cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elections and Parties in Austria

Of the six medium-sized or small states which in 1918 succeeded the Austro-Hungarian Empire, only Austria with her seven million inhabitants has retained a government which is democratic in the Western sense. The others Czecho-Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Roumania, and Yugoslavia-have all become "people's democracies" and have fallen into the orbit of the East. On October 9, 1949, national elections took place in Austria for the second time since the collapse of Hitler's Greater Germany.' At the time of the elections the cabinet which held office was supported by a coalition of both the (conservative) Austrian People's Party and the Austrian Socialist Party. In the elections the voters again gave both these parties together an overwhelming majority in the National Council.2 This result was interpreted by the head of the Austrian cabinet, Federal Chancellor Leopold Figl, as "a clear and unmistakable proof that Austria is an outpost of the Western democratic world."3
On the capacity of wireless erasure networks

We determine the capacity of a certain class of wireless erasure relay networks. We first find a suitable definition for the "cut-capacity" of erasure networks with broadcast at transmission and no interference at reception. With this definition, a maxflow mincut capacity result holds for the capacity of these networks.
Novel physical unclonable function with process and environmental variations

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are employed to generate unique signature to be used for integrated circuit (IC) identification and authentication. Existing PUFs exploit only process variations for generating unique signature. Due to the spatial correlation between process parameters, such PUFs will be vulnerable to be modeled or leak information under side-channel attacks. The PUF we present in this paper, called PE-PUF, takes into account both process and environmental variations which magnifies chip-to-chip signature randomness and uniqueness. PE-PUF takes into account process variations, temperature, power supply noise and crosstalk; all these effects are major sources of variations and noise in integrated circuits. Designers would be able to select PE-PUF response by applying different input patterns.? Furthermore, PE-PUF imposes no routing constraints to the design. The gates in PE-PUF are distributed across the entire chip and cannot be easily identified/modeled or leak side-channel information. Simulation results demonstrate that each IC can be uniquely characterized by PE-PUF with higher secrecy rate when compared to other PUFs that use only process variations.
An Assessment of Some Public Health Problems Resulting from Feeding Poultry Litter to Animals. Microbiological and Chemical Parameters

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE rapid development of large-scale broiler and egg production farms in recent years has made the disposal of poultry litter a major problem for producers. Studies by Belasco (1954) and Jurtshuk et al. (1955) showed that rumen microorganisms can utilize the uric acid of poultry litter as a nitrogen source. Feeding studies on the utilization of poultry litter as a feed additive for ruminants demonstrated satisfactory animal nutrition when litter was fed as 20–30% of the ration of growing cattle (Southwell et al., 1958), 10–15% of the ration for lactating ewes (Noland et al., 1955), and 15–25% of the ration of breeder swine (Camp, 1959). Thus, poultry and shell egg producers were provided with a profitable means of litter disposal, and livestock producers were afforded an attractive source of cheap feed with a value on an equivalent basis with grain of fifteen dollars a ton. As…
Capillary Lesions Develop in Retina Rather Than Cerebral Cortex in Diabetes and Experimental Galactosemia

Objective: To isolate microvessels from cerebral cortex of dogs with alloxan-induced diabetes and dogs with experimental galactosemia to compare the prevalence of microvascular lesions in cerebral cortex with that in retina. Methods: Microvessels were isolated from cerebral cortex of experimental animals using a sieving method, and compared with the retinal vasculature isolated from the same animals using the trypsin digestion method. Results: Dogs with diabetes or experimental galactosemia of 5 years' duration had retinopathy that was morphologically indistinguishable from that of humans with diabetes, including microaneurysms, acellular capillaries, and pericyte ghosts. These lesions never were seen in cerebral cortical vessels of the same animals. The only morphologic abnormality observed in cerebral capillaries of dogs with diabetes and dogs fed galactose was thickening of basement membrane. Conclusions: Local influences in the eye apparently play an important role in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Current hypotheses about the pathogenesis of the retinopathy do not account adequately for such differences in the tissue distribution of vascular lesions.
High-Temperature Stress Corrosion Cracking in Ceramics

Single-phase ceramics are shown to be susceptible to stress corrosion cracking at elevated temperatures in the presence of a wetting amorphous deposit. Crack arrest occurs when the crack is depleted of amorphous material, provided that the stress intensity is below a “blunting” threshold. A preliminary model of such cracking has been developed. The model considers stress corrosion as a process wherein the corrosive medium, by virtue of its wetting characteristics, allows the crack to propagate along grain boundaries. A crack velocity that depends sensitively on the dihedral angle is predicted. Furthermore, since the corrosive medium acts as a conduit for rapid atom transport to the crack tip, the crack velocity also exhibits a strong dependence on the viscosity of the fluid medium. Implications for such stress corrosion processes on premature failure are discussed.
Emotional distress and pain tolerance in obsessive-compulsive disorder

Abstract Background and objectives Physical pain can reduce emotional distress, perhaps especially the psychic pain of guilt. This implies that people who continually experience guilt may exhibit greater tolerance for pain relative to people who do not. Methods To test this hypothesis, we administered a pressure algometer procedure to assess pain tolerance in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) plagued by moral obsessions (e.g., concerns about harming others, violating religious values), in patients with OCD with non-moral obsessions (e.g., regarding contamination and symmetry), and in healthy comparison subjects. Results The results indicated that the OCD groups did not differ in levels of guilt, emotional distress tolerance, or in pain endurance. However, when we collapsed across subtypes, OCD subjects endured pain significantly longer than did healthy subjects. Limitations Limitations included small sample size and use of a sample with complex OCD symptoms that were, in some instances, difficult to categorize. Conclusions The results suggest that individuals with severe OCD might be willing to endure physical pain as a distraction from emotional distress, an expression of negative self-worth, or as a means to gain control over some aspect of suffering.
High-resolution terahertz atmospheric water vapor continuum measurements

The terahertz frequency regime is often used as the ‘chemical fingerprint’ region of the electromagnetic spectrum due to the large number of rotational and vibrational transitions of many molecules of interest. This region of the spectrum has particular utility for applications such as pollution monitoring and the detection of energetic chemicals using remote sensing over long path lengths through the atmosphere. Although there has been much attention to atmospheric effects over narrow frequency windows, accurate measurements across a wide spectrum are lacking. The water vapor continuum absorption is an excess absorption that is unaccounted for in resonant line spectrum simulations. Currently a semiempirical model is employed to account for this absorption, however more measurements are necessary to properly describe the continuum absorption in this region. Fourier Transform Spectroscopy measurements from previous work are enhanced with high-resolution broadband measurements in the atmospheric transmission window at 1.5THz. The transmission of broadband terahertz radiation through pure water vapor as well as air with varying relative humidity levels was recorded for multiple path lengths. The pure water vapor measurements provide accurate determination of the line broadening parameters and experimental measurements of the transition strengths of the lines in the frequency region. Also these measurements coupled with the atmospheric air measurements allow the water vapor continuum absorption to be independently identified at 1.5THz. Simulations from an atmospheric absorption model using parameters from the HITRAN database are compared with the current and previous experimental results.
Verifying the independence of partitions of a probability space

Let { E 1 , … E r } and { F 1 , … F s } be partitions of a probability space. We exhibit a natural bijection from the set of efficient ways of verifying the independence of such partitions to the set of spanning trees of the complete bipartite graph K r, s .
MEMS and robotics: promises and problems

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have caught the imagination of the robot community as well as the general public. The excitement and promise of small, fast, capable micromechanical technology for robotics lies in being able to make extremely small machines that may be used for a variety of purposes ranging from small systems for space exploration to the wilder shores of tiny, implantable medical devices. The promise of MEMS is most evidently realized in the development of a wide variety of sensors that may be used to enhance the functionality of existing, more conventional robots, but MEMS capabilities in actuators are on the horizon, leading to the possibility of new robotics devices and systems. The paper discusses MEMS devices, the processes of making them, and some of their robotic applications, and ends with some open problems and challenges.
Nuclear fragmentation models and uncertainties in cosmic ray transport and radiobiology studies.

The biological effects of relativistic nuclei are of interest because of their potential hazards to astronauts during spaceflight and for possible radiotherapy treatment for cancer patients. Nuclear fragmentation alters the composition of relativistic ion beams as they pass through tissue or other shielding materials, providing a mixed radiation field and complica­ ting the understanding of biological effects. For high energy proton beams, production of high linear energy transfer (LET) secondaries in tissue is responsible for the increase in relative biological effectiveness (RBE) above unity and is observed to reach values above 2 for some endpoints at low doses [2]. In survival studies along the Bragg curve, fragmentation effects cause moderately charged beams to alter their shoulders as they progress through the plateau region. Higher charged beams, which are normally exponential, also undergo a change in their slope [5]. The description of the transport process, including the compli­ cations of mixed radiation fields, is accurately described by the Boltzmann equation [9] ; however, the accuracy of the solution is largely dependent on the nuclear fragmentation cross sections.
Quest of electric field controlled spintronics in MnGe

With the seemly limit of scaling on CMOS microelectronics fast approaching, spintronics has received enormous attention as it promises next generation nanometric magneto-electronic devices; particularly, the electric field control of ferromagnetic transition in dilute magnetic semiconductor systems offers the magneto-electronic devices a potential for low power consumption and low variability. In this paper, we first review the current efforts on the development of Mn-doped Ge (MnGe) magnetic materials, followed by an analysis of MnGe thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Then we show that with zero and one dimension quantum structures, superior magnetic properties of MnGe compared with bulk films can be obtained. More importantly, we demonstrate a field controlled ferromagnetism in these MnGe nanostructures at 50 K. The controllability of ferromagnetism in this material system is a major step towards the Ge-based spintronic devices.
Flexible membrane tactile sensor for contact traction distribution measurement on a microscale

A novel thin film polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based flexible tactile micro sensor has been developed for contact traction distribution measurement between an indenter and an object (e.g. finger pad). The tactile sensor is a five layer device consisting of 2 layers of textured patterns sandwiched between 3 layers of PDMS. The textured patterns are protected by a thin layer of PDMS (25 microns) on each side and are separated by a thicker PDMS layer (100 microns). The sensor thus has a total thickness of 150 microns, much less than the thickness of the human fingertip skin. The entire device is fabricated bottom up on a silicon wafer using soft lithography and microfabrication techniques. The sensor is designed to be used with an imaging apparatus (in our case we use an Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) apparatus). The deflection of the patterns due to an applied load is imaged by the OCT and is used to estimate the stress at the sensor and object interface by solving the stress inverse problem analytically. Results are presented to illustrate the use of the microsensor to estimate the contact traction distribution due to a spherical indenter of radius 500 µm.
Angiogenic Growth Factors: Autocrine and Paracrine Regulation of Survival in Hematologic Malignancies

Recent research has focused on the role of angiogenic growth factors and their ability to mediate tumor growth and metastases, both in solid tumors and in hematologic malignancies. The bone marrow microenvironment is the setting for a wealth of complex interactions that include cell-to-cell contacts as well as secretion of and response to soluble factors. Abundant evidence supports the role of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in contributing to the dysregulation of apoptosis that is the hallmark of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In fact, CLL cells themselves express bFGF; intracellular levels of this cytokine correlate with clinical CLL stage. Other stromal factors mediate the inhibition of apoptosis in CLL as well, suggesting that strategies to block the responses of CLL cells to these factors may represent effective therapies. More broadly, the class of agents known as angiogenesis inhibitors may offer important advantages with respect to the treatment of numerous types of malignancies. Currently, a number of clinical trials are under way to evaluate the clinical potential of several different angiogenesis inhibitors in several hematologic neoplasms.
A new approach for analysis and synthesis of time-varying systems

In this paper new techniques are developed for the analysis of linear time-varying (LTV) systems. These lead to a formally simple treatment of robust control problems for LTV systems, allowing methods more usually restricted to time invariant systems to be employed in the time-varying case. As an illustration of this methodology, the so-called H/sub /spl infin// synthesis problem is solved for LTV systems.
Blind pattern matching attack on watermarking systems

Billions of dollars allegedly lost to piracy of multimedia content have triggered the industry to rethink the way music and films are distributed on the Internet. As encryption is vulnerable to digital or analog re-recording, currently almost all copyright protection mechanisms rely to a certain extent on watermarking. A watermark is an imperceptive secret hidden into a host signal. We analyze the security of multimedia copyright protection systems that use watermarks by proposing a new breed of attacks on generic watermarking systems. A typical blind pattern matching attack relies on the observation that multimedia content is often highly repetitive. Thus, the attack procedure identifies subsets of signal blocks that are similar and permutes these blocks. Assuming the permuted blocks are marked with distinct secrets, it can be shown that any watermark detector is facing a task of exponential complexity to reverse the permutations as a preprocessing step for watermark detection. We describe the logistics of the attack and an implementation against a spread-spectrum and a quantization index modulation data hiding technology for audio signals.
Diagnostic Stages of the Parasites of the Florida Manatee, Trichechus manatus latirostris

Abstract: Limited information is available on diagnostic stages of parasites in Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris). We examined 67 fecal samples from captive and wild manatees to define the diagnostic stages of the parasite fauna known to occur in Florida manatees. Parasite eggs were freshly extracted ex utero from identified mature helminths and subsequently characterized, illustrated, and matched to those isolated from fecal samples. In addition, coccidian oocysts in the fecal samples were identified. These diagnostic stages included eggs from 5 species of trematodes (Chiorchis fabaceus, Chiorchis groschafti, Pulmonicola cochleotrema, Moniligerum blairi, and Nudacotyle undicola), 1 nematode (Heterocheilus tunicatus), and oocysts of 2 coccidians (Eimeria manatus and Eimeria nodulosa).
Emergency Carbon Management: Geoengineering

Geoengineering is a set of radical contingency actions to deliberately modify the Earth’s energy balance in order to counteract the adverse impact of human activities on the global ecosystem and climate. The Greenhouse Gas Management (GGM) is one of the main geoengineering strategies aiming at reducing the atmospheric CO2 levels within a reasonable time frame by enhancing an uptake and storage of carbon through a variety of biological (e.g., ocean fertilization) and chemical (e.g., enhanced weathering) engineered systems. Today, geoengineering remains a highly controversial issue; among major concerns are possible unintended planetary-scale adverse ecological impacts of the projects, and the disputable benefits of the geoengineering approach compared to other carbon mitigation strategies. Geoengineering poses acute and novel challenges that would require international cooperation, transparency, and the proactive and effective managing of research. The current status of major GGM geoengineering projects, their technical feasibility and economics, the challenges and risks associated with their global deployment are analyzed in this chapter.
Both Weaning Weight and Post-weaning Growth Performance Affect Nutrient Digestibility and Energy Utilization in Pigs

A total of 96 weanling barrows were selected to represent the 10% lightest, median, and heaviest pigs at weaning (n=30 per weaning weight category). Barrows utilized in a 27-d growth and metabolism study, where total urine and fecal grab samples were collected on d 30, 31, and 32 post-weaning. At the completion of the experiment, pigs in each weaning weight (WW) category were divided into the slowest, median, or fastest 33% average daily gain (ADG) category, yielding a nested design. The digestibility of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), and gross energy (GE) differed, resulting in different digestible energy (DE) and DE intakes across WW and ADG categories. Pigs with a lighter WW and slower ADG within WW had lower energy requirements for maintenance and were more efficient at converting energy into gain. Together, these data suggest that both weaning weight and post-weaning growth performance affect nutrient digestibility and utilization in nursery pigs. This research increases our understanding of nutrient use in nursery pigs, and will allow us to make more strategic dietary recommendations in the future.
INFORMATION FUNCTIONS FOR RELIABILITY

This chapter presents the information theoretic framework for reliability analysis in which modeling, diagnostics, and inference are developed in a unified manner. The whole range of available information functions for reliability analysis are discussed. An overview of the properties of the basic information functions and many examples that illustrate these properties are presented. It is our hope that this expository paper sets the tone for the direction of future work in the development of models, diagnostics, and inference for reliability analysis based on the information theoretic framework.
Love African Style: A Comparison of Sex Differences in Love-Attitudes of East African University Students

On the Munro-Adams Love-Attitude Scale, 25 men and 25 women, enrolled at Makerere University, had nonsignificantly different scores despite their coming from different disciplines and subcultural g...
Numerial Simulation of Flow around Airfoil Using Passive Scalar Lattice Boltzmann Method

Using the passive scalar lattice Boltzmann method without the effect of temperature,the flow around NACA0012 at zero and eight angel of attack at 60 000 Reynolds number is simulated.The proper particle equilibrium distribution function and collision operation are choosed,by using generalized form of interpolation supplemented method for particle streaming.Then non-slip boundary condition for the solid wall is applied.The pressure distribution and streamline agree well with the results of the D2Q9 model.Then source term of the force on the leading edge of the airfoil are added.The result proves that the flow separation around the airfoil has been controlled at angle of attack of eight degrees and the good characters of this method.
Technologies and equipments of the individual decontamination for medicinal rescue against bioterrorism attack

This paper made a discussion on the realistic threats of bioterrorism attack in the world and China,the principles and the basic methods of mass decontamination of individuals during a bioterrorism attack incident,the research developments at home and abroad and the existing problems in our nation on technology and equipment of decontamination against bioterrorism attack,in order to provide the references for further improving the preparedness of emergency rescue and carrying out the research on technology and equipment of individual decontamination against bioterrorism attack.
Histological Observation of Reconstructing Mandible Defect with Prefabricated-mineralized Inducing Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffold Material

Objective: To study the osteogenesis capability of prefabricated-mineralized inducement scaffold material by reconstructing the large-scale chest-like defect in the mandible cornu of the experimental goat, and the application value of the material in the bone tissue engineering. Methods: 15 goats were operated on both sides of mandible cornu to prepare the large-scale chest-like defects of 30 mm×25 mm×10 mm, with prefabricated-mineralized inducement scaffold material put into the left side(group A), and blank control on the right side (group B). These goats were divided into three groups according to the three time points of 4, 8, 12 weeks. After the operation, the animals were executed 4, 8, 12 weeks respectively. The defect restoration areas and the material-bone interface samples were taken to observe tissue dynamics. Results: 4～12 weeks later, bone defects of group A had the process of progressing osteogenesis, calcification and bone marrow formation. The bone defects of group B were fiber connective tissue, whose inferior margins were immature chondrocyte attachment. Conclusion: Prefabricated-mineralized inducement scaffold material, with quite good bioactivity and bone reconstructed ability, has the feasibility to clinical application.
Reaching for the Soul of the Consumer

State-of-the-art advances in electronics, computers, and electrophysiology have made it possible to objectively study sensory activation of consumers, Psychobiologists have experimented with photic driving, flicker rhythms, orienting reflexes, and the enhancement of activation stimuli. This article explores the latest in brain research and analyzes the potential for consumer behavior applications.
Immunocytochemical studies on platelets. The demonstration of a common antigen in human platelets and megakaryocytes.

By means of the fluorescent antibody technic of Coons and Kaplan it was possible to demonstrate a common antigenic structure in human platelets and megakaryocytes, both in nonthrombocytopenic cases and in cases with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Direct evidence for a marked increase in the number of platelets in the spleens of two cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenia is given. The pathogenetic significance of this finding is discussed. It is concluded that the fluorescent antibody technic is a valuable tool for the chemical and morphologic study of platelets and megakaryocytes both in tissues and smears.
Science and Technologies: In Search of a Paradigm of the Future

At present, eﬀorts are being taken to form Russia’s new R&D Strategy. Goals, formation principles and the main provisions of the document are being debated. The main idea consists in a switchover to management on the basis of challenges. Alternative approaches to development of the Strategy have been considered, and it is shown that in the history of Russian scientiﬁc policy there are successful precedents of development of long-term target documents. A number of base issues to which it is important to give answers in formation of the Strategy has been formulated.
Mitochondrial genomes of the ciliates.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the mithochondrial genome of ciliates, with emphasis on Paramecium and Tetrahymena . Both Paramecium and Tetrahymena have linear genomes with unique replicative pathways. The mitochondrial genome of Paramecium aurelia is a linear duplex. Replication is initiated at a unique end and preceded undirectionally, resulting in a head-to-head dimer intermediate. The most unusual feature of this mechanistic scheme is the apparent linkage of the complementary strands at the initiation end of the molecule. By taking advantage of the availability of dimer molecules, the double-stranded initiation region is cloned and the entire region from five different species is sequenced. For all species, this dimer initiation region contains a series of A T-rich repeats, specific for each species. On the other hand, the mitochondrial genome of Tetrahymena pyriformis provides an interesting complement to that from P. aurelia . The DNAs of all strains differ in size and the size variation is entirely dependent on the size of a duplication–inversion present at both ends. The duplication–inversion has two components: a duplicate large subunit ribosomal RNA gene and a set of repeated sequences.
Use of Transmembrane Peptides to Understand Ionization Properties of Histidine Residues in Lipid Bilayers

With a pKa near 6, the imidazole side chain of histidine (His; H) can be positively charged or neutral under physiological conditions. Many membrane proteins are likely to contain functionally important His residues within their transmembrane domains; therefore it is critical to understand the ionization properties of His residues at various locations within the lipid bilayer. To address this problem experimentally, we have employed GWALP23 (acetyl-GGALW5LALALAL12AL14ALALW19LAGA-amide), a designed transmembrane peptide with interfacial tryptophan anchors. Within the GWALP23 sequence, we have substituted either His12 or His14 near the center of the helix, and incorporated specific 2H-labeled alanine residues for detection by means of solid-state 2H NMR. Based upon the quadrupolar splittings of the labeled Ala residues in each peptide, we observe that the behavior of these peptide isomers strongly depends on the location and ionization state of the His residue. Above pH 4, we infer that H12 is neutral because GWALP23-H12 adopts a stable transmembrane orientation in bilayers of DLPC, DMPC, or DOPC, nearly identical to that of GWALP23 itself. However, in DOPC bilayers, when the pH is lowered from 4 to 2, H12 becomes positively charged, and the spectral changes indicate multi-state behavior, similar to previous observations for charged K12 and R12 (see PNAS 110, 1692). The neutral and charged forms of H14 confer different transmembrane orientations for the GWALP23-H14 helix in DOPC, similar to previous observations for neutral and charged K14. From these experiments, we deduce a pKa of below 3 for His12 and between 3 and 5 for His 14 in DOPC bilayers.
Effects of foliar apple trichomes on Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari: Phytoseiidae): preferences, fecundity and prey consumption

Tritrophic interactions may alter the efficacy of biocontrol agents such as Galendromus occidentalis, the primary predator of tetranychids in Washington State apple. Apple cultivars vary in leaf pubescence, which may differentially affect the performance of G. occidentalis. The present study aimed to determine both preference and performance of G. occidentalis on pubescent and glabrous surfaces. Choice tests were conducted on two apple cultivars: ‘Oregon Spur Delicious’ – pubescent and ‘Golden Delicious’ – glabrous, as well as by adding simulated trichomes to a bean leaf disk. No-choice tests measured oviposition and prey consumption on the two apple cultivars. Galendromus occidentalis consumed more prey on the ‘Oregon Spur Delicious’ side of arenas, although only when arenas were constructed without including the leaf midrib. When the midrib was included, G. occidentalis preferred to oviposit on the ‘Oregon Spur Delicious’ side. The preference of G. occidentalis for simulated trichomes did not lead to a performance difference between cultivars. In the no-choice test, G. occidentalis did not differ in performance between cultivars. These studies indicate that G. occidentalis may have a slight preference for more pubescent surfaces, although this preference is not sufficiently strong to alter its biocontrol performance. As a specialist, G. occidentalis may be more adapted to tracking populations of its prey than locating ‘ideal’ host plants.
A comparative analysis of the public trust doctrine for managing water in the United States and India

This chapter utilizes four principles of the public trust doctrine for organizing framework to analyze the public trust doctrine in the United States and India. The four principles of the public trust doctrine are guards against privatizing important public water resources or commons, prohibits the full privatization of certain water resources, places a continuing duty on the trustees to supervise and protect the trust, and encourages long-term stewardship that is aligned with sustainable development and protective of intergenerational equity. A majority of states have now interpreted public rights to include all forms of water-oriented recreation, and some states protect ecological integrity and water quality. The public trust doctrine contributes to water management by more clearly articulating how powers are separated between the sovereign trustee and the judiciary. Some states have articulated a perpetual public trust easement – for instance, in beaches and submerged lands under navigable or tidal waters.
The T(f; r) Summability Transform

The Taylor summability transform and some generalizations of this transform have been objects of recent study. The T(f; r) transform offers an interesting generalization of the Taylor transform and is defined in the following manner.
9 Wrist, hand, and finger injuries associated with baseball and softball among children in the united states from 2005–2015

Purpose To describe the epidemiology of baseball- and softball-related injuries to the wrist, hand, and fingers among children aged 5–18 years in the United States. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed by using data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System for children aged 5–18 years treated in emergency departments (EDs) for a baseball- or softball-related injury to the wrist, hand, or finger (2009–2015). Cases where the patient was injured playing baseball or softball were analysed (n=8,947). Player action at time of injury was coded by reviewing case narratives. Sample weights were used to calculate national estimates and rates of injuries over time were analysed using linear regression. Results An estimated 3 57 784 (95% CI: 297,464–418,104) children aged 5–18 years were treated in EDs for baseball- or softball-related injuries to the wrist, hand, or finger during the eleven-year study period. Most patients were injured playing baseball (63.8%) and were 13–15 years old (37.0%). Injuries most often occurred to fingers (54.7%) and fractures (34.4%) were the most common diagnosis. Children aged 5–9 years were 2.05 times (95% CI: 1.17–2.48) as likely to be injured while batting compared to those aged 10–18 years. Children aged 13–18 years were 1.79 times (95% CI: 1.54–2.09) as likely to be injured while sliding compared to other age groups. Injury rates significantly increased from 2005 through 2010 (p Conclusions Differences in injuries by age groups may be due to varying skill level and increased competitive play. Long-term surveillance of injuries is needed after a bat regulation change in baseball in 2011. Significance Investigating the epidemiology of baseball and softball injuries is critical in preventing sports-related injuries. Preliminary findings show that a bat regulation change in baseball has reduced injuries to the hand area and warrants continued investigation.
Hazards to Early Development: The Biological Embedding of Early Life Adversity

The number of children under 18 years of age has increased worldwide over the past decade. This growth spurt is due, in part, to remarkable progress in child survival. Alas, surviving early hazards, like prematurity or infectious disease, does not guarantee that children's development will not be compromised by other hazards as they grow older. Throughout the world, children continue to be confronted with a large number of biological and psychosocial challenges that greatly limit their developmental potential. The focus of this article is how such adverse experiences impact the developing brain.
Possible Effects of Cenozoic Uplift and CO2 Lowering on Global and Regional Hydrology

As discussed in other chapters in this volume, much of the highest topography on Earth has been created since the mid-Cretaceous. This includes the dominant mass of the Tibetan-Himalayan complex in southeast Asia (Chapter 2), as well as mountainous extensions westward to the European Alps. Although local mountain ranges existed in the American southwest during the Cretaceous, the broad dome of high topography from the High Plains to the Colorado Plateau did not exist 100 million years ago. Similarly, the high plateau of East Africa is largely a Cenozoic volcanic construction (Chapter 4). Uplift of the central Andean Bolivian Altiplano and much of the northern Andes also dates to the middle and late Cenozoic (Chapter 3). A very substantial portion of this post-Cretaceous uplift has occurred during the last 30-20 million years, including southeast Asia, east Africa, and parts of the South American Cordillera. The high ice domes on Antarctica and Greenland also came into existence in this geologically recent interval.
Making Room for Inquiry and Creativity From Pre-Kindergarten Through University

Professional development with teachers, whether they are in pre-K-12 schools or in higher education, creates opportunities for discussions among teachers and teacher educators about how to find spaces for creativity and the imagination within the structure of the Common Core State Standards, a set of national standards adopted on a stateby-state basis in the U.S. Two education faculty members and an education librarian from a large city university held workshops, bringing together university faculty in arts and humanities, science, mathematics and education, and pre-K-12 teachers to explore the potential for inquiry and creativity in the Common Core State Standards.
CUSUM Control Charts With Variable Sample Size and Sampling Intervals

Traditional control charts for process monitoring are based on taking samples of fixed size from the process using a fixed sampling interval. Variable sample size (VSS) and variable sampling interv...
Podoconiosis: Nonfilarial endemic elephantiasis.

• Podoconiosis is a cause of painless asymmetric leg swelling through exposure of bare feet to irritant alkaline clay soils.
Spending patterns of Chinese parents on children's backpacks support the Trivers-Willard hypothesis: Results based on transaction data from China's largest online retailer

Abstract Using the 2015 student backpack transaction data from the largest E-commerce business in China, this study takes a novel "big data" approach to test the patterns of parental sex preference by comparing the difference in cost between blue and pink backpacks at different quantiles of the backpack cost distribution. Unconditional quantile regression results show that, depending on the quantile of choice, the blue-pink difference in backpack cost can be positive, negative, or zero. This indicates the presence of son preference, daughter preference, and gender indifference in the same population. Treating backpack cost as a proxy measure of parental economic status, such results indicate that parents of high economic status invest more heavily in sons whereas parents of low economic status invest more heavily in daughters, as predicted by the Trivers-Willard hypothesis. The discovery of a third group, between the high- and low-status parents, who invest equally in sons and daughters further strengthens the argument.
Teachers' Beliefs about Students' Transfer of Learning.

The idea that formal learning generalizes, or is transferred, beyond the conditions of initial learning serves as a basis for our educational system. That is, educators hope students will use the learning that develops in the classroom to productively reason about situations they have yet to encounter. Researchers in psychology and mathematics education have been conducting systematic investigations of students’ transfer of learning since the beginning of the twentieth century. However, we still do not know how teachers, the people typically tasked with creating the classroom contexts within which student learning is fostered, think about this phenomenon. This study, thus, addressed the following question: What are teachers’ beliefs about students’ transfer of learning? In the present study, I interviewed 8 practicing teachers twice using instructional tasks related to slope and identified 6 categories of beliefs they exhibited about students’ transfer of learning. These categories extend current conceptualizations of transfer into the domain of mathematics education, represent beliefs that have yet to be articulated by transfer researchers, and provide a foundation on which mathematics teacher educators can begin to think about how to effectively support teachers in developing students who can make productive use of their classroom learning.
Comparison of adhesion characteristics of common dairy sporeformers and their spores on unmodified and modified stainless steel contact surfaces

The attachment of aerobic spore-forming bacteria and their spores to the surfaces of dairy processing equipment leads to biofilm formation. Although sporeformers may differ in the degree of attachment, various surface modifications are being studied in order to develop a surface that is least vulnerable to attachment. This study was conducted to compare the extent of adhesion of spores and vegetative cells of the thermotolerant sporeformer Bacillus licheniformis and the high-heat-resistant sporeformers Geobacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus sporothermodurans on both native and modified stainless steel surfaces. We studied the effect of contact surface and cell surface properties (including surface energy, surface hydrophobicity, cell surface hydrophobicity, and zeta potential) on the adhesion tendency of both types of sporeformers and their spores. Attachment to native and modified (Ni-P-polytetrafluoroethylene, Ni-P-PTFE) stainless steel surfaces was determined by allowing interaction between the respective contact surface and vegetative cells or spores for 1 h at ambient temperature. The hydrophobicity of vegetative cells and spores of aerobic spore-forming bacteria was determined using the hexadecane assay, and zeta potential was determined using the Zeta sizer Nano series instrument (Malvern Panalytical, Malvern, UK). The results indicated a higher adhesion tendency of spores over vegetative cells for both thermotolerant and high-heat-resistant sporeformers. On comparing the sporeformers, B. sporothermodurans demonstrated the highest adhesion tendency followed by G. stearothermophilus; B. licheniformis exhibited minimal attachment on both surfaces. The tendency to adhere varied with cell surface properties, decreasing with lower cell surface hydrophobicity and higher cell surface charge. On the other hand, modifying contact surface properties for higher surface hydrophobicity and lower surface energy decreased attachment.
Diagnostic Tools for Hypersomnias

A good clinical history remains the single most important tool for the assessment of hypersomnia and generation of a differential diagnosis. The history should be taken from the patient, and supplemented when possible by input from family members, who often have relevant observations that have escaped the patient's notice. The history should cover the patient's sleep schedule and situations, times, and patterns in which sleepiness emerges. Questionnaires such as the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) or Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS), to assess longer-term and immediate sleepiness, can help to standardize information gathering. Quick and inexpensive, they can be particularly useful in research studies that involve large numbers of patients. Nocturnal polysomnography may well help to identify the cause of hypersomnia, or eliminate otherwise important considerations. However, the most widely used and well-validated direct, objective test for excessive daytime sleepiness is the Multiple Sleep Latency Test. A variant, called the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test, has face value as a test of ability to maintain alertness, and is preferred by some regulatory agencies. Additional tests that are more rarely used include an electroencephalogram, various vigilance tests, neuroimaging, and laboratory assays such as that for hypocretin-1 levels. In short, evaluation of hypersomnia can be complex, must be tailored to the individual, and often requires integration of a good clinical history with results of appropriate subjective and objective tests.
A New Piece of Equipment for Skiing and Fitness — A Comparison with Existing Models

The difference between SKI-GYM and existing devices for fitness and skiing is that this model has a lot of functions to simulate situations on a slope (see fig. 2, fig. 3, fig. 4). Different target groups can use this multi-functional machine, world class athletes as well as beginners. Open image in new window Fig. 2. SKI-GYM-multifunctional tool Open image in new window Fig. 3. Variety of positions (angle of inclination) Open image in new window Fig. 4. Possibilities of setting (elastic bands)
Classical Storytelling and Contemporary Screenwriting: Aristotle and the Modern Scriptwriter

Since we first arrived on the planet, we’ve been telling each other stories, whether of that morning’s great saber-tooth tiger hunt or the latest installment of the Star Wars saga. And throughout our history, despite differences of geography or culture, we’ve been telling those stories in essentially the same way. Why? Because there is a RIGHT way to tell a story, one built into our very DNA. In his seminal work Poetics, Aristotle identified the patterns and recurring elements that existed in the successful dramas of his time as he explored precisely why we tell stories, what makes a good one, and how to best tell them. In Classical Storytelling and Contemporary Screenwriting, Brian Price examines Aristotle’s conclusions in an entertaining and accessible way and then applies those guiding principles to the most modern of storytelling mediums, going from idea to story to structure to outline to final pages and beyond, covering every relevant screenwriting topic along the way. The result is a fresh new approach to the craft of screenwriting—one that’s only been around a scant 2,500 years or so—ideal for students and aspiring screenwriters who want a comprehensive step-by-step guide to writing a successful screenplay the way the pros do it.
Kawasaki Disease Outcomes and Response to Therapy in a Multiethnic Community: A 10-Year Experience.

Objectives To describe the epidemiology, response to therapy, and outcomes of Kawasaki disease in a multiethnic community with a large Hispanic and Asian population. Study design We analyzed prospectively collected data from 788 unselected patients with Kawasaki disease diagnosed and treated at a single medical center over a 10-year period. Results The average incidence of Kawasaki disease in children Conclusions Our data provide new insights into the natural history of treated Kawasaki disease in a multiethnic population. Patient race/ethnicity influenced susceptibility to Kawasaki disease, timing of diagnosis, coronary artery outcome, and recurrence rates.
Evaluation of Zoledronate as Treatment for Hypercalcemia in Four Dogs

Hypercalcemia is a biochemical abnormality that, when left untreated, can lead to life-threatening complications including renal failure. Bisphosphonates are routinely used to treat hypercalcemia, but most literature on veterinary patients describes the use of pamidronate. This retrospective case series describes the use of zoledronate for treatment of hypercalcemia in four dogs. Information including signalment, clinical signs, treatment, and outcome was collected. All dogs showed a decrease in total and ionized calcium concentrations after treatment with zoledronate. All treatments of zoledronate administered were well tolerated, but a previously unreported local hypersensitivity reaction was observed in one dog. This report is the first to document the efficacy of zoledronate for treatment of hypercalcemia in dogs.
¿Es posible la justicia urbana en Chile? Análisis a la nueva institucionalidad en materia de mitigaciones y aportes al espacio público

ABSTRACT Governance, as a new comprehensive approach to territorial dynamics, requires identifying asymmetries of information and power that exist among its actors. In Chile, territorial conflicts derive from an invasive neoliberalism of the soil, added to planning processes without the binding participation of citizens. This work reviews Law No. 20,958, identifying the actors involved in it, its link with processes of citizen participation that seek to assess local territories and their assets. It is concluded that the determining criterion of social inclusion/exclusion in the construction of a city is economic profitability, subordinating the dimensions of social sustainability.