cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoinduced Electron Transfer between Polystyrene and 2,4,6-Triphenylpyrylium Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)gallate in Solutions and in Polymer Films‡

Photoinduced electron transfer between polystyrene and 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)gallate (TPPGa) has been studied in dichloromethane solution and in poly(vinyl chloride) fi...
Ab initio potential energy surfaces for the reactions of atomic carbon with molecular hydrogen

Abstract Ab initio configuration interaction calculations have been carried out for important regions on the potential energy surfaces of the C + H2 system. The implications of the results for the reactivity of both thermal and energetic 3P, 1D, and 1S carbon atoms are discussed. Preliminary study does not reveal any low-energy pathways for the C(3P) + H2 reaction.
3DIC stacked system technology and application

A target 3D stacked system consists of two or more layers/building blocks through the horizontal or vertical interconnects to integrate different functional circuitries into one single circuit. By adopting through Silicon Via(TSV) formation, thin wafer handling, fine-pitch micro-joints, chip-to-wafer(C2W), and wafer-to-wafer(W2W) technologies, this single-circuit stacked system can perform SoC-like or even better performance with lower power and higher bandwidth. In this paper, the benefits of stacked system, opportunities, challenges and perspective of 3D integrations are discussed as well as ITRI's roadmaps and recent technology achievement are presented. Finally, the future potential application and emerging worldwide value chain and business model of 3D stacked system are proposed.
Subdaily Earth rotation determined from GPS

A UT1-TAI series was determined with triple-differenced GPS data for January 15–28, 1995. A priori UT1-TAI values at 30-minute intervals were taken from the IERS Bulletin B prediction and constrained to 6.5 × 10−3 s; increments to the initial UT1-TAI were estimated. The tidal correction according to IERS Standards, and the atmospheric effects were removed. The remaining signal was smoothed with a Vondrak smoother and compared with UT1 tidal model empirically determined from VLBI [Herring and Dong, 1994]. In a second test, normalized length of day variations and the pole coordinates, with once-per-day resolution (at 12 h UT), were estimated. Bulletin B a priori values were introduced only at the beginning of a four-week period. Since UT1-TAI is related to lod variations in the following way: δ(lod)/lod = −d(UT1-TAI)/dt, [Lambeck, 1980, p. 63], the variation in UT1-TAI can be obtained by integrating normalized variation in lod. The a priori standard deviation for δ(lod)/lod was 6.5 × 10−3 s/day.
Effect of systemic penicillin on pain in untreated irreversible pulpitis

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double-blind study was to determine the effect of penicillin on pain in untreated teeth diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis. Study Design: Forty emergency patients participated, and each had a clinical diagnosis of an irreversible pulpitis. Patients randomly received a 7-day oral dose (28 capsules, 500 mg each, to be taken every 6 hours) of either penicillin or a placebo control in a double-blind manner. No endodontic treatment was performed. Each patient also received ibuprofen; acetaminophen with codeine (30 mg); and a 7-day diary to record pain, percussion pain, and number and type of pain medication taken. Results: The administration of penicillin did not significantly (P >.05) reduce pain, percussion pain, or the number of analgesic medications taken by patients with untreated irreversible pulpitis. The majority of patients with untreated irreversible pulpitis had significant pain and required analgesics to manage this pain. Conclusion: Penicillin should not be prescribed for untreated irreversible pulpitis because penicillin is ineffective for pain relief. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;90:636-40)
Community determinants of psychiatric hospitalization and length of stay

Abstract This paper provides a framework for identifying characteristics of high-risk psychiatric clients based on two events: the probability of hospitalization and the length of stay (LOS) once hospitalized. A large portion of the variance, the probability of psychiatric hospitalization and length of stay, is explainable by prior service history, clinical symptoms and presenting problems of the client observed while in the community. This suggests that, for an outpatient treated population, the risk and duration of psychiatric hospitalization episodes can be ascertained prospectively and resources targeted appropriately. Additionally, the study shows that the factors associated with one event, i.e. hospitalization, do not necessarily influence the other, i.e. LOS, suggesting that a reliable model for predicting high-risk clients requires the incorporation of both events, simultaneously.
Relationship between body mass index and proteinuria in hypertensive nephrosclerosis: results from the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) Cohort.

Background Few studies have examined the association between obesity and markers of kidney injury in a chronic kidney disease population. We hypothesized that obesity is independently associated with proteinuria, a marker of chronic kidney disease progression. Study Design Observational cross-sectional analysis. Setting & Participants Post hoc analysis of baseline data for 652 participants in the African American Study of Kidney Disease (AASK). Predictors Obesity, determined using body mass index (BMI). Measurements & Outcomes Urine total protein–creatinine ratio and albumin-creatinine ratio measured in 24-hour urine collections. Results AASK participants had a mean age of 60.2 ± 10.2 years and serum creatinine level of 2.3 ± 1.5 mg/dL; 61.3% were men. Mean BMI was 31.4 ± 7.0 kg/m 2 . Approximately 70% of participants had a daily urine total protein excretion rate 2 increase in BMI was associated with a 6.7% (95% CI, 3.2-10.4) and 9.4% (95% CI, 4.9-14.1) increase in urine total protein–creatinine and urine albumin-creatinine ratios, respectively. In multivariable models adjusting for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, serum glucose level, uric acid level, and creatinine level, each 2-kg/m 2 increase in BMI was associated with a 3.5% (95% CI, 0.4-6.7) and 5.6% (95% CI, 1.5-9.9) increase in proteinuria and albuminuria, respectively. The interaction between older age and BMI was statistically significant, indicating that this relationship was driven by younger AASK participants. Limitations May not generalize to other populations; cross-sectional analysis precludes statements regarding causality. Conclusions BMI is associated independently with urine total protein and albumin excretion in African Americans with hypertensive nephrosclerosis, particularly in younger patients.
Memory Subtypes in Learning Disabled Readers

This study assumes that learning disabled readers may be characterized by different patterns of memory dysfunction. To test this assumption, subgroups of LD readers were determined through a hierarchical cluster analysis, which included a memory classification battery of semantic, elaborative, and effortful encoding tasks. Eight subtypes of memory dysfunction were identified. One LD subtype, 8% of the sample, presented a normal profile; however, all subtypes were inferior to non-LD readers in composite scores reflecting elaboration and central-processing demands. Five subtypes (over 78% of the sample) demonstrated severe memory difficulties primarily with elaboration and high-effort encoding tasks when compared to the other subtypes. The results were generally consistent with memory-capacity theories suggesting that individual differences in recall are related to possessing (a) sufficient amount of structural resources (i.e., word knowledge base) to meet task demands, (b) sufficient supply of required cap...
COUNTRY SIZE AND 'INSULATION' FROM EXTERNAL DISTURBANCES* *

This paper considers the relationship between economic size and vulnerability to external disturbances. In order to analyze this issue effectively a model comprising three different-sized economies is constructed. The issue of economic size and insulation is approached from this alternative perspectives depending upon the relative size of (a) the `recipient' country and (b) the ‘transmitting’ country. The results of the analysis indicate that, contrary to popular belief, a small country under floating exchange rates is less severely affected by external economic events than a large economy regardless of the type of external disturbance and the degree of domestic wage indexation.
Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid: Research perspectives

Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid are ubiquitous triterpenoids in plant kingdom, medicinal herbs, and are integral part of the human diet. During the last decade over 700 research articles have been published on their research, reflecting tremendous interest and progress in our understanding of these triterpenoids. This included the isolation and purification of these tritepernoids from various plants and herbs, the chemical modifications to make more effective and water soluble derivatives, the pharmacological research on their beneficial effects, the toxicity studies, and the clinical use of these triterpenoids in various diseases including anticancer chemotherapies. A briefly commentary is attempted here for their research perspectives.
Relationship Between the Severity of Penile Curvature and the Presence of Comorbidities in Men With Peyronie's Disease

ABSTRACTPurpose: We investigated the relationship between penile curvature severity and co-morbidities in men with Peyronie's disease (PD) and assessed whether the severity of curvature had an impact on penile vascular status and/or erectile function.Materials and Methods: Based on a 10-year period 469 patients with PD were retrospectively evaluated in regard to age at diagnosis, type and degree of penile curvature, erectile dysfunction (ED) and other comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, serum lipid abnormalities, smoking and ischemic heart disease. To assess penile vascular status all men with PD underwent penile duplex Doppler ultrasound evaluation. The severity of penile curvature was classified using the Kelami system, that is grade 1—curvature 30 degrees or less, grade 2—30 to 60 degrees and grade 3—greater than 60 degrees.Results: Mean patient age was 54.8 ± 4.3 years (range 18 to 79) and the mean duration of symptoms was 24.8 ± 13.7 months (range 3 to 120). The most common penile...
Thickness and roughness variations of Arctic multi-year sea ice

Three lines on a multi-year ice floe in the Beaufort Sea, 200 m, 110 m and 76 m long, were profiled by level to obtain ice surface elevation (freeboard) and snow depths and drilled to obtain ice thickness at two meter intervals. Three models were then constructed to identify the relationship between surface elevation and ice thickness so that top roughness, bottom roughness and thickness could be obtained from a measure of the surface elevation alone: 1. At each profile point isostatic balance was assumed and the thickness calculated from the freeboard by using the average observed ice density of 910 kg/m3. 2. A linear relationship was assumed between freeboard and density with the thicker ice having a lower density (more brine drainage) than thinner ice. Isostatic balance was then combined with the adjusted density to obtain the thickness at each profile point. 3. Finally it was assumed that although the ice was, on the average, isostatically compensated, this compensation does not occur on a point to point basis. Instead, the ice "below" each point was distributed over some lateral distance and was not concentrated directly below the profile point. This is essentially the same as the Wittmann-Markarov model for a pressure ridge and is equivalent to operating on the freeboard data with a linear filter to obtain the bottom profile. The first assumption overestimated the thicker ice and underestimated the thinner ice with errors in the estimate of thickness exceeding one meter. The last two models gave roughly similar results, with prediction errors of \pm 0.40 m. The prediction accuracy is limited by the fact that the high-frequency roughness of the top ice surface (wave lengths less than 10 m) accounts for considerable variance which does not correlate with the bottom surface. An estimate is also made of the error in predicted ice thicknesses based only on the elevation of the upper ice surface as obtained by airborne laser. The error in predicted thicknesses only increased by about 10% over the error obtained from surface observations. Therefore, surface profiles obtained by an airborne laser may be a useful source of ice thickness information.
Three Cubes in One Number.

Separate a three-digit number into its component digits. After raising each digit to the third power and computing the sum of the cubes, determine how often the original number reappears. Modular arithmetic is used to reduce the number of potential solutions to a more manageable quantity.
Measurement of IKK activity in primary rat T cells: rapid activation and inactivation.

Abstract The translocation of the transcription factor NF-κB into the nucleus plays a critical role in many physiological events. In unstimulated cells, NF-κB is sequestered in the cytosol, bound to its inhibitor IκB. Activation primarily occurs via the IκB kinase (IKK) complex which phosphorylates IκBα at serines 32 and 36, creating a recognition site for IκB ubiquitination which then targets IκB for degradation. Often it is useful to measure IKK activity to assess upstream signaling events leading to NF-κB activation. Current methods of assessing IKK activity are limited to IKK isoforms which are recognized by available IKK antibodies. Here, we describe a procedure to qualitatively assess the overall IKK activity in a cell lysate which can be used on any IKK isoform capable of phosphorylating human IκBα. This nonradioactive assay is based on measurement of the ability of the cell lysate to phosphorylate GST-IκBα, as measured by Western blotting, using an anti-phospho-IκBα antibody. We have used this assay to observe the kinetics of TCR-mediated activation of IKK as compared to PMA/ionomycin in primary rat T cells. PMA/ionomycin induces maximal IKK activity within 1 min of stimulation and this activity remains elevated for over 20 min. In comparison, TCR ligation induces maximal IKK activity after 5 min of stimulation and this activity rapidly diminishes to background levels. These data indicate that different stimuli can activate and inactivate IKK with different kinetics and suggest that TCR-mediated activation of IKK is closely linked to the rapid phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, respectively, of TCR-associated kinases.
Suborganelle Sensing of Mitochondrial cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Activity

A fluorescent sensor of protein kinase activity has been developed and used to characterize the compartmentalized location of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity in mitochondria. The sensor functions via a phosphorylation-induced release of a quencher from a peptide-based substrate, producing a 150-fold enhancement in fluorescence. The quenching phenomenon transpires via interaction of the quencher with Arg residues positioned on the peptide substrate. Although the cAMP-dependent protein kinase is known to be present in mitochondria, the relative amount of enzyme positioned in the major compartments (outer membrane, intermembrane space, and the matrix) of the organelle is unclear. The fluorescent sensor developed in this study was used to reveal the relative matrix/intermembrane space/outer membrane (85:6:9) distribution of PKA in bovine heart mitochondria.
Molecular Simulation of Polyelectrolye Conformational Dynamics under an AC Electric Field

We use a coarse-grained molecular dynamics method to study the behavior of a flexible polyelectrolyte (PE) chain in an explicit salt solution with varied valence under an ac electric field. Simulat...
Species for low-input sustainable turf in the U.S. upper midwest

Low-input sustainable turf (LIST) management represents a resource-efficient option in maintaining uniform, persistent turf. What species are best suited to such management needs to be established. To this end, 12 hardy species were evaluated for 3 yr in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin: crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult. 'Fairway', 'Ephraim', and 'Ruff'], streambank wheatgrass [Agropyron riparium Scribn. & Smith 'Sodar'; syn. Elymus lanceolatus (Scribn. & J.G. Smith) Gould subsp. lanceolatus], Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa L. 'Reubens'), hard fescue [Festuca ovina var. duriuscula (L.) Koch 'Durar'; syn. F. lemanii T. Bastard], sheep fescue (F. ovina L. 'Covar' and common), tall fescue (F. arundinacea Schreb. 'Alta'), bulbous bluegrass (P. bulbosa L.), alpine bluegrass (P. alpina L.), redtop (Agrostis alba L. 'Reton'; Agrostis gigantea Roth), roughstalk bluegrass (P. trivialis L 'Colt'), colonial bentgrass (Agrostis tenuis Sibth. 'Exeter'; syn. Agrostis capillaris L.), and buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. 'Texoka' and 'NE-315']. All were field-established and compared at three mowing heights: 3.8 cm, 7.6 cm, and no mowing. Quality ratings were based on uniform persistence. Tall fescue and common sheep fescue were the best and most broadly adapted to LIST. In Iowa, hard fescue, Canada bluegrass, and crested wheatgrass also did well. Colonial bentgrass was best adapted in Missouri. Redtop and roughstalk bluegrass grew better in a north-south area from Wisconsin through central Illinois to Missouri. The buffalograsses excelled in Ohio and southern Illinois. Over all species, the 7.6-cm mowing height allowed the best turf quality. Specifically, tall fescue, colonial bentgrass, redtop, and common sheep fescue performed best at the 7.6-cm mowing height. Covar sheep fescue, hard fescue, Canada bluegrass, and Fairway crested wheatgrass could not maintain persistent stands under the 3.8-cm mowing height. No mowing resulted in intermediate levels of quality with all species. A 7.6-cm mowing height would be appropriate for testing species in LIST within the seven-state region used in this study.
An «economic» theory of addiction hypomania, and sensation seeking

Research into the relationship between mania, sensation seeking, and substance abuse has shown that hypomanics and sensation seekers use substances frequently and often for the purpose of adjusting their moods. This essay develops an “economic” theory of addiction that attempts to account for those phenomena. The theory also supports the notion that sensation-seeking behavior and variants of manic behavior share many of the characteristics of the addictive behaviors. Implications for the treatment of addictive behaviors are discussed. Data from drug users in the military (Navy) are presented to support the theory, and suggestions for future research are outlined.
Mentored professional development to support successful integration of technology-enhanced science curriculum

MODELS (Mentored and Online Development of Educational Leaders for Science) is a 5-year NSF grant funded to support teacher professional development and learning to enable schools to implement technology-enhanced inquiry instruction. In this paper we discuss professional development activities, classroom enactment of technology-enhanced projects, and the trends emerging in changes in teachers' beliefs and practices during the first two years of the project. We present a case study of one teacher's learning progression and discuss plans for further data collection and analysis.
Parallel generation of initial element assemblies for two-dimensional discrete element simulations

The discrete element method (DEM) enables modeling of the behavior of granular materials and rock masses via the interaction of elements, as the whole model deforms under the applied loading. As a starting point of any DEM simulation, the computational domain needs to be filled with discrete elements. Disks are often used for 2D simulations to generate the model. There are techniques developed to fill a domain with disks, but some of them take considerable time, comparable to the DEM simulation itself. This article presents a parallel algorithm that can fill domains with a tight packing of disks. The algorithm is scalable and its implementation was tested on both a shared memory parallel computer and a multiprocessor, multicore workstation. The applicability of the algorithm in filling domains with disks is demonstrated on a practical example of ore flow at a drawpoint in mining. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three views of virtual reality: an overview

Virtual reality (VR) presents a synthetically generated environment to the user through visual, auditory, and other stimuli. A VR systems's head-mounted display, stereo graphics, and direct manipulation in three dimensions are outlined. Early work in VR and major technological hurdles in the areas of tracking, display, image generation, and software support are reviewed. Research directions and potential applications of VR are discussed. >
It's in the Bag A Dozen Language Arts Activities to Promote Active Learning

In advising teachers to increase active learning and reduce passive learning, the fundamental question arises, “But what do you do if you don't do worksheets?” This set of activities begins to answer that question. The activities presented are those that can be prepared easily and inexpensively by classroom teachers; can be adapted across grade orskill levels and subject areas, and used from independent to large-group work arrangements; provide unique ways for students to practice previously learned skills; grab student attention; and are lots of fun! This article presents 12 activities that promote active learning of various language arts skills. Each activity begins with a plain brown paper lunch bag.
Full-Coverage Film Cooling—Part I: Comparison of Heat Transfer Data for Three Injection Angles

Wind tunnel experiments were carried out at Stanford between 1971 and 1977 to study the heat transfer characteristics of full-coverage film cooled surfaces with three geometries: normal-, 30 deg slant-, and 30 deg × 45 deg compound-angled injection. A flat full-coverage section and downstream recovery section comprised the heat transfer system. The experimental objectives were to determine, for each geometry, the effects on surface heat flux of injection blowing ratio (M), injection temperature ratio (θ), and upstream initial conditions. Spanwise-averaged Stanton numbers were measured for blowing ratios from 0 to 1.3, and for two values of injection temperature at each blowing ratio. The heat transfer coefficient was defined on the basis of a mainstream-to-wall temperature difference. Initial momentum and enthalpy thickness Reynolds numbers were varied from 500 to about 3000. This paper compares the experimental results for the three injection geometries. In addition, the effects of hole spacing and number of rows of holes were examined.
Kenaf seed storage duration on germination, emergence, and yield ☆

Abstract Kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is a potential alternative crop being developed for fiber production. Because planting area varies dramatically from year to year, seed supplies may greatly exceed use so that the excess seed must be stored for one to several years. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of seed storage duration at 10 °C on germination, vigor, emergence, and yield. Replicated trials were established at Starkville, MS in 1999 and 2000 to evaluate field emergence and biomass yield of kenaf seed from five ‘Everglades 41’ (‘E41’) harvest year seed lots stored at 10 °C in ambient relative humidity for up to 4 years. Germination of these same seed lots under standard (20–30 °C) and cool (20 °C) temperatures, and seed vigor was evaluated over time. Field emergence was the same for the different seed storage durations up to 4 years, but was directly affected by drought conditions for each planted year. Biomass yields ranged from 12.39 to 14.57 Mg ha −1 in 1999 and 16.82 to 18.47 Mg ha −1 in 2000, but were not different between storage durations. Seed germination remained greater than 80% regardless of storage duration. Electrolyte leakage, based on conductivity, was 38–50% less with freshly harvested seed than seed stored for 4 years at 10 °C. However, neither the conductivity nor accelerated aging test were reliable predictors of field emergence. Kenaf seed stored up to 4 years at 10 °C retained germination rates acceptable for commercial use. Neither field emergence nor biomass yield was affected by seed storage duration.
The Internal and External Validity of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and its Relation with DSM–IV ADHD

Studies of subtypes of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have provided inconsistent support for the discriminant validity of the combined type (ADHD-C) and predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I). A large sample of children and adolescents with ADHD (N = 410) and a comparison group without ADHD (N = 311) were used to test the internal and external validity of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT), a dimension characterized by low energy and sleepy and sluggish behavior. SCT scores were then incorporated in analyses of ADHD subtypes to test whether the discriminant validity of ADHD-C and ADHD-I could be improved by including SCT symptoms as part of the criteria for ADHD-I. Factor analyses of parent and teacher ratings indicated that six SCT items loaded on a factor separate from symptoms of ADHD and other psychopathology, providing important support for the internal validity of SCT. The external validity of SCT was supported by significant associations between SCT and measures of functional impairment and neuropsychological functioning when symptoms of ADHD and other psychopathology were controlled. However, contrary to initial predictions, high levels of SCT did not identify a subgroup of ADHD-I that was clearly distinct from ADHD-C. Instead, the current results suggest that DSM-IV inattention and SCT are separate but correlated symptom dimensions that are each independently associated with important aspects of functional impairment and neuropsychological functioning.
A method for determining the primary effect of a stimulus in tonically firing neurons using spike train analysis

We present a novel method for measuring changes in the timing of spikes evoked by a stimulus in single neurons. The result provides an unambiguous separation of the stimulus effect from effects due to intrinsic spike train patterns. This separation facilitates the comparison of responses in different neurons. The analysis is based only on the spike train and requires no models of the underlying cell behavior.
Dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography for reversible dysfunction during the first week after acute myocardial infarction: limitations and determinants of accuracy.

Abstract Objectives. We sought to compare the accuracy of biphasic and ischemic responses and sustained improvement for reversible dysfunction and to identify causes of false negative and false positive findings. Background. Previous studies have shown that low dose dobutamine echocardiography was accurate for detecting reversible dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction (MI) but did not determine whether accuracy was improved by peak dose findings or influenced by the test interval or clinical or angiographic factors. Methods. Dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography (DASE) (baseline, low dose [5 and 10 μg/kg body weight per min] and peak dose) and coronary angiography were performed in 115 patients 2 to 7 days after MI (test interval). Segmental wall thickening was analyzed according to the 16-segment model. Sustained improvement and biphasic and ischemic responses included improved wall thickening at low and peak doses, improved wall thickening at the low dose with worsening at peak dose and no change in wall thickening at the low dose with worsening at peak dose, respectively. Follow-up echocardiography was performed at 4 to 8 weeks, and reversible dysfunction was defined as improved wall thickening. Results. Wall thickening improved at follow-up in 305 (44%) of 688 dysfunctional segments. The test interval was 2 days in 16 patients, 3 days in 24, 4 days in 24, 5 days in 12, 6 days in 16 and 7 days in 23. No change at low and peak doses accurately predicted fixed dysfunction (318 [88%] of 360 segments), especially in akinetic and dyskinetic segments (276 [91%] of 303), irrespective of the test interval or clinical and angiographic factors. Ischemic segmental responses also predicted fixed dysfunction (63% [12 of 19 patients]), especially in medically treated compared with revascularized patients (100% [8 of 8] vs. 36% [4 of 11], p = 0.013). Both biphasic responses and sustained improvement (77% [179 of 231 segments] vs. 87% [84 of 97], p = 0.082) were highly predictive of reversible dysfunction, especially in akinetic segments, irrespective of the test interval or clinical and angiographic factors. The only limitation was reduced accuracy (77% [177 of 222 segments], p Conclusions. No change and ischemic responses during DASE were specific for fixed dysfunction. Improved wall thickening at the low dose, irrespective of changes at peak dose, was highly predictive of reversible dysfunction. Accuracy was only limited by false positive results in hypokinetic segments and not by the test interval or clinical or angiographic factors.
HORMONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF MOUSE PRIMARY MAMMARY DUCTS IN ORGAN CULTURE.

SummaryPrimary mammary ducts from immature BALB/cCrgl mice were cultured in synthetic medium “199”with and without hormone supplementation for 5 and 12 days. Tissues cultivated in hormone-free medium showed epithelial regression. The addition of insulin, 10 μg/ml, prevented the degenerative changes occurring in explants cultivated without hormones. In the presence of insulin, proliferation both of epithelial cells and of subjacent stromal elements was prominent. Neither a 10-fold increase in insulin concentration nor the presence of cortisol modified the histologic response to 10 μg/ml of insulin.
Holocene glaciation of the central Sierra Nevada, California

Abstract Sediment cores from two bedrock-dammed lakes in North Fork Big Pine Creek, Sierra Nevada, California, preserve the most detailed and complete record of Holocene glaciation yet recovered in the region. The lakes are fed by outwash from the Palisade Glacier, the largest (∼1.3 km 2 ) and presumably longest-lived glacier in the range, and capture essentially all of the rock flour it produces. Distinct late-Holocene (Matthes) and late-Pleistocene (Recess Peak) moraines lie between the modern glacier and the lakes. The lakes have therefore received continuous sedimentation from the basin since the retreat of the Tioga glacier (Last Glacial Maximum) and capture rock flour related to all post-LGM advances. A total of eight long cores (up to 5.5 m sediment depth) and one short surface sediment short core preserve a coherent record of fluctuating rock flour flux to the lakes through the Holocene. Age constraints on rock flour spikes in First and Second lakes based on 31 14C-dated macrofossils indicate Holocene glaciation began ∼3200 cal yr B P, followed by a possible glacier maximum at ∼2800 cal yr B P and four distinct glacier maxima at ∼2200, ∼1600, ∼700 and ∼250-170 cal yr. B.P., the most recent maximum being the largest. Reconstruction of the equilibrium-line altitudes (ELA) associated with each distinct advance recorded in the moraines (Recess Peak, Matthes, and modern) indicates ELA depressions (relative to modern) of ∼250 m and 90 m for Recess Peak and Matthes advances, respectively. These differences represent decreases in summer temperatures of 1.7–2.8 °C (Recess Peak) and 0.2–2° (Matthes), and increases in winter precipitation of 22-34 cm snow water equivalent (s.w.e.) (Recess Peak) and 3-26 cm s.w.e. (Matthes) compared to modern conditions. Although small, these changes are significant and similar to those noted in the Cascade Range to the north, and represent a significant departure from historical climate trends in the region.
SU-FF-T-190: Monte Carlo-Guided Improvement of Therapeutic Ratio in Pencil Beam Dose-Based IMRT Plans of Small Tumors in Lung

Purpose: IMRT plan optimization commonly uses pencil beam (PB)‐based dose calculation with limited inhomogeneity correction, often predicting better target coverage than is delivered for small tumors in lung. We examine using Monte‐Carlo (MC)dose calculation to improve the therapeutic ratio for stereotactic body radiotherapy(SBRT) of lungcancer.Method and Materials:Treatment plans of ten patients (13 tumors) were retrospectively studied, with average GTV and PTV of 13.2cc and 72.3cc. All plans used IMRT with 3–5 6MV coplanar fields per target, generated on an in‐house planning system using PB dose calculation with radiological pathlength correction. Initial plans (TPS1) were recalculated with an in‐house MC algorithm (MC1), yielding lower PTV and GTV dose indices D05 and D95 relative to TPS1. A second IMRT plan (TPS2) used an objective function that increased the GTV and PTV doses to compensate for the deficit observed in MC1 but using the same normal tissue constraints as TPS1. The new plan was recalculated with MC (MC2). Results: Although the target dose observed in TPS1 plans is the clinical goal, it is overestimated by the PB algorithm. Average PTV D95 and GTV D95 in MC1 plans are (85±6)% and (92±4)% of those in TPS1 for 13 sites. MC calculation following the second optimization showed target dose indices to be closer to clinical goals: average PTV D95 and GTV D95 in MC2 plans are (98 ±4)% and (102±2)% of those in TPS1. However, target inhomogeneity is higher, with average PTV D05 and GTV D05 of (109±4)% and (104±3)% respectively. Critical normal tissuedoses in MC2 were approximately the same as the acceptable values predicted by TPS1. Conclusion: MC‐guided second optimization of PB‐based IMRT plans substantially improves target coverage for small lungtumors while maintaining normal tissue constraints. However increased hot spots in tumor require careful clinical consideration.
Cytotaxonomy and evolution in Pennisetum section Brevivalvula (Gramineae) in tropical Africa

Chromosome numbers, meiotic pairing configurations, and fertility data are reported for 57 African collections representing five of the six taxa currently recognized in Pennisetum section Brevivalvula. All collections were polyploid from a basic number of x = 9 and exhibited high lrequencies of multivalents at metaphase I. Four of the five taxa include chromosomal races, either through aneuploidy or multiple polyploid levels. Data concerning pollen fertility and seed set suggest that agamospermy is present in these five taxa. Three taxa may be polymorphic for sexual reproduction. Integration of evidence concerning chromosomal and morphological variation in the section suggests possible hybrid origins for three of the six taxa.
From Margin to Center: Participating in Village Pedagogy at Historically Black Colleges and Universities

Are Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) necessary in the twenty-first century so-called “post-racial” US American context? This question is raised loudly and frequently given the contemporary social climate and economic considerations. In this article, the author offers a response to and critique of this question and surveys histories, missions, and academic and social environments of the HBCUs. He contends that HBCUs offer alternate higher education experiences for Black educators and students who find themselves on the margins of the US American academic center. Demonstrating the parallels of HBCU settings to villages, the author illustrates how these HBCU village contexts contribute to pedagogy. Ultimately, he appeals to HBCU stakeholders to intentionally and consistently promote “village” environments to cultivate the academic and social sensibilities of its constituents.
Imatinib Therapy for Non–Infection-Related Type II Cryoglobulinemia With Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis

Cryoglobulinemia is a systemic immune complex–mediated vasculitis that can have significant morbidity and mortality. The current treatment for cryoglobulinemia, including chlorambucil, steroids, plasmapheresis, and rituximab, is lacking in terms of efficacy, safety, and relapse rates. Imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been shown to ameliorate the phenotype and kidney injury in a thymic stromal lymphopoietin transgenic mouse model of cryoglobulinemia. We present a case of type II cryoglobulinemia with severe kidney involvement treated with 400 mg of imatinib administered orally daily, plasmapheresis, and steroids, initially with resolution of symptoms, normalization of creatinine level, and marked improvement in proteinuria and cryocrit. Furthermore, on withdrawal of imatinib therapy, proteinuria, creatinine level, and cryocrit worsened until reinstitution of therapy. After treatment resumption, creatinine level, cryocrit, proteinuria, and symptoms dramatically improved and have remained stable for more than 22 months.
Impulsivity and Alcohol-Related Risk among College Students: Examining Urgency, Sensation Seeking and the Moderating Influence of Beliefs about Alcohol's Role in the College Experience

The personality trait of impulsivity is predictive of heavy drinking and consequences among college students. The current study examined how impulsivity-measured via positive urgency, negative urgency, and sensation seeking-and a person's beliefs about the role alcohol plays in the college experience relate to drinking and consequences in a sample of 470 college students (mean age=19 years, 61.3% female, 59.8% White). In support of the hypotheses, sensation seeking independently predicted greater drinking, and both positive urgency and negative urgency predicted greater experience of alcohol-related negative consequences after controlling for consumption level. Moreover, alcohol beliefs moderated the relationship between impulsivity types and alcohol outcomes. Among students high (versus low) in sensation seeking, strong beliefs about alcohol's role in college life were related to significantly greater drinking, and among students high (versus low) in negative urgency, endorsing strong beliefs about alcohol's role in college life were related to greater levels of alcohol-related negative consequences. Overall, findings inform college prevention efforts by highlighting the need to distinguish unique facets of impulsivity and examine how they intersect with students' beliefs about alcohol in college.
Embracing the Future: Empowering the 21st Century Educator

Abstract The world of education is different and you as an educator have probably been a part of at least some of the educational transformations occurring today. These have not been incremental changes but rather large encompassing changes to education, as we know it. This is a world in which education is moving from the industrial age to the connected age brought on by the increasing numbers of Web 2.0 applications. Humans are social beings with a desire to “connect, exchange, share, remix and reinvent” ( Prensky, 2005 ) all of which can be accomplished with a few friends and technology.
Response of Picea rubens seedlings to intermittent mist varying in acidity, and in concentrations of sulfur-, and nitrogen-containing pollutants.

Two-year-old red spruce seedlings (Picea rubens Sarg.) growing in. field chambers were repeatedly exposed to acidic mist with a factorial combination of 3 fluctuating levels of acidity: median pH values of 3.0 (range of 2.5 to 3.5), 3.5 (range of 3.0 to 4.0), and 4.0 (range of 3.5 to 4.5). and 3 ion compositions: sulfate. nitrate and ammonium, and a combination of all 3 ions. The experiment was performed during the growing season over a period of 3.5 months. Mist exposures were intermittent with 5 wet-dry cycles for each 16-h overnight exposure period, Foliar necrosis occurred on seedlings treated with the most acidic mist and was most severe when the mist contained sulfate. At a median pH of 3.5, a value close to that of cloud water occurring in the eastern United States, injury developed with sulfuric acid mist, but not. when the mist contained nitric acid. The combination of high acidity and sulfate significantly decreased volume of aboveground tissues, while high acidity and nitrate increased volume. Root and needle dry weights were not affected. However, high acidity of mist was associated with increased leader shoot length. These results indicate, that there is a risk of foliar injury and changes in growth of red spruce with cloud water at a median acidity of pH 3.5 or below, especially when there are high concentrations of sulfate and low concentrations of nitrate.
The complexity of the real world in the context of the field tradition in geomorphology

Abstract Among the dominant twentieth century conceptual models of geomorphology that rely on insights resulting from field-based research are Stanley A. Schumm's formulations of complex response, intrinsic thresholds, river metamorphosis, and spatial zonation of drainage basins. Schumm's research focused primarily on finer grained alluvial channels in lower relief environments. As a result of his work, most investigators now approach river process and form within a framework based on three fundamental assumptions. First, channel changes are abrupt and driven by crossing external and internal thresholds. Second, channel change is likely to be asynchronous, resulting in different portions of a river or a river network behaving in very different manners at a given point in time. Third, different portions of a river network are dominated by distinct disturbance regimes and resulting suites of geomorphic processes and forms. More recent research on resistant-boundary mountain channels illustrates how field evidence demonstrates that river process and form are inherently nonlinear, with spatial and temporal thresholds. Multithread channels can form within unconfined valley segments in mountainous river networks of the Colorado Front Range, but only in the presence of biotic drivers in the form of (i) old-growth forest that facilitates the formation of closely spaced, channel-spanning logjams or (ii) beavers that build dams. Thresholds of channel and valley geometry govern the occurrence and persistence of jams and dams, and these channel obstructions initiate specific nonlinear responses in valley and channel form. When the biotic drivers are removed, river metamorphosis occurs. Alluvial channels, which are typically regarded as being relatively responsive to changes in water and sediment yield and substrate composition, and channels with more resistant boundaries that typically respond to external changes over longer timespans exhibit nonlinear complex behavior. In both cases, the nonlinear behavior of rivers with numerous interdependent variables, multiple internal and external thresholds, and complex responses would be difficult to conceptualize and quantify in the absence of extensive field data. One of the management implications of complex, nonlinear behavior is that a one-size-fits-all approach to managing rivers is inadequate. Field research, initially focused on understanding specific examples of river process and form, revealed underlying patterns that give rise to conceptual models broadly applicable within fluvial geomorphology.
Impact of alcohol on the histological and clinical progression of Hepatitis C infection

In patients infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), 20% to 30% will progress to cirrhosis in over two to three decades. Viral and host factors that are important in the clinical and histologic progression of HCV infection are not entirely certain. It has been suggested that liver disease is worse in alcoholics infected with HCV. In the present retrospective study, we examined the effect of moderate alcohol intake on the histologic and clinical progression of HCV infection and assessed whether other variables such as gender, length of exposure, mode of exposure, HCV RNA levels, and ferritin levels also independently impacted disease progression. Liver biopsies were analyzed for the degree of fibrosis, presence of cirrhosis, and histologic activity by using the Histologic Activity Index of Knodell. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether their alcohol intake was significant or not significant. Significant alcohol intake was defined as > 40 g alcohol/day in women and > 60 g of alcohol/day in men for > 5 years. Groups were further divided based on the decades of exposure to HCV. There was no difference in the age or length of exposure to HCV in the alcohol and the alcohol-free group. HCV RNA serum levels, ferritin levels, and viral genotypes were similar in both groups. There was a two- to threefold greater risk of liver cirrhosis and decompensated liver disease in the alcohol group. Also, the rate to which subjects developed cirrhosis was faster in the alcohol group with 58% being cirrhotic by the second decade as opposed to 10% being cirrhotic in the nonalcohol group by the second decade. The histologic and clinical acceleration of liver disease was independent of the mode of exposure or sex. In summary, alcohol intake is an independent risk factor in the clinical and histologic progression of HCV infection.
Noise in reflection-type secondary electron emission☆

Abstract Secondary emission fluctuations have been measured over a broad primary energy range in the reflection mode in some metals and several thin film oxide emitters. It is found that generally in both the metal and oxide emitters the ratio of the second moment to the first moment of the single electron probability distribution approaches a limiting value above the peak in the yield which is independent of the primary energy. The spectrum is found to be white for all materials measured.