cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alcohol-related problems and life satisfaction predict motivation to change among mandated college students

The present study investigated the role specific types of alcohol-related problems and life satisfaction play in predicting motivation to change alcohol use. Participants were 548 college students mandated to complete a brief intervention following an alcohol-related policy violation. Using hierarchical multiple regression, we tested for the presence of interaction and quadratic effects on baseline data collected prior to the intervention. A significant interaction indicated that the relationship between a respondent's personal consequences and his/her motivation to change differs depending upon the level of concurrent social consequences. Additionally quadratic effects for abuse/dependence symptoms and life satisfaction were found. The quadratic probes suggest that abuse/dependence symptoms and poor life satisfaction are both positively associated with motivation to change for a majority of the sample; however, the nature of these relationships changes for participants with more extreme scores. Results support the utility of using a multidimensional measure of alcohol related problems and assessing non-linear relationships when assessing predictors of motivation to change. The results also suggest that the best strategies for increasing motivation may vary depending on the types of alcohol-related problems and level of life satisfaction the student is experiencing and highlight potential directions for future research.
Numerical issues in estimation of integral curves from noisy diffusion tensor data

Abstract The estimation of a diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) model proposed by Koltchinskii et al. (2007) involves two steps. The second step requires solving an ordinary differential equation, which in practice is solved by using a numerical approximation. We investigate how to balance the additional numerical error introduced by this approximation with the statistical estimation error using empirical mean integrated squared error for Euler’s and the second order Runge–Kutta approximations. We give practical guideline on how fast should the numerical approximation step grow with respect to the sample size. However, the typical scales of the neural fibers estimated using DTI in brains are much smaller than the maximal allowed numerical approximation step for approximation of any order. It is further observed that a simple Euler’s approximation gives very similar results as obtained by using a more sophisticated numerical approximation of a higher order. In view of the increasing computational costs for numerical approximations of higher orders, the use of Euler’s approximation is well-justified for the DTI.
Objectives to direct the training of emergency medicine residents on off-service rotations

Up to 50% of the 36 months of resident training in emergency medicine may be on off-service rotations. The experience on these rotations can lack educational content and opportunity pertinent to emergency medicine. The resident rarely has readily available and structured guidance to optimize training in terms of the anticipated needs of the specialty. In response to this problem, the authors have written curricula containing subject content listings, objectives, and supplied references for 16 off-service rotations. A plan for implementing the materials and an example from the obstetrics-gynecology rotation is given. After 12 months' experience, the authors have subjective responses from residents and off-service program directors that support the value of this information. Positive reports include: Residents having a better understanding of faculty expectations, improved "consistency of experience," residents appreciating the added attention, improved performance, and expanded reading efforts. One expressed concern is "too much to read." The project continues to evolve.
On the morphology and structure of J-1 polymer, poly[(bis-4,4′-dicyclohexyl-methane) n-dodecanediamide], spherulites

Abstract Six different kinds of spherulites of du Pont's J-1 polymer, poly[(bis-4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane) n-dodecanediamide], were grown from an m -cresol solution during isothermal solvent evaporation. Polarizing microscopy shows different extinction patterns and interference colours in the spherulites. Electron diffraction indicates that three orthorhombic crystalline modifications with different a parameters exist in the single crystals and spherulites of J-1 polymer grown from solution. Electron microscopy and electron diffraction show that the variations in appearance of the spherulites are due to variations in the crystalline modifications and the crystallographic indices and morphology of the radiating crystalline entities.
Equity measurement in facility location analysis: A review and framework

Abstract In selecting sites for facilities, especially in the public sector, the issue of equity is becoming increasingly important. Beginning with the work of Mumphreys et al. (1971), McAllister (1976), and Savas (1978), a substantial literature has developed that incorporates equity in facility siting decision models. Despite this level of interest, however, there has been little agreement in these models as to how equity should be measured. Further, except for some recent works, there has generally been little comparison of alternative measures, or assesment of their relative value, let alone any consensus on the best measure(s) to use. Perhaps even more surprising is the great number and variety of measures employed. The motivation for this paper is to address these problems and provide for researchers a base from which issues of equity can be included in facility siting models. More specifically, we seek to review the equity literature as it pertains to facility location, assemble the set of measures that have been developed, and introduce a framework and common notation for organizing them. We also will discuss approaches that can be used to select an appropriate measure of equity.
Physicochemical and oxidative characteristics of semi-volatile components of quasi-ultrafine particles in an urban atmosphere

This study examines the physicochemical and redox profiles of atmospheric semi-volatile compounds to evaluate their contribution to the oxidative potential of ambient particulate matter (PM). Concentrated ambient and thermodenuded quasi-ultrafine particles (<180 nm) were collected using the versatile aerosol concentration enrichment system (VACES) at an urban site near downtown Los Angeles. A thermodenuder (TD) was used to selectively remove the semi-volatile components of these aerosols over the temperature range of 50–200 °C. The oxidative potential of PM was measured by means of the DTT (dithiothreitol) assay. Detailed chemical analyses of PM samples, including organic and elemental carbon, water soluble elements, inorganic ions and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), were conducted to quantify the volatility profiles of different PM species, and also to investigate their effect on measured oxidative potential. Refractory constituents, such as metals and elemental carbon, were marginally affected by heating, while labile species such as organic carbon and PAHs showed progressive loss in concentration with increase in TD temperature. The DTT-measured oxidative potential of PM was significantly decreased as the aerosols were heated and their semi-volatile components were progressively removed (42 ± 5%, 47 ± 8% and 66 ± 6% decrease at 50, 100 and 200 °C, respectively). Thus, semi-volatile compounds present in quasi-ultrafine urban aerosols constitute a significant fraction of PM oxidative potential, which is associated with the cellular generation of reactive oxygen species. Regression analysis performed between chemical constituents and DTT activity showed that the oxidative potential was strongly correlated with organic carbon and PAHs (R ≥ 0.80; p ≤ 0.05).
Colorimetric enantiodiscrimination of α-amino acids in protic media

A new method is described for the determination of optical purity of α-amino acid samples in protic media. No derivatization of the analyte or multistep synthesis is required, and high accuracy is obtained from the colorimetric output. Chiral discrimination is achieved through the use of an optically pure trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-derived Cu(II)-containing host that differentiates amino acid enantiomers by a factor of about 2. Enantioselective signaling arises from the implementation of an indicator displacement assay based on competitive Cu(II) coordination involving the chiral Cu(II)-containing host, the amino acid guest, and a metal ion indicator. The molecular structure of the host/guest complex was determined by X-ray analysis and exhibits chelation of the Cu(II) center by the amino acid to provide substrate organization.
Determination of magnetic phase transitions in holmium using magnetoresistance measurements

Abstract The magnetic phase diagram of Holmium in the field–temperature plane has been determined using electrical resistance and longitudinal magnetoresistance measurements along the b -axis. Our H – T phase diagram below 70 K agrees quite well with that of Jensen and Mackintosh. We observed a splitting of the Neel temperature above approximately 1 T. This study shows that fairly simple magnetoresistance measurements can be used to establish magnetic phase diagrams of rare earth single crystals.
A clinical prediction rule to estimate the probability of mediastinal metastasis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

Introduction Estimating the clinical probability of mediastinal metastasis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can facilitate the selection and interpretation of staging tests. Purpose We sought to identify independent clinical predictors of mediastinal metastasis and to develop a prediction rule to estimate the pretest probability of nodal metastasis in patients with NSCLC. Methods We used data from a randomized controlled trial of selective versus routine mediastinoscopy to develop a clinical prediction model. Results Five hundred sixty-six patients were included, with a mean age of 65 ± 9 years; 31% had positive lymph nodes. Independent predictors of positive nodes included adenocarcinoma or large cell histology (OR 2.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.8–3.9), apparent metastatic disease on chest radiography (OR 2.4, 95% CI=1.2–4.7), central location of the primary tumor (OR 2.1, 95% CI=1.4–3.3), symptoms from the primary tumor (OR 1.6, 95% CI=1.1–2.4), tumor diameter ≥3.6 cm (OR 1.5, 95% CI=1.0–2.3), and age less than 65 years (OR 1.5, 95% CI=1.0–2.2). Model accuracy and calibration were good, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.70 (95% CI=0.66–0.75) and good agreement between observed and predicted probabilities of mediastinal metastasis. Conclusions Our prediction rule can be used to estimate the pretest probability of mediastinal metastasis in patients with NSCLC. Such estimates can facilitate clinical decision making when selecting and interpreting the results of noninvasive and invasive staging tests.
Sphingolipid signaling mediates iron toxicity

Iron constitutes a major source of toxicity due to its ability to generate reactive oxygen species that can damage cellular macromolecules. However, the precise mechanism by which exposure to high iron concentrations results in cellular toxicity remains unknown. Here we identify sphingolipid synthesis and signaling as a major mediator of iron toxicity in S. cerevisiae. Inhibition of sphingolipid synthesis by myriocin treatment or after overexpression of the negative regulator Orm2p confers resistance to high iron. High iron conditions upregulate sphingolipid synthesis, and increasing sphingolipid levels by inactivating Orm2p exacerbates sensitivity to iron. Toxicity is mediated by sphingolipid signaling, as inactivation of the sphingolipid-activated protein kinases Pkh1p and Ypk1p and of the transcription factor Smp1p also enhances resistance to high iron conditions. These results demonstrate an unexpected connection between sphingolipid flux and iron toxicity and show that activation of a signal transduction cascade contributes to iron-mediated cellular toxicity.
Pulse and DC Electropolishing of Stainless Steel for Stents and Other Devices

This paper describes optimized conditions for the electropolishing of austenitic type 304 and 316L stainless steels in commercially-available EPS 4000 solution (based on a mixture of phosphoric and sulfuric acids) for use in cardiac stenting applications. Electropolishing parameters such as electrolyte temperature and concentration, current density, polishing duration, use of pulsed current and ultrasonic agitation have been explored and optimal conditions have been found. Quality of the polishing was determined on the average surface roughness, amount of thickness reduction, and overall surface appearance. Samples polished in an ultrasonic bath with pulsed currents of 50 Hz, and 60degC achieved the lowest surface roughness with little or no evidence of surface defects which were present in other recipes. Similar results were seen in both types 304 and 316L stainless steels
Scattering-limited and ballistic transport in nanoelectronic devices

The fundamental processes on nanoscale that may influence the design of nanoelectronic chips, sensors, and systems is presented. The focus is on the breakdown of Ohm's law in nanoscale devices extensively being used to assess the performance of a “system-on-a-chip,” may it be for bio, chemical, physical or engineering applications. Novel insights on theories of three sources of transformation of Ohm's Law are enumerated: quantum confinement in low-dimensional nanostructures, ballistic transport when conducting channel length is smaller than the mean free path, and high-field initiated carrier asymmetric distribution. The saturation velocity arising from the high-field initiated mobility degradation is shown to be the intrinsic velocity that depends on the nanostructure dimensionality, its carrier concentration, and the ambient temperature, in direct contrast to single number that is quoted in the literature. The ballistic intrinsic velocity is the ultimate saturation velocity that can be lowered by the onset of a quantum emission that may be an optical phonon or photon quantum emitted from an excited quantized level to the ground state. The results presented will have profound impact in the interpretation of data on a variety of nanoelectronic devices and systems that may exist with varying low dimensionality, i. e., classical (analogue energy spectrum) in one or more of the three cartesian directions while other directions go quantum (digitized energy spectrum).
Dynamics Modeling and Control of Electroporation-Mediated Gene Delivery

This paper describes a dynamics modeling and control strategy of a chemo-electro-mechanical process for electroporation-mediated gene delivery. By extending the results in the open literature, a control-enabled dynamics model of the gene-delivery process is proposed. Based on the dynamics model, a model-based state feedback control strategy is proposed. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the benefits and limitations of the proposed method.
Heat-assisted magnetic recording by a near-field transducer with efficient optical energy transfer

Although near-field microscopy has allowed optical imaging with sub-20 nm resolution, the optical throughput of this technique is notoriously small. As a result, applications such as optical data storage have been impractical. However, with an optimized near-field transducer design, we show that optical energy can be transferred efficiently to a lossy metallic medium and yet remain confined in a spot that is much smaller than the diffraction limit. Such a transducer was integrated into a recording head and flown over a magnetic recording medium on a rotating disk. Optical power from a semiconductor laser at a wavelength of 830 nm was efficiently coupled by the transducer into the medium to heat a 70-nm track above the Curie point in nanoseconds and record data at an areal density of ∼375 Tb m−2. This transducer design should scale to even smaller optical spots. Using a near-field transducer with efficient optical energy transfer, researchers demonstrate proof-of-principle heat-assisted magnetic recording with multi-track data density of ∼375 Tb m−2.
A third-order state-space model for fatigue crack growth

A second-order state-space model of fatigue crack growth in ductile alloys was presented by Patankar et al., 1-4 where the crack length and the crack opening stress were treated as two state variables. Simulation results showed that this model gave good predictions when compared with experimental data for aluminium alloy 7075-T6 and 2024-T3 at constant-amplitude load as well as with overloads. These model predictions were, however, poor for cases with over/under load or under/over load sequences where load excursion effects were underestimated. A third-order state-space model is presented is this paper that is believed to be more accurate for predictions of fatigue crack growth for ductile alloys under various loadings. The constraint factor calculated from an algebraic equation in the second-order state-space model is treated as the third state variable in this model. Through simulations, it is shown that the third-order state-space model gives better predictions than the second-order state-space model and FASTRAN II, especially when the effects of over/under load and under/over load are necessary considerations.
Adherence to antiretroviral therapy: merging the clinical and social course of AIDS.

Compliance with HIV treatment is affected by many issues and social factors are as important as biological ones.
Macronutrient Considerations for the Sport of Bodybuilding

Participants in the sport of bodybuilding are judged by appearance rather than performance. In this respect, increased muscle size and definition are critical elements of success. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the literature and provide recommendations regarding macronutrient intake during both 'off-season' and 'pre-contest' phases. Body builders attempt to increase muscle mass during the off-season (no competitive events), which may be the great majority of the year. During the off-season, it is advantageous for the bodybuilder to be in positive energy balance so that extra energy is available for muscle anabolism. Additionally, during the off-season, adequate protein must be available to provide amino acids for protein synthesis. For 6-12 weeks prior to competition, body builders attempt to retain muscle mass and reduce body fat to very low levels. During the pre-contest phase, the bodybuilder should be in negative energy balance so that body fat can be oxidised. Furthermore, during the pre-contest phase, protein intake must be adequate to maintain muscle mass. There is evidence that a relatively high protein intake (approximately 30% of energy intake) will reduce lean mass loss relative to a lower protein intake (approximately 15% of energy intake) during energy restriction. The higher protein intake will also provide a relatively large thermic effect that may aid in reducing body fat. In both the off-season and pre-contest phases, adequate dietary carbohydrate should be ingested (55-60% of total energy intake) so that training intensity can be maintained. Excess dietary saturated fat can exacerbate coronary artery disease; however, low-fat diets result in a reduction in circulating testosterone. Thus, we suggest dietary fats comprise 15-20% of the body builders' off-season and pre-contest diets. Consumption of protein/amino acids and carbohydrate immediately before and after training sessions may augment protein synthesis, muscle glycogen resynthesis and reduce protein degradation. The optimal rate of carbohydrate ingested immediately after a training session should be 1.2 g/kg/hour at 30-minute intervals for 4 hours and the carbohydrate should be of high glycaemic index. In summary, the composition of diets for body builders should be 55-60% carbohydrate, 25-30% protein and 15-20% of fat, for both the off-season and pre-contest phases. During the off-season the diet should be slightly hyperenergetic (approximately 15% increase in energy intake) and during the pre-contest phase the diet should be hypoenergetic (approximately 15% decrease in energy intake).
Radial growth responses to gap creation in large, old Sequoiadendron giganteum

Questions: Do large, old Sequoiadondron giganteum trees respond to the creation of adjacent canopy gaps? Do other co-occurring tree species and younger S. giganteum adjacent to gaps also respond? What are the likely factors affecting growth responses? Location: Mixed-conifer forests of the southern Sierra Nevada, California, USA. Methods: We measured the growth response of large, old S. giganteum trees (mean DBH 5 164 cm; ages estimated 41000 yr) to gap creation by coring trees and comparing growth after gap creation to growth before gap creation. We also measured young Abies concolor, Pinus lambertiana, and young S. giganteum. Gap-adjacent trees were compared with non-adjacent reference trees. Tree rings were analysed for carbon isotope discrimination and for longer-term growth trend correlations with climate. Results: Following gap creation gap-adjacent old S. giganteum grew more than reference trees. Abies concolor trees also exhibited a growth response to gap creation. No response was detected for young S. giganteum or P. lambertiana, although detection power was lower for these groups. There was no difference in carbon isotope discrimination response to gap creation between gap-adjacent and reference trees for old S. giganteum and radial growth was positively correlated with winter precipitation, but not growing season temperature. Conclusion: It is unclear what caused the growth release in old S. giganteum trees, although liberation of below-ground resources following removal of competing vegetation appears to be a significant contributor. Sequoiadondron giganteum, the thirdlongest lived and the largest of all species, remains sensitive to local environmental changes even after canopy emergence. Management activities that reduce vegetation surrounding individual specimen trees can be expected to result in increased vigor of even these very old and large trees.
Allocating Resources in an Uncertain World: Water Management and Endangered Species

Instream flows may be essential in protecting aquatic species that are threatened or endangered. An economic model of the optimal allocation of water under pure uncertainty is developed, with particular attention paid to the situation when a species characterized by critical depensation is affected by instream flows. We adopt the notion of pure uncertainty that Frank Knight and Daniel Ellsberg intended, which applies when decision makers cannot reduce their uncertainty to a unique probability distribution. Following recent work by Hansen, Sargent, and others, we employ robust control as a way to deal with this problem. Copyright 2008, Oxford University Press.
Turnover Events, Vicarious Information, and the Reduced Likelihood of Outlet-Level Exit Among Small Multiunit Organizations

A key question for organizational learning research is to identify opportunities and constraints for firms to gain useful information from the activities and performance of other firms. We argue that market-level turnover events generate and release vicarious information that small multiunit organizations can use to enhance their likelihood of survival. We focus on two specific turnover events, ownership transfers and contemporaneous exit-entry pairs (cases in which both outlet entry and outlet exit occur within the same market within the same time period), because these events are likely to generate and release information without altering the total number of outlets in a market. We find that the likelihood of a multiunit owner's outlet exit declines when there are many ownership transfers and exit-entry pairs in other markets where the owner also operates outlets. We conclude that these turnover events, even in just one market where a small multiunit organization is present, generate vicarious information substantial enough to increase the survival likelihood of all outlets of that multiunit organization. Our theory and supporting results show how organizational learning-based arguments can be combined with our knowledge of multiunit organizations to build a theory of relationships between geographically separated turnover events.
Oligomerization of the Murine Fatty Acid Transport Protein 1

The 63-kDa murine fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1) was cloned on the basis of its ability to augment fatty acid import when overexpressed in mammalian cells. The membrane topology of this integral plasma membrane protein does not resemble that of polytopic membrane transporters for other substrates. Western blot analysis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes that natively express FATP1 demonstrate a prominent 130-kDa species as well as the expected 63-kDa FATP1, suggesting that this protein may participate in a cell surface transport protein complex. To test whether FATP1 is capable of oligomerization, we expressed functional FATP1 molecules with different amino- or carboxyl-terminal epitope tags in fibroblasts. These epitope-tagged proteins also form apparent higher molecular weight species. We show that, when expressed in the same cells, differentially tagged FATP1 proteins co-immunoprecipitate. The region between amino acid residues 191 and 475 is sufficient for association of differentially tagged truncated FATP1 constructs. When wild type FATP1 and the non-functional s250a FATP1 mutant are co-expressed in COS7 cells, mutant FATP1 has dominant inhibitory function in fatty acid uptake assays. Taken together, these results are consistent with a model in which FATP1 homodimeric complexes play an important role in cellular fatty acid import.
A generalized kernel for areal and intimate mixtures

In previous work, kernel methods were introduced as a way to generalize the linear mixing model for hyperspectral data. This work led to a new physics-based kernel that allowed accurate unmixing of intimate mixtures. Unfortunately, the new physics-based kernel did not perform well on linear mixtures; thus, different kernels had to be used for different mixtures. Ideally, a single unified kernel that can perform both unmixing of areal and intimate mixtures would be desirable. This paper presents such a kernel that can automatically identify the underlying mixture type from the data and perform the correct unmixing method. Results on real-world, ground-truthed intimate and linear mixtures demonstrate the ability of this new data-driven kernel to perform generalized unmixing of hyperspectral data.
ExOR: opportunistic multi-hop routing for wireless networks

This paper describes ExOR,an integrated routing and MAC protocol that increases the throughput of large unicast transfers in multi-hop wireless networks. ExOR chooses each hop of a packet's route after the transmission for that hop, so that the choice can reflect which intermediate nodes actually received the transmission. This deferred choice gives each transmission multiple opportunities to make progress. As a result ExOR can use long radio links with high loss rates, which would be avoided by traditional routing. ExOR increases a connection's throughput while using no more network capacity than traditional routine.ExOR's design faces the following challenges. The nodes that receive each packet must agree on their identities and choose one forwarder.The agreement protocol must have low overhead, but must also be robust enough that it rarely forwards a packet zero times or more than once. Finally, ExOR must choose the forwarder with the lowest remaining cost to the ultimate destination.Measurements of an implementation on a 38-node 802.11b test-bed show that ExOR increases throughput for most node pairs when compared with traditional routing. For pairs between which traditional routing uses one or two hops, ExOR's robust acknowledgments prevent unnecessary retransmissions,increasing throughput by nearly 35%. For more distant pairs, ExOR takes advantage of the choice of forwarders to provide throughput gains of a factor of two to four.
Recovery of frequency-sparse signals from compressive measurements

Compressive sensing (CS) is a new approach to simultaneous sensing and compression for sparse and compressible signals. While the discrete Fourier transform has been widely used for CS of frequency-sparse signals, it provides optimal sparse representations only for signals with components at integral frequencies. There exist redundant frames that provide compressible representations for frequency-sparse signals, but such frames are highly coherent and severely affect the performance of standard CS recovery. In this paper, we show that by modifying standard CS recovery algorithms to prevent coherent frame elements from being present in the signal estimate, it is possible to bypass the shortcomings introduced by the coherent frame. The resulting algorithm comes with theoretical guarantees and is shown to perform significantly better for frequency-sparse signal recovery than its standard counterparts. The algorithm can also be extended to similar settings that use coherent frames.
COMPLICATIONS OF LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY

▪ Abstract Video technology allows surgeons to offer patients operations through small incisions. While these minimally invasive techniques have been employed for a wide range of operations for many years, only recently has a laparoscopic cholecystectomy been possible. Compared to the same operation performed via laparotomy, it is deemed the “gold standard.” Overall mortality after laparoscopic cholecystectomy ranges from 0–1%, and the rate of major complications is less than 5%. As a group, general surgeons are beyond their initial learning curve for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, but the majority of iatrogenic injuries can be successfully avoided by appreciating the limitations and pitfalls of laparoscopic surgery, and by carefully dissecting the hepatocystic triangle before dividing any structure. Early identification and management of complications will minimize potentially devastating complications of small, unrecognized injuries. Physicians need to accurately advise patients of the proposed advantage...
Evaluation of patients with chest pain and nondiagnostic ECG using thallium-201 myocardial planar imaging and technetium-99m first-pass radionuclide angiography in the emergency department

Study objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if thallium-201 myocardial planar imaging and technetium-99m first-pass radionuclide angiography, performed in the emergency department, could predict which patients with acute chest pain and nondiagnostic ECGs were more likely to have an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Design: Retrospective analysis. Setting: Urban, county ED. Type of participants: Convenience sample of 47 patients with acute chest pain suggestive of myocardial ischemia and nondiagnostic ECG. Interventions: Thallium-201 myocardial imaging and technetium99m first-pass radionuclide angiography in the ED. Measurements and main results: Four patients had an AMI (ie, CK-MB ≥ 6% total CK). The combined scans had a sensitivity of 75%, (95% confidence interval [Cl], 19–99%), a specificity of 42% (95% Cl, 27–58%), an accuracy of 45% (95% Cl, 19–99%), a positive predictive value of 11% (95% Cl, 2–29%), and a negative predictive value of 95% (95% Cl, 75–100%) in predicting AMI. Conclusion: Thallium-201 myocardial planar imaging and technetium99m first-pass radionuclide angiography performed in the ED do not appear to be useful in determining which patients with acute chest pain and nondiagnostic ECG are likely to have an AMI.
The Push and Pull of Hip-Hop: A Social Movement Analysis

This article explores how hip-hop music—with its grim portrayals of urban reality and youth manifestos—can be both the mirror and engine of a social movement, based on two divergent theories, new social movement theory and political opportunity theory, as well as the work of W. E. B. Du Bois. Contrasting the work of two prominent artists, the author examines the portrayal of women in rap and finds that these artists attempt to “represent” and influence reality and that they comfortably carry the mantle of movement leaders.
Septic Ankle With Purulence Tracking Up the Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon Sheath Leading to Deep Venous Thrombosis/ Pulmonary Embolism and Compartment Syndrome

The differential diagnosis for lower extremity swelling and ankle pain is broad and can have overlapping and related diagnoses. If there is concern for more than one diagnosis, the practitioner should perform a thorough physical examination, order the appropriate studies, and perform the correct procedures to completely diagnose and treat the patient. This article presents the case of a 19-year-old male who presented with 5 days of left ankle pain, fevers, and swelling without any known trauma to the area. Physical examination was concerning for a septic ankle joint, cellulitis, deep venous thrombosis, and compartment syndrome. Duplex venous ultrasound confirmed a deep venous thrombosis in the popliteal vein. Joint aspiration of the ankle had gross purulence with the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The patient was taken emergently to the operating room where he was found to have gross purulence in the deep posterior compartment, medial and lateral soft tissues of the ankle, and gross purulence in the ankle joint. The deep posterior compartment also had significant muscle necrosis and evidence of compartment syndrome. This case presents the possibility of a septic ankle leading to compartment syndrome and deep venous thrombosis/
Initial species pattern affects invasion resistance in experimental grassland plots.

Question: Does the spatial patterning of plant species affect plant community dynamics in ways that are independent of effects attributable to species richness or abundances? Does the initial species pattern affect subsequent diversity and invasion in a perennial grassland system? Location: Field experiment, Iowa State University Horticultural Research Station, Ames, Iowa, USA. Methods: Experimental plots (4 m 2 ) were planted with seedlings of four grassland species arranged into increasingly larger groups (patches) of conspecific individuals while controlling plot-scale richness and evenness. Available light (photosynthetically active radiation; PAR) at the soil surface was measured each month for three growing seasons after planting. Species’ relative abundances were quantified via point-intercept sampling within each plot at the end of each growing season. Results: In the three growing seasons after planting, planted species richness and evenness (plot scale) did not vary among plots planted with different species patterns. However, early in the second growing season more light reached the soil surface in plots with initially larger conspecific patches. Invader abundance was also consistently higher in plots planted with initially larger conspecific patches. Conclusions: Our findings support the hypothesis that invasion resistance increases as communities become more heterogeneous at fine scales and suggest that within-plot heterogeneity should be considered as an additional factor when assessing invasion resistance in perennial plant communities.
The significance of hemal nodes

The investigation is based upon hemal nodes of dog, man, and sheep. The material can be arranged in a regressive series leading from a typical lymph node, except for the occurrence of blood in parenchyma and sinuses, to a lymphoid structure at a late stage of involution. These structures uniformly lack lymphatics. There is no evidence of direct luminal connection between the blood-vascular supply and the sinuses. The observation that certain cervical and subcutaneous lymph nodes of the rabbit undergo a myeloid metaplasia following atrophy and disjunction of their lymphatics is used as an explanatory key of hemal nodes. According to our view, hemal nodes represent stages in the involution of transient lymph nodes. Disjunction of the lymphatics leaves the sinuses filled with entrapped lymphocytes. These differentiate into erythrocytes. These red blood cells may disintegrate and pass into solution or be removed either by giant cells or mononuclear phagocytes. Late stages in this process are represented by small irregular masses of lymphocytes, with wide sinuses practically free of blood.
Rationing Capacity Between Two Product Classes

In this paper, we study the capacity allocation problem faced by make-to-order manufacturing firms encountering expected total demand in excess of available capacity. Specifically, we focus on firms' manufacturing short-life-cycle or seasonal products such as high fashion apparel. Using a decision-theory-based approach, we develop a capacity allocation policy that allows such firms to discriminate between two classes of products (one yielding a higher profit contribution per unit of capacity allocated to it than the other), resulting in selective rejection of orders for the class with the lower unit contribution. The effectiveness of capacity rationing is investigated under a wide array of conditions characterized by variations in factors such as the ratio of unit profit contributions of the two product classes, the ratio of total available capacity to expected total demand, the ratio of expected demands between the two classes, and the variability in demand for each product class. The results indicate that capacity rationing is very effective in increasing the total profit, and could therefore serve as a valuable decision tool for managers in such firms.
Saturated fatty acids regulate retinoic acid signalling and suppress tumorigenesis by targeting fatty acid-binding protein 5

Long chain fatty acids (LCFA) serve as energy sources, components of cell membranes and precursors for signalling molecules. Here we show that these biological compounds also regulate gene expression and that they do so by controlling the transcriptional activities of the retinoic acid (RA)-activated nuclear receptors RAR and PPARβ/δ. The data indicate that these activities of LCFA are mediated by FABP5, which delivers ligands from the cytosol to nuclear PPARβ/δ. Both saturated and unsaturated LCFA (SLCFA, ULCFA) bind to FABP5, thereby displacing RA and diverting it to RAR. However, while SLCFA inhibit, ULCFA activate the FABP5/PPARβ/δ pathway. We show further that, by concomitantly promoting the activation of RAR and inhibiting the activation of PPARβ/δ, SLCFA suppress the oncogenic properties of FABP5-expressing carcinoma cells in cultured cells and in vivo. The observations suggest that compounds that inhibit FABP5 may constitute a new class of drugs for therapy of certain types of cancer.
Strategies to intervene on causal systems are adaptively selected

How do people choose interventions to learn about causal systems? Here, we considered two possibilities. First, we test an information sampling model, information gain, which values interventions that can discriminate between a learner’s hypotheses (i.e. possible causal structures). We compare this discriminatory model to a positive testing strategy that instead aims to confirm individual hypotheses. Experiment 1 shows that individual behavior is described best by a mixture of these two alternatives. In Experiment 2 we find that people are able to adaptively alter their behavior and adopt the discriminatory model more often after experiencing that the confirmatory strategy leads to a subjective performance decrement. In Experiment 3, time pressure leads to the opposite effect of inducing a change towards the simpler positive testing strategy. These findings suggest that there is no single strategy that describes how intervention decisions are made. Instead, people select strategies in an adaptive fashion that trades off their expected performance and cognitive effort.
Unha análise macroeconómica da acumulación de capital en España durante a fase de expansión (1995-2007)

Neste artigo levase a cabo un estudo do proceso de acumulacion de capital na economia espanola durante o periodo 1995-2007. O obxectivo e analizar os desequilibrios dun modelo economico baseado no auxe do prezo dos activos asociados a construcion, principalmente de tipo residencial, tendo en conta o papel central que tivo no crecemento economico desta fase. O estudo realizase a partir da relacion entre o investimento, a produtividade e os indices de prezos, para revelar as caracteristicas especificas da acumulacion de capital en Espana. Amosase a importancia da composicion do investimento, asi como a reconfiguracion da estrutura economica para explicar os diversos desequilibrios que se xeraron nestes anos.
The Eletropaulo Case

The aim of this case study is to stimulate a discussion about valuation issues in emerging markets using the example of Latin Americas largest energy distributor: Eletropaulo.
Chromatographic Calibration Revisited

In this article, several statistical and mathematical tools are presented which demonstrate how to calculate the linear range, i.e., limit of detection and upper limit of linearity, of a calibration curve and how to perform reverse interpolation calculations. An example is provided as an illustration of the techniques presented
A 3D Parabolic equation method for wind turbine noise propagation in moving inhomogeneous atmosphere

With the increasing deployment of large wind turbines, concerns continue to be raised regarding their potential adverse eects on the environment. This includes the noise they generate. This paper focuses on the development of a parabolic equation (PE) method for the prediction of long-range wind turbine noise propagation. Since wind turbine noise necessarily propagates in a moving inhomogeneous atmosphere, the propagation of the noise at a given frequency is controlled by the Helmholtz equation for an inhomogeneous atmosphere with wind. In the present paper, a new formulation of the Helmholtz equation for a moving inhomogeneous medium in cylindrical coordinates is derived. Based on this new formulation, a new parabolic equation is constructed. This result extends the homogeneous form of the Parabolic Equation (PE) method for atmospheric sound propagation problems. The resulting equation is solved by the Crank-Nicholson finite dierence method. The new PE formulation can be used to simulate three-dimensional sound propagation with an arbitrary wind, including a cross wind, above a flat ground surface with both rigid and impedance boundary conditions. Numerical results are presented and compared with some simple benchmark analytical and numerical results to validate the methodology. Examples of more realistic propagation problems are included that demonstrate the importance of including the wind. Planned extensions of the new methodology, including sound propagation over irregular terrain, are discussed.
SURVEILLANCE OF REYE SYNDROME IN THE UNITED STATES, 1977

Between December 1, 1976, and November 30, 1977, 454 cases of Reye syndrome were reported to the Centers for Disease Control by 43 states. Analysis of data about these cases revealed that Reye syndrome primarily affected white children under age 18 years, with a mean age of 7.7 years and bimodal incidence peaks in infancy and at age 6-7 years, was temporally and geographically associated with influenza B for about 75% of cases, but also occurred sporadically and not in association with influenza B activity. Although Reye syndrome was reported infrequently for non-white children aged one year or older, there was a high incidence in minority infants, and the case-fatality ratio in infants of all races was significantly higher than that of the older children. Favorable outcome was associated with prolonged interval between onset of prodromal illness and hospitalization, admission to hospital at a milder stage of illness, and treatment in hospitals with established pediatric training programs.
The Alliance Experience Transfer Effect: The Case of Industry Convergence in the Telecommunications Equipment Industry

A central premise of the industry change literature is that firms change their strategic actions when an industry changes. Industry convergence (IC), the blending of boundaries between industries creating competition among firms that previously did not compete, is increasingly impacting many industries and is a salient case of industry change. Acquisitions are an important action shaping the course of IC because they trigger imitation and bandwagon effects further accelerating IC. This paper focuses on why and when learning from alliances reduces uncertainty resulting in acquisitions during IC: an ‘alliance experience transfer effect’. We demonstrate the utility of this mechanism for the substitution-based form of IC that occurred between the telecommunications equipment and computer networking industries. Our key insight is that when the extent of IC is low there are significant transfer effects but, as the extent of IC increases, firms have access to an expanding volume and diversity of information sources that reduce uncertainty, thus weakening the transfer effect mechanism. We contribute to the alliance–acquisition relationship and learning literatures by demonstrating that the alliance experience transfer effect mechanism explains changes in firm strategic action (alliancing and acquiring) as the extent of IC changes. We also introduce a semi-convergence perspective by directly measuring the extent of IC.
An update on naltrexone/bupropion extended-release in the treatment of obesity

ABSTRACTIntroduction: As the prevalence of obesity continues to increase, the need for effective long-term treatment strategies for overweight and obesity is critical. Pharmacology fills a large treatment gap between behavioral therapy, which is insufficient for the majority of patients, and devices and surgery, which are available to only a subset of patients. Naltrexone HCl and bupropion HCl Extended-Release (naltrexone XR/bupropion XR) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration for chronic weight management in 2014.Areas covered: This review illustrates the efficacy and safety of naltrexone XR/bupropion XR by examining data from clinical trials. It also provides an overview of the market and presents the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of naltrexone and bupropion.Expert opinion: The efficacy and safety profile of naltrexone XR/bupropion XR makes it a viable option for many patients who could benefit from its distinctive mechanism. The medication was shown to produce additive weight loss whe...