cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oeconomia and the Vegetative Soul: Rethinking Revenge in The Spanish Tragedy

AbstractThomas Kyd's The Spanish Tragedy creates a subtle apologia for the “middling sort” by challenging the socially constructed predicates of aristocratic privilege. A scrivener's son, Kyd undertsood oeconomia, or household management, as both the means for material advancement among the “middling sort” and a potential threat to aristocratic insularity. His translation of Torquato Tasso's The Householder's Philosophy, a work rarely studied by literary scholars, reveals an abiding interest in the political import of natural philosophy on class structure. More particularly, through his sophisticated revision of Aristotelian faculty psychology, Kyd appropriates early modern understandings of the vegetative soul—the source of all reproduction, nutrition, and growth inherent in all living things —to reveal middling ambition as a natural phenomenon. By representing the latent desire for growth and development as the consequence of an innate psychology, Kyd's play transforms revenge into an understandable out...
Portraits and perception: configural information in creating and recognizing face images

Configural information has long been considered important for face recognition. However, traditional portraiture instruction encourages the artist to use a 'generic' configuration for faces rather than attempting to replicate precise feature positions. We examine this intriguing paradox with two tasks designed to test the extent to which configural information is incorporated into face representations. In Experiment 1, we use a simplified face production task to examine how accurately feature configuration can be incorporated in the generated likenesses. In Experiment 2, we ask if the 'portraits' created in Experiment 1 are discriminable from veridical images. The production and recognition results from these experiments show a consistent pattern. Subjects are quite poor at arranging facial features (eyes, nose and mouth) in their correct locations, and at distinguishing erroneous configurations from correct ones. This seeming insensitivity to configural relations is consistent with artists' practice of creating portraits based on a generic geometric template. Interestingly, the frame of reference artists implicitly use for this generic template — the external face contour — emerges as a significant modulator of performance in our experimental results. Production errors are reduced and recognition performance is enhanced in the presence of outer contours. We discuss the implications of these results for face recognition models, as well as some possible perceptual reasons why portraits are so difficult to create.
A fluorescent sterol probe study of human serum low-density lipoproteins.

Abstract The fluorescent sterol probe, ergosta-5,7,9,(11),22-tetraen-3β-ol (dehydroergosterol), was utilized as a cholesterol analog to label human serum low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Quenching of dehydroergosterol fluorescence by KI indicated that most of the fluorophore was either buried within the outer phospholipid monolayer of LDL or within the neutral lipid core of LDL. The steady-state anisotropy of dehydroergosterol in LDL detected the cholesteric core phase transition near 30°C. Fluorescence lifetime decays for dehydroergosterol contained two components, both below and above the cholesteric phase transition, with the major lifetime component near 1 ns. Neither lifetime component underwent a detectable change in duration at the core phase transition temperature. Time-correlated fluorescence anisotropy decays of dehydroergosterol indicated a single rotational correlation time near 1.7 ns, which was unaffected by the core phase transition. Time-correlated anisotropy decays also suggested hindered rotation of dehydroergosterol in LDL. These results indicate that unesterified cholesterol is primarily located in the outer phospholipid monolayer of LDL, with the majority of cholesterol not in direct contact with the aqueous phase.
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF LOW TEMPERATURE EXTRACTED ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATES

Protein concentrate prepared by extraction of fish, deboned poultry by-products, pork back fat, and beef scraps with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) had good functional properties when the extraction was carried out at 45° C and below. Salt soluble protein extracts from the low temperature extracted protein concentrates had the capacity to emulsify oil and water when tested in a model system. The emulsions gelled when heated. When added to meat batters, the protein concentrate showed the capacity to add to the water- and oil-binding capacity of the system. The solvent requirement of the low temperature extraction process using IPA was determined from the solubility curves of fat in mixtures of water and IPA. The higher the fat content the more solvent was required; for the same fat content, an increase in the moisture content resulted in an increase in the solvent requirement.
Transmission, diagnosis, and control of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in colonies of Heliothis virescens.

Treatment of eggs of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens , for 8 min with a 0.2% solution of sodium hypochlorite completely prevented the transmission of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) between generations. Thus the virus is transmitted on the surface of, rather than within, the egg. The aseptic procedures developed during these studies can be used to prevent disease within a colony of H. virescens and to rid colonies of CPV or similar diseases not transmitted transovarially. They should therefore be applicable to other insects.
Identification and RNA-binding properties of an initiation factor capable of relieving translational inhibition induced by heme deprivation or double-stranded RNA

Abstract An initiation factor from rabbit reticulocytes can overcome the block in initiation of protein synthesis occurring in reticulocyte lysates when exogenous hemin is not present, or when double-stranded RNA is added. This factor has been identified with IF-MP, an initiation factor capable of forming ternary complexes with GTP and methionyl-tRNAF. Initiation factor IF-M3 by itself is unable to overcome the block in initiation, but appears to stimulate this activity of IF-MP. IF-MP binds to single-stranded R17 RNA as well as to double-stranded RNA, while IF-M3 only binds to double-stranded RNA. The protein synthetic activity of IF-MP is sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide, but its ability to bind RNA is resistant.
Selective provision of asthma self-management tools to families.

OBJECTIVE. Providing asthma education in a primary care setting can be challenging because of time and resource constraints. The purpose of this work was to determine factors associated with the provision of different asthma self-management tools. METHODS. We conducted a cross-sectional survey with 896 parents of children with asthma (age 2–12 years). We collected information regarding demographics and asthma care, including parent receipt of an asthma action plan, a symptom diary, and asthma information materials; whether an asthma management plan was sent to the child9s school; and whether the physician reviewed written instructions on use of a metered-dose inhaler. We used multivariate logistic regression methods to determine factors associated with receipt of different asthma self-management tools controlling for demographic factors. RESULTS. For families where parents only completed high school, there was greater likelihood of receipt of an asthma action plan and physician review of written instructions about how to use an inhaler. For families with a household income less than twice the poverty line, there was greater likelihood of receipt of an asthma action plan, the physician sending a letter to the child9s school regarding the child9s asthma, and receipt of an asthma symptom diary. CONCLUSIONS. In our sample, primary care pediatricians do not routinely provide asthma education in accordance with National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute asthma guidelines and “triage” which families receive additional asthma education. We believe that the use of targeted asthma education is a symptom of the limited time and competing demands during a typical visit. As a result, those involved in quality improvement need to help physicians become more efficient and effective at providing asthma education within such time constraints or develop alternative systems of providing asthma education.
Single- and multi-unit activity recorded from the surface of the dorsal root ganglia with non-penetrating electrode arrays

Non-penetrating surface electrode recording techniques are typically associated with field potential recordings, while extracellular recordings from single neurons are made using penetrating metal wire or microfabricated microelectrode arrays. Here, we report on single- and multi-unit neuronal recordings made using non-penetrating electrodes placed on the epineural surface of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Across four experiments in anesthetized cats, approximately 40% of the electrodes recorded single- and multi-unit spiking activity with spike-rates that covaried significantly with hindlimb movement. In two intraoperative experiments in humans, compound activity was recorded from the DRG surface in response to peripheral stimulation of the common peroneal nerve. This approach may have advantages over penetrating electrode arrays in terms of clinical acceptability and recording longevity.
AGU climate scientists visit Capitol Hill

On 1 February 2012, AGU teamed with 11 other scientific societies to bring 29 scientists researching various aspects of climate change to Washington, D. C., for the second annual Climate Science Day on Capitol Hill. The participants represented a wide range of expertise, from meteorology to agriculture, paleoclimatology to statistics, but all spoke to the reality of climate change as demonstrated in their scientific research. With Congress debating environmental regulations and energy policy amid tight fiscal pressures, it is critical that lawmakers have access to the best climate science to help guide policy decisions. The scientists met with legislators and their staff to discuss the importance of climate science for their districts and the nation and offered their expertise as an ongoing resource to the legislators.
GEMMP - A Google Maps Enabled Mobile Mission Planning Tool for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

Many applications for mobile robotics involve operations in remote, outdoor environments. In these environments, it can be difﬁcult to plan missions dynamically due to the lack of portability of existing mission planning software. Mobile platforms allow access to the Web from nearly anywhere while other features, like touch interfaces, simplify user interaction, and GPS integration allows developers and users to take advantage to location-based services. In this paper, we describe a prototype AUV mission planner developed on the Android platform, created to aid and enhance the capability of an existing AUV mission planner, VectorMap, developed and maintained by OceanServer Technology, by taking advantage of the capabilities of existing mobile computing technology. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijra.v1i2.351
Data analysis programs for the UNIX operating system

The UNIX! operating system is a program development and text editing facility developed at Bell laboratories (Richie & Thompson, 1974, 1978). UNIX is a highly interactive operating system, and because of this, it is an ideal environment for data analysis. Although the programs to be described were developed for use on UNIX, they are adaptable for use in other programming environments. In this paper, I will briefly describe how UNIX users control the flow of data through programs, then describe a facility for transforming and formatting data, and, finally, describe three useful programs. These programs are easy to use and require little knowledge of statistics or computers.
Pyrolysis kinetics and combustion of thin wood by an advanced cone calorimetry test method

Pyrolysis kinetics analysis of extractives, holocellulose, and lignin in the solid redwood over the entire heating regime was possible by specialized cone calorimeter test and new mathematical analysis tools. Added hardware components include: modified sample holder for the thin specimen with tiny thermocouples, the methane ring burner with stainless-steel mesh above cone heater, and the water vapor sensor in heated gas sampling lines. Specialized numerical deconvolutions were applied to the oxygen and water vapor analyzer signals to synchronize with the rapid-responding CO/CO2 analyzer signals. From this data, the mass flow rates of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen within the wood volatiles as function of time were obtained, which allowed deducing the mass flow rate of significant molecules of wood volatiles that have their origins in the wood constituents of extractives, holocellulose, and lignin. Accurate analytical solution of pyrolysis kinetics of appropriate competitive reactions that continuously conserved carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen mass flow rates was obtained for piecewise exponentially-shaped, spatially uniform temperature within the specimen as implemented conveniently in MS Excel spreadsheet.
Molybdenum sources and transport in Alcator C-Mod

Abstract We present a characterization of molybdenum sources, Γ Mo , core Mo content, N Mo , and their dependencies on Alcator C-Mod operational regimes. This includes sources from the divertor, the inner wall and the ICRF antenna limiters. We also present information characterizing the penetration of these impurities into the core plasma under different conditions based on penetration factors, PF= N Mo / Γ Mo (s). In general, the inner wall Mo source is large (∼10 18 s −1 ) but is found to be relatively uncorrelated with the core Mo level in diverted plasmas. The outer divertor source is of similar order to that from the inner wall and has a penetration factor in the range 10 −5 –2×10 −3 s depending on density and confinement mode. The antenna limiter Mo sources are typically smaller, but with higher penetration factors – 10 −3 –2×10 −2 s. The behavior of the antenna limiter sources is consistent with physical sputtering due to the influence of RF sheath rectification.
Load Characteristics of Synchronous Generators by the Finite-Element Method

In developing synchronous machine models for power system stability studies, it is essential that the magnetic saturation of the machine is adequately represented and that its internal state on load operation prior to the disturbance is accurately predicted. In this paper an iterative method employing the finite-element analysis techniqueis presented for determining the load operating point, which is defined by several quantities such as the field current, the d- and q-axis components of the stator current, and the load angle. The procedure developedin the-analysis is applied to a 50-MVA turbine-generator for determining the no-load and rated load operation and the evaluation of steady- state reactances
Photoinduced discharge curve (PIDC) of photoconductor affected by the exposure flux

Photoinduced discharge curve (PIDC), which represents the photoconductor surface potential as a function of the input exposure, is a critical parameter in xerographic processes. In general, the PIDC defines a suitable exposure energy to achieve the surface potential of photoconductor for different operating conditions. In order to reach the same surface potential, one can increase the exposure energy or to increase the incident light of flux. Two experimental methods were used to measure the PIDC of organic photoconductor drum. One method is to fix the exposure spot size and changed exposure energy. Another method is to fix the flux of incident light by changing spot size and exposure energy.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
BRAFV600E status adds incremental value to current risk classification systems in predicting papillary thyroid carcinoma recurrence

Background Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) recurrence risk is difficult to predict. No current risk classification system incorporates BRAF mutational status. Here, we assess the incremental value of BRAF mutational status in predicting PTC recurrence relative to existing recurrence risk algorithms. Methods Serial data were collected for a historical cohort having undergone total thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) during a 5-year period. Corresponding BRAF V600E testing was performed and Cox proportional hazard regression modeling, with and without BRAF status, was used to evaluate existing recurrence risk algorithms. Results The 5-year cumulative PTC recurrence incidence within our 356 patient cohort was 15%. A total of 205 (81%) of associated archived specimens were successfully genotyped, and 110 (54%) harbored the BRAF V600E mutation. The 5-year cumulative recurrence incidence among BRAF V600E patients was 20% versus 8% among BRAF wild type. BRAF V600E was significantly associated with time to recurrence when added to the following algorithms: AMES (hazard ratio [HR] 2.43 [confidence interval 1.08–5.49]), MACIS category (HR 2.46 [1.09–5.54]), AJCC-TNM (HR 2.51 [1.11–5.66]), and ATA recurrence-risk category (HR 2.44 [1.08–5.50]), and model discrimination improved (incremental c-index range 0.046–0.109). Conclusion The addition of BRAF mutational status to established risk algorithms improves the discrimination of risk recurrence in patients undergoing total thyroidectomy for PTC.
Encephalitis in Two Porcupines Due to Baylisascaris Larval Migration

Encephalitis is associated with the migration of Baylisascaris sp. larvae in a number of animal species, including mice, squirrels, woodchucks, rabbits, foxes, various birds, and humans. The species of Baylisascaris most often incriminated has been B. procyonis from raccoons. In a recent report of Baylisascaris sp. infection in American porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) with concurrent Toxoplasma infection, the relative contribution of the 2 agents to the clinical problem could not be determined. In the current report, we describe the clinical signs, microscopic lesions, and epidemiologic investigation of Baylisascaris sp. infection causing progressive central nervous system (CNS) disease in 2 captive American porcupines. One porcupine also had bronchointerstitial pneumonia due to a virus that had not been previously reported in this species. An immature male porcupine developed ataxia, somnolence, rear limb paresis, and head tilt. Antibiotic therapy was initiated, but the animal died several weeks later, following a protracted course of progressive neurologic dysfunction. No gross lesions were observed at necropsy. Formalin-fixed tissues were submitted to the Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, for microscopic evaluation. All sections of CNS tissue examined, including the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem, had multifocal malacia and encephalitis. The inflammatory infiltrate consisted predominantly of gemistocytic astrocytes, with scattered neutrophils, eosinophils, and rare multinucleated giant cells. The infiltrate was predominantly perivascular, including meningeal and submeningeal vessels of the cerebellum. The lung had a diffuse bronchointerstitial pneumonia characterized by large numbers of neutrophils filling bronchi, bronchioles, and alveolar spaces. Additionally, proteinaceous fluid filled many alveolar spaces, and dissolution of the alveolar walls was commonly observed (Fig. 1). Many alveolar epithelial cells contained large basophilic intranuclear inclusions (Fig. 2). Electron microscopic examination of lung tissue revealed numerous viral particles within the cytoplasm and nucleus of degenerate alveolar epithelial cells (Fig. 3). These viral particles were icosahedral and were approximately 30 nm in diameter. Based upon the morphology and size, these virus particles were presumed to be either a parvovirus or a picornavirus. Fresh lung tissues were not available for virus isolation. There has been 1 report of suspected parvovirus in porcupines; however, this was associated with necrotizing enteritis, and virions were not identified within inclusions. The liver was the only other organ examined that had morphologic lesions. Centrilobular hepatocytes had vacuolar
Antoine Volodine's Crossings

Antoine Volodine's writing distinguishes itself by virtue of its ambitious scope, the originality of its vision, and the way that it resists conventional strategies of reading. Volodine imagines canny fictional worlds whose internal coherence is never in doubt, as strange as those worlds may seem when compared with our own. Characters in his novels are peripatetic, constantly in motion, as if mobility itself provided them with the surest guarantor of an otherwise dubious existence. They are always crossing frontiers, changing from one state to another, or migrating into new territories. No less important are the boundaries that loom on literature's horizon of possibility. For there, too, it is largely a question of crossings: from the real to the fictional, from the name to the heteronym, from the exotic to the postexotic, from a passive mode of reading to one that is necessarily far more critical.
Debating the Autonomy of Reason

This paper questions the assumption of the bulk of Western philosophy that reasoning in general, and moral reasoning in particular, can be undertaken without any consideration of the unique cultural experiences of those who engage in it. It proposes a communitarian alternative for thinking about subjecthood. It further contends that there is need for professional African philosophers to assist their people in the quest for solutions to current pertinent socio-economic challenges facing them.
Oral nutritional supplement use in elderly nursing home patients.

Objectives: To determine why elderly nursing home patients receive liquid oral protein supplements, what nutritional assessment is utilized, and whether there is evidence of effectiveness. Design: Retrospective, case control study comparing patients over 65 years of age, at two nursing homes, who were served oral supplements (OS) at least twice daily (n = 56), with a random sample of non-supplemented, non-tube fed patients (n = 53). Comparisons included medical diagnoses, medications, morbidity and mortality, weight changes, laboratory test results, and functional and behavioral status. Results: Nursing home patients were begun on OS (median time after admission = 2 months, range = 0–72 months) primarily because of weight loss (71%) and poor appetite (16%). Supplemented patients were below an age-adjusted body weight on admission, unlike controls, and continued to lose weight until OS were started. On OS, weight was slowly regained over 9–10 months in a majority of patients to approximate admission weight. Some patients on OS showed improvement in albumin, total lymphocyte count, cholesterol, or hemoglobin, but too few patients had sufficient lab tests to verify any consistent effect. Mortality was higher in OS patients (8 vs 2, P = 0.057), who were also somewhat older (87.9 vs 84.5 years), but there was no statistical difference in infection or hospitalization rate. Measurements: Nutritional assessment in these nursing homes consisted almost exclusively of (1) serial measurement of weight, (2) comparison of weight to (a) “ideal body weight” and (b) previous weight, and (3) a subjective evaluation of food consumption. No other anthropometric evaluations or laboratory tests were conducted for nutritional assessment. Conclusions: The diagnosis of and intervention in undernutrition in nursing home patients is frequently disorganized. In addition, nutritional assessment, either for screening or for following intervention, is hampered by the lack of convenient and unambiguous assessment tools. OS use is associated with weight gain in many nursing home patients and also improves other nutritional parameters in selected individuals.
Environmental Policy, Land Rights, and Conflict: Rethinking Community Natural Resource Management Programs in Burkina Faso:

In this paper I will examine the effects of the implementation of the Gestion des Terroirs approach in several villages in the cotton-growing region of southwestern Burkina Faso, an area of both ex...
Growth Suppression of Hamster Flank Organs by Topical Application of γ-Linolenic and Other Fatty Acid Inhibitors of 5α-Reductase

Certain unsaturated aliphatic fatty acids, such as γ -linolenic acid, inhibit 5 α -reductase activity in vitro and in vivo . Hamster flank organ growth, as measured by the increase in the area of pigmented macule, is dependent on androgen. When one of the paired flank organs of a castrated hamster was treated topically with testosterone, the treated organ, but not the contralateral flank organ, became larger and darker. Topical application of γ -linolenic acid to the testosterone-treated flank organ suppressed this testosterone effect. Other fatty acids that were not inhibitors of 5 α -reductases were not active. Topical treatment of hamster flank organs with 5 α -dihydrotestosterone also stimulated the growth of the organ. This 5 α -dihydrotestosterone-dependent activity, however, was not significantly affected by γ -linolenic acid, suggesting that flank organ growth was dependent on 5 α -dihydrotestosterone and that γ -Iinolenic acid acted by inhibiting 5 α -reductase. With intact male hamsters, the endogenous androgen-dependent growth of flank organs is also suppressed by topical treatment with γ -linolenic acid. The effect of γ -linolenic acid is localized at the site of its application; topical application of γ -Iinolenic acid did not affect the androgen-dependent growth of other organs such as testis, epididymis, seminal vesicle, and prostate. γ -Linolenic acid, with low toxicity and absence of systemic effect, therefore may be potentially useful for treatment of androgen-dependent skin disorders.
Pontine and non-pontine pathways mediating early mossy fiber responses from sensorimotor cortex to cerebellum in the cat

Stimulation of the cat's sensorimotor cortex evokes a short-latency mossy fiber field potential (N2) in the pars intermedia of the cerebellum. The fraction of the response carried by each of the six cerebellar peduncles was determined by comparing the field potentials before and after electrolytic lesions of individual cerebellar peduncles. The response evoked from the contralateral cerebrum is 3.5 times as large as that evoked from ipsilateral cerebrum. The size of the N2 wave from contralateral cerebral cortex is reduced to about half of the original size after electrolytic lesion of either the brachium pontis (BP) or the restiform body (RB) ipsilateral to the recording site, while only a small reduction in the size of N2 is observed after lesions of contralateral BP and RB. This indicates that inputs responsible for the generation of the N2 wave from contralateral cerebral cortex enter the cerebellum primarily through ipsilateral BP and RB. In contrast, the N2 wave from ipsilateral cerebral cortex is reduced by approximately one quarter following lesions of any one of the four RB's and BP's. Fibers in the brachium conjunctivum do not contribute to these responses. Observation on the P2 field potential, representing postsynaptic firing of granule cells, suggest that the cerebro-ponto-cerebellar and cerebro-reticulo-cerebellar mossy fiber pathways converge onto granule cells. Furthermore, these two inputs must arrive within 3 ms of each other in order to activate the granule cells. In addition, it is shown that BP lesions reducing the mossy fiber input lead to an increase in the climbing fiber input.
Calcification. XIX. Calcification of transplanted rachitic bone.

SummaryCalcification of the rachitic metaphysis, with typical silver line test, was obtained in tibial slices that were transplanted to rats on a normal diet. Similar transplants to rats on a rachitogenic diet did not calcify. This difference was probably due to the higher Ca x P product in the body fluids of animals on a normal diet as compared to the product of animals on a rachitogenic diet. In vitro calcification was obtained in the sera of normal animals, in the sera of rachitic animals to which phosphate was added to raise the Ca x P product but not in the unmodified sera of rachitic animals. In vitro calcification was obtained in inorganic solutions with a Ca x P product of 50 but not with a Ca x P product of 20. Transplanted deep freeze stored bone slices treated with calcium chloride prior to deep freeze calcified more intensively than deep freeze stored bones not treated with calcium, as measured by the silver line test. Calcification in vitro studies indicated reversible inactivation of calcifi...
Probing single molecules in polyacrylamide gels

The development of fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging on the single molecule level has provided a new method to investigate various phenomena in condensed phase at liquid helium and room temperature unobscured by ensemble averaging. Single molecule spectroscopy allows studying the photophysical behavior of chromophores as well as using those chromophores as a probe for their local environment. A crucial problem that has to be overcome for single molecule studies in the liquid phase is Brownian motion: only partially or completely immobilized molecules allow extended observation. Here we report on the use of water-based polyacrylamide gels as a promising medium for single molecule investigations at room temperature with wide-field total internal reflection microscopy. The gel framework dramatically reduced Brownian motion of small fluorescent dye molecules. Observation of the diffusion of these molecules served as a probe for the inner structure of the gels. Furthermore these water-based gels form a useful medium for single molecule studies of biological systems in vitro.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Relationship of a low blood calcium to parathyroid secretion.

WHETHER the parathyroid glands are subject to nervous control is not known. L. R. Dragstedt (personal communication) stimulated the cervical sympathetic for hours and was unable to detect any change in the blood calcium and phosphorus. Transplantation experiments have demonstrated that the parathyroid glands can function adequately in the absence of all nervous connections (i). The evidence would seem to indicate that the nerves have vasomotor rather than secretory functions. There is some evidence that the parathyroid glands may be under the influence of a hormone from the anterior lobe of the hypophysis. This principle has been variously called parathyrotropin and parathyrostimulin. The association in the human subject of parathyroid adenomas with tumors of the hypophysis has been reported (a). Houssay and Sammartino (3) observed degenerative lesions of the parathyroid in 66 per cent of all hypophysectomised dogs. Smith (4) reported atrophy of the parathyroids following pituitary ablation in the rat.
The cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of UVA radiation on L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells.

— A broad-band UVA source that emits primarily350–400 nm radiation and no measurable radiation below 340 nm was used to test toxicity and mutagenicity at the thymidine kinase locus in L5178Y, subclone 3.7.2C (TK+/-) mouse lymphoma cells. Cells were exposed to a fluence of 0 to 80 × 104 J/m2. The relationship between UVA fluence and survival was found to have a shoulder region followed by an exponential decrease in survival at higher fluence levels. An exposure-dependent increase in mutation was observed with increasing fluences from 0 to about 60 × 104 J/m2. An approximately 3- to 4-fold increase in mutations (trifluorothymidine resistance) over unexposed, control cells was seen at a fluence that resulted in 90% cell killing. We conclude that UVA radiation is a mutagen in the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells used in this study.
Microseparation in Lead Borate Glasses

The microstructure of a series of lead borate glasses was studied by electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering techniques. Although the glasses were optically homogeneous, microheterogeneities of the order of 2000 to 3000 A were detected in glasses with compositions near the region of two-liquid stability. The size of these heterogeneities increased as the composition approached the region of immiscibility.
Gert's Moral Theory and its Application to Bioethics Cases

Bernard Gert's theory of morality has received much critical attention, but there has been relatively little commentary on its practical value for bioethics. An important test of an ethical theory is its ability to yield results that are helpful and plausible when applied to real cases. An examination of Gert's theory and his own attempts to apply it to bioethics cases reveals that there are serious difficulties with regard to its application. These problems are sufficiently severe to support the conclusion that Gert's theory is unacceptable as an approach for resolving bioethics cases, even relatively noncontroversial cases.
Mixed-Salt Effects on the Ionic Conductivity of Lithium-Doped PEO-Containing Block Copolymers

We demonstrate a simple, yet effective, mixed-salt method to increase the room temperature ionic conductivity of lithium-doped block copolymer electrolyte membranes by suppressing the crystalline phases in the conducting block. We examined a mixed-salt system of LiClO4 and LiN(SO2CF3)2 (LiTFSI) doped into a lamellae-forming poly(styrene-b-ethylene oxide) (PS–PEO) diblock copolymer. The domain spacings, morphologies, thermal behavior, and crystalline phases of salt-doped PS–PEO samples were characterized, and the ionic conductivities of block copolymer electrolytes were obtained through ac impedance measurements. Comparing the ionic conductivity profiles of salt-doped PS–PEO samples at different mixed-salt ratios and total salt concentrations, we found that the ionic conductivity at room temperature can be improved by more than an order of magnitude when coinhibition of crystallite growth is promoted by the concerted behavior of the PEO:LiClO4 and PEO:LiTFSI phases. Additionally, we examined the influence ...
Induction therapy for active lupus nephritis: mycophenolate mofetil is superior to cyclophosphamide.

Induction therapy for active lupus nephritis: mycophenolate mofetil is superior to cyclophosphamide
Gelation of pH-Aggregated Whey Protein Isolate Solution Induced by Heat, Protease, Calcium Salt, and Acidulant

Effects of pH (3.0−7.0) on aggregation of whey protein solution (WPS, 18%) were investigated by examination of turbidity, aggregate size, and microstructure. As expected, maximum turbidity and aggregate sizes occurred at the isoelectric point (pI 5.2) of whey proteins. Lower or higher pH than the pI resulted in a steady decrease of the turbidity and aggregate size. Microstructure analysis revealed that the WPS at pH 5.7 contained loose and irregular aggregates with 200−400 nm sizes. From the pH (5.7)-aggregated WPS, gelation was induced by heating, hydrolyzing with a protease from Bacillus licheniformis (BLP), increasing ionic strength with CaCl2, and quiescently acidifying with glucono-δ-lactone (GDL), respectively. The hardness, color, and microstructure of the gels so formed were determined. Micrographs of BLP- and CaCl2-induced gels showed aggregates similar in size and shape to the parent aggregates in the WPS. Heat- and GDL-induced gels were structured with enlarged aggregates (500 nm and 1−2 μm). S...
Freezing, storage, and thawing of mouse leukemic cells, L5178Y, in culture.

SummaryA method of freezing, storing, and thawing of cultured mouse leukemic cells, L5178Y, was established to give a reproducible survival of 75.7 + 16.3%. The method consisted of slow freezing with 15% dimethyl sulfoxide, storing in liquid nitrogen, and rapid thawing followed by dilution with warm medium.
Endocrine aspects of social instability in the olive baboon (Papio anubis).

The relationships among social status and the cortisol and testosterone stress-response were studied in the non-natal male members of a troop of olive baboons (Papio anubis) before and during a period of social instability. The unstable period was characterized by dominance interactions that were more frequent, more inconsistent, and produced less linear hierarchies than during the stable period. These changes occurred predominantly among the high-ranking males. Such males engaged in coalitions and consortship harassments at a higher rate during the unstable period than during the stable period. Finally, high-ranking males had the highest rates of involvement in and initiation of escalated fighting during the unstable period, in contrast with the stable period. A number of endocrine correlates of instability emerged. During the stable period, high-ranking males (by reproductive criteria) showed an endocrine profile different from that of subordinates. They had the lowest basal cortisol titers, the largest and fastest increases in cortisol titer during stress, and had elevated testosterone titers during stress. None of these attributes was found in high-ranking males during the unstable period. Males during the unstable period had elevated basal cortisol titers, suppressed cortisol responsiveness to stress, and no longer showed elevated testosterone titers during stress. When psychological advantages associated with social status in a stable social environment were lost, endocrine efficiency previously associated with social status was apparently also lost. Further, high-ranking males, who were most aggressive exclusively during the unstable period, had the highest absolute titers of testosterone exclusively during the unstable period. Thus, elevated testosterone and high levels of aggression were unrelated to social status during the period of social stability, but were traits associated with dominant individuals during the unstable period.
Treatment of overweight in children and adolescents: Does dieting increase the risk of eating disorders?

Objective Overweight is a serious health problem in children and adolescents. Some investigators fear that dieting, the principal method of reducing body weight, may precipitate eating disorders and related complications. This review examined the literature on the effects of dieting on eating behavior and psychological status in youth. Method Electronic databases were searched for articles containing combinations of the following keywords: weight loss, dieting, treatment, overweight, obesity, anorexia, bulimia, binge eating, eating disorder, children, and adolescents. A manual search of reference lists also was conducted. Results Five relevant studies were found. Their findings suggest that a professionally administered weight loss poses minimal risks of precipitating eating disorders in overweight children and adolescents. Significant improvements in psychological status also were observed in several studies. Discussion Concerns about potential ill effects of dieting should not dissuade overweight youth from pursuing sensible methods of weight loss. © 2005 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Performance evaluation of two-stage multi-product kanban systems

We propose an approximate evaluation procedure for a kanban-controlled production system with two stages and multiple products. In the first stage, single-product manufacturing facilities produce items that are the input material for a single multi-product manufacturing facility in the second stage. Each manufacturing facility is controlled by a distinct kanban loop with a fixed number of kanbans. Processing and setup times are exponentially distributed, demand arrivals at the output store of the second stage are Poisson and independent for each product. If a customer's demand cannot be met from stock, the customer either waits or leaves the system, depending on the admissible number of backorders and the current number of waiting customers (partial backordering). We describe a new decomposition-based approximation method for the evaluation of such systems in steady state. We focus on the performance measures average fill rate, average fraction of served demand, and average inventory level. We report the ...
Distribution of putative primordial germ cells in equine embryos

Eighteen equine embryos, 3 each on Days 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 and 30 post ovulation, were collected transcervically by uterine lavage, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin wax. Ten micron serial sections were stained to determine alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in the cells. Positive cells were counted and their approximate location determined. The cells were approximately 8 microm in diameter and the entire cell, except the nucleus, stained strongly with many small round areas of intense staining in the cytoplasm. The cells varied from round to elongated in shape and pseudopodia were often present. Thus, they were similar in shape and staining pattern to primordial germ cells described in other species. A total of 2 AP-positive cells were found in the 3 Day 20 embryos and the mean number of AP-positive cells changed (P<0.05) over the succeeding days as follows; Day 20 = 1; Day 22 = 251; Day 24 = 1484; Day 26 = 2385; Day 28 = 3267; Day 30 = 2424. AP-positive cells present in the liver were not included in the calculations. In the Day 22 embryos, 10% of the putative primordial germ cells were found within the vascular system, including the heart chambers, and only 4% were found along the genital ridge. The percentage of cells found in the vascular system decreased from 10% on Day 22 to 1% on Day 30, although not significantly. The percentage of cells found along the genital ridge changed (P<0.05) over gestational age as follows; Day 22 = 4%; Day 24 = 10%; Day 26 = 28%; Day 28 = 28%; Day 30 = 16%. Once the putative primordial germ cells reached the developing gonads they were no longer AP-positive and nor was the gonadal stroma. The rest of the cells were distributed along the dorsal mesentery (range, 14-24%), near the dorsal aorta (16-29%), in the mesonephros (1-3%) and in other areas of the embryo (27-44%). Large numbers were in the cranial portion of the embryo. Although it is likely that the population of AP-positive cells counted included the primordial germ cells, other cells, such as haematopoietic precursor cells, could not be ruled out. The AP reactivity, the appearance of the cells and their migratory pattern through the dorsal mesentery to the gonadal ridge were consistent with descriptions of primordial germ cells in other species. Their distribution throughout the embryo, especially its cranial aspect and their location within, or in close proximity to, blood vessels suggested that the equine embryo is unusual among mammals in that some of its primordial germ cells migrate through the blood.
New Tools for the Analysis of Glial Cell Biology in Drosophila

Because of its genetic, molecular, and behavioral tractability, Drosophila has emerged as a powerful model system for studying molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the development and function of nervous systems. The Drosophila nervous system has fewer neurons and exhibits a lower glia:neuron ratio than is seen in vertebrate nervous systems. Despite the simplicity of the Drosophila nervous system, glial organization in flies is as sophisticated as it is in vertebrates. Furthermore, fly glial cells play vital roles in neural development and behavior. In addition, powerful genetic tools are continuously being created to explore cell function in vivo. In taking advantage of these features, the fly nervous system serves as an excellent model system to study general aspects of glial cell development and function in vivo. In this article, we review and discuss advanced genetic tools that are potentially useful for understanding glial cell biology in Drosophila.
Invited talk: modular architectures for distributed and databases systems

This paper describes the importance of modularity in systems and lists a number of reasons why systems will become increasingly modular. It describes two strawmen architecture models for systems and distributed databases in order to illustrate the hierarchical decomposition of complex systems. The paper also relates the systems model to the layering achieved in a few systems familiar to the author.
Sleep in Normal Aging

Sleep patterns change with aging, independent of other factors, and include advanced sleep timing, shortened nocturnal sleep duration, increased frequency of daytime naps, increased number of nocturnal awakenings and time spent awake during the night, and decreased slow wave sleep. Most of these changes seem to occur between young and middle adulthood; sleep parameters remain largely unchanged among healthy older adults. The circadian system and sleep homeostatic mechanisms become less robust with normal aging. The amount and pattern of sleep-related hormone secretion change as well. The causes of sleep disturbances in older adults are multifactorial.
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF DYSPROSIUM SINGLE CRYSTALS

Resistivity measurements are reported on two single crystals of hcp dysprosium metal in the temperature range 1.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 400\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The two magnetic transitions at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 175\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K are very evident in the resistivity. Significant anisotropy is observed only above 175\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, which is the paramagnetic range; at 400\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, $\frac{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{II}}}=1.5$. A prediction for the resistivity of polycrystalline dysprosium based on these measurements is seen to be in good agreement with the resistivity of a polycrystalline sample.
Word prosodic systems in the languages of Europe. Edited by Harry van der Hulst. (Empirical approaches to language typology, 20-4.) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1999. Pp. xxix, 1050. Hardcover. $274.00.

Word prosodic systems in the languages of Europe (WPS), edited by van der Hulst, is the fourth in a nine-volume series titled EUROTYP, which is the twentieth work of the series “Empirical Approaches to Language Typology,” the aims of which are to put to use the intellectual capital of the European Union, and to catalog the characteristics of a European Sprachbund (vi). The reader who is curious as to why word level prosody should have a thousand pages devoted to it, and why it is the only remotely phonological topic of the nine EUROTYP topics indicating a Sprachbund and representative of the intellectual capital of Europe, will find by scanning the published papers from the Workshop on Typology of Languages in Europe (Bechert et al. 1990) that only one real reference to accent/intonation/stress appears in Bechert's (1990) article on nominal morphology. In short, WPS is about metrical structure. As such, WPS will be an influential resource to anyone working on prosody because metrical structure in general provides compelling empirical support to classical generative arguments in favor of an unconscious grammar and facilitates insight into other aspects of phonology (vowel length and tone placement, to note just two examples). Nespor reminds readers that although this book and topic are supposed to be limited to word level phenomena, the “word” domain has no privileged status with respect to prosody (117). That is, the principles of prosody do not begin or end with the word (although the notion of “word” holds social and pragmatic importance outside of the community of generative linguists). Thus, notions regarding word accent preclude antecedent notions about smaller and larger domains. Nevertheless, the task of metrical theory, and WPS specifically, is the elucidation of a simple notational device that can predict complex verbal behavior (Hayes 1982). This is in line with EUROTYP's purpose to “study the patterns and limits of variation” (v).