cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finding Least Cost Hyperpaths in Multimodal Transit Networks: Methodology, Algorithm, and Large-Scale Application

This paper presents a least cost hyperpath algorithm that captures the complexities that arise in a transit network because of the number of transfers, the standing and overcrowding penalties, the availability of walking and biking in addition to the transit modes, and the mode-specific limitations such as availability of bike parking. The problem was formulated as a mathematical program, and then a hybrid label setting–correcting algorithm was proposed as a solution. The multimodal time- and approach-dependent algorithm does not require spatial or temporal expansion of the network; this feature results in good computational performance for large-scale applications. Scenario runs performed on the large-scale Chicago Transit Authority network, in Illinois, validate the accuracy and performance of the algorithm.
International workshop on integrated approaches to the study of environmental stress on plant growth, February 10--12, 1988

We proposed a workshop designed to evaluate current approaches to the study of stresses on plant growth. The purpose of this meeting was to use a workshop format to examine, discuss, and evaluate the available approaches for developing a comprehensive understanding of stress responses. We focused on the responses of plants to multiple stresses, the responses of a number of species with life history strategies ranging from annual plants to evergreen plants, and the links between stress-caused changes in metabolism and changes in growth. The meeting was organized to initiate the development of a unified approach for determining plant responses to stresses. This report consists of a discussion of concepts underlying the need for developing a unified approach to the study of stress effects on plant growth. In addition, we discuss the time frame for environmental change and plant response, as well as the processes by which plants compensate to stresses. We describe the organization of a scientific conference and outline plans for publishing a book based upon ideas developed from the conference. Finally, we present conclusions drawn from this effort.
Antibiotic Resistance Increases Evolvability and Maximizes Opportunities Across Fitness Landscapes

Antibiotic resistance continues to grow as a public health problem. One of the reasons for this continued growth is that resistance to antibiotics is strongly selected for in the presence of antibiotics and weakly selected against after their removal. This is frequently thought to be due to the effects of compensatory mutations. However, compensatory mutations are often not found in clinically relevant strains of antibiotic resistant pathogens. Here, we conduct experiments in vitro that highlight the role that fine scale differences in environment play in the maintenance of populations after selection for resistance. We show that differences in the mode of growth, dictated by environmental factors, are capable of reliably changing the force and direction of selection. Our results show that antibiotic resistance can increase evolvability in environments if conditions for selection exist, selecting differentially for newly arising variation and moving populations to previously unavailable adaptive peaks.
A single-center retrospective review of factors influencing surgical success in patients with cerebral palsy undergoing corrective hip surgery.

PURPOSE To identify factors associated with success of corrective bony hip surgery among patients with cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS A retrospective review was conducted of medical records of patients diagnosed with CP and hip displacement who underwent surgery from 2004 to 2016 at the authors' institution and who had a one-year minimum follow-up. Patient age, sex, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level, surgical procedure(s), type and extent of CP, presence of preoperative and postoperative hip pain, and hip migration percentages (MPs) were recorded. Surgical success was defined as a postoperative MP ⩽ 30% and no hip pain at final follow-up. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients (55 hips) met the inclusion criteria. Mean age at surgery was 10.2 years (range, 2-24 years). Mean MP (standard deviation) improved from 64 ± 29% preoperatively to 22 ± 30% at a mean 1.7-year follow-up (p< 0.001). The absence of preoperative hip pain (p= 0.014), surgery after age 5 (p= 0.041), and a milder preoperative MP (p< 0.001) were significantly associated with surgical success. CONCLUSION In patients with CP and hip displacement, early preventative correction of hip displacement after age 5 may improve clinical outcomes, though future studies are needed to provide more definitive clinical direction.
AHRQ EPC Series on Improving Translation of Evidence: Use of a Clinical Pathway for C. Difficile Treatment to Facilitate the Translation of Research Findings into Practice

Background In 2018 the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) Program issued a call for strategies to disseminate AHRQ EPC systematic reviews. In this pilot, findings from the 2016 AHRQ EPC report on Clostridioides difficile infection were translated into a treatment pathway and disseminated via a cloud-based platform and electronic health record (EHR). Methods An existing 10-step framework was used for developing and disseminating evidence-based clinical pathways. The development of the EHR intervention was informed by the Five Rights model for clinical decision support and human-computer interaction design heuristics. The researchers used observations and time measurements to describe the impact of the EPC report on pathway development and examined provider adoption using counts of pathway views. Results Two main themes emerged: (1) discrepancies between the EPC report and existing guidelines prompted critical discussions about available treatments, and (2) lack of guideline and pathway syntheses in the EPC report necessitated a rapid literature review. Pathway development required 340 hours: 205 for the rapid literature review, 63 for pathway development and EHR intervention design, and 5 for technical implementation of the intervention. Pathways were viewed 1,069 times through the cloud-based platform and 47 times through a hyperlink embedded in key EHR ordering screens. Conclusion Pathways can be an approach for disseminating AHRQ EPC report findings within health care systems; however, reports should include guideline and pathway syntheses to meet their full potential. Embedding hyperlinks to pathway content within the EHR may be a viable and low-effort solution for promoting awareness of evidence-based resources.
Should We Do What Comes Naturally? The Quest for Meaning in Old Age

Theories of human nature might provide the keys to discovering the purpose and meaning of later life. But such theories have come under fire in recent decades, as they have been found to harbor covert or overt messages of a clearly prejudicial kind. Critiques of colonialism, gender stereotypes, and sexual orientation have destabilized arguments from nature. Likewise, naturalistic accounts of aging and later life have also been subject to critical analysis as modernist societies struggle to valorize, find guidance for, or liberate what it means to grow old. Four contrasting accounts of later life reveal underlying theories of nature that either support an inherent sense of purposes and social norms or, conversely, cast doubt on any imperative for how older adults should live out their later years. In the quest for meaning in later life, philosophically, should we “do what comes naturally?”
Revisiting Beneficence: What Is a 'Benefit', and by What Criteria?

Pellegrino and Thomasma (1988) elegantly contended that beneficence is the central aim of medicine. Drawing from ancient references to Aesculapius and Hippocrates as well as references to Aristotle...
Hepatic artery infusion pumps

The preferential blood supply from the hepatic artery to liver tumors allows for the regional delivery of chemotherapy, commonly referred to as hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy via a subcutaneous pump. Hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy has been demonstrated to improve overall survival in select patients with colorectal liver metastasis and is a promising treatment for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. This review focuses on the technical aspects of hepatic artery infusion pump placement.
CONSTRAINING SUSY MODELS WITH SPONTANEOUS CP VIOLATION VIA B→ψKs

We study CP-violating effects in B→ψKs decay within minimal supersymmetric models with spontaneous CP violation. We find that the CP asymmetry predicted by the Standard Model in this decay, sin 2β≥0.4, cannot be accommodated in these models without violating the bound on the neutron electric dipole moment. This result holds for NMSSM-like models with an arbitrary number of sterile superfields. Further implications of the scenario are discussed.
Mania Induced by Epidural Steroid Injection in an Elderly Female With No Psychiatric History

The psychiatric risks of epidural steroid injections for chronic pain in a geriatric patient with no prior psychiatric history are presented here. A 76-year old Caucasian female presented to the emergency department with her family for an inability to sleep, confusion, and behavioral outbursts. The mood instability and psychosis were reported as having started a week after her third epidural steroid injection for low-back pain associated with a prior fall. After 12 days of mixed treatment outcomes and increasing paranoia without any localized neurological findings, the patient was transferred to the geriatric psychiatry unit. Upon admission to the inpatient unit, she was loud, grandiose, verbally aggressive, unable to sleep, hyper-religious, paranoid, and identified her husband and daughter as demons. The patient was started on risperidone and valproic acid for the management of psychosis and manic symptoms. Hyper-religiosity and paranoia greatly improved within a week, though the patient remained very talkative and tangential, with a disorganized thought process. Valproic acid was titrated to 500 mg twice a day, yielding a level of 56.2 ug/ml, accompanied by improvement to mild talkativeness and circumstantiality. She was able to interact appropriately, with minimal lorazepam requirement, and discharged with a linear thought process and absence of psychosis. On outpatient follow up, there were minimal residual mania and no recurrence of psychosis, allowing her to be weaned off valproic acid and to discontinue risperidone. Two months later, symptoms resolved completely. The persistence of this patient's psychosis for nearly one month, and mania for about three months, underscores the importance of careful risk-benefit analysis before initiating epidural steroids. This is particularly important in elderly patients who may be more susceptible to psychiatric adverse effects that can outlast any analgesic benefits.
Vibrational spectroscopy of aromatic compounds: is hyper-Raman spectroscopy worth the effort?

Hyper-Raman spectroscopy is a nonlinear optical variant of vibrational spectroscopy to acquire information about molecular structures. Hyper-Raman spectroscopy complements existing infrared and Raman spectroscopy techniques due to differences in the selection rules. Performing hyper-Raman spectroscopy at 532 nm results in the signal emission in the UV spectral range (266 nm – 296 nm), which benefits from near-resonant conditions for many biomolecules. Even operating in the electronic resonant enhancement regime, hyper-Raman spectroscopy requires high average and peak power, picosecond laser systems to achieve reasonable collection times (1 minute – 30 minutes). In this report, we explore applications of hyper-Raman spectroscopy to aromatic structures (L-phenylalanine and imidazole) that experience significant two-photon absorption and two-photon fluorescence which can obstruct measurements of the hyper-Raman spectra of these molecules. Since competing two-photon processes could significantly limit future UV hyper-Raman applications, we explore mitigating strategies to circumvent the fluorescence background of Lphenylalanine and imidazole by applying a quenching agent (hydrogen peroxide). We also outline a more general solution to alleviate two-photon absorption and fluorescence by proposing tailored laser configurations where the excitation wavelength could be tuned to avoid two-photon absorption resonances while remaining in the UV regime.
Information theoretic study on x-ray imaging of integrated circuits in a low photon budget

Physics-aware machine learning (PAML) has proven to be successful in re- trieving object in a low-photon imaging condition. In this study, we take an information theoretic approach to study maximum amount of information (i.e., the imaging capacity) that can be reliably retrieved under photon-starved imaging condition. We formulate a sim- ple problem to derive the imaging capacity using Monte Carlo approach: small integrated circuit objects (made out of two different type of materials) imaged with monochromatic x-rays. The simple problem is useful in that the entropies for priors and measurements can be explicitly computed. It is a simple version of the imaging system proposed in Ref. [3]. The constructed problem will help us understand the limit on photon budget, information gain associated with varying number of scan angles, and optimal PAML algorithm that can approach the theoretic imaging capacity.
Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a multisystem immunologic disorder that impacts long-term outcomes, including risk of relapse, transplant-related mortality, and quality of life after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). cGVHD is an alloimmune process (donor versus recipient) that results in anti-host T cell responses, as well as alloantibody formation, and may involve single or multiple organ systems. The incidence of cGVHD is approximately 30–70 %, depending on various patient and donor factors. Despite improvements in the care of allogeneic HSCT recipients, management of cGVHD remains a significant challenge.
KCNB1 Mutations in Epileptic Encephalopathy

Researchers at Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, and other centers in California; Johns Hopkins, Baltimore; Vanderbilt University, TN; and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; searched for de novo mutations in a family with a sporadic case of epileptic encephalopathy.
Region Based -Semantics Graph Driven Image Retrieval

This work is about content based image database retrieval, focusing on developing a classification based methodology to address semantics-intensive image retrieval. With Self Organization Map based image feature grouping, a visual dictionary is created for color, texture, and shape feature attributes, respectively. Labeling each training image with the keywords in the visual dictionary, a classification tree is built. Based on the statistical properties of the feature space we define a structure, called ?-Semantics Graph, to discover the hidden semantic relationships among the semantic repositories embodied in the image database. With the ?-Semantics Graph, each semantic repository is modeled as a unique fuzzy set to explicitly address the semantic uncertainty and the semantic overlap existing among the repositories in the feature space. A retrieval algorithm combining the built classification tree with the developed fuzzy set models to deliver semantically relevant image retrieval is provided. The experimental evaluations have demonstrated that the proposed approach models the semantic relationships effectively and outperforms a state-of-the-art content based image retrieval system in the literature both in effectiveness and efficiency.
Exciton Magnetoluminescence Studies in Ordered and Disordered In 0.48 Ga 0.52 P Semiconductor Alloys

We report the observation of magnetic field dependent excitonic photoluminescence energies and linewidths in ordered and disordered In{sub 0.48}Ga{sub 0.52}P alloys (lattice matched to GaAs). The photoluminescence measurements were made at 1.4 K and the applied magnetic field ranged between 0 and 13.6 tesla. With increasing magnetic fields, we observe increasing photoluminescence linewidths for disordered alloys and decreasing photoluminescence linewidths for the ordered alloys. The magnetic field dependence of the photoluminescence peak-energy shifts for all samples (ordered and disordered) is in good agreement with theoretical considerations. The presence of CuPt-type ordering was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy.
A path-following method

In this chapter, we define an interior-point method for linear programming that is called a path-following method. Recall that for the simplex method we required a two-phase solution procedure. The path-following method is a one-phase method. This means that the method can begin from a point that is neither primal nor dual feasible and it will proceed from there directly to the optimal solution.
A Reply to Tate and McConnell's "Afterword and Comment" to the Special Issue on Teaching Critical Communication Studies

I feel compelled to respond to Eugene D. Tate and Kathleen McConnellls (1985) "Afterword and Comment" to the Canadian Journal of Cannunication's 1985 "Special Issue on Teaching Critical Cc~mmunicatim Studies." Tate and McCcrnnell misuse the work of Eugen RosenstockHuessy, misunderstand the problem of curriculum develcpment, ard miss altogether the validity and significance of Marx inspired criticism of "human communication" as both historical artifact and discipline of theoretical inquiry .
Hands-on laboratory experiments with SOHO networking technologies

Traditional computer networking courses are primarily based on lectures and include a few TCP/IP network socket programming assignments. Students may not know how to apply what they have learned in the classroom to solve real-world problems. This paper presents several interesting laboratory experiments to provide students with hands-on experiences in low-cost small office/home office (SOHO) networking technologies, including SOHO Router/Firewall, Wi-Fi Wireless LAN, HomePlug Powerline Communication, and HomePNA Phoneline Networking. The feedback from students is encouraging. The result of the assessment tests also shows that the hands-on projects have had a positive impact on student learning and comprehension. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 21: 586–595, 2013
Recent developments in X-ray laser research at LLE

Recent experiments using multiple-foil target designs for a collisional-excitation X-ray laser in Ne-like nickel and germanium are reported. These targets, which are designed to yield higher gains than single-exploding-foil targets, are irradiated by 600-ps pulses of 351-nm light in a single 18-mm line. The lasing lines at approximately 230 AA are observed with a 1-m grazing incidence grating spectrometer. The relative merits of different pump-laser wavelengths have been studied, and experimental results have been obtained for three wavelengths: 1.06 mu m, 527 nm, and 351 nm. For recombination X-ray laser studies, 1000-2000-AA foils have been irradiated with 100-ps pulses of 351-nm light. The spatially resolved X-ray spectra show the extent to which the hydrogenic and heliumlike species expand and recombine. Plans have been developed for the conversion of the laser to a approximately 100-J-10-ps laser (10 TW), which will be used for producing a recombinationally pumped laser in Al that is predicted to emit at 39 AA. >
Future directions for nutrient requirements--lipids.

Recent advances in instrumentation and methodologies are redefiningthe study of lipid nutrition by allowing probing for subtle responses to marginal variations in nutrients. Stable isotope labeling studies allow demonstration of chain elongation, desaturation, chain shortening and resynthesis in humans. Essential fatty acid deficiencyaffects membrane physicochemical properties and membrane-bound protein activity. Un derstanding of the molecular functions of dietary fat has progressed to conceptualization of complex com peting and complementary interactions and signals. The physical properties of lipidsâ€"insolubilityin water and amphipathic qualitiesâ€"underlie their physiological function. These findings will lead to new biomarkers of health status. J. Nutr. 124: 1743S-1746S, 1994.
Los Alamos contribution to target diagnostics on the National Ignition Facility

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) will have a large suite of sophisticated target diagnostics. This will allow thoroughly diagnosed experiments to be performed both at the ignition and pre-ignition levels. As part of the national effort Los Alamos National Laboratory will design, construct and implement a number of diagnostics for the NIF. This paper describes Los Alamos contributions to the {open_quotes}phase I{close_quotes} diagnostics. Phase I represents the most fundamental and basic measurement systems that will form the core for most work on the NIF. The Los Alamos effort falls into four categories: moderate to hard X-ray time-resolved imaging; neutron spectroscopy-primarily with neutron time of flight devices; burn diagnostics utilizing gamma ray measurements; and testing measurement concepts (e.g., some soft X-ray ideas) on the TRIDENT laser system at Los Alamos. Because of the large blast, debris and radiation environment, the design of high resolution X-ray imaging systems present significant challenges. Systems with close target proximity require special protection and methods for such protection are described. The system design specifications based on expected target performance parameters are also described. Diagnosis of nuclear yield and burn will be essential to the NIF operation. Nuclear reaction diagnosis utilizing both neutron and gamma ray detectionmore » is discussed. The Los Alamos TRIDENT laser system will be used extensively for the development of new measurement concepts and diagnostic instrumentation. Some of its potential roles in the development of diagnostics for NIF are given.« less
Automatic Test Generation

Automatic test generation (ATG) is an essential component in any test strategy. ATG automates the process of finding good tests, which allows the designer to focus on higher level aspects of the test architecture. ATG has a theoretic basis in the Boolean algebra and the logic circuits used to represent and implement, respectively functions in digital systems. Sequential tests complicate the testing process and are handled in one of two ways. First, the sequential machine is unrolled symbolically, which gives it the appearance of a combinational machine. Second, the circuit may be modified to allow for easier and more effective testing. Technology trends continue to present challenges for ATG. These challenges drive an active research community that search for problems associated with the progression of technology that makes testing approaches either more difficult or not effective, intellectual property cores whose internals may not be available to the test designer, and high levels of abstraction used typically in modern design methodologies. Keywords: test generation; fault modeling; measures of testing; fault simulation; D-algorithm; genetic algorithms
Finding the Optimal Public-Private Balance in Catastrophe Insurance: The Katrina Experience

In this paper, we consider the issue of natural catastrophe insurance taking Hurricane Katrina as a point of departure. In section II we review Katrina's effects, the estimated losses, what private insurance covered, and what aid the federal government provided. In section III we review the literature on natural catastrophe insurance. We assess the status quo arrangement - a de facto combination of private insurance, post-disaster aid, and government provided or government-sponsored insurance. We also evaluate alternatives. The first is the so-called "layered approach" to natural-catastrophe insurance - a framework in which individuals, private insurers and reinsurers, state-sponsored insurance funds, and the federal government would share responsibility for covering catastrophe-generated losses at different layers of damage. The second alternative proposed is a framework in which the federal government acts not as a reinsurer of last resort but rather as a lender of last resort. We comment on the pros and cons of both of these options. Section IV then concludes.
Angular momentum in sub-barrier fusion: Experimental study using the isomer ratio 137Cem/137Ceg.

The ratio of the yields for the isomer (${\mathit{J}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}$=11/${2}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$,${\mathit{t}}_{1/2}$=34.4 h) and ground state (3/${2}^{+}$, 9.0 h) of $^{137}\mathrm{Ce}$ populated in the reactions $^{128}\mathrm{Te}$${(}^{12}$C,3n), $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$${(}^{7}$Li,3n), $^{136}\mathrm{Ba}$${(}^{3}$He,2n), $^{136}\mathrm{Ba}$${(}^{4}$He,3n), and $^{137}\mathrm{Ba}$${(}^{3}$He,3n) were measured from energies above the Coulomb barrier to energies typically 20--30% below the barrier by observing the delayed x- and \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray emission. In the first three reactions we observed an approximately constant value for the isomer ratio at energies far below the barrier. This indicates an approximately constant average angular momentum at low bombarding energies. We analyze isomer ratios and cross sections using a coupled-channels model for the fusion and a statistical model for the decay of the compound nucleus. Absolute values of the angular momentum J\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} in the entrance channel are deduced from the isomer ratio. The values of J\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} exhibit the behavior predicted for low energies and the expected variation with the reduced mass of the entrance channel.
TCR Signal Transduction in Antigen-Specific Memory CD8 T Cells

Memory T cells are more responsive to Ag than naive cells. To determine whether memory T cells also have more efficient TCR signaling, we compared naive, effector, and memory CD8 T cells of the same antigenic specificity. Surprisingly, initial CD3 signaling events are indistinguishable. However, memory T cells have more extensive lipid rafts with higher phosphoprotein content before TCR engagement. Upon activation in vivo, they more efficiently induce phosphorylation of-LAT (linker for activation of T cells), ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), and p38. Thus, memory CD8 T cells do not increase their TCR sensitivity, but are better poised to augment downstream signals. We propose that this regulatory mechanism might increase signal transduction in memory T cells, while limiting TCR cross-reactivity and autoimmunity.
Investigation of Cyclization Reactions of Dicyclohexyl-6-iodo- and -6-tosylhexenylborane. A Facile Radical Cyclization Diverted to a Rearrangement−Cyclization with Base

Dicyclohexyl-6-iodohexenylborane efficiently undergoes radical cyclization at room temperature using tri-n-butyltin hydride as a hydrogen donor and without the aide of a radical initiator. Efforts to develop environmentally friendly reagents using hypophosphites as substitutes for tin hydrides in this reaction provided a 60% yield of cyclopentanemethanol when tetrabutylammonium hypophosphite was used. Air was necessary as an initiator when hypophosphites were used. During investigations of the radical cyclization reactions, it was discovered that excess tetrabutylammonium hydroxide provided the rearrangement−cyclization product in excellent yield. Since this product was chiral, efforts were focused on achieving enantioselectivity. Oxazaborolidines made from chiral amino alcohols and 6-tosyl-1-hexenylboronic acid were treated with methyllithium to give 1-cyclopentylethanol after oxidation in 60% ee, demonstrating that oxazaborolidines were effective chiral directors for this reaction.
The Spectrum of Hepatic Candidiasis

The liver is affected in up 50 to 75% of compromised hosts with disseminated Candida albicans infection who come to autopsy. The antemortem diagnosis of hepatic candidiasis is rarely made. Blood cultures are negative in approximately 50% of cases, and biochemical parameters of hepatic injury may be of nonspecific value. Additionally, the more commonly seen renal, cardiac, and respiratory involvement may overshadow the hepatic lesion. In a review of 17 autopsy series of disseminated candidiasis, 92 cases with hepatic involvement were identified for a mean prevalence of 13.7%. Hepatic granulomas and microabscesses were the two most common histologic lesions attributable to Candida. Inflammatory aggregates, centrilobular congestion, bile stasis, and fatty change were seen less frequently. The diagnosis should be suspected in any compromised host with unexplained fever with or without elevated alkaline phosphatase or bilirubin levels. The diagnosis can be made by percutaneous needle biopsy or at laparoscopy in a majority of cases. Early treatment with Amphotericin is associated with prolonged survival.
Cardiac regeneration and stem cell therapy.

Purpose of reviewSignificant recent developments have occurred in the field of cardiac regeneration and stem-cell therapy. Understanding the new technological advances in cell therapy will ultimate allow us to achieve a goal of cell-based cardiac repair.Recent findingsWe discuss the latest cell-base
Sparsity in optical flow and trajectories

In this article, we apply sparse constraints to improve optical flow and trajectories. We apply sparsity in two ways. First, with two-frame optical flow, we enforce a sparse representation of flow patches using a learned overcomplete dictionary. Second, we apply a low-rank constraint to trajectories via robust coupling. Optical flow is an ill-posed underconstrained inverse problem. Many recent approaches use total variation to constrain the flow solution to satisfy color constancy. In our first results presented, we find that learning a 2D overcomplete dictionary from the total variation result and then enforcing a sparse constraint on the flow improves the result. A new technique using partially overlapping patches accelerates the calculation. This approach is implemented in a coarse-to-fine strategy. Our results show that combining total variation and a sparse constraint from a learned dictionary is more effective than total variation alone. In the second part, we compute optical flow and trajectories from an image sequence. Sparsity in trajectories is measured by matrix rank. We introduce a low-rank constraint of linear complexity using random subsampling of the data. We demonstrate that, by using a robust coupling with the low-rank constraint, our approach outperforms baseline methods on general image sequences.
A potent specific inhibitor of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase of Cryptococcus neoformans and of certain other fungal enzymes

A particular lot of the zwitterionic buffer, 2(N-morpholino) ethane sulfonic acid (MES), contained a contaminant that inhibited a number of fungal NADP-dependent dehydrogenases. Enzymes that were particularly sensitive include 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases from Cryptococcus neoformans and Schizophyllum commune and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Schizophyllum commune. A number of NADP-dependent dehydrogenases of animal origin were tested and all were completely insensitive to inhibition except for rat liver 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, which was 10-fold less sensitive than the Cryptococcal enzyme. The pattern of inhibition in all cases was linear competitive versus NADP. The inhibitor has been purified and identified as an ethylenesulfonic acid oligomer. This inhibitor holds promise as a model compound for the development of a specific antifungal agent.
Central effects of estradiol in the regulation of food intake, body weight, and adiposity

In recent years, obesity and its associated health disorders and costs have increased. Accumulation of adipose tissue, or fat, in the intra-abdominal adipose depot is associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular problems, type-2 diabetes mellitus, certain cancers, and other disorders like the metabolic syndrome. Males and females differ in terms of how and where their body fat is stored, in their hormonal secretions, and in their neural responses to signals regulating weight and body fat distribution. Men and post-menopausal women accumulate more fat in their intra-abdominal depots than pre-menopausal women, resulting in a greater risk of developing complications associated with obesity. The goal of this review is to discuss the current literature on sexual dimorphisms in body weight regulation, adipose tissue accrual and deposition.
Two-mode squeezed states with thermal noise.

The thermofield introduced by Takahashi and Umezawa [Collect. Phenom. 2, 55 (1975)] is used to represent the thermal noise; it is generated from the absolute vacuum by a so-called thermalizing operator and serves as the initial state for generating two-mode squeezed states by squeeze and displacement operators. The ones obtained by applying the squeeze operator first followed by the displacement operator are called coherent squeezed states, while the others obtained by applying the displacement operator first are called squeezed coherent states. A criterion for the existence of nonclassical photon statistics in a two-mode radiation introduced by us in a previous paper [Phys. Rev. A 42, 1609 (1990)] is then used to study the conditions for the two types of squeezed states to be nonclassical states. Several three-dimensional plots are presented to illustrate the effects of thermal noise on squeezed states.
STANDING MYELOGRAPHY IN SIX ADULT HORSES

Standing myelography was conducted in six neurologically normal adult horses. Myelograms were performed without general anesthesia or tranquilization. Four horses were premedicated orally with 2.2 milligrams/kilogram (mg/kg) of phenobarbital 16 hours and 4 hours prior to myelography to raise their seizure threshold. One-hundred milliters (ml) of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) was withdrawn from the lumbosacral space prior to injection. Approximately 100 ml of technical grade metrizamide* was injected into the subarachnoid space via a lumbosacral tap. After injection the horse's head was lowered for approximately 10 minutes to facilitate cranial movement of the metrizamide. Lateral cervical radiographs were taken in a standing position. Filling of the subarachnoid space in the cranial cervical region was good to excellent in five horses. In one horse there was poor definition of the cranial cervical region. There was good to excellent filling of the subaranoid space in the caudal cervical region in all six horses. Reactions to metrizamide injection varied. The most severe reaction was generalized seizure.
Simulating the Effects on Nonmetropolitan Planning and Service Areas of Changes in the Guidelines for Intrastate Funding Formulae: A Study of Two States

The 1992 reauthorization of the OlderAmericans Act (OAA) requires the Assistant Secretary on Aging to produce a set of guidelines to aid states in the development of their Intrastate Funding Formula (IFF). The purpose of this investigation was to examine, using two states as case studies, the effects of a preliminary set of guidelines on planning and service areas (PSAs) that vary in the degree to which older adults (60+) in their catchment area live in nonmetropolitan versus metropolitan settings. Dollar amounts allocated to four categories of PSAs were compared with simulations of allocations under three alternative funding strategies. The data from these simulations illustrate that changes in IFF regulations have the potential to cause significant shifts in the distribution of OAA funds. Indeed, given the magnitude of the changes that could occur, there is likely to be considerable controversy within some states as lawmakers and state officials attempt to bnng current IFFs into conformity with new fede...
A Novel Class of High-Performance Perfluorocyclobutane-Containing Polymers for Second-Order Nonlinear Optics

A series of novel second-order nonlinear opitcal (NLO) thermoset polymers containing silicon-perfluorocyclobutane (PFCB) has been developed. The synthesis was accomplished using the cross-linking reaction between the di(trifluorovinylether)-containing NLO chromophores and the tris(trifluorovinylether) monomer in a solid state at 180−250 °C. The preliminary results have indicated these polymers to possess excellent processability, low optical loss, and a combination of the highly desirable thermal, nonlinear optical, and mechanical properties.
Ultra-stable harmonically mode-locked erbium-doped waveguide laser

Generation of stable pulses and a frequency stabilized optical comb are two key requirements for Fourier Based Arbitrary Waveform Generation (AWG) techniques. The longitudinal mode spacing of the laser must remain as stable as possible to permit effective isolation and processing of the modes for waveform synthesis. The short and long term temporal stability ultimately limits the system's precision as well as its operability in fielded systems. A packaged erbium-doped waveguide provided a highly compact gain medium for the harmonically mode-locked laser design. Stability was achieved by use of an intracavity etalon for frequency stabilization of the optical comb, a Pound-Drever- Hall (PDH) method, and an active bias feedback loop for low frequency noise suppression. The temperature was controlled to limit cavity length variation, and the contribution to stability of each method is quantitatively assessed. The system's stable operating time was increased from hours to greater than a day, and the timing jitter is demonstrated to be lower than that of commercially available erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) systems. Applications to optical signal synthesis and Laser Radar are briefly discussed.
Clinical utility of magnetic resonance thermal imaging (MRTI) for realtime guidance of deep hyperthermia

A critical need has emerged for volumetric thermometry to visualize 3D temperature distributions in real time during deep hyperthermia treatments used as an adjuvant to radiation or chemotherapy for cancer. For the current effort, magnetic resonance thermal imaging (MRTI) is used to measure 2D temperature rise distributions in four cross sections of large extremity soft tissue sarcomas during hyperthermia treatments. Novel hardware and software techniques are described which improve the signal to noise ratio of MR images, minimize motion artifact from circulating coupling fluids, and provide accurate high resolution volumetric thermal dosimetry. For the first 10 extremity sarcoma patients, the mean difference between MRTI region of interest and adjacent interstitial point measurements during the period of steady state temperature was 0.85°C. With 1min temporal resolution of measurements in four image planes, this non-invasive MRTI approach has demonstrated its utility for accurate monitoring and realtime steering of heat into tumors at depth in the body.
The complexities of reading capital in two Puerto Rican families

Two case studies of adult GED (General Education Diploma) students and their kindergarten-aged children are presented. The construct of “capital,” as described by Pierre Bourdieu (1986), is applied specifically to the children's and adults' reading practices. These case studies are analyzed in terms of various forms of official “reading capital” and locally valued reading and schooling practices. The results suggest that children and families possess rich resources that are often ignored, devalued, or denied in schools. The findings of this study challenge the applicability of Bourdieu's description of capital to local communities. Se presentan dos estudios de caso de estudiantes adultos del GED y sus hijos en edad de asistir al preescolar. El concepto de “capital”, como lo describe Pierre Bourdieu (1986), se aplico especificamente a las practicas de lectura de los ninos y los adultos. Estos estudios de caso se analizan en terminos de varias formas de “capital de lectura” oficial y practicas de lectura y escolaridad valoradas localmente. Los resultados sugieren que los ninos y las familias poseen ricos recursos que a menudo se ignoran, devaluan o niegan en las escuelas. Los hallazgos de este estudio presentan un desafio a la validez de aplicar la descripcion de capital de Bourdieu a las comunidades locales. Zwei Untersuchungsstudien von Studenten der Erwachsenenausbildung GED (General Education Development) und ihren im Kindergartenalter befindlichen Kindern werden vorgestellt. Der Begriff von „Kapital,” wie durch Pierre Bourdieu (1986) beschrieben, ist bewust auf Lesepraktiken von Kindern und Erwachsenen angewandt. Diese Untersuchungsstudien sind in Begriffen verschiedener Formen offiziellen „Lesekapitals” analysiert und in Lese- und Unterrichtspraktiken lokal geschatzt. Die Resultate lassen vermuten, dass Kinder und Familien reichliche Ressourcen besitzen, die in Schulen oft ignoriert, abgewertet oder vorenthalten werden. Die Erkenntnisse dieser Studie fordern die Anwendbarkeit von Bourdieus Beschreibung von Kapital fur ortsgebundene Gemeinschaften heraus. Ce texte presente deux etudes de cas portant sur des adultes preparant le diplome de GED (Developpement general en education) et leurs enfants d'âge prescolaire. Le concept de « capital », tel qu'enonce par Pierre Bourdieu (1986), est applique specifiquement aux pratiques de lecture des enfants et des adultes. Ces etudes de cas sont analysees en fonction des differentes formes du « capital lecture » officiel, de la lecture telle qu'elle est valorisee localement, et des practiques scolaires. Les resultats suggerent que les enfants et les familles possedent des ressources qui sont souvent ignorees, devaluees ou niees au sein l'ecole. Les resultats de cette etude constituent un defi pour l'applicabilite de la description du capital de Bourdieu a des communautes locales.
Repair of Radiation and Chemical Damage to DNA in Human Cells

DNA is susceptible to damage from extracellular sources. Repair of damaged DNA can be divided into (a) prereplication repair, observed in DNA that is present when the insult is given, and (b) postreplication repair, observed in the daughter strands synthesized after the insult. Recovery and repair in human cells have been measured in a number of ways: (a) by a decrease in reproductive death with dose fractionation (1), (b) by unscheduled DNA synthesis (2), (c) by repair replication (3), (d) by sedimentation-velocity studies (4), (e) by a combi­nation of repair replication and sedimentation-velocity studies with photolysis of BrdUrd-sensitized DNA (5), and (f) by excision of chemical products or photo-products from DNA (6,7).
Monolithic and Two-Dimensional Integration of Silicon Photonic Microdisks With Microelectronics

A low-power silicon photonic disk resonator is monolithically and two-dimensionally integrated with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) electronics. The results show direct integration with established CMOS manufacturing lines without changing either the CMOS or the photonic process stack. Comparable results for each integration method show subpicojoule per bit modulation and the potential for further reductions. The analysis reveals that the process of integration does not limit the performance of photonic or electronic components, and clear steps to use smaller drivers to achieve sub-50 fJ/bit at 10 Gb/s operation are available.
Recognition of DNA double strand breaks by the BRCA1 tumor suppressor network

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) occur in response to both endogenous and exogenous genotoxic stress. Inappropriate repair of DSBs can lead to either loss of viability or to chromosomal alterations that increase the likelihood of cancer development. In strong support of this assertion, many cancer predisposition syndromes stem from germline mutations in genes involved in DNA DSB repair. Among the most prominent of such tumor suppressor genes are the Breast Cancer 1 and Breast Cancer 2 genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2), which are mutated in familial forms of breast and ovarian cancer. Recent findings implicate BRCA1 as a central component of several distinct macromolecular protein complexes, each dedicated to distinct elements of DNA DSB repair and tumor suppression. Emerging evidence has shed light on some of the molecular recognition processes that are responsible for targeting BRCA1 and its associated partners to DNA and chromatin directly flanking DSBs. These events are required for BRCA1-dependent DNA repair and tumor suppression. Thus, a detailed temporal and spatial knowledge of how breaks are recognized and repaired has profound implications for understanding processes related to the genesis of malignancy and to its treatment.
The NASA MERIT program - Developing new concepts for accurate flight planning

It is noted that the rising cost of aviation fuel has necessitated the development of a new approach to upper air forecasting for flight planning. It is shown that the spatial resolution of the present weather forecast models used in fully automated computer flight planning is an important accuracy-limiting factor, and it is proposed that man be put back into the system, although not in the way he has been used in the past. A new approach is proposed which uses the application of man-computer interactive display techniques to upper air forecasting to retain the fine scale features of the atmosphere inherent in the present data base in order to provide a more accurate and cost effective flight plan. It is pointed out that, as a result of NASA research, the hardware required for this approach already exists.
Cooling System for a Portable Bio-Industry Centrifuge

A centrifuge is used in bio-industry to separate species in blood and other chemicals. Bio-industry requires a temperature of zero degree centigrade in the rotor compartment of a centrifuge where samples are placed. In general, the current portable centrifuge systems generate a temperature of about 22 °C in the rotor compartment when operating at 3000 RPM. The motor and the electronics are the primary sources of the heat generation in such centrifuge. The aim of this study is to develop an appropriate cooling system for a specific portable centrifuge used in separating bioparticles that generates a total heat of approximately 43 W. Experimental, analytical and computer simulation were employed to achieve the project objective of reducing and maintaining the rotor compartment temperature at zero degree C. The CFD code Simulation model predicted rotor compartment temperatures that were in good agreement with those of the experimental measurements within 3%. Having confidence in the CFD model, simulation was carried out to incorporate four TEC units that are embedded on the surface of the rotor compartment resulting in reduced temperature to zero degree C.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Pentafluorotelluriumoxide derivatives of fluorocarbons

Abstract The reaction of xenon bis-pentafluorotelluriumoxide, Xe(OTeF 5 ) 2 , with an excess of perfluorobutadiene gives almost exclusively TeF 5 OCF 2 CFCFCF 2 OTeF 5 and only very little TeF 5 OCF 2 CF(OTeF 5 )CFCF 2 , the first examples of TeF 5 O- substituted unsaturated fluorocarbons. A similar reaction of perfluorocyclohexene produces, depending on the reaction temperature, exclusively the addition product, c-C 6 F 10 (OTeF 5 ) 2 , or predominantly c-C 6 F 11 OTeF 5 , the mixed addition, fluorination product. In the case of TeF 5 OF, an ambient temperature reaction with perfluorobenzene results, depending on the stoichiometry of the reaction, in the addition of either one TeF 5 OF or two molecules of TeF 5 OF accompanied by the oxygenation of the ring to a cyclohexanone derivative.