cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"On Finsta, I can say 'Hail Satan'": Being Authentic but Disagreeable on Instagram

We use personality theory to compare self-presentation between multiple Instagram accounts, investigating authenticity and consistency. Many studies claim social media promote inauthentic self-presentation focused on socially desirable traits. At the same time, affordances suggest that self-presentation should be relatively consistent within one social medium. For 88 participants, we examine personality traits for 'real Instagram' ('Rinsta') versus 'fake Instagram' ('Finsta') accounts, comparing these with people's offline traits using mixed-methods. Counterintuitively, we find Finsta accounts often present socially undesirable traits. Furthermore, different accounts on the same social medium reveal quite different styles of self-presentation. Overall Finstas are more Extraverted, less Conscientious, and less Agreeable than Rinstas, although equally Neurotic as offline. Interviews indicate trait differences arise from differing audience perceptions. A large anonymous Rinsta audience promotes a carefully curated self. In contrast, a small but trusted Finsta audience can engender more authentic, but negative self-presentation. We discuss design and theory implications.
Dreaming in Dialogue: A Discussion of “Field Theory and the Dream Sense: Continuing the Comparison of Interpersonal/Relational Theory and Bionian Field Theory”

Donnel Stern (this issue) broadens his description of emergence in relational theory to encompass what he defines as a “dream sense,” a concept via which he attempts to translate the oneiric work o...
Upcycling of paper waste for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries

Abstract The fast-expanding electric vehicle market demands eco-friendly, high-performance, and low-cost energy storage systems. Lithium-sulfur battery with higher theoretical specific capacity and lower cost is regarded as a promising successor to lithium-ion battery. However, lithium-sulfur battery's polysulfide shuttling and lithium degradation have hindered its practical applications. In this study, cellulose fibers (CFs) were extracted from recycled paper hardboards by a simple alkaline treatment and then coated onto polypropylene separators by vacuum filtration. When being used as lithium-sulfur battery separators, the negatively charged functional groups on the CFs repelled polysulfide ions and redistributed lithium ions, enabling the assembled cells' superior stability and long life span. The lithium-sulfur battery with the recycle paper CF-coated separator exhibited a life span of over 800 cycles with a capacity retention rate of 71.69% and nearly no capacity decay after the initial formation cycles. The finding demonstrates that renewably produced, CF-coated polypropylene separators can simultaneously reduce the shuttle effect and degradation of lithium, paving the way toward commercially -viable and environmentally friendly lithium-sulfur batteries.
Conditional resampling improves calibration and sensitivity in single-cell CRISPR screen analysis

Single-cell CRISPR screens are an emerging biotechnology promising unprecedented insights into gene regulation. However, the analysis of these screens presents significant statistical challenges. For example, technical factors like sequencing depth impact not only expression measurement but also perturbation detection, creating a confounding effect. We demonstrate on two recent large-scale single-cell CRISPR screens how these challenges cause calibration issues among existing analysis methods. To address these challenges, we propose SCEPTRE: analysis of single-cell perturbation screens via conditional resampling. This methodology, designed to avoid calibration issues due to technical confounders and expression model misspecification, infers associations between perturbations and expression by resampling the former according to a working model for perturbation detection probability in each cell. SCETPRE demonstrates excellent calibration and sensitivity on the CRISPR screen data and yields 200 new regulatory relationships, many of which are supported by existing functional data.
A prospective study on early PET/CT scans during the first cycle of salvage chemotherapy for relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Many patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) will not respond to platinum-containing salvage chemotherapy. Predicting treatment failure earlier could help clinicians minimize chemotherapy toxicities for non-responders in favor of other treatments. We conducted a pilot study where 2 early PET/CTs were obtained on days 4 (D4) and 21 (D21) of cycle 1 (C1) of salvage therapy for DLBCL. Twenty-five patients were enrolled and have evaluable data. Ten (40%) had an unplanned therapy change after C1 and before end-of-treatment (EOT) evaluation due to treatment failure on early PET/CT as interpreted by the treating physician. Early PET/CT response at D4 or D21 was not associated with EOT response in evaluable patients. Disease specific survival was longer for patients with a persistent response on both D4 and D21 (p = 0.042). Early PET/CT may predict salvage chemotherapy failure and could inform future clinical trials investigating early therapy change to non-chemotherapy treatments.
Psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner student perceptions of integrated collaborative care.

OBJECTIVES To explore the outcomes of threading the Patient-Centered Integrated Behavioral Health Care Principles and Tasks Checklist (AIMS Checklist) into the curricula and experiential setting. METHODS A qualitative exploratory descriptive method with a constructivist epistemology was used to obtain in-depth student perspectives about their understanding, experiences, and process of applying Integrated Collaborative Care within the clinical setting. RESULTS 24 Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Students (PMHNP) were divided into focus groups that yielded seven main themes and seven subthemes. Three of the identified themes emerged as opportunities for curriculum enhancement. CONCLUSIONS The checklist was found to be a valuable tool in not only evaluating collaborative care but in closing the gap between didactic and clinical education in fostering student-preceptor discussion.
Prediction of Pregabalin‐Mediated Pain Response by Severity of Sleep Disturbance in Patients with Painful Diabetic Neuropathy and Post‐Herpetic Neuralgia

Objective To evaluate the predictive value of disturbed sleep on the ability of pregabalin to reduce pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN). Design A post-hoc analysis of data pooled from 16 placebo-controlled trials of pregabalin in patients with DPN or PHN. Methods Pain relief at endpoint was compared in patients with mild, moderate, or severe levels of baseline sleep disturbance. Sleep disturbance was based on a scale from 0–10 and scores <4, 4 to 7, and ≥7 were classified as mild, moderate, and severe, respectively. Results Pregabalin significantly reduced mean pain scores in the DPN (N = 3,056) and PHN (N = 1,471) cohorts (mean placebo-adjusted reductions were −0.73 and −1.08 for patients with DPN/PHN, respectively; both P < 0.05). The greatest extent of pain relief occurred in patients with severe sleep interference scores at baseline. Data analyses using the pooled DPN/PHN population identified a subset of patients (N = 707) exhibiting marked levels of pain relief at endpoint (mean placebo-adjusted reduction of −2.88), all of whom had severe sleep interference scores at baseline. Baseline sleep interference scores were a moderately good predictor of global patient improvement in response to pregabalin treatment in both patient cohorts. Finally, path analysis showed a high degree of association between improvements in sleep and pain relief in patients with DPN/PHN. Conclusion Overall, these data suggest that the presence of comorbid sleep disturbance in patients with DPN/PHN might, in part, predict substantial pain relief in response to pregabalin treatment.
Factors influencing the T wave of the electrocardiogram. III. Nonchronotropic T changes produced by acetylcholine.

Abstract 1.1. The effects of intra-arterial, intravenous, and intracardiac injection of acetylcholine upon the blood pressure and upon intracavitary and extracavitary leads of the electrocardiogram of the intact anesthetized dog were studied. 2.2. The intra-arterial route never resulted in early change in the electrocardiogram. 3.3. Minute doses were found to be effective: 0.01 μg caused fall in blood pressure; 0.1 μg caused T a change; 5 μg resulted in change of T. 4.4. Acetylcholine caused very early T a depression and increase in amplitude of the T wave in extracavitary leads. The expected reciprocal changes were seen in intracavitary leads. These changes were independent of any change in blood pressure and occurred in the absence of chronotropic effect of acetylcholine. 5.5. The possible mechanisms of these actions of acetylcholine are discussed.
Investigating the impact of the availability of scaffolds on preservice teacher noticing and learning from video

The study investigated how the availability of different types of scaffolds impacted what preservice teachers were able to learn and notice from video. The sample (n = 41) was drawn from three rand...
Dynamika nieautonomicznego przestrzennego ruchu samolotu z odkształcalnymi układami sterowania

Spatial-motion dynamics was studied of an aircraft with deformable controls and movable ponderable control surfaces (ailerons, elevator and rudder) in the case of the external force in the form of pulses acting upon the aircraft in a finite time interval. A full nonlinear set of equations of the aircraft spatial motion was employed along with the equations of motion of the ailerons, the elevator and the rudder on consideration of external actions explicitly time- dependent. A program was prepared for numerical integration of the equations by the Runge-Kutt-Gill method. The effect was studied of the external force at fixed values of the rigidity and damping coefficients in the control systems upon the spatial motion dynamics of the aircraft. A numerical analysis was also performed of the effect of rigidity and damping in the control systems, as well as a resonance analysis of vibrations of the control surfaces and of their effect upon the aircraft motion dynamics at external forces.
Making TRACS: The Diagrammatic Design of a Double-Sided Deck

TRACS: Tool for Research on Adaptive Cognitive Strategies, is a new family of card games played with a special deck. Each card in the deck is a double-sided diagram, where the back gives a clue to the front. Compared to standard card games, this clue/truth structure makes TRACS more tractable to theoretical investigations in the lab and more typical of practical situations in the world. Here I present the design of the deck and discuss some research results.
Abstract T P234: Cell Cycle Inhibition via Blocking Src Family Kinases Promotes Hippocampal Neuron Survival and Improves Cognitive Function after Intraventricular Hemorrhage

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is one of the most serious hemorrhagic brain diseases being associated with blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption, brain edema, neuron loss, cognitive impairment and high mortality in humans. Increasing evidence suggests that neuronal cell death ensues when neurons attempt to re-enter the cell cycle. Our previous study has demonstrated that cell cycle inhibition via blocking Src family kinases (SFKs) prevents neuronal cell death. However, one of the concerns with cell cycle therapy might be that it would inhibit proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and that inhibiting neurogenesis would produce cognitive effects related to the therapy itself. Using the rodent in vivo IVH model we show that i.p. injection of SFK inhibitor (PP2) prevents IVH-induced death of hippocampal neurons and cognitive deficits assessed on the Morris Water Maze. Moreover, PP2 (i.p.) alone did not affect proliferation of NPCs and did not affect cognition. Since there are several SFK gene fami...
Two conjectures on the admissibility of control operators

We are searching for necessary and/or sufficient conditions for the admissibility of unbounded control operators for semigroups on Hilbert spaces, with respect to input functions of class L 2. Our first conjecture is that admissibility of an unbounded input element 6 for a semigroup with generator A is equivalent to a certain decay rate of ∥(sI - A)-1 b∥ as Re s → ∞. The second conjecture states that a control operator B defined on a Hilbert space U is admissible if and only if, for any v ∈ U, Bv is an admissible input element. It is proved that both conjectures hold in many important particular cases (e.g., the first conjecture is true if the semigroup is normal).
Phosvitin Kinase from the Liver of the Rooster PURIFICATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION

Abstract Phosvitin kinase, the enzyme that phosphorylates the egg yolk protein phosvitin, has been purified more than 8000-fold from the supernatant of rooster liver, a tissue that synthesizes phosvitin only after estrogen administration. The purified enzyme prepared from the estrogen-treated liver was recovered in high yield (49%) and was very stable at 0–4°. It sedimented in sucrose as a single peak with a s20,w of approximately 7.6. Preliminary studies indicated that the native enzyme consists of several subunits with the major component having a molecular weight between 40,000 and 50,000. Rooster liver phosvitin kinase phosphorylated phosvitin at a 10-fold higher rate than it phosphorylated casein. It did not phosphorylate histone or protamine. Mg2+ stimulated the rate of phosphorylation, while Co2+ and Mn2+ were inhibitory. Phosvitin kinase activity was independent of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate. A unique property of the enzyme was its ability to utilize GTP as well as ATP as a phosphate donor for phosphorylation of phosvitin. Despite the fact that estrogen administration to roosters led to a marked induction in the hepatic synthesis of phosvitin, there was no significant difference in the phosvitin kinases prepared from treated and untreated livers in either the specific activity or the apparent Km for ATP (7.7 µm). These data suggest that phosphorylation of phosvitin by phosvitin kinase is probably not a rate-limiting event in the over-all process by which estrogen induces specific protein synthesis in rooster liver.
Abstract 3727: Influence of patient, physician, and hospital characteristics on the receipt of guideline-concordant care for inflammatory breast cancer

Introduction: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is an aggressive and lethal form of locally advanced breast cancer that makes up 1-6% of all breast cancers and has a median overall survival of less than 4 years. Physically, IBC is characterized by erythema, edema, and fine dimpling, so treatment can be delayed due to misdiagnosis as mastitis or dermatitis. Therapy for IBC tends to vary since no treatments are highly effective. Because IBC is such a rare subtype, studies have been challenged to demonstrate patterns of IBC treatment and analyze factors affecting differences in treatment. In this study we examined factors affecting the receipt of guideline-concordant care and survival for IBC patients. Methods: Patients diagnosed with non-metastatic IBC in 2004 were identified from the Breast and Prostate Cancer Data Quality and Patterns of Care Study, containing information from cancer registry reports in seven states supplemented through medical record re-abstraction and physician verification. Variation in guideline-concordant care for IBC, based on 2003 National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines, was assessed according to patient, physician, and hospital characteristics. Additionally, survival based on receipt of guideline-concordant care was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests. Results: Of the 107 IBC patients in the study, only 25.8% of them received treatment that was fully concordant with guidelines. The majority of patients received guideline-concordant surgery (90.4%), with percentages lower for chemotherapy (51.9%), radiation (40.7%), and hormone therapy (78.0%). Guideline-concordant care was less common among patients with extreme categories of patient age (under 40 or over 80 years; P = 0.19), non-white race (P = 0.03), lower body mass index (BMI Results suggested that IBC patients experienced longer breast cancer-specific survival if they received guideline-concordant treatment based on 2003 (P = 0.06) and 2013 (P = 0.06) NCCN guidelines. Conclusion: Targeting factors associated with receipt of care that is not guideline-concordant may reduce survival disparities in IBC patients. Further research is needed to identify approaches to ensure that physicians are adhering to NCCN guidelines for IBC cases and to identify reasons for non-adherence to guidelines. Citation Format: Ryan A. Denu, John M. Hampton, Adam Currey, Roger T. Anderson, Rosemary D. Cress, Steven T. Fleming, Joseph Lipscomb, Susan A. Sabatino, Xiao-Cheng Wu, J F. Wilson, Amy Trentham-Dietz. Influence of patient, physician, and hospital characteristics on the receipt of guideline-concordant care for inflammatory breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3727. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3727
The comparative efficacy of lifestyle intervention and metformin by educational attainment in the Diabetes Prevention Program

Abstract Objective Educational attainment is inversely associated with type 2 diabetes risk, but it is unknown whether education impacts individuals' diabetes prevention efforts. We examined the comparative efficacy of intensive lifestyle intervention and metformin by educational attainment among participants in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), an ongoing U.S. multi-site trial beginning in 1996. Methods We studied 2,910 DPP participants randomized to receive lifestyle intervention, metformin, or placebo. Stratifying by educational attainment, diabetes incidence and relative risk reductions by treatment assignment were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results 47% of participants had completed college and 53% had not. Compared to placebo, lifestyle participants who had completed college demonstrated a 68% reduction in diabetes incidence (95% CI = 56, 77), whereas those with less education experienced a 47% risk reduction (95% CI = 29, 61). For metformin participants, college graduates experienced a 49% relative risk reduction (95% CI = 33, 62), compared to 23% (95% CI = 1, 41) among those with lower educational attainment. There was a statistically significant education-by-treatment interaction with incident diabetes (p = 0.03). Conclusions Intensive lifestyle intervention and metformin have greater efficacy among highly educated individuals. Future efforts to deliver these treatments and study their dissemination may be more effective if tailored to individuals' educational background.
Introduction: Sonya Michel's Feminist, Comparative, and Historical Vision of Welfare, Care, and Social Reform

This is an introduction to a special issue honoring the life and work of Sonya Michel. The issue includes both personal and research essays that reflect many of Michel’s intellectual interests—maternalism and female social reformers; gender and welfare states; migration and care—as well as the wider scholarly impact she has made on history and the social sciences. This collection of essays honors Sonya Michel, a feminist historian of women, gender and welfare states, co-founding editor of Social Politics, and an influential mentor and supporter of numerous scholars in multiple disciplines. We bring these personal and critical essays together to celebrate Michel’s enduring legacies: all the intellectual frontiers she has visited and crossed, and all of the warmth, caring, and selflessness with which she has nurtured young scholars. The essays assembled here reflect many of Michel’s intellectual interests—maternalism and female social reformers; gender and welfare states; migration and care—as well as the wider scholarly impact she has made through her ever-present impulse to bring people together. Since early in her career, Michel has been an organizer of collective intellectual ventures that put scholars in conversation and set the agenda for future research. The legacies of those many gatherings stretch into the present day, as evidenced by the research communities that pursue aspects of Michel’s diverse research interests. From early on, Michel’s work has been concerned with how women, situated in particular social contexts and facing both barriers and opportunities, make the best of their situation, and often act to effect change. One can see the roots of this two-pronged approach in her first book, co-authored with Charlotte Baum and Paula Hyman well before she had embarked on a scholarly career, The Jewish Woman in America (Dial Press 1976). All three authors had been active in the women’s movement in New York City, and this inspired them to uncover the stories and experiences of Jewish women from different social backgrounds in the United States. The book was historical, attentive to
A GAIN in understanding autoproteolytic G protein‐coupled receptors and polycystic kidney disease proteins

A large and poorly understood class of G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in cell adhesion and contain an autoproteolytic site known as the GPCR proteolysis site (GPS) located immediately N‐terminal to the first transmembrane span. This motif of ∼50 amino acids is also found juxtaposed to the first transmembrane span of an unrelated family of proteins associated with polycystic kidney disease (PKD), but its structural and functional roles were not clear. In this issue of The EMBO Journal , Arac et al use X‐ray crystallography to show that the GPS motif is merely the C‐terminal end of a much larger GPCR autoproteolysis inducing (GAIN) domain. Atomic models for two of these ancient domains allow one to map the sites of mutations associated with cancer or PKD, and hint at functional roles other than autoproteolysis.
Interannual to decadal climate variability of sea salt aerosols in the coupled climate model CESM1.0

This study examines multiyear climate variability associated with sea salt aerosols and their contribution to the variability of shortwave cloud forcing (SWCF) using a 150 year simulation for preindustrial conditions of the Community Earth System Model version 1.0. The results suggest that changes in sea salt and related cloud and radiative properties on interannual timescales are dominated by the El Nino–Southern Oscillation cycle. Sea salt variability on longer (interdecadal) timescales is associated with low-frequency variability in the Pacific Ocean similar to the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation but does not show a statistically significant spectral peak. A multivariate regression suggests that sea salt aerosol variability may contribute to SWCF variability in the tropical Pacific, explaining up to 20–30% of the variance in that region. Elsewhere, there is only a small sea salt aerosol influence on SWCF through modifying cloud droplet number and liquid water path that contributes to the change of cloud effective radius and cloud optical depth (and hence cloud albedo), producing a multiyear aerosol-cloud-wind interaction.
A Signal for Independent Coastal and Continental histories among North American wolves

Relatively little genetic variation has been uncovered in surveys across North American wolf populations. Pacific Northwest coastal wolves, in particular, have never been analysed. With an emphasis on coastal Alaska wolf populations, variation at 11 microsatellite loci was assessed. Coastal wolf populations were distinctive from continental wolves and high levels of diversity were found within this isolated and relatively small geographical region. Significant genetic structure within southeast Alaska relative to other populations in the Pacific Northwest, and lack of significant correlation between genetic and geographical distances suggest that differentiation of southeast Alaska wolves may be caused by barriers to gene flow, rather than isolation by distance. Morphological research also suggests that coastal wolves differ from continental populations. A series of studies of other mammals in the region also has uncovered distinctive evolutionary histories and high levels of endemism along the Pacific coast. Divergence of these coastal wolves is consistent with the unique phylogeographical history of the biota of this region and re-emphasizes the need for continued exploration of this biota to lay a framework for thoughtful management of southeast Alaska.
Cryogenic propellant thermal control system design considerations, analyses, and concepts applied to a Mars human exploration mission

This paper analyzes, defines, and sizes cryogenic storage thermal control systems that meet the requirements of future NASA Mars human exploration missions. The design issues of this system include the projection of the existing Multilayer Insulation data base for cryogenic storage to much thicker (10 cm or more) insulation systems, the unknown heat leak from mechanical interfaces, and the thermal and structural performance effects of the large tank sizes required for a Mars mission. Acknowledging these unknown effects, heat loss projections are made based on extrapolation of the existing data base. The results indicate that hydrogen, methane, and oxygen are feasible propellants, and that the best suited thermal control sytems are 'thick' MLI, thermodynamic vent sytems, cryocoolers, and vacuum jackets.
Enhanced Cellular Uptake with a Cobaltacarborane−Porphyrin−HIV-1 Tat 48−60 Conjugate

A series of four porphyrin-cobaltacarborane conjugates have been synthesized, containing three or four cobaltabisdicarbollide anions linked by O(CH(2)CH(2)O)(2) groups to the porphyrin macrocycle and one of them containing a HIV-1 Tat 48-60 peptide sequence linked via a low molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spacer. The cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and preferential sites of intracellular localization of the conjugates were evaluated in human HEp2 cells. All conjugates are nontoxic in the dark at the concentrations studied. Upon exposure to low light dose (1 J cm(-)(2)) only the porphyrin-cobaltacarborane-HIV-1 Tat 48-60 conjugate showed 30% inhibition of cell proliferation at a concentration of 10 microM. The cellular uptake was dependent on the number of carborane cages and was significantly enhanced by the presence of the cell penetrating peptide sequence HIV-1 Tat 48-60. All conjugates preferentially localized in the cell lysosomes.
Research Note: Effects of Floor Space Allowance and Group Size on Fear Response of White Leghorns

Abstract Three experiments were conducted in litter-floor pens to study fear response of White Leghorn layers as affected by floor space allowance and group size. In Experiment 1, 37 birds were housed at a floor space allowance of. 18 or. 13 m2/bird. In Experiment 2, 50 or 36 birds were housed at a constant floor space allowance of. 14 m2/bird. The following treatments were used in Experiment 3:51 or 37 birds per pen at.13 m2/bird; and 37 birds per pen at .19 m2/bird. The study period was from 20 to 52 wk of age in each experiment. Duration of the induced tonic immobility, measured at 52 wk of age, was used as a criterion of fearfulness. Decreasing floor space allowance per bird or increasing group size per pen had no significant effect on fearfulness. Also, the effects of floor space allowance and group size on fear response were not additive under the conditions of this study.
Drug Information Resources and Issues for Hospital Librarians

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to offer assistance for medical librarians in small— to medium-sized hospitals toward realistic collection development endeavors regarding drug information (DI) resources. It is not the author's intent in this article to present exhaustive print or electronic resources with respect to the broad subject of drug information, pharmacology and therapeutics, but to present a brief guide to selected resources for hospital librarians; however, there are references made to other extensive lists. The cost of many print DI books is prohibitive. The mission of the hospital library, reflected in the collection development policy, should direct what resources are essential. Moreover, the librarian should have the professional staff involved in the collection development process of the medical library.
Essential Nature of Choline with Implications for Total Parenteral Nutrition

Abstract Choline is known to be important in many metabolic pathways; at this time, however, it is not considered an essential nutrient for human beings. Current evidence strongly suggests that choline is "conditionally essential," particularly for patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Studies in patients receiving long-term TPN have shown that low levels of plasma choline are common and can be associated with hepatic steatosis. Treatment of these patients with oral administration of choline improved plasma levels and decreased hepatic fat content; however, oral choline supplements are associated with poor compliance. More recently, investigators have evaluated intravenous administration of choline as a treatment for TPN-associated hepatic steatosis in patients with documented subnormal plasma free-choline levels. Initial results indicate that intravenous administration of choline may be an effective treatment for TPN-associated hepatic dysfunction.
Lightning strike damage resistance and tolerance of scarf-repaired mesh-protected carbon fiber composites

Carbon fiber/epoxy composite specimens are manufactured using liquid resin infusion and incorporate a copper wire mesh on the outer layer for lightning strike protection. The specimens are then painted in order to be representative of an aircraft skin. The specimens are subjected to a scarf repair, which removes a portion of the wire mesh and of the carbon fiber substrate. The bonded repair is performed to re-establish the structural and electrical integrity of the laminate. Purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of repair procedure on the structural performance of the carbon/epoxy specimens following a lightning strike, and in particular it is aimed at comparing the two extreme cases where full electrical conductivity is re-established, and where the electrical conductivity is interrupted. To do so, the copper wire mesh is re-applied during the repair following two scenarios. The first, denoted as “good” repair, involves overlapping part of the repair mesh with the parent mesh surrounding the repair area, while the second, referred to as “poor” repair, involves applying a repair mesh that is shorter than the parent mesh, thereby leaving a gap in the electrical path. The repaired specimens are then subjected to simulated lightning strike at the location of the repair. The damage resistance characteristics of the repaired specimens are compared to the benchmark values of unprotected specimens (i.e. without copper mesh) and protected pristine specimens (i.e. without repair). Residual strength testing using four-point bend flexure is used to assess the damage tolerance behavior of the specimens. Results show that a “good” repair performs as well as the pristine protected specimen, while a “poor” repair performs equally or worse than a fully unprotected specimen.
Color perception under chromatic adaptation: equilibrium yellow and long-wavelength adaptation.

Abstract Observers viewed a thin (0.8–1.3 ) annulus composed of a mixture of 540 and 660 nm monochromatic lights (denotedΔG andΔR, respectively). The annular mixture was superimposed upon a larger (2.7 ) 660 nm circular background field. The observer adjusted the radiance of eitherΔG orΔR so that the annulus appeared a perfect (i.e. neither reddish nor greenish) yellow. In the first experiment, the background and annulus both were presented steadily. The results showed that the background, varied over a range from 10 to 1000 td, always contributed less to the color appearance of the annular test area than would be expected from the simple admixture of lights. The second experiment examined the effect of briefly removing the background-field quanta during the period when the annulus was judged. After several minutes of adapting to the background, the background was momentarily extinguished for 1 sec once every 6 sec; the observer adjusted the radiance ofΔR so that during the 1 sec period the continuously presented annular mixture appeared equilibrium yellow. With steady backgrounds, theΔG toΔR luminance ratio decreased with test annulus luminance; for judgments made while the background momentarily was extinguished, the luminance ratio generally increased with annulus luminance. All of the empirical observations can be accounted for quantitatively by a two-process theory of chromatic adaptation; in two processes are (1) gain changes and (2) a restoring signal that tends to drive back toward equilibrium the opponent response resulting from the adapting light. Results from a third experiment, in which the background-off interval was reduced from 1 sec to 500, 200 or 150msec, also are consistent with this model.
Retinoic acid signaling in mammalian eye development.

Retinoic acid (RA) is a biologically active metabolite of vitamin A (retinol) that serves as a signaling molecule during a number of developmental and physiological processes. RA signaling plays multiple roles during embryonic eye development. RA signaling is initially required for reciprocal interactions between the optic vesicle and invaginating lens placode. RA signaling promotes normal development of the ventral retina and optic nerve through its activities in the neural crest cell-derived periocular mesenchyme. RA coordinates these processes by regulating biological activities of a family of non-steroid hormone receptors, RARα/β/γ, and RXRα/β/γ. These DNA-binding transcription factors recognize DNA as RAR/RXR heterodimers and recruit multiprotein transcriptional co-repressor complexes. RA-binding to RAR receptors induces a conformational change in the receptor, followed by the replacement of co-repressor with co-activator complexes. Inactivation of RARα/β/γ receptors in the periocular mesenchyme abrogates anterior eye segment formation. This review summarizes recent genetic studies of RA signaling and progress in understanding the molecular mechanism of transcriptional co-activators that function with RAR/RXR.
Clinical restoration of voice function after loss of the vagus nerve

One hundred eleven patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis underwent Teflon® injection for the rehabilitation of laryngeal function. The most common etiology was vocal cord paralysis after surgical treatment of thoracic abdominal aortic aneurysms, which accounted for 36.9% of patients. Of the 111 patients, 85% had improved voice function after Teflon® injection. Two patients developed airway obstruction secondary to edema and required temporary tracheostomy. Twenty-four patients with paralysis after aneurysm surgery were injected acutely with no morbidity and immediate restoration of voice function. We now advocate Teflon® injection in patients with vocal cord paralysis after thoracic aneurysm surgery in the immediate convalescent period to restore voice function and lessen pulmonary complications.
Social interactions between the rural and urban monkeys, Macaca mulatta

Social interactions between urban and rural monkeys were studied both in competitive and non-competitive situations. In a competitive foodgetting situation, the urban monkeys dominated the rural ones to a significant degree. In contrast, in all the test situations the urban animals were found to be highly aggressive in their interactions with those of the rural group. Dominance of the urban over the rural monkeys was interpreted as the result of a highly aggressive nature acquired from their prior exposure to the highly competitive environment prevailing in urban areas.
Reactions between Quinones and Proteins

THE phenolase complex, by which I mean that pair of enzymic activities occurring together and associated with copper-protein, which catalyses the o-hydroxylation of phenols and dehydrogenation of o-diphenols, is found in organisms throughout the phylogenetic scale, and catalyses the formation of quinones from o-diphenols. These enzyme-generated o-quinones react with proteins to form, inter alia, the sclerotized cuticles of arthropods and other phyla1, the sepia of squid, and the melanins which colour the teguments, feathers, hair and eyes of the vertebrates2. In this communication I wish briefly to describe some hitherto undescribed phenomena which appear to play important parts during the interaction of protein–diphenol–phenolase systems.
Effect of Derivative Algorithm and Tuning Selection on the PID Control of Dead-Time Processes

Many control engineers try to avoid the use of derivative action in operating units. As Isaksson and Graebe have pointed out (in a presentation at Control Systems 2000, Victoria, British Columbia, May 2000), there is an “industrial myth that derivative action does not work.” They claim that some of this is due to the need to adjust the derivative filter constant, in addition to the usual three parameters of PID controllers. Modern distributed control systems offer a variety of choices for the PID algorithm, including both series (interacting) and parallel (ideal). The many PID tuning methods that have been developed over the years have used different algorithms, and some are limited to a narrow range of parameter values (dead times). Most tuning methods require setting three tuning parameters, but some propose setting four parameters. All this complexity presents a confusing picture to the practitioner who is faced with trying to tune a PID controller. This paper presents a quantitative comparison of alte...
Radial Anisotropic Growth of Rhodium Nanoparticles

In this contribution, we report the synthesis of rhodium multipods that result from a homogeneous seeded growth mechanism. Small Rh nanocrystal seeds were synthesized by the reduction of RhCl3 in e...
Ultrafast Optical-pulse Propagation on Si Chips

The extremely strong crystalline-Si optical nonlinearity allows a wide variety of fs-pulse propagation effects to be readily seen at low input powers on Si chips. This talk presents a theoretical and experimental investigation using ultrasmall, Si-wire waveguides.
Transition from streptomycin-sensitive to streptomycin-resistant protein synthesis during bacteriophage T4 development.

Summary Streptomycin completely arrests bacteriophage T4 development in streptomycin-sensitive Escherichia coli strain B when added immediately after phage adsorption. Under these conditions, streptomycin inhibits protein synthesis in E. coli multiply infected with bacteriophage T4 to the same extent as in exponentially growing uninfected cells. In the course of bacteriophage infection, a gradual transition occurs from streptomycin-sensitive to streptomycin-resistant protein synthesis. This process is accompanied by a decreased binding of streptomycin to ribosomes so that the ribosomes become protected against the effect that streptomycin exerts on the stability of the initiation complex. When a streptomycin is added 8 to 9 minutes after infection, the overall rate of protein synthesis is no longer affected by the antibiotic, and the cells are now capable of supporting an almost normal phage development.
Japanese women’s language use and regional language varieties

This paper addresses the paucity of research on women’s language use in regional Japan by investigating Iwate Dialect (ID) and Japanese Women’s Language (JWL) in face-to-face interactions among women in northeastern Japan. By bringing a consideration of region to bear on investigations of women’s language use in Japan, the aim is to contribute to work that breaks down essentialist categories of “the way Japanese women speak” to a more fruitful focus on the range of resources women employ in situated interactions. Analysis is based on ethnographic data and a close analysis of interactions, and focuses on speakers’ use of ID and JWL as devices for negotiating roles. Findings show ID is used by speakers in hesitating to take on a high-status role, and to mitigate direct challenges to claims made by other participants. JWL features are used when reiterating a point or disclaiming a role.
The method of upper, lower solutions and hyperbolic partial differential equations

On presente l'etude de la methode des solutions superieures et inferieures pour des equations differentielles hyperboliques. On considere la theorie des inegalites differentielles hyperboliques d'une facon generale et on demontre un resultat d'existence
Effects of dissolved oxygen on formation of corrosion products and concomitant oxygen and nitrate reduction in zero-valent iron systems with or without aqueous Fe2+.

Abstract Batch tests were conducted in zero-valent iron (ZVI or Fe0) systems to investigate oxygen consumption and the effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) on formation of iron corrosion products, nitrate reduction, the reactivity of Fe0, the role Fe2+ (aq) played, and the fate of Fe2+. The study indicates that without augmenting Fe2+ (aq), neither nitrate nor DO could be removed efficiently by Fe0. In the presence of Fe2+ (aq), nitrate and DO could be reduced concomitantly with limited interference with each other. Unlike nitrate reduction, DO removal by Fe0 did not consume Fe2+ (aq). A two-layer structure, with an inner layer of magnetite and an outer layer of lepidocrocite, may be formed in the presence of DO. When DO depleted, the outer lepidocrocite layer was transformed to magnetite. The inner layer of magnetite, even in a substantial thickness, might not impede the Fe0 reactivity as much as the thin interfacial layer between the oxide coating and liquid. Surface-bound Fe2+ may greatly enhance the electron transfer from the Fe0 core to the solid–liquid interface, and thus improve the performance of the Fe0 process.
The Carbon Budget concept: A quantitative measure of trophic state

Abstract A new concept using a calculated quantity called the Carbon Budget is proposed as a measure of trophic state. The Carbon Budget is a direct measure of the inbalance between the ambient distribution of inorganic carbon species and the equilibrium distribution for the system, and an indirect measure of the relative competition of carbon dioxide production and consumption processes occurring in the water. The Carbon Budget has been correlated with ammonia nitrogen to provide a link with protein synthesis and degradation, and applied to two areas of a large oligotrophic lake. It is possible to distinguish between the two areas both qualitatively and quantitatively using the Carbon Budget.
Estimates of trapping of hydrogen at dislocations in Pd: Suggestions for future SANS experiments

Previous SANS measurements at 5,500 ppm done by Heuser et. al have shown that on average, 2.6 hydrogen atoms are trapped per Angstrom of dislocation line. This measured cross section at Q = 0.02 {angstrom}{sup {minus}1} is (d{Sigma}/d{Omega}) = 0.02 1/cm/steradian. The results obtained in this research are consistent with SANS measurements at a binding energy of 0.3 eV, three different core radii and number of sites in the core. The curves illustrate the total number of hydrogen atoms trapped as a function of bulk concentration. At 5,500 ppm, all curves pass through Heusers et. al. 2.6H/{angstrom} experimental value. The ratio of the cross sections between 5,500 and 1,000 ppm is 3, and between 5,500 and 100 ppm is 5. Based on these theoretical results, the cross sections at these low concentrations should be measurable. The experiments at low concentrations will determine the number of sites and core radius when compared with the theoretical calculations. At low temperature (77 K) the deuterium atoms trapped per unit length of dislocation line increase by a factor of 10, which means that the SANS cross section can measure by a factor of one hundred as it is directly proportional to the square ofmore » deuterium density. With the decrease in temperature, the number of hydrogen atoms trapped increases. The hydrogen atoms become trapped even in the low strain field region. At 5,500 ppm for 77 K, 22 hydrogen atoms per Angstrom trapped compared with 2.6 hydrogen atoms per Angstrom at 300 K. At 77 K, the core contribution is independent of the binding energy and number of sites. Furthermore, the amount of hydrogen atoms in the bulk of the sample is negligible compared with the number of hydrogen atoms at the dislocation. At room temperature, about 30% of the total hydrogen concentration goes to the dislocation. The temperature effect is dominant in the modified Fermi-Dirac equation.« less
Arabidopsis thaliana small subunit leader and transit peptide enhance the expression of Bacillus thuringiensis proteins in transgenic plants.

The expression of the modified gene for a truncated form of thecryIA(c) gene, encoding the insecticidal portion of the lepidopteran-active CryIA(c) protein fromBacillus thuringiensis var.kurstaki (B.t.k.) HD73, under control of theArabidopsis thaliana ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) small subunitats1A promoter with and without its associated transit peptide was analyzed in transgenic tobacco plants. Examination of leaf tissue revealed that theats1A promoter with its transit peptide sequence fused to the truncated CryIA(c) protein provided a 10-fold to 20-fold increase incryIA(c) mRNA and protein levels compared to gene constructs in which the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter with a duplication of the enhancer region (CaMV-En35S) was used to express the samecryIA(c) gene. Transient expression assays in tobacco protoplasts and the whole plant results support the conclusion that the transit peptide plus untranslated sequences upstream of that region are both required for the increase in expression of the CryIA(c) protein. Furthermore, the CaMV-En35S promoter can be used with theArabidopsis ats1A untranslated leader and transit peptide to increase expression of this protein. While subcellular fractionation revealed that the truncated CryIA(c) protein fused to theats1A transit peptide is located in the chloroplast, the increase in gene expression is independent of targeting of the CryIA(c) protein to the chloroplast. The results reported here provide new insight into the role of 5′ untranslated leader sequences and translational fusions to increase heterologous gene expression, and they demonstrate the utility of this approach in the development of insect-resistant crops.
Urban aerosol radiative properties: Measurements during the 1999 Atlanta Supersite Experiment

calculated with a Mie code yielding Eap = 9.5 ± 1.5 m 2 g 1 , while EC mass summed from the impactor stages in comparison to measured sap gives Eap = 9.3 ± 3.2 m 2 g 1 .M ie light-scattering calculations using inputs of measured mass and EC size distributions give geometric mean light scattering and absorption Dp = 0.54 and 0.13 mm, respectively, and show the dominance of the submicrometer diameter particles to light extinction in the urban environment. Based on the measured aerosol optical depth in Atlanta, da (500 nm) = 0.44 ± 0.22, and other radiative measurements, a best estimate of the average direct aerosol radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere (a measure of the climate significance) is F= 11 ± 6 W m 2 in Atlanta. This value is an order of magnitude greater than global mean estimates for aerosols underscoring the influence of aerosol particles on radiative transfer in the urban environment. INDEX TERMS: 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801); 0394 Atmospheric Composition and