cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrolysis and Chlorination of 2,6-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone under conditions typical of drinking water distribution systems.

Abstract Halobenzoquinones (HBQs) are emerging disinfection by-products (DBPs) that are postulated drivers of bladder carcinogenicity. Prior assessments of 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (DCBQ) occurrence in drinking water distribution systems have revealed a gradual decline with increasing distance from points of entry. While this signals a degradation pathway, there is limited quantitative data on rate of that degradation. A systematic evaluation of DCBQ hydrolysis was performed, resulting in a rate law that is first order in both hydroxide [OH−] and [DCBQ]. The impact of temperature on that rate was characterized according to the Arrhenius relationship. Under the conditions tested (pH~7.2, T = 20°C) chloramine did not significantly impact DCBQ concentrations. However, DCBQ was rapidly degraded in solutions containing free available chlorine (FAC). Kinetic analysis showed non-integer order with respect to FAC. Further investigation led to a model that invoked reaction with dichlorine monoxide (Cl2O) as well as FAC.
Physical and mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic among college students who are undocumented or have undocumented parents.

Author(s): Ro, Annie; Rodriguez, Victoria E; Enriquez, Laura E | Abstract: BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic may have disproportionately affected the mental and physical health of undocumented students and students with undocumented parents.MethodsWe analyzed primary data from 2111 California college students collected March-June 2020. We estimated the odds of mental or physical health being affected "a great deal" by COVID by immigration group and then examined whether this was moderated by campus belonging or resource use.ResultsStudents with undocumented parents were least likely to report COVID-related mental and physical health effects. Undocumented students and students whose parents have lawful immigration status did not differ in their COVID-related physical and mental health. For all students, more campus resource use and higher campus belonging were associated with negative mental and physical health effects.DiscussionNegative COVID-related mental and physical health was widespread. Separation from campus-based resources was detrimental during the early stages of the pandemic.
Circadian Factors Impact Survival From Brain Metastases for Patients Treated With Whole Brain Radiation.

Purpose/Objective(s) There are established links between circadian clock dysregulation, and cancer risk. Numerous reports of increased risk for breast cancer in night shift workers led the World Health Organization to classify circadian disruption as a probable carcinogen. Additionally, the circadian clock has been known to influence the body's response to medications and most recently, a handful of studies demonstrate a link between radiation toxicity and time of day the patient received radiation. Prior studies investigating the temporal association of radiotherapy outcomes have yielded overall conflicting data and contemporary evaluations of this effect are sparse. To determine if chronotherapy should be considered to modulate radiation outcomes, we sought to evaluate if the time of day when radiation treatment was delivered affected outcomes for patients with brain metastases. Materials/Methods Retrospective data was collected for all consecutive patients between 2010 and 2020 with a diagnosis of brain metastases who were treated with whole brain radiotherapy. Patients were eligible to be included if ≥80% of their total dose was delivered either before or after 12:00 noon as documented by treatment times in the electronic medical record and if outcome data was available. Data on sex, age, performance status, control of primary disease, extracranial metastases, radiation dose, race, BMI, and zip code were collected. Radiation was delivered as whole-brain radiation to a median dose of 3000 cGY. Analysis of survival was performed using Mantel–Haenszel hazard ratio and log-rank test to compare Kaplan–Meier curves between groups. Results Complete data were available for 84 patients. The majority of patients had a primary diagnosis of breast or lung cancer (93%) and a small minority had a melanoma, thyroid, or unknown primary. 43 (51%) patients were excluded who did not receive ≥80% of their cumulative radiation either before or after noon, leaving n = 41 patients included for analysis. Demographic data were comparable between groups and overall: 56% female, 44% male; 56% ≥65 years, 44% younger. Distributions for BMI, extracranial metastasis, control of primary disease, and performance status were also similar between groups. Results showed a strong trend toward improved survival in the group that received ≥80% treatment in the afternoon (P = 0.057, HR 0.28–1.02). Conclusion Treatment time of day impacted survival from brain metastases in our patient population treated with whole brain radiation. Potential explanations for these results include the influence of multiple circadian pathways on tissue and tumor sensitivity through melatonin signaling and other mechanisms, warranting further exploration. Future investigations into entraining circadian rhythms via time of day treatments, light therapy or pharmaceutical interventions to alter radiation outcomes and toxicity should be considered.
Uncovering the Complexities of the Relationship Between Women and Well-Being in the Workplace: An Introduction

This chapter introduces the Handbook on Well-Being of Working Women. We outline the scope and organization of the handbook and highlight the themes provided by each chapter. Taken together, the chapters of this handbook provide a comprehensive view of the complexities of the relationship between women and well-being in the workplace and provide bold and cutting edge scholarship related to this very timely and important topic.
Radiofrequency catheter ablation of an atriofascicular pathway during atrial fibrillation: a case report.

Atriofascicular Ablation During Fibrillation. Introduction: A male patient with an atriofascicular pathway underwent catheter ablation of the atriofascicular pathway during atrial fibrillation. Methods and Results: The patient had preexcited atrial fibrillation both clinically and repeatedly during electrophysioiogic study. A preexcited tachycardia with a 1:1 AV relationship and regular RR intervals was also induced. Catheter ablation of the atriofascicular pathway could only be performed during persistent atrial fibrillation, based on mapping of the pathway's insertion into the right bundle branch. Following successful ablation and cardioversion to sinus rhythm, a regular QRS tachycardia (atrioventricular [AV] nodal reentry) having (he same rate, atrial activation sequence, and His-atrial time as the regular preexcited tachycardia noted preablation was initiated. An AV nodal slow pathway modification eliminated this tachycardia. Neither atrial fibrillation nor AV nodal reentry has recurred on follow-up. Conclusion: This is the first report of atriofascicular mapping and ablation performed exclusively during atrial fibrillation and illustrates the utility of mapping the pathway's ventricular insertion. Other unusual features (“bystander” pathway activation during AV nodal reentry, possible role of the pathway in genesis of atrial fibrillation) are discussed.
On Equity and Fixed Income Investing Styles: A Look at Hybrid Mutual Funds

Using daily fund returns and a model comprised of the Fama and French (1993) stock and bond factors, the Carhart (1997) momentum factor, and an aggregate bond market factor, I examine the relationship between the allocation strategy, investing style, and performance of hybrid mutual funds. Funds with higher average equity allocations substantially underperform more conservative funds while funds with higher exposure to the default factor are better performing funds. Additional evidence indicates that the investing styles of individual hybrid funds vary substantially, and changes in investment style are predictable based on performance during the previous period.
Enhanced visual experience and archival reusability in personalized search based on modified spider graph

Academia and search engine industry followers consider personalization as the future of search engines, and this fact is well supported by the tremendous amount of research in this field. However the impact of technological advancement seems to be focused towards bringing more relevant results to the users - not the way it is usually presented to the users. User archives are useful resources which can be exploited more efficiently if reusability is promoted appropriately. In this paper, we present a theoretical framework which can sit on top of existing search technologies and deliver visually enhanced user experience and archival reusability. Contribution of this paper is two fold; first - visual interface for personal search engine setup, self-updating user interests, and session mapping based on modified spider graph; and secondly - enabling better archival reusability through user archival maps, session maps, interest specific maps and visual bookmarking.
MODULATION OF ANAPHASE SPINDLE MICROTUBULE STRUCTURE IN STAMEN HAIR-CELLS OF TRADESCANTIA BY CALCIUM AND RELATED AGENTS

We have previously shown that changes in the intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) modulate the rate of anaphase chromosome motion in stamen hair cells of Tradescantia. Elevations between 0.8-1.0-mu-M accelerate motion, while increases above 2.0-mu-M or decreases below resting level inhibit motion. The related signaling agent GTP-gamma-S also accelerates motion, however, by a mechanism that does not appear to involve changes in [Ca2+]i. To explore further the mechanism by which Ca2+ and GTP-gamma-S regulate chromosome motion we have analyzed the direct effect of these agents on the structure of the spindle microtubules (MTs). First, we injected carboxyfluorescein-derivatized brain tubulin and allowed it to incorporate into spindle MTs. Then, during appropriate times of anaphase, we injected Ca2+ or related agents and monitored their effect on spindle MT fluorescence using a confocal laser scanning microscope. A high level of Ca2+ (10-mu-M), known to inhibit motion, causes extensive degradation of spindle MT structure. An intermediate level (2-mu-M), which slows but does not stop movement, produces a distinct decay of fluorescence. A level of Ca2+ (0.8-1-mu-M) known to accelerate motion, however, generates only a small change in which the kinetochore fibers appear less distinct, and the overall spindle fluorescence is more diffuse. The Ca2+ buffer EGTA, which transiently blocks motion, has no detectable effect on spindle structure. GTP-gamma-S, which enhances motion also has no discernible effect on spindle structure. The results with Ca2+ support the idea that the ion facilitates anaphase motion through depolymerization of kinetochore MTs. However, if the depolymerization is extensive then inhibition of motion ensues. GTP-gamma-S, on the other hand, accelerates motion without inducing a detectable effect on spindle MT structure.
Proportionate Sentencing at the International Criminal Court

This book chapter proposes a theory of proportionate sentencing for the International Criminal Court (ICC). It argues that the ICC should reject the focus on retribution advocated in much of the scholarship on international sentencing. Instead, the judges should craft an approach to proportionality that aims to promote the ICC’s core mission of preventing crimes. Preventive proportionality at the ICC should primarily focus on ensuring appropriate norm expression and secondarily on other aspects of prevention such as deterrence, incapacitation, and restorative justice. The judges should apply the principle of parsimony to identify the least severe punishment they believe will contribute to the prevention of future international crimes. The concept of retribution should function at most as a limiting principle, ensuring that judges inflict no more punishment than they believe an offender deserves.
Lonesome Roads and Streets of Dreams

Review of Lonesome Roads and Streets of Dreams: Place, Mobility, and Race in Jazz of the 1930s and '40s .
Cutting Edge: Hormonal Milieu, Not Antigenic Specificity, Determines the Mature Phenotype of Autoreactive B Cells

Although both marginal zone and follicular B cells produce anti-DNA Abs in murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus, it has been unclear whether these distinct B cell subsets make identical or different Abs. Single-cell analysis demonstrates that the same DNA-reactive B cells can mature to either subset, depending on the hormonal environment. Anti-DNA B cells in estradiol-treated mice become marginal zone cells while identical cells from prolactin-treated mice become follicular cells. The B cell receptor signaling pathway is influenced by hormonal milieu. Thus, hormonal milieu and perhaps B cell receptor signaling, but not antigenic specificity, correlates with the differentiation pathway. These observations have implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of autoimmune disease.
Concussion History in Elite Male and Female Soccer Players

A unique feature of soccer is the purposeful use of the head for controlling, passing, and shooting a soccer ball. Some concern has been expressed in the literature on the cumulative effects of heading on soccer players. Certain neurophysiologic and neuropsychologic changes have been reported in current or retired players, with heading being blamed. A major factor that could influence some of the findings is a player's history of concussive episodes, which are known to influence brain function. These episodes can occur during aspects of the game other than heading. We interviewed all male and female soccer players (N = 137, average age = 20.5 years) who competed at the U.S. Olympic Sports Festival in 1993. The mechanisms of injuries, frequency, and sequelae were determined. There were 74 concussions in 39 male players (grade I = 50) and 28 concussions in 23 female players (grade I = 19). For the men, 48 of the 74 episodes were from collisions with another player. For the women, 20 of 28 were from such collisions. Headaches, being "dazed," and dizziness were the most common symptoms reported. Based on concussion history, the odds are 50% that a man, and 22% that a woman, will sustain a concussion within a 10-year period. The data indicate that concussions from player-to-player contact are a frequent hazard in soccer. Head injuries incurred this way may be more of an influence for published findings of physiologic and psychologic deficiencies than routine heading of the soccer ball.
Fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents.

The fluoroquinolones, a new class of potent orally absorbed antimicrobial agents, are reviewed, considering structure, mechanisms of action and resistance, spectrum, variables affecting activity in vitro, pharmacokinetic properties, clinical efficacy, emergence of resistance, and tolerability. The primary bacterial target is the enzyme deoxyribonucleic acid gyrase. Bacterial resistance occurs by chromosomal mutations altering deoxyribonucleic acid gyrase and decreasing drug permeation. The drugs are bactericidal and potent in vitro against members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, Haemophilus spp., and Neisseria spp., have good activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococci, and (with several exceptions) are less potent against streptococci and have fair to poor activity against anaerobic species. Potency in vitro decreases in the presence of low pH, magnesium ions, or urine but is little affected by different media, increased inoculum, or serum. The effects of the drugs in combination with a beta-lactam or aminoglycoside are often additive, occasionally synergistic, and rarely antagonistic. The agents are orally absorbed, require at most twice-daily dosing, and achieve high concentrations in urine, feces, and kidney and good concentrations in lung, bone, prostate, and other tissues. The drugs are efficacious in treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, including uncomplicated and complicated urinary tract infections, bacterial gastroenteritis, and gonorrhea, and show promise for therapy of prostatitis, respiratory tract infections, osteomyelitis, and cutaneous infections, particularly when caused by aerobic gram-negative bacilli. Fluoroquinolones have also proved to be efficacious for prophylaxis against travelers9 diarrhea and infection with gram-negative bacilli in neutropenic patients. The drugs are effective in eliminating carriage of Neisseria meningitidis. Patient tolerability appears acceptable, with gastrointestinal or central nervous system toxicities occurring most commonly, but only rarely necessitating discontinuance of therapy. In 17 of 18 prospective, randomized, double-blind comparisons with another agent or placebo, fluoroquinolones were tolerated as well as or better than the comparison regimen. Bacterial resistance has been uncommonly documented but occurs, most notably with P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and occasionally other species for which the therapeutic ratio is less favorable. Fluoroquinolones offer an efficacious, well-tolerated, and cost-effective alternative to parenteral therapies of selected infections.
Cultural Considerations When “Setting” The Negotiation Table

Four major considerations involving cultural issues and pre-negotiationwere discussed at this session. They are: how language serves as a methodfor accessing culture; how and by whom interventions might take place;social identity and the sources of distinctions among people; and methodologicalchallenges posed by cross-cultural issues. The essay concludes witha series of questions for future researchers which emerged from the discussionat the session.
Relative Contributions of the Zinc Fingers of Transcription Factor IIIA to the Energetics of DNA Binding

We have expressed and purified a series of recombinant zinc finger polypeptides derived from the cDNA for the Xenopus 5 S gene-specific transcription factor TFIIIA. Dissociation constants for the interaction of each of the truncated polypeptides with the 5 S gene promoter have been measured using gel mobility shift assays. DNase I footprinting and proteolysis experiments provide additional insights into the interactions of individual fingers within complexes of the truncated proteins. These results are discussed in terms of recently proposed models for the TFIIIA-DNA interaction. The effects of mutations in two of the strongly binding proteins, zf1-3 and zf1-7, on DNA binding affinity have been investigated. Mutations have been made both in putative DNA-contact residues and in the linker regions between zinc fingers. The observed decreases in binding affinity cannot be explained simply in terms of loss of protein-DNA contacts. Our results support a model in which DNA binding is accomplished through sets of interacting zinc fingers that make different energetic contributions to the overall binding of the protein and different contacts with the DNA.
Membrane anomalies of neoplastic cells

Summary Neoplastic cells exhibit numerous membrane anomalies. Those involving the plasma membrane have attracted the greatest attention, although ample evidence indicates that the membranes of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes are also profoundly implicated. The information on these topics is briefly reviewed and it is concluded that of the multiple membrane anomalies observed, those responsible for high aerobic lactate production, abnormal plasma membrane transport and release of hydrolytic enzymes may figure prominently in malignant behaviour, i.e. invasiveness and metastasis. It is proposed that the membrane polymorphism of neoplastic cells can be explained in terms of the Changeux membrane lattice hypothesis. In particular it is suggested that the concerted behaviour of tumor cell membranes might deviate from normal due to one or more of the following processes: (a) insertion of a new protein (or lipid); (b) alteration of existing proteins (or lipids); (c) change in the proportion of phospholipid; (d) change in the proportion of glycolipid; (e) change in the proportion of cholesterol; (f) change in the steady-state of membrane ligands. The validity of this proposal is evaluated in terms of recent advances in membrane molecular biology.
Digestibility and Nitrogen Utilization of Rolled and Moist-Heat-Treated Sorghum Grain

Abstract Roll cracked and moist-heat treated sorghum grains were compared at two feeding levels in a 5 × 5 Latin-square digestion and nitrogen balance trial, using yearling dairy steers. The roughage ration consisted of alfalfa and prairie hays in one to three ratio. Grains were substituted for hay in quantities calculated to supply 22 and 66% of ration net energy. Crude fiber digestibility of the ration was depressed by the heat-treated grain at the high feeding level. Protein digestibility of the high-grain ration was depressed by heat treatment. Nitrogen balance was not influenced by grain treatment, but a greater proportion of ingested nitrogen was absorbed from the cracked-grain ration at the high-grain level and voided in the urine.
The emergence of Cochlodinium along the California Coast (USA)

Abstract A sudden and nearly synchronous emergence of the red tide forming dinoflagellate Cochlodinium along more than 800 km of California coastline was initially observed in late summer 2004. Thereafter high cell concentrations have been detected on an annual basis. Here, we present quantitative and semi-quantitative data indicating that Cochlodinium was uncommon in the phytoplankton community in California prior to 2004 and is now persisting as a more regular component and one that seasonally can cause red tides. The quantitative portion of this study was primarily conducted in Monterey Bay, where cell densities reached at least 6 × 10 4 cells L −1 during the initial outbreak. A semi-quantitative comparison of California coastal counties by the California Department of Health Services (CDHS) was also made: of the 15 counties surveyed (most with multiple sites per county), cells were detected only from Los Angeles County in the south to San Mateo County in the central region (seven counties), but not in the northern part of the state (six counties). Two counties in the central region of the state, San Luis Obispo and Santa Cruz, displayed intense and frequent periods of elevated Cochlodinium cell abundances. Although not observed in the state-wide CDHS survey, we occasionally found cells in San Diego County with densities up to 2.7 × 10 4 cells L −1 . Though these colonial dinoflagellates have been recognized in California for over 80 years, with several “blooms” recorded prior to 2004, the species’ geographic range and abundance in recent years suggest significant shifts in the nearshore phytoplankton community of this region of the eastern Pacific.
Formation of a dinaphthanthracene by a stilbene-like photocyclization

Abstract Photocyclization of 1,3-bis[2-(2-naphthyl)vinyl]benzene leads regioselectively to dinaphth[1,2- a :2′,1′- j ]anthracene without the need for a blocking bromine substituent at C-2 in the starting material as assumed previously by other workers.
Topology and Transformations in High School Geometry.

There is a simple and natural way of regarding Euclidean geometry that has been largely ignored in the teaching of geometry. This is the view that Euclidean geometry is the mathematical study of the size and shape attributes of physical objects. The motivation of the study is that such attributes are intrinsically interesting and also that the information obtained is useful. It is my belief that this functional approach to the subject not only provides a natural dynamics to the development but leads to surprisingly sophisticated and vital mathematical concepts. Though I shall sketch the basis for only the innovative topics, topology and transformations, the view I am advocating leads with equal naturalness to other aspects of the subject, such as vectors or analytic geometry.
Comparison of four scoring methods for the reading span test.

This study compared four common methods for scoring a popular working memory span task, Daneman and Carpenter’s (1980) reading span test. More continuous measures, such as the total number of words recalled or the proportion of words per set averaged across all sets, were more normally distributed, had higher reliability, and had higher correlations with criterion measures (reading comprehension and Verbal SAT) than did traditional span scores that quantified the highest set size completed or the number of words in correct sets. Furthermore, creation of arbitrary groups (e.g., high-span and low-span groups) led to poor reliability and greatly reduced predictive power. It is recommended that researchers score span tasks with continuous measures and avoid post hoc dichotomization of working memory span groups.
Theoretical Analysis of Molecular Diffusion in Pressure-Driven Laminar Flow in Microfluidic Channels

The T-sensor is a microfluidic analytical device that operates at low Reynolds numbers to ensure entirely laminar flow. Diffusion of molecules between streams flowing side by side may be observed directly. The pressure-driven velocity profile in the duct-shaped device influences diffusive transport in ways that affect the use of the T-sensor to measure molecular properties. The primary effect is a position-dependent variation in the extent of diffusion that occurs due to the distribution of residence time among different fluid laminae. A more detailed characterization reveals that resultant secondary concentration gradients yield variations in the scaling behavior between diffusive displacement and elapsed time in different regions of the channel. In this study, the time-dependent evolution of analyte distribution has been quantified using a combination of one- and two-dimensional models. The results include an accurate portrayal of the shape of the interdiffusion region in a representative T-sensor assay, calculation of the diffusive scaling law across the width of the channel, and quantification of artifacts that occur when making diffusion coefficient measurements in the T-sensor.
Other socialists: Native‐born and immigrant women in the socialist party of America, 1901–1917

(1983). Other socialists: Native‐born and immigrant women in the socialist party of America, 1901–1917. Labor History: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 84-102.
Passivation of the La2NiMnO6 double perovskite to hydroxylation by excess nickel, and the fate of the hydroxylated surface upon heating

Abstract The double perovskites with a total elemental content of LaNi 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 3 and LaNi 0.75 Mn 0.25 O 3 were synthesized by solid state methods, although the LaNi 0.75 Mn 0.25 O 3 material underwent phase separation into NiO, LaNiO 3 and LaNi 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 3 . Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated substantial lanthanum surface segregation for the LaNi 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 3 material, which formed an altered La(OH) 3 layer 50–100 monolayers in thickness. The La(OH) 3 could be removed by Ar + sputtering to achieve a surface of approximately stoichiometric concentration. Heating the La(OH) 3 -covered LaNi 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 3 did not regenerate the double perovskite but rather produced an overlayer of La 2 O 3 . While the LaNi 0.75 Mn 0.25 O 3 material displayed extensive phase separation, the excess nickel appeared to prevent substantial lanthanum surface segregation.
ÆTIOCHOLANOLONE AND PREDNISOLONE THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE BONE-MARROW FAILURE

Abstract Ten patients with bone-marrow failure from myelofibrosis, aplastic anaemia, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, and "hairy cell" leukaemia, who had failed to respond to androgens and/or glucocorticosteroids, were treated with a combination of aetiocholanolone and prednisolone. All patients except one with aplastic anaemia responded with an increase in reticulocytes, haematocrit, red blood cell mass, and blood neutrophils and platelets. These data suggest that aetiocholanolone, and similar 5β-hydroxy steroids, may be valuable in treating certain patients with chronic marrow failure.
Mechanism of Inhibition of Vaccinia DNA Topoisomerase by Novobiocin and Coumermycin

Vaccinia DNA topoisomerase, a eukaryotic type I enzyme, has unique pharmacological properties, including sensitivity to the coumarin drugs novobiocin and coumermycin, which are classical inhibitors of DNA gyrase, a type II enzyme. Whereas coumarins inhibit gyrase by binding the GyrB subunit and thereby blocking the ATP-binding site, they inhibit vaccinia topoisomerase by binding to the protein and blocking the interaction of enzyme with DNA. Noncovalent DNA binding and single-turnover DNA cleavage by topoisomerase are inhibited with KI values of 10-25 μM for coumermycin and 350 μM for novobiocin. Spectroscopic and fluorescence measurements of drug binding to enzyme indicate a single binding site on vaccinia topoisomerase for coumermycin (KD = 27 ± 5 μM) and two classes of binding sites for novobiocin, one tight site (KD1 = 20 ± 5 μM) and several weak sites (KD2 = 513 ± 125 μM; n = 4.9 ± 0.7). Addition of a stoichiometric amount of DNA to a preformed coumermycin-topoisomerase complex quantitatively displaces the drug, indicating that coumermycin binding and DNA binding to topoisomerase are mutually exclusive. A simple interpretation is that the site of drug binding coincides or overlaps with the DNA-binding site on the topoisomerase. Both novobiocin and coumermycin alter the susceptibility of vaccinia topoisomerase to proteolysis with either chymotrypsin or trypsin; similar effects occur when topoisomerase binds to duplex DNA.
Evaluation of furniture‐fire hazard using a hazard‐assessment computer model

The Center for Fire Research Fire (Toxic) Hazard-Assessment computer model was used to evaluate the potential for hazard reduction by the modification of the combustion properties of upholstered furniture items in a residential occupancy. The potential benefits of these modifications are compared with the effects of variations in room size and construction to determine if they would be realized across a range of housing sizes and types. The results demonstrate the greatest benefit by the reduction of the mass loss (burning) rate of the item regardless of room size and even if the means used to reduce the burning rate results in an increase in smoke production and material toxicity. These results are intended as an indicator of potentially beneficial directions for further research and should not be taken as conclusive evidence of fact without experimental verification.
Effects of structural variation in β‐monoglycerides and other lipids on ordering in synthetic membranes

Studies of β-monoglyceride multilayers were carried out using a variety of spin probes. Effects of variables such as chain length, unsaturation, and branching on organization of acyl chains in lipids of model membranes were assessed. In addition, effects of added cholesterol on membrane order were determined. Results indicated that pure β-monolaurin yields highly ordered films, whereas, unsaturated glycerides such as β-monoolein, β-monolinolein, and analogous lecithins yield fluid films. Branched monoglycerides behaved similarly to β-monoolein, suggesting that branching in acyl chains is an effective substitute for unsaturation in maintaining membrane integrity. Multilayers of β-monoglycerides exhibited similar properties to those of more complex lipids such as phospholipids. β-Monoglycerides, by virtue of the presence of a single acyl chain, provided a relatively simple and effective alternative to the use of phospholipids in studies of membrane architecture.
Optical downconversion in rare earth (Tb3+ and Yb3+) doped CdS nanocrystals

Abstract CdS host nanocrystals (4.2–5.5 nm in diameter) have been prepared by a low-cost synthetic chemical route using air stable precursors and doped with rare earth (RE) ions, terbium (Tb 3+ ) and ytterbium (Yb 3+ ). The resulting RE 3+ -doped nanocrystals show a complete broadband absorption below their band edge (400–460 nm) to the deep UV region. CdS host nanocrystals act as an energy receptor and sensitizer for the RE 3+ -ions. A broadband emission in the visible region is observed for the RE 3+ -doped CdS nanocrystals by room temperature photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Our results show that these novel RE 3+ -doped nanocrystals can be used as an optical down-conversion material for solar spectral matching in solar cells or as a wavelength shifting down-converter for nanoscale optoelectronic applications.
Distribution and stability of DDE, DDD, and DDT in Monterey and Cheedar cheese during manufacture and storage.

Abstract Seventeen vats of Cheddar and Monterey cheese were manufactured from milk containing residues of the chlorinated hydrocarbon DDE [2,2 bis (p-chlorophenyl) -1,1-dichloroethylene], DDD [2,2 bis (p-chlorophenyl) -1,1-dichloroethane], and DDT [2,2 bis (p-chlorophenyl) -1,1,1-trichloroethane]. Samples were obtained from each phase during manufacture and were analyzed by gas chromatography procedures for DDT and its analogs. DDT was not detected in samples of whey at dipping; however, higher levels of DDE and DDD were evident and there was a definite change in the ratio of DDE:DDD. Distribution was quite similar for DDE, DDD, and DDT in samples from all other phases. Statistical analysis of the data indicates a significant (P Each lot of cheese was sampled at 6, 9, 12, 15, 24, and 48 weeks of conventional storage. Data indicate no change in residue levels of these chlorinated hydrocarbons during storage.
A nosocomial epidemic model with infection of patients due to contaminated rooms

A model of epidemic bacterial infections in hospitals is developed. The model incorporates the infection of patients and the contamination of healthcare workers due to environmental causes. The model is analyzed with respect to the asymptotic behavior of solutions. The model is interpreted to provide insight for controlling these nosocomial epidemics.
Isolation and characterization of a new metabolite of phylloquinone in the rat.

Abstract The metabolism of radioactive phylloquinone was studied in rats given warfarin. In the presence of warfarin, a new metabolite of vitamin K accumulated in liver. This compound was isolated and characterized as phylloquinone oxide, a substance which has the activity of vitamin K. 6 h after the administration [phytyl-14C]phylloquinone (uniformly 14C-labeled in the phytyl moiety), more than 50% of the radioactivity normally found as phylloquinone, was recovered as the oxide if the rats were given the anticoagulant drug. Evidence was obtained that liver and heart of rats fed radioactive vitamin K without warfarin contained a small percentage of the oxide.
Effects of alum treatment on phosphorus dynamics in a north-temperate reservoir

Eau Galle Reservoir, Wisconsin, was treated with a hypolimnetic dose of aluminum sulfate (alum) in 1986 to diminish excessive phytoplankton production associated with high phosphorus loading from anoxic, profundal sediments. Prior to treatment, internal total phosphorus (TP) loading was 3 to 6 times greater than external TP loading during summer stratification. Periodic increases in epilimnetic TP mass and chlorophylla concentrations closely corresponded with elevated internal TP loading. For one year following treatment, internal TP loading and concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in the hypolimnion were substantially reduced. However, abnormally high external TP loading during the stratified period of 1986 resulted in high TP mass and chlorophylla in the epilimnion. During the summers of 1987 and 1988, effects of alum treatment on internal TP loading were essentially negated, and epilimnetic TP mass and chlorophylla remained unchanged from pretreatment years. Multiple potential sources of P input to this reservoir make it difficult to reduce epilimnetic P and phytoplankton growth.
Farm-level multifunctionality associated with farming techniques in olive growing: An integrated modeling approach

This paper aims to contribute to methodology and practice for evaluating the multifunctionality of agriculture (MFA), including economic, environmental and social functions, by developing and applying an integrated farm-level multifunctionality model for the case of olive growing in Andalusia, the main olive growing region in the world. The purpose of this model is to assess the multifunctional performance of olive growing at farm-level according to the farming techniques implemented by olive growers, as land managers, in average conditions of olive cultivation in Andalusia. The proposed model is theoretically based on the Analytic Network Process (ANP), a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis method. The model is built on the knowledge of 27 experts and an extensive review of the international literature, and it draws from empirical data gathered from a survey of 400 farmers in the main olive oil producing zones of Andalusia. The application of the model is illustrated with a view to improving olive growing agri-environmental policies oriented to multifunctionality in Andalusia. The modelling results indicate that, in general, olive growers are applying technical alternatives which are optimal for obtaining a high quality product, but to a certain extent they are neglecting the social impacts and, to an even greater extent, the environmental impacts of their activity. Despite the positive evolution over the last decade, there is still much room for improvement. The most sensitive groups of farming practices generally in need of changes are soil management, irrigation and fertilization. The results also make it clear that an improved economic performance is not incompatible with social objectives, such as rural development and employment, and with the environmental protection of soil, water and biodiversity. Finally, the results indicate the higher multifunctional performance of some alternative farming packs. This is the case for both integrated production and intensive agriculture.
Simulation of Planar 2-DOF Manipulator Based on Virtual Reality

In this paper a physical CAD model of plannar 2-DOF manipulator is built in SolidWorks and later translated into Mtalab SimMechanics for simulation purpose. The kinematics of the manipulator is analysised in order to obtain the procedure which is used to drive the joint of the manipulator. Simulation result is obtained and it is very useful for designers to understand and grasp the performances of the manipulator.
Perceptions of system development failures

Abstract According to the expectation failure theory, information system failures can occur during development or during system use and may be viewed differently by various stakeholder groups. This premise is examined via a survey of system developers and system users about their perception of frequency of system development problems. The data indicates that users and developers of information systems perceive certain problems at different levels of occurrence.
Environmental Impact of Nuclear Warfare

Uncertainty may exist about the future likelihood of nuclear war. On the other hand, no doubt exists that nuclear weapons must be eliminated from the arsenals of the world. Even the most modest and restrained nuclear initiative by one belligerent could well be countered in kind, this in turn perhaps leading to an escalating exchange. Even the very limited attacks by the USA during World War II had a profound impact on the enmeshed humans and their artefacts, the medical and social ramifications of which continue to haunt the survivors and their offspring. However, the present paper does not dwell on the effects of nuclear weapons on humans*, but rather upon the natural environment. It summarizes the foreseeable environmental impact in quantitative terms with respect to damage from the blast-wave, the thermal pulse, and the nuclear radiation—doing so, by way of example, for a 20-kiloton atomic bomb and a 1-megaton hydrogen bomb (and also with passing mention for a 1-kiloton neutron bomb).The effects of a nuclear war—a war in which scores to hundreds, if not thousands, of nuclear bombs might be expended—is summarized in relation to affected portions of the geosphere, the atmosphere, and the Biosphere. A nuclear attack would kill wildlife and destroy the vegetation over a large area through a combination of blast, heat, and nuclear radiation. Wildfires could well extend the zone of immediate destruction. Surface disruption and the loss of vegetation would lead to greatly accelerated wind and water erosion and ‘nutrient dumping’.It is concluded nevertheless that an area devastated by nuclear warfare would in time recover by the natural processes of ecological succession, but far more slowly and more unpredictably than following other forms of ecological disruption.
Phase separation mediated devitrification of Al88Y7Fe5 glasses

Abstract The mechanisms responsible for the nanoscale devitrification of Al-based metallic glasses are unclear. A particularly well-studied case is Al 88 Y 7 Fe 5 , where non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements show an exothermic peak that is consistent with glass devitrification to α-Al, but with no glass transition. Additionally, isothermal DSC studies show a monotonic decrease in enthalpy release with annealing, a feature generally taken to indicate grain coarsening. The results of coordinated DSC, bright field transmission electron microscopy, in situ electrical resistivity and atom probe tomography (APT) studies of Al 88 Y 7 Fe 5 support a nucleation/growth-based crystallization process. The APT data indicate the presence of sub-nanometer pure Al zones and coarser scale (separation distance ∼74–126 nm) Al-rich regions in the glass. The pure Al zones dispersed in the Al-rich regions appear to catalyze α-Al nucleation, explaining the high nucleation rates. The solute-rich regions between the Al-rich regions inhibit long-range diffusion, explaining the low growth rates.
Eclosion and hatching in cockroach first instar larvae: A stereotyped pattern of behaviour

Abstract Cockroach pharate first instar larvae (Periplaneta americana) spontaneously initiate eclosion and hatch from the ootheca after 30 days' incubation at 29°C. The caudal-to-rostral peristaltic movements involved in both eclosion and hatching are initiated even when the first instar larvae have been removed from the ootheca and incubated separately in organ culture dishes. Therefore, environmental stimuli and conditions in situ are not necessary for the onset of eclosion. However, environmental factors associated with the cuticle control the termination and/or duration of the eclosion behaviour sequence. Larvae which had cuticles glued to their bodies had longer than normal eclosion episodes while larvae which experienced premature cuticle removal immediately ceased the movements. Cuticle removal immediately ‘switched’ behaviour from that of the larva to that of the adult with the characteristic walking gait. Eclosion in larvae removed from the ootheca could be initiated by tactile stimulation. A role for this response in synchronizing the eclosion-hatching movements of the many larvae within an ootheca is suggested.
Polymer ablation with a high-power excimer laser tool

Abstract A high-power excimer laser projection ablation tool and process in a manufacturing line is described. The light source is a 150 W XeCl (308 nm) gas laser. The projection ablation unit is very similar to that of a photo expose tool and comparisons will be made. The laser, beam delivery system, projection optics, beam homogenization, system accuracy (overlay), tool, process, operation, control, and system reliability will be discussed.
Effect of Synthetic Colloids on Refractometric Readings of Total Solids

Summary Veterinary patients are treated with colloid solutions for plasma volume expansion and maintenance of plasma colloid oncotic pressure (COP). In practice COP is usually extrapolated from measurement of albumin, total protein, or refractometric total solids (TS) as an estimate of total protein. The objective of this study was to determine if refractometer readings accurately reflect levels of synthetic colloid in the blood. Serial dilutions of synthetic colloids Dextran 70 and hetastarch into 2.5% and 5% human serum albumin (HSA) were prepared, and COP and TS measurements were performed. Synthetic colloids were found to produce a significant increase in measured COP, without a significant change in refractometric TS readings. Measured COP correlated well with concentration of synthetic colloid. In clinical patients, treatment of decreased COP with synthetic colloids should be monitored by direct measurement of COP or by observing resolution of clinical signs of hypovolemia or edema. (Vet Emerg & Crit Care, 1998; 8: 21–26)
Response of a Posidonia community to prolonged reduction in light

An in situ shading experiment, using 50% shadecloth, was conducted in seagrass meadows dominated by Posidonia sinuosa Cambridge et Kuo and Posidonia angustifolia Cambridge et Kuo. The experiment ran for 12 months, samples being taken at 3-monthly intervals. Eight variables described the response of the Posidonia community to the reduction in light. There was no change in shoot density for the first 6 months but standing crop and leaf density decreased, apparently owing to the abscission of some of the older leaves. The weight of epiphytes on the seagrass leaves also decreased. Over the next 6 months the community rapidly declined but the amount of epiphytes on the leaves of the seagrass did not change.
Anomalous reactions of a supersonic coplanar dislocation dipole: Bypass or twinning?

Using atomic-scale simulation, we show for the first time that when two oppositely signed, coplanar dislocations glide towards one another at transonic and supersonic speeds, they do not annihilate. Depending on the shear direction, they either overshoot one another or nucleate twins. These anomalous responses are explained by inertial and relativistic effects on the dislocation core at high velocities. Their discovery deepens the understanding of materials behavior under extreme rates of deformation.
Characterization of a functional recombinant rat liver aldehyde dehydrogenase: expression as a non-fusion protein in E. coli.

Summary A cDNA encoding a rat liver inducible aldehyde dehydrogenase carried in a pUC8 plasmid is expressed in E . coli as a dimeric enzyme molecule functionally and physically identical to the authentic rat enzyme. The cDNA appears to be transcribed using the lac promoter, but is translated from an initiator codon 174 base pairs from the 5′ end of the cDNA. The aldehyde dehydrogenase polypeptide is not produced as a fusion protein. This is the first example of the production by E . coli of a catalytically active, multimeric eukaryotic protein which is not a fusion protein.
Ear differences in simple reaction time: the influence of attentional factors.

Abstract Simple motor reaction times (right-handed) to tape-recorded consonant-vowel syllables were obtained from 12 subjects under two conditions of monotic stimulation: “expected” presentation (subject informed as to ear of presentation) and “random” presentation (ear of presentation varied randomly). Significantly faster left ear reaction times were obtained in the “expected” condition. The rank order of subjects' standard dichotic listening task scores correlated negatively with reaction time ear differences in the “expected” presentation condition. Results are discussed in terms of existing theories of response lateralization in simple reaction time tasks, and an expanded hypothesis is offered. Specifically, it is suggested that two or more distinct but potentially overlapping mechanisms may be responsible for observed asymmetries in monotic auditory perception. Both an attentional or lateralized motor response bias and an inherent lateralization of function may operate side by side, differentially activated by task demands, mode of stimulus presentation, and nature of stimuli.