cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CKD: A Guide to Higher Fiber Foods

Living with chronic kidney disease (CKD) presents many challenges, and diet is one of them. People with CKD may find it difficult to consume enough fiber-rich foods while following the other diet recommendations for CKD. This 5-page guide will discuss the health benefits of fiber and provide some examples of fiber-rich foods that may be good choices for people with CKD. Written by Wendy J. Dahl and Nancy J. Gal and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, January 2018. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fs305
Imaging in the diagnosis and evaluation of peripheral artery disease.

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a disease of the systemic arterial tree and is a growing concern globally. It commonly affects the lower extremities and leads to increased mortality and morbidity due to its known association with coronary artery disease and strokes. Over the past several decades, advanced imaging has become a major part in the diagnosis and management of PAD, but there is still no consensus agreement as to the preferred initial imaging test of choice. Over the years, several different trials, reviews, and analyses have compared the three primary imaging modalities in PAD: ultrasound, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and computed tomographic angiography (CTA). Overall, the literature suggests that while MRA may have a slight advantage in accuracy, CTA may be the better initial test of choice due to patient comfort and cost-effectiveness. However, each imaging modality has its own risks and contraindications that should be carefully reviewed prior to utilization. This is a review of the current available literature comparing the use of ultrasound, MRA, and CTA in the diagnosis and management of lower extremity PAD.
A lung for all: Novel mechanical ventilator for emergency and low-resource settings.

Abstract Aims To create a low-cost ventilator that could be constructed with readily-available hospital equipment for use in emergency or low-resource settings. Main methods The novel ventilator consists of an inspiratory limb composed of an elastic flow-inflating bag encased within a non-compliant outer sheath and an expiratory limb composed of a series of two, one-way bidirectional splitter valves derived from a self-inflating bag system. An Arduino Uno microcontroller controls a solenoid valve that can be programmed to open and close to produce a set respiratory rate and inspiratory time. Using an ASL 5000 Lung Simulator, we obtained flow, pressure, and volume waveforms at different lung compliances. Key findings At a static lung compliance of 50 mL/cm H2O and an airway resistance of 6 cm H2O/L/s, ventilated at a PIP and PEEP of 16 and 5 cm H2O, respectively, tidal volumes of approximately 540 mL were achieved. At a static lung compliance of 20 mL/cm H2O and an airway resistance of 6 cm H2O/L/s, ventilated at a PIP and PEEP of 38 and 15 cm H2O, respectively, tidal volumes of approximately 495 mL were achieved. Significance This novel ventilator is able to safely and reliably ventilate patients with a range of pulmonary disease in a simulated setting. Opportunities exist to utilize our ventilator in emergency situations and low-resource settings.
The CB1 Receptor Differentially Regulates IFN-γ Production In Vitro and in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.

Introduction: Activation of the peripheral immune system and the infiltration of immune cells into the central nervous system are both key features of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ...
Interference and Diffraction in Modern Technology: A New Approach for an Introductory Physics Laboratory Experiment

A classic undergraduate introductory experiment is to measure the diffraction and interference pattern from single and double slits to determine slit width and separation. Studies show that Course-based Undergraduate Research Experiences (CUREs) can make science more inclusive when offered at the undergraduate level. Additionally, CUREs help students to understand the scientific research process. We have redesigned our diffraction and interference lab to incorporate these best-teaching practices to enhance the students’ learning experience.
Autoregulatory Efficiency Assessment in Kidneys Using Deep Learning

A convolutional deep neural network is employed to assess renal autoregulation using time series of arterial blood pressure and blood flow rate measurements in conscious rats. The network is trained using representative data samples from rats with intact autoregulation and rats whose autoregulation is impaired by the calcium channel blocker amlodipine. Network performance is evaluated using test data of the types used for training, but also with data from other models for autoregulatory impairment, including different calcium channel blockers and also renal mass reduction. The network is shown to provide effective classification for impairments from calcium channel blockers. However, the assessment of autoregulation when impaired by renal mass reduction was not as clear, evidencing a different signature in the hemodynamic data for that impairment model. When calcium channel blockers were given to those animals, however, the classification again was effective.
Brain Entropy During Aging Through a Free Energy Principle Approach

Neural complexity and brain entropy (BEN) have gained greater interest in recent years. The dynamics of neural signals and their relations with information processing continue to be investigated through different measures in a variety of noteworthy studies. The BEN of spontaneous neural activity decreases during states of reduced consciousness. This evidence has been showed in primary consciousness states, such as psychedelic states, under the name of "the entropic brain hypothesis." In this manuscript we propose an extension of this hypothesis to physiological and pathological aging. We review this particular facet of the complexity of the brain, mentioning studies that have investigated BEN in primary consciousness states, and extending this view to the field of neuroaging with a focus on resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. We first introduce historic and conceptual ideas about entropy and neural complexity, treating the mindbrain as a complex nonlinear dynamic adaptive system, in light of the free energy principle. Then, we review the studies in this field, analyzing the idea that the aim of the neurocognitive system is to maintain a dynamic state of balance between order and chaos, both in terms of dynamics of neural signals and functional connectivity. In our exploration we will review studies both on acute psychedelic states and more chronic psychotic states and traits, such as those in schizophrenia, in order to show the increase of entropy in those states. Then we extend our exploration to physiological and pathological aging, where BEN is reduced. Finally, we propose an interpretation of these results, defining a general trend of BEN in primary states and cognitive aging.
Characterization of voltage gated calcium channels in human sensory neurons

Voltage gated calcium channels (VGCCs) in sensory neurons, as with almost all excitable cells, are responsible for initiating a variety of cellular processes ranging from transmitter release to changes in gene expression. VGCCs are also a primary target for a number of drugs in current use to treat pain. Despite their importance, though, there has been no functional characterization of VGCCs in human sensory neurons. To address this knowledge gap, whole cell patch clamp was used to characterize high voltage activating (HVA) voltage-gated Ca2+ current in acutely dissociated human and rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. The biophysical properties and relative proportions of pharmacologically-defined HVA current subtypes activated with square or action potential waveforms were assessed, as was the regulation of HVA currents downstream of µ-opioid receptor (MOR) activation. HVA currents in sensory neurons from humans and rats shared general features such as the voltage of activation and suppression following MOR activation. However, we did observe three significant species differences: (1) Ca2+ current density was significantly smaller in human sensory neurons, (2) the proportion of nifedipine-sensitive currents was greater and that of ω-conotoxin IVA-sensitive current was less in human sensory neurons compared to rat, and (3) a subpopulation of human neurons displayed relatively large constitutive inhibition of HVA currents relieved with a depolarizing pre-pulse. While not explored in the rat, there was a significant negative correlation between HVA current density and donor age. These results suggest that there may be far more extensive compartmentalization of intracellular signaling processes in human sensory neurons, and that it may be necessary to re-evaluate the current subtypes targeted for therapeutic interventions to treat pain. R01DK107966,R01AR063772, UG3TR003090.
Margaret MacDonald and Gilbert Ryle: a philosophical friendship

This article considers the personal and philosophical relationship between two philosophers, Margaret MacDonald and Gilbert Ryle. I show that a letter from MacDonald to Ryle found at Linacre Colleg...
Understanding Technology Literacy: A Framework for Evaluating Educational TechnologyIntegration

Federal legislation in the United States currently mandates that technology be integrated into school curricula because of the popular belief that learning is enhanced through the use of technology. The challenge for educators is to understand how best to teach with technology while developing the technological expertise of their students. This article outlines a framework of technological literacy designed to help educators understand, evaluate, and promote effective and appropriate technology integration.
Prognostic impact of conventional cytogenetics in acute myeloid leukemia treated with venetoclax and decitabine.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is heterogenous in its pathogenesis as well as outcomes, which in turn is influenced by patient- and disease-related factors including age, ability to tolerate treatmen...
From Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infection to Merkel Cell Carcinoma Oncogenesis

Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) infection causes near-ubiquitous, asymptomatic infection in the skin, but occasionally leads to an aggressive skin cancer called Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). Epidemiological evidence suggests that poorly controlled MCPyV infection may be a precursor to MCPyV-associated MCC. Clearer understanding of host responses that normally control MCPyV infection could inform prophylactic measures in at-risk groups. Similarly, the presence of MCPyV in most MCCs could imbue them with vulnerabilities that-if better characterized-could yield targeted intervention solutions for metastatic MCC cases. In this review, we discuss recent developments in elucidating the interplay between host cells and MCPyV within the context of viral infection and MCC oncogenesis. We also propose a model in which insufficient restriction of MCPyV infection in aging and chronically UV-damaged skin causes unbridled viral replication that licenses MCC tumorigenesis.
Incorporating Interlab Collaborations into the Organic Chemistry Teaching Laboratories

Collaborative experiences have been widely integrated into the classroom and laboratory, with goals to build time management, communication, and team-working skills. Most reported laboratory collaborations occur between students within the same lab section, which could limit the potential benefits of these experiences. Presented herein is an organic chemistry laboratory model in which students collaborate across lab sections (i.e., interlab collaborations) to complete discovery-based, medicinal-chemistry-focused experiments. These experiences provide opportunities for students to reflect on and improve upon their team-working skills. Over the past three years, interlab collaborations have been offered at Muhlenberg College to 105 students in two types of organic chemistry courses. Assessment data, including notebook evaluation scores, peer- and self-evaluations, lab report scores, and student reflections, suggest that these experiences could help build time management, communication, organizational, and data-recording skills. These laboratories could give students a realistic view of collaborative work and allow for the intentional development and assessment of team-working skills in any introductory or upper-level chemistry laboratory. Furthermore, this model provides a framework for reducing lab section sizes by half, a change which has been needed during COVID-19, while still completing the planned lab curriculum.
Spatial distribution of PKA activity during carcinoma cell migration revealed by FRET-based analysis

1814 Cell motility is a fundamental and indispensable aspect of carcinoma invasion and metastasis that is delicately controlled by both cAMP synthesis and degradation. The metabolism of cAMP, through its subsequent effect on PKA activity, is known to differentially regulate RhoA and Rac1 small GTPases. Since RhoA and Rac1 regulate spatially distinct yet essential aspects of actin cytoskeletal reorganization, we hypothesize that cAMP/PKA activity is not uniform in migrating cells and preferentially localizes to the leading edge. To test our hypothesis, we transfect Clone A cells with the A Kinase Activity Reporter (AKAR), a CFP-YFP based FRET construct designed by Zhang et al (PNAS, 2001, 98:14997). The Clone A cells, which bind to and migrate randomly on laminin via signaling through the α2β1 and α6β4 integrins, were plated on laminin coated coverslips for 45 mins and then fixed prior to FRET analysis by confocal microscopy. We report FRET values as a ratio of sensitized emissions to the intensity of CFP signal. Here, we find that migrating Clone A cells display a high level of PKA activity at the leading edge of the cell compared to the cell body. Moreover, membrane ruffles located within the lamellipodium show low PKA activity, consistent with the known activation of RhoA within these ruffles (O’Connor et al , JCB, 2000, 148:253). Cells pretreated with H-89 or transfected with a S475A (non-phosphorylatable) mutant of AKAR displayed little or no FRET and were devoid of PKA activity gradients. Conversely, cells treated with IBMX or transfected with a CFP-YFP (constitutive FRET) construct showed uniformly high FRET ratios, as expected. We further show that PKA controls the membrane localization of RhoA by immunocytochemistry and activity of RhoA downstream of β1 integrins using the Rhotekin affinity precipitation assay, supporting the idea that PKA controls the spatial regulation of RhoA. In summary, using FRET-based sensor to detect the spatial distribution of active PKA within a migrating cell, we are able to show that PKA activity gradients exist. Furthermore, these data represent supporting evidence that cAMP/PKA may play an important role in establishing the leading edge during cell migration by regulating the spatial activation of key signaling molecules.
Stochastic PAC models for vacancy motions with trapping and detrapping

In order to explain PAC data for tetragonal zirconia at temperatures between 900 and 1300oC, we have developed a four-state stochastic model. The model simulates vacancies which trap and detrap at a PAC probe nucleus. While trapped, the vacancies hop around the probe in equivalent sites. The four states in this Winkler–Gerdau stochastic theory are three trapped states with equivalent electric field gradients (EFGs) of different orientations and a detrapped state with a weaker EFG whose axis of symmetry is oriented along the diagonal between the three trapped EFGs. There are three hopping rates in this model: w, the rate a trapped vacancy hops around the probe, wD, the detrapping rate, and wt, the trapping rate. We report results of calculations for values of these hopping rates implied by our tetragonal zirconia data, and we report heuristic fitting functions which summarize the computer results and can be used to fit data efficiently for a wide range of parameters.
A robust power absorbing H ∞ controller design for flexible structures

An H∞ mixed sensitivity problem is formulated for the control of uncertain large flexible structures. The plant model is based on the driving point mobility (inverse of the mechanical impedance) for the structure at the junction where the collocated dual actuators and sensors meet the structure. One way to obtain an expression for the point mobility for the structure is by analyzing the wave mode dynamics along its structural members. In the presence of bounded power propagating disturbances we seek a stabilizing controller to minimize their effect in an H∞ optimal sense. Specifically, we show the minimization of the power of the reflected and transmitted waves at the control junction is equivalent to the minimization of the H∞-norm of the weighted system sensitivity function together with a weighted output complementary sensitivity function. A weighted constraint on the control input is added in order to yield a robustly stable closed-loop system in the face of additive plant uncertainties. The obtained controller is verified to absorb power from the structure and hence adds overall damping to it.
Reduction of Uncertainty in Child Placement Decisions

■ It is reasonable to expect that a social worker will experience some degree of stress in making a child placement decision. Research undertaken thus far, however, falls to confirm this expectation. In explanation the authors describe several structural mechanisms that seemingly reduce worker uncertainty and anxiety. Possible "costs" of these mechanisms for clients, workers, and agencies are identified. 1
Suppurative Cervical Lymphadenitis in Infancy Microbiology and Sociology

Objective. To investigate the associations between patient age, sociological factors, and the microbiology of pediatric neck infections. Methods. Retrospective chart review of children up to 5 years old who underwent surgical management of suppurative cervical lymphadenitis. Results. A total of 76 individuals met inclusion criteria; 93% of culture-positive infections were caused by Staphylococcus aureus in infants, compared with 59% in children between 13 months and 5 years of age (P = .002). Of the S aureus isolates, 51% were methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) and 49% were methicillin-sensitive S aureus. Methicillin resistance was associated with African American race (P = .004); 67% of participants received empirical antibiotics prior to admission. Of these, 73% received antibiotics in the β-lactam class, and 25% received treatment with clindamycin. Conclusions. Incidence of MRSA is high in infants with cervical lymphadenitis who fail empirical antibiotic therapy and require surgical management. Empi...
Alveolar ridge resorption following tooth extraction

F ollowing tooth extraction, the fundic part of the bony socket fills in with connective tissue and bone, while the alveolar crest resorbs. After the wound heals and is covered with epithelium, the edentulous ridge remains.l-lo An important question is whether the center of the resulting residual ridge lies over the center of the original dentulous ridge or has shifted towards the original lingual or labial plate. This question is important to the prosthodontist who asks whether the artificial tooth should be placed over the center of the edentulous ridge or whether the artificial tooth should be placed more to the buccal or the lingual side of it in order to occupy more accurately the position of the natural tooth. On the basis of observations of dry skull specimens, Cryer’l stated that the edentulous lower jaw lies external to and is wider than the upper jaw after all teeth have been extracted. Rogers and Applebaum12 concluded from measurements made in cadavers with dentulous and edentulous jaws that in the maxillae the vertical height of the ridges had decreased, and the crest of the edentulous ridge had shifted palatally after tooth extraction. They felt that in the mandible the most extensive resorption of alveolar bone occurred on the superior surface of the ridge and on the lingual surface of at least the posterior part of the ridge. Thus they suggested that resorption of the labial plate in the maxillae results in a loss of edentulous arch length and width, while, in the mandible, resorption of the lingual plate increases the mandibular arch length and width so that the edentulous maxillary arch comes to lie within the edentulous mandibular arch. Tylman and Tylman13 wrote that, in the maxillae, the labial and buccal alveolar plates resorb much faster than the palatal plates, while, in the mandible, the amounts of bone resorbed at the lingual and labial plates are approximately the same. Swenson14 stated that after tooth extraction the alveolar process of the
Mycological formation of fat. VI.—Synthesis of fat by Aspergillus nidulans, Penicillium javanicum and Penicillium spinulosum in shaken culture†

The respective concentrations of sodium dihydrogen phosphate, magnesium sulphate and potassium sulphate which promote fat formation by Aspergillus nidulans, Penicillium javanicum and P. spinulosum in shaken culture have been determined. The most suitable sources of nitrogen and levels of nitrogen favourable to fat synthesis have also been ascertained. Under the best conditions, with glucose as substrate, A. nidulans produced 14 g. of fat/100 g. of sugar consumed, while from P. javanicum and P. spinulosum the highest yields were 7.9 g. and 11.8 g., respectively. The highest yields of fat as g./1. of culture broth were: A. nidulans, 8.9; P. javanicum, 3.7; P. spinulosum, 9.1. A. nidulans and P. spinulosum were also tested on sucrose media and the best yields of fat were; A. nidulans, 8.5 g./100 g. of sucrose consumed and 5.5 g./1.; P. spinulosum, 12.2 g./100 g. of sucrose consumed and 10.1 g./1.
Single-Species Dominance in a Subsurface Phytoplankton Concentration at a Mediterranean Sea Front

Abstract : A narrow band of high Chl a (23.1 ug liter-1) was observed at a salinity front in the western Mediterranean Sea in late November 1987. The biomass peak was found deep in the photic zone, at 54 m, in a region of low light. A single diatom species, Thalassiosira partheneia Schrader in gelationous colonies, represented 98% of the total phytoplankton biomass in the layer and achieved abundance. Although lack of temporal sampling precludes precise determination of the processes responsible, the high biomass accumulation and dominance by this species was likely due to its preference for low light coupled with turbulence-induced high nutrient levels. Interleaving patterns in the temperature, salinity, and nutrient profiles suggest increased horizontal advection at the front. High shear at the boundaries of the interleavings might confine the biomass to a thin band, as well as generate turbulence to mix nutrients in from surrounding layers. Alternatively, stabilization of the water column following a brief, pulsed upwelling event could have reduced dispersion of the biomass, thereby confining it to the thin layer we observed. Keywords: Ocean environments; Phytoplankton; Chemical oceanography; Ocean currents.
Zones of potential interference, dissociation, and fusion: With observations on the contour of retrograde P waves

Abstract The development of A-V dissociation (interference-dissociation) is conditioned by the relative timing of atrial and ventricular pacemakers and is modified by the existing facility for both forward and retrograde conduction. The relationship that the discharge of one pacemaker bears to the discharge of the other may be expressed conveniently in terms of potential “zones”—particularly in terms of the timing of the atrial discharge relative to the discharge of the ventricular pacemaker. For A-V dissociation to occur, the atrial discharge must take place during the “zone of potential interference”. This zone, in turn, may be subdivided into an intitial “zone of dissociation” when interference takes place in the A-V tissues, and a terminal, rather constant, “zone of fusion” when interference takes place within the atrial musculature and atrial fusion beats result. These potential zones are described in detail and illustrated. Comment is made regarding the relative narrowness of retrograde P waves. It is suggested that the frequently observed absence of sinus P waves on the upstroke of the T wave of ventricular premature beats may be explained by the occurrence of atrial fusion beats at that time.
P02-17 - Depression, inflammation and coronary heart disease: prognostical value of c reactive protein and depressive symptoms

Introduction The aim of this preliminary study is to assess, in a sample of patients with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), the specific association between depressive symptoms and systemic inflammation. Methods Sixty-One inpatients with CHD, 31 Unstable Angina and 28 Myocardial Infarction, participated in the study. The plasma levels of C Reactive Protein were measured using Dade Behring’s High Sensitivity CRP assay (hs-CRP) at T0, T30 and T90. At the same timings, they were tested by an examiner, unaware of their diagnosis, with a psychometric battery (SCL90-R, HDRS, MADRS, BDI, QlesQ). Results The elevation of hs-CRP occurs during the whole observation period, with maximum significance at T90 (p = 0,031). A multivariate analysis at T0 indicates a statistical correlation between SCL90-R scores and hs-CRP levels (p = 0.02). The SCL90-R is also associated with the risk of further cardiac events (p = 0.013). Also the BDI could be useful as a prognostic factor (p = 0.026). We found a trend towards correlation between CRP values and depressive symptoms, but it never reaches statistical significance for the other scales. Conclusions The feelings of loss and the fear of death, related to the environmental and emotional situation of the hospitalization, may prevail in the acute phase of CHDs. Some patients may overcome this reactive depression, while others may exhibit a biological depression, related to the high level of CRP and thus to an increased risk of re-infarction and other coronary events.
Norm congruence among tour boat passengers to Glacier Bay national park

Personal and social norms of visitors are receiving increased attention as a means of setting standards of quality in parks and recreation areas. However, if visitors’ evaluations and behavior are not congruent with norm‐based standards, then this approach may lack validity. This study tests norm congruence among tour boat passengers to Glacier Bay National Park. A sample of tour boat passengers was surveyed to determine (a) personal norms for the number of watercraft and aircraft seen, (b) number of watercraft and aircraft seen, and (c) the effect of watercraft and aircraft seen on enjoyment. Findings reveal the extent to which evaluations of seeing water‐craft and aircraft are congruent with data on personal norms. Several theoretical and methodological issues that help interpret study findings are discussed.
The Partitioning of Arsenic, Selenium, Cadmium, and Cesium during Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 17 kW Downflow Combustor

The combustion of coal liberates arsenic, selenium, cadmium, and cesium into the environment. These toxic metals, which are discharged with the flue gas or collected with fly ash, may vaporize in the hot portions of the combustor then return to the solid phase in cooler zones of the process downstream. Understanding the mechanisms by which toxic metals partition between the vapor and solid phases is an important step for predicting and mitigating the effect of these metals upon the environment. An investigation of these partitioning mechanisms was performed. The results suggest that the dominant heterogeneous partitioning mechanism for transformation to the solid phase in the post-combustion zone is the reaction of metal vapor on the surface or within the pores of a supermicron ash particle for the Pittsburgh seam and Illinois #6 coals but not for the Ohio blend coal. A relationship between the concentration of supermicron phase arsenic, selenium, and cadmium to calcium was also observed, suggesting the formation of As-Ca, Se-Ca, and Cd-Ca reaction products. Selenium appears to be more reactive than arsenic for the formation of these calcium-based complexes.
Public Service Motivation and the Technical, Political, and Facilitator Roles of City Planners

Using a survey of planners in the United States, this study examines their roles (technical, political, and facilitator) in relation to public service motivation and determining the public interest. Regression analyses show different components of public service motivation associated with the facilitator and technician roles but not the political role. Also of significance were gender, age, professionalism, organizations, and population. Other results indicate planners favoring citizens over elected officials in deciding the public interest. This study highlights how planners and public administrators may differ on public service and reveals the struggle planners face in reconciling their roles within public organizations.
The hematological effects of chronic, low level exposures to carbon monoxide in rats.

Chronic, intermittent exposures to low levels of carbon monoxide (23% COHb) produce statistically significant elevations in red blood cell count, hematocrit, hemoglobin content, and reticulocyte percentage in rats. However, during ten postexposure days the elevations show significant reversibility. Because no significant change in plasma volumes appears to occur, the mild polycythemia is evidently due to increased erythropoiesis. The degree of polycythemis obtained is probably not critical in respect to increases in blood viscosity.
Osteocalcin abnormalities in Hyp mice reflect altered genetic expression and are not due to altered clearance, affinity for mineral, or ambient phosphorus levels.

The Hyp mouse manifests rickets and renal wasting of phosphorus. We previously reported elevated circulating osteocalcin in Hyp mice, and a paradoxical decrease in response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3]. To investigate these abnormalities further, we characterized in detail the response of circulating osteocalcin to 1,25-(OH)2D3 and compared skeletal osteocalcin in normal and Hyp mice. The affinity of osteocalcin for hydroxyapatite and the protein's clearance were compared in Hyp and normal animals. Finally, the response of osteocalcin messenger RNA (mRNA) to 1,25-(OH)2D3 was examined in normal mice, Hyp mice, and normal mice subjected to dietary phosphorus deprivation. Multiple (n = 3-6) daily doses of 1,25-(OH)2D3 are required to increase serum osteocalcin levels in normal C57 BL/6 mice; the effect is apparent by 6 h and persists for at least 24 h after injection. Single doses of up to 50 ng have no significant effect. In contrast, an approximately 50% decrement in circulating osteocalcin o...
EXPERIENCE WITH ANTITHYMOCYTE GLOBULIN (ATG) IN PEDIATRIC RENAL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS

The efficacy of ATG (ATGAMR-Upjohn Co.) in prolonging patient + cadaver renal allograft survival was studied in 21 patients,age 5 to 19 yrs receiving transplants from May 1977 to Oct.1979. Of the 9 patients randomly selected to receive ATG, 3 were given a fixed dose for the 28 day period of therapy; the daily doses of 3 were altered in relation to the percentage of rosette forming cells. Six of the selected patients received the full course of therapy; 1 patient had a positive skin test to ATG; 2 had untoward reactions to the first (and only) administered dose. Of those receiving ATG 1 had irreversible rejection 1 mo after transplantation, and 1 kidney was rejected after 3 mo. Three control patients experienced irreversible rejection within 1 mo, + 2 kidneys were rejected after 3 mos. All patients except 1 experienced threatened rejection episodes during the first mo. One patient died at 2 wks and 2 died within 1 yr after transplantation. All 3 were controls. The 5 treated patients with functioning allografts 4 mos to 2 yrs after surgery had creatinine clearances from 42 to 91 m1/min/1.73M2; 7 controls had clearances from 22 to 120 m1/min/1.73M2. Conclusions: Although the number of patients was very small, there appeared to be no correlation between patient and graft survival and ATG therapy. There was a correlation between graft survival and HLA matching.
Neuro-anatomic mapping of dopamine D1 receptor involvement in nicotine self-administration in rats.

Abstract Dopaminergic signaling has long been known to be a critical factor in nicotine addiction, as well as other drugs of abuse. Dopaminergic projections from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex have been well established to be critical to the reinforcing effects of these drugs. However, other projections of dopamine neurons are likely to have significant roles in this process. Also, the relative contributions of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in drug addiction and its treatment remain to be fully understood. In this study, we examined the effects of blocking D1 and D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcS), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and parietal association cortex (PtA) on nicotine self-administration in rats. Female Sprague–Dawley rats were fitted with jugular catheters and allowed to self-administer nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/infusion) on an FR1 schedule. Rats were fitted with bilateral infusion cannulae to allow infusion of D1 or D2 antagonists (SCH-23390 or haloperidol) into each targeted brain area. Acute local infusions of SCH-23390 (1–4 μg/side) into the AcS and PtA significantly reduced nicotine self-administration by up to 75%. SCH-23390 infusion into the ACC was less effective with only suggestive non-significant reductions of nicotine self-administration. Acute, local infusions of haloperidol (0.5–2 μg/side) in any of the brain regions targeted did not have significant effects on nicotine self-administration. These results demonstrate a more significant role for D1 receptor mechanisms in the process of nicotine reinforcement and help provide a more detailed neuroanatomic map of nicotine dependence in the brain.
The metabolism of iodine in the thyroid gland.

Abstract The thyroid gland performs its functions of synthesizing, storing, and releasing the thyroid hormone by means of a complex sequence of linked chemical reactions. These include selective accumulation of iodine, iodination of peptidelinked amino acids, condensation of these into triiodothyronine and thyroxin, breakdown of thyroglobulin to its constituent amino acids, and secretion of the hormonal iodinated amino acids into the perfusing blood. The gland also must synthesize the thyroglobulin itself. There is reason to suppose that many types of thyroid disease occur because of inborn or acquired faults in specific steps in the metabolic processes of the gland. These errors may manifest themselves as hypothyroidism and goiter, but growth of the gland may permit a fully compensated rate of hormone production. It is not inconceivable that hyperthyroidism may also have a similar origin.
Enzymatic transformations of lignin: 2

Abstract The enzymology of lignin biodegradation remains largely obscure despite substantial efforts by a number of investigators to elucidate it. This review documents the highlights of existing knowledge in this complex area. The paper concludes with the suggestion, as a working hypothesis, that perhaps the enzymes responsible for lignin biodegradation do not interact with the polymer itself, but generate reactive diffusible species such as superoxide radical anion. In turn, these diffusible species attack the lignin and are largely responsible for the observed transformations.
Conjugate natural convection heat transfer in a vertical annulus with internal circumferential fins

A numerical investigation is carried out to study natural convection heat transfer in a vertical annular enclosure with circumferential fins mounted on the inner cylinder. Heat is generated within the inner solid cylinder, while the top, the bottom, and the outer walls are exposed to convection. The results show that, even though the presence of fins does not alter the main features of the flow in the large-scale recirculation zone, it reduces the mean temperature of the inner cylinder by a maximum of 9.6% at low Rayleigh numbers. Also, the number and length of fins have a pronounced effect on the mean temperature.
Structures and Magnetic Properties of Novel 1-D Coordination Polymers Containing Both Dicyanamide and Pyridine-Type Ligands

Three novel 1-D coordination polymers consisting of {l_brace}Mn[N(CN){sub 2}]{sub 2}{r_brace}{sub {infinity}} structural units and L = 2 pyridines (i.e., 2), 2,2{prime}-bipyridine (i.e., 3), and 4,4{prime}-bipyridine (i.e., 4) have been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray crystallography and magnetic susceptibility studies. Compound 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2{sub 1}/n with a = 7.5401 (7) {angstrom}, b = 13.2643 (4) {angstrom}, c = 8.6973 (9) {angstrom}, {beta} = 114.954 (2){degree}, V = 788.65 (11) {angstrom}{sup 3}, and Z = 2 with R(R{sub w}) = 0.0451 (0.1067). In 2, linear 1-D chains containing trans-{mu}-[N(CN){sub 2}]{sup {minus}} ligands and two pyridine ligands are formed while cis-{mu}-[N(CN){sub 2}]{sup {minus}} coordination gives rise to zigzag chains with chelated 2,2{prime}-bipyridine ligands in 3 which crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 6.6769 /(3) {angstrom}, b = 17.2008 (2) {angstrom}, c - 13.0142 (4) {angstrom}, b =- 90.110 (4){degree}, V = 1494.65 (8) {angstrom}{sup 3}, and Z = 4 with R(R{sub w}) = 0.0514 (0.1218). Interestingly, incorporation of 4,4{prime}-bipyridine into the structure of 4 produces a unique cylindrical 1-D chain consisting of four trans-{mu}-[N(CN){sub 2}]{sup {minus},}s, one coordinated water, and an unusual monodentate 4,4{prime}-bipyridine ligand. X-ray crystallography established the orthorhombic space groupmore » Iba2 with a = 22.378 (6) {angstrom}, b = 22.517 (5) {angstrom}, c = 13.519 (5) {angstrom}, V = 6812 (3) {angstrom}{sup 3}, and Z = 8 with R(R{sub w}) = 0.0384 (0.0861). The magnetic susceptibilities of each compound were studied in the 2--300 K temperature range and the data fitted to the 1-D Fisher chain model for S = 5/2 with g-values of 2.00 and intrachain exchange constants, J/k{sub B} = {minus}0.10, {minus}0.17, and {minus}0.24 K for 2, 3, and 4, respectively.« less
Activity-based fluorescent reporters for monoamine oxidases in living cells.

Monoamine Oxidase Reporters 1 and 2 (MR1 and MR2) are substrate-tethered activity probes that utilize a tandem amine oxidation/β-elimination mechanism to detect MAO chemistry in vitro and in living cells directly and specifically without the need for additional enzymes or other activating reagents.
Absorption and fluorescence spectra of some mono- and di-hydroxy naphthalenes

Abstract Absorption and fluorescence spectra associated with near ultra-violet transitions for 1- and 2-naphthol and 1:3-, 1:4-, 1:5-, 1:6-, 2:3-, 2:6- and 2:7-naphthalenediols have been investigated. The intensities of absorption were affected by substitution and, to a first approximation, could be correlated with the direction of polarization in the naphthalene ring. The spectrum for an ionic species was characteristic of the position from which ionization occurred.
Dopamine Receptor Binding in Bovine Intermediate Lobe Pituitary Membranes

[3H]Spiroperidol ([3H]SPIRO) and [3H]N-n-propylnorapomorphine ([3H]NPA), a dopamine antagonist and agonist, respectively, were found to bind stereospecifically to bovine intermediate lobe pituitary membranes. The specific binding was saturable ([3H]SPIRO maximum number of binding sites, 11.2 pmol/g tissue; [3H]NPA maximum number of binding sites, 5.0 pmol/g tissue) and of high affinity ([3H]SPIRO dissociation constant, 0.17 nM; [3H]NPA dissociation constant, 0.35 M). The rank order of catecholamines, phenothiazines, and related drugs in competing for [3H]SPIRO and [3H]NPA binding is consistent with interactions at a dopamine receptor. Guanine nucleotides were found to selectively decrease agonist but not antagonist affinities for these binding sites. With the addition of 0.1 mM GTP, the ability of agonists to displace [3H]SPIRO binding is decreased 5 to 7-fold, while the dissociation constant for [3H]NPA is increased to 0.8 nM.
From bio-molecular and technology innovations to clinical practice: focus on ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer (OC) still represents the most lethal of gynecological malignancies with the chance for death in 5 years exceeding the chance for life. In recent years, the development of knowledge in molecular biology of OC coupled with the new technologies offers enormous opportunity to learn about aetiology of OC, and also give us a powerful tool for early diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of this disease. In particular, small cancer specimens from patients have become extremely informative thanks to techniques such as laser capture microdissection (LCM), tissue lysate arrays (TLAs), reverse trascriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and mass spectrometry. All of this coupled with advancements in bioinformatics have allowed the explosion of genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics. This paper focusses on the influence that advancement in the "-omics" bio-technology will reserve in OC diagnosis, prognostic characterization, and treatment.
Lusardi Formation: A Post-Batholithic Cretaceous Conglomerate North of San Diego, California

The Lusardi Formation, a previously undescnbed Cretaceous conglomerate, is discontinuously exposed over an area of 25 sq mi near Rancho Santa Fe, California. It unconformably overlies Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous igneous and metamorphic rocks, and is unconformably overlain by the Eocene La Jolla Formation. The Lusardi Formation is predominantly a reddish-brown boulder-to-cobble conglomerate with clasts that range up to 30 ft in diameter. Clast types include plutomc rocks, volcanic and volcanic-clastic rocks, and metasedimentary rocks derived from the underlying rock units. Thin lenses of well-sorted, medium-grained arkosic sandstone are locally present in the otherwise massive conglomerate. The large size of the clasts, their local provenance, and color of the unit suggest terrestrial deposition, probably by fluvial and mass transport processes on alluvial fans. Many clasts are deeply weathered and friable, and the iron bearing minerals of the matrix are commonly altered to oxides, indicating lengthly subaerial weathering in a semi-arid climate after deposition.
Bacterial DNA confers neuroprotection after optic nerve injury by suppressing CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell activity.

PURPOSE. Protective autoimmunity attenuates secondary degeneration after central nervous system (CNS) injury. Such neuroprotection is achieved via activation of autoimmune CD4CD25 effector T cells (Teffs) or suppression of naturally occurring CD4CD25 regulatory T cells (Tregs). In this study the ability of bacterial DNA, characterized by unmethylated CpG islands, to downregulate Treg activity and therefore, to confer neuroprotection was investigated. METHODS. The effects of CpG on suppressive activity of mouse Tregs were studied by coculturing Tregs with Teffs and measuring proliferation by radiolabeled thymidine. The neuroprotective effects of CpG-mediated Treg suppression was examined in rats after optic nerve crush. RESULTS. Teff proliferation in response to T-cell receptor stimuli was significantly reduced when the Teffs were cocultured with Tregs, compared with Teff activation when cultured alone. Treating Tregs with CpG reduced their suppressive activity and restored Teff proliferation to baseline levels. CpG injection in rats with optic nerve crush conferred significant neuroprotection compared with that in untreated control rats (118 8 cells/mm 2 vs. 69 5 cells/mm 2 , respectively; mean SEM; P 0.05). CpG-mediated neuroprotection was accompanied by significantly increased T-cell infiltration at the injury site. Similar CpG treatment of athymic nude rats yielded no neuroprotection, further suggesting a T-cell-dependent mechanism of CpG action. CONCLUSIONS. These findings strongly support the notion that alleviation of Treg suppression after injury benefits neuronal survival. Bacterial DNA attenuation of Treg suppressive activity may represent an evolutionary adaptation that curbs the amplified infection risk after CNS trauma, due to blood‐brain barrier breakdown. This study may prompt development of new neuroprotective therapies aimed at the immune system, to benefit the injured CNS. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007; 48:3441‐3449) DOI:10.1167/iovs.06-1351
Sequence variability in the fibroin-H intron of domesticated and wild silk moths.

Abstract The single intron of the heavy-chain fibroin gene in domesticated (Bombyx mori) and wild (B. mandarina) silk moths has a length of approximately 1000 nucleotides. It is located only 57 bp from the gene’s core promoter and harbors multiple AT-rich regulatory elements that have been found to enhance the basal level of transcription in vitro. In this work, the intronic nucleotide variability among members of both Bombyx species is analyzed. The intron sequences of B. mori strains k120 and Nistari, as well as B. mandarina specimens from Japan and Korea, were obtained. This information was compared with the previously reported sequences of B. mori strains p50 and C-108, as well as an additional B. mandarina specimen collected in Japan. We found a total of 26 variant positions, including variants shared by members of both species and species-specific changes. The potential functional role of these variants was investigated by using the program MatInspector to search for putative binding sites of transcription factors within the intron. We detected a multitude of putative binding elements distributed along the entire intronic sequence. Among them, 22 correspond to protein binding domains that are known to regulate fibroin transcription. The mapping of multiple variant positions within these putative binding sequences as well as in known regulatory elements of the intron argue for functional significance on the regulation of transcription.
Dynamic localization, absolute negative conductance, and stimulated, multiphoton emission in sequential resonant tunneling semiconductor superlattices.

We report the first observation of absolute negative conductance and multiphoton stimulated emission in sequential resonant tunneling semiconductor superlattices driven by intense terahertz electric fields. With increasing terahertz field strength the conductance near zero dc bias decreases towards zero and then becomes negative. This is accompanied by new steps and plateaus that are attributed to multiphoton-assisted resonant tunneling between ground states of neighboring quantum wells accompanied by the stimulated emission of a photon.
An autoradiographic study of prostaglandin E1 and/or its metabolites in mouse kidney tissue

Abstract The use of grain density autoradiography was evaluated as a means of quantifying the distribution of injected prostaglandin E 1 and/or its metabolites in the mouse kidney. Fifty microcuries of 3 H-PGE 1 were injected into each of three mice which were sacrificed at 20 min, 40 min and 45 h after injection. Sections of frozen kidneys were mounted on prepared liquid emulsion slides. Following appropriate exposure and processing, the radioactivity in various regions was quantified by grain counting using an eyepiece grid superimposed over the field at 1000X. The highest grain density was found over the papilla and the second highest grain density occurred at the region of the inner zone of the cortex. In addition, the percentage decrease of grain density from tissue taken 40 min after injection when compared to that from tissue taken 20 min after injection implied that these two regions retained the radioactivity more so than the outer zone of the cortex, the outer zone of the medulla and the glomeruli.