cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and testing of cost-effective, 6 cm×6 cm MCP-based photodetectors for fast timing applications

Abstract Micro-channel plate (MCP)-based photodetectors are capable of picosecond level time resolution and sub-mm level position resolution, which makes them a perfect candidate for the next generation large area photodetectors. The large-area picosecond photodetector (LAPPD) collaboration is developing new techniques for making large-area photodetectors based on new MCP fabrication and functionalization methods. A small single tube processing system (SmSTPS) was constructed at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) for developing scalable, cost-effective, glass-body, 6 cm×6 cm, picosecond photodetectors based on MCPs functionalized by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). Recently, a number of fully processed and hermitically sealed prototypes made of MCPs with 20 μm pores have been fabricated. This is a significant milestone for the LAPPD project. These prototypes were characterized with a pulsed laser test facility. Without optimization, the prototypes have shown excellent results: the time resolution is ~57 ps for single photoelectron mode and ~15 ps for multi-photoelectron mode; the best position resolution is ≤0.8 mm for large pulses. In this paper, the tube processing system, the detector assembly, experimental setup, data analysis and the key performance will be presented.
Incidence of pelvic lymph node metastasis using modern FIGO staging and sentinel lymph node mapping with ultrastaging in surgically staged patients with endometrioid and serous endometrial carcinoma.

Abstract Objective We report the incidence of occult nodal metastasis in patients who underwent primary surgical staging for apparent early endometrioid or serous endometrial cancer with bilateral SLN mapping and enhanced pathology. Occult ovarian metastasis rates were also reported. Methods Patients with clinical stage I serous or endometrioid endometrial cancer who underwent primary staging surgery with successful bilateral SLN mapping from 1/2005–12/2018 were retrospectively evaluated. Rates of isolated tumor cells (ITCs), micro- and macrometastatic nodal disease, and occult ovarian involvement were reported. Results Of 1044 patients, 959 had endometrioid and 85 serous carcinoma. There were no positive SLNs among 510 patients with noninvasive FIGO grade 1/2 endometrioid carcinoma and Conclusion Ultrastaging SLNs may be unwarranted in low-grade noninvasive endometrioid cancer but valuable in noninvasive serous carcinoma. Occult ovarian metastasis is uncommon in early endometrial carcinoma and occurs in 2–3% of high-risk histologies. Further research is needed to determine ITC significance, particularly with regard to adjuvant treatment.
E-003 First Case of Flow Diverting Stent Placement in a Pediatric Patient through Radial Artery Approach

Introduction While trans-radial access (TRA) has been previously described for coronary angiography in the pediatric population, TRA has not been well described in pediatric Neuro-intervention cases. Case We present a case of flow diversion stent placement via the TRA in a 15-year-old female. The patient was found to have a traumatic right internal carotid artery dissection without any obvious pseudoaneurysm demonstrated on CTA and diagnostic angiography. She was started on anticoagulation. Three month follow-up MRA, demonstrated a new pseudoaneurysm measuring 8 mm x 6 mm with a neck of 4 mm. After discussion, we believed flow-diverting stent was optimal treatment in this patient. Her radial artery diameter was 2.1 mm. Ultrasound guided micropuncture of the radial artery was performed using single wall technique followed by placement of a 6-French sheath the right radial artery. 6F Envoy guide catheter was placed in the R ICA. The flow diverting stent was successfully placed without any adverse outcomes. Conclusion Here we present feasibility of Pediatric flow diverting stent placement thought radial approach. Many Neurointerventionalists prefer transfemoral access due to familiarity as well as size of the vessel which allows for the use of larger systems. Furthermore, the TRA is often complicated by vasospasm as well as difficulty in catheterizing the contralateral ICA and VA. While there are minimal complications, the TRA carries benefits of increased comfort, faster recovery following intervention, and a significant decrease in morbidity and mortality from femoral access. As experience grows and the technique becomes more refined, we believe that TRA will become more ubiquitous for cerebrovascular intervention in the pediatric as well as adult populations. Disclosures I. Bach: None. P. Patel: None. N. Majmundar: None. P. Khandelwal: None.
Effective lower bounds for L(1,χ) via Eisenstein series

We give effective lower bounds for L(1,χ) via Eisenstein series on Γ0(q)∖ℍ. The proof uses the Maass–Selberg relation for truncated Eisenstein series and sieve theory in the form of the Brun–Titchmarsh inequality. The method follows closely the work of Sarnak in using Eisenstein series to find effective lower bounds for ζ(1+it).
Concern and Externalities Associated with Locating Hemp Production and Processing Facilities

The legalization of hemp in the United States (U.S.) has created increased interest from agricultural and non-agricultural entities seeking to establish/expand hemp production and processing. As these entities begin to locate their production and processing operations, there is a potential for nearby residents to have concerns about these efforts. Using an online survey of residents from the southeastern U.S., concern levels and potential externalities associated with hemp production and processing were evaluated. Results show a majority of residents are concerned about hemp production and processing locating nearby with the externalities varying from the potential for illegal activity to environmental concerns.
Non-perturbative effects in μ → eγ

We compute the non-perturbative contribution of semileptonic tensor operators $$ \left(\overline{q}{\sigma}^{\mu \nu }q\right)\left(\overline{\ell}{\sigma}_{\mu \nu}\ell \right) $$ to the purely leptonic process μ → eγ and to the electric and magnetic dipole moments of charged leptons by matching onto chiral perturbation theory at low energies. This matching procedure has been used extensively to study semileptonic and leptonic weak decays of hadrons. In this paper, we apply it to observables that contain no strongly interacting external particles. The non-perturbative contribution to μ → e processes is used to extract the best current bound on lepton-flavor-violating semileptonic tensor operators, ΛBSM ≳ 450 TeV. We briefly discuss how the same method applies to dark-matter interactions.
Proton therapy delivery method affects dose-averaged linear energy transfer in patients.

The dosimetric advantages of proton therapy have led to its rapid proliferation in recent decades. This has been accompanied by a shift in technology from older units that deliver protons by passive scattering (PS) to newer units that increasingly use pencil-beam scanning (PBS). The biologic effectiveness of proton physical dose, however, purportedly rises with increasing dose-weighted average linear energy transfer (LETD). The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which proton delivery methods affect LETD. We calculated LETD from simple and clinical treatment plans with TOPAS Monte-Carlo transport code. Simple treatment plans comprised single fields of PS and PBS protons in a water phantom. We performed simulations of clinical treatment plans by using the treatment and anatomic data obtained from a cohort of children with craniopharyngioma who previously received PS or PBS proton therapy. We compared the distributions of LETD from PS and PBS delivery methods in clinically relevant regions of interest. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests comparing single fields in water revealed that the LETD values from PBS were significantly greater than that from PS inside and outside the targeted volume (p < 0.01). Permutation tests comparing LETD-volume histograms from clinical treatment plans showed that LETD was generally greater for PBS treatment plans than for PS treatment plans. In conclusion, the proton delivery method affects LETD both inside and outside of the target volume. These findings suggest that PBS is more biologically effective than PS. Given the rapid expansion of PBS proton therapy, future studies are needed to confirm the applicability of treatment evaluation methods developed for PS proton therapy to those for modern PBS treatments to ensure their safety and effectiveness for the growing population of patients receiving proton therapy.
Improving Gender Translation Accuracy with Filtered Self-Training.

Targeted evaluations have found that machine translation systems often output incorrect gender, even when the gender is clear from context. Furthermore, these incorrectly gendered translations have the potential to reflect or amplify social biases. We propose a gender-filtered self-training technique to improve gender translation accuracy on unambiguously gendered inputs. This approach uses a source monolingual corpus and an initial model to generate gender-specific pseudo-parallel corpora which are then added to the training data. We filter the gender-specific corpora on the source and target sides to ensure that sentence pairs contain and correctly translate the specified gender. We evaluate our approach on translation from English into five languages, finding that our models improve gender translation accuracy without any cost to generic translation quality. In addition, we show the viability of our approach on several settings, including re-training from scratch, fine-tuning, controlling the balance of the training data, forward translation, and back-translation.
Fourth World Literature in India: An Act of Appropriation?

That the concept of Fourth World Literature seems to have been appropriated by Dalits in India is an indication of their anxiety to get international attention to oppression on account of caste system. Conceptually, it is wrong to equate Fourth World literature with Dalit literature in the Indian context. While Fourth World literature deals with the literature of and about the indigenous peoples who have been identified by the UN and the Supreme Court of India, Dalit literature is concerned with the lives of the marginalized groups in the mainstream Indian State. This paper attempts to clarify the concept of Fourth World Literature and its relevance to India. Studies on both Fourth World Literature and Dalit Literature ought to go hand in hand sharing the theoretical and methodological epistemology to enrich each other field in stead of the latter appropriating what is due to the former.
Prevention for Those Who Can Pay

Clinical use of genetic testing to predict adult onset conditions allows individuals to minimize or circumvent disease when preventive medical interventions are available. Recent policy recommendations and changes expand patient access to information about asymptomatic genetic conditions and create mechanisms for expanded insurance coverage for genetic tests. The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) recommends that laboratories provide incidental findings of medically actionable genetic variants after whole genome sequencing. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) established mechanisms to mandate coverage for genetic tests, such as BRCA. The ACA and ACMG, however, do not address insurance coverage for preventive interventions. These policies equate access to testing as access to prevention, without exploring the accessibility and affordability of interventions. In reality, insurance coverage for preventive interventions in asymptomatic adults is variable given the US health insurance system’s focus on treatment. Health disparities will be exacerbated if only privileged segments of society can access preventive interventions, such as prophylactic surgeries, screenings, or medication. To ensure equitable access to interventions, federal or state legislatures should mandate insurance coverage for both predictive genetic testing and recommended follow-up interventions included in a list established by an expert panel or regulatory body.
Origins of Regio- and Chemoselectivity in Iron-PDAI-Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition Syntheses of 4,6-Disubstituted 2-Aminopyridines

A mechanistic investigation into the origins of the regio- and chemoselectivities observed in iron/pyridine dialdimine (PDAI)-catalyzed intermolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions of terminal al...
The Knowledge of the Known

It is the thesis of this chapter that the adjective ‘known’ adds nothing to our knowledge, and, by extension, that epistemology is very much less important than is currently believed.
Photoinduced absorption in amorphous silicon

The physics and applications of transient absorption spectroscopy in amorphous silicon associated with photogenerated carriers are discussed. Transitions of holes trapped in the tail close to the valence band into the band produce a midgap absorption band whose shape, temperature and time dependence in good quality a-Si: H can be explained by the multiple trapping model. Measurement of the decay of the oscillator strength of this band in the micro-second range gives information about the recombination process. It is shown that at long times the strength decays as t−α where α is the dispersion parameter of electrons. In the time domain 0.5 to 200 ps photocarrier dynamics were studied by the pump and probe technique. Information was obtained about carriers thermalization, geminate and non-geminate recombination, and trapping in shallow and deep traps. The studied materials were undoped a-Si: H, P and B doped a-Si: H, and a-Si.
Cosmic-Ray Transport Coefficients

A review of cosmic-ray transport coefficients, based on historic and recent observations and theoretical insights, is presented. Particular emphasis is on the transport of cosmic rays across the magnetic field, which is of foremost importance, and is presently poorly understood and widely debated.
Lunar Tidal Variations of Sporadic E

Large and obvious lunar variations of the sporadic E (Es) occur in spite of a very small lunar effect in the E-layer. All previous works of the Es lunar tidal variations by various researchers and newly obtained results of these variations are described here and compared with the lunar tides in other ionospheric layers and with radio observations of lunar tidal winds in the E-layer. Behavior of the Es lunar tidal variations is different in middle latitudes (the zone in which |Bz| ≥ about 0·3 gauss, where Bz is the vertical component of the earth's main magnetic field), low latitudes (about 0·04 ≤ |Bz| < about 0·3 gauss), and particularly the magnetic equatorial zone (|Bz| < about 0·04 gauss). These different behaviors of the Es lunar tidal variation is explained theoretically, taking into consideration vertical upward drift motions of charged particles due to the lunar geomagnetic current system and a lunar equatorial electrojet.
Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis: confronting complexity

The genetic basis for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is likely to be extremely complex. Even the role of MHC genes remains to be fully defined, and may involve interactive genetic effects. The difficulty of precisely defining the clinical phenotype, as well as underlying genetic heterogeneity, complicates the problem. In addition, stochastic genetic or physiologic events may contribute to the low penetrance of susceptibility genes. This situation parallels developing paradigms for other autoimmune disorders, in which many different genes each appear to contribute a small amount to overall risk for disease, and where severity and specific phenotypic subtypes are subject to genetic effects. The completion of the human genome project, along with advances in informatics, will be required to reach a deeper understanding of RA. It is likely that this will involve an iterative and interactive process between several different scientific disciplines.
Medardo Angel Silva: las voces inefables y el ser cholo en Guayaquil

El articulo busca entender el gran poder que la sensibilidad de Silva obtuvo sobre su ciudad natal, explorando algunos de los principales sentimientos que le permitieron alcanzar un lugar paradigmatico dentro de los linderos auto-reflexivos de Guayaquil. Propone que varias generaciones de guayaquilenos han utilizado a Silva como un espejo de multiples niveles para reflejar sus complicadas imagenes de ausencia, pesadillas coloniales y las formas institucionales de un rechazo civilizador.
Influence of Microstructure on the Indentation‐Induced Damage in Silicon Carbide

It is well documented that the microstructure (porosity, grain size, grain boundary composition, etc.) will influence the hardness of a ceramic. However it is not fully understood how these changes may affect the damage that results from the indentation process. In this effort, the density and grain size were varied in silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics. The materials were then subjected to Knoop and spherical indentations. After indentation the resulting damage in each material was assessed, compared, and correlated to the hardness and variations in the microstructure.
The Implementation of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in New Member States of the Council of Europe - Conclusions Drawn and Lessons Learned

In the book, some 25 authors report on the implementation of the ECHR in their respective countries, including questions of ratification and implementation in law, awareness by legal professionals, inclusion in the curricula of law schools, practice of the courts, cases brought to Strasbourg, and execution of judgments of the EuCrtHR on the domestic level. The Conclusions summarize the findings and make recommendations for better implementation of the ECHR by better protection of fundamental rights and freedoms, more effective national remedies, and pro-active changes of laws, institutions, and procedures, after judgments against other Member States of the Council of Europe.
Burden of Clostridium Difficile‐Associated Diarrhea in a Long‐Term Care Facility

OBJECTIVES: To describe the incidence and prevalence of Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea (CDAD) in a long-term care facility (LTCF). DESIGN: Retrospective review of CDAD cases between July 2001 and December 2003. SETTING: Two hundred two–bed LTCF affiliated with an academic medical center in Baltimore, Maryland. PARTICIPANTS: All residents of the facility during July 2001 to December 2003. MEASUREMENTS: Clinical and laboratory-confirmed cases of CDAD. RESULTS: Incidence of CDAD ranged from 0 to 2.62 cases per 1,000 resident days. The highest rates were observed in residents of subacute units, whereas incidence was much lower on traditional nursing home units. Prevalence of CDAD at admission was greater on units (subacute and rehabilitative) where the majority of patients were admitted from hospital settings than on those where the majority of patients were admitted from the community (nursing home units). Recurrent disease occurred in 21.7% of patients with CDAD. CONCLUSION: CDAD remains a problem in the long-term care setting, and importation from the acute care setting accounts for a large proportion of the C. difficile seen LTCFs. As the population continues to age, issues of disease and infection in long-term care are expected to increase. New prevention and control strategies are needed to control the spread of CDAD in LTCFs.
Trance-Migrations: Stories of India, Tales of Hypnosis by Lee Spiegel

Imagine, if you will, that you have an uncanny feeling that the words before you are being read aloud. However, you note the shape and style of the font, the color of the paper, and the texture of ...
Counterpoint: Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Is Not Indicated for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

The purpose of axillary surgery in breast cancer is to provide prognostic information to guide the choice of adjuvant systemic therapy. Axillary surgery for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) was abandoned in the 1980s because of the extremely low risk of lymph node metastases and high survival rates. Most women with metastases probably harbored an unrecognized focus of invasion or had metastases subsequent to an invasive local recurrence. Increased use of the less morbid sentinel node biopsy (SNB) for axillary staging of invasive cancer and the recognition that many patients will harbor micrometastases in nodes only recognized by cytokeratin immunohistochemistry (IHC) led two groups to perform SNB with IHC in women with DCIS. One group included all subtypes of DCIS and found metastases in 13% (half of which were detected only on IHC). The other group studied only patients with "high-risk" DCIS. They found metastases in 12% (7 of 9 by IHC only). These groups recommend SNB for women with DCIS. However, the use of SNB in DCIS should be tempered by the uncertainty of the prognostic significance of IHC-detected metastases, the conflicting results of these 2 studies, and the real potential to cause more harm than good from the morbidity of the procedure, the application of unnecessary axillary dissection, and the use of unwarranted adjuvant systemic chemotherapy. These results should be used to generate hypotheses for clinical trials addressing these problems. However, SNB for DCIS remains investigational and should not be generally applied.
Large‐Scale Electronic Structure Calculations Using Linear Scaling Methods

We describe linear scaling methods for electronic structure calculations and quantum molecular dynamics simulations, and discuss the basic differences and similarities between the various frameworks proposed in the literature.
Evaluation of the Specificity of an Immunoprecipitin Test for Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis

The specificity of a new antigen-antibody system (devised at the International Center for Medical Research and Training [ICMRT], San Jos6, Costa Rica) for non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis was evaluated. ICMRT antigen was found in eight (21%0) of 38 patients with acute NANB hepatitis; 22 patients (58%) seroconverted, including three who were positive for ICMRT antigen. Five patients with chronic NANB hepatitis were persistently positive for ICMRT antigen and negative for ICMRT antibody during several years of observation. Neither ICMRT antigen nor seroconversion was found among 11 patients with hepatitis A and 19 with hepatitis B occurring concomitantly with NANB hepatitis; only two of 56 patients with other liver diseases had ICMRT antigen, both presumably with chronic antigenemia. Seven of 128 household contacts of patients with NANB hepatitis had ICMRT antigen; 27 had antibody initially, and 35 (37%0 of susceptible contacts) seroconverted during the observation period. Less than 4% of household contacts of patients with hepatitis A or B seroconverted. Routine screening of blood donors for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) has dramatically reduced the incidence of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis B. Now, instead, non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis prevails, accounting for at least 90% of posttransfusion cases of hepatitis in the United States and Europe, as well as >20% of sporadic cases [1, 2]. Because of the high frequency of NANB post-transfusion hepatitis, the existence of a large number of virus carriers in the population is suspected [3]. However, for lack of an appropriate diagnostic test, asymptomatic carriers are identified only in retrospect, after transfusion of their blood has caused NANB hepatitis in the recipient; moreover, NANB hepatitis still remains a negatively defined entity, diagnosed by exclusion of the other types of the disease. A new antigen-antibody system that is apparently specific for NANB hepatitis has been identified at the International Center for Medical Re
Ashley’s and Taussig’s Lectures on the History of Economic Thought at Harvard, 1896–7

If each generation of economists has the task of interpreting the history of the discipline for itself, then the history of the history of economic thought is itself an important and viable field of inquiry. It should instruct us, among other things, on how the minds and paradigms of economists have developed, in part, through informing us as to how earlier generations received still earlier economic concepts and theories.
A multifractal description of wind speed records

Abstract In this paper, a systematic analysis of hourly wind speed data obtained from four potential wind generation sites in North Dakota is conducted. The power spectra of the data exhibited a power law decay characteristic of 1/fα processes with possible long range correlations. The temporal scaling properties of the records were studied using the sophisticated multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis MFDFA. It is seen that the records at all four locations exhibit similar scaling behavior which is also reflected in the multifractal spectrum determined under the assumption of a binomial multiplicative cascade model.
Hemispheric asymmetries for global and local processing as a function of stimulus exposure duration.

The experiments assess the relationship between stimulus exposure duration and hemispheric asymmetries for global and local processing. Six durations (27, 40, 53, 67, 80, and 147 ms) were tested in a selective attention task in which hierarchical letterforms were presented unilaterally to the left or right visual field. The results indicated that left hemisphere-local asymmetries were demonstrated more often than right hemisphere-global asymmetries and that asymmetries were most commonly found in the middle range of durations tested. The pattern of results emphasizes the importance of further study into those conditions under which the predicted asymmetries can be reliably demonstrated in healthy individuals.
Training for linear endobronchial ultrasound among US pulmonary/critical care fellowships: a survey of fellowship directors.

Background Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) has revolutionized the ability of bronchoscopists to visualize and sample structures surrounding the tracheobronchial tree. It has been shown to be safe, minimally invasive, and highly accurate in the staging and diagnosing of mediastinal diseases. A prior survey of pulmonary fellowship program directors conducted in 2004 showed that only 2% of programs offered EBUS training. Methods Surveys were mailed to 154 pulmonary/critical care fellowship directors in the United States and Puerto Rico. Demographics of the fellowship and details of EBUS training were recorded. A comparison of EBUS volume was made between programs with and without an identifiable interventional pulmonologist (IP). Results The survey response rate was 71%. EBUS equipment was available at 89% of programs. Of those without EBUS, 100% expressed the goal of obtaining equipment within the year. An identifiable IP was present in 70% of programs. This was associated with more EBUS procedures performed by trainees ( P Conclusions EBUS exposure has rapidly disseminated into fellowship training programs, and programs with an identifiable IP are more likely to provide fellows with more EBUS procedures. The findings of this survey point out the need to develop a standardized protocol for EBUS competency that includes current recommendations and may require training with simulation.
Site of attachment of J chain to human immunoglobulin M

IN spite of a remarkable similarity of the general polypeptide chain structure of immunoglobulins, their molecular weights vary from 150,000 to 950,000 because some occur in monomeric (IgG, IgD and IgE) and others in monomeric or polymeric forms (IgA and IgM) (ref. 1). The largest immunoglobulin, IgM, appears in a stellate configuration of five disulphide-linked subunits (IgM8), each consisting of two pairs of covalently linked heavy (μ) and light (κ or λ) chains2. Recent evidence shows that polymeric immunoglobulins, whether composed of dimers, tetramers or pentamers, contain one molecule of an additional polypeptide, termed J chain3–5. Produced within the same cells as immunoglobulins, J chain becomes attached to polymeric IgM and IgA during the final stages of intracellular assembly6–8. Available results indicate that this polypeptide is essential for polymerisation of monomeric immunoglobulins9,10, has a molecular weight of about 15,000 (refs 11–13), and is covalently attached by disulphide bonds to the Fc region of IgM (refs 14–16). Although the covalent structure of μ chain has been determined17, the exact location of the disulphide bond(s) connecting J chain to μ chain has not been known. To investigate this question, we used available information concerning fragmentation of IgM and of μ and J chains by cleavage with cyanogen bromide (CNBr) (refs 17–20). Because this procedure leaves disulphide bridges intact we reasoned that the portion of μ chain(s) linked by these bridges to J chain would be obtainable as a CNBr fragment.
The Roles of Bone Mineral Density, Bone Turnover, and Other Properties in Reducing Fracture Risk During Antiresorptive Therapy

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength and increased risk of fracture. Properties related to bone strength include rate of bone turnover, bone mineral density, geometry, microarchitecture, and mean degree of mineralization. These properties (with or without bone density) are sometimes collectively referred to as bone quality. Antiresorptive agents may reduce fracture risk by several separate but interrelated effects on these individual properties. For example, antiresorptive agents have been reported to reduce bone turnover, stabilize or increase bone density, preserve or improve microarchitecture, reduce the number or size of resorption sites, and improve mineralization. Although changes in bone architecture and mineralization are not currently measurable in clinical practice, bone turnover is assessed easily in vivo and affects the other bone properties. Moreover, antiresorptive therapies that produce larger decreases in bone turnover markers together with larger increases in bone mineral density are associated with greater reductions in fracture risk, especially at sites primarily composed of cortical bone such as the hip. Reductions in fracture risk are the most convincing evidence of good bone quality. Data from well-designed randomized clinical trials with up to 10 years of continuous antiresorptive therapy have shown that certain antiresorptive agents effectively reduce fracture risk and (together with extensive preclinical data) suggest no deleterious effects on bone quality.
Solvent displacement in transition metal complexes

Abstract Ligand exchange reactions of transition metal ions solvated by two acetone or two acetonitrile molecules with multidentate polyethers or pyridyl ligands are undertaken in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The ability of the polyether or pyridyl ligand to displace one or both solvent molecules is correlated with the number of binding atoms in the multidentate ligand, the flexibility of the ligand along with its ability to fully coordinate or encapsulate the metal ion, and the strength of the solvent/metal bonds. The smaller polyethers displace one solvent molecule, thus generating stable (M + + polyether + solvent) complexes. The larger polyethers rapidly displace both solvent molecules, leading to formation of stable (M + + polyether) complexes, because of the ability of the large polyethers to encapsulate or fully coordinate the metal ion. The pyridyl ligands tend to favor formation of (M + + pyridyl ligand + solvent) mixed-ligand complexes, regardless of the number of nitrogen atoms or flexibility of the pyridyl ligand. The pyridyl ligands are unable to fully encapsulate the metal ion, so one solvent molecule may remain bound to the metal ion.
Lip burn from band seater

Infect ion control in dental and orthodontic offices has received major attention in the recent past because of increasing concern regarding the transmission of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hepatitis B virus. ~-5 Orthodontic pliers present a special problem in that they are not amenable to steam sterilization because of rusting. Dry heat sterilization requires too long a time to be practical. Unsaturated chemical vapor sterilization is practical for pliers, but
Studies of the erythron.

Radionuclide studies of the erythron are valuable to the physician in evaluating the clinical situation in a wide variety of hematologic disorders. A complete and accurate analysis of the life cycle of the red cell can be obtained with a full iron kinetic study, in conjunction with a DF 32 P red-cell survival study. However, a complete iron kientic study is not always necessary. It may be abbreviated by deleting the in vitro phase of the iron kinetic procedure. The abbreviated iron kinetic study is also done in conjunction with a DF 32 P red-cell survival study. It can easily be performed by injecting 59 Fe-labeled plasma and monitoring externally over the spleen, liver, and sacrum. Measurements of red-cell survival may be obtained with either 51 Cr or DF 32 P. Although 51 Cr provides a relatively uniform label of circulating red cells and is convenient to count in vitro, its highly variable elution rate precludes an accurate measurement of erythrocyte survival. The 51 Cr method provides only a rough index of circulating red-cell half-times as a measure of red-cell survival. DF 32 P, however, is a permanent label of circulating red cells. It provides a direct measurement of erythrocyte survival and permits in vivo labeling of red cells simply by means of direct intravenous injection. Because it has an elution rate that is virtually zero after minimal elution on the day of injection, and because it is not reutilized, DF 32 P is unquestionably the best agent known for the determination of red-cell survival. In addition to these diagnostic data, the complete iron kinetic study can provide data on the deposition of iron in storage and the rate of iron storage exchange. It can also determine if erythropoiesis is quantitatively abnormal and if the abnormality is located in the bone marrow or in other organs such as the liver or spleen. Although the study of hematologic disorders is one of the most rapidly developing areas of medical research, techniques that are currently available can provide an understanding of the life cycle of the red cell and valuable data that can be applied directly to the clinical situation. When performed accurately, these studies provide a thorough analysis of the pathophysiology of the erythron and are valuable clinical tools that can be used successfully in the diagnosis and evaluation of a broad spectrum of hematological disorders.
Heckling as distraction: An experimental study of its effect on source credibility

Four qualitative levels of heckling distraction (high, medium, low, and no distraction control) were randomly inserted within a taped, “germ free” message. Two levels of credibility were used (High: Harvard professor; Low: United Parcel employee). Marker variables were employed and dependent variables were factor analyzed and “purified” for greater instrument reliability. Multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance, univariate analysis of variance, and a Duncan Multiple Range follow‐up test were calculated. Results showed that message source ethos ratings were significantly affected by the presence of heckling distractions.
Temporal changes in systemic and local expression of bone turnover markers during six months of sclerostin antibody administration to ovariectomized rats

Sclerostin (Scl) is an osteocyte protein that decreases bone formation, and its inhibition by neutralizing antibodies (Scl-Ab) increases bone formation, mass and strength. We investigated the effects of Scl-Ab in mature ovariectomized (OVX) rats with a mechanistic focus on longer-term responses of osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes. Four-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats had OVX or sham surgery. Two months later, sham controls received sc vehicle while OVX rats received vehicle (OVX-Veh) or Scl-Ab (25mg/kg) once weekly for 6 or 26weeks followed by necropsy (n=12/group). Terminal blood was collected for biochemistry, non-adherent marrow cells were harvested from femurs for ex vivo osteoclast formation assays, and vertebrae and tibiae were collected for dynamic histomorphometry and mRNA analyses. Scl-Ab treatment led to progressively thicker but fewer trabeculae in the vertebra, leading to increased trabecular bone volume and reduced trabecular surfaces. Scl-Ab also increased cortical bone volume in the tibia, via early periosteal expansion and progressive endocortical contraction. Scl-Ab significantly reduced parameters of bone resorption at week 6 relative to OVX-Veh controls, including reduced serum TRACP-5b, reduced capacity of marrow cells to form osteoclasts ex vivo, and >80% reductions in vertebral trabecular and tibial endocortical eroded surfaces. At week 26, serum TRACP-5b and ex vivo osteoclast formation were no longer reduced in the Scl-Ab group, but eroded surfaces remained >80% lower than in OVX-Veh controls without evidence for altered skeletal mRNA expression of opg or rankl. Scl-Ab significantly increased parameters of bone formation at week 6 relative to OVX-Veh controls, including increases in serum P1NP and osteocalcin, and increased trabecular, endocortical and periosteal bone formation rates (BFRs). At week 26, surface-referent trabecular BFR remained significantly increased in the Scl-Ab group versus OVX-Veh controls, but after adjusting for a reduced extent of trabecular surfaces, overall (referent-independent) trabecular BFR was no longer significantly elevated. Similarly, serum P1NP and osteocalcin were no longer significantly increased in the Scl-Ab group at week 26. Tibial endocortical and periosteal BFR were increased at week 6 in the Scl-Ab group versus OVX-Veh controls, while at week 26 only endocortical BFR remained increased. The Scl-Ab group exhibited significant increments in skeletal mRNA expression of several osteocyte genes, with sost showing the greatest induction in both the tibia and vertebra. We propose that Scl-Ab administration, and/or the gains in bone volume that result, may have increased osteocytic expression of Scl as a possible means of regulating gains in bone mass.
Contrast-enhanced functional blood volume imaging (CE-fBVI): enhanced sensitivity for brain activation in humans using the ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide agent ferumoxytol.

Abstract Functional MRI (fMRI) brain studies performed in the presence of a steady-state or “blood pool” contrast agent yields activation maps that are weighted for cerebral blood volume (CBV). Previous animal experiments suggest significant contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) improvements, but these studies have not yet been performed in humans due to the lack of availability of a suitable agent. Here we report the use of the USPIO ferumoxytol (AMAG Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA) for functional brain activation in humans, termed contrast enhanced functional blood volume imaging (CE-fBVI). Four subjects were scanned during a unilateral finger tapping task with standard blood–oxygen level dependent (BOLD) imaging before contrast and CE-fBVI after contrast injection. The CE-fBVI response showed both a fast (5.8 ± 1.3 s) and a slow (75.3 ± 27.5 s) component of CBV response to stimuli. A significant CNR gain of approximately 2–3 was found for CE-fBVI compared to BOLD fMRI. Interestingly, less susceptibility-related signal dropouts were observed in the inferior frontal and temporal lobes with CE-fBVI. The combination of higher CNR and better spatial specificity, enabled by CE-fBVI using blood pool USPIO contrast agent opens the door to higher resolution brain mapping.
Did Central Cities Come Back? Which Ones, How Far, and Why?

ABSTRACT:Much has been made of the revival of distressed cities during the 1990s, yet how much of this asserted revival really worked its way down to residents? We find that residents of distressed central cities were generally worse off in 2000 than in 1980. We construct an index of the economic well-being of central city residents for the 98 central cities that had at least 125,000 residents in 1980 with metropolitan area populations of at least 250,000. We then compare the change in the economic well-being of residents of the 33 cities with the lowest index scores in 1980 against (1) their own performance over this time period, (2) the performance of the 65 non-distressed central cities, and (3) the performance of the nation. In the third section we build regression models of change in the index and of each index component to determine what explains the change in economic well-being of city residents.
Tumors of unknown origin

Tumors of unknown origin (TUOs) account for 3% of cancers and represent the eighth-most common cancer diagnosis. Although TUOs are commonly classified by their histological presentation, examination of the location of the metastases is equally important. When the histological type and location of metastases are both known, a finite number of common clinical syndromes emerge and one can predict the most common occult primaries.
Charge exchange between TiO2 and a polyfunctional chemisorbed molecule: the involvement of electrophilic groups

Abstract A chemisorbed polyfunctional molecule containing both a S atom and a Cl atom, (2-chloroethylethyl sulfide, 2-CEES) is able to abstract electrons which reside near the bottom of the conduction band in TiO 2 . By using analogous model compounds containing either the S moiety or the Cl moiety, it is found that electron transfer from TiO 2 occurs only into the molecule containing the Cl moiety. This suggests that a specific electron transfer pathway involving the Cl atom is involved in the electron transfer interaction of 2-CEES with TiO 2 . Small coverages of adsorbed electron acceptor molecules are found to cause electron depletion of individual TiO 2 crystallites.
An interface compatibility/equilibrium mechanism for delamination fracture in aluminum–lithium alloys

Abstract This work describes a mechanism for the initiation of delamination cracks in Al–Li alloys based on the soft/stiff character of adjacent grains. Small-scale-yielding, crystal plasticity simulations of divider grain configurations (L-T) reveal an elevated mean stress on grain boundaries. This mean stress increase drives a sharp localization of the Rice-Tracey parameter to the grain boundaries – elevation of the RT parameter indicates favorable conditions for void growth and triggering of delamination cracking, in agreement with the fractography of Ritchie and co-workers. Our simulation results and available experimental evidence indicate delamination initiates typically between soft/stiff grain pairs, often Bs (Bunge-convention Euler angles ϕ 1 = 131 ° , Φ = 83 ° , ϕ 2 = 307 ° ) or S ( ϕ 1 = 233 ° , Φ = 151 ° , ϕ 2 = 105 ° ) orientations. The crystal plasticity results and a simple model of a soft/stiff material interface show that mean stress accumulation is a consequence of the mechanics of such an interface, and not necessarily tied to material inhomogeneities near the GBs (such as precipitate free zones).
Effects of coating of dicarboxylic acids on the mass-mobility relationship of soot particles.

A tandem differential mobility analyzer (TDMA) and a differential mobility analyzer−aerosol particle mass analyzer (DMA-APM) have been employed to study morphology and hygroscopicity of soot aerosol internally mixed with dicarboxylic acids. The effective densities, fractal dimensions, and dynamic shape factors of soot particles before and after coating with succinic and glutaric acids are determined. Coating of soot with succinic acid results in a significant increase in the particle mobility diameter, mass, and effective density, but these properties recover to their initial values once succinic acid is removed by heating, suggesting that no restructuring of the soot core occurs. This conclusion is also supported from the observation of similar fractal dimensions and dynamic shape factors for fresh and coated/heated soot aggregates. Also, no change is observed when succinic acid-coated aggregates are cycled through elevated relative humidity (5% to 90% to 5% RH) below the succinic acid deliquescence poin...
SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION MONTE CARLO: BRIDGING THE GAP FROM QUANTUM TO CLASSICAL TRANSPORT

Schrodinger Equation and (based) Monte Carlo (SEMC), a simulation method designed to bridge the gap from quantum to classical transport, is described. This method provides a non-perturbative, current conserving quantum mechanical treatment of carriers, phonons, and their coupling, yet the SEMC algorithm is analogous to and compatible with that of semiclassical Monte Carlo (SMC). Indeed, SEMC allows carriers to be followed through a sequence of stochastically sampled scattering events. Phase breaking and energy dissipation for charge carriers within the Schrodinger-equation-based method are modeled via the exchange of probability among oscillator degrees of freedom, mimicing the true process of carrier-phonon scattering. Carrier-phonon coupling potentials for SEMC are obtained by Monte Carlo sampling of (the spatial correlation functions of) the true carrier-phonon coupling potentials. Illustrative results demonstrate SEMC's ability to provide both physically and quantitatively accurate modeling of, in particular, long-range polar-optical scattering, and to completely bridge the gap between phase-coherent and phase-incoherent transport.
The Impact of School Mental Health Services on Out-of-School Suspension Rates

The current study investigated whether the presence of school-based mental health clinicians in an urban school district was associated with reduced out-of-school suspension rates. Forty one elementary schools with expanded school mental health (ESMH) programs were compared to 41 schools without ESMH programs. Correlational analyses revealed associations between suspension outcomes and several school-level demographic variables including school attendance rate, percent of students in poverty, and percent of nonwhite students in the school. After controlling for these variables, however, results of stepwise linear regressions demonstrated no significant differences between ESMH and non-ESMH schools on suspension outcomes. Results of the current study suggest that the presence of ESMH clinicians will not necessarily impact suspension rates in an elementary school. Targeted and well-implemented approaches to address behaviors that lead to suspension, or school- and system-level policies to provide alternatives to suspensions, will likely be a better route to achieving this outcome.
Hinduism in India and Congregational Forms: Influences of Modernization and Social Networks

In light of increased scholarly interest in the scientific study of non-Christian religions and societies, I review sociological research on Hinduism. Specifically, I focus on Hindu congregational forms, a phenomenon noted in social scientific literature. Drawing on existing theories from the sociology of religion, this article illuminates possible social sources of Hindu congregational forms. Two preliminary sources are proposed and possible mechanisms elaborated: (1) modernization and (2) social networks. I conclude by proposing several new directions for research on Hindu congregational forms. These arguments and proposals offer directions for expanding understanding of how theories in the sociology of religion might operate beyond Christianity and the West.
Influence of NaF and Na2PO3F(MFP) on glucose metabolism in rat hepatocytes.

Abstract Addition of NaF or MFP to rat hepatocytes resulted in a decrease in lactate and in an increase in glucose, 3 and 2-phosphoglycerate production. When dihydroxyacetone was present in the incubation medium both NaF and MFP increased the production of glucose, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, 3 and 2 phosphoglycerate, with a decrease in pyruvate and lactate. In the presence of lactate, glucose production increased only in the presence of MFP, but there was a 8–10 fold increase in the level of phosphoenol pyruvate with both NaF and MFP. The crossover data indicated that the activity of some of the glycolytic enzymes may be inhibited in the presence of NaF and MFP.