cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural observations in canine kidneys perfused hypothermically for 7 days in a comparative study of three preservative solutions.

Abstract To determine the effectiveness of different renal perfusates, a comparison was made of the ultrastructure of canine kidneys perfused hypothermically for 7 days with (i) cryoprecipitated plasma (CPP); (ii) plasma protein fraction (PPF); or (iii) canine serum (CS). Each perfusate contained the reducing agents ascorbic acid and glutathione, and the redox level of the perfusate was maintained by potentiostatic control. Ultrastructural analysis was limited to the renal cortex from needle biopsies taken prior to perfusion, after perfusion, and 1-hr post-transplant. All kidneys failed soon after transplantation—turning dark, apparently from vascular blockage. In the CPP-perfused group some fibrin clotting was observed along with minor glomerular changes. The endothelium appeared continuous but beaded, and the epithelium showed retracted foot processes and/or villous extensions. The tubular areas displayed good cellular preservation. The post-transplant biopsies appeared similar, showing no further fibrin deposition but extensive erythrocyte blockage. In the PPF group, serious glomerular changes were observed after perfusion. Both the endothelium and epithelium lacked characteristic profile, and cytoplasmic inclusions were reduced. A flocculent precipitate was found in both the capillary lumen and the urinary space. The tubular regions in this group appeared to be well preserved. After transplantation, the PPF group showed progressive deterioration in both the renal corpuscle and tubules. Kidneys perfused with CS had some glomerular endothelial injury, but the epithelial cell appeared nearly undisturbed. In the tubular regions, the proximal and distal convoluted portions seemed well preserved but the intertubular capillary endothelium showed discontinuity. Upon transplantation, the ultrastructure was essentially similar. In all 1-hr transplant biopsies there was evidence of erythrocyte aggregation but no indication of fibrin or platelet clotting. From the ultrastructural observations made, it appears that significant endothelial injury did occur in the PPF and CS groups during the course of perfusion whereas little or no change was found in the CPP group.
Hyperfine structure and the broadening of sunspot spectral lines

The combined effects of hyperfine structure and Zeeman splitting have been calculated for the a6D1/2–z6D1/2 line of Mn i at wavelength 4070.28 A, which is observed as a broad line in sunspot spectra. An effective Z factor is defined to represent the mean position of the strong components of the line for fields above 500 G. This Z factor might provide a method of monitoring sunspot magnetic fields.
A Proposal for an X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Oscillator with an Energy-Recovery Linac

We show that a free-electron laser oscillator generating x rays with wavelengths of about 1 A is feasible using ultralow emittance electron beams of a multi-GeV energy-recovery linac, combined with a low-loss crystal cavity. The device will produce x-ray pulses with 10{9} photons at a repetition rate of 1-100 MHz. The pulses are temporarily and transversely coherent, with a rms bandwidth of about 2 meV, and rms pulse length of about 1 ps.
Design and Optimization of Molecular Nanovalves Based on Redox-Switchable Bistable Rotaxanes

Redox-controllable molecular nanovalves based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles have been fabricated, using two bistable [2]rotaxanes with different spacer lengths between their recognition sites as the gatekeepers. Three different linkers with varying chain lengths have been employed to attach the bistable [2]rotaxane molecules covalently to the silica substrate. These nanovalves can be classified as having IN or OUT locations, based on the positions of the tethered bistable [2]rotaxanes with respect to the entrances to the nanopores. The nanovalves are more efficient when the bistable [2]rotaxane-based gatekeepers are anchored deep within (IN) the pores than when they are attached closer to (OUT) the pores' orifices. The silica nanopores can be closed and opened by moving the mechanically interlocked ring component of the bistable [2]rotaxane closer to and away from the pores' orifices, respectively, a process which allows luminescent probe molecules, such as coumarins, tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium, a...
Uncoupling mass transfer limitations of gaseous substrates in microbial systems

Abstract Hollow fiber membranes were used to enhance gas—liquid transport in a chemo-autotrophic methanogenic completely mixed batch reactor. Studies of the material transfer for gaseous substrates are typically based on the assumption that the primary resistance is transfer through the gas—liquid interface. We uncoupled the gas—liquid and liquid—microbe resistances, and evaluated their relative contributions. A reduction in the velocity gradient under a constant substrate flux into the bulk liquid shifted the observed limiting resistance from the gas—liquid interface to the liquid—microbial interface. This shift was manifested as an increase in the apparent half-saturation value. The result of this work significantly influences biochemical reactor design and/or evaluation. Although a reactor can be categorized as being completely mixed, based on spatial invariability of the biomass concentration, we demonstrated that significant mass transfer resistance may continue to reside in the liquid—microbe boundary layer.
Development of a low-cost agricultural remote sensing system based on an autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)

To provide and improved remote sensing a system based on an autonomous UAV was developed. The system was based on an easily transportable helicopter platform weighing less than 14 kg. Equipped with a multi-spectral camera and autonomous system, the UAV system was capable of acquiring multi-spectral images at the desired locations and times. An extended Kalman filter (EKF) based UAV navigation system was designed and implemented using sensor fusion techniques. A ground station was designed to be the interface between a human operator and the UAV to carry out mission planning, flight command activation, and real-time flight monitoring. Based on the navigation data, and the waypoints generated by the ground station, the UAV could be automatically navigated to the desired waypoints and hover around each waypoint to collect field image data. An experiment using the UAV system to monitor turf grass glyphosate application demonstrated the system, which indicated the UAV system provides a flexible and reliable method of sensing agricultural field with high spatial and temporal resolution of image data.
Forced Response of a Vortex Filament Pair Measured in a Water Tunnel

Crow instability is examined and quantitative measurements made in a water tunnel are presented. The results of the application of a novel technique for quantitative data acquisition that allows measurement of the vortex strength, the oscillation frequency of the vortex filaments, and the rate of growth of their amplitude simultaneously, are presented. A pair of vortex filaments, typical of those of wing tips, is created by individual vortex generating blades in a water tunnel. The filaments are then subjected to periodic inputs, and their responses are measured downstream. The vortex system is excited over a range of frequencies. The filaments are visualized with dye injection, whereas their cross sections are illuminated with light sheets at different downstream locations. Time history of the vortex position is extracted from video recordings of the illuminated cross sections. The results show that most of the essential features associated with Crow instability, such as the inclination angle of the plane of vortex motion and the growth rate of the amplitude, are in qualitative agreement with the theoretical model. Disagreements between theoretical and experimental results are examined and discussed. These experiments prove the viability of the experimental approach. Furthermore, the results demonstrate clearly that manipulation of the excitation frequency can control the rate of growth of amplitude.
Public and Clandestine: Gay Men's Pseudonyms on the French Minitel

In this article, I discuss the pseudonyms created by French gay men on the Minitel, investigating both their internal morphology and their social functions. Although pseudonymous messages are common in English language environments such as electronic chatrooms, graffiti and personal advertisements, none are as syntactically complex or as hard to decipher as Minitel `pseudos'. Can the widespread use and opaque structure of the French pseudos be imputed to their function as an `anti-language', i.e. the dialectal style of a community that feels itself to be under threat of exposure? I conclude that the pseudos owe their complex structure more to the resulting eroticization of the encounter than to any fear of outsiders.
Polymer separators for high-power, high-efficiency microbial fuel cells.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with hydrophilic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) separators showed higher Coulombic efficiencies (94%) and power densities (1220 mW m–2) than cells with porous glass fiber sep...
Sex therapy: advances in paradigms, nomenclature, and treatment.

Objective The author reviews the historical paradigms that have influenced the treatment of sexual problems, changes in the diagnostic nomenclature, and recent innovations in sex therapy.
Age-related mutations associated with clonal hematopoietic expansion and malignancies

Several genetic alterations characteristic of leukemia and lymphoma have been detected in the blood of individuals without apparent hematological malignancies. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) provides a unique resource for comprehensive discovery of mutations and genes in blood that may contribute to the clonal expansion of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Here, we analyzed blood-derived sequence data from 2,728 individuals from TCGA and discovered 77 blood-specific mutations in cancer-associated genes, the majority being associated with advanced age. Remarkably, 83% of these mutations were from 19 leukemia and/or lymphoma-associated genes, and nine were recurrently mutated (DNMT3A, TET2, JAK2, ASXL1, TP53, GNAS, PPM1D, BCORL1 and SF3B1). We identified 14 additional mutations in a very small fraction of blood cells, possibly representing the earliest stages of clonal expansion in hematopoietic stem cells. Comparison of these findings to mutations in hematological malignancies identified several recurrently mutated genes that may be disease initiators. Our analyses show that the blood cells of more than 2% of individuals (5-6% of people older than 70 years) contain mutations that may represent premalignant events that cause clonal hematopoietic expansion.
A reevaluation of corneal endothelial permeability to fluorescein

The permeability of the corneal endothelium and its aqueous-cornea distribution ratio were reevaluated in the rabbit eye. Both parameters were determined in an individual eye by applying the dye first by iontophoresis and then by intravitreal injection, which allows the influence of fluorescein glucuronide on the fluorophotometric measurements to be excluded. The corneal endothelial permeability coefficient was 5·13±1·64 × 10−4 cm min−1, and the aqueous-cornea distribution ratio was 0·25±0·06 (mean ± s.d. , n = 11) on the average, and the former was considerably greater than the previous results, while the latter was considerably smaller.
Inhabiting the solar system

The new field of space architecture is introduced. Defined as the “theory and practice of designing and building inhabited environments in outer space,” the field synthesizes human space flight systems engineering subjects with the long tradition of making environments that support human living, work, and aspiration. The scope of the field is outlined, and its three principal domains differentiated. The current state of the art is described in terms of executed projects. Foreseeable options for 21st century developments in human space flight provide a framework to tease out potential space architecture opportunities for the next century.
Effect Size Estimation in Meta-Analysis

As the rate of growth of the literature in education has grown exponentially, it has become recognized that methods of integrating like studies mathematically are needed. Meta-analysis is one technique which has been developed to fulfill this need. For the application of meta-analysis, it is important that as many studies as possible be included. Methods for estimating effect sizes when complete data are not reported are presented. When not precise, these methods provide a conservative estimate and, therefore, allow for the inclusion in a meta-analysis of relevant studies whose data might otherwise be discarded.
Heavy metals induce expression of the TPA‐inducible sequence (TIS) genes

We previously cloned a set of primary response genes, which we call TIS (TPA-Inducible Sequence) genes, from a cDNA library prepared from Swiss 3T3 cells treated with tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) and cyclohexirnide. TPA, polypeptide growth factors, and serum induce TIS gene expression in 3T3 cells. We now report that cadmium and zinc elevate mRNA levels for the TIS genes, including TIS28 (c-fos), in Swiss 3T3 cells. The time-Course of TIS gene mRNA accumulation after metal exposure is delayed in comparison to the accumulation of TIS gene mRNA after treatment with TPA and growth factors. Cadmium induction of the TIS gene message accumulation is blocked by actinomycin D. Moreover, cadmium treatment does not significantly stabilize TIS gene messages. TIS gene induction by metal is a primary response; TIS8, which encodes a zinc-finger transcription factor, and TIS28 (c-fos), can be induced in the presence of cadmium and cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Downregulation of protein kinase C does not attenuate TIS gene induction by heavy metals.
A Tri-Basic-Dye Stain for Nerve Cells

A new staining method has been developed for the study of nerve cells and Nissl granules which combines three basic dyes, cresylecht violet, toluidine blue and thionin. The use of this tri-basic-dye stain results in finished preparations that are critically stained and permanent. Paraffin sections (4 μ sections preferably) are mounted on slides by the starch medium, deparaffinized and stained by the tribasic staining solution. After differentiation in acidified distilled water, sections are dehydrated, returned to stain solution and again dehydrated, then cleared and mounted in Clarite. Various vertebrate material including normal and pathological human tissues have been stained with this triple dye solution. Especially for pathological material, re-immersion of slides in the staining and 80% alcohol solutions before mounting, differentially intensifies the staining reaction. Fixatives used were 10% formalin, 95% alcohol, Bouin and formalin-Bouin (10% formalin followed by Bouin).
Analysis of errors of handwritten digits made by a multitude of classifiers

In this paper we describe an in-depth study on some data misclassified by a collection of classifiers produced by different authors. First of all, we divide the errors into three categories based on their quality and analyze their distributions according to category. Common errors made by three or more classifiers out of five have been identified and analyzed to deduce the reasons of misclassification. Finally, based on systematic analyses, two possible solutions to reduce errors and improve system reliability are proposed: (a) a verification module, and (b) combination of complementary multiple classifiers.
A facile synthesis of tritiated D-glucose and D-galactose labeled uniquely at carbon 4

Abstract A method is described for the simple synthesis of D -glucose and D -galactose specifically labeled at C-4 with tritium. Methyl α- D -galactopyranoside (1) was converted into methyl 2,3,6-tri- O -benzoyl-α- D -galactopyranoside ( 2 ). Oxidation of ( 2 ) with methyl sulfoxide gave methyl 2,3,6-tri- O -benzoyl-α-D- xylo -hexopyranosid-4-ulose ( 3 ). Reduction of 3 with sodium borotritiide resulted in the formation of the expected 4-tritiated methyl 2,3,6-tri- O -benzoyl-α- D -glucopyranoside and α- D -galactopyranoside respectively. On debenzoylation with sodium methoxide, and acid hydrolysis, the free sugars D -glucose- 4 - t and D -galactose- 4 - t were obtained. At least 99% of the tritium activity was associated with C-4.
Optimization of UV curable acrylated polyester- polyurethane/polysiloxane ceramer coatings using a response surface methodology

Dual UV and moisture curable acrylated polyester, organic/inorganic hybrid coatings were prepared using a coupling agent and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) oligomers. An acrylated polyester resin based on adipic acid, neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, and acrylic acid was synthesized. TEOS oligomers were prepared through the hydrolysis and condensation of TEOS with water and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylisocyanate (TEOSPI) was used as the coupling agent between organic and inorganic phases. Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) was used as a reactive diluent. The formulations were cured into films by utilizing UV, followed by moisture curing. The resultant coatings were evaluated in terms of tensile and fracture toughness properties by using ANOVA. Effects of the TEOS oligomers, TEOSPI, and TMPTA on the free radical UV polymerization kinetics were also investigated. The experiments were planned according to the three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design. Reaction kinetics, fracture toughness, and tensile properties were evaluated in terms of the concentrations of TEOS oligomers, TEOSPI, and TMPTA concentrations.
COMPUTATIONAL VERB SYSTEMS: VERB SETS

Abstract A computational verb set (verb set for short) consists of a computational verb and a crisp set or a fuzzy set. Verb sets generalize the other sets from linguistic structure ”BE + statement” to “verb + statement”. Verb sets are strongly connected to computational verbs and their contexts. In this paper, the framework of verb sets and some basic concepts and properties of verb sets are given. An application of verb sets to chaotic cryptanalysis is presented to illustrate how verb sets are constructed in real-life applications.
Transmission of nuclear polyhedrosis virus to gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) eggs via contaminated substrates.

Higher mortality from nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) was observed among gypsy moth larvae hatched from egg masses laid on virus-treated bark substrates than larvae hatched from egg masses laid on bleach-treated or untreated bark. Eggs from the inner portions of the egg mass (proximal to the substrate) were more heavily contaminated than those in the outer portions. These results indicate that gypsy moth egg masses can become contaminated with infectious NPV during oviposition on contaminated substrates. This mechanism may be an important mode of transmission in high-density populations or in years following an epizootic.
Double-Chambered Right Ventricle

Abstract Two patients with aberrant muscle bundles producing double-chambered right ventricle are reported. Elements of recognition of this unusual deformity are presented and discussed. Successful surgical correction of the double-chambered right ventricle and associated defects is illustrated.
Water quality monitoring strategies

This keynote paper addresses four rhetorical questions regarding water quality monitoring which are paramount in formulating network-design strategies. These consist of (1) why, (2) how, and (3) for whom do we collect monitoring data, and (4) how do we evaluate monitoring-programme effectiveness in considering future information needs? Aspects of these rhetorical issues are discussed in this keynote paper, along with some recommended guidelines for setting of goals and objectives, specifying network-design functions, identifying information users, and anticipating future monitoring perspectives. The paper's intent is to focus on topics relevant to deliberations resulting from technical papers presented at the Symposium on Monitoring to Detect Changes in Water Quality Series, Budapest, July 1986.
Sedimentary record of heavy metal pollution in Lake Erie

Abstract Three cores, one kilometer apart, from each of seven locations along Lake Erie were analyzed for heavy metals and dated by 210 Pb techniques. The sedimentary record of anthropogenic inputs of heavy metals parallels the increasing intensity of cultural activity in the lake basin. On the average, pollution sources annually contribute 0.4 μg of Cd, 12 μg of Cu, 12 μg of Pb and 36 μg of Zn deposited per each cm 2 of the Eastern Basin sediments: 0.5, 8.8, 11 and 31 μg of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, respectively, deposited per cm 2 of Western Basin sediments and 0.7, 1.4, 2.0 and 5.6 μg of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, respectively, deposited per cm 2 of fine-grained sediments in the Central Basin. These anthropogenic flux rates exceed the pre-colonial data by 80–600%. The mean flux rates for 210 Pb into the Eastern. Central and Western Basins are 0.45, 0.07 and 0.15dpm cm −2 yr −1 . respectively. From an inventory of sources and sinks of the metals, it is shown that about 2500 × 10 3 kg of Cu. 1900 × 10 3 kg of Pb and 6750 × 10 3 kg of Zn are delivered annually into the lake. The calculated retention in the lake sediments of 45%, 65% and 35% of the total annual inputs of Cu. Pb and Zn, respectively, agrees closely with the accumulation of data derived from sediment analyses. Sewage discharges, direct and indirect, are shown to be an important source of metal in the lake. The mean residence times in the water column are inferred to be 104 days for Cu. 180 days for Pb and 152 days for Zn.
Linewidth and frequency jitter measurement of an erbium-doped fiber ring laser by using a loss-compensated, delayed self-heterodyne interferometer

The single-mode line width of erbium-doped, single-frequency, fiber ring laser has been measured by using a newly developed loss-compensated delayed self-heterodyne interferometer that has a resolution of less than 600 Hz. The natural linewidth is determined to have an upper bound of less than 2 kHz. In addition, frequency jitter was found to be dominant over the natural linewidth, yielding an effective linewidth of approximately 4 kHz.
Structures of Nitroso- and Nitroguanidine X-ray Crystallography and Computational Analysis

The X-ray structures of solid nitroguanidine (ngoH):orthorhombic, Fdd2, a = 17.6181(14), b = 24.848(2), c = 3.5901(4) A, V = 1571.7(3) A3, Z = 16 and nitrosoguanidine (ngH); monoclinic, P 21/n, a = 3.64510(10), b = 11.746(2), c = 8.6483(14) A, β = 99.167(2)∘, V = 365.55(9) A3, Z = 4 have been determined utilizing single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The results are compared with the most stable gaseous configurations derived from ab inito calculations. The lowest energy calculated configuration for the ligands and experimentally observed crystal structures are in excellent agreement. In the solid state, both the ngoH and ngH contain discrete molecules in their unit cells which are planar (within experimental error), in the diamine configurations and are structurally identical except for an oxygen atom. In solid ngH, two ligand molecules have four nitrogen atoms arranged in a plane such that they are suitable for coordination to a nickel ion (1.945, 2.064 A), when it is at the 1/2, 1/2, 1/2 unit-cell position giving the observed complex. As far as we are aware, this is the first instance in which a ligand crystal structure is essentially the same, with minor distance, angle and torsion angle changes, as the complex it forms and suggests some potentially unique properties and applications for this material.
New High‐Resolution Images of Summer Arctic Sea Ice

[1] In 1995 a group of government and academic scientists were appointed by the vice president of the United States to review and advise on acquisitions of imagery obtained by classified intelligence satellites (National Technical Means) and to recommend the declassification of certain data sets for the benefit of science. The group is called MEDEA and was first described by Richelson [1998]. MEDEA disbanded in 2000 but reassembled in 2008. On 15 June 2009, under the auspices of MEDEA, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) released to the public as Literal Image Derived Products (LIDPs) numerous images with 1-meter resolution acquired since 1999 at six locations in the Arctic Basin (Beaufort Sea, Canadian Arctic, Fram Strait, East Siberian Sea, Chukchi Sea, and Point Barrow). These locations are named “fiducial sites” to suggest that the collected imagery establishes a baseline data set for understanding recent and future changes. Data in the Global Fiducials Library (GFL) can be accessed via http://gfl.usgs.gov/. This data repository is updated by USGS as additional data become available.
Effects of annual draining on water quality and production of channel catfish in ponds

Abstract Concentrations of chlorophyll a , total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, nitrite-nitrogen, total ammonia-nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen were measured frequently in channel catfish ponds, of which four were drained annually and four were not drained for 3 years. Average concentrations of total phosphorus increased from year to year in undrained ponds, and they were higher ( P a concentrations, did not differ ( P > 0.05) within or between treatments during the 3 years. Water quality was similar between treatments. One difference in production of channel catfish occurred during the third year and was related to a parasite infection of fish rather than water quality. The findings suggest that the recent trend in not draining channel catfish ponds at harvest will not lead to rapid deterioration of water quality in ponds.
Evaluation of the conformational, hydrogen bonding and crystal packing preferences of acyclic imides

The molecular recognition properties of 18 acyclic imides were studied to evaluate the relative contributions of conformational, hydrogen bonding and crystal packing forces to the stabilization of specific aggregate patterns in the solid state. The crystal structure of diisobutyramide and the aggregate patterns of the 18 imides are presented. The stabilization by hydrogen bonding was found to override the conformational preferences of imides, while packing forces often precluded the formation of the most stable hydrogen bonded aggregate. The aggregate patterns of imides were also found to be a function of the type of substituents present as R groups. Imides with R groups of similar shape and size prefer to pack as bifurcated hydrogen bonded chains, whereas dimers or singly hydrogen-bonded chains form when the R groups have significantly different spatial requirements. Analysis of imide aggregate patterns revealed the similar spatial requirements of isopropyl and phenyl groups. The molecular recognition properties of acyclic imides are summarized as a set of hydrogen bond rules, which can be used to design new imide aggregates.
Retroflexed endoscopic band ligation of bleeding internal hemorrhoids.

Abstract Background: Elastic band ligation is a well-established nonoperative method for treatment of bleeding internal hemorrhoids, stages II-III. Usually, one or two bands are placed at a single session by using rigid instruments. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility, tolerability, safety, and efficacy of multiple band ligation of internal hemorrhoids performed in one session by using a flexible endoscope with an attached band ligation device in the retroflexed position. Methods: Eighty-three patients with chronically bleeding and/or prolapsing internal hemorrhoids were treated by retroflexed endoscopic band ligation. From 1 to 6 bands were placed in a single session. Bands were targeted at the apex and proximal body of the internal hemorrhoid so that final band placement was entirely proximal to the dentate line. Malpositioned bands were removed by using a novel method. Patients were followed prospectively to assess tolerance, complications, and efficacy. Retreatment was offered if the desired result was not achieved. Results: A mean of 3.0 (SD 1.2) bands (range 1-6) were placed in a single session. Five percent of bands were malpositioned and removed. Patients were followed for 26 (17) months (range 1-52 months). An excellent result was achieved in 80% of patients with stage II hemorrhoids. Patients with stage II hemorrhoids were more likely to have an excellent result compared with patients with stage III hemorrhoids (80% vs. 54%, p Conclusions: Retroflexed endoscopic band ligation is a feasible, well-tolerated, effective, and safe for treatment of bleeding stage II internal hemorrhoids. A novel method of endoscopic band removal is described. (Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:532-7.)
An efficient technique for analyzing multiple frequency‐selective‐surface screens with dissimilar periods

This Letter presents an efficient technique for analyzing multiple frequency-selective surfaces (FSSs) with noncommensurate periodicities based on the discrete plane-wave spectrum (DPWS) expansion method. In this method, the tangential electric fields at the interfaces of the screens are first expanded in a set of transverse electric and transverse magnetic waves, and the responses of the individual FSS screens are derived for each of these waves. The transmission and reflection characteristics of the composite structure are then computed in an iterative manner, circumventing the need for matrix inversions, which can be extremely expensive in terms of CPU time and memory for noncommensurate FSSs. Representative numerical examples are presented to illustrate the computational advantage gained by using the proposed approach as opposed to the conventional generalized scattering matrix technique. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 35: 23–27, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10506
Annual effective dose of ionizing radiation from natural sources: United States based airline pilots compared with non-flying residents of the United States

Abstract An increased risk of fatal cancer from exposure to ionizing radiation is a health concern for airline pilots. This concern may be unjustified for most US pilots because: (a) for the majority of US pilots on 6825 flights, the annual effective dose of ionizing radiation from natural sources (on and off the job) is less than the annual effective dose to non-flying residents of Environmental Protection Agency Region 8 – a six state region in the US where the effective dose to non-flying residents from natural sources is 84% higher than that received by non-flying residents of the US as a whole – and (b) the death rate from cancer in the states in Region 8 ranges from 3% to 26% lower than the average death rate from cancer in the entire US. If epidemiological studies clearly indicate that airline pilots as a group are at an increased risk of developing fatal cancer, perhaps other factors in addition to ionizing radiation are involved. Another possibility is that the method of calculating the radiation dose received during air travel needs reevaluation.
Manual material handling guidelines for the shoulder: Biomechanical support for the Liberty Mutual Tables as developed by Snook and Ciriello

Abstract Stover Snook and Vincent Ciriello laid the groundwork for psychophysical material handling guidelines in the 1970s. Since then, further research into psychophysical guidelines has been performed by numerous researchers. However, there still exists a gap between psychophysical and biomechanical guidelines. Snook and Ciriello's work eventually led to development of the Liberty Mutual Tables to reduce low-back pain episode in workers due to MMH tasks. Epidemiological evidence indicates pushing tasks may be more related to shoulder pain than low-back pain. A novel approach to protecting worker's shoulder complex by comparing the Liberty Mutual Table guidelines for pushing tasks to biomechanically derived pushing guidelines is presented. These biomechanically derived guidelines are based on muscle activation levels of the subscapularis muscle as determined using a biomechanical model of the shoulder complex. The subscapularis muscle may be a marker for subacromial impingement syndrome. In general, the psychophysical guidelines and the biomechanical guidelines achieve general agreement with respect to magnitude and shape. Differences between the two models range from 6 to 67%. Relevance to industry The results of this study should provide insights into the similarities and differences in biomechanically driven and psychophysically driven pushing guidelines. These insights may help lead to more comprehensive pushing recommendations for workers.
Greater travel time to a liver transplant center does not adversely affect clinical outcomes

The effect of patient travel time to a transplant center on outcomes is unknown. We compared outcomes between patients living >3 hours (Group A) vs. ≤3 (Group B) hours drive away. Adult, nonacute liver failure patients entering transplant evaluation from February 27, 2002 to January 31, 2005 were analyzed. Of 166 patients, 126 (75.5%) were listed and 66 (39.5%) received transplantation. Outcomes of interest were >90 days to list, listing, survival while listed, transplantation, and posttransplantation survival. Covariates included Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), alcoholic liver disease, insurance type, and psychosocial score. There were 38 (23%) patients in Group A and 128 (77%) in Group B. Median MELD scores were 14.5 (range, 6–36) for Group A and 14.0 (range, 7–32) for Group B (p = 0.20). Groups were similar for age, gender, diagnosis, psychosocial score, insurance, and HCC variables. Group A was not independently associated with >90 days to list (odds ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.4–2.4). Kaplan-Meier cumulative probabilities for listing, transplantation, and 1-yr posttransplantation survival were similar (A vs. B: 0.77 vs. 0.83, 0.70 vs. 0.69, and 0.85 vs. 0.86, respectively; all p values >0.05). Being in Group A remained insignificant in terms of probability of listing, transplantation, and posttransplantation survival by Cox proportional hazard modeling. Survival on the list was significantly better for Group A (A: 1.0, B: 0.55; p = 0.02). Fewer patients at high MELD score in Group A and referral biases may explain this difference. In conclusion, after entering evaluation, patients living >3 hours away from a transplant center have comparable outcomes to those living closer. Liver Transpl 14:18–24, 2008. © 2007 AASLD.
Picosecond IR dynamics: lessons learned

Abstract We present some of the lessons we have learnt as we have attempted to do time-resolved IR pump-probe experiments at FELIX, the FEL at Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
Some Connections between Frames, Mutually Unbiased Bases, and POVM’s in Quantum Information Theory

This paper gives a very brief overview of some aspects of quantum information theory, then explains the relationship between a positive operator valued measure (POVM) and a frame. Some special types of POVM’s are defined and conjectures about them shown to be essentially conjectures about the existence of special types of frames. Finally, some connections with quantum channels and separable states are discussed.
Modeling the Toxicokinetics of Inhaled Toluene in Rats: Influence of Physical Activity and Feeding Status

Toluene is found in petroleum-based fuels and used as a solvent in consumer products and industrial applications. The critical effects following inhalation exposure involve the brain and nervous system in both humans and experimental animals, whether exposure duration is acute or chronic. The goals of this physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model development effort were twofold: (1) to evaluate and explain the influence of feeding status and activity level on toluene pharmacokinetics utilizing our own data from toluene-exposed Long Evans (LE) rats, and (2) to evaluate the ability of the model to simulate data from the published literature and explain differing toluene kinetics. Compartments in the model were lung, slowly and rapidly perfused tissue groups, fat, liver, gut, and brain; tissue transport was blood-flow limited and metabolism occurred in the liver. Chemical-specific parameters and initial organ volumes and blood flow rates were obtained from the literature. Sensitivity analysis revea...
Estradiol Up-regulates AUF1p45 Binding to Stabilizing Regions within the 3′-Untranslated Region of Estrogen Receptor α mRNA

Estradiol up-regulates expression of the estrogen receptor alpha gene in the uterus by stabilizing estrogen receptor alpha mRNA. Previously, we defined two discrete minimal estradiol-modulated stability sequences (MEMSS) within the extensive 3'-untranslated region of estrogen receptor alpha mRNA with an in vitro stability assay using cytosolic extracts from sheep uterus. We report here that excess MEMSS RNA inhibited the enhanced stability of estrogen receptor alpha mRNA in extracts from estradiol-treated ewes compared with those from control ewes. Several estradiol-induced MEMSS-binding proteins were characterized by UV cross-linking in uterine extracts from ewes in a time course study (0, 8, 16, and 24 h after estradiol injection). The pattern of binding proteins changed at 16 h post-injection, concurrent with enhanced estrogen receptor alpha mRNA stability and the highest rate of accumulation of estrogen receptor alpha mRNA. The predominant MEMSS-binding protein induced by estradiol treatment was identified as AUF1 (A + U-rich RNA-binding factor 1) protein isoform p45 (a product of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D gene). Immunoblot analysis indicated that only two of four AUF1 protein isoforms were present in the uterine cytosolic extracts and that estradiol treatment strongly increased the ratio of AUF1 isoforms p45 to p37. Nonphosphorylated recombinant AUF1p45 protected estrogen receptor alpha mRNA in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. These studies describe estrogenic induction of AUF1p45 binding to the estrogen receptor alpha mRNA as a molecular mechanism for post-transcriptional up-regulation of gene expression.
Equivalence to normal

The two articles discussed are integral ingredients of a greater whole Ken Howard envisioned. The first (Saunders, Howard, & Newman, 1988) refined our understanding of clinical significance, challenging researchers to clearly define the character and range of behaviors identified as normal or nonclinical for a specific population. The second (Rogers, Howard, & Vessey, 1993) focused on tests of equivalency between two experimental groups. Both were part of a general theme: A study's outcome requires a careful delineation of the norms and “normality” for that population as well as to whether the differences or equivalencies of the outcomes from these norms are important to the client, to the client's family, or to the community/society in which the client is to function. Ken's second authorship, typical on his many publications, honored his dedication to mentoring those who would improve upon what is currently understood. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Students Serving Christ: Understanding the Role of Student Subcultures on a College Campus.

This article uses the Students Serving Christ student organization to examine the role of student subcultures in higher education. Using subculture theories, this article examines the origins of student subcultures, explores how subcultures are formed and sustained, reveals what counts as normal within and among student subcultures, investigates forms of student resistance, and examines subculture tensions and paradoxes. Recommendations target higher education and anthropology scholars.
Expectancy, Self-Efficacy, and Placebo Effect of a Sham Supplement for Weight Loss in Obese Adults

This study examined the role of expectancy in the placebo effect of a sham dietary supplement for weight loss in 114 obese adults with metabolic syndrome. All participants received lifestyle education and were randomized to 1 of 3 conditions: (1) a daily placebo capsule and told that they were taking an active weight loss supplement, (2) daily placebo and told they had a 50% random chance of receiving either the active or placebo, or (3) no capsules. At 12 weeks, weight loss and metabolic outcomes were similar among the 3 groups. Participants in both groups that took capsules showed decreased weight loss self-efficacy and increased expectations of benefit from dietary supplements. Participants not taking capsules showed the opposite. Adverse events were more frequently reported in groups taking capsules than those who were not. These findings suggest that supplements without weight loss effects may have nocebo effects through diminished self-efficacy.
Encoding partially ordered information

The typical distance effect for comparative judgments about ordered information (faster responses for nonadjacent comparisons than for adjacent comparisons) has not been found in recent experiments on processing highly complex 12-term partial orders. However, the rather complicated training and testing procedures used in these studies may have contributed to this failure to observe typical distance effects. The present experiment investigated the pro cessing of a seven-term partial order in simpler experimental conditions similar to those employed in complete order studies. Results indicated that there were pronounced individual differences in encoding such information. Since only three subjects were judged to be using a valid representation of the partial order, no conclusions about the lack of distance effects in comparing partially ordered information could be drawn. Most subjects used memory repre sentations that removed some or all of the indeterminacy in the partial order. It was concluded that most people do not have a preconceived scheme for encoding partially ordered information.
Sexually abstinent adolescents: an 18-month follow-up.

This study was a longitudinal follow-up of 697 early adolescents from 20 schools in Missouri, investigating students who, in 1997, indicated on a survey of sexual attitudes and behaviors that they had not had sexual intercourse. They completed the Reasons for Abstinence Scale (RAS) by identifying those items that were reasons why they had not had sex. In 1999, 18 months later, 568 of the same students were available to complete the RAS again. When the adolescents who remained abstinent in 1999 ( n = 422) were compared with their peers who had become sexually active ( n = 146), the abstinent adolescents (a) were significantly less likely to report consuming alcohol on a regular basis, (b) were significantly more likely to be male, and (c) gave more reasons for being abstinent. However, the adolescents who remained abstinent had a significant drop in the number of reasons for being abstinent over the 18 months.
A Model for Microcomputer Management (C.A.S.E.)

C.A.S.E., a managment model for introducing microcomputers into a service delivery system over a period of four years, provides a systematic method for approaching its four components—conceptualization, acquisition, staff development, and evaluation. Aspects of each component are described here, and practical applications are provided.
Synthesis and Optical Characterization of Au/Ag Core/Shell Nanorods

Au/Ag core/shell nanorods with different shell thickness were synthesized in aqueous solution by chemically depositing silver on gold nanorods surface. With the silver coating, the longitudinal plasmon mode of the nanorods shifted blue and was enhanced. A dipole-limit calculation, based on confocal ellipsoids, simulates the spectra of the core/shell nanorods using bulk dielectric functions. Good agreement with the experimental result was achieved. Light scattering spectra of single nanorods were taken by dark-field microscopy to measure the homogeneous line width. The scattering spectra of single gold nanorods are less than 10% broader than the theoretical value, while the spectra of silver-coated nanorods are systematically 40−50% broader. The additional damping of the plasmon was modeled as the extra scattering at the Au−Ag interface and the nanorods surface. A model for evaluating the plasmon damping in inhomogeneous metallic systems with interfaces is presented.
Stopped flow luminol chemiluminescence determination of Fe(II) and reducible iron in seawater at subnanomolar levels

Abstract A highly sensitive stopped flow chemiluminescence method has been developed for the analysis of Fe(II) at subnanomolar levels in seawater. Oxidation of Fe(II) by O 2 in the absence of H 2 O 2 is used to catalyze luminol chemiluminescence. The sample and luminol reagent are pneumatically injected into a 1 cm flow cell positioned in front of a photomultiplier tube. The luminescence intensity is measured with a picoammeter and recorded on a personal computer. Fe(II) can be determined directly in open ocean and coastal waters with 5 ml of sample. Interference studies were conducted with Cr(III), Fe(III), Cu(II), Mn(II), Zn(II), Co(II), and Ni(II). Ni(II), Cr(III), and Fe(III) did not exhibit a significant interference over the concentration range 5 to 500 nmol/kg. Mn(II) and Cu(II) caused a reduction in signal at all levels greater than 5 nmol/kg. Zn(II) and Co(II) produced an interference only when their concentrations were 100 times or more that of Fe(II), resulting in an enhanced signal. Dissolved organic matter reduced the sensitivity of the method in coastal waters relative to open ocean waters. The detection limit for Fe(II) with a 200 μl sample injection volume is 0.06 nmol/kg in open ocean waters and 0.15 nmol/kg in coastal waters. The relative standard deviation of three replicates is ±8%. Direct application to seawater is accomplished with a minimum of post-sampling manipulations or chemical treatments. In addition the reducible iron concentration can be determined by reduction with sulfite. The instrumentation required is easily adapted for field use.
Experiential media systems

This article presents a personalized narrative on the early discussions within the Multimedia community and the subsequent research on experiential media systems. I discuss two different research initiatives—design of real-time, immersive multimedia feedback environments for stroke rehabilitation; exploratory environments for events that exploited the user's ability to make connections. I discuss the issue of foundations: the question of multisensory integration and superadditivity; the need for identification of “first-class” Multimedia problems; expanding the scope of Multimedia research.
Salicylate absorption from rectal suppositories.

Abstract The absorption in humans of aspirin and sodium salicylate incorporated in six suppository bases was studied by means of urinary salicylate elimination. It was found that the rectal dose of aspirin and sodium salicylate was equivalent to the oral dose. Rectal absorption was altered by pharmaceutical factors, which affected the release of the drug from the suppository. Aspirin was rapidly released from suppositories of polyethylene glycol and polyoxyethylene (4) sorbitan monostearate with glyceryl monostearate; aspirin was poorly released from a suppository of sorbitan monopalmitate. Sodium salicylate was rapidly released from a suppository of theobroma oil. Data for the release from theobroma oil suppositories containing cholesterol and glyceryl monostearate were inconclusive.