cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical models of inorganic pollutants in soils

The principal inorganic pollutants of soils are particular chemical species of elements normally found at trace concentrations in soil solutions. Chemical models of the behavior of these elements have been developed to describe both the rates with which their reactions in soils occur and their resulting speciation among liquid and solid phases. The focus of most models has been the quantitative estimation of soil solution concentrations as controlled by precipitation or adsorption reactions. Models of precipitation reactions involve the construction of predominance and activity ratio diagrams valid for a chosen set of chemical conditions (e.g., proton and electron activity, ionic strength). Models of adsorption reactions employ typically the concept of surface complexation. The strengths and limitations of these models are reviewed, as are the successes and failures of computer programs based on them.
Recent Developments of the International Law Commission Regarding International Watercourses and Their Implications for the Nile River

ABSTRACT The International Law Commission of the United Nations has recently presented a set of Rules on the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses to the General Assembly for approval. This article evaluates the potential implications of this new legal regime for the unusual but important case of the Nile River; which is dominated by the strength and control of its furthest downstream state, Egypt. The relationship between upstream and downstream riparian states is critical in determining the applicability of any new legal regime as is shown by the Nile River example. This article begins with a presentation and evaluation of the International Law Commissions new legal framework for international watercourses with primary focus on the General Principles. Following an evaluation of these general principles, the international situation of the Nile River is described, illuminating the need for new legal solutions to historically troublesome water conflicts. The article concludes with an evaluati...
Improvements in forecasting the flow of the Humboldt River, Nevada

Although the Humboldt River, Nevada, termed as the last frontier in stream-forecasting from snow-surveys, has long been the subject of much study and discussion, it still has many perplexing problems that must be solved before forecast accuracy can be obtained. Even when all existing problems have been solved, the forecast will then still be a doubtful one due to the precipitation during the November to July period being equally divided between November to February, the snow-accumulation period, and March to July, the runoff-period. The latter has as much as 30 to 40 per cent effect on the March to July runoff. This factor together with variation in spring and summer temperature, another unpredictable factor, will probably always leave the final Humboldt forecast accuracy to the judgment of the forecaster.
How Japanese Women Talk about Hot Flushes: Implications for Menopause Research

An unanticipated onomatopoeic expression emerged during ethnographic interviews with Japanese women about menopausal symptoms. At the same time, a newly coined term for hot flush, derived from English, started appearing in Japanese media. These two independent linguistic phenomena led me to speculate on what linguistic expression of physical sensations may reveal about social forces in a given society. This report examines the complexities involved in studying physiological symptoms. The multiple and intertwined variables--including economics, politics, social organization, and language--involved in translating physiological symptoms cross-culturally have been well recognized. But how to study these variables remains a challenge. This article offers a case study of what careful attention to verbal expression may tell us. My argument underscores the social fact that the expressions people choose to use vary according to their reasons for communicating and that their motivations for verbalizing symptoms (hot flush, in this case) depend on the priorities and sanctions of the society in which they live. These factors must be given due consideration when assessing any symptoms of the individual body.
a Note on Cumulus Growth in a Nonsaturated Environment.

Abstract On the basis of certain evidence it is concluded that mixing between the cumulus cloud and its environment affects the development of the cloud. It is shown that, for the case of mixing, the lapse rate of temperature within the cloud is greater than the moist-adiabatic rate and also that low relative humidities within the environment disfavor the cloud growth. A synoptic study supports the hypothesis that the forecast of convective showers should take into consideration the relative humidity above the convective condensation level.
Cell biology: The stressful influence of microbes

An investigation into cellular stress responses reveals how cell compartments called mitochondria use information about the surrounding metabolites and microorganisms to protect themselves from damage. See Letter p.406 Damage to mitochondria, the cellular organelles that generate energy through respiration, triggers various protective programs, but little is known about the signalling pathways that monitor mitochondrial function and couple it to protective measures. Through a genome-wide RNA interference screen in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, Gary Ruvkun and colleagues identify 45 genes involved in upregulating the protective pathways following drug-mediated and genetic disruptions to mitochondria. Pathways affected by these genes and linked to surveillance include biosynthesis of the signalling lipid ceramide, and the mevalonate pathway (inhibited by the cholesterol-lowering statins).
The Development of a National Literacy Program: The Gambia Project

RESUMELe Developpement d'un programme national d'alphabetisation: Le projet gambienCet article decrit les considerations theoriques et appliquees du developpement d'un programme pedagogique de l'ecriture fonctionnelle en Gambie, un pays du Troisieme Monde en Afrique Occidentale. Recherches de la frequence des mots de premier ordre du mandingue gambien ont ete pris comme base theorique pour le dessin et developpement des materiaux pedagogiques du niveau elementaire jusqu'a la periode post-illettree. Un cours pedagogique pour le corps enseignant dans l'utilisation des materiaux est inclu dans la methodologie.RESUMOLa disvolvigo de nacia programo de alfabetigo: La gambia projektoLa jena artikolo priskribas la teoriajn kaj aplikajn kondiĉojn de la disvolvigo de pedagogia programo pri la fundamenta skribkapablo en Gambio, lando de la Tria Mondo, en Okcidenta Afriko. Oni uzis esplorojn pri la ofteco de la cefaj vortoj en la gambia mandinka lingvo kiel teorian bazon por la skizado kaj disvolvigo de pedagogiaj iloj ekde la elementa nivelo gis la tempo post la forigo de la analfabeteco. La metodaro inkludas pedagogian kurson por la instruistaro, kiu helpas pri la utiligo de la iloj.
Effects of d- and l-propranolol on the responsiveness of human fibroblasts to choleragen and prostaglandin E1.

Abstract The cAMP content of cultured human fibroblasts was increased by incubation of the cells with choleragen, prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), or isoproterenol. Propranolol (80μM) markedly reduced the elevation in intracellular cAMP induced by choleragen or isoproterenol but increased the accumulation of cAMP secondary to PGE1. (“Propranolol”) refers to the racemic mixture; when either isomer alone was used, the appropriate designation is given.) Propranolol prolonged the delay in choleragen responsiveness, normally apparent in human fibroblasts; the effects of propranolol on choleragen and PGE1 occurred in the presence or absence of 3-isobutyl-l-methylxanthine and were observed on both intracellular and extracellular cAMP. d- and l-propranolol were equally effective with choleragen and PGE1, whereas l-propranolol was much more effective than d-propranolol in blocking the action of isoproterenol. Propranolol had no significant effect on the activation of adenylate cyclase by choleragen or PGE1. Butoxamine and dichloroisoproterenol did not decrease cAMP accumulation induced by choleragen but enhanced the response to PGE1. A lipid-soluble anesthetic, tetracaine, also increased the accumulation of intracellular cAMP due to PGE1 but inhibited the response to choleragen. These data indicate that propranolol exerts effects independent of its β-adrenergic blocking activity on agonist-induced changes in cAMP metabolism of human fibroblasts. In view of the concentrations of propranolol at which these “nonspecific” effects were observed, and based on similarities to actions of other drugs, it appears that some of the toxic and/or therapeutic effects of the drug may result from “membrane-stabilizing” properties and/or effects on microtubule assembly and may be unrelated to β-adrenergic blockade.
Human brain tumour cell strains with deficient host-cell reactivation of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-damaged adenovirus 5.

HOST-CELL reactivation of a population of physically or chemically damaged viruses is said to occur when the plaque titre of the damaged (but not the control) virus population depends strongly on the cell strain selected to serve as the host to support virus growth1,2. Such cell strain-dependent differences in survival have classically been interpreted as reflecting known cellular differences in ability to repair DNA1,2. For example, we have previously demonstrated host-cell reactivation of UV-irradiated3 or benzo(a)pyrene diol-epoxide I (anti)-treated4 human adenoviruses. The survival of such treated virus populations is much greater when their plaque titre is measured using monolayers of fibroblasts with normal DNA repair than when using fibroblasts from patients having the genetic disease, xeroderma pigmentosum, which are deficient in repair of UV-damaged DNA. The work of Lytle and coworkers5,6 and Day3, using human cells, has shown host-cell reactivation of UV-damaged viruses to occur only when nuclear replicating DNA viruses are studied. To assess the hypothesis that human tumorigenesis is often associated with repair-deficient cells, we undertook a study of host-cell reactivation of various kinds of damage using human cell strains prepared both from tumours of different organs and from skin of people having genetic predisposition to, or familial occurrence of, cancer. As part of this work, we measured the survival of adenovirus 5 treated in vitro with the carcinogen N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). We found that the use of cells from 4 of 13 human brain tumour strains as viral hosts resulted in less survival of the MNNG-damaged viruses than did the use of more than 20 other cell strains prepared from human tumours or from unaffected human organs (Fig. 1, Table 1). Previous studies have not detected abnormal DNA repair in human tumours7. We believe this to be the first report of host-cell reactivation of MNNG damage by mammalian cells.
Notes on the theory of four-layer semiconductor switches

Abstract Starting from the accepted theory of four-layer devices, a discussion is developed of the effects of transverse base resistance on three-terminal operation of p-n-p-n switches. The treatment is then extended to transient response to two- and three-terminal on- and off-switching.
Pattern of recovery following cerebellar deep nuclear lesions in monkeys.

Abstract Monkeys were trained to perform simple motor habits including phasic movement and maintained limb positions before receiving bilateral lesions of the cerebellar dentate and interpositus nuclei. The frequency, relative amplitude, and duration of oscillations, measured by an accelerometer worn on the limb, varied with the limb's position, being slower and wider (ataxia) with more extended-abducted positions, faster and smaller (tremor) with more flexed-adducted postures. Changes with time showed a progressive conversion of ataxic oscillations to tremor as reflex and locomotor performance improved. At any time, limb fixation combined with phasic movement initiated the oscillations, whereas a fixed position by itself could be maintained, or a phasic movement without a fixed end point performed without tremor or ataxia. Analysis of these data suggests that the cerebellum provides a timing device for movement which matches limb fixation with phasic (usually distal) movement so that the limb fixation stops at the right moment for the phasic component to begin. The timing of these two components may have separate mediation by the interpositus (fixation) and dentate (phasic-distal) nuclei. During recovery, loss of internal feed-forward cerebellar circuits is compensated for by external feedback loops involving the dorsal root afferents and cerebral cortex.
Use of Carbon Dioxide for Extending Shelf-Life of Prepackaged Beef

Abstract Storage in carbon dioxide-enriched air increased the odorand color shelf-life of prepacked fresh beef by 3 to 10 and 1 to 9 days, respectively, depending on the CO 2 concentration, the initial number of bacterial cells on the meat surface and the storage temperature. Steaks of lean beef were inoculated with a mixture of psychrotolerant strains of Pseudomonas and Achromobacter , packaged in cardboard trays, overwrapped with a gas-permeable polyvinyl-chloride film, and incubated at 0-10 °C in air containing from 0-20% CO 2 . Fifteen percent CO 2 was the preferred concentration since it was nearly as effective as 20% and almost twice as effective as 10%. The smaller the inoculum and the lower the storage temperature, the greater was the effectiveness of CO 2 . Off-color rather than off-odor limited shelf-life in all cases. A short initial exposure of the inoculated meat to 100% CO 2 at 22 or —80°C was without effect on subsequent storage life in air. Carbon dioxide did not affect significantly changes in pH or weight loss due to weep during storage.
Axial Length–Disc Area Ratio in Esotropic Amblyopia

Background Hyperopia is a risk factor for esotropia and amblyopia. A previous study indicated that disc areas (DAs) are reduced in patients with amblyopia. Objective To determine if there is a difference in the relative size of the optic disc in hyperopic eyes without strabismus or amblyopia compared with esotropic and amblyopic eyes, the relationship of axial length (AXL) to DA in subjects with hyperopia was evaluated. Methods Eight hundred fifty records from my private practice, which included AXL measurements and optic disc photographs or digital images, were analyzed to locate 122 subjects with bilateral refractive errors greater than +2.00 diopters. Disc areas were measured using objective techniques. Axial lengths were determined by ultrasonographic biometry. A ratio, AXL/DA, was derived by dividing the AXL in millimeters by the DA in square millimeters. Results The mean (SD) AXL/DA for the group with hyperopia was 9.48 (2.70) mm and 12.30 (3.45) mm for the group with hyperopic strabismus ( P = .01). The mean (SD) AXL/DA was 15.24 (4.61) mm in the amblyopic eyes and 13.61 (3.67) mm for the nonamblyopic fellow eye ( P = .02). Conclusion The optic discs of eyes with hyperopic strabismus with and without amblyopia were disproportionately and markedly reduced when compared with hyperopic eyes without amblyopia or esotropia.
Standardized protocol for artery-only fingertip replantation.

Purpose Artery-only fingertip replantation can be reliable if low-resistance flow through the replant is maintained until venous outflow is restored naturally. Injuring the tip of the replant to promote ongoing bleeding augmented with anticoagulation usually accomplishes this; however, such management results in prolonged hospitalization. In this study, we analyzed the outcomes of artery-only fingertip replantation using a standardized postoperative protocol consisting of dextran-40, heparin, and leech therapy. Methods Between 2001 and 2008, we performed 19 artery-only fingertip replants for 17 patients. All patients had the replanted nail plate removed and received intravenous dextran-40, heparin, and aspirin to promote fingertip bleeding and vascular outflow. Anticoagulation was titrated to promote a controlled bleed until physiologic venous outflow was restored by neovascularization. We used medicinal leeches and mechanical heparin scrubbing for acute decongestion. By postoperative day 6, bleeding was no longer promoted. We initiated fluorescent dye perfusion studies to assess circulatory competence and direct further anticoagulant intervention if necessary. The absence of bleeding associated with an initial rise followed by an appropriate fall in fluorescent dye concentration would trigger a weaning of anticoagulation. Results All of the 19 replants survived. The average length of hospital stay was 9 days (range, 7–17 d). Eleven patients received blood transfusions. The average transfusion was 1.8 units (range, 0–9 units). All patients were happy with the decision to replant, and the cosmetic result. Conclusions A protocol that promotes temporary, controlled bleeding from the fingertip is protective of artery-only replants distal to the distal interphalangeal joint until physiologic venous outflow is restored. The protocol described is both safe and reliable. The patient should be informed that such replant attempts may result in the need for transfusions and extended hospital stays, factors that can help the physician and patient decide whether to proceed with repantation. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Histone Post-Translational Modifications Buried within the Nucleosome DNA-Histone Interface Facilitate Nucleosome Disassembly

A number of histone post-translational modifications are located in the nucleosome DNA-histone interface. These modifications include the acetylation of histone H3 at K115 and K122, which are located near the dyad symmetry axis. While these modifications are implicated in DNA repair, the molecular mechanisms by which these modifications are involved in DNA repair processes are not well-understood. We are investigating the hypothesis that these modifications biophysically alter the nucleosome to facilitate DNA repair. We introduced these modifications into histone H3 by protein ligation and incorporated them into single nucleosomes and nucleosome arrays. We employed a combination of ensemble and single molecule methods to determine that these modifications reduce DNA-histone binding free energy and enhance nucleosome disassembly induced by the mechanical unwrapping of nucleosomal DNA, or by the human mismatch repair complex hMSH2-hMSH6. These studies suggest that modifications in the nucleosome DNA-histone interface function to reduce DNA-histone interactions to facilitate nucleosome disassembly for DNA repair.This work was supported by a Career Award in the Basic Biomedical Sciences from the Burroughs Welcome Fund to MGP and by the NIH, R01-GM083055, to MGP and JJO.
Analysis of Properties of Secondary Particles in Nucleon-Nucleon Collisions at Very High Energy

Momentum measurements were made on the individual secondary particles emitted in the "outer" cone of the $S$-star. A lower limit to the momentum of the particles in the "inner" cone was obtained. The transformation from the laboratory system to the center-of-mass system can be made, using suitable approximations, on the assumption that all charged secondaries are pions. This leads to a symmetrical angular and energy distribution with all particles included in a forward or backward cone of half-angle 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The results are compared with various multiple production theories. It is possible to infer that there is no more than one pair of particles of protonic mass among the secondaries and that even the presence of one pair would violate symmetry. The number of $K$-mesons must also be small. The methods of analysis should be useful on other events in this energy range.
Fénelon's recommendations to the French academy concerning rhetoric

The rhetorical theory set forth in Fenelon's Letter to the Academy (1716) was a protest against seventeenth century rhetorical practices. Fenelon rejected the rigid rules of arrangement characteristic of Ramistic rhetoric and instead advocated organization according to the demands of the subject. He emphasized substance and content rather than form, thereby criticizing the overreliance on tropes and figures predominant in seventeenth century oratory. Fenelon believed that a worthy rhetoric should be designed to instruct and reform, rather than merely to entertain, an audience. Advocating rhetoric as a social instrument and calling for a natural, conversational mode of speech, Fenelon's recommendations have substantial significance for modern rhetorical theory.
Output feedback control of nonlinear systems subject to sensor data losses

In this work, we focus on output feedback control of nonlinear systems subject to sensor data losses. We initially construct an output feedback controller based on a combination of a Lyapunov-based controller with a high-gain observer. We then study the stability and robustness properties of the closed-loop system in the presence of sensor data losses for both the continuous and sampled-data systems. We state a set of sufficient conditions under which the closed-loop system is guaranteed to be practically stable. The theoretical results are demonstrated using a chemical process example.
Effects of non-locality and surface diffuseness on the electromagnetic response of a vacuum metal interface

Abstract A characteristic feature of the response of a metal to an external probe, such as photons or electrons is an induced surface change. Allowing for a non-local response and a smooth electron density profile in the surface region the classical singular surface charge will relax spatially and the center of gravity of the induced charge will be an important physical quantity characterizing the response. We propose a simple analytical interpolation formula for this, having the correct static limit as well as giving a relatively good description of the dynamical response.
Distortion effects in spacecraft observations of MHD toroidal standing waves: Theory and observations

This paper considers the distortion effect of the simultaneous occurrence of locally resonant toroidal pulsations over a range of L shells on the interpretation of spacecraft observations of these waves. A theoretical model is developed which yields quantitative predictions of the phase shear effect that causes a shift from the true pulsation frequency measured from a spacecraft moving radially across L shells. Calculations with this model indicate that, due to this effect, the AMPTE/CCE satellite should observe 8-30 percent lower frequencies on outbound passes than on inbound passes. A comparison of fundamental mode frequency measurements made on 10 inbound and 9 outbound passes of the AMPTE/CCE satellite in the morning sector confirms the predictions of the model.
Solutions for the anisotropic elastic wedge at critical wedge angles

The classical solution for an isotropic elastic wedge loaded by uniform tractions on the sides of the wedge becomes infinite everywhere in the wedge when the wedge angle 2α equals π, 2π or 2α* where tan 2α* = 2α*. When the wedge is loaded by a concentrated couple at the wedge apex the solution also becomes infinite at 2α = 2α*. A similar situation occurs when the wedge is anisotropic except that 2α* is governed by a different equation and depends on material properties. Solutions which do not become infinite everywhere in the wedge are available for isotropic elastic wedges. In this paper we present solutions for the anisotropic elastic wedge at critical wedge angles. The main feature of the solutions obtained here is that they are in a real form even though Stroh's complex formalism is employed.
System documentation as software

Accuracy, Timeliness, Flexibility, and Low Cost—computer buyers want BETTER documentation, they want it NOW, they want it to suit THEIR NEEDS, and they want it CHEAP.Unfortunately, current documentation methods have failed to satisfy these needs. The inadequacies of the traditional technical manual are well known to anyone who has tried to use one, regardless of the herculean effort it probably took to collect and publish the damn thing. Typically, the resources that could have been expended in making the manual easier to read were expended in an impossible battle to make the information available in a reasonable amount of time, without totally sacrificing the accuracy of its contents.The solution to this dilemma lies in changing the way that we view documentation. We must stop thinking of documentation as pieces of paper and start thinking of it as software.
Optimal grain pricing and storage policy in controlled agricultural economies: application to Zimbabwe

Abstract Maize pricing and storage policies of Zimbabwe's grain marketing board are compared to those that would be optimal under certain objective function, risk, and risk aversion assumptions. Optimal producer prices and storage levels are found to be interdependent and to respond to prices at other levels of the marketing chain. The ideal maize reserve stock increases with uncertainty over import transportation costs, a factor to consider in light of the threat of South African sanctions. But at a reasonable risk aversion level, optimal reserves still are much lower than those presently held by the board.
α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase from cauliflower mitochondria: preparation and reactivity with substrates

Abstract The α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase enzyme system (KGDH) was partially purified from mitochondria of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) florets. After sonication of the mitochondria in the presence of amphotericin B, KGDH was separated by differential centrifugation in buffered sucrose solutions to give a final activity of 1–2 μmol/min/mg protein under standard assay conditions at 22°. The preparations had low levels of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Occasionally, preparations contained small amounts of the internal rotenone-insensitive NADH oxidase activity. The KGDH was fully active without added lipoamide dehydrogenase and showed optimal activity at pH 7.4. Analysis of the kinetics at fixed cofactor concentrations and variable α-ketoglutarate (KG) concentrations indicated that the Vmax was three-fold higher at pH 7.4 than at pH 7.0. The apparent Km for KG was 116 μM at pH 7.0 and 564 μM at pH 7.4, and there was no cooperativity with KG binding at either pH. The apparent Km for NAD was 441 μM at pH 7.0 and 981 μM at pH 7.4. The apparent Km for CoA was 15.7 μM at pH 7.0 and 12.2 μM at pH 7.4. The apparent Km for thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) was 106 μM at pH 7.0 and 87.5 at pH 7.4. Analysis of the napp in response to varying concentrations of the co-factors (NAD, TPP, CoA) showed no cooperativity at pH 7.0 and a slightly positive cooperativity (1.2 to 1.5) at pH 7.4. The procedure provides a method for the rapid isolation of the intact cauliflower KGDH.
Experience with collaborative management of symptomatic fibroids by gynecology and interventional radiology.

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to review the initial collaborative experience of a gynecologist and an interventional radiologist in the utilization of embolotherapy in the management of symptomatic uterine myomas.Methods: One hundred five consecutive subjects treated by embolotherapy were selected for review. All patients derived from a single gynecologic practice and were evaluated by the same examiner, using standardized criteria. Embolotherapy was carried out in all subjects by the same interventional radiologist using 500-700 µm polyvinyl alcohol particles injected bilaterally into the uterine arteries utilizing uniform technique and endpoints.Results: Size reduction of 20-85% confirmed by follow-up ultrasound was achieved. Ninety percent of patients noted improvement in their overall symptoms. Eighty percent of patients were able to resume normal activity 4 days after therapy, the remainder of 20% within 2 weeks. One patient subsequently underwent hysterectomy. At 1-year follow-up, changes in size and menorrhagia persisted.Conclusion: The collaborative treatment of fibroids by gynecologists and interventional radiologists appears to offer an effective alternative to women with symptomatic uterine fibroids.
European Earth Observation Program: “Positive Synergy” Between Science and Society

[1] Within the European Space Agency's (ESA) Earth Observation programs, a “positive synergy between science and society” comes across “very strongly,” according to Stephen Briggs, head of the program planning and coordination service for ESA's Directorate of Earth Observation Programmes. Briggs offered insights into the Earth Observation programs, including missions, data policy, and cooperation with other space agencies, during a 4 April town hall meeting at the European Geosciences Union's (EGU) annual meeting in Vienna, Austria. “One of the aspects that strikes everyone in Earth observation is the fact that when studying Earth science, it's not like looking at cosmology. We're looking at aspects of the Earth which inevitably have some consequence for society,” Briggs said, pointing to recent ESA satellite imagery of natural disasters, forest cover, ice sheets, and oceans.
Alcohol exposure during development alters hypothalamic neurotransmitter concentrations

The effect of exposure to alcohol during a period roughly equivalent to the human third trimester on neurotransmitter content in the rat hypothalamus was examined. The alcohol exposure was accomplished via an artificial rearing procedure. The alcohol group was exposed to 5 g/kg/day of ethanol from postnatal day (PD) 4 to 10. There was an artificially reared control group not exposed to alcohol and a normally reared control group. Noradrenaline, dopamine, homovanillic acid (HVA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations were measured using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection in juvenile and adult rats. There were no effects in juvenile rats. In adult rats, alcohol exposure from PD 4 to 10 increased hypothalamic content of noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin and 5-HIAA. While adult females had greater amounts of hypothalamic serotonin and 5-HIAA than adult males, there were no interactions of sex with alcohol exposure. These results suggest that hypothalamic function is seriously disrupted by alcohol exposure during development.
Improved stoves in Sub-Saharan Africa: the case of the Sudan

The paper estimates charcoal demand and supply elasticities to determine rebound effects from improved stoves in the Sudan. These are increases in fuel consumption resulting from gains in real income upon the use of more efficient appliances, and from downward price adjustments associated with the reduction in fuel requirements. The findings are that: (1) charcoal markets are characterized by low elasticities; and (2) 42% of fuel savings are lost, mostly as a result of large price adjustments since low elasticities place more of the burden of market adjustment on prices than on quantities. Nonetheless, price-related effects may be small because of increases in charcoal prices as a result of accelerated deforestation.
“Yellowface” in movies: a survey of American academic collections

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate if collection developers in American academic libraries have added predominantly “yellowface” movies to their collections, or have actively sought out movies created and acted by Asian and Asian Americans, to balance out their libraries' collections.Design/methodology/approach – In total, ten acknowledged “yellowface” movies and ten critically acclaimed Asian and Asian American movies were chosen. The collections of 157 academic libraries throughout the entire USA were then surveyed, including geographical areas that have had very few Asians or Asian Americans in their populations throughout their histories.Findings – The results show that neither “yellowface” movies nor Asian and Asian American movies are overtly dominant in the collections of American academic librarians, and one can conclude that the collection developers actively sought to find a balance between movies in both categories, no matter the geographical locations of their libraries.Soci...
Behavioural health interventions in the Johns Hopkins Community Health Partnership: Integrated care as a component of health systems transformation

Health systems in the USA have received a mandate to improve quality while reining in costs. Several opportunities have been created to stimulate this transformation. This paper describes the design, early implementation and lessons learned for the behavioural components of the John Hopkins Community Health Partnership (J-CHiP) programme. J-CHiP is designed to improve health outcomes and reduce the total healthcare costs of a group of high healthcare use patients who are insured by the government-funded health insurance programmes, Medicaid and Medicare. These patients have a disproportionately high prevalence of depression, other psychiatric conditions, and unhealthy behaviours that could be addressed with behavioural interventions. The J-CHiP behavioural intervention is based on integrated care models, which include embedding mental health professionals into primary sites. A four-session behaviour-based protocol was developed to motivate self-efficacy through illness management skills. In addition to staff embedded in primary care, the programme design includes expedited access to specialist psychiatric services as well as a community outreach component that addresses stigma. The progress and challenges involved with developing this programme over a relatively short period of time are discussed.
Discovering Discrete Distributed Representations with Iterative Competitive Learning

Competitive learning is an unsupervised algorithm that classifies input patterns into mutually exclusive clusters. In a neural net framework, each cluster is represented by a processing unit that competes with others in a winner-take-all pool for an input pattern. I present a simple extension to the algorithm that allows it to construct discrete, distributed representations. Discrete representations are useful because they are relatively easy to analyze and their information content can readily be measured. Distributed representations are useful because they explicitly encode similarity. The basic idea is to apply competitive learning iteratively to an input pattern, and after each stage to subtract from the input pattern the component that was captured in the representation at that stage. This component is simply the weight vector of the winning unit of the competitive pool. The subtraction procedure forces competitive pools at different stages to encode different aspects of the input. The algorithm is essentially the same as a traditional data compression technique known as multistep vector quantization, although the neural net perspective suggests potentially powerful extensions to that approach.
Teaching Clinic—Review: DIABETES INSIPIDUS*

DIABETES insipidus, a clinical syndrome characterized by the passage of large volumes of dilute urine and the presence of an inordinate thirst, was properly defined one hundred and sixty-two years ago (1). Recently acquired knowledge of the pathogenesis of diabetes insipidus in experimental animals, and the development of a variety of test procedures designed to induce a release of antidiuretic hormone from the pars nervosa of the pituitary, now permit a more precise evaluation of the patient with diabetes insipidus than was heretofore possible. Despite these additions to our knowledge of this syndrome, the differential diagnosis in a patient with polyuria and polydipsia may sometimes be difficult. Improperly conducted test procedures not infrequently contribute to a diagnostic dilemma, and occasionally there are dangerous sequelae from injudicious use of vasopressin (Pitressin) preparations in patients with “suspected” diabetes insipidus. Some experiences in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with d...
Performance on patterned string problems by common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

This experiment examined the performance of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) on a series of pat- terned string problems to assess the marmosets' under- standing of means-ends relationships. One marmoset, Jet, was exposed to a series of problems that were ordered in terms of perceived diYculty during two testings that were separated by 1 year. In the second testing, Jet received problems that had been used during the Wrst testing along with three new problems. Each of the new problems was designed to be an exemplar of the type of problem that Jet had experienced diYculty with in the Wrst testing. A second marmoset, Peaches, was tested on the same set of problems given to Jet in the second testing. Results indicated that the marmosets' performance on these problems fell into three categories. In one category, some problems were solved without evidence of trial-and-error learning. In a second category, there were problems in which the marmosets responded at chance levels initially but evidenced improve- ment as a function of extended testing. In a third category, some problems appeared to be virtually unsolvable even with extended testing. Taken together, these results indicate that the marmosets were able to learn the means-ends con- nection between pulling a string and obtaining food. This learning was best characterized as a trial-and-error process for some problem forms, while for others there appeared to be rapid learning that did not require extensive practice. The instances of rapid learning may be the result of the application of a simple spatial proximity rule in which the marmosets chose the string that was closest to an imaginary line drawn between the marmoset and the reinforcer.
Intermuscular Adipose Tissue Is Muscle Specific and Associated with Poor Functional Performance

Purpose. People with obesity, diabetes, and peripheral neuropathy have high levels of intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) volume which has been inversely related to physical function. We determined if IMAT is muscle specific, if calf IMAT is different between a healthy obese group (HO), a group with diabetes mellitus (D), and a group with diabetes mellitus and peripheral neuropathy (DN), and if IMAT volume or the ratio of IMAT/muscle volume is related to physical function in these groups. Methods. 10 healthy obese people, 11 with type 2 diabetes, 24 with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy, had assessments of muscle morphology, physical function and muscle performance. Results. The gastrocnemius muscle had a higher ratio of IMAT/muscle volume than any other muscle or compartment. There were no differences between groups in calf muscle or IMAT volumes. Calf IMAT was inversely related to physical performance on the 6-minute walk test (r = -0.47) and physical performance test (r = -0.36). IMAT/muscle volume was inversely related to physical performance (PPT, r = -0.44; 6 MW r = -0.48; stair power, r = -0.30). Conclusions. IMAT accumulation varies in calf muscles, is highest in the gastrocnemius muscle, and is associated with poor physical performance.
M/sup 3/HN: an adaptive protocol for mobility management in multi-hop heterogeneous networks

One of the research challenges for 4G-wireless systems is the design of mobility management techniques that integrate cellular and ad-hoc networks. Currently there are no structured mobility management schemes for these heterogeneous multi-hop networks. In this paper we propose an adaptive protocol for mobility management in multi-hop heterogeneous networks (M/sup 3/HN) for seamless mobility in an integrated cellular and ad-hoc network. This paper describes techniques for tracking a mobile node in a multi-hop network with minimum overhead. Using M/sup 3/HN a node can migrate from a single-hop network to a multi-hop connectivity seamlessly. This scheme is independent of the routing protocol used in a multi-hop network.
Structural Mass Spectrometry of Matrix-Assisted Laser-Desorbed Biomolecules by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry: Photoionization and Photofragmentation

Laser desorption ionization of compounds that absorb 337 nm (e.g., vitamin B12 and selected porphyrins) are examined by using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry. The experiments are performed by mixing the sample with a host compound that promotes desorption and/or ionization. The relative abundance of photofragment ions can be controlled by simple adjustments of parameters such as the laser power and matrix-to-analyte ratio. In addition, it is shown that gas-phase photoionization/photodissociation of laser-desorbed species by a second laser pulse provides structural information for both negative and positive ions.
Reliably networking a multicast repository

In this paper we consider the design of a reliable multicast facility over an unreliable multicast network. Our multicast facility has several interesting properties: it has different numbers of clients interested in each data packet, allowing us to tune our strategy for each data transmission; it has recurring data items, so that missed data items can be rescheduled for later transmission; and it allows the server to adjust the scheduler according to loss information. We exploit the properties of our system to extend traditional reliability techniques for our case, and use performance evaluation to highlight the resulting differences. We find that our reliability techniques can reduce the average client wait time by over thirty percent.
Built-in current sensor for IDDQ test

A practical built-in current sensor (BICS) design is described in this paper. This sensor system is able to monitor the IDDQ at a resolution level of 10 muA. This system can translate the current level into a digital signal, with scan chain readout. There is no system performance degradation for this sensor and its power dissipation is kept at a very low level. With the help of a self-calibration circuit, the sensor can maintain its accuracy and achieve a clock rate of over 1 GHz, for a measurement time of a few milliseconds
Removal of asymptomatic bone plates used for orthognathic surgery and facial fractures.

Internal fixation devices in the form of bone plates have been used for a long time in maxillofacial surgery. As early as 1907, Albin Lambotte of Belgium’ reported the fixation of a mandibular fracture with “a little aluminum plate fixed with two screws.” In North America, Thorna,’ Archer,” Robinson$5 Dingman and Natvig,6 Richter and Boyney and Hahn and Corgill’,’ advocated plate or mesh fixation for fractures or in reconstructive surgery of the jaws. These devices and techniques were designed as adjuncts in the management of specific injuries and/or congenital or acquired deformities. Primarily, they were designed to supplement conventional maxillomandibular fixation, contain graft systems, or provide structure and contour. In Europe, Luhr,” Spiessl,” Schilli,12 and Champy et al” developed and/or popularized internal fixation systems involving plates and screws that were designed to avoid or eliminate the need for maxillomandibular fixation in the treatment of maxillofacial injuries and deformities. Their techniques and devices, as well as their philosophy of care, were generally accepted in Europe by the late 1970s and in North America by the late 1980s. The early plating systems were generally large and bulky (other than the Champy system) and fabricated of stainless steel (Spiessl, Champy) or chrome cobalt (Luhr). Removal after they ceased to function was advocated as part of total management. North American surgeons questioned the need for removal, pointing out that patients would not accept a second surgery nor
Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer and Rotamerism of 2-(2‘-hydroxyvinyl)benzimidazole and 2-(2‘-hydroxyphenyl)imidazole

The intramolecular proton transfer of 2-(2‘-hydroxyvinyl)benzimidazole (HVBI) and 2-(2‘-hydroxyphenyl)imidazole (HPI) in the ground state and in the 1ππ*, 1nπ*, and 3ππ* excited states has been studied at the HF/CIS/D95** level of theory. Their rotamerism reaction in the ground and 1ππ* excited states has been also analyzed. These systems are two different fragments of 2-(2‘-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole (HPBI), containing an intramolecular hydrogen bond through a common NCCCO backbone. The comparison of the calculations on HVBI and HPI with the experimental results available for HPBI and the theoretical calculations done for HPBI, salicyaldimine, and 1-amino-3-propenal allow us to determine the influence that each functional group of HPBI has on its intramolecular proton transfer in different electronic states. It is found that the aromaticity of the phenol ring of HPBI exerts a great influence on the proton transfer in the ground state and the lowest-lying 1ππ*, and 3ππ* excited states. The aromatic chara...
A Chaotic Dynamical Model for Internet Traffic

This paper analysis the chaotic dynamical properties of network traffic based on the self-similarity characteristic of the Internet traffic. The phase space of the traffic time serials is reconstructed and the correlation dimension is analyzed, which indicate that the dynamical system has finite degree of freedom and a positive maximum Lyapunov exponent. The chaotic characteristic of the traffic is demonstrated and the nonlinear evolution mechanism is observed. Finally, the traffic signals are reconstructed by using fractal interpolation algorithm and gaining reasonably accurate replications.
Residual-Based Measurement of Peer and Link Lifetimes in Gnutella Networks

Existing methods of measuring lifetimes in P2P systems usually rely on the so-called create-based method (CBM), which divides a given observation window into two halves and samples users "created" in the first half every Delta time units until they die or the observation period ends. Despite its frequent use, this approach has no rigorous accuracy or overhead analysis in the literature. To shed more light on its performance, we flrst derive a model for CBM and show that small window size or large Delta may lead to highly inaccurate lifetime distributions. We then show that create-based sampling exhibits an inherent tradeoff between overhead and accuracy, which does not allow any fundamental improvement to the method. Instead, we propose a completely different approach for sampling user dynamics that keeps track of only residual lifetimes of peers and uses a simple renewal-process model to recover the actual lifetimes from the observed residuals. Our analysis indicates that for reasonably large systems, the proposed method can reduce bandwidth consumption by several orders of magnitude compared to prior approaches while simultaneously achieving higher accuracy. We finish the paper by implementing a two-tier Gnutella network crawler equipped with the proposed sampling method and obtain the distribution of ultrapeer lifetimes in a network of 6.4 million users and 60 million links. Our experimental results show that ultrapeer lifetimes are Pareto with shape a alpha ap 1.1; however, link lifetimes exhibit much lighter tails with alpha ap 1.9.
The Colorado River Experience: Assessing The Value Of Motorized Rafting

Although free markets provide superior solutions to resource allocation, the National Park Service controls access, use, and mode of travel on the Colorado River through the canyon. There is an aggregate number of “user days” allowed for the river. There is a split between motorized and non-motorized travel, and daily limits on the types of trips that can be launched from Lees Ferry, the starting point for Grand Canyon river trips. This paper explores a rather straightforward economic question – How much would it take to entice existing motorized providers to switch to oar powered rafts? Available data allows the development of different scenarios to determine the cost of enticing motorized providers to switch to nonmotorized guided trips. However, there is also intrinsic some providers possess which may make change a purely economic decision to one with other values.