cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resilient and Sustainable Cities

With the majority of the world population projected to live in urban areas, cities are experiencing rapid rates of urbanization and population increase. Most of the projected increase in urban population is concentrated in Asia and Africa which have relatively lower levels of resilience. The majority of the larger cities are also located in low-lying coastal areas, which are extremely vulnerable to the impacts of sea level rise. One of the main reasons for the increase in urban population in the Global South stems from over-population and crowding in the rural areas. This results in the seasonal or permanent migration of mostly younger males to urban areas in search of employment and better living conditions. The consequence is even more overcrowding in the big cities, exerting pressure on the already thinly stretched resources and infrastructure in these cities. As a result, most of the migrants end up living in slums with the bare amenities, unhygienic conditions, and hot spots of crime. There has been an increasing number of media reports of crime on women and girls in many of the larger cities in the Global South often attributed to young unemployed men who have migrated to the cities in the search of jobs. In addition, cities are also experiencing higher levels of air pollution and detrimental effects associated with urban heat island effect.
Influence of Soil Colloids on the Migration of Atrazine and Zinc Through Large Soil Monoliths

The role of soil colloids and their potential to co-transport agrochemicals in subsurface soil environments was evaluated in aleaching experiment utilizing large soil monoliths. The monolithswere created by hydraulically driving steel pipe sections (50 cm diameter × 50 cm length) into Maury silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudalf) and Loradale silt loam (fine, silty, mixed mesic Typic Argiudoll) soils. Water dispersible colloids fractionated from the Bt horizons of the above soilswere spiked with 3 mg L-1 atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamine-s-triazine) and 10 mg L-1 zinc (Zn), and after a twenty-four hour equilibration were applied into the monoliths at eight hour intervals using 500 mL pulse applications. Solutions containing atrazine and Znwithout added colloids were applied to separate monoliths from each soil to represent control treatments. Colloid, atrazine, andZn recoveries in the eluent varied greatly with respect to soiltype. Colloid recovery in the Loradale monoliths averaged 65.1 ± 26.5%, with maxima approaching the input level, while in the Maury monoliths the average recovery was low (5.7 ± 6.2%) and never exceeded 25% of the input level. Atrazine eluted from the two monoliths averaged 40.3 ± 12.5% (Loradale) and 29.0 ± 20.0% (Maury), with considerable enhancement in the presence of colloids, especially in the Loradale soil. In contrast, the elution of Zn averaged 3.0 ±3.2%, in the Loradale monoliths and rarely exceeded control concentrations in the Maury monoliths, suggesting a stronger retardation of Zn over atrazine within the soil matrix, especially when colloid transport was deterred. Settling-rateexperiments at varying pH and electrical conductivity (EC) valuessuggested that the transport of Maury colloids may have been hindered due to flocculation within the monoliths, while the Loradale colloids remained stable throughout the leaching experiment. Although the presence of colloids enhanced atrazineelution in all monoliths, the actual amount of atrazine transported bound to either colloid type was minimal, suggestingmainly physical exclusion transport processes. In contrast, stronger chemisorption of Zn to colloid surfaces than the soil matrix appeared to enhance the transport of Zn by both colloids.
Quantification of Environmental Effects on PV Module Degradation: A Physics-Based Data-Driven Modeling Method

This paper explains the fusion of the physics-based material degradation mechanism with the statistics-based data modeling approach for predicting the degradation rate of photovoltaic (PV) modules. The degradation of PV module is mainly associated with the module construction type and climatic condition at its use location. The aim of this paper is to quantify the effect of dynamic environmental stresses (dynamic covariates) on the power degradation of the module over its lifetime. There are various physics-based models, such as Arrhenius model, for understanding the physical or chemical reaction-related root causes of PV degradation. But, to estimate the underlying material properties, such as activation energy (Ea), statistical modeling plays a key role. In addition, instead of being continuously monitored, the performance characteristics of PV modules are often measured only at intervals like quarterly or annually, which makes it difficult to model the complete degradation path of the module. On the other hand, the information on dynamic covariates is recorded more frequently with the development of sophisticated sensors and data acquisition systems. This information can be integrated through physics-based models to study the effects of environmental variables in degradation processes. Hence, in this paper, a cumulative exposure model is used to link the module degradation path and the environmental variables, including module temperature (both static and cyclic), ultraviolet radiation, and relative humidity, which are recorded as multivariate time series.
The sexual selection of hominin bipedalism

In this article, I advance a novel hypothesis on the evolution of hominin bipedalism. I begin by arguing extensively for how the transition to bipedalism must have been problematic for hominins during the Neogene. Due to this and the fact that no other primate has made the unusual switch to bipedalism, it seems likely that the selection pressure towards bipedalism was unusually strong. With this in mind, I briefly lay out some of the most promising hypotheses on the evolutionary origin of hominin bipedalism and show how most, if not all, fail in the face of the need for an unusually strong selection pressure. For example, some hypotheses maintain that hominins became bipedal so they could use their hands for carrying infants, food, or other valuable objects. But extant apes are able to carry objects in one of their front limbs (while walking with the other three), and thus it does not seem plausible that our hominin ancestors went through the troublesome transition to bipedalism just so they could carry objects a little more efficiently. After I show that past hypotheses are wanting in the face of this challenge, I argue that there is only one selection pressure powerful enough to instigate a strange and problematic evolutionary adaptation like bipedalism, and that is sexual selection. Specifically, from the fact that bipedal locomotion is an important strategy for intimidating others and ascending the dominance hierarchy in extant apes, I argue that for no particular selective reason bipedal locomotion became a signal for high fitness (much as a large and intricate tail became a signal for high fitness for peahens), and this led to the trait being continuously reinforced in spite of all its deleterious fitness consequences.
The Disability of Adoption: Adoptees in Disabling Societies

AbstractThis article explores the common theoretical ground between disability studies and adoption studies and between the cultural positions of adoptees and disabled people. The author forwards t...
An Implementation of a Coupled Dual-Porosity-Stokes Model with FEniCS

Porous media and conduit coupled systems are heavily used in a variety of areas. A coupled dual-porosity-Stokes model has been proposed to simulate the fluid flow in a dual-porosity media and conduits coupled system. In this paper, we propose an implementation of this multi-physics model. We solve the system with the automated high performance differential equation solving environment FEniCS. Tests of the convergence rate of our implementation in both 2D and 3D are conducted in this paper. We also give tests on performance and scalability of our implementation.
n-Decyl­tri­methyl­ammonium bromide

The title compound, C13H30N+·Br− (systematic name: N,N,N-trimethyl-1-deca­naminium bromide), forms crystals having a bilayer structure, comprised of layers of tri­methyl­ammonium cations and bromide anions separated by the inter-digitated n-decyl groups of the cation; close ammonium-methyl-C—H⋯Br contacts connect the ions. The n-decyl chain adopts a slightly distorted all-trans conformation. The n-decyl chain exhibits positional disorder with all atoms at half occupancy. The sample was a racemic twin.
Evidence That the LH Surge in Ewes Involves Both Neurokinin B–Dependent and –Independent Actions of Kisspeptin

Recent evidence has implicated neurokinin B (NKB) signaling in the retrochiasmatic area (RCh) of the ewe in the LH surge. To test this hypothesis, we first lesioned NK3R neurons in this area by using a saporin conjugate (NK3-SAP). Three weeks after bilateral injection of NK3-SAP or a blank control (BLK-SAP) into the RCh, an LH surge was induced by using an artificial follicular-phase model in ovariectomized ewes. NK3-SAP lesioned approximately 88% of RCh NK3R-containing neurons and reduced the amplitude of the estrogen-induced LH surge by 58%, an inhibition similar to that seen previously with intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of a KISS1R antagonist (p271). We next tested the hypothesis that NKB signaling in the RCh acts via kisspeptin by determining whether the combined effects of NK3R-SAP lesions and icv infusion of p271 were additive. Experiment 1 was replicated except that ewes received two sequential artificial follicular phases with infusions of p271 or vehicle using a crossover design. The combination of the two treatments decreased the peak of the LH surge by 59%, which was similar to that seen with NK3-SAP (52%) or p271 (54%) alone. In contrast, p271 infusion delayed the onset and peak of the LH surge in both NK3-SAP- and BLK-SAP-injected ewes. Based on these data, we propose that NKB signaling in the RCh increases kisspeptin levels critical for the full amplitude of the LH surge in the ewe but that kisspeptin release occurs independently of RCh input at the onset of the surge to initiate GnRH secretion.
Single molecule tracking reveals the role of transitory dynamics of nucleoid-associated protein HU in organizing the bacterial chromosome

Abstract HU is the most conserved nucleoid-associated protein in eubacteria and has been implicated as a key player in global chromosome organization. The mechanism of HU-mediated nucleoid organization, however, remains poorly understood. Using single molecule tracking coupled with genetic manipulations, we characterized the dynamics of HU in live Escherichia coli cells. We found that native HU dimers bind and unbind chromosomal DNAs weakly and transitorily across the entire nucleoid volume but remain nucleoid-localized, reminiscent of random diffusion in a liquid phase-separated, membrane-less “macro-compartment” distinct from the remaining cytosol. Mutating three key surface lysine residues of HU nearly entirely abolished the weak and transitory interactions of HU with DNA and led to severe cell growth and DNA segregation defects, suggesting the importance of HU’s interactions with chromosomal DNA mediated by the positively charged surface. A conserved proline residue important for recognizing bent and cruciform DNAs such as that in recombination intermediates, similarly abolished HU’s rapid and transitory DNA interaction dynamics but had little impact on its apparent binding stability with nonspecific chromosomal DNAs. Interestingly, the proline residue appeared to be important for HUαβ dimer formation as mutating this residue makes HUαβ behave similarly to HUα2 dimers. Finally, we find that while prior evidence has found HU capable of depositing nucleoid-associated noncoding RNAs onto cruciform DNA structures, deletion of these specific naRNAs or inhibition of global transcription had a relatively minor effect on HU dynamics irrespective altered nucleoid compaction. Our results suggest a model of chromosome organization mediated by weak, transient interactions of HU, a substantial deviation from nucleoid-like proteins such as histones. Such collective sum of the numerous weak, transitory binding events of HU with nonspecific chromosome DNAs could generates a “force” to maintain a dynamic, fluid nucleoid with enough flexibility to rapidly facilitate global topological processes such as replication or nucleoid segregation.
A non–stationary non–Gaussian hedonic spatial model for house selling prices

This work proposes a hedonic random field model to describe house selling prices from 2000 to 2005 in Cedar Falls, Iowa. This real estate market presents two distinctive features that are not well ...
Rainbow Darter (Etheostoma caeruleum, Storer, 1845) predation on early ontogenetic stages of Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens, Rafinesque, 1817)

Previous molecular diet analysis identified lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens, Rafinesque, 1817) DNA in the gastrointestinal tracts of stream‐resident rainbow darters (Etheostoma caeruleum, Storer, 1845) during the egg incubation, free embryo, and larval drift stages. The objectives of this experimental study were to: (a) quantify levels of predation by rainbow darters on lake sturgeon at the egg and free‐embryo stages; and (b) evaluate whether predation varied as a function of substrate size and rainbow darter body size. We conducted experimental trials in 23‐L polycarbonate tanks 0.41 m (L) × 0.33 m (W) × 0.30 m (D) with a standardized benthic area of 0.14 m². The tanks were randomly assigned one of two different substrate size classes: large rock (51.35 mm ± 0.91 mm) or small rock (27.68 mm ± 0.57 mm). We stocked individual rainbow darter, which were deprived of feed for 48 hr, with lake sturgeon (133 individuals/m²) in each of 12 replicates per ontogenetic stage and substrate type. The number of surviving lake sturgeon was quantified following a 24‐hr predation exposure period. We used a generalized linear model with a binomial distribution to assess the influence of ontogenetic stage, substrate size, and rainbow darter body size on proportional lake sturgeon survival. Predation on lake sturgeon occurred at both egg (6.25 ± 1.16 individuals, mean ± 2SE) and free embryo (3.08 ± 1.08 individuals, mean ± 2SE) stages. Egg proportional survival was generally lower than at the free embryo stage in both substrate sizes; however, free embryo proportional survival was greater in small substrate trials. Rainbow darter total length did not affect the probability of lake sturgeon survival at either developmental stage. Results demonstrate that rainbow darters prey on early ontogenetic stages of lake sturgeon, corroborating previous results based on genetic diet analysis. Results fill a major knowledge gap concerning the vulnerability of pre‐drift sturgeon to predation by an abundant river resident species that was previously discounted as a predator for early ontogenetic stages of lake sturgeon due to its small body size.
Depression, functional disability, and accessing health care among older Ghanaians and South Africans: a comparative study based on WHO study on global ageing and adult health (SAGE).

Objectives: The study explored the association and variabilities between mild depression, functional disability, and healthcare access among older Ghanaians and South Africans.Method: The data used...
21 Future Perspectives in Educational Psychology

Educational psychology is a thriving field of practice and research that has increased our understanding of personal and situational variables that impact learning and successful teaching and schooling practices. In the decade since the last edition of this handbook, the scope of work represented by educational psychology researchers has continued to expand, leading to many significant advances in theory, research, and practice. The purpose of this final chapter is to synthesize major areas of progress and to highlight how such work will continue to shape and improve education in the future. Seven thematic areas were identified that are likely to continue to impact theory and application and to influence and inform educational researchers, practitioners, and policy makers well into the future. In the final section, closing thoughts are presented regarding expectations for the field over the next decade when the third volume of this handbook is likely to be published. Keywords: theoretical integration; learning; assessment; instruction; educational reform
Interaction Before and During the Survey Interview: Insights from Conversation Analysis.

Conversation analysts have described the formation of actions and the sequential organization of talk in a wide variety of contexts and offer resources that can be used to study interaction in the ...
A Volume-limited Photometric Survey of 114 γ Doradus Candidates

We have carried out a photometric survey of a complete, volume-limited sample of γ Doradus candidates. The sample was extracted from the Hipparcos catalog and consists of 114 stars with colors and absolute magnitudes within the range of known γ Doradus stars and that also lie within a specified volume of 266,600 pc3. We devoted one year of observing time with our T12 0.8 m automatic photometric telescope to acquire nightly observations of the complete sample of stars. From these survey observations, we identify 37 stars with intrinsic variability of 0.002 mag or more. Of these 37 variables, 8 have already been confirmed as γ Doradus stars in our earlier papers; we scheduled the remaining 29 variables on our T3 0.4 m automatic telescope to acquire more intensive observations over the next two years. As promising new γ Doradus candidates were identified from the photometry, we obtained complementary spectroscopic observations of each candidate with the Kitt Peak coude feed telescope. Analysis of our new photometric and spectroscopic data reveals 15 new γ Doradus variables (and confirms two others), 8 new δ Scuti variables (and confirms one other), and 3 new variables with unresolved periodicity. Therefore, of the 114 γ Doradus candidates in our volume-limited sample, we find 25 stars that are new or previously known γ Doradus variables. This results in an incidence of 22% for γ Doradus variability among candidate field stars for this volume of the solar neighborhood. The corresponding space density of γ Doradus stars in this volume of space is 0.094 stars per 103 pc3 or 94 stars per 106 pc3. We provide an updated list of 86 bright, confirmed, γ Doradus field stars.
HLTRI at W-NUT 2020 Shared Task-3: COVID-19 Event Extraction from Twitter Using Multi-Task Hopfield Pooling

Extracting structured knowledge involving self-reported events related to the COVID-19 pandemic from Twitter has the potential to inform surveillance systems that play a critical role in public health. The event extraction challenge presented by the W-NUT 2020 Shared Task 3 focused on the identification of five types of events relevant to the COVID-19 pandemic and their respective set of pre-defined slots encoding demographic, epidemiological, clinical as well as spatial, temporal or subjective knowledge. Our participation in the challenge led to the design of a neural architecture for jointly identifying all Event Slots expressed in a tweet relevant to an event of interest. This architecture uses COVID-Twitter-BERT as the pre-trained language model. In addition, to learn text span embeddings for each Event Slot, we relied on a special case of Hopfield Networks, namely Hopfield pooling. The results of the shared task evaluation indicate that our system performs best when it is trained on a larger dataset, while it remains competitive when training on smaller datasets.
Faint, Large-Scale Hα Filaments in the Milky Way

During the initial data reduction of the Wisconsin Hα Mapper (WHAM) Hα Sky Survey, we have discovered several very long ( ~30°-80°) filaments superposed on the diffuse Hα background. These features have no clear correspondence to the other phases of the interstellar medium revealed by 21 cm, X-ray, IR, or radio continuum surveys, and they have no readily identifiable origin or source of ionization. In this Letter, the data for two of these faint (I ≈ 0.5-1.5 R) structures are presented. The first is an 80° long, 2° wide arch that extends nearly perpendicular to the Galactic plane at l=225° and attains a maximum latitude of +51° near l=240° before reaching the southern boundary of our survey map at l=270°, b=+42°. The vertical portion of this feature between b=+10° and +25° is associated with a single radial velocity component centered at vLSR=+16 km s-1 with a FWHM of 27 km s-1. A decrease in the velocity is observed from b=+33° through +48° as the feature arches toward higher Galactic longitudes. At this end, the emission component is centered near vLSR=-20 km s-1. Where this feature appears to meet the Galactic plane near l=225°, it is directly above the H II region surrounding CMa R1/OB1. A second filament consists of a ~25°-30° long arc spanning l=210°-240° at b=+30° to +40°. The radial velocity of this feature increases systematically from 0 km s-1 at l=215°, b=+38° to +18 km s-1 at l=236°, b=+28°. Both features have rather constant intensities along their entire lengths, ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 R (EM = 1-3 cm-6 pc) with no obvious trends.
Towards a model and strategy for transformational change

Leaders must ask critical questions when deciding to initiate change such as: Where to begin? What and how to organize resources? How to distribute responsibilities within the organization? These questions are especially important when an organization faces the need to change in the instance of a crisis. Leaders must develop objectives, which accomplish strategic goals. Logically, these goals categorize into explicit actions: the organization should clarify how they sequence and correlate a change strategy. Articulating precisely which capacities, structures, and product offerings influence how stakeholders perceive change within organizations is vital. This article sketches key processes and pathways that make transformational change possible.
Tuning the mechanical properties of nanoglass-metallic glass composites with brick and mortar designs

Abstract We use molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the tensile deformation and failure of metallic glass (MG)-nanoglass (NG) composites designed with a brick and mortar architecture consisting of a 3 nm-grain-size NG matrix and a MG second phase. Results show that the overall strength of the matrix is significantly improved by the second phase without sacrificing the large NG matrix ductility. The mechanical synergy of the two phases is optimized by arranging the MG bricks in a staggered way, which effectively delocalizes the plastic deformation, hindering the buildup of local stress hot spots and the generation of critical shear bands.
Automated Insulin Delivery

Despite improvements in diabetes therapy provided by insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices, most youth with T1D do not meet glycemic targets. For example, recent data from the T1D Exchange Registry continue to demonstrate that only ~17% of children under age 18 attain hemoglobin A1c levels under 7.5% (Foster et al., Diabetes Technol Ther 21:66-72, 2019). A potential explanation for the failure of current technologies alone to improve diabetes care is that they still require a considerable amount of human effort. Specifically, each successive advance in diabetes technology has come at the expense of requiring more effort and more burden. In this chapter, we explore the promise of automated insulin delivery is to improve outcomes, while simultaneously “off-loading” the burdens of diabetes self-management tasks to the diabetes device.
Enrichment of Brettanomyces and Other Non-Saccharomyces Fermentative Yeasts from Vineyard Samples in Oregon

Brettanomyces yeasts remain one of the most important spoilage issues facing the global wine industry. Despite their ubiquitous association with wine and wineries from around the world, there is almost no information on the occurrence of Brettanomyces in vineyards. In this study we used enrichment culturing to successfully isolate Brettanomyces yeasts from 12 of 149 grape berry cluster samples obtained from a vineyard in Oregon over two harvest seasons. This low rate of recovery was consistent with another recent study performed in Italy (Oro et al. 2019) and suggests that Brettanomyces is not a prevalent vineyard yeast genus. In addition to Brettanomyces, we recovered non-Saccharomyces isolates from a further 39 samples. These were predominantly from genera infrequently described in the context of vineyards and winemaking fungal communities, such as; Nakazawea, Kazachstania, Lodderomcyes and Ogataea. By evaluating relative growth capacity and direct competitive fitness, we show that while some vineyard non-Saccharomyces yeasts are likely to be out-competed in enrichment media by Brettanomyces, others can interfere with Brettanomyces recovery. This may partly explain why Brettanomyces vineyard populations are rarely described. Our results pave the way for further studies of Brettanomyces from non-fermentation origins, while also showing that enrichment culturing can be applied to reveal other rare vineyard yeast populations.
End of Life Outside of "Business Hours": A Retrospective Review Evaluating Time of Death and Provider Time at End of Life.

Introduction: Pediatric palliative care (PPC) benefits patients and families, while potentially creating emotional and resource-management burdens for providers. This study's purpose was to charact...
Micro/Nanoscale Tribology of Mems Materials, Lubricants and Devices

The advances in silicon photolithographic process technology since the 1960s have led to the development of microcomponents or microdevices, known as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). More recently, lithographic processes have been developed to process nonsilicon materials. The lithographic processes are being complemented with nonlithographic micromachining processes for fabrication of milliscale components or devices. Using these fabrication processes, researchers have fabricated a wide variety of miniaturized devices, such as acceleration, pressure and chemical sensors, linear and rotary actuators, electric motors, gear trains, gas turbines, nozzles, pumps, fluid valves, switches, grippers, tweezers, and optoelectronic devices with dimensions in the range of a couple to a few thousand microns (for an early review, see Peterson, 1982; for recent reviews, see Muller et al., 1990; Madou, 1997; Trimmer, 1997; Bhushan, 1998; Kovacs, 1998).
Hydrous basalt-limestone interaction at crustal conditions: Implications for generation of ultracalcic melts and outflux of CO 2 at volcanic arcs

Abstract High degassing rates for some volcanoes, typically in continental arcs, (e.g., Colli Albani Volcanic District, Etna, Vesuvius, Italy; Merapi, Indonesia; Popocatepetl, Mexico) are thought to be influenced by magma–carbonate interaction in the crust. In order to constrain the nature of reaction and extent of carbonate breakdown, we simulated basalt–limestone wall-rock interactions at 0.5–1.0 GPa, 1100–1200 °C using a piston cylinder and equal mass fractions of calcite (CaCO3) and a hydrous (∼4 wt.% H2O) basalt in a layered geometry contained in AuPd capsules. All experiments produce melt + fluid + calcite ± clinopyroxene ± plagioclase ± calcic-scapolite ± spinel. With increasing T, plagioclase is progressively replaced by scapolite, clinopyroxene becomes CaTs-rich, and fluid proportion, as inferred from vesicle population, increases. At 1.0 GPa, 1200 °C our hydrous basalt is superliquidus, whereas in the presence of calcite, the experiment produces calcite + clinopyroxene + scapolite + melt. With the consumption of calcite with increasing T and decreasing P, melt, on a volatile-free basis, becomes silica-poor (58.1 wt.% at 1.0 GPa, 1100 °C to 34.9 wt.% at 0.5 GPa, 1200 °C) and CaO-rich (6.7 wt.% at 1.0 GPa, 1100 °C to 43.7 wt.% at 0.5 GPa, 1200 °C), whereas Al2O3 drops (e.g., 19.7 at 1100 °C to 12.8 wt.% at 1200 °C at 1.0 GPa) as clinopyroxene becomes more CaTs-rich. High T or low P melt compositions are ‘ultracalcic,’ potentially presenting a new hypothesis for the origin of ultracalcic melt inclusions in arc lava olivines. Wall-rock calcite consumption is observed to increase with increasing T and decreasing P. At 0.5 GPa, our experiments yield carbonate assimilation from 21.6 to 47.6% between 1100 and 1200 °C. Using measured CO2 outflux rates for Mts. Vesuvius, Merapi, Etna and Popocatepetl over a T variation of 1100 to 1200 °C at 0.5 GPa, we calculate 6–92% of magmatic input estimates undergo this extent of assimilation, suggesting that up to ∼3% of the current global arc CO2 flux may be crustally derived. Application of the assimilation extent bracketed in this study to the estimated elevated number of carbonate-assimilating arc magmatic systems active during the late Cretaceous to early Paleogene suggests that magma-induced upper plate decarbonation alone had the potential to contribute up to 2.7 × 10 14 – 5.6 × 10 15 g / y CO2, assuming no dilution and complete gaseous release of all assimilated carbon. Using an estimated assimilation extent averaged from current systems gives a slightly lower though still significant value of ≤ 5.5 × 10 14 g / y of excess CO2 being released into the atmosphere.
Caregiving in a Global Context

Abstract The worldwide changes in the economic markets have led to an unprecedented increase in global migration estimated at 214 million (United Nations-International Organization for Migration, 2008). This global migration has increased the number of transnational families worldwide (Dade, 2004) that now face unique physical and psychological challenges for the provision of care for aging adults. Regardless of the precipitating event, global migration has challenged definitions of family, family responsibility, and generational roles (Baldassar, 2008). As the demographics of the world population shift towards a graying era, family therapists need to understand the impact that a changing global economy and economies of kinship have on the lives of family members who migrate and those who are left behind. The goal of this paper is to increase the knowledge base pertaining to transnational families and to make visible the needs of families who provide care across transnational borders.
The «anomalous zitterbewegung» of composite particles

It is shown that the range of the zitterbewegung for generalized infinite-component theories describing realistic composite particles is not the Compton wavelength, but the analog of the Bohr radius. This range is quite different from that in the case of simple Majorana-type equations where it is equal to the Compton wavelength for the ground state. The problems associated with the consistent definition of relativistic position operators for composite particles are discussed.
2 – Information Levels and Frameworks

Expert systems use sophisticated programs, often in conjunction with large but highly specific databases. A fifth-generation information system (5GIS) is like a “user-definable” expert system, in that it allows the user to enter a description of the universe of discourse and then conduct a conversation about this, all in a natural language. An information system for a given application may be viewed from at least four levels: conceptual, logical, internal, and external. The conceptual level is the most fundamental, portraying the application domain naturally in human concepts. The conceptual schema specifies the structure for all permitted states and transitions of the conceptual database. An external schema specifies the UoD design and the operations accessible to a particular user or group of users. This chapter provides an overview of how conceptual schemas may be implemented in relational database systems. Each database management system (DBMS) conforms to a logical data model, that is, network, hierarchic, or relational. If a relational DBMS is chosen for the implementation, the conceptual schema is mapped to a relational schema, or relational database schema. Various frameworks also exist for information system architecture.
Choices in the Paradigm Shift: Where Next for Libraries?

External factors are forcing libraries to seriously evaluate and redefine their purpose within higher education. Libraries have identified themselves as gateways to information. Google, and other Internet search tools, have changed the need and importance of the gatekeeper role in libraries. The authors argue that libraries have a role that is broader than that of gatekeeper. It is necessary to move beyond our existing mental models and truly redefine our unique role based on the needs within the external environment. To develop this broader role, libraries must develop collaborative relationships and leverage existing tools and services.
A Novel Approach to Computer Automated Microwave Circuit Mask Design

A novel computer program is presented which automates the design of microwave circuit masks using a library of verified elements. Three library elements are fabricated, evaluated using computer-aided time domain techniques, and compared with CAD model predictions.
Costly Signaling Increases Trust, Even Across Religious Affiliations

Trust is a critical aspect of social interaction. One might predict that individuals trust religious out-groups less than religious in-groups, and that costly signals performed by members of religious in-groups increase trust while costly signals performed by members of religious out-groups decrease trust. We examined how Christian participants perceived the trustworthiness of Muslim and Christian individuals who did or did not engage in religious costly signaling. Religious costly signaling, operationalized as giving to religious charities (Experiments 1 and 2) or adhering to religious dietary restrictions (Experiment 3), increased self-reported trust, regardless of target religious affiliation. Furthermore, when estimating the likelihood that trustworthy versus untrustworthy targets engaged in costly signaling, participants made systematic judgments that showed that costly signaling is associated with trust for both Muslim and Christian targets (Experiment 4). These results are novel in their suggestion...
A PROBLEM IN ASCERTAINMENT

In studies of disease inheritance, it is more convenient to collect family data by first locating an affected individual and then enquiring about the status of his or her relatives. Although the different categories of children classified by disease, sex, and other covariates may have a particular multinomial distribution among families of a given size, the numbers as ascertained do not have the same distribution because of unequal probabilities of selection of families. The introduction of weighted distributions to correct for ascertainment bias in the estimation of parameters in the classical segregation model can be traced to Fisher in 1934. This theory was presented in a general formulation by C. R. Rao at the First International Symposium on Classical and Contagious Distributions in 1963. Further expansion on the topic was given by C. R. Rao in the ISI Centenary Volume published in 1985. The effects of different two-phase sampling designs on the estimation of parameters in the classical segregation m...
Curriculum-Based Measurement: A Brief History of Nearly Everything from the 1970s to the Present

This paper provides a description of 30 years of research conducted on curriculum-based measurement. In this time span, several subject matter areas have been studied—reading, writing, mathematics, and secondary content (subject) areas—in developing technically adequate measures of student performance and progress. This research has been conducted by scores of scholars across the United States using a variety of methodologies with widely differing populations. Nevertheless, little of this research has moved from a “measurement paradigm” to one focused on “training in data use and decision making paradigm.” The paper concludes with a program of research that is needed over the next 30 years.
Zone electrophoresis of dyes, proteins and viruses in density-gradient columns of sucrose solutions.

Abstract An apparatus and a method for zone electrophoresis using a density-gradient column of sucrose solutions for the convection-preventing support are described. The rate of migration of virus was independent of sucrose concentration in the presence of phosphate buffer containing potassium chloride. Resolution of the method was good. For some materials, such as viruses, the all-liquid density-gradient column possessed several advantages over conventional porous solid supports.
Initiation of Eukaryotic DNA Replication

Abstract We report that a plasmid replicating in Xenopus egg extracts becomes negatively supercoiled during replication initiation. Supercoiling requires the initiation factor Cdc45, as well as the single-stranded DNA-binding protein RPA, and therefore likely represents origin unwinding. When unwinding is prevented, Cdc45 binds to chromatin whereas DNA polymerase α does not, indicating that Cdc45, RPA, and DNA polymerase α bind chromatin sequentially at the G1/S transition. Whereas the extent of origin unwinding is normally limited, it increases dramatically when DNA polymerase α is inhibited, indicating that the helicase that unwinds DNA during initiation can become uncoupled from the replication fork. We discuss the implications of these results for the location of replication start sites relative to the prereplication complex.
Diverticulitis in the United States: 1998-2005: changing patterns of disease and treatment.

Objectives:Diverticular disease imposes an impressive clinical burden to the United States population, with over 300,000 admissions and 1.5 million days of inpatient care annually. Consensus regarding the treatment of diverticulitis has evolved over time, with increasing advocacy of primary anastomo
Bedforms produced by impact-generated tsunami, ∼2.6 Ga Hamersley basin, Western Australia

Abstract Late Archean strata in the Hamersley basin of Western Australia contain a layer of anorbital wave ripples composed largely of impact-generated melt spherules. Sedimentologic evidence indicates that these ripples formed in a deep marine shelf setting well below the effects of meteorological processes. Combined with the impact-related origin of the spherules, this suggests that the ripples were formed by an impact-generated tsunami. To test if this geologic interpretation is reasonable, we have modeled anorbital ripple formation by impact-generated tsunami waves in the Hamersley basin. We assume a deep ocean target area, and that tsunami waves traveled from the target area unhindered to the Hamersley basin. Using melt spherule radius as an indicator, we infer a bolide diameter of 4.9 km. Assuming a bolide density of 2.6 and a velocity of 20 km/s, this impact would produce a crater 60.4 km in diameter. We modeled tsunami waves generated by the collapse of this crater, and propagated them into the Hamersley basin using shallow water wave theory. The wave models indicate tsunami waves created at impacts between 2000 and 8000 km from the Hamersley basin could have generated the observed anorbital ripples.
The relation of body mass index to asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema

Background Recent studies have suggested a relationship between asthma and obesity. Despite these reports, the effect of being underweight or overweight as a risk factor for airway obstructive diseases (AODs) is not clear. Objectives To determine whether a relation of body mass index (BMI) to asthma, chronic bronchitis (CB), or emphysema exists (analysis 1), and, if so, whether the association between obesity and asthma is modified by gender (analysis 2). Design Nested case-control study from the longitudinal cohort of the Tucson Epidemiologic Study of Airways Obstructive Diseases. Patients Analysis 1: physician-confirmed incident cases of asthma (n = 102), CB (n = 299), or emphysema (n = 72) who denied any prior AODs. Analysis 2: all 169 incident cases of asthma, regardless of any previous AODs, stratified by gender and by other potential effect modifiers. In both analyses, we selected only subjects at least 20 years old who had weight and height measured during the study. Measurements BMI and other risk factors were assessed prior to the onset of the AOD (cases) or prior to the last completed survey (control subjects). Results A diagnosis of emphysema was significantly associated with a BMI Conclusions Patients with emphysema are more likely to be underweight, and patients with CB are more likely to be obese. However, the temporal relationship between abnormal BMI and the onset of COPD is uncertain. Preobese and obese women are at increased risk of acquiring asthma. This relation, particularly if it is causal, has potentially relevant public health implications.
An in situ experimental study of grain growth in a nanocrystalline Fe91Ni8Zr1 alloy

Grain growth and microstructural evolution of thermally stabilized Fe91Ni8Zr1 were investigated by in situ and ex situ studies. Our investigations suggest that the microstructural evolution is fairly slow and the microstructure shows stabilization up to about 700 °C. Above this temperature, a certain fraction of grains grow abnormally into the nanocrystalline matrix, resulting in a bimodal microstructure and causing the complete loss of thermal stability. The reason for abnormal grain growth and the loss of thermal stability is identified as the appearance of the fcc γ-phase and consequent reduction in the total area of grain boundaries and the overall stored energy.
Finite element modelling of fracture propagation in orthotropic materials

Abstract This paper presents a simple method for the analysis of fracture propagation in orthotropic materials. The method is applicable to a wide range of materials such as steel which may have anisotropic toughness characteristics, rock which often has anisotropic stiffness and toughness properties, and woods and composites where the toughness and stiffness can vary by orders of magnitude. Several theories of fracture propagation in anisotropic materials are reviewed with regard to their application to various materials. It is shown that isoparametric quarter-point elements can be used to obtain accurate stress intensity factors using orthotopic displacement correlation equations. An example of fracture propagation analysis in an orthotropic structure is presented and conclusions are drawn with regard to the relative influence of anisotropic strength and orthotropic stiffness properties.
Human serum stimulates Alzheimer markers in cultured hippocampal neurons.

The mechanism for promoting the distinct types of lesions in the Alzheimer disease (AD) brain and other changes outside the brain is unknown. We examined neurons in culture, unprotected by glia or a blood-brain barrier, to determine if exposure to serum from Alzheimer patients would affect markers for Alzheimer brain lesions. Rat hippocampal neurons were first grown for 4 days in a new serum-free culture medium, then exposed for 24 hr to human sera. Sera from 12 AD patients or their spouses increased four molecular markers characteristic of Alzheimer senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles: Alz-50, β-amyloid (β/A4), MAP2, and ubiquitin, each with their expected cytologic distributions. Sera from ten young adults produced significantly less stimulation. By quantitative immunofluorescence, neuronal exposure to the elderly human sera produced 1.8- to 2.5-fold increases in mean fluorescent area/cell for each of these four markers relative to no serum exposure. As controls, an unrelated neuronal marker, enolase, was unaffected and fetal bovine serum did not stimulate immunoreactivity. Neuron viability and somal area were unaffected at 24 hours. The MAP2 increases were dose dependent with negligible effect at 2% serum and maximum effect at 10% serum after 24 hr. The MAP2 increase was greater after 48 hr of exposure than 24 hr and negligible at 2 hr. This stimulation of AD markers by human serum suggests that the genesis of both neuronal plaques and tangles may arise from access of toxic serum factors to susceptible neurons and/or failure to detoxify these factors. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Recycling of carbon-enriched coal fly ash

Abstract Carbon-enriched coal fly ash powder was obtained by floatation treatment of coal fly ash. It contains 80% carbon, 20% minerals, and also phosphorus with a concentration much higher than that required by metallurgical coke or boiler fuel. The high inorganic content especially the phosphorus has to be removed before it can be reused as a fuel. A chlorination process was attempted to treat the carbon-enriched coal fly ash in order to recycle carbonaceous materials and to extract minerals. Thermodynamic simulation of the fly ash+Cl 2 reaction system shows that a complete conversion of the inorganic part is feasible in a temperature range of 200–1400°C. However, experimental results indicate that reactivity of minerals with Cl 2 depends strongly on temperature and is high at the first 10 minutes of reaction. At 1000°C phosphorus content can be reduced from 2100 ppm to 24 ppm and 68% of the inorganic compounds can be removed (or recovered) in 10 min. The addition of CO as an auxiliary reductant does not improve the reactivity.
Rabies exposure and psychosis.

Received Oct. 23, 2002; accepted Nov. 15, 2002. From the Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia. Address reprint requests to Anna M. Leung, Department of Consultation and Liaison Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia, 1200 East Broad St., P.O. Box 980710, Richmond, VA 23298; amleung@hsc.vcu.edu (e-mail). Copyright 2003 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. The rabies virus ravages the central nervous system of mammals, which causes encephalopathy and, if untreated, death. There are two stages of rabies. In the early stage, symptoms are nonspecific, consisting of fever, headache, and general malaise. In the second stage, neuropsychiatric symptoms appear such as insomnia, anxiety, confusion, slight or partial paralysis, excitation, hallucinations, agitation, hypersalivation, difficulty swallowing, and hydrophobia. Death typically occurs within days of the onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms. The number of rabiesrelated human deaths in the United States has declined from more than 100 annually at the turn of the last century to one or two per year in the 1990s as a result of current prophylactic treatment. At present, most fatalities associated with rabies occur in people who fail to become vaccinated after exposure. Thus, although rare, rabies must be considered in the differential diagnosis of psychiatric symptoms in individuals with a history of exposure.
The binding interactions of Ro 40-5967 at the L-type Ca2+ channel in cardiac tissue

Ro 40-5967 [(1S,2S)-2-[2[3-(2-benzamidopropyl]- methylamino]ethyl]-6-fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isopropyl-2-naphthyl- methoxyacetate] is a new Ca2+ channel antagonist active at L-type channels. Radioligand binding studies in cardiac tissue show that Ro 40-5967 does not inhibit 1,4-dihydropyridine binding, but does inhibit diltiazem, desmethoxyverapamil and SR 33557 binding with IC50 values of 8 x 10(-9), 10(-8) and 5 x 10(-8) M, respectively. Equilibrium and kinetic binding studies showed that Ro 40-5967 inhibited both desmethoxyverapamil and SR 33557 binding in an apparently competitive manner. Ro 40-5967 defines an additional and possibly unique antagonist binding site on the L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel.