cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carcinoma of the cervix and pregnancy

Abstract All patients with cervical cancer diagnosed during pregnancy at Jackson Memorial Hospital, the University of Miami School of Medicine, from 1960–1970 have been reviewed. There are 122 patients in this group; 99 had carcinoma in situ and 23 had invasive cancer. The prevalence rate for carcinoma in situ during pregnancy, was 0.192% and for invasive carcinoma, 0.046%. Of the patients, 95% had a Class III or higher Papanicolaou smear which led to the diagnosis. This is a young population in that the mean age was 29.6 years. Therapy for Stage 0 carcinoma and Stage IA (microinvasive) carcinoma was total hysterectomy, whereas radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy was recommended for Stage IB/IIAcarcinoma of the cervix. Radiotherapy was utilized for more advanced disease or in patients with contraindications to surgery. The importance of adequate follow-up is emphasized in that six patients with carcinoma in situ during pregnancy were found to have invasive carcinoma at a later date and two patients with invasive carcinoma had progression of their disease when treatment was delayed. The survival rate with radical operation during pregnancy for Stage IB and IIA carcinoma has been 90% in 10 patients followed nearly 3 years or longer. An additional four patients had radical operation in the follow-up period and all four are clinically free of recurrent cancer at the present time. Major complications were high in those patients treated with primary radiotherapy, and of the five patients who were so treated, four have died, one with recurrent carcinoma and the other three from complications of radiotherapy. An additional three patients were treated with primary radiotherapy during the intrapartum period. In this group two have died of recurrent cancer while one remains clinically free of cancer.
On the "dual phosphorescence" from 2,4,5-trimethylbenzaldehyde in crystalline durene

Abstract The temperature dependence (10–160 K) of the phosphorescence spectrum of 2,4,5-trimethylbenzaldhyde in single crystal durene (TMB/durene) has been investigated. Two phosphorescence bands with different temperature dependencies have been observed to higher energy of the low temperature (10 K) origin. An explanation of these results based on the substitutional dispersion of TMN anti conformers in two different sites in the durene lattice is given. The temperature dependent bands are identified with the lowest 3 nπ * states of two different conformers formed via the rotation of the aldehyde group in the excited triplet state. Work by others on the photochemical processes of photo-enol and duryl radical formation can be accounted for by the present model. Finally, it is shown that the effect of UV photolysis on the two observed TMB carbonyl stretching vibrations supports the proposed interpretation.
Calibration of constant-temperature hot-film anemometers at low velocities in water of uniform temperature

Abstract A new method for calibrating hot-film anemometer probes in water of uniform temperatures has proved to be superior to conventional methods presently in use. The flow field over probes of typical dimensions and overheat ratios, under natural convection and forced convection at low velocities in water at standard conditions, indicate Reynolds numbers on the order of 5 to 150. Models for the heat transfer and flow field based upon boundary layer concepts will have difficulties under these conditions. A semi-empirical model and calibration procedure has been developed to handle this low Reynolds number domain more effectively.
On the interpretation of the electrical resistance of disordered materials

Abstract We use recursion relations due to Shapiro [1] to construct a “phase diagram” which illustrates the occurence of classical and quantum insulation, and metallic behaviour in disordered materials from 1D to 6D. We show that this diagram is useful in discussing and understanding experimental data.
Euler and Navier-Stokes solutions for flow over a conical delta wing

The simulation of vortical flow about a conical delta wing (14:1 elliptic cone) by the Euler equations is studied. Navier-Stokes solutions are generated for comparison with the inviscid results. At the flight condition considered, the viscous solutions reveal a large primary leading-edge separation vortex and a smaller secondary vortex. The viscous solutions are shown to be grid-resolved. On a coarse grid, the Euler solutions result in a primary separation vortex but no secondary vortex. A comparison of pressure coefficient with the viscous solution shows surprising agreement. The agreement is, unfortunately, fortuitous. When the Euler equations are solved on the fine, viscous grid, the large separation vortex is eliminated. Instead, a cross-flow shock appears. Shock curvature introduces sufficient vorticity to produce a small vortex downstream of the shock. This inviscid result, fundamentally different from the viscous case, is a valid solution to the Euler equations. The coarse-grid Euler solution is characterized by the production of spurious vorticity and entropy due to numerical error at the leading edge. It is neither a valid solution to the Euler equations nor a reliable approximation to the real viscous flow. The use of a Kutta condition is investigated for both the fineand coarse-grid Euler solutions. It is shown that the Kutta condition fails to produce a grid-independent simulation of the actual viscous flow.
Electrochemical redox behaviour of the hexakis(aryl isocyanide) complexes of molybdenum(0) and tungsten(0)

Les complexes hexakis(phenylisocyano), Mo(CNPh) 6 et W(CNPh) 6 , dans le melange d'hexafluorophosphate de tetrabutylammonium 0,2 M et de dichloromethane, presentent une vague d'oxydation reversible a un electron a E 1/2 ≃−0,2 V (vs ecs) et une 2eme vague d'oxydation a E p,a =+0,48 V (Mo) ou +0,44 V (W), (vs ecs), chimiquement irreversible
Scale-up from laboratory microfiltration to a ceramic pilot plant: Design and performance

A highly instrumented pilot microfiltration (MF) plant featuring a ceramic microfiltration membrane, back-pulsing device, permeate re-circulatio n in co-flow to achieve uniform transmembrane pressure (UTMP) and a cooling/temperature control system was designed, built and tested successfully with transgenic whole goat milk (TGM). In a previous study, it was shown that >90% of heterologous IgG could be recovered from TGM in the permeate by adopting close process control with low UTMP and operation at the iso-electric point (pI) of the target IgG. Here, these concepts were successfully employed to recover >90% of another IgG (pI = 7.1–7.5) from TGM by MF at the pilot-scale. The pilot plant MF system gave 90% yield for the same target protein with a 50% higher permeation flux rate (47 lmh instead of 32 lmh) and increased protein transmission (70% instead of 46%) as compared with the laboratory-scale MF unit. Thus, this study demonstrated the efficacy of the pilot MF plant and reinforced the generality at larger scale of the optimization methodology reported earlier by us. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A Community-Based Smoking- Cessation Program: Self-Care Behaviors and Success

Given the serious health consequences of smoking, nurses need to be well-informed on how to help various client populations with smoking cessation. Much recent research is focused upon effectiveness of various programs to enhance self-efficacy and self-management skills necessary to succeed in permanent smoking cessation. This study used a model based on Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory to examine specific variables of importance in smoking cessation using descriptors relevant to understanding self-care actions. The model is used to examine the outcomes of a community-based smoking-cessation program. Results indicate that 15% of the final sample quit smoking and 42% reduced smoking while participating in the program. Additional findings are helpful in describing actions taken by subjects who were and were not successful in quitting. Remedies suggested by the American Lung Association booklet "Freedom from Smoking for You and Your Family" were reported by subjects to be helpful in dealing with the most common problems experienced during smoking cessation. Results are applied to public health nursing, emphasizing that smoking cessation is "a process" in which individuals learn strategies that work for them.
Fine-grain parallelism in the ALPS programming language

The ALPS programming language is based on a shared variable model of concurrency where the shared variables have built-in data synchronization. Two classes of shared variables that support fine-grain parallelism are provided, namely, cells and sets. A cell is a single-assignment variable which can be assigned only once, but can be read several times by parallel processes. A set is a distributed data structure that can be operated by parallel processes by inserting and removing items. The author describes the language notation for cells and sets and illustrates their use through examples. >
The State and Social History

Social history emerged in the 1950s and 1960s out of two contradictory impulses. On the one hand, social historians sought to recapture the lives and experiences of the working class and other dispossessed groups. At the same time, social history was connected by a number of its early practitioners with major political projects. It was very self-consciously part of a larger analysis of a capitalist system with the aim of transcending that system and establishing socialism. It thus took seriously the analysis of state power. There was some tension between a social history that sought to reconstruct the lives and experiences of the dispossessed and one that was politically engaged, which came to be resolved from the 1970s increasingly in favor of the former. As a consequence, the state came to be increasingly ignored in social historical studies. The purpose of this paper is to suggest some lines of enquiry that will bring the state back into social history. At the same time, it recognizes that ours is an increasingly global era and that cultural practices and meanings are indispensable to historical inquiries. Therefore, it argues that the state must be conceptualized in a far broader, that is global and comparative as well as cultural, context.
Effects of fractionated 5-aminolevulinic acid administration on tissue levels of protoporphyrin in vivo.

The photodynamic therapy (PDT) of malignant tissues can be achieved via the administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), which is naturally converted to the photoreactive substance protoporphyrin IX (PP). This study compares bolus with fractionated ALA dosing in order to determine whether one of these methods results in a higher tissue concentration of PP. Mice bearing a subcutaneously implanted colon-26 tumor were treated with ALA (200 mg kg−1), given intravenously either as a single bolus or as three equally divided doses at 50 min intervals. Tissue samples of tumor, kidney, skin, liver, skeletal muscle, colon and plasma were obtained 2, 3, 4 and 6 h later for the analysis of PP concentrations. Fractionated dosing results in significantly higher concentrations of PP at 4 and 6 h for kidney, 3 and 6 h for skin, 3 h for colon and 6 h for liver. In contrast, fractionated dosing has no significant effect on PP concentrations of muscle and plasma. Fractionated dosing results in a significantly greater PP concentration in the tumor at 3 h relative to that observed for the bolus dose. However, from a consideration of the time of PP measurement, it is concluded that dosing may not cause a significant increase in PP concentration in colon-26 tumors relative to that observed for the bolus dose.
Ventilatory failure, ventilator management, and outcome in dogs with cervical spinal disorders : 14 cases (1991-1999)

Objective—To determine the incidence of and risk factors for ventilatory failure in dogs undergoing surgery for treatment of cervical spinal disorders and to document ventilator management, clinical course, and long-term outcome of dogs that experienced ventilatory failure in association with cervical spinal disorders or their management. Design—Retrospective study. Animals—14 dogs. Procedure—Dogs with cervical spinal disorders that required positive-pressure ventilation (PPV) were identified, and signalment, concurrent diseases, neurologic status at initial examination, clinical course, pulmonary function before, during, and after PPV, management techniques, complications, and outcome were recorded. Dogs that underwent surgery and required PPV were compared with dogs that underwent cervical spinal surgery during the same period that did not require PPV. Results—14 dogs with cervical spinal disorders required PPV to treat hypoventilation, including 13 of 263 (4.9%) dogs that underwent surgery for cervical...
Data reduction processes using FPGA for MicroBooNE liquid argon time projection chamber

MicroBooNE is a liquid Argon time projection chamber to be built at Fermilab for an accelerator-based neutrino physics experiment and as part of the R&D strategy for a large liquid argon detector at DUSEL. The waveforms of the ∼9000 sense wires in the chamber are continuously digitized at 2 M samples/s - which results in a large volume of data coming off the TPC. We have developed a lossless data reduction scheme based on Huffman Coding and have tested the scheme on cosmic ray data taken from a small liquid Argon time projection chamber, the BO detector. For sense wire waveforms produced by cosmic ray tracks, the Huffman Coding scheme compresses the data by a factor of approximately 10. The compressed data can be fully recovered back to the original data since the compression is lossless. In addition to accelerator neutrino data, which comes with small duty cycle in sync with the accelerator beam spill, continuous digitized waveforms are to be temporarily stored in the MicroBooNE data-acquisition system for about an hour, long enough for an external alert from possible supernova events. Another scheme, Dynamic Decimation, has been developed to compress further the potential supernova data so that the storage can be implemented within a reasonable budget. In the Dynamic Decimation scheme, data are sampled at the full sampling rate in the regions-of-interest (ROI) containing waveforms of track-hits and are decimated down to lower sampling rate outside the ROI. Note that unlike in typical zero-suppression schemes, in Dynamic Decimation, the data in the pedestal region are not thrown away but kept at a lower sampling rate. An additional factor of 10 compression ratio is achieved using the Dynamic Decimation scheme on the BO detector data, making a total compression rate of approximate 100 when the Dynamic Decimation and the Huffman Coding functional blocks are cascaded. Both of the blocks are compiled in low-cost FPGA and their silicon resource usages are low.
Survival and Growth of Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus in Saline Groundwaters of West Texas, USA

Abstract.— West Texas saline groundwaters were assessed as potential media for culturing red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. In 30-d bioassays with juvenile red drum (0.4–3.0 g), highest survival was 85% in a 5-ppt (parts per thousand = g/L) salinity, high-sulfate (1,723 mg/L SO4-2), high-calcium (427 mg/L Ca±2) groundwater from a windmill catchment pond in Pecos County. The lowest survival was 0% in a 35-ppt saline groundwater from a gravel pit, also in Pecos County. In complementary bioassays of low-salinity (<5 ppt) groundwaters from the same region, calcium chloride (CaCl2) addition to a 3-ppt. Reeves County ground-water low in Ca±2 resulted in the greatest increase in survival (0–93). It was unclear whether the beneficial effect of CaCl2 was a result of increasing Ca±2 concentration (36–336 mg/L), increasing Cl- concentration (639–1,296 mg/L). or both. The concentration of total dissolved solids (“salinity”) appears to be the single most important consideration in estimating the red drum aquaculture potential of a groundwater, with the optimum salinity being 5–15 ppt. Concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and selenium (Se) tended to be higher in west Texas groundwaters than in typical U. S. surface waters. However, based on current maximum tolerable daily intake recommendations, red drum cultured for 30 d in west Texas groundwaters contained whole-body As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, and Se concentrations that would not pose a substantial health risk to adult human consumers.
Mutation and Transcriptional Profiling of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin Embedded Specimens as Companion Methods to Immunohistochemistry for Determining Therapeutic Targets in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OPSCC): A Pilot of Proof of Principle

The role of molecular methods in the diagnosis of head and neck cancer is rapidly evolving and holds great potential for improving outcomes for all patients who suffer from this diverse group of malignancies . However, there is considerable debate as to the best clinical approaches, particularly for Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). The choices of NGS methods such as whole exome, whole genome, whole transcriptomes (RNA-Seq) or multiple gene resequencing panels, each have strengths and weakness based on data quality, the size of the data, the turnaround time for data analysis, and clinical actionability. There have also been a variety of gene expression signatures established from microarray studies that correlate with relapse and response to treatment, but none of these methods have been implemented as standard of care for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Because many genomic methodologies are still far from the capabilities of most clinical laboratories, we chose to explore the use of a combination of off the shelf targeted mutation analysis and gene expression analysis methods to complement standard anatomical pathology methods. Specifically, we have used the Ion Torrent AmpliSeq cancer panel in combination with the NanoString nCounter Human Cancer Reference Kit on 8 formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) OPSCC tumor specimens, (4) HPV-positive and (4) HPV-negative. Differential expression analysis between HPV-positive and negative groups showed that expression of several genes was highly likely to correlate with HPV status. For example, WNT1, PDGFA and OGG1 were all over-expressed in the positive group. Our results show the utility of these methods with routine FFPE clinical specimens to identify potential therapeutic targets which could be readily applied in a clinical trial setting for clinical laboratories lacking the instrumentation or bioinformatics infrastructure to support comprehensive genomics workflows. To the best of our knowledge, these preliminary experiments are among the earliest to combine both mutational and gene expression profiles using Ion Torrent and NanoString technologies. This reports serves as a proof of principle methodology in OPSCC.
The problem-solving diathesis in depression, hopelessness, and suicide ideation: A longitudinal analysis

The problem-solving deficit (PSD) diathesis-stress model of suicide behavior proposed by Clum, Patsiokas, and Luscomb (1979) and expanded by Schotte and Clum (1982, 1987) was examined in a short-term longitudinal test. The present study assessed the relationship between problem-solving deficits at Time 1—prior to the stressor (a D or F on a midterm examination)—and adjustment at Time 2—after the Stressor. Evidence was found for an additive predictive relationship for stress and problem-solving deficits to Time 2 measures of depressive symptoms, hopelessness, and suicide ideation. Evidence was also found that PSD × Stress interactions uniquely predicted the three criteria. The results of this study were taken as evidence of problem-solving deficits functioning as a diathesis for depression, hopelessness, and suicide ideation.
In-Plane Loading in an Elastic Matrix Containing Two Cylindrical Inclusions

A solution is presented for the stresses and displacements in an infinite elastic matrix containing two perfectly bonded rigid circular cylindrical inclusions of different radii, and of infinite length normal to the x-y plane. The matrix is subjected to in-plane stresses Sx and Sy at infinity as well as loading due to radial expan sion of the inclusions. Numerical results are presented and a com parison is made with the associated three dimensional problem of unequal rigid spheres.
High-speed wavelength-swept lasers

High-speed wavelength-swept lasers capable of providing wide frequency chirp and flexible temporal waveforms could enable numerous advanced functionalities for defense and security applications. Powered by high spectral intensity at rapid sweep rates across a wide wavelength range in each of the 1060nm, 1300nm, and 1550nm spectral windows, these swept-laser systems have demonstrated real-time monitoring and superior signal-to-noise ratio measurements in optical frequency domain imaging, fiber-optic sensor arrays, and near-IR spectroscopy. These same capabilities show promising potentials in laser radar and remote sensing applications. The core of the high-speed swept laser incorporates a semiconductor gain module and a high-performance fiber Fabry- Perot tunable filter (FFP-TF) to provide rapid wavelength scanning operations. This unique design embodies the collective advantages of the semiconductor amplifier's broad gain-bandwidth with direct modulation capability, and the FFP-TF's wide tuning ranges (>200nm), high finesse (1000 to 10,000), low-loss (<3dB), and fast scan rates reaching 20KHz. As a result, the laser can sweep beyond 100nm in 25μsec, output a scanning peak power near mW level, and exhibit excellent peak signal-to-spontaneous-emission ratio >80dB in static mode. When configured as a seed laser followed by post amplification, the swept spectrum and power can be optimized for Doppler ranging and remote sensing applications. Furthermore, when combined with a dispersive element, the wavelength sweep can be converted into high-speed and wide-angle spatial scanning without moving parts.
Progestin receptors and the activation of female reproductive behavior: A critical review

Abstract Gonadal steroid hormones act upon the central nervous system (CNS) to regulate a variety of behavioral and neuroendocrine functions. Much attention has been focused on the mechanisms by which steroids interact with the brain to coordinate mammalian reproduction, particularly their role in the activation of mating behavior and in the feedback control of gonadotropin release. For example, female rodent reproductive behavior is abolished within a day or two following gonadectomy ( Powers, 1970 ) and can be restored in a dose-dependent manner by exogenously administered estradiol and progesterone ( Boling and Blandau, 1939 ; Beach, 1942 ; Whalen, 1974 ). The molecular mechanisms underlying steroid induction of female rodent sexual behavior have been extensively investigated (for recent reviews see Feder, Landau, and Walker, 1979 ; McEwen, Davis, Parsons, and Pfaff, 1979 ; McEwen, 1981 ; Feder, 1984 ). To date, however, there is little conclusive evidence regarding the details of the molecular mechanisms by which estradiol and progesterone facilitate estrous behavior.
The Wirewalker: A Vertically Profiling Instrument Carrier Powered by Ocean Waves

Abstract Ocean wave energy is used to drive a buoyant instrument platform down a wire suspended from a surface float. At the lower terminus of the profiling range, the cam that rectifies wave vertical motion is released and the package, termed the Wirewalker, free ascends. No electronic components are used in the profiler, and only a few moving parts are involved. The Wirewalker is tolerant of a broad range of payloads: the ballast is adjusted by adding discrete foam blocks. The Wirewalker profiles 1000–3000 km month−1, vertically, with typical missions lasting from days to months. A description of the profiler is presented along with a discussion of basic profiling dynamics.
Measuring the Influence of Mass Media on Opinion Segregation through Twitter

Abstract During the US presidential elections the media played a major role in presenting the candidates’ vision on several topics. Nevertheless, the diversity of opinions along with the political currents, one might notice segregation in opinions among some topics related to each other or a candidate. In the meanwhile, posting opinions on social media could be represented as a sentiment vector towards multiple issues. This gives us a ripe ground for clustering opinions to view tweets that hold similar opinions. In this paper we investigate the media's influence on segregating opinions by constructing an aspect-based opinion mining framework. Our main task is to detect the segregated groups of opinions by solving the proposed model using expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. We examined a corpus of tweets collected, which are related to famous political topics. We show interesting observations on the sentiment used for particular topics among the groups of opinions, and conclude the percentages of media influences among the segregated groups of opinions with respect to these topics.
The Open Source DataTurbine Initiative: Empowering the Scientific Community with Streaming Data Middleware

DataTurbine is a robust real-time streaming data engine that lets you quickly stream live data from experiments, labs, web cams and even Java-enabled cell phones. It acts as a “black box” to which applications and devices send and receive data. Think of it as express delivery for your data, be it numbers, video, sound or text. For ecological applications, DataTurbine is useful for moving data in near real time from sensors to field stations to data centers. DataTurbine handles time series data over networks with intermittent connectivity. It is vendor-neutral, so it works with sensors and dataloggers from a variety of manufacturers and research labs.
Stimulated emission from single quantum dipoles

Whereas the basic features of stimulated emission are easily seen to hold true for ensembles of dipoles, the same is not always true for a single dipole system. For example, symmetry requires that well localized, bound dipoles emit a dipole field which is isotropic in the plane defined by the dipole vector. Indeed, for this case, nothing in the interaction between the dipole and the field contains information on the propagation direction of the field. These observations seem at odds with the highly directional nature of stimulated emission. The authors therefore test for stimulated emission by an explicit calculation considering both a single Rabi type dipole and a damped dipole whose centre-of-mass coordinates are fixed at a point. Remarkably, despite the symmetrical dipole radiation pattern, stimulated emission into the original stimulating wave is shown to occur exactly. An explanation of this effect is then considered by investigating dipoles whose centre-of-mass coordinates are allowed to vary. In this case, photon recoil of the dipole introduces a directional sense to the interaction. In the extreme opposite and trivial case of a highly delocalized dipole (centre-of-mass momentum eigenstates) stimulated emission again occurs exactly. In all intermediate cases, however, stimulated emission occurs only partially or approximately. A condition imposed on a dipole's spatial extent is established for stimulated emission to occur approximately. Finally, the original bound and localized dipole is seen to be a special limiting case of recoiling dipoles for which stimulated emission occurs exactly.
Perforations in human teeth with threaded retentive pins: A scanning electron microscopy study

preparations. Displacement force was applied to the casting perpendicularly to a simulated 30-degree cuspal incline until the casting was displaced. Castings were deformed at margins except for the 22-degree group. Castings from this group were displaced without deformation, and it was concluded that there was a lack of adequate resistance form as predicted by the diagram. The hypothesis that the diagram could be used to predict adequate or inadequate resistance form was confirmed by this study.
SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF ONE-, TWO-, AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL ALKALINE EARTH METAL GALLIUM NITRIDES : SR3GA2N4, CA3GA2N4, AND SR3GA3N5

We report the structures of three new alkaline earth metal gallium nitrides synthesized as crystals from the elements in sealed Nb tubes at 760 °C using Na/Sr and Na/Ca melts as growth media. The materials are all transparent insulators. Yellow Sr3Ga2N4 is isostructural with the previously reported Ba3Ga2N4 and Sr3Al2N4. It crystallizes in Pnna (No. 52) with a = 5.9552(6) A, b = 10.2753(8) A, c = 9.5595(9) A, and Z = 4. It contains infinite chains, [GaN4/23-], of trans-edge-shared tetrahedra extending along the b axis. Colorless Ca3Ga2N4 is isostructural with Ca3Al2As4 and γ-Ca3Al2N4. It crystallizes in C2/c (No. 15) with a = 10.6901(11) A, b = 8.3655(7) A, c = 5.5701(4) A, β = 91.194(6)°, and Z = 4. It contains infinite sheets, [GaN4/23-], of edge- and corner-sharing tetrahedra in the bc plane. Orange-yellow Sr3Ga3N5 has a new structure; it crystallizes in P1 (No. 2) with a = 5.9358(6) A, b = 7.2383(8) A, c = 8.6853(12) A, α = 108.332(10)°, β = 103.783(9)°, γ = 95.326(8)°, and Z = 2. It is one of the fe...
In-vivo force, frequency, and velocity of dog gastrointestinal contractile activity.

T HE EXTtL~xLUMINAL FORCE transducer method allows continuous recording of gastrointestinal contractility patterns during digestive and interdigestire periods in the intact awake animal. An analysis and discussion of these patterns have been presented. 15 This method, coupled with high-speed recording, allows analysis of single contractions with respect to such parameters as wave shape, force, frequency, and velocity of contraction. A detailed analysis of these parameters is the basis of the present communication.
The effects of extremely wet planting conditions on maize and soybean yields

Short durations of very high spring soil moisture can influence crop yields in many ways, including delaying planting and damaging young crops. The central United States has seen a significant upward trend in the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation in the 20th century, potentially leading to more frequent occurrences of saturated or nearly saturated fields during the planting season, yet the impacts of these changes on crop yields are not known. Here we investigate the yield response to excess spring moisture for both maize and soybean in the U.S. states of Illinois, Iowa, and Indiana, and the impacts of historical trends for 1950–2011. We find that simple measures of extreme spring soil moisture, derived from fine-scale daily moisture data from the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrologic model, lead to significant improvements in statistical models of yields for both crops. Individual counties experience up to 10 % loss in years with extremely wet springs. However, losses due to historical trends in excess spring moisture measures have generally been small, with 1–3 % yield loss over the 62 year study period.
A new antisickling agent: in vitro studies of its effect on S/S erythrocytes and on hemoglobin S.

2-{benzoylamino} pyridinium benzoate (BAPB) has exhibited an antisickling effect with homozygous S/S erythrocytes in vitro. This study suggests that BAPB prevents sicklin by inhibiting the gelation of hemoglobin S.
Changes in students' attitudes and values during medicine versus surgery clerkships.

Summary. A prospective study of students' attitudes and values was conducted during medicine and surgery clerkships over the first clinical year. Students who finished the surgery clerkship first were more cynical and intolerant of ambiguity than the medicine students. Surgery students also felt they lacked self-confidence and had stronger feelings of being victimized. Cynicism and attitudes towards ambiguous situations improved during the medicine clerkship. Feeling victimized was strongly correlated with their problems with self-confidence, with cynicism, and a feeling of having to submit to authority figures. The findings of this study suggest that the clerkship order significantly affects the development of students' attitudes. Students also became more punitive and less confident as the first clinical year progressed. The implications of these changes in attitude on educational planning are discussed.
The in vitro effect of acetaldehyde and tert‐butanol on 1‐napthol‐induced oxidant stress in human and sheep erythrocytes

Abstract This study obtained in vitro dose‐response data on the combined exposures of acetaldehyde (Ach) and 1‐napthol and t‐butanol and 1‐napthol effects on methemoglobln and reduced glutathione (GSH) level of human and sheep erythrocytes to determine if Increased red blood cell oxidant stress is caused by ethanol itself (membrane solubility effects) or by Ach (reactive metabolite effects). The results indicate that Ach was 50‐fold more potent a red blood oxidant than t‐butanol and displayed a significantly greater capacity to enhance 1‐napthol Induced oxidant effects in both species than t‐butanol. The data suggest that ethanol induced red cell effects may be mediated at least in part via its metabolite Ach.
Multiple-particle tracking measurements of heterogeneities in solutions of actin filaments and actin bundles

One of the central functions of actin cytoskeleton is to provide the mechanical support required for the establishment and maintenance of cell morphology. The mechanical properties of actin filament assemblies are a consequence of both the available polymer concentration and the actin regulatory proteins that direct the formation of higher order structures. By monitoring the displacement of well-dispersed microspheres via fluorescence microscopy, we probe the degree of spatial heterogeneity of F-actin gels and networks in vitro. We compare the distribution of the time-dependent mean-square displacement (MSD) of polystyrene microspheres imbedded in low- and high-concentration F-actin solutions, in the presence and absence of the F-actin-bundling protein fascin. The MSD distribution of a 2. 6-microM F-actin solution is symmetric and its standard deviation is similar to that of a homogeneous solution of glycerol of similar zero-shear viscosity. However, increasing actin concentration renders the MSD distribution wide and asymmetric, an effect enhanced by fascin. Quantitative changes in the shape of the MSD distribution correlate qualitatively with the presence of large heterogeneities in F-actin solutions produced by increased filament concentration and the presence of actin bundles, as detected by confocal microscopy. Multiple-particle tracking offers a new, quantitative method to characterize the organization of biopolymers in solution.
Review article: After gastritis - An imaginary journey into a Helicobacter-free world

This article explores the consequences of the world-wide trend that may result--at different times for different populations--in the disappearance of Helicobacter pylori and gastritis. After a brief historical introduction, some of the factors that contribute to the decrease in the prevalence of H. pylori are presented. The most apparent results of this trend in the industrialized world have been a decrease in the incidence of peptic ulcer and distal gastric adenocarcinoma. However, some other conditions of the upper digestive tract, such as acid reflux disease and adenocarcinoma of the cardio-oesophageal junction have been increasing. This simultaneous increase has led to the speculation that it may be causally related to the decreased prevalence of gastritis, and currents of thought supporting a laissez faire attitude with regards to H. pylori infection have developed. If these trends continue, future research aimed at understanding the pathogenesis of H. pylori-related conditions, including gastric carcinogenesis, will hinge on access to populations in which H. pylori is still highly prevalent, and on further refinement of the recently introduced Mongolian gerbil model.
Non-perturbative Deformation Quantization of Cartan Domains

Abstract We construct families of non-commuting C *-algebras of "quantized functions" for bounded irreducible Hermitian symmetric spaces. For this procedure, we use algebras of Toeplitz operators defined with respect to a perturbation of the ordinary Bergman metric. We prove the deformation quantization conditions for these algebras.
Emergence of diabetes mellitus in a Mexican‐origin population: A multiple cause‐of‐death analysis

Abstract The “New World syndrome” is comprised of disorders that are hypothesized to have resulted from an interaction of the Amerindian genotype with an environment that includes marked changes in lifestyle and diet. The principal component of the syndrome is adult‐onset (noninsulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this paper is to describe the emergence of diabetes in a Mexican‐origin population. Using a unique file of multiple‐cause mortality data, we have computed standardized mortality ratios and relative standardized mortality ratios for Mexican‐origin individuals and for other white persons age 30 and over from the 1930's through the middle 1980's. Results for the study population residing in Bexar County (San Antonio), Texas, show that diabetes mortality for Mexican‐origin individuals did indeed increase in a pattern consistent with the New World syndrome hypothesis. This study is the first description of the emergence of diabetes using a data set with consistently defined causes of de...
Nonantibiotic therapy for travelers' diarrhea.

shown to be effective in reducing the frequency of episodes of diarrhea. Preliminary results indicated that loperamide (two 2-mg capsules followed by one capsule after each loose bowel movement) was more effective (P < .025) than bismuth subsalicylate in relieving diarrhea. Likewise, preliminary results showed that BW942c, an unlicensed endorphinlike pentapeptide, offered more relief of diarrhea in the first 12 hr of therapy than did trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (P = .02) or placebo (P = .0007). Use of a nonantibiotic drug for empiric treatment of travelers' diarrhea appears to be a reasonable approach, especially for patients with mild to moderate disease and with no evidence of high fever or dysentery. A number of studies of the efficacy of nonantibiotic agents for the treatment of diarrhea have been conducted, but relatively few studies have examined the usefulness of these agents in the treatment of acute travelers' diarrhea. Bismuth subsalicytate (BSS) was efficacious in a population of students from the United States visiting Mexico [1], and our group recently reported preliminary results of a comparison of loperamide and BSS in the treatment of travelers' diarrhea [2]. We also have concluded a preliminary analysis of the efficacy of a new antisecretory, antimotility endorphin-like pentapeptide (BW942c)alone and in combination with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ)-for the treatment of acute diarrhea [3]. Our group has just concluded a large study of the, use of kaolin and pectin for the treatment of travelers' diarrhea, but the results have not been analyzed. In this review we present evidence concerning the efficacy of these agents in the treatment of travelers' diarrhea.
Tradeoffs in simple biomolecular signaling systems

Tradeoffs in system properties are fundamental aspects of engineering design, and are very likely to be important in the analysis and design of biomolecular systems. However, the role of tradeoffs in constraining behavior of biomolecular systems is generally unclear. Here, we investigate the presence of tradeoffs in the input–output responses of an amplifier and a switch using simple analytical models. For an amplifier, we find a tradeoff in the magnitude of gain and its range. We find a similar tradeoff in a switch, between the gain and threshold point. Such tradeoffs also persist in a generalized switch model. These results illustrate simple, yet fundamental, tradeoffs that are present in broad classes of biomolecular signaling systems.
Fever and the control of gram-negative bacteria

Although it seems obvious that fever has some important general adaptive value, it is still not clear by what means this function is manifested. One postulate is that febrile conditions result in the sequestration of soluble iron, effectively starving some pathogens of that essential nutrient. On the basis of our recent experiments, we propose a new mechanism for how fever serves to restrict a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria. The elevated temperature prevents the bacteria from synthesizing their protective LPS, thereby enabling serum complement to perforate and kill the invading pathogens even prior to the production of host antibodies.
Distribution of Angoumois Grain Moth , Almond Moth , and Indian Meal Moth in Rice Fields and Rice Storages in Texas as Indicated by Pheromone-Baited Adhesive Traps

Sticky traps baited with synthetic sex pheromones captured almond moths, Ephestia cautella (Walker), in storage environments and Angoumois grain moths, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), in both storage and field environments. Angoumois grain moths were captured in fields 0.9 km from a known source of infestation and also were captured in a forest about 5 km from the nearest storage facilities or fields. Populations in storage environments were high during all warm months but were reduced somewhat during August and September by sanitation and control programs in the structures. Populations in field environments were highest in August, but were detectable during all months except January and February. The Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), was relatively uncommon in and around storages and was absent in fields. The almond moth was common in and around storages but was extremely rare in field environments. Almond moth populations showed seasonal trends similar to those of the Angoumois grain moth, but the latter species was much more abundant.
Understanding and Building Spreadsheet Tools

Spreadsheets are among the most widely used programming systems. Unfortunately, there is a high incidence of errors within spreadsheets that are employed for a wide variety of computations. Some of these errors have a huge impact on individuals and organizations. As part of our research on spreadsheets, we have developed several approaches that are targeted at helping end-user programmers prevent, detect, and correct faults within their spreadsheets. In this tutorial, we explain fundamental principles on which spreadsheet tools can be based. We then illustrate how some simple inference mechanisms and visualization techniques that are based on these principles can be derived to detect errors or anomalous areas within spreadsheets. We also introduce a flexible framework for the quick prototype development of such spreadsheet tools and visualizations.
Tail pinch induced consummatory behaviors are associated with analgesia

Pinching the tail of a rat results in a set of consummatory behaviors including chewing, eating and licking. In the present study, the effect of tail pinch on pain thresholds was evaluated using the hot-plate and writhing tests. Continuous tail pinch resulted in chewing and markedly lengthened the latency to hind-paw licking and jumping (hot-plate test) when compared with control rats and totally eliminated writhing behaviors. Tail pinch (which induced chewing) for one minute prior to the analgesic testing also prolonged the latency of hot plate-induced behaviors and suppressed the number of writhing behaviors. Naloxone reversed the tail pinch induced analgesia as measured by the hot-plate test, but did not reverse tail pinch-induced analgesia as measured by the writhing test.
Ultrasonic cries from infant rats stimulate prolactin release in lactating mothers.

Abstract Lactating female rats, separated from their litters for 6 hr, showed a dramatic elevation in plasma prolactin following a 15-min playback of ultrasonic vocalizations recorded from 7-day-old pups. Virgin females exhibited a smaller but still significant prolactin response to recorded pup calls. Control recordings of either background noise or adult ultrasonic vocalizations (22–26 kHz) had no effect on prolactin secretion even in lactating females. These results demonstrate that infant vocalizations can act as a stimulus for prolactin release and suggest that such communications may play a role in the maintenance of normal lactation.
The Unfolding Process: Reading Images and Reading Words

My aspiration as a designer is to engage the graphic presence of words and images so that the dialogue between them generates a more multi-dimensional, in-the-moment encounter with the concepts behind them. Word and image do not have to exist in fields isolated from each other, yet they are often treated as such. As a mediator between content and visual representation, my interests are to unite these fields. In my design work, emphasis is given to reconsidering the conventional patterns of reading words and images within a prescribed space-time continuum. My efforts are to build hybrid compositions that capture a subject vividly. What is uncovered is a unity between the depth, space, and event “capture” of images and the conceptual dimension of words.
Virtue Epistemology and Moral Luck

Thomas Nagel has proposed that the existence of moral luck mandates a general attitude of skepticism in ethics. One popular way of arguing against Nagel’s claim is to insist that the phenomenon of moral luck itself is an illusion , in the sense that situations in which it seems to occur may be plausibly re-described so as to show that agents need not be held responsible for the unlucky outcomes of their actions. Here I argue that this strategy for explaining away moral luck fails because it does not take account of the fact that agents in morally unlucky circumstances are uniformly subject to a very specific type of epistemic obligation. I then proceed to sketch out an alternative strategy for blocking the inference to skepticism, one that makes use of the distinctive explanatory resources provided by epistemic virtue theory.
Religion, Security, Rights, the Individual and Rates of Exchange: Religion in Negotiation with British Public Policy in Prisons and the Military

The paper analyses research conducted by the Cardiff Centre for Chaplaincy Studies into chaplaincy in prisons in England and Wales and in the British Armed Forces. The research is interrogated to identify how religion is ‘formatted’ in those contexts. An analytical approach is developed from the work of Bourdieu, concerning the following: the interaction of the field of religion with the fields of criminal justice and the military, within the wider political field; the exchange of capital (especially symbolic and economic) involved in the field interaction; and the way in which religion is revalued in the exchange of capital. This analytical framework is applied, first, to show how the fields of criminal justice (in relation to prisons) and the military are constructed in interaction with a wider political context, with specific public policy areas relating to security and human rights, and in relation to different ways of constructing the individual. Secondly, the analysis investigates the distinct ways in which the development of multifaith chaplaincy has contributed to the symbolic capital of the two fields, demonstrating that this represents different revaluations of the contribution of the field of religion. Prison chaplaincy is shown to contribute to the balance between the primary security role of the prison and the need for prisons to be seen to be humane. Military chaplaincy is shown to be more directly aligned with the security role of the Armed Forces, symbolically underpinning military effectiveness and cohesion and enhancing the historically Christian ethos.