cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Digital implementation of frequency division multiplexing on peak-limited channels

The authors present a coding/modulation scheme with design criteria to deal with the peak power constraint on Fourier transform division multiplexing (FTDM). They clip the transmitted signal at some prescribed limit to preserve linearity and base the design on an estimate of the statistics of the errors due to clipping. They have tested these schemes on simulated data with good results. The authors comment on the performance of these schemes and how it relates to the shape of the channel response. >
Nucleic Acids: Phosphorus‐31 NMR

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Assignment of the 31P NMR Spectra of Oligonucleotides 3 1H–31P and 13C–31P Coupling Constants 4 31P NMR of Polynucleic Acids 5 Sequence-Specific Variation in 31P Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants of Duplex Oligonucleotides 6 Acknowledgements 7 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Simulating Realistic Genomic Data With Rare Variants

Increasing evidence suggests that rare and generally deleterious genetic variants might have a strong impact on disease risks of not only Mendelian disease, but also many common diseases. However, identifying such rare variants remains challenging, and novel statistical methods and bioinformatic software must be developed. Hence, we have to extensively evaluate various methods under reasonable genetic models. Although there are abundant genomic data, they are not most helpful for the evaluation of the methods because the disease mechanism is unknown. Thus, it is imperative that we simulate genomic data that mimic the real data containing rare variants and that enable us to impose a known disease penetrance model. Although resampling simulation methods have shown their advantages in computational efficiency and in preserving important properties such as linkage disequilibrium (LD) and allele frequency, they still have limitations as we demonstrated. We propose an algorithm that combines a regression-based imputation with resampling to simulate genetic data with both rare and common variants. Logistic regression model was employed to fit the relationship between a rare variant and its nearby common variants in the 1000 Genomes Project data and then applied to the real data to fill in one rare variant at a time using the fitted logistic model based on common variants. Individuals then were simulated using the real data with imputed rare variants. We compared our method with existing simulators and demonstrated that our method performed well in retaining the real sample properties, such as LD and minor allele frequency, qualitatively.
Tribological Performance of Environmentally Friendly Ionic Liquid Lubricants

Presented in this study is a new class of "greener" lubricants, room temperature ionic liquids, that represent a promising potential solution to many of the problems associated with both conventional lubricants and those based on natural oils. In this study, friction and wear tests were carried out using a pin-on-disk tribometer under ambient conditions to characterize the performance of the ionic liquids as lubricants. Specifically, ionic liquids consisting of salicylate, benzoate (common food additives) and saccharinate (an artificial sweetener) anions with conventional phosponium cations were evaluated as lubricants and compared to petroleum-based lubricants and natural oils in regards to structure and performance. The ionic liquids generally demonstrated better tribological performance than either the petroleum-based lubricants or natural oils. The mechanisms governing the chemical composition and improved tribological performance are discussed while highlighting possible industrial applications of this new class of lubricants.
Structural transitions and polyamorphism in glass-forming oxides

Brillouin light scattering was used to monitor the structural evolution of glass-forming oxide melts as a function of temperature, including the glass transition range. The storage and loss components of the high-frequency complex mechanical modulus are interpreted in terms of the rigidity resulting from network connectivity and the energy dissipated in aperiodic motions of small structural moieties, respectively. A series of glass-forming oxides with variable fragility was investigated. Most revealing is the fact that thermo-rheological simplicity does not apply to high-frequency processes in these supercooled oxide melts. In order to describe the temperature dependence of the complex moduli consistently for all systems we investigated, we enhanced Maxwell's theory of visco-elasticity to explicitly account for the transition between thermodynamically distinct structural states corresponding to liquid and glass respectively. Using complementary information pertaining to short-range structural characteristics, based on atomic-scale computer simulations and experiments, we have identified mechanisms that are invoked upon transition between structural states. Thereby, we uncovered some attributes of the beginning and ending configurations associated with, what we believe to be, the polyamorphic transformations that underlie the glass transition.
Quantitative dielectrophoretic tracking for characterization and separation of persistent subpopulations of Cryptosporidium parvum

Microbial persistence to antibiotics is attributed to subpopulations with phenotypic variations that cause a spread of susceptibility levels, leading to the recurrence of infections and stability of biofilms. Herein, persistent oocyst subpopulations identified by animal infectivity and excystation assays during the disinfection of Cryptosporidium parvum, a water-borne pathogen capable of causing enteric infections at ultra-low doses, are separated and characterized by quantitative dielectrophoretic tracking over a wide frequency range (10 kHz–10 MHz). To enable the simultaneous and facile dielectrophoretic tracking of individual oocysts, insulator constrictions in a microfluidic channel are utilized to spatially modulate the localized field over the extent needed for defining oocyst trajectories and for obtaining high-resolution displacement versus time measurements under both, positive and negative dielectrophoresis. In this manner, by obviating the need for averaging dielectrophoretic data over a large collection region, the force response is more sensitive to differences in electrophysiology from sub-population fractions. Hence, the electrophysiology of sensitive and persistent oocysts after heat and silver nanoparticle treatments can be quantified by correlating the force response at low frequencies (<100 kHz) to the integrity of the oocyst wall and at high frequencies (0.4–1 MHz) to the sporozoites in the oocyst. This label-free method can characterize heterogeneous microbial samples with subpopulations of phenotypically different alterations, for quantifying the intensity of alteration and fraction with a particular alteration type.
Evidence for multiple intracellular calcium pools in GH4C1 cells: Investigations using thapsigargin☆

Abstract The actions of thapsigargin (Tg), a plant sesquiterpene lactone, on Ca 2+ homeostasis were investigated in digitonin-permeabilized GH 4 C 1 rat pituitary cells. Tg (1 μM) caused a rapid and sustained increase in ambient Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ]) and inhibited the rise in [Ca 2+ ] induced by subsequent addition of TRH (100 nM), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP 3 , 10 μM), or the nonhydrolyzable GTP analogue guanosine 5′-0-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTPγS, 10 μM). However, neither IP 3 nor GTPγS pretreatment, which themselves release sequestered Ca 2+ , prevented the Ca 2+ accumulation induced by Tg. Pretreatment with heparin (100 μg/ml, 10 min), an IP 3 receptor antagonist, did not affect Ca 2+ accumulation induced by Tg, although it abolished the rise in [Ca 2+ ] induced by IP 3 . The ability of Tg to increase [Ca 2+ ] was dependent on added ATP. We conclude that, in GH 4 C 1 cells, Tg acts, in part, on TRH-, IP 3 - and GTPγS-sensitive Ca 2+ pools; however, Tg also acts on an ATP-dependent pool of intracellular Ca 2+ which is not sensitive to TRH, IP 3 or GTPγS, indicating a complexity of intracellular Ca 2+ pools not previously appreciated in these cells.
Iron overload (with attention to genetic testing and diagnosis/management of HFE wild type patients)

The discovery of the HFE, HJV, HAMP, TfR2, and SLC40A1 genes and preliminary understanding of their roles in iron homeostasis have contributed tremendously to our understanding of the pathogenesis of genetic hemochromatosis. Although several new models of iron metabolism have been proposed, some key “sensor” steps of iron absorption in the enterocytes and of iron storage in hepatocytes and other cells remain unclear. A diagnosis of non-HFE genetic hemochromatosis should be considered in patients with unexplained iron overload who do not have the common mutations in the HFE genes. Phenotypic evaluation such as liver biopsy and measurement of hepatic iron concentration remain important in non-HFE hemochromatosis because mutations in other genes are rare and there are no other available noninvasive tests to confirm the diagnosis. Phlebotomy remains the mainstay of therapy also for non-HFE hemochromatosis. However, phlebotomy may not be well tolerated in certain forms of non-HFE hemochromatosis such as “ferroportin disease.”
Palaeohydraulics revisited: palaeoslope estimation in coarse‐grained braided rivers

Methods for estimating palaeoslope from fluvial deposits have been available for some time, but new data and improved understanding of the relevant physical processes afford the possibility of improving existing methods, and the emerging field of quantitative stratigraphy provides a new context for the results. Here we focus on deriving palaeoslope estimates for coarse-grained fluvial deposits. These estimates can be used in basin analyses to constrain the magnitude of the slope change necessary for a given deflection of palaeocurrents, to constrain temporal and spatial variation in basin subsidence rate, and to provide a surface datum for use in sediment-backstripping calculations. The algorithm we derive to estimate palaeoslope applies to rivers that self-adjust through variations in channel width to maintain a temporally and spatially averaged bed shear stress equal to some constant multiple of the critical shear stress for initial motion of bed sediment. Data from modern coarse-grained rivers with minimal bank cohesion and form resistance suggest that this boundary shear stress is equal to about 1.4 times the critical shear stress for movement of the median-sized clast of the surface layer. The key sedimentological criteria for recognition of systems appropriate for this type of analysis are: (1) field relations suggesting that channel banks formed in effectively noncohesive gravel (i.e. free of clay-size sediment and plant roots); (2) absence of significant volumes of dune-derived cross-stratification; and (3) absence of indicators of extremely rapid, flash-flood-type deposition. The basic input data for a palaeoslope calculation are spatially averaged estimates of palaeodepth and median grain size. The most important aspect of data collection is that the depth and grain-size estimates should be determined independently by random sampling over the whole outcrop. Joint analysis of data from appropriate modern rivers and of errors associated with palaeodepth and grain-size estimates indicates that in coarse-grained braided-river deposits, palaeoslope can be estimated to within a factor of 2.
Visualizing scalar volumetric data with uncertainty

Abstract Increasingly, more importance is placed on the uncertainty information of data being displayed. This paper focuses on techniques for visualizing 3D scalar data sets with corresponding uncertainty information at each point which is also represented as a scalar value. In Djurcilov (in: D. Ebert, J.M. Favre, R. Peikert (Eds.), Data Visualization 2001, Springer, Berlin, 2001), we presented two general methods (inline DVR approach and a post-processing approach) for carrying out this task. The first method involves incorporating the uncertainty information directly into the volume rendering equation. The second method involves post-processing information of volume rendered images to composite uncertainty information. Here, we provide further improvements to those techniques primarily by showing the depth cues for the uncertainty, and also better transfer function selections.
Petrologic diversity in Mount St. Helens dacites during the last 4,000 years: implications for magma mixing

Mount St. Helens has explosively erupted dacitic magma discontinuously over the last 40,000 years, and detailed stratigraphic data are available for the past 4,000 years. During this last time period the major-element composition of the dacites has ranged from mafic (62–64 wt% SiO2) to felsic (65–67 wt% SiO2), temperature has varied by about 150°C (770°–920°C), and crystallinity has ranged between 20% and 55%. Water content of these dacites has also fluctuated greatly. Although the source for the dacitic magmas is probably partial melting of lower crustal rocks, there is strong physical evidence, such as banded pumices, thermal heterogeneities in single pumices, phenocryst disequilibrium, contrasts between compositions of glass inclusions and host matrix glass, and amphibole reaction rims, that suggests that magma mixing has been prominent in the dacitic reservoir. Indeed, we suggest that the variations in major- and trace-element abundances in Mount St. Helens dacites indicate that magma mixing between felsic dacite and mafic magma has controlled the petrologic diversity of the dacitic magmas. Magma mixing has also controlled the composition of andesites erupted at Mount St. Helens, and thus it appears that the continuum of magmatic composition erupted at the volcano is controlled by mixing between felsic dacite, or possibly rhyodacite, and basalt. The flux of the felsic endmember to the reservior appears to have been relatively constant, whereas the flux of basalt may have increased in the past 4,000 years, as suggested by the apparently increased abundance of mafic dacite and andesite erupted in this period.
The time window hypothesis: Spacing effects

Abstract A time window is defined as the interval between the occurance of an initial event and the upper limit of the period within which new information can be integrated with the memory representation of that event. The validity of the time window construct was documented in a prior report involving a categorization paradigm and in which a new exemplar was integrated into a previously established category. Presently, we asked if there is a time window within which information can be integrated across successive training sessions and, if so, what are its implications for long-term retention. In two studies with 3-month-olds, we found that (a) there is a delay between sessions after which the effects of successive sessions no longer cumulate, (b) when the second session occurs nearer the end of the time window, retention is greater, and (c) a memory can be reactivated only if the second session occurs within the time window. These data further validate the time window construct and illustrate that the timing of a succeeding event determines whether it will be integrated with what came before or will be treated as unique. This result has major implications for the development of an individual's knowledge base.
A novel highly enantio- and diastereoselective synthesis of vitamin E side-chain

Abstract A novel highly enantioselective (>99% ee) and diastereoselective (>98% de) method for the synthesis of chiral C 15 vitamin E side-chain 1 was developed. ZACA–lipase-catalyzed acetylation protocol to provide a key α,ω-dioxyfunctional C 5 synthon 6 (⩾99% ee), and two subsequent Cu-catalyzed alkyl–alkyl cross-coupling reactions of enantiomerically pure C 5 iodide 4 were employed as key steps. 1 H NMR analysis of MαNP ester was found to be a convenient method for measuring the enantiomeric purity of the C 15 vitamin E side-chain 1 .
Sediment-Associated Reactions of Aromatic Amines. 2. QSAR Development

The fate of aromatic amines in soils and sediments is dominated by irreversible binding through nucleophilic addition and oxidative radical coupling. Despite the common occurrence of the aromatic amine functional group in organic chemicals, the molecular properties useful for predicting reaction kinetics in natural systems have not been thoroughly investigated. Toward this goal, the sorption kinetics for a series of anilines with substituents in the ortho, meta, or para positions were measured in sediment slurries. The sorption kinetics of the substituted anilines were characterized by an initial, rapid sorption process followed by a much slower sorption process. The initial rates of sorption varied with the type and position of the substituent group. Rate constants for the initial sorption process were correlated with molecular descriptors, including dissociation constants (pKa's), Hammett σ constants, polarographic half-wave potentials (E1/2), one-electron oxidation potentials (E1), highest occupied mol...
Counter-current distribution of red blood cells of different ages and from different species.

Abstract Red blood cells from a number of different species were subjected to counter-current distribution in an aqueous, buffered dextran-polyethylene glycol, two-phase system. A marked correlation between the distribution of these cells and their relative electrophoretic mobilities was observed, leading to the conclusion that surface charge is a primary determinant in the behavior of cells on counter-current distribution. By injecting some of the animals with 59 Fe we were able to differentiate between young and old red cells in a given cell population. Counter-current distribution permits the separation of young and old cells not only from the rat (as we previously reported) but also from the dog, mouse and even chicken, leading to the conclusion that this is a general phenomenon. Sialic acid has been implicated as bearing almost the total surface charge of red blood cells. Analysis of the stroma from red blood cells of different ages ( i.e. , from cells in the different tubes of the extraction train after counter-current distribution) reveals that the sialic acid content is constant. However, the effective surface charge of red blood cells changes as a function of their age. This is most probably a consequence of the diminution of older red cells' surface 5 , and that their cell membranes become “altered” 14 . It is evidenced by the fact that older red cells can be electrophoretically separated from their younger counterparts 6 . This fact, together with the results obtained on counter-current distribution of red cells from different species, leads us to believe that a difference in surface charge is the primary determinant in the separation by counter-current distribution of red blood cells of different ages. An experiment demonstrating the effect of a different salt composition of the phase system used on the counter-current distribution of labeled red blood cells is also presented.
ISOLATED GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY IN ASSOCIATION WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) INFECTION

ISOLATED GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY IN ASSOCIATION WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) INFECTION
Primary familial amyloidosis of the cornea.

The stromal deposits of a failed corneal graft from a patient with primary familial amyloidosis of the cornea stained positively with Congo red and showed green birefringence with polarized light. These deposits contained protein AP but not protein AA, immunoglobulins, light chains, or prealbumin. The amyloid deposits of primary familial amyloidosis of the cornea differ from those in lattice corneal dystrophy which contain both protein AA and protein AP.
Determination of left ventricular mass using single-photon emission computed tomography.

Abstract To test the hypothesis that single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) could actually determine left ventricular LV mass in humans, SPECT measurements of LV mass were compared with LV mass determined by cineangiography in 12 patients with normal coronary arteries and LV function. Repeat SPECT determinations of LV mass were carried out in 5 patients. Projection images of the left ventricle were acquired after intravenous injection of thallium-201 (TI-201) using a rotating gamma camera. Transverse sections were reconstructed by filtered backprojection. The boundary of LV uptake of TI-201 in each transverse section was defined using a 3-dimensional threshold detector. Scintigraphic LV mass (total number of voxels demonstrating LV TI-201 uptake × voxel volume × specific gravity of myocardium) was compared with angiographic LV mass. There was good correlation between LV mass determined by SPECT and that determined by cineangiography. Mean angiographic LV mass was 208 ± 45 g (± standard deviation). Mean SPECT LV mass was 204 ± 42 g. Linear regression analysis revealed the following relation: SPECT LV mass = 0.76 × angiographic LV mass + 46.1 (r = 0.82, root-mean-square deviation from regression = 24.7). The SPECT values of LV mass varied an average of 10.4 ± 4.6% (± standard deviation) in the 5 patients in whom 2 determinations were made. Thus, SPECT of TI-201 can accurately measure LV mass in humans.
Synthesis and properties of corn zein/montmorillonite nanocomposite films

The objectives of this study were to apply fabrication techniques for the zein montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposite films and characterize the obtained nanocomposite films. Zein MMT nanocomposite films were successfully produced from solvent casting and blown extrusion methods. The two methods could mix the zein MMT resulting in partially exfoliated nanocomposite structures according to X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The thermal resistant of the zein nanocomposite films fabricated from both methods improved as the MMT content increased. However, the mechanical and barrier properties showed non-linear relationships with the MMT loadings. The impact of MMT on properties of zein films strongly depended on the preparation techniques. This can be the good starting point to further study in depth insight of the controllable MMT rearrangement in zein films which will remarkably improve zein film properties for packaging applications.
Back to the future: overcoming reluctance to honor in-school DNAR orders.

We are barely getting a handle on the complicated issue of DNAR orders in hospitals, nursing homes and skilled care facilities and now we have to deal with the question of DNAR orders for children ...
Impact of visual function on computer task accuracy and reaction time in a cohort of patients with age-related macular degeneration.

Abstract PURPOSE: To investigate the impact of visual function parameters on computer task performance in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN: Interventional case series. METHODS: Eighteen patients with visual impairment due to age-related macular degeneration underwent evaluation of visual acuity using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study protocol, contrast sensitivity using a Pelli-Robson chart, binocular simultaneous visual field using the Esterman program on an automated perimeter, and color vision using Farnsworth D-15. Each subject then completed 125 computer icon identification tasks. Relationships between computer task performance (accuracy and speed) and visual function parameters (visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual field, and color vision) were analyzed. RESULTS: Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in the better eye, weighted average contrast sensitivity, and color vision defects are significantly associated with computer task accuracy. Visual acuity in the better eye, weighted average visual acuity, and color vision defects are significantly associated with performance speed. Visual function parameters and clinical features significantly associated with computer task accuracy in a multiple regression model include weighted average contrast sensitivity ( P = 0.001), protan color vision defect ( P = 0.002), cataract severity in the better-seeing eye ( P = 0.036), and geographic atrophy outside the central macula ( P = 0.046). Visual function parameters and clinical features significantly associated with computer task speed in a multiple regression model include color vision defects (deutan, P P P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Among this cohort of patients with AMD, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and color vision defects are significant predictors of computer task performance. Visual function parameters of the better eye played a more significant role than parameters of the worse eye, and contrast sensitivity is the most significant predictor of computer task accuracy.
Spinnability of Silica Sols: the Role of Alkoxy Group Exchange

The exchange and spinnability of several systems with the general form Si(OR)4 (where R = CH3, C2H5) in ethanol, propanol and butanol were investigated. We have followed the alkoxy group exchange, the hydrolysis and condensation reactions and the Q distributions of these systems using29Si and17O NMR. The observed differences in spinnability of the various sol-gel systems are attributed to the effect of the bulkiness of the alkoxy group on its reactivity.
Influence of proton radiation on the nonlinear current-voltage characteristics of pulsed laser deposited ilmenite-hematite thin films

Ilmenite-hematite (IH) [(1−x)FeTiO3·xFe2O3] solid solutions are unique classes of materials showing both magnetic and semiconducting properties, which make them potential candidates for novel applications in microelectronics and spintronics. This paper focuses on their varistor behavior before and after exposure to 40 MeV and 10 MeV proton radiations up to a fluence of 5×1010 p/cm2. The IH films are tolerant to these irradiations with little significant change to the nonlinear current-voltage characteristics. The switching voltage of the devices is in the regime of practical applications, and the radiation tolerance makes these materials suitable for aerospace applications.
Full and fundamental partial orderings

Abstract The number of full, and the number of fundamental partial orderings on a finite set are determined. Also, the structure of the partially ordered set of full suborderings of a finite chain is investigated.
CREATINE IN SEAWATER1

Manual and AutoAnalyzer methods for the determination of creatine in seawater are described. Data are presented for creatine and nutrient excretion of Peruvian anchoveta, Engraulis ringens, and creatine found in a representative hydrostation near an anchoveta school in the Peru Current.
Cluster variation expansion for solid ortho-hydrogen

Abstract The cluster variation method is applied to the orientational ordering of ortho -hydrogen molecules on a rigid f.c.c. lattice. In the three-spin cluster approximation with nearest neighbor quadrupole-quadrupole coupling a first-order orientational transition is found. A substantial amount of short-range order persists above the transition.
A thermodynamic study of H-D exchange in the hydrogen-difluoroborane system

Abstract The hydrogen-deuterium exchange reaction between D2 and HBF2 is unique in certain respects due to its unusually fast reaction rate at ordinary temperatures. For this reason it has been possible to observe H-D exchange equilibria for this system and evaluate the thermodynamic properties of HBF2 and DBF2. In this paper we present the results of those equilibrium measurements.
Nucleotide sequence and expression of a deep-sea ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase gene cloned from a chemoautotrophic bacterial endosymbiont

Abstract The gene coding for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase [RuBisCO; 3-phospho-D-glycerate carboxy-lyase (dimerizing), EC 4.1.1.39] was cloned from a sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacterium that resides as an endosymbiont within the gill tissues of Alvinoconcha hessleri, a gastropod inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the cloned fragment demonstrated that the genes encoding the large (RbcL) and small (RbcS) subunits of the symbiont RuBisCO were organized similarly to the RuBisCO operons of free-living photo- and chemoautotrophic prokaryotes. The symbiont rbcL gene shared the highest degree of nucleotide sequence identity with the cyanobacterium Anabaena (69%) while the rbcS nucleotide sequence shared 61% identity with that of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Comparison with a 153-nucleotide partial rbcL sequence from a symbiont of the bivalve Solemya reidi indicated that the two symbiont sequences shared 85% sequence identity at the nucleotide level and 93% at the amino acid level, suggesting a relatively recent common origin. Escherichia coli transformed with a plasmid carrying the RuBisCO operon of the gastropod symbiont in the proper orientation for transcription from the plasmid lac promoter expressed catalytically active RuBisCO. The presence of enzyme activity suggests the proper assembly of the subunits of this deep-sea RuBisCO into the holoenzyme.
Circannual changes in the duration of the immobility response of rats in the forced swim test

Abstract Separate groups of male rats were tested in the forced swim test on the third Tuesday of each mo for 14 mo. A distinct pattern was observable in their immobility response such that animals were most immobile during the winter months (Dec–Mar) and least immobile during the summer months (June–Sept). Bicarbonate-carbon dioxide levels were significantly correlated with immobility times ( r = 0.48), as were glucose ( r = 0.34) and phosphorus ( r = −0.33) levels, whereas corticosterone and testosterone levels were not significantly correlated with immobility. These results indicate that there is a circannual rhythm in the floating behavior of rats in the forced swim test.
Post disturbance island identification via state estimation

Power systems may split into several electrically disconnected islands following large disturbances caused by natural disasters such as hurricanes, storms and the like. Timely and accurate detection as well as identification of islanding is of utmost importance to the system operators in order for the system to be rapidly restored. This paper presents an islanding identification method using state estimation. Island identification is formulated as a multiple simultaneous line parameter error identification problem. This problem was solved by revising a previously developed method and applying it to cases involving synchronized phasor measurements. The method is capable of identifying the new network topology following islanding event. Simulation results obtained from IEEE 14- and 30-bus systems are provided as illustrations of the proposed method.
A study of the ionization produced by the catalytic combustion of hydrocarbons

Studies have been made of the ionization produced during the catalytic combustion of hydrocarbons on a platinum catalyst. The ion yield varies widely depending upon the molecular structure of the hydrocarbon and the catalyst temperature. Highly branched alkanes have produced the greatest ionization among the hydrocarbons studied. The ions produced per mole of hydrocarbon burned are of the same order of magnitude as those produced from a hydrocarbon burning in a hydrogen flame.
Beam-steering antenna based on parasitic layer

A beam-steering antenna based on a parasitic layer operating at around 5.6 GHz is presented. It is capable of steering its beam into three directions (θ m = -30°, 0°, 30°). The structure consists of a driven microstrip-fed patch element and a parasitic layer located on top of the driven patch. The upper surface of the parasitic layer has a grid of 5 × 5 electrically-small rectangular-shaped metallic pixels, which can be connected/disconnected by means of switching, thus the parasitic pixel surface geometry is changed. The electromagnetic mutual coupling between the driven patch and the parasitic pixel surface is responsible for achieving the desired beam-steering. Prototypes of the designed antennas have been fabricated showing ~8 dB realised-gain in all steered beam directions.
AXIAL DISPERSION IN COILED TUBULAR REACTORS

Abstract A theoretical and experimental treatment of axial dispersion in coiled tubes is presented. The dispersion, δ, is related to the theoretical plate height divided by four times the radius of the tube (H/4r). This parameter, when plotted against the product of the Reynolds number and the Schmidt number (ReSc), accurately predicts maxima in dispersion curves. Variations in the boundary layer thickness and the velocity profile cause the dispersion to pass through a maximum at a constant value of log (De2Sc1·14) equal to 6.13 for unretained solutes (De is the Dean number). A new measure of dispersion is proposed; the reduced dispersion, ϵ = 256/(Re0.667Sc), is derived from the experimental behavior of dispersion at values of log (De2Sc1·14) smaller than 6.13. The logarithm of ϵ is found to be approximately zero for 2.2
Gender identity and sex-of-rearing in children with disorders of sexual differentiation.

Aim: To compare declared sexual identity to sex-of-rearing in individuals with disorders of sexual differentiation. Methods: All 84 patients ≥5 years old in a pediatric psychosexual development clinic were assessed for sex-of-rearing and sexual identity. Diagnoses included 1) male-typical prenatal androgen effects but an absent or severely inadequate penis - 45 patients with cloacal exstrophy or aphallia; 2) inadequate prenatal androgens and a Y-chromosome - 28 patients with partial androgen insensitivity (pAIS) mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD), hermaphroditism, or craniofacial anomalies with genital ambiguity; 3) inappropriate prenatal androgen effects and a 46,XX karyotype - 11 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Results: Of 73 patients with disordered sexual differentiation and a Y-chromosome, 60 were reared female 26 of the 60 (43%) declared female identity while 32 (53%) declared male identity including 18 (55%) with cloacal exstrophy, six (55%) with MGD, four (40%) with pAIS, one (50%) with aphallia, one (100%) with hermaphroditism, and two (67%) with craniofacial anomalies; two (3%) declined to discuss identity. Nine of 11 patients with CAH and a 46,XX karyotype were reared female and two reared male; six (55%) declared female identity and five (45%) declared male identity. Of 84 total patients, 69 were reared female, but only 32 lived as female, while 29 lived as male; four patients refused to discuss sex-of-living; parents of four patients rejected their declarations of male identity. All 15 patients reared male lived as male including two genetic females. Conclusion: Active prenatal androgen effects appeared to dramatically increase the likelihood of recognition of male sexual identity independent of sex-of-rearing. Genetic males with maletypical prenatal androgen effects should be reared male.
Extramedullary granulocytic sarcoma of the skin, mediastinum, and pericardium.

A 27-year-old man, with a past history of developmental delay, presented on 18 November 2005 for the evaluation of an acute onset of multiple red–violaceous nodules on the head, neck, and trunk of 5 days’ duration. The patient had no associated fever, chills, weight loss, night sweats, chest pain, dyspnea, lymphadenopathy, or organomegaly. He had no previous history of malignancies. A biopsy indicated a diagnosis of leukemia cutis (Fig. 1). His initial complete blood count (CBC) was within normal limits. The 2-week follow-up revealed enlargement of the previous lesions and the development of new lesions (Fig. 2). By the third week, the patient had developed dyspnea, but with normal breath sounds and oxygen saturation. Chest computed tomography demonstrated a mediastinal mass measuring 16 × 5.2 cm and pericardial thickening (Fig. 3). The diagnosis of granulocytic sarcoma of the skin lesion and mediastinal mass was established on the basis of immunohistochemical stains, with positivity to CD43 and Leder's preparation and negativity to CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD10, CD20, CD23, CD30, CD34, CD56, bcl-1, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), and granzyme. The bone marrow was negative for malignant cells. CBC and chemistry panel were all normal. Nevertheless, the patient experienced increased dyspnea and developed a pericardial effusion which required a pericardial window. Cytology of the pericardial fluid was consistent with granulocytic sarcoma. Once the diagnosis of granulocytic sarcoma was established, the patient started a regimen of cytarabine, daunorubicin, and etoposide. Despite this, the skin lesions and mediastinal mass showed minimal response. Repeat computed tomography showed a mediastinal mass measuring 14.5 × 4.4 cm. The patient's respiratory status required intubation and, 2 weeks later, his family requested that he be withdrawn from life support. Figure 1. Immature myelocytic infiltrate in the dermis (hematoxylin and eosin, ×4) Download figure to PowerPoint Figure 2. Clinical image of granulocytic sarcoma Download figure to PowerPoint Figure 3. Computed tomography of the chest illustrating mediastinal pericardial involvement Download figure to PowerPoint
Surface charge asymmetry and a specific calcium ion effect in chloroplast photosystem II.

We have used the decay kinetics of Signal IIf in Tris-washed chloroplasts as a direct probe to reactions on the oxidizing side of Photosystem II. A study of the salt concentration dependence of the rate of reduction of Z⨥ by the ascorbate monoanion has been interpreted by using the Gouy-Chapman diffuse double layer model and allows the calculation of an inner membrane surface charge density of −3.4 ± 0.3 μC · cm−2 at pH = 8.0 in the vicinity of Photosystem II. We have also measured the outer membrane surface charge density at this pH in Tris- and sucrose-washed chloroplasts by monitoring the rate of potassium ferricyanide oxidation of Q−, and arrive at values of −2.2 ± 0.3 μC · cm−2 and −2.1 μC · cm−2, respectively. From these experiments we conclude that in dark-adapted chloroplasts at pH 8.0 there exists a transmembrane electric field in the vicinity of Photosystem II which arises from this surface charge asymmetry. In the presence of 10 mM monovalent salts, the transmembrane potential difference is of the order of 20 mV, corresponding to a field of 4 · 104 V · cm−1 (negative inside) for a 50 A membrane. It is both smaller in magnitude and in the opposite direction compared to the photoinduced transmembrane field which gives rise to the 515 nm absorption change. We have also found non-double layer Ca2+ effects on the decay kinetics of Signal IIf with both charged (ascorbate monoanion) and neutral (diphenylcarbazide) donors. These results suggest a change in the environment of Z from lipophilic to hydrophilic upon specific binding of Ca2+.
The effect of minor additions of titanium on the fracture toughness of Fe-12 at% Ni alloys at−196° C

Titanium additions ranging from 0.18 to 0.99 atomic percent and heat treatments of 2 hours at 550, 685 and 820 C respectively followed by a water quench were considered. Cubic and rectangular shaped inclusions were noted in the SEM fractographs of the alloys with the Ti additions. A fine precipitate was observed by TEM for the Fe-12Ni-0.18Ti alloys heat treated at 550 C; this precipitate was not observed for the 685 and 820 C heat treatments of the same alloy. Auger mappings of the fracture surfaces indicated a weak to moderate association of the interstitials C, N and O with Ti, the degree of which depended on the particular interstitial and the heat treatment temperature.
Hop on the Bus: Driving Stratification Concepts Home.

The purpose of experiential education is to combine experience and learning in ways that transform both (Carver 1996; Giles and Eyler 1994; Kolb 1984). Students have experiences outside the classroom, and these experiences are integrated into the course curriculum, enriching both the experience and the class material. Successful experiential education assignments must first provide students with the background they need to fully take advantage of the experience as well as the time and knowledge to help them reflect on what they see (HironimusWendt and Lovell-Troy 1999; Hollis 2002; Mooney and Edwards 2001). Concepts related to social stratification and inequality are demonstrated particularly well through exercises and experiences both in and outside the classroom (for examples see: Bohmer and Briggs 1991; Folse 2002; Grant et al. 1981; Groves, Warren, and Witschger 1996; Hartung 1991; Luske 1998; Manning, Price, and Rich 1997; McCammon 1999; Misra 1997; Scarce 1997; Sernau 1995; Straus 1986; Wright 2000). For classes with content on social stratification and inequality, opportunities to see the unequal distribution of resources and diverse environments allow students to con-
Language, Ideology, and Political Economy

After sharply defining and contrasting an “analytic-scientific” and an “emotional-ethical” approach and their interrelations, this article goes on to explore some possible interconnections among the three main phenomena, before discussing each in more detail. The first is political economy in several important senses; germane problems are noted that deal with (ethno) quantification and the innovative individual. The second phenomenon is ideology, in three senses: (1) notional ideology, (2) ideology for maintaining or changing a sociopolitical order, and (3) ideology for masking a structure of domination. The third phenomenon is language, again in various senses, but particularly as (1) a symbolism with a structure analogous in some ways to that of economics, and (2) a mediator between ideology and political economy; considerable attention is given to the political-economic functions of language figures such as irony and synecdoche. A fourth, analytically crucial kind of ideology, “linguacultural ideology,” fills in the foregoing structure. Alternative logics, alternative combinations of variables, and alternative complementary theories are suggested throughout, particularly in the final section.
Evaluation of Soy Polysaccharide as a Disintegrating Agent Part I: Direct Compression

AbstractSoy polysaccharide, a group of high molecular weight polysaccharides obtained from soy beans, was evaluated as a disintegrant in tablets made by direct compression using lactose and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate as fillers. A cross-linked sodium carboxy-methyl cellulose and corn starch were used as control disintegrants. Parameters studied were compressibility, friability and disintegration times. Dissolution studies were conducted on tablets containing hydrochlorothiazide as a model drug of low water solubility. Soy polysacchardie performs well as a disintegrating agent in direct compression formulations with results paralleling those of cross-linked CMC at the 2% level and superior to corn starch at the 8% level. Dissolution rates of the drug from tablets were rapid, particularly at the 5% level and were not adversely affected by aging at room temperatures.
Root Banking to Preserve Alveolar Bone: A Review and Clinical Recommendation

The retainment of vital roots to preserve alveolar bone has been employed clinically with good results. The technique is worthy o f consideration for many individuals who are to have their teeth removed and dentures constructed.
Web sites for families of cancer patients

A diagnosis of cancer is terrifying, not only for cancer patients but for the entire family. One learns that cancer, like any serious illness, affects the whole family. As a result, both cancer patients and their families will be best served if the entire family is involved with the care. Just like in the treatment of a cancer patient, it is best if health care providers treat the whole person rather than just the disease. This article provides a Web bibliography of useful Internet sites to help the families of cancer patients cope with this illness, as well as take care of themselves.
New equipment and techniques for airway management in trauma

A patent, unobstructed airway is fundamental in the care of the trauma patient, and is most often obtained by placing a cuffed tube in the trachea. The presence of shock, respiratory distress, a full stomach, maxillofacial trauma, neck hematoma, laryngeal disruption, cervical spine instability, and
A novel solar-powered adsorption refrigeration module

Abstract This paper presents the description and operation of a simple structure, low cost solar-powered adsorption refrigeration module with the solid adsorption pair of local domestic type charcoal and methanol. The module consists of: a––modified glass tube having a generator (sorption bed) at one end and a combined evaporator and condenser at the other end and, b––simple arrangement of plane reflectors to heat the generator. The testing of the module is mainly focused on the sorption bed, therefore, four types (1–4) of bed techniques and four reflector arrangements (A–D) to heat the sorption bed had been proposed and tested under climatic condition of Cairo (30° latitude). The angles of inclination of the reflectors are varied every month to receive maximum solar energy at noon time. Glass shell is also used to cover the beds in winter. Test results show that, the module composed of the bed technique Type 4 and reflector's arrangement Type C gives best performance. The time duration during which the bed temperature is above 100 °C was found to be 5 h, with a maximum temperature of 120 °C in winter. In summer, the corresponding values 6 h and 133 °C. During cooling, the minimum bed temperature recorded in either winter or summer time is very close to the ambient temperature due to the absence of bed insulation. The daily ice production is 6.9 and 9.4 kg/m 2 and net solar COP is 0.136 and 0.159 for cold and hot climate respectively.
A network approach to the puzzle of women's cultural participation

Abstract This exploratory paper examines the interpenetration of gender and social networks in predicting cultural consumption. The analyses use original data collected by the author on 421 students, American and foreign, at an elite university. In general, network density is associated with participation in solidarity-producing activities and heterogeneity is associated with increased high culture participation. However, network variables, especially network diversity, emerge as much better predictors of women's cultural participation than of men's. I conclude by suggesting that women may use cultural participation to draw symbolic boundaries against men as well as against women from other network structures.
Concomitant Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Colorectal Cancer: A Decision Analysis Approach to a Therapeutic Dilemma

The therapeutic approach to a patient with concomitant abdominal aortic aneurysm and colorectal carcinoma is not clear. Decision analysis helps clarify decision options and quantify therapeutic outcomes. Variables used in decision analysis include life expectancy after resection for colorectal cancer and abdominal aortic aneurysm, rupture rate of abdominal aortic aneurysm, complications of colorectal cancer, complications of abdominal aortic aneurysmorrhaphy, and colorectal resection. The results support the concept that the symptomatic lesion should be treated first. When both lesions are asymptomatic and the aneurysm is 4–5 cm in diameter, it should be resected first, if the colorectal cancer has a 5 cm, it should be resected first if the cancer has a 5 cm and cancers with a >75–80% chance of obstruction or perforation, provided the dual procedures can be performed with a