cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical and instrumental characterization of maturing kenaf core and bast

Abstract A limiting factor in the production of bast fiber from kenaf is retting, the process by which the fiber is freed from the non-fibrous tissue. An objective of this study was to evaluate the variation in cell wall chemistry with maturity for different cultivars, particularly in relation to lignin and retting. Two cultivars of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), Tainung-1 (T-1) and Everglades-41 (E41), were harvested at 96 and 151 days post planting (DPP), and the top and bottom 15 cm of the stems were excised for analysis. The hand-separated core and bast portions were analyzed for guaiacyl and syringyl groups (indicative of lignin), and arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose, and uronic acids. Cell walls from bast were examined for aromatics by ultraviolet (UV) absorption microspectrophotometry. Bottom core contained significantly higher amounts of aromatics. Results suggested that the top bast tissue was not completely lignified by the early harvest. Cellulose deposition, as indicated by the glucose content at 96 DPP, also was not fully complete until the later harvest. UV absorption microspectrophotometry demonstrated that, while the entire bast fiber cell walls were all lignified, the middle lamella had higher absorbance indicative of more aromatic compounds. The λmax at 274–276 nm was consistent with a predominance of syringyl lignin. In a second study, three cultivars of kenaf, Tainung-2 (T-2), E41, and SF459, were harvested at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 DPP. The center 15 cm of the stems was excised for analysis. All three cultivars were similar to each other in components within a maturity period. Bast and core fractions were relatively high in lignin even at 30 DPP, and both secondary layers and middle lamellea contained lignin. The core had more lignin than fiber at maturity. Plants increased in lignin to ca 60 DPP and did not increase thereafter, while carbohydrates continued to vary with maturity. Glucose concentrations became stable at about 90 DPP and xylose concentrations remained constant at 60 DPP. Bast fibers had unusually high syringyl:guaiacyl ratios (6.3–9.4). Principal component analysis (PCA) of the mass spectral data of the bast indicated that 30 DPP samples were distinctly different from those harvested at 60–120 DPP, with the 180 DPP sample different from all others. In enzymatic retting studies of Everglades-41 bast from younger plants, i.e. 30–60 DPP were more easily retted than other harvests and mechanical disruption improved retting of more mature bast. Enzymatic retting resulted in separation of fiber bundles, rather than ultimate fibers.
Young adult outcomes and mental health problems among transition age youth investigated for maltreatment during adolescence

Abstract This study examines the young adult outcomes of a nationally representative cohort of transition age youth who were involved with the Child Welfare System (CWS) during adolescence. We report on the demographic and psychosocial characteristics, risk of mental health problems, and developmental milestones related to young adult outcome among these transition age youth. We also examined the effect of risk for mental health problems on young adult outcomes, over and above other psychosocial risk factors. Many youth were living in poverty, getting married early and already parenting, involved with the criminal justice system and had high levels of mental health need. Being at risk for a mental health problem increased the likelihood of criminal justice system involvement for these youth. Youth transitioning to adulthood with a history of CWS involvement appear to be at risk for negative developmental outcomes. Our findings are consistent with previous findings and highlight the risks associated with the transition to adulthood for youth who were involved with the CWS in adolescence.
Studies on the expression of outer membrane protein 2 in Escherichia coli

The relative level of protein 2 expressed in the outer membrane of strains of Escherichia coli K-12 lysogenized with bacteriophage PA-2 was found to be influenced by both the growth temperature and lc+ gene dosage. An increase in either of these parameters was accompanied by an increase in the level of protein 2 up to an apparent saturation level. Any increase in the amount of protein 2 was accompanied by a concomittant decrease in the amount of OmpF and OmpC porins. This inverse relationship led to the maintenance of an approximately constant protein mass per unit of peptidoglycan. Our results are discussed in light of recent genetic studies on the regulation of the OmpF and OmpC porins and can be explained through the competition of these three matrix proteins for a common export or insertion site.
Quark theory of charmed-D-meson two-body nonleptonic weak decays

Quark spectator and tadpole graphs as predicted by the Cabibbo---Glashow-Iliopoulos-Maiani weak current and Hamiltonian density combine to give a complete description of charmed ${D}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$, ${\overline{K}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$, and ${D}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\overline{K}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ Cabibbo-angle-enhanced decays and ${D}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\overline{K}}^{0}{K}^{+}$, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$, and ${D}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}{K}^{+}$, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ Cabibbo-angle-suppressed decays.
Salt-Evoked Lingual Surface Potential in Humans

Salt sensing in animals involves the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). If ENaC were involved in human salt sensing, then the lingual surface potential (LSP) would hyperpolarize when exposed to sodi...
High-magnetic-field transport properties of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 single crystals

We have measured the high-magnetic-field dependences (up to 18 T) of the in-plane and out-of-plane transport properties of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ (Bi-2:2:1:2) single crystals. From I-V curves of c-axis transport we extract the magnetic field and temperature dependences of the interlayer critical current and define a decoupling line ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{D}}$(T) above which ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{c},}$c vanishes. The temperature dependence of ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{c},}$c supports a first-order decoupling transition. The decoupling line lies close to the irreversibility line in the field interval 0.5--5 T. The field dependence of the in-plane vortex activation energy is \ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{B}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}0.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1}$.
Interaction between nerve growth factor (NGF) and adrenergic blocking agents in sympathetic neurons

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses interaction between the nerve growth factor (NGF) and adrenergic blocking agents in sympathetic neurons. Embryonic sensory nerve cells and embryonic and fully differentiated sympathetic nerve cells are selectively stimulated by NGF released from various animal tissues. The results presented in the chapter elaborate new aspects of the effects elicited on the sympathetic adrenergic neuron by the NGF and by two drugs, guanethidine and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), which through entirely different mechanisms, interact with the release of the neurotransmitter and cause the destruction of the immature sympathetic nerve cells. While in both instances the simultaneous administration of the NGF and of one of the two drugs results in the operation of the lethal effects caused by the ganglion blocking agents, in the case of 6-OHDA, but not of guanethidine, the combined treatment results in a paradoxical overproduction of axons and collaterals from the adrenergic neurons. The phenomenon and its possible cause are described in detail in this chapter.
A review of recent literature dealing with transient bacteriemias

Abstract A review of recent literature dealing with the subject of transient bacteriemias has been made. Attention has been called to the frequency of transient blood invasions by microorganisms subsequent to tooth extractions. The possibility that such transient bacteriemias may be a factor in the production of subacute bacterial endocarditis has also been indicated.
Product-Convolution of R-Symmetric Unimodal Distributions: An Analogue of Wintner's Theorem

Abstract Gnedenko and Kolmogorov (1949) in their acclaimed monograph. Limit Distributions for Sums of Independent Random Variables, claimed that the convolutions of unimodal distributions are unimodal. Kai Lai Chung, in an appendix of his English translation of the monograph, by a counterexample, refuted the claim and further noted Wintner's (1938) result that the convolutions of symmetric unimodal distributions are symmetric unimodal. In this note, it is shown that the product-convolutions of unimodal distributions are not unimodal either. Furthermore, an analogue of Wintner's result based on the relatively recent notion of R-symmetry (Mudholkar and Wang, 2007) is offered by showing that the product-convolutions of R-symmetric unimodal distributions are R-symmetric unimodal.
A note of final consonant deletion in modern French

Abstract Standard generative treatments of Modern French phonology and morphology have posited the existence of a major phonological rule of final consonant deletion. The purpose of this paper is to provide an argument which should throw doubt on the psychological reality of such a rule. Data on the pronunciation of cardinal numbers (e.g. cinq ‘five’) are used to demonstrate that the standard analyses are inconsistent with the directionality of in-progress or recent changes which such words have undergone regarding their final consonant (e.g. cinq femmes ‘five women’ [se~fam] → [se~fam])). The implications of a rejection of the major phonological rule of final consonant deletion usually posited are briefly investigated; it is suggested that the facts customarily accounted for by such a rule (e.g. alternations of the types petit [pəti]/petite [pətit] ‘small’ (masc./fem.); il sort [ilsɔr]/il sorte [ilsɔrt] ‘he leaves’ (indicative/subjunctive present); vie [vi]/vital [vital] ‘life’/‘vital’) can be satisfactorily handled in other ways (e.g. morphophonological rules, via-rules), which are in some cases required independently of the postulation of the rule challenged.
Intergranular embrittlement of Pt-30% Rh-8% W by Se vapor

The alloy Pt--30 wt % RH--8 wt % W (Pt-3008) which was developed at ORNL is a candidate structural material for use in a new generation of radioisotopic thermoelectric generators (RTGs). These RTGs will employ thermoelectric elements based on Gd/sub 2/Se/sub 3/ and Cu/sub 2/Se, operating at temperatures as high as 900/sup 0/C. Compatability studies have shown that grain boundaries in Pt-3008 are embrittled upon exposure to Se vapor. Initial findings concerning the embrittlement phenomenon are reported.
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE BEREZHKOVSKII-POLLAK-ZITSERMAN THEORY OF RATE PROCESSES IN THE CRITICAL REGION. II. THE CRITICAL COUPLING PLANE

Abstract In a recent paper, we studied analytically the canonical variational transition state theory of rate processes, introduced by Berezhkovskii, Pollak and Zitserman (BPZ). We used a quartic potential added to a parabolic barrier and a memory friction kernel having an infinite relaxation time. We found that their memory suppression region, where the rate can deviate significantly from the Grote-Hynes (GH) theory, is identical to the critical region. We showed that the BPZ rate obeys a scaling relation in this region and studied the scaling function in different coupling regimes. The most important result of this work was to show the existence of a critical line of singularities in the infinite relaxation time plane. In this paper, we extend the results to a finite relaxation time and obtain a more general scaling function. We then study this scaling function near the GH limit in order to ascertain the deviations of the BPZ rate from the GH theory due to the finiteness of the barrier height. We also study the behavior of the rate in the critical coupling plane and show that in this plane too, there is a line of critical points where the behavior of the rate is singular and changes dramatically as this line is crossed.
Optimization of Initial Prostate Biopsy in Clinical Practice: Sampling, Labeling, and Specimen Processing

Purpose: An optimal prostate biopsy in clinical practice is based on a balance among adequate detection of clinically significant prostate cancers (sensitivity), assuredness regarding the accuracy of negative sampling (negative predictive value), limited detection of clinically insignificant cancers and good concordance with whole gland surgical pathology results to allow accurate risk stratification and disease localization for treatment selection. Inherent within this optimization is variation of the core number, location, labeling and processing for pathological evaluation. To date, there is no consensus in this regard. The purpose of this review is to 1) define the optimal number and location of biopsy cores during primary prostate biopsy among men with suspected prostate cancer, 2) define the optimal method of labeling prostate biopsy cores for pathological processing which will provide relevant and necessary clinical information for all potential clinical scenarios, and 3) determine the maximal numb...
B1 transmit phase gradient coil for single-axis TRASE RF encoding☆

Abstract Purpose TRASE (Transmit Array Spatial Encoding) MRI uses RF transmit phase gradients instead of B 0 field gradients for k-space traversal and high-resolution MR image formation. Transmit coil performance is a key determinant of TRASE image quality. The purpose of this work is to design an optimized RF transmit phase gradient array for spatial encoding in a transverse direction (x- or y- axis) for a 0.2 T vertical B 0 field MRI system, using a single transmitter channel. This requires the generation of two transmit B 1 RF fields with uniform amplitude and positive and negative linear phase gradients respectively over the imaging volume. Materials and Methods A two-element array consisting of a double Maxwell-type coil and a Helmholtz-type coil was designed using 3D field simulations. The phase gradient polarity is set by the relative phase of the RF signals driving the simultaneously energized elements. Results Field mapping and 1D TRASE imaging experiments confirmed that the constructed coil produced the fields and operated as designed. A substantially larger imaging volume relative to that obtainable from a non-optimized Maxwell-Helmholtz design was achieved. Conclusion The Maxwell (sine)–Helmholtz (cosine) approach has proven successful for a horizontal phase gradient coil. A similar approach may be useful for other phase-gradient coil designs.
Cross-format physical similarity effects and their implications for the numerical cognition architecture

Abstract The sound |faɪv| is visually depicted as a written number word “five” and as an Arabic digit “5.” Here, we present four experiments – two quantity same/different experiments and two magnitude comparison experiments – that assess whether auditory number words (|faɪv|), written number words (“five”), and Arabic digits (“5”) directly activate one another and/or their associated quantity. The quantity same/different experiments reveal that the auditory number words, written number words, and Arabic digits directly activate one another without activating their associated quantity. That is, there are cross-format physical similarity effects but no numerical distance effects. The cross-format magnitude comparison experiments reveal significant effects of both physical similarity and numerical distance. We discuss these results in relation to the architecture of numerical cognition.
Improving Health Risk Information for Sport Anglers: The Value of Information about Chemical Residues

Abstract All states in the Great Lakes region of the United States, as well as the Canadian province of Ontario, issue some form of public health advisory to warn sport anglers about potential risks from chemical residues in fish. Most of these advisory programs tell anglers which sites have been monitored and found to contain fish with unsafe levels of chemical contaminants. Only two of the programs tell anglers which sites have been monitored and found to be safe. A contingent valuation study of Michigan anglers concludes that anglers are willing to pay little for continuation or expansion of an advisory program that does not inform them of safe sites. They are willing to pay a substantial amount, however, for a program that tells them about relatively safe sites.
Transcriptional Profiles of Intestinal Tumors in ApcMin Mice are Unique from those of Embryonic Intestine and Identify Novel Gene Targets Dysregulated in Human Colorectal Tumors

The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor is a major regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway in normal intestinal epithelium. APC, in conjunction with AXIN and GSK-3β, forms a complex necessary for the degradation of β-catenin, thereby preventing β-catenin/T-cell factor interaction and alteration of growth-controlling genes such as c-MYC and cyclin D1 . Inappropriate activation of the Wnt pathway, via Apc / APC mutation, leads to gastrointestinal tumor formation in both the mouse and human. In order to discover novel genes that may contribute to tumor progression in the gastrointestinal tract, we used cDNA microarrays to identify 114 genes with altered levels of expression in Apc Min mouse adenomas from the duodenum, jejunum, and colon. Changes in the expression of 24 of these 114 genes were not observed during mouse development at embryonic day 16.5, postnatal day 1, or postnatal day 14 (relative to normal adult intestine). These 24 genes are not previously known Wnt targets. Seven genes were validated by real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis, whereas four genes were validated by in situ hybridization to mouse adenomas. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis of human colorectal cancer cell lines and adenocarcinomas revealed that altered expression levels were also observed for six of the genes Igfbp5 , Lcn2 , Ly6d , N4wbp4 ( PMEPA1 ), S100c , and Sox4.
Building an Institutional Field to Corral a Government: A Case to Set an Agenda for Organization Studies

Although organizational theorists have given much attention to how environments shape organizations, they have given much less attention to how organizations mold their environments. This paper demonstrates what organizational scholars could contribute if they were to study how organizations shape environments. Specifically, the paper synthesizes work by historians, political scientists and students of corporate political action to document how corporations systematically built an institutional field during the 1970s and 1980s to exert greater influence on the US Federal government. The resulting network, composed of nine distinct populations of organizations and the relationships that bind them into a system, channels and amplifies corporate political influence, while simultaneously shielding corporations from appearing to directly influence Congress and the administration.
Transmission of an ultra-low-jitter RF signal with high output power using all-photonic gain and saturated photodetector

All-photonic gain allows for the transmission of an ultra-low-jitter signal over 14 km of fiber. The jitter is 2.75 fs, only 0.3 fs more than back-to-back, while RF output power is increased 7.7 dB.
An unbiased evaluation of gene prioritization tools

Motivation: Gene prioritization aims at identifying the most promising candidate genes among a large pool of candidates—so as to maximize the yield and biological relevance of further downstream validation experiments and functional studies. During the past few years, several gene prioritization tools have been defined, and some of them have been implemented and made available through freely available web tools. In this study, we aim at comparing the predictive performance of eight publicly available prioritization tools on novel data. We have performed an analysis in which 42 recently reported disease-gene associations from literature are used to benchmark these tools before the underlying databases are updated. Results: Cross-validation on retrospective data provides performance estimate likely to be overoptimistic because some of the data sources are contaminated with knowledge from disease-gene association. Our approach mimics a novel discovery more closely and thus provides more realistic performance estimates. There are, however, marked differences, and tools that rely on more advanced data integration schemes appear more powerful. Contact: yves.moreau@esat.kuleuven.be Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Piezoelectricity in uniaxially stretched and plasticized nylon 11 films

The combined effect of uniaxial stretching and plasticization of nylon 11 films on the resulting piezoelectric response was studied. Three different kinds of samples were studied for nylon 11 α′-form films: (1) uniaxially stretched at 150°C, (2) samples uniaxially stretched at 150°C and then plasticized by immersion in 2-ethyl 1,3-hexanediol, and (3) samples plasticized and then uniaxially stretched. The largest piezoelectric response was obtained from the samples which were plasticized prior to uniaxial stretching under identical poling conditions. For the case of nylon 11 δ′-form films, two different kinds of experiments were performed: (1) samples uniaxially stretched at room temperature were subsequently plasticized by immersion in the plasticizer and a comparison of their piezoelectric response made with that of the unplasticized samples as a function of poling field; (2) the plasticizer content dependence of the piezoelectric response from these samples was studied. In both cases, d31 was observed to be higher for the plasticized films compared with the unplasticized films. The piezoelectric stress constant e31 showed a small decrease with plasticization. X-ray diffraction studies indicated a small conversion of δ′-phase to α′-phase with plasticization. No significant changes were observed in the x-ray diffraction scans taken before and after poling.
Crystallization of amorphous Sb‐Sn‐O thin films

Abstract The crystallization of amorphous Sb‐Sn‐O thin films by heat treatment has been investigated. It is found that heat treatment at temperatures higher than 400°C causes the transparent amorphous films to darken and their resistivity to drop by several orders of magnitude. Irradiation of the films with a carbon dioxide laser beam gives rise to local crystallization and selective area darkening.
A performance monitor for the MSPARC multicomputer

A hybrid performance monitor developed for MSPARC, a mesh-connected, message-passing multicomputer, is described. The development of the hybrid performance monitor was a cross-disciplinary enterprise requiring custom hardware and a range of software support including monitor code, driver interfaces, probe history acquisition and processing, graphical display, and application probe injection. Programmable hardware was designed to unobtrusively collect events on each node and maintain their accurate chronological order. This distributed collection system was coupled by its independent network to a central monitor where data selection and presentation techniques played an important role in the visualization of the parallel system's execution. >
Objective-optimal algorithms for long-term Web prefetching

Web prefetching is based on Web caching and attempts to reduce user-perceived latency. Unlike on-demand caching, Web prefetching fetches objects and stores them in advance, hoping that the prefetched objects are likely to be accessed in the near future and such accesses would be satisfied from the caches rather than by retrieving the objects from the Web server. This paper reviews the popular prefetching algorithms based on popularity, good fetch, API characteristic, and lifetime, and then makes the following contributions: 1) The paper proposes a family of linear-time prefetching algorithms, objective-greedy prefetching, wherein each algorithm greedily prefetches those Web objects that most significantly improve the performance as per the targeted metric. 2) The hit rate-greedy and bandwidth-greedy algorithms are shown to be optimal for their respective objective metrics. A linear-time optimal prefetching algorithm that maximizes the H/B metric as the performance measure is proposed. 3) The paper shows the results of a performance analysis via simulations, comparing the proposed algorithms with the existing algorithms in terms of the respective objectives - the hit rate, bandwidth, and the H/B metrics. The proposed prefetching algorithms are seen to provide better objective-based performance than any existing algorithms. Further, H/B-greedy performs almost as well as H/B-optimal.
Gender and family status differences in leisure-time sports/fitness participation

Drawing data from the 2010 American Time Use Survey, we examine how time spent in the major life domains, that is, paid work, unpaid work, and personal care, is associated with time spent on sports/fitness participation, and whether the size of this association differs by gender, marital, and parental status. We find that time in the major life domains is adversely associated with sports/fitness participation, although more so for men. Considering this gender difference in the effects of the time in the major life domains also helps us better reveal the oft-noted gender gap in sports/fitness participation. Moreover, we find the negative association of time spent in the major life domains and time on sports/fitness participation is stronger for married than single persons, whereas this association does not vary in size by parental status. Implications of these findings for future research on gender stratification in sports/fitness are discussed.
Sensitivity Analysis of Pine Island Glacier ice flow using ISSM and DAKOTA

Assessing output errors of ice flow models is a major challenge that needs to be addressed if we are to increase our confidence level in projections of mass balance in Antarctica and Greenland. Major inputs to ice flow models include geometry (ice thickness and surface elevation), constitutive laws and boundary conditions (geothermal flux, basal drag coefficient, surface temperature). These inputs can be either measured, in which case they carry errors due to instruments, or inferred using inverse methods (such as basal drag which is inverted using InSAR surface velocities) in which case they carry additional errors generated by the inversion process itself. In both cases, these input errors will result in uncertainties that propagate throughout a forward model, and that influence output diagnostics. In order to estimate the resulting error margins on diagnostics such as mass flux, we develop a new framework based on the Design Analysis Kit for Optimization and Terascale Applications (DAKOTA), which we interface to the Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM). We present results on the Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica, for which we evaluate error margins of mass flux across the whole glacier, given currently known error margins on ice thickness, basal friction and ice hardness. Our results suggest errors in these inputs propagate linearly through the ice flow model, providing a way to 1) calibrate measurement requirements for field campaigns collecting data such as bedrock or surface topography 2) quantify uncertainties in projections of mass balance and 3) assess the sensitivity of model outputs to input parameters. This new error propagation model should help quantify confidence levels that we assign to model projections for the mass balance of Antarctica and Greenland, which will ultimately improve our projections of future sea level rise in a warming climate. Copyright 2012 by the American Geophysical Union.
Narrowing student academic performance gaps

Students aspire to master key concepts in each course to earn grades corresponding to their desired levels of learning. Differences in what students should learn and what they have actually learned creates one kind of gap. Another gap, sometimes due to a lack of focus during the heat of examinations, is the difference between what students have actually learned and what they demonstrate on examinations. Together, these differences combine to form a student academic performance gap for each student. Both professors and students work together to maximize the learning process. Checks and balances are necessary to ensure that the learning process is working well and that the two kinds of gaps noted above are minimized for each student. This paper describes a five-step process somewhat like the process being required in accreditation planning to improve the learning process. Assessment data from examinations in three courses are analyzed and plans of action devised to narrow the student performance gap.
Determination of focal mechanism solutions for four earthquakes from Monticello, South Carolina, and crustal structure by waveform modelling

Summary. We investigate the effect of thin near-surface crustal layers on seismic waveforms by modelling digital seismograms available from Monticello, South Carolina, a site for reservoir-induced seismicity. The epicentral distances to all stations used in this study are less than 5.0 km and the depths of the earthquakes are less than 2.0 km. These near-source seismograms are rich in frequencies as high as 50 Hz and are sensitive to crustal velocity layers as thin as 0.1 km. Velocity profiles from two boreholes (Secor et al.) were used as the starting models and modified as required by the comparison of synthetic seismograms with the observed data. The frequency-wavenumber (F-K) integration technique of Bouchon was used to calculate the synthetic response of these crustal models. Inclusion of some near-surface low-velocity layers over a crustal model produces many reverberations observed after the direct S arrival. The final model differs from the crustal model of Fletcher and Moos & Zoback by about 20-30 per cent and produces small travel time residuals. Having determined the velocity model we then determine the focal mechanisms of four small earthquakes whose magnitudes are less than 2.5 using both the search and the least squares inversion algorithms of Saikia & Herrmann. The amplitudes of direct P, SV, SH and some reverberating S waves from all components were used to analyse the focal mechanisms. The inferred mechanisms suggest that the area is characterized by reverse faulting. The P-axes are consistent with ENE compressional stress. The synthetic seismograms predicted for these events match the observed seismograms remarkably well in both the peak amplitudes of P and S waves and various amplitude ratios among different components.
From Concepts to Methods On the Observability of Inequality

Inequality can be understood as a social fact, or as a concept used to claim the existence of a social fact. These two orientations are intimately related; inequality is a social fact only insofar as people use the concept of "inequality" according to social conventions for its use, thereby contributing to the meaningful, socially structured, and meaningfully socially structured character of society. A social constructionist approach to inequality requires attending to the concept "inequality" as a cultural, sociolinguistic resource used to understand and describe social relations. Such use simultaneously recognizes and accomplishes inequality as an intersubjective reality. By attending to inequality as a concept, the empirical study of inequality can be grounded conceptually in the natural language which inevitably informs analytic as well as lay methods of reasoning, and grounded empirically by reference to situated, practical language use as a constitutive feature of social identity, social relations, and social problems.
Pulse tube cryocoolers for cooling infrared sensors

This paper reviews recent advances in pulse tube cryocoolers and their application for cooling infrared sensors. There are many advantages of pulse tube cryocoolers over Stirling cryocoolers associated with the absence of moving parts in the cold head. Efficiencies have been improved considerably in the last few years to where they equal or even exceed the efficiencies of Stirling cryocoolers. The use of inertance effects and double inlets to improve the efficiencies will be discussed. Pulse tube cryocoolers are now being used or considered for use in cooling infrared detectors for many space applications. One disadvantage of pulse tube coolers is the difficulty in scaling them down to sizes as small as 0.15 W at 80K while maintaining high efficiency. A second disadvantage is the larger diameter cold finger required for the same refrigeration power because of the presence of the pulse tube. These two disadvantages have limited their use so far in cooling infrared sensors for many military tactical applications. Progress in overcoming these disadvantages is discussed.
Accessing information on demand at any location. Mobile information access

As users become more dependent on the ability to access information on demand at any location, the span of access of data repositories will have to grow. The increasing social acceptance of the home or any other location as a place of work is a further impetus to the development of mechanisms for mobile information access. These considerations imply that data from shared file systems, relational databases, object-oriented databases, and other repositories must be accessible to programs running on mobile computers. For example, a technician servicing a jet engine on a parked aircraft needs access to engineering details of that model of engine as well as past repair records of that specific engine. Similarly, a businessman who is continuing his work on the train home from Manhattan needs access to his business records. Yet another example involves emergency medical response to a case of poisoning: the responding personnel will need rapid access to medical databases describing poison symptoms and antidotes, as well as access to the specific patient's medical records to determine drug sensitivity. This article is a status report on the work being done toward meeting such challenges. It begins by describing a scenario that offers a tantalizing glimpse of the power of mobile information access. The major obstacles on the path toward this vision are then examined. It also includes a summary of research on overcoming these obstacles in the context of the Coda and Odyssey systems.
THE INTERACTION OF cos WITH CHI IS SEPARABLE FROM DNA PACKAGING IN recA-recBC-MEDIATED RECOMBINATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE LAMBDA

ABSTRACT Chi (5′-GCTGGTGG) is a recombinator in RecA- RecBC-mediated recombination in Escherichia coli . In bacteriophage λ vegetative recombination, Chi is fully active only when it is correctly oriented with respect to cos , the site that defines the ends of the packaged chromosome. Here we demonstrate that packaging from cos is not necessary for this cos -Chi interaction. Our evidence suggests that correctly oriented cos is an activator of Chi. cos , as an activator, is (1) dominant over cos - , (2) active opposite an extensive heterology, (3) able to interact with Chi only when on the same ( cis ) chromosome, and (4) able to interact with Chi at distances as far as ≥ 20 kb. Thus, cos and Chi form a two-component recombinator system for general recombination. cos may serve as an asymmetric entry site for a recombination enzyme that recognizes Chi in an asymmetric way.
Coherence between motor unit discharge patterns investigated using a motoneuron model

The influence of common oscillatory inputs to the motoneuron pool on the coherence between motor unit discharge patterns was examined using model simulations. The amount of coherence between coactive motor units was investigated as the frequency and amplitude of common oscillatory inputs to the motoneuron pool were varied. Coherence between simulated motor units was evident at the frequency of the applied common input signal. The frequency range over which significant coherence was observed increased with increasing bandwidth of the common input signal. The magnitude of the coherence increased both with increasing amplitude of the common input and as the ratio of common fluctuations to independent membrane noise increased
Coinfecting Deer-Associated Zoonoses: Lyme Disease, Babesiosis, and Ehrlichiosis

The heightened worldwide recognition of the health burden of tickborne infection derives largely from the increasing incidence of Lyme disease, human babesiosis, and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, both individually and in concert. Because these infections share the same rodent reservoir and tick vector hosts, they can be cotransmitted to human hosts. Indeed, human coinfections involving various combinations of these pathogens are common, and some tend to be particularly severe. Diagnostic procedures and clinical management of the resulting disease syndrome is rendered complex by the diversity of pathogens involved and by the unusual diversity and duration of symptoms.
A smart object approach to hybrid knowledge representation and reasoning strategies

Human reasoning about non-trivial real world problems is a complex activity that frequently incorporates multiple reasoning strategies, concerning multiple domain knowledge which may be perceived as having different structures. The paper proposes the use of the "smart object paradigm" for the design of complex knowledge based systems. The paradigm provides mechanisms for both hybrid knowledge representation and multiple inference strategies. Central to the paradigm is the concept of "smart objects", engineered artifacts that combine a high level object structure with a rule based lower level language. The concept of smart object was developed using criteria that evolved in the course of development of a large, complex knowledge based system. We present these criteria as desirable characteristics for KRs in general, and use them to evaluate traditional KRs and smart objects. An overview of a prototype KBS implemented using the smart object paradigm makes its benefits concrete. >
Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) seed collected in the planetary boundary layer

Abstract Horseweed is a winter or summer annual plant, native to North America and distributed worldwide in temperate climates. This plant is considered an important agricultural weed because it can reduce agricultural yields by 90% at high densities and becomes problematic under low-tillage agriculture. Seed production is robust with an estimated 200,000 seeds produced per plant, and seed dispersal is wind-assisted. The confirmation of glyphosate-resistant horseweed in Delaware in 2001 and the rapid spread of the resistant biotype, currently covering more than 44,000 ha, has necessitated a change in the discussion about weed dispersal. Large radio-controlled airplanes were used to sample the lower atmosphere for the presence of horseweed seeds during a 3-d period in early September 2005 in southern Delaware. The collection of multiple seeds at heights ranging from 41 to 140 m above ground level strongly suggests that horseweed seeds are entering the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) of the atmosphere, where...
Tuning Gender: Representations of Femininity and Masculinity in Popular Music by Black Artists

Although analyses indicate that mainstream media are a prominent force in the gender socialization of Black youth, little is known about the nature of gender messages in contemporary music, especia...
Five-Year Results in Fifty-Six Cases of Carcinoma of Corpus Uteri*

FROM Jan. 1, 1921, to Sept. 30, 1929, 56 patients with corpus uteri carcinoma were treated by Dr. H. S. Crossen and myself. The series included our private and ward cases in the Gynecological Service of the Barnes Hospital and Washington University Medical School. In analyzing this group of case~, we have followed closely, plans laid down by Healy and Cutler in 1930. In this work we have devoted especial attention to two problems: first, the relationship between histologic structure and prognosis and, second, the comparative value of radiation and operation in the treatment of these growths. It is our purpose, therefore, to study the various factors which influence the ultimate result, as a help in determining the treatment of choice of each histologic type of corpus carcinoma. Until recent years these cases have been classified simply as carcinoma of the corpus uteri, no attempt being made to separate the different grades of carcinoma. In our analysis we have followed the classification of Mahle, later confirmed by Healy.
A sequential logit model of caretakers' decision to vaccinate children for the human papillomavirus virus in the general population

Abstract Objectives This study explores the predisposing, enabling, and need-based factors associated with parents' or guardians' decision to have their child initiate, continue, and complete the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. Methods Parents and guardians of children between the ages of 9 and 17 years who completed the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey collected by the Center for Disease Control (CDC, 2010) were analyzed. Utilizing Andersen's health care beliefs model, we explored the sequential nature of the decision to vaccinate (i.e., the decision to receive the first, second, and third dose), thereby allowing the independent variables to vary across each transition. Results Among all children, 3.7% received exactly 1 shot, 16.3% received at least one shot, and 8.9% received all three shots. Among those who received at least one shot, 22.4% received exactly one shot, 23.7% received exactly 2 shots, and 54.9% completed all 3 shots. A differential impact was observed across transitions. Predisposing factors, such as being Hispanic (OR = 1.9) and child age (OR = 1.4), significantly predicted the decision to receive the first dose but enabling factors, such as having a regular physician (OR = 4.5) and income (OR = .74) were more important for predicting completion. Conclusions The decision to initiate and complete HPV vaccination depends on a specific mix of enabling, predisposing, and need-based factors. Our analysis underscores the importance of modeling the vaccination decision in a manner that is consistent with how primary caregivers navigate real-life health care decisions for their children.
Greenhouse- and Laboratory-Rearing Studies of Euseius hibisci (Chant) (Acarina: Phytoseiidae), a Natural Enemy of the Citrus Thrips, Scirtothrips citri (Moulton) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Laboratory feeding studies indicate that Euseius hibisci (Chant) completed development from egg to adult in 6.7 and 8.7 days on ice plant, Malephora crocea (Jacq.), pollen and citrus thrips, Scirtothrips citri (Moulton) respectively, when confined in ‘Washington’ navel orange leaf arenas. Reproduction values of 1.34 and 0.85 eggs per female per day and total eggs deposited of 27.9 and 17.2 were significantly different for ice plant pollen and immature citrus thrips, respectively. Ice plant and cattail pollen, Typha latifolia L., were shown to be equally nutritious for continued development and reproduction of E. hibisci colonies in the laboratory or greenhouse. Deep freezing both pollens for several months preserved their nutrition and eliminated desiccation and fungal contamination commonly observed for refrigerated pollen. A bench-top system is described to mass rear E. hibisci on lima bean plants provided with ice plant, cattail pollen, or both. An estimated 134,400 females per 1,920 seedlings were observed after week 4 of colonization, which represented a 67-fold increase in numbers.
Dendritic Arenethiol-Based Capping Strategy for Engineering Size and Surface Reactivity of Gold Nanoparticles

The report describes a strategy for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles for which size and surface reactivity of the particles are controlled by the molecular sizes of dendritic arenethiols (DAT) as capping agents. This strategy exploits two important attributes of the DAT molecules: one involving the utilization of the umbrella-like structure with a single thiol as the anchorage handle and the other involving the rib with an expandable dendritic structure as a spacing-tunable cap. The synthesis of gold nanoparticles with controllable sizes below 10 nm has been demonstrated using different sizes of DAT in both one-phase and two-phase solutions. The unique structural properties of the dendritic arenethiol capping molecules not only enable the ability to control size growth of gold nanoparticles but also ready surface exchange reaction for surface derivatization and interparticle assembly. The viability of this strategy for the control of size and surface reactivity has been demonstrated by results from the...
Source-Underlapped GaSb–InAs TFETs With Applications to Gain Cell Embedded DRAMs

In this paper, a detailed evaluation of sub-10-nm n-/p-type GaSb–InAs double-gate tunneling FETs (TFETs) is presented. Source underlapping is shown to achieve lower subthreshold swing (SS) in both n- and p-type GaSb–InAs TFETs and is verified with the analytical treatment. The impact of parameter variations on the performance of underlapped TFETs is investigated through atomistic, 2-D ballistic simulations using self-consistently coupled nonequilibrium Green’s function-Poisson approach. Variations in underlap length, underlap doping, fin thickness, and temperature are comprehensively studied. It is shown that the underlap length of 6 nm is optimal for achieving low SS and it is found that the underlapped TFETs can maintain sub-60-mV/decade SS even when 3-nm fin thickness is relaxed by 40%. We also study the potential of TFETs in ultralow-power and high-density dynamic memories. A novel 4T gain cell embedded Dynamic Random Access Memory (e-DRAM) is proposed, which utilizes the low-leakage current of the source-underlapped TFETs to improve the data-retention time to 25 $\mu \text{s}$ at $V_{\mathrm {DD}}=0.35$ V, thereby enabling the prospects of e-DRAM at nanoscale gate lengths operating at ultralow supply voltages.
Prevention and Nursing of Lungs Infection in Surgical Patients

OBJECTIVE To reduce the lungs infection in surgical patients. METHODS The methods were using physical prevention procedures, training patients with abdominal respiratory and yawn, changing position and providing position drainage, by way of knocking shaking and effective cough, ultrasonically inhaled insufflation and oral cavity nursing and aspirating sputum. RESULTS There were no lungs infection in patients. CONCLUSIONS It is an effective means to reduce the surgical patients′ lungs infection when nurse masters the basic nursing and nursing methods.
A rapid and inexpensive procedure for separation of high molecular weight DNA

A pulse field gel electrophoresis procedure suitable for a variety of uses is described. The protocol has a run time of four hours. It was developed using field inversion technology and conventional gel boxes and is run at room temperature. This procedure provides a quick and inexpensive alternative for separation of high molecular weight DNA.