cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pictures from a Revolution: The 1979 Iranian Uprising

A tripartite exhibit of fine arts, photography, and revolutionary posters, Between Word and Image: Modern Iranian Visual Culture, unfolds to define the concept of a revolution as a 180-degree turn. More specifically, the exhibit brings together images and words to crystallize and define The Islamic Republic of Iran's Revolution. The first part of the exhibit places the accent on the modern fine arts of Iran. While this is all pre-revolution artwork, it represents a revolutionary step from traditional miniature painting and the classical style of the Iranian master painter Kamal-al-Molk. The exhibit presents the painting and sculptures of graduates of the newly established Fine Arts Academy, Tehran University, and independent painters, including: Hossein Zenderoudi (1937-), Faramarz Pilaram (1938-83), Mansoor Ghandriz (1935-65), Parviz Tanavoli (1937-), Sohrab Sepehri (1928-80), Behjat Sadr (1924-), Monir Shahroudy Farmanfarmaian, Siah Armajani (1939-), Marcos Grigorian (1925-), and Esmail Tavakoli (also known as Masht Esmail, 1923-94).
Defects of protein phosphatase 2A causes corticosteroid insensitivity in severe asthma.

Background Corticosteroid insensitivity is a major barrier of treatment for some chronic inflammatory diseases, such as severe asthma, but the molecular mechanism of the insensitivity has not been fully elucidated. The object of this study is to investigate the role of protein phosphate 2A (PP2A), a serine/threonine phosphatase, on corticosteroid sensitivity in severe asthma.
Web-application centric object prefetching

The popularity of the Internet has produced an increased demand on performance and functionality in the form of Web-applications. A Web-application is a collection of logically related hyperlink Web pages that provide a specific service to Web clients. The combination of a hyperlink predictor in conjunction with Web-applications has the potential to reduce the loading time of Web-application pages. We propose a Web-application centric object prefetcher that augments the customary demand-fetching mechanism founded in most Web browsers utilized for object caching. This technique is complimentary to the operations of Web browser and proxy server caching. It predicts Web-application users' click actions in order to launch requests for future Web page objects, such that they are available at the client's system when they are needed. We have conducted trace-driven simulations that indicate the possible performance gains associated with Web-application centric prefetching, when combining demand fetching and prefetching within a Web-application's bounded hyperlink domain.
Mantle cell lymphoma in cyclin D1 transgenic mice with Bim-deficient B cells.

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a highly aggressive B-cell lymphoma resistant to conventional chemotherapy. Although defined by the characteristic t(11;14) translocation, MCL has not been recapitulated in transgenic mouse models of cyclin D1 overexpression alone. Indeed, several genetic aberrations have been identified in MCL that may contribute to its pathogenesis and chemoresistance. Of particular interest is the frequent biallelic deletion of the proapoptotic BCL-2 family protein BIM. BIM exerts its pro-death function via its α-helical BH3 death domain that has the dual capacity to inhibit antiapoptotic proteins such as BCL-2 and MCL-1 and directly trigger proapoptotic proteins such as the mitochondrial executioner protein BAX. To evaluate a functional role for Bim deletion in the pathogenesis of MCL, we generated cyclin D1–transgenic mice harboring Bim-deficient B cells. In response to immunization, EμCycD1CD19CREBimfl/fl mice manifested selective expansion of their splenic mantle zone compartment. Three distinct immune stimulation regimens induced lymphomas with histopathologic and molecular features of human MCL in a subset of mice. Thus, deletion of Bim in B cells, in the context of cyclin D1 overexpression, disrupts a critical control point in lymphoid maturation and predisposes to the development of MCL. This genetic proof of concept for MCL pathogenesis suggests an opportunity to reactivate the death pathway by pharmacologic mimicry of proapoptotic BIM.
Adolescent functioning as a consequence of recent parental divorce and the parent-adolescent relationship☆

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine young adolscents' functioning as a consequence of recent parental divorce and the parent-adolescent relationship. More specifically, recent divorce and a por adolescent relartionship with each parent were viewed as stressors, and it was hypothesized that as the number of stressors increased, adolescent functioning would deteriorate. Fifty-eight young adolescents (ages 11–14), 13 from intact families and 28 from recently divorced families, and their social-studies teachers participated in the study. Adolescents completed an instrument designed to measure their relationship with each parent. Based on this instrument and the marital status of the parents, adolescents were assigned to 1 of 6 groups depending upon wether they were from intact or divorced families and whether they had a good relationship with both, one, or either parent(s). Grades were obtained from the adolescent's most recent report card and social studies teaches completed instruments concerning cognitive and social competence, including internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. The results indicated that both the marital status of the parent-adolescent relationship were related to adolscent functioning. Of particular importance, the presence of 3 stressors (divorce, poor relationship with mother, and poor relationship with father) was associated with more adolescent difficulties than the presence of 0, 1, or 2 stressors. Hypotheses for the obtained results and implications are discused.
Characterization and function of autoreactive T-lymphocyte clones isolated from normal, unprimed mice.

Abstract Self-Ia-reactive cloned T-cell lines, designated PK, were established by long-term culture of T cells from normal DBA/2 mice with irradiated syngeneic splenic adherent cells (SAC), rich in macrophages and dendritic cells. The cell lines were Thy 1 + , Lyt 1 + , Lyt 2 − , produced IL-2 following stimulation with syngeneic spleen cells, and did not exhibit alloreactivity when screened against six different H-2 haplotypes. Of the five cloned PK cell lines tested, four were I-E d restricted while one was I-A d restricted as determined by genetic mapping and blocking studies carried out with monoclonal anti-Ia sera. Extensive specificity studies suggested that the PK cells reacted to syngeneic Ia molecules alone and not to foreign antigens such as fetal calf serum (FCS) used in the culture medium, in association with self-Ia. SAC pulsed with FCS or other protein antigens such as turkey γ-globulin (TGG) were tested for their ability to induce proliferation of autoreactive T cells and other antigen-specific T cells using culture conditions consisting of serumless medium and interleukin 2 (IL-2). The data showed that the autoreactive T cells proliferated better in response to antigen-unpulsed SAC, while FCS-specific and TGG-specific cell lines, developed independently, proliferated only in response to FCS- or TGG-pulsed SAC, respectively, but not to antigen-unpulsed SAC. These results clearly distinguished the autoreactive T-cell clones from the antigen-specific T-cell clones. Preliminary studies carried out to investigate the functions of autoreactive T cells suggested that these cells helped in the in vitro differentiation of alloantigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) from CTL precursors obtained from the thymus and augmented syngeneic, allogeneic, and antigen-specific immune responses in vitro . The autoreactive T cells were also capable of inducing both proliferation and differentiation of antigen-specific populations of B cells in the absence of antigen. The present investigation suggests that autoreactive, non-antigen-reactive T cells can be cloned from normal, unimmunized mice and that such cell lines may provide a powerful tool for analyzing the role of the syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction in induction and maintenance of both T- and B-cell immune responses.
Deficiency states associated with gastro-intestinal disease

The role of the gastro-intestinal tract in the development of conditioning of deficiency states may be: (1) the result of an inadequate intake of food, due to anorexia or an incomplete diet; (2) the result of a loss of essential secretions or of food, due to vomiting, diarrhea, or external fistulas; (3) the result of a lack or decreased production of essential substances (for example, the hematopoietic factor, bile, or other digestive juices), and (4) the result of inadequate intestinal absorption, due to obstruction, short-circuiting produced by fistulas, and atrophy or disease of the intestinal mucosa.
Thymocyte apoptosis drives the intrathymic generation of regulatory T cells.

Maintenance of immune tolerance critically depends upon regulatory T cells that express the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3). These CD4+ T cells can be generated in the thymus, termed thymus-derived regulatory T cells (tTregs), but their developmental pathway remains incompletely understood. tTreg development has been shown to be delayed compared with that of CD4+ single positive (SP) thymocytes, with tTregs being detected only in neonatal thymi by day 3 after birth. Here, we outline the reasons for this delayed emergence of Foxp3+ tTregs and demonstrate that thymocyte apoptosis is intrinsically tied to tTreg development. We show that thymic apoptosis leads to the production of TGFβ intrathymically from thymic macrophages, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells. This TGFβ then induces foxp3 expression and drives tTreg generation. Thymocyte apoptosis has previously been shown to accelerate after birth, which drives increases in TGFβ in the neonatal thymus. We highlight a paucity of TGFβ in the neonatal thymus, accounting for the delayed development of tTregs compared with CD4+ SP thymocytes. Importantly, we show that enhanced levels of apoptosis in the thymus result in an augmented tTreg population and, moreover, that decreasing thymic apoptosis results in reduced tTregs. In addition to this, we also show that T-cell receptor (TCR) signals of different affinity were all capable of driving tTreg development; however, to achieve this TGFβ signals must also be received concomitant with the TCR signal. Collectively, our results indicate that thymic apoptosis is a key event in tTreg generation and reveal a previously unrecognized apoptosis–TGFβ–Foxp3 axis that mediates the development of tTregs.
The Contribution of I-Abm12 to Phenotypic and Functional Alterations Among T-Cell Subsets in NZB Mice

Abstract To further understand the contribution of I-A to the development of disease in murine lupus, we compared the incidence and/or titers of natural thymocytotoxic autoantibodies (NTAs), autoantibodies to red blood cells, gp70 immune complexes (gp70), antibodies to Sm, and rheumatoid factor in NZB (H-2d), NZB.H-2b and NZB.H-2bm12 mice. There were striking and significant differences among the three NZB strains in several of these parameters. NZB (H-2d) and NZB.H-2bm12 mice had a 100% incidence of NTA. In contrast, NZB.H-2b mice were found to have NTA in only 36% of animals at 8-10 months of age. Furthermore, the NTA titers of NZB.H-2bm12 mice were relatively low. There were also distinct differences between these strains with respect to the presence of antibodies to anti-erythrocytes (positive Coombs' test). NZB (H-2d) and NZB.H-2bm12 both had high titers of anti-erythrocyte autoantibodies (AEAs), whereas there was a delayed onset and lower titers in NZB.H-2b mice. Additionally, there was a dramatic increase in gp70 IC levels in NZB.H-2bm12 mice. In previous studies, NZB.H-2bm12 as well as NZB.H-2bm12 × NZB.H-2b F1 mice were found to produce high autoantibody titers to single-stranded (ss) and double-stranded (ds) DNA. Using unfractionated or fractionated splenic T cells (CD4+ CD8-, CD4- CD8+, or CD4- CD8-) from NZB.H-2b or NZB.H-2bm12 mice, we compared their relative abilities to cooperate with T-depleted splenocytes from NZB.H-2bm12 × NZB.H-2b F1 mice to produce antibodies to ss- and ds-DNA. Only T cells, including both CD4+ CD8- and CD4- CD8- populations, from NZB.H-2bm12 mice, were able to induce such autoantibody production among F1 splenocytes. Finally, marked alterations in splenic T cell subsets were found in NZB.H-2bm12 mice compared to NZB.H-2b mice, and to a lesser extent, in B6.C-H-2bm12 mice compared to C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice. These data further highlight the influence of I-A on autoimmunity and in particular the influence of the bm12 mutation on altering the natural history of disease expression in NZB mice.
Cystosarcoma phyllodes. A clinicopathologic study of 26 cases.

Twenty-six cases of cystosarcoma phyllodes diagnosed at M. D. Anderson Hospital were reviewed. The following criteria were evaluated for possible correlation with local recurrence, uncontrolled local recurrence, metastasis, and tumor death: tumor size, stromal overgrowth, tumor necrosis, mitotic rate, stromal cellularity, nuclear size and pleomorphism, the presence of specialized stroma, and initial therapy. Of the 26 tumors, seven caused death. Five patients developed metastatic spread, and all of them died of tumor. Five patients had local recurrence, which was uncontrolled in three (two patients died with uncontrolled recurrence alone, and one with uncontrolled recurrence and metastasis). Stromal overgrowth was present in eight cases. Six of the seven patients who died of tumor had stromal overgrowth, including all five with metastasis. Correlation of stromal overgrowth with meta static spread and tumor death was significant at P levels of 0.0014 and 0.02, respectively. It is concluded that stromal overgrowth is a significant histologic indicator of malignant behavior in cystosarcoma phyllodes.
Upregulation of human heme oxygenase gene expression by Ets‐family proteins

Overexpression of human heme oxygenase-1 has been shown to have the potential to promote EC proliferation and angiogenesis. Since Ets-family proteins have been shown to play an important role in angiogenesis, we investigated the presence of ETS binding sites (EBS), GGAA/T, and ETS protein contributing to human HO-1 gene expression. Several chloramphenicol acetyltransferase constructs were examined in order to analyze the effect of ETS family proteins on the transduction of HO-1 in Xenopus oocytes and in microvessel endothelial cells. Heme oxygenase promoter activity was up-regulated by FLI-1ERGETS-1 protein(s). Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) assays demonstrated that the promoter region (−1500 to +19) contains positive and negative control elements and that all three members of the ETS protein family were responsible for the up-regulation of HHO-1. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), performed with nuclear extracts from endothelial cells overexpressing HHO-1 gene, and specific HHO-1 oligonucleotides probes containing putative EBS resulted in a specific and marked bandshift. Synergistic binding was observed in EMSA between AP-1 on the one hand, FLI-1, ERG, and ETS-1 protein on the other. Moreover, 5′-deletion analysis demonstrated the existence of a negative control element of HHO-1 expression located between positions −1500 and −120 on the HHO-1 promoter. The presence of regulatory sequences for transcription factors such as ETS-1, FLI-1, or ERG, whose activity is associated with cell proliferation, endothelial cell differentiation, and matrix metalloproteinase transduction, may be an indication of the important role that HO-1 may play in coronary collateral circulation, tumor growth, angiogenesis, and hemoglobin-induced endothelial cell injuries. J. Cell. Biochem. 72:311–321, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
“...An End and a Beginning...” Richard Kearney on Welcoming Divine Strangers and Writing Divine Words

How ought one talk about a God who is, strictly speaking, ineffable? Even further, how could one ever dare to speak with dogmatic authority about such a God? This essay takes up one recent exploration of these topics— Richard Kearney’s Anatheism: Returning to God After God. The essay argues that while Kearney expresses legitimate concerns about the ethical and epistemological pitfalls of what he calls “dogmatic theism,” these dangers are not equally present in all iterations of religious dogma. Further, in some instances dogma might even contribute to the project of hospitality to the Other that Kearney commends in Anatheism. Thus a finer hermeneutic is required, which could distinguish between dogmas that are dangerous and helpful, reckless and responsible.
Fair multithreading on packet processors for scalable network virtualization

Network virtualization requires careful control of networking resources, including link bandwidth, router memory, and packet processing time. Isolation and fair sharing of processing resources in current high-performance packet processors occur at the granularity of entire processor cores. Scaling of network virtualization to larger numbers of parallel slices requires a more fine-grained processor sharing mechanism. Our work presents a novel approach, called Fair Multithreading (FMT), that allows hardware threads to share a processor core while ensuring isolation and weighted fair access. We present an analysis of the FMT algorithm and a prototype implementation on a NetFPGA system. Our evaluation results indicate that FMT can be implemented at speeds that are necessary to make scheduling decisions at the instruction level. We show the impact of having such fine-grained processor schedulers in substrate nodes by comparing the resource utilization of virtual network slices in our system to traditional whole-core allocations. Our simulation results show the FMT-based substrate networks can be utilized more efficiently and more virtual network requests can be accommodated. These results indicate the significant improvement in system scalability that can be gained from our fine-grained processor scheduling system.
Flow orientation and fracture strength of a model linear hard polymer solid

A mathematical analysis is given to describe the effect of prior large flow orientation on the variation of the fracture strength of a model linear hard polymer solid. For the simple state of uniaxial orientation, the fracture strengths in the direction of orientation and that perpendicular to the direction of orientation are evaluated as functions of the strain change and the strength of the unoriented material. The results indicate an increase of strength in the direction of orientation and a decrease of strength perpendicular to the direction of orientation as the degree of orientation increases.
Morphological insensitivity in second language processing

Two competing explanations exist regarding the nature of morphological difficulty in adult second language acquisition: competence deficit versus performance deficiency. This study tested these explanations by examining English as a second language (ESL) learners’ morphological performance in reading comprehension tasks. Chinese ESL speakers were asked to read English sentences for comprehension in three self-paced word by word reading experiments. Their reading times were measured to determine if they were sensitive to idiosyncrasies/disagreement in sentences that do and do not involve the number morpheme. The results show that they are not sensitive to number disagreement, but sensitive to other idiosyncrasies tested. This insensitivity to the number morpheme suggests that their morphological knowledge is not an integrated part of their automatic second language competence. Inflectional bound morphemes of English, such as third person singular -s, plurals, and past tense, are notoriously difficult for adult learners of English as a second language (ESL). Even very advanced ESL speakers who are otherwise considered highly proficient and effective users of the language often have difficulty in using these morphemes correctly in spontaneous communication. Such difficulty has been well documented in the second language acquisition (SLA) literature. First, a large number of studies have shown a low accuracy rate in the use of inflectional morphemes by adult ESL users in spontaneous communication across different first language (L1) backgrounds and different second language (L2) proficiency levels (e.g., Bailey, Madden, & Krashen, 1974; Ellis, 1988; Johnson & Newport, 1989; Krashen et al., 1977; Perkins & Larsen–Freeman, 1975; Shapira, 1978; Wei, 2000). With the exception of -ing, the accuracy rates for the use of inflectional morphemes in spontaneous speech are far from those of native speakers. L2 learners’ difficulty with inflectional morphemes can also be seen in their variable and inconsistent performance involving these morphemes. In Johnson, Shenkman, Newport, and Medin (1996), for example, native speakers and adult ESL learners were tested in an auditory grammaticality judgment test in two sessions separated by 3 weeks. More than 22% of adult ESL learners’ responses were inconsistent between the two sessions, as compared to 2% by native speakers.
Dietary grape powder increases IL-1β and IL-6 production by lipopolysaccharide-activated monocytes and reduces plasma concentrations of large LDL and large LDL-cholesterol particles in obese humans

Obese individuals are at an increased risk of developing CVD, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and bacterial and viral infections when compared with the normal-weight population. In a 9-week randomised, double-blind, cross-over study, twenty-four obese subjects aged between 20 and 60 years and with a BMI between 30 and 45 kg/m2 were fed grape or placebo powder for 3-week intervals to determine the effects of dietary grapes on blood lipid profiles, plasma inflammatory marker concentrations and immune cell function. Blood samples were collected on days 1 and 8 for obtaining baseline information and at weeks 3, 4, 8 and 9. Comprehensive chemistry panels, lipid profile analyses by NMR, measurement of plasma inflammatory marker concentrations, and analyses of cytokine production by activated T lymphocytes and monocytes were performed for each blood draw. Dietary grape powder reduced the plasma concentrations of large LDL-cholesterol and large LDL particles compared with the placebo powder (P< 0·05). The concentrations of interferon-γ, TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-10 were measured in supernatants from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) activated with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies and those of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 were measured in supernatants from PBMC activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). No difference in the production of T-cell cytokines was observed between the two intervention groups. The production of IL-1β and IL-6 was increased in supernatants from LPS-activated PBMC in the grape powder group compared with the placebo powder group (P< 0·05). These data suggest that dietary grapes may decrease atherogenic lipid fractions in obese individuals and increase the sensitivity of monocytes in a population at a greater risk of developing infections.
Occupational and Educational Aspirations and Attainment of Young Adults With and Without LD 2 Years After High School Completion

A national longitudinal database was used to compare the aspirations and attainment of individuals with and without learning disabilities (LD) 2 years after high school completion. Analyses revealed that individuals with LD reported lower graduation rates, were more likely to aspire to moderate- (men) or low-prestige (women) occupations, and were more likely to be employed and less likely to be enrolled in some type of postsecondary education program than their nondisabled peers. High educational aspirations in Grade 12 and successful completion of an academic or college-prep high school program were equally important in predicting 2-year postsecondary status for adolescents enrolled in postsecondary education regardless of disability status. However, depending on disability status, different predictors were identified for individuals who were either employed or out of the workforce. These results point to a continued need for transition planning and support for young adults with LD and suggest ways in which professionals can anticipate and adjust for identified differences in aspirations and postsecondary attainment.
The c-fos cyclic AMP-responsive element conveys constitutive expression to a tissue-specific promoter.

Abstract The c-fos and cardiac alpha-actin promoters share homologous 5' protein binding elements that are essential for serum-inducible and tissue-specific expression, respectively. Additional elements, auxiliary proteins or factor modifications, must distinguish the individual transcriptional responses of these two promoters. An element in the c-fos basal promoter that is normally responsible for transient stimulation of the fos gene in response to Ca2+ or cyclic AMP (CRE) may be able to modulate the expression of the upstream elements. We report here that this element, when inserted into the cardiac alpha-actin promoter, conveys constitutive expression to this otherwise highly restricted promoter. Additional data support the proposal that the CRE binding protein creates an alternative pathway whereby upstream regulatory elements in the cardiac alpha-actin promoter can activate transcription in a manner which circumvents the requirement for a tissue-specific environment.
ATP Hydrolysis by Multidrug-Resistance Protein from Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

ATPase activity of multidrug-resistance protein (P-glycoprotein, Pgp) from Chinese hamster ovary cells was studied. Catalytic characteristics were established for Pgp both in its natural plasma membrane environment and in purified reconstituted protein. Generally the two preparations of Pgp behaved similarly, and demonstrated low affinity for MgATP, low nucleotide specificity, preference for Mg-nucleotide, and pH optimum near 7.5. A high-affinity binding site involved in catalysis was not apparent. Effective covalent inactivators were NBD-C1, NEM, 8-azido-ATP, and 2-azido-ATP. DCCD, FITC, and pyridoxal phosphate were only weakly inhibitory. Lipid composition was found to affect the degree of drug stimulation of ATPase in purified reconstituted Pgp, suggesting that the lipid environment affects coupling between drug-binding and catalytic sites, and that Pgp expressed in different tissues could show different functional characteristics.
Optimal Rate and Beam-Width Control in Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks with Directional Antennas

In this paper we study optimal transmission strategies in wireless ad-hoc networks using directional antennas. Each node is capable of adjusting its transmission rate as well as its transmission and reception beam-widths. We explore the different tradeoffs involved in optimizing the performance. Specifically we look at the problem of optimally allocating the transmission rate given specific transmission and reception beam-widths. We then use those results to find the optimum beam-widths for maximizing the average throughput-distance. We illustrate this two stage optimization algorithm by numerical examples. We show that even when the transmission rate is chosen optimally, a bad choice of beam-width can degrade the performance by over 50%.
Interaction of Dietary Calcium and Chloride and the Influence of Monovalent Minerals on Eggshell Quality

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of dietary sodium and chloride on eggshell quality of leghorn hens. In the first, hens were fed for 4 wk diets containing three levels of calcium (2.0, 2.8, and 3.5%) and two levels of chloride (.25 and .86%) in a factorial arrangement of treatments involving four replicates of five hens/treatment. Neither chloride nor calcium significantly affected hen-day egg production or egg weight (P>.05); however, chloride decreased feed consumption and calcium increased body weight gain (P .05). The effect of dietary sodium and chloride on eggshells of hens receiving 2.0% dietary calcium was determined in a second experiment. Seven diets ranging from .18% sodium and .94% chloride to .76% sodium and .24% chloride were provided for 4 wk to five replicates of five hens/treatment. Dietary sodium and chloride levels did not affect hen-day egg production or egg weight (P>.05). Increasing the proportions of sodium relative to chloride decreased food intake but increased eggshell strength and thickness (P
Remote sensing of crop residue cover and soil tillage intensity

Management of plant litter or crop residues in agricultural fields is an important consideration for reducing soil erosion and increasing soil organic C. Current methods of quantifying crop residue cover are inadequate for characterizing the spatial variability of residue cover within fields or across large regions. Our objectives were to evaluate several spectral indices for measuring crop residue cover using satellite multispectral and hyperspectral data and to categorize soil tillage intensity in agricultural fields. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and EO-1 Hyperion imaging spectrometer data were acquired over agricultural fields in central Iowa in May and June 2004. Crop residue cover was measured in corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max Merr.) fields using line-point transects. Spectral residue indices using Landsat TM bands were weakly related to crop residue cover. With the Hyperion data, crop residue cover was linearly related to the cellulose absorption index (CAI), which measures the relative intensity of cellulose and lignin absorption features near 2100 nm. Coefficients of determination (r2) for crop residue cover as a function of CAI were 0.85 for the May and 0.77 for the June Hyperion data. Three tillage intensity classes, corresponding to intensive ( 30% cover) tillage, were correctly identified in 66-68% of fields. Classification accuracy increased to 80-82% for two classes, corresponding to conventional (intensive + reduced) and conservation tillage. By combining information on previous season's (2003) crop classification with crop residue cover after planting in 2004, an inventory of soil tillage intensity by previous crop type was generated for the whole Hyperion scene. Regional surveys of soil management practices that affect soil conservation and soil C dynamics are possible using advanced multispectral or hyperspectral imaging systems.
TileBars: visualization of term distribution information in full text information access

The field of information retrieval has traditionally focused on textbases consisting of titles and abstracts. As a consequence, many underlying assumptions must be altered for retrieval from full-length text collections. This paper argues for making use of text structure when retrieving from full text documents, and presents a visualization paradigm, called TileBars, that demonstrates the usefulness of explicit term distribution information in Boolean-type queries. TileBars simultaneously and compactly indicate relative document length, query term frequency, and query term distribution. The patterns in a column of TileBars can be quickly scanned and deciphered, aiding users in making judgments about the potential relevance of the retrieved documents.
The kinetics of stomatal responses to VPD in Vicia faba: electrophysiological and water relations models

Abstract. An Ohm's law analogy is frequently employed to calculate parameters of leaf gas exchange. For example, resistance to water vapour loss is calculated as the quotient of vapour pressure difference (VPD) and vapour loss by transpiration. In the present research, this electrical analogy was extended. Steady-state transpiration as a function of VPD, assayed in leaflets of Vicia faba using gas exchange techniques, was compared with steady-state K+ current magnitude as a function of voltage in isolated guard cell protoplasts of Vicia faba, assayed using the patch clamping technique in the whole cell configuration. An electrophysiological model originally developed to explain the kinetics of current changes following step changes in voltage across a cell membrane was used to fit the kinetics of transpiration changes following step changes in VPD applied to leaflets of Vicia faba. Following step increases in VPD, transpiration exhibited an initial increase, reflecting the increased driving force for water loss and, for large step increases in VPD, a transient decrease in stomatal resistance. Transpiration subsequently declined, reflecting stomatal closure. By analogy to electrophysiological responses, it is hypothesized that the humidity parameter that is sensed by guard cells is VPD. Two models based on epidermal water relations were also applied to transpiration kinetics. In the first model, the transient increase in transpiration following a step increase in VPD was attributed partially to an increase in the Physical driving force (VPD) and partially to a transient decrease in stomatal resistance resulting from reduced epidermal backpressure. In the second model, the transient decrease in stomatal resistance was attributed to a direct response of the guard cells to VPD. Both models based on water relations gave good fits of the data, emphasizing the need for further study regarding the metabolic nature of the guard cell response to humidity.
Transition Analysis for the HIFiRE-1 Flight Experiment

The HIFiRE-1 flight experiment provided a valuable database pertaining to boundary layer transition over a 7-degree half-angle, circular cone model from supersonic to hypersonic Mach numbers, and a range of Reynolds numbers and angles of incidence. This paper reports the initial findings from the ongoing computational analysis pertaining to the measured in-flight transition behavior. Transition during the ascent phase at nearly zero degree angle of attack is dominated by second mode instabilities except in the vicinity of the cone meridian where a roughness element was placed midway along the length of the cone. The first mode instabilities were found to be weak at all trajectory points analyzed from the ascent phase. For times less than approximately 18.5 seconds into the flight, the peak amplification ratio for second mode disturbances is sufficiently small because of the lower Mach numbers at earlier times, so that the transition behavior inferred from the measurements is attributed to an unknown physical mechanism, potentially related to step discontinuities in surface height near the locations of a change in the surface material. Based on the time histories of temperature and/or heat flux at transducer locations within the aft portion of the cone, the onset of transition correlated with a linear PSE N-factor of approximately 14.
Cell Counter, Blood

This article discussed the basic principles of hematology with emphasis on humans. Enumeration of cell population distribution in peripheral blood is examined using optical, electrooptical and light scattering techniques. As seen, such experimental modalities can be automated and the resulting hematology analyzers can be used for clinical application. Even though the exact strategy of cell counting varies between various manufacturers of automated cell counters, performance standards for such instrumentation have been established by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard (NCCLS) and the International Council for Standardization in Hematology (ICSH). The parameters evaluated here include (1) accuracy in measurement within a single batch and between batches of blood samples; (2) carryover of parameters between consecutive samples; (3) linearity or the ability to get similar measurements when the sample is diluted to different levels before being read; and (4) clinical sensitivity or the specificity and efficiency with which flags are generated during analysis to detect abnormal readouts. Keywords: cell counter; red blood cells; microscopy; anemia; electrooptic; hematocrit
Providing Validity Evidence for a Speaking Test Using FACETS

Speaking has been considered one of the most important skills in second language teaching and assessment. However, to date there has not been a clear definition of speaking ability. The present study attempts to examine what it means to be able to speak a second language using a newly designed computer-delivered speaking test. The test was created based on a theoretical definition of speaking ability, and then administered to 95 ESL students. A variety of statistical analyses were employed to examine the validity of the test, including reliability analyses, correlation analyses, and a many-facet Rasch measurement (Linacre, 1989) analysis. Results seem to provide some evidence for the validation of the test.
Nonperturbational surface-wave inversion: A Dix-type relation for surface waves

We extend the approach underlying the well-known Dix equation in reflection seismology to surface waves. Within the context of surface wave inversion, the Dix-type relation we derive for surface waves allows accurate depth profiles of shear-wave velocity to be constructed directly from phase velocity data, in contrast toperturbational methods. The depth profiles can subsequently be used as an initial model for nonlinear inversion. We provide examples of the Dix-type relation for under-parameterized and over-parameterized cases. In the under-parameterized case, we use the theory to estimate crustal thickness, crustal shear-wave velocity, and mantle shear-wave velocity across the Western U.S. from phase velocity maps measured at 8-, 20-, and 40-s periods. By adopting a thin-layer formalism and an over-parameterized model, we show how a regularized inversion based on the Dix-type relation yields smooth depth profiles of shearwave velocity. In the process, we quantitatively demonstrate the depth sensitivity of surface-wave phase velocity as a function of frequency and the accuracy of the Dix-type relation. We apply the over-parameterized approach to a nearsurface data set within the frequency band from 5 to 40 Hz and find overall agreement between the inverted model and the result of full nonlinear inversion.
Drug-steroid interaction in the pregnant rat, fetus, and neonate.

The treatment of pregnant rats with Phenobarbital, 50 mg. per kilogram of body weight, throughout gestation results in a significant increase in embryonic death and a 28 per cent incidence of fetal subcutaneous hemorrhage. Placentas of treated animals weighed less than controls and exhibited a significant increase in demethylation activity. The results of this investigation indicate that Phenobarbital stimulates hepatic demethylation of aromatic amines in the maternal but not the fetal liver. No changes in milk production and mammary gland deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content occurred as a result of drug administration.
Injectable Therapies After Prostate Cancer Therapy

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common sequela of the treatment of prostate cancer that negatively impacts quality of life. Though the phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE5i) are popular for the treatment of ED because of their ease in administration, they are frequently ineffective after surgery and radiation therapy for prostate cancer.
Analysis of Λ hyperfragments on the separable potential model (I)

Abstract The hyperfragments Λ H 3 , Λ He 5 and Λ Be 9 are analysed on the separable potential model. The interaction-strength parameters λ Λα and λ ΛN are obtained. The value of λ ΛN obtained by solving the three-body problem for Λ H 3 leads to an unbound Λ-nucleon system in agreement with the experimental results.
A Study of Some Immature Neotropical Tabanidae (Diptera)

Eight hundred adult Tabanidae representing 20 species in 9 genera were reared from 2,273 field-collected larvae or pupae from the Canal Zone and Republic of Panama during the years 1963-65. Pupal specimens of 2 additional species, 1 representing an additional genus, were subsequently obtained. These specimens were used to prepare descriptions of the larva and/or pupa of 2 species of Chrysops, 2 Chlorotabanus , 1 Lepiselaga , 2 Leucotabanus , 1 Pseudacanthocera , 1 Philipotabanus , 1 Stenotabanus , 4 Stibasoma , 1 Poeciloderas , and 7 Tabanus . The larva of 1 additional species of Tabanus is also described. All are described for the first time, except the species of Lepiselaga . Information published or unpublished on the immatures of 7 other genera, and 24 additional species having Neotropical distribution, is available, and allowed the treatment of 15 and 17 genera in respective generic keys to larvae and pupae. Partial translations of descriptions published in foreign languages are furnished, and short lists of characters are included for all other species as aids to the keys. Citations to all prior descriptions of the immatures treated are included.
Type Studies of the Polypores Described By Karsten

(1956). Type Studies of the Polypores Described By Karsten. Mycologia: Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 99-125.
Current concepts in coronary thrombolysis.

Recent large clinical trials have conclusively indicated that treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction with fibrinolytic agents improves survival. Considerable controversy exists regarding the optimal therapeutic approach for inducing coronary thrombolysis. Recent data suggest that conjunctive therapy with agents that inhibit procoagulant activity may potentiate coronary thrombolysis, resulting in more rapid and sustained coronary patency. Clinical application of these new strategies will depend on further characterization of mechanisms of benefit for coronary thrombolysis.
Distributional Properties of the Metrics

Given two partial rankings π and σ , both of the same type, we might ask whether the two rankings are “significantly” correlated. That is, do the two rankings show more agreement than one might ex pect, under the assumption that they were generated, independently, from a uniform distribution on all possible partial rankings?
Toxicities, response and survival: Autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma over 25 years at a single center

Abstract High-dose melphalan with autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT) has become a pillar of treatment for patients with multiple myeloma (MM). In the early era of SCT for MM, patients received oral alkylators and radiation, potential contributors to myeloid malignancies, while the modern era coincided with the availability of novel agents that have transformed prognosis in MM. To enable those new to the field to appreciate the advances, we conducted a retrospective study of 179 consecutive MM patients who underwent SCT over a 25-year period at our center. We compared patients transplanted from 1988–2000 (early era, n=63) to those from 2001–2012 (modern era, n=116) seeking to identify statistically significant differences. At SCT, early era patients were younger, had a lower BMI, and were more likely to have been treated with oral melphalan and palliative radiation. At SCT, they were also less likely to have VGPR or CR (27.4% vs 50%) and more likely to have stable or relapsed refractory disease (25.9% vs 15.6%). Post-SCT, they had higher treatment-related mortality (9.5% vs 0.8%), and poorer overall survival both after relapse (OS, 1 vs 2.6 years) and in toto (2.8 vs 7.9 years). For both eras, MM status > VGPR at SCT predicted improved OS while exposure to oral melphalan prior to SCT predicted worse OS. Modern era patients were more likely to die of progressive MM and early era patients of infections and acute myeloid leukemia. Collectively, these data highlight the improved outcomes of MM patients undergoing SCT over the past 25 years.
Representation of peritoneal metastases in published clinical trials of metastatic colorectal cancer.

725Background: Peritoneal metastases occur in 6-15% of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Non-invasive detection of peritoneal metastases is difficult given limitations in discrimination o...
Cassette Referencing System: An Evaluation:

An indexing cassette reference system was developed and subjected to a field trial in which 24 legally blind students from grades 7-12 were taught to use it and then tested on their skill at locati...
Signals and Number Systems

This chapter covers analog and digital signals, number systems, binary addition and subtraction, floating point representation, ASCII and Unicode, parity bit application, and clock and signal transmission methods.
PAGET DISEASE OF THE MANDIBLE

Objective: Paget disease of the bone is a common disorder of bone metabolism characterized by increased bone turnover and abnormal bone architecture. Paget disease may be monostotic or polyostotic. Herein, we describe the clinical course of an elderly patient who presented with jaw pain and was found to have monostotic disease of the anterior mandible. Methods: An 81-year-old male presented to our endocrinology clinic for an evaluation at the request of his oral surgeon. The patient reported that for the preceding 6 months, he had been suffering from jaw pain and gradual inability to eat solid foods. He was also suffering from hearing loss. Results: Lab work showed a calcium of 8.6 mg/dL (normal range, 8.7 to 10.7 mg/dL), albumin of 3.5 g/dL (normal range, 3.5 to 4.8 g/dL), and a bone-specific alkaline phosphatase of 45.5 μg/L (normal range, 7.6 to 14.9 μg/L). Computed tomography scan of maxillofacial bones showed that the mandible had diffuse areas of cortical and trabecular thickening. Biopsy from the a...
The Relative Risk of Achilles Tendon Injury in Patients Taking Quinolones

OBJECTIVE To examine the association between quinolone use and Achilles tendon injury, comparing well-matched cohorts of users of quinolone and nonquinolone antibiotics, and well-matched cohorts of quinolone users and patients not using any nonquinolone antibiotics. PATIENTS AND METHODS This retrospective cohort study used Clinformatics data from 2008-2014. Using the propensity score, we matched quinolone users with other antibiotic users and quinolone users with nonusers. The primary outcome was Achilles tendon injury within 6 months. Bivariate analyses determined risk factors for Achilles tendon injury, and conditional logistic regression assessed the impact of quinolone use on these injuries. RESULTS A total of 716,522 fluoroquinolone users were matched with other antibiotic users, and 645,034 fluoroquinolone users were matched with nonusers. Rates of Achilles tendon injury were less than 0.5% in all groups. Quinolone use increased the risk of Achilles tendon injury compared with other antibiotic users (odds ratio [OR] 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17-1.31) and nonusers (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.44-1.64). Interaction with age did not significantly impact the relationship between quinolone use and Achilles injury; however, older quinolone users had a slightly higher relative risk of injury than nonusers versus younger patients. Furthermore, the youngest group of patients had similarly elevated relative risk for injury with quinolone use as did the elderly. CONCLUSION Although quinolone use increases the risk of Achilles tendon injury, the absolute risk increase is minimal, especially when compared with similar morbidity patients taking other nonquinolone antibiotics. In relatively healthy populations, such as the one studied here, quinolone use may not make a clinically significant contribution to risk of Achilles tendon injury, at any age range, among those in need of such drugs.
Gymnocladus dioicus L. (Kentucky Coffeetree)

Gymnocladus dioicus L. (Kentucky coffeetree, or coffeenut) is a member of the Leguminosae family. As a native North American species, the tree is completely unrelated to the tropical coffee plant (Coffea arabica, family Rubiacea); however, its common name was acquired because early North American settlers once used its rich brown, bitter seeds as a coffee substitute (Sargent 1965). The heavy, durable lumber from Kentucky coffeetree has limited economic value, but has been used in rough construction (fencing and rails) and also in cabinet construction (Carter 1977).