cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lithium-Ion Batteries: Thermal Reactions of Electrolyte with the Surface of Metal Oxide Cathode Particles

Thermal reactions between 1.0 M LiPF 6 in 1:1:1 ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate/diethyl carbonate and metal-oxide cathode particles were investigated by analyzing both the liquid electrolyte and solid cathode particles through the combined use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gas chromatography with mass selective detection, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The reactions between the electrolyte and cathode particles inhibit the thermal decomposition of the electrolyte and modify the surface of the cathode particles. The Li 2 CO 3 on the surface of the metal oxides is removed and replaced by a complex mixture including poly(ethylene oxide), polycarbonate, ROCO 2 Li, LiF, and Li x PO y F z . Higher surface concentration of Li 2 CO 3 on LiNi 0.8 Co 0.2 O 2 allows a fragile temperature-dependent equilibrium to be established, accounting for the thermal stability of the electrolyte. Higher temperature leads to more Li x PO y F z and less Li 2 CO 3 on the surface. With LiCoO 2 , no equilibrium is established due to lower surface concentration of Li 2 CO 3 . Consequently, thermal reactions of the electrolyte with LiCoO 2 generate decomposition products, including Li x PO y F z and cobalt fluorides on the surface and bulk electrolyte decomposition. Independent addition of Li 2 CO 3 enhances the thermal stability of the LiPF 6 -based electrolyte, confirming the thermal-stabilizing properties of Li 2 CO 3 surface films. The addition of a carbonate solution of PF 5 to LiNi 0.8 Co 0.2 O 2 generates LiPF 6 in the solution and Li x PO y F z on the surface.
Moderating Probation and Parole Officer Attitudes to Achieve Desired Outcomes

Much has been written about officer role orientations in probation and parole and about principles of effective correctional intervention, but little research adequately reflects the importance of linking these two discussions. The present study on officer attitudes provides a first step toward making this link. An officer attitude survey was conducted with both regular and intensive supervision officers at two different program sites. Each site recently implemented a prototypical model of intensive supervision that encourages a balanced approach to supervision and is based on principles of effective correctional intervention. Prior to implementation, the intensive supervision officers at each site participated in comprehensive training and development activities. The primary purpose of this research was to learn the extent to which attitudes of the intensive supervision officers differ from those of regular supervision officers—who did not participate in the training and development activities—in terms o...
Improving Learning Outcomes of a Course in Instrumentation

Many engineering educators have become sensitive to the improved outcome of student learning in their classes. This has been true for our colleagues in the colleges of education where teachers are prepared for the teaching pedagogy. In many cultures as well as ours, the teaching profession is upheld as a noble profession. At the same time, the university faculty are held with high esteem by the general population. Faculty teaching in undergraduate programs have begun to address the pedagogy of learning in recent years. There is a national trend towards helping in this phenomenon. Besides funding initiatives by organizations such as the National, Science Foundation, engineering professional societies continue to organize forums and awards to recognize and promote teaching and learning of engineering subject matter. This paper would address an experiment in improved learning by students of a subject matter that is laboratory based. The instrumentation course is a required course for engineering technology (ET) students pursuing mechanical, manufacturing/industrial, product design, and electromechanical majors at Wayne State University (WSU). Most engineering technology students are more comfortable with experimental techniques than with derivation of equations and formulas. Setting for this course was a multi-media distance learning classroom and a set of lab experiments. The teacher had an important task of not just covering the material, but to increase student interest to optimize their learning. Although all the teaching materials were prepared for presentation in power point, after discussion with the class it was decided to make the learning process different from the traditional teaching. The class was divided in three groups and each group was given a reading assignment covering one third of the material to be covered in each session. Each team met on a regular basis going over its assignment and breaking up the tasks for each team member to lead presentation and discussion for the whole class. Learning objectives addressed in the course included team work, effective communication, system design and testing, continued student participation, effective learning for long term retention besides the contents of the subject matter. Overall, student really felt they were learning a lot and new things. This paper summarizes a very positive experience of students and faculty dealing with learning pedagogy.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Estimation of hypoxic ventilatory dynamics using pseudorandom inputs.

Abstract Using experimental and simulation studies, we assessed the applicability of pseudorandom binary hypoxic stimulation (PRBS) for estimating the dynamic respiratory response to a single breath of hypoxia. In experimental studies on rats we tested whether the transient ventilatory response to hypoxia based on the PRBS technique converges to the measured response to a true single breath of hypoxia. Plethysmographic volume recordings were obtained from 7 urethane anesthetized, bilaterally vagotomized rats while the inspired O2 level was switched pseudorandomly between 21% and 12%. The pseudorandom estimates were comparable to the ensemble averaged responses to 15–40 trials of a single-breath inspiration of 12% O2. Ventilation peaked in 2–3 breaths and the response lasted for 15–20 breaths and was primarily due to a decrease in breath duration. Changes in CO2 concentration in the blood cause an underestimate of the purely hypoxic transient response. In simulation studies we also demonstrated the applicability of this technique to human subjects using a mathematical model of human respiratory control. We conclude that the pseudorandom technique will provide a very good estimate of the ventilatory dynamics to inhalation of a single breath of hypoxic gas in rats and humans.
Supervisory styles of patrol sergeants and lieutenants

Abstract Scholars across academic disciplines have advanced theories identifying leadership styles. While these theoretical approaches have been used in a variety of settings, few police scholars have adapted these frameworks for a comprehensive study of patrol supervision. The present study uses these frameworks to identify underlying attitudinal constructs of supervisory styles from data collected for the Project on Policing Neighborhoods (POPN), a systematic observational study of patrol officers and first-line supervisors in two metropolitan police departments. Through factor analyses, four distinct supervisory styles (traditional, innovative, supportive, and active) are identified and thoroughly described. Supervisors are classified as having one of these four primary styles of supervision and the distribution of these supervisory styles is examined along with differences in supervisor behavior. Implications for policy and research are explored.
Pseudohyperparathyroidism in head and neck tumors.

This report presents nine cases of pseudohyperparathyroidism of the head and neck region, as determined by the triad of hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and the absence of significant bone metastases to account for the hypercalcemia. All had serum calcium levels in excess of 11 mg% (normal 9.0-10.5 mg%) at some point during the course of their disease; the serum phosphate was either low or normal as long as the BUN was not elevated. The clinical courses of all nine are summarized. Eight patients were symptomatic with gastrointestinal complaints, confusion, and dehydration. Only one patient responded to therapy with lowering of the serum calcium and relief of symptoms. The hypercalcemia was a terminal event in all cases, appearing 1-11 months prior to death. Eight patients had postmortem examinations which are summarized. Pseudohyperparathyroidism is not uncommon in advanced stages of head and neck cancer, and the consequent symptoms must not be attributed to side effects of the treatments for the widespread tumor. The treatment should be aimed at symptomatic relief.
Supplements to Soybean and Cottonseed Meal Diets for Poults and Growing Turkeys

Abstract MANY investigations have demonstrated that soybean oil meal supports a rapid rate of growth in chicks when it is supplemented with an APF supplement in the form of a concentrate or with crystalline vitamin B12. The reports on the value of animal protein as a source of the animal protein factor for growing turkeys are relatively few, and those available are somewhat conflicting. Headly (1944) and Brant et al. (1944) obtained a normal rate of growth in turkeys with a small amount of animal protein in the diet. Bird, Marsden and Kellogg (1948) and Bird, Marsden, Groschke and Lillie (1948) reported that diets which contained 6% of fish meal were superior to those which contained soybean meal as the only source of protein. The turkeys which had received fish meal were heavier at 6 weeks and also at 18 to 22 weeks. When meat meal was sustituted for fish meal . . .
Pulsed Laser Ablation Of Calcified Plaque

Laser ablation of calcific plaque in human arteries has been demonstrated with visible radiation at intensities (107 W/cm2) that are readily transmitted by flexible (320 μm diameter) quartz optical fibers. The ablative mechanism involves formation of a plasma with mechanical fragmentation of the plaque by stress waves rather than simply thermal vaporization. By appropriate selection of laser pulse duration (<50 μsec), wavelength and exposure, the laser pulse can ablate the calcified plaque but will not ablate normal artery. These optimized laser parameters may enhance the safety and efficacy of laser endarterectomy.
Area burned in the western United States is unaffected by recent mountain pine beetle outbreaks

In the western United States, mountain pine beetles (MPBs) have killed pine trees across 71,000 km(2) of forest since the mid-1990s, leading to widespread concern that abundant dead fuels may increase area burned and exacerbate fire behavior. Although stand-level fire behavior models suggest that bark beetle-induced tree mortality increases flammability of stands by changing canopy and forest floor fuels, the actual effect of an MPB outbreak on subsequent wildfire activity remains widely debated. To address this knowledge gap, we superimposed areas burned on areas infested by MPBs for the three peak years of wildfire activity since 2002 across the western United States. Here, we show that the observed effect of MPB infestation on the area burned in years of extreme fire appears negligible at broad spatial extents. Contrary to the expectation of increased wildfire activity in recently infested red-stage stands, we found no difference between observed area and expected area burned in red-stage or subsequent gray-stage stands during three peak years of wildfire activity, which account for 46% of area burned during the 2002-2013 period. Although MPB infestation and fire activity both independently increased in conjunction with recent warming, our results demonstrate that the annual area burned in the western United States has not increased in direct response to bark beetle activity. Therefore, policy discussions should focus on societal adaptation to the effects of recent increases in wildfire activity related to increased drought severity.
Management of spontaneous pneumothorax.

Spontaneous pneumothorax remains a significant problem in the United States. In this clinical commentary, after a brief discussion of primary and secondary pneumothorax, a summary of the therapeutic options for spontaneous pneumothorax is presented along with recommendations from the writer. Lastly, special problems with pneumothorax, including the pneumothorax that occurs in the patient with AIDS, are discussed.
Constructing contexts, (re)defining immigrants: Mental models and social representations in immigration policy defense*

This article examines two different instances of policy defense as a means to show how a socio-cognitive approach to contexts can help develop a dialectical account of the relationship between soci...
Shear-horizontal surface acoustic wave phononic device with high density filling material for ultra-low power sensing applications

Finite element simulations of a phononic shear-horizontal surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor based on ST 90°-X Quartz reveal a dramatic reduction in power consumption. The phononic sensor is realized by artificially structuring the delay path to form an acoustic meta-material comprised of a periodic microcavity array incorporating high-density materials such as tantalum or tungsten. Constructive interference of the scattered and secondary reflected waves at every microcavity interface leads to acoustic energy confinement in the high-density regions translating into reduced power loss. Tantalum filled cavities show the best performance while tungsten inclusions create a phononic bandgap. Based on our simulation results, SAW devices with tantalum filled microcavities were fabricated and shown to significantly decrease insertion loss. Our findings offer encouraging prospects for designing low power, highly sensitive portable biosensors.
Probability-one homotopies in computational science

Probability-one homotopy algorithms are a class of methods for solving nonlinear systems of equations that, under mild assumptions, are globally convergent for a wide range of problems in science and engineering. Convergence theory, robust numerical algorithms, and production quality mathematical software exist for general nonlinear systems of equations, and special cases such as Brouwer fixed point problems, polynomial systems, and nonlinear constrained optimization. Using a sample of challenging scientific problems as motivation, some pertinent homotopy theory and algorithms are presented. The problems considered are analog circuit simulation (for nonlinear systems), reconfigurable space trusses (for polynomial systems), and fuel-optimal orbital rendezvous (for nonlinear constrained optimization). The mathematical software packages HOMPACK90 and POLSYS_PLP are also briefly described.
Redox-Induced Terpyridyl Substitution in the Os(VI)−Hydrazido Complex, trans-[OsVI(tpy)(Cl)2(NN(CH2)4O)]2+

Reaction between the Os(VI)−hydrazido complex, trans-[OsVI(tpy)(Cl)2(NN(CH2)4O)]2+ (tpy = 2,2‘:6‘,2”-terpyridine and O(CH2)4N- = morpholide), and a series of N- or O-bases gives as products the substituted Os(VI)−hydrazido complexes, trans-[OsVI(4‘-RNtpy)(Cl)2(NN(CH2)4O)]2+ or trans-[OsVI(4‘-ROtpy)(Cl)2(NN(CH2)4O)]2+ (RN- = anilide (PhNH-); S,S-diphenyl sulfilimide (Ph2SN-); benzophenone imide (Ph2CN-); piperidide ((CH2)5N-); morpholide (O(CH2)4N-); ethylamide (EtNH-); diethylamide (Et2N-); and tert-butylamide (t-BuNH-) and RO- = tert-butoxide (t-BuO-) and acetate (MeCO2-). The rate law for the formation of the morpholide-substituted complex is first order in trans-[OsVI(tpy)(Cl)2(NN(CH2)4O)]2+ and second order in morpholine with kmorp(25 °C, CH3CN) = (2.15 ± 0.04) × 106 M-2 s-1. Possible mechanisms are proposed for substitution at the 4‘-position of the tpy ligand by the added nucleophiles. The key features of the suggested mechanisms are the extraordinary electron withdrawing effect of Os(VI) on tpy and...
Accountability From a Humanist Point of View

(1973). Accountability from a Humanist Point of View. School Psychology Review: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 30-34.
Intermediate filament antigens of 60 and 65 kDa in the nuclear matrix of plants: Their detection and localization

Although the presence of a matrix in plant nuclei has been reported, major questions remain about its structural and biochemical features. We have used an intermediate filament antibody of broad specificity to explore whether Daucus carota (carrot) nuclei and nuclear matrices contain intermediate filament/lamin antigens and, if so, where specifically they are localized. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting revealed two bands, at 60 and 65 kDa, that were highly immunoreactive with the intermediate filament antibody (IFA) of Pruss et al. (1981, Cell 27, 419-428). This pattern was observed consistently, not only with carrot cell-free nuclei and nuclear matrices, but also with nuclear preparations from Vicia faba (broad bean) and Pisum sativum (pea). Immunofluorescence studies with whole carrot nuclei localized the IFA antigens to the nucleoplasm and disclosed no accentuated peripheral labeling. Agarose-embedded nuclear matrices showed not only fluorescence throughout the nucleoplasm but also heavy labeling surrounding the nucleoli and suggestions of peripheral labeling. At the ultrastructural level, immunogold results from pre- and postembedment treatments supported the conclusion that IFA antigens occur throughout the nucleoplasm, with possibly a slight concentration at the periphery. These combined results provide substantial evidence that plant nuclei and their matrices possess at least two major intermediate filament antigens with molecular weights characteristic of animal lamins. Whether or not these antigens represent plant lamins, their nonperipheral localization hints at significant differences among the eukaryotic kingdoms in nuclear organization.
The intercellular adhesin locus ica is present in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from bacteremic patients with infected and uninfected prosthetic joints

Although polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) is thought to be crucial in the pathogenesis of prosthetic device infections caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, its role in prosthetic device infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus is unknown. To assess the clinical impact of PIA production, isolates from 15 prospectively identified cases of S. aureus bacteremia in patients with prosthetic joints (8 infected, 7 uninfected) were characterized for biofilm production, hemagglutination, and the presence of a 419-bp amplification product within icaA. Although icaA was present in all 15 isolates, none of the isolates produced hemagglutination and only one isolate (from a patient with an uninfected prosthetic device) weakly produced biofilm in vitro. These results support the observation that the ica locus is conserved between S. epidermidis and S. aureus and that PIA may be expressed only under in vivo conditions. Future investigations should include animal models to approximate the complex milieu surrounding implanted prosthetic medical devices.
A note on soil moisture and underground storage

Changes in soil moisture and the resulting underground storage-capacity are affected by many factors. Among these, the precipitation pattern, temperature, soil type, and vegetal cover are prominent. Owing to the complexity of the problem, few measurements are available. Some results of a small-scale study are offered here to add to the sum of knowledge on the subject.
Identification of a gibberellin-induced gene in deepwater rice using differential display of mRNA

Differential display of mRNA was employed to identify gibberellin (GA)-regulated genes in deepwater rice. One of the first differentially displayed products identified was shown to be ten-fold induced after start of GA treatment. The sequence of the clone shows complete amino acid identity with histone H3, and its increased mRNA level correlates with the onset of DNA synthesis. We also identified a gene whose expression pattern did not change over the course of treatment with GA and can be used as standard to correct for loading differences on northern blots.
Studies on the mechanism of the UVA light-dependent loss of glutathione reductase activity in human lenses.

Purpose To determine the mechanism that leads to the UVA light-dependent loss of glutathione reductase (GR) activity in human lens (HL). Methods Both the HL water-soluble (WS) fraction and yeast GR were irradiated with UVA light (200 mW/(cm(2). h) for 1 hour at +20 degrees C, and the specific activity (SA) was observed. GR apoenzyme (apo-GR) was prepared from either HL-WS fractions or yeast GR by treatment with a cold solution of acidic ammonium sulfate. Reconstitution of apo-GR was conducted by mixing enzyme with an excess of flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and purification of GR on a size-exclusion separation column. Results One hour of UVA photolysis of an HL-WS fraction resulted in a 96% decrease in the SA of GR (6.32 +/- 0.22 vs. 0.39 +/- 0.01 mU/mg lens protein). Action spectra of GR SA in the WS fraction from HL within the range 320 to 500 nm showed that the enzyme was most vulnerable to the wavelengths in the UVA region with the highest decrease in the SA at 320 to 350 nm ( approximately 23%-28% activity loss within 1 hour of irradiation), and lowest with the wavelengths beyond 400 nm (7%-8% SA loss). UVA irradiation of apo-GR in the crude HL-WS fraction, followed by reconstitution with FAD, showed that 90% of the original SA was recovered. The original GR activity either in HL or yeast GR, however, was not recovered by (NH(4))(2)SO(4) (pH 2.25) treatment followed by reconstitution with FAD after UVA photolysis. Experiments with UVA-photolyzed yeast GR revealed that UVA photolysis caused the formation of additional SH groups within the enzyme, as shown by the incorporation of an SH-specific fluorescent probe, 4-(aminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (ABD-F). Similar results were obtained on the photolyzed iodoacetamide-alkylated yeast GR, which was evaluated by matrix-assisted desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Conclusions The results show that the reduction of HL GR activity by UVA light was directly linked to the presence of FAD within the enzyme. That the irradiated GR showed de novo formed SH groups argues that UVA photolysis of GR leads to the reduction of the redox-active disulfide within the reaction center of the enzyme, making it inactive.
Social comparison processes and judgments of entitlement and satisfaction

Abstract Two experiments examined a process by which social comparison processes can produce group differences in judgments of outcome entitlement and satisfaction. We hypothesized that (1) similarity biases occur in the acquisition of social comparison information about the outcomes of others; (2) this leads to group differences in perceived outcome standards when some groups (e.g., women) are paid less than others; (3) these different standards produce corresponding group differences in judgments of outcome entitlement and satisfaction. In both experiments men and women performed a job, were paid, estimated a fair wage for their work, and rated their satisfaction with their payment. In the first experiment subjects selected the outcomes of one previous participant for comparison after being paid. Subjects in the second experiment were allowed to freely acquire information about the pay of up to 48 (bogus) others before receiving payment. Social comparison information was manipulated in both studies so that similarity-based comparisons would lead to the acquisition of different wage standards for women and men assigned to different jobs. Both experiments provided strong evidence of similarity biases in the acquisition of outcome comparison information, but only the first provided clear evidence that acquired comparison standards affect subsequent judgments of entitlement and satisfaction. Implications of these results for previously observed group differences (e.g., gender differences) in judgments of outcome entitlement and pay satisfaction are discussed.
ETHANOL-ASSOCIATED PLACENTO-TOXICITY: Na, K-ATPase ACTIVITY

Ethanol (E) abuse during pregnancy may be associated with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), due in part to E-induced interference with placental transport of amino acids. Since this placental transport is energy dependent, we measured the effect of acute and chronic E exposure upon rat placental Na,K-ATPase activity. Acutely, term pregnant rats (n=8) were gavaged with 4 gm E/kg body weight (2.5 hr before sacrifice). Control (C) animals (n=4) received sucrose. Chronic E animals (n=5) were fed a liquid diet containing 6% E (v/v) throughout pregnancy. Controls were isocalorically pairfed. All dams were sacrificed at 20 days gestation. A membrane fraction was prepared for each placenta and mean Na,K-ATPase activity was determined per litter. Maternal blood E levels were 319 ± 27.8 mg/dl (mean ± SE) for acute animals at sacrifice and 195 ± 26.0 mg/dl throughout pregnancy for chronic animals. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in Na,K-ATPase activity for the chronically E treated animals (C=55.0 ± 7.4 vs. E=31.8 ± 6.0 pmoles P/min/mg protein; p=0.05; paired t-test). However, there was no difference between acutely treated E and C placentae. CONCLUSION: Chronic, but not acute ethanol exposure causes a reduction in rat placental Na,K-ATPase activity. This may help explain the etiology of IUGR association with maternal ethanol abuse.
α-(1H-Imidazol-1-yl)alkyl (IMIDA) carboxylic acid esters as prodrugs of carboxylic acid containing drugs

Abstract Synthesis of α-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)alkyl (IMIDA) carboxylic acid esters have been reported in 2–3 simple steps. α-(1H-Imidazol-1-yl)alkyl (IMIDA) carboxylic acid esters were found to be chemically labile and thus serve as novel prodrugs of carboxylic acids.
Addiction: More than innate rationality

Redish et al. rely too much on a rational and innate view of decision-making, when their emphasis on variation, their integrative spirit, and their neuroscientific insights point towards a broader view of why addiction is such a tenacious problem. The integration of subjective, sociocultural, and evolutionary factors with cognitive neuroscience advances our understanding of addiction and decision-making.
Independence of glucagon receptors and glucagon inactivation in liver cell membranes.

THERE is increasing evidence that receptors for polypeptide hormones are localized on the cell membrane. Hormone-receptor interactions have been studied primarily by measuring the bmding of 125I-labelled hormones to intact1 or broken-cell preparations2–6. Peptide hormones, however, are often inactivated after exposure to the cell extract and numerous enzymes reported as specific hormone-degrading have been described. With some hormones, such as insulin1,6,7, biologically significant receptor interactions have been demonstrated in the absence of hormone degradation, but with other hormones, such as glucagon, it has not been possible to dissociate the processes of specific receptor binding and of hormone inactivation3, which suggests that these two processes may be functionally or structurally related. Until this question is resolved, it will not be possible to characterize properly the kinetics of the hormone-receptor interaction or to isolate and purify the receptor.
Remarks on extremal problems in nonparametric curve estimation

We discuss optimization problems which arise in various nonparametric statistical settings with Holder function classes. We establish a new property of the solution of an optimal recovery problem which leads to exact constants in the formulas for asymptotic minimax risks.
A Study of Hydraulics in Simulated Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A hydraulic model was designed to study the effects of converging streams such as occur in patent ductus arteriosus. The results showed that flow across the fistula was dependent primarily on the resistance at the outlets of the "systemic" as against the "pulmonic" circulation. Even very slight differences in resistance could effect very large shunts. When the left ventricular output was great, the loss across the shunt was relatively unimportant. However, when the left ventricular output was low, most of its flow passed across the shunt and the systemic delivery virtually ceased. This situation became much more severe if the systemic resistance was raised even slightly above that of the pulmonic outflow path.
Behind the Glass: Driver Challenges and Opportunities for AR Automotive Applications

As the automotive industry moves toward the car of the future, technology companies are developing cutting-edge systems, in vehicle and out, that aim to make driving safer, more pleasant, and more convenient. While we are already seeing some successful video-based augmented reality (AR) auxiliary displays (e.g., center-mounted backup aid systems), the application opportunities of optical see-through AR as presented on a drivers' windshield are yet to be fully tapped; nor are the visual perceptual and attention challenges fully understood. As we race to field AR applications in transportation, we should first consider the perceptual and distraction issues that are known in both the AR and transportation communities, with a focus on the unique and intersecting aspects for driving applications. This paper describes the some opportunities and driver challenges associated with AR applications in the automotive domain. We first present a basic research space to assist in these inquiries, which delineates head-mounted from heads-up and center-mounted displays; video from optical see-through displays; and world-fixed from screen-fixed AR graphics. We then address benefits of AR related to primary, secondary, and tertiary driver tasks as well as driver perception and cognition challenges inherent in automotive AR systems.
Assessment of an extracorporeal life support to LVAD bridge to heart transplant strategy.

Abstract Background . Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is an effective technique for providing emergent circulatory assistance. However, its use in adult patients is associated with poor survival when myocardial function fails to recover. Due to the prolonged waiting times for heart transplantation, ECLS as a bridge to transplant is associated with poor survival. In addition, ECLS has been reported to be a significant risk factor for death after bridging to an implantable left ventricular assist device (LVAD). After acquisition of the HeartMate LVAD (Thermo Cardiosystems, Inc) in October 1996, we began using ECLS as a bridge to an implantable LVAD and subsequently transplantation in selected high-risk patients. Methods . From October 1, 1996 to December 1, 1999, 60 adult patients presenting with cardiogenic shock were evaluated for circulatory assistance. Results . Twenty-five patients (group 1) with cardiac arrest or severe hemodynamic instability and multiorgan failure were placed on ECLS. Eight patients survived to LVAD implant, 1 was bridged directly to transplant, and 4 weaned from ECLS. Nine patients in group 1 survived to discharge. Thirty patients (group 2) underwent LVAD implant without ECLS. Twenty-three were bridged to transplant, with 22 surviving to discharge. Five patients (group 3) were placed on extracorporeal ventricular assist with 3 bridged to transplant and all surviving to discharge. One-year actuarial survival from the initiation of circulatory support was 36% (group 1), 73% (group 2), and 60% (group 3). One-year actuarial survival from the time of LVAD implant in group 1, conditional on surviving ECLS, was 75% ( p = NS compared with group 2). Conclusions . In selected high-risk patients, LVAD survival after initial ECLS was not different from survival after LVAD support alone. An initial period of resuscitation with ECLS is an effective strategy to salvage patients with cardiac arrest or extreme hemodynamic instability and multiorgan injury.
The human science

LIKE many other words in our language, “science” has more than one meaning. It may be defined as systematized knowledge in general and also as any branch thereof. When we think of the various branches of science, we are apt to stress those like astronomy or metallurgy that are inanimate, inorganic, impersonal. Occasionally, therefore, it is well to remember that there is another science, a very human one — anthropology — the science of man himself. As might be expected from the wide range of human activities, anthropology is a very broad subject and can be here outlined only in part. In so doing, that sword of Damocles, the possibility of error, which hangs over the head of every scientist, is acknowledged at the start.
Conversion of La2CuO4−δ to a superconductor by treatment in fluorine gas

Abstract Polycrystalline samples of La2CuO4-δ have been prepared and treated with fluorine gas. Inductive magnetization measurements reveal that the F2 treated samples show substantial flux shielding (4–44%) while an untreated sample does not. Onset transition temperatures of the fluorine treated La2CuO4-δ pellets were approximately 35 K. Powder x-ray diffraction shows that the orthorhombic structure of La2CuO4-δ is not changed by the fluorine treatment.
Effect of Grinding Variables on Strength of Hot Pressed Silicon Nitride

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effect of several grinding variables on the room temperature strength of Norton NC-132 hot pressed silicon nitride. The grinding variables studied included diamond grit size, diamond concentration, type of diamond bond, downfeed rate and type of cut. Significant effects on strength were noted for all variables except diamond concentration.Copyright © 1983 by ASME
Bennett's linkage and the cylindroid

Bennett's linkage is a spatial 4R closed chain that can move with one degree of freedom. The set of relative displacement screws that form the one-dimensional workspace of this device defines a ruled surface known as a cylindroid. The cylindroid is generally obtained as a result of a real linear combination of two screws. Thus, the workspace of Bennett's linkage is directly related to a one-dimensional linear subspace of screws. In this paper, we examine in detail Bennett's linkage and its associated cylindroid, and introduce a reference pyramid which provides a convenient way to relate the two. These results are fundamental to efficient techniques for solving the synthesis equations for spatial RR chains.
A general non-Abelian density matrix renormalization group algorithm with application to the C2 dimer

We extend our previous work [S. Sharma and G. K.-L. Chan, J. Chem. Phys. 136, 124121 (2012)], which described a spin-adapted (SU(2) symmetry) density matrix renormalization group algorithm, to additionally utilize general non-Abelian point group symmetries. A key strength of the present formulation is that the requisite tensor operators are not hard-coded for each symmetry group, but are instead generated on the fly using the appropriate Clebsch-Gordan coefficients. This allows our single implementation to easily enable (or disable) any non-Abelian point group symmetry (including SU(2) spin symmetry). We use our implementation to compute the ground state potential energy curve of the C2 dimer in the cc-pVQZ basis set (with a frozen-core), corresponding to a Hilbert space dimension of 10(12) many-body states. While our calculated energy lies within the 0.3 mEh error bound of previous initiator full configuration interaction quantum Monte Carlo and correlation energy extrapolation by intrinsic scaling calculations, our estimated residual error is only 0.01 mEh, much more accurate than these previous estimates. Due to the additional efficiency afforded by the algorithm, the excitation energies (Te) of eight lowest lying excited states: a(3)Πu, b(3)Σg (-), A(1)Πu, c(3)Σu (+), B(1)Δg, B(') (1)Σg (+), d(3)Πg, and C(1)Πg are calculated, which agree with experimentally derived values to better than 0.06 eV. In addition, we also compute the potential energy curves of twelve states: the three lowest levels for each of the irreducible representations (1)Σg (+), (1)Σu (+), (1)Σg (-), and (1)Σu (-), to an estimated accuracy of 0.1 mEh of the exact result in this basis.
Effect of Steareth-20 on the Release of Nitrofurantoin from Propylene Glycol Monostearate Microspheres

AbstractIn vitro release of nitrofurantoin (NFT) from microspheres of propylene glycol monostearate (PGM) was investigated at NFT:PGM ratios of 1:1, 1:1.5, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, and 1:9 in distilled water at 37°C. The rate and extent of drug release declined with decreasing NFT:PGM ratio. A maximum drug release of 52.4% over 24 hr was recorded for the microspheres of formulation I (highest load). The effect of Steareth-20 (ESA) over the concentration range of 0.01% to 0.1% w/w of PGM on the size of the microspheres and on the release profile of nitrofurantoin from the microsphere formulations was examined at NFT.PGM ratios of 1:1 and 1:4. The cumulative % of NFT released over a 24-hr period was found to be maximum at ESA concentration of 0.03% and 0.05% w/w of PGM. The plots of T50 versus %w/w of ESA exhibited two minima, the first at 0.03% ESA and a second, weaker than the first, at 0.05% ESA, paralleling the earlier observations. Scanning electron micrographs of the exhausted microspheres revealed a very porou...
Comments on Nozer Singpurwalla's “On Causality and Causal Mechanisms”

Professor Singpurwalla is anxious to prove that "the calculus of probabilities, endowed with a time dynamic, is indeed the calculus of causality". As I have explained in my comments on Lindley's review, the effort to embed causality within probability theory cannot succeed and, even if successful, would not yield desirable or useful results. I have also explained why probability calculus need be extended with new notation to cover causal relationships. Interestingly, the idea of adopting new notation for expressing causal relationships has been traumatic to most persons trained in statistics; partly because the adaptation of a new language is difficult in general, and partly because statisticians have been accustomed to assuming that all phenomena, processes, thoughts, and modes of inference can be captured in the powerful language of probability theory. (Commenting on my do(x) notation a leading statistician wrote: "Is this a concept in some new theory of probability or expectation? If so, please provide it. Otherwise, 'metaphysics' may remain the leading explanation." (e-mail correspondence)). I will here demonstrate that:
Drowning and Near Drowning

Water immersion is a frequent cause of accidental death and hospital admission. This article outlines the pathogenesis and principles of treatment. Drowning is defined as death by asphyxia due to submersion in a liquid medium. Near-drowning is defined as immediate survival after asphyxia due to submersion.
Design of solid acid catalysts for aqueous-phase dehydration of carbohydrates: The role of Lewis and Bronsted acid sites

We have prepared a series of well-characterized acid catalysts, including Zr–P, SiO2–Al2O3, WOX/ZrO2, γ-Al2O3, and HY zeolite and tested them for aqueous-phase dehydration of xylose. We have characterized the concentration of both Bronsted and Lewis acid sites in these catalysts with TPD and FT-IR spectroscopy using gas-phase NH3 and compared the catalytic activity and selectivity with that of homogeneous catalysts for the dehydration of aqueous solutions of xylose. The catalyst selectivity is a function of the Bronsted to Lewis acid site ratio for both the heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions. Lewis acid sites decrease furfural selectivity by catalyzing a side reaction between xylose and furfural to form humins (insoluble degradation products). At 20% xylose conversion, catalysts with high Bronsted to Lewis acid ratios, such as Zr–P, exhibit furfural selectivities as much as 30 times higher than catalysts with higher Lewis acid site concentrations. Dehydration reactions using ion-exchange polymer resins with high Bronsted acid site concentrations showed similar selectivities to Zr–P and HCl. Using HY zeolite revealed a low furfural selectivity due to strong irreversible adsorption of the furfural in the pores, causing an increase in the rate of humin formation. Thus, to design more efficient aqueous-phase dehydration catalysts, it is desirable to have a high ratio of Bronsted to Lewis acid sites. Furthermore, gas-phase characterization of acid sites can be used to predict catalytic activity in the aqueous phase.
Stability and Swell Pressure Characteristics of Compacted Clays

This paper discusses some of the factors affecting the density vs. stability relationships of compacted clays and some of the limitations of the concept that the stability of a compacted soil increases with an increase in density. A series of tests performed on silty clay, in which stability was measured by triaxial compression tests, are described. It is shown that the relationship between density and stability of a soil depends on the criterion used to define stability; the greater the permissible strain before a sample is considered unstable, the greater is the possibility that an increase in density will cause an increase in stability. For the silty clay, when the stability is defined as the load required to cause 10 percent strain or less, an increase in density at a given water content caused an increase or decrease in stability depending upon the water content and the range of densities involved; at constant degrees of saturation, however, an increase in density always caused an increase in stability. The effect of compaction method on the density vs. stability relationship is illustrated. Test data are presented for two soils, a silty clay and a sandy clay, comparing the stabilities, at various water contents and densities, of partially saturated samples compacted by impact methods, static pressure and kneading action. It is shown that, at equal water contents and densities, samples compacted by static pressures exhibit higher stabilities than samples compacted by impact or kneading methods; also, that the stabilities of samples at equal densities and water contents, compacted by impact and kneading methods, are very similar, with kneading compaction producing somewhat higher stabilities at lower degrees of saturation, and impact compaction producing slightly higher stabilities at higher degrees of saturation. For static compaction, both soils showed an increase of stability with increase in density at all water contents, while for samples compacted by impact and kneading methods, an increase in density at a given water content did not necessarily lead to an increase in stability. The effect of saturation on the stability of compacted clays is shown and the influence of water content at compaction on the stability of saturated samples having the same density and water content is illustrated. Finally, a comparison is made of the stability and swell pressures developed at various densities of samples of the sandy clay compacted by kneading action and static pressure and subsequently saturated by exudation of moisture from the samples under static loads. It is shown that very much higher swell pressures and stabilities are exhibited by the statically compacted samples than by the samples prepared by kneading action.
AIDS vaccine models: challenging challenge viruses.

Preclinical challenge studies of AIDS vaccines in non-human primates have an important role in the AIDS vaccine development effort. However, to be most useful, challenge models need to be improved to more closely reflect the actual biological circumstances of HIV-1 infection and transmission in humans.
The consumer racial profiling experiences of Black students at historically Black colleges and universities: An exploratory study

Abstract This article examines consumer racial profiling among Black students at historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). Consumer Racial Profiling (CRP) is when store employees target a shopper or shoppers for discriminatory treatment based on their race or ethnicity. The research revealed that students have been exposed to a variety of CRP practices (e.g., being followed around, etc.). Even though they have been victims of CRP, many of the students did not report doing anything about it. Multivariate analyses were conducted to determine the most significant predictors of both having reported being a victim of CRP and also reporting the incident. The article concludes arguing that victims of CRP must report the incidents—if they are to be minimized, or in the best-case scenario, eliminated. In addition, the authors argue that criminologists should pay more attention to both CRP and the experiences and views of students at HBCUs.
A systematic approach to the synthesis of algorithms

This paper presents a theory which allows the systematic synthesis of a class of iterative algorithms. The basic idea consists of using a specially structured model called thep-algorithm and a set of transformations. These transformations are chosen so that if thep-algorithm solves a given problem, then the new algorithm obtained by repeated application of these transformations still solves the problem. One of the applications of the approach is the synthesis of algorithms which satisfy a-priori given specifications. Given a set of primitives, one may transform an algorithm which uses primitives not in the allowable set into an algorithm which uses only allowable primitives. The theory is illustrated by the systematic transformation of a well known algorithm for optimization, the Frank-Wolfe algorithm.
Transient Ischemic Attack and Minor Ischemic Stroke: An Algorithm for Evaluation and Treatment

Objective To report a cost-effective and scientifically based algorithm for the clinical assessment and treatment of patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor ischemic stroke. Design We comprehensively reviewed the literature on the epidemiologic features, assessment approaches, and treatment recommendations for ischemic cerebrovascular disease and developed an algorithm by using the available clinical and research data to support all decision-making steps. Material and Methods For patients with TIA or minor ischemic stroke, the appropriate setting for investigation (inpatient or outpatient), suggested diagnostic tests, use of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, and indications for surgical treatment are reviewed. Results Although stroke is a common cause of death and lost productivity in the United States, the clinical assessment of patients with TIA or minor ischemic stroke has lacked consistency. The simplified algorithm clarifies patients who may be candidates for hospitalization and possible anticoagulation therapy. Initial diagnostic studies should include computed tomography of the head without use of a contrast agent, which quickly distinguishes nonhemorrhagic from hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease. Evolving noninvasive studies of the cerebral vasculature are providing increasingly sensitive means of detecting stenoses, yet cerebral angiography remains the "gold standard." Treatment options depend on the pathophysiologic findings on diagnostic evaluation. Conclusion The assessment of patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease is complex. The simplified algorithmic approach reported herein necessitates entry of appropriate patients into the algorithm. Because of clinical heterogeneity, an algorithm may apply to a wide spectrum of patients but will not cover every situation; hence, evaluation must be guided by a patient's unique history and findings on examination and by the physician's clinical experience.