cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sparsity Regularization for Image Reconstruction with Poisson Data

This work investigates three penalized-likelihood expectation maximization (EM) algorithms for image reconstruction with Poisson data where the images are known ap riorito be sparse in the space domain. The penalty functions considered are the � 1 norm, the � 0 “norm,” and a penalty function based on the sum of logarithms of pixel values, R(x )= � n p j=1 log � xj δ +1 � . Our results show that the � 1 penalized algorithm reconstructs scaled versions of the maximum-likelihood (ML) solution, which does not improve the sparsity over the traditional ML estimate. Due to the singularity of the Poisson log-likelihood at zero, the � 0 penalized EM algorithm is equivalent to the maximum-likelihood EM algorithm. We demonstrate that the penalty based on the sum of logarithms produces sparser images than the ML solution. We evaluated these algorithms using experimental data from a position-sensitive Compton-imaging detector, where the spatial distribution of photon-emitters is known to be sparse.
ACP Journal Club. Ramipril improved walking times and QOL in peripheral artery disease and intermittent claudication.

Source Citation THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN RETRACTED. Ahimastos AA, Walker PJ, Askew C, et al. Effect of ramipril on walking times and quality of life among patients with peripheral artery disease and i...
On Mao's Self-Image as a Marxist Thinker:

One important facet of the question of the relationship of Mao's thought to that of Marx which has been somewhat obscured by the pyrotechnics employed in the symposium to date is Mao's own perception of that relationship. Considering that perception, one finds that both Pfeffer and Walder appear to be advancing claims on behalf of Mao which he himself would not have made, or would have made in a different way. This fact does not, of course, invalidate the claims of Pfeffer and Walder, but it does at least cast them in a somewhat different light. It is certainly true that, in reading the corpus of Mao's writings as a whole, one cannot escape the impression that he regarded himself not merely as a Leninist, or even simply as a MarxistLeninist, but rather, in some fundamental sense, as a Marxist as well. In writing recently on this topic (Starr, 1976-1977), I noted two occasions on which, it seems to me, Mao paid particular attention to the Marxist origins of his own thought. The first of these occasions was during the rectification campaign of 19411942, when he spoke of the need to "Sinify" Marxism. The second was in the late 1950s, when Mao and his colleagues turned away from the Soviet model on which they had been relying. On the first of these occasions Mao used the analogy of an arrow and a
An entropy model of brand purchase behavior

A probabilistic model of consumer purchase behavior for frequently purchased, low cost items. The concept of maximum entropy is used to specify the model. The only empirical data required are market shares; all other brand selection statistics, such as repeat and switch rates, are derived quantities.
Engineering of plasmonic effects in photodetectors and high-efficiency photovoltaics

Integration of metal and dielectric nanostructures with semiconductor-based devices offers new opportunities for engineering the performance of high-efficiency photovoltaics and of photodetectors generally. We discuss here approaches in which plasmonic and related scattering effects are exploited to enable efficient coupling of photons into optical waveguide modes of semiconductor photodetector and photovoltaic devices. These approaches enable realization of improved power conversion efficiency in quantum-well solar cells, potentially leading to efficiencies in excess of the Shockley-Queisser single-homojunction limit, and to engineer the wavelength response of silicon-based photodetector structures using lithographically patterned metal scattering structures.
Aggressive surgery for renal cell carcinoma with vena cava tumor thrombus

Herein is presented what we believe to be the eighth case reported of renal cell carcinoma with caval tumor thrombus treated by radical excision with vena caval resection. A review of the literature reveals that although postoperative morbidity is minimal, only 1 patient survived more than two years. All patients with metastases at time of operation died within one year. It is our conclusion that the length and quality of survival anticipated must be carefully weighed before performing this major surgical procedure.
The Mesomorphic Behavior of Sulfur Containing Steroid Derivatives

Abstract Comparative studies have been made on the influence of substitution of oxygen by sulfur in some steroid derivatives. A survey is given on stigmasteryl S-alkyl thiocarbonates, 5α-cholestanyl S-alkyl thiocarbonates, cholesteryl S-alkyl thiocarbonates, S-cholesteryl O-alkyl thiocarbonates, S-cholesteryl S-alkyl dithiocarbonates, cholesteryl xanthates, and cholesteryl trithiocarbonates. Preparation, purification and mesomorphic behavior of the compounds are discussed, and the properties compared with those of the corresponding O-carbonates. Replacement of oxygen by sulfur in the carbonate group leads to an increase of the smectic-cholesteric transition temperature when going from the O-alkyl carbonate to the S-alkyl thiocarbonate. An even larger increase is observed when going from O-cholesteryl S-alkyl to S-cholesteryl O-alkyl thiocarbonate. An increase in the temperature range of the cholesteric mesophase is also found. Stigmasteryl S-alkyl thiocarbonates are only smectic. In the other series an in...
PhotoVoltaic distributed generation for lanai power grid real-time simulation and control integration scenario

This paper1 discusses the modeling, analysis, and testing in a real-time simulation environment of the Lanai power grid system for the integration and control of PhotoVoltaic (PV) distributed generation. The Lanai Island in Hawaii is part of the Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative (HCEI) to transition to 30% renewable green energy penetration by 2030. In Lanai the primary loads come from two Castle and Cook Resorts, in addition to residential needs. The total peak load profile is 12470V, 5.5 MW. Currently there are several diesel generators that meet these loading requirements. As part of the HCEI, Lanai has initially installed 1.2MW of PV generation. The goal of this study has been to evaluate the impact of the PV with respect to the conventional carbon-based diesel generation in real time simulation. For intermittent PV distributed generation, the overall stability and transient responses are investigated. A simple Lanai ”like” model has been developed in the Matlab/Simulink environment [1] (see Fig. 1) and to accommodate real-time simulation of the hybrid power grid system the Opal-RT Technologies RT-Lab environment [2] is used. The diesel generators have been modelled using the SimPowerSystems toolbox [3] swing equations and a custom Simulink module has been developed for the High level PV generation. All of the loads have been characterized primarily as distribution lines with series resistive load banks with one VAR load bank. Three-phase faults are implemented for each bus. Both conventional and advanced control architectures will be used to evaluate the integration of the PV onto the current power grid system. The baselne numerical results include the stable performance of the power grid during varying cloud cover (PV generation ramping up/down) scenarios. The importance of assessing the real-time scenario is included.
Origin of life: The RNA world

Sur la base de la decouverte d'activites enzymatiques de certains ARN (chez E. coli au cours de la maturation des ARN+ et chez Tetrahymena avec un exon d'un ARNr a auto-epissage), l'auteur postule un systeme, auto-replicatif a l'origine uniquement compose de molecules d'ARN
Analysis of immunoglobulin gamma heavy chain expression in synovial tissue of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVE To gain insight into mechanisms underlying local immune responses in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we analyzed the utilization of variable-region heavy chain (VH), diversity (DH), and joining (JH) gene segments expressed in synovial tissue of a patient with RA. METHODS An unrestricted complementary DNA (cDNA) library was generated from unselected cells extracted from synovial tissue obtained at the time of joint replacement. Southern blot analysis for VH, JH, and C gamma subclass utilization was performed on the first 50 C gamma- and JH-positive recombinants for which phage DNA was isolated. Eighteen of the clones were selected at random for sequence analysis. The VH gene segments were compared with an extensive database of germline and cDNA sequences. RESULTS All transcripts utilized gene segments from the VH1 (28%), VH3 (56%), and VH4 (15%) families. There was a predominance of JH4, JH5, and JH6 gene segment utilization. Fourteen of 18 randomly sequenced clones contained sufficient VH-region information for analysis. Eight (57%) were most closely related to VH gene segments that are preferentially expressed in human fetal liver or that encode antibodies with self-reactivity. The variable domains were heavily mutated, and replacement-to-silent substitution ratios (R:S ratios) in the antigen-binding domains (complementarity-determining regions [CDRs]) were disproportionately high. CDR3 lengths were quite variable, due to extensive N-region addition and 5'-exonuclease activity in the VH-DH-JH joins. CONCLUSION Plasma cells in this synovial tissue sample appear to express VH gene segments that are preferentially utilized during fetal development or in autoantibodies. The JH repertoire is similar to that seen in adult peripheral blood lymphocytes, but much different from that found during fetal development. The large number of somatic mutations and the high R:S ratios in the CDRs suggest an antigen-driven response.
Metal ion activators of glutamine synthetase

Abstract Glutamine synthetase, like most other ATP dependent enzymes, is activated by magnesium ions. Manganous and cobaltous ions have also been reported to promote glutamine synthetase activity, but at rates lower than those for magnesium (Denes 1954; Levintow, et al. 1955). Greenberg and Lichtenstein 1959 have shown that the pH optimum for Mn ++ lies lower than that for Mg ++ at equimolar concentrations, and that the optimal activity for Mn ++ may equal or exceed that for Mg ++ . A study was initiated in this laboratory to determine if other metal ions stimulated glutamine synthetase, and to examine the conditions under which such activations occur. In this communication, the effects of metal ions on the pH-activity profile of the enzyme are described.
Percolation model of polydisperse composite solid propellant combustion

The composition dependence of the burn rate of polydisperse composite solid propellants is predicted by analyzing the least-time path of the burn front through the propellant. The predicted burn rate is the average burn rate along the least-time path divided by the tortuosity, or arc length per streamwise interval, of the least-time path. The tortuosity analysis is based on percolation theory. Aspects of percolation theory which are pertinent to the analysis are introduced in a self-contained Appendix. The model, which contains four adjustable parameters, is validated by comparison to measured burn rates for a suite of polydisperse ammonium perchlorate composites. The data correlations are found to be significantly better than for a three-parameter version of the model which omits tortuosity considerations.
Separation of miscarriage tissue from maternal decidua for chromosome analysis

Objective To demonstrate a technique for separation of miscarriage tissue from maternal decidua to reduce maternal cell contamination for chromosome analysis. Design Retrospective. Setting University-based infertility center. Patient(s) Not applicable. Intervention(s) Retrospective collection of de-identified images and video from manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) performed after first-trimester pregnancy losses. This project was exempt from institutional review board approval as no patient-identifying data were used. Main Outcome Measure(s) Reduction of maternal cell contamination and improvement of the accuracy of chromosome analysis. Result(s) Video demonstration of separation of miscarriage tissue from maternal decidua after MVA. Conclusion(s) Chromosome analysis of a miscarriage is performed to assess the etiology of miscarriage and recurrent pregnancy loss. However, maternal cell contamination can limit the accuracy. This video demonstrates a technique for separating miscarriage tissue from maternal decidua after MVA to reduce maternal cell contamination prior to sending tissue for analysis. The same technique has been used in our clinic with first-trimester dilation and curettage using mechanical suction.
Sterile eosinophilic pustulosis in dog and man: Comparative aspects

Sterile eosinophilic pustulosis is a rare dermatosis of dogs and humans. The clinicopathologic aspects of the disorder are similar in both species. In both the disease is characterized by a moderately generalized, pruritic, sterile, follicular and nonfollicular papulopustular dermatitis. Blood and tissue eosinophilia are usually present. Response to systemic glucocorticoids is better in dogs, probably because of the larger doses that can be used. The disorder is chronic and recurrent in both species. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;16:1022-6. )
Chronic benign neutropenia of childhood with associated oral manifestations

Abstract We have presented a case of benign neutropenia of childhood in which the disease was manifested by a destructive process of the supporting structures of the dentition.
SIRT1 synchs satellite cell metabolism with stem cell fate.

Metabolic reprogramming of muscle stem cells modulates myogenic cell fate. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Ryall et al. (2015) show that SIRT1, a NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase, acts as an epigenetic regulator that connects changes in satellite cell metabolism with changes in the transcriptional machinery toward myogenic commitment.
Number and counting skills in kindergarten as predictors of grade 1 mathematical skills

Abstract The present study focused on the role of number skills assessed in kindergarten with regard to their ability to predict mathematical outcomes in grade 1. Number skills included those involving written symbols (symbolic number identification and symbolic number comparison) and counting (procedural and conceptual). Their contributions were contextualized against domain general (working memory, phonological awareness, and behavioral inattention) factors. Both types of kindergarten domain specific skills were strongly correlated with each math outcome in first grade. However, hierarchical regression showed that written symbolic number skills accounted for variance over and above counting predictors. In final models, domain general factors had unique effects (verbal working memory for math fluency, phonological awareness for computation, verbal working memory and phonological awareness for applied problems, and spatial working memory and phonological awareness for story problems). Results highlight the interplay among math precursors and math related domain general factors and their differential roles for different mathematical outcomes.
Recent Trends in Chemistry Instrumentation Requests by Undergraduate Institutions to NSF’s Major Research Instrumentation Program

Proposals submitted by chemistry departments over the past five years to the Major Research Instrumentation (MRI) Program at NSF have been analyzed to determine the types of instruments funded by MRI, and the success rate of MRI proposals submitted to NSF from undergraduate institutions. We have also compared MRI with the Course, Curriculum and Laboratory Improvement (CCLI) Program in terms of the funding rate and types of instruments supported by each so that faculty may determine which program is more suitable for them.
Experimental studies of helium in metals

Abstract A short review is given of recent experimental studies of helium in metals, emphasizing fundamental He behavior at low temperatures (room temperature and below), low He concentrations (∼1 at.% He) and in the absence of radiation induced defects. Some of the main points are: (a) interstitial He is generally locally mobile at room temperature and below, (b) impurities behave as strong unsaturable traps which lose their identity with increasing numbers of trapped He atoms, and (c) the eventual microstructure of He charged metals appears qualitatively the same in pure undamaged materials as in radiation-damaged materials.
Physical insight in the burnout region of water-subcooled flow boiling

Abstract The present paper reports the results of a visualization study of the burnout in subcooled flow boiling of water, with square cross-section annular geometry (formed by a central heater rod contained in a duct characterised by a square cross-section). In order to obtain clear pictures of the flow phenomena, the coolant velocity is in the range 3–9 m·s−1 and the resulting heat flux is in the range 7–13 MW·m−2. From video images (single frames were taken with a light exposure of 1 μs) the following general behaviour of vapour bubbles was observed: when the rate of bubble generation is increasing, with bubbles growing in the superheated layer close to the heating wall, their coalescence produces a sort of elongated bubble called a vapour blanket. One of the main features of the vapour blanket is that it is rooted to the nucleation site on the heated surface. Bubble dimensions, as well as those of the hot spots, are given as a function of thermal-hydraulic tested conditions.
Relation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function as Measured by Echocardiography and Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure to Rejection in Young Patients (≤31 Years) After Heart Transplantation

To investigate the association of catheter-derived and newer echocardiographically derived measures of diastolic function with rejection in heart transplant recipients, 48 transplant recipients had Doppler and Doppler tissue imaging assessment along with catheter-measured pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) at the time of endomyocardial biopsy. Of echocardiographic measures, propagation velocity (Vp), mitral E-wave velocity (E)/Vp, and E/annular mitral E-wave velocity (Em) were significantly associated with rejection (p
Observations on cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. VI. The uterine cervix

Histologic sections of the reproductive tract from autopsied female children withcystic fibrosis were reviewed for evidence of morphologic lesions. Adequate material was available in 26 children with an age range of 4 days to 15 years. The most prominent alteration was distension of endocervical epithelial cells with cytoplasmic mucin. Copious mucin was also found in the submucosal glands and in the lumen of the endocervix and os in the absence of inflammation. The material had the staining reactions of an acidic carboxymucin. The findings were present in all newborn infants and in over 45 per cent of the older infants and children who had died of cystic fibrosis. In contrast, less severe changes were found in 14 per cent of autopsied infants and children without cystic fibrosis. Although the importance of excessive mucin secretion and reduced fertility is unclear, these findings in infants and children indicate the need for evaluation of cervical mucus in adults with cystic fibrosis.
Local hyperthermia of N2/N3 cervical lymph node metastases: correlationof technical/thermal parameters and response

Abstract Purpose: Patients with advanced head and neck carcinomas, primarily nonresectable as well as recurrent cases, were treated in multimodality regimens with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and local hyperthermia. Commercially available microwave and radiowave applicators were used in 50 patients with N2/N3 cervical lymph node metastases during more than 250 heat treatments. To assess technical suitability, the achieved power densities and thermal parameters were tested for correlation with anatomical and geometrical factors. To assess effectiveness, the response was compared with derived parameters of the achieved temperature distributions. Methods and Materials: The temperature measurement points (in thermometry catheters) documented by computerized tomography are labeled according to tissue depth, shielding by osseous structures, and location in relation to the external applicators. Relative and absolute specific absorption rates (SAR) and cooling coefficients are extracted from the temperature-time curves. Time-averaged temperature-position curves are evaluated to obtain index temperatures (T 90 , T 50 , T 20 ), minimum/maximum tumor temperatures, cumulative minutes T 90 ≥ 43°C, and 43°C-equivalent min T 90 . Radiation dose, treatment time, and chemotherapy regiment are also considered. A response parameter is defined using the pre- and posttherapeutic tumor volumes. A multivariate variance analysis is performed for the dependent variables power density, thermal parameters, and response. Results: A significant correlation exists between power density and absorption, presence of a fat layer, and applicator illumination. The maximum depth is 5 cm, where SAR of ≥ 10 mW/g are registered. Achieved temperatures at individual measurement points are dependent on the SAR, and to a lesser extent, the perfusion-dependent cooling coefficients, but the index temperature T 90 is only significantly related to intratumorally achieved SAR. The thermal gradient (T 20 -T 50 ) and temperature peak (T 20 )_are significantly influenced by the tumor volume. The response is directly related to the index temperature T 90 , equivalent minute T 90 43°C, and cumulative minutes T 90 ≥ 40.5°C, and inversely related to the tumor volume. Conclusions: Local hyperthermia using microwave and radiowave applicators in the head and neck region is a tolerable and clinically practical supplementary therapy used as part of multimodal regimens, and has already been proven to be effective. However, the analyses also demonstrated the limits of currently available technology, and confirm the need for continued methodical research.
Bispectral electroencephalographic analysis of patients undergoing procedural sedation in the emergency department

Objective: To determine whether there is a correlation between the level of sedation achieved during procedural sedation (PS) in the emergency department as determined by bispectral electroencephalographic (EEG) analysis (BIS) and the rate of respiratory depression (RD), the patient's perception of pain, recall of the procedure, and satisfaction. Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted in an urban county hospital of adult patients undergoing PS using propofol, methohexital, etomidate, and the combination of fentanyl and midazolam. Consenting patients were monitored by vital signs, pulse oximetry, nasal-sample end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO 2 ), and BIS monitors during PS. Respiratory depression (RD) was defined as an oxygen saturation 10 mm Hg, or an absent ETCO 2 waveform at any time during the procedure. After the procedure, patients were asked to complete three 100-mm visual analog scales (VASs) concerning their perception of pain, recall of the procedure, and satisfaction with the procedure. Patients were divided into four groups based on the lowest BIS score recorded during the procedure, group 1, >85; group 2, 70-85; group 3, 60-69; group 4, <60. Rates of RD and VAS outcomes were compared between groups using chi-square statistics. Results: One hundred eight patients were enrolled in the study. No serious adverse events were noted. RD was seen in three of 14 (21.4%) of the patients in group 1, seven of 34 (20.6%) in group 2, 16 of 26 (61.5%) in group 3, and 18 of 34 (52.9%) in group 4. The rate of RD in patients in group 2 was not significantly different from that in group 1 (p = 0.46). The rate of RD in group 2 was significantly lower than that in groups 3 (p = 0.0003) and 4 (p = 0.006). For the VAS data, when group 1 was compared with the combined groups 2, 3, and 4, it had significantly higher rates of pain (p = 0.003) and recall (p = 0.001), and a dissatisfaction rate (p = 0.085) that approached significance. When groups 2, 3, and 4 were compared with chi-square test, there was not a significant difference in pain (p = 0.151), recall (p = 0.27), or satisfaction (p = 0.25). Conclusions: Patients with a lowest recorded BIS score between 70 and 85 had the same VAS outcomes as more deeply sedated patients and the same rate of RD as less deeply sedated patients. This range of scores represented the optimally sedated patients in this study.
Capsule Commentary on Tomko et al., A Comparison of Web- Versus Print-Based Decision Aids for Prostate Cancer Screening: Participants’ Evaluation and Utilization

C. Tomko et al.1 compares web-based and print-based decision tools for prostate cancer screening. Using an already supported prostate cancer screening decision aid, they asked the practical question of how these tools are best implemented. In their cohort of 1,235 adults, decision aid use was independently influenced by race, education, and the decision aid medium. The best choice based on preference and utilization was print medium. Thus, in an increasingly digitized age, there is still a role for paper and pencil. Decision aids are helpful when patients are faced with complex decisions with no clear-cut “best answer” and uncertain ramifications. There has been much discussion regarding the utility of prostate cancer screening with digital rectal exam and a serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), with most organizations recommending against routine screening.2 However, patients are still being screened under the rubric that this should be a shared decision thaht occurs after discussion between patient and provider. However, this decision has been shown to be biased by multiple factors on the part of the provider and patients,3 and the accuracy and amount of information provided is variable.4 Decision tools may be helpful and effective in these situations, by providing accurate evidence-based information to support decision-making. The current study is interesting not so much in that it adds to the support of using decision aids, but that it addresses how best to implement these effective tools. If we are to work to impact patient experience, we need to understand how best to apply evidence-supported methodology to real-world scenarios.5 Our medical systems have turned increasingly to electronic health records, and informational web portals; yet, this study concludes that print may be a preferred medium for many patients. An important factor for some patients is still internet access and computer skills. The “digital divide” still exists and requires recognition as these tools are implemented. The clearest implication from this study is that in an age of patient choice, even the format of the decision aid should be up to the patient.
Electron microscopy of thin-sectioned Spirostomum.

1. SWART, E. A., IIUTCHISON, D., and WAKS.MAN, S. A. Arch. Biochein., 24, 92 (1949). 2. SWART, E. S., RO'MANO, A. H., and WAKSM11AN, S. A. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., 73, 376 (1950). 3. KORNFELD, E. C., and JONEs, R. G. Science, 108, 437 (1948). 4. MARKITNAS, P. C., and RIDDICK, J. A. Paper No. 22, Abs., Am. Chein. Soc. MIeeting, Houston, April 1950. 5. FRITZ, J. S. Anal. Chem., 22, 578 (1950). 6. CAMPBELL, C. C. J. Bact., 54, 263 (1947). 7. DRAIZE, J. H., WOODARD, G., and CALVERY, H. 0. J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap., 82, 377 (1944).
Fluid particle sizing using a fully automated optical imaging system

This paper describes the development of a fully automated instrument that measures critical spray characteristics of liquid atomizers via an optical, direct-imaging method. The system uses a gas laser as the illumination source to backlight a liquid spray and a lens system to project an image of silhouetted droplets on a vidicon tube. A microcomputer performs all system control and data analysis as well as diagnostic functions. A data acquisition front-end supplies droplet data to the computer in real time. Pertinent system design issues are discussed, and the resulting design choices are described. When fully operational, the cycle time for sample hardware testing, data analysis, and report preparation is expected to be under 30 min. The optical portion of the system has already been used successfully to visualize and videotape numerous sprays.
Recycling of woven carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer composites using supercritical water.

Over the past few years, there has been great deal of interest in recycling carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer composites. One method that has shown promising results involves the use of supercritical fluids to achieve separation between matrix and fibres by effectively degrading the resin into lower molecular weight compounds. In addition, the solvents used are environmentally benign and can also be recovered and reused. In this study, supercritical water with 0.05 M KOH as the catalyst was used for the recycling of an aerospace-grade high-performance epoxy carbon fibre composite (Hexcel 8552/IM7). The morphology of the reclaimed fibres was observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the tensile properties of the fibres were measured by single filament testing. The effects of processing time on the resin elimination efficiency and fibre property retention were investigated. With the process developed in this research, as much as 99.2 wt% resin elimination was achieved, resulting in the recovery of clean, ...
A Survey of Time Lag of Sparkover in a Uniform Field

An original instrument for measuring time lag of sparkover has been developed. This is capable of measuring lags over a range from one one-hundred-thousandth of a second up to any longer values. This entire time range is available for any individual measurement without readjustments and independently of the method or wave shape of voltage application. Spark lags are found to fall into three distinct domains. First, long initiatory lags (${10}^{+1}$ to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ second or less) of random distribution spent in awaiting a favorable fortuitous space and time arrangement of the somewhat insufficient supply of initiatory electrons. Second, intermediate formative lags (of the order ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ second) distributed about a definite peak value of the order of time required for a positive ion to cross the gap and assist in building up a space charge gradient. Third, short formative lags (of the order ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ second) distributed about a definite peak value of the order of time required for an electron to cross the gap. A picture of the mechanism of sparkover in an initially uniform field is presented accounting for the existence of these three domains. The available experimental reports are correlated and shown to be consistent with each other and with the proposed explanation.
Correlates of elevated distress thermometer scores in breast cancer patients

Distress is prevalent in breast cancer patients and can be detrimental to quality of life, performance status, treatment adherence, and satisfaction with medical care. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network developed the distress thermometer (DT) as a self-assessment tool for screening distress in cancer patients. Given time and financial constraints, it is important to refine screening criteria to identify patients with elevated risk for distress. In this study, we identify clinical and epidemiological factors that are associated with an increased likelihood of elevated DT scores (≥4 and ≥7). We assessed 229 female patients with the DT at their initial consultation for breast cancer at the Huntsman Cancer Hospital between September 2007 and December 2008. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used to analyze DT and patient data. Patients undergoing their initial distress thermometer screening within 30 days of receiving a diagnosis of breast cancer had the highest likelihood of scoring ≥4 and ≥7 on the DT screening tool. Emotional and physical concerns were associated with scores ≥4 and scores ≥7. Spiritual concerns became significant in patients reporting scores ≥7. Patients who were non-Caucasian, unemployed, had a prior history of depression, presented for recurrent disease, or who had been recently diagnosed had a higher likelihood of scores ≥4 and scores ≥7. Four groups of patients should be targeted for aggressive screening; patients with a prior diagnosis of depression, patients presenting with recurrent disease, unemployed patients, and non-Caucasian patients. Interventions should address physical, emotional, and spiritual concerns.
The tolerance factors of the pyrochlore crystal structure

The tolerance factor (t) concept, widely used in crystallochemical analysis of perovskites ABO3, is here applied to A2B2O7 fluorite-derivative superstructure: pyrochlores. Based on geometrical considerations of the different cation coordination polyhedra two tolerance factors for pyrochlores are introduced. The t values were calculated for 315 pyrochlores. A stability field is proposed to distinguish A2+2B5+2O7 pyrochlores from A2+2B5+2O7 weberites. A relationship between the tolerance factors and dielectric properties and their applicability to analyze structure-propoerty relations within this family of compounds is also discussed.
Increase of CHClF 2 in the Earth's atmosphere

Ambient air collected and stored in calibration tanks with inert internal surfaces was analysed by the electron capture–gas chromatography techniques (EC–GC) for measuring CHClF2 (fluorocarbon-22 or F-22) at atmospheric concentrations of between 30 and 60 p.p.t.v. (10−12). Repeated measurements of F-22 in these tanks over the past 18 months have shown no significant changes in concentration, implying that the measurements reflect the atmospheric concentrations of F-22 when the air was collected. The resulting time series, based on 360 measurements made on 100 different samples, shows that CHClF2 concentrations increased at an average exponential rate of 11.7% yr−1 (90% confidence limits: 9.8%–13.2% yr−1) between April 1976 and January 1981. Based on this time series, it is shown here that a constant 200 × 106 kg of F-22 in the Earth's atmosphere cannot be accounted for by the global anthropogenic emissions estimated by McCarthy et al.1,2. This excess is ∼26% of the estimated present global burden of F-22 in the entire atmosphere.
PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT EFFECT AFTER A SMALL NUMBER OF TRAINING TRIALS

Two experiments on the partial reinforcement effect (PRE) are reported in which Ss were given three training trials. In each experiment four groups of Ss received different patterns of reinforcement but in neither experiment did differences between the groups indicate the existence of a PRE.
Is diurnal variation a meaningful symptom in unipolar depression

The present study found that defining groups of patients based on the presence or absence of diurnal variation highlighted several important differences between the two groups. Diurnal patients had longer episodes, better response to treatment, and were less frequently classified as RDC agitated. Within this diurnal population, evening sufferers had more decrease in appetite than morning sufferers. Equivalent percentages of diurnal-a.m. and diurnal-p.m. received RDC endogenous diagnoses, but more diurnal-a.m. patients were found in the DSM-III melancholia category. While this study found some evidence inconsistent with the generally accepted notion regarding the constellation of symptoms associated with endogenous and non-endogenous depressions, the authors suggest that diurnal variation may represent a predictor of unipolar depression which is biologically based.
Steroid concentrations in uterine lymph and uterine arterial plasma of gilts during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy.

This study was conducted to determine if the lymphatic vessels which drain fluid from the uterus act in addition to uterine veins in transporting steroids from the early gravid uterus. Concentrations of estrone (E,), estradioI-17� (E2�) and progesterone (P4) were quantified in uterine arterial blood and uterine lymph, collected from gilts during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Twenty-four Yorkshire gilts were assigned randomly in equal numbers to be mated on the first day of behavioral estrus (Day 0) or serve as nonmated controls. Mated and nonmated gifts were assigned to surgery on Days 11 (n’-4), 13 (n=4) or 15 (n4) of the estrous cycle or pregnancy. Uterine arterial blood (10 ml) and uterine lymph (500 MI) were collected from a branch of the middle uterine artery and an adjacent uterine lymphatic which was above the anastomosis of the ovarian and uterine lymphatic systems. Pregnancy was verified in mated gilts by the presence of conceptuses in uterine flushings. In pregnant (P) and nonpregnant (NP) gifts, there was no effect of day on the concentrations of E,, E3fi or P4 in uterine arterial plasma or uterine lymph. Concentrations of E, and E3� were greater (P<0.01) in uterine lymph collected from P gifts, when compared to NP gilts across all days sampled (35.5 ± 1.5 vs. 26.7 ± 1.6 and 34.0 ± 3.9 vs 17.7 ± 2.1 pg/mI, respectively). In contrast, no differences in E, or E2� were found between uterine arterial plasma of P and NP gilts. Regardless of pregnancy status, uterine lymph contained greater (P<0.01) concentrations of E, and E3� and less (P<0.01) P4 than uterine arterial plasma (31.1 ± 1.4 vs. 11.5± 0.7 pg/mI, 25.9 ± 2.8 vs. 10.4 ± 0.7 pg/ml and 9.8 ± 1.2 vs. 39.8 ± 3.5 ng/ml, respectively). These data demonstrate a greater estrogen toP4 ratio in uterine lymph of P than NP gilts, providing direct evidence that the lymphatic vessels draining the gravid porcine uterus function in addition to the venous system for the transport of steroids.
National Threat and Political Culture: Authoritarianism, Antiauthoritarianism, and the September 11 Attacks

This paper uses published letters to the editor of major U.S. newspapers to investigate the cultural effects of a major national threat: the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. It is based on a hand-coded, stratified random sample of 1,100 letters to the editor published in 17 major papers in the United States (544 pre-September 11, 556 post-September 11). The letters are drawn from a population of 8,101 published letters. Degrees of both authoritarianism and antiauthoritarianism, as well as the general salience of questions of authoritarianism, rose significantly in the post-attack period. The paper suggests that, instead of a simple threat-authoritarianism causal link, authoritarianism and antiauthoritarianism are paired elements of political culture that are invoked together in the face of a national threat.
Molecular depth profiling of multi-layer systems with cluster ion sources

Abstract Cluster bombardment of molecular films has created new opportunities for SIMS research. To more quantitatively examine the interaction of cluster beams with organic materials, we have developed a reproducible platform consisting of a well-defined sugar film (trehalose) doped with peptides. Molecular depth profiles have been acquired with these systems using C60+ bombardment. In this study, we utilize this platform to determine the feasibility of examining buried interfaces for multi-layer systems. Using C60+ at 20 keV, several systems have been tested including Al/trehalose/Si, Al/trehalose/Al/Si, Ag/trehalose/Si and ice/trehalose/Si. The results show that there can be interactions between the layers during the bombardment process that prevent a simple interpretation of the depth profile. We find so far that the best results are obtained when the mass of the overlayer atoms is less than or nearly equal to the mass of the atoms in buried molecules. In general, these observations suggest that C60+ bombardment can be successfully applied to interface characterization of multi-layer systems if the systems are carefully chosen.
Effect of ACTH and cortisone on phagocytosis.

SummaryIn 9 of 10 patients under treatment with ACTH or cortisone, the phagocytic activity of the neutrophilic leukocyte decreased. In the remaining case an increase was observed which was shown to be due to the development of specific antibody during treatment.
Reference gene selection for real-time polymerase chain reaction in human lung cells subjected to cyclic mechanical strain.

Background and objective: The respiratory system is constantly exposed to mechanical forces that influence cellular phenotype in health and disease. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is widely used to determine gene expression. The validity of qPCR depends on using stable reference genes for normalization. The effect of cyclic mechanical strain on reference gene expression by lung epithelial, fibroblast and endothelial cells has not been studied systematically. Methods: The stability of expression of fourteen potential reference genes in response to six different regimens of cyclic mechanical strain was ranked using the geNorm tool in human lung epithelial cell lines (A549 and H441), human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL-1), human lung microvascular endothelial cells, primary human lung fibroblasts and primary human alveolar type 2 (hAT2) cells. The expression variation of these reference genes was also screened in unstimulated whole human lung. Results: The stability of the selected reference genes varied within and between cell types, the variation in expression being greatest in primary cultures of hAT2. Correspondingly, the effect of expressing message for the stretch responsive gene IL-8 normalized to the 14 reference genes was greatest in the hAT2 cells, there being an almost fivefold difference in mRNA relative change comparing different reference genes in the same samples. The minimum number of genes required to derive a reliable normalization factor for experiments on single lung cell types undergoing mechanical strain was two and for whole human lung it was four. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the optimal reference genes for lung cells subjected to CMS are cell type specific.
EO-1 Advanced Land Imager on-orbit radiometric calibration

The Advanced Land Imager (ALI) is the primary instrument on the first Earth Observing Mission (EO-1), under NASA's New Millennium Program. On-orbit absolute radiometric calibration of this instrument relies primarily on solar calibration and involves pointing the ALI at the Sun with the aperture cover closed; deploying a Spectralon diffuser over the secondary mirror; and exercising a variable area subaperture located in the cover. The bimonthly solar calibration data is supplemented by daily internal reference lamp observations, monthly lunar observations, and periodic observations of ground truth targets. Each of the above techniques will be reviewed and the results compared to prelaunch calibration parameters. Additionally, the stability of the ALI during the course of its first year on orbit will be presented.
Child Maltreatment Victimization and Subsequent Perpetration of Young Adult Intimate Partner Violence: An Exploration of Mediating Factors

This study examined whether young adults with documented histories of child maltreatment had higher records of documented severe intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration than an income-matched control group. It also examined whether this association was mediated by juvenile violent delinquency, problematic substance use, or mental health problems. Study data came from one state's administrative public sector records of child welfare, juvenile court, mental health, income maintenance, and birth records. The study employed a prospective longitudinal design to follow children for 16 years (N = 5,377). The IPV was measured by police arrests and temporary restraining order petitions. Multiple group path analysis was used to examine mediation hypotheses and determine whether they differed by gender. The study found that IPV perpetration rates were higher among maltreated than control participants and higher in maltreated men than in women. For men, maltreatment had both direct and mediated effects on IPV perpetration through violent delinquency. For women, maltreatment did not directly or indirectly predict IPV perpetration, though low power makes these findings tentative. The study highlights the importance of child maltreatment prevention as a way to reduce violence later in life and suggests that the juvenile justice system may also provide a point of intervention for the maltreated youth.
A probabilistic framework for segment-based speech recognition

Most current speech recognizers use an observation space based on a temporal sequence of measurements extracted from fixed-length ‘‘frames’’ (e.g., Mel-cepstra). Given a hypothetical word or sub-word sequence, the acoustic likelihood computation always involves all observation frames, though the mapping between individual frames and internal recognizer states will depend on the hypothesized segmentation. There is another type of recognizer whose observation space is better represented as a network, or graph, where each arc in the graph corresponds to a hypothesized variable-length segment that is represented by a fixed-dimensional ‘‘feature’’. In such feature-based recognizers, each hypothesized segmentation will correspond to a segment sequence, or path, through the overall segment-graph that is associated with a subset of all possible feature vectors in the total observation space. In this work we examine a maximum a posteriori decoding strategy for feature-based recognizers and develop a normalization criterion useful for a segment-based
Cumulative Inequality and Racial Disparities in Health: Private Insurance Coverage and Black/White Differences in Functional Limitations

Objectives. To test different forms of private insurance coverage as mediators for racial disparities in onset, persistent level, and acceleration of functional limitations among Medicare age-eligible Americans.
Criminology's Darkest Hour: Biocriminology in Nazi Germany

This article deals with criminology and its effects during Hitler's Third Reich (1933-1945). For comparative purposes, it also examines the nature and effects of criminology in fascist Italy (1922-1943). In both states, criminology became an extension of political power, but only in Nazi Germany did it fully reach its murderous potential, working to justify the genocide of not only Jews and Gypsies but of criminals as well. Key questions include: How did biological ideas shape explanations of crime in Nazi Germany? How did Nazi science define 'criminals'? What were the consequences of Nazi criminology? And what does the study of scientific criminology under the Nazis reveal about the nature of criminology itself.
Transoral robotic surgery for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: factors predicting surgical response.

Objectives/Hypothesis We reviewed our experience with the use of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for base of tongue (BOT) reduction either alone or as part of multilevel strategy in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in order to identify clinical characteristics that may be associated with surgical response. Study Design Case series. Methods Between June 2010 and May 2014, BOT reduction via TORS ± partial epiglottectomy ± uvulopalatopharyngoplasty were performed on 72 patients with OSAHS. Thirty-nine patients (15 females and 24 males) with complete preoperative and postoperative clinical information including polysomnograms were included in this study. Results Mean apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was 43.9 ± 32.3 preoperatively and 21.9 ± 23.5 postoperatively and reflected a statistically significant (P 50% reduction in AHI and final AHI < 15 with resolution of daytime somnolence, was achieved in 21 patients (53.8%). Clinical characteristics found to be significantly different between the responders and nonresponders were BMI, AHI, and lateral velopharyngeal collapse. Patients with BMI < 30, AHI < 60, or absence of lateral velopharyngeal collapse have excellent surgical response rate of 88.2%, 67.9%, or 66.7%, respectively. Conclusions We identified three clinical characteristics associated with increased surgical response rate. This finding may be useful for patient selection and counseling prior to surgery. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 125:1013–1020, 2015