at Garching in Germany, Glasgow University in the UK and Hannover University, also in Germany, has recently demonstrated some ingenious optical techniques on a prototype detector (G Heinzel et al. 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 5493). The work is a significant step towards achieving the nearly incredible measurement sensitivity aimed for in gravity-wave research-equivalent to detecting a change less than the radius of an atom in a distance as large as that from the Earth to the Sun.
Assessment and Management of Volume Overload and Congestion in Chronic Heart Failure: Can Measuring Blood Volume Provide New Insights?

Background: Volume overload and fluid congestion remain primary clinical challenges in the assessment and management of patients with chronic heart failure (HF).
Monte Carlo Simulations of Nanoscale Electrical Inhomogeneity in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes and Its Impact on Their Efficiency and Lifetime

Electronic transport in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) has traditionally been described using one-dimensional models, despite evidence of intrinsic spatial current inhomogeneities. The authors present three-dimensional simulations of several OLEDs to assess the physical factors behind current inhomogeneity, and how this affects OLED efficiency and operational lifetime. For some devices these inhomogeneities can cut performance by an order of magnitude, which makes their understanding, characterization, and control an imperative for future engineering approaches.
Surface wave in a semiconductor substrate with a groundplane

A full-wave and charge transport formulation is applied to the analysis of the dominant TM mode guided by a semiconductor substrate backed by a ground plane. Closed form expressions for the field components, charge density, and current density are obtained, along with characteristic equations for the propagation constant and transverse wave numbers. Numerical results on the wave parameters are obtained for different doping levels. The screening effect of the charge carriers on the transverse component of the electric field is observed to be negligible for an intrinsic semiconductor substrate, but gradually approaching that of a metallic conductor as the doping level reaches 10/sup 18/ cm/sup -3/. An equivalent circuit for the structure is constructed to facilitate the development of the dispersion equation while providing physical insight to the process of the wave-charge interaction on the semiconductor surface.
Academically contingent self-worth and vulnerability: When approach self-validation goals are more threatening than avoidance self-validation goals

AbstractWhen are people who base their self-worth on academic competence vulnerable to negative outcomes such as anxiety and underperformance? One answer, according to decades of achievement goal research, seems obvious: when they aim to avoid demonstrating inability (called avoidance self-validation goals). Less clear is whether such vulnerability also exists when aiming to demonstrate ability (approach self-validation goals). Surprisingly, two studies found no evidence of vulnerability among participants who base self-worth on academics when avoidance self-validation goals were salient. Instead, it was when approach self-validation goals were salient that participants’ academically contingent self-worth most reliably predicted vulnerability. These results suggest that, within domains of contingency, people worry more about self-enhancement afforded by approach self-validation goals than about self-protection afforded by avoidance self-validation goals.
Apoptosis in Focal Cerebral Ischemia

An ischemic insult to the brain evokes cell damage which may progress to cell death. We invariably associate cell death with necrosis. Necrosis exhibits well defined morphological characteristics, and the biochemical and biophysical processes associated with necrosis have been identified. However, another form of cell death exists, apoptosis. Apoptosis plays an important role in the early development of tissues. Cells undergoing apoptosis exhibit very different morphological characteristics and temporal profiles of change from cells undergoing necrosis. Apoptosis has been identified with the internucleosomal fragmentation of DNA. More importantly, apoptosis has been associated with a process of programmed cell death, in which a genetic program is activated which results in the death of the cell. In this presentation, we will review our data on the morphological, biochemical and molecular evidence of apoptosis in the rodent (rat, mouse) brain after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Emphasis will be placed on describing the temporal profile and the anatomical distribution of cells undergoing apoptosis as functions of duration of MCA occlusion and reperfusion after MCA occlusion. The possible contribution of selective genes in promoting and/or inhibiting apoptosis will also be discussed.
An automated procedure for geometry creation and finite element mesh generation: Application to explicit grain structure models and machining distortion

Abstract Explicit grain structure models within finite element (FE) computational tools are essential for conducting crystal plasticity simulations to elucidate the three-dimensional (3D) topological effects of microstructural evolution on micromechanical fields during plastic deformation. Such full-field framework can predict not only texture evolution but also the development of intra- and inter-granular misorientation, grain shape, and grain boundary character distribution in polycrystalline metals. This paper develops an automated procedure for the geometry creation and FE mesh generation of explicit grain structures to facilitate full-field crystal plasticity modeling of complex shapes other than cuboids. The procedure consists of: (1) generation of a synthetic voxel-based microstructure of cuboidal shapes using the software called digital representation environment for the analysis of microstructure in 3D (DREAM.3D), (2) cutting of the model into a final shape by Boolean operations in Abaqus software, and (3) generation of volume FE mesh for the shaped polycrystalline aggregate using a custom-built toolset involving Patran software. Explicit grain structure FE models for micropillar compression and for microtube forming are created as examples. To further demonstrate the utility and robustness of the automated procedure for making multiple cuts while attaining the state of stress equilibrium after each cut, machining distortion of an Inconel 718 aircraft engine disk is modeled. The starting material for machining had a distribution of bulk residual stresses resulting from prior thermo-mechanical processing. Specifically, turning and broaching operations are carried out using the procedure. During machining, the disk distorts as material is removed, while bulk residual stress fields evolve to reach a new equilibrium. The disk distortion during the material removal is predicted using the developed automated procedure in Abaqus.
Help or hindrance? The role of humanitarian military interventions in human security NGO operations:

Existing research shows that the combined presence of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and military interventions can serve as ‘force multipliers’, leading to improvements in some human securi...
Effective Formats for Communicating Risks from Cigarette Smoke Chemicals.

Objective The US government requires the public display of information about toxic chemicals in cigarettes and smoke by brand in a way that is understandable and not misleading. We sought to identify risk communication formats that meet these goals. Methods We conducted 3 online experiments with US adult convenience samples (total N = 1866). Participants viewed a webpage displaying information about chemicals in the smoke of a cigarette brand. Experiment 1 varied the chemicals listed and format for their health effects. Experiments 2 and 3 varied the format of chemical quantities and presence/absence of a visual risk indicator. Outcomes were understandable (increasing knowledge) and not misleading (not reinforcing misperceptions). Results Information about chemicals and health effects increased knowledge of these topics by ~30% (p < .001) compared to no information. Quantity format and use of a risk indicator generally did not affect knowledge. The proportion of participants misled ranged from 0% to 92%, depending on measure. Findings indicated 52% would use a website to search for safer cigarettes. Risk communication formats did little to reduce being misled. Conclusions Some risk communication formats successfully increased knowledge of chemicals and health effects. However, the formats did little to reduce the proportion of people misled.
Foraging and motorised mobility in contemporary Alaska

There is a need to understand better the capabilities of extant hunter-gatherer modes of production to withstand twenty-first century ecological and socioeconomic change. Drawing on Thomas Widlok’s...
Cellular diversity heals

Cells in embryonic tissues generate coordinated forces to close small wounds rapidly without scarring. New research shows that large cell-to-cell variations in these forces are a key system feature that surprisingly speeds up wound healing.
The sympathetic-immune interface: role in immune regulation and pathology

Evidence that lymphoid organs are innervated dates back to the end of 19th century when nerves, independent of blood vessels, were found to enter lymph nodes [1]. In 1946 von Euler isolated from a lymphoid organ, the spleen, noradrenaline (NA) and later proved that NA is the major neurotransmitter released from sympathetic nerves [2]. Recent evidence indicates that lymphoid organs, and particularly their parenchyma, similar to smooth muscles of the vasculature, receive predominantly sympathetic/noradrenergic and peptidergic/sensory innervation. Generally, zones of T-cells, macrophages and plasma cells are richly innervated, while nodular and follicular zones of developing or maturing B cells are poorly innervated [3]. In lymphoid organs NA is released non-synaptically, i.e., from varicose axon terminals, which do not make synaptic contacts — NA released from perivascular or connective tissue septa plexuses of nerve terminals diffuse away through surrounding adventitia or collagenous fibrils, in a paracrine fashion. Thus, NA, may play a modulatory role in signal transmission at the sympathetic-immune interface [4,5] (Fig. 1)
Gravitational effects in $g$-factor measurements and high-precision spectroscopy: Limits of Einstein's equivalence principle

We study the interplay of general relativity, the equivalence principle, and high-precision experiments involving atomic transitions and $g$-factor measurements. In particular, we derive a generalized Dirac Hamiltonian, which describes both the gravitational coupling for weak fields and the electromagnetic coupling, e.g., to a central Coulomb field. An approximate form of this Hamiltonian is used to derive the leading gravitational corrections to transition frequencies and $g$ factors. The position dependence of atomic transitions is shown to be compatible with the equivalence principle, up to a very good approximation. The compatibility of $g$-factor measurements requires a deeper subtle analysis in order to eventually restore the compliance of $g$-factor measurements with the equivalence principle. Finally, we analyze small but important limitations of Einstein's equivalence principle due to quantum effects, within high-precision experiments. We also study the relation of these effects to a conceivable gravitationally induced collapse of a quantum-mechanical wave function (the Penrose conjecture), and space-time noncommutativity, and find that the competing effects should not preclude the measurability of the higher-order gravitational corrections. In the course of the discussion, a renormalized form of the Penrose conjecture is proposed and confronted with experiment. Surprisingly large higher-order gravitational effects are obtained for transitions in diatomic molecules.
Authoritative parent feeding style is associated with better child dietary quality at dinner among low-income minority families.

Background Parent feeding styles have been linked to child weight status across multiple studies. However, to our knowledge, the link between feeding styles and children's dietary quality, a more proximal outcome, has not been investigated. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between parent feeding styles and dietary quality of Head Start preschoolers' dinner meals. Design The amount of food served and consumed by children was measured by using a standardized digital photography method during 3 in-home dinner observations of low-income minority families in Houston, Texas. Trained dietitians entered food served and consumed into the Nutrient Data System for Research 2009 for nutrient analysis. Overall dietary quality of the food served and consumed at dinner was evaluated by using the Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI-2010). Parent feeding style was assessed with the use of the Caregiver's Feeding Style Questionnaire (CFSQ). On the basis of a parent's level of demandingness and responsiveness to his or her child during feeding, the CFSQ categorizes parent feeding into 4 styles: authoritative (high demandingness and high responsiveness), authoritarian (high demandingness and low responsiveness), indulgent (low demandingness and high responsiveness), or uninvolved (low demandingness and low responsiveness). Results For the overall sample, the mean ± SD HEI score for dinner served was 44.2 ± 8.4, and the mean ± SD HEI score for dinner consumed was 43.4 ± 7.0. In the fully adjusted model, ANCOVA indicated that the authoritative parent feeding style was associated with significantly higher child dietary quality compared with the authoritarian feeding style (mean ± SEE HEI consumed-authoritative 45.5 ± 0.9; authoritarian: 41.9 ± 0.7; P = 0.001). Conclusions Parent feeding style contributes to the overall dietary quality of children, and among low-income minority preschoolers an authoritative feeding style was associated with the highest dietary quality of the 4 feeding styles. Interventions to promote feeding practices that contribute to authoritative feeding are needed to improve the dietary quality of preschool children at dinner. This trial was registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02696278.
CX3CR1 distinguishes three antigen-experienced CD8 T cell subsets with distinct migratory, functional and homeostatic properties

Following infection, pathogen-specific T cells differentiate into diverse short-lived effectors (T Eff ) that give rise to long-lived memory (T Mem ) subsets. These T cell fate decisions and lineage relationships are poorly understood, in part, because available subset-defining markers do not adequately reflect existing heterogeneities. Here, we report that CX3CR1 identifies three distinct CD8 + T Eff and T Mem subsets. CX3CR1 expression levels on T Eff were indicative of T Eff differentiation, and predictive of the magnitude and type of memory progeny. Classical central memory (T CM ) and effector memory cells (T EM ) were CX3CR1 – and CX3CR1 high , respectively. In addition, we identified a hitherto unrecognized CX3CR1 int population. The fraction of CX3CR1 int cells among antigen-experienced T Mem was remarkably stable over the course of a year, while T EM gradually declined and T CM increased to be the largest subset by 10 months. Interestingly, CX3CR1 int T Mem had the highest proliferation rate of the three T Mem subsets. While T CM and T EM were phenotypically stable over >10 weeks at steady state, CX3CR1 int T Mem not only self-renewed, but also gave rise to bonafide T CM . This suggests that CX3CR1 int T Mem may contribute to the gradual increase in T CM . In contrast, re-infection resulted in unidirectional differentiation from T CM to CX3CR1 int T Mem to T EM . The newly identified CX3CR1 int T Mem displayed unique migratory properties. Unlike CX3CR1 high T EM , CX3CR1 int gradually acquired lymph node homing capability. Moreover, parabiosis experiments and analysis of recirculating memory cells in thoracic duct lymph revealed that CX3CR1 int T Mem , not T EM , are the predominant T cell subset surveying non-lymphoid peripheral tissues.
Significance of protesters’ words during Gezi Park protests: finding implicit meanings in sticky notes and tweets

On 28 May 2013, an impromptu occupation in Istanbul’s Gezi Park turned into a nation-wide protest encompassing diverse forms of discontent towards the government. This study explores protesters’ ac...
Design Guide and Heat Pipe Selection

Heat pipes and its closed two-phase thermosyphons are highly efficient heat transfer devices utilizing the continuous evaporation/condensation of suitable working fluid for two-phase heat transport in a closed system. Due to a variety of advantageous features, these devices have found a number of applications in space, terrestrial, nuclear power plant, and electronics technology. The operational principles and the performance characteristics of the different types of heat pipes are described. For the heat pipe designs, which have found the widest application, versus the classical capillary-wick heat pipes and the wickless heat pipes or closed two-phase thermosyphons, mathematical schemes are given to calculate the performance and performance limits in Chap. 2. Here in this chapter we will discuss the design criteria and steps for a heat pipe depending on its application. In this chapter also, few design examples are gathered from different authors or researchers in this field to provide a better guideline and procedures to the readers. Heat pipes are being used very often in particular applications when conventional cooling methods are not suitable. Once the need for heat pipe arises, the most appropriate heat pipe needs to be selected.
Anesthetic Considerations for Aortic Arch Stenting

With advances in modern day imaging techniques for the aorta, there has been an increasing incidence of vascular diseases involving the aortic arch. Historically, the only treatment option for arch disease has been open arch replacement under circulatory arrest conditions with or without selective cerebral perfusion. However, this open procedure has significant morbidity and mortality, especially in elderly patients with multiple comorbidities. To potentially mitigate the risks associated with open replacement, endovascular arch repair has gained momentum as an alternative treatment option. Currently, aortic arch stenting is being trialed in multiple international medical centers across Europe and the United States. The outcomes data available thus far are promising, which suggest that there likely will be an increase in patients being referred for aortic arch stenting procedures in the future. In this emerging technology review, multiple aspects of the aortic arch stenting procedure are discussed including the currently available endovascular arch devices, the unique surgical and anesthetic considerations for arch stent implantation, and the early outcomes data published to date.
Catecholamine and Metanephrine Levels in Breast Milk Before and After Paraganglioma Resection.

Background: Catecholamine and metanephrine transfer into breast milk in the setting of secreting paraganglioma or pheochromocytoma has not been previously described. Materials and Methods: We present an investigation in which we measured catecholamine and metanephrine levels in the breast milk in a single patient undergoing resection of a paraganglioma at 5 weeks postpartum. Results:As expected, levels were elevated preoperatively and decreased rapidly after resection. Conclusion:This information may be clinically relevant for patient management when pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma resection is delayed with respect to the delivery of the infant or in the postoperative monitoring of the patient's status.
The Genuine Possibility of Being-with: Watsuji, Heidegger, and the Primacy of Betweenness

ABSTRACTIn Rinrigaku, Watsuji Tetsurō criticizes Martin Heidegger's Being and Time for taking as its starting point the standpoint of the individual “I.” For Watsuji, this “I” is an abstraction, an...
Disruption of Type III Interferon (IFN) Genes Ifnl2 and Ifnl3 Recapitulates Loss of the Type III IFN Receptor in the Mucosal Antiviral Response.

Type III interferon (IFN), or IFN lambda (IFN-λ), is an essential component of the innate immune response to mucosal viral infections. In both the intestine and the lung, signaling via the IFN-λ receptor (IFNLR) controls clinically important viral pathogens, including influenza virus, norovirus, and rotavirus. While it is thought that IFN-λ cytokines are the exclusive ligands for signaling through IFNLR, it is not known whether genetic ablation of these cytokines phenotypically recapitulates disruption of the receptor. Here, we report the serendipitous establishment of Ifnl2- / - Ifnl3- / - mice, which lack all known functional murine IFN-λ cytokines. We demonstrate that, like Ifnlr1- / - mice lacking IFNLR signaling, these mice display defective control of murine norovirus, reovirus, and influenza virus and therefore genocopy Ifnlr1- / - mice. Thus, for regulation of viral infections at mucosal sites of both the intestine and lung, signaling via IFNLR can be fully explained by the activity of known cytokines IFN-λ2 and IFN-λ3. Our results confirm the current understanding of ligand-receptor interactions for type III IFN signaling and highlight the importance of this pathway in regulation of mucosal viral pathogens.IMPORTANCE Type III interferons are potent antiviral cytokines important for regulation of viruses that infect at mucosal surfaces. Studies using mice lacking the Ifnlr1 gene encoding the type III interferon receptor have demonstrated that signaling through this receptor is critical for protection against influenza virus, norovirus, and reovirus. Using a genetic approach to disrupt murine type III interferon cytokine genes Ifnl2 and Ifnl3, we found that mice lacking these cytokines fully recapitulate the impaired control of viruses observed in mice lacking Ifnlr1 Our results support the idea of an exclusive role for known type III interferon cytokines in signaling via IFNLR to mediate antiviral effects at mucosal surfaces. These findings emphasize the importance of type III interferons in regulation of a variety of viral pathogens and provide important genetic evidence to support our understanding of the ligand-receptor interactions in this pathway.