cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated analyses of circadian rhythm activity of small arthropods

An automated apparatus is described which measures circadian activity rhythms of small invertebrates in darkness or in the presence of monochromatic light. Back-and-forth activity in tilt cages is measured without physical contact by magnet-activated reed switches. Four such cages are grouped around a mercury pen lamp, whose spectra lines can be selectively filtered, and all are placed in a large enclosure with light-baffling for complete control of intensity and color, delivered to each animal. Activity, measured as reed-switch closures, is counted digitally and punched out periodically onto paper tape. An interactive computer program reads, stores, plots, and further analyzes the data.
The Uranian satellites and Hyperion - New spectrophotometry and compositional implications

New reflectance spectra at 3.5 percent resolution have been obtained for Ariel, Titania, Oberon, and Hyperion in the 0.8 to 1.6-micron spectrum region. The new spectra show no absorptions other than the 1.5 micron water-ice feature (within the precision of the data), and demonstrate extension into the 0.8- to 1.6 micron region of the 1.5- to 2.5 micron spectral similarity ofo Ariel to Hyperion (Brown and Cruikshank, 1983). The new data confirm the presence of a dark, spectrally bland component on/in the water-ice surfaces of the Uranian satellites, which, with some reservations, has spectral similarities to the dark substance on the leading side of lapetus and the dark material on/in the surface of Hyperion, as well as other dark, spectrally neutral substances such as charcoal. Attempts were made to match the spectra of Ariel, Titania, and Oberon with additive reflectance mixes (aeral coverage) of fine-grained water frost and various dark components such as charcoal, lampblack, and charcoal-water-ice mixtures. The results were broad limits on the amounts of possible areal coverage of a charcoal-like spectral component on the surfaces of the Uranian satellites, but the data are not of sufficient precision to conclusively determine whether the dominant mode of contaminant dispersal is areal or voluminal. The effect of highly variegated albedos on the diameters derived by Brown, Cruikshank, and Morrison (1982) is found to be small.
Characteristics of cystine and lysine transport in renal and jejunal tissue from cystinuric dogs

Abstract Canine cystinuria differs from the human situation in two respects. Lysinuria was present in 10 of 14 cystinuric dogs, however the molar ratio of lysine excretion did not exceed that of cystine, although it commonly does in the human disease. Excessive excretion of other dibasic amino acids, ornithine and arginine, was not found in the dogs. Using conditions which demonstrate an in vitro transport defect in intestinal epithelial cell accumulation of cystine and lysine by human cystinuric jejunal mucosa, cystine and lysine accumulation by jejunal mucosa from cystinuric dogs was normal. No defect in cystine or lysine accumulation by renal cortical slices was demonstrated. It appears that isolated cystinuria occurs more frequently in the canine population than in humans, and epithelial cell transport defects of cystine and lysine cannot be demonstrated.
Respiratory metabolism of temperate and tropical American turtles (Genus Chrysemys)

Abstract 1. 1. Comparison of oxygen consumption by Chrysemys picta, Chrysemys scripta ornata and Chrysemys scripta taylori showed evidence of adaptation to climate. 2. 2. The temperate turtle, C. picta , did not demonstrate a difference between metabolic rates tested at 12°C ambient temperature and rates tested at 25°C. 3. 3. C. scripta taylori , endemic to warm waters, had a significantly lower mean oxygen consumption at 12 than at 25°C.
Hepatotoxic effects of horse anti-mouse lymphocyte serum☆

Abstract Antilymphocyte serum (ALS) has been shown to possess a cytotoxicity toward lymphocytes, macrophages hematopoietic stem cells and epidermal cells. Evidence is now reported which indicates that ALS is also cytotoxic to the hepatic cells of the mouse. Animals, treated with three daily injections of ALS, manifested elevated serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity, bromsulphalein retention, and liver triglyceride concentrations. In addition, ALS treatment rendered animals hypersensitive to bacterial endotoxin. While histological examination of the liver did not indicate the site of ALS-induced hepatic injury, these results indicate that ALS can induce hepatic parenchymal cell dysfunction.
A strategy to discover inhibitors of O-linked glycosylation.

Protein O-glycosylation is involved in numerous biological processes. Deconvoluting the functions of O-linked glycans requires having glycosyltransferase (Gtf) inhibitors suitable for use in cells. Although high-throughput screening has provided small-molecule inhibitors suitable for dissecting kinase pathways, it has not been applied to discover inhibitors of protein glycosylation due to a lack of suitable assays. Here we describe a general protease-protection assay in which a peptide labeled with a FRET pair is subjected to glycosylation and then treated with a protease that discriminates between glycosylated and non-glycosylated peptides. We show that this approach can be adapted to monitor the activity of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), a Gtf involved in intracellular signaling, as well as two O-GalNAc transferases (ppGalNAc T1 and T2), which initiate O-linked mucin-type glycosylation. We have used the strategy to screen 124 226 small molecules against OGT and have discovered several low micromolar inhibi...
Physical Modeling of Aqueous Solvation

We consider the free energies of solvating molecules in water. Computational modeling usually involves either detailed explicit-solvent simulations, or faster computations, which are based on implicit continuum approximations or additivity assumptions. These simpler approaches often miss microscopic physical details and non-additivities present in experimental data. We review explicit-solvent modeling that identifies the physical bases for the errors in the simpler approaches. One problem is that water molecules that are shared between two substituent groups often behave differently than waters around each substituent individually. One manifestation of non-additivities is that solvation free energies in water can depend not only on surface area or volume, but on other properties, such as the surface curvature. We also describe a new computational approach, called Semi-Explicit Assembly, that aims to repair these flaws and capture more of the physics of explicit water models, but with computational efficiencies approaching those of implicit-solvent models.
Bacteriophage K antimicrobial-lock technique for treatment of Staphylococcus aureus central venous catheter-related infection: a leporine model efficacy analysis.

Abstract Purpose To determine whether a bacteriophage antimicrobial-lock technique can reduce bacterial colonization and biofilm formation on indwelling central venous catheters in a rabbit model. Materials and Methods Cuffed central venous catheters were inserted into the jugular vein of female New Zealand White rabbits under image guidance. Catheters were inoculated for 24 hours with broth culture of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus . The inoculum was aspirated, and rabbits were randomly assigned to two equal groups for 24 hours: ( i ) untreated controls (heparinized saline lock), ( ii ) bacteriophage antimicrobial-lock (staphylococcal bacteriophage K, propagated titer > 10 8 /mL). Blood cultures were obtained via peripheral veins, and the catheters were removed for quantitative culture and scanning electron microscopy. Results Mean colony-forming units (CFU) per cm 2 of the distal catheter segment, as a measure of biofilm, were significantly decreased in experimental animals compared with controls (control, 1.2 × 10 5 CFU/cm 2 ; experimental, 7.6 × 10 3 ; P=.016). Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that biofilms were present on the surface of five of five control catheters but only one of five treated catheters ( P = .048). Blood culture results were not significantly different between the groups. Conclusions In a rabbit model, treatment of infected central venous catheters with a bacteriophage antimicrobial-lock technique significantly reduced bacterial colonization and biofilm presence. Our data represent a preliminary step toward use of bacteriophage therapy for prevention and treatment of central venous catheter–associated infection.
Observations of a Storm Containing Misocyclones, Downbursts, and Horizontal Vortex Circulations

The multiple-Doppler technique is used to derive the three-dimensional wind fields of circulations produced by a multicellular storm observed on June 30, 1982, in Colorado that included four downbursts, three misocyclones, a misoanticyclone, and horizontal vortex circulations within a relatively small area. It is shown that horizontal vortex circulations, or rotors, form along the edges of the downdrift and propagate away from their source region. Strongest surface winds are associated with the rotors. The results of this investigation indicate that the interrelationships exist between the downburst and the production of intense rotation about horizontal and vertical axes.
Breast cancer and cervical cancer control program enrollees inform the Kin Keeper Curriculum

Background. The purpose of this study is to present the methodology of developing the Kin Keeper Cancer Prevention Curriculum Guide and Workbook through participatory engagement of women from underserved communities. Methods. It was developed to cross train community health workers (CHWs) from public health programs to deliver cancer education. Data collection included review of existing educational materials, a 10-minute telephone survey of 146 women enrolled in a Breast and Cervical Cancer Control Program and a pair of pre-post training assessments of 31 African American, Latina, and Arab CHWs. Results. The enrollees adequately informed the curriculum and the CHWs increased their scores by 7% (14%) in breast (cervical) cancer literacy; P-values <0.01. Conclusion. The methodology was validated; the curriculum was well-informed and CHWs were effectively cross trained using the curriculum.
Institutional Abuse: The Role of Leadership, Authority and the Environment in the Social Sciences Literature.

(1997). Institutional Abuse: The Role of Leadership, Authority and the Environment in the Social Sciences Literature. Early Child Development and Care: Vol. 133, No. 1, pp. 21-40.
Effect of Ampicillin and Chloramphenicol Against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis

Antagonism, determined by isobolograms constructed from data from combinations of ampicillin and chloramphenicol at or below the minimal inhibitory or bactericidal concentrations, was observed against 13 clinical isolates of meningococcus and against one isolate of pneumococcus. Synergy occurred against six strains of pneumococcus and three of meningococcus. Additive effects were noted against 14 isolates of pneumococcus and 5 of meningococcus. There was no relationship between the minimal inhibitory or bactericidal concentrations for the isolates and the occurrence of antagonistic, additive, or synergistic effects. These data indicate that ampicillin and chloramphenicol may be antagonistic in vitro against some strains of pneumococcus or meningococcus.
Mixing phenomena of interest to SBLOCAs

Abstract Small break LOCAs may lead to flow stagnation with high primary system pressure. The thermal mixing of the high pressure safety injection under such conditions has important implications for reactor vessel integrity. Experimental and analytical work in this area during the past few years have produce a comprehensive understanding of the problem. A summary account of these developments, and some new tests of predictive capability are presented.
Solar energy-conversion processes in organic solar cells

Organic semiconducting materials have demonstrated attractive light-absorption and photocurrent-generation functions due to their delocalized π electrons as well as intra-molecular and inter-molecular charge separation processes. On the other hand, organic semiconducting materials have easy property tuning, are mechanically flexible, and have large-area thin film formation properties. As a result, organic materials have become potential candidates in solar energy applications. This article will review critical energy-conversion processes in organic solar cells with the focus on singlet and triplet photovoltaic responses.
Outcomes After Ventricular Fibrillation Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Expanding the Chain of Survival

Coronary heart disease is the most common cause of death in the United States, with ventricular fibrillation (VF) the most common initial rhythm when cardiac disease causes arrest. Survival after VF out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) depends on a sequence of events called the chain of survival, which includes rapid access to emergency medical services, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, defibrillation, and advanced care. Because of widespread implementation of defibrillation programs, more patients survive VF OHCAs, making subsequent care of these patients important. Early hospitalization must focus on potential neurologic injury and therapy targeted at the underlying cardiac disease and antiarrhythmic therapy for long-term secondary prevention of sudden death. Attention to certain cohorts who are at high risk despite their underlying disease, such as women and elderly patients, is necessary. These cohorts may have the greatest response to short-term and long-term therapies for cardiac rehabilitation. With these approaches, long-term survival and quality of life after VF OHCA are favorable. Broadening the focus of the chain of survival to include in-hospital and long-term care will further improve favorable outcomes achieved in an early defibrillation program.
Suicide Rates and Status Integration in America

In order to better understand how educational attainment and marital status impact the likelihood of suicide among various age-sex-race/ethnic groups in America, Gibbs and Martin's theory of Status Integration is tested. The distribution of suicide rates from 1991–1994 in the United States for people of different status categories of age, gender, education, marital status, and race/ethnicity is compared to the distribution of the population in these same status categories. The distribution of suicide rates for the status configurations analyzed herein differ significantly from the population distribution for these same status configurations. Gibbs and Martin's theory accurately describes variation in suicide rates.
Oral manifestations of "meth mouth": a case report.

Aim: The aim of the documentation of this clinical case is to make clinicians aware of “meth mouth” and the medical risks associated with this serious condition.
Automatic Intravital Video Mining of Rolling and Adhering Leukocytes

In this paper, we present an automatic spatio-temporal mining system of rolling and adherent leukocytes for intravital videos. The magnitude of leukocyte adhesion and the decrease in rolling velocity are common interests for inflammation response studies. Currently, there is no existing system which is perfect for such purposes. Our approach starts with locating moving leukocytes by probabilistic learning of temporal features. It then removes noises through median and location-based filtering, and finally performs motion correspondence through centroid trackers. By extracting the information about moving leukocytes first, we are able to extract adherent leukocytes in a more robust way with an adaptive threshold method. The effectiveness and the efficiency of the proposed method are demonstrated by the experimental results.
Estimating genomic coexpression networks using first-order conditional independence

We describe a computationally efficient statistical framework for estimating networks of coexpressed genes. This framework exploits first-order conditional independence relationships among gene-expression measurements to estimate patterns of association. We use this approach to estimate a coexpression network from microarray gene-expression measurements from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We demonstrate the biological utility of this approach by showing that a large number of metabolic pathways are coherently represented in the estimated network. We describe a complementary unsupervised graph search algorithm for discovering locally distinct subgraphs of a large weighted graph. We apply this algorithm to our coexpression network model and show that subgraphs found using this approach correspond to particular biological processes or contain representatives of distinct gene families.
Reliability and availability data collection program for power distribution, power generation, and HVAC components of commercial, industrial, and utility installations

This paper presents an effort to collect operational and maintenance data on 240 power generation, power distribution and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) items, including gas turbine generators, diesel engine generators, electrical switchgear, cables, circuit breakers, boilers, piping, valves, pumps, motors and chillers. The data collection process and the resultant data are the subject of this paper
Defensive Secretion of a Caterpillar (Papilio)

The eversible cervical gland (osmeterium) of the caterpillar of the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio machaon, produces a secretion containing isobutyric and 2-methylbutyric acid. The gland is effective in defense against ants. Even when caterpillars were fed on one of three unbelliferous plants (fennel, carrot, parsnip) the secretion contained the same two acids.
Latino Students' Transition to Middle School: Role of Bilingual Education and School Ethnic Context

Participants were 204 academically at-risk Latino students recruited into a study when in first grade and followed for 9 years. Using piecewise latent growth curve analyses, we investigated trajectories of teacher-rated behavioral engagement and student-reported school belonging during elementary school and middle school and the association between trajectories and enrollment in bilingual education classes in elementary school and a change in school ethnic congruence across the transition to middle school. Overall, students experienced a drop in school belonging and behavioral engagement across the transition. A moderating effect of ethnic congruence on bilingual enrollment was found. A decline in ethnic congruence was associated with more positive trajectories for students previously enrolled in bilingual classes but more negative trajectories for non-bilingual students.
Characteristics of sleep apnea in infants with Pierre-Robin sequence: Is there improvement with advancing age?

Abstract Objectives To investigate changes in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and central sleep apnea (CSA) in infants with Pierre-Robin sequence (PRS) with advancing age and after mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO). Methods Charts from 141 infants with PRS that presented to our tertiary-care children's hospital between 2005 and 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Forty-five patients received a polysomnogram (PSG) prior to surgical intervention. Linear regression was utilized to compare age at pre-operative PSG with apnea–hypopnea index (AHI), obstructive apnea–hypopnea index (OAHI), and central apnea index (CAI). We then analyzed a subset of 9 patients who underwent MDO with pre- and post-operative PSGs. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was utilized to examine differences in pre- and post-operative OSA and CSA scores. Results Forty-five patients received pre-operative PSGs. Of these, 80.0% demonstrated severe sleep apnea (AHI ≥ 10), 68.9% demonstrated severe obstructive sleep apnea (OAHI ≥ 10), and 55.6% demonstrated central sleep apnea (CAI ≥ 1). There was no significant pattern of decrease in AHI, OAHI, and CAI with increased age up to 1 year. Among the 9 patients who underwent MDO with pre- and post-operative PSGs, significant reductions in AHI, OAHI, CAI, and percentage of total sleep time with arterial oxygen saturation (SaO 2 ) 2 nadir were identified after MDO. Conclusions Contrary to previously examined literature in non-PRS patients, we did not find a decreased severity of central or obstructive sleep apnea with advancing age. Infants with PRS who underwent MDO demonstrated significant decreases in both obstructive and central apnea indices.
Shipwreck! - The 1554 Flota Exhibit

The Corpus Christi Museum of Science and History opened a brand-new exhibit in the spring of 1990. Entitled Shipwreck!, the exhibit tells the story of the three Spanish ships lost on Padre Island in 1554. The Texas Antiquities Committee (TAC) is the state agency that conducted the archaeological and historical work on the 1554 flota and has reported on it in a series of publications (e.g., Arnold and Weddle, 1976). The artifacts remained in the public domain. Therefore, detailed studies of the collection and new contributions to knowledge of the past continue (e.g., Skowronek, 1987). Public television produced a documentary film, Graveyard of the Gulf, that the TAC continues to circulate on videotape to schools and other interested groups. The public enjoyed a major traveling exhibition in the middle and late 1970s. Several exhibit formats are described in another IJNA article focusing on the Austin Children’s Museum exhibit on the wrecks (Arnold and Alsup, 1992). The present article describes the definitive permanent exhibition on the 1554 wrecks. Heeding the proverb about pictures, here the text is brief, and the plans and photographs carry the load.
Change in Visceral Adiposity Independently Predicts a Greater Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Over 10 Years in Japanese Americans

OBJECTIVE —Visceral adiposity is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. We sought to determine whether change in intraabdominal fat area (IAF) over time predicts subsequent development of diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —We followed up 436 nondiabetic Japanese-American subjects (mean age 51.9 years, mean BMI 24.2 kg/m 2 , 54% male) for development of diabetes. We fit a logistic regression model to examine the association over a 10-year follow-up between change in IAF at 5-year follow-up and other fat areas (measured by computed tomography) and development of incident diabetes, adjusted for age, sex, family history of diabetes in a first-degree relative, second-generation versus third-generation Japanese American (Nisei vs. Sansei), baseline IAF, BMI, weight change over time, smoking status, physical activity level, and subcutaneous fat (SCF) depot areas. RESULTS —Cumulative incidence of diabetes was 20.4% at 10 years. Mean change in IAF was 10.9 cm 2 . An increase of 1 SD in IAF was associated with a 1.65-fold increase in the odds of diabetes over 10 years (OR = 1.65, 95% CI 1.21–2.25) after adjusting for the above covariates. This association was also independent of changes in thoracic, thigh, and abdominal SCF, as well as change in weight. CONCLUSIONS —We conclude that baseline IAF and accumulation of fat in this area over time are independent predictors of the development of type 2 diabetes in Japanese Americans.
A Novel Multilevel Strategy in SPWM Design

In this paper, a novel multilevel strategy based on a signal slicing technique, and that employs phase-shifted carrier is presented for the design of SPWM inverters. The method relies on slicing the reference signal into various segments, carrier-modulates each segment independently, and multiplexes the carrier modulated slices in amplitudes. The resulting multilevel SPWM switching patterns provide a higher dynamic range than what has been reported in the literature. MatLab simulations have been carried out to compare the outcomes of the new method against other existing techniques. The simulations show that this technique provides a higher signal to noise ratio than what has been presented in the literature. The SPWM signal can be realized through programming a microcontroller, and amplitude-division multiplexing can be employed to transform the low-voltage signal to a higher voltage level.
A Supply Chain Model with Reverse Information Exchange

We develop a model and analyze reverse information sharing, a growing business practice in supply chain management in which a manufacturer shares information about supply with a retailer. We model the manufacturer as a production queue with finished goods warehouse, the retailer as an inventory location, and other customers as an external demand stream. In our model, the manufacturer allows the retailer access to inventory status at the warehouse. To take advantage of this new information, the retailer changes from a single-level base-stock policy to a two-level, state-dependent base-stock policy. We provide an exact method for computing performance and develop a procedure for evaluating optimal policy. We demonstrate the impact of the new policy on the manufacturer and other customers. Numerical computations lead to insights about the value of information to the retailer, and to guidelines for the manufacturer on sharing information.
"Spore" and the Sociocultural Moment

Analyses of the game Spore have centered on the important issues of accuracy of evolution content and engendering interest in science. This paper suggests that examination of the degree of scaffolding necessary to use the game in pedagogy is a missing part of the discussion, and then questions the longevity of the Spore discussion relative to the general dissatisfaction with the science presented in the game. The paper proposes that analysis of Spore and other technological tools in science education may be embedded in an historical moment which directs the discussion towards satisfying sociocultural and organizational needs and away from pedagogical ones.
The introduction of the heavy and frequent drinker: a proposed classification to increase accuracy of alcohol assessments in postsecondary educational settings.

OBJECTIVE: This study demonstrates the differences that exist within college drinkers identified as high-risk drinkers. METHOD: The study looked at alcohol and other drug (AOD) use patterns of the entire U.S. college student body, using a cross-section of institutions (public, private, 2-year, and 4-year) and students that reflected the enrollment patterns within geographic regions of the country. A survey that focused on safety and violence on college campuses, in addition to more traditional questions regarding the prevalence of alcohol and other drug use and negative consequences, was mailed to a stratified random sample. The final sample consisted of students from 96 institutions of higher education (N = 17,821; 45.3% males, 54.7% females) and was weighted to ensure an accurate representation of the student population in the United States. RESULTS: We found there to be a broad range of problematic drinkers grouped together within the category "heavy drinking," which is defined by a single episode (five or more drinks on one occasion). The seriously problematic drinkers can be differentiated from those less problematic by the inclusion of frequency in the criteria. Comparing heavy drinkers with "heavy and frequent drinkers," we found rates of negative consequences to be almost three times higher for the heavy and frequent drinkers. In addition, the heavy and frequent drinkers account for nearly half of all negative consequences reported by all drinkers. CONCLUSIONS: Greater specificity in classification is a necessary component of alcohol research and intervention.
The JAK/STAT signaling pathway

The Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway is one of a handful of pleiotropic cascades used to transduce a multitude of signals for development and homeostasis in animals, from humans to flies. In mammals, the JAK/STAT pathway is the principal signaling
Midpoint reduction potentials and heme binding stoichiometries of de novo proteins from designed combinatorial libraries

b Abstract We previously reported the de novo design of combinatorial libraries of proteins targeted to fold into four-helix bundles. The sequences of these proteins were designed using a binary code strategy in which each position in the linear sequence is designated as either polar or nonpolar, but the exact identity of the amino acid at each position is varied combinatorially. We subsequently reported that approximately half of these binary coded proteins were capable of binding heme. These de novo heme-binding proteins showed CO binding characteristics similar to natural heme proteins, and several were active as peroxidases. Here we analyze the midpoint reduction potentials and heme binding stoichiometries of several of these de novo heme proteins. All the proteins bound heme with a 1:1 stoichiometry. The reduction potentials ranged from y112 to y176 mV. We suggest that this represents an estimate of the default range of potentials for heme proteins that have neither been prejudiced by rational design nor selected by evolution. 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Publication trends of vegetarian nutrition articles in biomedical literature, 1966–1995

We documented publication trends of vegetarian nutrition articles in biomedical literature between 1966 and 1995 using the National Institutes of Health MEDLINE bibliographic database. The publication rate of vegetarian articles increased steadily during the 3 decades, from an average of <10/y in the late 1960s to 76/y in the early 1990s. After adjusting for the total number of articles indexed in MEDLINE annually, we found that publication of vegetarian nutrition articles increased dramatically, by 4-fold, during the 1970s and reached an oscillating plateau during the 1980s. In the early 1990s, the proportion of vegetarian nutrition articles 8 articles per 1000 vegetarian nutrition articles and 20 per 100000 articles indexed by MEDLINE. Non-nutrition journals have progressively published a larger share of all vegetarian articles in the biomedical literature during the period studied. The nature and study design of published vegetarian research has changed over the years as well. The proportion of original research and review articles increased whereas case series and letters to the editor decreased. Reports of epidemiologic studies of vegetarians with longitudinal designs have superseded cross-sectional designs in number and proportion. In 40% of all publications, preventive and therapeutic applications of vegetarian diets constituted the major themes of vegetarian articles in the decade of 1986-1995. However, 20 y earlier the main focus was on the nutritional adequacy of vegetarian diets. The progressive change in the themes of vegetarian nutrition publications is interpreted as a shift in the role of vegetarian diets in human nutrition.
Long-term stability of sensitivity to intracortical microstimulation of somatosensory cortex

Objective. The dexterous manipulation of objects depends heavily on somatosensory signals from the limb. The development of anthropomorphic robotic arms and of algorithms to decode intended movements from neuronal signals has stimulated the need to restore somatosensation for use in upper-limb neuroprostheses. Without touch and proprioception, patients have difficulty controlling prosthetic limbs to a level that justifies the required invasive surgery. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) through chronically implanted electrode arrays has the potential to provide rich and intuitive sensory feedback. This approach to sensory restoration requires, however, that the evoked sensations remain stable over time. Approach. To investigate the stability of ICMS-evoked sensations, we measured the ability of non-human primates to detect ICMS over experimental sessions that spanned years. Main results. We found that the performance of the animals remained highly stable over time, even when they were tested with electrodes that had experienced extensive stimulation. Significance. Given the stability of the sensations that it evokes, ICMS may thus be a viable approach for sensory restoration.
USBWall: A novel security mechanism to protect against maliciously reprogrammed USB devices

ABSTRACTUniversal Serial Bus (USB) is a popular choice of interfacing computer systems with peripherals. With the increasing support of modern operating systems, it is now truly plug-and-play for most USB devices. However, this great convenience comes with a risk that can allow a device to perform arbitrary actions at any time while it is connected. Researchers have confirmed that a simple USB device such as a mass storage device can be disguised to have an additional functionality such as a keyboard. An unauthorized keyboard attachment can compromise the security of the host by allowing arbitrary keystrokes to enter the host. This undetectable threat differs from traditional virus that spreads via USB devices due to the location where it is stored and the way it behaves. We propose a novel way to protect the host via a software/hardware solution we named a USBWall. USBWall uses BeagleBone Black (BBB), a low-cost open-source computer, to act as a middleware to enumerate the devices on behalf of the host. ...
Voltage-gated calcium channels in CNS white matter: role in anoxic injury

1. The effect of Ca2+ channel antagonists on the extent of anoxia-induced white matter injury was studied in the rat optic nerve, a white matter tract. Compound action potentials (CAPs) were recorded before and after a standard 60-min anoxic period to assess the extent of anoxic injury. 2. The L-type Ca2+ channel antagonists verapamil (90 microM), diltiazem (50 microM), and nifedepine (2.5 microM) significantly protected the rat optic nerve from anoxic injury. Mean recovery of CAP area was 51.3 +/- 3.0% (mean +/- SE, n = 8, P < 0.01), 65.6 +/- 5.3% (n = 8, P < 0.01), and 54.3 +/- 6.1% (n = 8, P < 0.01), respectively. Mean CAP recovery under control conditions was 35.2 +/- 0.3 (n = 33). 3. Simultaneous block of L-type and N-type Ca2+ channels by coapplication of 50 microM diltiazem and 1 microM SNX-124 [synthetic omega-conotoxin (CgTx) GVIA], resulted in postanoxic CAP recovery of 73.6 +/- 6.0% (n = 12), significantly larger than CAP recovery in diltiazem alone (P < 0.001). Block of CgTx MVIIC-sensitive channels in addition to L-type and N-type channels by coapplication of 50 microM diltiazem + 1 microM SNX-230 + 1 microM SNX-124 failed to produce any additional increase in CAP recovery (71.3 +/- 5.6%, n = 8). Application of 1 microM SNX-124 alone did not significantly protect against anoxic injury (CAP recovery, 36.3 +/- 2.9%, n = 10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Micromechanical Modeling of Piezoelectric-piezomagnetic Composites Using Computational Piezo-grains (CPGs)☆

Abstract Accurate micromechanical modeling of particle and fibrous composite samples with large number of defects (inclusions, voids, cracks, etc.) using regular finite elements is expensive because of the mesh-refinement used around each defect. Based on Lekhnitskii formulation, we develop new type of elements (named “Computational Piezo-Grains” (CPGs)) with two important features: (1) each element can have an arbitrarily polygonal shape to mimic the shape of grains in the microscale, (2) each element may contain a void or inclusion embedded in its domain. The materials of the matrix and inclusions could be elastic, piezoelectric, or piezomagnetic, allowing for modeling various composite types.
Triassic and Jurassic strata at Coombs Hills, south Victoria Land: stratigraphy, petrology and cross-cutting breccia pipes

The Triassic Lashly Formation occurs to the east of Mount Brooke at Coombs Hills. Previously established informal members B, C, and D of the Lashly Formation are now identified at Coombs Hills. Lashly Formation member D passes up into a poorly exposed interval of silicic shard-bearing fine-grained sandstone and tuff, which is correlated with the Jurassic Shafer Peak Formation of north Victoria Land and Hanson Formation of the Beardmore Glacier region. Lashly Formation members C and D are intruded by three phreatic explosion pipes, resulting from emplacement of Ferrar Dolerite intrusions at depth and associated explosive steam generation. These pipes, ranging up to 180 m in horizontal dimension, comprise sedimentary clasts in a sand matrix, most of which was locally derived. Pipe margins are mainly ill defined and adjacent country rock is commonly disaggregated or shattered, although retaining stratigraphic order. Locally, thin basalt intrusions have interacted with coal beds.
A Cross-National Assessment of the Reliability and Validity of the CETSCALE:

Though numerous calls have been made for the cross-national validation of measures used in international research, they have gone mostly unanswered. Recent research suggests that one construct and ...
The Influence of Micro Scale Ratchet Depth on the Motion of Leidenfrost Drop

The influence of ratchet depth on the motion of Leidenfrost water drop was investigated as a continuous effort to reveal the driving mechanism. Continuous directional rebounding behavior of the drop was observed only at below 200°C on both micro ratchets with two different depth-to-period aspect ratios (1:5 and 1:10) and sharp ridges. Overall, the shallow ratchets generated more efficient drop mobility in the entire surface temperature range of 193–299°C due to the increased area between the bottom of the drop and the ratchet surface, caused by the geometrical benefit. However, the depth effect was only critical at relatively lower surface temperatures.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Variability in PCB and OH-PCB Serum Levels in Children and Their Mothers in Urban and Rural U.S. Communities

Environmental exposures that affect accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in humans are complex and not fully understood. One challenge in linking environmental exposure to accumulation is determining variability of PCB concentrations in samples collected from the same person at different times. We hypothesized that PCBs in human blood serum are consistent from year to year in people who live in the same environment between sampling. We analyzed blood serum from children and their mothers from urban and rural U.S. communities (n = 200) for all 209 PCBs (median ∑PCBs = 45 ng/g lw) and 12 hydroxylated PCBs (median ∑OH-PCBs = 0.09 ng/g fw). A subset of these participants (n = 155) also had blood PCB and OH-PCB concentrations analyzed during the previous calendar year. Although many participants had similar levels of PCBs and OH-PCBs in their blood from one year to the next, some participants had surprisingly different levels. Year-to-year variability in ∑PCBs ranged from −87% to 567% and in ∑OH-PC...
Adsorption of Short-Chain Thiols and Disulfides onto Gold under Defined Mass Transport Conditions: Coverage, Kinetics, and Mechanism

The adsorption of water-soluble alkane thiols and their corresponding disulfides onto gold was followed in real time using highly sensitive surface conductivity measurements. Particular attention was paid to producing clean surfaces and to the purity of the adsorbates. The rate of mass transport to the surface was constant, controlled, and measured, over the whole time course of the experiment (1–104 s), by convective diffusion. An adsorption rate equation derived for coupled steady state convective-diffusion mass transport and Langmuir kinetics shows that systems limited by mass transport must also be slowed by Langmuir kinetics. Thiols and disulfides adsorbed at the same rate, limited mainly by mass transport. The distinct slowdown in adsorption rate for longer alkanethiols, attributed to conformational transitions (lying down → standing up), was less evident for the neutral thiols/disulfides. The slower rate of charged thiol adsorption is thought to stem from steric interactions of large, hydrated tail...
The Rate of Response of Turkey Hens to Artificial Light as Related to Reproduction

Abstract It is an established fact that light serves as a major factor in the stimulation of the reproductive organs of mature turkeys. Adequate reviews are available from the reports of Asmundson (1941), Milby and Thompson (1945), and Margolf, Harper, and Callenbach (1947). In chickens Whetham (1933) has observed that hens of low production are stimulated more by light than high producing hens because of differences in the herditary capacity of the two groups for producing anterior pituitary hormones. Bissonnette and Csech (1938) made similar observations for pheasant hens. There is little evidence, however, concerning the rate of response of individual turkey hens to artificial lighting as related to egg and poult production. Asmundson, Lorenz, and Moses (1946) found evidence showing that turkey hens of a late maturing strain failed to respond to artificial light as rapidly as a selected early maturing strain or unselected strains. They further observed that with . . .
Sensitivity to hierarchical relations among affordances in the assembly of asymmetric tools

Research on affordances typically has focused on the identification and perception of a single affordance. However, in daily life, multiple affordances are available. We investigated potential hierarchical relations among affordances of tools in two experiments. In Experiment 1, participants assembled a tool consisting of an L-shaped object and attached masses so as to perform a particular behavior on a target object—tipping over or sliding it—located at a particular distance from the participant. In Experiment 2, participants performed the same task with additional precision constraints on the tool use task. In both experiments, participants selected longer objects when target objects were farther away and added more mass to tools to be used for tipping than for sliding. The results were compatible with the hypothesis that participants were simultaneously sensitive to affordances for tool assembly (as revealed in their actualization of affordances in tool assembly) and, prospectively, to affordances for tool use (as revealed in relations between assembled tools and the nature of tasks for which they were assembled).
Surgical management of sinus disease in children.

In the past few years, interest in pediatric sinus surgery has increased in response to the introduction of new endoscopic techniques and to mounting societal pressure to resolve the problem of persistent rhinosinusitis in the day-care setting. As yet, there are no prospective controlled studies demonstrating efficacy of sinus surgery in children with uncomplicated acute or recurrent acute sinusitis, and medical management overwhelmingly remains the treatment of choice for these patients
Synthesis and Characterization of Three New Hexaborates (Li5.5Fe0.5)FeCaB12O24, (Li5.5Fe0.5)FeSrB12O24 and (Li5.5Fe0.5)FeBaB12O24

Single crystals of (Li5.5Fe0.5)FeCaB12O24 (1), (Li5.5Fe0.5)FeSrB12O24 (2) and (Li5.5Fe0.5)FeBaB12O24 (3) were hydrothermally prepared and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, infrared and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. These compounds crystallize in space group R-3 with cell parameters of a = 14.705(2) A and c = 6.4633(13) A for 1, a = 14.679(2) A and c = 6.5320(13) A for 2, and a = 14.662(2) A and c = 6.6224(13) A for 3. The structures are built of helical chains consisting of BO4 tetrahedra and BO3 triangles linked via common vertices. The title compounds are isostructural with a known lithium lead iron hexaborate, (Li5.5Fe0.5)FePbB12O24 and structural comparisons are made within this family of compounds. The hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of three new iron hexaborates, (Li5.5Fe0.5)FeCaB12O24, (Li5.5Fe0.5)FeSrB12O24 and (Li5.5Fe0.5)FeBaB12O24 are discussed. Structural comparisons are made between these new structures and a previously reported lithium lead iron hexaborate, (Li5.5Fe0.5)FePbB12O24.
An approach to security for world-wide applications

There are two major security requirements for wide-area multi-media applications (WWAs). First, due to the large number of users and services, and to the presence of disparate legal requirements since WWAs operate in international environments, WWAs must support the enforcement of expressive user security policies. Second, for economic reasons, users require assurance guarantees that the WWA is capable of enforcing their security policies, and so engineering tools must be offered to help them design and verify these policies. This paper describes an approach to these requirements which is based on custodians. A custodian is a software black box which is linked to a WWA server and implements a security policy for objects under the server’s control. Using programmes to represent policies means that expressive security requirements are supported. In addition, we have developed tools to assist policy engineering. Custodians have been included in the design of an electronic market platform called Cwasar (Bryce et al. 1997).
Early dose-dependent cortical thinning of the femoral neck in anal cancer patients treated with pelvic radiation therapy

Abstract Background and purpose Anal cancer patients treated with radiation therapy (RT) have an increased risk of hip fractures after treatment. The mechanism of these fractures is unknown; however, femoral fractures have been correlated with cortical bone thinning. The objective of this study was to assess early changes in cortical bone thickness at common sites of femoral fracture in anal cancer patients treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Materials and methods RT treatment plans and computed tomography (CT) scans from 23 anal cancer patients who underwent IMRT between November 2012 and December 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Cortical thickness (Ct.Th) was mapped at homologous vertices within the proximal femur using pre-RT and post-RT (≤ 4 months) CT scans. The bone attenuation measurements were collected at homologous locations within the trabecular bone of the right femoral neck (FN). The percent change in Ct.Th and trabecular bone mineral density (trBMD) were assessed. FN cortical thinning was correlated to RT dose using linear regression. A logistic model for dose dependent cortical thinning was constructed. Results Twenty-two patients were analyzed. Significant post-treatment cortical thinning was observed in the intertrochanteric crest, subcapital and inferior FN ( p p = 0.03). A significant decrease in FN trBMD was observed (− 6.4% [range − 34.4 to 3.3%]; p = 0.01). Conclusion Significant early decrease in Ct.Th and trBMD occurs at the FN in patients treated with RT for anal cancer. FN V40Gy was predictive of clinically significant focal FN cortical thinning.
Physical mechanisms for short channel effects in polysilicon thin films transistors

It is demonstrated that channel avalanched multiplication is the dominant mechanism giving rise to short-channel threshold shifts in n- and p-channel polysilicon thin-film transistors (TFTs) at moderate or high drain bias. The effects are greater in nMOS TFTs than pMOS due to the higher ionization rates for electrons in comparison to holes. At low drain bias, a charge sharing mechanism dominates and p-channel devices show greater threshold shifts. Device design parameters such as gate oxide or active island thickness have little influence, and the most effective method for reducing the threshold shifts is to reduce the supply voltage. When the supply voltage is scaled to maintain a fixed minimum threshold voltage, CMOS circuit speeds decrease at shorter gate lengths when a fixed capacitive load is driven, although in more complex circuits the speed improves. >