cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Where the Buffalo Roam

Kenneth Boulding spent most of the rest of his 26 years in Boulder, Colorado. The first 13 years he spent as professor of economics connected to the Institute of Behavioral Science at the University of Colorado at Boulder. These were good, productive years and are the focus of this chapter. He did not necessarily have the same level of inspiration at the University of Colorado as he did at the University of Michigan, but his years at the University of Colorado are marked by a few important advancements in his thinking. First, he continued his work on conflict and peace. He refined his thinking and, with the help of his wife, Elise, developed a more well-rounded theory of peace. Second, he created what he called grants economics. Once his grants economics was well defined, Boulding could complete his bigger picture of the social system. Third, he developed his evolutionary economics that fit within the institutional economic framework. At the same time, Boulding helped finance the Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, which began circulation in 1978, and was on their editorial board for many years. The end of this chapter speculates on the degree to which Boulding falls into the Institutionalist and Post Keynesian schools of economic thought.
Complexity of Rule Sets Induced from Data Sets with Many Lost and Attribute-Concept Values

In this paper we present experimental results on rule sets induced from 12 data sets with many missing attribute values. We use two interpretations of missing attribute values: lost values and attribute-concept values. Our main objective is to check which interpretation of missing attribute values is better from the view point of complexity of rule sets induced from the data sets with many missing attribute values. The better interpretation is the attribute-value. Our secondary objective is to test which of the three probabilistic approximations used for the experiments provide the simplest rule sets: singleton, subset or concept. The subset probabilistic approximation is the best, with 5 % significance level.
A Personal Retrospective: Elevating Anandamide (AEA) by Targeting Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) and the Fatty Acid Binding Proteins (FABPs).

This perspective was adapted from a Career Achievement Award talk given at the International Cannabinoid Research Society Symposium in Bukovina, Poland on June 27, 2016. As a biochemist working in the neurosciences, I was always fascinated with neurotransmitter inactivation. In 1993 we identified an enzyme activity that breaks down anandamide. We called the enzyme anandamide amidase, now called FAAH. We and other laboratories developed FAAH inhibitors that were useful reagents that also proved to have beneficial physiological effects and, until recently, new generations of inhibitors were in clinical trials. Nearly all neurotransmitters are water soluble and, as such, require a transmembrane protein transporter to pass through the lipid membrane for inactivation inside the cell. However, using model systems, we and others have shown that this is unnecessary for anandamide, an uncharged hydrophobic molecule that readily diffuses across the cellular membrane. Interestingly, its uptake is driven by the concentration gradient resulting from its breakdown mainly by FAAH localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. We identified the FABPs as intracellular carriers that “solubilize” anandamide, transporting anandamide to FAAH. Compounds that bind to FABPs block AEA breakdown, raising its level. The cannabinoids (THC and CBD) also were discovered to bind FABPs and this may be one of the mechanisms by which CBD works in childhood epilepsy, raising anandamide levels. Targeting FABPs may be advantageous since they have some tissue specificity and do not require reactive serine hydrolase inhibitors, as does FAAH, with potential for off-target reactions.
Assessments of species’ vulnerability to climate change: from pseudo to science

Climate change vulnerability assessments (CCVAs) are important tools to plan for and mitigate potential impacts of climate change. However, CCVAs often lack scientific rigor, which can ultimately lead to poor conservation prioritization and associated ecological and economic costs. We discuss the need to improve comparability and consistency of CCVAs and either validate their findings or improve assessment of CCVA uncertainty and sensitivity to methodological assumptions.
Migration Patterns and Marriage Equality: Evidence of Time’s Effect and Political Migration in the 1988 and the 2004 to 2014 General Social Survey

Attitudes toward marriage equality have gradually become more accepting as more and more states have passed legislation that acknowledged full or partial recognition of marriage equality. Given the...
In Search of Excellence in Project Management: Successful Practices in High-Performance Organizations

(1999). In Search of Excellence in Project Management: Successful Practices in High-Performance Organizations. Quality Management Journal: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 84-85.
Performance-Information Analysis and Distributed Feedback Stabilization in Large-Scale Interconnected Systems

Large-scale interconnected systems are characterized as large and complex systems divided into several smaller autonomous systems that have certain autonomy in local optimization and decision-making. As an example, a class of interconnected linear stochastic systems, where no constituent systems need to have global information and distributed decision making enables autonomous systems to dynamically reconfigure risk-value aware performance indices for uncertain environmental conditions, is considered in the subject research. Among the many challenges in distributed and intelligent control of interconnected autonomous systems is performance uncertainty analysis and decentralized feedback stabilization. The theme of the proposed research is the interplay between performance-information dynamics and decentralized feedback stabilization, both providing the foundations for distributed and autonomous decision making. First, recent work by the author in which performance information availability was used to assess limits of achievable performance will be extended to give insight into how different aggregation structures and probabilistic knowledge of random decision processes between networks of autonomous systems are exploited to derive a distributed computation of complete distributions of performance for interconnected autonomous systems. Second, the resulting information statistics on performance of interconnected autonomous systems will be leveraged in the design of decentralized output-feedback stabilization, thus enabling distributed autonomous systems to operate resiliently in uncertain environments with performance guarantees that are now more robust than the traditional performance average.
Differences in total stem value when merchandizing with a tracked processor versus a knuckle–boom loader in Pinus taeda

Using tracked processors over knuckle ndash boom loaders to increase total value per tree when merchandizing timber on the landing has become a topic of interest in the southeastern region of the United States This study compared merchantability values product classes and product weights of loblolly pine Pinus taeda for both machines to determine if there was a significant difference between machines when processing the same tree In order to process the same tree twice the chains from the tracked processor had to be removed from the bottom saw bar This allowed the processor to simulate the merchandising process without actually marking or cutting the tree for a more realistic comparison Data were analyzed using paired t ndash tests and two ndash way ANOVA models Results depicted that when diameter and total lengths are visually estimated by the knuckle ndash boom loader A significant difference in value occurs however once diameter and total length are modified to match the tracked processors for more accurate measurements no difference in value was seen These results demonstrate that until mill specifications become more stringent there is little incentive for loggers to purchase a tracked processor if their only motivation is to increase merchantability values
ANDES: A Python-Based Cyber-Physical Power System Simulation Tool

This paper introduces the design and implementation of a Python-based software package for cyber-physical power system research called Andes. Andes is developed in an attempt to bridge the gap between the traditional power system analysis and the fast-growing needs for cybersecurity studies. First, the architecture design is proposed to accommodate for power grid prototyping, communication network set up, and the interactions between the two. Design considerations are discussed from the research and development perspective. Examples are shown using Andes for modeling, monitoring, and visualization of cyber-physical power system studies.
Case Study 1: Screening

This case describes Ben, a 14-year-old male who is presenting to his primary care physician for routine care. His parents report that they are concerned that he may be using marijuana and note that his grades and relationship with them have both declined. The case demonstrates use of the CRAFFT screening tool to assess Ben’s risk of a substance use disorder and provide a brief intervention and, if appropriate, referral to treatment.
A study of argumentation in a causal probabilistic humanistic domain: Genetic counseling: Research Articles

We present the results of an in-depth qualitative analysis of argumentation in two genetic counseling patient letters. In addition to argumentation techniques designed for medical experts, we found other types of causal argumentation designed for lay readers, reflecting the educational and supportive counseling functions of these letters. Analysis was facilitated by use of a coding scheme for representing causal probabilistic biomedical content of the letters as Bayesian networks. We define the argument techniques used in the letters in terms of Bayesian network, semantic network, argumentation theory, and user model concepts rather than in terms of genetics concepts. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Int Syst 22: 71–93, 2007.
Formal Techniques for Verification and Testing of Cyber-Physical Systems

Modern cyber-physical systems (CPS) are often developed in a model-based development (MBD) paradigm. The MBD paradigm involves the construction of different kinds of models: (1) a plant model that encapsulates the physical components of the system (e.g., mechanical, electrical, chemical components) using representations based on differential and algebraic equations, (2) a controller model that encapsulates the embedded software components of the system, and (3) an environment model that encapsulates physical assumptions on the external environment of the CPS application. In order to reason about the correctness of CPS applications, we typically pose the following question: For all possible environment scenarios, does the closed-loop system consisting of the plant and the controller exhibit the desired behavior? Typically, the desired behavior is expressed in terms of properties that specify unsafe behaviors of the closed-loop system. Often, such behaviors are expressed using variants of real-time temporal logics. In this chapter, we will examine formal methods based on bounded-time reachability analysis, simulation-guided reachability analysis, deductive techniques based on safety invariants, and formal, requirement-driven testing techniques. We will review key results in the literature, and discuss the scalability and applicability of such systems to various academic and industrial contexts. We conclude this chapter by discussing the challenge to formal verification and testing techniques posed by newer CPS applications that use AI-based software components.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Peripheral Nerve Injury After 383,000 Total Knee Arthroplasties Using a New York State Database (SPARCS).

Abstract Background Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a devastating complication following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study is to identify risk factors for PNI after TKA using a New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System. Methods The Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database was queried to identify patients who had undergone TKA from 1996 to 2014. Patient demographics, medical history, surgical details, hospital characteristics, and in-hospital complications were recorded. Cases in which a new unilateral PNI was identified were compiled, as were control cases. The characteristics of cases and controls underwent univariate testing and a multivariate logistic regression using Akaike information criterion model selection to identify risk factors for the development of PNI after TKA. Results In total, 383,060 cases were identified and 0.12%, or 445/383,060, experienced a new PNI. Pre-existing spinal conditions (odds ratio [OR] 1.98, confidence interval [CI] 1.08-3.30) and valgus deformity (OR 4.19, CI 2.46-6.66) were strongly correlated with the development of PNI postoperatively individually, but together increased risk substantially (OR 17.28, CI 2.83-55.35). Younger age ( Conclusion Valgus deformity and previous spine disorder together greatly increased the risk of PNI after TKA. Younger age, female gender, and in-hospital postoperative complications all increased the risk of PNI, as well. This study quantifies the relative risk each of these factors impart in the development of PNI after TKA and can help healthcare providers and systems identify and counsel patients at higher risk of this serious complication.
Interval-compressed vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide (VAC), alternating with ifosfamide and etoposide (IE) for adults with Ewing or Ewing-like sarcoma.

11025Background: In Children’s Oncology Group trial AEWS0031, VAC alternating with IE administered every 2 weeks rather than every 3 weeks resulted in a superior event-free survival (EFS). In the 2...
Sharing a Vision, Sharing Practices: How Communities of Educators Improve Teaching:

In this article, we summarize more than a decade of work on high-leverage practices being used in the context of science teacher preparation. We describe the challenges and insights that ultimately...
Evaluating the Synthesis Model of tutoring across the educational spectrum

The goal of this study is to verify a grounded theory model of tutoring developed by Babcock, Manning and Rogers (2012) using qualitative research literature as data. The four participants in the current study (three females) were recruited using a convenience sample as they were current or former tutees of the authors. One participant was a middle-school student while the others were college students. To obtain data, participants were tutored by the researchers either online (asynchronously) or face-to-face. Researchers coded the data based on audio recordings of face-to-face sessions and written artefacts of online tutoring sessions. The results support the model developed by Babcock et al. (2012). It is important to verify the grounded theory model since it will close the circle with grounded theory research to apply it to authentic tutoring data. Researchers have proposed grounded theory in tutoring but no one has yet attempted to verify a model. While the original model covered extensive topics such as communication, personal characteristics, outside influences, emotions, temperament, and outcomes, in this brief report we focus mainly on personal characteristics and outside influences. The model fits the data except in the case of asynchronous online tutoring, likely because the original data was from 1983 to 2006 and did not cover much online tutoring.
Abstract MP57: Lactation Duration is Associated With Lower Visceral and Pericardial Fat Volumes in Parous Women: 25-year Follow-up in the Cardia Study

Introduction: Lactation has been associated with a lower risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women. However, the underlying mechanisms for these associatio...
Collaboration Within Drug Courts: A National Survey of Drug Court Professionals

Collaboration across diverse agencies is a foundational attribute of drug courts. It requires individuals and agencies to build trust, share resources and power, as well as maintain consistent part...
DLI-IT: a deep learning approach to drug label identification through image and text embedding

Drug label, or packaging insert play a significant role in all the operations from production through drug distribution channels to the end consumer. Image of the label also called Display Panel or label could be used to identify illegal, illicit, unapproved and potentially dangerous drugs. Due to the time-consuming process and high labor cost of investigation, an artificial intelligence-based deep learning model is necessary for fast and accurate identification of the drugs. In addition to image-based identification technology, we take advantages of rich text information on the pharmaceutical package insert of drug label images. In this study, we developed the Drug Label Identification through Image and Text embedding model (DLI-IT) to model text-based patterns of historical data for detection of suspicious drugs. In DLI-IT, we first trained a Connectionist Text Proposal Network (CTPN) to crop the raw image into sub-images based on the text. The texts from the cropped sub-images are recognized independently through the Tesseract OCR Engine and combined as one document for each raw image. Finally, we applied universal sentence embedding to transform these documents into vectors and find the most similar reference images to the test image through the cosine similarity. We trained the DLI-IT model on 1749 opioid and 2365 non-opioid drug label images. The model was then tested on 300 external opioid drug label images, the result demonstrated our model achieves up-to 88% of the precision in drug label identification, which outperforms previous image-based or text-based identification method by up-to 35% improvement. To conclude, by combining Image and Text embedding analysis under deep learning framework, our DLI-IT approach achieved a competitive performance in advancing drug label identification.
Perceived discrimination and mental health among African American and Caribbean Black adolescents: ethnic differences in processes and effects

Objectives: Although the relationship between perceived discrimination and mental health among Black youth is well-documented, the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. Drawing from the stress process model, this study examines two psychosocial mediators - self-esteem and self-efficacy - in the association between perceived discrimination and mental health among African American and Caribbean Black adolescents. This research addresses three primary research questions: First, how is perceived discrimination associated with mental health? Second, to what extent do self-esteem and self-efficacy mediate the relationship between perceived discrimination and mental health? Finally, do these relationships and processes differ between African American and Caribbean Black adolescents?Design: Data for these analyses come from the National Survey of American Life - Adolescent Supplement. We use generalized structural equation modeling to examine relationships among perceived discrimination, psychosocial resources, and mental health.Results: For both African American and Caribbean Black adolescents, more frequent perceptions of discriminatory events were associated with greater depressive symptoms and a higher likelihood of having an anxiety disorder diagnosis. However, the association between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms was significantly stronger for Caribbean Black adolescents. Generally, self-esteem and self-efficacy were found to be significant mediators in the association between perceived discrimination and mental health, although mechanisms varied between African American and Caribbean Black youth.Conclusion: African American and Caribbean Black adolescents are highly susceptible to experiences of discrimination that negatively affect their mental health. Heterogeneity among Black youth populations must be considered when developing interventions to reduce exposure to and the effects of discrimination among these adolescents.
Do patients with a short cervix, with or without an ultrasound-indicated cerclage, have an increased risk for a small for gestational age newborn?

Mothers with a short cervix have been shown to have increased risk of spontaneous preterm delivery (PTD) and newborn morbidity. Those who require an ultrasound-indicated cerclage experience the hig...
The 2D Distribution of Iron Rich Ejecta in the Remnant of SN 1885 in M31

We present Hubble Space Telescope (HST) ultraviolet Fe i and Fe ii images of the remnant of Supernova 1885 (S And) which is observed in absorption against the bulge of the Andromeda galaxy, M31. We compare these Fe i and Fe ii absorption line images to previous HST absorption images of S And, of which the highest quality and theoretically cleanest is Ca ii H and K. Because the remnant is still in free expansion, these images provide a 2D look at the distribution of iron synthesized in this probable Type Ia explosion, thus providing insights and constraints for theoretical SN Ia models. The Fe i images show extended absorption offset to the east from the remnant’s center as defined by Ca ii images and is likely an ionization effect due to self-shielding. More significant is the remnant’s apparent Fe ii distribution which consists of four streams or plumes of Fe-rich material seen in absorption that extend from remnant center out to about 10,000 km s{sup −1}. This is in contrast to the remnant’s Ca ii absorption, which is concentrated in a clumpy, broken shell spanning velocities of 1000–5000 km s{sup −1} but which extends out to 12,500 km s{supmore » −1}. The observed distributions of Ca- and Fe-rich ejecta in the SN 1885 remnant are consistent with delayed detonation white dwarf models. The largely spherical symmetry of the Ca-rich layer argues against a highly anisotropic explosion as might result from a violent merger of two white dwarfs.« less
Inferior meatus augmentation procedure (IMAP) normalizes nasal airflow patterns in empty nose syndrome patients via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling

BACKGROUND Empty nose syndrome (ENS) is a controversial upper airway disorder most commonly associated with tissue loss from the inferior turbinates. The inferior meatus augmentation procedure (IMAP) has been shown to effectively reduce ENS symptoms in a durable manner, but the precise mechanisms that may govern this symptomatic improvement remain unknown. METHODS Five patients with ENS who underwent bilateral IMAP via submucosal costal cartilage implant were assessed. Pre-implant and 6 months post-implant computed tomography (CT) imaging for each ENS patient was analyzed in a blinded fashion using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to investigate intrapatient changes in airflow parameters. RESULTS Following surgery, ENS patients have significantly improved symptoms as indexed by Empty Nose Syndrome 6-Item Questionnaire (ENS6Q) scoring (pre-implant: 14.00 ± 4.06 [mean ± standard deviation]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 10.44 to 17.56; post-implant: 4.8 ± 2.77; 95% CI, 2.37 to 7.23; Cohen's d = 2.64; p = 0.02). Using CFD, a significant shift in nasal airflow patterns was observed, where airflow deviates away from the middle meatus upon hitting the implant (pre-implant: 67.13% ± 11.14%; 95% CI, 60.22% to 74.04%; post-implant: 46.18% ± 12.81%; 95% CI, 38.23% to 54.12%; d = 1.74; p < 0.05) toward the inferior meatus (pre-implant: 30.55% ± 11.29%; 95% CI, 23.55% to 37.55%; post-implant: 42.59% ± 9.60%; 95% CI, 36.63 to 48.54%; d = 1.14; p < 0.05). No significant changes were found in nasal resistance (pre-implant: 0.102 ± 0.015; 95% CI, 0.092 to 0.112 Pa*s/mL; post-implant: 0.105 ± 0.041; 95% CI, 0.081 to 0.130 Pa*s/mL). In addition, the improvement of ENS6Q scoring significantly correlated with percent reduction in aberrant airflow through the middle meatus (R2 = 0.60, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION This study supports our prior working hypothesis that disordered vectors of nasal airflow congregate in the middle meatus contribute to ENS symptoms, not nasal resistance. Moreover, these data illuminate a paradoxical, but consistent, restoration of nasal airflow to the inferior meatus following the replacement of turbinate tissue volume in the inferior meatus via IMAP surgery, potentially due to the Coanda effect.
Non-Hermitian Dynamics in a Hermitian System

The emergence of an exceptional point and spontaneous PT-symmetry breaking when optical parametric amplification and idler second harmonic generation are simultaneously phase matched leads to behavior characteristic of non-Hermitian systems in a fully Hermitian system.
Ultra-compact hourglass lens for integrated cameras

An ultra-small telecentric lens with sub-millimeter thickness is proposed. This lens with 0.2 numerical aperture and high field of view is a good candidate to be used in multi-aperture super resolution imagers. Point spread function and the telecentricity of the lens is extracted numerically and measured experimentally. The ray-optics simulation results show nearly diffraction limited performance for the lens.
Challenges Faced by Fathers in a Divorce Support Group

Abstract This paper explores the challenges faced by fathers during the process and aftermath of divorce. Fathers expressed concerns about the welfare of their children; the stress caused by the divorce; the behavior of their ex-wives; and the social isolation they experienced after the separation/divorce. Fathers learned techniques in the groups to deal with the stress generated by divorce; positive ways to deal with their children; and how to heal and resume their lives. The men benefited by the honest, direct feedback that they received from each other coupled with the professional insights in how to understand their children.
III–V nitride microcantilever as a displacement sensor

The application of gated piezoresitor (or ‘piezotransistor’) embedded GaN microcantilever utilizing unique properties of AlGaN/GaN Heterojunction Field Effect Transistor (HFET) to very significantly enhance the device performance in order to transduce femtoscale displacement have been demonstrated. This novel technology offers several orders higher sensitivity than state-of-the-art and enabled detection of minute explosive in open ambient by photoacoustic spectroscopy.
Effect of Warm-Up and Recovery Techniques on Repeated Running Endurance

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an absence of a warm-up, a warm-up, and a warm-up with leg-elevation recovery techniques on repeated performances of three all-out trials in the 300-yd dash. The subjects were 15 male varsity high school runners who ran a total of nine 300-yd dashes consisting of three trials of each treatment with a 20-min rest period between trials on three different testing days. Approximately two months later the same pattern of nine 300-yd dashes was administered a second time. A randomized blocks factorial design (2 × 3 × 3) was used, followed by tests for simple main effects and Tukey's HSD test. Statistically significant differences at the .05 level were found between the overall means of the two administrations, among the means between the three methods, and among the means between the three trials. A significant interaction among methods and trials was also found. Tests for simple effects coupled with Tukey's HSD test revealed that by the time tr...
Cost effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for the prevention of migraine: a Markov model application.

Background: There are few data about the cost effectiveness of prophylactic medications for migraine. Clinical trials have shown several preventive agents to be useful in reducing the frequency of migraine attack while having tolerable side effects. Objective: To compare the cost effectiveness of adding preventive treatment to abortive therapy for acute migraine with abortive therapy for acute migraine alone in the primary care setting. Methods: A Markov decision analytic model with a cycle length of 1 day, a time horizon of 365 days and three health states was used to perform an analysis comparing the cost effectiveness and utility of five treatments for migraine prophylaxis (amitriptyline 75 mg/day, topiramate 100 and 200 mg/day, timolol 20 mg/day, divalproex sodium 1000 mg/day or propranolol 160 mg/day) with treatment of acute migraine alone for the management of migraine in the primary care setting. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of the results. Results: The expected total annual cost for the use of preventive agents ranged from $US2932 to $US3887, compared with $US3960 for the use of abortive medications only. In the baseline analysis, use of each of the five preventive agents generated more quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and incurred lower costs compared with abortive medications only. Monte Carlo Simulation suggested that amitriptyline 75 mg/day was most likely to be considered a cost-effective option versus the other five therapies, followed by timolol 20 mg/day, topiramate 200 mg/day, topiramate 100 mg/day, divalproex sodium 1000 mg/day and propranolol 160 mg/day when the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for society is <$US18 000 per QALY gained. Conclusions: Preventive medications appear to be a cost-effective approach to the management of migraine in the primary care setting compared with the approach of abortive treatment only. Among those preventive agents, probabilistic sensitivity analysis suggests that, when the societal WTP is <$US18 000 per QALY gained, amitriptyline 75mg/day is most likely to be considered a cost-effective option.
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) receptor proteoglycan. Cell surface expression and ligand binding in the absence of glycosaminoglycan chains.

The type III transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor is a cell surface chondroitin/heparan sulfate proteoglycan that binds various forms of TGF-β with high affinity and specificity. Here, we have used a genetic approach to determine the requirement for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains for normal TGF-β receptor expression and the role that the receptor proteoglycan core and GAG chains play in TGF-β binding. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells defective in GAG synthesis express on their surface 110–130-kDa type III receptor proteoglycan cores that can bind normal levels of TGF-β compared to wild type CHO cells. The affinity of the receptor core for TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 in CHO cell mutants is similar to that of the TGF-β receptor proteoglycan forms present in wild type CHO cells or in CHO cell mutants that have been allowed to bypass their metabolic defect and express the wild type proteoglycan phenotype. The binding properties of TGF-β receptor types I and II in CHO cells and the growth-inhibitory response of CHO cell mutants to TGF-β are not impaired by the absence of GAG chains in the type III receptor. These results show that the GAG chains are dispensable for type III receptor expression on the cell surface, binding of TGF-β to the receptor core, and growth inhibitory response of the cells to TGF-β. The evidence also suggests that the type III receptor may act as a multifunctional proteoglycan able to bind TGF-β via the receptor core while performing another as yet unidentified function(s) via the GAG chains.
Upper Respiratory Infections and Acute Bronchitis

Upper respiratory infections include the following: uncomplicated upper respiratory infections also known as the “common cold,” acute otitis media, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and acute sinusitis. These conditions, along with acute bronchitis, are very common illnesses that are commonly seen in outpatient settings and are widely treated with antibiotics. In fact, these conditions are the primary indications for outpatient antibiotic prescriptions. These conditions tend to have overlapping clinical characteristics yet evidence regarding the utility of antimicrobial treatments varies across conditions.
Isolation of a Degeneration-Resistant Mutant of Clostridium acetobutylicum NCIMB 8052.

Abstract Unless periodically grown from germinated spores, Clostridium acetobutylicum tends to degenerate (that is, to spontaneously lose the capacity both to produce solvents and to develop into spores). To obtain mutants that are deficient in degeneration, C. acetobutylicum NCIMB 8052 was mated with Enterococcus faecalis BM4110 harboring transposon Tn1545. We developed a degeneration resistance assay based on a secondary effect of degeneration, the production of toxic levels of acetic and butyric acids. Erythromycin-resistant transconjugant clones were tested individually for longevity by repeated and timely subculturing. One long-lived mutant, A10, survived 18 ± 3 transfers (mean ± standard deviation; n = 20) before extinction, while the wild type (parental cells) survived 6.6 ± 1.5 transfers (n = 11). The three-fold difference in longevity is statistically significant. In a batch culture in a rich medium, the wild-type cells degenerated within 24 h after inoculation with 1% of an overnight culture derived from germinated spores. In contrast, A10 cells were able to switch to solventogenesis and to sporulate. In a minimal medium with greater buffering capacity, both cell types produced solvents and spores. Southern blots of EcoRI and HindIII restriction digests of A10 chromosomal DNA (but not parental DNA) showed that only one copy of Tn1545 was inserted into the clostridial chromosome. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that there was an alteration at a regulatory locus that was effected by the insertion of the transposon.
Primary Sequence of the Escherichia coli fadBA Operon, Encoding the Fatty Acid-Oxidizing Multienzyme Complex, Indicates a High Degree of Homology to Eucaryotic Enzymes

In Escherichia coli at least five enzyme activities required for the beta-oxidation of fatty acids are associated with a multienzyme complex composed of two subunits in alpha 2 beta 2 conformation (A. Pramanik et al., J. Bacteriol. 137:469-473, 1979). In the present work, the DNA sequence of the genes encoding these two subunits, fadB and fadA, has been determined. The direction of transcription was from fadB to fadA rather than from fadA to fadB, as suggested previously (S. K. Spratt et al., J. Bacteriol. 158:535-542, 1984). Only 10 nucleotides separated the coding sequences for the two peptides, confirming the suggestion that these genes form an operon. The peptides encoded by fadB and fadA were 729 amino acids and 387 amino acids, respectively, in length. The larger and smaller peptides had predicted molecular masses of 79,678 and 40,876 Da, respectively. Recently, the sequence of the fadA gene was published in a separate report (Yang et al., J. Biol. Chem. 265:10424-10429, 1990). In this work, most of the DNA sequence for fadA was confirmed, and 10 errors were corrected. Three of these nucleotide changes resulted in five amino acid residue changes predicted in the carboxy terminus of the fadA-encoded peptide. By comparison to other peptide sequences, the alpha subunit encoded within fadB had 31% perfect identity with the rat peroxisomal enoyl-coenzyme A:hydratase-3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase trifunctional enzyme over the entire length of the two peptides. In agreement with the work of Yang et al., the beta subunit encoded within fadA had 35 to 45% perfect identity with five thiolase genes from different eucaryotic sources over the entire length of the peptide.
Right heart dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Heart failure and preserved ejection fraction patients (n ¼ 96) and controls (n ¼ 46) underwent right heart catheteriza- tion, echocardiographic assessment, and follow-up. Right and left heart filling pressures, pulmonary artery (PA) pressures, and right-sided chamber dimensions were higher in HFpEF compared with controls, while left ventricular size and EF were similar. Right ventricular dysfunction (defined by RV fractional area change, FAC ,35%) was present in 33% of HFpEF patients and was associated with more severe symptoms and greater comorbidity burden. Right ventricular function was impaired in HFpEF compared with controls using both load-dependent (FAC: 40+ 10 vs. 53+ 7%, P , 0.0001) and load-independent indices (FAC adjusted to PA pressure, P ¼ 0.003), with enhanced afterload-sensitivity compared with controls (steeper FAC vs. PA pressure relationship). In addition to haemodynamic load, RVD in HFpEF was asso- ciated with male sex, atrial fibrillation, coronary disease, and greater ventricular interdependence. Over a median follow-up of 529 days (IQR: 143-1066), 31% of HFpEF patients died. In Cox analysis, RVD was the strongest predictor of death (HR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.6-2.6; P , 0.0001). Conclusion Right heart dysfunction is common in HFpEF and is caused by both RV contractile impairment and afterload mismatch from pulmonary hypertension. Right ventricular dysfunction in HFpEF develops with increasing PA pressures, atrial fibrillation, male sex, and left ventricular dysfunction, and may represent a novel therapeutic target.
Mite and Apple Aphid Control on Apple Trees Following Soil Applications of Temik

Soil applications of Temik® granules, containing 10% 2-methyl-2-(methylthio) proprionaldehyde O -(methylcarbanoyl) oxime, in 3-foot-wide bands under the dripline of 15- to 16-year-old apple trees satisfactorily controlled the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch), and the apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer. Double applications of 2 lb per tree of Temik granules in 1965 caused burning of the margins of some leaves. Less severe burning developed in 1966 on the leaves of trees treated with 2 applications of 1½ lb each.
Developing pedagogical judgment in novice teachers: mediated field experience as a pedagogy for teacher education

A common critique of teacher education centres on the gap between coursework and schools, with ample evidence that novice teachers seldom bring ambitious forms of instruction into classroom placements. We describe a 6-year design experiment conducted in a university teacher education program secondary mathematics methods course focused squarely on this issue. Using the framework of hybridity, or the merging of two contexts to make a third that has elements of the originals, we developed a pedagogy we call the mediated field experience (MFE). We present our design framework and describe the MFE cycle, where novices learned a concept in course activities, followed by guided classroom observations and facilitated debriefs with partner teachers. We highlight how this pedagogy facilitated connections across coursework and classrooms through narrative cases of novices’ learning. We argue that their learning provided the basis for a complex form of teacher thinking, pedagogical judgment. This article offers a pr...
Potential application of adipose tissue-derived stem cells for urological Disease

Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are a somatic stem cell population contained in fat tissue that may be utilized in the treatment of urologic disease. ADSCs are excellent candidates for these therapies as they are easily obtained in large quantities from adipose tissue, and possess the potential to undergo long-term proliferation, self-renewal and multipotent differentiation. We reviewed the available evidence from 1964 through 2014 concerning ADSC availability, differentiation, and potentiality in the context of treatment forurologic diseases.
Structure analysis of alkali metal adsorption on single crystal nickel surfaces

Abstract Studies of alkali metal adsorption on single crystal Ni surfaces were undertaken to determine surface crystallography, electronic structure and atomic binding in these adsorption systems as a function of absolute surface coverage. A detailed analysis of surface crystallography using low energy electron diffraction (LEED) is presented and discussed in this paper. The work function and thermal desorption energy studies will be presented elsewhere. Significant information concerning the nature of surface forces was deduced from the surface crystallography. It is shown that alkali metal adatoms on Ni repel one another at all coverages forming a single layer. Furthermore, the forces between alkali metal adatoms on Ni (110) are highly anisotropic. These non-classical anisotropic forces are probably related to the indirect inter-adsorbate interactions via the metal's conduction electrons treated by Grimley 6 ). The strong repulsive forces between adsorbed alkali metal atoms on Ni (111) and Ni (100) resulted in the adatoms being uniformly spaced . By uniformly spaced, it is meant that the standard deviation of the average distance between nearest neighbor adatoms is small. Incoherent hexagonal close-packed surface structures are demonstrated to form with Na on Ni (111) and Ni (110) at high coverages in order to maximize the packing of adatoms. The distance between nearest neighbor adatoms in these structures decreases continuously with coverage. The existence of these incoherent structures shows that the repulsive forces among alkali metal adatoms on Ni (111) and Ni (110) are more important in determining their positions at high coverages than are the variations in potential of the adatom due to substrate surface geometry. The distance between nearest neighbor alkali metal atoms adsorbed on Ni at one physical monolayer coverage is shown to be less than the diameter of bulk alkali metal atoms. The occurrence of a reduced alkali adatom diameter coupled with the existence of incoherent, close-packed surface structures raises significant uncertainty about the validity of conventional calculations of surface roughness factors from the density of adsorbed alkali metal atoms.
THE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF CORTISOL ON PULMONARY FUNCTION IN NORMALS AND ASTHMATICS

Abstract We investigated short-term effects of corticosteroids on airway caliber, measured by spirometry and body plethysmography, over a period of 6 hr after an intravenous bolus of cortisol (8 mg/kg) or saline placebo was administered in a double-blind crossover format comparing 10 normal and nine asymptomatic unmedicated asthmatics. After 6 hrs isoproterenol (240 μg) was administered to compare the effects of cortisol with a β-agonist bronchodilator. Serum cortisol levels remained >100 μg/dl after cortisol and normal after placebo. Cortisol had no effect on pulmonary function except for a trend of improved flows and decreasing ratios of residual volume to total lung capacity in asthmatics that was not significant at 6 hr. Isoproterenol resulted in immediate improvement in specific conductance and flows in both groups; no interaction with cortisol was seen. We conclude that cortisol had no short-term effect on airway caliber in normals, at best a slowly evolving effect in asymptomatic unmedicated asthmatics, and no interaction with the bronchodilator effects of a maximal dose of isoproterenol in these groups.
Attachment Disorders: Review and Current Status

Developmental research on attachment has flourished in the past 15 years (C. H. Zeanah, 1996). However, there has been relatively scant empirical investigation of disorders in attachment. In this article, the pertinent developmental research on the attachment cycle is delineated and the current status of disordered attachment is examined. A particular focus is given to the conceptualization of the most severe form of disordered attachment, Reactive Attachment Disorder.
Fast Super/Subcritical Fluid Chromatography Enantiomeric Separations of Dihydrofurocoumarin Derivatives with Macrocyclic Glycopeptide Stationary Phases

Twenty-four chiral dihydrofurocoumarin derivatives and structurally related compounds were separated using super/subcritical fluid chromatography (SFC) on three macrocyclic glycopeptide chiral stationary phases (CSPs). All the dihydrofurocoumarin derivatives could be resolved on at least one of the macrocyclic glycopeptide CSPs, and the Chirobiotic T column showed the best enantioselectivity for 21 of the dihydrofurocoumarins studied. The Chirobiotic TAG and Chirobiotic R CSPs separated similar numbers of chiral dihydrofurocoumarin derivatives (16 on Chirobiotic TAG and 15 on Chirobiotic R), but the Chirobiotic TAG column baseline resolved more samples than the Chirobiotic R column under similar experimental conditions. All separations were done isocratically with an outlet pressure regulated at 100 bar, a column temperature of 31 °C, and a flow rate of 3.0 mL min-1. Various amounts of methanol ranging from 2 to 25% (v/v) were added to the supercritical carbon dioxide in order to optimize the enantiomeric separations. All of the separations were completed in less than 15 min, and 81% of the separations were done in less than 10 min. The separation speed is one of the main advantages of SFC.
Body composition of the preterm infant

SummaryThe body composition of 23 infants was examined at postmortem. All infants were live births and lived from 1 to 192 days. Their body weights at birth ranged from 480 to 3280 g; gestational ages ranged from 24 to 42 weeks. Total body composition was determined using the nondestructive in-situ procedures of 40K counting and neutron activation analysis. The absolute amounts of K, Ca, P, Na, and Cl were measured. Although body Cl was in general agreement with estimates for the reference fetus model, body K and Na values were lower. Body Ca content was higher than the reference fetus at body weights above 2 kg, yet body P levels agreed with the reference fetus. Furthermore, those infants whose survival was brief had reduced body K, an index of body cell mass. All elements except body Cl were linearly related to fat-free mass (FFM). The correlations with gestational age were non-significant when the variation in elemental content was accounted for by FFM or body weight. The two preterm infants who surviv...
A dramatic increase in the strength of a nanoporous Pt–Ni alloy induced by annealing

The microstructure and mechanical strength of a nanoporous Pt–Ni alloy were characterized before and after 300 °C annealing for 1 h. After annealing microhardness increased significantly from 2.1 to 3.8 GPa, while the relative density, ligament morphology and size remained unchanged. The annealing-induced strength increase is believed to be due to microstructure relaxation and grain growth. This study suggests that the mechanical properties of nanoporous metals depend not only on the relative density, ligament size and morphology, but also on the structure inside ligaments.
CTLA-4 dysregulation of self/tumor-reactive CD8 T-cell function is CD4 T-cell dependent

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) maintains peripheral tolerance by suppressing T-cell activation and proliferation but its precise role in vivo remains unclear. We sought to elucidate the impact of CTLA-4 expression on self/tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells by using the glycoprotein (gp) 100–specific T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mouse, pmel-1. pmel-1 CLTA-4–/– mice developed profound, accelerated autoimmune vitiligo. This enhanced autoimmunity was associated with a small but highly activated CD8+ T-cell population and large numbers of CD4+ T cells not expressing the transgenic TCR. Adoptive transfer of pmel-1 CLTA-4–/– CD8+ T cells did not mediate superior antitumor immunity in the settings of either large established tumors or tumor challenge, suggesting that the mere absence of CTLA-4–mediated inhibition on CD8+ T cells did not directly promote enhancement of their effector functions. Removal of CD4+ T cells by crossing the pmel-1 CLTA-4–/– mouse onto a Rag-1–/– background resulted in the complete abrogation of CD8+ T-cell activation and autoimmune manifestations. The effects of CD4+ CLTA-4–/– T cells were dependent on the absence of CTLA-4 on CD8+ T cells. These results indicated that CD8+ CLTA-4–/– T-cell–mediated autoimmunity and tumor immunity required CD4+ T cells in which the function was dysregulated by the absence of CTLA-4–mediated negative costimulation.