cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How We Contradict Ourselves: The Case of John Cochrane—Gliding and Behavioral Economics

John Cochrane, a leading economist, has consistently expressed a skeptical view toward behavioral economics and libertarian-paternalism. Specifically, he has consistently voiced his disagreement wi...
Harmonics and voltage quality in post-fault reconfigured multi-level inverters

The main focus of this paper is to investigate the effect of post-fault reconfiguration on the inverter voltage total harmonic distortion in multilevel inverters (MLI). Three different operating conditions are compared: 1) Healthy, 2) Faulty, and 3) Reconfigured using different methods that utilize inherent inverter redundancy. Literature mostly addresses balancing line-to-line voltage RMS when reconfiguring the inverter after fault occurrence, and line-to-neutral voltage and harmonic content after reconfiguration is ignored. However, line-to-neutral voltage quality is essential for per-phase analysis of Y-connected three-phase loads, neutral point power conditioning when the neutral exists, unbalanced loading conditions, and harmonic content analysis required by some grid interconnection standards such as AS4777 and IEEE1547. This paper first introduces an accurate analytical model to analyze the harmonic content of the line-to-neutral voltage. Then, two fault conditions are introduced into the model and verified in experiments. Three popular reconfiguration methods to mitigate these faults are then evaluated to analyze and compare harmonic content and RMS values of the achieved line-to-neutral voltages. Simulation and experimental results of healthy, faulty, and reconfigured conditions show that the predicted RMS and total harmonic distortion of the line-to-neutral voltage using the proposed model are accurate. Results also show that the line-to-neutral voltage is severely impacted by existing reconfiguration methods.
Epidural abscess presenting as severe depression with suicidal ideations: Case report.

Background Epidural abscess (EDA) is an uncommon form of intracranial infection that generally presents with fever, headache, and focal neurologic deficit. Imaging generally reveals a lentiform collection with diffusion restriction on diffusion weighted image. We present an interesting case in which a patient with EDA presented with three weeks of depression with suicidal ideations. The patient displayed no notable infectious signs and the imaging was suggestive of chronic subdural hematoma (SDH) rather than EDA. Case description The patient is a 57-year-old man with past medical history significant for epilepsy and left hemiplegia secondary to remote traumatic brain injury who presented with a three-week history of depression, anxiety, and active suicidal ideation, resulting in psychiatric admission to an outside hospital. He had undergone three previous craniotomies for SDH many years ago and had no significant psychiatric history. Magnetic resonance imaging was consistent with subacute right SDH. On presentation, patient was at neurologic baseline and was afebrile with unremarkable labs. Operative findings demonstrated frank purulence in the epidural space. The patient was treated with antibiotics and both depression and suicidal ideations resolved postoperative day 5. Conclusions EDA can present in atypical ways, especially in patients who have undergone previous cranial procedures. Depression is one possible atypical presentation.
Planning for soft goals

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the planning for soft goals. The discussions of planning for soft goals have been performed in the context of agents that attempt to maximize the expected utility of their decisions. In such an approach, symbolic goals are replaced by utility functions, and plans are generated in a forward-directed fashion in such a way as to maximize the utility of the expected outcome of the plan. For example, goal number 8 in list of goals, catching the earliest train possible, would be handled by constructing a utility function which has a higher value the earlier the agent got to the train station. The agent would then search through the possible sequences of actions it could perform to get to the station, and choose the plan which maximizes the utility. This is a fairly straightforward application of forward-directed planning to soft goals. In some situations, a straightforward form of goal regression can be used for soft goals.
Sympathoadrenal activity in infants of diabetic mothers

We assessed the activity of the sympathoadrenal system in infants of diabetic mothers. Concentrations of metanephrine in the amniotic fluid were correlated to amniotic fluid lung profiles. At the time of delivery, the levels of umbilical artery and vein plasma catecholamines were compared to the incidence of neonatal complications. Mature lung profiles correlated significantly with progressively rising metanephrine concentrations. Infants who had a higher incidence of neonatal complications at delivery had significantly higher plasma catecholamine levels as well. It is concluded that in infants of diabetic mothers there is a highly significant association between the sympathoadrenal activity and lung maturation. The majority of infants of diabetic mothers have excessive sympathoadrenal activity at birth, which could potentially lead toward catecholamine depletion and related complications in the first days of life.
Evidence of Cooperative Phenomena in the Asymptotic Time Behavior of Correlation Functions: Self-Diffusion Coefficient of Methane

A long lime tail of the velocity auto-correlation function (vcf) as proposed by Ernst et al. is assumed to exist and extend to infinite times. This long time tail is assumed to evolve smoothly from the vcf for shorter times as generated by molecular dynamics. Based on this behavior of the vcf, the self-diffusion coefficient of a hard sphere model of methane is calculated for several densities for the isotherm T= 298.2 K and compared with actual experimental data. Three different models are considered for density dependence of the time to where the tail begins to appear.
Final comments on Eisenberg's paper

I must begin by expressing appreciation for the spirit in which Ted accepted my comments as intended to be intellectually and not personally provocative. Let me also assure him that I was not at all offended by the paper – it would be more accurate to say that I was stimulated by it to voice some strong disagreements. Beyond the particular aspects on which we have different perspectives, I applaud his decision to raise ethical issues, too often ignored in writing about mathematics education.
Managing the Patient With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Methamphetamine Use: A Practical Perspective for the Clinician

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a serious, chronic, progressive cardiopulmonary disease. PAH is associated with several concomitant conditions, as well as drugs and toxins.1,2 Methamphetamine abuse is likely associated with the development of PAH.3 Methamphetamine abuse is epidemic in the United States and abroad, with rates of new users escalating since 2012. There are over 100,000 new users annually as young as 12 years old. Treating a patient with a history of methamphetamine abuse poses many challenges for a clinician, including nonadherence, therapeutic treatment selection, complex psychosocial issues, and relapse or continued drug abuse. Patients with methamphetamine-associated PAH (Meth-APAH) have higher mortality rates when compared to idiopathic PAH.3 Having a better understanding of the complexities of addiction and working with a multidisciplinary team that includes a social worker to provide care and counseling to these patients can improve their trajectory. In this article, we will o...
Stability of the Subaxial Spine after Penetrating Trauma: Do Classification Systems Apply?

Objective. Blunt spinal trauma classification systems are well established and provide reliable treatment algorithms. To date, stability of the spine after civilian gunshot wounds (CGSWS) is poorly understood. Herein, we investigate the validity of trauma classification systems including the Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score (TLICS), Subaxial Cervical Spine Injury Classification and Severity Score (SLIC), and Denis’ three-column model when applied to spinal penetrating trauma from gunshots, while secondarily evaluating stability of these injuries. Methods. Gunshot injuries to the spine were identified from an institutional database from ICD-nine codes. Trauma scorings systems were applied using traditional criteria. Neurologic compromise and spinal stability were evaluated using follow-up clinic notes and radiographs. Results. Thirty-one patients with CSGSW were evaluated. There was an equal distribution of injuries amongst the spinal levels and spinal columns. Twenty patients had neurological deficits at presentation. Eight patient had a TLICS score >4. Three patients had a SLIC score >4. One patient had surgical treatment. Nonoperative treatment did not lead to spinal instability or adverse outcomes in any cases. The posterior column had a high correlation with neurologic compromise, though not statistically significant (p=.118). Conclusions. The TLICS, SLIC, and three-column classification systems cannot be applied to CSGSW to quantify injury severity, predict outcomes, or guide treatment decision-making. Despite significant neurologic injuries and disruption of multiple spinal columns, CSGSW do not appear to result in unstable injuries requiring operative intervention. Further research is needed to identify the rare spinal gunshot injury that would benefit from immediate surgical intervention.
Efficient Generation of High Power Microwaves using the Degenerate Band Edge Oscillators

We propose a novel scheme for efficient generation of high power microwaves exploiting a four-mode interaction principle 1, 2 occurring in slow-wave-structures (SWSs) with degenerate band edge (DBE). The DBE condition entails the coalescence of four slow-wave eigenmodes (both wavenumbers and eigenvectors) at the band edge in special types of periodic SWSs. Such principle of interaction offers a significantly lower starting oscillation electron beam current 1, compared to conventional backward wave oscillators (BWOs), and also high power efficiency. We demonstrate the existence of the DBE in metallic SWS through cold structure measurements. The DBE enables unique dispersion characteristics as well as giant scaling of the quality factor that are fundamental for enhancing the performance of microwave sources. We demonstrate here for the first time high efficiency and high power generation using electron beam driven degenerate band edge oscillators (DBEO) in Sband.
Research on a Novel Outdoor Miniature Heat Dissipation Device

The heat exchanger has the advantages of good IP protection effect, high heat dissipation efficiency and low cost. It is widely used as a heat dissipation device in outdoor communication power supply, but it also has some shortcomings, such as large size, which limits its in small equipment. In this paper, a miniaturized heat exchange device is proposed in this paper. In addition to the characteristics of good heat protection of the heat exchanger, the structure is simpler, the cost is lower, and the heat dissipation effect is slightly better. This miniaturized design approach can also be applied to other scenarios such as direct ventilation.
Race/ethnicity and foster youth outcomes: An examination of disproportionality using the national youth in transition database

Abstract Children of color are over-represented in the child welfare system. Research suggests that disproportionality is predominately attributable to the resource poor environments in which these children are raised. However, it is important to understand whether the child welfare system is able to diminish these societal level inequities, and consequently disproportionality, by reducing racial/ethnic disparities in outcomes of youth exiting state care. Encouragingly, research in this area has found few racial/ethnic differences in the outcomes of former foster youth. However, these studies are regional and have not investigated outcomes for a broad array of racial/ethnic groups. To fill this gap, the present study uses the National Youth in Transition Database (NYTD) to examine educational attainment, employment, homelessness, and incarceration for white, African-American, Hispanic, and American Indian/Alaska Native emancipated youth. Results reveal that African-American youth are less likely to be employed and more likely to report incarceration than white youth. However, African-American youth were 36% more likely to enroll in higher education than white youth and there were no significant differences in outcomes between white and Hispanic youth. However, AI/AN youth exhibited no advantages and significant disadvantages relative to youth from other racial/ethnic groups. Results suggest that child welfare services and state supports for youth exiting care can contribute to improved outcomes and racial/ethnic parity. However, additional effort is needed to reduce poor outcomes, particularly for American Indian/Alaska Native youth.
Layoffs and the mental health and safety of remaining workers: a difference-in-differences analysis of the US aluminium industry.

Background Relatively few studies have examined the effects of layoffs on remaining workers, although the effects of layoffs and downsizing events may extend beyond those employees who lose their jobs. Methods We examined the effects of layoffs on mental healthcare utilisation and injury risk among workers at 30 US plants between 2003 and 2013. We defined layoffs as reductions in the hourly workforce of 20% or more at each plant. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we compared the change in outcomes during layoffs versus the same 3-month period 1 year previously, accounting for secular trends with control plants. Results Our study population included 15 502 workers and 7 layoff events between 2003 and 2013. Layoffs were associated with only minor decreases in injuries (−0.006, 95% CI −0.013 to 0.001). The probability of outpatient visits related to mental health increased by 1% during layoffs (0.010, 95% CI 0.003 to 0.017), and the probability of mental health-related prescriptions increased by 1.4% (0.014, 95% CI −0.0006 to 0.027). Among women, the increase in outpatient visits was more pronounced (0.017, 95% CI 0.003 to 0.031). Increased prescription utilisation appeared attributable primarily to opioid use (0.016, 95% CI 0.005 to 0.027). Conclusion Our results indicate an association between layoffs and remaining workers’ mental health and safety, although changes mental healthcare utilisation may reflect both changes in underlying mental health and changes in care-seeking. Future research on concordance of service utilisation and underlying health may yield valuable insight into the experiences employed workers in the wake of layoffs.
Exploring the fabrication limits of thin-wall structures in a laser powder bed fusion process

Although additive manufacturing (AM) is becoming increasingly popular for various applications, few studies have addressed design and potential problems in thin wall fabrication for the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process. In the LPBF process, rapid cooling induces thermal shrinkage, which in turn, results in high residual stress and complicates thin wall fabrication. The minimum wall thickness is limited by the parameters and machine settings while the dimensional accuracy is controlled by the powder size, scan strategy, and part geometry. The ability to fabricate thin-wall components is important for applications such as heat exchangers (HX). This study explores the performance of the LPBF process by fabricating thin walls with extreme geometries in different processing conditions and alloys using an EOS M290 LPBF machine. Results show that the material, part design, and scanning strategy contribute to the variation in thin wall dimensions. A maximum inclination angle of 60° and a minimum wall thickness of ~ 100 μm in Ti-6Al-4V, Inconel 718, and AlSi10Mg were achieved using optimized part design and processing conditions. The effects of part design and material on the thermal distortion and surface finish of thin walls were also investigated leading to a discussion on how the scan mode assigned by the EOS software affects design and fabrication. Additionally, synchrotron-based X-ray micro-tomography (μSXCT) was utilized to quantify the porosity in thin-wall structures and to correlate it with the integrity of the structures. Comprehensive design guidelines presented in this work can increase the success rate of fabricating thin-wall geometries.
Positron Emission Tomography and Molecular Imaging of Head and Neck Malignancies

Metabolic reprogramming and avid fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and other cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract lead to favorable sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy of FDG PET/CT or PET/MR compared to conventional imaging. Meanwhile, the role of non-FDG PET in head and neck malignancies is rapidly expanding. Accurate staging, identifying a clinically occult primary, or detection of distant metastasis or a synchronous malignancy on FDG PET significantly impacts management. FDG uptake after definitive therapy is an invaluable biomarker for surveillance. Patients with metabolic resolution can be spared from neck dissection, whereas FDG avid refractory disease or distant metastasis could necessitate surgical or systemic therapy. PET tracers targeting amino acid transport or fibroblast activation hold promise for improved specificity and better delineation of tumor prior to radiation therapy given their low physiologic or inflammatory uptake in head and neck compared to FDG. Tracers for hypoxia or cellular proliferation provide complementary information to FDG after radiation therapy for assessment of residual malignant cells that could lead to treatment failure. FDG remains the primary tracer for imaging lymphoma and other pediatric head and neck malignancies. Several other PET tracers such as gallium-68-labeled somatostatin receptor analogs and fluorodopa are being increasingly used for detection and characterization of head and neck paragangliomas and certain other cancers. FDG and other PET radiopharmaceuticals are increasingly being exploited in guiding clinical management of various head and neck malignancies and significantly impact patient outcomes.
Can Capital Defy the Law of Gravity? Investor Networks and Startup Investment

Early crowdfunding platforms were based on a premise of disintermediation from professional investors, and relied on the "wisdom of the crowd" to screen high quality projects. This becomes problematic when equity is involved, as the degree of asymmetric information between entrepreneurs looking for funding and the crowd is higher than in reward-based crowdfunding. As a result, platforms later experimented with incentives for professional investors to curate deals for crowd. We study how the introduction of such incentives influenced the allocation of capital on the leading US platform, finding that the changes led to a sizable 33% increase in capital flows to new regions. Professional investors use their reputation to vouch for high potential startups that would otherwise be misclassified because of information asymmetry. This allows them to arbitrage opportunities across regions and shift capital flows to startups that are 37% more likely to generate above median returns. At the same time, this "democratization effect" relies on the presence of intermediaries with professional networks that bridge these new regions to California. Using a large-scale field experiment with over 26,000 investors we further unpack the frictions to online investment, and show that social networks constitute a key barrier to additional democratization, since they influence how the crowd evaluates intermediaries in the first place.
First Principles Calculation of the High-Temperature Thermopower of Sodium and Potassium

Our previous first-principles calculations of the electrical and thermal resistivities of Na and K have now been extended to the high temperature thermopower of these elements. Again, the results are in very good agreement with experiment. Included in the calculation is the effect of the energy dependence of the electron-phonon scattering, which is directly related to the non-locality of the bare pseudopotential. For Na this effect is fairly small, as expected, but it is of critical importance for K. It is also crucial to the calculation of the volume derivatives of the thermopower, thus making it very clear that a local pseudopotential description of K is not appropriate for consistent calculations of all the transport properties.
The Effect Of Mild Exercise Induced Dehydration On Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 3 (SCAT3) Scores: A within-subjects design.

# Background Sports-related concussions are prevalent in the United States. Various diagnostic tools are utilized in order to monitor deviations from baseline in memory, reaction time, symptoms, and balance. Evidence indicates that dehydration may also alter the results of diagnostic tests. # Purpose The purpose was to determine the effect of exercise-induced dehydration on performance related to concussion examination tools. # Study Design Repeated measures design. # Methods Seventeen recreationally competitive, non-concussed participants (age: 23.1±3.1 years, height:168.93±10.71 cm, mass: 66.16 ± 6.91 kg) performed three thermoneutral, counterbalanced sessions (rested control, euhydrated, dehydrated). Participants were either restricted (0.0 L/hr) or provided fluids (1.0 L/hr) while treadmill running for 60 min at an intensity equal to 65-70% age-predicted maximum heart rate (APMHR). The Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 3 (SCAT3) was utilized to assess symptoms, memory, balance, and coordination. # Results Statistically significant differences were seen among sessions for symptom severity and symptom total. The rested control session had significantly lower values when compared to the dehydrated session. Additionally, the symptom total in the rested control was significantly lower than the euhydrated condition as well. No statistically significant differences were seen for the BESS or memory scores. # Conclusions Mild exercise-induced dehydration results in increased self-reported symptoms associated with concussions. Clinicians tasked with monitoring and accurately diagnosing head trauma should take factors such as hydration status into account when assessing patients for concussion with the SCAT3. Clinicians should proceed with caution and not assume concussion as primary cause for symptom change. # Level of evidence Level 3
Experimental and analytical investigation of improved behavior of existing steel connections by adding self-centering capabilities

Abstract This study presents a new post-tensioning configuration for enhancing the seismic performance of existing steel bolted connections. The nonlinear behavior of the proposed post-tensioned connection was investigated through experimental and analytical programs. Different post-tensioning strand configurations were installed on top-and-seat angle connections with different strand length, strand number, and initial post-tensioning force. Data from the tested post-tensioned connections showed a significant improvement in the nonlinear behavior when compared to their non-post-tensioned counterparts. This improvement was achieved by increasing the overall stiffness and strength in addition to providing self-centering capabilities that could limit the residual drifts for the retrofitted moment-resisting frames after a strong earthquake. An analytical representation of the proposed connection is presented and modified considering the effect of the strand relaxation. The derived analytical equation accurately represented the response of the post-tensioned beam-to-column connection in terms of the moment-rotation relationship and it could be used for the analysis and design of post-tensioned connections subjected to large deformations .
The in vivo production of "new" influenza A viruses. II. In vivo isolation of "new" viruses.

Abstract These studies demonstrate that “new” influenza A viruses can be selected in vivo. Chickens immune to turkey influenza virus hemagglutinin and FPV neuraminidase were inoculated with lung suspension from a turkey mixedly infected with FPV and turkey influenza virus. This inoculum contained parental viruses and recombinant viruses. Two days later birds began to die of infection with a virus possessing FPV hemagglutinin and turkey neuraminidase (FPV(H)-Turkey(N)). These studies show (1) that genetically stable antigenic hybrids of different influenza A viruses can be selected in vivo, (2) ratios of hemagglutinin to neuraminidase activity varied between plaque isolates of the viruses possessing FPV(H)-Turkey(N) antigens suggesting heterogeneity among the viruses isolated in vivo, and the ratios fell into three groups, (3) the importance of antibodies to the neuraminidase of influenza virus both in selection of “new” viruses and in modification of disease symptoms was demonstrated. The production of antigenic hybrids of influenza viruses in vivo and the selection of these viruses in vivo adds support to the idea that the “new” influenza viruses of man could arise by a similar mechanism.
Tellurite reduction as an indicator of potentially pathogenic stapylococci.

Abstract 1.1. Tellurite reduction, as determined by using a tellurite-glycine agar medium, is recommended for laboratory determination of potential pathogenicity of staphylococcus species isolated from clinical sources. 2.2. Tellurite reduction is of the same significance with regard to determination of potential pathogenicity as plasma coagulation (tube coagulase test). 3.3. The tellurite-glycine agar plate test offers the additional advantage of economy of time and materials.
FULLDOC: A Full Reporting Debugger for Optimized Code

As compilers increasingly rely on optimizations to achieve high performance, the effectiveness of source level debuggers for optimized code continues to falter. Even if values of source variables are computed in the execution of the optimized code, source level debuggers of optimized code are unable to always report the expected values of source variables at breakpoints.
Separation of Two Types of Adeno-Associated Virus Particles Containing Complementary Polynucleotide Chains

An adeno-associated virus containing bromodeoxyuridine-substituted deoxyribonucleic acid has been fractionated by equilibrium centrifugation in CsCl into two classes of virions which contain complementary polynucleotide chains.
Recruiting Content for the Institutional Repository: The Barriers Exceed the Benefits

Focus groups conducted at Carnegie Mellon reveal that what motivates many faculty to self-archive on a website or disciplinary repository will not motivate them to deposit their work in the institutional repository. Recruiting a critical mass of content for the institutional repository is contingent on increasing awareness, aligning deposit with existing workflows, and providing value-added services that meet needs not currently being met by other tools. Faculty share concerns about quality and the payoff for time invested in publishing and disseminating their work, but disagree about metrics for assessing quality, the merit of disseminating work prior to peer review, and the importance of complying with publisher policies on open access. Bridging the differences among disciplinary cultures and belief systems presents a significant challenge to marketing the institutional repository and developing coherent guidelines for deposit.
Issues in Human Reliability

The correct premise of the topic of human reliability is that system personnel fail in their responding just as equipment does, and so they must be considered along with the equipment in the specification of system reliability. The goal of human reliability efforts as they are presently pursued is to find measures of the reliability of human performance that are expressed in the same terms as measures of equipment reliability and can be combined with them to produce system reliability. The thesis of this paper is that conceptualizing human reliability in these terms raises methodological problems that are likely to prevent this goal from being achieved. What is lacking are: a definition of human failure, units of human behavior whose reliability can be determined, a way to synthesize the reliability of larger behavioral sequences from the units if we could specify them, and a way to integrate human reliability, if it could be determined, with equipment reliability. Monte Carlo modeling is seen as a promis...
Criminal Justice as State Racism: Race-Making, State Violence, and Imprisonment in the USA, and England and Wales

This article uses Michel Foucault's account of state racism from “Society Must Be Defended” to understand racialized violence in the criminal justice systems of the USA and England and Wales. Foucault argues that modern states make race in order to exercise the sovereign power to kill, by both directly killing racially defined groups and through “indirect murder…or, quite simply, political death.”1 I argue that both the US and English criminal justice systems exercise state racism directly and indirectly, including through police shootings and imprisonment. This state racism extends to multiple groups who are racialized as non-White, including Black people, immigrants, and indigenous peoples. Given the connection that Foucault identifies between sovereignty and racialized state violence, I suggest that ending racism in these criminal justice systems requires developing non-racist forms of national identity and reconceptualizing sovereignty to delegitimize the state's power to kill.
Vaccines and diagnostic methods for bovine mastitis: Fact and fiction

A number of problems are uniquely associated with vaccination of dairy cows for mastitis. One of these is that the number of mastitis pathogens is numerous and heterogeneous. Vaccine efforts have concentrated mainly on the major mastitis pathogens. While at least one S. aureus bacterin has been commercially available for a number of years, no large-scale, independent field trials have been published in refereed journals which support the efficacy of this vaccine. Experimental vaccines for S. aureus composed of pseudocapsule-enriched bacterins supplemented with alpha- and/or beta-toxoids appear promising, but none of these has been commercialized. With S. uberis, some protection against homologous strain challenges was reported recently with a live strain and a bacterin, but other data from the same laboratory showed this vaccine would not protect against heterologous challenge strains. At this time there is only one highly effective vaccine for mastitis, the core-antigen vaccine for coliform mastitis. All of the commercially available vaccines for this indication are bacterins of rough mutants of E. coli strain J5 or Salmonella spp. Preliminary success with an experimental vaccine based on the plasminogen activator of S. uberis is a very different approach for a mastitis vaccine. Little success has been reported with vaccination against other mastitis pathogens. For diagnostic methods, the high somatic cell count, as measured by direct count or indirect assays, remains the cornerstone of mastitis diagnosis. However, for subclinical mastitis, bacterial cell culture is a reliable diagnostic method. Pathogen identification may rely on older biochemical testing methods or newer commercial identification systems, depending on the laboratory budget. ELISA assays also have been used to assess herd infection status. Epidemiologic studies have used DNA fingerprinting and ribotyping, but none of these methods has yet produced an easily utilized commercial format. Within the next decade, additional efficacious vaccines for several of the most common agents for bovine mastitis are likely. A review written at that time then can be more fact than fiction.
What to Get and What to Give Up: How Different Decision Tasks and Product Types Affect the Persuasiveness of Promotion- versus Prevention-Focused Messages

Prior research has distinguished between ad message frames that are promotion-focused (i.e., eager-sounding and achievement-oriented) and those that are prevention-focused (i.e., vigilance-hued and safety-themed). In three studies, the authors investigate the relative persuasiveness of promotion- versus prevention-focused messages in the context of different decision tasks (i.e., acquisition vs. forfeiture) and different types of featured products/attributes (i.e., hedonic vs. utilitarian). Studies 1 and 2 focus on message structures conducive to imagery-based processing. The results show that promotion-focused messages are relatively more persuasive than prevention-focused messages in acquisition tasks than in forfeiture tasks in the case of hedonic products (and products with salient hedonic attributes). Relative persuasiveness of the two message frames is not affected by decision task in the case of utilitarian products (or products with salient utilitarian attributes). Study 3 uses message structures suited for analytical processing. In this study, interestingly, the relative persuasiveness of prevention-focused (vs. promotion-focused) messages is greater in forfeiture tasks than in acquisition tasks in the case of utilitarian products. Relative persuasiveness of the two message frames is not affected by decision task in the case of hedonic products. Theoretical and managerial implications of the findings are discussed.
Movers as early adopters of linguistic innovation

Long-distance migration is a primary source of language contact. Those who voluntarily migrate, though, may not resemble the broader population: psychological research suggests some factors that predispose people to become migrants also tend to lead to more openness to trying new things, potentially including linguistic features. This implies differential reactions to language contact, so inferences drawn from migrants may not generalize to the language-contact process more generally. To test this hypothesis, this article examines lexical patterns in the 1940 United States census, focusing on who used the title mortician or funeral director rather than the traditional undertaker. Individuals who had moved from their state of birth were particularly likely to use the newer terms, even when explicitly controlling for the distribution of titles among the states from which the movers relocated. The personal characteristics leading people to encounter new linguistic environments may also independently affect their choices within those environments.
SMALL INTESTINAL EMPTYING TIME IN NORMAL BEAGLE DOGS

Gastric emptying time and small intestinal transit time in dogs are frequently discussed. However, it is often of interest to the radiologist to know what normal small intestinal emptying times should be. A total of 15 upper gastrointestinal studies was performed on five internal parasite-free, normal, standard Beagle dogs with three studies on each dog, 6 days apart. The ages and weights of the dogs ranged from 2–8 years and from 12.4–13.7 kg, respectively. Following 24-hour fasting, a dose of 10 ml/kg bw of 60% wt/vol barium sulfate suspension was administered through a stomach tube. Then, sequential radiographs were made at 30-minute intervals until the entire contrast medium column was in the colon and cecum. The mean, standard deviation, and range of gastric emptying time, small intestinal transit time, and small intestinal emptying time were 76 ± 16.7 (30–120), 73 ± 16.4 (30–120), and 214 ± 25.1 (180–300) minutes, respectively. This study offers the possibility that small intestinal emptying time may be used to further evaluate patients with suspected small intestinal partial obstruction, pseudo-obstruction, ischemia, or lymphangiectasia.
A computer aided method for closed reduction of diaphyseal tibial fracture using projection images: A feasibility study.

A computer aided method for closed tibial shaft fracture reduction based on measurements of 12 projection parameters (6 angulations and 6 translations) from an anteroposterior radiograph, a lateral radiograph, and a transverse projection photograph is examined. The development, validation and reliability of the computer aided method are presented. A custom-made unilateral external fixation device consisting of 7 calibrated one-degree-of-freedom joints was employed to execute the reduction. Five tibial fracture phantoms with initial deformities that covered a wide range of misalignments were tested. The mean (standard deviation) resultant rotational and translational errors after the reduction were 3.32° (0.96°) and 1.65 (0.86) mm, respectively, which indicates good reduction accuracy. Three independent raters made the measurements of the projection parameters to test inter-rater reliability. The intra-class correlation coefficients were found to range between 0.935 and 1, indicating good reliability. Sinc...
Screening of Viral Pathogens from Pediatric Ileal Tissue Samples after Vaccination

In 2010, researchers reported that the two US-licensed rotavirus vaccines contained DNA or DNA fragments from porcine circovirus (PCV). Although PCV, a common virus among pigs, is not thought to cause illness in humans, these findings raised several safety concerns. In this study, we sought to determine whether viruses, including PCV, could be detected in ileal tissue samples of children vaccinated with one of the two rotavirus vaccines. A broad spectrum, novel DNA detection technology, the Lawrence Livermore Microbial Detection Array (LLMDA), was utilized, and confirmation of viral pathogens using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted. The LLMDA technology was recently used to identify PCV from one rotavirus vaccine. Ileal tissue samples were analyzed from 21 subjects, aged 15–62 months. PCV was not detected in any ileal tissue samples by the LLMDA or PCR. LLMDA identified a human rotavirus A from one of the vaccinated subjects, which is likely due to a recent infection from a wild type rotavirus. LLMDA also identified human parechovirus, a common gastroenteritis viral infection, from two subjects. Additionally, LLMDA detected common gastrointestinal bacterial organisms from the Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroidaceae, and Streptococcaceae families from several subjects. This study provides a survey of viral and bacterial pathogens from pediatric ileal samples, and may shed light on future studies to identify pathogen associations with pediatric vaccinations.
Negative spectra of elliptic operators

We establish different estimates for the sums of negative eigenvalues of elliptic operators. Our proofs are based on a property of the eigenvalue sums that might be viewed as a certain convexity with respect to the perturbation.
Development and Evaluation of a Sampling Device for the Analysis of Pharmaceutical Aerosols

Various devices and techniques were studied in an attempt to obtain suitable samples of material from aerosol products. Generally accepted sampling procedures cannot be used since the aerosol product contains propellants that are extremely volatile. Several of these methods were investigated and used as the basis for assaying various aerosol products. A sampling device was developed and evaluated. The sampling device was designed in a manner that made available a sample of aerosol product that could then be assayed directly in the chamber. Openings were fitted with specially designed valves that allow for transfer of the contents without loss of volatile propellant or active ingredients. Various samples of aerosol products containing local anesthetics, steroids, and amines, were assayed by this method and found to give acceptable results. In all cases, the amount of active ingredient contained in each product could be accurately determined. The device makes possible a technique applicable to the analysis of most pharmaceutical aerosols. This method, which can be carried out with ease in a relatively short period of time, was shown to produce accurate results when used in the manner described.
Neuropeptides and Langerhans cells

: The immune system and nervous system are intimately related. In addition to neuroendocrine mechanisms, neuropeptides have a variety of effects on immune cells and are responsible at least in part for neurogenic inflammation. The presence of neuropeptides in the skin has been well documented. The influence of neuropeptides on Langerhans cells is the focus of this paper. The physical presence and effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide on Langerhans cells is emphasized. Discussion also includes the putative inflammatory and immunologic roles of vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, neurotensin, neuropeptide Y, and somatostatin in the skin.
Restricted Point Configurations with Many Collinear {k}-Tuplets

Given k ? 3, denote by t? k (N) the largest integer for which there is a set of N points in the plane, no k+1 of them on a line such that there are t? k (N) lines, each containing exactly k of the points. Erd?s (1962) raised the problem of estimating the order of magnitude of t? k (N). We prove that $$t'_k (N) \geqslant \left\{ \begin{gathered} c'_k N^{\log (k + 4)/\log (k)} if 4 \leqslant k \leqslant 17, \hfill \\ c'_k N^{1 + 1/(k - 3.59)} if k \geqslant 18, \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right.$$ improving a previous bound of Grunbaum for all k ? 5. The proof for k ? 18 uses an argument of Brass with his permission.
Prenatal Care in the Paso del Norte Border Region

OBJECTIVES: The impact of a Medicaid-managed care system on access to prenatal care was investigated. STUDY DESIGN: Postpartum interviews and medical chart abstractions were conducted among 493 Hispanic women who reside on the El Paso Texas/Juarez Mexico border (the Paso del Norte region). Descriptive analysis identified barriers and facilitators to prenatal care. Logistic regression identified the impact of social and demographic characteristics on selected maternal and infant outcomes. RESULTS: The factors reported by these women as barriers to timely entry and sustaining enrollment in prenatal care were related to the availability of social support networks and affiliation with the Mexican/Hispanic culture (acculturation). Having Medicaid-managed care or other insurance was associated with receiving more adequate levels of prenatal care. Women who crossed the border to seek perinatal services were more likely to have infants who received higher levels of neonatal care (odds ratio 0.500; 95% CI [0.264, 0.946]). CONCLUSIONS: The promotion of preconceptional, prenatal, and family planning services is strongly recommended as a strategic, regional, public health intervention.
Hippocampal calbindin-1 immunoreactivity correlate of recognition memory performance in aged mice

Aging-related dysregulation of neuronal calcium metabolism, which not only involves the control of calcium fluxes but also the cytosolic calcium buffering system such as calbindin-1 (Calb1), may disturb synaptic plasticity and thereby memory functioning. Calb1 expression has been shown to affect hippocampal long-term potentiation and learning and to play a neuroprotective role in animal models of ischemic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. We hypothesize that memory performance in aged mice correlates with neuronal Calb1 protein expression in the hippocampal formation. We studied a set of 18 aged and 22 young male C57BL/6N mice, in which the aged group performed poorer than the young in single-trial novel object recognition testing (two-tailed p=0.005, U test). Apparent decreases in the Calb1 immunoreactivity (measured by quantitative immunohistochemistry) in aged mice compared to that in young mice were not statistically significant either in the hippocampal CA1 subfield or dentate gyrus. In the aged mouse group, levels of Calb1 immunoreactivity both in the CA1 subfield and dentate gyrus correlated directly with the measure of recognition memory performance (Spearman rank correlation r(s)=0.47 and 0.48, two-tailed p=0.047 and 0.044, respectively). Our results suggest that hippocampal Calb1 expression affects memory performance in aged mice probably via its role in maintaining neuronal calcium homeostasis. Alternatively, our finding of lower Calb1 immunoreactivity with poorer memory performance in aged mice might be attributed to saturation of Calb1 protein by higher levels of intracellular calcium, due to aging-related dysregulation of neuronal calcium fluxes.
Correction: Computation Error, Diagnosis-Related Groups

Excerpt To the editor: The recent review by Vladeck (1) concerning diagnosis-related groups is both timely and important. I read with particular interest his discussion of the teaching adjustment t...
Race, employment, and spinal cord injury

Abstract Meade MA, Lewis A, Jackson N, Hess DW. Race, employment, and spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:1782-92. Objectives To examine issues of employment and race for persons with spinal cord injury (SCI), by assessing the type of work that was being done before and after injury and by placing this in the context of patterns for the general population. Design Retrospective, cross-sectional analysis. Setting Centers funded as part of the federally sponsored Model Spinal Cord Injury Systems (MSCIS) Project. Participants Two samples: 5925 African Americans and whites with SCI who are part of the MSCIS and a subset of 577 people with SCI. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measures Demographic information, occupational status, employment rate, job census codes, Craig Hospital Assessment and Reporting Technique-Short Form, and Satisfaction With Life Scale. Results Racial disparities were found in employment rates before injury and at 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 years after SCI. Differences were also found in the types of jobs that were held before SCI with patterns for participants similar to those of African Americans and whites in the general population. No differences were found in the types of jobs held by African Americans and whites with SCI at 1 year after injury. After injury, African Americans had lower economic self-sufficiency scores, regardless of employment status, and lower social integration scores among those who were not employed. Conclusions Racial disparities found in employment patterns among persons with SCI mirrored patterns among the general population.
Single-molecule catalysis mapping quantifies site-specific activity and uncovers radial activity gradient on single 2D nanocrystals.

Shape-controlled metal nanocrystals are a new generation of nanoscale catalysts. Depending on their shapes, these nanocrystals exhibit various surface facets, and the assignments of their surface facets have routinely been used to rationalize or predict their catalytic activity in a variety of chemical transformations. Recently we discovered that for 1-dimensional (1D) nanocrystals (Au nanorods), the catalytic activity is not constant along the same side facets of single nanorods but rather differs significantly and further shows a gradient along its length, which we attributed to an underlying gradient of surface defect density resulting from their linear decay in growth rate during synthesis (Nat. Nanotechnol.2012, 7, 237–241). Here we report that this behavior also extends to 2D nanocrystals, even for a different catalytic reaction. By using super-resolution fluorescence microscopy to map out the locations of catalytic events within individual triangular and hexagonal Au nanoplates in correlation with ...
Inpatient treatment of war-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a 20-year perspective.

These papers show that long-stay inpatient PTSD programs provide treatment that is quite different from other programs but that they are neither as effective, from a psychometric perspective, nor as helpful, from the veterans' subjective perspective, as has been expected. VA treatment of PTSD is changing its focus and is being influenced by three distinct societal forces, in addition to data from studies like these: (1) the continuing effort of American society to come to terms with its Vietnam War experience; (2) the crisis of U.S. health care costs; and (3) the emergence of a movement to “re-invent” government and to increase public accountability through performance data.