cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Facultative development of courtship and communication in juvenile male cowbirds (Molothrus ater)

We investigated effects of naturally occurring variation in experience with adult males on development of song and courtship competence in captive juvenile cowbirds. We studied birds in groups housed in large outdoor aviaries that allowed birds to regulate access to social stimulation. In two aviaries, we housed juvenile males and females either with or without adult males. Birds remained in these conditions from September 1999 through their breeding season. We documented social and vocal development of juvenile males in the two aviaries by measuring social assortment and patterns and frequencies of their song interactions. We then brought the juveniles from the two aviaries together to compete against each other for access to females. In addition, we recorded juveniles' songs four times over the study and played back their breeding season songs to females in sound-attenuating chambers to measure the effectiveness of songs in eliciting copulatory responses from the females. Compared to juvenile males housed with adult males, juvenile males housed without adult males developed atypical behavior patterns. They (1) displayed little intrasexual aggression or near-neighbor associations and (2) exhibited different patterns of courtship and copulation, but (3) were as successful at competing for copulations. Furthermore, they developed stereotyped songs sooner and developed more potent breeding season songs. These different outcomes could not be traced to one variable but to a cascade of effects involving diverging patterns of song acquisition and social interaction. The patterns of social skills that emerged indicate considerable plasticity in the mechanisms underlying acquisition of courtship competence. Copyright 2002.
Immunobiology and immunotherapeutic implications of syngeneic/autologous graft-versus-host disease

Administration of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine (CsA) after syngeneic/autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT) elicits an autoimmune syndrome with pathology virtually identical to graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). The induction of this syndrome, termed syngeneic/autologous GVHD, is a two-tiered process requiring both the active inhibition of thymic-dependent clonal deletion and the elimination of mature T cells that have an immunoregulatory effect. Eradication of the peripheral immunoregulatory compartment by the preparative regimen provides a permissive environment for the activation of the syngeneic/autologous GVHD effector T cells. Although the repertoire of autoreactive effector T lymphocytes is highly conserved, these T cells promiscuously recognize MHC class II determinants. This novel specificity of the autoreactive lymphocytes appears to be dependent on the peptide derived from the MHC class II invariant chain. Recent studies also suggest that these promiscuous autoreactive T cells can effectively target and eliminate MHC class II-expressing tumor cells. Administration of cytokines that upregulate the target antigen or expand the effector population can potentiate the antitumor activity of syngeneic/autologous GVHD. Although the induction of syngeneic/autologous GVHD is an untoward effect of CsA immunosuppression, mobilization of these autoimmune mechanisms provides a promising immunotherapeutic approach for certain neoplastic diseases.
Synthesis of milk proteins in a cell-free system isolated from lactating bovine mammary tissue.

Abstract Cell-free milk protein synthesis as measured by 14 C-leucine incorporation has been accomplished using partially defined components from lactating bovine mammary tissue. Incorporation of 14 C-leucine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable protein and into specific milk proteins has been demonstrated. This synthesis is dependent on the presence of microsomes and an energy source and was partially dependent on the addition of sRNA and an aminoacyl-sRNA synthetase preparation. Incorporation was inhibited by ribonuclease, puromycin, cycloheximide, and sodium fluoride, but not by chloramphenicol and deoxyribonuclease. No stimulation is observed when various lactogenic hormones are added to the system. After addition of carrier, the isolated α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulm, κ-, α s -, and β-caseins were radioactive in about the same proportion as their abundance in milk and the isotope content remained relatively constant upon reisolation. Verification of α s -casein synthesis was obtained by a combination of radioautography and immunodiffusion procedures.
Development of a 4D dosimetry simulation system in radiotherapy

4D CT image sets are used to encode patient-organ motion and to calculate the dose delivered during each respiratory phase. The dose-per-phase is summarised to the total dose via deformable registration. The system incorporates the actual beam parameters and synchronises the beam motion (e.g., gantry/MLC motion of the DARC and MLC motion of the IMRT) to the patient’s respiratory motion. Furthermore, this system incorporates different treatment techniques such as 3D conformal (3DCRT), dynamic arc (DARC), and Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT), thus allows better understanding of organ motion effect on dose delivery, treatment techniques and corresponding optimal margins.
Secretion of neu differentiation factor–like polypeptides by cph-transformed fibroblasts: Cloning and characterization of Syrian hamster neuregulin cDNAs

We reported previously that expression of the cph oncogene in Syrian hamster and mouse cells leads to the secretion of a polypeptide factor or factors structurally and functionally related to neu differentiation factor (NDF) and the establishment of an autocrine loop mediated through the simultaneous overexpression of the erbB4 receptor. To identify the nature of this factor and to characterize its role in the neoplastic conversion of Syrian hamster embryo cells, we cloned cDNAs hybridizing to rat NDF-derived probes by screening a library prepared from neoplastic 81C39 cells, which harbor an activated cph oncogene and secrete active NDF-like polypeptides. Sequence analysis of the isolated clones revealed a high level of homology between the hamster neuregulin and its rat and human counterparts and the existence of various neuregulin cDNA variants in Syrian hamster cells, presumably originating from alternatively spliced RNA species. Interestingly, some of these neuregulin cDNAs were longer (up to 5.5 kb) than those isolated before from any other system, suggesting that the Syrian hamster neuregulin precursor mRNA accumulates at greater concentrations than in other species. We also detected different hamster neuregulin protein isoforms by using in vitro transcription-translation analyses. Peptide sequence analysis identified the major NDF-like polypeptide secreted by 81C39 cells as an alpha2b-neuregulin. Northern blot analyses with the cloned cDNA inserts showed that neuregulin overexpression was commonly associated with the neoplastic conversion of chemically initiated hamster embryo fibroblasts. This, along with the detection of elevated erbB2- or erbB4-specific transcripts in most (six of eight) neoplastic cell lines tested, supports the notion that autocrine neuregulin signaling plays an important role in maintaining the transformed phenotype by providing a growth advantage to cph-transformed cells.
Who Governs Federally Qualified Health Centers

To make them more responsive to their community's needs, federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) are required to have a governing board comprising at least 51 percent consumers. However, the extent to which consumer board members actually resemble the typical FQHC patient has not been assessed, which according to the political science literature on representation may influence the board's ability to represent the community. This mixed-methods study uses four years of data from the Health Resources and Services Administration, combined with Uniform Data System, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and Area Resource File data, to describe and identify factors associated with the composition of FQHC governing boards. Board members are classified into one of three groups: nonconsumers, nonrepresentative consumers (who do not resemble the typical FQHC patient), and representative consumers (who resemble the typical FQHC patient). The analysis finds that a minority of board members are representative consumers, and telephone interviews with a stratified random sample of thirty FQHC board members confirmed the existence of significant socioeconomic gaps between consumer board members and FQHC patients. This may make FQHCs less responsive to the needs of the predominantly low-income communities they serve.
On the Runge example

(1987). On the Runge Example. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 94, No. 4, pp. 329-341.
Analysis of Top To Random Shuffles

A deck of n cards is shuffled by repeatedly taking off the top m cards and inserting them in random positions. We give a closed form expression for the distribution after any number of steps. This is used to give the asymptotics of the approach to stationarity: for m fixed and n large, it takes shuffles to get close to random. The formulae lead to new subalgebras in the group algebra of the symmetric group.
Higher Rates of Bone Loss in Postmenopausal HIV-Infected Women: A Longitudinal Study

Context and Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the effects of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy on change in bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal minority women. Design, Setting, and Patients: We report a longitudinal analysis of change in BMD with a median duration of 15.4 (interquartile range 13.1, 20.7) months in a prospective cohort study of 128 (73 HIV+, 55 HIV−) postmenopausal Hispanic and African-American women. Main Outcome Measures: Annualized change in BMD by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and correlation with baseline markers of bone turnover and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured. Results: HIV+ women were younger (56 ± 1 vs. 59 ± 1 yr, P < 0.05) and had lower body mass index (BMI; 28 ± 1 vs. 31 ± 1 kg/m2, P < 0.01). The majority of HIV+ women were on established antiretroviral therapy for more than 3 yr. At baseline, BMD, adjusted for age, race, and BMI, was lower in HIV+ women at the lumbar spine (LS), total hip, and radius and serum C-telop...
Analysis of Micro-Texture and Grain Size Distributions in Machined Aluminum Alloy 7075

the effects of turning on the gradients of micro-texture and grain size of Al alloy 7075 processed by turning is studied. Analytical models based on Boussinesq equation and stress/force transformation, predict that the equivalent von-Mises stress penetrate almost 1 mm below the machined surface with a maximum of 1400 MPa. The induced temperature below the surface is and reaches up to 240°C. As a result of deformation below the machined surface, the grains below the surface show a preferred grain shape orientation different from the grains in the central region. The normalized population of (121) plane increases at the machined surface compared to the central part of the sample. Orientation distribution functions reveal that at the central part of the sample, the material is mostly randomly oriented and the closest texture component is the recrystallized texture. On the other hand, the strongest texture attribute at the machined surface is β-fiber torsion. The average grain size shows a 10% decreases moving away from center while below the machined surface there is a 50% increase in the average grain size. This can be due to the grain growth caused by higher temperatures right below the machining tool. The reported results provide a toolset to determine the final properties of the material after machining in addition to providing means to more accurately describing the machining mechanics.
Activation of BTK by a Phosphorylation Mechanism Initiated by SRC Family Kinases

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is pivotal in B cell activation and development through its participation in the signaling pathways of multiple hematopoietic receptors. The mechanisms controlling BTK activation were studied here by examination of the biochemical consequences of an interaction between BTK and SRC family kinases. This interaction of BTK with SRC kinases transphosphorylated BTK on tyrosine at residue 551, which led to BTK activation. BTK then autophosphorylated at a second site. The same two sites were phosphorylated upon B cell antigen receptor cross-linking. The activated BTK was predominantly membrane-associated, which suggests that BTK integrates distinct receptor signals resulting in SRC kinase activation and BTK membrane targeting.
Reproduction, Resistance and Gender in Educational Discourse: The Role of Critical Discourse Analysis

Classrooms provide lessons not only in subject content but also in socially approved forms of academic discourse. Moreover, they may function to reproduce normative social values, attitudes and beliefs. This paper focuses on the reproduction of and resistance to traditional gender roles in the classroom discourse of university students. By some measures (turn and word counts), women appear to have achieved an equal access to the public floor in these academic exchanges, yet a closer examination of the content and contexts of their discourse reveals complex struggles for control of the conversational floor. Women's control may be contested by task-divergent behaviors (such as derisive asides) that uphold the status quo in which men control public space, yet women may also enact divergent but essentially task-continuative behaviors that contest prevailing, restrictive norms by restructuring discourse to exercise other choices. Critical discourse analysts may play an important role in challenging the passive...
A Region of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Invasin Protein That Contributes to High Affinity Binding to Integrin Receptors

Abstract The entry of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis into cultured mammalian cells is mediated by the bacterial protein invasin. The mammalian receptors for invasin are five β1 chain integrins. Site-directed mutagenesis of the aspartate and lysine residues in the 192-amino acid integrin binding domain of invasin was performed to identify regions, in addition to the previously characterized 903-913 region, that are important for integrin binding. One mutation, D811A, resulted in depressed ability of invasin to bind purified α5β1 and to promote bacterial entry. Further mutational analysis of Asp-811 indicated that an oxygen-containing side chain is required at this position. A second nearby residue, Phe-808, was also shown to be important for integrin binding, as an alanine substitution at this site had properties similar to the Asp-811 mutation. This mutational analysis has therefore identified a second region that, in conjunction with residues 903-913, is required for wild type levels of integrin binding. The contribution to binding by two noncontiguous sites in the primary sequence parallels results that indicate two domains of fibronectin are involved in integrin binding.
Odorants for Surveillance and Control of the Asian Citrus Psyllid (Diaphorina citri)

Author(s): Coutinho-Abreu, Iliano V; Forster, Lisa; Guda, Tom; Ray, Anandasankar | Abstract: BackgroundThe Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri, can transmit the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter while feeding on citrus flush shoots. This bacterium causes Huanglongbing (HLB), a major disease of citrus cultivation worldwide necessitating the development of new tools for ACP surveillance and control. The olfactory system of ACP is sensitive to variety of odorants released by citrus plants and offers an opportunity to develop new attractants and repellents.ResultsIn this study, we performed single-unit electrophysiology to identify odorants that are strong activators, inhibitors, and prolonged activators of ACP odorant receptor neurons (ORNs). We identified a suite of odorants that activated the ORNs with high specificity and sensitivity, which may be useful in eliciting behavior such as attraction. In separate experiments, we also identified odorants that evoked prolonged ORN responses and antagonistic odorants able to suppress neuronal responses to activators, both of which can be useful in lowering attraction to hosts. In field trials, we tested the electrophysiologically identified activating odorants and identified a 3-odor blend that enhances trap catches by ∼230%.ConclusionThese findings provide a set of odorants that can be used to develop affordable and safe odor-based surveillance and masking strategies for this dangerous pest insect.
A general approach for extracting road vector data from raster maps

Raster maps are easily accessible and contain rich road information; however, converting the road information to vector format is challenging because of varying image quality, overlapping features, and typical lack of metadata (e.g., map geocoordinates). Previous road vectorization approaches for raster maps typically handle a specific map series and require significant user effort. In this paper, we present a general road vectorization approach that exploits common geometric properties of roads in maps for processing heterogeneous raster maps while requiring minimal user intervention. In our experiments, we compared our approach to a widely used commercial product using 40 raster maps from 11 sources. We showed that overall our approach generated high-quality results with low redundancy with considerably less user input compared with competing approaches.
Role of phosphophoryn in dentin mineralization

Mineral deposition is essential for the development of hard tissues like bone and teeth. In matrix-mediated mechanisms responsible for dentin formation, type I collagen defines the framework for mineral deposition and by itself is not sufficient to support nucleation of hydroxyapatite. However, in the presence of non-collagenous proteins, nucleation sites have been identified within the hole regions of the fibrils, and at these sites, mineral crystals can grow and propagate. Non-collagenous proteins constitute 5-10% of the total extracellular matrix proteins. They are embedded within the mineral deposits, suggesting a possible interaction with the mineral phase. During dentin formation, phosphophoryn (PP), an abundant macromolecule in the extracellular matrix, can initiate mineral deposition in localized regions by matrix-mediated mineralization mechanism. In our work, we have demonstrated that PP, due to its highly phosphorylated post-translational modification, can bind calcium ions with high affinity and at the same time aggregate collagen fibrils at the mineralization front. Molecular modeling has further demonstrated that the spacing of the carboxyl and phosphate groups present on PP might be essential for dictating the crystal orientation relative to the collagen substrate. Thus, PP may provide the interface linkage between mineral crystal and collagen fibrils.
Vesicular and Non-vesicular Sterol Transport in Living Cells: THE ENDOCYTIC RECYCLING COMPARTMENT IS A MAJOR STEROL STORAGE ORGANELLE *

We examined the intracellular transport of sterol in living cells using a naturally fluorescent cholesterol analog, dehydroergosterol (DHE), which has been shown to mimic many of the properties of cholesterol. By using DHE loaded on methyl-β-cyclodextrin, we followed this cholesterol analog in pulse-chase studies. At steady state, DHE co-localizes extensively with transferrin (Tf), a marker for the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC), and redistributes with Tf in cells with altered ERC morphology. Expression of a dominant-negative mutation of an ERC-associated protein, mRme-1 (G429R), results in the slowing of both DHE and Tf receptor return to the cell surface. [3H]Cholesterol is found in the same fraction as125I-Tf on sucrose density gradients, and this fraction can be specifically shifted to a higher density based on the presence of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated Tf in the same organelle. Whereas vesicular transport of Tf and efflux of DHE from the ERC are entirely blocked in energy-depleted cells, delivery of DHE to the ERC from the plasma membrane is only slightly affected. Biochemical studies performed using [3H]cholesterol show that the energy dependence of cholesterol transport to and from the ERC is similar to DHE transport. We propose that a large portion of intracellular cholesterol is localized in the ERC, and this pool might be important in maintaining cellular cholesterol homeostasis.
The effect of sulfide substitution in the mixed conductor Cu7PSe6

Abstract Cu 7 PSe 6 is a mixed conductor exhibiting structural phase transitions above and below room temperature that are accompanied by step-like changes in electrical conductivity. The substitution of S 2− for Se 2− in Cu 7 PSe 6 significantly enhances electrical conductivity at room temperature compared to that observed for the pure compound. In the case of Cu 7 P(Se 0.80 S 0.20 ) 6 , a nearly temperature-independent electrical conductivity exceeds 1 S/cm with no evidence of any phase transitions throughout the temperature interval 200–400 K. However, the ionic contribution accounts for just 2% of the total electrical conductivity in this solid solution at room temperature.
Entanglement swapping with time-bin entangled qubits at telecommunication wavelengths

We report on the experimental realization of entanglement swapping with time-bin qubits encoded in photons at telecommunication wavelengths. The teleported state is analyzed with a experiment, showing teleportation of entanglement
Another look at graph coloring via propositional satisfiability

This paper studies the solution of graph coloring problems by encoding into propositional satisfiability problems. The study covers three kinds of satisfiability solvers, based on postorder reasoning (e.g., grasp, chaff), preorder reasoning (e.g., 2cl, 2clsEq), and back-chaining (modoc). The study evaluates three encodings, one of them believed to be new. Some new symmetry-breaking methods, specific to coloring, are used to reduce the redundancy of solutions. A by-product of this research is an implemented lower-bound technique that has shown improved lower bounds for the chromatic numbers of the long-standing unsolved random graphs known as DSJC125.5 and DSJC125.9. Independent-set analysis shows that the chromatic numbers of DSJC125.5 and DSJC125.9 are at least 18 and 40, respectively, but satisfiability encoding was able to demonstrate only that the chromatic numbers are at least 13 and 38, respectively, within available time and space.
Atrial natriuretic peptide: A chemoattractant of human spermatozoa by a guanylate cyclase‐dependent pathway

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), found in mammalian ovarian granulosa cells and oocytes (Kim et al., 1992, 1993), induces the human acrosome reaction (Anderson et al., 1994). The purpose of the present study was to determine whether ANP, as eggderived peptides from sea urchins, can act as a chemoattractant to human spermatozoa. Small lengths of capillary tubing that contained different concentrations of ANP were suspended over a suspension of washed spermatozoa. The number of spermatozoa that entered the tubing was determined. More than twice the number of spermatozoa moved into the tubing that contained a maximally effective concentration of ANP, as compared with tubing that contained only medium. The concentration of ANP that produced a half-maximal effect was 0.7 nM. The effect was blocked by LY83583, an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase. ANP produced more than a twofold increase in the rate of cGMP formation, an effect that was blocked by LY83583. Human ANP (5–27), a fragment of the intact peptide, had no chemoattractant activity. These findings suggest that a specific sperm receptor exists for the chemoattractant activity of ANP that is associated with guanylate cyclase. The chemoattractant activity of ANP is independent of the presence of extracellular calcium ions and is independent of the action of ANP as a stimulus of the acrosome reaction. There is no association between the chemoattractant activity of follicular fluid and the follicular fluid concentration of ANP. These data suggest that factors besides ANP are responsible for the chemoattractant activity of follicular fluid. The present study adds to evidence that human ANP is a potent modulator of human sperm function. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Transient flux tubes in the terrestrial magnetosphere

Small, isolated density depletions are postulated to be introduced into the magnetotail by an uneven plasma loading process in the far tail. Such bubbles would be displaced earthward by an interchange process, and a significant depletion would move faster than either the gradient-curvature drift speed or the average convection speed. The dissolution of a bubble into the background results in a local reduction in plasma density, thereby violating ideal MHD and the subsequent conservation of plasma content. If a sufficient amount of magnetic flux in the far tail is contained in bubbles, then the net effect may be a reduction of plasma pressure in the near tail sufficient to resolve the pressure balance inconsistency.
Multichromic Copolymers Based on 3,6-Bis(2-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene))-N-alkylcarbazole Derivatives

Electrochemical copolymers of 2,2‘-bis(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (BiEDOT) and 3,6-bis(2-(3,4-ethylenedioxy)thienyl)-N-methylcarbazole (BEDOT−NMeCz) were prepared from nine comonomer solutions of ...
Health co-benefits of climate mitigation in urban areas

Though an extensive and growing literature suggests that the ancillary benefits of climate mitigation policies are large, the policy impact of the co-benefits concept has been limited. We review the methodological underpinnings of recent contributions to the co-benefits literature, paying particular attention to policy, environmental, and health modeling. We conclude that future contributions should look beyond air pollution, analyze developing economies, and draw on research teams that bring sophistication on both the science and the policy aspects of the co-benefits question.
An objective sign (Gans-Rodiet) in chronic alcoholism

1. The history and technique of the Gans-Rodiet sign is given. 2. A plausible explanation of the mechanism of this sign has been advanced. 3. Three hundred cases (100 with anamneses positive for alcoholic intoxication, and 200 with no history of alcoholism) were examined for this sign, and findings recorded. 4. The Gans-Rodiet sign is considered an important objective test for chronic and even acute alcoholism, and is of value to neuropsychiatrists.
Learning to Teach: A Self-Study of a New Teacher Educator's Introductory Education Course.

This two-year self-study explores my experiences as a new teacher educator learning to teach in an introductory foundations course. I was interested in better understanding how and what I can learn from the complexity of my early teaching. As my Freirian orientation to transformational learning was challenged, two key themes emerged: developing voice, and the tension between accountability and authenticity. I learned about recognizing the implications of modeling practice for students and of speaking up and out (or not), as well as coming to terms with the self-reproof associated with the incongruence between my intentions and my actions.
An examination of the potential 'genotoxic' carcinogenicity of a biopesticide derived from the neem tree

Structural analyses of azadirachtin, a promising biopesticide recently introduced into the United States, indicates that this natural product has the potential for acting as a "genotoxic" carcinogen. In view of the fact that genotoxic carcinogens are regarded as presenting a potential carcinogenic risk to humans, the present finding suggests that the possible metabolism of azadirachtin to DNA-reactive products be evaluated experimentally.
Invariants in muon decay

The assumption of vanishing neutrino mass leads to a group of transformations of the neutrino field which leave commutation relations and free-field Hamiltonian invariant but change the interaction into an equivalent one giving the same physical results. This concept, which is attributable toPursey andPauli, is here applied to μ-e decay under the assumption of local non-derivative coupling with no restrictions as to conservation of parity or lepton charge. The physically relevant invariant combinations of coupling constants are derived, and relations between them are discussed. Use is made of a recent paper by Kinosiiita and Sirlin to express all experimental information on μ-e decay in terms of these invariants.
CONSEQUENCES OF STRATEGIC ALLIANCES BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES: THE CASE OF SWISSAIR AND SAS

Abstract The impact of the SAS-Swissair strategic alliance on service quality, market concentration, and fares is assessed. Comparison of services before and after the alliance show increases in flights between the SAS and Swissair hubs, in the number of markets in which the alliance airlines offer connecting service, and in the average service frequency offered in these markets. Further, there has been an overall reduction in the layover time associated with SAS-Swissair connecting services. Impacts of market concentration include effective monopolization of nonstop services between the alliance partners' hubs and a slight reduction in concentration in markets in which the partners offer connecting service. Fares in nonstop markets served by the alliance were found to have increased relative to those in nonalliance nonstop markets, probably due to the increased concentration. Variation in service and fare impacts among alliance airports was found to correlate so that those with the strongest service increases also had the lowest fare increases. Taken as a whole, the results point to the redistributive nature of alliance impacts.
Neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb of adult zebrafish

Cell genesis in the adult brain of zebrafish, with specific reference to the olfactory bulbs, was examined using bromodeoxyuridine immunocytochemistry. Mature fish were exposed to a 1% solution of the thymidine analog 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine for 1 h and then killed after short (4-h) or long (3-4-week) survival periods. A monoclonal antibody to bromodeoxyuridine allowed visualization of cells that incorporated the drug during the S phase of mitosis. Four hours after administration of the drug, antibody-labeled cells were found almost exclusively in the proliferative zones around the ventricles and in the cerebellum. Very few labeled nuclei were seen in other locations in the brain, indicating that cell genesis occurs in discrete regions in adults. The few labeled profiles in the olfactory bulbs were located in the olfactory nerve layer; these profiles had the morphology of glial nuclei and did not stain with a neuronal marker, the Hu antibody. After longer survival times, labeled cells were present throughout the layers of the olfactory bulb, and many of the immunoreactive profiles in the internal cell layer were also labeled with the Hu antibody, indicating that they are likely adult-formed interneurons. Thus, neurogenesis continues in the olfactory bulb of adult zebrafish. Understanding the process of the generation of new neurons in the brain of adult animals can lead to important insights into neural regeneration and adult plasticity.
Therapeutic Hypothermia for Treatment of Neonatal Encephalopathy: Current Research and Nursing Care

Abstract Neonatal encephalopathy, a condition resulting from perinatal asphyxia, occurs in 2.0–6.0 of every 1000 live births. Without treatment, prognosis is poor and resulting complications such as intellectual delay and cerebral palsy are often severe. Therapeutic hypothermia has emerged as an effective treatment for neonatal encephalopathy. Now, research is aimed at determining prognosis after encephalopathy and therapeutic hypothermia. Additionally, nurses play a large role in the identification and care of infants receiving therapeutic hypothermia and their families.
Coring project in Bighorn Basin: Drilling phase complete

Scientists have begun a new project to recover and study sediment cores in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming to investigate the high-frequency climatic and biotic variability of a continental depositional system during past episodes of greenhouse conditions. The project, called the Bighorn Basin Coring Project (BBCP), focuses on the early Paleogene (∼50–65 million years ago), the most recent interval of Earth history characterized by greenhouse climate conditions. During the early Paleogene, global mean annual temperatures were up to 10°C higher than today, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations may have been more than 1000 parts per million [Zachos et al., 2008] compared with the roughly 390 parts per million today. Superimposed on this background greenhouse climate state were a series of short-term extreme warming events called hyperthermals. The best known early Paleogene hyperthermal event is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; ∼56 million years ago), which is characterized by a large global carbon isotope excursion and coincides with major changes to marine and continental ecosystems [McInerney and Wing, 2011]. At present, the causes of these hyperthermal events remain unknown, although several hypotheses exist.
The case formulation approach to cognitive-behavior therapy

The case formulation approach to cognitive-behavior therapy. Jacqueline B. Persons (2008). New York: Guilford Publications. 273 pages, $35. A patient was referred to you 2 months ago by her physici...
Epstein-Barr virus lytic gene expression is tightly linked to ER stress but not cytotoxicity with bortezomib or nelfinavir

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with AIDS-related lymphomas and other malignancies. We have previously shown that the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is an activator of EBV lytic gene expression and that these effects are mediated by ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) [1]. We investigated the relationship between the induction of UPR and EBV lytic gene expression with a variety of UPR inducers, as well as the association of their viral and antitumor effects in a variety of tumor cell lines. Bortezomib, thapsigargin, and tunicamycin activate the UPR and EBV lytic cycle. Recently, nelfinavir has also been reported to lead to ER-stress and the UPR. We found a dose-dependent relationship with bortezomib and with nelfinavir for the induction of the UPR markers (Bip, ATF4, XBP1s, and CHOP10), EBV lytic gene expression (measured as ZTA RNA), and cell toxicity in Burkitt’ sl ymphoma cell lines.. Blocking ER stress and UPR activation, by cycloheximide (CHX) treatment or by Bip knockdown, diminished ZTA induction but had no effect on cellular toxicity. We also studied EBV lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). In contrast to the BL cell lines, bortezomib did not induce ER stress, activate the UPR or lead to EBV lytic gene expression but was nonetheless toxic to LCLs. These results indicate that bortezomib and nelfinavir both induce ER stress and UPR leading to EBV lytic reactivation in BL cells. UPR induction corresponds with EBV lytic gene induction but appears to be distinct from cellular toxicity. Our findings suggest that ER stress, UPR and viral activation are closely linked but may be separable from the cytotoxic effects of some pharmacologic inducers. Bortezomib and nelfinavir may serve as laboratory and clinical tools for manipulating viral gene expression in EBV associated malignancies.
Predicting Employment in Education: The Relative Efficiency of National Teacher Examinations Scores and Student Teacher Ratings

Multiple regression techniques were used to analyze the relative contribution of scores on the National Teacher Examinations, area examination for elementary school teachers, and of teacher supervisor ratings in predicting employment in elementary school teaching. Correlations between the independent variables and success in obtaining or not obtaining a job were computed for Ill students from five state and private universities. Although moderate correlations were found between area examination scores and supervisor ratings of student teaching performance, the rating was a more valid predictor of employment (R = .34, R2 = .12, p < .05) than was the examination score.
Effect of Sodium Chloride upon Micellization and Phase Separation Transitions in Aqueous Solutions of Triblock Copolymers: A High-Sensitivity Differential Scanning Calorimetry Study

The effect of sodium chloride upon the thermally induced transitions in aqueous solutions, of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO−PPO−PEO) copolymers, has been investigated using high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (HSDSC). The addition of salt to these systems lowers the onset temperature of micellization (critical micellization temperatureCMT). Moreover the accompanying decrease in phase separation temperature (cloud point) has provided an opportunity to investigate the calorimetric details of phase separation. The temperature region over which micellization occurs, in agreement with previously reported findings, is broad and indicates that micelles and unimers coexist over an extended temperature range. The cloud point on the other hand is characterized, calorimetrically, by a narrow and at times complex peak, indicating that the cooperativity of the transition is very high. For some systems, most notably P235 (EO27−PO39−EO27), a third transit...
Increased medial thalamic choline found in pediatric patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder versus major depression or healthy control subjects: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.

Abstract Background Neurobiologic abnormalities in medial thalamus have been implicated in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We previously used multislice proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1-H MRSI) to identify localized functional neurochemical marker alterations in choline (Cho) in medial but not lateral thalamus in treatment-naive pediatric patients with OCD compared with matched control subjects. Altered brain Cho levels have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of mood disorders. Methods We used 1-H MRSI to study absolute Cho concentrations in 18 psychotropic-naive pediatric patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) not suffering from OCD, 9–17 years of age, 18 case-matched healthy control subjects, and 27 nondepressed, psychotropic-naive pediatric patients with OCD, 7–16 years of age. Results Significantly increased left and right medial thalamic Cho concentrations were observed in OCD patients compared with both healthy control subjects and patients with MDD. Medial thalamic Cho concentrations did not differ significantly between patients with MDD and control subjects. Conclusions These results suggest that localized functional neurochemical marker alterations in medial thalamic Cho differentiate patients with OCD from healthy control subjects and patients with MDD. Although these results must be considered preliminary, further study of the diagnostic specificity of Cho as a relevant biomarker in OCD is clearly warranted.
Superintendents Describe Their Leadership Styles: Implications for Practice.

Superintendents from eight southeastern United States school districts self-described their leadership styles across the choices of autocratic, laissez-faire, democratic, situational, servant, or transformational. When faced with this array of choices, the superintendents chose with arguable equitableness, indicating that successful leaders can display any of these styles. Their choices, however, seem unrelated to any discernible personal, professional, or district demographic variable. The authors propose that, regardless of leadership style, authenticity within the style may be needed for effectiveness. They discuss the implications for this in terms of professional preparation programs, administrative careers, and selection, professional development, and assessment processes for governing boards.
The Disappearance, Excretion, and Metabolism of Tritiated Prolyl-Leucyl-Glycinamide in Man

3H-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2, a melanocyte-stimulating hormone release inhibiting factor, was injected into 5 healthy men. A plot of the time of the disappearance of radioactivity in plasm
Three‐Dimensional Seismic‐Velocity Model for the Unconsolidated Mississippi Embayment Sediments from H/V Ambient Noise Measurements

Abstract The horizontal‐to‐vertical (H/V) technique by Nakamura (1989) was applied to data from 30 new field stations and 64 other broadband temporary and permanent seismic stations within the Mississippi Embayment of the central United States to develop a 3D model of unconsolidated sediment shear‐wave velocity structure. Using the Dart (1992) map of sediment thickness as a basis, two self‐consistent models of average shear‐wave velocity versus sediment thickness were developed by utilizing the theoretical linear relationship between the frequency of the H/V peak and shear‐wave velocity. One model was based on the observation that the H/V peak period T p (s) versus sediment thickness h (m) was seen to be approximately linear with the relationship T p =0.003266 h +1.084. The second model was developed by considering peak frequency f p versus sediment thickness parameterized to follow ln f p =8.325×10 −7 h 2 −0.00232 h −0.01796. Overall, the models show low‐average shear‐wave velocity near the edge of the Mississippi Embayment with velocities increasing with increasing sediment thickness, consistent with increased sediment compaction. These models will be useful in studies of site resonance and amplification for earthquake‐shaking hazards and for wave propagation computations for the region.
Expression of a mutant p53 results in an age-related demographic shift in spontaneous lung tumor formation in transgenic mice.

Background Mutations in the P53 gene are among the most common genetic abnormalities in human lung cancer. Codon 273 in the sequence-specific DNA binding domain is one of the most frequently mutated sites. Methodology To investigate the role of mutant p53 in lung tumorigenesis, a lung specific p53(273H) transgenic mouse model was developed. Rates of lung cancer formation in the transgenic animals and their littermates were evaluated by necropsy studies performed in progressive age cohorts ranging from 4 to 24 months. In order to establish the influence of other common genetic abnormalities in lung tumor formation in the animals, K-Ras gene mutation and p16INK4a (p16) promoter methylation were evaluated in a total of 281 transgenic mice and 189 non-transgenic littermates. Principal Findings At the age extremes of 4–12 and 22–24 months no differences were observed, with very low prevalence of tumors in animals younger than 12 months, and a relatively high prevalence at age 22 months or older. However, the transgenic mice had a significant higher lung tumor rate than their non-transgenic counterparts during the age of 13–21 months, suggesting an age-related shift in lung tumor formation induced by the lung-specific expression of the human mutant p53. Histopathology suggested a more aggressive nature for the transgenic tumors. Older mice (>13 months) had a significantly higher rate of p16 promoter methylation (17% v 82%). In addition, an age related effect was observed for K-Ras codons 12 or 13 mutations, but not for codon 61 mutations. Conclusions/Significance These results would suggest that the mutant p53(273H) contributes to an acceleration in the development of spontaneous lung tumors in these mice. Combination with other genetic and epigenetic alterations occurring after the age of 13 months is intimately linked to its oncogenic potential.
Sex Markets: A Denied Industry

Sex Markets: A Denied Industry, by Marina Della Giusta, Maria Laura Di Tommaso, and Steinar Str⊘m. New York: Routledge, 2008. 112 pp. ISBN-13: 978-0-415-39717-9 (hbk.). US$140.00; ISBN-13: 978-0-41...
Catheter-based left atrial appendage occlusion procedure: role of echocardiography

Atrial fibrillation is a common, clinically significant arrhythmic disorder that results in increased risk of morbidity and mortality in affected patients. Atrial fibrillation is more prevalent among men compared with women and the risk for developing atrial fibrillation increases with advancing age. Ischaemic stroke is the most common clinical manifestation of embolic events from atrial fibrillation. While anticoagulation treatment is the preferred treatment, unfortunately, many patients have contraindications for anticoagulation treatment making this option unavailable to them. Previous data have shown that most thrombi that form in association with non-valvular atrial fibrillation occur in the left atrial appendage (LAA). It has been suggested that isolating the LAA from the body of the left atrium might reduce the risk of embolic events and that LAA obliteration may be a treatment option for patients with atrial fibrillation who are not candidates for anticoagulation treatment. Several procedures have been developed for isolation of the LAA, including surgical procedures as well as catheter-based ones. In this paper, we will review the currently available techniques, emphasizing the catheter-based ones. We will examine the increasing role of real-time three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography for appropriate screening and patient selection for these procedures, intra-procedural guidance, and follow-up care.
TEM Studies of Semiconductor Materials

Transmission electron microscopy is well established as a means for studying the structure and chemistry of solid phase materials, especially those based in metallic, ceramic, or semiconductor systems. As an imaging tool it is used to obtain micrographs at resolutions of up to 0.2 nm or better (depending on the particular TEM instrument available); with suitable specimens the atomic lattice of a crystalline material may be directly observed. As a diffraction technique it is used for identifying the constituent phases and crystal structures of a material. Since the sampled volume can be quite small, microstructural features whose spatial extent and/or volumetric concentration are below those accessible by conventional x-ray techniques can be analyzed.
Chronic, Episodic Thrombocytopenia A Case Report with Long-term Observation

A male patient with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) did not fit into any of the known risk groups for chronic ITP. He was unique in that he manifested a cyclic increase of platelet counts each winter followed by a nadir in the summer, without having other hematologic abnormalities.
Catalyst aging in a process for liquefaction and hydrodesulfurization of coal

Aged CoO/MoO/sub 3//SiO/sub 2//Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ catalyst pellets were analyzed with an electron microprobe and scanning electron microscope. Pellets of the hydroprocessing catalyst used in the Synthoil process (sulfided CoO/MoO/sub 3//SiO/sub 2//Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/) accumulated inorganic and organic contaminants both on the exterior surface and in the pore mouths. The inorganic (carbon free) deposit found in the upstream end of the fixed-bed reactor has been identified as primarily ferrous sulfide, Fe/sub 14/S/sub 15/. This material covered 50 to 70 percent of the catalyst's peripheral surface and penetrated into the catalyst pores to a depth of about 100 ..mu..m. The total accumulated deposit caused a 70 percent reduction in catalyst surface area and pore volume. The inorganic deposit found in the downstream end of the reactor was mainly aluminum and silicon and covered 10 to 20 percent of the catalyst's peripheral surface. Titanium penetrated about 150 ..mu..m into the pores. All of these deposits caused a 40 percent loss of pore volume. These results imply that deposition in coal hydroprocessing reactors could lead to bed plugging and pore mouth blocking.