cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scalable data parallel object recognition using geometric hashing on CM-5

Presents scalable parallel algorithms for object recognition using geometric hashing. We define an abstract model of the CM-5 computer. We develop a load balancing technique that results in scalable processor-time optimal algorithms for performing a probe on the CM-5 model. Given a model of a CM-5 with P processor nodes and a set S of feature points in a scene, a probe of the recognition phase can be performed in O(|V(S)|)/P) time, where V(S) is the set of votes cast by feature points in S. This algorithm is scalable in the range 1/spl les/P/spl lesspl radic/[|V(S)|/log|V(S)|]. These results do not assume any distributions of hash bin lengths or scene points. The implementations developed in this paper require a number of processors which is independent of the size of the model database and which is scalable with the machine size. >
Reducing procedural pain and discomfort associated with transcranial direct current stimulation.

Background Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) appears to have modulatory effects on the excitability of cortical brain tissue. Though tDCS as presently applied causes no apparent harm to brain structure or function, a number of uncomfortable sensations can occur beneath the electrodes during stimulation, including tingling, pain, itching, and burning sensations. Therefore, we investigated the effect of topically applied Eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) on tDCS-related discomfort. Methods Nine healthy adults received both anodal and cathodal 2.0 mA tDCS for 5 minutes over the prefrontal cortex with the skin pretreated for 20 minutes with either EMLA or placebo cream. Participants rated procedural discomfort six times across eight dimensions of sensation. Results On average, the mean sensation ratings for EMLA-associated tDCS stimulation were significantly lower than placebo-associated stimulation for every cutaneous sensation evaluated. Cathodal stimulation was associated with higher ratings of "sharpness" and intolerability than anodal stimulation. Conclusions Topical EMLA may reduce tDCS-related discomfort.
Synchronization vs. Signaling: Energy-Efficient Coordination in WSN

Synchronization and signaling are two common approaches used for coordination in duty-cycling wireless sensor networks. In this paper we analyze the trade off between these two approaches used for energy-efficient communication. Finally, we present Neighborhood-based Power Management (NPM), a hybrid MAC protocol that minimizes signaling overhead through opportunistically gained knowledge about neighbor wakeup schedules. Unlike the synchronization-based MAC protocols, NPM does not require a priori knowledge of the wakeup schedules. Using only a minimal exchange of schedule information, NPM reduces the signaling overhead by combining adaptive preambling with its neighborhood wakeup mechanism. Our simulations show that NPM outperforms popular B-MAC [1], X-MAC [2] and SCP [3] protocols under all network conditions.
Comparison of coded and uncoded QPSK intradyne and heterodyne receivers

Without the requirement for optical phase synchronization, the QPSK intradyne receiver provides a way to minimize the processing bandwidth of the optical receiver by reducing the intermediate frequency (IF) to a level that it is lower than the symbol frequency of the QPSK signal. As a result, with a low processing bandwidth, the QPSK intradyne scheme allows the use of a digital demodulating circuit at the receiver. An intradyne receiver is investigated, and convolutional coding is applied to the intradyne and heterodyne receivers using the Viterbi decoding algorithm. Due to the limitation of the digital PLL used in the intradyne receiver, it has generally a poor performance as compared to the heterodyne receiver. On the other hand, as expected, the application of convolution codes on both systems largely relaxes the requirement for laser linewidths. The improved performance is mainly the result of the error correcting capability of the codes and the reduction of the laser linewidth to data bit rate ratio. With BER fixed at 10/sup -10/, by using a (2, 1) code with constraint length 11, the required laser linewidth can be relaxed by a relaxing factor 7 for the intradyne receiver and 1000 for the heterodyne receiver. For a fixed laser linewidth, the receiver sensitivities for both systems can be improved by 20 dB. >
CD81/CD9 tetraspanins aid plasmacytoid dendritic cells in recognition of hepatitis C virus–infected cells and induction of interferon-alpha

Recognition of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected hepatocyes and interferon (IFN) induction are critical in antiviral immune response. We hypothesized that cell-cell contact between plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and HCV-infected cells was required for IFN-α induction through the involvement of cell-surface molecules. Coculture of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with genotype 1a full-length (FL) HCV genomic replicon cells or genotype 2a Japanese fulminant hepatitis type 1 (JFH-1) virus-infected hepatoma cells (JFH-1), and not with uninfected hepatoma cells (Huh7.5), induced IFN-α production. Depletion of pDCs from PBMCs attenuated IFN-α release, and purified pDCs produced high levels of IFN-α after coculture with FL replicons or JFH-1-infected cells. IFN-α induction by HCV-containing hepatoma cells required viral replication, direct cell-cell contact with pDCs, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. We determined that the tetraspanin proteins, CD81 and CD9, and not other HCV entry receptors, were required for IFN-α induction in pDCs by HCV-infected hepatoma cells. Disruption of cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains, the localization site of CD81, or inhibition of the CD81 downstream molecule, Rac GTPase, inhibited IFN-α production. IFN-α induction involved HCV RNA and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7. IFN-α production by HCV-infected hepatoma cells was decreased in pDCs from HCV-infected patients, compared to healthy controls. We found that preexposure of healthy PBMCs to HCV viral particles attenuated IFN-α induction by HCV-infected hepatoma cells or TLR ligands, and this inhibitory effect could be prevented by an anti-HCV envelope glycoprotein 2–blocking antibody. Conclusion: Our novel data show that recognition of HCV-infected hepatoma cells by pDCs involves CD81- and CD9-associated membrane microdomains and induces potent IFN-α production. (HEPATOLOGY 2013;58:940–949)
Two alternate high gradient quadrupoles; an upgraded Tevatron IR and a "pipe" design

The present Fermilab IR quadrupole lenses achieve a 50% increase in gradient over their predecessors. This was accomplished by the following developments: (a) a more dense winding (Kapton insulation only, eliminating the fiberglass-epoxy), (b) an improvement in critical current density to J/sub c/(5T, 4.2K)=3 kA/mm/sup 2/ and (c) a higher aspect ratio cable >11/1 and (d) finer strand (0.53 mm diameter). The natural evolution of this design to the CERN 70 mm aperture quadrupole results in the following: (a) a reduction in operational temperature (4.8K-1.9K), (b) improvement of J/sub c/(10 T, 2.0 K)>2 kA/mm/sup 2/ and (c) a higher aspect ratio cable >13/1 and (d) finer strand (0.48 mm diameter). These two-layer designs should achieve the required operational gradient of 250 T/m with at least a 5% margin on the short-sample load-line intersection. These high current densities also require turn-off times <0.2 s after transition to the normal state. Such a short time requires an advanced protection heater design. The status of the design and the experimental development will be reported. New design concept quadrupole calculations are presented as well. This concept, using an active flux return is being proposed as a possible candidate design for a future higher gradient requirement.
Goal-Directed Reasoning for Specification-Based Data Structure Repair

Software errors and hardware failures can cause data structures in running programs to violate key data structure consistency properties. As a result of this violation, the program may produce unacceptable results or even fail. We present a new data structure repair system. This system accepts a specification of data structure consistency properties stated in terms of an abstract set-and relation-based model of the data structures in the running program. It then automatically generates a repair algorithm that, during the execution of the program, detects and repairs any violations of these constraints. The goal is to enable the program to continue to execute acceptably in the face of otherwise crippling data structure corruption errors. We have applied our system to repair inconsistent data structures in five applications: CTAS (an air traffic control system), AbiWord (an open source word processing program), Freeciv (an interactive multiplayer game), a parallel x86 emulator, and a simplified Linux file system. Our results indicate that the generated repair algorithms can effectively repair inconsistent data structures in these applications to enable the applications to continue to operate successfully in cases where the original application would have failed. Without repair, all of the applications fail
Antimicrobial prescribing in long-term care facilities: Prospective evaluation of potential antimicrobial use and cost indicators

Abstract Background: Few studies exist regarding methods of monitoring antimicrobial prescribing in the long-term care setting. Methods: Data were collected monthly in 4 long-term care facilities (LTCFs) for 20 to 26 months. The data included incidence (No. of antimicrobial courses started per 1000 resident care days) of antimicrobial use, antimicrobial utilization ratio (ratio of the number of antimicrobial-days to the number of resident care days), cost of antimicrobial-day, and cost of therapy per resident care day. In one facility, physician-specific data were also collected. Results: Seasonal variation in the incidence of antimicrobial use was identified, with the highest rates occurring in the winter months. Significant differences in the mean incidence of antimicrobial use, mean antimicrobial utilization ratio, mean cost per antimicrobial-day, and mean cost per resident care day were identified among the 4 LTCFs during the study period. A significant correlation existed between incidence of antimicrobial use or antimicrobial utilization ratio and the overall infection rate or site-specific rates when the data from all 4 LTCFs were aggregated for analysis. Monthly variation in cost per antimicrobial-day was best explained by the monthly variation in prescribing of high-cost (>$15 per day) agents. With these same parameters for use and cost, considerable variation in prescribing and cost of therapy was noted among 7 physicians in the same facility. Conclusions: The parameters evaluated detected significant differences in prescribing and cost of antimicrobials among 4 LTCFs. If these findings are verified in larger studies, these parameters may be useful for monitoring trends in prescribing and for interfacility comparisons after adjustment for case-mix differences. (AJIC Am J Infect Control 1999;27:10-9)
Impact of Using PEM Forklifts on Manufacturing Layouts

The popularity of forklifts that use fuel cells based on proton exchange membranes (PEMs) has steadily increased with time in manufacturing industries and distribution centers. Because they potentially reduce our dependence on fossil fuels that emit carbon dioxide while generating energy, they have certain environmental benefits in comparison to forklifts driven by lead-acid batteries that are typically charged using regular sources of energy. In this paper, we study the impact of using PEM forklifts on material-handling costs and lead times, which are commonly used in measuring the cost-effectiveness of a manufacturing system’s layout. We report some initial findings in this paper. In general, we find that layouts designed for PEM forklifts tend to have lower material-handling costs, improved closeness ratings, and higher area utilization, while the shopfloor lead times tend to be shorter, leading to lower inventory and higher flexibility in responding to fluctuations in customer demand. Overall, PEM forklifts may hence improve the health of the supply chain of the product by making it more flexible and cost-effective.
Bioassay for Prolactin: Densitometric Analysis on Polyacrylamide Gels of Milk Protein Production by Mammary Explants in Vitro

Mammary explants from mice in midpregnancy cultured in a synthetic medium containing insulin and hydrocortisone respond to the addition of prolactin by the synthesis of milk proteins. The secretory response in alveolar lumina has served as a histologic endpoint in a sensitive bioassay for prolactin developed by Kleinberg and Frantz (J Clin Invest 50: 1557, 1971). This report demonstrates that the quantitative densitometric analysis of stained milk proteins (caseins) made in response to prolactin is a useful modification of that bioassay. Electrophoretic analysis of the proteins extracted from the explants permits a quantitative estimate of casein content. The amount of casein present after 5 days of incubation was found to be a measure of the prolactin concentration in the medium. No radioactive isotopes are used. The use of electrophoretic analysis has practical advantages over the histologic scoring used earlier, and has approximately the same range of sensitivity.
What clients find helpful in psychotherapy: Developing principles for facilitating moment-to-moment change.

Clients who had completed psychotherapy were interviewed about the significant experiences and moments they recalled within their sessions. These interviews were analyzed using grounded theory, creating a hierarchy of categories that represent what clients find important in therapy. From the hermeneutic analysis of the content of these categories, a list of principles was constructed to guide the moment-to-moment process of psychotherapy practice. The authors respond to the call for qualitative outcome studies and demonstrate how qualitative psychotherapy research can lead to empirically derived principles that then can become the foundation of future research and psychotherapy integration efforts.
Mapping the niche space of soil microorganisms using taxonomy and traits

The biodiversity of microbial communities has important implications for the stability and functioning of ecosystem processes. Yet, very little is known about the environmental factors that define the microbial niche and how this influences the composition and activity of microbial communities. In this study, we derived niche parameters from physiological response curves that quantified microbial respiration for a diverse collection of soil bacteria and fungi along a soil moisture gradient. On average, soil microorganisms had relatively dry optima (0.3 MPa) and were capable of respiring under low water potentials (-2.0 MPa). Within their limits of activity, microorganisms exhibited a wide range of responses, suggesting that some taxa may be able to coexist by partitioning the moisture niche axis. For example, we identified dry-adapted generalists that tolerated a broad range of water potentials, along with wet-adapted specialists with metabolism restricted to less-negative water potentials. These contrasting ecological strategies had a phylogenetic signal at a coarse taxonomic level (phylum), suggesting that the moisture niche of soil microorganisms is highly conserved. In addition, variation in microbial responses along the moisture gradient was linked to the distribution of several functional traits. In particular, strains that were capable of producing biofilms had drier moisture optima and wider niche breadths. However, biofilm production appeared to come at a cost that was reflected in a prolonged lag time prior to exponential growth, suggesting that there is a trade-off associated with traits that allow microorganisms to contend with moisture stress. Together, we have identified functional groups of microorganisms that will help predict the structure and functioning of microbial communities under contrasting soil moisture regimes.
On infinite-horizon minimum-cost hedging under cone constraints

Abstract We analyze a strategy that minimizes the cost of hedging a liability stream in infinite-horizon incomplete security markets with a type of constraint that feasible portfolios form a polyhedral cone. Using an extended Stiemke lemma to construct a series of one-period linear programs and their dual problems, and applying linear programming duality theory to each primal–dual pair and dynamic programming technique on the dual formulation, we show that the infinite-horizon dynamic hedging problem can be solved by solving these mutually independent one-period primal linear programs. Independence implies that solutions to these single-period linear programs can be obtained separately, yet function together as a whole in forming an optimal portfolio strategy to solve the infinite-horizon dynamic hedging problem.
An interval estimate of mean-time-to-failure for a product with reciprocal Weibull degradation failure rate

To meet increasing competition, get products to market in the shortest possible time, and satisfy demanding customer expectations, products are made more robust while few failures are observed in a short development period it now takes to design and produce a product. In this circumstance, assessing product reliability based on degradation data at high stress levels becomes necessary. This data is typically generated through accelerated degradation tests (ADT). There is a need to scientifically design these test plans as a good test plan can save time and expense and provide more accurate estimates of reliability for the same number of test units and test time. Extracting reliability information from degradation data is different from extracting reliability information from use stress level, which makes degradation test planning more difficult. But, when carrying the accelerated degradation tests several decision variables such as inspection frequency, the sample size, and the termination time at each stress level are important. An optimal plan is proposed for the design of accelerated degradation test (ADT) using reciprocal Weibull degradation data based on the minimization of the mean time to failure (MTTF) criterion. A LED example is used to illustrate the proposed method.
A Reexamination of the Mechanisms Responsible for Banded Precipitation

Abstract The processes responsible for a banded snowfall region during a December 1997 East Coast storm are examined. Conventional data plus a numerical simulation with the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) are used. Calculations of slantwise potential area near the bands suggest that the release of conditional symmetric instability played a role in their formation. The location and timing for the appearance of negative moist potential vorticity (MPV) cannot, however, be reconciled with band formation. A balanced MPV model based on the geostrophic momentum approximation is developed. It provided new insights into the mechanisms of MPV generation. A swath of negative balanced MPV now coincides with the snowbands. MPV sources are proposed that are linked to a vigorous mesoscale updraft near the bands. The updraft occurred on the warm, moist side of a zone of midtroposphere frontogenesis. Negative MPV develops through differential ageostrophic transports of geostrophic...
Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Fugue

In 1991, I published a comprehensive review of dissociative (psychogenic) amnesia (DA) and dissociative (psychogenic) fugue (DF), emphasizing the relationship of these conditions to overwhelming psychological trauma (Loewenstein, 1991b). Since the publication of that work, several additional studies have been published that support the basic premises of that review. Also, I have recently published a review of treatment of dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue (Loewenstein, 1995). In addition, however, there has arisen an intense public and academic controversy about the validity of delayed adult recollections of childhood traumatic events, particularly those for which the individual reports prior amnesia (Loftus, 1993). Further, critics of the dissociation-trauma model have questioned whether DA for traumatic events ever occurs (McHugh, 1992). This chapter will update the prior review. In addition, however, I will discuss issues in the current controversy over the delayed recollection of traumatic events.
What We Must Never Forget When it is a Treaty We Are Expounding

This article takes its name from Justice Marshall's famous admonition on constitutional interpretation: "We must never forget, that it is a Constitution we are expounding". The article critiques the overreliance of traditional treaty interpretation doctrine on canons lifted from the jurisprudence of statutory and contract interpretation. It explains what makes treaties unique and how the singular nature of treaties should affect their interpretation.
Persistent Na+ and K+ Channel Dysfunctions after Chronic Exposure to Insecticides and Pyridostigmine Bromide (P7.309)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanisms of chronic pain related to Neurotoxicants/ pyridostigmine bromide (NTPB) exposure during the 1991 Gulf War. BACKGROUND: Many soldiers that served in the 1991 Gulf War developed widespread chronic pain. Exposure to insecticides and the nerve gas prophylactic pyridostigmine bromide (PB) were identified as risk factors by the Research Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans’ Illnesses (GWI). DESIGN/METHODS: We examined whether a 60 day exposure to NTPB produced behavioral, molecular and cellular indices of chronic pain in the rat. Male rats were exposed to chlorpyrifos (120 mg/kg; SC), permethrin (2.6 mg/kg; topical), and PB (13.0 mg/kg; oral) or their respective vehicles (corn oil, ethanol, water). Eight and 12 weeks after treatments ceased, we used whole cell patch electrophysiology to examine the physiology of tissue specific DRG nociceptor channel proteins expressed in muscle and putative vascular nociceptors (voltage dependent, activation, inactivation, deactivation). RESULTS: Permethrin can exert profound influences on voltage activated Na + channel proteins; while chlorpyrifos and PB can increase absorption and/or retard metabolism of permethrin as well as inhibit cholinesterases. During and after exposure to these agents, we assessed muscle pressure pain thresholds and activity (distance; rest time). Behavioral indices were unchanged after treatment with NTPB. Eight weeks after treatments ended, the peak and average conductance of K v 7 mediated K + currents were significantly increased in vascular nociceptors. When a specific K v 7 inhibitor was applied (linopirdine, 10 μM), NTPB treated vascular nociceptors emitted significantly more spontaneous APs than vehicle treated neurons. Changes to K v 7 channel physiology were resolved 12 weeks after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The molecular alterations to K v 7 channel proteins and the specific susceptibility of the vascular nociceptor population could be important for the etiology of GWI pain. Study Supported by: The studies were funded by DoDW81XWH-11-1-0453/CDMRP GW100022 to BC Disclosure: Dr. Jiang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nutter has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cooper has nothing to disclose.
The effect of calcium bicarbonate on iron absorption and distribution byChrysanthemum morifolium, (Ram.)

Plants grown for two weeks in high-bicarbonate nutrient solution with iron became chlorotic, absorbed less iron, and translocated a lower percentage of absorbed iron than did green plants grown under low bicarbonate with iron. Chlorotic plants, pretreated in low-bicarbonate solutions lacking iron, absorbed more iron and translocated a higher percentage to leaves than the green plants. Plants induced to chlorosis by high bicarbonate absorbed less iron after transfer to low-bicarbonate solution containing iron than did chlorotic plants pretreated with low-carbonate solution lacking iron. Initial localization of iron occurred in the roots. A considerable amount of the iron initially found on the roots was translocated to developing shoots over a nine-week period unless the plants were grown in high bicarbonate solutions. More iron was translocated from roots of plants in minus-iron solutions following initial absorption than when iron was supplied in the nutrient solutions.
Reduce the Natural Gas Release by Optimizing the Flow Network

The innovation using the natural gas to air as fuel to provide the heater in place of middle pressure dry gas in one crude oil stabilization plant is introduced in this paper.It is a energy saving method worth to be used that the system induced the amount of gas to air and saved the processed gas after the innovation.
Genetic diversity for nutrient use efficiency in cultivars and exotic germplasm lines of alfalfa

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is perhaps the most widely grown pasture legume in the world. Research was undertaken to evaluate the genetic diversity among selected cultivars and germplasm lines for growth, mineral uptake and mineral uptake efficiency ratios (ER). The ER is defined as milligrams of dry shoot weight produced per milligram of element in the shoot. Climatically controlled growth rooms were used to evaluate the performance of alfalfa in a nutrient culture system. Shoot and root dry weight of cultivars and germplasm lines gave a positive correlation with the uptake of various elements. The ER assisted in differentiating plants into efficient and inefficient utilizers of the absorbed nutrients. With few exceptions, the shoot and root dry weight gave positive relationships with ER for various elements. The cultivars and germplasm lines used in this study showed intraspecific genetic diversity in growth, nutrient uptake, and ER for the essential elements.
No Rest for the Weary: The Weight of Race, Gender, and Place inside and outside a Southern Classroom:

In this article, I reflect on my lived experience as an African American woman teaching in the racialized and gendered context of a predominantly white institution (PWI) in the Deep South. I use th...
Evidence for environmental and ecological selection in a microbe with no geographic limits to gene flow

The ability for organisms to disperse throughout their environment is thought to strongly influence population structure and thus evolution of diversity within species. A decades-long debate surrounds processes that generate and support high microbial diversity, particularly in the ocean. The debate concerns whether diversification occurs primarily through geographic partitioning (where distance limits gene flow) or through environmental selection, and remains unresolved due to lack of empirical data. Here we show that gene flow in a diatom, an ecologically important eukaryotic microbe, is not limited by global-scale geographic distance. Instead, environmental and ecological selection likely play a more significant role than dispersal in generating and maintaining diversity. We detected significantly diverged populations (FST > 0.130) and discovered temporal genetic variability at a single site that was on par with spatial genetic variability observed over distances of 15,000 km. Relatedness among populations was decoupled from geographic distance across the global ocean and instead, correlated significantly with water temperature and whole-community chlorophyll a Correlations with temperature point to the importance of environmental selection in structuring populations. Correlations with whole-community chlorophyll a, a proxy for autotrophic biomass, suggest that ecological selection via interactions with other plankton may generate and maintain population genetic structure in marine microbes despite global-scale dispersal. Here, we provide empirical evidence for global gene flow in a marine eukaryotic microbe, suggesting that everything holds the potential to be everywhere, with environmental and ecological selection rather than geography or dispersal dictating the structure and evolution of diversity over space and time.
Large Increase in Incident Shortwave Radiation due to the Ozone Hole Offset by High Climatological Albedo over Antarctica

AbstractDespite increasing scientific scrutiny in recent years, the direct impact of the ozone hole on surface temperatures over Antarctica remains uncertain. Here, this question is explored by using the Community Earth System Model–Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (CESM-WACCM), contrasting two ensembles of runs with and without stratospheric ozone depletion. It is found that, during austral spring, the ozone hole leads to a surprisingly large increase in surface downwelling shortwave (SW) radiation over Antarctica of 3.8 W m−2 in clear sky and 1.8 W m−2 in all sky. However, despite this large increase in incident SW radiation, no ozone-induced surface warming is seen in the model. It is shown that the lack of a surface temperature response is due to reflection of most of the increased downward SW, resulting in an insignificant change to the net SW radiative heating. To first order, this reflection is simply due to the high climatological surface albedo of the Antarctic snow (97% in visible SW), r...
Varieties of Pluralism and Objectivity in Mathematics

Realist philosophers of mathematics have accounted for the objectivity and robustness of mathematics by recourse to a foundational theory of mathematics that ultimately determines the ontology and truth of mathematics. The methodology for establishing these truths and discovering the ontology was set by the foundational theory. Other traditional philosophers of mathematics, but this time those who are not realists, account for the objectivity of mathematics by fastening on to: an objective account of: epistemology, ontology, truth, epistemology or methodology. One of these has to stay stable. Otherwise, it is traditionally thought, we have a rampant relativism where ‘anything goes’. Pluralism is a relatively new family of positions. The pluralist in mathematics who is pluralist in: epistemology, foundations, methodology, ontology and truth cannot account for the objectivity of mathematics in either the realist or in the other traditional ways. But such a pluralist is not a rampant relativist. In the paper, I look at what it is to be a pluralist in: epistemology, foundations, methodology, ontology and truth. I then give an account of the objectivity and robustness of mathematics in terms of rigour, borrowings, crosschecking and fixtures—all technical terms defined in the paper. This account is an alternative to the realist and traditional accounts of objectivity in mathematics.
Psychosocial evaluation of organ transplant candidates: A comparative survey of process, criteria, and outcomes in heart, liver, and kidney transplantation.

Psychosocial selection criteria are widely used by transplant programs but have not been systematically described or compared within or across transplantation type. The authors surveyed all active cardiac, liver, and renal transplant programs in the United States about the existence of psychosocial selection criteria, how and by whom patients were evaluated, weight given to specific criteria, and how often patients were rejected for surgery on psychosocial grounds. The results document important differences in the process, criteria, and outcomes of pretransplant psychosocial evaluation within and across these programs. Cardiac programs are the most stringent, both in criteria and in rate of refusals.
Marktführer- und Marktfolgerstrategien

Die strategischen Optionen, die dem Management offenstehen und die Ergebnisse, die von einer bestimmten Strategie zu erwarten sind, hangen von der Wettbewerbsposition einer Geschaftseinheit ab. In diesem Kapitel untersuchen wir diverse Konstellationen moglicher Beziehungen von Strategie und Erfolg fur strategische Geschaftseinheiten, die in ihren Markten unterschiedliche Positionen einnehmen. Unsere Mesgrose fur Wettbewerbsposition ist wie in unseren Diskussionen der Economies of Scale und anderer Ursachen von Wettbewerbsvorteilen im funften Kapitel der Marktanteilsrang einer Geschaftseinheit. Hier wollen wir nun unser Augenmerk insbesondere darauf richten, wie unterschiedliche Strategien die Rentabilitat und das Wachstum von Marktfuhrern (Geschaftseinheiten mit dem grosten Marktanteil an dem von ihnen bedienten Markt) und ihren Marktfolgern beeinflussen.
Socioeconomic factors and mass shootings in the United States

AbstractThis study explores whether population-level measures of income inequality and poverty rates are associated with mass shootings in the United States. We test these potential connections by examining the incidence rate of mass shootings using random effects negative binomial regressions for a panel data-set that included 3144 counties for the years 1990–2015. According to the adjusted models, income inequality is significantly associated with the three or more victim-related injuries (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11, 1.67; P < .001) and four or more victim-related deaths definition of mass shootings (IRR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.08, 1.64; P < .01). However, poverty rates lack a reliable association with the three or more injuries (IRR = 1.07; 95% CI = .75, 1.39) and four or more deaths definition (IRR = .95; 95% CI = .71, 1.19). When considered in conjunction with the literature on inequality and crime, these results indicate that counties with high inequality may f...
Epidemiology, Prevention, and Assessment of Tardive Dyskinesia and Advances in Treatment

​​ Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a disorder characterized by involuntary movements, typically of the orofacial muscles and also of the extremities and other muscle groups. The condition is associated with exposure to dopamine receptor blocking agents, including antipsychotics. Because the indications and off-label uses for these agents have expanded over the last 2 decades, a larger number of patients are receiving antipsychotic medications than in the past. While evidence suggests that patients being treated with second-generation antipsychotics have less risk for developing TD than those treated with first-generation antipsychotics, the decreased risk is not as great as was originally expected. In addition, patients with chronic psychiatric conditions often require long-term use of antipsychotics, putting them at risk for TD. This article addresses the prevalence, risk factors, and prevention of TD; assessment strategies including diagnostic criteria and rating scales; and evidence for TD treatments, including 2 newly approved medications: deutetrabenazine and valbenazine. ​​​.
The Development of the Virtue of Gratitude: Theoretical Foundations and Cross-Cultural Issues:

The expression of gratitude by children and young adolescents in different societies is the topic of this special issue. We introduce the concept of gratitude as a virtue, explaining its differences from gratitude viewed as a positive emotion. Although most research on gratitude uses samples from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) societies (primarily from the United States), we discuss the importance of studying the development of gratitude across different cultural groups. Despite the evidence to suggest that the expression of gratitude is viewed as desirable across multiple societies and historical periods, there is no reason to assume that developmental pathways found in one or other WEIRD society would be found in non-WEIRD societies or that the latter would have similar pathways. Children’s gratitude expression across countries is explored in this special issue using Baumgarten-Tramer’s (1938) paradigm as well as Kagitcibasi’s (2007) framework to address both differences and similarities across cultures.
HIGH-RESOLUTION EPR SPECTROSCOPY OF MO ENZYMES. SULFITE OXIDASES: STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS.

Sulfite oxidases (SOs) are physiologically vital Mo-containing enzymes that occur in animals, plants, and bacteria and which catalyze the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate, the terminal reaction in the oxidative degradation of sulfur-containing compounds. X-ray structure determinations of SOs from several species show nearly identical coordination structures of the molybdenum active center, and a common catalytic mechanism has been proposed that involves the generation of a transient paramagnetic Mo(V) state through a series of coupled electron–proton transfer steps. This chapter describes the use of pulsed electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) and electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) spectroscopic techniques to obtain information about the structure of this Mo(V) species from the hyperfine interactions (hfi) and nuclear quadrupole interactions (nqi) of nearby magnetic nuclei. Variable frequency instrumentation is essential to optimize the experimental conditions for measuring the couplings of different types of nuclei (e.g., 1H, 2H, 31P, and 17O). The theoretical background necessary for understanding the ESEEM and ENDOR spectra of the Mo(V) centers of SOs is outlined, and examples of the use of advanced pulsed EPR methods (RP-ESEEM, HYSCORE, integrated four-pulse ESEEM) for structure determination are presented. The analysis of variable-frequency pulsed EPR data from SOs is aided by parallel studies of model compounds that contain key functional groups or that are isotopically labeled and thus provide benchmark data for enzymes. Enormous progress has been made on the use of high-resolution variable-frequency pulsed EPR methods to investigate the structures and mechanisms of SOs during the past ~15 years, and the future is bright for the continued development and application of this technology to SOs, other molybdenum enzymes, and other problems in metallobiochemistry.
Reaction Kinetics and Subsequent Rheology of Carboxymethyl Guar Gum Produced from Guar Splits

Carboxymethyl guar gum (CMG) has been widely used in various industrial fields, although its use is especially important in hydraulic fracturing operations because of the high viscosity of its aqueous solutions and the ability to reversibly cross-link the material. However, detailed reaction kinetics for production of carboxymethyl guar has not been previously reported. In this study, we use a two-step environmentally friendly method to produce carboxymethyl guar gum by chemical modification of guar gum (GG) splits. We quantify conversion by NMR spectroscopy and wet chemistry methods and establish a structure and property relationship based on the rheological properties of corresponding CMG products. In addition, borate and zirconium cross-linkers are applied to study the rheological effect of cross-linking on GG and CMG aqueous solutions. Furthermore, we investigate, for the first time, the reaction kinetics of carboxymethylation of guar splits and report a rate equation to quantify the reaction kinetics.
Eliminating the Weakest Link Approach to Army Unit Readiness

One of the most difficult measurements to obtain with some level of accuracy is military readiness. While a multitude of factors exist that affect the ability of a unit to achieve success in mission, an accurate assessment of readiness is crucial and drives federal funding, defense policy, and deployment decisions. The current readiness metric for the U.S. Army statically assesses units on personnel, equipment on hand, equipment readiness/serviceability, and unit training proficiency using a weakest-link approach. This leads to reporting challenges and the tendency for commanders to subjectively upgrade their units’ assessments. This research proposes a metric that evaluates units with greater precision, flexibility, and robustness. By taking a decision analysis approach and using desirability functions, we are able to measure readiness based on a set of priorities, adapting for type of mission and unit. We test our metric using notional case studies and discuss extensions to other branches of the U.S. mi...
Sustainable Energy-Environmental Policy Options for the Developing World

Energy became a major international issue in the 1970s, following the oil crisis. More recently, global climate change induced by excessive greenhouse gas accumulation in the atmosphere has emerged as a potential problem that further complicates energy issues. In this paper, we will focus on energy-related environmental issues in the developing countries. The development-related energy needs of the Third World and their financial implications, the potential for better energy management, barriers to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and financial mechanisms and policies that can improve the performance of developing countries in this respect will be explored below.
The Future of MIS Spine Surgery

So many factors affect where minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) will go in the immediate and near future that it is hazardous, and probably foolhardy, to make predictions. Many of these factors, if not most, have little to do with surgery, medicine, or even health care. To consider this issue systematically, however, let’s first define what we mean by “minimally invasive spine surgery” and then consider the question of “Where should MISS surgery go, in a perfect world?” Then let’s examine the question, “What factors could alter the pathway of where MISS should go?” Finally, by combining the information learned from the answers to both of those questions, let’s consider the final question, “Where is MISS likely to go in the future?”
Clinical Data Using the Zenith TX2 Thoracic Graft

The STARZ-TX2 trial (Study of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Repair with the Zenith TX2 TAA Endovascular Graft) is a North American multicenter, nonrandomized, prospective clinical trial. It is seeking to enroll 270 patients at 35 sites in the United States and Canada. It includes a control group consisting of patients with concurrent and recent historical open surgical procedures. Subject selections are based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria listed in Tables 21.1 and 21.2. Control subjects are those who do not meet the anatomic inclusion criteria for the endovascular treatment group but otherwise fit the study criteria.
Emphatic Speech Prosody Prediction with Deep Lstm Networks

Controllable generation of emphasis in speech is desirable for expressive TTS systems utilized in various dialog applications. Usually such models remain voice-specific and the strength of emphasis can't be readily controlled. In this work we present a flexible emphatic prosody generation model based on Deep Recurrent Neural Networks (DRNN) for controllable word-level emphasis realization. The word emphasis DRNN model was trained on syllable-level piecewise linear prosodic trajectory parameters. A special data preprocessing technique was introduced to enable emphasis strength control, allowing to generate emphatic prosody trajectories of various strength. Additionally, we trained a DRNN model generating a sentence-level emphasis, i.e. producing whole sentences in forceful, decisive manner. Both models preserve quality and naturalness of the baseline TTS output.
Resisting war: how communities protect themselves

In Resisting War, Oliver Kaplan flips the traditional analysis of peacemaking on its head by examining how local communities actively engage in reducing violence during times of civil conflict. His...
CAN A LIFESTYLE INTERVENTION MODIFY REST ACTIVITY RHYTHMS AMONG BEREAVED OLDER ADULTS? RESULTS FROM A PILOT STUDY

The death of a spouse is a life-altering event that is associated with disruption in routine daily activities. Disruption of daily activities place substantial stress on individuals’ biological rhythm, thereby increasing the risk for mood disorders like depression. The goal of this study was to examine (1) whether a behavioral lifestyle intervention modified rest-activity rhythms in older spousally-bereaved adults; and (2) whether changes in rest-activity rhythms correlate with clinical benefit, namely depression symptom burden. The rest-activity rhythm (RAR) reflects the 24-hour rhythm of sleep and daytime activity and is an indirect indicator of individuals’ biological clock. Participants included X adults aged 60–86 years whose spouse or life partner recently died (M time since death = 4.3 months). Participants monitored their sleeping, eating, and physical activity behaviors via tablet technology for 12 weeks. RAR measures of timing, regularity, and amplitude were derived from actigraphy at the beginning and end of the intervention. Depression symptoms were measured using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale with the sleep items removed. We observed a significant change in intra daily variability, a non-parametric measure of RAR regularity, from pre- to post-intervention (d=.47). Improvement in intra daily variability was, in turn, significantly correlated with less depression symptoms at post-intervention (r = .24). RAR timing and amplitude did not significantly change from pre-to post-intervention. Specific parameters of the RAR may serve as behavioral targets for depression prevention. In the context of spousal bereavement, strengthening the regularity of daily activities may decrease the risk of developing major depression.
Bounding Multivariate Trigonometric Polynomials

The extremal values of multivariate trigonometric polynomials are of interest in fields ranging from control theory to filter design, but finding the extremal values of such a polynomial is generally NP-Hard. In this paper, we develop simple and efficiently computable estimates of the extremal values of a multivariate trigonometric polynomial directly from its samples. We provide an upper bound on the modulus of a complex trigonometric polynomial, and develop upper and lower bounds for real trigonometric polynomials. For a univariate polynomial, these bounds are tighter than existing bounds, and the extension to multivariate polynomials is new. As an application, the lower bound provides a sufficient condition to certify global positivity of a real trigonometric polynomial.
An Introduction to Computability Theory

What are the capabilities and limitations of computers? Are they glorified adding machines capable of superfast arithmetic computations and nothing else? Can they outdo man in the variety of problems they can handle? Let’s narrow the question a bit. Consider the class of number theoretic functions that a computer can be programmed to compute or that a man can be instructed to compute. Are any of these functions computable by a computer but not by a man, or by a man but not by a computer? Is there a number theoretic function that is not computable by any computer, and if so, can such functions be described? Is there a computer that can be programmed to compute any function that any other computer can compute? Is man such a computer?
Machine Predictability Versus Human Creativity

In this paper I defend a natural view of higher human intelligence, specifically, that sort of intelligence which involves intentional content states such as belief and desire. This natural view is that higher human intelligence is inseparable from the sort of cultural activity which distinguishes persons from animals or machines. Needless to say, this view is not held in high esteem. This is not because it conflicts with any facts. Indeed, it is in harmony with all of the facts which anyone, in their non-ideological moments, must admit. Rather, the resistance derives from the fact that it conflicts with the currently favored research program, inherited from the French Enlightenment, of producing a machine model of man.
The Recent Evolution of Wisconsin Public Worker Unionism since Act 10

This paper examines the experience of four major public sector unions in Wisconsin since the passage of Wisconsin Act 10 in 2011. The four unions are the American Federation of State, County and Mu...
Mechanism Design Theory and Economic Institutions: Some Reflections

We highlight the shortcomings of mechanism design theory to understand key institutional design issues such as the allocation of authority, organizational structure or safeguards against abuse of power. This requires incorporation of imperfect commitment, collusion, and costs of communication and information processing.