cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ANALYSIS OF THE ATTENTION DEFICIT IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: A STUDY OF PATIENTS AND THEIR RELATIVES IN IRELAND

County Roscommon, a rural area in the western part of Ireland, was the site of a family study of schizophrenia. As part of this study, we have assessed several elements of attention, identified by principal components analysis in previous investigations, in a group of subjects with schizophrenia, first-degree relatives of subjects with schizophrenia and age- and education-matched controls. The schizophrenic subjects performed significantly more poorly than the controls; the performance of the relatives fell somewhere between the other two groups. Those relatives with a DSM-III-R diagnosis (most frequently, alcohol abuse or an affective disorder) tended to perform more poorly on some of the attention elements than relatives without a diagnosis; in contrast, control subjects with diagnoses were not distinguishable from other controls. The attention elements appeared to differ in their capacity to differentiate the groups and each seemed to have a distinctive profile. The effects of alcohol abuse were also considered. The results obtained with this cohort may provide clues concerning the pathophysiological basis of schizophrenia and the heterogeneity of its expression.
GRID: A high‐resolution protein structure refinement algorithm

The energy-based refinement of protein structures generated by fold prediction algorithms to atomic-level accuracy remains a major challenge in structural biology. Energy-based refinement is mainly dependent on two components: (1) sufficiently accurate force fields, and (2) efficient conformational space search algorithms. Focusing on the latter, we developed a high-resolution refinement algorithm called GRID. It takes a three-dimensional protein structure as input and, using an all-atom force field, attempts to improve the energy of the structure by systematically perturbing backbone dihedrals and side-chain rotamer conformations. We compare GRID to Backrub, a stochastic algorithm that has been shown to predict a significant fraction of the conformational changes that occur with point mutations. We applied GRID and Backrub to 10 high-resolution (≤ 2.8 A) crystal structures from the Protein Data Bank and measured the energy improvements obtained and the computation times required to achieve them. GRID resulted in energy improvements that were significantly better than those attained by Backrub while expending about the same amount of computational resources. GRID resulted in relaxed structures that had slightly higher backbone RMSDs compared to Backrub relative to the starting crystal structures. The average RMSD was 0.25 ± 0.02 A for GRID versus 0.14 ± 0.04 A for Backrub. These relatively minor deviations indicate that both algorithms generate structures that retain their original topologies, as expected given the nature of the algorithms.
Phase relation in the system MgO-NaCl-H 2 O; the dehydroxylation of brucite in the presence of NaCl-H 2 O fluids

The dehydroxylation of brucite was determined in the presence of NaCl-H2O fluids containing 0, 2, 6, 11, 14, 18, 30, and 38 mol% NaCl (0.0, 5.5, 17.0, 28.8, 34.5, 41.7, 58.2, and 66.6 wt% NaCl) to ;2500 bars and ;700 8C by high-pressure differential thermal analysis (HP-DTA). At pressures below 150 bars, brucite dehydrates in two separate reactions involving at least one intermediate phase. The dehydroxylation reaction of brucite at pressure to ;2 kbars follows lnP(bars) 5 22.23 2 13620/T(K). In the presence of NaClH2O fluids, the dehydroxylation temperature is lowered because of the reduction of the activity of H2O in these fluids. At 1 kbar pressure, mixing in the NaCl-H 2O fluids is virtually ideal, assuming a nearly complete association of NaCl, but at 2 kbars, the dissociation of NaCl is substantial. The phase relations in the system MgO-NaCl-H2O show five univariant reactions emanating from an invariant assemblage, periclase 1 brucite 1 halite 1 liquid 1 vapor, located at 565 6 5 8C and 440 6 30 bars.
The Role of Corporations in the 1980 U.S. Congressional Elections

The issues of whether and how corporate campaign donations affect the operation of American elections have recently become the focus of public and scholarly debate. Using Federal Election Commission campaign finance data, this analysis identifies a link betwren contributions from business PACs and candidate success in the 1980 U.S. congressional elections. Findings also confirm an association between corporate support and legislative voting for candidates re-elected in 1980. Candidates heavily supported by business PACs during the campaign did better at the polls and were more likely to vote conservatively if elected than those not so strongly endorsed by economic interests. Results are discussed in terms of various theories of the state as well as their relevance to potential election finance reforms.
Ultrastructural changes in acetylcholinesterase activity in the deafferented spinal trigeminal nucleus

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was investigated in synaptic areas of the cat spinal trigeminal nucleus (pars interpolaris and pars caudalis) ipsilateral and contralateral to complete retrogasserian rhizotomy. Vibratome sections of tissue taken from animals of 1, 3, 6, 14, and 21 days survival were examined by electron microscopy following a histochemical reaction for AChE activity employing a method based on the Karnovsky-Roots technique for demonstrating reaction product. As degeneration progressed with survival time, enzymatic activity was initially reduced in synaptic clefts of injured afferent terminals and subsequently was enhanced throughout the extracellular space, including within synaptic clefts of possibly reinnervated sites. These changes in enzymatic activity with primary deafferentation are discussed in relation to the process of reinnervation, the development of neuronal hyperactivity, and possible noncholinergic functions of AChE.
SuperC: parsing all of C by taming the preprocessor

C tools, such as source browsers, bug finders, and automated refactorings, need to process two languages: C itself and the preprocessor. The latter improves expressivity through file includes, macros, and static conditionals. But it operates only on tokens, making it hard to even parse both languages. This paper presents a complete, performant solution to this problem. First, a configuration-preserving preprocessor resolves includes and macros yet leaves static conditionals intact, thus preserving a program's variability. To ensure completeness, we analyze all interactions between preprocessor features and identify techniques for correctly handling them. Second, a configuration-preserving parser generates a well-formed AST with static choice nodes for conditionals. It forks new subparsers when encountering static conditionals and merges them again after the conditionals. To ensure performance, we present a simple algorithm for table-driven Fork-Merge LR parsing and four novel optimizations. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on the x86 Linux kernel.
Ethics and Politics: A Response to Terchek and Moore

I respond to Terchek and Moore by investigating the interrelationship of ethics to politics in Aristotle's thought. To this end I defend two claims. First, doing ethics requires understanding politics. Second, politics requires practical wisdom and ethics. Since even the politics wanted by Terchek and Moore requires these virtues, they are wrong to claim that my account of the common good, resting as it does on similar virtues, is impractical and dangerous.
A Closer Look at Short Waves Generated by Wave Interactions with Adverse Currents

Adverse currents over varying bottom topography can produce current gradients capable of blocking and trapping surface waves in the absence of wind. The blocking/trapping mechanism causes a shift in the longer incoming wave length until short waves in the capillary range are produced at the blocking point. These blocking areas effectively absorb the incoming wave energy, converting it to other forms, possibly turbulent mixing, which could effect the flux of gases across the interface. The short wave lengths produced are in the range that interacts with the present spacecraft radar instruments, raising the possibility of measurements over wide areas of gas exchange across the air-sea interface. The conditions reported here were produced at NASIRF, the NASA Air-Sea Interaction Research Facility at Wallops Island, VA. Using a novel digital imaging technique for measuring surface slope, these interactions were studied in detail, using the new Hilbert-Huang component analysis techniques for nonlinear, non-steady data. The results show that wave number can vary substantially during short periods of time, a phenomena not observed with the earlier Fourier and wavelet techniques, due to inherent limitations of these previous methods.
Role of connexins in metastatic breast cancer and melanoma brain colonization.

Breast cancer and melanoma cells commonly metastasize to the brain using homing mechanisms that are poorly understood. Cancer patients with brain metastases display poor prognosis and survival due to the lack of effective therapeutics and treatment strategies. Recent work using intravital microscopy and preclinical animal models indicates that metastatic cells colonize the brain, specifically in close contact with the existing brain vasculature. However, it is not known how contact with the vascular niche promotes microtumor formation. Here, we investigate the role of connexins in mediating early events in brain colonization using transparent zebrafish and chicken embryo models of brain metastasis. We provide evidence that breast cancer and melanoma cells utilize connexin gap junction proteins (Cx43, Cx26) to initiate brain metastatic lesion formation in association with the vasculature. RNAi depletion of connexins or pharmacological blocking of connexin-mediated cell–cell communication with carbenoxolone inhibited brain colonization by blocking tumor cell extravasation and blood vessel co-option. Activation of the metastatic gene twist in breast cancer cells increased Cx43 protein expression and gap junction communication, leading to increased extravasation, blood vessel co-option and brain colonization. Conversely, inhibiting twist activity reduced Cx43-mediated gap junction coupling and brain colonization. Database analyses of patient histories revealed increased expression of Cx26 and Cx43 in primary melanoma and breast cancer tumors, respectively, which correlated with increased cancer recurrence and metastasis. Together, our data indicate that Cx43 and Cx26 mediate cancer cell metastasis to the brain and suggest that connexins might be exploited therapeutically to benefit cancer patients with metastatic disease.
MEMS-integrated ultra-wideband terahertz traveling wave tube amplifier

An ultra-wideband TWT amplifier is being developed for THz communication, sensing, and imaging applications. Using FDTD-PIC simulation, we demonstrated that, for an electron beam power of 5 kW, a staggered double grating array produces 150 to 275 W, corresponding to 3 – 5.5 % efficiency, at 0.22 THz over ∼ 30 % bandwidth with greater than 12 dB/cm growth rate. The Ka-band cold-test of this circuit has shown excellent agreement with both a theoretical model and simulation analysis in dispersion and attenuation plots, showing a 25 % dynamic bandwidth and 0.15 dB/cm attenuation. The circuit has been fabricated by both UV LIGA and high precision CNC machining with ∼ 2 – 3 µm dimensional tolerance and ∼ 30 nm surface roughness and its cold-test setup has been completed. The MEMS-fabricated 0.22 THz electronic circuit will be tested for its dispersion and attenuation measurement. Also, a scandate nano-powder (SC 2 O 3 -W) cathode has successfully emitted the requisite high current density electron beam of 80 A/cm2 (space charge limited) at 1150 °C for 800 hrs and currently it is planned to incorporate it in the electron gun and PCM magnet design.
DNA sequence of folate biosynthesis gene sulD, encoding hydroxymethyldihydropterin pyrophosphokinase in Streptococcus pneumoniae, and characterization of the enzyme.

Abstract A cloned segment of the chromosome of Streptococcus pneumoniae, in which mutations to sulfonamide resistance occur, contains several genes encoding enzymes for folate biosynthesis. Determination of the DNA sequence of parts of this segment and identification of a putative promoter and terminator of transcription indicate an operon composed of four genes. The first, sulA, encodes the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase. The functions of the second and third possible genes, sulB and sulC, are not known. The last gene, sulD, encodes a 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase. The product of this enzyme is the substrate for dihydropteroate synthetase. The enzyme protein was partially purified and shown to consist of a single subunit of 31 kilodaltons, encoded by sulD. On the basis of gel filtration behavior, the native protein appears to be a trimer or tetramer. Subcloning of the sulD gene in an Escherichia coli expression vector increased expression of the pyrophosphokinase 1,000-fold over the level produced by a single copy of the chromosomal gene.
Current Use of Qualitative Research Methodology in Couples and Family Counseling

This review explores recent use of qualitative methodology in research relating to marriage and family counseling. Qualitative research methodology is experiencing increased interest by the human d...
Frameless Volume Visualization

We have developed a novel visualization system based on the reconstruction of high resolution and high frame rate images from a multi-tiered stream of samples that are rendered framelessly. This decoupling of the rendering system from the display system is particularly suitable when dealing with very high resolution displays or expensive rendering algorithms, where the latency of generating complete frames may be prohibitively high for interactive applications. In contrast to the traditional frameless rendering technique, we generate the lowest latency samples on the optimal sampling lattice in the 3D domain. This approach avoids many of the artifacts associated with existing sample caching and reprojection methods during interaction that may not be acceptable in many visualization applications. Advanced visualization effects are generated remotely and streamed into the reconstruction system using tiered samples with varying latencies and quality levels. We demonstrate the use of our visualization system for the exploration of volumetric data at stable guaranteed frame rates on high resolution displays, including a 470 megapixel tiled display as part of the Reality Deck immersive visualization facility.
Extending the Boundaries of Place

Innovation in demography has been driven by new data, tools, and methods and less by theoretical advances. The thesis of this chapter is that new scholarship in demography requires a synthesis of existing theories and conceptualizations of place. More rigorous conceptual models will help enhance our understanding of the processes by which place ‘gets into people.’ Here we focus on measuring place in contextual analysis; this is, ironically, one of the weakest theoretical areas of current practice in demography and other disciplines new to spatial analysis. For the most part, studies of the relationship between demographic and health outcomes and place have been based on several conventional, and we argue naive, assumptions about place. Specifically, places are often administratively bounded, static, and exist as isolated islands removed from meaningful nested and non-nested contexts. With revised conceptual models we will be better able to take advantage of the new spatial data on people and places and the emerging GIS-related technologies of the twenty-first century.
Über die Hydratation von Zement und den Einfluß von Fluaten

Obwohl Zement fur viele Industriezweige zu einem der wichtigsten Materialien geworden ist, herrscht uber die kristallchemischen Vorgange bei der Erhartung in vielen Punkten noch keine Klarheit. Zwar sind die im Zement vorliegenden Klinkermineralien und die bei der Erhartung sich neu bildenden Hydratationsprodukte im wesentlichen bekannt, doch sind diese Stoffe in ihren Rontgendiagrammen teilweise sehr ahnlich und teilweise auch rontgenamorph, so das der Strukturforschung Grenzen gesetzt sind. Daruber hinaus ist nicht nur die Kristallstruktur der Hydratationsprodukte ein wesentlicher Faktor, sondern auch die Tracht und Grose der neugebildeten Kristalle. Die Dimensionen dieser Kristalle liegen jedoch im submikroskopischen Bereich und ihre Beobachtung entzieht sich also der lichtmikroskopischen Beobachtung. Die Elektronenmikroskopie kann also hier ein weites Arbeitsfeld finden.
Explaining the On-the-Run Puzzle

The on-the-run phenomenon is regularly found in the bond markets. The on-the-run phenomenon is the yield difference observed when a new bond issue comes to market from the same issuer and gets a better price (lower yield given equivalent duration) from the market than the older issue. This paper proposes and tests a liquidity model to explain phenomenon using entropy as our liquidity measure. The yield differential results from the illiquidity cost of the older issue that has increased as a result of progressing through stages, which typically occur in an entropy process. We find that a model employing an entropy measure largely explains the on-the-run phenomenon, by accounting for over two-thirds of the liquidity differential for on-the-run corporate bonds.
Nucleation and Growth of {113} Defects and {111} Dislocation Loops Insilicon-Implanted Selicon

Plan-view and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy have been used to study the microstructural characterization of the nucleation and growth behavior of {113} rodlike defects, as well as their correlation with {111} dislocation loops in silicon amorphized with 50 keV, 36x1014 Si/cm2, 8.0 mAand annealed by rapid thermal anneals at temperatures from 500 °C to 1100 °C for various times. We found that the nucleations of the {113} rodlike defects and {111} dislocation loops are two separate processes. At the beginning of anneals, excess interstitials accumulate and form circular interstitial clusters at the preamorphous/crystalline interface at as low as 600 °C for 1 s. Then these interstitial clusters grow along the direction to form {113} rodlike defects. Later, while the {113} defects have begun to grow and/or dissolve into matrix, the {111} faulted Frank dislocation loops start to form. We also found that the initial interstitial clusters prefer to grow along the directions inclined to the implantation surface.
Inner and outer loop manual control of carrier aircraft landing

This paper introduces a simulation technique used to access flying qualities of carrier-based aircraft in the landing task. Innerand outer-loop pilot models are developed and implemented using classical controltheoretic techniques. The resulting pilot model is combined with a simplified aircraft simulation to study the effect of aircraft roll attitude dynamics on touchdown dispersion. The simulation results reveal that a minimum inner-loop pilot/aircraft roll attitude crossover frequency of 2.2 rad/s is required maintain desirable touchdown performance. However, analysis of pilot inner-loop closures indicate that pilot/aircraft time delay has a greater affect on pilot roll attitude crossover frequency than does aircraft roll mode time constant. Thus, one might conclude that eliminating and moderating sources of pilot/aircraft time delay is more effective than reducing aircraft roll mode time constant for desirable carrier aircraft landing qualities.
Itinerant Vibrons and High-Temperature Superconductivity *

The La2−xSrxCuO4 phase diagram is interpreted within the framework of a transition from localized to itinerant electronic behavior. In the underdoped region 0 TF, a spinodal phase segregation into the parent antiferromagnetic phase and a polaron liquid is accomplished below TF by cooperative oxygen displacements. In the overdoped compositions > x > 0.25, holes are excluded from strong-correlation fluctuations within a Fermi liquid. In the intermediate range 0.1 < x < 0.25, the polaron liquid formed below room temperature changes character with increasing x and decreasing T. In the polaron liquid, mobile two-hole bags of four copper centers order with decreasing temperature into alternate CuO-Cu rows of a superconductive CuO2 sheet at a critical composition xc ≍ 1/6. It is argued that hybridization of itinerant electrons with optical-mode phonons propagating along the Cu-O-Cu rows produces heavy electrons responsible for high-temperature superconductivity.
Analysis on Transmission Tower Toppling Caused by Icing Disaster in 2008

By means of force condition check of three typical transmission towers,i.e.,the cup-type tower,drum-type tower and two-cross-arm tower,under the combination of different ice-coating thickness with different operation conditions,the causes of transmission tower toppling due to icing disaster in the year 2008 are analyzed and calculated in depth. Calculation results conform to actual field damage conditions,and it arrives at the conclusion that the principal reason of transmission tower toppling due to ice-coating lies in the ice-coating thickness exceeds the normal-designed ice load capacity of conductor and the excessive longitudinal unbalanced tension from the former. Finally,the suggestions and measures to strengthen the ice-coating resisting ability of transmission lines are given.
Adenovirus-mediated transfer of FRNK augments drug-induced cytotoxicity in cultured SCCHN cells.

Background: Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which is overexpressed in many human epithelial cancers, regulates cell cycle progression, cellular migration, invasion and survival. Materials and Methods: In order to determine if inhibiting FAK activity augments drug-induced cytotoxicity in transformed epithelial cells from the head and neck region (SCCHN cells), cells were transfected with a recombinant adenovirus causing overexpression of FRNK, a dominant negative inhibitor of FAK. Results: When SCCHN cells (SCC25 and RPMI 2650) were transfected with Ad-FRNK, there was a decrease in autophosphorylation of FAK, coincident with a large increase in FRNK expression. Ad-FRNK and cytotoxic drugs were more effective in reducing cell viability and increasing apoptosis then Ad-FRNK alone or drugs alone. Transfection with Ad-FRNK also led to substantially decreased migration of cultured SCCHN cells. These results indicate that FAK may be a good target for anticancer therapy.
Surface Proton Hopping and Fast-Kinetics Pathway of Water Oxidation on Co3O4 (001) Surface

We propose a mechanism of water splitting on cobalt oxide surface with atomistic thermodynamic and kinetic details. The density-functional theory studies suggest that the oxidation process could proceed with several nonelectrochemical (spontaneous) intermediate steps, following the initial electrochemical hydroxyl-to-oxo conversion. More specifically, the single oxo sites CoIV═O can hop (via surface proton/electron hopping) to form oxo pair CoIV(═O)-O-CoIV═O, which will undergo nucleophilic attack by a water molecule and form the hydroperoxide CoIII–OOH. Encounter with another oxo would generate a superoxo CoIII–OO, followed by the O2 release. Finally the addition and deprotonation of a fresh water molecule will restart the catalytic cycle by forming the hydroxyl CoIII–OH at this active site. Our theoretical investigations indicate that all nonelectrochemical reactions are kinetically fast and thermodynamically downhill. This hypothesis is supported by recent in situ spectroscopic observations of surface ...
Music and Nationalism

Music has represented the nation throughout modern history, but especially since the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, when Johann Gottfried Herder began to refer to songs associated with modern nation-states as Volkslieder (folk songs). Music represents the nation by containing either national or nationalist traits; the former employ a nation's internal cultural markers, the latter emphasize contested areas and populations through external cultural markers. Music and nationalism interact to form many genres at numerous socioeconomic levels: folk music, art music, sacred music, popular music—all can be mobilized in the name of the nation. Music had a considerable affective presence in the narration of national histories, as these became more global through the nineteenth century and the postcolonial era during the twentieth. In the twenty-first century, music and nationalism have a considerable presence in the lives of most people worldwide, mediating the mobility of population groups across national borders and the ideologies conveyed in national popular musics. Keywords: colonialism; culture; music; nationalism; religion
134 RELAXIN AND ITS RECEPTORS IN MATURE CANINE SPERMATOZOA

Relaxin and its receptors (RXPF1 and RXFP2) are found in reproductive and non-reproductive tissues of both males and females, across species. In dogs, both relaxin and receptors are found in reproductive tissues of females and play important roles during pregnancy; however, their presence in male reproductive tissues remains unclear. The goal of this study was to explore the presence of both relaxin and receptors in mature dog spermatozoa. Semen samples of 4 adult (≥4 years old) dogs were harvested from a local breeder and diluted (vol:vol) with a pre-warmed Tris extender solution (pH 6.9). Samples were centrifuged and sperm pellets were resuspended in the Tris extender for motility and velocity analyses using computer-assisted sperm analyzer. Semen with over 70% motility were retained for analyses. A subset of those samples (n = 4 dogs) was subjected to total RNA extraction, followed by RT-PCR to amplify relaxin and RXFP1/2 RNA transcripts, with β-actin used as the housekeeping gene. All PCR amplicons were run on a gel electrophoresis for imaging. Another subset of samples (n = 4 dogs) were used for total protein extraction, followed by immunoblotting using anti-human RXFP1 and RXFP2 antibodies. Finally, the remaining subset of samples (n = 4 dogs) was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and submitted to a standard procedure of immunofluorescence using an anti-human relaxin, and followed by fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated secondary antibody. Labelled spermatozoa were immediately analysed with flow cytometry and imaged with a confocal microscope. Gene expression data were collected after 40 cycles of PCR and all samples expressed β-actin. The detection of RXFP2 was observed at a low level in all samples, whereas RXFP1 and relaxin were absent. Protein analysis with western immunoblotting showed weak signal bands of both receptors in all samples; however, the band corresponding to RXFP1 (~82 kDa) appeared stronger than that of RXFP2 (~90 kDa). Flow cytometry revealed small proportions of relaxin immunopositive spermatozoa (less than 35%) that exhibited low fluorescence intensity. Confocal microcopy imaging confirmed the weak signals that were mostly located in the sperm head. Altogether, the findings showed that relaxin and its receptors RXFP1 and RXFP2 are present in mature spermatozoa of adult dogs. More studies are needed to better characterise the roles of the relaxin system on canine sperm fertility. Grant supports are from the USDA-ARS Biophotonics Initiative project #58–6402–3-018 and Brazil Scientific Mobility Program (BSMP) scholarship from CAPES-Brazil.
Implantable micro-Electrode Array for Long-term ECG Recording in Zebrafish

Zebrafish is an emerging model for cardiac electromechanical coupling owing to its regenerative capacity after 20% ventricular amputation. We hereby developed a micro-electrode array (MEA) for both long-term and real-time monitoring of zebrafish electrocardiogram (ECG) in response to injury and regeneration. The gold sputtered 5-lead MEA was formed on a parylene base by micro-fabrication processes (Fig. 1A). To test the MEA, we sedated Zebrafish in 0.04% tricaine methanesulfonate, followed by a 2-mm-long horizontal incision at 0.5 mm caudally to the heart. The MEA was embedded into the incision site so that the four working electrodes (WE) were close to the heart and the reference electrode (RE) positioned on the fish body. The entire device was then secured by medical epoxy (Fig. 1B). The ECG signal recording was performed by connecting the MEA to a differential amplifier and a computer loaded with Labview. The signal was processed using wavelet transform and thresholding algorithm. The ECG obtained from the top working electrode is shown in Fig. 1C. The processed data were comparable with ECG recorded by conventional electrodes in terms of signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) and patterns. The implantable devices remained attached to zebrafish for several days, allowing for reliable long-term and multi-site recordings for heart regeneration research.
Adaptive Gimbal Control Approach to Account for Power Consumption and Landmark Tracking Quality

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are commonly used for robotics research and industrial purposes. Most of the autonomous applications use visual sensors and inertial measurement units for localization. Design constraints of such systems are defined considering smooth operation requirements such as indoor environments without external forces where input tracking signal is constant during an operation. In this research paper, we simultaneously investigate and compare stability, power consumption and landmark tracking quality of a visual sensor mounted gimbal specifically for rapid UAV motion requirements where input signal continuously varies such as at obstacle rich environments. We not only attempt to find efficient control parameters but also compare these settings with power consumption and landmark tracking quality metric which are vital for mobile robots and localization algorithms. Efficiency of the system response is analyzed with rise and settling time as well as oscillation amplitude and frequencies. These parameters are tested and benchmarked with various voltage and current limitations. In addition to that, different response behaviors were investigated considering landmark tracking quality metrics including feature detection and image blur. We have shown that gimbal stabilization controller under continuously varying input signal requires less responsive behavior to keep landmark tracking accuracy stable. Initial simulation results, system development and experimental setup procedure are explained and behavior plots for each topic are listed and analyzed.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Impact of early childhood health and nutrition on access to education in developing countries

Abstract Children in developing countries must negotiate threats from a number of diseases before they reach school age. More than 50% of child deaths are caused by pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria, measles, malnutrition and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). For those who survive, health and nutrition can have an impact on their subsequent education, most significantly by affecting their chances of enrolling in school. In many resource-poor countries, physical and mental disabilities can effectively prevent children from attending school. These result most commonly from iodine or folate deficiency or rubella infections in utero or from cerebral malaria, polio or meningitis infections postnatally. Less debilitating conditions can influence the likelihood and timing of enrolment. These include under-nutrition, less severe malaria infection and HIV-related orphanhood. The majority of all these conditions are treatable or preventable. Tackling these health and nutrition problems through programmes during infancy and early childhood has the potential to make a major contribution to ensuring all the world's children have access to basic education.
Selected Indoor Tanning Myths and Controversies

In the face of increasing evidence that indoor tanning is harmful, tanning enthusiasts and the tanning industry defend the practice on several grounds. The principal argument offered in defense of year-round tanning is the claimed health benefit of high levels of vitamin D, also called the sunshine vitamin, which is made in skin following UV irradiation. However, vitamin D is readily available as an oral supplement; and oral vitamin D obviates the needed exposure to UV light that also leads to photoaging and skin cancer. Further, the claimed health benefits of high vitamin D levels are unproven. A second myth, that indoor tanning is safer than sun tanning ignores the fact that tanning is a well-established DNA damage response, achieved in proportion to DNA damage, regardless of the exact wavelengths emitted by tanning bulbs or by the sun. Similarly, obtaining a “base tan” before a planned sunny vacation will not decrease cumulative UV damage. Finally, indoor tanning may be occasionally an effective, more convenient and less expensive alternative to physician-supervised phototherapy for patients with UV-responsive skin disease, but for most patients professional staff and medical light sources with specific spectral output established as optimal for their disease provide far superior safety and efficacy.
Seizure-induced activation of the HPA axis increases seizure frequency and comorbid depression-like behaviors

Our laboratory recently demonstrated that seizures activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, increasing circulating levels of corticosterone (O'Toole et al., 2013). Given the well-established proconvulsant actions of corticosterone, we hypothesized that seizure-induced activation of the HPA axis may contribute to future seizure susceptibility. Further, since hypercortisolism is associated with depression, we propose that seizure-induced activation of the HPA axis may contribute to comorbid depression and epilepsy. To test this hypothesis, we generated mice lacking the GABAA receptor (GABAAR) δ subunit specifically in corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons (Gabrd/Crh mice), which exhibit hyporeactivity of the HPA axis (Lee et al., 2014). Gabrd/Crh mice exhibit blunted seizure-induced elevations in corticosterone, establishing a useful tool to investigate the contribution of HPA axis dysfunction on epilepsy and associated comorbidities. Interestingly, Gabrd/Crh mice exhibit decreased acute seizure susceptibility following kainic acid (KA) administration. Furthermore, chronically epileptic Gabrd/Crh mice exhibit a decrease in both spontaneous seizure frequency and depression-like behaviors compared with chronically epileptic Cre-/- littermates. Seizure susceptibility and associated depression-like behaviors can be restored to wild type levels by treating Gabrd/Crh mice with exogenous corticosterone. Similarly, chemogenetic activation of CRH neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is sufficient to increase seizure susceptibility; whereas, chemogenetic inhibition of CRH neurons in the PVN of the hypothalamus is sufficient to decrease seizure susceptibility and depression-like behaviors in chronically epileptic mice. These data suggest that seizure-induced activation of the HPA axis promotes seizure susceptibility and comorbid depression-like behaviors, suggesting that the HPA axis may be a novel target for seizure control.
Independence to Disaster, 1945–1975

No longer part of French Indochina from 1953, Cambodia’s first steps toward democracy were enthusiastically received by all. Before long, however, excitement turned to consternation. King Sihanouk abdicated in 1955 in order to participate directly in politics—yet seemed reluctant to abide by democratic principles. Improvements to education, public health, and basic infrastructure were short-lived. The war in neighbouring Vietnam soon spilled over into Cambodia, causing a refugee crisis and diplomatic strain. Corruption prevailed at all levels of the government. Western criticism set Cambodia on a course toward the communist bloc. In a polarised world, there were only two ways in which the domino of Cambodia could fall—and the events of 1945–1975 ensured which direction it took.
High-dimensional Entanglement Distribution and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Steering Over Deployed Fiber

We demonstrate the generation of high-dimensional time-frequency entangled photon pair states and the preservation of entanglement after transmission across a 42-km telecom fiber by violating a high-dimensional Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering inequality.
Analyzing self‐controlled case series data when case confirmation rates are estimated from an internal validation sample

Vaccine safety studies are often electronic health record (EHR)-based observational studies. These studies often face significant methodological challenges, including confounding and misclassification of adverse event. Vaccine safety researchers use self-controlled case series (SCCS) study design to handle confounding effect and employ medical chart review to ascertain cases that are identified using EHR data. However, for common adverse events, limited resources often make it impossible to adjudicate all adverse events observed in electronic data. In this paper, we considered four approaches for analyzing SCCS data with confirmation rates estimated from an internal validation sample: (1) observed cases, (2) confirmed cases only, (3) known confirmation rate, and (4) multiple imputation (MI). We conducted a simulation study to evaluate these four approaches using type I error rates, percent bias, and empirical power. Our simulation results suggest that when misclassification of adverse events is present, approaches such as observed cases, confirmed case only, and known confirmation rate may inflate the type I error, yield biased point estimates, and affect statistical power. The multiple imputation approach considers the uncertainty of estimated confirmation rates from an internal validation sample, yields a proper type I error rate, largely unbiased point estimate, proper variance estimate, and statistical power.
Salmonella invasion of non-phagocytic cells.

The gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria of the genus Salmonella are able to infect a wide range of animal hosts and produce a variety of clinical manifestations. The ability of salmonellae to cause such a spectrum of diseases is attributable to the genetic diversity of this genus. Based on multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis, DNA hybridization studies, and gene sequencing, the genus Salmonella contains two species: bongori and enterica (Selander et al., 1996). Salmonella enterica is further subdivided into six subspecies, designated by the roman numerals I, II, IIIa, IIIb, IV, VI, and VII. Each subspecies is additionally divided into serovars based on the variability of surface antigens. Prior to the determination of Salmonella phylogenetic relationships by modern molecular methods, each Salmonella serovar was considered to be a unique species. Salmonella serovars are still commonly referred to as different species, although this practice is now taxonomically incorrect.
Chapter 7 – Discussion

In the last chapter, I discuss and comment on several claims made in previous chapters, such as interpretation of the imaging data and the pain paradigms used in clinical research (for example the exceedingly short time domains arbitrarily imposed on the acute pain experience in fMRI studies, and the biased interpretation of activation in brain regions assigned a role in motor function). I also review briefly invasive and non-invasive technologies for neuromodulation of brain function, such as neuromodulation by electricity, ultrasound and optogenetic, while giving credit to safe and cost-effective cognitive interventions embodied in mirror therapy for amputation pain.
Undoing Normativities and Creating Family: A Queer Stepfamily’s Experience

Although the stepfamily literature is well developed, most examines heterosexual stepfamilies and fails to note the presence of those headed by same-gender couples. This especially is true of male ...
Audit Policies Under the Sentinel Effect: Deterrence-Driven Algorithms

Auditing has been commonly used in major industries including healthcare to curb fraudulent activity. In addition to the direct benefits of auditing, data collected in this study through interviews...
Evaluation of sequence variation and selection in the bindin locus of the red sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus.

Recent evidence suggests that gamete recognition proteins may be subjected to directed evolutionary pressure that enhances sequence variability. We evaluated whether diversity enhancing selection is operating on a marine invertebrate fertilization protein by examining the intraspecific DNA sequence variation of a 273-base pair region located at the 5′ end of the sperm bindin locus in 134 adult red sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus). Bindin is a sperm recognition protein that mediates species-specific gamete interactions in sea urchins. The region of the bindin locus examined was found to be polymorphic with 14 alleles. Mean pairwise comparison of the 14 alleles indicates moderate sequence diversity (p-distance = 1.06). No evidence of diversity enhancing selection was found. It was not possible to reject the null hypothesis that the sequence variation observed in S. franciscanus bindin is a result of neutral evolution. Statistical evaluation of expected proportions of replacement and silent nucleotide substitutions, observed versus expected proportions of radical replacement substitutions, and conformance to the McDonald and Kreitman test of neutral evolution all indicate that random mutation followed by genetic drift created the polymorphisms observed in bindin. Observed frequencies were also highly similar to results expected for a neutrally evolving locus, suggesting that the polymorphism observed in the 5′ region of S. franciscanus bindin is a result of neutral evolution.
Abstract 5227: Chromatin folding disruptions in human cancers

Genomic material within the nucleus is folded into successive layers in order to package and organize the long string of linear DNA. This hierarchical level of folding is closely associated with transcriptional regulation and DNA replication. Genes within the same folding domain demonstrate similar expression and histone-modification profiles. Therefore, boundaries separating different domains have important roles in reinforcing the stability of these domain-wide features. Indeed, domain boundary disruptions in human genetic disorders or human cancers lead to misregulation of certain genes, due to de novo enhancer exposure to promoters. However, the frequency of boundary disruptions in human cancers, and whether there are recurrently affected boundaries in specific cancer types, remains unclear. Here, to understand effects and distributions of somatic structural variations (SVs) across TADs, we utilized 288,457 high-confidence somatic structural variations from 2658 tumor-normal pair high-coverage whole genome sequencing datasets across various cancer types. We comprehensively profiled structural variations effects on the domain boundaries and the regulation of genes in human cancers. Our findings demonstrate that the impact of TAD disruptions are substantially varied across tumor types and these events are reflective of overall SV burden and type. Notably, most of the TAD disruptions could result in appreciable changes in nearby gene expression in cancer cells. In addition, we demonstrated that SVs can lead to fusion of discrete TADs. Notably, complex rearrangements drastically change chromatin folding maps in the cancer genomes. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Kadir C. Akdemir. Chromatin folding disruptions in human cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5227.
Dyadic Regression.

Dyadic data, where outcomes reflecting pairwise interaction among sampled units are of primary interest, arise frequently in social science research. Regression analyses with such data feature prominently in many research literatures (e.g., gravity models of trade). The dependence structure associated with dyadic data raises special estimation and, especially, inference issues. This chapter reviews currently available methods for (parametric) dyadic regression analysis and presents guidelines for empirical researchers.
Einleitung und Begriffsbildung

Ausgangspunkt unserer Uberlegungen ist eine Konfliktsituation zwischen mehreren Beteiligten oder zwischen der Natur und mehreren Beteiligten.
A New Genus Xuthopona (Hemiptera; Cicadellidae; Gyponinae), and Fourteen New Species from South America

A new genus, Xuthopona, is described for 15 species that are closely related to Hecalapona. One species, Hecalapona helara DeLong & Freytag, is included in this genus as well as 14 new species. All species are from South America.
Experimental and analytical assessment of the hypervelocity impact damage of GLAss fiber REinforced aluminum

Abstract This article addresses the response of GLAss fiber REinforced aluminum to hypervelocity impacts of micrometeoroid analogs at impact velocities of 7 km/s and beyond. In relation, the damage modes of different GLAss fiber REinforced aluminum configurations have been exemplified. The GLAss fiber REinforced aluminum configurations comprised six to twelve variably thick aluminum layers and up to four plies of glass fiber reinforced epoxy per composite laminate. Hypervelocity impact experiments have been conducted with the help of a two-stage light-gas gun, wherein aluminum- and stainless steel projectiles were launched at velocities up to 7.15 km/s. Visual inspection of the damage area suggested the dissipation of impact energy in elastic-plastic deformation, petalling, delamination, debonding, tensile failure of fibers, and pyrolysis of epoxy. A prevailing damage mode was not apparent albeit. The quasi-isotropic ply orientation of S2-glass/FM94-epoxy laminates promoted the interference of shock- and rarefaction waves and suppressed the damage area of GLAss fiber REinforced aluminum. To discriminate between the impact performance of different GLAss fiber REinforced aluminum configurations, the energy dissipated in different damage modes of GLAss fiber REinforced aluminum has been assessed quantitatively. In terms of normalized energy, the cross-ply GLAss fiber REinforced aluminum dissipated higher energy in petal formation than in other primary damage modes. The normalized petalling energy was found to decline with the increase of impact energy. The outcomes of this study will help to optimize the GLAss fiber REinforced aluminum laminate, which will be employed as a bumper shield to prevent the fatal damage and the unzipping of a spacecraft pressure bulkhead.
Amphetamine alters the Reward Positivity in humans and mice

The development of pro-cognitive therapeutics for psychiatric disorders has been beset with difficulties. This is in part due to the absence of pharmacologically-sensitive cognitive biomarkers common to humans and rodents. Here, we describe a cross-species translational measure of reward processing that is sensitive to the dopamine agonist, d-amphetamine. Motivated by human electroencephalographic (EEG) findings, we recently reported that frontal midline delta-band power is also an electrophysiological biomarker of reward surprise in mice. Here, we determined the impact on this reward-related EEG response from humans (n=23) and mice (n=28) performing a probabilistic learning task under parametric doses of d-amphetamine (human: placebo, 10 mg, 20 mg; mice: placebo, 0.1 mg/kg, 0.3 mg.kg, 1.0 mg/kg). In humans, d-amphetamine boosted the Reward Positivity event-related potential (ERP) component as well as the spectral delta-band representation of this signal. In mice, only the Reward Positivity ERP component was significantly boosted by d-amphetamine. In sum, the present results confirm the role of dopamine in the generation of the Reward Positivity, and support the first pharmacologically valid biomarker of reward sensitivity across species.