cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunologic quantification of carcinogen-DNA adducts.

Sensitive immunological methods for the detection of carcinogen-DNA adducts have recently been developed. These techniques are particularly useful for screening human populations for exposure to environmental carcinogens. Measurement of the biologically effective dose in humans may be useful in detecting carcinogenic hazards and carrying out risk estimates. We have developed monoclonal antibodies to several carcinogen-DNA adducts. These have included DNA modified by a benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE-I), 1-aminopyrene (1-AP) and 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP). BALB/cCr mice were immunized with the modified DNAs complexed electrostatically to methylated bovine serum albumin. Several stable clones have been isolated for each of the modified DNAs and characterized by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All antibodies are highly specific for the appropriate modified DNA and do not cross-react with nonmodified DNA. The antibodies to BPDE-I-DNA have significant cross-reactivity with DNAs modified by similar antitrans diol epoxides of benz[a]anthracene and chrysene. These DNAs all contain N-2 of guanine adducts. The antibody probably recognizes a shared determinant encompassing the guanine base and the hydrocarbon ring containing the hydroxide groups. The antibodies cross-react with BPDE-I-dG, the monoadduct isolated from DNA, but with lower sensitivity than for the intact modified DNA. They do not react with acetylaminofluorene (AAF) or 1-AP modified DNA, both of which contain C-8 of guanosine adducts. The antibodies to 1-AP-modified DNA demonstrate cross-reactivity with 8-nitro-1-aminopyrene- and 6-nitro-1 -aminopyrene-modified DNA, as well as some slight cross-reactivity with BPDE-I-DNA and AAF-DNA. In general, all the antibodies have their highest reactivity with the original antigen and do not cross-react with the free carcinogens. Competitive ELISA with these antibodies can quantify modification levels with a sensitivity of about one adduct per 107-108 nucleotides. The antibodies are currently being used to measure adduct levels in animals exposed to carcinogens. In addition, DNA isolated from the lung, placenta, and pheripheral white blood cells of humans with various environmental exposures are being tested.
Antipsychotic Use Among Youth in Foster Care Enrolled in a Specialized Managed Care Organization Intervention.

Objective Little is known about whether interventions implemented by specialized Medicaid managed care organizations (MMCOs) contributed to recent stabilization of antipsychotic prescribing to youths in foster care. This study examined a multimodal antipsychotic intervention implemented by a specialized MMCO for youths in foster care with routine mental health screening, health passports, elective psychiatric consultation line, and retrospective drug utilization reviews to determine whether this multimodal intervention significantly reduced antipsychotic dispensing for youths with conditions without US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved indications. Method Employing a difference-in-differences design, intervention effectiveness for youths in foster care (age 6–17 years) compared with adopted youthss was examined. Analyses were stratified by FDA-indicated conditions, other externalizing conditions, and other internalizing conditions. Outcomes included predicted annual probabilities of any antipsychotic dispensed, antipsychotic dispensed for ≥90 consecutive days, and glucose and lipid testing. Results Intervention-enrolled youths with FDA-indicated conditions, relative to comparison youths, experienced a 0.6% reduction in any antipsychotic dispensed and 3.1% increase for ≥90 consecutive days dispensed in the 2 years following implementation, both nonsignificant differences. Youths with other externalizing disorders experienced significant reductions, relative to comparison youths, in any antipsychotic dispensed (−6.3%, p Conclusion MMCO implementation significantly reduced antipsychotic medications without FDA-indicated conditions prescribed to youths, while not significantly affecting antipsychotic medications prescribed to youths with FDA-indicated conditions.
Pimavanserin versus quetiapine for the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies.

Abstract Introduction Psychosis is common among patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Limited data exist on the most effective therapies. Methods Retrospective cohort study comparing patients with PD or DLB initiated on quetiapine or pimavanserin for psychosis. Primary outcome was time to discontinuation of pimavanserin or quetiapine using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. We hypothesized the rate of antipsychotic discontinuation would be lower in the pimavanserin group. Subjects were included if the indication for treatment was psychosis and excluded if there was a history of major mental illness or no follow up data were available. Results Forty-seven patients were included in the quetiapine cohort and 45 in the pimavanserin cohort. Patients in the pimavanserin cohort were more likely to have a diagnosis of DLB (33% vs. 11%, P = 0.01) and to have been prescribed an antipsychotic previously (62% vs. 6%, P 1 after day 43; P = 0.04). There was no difference in mortality in the pimavanserin group compared to the quetiapine group (HR 0.37, 95% CI 0.06 to 2.45; P = 0.88). More individuals had a documented secondary indication for taking quetiapine than pimavanserin (38% vs. 4%; P = 0.001). Conclusion Accounting for efficacy, safety and tolerability, pimavanserin may be more clinically useful for promptly managing psychosis, while quetiapine may confer additional secondary benefits long-term.
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Causing Necrotizing Pancreatitis: Not as Rare as You Think?

Abstract Background Necrotizing pancreatitis (NP) presents a unique clinical challenge because of its complex and lengthy disease course. Pancreatic necrosis occurs in 10%-20% of acute pancreatitis cases and may result from any etiology. Scattered reports describe pancreatic tumors causing NP; however, the relationship between these disease processes is not clear. We have treated patients whose NP was caused by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and therefore sought to clarify the clinical outcomes of these patients. Methods Patients treated between 2005 and 2018 for NP caused by PDAC were identified. The relationship between NP and PDAC was examined, and the clinical courses of both disease processes were evaluated. Results Among 647 patients treated for NP, seven patients (1.1%) had PDAC and NP. The mean age at NP diagnosis was 60.6 y (range, 49-66). Two patients had postprocedural pancreatitis after cancer diagnosis, and the remaining five patients had NP caused by PDAC. Median duration between diagnoses of NP and PDAC was 5.6 mo (range, 3.5-21.8). For PDAC treatment, four patients received chemotherapy alone, one received palliative radiation therapy, and one died without oncologic management. One patient underwent operative resection of PDAC. Median survival was 12.7 mo (range, 0.4-49.9). Conclusions PDAC may be a more common cause of NP than previously considered and should be considered in patients with NP of appropriate age in whom etiology is otherwise unclear. Prompt diagnosis facilitates optimal treatment in this challenging clinical situation.
Intensity of Renal Replacement Therapy and Duration of Mechanical Ventilation: Secondary Analysis of the Acute Renal Failure Trial Network Study.

Background Randomized clinical trials have failed to show benefit from increasing intensity of renal replacement therapy (RRT) for acute kidney injury, but continue to be frequently used. In addition, intensive RRT is associated with an increase in adverse events potentially secondary to small solute losses, such as phosphate. We hypothesized that, compared with less-intensive RRT, intensive RRT would lead to longer duration of mechanical ventilation. Research Question Does more-intensive renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury increase time to extubation from mechanical ventilation when compared with less-intensive therapy? Study Design and Methods The Acute Renal Failure Trial Network study was a randomized multicenter trial of more-intensive (hemodialysis or sustained low-efficiency dialysis six times per week or continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration at 35 mL/kg per hour) vs less-intensive (hemodialysis or sustained low-efficiency dialysis three times per week or continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration at 20 mL/kg per hour) RRT in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Of 1124 patients, 907 who were supported by mechanical ventilation on study initiation were included in this Cox-proportional hazards analysis. The primary outcome was the time to first successful extubation off mechanical ventilation. Results Patients who were assigned randomly to more-intensive RRT had a 33.3% lower hazard rate of successful extubation (hazard ratio, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.52-0.88; P Interpretation Critically ill mechanically ventilated patients who were assigned randomly to more-intensive RRT had longer duration of mechanical ventilation compared with those who were assigned to less-intensive RRT. The reasons for this, such as excessive phosphate loss from more-intensive RRT, deserve further study to optimize the safety and effectiveness of CRRT delivery. This was a post hoc analysis of the Acute Renal Failure Trial Network study; clinical trial registration of the original trial is NCT00076219.
Validation and generalization of pixel-wise relevance in convolutional neural networks trained for face classification.

The increased use of convolutional neural networks for face recognition in science, governance, and broader society has created an acute need for methods that can show how these 'black box' decisions are made. To be interpretable and useful to humans, such a method should convey a model's learned classification strategy in a way that is robust to random initializations or spurious correlations in input data. To this end, we applied the decompositional pixel-wise attribution method of layer-wise relevance propagation (LRP) to resolve the decisions of several classes of VGG-16 models trained for face recognition. We then quantified how these relevance measures vary with and generalize across key model parameters, such as the pretraining dataset (ImageNet or VGGFace), the finetuning task (gender or identity classification), and random initializations of model weights. Using relevance-based image masking, we find that relevance maps for face classification prove generally stable across random initializations, and can generalize across finetuning tasks. However, there is markedly less generalization across pretraining datasets, indicating that ImageNet- and VGGFace-trained models sample face information differently even as they achieve comparably high classification performance. Fine-grained analyses of relevance maps across models revealed asymmetries in generalization that point to specific benefits of choice parameters, and suggest that it may be possible to find an underlying set of important face image pixels that drive decisions across convolutional neural networks and tasks. Finally, we evaluated model decision weighting against human measures of similarity, providing a novel framework for interpreting face recognition decisions across human and machine.
A coordinate-system-independent method for comparing joint rotational mobilities

Three-dimensional studies of range of motion currently plot joint poses in a 'Euler space' whose axes are angles measured in the joint's three rotational degrees of freedom. Researchers then compute the volume of a pose cloud to measure rotational mobility. However, pairs of poses that are equally different from one another in orientation are not always plotted equally far apart in Euler space. This distortion causes a single joint's mobility to change when measured based on different joint coordinate systems and precludes fair comparison among joints. Here, we present two alternative spaces inspired by a 16th century map projection - cosine-corrected and sine-corrected Euler spaces - that allow coordinate-system-independent comparison of joint rotational mobility. When tested with data from a bird hip joint, cosine-corrected Euler space demonstrated a 10-fold reduction in variation among mobilities measured from three joint coordinate systems. This new quantitative framework enables previously intractable, comparative studies of articular function.
Longitudinal Dynamics of Intact HIV Proviral DNA and Outgrowth Virus Frequencies in a Cohort of Individuals Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy.

BACKGROUND The replication-competent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoir is the major barrier to cure. The quantitative viral outgrowth assay (QVOA), the gold-standard method to quantify replication-competent HIV, is resource intensive, which limits its application in large clinical trials. The intact proviral DNA assay (IPDA) requires minimal cell input relative to QVOA and quantifies both defective and intact proviral HIV DNA, the latter potentially serving as a surrogate marker for replication-competent provirus. However, there are limited cross-sectional and longitudinal data on the relationship between IPDA and QVOA measurements. METHODS QVOA and IPDA measurements were performed on 156 resting CD4 T-cell (rCD4) samples from 83 antiretroviral therapy-suppressed HIV-positive participants. Longitudinal QVOA and IPDA measurements were performed on rCD4 from 29 of these participants. RESULTS Frequencies of intact, defective, and total proviruses were positively associated with frequencies of replication-competent HIV. Longitudinally, decreases in intact proviral frequencies were strikingly similar to that of replication-competent virus in most participants. In contrast, defective proviral DNA frequencies appeared relatively stable over time in most individuals. CONCLUSIONS Changes in frequencies of IPDA-derived intact proviral DNA and replication-competent HIV measured by QVOA are similar. IPDA is a promising high-throughput approach to estimate changes in the frequency of the replication-competent reservoir.
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelets

Knowledge of both anticoagulants and antiplatelets is very important for neuroanesthesiologists. This chapter introduces the anticoagulants and antiplatelets most often encountered during neuroanesthesia practice. Those drugs are listed in Figs. 13.1 and 13.2 based on their classification. Mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and clinical use of each drug are detailed through the chapter.
Planetary Surface Mobility and Exploration: A Review

With the continued interest in scientific space exploration and rapid development of the commercialized space sector, there have been a wide array of exploration technologies proposed for planetary mobility. This paper aims to survey these new technologies, explain the motivations and challenges of traversing different space environments, and describe why certain approaches will be more ubiquitous. A continued dominance by four- and six-wheeled vehicles for lunar and Martian exploration due to reliability, simplicity, and efficiency is observed. However, there is an emergence of alternative wheeled vehicle kinematics, other legged locomotion, and flying, climbing, or hopping robots when these designs confer specific advantages. The engineering maxim “form follows function” is strongly represented within the array of robotic planetary explorer designs. The limitations of an irradiated, dusty, vacuous, remote operating environment which prioritizes efficiency and robust operation often lead to small iterations on working designs because deviations from the status quo are simply not feasible or deemed too risky. Those proposed designs which do deviate have clear justifications driven by their particular environments or intended purpose. Engineers developing future planetary exploring robots for space environments may find these considerations useful.
A design study for adaptive primary mirrors in 1-2 meter class telescopes

Adaptive optics (AO) offers an opportunity to stabilize an image and maximize the spatial resolution achievable by ground based telescopes by removing the distortions due to the atmosphere. Typically, the deformable mirror in an AO system is integrated into the optical path between the secondary mirror and science instrument; in some cases, the deformable mirror is integrated into the telescope itself as an adaptive secondary mirror. However including the deformable mirror as the primary mirror of the telescope has been left largely unexplored due to the previous cost and complexity of large-format deformable mirror technology. In recent years this technology has improved, leaving deformable primary mirrors as a viable avenue towards higher actuator density and a simplification in testing and deploying adaptive optics systems. We present a case study to explore the benefits and trade-offs of integrating an adaptive optics system using the primary mirror of the telescope in small-to-mid-sized telescopes.
Cortical microstructural changes associated with treated aphasia recovery.

OBJECTIVES To investigate the hypothesis that language recovery in post-stroke aphasia is associated with structural brain changes. METHODS We evaluated whether treatment-induced improvement in naming is associated with reorganization of tissue microstructure within residual cortical regions. To this end, we performed a retrospective longitudinal treatment study using comprehensive language-linguistic assessments and diffusion MRI sequences optimized for the assessment of complex microstructure (diffusional kurtosis imaging) to evaluate the relationship between language treatment response and cortical changes in 26 individuals with chronic stroke-induced aphasia. We employed elastic net statistical models controlling for baseline factors including age, sex, and time since the stroke, as well as lesion volume. RESULTS We observed that improved naming accuracy (Philadelphia Naming Test) was statistically associated with increased post-treatment microstructural integrity in the left posterior superior temporal gyrus. Moreover, increase in microstructural integrity in the left middle temporal gyrus and left inferior temporal gyrus was specifically associated with a decrease in semantic paraphasias. This longitudinal relationship between brain tissue integrity and language improvement was not observed in other non-language related brain regions. INTERPRETATION Our findings provide evidence that structural brain changes in the preserved left hemisphere regions are associated with treatment-induced language recovery in aphasia and are part of the mechanisms supporting language and brain injury recovery.
Opening Up Containment

Our paper contributes to Science, Technology and Society (STS) scholarship on the practices and technologies of containment. We build on existing work in STS that has analyzed containment as a perf...
Viable but Nonculturable Bacteria

Viable but nonculturable (VBNC) bacteria are not detected using standard microbiological assays, hence environmental samples thought to lack bacteria may in fact contain large numbers of these dormant-like cells. Though regrowth, or resuscitation, of bacteria remains the most definitive measure of the presence of VBNC cells, growth-independent viability assays using flow cytometry combined with LIVE/DEAD staining, RT-qPCR and microarray analysis have been developed to detect VBNC cells in environmental samples. Genes specific for the VBNC state have yet to be identified, however, several genes, including rpoS, are reported to be involved in the VBNC condition. Further elucidation of the genetic mechanism causing entry into and resuscitation from the VBNC state will likely coincide with advances in transcriptomic and proteomic technologies. Though controversial, the VBNC state can explain certain environmental microbial phenomena, such as the source of recurrent bacterial infections in plants and animals. Key Concepts: The VBNC state is thought to be a long-term survival mechanism that initiates in response to environmental stress. A general, but not universal, acceptance of the VBNC condition exists even though the molecular mechanism involved has yet to be elucidated. Resuscitation of the VBNC state has been observed in only some species of bacteria reported to become VBNC. Several genes, including rpoS, mreB and rpf have been identified as being involved in the VBNC condition. Bacteria in the VBNC state may retain pathogenicity. Keywords: viable but nonculturable (VBNC); bacteria; resuscitation; dormancy; persister cells
Parameter Synthesis for Piecewise Affine Systems from Temporal Logic Specifications

In this paper, we consider discrete-time continuous-space Piecewise Affine (PWA) systems with parameter uncertainties, and study temporal logic properties of their trajectories. Specifically, given a PWA system with polytopal parameter uncertainties, and a Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) formula over linear predicates in the states of the system, we attempt to find subsets of parameters guaranteeing the satisfaction of the formula by all trajectories of the system. We illustrate our method by applying it to a PWA model of a two-gene network.
Response of lead-acid batteries to chopper-controlled discharge

The preliminary results of simulated electric vehicle, chopper, speed controller discharge of a battery show energy output losses at up to 25 percent compared to constant current discharges at the same average discharge current of 100 A. These energy losses are manifested as temperature rises during discharge, amounting to a two-fold increase for a 400-A pulse compared to the constant current case. Because of the potentially large energy inefficiency, the results suggest that electric vehicle battery/speed controller interaction must be carefully considered in vehicle design.
Student Modeling from Conversational Test Data: A Bayesian Approach Without Priors

Although conventional tests are often used for determining a student's overall competence, they are seldom used for determining a finegrained model. However, this problem does arise occasionally, such as when a conventional test is used to initialize the student model of an ITS. Existing psychometric techniques for solving this problem are intractable. Straightforward Bayesian techniques are also inapplicable because they depend too strongly on the priors, which are often not available. Our solution is to base the assessment on the difference between the prior and posterior probabilities. If the test data raise the posterior probability of mastery of a piece of knowledge even slightly above its prior probability, then that is interpreted as evidence that the student has mastered that piece of knowledge. Evaluation of this technique with artificial students indicates that it can deliver highly accurate assessments.
Occupant injury in rollover crashes - contribution of planar impacts with objects and other vehicles

Planar impacts with objects and other vehicles may increase the risk and severity of injury in rollover crashes. The current study compares the frequency of injury measures (MAIS 2+, 3+, and 4+; fatal; AIS 2+ head and cervical spine; and AIS 3+ head and thorax) as well as vehicle type distribution (passenger car, SUV, van, and light truck), crash kinematics, and occupant demographics between single vehicle single event rollovers (SV Pure) and multiple event rollovers to determine which types of multiple event rollovers can be pooled with SV Pure to study rollover induced occupant injury. Four different types of multiple event rollovers were defined: single and multi-vehicle crashes for which the rollover is the most severe event (SV Prim and MV Prim) and single and multi-vehicle crashes for which the rollover is not the most severe event (SV Non-Prim and MV Non-Prim). Information from real world crashes was obtained from the National Automotive Sampling System – Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) for the period from 1995 through 2011. Belted, contained or partially ejected, adult occupants in vehicles that completed 1–16 lateral quarter turns were assigned to one of the five rollover categories. The results showed that the frequency of injury in non-primary rollovers (SV Non-Prim and MV Non-Prim) involving no more than one roof inversion is substantially greater than in SV Pure, but that this disparity diminishes for crashes involving multiple inversions. It can further be concluded that for a given number of roof inversions, the distribution of injuries and crash characteristics in SV Pure and SV Prim crashes are sufficiently similar for these categories to be considered collectively for purposes of understanding etiologies and developing strategies for prevention.
Intelligent control of semiconductor manufacturing processes

The intelligent control mechanism relies on neural networks to model quantitatively semiconductor manufacturing processes. The learning capability of neural networks provides accurate approximations to these processes. The control strategy is based on fuzzy logic for capturing the heuristic knowledge and a feedforward neural network for capturing the process models. The hardware implementation of this scheme is under development. The limitations of classical control paradigms are reviewed. The concept of intelligent control is introduced, and ways to construct hybrid fuzzy logic/neural network controllers are discussed. Fuzzy logic control is examined. The neural network control is presented. The conceptual design of intelligent manufacturing architecture and its control mechanisms are given. >
Different 2-Aminothiazole Therapeutics Produce Distinct Patterns of Scrapie Prion Neuropathology in Mouse Brains

Because no drug exists that halts or even slows any neurodegenerative disease, developing effective therapeutics for any prion disorder is urgent. We recently reported two compounds (IND24 and IND81) with the 2-aminothiazole (2-AMT) chemical scaffold that almost doubled the incubation times in scrapie prion-infected, wild-type (wt) FVB mice when given in a liquid diet. Remarkably, oral prophylactic treatment with IND24 beginning 14 days prior to intracerebral prion inoculation extended survival from ∼120 days to over 450 days. In addition to IND24, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of five additional 2-AMTs; one was not followed further because its brain penetration was poor. Of the remaining four new 2-AMTs, IND114338 doubled and IND125 tripled the incubation times of RML-inoculated wt and Tg4053 mice overexpressing wt mouse prion protein (PrP), respectively. Neuropathological examination of the brains from untreated controls showed a widespread deposition of self-propagating, β-sheet-rich "scrapie" isoform (PrP(Sc)) prions accompanied by a profound astrocytic gliosis. In contrast, mice treated with 2-AMTs had lower levels of PrP(Sc) and associated astrocytic gliosis, with each compound resulting in a distinct pattern of deposition. Notably, IND125 prevented both PrP(Sc) accumulation and astrocytic gliosis in the cerebrum. Progressive central nervous system dysfunction in the IND125-treated mice was presumably due to the PrP(Sc) that accumulated in their brainstems. Disappointingly, none of the four new 2-AMTs prolonged the lives of mice expressing a chimeric human/mouse PrP transgene inoculated with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions.
Estimation of initiated local field potential by neurons in heterogeneous tissue environment using admittance method

In order to decode the relationship between the activity of neuronal networks in the brain and the physiological response, multiple recording methods are available to monitor the spatial-temporal response of the neurons. Compared to single neuron recording that is useful for finding neuronal response, local field potential (LFP) recording allows for analysis of a larger neuronal network response. LFP is a combinational effect of the asynchronous action potentials from multiple neurons and can be recorded using implanted microelectrodes. Accurately calculating the LFP of a simulated neuronal network allows for optimal electrode placement for electrical stimulation and recording. The simulated LFP on a proximal recording electrode due to the neuronal firings of a multineuron network can be compared with the recorded LFP from a relevant experiment. In this work we compare two different methods for solving multineuron network field potentials.
Block Copolymer Micelles Formed in Supercritical Fluid Can Become Water-Dispensable Nanoparticles: Poly(ethylene glycol)−block-Poly(ϵ-caprolactone) in Trifluoromethane

Micelles of hydrophilic−hydrophobic block polymers, such as poly(ethylene glycol)−block-poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PEG−b-PCL), used as drug-delivery carriers, are generally fabricated via solvent displacement or dialysis, which is time-consuming, requires freeze drying, and can leave toxic traces of the residual organic solvents. An alternative is presented in this paper: form micellar PEG−b-PCL nanoparticles in a supercritical fluid solvent and then disperse them in water toward a water-dispensable formulation. This method is illustrated with pressure−temperature phase diagrams for PEG−b-PCL in supercritical trifluoromethane, which is selective enough for the PCL and PEG blocks to induce micellization. When subjected to decompression to remove trifluoromethane, dry and organic solvent-free nanoparticles are readily obtained. Their micellar structure is immediately reestablished in water, as confirmed by laser light scattering. Neither has been demonstrated previously.
The planning dialectic of continuity and change: The evolution of metropolitan planning in Madrid 1

Abstract City planning deals with designing and managing institutions that affect the future quality of urban places. The research reported in this article is on the evolution of urban planning in Madrid from 1857 to 1995. In Madrid, important aspects of planning have changed over this period, while others have remained almost unaltered. The tension between forces supporting continuity or struggling for change provided an animating dialectic that explains the evolution of urban planning and its institutions in Spain's capital. This dialectic of continuity and change is inherent in the nature of planning institutions themselves, as we argue in the conclusion, and has important implications for planning theory.
Granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor released by adenovirally transduced CT26 cells leads to the local expression of macrophage inflammatory protein 1α and accumulation of dendritic cells at vaccination sites in vivo

Antigen presenting cells (APC) play an essential role in the generation of tumor-specific immune responses. Dendritic cells are the most potent of APC, capable of activating both antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Previously, we have described how vaccination of mice with irradiated tumor cells producing granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) induces tumor-specific immunity capable of protecting mice from a subsequent tumor challenge. The present study extends these findings to examine the types of APC infiltrating vaccination sites and the chemokines responsible for their recruitment. GM-CSF released from genetically engineered tumor cells led to the local accumulation of dendritic cells in and around the vaccination site. Quantification revealed a significant ten-fold increase in the number of dendritic cells infiltrating GM-CSF-producing as opposed to β-galactosidase-producing (control) vaccination sites. Reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemical analysis of vaccination sites revealed that MIP-1α may be responsible for dendritic cell infiltration into GM-CSF-producing tissues. These findings suggest that GM-CSF may indirectly recruit dendritic cells into vaccination sites through the local production of MIP-1α.
SPIN AND STATISTICS WITH AN INDEFINITE METRIC

Abstract A theory of spin - 1 2 bosons and spin-0 fermions formulated with an indefinite metric for physical states is considered. The requirement that squares of S-matrix elements be interpretable as probabilities in the usual sense is formulated in terms of a symmetry principle as a consequence of which states with positive norms become separated from those with negative norms by a superselection law. The symmetry transformation, called metric conjugation, is induced by the metric operator and is non-local. An example of an interaction invariant under metric conjugation is shown to lead to a unitary S matrix and to a theory that admits a causal interpretation in the sense of Stueckelberg. Some consequences of the assumption that the muon is a spin - 1 2 boson are discussed. The theory then provides a physical basis for the absence of the decays μ→e+γ, μ→3e in the sense that the conservation law which leads to these selection rules is the one required for the theory to admit a physical interpretation. The same conservation law forbids muon pair production.
A Compromise Method for the Design of Parametric Polynomial Surrogate Models

This study presents a compromise approach to augmentation of response surface (RS) designs to achieve the desired level of accuracy. RS are frequently used as surrogate models in multidisciplinary design optimization of complex mechanical systems. Augmentation is necessitated by the high computational expense typically associated with each function evaluation. As a result previous results from lower fidelity models are incorporated into the higher fidelity RS designs. The compromise approach yields higher quality parametric polynomial response surface approximations than traditional augmentation. Based on the D-optimality criterion as a measure of RS design quality, the method simultaneously considers several polynomial models during the RS design, resulting in good quality designs for all models under consideration, as opposed to good quality designs only for lower order models as in the case of traditional augmentation. Several numerical and an engineering example are presented to illustrate the efficacy of the approach.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Gastrostomy revision: incidence and indications.

Abstract Background/purpose Although quite reliable, gastrostomy may require revision. However, there are no reports in the literature specifically delineating identifiable risk factors or circumstances that lead to gastrostomy revision in children with gastrostomy. The purpose of this report was to determine the rate of revision and correlate any factors that may lead to revision. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on 1,042 children who underwent gastrostomy at The Children’s Hospital, Denver, Colorado, between 1992 and 2002. Charts of children who underwent gastrostomy were reviewed for pertinent clinical factors and compared with those who required gastrostomy revision. Results Of the 1,042 children, who had gastrostomies, 67 revisions were required in 61 children (6%). Of the many possible factors that could have had an influence on the revision rate, only fundoplication, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), migration of the gastrostomy site, and time correlated with the need for gastrostomy revision. Conclusions Parents should be made aware that there is a 6% chance that their child’s gastrostomy may need revision and that the need for revision may increase with PEG, initial construction before 18 months of age, and the advancing age of the gastrostomy. Surgeons should avoid placing the gastrostomy near the costal margin, making a large gastrostomy exit tract through the abdominal wall and inserting a gastrostomy into the nutritionally depleted pulmonary stressed neurologically challenged child without first attempting to improve the child’s nutritional status.
Chemical thermodynamic properties of anthracene and phenanthrene

Abstract The ideal-gas thermodynamic properties of the three-ring condensed aromatic isomers, anthracene and phenanthrene, have been calculated. The spectroscopic entropies have been compared with the third-law entropies from calorimetric results and vapor pressures.
A microscopic examination of the male turkey proctodeal gland

The morphology of the dorsal proctodeal gland of the mature male turkey closely resembles that of the proctodeal gland of the mature female Japanese quail. This exocrine gland is a collection of compound, coiled, tubular units. Diffuse lymphoid tissue and germinal centers are distributed throughout the lamina propria and are closely associated with the surface and glandular epithelia. The morphology and histochemistry of the proctodeal gland mucosa suggest that it may secrete muco-substance(s) and may have immunogenic capabilities.
Utilizing HDL levels to improve detection of celiac disease in patients with iron deficiency anemia

Utilizing HDL Levels to Improve Detection of Celiac Disease in Patients With Iron Deficiency Anemia
Therapeutic potential of interleukin-6 in preventing obesity- and alcohol-associated fatty liver transplant failure.

Abstract Donor organ shortage significantly hinders orthotopic liver transplantation therapy, the only effective treatment for chronic end-stage liver disease and acute liver failure. Further complicating this matter is the prevalence of steatosis in 13% to 50% of donor livers obtained from obese and alcoholic individuals. When transplanted, these livers are associated with primary nonfunction and an elevated risk of dysfunction. New therapeutic approaches to render marginal fatty livers worthy for clinical transplantation are actively being sought. Study findings obtained from my group show that in vitro treatment with interleukin-6 (IL-6) dramatically reduces mortality, liver injury, and necrapoptosis in steatotic Zucker rat liver isografts. Findings of additional studies indicate that IL-6 induces hepatoprotection of steatotic liver isografts by preventing sinusoidal endothelial cell damage and, consequently, the amelioration of hepatic microcirculation, and by protecting against hepatocyte death, which is likely mediated through activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/Bcl-x L . Finally, in vitro IL-6 treatment also prevents mortality associated with alcoholic fatty liver transplants. Relative to the protective effect of IL-6 on steatotic Zucker rat liver, IL-6 is less effective in alcoholic fatty livers, which may be due to the inhibitory effects of ethanol on IL-6 activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells. Collectively, these results support the assertion that in vitro IL-6 treatment of steatotic livers may render allografts usable for clinical transplantation, thereby decreasing the gap between the short supply of cadaver liver allografts and high demands for replacement livers. Higher concentrations of IL-6 may be required to protect against alcoholic fatty liver isograft injury because alcohol inhibits IL-6 signaling in the liver.
Love Magic and Socialization Anxiety: A Cross‐Cultural Study

THIS note presents the results of a cross-cultural investigation of the relationship between anxiety and magic. The specific proposition being tested may be stated as follows: love magic is most elaborated in societies with high sexual anxiety. The validity of this proposition is relevant to theories presented by several writers including Malinowski, Rosenthal and Siegel, and Whiting and Child. For Malinowksi, "Magic is based on specific experience of emotional states in which man observes not nature but himself, in which the truth is revealed not by reason but by the play of emotions upon the human organism .... The theories of knowledge are dictated by logic, those of magic by the association of ideas under the influence of desire" (1925:87). Essentially he is suggesting that magic is helpful to the individual in reducing painful anxiety. The magical structure of a culture reflects the basic anxieties of that culture, much as dreams may reflect the internal anxieties of an individual (cf. D'Andrade 1961). Rosenthal and Siegel elaborate on Malinowski's hypothesis when they
Excited-state-donor--to--acceptor transitions in the photoluminescence spectrum of GaAs and InP

In addition to the normally observed conduction-band---to---acceptor and ground-state-donor---to---acceptor transition peaks in the low-temperature photoluminescence spectrum of high-purity GaAs and InP, we report for the first time the observation of an additional peak in the spectrum, which we attribute to transitions from donors in their first excited state to neutral acceptors. This peak appears between the normally observed conduction-band---to---acceptor ($e\ensuremath{-}{A}^{0}$) and ground-state-donor---to---acceptor (${D}_{n=1}^{0}\ensuremath{-}{A}^{0}$) peaks. The theory of Kamiya and Wagner is generalized to include this process and predicts line shapes in excellent agreement with experiment.
A Wavelet Multigrid Method Using Symmetric Biorthogonal Wavelets

In [1], the author introduced a wavelet multigrid method that used the wavelet transform to define the coarse grid, interpolation, and restriction operators for the multigrid method. In this paper, we modify the method by using symmetric biorthogonal wavelet transforms to define the requisite operators. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the modified wavelet multigrid method for diffusion problems with highly oscillatory coefficients, as well as for advection-diffusion equations in which the advection is moderately dominant.
Thin Film Microstructure of a Solution Processable Pyrene-Based Organic Semiconductor

Semiconducting 6,7,15,16-tetrakis(dodecylthio)quinoxalino[2′,3′:9,10]phenanthro[4,5-abc]phenazine (TQPP-12) has been synthesized as a candidate solution-processable semiconductor for organic electronics applications. We characterize the microstructure of TQPP-12 in films using a combination of polarized photon absorption spectroscopies (X-ray, vis, and infrared), X-ray diffraction, and scanning probe techniques. This characterization strategy allowed for the determination of molecular orientation and packing style within thin films of this complex molecule. The TQPP-12 molecules are arranged within layers, and the aromatic cores are separated from the alkane side chains. Both the core long axes and side chains are highly tilted with respect to surface normal, and the conjugated planes of the core are cofacially packed.
The Effect of Federal Wilderness on County Growth in the Intermountain Western United States

A consistent theme in the debate over federally-owned wilderness areas in the intermountain western United States is that local economies may be adversely affected by such a designation. Yet empirical evidence of this negative effect is rarely offered. This paper finds, for a sample of 250 nonurban counties in the eight states of the intermountain west, no evidence that the existence of federal wilderness is directly or indirectly associated with either population-density or total-employment-density growth between 1980 and 1990. This empirical finding is based on a disequilibrium model of population and employment growth. Furthermore, much of the economic concern over wilderness designation centers on its perceived effect on resource-based industries. Yet, this study finds no empirical evidence that county-level resource-based employment is adversely affected by the existence of federal wilderness.
Analog Computing Techniques Applied to Atmospheric Diffusion: Continuous Line Source

Abstract The partial differential equation which describes steady-state diffusion from an infinite line source is replaced with a set of simultaneous ordinary differential equations solved on an electronic analog computer. One space dimension, distance downwind, is represented by computer time; the other, height, is replaced with finite differences. Solutions are obtained for constant, power law, and logarithmic wind profiles, and for diffusion of particulates which can settle out and deposit on the ground. All solutions are obtained with one basic computing circuit. Each problem requires only a particular setting of the coefficient potentiometers in the circuit. Implementation of this circuit requires only 9 integrating amplifiers and 26 coefficient potentiometers, available in any medium sized computer. The solution's accuracy has been measured by comparing the computer plots with the analytical solution for constant wind profile. This measures the total error due to the finite difference approximation ...
Effect of uniaxial compression on impurity conduction in p-silicon

Abstract The effect of [001] uniaxial compression on impurity conduction has been investigated in Boron-doped p-Si with N A ≈ 2.7 × 10 18 cm −3 , in the temperature rane 1.25 to 80°K and up to 1.6 × 10 10 dyn cm −2 . Results will be compared to similar investigations of p-Ge and p-Si.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC AND HEALTH PROFILE OF PARTIDIPANTS IN A HANDICAPPED INFANTS' PROGRAM WITH PERINATAL DEATHS AND WITH NORMAL NEONATES IN AN URBAN HOSPITAL

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC AND HEALTH PROFILE OF PARTIDIPANTS IN A HANDICAPPED INFANTS' PROGRAM WITH PERINATAL DEATHS AND WITH NORMAL NEONATES IN AN URBAN HOSPITAL
Two-phase unsaturated flow at Yucca Mountain, Nevada - A Report on Current Understanding

The U.S. civilian nuclear waste program is unique in its focus on disposal of high-level wastes in the unsaturated zone (UZ), above the water table. The potential repository site currently under investigation is located in a semi-arid region of the southwestern U.S. at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The geology of the site consists of layered sequences of faulted, fractured, and bedded tuffs. The groundwater table is approximately 600 m beneath the land surface, while the proposed repository horizon is at a nominal depth of approximately 375 m. In this kind of environment, two-phase flow is not just a localized perturbation to natural conditions, as in the saturated zone, but is the predominant mode of water and gas flow. The purpose of this report is to review the current understanding of gas and water flow, and mass transport, in the unique hydrogeologic environment of Yucca Mountain. Characteristics of the Yucca Mountain site are examined, and concepts and mathematical modeling approaches are described for variably saturated flow in thick unsaturated zones of fractured rock. The paper includes a brief summary of the disposal concept and repository design, as developed by a team of engineering contractors to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), with strong participation from the DOE National Laboratories.
Tidal distortions and flood dominance at five small tidal inlets in southern Maine

Maximum and mean flood current velocities exceeded ebb current velocities by an average of more than 20 cm s−1 at five small inlets along the southern coast of Maine. Distortion of the tidal wave as it interacts with these shallow inlets, such that the rising tide duration averages 3:22 h less than the falling tide duration, may be the cause of flood current dominance at these inlets. Tide records from three locations at Ogunquit Inlet, located along the southern coast of Maine, show that the 29-day average tide duration asymmetry increases from a rising tide that is 0:07 h longer than the falling tide for the offshore record to a rising tide that is 2:15 and 5:15 h shorter than the falling tide for the inlet throat and bay records, respectively. Previous field studies and numerical models of tidal asymmetry have not examined tidal distortion in very shallow inlets where the channels shoal to depths shallower than the forcing tide amplitude. At the inlets investigated in this paper, channels are shallower than the ocean tide amplitude by an average of 30 cm. A model is presented that explains how the shallow inlet bathymetry truncates the ocean tide and produces an inlet tide characterized by an extended falling tide and a shortened rising tide duration. The dominance of flood tidal currents at these inlets produces net landward sediment transport.