cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential forebrain c-fos mRNA induction by ether inhalation and novelty: evidence for distinctive stress pathways

Previous studies indicate the existence of subtypes of stressors invoking distinct patterns of neuronal integration. Pathways activated by stress appear to depend on whether the perceived threat is processive/neurogenic or systemic in nature. To test this hypothesis, the present study compares magnitude and extent of c-fos mRNA induction in response to novelty (open field (OF), representing a processive stressor) or ether exposure (representing a systemic stressor). Exposure to the OF or ether fumes both produced increases in plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels; notably, peak levels of secretion were elevated in the ether group, suggestive of augmented HPA secretory activity to this stressor. In situ hybridization analysis of c-fos mRNA induction reveals common and divergent activational properties in the two stress groups. The extent of c-fos mRNA expression was similar in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), despite stress-related differences in CORT secretion. Analysis of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and limbic sites, specifically, the lateral septum and medial amygdaloid nucleus, indicate greater c-fos mRNA induction in animals exposed to OF stress. The frontoparietal cortex was only forebrain region showing differential activation by ether. Differential c-fos induction was not observed in the medial preoptic area (ventrolateral quadrant), paraventricular thalamus, dorsolateral striatum or hippocampus. The results indicate that processive and systemic stressors differ not only in the patterning of neuronal activation in the CNS, but also in the extent to which selected stress-sensitive regions are induced.
Effect of chronic denervation and denervation-reinnervation on cytoplasmic creatine kinase transcript accumulation.

The extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscles of adult mice were chronically denervated or denervated and allowed to reinnervate. Muscles were evaluated 1, 5, 14, 21, and 52 days after sciaticectomy. In terms of weight loss, myofiber atrophy, degeneration, and fibrosis, the soleus muscle was more affected than the EDL by chronic denervation. Fifty-two days after chronic denervation, the number of molecules of MCK/ng total RNA in both muscles (determined with competitive PCR) decreased, with the soleus muscle being more affected. At that stage, BCK mRNA levels in the denervated soleus were unchanged, but they were increased (>50%) in the EDL. Reinnervation restored MCK transcript accumulation in the EDL, whereas, in the soleus MCK, transcripts exceeded control values by 57%, approaching levels in the reinnervated EDL. Despite restoration of MCK mRNA levels, the number of molecules of BCK mRNA/ng total RNA was four- to fivefold higher in reinnervated versus control muscles, suggesting that the genes encoding the CK mRNAs are not coordinately regulated in adult muscle. The role of denervation induced, fiber type changes in regulating CK mRNA accumulation has been evaluated. Electron microscopic analyses have established that fibrosis is not a factor that determines BCK mRNA levels in the chronically denervated or denervated-reinnervated muscles. CK isozyme analyses support the hypothesis that a greater proportion of BCK mRNA found in 52 day chronically denervated and denervated-reinnervated muscles is produced in myofibers vs. nonmuscle cells than in control muscles.
Normal length changes in hand bones during adulthood: exploratory study of ray two

A longitudinal analysis was made of total length changes of the four epiphyseal bones of ray two, the index finger, during adulthood. Matched pairs of standardized hand-wrist radiographs on 37 individuals between earlier (means = 22 years) and later (means = 54 years) adult age-grades show that the distal and middle phalanges continue to increase in overall length; the proximal phalange exhibits no change; and the metacarpal significantly decreases in size. The changes in these normal adults are also discernible in cross-sectional data but are not obvious statistically. Causes of the specific increases and decreases remain speculative.
The role of the service sector in soviet GNP and productivity estimates: Comment☆

Abstract Because of the difficulty of obtaining appropriate data, the CIA has underestimated the growth of services in the Soviet economy. Mark Prell has proposed and tested some interesting alternatives to the CIA's estimates, but I believe that his methods overstate the growth of services. In some respects, moreover, the adoption of Prell's proposals would reduce the comparability of CIA estimates with those of Western countries.
Management approaches to hypertension in autonomic failure.

Purpose of reviewSupine hypertension is a common finding in autonomic failure that can worsen orthostatic hypotension and predispose to end-organ damage. This review focuses on nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic approaches to manage hypertension in these patients in the face of disabling orthostatic
Effects of fasting on growth hormone, growth hormone receptor, and insulin-like growth factor-I axis in seawater-acclimated tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus.

Abstract Effects of fasting on the growth hormone (GH)–growth hormone receptor (GHR)–insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis were characterized in seawater-acclimated tilapia ( Oreochromis mossambicus ). Fasting for 4 weeks resulted in significant reductions in body weight and specific growth rate. Plasma GH and pituitary GH mRNA levels were significantly elevated in fasted fish, whereas significant reductions were observed in plasma IGF-I and hepatic IGF-I mRNA levels. There was a significant negative correlation between plasma levels of GH and IGF-I in the fasted fish. No effect of fasting was observed on hepatic GHR mRNA levels. Plasma glucose levels were reduced significantly in fasted fish. The fact that fasting elicited increases in GH and decreases in IGF-I production without affecting GHR expression indicates a possible development of GH resistance.
Some Aspects of the Teaching of German in the Colleges and Universities of Pennsylvania

Author's Summary— Questionnaires returned by forty-two institutions of Pennsylvania reveal a wide divergence of teaching methods, requirements and textbooks used.)
Histone H2A.Z Acetylation Modulates an Essential Charge Patch

Histone H2A.Z is structurally and functionally distinct from the major H2As. To understand the function of H2A.Z acetylation, we performed a mutagenic analysis of the six acetylated lysines in the N-terminal tail of Tetrahymena H2A.Z. Tetrahymena cannot survive with arginines at all six sites. Retention of one acetylatable lysine is sufficient to provide the essential function of H2A.Z acetylation. This essential function can be mimicked by deleting the region encompassing all six sites, or by mutations that reduce the positive charge of the N terminus at the acetylation sites themselves, or at other sites in the tail. These properties argue that the essential function of H2A.Z acetylation is to modify a "charge patch" by reducing the charge of the tail.
In Vitro Evolution of an Archetypal Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Strain

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a leading cause of infantile diarrhea in developing countries. EPEC strain E2348/69 is used worldwide as a prototype to study EPEC genetics and disease. However, isolates of E2348/69 differ phenotypically, reflecting a history of in vitro selection. To identify the genomic and phenotypic changes in the prototype strain, we sequenced the genome of the nalidixic acid-resistant (Nal(r)) E2348/69 clone. We also sequenced a recent nleF mutant derived by one-step PCR mutagenesis from the Nal(r) strain. The sequencing results revealed no unintended changes between the mutant and the parent strain. However, loss of the pE2348-2 plasmid and 3 nonsynonymous mutations were found in comparison to the published streptomycin-resistant (Str(r)) E2348/69 reference genome. One mutation is a conservative amino acid substitution in ftsK. Another, in gyrA, is a mutation known to result in resistance to nalidixic acid. The third mutation converts a stop codon to a tryptophan, predicted to result in the fusion of hflD, the lysogenization regulator, to purB. The purB gene encodes an adenylosuccinate lyase involved in purine biosynthesis. The Nal(r) clone has a lower growth rate than the Str(r) isolate when cultured in minimal media, a difference which is corrected upon addition of adenine or by genetic complementation with purB. Addition of adenine or genetic complementation also restored the invasion efficiency of the Nal(r) clone. This report reconciles longstanding inconsistencies in phenotypic properties of an archetypal strain and provides both reassurance and cautions regarding intentional and unintentional evolution in vitro.
Energy-efficient routing for signal detection under the Neyman-Pearson criterion in wireless sensor networks

Energy-efficient routing for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has been a topic of great interest for the last few years, but thus far routing for signal detection in WSNs has not attracted much attention. In particular, little research has focused on the Neyman-Pearson criterion which is the most well accepted metric for radar, sonar and related signal detection problems. In this paper, we formulate the problem of energy-efficient routing for signal detection under the Neyman-Pearson criterion, apparently for the first time. We hereby propose two different routing metrics that aim at a tradeoff between the detection performance and the energy consumption. In particular, the first one leads to a combinatorial problem of identifying a path which achieves the largest possible mean detection-probability-to-energy ratio, while the second one reduces to finding a route which minimizes the consumed energy while maintaining a predeter-mined detection probability. We further provide efficient algorithms for solving these problems based on state-of-the-art research from operations research. We also present simulation results which indicate the distinctive energy-performance balance achieved by each proposed routing metric.
Raman scattering in EuSe and EuTe near magnetic phase transitions

Abstract The ordering and fluctuations of the spins in the magnetic semiconductors EuSe and EuTe are correlated with the selection rules and intensities of inelastic light scattering from one phonon-one spin excitations in these materials. Calculations of the Raman line shape in EuSe are presented for T > > T c and T ≈ T c .
Sociological factors affecting economic development in India

It is not simply one tradition, institution, value, or national characteristic trait that keeps India economically backward. It is the cumulative and interrelated effect of all of the inhibiting factors considered in this study, although caste, or “community”, comes closer than any of the other influences to being a keystone in the blockage. It will not do—as some Indian and Western scholars are now doing—to point to similar specific institutions or values in economically developed societies, and to say that these did not prevent those societies from developing. It is true that white Americans have held down the Negroes just as caste Hindus have held down the Untouchables. And it is true that the French hoard gold just as the Indians do. But the fact that other countries have uneconomic practices is beside the point for India. India has an unusualnumber of these uneconomic practices, and it canleast afford them. India is not making enough economic progress to satisfy its growing population and its aspirations. It is not even approaching a “take-off into the sustained growth”. If the United States needs a revolution in its race relations, and is now getting it, India needs a revolution in many of its institutions and other cultural practices—and India may not be getting it.
Congenital hypothyroidism in a young man with growth hormone, thyrotropin, and prolactin deficiencies.

A growth-retarded, mentally deficient, young man is described with diminished secretory response of growth hormone, thyrotropin, and prolactin to the pharmacologic stimuli of insulin, arginine, chlorpromazine, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Gonadotropin and ACTH functions were normal both basally and upon pharmacologic stimulation. Additionally, the patient was unresponsive to exogenous thyrotropin injections. These data suggest that the hypothyroidism in this patient was due to combined thyroid dysgenesis and pituitary insufficiency, i.e., primary and secondary hypothyroidism.
A Reliable and Efficient First Principles-Based Method for Predicting pKa Values. 2. Organic Acids

In part 1 of this series, we developed a protocol for the large-scale calculation of pK(a) values in aqueous solutions from first principles calculations, with the goal of striking a compromise between accuracy and computational efficiency. Following previous workers in the field, pK(a) values are calculated from a linear regression fit to deprotonation energies: pK(a)(f) = alpha(f)(E(A)(-) - E(HA)) + beta(f), where f denotes a family of functional groups. In this paper, we derive (alpha(f), beta(f)) values for the acidic functional groups -COOH, -POOH, alcoholic and phenolic -OH, -SH, -NHOH/ horizontal lineNOH, and -NROH, using a data set of 449 experimental pK(a) values. Several groupings of these functional groups were explored; our final recommended method uses five families (10 empirical parameters). Mean absolute deviations between our fits and experiment are 0.4 pK(a) units or less for each with a maximum error range of +/-1.5 pK(a) units. In certain subgroups, such as monocarboxylic acids, considerably better fits (mean absolute deviation approximately 0.20 pK(s) units) were obtained at the cost of more empirical parameters. Almost 70% of pK(a)'s calculated by our protocol lie within +/-0.4 pK(a) units and over 90% within +/-0.8 pK(a) units of the experimental reference value. Our results compare favorably with previous similar models which have greater computational cost.
Effect of subreinforcing intracranial stimulation on extinction

Response-contingent intracranial stimulation at pulse-train durations thought to be subreinforcing was presented during extinction to rats. No evidence was found that subreinforcing stimulation would increase resistance to extinction. However, individual records indicated that such stimulation might prolong responding by summation. The pulse-train duration which would no longer maintain responding was found to be between.03 and.01 sec.
Sands of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Sands collected at 24 locations along the crest of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 57°S and 38°N consist predominantly of olivine, diopsidic augite, hypersthene, enstatite, amphibole, quartz, plagioclase, and volcanic glass, suggesting an olivine tholeiitic source. Eight cores contain relatively pure mineral sands; three of these cores reflect local volcanic activity. In 16 cores the manganese-coated mineral grains are mixed in a current-winnowed foraminiferal sand or ooze.
Two-color particle image velocimetry technique for an internal combustion engine

Abstract A two-color particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique has been applied to a single-cylinder motored research engine. Two-color PIV is a quantitative planar velocity measurement technique that can unambiguously determine the velocity magnitude and direction. The work includes the development of an interrogation system, a series of computer simulations to determine the performance of the technique under various conditions, the comparison of these results to similar ones obtained for an autocorrelation PIV system, and a test of the technique by reconstructing the velocity field of a uniform jet flow. The technique was then applied to the in-cylinder flow field of a motored single-cylinder, cup-in-head, research engine. A total of 27 instantaneous velocity fields were obtained at a single measurement plane for a single operating condition of the engine. The data were analyzed to yield ensemble-averaged velocity and velocity fluctuation.
Diet and sex-hormone binding globulin, dysmenorrhea, and premenstrual symptoms

Abstract Objective: To test the hypothesis that a low-fat, vegetarian diet reduces dysmenorrhea and premenstrual symptoms by its effect on serum sex-hormone binding globulin concentration and estrogen activity. Methods: In a crossover design, 33 women followed a low-fat, vegetarian diet for two menstrual cycles. For two additional cycles, they followed their customary diet while taking a supplement placebo pill. Dietary intake, serum sex-hormone binding globulin concentration, body weight, pain duration and intensity, and premenstrual symptoms were assessed during each study phase. Results: Mean (± standard deviation [SD]) serum sex-hormone binding globulin concentration was higher during the diet phase (46.7 ± 23.6 nmol/L) than during the supplement phase (39.3 ± 19.8 nmol/L, P Conclusion: A low-fat vegetarian diet was associated with increased serum sex-hormone binding globulin concentration and reductions in body weight, dysmenorrhea duration and intensity, and premenstrual symptom duration. The symptom effects might be mediated by dietary influences on estrogen activity.
Hopping of a single hole in hexakis[4-(1,1,2-triphenyl-ethenyl)phenyl]benzene cation radical through the hexaphenylbenzene propeller.

A versatile synthesis of a dendritic structure (5) is described in which six tetraphenylethylene moieties are connected to a central benzene ring in such a way that one of the phenyl rings of each tetraphenylethylene is also part of the propeller of the hexaphenylbenzene core. Observation of multiple oxidation waves in its cyclovoltammogram as well as an intense charge-resonance transition in the near-IR region in its cation radical spectrum suggests that a single hole delocalizes via electron transfer over six identical redox-active centers.
Quantification of nonlinear modal interactions using modal signal energies

Abstract Increased system stress has brought about the need for a better understanding of nonlinearities in power system dynamic behavior. The relationship between system stress and the nonlinearity of the differential equations should be quantified. The similarity transformation used to determine the Jordan canonical form of a linear system provides a view of the system in a ‘modal’ state space where the linear parts are decoupled and easily accounted for. The nonlinear system can also be transformed to the modal state space using the linear variable transformation. In the transformed state space the effects of nonlinearities and linearities are clearly separated and are expressed in terms of their effects on the system modes. Thus the nonlinear interactions between the modes are viewed directly. The effects of the nonlinearities on the modes are measured by considering the signal energy associated with the nonlinearities in the Jordan-form state space. The concept of nonlinear signal energy provides a numerical value to gauge the influence of nonlinearities on a given mode. Application to the IEEE 50-generator test system shows the relationship between interarea modes and nonlinear interactions between low- and high-frequency modes.
1/R DYNAMICS IN EXTERNAL FIELDS : 2D OR 3D?

Wholesale symmetry breaking of the -1/r potential opens all of configuration space for motion. Despite this, recent experimental studies of atomic versions of such systems can be explained by planar motion alone. We show how the nucleus selects two dimensional motion, and predict how photoabsorption spectra for a hydrogen atom in crossed electric and magnetic fields can be selectively tuned between 2D and 3D. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Evaluating the options in urban areas with financial constraints

Logic is devised for a needs test for new general-purpose lane (GPL) highway capacity in urban areas that have limited funding available for new infrastructure investments. GPL capacity is defined as mixed-flow lanes on which both single-occupant and high-occupancy vehicles are permitted. Methodologies to apply the needs test and to evaluate the options in urban areas facing limitations on new GPL capacity are developed. A case study is used to demonstrate the methodologies to evaluate the air quality and cost-effectiveness impacts of transportation system alternatives, illustrating how planners may develop the type of information that policy makers will need to help them make informed decisions about long-term options.
The effect of temperature and substratum on competition among three species of forest litter microfungi

The influence of temperature, substratum type and presence of other fungi on the ability of two low temperature (LT) fungi ( Geomyces pannorus and Mortierella hyalina ) and one mesophile ( Trichoderma longibrachiatum ) to germinate, grow and reproduce in an in vitro system was examined. To determine how physical and biotic factors interact to affect niche differentiation among these fungi, spores of each species were placed either singly or in species pairs on oak leaf discs or moth wings and incubated at 0°C, 10° and 20°. When incubated singly, the two LT species grew on both substrata at all three temperatures. However, the presence of T. longibrachiatrum reduced sporulation of G. pannorus and M. hyalina on oak leaves and moth wings at 20°. At 10° T. longibrachiatum proved to be a more effective competitor on oak leaves, while M. hyalina was the best competitor on moth wings. At 0° T. longibrachiatum did not grow on either substratum. Mortierella hyalina was highly competitive against G. pannorus on moth wings at 0°, while G. pannorus was a better competitor than M. hyalina on oak leaves. These results suggest that these soil and litter fungi can occupy separate temporal and spatial niches that are temperature and substrate controlled. During colder seasons when competition from mesophiles such as T. longibrachiatum may be limited, G. pannorus and M. hyalina may be active in the forest floor on plant and invertebrate remains, respectively. Although these LT species are potentially able to colonize these substrata at 20°, their activity may be restricted by interactions with mesophilic fungi in warmer months. However, the relatively high competitive ability of M. hyalina on moth wings even at 20° implies that it could retain a niche on invertebrate remains in litter and upper soil horizons during warmer seasons. The activity of LT fungi throughout much of the year in the forest floor of temperature forests, as well as their roles in deep soil decompositional processes, may be more important than previously recognized.
Developmental and Chronological Ages vs Time of Day as Factors in Released Imprinting Responses

Two groups of eggs were set 12 hr. apart. Median hatching ages were separated by the same temporal duration and it was assumed that developmental age would be isomorphic with the time-of-day-at-test. Groups of chicks 3, 9, 15, and 24 hr. of age were given a choice between age-mate and hen; the results indicate that age-since-hatching and time-of-day-at-test are both variables in released social responses. Further analysis of the data shows that the trial effect is a product of changing preferences, not a difference in “arousal,” or sleep-wakefulness.
Can I call you Black? The limits of authentic heteronormativity in African Diasporic discourse

Abstract This article argues that the assumption of a ‘normative’ and ‘authentic’ blackness that girds many dominant discourses on blackness in African Diaspora studies effectively marginalizes those black identities read outside of heteronormativity. Beginning with an essay by Black British political scientist Barnor Hesse, in which his British identity was implicitly read as less authentic, the article then compares and contrasts the introductions to The Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands and The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. ‘Can I call you Black’ concludes that despite the fierce abolitionist sentiments expressed in each text, the gender performance of Wonderful Adventures – including its encomia to Seacole's late white husband – marks the author as suspect. While Equiano's personal life receives little comment, interracial marriage is valorized as proof of his commitment and thus authenticity.
Health policy in stroke: Translating what we know into what we do

Health policy is often perceived (sometimes correctly) as an arcane pursuit of politicians, lobbyists, and assorted governmental bureaucrats. More correctly, health policy is an activity that is fundamental to the clinical enterprise. It is the decisions of health policy makers that determine what medical services will be reimbursed, mandated, or otherwise promoted and what services will be rejected for payment, proscribed, or otherwise inhibited. Health policy is practiced at the level of clinical practice organizations and professional societies (in the form of guidelines or practice improvement efforts) or by legislative or regulatory entities (in the form of new training programs, insurance structures, legal requirements, and so on). Whether at the level of clinical policy or public policy, it is generally agreed that health policy should be driven by the best scientific evidence. The challenge for those decision makers who create health policy is to draw on a broad range of evidence and not merely the literature on what works (ie, what has a biological effect). This broader evidence base addresses (1) whether that effect relates to a health outcome that people care about; (2) whether the outcome is worth the cost; and (3) whether it is feasible to provide the interventions that improve outcomes in real-world settings. One may argue that health policy research in stroke is some years behind efforts in other medical conditions (notably cardiac disease, cancer, and AIDS). However, the field is making notable progress. Below, several studies published in 2002 are cited to illustrate recent work in important domains in health policy in …
Static mixers for laminar flow reactors with low aspect ratios

Abstract Conventional static mixers typically require high length to diameter ratios to be effective. This paper considers static mixers design to increase first appearance times in short, fat reactors. Three types are considered: conical baffles and annular baffles for tubular reactors and axial baffles for reactors with a rectangular cross-section. Relatively simple designs allow production increases (or reactor volume decreases) on the order of 20–50%.
Genetics of Rainbow Trout in a Geothermally Heated Stream

Abstract An electrophoretic survey of 26 loci in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri inhabiting a geothermally heated stream, the Firehole River of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming revealed no unique ecotypes along a temperature gradient. Average heterozygosities (H) from two stations along the gradient were 0.036 and 0.057. These were not significantly different from each other nor from a hatchery strain derived from the Ennis, Montana hatchery which stocked many of the founding fish many years earlier.
Bronchoscopic evaluation of airway obstruction in campomelic dysplasia.

Campomelic dysplasia is a generalized disorder of cartilaginous growth and development, leading to early death from pulmonary insufficiency. We describe the airway dynamics as observed bronchoscopically in two affected infants. Both infants demonstrated anatomic compromise of the upper airway and diffuse laryngotracheobronchomalacia. Additionally, both had a characteristically small, bell-shaped thoracic cage. The abnormal airway dynamics produced serious inspiratory and expiratory obstruction in these infants and, in combination with the restrictive chest wall defect, led rapidly to the development of respiratory failure. While palliative procedures such as tracheostomy may temporarily improve airway dynamics, future respiratory tract insults may prove fatal. Pediatr Pulmonol 1987; 3:364–367.
A speculated ribozyme site in the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript gene is not essential for a wild-type reactivation phenotype

During herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) latency in sensory neurons, LAT (latency-associated transcript) is the only abundantly expressed viral gene. LAT plays an important role in the HSV-1 latency-reactivation cycle, because LAT deletion mutants have a significantly decreased reactivation phenotype. Based solely on sequence analysis, it was speculated that LAT encodes a ribozyme that plays an important role in how LAT enhances the virus’ reactivation phenotype. Because LAT ribozyme activity has never been reported, we decided to test the converse hypothesis, namely, that this region of LAT does not encode a ribozyme function important for LAT’s ability to enhance the reactivation phenotype. We constructed a viral mutant (LAT-Rz) in which the speculated ribozyme consensus sequence was altered such that no ribozyme was encoded. We report here that LAT-Rz had a wild-type reactivation phenotype in mice, confirming the hypothesis that the speculated LAT ribozyme is not a dominant factor in stimulating the latency-reactivation cycle in mice.
Human affection exchange: V. Attributes of the highly affectionate

The present study examines differences in the individual‐and social‐level characteristics of high‐affection and low‐affection communicators. One hundred nine adults completed extensive questionnaires about their happiness, attachment patterns, susceptibility to depression and stress, mental health, social activity, relationship satisfaction, and other variables. Results revealed that highly affectionate people are advantaged in numerous psychological, mental, emotional, social, and relational characteristics, relative to those who communicate little affection to others.
Grey Paints: Using Earnings Quality Concepts to Clarify the Earnings Measurement Process

This case uses the concepts of earnings quality and earnings management to illustrate the inherent ambiguity in the earnings measurement process. Accounting students are often uncomfortable with ambiguity. Students want faculty to provide them with a single correct answer, such as the precise earnings for a given time period. Accounting textbooks rarely address this perception; we have yet to find a textbook that illustrates a range of acceptable amounts. This case demonstrates that earnings can be, and often are, ambiguous in the real world.
Monte Carlo molecular simulation predictions for the heat of vaporization of acetone and butyramide

Vapor pressure and heats of vaporization are computed for the industrial fluid properties simulation challenge (IFPSC) data set using the Towhee Monte Carlo molecular simulation program. Results are presented for the CHARMM27 and OPLS-aa force fields. Once again, the average result using multiple force fields is a better predictor of the experimental value than either individual force field.
Identification of an octanucleotide motif sequence essential for viral protein, DNA, and progeny virus biosynthesis at the origin of DNA replication of porcine circovirus type 2

A plasmid-based transfection system capable of generating infectious porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was established. This system was then used in mutagenesis studies to investigate the involvement of a “conserved” nonanucleotide (which constitutes a portion of the loop sequence) located at the origin of DNA replication of PCV2 with respect to viral protein synthesis, DNA self-replication, and progeny virus production. The results demonstrated that an octanucleotide (AGTATTAC) embedded in the loop sequence is essential for virus replication. This octanucleotide can be further condensed to an essential core element (ECE) represented by AxTAxTAC. The positions specified by the indicated nucleotides are critical for viral DNA replication and stable infectious virus production, and they cannot be substituted by other bases, while the positions indicated by x can accept variable bases and yield stable progeny viruses.
A physical model for seismic noise generation by turbulent flow in rivers

Previous studies suggest that the seismic noise induced by rivers may be used to infer river transport properties, and previous theoretical work showed that bedload sediment flux can be inverted from seismic data. However, the lack of a theoretical framework relating water flow to seismic noise prevents these studies from providing accurate bedload fluxes and quantitative information on flow processes. Here we propose a forward model of seismic noise caused by turbulent flow. In agreement with previous observations, modeled turbulent flow-induced noise operates at lower frequencies than bedload-induced noise. Moreover, the differences in the spectral signatures of turbulent flow-induced and bedload-induced forces at the riverbed are significant enough that these two processes can be characterized independently using seismic records acquired at various distances from the river. In cases with isolated turbulent flow noise, we suggest that riverbed stress can be inverted. Finally, we validate our model by comparing predictions to previously reported observations. We show that our model captures the spectral peak located around 6–7 Hz and previously attributed to water flow at Hance Rapids in the Colorado River (United States); we also show that turbulent flow causes a significant part of the seismic noise recorded at the Trisuli River in Nepal, which reveals that the hysteresis curve previously reported there does not solely include bedload, but is also largely influenced by turbulent flow-induced noise. We expect the framework presented here to be useful to invert realistic bedload fluxes by enabling the removal of the turbulent flow contribution from seismic data.
The effects of nucleotides and Mg2+ on the electron spin resonance spectra of myosin spin labeled at the S2 thiol groups

Abstract Myosin has been spin labeled at the S2 thiol groups, whose modification leads to loss of Ca2+-ATPase activity, with N-(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl) maleimide after blocking of more rapidly reacting groups with NEM or DTNB. A loss of K+-ATPase activity and an increase in Ca2+-ATPase accompany the reaction with NEM or DTNB; subsequent spin labeling produces a loss of Ca2+-ATPase activity which is linearly related to the amount of spin label bound and is complete with 2.1 moles of label bound per 500,000 g of myosin. After sequential reaction with DTNB and the spin label, Ca2+-ATPase activity can be restored by treatment with DTT with no change in the ESR spectrum. The S2 groups differ from S1 groups in their reactivity; an iodoacetamide spin label which reacts rapidly and preferentially with S1 groups of native myosin does not react readily with S2 groups of NEM- or DTNB-blocked myosins. In addition, the rate of reaction of S1 groups with the iodoacetamide label is unaffected by ADP while the reaction of S2 groups with the maleimide label is greatly accelerated by ADP. Spin labels bound to S2 groups are strongly immobilized. Their mobility is increased by ATP, ITP, ADP, or PPi, but this effect is somewhat smaller than that previously observed with myosin labeled at the S1 groups. The change in the ESR spectrum of S2 labeled myosin induced by ATP reflects binding of the nucleotide since it does not require hydrolysis and the same effect is produced by ADP. The additional spectral change observed during ATP hydrolysis with S1-labeled myosin is not observed with S2-labeled myosin. If S2 groups are labeled with a series of maleimide labels in which the number of atoms between the maleimide and nitroxide rings differ, increasing the distance between the two rings of the spin label results in a transition from strong immobilization to weak immobilization. Adenosine triphosphate appears to affect the mobility of only those labels which are strongly immobilized.
The polarization of cosmic ray muons

Cosmic-rays muons of definite energy and direction of motion are expected to show a partial longitudinal polarization because of the falling energy spectrum of the parent pions. The general theory of muon polarization in π→ μ decay in flight is worked out, and applied to cyclotron as well as cosmic-ray experiments. Cosmic-ray muons are predicted to have a partial longitudinal polarization of about 23%. The theoryis also applied to the K →μ. decay. An experiment has been carried out to test the prediction for cosmic-ray muons. Decay electrons from muons stopped in an aluminum absorber are detected in identical scintillation counters placed symmetrically above and below the absorber. The delay and amplitude of each observed pulse have been measured, and used to sort out the μ+ → e+ decays from the μ- → e- and background contributions. The ratio of μ+ → e+ events detected in the upper and lower scintillators is 1.14 ± 0.07, as compared with a theoretical prediction of about 1.11. To test the symmetry of the apparatus the experiment has also been carried out with an absorber of salt, which is known to depolarize stopped muons almost completely. The upper to lower ratio is in this case 1.03 ± 0.06, to be compared with the theoreticallyexpected value of about 1.02. It is concluded that the various assumptions made in the theory of muon polarization in π → μ decay in flight are correct and that muons suffer negligible depolarization while losing 2 GeV energy in the atmosphere.
Wave Functions and Energy Levels for Cu + as Found by the Slater Approximation to the Hartree-Fock Equations

Results of a self-consistent field calculation using the Slater method are given for ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{+}$. Wave functions, energies, total radial charge density, $2(2l+1)\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}(1\ensuremath{-}{Z}_{\mathrm{nl}})$ functions for the $3p$ and $3d$ electrons, and the $2{Z}_{p}(r)$ functions are listed. The corresponding results for the Hartree-Fock method, and in some cases the Hartree method, are given for comparison of the various calculations. The method of integrating the radial wave equation and a method for shortening the self-consistent calculation are included.
Preliminary studies on the biology and host specificity of Aceria salsolae DeLillo and Sobhian (Acari, Eriophyidae) and Lixus salsolae Becker (Col., Curculionidae), two candidates for biological control of Salsola kali

: Preliminary studies on the biology and host specificity of the mite, Aceria salsolae DeLillo and Sobhian, and the weevil, Lixus salsolae Becker, were carried out in 1996 and 1997. The mite reproduced on Salsola kali L. from the USA and from Turkey (control), but not on the six species of closely related plants tested. Infected plants were stunted and did not produce flowers. The mite was found on plants in the fields in Turkey from May to October. Lixus salsolae adult feeding was heavy on most of the 10 plant species tested. The weevil reproduced only on S. kali from Turkey in 1996 and also on S. kali from California in 1997. The adults of the new generation emerged by mid-July and oviposition occurred on leaf petioles of Beta vulgaris (Swiss chard) but the emerging larvae died during very young stages. No oviposition and no infestation was observed on sugar beet plants in sugar beet fields in Turkey in 1996 and 1997, but infestations were found in a field in China in 1997.
Prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection for glycogen storage disease type III using polymorphic DNA markers

Deficiency of glycogen debranching enzyme gene (AGL) causes glycogen storage disease type III (GSD-III), an autosomal recessive disease. Prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection using enzymatic methods are technically difficult and have limited ability to distinguish a carrier from an affected patient. Mutations in the AGL gene can be used for these purposes. However, the mutations identified thus far account for less than half of the total mutant alleles, and no common mutations have been detected except in North African Jews and in a rare subtype of the disease (GSD-IIIb). Our recent identification of three highly informative DNA polymorphic markers in the AGL gene allowed us to perform prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection in two GSD-III families with unknown mutations, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction analysis. In one family, a fetus was diagnosed to be a GSD-III carrier and his carrier status was confirmed postnatally. A newborn in the second family was postnatally diagnosed with the disease.
Economic progress of black women

Abstract While black women are much closer to earnings parity with white women than is true for black relative to white men, such a comparison is misleading since it ignores maximization of utility (including leisure) by households (not individuals) and sex discrimination.
User‐based document clustering by redescribing subject descriptions with a genetic algorithm

Information retrieval systems have used clustering of documents and queries to improve both retrieval efficiency and retrieval effectiveness. Normally, clustering involves grouping together static descriptions of documents by their similarity to each other, though user-based clustering suggests that usage patterns concerning co-relevance can form a basis for clustering. This article reports that clusters of co-relevant documents obtain increasingly similar descriptions when a genetic algorithm is used to adapt subject descriptions so that documents become more effective in matching relevant queries and failing to match nonrelevant queries. As a result of the increased similarity, clustering algorithms can more accurately group documents into useful clusters. The findings of this work were reached through simulation experiments. © 1991 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sarcoidosis and testicular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Case reports and small case series have described patients with sarcoidosis and testicular carcinoma. The goals of this study were to determine the incidence of sarcoidosis in patients with testicular carcinoma seen at the Mayo Clinic between 1950 and 1996 and to examine the relation between these two diseases, particularly in regard to the therapy and follow-up of patients with testicular carcinoma. METHODS A computerized search of the patient data base at the Mayo Clinic was conducted to identify all patients seen between 1950 and 1996 who had a diagnosis of a malignant testicular tumor and sarcoidosis. RESULTS A total of 14 patients were identified. The median age at diagnosis of testicular carcinoma was 31.5 years. Eleven patients presented with Stage I disease and 3 with Stage II disease. Twelve patients had carcinoma diagnosed before sarcoidosis. The median age at the time of diagnosis of sarcoidosis was 36.5 years. Nine patients presented with radiographic Stage I disease, four with radiographic Stage II disease, and one with extrapulmonary disease. The estimated cumulative incidence of sarcoidosis in patients with testicular carcinoma seen at the Mayo Clinic between 1976 and 1995 was 617.3 per 100,000. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that, compared with other solid tumors, testicular carcinoma has the strongest association with sarcoidosis. The observed incidence represents an approximate 100-fold increase compared with a general population of young white men. Although an etiologic relation is possible, the problems of access and surveillance bias should be addressed in prospective studies. Cancer 1998;83:337-343. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Cellular Distribution of N-Acetyltransferase Activity in the Rat Small Intestine

The cellular distribution of AcCoA:arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT; EC 2.3.1.5) activities was examined in the rat small intestine to determine if heterogeneous cellular distribution contributes to preferential tumor development in the colonic region after exposure to heterocyclic amines (HAs). A chelation/elution method was used to preferentially isolate villus-tip, mid-villus, and crypt enterocytes. Monomorphic (NAT1) and polymorphic (NAT2) activities were determined using N-acetylprocainamide and N-acetamidobenzoic acid formation, respectively. Sucrase-isomaltase (SI) activity was used to confirm that a villus, mid-villus, and crypt cell gradient had been obtained. Utilizing this marker of villus enrichment, a 4- to 10-fold gradient was achieved. NAT1 and NAT2 activities followed this gradient, with the highest NAT activity occurring in the fraction with the highest SI activity. The ratio of NAT2:NAT1 remained essentially constant along the gradient, indicating a similar pattern of expression for both enzymes. This pattern of cellular distribution for the NATs is similar to that reported for cytochrome P450s. This apparent preferential expression of NAT in the villus cells may result in delivery of bioactivated HAs to the lower regions of the intestines as the villus-tip cells are extruded into the intestinal lumen and enter the fecal stream.
Interdependence: An Alternative Conceptualization

Conceptualizations of interdependence offered by Thompson (1967) and McCann and Ferry (1979) fail to satisfy basic requirements for empirical or practical investigations of complex organizations. An alternative conceptualization based on interdependence theory (Kelley & Thibaut, 1978; Thibaut & Kelley, 1959) is presented here and used to explain the causes of interunit conflict and the effectiveness of coordination strategy. Hypotheses are presented, and future research is proposed.
SU-C-211-01: Effect of Contour Accuracy on DVH Parameters

Purpose: Dose Volume Histograms (DVH) are the main assessment of IMRT plans, yet they rely on organ contour accuracy. This study quantifies the change in DVH parameters caused by systematic modification of contours to replicate typical inter‐observer and auto‐contouring errors. Methods: Eight prostate patients planned for 78 Gy IMRT with margins of 8 mm, (6 mm anterior and posterior) were selected. Prostate contours were uniformly expanded by ±1 and 2 mm, bladder contours uniformly by 1 and 2 mm and in the posterior and inferior by ±1, 1.5 and 2 mm, and rectum contours uniformly by 1 and 2 mm and anteriorly by ±1 and 1.5 mm. This simulated typical contouring errors due to low contrast at the prostate and bladder/rectum borders. The following DVH parameters were calculated for the rectum and bladder contours: V70 and V60 (% and cc), and prostate contours: D100, D98 and mean dose. Results: For prostate, the contour error had no substantial effect on the DVH. For bladder, at the 1 mm level, the deviations in V70 and V60(%) are below 4.6% and for rectum below 7.1%. The bladder, and particularly rectum, showed dramatic (22–56%) increase in absolute volume (cc) receiving 60 and 70 Gy when contour errors were greater than 1 mm, but this absolute change is <12.4% with errors <1 mm. Because V70 and V60 are initially small in the plan, the <12.4% increase was still clinically acceptable. When a 4 mm (2 mm anterior and posterior) margin plan was assessed, the prostate D100 deviation at 1 mm is still <1%, while bladder and rectum deviation were reduced, implying 1 mm accuracy is a robust target level. Conclusions: Agreement between contours of 1 mm must be achieved to ensure comparable DVHs. Changes in the DVH occur precipitously above this level.
Hemorrhage: A complication of metastatic testicular choriocarcinoma

Patients with choriocarcinoma are at risk for hemorrhage. The majority of reported cases have occurred in patients with gestational trophoblastic disease. Although choriocarcinoma in the male is a less common entity, a similar tendency exists. In 3 male patients at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center hemorrhage developed as a direct consequence of metastatic choriocarcinoma. The blood loss was massive and resulted in the death of 2 patients. Hemorrhage occurred in two distinct settings: immediately after chemotherapy and in patients with rapidly progressive advanced disease. Early recognition and vigorous support were critical in patient management. Surgical excision of bleeding metastases may be beneficial in selected instances.