cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signs of Insufficiency Fractures Overlooked in a Patient Receiving Chronic Bisphosphonate Therapy

Chronic bisphosphonate therapy is associated with atypical fractures of the subtrochanteric and proximal femoral diaphyseal regions. Various radiologic imaging signs can identify bisphosphonate-associated stress fractures before they progress to complete fractures. Identifying patients who are at risk and modifying treatment can prevent these fractures from occurring. We present a case study of a patient taking bisphosphonate with 2 years of chronic pain, and characteristic clinical signs of bisphosphonate-associated incomplete stress fractures that went untreated until the patient suffered from a right subtrochanteric complete fracture. Our goal is to make physicians aware of the signs of insufficiency fractures associated with chronic bisphosphonate therapy such that appropriate clinical decisions are made to optimize the quality of patient care.
SU-G-JeP1-07: Development of a Programmable Motion Testbed for the Validation of Ultrasound Tracking Algorithms

Purpose: To develop an advanced testbed that combines a 3D motion stage and ultrasound phantom to optimize and validate 2D and 3D tracking algorithms for real-time motion management during radiation therapy. Methods: A Siemens S2000 Ultrasound scanner utilizing a 9L4 transducer was coupled with the Washington University 4D Phantom to simulate patient motion. The transducer was securely fastened to the 3D stage and positioned to image three cylinders of varying contrast in a Gammex 404GS LE phantom. The transducer was placed within a water bath above the phantom in order to maintain sufficient coupling for the entire range of simulated motion. A programmed motion sequence was used to move the transducer during image acquisition and a cine video was acquired for one minute to allow for long sequence tracking. Images were analyzed using a normalized cross-correlation block matching tracking algorithm and compared to the known motion of the transducer relative to the phantom. Results: The setup produced stable ultrasound motion traces consistent with those programmed into the 3D motion stage. The acquired ultrasound images showed minimal artifacts and an image quality that was more than suitable for tracking algorithm verification. Comparisons of a block matching tracking algorithm with the known motion trace for the three features resulted in an average tracking error of 0.59 mm. Conclusion: The high accuracy and programmability of the 4D phantom allows for the acquisition of ultrasound motion sequences that are highly customizable; allowing for focused analysis of some common pitfalls of tracking algorithms such as partial feature occlusion or feature disappearance, among others. The design can easily be modified to adapt to any probe such that the process can be extended to 3D acquisition. Further development of an anatomy specific phantom better resembling true anatomical landmarks could lead to an even more robust validation. This work is partially funded by NIH grant R01CA190298
MO-A-BRC-01: TG167 Report - Introduction

Although a multicenter, Phase III, prospective, randomized trial is the gold standard for evidence-based medicine, it is rarely used to evaluate innovative radiotherapy devices because of many practical and ethical reasons. It is usually sufficient to compare the dose distributions and dose rates for determining equivalence of the innovative device to an existing one. Thus, quantitative evaluation of the dosimetric characteristics of an innovative brachytherapy device or application is a critical part in which physicists are actively involved. The physicist's role, along with physician colleagues, in this process is highlighted for innovative products or applications and includes evaluation of 1) dosimetric considerations for clinical implementation (including calibrations, dose calculations, and radiobiological aspects) to comply with existing societal dosimetric prerequisites for sources in routine clinical use, 2) risks and benefits from regulatory and safety perspectives, and 3) resource assessment and preparedness. Further, calibration methods should be traceable to a primary standards dosimetry laboratory such as NIST in the U.S. or to other primary standards dosimetry laboratory located elsewhere. Clinical users should follow standards as approved by their country's regulatory agencies that approved such a brachytherapy device. Integration of this system into the medical source calibration infrastructure of secondary standard dosimetry laboratories such as the ADCLs is encouraged before a source is introduced into widespread routine clinical use. The AAPM and GEC-ESTRO have developed guidelines for the safe and consistent application of brachytherapy using innovative brachytherapy devices and applications. The current report covers regulatory approvals, calibration, dose calculations, radiobiological issues, and overall safety concerns that should be addressed during the commissioning stage preceding clinical use. These guidelines are based on review of requirements of the U.S. NRC, FDA, Department of Transportation, International Electrotechnical Commission Medical Electrical Equipment Standard 60601, European Commission for CE Marking, and institutional review boards and radiation safety committees. Learning Objectives: 1.Understand the necessary dosimetric considerations for clinical implementation (including calibrations, dose calculations, and radiobiological aspects) to comply with existing societal dosimetric prerequisites for sources in routine clinical use. 2.Evaluate risks and benefits from regulatory and safety perspectives. 3.Identify necessary resources and create a plan for clinical introduction of innovative brachytherapy device or applications. Consultant for Theragenics Corp.; R. Nath, Consultant to Theragenics Corp.
The making of a pest: Insights from the evolution of chemosensory receptor families in a pestiferous and invasive fly, Drosophila suzukii

Drosophila suzukii differs from other melanogaster group members in their proclivity for laying eggs in fresh fruit rather than in fermenting fruits. Olfaction and gustation play a critical role during insect niche formation, and these senses are largely mediated by two important receptor families: olfactory and gustatory receptors (Ors and Grs). Earlier work from our laboratory has revealed how the olfactory landscape of D. suzukii is dominated by volatiles derived from its unique niche. Signaling and reception evolve in synchrony, since the interaction of ligands and receptors together mediate the chemosensory behavior. Here, we manually annotated the Ors and Grs in D. suzukii and two close relatives, D. biarmipes and D. takahashii, and compared these repertoires to those in other melanogaster group drosophilids to identify candidate chemoreceptors associated with D. suzukii’s unusual niche utilization. Our comprehensive annotations of the chemosensory genomes in three species, and comparative analysis with other melanogaster group members provide insights into the evolution of chemosensation in the pestiferous D. suzukii. We annotated a total of 71 Or genes in D. suzukii, with nine of those being pseudogenes (12.7 %). Alternative splicing of two genes brings the total to 62 genes encoding 66 Ors. Duplications of Or23a and Or67a expanded D. suzukii’s Or repertoire, while pseudogenization of Or74a, Or85a, and Or98b reduced the number of functional Ors to roughly the same as other annotated species in the melanogaster group. Seventy-one intact Gr genes and three pseudogenes were annotated in D. suzukii. Alternative splicing in three genes brings the total number of Grs to 81. We identified signatures of positive selection in two Ors and three Grs at nodes leading to D. suzukii, while three copies in the largest expanded Or lineage, Or67a, also showed signs of positive selection at the external nodes. Our analysis of D. suzukii’s chemoreceptor repertoires in the context of nine melanogaster group drosophilids, including two of its closest relatives (D. biarmipes and D. takahashii), revealed several candidate receptors associated with the adaptation of D. suzukii to its unique ecological niche.
von Hippel-Lindau disease

Summary von Hippel-Lindau disease is a heritable multisystem cancer syndrome that is associated with a germline mutation of the VHL tumour suppressor gene on the short arm of chromosome 3. This disorder is not rare (about one in 36 000 livebirths) and is inherited as a highly penetrant autosomal dominant trait (ie, with a high individual risk of disease). Affected individuals are at risk of developing various benign and malignant tumours of the central nervous system, kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and reproductive adnexal organs. Because of the complexities associated with management of the various types of tumours in this disease, treatment is multidisciplinary. We present an overview of the clinical aspects, management, and treatment options for von Hippel-Lindau disease.
Diminished satellite cell fusion and S6K1 expression in myotubes derived from skeletal muscle of low birth weight neonatal pigs.

Abstract Low birth weight (LBWT) is consistently associated with impaired postnatal muscle growth in mammals. Satellite cell (SC)‐mediated myonuclear incorporation precedes protein accumulation in the early stages of postnatal muscle development and growth. The objective of this study was to investigate proliferation and differentiation of SCs and the regulation of protein synthesis signaling in response to insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐I stimulation in SC‐derived myotubes of LBWT neonatal pigs. SCs isolated from Longissimus dorsi muscle of LBWT and NBWT pigs (3‐d‐old , n = 8) were cultured and induced to proliferate and differentiate to myotubes in vitro. On day 3 of differentiation, myotubes were fasted in serum‐free media for 3 h and treated with human recombinant R 3 ‐insulin‐like growth factor‐I (rh IGF‐I) at 0, 25, and 50 ng × mL −1 for 30 min. There was no difference in proliferation rates of SCs from LBWT and NBWT pigs. However, LBWT SC fusion was 15% lower ( P ≤ 0.05) without a difference in MyoD or myogenin mRNA expression in comparison with NBWT pigs, suggesting SCs are not intrinsically different between the two groups. IGF‐Ι stimulation at physiological concentrations activated downstream effectors of mTOR similarly in myotubes from LBWT and NBWT pigs. However, abundance of ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1(S6K1) was lower in myotubes of LBWT compared to their NBWT siblings ( P ≤ 0.05). These results indicate that the modest reduction in SC fusion and S6K1 expression are not the major contributors to the impaired postnatal muscle growth of LBWT pigs.
Compression Induced Chondrogenic Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells in Three-Dimensional Polydimethylsiloxane Scaffolds

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are an ideal source for chondrogenic progenitors for the repair of damaged cartilage tissue. It is currently difficult to induce uniform and scalable ESC differentiation in vitro, a process required for stem cell therapy. This is partly because stem cell fate is determined by complex interactions with the native microenvironment and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix. Mechanical signaling is considered to be one of the major factors regulating the proliferation and differentiation of chondrogenic cells both in vitro and in vivo. We used biocompatible and elastic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) scaffolds, capable of transducing mechanical signals, including compressive stress in vitro. ESCs seeded into the PDMS scaffolds and subjected to mechanical loading resulted in induction of differentiation. Differentiated ESC derivatives in three-dimensional (3-D) PDMS scaffolds exhibited elongated single cell rather than round clonal ESC morphology. They expressed chondrogenic marker, Col2, with concomitant reduction in the expression of pluripotent marker, Oct4. Immunocytochemical analysis also showed that the expression of COL2 protein was significantly higher in ESCs in 3-D scaffolds subjected to compressive stress. Further analysis showed that compressive stress also resulted in expression of early chondrogenic makers, Sox9 and Acan, but not hypertrophic chondrogenic markers, Runx2, Col10, and Mmp13. Compressive stress induced differentiation caused a reduction in the expression of β-Catenin and an increase in the expression of genes, Rhoa, Yap, and Taz, which are known to be affected by mechanosignaling. The chondroinductive role of RhoA was confirmed by its downregulation with simultaneous decrease in the transcriptional and translational expression of early chondrogenic markers, SOX9, COL2, and ACAN, when ESCs in PDMS scaffolds were subjected to compressive stress and treated with RhoA inhibitor, CCG-1432. Based on these observations, a model for compression induced chondrogenic differentiation of ESCs in 3-D scaffolds was proposed.
Time Constraints for Inter-Limb Co-Ordination in the Cat During Unrestrained Locomotion

Unrestrained walking, trotting and galloping by adult cats is analyzed cinematographically. Classical models, which have previously characterized quadrupedal gait by “idealized” footfall formulas and support durations, can be revised from the present data to specifically describe cat locomotion. The number of limbs supporting the body weight and the sequence in which they are placed on the ground are largely a function of forward speed. Even within one gait and at a given speed, however, the same cat can be observed to vary its support pattern markedly in different strides, such as a transition in mid-flight from a rotatory to a transverse gallop. On the basis of these findings we then propose that, since locomotion can thrive under a variety of conditions both across and within gaits, the locomotor control program has facultative capability.
A Shell Model for Optimal Mixing

What is the maximum mixing efficiency of an incompressible flow? To address this question we introduce a shell model—a reduced model mimicking the kinematics of advection and diffusion—to study the evolution of an initially inhomogeneous tracer concentration carried by a given incompressible fluid on a periodic spatial domain. We pose the mixing task as an optimization problem: Find the divergence-free velocity field (the control variable) that produces a well-mixed tracer concentration field (the state variable). We consider two alternative objectives: local-in-time optimization (maximize the instantaneous mixing rate) and global-in-time optimization (maximize mixing at a prescribed final time). Throughout, we use a shell-model analog of the $$H^{-1}$$ mix-norm to measure mixing. In addition, lower bounds on the mix-norm are obtained and rule out perfect mixing in finite time in particular cases.
A numerical study on competing supply chains: a price-setting newsvendor model

Consider an industry with two competing two-echelon supply chains. Each supply chain consists of one manufacturer and one retailer. Each retailer is modelled as a price-setting newsvendor. That is, each retailer sets his inventory as well as retail price. In such a setting, we numerically study the impact of horizontal competition and demand uncertainty on wholesale and retail prices, inventories, manufacturer profit, retailer profit, and supply chain profit. Demand uncertainty is captured by an additive stochastic demand function in which the random shock is uniformly distributed. Three key findings are: 1) horizontal competition could be beneficial for both manufacturer and retailer; 2) it is possible for retailer to optimally keep less inventory when demand uncertainty increases, provided that horizontal competition is much intense; 3) inventory (and thus order quantity) is an effective tool for retailer to transfer much of demand risk to manufacturer.
Heavy ion collisions: A clash of photons

The ATLAS Collaboration observed photons elastically scattering from other photons — an effect predicted by quantum electrodynamics over 80 years ago.
Occult Massive Visceral Fat Necrosis Following Therapeutic Hypothermia for Neonatal Encephalopathy.

Therapeutic hypothermia (head or whole-body cooling) improves survival and neurodevelopmental outcome in term newborns with moderate-to-severe encephalopathy. Hypothermia treatment is well tolerate...
Early Prediction of Public Reactions to News Events Using Microblogs

Microblog environments like Twitter are increasingly becoming more important to leverage people’s opinion on public events. We aim to predict future public reactions to news events by exploiting related tweets. We define public reactions in terms of their dimension and direction. Our system collects and preprocesses tweets, creates an inverted index to search tweets efficiently, filters them with various methods according to news events; and then uses temporal, spatial and textual features to model predictive classifiers. We also create a public-reaction dataset, BilPredict-2017, which includes several events including terrorist attacks in Turkey from 2015 to 2017. We plan to model ensemble classifiers, and evaluate the success of our system on BilPredict-2017.
What Is the Challenge for Deep Learning in Unconstrained Face Recognition

Recently deep learning has become dominant in face recognition and many other artificial intelligence areas. We raise a question: Can deep learning truly solve the face recognition problem? If not, what is the challenge for deep learning methods in face recognition? We think that the face image quality issue might be one of the challenges for deep learning, especially in unconstrained face recognition. To investigate the problem, we partition face images into different qualities, and evaluate the recognition performance, using the state-of-the-art deep networks. Some interesting results are obtained, and our studies can show directions to promote the deep learning methods towards high-accuracy and practical use in solving the hard problem of unconstrained face recognition.
Infinite U d , U p ground state of the extended Hubbard model

The renormalization of the extended Hubbard model proposed by Zhang and Rice [Phys. Rev. B 37, 3759 (1988)] that leads to the (nearest-neighbor-only) t-J model is scrutinized in the infinite correlation limit. We demonstrate that the ${U}_{d}$,${U}_{p}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty} limit obtained from the extended Hubbard model does not have the same ground state as the U\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty} extrapolation of the t-J model.
Transcapillary adenosine transport in isolated guinea pig and rat hearts

Transcapillary adenosine transport was studied in isolated guinea pig and rat hearts perfused with a colloid-free solution. High-performance liquid chromatography techniques were used to measure adenosine concentration of venous and interstitial (epicardial surface) fluid during steady-state perfusion with various concentrations of adenosine. A mathematical model was used to analyze these data to obtain estimates of the following parameters of transcapillary adenosine transport: PSg, permeability-surface area product for adenosine movement through interendothelial cell channels; PSecl, permeability-surface area product for adenosine movement through the luminal plasma membrane of endothelial cells; and Gec, clearance rate constant for endothelial cell metabolism and/or sequestration of adenosine. In both guinea pig and rat hearts, PSg was estimated to be less than or equal to 3 ml.min-1.g-1. Estimates of PSecl and Gec of guinea pig hearts (7.2 +/- 0.4 and 230 +/- 157 ml.min-1.g-1) were significantly less than those of rat hearts (66 +/- 11 and 2,490 +/- 1,360 ml.min-1.g-1). That PSecl is greater than PSg in both species indicates that endothelial cells represent an important pathway for transcapillary adenosine transport. That Gec is much greater than PSecl in both species implies that endothelial cells act as a sink for adenosine from surrounding areas. Our results indicate that endothelium is a stronger sink for adenosine in rat hearts than in guinea pig hearts. Inosine infusion (10(-4)M) had little effect on the estimated PSecl and Gec in guinea pig hearts but reduced these parameters several-fold in rat hearts, suggesting that different transport mechanisms for adenosine exist in endothelia of guinea pig and rat hearts.
Prevention services in primary care: taking time, setting priorities.

Abstract Preventive services are delivered at rates far below recommended levels. Although lack of time has frequently been cited as an important factor, little is known about how much time primary care clinicians devote to prevention and how they prioritize that time. Work sampling was used to estimate the proportion of time spent on prevention during routine care of patients by primary care clinicians in two hospital-based clinics serving indigent patients. Clinicians were prompted by computer at random intervals to describe their current activity and, if the activity was prevention-related, to choose the specific activity from a list modified from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations. Proportions of time spent on prevention overall and by specific prevention activity were calculated, and the association between USPSTF ratings of specific prevention activities and proportion of time spent on those activities was examined using Kendall's Tau. Clinicians in these clinics spent just 11% of their time on prevention, or about 7 minutes per patient per year. Screening for just two diseases, breast cancer and cervical cancer, accounted for half of all prevention-related activity. There was no overall relation found between proportion of time by specific prevention activity and USPSTF ratings. Thus, the primary care clinicians spent little time on prevention and did not apportion that time according to USPSTF recommendations. If these results are representative, time constraints in actual practice may be too severe to deliver the full range of preventive services suggested by USPSTF.
Historical Political Economy

This chapter explores the cyclicality of historical awareness in economics. It shows how, over the centuries, there have been numerous moments when a tendency toward theoretical abstraction has resulted in real-world catastrophes which, in turn, have inspired a return to more historically-grounded approaches to economic inquiry and policy.
Nanoscale Structure and Dynamics of Water on Pt and Cu Surfaces from MD Simulations

The interaction of liquid water with Pt(111) is investigated with classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, where the forces are determined using the third-generation charge optimized many-body (COMB3) interatomic potential. In cases of sub-monolayer water coverage, the parameterized empirical potential predicts experimentally observed and energetically favorable √37 and √39 reconstructed water structures with “575757” di-interstitial defects. At both sub-monolayer and multilayer water coverages, the structure of the first wetting layer of liquid water on Pt(111) exhibits a characteristic distribution where the molecules form two distinct buckled layers as a result of the interplay between water–metal adsorption and water–water hydrogen bonds. The dynamic spreading rate of water nanodroplets on large Pt surfaces (>200 nm2) characterized by molecular kinetic spreading theory is an order of magnitude slower than the molecular kinetic rate of the same droplet on close-packed Cu surfaces due to variation...
Individual differences in visuospatial working memory: benefits from environmental support for rehearsal

ABSTRACTPrevious research has suggested that participants with low working memory spans are less likely than those with high spans to engage in rehearsal and other effective strategies during memor...
Method for solving hyperbolic systems with initial data on non-characteristic manifolds with applications to the shallow water wave equations

Abstract We are concerned with hyperbolic systems of order-one linear PDEs originated on non-characteristic manifolds. We put forward a simple but effective method of transforming such initial conditions to standard initial conditions (i.e. when the solution is specified at an initial moment of time). We then show how our method applies in fluid mechanics. More specifically, we present a complete solution to the problem of long waves run-up in inclined bays of arbitrary shape with nonzero initial velocity.
Higher depressive symptoms in early adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder by self- and parent-report compared to typically-developing peers

Abstract Background Depression is more prevalent among male early adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) than their typically- developing (TD) peers, but findings are limited to two male-only studies. Therefore, a broader understanding of depressive symptoms among both male and female early adolescents with ASD in larger samples is needed. Self- and parent-ratings are frequently used, yet rater differences may emerge and provide unique insights. Method Ratings of adolescent depressive symptoms were examined among 230 early adolescents (10:0−13:5 years) with and without ASD using self- (Children’s Depression Inventory, Second Edition; CDI-2) and parent- report (Child Behavior Checklist; CBCL) measures. The influence of diagnostic group (ASD vs. TD) and rater (early adolescent vs. parent) on ratings were examined with Full Scale IQ and sex as covariates. Additionally, the reliability and strength of agreement between raters were examined. Results Higher depressive symptoms were reported by both raters in the ASD group (Borderline range) compared to the TD group (Average range). The interaction of diagnostic group and rater was nonsignificant, but significant main effects emerged. Sex was a significant covariate, but Full Scale IQ was not. The reliability and strength of agreement between raters in the ASD group only were not significant. Conclusions Findings suggest that depressive symptoms may be higher in both male and female early adolescents with ASD across self- and parent- reports. However, measurement of depression in ASD may be complicated by nonsignificant reliability and strength of agreement between raters. Results have implications for screening and intervention for early adolescents with ASD.
Two Preference Paradoxes.

Although one might think that the above paradox does not occur in reality, such a situation happens from time to time. For example, in June 1972, three men?Hum phrey, McGovern, and Wallace?were leaders in the race for the Democratic presidential nomination. It was said that those who preferred McGovern seemed to prefer Humphrey next and Wallace least (this order being the public image of how "liberal" each candidate was). Those who preferred Humphrey often preferred Wal lace second and McGovern last (perhaps Humphrey represented the established order and McGovern represented the strongest break with the status quo). Yet many who liked Wallace best often wanted McGovern second (dissatisfaction with the status quo meant that any candi date might be better than Humphrey, who signified no change to many). If enough people preferred the candidates in one of these three rankings, it is indeed possible that Humphrey was preferred to Wallace, who was preferred to McGovern, who was preferred to Humphrey. No wonder every one was so confused then! This example could be repeated with taste preferences of people, TV watching, public opinion polls, and so on. The
Recursive Support Vector Machine Biomarker Selection for Alzheimer's Disease

Background There is a need for more reliable diagnostic tools for the early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This can be a challenge due to a number of factors and logistics making machine learning a viable option. Objective In this paper, we present on a Support Vector Machine Leave-One-Out Recursive Feature Elimination and Cross Validation (SVM-RFE-LOO) algorithm for use in the early detection of AD and show how the SVM-RFE-LOO method can be used for both classification and prediction of AD. Methods Data were analyzed on n = 300 participants (n = 150 AD; n = 150 cognitively normal controls). Serum samples were assayed via a multi-plex biomarker assay platform using electrochemiluminescence (ECL). Results The SVM-RFE-LOO method reduced the number of features in the model from 21 to 16 biomarkers and achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.980 with a sensitivity of 94.0% and a specificity of 93.3%. When the classification and prediction performance of SVM-RFE-LOO was compared to that of SVM and SVM-RFE, we found similar performance across the models; however, the SVM-RFE-LOO method utilized fewer markers. Conclusion We found that 1) the SVM-RFE-LOO is suitable for analyzing noisy high-throughput proteomic data, 2) it outperforms SVM-RFE in the robustness to noise and in the ability to recover informative features, and 3) it can improve the prediction performance. Our recursive feature elimination model can serve as a general model for biomarker discovery in other diseases.
Non-asymptotic homogenization of 3-D periodic structures

Abstract A two-scale non-asymptotic homogenization procedure is shown to yield very accurate results for transmission and reflection of electromagnetic waves by 3D periodic structures. On the fine scale, information about the fields is carried by a basis of Bloch waves traveling in different directions; the corresponding coarse-scale basis functions are generalized plane waves. The coarse-scale fields are constructed in such a way that (i) Maxwell's interface boundary conditions and (ii) dispersion relations in the bulk are rendered as accurately as possible. Illustrative examples are presented for 3D dielectric and plasmonic structures.
Precision medicine in autoimmune disease

Abstract Autoimmune diseases are a set of diseases where immune system aberrancies lead to tissue injury, morbidity and decreased quality of life, increased mortality and high financial costs. There are numerous autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes (T1DM), hypo- and hyperthyroidism, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, autoimmune myositis, vasculitis, inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis, to name several.
The association of phasic irritability (aggressive outbursts) and tonic irritability (irritable mood) to depression occurrences, symptoms, and subtypes.

Abstract Background Research among adults has rarely differentiated between tonic irritability (i.e., irritable mood) and phasic irritability (i.e., aggressive outbursts) with respect to multiple dimensions of depression. The current study explored both tonic and phasic irritability in relation to depression severity, depression chronicity, age of depression onset, individual depressive symptom, and depression subtypes. Methods The study included participants (N = 5692) from the National Comorbidity Survey – Replication (NCS-R) part two. The NCS-R used lay-administered, fully standardized diagnostic interviews. The current study implemented linear models, generalized linear models, Cox proportional hazard model, and latent class regression. Results Both types of irritability were significantly associated with greater risk for MDD diagnosis, as well as risk for having at least one depressive symptom, early MDE onset, and MDE chronicity. Both phasic and tonic irritability were associated with greater odds of specific depressive symptoms and were differentially related to distinct depressive symptom constellations. Phasic irritability related only to severe depression. Lastly, both phasic and tonic irritability was associated with suicidal ideation, but only phasic irritability was associated with a suicide plan and attempt, above and beyond depression subtypes. Conclusions Both phasic and tonic irritability differentially related to almost all aspects of depression in adults. Specifically, tonic irritability showed overall stronger associations with various depressive features, whereas phasic irritability marked higher depressive severity.
Elucidating the underlying surface chemistry of Sn/Al2O3 catalysts during the propane dehydrogenation in the presence of H2S co-feed

Abstract Incipient wetness impregnation was used to deposit dispersed tin (Sn) atoms on γ-Al2O3. The morphology and structure of the catalysts were characterized using Raman, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and low energy ion scattering (LEIS) combined with N2-physisorption and in situ infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRIFTS) using NH3 and CO2 as probe molecules, H2- temperature-programmed reduction (H­2-TPR), and steady-state reaction kinetics measurements. The effects of H2S on the surface chemical composition and structure of the resulting catalysts were systematically studied. The results showed isolated and well-dispersed Sn oxide sites of the deposited catalyst with nanoparticles observed only at relatively high coverages of 10% Sn at a coverage ranging from 0.48 to 2.8 Sn atoms nm−2. DRIFT spectroscopy evidenced a decrease in the number of Lewis acid sites on H2S treated Sn/Al2O3 suggesting surface tin species re-dispersing and blocking the active sites of γ-Al2O3. Overall, the surface analysis results presented here suggest that the active catalytic sites in the presence of H2S involve Al2O3 rather than bulk sulfide and Sn atoms dispersed over alumina towards propane dehydrogenation.
Understanding Factors Influencing Breastfeeding Outcomes in a Sample of African American Women

Objectives Persistent disparities in breastfeeding rates among African American (AA) women compared to other population groups have motivated researchers to understand factors influencing breastfeeding choices using a variety of methods. Quantitative surveys are more commonly reported, however, qualitative work that amplifies voices of AA women is limited. Methods Participants were recruited from a randomized controlled feasibility trial focused on breastfeeding support for AA women in Detroit, MI. Thirteen women were enrolled in the qualitative portion of the study described here. Using the Socioecological model (SEM) as the theoretical foundation, semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted to explore perceived facilitators and barriers to breastfeeding. Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using Theoretical thematic analysis. Results Women reported factors ranging from micro to macro SEM levels that discouraged or reinforced breastfeeding. Key challenges included breastfeeding-related discouragement issues, including factors that decreased confidence and led women to terminate breastfeeding (e.g., problems with latching, pumping, lack of comfort with breastfeeding in public, and work constraints). Facilitators included perceived mother and infant benefits, perseverance/commitment/self-motivation, pumping ability, and social support. Participant suggestions for expanding breastfeeding promotion and support included: (1) tangible, immediate, and proactive support; (2) positive non-judgmental support; (3) "milk supply" and "use of pump" education; and (4) self-motivation/willpower/perseverance. Conclusions for practice Despite the identification of common facilitators, findings reveal AA women face many obstacles to meeting breastfeeding recommendations. Collaborative discussions between women and healthcare providers focused on suggestions provided by AA women should be encouraged.
The Determinants and Consequences of Big 4 Lobbying Positions on Proposed Financial Accounting Standards

Despite the considerable participation of Big 4 accounting firms in accounting standard setting, there is no systematic evidence on what factors shape Big 4 support or opposition toward proposed accounting standards or whether their lobbying positions materially influence standards. Using textual features of Big 4 comment letters on FASB proposals, I find that Big 4 firms’ lobbying positions reflect profit motives through support for standards that will generate more fees or are supported by their clients. Big 4 lobbying support is concentrated in proposals exhibiting both characteristics, with some evidence suggesting client agreement dominates fee-generating incentives. Big 4 lobbying positions are significantly associated with standard setting outcomes, both in isolation and relative to other FASB constituents, including financial statement users. Although I primarily focus on Big 4 accounting firms, results indicate the tone of comment letters submitted by users is unassociated with the standard setting outcomes measured in this study.
Identification of an E1A-inducible cellular factor that interacts with regulatory sequences within the adenovirus E4 promoter.

Abstract We have previously shown that E1A-mediated induction of the adenovirus E2 transcription unit likely involves the posttranslational activation of a previously limiting cellular factor termed E2F. However, this factor is not involved in E1A induction of several other viral genes, including the E4 gene, since it does not bind to the promoters of these genes. We have undertaken an analysis of proteins which bind to the E4 promoter in an attempt to define the basis for E1A control of this gene. Gel retardation binding assays revealed a large number of interactions with the E4 promoter consistent with the fact that at least 180 nucleotides of sequence are required for full promoter activity. The analysis was simplified by employing small probes as well as by using partially fractionated extracts. By so doing, we have identified at least seven discrete factor interactions involving the E4 promotor. Multiple interactions, as defined by discrete gel complexes, were identified with a site previously shown to be critical for promoter activity as well as E1A control. We find that one of these factors, termed E4F, is increased at least 10-fold in extracts prepared from Ad5 infected cells and that the increase requires the E1A gene. Furthermore, the activation is maximal by 3 h post-infection, consistent with the kinetics of activation of E4 transcription. Competition binding assays demonstrated that the E4F factor was E4 specific and did not interact with any other E1A inducible promoter. We therefore conclude that the induced E4F factor is likely responsible for the E1A-induced transcription of E4, thereby suggesting that E1A control must involve an activation of multiple promoter specific binding proteins.
Molecular and Biological Properties of P2Y Receptors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular and biological properties of P2Y receptors. The incorporation of molecular biology approaches is a key factor in the identiﬁcation of G protein-coupled nucleotide receptors revealed by functional criteria and also receptors whose existence has not been predicted by pharmacological studies. The impressive growth to more than a dozen gene products tentatively assigned to the P2Y receptor family is not always accompanied by meticulous evaluation through functional analysis, and hence nomenclatural confusion has resulted. The G protein-coupled P2Y receptor family is composed of seven mammalian species whose primary amino acid sequences and pharmacological proﬁles for agonist-mediated second-messenger production are defined in the chapter. G protein-coupled receptors closely related to the mammalian P2Y receptors are identiﬁed in avian, amphibian, and lower organisms, suggesting that the skate P2Y receptor is an evolutionary ancestor of P2Y 1 receptors. The biological signiﬁcance of extracellular nucleotides is supported by pharmacological studies of P2 receptors that are potently stimulated by adenosine triphosphate (ATP), uracil triphosphate (UTP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and uracil diphosphate (UDP); by direct demonstration of ATP and UTP release from various cell types and tissues under resting and stimulated conditions; and by the autocrine activation of P2 receptors by released nucleotides.
A portable microcontroller-based HTTP tunnelling activity detection system

In this paper we present a portable fuzzy-logic based intrusion detection system that makes use of behavior profiles and signature matching techniques to detect Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) tunnelling activities. The HTTP tunnelling is defined as techniques to use the HTTP protocol to encapsulate illegal and harmful messages within HTTP data. The portable system, whose function is governed by a Motorola 68HC12 microcontroller, is designed to detect both malicious and unauthorized HTTP tunnelling activities: (1) interactive tunnelling sessions, (2) scripted tunnelling sessions, and (3) unauthorized video and audio stream sessions. Preliminary experimental data show the validity of the proposed system.
Dietary Standards and Guidelines: Similarities and Differences Among Countries

Summary Nutrient reference values and dietary guidelines are two key dietary standards necessary for nutrition science and policy making. Nutrient reference values are dietary standards for nutrient requirements that all humans share, and that are usually quite similar from country to country. Dietary guidelines are evidence-based, country-specific recommendations for food patterns that promote healthy weights and good health while helping to prevent and reduce diet-related disease. They differ from country to country. Nutrient reference values should be and are gradually converging and being harmonized between countries. In contrast, dietary guidelines remain unique to each country because of differences in foodways, cuisines, customs, economics, and food production capacity. The reasons for the similarities and differences between these two standards across several countries are described, and likely future directions are suggested. The focus is on standards published in English that are used by governments of highly industrialized countries with Western eating patterns. Possible useful future directions for dietary reference values and dietary guidelines are summarized as the chapter concludes.
Ample vector bundles on curves

In our earlier paper [4] we developed the basic sheaftheoretic and cohomological properties of ample vector bundles. These generalize the corresponding well-known results for ample line bundles. The numerical properties of ample vector bundles are still poorly understood. For line bundles, Nakai’s criterion characterizes ampleness by the positivity of certain intersection numbers of the associated divisor with subvarieties of the ambient variety. For vector bundles, one would like to characterize ampleness by the numerical positivity of the Chern classes of the bundle (and perhaps of its restrictions to subvarieties and their quotients). Such a result, like the Riemann-Roch theorem, giving an equivalence between cohomological and numerical properties of a vector bundle, may be quite subtle. Some progress has been made by Gieseker [2], by Kleiman [8], and in the analytic case, by Griffiths [3].
“HELPED PUT IN A QUILT:” Men's Work and Male Intimacy in Nineteenth-Century New England

By examining the case of one man in the early nineteenth century, this article challenges the assumptions of separate work and emotional lives for men and women and raises questions for the study of gender. The experience of Brigham Nims, as revealed in his diaries and letters, demonstrates that men and women did not live their lives in completely separate spheres during this period. Men could ignore the prescriptive adages of advice manuals and ministers, and regularly break gender-role stereotypes, yet still be honored in their communities. They also engaged in special intimate friendships. If the separation of spheres was observed by individuals as rigidly as it was advocated in prescriptive literature, then it is unlikely that Brigham Nims would have sewed, cooked, ironed, and quilted with womenfolk.
Immunofluorescence microchamber technique for characterizing isolated organelles.

We describe a rapid technique for the localization and quantitation of specific proteins on organelles bound to microscope chambers. Disposable chambers are constructed from glass slides and provide a platform for the binding of organelles and subsequent immunofluorescence and biochemical assays. Several studies are presented to demonstrate the utility of this technique. Kinesin was visualized in postnuclear supernatants. Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum bound quantitatively to chambers. Endocytic vesicles prepared from rat liver that had been injected in situ with Texas red-labeled asialoorsomucoid allowed for simultaneous detection of asialoorosomucoid, asialoglycoprotein receptor, caveolin 1, and microtubules. Asialoglycoprotein receptor colocalized with asialoorosomucoid-containing vesicles, whereas many of the caveolin 1 structures had no asialoorosomucoid or asialoglycoprotein receptor. The microchambers were also used to measure the binding to endocytic vesicles of exogenously added Rab5 and to monitor the ATP-dependent acidification of endocytic vesicles using the fluorescent dye acridine orange.
Jet structure in e + e - annihilation as a test of quantum chromodynamics and the quark-confining string

We examine the jet structure in ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilation from two processes: (a) the bremsstrahlung of a hard gluon and (b) the emission of a meson at wide angle via the constituent-interchange model (CIM). At center-of-mass energies from 12 to 25 GeV, both processes, if present, are found to broaden the sharp transverse-momentum damping of jets observed at SPEAR. At lower energies and large transverse momentum we find that the CIM process prevails. But by center-of-mass energies greater than 30 GeV the gluonic process should be dominant. We also examine the jet structure generated by the decay of a bound state of new heavy quarks into three gluons. Should such quarks (${m}_{q}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}5$ GeV) exist, this bound state would provide an ideal place to look for gluon-induced jets. Other topics we have studied include (i) jet structure via the production of four quarks and (ii) different possible gluonic fragmentation functions. Jet structure in deep-inelastic lepton-hadron scattering processes is also briefly considered. We conclude that ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilation is probably the cleanest place to search for gluonic structure, whose existence would be striking evidence in favor of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). On the other hand, the absence of such structure would necessitate a reexaminat on of our intuitive understanding of QCD and a serious consideration of other field-theoretical hadronic models, e.g., the quark-confining string, which, unlike QCD, does not possess gluonic degrees of freedom.
A methodology for characterizing reactive coatings: Time–temperature–transformation (TTT) analysis of the competition between cure, evaporation, and thermal degradation for an epoxy‐phenolic system

Abstract : A methodology, in terms of a macroscopic isothermal time-temperature- transformation (TTT) diagram, is presented for characterizing the changes which occur isothermally in a reactive thermosetting system in which evaporation, cure, and thermal degradation occur. Iso-weight loss contours show the progress of the loss of volatile material (mostly solvent). The gelation contour corresponds to the macroscopic viscosity rising to a definite level. The vitrification contour corresponds to the glass transition temperature (T sub g) rising to the temperature of cure. Iso-T sub g contours show the progress of cure in terms of the easily measured T sub g (rather than chemical conversion). The iso-T sub g contours also show the influence of thermal degradation competing with cure. Degradation is responsible for difficulties in assigning the glass transition temperature of the fully cured material. Keywords: Epoxy resins, Phenolic plastics, Plastic coatings.