cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous optimization and heat integration of chemical processes

A procedure is proposed for simultaneously handling the problem of optimal heat integration while performing the optimization of process flow sheets. The method is based on including a set of constraints into the nonlinear process optimization problem so as to insure that the minimum utility target for heat recovery networks is featured. These heat integration constraints, which do not require temperature intervals for their definition, are based on a proposed representation for locating pinch points that can vary according to every set of process stream conditions (flow rates and temperatures) selected in the optimization path. The underlying mathematical formulations correspond to nondifferentiable optimization problems, and an efficient smooth approximation method is proposed for their solution. An example problem on a chemical process is presented to illustrate the economic savings that can be obtained with the proposed simultaneous approach. The method reduces to simple models for the case of fixed flow rates and temperatures.
Effect of Feed or Light Restriction During the Growing and Breeding Cycles on the Reproductive Performance of Broad Breasted White Turkey Males

Abstract Restriction of day length or feed consumption of winter-hatched Broad Breasted White turkey males were evaluated for their effects on reproductive performance. Sixty-four turkey males, 18 weeks of age, were selected on the basis of conformation and body weight and randomly divided into four treatment groups. Treatments differed with respect to feeding and lighting schedules as follows: (1) full-fed; ambient light, 18–28 weeks of age; 15L/9D, 28–66 weeks of age; (2) restricted-fed, light schedule as in (1); (3) full-fed, 12L/12D, 18–66 weeks of age; and (4) full-fed; 8L/16D, 18–66 weeks of age. Individual body weights and group feed consumption were determined for each treatment. Individual males were periodically evaluated for semen quality and quantity, beginning at 32 weeks of age. Four groups, each containing 16 individually caged females, were inseminated with pooled semen from the respective male treatment groups to determine fertility during a 20-week egg production period. Restricting daily feed consumption to approximately 50% of the feed consumed by full-fed males resulted in a 30% reduction in body weight at 30 weeks of age; body weight for restricted-fed males was significantly less (P≤.05) than that of full-fed males through 65 weeks of age. Regression analysis of semen volume indicated that restricted-fed males receiving 15 hours of light, and full-fed males receiving either 12 or 8 hours of light per day, produced increasing semen volumes over a 30 week collection period (from 32 to 62 weeks of age), while full-fed males receiving 15 hours of light per day exhibited a decline in semen production. Fertility of eggs from B.B.W. turkey hens, inseminated with semen from restricted-fed males was significantly (P≤0.05) higher than fertility following inseminations from full-fed male groups receiving 15, 12 or 8 hours of light per day. The seasonal decline in semen quality and quantity, often experienced in turkey breeder males, was prevented through the use of the feed restriction program. Males in the restricted-fed group were also easier to handle and ejaculate than males from the full-fed groups. Restricting feed intake resulted in a 55% saving in feed consumed.
Self-regulatory processes underlying structural stigma and health

In this article, we examine self-regulatory processes that are initiated by structural stigma. To date, the literature on self-regulation as a mechanism that underlies stigma and health outcomes has focused primarily on harmful health-related behaviors that are associated with perceived discrimination. Numerous studies find that when people experience discrimination, they are more likely to engage in behaviors that pose risks for health, such as overeating and substance use. However, a large body of literature also finds that low power - which is also a chronic, though often more subtle, experience for stigmatized groups - is associated with a heightened activation of inhibitory processes. This inhibition system has wide-ranging influences on cognition, behavior, and affect. We provide an overview of these two literatures, examine synergies, and propose potential implications for measurement and research design.
An opportunistic installation service: economy of scale for asynchronous reads

Object-based caching is a natural design choice for an object-based application and also offers the potential of improved memory utilization. However, in comparison to page-based caching, an object cache may introduce additional disk reads. These installation reads are required to install modified objects onto their corresponding disk pages. We propose a new operating system service that significantly reduces the cost of installation reads. This opportunistic installation service allows applications to benefit from an economy of scale available in scheduling a large pool of asynchronous disk reads.
The Use of Interval-Valued Probability Measures in Optimization Under Uncertainty for Problems Containing a Mixture of Fuzzy, Possibilisitic, and Interval Uncertainty

A simple definition of interval-valued probability measure is given and its implications examined. Properties are discussed which allow for the analysis of mixtures of fuzzy, possibilistic, probabilistic, cloud, and interval uncertainty utilizing interval-valued probability theory. It is shown how these properties allow for optimization under uncertainty where the uncertainty is mixed (fuzzy, possibilitic, probabilistic, clouds, and interval ). An example of this type of optimization is given illustrating the usefulness and power of the concepts.
Sex-Related Mortality of White Ibis (Eudocimus albus) Nestlings During a Starvation Event

Abstract During a time of food stress, we observed sex-biased mortality during the nestling stage in a sexually size dimorphic species of wading bird, the White Ibis (Eudocimus albus). Over four days spread out over a week, we captured a total of 180 25–32 d old White Ibis nestlings from a colony of several thousand breeding pairs. On sequential capture dates we caught significantly fewer females than males. Through this time period male nestlings had higher body condition indices (mass/tarsus) than females, though the rates at which male and female body condition increased over the week were not significantly different. Several sources of evidence suggest that our sampling was not sex-biased and was reflective of actual changes in abundance of males and females. These data indicate that despite the greater caloric requirements of males, their larger size may have conferred a competitive advantage over female siblings in obtaining food from parents during a time of food shortage.
The Choice Between Audit and Consulting Services in the Post-SOX Environment

I examine factors influencing accounting firms’ and their clients’ decisions to pursue an auditing vs. consulting relationship. I employ the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) prohibition on providing both services to the same clients as a natural experiment. Because Deloitte & Touche was the only Big 4 firm to retain its consulting division post-SOX, I compare Deloitte’s client switch and retention decisions to those made by its direct competitors. In this context, I investigate how the decision to continue or terminate an audit relationship is influenced by auditor industry specialization, the historical provision of auditor-provided consulting services and the likelihood that the client will require consulting services in the future. I find that there is a preference for auditing when the auditor is a specialist in the client's industry, and there is a preference for consulting when the auditor-provided consulting services in the past and the client is likely to require consulting services in the future (as proxied by high free cash flow, M&A activity, Debt and Equity issuance activity, and high growth opportunities). I also report empirical evidence on audit effectiveness and efficiency in cases where the auditor and its client discontinued the audit in order to maintain a consulting relationship. Although there was no impact on audit effectiveness, the auditor switches reduced efficiency as evidenced by significantly higher audit fees. This study is relevant to the current audit environment because public accounting firms that spun-off their consulting divisions around the enactment of SOX are in the process of rebuilding their consulting practices and must now choose between providing audit and consulting services to their clients. It may also be pertinent to European policy makers who are currently considering a proposal to limit auditors’ ability to jointly offer audit and consulting services to the same client.
Trends in AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections among Men Who Have Sex with Men and among Injecting Drug Users, 1991–1996

Incidence trends for the 13 most frequent AIDS-defining opportunistic infections (OIs) among men who have sex with men (MSM, n = 15,588) and injecting drug users (IDUs, n = 4475) were examined using data abstracted from medical records in >90 hospitals and clinics in nine US cities during 1991-1996. Among MSM, the most frequent OIs were Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis; decreasing (P < or = .05) trends occurred for 11 OIs (MAC disease, PCP, CMV retinitis, Kaposi's sarcoma, esophageal candidiasis, CMV disease, extrapulmonary cryptococcosis, toxoplasmic encephalitis, tuberculosis, chronic herpes simplex, and disseminated histoplasmosis). Among IDUs, the most frequent OIs were PCP, MAC disease, and esophageal candidiasis; decreasing trends occurred for 5 OIs (PCP, esophageal candidiasis, tuberculosis, chronic herpes simplex, and chronic cryptosporidiosis) and an increase occurred in recurrent pneumonia. The differences in trends for MSM and IDUs may be due to differences in medical care and adherence to preventive medications.
Long-term Probability of and Mortality From De Novo Malignancy After Liver Transplantation

Background & Aims Information about malignancies that arise in patients after liver transplantation comes from volunteer registry databases and single-center retrospective studies. We analyzed a multicenter, prospectively obtained database to assess the probabilities of and risk factors for de novo malignancies in patients after liver transplantation. Methods We analyzed the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases' liver transplantation database of 798 adults who received transplants from April 1990 to June 1994 and long-term follow-up data through January 2003. In this patient population, 171 adult patients developed 271 de novo malignancies. Of these malignancies, 147 were skin-related, 29 were hematologic, and 95 were solid organ cancers; we focused on nonskin malignancies. Results The probability of developing any nonskin malignancy was highest in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC; 22% at 10 years) or alcohol-related liver disease (ALD; 18% at 10 years); all other diagnoses had a 10% probability. Multivariate analysis indicated that increased age by decade (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.33, P = .01), a history of smoking (HR = 1.6, P = .046), PSC (HR = 2.5, P = .001), and ALD (HR = 2.1, P = .01) were associated with development of solid malignancies after liver transplantation. The probabilities of death after diagnosis of hematologic and solid malignancy were 44.0% and 38.0% at 1 year and 57.6% and 53.1% at 5 years, respectively. Conclusions De novo malignancy primarily affects patients with PSC or ALD, compared to other transplant recipients, with a significant impact on long-term survival.
Medial Occipital Lobe Hyperperfusion Identified by Arterial Spin-Labeling: A Poor Prognostic Sign in Patients with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy carries an uncertain prognosis. We sought to retrospectively assess the prognostic value of arterial spin-labeling MR imaging in 22 adult patients diagnosed with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Quantitative CBF maps were generated from the M0 map, and arterial spin-labeling data on a per-voxel basis were regionally interrogated via visual inspection and ROI placement. Hyperperfusion was defined as regional increases in CBF of >20% (relative to global CBF) and/or >100 mL/100 g/min. Eleven of 22 patients had prominent bilateral medial occipital lobe hyperperfusion, all of whom died before hospital discharge. One patient who had nondistinct arterial spin-labeling hyperperfusion and restricted diffusion survived. Medial occipital lobe hyperperfusion is a distinctive pattern that merits prospective investigation in a cohort of patients with moderate hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy to determine its predictive ability in patients with a higher likelihood of survival.
Precaution Has its Reasons

Today precaution is not only a watchword; it is a booming industry. On an unprecedented scale, governments are incentivizing investment in risk reductions vis-a-vis planetary climate change, biosphere degradation and massive losses of biodiversity. Indeed, precaution rhetoric is increasingly displacing cool-headed assessment rhetoric as public policy. Still, despite being “now an established principle of environmental governance, prominent in law, policy and management instruments at international, regional and domestic level, across such diverse areas as pollution, toxic chemicals, food and phytosanitary standards, fisheries management, species introductions and wildlife trade,” precaution has not been clearly differentiated from conventional risk assessment. In public policy settings, precaution is conceptualized simply as “the” alternative or contrast to risk assessment, as follows: precaution is acting so as to avoid serious potential harm, despite lack of scientific certainty as to the likelihood, magnitude, or causation of that harm. This is nothing more than overt, public risk aversion. Worse, it fosters undifferentiated conservatism, as people are quite generally more comfortable with the “devil they know.” (People typically consider driving a personal automobile as less risky than air travel for precisely this reason.) There are several — and better — ways to conceptualize precaution. The first order of business of this essay is to show that these are nonoverlapping. The second order of business is to articulate one decided reason for taking precaution seriously. In the process we shall see also that traditional risk assessment, also known as cost-benefit analysis (CBA), does not take precaution seriously. Cost-benefit analysis is nowadays pervasive. This fact represents the ascendancy of a decision making calculus that grew out of 20th century British moral theory, especially Utilitarianism, and culminated in 1944 with publication of John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern’s pioneering work Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, where for the first time appeared the doctrine now familiarly known as the theory of expected utility (EU). According to this theory, to be rational in practical matters is simply to maximize expected utility. And risk analysis seeks to do just that — typically by measuring expected utility in monetary terms. But EU treats risk evenly wherever it finds it: increments of hangnail (trivial) risk are treated on a par with same-size increments of catastrophic risk. This is irrational, particularly if the catastrophic outcome in question is irreversible — a point of no return. So if we are to observe precaution in such cases, we have to go beyond traditional risk analysis.
Accelerated algorithms for Eigen-Value Decomposition with application to spectral clustering

Fast and accurate numerical algorithms for Eigen-Value Decomposition (EVD) are of great importance in solving many engineering problems. In this paper, we aim to develop algorithms for finding the leading eigen pairs with improved convergence speed compared to existing methods. We introduce several accelerated methods based on the power iterations where the main modification is to introduce a memory term in the iteration, similar to Nesterov's acceleration. Results on convergence and the speed of convergence are presented on a proposed method termed Memory-based Accelerated Power with Scaling (MAPS). Nesterov's acceleration for the power iteration is also presented. We discuss possible application of the proposed algorithm to (distributed) clustering problems based on spectral clustering. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms enjoy faster convergence rates than the power method for matrix eigen-decomposition problems.
Cercospora Leaf Spot of Abelia

Abelia (A. grandiflora (Andre) Rehd.) is widely grown as an ornamental shrub in the South. In midsummer, beginning about the middle of June, the leaves become spotted with irregular, diffuse, purple to brown spots. These commonly abscise and fall. New foliage forms on the denuded shoots, and this in turn becomes spotted and abscises, so that, by the end of September, the shrubs are almost completely defoliated. Then, with the advent of cool weather in late fall, new leaves develop, and these remain healthy green until the following summer. This defoliation has been accepted by nurserymen and gardeners as natural. This paper presents evidence to show that this summer de? foliation is not natural (Abelia grandi flora is an evergreen plant) but the result of infection by an apparently undescribed species of Cercospora. As far as the writer has been able to determine, no Cercospora has ever been described on this host. The pathogen is therefore described as a new species.
The Origin and Status of the Mammalian Order Tillodontia

The early Tertiary group Tillodontia is shown to have been derived from or near the middle Paleocene arctocyonid “Claenodon” procyonoides , which may be related also to the Tricuspiodontidae. The nature of mammalian orders is discussed, with the conclusion that the Tillodontia are best placed as a suborder of the Condylarthra.
Biological Observations on and Distribution of the Spotted Alfalfa Aphid in Wisconsin

Life-history data on the spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis trifolii (Monell)[4][1] were obtained in the laboratory by Graham (1959) through use of constant-temperature cabinets and by Messenger (1964), who used bioclimatic chambers which simulated daily fluctuating conditions of temperature and humidity. Nielson and Barnes (1957) made both laboratory studies and field studies in a lath house. Harpaz (1955) reared aphids caged in hurricane-lamp cimneys on potted alfalfa plants placed on an open porch. Only Dickson et al. (1955) caged aphids plants growing under normal field conditions. Their cages were made of 32-mesh/in. plastic screen fastened over metal frames large enough to accommodate entire mature plant. Because the spotted alfalfa aphid readily jumps when disturbed, they lost many of their experimental insects. [1]: #fn-3
Before the Wall Came Tumbling Down Ephemerality and Chicago’s Wall of Respect, 1967-1971

This article examines the well-known community mural, the Wall of Respect, begun on Chicago’s South Side in 1967, from the perspective of its ephemerality. A product of the Organization of Black American Culture’s (OBAC) Visual Arts Workshop, the Wall inspired similar murals across the United States. Completed at a moment when positive images of African Americans were scarce in the mainstream media, the Wall was filled with portraits of Black cultural and political leaders divided into eight sections (e.g., jazz, religion, politics, sports) accompanied by black and white photographic panels and text. The mural was conceived from the outset not as a static work, but as imagery which would change in response to community demands. Thus, the rise of the Black Power and Black Arts movements was registered in a series of alterations to the mural, outlined here, before its destruction in 1971.
Detection of structural waters and their role in structural dynamics of rhodopsin activation

Conserved structural waters trapped within GPCRs may form water networks indispensable for GPCR's signaling functions. Radiolysis-based hydroxyl radical footprinting (HRF) strategies coupled to mass spectrometry have been used to explore the structural waters within rhodopsin in multiple signaling states. These approaches, combined with (18)O labeling, can be used to identify the locations of structural waters in the transmembrane region and measure rates of water exchange with bulk solvent. Reorganizations of structural waters upon activation of signaling can be explicitly observed with this approach, and this provides a unique look at the structural modules driving the signaling process.
Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome

Juvenile Polyposis is a hamartomatous polyposis syndrome with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. Patients commonly present with anemia or rectal bleeding in the first two decades of life. These polyps may range from a few to over a 100 in number, and most often are located within the colon or rectum, but may also be found in the stomach and occasionally in the small intestine. Germline mutations in BMPR1A or SMAD4 are responsible for approximately one-half of cases, and the predisposing gene for the other half is unknown. The diagnosis of JP carries with it an increased risk of GI malignancy, particularly of the colon, rectum, and stomach. Screening with colonoscopy and upper endoscopy begins when symptoms develop or at age 15, and colon polyps should be removed endoscopically when possible. Surgical treatment is reserved for those with large numbers of polyps, polyps with dysplasia or cancer, significant anemia, or extensive gastric involvement.
Categorizing cubes: Revisiting pose normalization

This paper introduces and analyzes the novel task of categorical classification of cuboidal objects — e.g., distinguishing washing machines versus filing cabinets. To do so, it makes use of recent methods for automatic alignment of cuboidal objects in images. Given such geometric alignments, the natural approach for recognition might extract pose-normalized appearance features from a canonically-aligned coordinate frame. Though such approaches are extraordinarily common, we demonstrate that they are not optimal, both theoretically and empirically. One reason is that such approaches require accurate shape alignment. However, even with ground-truth alignment, pose-normalized representations may still be sub-optimal. Instead, we introduce methods based on pose-synthesis, a somewhat simple approach of augmenting training data with geometrically perturbed training samples. We demonstrate, both theoretically and empirically, that synthesis is a surprisingly simple but effective strategy that allows for state-of-the-art categorization and automatic 3D alignment. To aid our empirical analysis, we introduce a novel dataset for cuboidal object categorization.
Prognostic factors in localized prostatic carcinoma.

AbstractSerial histological sections were performed in 54 radical prostatectomy specimens in an attempt to identify prognostic factors responsible for dissemination of prostatic cancer. Factors considered in the study included clinical versus pathological staging, histological grading of the biopsy specimen compared to the final pathological result, intraprostatic tumor distribution and deoxyribonucleic acid analysis of the tumor by flow cytometry in the last 33 cases. In patients with clinical stages A2 and Bl disease pathological findings were in accord in 78 per cent (11 of 14). However, only 3 of 40 patients with clinical stage B2 tumor had pathological stage B2 disease. Histologically, 72 per cent of the tumors were bilateral. Microscopic involvement of the capsule per se did not appear to influence lymph node invasion, since only 1 of 27 patients with microscopic capsular involvement had pelvic lymph node raetastasis. However, 9 of 13 patients with seminal vesicle involvement had pelvic lymph node m...
Software for Genome-Wide Association Studies in Autopolyploids and Its Application to Potato.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are widely used in diploid species to study complex traits in diversity and breeding populations, but GWAS software tailored to autopolyploids is lacking. The objectives of this research were to (i) develop an R package for autopolyploids based on the Q + K mixed model, (ii) validate the software with simulated data, and (iii) analyze a diversity panel of tetraploid potatoes. A unique feature of the R package, called GWASpoly, is its ability to model different types of polyploid gene action, including additive, simplex dominant, and duplex dominant. Using a simulated tetraploid population, we confirmed our hypothesis that statistical power is higher when the assumed gene action in the GWAS model matches the gene action at unobserved quantitative trait loci (QTL). Thirteen traits were analyzed in the Solanaceae Coordinated Agricultural Project (SolCAP) potato diversity panel and, consistent with previous studies, significant QTL for tuber shape and eye depth colocalized on chromosome 10. For the other traits, only marginally significant QTL were detected, most likely due to insufficient statis tical power: for simulated traits with a heritability (h 2 ) of 0.3, the median genome-wide power was only 0.01. Our results indicate that both marker density and population size were limiting factors for GWAS with the SolCAP panel.
PTH-016 Post colonoscopy colorectal cancer (pccrc) rates – a district general hospital experience

Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United Kingdom. Colonoscopy is recommended first line investigation for CRC. Most studies recommend counselling patients undergoing colonoscopy about a “miss rate” of up to 6%. 1 The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the frequency of post colonoscopy colorectal cancer (PCCRC) in a District General Hospital. Method Data for all patients with a new diagnosis of CRC were obtained from our local colorectal cancer services between Jan 2011 to Sept 2014. We identified all patients who have had colonoscopy within 36 months of a CRC diagnosis. PCCRC was defined as those who had colonoscopy within 6–36 months of diagnosis, whereas the cancers were classified as “detected” if diagnosis was made within 6 month of preceding colonoscopy. Patients with incomplete colonoscopy were excluded. Results 494 patients were diagnosed with CRC. Of these, 161 patients had a colonoscopy within 36 months preceding diagnosis. 2.5% (4/161) patients were found to have PCCRC. 75% were male and mean age of the patients was 77 years (range 61–86 years). Bowel preparation was reported to be good in all procedures. The location of the PCCRC was sigmoid (2), descending colon (1) and transverse colon (1). The indication for colonoscopy was anaemia (2), bleeding per rectum (1) and Crohn’s colitis surveillance (1). Only 1 colonoscopy detected colonic polyp, tubulovillous adenoma with high grade dysplasia; however this was not followed up as per guidelines. The mean time between colonoscopy and definitive colon cancer diagnosis was 30 months (range 19–36 months). All patients with PCCRC died with a mean survival time of 376 days from the time of cancer diagnosis. Two of these four patients had metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis with one of the patient had extensive metastasis and died within 16 days of diagnosis. Conclusion In our study, rate of PCCRC was 2.5%, although this rate is low compared to most studies 2 but it has serious implications and may lead to diagnosis at an advanced stage. It is prudent to audit the miss rate of colonoscopy to improve colonoscopy quality and the rate of PCCRC occurrence should be incorporated as a quality indicator of a colonoscopy service Disclosure of interest None Declared. References Bressler B, Paszat LF, Chen Z et al . Rates of new or missed colorectal cancers after colonoscopy and their risk factors: a population-based analysis. Gastroenterology 2007;132:96–102 Morris EJ, Rutter MD, Finan PJ et al . Post-colonoscopy colorectal cancer (PCCRC) rates vary considerably depending on the method used to calculate them: a retrospective observational population-based study of PCCRC in the English National Health Service. Gut 2014. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308362
Inhibition of adenosine cyclic 3', 5'-monophosphate accumulation in fat cells by adenosine, N6-(phenylisopropyl) adenosine, and related compounds.

The hypothesis that adenosine may serve as a physiologica1 feedback regulator of adenylate cyclase in rat white fat cells was examined. Adenosine (0.2 µM), when added to incubated fat cells, caused 50% inhibition of the increase in adenosine cyclic 39,59-monophosphate accumulation due to 1.5 µM norepinephrine in the presence and absence of methylxanthines. The onset of adenosine inhibition was rapid and, if added 1 min after activators of adenylate cyclase, it reduced cyclic AMP accumulation during the next minute. Adenosine 59-monophosphate and adenosine 59-triphosphate were less effective than adenosine as inhibitors of cyclic AMP accumulation. Of a variety of nucleosides only N 6 -(phenylisopropyl)adenosine was more effective than adenosine in inhibiting cyclic AMP accumulation. Under conditions in which adenosine markedly reduced the small increase in cyclic AMP accumulation due to norepinephrine alone, it did not reduce lipolysis. In contrast, insulin reduced lipolysis but had a smaller effect on cyclic AMP accumulation. Adenosine inhibited lipolysis in the presence of insulin but produced no greater effect on cyclic AMP accumulation than was seen with adenosine alone. Drugs such as dipyridamole or papaverine did not affect cyclic AMP accumulation due to norepinephrine or block the inhibitory action of adenosine. Inhibition of cyclic AMP accumulation by adenosine was demonstrable also when cells were incubated in calcium-free buffer containing 0.25 mM ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether)- N,N 9-tetraacetic acid. The addition of adenosine deaminase to incubated fat cells increased basal lipolysis and cyclic AMP and potentiated the norepinephrine-induced increase in cyclic AMP. The present results suggest that adenosine or related compounds may serve a physiologically important function as feedback regulators of adenylate cyclase.
Total-Ionizing-Dose Effects in Piezoresistive Micromachined Cantilevers

We evaluate the response of T-shaped, asymmetric, piezoresistive, micromachined cantilevers fabricated on p-type Si to 10-keV X-ray irradiation. The resonant frequency decreases by 25 ppm at 2.1 Mrad(SiO2), and partially recovers during post-irradiation annealing. An explanation of the results is proposed that is based on radiation-induced acceptor depassivation. This occurs because radiation-generated holes release hydrogen from previously passivated acceptors, causing the carrier concentration to increase, especially near the surface. Increased carrier concentration decreases Young’s modulus, resulting in a decrease in the cantilever resonant frequency. Finite element simulations show that the effect of a decreasing Young’s modulus in the surface region is consistent with the measured decrease in resonant frequency in the irradiated devices.
Environmental Health Surveillance at the 1976 Festival of American Folklife1

Overall the 1976 Festival of American Folklife was a highly successful affair both from a cultural and environmental health standpoint. Although a number of health-related problems arose on a day-to-day basis, close surveillance and prompt action on the part of the onsite sanitarian made it possible to secure early resolution of them with no ill effects among either visitors or the Festival staff. Logistically, planning and conducting of the comprehensive Smithsonian Institute (SI) food operations involving 50 different ethnic groups was an accomplishment worthy of note. Even more important, however, was the fact that during the entire time the Government Services, Inc. and SI food service operations were in progress, there was not a single case of foodborne illness associated with foods and beverages served to an estimated 500,000 persons onsite. This was in large measure due to the excellent cooperative assistance furnished by health agency personnel in the District of Columbia and the surrounding counties in Maryland and Virginia. These personnel inspected the many food establishments within their jurisdictions which served as sources for foods served at the Festival. All individuals and groups assisting directly or indirectly with this aspect of the Festival may justly be proud of the achievement.
A note on the effectiveness of vitamin B12 in the treatment of tropical sprue in relapse.

Three cases of tropical sprue were treated with repeated injections of vitamin B 12 and showed dramatic and sustained therapeutic responses.
HIV Infection of Macrophages: Implications for Pathogenesis and Cure

Although CD4 + T cells represent the major reservoir of persistent HIV and SIV infection, accumulating evidence suggests that macrophages also contribute. However, investigations of the role of macrophages are often underrepresented at HIV pathogenesis and cure meetings. This was the impetus for a scientific workshop dedicated to this area of study, held in Cambridge, MA in January 2017. The workshop brought together experts in the fields of HIV/SIV immunology/virology, macrophage biology and immunology, and animal models of HIV/SIV infection to facilitate discussions regarding the role of macrophages as a physiologically relevant viral reservoir, and the implications of macrophage infection for HIV pathogenesis and cure strategies. An emerging consensus that infected macrophages likely persist in the setting of combination antiretroviral therapy, driving persistent inflammation and contributing to the viral reservoir, indicate the importance of addressing macrophages as well as CD4 + T cells with future therapeutic strategies.
Integrated Taas with Fault Detection and Test Algebra

Testing-as-a-Service (TaaS) is a software testing service in a cloud that can leverage the computation power provided by the cloud. Specifically, a TaaS can be scaled to large and dynamic workloads, executed in a distributed environment with hundreds of thousands of processors, and these processors may support concurrent and distributed test execution and analysis. This chapter proposes a TaaS system based on AR and TA for combinatorial testing (CT). AR performs testing and identifies faulty interactions, and TA eliminates related configurations from testing and there can be carried out concurrently. By combining these two, it is possible to perform large CT that was not possible before. Specifically, experiments with \(2^{50}\) components with \(2.83*10^{87}\) 6-way interactions with about \(2^{1.1*10^{15}}\) configurations were performed, and this may be the largest CT experimentation as of 2014. 98.6% of configurations have been eliminated out of total number of configurations.
Behavioral and Neurological Effects of Aspartame

The effects of high doses of aspartame on sensorimotor function were studied in rats. Intragastric administration of 250 to 1000 mg/kg of aspartame had no effect on the magnitude of the acoustic startle reflex, prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex, or motor activity, all of which are sensitive to the effects of convulsant agents, including picrotoxin, strychnine, and lindane. Aspartame also had no effects on the acquisition or retention of a passive avoidance task or a two-way shuttle box response. These data indicate that aspartame has little, if any, effect on sensorimotor functioning of rats, at least in single doses up to 1000 mg/kg.
Effect of Population-Specific Birthweight Curves on Disparities in Perinatal Mortality in Small-for-Gestational Age Pregnancies.

Objective To determine the effect of adopting sex or race/ethnicity-specific birthweight curves on small-for-gestational age (SGA)-associated mortality rates for specific populations. Materials and Methods Analyzing 20,095,735 singleton pregnancies, we compared rates of perinatal death associated with SGA in distinct sex and racial/ethnic groups when SGA was defined using nonspecific, sex-specific, and race/ethnicity-specific birthweight curves. Results With use of a nonspecific birthweight curve, the rate of perinatal death was higher for SGA males (20.4/1,000 [95% confidence interval (CI), 20.1, 20.7]) than SGA females [14.6/1,000 (95% CI, 14.4, 14.8)]. With a sex-specific curve, this disparity was reduced, measuring 17.7/1,000 (95% CI, 17.4, 17.9) for SGA males and 16.3/1,000 (95% CI, 16.1, 16.6) for females. Using a nonspecific birthweight curve, perinatal death rates were higher for non-Hispanic blacks (20.4/1,000 [95% CI, 20.0, 20.8]) than for all other racial/ethnic groups (15.9/1,000 [95% CI, 15.7, 16.1]). This difference increased with use of a race-specific birthweight curve: perinatal mortality was 29.7/1,000 (95% CI, 29.0, 30.3) for SGA blacks and 14.7/1,000 (95% CI, 14.6, 14.9) for all other racial/ethnic groups. Conclusion Population-based differences in SGA-associated mortality are reduced with adoption of a sex-specific birthweight curve, but widen with use of a race/ethnicity-specific curve. These findings highlight the importance of outcomes analysis in the selection of diagnostic criteria for SGA.
Extinction and democracy: wildness, wilderness, and global conservation

As the extinction crisis deepens, global conservation efforts have been troubled by important social and intellectual critiques. To work through these problems, genuine cross-cultural dialogue is needed to reflect diverse ways of relating to nature that generate democratic and politically legitimate conservation regimes. The concept of wildness - as distinguished from wilderness, and strict approaches to protected areas (PAs) generally - holds special potential to support such dialogue. This is because wildness can speak effectively to the hybrid character of new ecological politics that link claims of ecological and social justice as questions of democracy. Wildness should therefore be amplified as a 'keystone concept' for 21st century conservation. Without wildness, connections between humankind and other-kind threaten to unravel further, with grave consequences for future ecologies and human communities.
Case 28: Laparoscopic Achalasia Surgery

A laparoscopic surgery for achalasia is just about completed. At that point the surgeon often asks the anesthesiologist to insufflate the stomach with air. This is done to make sure sutures are doing their job and no leak is seen. The anesthesiologist usually does this with a large syringe attached to the proximal end of the patient’s nasogastric tube. This technique is not easy to do and has limitations. The main problem with this technique is that it is very difficult to maintain a steady pressure in the stomach.
Grid-level “battery” operation of chemical processes and demand-side participation in short-term electricity markets

Abstract The participation of power-intensive industrial chemical processes in short-term electricity markets (STMs) in addition to long-term markets (LTMs) is considered. STMs are highly volatile with dynamics of the order of seconds to minutes. It is thus imperative that production scheduling for chemical process participation in such markets (1) be carried out repeatedly to reflect ongoing changes in market conditions (2) account for process dynamics to guarantee feasibility, since frequent changes in production rate targets imply transient plant operation. To address these challenges, a novel production scheduling framework is formulated, consisting of a fixed-horizon scheduling problem for the LTM and a shrinking-horizon scheduling problem for response to STM changes. A case study illustrates that unused demand response (DR) potential from the LTM can be strategically deployed in STMs to improve grid operations and increase profit for the chemical process.
Bipolar Mood Disorders

The emotional and socioeconomic impact of bipolar disorders may be comparable to or greater than that of unipolar depression. This chapter examines the clinical features of bipolar depression, reviews the biological bases of the disorder, and discusses its pharmacological management with emphasis on clinical varieties, degrees of severity, phases of treatment, and the use of specific antidepressant agents and mood stabilizers. Bipolar depression is characterized by prominent melancholic features, and carries the risk of quickly evolving into hypomanic or manic symptoms as a result of pharmacological interventions or internal neurophysiological and neurohormonal mechanisms. Its management may also be complicated by rapid cycling or mixed bipolar presentations. The treatment of bipolar depression therefore requires some variations in the conventional use of antidepressants. The choice of initial treatment may be either lithium (whose antidepressant effects appear to be more evident in this patient population) or one of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). At the same time, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) seem to be more effective than the traditional tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and some of the second-generation antidepressants such as bupropion are promising. The newer non-SSRI antidepressants have not yet been extensively tested in bipolar depression. The antidepressant effects of anticonvulsants appear to be less marked in bipolar depression than in unipolar or other kinds of depression, but, used in combination with lithium, they reduce the likelihood of relapse or recurrence. Finally, there appears to be some justification for the use of adjuvant agents, such as thyroid replacement, stimulants, or calcium channel blockers. Antipsychotics to treat psychotic symptoms and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in the case of severe, refractory depression are also indicated. Comprehensive treatment should generally involve combining pharmacological management with appropriate psychotherapeutic and psychosocial approaches.
Weight Distributions and Moments for a Certain Class of Orthogonal Polynomials

Suppose {ϕ m (x)} ∞ m=0 is an orthogonal polynomial sequence of solutions to the real differential equation We shall show how to construct an orthogonalizing weight distribution for {ϕ m (x)}.
Novel Back Gate Doping Ultra Low Retention Power 22nm FDSOl SRAM for IOT Application

This paper presents a 0.110um2Ultra Low Leakage (ULL) 6T-SRAM for Internet Of Things (lOT) application with competitive 0.7pA/cell retention leakage and $\pmb{1.45}\mathbf{mV}^{\ast}\mathbf{um}$ transistor mismatch coefficient (AVT). A back gate doping method to control the sub-threshold leakage is demonstrated on 22FDX™ (a 22nm FDSOI technology), which increases VT while maintaining the same AVT as compared to the case with no back gate doping. We demonstrate extremely low retention voltage (Vret) capability down to 0.35V on a 32Mb SRAM array with a corresponding SRAM VDD domain retention leakage of 0.9uA/Mb at 0.5V.
A Method to Extract Soiling Loss Data from Soiling Stations with Imperfect Cleaning Schedules

Typical PV soiling stations determine the natural soiling losses by comparing the output of a naturally soiled PV cell to that of a PV cell maintained in the clean state. Inadequate cleaning frequency, equipment failure, or human error provides opportunity for the cleaned cell to soil, directly resulting in error in the reported soiling ratio. This work investigates an algorithm to automatically detect and correct the data stream for errors associated with soiling of the clean cell. The methodology is tested on several soiling stations with irregular cleaning schedules as well as two soiling stations where both ideal and imperfect cleaning schedules are in place. The initial results show that the algorithm can reduce error associated with imperfect cleaning but also confirms the benefits of maintaining an optimal cleaning schedule.
Assessing Team Development in an Engineering Project-Based Course

This Innovative Practice full paper discusses the use of a newly created Teamwork Evaluation Worksheet in an undergraduate professional development course for engineering and applied science students. This course covers topics not typically taught in other engineering courses, including leadership, teamwork, ethics, project management, technical writing, public speaking, and entrepreneurship. Students work in groups to complete a series of projects, each emphasizing a different skillset or theme. In the past, students have switched groups for each of the four projects, and almost every student has had the chance to serve as “team leader” for one project. This was intended to give students more diverse teamwork and leadership experiences. Although the structure provided some benefits, fostering good teamwork skills was not among them, in part because the students were not able to stay together long enough for their teams to develop effective teamwork practices.
The Urology Care Foundation - trusted online resources in an era of misinformation.

The Internet can be a valuable resource for patients, but it is also a minefield of misinformation and hidden bias. The Urology Care Foundation is attempting to mitigate this flood of inaccurate information by providing high-quality online resources for clinicians, patients and caregivers.
What can open access data from India tell us about road safety and sustainable development

Abstract Transport contributes to socioeconomic development. In the case of rapidly developing and rapidly motorizing societies like India, increased mobility brings an increased burden associated with road crashes and their social and economic consequences. The Sustainable Development Goals explicitly address road safety as necessary to achieving targets related to good health but also as part of the targets leading towards more sustainable cities and communities. We apply Seemingly Unrelated Regression to investigate development-related factors that potentially contribute to differences among urban and rural road crash outcomes using open data sets for 35 states and territories in India. Results indicate that there are relationships among development and crash parameters common to both urban and rural areas. The results indicate different development indicators driving differences in crash outcomes in rural versus urban areas. Study findings are supportive of international efforts to better understand complex relationships among the goals and targets set out in the Sustainable Development Goals and other high-level development-focused declarations such as the New Urban Agenda. It is hoped this paper adds a new perspective on road safety within sustainable development discussions and encourages interdisciplinary research to further explore these relationships across various regions, countries, and contexts.