cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aragonese and catalan Jewish converts at the time of the expulsion

Historians of fifteenth-century Spanish Jewry have had to grapple with few problems as controversial or complex as that of Jewish conversion to Christianity and its implications for both Jewish and Christian societies. The forced conversion of Jews on a massive scale during the pogroms of 1391, and the subsequent voluntary conversions in the wake of the Disputation of Tortosa and the preaching of the Dominican Vicent Ferrer (1412-15) gave rise to the converso problem, that of nominal Christians whose relationship to their new faith covered a broad spectrum of stances, ranging from zealous adherence to outright rejection in favor of the Jewish faith of their ancestors. In any case, it is probable that the presence of this new socioreligious group that bridged the gap between Christian and Jewish societies was an important factor encouraging and facilitating the continual trickle of Jewish conversions after the traumas of the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. The dilemma presented by the existence of a large body of New Christians evoked varied responses from Jewish and Christian authorities, and eventually led the Catholic monarchs, Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile, to establish the Spanish Inquisition (1478-83) in order to eradicate the judaizing conversos from Christian society. Once inquisitorial investigations revealed clearly what many already suspected or knew that Jews actively abetted those conversos so inclined in their maintenance of a Jewish life Fernando and Isabel in 1492 took the decisive step of expelling all Jews from Castile and Aragon in the hope of protecting the New Christians from further Jewish contamination.1 Yet the expulsion itself served only to compound the converso problem, for many Jews and it is unlikely that historians will ever know how many opted for baptism instead of exile from what had been their homeland for well over a millennium.2
Quasi-Isomeric Gallium Amides and Imides GaNR2 and RGaNR (R = Organic Group): Reactions of the Digallene, Ar‘GaGaAr‘ (Ar‘ = C6H3-2,6-(C6H3-2,6-Pri2)2) with Unsaturated Nitrogen Compounds

Reactions of the “digallene” Ar‘GaGaAr‘(1) (Ar‘ = C6H3-2,6-(C6H3-2,6-Pri2)2), which dissociates to green :GaAr‘ monomers in solution, with unsaturated N−N-bonded molecules are described. Treatment of solutions of :GaAr‘ with the bulky azide N3Ar# (Ar# = C6H3-2,6-(C6H2-2,6-Me2-4-But)2), afforded the red imide Ar‘GaNAr# (2). Addition of the azobenzenes, ArylNNAryl (Aryl = C6H4-4-Me (p-tolyl), mesityl, and C6H3-2,6-Et2) yielded the 1,2-Ga2N2 ring compound (3) or the products (4) and (5). Reaction of GaAr‘ with N2CPh2 yielded the 1,3-Ga2N2 ring compound Ar‘Ga(μ:η1-N2CPh2)2GaAr‘ (6), which is quasi-isomeric to 3. Calculations on simple model isomers showed that the Ga(I) amide GaNR2 (R = Me) is much more stable than the isomeric Ga(III) imide RGaNR. This led to the synthesis of the first stable monomeric Ga(I) amide, GaN(SiMe3)Ar‘ ‘ (8) (Ar‘ ‘ = C6H3-2,6-(C6H2-2,4,6-Me3)2 from the reaction of LiN(SiMe3)Ar‘ ‘ (7) and “GaI”. Compound 8 is also the first one-coordinate gallium species to be characterized in the s...
Integral equation procedures for eddy current problems

Abstract Two methods are presented for the solution of a class of two dimensional eddy current problems. The specific problem considered is that of a wire carrying a periodic current parallel to a uniform conducting cylinder. Both methods yield integral equations over the boundary of the conductor. The first method is exact while the second is an asymptotic procedure valid for a certain parameter range and reflecting the skin effect. Numerical implementation procedures are given for both methods and some numerical results are presented.
Effects of Copper-Based Fungicides on Foliar Gas Exchange in Tart Cherry.

ABSTRACT In the Great Lakes region of the United States, cherry growers are poised to re-adopt copper-based fungicides to manage cherry leaf spot disease (CLS), caused by Blumeriella jaapii. However, application of copper is often associated with leaf bronzing. In growth chamber experiments, bronzing was observed on foliage of tart cherry (Prunus cerasus ‘Montmorency’) seedlings 1 week following application of a copper-based fungicide, only when leaves were also exposed to nightly dew. In potted, 1-year-old trees outdoors, light-saturated rates of net CO2 assimilation (A) and stomatal conductance (gs) were not affected by treatment with copper sulfate, chlorothalonil, tebuconazole, or trifloxystrobin compared to a nonsprayed control. In 2005 and 2006, A and gs were measured during late summer on leaves of mature trees in an orchard subjected to the following fungicide programs: synthetic fungicides only; synthetic fungicides integrated with copper-based fungicides; or not sprayed. Bronzing symptoms were o...
The B‐1 decision: How Much is too little?

In 1977, the Carter Admimstration cancelled the B‐1 bomber program. This paper assesses the impact of that decision on national security, within the context of the overall American offensive/defensive posture and the US/ Soviet balance. It is the author's contention that the Administration, in reducing the manned bombers to secondary status, is abandoning the Strategic Triad of bombers, submarine‐launched missiles, and land‐based missiles which has been the basis of our national defense posture for 20 years. Further, the deterioration of the land‐based missile capability, a result of the increasing vulnerability of the Minuteman force to Soviet strikes and the hostility of the Administration to the follow‐on mobile MX program, means that in the 1980s we must rely essentially on a Strategic Monad—the submarine fleet. Absolutely accurate “hairline analysis” could still protect us, but should such calculations fail, should unknown factors enter—then a catastrophe unparalleled in the nation's history could occur.
Demystifying the hidden magic of producing sociologists

We are pleased to introduce this special issue of The American Sociologist entitled "If We Only Knew Then What We Know Now: Explorations of Informal Professionalization in Sociology." A great deal of the important professional socialization that transpires in graduate school occurs informally through faculty mentors, individual entrepreneurship, and to some degree, chance. However, little of this experience and knowledge has been analyzed formally. We believe that more of it ought to be. Understanding the informal professional norms through which people actually practice the sociological craft is im portant. Graduate students must learn to manage relations with faculty, graduate student peers, and publishing gatekeepers; they must develop their research so that it can be published; and they must learn types of impression management and emotional labor that are critical in crafting identities as sociologists. One way to support the next genera tion of sociologists, then, is to acknowledge, assess, and teach our professional culture more explicitly. The contributors to this volume agree that the norms of informal professionalization have received surprisingly little public dialogue and formal class room attention among sociologists. Their papers aim to remedy this omission. The papers from these contributors articulate some hidden aspects of our profes sional culture in revealing ways. Michael Burawoy and Allan Schnaiberg, in their re spective papers, reveal the thoughts of Ph.D. mentors on supervising different types of students. They address how mentors think, the various research orientations of students and the interactions between thesis supervisors and students that produce different types of dissertations. Patricia A. Adler and Peter Adler identify and analyze the sequential social roles that graduate students must tackle as they complete graduate school and enter the profession. Gabrielle Ferrales and Gary Alan Fine illuminate how reputations are appraised in graduate school, and comment on what graduate students can do to
Cystic pancreatic tumors: CT and sonographic assessment.

Thirty-five CT scans and 23 sonograms of 45 pathologically proved pancreatic cystic neoplasms (16 microcystic adenomas, 17 mucinous [macrocystic] cystadenomas, and 12 mucinous [macrocystic] cystadenocarcinomas) in 43 patients were retrospectively and blindly reviewed. Radiologic findings and their usefulness in differentiating microcystic from mucinous subtypes were assessed. The number of cysts within the tumors (more than six in microcystic adenomas and six or fewer in mucinous cystadenomas and cystadenocarcinomas) and the diameter of the majority of cysts within the tumor (less than or equal to 2 cm in microcystic adenomas and greater than 2 cm in mucinous tumors) were the most helpful radiologic findings in differentiating tumor types. Calcification was present in 38% of microcystic adenomas, 18% of mucinous cystadenomas, and 8% of mucinous cystadenocarcinomas by CT. Calcification was not definitely identified on any of the sonograms. A central scar was identified in only two (13%) of 16 microcystic a...
Effects of cognitive impairment on substance abuse treatment attendance: predictive validation of a brief cognitive screening measure.

Background and objectives: Neuropsychological impairment among patients with substance use disorders (SUDs) contributes to poorer treatment processes and outcomes. However, neuropsychological assessment is typically not an aspect of patient evaluation in SUD treatment programs because it is prohibitively time and resource consuming. In a previous study, we examined the concurrent validity, classification accuracy, and clinical utility of a brief screening measure, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), in identifying cognitive impairment among SUD patients. To provide further evidence of criterion-related validity, MoCA classification should optimally predict a clinically relevant behavior or outcome among SUD patients. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the MoCA in predicting treatment attendance. Methods: We compared previously collected clinical assessment data on 60 SUD patients receiving treatment in a program of short duration and high intensity to attendance data obtained v...
Computer-controlled temperature multiplexer for thermal dosimetry studies

Abstract Thermistor probes are widely used for mapping thermal distributions in hyperthermia research. To facilitate multi-probe mapping, a computer-controlled multiplexer for automated thermistor impedance measurement and temperature conversion is described. A complete hardware interface schematic is shown. An algorithm which calculates individual temperature values as a function of thermistor impedance is tested. Total error is quantified by calculating the absolute error between the theoretical temperatures obtained from the algorithm and the experimental calibration temperatures obtained from a National Bureau of Standards referenced mercury thermometer. If calibration intervals of 1.00° C or less are used, the total error of the system is less than 0.10° C.
C-reactive protein and atherosclerosis.

There is a credible alternative hypothesis that may explain the challenging observation that many states not heretofore regarded as inflammatory are associated with minimal C-reactive protein (CRP) elevation, discussed in Gary Taubes' article “Does inflammation cut to the heart of the matter?” (
An assessment of accounting journal quality based on departmental lists

Inevitably, the career success of academicians is partially dependent on the journals in which their manuscripts are published. Accordingly, knowledge of which journals are considered prestigious or of dubious quality is critical to an academician. Fortunately, several rankings of accounting journals have been published, providing insights to manuscript authors, and this study includes a discussion of several prior studies that have, by various methods, attempted to accurately compare the quality of accounting journals. Critically, however, this study also describes a survey of accredited business schools that submitted their departmental journal lists which were employed by those institutions in the assessment of faculty publications. Those departmental journal lists with multiple quality tiers were used to construct a journal ranking based on the evaluative, departmental reality faced by academicians rather than citation counts or expressed perceptions of journals. While the journal ranking of this study reveals consistency with many previous studies regarding the top five accounting journals, the study also indicates that departmental journal lists, which are reflective of the priorities of the schools that created them, often ascribe value to the diversity of journals that focus on specializations but not journals that are predominantly oriented toward accounting practitioners.
Probing the Binding Region of the Single‐Stranded DNA‐Binding Domain of Rat DNA Polymerase β Using Nanosecond‐Pulse Laser‐Induced Cross‐Linking and Mass Spectrometry

In recent years, there has been a significant number of studies in which UV light has been used as a reagent to induce cross-links in nucleic acid-protein complexes. An area of considerable interest among those interested in structural biology is the garnering of information about the sites of cross-linking within the protein and nucleic acid members of photolinked conjugates, under the assumption that such knowledge should lead to identification of contact regions or sites within the native complexes. In this paper, we present our results from a photocross-linking study of the complex of the single-stranded DNA-binding domain of rat DNA polymerase beta (pol beta-ss) with the oligonucleotide d(ATATATA). In this study, we have used single nanosecond laser pulses as the cross-linking reagent and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry as an analytical tool to identify cross-linked peptides purified from proteolytic digests of the cross-linked complex. Six cross-linked peptides have been identified in tryptic digests of the protein-oligonucleotide conjugates that result from irradiation of the pol beta-ss-d(ATATATA) complex with a single laser pulse. Comparisons with NMR data in the literature for the same complex show that each of the cross-linked peptides contains amino acids that are in contact with the nucleic acid component of the complex.
Hydrostatic extrusion of BSCCO/Ag composite wire

The application of hydrostatic extrusion processing to composite wire fabrication offers several advantages over conventional reduction techniques. These include enhanced uniformity, increased reduction capability, and successful extrusion of normally brittle materials. Specifically, this work involved an experiment to screen the effects of seven extrusion process parameters on the uniformity and density of as-extruded BSCCO-core wire, and the required extrusion pressure. Results suggest the following factors to be potentially significant: (1) back pressure, extrusion ratio, and die angle on core uniformity, (2) packing method, extrusion ratio, silver powder additions, and temperature on density, and (3) extrusion ratio and temperature on extrusion pressure.
Crack Initiation in CERT Tests on Type 304 Stainless Steel in Pure Water

Abstract Crack initiation has been determined for Type 304 stainless steel in constant extension rate stress corrosion cracking tests. Tests have been conducted at 125, 200, and 288 C in pure water...
Immunopathologic Mechanisms in Pemphigus and Bullous Pemphigoid

Pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid are autoimmune bullous diseases of the skin. Pemphigus, an intraepidermal blistering disease, is characterized by autoantibodies reactive with antigens located in the intercellular spaces or on the surfaces of epidermal cells. These antibodies, which have recently been shown to activate complement, appear to be the cause of the basic pathologic process of pemphigus, acantholysis. The complement system and the plasminogen-plasmin system may be important mediators in the detachment of epidermal cells. Bullous pemphigoid, a subepidermal blistering disease, is characterized by autoantibodies reactive with an antigen located in the lamina lucida region of the basement membrane zone. These autoantibodies, which will avidly fix complement, appear to mediate subepidermal separation by attraction of a variety of inflammatory cells. Anaphylatoxins, released by activation of C4 and C3, or specific IgE antibodies, may activate mast cells with release of ECF-A attracting eosinophils. With activation of C5, C5a is released which could attract polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Antigen-specific lymphocytes, which can also contribute histamine releasing substances, may also be involved. The exact mechanism by which the epidermis separates from the dermis in bullous pemphigoid, however, remains unresolved.
Lithium Insertion into Transition-Metal Monosulfides: Tuning the Position of the Metal 4s Band

Concern for safety with carbon anodes has motivated a search for an alternative anode material for high-power lithium-ion batteries. Although sulfides cannot provide the high voltages versus lithiu...
Effect of sulfur on yield and amino acids of soybeans

Abstract In a greenhouse study on Morrison Sandy Loam an increase in yield, protein, percent lysine and methionine was observed in soybeans when 10 ppm and 20 ppm of sulfur were applied.
Periodontal Files—A Comparative Study

Periodontal files are used by many dentists for instrumentation of root surfaces as a part of periodontal treatment. The purposes of this study were: 1) to examine, evaluate, and compare several periodontal files in 3 different conditions: new, used, and used/sharpened and 2) to evaluate the efficacy of 5 sharpening devices. The main characteristics observed included: the number, shape, and interval of blades; the active, rake, and lip angles; changes induced by wear; the influence of sharpening; and the type of metal surfaces comprising the blades. There was a wide range of active angles on each individual file, from a high of 75° to a low of 51°. The range of active angles for all blades on all new files was even greater, from a high of 87° to a low of 30°. Wear, observed on some but not all blades, was not extensive and appeared either as abrasion or, occasionally, as fracture of the blade edge. Sharpness scores (5 = sharpest and 1 = dullest) for new file blades were also extremely variable and spanned...
Voltammetric evidence in vivo of cholinergic modulation of extracellular ascorbic acid and uric acid in rat striatum.

The cholinergic agonist pilocarpine (2 and 4 mg/kg) produced a dose-related increase in striatal AA levels as measured by linear sweep voltammetry. The cholinergic antagonist scopolamine (0.5 and 0.6 mg/kg) blocked the pilocarpine-induced increase in AA levels, but methscopolamine (which does not cross the blood-brain barrier) reduced the pilocarpine effect only by about 20%. Pilocarpine alone had little effect on UA levels. Scopolamine (0.6 mg/kg) produced a dramatic increase in UA levels that was reduced by pilocarpine. Methscopolamine had little effect (<10%) on extracellular UA levels. Thus cholinergic drugs modulate striatal extracellular AA levels by predominantly central rather than peripheral effects.
The pathophysiology of bleeding disorders presenting as abnormal uterine bleeding

Abnormal uterine bleeding is often the presenting complaint in women with underlying coagulopathies. A clear understanding of the pathophysiology of common bleeding disorders will help the practicing obstetrician/gynecologist in the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions. The normal hemostatic process can be divided into three phases. The first phase, primary hemostasis, consists of platelet adhesion and aggregation. After vascular injury, proteins in the subendothelium are exposed that promote platelet adhesion. Platelet adhesion is uniquely dependent on von Willebrand factor, a plasma protein that serves as a molecular bridge between components of the vessel wall and the platelet glycoprotein Ib/IX receptor. Activation of the adherent platelets promotes additional platelet recruitment, culminating in the formation of the platelet plug. Quantitative or qualitative defects in either the platelet or von Willebrand factor (von Willebrand disease) lead to defective primary hemostasis. Patients present with a prolonged bleeding time and mucocutaneous bleeding manifestations. In the next phase, secondary hemostasis, the plasma coagulation factors are sequentially activated, which leads to fibrin formation and cross-linking. These reactions take place primarily on the surface of activated platelets and are essential in maintaining the stability of the initial platelet plug. Defective secondary hemostasis arises from congenital or acquired deficiencies in coagulation factors. Although these defects are most often associated with bleeding into joints and soft tissues, other manifestations, including abnormal uterine bleeding, may be present. The prothrombin time and the activated partial thromboplastin time serve as initial screening tests for these coagulation disorders, although more specific tests, including factor levels, thrombin time, clot solubility, and mixing studies, are needed to fully define the defect. In the final phase of normal hemostasis, fibrinolysis, the fibrin clot undergoes an orderly process of degradation. Deficiencies in the normal inhibitors of fibrinolysis, such as alpha 2-antiplasmin or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, may be underdiagnosed causes of delayed bleeding because they are not identified by the usual coagulation screening tests. Disorders of primary hemostasis, including thrombocytopenia and von Willebrand disease, are particularly important to consider when evaluating women with abnormal uterine bleeding. Patients with acquired or congenital deficiencies of either coagulation factors or the regulators of the fibrinolytic system may also present with menorrhagia. Accurate diagnosis of a bleeding disorder is essential to the design of an appropriate therapeutic regimen and is likely to have important clinical implications beyond that of the presenting gynecologic complaint.
Symmetric Positive Equilibrium Problem: A Framework for Rationalizing Economic Behavior with Limited Information

The PMP methodology is extended to deal with many economic units, self-selection arising from heterogeneous economic behavior, and multiple limiting inputs. The novel structure for the analysis of this type of problems acquires the name “symmetric positive equilibrium problem.” This methodology is articulated in three phases that parallel those one of positive mathematical programming. The recovery of a cost function that calibrates the base-year decisions of each economic unit is realized within a maximum entropy framework. The methodology is illustrated by the analysis of a sample of Italian farms that operate under the complex policy mandates of the European Union. Copyright 2001, Oxford University Press.
Platelet C1- inhibitor. A secreted alpha-granule protein.

Abstract In order to characterize which proteins of the contact phase of coagulation interact with platelets, human platelets were studied immunochemically and functionally to determine if they contain C1- inhibitor. By means of monospecific antibody to C1- inhibitor, a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CELISA) was developed to measure directly platelet C1- inhibitor. With the CELISA, from 33 to 115 ng of C1- inhibitor antigen per 10(8) platelets from 15 normal donors was quantified in lysates of washed human platelets solubilized in nonionic detergent. The mean concentration in 10(8) platelets was 62 +/- 33 ng (SD). Plasma C1- inhibitor either in the platelet suspension medium or on the surface of the platelets could account for only from 6.5 to 16% of the total antigen measured in the solubilized platelets. Upon functional studies, platelets contained 84 +/- 36 ng (SD) of C1- inhibitor activity in 10(8) platelets. As assessed by the CELISA, platelet C1- inhibitor antigen was immunochemically identical to plasma and purified C1- inhibitor. In contrast, the mean concentration of platelet C1- inhibitor antigen in platelets from four patients with classical hereditary angioedema was 8.3 ng/10(8) platelets (range, 5.3 to 11.3 ng/10(8) platelets). 25 and 31% of the total platelet C1- inhibitor was secreted without cell lysis from normal platelets after exposure to collagen (20 micrograms/ml) and thrombin (1 U/ml), respectively, and this secretion was blocked by metabolic inhibitors. Platelet subcellular fractionation showed that platelet C1- inhibitor resided mostly in alpha-granules, similar to the location of platelet fibrinogen. Thus, human platelets contained C1- inhibitor, which became available by platelet secretion. The identification of platelet C1- inhibitor suggests that platelets may modulate the activation of the proteins of early blood coagulation and the classical complement pathways.
Recent advances in research on school-based extracurricular activities and adolescent development

Abstract Updating a previous systematic review of the literature, this review summarizes the literature over the last 5 years on the relationship between school-based extracurricular activity participation and academic achievement, substance use, sexual activity, psychological adjustment, and delinquency. The review also considers mediators and moderators of these relationships. This review also discusses recent advances in activity research including participation measurement (intensity, breadth, and duration), person-centered approaches, and an exploration of the overscheduling hypothesis. The review reveals a mixed picture of the relationship between activity participation and these adolescent developmental outcomes. A call for continued exploration into measurement issues, analysis approaches, outcome measures, and causal models of activities and adolescent functioning is made.
Effect of ethanol on surface body temperature as measured by infrared radiation detection

A prominent effect of ethanol is on rectal body temperature. The use of a rectal probe to measure temperature can be stressful to the subject, especially when used repeatedly. We now present data on the hypothermic effect of ethanol (0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 3.5, or 4.0 g/kg) on surface body temperature in rats as detected by infrared radiation. Ethanol produced significant decreases in nasal temperature that were significantly correlated with changes in rectal temperature. Ethanol (3.5 g/kg) also produced a significant reversal in nasal hypothermia 15 min postinjection that was detected only with the infrared method. This new method is very rapid, accurate, requires minimal handling and may, therefore, be less stressful than rectal measurement to the subject.
Design and analysis of distributed power scheduling for data aggregation in wireless sensor networks

One major challenge of contention-based Medium-Access Control (MAC) for sensor networks is to reduce energy waste in idle listening time without global synchronisation of active/sleep duty cycles. This paper presents Distributed Power Scheduling (DPS), a medium access control protocol that is specifically designed for a sensor network that supports data aggregation. DPS integrates data aggregation process into power-mode scheduling in the MAC layer and effectively reduces packet delay. Two enhancements, adaptive aggregation and adaptive sleeping, dynamically adjust aggregation period and sleeping time, and greatly reduce idle listening period. DPS requires only local synchronisation and supports self-configuration. Detailed protocol description is presented. Formal analysis presents upper bounds on expected frame time (duty cycle period)and expected packet delay. Simulation study shows that the two enhancements in DPS achieved 28% reduction in idle listening time, which resulted in 20% energy reduction, as compared to the basic DPS protocol.
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides augment the murine immune response to the Yersinia pestis F1-V vaccine in bubonic and pneumonic models of plague

Abstract The current U.S. Department of Defense candidate plague vaccine is a fusion between two Yersinia pestis proteins: the F1 capsular protein, and the low calcium response (Lcr) V-protein. We hypothesized that an immunomodulator, such as CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN)s, could augment the immune response to the plague F1-V vaccine in a mouse model for plague. CpG ODNs significantly augmented the antibody response and efficacy of a single dose of the plague vaccine in murine bubonic and pneumonic models of plague. In the latter study, we also found an overall significant augmentation the immune response to the individual subunits of the plague vaccine by CpG ODN 2006. In a long-term, prime-boost study, CpG ODN induced a significant early augmentation of the IgG response to the vaccine. The presence of CpG ODN induced a significant increase in the IgG2a subclass response to the vaccine up to 5 months after the boost. Our studies showed that CpG ODNs significantly augmented the IgG antibody response to the plague vaccine, which increased the probability of survival in murine models of plague ( P
Non-equilibrium water/rock interactions—I. Model for interface-controlled reactions

Abstract The results of established crystal growth theory and silicate dissolution experiments are combined in developing a new model for mineral/water reactions controlled by surface processes. The overall reaction rate at steady-state is determined by coupling equations for the velocities of mass transport and interface detachment processes. Non-steady state processes can be successfully treated when interface reactions control the rate. For most sparingly soluble minerals, diffusion through the solution can be neglected as a rate-determining factor. Many surface processes are driven by the total interface under saturation, but only processes facilitating detachment contribute to dissolution. Other, non-detachment related, surface reactions result in lower dissolution rates. Slow rates of many mineral/solution reactions are attributed to the surface processes which consume the energy that would otherwise drive detachment. An analysis of the time dependence of interface reaction velocities indicates that linear rate laws apply when uniform detachment or layer-source generation mechanisms such as screw dislocations control the dissolution rate. At low interfacial undersaturations, first-order, logarithmic rate laws prevail. A parabolic time dependence occurs if surface detachment parameters vary as a function of (time) 1 2 .
A Personal Perspective on the Last Half-Century of Critical Phenomena

One of the crowning achievements of mathematical, statistical physics over the past half century has been the discovery of the many aspects of structure of the critical point. It has been an exciting time and was only possible through the combined efforts of many excellent people. This article contains brief reviews of some of the parts in which I have been most interested and to which I have made some contributions.
Changes in dissolved organic matter with depth suggest the potential for postharvest organic matter retention to increase subsurface soil carbon pools

Research into postharvest management of forests often focuses on balancing the need for increased biomass yield against factors that may directly impact the productivity of the subsequent stand (e.g. nutrient and water availability, soil microclimate, etc.). Postharvest organic matter management, however, also exerts a strong influence over the translocation of carbon (C) into and through the soil profile and may provide a mechanism to increase soil C content. The effects of contrasting postharvest organic matter retention treatments (bole-only removal, BO; whole-tree removal, WT) on soil solution C concentration and quality were quantified at the Fall River and Matlock Long-term Soil Productivity (LTSP) studies in Washington state. Solutions were collected monthly at depths of 20 and 100 cm and analyzed for dissolved organic C (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and DOC:DON ratio. Comparisons of DOC concentrations with depth illustrate divergent trends between the two treatments, with an overall decrease in DOC with depth in the BO treatment and either an increase or no change with depth in the WT treatment. Trends in DON concentrations with depth were less clear, partly due to the very low concentrations observed, although the relationship of DOC:DON with depth shows a decrease in the BO treatment and little to no change in DOC quality in the WT treatment. This illustrates that more recalcitrant organic matter (higher DOC:DON) is being removed from solution as it moves through the soil profile. Only 35–40% of the DOC moving past 20 cm in the BO treatment is present at 100 cm. Conversely, 98–117% of the DOC at 20 cm in the WT treatment is present at 100 cm. Thus, 11 and 30 kg C ha
Phospholipid fatty acid composition of various mouse tissues after feeding α-linolenate (18∶3n−3) or eicosatrienoate (20∶3n−3)

The selective incorporation of dietary α-linolenate (18∶3n−3) and its elongation product, eicosatrienoate (20∶3n−3), into various phospholipids (PL) of mouse liver, spleen, kidney, and heart, was examined in a two-week feeding trial by assessing mol % changes in associated fatty acids. Mice were fed fat-free AIN 76A diets modified with either 2 wt% safflower oil (control); 1% safflower and 1% linolenate; or 1% safflower and 1% eicosatrienoate. After linolenate or eicosatrienoate feeding, 20∶4n−6 was reduced by 36–50% in liver phosphatidylcholine (PC) and in liver and spleen phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Linolenate was minimally incorporated into PL, but was desaturated and elongated to 20∶5n−3, 22∶5n−3, and 22∶6n−3, with notable differences in the quantity of these n−3 derivatives associated with different tissues and PL. Eicosatrientoate was uniquely incorporated into the cardiolipin (CL) pool of all organs. There was also considerable retroconversion of 20∶3n−3 to 18∶3n−3 (PC, PE). Dietary eicosatrienoate may therefore affect metabolism in diverse ways—20∶3n−3, which is retroconverted to 18∶3n−3, may provide substrate for 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 syntheses, whereas intact 20∶3n−3 may be incorporated into the CL pool. Acyl modifications of CL are known to affect the activity of key innermitochondrial enzymes, such as cytochrome c oxidase.
Temperature-dependent emission in disordered herringbone aggregates: stacking faults and point defects

Abstract A model accounting for the simultaneous presence of static and dynamic disorder is developed for herringbone (HB) aggregates and thin films of conjugated oligomers such as oligo-phenylene vinylene and oligothiophene. Short-range orientational defects as well as stacking faults (SFs) are considered within the motional narrowing regime. Temperature effects are included under the fast scattering approximation. Adding orientational defects attenuates 0–0 emission in HB aggregates while enhancing 0–0 emission when stacking faults are already present.
The interaction of a type A retroviral particle and class II human leukocyte antigen susceptibility genes in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease.

We have previously reported that over 85% of patients with Graves' disease have detectable serum antibodies against a human intracisternal type A retroviral particle (HIAP), which are not present in age- and gender-matched controls, suggesting a role for HIAP in triggering the autoimmune process leading to Graves' disease. To investigate the interaction of this viral particle with genetic factors, 35 members of 3 kindreds, selected because of a high family prevalence of Graves' disease (a total of 11 members affected), were examined for clinical signs of thyroid dysfunction, goiter, and opthalmopathy. Thyroid function tests and autoimmune serological profiles were also obtained. In addition, subjects were tested for the presence of antibodies against HIAP by means of immunoblot analysis of their sera, and their human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles were determined by DNA methodology. Molecular genetic analyses enabled the detection of postulated HLA susceptibility haplotypes in each family. These...
Physiology and Pharmacology of Striatal Neurons

The basal ganglia occupy the core of the forebrain and consist of evolutionarily conserved motor nuclei that form recurrent circuits critical for motivation and motor planning. The striatum is the main input nucleus of the basal ganglia and a key neural substrate for procedural learning and memory. The vast majority of striatal neurons are spiny GABAergic projection neurons, which exhibit slow but temporally precise spiking in vivo. Contributing to this precision are several different types of interneurons that constitute only a small fraction of total neuron number but play a critical role in regulating striatal output. This review examines the cellular physiology and modulation of striatal neurons that give rise to their unique properties and function.
Assured reconfiguration of embedded real-time software

It is often the case that safety-critical systems have to be reconfigured during operation because of issues such as changes in the systems operating environment or the failure of software or hardware components. Operational systems exist that are capable of reconfiguration, but previous research and the techniques employed in operational systems for the most part either have not addressed the issue of assurance or have been developed in an ad hoc manner. In this paper we present a comprehensive approach to assured reconfiguration, providing a framework for formal verification that allows the developer of a reconfigurable system to use a set of application-level properties to show general reconfiguration properties. The properties and design are illustrated through an example from NASA's runway incursion prevention system.
Novel Anti-Pneumocystis carinii Effects of the Immunosuppressant Mycophenolate Mofetil in Contrast to Provocative Effects of Tacrolimus, Sirolimus, and Dexamethasone

The effects of three new immunosuppressive drugs used for organ transplantation, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and sirolimus, were compared with those of dexamethasone in provocation of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in virus-free Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats injected daily with tacrolimus showed a dose-related response to the point of severe P. carinii pneumonitis 4 weeks after initiation of drug administration identical to those animals treated with high-dose dexamethasone. Thirty percent of rats treated with sirolimus had mild P. carinii infection. Surprisingly, mycophenolate mofetil had an anti-P. carinii effect. None of the animals had discernible P. carinii infection when treated with mycophenolate mofetil alone or combined with dexamethasone. Mycophenolate mofetil is unique because of its dual activity as a potent immunosuppressant as well as an antimicrobial with action against P. carinii.
The Formal Objectivity of Quantum Mechanical Systems

Summary Under the assumption of the materialistic-mechanistic ontology implicit in classical physics, quantum theory as interpreted through Niels Bohr's epistemology of complementarity is not formally objective; i. e., it is not informative of the state of physical systems independent of particular phenomenal manifestations of them. However, an analysis of the notion of the “physical system”, in theory, as experienced, and as existing “in-itself”, reveals that if the older ontology is replaced, quantum mechanics through complementarity becomes formally objective, points the way toward a new ontology based on the notion of the power to structure interaction between systems, and provides new insights into the relations between theory, observation, and the natural world. Resume Si notre connaissance des systemes quantiques est declaree formellement objective, alors l'ontologie implicite de la physique classique doit ětre remplacee par une autre doctrine du statut ontologique de la realite physique. Plus specialement, la mecanique quantique constitue une hypothese confirmee empiriquement, hypothese qui nous force a abandonner l'ideal classique d'une representation spatiotemporelle de systemes physiques en interaction mutuelle, c'est-a-dire en relation causale. Par consequent, il est necessaire de reviser la notion classique d'un systeme physique isole, notion qui servait de fondement ontologique al'objectivite formelle. Zusammenfassung Unter Voraussetzung der materialistisch-mechanischen Ontologie, die implizit in der klassischen Physik enthalten ist, ist die Quantentheorie, wie sie durch Niels Bobrs Komplementaritatsauffassung interpretiert wird, formai nicht objektiv; d. h. sie infor-miert nicht uber den Zustand von physikalischen Systemen unabhangig von deren besonderen phanomenalen Manifestationen. Eine Analyse jedoch des Begriffes « physikalisches System », wie er in einer Theorie, in der Erfahrung und als an sich beste-hend verwendet wird, zeigt, dass, wenn die fruhere Ontologie ersetzt wird, die nach Bohr interpretierte Quantenmechanik formai objektiv wird. Dabei weist sie auf eine neue Ontologie hin, die auf dem Begriff der Strukturwechselwirkung zwischen Systemen beruht und die neue Einsichten hinsichtlich der Beziehungen zwischen Theorie, Beobachtung und Natur vermittelt.
Screening for Infectious Diseases in the Dental Setting

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are 2 systemic infectious diseases that dental health care professionals can help identify with the goal of improving health outcomes, addressing health disparities, and improving the quality and quantity of life. Whether by identifying suspect oral lesions, as is the case with HIV infection, or offering rapid screening tests in the dental setting for both HIV and HCV, the dental team can play an important role in linkage to confirmatory diagnosis and care.
Time to Begin a New Chapter and Expand Rotavirus Immunization

Rotavirus immunization has been limited to young infants owing to intussusception events noted with a prior rotavirus vaccine, RotaShield. Dramatic declines occurred in rotavirus-related disease beginning in 2008 after implementation of rotavirus vaccination in young infants. These declines occurred in vaccinated children and unvaccinated children and adults (through indirect protection). Despite these declines, reasons for concern exist about the durability of these declines. These reasons include an incomplete immune response that is not lifelong and rotavirus immunization completion rates that have plateaued at <70% of eligible children. Current rotavirus infant vaccination strategies and indirect protection of unvaccinated children will result in a large population of immunologically susceptible persons who will be at risk of rotavirus disease. Expansion of US rotavirus vaccination outside the current Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization age limits would provide important benefits that outweigh risk related to intussusception.
On trust as a commodity and on the grammar of trust

Abstract I look at `trust' in the light of two constructions taken from economic science: general competitive analysis and the theory of games. I draw on Baier's anti-contractarian perspective, as well as on one informed by Wittgenstein's writings. The former focuses on relations between inherently unequal and asymmetrical individuals, while the latter draws on and revolves around the imperative in the Philosophical Investigations: “Let the use teach you the meaning” [p. 212; also p. 220]. I try to spell out how the choice of language has epistemological implications: for an analysis of trust, for the trustworthiness of the scientific constructions I use for analyzing trust, and thereby, more generally, for defining `ourselves' and our `form of life.'
The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages II: Locations of Medieval Race1

‘The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages’– a two-part article – questions the widely held belief in canonical race theory that ‘race’ is a category without purchase before the modern era. Surveying a variety of cultural documents from the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries – chronicles, hagiography, literature, stories, sculpture, maps, canon law, statuary, illustrations, religious commentary, and architectural features – the study considers racial thinking, racial law, racial formation, and racialized behaviors and phenomena in medieval Europe before the emergence of a recognizable vocabulary of race. One focus is how a political hermeneutics of religion – so much in play again today – enabled the positing of fundamental human differences in biopolitical and culturalist ways to create strategic essentialisms demarcating human kinds and populations. Another focus is how race figures in the emergence of homo europaeus and the identity of Western Europe (beginning as Latin Christendom) in this time. Part I –‘Race Studies, Modernity, and the Middle Ages’– surveys the current state of race theory, and puts in conversation race studies and medieval studies, fields that exist on either side of a vast divide. Part II –‘Locations of Medieval Race’– identifies and analyzes specific concretions of medieval race, while continuing to develop the theoretical arguments of Part I.
Principal component analysis for estimating population density from chord‐length density

The relationship between crystal population density and chord-length density (CLD) is complicated and depends on the size and shape of the crystals. Although estimation of chord-length density from the population density is relatively straightforward, the inversion of this procedure is problematic because the problem may be ill-conditioned for nonspherical particles. The focus of this work is on this inversion process. Since the relationship is a function of the crystal geometry, this manuscript considers various nonspherical shapes, including highly challenging needles. We describe an efficient method to estimate the population density from a measured CLD, to analyze the inversion process, and to quantify its limits. Since noise is present in the actual Focused Beam Reflectance Measurements, the case of restoration of the population density from noisy CLDs also is demonstrated. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Understanding the physical and environmental consequences of dredged material disposal: history in New England and current perspectives

Thirty-five years of research in New England indicates that ocean disposal of dredged material has minimal environmental impacts when carefully managed. This paper summarizes research efforts and resulting conclusions by the US Army Corps of Engineers, New England District, beginning with the Scientific Report Series and continuing with the Disposal Area Monitoring System (DAMOS). Using a tiered approach to monitoring and a wide range of tools, the DAMOS program has monitored short- and long-term physical and biological effects of disposal at designated disposal sites throughout New England waters. The DAMOS program has also helped develop new techniques for safe ocean disposal of contaminated sediments, including capping and confined aquatic disposal (CAD) cells. Monitoring conducted at many sites in New England and around the world has shown that impacts are typically near-field and short-term. Findings such as these need to be disseminated to the general public, whose perception of dredged material disposal is generally negative and is not strongly rooted in current science.
Is the AKIN score useful as an indicator of the optimum time for intervention with renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients

Acute kidney injury represents a significant workload and economic burden for critical care units. In the critical care setting AKI is usually associated with a variety of aetiologies such as septic shock, major surgery and heart failure [1]. Controversy exists as to the optimal time for the institution of renal replacement therapy (RRT) [2]. Scoring systems such as AKIN have used the rise in serum creatinine combined with reduced urine output over a period of 48 hours as indicative of the degree of injury [3]. We used this scoring system to see if ITU mortality correlated with increasing AKIN score.