cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Active material reversible attachments: shape memory polymer based

We detail the joint concept generation and embodiment development by HRL and GMR&D of shape memory polymer (SMP) based reversible-on-demand attachments. In this initial study of active material enabled reversible-on-demand attachments, our primary focus was on hook-and-loop type fasteners. The approach followed, in broader context, was to incorporate an active material, defined as a material which changes a fundamental mechanical property upon exposure to an appropriate field, in at least one component of the hook-and-loop assembly, in this way allowing a field activated change in the stiffness (raising/lowering) and/or geometry (straightening of the hook) of the component and thus on-demand release of the attachment This paper describes the fabrication method and properties of one of the two principle classes of embodiments made during the development of the concept. This class of embodiments, which utilized thermally activated shape memory polymer materials, was shown to exhibit pull-off forces similar to conventional "non-active" hook-and-loop fasteners, and significantly, as desired, was reversible with a reduction in the pull-off force of a factor of ~100. This study was thus successful in demonstrating the feasibility of a thermally activated SMP based reversible-on-demand distributed attachment.
HIV viral protein R causes atrial cardiomyocyte mitosis, mesenchymal tumor, dysrhythmia, and heart failure.

HIV viral protein R (Vpr) affects the immunocyte cell cycle and circulates as free polypeptide in plasma of AIDS patients. Effects of Vpr on cardiomyocytes were explored using transgenic mice (TG) with Vpr targeted to cardiomyocytes by the α-myosin heavy-chain promoter. TG and WT littermate hearts were evaluated histopathologically, ultrastructurally, molecularly via RNA microarray analysis and quantitative RT-PCR, and functionally by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and electrocardiograms (ECG). Six hemizygous lines were created (Vpra,b,c,d,e,h). Vpr RNA was expressed exclusively in myocardium and Vpr mRNA expression correlated with phenotypic changes. Vprb exhibited the highest expression and mortality. TGs developed congestive heart failure (≈8 weeks), abnormal cardiomyocyte nuclei and mitoses (≈12 weeks), and became moribund (≈20 weeks) with atrial mesenchymal tumors. MRI revealed four-chamber dilation, defective contraction, and atrial masses. Pathologically, cardiomegaly and atrial mesenchymal tumors occurred (≈16–20 weeks). ECGs showed prolonged R–R, Q–T, and P–R intervals (≈12 weeks). RNA encoding collagen and bone morphogenic protein 4, 6, and 7 were increased. Vpr targeted to cardiomyocytes caused defective contractility and atrial tumors. Since some Vpr cardiomyocytic effects resemble those found in terminally differentiated immunocytes, some pathogenetic mechanisms may be shared at the subcellular level.
Temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza A/Udorn/72 (H3N2) virus. III. Genetic analysis of temperature-dependent host range mutants.

Abstract One hundred thirty-three ts mutants of influenza A/Udorn/72 virus were arranged into eight complementation groups, A-H, on Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) monolayer cultures at the restrictive temperature of 40°. The eight complementation groups, A-H, on MDCK cells corresponded to the eight recombination groups, A-H, on rhesus monkey kidney (RMK) cells, respectively, and this suggested that each MDCK complementation group represented one of the eight influenza A RNA gene segments. These ts viruses were used to identify the locus of the ts mutation in temperature-dependent host range (td-hr) mutants of the A/Udorn/72 virus. Sixteen of the 133 ts mutants exhibited distinct host (MDCK)-dependent restriction of plaque formation at 40° but not at 34° and were referred to as td-hr mutants. These 16 td-hr mutants were ts + (not ts ) on RMK cells but ts on MDCK cells. The td-hr mutants did not share a common lesion and the ts lesions were distributed among the eight complementation groups, A-H, when tested on MDCK cells. An analysis of one of the td-hr mutants indicated that an extrageneic RMK-dependent suppressor mutation did not account for the td-hr phenotype. These data suggested that a host-dependent is mutation was responsible for the td-hr restriction of this mutant. Representation of td-hr mutations in each of the eight complementation groups indicates that the influenza A virus genome can undergo mutation leading to an altered host range in any of its eight RNA segments.
An analysis of short-term memory in familial mental retardates

This study examined short-term memory performance in a group of familial mental retardates (FMRs), in a group of their mental age peers (MAPs), and in a group of their chronological age peers (CAPs) (N = 13 for each group). Four- and nine-item arrays of consonant letters were presented tachistoscopically (.05-sec exposure) and were immediately reproduced by the Ss. The CAPs reproduced correctly more stimulus items than either the MAPs (p <.01) or the FMRs (p <.02). There was no difference between FMR and MAP performance. Implications of these results were discussed in terms of retardate-normal differences in the area of memory processes.
The Politics of Imperfection: The Amendment of Constitutions

The essays in Responding to Imperfection (ed. Sanford Levinson) can be read narrowly, as explorations of a set of relatively technical issues in American constitutional law, or broadly, as investigations into the political theory of constitutionalism. The narrow focus is on article 5, which specifies the ways that the U.S. Constitution may be amended. Are the procedures of article 5 exclusive, or may the Constitution be amended in other, unspecified ways? Are there any limitations on which parts of the Constitution may be amended (whether by article 5 procedures or by others, if any), or are parts of the Constitution off limits to such procedures, and if so, what is the extent of this entrenchment? These questions of the nature and limits of the amending powers, endlessly fascinating to students of American law, are the subject of sharp and lively dispute in this volume, and the varied and thoughtful answers given themselves justify the purchase of the book. But editor Levinson has shaped this volume to address much broader questions. How can we understand constitutional change? Do formal amendments account for much or most constitutional change, or at least for the most politically significant ones? Or, as some authors argue, have most truly significant constitutional changes occurred either outside the document or as a direct effect of external political or social changes? Are there rules or conventions that limit or specify which kinds of constitutional
Direct evidence for electrical coupling among rat supraoptic nucleus neurons.

Abstract Transfer of the fluorescent dye, Lucifer yellow (LY), from an intracellularly injected neuron to one or more other neurons is accepted as indirect evidence of electrotonic interactions among such dye coupled cells. Direct evidence requires that at least two coupled cells be recorded from simultaneously and such evidence in the CNS has been gained only for hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Since interpretations of the functional significance of dye coupling among magnocellular neuroendocrine cells depend upon its relation to electrical coupling, we sought to obtain direct evidence for electrotonic interactions in such neurons. Over 150 pairs of supraoptic nucleus (SON) neurons in hypothalamic slices were recorded from intracellularly using one LY and one potassium acetate electrode in each instance. Of these, 9 pairs were studied in sufficient detail to determine that they were electrically coupled. Most of the remaining pairs were determined not to be coupled. In each coupled pair of cells, membrane voltage changes due to spontaneously occurring or current evoked action potentials, as well as current evoked hyperpolarizations, in one cell were reflected in similar, though attenuated changes in the other cell. All of these changes occurred simultaneously in the two neurons. Spontaneously arising postsynaptic potentials in the two cells were temporally uncorrelated. In each case that electrical coupling was observed, dye coupling resulted from LY injection. Coupling ratios ranged from 0.5 to 0.2. Capacitative coupling between the recording electrodes as an artifact was ruled out since cells in the same tissue penetration as the coupled cell showed no responses to membrane voltage changes in the primary cell; no responses were seen with the second electrode placed extracellularly or in the medium; and similar coupling potentials were also seen when one cell was recorded without a second electrode present. We conclude that electrical coupling exists among magnocellular neurons of the SON and that the incidence of dye coupling is a reasonalbe estimate of the incidence of electrical coupling. These electrotonic interactions probably play important roles in the coordination of firing among magnocellular neurosecretory neurons.
Primary peripheral nodal lymphoma in children

Background. In this series of 208 pediatric patients with non-Hodgkin (NHL) studied from 1971 to 1986, 84 patients (40.4%) had nodal lymphomas; 40 (19.2%) of these patients had peripheral nodal lymphoma and 44 (21.2%) had mediastinal lymphoma. Methods. Forty pediatric patients with primary peripheral nodal lymphoma were treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center with the LSA2–L2 protocol from July 1971 to January 1986. Informed consent was obtained from all patients and/or guardians. Results. There were 26 male patients and 14 female patients, with a median age of 10 years. Two patients had Stage I disease, 5 Stage II, 9 Stage III, 8 Stage IVA ( 25% blasts in the bone marrow). The last patient with Stage IVB disease was entered in 1977, a time when the philosophy of treatment for leukemia-lymphomas had not yet evolved completely. Most of these lymphomas were high-grade lymphoblastic lymphomas, followed by immuno-blastic lymphomas and reticulosarcomas. The event-free survival rate of this group of patients was 75%, with all patients having completed therapy, and a median observation time of more than 10 years without therapy. The lymphoma-free survival rate was 80%. Sex, age, and stage were not of prognostic significance. There was no significant difference in survival between patients with lymphoblastic and histiocytic lymphomas (75% versus 64%, respectively). There was no significant difference in survival between the patients with high-grade and medium-grade lymphomas (75% versus 78%, respectively). Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in this primary site was not indicative of extent or bulk of disease and did not affect survival negatively. Radiation therapy and dose intensity of chemotherapy influenced survival by promoting rapid and more complete cell kill, helping prevent the emergence of resistant cells. Conclusions. Although primary peripheral nodal lymphoma usually is disseminated at diagnosis, it is still a highly curable disease when treated aggressively. The lymphoma-free survival rate for patients with primary nodal NHL with marrow involvement is 75%, and this subsequently has led to a different philosophy in the treatment of high-risk leukemias and lymphoma-leuke-mias with the NY-I and NY-II protocols, with excellent results.
Thermal Maturity of Newark Supergroup Basins from Vitrinite Reflectance and Clay Mineralogy: ABSTRACT

Thermal maturity estimates from vitrinite reflectance and clay mineralogy point to significant differences between the Newark Supergroup basins in their thermal structure and/or their original depth of burial. The Richmond and Taylorsville basins are relatively immature, with mean vitrinite reflectance values in the range of 0.6 to 1.1%. The clay mineral assemblages are dominated by early diagenetic smectite and mixed-layer clays. Likewise, organics in the Hartford basin have mean vitrinite reflectances between 0.7 and 1.1%. In contrast, the Culpeper, Gettysburg, and Newark basins are thermally more mature. Although a wide range of vitrinite reflectance values is observed in each of the basins, the majority of the mean reflectances are 1.5-3.0%. Well-crystallized illite a d chlorite constitute the fine-grained clay fractions. In general, the lowest degrees of thermal maturity are associated with rocks that either are stratigraphically and structurally highest in the basins or form the updip taper of the half grabens. However, systematic correlations are not observed between stratigraphic/structural position within a basin and the degree of thermal maturity. This may be attributed to a thermal "homogenization" of the basins by circulating hydrothermal fluids. The basins with the highest thermal maturities are those with large volumes of diabase intrusions and that had presumed higher geothermal gradients. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1447------------
Emerging Flux Regions

All active regions are born as Emerging Flux Regions (EFRs) which appear in Hα as two small plages of opposite polarity connected by parallel dark arches. After a brief review of the properties of EFRs, we report on new observations of the birth of an EFR and apparent subsequent field reconnection. We review fluxrope theories, predict the appearance of EFRs, then modify this picture on the basis of high resolution observations. We arrive at a model of this phenomenon that encompasses relevant aspects such as the axial tilt of spot groups, the observed ‘rotation’ of EFRs as they emerge, and the fact that EFR fluxtubes are made up of many discrete strands. We investigate the relation of the positions of emergence of EFRs to the chromospheric network. We find that new EFRs can be much smaller than supergranules.
A differential evolution based algorithm for breaking the visual steganalytic system

Image steganography is the process of sending messages secretly by hiding the message in image content. Steganalytic techniques are used to detect whether an image contains a hidden message by analyzing various image features between stego-images (the images containing hidden messages) and cover-images (the images containing no hidden messages). In the past, genetic algorithm (GA) was applied to design a robust steganographic system that breaks the steganalytic systems. However, GA consumes too much time to converge to the optimal solution. In this paper, we use a different evolutionary approach, named differential evolution (DE), to increase the performance of the steganographic system. The key element that DE is distinguished from other population based approaches is differential mutation, which aims to find the global optimum of a multidimensional, multimodal function. Experimental results show that the application of the DE based steganography not only improves the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) of the stego-image, but also promotes the normalized correlation (NC) of the extracted secret message for the same number of iterations. It is observed that the percentage increase in PSNR values ranges from 5% to 13% and that of NC values ranges from 0.8% to 3%.
Stacking Misalignments in Bilayer Graphene

The electronic-structure of a bilayer graphene is different from the single layer graphene due to coupling between the two layers. This coupling is a function of stacking distance as well as relative orientation of the two layers. We computationally study the electronic structure and electric-field modulation for these stacking misalignments in Bernal (Atilde - B) stacked bilayer graphene using the extended Huckel theory. We report that certain stacking misalignments, either induced from adjacent dielectrics or stress, would lead to various characteristics of electronic-structure and out-of-plane electric-field modulation, which can have a significant effect on band gap opening.
Structural genomics and signaling domains

Many novel signal transduction domains are being identified in the wake of genome sequencing projects and improved sensitivity in homology-detection techniques. The functions of these domains are being discovered by hypothesis-driven experiments and structural genomics approaches. This article reviews the recent highlights of research on modular signaling domains, and the relative contributions and limitations of the various approaches being used.
A compendium of cytogenetic abnormalities in myelofibrosis: molecular and phenotypic correlates in 826 patients.

Summary Among 826 patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and analysable metaphases on cytogenetic studies, 352 (42·6%) had abnormal karyotype, of which 240 (68·2%) were sole aberrations and 48 (13·6%) were complex; the most frequent abnormalities were 20q− (23·3%), 13q− (18·2%), +8 (11·1%), +9 (9·9%), chromosome 1q+ (9·7%) and −7/7q− (7·1%). Phenotypic correlates included: abnormal karyotype with anaemia (P = 0·02), leucopenia (P < 0·01) and thrombocytopenia (P < 0·01); complex karyotype with younger age (P = 0·04) and thrombocytopenia (P < 0·01); leucopenia with 20q−, +8 and −7/7q− and thrombocytopenia with 20q− and −7/7q−. Cytopenias were less likely to occur with 13q−. 476 patients were annotated for JAK2/CALR/MPL mutations; abnormal karyotype frequencies were 43% in JAK2, 42% CALR, 33% MPL mutated and 34% triple-negative cases (P = 0·3). A proportion of patients were also screened for ASXL1, EZH2, IDH1, IDH2, SRSF2, U2AF1 and SF3B1 mutations; in all instances, mutational frequencies were higher in patients with normal karyotype, reaching significance for ASXL1 (P = 0·02) and U2AF1 (P = 0·01). 13q− was associated with mutant CALR (P = 0·03), +9 with mutant JAK2 (P = 0·02) and 20q− with mutant SRSF2 (P = 0·02). The current PMF study provides detailed cytogenetic information and correlations with mutations and clinical phenotype.
Imaging the spatial distribution of transgene expression in the lungs with positron emission tomography.

This study was designed to evaluate the utility of positron emission tomography (PET) to quantify the magnitude and spatial distribution of transgene expression after different methods of adenoviral vector delivery (with surfactant- and saline-based vehicles) within rat lungs. In all, 17 animals (eight in the surfactant group, nine in the saline group) were studied 3 days after intratracheal administration of a replication-incompetent adenovirus encoding a mutant Herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase (mHSV1-TK)-enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion gene driven by a Cytomegalovirus promoter (Ad-CMV-mNLS-HSV1sr39tk-egfp). PET images were obtained 1 h after i.v. administration of 9-(4-[18F]-fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine ([18F]-FHBG), an imaging substrate for mHSV1-TK. Overall, the average lung concentration of [18F]-FHBG was significantly greater in the surfactant group than in the saline group (0.24±0.06 versus 0.17±0.03% injected dose/ml lung, P⩽0.05). Lung [18F]-FHBG distribution was more peripheral and more homogeneous in the surfactant group than in the saline group (mean coefficient of variation=31±4 versus 36±3%, respectively, P⩽0.05). Regions of increased tracer concentration in the surfactant group compared to the saline group were evenly distributed throughout the lungs. We conclude that PET imaging provides useful and meaningful information about the effectiveness of different gene transfer delivery strategies within the lungs, and that surfactant-based vehicles may be a superior strategy for pulmonary gene transfer.
Comparative chemotactic properties of WISP-1 and PlGF on human venous smooth muscle cells

Abstract Introduction: Wnt-Inducible Secreted Protein-1 (WISP-1) and Placental Growth Factor (PlGF) were found to be induced within 72 hours in organ-cultured human saphenous vein. While both are members of the PDGF superfamily, WISP-1 is closely related to Connective Tissue Growth Factor and PlGF is closely related to VEGF. During vascular wound repair, WISP-1 may recruit vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and PlGF may recruit endothelial cells because of their respective similarities to previously characterized growth factors. We hypothesized that WISP-1 may be more effective at inducing migration of human VSMCs than PlGF. Methods: Lyophilized recombinant proteins (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) were reconstituted in RPMI1640. Passage 4 VSMCs, all derived from a single saphenous vein for a single experiment, were used at 10,000 cells/well in 48-well chemotaxis chambers (Neuroprobe, Gaithersburg, MD). Each experiment was repeated 4 times using cells from a different saphenous vein for each experiment. Results: Both WISP-1 and PlGF induced a chemotactic response from the VSMCs. WISP-1 was maximally chemotactic at 1 ng/mL (approximately 0.026 nM) while the PlGF maximum was 10 ng/mL (approximately 0.36 nM). Further studies will define their differential chemotactic effect on endothelial cells. Conclusions: WISP-1 was 13.8 times more effective, on a molar basis, than PlGF at inducing VSMC chemotaxis. While both growth factors probably play a role in vascular wound repair, their performance in chemotaxis assays of VSMCs suggests that WISP-1 activity is directed toward VSMCs.
Measuring Impacts of Some Common Energy Conservation Programs Under Conditions of Nonrandom Assignment

Nonrandom assignment to program and control group conditions can create serious difficulties for the evaluation of impacts of energy conservation programs. The particular analytic strategy that is appropriate depends on the character of the causal mechanisms associated with the nonrandom assignment. Guidlines for selection of the appropriate analytic techniques are presented and the analytical techniques described. It is recommended that the possibility of performing a true experiment should be explored, beyond the use of random assignment to wait list and program conditions, in order to avoid the analytic complexities necessary in the nonrandom assignment designs. CRAFT NOTE
Chemical Durability of Fluoride Glasses: II, Reaction of Barium‐Thorium‐Based Glasses with Water

The aqueous leaching behavior of three Ba-Th-based fluoride glasses was studied. Results of solution analysis, SEM, and IR spectroscopy are reported and compared with earlier studies on fluorozirconate-based glasses. Leaching appears to be by matrix dissolution dominated by component solubility. No hy-drated leach layer was seen to form on the surface. Only a mild drift In solution pH, resulting from a limited hydrolysis of, dissolved thorium fluoride, was observed. The reduced pH drift away from neutral, coupled with lower component solubilities, is credited with the 100-fold improvement in chemical durability of the Ba-Th-based fluoride glasses over the fluorozirconate-based glasses reported previously.
Clinical management of women at increased risk for breast cancer

A large number of women in the population are at risk for the development of breast cancer. Methods now exist to accurately assess risk and to provide quantitative estimates of the chance of a woman developing breast cancer in her lifetime. Histologic assessment of premalignant breast pathology aids in the evaluation of risk. The availability of primary chemoprevention clinical trials reduces the number of indications for prophylactic mastectomy. Women at risk for breast cancer and women who have had a malignant lesion at another anatomic site have an increased risk for new cancers at multiple sites. We propose screening strategies based on epidemiologic information about the risks of these diseases and on the predictive value of the available screening tests. The merits and inadequacies of specific management strategies are considered. We review the risks and benefits of estrogen replacement therapy for women at increased risk for breast cancer and consider the ethical implications of both risk assessment and the various interventions.
Excitation of hydrogen molecule by electron impact, III - Singlet-triplet excitations

Exchange excitation of hydrogen molecule by electron impact from ground to triplet electronic state
Femtosecond nonlinear optics of semiconductor quantum wells

ABSTRACTUltrafast optical nonlinearities of semiconductor quantum wells and their application to high-speedswitching is discussed. Both GaAs-A1GaAs type-I and GaAs-AlAs type-Il quantum wells are considered.Optical Stark effect in these quantum wells and its use for fast photonic switching are covered. Application of optical Stark effect in demonstrating subpicosecond switching in a MQW directional coupler is discussed. 1 . INTRODUCTIONOptical nonlinearities in semiconductors may be classified into two categories: quasi-equilibrium ordynamic and transient or coherent nonlinearities. Quasi-equilibrium nonlinearities occur on relatively longtimescales where the created electrons and holes have sufficient time to interact among themselves andestablish Fermi-Dirac distributions within each band. Carrier generation can occur by many mechanisms,such as resonant laser excitation in the exciton resonance or above the bandgap, or by carrier generationthrough injection pumping. The resulting nonlinearities are called quasi-equilibrium nonlinearities since thecarriers responsible for the nonlinear material response are in "local" equilibrium among themselves. Thismeans that after their creation the carriers in the different bands have had sufficient time to interact andestablish a plasma temperature and a chemical potential, the two thermodynamic quantities needed to define aFermi distribution function for a given density. In quasi-equilibrium the dynamics of the electron-holepopulation, and not the excitation dynamics such as laser pulse duration etc., determines the dynamics of the
Testing of a Spacecraft Model in a Combined Environment Simulator

A scale model of a satellite was tested in a large vacuum facility under electron bombardment and vacuum ultraviolet radiation to investigate the charging of dielectric materials on curved surfaces. The model was tested both stationary and rotating relative to the electron sources as well as grounded through one megohm and floating relative to the chamber. Surface potential measurements are presented and compared with the predictions of computer modelling of the stationary tests. Discharge activity observed during the stationary tests is discussed and signals from sensing devices located inside and outside of the model are presented.
Diagnosis and prognosis of in-service electric machine in the absence of historic data related to faults and faults progression

Extensive work has been presented in the literature related to fault diagnosis and prognosis of machines and related components. Prime focus of the proposed techniques is on either on assembly line checkout of machines or newly installed machines as a large number of methods are based on supervised learning. In this paper, fault diagnosis algorithm of in-service DC starter motor is presented. The proposed approach encompasses on the development of predefined fault progression curves. Features to develop these curves are extracted from machine current in time frequency domain. According to the proposed method, a number of curves are developed each of different order and slope. As the machine fault progresses, the fault features are projected on these curves and the % fault severity is identified. The results are presented and conclusions are made.
Chemical Investigation of Hæmoglobin F from an Individual with Persistent Fœtal Hæmoglobin

Chemical Investigation of Haemoglobin F from an Individual with Persistent Fœtal Haemoglobin
Contemporary, age-based trends in the incidence and management of patients with early-stage kidney cancer

Abstract Purpose Although kidney cancer incidence and nephrectomy rates have risen in tandem, clinical advances have generated new uncertainty regarding the optimal management of patients with small renal tumors, especially the elderly. To clarify existing practice patterns, we assessed contemporary trends in the incidence and management of patients with early-stage kidney cancer. Materials and methods Using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data, we identified adult patients diagnosed with T1aN0M0 kidney cancer from 2000 to 2010. We determined age-adjusted and age-specific incidence and management rates (i.e., nonoperative, ablation, partial nephrectomy [PN], and radical nephrectomy) per 100,000 adults and determined the average annual percent change (AAPC). Finally, we compared management groups using multinomial logistic regression accounting for patient characteristics, cancer information, and county-level measures for health. Results From 2000 to 2010, we identified 41,645 adults diagnosed with T1aN0M0 kidney cancer. Overall incidence increased from 3.7 to 7.0 per 100,000 adults (AAPC = 7.0%, P P P Conclusions As the incidence of early-stage kidney cancer rises, patients are increasingly treated with nonoperative and nephron-sparing strategies, especially among the most elderly. The broader array of treatment options suggests opportunities to better personalize kidney cancer care for seniors.
Calcium and dairy product modulation of lipid utilization and energy expenditure.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of dietary calcium or dairy product intake on total energy expenditure (TEE), fat oxidation, and thermic effect of a meal (TEM) during a weight loss trial. Methods and Procedures: The intervention included a prescribed 500-kcal deficit diet in a randomized placebo-controlled calcium or dairy product intervention employing twenty-four 18 to 31-year-old (22.2 ± 3.1 years, mean ± s.d.) overweight women (75.5 ± 9.6 kg). TEM and fat oxidation were measured using respiratory gas exchange after a meal challenge, and TEE was measured by doubly labeled water. Fat mass (FM) and lean mass (fat-free mass (FFM)) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Subjects were randomized into one of these three intervention groups: (i) placebo (<800 mg/day calcium intake); (ii) 900 mg/day calcium supplement; (iii) three servings of dairy products/day to achieve an additional 900 mg/day. Results: There were no group effects observed in change in TEE; however, a group effect was observed for fat oxidation after adjusting for FFM (P = 0.02). The treatment effect was due to an increase in fat oxidation in the calcium-supplemented group of 1.5 ± 0.6 g/h, P = 0.02. Baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) was positively correlated with TEM (R = 0.31, P = 0.004), and trended toward a correlation with fat oxidation (P = 0.06), independent of group assignment. Finally, the change in log parathyroid hormone (PTH) was positively correlated with the change in trunk FM (R = 0.27, P = 0.03). Discussion: These results support that calcium intake increases fat oxidation, but does not change TEE and that adequate vitamin D status may enhance TEM and fat oxidation.
On the description of a scattering medium by the number of particles scattered

We find the distribution in space and time of scatterers as a function of particles scattered in a one-dimensional rod under the influence of an incident pulse. For the steady-state case we find the distribution of scatterers according to the number of particles that are being scattered. This gives a condition for the validity of the binary collision approximation as well as information about the effect transported particles may have on a medium. We also show how to convert these results to the first Gaussian approximation to scattering in a three-dimensional plane-parallel medium.
RP in medicine: a case study in cranial reconstructive surgery

During the repair of compound skull fractures or penetrating wounds to the brain, removal of significant portions of the skull may be required. Conventional prefabricated alloplastic implants require the use of complicated procedures during surgery, which can endanger a patient. Since prior rehearsals of the surgery are next to impossible, the surgery is usually complicated and lengthy. This paper aims to outline the importance of rapid prototyping (RP) in medicine, and also it details the use of RP for a cranioplastic surgery that was conducted in the South East Asian region. RP offers an easier way to design customized implants and manufacture them within a very short period. Rapid Prototyping can be used as an effective tool to generate complex 3D medical models from computed tomographic (CT) images. The models can be used for didactic purposes, as it helps the surgeons plan and rehearse the surgery well in advance. The RP prototype was used to successfully complete a cranioplastic surgery and realize the desired results. The operation time was also significantly reduced.
BELIEF IN LIFE AFTER DEATH, RELIGIOSITY AND FEAR OF DEATH

In a sample of 34 undergraduates, belief in life after death was associated with religiosity but not with the fear of death.
“You're Nothing But a Junkie”: Multiple Experiences of Stigma in an Aging Methadone Maintenance Population

ABSTRACT Whereas research has addressed the impact of mental illness stigma on treatment-seeking attitudes and behaviors, the effects of other stigmas such as age, race, drug addiction, and poverty have received far less attention. In addition, research has not sufficiently addressed the potential additive effect of stigma on individuals who are experiencing multiple stigmas simultaneously. In an attempt to explore the impact of experiencing multiple stigmas, this qualitative study examined the existence and experiences of stigma in a sample of older adult methadone maintenance clients. Semistructured interviews with 24 older adults in a methadone program were conducted and analyzed using an inductive content analysis approach. Results reveal 8 distinct stigmas experienced by this sample. Additionally, respondents who reported more stigmas were more likely to identify stigma as a barrier to substance abuse and mental health treatment. These findings reinforce the importance of recognizing the ways in whic...
Addition of fluoroperoxides to perfluorovinylsulfur pentafluoride

Abstract The addition of CF 3 OOCF 3 and SF 5 OOSF 5 across the double bond in CFCFSF 5 was studied with 1:1 addition products being observed in both cases. For CF 3 OOCF 3 , the product was CF 3 OCF 2 CF(OCF 3 )SF 5 , whereas for SF 5 OOF 5 it was SF 5 CF 2 CF 2 OSF 5 . The different reaction paths are attributed to steric reasons. The telomerization of fluoroolefins with fluoroperoxides has been reported [1,2]. Hexafluoropropene, when telomerized with bis(trifluoromethyl) peroxide, (CF 3 O) 2 ,[1] yielded a series of oils having the composition CF 3 O(C 3 F 6 ) n OCF 3 where n 2 . Similarly, hexafluoropropene reacted with bis(pentafluorosulfur) peroxide, (SF 5 O) 2 , [2] to yield a series of oils of the composition SF 5 O(C 3 F 6 ) n OSF 5 where n was also equal to or larger than two. Surprisingly, in neither case was the 1:1 addition product found. During our investigation of new thermally stable high density fluorooils, the thermal and photochemical reactions of perfluorovinylsulfur pentafluoride, CF 2 CFSF 5 , with the fluoroperoxides (CF 3 O) 2 and (SF 5 O) 2 were studied. By analogy with the previous work on C 3 F 6 [1,2], the main products were higher telomers, however in the case of (CF 3 O) 2 and CF 2 CFSF 5 we were able to isolate also the 1:1 addition product according to: The necessary CF 3 O· radicals were generated either thermally at 185°C or by uv-photolysis at ambient temperature. The yields of (1) were 4% in the thermal and 8% in the photolytic reaction. Compound (l) is a clear liquid and was characterized by elemental analysis, molecular weight, and infrared and mass spectroscopy.
Prenatal diagnosis of Joubert syndrome: a case report

Joubert syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive condition, first described by Joubert in 1969. We present a case of Joubert syndrome from a consanguineous family in which, apart from the cerebellar vermis agenesis, ventriculomegaly, bilateral postaxial polydactyly of hands and right foot and micropenis, episodes of fetal breathing pattern with an increased respiratory rate were also demonstrated by prenatal ultrasound scan. At birth the infant showed an odd face and bilateral fleshy nodules of the tongue. He had an abnormal breathing pattern of alternating tachypnea and apnea. Cranial MRI showed molar tooth sign, hydrocephalus and Dandy-Walker malformation. He had nystagmus, and electroretinography showed retinal dystrophy.
Anionic Additions to Glycosyl Iodides: Highly Stereoselective Syntheses of β C-, N-, and O-Glycosides1

Classically, glycosyl halides are activated as glycosyl donors by metal chelation under Koenigs−Knorr or Helferich conditions. These reactions often proceed through oxonium formation, and the stereochemical outcome is dictated by the anomeric effect and/or the nature of the protecting group on the C2 hydroxyl. Alternatively, glycosyl halides may undergo direct displacement of the halide by an incoming nucleophile in an SN2 mechanism. The latter reaction is far less common, and before this study it was primarily performed with glycosyl bromides. Having recently shown that both α and β glycosyl iodides could be efficiently generated, we embarked upon an investigation of nucleophilic additions to glycosyl iodides. The studies reported herein show that additions of stabilized anions to α-glycosyl iodides proceed with inversion of stereochemistry to give β-glycosides, even in the absence of a C2 participatory group. Glucosyl, galactosyl, and mannosyl iodides were studied, and the combined results indicate that...
Cooperative reference services and the referred reference question: An annotated bibliography 1983–1994

Cooperative reference is defined as “a process through which information assistance is provided, at least in part, by referring the user or the user's questions to library/information personnel at another institution, according to a system of formally established protocols.”
Pennsylvanian Coarse-Grained Meandering Fluvial Deposits, Taos Trough, North-Central New Mexico: ABSTRACT

Rocks of middle Desmoinesian age are well exposed in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of northern New Mexico. In the Tres Ritos area, Taos County, these rocks consist of several laterally persistent sandstone units 6 to 50 m thick, interbedded with thick sequences of siltstone and shale. The sandstone units were deposited by eastward-flowing, low-sinuosity, bed-load rivers which fed lobate deltaic systems associated with an extensive platform along the western margin of the Taos trough. The dominant sedimentary structures of the fluvial sandstone units are large-scale (2 to 10 m) sigmoidal cross-beds (epsilon cross-stratification) formed by lateral accretion of point bars. The cross-strata dip 4 to 24° and show a gradual rotation of dip direction moving up through a single point-bar deposit. Individual accretionary beds range from 10 to 150 cm in thickness, with an average thickness of 40 cm. Internal bedding is generally parallel with the accretionary bed sets, with some low-angle cross-bedding (particularly at the base of a point bar). The accretionary beds commonly have a gravel veneer on their upper surfaces and are usually separated by micaceous, carbonaceous silt to fine-sand drapes. Average grain size of point-bar sediments is conglomeratic, very coarse s nd with a slight fining-upward trend within individual point-bar deposits. Locally the point-bar sands grade into overbank siltstone and sandstone. These coarse fluvial sandstone units overlie deltaic or marine sediments. Lateral accretion occurred on coarse-grained point bars during flood discharge when sand and gravel were transported across the bars. During the waning stage of floods, organic-rich fine sediment was deposited from suspension and formed mud drapes on the bar surfaces. Lateral migration of these rivers coupled with rapid End_Page 834------------------------------ subsidence gave rise to widespread multistoried sheet sandstones up to 50 m thick. End_of_Article - Last_Page 835------------
Mathiessen's Rule and Anisotropic Relaxation Times

Departures from Matthiessen's rule were measured for dilute alloys of copper with gold, tin, or germanium, and of silver with gold or tin; and for strained copper and silver. The concentration of alloyed elements ranged from 0.01 to 1 at.%; residual resistivities per atomic percent impurity are estimated to be known within better than 1% accuracy and were compared with Linde's values. In evaluating the deviations, corrections were applied for the volume dependence of the residual resistivity due to thermal expansion and the ideal resistivity due to alloying. The results were interpreted on a simple two-band model as due to different anisotropies of the relaxation times associated with different scattering processes; the expected temperature dependence of the anisotropy of phonon scattering was taken into account. At temperatures where the residual resistivity dominates, deviations from Matthiessen's rule become comparable to or greater than the ideal resistivity, making experimental determination of the ideal resistivity in this region open to criticism.
Feed-forward network training using optimal input gains

In this paper, an effective batch training algorithm is developed for feed-forward networks such as the multilayer perceptron. First, the effects of input transforms are reviewed and explained, using the concept of equivalent networks. Next, a non-singular diagonal transform matrix for the inputs is proposed. Use of this transform is equivalent to altering the input gains in the network. Newton's method is used to solve for the input gains and an optimal learning factor. In several examples, it is shown that the final algorithm is a reasonable compromise between first order training methods and Levenburg-Marquardt.
Optimal Sniffers Deployment On Wireless Indoor Localization

Location determination of indoor mobile users is challenging due the complex and volatile indoor radio propagation signals. A radio-frequency (RF) based indoor localization system, like RADAR or ARIADNE, typically operates by first constructing a lookup table mapping the radio signal strength at different known locations in the building, and then a mobile user's location at an arbitrary point in the building is determined by measuring the signal strength at the location in question and searching the corresponding location from the above lookup table. Usually, the mobile's signal strength is measured by three or more sniffers deployed inside the building. Obviously, the number of sniffers and their positions greatly affect the localization performance. This paper presents a detailed analysis and experimental results that explore the impact of the sniffers deployment on the performance of the indoor localization. The results demonstrate that the best localization performance is obtained when the center of gravity of the equilateral triangular (formed by three sniffers) coincides with that of the floor plan; and in order to provide optimal localization for all positions of a large floor, it is necessary to deploy more than three sniffers in a semi-mesh style such that any position in the building is always covered by three nearby sniffers.
Collaborative geometry-aware augmented reality with depth sensors

Augmented reality (AR) has progressed to the point where geometry-aware real-time applications involving multiple users are now possible. We present an approach for a collaborative augmented reality environment using an RGB-D camera and KinectFusion, collecting visual and depth data from a static environment that is used as a fiducial for multiple users. This allows for collaborative augmented reality environments where digital data and real world objects can appear to interact. We anticipate that the combination of technologies that we used in our prototype will soon be available in mobile devices and will support our approach to collaborative augmented reality.
Dissemination of Information from Centralized Bureaucracies to Local Schools: The Role of the Linking Agent

This paper examines the role of the educational linking agent in facilitating the dissemination and use of research information at the local school level. Four critical variables are examined: the amount of initiative used to reach the target group, the intensity of the relationship between the field agent and the client, the degree of expertise exhibited by the agent in carrying out the linking role, and the scope of the agent's clientele. Each is found to have a significant impact on the effectiveness of the linkage. A model is developed which summarizes the relationship between the variables discussed in the data.
Is there a lower threshold value of bone density for early loading protocols of dental implants

This clinical study aimed to determine the bone density in dental implant recipient sites using computerized tomography (CT) and to establish a lower threshold value of bone density for early loading protocols. The study group was composed of 100 early loaded implants in 42 patients. A total of four groups were established according to the loading time and implant sites. The bone density of each recipient site for implant placement was determined using CT. The maximum insertion torque values were recorded with torque controlling machine. Implant stability measurements were performed with resonance frequency analyser. The bone density values varied from 528 to 1231 HU. It was found that mean bone density, insertion torque and resonance frequency analysis values were 887 +/- 180 HU, 41.2 +/- 6 Ncm, and 73.7 +/- 4 ISQ, respectively. Strong correlations were found between these three parameters. CT may be a useful tool for assessing the bone density of recipient areas before implant placement, and the early loading of dental implants may be possible in the implant sites where bone density is over 528 HU.
Physical activity and the risk of stroke

Several meta-analyses support the importance of participation in regular, leisure-time physical activity for the primary prevention of stroke and cardiovascular disease, as well as other associated health benefits. Whether both men and women benefit is not clear, in part owing to there being relatively fewer women in relevant observational and case-control studies. Data from the Women's Health Study have now been used to address this question in a large cohort of women. After multivariable adjustment, increasing levels of leisure-time physical activity in women tended to be associated with lower stroke risk, with a particular benefit of regular, brisk walking for those who did not vigorously exercise. The results reinforce recommendations that both men and women participate in regular, leisure-time physical activity.
Prolactin release from MtTW15 and 7315a pituitary tumors is refractory to TRH and VIP stimulation

Abstract We studied the in vitro responsiveness of prolactin-secreting MtTW15 and 7315a pituitary tumor cells to stimulation by selected secretagogues using a perifusion technique. Prolactin release by these cells was refractory to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). In contrast, 50 mM K + , dibutyryl cAMP, theophylline, phospholipase A 2 and phorbol myristate acetate all increased prolactin release from both tumor cell types. Phospholipase C increased prolactin release from 7315a but not from MtTW15 cells. TRH increased 32 P incorporation into phosphatidylinositol in the 7315a but not in the MtTWIS tumor cells. Therefore, the refractoriness of these tumors to TRH and VIP may be at least partially due to a defect in the receptor or in the process that couples receptor binding and intracellular biochemical processes. In the MtTW15 tumor at least part of the defect may be related to phospholipid hydrolysis.