cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive work analysis to evaluate the problem of patient falls in an inpatient setting

Objective To identify factors in the nursing work domain that contribute to the problem of inpatient falls, aside from patient risk, using cognitive work analysis. Design A mix of qualitative and quantitative methods were used to identify work constraints imposed on nurses, which may underlie patient falls. Measurements Data collection was done on a neurology unit staffed by 27 registered nurses and utilized field observations, focus groups, time–motion studies and written surveys (AHRQ Hospital Survey on Patient Culture, NASA-TLX, and custom Nursing Knowledge of Fall Prevention Subscale). Results Four major constraints were identified that inhibit nurses' ability to prevent patient falls. All constraints relate to work processes and the physical work environment, opposed to safety culture or nursing knowledge, as currently emphasized. The constraints were: cognitive ‘head data’, temporal workload, inconsistencies in written and verbal transfer of patient data, and limitations in the physical environment. To deal with these constraints, the nurses tend to employ four workarounds: written and mental chunking schemas, bed alarms, informal querying of the previous care nurse, and informal video and audio surveillance. These workarounds reflect systemic design flaws and may only be minimally effective in decreasing risk to patients. Conclusion Cognitive engineering techniques helped identify seemingly hidden constraints in the work domain that impact the problem of patient falls. System redesign strategies aimed at improving work processes and environmental limitations hold promise for decreasing the incidence of falls in inpatient nursing units.
The Emergence of Narrative Identity

This paper reviews the current research on narrative identity. Narrative identity is quickly becoming accepted as a promising process approach to self-development in a variety of fields, including developmental, clinical, cultural, personality, and social psychology. This paper reviews factors surrounding the emergence of narrative identity in adolescence, relations between narrative patterns and age and personality, as well as factors that are important to developing a coherent narrative identity, such as the emotional valence of experience, storytelling, and culture. Finally, new and emerging issues are raised for those interested in the study of narrative identity, with a particular focus on narratives that are difficult to tell and may violate cultural norms.
Microanatomy of Passerine Hard-Cornified Tissues: Beak and Claw Structure of the Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus)

The microanatomy of healthy beaks and claws in passerine birds has not been well described in the literature, despite the importance of these structures in avian life. Histological processing of hard-cornified tissues is notoriously challenging and only a few reports on effective techniques have been published. An emerging epizootic of beak deformities among wild birds in Alaska and the Pacific Northwest region of North America recently highlighted the need for additional baseline information about avian hard-cornified structures. In this study, we examine the beak and claw of the Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus), a common North American passerine that is affected by what has been described as "avian keratin disorder." We use light and scanning electron microscopy and high-magnification radiography to document the healthy microanatomy of these tissues and identify features of functional importance. We also describe detailed methods for histological processing of avian hard-cornified structures and discuss the utility of special stains. Results from this study will assist in future research on the functional anatomy and pathology of hard-cornified structures and will provide a necessary reference for ongoing investigations of avian keratin disorder in Black-capped Chickadees and other wild passerine species.
Effects of multipath routing on TCP performance in ad hoc networks

In mobile ad hoc networks, one might expect multipath routing to provide some robustness to link failures and facilitate the transmission of packets along paths that avoid regions of congestion. Consequently, one would expect an improvement in network performance in terms of the achieved throughput. We consider TCP goodput as the metric of performance. We find that, contrary to expectations, not all TCP connections enjoy the benefits of multipath routing. Specifically, we find that while long (in terms of hop-count) TCP connections seem to benefit, short connections in fact suffer a slight degradation in goodput as compared to TCP using the single shortest path. Furthermore, we find that alternate path routing, wherein packets are routed on a secondary alternate path only upon the failure of the primary path, helps achieve almost the same goodput as when the multiple paths are used simultaneously. The main benefits of currently proposed multipath routing schemes seem to be limited to improving the efficiency of route discoveries that are initiated either due to real route failures (due to mobility) or due to false failures (due to interference effects) for long TCP connections.
Opportunities for AIDS prevention in a rural state in criminal justice and drug treatment settings.

This study examined the likelihood that drug users would receive HTV/ AIDS prevention information and supplies (e.g., condoms and bleach) in the rural state of Kentucky. Despite evidence of high HIV risk among criminal justice and substance-using populations, incarceration and substance-user treatment were only minimally associated with prior HIV prevention exposure or HIV testing. These data strongly support the use of criminal justice and treatment settings to provide AIDS prevention interventions for the high-risk drug-using populations they serve, and to target HIV prevention services in rural as well as urban areas. [Translations are provided in the International Abstracts Section of this issue.]
Hydrolytic Effects on the Modulus of Polyester Fibers

The effect of temperature and time of exposure in water on the initial modulus of various types of polyester fibers was investigated. Polyester filaments were tested in a constant-temperature water bath on the Instron tester. Various temperatures and times of exposure were used, and tests were made immediately upon attaining the desired time of exposure and after allowing the water bath to cool to equilibrium conditions. Within the experimental range of this study, the initial modulus of the polyester fibers decreased markedly above the second-order transition temperature of the polyester. An added decrease in initial modulus occurred after the fibers were exposed at this temperature for two hours. These were not found to be permanent effects.
Hypertension, thermotolerance, and the "African gene": an hypothesis.

Hypertension is a polygenic disease of world-wide concern. So far, no polygenic disease has been solved at the genetic level. Ethnic differences in the prevalence of hypertension may suggest candidate genes worthy of study. A strong genetic predisposition to hypertension and target organ damage appears to correlate with African ancestry, referred to as “the African gene.” Sub-Saharan Africans have endured the selective pressure of extreme heat for thousands of generations. Polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin system, such as the recently described insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) gene, may predispose to hypertension and related disorders because of an advantage they confer in thermoregulation.
PCV30: COST-EFFECTIVENESS MODEL OF THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY FOR ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of tissue-Plasminogen Activator (t-PA) versus Streptokinase (SK) for treating acute myocardial infarction (AMI). PERSPECTIVE: Societal. DATA SOURCES: The cost, clinical outcomes and utilities were obtained from literature. METHODS: Decision analytical model was used to evaluate the short and long-term outcomes and costs associated with the use of SK or t-PA for AMI. Clinical benefit is expressed as Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY) resulting from the treatment. Patients presenting within six hours after onset of symptoms, with a certain probability of death may be treated with SK or t-PA. Survivors may either get a disabling stroke or no stroke, patients with no disabling stroke may or may not have a reinfarction. Inpatient and long-term costs of coronary disease and disabling stroke were included. Costs and QALYs were discounted at 3%. Expected costs and QALYs yielded the Incremental Cost-effectiveness Ratio (ICER). Sensitivity analyses were performed on important factors. OUTCOMES: QALY which incorporated 30 days mortality, impacts of disabling stroke, reinfarction. Short-term and long-term medical costs. RESULTS: Using 30-day mortality data from the Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO) trial, the baseline analysis yielded an ICER for t-PA of $24,882/QALY compared to SK. The ICER was sensitive to the difference in reinfarction rate (baseline 3.83%: 3% ICER $19,326: 6% ICER $120,767) and mortality rate (baseline 6.3%: 6.7% ICER $46,688: 7.2% ICER $197,850) of t-PA. CONCLUSION: t-PA is a cost-effective therapy for MI compared to SK. In addition, despite using costs and utilities from varied sources, and employing a simpler model the findings support previously published results.
Diurnal Variation in Cardiac Metabolism

Abstract The heart exhibits marked time-of-day-dependent oscillations in glucose, fatty acid/lipid, and amino acid/protein metabolism. These rhythms appear to be driven by a combination of extrinsic (e.g., neurohumoral factors) and intrinsic (e.g., circadian clock) influences. In doing so, metabolic pathways are temporally partitioned in the heart, enabling synchronization of metabolism with daily fluctuations in energetic demands, nutrient availability, and other stimuli/stresses associated with sleep/wake and fasting/feeding cycles. The physiologic importance of these rhythms comes to light following their disruption, invariably resulting in cardiac dysfunction. Existence of these rhythms should also be considered during the design, implementation, and interpretation of experimental studies that assess various cardiac metabolism parameters; failure to do so could lead to erroneous conclusions.
Intrahepatic Biliodigestive Anastomosis Without Indwelling Stent

The technique for reestablishing continuity of the extrahepatic bile ducts to the intestinal tract is described. Multiple biliary lumen may be encountered even with minor dissection into the hepatic parenchyma. All lumens should either be anastomosed or ligated with permanent sutures.
Multivariate analysis of electrophysiological diversity of Xenopus visual neurons during development and plasticity

Biophysical properties of neurons become increasingly diverse over development, but mechanisms underlying and constraining this diversity are not fully understood. Here we investigate electrophysiological characteristics of Xenopus tadpole midbrain neurons across development and during homeostatic plasticity induced by patterned visual stimulation. We show that in development tectal neuron properties not only change on average, but also become increasingly diverse. After sensory stimulation, both electrophysiological diversity and functional differentiation of cells are reduced. At the same time, the amount of cross-correlations between cell properties increase after patterned stimulation as a result of homeostatic plasticity. We show that tectal neurons with similar spiking profiles often have strikingly different electrophysiological properties, and demonstrate that changes in intrinsic excitability during development and in response to sensory stimulation are mediated by different underlying mechanisms. Overall, this analysis and the accompanying dataset provide a unique framework for further studies of network maturation in Xenopus tadpoles.
Optoelectronic Quality and Stability of Hybrid Perovskites from MAPbI3 to MAPbI2Br Using Composition Spread Libraries

The development of stable high-bandgap hybrid perovskites (HPs) with high optoelectronic quality may enable tandem solar cells with power conversion efficiencies approaching 30%. The halide composition of HPs has been observed to effect bandgap, carrier lifetime, and material stability. Here we report optoelectronic quality and stability under illumination of thousands of compositions ranging from the pure iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) to the diiodomonobromide (CH3NH3PbI2Br). Hyperspectral maps of steady-state absolute intensity photoluminescence (AIPL) are used to determine the quasi-Fermi level splitting (QFLS) at each point after synthesis. The QFLS upon first illumination increases with bandgap and reaches a maximum of 1.27 eV under 1 sun illumination intensity for a bandgap of 1.75 eV. However, the optoelectronic quality (χ), defined as the ratio of the QFLS to the maximum theoretical QFLS for bandgap, decreases with bandgap from around 88% for 1.60 eV bandgap down to 82% for 1.84 eV bandgap. Further, we show ...
Normative Aspects of a 'Substantive' Precautionary Principle

This paper discusses some of the current literature around the precautionary principle in environmental philosophy and law with reference to the possibility of transgenic food in Uganda (GMO bananas specifically). My suggestion is that the distinction between formal and substantive versions of a principle, familiar from legal theory, can be useful in imposing some conceptual clarity on aspects of debates concerning the precautionary principle. In particular, most of the negative critical response to the principle has been to formal versions of it, and follows a pattern not unfamiliar from discussions of how to get from rules to outcomes. For its part, the less-discussed substantive account admits of at least two very different emphases. The first, which I call "Heideggerian," exhibits a deep distrust of technology. The second, "autonomist," is less concerned with the fact of technology than with the question of who controls it. As with any exercise of analytic taxonomy, this one will fail to adequately treat many of the objects it studies. However, I hope to illuminate what I take to be serious philosophical differences within the precautionary camp, and to highlight some of the questions they suggest in terms of the differences in political philosophy that might underlie and support them.
Hybrid green infrastructure for reducing demands on urban water and energy systems: a New York City hypothetical case study

Green infrastructure shows promise as a “best management practice” for controlling stormwater runoff, particularly in older cities with combined sewer systems. Green infrastructure systems have been used to both mitigate pollutant loading to adjacent waterways as well as to reduce burdens on municipal wastewater and stormwater collection and treatment systems during storm events. Although the electric and water/wastewater networks are closely linked, wastewater, water supply, and energy systems have been typically studied in isolation. Here, we present a hypothetical case study for applying a modular hybrid green infrastructure approach to manage stormwater in the Newtown Creek sewershed in New York City. We provide background information on current and projected stormwater flows to the Newtown Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and evaluate how interception and storage rainwater in the Newtown Creek sewershed could offset inflows to the WWTP and how this offset of stormwater inflows might result in reduced electric grid burdens and cost savings for the city. Our assessment indicates that a 0.66 % conversion of impervious sewershed surface area to modular hybrid green infrastructure could reduce stormwater inflow volumes (i.e., for an annual median storm) to the Newtown Creek WWTP by 10 %. We estimate that this would result in a 14-MWh reduction in energy required for wastewater treatment per storm event. Collectively, our results suggest that implementation of modular hybrid green infrastructure can significantly reduce burdens on urban water and energy systems, thereby helping to mitigate water-energy nexus challenges associated with climate change and population growth.
Abstract 4174: Cxcl5 and Cxcl2 overexpression in esophageal carcinogenesis is associated with rapid tumor formation in zinc-deficient rats

Objectives: Zinc-deficiency (ZD) is implicated in the pathogenesis of human esophageal cancer. It induces cell proliferation, modulates genetic expression, and enhances carcinogenesis. Zinc-replenishment (ZR) reverses proliferation and inhibits carcinogenesis. Recently, we showed that a ZD diet induces overexpression of the proinflammation mediators S100a8/a9 in hyperplastic rat esophagus, providing evidence that zinc regulates an inflammatory pathway in early esophageal carcinogenesis (Gastroenterology, 136: 953-966, 2009). Here we determined the biological processes affected by zinc nutrition during rapid N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)-induced esophageal tumor development and its prevention. Methods: We evaluated gene expression profiles of esophageal mucosa from zinc-modulated rats at 5 weeks after an NMBA dose and at 15 weeks (endpoint) with 3 NMBA doses, using Affymetrix Rat Genome GeneChip. Here, ZD rats documented a significantly higher tumorigenic outcome than control zinc-sufficient (ZS) rats (tumor incidence, 100% vs 16.6%; multiplicity, 11 ± 3.8 vs 0.5 ± 0.3, P 25-fold); Ptgs2 (up 26-fold); and Il17f (up 2.7 fold). At endpoint, the tumor-bearing ZD esophagus displayed a neoplastic gene signature, with increased up-regulation of Cxcl5 and Cxcl2 (up 84- and 38-fold), Cxcl3 (up 9-fold), Cxcl1 (up 7-fold), Ptgs2 (up 41-fold), Il1b (up 12-fold), Il17f (up 7.5-fold), and S100a8/a9 (up 2.1-fold). Replenishing zinc led to a global reversal of abnormal gene expression, resulting in an expression profile similar to that of ZS esophagi. In parallel to mRNA expression, CXCL5, CXCL2, COX-2, and S100A8/A9 protein expression was similarly modulated by ZD and ZR, as shown by ELISA, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry assays. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis predicted an Il1b-centric network, with direct connections to many up-regulated genes. Conclusions: ZD fuels inflammation and drives carcinogenesis by inducing overexpression of several cancer-related inflammation genes, including Cxcl5 and Cxcl2. ZR modulates inflammatory responses and inhibits tumor growth. The data provide a new understanding of the molecular role of zinc in esophageal carcinogenesis/prevention and suggest that zinc supplementation should be more thoroughly explored in human prevention clinical trials for upper aerodigestive tract cancer. Supported by NIH grant CA118560. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4174.
A method to quantify quinone reaction rates with wine relevant nucleophiles: a key to the understanding of oxidative loss of varietal thiols.

Quinones are key reactive electrophilic oxidation intermediates in wine. To address this question, the model 4-methyl-1,2-benzoquinone was prepared to study how it reacts with wine nucleophiles. Those investigated included the varietal volatile thiols 4-methyl-4-sulfanylpentan-2-one (4MSP), 3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol (3SH), and 2-furanmethanethiol (2FMT); hydrogen sulfide (H2S); glutathione (GSH); sulfur dioxide; ascorbic acid (AA); and the amino acids methionine (Met) and phenylalanine (Phe) in the first kinetic study of these reactions. Products were observed in fair to quantitative yields, but yields were negligible for the amino acids. The reaction rates of 4-methyl-1,2-benzoquinone toward the nucleophiles were quantified by UV–vis spectrometry monitoring the loss of the quinone chromophore. The observed reaction rates spanned three orders of magnitude, from the unreactive amino acids (Met and Phe) (KNu = 0.0002 s–1) to the most reactive nucleophile, hydrogen sulfide (KH2S = 0.4188 s–1). Analysis of the kin...
Spin-Texture in Acceptor-Bound Magnetic Polarons

We outline a theory of the acceptor-bound magnetic polaron in cubic diluted magnetic semiconductors that exhibits a nonuniform magnetization. Calculations show that the manganese spins have an overall z-alignment, but are canted in an azimuthally symmetric way from that direction. This is new phenomenon we call BMP spin-texture. Spin-texture results from valence band degeneracy, and the important spin-orbit effects associated with it. The possibility of studying BMP spin-texture via neutron scattering is discussed.
Social Acceptance as a Moderator in the Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and the Psychological Adjustment of Ethnically Diverse Early Adolescents

ABSTRACTResearch suggested that socioeconomic status is related to psychological adjustment in ethnically diverse adolescents. Understanding correlates that may be helpful in mitigating ill effects on diverse adolescents’ psychological adjustment is important, with adolescents’ social acceptance being one correlate of interest. As a result, this study examined the relationships among ethnic identity, SES, social acceptance, and the psychological adjustment of 278 ethnically diverse early adolescents. Results of regression analyses suggested that socioeconomic status and social acceptance are important predictors of psychological adjustment. In addition, results indicated that adolescents’ perceived social acceptance moderates significantly the relationships between their socioeconomic status and depression, anxiety, and self-concept. These results suggested that social workers and other health service providers should identify early adolescents who are not feeling accepted socially for intervention in an ...
Prognosis in childhood epilepsy. Follow-up study of 148 cases in which therapy had been suspended after prolonged anticonvulsant control.

Abstract One hundred and forty-eight epileptic children, seizure free for four years on anticonvulsant medication, were followed for five to 12 years after drug withdrawal to determine the frequency of relapse and to discern any prognostic criteria. Seizures recurred in 36 (24 per cent). There was no relation of relapse to sex, race, heredity, puberty or seizure frequency. With an early age at onset of epilepsy and prompt seizure control the recurrence rate was 13 per cent. It was at least twice as high in cases with a late onset, prolonged duration and neurologic, psychologic or electroencephalographic abnormalities. Relapse rates were lowest in grandmal attacks (8 per cent), febrile seizures (12 per cent) and petit-mal epilepsy (12 per cent). In psychomotor attacks the relapse rate was 25 per cent. The highest rate was in children with jacksonian seizures (53 per cent) and multiple seizure types (40 per cent). In a large percentage of selected cases these data support a favorable outcome after drug with...
Culture, mortality, and ethics. Twirling the spindle.

A clear account of the relationship of morality to culture can improve understanding of ethical issues in health care. Ethics as an area of scholarly study can also be distinguished from morality and culture. This article clarifies the relationships among institutional culture, morality, and ethics scholarship. Nurses who understand that morality is part of culture can engage in a variety of activities to improve the moral qualities of institutional culture in hospital settings.
A comparison of parameter covariance estimation methods for item response models in an expectation-maximization framework

The Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is a method for finding the maximum likelihood estimate of a model in the presence of missing data. Unfortunately, EM does not produce a parameter covariance matrix for standard errors. Both Oakes and Supplemented EM are methods for obtaining the parameter covariance matrix. SEM was discovered in 1991 and is implemented in both open-source and commercial item response model estimation software. Oakes, a more recent method discovered in 1999, had not been implemented in item response model software until now. Convergence properties, accuracy, and elapsed time of Oakes and Supplemental EM family algorithms are compared for a diverse selection IFA models. Oakes exhibits the best accuracy and elapsed time among algorithms compared. We recommend that Oakes be made available in item response model estimation software.
The Influence of Police Profanity on Public Perception of Excessive Force

Previous research has examined elements of police performance impacting community policing and police-citizen relationships, but no study has considered the impact of police use of profanity during arrest on public rating of force. Police profanity may negatively bias police-citizen interactions, and this bias could shape later interactions with community members, impact the quality of police-community relations, or even result in public outcry over excessive use of force. The aim of this study was to determine whether officer use of profanity during arrest led to public perception of excessive force and to examine whether gender of the officer or subject affected this relation. Force was evaluated as more excessive when profanity was used, when the subject was a female, and when the officer was a female. Participants who rated force as excessive had significantly more negative attitudes about police and police use of force. These findings have direct implications for police training and suggest that if police avoid the use of profanity, this could result in more positive relationships with the public and fewer allegations of excessive force. Future researchers should further evaluate the nature and impact of gender biases against female police, as they may contribute to reduced opportunities, less frequent promotion, and reduced self-efficacy in female officers.
Parametric Studies of Steam Methane Reforming Using a Multiscale Reactor Model

This work investigates the influence of porous catalyst structural parameters on a packed bed reactor’s performance, through the application of a multiscale reactor model. Constitutive equations, at the catalytic pellet and packed bed reactor length scales, are derived using the Reynolds transport theorem. Diffusive fluxes in the microscale (catalytic pellet) and macroscale (reactor) domains are calculated using the dusty gas model (DGM) and Stefan–Maxwell model (SMM) equations respectively, while Chapman–Enskog theory is applied to estimate diffusion and viscosity coefficients. Simulations are carried out for a case study on hydrogen production through steam methane reforming, using a finite element numerical scheme. The employed multiscale model enables the computation of catalyst effectiveness factors throughout the reactor, thus quantifying the effect on reactor performance of various catalyst structural characteristics, such as volumetric fraction, tortuosity, thermal conductivity, and mean pore diam...
The catalogue that made metrics, and changed science

As new ways emerge to assess research, Alex Csiszar recalls how the first one transformed the practice and place of science in society.
The specificity of parenting effects: Differential relations of parent praise and criticism to children’s theories of intelligence and learning goals

Abstract Individuals who believe that intelligence can be improved with effort (an incremental theory of intelligence) and who approach challenges with the goal of improving their understanding (a learning goal) tend to have higher academic achievement. Furthermore, parent praise is associated with children’s incremental theories and learning goals. However, the influences of parental criticism, as well as different forms of praise and criticism (e.g., process vs. person), have received less attention. We examine these associations by analyzing two existing datasets (Study 1: N = 317 first to eighth graders; Study 2: N = 282 fifth and eighth graders). In both studies, older children held more incremental theories of intelligence, but lower learning goals, than younger children. Unexpectedly, the relation between theories of intelligence and learning goals was nonsignificant and did not vary with children’s grade level. In both studies, overall perceived parent praise positively related to children’s learning goals, whereas perceived parent criticism negatively related to incremental theories of intelligence. In Study 2, perceived parent process praise was the only significant (positive) predictor of children’s learning goals, whereas perceived parent person criticism was the only significant (negative) predictor of incremental theories of intelligence. Finally, Study 2 provided some support for our hypothesis that age-related differences in perceived parent praise and criticism can explain age-related differences in children’s learning goals. Results suggest that incremental theories of intelligence and learning goals might not be strongly related during childhood and that perceived parent praise and criticism have important, but distinct, relations with each motivational construct.
Comparison of the incidence of febrile neutropenia in obese and normal weight breast cancer patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy and prophylactic pegfilgrastim

PurposeCommon breast cancer chemotherapy regimens are associated with a risk of febrile neutropenia, so prophylactic colony-stimulating factors are incorporated for high-risk patients. Filgrastim u...
Improving Functional Movement Proficiency in Middle School Physical Education

ABSTRACTPurpose: The purpose of this study was to examine whether functional movement proficiency could be improved as measured via the Functional Movement Screen using a standardized warm-up protocol in middle school physical education. A secondary purpose was to determine whether such improvement, if it occurred, would positively influence the technical performance of 4 fundamental motor skills: overhand throw, vertical jump, kicking, and running. Method: Participants were 120 7th- and 8th-grade physical education student volunteers. Two classes from each grade level were assigned to the functional group (N = 54) while the remaining 2 classes of each grade were assigned to the control group (N = 66). Baseline measures were obtained using the Functional Movement Screen and the Get Skilled: Get Active (2000) process-oriented motor skill assessment. For 6 weeks, the functional group warmed up by performing functional stretching, stability, and mobility exercises while the control group completed a traditio...
Evaluation of Unbaited Pyramid Traps for Monitoring and Controlling Plum Curculio Adults (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Apple Orchards

We investigated unbaited black pyramid traps, placed on the ground, for monitoring overwintered adult plum curculios, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), in eight large commercial apple orchards in Massachusetts. None of the trap positions for any tree size in any orchard showed a significant positive relationship between the temporal occurrence of adult captures from petal fall until 4 to 5 wks afterward and the temporal occurrence of adult-initiated ovipositional injury to developing fruit during the same period. The amount of adults captured by traps was not significantly related to the amount of injury to fruit caused by adults, either across the entire period of overwintered adult activity or within periods of adult activity before, between or following insecticide applications. Similar traps placed next to trunks of groups of four adjacent trees in a small unmanaged orchard or next to trunks of every tree in a small commercial orchard failed to provide detectable or commercially-acceptable control of p...
SPEECH MOTOR CONTROL AND SELECTED NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS

ABSTRACT Several hypotheses are raised concerning the motor control of human speech. Speech is viewed as a special case of motor skill, conditioned by evolutionary changes in the neural and musculoskeletal systems. Parallel observations from neurologically normal and handicapped speakers offer insights into the speech mechanisms of both, and, point directions for improved methods of understanding and treating the various forms of dysarthria.
Synthesis of 3-(Arylsulfonyl)-3-pyrrolines from Allenyl Sulfonamides by Silver Ion Catalysis.

Treatment of allenyl sulfonamides with catalytic amounts of silver fluoride in acetonitrile at reflux afforded the corresponding 3-sulfonyl-3-pyrrolines in excellent yields by intramolecular hydroamination via a 5-endo-trig cyclization. The starting allenyl sulfonamides were prepared by lithiation of allenic sulfones and trapping with various N-sulfonylimines.
Design of a new turbulent dynamo experiment on the OMEGA-EP

Turbulent dynamos that exponentially amplify initially small, seed magnetic fields are crucial in magnetizing the Galaxy and beyond. Until now, the ideal environment for turbulent dynamos to grow has been difficult to recreate. In a new approach, we leverage the long pulse capability of the OMEGA-EP laser to recreate the highly conductive and inviscid ( Rem∼5500, Prm≳1) growth environment of the turbulent dynamo within the magnetized plasma jet ablated from a simple cone target of CH plastic. In 3-D FLASH simulations of our scheme, we find that the ideal dynamo environment is a typically ∼1 mm3, ≳1.5 keV hot spot where the laser beams intersect to produce maximum direct heating of the jet plasma. The dynamo environment is maintained from the onset of steady flows through the ∼10 ns length of the laser pulse. For a plasma vorticity of 0.3–3.0 ns–1 and a dynamo active over ∼5 ns, the magnetic energy increases on an exponential trajectory by more than a decade. Fourier analysis reveals that the dynamo progressively saturates up to EB/EK∼20% from small scales k≳30 cm−1 to large in the time it is sustained. We find robust agreement between the evolution of magnetic energy spectra extracted from the FLASH physics simulation and that derived from synthetic sheath-accelerated proton deflectometry images, thereby demonstrating that the dynamo activity can be quantified in a real experiment.
Return to work after shoulder arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background With the rising incidence of shoulder arthroplasty, there is increasing emphasis on improving functional outcomes and ability to return to work (RTW). The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of RTW after shoulder arthroplasty. Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis were performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A literature search of 4 electronic databases was performed from database conception through April 2018 to identify studies reporting data on RTW after shoulder arthroplasty. The primary outcome was the rate of RTW after shoulder arthroplasty. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool the rate of RTW across studies. Results Seven studies were reviewed, including 447 patients at an average follow-up of 4.4 years (range, 1.0-12.6 years). The overall rate of RTW was 63.6% (95% confidence interval, 58.8%-68.2%) at a mean 2.3 months postoperatively (range, 0.3-24.0 months). RTW was significantly lower for patients with heavy-intensity occupations vs. all intensity types (61.7% vs. 67.6%; P = .04). RTW did not differ between anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (63.4%) and hemiarthroplasty (66.1%) or reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (61.5%; P = .53). There were no significant differences in RTW among underlying diagnoses (osteoarthritis, 64.4%; cuff tear arthropathy, 65.6%; proximal humerus fracture, 69.1%; P = .41) or by workers’ compensation status (61.2% vs. 65.3%; P = .41). Conclusions A majority of patients return to work after shoulder arthroplasty at an average of 2.3 months postoperatively. Those with heavy-intensity occupation return at significantly lower rates, whereas no differences in RTW by arthroplasty type, underlying diagnosis, or workers’ compensation were found.
When Going Beyond Gentle Nudges Is Legitimate.

Bart Engelen’s article in AJOB, “Ethical Criteria for Health-Promoting Nudges: A Case-by-Case Analysis,” seeks to provide criteria for ethical evaluation of nudges as a legitimate tool for influenc...
AGN feedback in clusters: shock and sound heating

Observations support the view that feedback, in the form of radio outbursts from active nuclei in central galaxies, prevents catastrophic cooling of gas and rapid star formation in many groups and clusters of galaxies. Variations in jet power drive a succession of weak shocks that can heat regions close to the active galactic nuclei (AGN). On larger scales, shocks fade into sound waves. The Braginskii viscosity determines a well-defined sound damping rate in the weakly magnetized intracluster medium (ICM) that can provide sufficient heating on larger scales. It is argued that weak shocks and sound dissipation are the main means by which radio AGN heat the ICM, in which case, the power spectrum of AGN outbursts plays a central role in AGN feedback.
Model Curation: Requisite Leadership and Practice in Digital Engineering Enterprises

Abstract Under the premise that model-centric engineering enterprises of the future will necessitate specialized competencies and leadership, ongoing research is investigating both model curation as a practice and model curator as a new leadership role. Specific needs and approaches for model curation have been generated through research investigation using primary and secondary sources. Four notional stages are used to frame the digital engineering paradigm shift, describing the characteristics of the enterprise and the respective leadership. This investigation suggests seven alternative forms for implementing model curation leadership roles and responsibilities, based on unique needs and organizational characteristics. Related research on human-model interaction, model-centric decision making, and model trust and integrity provide evidence of the importance of model curation for the envisioned future of digital engineering. Interim research findings have been shared with research stakeholders as a preliminary validation of needs, as well as capturing emerging practices related to strategic management of models.
IT’S THE THYROID! CARDIOGENIC SHOCK IN A YOUNG FEMALE PATIENT WITH MYXEDEMA COMA

Hypothyroidism is a known reversible etiology of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). In cases of myxedema coma with cardiogenic shock, the degree of shock attributable to hypothyroidism and its reversibility are uncertain. A 39-year-old female patient with a history of multifocal
From Sodium–Oxygen to Sodium–Air Battery: Enabled by Sodium Peroxide Dihydrate

Metal-air batteries have attracted extensive research interests due to their high theoretical energy density. However, most of the previous studies were limited by applying pure oxygen in the cathode, sacrificing the gravimetric and volumetric energy density. Here, we develop a real sodium-"air" battery, in which the rechargeability of the battery relies on the reversible reaction of the formation of sodium peroxide dihydrate (Na2O2·2H2O). After an oxygen evolution reaction catalyst is applied, the charge overpotential is largely reduced to achieve a high energy efficiency. The sodium-air batteries deliver high areal capacity of 4.2 mAh·cm-2 and have a decent cycle life of 100 cycles. The oxygen crossover effect is largely suppressed by replacing the oxygen with air, whereas the dense solid electrolyte interphase formed on the sodium anode further prolongs the cycle life.
Differences in Outcomes According to the Primary Treatment Options Chosen by Patients With Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and negative neurophysiological studies: Conservative Versus Operative Treatment. Do we need neurophysiological studies?

The purpose of this study is to compare the outcomes of conservative versus operative treatment in patients with a positive history and clinical findings forCarpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) and negative nerve conduction studies (NCS). A cohort of 126 consecutive patients (34 males, 92 females) with mean age of 48 years old, positive history and clinical findings for CTS but negative NCS was studied. The mean duration of symptoms was 9.1 months. Group I (94 patients) underwent conservative treatment, whereas group II (32 patients) underwent mini open carpal tunnel release. The clinical diagnosis was based on the Harrington criteria. Patients were evaluated at baseline and at 12-months follow-up using the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) instrument. At baseline, group I had lower BCTQ and DASH scores, compared to the respective scores of group II. At the final 12-month follow-up, patients in group I had higher BTCQ scores. Post-treatment, group II showed significant improvement of BTCQ score (p< 0.001) and DASH score (p<0.05). The additional value of NCS is limited when there is strong clinical suspicion.
WASH by Design: A Design Case on the Collaborative Curriculum Project for Elementary Schools in Rural Papua New Guinea

This design case chronicles the collaborative effort of designing the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) curriculum for elementary schools in rural Papua New Guinea (PNG). The outcome from the project resulted in the creation of a teacher’s resource manual for teaching WASH topics using learner-centered instruction that can be delivered in low-resourced classrooms. Teachers from four elementary schools participated in the design workshop and production of the resource manual. This case describes the context of the design, making of the design team, the design process, and the rationale behind the design decisions. Consistent with the structure of a design case (Howard, Int J Des Learn 2, 2011), this case is primarily written to describe how design was carried out in the context of PNG.
Improving Text Relationship Modeling with Artificial Data.

Data augmentation uses artificially-created examples to support supervised machine learning, adding robustness to the resulting models and helping to account for limited availability of labelled data. We apply and evaluate a synthetic data approach to relationship classification in digital libraries, generating artificial books with relationships that are common in digital libraries but not easier inferred from existing metadata. We find that for classification on whole-part relationships between books, synthetic data improves a deep neural network classifier by 91%. Further, we consider the ability of synthetic data to learn a useful new text relationship class from fully artificial training data.
Relationships Between Talent, Training, Polymathy, and Creativity

One of the ongoing challenges for gifted and talented education is that the measures used to select students for advanced educational opportunities rarely identify those most likely to make creative contributions later in life. The smartest students are rarely the most inventive. Conversely, extremely creative people are often overlooked as average or without obvious potential during their educational years. A need exists to understand what factors mediate the relationship of talent to creative potential so that better ways of fostering creative talent early can be devised.
A Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework for Eco-driving in Connected and Automated Hybrid Electric Vehicles.

Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs), in particular those with multiple power sources, have the potential to significantly reduce fuel consumption and travel time in real-world driving conditions. In particular, the Eco-driving problem seeks to design optimal speed and power usage profiles based upon look-ahead information from connectivity and advanced mapping features, to minimize the fuel consumption over a given itinerary. In this work, the Eco-driving problem is formulated as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP), which is then solved with a state-of-art Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) Actor Critic algorithm, Proximal Policy Optimization. An Eco-driving simulation environment is developed for training and evaluation purposes. To benchmark the performance of the DRL controller, a baseline controller representing the human driver, a trajectory optimization algorithm and the wait-and-see deterministic optimal solution are presented. With a minimal onboard computational requirement and a comparable travel time, the DRL controller reduces the fuel consumption by more than 17% compared against the baseline controller by modulating the vehicle velocity over the route and performing energy-efficient approach and departure at signalized intersections, over-performing the more computationally demanding trajectory optimization method
Characterization of BAM-B4C composites prepared by spark plasma sintering

Abstract Aluminum magnesium boride (BAM) and boron carbide (B4C) show great promise for engineering applications due to their high strength, hardness, and impact resistance along with low mass density. Four BAM-B4C composite specimens (100% BAM, BAM + 10 wt% B4C, BAM + 20 wt% B4C, and BAM + 50 wt% B4C) produced by spark plasma sintering were characterized using electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Mechanical properties such as hardness, compressive strength and fracture toughness were experimentally determined under quasistatic and dynamic conditions. It was found that addition of B4C increased the mechanical properties of the composite. The BAM + 10 wt% B4C composite possessed the highest compressive strength while the BAM + 20 wt% B4C composite possessed the highest fracture toughness. Any further addition of B4C lead to extensive phase segregation and cracking within the composite microstructure, highly degrading its mechanical properties.
Skeptic priors and climate consensus

How much evidence would it take to convince climate skeptics that they are wrong? I explore this question within an empirical Bayesian framework. I consider a group of stylized skeptics and examine how these individuals rationally update their beliefs in the face of ongoing climate change. I find that available evidence in the form of instrumental climate data tends to overwhelm all but the most extreme priors. Most skeptics form updated beliefs about climate sensitivity that correspond closely to estimates from the scientific literature. However, belief convergence is a nonlinear function of prior strength and it becomes increasingly difficult to convince the remaining pool of dissenters. I discuss the necessary conditions for consensus formation under Bayesian learning and show that apparent deviations from the Bayesian ideal can still be accommodated within the same conceptual framework. I argue that a generalized Bayesian model provides a bridge between competing theories of climate skepticism as a social phenomenon.
Examining the association between perceived neighbourhood safety and health services utilization: A cross-sectional study among older adults in the United States of America.

ObjectiveTo assess the association between perceived neighbourhood safety and health services use among older adults.MethodsThe Health and Retirement Study was used to assess the association of per...
Oligarchy and Democracy in the Dutch Republic and Great Britain: The Emergence of Representative Democracy

The league of Dutch city-states unite through a representative parliament. The Duke of Orange agrees to be a limited monarch. Great Britain evolves of representative Parliament and also institutionalizes a limited monarchy. Oliver Cromwell and his Calvinist “Puritans” overthrow the absolute monarchy. However, the Revolution of 1688 establishes an oligarchic Parliament and a limited monarchy. Oligarchy triumphs in Great Britain into World War I after which full male voting was finally established.