cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extraction of Cookie Aroma Compounds from Aqueous and Dough Model System

Two extraction methods, simultaneous distillation-extraction and direct extraction by solvents, were compared to analyze aroma compounds added to cookies using a model system. The optimum extraction was obtained after 1 hr of simultaneous distillation-extraction, but some compounds such as vanillin, γ-butyrolactone, maltol, and 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone were not easily distilled. However, these compounds were extracted well by direct extraction using polar or apolar solvents. These two methods are complementary and can be well adapted to cookie aroma analysis.
Key-Based Problem Decomposition for Relational Constraint Satisfaction Problems

Constraint satisfaction problems (CSP) are often posed over data residing in relational database systems, which serve as passive data-storage back ends. Several studies have demonstrated a number of important advantages to having database systems capable of natively modelling and solving CSPs. This paper studies the automated decomposition of the input CSP, borrowing another distinctive idea of relational databases, normalization, to improve its solution time. Experimental evaluations for two case studies show the potential benefit of the approach.
Development of an asset map of medical education research activity

AbstractIntroduction:Medical education research is gaining recognition as scholarship within academic medical centers. This survey was conducted at a medium-sized academic medical center in the United States. The purpose of the study was to learn faculty interest in research in medical education, so
The Dirty Laundry of ESL Survey Research.

For the novice researcher, the processes of design and implementation of a normed survey instrument for an ESL population hold many opportunities for error, and so for misleading reporting of results. This article traces the formulation and norming of one such questionnaire, constructed specifically for the self-reporting of ESL students on their preferred perceptual learning styles. This retrospective report provides description and comments on the problems of reliability and validity in survey design. It is presented here so that beginning researchers may gain some insight into the actual life of a research project, and to assist others working to design survey instruments for an ESL population. Several years ago, I encountered almost by accident the CITE (Center for Innovative Teaching Experiences) Learning Styles Inventory (Babich, Burdine, Allbright, & Randol, 1975), a selfreporting instrument used by Kansas public schools to assist students-native speakers (NSs) of English-in identifying their preferred perceptual learning styles. It was a simply stated survey, normed on elementary and secondary NSs. My knowledge of learning styles was limited, but the idea of an instrument for such measuring, and for self-discovery, interested me. During the next several months, I investigated the available literature about learning styles; I found several additional survey instruments, and a wealth of information.
Electron transfer of horse spleen ferritin at gold electrodes modified by self-assembled monolayers

Electron transfer is known to be an important step in the sequestering of iron by cellular ferritin. In this work, direct electron transfer between ferritin and a gold electrode was performed in order to probe its electron transfer kinetics. Gold electrodes were modified by the formation of self-assembled monolayers of 3-mercapto-propionic acid on the gold surface. Cyclic voltammetry using these electrodes shows that ferritin exhibits slow electron transfer kinetics at low potentials, yet fairly well-defined current—potential curves. In addition, the voltammetry indicates that adsorption of ferritin precedes the electron transfer step. Controlled potential electrolysis measurements yielded an n-value of 1910 electrons transferred per mole of ferritin. Cyclic voltammetry of a solution containing ferritin as well as nitrilotriacetate yields no electrolytic currents at potentials where the iron—nitrilotriacetate complex undergoes redox reactions, indicating that the currents observed in the voltammetry of ferritin were not due to free iron in the ferritin sample. In addition, the voltammetry of iron-free ferritin (apoferritin) did not yield appreciable currents, providing additional support to the suggestion that the observed voltammetric currents were due to the redox reactions of ferritin iron. Self-assembled monolayers containing carboxylate end groups effectively promoted the direct electron transfer of ferritin at a gold electrode, thus demonstrating that the electron transfer mechanisms of ferritin can now be probed electrochemically.
Synthesis of versatile bicyclo[5.4.0]undecane systems from tetrachlorocyclopropene

Abstract 2,2,3,4-Tetrachloro-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2,6-diene, derived in a single step from the cyclocondensation of furan and tetrachlorocylopropene, serves as a key intermediate for the construction of bicyclo[5.4.0]undecane synthons. Conversion to a meso-1,3 diketone is followed by a high yielding Robinson annulation reaction. Studies on the reduction of the enone product reveals a powerful preference for formation of the cis-ring fusion.
Responses of meat-type chickens to choice feeding of diets differing in protein and energy from hatch to market weight

Chickens from three genetic stocks known to differ in growth potential consumed ad libitum either a single (control) diet or a choice of two diets that differed in protein and energy. Formulation of the choice diets was such that when mixed in specific proportions they provided single diets that decreased in protein and increased in energy over the experimental period. When comparisons of feeding regimens were made at a common age, body weights and feed efficiencies for all stocks were enhanced in chicks fed a single diet. When comparisons were made at a common body weight for controls, chickens fed the single diet were about 15% heavier than those given a dietary choice. For feed efficiency, however, the pattern remained for the faster growing stock whereas there was no difference between feeding regimens for the slower growing stock. Chicks provided a choice of diets had heavier abdominal fat pads and lighter breasts relative to body weight than those fed a single diet. With choice feeding, there were stock by diet interactions for dietary preferences through the first 9 d after hatch. Early on, the interactions resulted from the faster growing stocks exhibiting a greater preference for the diet higher in protein and lower in energy than the slower growing stock. By Day 5, however, the interaction occurred because stocks exhibited either no dietary preference or preferred the diet that was lower in protein and higher in energy. Regardless of genetic stock, at 9 d of age and thereafter there was a clear preference for the diet lower in protein and higher in energy than the diet higher in protein and lower in energy. These data for feed intake were consistent with behavioral observations that showed a preponderance of chicks eating from the feeder containing the diet lower in protein and higher in energy. Compared to a single diet, under choice feeding, energy utilization was negatively influenced more in the faster than slower growing stocks. Protein and sulfur amino acid utilization was not affected by feeding regimen in faster growing stocks, but was enhanced under choice feeding in the slower growing stock. Although lysine utilization was enhanced by choice feeding in all stocks, the effect was greater in the slower than in the faster growing ones. These data demonstrate that although broiler diets are formulated to enhance growth and overall feed efficiency, chicks that are provided a dietary choice of protein and energy do not eat to maximize growth or feed efficiency.
Atomic layer deposited thin film metal oxides for fuel production in a solar cavity reactor

Abstract Alumina thin film structures were produced by coating high surface area polymer particles via atomic layer deposition (ALD), using the polymer as a sacrificial template. Burnout of the polymer material left high surface area, high pore volume structures, with 15 nm wall thickness. Further deposition of up to 27 mol% Co and Fe was performed via ALD to produce high surface area CoFe2O4 particles for thermochemical water splitting. The ALD particles were thermally cycled in electrically heated lab reactors and on-sun using a concentrated solar, reflective cavity reactor. Surface area measurements of cycled ALD particles showed improved surface area retention as compared to bulk Fe2O3 nanopowders. Reaction rates as high as 15.2 and 9.8 μmol/s/g were observed, on-sun, for H2O and CO2 splitting respectively. Thermochemical cycling in a concentrated solar cavity reactor showed an order of magnitude increase in solar utilization efficiency between ALD particles and bulk Fe2O3 nanopowders.
Brainstem auditory evoked responses to tone bursts in the echolocating bat, Rousettus

1. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) from subcutaneous electrodes were obtained from the megachiropteran echolocating bat,Rousettus aegyptiacus. 2. BAEP amplitude was measured as a function of a stimulus frequency. The lowest thresholds (defined as a 1 μV averaged response) lay between 10 and 20 kHz, and responses could be obtained from 5 to 45 kHz in most individuals (Fig. 3). Threshold increased at a rate of 30 dB/octave below 10 kHz and 40 dB/octave above 17 kHz. 3. Electrode configuration affected some components of the BAEP waveform (Fig. 1), but not the frequency response of the BAEP (Fig. 3). Pentobarbital anesthesia raised BAEP thresholds at all frequencies tested (Fig. 4), when compared with the unanesthetized state. BAEP thresholds were not affected by changes in deep rectal temperature in the range of 29–30 °C (Fig. 4). 4. Comparison of the BAEP frequency response curve with the behavioral audiogram (Fig. 6) suggests that it is an accurate predictor of the region of greatest auditory sensitivity.
Suppression of digital communication interference sources in GPS

Multi-user detection (MUD) techniques are applied to the GPS interference suppression/rejection problem, such that recovery of GPS satellite signals out of an environment contaminated with one or more correlated interference sources is afforded. In modeling the narrowband digital interference as a set of multiple users it is shown that recovery is possible via any of several MUD algorithms, including the conventional detector, the decorrelating detector, the optimum linear detector, and the minimum mean square error (MMSE) detector. The relationship between the underlying structure of the GPS symbol (C/A code) and the performance of these detectors is studied such that bit error rate (BER) and signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) are developed analytically.
Combined effect of pH and sodium cyanate on the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and metabolism by BCNU and hyperthermia.

In previous studies, we have found that combined treatment with BCNU and sodium cyanate could have a greater effect on the survival of mice bearing B16 melanoma than treatment with either agent alone. With rat hepatoma and human colon cancer cells in culture, we have obtained evidence that the inhibition of cell proliferation by sodium cyanate is greater at pH 6.6 than at pH 7.4. In the present work, the effects of combination treatments on the proliferation of cancer cells were studied with cyanate, pH, BCNU, and hyperthermia. With HT29 human colon cancer cells, the inhibitory effect of BCNU (50–100 µg/ml) was greater when the cells were treated at pH 6.6 than at pH 7.4. The influence of pH appeared to be absent or minimal at lower or higher concentrations of BCNU. We confirmed our previous observation that the inhibition of proliferation of LS174T human colon cancer cells is greater at pH 6.6 than at pH 7.4, and we observed an inhibitory effect of BCNU (50 or 200 µg/ml). However, no more than additive effects were seen with combination treatment. An inhibitory effect of hyperthermia was seen for the incorporation of [3H]-leucine into protein of rat hepatoma cells (HTC) and for that of [3H]-thymidine into DNA of human colon cancer (HT29) cells. In neither case was the effect of hyperthermia significantly enhanced by treatment with sodium cyanate beyond that seen with one of the treatments alone. The data confirmed that the inhibitory effect of sodium cyanate on cell proliferation can be enhanced by a low pH but did not provide evidence for synergistic effects in combination with BCNU or hyperthermia.
Ancient Middle Niger: Urbanism and the Self‐Organizing Landscape

Ancient Middle Niger: Urbanism and the Self-Organizing Landscape. Roderick J. McIntosh. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 261 pp.
H meson and deviations from ideal mixing

A prediction based on dual topological unitarization that the H meson, the I = 0 partner to the I = 1, 1B meson, should be less massive than the B meson has been confirmed. The observed mass m/sub H/roughly-equal1.13--1.19 GeV implies that nonplanar effects for unnatural-parity trajectories die out at roughly the same rate as for natural-parity trajectories.
Severity, timing, and structure of disability

Objectives: Severity and timing are key aspects of disability experience for individuals. They also generate a population’s disability structure (prevalence, counts, patterns). We study links among severity, duration, and structure for community-dwelling adults in the US.
Web-Based History Learning Environments: Helping All Students Learn and Like History

This article explores the benefits of the Internet to enhance history instruction for all learners. The authors describe a Web-based learning environment, the Virtual History Museum (VHM), that helps teachers create motivating, inquiry-based history units. VHM also allows teachers to build supports for learners with disabilities or other learning challenges. A pilot study that demonstrated the impact of the VHM on history learning and participation of eighth-grade students with mild disabilities is discussed.
Freeze-preservation of Leucocytozoon simondi sporozoites in liquid nitrogen.

SYNOPSIS. Sporozoites of L. simondi were maintained in a viable state for 7 months in liquid nitrogen. Comparison of parasite development initiated with fresh and frozen sporozoites showed a delay in development of each stage studied. Comparisons of prepatency, first elongate gametocytes, peak density of round and elongate forms, anemia and disappearance of megaloschizonts were made. In each phase there was a delay of 2–3 days in ducks infected with frozen sporozoites.
Quantification of hydrofluoric acid species by chemical-modeling regression of near-infrared spectra

Near-infrared spectroscopy in the wavelength region 800−1100 nm has been applied to the measurement of aqueous solutions of hydrofluoric acid over the concentration range 0.01−2.65 M and the pH range 2−13. The analysis is based on the detection of subtle perturbations of the water spectrum which result from the presence of the acid and other species in solution. Spectral characterization of the hydrofluoric acid system was performed using a spectrophotometric titration and multivariate model-based regression. Excellent agreement was observed between the spectra and a simple equilibrium model describing the acid's dissociation. Five species, including hydrofluoric acid, fluoride, bifluoride, hydronium, and hydroxide ions, were quantitated with estimation errors below 10 mM using this procedure. In addition, the species' spectral profiles were recovered, and optimum estimates of the system's equilibrium constants were determined.
Computer-derived treadmill exercise score quantifies the degree of revascularization and improved exercise performance after coronary artery bypass surgery

A computer-derived treadmill exercise score (TES) that quantifies the severity of the ischemic ST response to exercise was used to detect noninvasively graft occlusion or the progression of new lesions after coronary artery bypass surgery. Three months after surgery TES completely normalized in 68% of patients and improved by more than 70% in another 18% of patients, thus reflecting excellent improvement in exercise-induced ischemia in 87% of patients. Surgical results correlated well with completeness of revascularization as shown by repeat coronary angiography. When TES, done serially up to 4 years after surgery, remained unchanged, grafts were patent and no new critical lesions had occurred. Deterioration in TES always predicted either late graft occlusion or appearance of new, high-grade lesions in the native vessels. Thus TES provides a new, accurate method that quantifies the ischemic response to exercise and detects graft occlusion or new obstructive lesions in the native coronary arteries.
Blepharospasm and apraxia of eyelid opening associated with anti-Hu paraneoplastic antibodies: a case report.

Purpose To report a case of blepharospasm associated with anti-Hu paraneoplastic antibodies that was treated successfully with botulinum toxin A. Design Case report. Participants A 57-year-old man had altered mental status and a 20-pound weight loss at presentation. Evaluation revealed an occult small-cell lung cancer. Despite initiating appropriate chemotherapy, his mental status worsened and over the course of several weeks, he was unable to open his eyes because of forceful orbicularis contractions. Neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid studies found no evidence of intracranial metastases. However, his paraneoplastic panel was positive for anti-Hu antibodies. He was diagnosed with paraneoplastic encephalitis and blepharospasm. Intervention Intravenous Solu-Medrol (Pharmacia & Upjohn Co, Bridgewater, NJ) and periocular injections of botulinum toxin A. Main Outcome Measures Ocular disease control. Results Intravenous Solu-Medrol improved his mental status, but did not change his ocular symptoms. Subsequent botulinum toxin A injections allowed spontaneous eyelid opening. Conclusions Although paraneoplastic blepharospasm is rare, it is an important diagnosis to be aware of because paraneoplastic disorders often herald an occult tumor. This is the only case of paraneoplastic blepharospasm that the authors know of that was the result of anti-Hu antibodies as well as the only case that was treated with botulinum toxin A. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Liquid Crystalline Polymer Blends as a Route to Self-Reinforcing Nanocomposites:

Blending is a widely used technique for improving the mechanical, rheological, and degradative properties of various polymeric materials. It offers the opportunity to formulate a material with more desirable characteristics than either of the individual components. From industrial perspectives, polymer blends with continuous microstructure exhibit good impact properties when compared with blends exhibiting non-continuous microstructure. In this study the effects of processing parameters on the morphological developments and the mechanical properties of LCP/PET blends were investigated through two techniques: SEM; to examine morphological changes, and tensile testing; to determine the mechanical property dependence of the processing parameters, such as mixing speeds, injection speeds, and melt temperatures. The correlation between structure development during injection molding, and the modulus of injection molded PET/LCP blends were studied. Process parameters such as injection speed and melt temperature w...
RELATION OF THE REVISED BETA EXAMINATION TO OTHER ABILITY MEASURES FOR A GROUP OF FUNCTIONALLY ILLITERATE ADULTS

57 prisoners determined to be functionally illiterate were given the Beta and the Stanford Achievement Test, rs were low (.12 for Spelling) to moderate (.45 for M of Paragraph and Word Meaning subtests). These reading measures of the SAT may be useful in planning for such a group.
The one child certificate in Hebei province, China: Acceptance and consequence, 1979–1988

As part of its One Child Policy, China developed the one child certificate which offered numerous benefits to couples who had one child and promised to have no more. Using data from the Two-per-Thousand National Fertility Survey, this study describes the level of certificate acceptance in Hebei province from 1979 to 1988 and analyzes socioeconomic, cultural and early family formation factors affecting certificate acceptance as well as the role of certificate acceptance on transition to second parity. During the past decade, the level of initial certificate acceptance was 22.6 percent. This estimate is much lower than earlier published rates because it utilizes the concept of women at risk. Public resistance to the One Child Policy is evident in declining acceptance from 26.0 percent during the first five years of the policy to 11.3 percent during the 1984–1988 period. Women's response to the certificate has been influenced by the woman's status as reflected in education and occupation as well as cultural traditions, particularly son preference. The one child certificate, however, independently depresses subsequent fertility. This research indicates that efforts to understand fertility decline in China must simultaneously acknowledge the role of government family planning programs as well as socioeconomic and cultural factors.
Response of a glass/phenolic composite to high temperatures

Determining the response of composite phenolic materials to fire remains a major unsolved problem that is important for high consequence safety analysis. Difficulties arise when thermophysical property measurements are obscured by decomposition reactions. This article presents several decomposition experiments and models for a phenolic resin impregnated into chopped 1.27-by-1.27 cm glass fabric. The thermal response of the material was measured using thermogravimetric analysis (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and laser flash diffusivity (LFD). The TG data was used to develop a 5-step decomposition mechanism describing mass loss due to reaction; the DSC data was used to describe the energy changes associated with these reactions; and the LFD data was used to describe energy flow into the decomposing material. An effective thermal conductivity model was used to partition energy transport by gas conduction, solid conduction, and diffusive radiation. The dynamic gas volume fraction is treated as a field variable to extrapolate thermal transport properties at high temperatures where decomposition is prevalent. These various models have been implemented into a finite element response model with an example calculation that includes uncertainty.
Recognition and Recall of Irrelevant and Interruptive Atypical Actions in Script-Based Stories

Abstract In this research, script-based stories were used to assess recognition and recall of script actions and two types of atypical actions: those that were irrelevant to the goals in the story and those that interrupted the goals in the story. Both irrelevant and interruptive atypical actions were well recognized, and all atypical actions were better recognized than script actions across all retention intervals (1 h, 48 h, and 1 week). The pattern of recall, however, was more complicated. At the 1-h delay all atypical actions were better recalled than script actions. At the longer delays, script actions were better recalled than irrelevant actions, provided that the irrelevant actions were relatively pallid and routine. In contrast, interruptive actions were better recalled than both script actions and irrelevant actions, regardless of delay. In addition, a recall advantage was found for interruptive actions that were not explicitedly corrected in the text. These results are discussed in terms of a script- pointer-plus-tag (SP + T) hypothesis and recent work on text processing.
Castleman disease of the parotid in childhood: a case report.

Craig Bollig, BS⁎, Seo Moon, MD, Victoria Sujoy, MD, Ramzi Younis, MD a University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th St, Fifth Floor, Miami, FL, USA b Department ofOtolaryngology–HeadandNeckSurgery,University ofMiamiMiller School ofMedicine, 1120NW14thSt, Fifth Floor,Miami, FL,USA c Department of Pathology and LaboratoryMedicine, University ofMiami,Miller School ofMedicine/JacksonMemorialHospital, 1400NW12thAve, Fourth Floor, Room 4076, Miami, FL, USA d Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 900 NW 17th St, Miami, FL, USA
Role of glutathione in cellular resistance to alkylating agents

Both elevated glutathione levels and increased activity of the enzyme glutathione S-transferase have been associated with the resistance of cells to alkylating agents. We have demonstrated that one mechanism of this resistance is the inactivation of the alkylating agents by conjugation with glutathione. This conjugation can be catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase. For the nitrogen mustard agents we have studied, both the spontaneous and enzyme catalyzed reactions proceed through the aziridinium intermediates of the alkylating agents, and the alpha isoenzymes of GST are involved. In a study of cyclophosphamide resistant medulloblastoma cell lines elevated cellular concentrations of glutathione correlated well with the resistance of the cell lines.
Discrete event role playing simulation of small team software engineering projects

A dissertation presented on the simulation of small team software engineering projects. Each individual acts as a team leader for a software project that is scheduled to last from 5 to 52 weeks. A team of four or five 'software engineers' is simulated by the system. Metrics obtained from the Personal Software Process (PSP) exercises are included with each team member. Next, task assignments for each team member are entered for each weekly time period. The system then simulates each team member's activities and presents the results to the team leader. The team leader can modify assignments for the next period and the system continues to simulate all team activity. The system simulates possible problems and defects that a team could face in an actual project. The team leader can use the system to practice team leadership skills and build experience in directing a team to complete a project on time and within budget. The simulator was validated statistically by analyzing simulated results and actual project results.
The 'Wildavsky Heuristic': The Cultural Orientation of Mass Political Opinion

In a provocative 1987 article, Aaron Wildavsky asserted that culture operates as the fundamental orienting force in the generation of mass public opinion. The meanings and interpersonal associations that inhere in discrete ways of life, he argued, shape the heuristic processes by which politically unsophisticated individuals, in particular, choose what policies and candidates to support. We systematize Wildavsky's theory and integrate it with existing accounts of mass opinion formation. We also present the results of an original national survey (N = 1843), which found that the cultural orientations featured in Wildavsky's writings accounted for policy-related attitudes on gun control, environment, capital punishment, and gay marriage, even at low levels of political sophistication and after controlling for demographics, left-right ideology, and partisanship. By contrast, much of the predictive power of demographics, left-right ideology, and partisanship on policy attitudes dissipated after taking into account cultural orientations.
Application of the Helicopter Antenna Radiation Prediction Code (HARP) to modeling fixed wing aircraft

The application of HARP to the prediction of the radiation patterns of antennas on complex, fixed wing airplanes (Boeing 727, 737, 747, etc.) at high frequency is explored. The antennas are part of an angle of arrival (AOA) system, commonly known as the Traffic-alert Collision Avoidance System (TCAS). The objectives of the study are to estimate the most suitable location for the antennas on the fuselage, based on the AOA prediction accuracy of the TCAS, and to study the performance degradation due to the presence of another antenna in the vicinity of the TCAS antenna. >
Phase II Study of Belinostat in Patients With Recurrent or Refractory Advanced Thymic Epithelial Tumors

Purpose Thymic epithelial tumors are rare malignancies, and there is no standard treatment for patients with advanced disease in whom chemotherapy has failed. Antitumor activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors in this disease has been documented, including one patient with thymoma treated with the pan-HDAC inhibitor belinostat. Patients and Methods Patients with advanced thymic epithelial malignancies in whom at least one line of platinum-containing chemotherapy had failed were eligible for this study. Other eligibility criteria included adequate organ function and good performance status. Belinostat was administered intravenously at 1 g/m2 on days 1 to 5 of a 21-day cycle until disease progression or development of intolerance. The primary objective was response rate in patients with thymoma. Results Of the 41 patients enrolled, 25 had thymoma, and 16 had thymic carcinoma; patients had a median of two previous systemic regimens (range, one to 10 regimens). Treatment was well tolerated, with naus...
Roles tourists play

Abstract The purpose of this article is to describe the process by which tourist roles are conceptualized, and measured, using three-dimensional scaling analysis. The findings indicate the existence of at least 13 leisure- based tourist roles that include the drifter, the escapist, and the independent mass tourist, among others. A three-dimensional solution suggests that people enact preferred tourist roles in destinations which provide an optimal balance of familiarity-strangeness, stimulation-tranquility, and structure-independence. A theoretical perspective is developed that addresses the possible relationship among tourist roles, psychological needs, and optimal destination characteristics.
Interpretation of separation lines from surface tracers in a shock-induced turbulent flow

IN experimental studies of shock wave turbulent boundarylayer interactions, surface-tracer methods, which have essentially zero frequency response, are widely used to determine the locations of separation lines. However, recent research has shown that in many cases the separation shockwave structure undergoes large-scale motion, raising questions about the physical meaning of separation lines deduced from such techniques. In the present study at Mach 5, the separation induced by an uriswept semi-infinite circular cylinder has been studied using platinum thin films. Conditional sampling analysis of the signals suggests that this line is the downstream boundary of a region of intermittent separation. Contents In experimental studies of shock wave turbulent boundarylayer interactions, surface tracer techniques are widely used to locate separation lines.1 Such methods are easy to use and generate sharply defined, repeatable separation lines (S). Quantitative measurements of flow length scales and angles are made using these methods and are used for evaluating the predictive capabilities of numerical methods and turbulence models. It is, therefore, important to understand what these lines physically represent. In many of these flows, dynamic wall-pressure measurements show that the separation shock is unsteady and moves from the upstream boundary of the flowfield, where the wall
Relationship between Finger Movement Rate and Functional Magnetic Resonance Signal Change in Human Primary Motor Cortex

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) is a noninvasive technique for mapping regional brain changes in response to sensory, motor, or cognitive activation tasks. Interpretation of these activation experiments may be confounded by more elementary task parameters, such as stimulus presentation or movement rates. We examined the effect of movement rate on the FMRI response recorded from the contralateral primary motor cortex. Four right-handed healthy subjects performed flexion-extension movements of digits 2-5 of the right hand at rates of 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Hz. Results of this study indicated a positive linear relationship between movement rate and FMRI signal change. Additionally, the number of voxels demonstrating functional activity increased significantly with faster movement rates. The magnitude of the signal change at each movement rate remained constant over the course of three 8-min scanning series. These findings are similar to those of previous rate studies of the visual and auditory system performed with positron emission tomography (PET) and FMRI.
The H-ras Oncogene Interferes with Retinoic Acid Signaling and Metabolism in NIH3T3 Cells

We have previously shown that retinoic acid (RA) fails to induce transglutaminase C in H-ras transformed NIH-3T3 cells. Therefore, we investigated the effect of the H-ras oncogene on the metabolism of RA and on the expression of the cellular RA-binding protein I mRNA. HPLC analysis of the media and cell extracts demonstrated that H-ras-transformed cells metabolize RA to a much lesser extent than control cells, resulting in a higher concentration of RA in H-ras cells. Although inactive in endogenous transglutaminase induction, H-ras cell-associated RA was shown to be biologically available to induce activation of a reporter construct containing a retinoid response element and in stimulating transglutaminase activity in nontransfected cells. Cellular RA-binding protein I mRNA, supposedly involved in RA storage, was significantly increased in the H-ras-transformed cells. These data demonstrate that, even though H-ras-transformed cells accumulate up to 20 fold the concentration of RA as NIH-3T3 cells, they fail to show transglutaminase induction, suggesting that H-ras interferes with signal transduction by RA.
Clinging carcinoma: an American perspective

In 1979, Professor John Azzopardi introduced the term "clinging carcinoma" to describe what he considered to represent examples of ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS) characterized by "neoplastic cells . . . limited to the periphery of the containing structures." He emphasized that these lesions can be easily missed "since the alteration is cytological rather than anatomical." Two types of clinging carcinoma were described by Azzopardi. He considered the first to represent a variant of high-grade DCIS, and most pathologists concur with that view. In contrast, pathologists have been much more reluctant to accept Azzopardi's second type of clinging carcinoma as a type of DCIS, particularly in the United States. This second type is characterized by cells with low grade, monomorphic-type cytologic atypia, similar to the cells comprising low-grade DCIS with solid, cribriform, and micropapillary architectural patterns. Recent morphologic, immunophenotypic, and genetic studies have provided strong evidence that this lesion, described by Azzopardi as a type of clinging carcinoma (and now commonly referred to as flat epithelial atypia), does in fact represent a precursor to or an early stage in the development of DCIS, essentially validating the histologic observations made by Azzopardi more than 30 years ago.
A porcine model for initial surge mechanical ventilator assessment and evaluation of two limited-function ventilators*

Objectives: To adapt an animal model of acute lung injury for use as a standard protocol for a screening initial evaluation of limited function, or “surge,” ventilators for use in mass casualty scenarios. Design: Prospective, experimental animal study. Setting: University research laboratory. Subjects: Twelve adult pigs. Interventions: Twelve spontaneously breathing pigs (six in each group) were subjected to acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome via pulmonary artery infusion of oleic acid. After development of respiratory failure, animals were mechanically ventilated with a limited-function ventilator (simplified automatic ventilator [SAVe] I or II; Automedx, Germantown, MD) for 1 hr or until the ventilator could not support the animal. The limited-function ventilator was then exchanged for a full-function ventilator (Servo 900C; Siemens-Elema, Solna, Sweden). Measurements and Main Results: Reliable and reproducible levels of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome were induced. The SAVe I was unable to adequately oxygenate five animals with Pao2 (52.0 11.1 torr) compared to the Servo (106.0 25.6 torr; p .002). The SAVe II was able to oxygenate and ventilate all six animals for 1 hr with no difference in PaO2 (141.8 169.3 torr) compared to the Servo (158.3 167.7 torr). Conclusions: We describe a novel in vivo model of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome that can be used to initially screen limited-function ventilators considered for mass respiratory failure stockpiles and that is intended to be combined with additional studies to definitively assess appropriateness for mass respiratory failure. Specifically, during this study we demonstrate that the SAVe I ventilator is unable to provide sufficient gas exchange, whereas the SAVe II, with several more functions, was able to support the same level of hypoxemic respiratory failure secondary to acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome for 1 hr.(Crit Care Med 2011; 39:000 – 000)
Rethinking the Right of Privacy: Dignity Decency and the Law’s Limitations

This essay, part of a festschrift in honor of the late Edward Bloustein, expands on the ideas presented in the introduction to a symposium commemorating the one-hundredth anniversary of the publication of Warren’s and Brandeis’s The Right to Privacy. The theme is the difficulty in crafty legal recognition of the Warren and Brandeis right of privacy, essentially recognition of an interest in human decency and dignity, without impermissible infringement upon freedom of speech. It concludes, sadly, that such recognition of these important interests, a function of the fluidity of human interaction, cannot be based on a purely legal construct.
Predicting Corrugated Box Compression Strength Using an Artificial Neural Network

McKee formula has been widely used to predict the compression strength of corrugated boxes. An experimental verification, published in early 2015, showed the inaccuracy of the formula. McKee formula left out several important factors, including box height, temperature, and humidity. An artificial neural network, CBU-BOX1, was developed based on 74 cases of cubical RSC single-wall corrugated boxes from 3”x3”x3” to 36”x36”x36”. Box height, temperature and humidity data were included in the network development. CBU-BOX1 performance ranged from 0% to 26.3% error with an average error of 6.9% while McKee formula performance ranged from 0.6% to 149.3% error with an average error of 28.7%. However, CBU-BOX1 performance dropped significantly when it was used for rectangular boxes. Out from twelve test cases of rectangular boxes, the formula resulted in an average error of 25.7% while CBU-BOX1 resulted in 34.8%. Thus, the network is unacceptable for rectangular boxes. In this study, 67 more cases were added to the previous 74 cases. Out of 141 cases, 43 were rectangular boxes. CBU-BOX2 significantly outperformed McKee formula with an average error of 9.21% versus 30.79%.
Dates as Data: An Examination of the Peruvian Preceramic Radiocarbon Record

Radiocarbon dates can provide an effective overview of regional trends in non-complex societies when treated in a quantitative manner. In spite of intervening biases, numbers of radiocarbon dates should reflect the patterns of occupation across time. Using the date record of preceramic Peru, I illustrate very different radiocarbon trends for highland and coastal zones. These suggest exponential growth, equilibrium, and altitude shift for the occupations of coastal, puna, and highland valley regions. Biases caused by variation in temporal and geographic investigation, and the effects of sea-level rise are considered, but I argue that general occupational patterns overshadow distortions of the date record.
Dynamics and Energy Extraction of a Surging and Plunging Airfoil at Low Reynolds Number

We investigate the unsteady aerodynamic forces and energy transfer associated with harmonic surging (streamwise) and plunging (transverse) motion of a thin airfoil at low Reynolds number. Two-dimensional unsteady ows are simulated over a large range of amplitude and reduced-frequency of the oscillatory motion using the immersed boundary projection method, and the computational results are compared to inviscid ow models and experiments. At low angle of attack there is reasonable agreement with inviscid theory for the amplitude and phase of lift uctuations, despite the low Reynolds number. At high angle of attack, the separated ow leads to larger lift and drag uctuations not captured by inviscid models. At frequencies below the vortex shedding frequency, lift uctuations are rst enhanced and then attenuated depending on the phase between the freestream velocity and the forming leading-edge vortex. Resonance with the vortex shedding frequency also occurs. The time-averaged forces and power supplied by the oscillating airfoil are also evaluated to nd frequency ranges that are favorable for the airfoil.
Harvard and the Boston Brahmins: A Study in Institutional and Class Development, 1800–1865

The change in nomenclature from “Federalist aristocracy” and “Boston Associates,” which were political and business terms, respectively, to the more general “Boston Brahmins” signified the attainment of class stature as well as class distinction. In Boston industrial entrepreneurship and the formation of special financial institutions were integral to the process of accumulation, and these in turn provided the resilience and continuity necessary to durable class status. Morison and Tyack see it largely as a laboratory for innovations in curriculum and pedagogy, most of them abortively progressive, able only to anticipate the superior academic days to come. Nathaniel Bowditch, who served on the Corporation from 1826 to 1838, was, like Quincy, “a man of great order and system,” a great mathematician whose “habits of accurate calculation and rigid method” made him a navigational expert, an engineering consultant, and the first actuary of the Massachusetts Hospital Life.
Hyoid bone fusion and bone density across the lifespan: prediction of age and sex

The hyoid bone supports the important functions of swallowing and speech. At birth, the hyoid bone consists of a central body and pairs of right and left lesser and greater cornua. Fusion of the greater cornua with the body normally occurs in adulthood, but may not occur at all in some individuals. The aim of this study was to quantify hyoid bone fusion across the lifespan, as well as assess developmental changes in hyoid bone density. Using a computed tomography imaging studies database, 136 hyoid bones (66 male, 70 female, ages 1-to-94) were examined. Fusion was ranked on each side and hyoid bones were classified into one of four fusion categories based on their bilateral ranks: bilateral distant non-fusion, bilateral non-fusion, partial or unilateral fusion, and bilateral fusion. Three-dimensional hyoid bone models were created and used to calculate bone density in Hounsfield units. Results showed a wide range of variability in the timing and degree of hyoid bone fusion, with a trend for bilateral non-fusion to decrease after age 20. Hyoid bone density was significantly lower in adult female scans than adult male scans and decreased with age in adulthood. In sex and age estimation models, bone density was a significant predictor of sex. Both fusion category and bone density were significant predictors of age group for adult females. This study provides a developmental baseline for understanding hyoid bone fusion and bone density in typically developing individuals. Findings have implications for the disciplines of forensics, anatomy, speech pathology, and anthropology.
Insulin Amyloid at Injection Sites of Patients With Diabetes

The formation of insulin amyloid can dramatically impact glycemic control in patients with diabetes, making it an important therapeutic consideration. In addition, the cost associated with the excess insulin required by patients with amyloid is estimated to be $3K per patient per year, which adds to the growing financial burden of this disease. Insulin amyloid has been observed with every mode of therapeutic insulin administration (infusion, injection and inhalation), and the number of reported cases has increased significantly since 2002. The new cases represent a much broader demographic, and include many patients who have used exclusively human insulin and human insulin analogs. The reason for the increase in case reports is unknown, but this review explores the possibility that changes in patient care, improved differential diagnosis and/or changes in insulin type and insulin delivery systems may be important factors. The goal of this review is to raise key questions that will inspire proactive measures to prevent, identify and treat insulin amyloid. Furthermore, this comprehensive examination of insulin amyloid can provide insight into important considerations for other injectable drugs that are prone to form amyloid deposits.
Adaptive control for bucket position of excavator based on single neuron PID

To control a excavator automatically,the bucket position should be precisely controlled.The kinetic model of the working unit and model of the electro-hydraulic control system for the excavator were built.According to the characteristics such as parameter uncertainty of the electro-hydraulic control system and uncertain disturbance,a single-neuron proportional-integral-derivative(PID) controller was developed to implement the adaptive control of the bucket position.The optimum parameters of the controller were obtained by minimizing the quadratic performance index.The simulation experiments demontrate that the single-neuron PID controller is more precise and robust than the traditional PID,and can control the bucket position effectively.
Radioisotope Bone Scanning Characteristics of Metastatic Skeletal Deposits of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma

AbstractRadioisotopic bone scans and metastatic bone surveys were conducted on patients with endocrine-unresponsive prostatic adenocarcinoma undergoing multiple drug chemotherapy. Three types of bone scans were observed—type I scans were characterized by asymmetric radioisotope activity and normal renal imaging, type II was characterized by symmetrical skeletal uptake and faint or absent renal imaging and type III showed symmetrical skeletal uptake with normal renal imaging and was interpreted as normal, although the bone surveys showed diffuse osteoblastic disease. The appearance of a type II scan was a grave prognostic indicator.
The Inverse Kinematic Problem in Anisotropic Media

We survey recent results on the inverse kinematic problem arising in geophysics. The question is whether one can determine the sound speed (index of refraction) of a medium by measuring the travel times of the corresponding ray paths. We emphasise the anisotropic case.
Organizational Identification: Perspectives of Dispersed Social Workers

Human service organizations are often challenged to become more efficient while maintaining the quality of their services. As a result, more organizations have restructured, adopting the practice of dispersed work, which allows employees more freedom and flexibility to meet organizational goals outside of the traditional workplace. While dispersed work allows social workers to engage in work activities beyond the traditional office environment, it may also impact their sense of belonging to the organization. Eleven dispersed social workers were interviewed to understand how interaction via new communication technology impacts organizational identification. Overall themes gleaned from this study suggest that although dispersed social workers perceive themselves as having more autonomy and flexibility, they also can feel socially isolated and disconnected from their peers and supervisors, which may negatively impact organizational identification. Despite the enhanced efficiency that technology can bring, human service organizations must strive to understand the unintended consequences of a dispersed workforce.