cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cadmium(II) binding by soil-derived fulvic acid measured by anodic stripping voltammetry

Abstract Titrations of aqueous solutions of soil fulvic acid (30, 45, and 60 mg l-1) with cadmium ion solutions at pH 6 and 7 reveal unusual shapes in the stripping current (is) vs. total cadmium ion (Ccd2+) curves. The expected inflections occur in the titration curves at 8–16 μM. at pH 6 and 12–26 μM at pH 7. In addition, there is an initial rapid increase in is at very low Ccd2+. The initial rapid increase in current is attributed to labile cadmium—fulvic acid complexes that contribute to is by rapid dissociation. Subsequent addition of cadmium ion results in moderately labile complexes and is becomes partially kinetically controlled. The stripping current was corrected for kinetic current contributions from dissociation of complexes, and total ligand concentrations, conditional stability constants, and upper slopes were calculated from data well past the titration end-point. The use of upper slopes after kinetic current corrections as in situ calibration curves, allowed calculations of equilibrium cadmium concentrations. The data show that both kinetic current corrections and in situ calibration curves are necessary to avoid substantial errors in calculations of equilibrium cadmium concentrations from anodic stripping voltammetric experiments.
RF Phase Control System

A system for automatically controlling the instantaneous phase of the accelerating voltage at each of the six accelerating stations at the Cornell 12 GeV Electron Synchrotron has been developed. The phases are controlled to ±50° relative to a master oscillator. The system comprises electronic phase shifters to compensate for variations in klystron phase shifts during the acceleration cycle, and mechanical phase shifters to compensate for drive cable delay variations. Near full energy, when different klystron modulator waveforms are used in each station, the phase control provides an effective increase of 20% in RF power by cancelling the 180° phase shift which occurs in each klystron as it is brought up to full power. The phase control system is also a great aid in obtaining correct phasing when more than one station is used to pick up the beam.
“Sometime you may leave your husband in Karuma Falls or in the forest there”: a gendered history of disappearance in Idi Amin's Uganda, 1971–79

Abstract During Idi Amin's eight-year military dictatorship, agents of the state abducted and “disappeared” countless Ugandan citizens, as well as foreign nationals. Although most of the disappeared were men, disappearance was not simply a masculine phenomenon. This disturbing pattern of violence also had a profound impact on women and their children. In an effort to more fully engender the history of disappearance in Uganda, this article critically examines the narratives of women who testified before a 1974 Commission of Inquiry that was investigating a spate of recent disappearances in the country. More than just a tragic litany of devastation and loss, these testimonies reveal important details about the workings of Amin's security apparatus. Most significantly, they confirm that the military regime's use of violence was far more calculated and strategic than previously imagined. Disappearance was not simply an unfortunate consequence of military rule, but instead, a deliberate ruling strategy that wa...
Identification, expression, and localization of β keratin gene products during development of avian scutate scales

Epidermal-dermal interactions influence morphogenesis and expression of the beta keratin gene family during development of scales in the embryonic chick. The underlying mechanisms by which these interactions control beta keratin expression are not understood. However, the present study of beta keratin gene expression during avian epidermal differentiation contributes new information with which to investigate the role of tissue interactions in this process. Using beta keratin-specific synthetic oligonucleotide probe, beta keratin mRNA was hybrid-selected from total poly A+ RNA of scutate scales. Seven beta keratin polypeptides were translated in vitro and could be identified by their positions in two-dimensional gels among the detergent-insoluble extracts of scutate scale epidermis. In vivo phosphorylation studies suggested that an additional three beta keratin polypeptides were present as phosphoproteins. The temporal appearance of beta keratin mRNA and the corresponding polypeptides was followed during scutate scale development. Polyclonal antiserum made against two of the beta keratin polypeptides was used for immunohistochemical and immunogold electron-microscopic analysis of beta keratin tissue distribution. Immunological reactivity was observed specifically along the outer scale surface in epidermal cells above the stratum germinativum. Immunogold beads were localized on 3-nm filament bundles. In situ hybridization with a beta keratin-specific RNA probe demonstrated that mRNA accumulated in the same regional manner as the polypeptides. This selective expression of beta keratin genes in specific regions of the developing scutate scale suggests that epidermal-dermal interactions provide not only for morphological events, but also for control of complex patterns of histogenesis and biochemical differentiation.
Inhibition of ICAM-1/LFA-1 interaction prevents allograft tolerance induced by anti-CD45RB

Abstract Introduction: Long-term allograft tolerance may be established by elimination of peripheral graft-reactive cell, by the induction of regulatory cells, or by induced ignorance through alteration of lymphocyte trafficking. We have investigated the contribution of the intracellular adhesion molecules ICAM-1/LFA-1 to tolerance induced by anti-CD45RB. Methods: Cardiac allografts from C3H mice were transplanted to either wild-type or ICAM-deficient C57BL/6 mice. Recipients were untreated, treated with anti-CD45RB mAb (100ug ip days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7), or treated with a combination of anti-CD45RB and anti ICAM-1 or anti-LFA1 (50ug ip x5). Immunophenotyping of B cells by flow cytometry was performed after exposure of mice to alloantigen and anti-CD45RB. Results: Exposure of lymphocytes in vivo to anti-CD45RB and alloantigen induces upregulation of ICAM-1 on B cells. Although treatment with anti-CD45RB uniformly establishes permanent acceptance of C3H allografts (MST > 100days, n = 14), coadministration of either anti-ICAM-1 or anti-LFA-1 prevents tolerance induction (MST = 28.25 ± 2.96 and 14 ± 3.11 days, respectively). Neither anti-ICAM-1 or anti-LFA-1 therapy alone induced permanent allograft survival despite modest prolongation of survival. Treatment of genetically ICAM deficient B6 animals with anti-CD45RB also failed to induce tolerance (MST = 23.66 ± 3.57 days). Conclusions: These data suggest the involvement of ICAM-1/LFA-1 interactions during tolerance induction mediated by anti-CD45RB. Whether this effect is mediated by inter- or intracellular signaling through these molecules or by alterations of lymphocyte trafficking patterns is under investigation.
902-1 Mechanisms of Acute Luminal Enlargement in PTCA and Stent: A Prospective Intravascular Ultrasound Study

Because intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) enables quantitative analysis of vessel size, plaque burden, and luminal dimensions, it is uniquely suited to determine the in vivo mechanisms of acute gain following coronary intervention. The purpose of this study was to compare the mechanisms of acute luminal enlargement in a patient population randomized to PTCA or stent. Between 11/93 and 7/94, 23 patients (PTCA = 11, Stent = 12) underwent prospective pre-intervention (Pre) and post-procedure (Post) IVUS imaging using a 2.9 Fr. 30 MHz monorail catheter (CVIS). Pre and Post minimal lumen area (MLA), minimal external elastic lamina area (EELA), and plaque&media area (P&MA) were determined. There was no significant statistical difference in these values pre-intervention. Acute gain (ΔMLA), vessel expansion (ΔEELA) and plaque compression (ΔP&MA) were then calculated. All calculated areas are in mm 2 and are summarized below: PTCA (n = 11) Stent (n = 12) p-value Acute Gain (ΔMLA) 4.0 ± 0.63 6.66 ± 0.36 0.001 Plaque Compression (ΔP&MA) 3.29 ± 0.73 3.82 ± 0.70 NS Vessel Expansion (ΔEELA) 0.76 ± 0.49 2.65 ± 0.68 0.036 Conclusions 1) Intracoronary stenting is associated with a significantly larger acute luminal gain. 2) This acute gain is due to a greater increase in EEL dimensions in the stent group and is suggestive of greater vessel expansion, less recoil, or both. 3) In the PTCA group, vessel expansion accounts for only 20% of the acute gain, while plaque compression appears to be the predominant mechanism of luminal enlargement.
“ Spiders across the stars ”1 —a web-based model for providing access to multi-institutional museum information

Overcoming many of the past barriers to the distribution of museum data, the world wide web has the potential to serve as an effective mechanism for linking the web sites of museums and allied projects. For maximum utility, one would need to make modest additions to the usual discovery/retrieval methods now common on the web. Between the search tools now existing in the wider web context and the many web sites maintained by museums and allied entities, one could interpose expert systems already existing but designed for other purposes, and archival-type descriptions of collections/institutions/projects against which these enhanced web retrieval/discovery tools could operate. The result would be a system that would initially point the user to web sites where his/her inquiry would very probably be successful. The later stages of the inquiry would take the user into local systems where the rules developed for the subject domain in question could be applied through interactive inquiry, thus allowing to the user to refine the question in light of his/her better knowledge of how information in that source is represented.
Agency and Social Networks: Strategies of Action in a Social Structure of Position, Opposition, and Opportunity

This study uses social movement concepts to explain the success and failure of actors in a network of relationships trying to influence policies on environmental issues in a small city. Results show that strategies to take action and mobilize others in a network of interorganizational relationships can vary depending on the social context, which consists of the political opportunity structure defined by government regulators, whether the actor faces opposition, and the actor's position in the network. Decisions to engage in strategies to try to influence government regulators directly, to use a broker to reach agreements with the opposition, or to form a coalition with actors in other organizations to influence government decision makers are affected by this social context. Results also show that even peripheral actors, usually assumed to be powerless in network studies, can influence policy if they use a direct-contact strategy and the political opportunity structure is favorable.
Epithelial growth factor-induced phosphorylation of caveolin 1 at tyrosine 14 stimulates caveolae formation in epithelial cells

Caveolae are flask-shaped endocytic structures composed primarily of caveolin-1 (Cav1) and caveolin-2 (Cav2) proteins. Interestingly, a cytoplasmic accumulation of Cav1 protein does not always result in a large number of assembled caveolae organelles, suggesting a regulatory mechanism that controls caveolae assembly. In this study we report that stimulation of epithelial cells with epithelial growth factor (EGF) results in a profound increase in the number of caveolar structures at the plasma membrane. Human pancreatic tumor cells (PANC-1) and normal rat kidney cells (NRK), as a control, were treated with 30 ng/ml EGF for 0, 5, and 20 min before fixation and viewing by electron microscopy. Cells fixed without EGF treatment exhibited modest numbers of plasma membrane-associated caveolae. Cells treated with EGF for 5 or 20 min showed an 8-10-fold increase in caveolar structures, some forming long, pronounced caveolar "towers" at the cell-cell borders. It is known that Cav1 is Src-phosphorylated on tyrosine 14 in response to EGF treatment, although the significance of this modification is unknown. We postulated that phosphorylation could provide the stimulus for caveolae assembly. To this end, we transfected cells with mutant forms of Cav1 that could not be phosphorylated (Cav1Y14F) and tested if this altered protein reduced the number of EGF-induced caveolae. We observed that EGF-stimulated PANC-1 cells expressing the mutant Cav1Y14F protein exhibited a 90-95% reduction in caveolae number compared with cells expressing wild type Cav1. This study provides novel insights into how cells regulate caveolae formation and implicates EGF-based signaling cascades in the phosphorylation of Cav1 as a stimulus for caveolae assembly.
A Finite Volume-Based High Order Cartesian Cut-Cell Method for Computational Aeroacoustics

A finite volume-based high-order scheme with optimized dispersion and dissipation characteristics in cooperation with the Cartesian cut-cell technique is presented for aero- acoustics computations involving geometric complexities and nonlinearities. The field equation is solved based on an optimized prefactored compact finite volume (OPC-fv) scheme. The cut-cell approach handles the boundary shape by sub-dividing the computational cells in accordance with the local geometric characteristics and facilitates the use of numerical procedures with a desirable level of accuracy. The resulting technique is assessed by several test problems that demonstrate satisfactory performance.
New dimensions of the virus world discovered through metagenomics

Metagenomic analysis of viruses suggests novel patterns of evolution, changes the existing ideas of the composition of the virus world and reveals novel groups of viruses and virus-like agents. The gene composition of the marine DNA virome is dramatically different from that of known bacteriophages. The virome is dominated by rare genes, many of which might be contained within virus-like entities such as gene transfer agents. Analysis of marine metagenomes thought to consist mostly of bacterial genes revealed a variety of sequences homologous to conserved genes of eukaryotic nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses, resulting in the discovery of diverse members of previously undersampled groups and suggesting the existence of new classes of virus-like agents. Unexpectedly, metagenomics of marine RNA viruses showed that representatives of only one superfamily of eukaryotic viruses, the picorna-like viruses, dominate the RNA virome.
Characteristics of an infant/preschool psychiatric clinic sample: Implications for clinical assessment and nosology

Le but de cette etude etait de decrire les methodes d'evaluation clinique academique dans une clinique dont la sous-specialite etant les nourrissons et jeunes enfants d'âge prescolaire, et d'explorer les caracteristiques psychosociales demographiques et diagnostiques de cette population de patients non-hospitalises. Les dossiers cliniques de 120 patients vus par le directeur de la clinique et les assistants en psychiatrie de l'enfant de deuxieme annee ont ete examines pour la notification et l'analyse des donnees. Les patients et leurs modes de soin primaires avaient participe a une session comprehensive et multiple d'evaluation de jeu interactif pour formuler les diagnostics cliniques utilisant le DSM-III-R. Comme plusieurs rapports precedents l'avaient deja etabli, une preponderance de troubles exteriorisant a ete trouvee (66%). Un grand nombre de diagnostics Axe I DSM-III-R ont ete trouves et 37% des enfants avaient un trouble du developpment sur l'Axe II. Les categories NOS ont ete utilisees dans 8% des cas a cause du manque toute autre classification descriptive appropriee. 88% de ces cas etaient des entants de moins de quatre ans. Un haut taux de naissance prematuree (20%), des problemes psychiatriques passes maternels (44%), ainsi que l'utilisation de punition corporelle (frequente pour 28%, occasionnelle pour 37%) ont ete trouves dans l'echantillon. Les implications de ces resultats pour l'evaluation et la classification cliniques de troubles psychiatrique precoces sont discutes. L'utilisation de services de sante mentale par les enfants les plus jeunes pour qui la taxonomie DSM etait considerablement inappropriee est notee.
Process modeling of point defect effects in Hg 1− x Cd x Te

A model is presented which describes the motion of and interactions among some of the native point defects and foreign impurities in Hg1-xCdxTe. Semi-quantitative simulations of typical process problems are performed for cases where only Hg interstitials, Hg vacancies, and cation impurities are important. Results for the formation of n-on-p junctions by the Hg anneal of high vacancy concentration material, indicate that junction depths may be a significant function of the n-type dopant concentration. For the case where low vacancy, n-type material is annealed in a Hg-poor ambient, simulation results confirm the difficulty in forming a high quality, well-defined p-on-n junction. This difficulty arises because of the generation of Hg vacancy/interstitial pairs throughout the bulk during most of the process. It is demonstrated that impurity gettering can be described by our modeling approach. All simulation results attempted to date are consistent with the available experimental data.
Utilization of growth parameters of eelgrass, Zostera marina, for productivity estimation under laboratory and in situ conditions

Allometry was used for monitoring aboveground growth of the marine angiosperm Zostera marina L. Dry weight was regressed with leaf length and width, allowing estimation of aboveground net productivity and biomass of individual plants. At the termination of the experiment, rhizome productivity of the same plants was determined by harvesting. Plants in shaded and unshaded seawater tanks were monitored from June until September, 1976; in situ plants were also monitored at Point Judith Pond, Rhode Island, USA. Unshaded plants had shorter leaves, a lower net productivity, lower biomass, and a lower aboveground-torhizome productivity ratio than shaded plants. Unshaded plants had a higher rate of rhizome branching and the resulting new shoot formation than in situ plants.
TCT-117 Impact of a Paleolithic Diet on Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors

The paleolithic diet is a nutritional plan consisting primarily of grass-fed pasture-raised meats, seafood, vegetables, and secondarily fruits, seeds, eggs, and nuts which mimics the diet consumed by our pre-agricultural, hunter-gatherer ancestors. The diet has been shown to promote weight loss.
Lack of association between acute myocardial infarction and mitral valve prolapse.

It has been suggested that one mechanism of ischemia-related mitral regurgitation (MR) is mitral valve prolapse (MVP) caused by involvement of the papillary muscles and supporting ventricular walls.1–3 Crawford2 reported a patient who developed auscultatory findings of MVP and MR (later confirmed angiographically) during the first day of a second acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Another group reported that MVP was present in 8 of 43 patients with MR studied 1 month after AMI, although they did not use standard echocardiographic criteria to diagnose MVP.3
Revealing the coupled cation interactions behind the electrochemical profile of LixNi0.5Mn1.5O4

We present first-principles energy calculations and a cluster expansion model of the ionic ordering in LixNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1), one of the proposed high-energy density next-generation Li-ion cathode materials. The developed model predicts an intricate relationship between the preferred Li-vacancy ordering and the Ni/Mn configuration, which explains the difference in intermediate ground states between ordered (P4332) and disordered (Fdm) Ni/Mn configuration. The phase sequence as a function of lithiation as well as the voltage profile are well matched with experimental results. Understanding of the inherent chemical interactions and their impact on the performance of an energy storage material is essential when designing and optimizing Li-ion electrode materials.
Comparison of Three Methods of Respiratory Care following Upper Abdominal Surgery

Incentive spirometry, as a method for preventing postoperative atelectasis, was compared with intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB) and resistance breathing in 126 patients undergoing upper-abdominal surgery, most of whom had cholecystectomy. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of atelectasis among the three groups, who were matched for age, sex, smoking history, previous respiratory disease, and duration of surgery. There was a significantly higher incidence of atelectasis in patients over the age of 50 yean (P = 0.004) than in younger subjects, where the incidence was not different among the three groups. Incentive spirometric therapy, as used in this study, offered no advantage over the other methods of treatment.
Goodman and Kruskal's λ: A new look at an old measure of association

We examine Goodman and Kruskal's lambda using Efron's approach to regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for zero-one outcome data. For a binary response cross-classified by a single nominal predictor, we present a computationally simple ANOVA table in which lambda is analogous to Pearson's R-square. We characterize the relationship between lambda and the commonly used apparent error rate in logistic regression, and show that lambda is based implicitly on a prediction rule for a saturated model with classification level 0.5. This relationship suggests that we can correct the apparent error rate for chance by defining a natural generalization of lambda that we call PRE, the proportional reduction in error. We illustrate the use of lambda and PRE in an analysis of prognostic factors for one-year survival in children with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Multimedia environmental distribution of engineered nanomaterials.

A compartmental multimedia model was developed to enable evaluation of the dynamic environmental multimedia mass distribution and concentrations of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). The approach considers the environment as a collection of compartments, linked via fundamental environmental intermedia transport processes. Model simulations for various environmental scenarios indicated that ENM accumulation in the sediment increased significantly with increased ENMs attachment to suspended solids in water. Atmospheric dry and wet depositions can be important pathways for ENMs input to the terrestrial environment in the absence of direct and distributed ENM release to soil. Increased ENM concentration in water due to atmospheric deposition (wet and dry) is expected as direct ENM release to water diminishes. However, for soluble ENMs dissolution can be the dominant pathway for suspended ENM removal from water even compared to advection. Mass accumulation in the multimedia environment for the evaluated ENMs (me...
Feline Transfusion Medicine: Blood Types and their Clinical Importance

Anemia is the most common indication for a blood transfusion in cats and fresh whole blood is typically administered. Recent experimental studies and clinical reports have elucidated the importance of feline blood types in transfusion medicine. The AB blood group system, the only recognized feline blood group system, consists of three blood types: type A is most common, type B is frequently found in certain breeds, and type AB occurs rarely. The blood type frequency varies geographically among domestic shorthair cats and between breeds. Because of the presence of naturally occurring alloantibodies, only AB-matched transfusions are effective and safe. Blood typing is now readily available and incompatibilities are easily recognized with blood crossmatching tests. Owing to the general presence of strong anti-A alloantibodies in type B cats, type A blood given to a type B cat results in life-threatening acute hemolytic transfusion reactions. Immediate withdrawal of a transfusion and supportive care may save a patient. Other transfusion reactions, unrelated to AB mismatch, cause only mild and transient signs. Peculiarities of feline blood banking also are reviewed.
History's Changing Climate: Climate Science, Genomics, and the Emerging Consilient Approach to Interdisciplinary History

Consilience refers to the quality of investigations that draw conclusions from forms of evidence that are epistemologically distinct. The term seems particularly apt for conclusions produced by natural-scientific investigations on the one hand and by historical and archaeological studies on the other. Consilience points to areas of underlying unity of humanistic and scientific investigation— a unity arising from that of reality itself; it represents a convergence in parallel but independent investigations that results in deductions that are much more robust than any investigation would be able to produce on its own.
Trends in Relative Weight of Walleye Stocks in Wyoming Reservoirs

Abstract The relative weight (Wr ) index of body condition provided insight into the stock dynamics of walleye Stizostedion vitreum in six reservoirs in the North Platte River drainage of Wyoming. The three most upstream reservoirs are managed as both walleye and trout (Oncorhynchus spp. and Salmo spp.) fisheries; trout are stocked annually. The three downstream reservoirs are managed for coolwater and warmwater fishes, and walleye fry are stocked almost annually in two of the reservoirs. Positive relations between stocking densities of trout and Wr of walleyes and between water levels and Wr of walleyes were observed. Length-related trends in Wr within walleye stocks over time were related to prey availability.
Towards a specification of syntax and semantics for languages for horizontally microprogrammed machines

Horizontally microprogrammable computers provide the potential for efficient use of hardware through parallel operation of internal resources. Present languages for microprogramming such computers, however, contain unnatural symbolism, inflexible format requirements, and additional constraints that are unnecessary for the functions the languages perform. The intrinsic characteristics of horizontally microprogrammable machines suggest the use of operator precedence languages to program them. We formally describe the syntax of a language, ANIMIL, along these lines and discuss some initial ideas on semantics of languages for horizontally microprogrammable machines. A brief report on present status and thoughts for future work conclude the paper.
Afghanistan: transitional justice in the midst of war

In Afghanistan, there has been much talk about, and international support for dealing with past injustices by developing transitional justice mechanisms. Reconciliation is being promoted as a nation-building strategy. This article argues that the implementation of transitional justice poses several challenges. First, a significant component of such a strategy is based on reconciliation taking place internally among competing armed groups and ethnic identities with the goal of transforming Afghan society. This assumes the cause of past conflicts to be internal and along ethnic divisions which limits the accountability for war crimes. It also considers violence and crimes of war as a thing of the past, ignoring the present situation. Furthermore, given the ongoing war between the US-led forces and the Taliban, insecurity and escalating levels of violence one has to question whether transitional justice can take place during a war. This article concludes that transitional justice is interconnected to percept...
Disinterring the real: Dodie Bellamy's The Letters of Mina Harker and the late-capitalist literature of materiality

The article argues that Bellamy's experimental novel represents a privileged text for understanding the persistence of the material (especially the materiality of the body) in the era of ‘immaterial production’. In making the case for the importance of Bellamy's narrative, the article also addresses contemporary debates about the death of the postmodern, the value of Lacan's notion of the real for thinking about materiality in contemporary culture, and the potential for a queer politics of materiality.
Technology use in meetings: Information handling & polychronicity

The proliferation of portable information technologies (e.g. laptops and mobile phones) along with the increasing availability of wireless networks allows individuals to expand and extend their information environment. One context which has been impacted by these changes is the workplace; individuals now multitask in face-to-face meetings with other technologies. This multitasking can have a dual impact: the information needs of the face-to-face group may be better met by increased access to networked information, but the individuals in the group using the technology may decide to use it for non-group tasks, which may be disruptive and/or diminish the individual's focus away from the team. In this pilot research, the concepts of information handling and polychronicity (a preference for multitasking) are used to explore qualitative data from interviews with 15 office workers.
Design of experiments in simulator validation

A common problem encountered in computer system simulation is that of validating that the simulator can produce, with a reasonable degree of accuracy, the same information that can be obtained from the modeled system. This is basically a statistical problem because there are usually limitations with respect to the number of controlled tests that can be carried out, and assessment of the fidelity of the model is a function of the signal to noise ratio. That is, the magnitude of error which can be tolerated depends upon the size of the effect to be predicted. In this paper we describe, by example, how techniques of statistical design and analysis of experiments have been used to validate the modeling of the dispatching algorithm of a time sharing system. The examples areb ased on a detailed, trace-driven simulator of CP-67. They show that identical factorial experiments involving parameters of this algorithm, when carried out on both the simulator and on the actual system, produced statistically comparable effects.
Factors in Geotropospheric Particle–Gas Transport of Semivolatile Organic Compounds

Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) can exist in solid, liquid, or gas phases under ambient environmental conditions. The geotropospheric transport of SVOCs varies according to the particle type. Two classes of SVOCs and two types of particles were analyzed to determine possible transport mechanisms to the troposphere: dicarboximide compounds moving from a soil matrix to the troposphere and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from airborne particles to the troposphere. Both classes of compounds are considered to be SVOCs, since their vapor pressures under most environmental conditions range between 10-2 to 10-5 kP. The dicarboximide results were obtained from a laboratory chamber designed and used to determine the headspace flux of the dicarboximide fungicide, vinclozolin [3-(3,5- dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-5-vinyl-oxzoli-dine-2,4-dione], and its three principal degradation products from chamber surfaces, sand, and sterilized and nonsterile North Carolina Piedmont aquic hapludult soils following dica...
From Reluctance to Renascence

Whether reluctant readers are extremely bright, aver age, or below average in intelligence, they pose a problem for every school. Here's an account of what one school successfully did for its reluctant readers.
Acoustic analysis of voice in tonsillectomy

Summary The vocal tract between the vocal folds and lips is the resonator of voice. Tonsillectomy causes an alteration of this tract, and results in a measureable change of voice. Our study involves analysis of this formant frequency of five vowels recorded preoperatively and 4 to 5 weeks postoperatively. As stated in Dr. Sundberg's article concerning the acoustics of vocal resonance, as the area of constriction in the vocal tract increases, the frequency of the corresponding formant rises. In our study of 15 cases, there is a consistent increase of the fourth formant frequency in all vowels after the subject has had a tonsillectomy. The meaning of this finding is yet to be dertermined.
A Neo‐Gramscian Approach to Corporate Political Strategy: Conflict and Accommodation in the Climate Change Negotiations*

A neo-Gramscian theoretical framework for corporate political strategy is developed drawing from Gramsci's analysis of the relations among capital, social forces, and the state, and from more contemporary theories. Gramsci's political theory recognizes the centrality of organizations and strategy, directs attention to the organizational, economic, and ideological pillars of power, while illuminating the processes of coalition building, conflict, and accommodation that drive social change. This approach addresses the structure-agency relationship and endogenous dynamics in a way that could enrich institutional theory. The framework suggests a strategic concept of power, which provides space for contestation by subordinate groups in complex dynamic social systems. We apply the framework to analyse the international negotiations to control emissions of greenhouse gases, focusing on the responses of firms in the US and European oil and automobile industries. The neo- Gramscian framework explains some specific features of corporate responses to challenges to their hegemonic position and points to the importance of political struggles within civil society The analysis suggests that the conventional demarcation between market and non-market strategies is untenable, given the embeddedness of markets in contested social and political structures and the political character of strategies directed toward defending and enhancing markets, technologies, corporate autonomy and legitimacy.
Simplifying Proofs in Fitch-Style Natural Deduction Systems

We present an algorithm for simplifying Fitch-style natural-deduction proofs in classical first-order logic. We formalize Fitch-style natural deduction as a denotational proof language, % MathType!Translator!2!1!AMS LaTeX.tdl!TeX -- AMS-LaTeX!% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaaeaart1ev0aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbbjxAHX% garmWu51MyVXgatuuDJXwAK1uy0HwmaeHbfv3ySLgzG0uy0Hgip5wz% aebbnrfifHhDYfgasaacH8qrps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaq% Fr0xc9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qq% Q8frFve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeWaeaaakeaacq% qIneVtcqqIdeprcqqIsectaaa!3C40! $${\user1{\mathcal{N}\mathcal{D}\mathcal{L}}}$$ , with a rigorous syntax and semantics. Based on that formalization, we define an array of simplifying transformations and show them to be terminating and to respect the formal semantics of the language. We also show that the transformations never increase the size or complexity of a deduction --- in the worst case, they produce deductions of the same size and complexity as the original. We present several examples of proofs containing various types of superfluous "detours," and explain how our procedure eliminates them, resulting in smaller and cleaner deductions. All of the transformations are fully implemented in SML-NJ, and the complete code listing is available on the Web.
Haemolymph hydrolases in metamorphosing galleria mellonella (lepidoptera)

Changes in the activity of haemolymph hydrolases during metamorphosis was examined using the wax moth Galleria mellonella. Total haemolymph protein concentration showed a two-fold, approximately linear decline during passage from mature larva to pharate adult. Starch gel electrophoresis of standard volume haemolymph samples showed a differential loss of certain hydrolases during development. Acid phosphatase activity increases markedly at the time of maximum tissue dissolution at about the third day after pupation, and subsequently declines, but remains considerably higher than in the late larva. The rise in specific activity of haemolymph acid phosphatase is thought to be correlated with lysosomal activity. Zusammenfassung BLUTHYDROLASEN WAHREND DER METAMORPHOSE VON GALLERIA MELLONELLA (LEPIDOPTERA) An der Wachsmotte Galleria mellonella wurden Veranderungen in der Aktivitat der Bluthy-drolasen wahrend der Metamorphose untersucht. Die totale Proteinkonzentration im Blut und im Serum zeigt wahrend des Uberganges von der erwachsenen Larve zur Motte kurz vor dem Schlupfen eine zweifache, ungefahr lineare Abnahme. Starkegel-Elektrophoresen von bestimmten Blutmengen zeigten wahrend der Entwicklung einen differenzierten Verlust bestimmter Hydrolasen. Die Saurephosphatase-Aktivitat erhohte sich wahrend der Zeit der maximalen Gewebedisso-ziation ungefahr am dritten Tag nach der Verpuppung bedeutend, verringerte sich anschliesend wieder, ist aber vergleichsweise stets hoher als bei der erwachsenen Larve. Man nimmt an, das die Erhohung der spezifischen Aktivitat der Blutsaurephosphatase in Verbindung mit der Lysosomaktivitat steht.
Specification of synaptic connections mediating the simple stretch reflex

A variety of mechanisms underlie the specification of synaptic connections during development. In the monosynaptic stretch reflex in vertebrates, sensory neurones innervating muscle spindles are not determined until they make contact with a particular muscle. Instead, the muscle they supply appears to specify the pattern of central connections they establish with motoneurones. Developing thoracic sensory neurones made to project to novel peripheral targets in the forelimb of tadpoles project into the brachial spinal cord, something they never do in normal frogs. Moreover, these foreign sensory neurones make monosynaptic connections with the now functionally appropriate brachial motoneurones. Normal patterns of neuronal activity are not necessary for the formation of specific central connections. Neuromuscular blockade of developing chick embryos with curare during the period of synaptogenesis does not prevent the formation of correct sensory-motor connections. Competitive interactions among the afferent fibres also do not appear to be important in this process. When the number of sensory neurones projecting to the forelimb is drastically reduced during development, each afferent fibre still makes central connections of the same strength and specificity as normal. Together, these results suggest that peripheral targets induce some molecular change in developing sensory neurones such that they can recognize their appropriate synaptic partners in the spinal cord.
Water Security: Ethiopia–Egypt Transboundary Challenges over the Nile River Basin:

This article examines the transboundary water challenges among riparian states in and around the Nile river basin. The article argues in agreement with the Collier-Hoeffler conflict model (1998) which claims that Africa’s natural endowments, such as diamonds, gold, copper, bauxite, and oil, are strong predictors of violent conflict in Africa. This article further posits that these natural economic endowments, such as natural resources and geographical locations which include the Nile river basin, are potential triggers of conflict in the horn of Africa.
A Descriptive Study of Designers’ Tools for Capturing, Reflecting on, and Sharing User Needs and Conceptual Designs

Designers employ a range of tools to gather, create, explore, sort, and act on user needs and conceptual design information. However, designers work both individually and collaboratively. This research is a descriptive study of technologies employed by designers to individually capture and collaboratively share user needs and conceptual designs. In this paper we examine the range and affordances of tools used by designers, and how they use these tools to share design information. We do this by looking at data gathered in interviews with practicing designers and design researchers, as well as documents produced in undergraduate and graduate-level new product development courses. We gather a wide range of tools from our informants, and analyze them based on sharing semantics and formality. We then introduce a model of sharing as a cycle of capture, reflect and share. Finally, we provide design recommendations for future information tools that support both personal and collaborative user needs and conceptual design information.© 2011 ASME
Comparison of statistical reconstructions with isotropic and anisotropic resolution

Statistical reconstruction methods based on the penalized maximum likelihood (or maximum a posteriori) principle have gained increasing attention in emission tomography. Fessler and Rogers have shown that the penalized maximum likelihood reconstruction with a conventional quadratic penalty results in anisotropic point spread functions (PSFs). Several approaches have been developed to design modified penalty functions to achieve isotropic PSFs. While an image with an isotropic PSF may be useful in some situations, its performance on clinical detection and quantitation tasks is unknown. In this paper, we compare the task performances using computer simulations. The lesion detectability is measured by a channelized Hotelling observer. The quantitation is evaluated by the bias and variance. The results show that reconstructions with an isotropic PSF may not be suitable for lesion detection and quantitation.
Encryption key establishment using space-time correlated MIMO channels

When implementing data encryption and decryption in a symmetric cryptosystem, secure distribution of the secret key to legitimate nodes can be a challenge. However, it has been demonstrated that this key distribution can be avoided by establishing keys by quantizing the reciprocal electromagnetic propagation channel between two legitimate nodes [1]. Past work on this topic, however, has assumed that the nodes possess only a single antenna and sample their channels at time intervals greater than the channel coherence time, ensuring that samples from which key bits are generated are uncorrelated and, if they satisfy a Gaussian distribution, independent. The resulting keys then are considered to be secure.
Dendrimer nanotechnology for enhanced formulation and controlled delivery of resveratrol

In spite of its wide and beneficial pharmacological potential, resveratrol lags behind other compounds because of its comparatively less impressive pharmacokinetic profile. Resveratrol has very low oral bioavailability and, from a formulation perspective, it has low solubility in water, which leads to its poor absorption upon oral administration. Apart from low aqueous solubility, resveratrol has poor metabolic stability and instability at high pH, and is photosensitive. The pharmacokinetic and formulation-related limitations of resveratrol can be controlled by entrapping the small resveratrol molecule inside highly water-soluble poly(amidoamine) dendrimer nanostructures, which provide spherical architecture and polyvalency at the nanoscale level, thus leading to novel features. Dendrimer architecture is used to entrap resveratrol for enhancement of its solubility and stability in aqueous solution; they can be engineered to control pharmacokinetics and targeting for oral, mucosal, transdermal, or parenteral administration. Dendrimers have the potential to work as excipients with multifunctional capability by enhancing solubility, dissolution, stability, permeability, multiple drug/cosmetic entrapment, controlled delivery, bioavailability, and efficacy of drugs.
Analytical review of 664 cases of penetrating buttock trauma

A comprehensive review of data has not yet been provided as penetrating injury to the buttock is not a common condition accounting for 2-3% of all penetrating injuries. The aim of the study is to provide the as yet lacking analytical review of the literature on penetrating trauma to the buttock, with appraisal of characteristics, features, outcomes, and patterns of major injuries. Based on these results we will provide an algorithm. Using a set of terms we searched the databases Pub Med, EMBASE, Cochran, and CINAHL for articles published in English between 1970 and 2010. We analysed cumulative data from prospective and retrospective studies, and case reports. The literature search revealed 36 relevant articles containing data on 664 patients. There was no grade A evidence found. The injury population mostly consists of young males (95.4%) with a high proportion missile injury (75.9%). Bleeding was found to be the key problem which mostly occurs from internal injury and results in shock in 10%. Overall mortality is 2.9% with significant adverse impact of visceral or vascular injury and shock (P < 0.001). The major injury pattern significantly varies between shot and stab injury with small bowel, colon, or rectum injuries leading in shot wounds, whilst vascular injury leads in stab wounds (P < 0.01). Laparotomy was required in 26.9% of patients. Wound infection, sepsis or multiorgan failure, small bowel fistula, ileus, rebleeding, focal neurologic deficit, and urinary tract infection were the most common complications. Sharp differences in injury pattern endorse an algorithm for differential therapy of penetrating buttock trauma. In conclusion, penetrating buttock trauma should be regarded as a life-threatening injury with impact beyond the pelvis until proven otherwise.
Evidence of Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses in Porcine Factor VIII and Evaluation of Transmission to Recipients with Hemophilia

Since 1984, unheated porcine clotting factor VIII (Hyate:C) has been used to treat severe bleeding episodes in persons with hemophilia who have antibodies to human clotting factor. We document the presence of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) in plasma samples of pigs and in clinical lots of Hyate:C. Both gag and pol PERV RNA sequences were detected by reverse-transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction in 13 of 13 lots of Hyate:C tested. Among 10 of these lots, RT activity also was detected, which confirms the presence of retroviral particles. To assess the transmission of PERV to Hyate:C recipients, we tested serum specimens from 88 recipients of Hyate:C and 23 noninfused control subjects for anti-PERV antibodies by using a Western blot assay. None of the samples was positive. Our data document that PERV particles are a common contaminant of Hyate:C products and suggest that the risk of PERV transmission from these percutaneous exposures is very low.