cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Origin and effect of film sub-stoichiometry on ultraviolet, ns-laser damage resistance of hafnia single layers

Understanding the origin of laser damage-prone precursors in high index materials such as hafnia holds the key to the development of laser damage-resistant multilayer dielectric coated optics for high power and energy laser systems. In this study, we investigate the source of sub-stoichiometry, a potent laser damage precursor, in hafnia films produced by an ion beam sputtering (IBS) deposition method and the effect of such defects on the film performance upon ns ultraviolet (UV) laser (8 ns, 355 nm) exposure. Chemical analysis of data obtained via Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) suggests that hafnia films deposited at two different planetary locations from the same deposition run exhibit anisotropic and location-dependent stoichiometries. While the oxygen-to-hafnium ratio is at the stoichiometric value of 2 for the hafnia film at the edge location, the ratio is significantly deviated and is 1.7 for that deposited at the planetary center. The sub-stoichiometric hafnia films display a much lower 1-on-1 damage onset at 1.6 ± 0.2 J/cm2 compared to 2.3 ± 0.2 J/cm2 in a stoichiometric film. The low damage performance films also have an over three times higher damage density at fluences above initiation. Coupled with Monte Carlo simulations, we reveal that sub-stoichiometry is primarily attributed to preferential removal of oxygen during film deposition by the bombardment of energetic reflected argon neutrals. The resulting oxygen deficiencies create the sub-bandgap states which facilitate the strong laser energy coupling and reduce the resistance to laser-induced damage in the hafnia single layer films.
Love of a Lady Bug.

Highlights for Love of a Ladybug • Daily messages can have a tremendous spectrum of meanings • Observing and reflecting on these messages can help to promote health and wellness • Sharing stories helps to reinforce the patient-physician relationship
Energy and rf cavity phase symmetry enforcement in multiturn energy recovery linac models

Optimization of cavities phases and amplitudes in a multiturn energy-recovering linac is obtained by a combination of theory and numerical optimization algorithms.
Redesigning Fashion's Future Through Discovery Learning: A Community Circular Textile Pilot and Community Partnership with Goodwill

Introduction. The Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2017) report “A new textiles economyRedesigning fashion’s future” offers a vision of a fashion system that is circular, ideally creatingno waste by design, while strategically capturing value from recycled content. Goal three of thereport findings suggest the radical improvement of recycling by transforming clothing design,collection and reprocessing. The purpose of this project is to integrate sustainable textile andapparel concepts into college curricula for fashion and apparel studies. This project intended tomeet the apparel industry's needs for knowledgeable professionals through innovativesustainability education in college (Cao, et. al 2017) through an applied learning module called“Re/Fashion Studio.” This project represents the ongoing efforts of faculty to mainstreamsustainable education and practices throughout the college curriculum for apparel design andmerchandising majors through innovative and participatory discovery learning experiences.Teaching Strategy and Implementation: The aim of discovery learning is to extend learning
The Use of Single-Agent Versus Multiple-Agent Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer

The use of concurrent chemoradiotherapy is frequently recommended in the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer; however, the ideal chemotherapy regimen remains unknown, and there is variability in chemotherapy agents used among different institutions. We sought to examine differences in overall survival between patients receiving single versus multiple-agent concurrent chemoradiotherapy. The National Cancer Database was used to identify 31,025 patients with rectal cancer who received concurrent chemoradiotherapy between 01/2006 and 12/2016. We compared patients who received single-agent chemotherapy with those who received multiple-agent concurrent chemoradiotherapy. The primary outcome of interest was overall survival. The groups were compared using univariate analysis and Cox proportional hazard models to adjust for potential confounding factors. 18,544 patients received single-agent and 12,481 patients received multiple-agent chemotherapy. The former were older with more comorbidities as evidenced by their higher Charlson-Deyo Scores. Those receiving multiple-agent chemotherapy were more likely to have clinical stage III disease (52.9% vs 43.3%, p < 0.001) and less likely to have well-differentiated cancer (6.9% vs 7.7%, p < 0.001). The rates of negative resection margin were identical (p = 0.225) between the two groups. On multivariable analysis after adjusting for comorbidities, radiation dose, and resection margins, single-agent chemotherapy was associated with worse overall survival (HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.057–1.124, p < 0.001). Multiple-agent chemoradiotherapy is associated with improved overall survival in locally advanced rectal cancer; however, chemotherapy regimen does not affect resection margins. The modest overall survival benefit with multiple-agent chemotherapy must be balanced with the potential associated toxicity.
A review of reaction enhancement strategies for isothermal nucleic acid amplification reactions

Abstract Isothermal nucleic acid amplification techniques are used to detect a variety of molecules such as RNAs, DNAs and proteins. When compared to the gold standard polymerase chain reaction, isothermal methods are rapid and simple but often have lower specificity and sensitivity. In this review, we provide a summary of reaction additives and techniques that enhance the sensitivity, specificity, stability, robustness, or speed of isothermal nucleic acid amplification reactions used for sensing applications. We also provide the mechanism and purpose of each enhancement technique, which can provide guidance when selecting reaction additives to optimize novel isothermal amplification systems and assays.
Peroxy radical kinetics and new particle formation

Chamber experiments showing “pure biogenic nucleation” have shown an important role for covalently bound organic association products (“dimers”). These form from peroxy-radical (RO2) cross reactions. Chamber experiments at low-NOx conditions often have quite high hydrocarbon reactant concentrations and relatively low concentrations of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs). This can skew the radical chemistry in chambers relative to the real atmosphere, favoring RO2 and disfavoring HO2 radicals. RO2 cross reaction kinetics are in turn highly uncertain. Here we explore the implications of the RO2 to HO2 ratio in chamber experiments as well as the implications of uncertain RO2 cross reaction kinetics and the potential for added CO to mimic more atmospheric radical conditions. We treat a plausible range of RO2 rate coefficients under both typical chamber conditions and atmospheric conditions to see how dimerization is affected by high concentrations of OVOCs, and thus lower RO2 : HO2 relative to smog chamber experiments. We find that if RO2 reactions are fast, relatively high yields of low volatility dimers can participate in new particle formation. The results are highly sensitive to both the (uncertain) RO2 kinetics as well as RO2 : HO2, suggesting both that low-NOx chamber results should be extrapolated to the atmosphere with caution but also that the atmosphere itself may be highly sensitive to the specific (and rich) mixture of organic compounds and thus peroxy radicals.
Solutions of Problems: Two-Port Networks

In this chapter, the problems of the ninth chapter are fully solved, in detail, step-by-step, and with different methods.
Fictions of Dictatorship: Jean-Pierre Bekolo's _Le Président_ (2013)

"Our president was betrothed to Cameroon with great love and passion, yet over the years the fire has died. He spends more time in Switzerland than in Cameroon. What is hetoo good for us now?"  JEAN-PIERRE BEKOLO "Where is our president?" The disappearance of the President of Cameroon few days before the elections is a sign that a "specter" haunts the country. Rumor circulates that he had gone to heaven to be with his wife. In response to the mysterious disappearance, Cameroonian citizens lament his poor leadership and his corrupt ways. Jean-Pierre Bekolo gestures unmistakably towards Cameroon's president Paul Biya as well as the Big Man syndrome in Africa, those who have consolidated post-colonial power in the vacuum of leadership. The ex-president of Burkina Faso, Blaise Compaore, was deposed by a popular movement in 2014. The film's soundtrack features the song "Le Chapeau du Chef," by Burkinabe rapper Smarty from his album Afrikan Kouleurs (2012). Bekolo's newest film is a "mocumentary" that asks tough questions of his homeland's catastrophic experiments with democracy. "It was through the small screen that he [Biya] punctuated every moment of my life!" said the director, referring to the power of television and news media that had influenced generations of Cameroonians. Banned in Cameroon, Jean-Pierre Bekolo's controversial film _The President_ questions the phenomenon of Africa's last remaining dictators for life. The film opens with the 50th anniversary of the country's independence, a celebration that begs questions, such as: Why are all the unemployed youth riding motor-taxis? Why are babies being stolen in public hospitals? Why no local hero still has their name on streets and monuments? Why is such a beautiful country in so much despair? Why has the old president never been to Soweto, or to Harlem? Similar questions are asked elsewhere in the region, fifty years after independence by filmmakers, musicians and revolutionaries, such as Didier Awadi in Senegal and Smockey in Burkina Faso. most recently in Burkina Faso and Senegal. Bekolo's film is an attempt to reinvent the medium by mixing fiction and reality and to mobilize through the power of images and through the soundtrack.
Necessary Conditions and Minimal Extensions

We are considering a technique of necessary conditions for nonconvex variational problems. Based on these conditions, we also suggest a minimal extension of unstable variational problems that makes the problem stable against these variations. The extended Lagrangian gives an upper bound for the quasiconvex envelope. We follow (Cherkaev, 1999). The method is based on the classical variational technique that requires a comparison of nearby configurations, rather than a comparison of all configurations, as sufficient methods do. In contrast to the laminates technique, which deals with an a priori chosen set of effective properties and geometric configurations, the necessary conditions analyze the fields in an optimal structure.
Demonstration of a high-density parallel-WDM optical interconnect

This work presents the first fully-functional 48-channel parallel-wavelength-division-multiplexed (PWDM) transmitter, receiver and link results at a per-channel data rate of 5.21-Gb/s. This high-density PWDM optical interconnect gives an aggregate link bandwidth of a quarter terabit per second.
Opportunistic Mold Infections

This chapter provides an overview of opportunistic mold infections, including aspergillosis, mucormycosis, infections caused by Fusarium spp., Pseudallescheria boydii, and the dematiaceous molds (Table 1). Although each of these agents is also capable of causing disease in normal individuals, special emphasis has been placed on infections in immunocompromised hosts.
Atomic data needed for analysis of EUV and X-Ray spectra

Given high resolution X-ray spectra, one can derive the temperature structure, elemental abundances, density, and in some cases heating or cooling rate of a hot astrophysical plasma. The accuracy of various atomic rate coefficients limits the accuracy of the inferred plasma parameters. The important rates are typically collisional ionization, radiative and dielectronic recombination, collisional excitation, and radiative decay. Of these, dielectronic recombination is often among the most uncertain. Accurate collisional excitation rates are available for strong transitions of simple ions, but a disturbing number of excitation rates are only known to a factor of two.
Direct Proof of the Tree-Level Scattering Amplitude Recursion Relation in Yang-Mills Theory

Recently, by using the known structure of one-loop scattering amplitudes for gluons in Yang-Mills theory, a recursion relation for tree-level scattering amplitudes has been deduced. Here, we give a short and direct proof of this recursion relation based on properties of tree-level amplitudes only.
Stalking and Technology: The Double-Edged Sword

ABSTRACT This conceptual paper examines several intersections between technology and the problem of stalking. In addition to reviewing and analyzing relevant research and policies, the paper draws on the author's experiences as a researcher and social work practitioner specializing in stalking intervention. Its primary focus is on the “double-edged sword” aspects of this problem, where technology is recognized as a useful tool for both stalkers and those trying to stop the stalking.
NOSTALGIA, THE PUBLIC SPACE AND DIASPORA

At what cost are alternative identities shunned and marginalized in the private space for the sake of nostalgia? In this paper, I will discuss the many facets of immigrant identities that become contested in diasporic contexts; and argue for a need to reconsider and create spaces for dialogue in regard to certain cultural boundaries that are set within Sikh traditions and cultural mores. When youth choose alternative forms of identity expression they face barriers within the private space of their own homes and communities and there is little support for their struggles within self and they are often outcast as lacking in spirituality. The following paper will explore possibilities about how the interpretations of Sikhism through personalization of identity, apart from its ritualistic forms, can be passed through generations and embraced as legitimate both within the public and private sphere.
Redefining the implementation of special education programs in fiscal terms

The argument is made that how one looks at how one chooses to analyze policy problems determines how the problem is defined and what solutions are eventually reached. To illustrate this point, the implementation of a special education reform in Massachusetts is examined. By changing from a 'program' to a 'fiscal' point of view, problems with implementation are seen to result logically from implicit fiscal incentives that were built into the law and that actually worked against stated program goals. Finally, some of the organizational and cognitive factors that prevent organizations and their managers from easily changing their analytic perspective are briefly sketched.
Monolithically integrated silicon NMOS-PIN photoreceiver

For large-volume optoelectronics applications, the low cost, manufacturability and reliability of silicon MOSFET technology are advantageous. In addition, silicon photodetectors operate quite efficiently at the 0.8 micrometers wavelength of economical AlGaAs light sources. In this letter, we report on a silicon-based monolithic optical receiver. A symmetric transimpedance preamplifier was designed and simulated for depletion-mode NMOS with Lgate equals 1 micrometers and VT equals -0.1 V. The symmetric circuit provides insensitivity of dc bias point to FET threshold voltage deviation. The silicon photodiode is a planar p-i-n structure with a diameter of 20 micrometers . The fabrication of the integrated lightwave receiver was carried out on a nominally undoped p-type Si substrate. The p-i-n photodetector is fabricated directly on the high-resistivity substrate so that the thickness of the detector depletion layer is approximately equal to the optical absorption length of 0.8 micrometers light in silicon. A more heavily-doped p-well was formed for the NMOSFET fabrication. The silicon photodiodes have a dark current of 16 nA at 5 V, a break-down voltage of greater than 40 V, and a zero-bias capacitance of 40 fF. The external quantum efficiency of the photodiode at 870 nm is approximately 60% at 5 V without an AR coating, and the bandwidth of the device is approximately 1.5 GHz. Frequency response evaluation of the receiver indicates a bandwidth of 250 MHz with open eye diagrams demonstrated at 350 MBit/s.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
MICROSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND HIGH-TEMPERATURE STRENGTH OF A DIRECTIONALLY SOLIDIFIED Er2Mo3Si4-MoSi2 EUTECTIC

Recent investigations have shown that Er[sub 2]Mo[sub 3]Si[sub 4] is an effective reinforcement for strengthening MoSi[sub 2]. When present in hot-pressed MoSi[sub 2] compacts, the Er[sub 2]Mo[sub 3]Si[sub 4] improved both hot hardness and creep resistance of the MoSi[sub 2]. The crystal structure of Er[sub 2]Mo[sub 3]Si[sub 4], as reported by Bodak et al., is monoclinic with lattice parameters of 0.667 nm, 0.689 nm, and 0.681 nm. The point group and space group of this phase have been identified as 2/m and P2[sub 1]/c, respectively. A theoretical density for Er[sub 2]Mo[sub 3]Si[sub 4] was calculated to be 8.25 g/cm[sup 3] and this compares favorably with other refractory silicide compounds (e.g., Mo[sub 5]Si[sub 3] = 8.25 g/cm[sup 3]). Because of the low crystal symmetry, this intermetallic compound is expected to exhibit limited plasticity, but may possess good high temperature mechanical properties. Mechanical property data on Er[sub 2]Mo[sub 3]Si[sub 4] is still quite limited; however, preliminary creep results from a decremental step-strain rate test show that the directionally solidified (DS) Er[sub 2]Mo[sub 3]Si[sub 4]-MoSi[sub 2] eutectic has excellent creep resistance at 1,300 C. At this temperature a flow stress of 625 MPa was observed for a strain rate of 5 [times] 10[supmore » [minus]5]s[sup [minus]1], but failure occurred as the strain rate was reduced to 10[sup [minus]5]s[sup [minus]1]. In this paper the authors present further results obtained from constant engineering strain rate compression tests on the same DS eutectic bar.« less
Distributed Enviromental Sensor Network: Design and Experiments

Algorithms for sensor deployment and adaptive sampling form the basis for multisensor fusion of spatio-temporal data from a wireless environmental network of deployed sensors. Derivation of sampling algorithms based on parametric methods are described. These algorithms form the basis for deployment of an array of wireless CTD (conductivity, temperature, depth) sensors to observe basic oceanographic data in Tampa Bay, Florida, USA. This distributed sensor network communicates using RF wireless 802.11b systems, and provides data in real-time to a shore observation station. In the experiments described here, five CTD sensors recorded reliable data over 25 hours. These data have been analyzed using multisensor fusion algorithms to characterize the temporal and spatial patterns. The resulting data analysis is available for integration with other observations made during these experiments, including biological and chemical variables. The approach demonstrates the ability to design and deploy a distributed sensor network that monitors real-time spatio-temporal oceanographic data, and supports further deployments that will incorporate mobile nodes capable of adaptive reconfiguration.
The formation, structure, and histochemistry of the metacercarial cyst of Philophthalmus gralli Mathis & Léger

The presence of three types of cystogenous gland cells, designated as protein, mucopolysaccharide, and mucoprotein cells, in P. gralli cercariae has been demonstrated.The protein cells are PAS-negative but positive for tyrosine-, histidine-, and arginine-containing proteins. No tryptophane is detectable in this type of cell. The mucopolysaccharide cells are positive for acid mucopolysaccharides and are gamma-metachromatic. The mucoprotein cells are PAS-positive and diastaseresistant.The mechanism of metacercarial cyst formation is described. The fully formed cyst consists of three walls designated inner, middle and outer walls. The outer wall is subdivided into a basal and a peripheral layer.Histochemical studies on the cyst walls have shown that the outer and middle walls are PAS-negative but the inner wall is PAS-positive and diastase-resistant. All the walls include proteins but differ in their amino acid contents.By comparing the chemical composition of the cyst walls with that of the three types of cystogenous gland cells, it is evident that each cyst wall is formed from the secretions of two or more types of cells. The outer and middle walls appear to be formed from the secretions of both protein and mucopolysaccharide cells, and the inner wall from protein, mucopolysaccharide, and mucoprotein cells.This research was supported in part by a grant from the American Cancer Society.
Character of the magnetic monopole field

Based upon the Helmholtz decomposition theorem this paper shows that the field of a stationary magnetic monopole, assuming it exists, cannot be represented by a vector potential. Persisting to use vector potential in monopole representation violates fundamentals of mathematics. The importance of this finding is that the vector potential representation was crucial to the original prediction of the quantised value for a magnetic charge.
Additives to local anesthetics for peripheral nerve blockade.

Many additives to local anesthetics to prolong the duration of analgesia for peripheral nerve blocks have been studied. In this review, the authors focus on the more commonly described additives, including epinephrine, clonidine, dexmedetomidine, buprenorphine, dexamethasone, tramadol, sodium bicarbonate, and midazolam. While the primary focus of this review is the effect of the additive on the duration of analgesia, neurotoxicity and other safety concerns are also discussed.
Dehydration of Methylcyclohexanol Isomers in the Undergraduate Organic Laboratory and Product Analysis by Gas Chromatography−Mass Spectroscopy (GC−MS)

Dehydrations of cis- and trans-2-methylcyclohexanol mixtures were carried out with 60% sulfuric acid at 78−80 °C as a function of time and the products were identified by gas chromatography−mass spectroscopy (GC−MS) analysis. The compounds identified in the reaction mixtures include alkenes, 1-, 3-, and 4-methylcyclohexenes and 1-ethylcyclopentene, as well as the alcohols, 1-, 3-, and 4-methylcyclohexanols, and residual starting material. Independent reactions under identical conditions of the pure cis- and trans-2-methylcyclohexanol isomers, 1-, 3- and 4-methylcyclohexanol were also carried out. These reactions reveal that the cis-isomer reacts predominately to form 1-methylcyclohexene whereas the trans-isomer reacts to give a complicated mixture consisting of the isomeric 1-, 3-, and 4-methylcyclohexanols, 1-, 3-, and 4-methylcyclohexenes, and the ring contraction product, 1-ethylcyclopentene. In the experiment, each student carries out a dehydration of the cis- and trans-2-methylcyclohexanol mixture or...
New gravitational index theorems and super theorems

Gravitational index theorems relate the number of zero eigenvalue modes of various differential operators to the gravitational topological invariants: the Euler number and the Pontryagin number. In order to apply these theorems to quantum theories such as supergravity, which involve operators of spin-0, 12, 1, 32 and 2, we derive index theorems for fields of arbitary spin. In this way, we discover new higher-spin theorems in addition to recovering the well-known low-spin theorems as special cases (i.e., the spin-12 Atiyah-Singer theorem, the Hirzebruch signature theorem and the Gauss-Bonnet theorem). All these theorems relate operators differring by integral spin, i.e., boson to boson and fermion to fermion. We calculate en route, for fields of arbitary spin in an arbitary gravitational field, the coefficients B4 which appear in the asymptotic expansion of the heat kernel of the corresponding differential operators. The B4 coefficients are of interest in their own right, since they determine the one-loop counterterms, the stress tensor conformal anomalies, and the axial current anomalies. Next, we look for “super theorems” which relate the number of boson zero-modes to the number of fermion zero-modes. Such theorems may indeed be derived in the case that the gravitational field is self-dual. This in turn reveals an interesting property of supergravity: beyond one loop the theory is finite when the background fields satisfy certain self-duality conditions.
Sol-gel synthesis of pure and copper oxide coated mesoporous alumina granular particles

Abstract A modified oil-drop sol-gel process is reported for synthesis of mesoporous spherical γ-Al 2 O 3 granular particles and CuO-coated γ-Al 2 O 3 granular particles of 1–3 mm in diameter. Various parameters affecting the granulation process were studied, and the optimum values of these parameters were identified for reproducible synthesis of the alumina granular particles. Under the optimum synthesis conditions, CuO-coated γ-Al 2 O 3 granular particles could be synthesized directly from the pseudo-boehmite sol doped with Cu(NO 3 ) 2 by a solution–sol mixing method. The CuO-coated γ-Al 2 O 3 granular particles prepared by the solution–sol mixing coating method exhibit better mechanical and sulfation properties than the similar sorbents prepared by the wet-impregnation method. The sol-gel derived granular CuO-coated γ-Al 2 O 3 sorbents prepared by both coating methods have the same microstructure at lower CuO loading.
Consequences of binding an S-adenosylmethionine analogue on the structure and dynamics of the thiopurine methyltransferase protein backbone.

In humans, the enzyme thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) metabolizes 6-thiopurine (6-TP) medications, commonly used for immune suppression and for the treatment of hematopoietic malignancies. Genetic polymorphisms in the TPMT protein sequence accelerate intracellular degradation of the enzyme through an ubiquitylation and proteasomal-dependent pathway. Research has led to the hypothesis that these polymorphisms destabilize the native structure of TPMT, resulting in the formation of misfolded or partially unfolded states, which are subsequently recognized for intracellular degradation. Addition of the cosubstrate, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), prevents degradation of the TPMT polymorphs in experimental assays, presumably by stabilizing the native structure. Using a bacterial orthologue of TPMT from Pseudomonas syringae, we have used NMR spectroscopy to describe the consequences of binding sinefungin, a SAM analogue, on the structure and dynamics of the TPMT protein backbone. NMR chemical shift mapping exper...
Textured polycrystalline diamond films on Cu metal substrates by hot filament chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Chemical vapor deposition of diamonds on metal substrates is now-a-days the focus of attraction in diamond film technology. In these investigations, we report polycrystalline textured diamond growth on copper substrate. The diamond films have been grown by the hot filament chemical vapor deposition technique. Prior to diamond deposition copper substrates are pretreated by various approaches — by modifying the substrate surface, by laser irradiation, and by intermediate titanium nitride (TiN) ceramic layer coating. The structural analysis is done by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. While there is no diamond growth on the laser modified substrate, highly faceted polycrystalline diamond crystals are shown to grow on the TiN buffered copper substrates.
Information technology and performance measurement: Promise or peril?

The data-gathering and data-retrieval capabilities of today's information technology seem ideally suited to the record-generating and record-keeping demands of performance measurement. But are they really? As this article points out, if performance measurement is important to an organization, then it should be designed with the aim of facilitating it. Furthermore, organizational leaders need to realize that exploiting the potential of information technology (IT) to measure performance is not an easy task. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Kupffer cell blockade prevents induction of portal venous tolerance in rat cardiac allograft transplantation

Pretransplant portal venous (pv) administration of donor antigen induces allospecific partial tolerance. Although the involved mechanism has not been defined, antigen presentation by Kupffer cells (KC) in the liver is considered to be critical. We evaluated the effect of KC blockade on this pv tolerance induction in Buffalo (RT16) rats receiving Lewis (RT11) cardiac heterotopic allografts. Control rats received no treatment, while experimental animals received 25 × 108 ultraviolet B-irradiated (12,000 J/m2) donor spleen cells via either the iv (systemic intravenous) or the pv routes 7 days before transplantation. Gadolinium chloride (GdCl3), a rare earth metal known to inhibit KC phagocytosis, was given (7 mg/kg) 1 and 2 days before pv preimmunization. Cardiac graft prolongation was obtained by pv (MST = 13.3 ± 1.9 days, n = 6, vs control = 7.3 ± 0.5 days, n = 6; P < 0.001) but not by iv preimmunization (7.7 ± 0.7 days, n = 6, NS vs control). KC blockade abolished the pv tolerance, as indicated by abrogation of graft prolongation (PV + GdCl3 = 8.0 ± 0.8 days, n = 6, NS vs control). These findings suggest that effective alloantigen uptake by KC in the liver is essential for the induction of pv tolerance in rat cardiac transplantation.
Capillary Abnormalities, Raynaud's Phenomenon, and Systemic Sclerosis in Patients With Localized Scleroderma

• Objectives and Design.— In vivo capillaroscopic examination was performed on patients with localized scleroderma to determine whether nailfold capillary abnormalities seen in systemic scleroderma (systemic sclerosis) were also present in the localized form. Twenty-seven patients (24 women, three men) were examined by this technique. Results.— Only two patients exhibited scleroderma-type nailfold capillary abnormalities similar to those seen in systemic sclerosis. Both patients also suffered from Raynaud's phenomenon and showed evidence of coexisting systemic sclerosis, one on first examination, the other 1.5 years later. Our results are compared with earlier studies reporting such rare coexistence of the two forms of scleroderma. Earlier capillaroscopic work in this disorder is also reviewed. Conclusions.— These results suggest that the presence, in a patient with localized scleroderma, of nailfold capillary abnormalities similar to those seen in systemic sclerosis should alert the physician to a possible association with systemic sclerosis. ( Arch Dermatol. 1992;128:630-632)
Assessing China's economic performance since 1978: Material attainments and beyond

Abstract China's economy since 1978 has averaged a near 10% annual growth of real GDP and greater than 8% real GDP per capita. It has also achieved remarkably in other areas such as life expectancy and education of the population. How to assess and interpret China's economic performance? This research attempts to address this fundamental question. The author first investigates China's economic performance from the aspects of material attainments and non-material economic welfare, the dynamics of changing efficiency and equity, then identifies key institutional infrastructures and analyzes their developments and problems remaining toward a sustainable growth and a more equitable income distribution. A large amount of up-to-date data is utilized to support the analysis.
A plant virus lethal to its insect vector

Abstract The peach yellow leaf roll strain of Western X-disease virus was shown to cause the premature death of its leafhopper vector, Colladonus montanus. Celery was used as virus source plants and as test plants. In one type of experiment, leafhoppers from a single colony were divided into two equal groups. One group was caged on diseased celery for 21 days while the control group fed only on healthy celery. Later, 15 insects from each group were tested singly for virus transmission and longevity. Twelve leafhoppers which transmitted virus had a mean longevity of 38 days compared to 82 days for the noninfective controls. The remaining insects from each of the two main groups were tested in groups of 10. The mean longevity of these infective and noninfective groups was 24 and 51 days, respectively. In other experiments all leafhoppers were caged on diseased plants and were subsequently tested individually for virus transmission and longevity. In fourteen such experiments the mean longevity of 116 leafhoppers that transmitted virus was 20 days compared to 51 days for the 64 nontransmitting individuals. These results indicate that the virus itself shortens the life of leafhoppers which acquire it and that the differences in longevity cannot be accounted for on the basis of altered physiology of diseased plants. This appears to be the first record of a virus that eventually kills its insect vector, and it adds to the plausibility of the theory that plant viruses may have evolved from arthropod viruses.
Impact of mesothelioma histologic subtype on outcomes in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database

Background This study was conducted to determine how malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) histology was associated with the use of surgery and survival.
Skyrmions and the nucleon-nucleon interaction

Abstract The Skyrme Lagrangian is used to construct a model of the interaction between nucleons at low energies. The results illustrate how this problem can be made consistent with QCD without the introduction of explicit quarks.
Spatial residual analysis of six modeling techniques

In recent years alternative modeling techniques have been used to account for spatial autocorrelations among data observations. They include linear mixed model (LMM), generalized additive model (GAM), multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network, radial basis function (RBF) neural network, and geographically weighted regression (GWR). Previous studies show these models are robust to the violation of model assumptions and flexible to nonlinear relationships among variables. However, many of them are non-spatial in nature. In this study, we utilize a local spatial analysis method (i.e., local Moran coefficient) to investigate spatial distribution and heterogeneity in model residuals from those modeling techniques with ordinary least-squares (OLS) as the benchmark. The regression model used in this study has tree crown area as the response variable, and tree diameter and the coordinates of tree locations as the predictor variables. The results indicate that LMM, GAM, MLP and RBF may improve model fitting to the data and provide better predictions for the response variable, but they generate spatial patterns for model residuals similar to OLS. The OLS, LMM, GAM, MLP and RBF models yield more residual clusters of similar values, indicating that trees in some sub-areas are either all underestimated or all overestimated for the response variable. In contrast, GWR estimates model coefficients at each location in the study area, and produces more accurate predictions for the response variable. Furthermore, the residuals of the GWR model have more desirable spatial distributions than the ones derived from the OLS, LMM, GAM, MLP and RBF models.
Forearm interosseous membrane trauma: MRI diagnostic criteria and injury patterns.

Define criteria for interosseous membrane (IOM) injury diagnosis using MRI, and characterize patterns of IOM disruption following forearm trauma. Our hypothesis is that most IOM injuries occur along the ulnar insertion, and MRI should be obtained following forearm trauma to assess IOM competency. Sixteen cadaver forearms were subjected to longitudinal impact trauma. Prior to and following injury, MR images were examined by a board-certified musculoskeletal radiologist using pre-defined criteria for determining IOM integrity. Each specimen was dissected and the viability/pattern of injury examined. The MRI and dissection results were compared using a double-blinded methodology. Eight of the 16 specimens demonstrated IOM trauma. Seven specimens demonstrated complete IOM disruption from the ulnar insertion, and one revealed a mid-substance tear with intact origin and insertion. The dorsal oblique bundle was disrupted in four specimens. MRI analysis identified IOM injury in seven of the eight forearms. The injury location was correctly identified in six specimens when compared to dissection observations. MRI determination of IOM injury demonstrated a positive predictive value of 100%, a negative predictive value of 89%, a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 100%. Our findings demonstrate the accuracy of MRI in identifying IOM disruption, and its ability to localize specific injuries in a clinically relevant model of forearm trauma. The injury patterns demonstrated most lesions occurred along the IOM’s ulnar insertion, and in half of the injured specimens there was concomitant dorsal oblique bundle disruption.
Intranasal verrucous carcinoma: relationship to inverting papilloma and human papillomavirus.

Objectives: To establish the incidence, appearance, behavior, and appropriate treatment of intranasal verrucous carcinoma and determine its relationship to inverting papilloma and human papillomavirus (HPV). Study Design: Retrospective review of all cases of intranasal verrucous carcinoma seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1960 through May 1996. Methods: Retrospective chart review and data collection for age, sex, smoking history, location, association with inverting papilloma, treatment, recurrence, and follow-up. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for the presence of HPV DNA was performed on all specimens. Results: Of the 13 patients identified, most presented with nasal obstruction (10) or a noticeable intranasal lesion (8). The maxillary sinus was the extranasal site most often involved. Five patients had verrucous cancer develop in an inverting papilloma, and one had squamous cell carcinoma with the verrucous component (a hybrid tumor). All but one patient underwent surgery as initial treatment; only one patient had preoperative radiation therapy. Surgical procedures ranged from local excision to a craniofacial resection. Follow-up ranged from 2 months to 32 years (mean, 6.5 y). Four patients had a single recurrence and two tumors recurred a second time. No metastases developed and no one died from the tumor. In seven patients (10 specimens), DNA was successfully amplified for PCR testing, and no HPV DNA was detected. Conclusions : When verrucous tumors are discovered early, they can be treated effectively with wide local excision. In some cases, a more extensive procedure may be required. A possible role for HPV in the etiology of these tumors was not found.
Expression Patterns of the Multiple Transcripts from the Folylpolyglutamate Synthetase Gene in Human Leukemias and Normal Differentiated Tissues

Folylpoly-γ-glutamate synthetase (FPGS) catalyzes the activation of folate antimetabolites in mammalian tissues and tumors. We have determined the sequence, abundance, and function of human FPGS transcripts and found some striking differences to transcription of the mouse gene that allow production of FPGS isoforms in mouse liver and dividing tissues. Multiple human transcripts were identified, including the homolog of the mouse transcripts that initiate at two upstream exons. However, the human FPGS upstream promoter is infrequently used, and transcripts from this promoter include sequences homologous with only one of the upstream exons found in the mouse. The downstream promoter generates an array of transcripts, some of which do not produce active enzyme, a phenomenon not seen in the mouse. Hence, the dual promoter mechanism directing expression of FPGS isozymes in mouse tissues is not conserved in humans, and, unlike the mouse downstream promoter, the human downstream promoter is active in both dividing and differentiated tissues. This study raises questions about the differences in function served by the two mouse FPGS isozymes and how, or if, human tissues fulfill these functions. How humans and mice produce FPGS in only a subset of tissues using such different promoter structures also becomes a central issue.
Parameterization and efficient implementation of a solvent model for linear-scaling semiempirical quantum mechanical calculations of biological macromolecules

Abstract A method is developed to include solvation effects in linear-scaling semiempirical quantum calculations. Favorable scaling of computational effort for large molecules is achieved using a preconditioned conjugate gradient technique in conjunction with a linear-scaling recursive bisection method for evaluation of electrostatic interactions. The method requires approximately 30% computational overhead relative to gas-phase calculations. Effective atomic radii for biological macromolecules are derived from fitting to experimental and theoretical solvation energies for small molecules homologous to amino- and nucleic acid residues.
Radio Emission Associated with the Ultraluminous X-Ray Source in Holmberg II

We report the detection of radio emission coincident with the ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) in Holmberg II. The radio emission is diffuse and resolved, covering an area ~60 × 40 pc in extent and well matched to the recently discovered He II nebula surrounding the X-ray source. Comparison of the radio and optical properties of this extended radio emission argue against its association with either an H II region or a supernova remnant. This is additional evidence that this ULX is not powered by a stellar mass object whose emission is relativistically beamed toward the observer, and thus is either a super-Eddington source or an intermediate-mass black hole as suggested by optical observations. Implications of this result to future and existing radio studies of ULXs are discussed.
Design and development of a 331-segment tip–tilt–piston mirror array for space-based adaptive optics

We report on the development of a micromachined silicon deformable mirror (DM) system for the hyper-contrast visible nulling coronagraph architecture designed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finding (TPF) mission. The new DM is designed to achieve unprecedented optical quality and mechanical positioning precision as required by the nulling coronagraph. It consists of 331 close-packed hexagonal segments on a 600 μm pitch. Each segment has three adjustable degrees of freedom controlling out-of-plane rotation (in two axes) and surface normal motion over a continuous range of ±3 mrad and 1 μm, respectively. The coronagraph implementation specifies that each segment maintains an overall flatness better than 10 nm RMS, irrespective of segment angle. To achieve this objective, two design concepts were developed in parallel. The first design uses thick mirror segments consisting of epitaxial grown polysilicon (epipoly) to provide the mirror with high rigidity, allowing it to tilt without bending. The epipoly layer can also be highly polished to better than 1nm RMS local surface roughness. The second design uses thinner, more compliant mirror segments, but supports them with flexure-based electrostatic actuators that decouple tilt motion from mirror segment bending moments. The thinner mirror segment has reduced optical quality due to print-through effects, but offers greater ease in post-processing mirror curvature caused by residual stress gradients. DM segments fabricated with the flexure design experience a maximum mirror bend of 2.8 nm RMS at 4.3 mrad of tilt. Both DM designs and associated microfabrication processes are presented. Optical and electromechanical characterization results are also presented.
Overnight food deprivation markedly attenuates hindbrain noradrenergic, glucagon-like peptide-1, and hypothalamic neural responses to exogenous cholecystokinin in male rats.

Abstract Systemic administration of sulfated cholecystokinin-8 (CCK) activates neurons within the hindbrain nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) that project directly to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and these projections underlie the ability of exogenous CCK to activate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) stress axis. CCK inhibits food intake, increases NTS neuronal cFos expression, and activates the HPA axis in a dose-dependent manner. While the hypophagic effects of exogenous CCK are attenuated in food-deprived rats, CCK dose–response relationships for NTS and hypothalamic activation in fed and fasted rats are unknown. Within the NTS, noradrenergic A2 and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) neurons express cFos after high doses of CCK, and both neuronal populations project directly to the medial parvocellular (mp)PVN. We hypothesized that increasing and correlated proportions of A2, GLP-1, and mpPVN neurons would express cFos in rats after increasing doses of CCK, and that food deprivation would attenuate both hindbrain and hypothalamic neural activation. To test these hypotheses, ad libitum -fed (ad lib) and overnight food-deprived (DEP) rats were anesthetized and perfused with fixative 90 min after i.p. injection of 1.0 ml saline vehicle containing CCK at doses of 0, 3, or 10 μg/kg BW. Additional ad lib and DEP rats served as non-handled (NH) controls. Brain tissue sections were processed for dual immunocytochemical localization of cFos and dopamine-β-hydroxylase to identify A2 neurons, or cFos and GLP-1. Compared to negligible A2 cFos activation in NH control rats, i.p. vehicle and CCK dose-dependently increased A2 activation, and this was significantly attenuated by DEP. DEP also attenuated mpPVN cFos expression across all treatment groups, and A2 activation was strongly correlated with mpPVN activation in both ad lib and DEP rats. In ad lib rats, large and similar numbers of GLP-1 neurons expressed cFos across all i.p. treatment groups, regardless of CCK dose. Surprisingly, DEP nearly abolished baseline GLP-1 cFos expression in NH controls, and also in rats after i.p. injection of vehicle or CCK. We conclude that CCK-induced hypothalamic cFos activation is strongly associated with A2 activation, whereas the relationship between mpPVN and GLP-1 activation is less clear. Furthermore, activation of A2, GLP-1, and mpPVN neurons is significantly modulated by feeding status, suggesting a mechanism through which food intake and metabolic state might impact hypothalamic neuroendocrine responses to homeostatic challenge.
Factor dependent breakdown of polysomes.

Abstract When isolated polysomes from E. coli were incubated with soluble protein, most of the polysomes were converted to monosomes. GTP and its generator stimulated the breakdown of polysomes. The requirement for the soluble factor could not be met by the addition of purified T and G factor.