cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis: what is the evidence?

Background Increasing interest in sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) among practitioners and patients has resulted in numerous publications and clinical trials in recent years. With the clinical growth of SLIT, discussions of its efficacy, safety, and immunologic effects have intensified, as have comparisons to subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT). In the United States, SCIT has been the traditional form of immunotherapy for inhalant allergy and is the only immunotherapy method approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration at this time. The similarities and differences between SLIT and SCIT are often discussed, yet clinical studies directly comparing these immunotherapy methods are scarce. Methods A literature review of specific issues and controversies between SLIT and SCIT for allergic rhinitis was conducted. Results Safety, efficacy, and immunologic effects of these two immunotherapy techniques are reviewed. Conclusion Unanswered questions relating to SLIT are examined.
Common factors in international stock prices: Evidence from a cointegration study

Abstract This paper uses multilateral and bilateral cointegration techniques to examine the stock market behavior of the seven major industrial countries (Group of Seven) over the 1970–1989 period and to determine the consistency of three alternative hypotheses with the available evidence. As explanations of the common trend in stock prices, the hypotheses include technological change, trade liberalization and financial deregulation. Our results show that none of the three macroeconomic hypotheses are consistent with all the cointegration tests . When all the countries are included, the tests indicate the presence of at least one common trend among the stock price levels , a finding that is also consistent with a multifactor international asset-pricing model. However, as we proceed to disaggregate to smaller sets of countries, including all the bilateral relations as the smallest possible subset, the finding of a common trend becomes more tenuous. Overall, our results indicate that each of the three hypotheses has empirical support over both different subgroups of countries and periods of estimation.
American Institutional Studies: Present Knowledge and Past Trends

The production of economic history, like that in many fields of scholarly endeavor, increased sharply in the past quarter-century, compared to the rate of output in earlier eras. While the “new” economic history, with its emphasis on economic theory and measurement, has attracted considerable attention during the last decade, “traditional” economic history, written along institutional lines, has continued to be significant, both quantitatively (in terms of numbers of books and articles) and qualitatively (as assessed by contributions to our understanding of economic processes.)
Diffraction-Assisted Image Correlation for Three-Dimensional Surface Profiling

The recently developed Diffraction-Assisted Image Correlation (DAIC) method (Xia et al. Exp Mech 53(5):755–765, 2013) provides a simple and accurate means for three-dimensional (3D) full-field deformation measurement. In the DAIC method, a test specimen is viewed through a transmission diffraction grating, resulting in multiple diffracted views of the same specimen that encode 3D geometric information. Here, we extend the original DAIC method to permit quantitative measurement of 3D surface profiles. We show, through a pinhole projection model, that the 3D shape of an object surface can be reconstructed by simply performing two-dimensional digital image correlation (2D-DIC) analysis between the negative and positive first-order diffracted views. Test results on a Barbie doll’s face and a set of well-defined cylindrical, conical and step surfaces are presented to illustrate the implementation and performance of the proposed surface profiling method.
Mitochondria primed by death signals determine cellular addiction to antiapoptotic BCL-2 family members.

Summary We show that the antiapoptotic proteins BCL-2, BCL-XL, MCL-1, BFL-1, and BCL-w each bear a unique pattern of interaction with a panel of peptides derived from BH3 domains of BH3-only proteins. Cellular dependence on an antiapoptotic protein for survival can be decoded based on the pattern of mitochondrial sensitivity to this peptide panel, a strategy that we call BH3 profiling. Dependence on antiapoptotic proteins correlates with sequestration of activator BH3-only proteins like BID or BIM by antiapoptotic proteins. Sensitivity to the cell-permeable BCL-2 antagonist ABT-737 is also related to priming of BCL-2 by activator BH3-only molecules. Our data allow us to distinguish a cellular state we call "primed for death," which can be determined by BH3 profiling and which correlates with dependence on antiapoptotic family members for survival.
The LD4 motif of paxillin regulates cell spreading and motility through an interaction with paxillin kinase linker (PKL).

The small GTPases of the Rho family are intimately involved in integrin-mediated changes in the actin cytoskeleton that accompany cell spreading and motility. The exact means by which the Rho family members elicit these changes is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the interaction of paxillin via its LD4 motif with the putative ARF-GAP paxillin kinase linker (PKL) (Turner et al., 1999), is critically involved in the regulation of Rac-dependent changes in the actin cytoskeleton that accompany cell spreading and motility. Overexpression of a paxillin LD4 deletion mutant (paxillinΔLD4) in CHO.K1 fibroblasts caused the generation of multiple broad lamellipodia. These morphological changes were accompanied by an increase in cell protrusiveness and random motility, which correlated with prolonged activation of Rac. In contrast, directional motility was inhibited. These alterations in morphology and motility were dependent on a paxillin–PKL interaction. In cells overexpressing paxillinΔLD4 mutants, PKL localization to focal contacts was disrupted, whereas that of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and vinculin was not. In addition, FAK activity during spreading was not compromised by deletion of the paxillin LD4 motif. Furthermore, overexpression of PKL mutants lacking the paxillin-binding site (PKLΔPBS2) induced phenotypic changes reminiscent of paxillinΔLD4 mutant cells. These data suggest that the paxillin association with PKL is essential for normal integrin-mediated cell spreading, and locomotion and that this interaction is necessary for the regulation of Rac activity during these events.
From Micro- to Nanofabrication with Soft Materials

Soft materials are finding applications in areas ranging from microfluidic device technology to nanofabrication. We review recent work in these areas, discuss the motivation for device fabrication with soft materials, and describe applications of soft materials. In particular, we discuss active microfluidic devices for cell sorting and biochemical assays, replication-molded optics with subdiffraction limit features, and nanometer-scale resonators and wires formed from single-molecule DNA templates as examples of how the special properties of soft materials address outstanding problems in device fabrication.
PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF TWO AMINE-OXIME RHODIUM COMPLEXES

Abstract Two amine-oxime complexes of rhodium(III) have been synthesized and structurally characterized as model compounds for a study of potential rhodium radiopharmaceuticals. Dichlorobis (2-acetylpyridineoxime)-rhodium(III) crystallizes in space group Pnma with a=13.462(4), b=12.496(2), c=9.661(2)A, Z=4, Dx =1.819(2)g/cm3. The chloro ligands are trans (av Rh[sbnd]Cl=2.337(2)A) in the octahedral Rh(III) complex. The oxime oxygens are involved in a short intramolecular hydrogen bond (O[sbnd]O=2.446(4)A) with the hydrogen atom as well as the rhodium and two chlorine atoms on the mirror. Dichloro-[4,4′-(1,2-ethanediyldiimino)bis(4-methyl-2-pentanone-dioxime)]rhodium (III) crystallizes in space group P212121 with a=14.435(3), b=7.638(9), c=16.596(3)A, Z=4, Dx =1.667(2)g/cm3. The trans dichoro octahedral complex (av Rh[sbnd]↓ =2.341(11)A) has cis amine nitrogens (av Rh[sbnd]N=2.079(3)A) and cis oxime nitrogens (av Rh[sbnd]N=2.030(3)A). The oxime oxygen atoms are involved in a short intramolecular hydrogen bo...
Velocity dependence of the excimer rotational alignment in the reactions of Xe* with halogenated methanes

Abstract Using a beam-gas time-of-flight technique, the XeX* (X = Cl, Br, I) rotational alignment from the reactions of Xe( 3 P 2,0 ) with CH 3 I, CH 2 I 2 , CH 2 Br 2 , CHBr 3 , CBr 4 , CHCl 3 , and CCl 4 are reported. The degree of product alignment varies markedly between these systems, decreasing with collision energy, halogen mass, and number of halogens per molecule. At the lowest collision energies studied, a transition from positive to negative polarization was found for CBr 4 , CHCl 3 , and CCl 4 . The negative polarization corresponds to the preferential alignment of the product rotational angular momentum vector parallel to the relative velocity vector.
Fundamental Gross Motor Skill Performance by Girls and Boys with Learning Disabilities

The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of fundamental gross motor skills by 10 girls and 10 boys, 7 yr. old, with learning disabilities. Their skills were assessed on the Test of Gross Motor Development. The boys achieved significantly higher mean scores than the girls on the subtests of Locomotor Skills and Object Control Skills, and on the Gross Motor Development Quotient.
The effects of apple dwarfing rootstocks on leaf nutrient element composition in stoolbed production

Abstract The nutritional status of 22 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) dwarfing rootstocks, with varied degrees of dwarfing, was evaluated during stoolbed production in 1983 and 1984. Rootstock effects were observed for all leaf nutrient elements studied except Cu. Except for EMLA 27, leaf N levels were generally highest in dwarfing EMLA and Polish series and lowest on vigorous MAC and EMLA rootstocks. Relatively few significant differences were found in leaf P and K content among rootstocks. Foliar Ca and Mg concentrations were generally highest on Polish and Budagovski rootstocks and lowest on EMLA 111. Leaf B levels on vigorous and semi‐dwarfing EMLA rootstocks and Fe levels in MAC, Polish, and Budagovski series were considerably higher than on other rootstocks. Although significant differences were found in leaf Mn and Zn among rootstocks, no specific effect for rootstock vigor was observed for either element. Positive correlations between leaf Ca and Mg occurred in 17 rootstocks while negative correlat...
Mapping quantitative trait loci using distorted markers.

Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping is usually performed using markers that follow a Mendelian segregation ratio. We developed a new method of QTL mapping that can use markers with segregation distortion (non-Mendelian markers). An EM (expectation-maximization) algorithm is used to estimate QTL and SDL (segregation distortion loci) parameters. The joint analysis of QTL and SDL is particularly useful for selective genotyping. Application of the joint analysis is demonstrated using a real life data from a wheat QTL mapping experiment.
Monte Carlo study of correction factors for Spencer-Attix cavity theory at photon energies at or above 100 keV.

To develop a primary standard for 192 Ir sources, the basic science on which this standard is based, i.e., Spencer–Attix cavity theory, must be established. In the present study Monte Carlo techniques are used to investigate the accuracy of this cavity theory for photons in the energy range from 20 to 1300 keV, since it is usually not applied at energies below that of 137 Cs . Ma and Nahum [Phys. Med. Biol. 36, 413–428 (1991)] found that in low-energy photon beams the contribution from electrons caused by photons interacting in the cavity is substantial. For the average energy of the 192 Ir spectrum they found a departure from Bragg–Gray conditions of up to 3% caused by photon interactions in the cavity. When Monte Carlo is used to calculate the response of a graphiteion chamber to an encapsulated 192 Ir source it is found that it differs by less than 0.3% from the value predicted by Spencer–Attix cavity theory. Based on these Monte Carlo calculations, for cavities in graphite it is concluded that the Spencer–Attix cavity theory with Δ=10 keV is applicable within 0.5% for photon energies at 300 keV or above despite the breakdown of the assumption that there is no interaction of photons within the cavity. This means that it is possible to use a graphiteion chamber and Spencer–Attix cavity theory to calibrate an 192 Ir source. It is also found that the use of Δ related to the mean chord length instead of Δ=10 keV improves the agreement with Spencer–Attix cavity theory at 60 Co from 0.2% to within 0.1% of unity. This is at the level of accuracy of which the Monte Carlo code EGSnrc calculates ion chamber responses. In addition, it is shown that the effects of other materials, e.g., insulators and holders, have a substantial effect on the ion chamber response and should be included in the correction factors for a primary standard of air kerma.
Mixed DNA/oligo (ethylene glycol) functionalized gold surfaces improve DNA hybridization in complex media

Reliable, direct “sample-to-answer” capture of nucleic acid targets from complex media would greatly improve existing capabilities of DNA microarrays and biosensors. This goal has proven elusive for many current nucleic acid detection technologies attempting to produce assay results directly from complex real-world samples, including food, tissue, and environmental materials. In this study, we have investigated mixed self-assembled thiolated single-strand DNA (ssDNA) monolayers containing a short thiolated oligo (ethylene glycol) (OEG) surface diluent on gold surfaces to improve the specific capture of DNA targets from complex media. Both surface composition and orientation of these mixed DNA monolayers were characterized with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS). XPS results from sequentially adsorbed ssDNA/OEG monolayers on gold indicate that thiolated OEG diluent molecules first incorporate into the thiolated ssDNA monolayer and, upon longer OEG exposures, competitively displace adsorbed ssDNA molecules from the gold surface. NEXAFS polarization dependence results #followed by monitoring the N 1s → π* transition) indicate that adsorbed thiolated ssDNA nucleotide base-ring structures in the mixed ssDNA monolayers are oriented more parallel to the gold surface compared to DNA bases in pure ssDNA monolayers. This supports ssDNA oligomer reorientation towards a more upright position upon OEG mixed adlayer incorporation. DNA target hybridization on mixed ssDNA probe/OEG monolayers was monitored by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Improvements in specific target capture for these ssDNA probe surfaces due to incorporation of the OEG diluent were demonstrated using two model biosensing assays, DNA target capture from complete bovine serum and from salmon genomic DNA mixtures. SPR results demonstrate that OEG incorporation into the ssDNA adlayer improves surface resistance to both nonspecific DNA and protein adsorption, facilitating detection of small DNA target sequences from these undiluted, unpurified complex biological mixtures unachievable with previously reported, analogous ssDNA/11-mercapto-1-undecanol monolayer surfaces [P. Gong, C.-Y. Lee, L. J. Gamble, D. G. Castner, and D.W. Grainger, Anal. Chem. 78, 3326 (2006)].
HETEROGENEITY OF RABBIT IGM ANTIBODY AS DETECTED BY C'1a FIXATION

The C'1a-fixing properties of purified rabbit IgM anti-benzenearsonate antibody were determined. When tested with sheep erythrocytes to which hapten had been coupled by diazo linkage, the number of C'1a molecules fixed was 21% of the number of IgM antibody molecules bound to the erythrocyte surface. This was not due to loss of C'1a-fixing capacity during the purification procedure. Preparative electrophoresis of the antibody concentrated C'1a-fixing molecules in the anodal region so that antibody fractions with greater C'1a-fixing capacity were obtained. The demonstration that C'1a fixation is a property of a subpopulation of IgM molecules provides evidence for previously unrecognized µ-chain heterogeneity.
On improving performance of aircraft engine gas path fault diagnosis

Aircraft engine fault diagnosis plays a crucial role in cost-effective operations of aircraft engines. However, designing an engine fault diagnostic system with the desired performance is a challenging task, because of several characteristics associated with aircraft engines. Geared towards achieving the highest possible performance of fault diagnosis, this paper explores strategies on improving diagnosis performance. Specifically, we introduce flight regime mapping and a two-level multiple classifier system as means to improve classification performance. By designing a real-world aircraft fault diagnostic system, we demonstrate that the strategies adopted in this study are effective in improving the performance of aircraft engine fault diagnostic systems.
Melanoma arising under the nail

Subungual melanoma, a rare and easily misdiagnosed neoplasm, affected 52 patients. The lesion usually appeared as a dark spot under the nail, causing its destruction at a later stage. Diagnosis was missed by primary care physicians in 42% of the cases. Management in the hospital consisted of amputation of the involved finger or toe with or without regional node dissection. The study indicated that proper amputation should be at the tarsometatarsal or the carpometacarpal level. It also showed the node dissection should best be performed at the time of amputation, regardless of whether the nodes are clinically involved or not. Besides nodal metastasis, prognosis is adversely affected by nail destruction caused by the tumor. Subungual melanomas of the fingers have a better prognosis.
A distributed MMSE relay strategy for wireless sensor networks

In this paper we propose a multi-sensor relay strategy that achieves path-loss saving and improved power efficiency. In the proposed distributed scheme, the relay sensors do not need to share information about the received signals. An mean-square error design is pursued and the performance is shown to improve as the number of relay sensors (N) increases. Specifically, it is shown that the average power usage per sensor and the total average power drop as O(1/N/sup 2/) and O(1/N), respectively.
Integrated circuit testing for quality assurance in manufacturing: history, current status, and future trends

Integrated circuit (IC) testing for quality assurance is approaching 50% of the manufacturing costs for some complex mixed-signal ICs. For many years the market growth and technology advancements in digital ICs were driving the developments in testing. The increasing trend to integrate information acquisition and digital processing on the same chip has spawned increasing attention to the test needs of mixed-signal ICs. The recent advances in wireless communications indicate a trend toward the integration of the RF and baseband mixed signal technologies. In this paper we examine the developments in IC testing from the historic, current status and future view points. In separate sections we address the testing developments for digital, mixed signal and RF ICs. With these reviews as context, we relate new test paradigms that have the potential to fundamentally alter the methods used to test mixed-signal and RF parts.
Is Subcutaneous Administration of Rapid-Acting Insulin as Effective as Intravenous Insulin for Treating Diabetic Ketoacidosis?

To determine whether intermittent subcutaneous administration of rapid-acting insulin is as effective as intravenous infusion of regular insulin for treating uncomplicated diabetic ketoacidosis, we performed a MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library search, using the key words "subcutaneous insulin AND intravenous insulin AND diabetic ketoacidosis; LIMIT humans and English." We also searched the references in these articles for additional studies. This search yielded a total of 35 articles, 4 of which directly addressed the question at hand. According to this review of the available evidence; subcutaneous administration of rapid-acting insulin analogs such as lispro is as effective and safe as intravenous infusion of regular insulin for the management of uncomplicated diabetic ketoacidosis. In addition, use of insulin analogs may confer an overall cost savings, obviating the need for infusion pumps and ICU admissions in certain institutions. Therefore, it would be safe and effective to use subcutaneously administered rapid-acting insulin analogues instead of intravenous regular insulin infusions for patients with uncomplicated diabetic ketoacidosis.
A general treatment of upper unbounded and bounded hitchcock problems

This paper is designed to treat (a) the problem of the determination of the absolute minimum cost, with the associated assignments, when there is no limit, N, on the number of parcels available for shipment in a modified Hitchcock problem. This is accomplished with the use of a transformed cost matrix. C*, to which the so-called transportation paradox does not apply. The general Hitchcock solution using C* gives the cost T*, which is the absolute minimum cost of the original problem, as well as sets of assignments which are readily transformed to give the general assignments of the original problem. The sum of these latter assignments gives the value of Nu, the unbounded N for minimum cost. In addition, this paper is designed to show (b) how the method of reduced matrices may be used, (c) how a particular Hitchcock solution can be used to determine a general solution so that one solution using C* can provide the general answer, (d) how the results may be modified to apply to problems with fixed N, and hence (e) to determine the function of the decreasing T as N approaches Nu, and finally (f) to provide a treatment when the supplies at origin i and/or the demands at destination j, are bounded.
Geometry in the space of persistence modules

Topological persistence is, by now, an established paradigm for constructing robust topological invariants from point cloud data: the data are converted into a filtered simplicial complex, the complex gives rise to a persistence module, and the module is described by a persistence diagram. In this paper, we study the geometry of the spaces of persistence modules and diagrams, with special attention to Cech and Rips complexes. The metric structures are determined in terms of interleaving maps between modules and matchings between diagrams. We show that the relationship between the Cech and Rips complexes is governed by certain `coherence' conditions on the corresponding families of interleavings or matchings.
Ethnicity, Ethics, and the Deaf-World.

This article is concerned with ethical aspects of the relations between language minorities using signed languages (called the Deaf-World) and the larger societies that engulf them. The article aims to show that such minorities have the properties of ethnic groups, and that an unsuitable construction of the Deaf-World as a disability group has led to programs of the majority that discourage Deaf children from acquiring the language and culture of the Deaf-World and that aim to reduce the number of Deaf births-programs that are unethical from an ethnic group perspective. Four reasons not to construe the Deaf-World as a disability group are advanced: Deaf people themselves do not believe they have a disability; the disability construction brings with it needless medical and surgical risks for the Deaf child; it also endangers the future of the Deaf-World; finally, the disability construction brings bad solutions to real problems because it is predicated on a misunderstanding.
Validating the Effectiveness of Recursive Blur Enhancement of Symbol Signs using Static and Dynamic Protocols

Previous laboratory research has demonstrated that symbolic highway signs which have undergone the Recursive Blur Technique of visual enhancement exhibit significantly increased legibility distances over standard symbolic highway signs when using a critical detail identification task. This study sought to extend those findings to a new stimulus subset, and develop an identification task that is more conducive to a real-time (dynamic) driving environment. The effects of recursive blur enhancement on legibility distances were replicated using the critical detail identification task for both existing and novel stimuli, but the new holistic identification protocol proved to be an insensitive measure of the effect. Future research on this topic must be able to meet the temporal constraints posed by a dynamic driving environment without sacrificing the sensitivity of a detail-oriented identification protocol. Language: en
Mobile computing over the Internet

There has been a trend to support "computing on move" or mobile computing, where a user is free to roam and he or she still expects an interrupted access to the Internet. To support mobile computing over the Internet, two possible approaches can be considered. One is to use mobile version of IP (Internet Protocol), which could support typical Internet applications. The second approach is to use Wireless ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), an emerging technology where ATM cells are transmitted over wireless links and part of the ATM connection lies in the wireless network. Wireless ATM has received attention due to the need to support mobile multimedia services and also because of an increasing deployment of ATM technology in the Internet and other networks. The paper discusses the challenges and issues that, must be considered before Wireless ATM can be widely deployed in the Internet environment.
Civil Society and the Shaping of Communication–Information Policy: Four Decades of Advocacy

This article initiates exploratory empirical research on how civil society collective action has reacted to and affected communication–information policy (CIP), a policy domain that has been reshaped by technological and industrial change. It reviews the relevant theory on social movements, citizens groups, and interest groups from political science. Data are gathered on two dimensions of the research question: (1) We quantify the number of public interest advocacy groups focused on CIP in the United States from 1961 to the present, using organizational ecology methods. (2) We track the number of U.S. Congressional hearings held each year on CIP issues. The results show that CIP now exceeds other social movement issues (women, civil rights, the environment, human rights) as a major concern of Congressional activity, that the issues are becoming more interdependent, and that modes of citizens advocacy have undergone drastic changes in recent years.
Absence of Cycles in Symmetric Neural Networks

For a given recurrent neural network, a discrete-time model may have asymptotic dynamics different from the one of a related continuous-time model. In this paper, we consider a discrete-time model that discretizes the continuous-time leaky integrator model and study its parallel and sequential dynamics for symmetric networks. We provide sufficient (and necessary in many cases) conditions for the discretized model to have the same cycle-free dynamics of the corresponding continuous-time model in symmetric networks.
Process, Content, and Feminist Reflexivity: One Researcher's Exploration

This article explores the unraveling of the relationship between research methodology, process, and content as revealed through my own feminist research project. I examine the evolution of my research process with one participant from a larger study, as I sought to better understand a story she told about racism. First, I address the theoretical underpinnings of feminist reflexivity and research, which challenge traditional paradigms. Next, I present the participant's (a white family day care provider's) story about racism in her practice which was revealed during an interview process. Subsequently, I present a second dialogue around the story in which we (researcher and participant) later engaged. In the process, I analyze my struggles, as a researcher trained in positivist methods, to engage in reflexive research methods. Finally, I evaluate the gains made for me as a researcher in the process and content of research conducted with a feminist reflexive frame and suggest their utility in deconstructing White racism.
Influence of temperature and method of centrifugation on the separation of erythrocytes.

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that erythrocytes can be separated on the basis of specific gravity by centrifugation in various media. Horizontal centrifugation with swinging bucket rotors at 0 ° to 5 °C. was invariably used in these earlier studies. The use of discontinuous gradients with centrifugation has been more effective in separating cells by specific gravity, but is limited in the volume of cells that can be separated and is time consuming to prepare. The method described in this study utilizes the internal circulation in a tube centrifuged in an angle-head rotor at 30 ° C. at which the erythrocyte is more deformable as compared to 0 to 5 °C. Angle-head centrifugation at 30 °C. ± 2 ° for 1 hour resulted in separation of normal cells to the extent that the bottom 5 per cent of the cells had a mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) of 124 per cent that of the top 5 per cent of the cells. In sickle cell anemia the MCHC of the bottom cells was 160 per cent that of the top cells. This improved method for separating erythrocytes on the basis of specific gravity, which has previously been shown to be related to cell age, will provide a means for more definitive observations of cell aging.
The Economics of Under-Developed Countries *

Perhaps never in the history of economic thought, and certainly not since the crash of 1929, has economic analysis lagged so far behind the demands of policy as it does at present. The elevation of economic development to the top ranks of policy issues, in under-developed and advanced countries alike, has caught professional economists more than ever unprepared to deal with the most pressing economic problem of the moment. One result of this unusually large inflationary gap between the demand for solid policy recommendations and the supply of them has been an unprecedented concentration of economists’ effort on the study of economic growth. The technical assistance programmes under the United Nations, the International Cooperation Administration, the Colombo Plan, other bilateral programmes, and the Ford Foundation have given economists opportunities for “laboratory work” on a scale never before open to them. In the universities, too, more and more economists have redirected their interests in research towards economic development.
Causal invertibility

It is well known that in a given resolution space structure the inverse of a memoryless operator, when it exists, is also memoryless. Given a Hilbert resolution space, we define new resolution structures which preserve causality. We show that every causal, causally invertible operator can be viewed as a memoryless operator between resolution spaces. The characterization is both necessary and sufficient. We also identify causal operators which can be considered as memoryless in a suitable resolution space.
Cost-reducing treatment algorithms for antineoplastic drug-induced nausea and vomiting

A treatment algorithm and preprinted order form developed to reduce the cost of treating antineoplastic drug-induced nausea and vomiting are described. A team including pharmacists, oncologists, and oncology nurses developed a treatment algorithm to reduce the cost of antiemetic therapy for patients receiving antineoplastic therapy at a 719-bed academic medical center. The algorithm incorporated the following concepts: matching antiemetic therapy with the emetogenic potential of the antineoplastic regimen, reducing ondansetron dosages, increasing the ratio of oral to intravenous therapy, and treating delayed-onset nausea and vomiting without using serotonin-receptor antagonists. To help physicians learn and use the treatment algorithm, it was incorporated into an order form for both antineoplastic and antiemetic drugs. Separate order forms were created for pediatric and adult patients. A comparison of outcome data before and after implementation of the practice guidelines showed that the patient outcomes were at least as good after implementation as before. More than a year after the guidelines were implemented, more than 85% of antiemetic regimens prescribed for antineoplastic drug-induced nausea and vomiting were in compliance with the guidelines. A cost avoidance of nearly $205,000 was realized in the first year. Collaboration with oncologists at the start of the care plan was a key element in its success. An antiemetic treatment algorithm, integrated with a preprinted physician order form, was well accepted and has reduced expenses for antiemetic therapy.
Not Confidential: Therapist Considerations in Self-Disclosure

Debate on the practice of therapist self-disclosure in psychotherapy has included some discussion of therapist vulnerability but very little on the actual rule of confidentiality. This rule extends confidentiality to the patient (unless the patient threatens to hurt self or others) but not to the therapist. This article explores when and why therapists might choose to be explicit with patients about their own vulnerability due to the asymmetry of confidentiality.
MRI-guided fluorescence molecular tomography to image epidermal growth factor receptor status in brain tumors

The diagnostic potential of MRI-coupled fluorescence tomography of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) status in brain cancer was demonstrated. Perfect diagnostic performance was observed between mice inoculated with EGFR(+) or EGFR(-) tumor cells.
The Development of the Midgut in the Larva of Aedes Dorsalis Meigen

It is common knowledge that insect larvae are usually adapted for efficient food acquisition. Adults are specialized for reproduction. Nutritive materials accumulated by the larvae are utilized during metamorphosis for energy of transformation from larva to imago. Attempts to explain the manner in which the larval stored foods are utilized have not always been strictly accurate. One of the best explanations stresses the importance of digestion of larval tissues and subsequent replacement by imaginal tissue developed from regenerative buds or nuclei. Trager (1937), working with Aedes aegypti , says that trichogenous cells, anal gills, foregut, midgut, colon, salivary glands, large oenocytes, main tracheal trunks and longitudinal abdominal muscles of the larva are destroyed during the pupal stage or shortly after. Larval hypodermis, fat body, thoracic ganglia, Malpighian tubules, heart and pericardial cells persist essentially unchanged into the adult. Woolley (1943) and Christensen (1941) find no evidence of histolysis in the nervous system and the internal reproductive system respectively of Aedes dorsalis . Richins (1938) finds in the midgut of this same species, however, a striking example of larval tissue degeneration with replacement by imaginal buds.
THE RHEOLOGICAL IMPACT OF CELL ACTIVATION ON THE FLOW BEHAVIOR OF NEUTROPHILS

OF THESIS THE RHEOLOGICAL IMPACT OF ACTIVATION ON THE FLOW BEHAVIOR OF NEUTROPHILS Previously, it was reported that the morphological changes (pseudopod projection) that circulating neutrophils adopt due to cell activation raises peripheral vascular resistance by disrupting microvascular rheology. Studies utilized murine muscle preparations to link neutrophil pseudopod formation to cell activation and a viscous impact on hemodynamic resistance. But because of the complexity associated with the organization of the vasculature and microvasculature in tissues, it was unclear whether the effects of neutrophil activation on hemodynamic resistance were associated with the macro-/microcirculation. This research describes an in vitro analysis using viscometry and microvascular network mimics (microporous membranes) to assess the rheological impact of pseudopods on capillary-like flow. Suspensions of neutrophil-like HL-60 promyelocytes (dHL60’s) and human neutrophils, stimulated with 10 nM fMLP were used, with/without hematocrit. Stimulation of dHL60s or human neutrophils with fMLP altered their flow behavior, which was detected as an increase in solution viscosity. Addition of hematocrit negated the effect of neutrophil activation on suspension viscosity. Moreover, cell activation increased the resistance of microporous membranes to flow of neutrophil suspensions with addition of hematocrit exacerbating this effect. Combined, the results of this study provided evidence that activated neutrophils influence microscale flow resistance via a rheological impact.
Character Analysis of Pediatric Children with Plastic Bronchitis

Objective To investigate clinical characteristics of the plastic bronchitis(PB).Method Retrospective analysis of clinical features,bronchoscopic and aspirate pathology,treatment and prognosis of 25 cases of PB patients.Results Imaging examination were suggestive of pneumonia,lobar or segmental showed atelectasis or obstructive pulmonary emphysema,especially in the left lung accounted for about 52%;right lung accounted for 40%;bilateral accounted for only 8%.All of the patients were examined by using flexible bronchoscopy;pathological examination were fibrinous exudation.All patients after suction branch flexible plastic material,the condition was significantly improved,no case of death.Conclusion When no obvious history of foreign body aspiration in children based on upper respiratory tract infection,ventilation dysfunction and the conventional mechanical ventilation can not improve refractory hypoxia occurred in a short period of time,especially the imaging manifestations of pulmonary atelectasis or obstructive emphysema,should be highly vigilant PB,timely bronchoscopy and removal of students foreign body trachea is key to treatment of the disease.
Testing Research of Pressure Drop in Static De-oiling Hydrocyclone

Scale correlation of each segment of the total pressure drop was obtained by testing subsection inside hydrocyclones.At the same time,a new kind of power correlation was found by measuring flow rate and split ratio which was connected with pressure, pressure drop and pressure drop ratio on de-oiling hydrocyclones, and we discovered water outlet should keep a rational back pressure when hydrocycloens were in proper function by means of real testing and theoretical analyses.To keep a proper pressure distribution between water outlet pressure and oil vent pressure a better separating effect.
Clinical observation on the therapy of acute cerebral infarction with breviscapine in 47 cases

Objective: To investigate the effect and safety of breviscapine in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction(ACI).Methods: Ninety-five patients with ACI were divided randomly into study group(n=47) and control group(n=48),and were treated with breviscapine and xuesaitong through intravenous injection respectively,the results were analyzed.Results: There were significant differences in nerve functional defect scale before and after treatment in the study group(P0.001).The effectual rate in the two groups has no significant difference(66.0% vs 50.0%,P0.05).The total effective rate in study group was significantly higher than that in control group(87.2% vs 68.8%,P0.05).There were slight side effects.Conclusion: Breviscapine is one of the drugs that can treat ACI effectively and safely.
Clinical trial of arotinolol in essential hypertension treatment: dippers vs non-dippers

Objective To compare the efficacy of an α,β blocker, arotinolol, in the treatment of essential hypertension between patients with a dipper and those with a non-dipper profile by means of 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Methods A multicenter single blind parallel trial was carried out in five clinical centers. After a one-week single blind placebo run-in period, patients underwent ABPM measurement if their clinical diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ranged from 90-109 mmHg and their clinical systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 180 mmHg. A total of 47 patients at ages 49.6±7.8 were divided into two groups according to the absence (non-dipper group, 24 cases) or presence (dipper group, 23 cases) of nocturnal BP reduction ≥10% of daytime BP. ABPM was carried out again at the end of the active treatment phase. All patients were given arotinolol 10-15 mg twice daily for 4 weeks. Results Twenty four-hour systolic and diastolic average blood pressures (MSBP, MDBP), 24 h systolic and diastolic blood pressure load (LSBP, LDBP), daytime systolic and diastolic average blood pressures (dMSBP, dMDBP), daytime systolic and diastolic blood pressure load (dLSBP, dLDBP), nighttime systolic and diastolic average blood pressures (nMSBP, nMDBP) and nighttime systolic and diastolic blood pressure load (nLSBP, nLDBP) were calculated. Arotinolol was effective in 78.2% of dippers and 54.2% of non-dippers, but the difference in effectiveness between these two groups was not statistically significant. After treatment, SBP and DBP, including 24 h and daytime systolic and diastolic blood pressures, were significantly reduced in both groups. During the nighttime period, only diastolic blood pressure was significantly reduced, while the systolic blood pressure had no significant change in both groups. Conclusions Arotinolol, which can be dosed twice daily, is an effective antihypertensive agent which effectively lowers blood pressure during the day, while it only reduces nighttime diastolic blood pressure, but not nighttime systolic blood pressure in both groups.
Patients' response to revised practices for treating chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

Guidelines for drug use are commonly developed in hospitals to improve medication use and patient outcomes. Guidelines often evolve as the medical environment changes with respect to available information and formulary adjustments. Our urban-based medical center with two outpatient oncology clinics
GENERAL CIRCULATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE | Energy Cycle

The energy cycle provides a physically meaningful system to understand several constraints upon and properties of the general circulation. Energy is conserved and it can be tracked even as it changes from one form to another. Energy properties can be analyzed to deduce the net circulations as well as the rates at which the circulations are created, maintained, or destroyed.
Ventricular repolarization components on the electrocardiogram ☆: Cellular basis and clinical significance

Ventricular repolarization components on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) include J (Osborn) waves, ST-segments, and T- and U-waves, which dynamically change in morphology under various pathophysiologic conditions and play an important role in the development of ventricular arrhythmias. Our primary objective in this review is to identify the ionic and cellular basis for ventricular repolarization components on the body surface ECG under normal and pathologic conditions, including a discussion of their clinical significance. A specific attempt to combine typical clinical ECG tracings with transmembrane electrical recordings is made to illustrate their logical linkage. A transmural voltage gradient during initial ventricular repolarization, which results from the presence of a prominent transient outward K+current (Ito)-mediated action potential (AP) notch in the epicardium, but not endocardium, manifests as a J-wave on the ECG. The J-wave is associated with the early repolarization syndrome and Brugada syndrome. ST-segment elevation, as seen in Brugada syndrome and acute myocardial ischemia, cannot be fully explained by using the classic concept of an “injury current” that flows from injured to uninjured myocardium. Rather, ST-segment elevation may be largely secondary to a loss of the AP dome in the epicardium, but not endocardium. The T-wave is a symbol of transmural dispersion of repolarization. The R-on-T phenomenon (an extrasystole originating on the T-wave of a preceding ventricular beat) is probably due to transmural propagation of phase 2 re-entry or phase 2 early afterdepolarization that could potentially initiate polymorphic ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation.
Formal Specification of Multi-Window User Interface in PVS

Safety critical systems are life protecting systems and specification languages like ASLAN and PVS can be used to better protect and analyze the functioning of these systems. A multi-window user interface already specified in ASLAN is converted to PVS. This paper briefs about the system in hand, newly added input focus functionality and the differences between ASLAN and PVS as inferred from the research.
Maximum Magnitude (Mmax) in the Central and Eastern United States for the 2014 U.S. Geological Survey Hazard Model

Probabilistic seismic‐hazard assessment (PSHA) requires an estimate of M max, the moment magnitude M of the largest earthquake that could occur within a specified area. Sparse seismicity hinders M max estimation in the central and eastern United States (CEUS) and tectonically similar regions worldwide (stable continental regions [SCRs]). A new global catalog of moderate‐to‐large SCR earthquakes is analyzed with minimal assumptions about enigmatic geologic controls on SCR M max. An earlier observation that SCR earthquakes of M 7.0 and larger occur in young (250–23 Ma) passive continental margins and associated rifts but not in cratons is not strongly supported by the new catalog. SCR earthquakes of M 7.5 and larger are slightly more numerous and reach slightly higher M in young passive margins and rifts than in cratons. However, overall histograms of M from young margins and rifts and from cratons are statistically indistinguishable. This conclusion is robust under uncertainties in M , the locations of SCR boundaries, and which of two available global SCR catalogs is used. The conclusion stems largely from recent findings that (1) large southeast Asian earthquakes once thought to be SCR were in actively deforming crust and (2) long escarpments in cratonic Australia were formed by prehistoric faulting. The 2014 seismic‐hazard model of the U.S. Geological Survey represents CEUS M max as four‐point probability distributions. The distributions have weighted averages of M 7.0 in cratons and M 7.4 in passive margins and rifts. These weighted averages are consistent with M max estimates of other SCR PSHAs of the CEUS, southeastern Canada, Australia, and India.
Atomic Tiles: Manipulative Resources for Exploring Bonding and Molecular Structure

A simple manipulative resource, Atomic Tiles, is described for scaffolding the learning of Lewis structures without using algorithmic, rule-based methods of drawing. Students use Atomic Tiles to (1) create models of bonding that lead to drawing Lewis structures, (2) use the structures they create to infer patterns required for rational structures and common organic functional groups, (3) translate between Lewis structures and molecular models, and (4) use molecular models to identify isomers.
How to (and how not to) write a compact model in Verilog-A

Verilog-A was recently enhanced to provide greater support for compact modeling. In order for Verilog-A to become the standard language for compact model development and implementation, two more steps are necessary: compact model developers must become familiar with the language, and simulators must run compact models written in Verilog-A almost as quickly and reliably as those hand-coded in C. This work addresses both of these steps: it provides a quick introduction to writing compact models in Verilog-A and, by indicating the sorts of techniques that compact model writers may use, helps simulator vendors understand the sorts of optimizations that are expected from their Verilog-A interfaces.