cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social support, social strain, sleep quality, and actigraphic sleep characteristics: evidence from a national survey of US adults

Abstract Objective To determine the associations between average family and friend social support and strain over 10 years and sleep quality, sleep efficiency, total sleep time, and night-to-night total sleep time variability. Participants Non-institutionalized English-speaking US adults aged 34–81 who participated in the MacArthur Study on Aging: Midlife in the United States. Measurements Sleep quality was assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and by a 7-day daily diary. Sleep efficiency, total sleep time, and night-to-night total sleep time variability were assessed by actigraphy (MiniMitter 64). Results Social support, but not social strain, was significantly associated with both self-reported measures of quality (social support β =−1.239, P =.019 for global Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores; social support β =−0.248, P =.016 for diary assessed quality). Lower scores on both quality measures indicate better sleep. In contrast, social strain, but not social support, was significantly associated with sleep efficiency (social strain β =−3.780, P =.007). Social strain, but not social support, was significantly associated with night-to-night sleep variability (social strain β =0.421, P =.034); however, the overall model was not significant. Neither social support nor social strain was significantly associated with total sleep time. Conclusion Social support was significant for self-reported sleep, whereas only social strain was significantly associated with objective sleep parameters. Future research on social relationships and sleep should analyze both positive and negative aspects of relationships in tandem because effects appear to differ based on outcome.
FEASIBILITY OF RAPIDLY CREATING HIGH RESOLUTION VIRTUAL THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELS OF ANOMALOUS AORTIC ORIGIN OF CORONARY ARTERIES

Background: Morphological criteria that result in inducible ischemia with anomalous aortic origin of coronary artery (AAOCA) have been postulated but not confirmed. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), finite element analysis (FEA) on virtual AAOCA three-dimensional models (3DM) could elucidate the
Gender mobility: survival plays and performing Central American migration in passage

AbstractBandits, corrupt officials, travel companions and smugglers rape Central American migrants during their clandestine journey across Mexico. However, migrants do not passively accept this violence; they devise performances of gender to arrive at their destination. Based on over two years of ethnographic fieldwork from El Salvador through Mexico to the United States, this article examines how men and women improvise new understandings of masculinity and femininity as they travel the migrant trail. In the transient social field of the transnational migration route, migrant narratives of the journey are ‘survival plays’ that re-imagine gender.
Static fatigue lifetime of optical fibers assessed using Boltzmann–Arrhenius–Zhurkov (BAZ) model

The recently suggested probabilistic design-for-reliability (PDfR) concept and particularly its physically meaningful and flexible Boltzmann–Arrhenius–Zhurkov (BAZ) model, can be effectively employed as an attractive replacement of the widely used today purely empirical and physically unsubstantiated power law relationship for assessing the static fatigue (delayed fracture) lifetime of optical silica fibers. In this analysis the BAZ model is employed to estimate the static fatigue lifetime of an optical silica fiber under the combined action of tensile loading and an elevated temperature. The PDfR concept has its experimental basis in the highly-focused and highly-cost-effective failure-oriented accelerated testing (FOAT). Accordingly, it is shown how the PDfR concept, BAZ model and FOAT data can be effectively used, when there is a need to assess the long-term tensile strength (static fatigue life) of a coated optical fiber subjected to the combined action of tensile loading and elevated temperature. Although the role of elevated humidity might be insignificant owing to the elevated temperature conditions, this role can be accounted for, if there is a need for that, as well, by using multi-parametric BAZ model. Since the principle of superposition does not work in reliability engineering, all the three stressors, namely, the elevated temperature, tensile stress and relative humidity, should be applied concurrently to the specimen under test, and their coupling, if any, should and could be considered by the FOAT based on the BAZ model. The numerical example is carried out, however, for the case when only the elevated temperature and tensile stress are applied. The results of the analysis can be employed in the design and testing of optical silica fibers.
A case study of duplications detection for educational domain thorough ad hoc search and identification NLP‐based method

During the organization and planning of lecture courses for a discipline, its content may be overlapped and partially delivered in more than one course. Sometimes this action causes time loss through unnecessary repeating. This paper introduces an automated tool for duplications detections adapting methods of natural language processing used for Web search. The experiment for unstructured electronic document repositories clustering for thematic duplicate identification in different documents in the case of educational domain is presented. A prototype of this Web service-based software search engine is being designed and discussed. The experiment aimed to identify thematic duplicates of various courses within one of the teaching disciplines is also presented.
Financial Stability of Level I Trauma Centers Within Safety-Net Hospitals.

Background Level I trauma centers often exist within safety-net hospitals (SNHs), facilities servicing high proportions of low-income and uninsured patients. Given the current health care funding environment, trauma centers within SNHs may be at particular risk. Using California as a model, we hypothesized that SNHs with trauma centers vary in terms of financial stability. Study Design We performed a retrospective cohort study using data from publicly available financial disclosure reports from California's Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development. Safety-net hospitals were identified from the California Association of Public Hospitals and Health Systems. The primary outcomes metric for financial performance was operating margin. Results California hospitals with Level I trauma centers were analyzed (11 SNH sites, 2 non SNH). The SNHs did not behave uniformly, and were clustered into county-owned SNHs (36%, n = 4) and nonprofit-owned SNHs (64%, n = 7). Mean operating margins for county SNHs, nonprofit SNHs, and non SNHs were –16.5%, 8.4%, and 9.5%, respectively (p Conclusions The majority (85%) of Level I trauma centers are within SNHs, whose financial stability is highly variable. A group of SNHs rely on infusions of government funds and are therefore susceptible to changes in policy. These findings suggest deliberate funding efforts are critical to protect the health of the US academic trauma system.
Critical Role of Peroxiredoxin 6 in the Repair of Peroxidized Lung Membrane Phospholipids

Peroxidation of membrane lipids represents a severe threat to cellular integrity and its repair is crucial to prevent cell death. Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6), a protein with both GSH peroxidase and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activities, plays a major role in antioxidant defense of the lung, an organ with very low expression of GPx4.We investigated the role of Prdx6 in the repair of peroxidized cell membranes in intact mouse lungs and isolated pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVEC) treated with tert-butylhydroperoxide. Lipid peroxidation was evaluated by measurements of: a) thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); b) oxidation of diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine (DPPP); and c) ferrous- xylenol orange (FOX). The exposure dose in the different models was varied to give a similar increase of about 4-fold over control in lipid peroxidation measurements at end-exposure. Values for lipid peroxidation returned to control levels within 2 h after oxidant removal in wild type (WT) lungs and PMVEC; however,there was essentially no repair in Pxdx6 null lungs or PMVEC. There also was no recovery in lungs and PMVEC that express H26A-Prdx6; this mutation abolishes the phospholipid hydroperoxidase function of Prdx6 but not its ability to reduce H2O2. An intermediate degree of repair was observed with lungs and PMVEC that express either C47S- or D140A-Prdx6; the former mutantion abolishes the peroxidase activity of Prdx6 while the latter abolishes PLA2 activity. Since repair was not seen with Prdx6 knock-out, GPx4 has no role in recovery from peroxidative stress by lung cells while Prdx6 plays a critical role; both the peroxidase and the PLA2 activities of Prdx6 contribute to the recovery process.
A Theory of Argumentation. By Charles Arthur Willard.

(1990). A Theory of Argumentation. By Charles Arthur Willard. Argumentation and Advocacy: Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 160-164.
Universal stories: How narratives satisfy core motives

AbstractFor millennia, narratives have been a primary mode of oral discourse. Narrative presentation of information has been shown to facilitate interpersonal and group communication. However, research indicates that narratives are more than merely an adaptive mode of communication. Narrative is a fundamental – and perhaps foundational – element of social and cultural life. The present article posits that the centrality of narrative in social life is due to narrative’s ability to help satisfy the five core social motives, as identified by Fiske belonging, understanding, control, self-enhancement, and trust. In so doing, this article reviews empirical and theoretical work examining basic narrative processes, autobiographical narratives, and entertainment narrative consumption to illustrate how narrative thought helps to satisfies core human motives and in turn, how the narrative construction process informs self and identity formation.
Mixed-Integer Linear Programming for Optimal Scheduling of Autonomous Vehicle Intersection Crossing

We propose an urban traffic management scheme for an all connected vehicle environment. If all the vehicles are autonomous, for example, in smart city projects or future's dense city centers, then such an environment does not need a physical traffic signal. Instead, an intersection control server processes data streams from approaching vehicles, periodically solves an optimization problem, and assigns to each vehicle an optimal arrival time that ensures safety while significantly reducing number of stops and intersection delays. The scheduling problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program (MILP), and is solved by IBM CPLEX optimization package. The optimization outputs (scheduled access/arrival times) are sent to all approaching vehicles. The autonomous vehicles adjust their speed accordingly by a proposed trajectory planning algorithm with the aim of accessing the intersection at their scheduled times. A customized traffic microsimulation environment is developed to determine the potentials of the proposed solution in comparison to two baseline scenarios. In addition, the proposed MILP-based intersection control scheme is modified and simulated for a mixed traffic consisting of autonomous and human-controlled vehicles, all connected through a wireless communication to the intersection controller of a signalized intersection.
Disinhibition of Prefrontal Cortex Neurons in Schizophrenia

A large body of evidence has implicated abnormal functioning of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (Robbins 1996; Andreasen et al. 1997; Winterer and Wvneinberger 2004; Lewis and Moghaddam 2006). These abnormalities are found at molecular and functional levels and are thought to be the basis of cognitive deficits in individuals with schizophrenia. However, little is known about the physiological mechanisms that contribute to this malfunction. Here we review some of the literature that points to PFC abnormalities in schizophrenia and recent theories that unify the multimodal functional and postmortem findings in schizophrenia.
Genetic Polymorphisms in Fatty Acid Metabolism Modify the Association Between Dietary n3: n6 Intake and Risk of Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION High intake of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is associated with a decreased risk of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). However, results have been heterogeneous suggesting that genetic variations in PUFA metabolism may modify this risk. METHODS We conducted a case-control study nested within 2 prospective cohorts, the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHS II. Among women providing blood (n = 62,437) or buccal cells (n = 59,543) for genotyping, we confirmed new diagnoses of CD or UC. Dietary intake was assessed 4 years before diagnosis. Confirmed cases were matched 1:2 to controls. Subjects were genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms at CYP4F3, FADS1, and FADS2 loci. Conditional logistic regression models examined the interaction between genotype, n3:n6 PUFA intake and risk of CD and UC. RESULTS Our study included 101 CD and 139 UC patients matched to 495 controls. On multivariable analysis, high intake of n3:n6 PUFA (above median) demonstrated a trend toward reduced risk of UC (Odds ratio [OR] 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.47-1.09, P = 0.11). High n3:n6 PUFA intake was associated with a reduced risk of UC in individuals with the GG/AG genotype at a single nucleotide polymorphism in CYP4F3 (OR 0.57, 95% CI, 0.32-0.99) but not those with the AA genotype (OR 0.95, 95% CI, 0.47-1.93) (P-interaction = 0.049). No gene-diet interactions were noted for CD. CONCLUSIONS The association between dietary n3:n6 PUFA intake and risk of UC may be modified variants at CYP4F3. Further gene-environment studies of the association between diet and IBD risk are warranted.
Ultrasonic Imaging of Equine Ovarian Follicles and Corpora Lutea

One of the most profound theriogenology applications of transrectal diagnostic ultrasonography in mares involves the imaging of ovarian follicles and corpora lutea. The resolving capabilities (frequency) and quality of the scanner directly affect the minimal size of a structure that can be imaged and the quality of the image. High-frequency scanners (5 or 7.5 MHz) of good quality can image a 2-mm follicle and the corpus luteum throughout its functional life. A low-frequency scanner (3 or 3.5 MHz) can image a 6-mm follicle and the corpus luteum for several days after ovulation. Equine follicles are excellent subjects for transrectal imaging because they are large, filled with fluid, and readily accessible. Event the small follicles (less than 10 mm) can be diagnostically important in evaluating whether ovarian infertility has occurred and whether the follicles are responding to treatment for follicular stimulation. The large, preovulatory follicles are of special interest. Averaged over a group of 79 periods, the following significant changes were found in the preovulatory follicle: increasing diameter, shape change from spherical to pear-shaped or conical, and increasing thickness of the follicular wall. No significant changes were found in the echogenicity (gray-scale value) of the wall or fluid. In retrospect, the diameter of the follicle seemed as useful for predicting impending ovulation as any of the other ultrasound criteria. The occurrence of ovulation is readily detected by the disappearance of a large follicle that was present at a recent previous examination. In addition, the ovulation site on the day of ovulation is detectable. In one study, the site was correctly identified in 24 of 24 mares. A small amount of residual follicular fluid can sometimes (7 of 10 in one study) be detected at the site of ovulation. The residual fluid usually disappears over a period of 0.5 to 20 hours. Subsequently, the developing corpus luteum may form a central nonechogenic area with peripheral luteinization or may remain uniformly luteinized. The central areas are of apparently vascular origin (blood or a component of blood) and become clotted and organized. In one study, approximately 50 per cent of the glands developed central areas exceeding 10 per cent of the size of the gland. The central areas began to develop on Day 0 or 1 and continued to enlarge until Day 2 or 3. The relative proportion of the gland containing a central clot decreases after Day 3, but the central area usually remains visible throughout diestrus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Jewish tradition in death and dying

Death is often a spiritually difficult time for the dying and their families. Judaism approaches dying with some unique views that can differ from other religious traditions. Through an understanding of Jewish tradition, nurses can ease the dying process for Jewish patients and their families.
CP/MAS 13C NMR Analysis of Poly(Arylene Methylene)s

Poly(arylene methylene)s [-(-ArCH2-)-] (PAM) are readily synthesized by condensation of aromatic nuclei with formaldehyde (Eq.1) or by Friedel-Crafts alkylation polymerization (Eq.2,3). Depending on the conditions employed, either soluble or insoluble products may be obtained.
Action Levels on Dose and Anatomic Variation for Adaptive Radiation Therapy Using Daily Offline Plan Evaluation: Preliminary Results.

Abstract Purpose This study aimed to develop action levels for replanning to accommodate dosimetric variations resulting from anatomic changes during the course of treatments, using daily cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods and materials Daily or weekly CBCT images of 20 patients (10 head and neck, 5 lung, and 5 prostate cancers) who underwent resimulation per physicians' clinical decisions, mainly from the comparison of CBCT scans, were used to determine action levels. The first CBCT image acquired before the first treatment was used as the reference image to rule out effects of dose inaccuracy from the CBCT. The Pearson correlation of clinical target volume (CTV) was used as a parameter of anatomic variation. Parameters for action levels on dose and anatomic variation were deduced by comparing the parameters and clinical decisions made for replanning. A software tool was developed to automatically perform all procedures, including dose calculations, using the CBCT and plan evaluations. Results Replans were clinically decided based on either significant dose or anatomic changes in 13 cases. The 7 cases that did not require replanning showed dose differences 75% for all fractions. A difference in planning target volume dose >5% or a difference in the image correlation coefficient of the CTV Conclusions Our study shows that a dose difference of 5% and/or anatomy variation at 0.75 Pearson correlations are practical action levels on dose and anatomic variation for replanning for the given data sets.
Durability testing of electronic textile surface resistivity and textile antenna performance

As wearable electronics become more prevalent in everyday life, there is a growing desire to integrate circuits and antennae into clothing. One way that this integration may occur is through use of...
How Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering Departments are Preparing Undergraduate Students for the New Big Data, Machine Learning, and AI Paradigm: A Three- Model Overview

Big data, machine learning, and artificial intelligence (Big Data ML-AI) applications are revolutionizing the methods and practices of electrical and computer engineering (ECE), from autonomous vehicles and futuristic semi-conductor design to smart phones and speakers. But is the undergraduate ECE curriculum keeping pace with the new Big Data ML-AI paradigm? This exploratory study is designed to investigate whether or not, and how ECE departments are adapting the first two years of their curriculum, so as to sustainably integrate Big Data ML-AI courses and content. The research questions are: Which Big Data ML-AI tools are being used in industry, and are these tools reflected in the ECE curriculum? To answer these questions, the datasets consist of 2018 surveys of Big Data ML-AI tools that are being utilized in industry, and a review of the undergraduate ECE syllabi of five selected universities from the group of American Association of Universities. The results show that Python, Tensorflow, and Keras are the most utilized Big Data ML-AI tools, while only one of the five selected institutions has fully adapted the first two years of the undergraduate ECE curriculum, so as to flexible integrate Big Data ML-AI courses and concepts. Additionally, objections to the integration of Big Data ML-AI into the ECE curriculum, such as technology transience and the detrimental nature of biased algorithms, are addressed.
What is full capacity protocol, and how is it implemented successfully?

Full capacity protocol (FCP) is an internationally recognized intervention designed to address emergency department (ED) crowding. Despite FCP international recognition and positive effects on hospital performance measures, many hospitals, even the most crowded ones, have not implemented FCP. We conducted this study to identify the core components of FCP, explore the key barriers and facilitators associated with the FCP implementation, and provide practical recommendations on how to overcome those barriers. To identify the core components of FCP, we used a non-experimental approach. We conducted semi-structured interviews with key informants (e.g., division chiefs, medical directors) involved in the implementation of FCP. We used the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to guide data collection and analysis. We used a template analysis approach to determine the relevance of the CFIR constructs to implementing the FCP. We analyzed the responses to the interview questions about FCP definition and FCP key principles, compared different hospitals’ FCP official documents, and consulted with the original FCP developer. We then used an adaptation framework to categorize the core components of FCP into three main groups. Finally, we summarized practical recommendations for each barrier based on information provided by the interviewees. A total of 32 interviews were conducted. We observed that FCP has evolved from the idea of transferring boarded patients from ED hallways to inpatient hallways to a practical hospital-wide intervention with several components and multiple levels. The key determinant of successful FCP implementation was collaboration with inpatient nursing staff, as they were often reluctant to have patients boarded in inpatient hallways. Other determinants of successful FCP implementation were reaching consensus about the criteria for activation of each FCP level and actions in each FCP level, modifying the electronic health records system, restructuring the inpatient units to have adequate staffing and resources, complying with external regulations and policies such as fire marshal guidelines, and gaining hospital leaders’ support. The key determinant in implementing FCP is creating a supportive and cooperative hospital culture and encouraging key stakeholders, including inpatient nursing staff, to acknowledge that crowding is a hospital-wide problem that requires a hospital-wide response.
Leveraging Feature Similarity for Earlier Detection of Unwanted Feature Interactions in Evolving Software Product Lines

Software product lines enable reuse of shared software across a family of products. As new products are built in the product line, new features are added. The features are units of functionality that provide services to users. Unwanted feature interactions, wherein one feature interferes with another feature’s operation, is a significant problem, especially as large software product lines evolve. Detecting feature interactions is a time-consuming and difficult task for developers. Moreover, feature interactions are often only discovered during testing, at which point costly re-work is needed. This paper proposes a similarity-based method to identify unwanted feature interactions much earlier in the development process. It uses knowledge of prior feature interactions stored with the software product line’s feature model to help find unwanted interactions between a new feature and existing features. The paper describes the framework and algorithms used to detect the feature interactions using three path similarity measures and evaluates the approach on a real-world, evolving software product line. Results show that the approach performs well, with 83% accuracy and 60% to 100% coverage of feature interactions in experiments, and scales to a large number of features.
Atomic structures of the RNA end-healing 5'-OH kinase and 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiesterase domains of fungal tRNA ligase: conformational switches in the kinase upon binding of the GTP phosphate donor.

Fungal tRNA ligase (Trl1) rectifies RNA breaks with 2',3'-cyclic-PO4 and 5'-OH termini. Trl1 consists of three catalytic modules: an N-terminal ligase (LIG) domain; a central polynucleotide kinase (KIN) domain; and a C-terminal cyclic phosphodiesterase (CPD) domain. Trl1 enzymes found in all human fungal pathogens are untapped targets for antifungal drug discovery. Here we report a 1.9 A crystal structure of Trl1 KIN-CPD from the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans, which adopts an extended conformation in which separate KIN and CPD domains are connected by an unstructured linker. CPD belongs to the 2H phosphotransferase superfamily by dint of its conserved central concave β sheet and interactions of its dual HxT motif histidines and threonines with phosphate in the active site. Additional active site motifs conserved among the fungal CPD clade of 2H enzymes are identified. We present structures of the Candida Trl1 KIN domain at 1.5 to 2.0 A resolution-as apoenzyme and in complexes with GTP•Mg2+, IDP•PO4, and dGDP•PO4-that highlight conformational switches in the G-loop (which recognizes the guanine base) and lid-loop (poised over the nucleotide phosphates) that accompany nucleotide binding.
APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASOUND IMAGE CONVERTERS IN BIOLOGY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the applications of ultrasound image converters in biology. Ultrasound will form pictures of absorbing tissues, which are invisible to ionizing radiation as the propagation constants of the two forms of energy differ fundamentally. The picture obtained with ultrasound generally will be inferior to that obtained using ionizing radiation or even visible light because the wavelength at the commonly used ultrasound frequencies is much longer. The electronic ultrasound image converters used in visualization systems have one of two distinct configurations. To assure uniform illumination at the input surface of the image converter tube, use is made of the far field of the exciting transducer. In practice, it has been found that if the distance between the sending transducer and that of the input surface of the tube is in excess of 16 times the diameter of the sending transducer, then the field at the receiving surface may be considered for all practical purposes to be a plane wave field. The introduction of an object into this field will affect the uniformity of the impinging sound field. This uniformity is altered both in amplitude and in phase. The input surface of the transducer responds to sound pressure, and sound pressure is the vector sum of the radiation arriving at a particular point on the tube from all points within the object being inspected. As a consequence, the image displayed by an ultrasound image system differs considerably from that obtainable by utilizing ionizing radiation.
Leaving Zion: Jewish Emigration from Palestine and Israel after World War II

The story of Israel's foundation has often been told from the perspective of Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel. Leaving Zion turns this historical narrative on its head, focusing on Jewish out-migration from Palestine and Israel between 1945 and the late 1950s. Based on previously unexamined primary sources collected from twenty-two archives in six countries, Ori Yehudai demonstrates that despite the dominant view that displaced Jews should settle in the Jewish homeland, many Jews instead saw the country as a site of displacement or a way-station to more desirable lands. Weaving together the perspectives of governments, aid organizations, Jewish communities and the personal stories of individual migrants, Yehudai brings to light the ideological, political and social tensions surrounding emigration. Covering events in the Middle East, Europe and the Americas, this study provides a fresh transnational perspective on the critical period surrounding the birth of Israel and the post-Holocaust reconstruction of the Jewish world.
A Multiband, High-Order Notch Filter for TX Leakage Suppression in FDD Receivers

This letter presents a tunable notch filter that can be reconfigured to improve rejection while offering high power handling. The notch filter uses a series $N$ -path filter in conjunction with an impedance-transformed shunt $N$ -path filter to improve the transmit (TX) rejection or notch concurrent bands. A 4th-order notch provides >40-dB rejection for a single TX channel. In the dual-notch mode, the notches can be tuned to two different TX channels. Finally, a low-power single-notch mode provides >20-dB rejection with low power consumption. The filter is implemented in a 45-nm CMOS SOI process and consumes between 11.9 and 43.9 mW at 1-V supply across a tuning range from 0.45 to 0.9 GHz while providing a peak rejection >50 dB and $P_{1~{\mathrm{ dB}}}$ as high as 15.8 dBm.
Frequent police stops, parental incarceration and mental health: results among US non-Hispanic Black and White adolescent girls and boys

Background National monitoring of police–public contact does not extend below age 16 and few studies have examined associations with adolescent mental health. Methods We describe the distribution of police stops in a nationally representative cross-sectional sample of adolescents ages 12 to 18 years in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Child Development Supplement 2002 and 2007 (n=2557). We used survey-weighted race/ethnicity-stratified and gender-stratified regression models to examine associations between the frequency of police stops and both depressive symptoms and subjective well-being (emotional, psychological and social). We adjusted for several socioeconomic covariates and evaluated effect modification by parental incarceration. Results We estimated that 9.58% of adolescents were stopped two or more times. Despite fewer police stops compared with boys, Black and White girls who were stopped at least two times in the last 6 months had higher average depression scores relative to girls who were not stopped (Black: 2.13 (95% CI: 0.73 to 3.53), White: 2.17 (95% CI: 1.07 to 3.27)) and these associations were stronger among girls whose parents had been incarcerated. Police stops were significantly associated with higher depressive scores for White, but not Black, boys (2+ vs 0 stops: White: 1.33 (95% CI: 0.31 to 2.36, Black: 0.53 (95% CI: –0.28 to 1.34)). Associations between subjective well-being and police stops were stronger among non-Hispanic Black relative to White girls, whereas for boys, associations varied across subjective well-being subscales. Conclusion National monitoring data and public health research should examine adolescent police contact at younger ages stratified by both race/ethnicity and gender in order to better understand its relationship with adolescent mental health.
Summer roosting ecology of the northern yellow bat and tri-colored bat in coastal South Carolina

Lasiurus intermedius (Northern Yellow Bat) and Perimyotis subflavus (Tricolored Bat) are species of conservation concern in South Carolina and are threatened by loss of roosting habitat. To better understand summer roost selection, we radio-tracked individuals to roost trees during May through August of 2018 and 2019. We characterized roost trees, sites surrounding roost trees, and unused but available trees for each roost occasion. We used discrete-choice models to test hypotheses of factors influencing roost-site selection. Tri-colored Bats used foliage and Tillandsia usneoides (Spanish Moss) in hardwood trees and selected trees with high densities of Spanish Moss. Northern Yellow Bats used dead palm fronds in Sabal palmetto (Cabbage Palm Trees) or Spanish Moss in trees with high densities of Spanish Moss. Our results suggest that conservation of maritime and bottomland forests with trees that have high densities of important roost structures like Spanish Moss and dead palm fronds would benefit these species.
From Gene Expression to Large Scale Evolutionary Optimization

The Genetic algorithms (GAs) are popular search algorithms motivated by the natural evolution. The GAs have been successfully applied to solve many search, optimization, and machine learning related problems. Despite all the success stories, the popularity of the GAs in the twenty-first century is likely to be determined on grounds of scalable performance, a largely neglected issue in the GA literature. Therefore, the issue of scalability should be of growing concern in GA research.
Durable Goods Inventories and the Volatility of Production: A Puzzle ∗

A stylized fact associated with inventory behavior is that durable goods production and inventory investment are about 5 times more volatile than those of nondurable goods. This paper shows that the stockout-avoidance theory of inventories (Kahn, AER 1987) featuring demand uncertainty and production lags is inconsistent with this stylized fact. The predicted variance of production is negatively related to the degree of durability of consumption goods. In particular, production is less variable both absolutely and relative to sales when consumption goods are more durable. In addition, durable goods production can be less variable than sales even under serially correlated demand shocks. These predictions run counter to the data.
Simple Limits on Achieving A Quasi-Linear Magnetic Compression for an FEL Driver

Free electron lasers (FEL) need a very bright electron beam in three dimensions and a high peak charge density. In order to compress an initially longer electron bunch generated from the photoinjector, magnetic bunch compression systems are widely employed. In this paper, first harmonic RF linearization and its associated requirements are reviewed. Meanwhile it is also briefly discussed what is the relation between a proper initial bunch length and main RF frequency, when a harmonic RF linearization is included. Then given a reasonable bunch compression ratio, a proper initial bunch length as a function of the main RF frequency and RF phase is estimated analytically by several approaches, assuming that no harmonic RF section is needed to linearize the energy modulation introduced during main RF acceleration, and at the same time still linearly compress the bunch length. Next the upper limit of the bunch compression ratio in a single stage is evaluated analytically. The analytical relations derived on choosing a proper initial bunch length as a function of main RF frequency are confirmed by numerical simulation. These simple limit provide rough estimations and may be beneficial for choosing bunch compression ratios in different stages of an FEL driver, especially in a first stage bunch compression where there is usually a harmonic RF linearization applied. It may also be useful in evaluating the possibility of low charge operation mode without any harmonic RF linearization, where a shorter initial bunch length can be achieved from the photoinjector.
Cloning of the chicken chromosomal protein HMG-14 cDNA reveals a unique protein with a conserved DNA binding domain.

Abstract The isolation and sequencing of a cDNA clone coding for the entire sequence of chicken chromosomal protein HMG-14 is described. The open reading frame constitutes only 25% of the transcript; the 5'-untranslated region is extremely rich in GC residues; and the 3'-untranslated region is highly enriched in AT residues. Comparison with other cDNAs coding for HMG-14 and HMG-17 reveals that the transcripts of genes coding for this family of chromosomal proteins have a characteristic structure. The deduced amino acid sequence is unique and different from all other known HMG-14 and -17 sequences. Analysis of amino acid position identity between the chicken HMG-14 and other HMG-14/-17 proteins revealed that the protein has 37% similarity to the HMG-17 group and 69% similarity to the HMG-14 group; therefore, the protein is classified as belonging to the HMG-14 group. Additional analysis leads to the conclusion that the chicken cDNA described here codes for the true homolog of calf and human HMG-14 protein. Comparison of all the known HMG-14 sequences reveals the DNA binding domain is conserved and contains the invariant dodecapeptide PKRRSARLSAKP. The HMG-14 proteins have a distinct charge distribution along the polypeptide chain: while the central region is positively charged the C-terminal domain is negatively charged.
A remark on quasi-isometries

We show that if f: B n → R n is an ∈-quasi-isometry, with ∈ < 1, defined on the unit ball B n of R n , then there is an affine isometry h: B n → R n with ||f(x)-h(x)|| ≤ C∈(1+ log n) where C is a universal constant. This result is sharp.
Regulation of Nitrate Reductase Activity in Corn (Zea mays L.) Seedlings by Endogenous Metabolites

Primary and secondary metabolites of inorganic nitrogen metabolism were evaluated as inhibitors of nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1) induction in green leaf tissue of corn seedlings. Nitrite, nitropropionic acid, ammonium ions, and amino acids were not effective as inhibitors of nitrate reductase activity or synthesis. Increasing alpha-amino nitrogen and protein content of intact corn seedlings by culture techniques significantly enhanced rather than decreased the potential for induction of nitrate reductase activity in excised seedlings.Secondary metabolites, derived from phenylalanine and tyrosine, were tested as inhibitors of induction of nitrate reductase. Of the 9 different phenylpropanoid compounds tested, only coumarin, trans-cinnamic and trans-o-hydroxycinnamic acids inhibited induction of nitrate reductase.While coumarin alone exhibited a relatively greater inhibitory effect on enzyme induction than on general protein synthesis (the latter measured by incorporation of labeled amino acids), this differential effect may have been dependent upon unequal rates of synthesis and accumulation with respect to the initial levels of nitrate reductase and general proteins. Because of the short half-life of nitrate reductase, inhibitors of protein synthesis in general could still achieve differential regulation of nitrogen metabolism. Coumarin did not inhibit nitrate reductase activity when added directly to the assay mixture at 5 mm.Carbamyl phosphate and its chemical derivative, cyanate, were found to be competitive (with nitrate) inhibitors of nitrate reductase. The data suggest that cyanate is the active inhibitor in the carbamyl phosphate preparations.
Embryonic metabolism of foetal fuels in whole-embryo culture.

Abstract The whole-embryo culture technique has been extensively used to evaluate embryonic growth and development using morphological criteria. However, the system also provides an opportunity to assess the status of embryonic metabolism to determine biochemical maturation and alterations induced by xenobiotics or changes in substrate availability. For example, using 14 C-labelled substrates the rates of product formation may be determined for a variety of foetal fuels such as glucose and the ketone body, β-hydroxybutyrate. During organogenesis glucose metabolism is characterized by high rates of glycolytic metabolism at the early-somite stage and an increased dependence on Krebs cycle concomitant with the establishment of the chorioallantoic placenta ( c . 30-somite stage) to initiate an increasingly ‘foetal’ type of pattern. The dependence of the neurulating embryo on glucose as a fuel is further demonstrated by the embryotoxic effects of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. Although decreased glycolytic metabolism is the earliest effect of this treatment, both the Krebs cycle and oxidative pentose phosphate pathway are also inhibited. Therefore, the induction of malformations by hypoglycaemia is the result of a multifactorial biochemical alteration. In addition to glucose, mouse conceptuses have the capacity to metabolize alternative foetal fuels such as the ketone bodies d - and dl -BOHB at rates that are concentration dependent. However, the energy production from these substrates is limited by the low rates of Krebs-cycle metabolism at the early-somite stage.
MOUNTING SUBSTRATES FOR CONTEMPORARY PHOTOGRAPHS

Mounting substrates for contemporary oversized photographs, including wood boards, foam boards, plastic boards, aluminum, aluminum composite materials and honeycomb panels, are described. Manufacturing processes, physical characteristics and aging properties are discussed. A comparative table shows the characteristics of some of the materials described.
Dutasteride: A Review of its Use in the Management of Prostate Disorders

Dutasteride, a synthetic 4-azasteroid, is a selective and competitive inhibitor of both type 1 and type 2 5-alpha-reductase isoenzymes approved for the treatment of men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) who have an enlarged prostate. It has been demonstrated to be effective as monotherapy, or in combination with the alpha-adrenergic antagonist (a-blocker), tamsulosin, in several randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trials and their open-label extensions. Treatment with dutasteride is generally safe and well tolerated. Dutasteride has become established in the management of men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and reduces the risk of acute urinary retention and surgery related to BPH. Dutasteride may also have a role as a chemopreventive agent in the future as emerging evidence demonstrates a reduced risk of prostate cancer with this agent.
Eliminating Boundary Nodes in Substructuring of Large Structures

Substructuring techniques have been widely used in model reduction of large structures. In these methods a large structure is partitioned into several components and reduced components are built. Boundary degrees-of-freedom (DoF) at the interfaces between components are used to assemble the reduced components and to form a reduced model of the original structure. In the current substructuring methods the boundary DoF or a transformation of these DoF remain in the reduced model. In this paper a methodology is suggested that could eliminate the boundary DoF from the reduced model which in turn leads to having even a smaller reduced model. This method which uses a different partitioning of the DoF of the structure is illustrated for a two-component structure. An example on a simple structure shows how the method can be implemented. The results show that the same level of accuracy compared to a standard substructuring can be obtained with fewer number of DoF in the reduced model.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
NF-κB in the Survival and Plasticity of Neurons

The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) is involved in regulating responses of neurons to activation of several different signaling pathways in a variety of physiological and pathological settings. During development of the nervous system NF-kappaB is activated in growing neurons by neurotrophic factors and can induce the expression of genes involved in cell differentiation and survival. In the mature nervous system NF-kappaB is activated in synapses in response to excitatory synaptic transmission and may play a pivotal role in processes such as learning and memory. NF-kappaB is activated in neurons and glial cells in acute neurodegenerative conditions such as stroke and traumatic injury, as well as in chronic neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. Activation of NF-kappaB in neurons can promote their survival by inducing the expression of genes encoding anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2 and the antioxidant enzyme Mn-superoxide dismutase. On the other hand, by inducing the production and release of inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen molecules and excitotoxins, activation of NF-kappaB in microglia and astrocytes may contribute to neuronal degeneration. Emerging findings suggest roles for NF-kappaB as a mediator of effects of behavioral and dietary factors on neuronal plasticity. NF-kappaB provides an attractive target for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for a range of neurological disorders.
Low-overhead defect tolerance in crossbar nanoarchitectures

It is anticipated that the number of defects in nanoscale devices fabricated using bottom-up self-assembly process is significantly higher than that for CMOS devices fabricated by conventional top-down lithography patterning. This is mainly because of inherent lack of control in self-assembly fabrication as well as atomic scale of devices. The goal of defect tolerance, as an integral part of nano computing, is to obtain error-free computation from such fabrics containing defective elements.In this article, an application-independent defect tolerant scheme for reconfigurable crossbar array nanoarchitectures is presented. The main feature of this approach is that the existence and location of defective resources within the nano-fabric are hidden from the entire design flow, resulting in minimum post-fabrication customization per chip and minimum changes to the entire design and synthesis flow. It is also shown how to drastically minimize the area overhead associated with this flow. The proposed technique requires extraction of regular yet incomplete defect-free subsets, in contrast to previously proposed complete defect-free subsets. This can greatly reduce the area overhead required for defect tolerance while not sacrificing logic mapping or signal routing capabilities. Extensive simulation results confirm considerable reduction in the area overhead without any negative impact on the usability of modified defect-free subsets.
A 1.36μW adaptive CMOS image sensor with reconfigurable modes of operation from available energy/illumination for distributed wireless sensor network

For outdoor surveillance, sensitivity and dynamic range are important to deliver reliable images over widely changing illumination. However, constant monitoring with maximum awareness requires large power consumption and is not suitable for energy-limited applications such as battery-operated and/or energy-scavenging wireless sensor nodes. One of the ways to reduce power is voltage scaling [1–4]. However, it significantly reduces the SNR and results in poor image quality [4]. The signal can be easily corrupted from the noise in dark conditions or be saturated in bright conditions. Most imagers with high sensitivity and wide dynamic range [5,6] consume large power >50mW, unsuitable for wireless imager node applications. Therefore, it is imperative to implement a sensor adaptable to environmental changes: i.e., the sensor keeps monitoring at extremely low power operation and only turns into high-sensitivity or wide-dynamic-range operations when requested due to illumination changes or requested from the host for detailed image transmission. The sensor changes its operation back to the monitoring mode as a default or when enough operating energy is not available from the battery or energy-harvester. In this paper, we report an adaptive CMOS image sensor that employs four different modes: monitoring, normal, high-sensitivity and wide-dynamic-range (WDR) modes. This adaptable feature enables reliable monitoring while significantly enhancing battery lifetime for wireless image-sensor nodes.
Prevalence and early identification of language delays among at-risk three year olds.

ABSTRACT.The aims of this study were fourfold: to document the prevalence of language delays in a sample of at-risk 3 year olds; to assess the effectiveness of a home visiting program in preventing early language delays; to determine how often parents, pediatric providers, and home visitors identifi