cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of the effects of surface-active elements on gas-liquid metal kinetics

Equations have been developed for calculating the fraction of free surface, 1-θT, when two or more surface-active elements (S, O,Se,etc.) are present in liquid iron or its alloys. It is shown that equations of the form k =A Vl-θT -B well describe the essentially linear plots which represent the variation of rate constant k with concentration of surface-active elements in more than 30 researches on absorption and desorption of nitrogen in stirred liquid iron and its alloys. To normalize the effect of variation in metallodynamic properties from researcher to researcher, a second relation has been developedwhich describes a dimensionless rate constant for nitrogen k N F (with range0 to 1) given by k N F = CVl-θT-D, where C and D are small constants. The relation k N F = 1.19 Vl-θT-0.19 is a fair representation of the absorption and desorption behaviors in the 1550 ° to 1600 ° range for all the many iron and iron alloy cases examined. Although these two relations are largely empirical they and the simple linear graphs involved provide potentially valuable new methods of rate prediction. There is some evidence that the behavior of hydrogen with liquid Fe, Cu, and Ni is analogous.
Diastereoselective synthesis of cyclic α-fluoromethylidenephosphonates using α-fluoroallenephosphonate as dienophile

The dimerization of α-fluoroallenephosphonate and its Diels–Alder reaction with various dienes provide a diastereoselective route to cyclic and bicyclic α-fluorovinylphosphonates.
Optimal low-thrust takeoff from an orbit about an oblate planet

Future space missions to the outer planets may depend upon the use of low-thrust propulsion systems. As these planets are decidedly oblate, the question of the effect of that oblateness on a low-thrust trajectory is of some interest. In this paper the problem of optimal energy increase is attacked under the assumption that the coefficients for the second zonal harmonic, i.e.,J 2, and the nondimensional thrust acceleration are the same order of magnitude. Using a two variable asymptotic expansion technique, a near optimal control program is generated and the first order uniformly valid approximation for the corresponding trajectory is obtained. Tangential thrust is shown to be a good near-optimal thrust program even in the presence of oblateness effects. The optimal control program is found to be oscillatory and quite similar to the optimal control for energy increase in an inverse square gravitational field.
One-loop threshold effects in string unification☆

Like grand unification of old, string unification predicts simple tree-level relations between the couplings of all unbroken gauge groups such as SU(3)C or SU(2)W. I show here how to compute one-loop corrections to these relations for any four-dimensional model based on a classical vacuum of the heterotic string. The result can be used to calculate both sin2θWand ΛQCD in terms of αQCD and MPlanck.
Numerical Computations on One-Dimensional Inverse Scattering Problems

An approximate method to determine the index of refraction of a dielectric obstacle is presented. For simplicity one dimensional models of electromagnetic scattering are treated. The governing equations yield a second order boundary value problem, in which the index of refraction appears as a functional parameter. The availability of reflection coefficients yield two additional boundary conditions. The index of refraction by a k-th order spline which can be written as a linear combination of B-splines is approximated. For N distinct reflection coefficients, the resulting N boundary value problems yield a system of N nonlinear equations in N unknowns which are the coefficients of the B-splines.
Photoproduction of K + Mesons

The photoproduction in hydrogen of ${K}^{+}$ mesons in association with hyperons has been studied using an 1160-Mev bremsstrahlung beam from the Cornell Synchrotron. The $K$ mesons were selected with a magnetic analyzer and counter telescope system. They were further identified by bringing them to rest in a stopping block and by the detection of the particles arising from their decay. The angular distribution for the associated production of ${K}^{+}$ mesons with ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}$ hyperons at the photon energies of 980 and 1010 Mev has been studied. Measurements were also made of the cross section as a function of photon energy for the center-of-mass angle of 85 degrees. The results of these measurements are compatible with $S$-wave production. The photoproduction of ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}$ hyperons in association with ${K}^{+}$ mesons has also been measured for one set of kinematical conditions. The measured (${K}^{+}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}$) cross section is comparable to that of the (${K}^{+}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}$) process.
Asymmetric effects of financial development on South–South and South–North trade: Panel data evidence from emerging markets

Abstract Using bilateral trade data in total and technology-and-skill-intensive manufactured goods for 28 developing countries that account for 82% of all developing country manufactures exports between 1978 and 2005, this paper explores the effects of financial development on the pattern of specialization in South–South and South–North trade. The empirical results using dynamic panel regressions and comprehensive sensitivity tests suggest that financial development in the South has an economically and statistically significant positive effect on the share of total and technology-and-skill-intensive manufactures exports in GDP, and total exports in South–South trade. In contrast, no such significant or robust effect of financial development is found in South–North trade. Overall, the positive effect of financial development is found to be asymmetric favoring South–South significantly more than South–North trade. In addition, financial development is found to be increasing technology-and-skill-intensive manufactured goods exports significantly more than total manufactured or merchandise goods exports.
The Hard X-Ray Luminosity of OB Star Populations: Implications for The Contribution of Star Formation to the Cosmic X-Ray Background

We present an empirical analysis of the integrated X-ray luminosity arising from populations of OB stars. In particular, we utilize results from the All-Sky Monitor on RXTE, along with archival data from previous missions, to assess the mean integrated output of X-rays in the 2-10 keV band from accreting early-type binaries within 3 kpc of the Sun. Using a recent OB star census of the solar neighborhood, we then calculate the specific X-ray luminosity per O star from accretion-powered systems. We also assess the contribution to the total X-ray luminosity of an OB population from associated T Tauri stars, stellar winds, and supernovae. We repeat this exercise for the major Local Group galaxies, concluding that the total X-ray luminosity per O star spans a broad range from 2 to 20 × 1034 ergs s-1. Contrary to previous results, we do not find a consistent trend with metallicity; in fact, the specific luminosities for M31 and the SMC are equal, despite having metallicities that differ by an order of magnitude. In light of these results, we assess the fraction of the observed 2-10 keV emission from starburst galaxies that arises directly from their OB star populations, concluding that, while binaries can explain most of the hard X-ray emission in many local starbursts, a significant additional component or components must be present in some systems. A discussion of the nature of this additional emission, along with its implications for the contribution of starbursts to the cosmic X-ray background, concludes our report.
FOOD IRRADIATION: BENEFITS AND CONCERNS

The benefits and concerns about treating foods with ionizing radiation are reviewed. Radioactivity cannot be induced in foods by treatment with gamma rays from 137Cs or 60Co, X-ray sources of 5 MeV or lower energy, or electrons of 10 MeV or lower energy. The evidence supports the safety and efficacy of using ionizing radiation for insect disinfestation of grains; dried spices, vegetables and fruits; and fresh fruit. Species and dose dependent phytotoxic and vitamin changes may occur in some fruits at greater doses than currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Irradiation can inactivate protozoan or helminth parasites and significantly decrease the probability of viable food-borne bacterial pathogens in fish, poultry, and red meats. The titers of amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins of chicken meat sterilized by thermal, electron-beam, or gamma radiation are presented. On the whole, the data support the safety and efficacy of the process.
Quenched and Annealed Critical Points in Polymer Pinning Models

We consider a polymer with configuration modeled by the path of a Markov chain, interacting with a potential u+Vn which the chain encounters when it visits a special state 0 at time n. The disorder (Vn) is a fixed realization of an i.i.d. sequence. The polymer is pinned, i.e. the chain spends a positive fraction of its time at state 0, when u exceeds a critical value. We assume that for the Markov chain in the absence of the potential, the probability of an excursion from 0 of length n has the form n-cφ(n) with c ≥ 1 and φ slowly varying. Comparing to the corresponding annealed system, in which the Vn are effectively replaced by a constant, it was shown in [1], [4], [11] that the quenched and annealed critical points differ at all temperatures for 3/2 2, but only at low temperatures for c < 3/2. For high temperatures and 3/2 < c < 2 we establish the exact order of the gap between critical points, as a function of temperature. For the borderline case c = 3/2 we show that the gap is positive provided φ(n) -> 0 as n -> ∞, and for c > 3/2 with arbitrary temperature we provide an alternate proof of the result in [4] that the gap is positive, and extend it to c = 2.
Intestinal electric stimulation accelerates whole gut transit and promotes fat excrement in conscious rats

Intestinal electric stimulation (IES) is proposed as a potential tool for the treatment of morbid obesity. Our earlier study showed that IES with one pair of electrodes accelerated intestinal transit and decreased fat absorption in a segment of the jejunum in anesthetized rats. The aims of this study were to assess the effects of IES on whole gut transit and fat absorption in conscious rats, to examine the effects of multi-pairs IES and to explore the cholinergic mechanism behind the effects of IES. Thirty-eight male rats implanted with serosal electrodes were randomized into five groups: control without IES, two- or three-pairs IES with short pulses, atropine and atropine plus IES. The whole gut transit and fat remained and emptied from the gut were analyzed after continuous 2-h IES. Two- and three-pairs IES significantly accelerated phenol red (PR, marker used for transit) excretion (analysis of variance (ANOVA), P<0.001). No significant difference was found between two- and three-pairs IES. Two-pairs IES significantly increased the excretion of fat (P<0.05). Atropine significantly blocked the accelerated transit induced by IES (ANOVA, P<0.001). Correlation was found between the percentage of PR and fat retained in the whole gut (r=0.497, P<0.01). IES accelerates whole gut transit and promotes fat excrement in conscious rats, and these effects are mediated through the cholinergic nerves. These findings are in support of the concept that IES may be a promising treatment option for obesity.
Generalizations of some integrals over the unitary group

Using the character expansion method, we generalize several well-known integrals over the unitary group to the case where general complex matrices appear in the integrand. These integrals are of interest in the theory of random matrices and may also find applications in lattice gauge theory.
Analysis of Dual Consistency for Discontinuous Galerkin Discretizations of Source Terms

The effects of dual consistency on discontinuous Galerkin discretizations of solution and solution gradient dependent source terms are examined. Two common discretizations are analyzed: the standard weighting technique for source terms and the mixed formulation. It is shown that if the source term depends on the first derivative of the solution, the standard weighting technique leads to a dual inconsistent scheme. A straightforward procedure for correcting this dual inconsistency and arriving at a dual consistent discretization is demonstrated. The mixed formulation, where the solution gradient in the source term is replaced by an additional variable that is solved for simultaneously with the state, leads to an asymptotically dual consistent discretization. Numerical results for a one-dimensional test problem confirm that the dual consistent and asymptotically dual consistent schemes achieve higher asymptotic convergence rates with grid refinement than a similar dual inconsistent scheme for both the primal and adjoint solutions as well as a simple functional output.
Charge distribution in metal to ligand charge transfer states of quadruply bonded metal complexes

Abstract The application of fs time resolved infrared, TRIR spectroscopy to complexes of the form M 2 L 4 , M 2 L 3 L 1 and M 2 L 2 L 2 1 where M = Mo or W and L or L 1 = a carboxylate or amidinate has allowed the nature of 1 MLCT S 1 states to be probed with respect to the location of charge on the ligands. The 3 MLCT states, which are formed by intersystem crossing, have similarly been probed in a few instances where M = W but for M = Mo the T 1 states are typically 3 MoMoδδ*. Examples of localized, valence trapped and delocalized ligand excited states have been found with the latter being favored by strong ligand–ligand coupling via the M 2 δ orbital.
Prior Knowledge, Potential Financial Reward, and Opportunity Identification:

This article simultaneously explores the constructs of potential financial reward and prior knowledge of customer problems to provide a deeper understanding of the identification of opportunities. Results suggest that while prior knowledge of customer problems leads to the identification of more opportunities and opportunities that are more innovative, it also moderates the relationship between potential financial reward and opportunity identification. We found that the less knowledgeable an individual was about customer problems, the more positive the effect that potential financial reward had on the number of opportunities identified and the innovativeness of those opportunities.
Visualization of cardiac dynamics using physics-based deformable model

Modeling of moving anatomic structures is complicated by the complexity of motion intrinsic and extrinsic to the structures. However when motion is cyclical, such as in heart, effective dynamic modeling can be approached using modern fast imaging techniques, which provide 3D structural data. Data may be acquired as a sequence of 3D volume images throughout the cardiac cycle. To model the intricate non- linear motion of the heart, we created a physics-based surface model which can realistically deform between successive time points in the cardiac cycle, yielding a dynamic 4D model of cardiac motion. Sequences of fifteen 3D volume images of intact canine beating hearts were acquired during compete cardiac cycles using the Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor and the Electron Beam CT. The chambers of the heart were segmented at successive time points, typically at 1/15-second intervals. The left ventricle of the first item point was reconstructed as an initial triangular mesh. A mass-spring physics-based deformable model, which can expand and shrink with local contraction and stretching forces distributed in an anatomically accurate simulation of cardiac motion, was applied to the initial mesh and allowed the initial mesh to deform to fit the left ventricle in successive time increments of the sequence. The resultant 4D model can be interactively transformed and displayed with associated regional electrical activity mapped onto the anatomic surfaces, producing a 5D mode, which faithfully exhibits regional cardiac contraction and relaxation patterns over the entire heart. For acquisition systems that may provide only limited 4D data, the model can provide interpolated anatomic shape between time points. This physics-based deformable model accurately represents dynamic cardiac structural changes throughout the cardiac cycle. Such models provides the framework for minimizing the number of time points required to usefully depict regional motion of myocardium and allowing quantitative assessment of regional myocardial dynamics. The electrical activation mapping provides spatial and temporal correlation within the cardiac cycle. In procedures such as intra-cardiac catheter ablation, visualization of the dynamic mole can be used to accurately localize the foci of myocardial arrhythmias and guide positioning of catheters for effective ablation.
Concordance crosscap numbers of knots and the Alexander polynomial

For a knot K the concordance crosscap number, c(K), is the minimum crosscap number among all knots concordant to K. Building on work of G. Zhang, which studied the determinants of knots with c(K) < 2, we apply the Alexander polynomial to construct new algebraic obstructions to c(K) < 2. With the exception of low crossing number knots previously known to have c(K) < 2, the obstruction applies to all but four prime knots of 11 or fewer crossings.
The dynamic re-evaluation of alternatives and the emulation of human decision making

CONSIM (Conflict Simulator), a computer program designed to heuristically simulate decision making (3), has incorporated Bayes' Theorem in its structure to re-evaluate alternatives as new information becomes available to the decision maker. With this ability to re-evaluate alternatives utilizing both present and past information, even complex areas such as international affairs may be heuristically studied and analyzed. By employing elements of game theory, computer modeling and simulation, Bayes' Theorem, and probabilistic utility theory, the authors have developed a program that simulates decision making for n-person, zero-sum games with an arbitrary number of alternatives for each participant. The capability of human misunderstanding and misinterpretation of opponent's decisions has been included in the model. The methodology of CONSIM is general and may be applied in virtually any area of decision making where the alternatives are mutually exclusive, exhaustive, and the decision maker is willing to use a Bayesian approach in the assignment of probabilities, or has statistical records available.
Design of experiments using uncertainty information

The process of parameter estimation and the estimated parameters are affected not only by measurement noise, which is present during any experiment, but also by uncertainties in the parameters of the model used to describe the system. We describe a method to optimize the design of an experiment to deduce the maximum information during the inverse problem of parameter estimation in the presence of uncertainties in the model parameters.
Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer from Partially Ionized Argon with an Applied Transverse Magnetic Field

Wall heat transfer for partially ionized argon laminar flow within square channel conducting walls with and without transverse magnetic field
Fabrication and visible light photocatalytic activity of a novel Ag/TiO2−xNx nanocatalyst

A facile and simple synthesis of a conceptually novel Ag/TiO2−xNx under mild experimental conditions produced a remarkably efficient, stable and recyclable nanophotocatalyst that is functional under visible light.
Quantum superposition of a single microwave photon in two different ’colour’ states

A single microwave photon is prepared in a superposition of two states of different frequency. This is achieved by using a superconducting quantum interference device to mediate the coupling between two harmonics of a superconducting resonator.
Target space pseudoduality between dual symmetric spaces

Abstract A set of on shell duality equations is proposed that leads to a map between strings moving on symmetric spaces with opposite curvatures. The transformation maps “waves” on a Riemannian symmetric space M to “waves” on its dual Riemannian symmetric space M . This transformation preserves the energy momentum tensor though it is not a canonical transformation. The preservation of the energy momentum tensor has a natural geometrical interpretation. The transformation maps “particle-like solutions” into static “soliton-like solutions”. The results presented here generalize earlier results of E. Ivanov.
The Luminous and Carbon-rich Supernova 2006gz: A Double Degenerate Merger?

Spectra and light curves of SN 2006gz show the strongest signature of unburned carbon and one of the slowest fading light curves ever seen in a Type Ia event [Δm15(B) = 0.69 ± 0.04]. The early-time Si II velocity is low, implying it was slowed by an envelope of unburned material. Our best estimate of the luminosity implies MV = -19.74 and the production of ~1.2 M☉ of 56Ni. This suggests a super-Chandrasekhar mass progenitor. A double degenerate merger is consistent with these observations.
The changing nature of user attitudes toward virtual world technology: A longitudinal study

Virtual world technologies have been utilized in gaming for a number of years but only recently have they been applied as a serious tool for business. Many business applications have been identified, including the use of virtual worlds for team collaboration, training, and education, but a question remains about whether users will accept the premise that virtual worlds represent useful environments for engaging in business functions. We address this question by examining user reactions to virtual worlds. The first study looks at attitudes of users of the virtual world Second Life during three time periods (i.e., before exposure to the environment, after an information session and discussion of Second Life, and after use of the environment). Two variables, user acceptance of virtual world technologies and user self-efficacy, were examined as the primary dependent measures. Results show that while self-efficacy increases over time, user acceptance decreases in a highly correlated pattern. A second study investigates the underlying causes of the observed pattern of user acceptance using a content analysis of written reflections of user experiences. Both studies paint a detailed picture of user intentions and some of the reasons these intentions developed after use. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these results for business managers and researchers.
Large angle beamstrahlung as a beam–beam monitoring tool

Abstract A novel method for beam–beam monitoring is introduced, and its experimental feasibility is discussed.
One complexity theorist's view of quantum computing

The complexity of quantum computation remains poorly understood. While physicists attempt to find ways to create quantum computers, we still do not have much evidence one way or the other as to how useful these machines will be. The tools of computational complexity theory should come to bear on these important questions.Quantum computing often scares away many potential researchers in computer science because of the apparent background need in quantum mechanics and the alien looking notation used in papers on the topic.This paper will give an overview of quantum computation from the point of view of a complexity theorist. We will see that one can think of BQP as yet another complexity class and study its power without focusing on the physical aspects behind it.
Ring-closing metathesis strategy to unsaturated γ- and δ-lactones: Synthesis of hydroxyethylene isostere for protease inhibitors

Ring-closing olefin metathesis of acrylates derived from allylic and homo allylic alcohols in the presence of the Grubbs' catalyst (10-15 mol%) and titanium isopropoxide (0.3-3 equiv) provided ready access to α, β-unsaturated γ- and δ-lactones and an important dipeptide isostere intermediate.
Dynamics of a Soccer Ball

Exploiting the symmetry of the regular icosahedron, Peter Doyle and Curt McMullen constructed a solution to the quintic equation. Their algorithm relied on the dynamics of a certain icosahedral equivariant map for which the icosahedron’s twenty face-centers—one of its special orbits—are superattracting periodic points. The current study considers whether there are icosahedrally symmetric maps with superattracting periodic points at a 60-point orbit. The investigation leads to the discovery of two maps whose superattracting sets are configurations of points that are respectively related to the soccer ball and a companion structure. It concludes with a discussion of how a generic 60-point attractor provides for the extraction of all five of the quintic’s roots.
Next steps in the creation of an accidental nuclear war prevention center

In early 1983, members of Stanford University's Center for International Security and Arms Control met to discuss ideas on the establishment of a joint U.S.‐U.S.S.R. center to support cooperative efforts to prevent accidental nuclear war. William Perry (former Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering) began the discussion by outlining several measures he felt could help to reduce the risk of nuclear war by accident or miscalculation. Calling attention to the earlier proposals of Senators Gary Hart, Sam Nunn, and Henry Jackson, he endorsed the concept of a joint accidental nuclear war prevention center as a mechanism to support efforts of the two superpowers to prevent or reduce the likelihood of the outbreak of nuclear war. Most notable in this regard was his personal experience of an erroneous warning of a large‐scale Soviet missile attack on the U.S., which resulted from a NORAD computer malfunction. Information exchanges and consultation to clarify circumstances surrounding an accident ‐...
A Novel Strategy to Assemble the β-Diketo Acid Pharmacophore of HIV Integrase Inhibitors on Purine Nucleobase Scaffolds

Claisen condensation, the key step in constructing the pharmacophore of aryl β-diketo acids (DKA) as integrase inhibitors, fails in certain cases of highly electron-deficient heterocycles such as purines. A general synthetic strategy to assemble the DKA motif on the purine scaffold has been accomplished. The synthetic sequence entails a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling, a C-acylation involving a tandem addition/elimination reaction, and a novel ferric ion-catalyzed selective hydrolysis of an enolic ether in the presence of a carboxylic acid ester.
A novel direct-drive ocean wave energy extraction concept with contact-less force transmission system

This paper describes the design and testing of a new rotary direct-drive ocean wave energy extraction system. The device employs a contact-less force transmission system (CFTS) to couple a float to the power take-off (PTO) mechanism made up of a ball screw, unidirectional clutch and a permanent magnet generator. Comprehensive simulation, design and testing of both the force transmission system and the ocean energy extraction system are presented along with preliminary wave flume test results of the buoy in irregular waves.
Damage Detection in Flexible Structures

Abstract A method is developed for the detection of the existence and location of structural damage. Structural damage is considered to be at the macroscopic level. The detection is carried out in two parts. In the first part, the eigensolution of the structure is identified using a modal parameter identification technique and the system response. The identified eigensolution is then used together with properties of the eigenvalue problem to detect the damaged components. A sensitivity analysis is performed, where the effects of having errors in the mathematical model, and having inaccuracies in the modal identification procedure, are analyzed. In the event of failure of several parts or components a search procedure is proposed together with the detection process.
A Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Chiral α-Amino-β-Lactams Via the Kinugasa Reaction Employing Ynamides

A highly stereoselective synthesis of chiral α-amino-β-lactam through an ynamide-Kinugasa reaction is described. In addition, a mechanistic model is illustrated here to rationalize the observed diastereoselectivity, which depends on both the initial [3 + 2] cycloaddition step and the subsequent protonation for which both are highly selective.
A technological review of the FORTRAN I compiler

The FORTRAN I compiler functions and organizations are described and shown to form the basis for many of the techniques used in modern compilers.
An O(n log n) algorithm for maximum st-flow in a directed planar graph

We give the first correct O(n log n) algorithm for finding a maximum st-flow in a directed planar graph. After a preprocessing step that consists in finding single-source shortest-path distances in the dual, the algorithm consists of repeatedly saturating the leftmost residual s-to-t path.
Phase transformations in one-dimensional materials: applications in electronics and energy sciences

Phase transformations at the nanoscale display interesting and important differences from those which occur in the bulk of most materials systems. These differences occur in a large variety of transformations, including melting, solid state phase transformation, chemical ordering and disordering, and chemical and electrochemical transformations. They arise from both the thermodynamic contribution of surface energy as well as the kinetic influence of small diffusion distances. These changes in the energetics and dynamics of transformation can prove important for a variety of technologies, including energy storage, energy conversion, and information technologies.
Thermal Actuation of Extinguishing Systems

Abstract A brief review of the Response Time Index (RTI) method of characterizing the thermal response of commercial sprinklers and heat detectors is presented. Measured ceiling layer flow tem-perature and velocity histories from a bedroom fire test are used to illustrate the use of RTI in calculating sprinkler operation times. In small enclosure fires, a quiescent warm gas layer confined by the room walls may accumulate below the ceiling before sprinkler operation. The effects of this warm gas layer on the fire plume and ceiling-jet flows are accounted for by substitution of an equivalent point source fire. Relationships are given for the location and strength of the substitute source relative to a point source representation of the actual fire. Encouraging agreement was found between measured ceiling-jet temperatures from steady fires in a laboratory scale cylindrical enclosure put into dimension-less form, based on parameters of the substitute fire source, and existing empirical correlations from fire ...
Noncommutative two-tori with real multiplication as noncommutative projective varieties

Abstract We define analogues of homogeneous coordinate algebras for noncommutative two-tori with real multiplication. We prove that the categories of standard holomorphic vector bundles on such noncommutative tori can be described in terms of graded modules over appropriate homogeneous coordinate algebras. We give a criterion for such an algebra to be Koszul and prove that the Koszul dual algebra also comes from some noncommutative two-torus with real multiplication. These results are based on the techniques of [Categories of holomorphic bundles on noncommutative two-tori. math.AG/0211262 ] allowing to interpret all the data in terms of autoequivalences of the derived categories of coherent sheaves on elliptic curves.
An efficient and mild oxidant for the synthesis of s-tetrazines.

PhI(OAc)2 serves as a mild and effective oxidant for the synthesis of s-tetrazine derivatives—molecules of emerging significance to the field of bioorthogonal chemistry. This reagent serves as a complementary oxidant to harsher nitrous reagents. The use of PhI(OAc)2 improves the synthesis of 5-amino-di(pyridin-2-yl)-s-tetrazine, a molecule that has been broadly used for cellular imaging and nuclear medicine. The generality of PhI(OAc)2 as the oxidant for tetrazine synthesis is demonstrated for nine tetrazines in 75–98% yield.
Standard Solar Models

Abstract I review recent developments that affect standard solar model predictions of solar neutrino fluxes.
Solubilities of noble gases in magnetite: implications for planetary gases in meteorites

Solubilities of noble gases in magnetite were determined by growing magnetite in a noble-gas atmosphere between 450 and 700 K. Henry's law is obeyed at pressures up to .01 atm for He, Ne, Ar and up to .00001 atm for Kr, Xe, with the following distribution coefficients at 500 K: He 0.042, Ne 0.016, Ar 3.6, Kr 1.3, Xe 0.88, some 100 to 100,000 times higher than previous determinations on silicate and fluoride melts. Apparent heats of solution are in sharp contrast with earlier determinations on melts which were small and positive, but are comparable to the values for clathrates. Presumably the gases are held in anion vacancies.
A new universal random-coding bound for average probability error exponent for multiple-access channels

In this work, a new upper bound for average error probability of a two-user discrete memoryless (DM) multiple-access channel (MAC) is derived. This bound can be universally obtained for all discrete memoryless MACs with given input and output alphabets. This is the first bound of this type that explicitly uses the method of expurgation. It is shown that the exponent of this bound is greater than or equal to those of previously known bounds.
Option price without expected utility

Abstract We consider the meaning of the option price, commonly acknowledged as the preferred ex ante welfare measure, in the rank-dependent expected utility (RDEU) framework. The importance of this pertains to performing benefit-cost analysis when RDEU maximizers are prevalent in society.
Optimal remedies in international trade agreements

Abstract This paper takes a mechanism-design approach to characterize a politically optimal trade agreement under the assumption that governments have private information about the fluctuating political pressure they face from domestic interest groups to restrict trade. The optimal mechanism under these changing circumstances involves a remedy system for breach of trade agreements that specifies less-than-proportional retaliations against deviating parties. This result is in contrast to the conventional wisdom in the literature regarding the efficiency of the Reciprocity Principle as a rule of renegotiation in trade agreements. I also consider an institutional structure in which only commensurate retaliations are practical but governments can employ a public randomizing device to authorize retaliations. I show that it is optimal to authorize retaliations only randomly. This suggests a role for the WTO dispute settlement process as a public randomizing device.
The strength of the Sun's polar fields

The magnetic field strength within the polar caps of the sun is an important parameter for both the solar activity cycle and for our understanding of the interplanetary magnetic field. Measurements of the line-of-sight component of the magnetic field generally yield 0.1 to 0.2 mT near times of sunspot minimum. This paper reports measurements of the polar fields made at the Stanford Solar Observatory using the Fe I line at 525.02 nm. It is found that the average flux density poleward of 55 deg latitude is about 0.6 mT peaking to more than 1 mT at the pole and decreasing to 0.2 mT at the polar cap boundary. The total open flux through either polar cap thus becomes about 3 x 10 to the 14th Wb. It is also shown that observed magnetic field strengths vary as the line-of-sight component of nearly radial fields.
REGIOSELECTIVE OXIDATIVE AMINATION OF 3-CARBOMETHOXYINDOLE-4,7-QUINONES

The oxidative addition of benzhydryl amine and azide ion to N-methyl-3-carbomethoxyindole-4,7-quinones has been determined. For the C-5, C-6 unsubstituted system 5, an 8:1 preference for the C-5 isomer was achieved. The regiochemically defined 6-amino isomer was made by reacting 5-bromoindolequinone 10 with benzhydrylamine followed by removal of the diphenylmethyl and bromo groups. A new equivalent for introducing ammonia into indolequinones has been developed.
A Boundary Integral Equation Approach to Oxidation Modeling

Thermal oxidation of silicon involves the diffusion of oxidant molecules from the gas-oxide interface to the oxide-silicon interface, and the transport of newly formed oxide away from the latter. Under suitable formulations these two processes can be shown to be boundary-value problems of harmonic and biharmonic nature. Based on these properties, a boundary integral equation method (BIEM) has been developed for modeling oxidation. This method achieves simplicity and efficiency by solving a two-dimensional problem using line integrals on the boundaries. The use of source distributions as intermediary solutions facilitates direct calculations of a wide variety of boundary parameters.
Adaptive Communication Algorithms for Distributed Heterogeneous Systems

Many grand challenge applications can benefit from metacomputing, i.e., the coordinated use of geographically distributed heterogeneous supercomputers. A salient feature of such systems is the heterogeneity in the network performance between different processor pairs. This paper considers the problem of efficient application-level communication in heterogeneous network-based systems. We present a uniform communication scheduling framework for developing adaptive communication schedules for various collective communication patterns. The framework enables schedules to be developed at runtime, based on network performance information obtained from a directory service. Based on this framework, we have developed communication schedules for the total exchange communication pattern. Our first algorithm develops a schedule by computing a series of matchings in a bipartite graph. We also present a heuristic algorithm based on the open shop scheduling problem. The completion time of the heuristic is guaranteed to be within twice the optimal. Simulation results show performance improvements by a factor of 5 over well-known homogeneous scheduling techniques. This paper is an early effort in formalizing and solving communication problems for metacomputing systems. We discuss several research issues that must be addressed to allow efficient collective communication in such environments.
Institutional and Stakeholder Mapping: Frameworks for Policy Analysis and Institutional Change

Despite its importance and its widespread employment in policymaking practice, the theoretical and epistemic foundations of institutional mapping have not been elaborated and its legitimacy is yet to be fully granted by the academic community. This paper is a contribution to this overdue effort. The paper has two parts. First it introduces mapping as a cognitive process and explore in this context the structural similarities between maps and theories. While doing that it identifies the basic elements of mapping as a cognitive procedure and based on that it outlines the optimal features of the possible meta-theories framing policy-oriented institutional mapping. The second part goes a step further and discusses two concrete examples that may come close to illustrate the meta-theoretical ideal-type outlined at the end of the first part: the theoretical system implied in the Chicago School of sociology and the Institutional Analysis and Development framework inspired by the new institutional economics.
Cone Beam Computed Tomography: Craniofacial and Airway Analysis

Imaging plays a role in the anatomic assessment of the airway and adjacent structures. This article discusses the use of 3-dimensional (3D) imaging (cone beam computed tomography [CBCT]) to evaluate the airway and selected regional anatomic variables that may contribute to obstructive sleep-disordered breathing (OSDB) in patients. CBCT technology uses a cone-shaped x-ray beam with a special image intensifier and a solid-state sensor or an amorphous silicon plate for capturing the image. Incorporation of 3D imaging into daily practice will allow practitioners to readily evaluate and screen patients for phenotypes associated with OSDB.
Synthesis of the fully functionalized tris-oxazole fragment found in metabolites derived from marine organisms

Abstract The synthesis of the fully functionalized tris-oxazole fragment 9 found in marine metabolites kabiramide C and halichondramide is reported employing modified Hantzsch methodology. Starting with the condensation reaction between cinnamamide 1 and ethyl bromopyruvate 2, the synthetic sequence leading to 9 was carried out in 13 steps with an overall yield of 26%.
An integrated approach to automated computer maintenance

This paper describes a method for applying automatic fault locating techniques to a computer system. Although the techniques described here are generally applicable, they have been specifically applied to IBM System/360 Model 50. Hardcore considerations are stressed and levels of hardcore are defined. Implementation objectives include both minimization of hardcore and minimization of additional circuitry. The design philosophy is to alter existing hardware where possible, keeping hardcore restrictions in mind. Hardware is added only where function does not exist or where hardcore restrictions are violated.A bootstrap approach is used whereby subsystems are tested before being used for checkout of other subsystems. A special program load is used to bypass CPU and channel circuitry to enter tests into storage. With tests in storage, a mode of operation is defined to permit use of main storage as both a data and control storage. In this mode, tests are performed on the read-only storage controls. The read-only storage, once checked, is used to control test execution on the remainder of the CPU. The entire CPU is then used as a test vehicle for channel checkout purposes.Finally, the same techniques and circuitry are shown to be applicable to other maintenance functions, including logging of errors and checking of certain storage subsystems.
Significance calculation and a new analysis method in searching for new physics at the LHC

The LHC experiments have great potential in discovering many possible new particles up to the TeV scale. The significance calculation of an observation of a physics signal with known location and shape is no longer valid when either the location or the shape of the signal is unknown. We find the current LHC significance calculation of new physics is over-estimated and strongly depends on the specifics of the method and the situation it applies to. We describe general procedures for significance calculation and comparing different search schemes. A new method uses maximum likelihood fits with floating parameters and scans the parameter space for the best fit to the entire sample. We find that the new method is significantly more sensitive than current method and is insensitive to the exact location of the new physics signal we search.
ASPS performance with large payloads onboard the Shuttle Orbiter

A high fidelity digital computer simulation was used to establish the viability of the Annular Suspension and Pointing System (ASPS) for satisfying the pointing and stability requirements of facility class payloads, such as the Solar Optical Telescope, when subjected to the Orbiter disturbance environment. The ASPS and its payload were subjected to disturbances resulting from crew motions in the Orbiter aft flight deck and VRCS thruster firings. Worst case pointing errors of 0.005 arc seconds were experienced under the disturbance environment simulated; this is well within the 0.08 arc seconds requirement specified by the payload.
PACK/UNPACK on Coarse-Grained Distributed Memory Parallel Machines

PACK/UNPACK are Fortran 90/HPF array construction functions that derive new arrays from existing arrays. We present algorithms for performing these operations on coarse-grained parallel machines. Our algorithms are relatively architecture independent and can be applied to arrays of arbitrary dimensions with arbitrary distribution along every dimension. Experimental results are presented on the CM-5.
Cathodic protection of steel reinforced concrete facilitated by using carbon fiber reinforced mortar or concrete

Due to the decrease in volume electrical resistivity associated with carbon fiber addition (0.35 vol.%) to concrete (embedding steel rebar), concrete containing carbon fibers and silica fume reduced by 18% the driving voltage required for cathodic protection compared to plain concrete, and by 28% compared to concrete with silica fume. Due to the decrease in resistivity associated with carbon fiber addition (1.1 vol.%) to mortar, overlay (embedding titanium wires for electrical contacts to steel reinforced concrete) in the form of mortar containing carbon fibers and latex reduced by the 10% the driving voltage required for cathodic protection, compared to plain mortar overlay. In spite of the low resistivity of mortar overlay with carbon fibers, cathodic protection required multiple metal electrical contacts embedded in the mortar at a spacing of 11 cm or less.
Shared responsibility for managing electronic waste: A case study of Maine, USA

Based on high disposal and low recycling rates of electronic waste (e-waste) and continued exportation to developing countries, reliance on municipal responsibility for e-waste management has been unsuccessful in the United States. This case study examines Maine's program, which was the first US state to mandate producer responsibility for recycling household e-waste. Maine's program established a shared cost responsibility among producers, municipalities, and consumers. The study found that Maine's program resulted in a significant reduction in disposal and a corresponding increase in environmentally sound recycling. In the first 3 years of the program, 6.406 million kg of household e-waste was collected and recycled for a population of 1.32 million. The new program, implemented in 2006, increased the number of e-waste items collected and recycled by 108% in the first year, 170% in the second year, and 221% in the third year. The program decreased direct economic costs to municipalities and households because of the shared cost approach and for the first time established costs for producers. There was no empirical evidence indicating that producers have or will improve the recyclability of electronic products to reduce recycling costs. While other weaknesses were that found potentially limit the adoption of Maine's program, its positive aspects warrant consideration by other governments.
The Effect of Microstructure on Mechanical Properties of Directionally Solidified Al2o3/Zro2(y2o3) Eutectic

Abstract The eutectic architecture of a continuous reinforcing phase within a higher volume fraction phase or matrix, can be described as a naturally occurring in-situ composite. Here we report the results of experiments aimed at identifying the sources of high temperature creep resistance and high levels of strength in a two phase Al2O3/ZrO2(Y2O3) system. The mechanical properties of two phase Al2O3/ZrO2(Y2O3) eutectic are superior to that of either constituent alone due to strong constraining effects provided by the coherent interfaces and micrsostructure. The Al2O3/ZrO2(Y2O3) eutectic maintains a low energy interface resulting from directional solidification and can produce strong and stable reinforcing phase/matrix bonding. The phases comprising a eutectic are thermodynamically compatible at higher homologous temperatures than man-made composites and as such offer the potential for superior high temperature properties.
Fermionic Linear Optics Revisited

We provide an alternative view of the efficient classical simulatibility of fermionic linear optics in terms of Slater determinants. We investigate the generic effects of two-mode measurements on the Slater number of fermionic states. We argue that most such measurements are not capable (in conjunction with fermion linear optics) of an efficient exact implementation of universal quantum computation. Our arguments do not apply to the two-mode parity measurement, for which exact quantum computation becomes possible.