cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Restaurant menu descriptions: revisiting McCall and Lynn through word analysis.

ABSTRACTProduct descriptions on menus are one of the first signals that shape consumer expectation of food quality and taste. A product’s description can serve as the only mechanism if an item has never been ordered by the consumer, ergo the need to understand how the structure of a description can affect consumer expectations of the food products is warranted. McCall and Lynn (2005) suggest that complex descriptions lead to increased perceptions of quality. This study, through a two-sample, two-pronged process, seeks to explore how the number of adverbs, adjectives, and nouns that describe a product will affect consumer expectations of taste and quality of a product. Results suggest that the number of adjectives can affect the expectations of quality and taste, where the number of nouns only resonates with quality. Adverbs had no significant effect on consumer perceptions. Moreover, a significant interaction between number of adjectives and nouns is explored. The practical implication of these results is...
The ATP2B Plasma Membrane Ca 2+ ATPase Family: Regulation in Response to Changing Demands of Cellular Calcium Transport

The mammalian ATP2B family of plasma membrane calcium ATPases (PMCAs) consists of over 30 members generated from four genes and via complex alternative RNA splicing. Regulation occurs at the level of ATP2B gene transcription, splicing, translation, and posttranslational modification. PMCA isoforms and splice variants vary in their functional properties and are differentially regulated by intrinsic factors such as calmodulin and lipids, as well as by dynamic interaction with a large number of scaffolding and signaling proteins. A major emerging theme is the functional integration of different PMCAs in multiprotein complexes to allow reciprocal cross talk between localized PMCA-mediated Ca2+ control and the function of other members in the complex. The same PMCA isoform may be responsible for bulk calcium export in the cells of one tissue but control the local activity of a signaling microdomain in the cells of another. Regulation of the PMCAs must therefore be understood in the physiological context of the tissues and cells where they are expressed.
Studies on lacrimal gland lipids in essential fatty acid deficiency.

SummaryTwo groups of young, male, weanling rats were fed purified diets, one containing 7% corn oil (control) and the other 0% fat (EFA-deficient). After sixteen weeks of feeding, rats were killed,...
Comparison of electric dipole and magnetic loop antennas for exciting whistler modes

The excitation of low frequency whistler modes from different antennas has been investigated experimentally in a large laboratory plasma. One antenna consists of a linear electric dipole oriented across the uniform ambient magnetic field B0. The other antenna is an elongated loop with dipole moment parallel to B0. Both antennas are driven by the same rf generator which produces a rf burst well below the electron cyclotron frequency. The antenna currents as well as the wave magnetic fields from each antenna are measured. Both the antenna currents and the wave fields of the loop antenna exceed that of the electric dipole by two orders of magnitude. The conclusion is that loop antennas are far superior to dipole antennas for exciting large amplitude whistler modes, a result important for active wave experiments in space plasmas.
Matrix Metalloproteinases and Extracellular Matrix in the Central Nervous System

A network of complex proteins surrounds cells in the central nervous system. Extracellular matrix proteins fill an interstitial space of 15–20%. Basal lamina, which surrounds cerebral blood vessels, is composed of type IV collagen, fibronectin, laminin, heparin sulfate, and other proteins. A perineuronal net is found around neurons and synapses. Between the cells there are large glycosaminoglycans, such as hyaluronic acid. Blood–brain barrier function depends on the integrity of the extracellular matrix proteins. Under both normal and pathological conditions, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) act to remodel the extracellular matrix. Normally the constitutive MMP-2 and MMP-14, which are located in the astrocyte foot processes, act in concert to prevent the overgrowth of the matrix proteins. During injury, cytokines induce the inflammatory MMP-3 and MMP-9, which cause widespread disruption. Enzymes such as hyaluronidase can act on the extracellular matrix to facilitate the regrowth of cells.
Aeroelastic optimization of high-speed tiltrotor wings with wing extensions and winglets

Tiltrotors can experience an aeroelastic instability called whirl flutter, which is characterized by highly coupled wing–rotor vibrations, which are catastrophic in nature and limit the maximum spe...
Selecting incision-dominant cases for robotic liver resection: towards outpatient hepatectomy with rapid recovery

Background: The premise of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is to minimize facial and muscle injury in order to enhance recovery from surgery. Robotic MIS surgery for resection of tumors in solid organs is gaining traction, though clear superiority of this approach is lacking and robotic surgery is more expensive. Our philosophy in robotically-assisted hepatectomy has been to employ this approach for cases where location of tumors make difficult a classical laparoscopic approach (superior/posterior tumors), and cases where the incision for an open operation dominates the course of recovery. Methods: This is a retrospective review of a prospectively collected database. Results: In this study we report 97 cases of liver resection subjected to the robotic approach, of which 90% were resected robotically. The mean operative time was 186±9 min; mean blood loss was 111±15 mL, and complications occurred in 9%. Two thirds of the patients remained in hospital 3 days or less, including three patients subjected to hemihepatectomy (2 left and 1 right). Fourteen individuals were discharged on the same day. The strongest predictors of long hospital stay (>3 days) were major hepatectomy (P=0.007), complications (P=0.008), and operative time >210 min (P=0.001). Conclusions: With thoughtful case selection, this is a first demonstration that hepatec-tomy can be conducted as an out-patient or short-stay procedure.
Protein structural domain prediction based on dihedral and geometric angles

Dihedral angles play a very important role in determining the backbone structure of any protein macromolecule. The backbone structure is associated with protein function. In this work, dihedral angles along with geometric angles have been used as features to represent protein structures. These features are then used to perform protein secondary structural classification.
“Talk More About It”: Emerging Adults’ Attitudes About How and When Parents Should Talk About Sex

Sexual communication from parents is crucial to healthy sexual well-being in young people, yet there is a dearth of research offering evidence-based guidelines for how and when parent-child sexual communication should take place. The perspective of youth on what works and when conversations should happen is also largely absent from the literature. We conducted a mixed-methods study on emerging adults’ (N = 441) beliefs about the ideal age and frequency for parents to discuss sex-related topics, and about their parents’ strengths and weaknesses in sexual communication. Most participants reported that parents should talk about sex frequently, early, and on a wide variety of topics. They also recommended parents to be open, honest, and realistic when talking to their children about sex. We discuss implications for how to reposition parents to engage in successful sexual communication, and thus improve sexual health and well-being for young people.
Function of child anger and sadness in response to a blocked goal.

Abstract Drawing from the functional theory of emotion, anger is proposed to serve adaptive functions such as motivating children to persist in overcoming difficulties to achieve their goals, whereas sadness helps children to shift attention away from goals that they determine cannot be attained. Despite the theorized importance of anger to persistence, it does not always relate to persistence in expected ways empirically; the role that sadness might play in how anger relates to persistence is often not considered even though children often experience both anger and sadness when goals are blocked. We hypothesized that how anger relates to persistence would depend on the level of sadness that children felt and, thus, tested sadness as a moderator of the relation of anger to persistence. We expected that the relation of anger to persistence would be stronger when sadness is lower. Child anger, sadness, and persistence were observed in a locked-box frustration task when children were 4 or 5 years old (N = 116). Although higher levels of child anger were associated with more persistence, the association between anger and persistence was stronger when sadness was lower than when sadness was higher. The findings indicate that children’s ability to use the motivational aspects of anger to promote persistence may depend on the levels of sadness felt.
Common Psychiatric Problems in Cognitively Impaired Older Patients Causes and Management

Although dementias are defined by their cognitive and functional deficits, psychiatric problems are common, contribute to patient distress and caregiver burden, and precipitate institutionalization. Successful treatment involves understanding that physiologic, psychological, and environmental factors can contribute to the development of these symptoms. By carefully assessing each of these factors, clinicians can individualize treatment and flexibly use nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic approaches tailored to patients and the context of care. Although there exist limitations to many treatment options, clinicians can still adapt current knowledge to develop a multifaceted treatment approach that improves the quality of life for patients and their caregivers.
Integrative Medizin als Zukunftsmodell

Medizin ist eine angewandte Wissenschaft, die der Erhaltung der Gesundheit und der Heilung oder Linderung von Krankheit zu die-nen hat. Sie muss sich somit an den berechtigten Anspruchen der Patienten messen lassen. Wenn uber 40% der US-Amerikaner alternative Heilverfahren konsumieren, ist dies ein unmissverstandliches Zeichen dafur, dass die Schulmedizin ihrer Rolle nicht gerecht wird. Zwar macht sie weiterhin rasante Fortschritte auf vielen Gebieten, jedoch ohne dass dadurch die Akzeptanz in der Bevolkerung wachst. Die Einsicht in dieses Manko wird durch die hybride Selbstuberschatzung der naturwissenschaftlich ausgerichteten Schulmedizin verstellt und als Beleg fur die Richtigkeit der eigenen Position auf die in rascher Folge entwickelten Innovationen verwiesen. Dabei wird geflissentlich ubersehen, dass die meisten Triumphe der modernen High-Tech-Medizin nur bestimmten Patienten zugute kommen, wahrend das Heer der austherapierten chronisch Kranken, der psychisch und psychosomatisch Kranken sowie der Menschen mit Befindensstorungen ohne organisches Korrelat von Arzten mit bruchstuckhaftem Expertenwissen oft miserabel versorgt wird und deshalb zu den Alternativen abwandert. Aber auch die alternativen Heiler vermogen die Bedurfnisse ihrer Patienten oft nicht zu befriedigen, so dass sich viele enttauscht wieder davon abwenden. In dieser Situation stellt sich die Aufgabe, eine Integration konventioneller und unkonventioneller Heilverfahren zu realisieren, um Einseitigkei-ten auszugleichen und die positiven Elemente aller akzeptablen Heilverfahren nutzbar zu machen.
Resemblance of breast cancer to known viral cancers.

e22076 Background: In women at high risk for breast cancer, immune responses occur before breast cancer but do not prevent disease. Previous work found every breast cancer genome had acquired mutat...
Profiles of self-esteem in early adolescence: identification and investigation of adaptive correlates.

Investigated profiles of self-esteem during early adolescence and their adaptive correlates in two separate longitudinal studies. Using multidimensional ratings of self-esteem within a developmental-ecological framework, cluster analysis revealed five distinct profiles for each sample. The profiles found were characterized by differing patterns of self-evaluation across major contexts of development, including consistently positive or negative ratings for all domains as well as more variable patterns in which ratings for one or more domains (e.g., school) were elevated or diminished relative to those for other areas. Profiles, in turn, were found to be related to measures of youth adjustment both concurrently and longitudinally, independent of their associations with ratings of global self-esteem. Prospective analyses in each study further revealed that profile type predicted differential change in measures of youth adjustment over time, whereas this type of relationship was not found for global ratings of self-esteem. Implications for esteem-enhancement interventions with youth are discussed.
Effective targeting of RNA polymerase I in treatment‐resistant prostate cancer

Background Advanced prostate cancers depend on protein synthesis for continued survival and accelerated rates of metabolism for growth. RNA polymerase I (Pol I) is the enzyme responsible for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription and a rate-limiting step for ribosome biogenesis. We have shown using a specific and sensitive RNA probe for the 45S rRNA precursor that rRNA synthesis is increased in prostate adenocarcinoma compared to nonmalignant epithelium. We have introduced a first-in-class Pol I inhibitor, BMH-21, that targets cancer cells of multiple origins, and holds potential for clinical translation. Methods The effect of BMH-21 was tested in prostate cancer cell lines and in prostate cancer xenograft and mouse genetic models. Results We show that BMH-21 inhibits Pol I transcription in metastatic, castration-resistant, and enzalutamide treatment-resistant prostate cancer cell lines. The genetic abrogation of Pol I effectively blocks the growth of prostate cancer cells. Silencing of p53, a pathway activated downstream of Pol I, does not diminish this effect. We find that BMH-21 significantly inhibited tumor growth and reduced the Ki67 proliferation index in an enzalutamide-resistant xenograft tumor model. A decrease in 45S rRNA synthesis demonstrated on-target activity. Furthermore, the Pol I inhibitor significantly inhibited tumor growth and pathology in an aggressive genetically modified Hoxb13-MYC|Hoxb13-Cre|Ptenfl/fl (BMPC) mouse prostate cancer model. Conclusion Taken together, BMH-21 is a novel promising molecule for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Investigating possible kinetic limitations to MgB2 hydrogenation

Abstract An investigation is reported of possible kinetic limitations to MgB2 hydrogenation. The role of H–H bond breaking, a necessary first step in the hydrogenation process, is assessed for bulk MgB2, ball-milled MgB2, as well as MgB2 mixed with Pd, Fe and TiF3 additives. The Pd and Fe additives in the MgB2 material exist as dispersed metallic particles in the size range ~5–40 nm diameter. In contrast, TiF3 reacts with MgB2 to form Ti metal, elemental B and MgF2, with the Ti and the MgF2 phases proximate to each other and coating the MgB2 particulates with a film of thickness ~3 nm. Sieverts studies of hydrogenation kinetics are reported and compared to the rate of H–H bond breaking as measured by H-D exchange studies. The results show that H–H bond dissociation does not limit the rate of hydrogenation of MgB2 because H–H bond cleavage occurs rapidly compared to the initial MgB2 hydrogenation. The results also show that surface diffusion of hydrogen atoms cannot be a limiting factor for MgB2 hydrogenation. Instead, it is speculated that it is the intrinsic stability of the B–B extended hexagonal ring structure in MgB2 that hinders the hydrogenation of this material. This supposition is supported by B K-edge x-ray absorption measurements of the materials, which showed spectroscopically that the B–B ring was intact in the material systems studied. The TiF3/MgB2 system was examined further theoretically with reaction thermodynamics and phase nucleation kinetic calculations to better understand the production of Ti metal when TiB2 is thermodynamically favored. The results show that there exist physically reasonable ranges for which nucleation kinetics supersede thermodynamics in determining the reactive pathway for the TiF3/MgB2 system and perhaps for other additive systems as well.
Is resilience trainable? An initial study comparing mindfulness and relaxation training in firefighters

Abstract Motivated by the growing interest in promoting resilience in first responders and other professionals who face threatening professional circumstances, the current study investigated the effectiveness of offering a short-form mindfulness training (MT) program to firefighters. The overarching question was to determine if psychological and cognitive markers of resilience are bolstered via MT. Firefighters (n = 121) were assigned to an MT program (n = 42), an active-comparison relaxation training program (RT, n = 31), or served as no-training controls (NTC, n = 48). Both the MT and RT programs were contextualized for firefighters and consisted of 4, 2-h training sessions delivered over 4 weeks by the same expert trainer, as well as 10–15 min of daily out-of-class practice. Intent-to-treat analyses revealed a significantly greater increase in psychological resilience from baseline (T1) to post-training (T2) in firefighters who received MT vs. RT or no training. In addition, positive affect and objective attentional task performance demonstrated a greater increase over time (from T1 to T2) with more days per week of out-of-class practice for the MT group but not for the RT group. These results suggest that MT moreso than RT bolsters markers of resilience in firefighters.
Prognostic Significance of Smoking in Human Papillomavirus-Positive Oropharyngeal Cancer Under American Joint Committee on Cancer Eighth Edition Stage.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prognostic significance of smoking in human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) when considering American Joint Committee on Cancer eighth edition (AJCC-8) stage. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS Three hundred seventeen HPV-positive OPSCC patients with known AJCC-8 stage and smoking status (<10 or ≥10 pack-years) seen at a tertiary center from 1997 to 2017 were studied. We used the Kaplan-Meier method to compare 5-year overall survival (OS) by smoking status and by clinical AJCC-8 stage and smoking status combined. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated with Cox proportional hazard regression for the independent effects of smoking and AJCC-8 stage. We also studied pathologic stage and estimated the combined effects of smoking and clinical stage. RESULTS The ≥10 pack-years smokers had worse 5-year OS than <10 pack-years smokers (93.6%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 89.7-97.8 vs. 82.3%; 95% CI: 76.0%-89.1%). When stratified by AJCC-8 clinical stage, only stage I <10 pack-years smokers (98.7%; 95% CI: 96.3%-100.0%) had significantly better 5-year OS than their ≥10 pack-years (84.8%; 95% CI: 76.4%-94.1%) counterparts. In a multivariable analysis, ≥10 pack-years smoking was associated with increased hazard of death when adjusting for AJCC-8 clinical (HR: 2.52; 95% CI: 1.16-5.46) and pathologic (HR: 5.21; 95% CI: 1.47-18.5) stage. In both analyses, stage III patients demonstrated worse survival than stage I, and smoking had greater impact at lower stages. CONCLUSIONS Smoking is a negative prognosticator in HPV-positive OPSCC and interacts with AJCC-8 clinical stage. It is important to understand the impact of smoking in HPV-positive disease when considering treatment plans and deintensification trials. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b Laryngoscope, 130: 1961-1966, 2020.
Conservative management of bladder endometriosis with acute renal failure.

Abstract Endometriosis involving the bladder is rare, but generally has a severe presentation with prominent lower urinary tract symptoms and can progress to renal failure. As endometriosis has a significant effect on quality of life and fertility, treatment plans must be centered on the patient's symptoms, expectations, and priorities. We present a case of a 37-year-old African American female with advanced bladder endometriosis and consequent renal failure, who desired to avoid extensive surgery and maintain her fertility. This case highlights the importance of shared decision making in balancing disease management with patient autonomy.
Neurophysiological Mechanisms Supporting Mindfulness Meditation–Based Pain Relief: an Updated Review

This review examines recent (2016 onwards) neuroscientific findings on the mechanisms supporting mindfulness-associated pain relief. To date, its clear that mindfulness lowers pain by engaging brain processes that are distinct from placebo and vary across meditative training level. Due to rapid developments in the field of contemplative neuroscience, an update review on the neuroimaging studies focused on mindfulness, and pain is merited. Mindfulness-based therapies produce reliably reductions in a spectrum of chronic pain conditions through psychological, physiological, and neural mechanisms supporting the modulation of evaluation and appraisal of innocuous and noxious sensory events. Neuroimaging and randomized control studies confirm that mindfulness meditation reliably reduces experimentally induced and clinical pain by engaging multiple, unique, non-opioidergic mechanisms that are distinct from placebo and which vary across meditative training level. These promising findings underscore the potential of mindfulness-based approaches to produce long-lasting improvements in pain-related symptomology.
Postoperative 30-day emergency department utilization after 7294 cranial neurosurgery procedures at a tertiary neuroscience center.

OBJECTIVE Hospital readmission and the reduction thereof has become a major quality improvement initiative in organized medicine and neurosurgery. However, little research has been performed on why neurosurgical patients utilize hospital emergency rooms (ERs) with or without subsequent admission in the postoperative setting. METHODS This study was a retrospective, single-center review of data for all surgical cranial procedures performed from July 2013 to July 2016 in patients who survived to discharge. The study was approved by the institutional review board of the participating medical center. RESULTS The authors identified 7294 cranial procedures performed during 6596 hospital encounters in 5385 patients. The rate of postoperative ER utilization within 30 days after surgical hospitalization across all procedure types was 13.1 per 100 surgeries performed. The two most common chief complaints were pain (30.7%) and medical complication (18.2%). After identification of relevant surgical and patient factors with univariable analysis, a multivariable backward elimination logistic regression model was constructed in which Ommaya reservoir placement (OR 2.65, p = 0.0008) and cranial CSF shunt placement (OR 1.40, p = 0.0001) were associated with increased ER utilization. Deep brain stimulation electrode placement (OR 0.488, p = 0.0004), increasing hospital length of stay (OR 0.935, p < 0.0001), and increasing patient age (OR 0.988, p < 0.0001) were associated with lower rates of postoperative ER utilization. One-half (50%) of ER visit patients were readmitted to the hospital. New/worsening neurological deficit chief complaint (OR 1.99, p = 0.0088), fever chief complaint (OR 2.41, p = 0.0205), altered mentation chief complaint (OR 2.71, p = 0.0002), patient chronic kidney disease (OR 3.31, p = 0.0037), brain biopsy procedure type (OR 3.50, p = 0.0398), and wound infection chief complaint (OR 31.4, p = 0.0008) were associated with increased rates of readmission to the hospital from the ER in multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS The authors report the rates of and reasons for ER utilization in a large cohort of postoperative cranial neurosurgical patients. Factors identified were associated with both increased and decreased use of the ER after cranial surgery, as well as variables associated with readmission to the hospital after postoperative ER visitation. These findings may direct future quality improvement via prospective implementation of care pathways for high-risk procedures.
Sentence-level processing predicts narrative coherence following traumatic brain injury: evidence in support of a resource model of discourse processing

Research suggests that coherence processing of narratives produced by speakers with traumatic brain injury is dissociated from processing of inter-sentential cohesion and intra-sentential productio...
How Does the Crude Oil Market Impound Inventory and Other Public News Information

Investigating intraday tick data of crude oil futures, we empirically study how the crude oil market reacts to the weekly crude oil inventory announcement released by U.S. Energy Information Administration. First, we find that the price discovery with respect to the inventory announcement is rather fast most of the inventory information is digested by the market in a few seconds. The announcement increases the likelihood of jumps, the intraday volatilities, and trading activities, at the announcement and in the immediate subsequent intra-hour period, but the triggered chaos quickly decays. Second, consistently with the efficient market hypothesis, the inventory news shock has no explanatory power on futures returns after the announcement. However, to our surprise, the inventory shock can explain the returns prior to the announcement. Such statistical relations are particularly strong in the financial crisis period, and may imply an inventory information leakage before the official news release. Third, we find evidence that other major market news, such as nonfarm payroll report and natural gas inventory report, also trigger more jumps and cause more intraday volatilities and trading activities in crude oil futures market, suggesting a potential channel for the co-movement between different markets.
Do Trial Consultants Spell the End of Justice

The conclusion I have reached is that our justice system is largely built on incorrect assumptions about human behavior. In my new book, UNFAIR, I make the case that for our laws and practices to be effective we need to commit ourselves to evidence-based justice. Until we embrace what the scientific research has to say about eyewitness identification procedures, interrogation protocols, judicial bias, and the effects of solitary confinement, we will continue to see wrongful convictions, trampled rights, and terrible abuse. I argue that change is entirely feasible and that there are already models of success not only internationally, but in certain jurisdictions in the United States. But I also suggest that there are challenges to accomplishing science-based reform and, ironically, one of those challenges is presented by the trial consulting industry.
A note on the multiplicative fairness score in the NIJ recidivism forecasting challenge

The 2021 NIJ recidivism forecasting challenge asks participants to construct predictive models of recidivism while balancing false positive rates across groups of Black and white individuals through a multiplicative fairness score. We investigate the performance of several models for forecasting 1-year recidivism and optimizing the NIJ multiplicative fairness metric. We consider standard linear and logistic regression, a penalized regression that optimizes a convex surrogate loss (that we show has an analytical solution), two post-processing techniques, linear regression with re-balanced data, a black-box general purpose optimizer applied directly to the NIJ metric and a gradient boosting machine learning approach. For the set of models investigated, we find that a simple heuristic of truncating scores at the decision threshold (thus predicting no recidivism across the data) yields as good or better NIJ fairness scores on held out data compared to other, more sophisticated approaches. We also find that when the cutoff is further away from the base rate of recidivism, as is the case in the competition where the base rate is 0.29 and the cutoff is 0.5, then simply optimizing the mean square error gives nearly optimal NIJ fairness metric solutions. The multiplicative metric in the 2021 NIJ recidivism forecasting competition encourages solutions that simply optimize MSE and/or use truncation, therefore yielding trivial solutions that forecast no one will recidivate.
Disproportionate increases in schizophrenia diagnoses among Black nursing home residents with ADRD

Background Previous research demonstrated an increase in the reporting of schizophrenia diagnoses among nursing home (NH) residents after the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services National Partnership to Improve Dementia Care. Given known health and healthcare disparities among Black NH residents, we examined how race and Alzheimer's and related dementia (ADRD) status influenced the rate of schizophrenia diagnoses among NH residents following the partnership. Methods We used a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences design to study the quarterly prevalence of schizophrenia among US long-stay NH residents aged 65 years and older, by Black race and ADRD status. Using 2011-2015 Minimum Data Set 3.0 assessments, our analysis controlled for age, sex, measures of function and frailty (activities of daily living [ADL] and Changes in Health, End-stage disease and Symptoms and Signs scores) and behavioral expressions. Results There were over 1.2 million older long-stay NH residents, annually. Schizophrenia diagnoses were highest among residents with ADRD. Among residents without ADRD, Black residents had higher rates of schizophrenia diagnoses compared to their nonblack counterparts prior to the partnership. Following the partnership, Black residents with ADRD had a significant increase of 1.7% in schizophrenia as compared to nonblack residents with ADRD who had a decrease of 1.7% (p = 0.007). Conclusions Following the partnership, Black NH residents with ADRD were more likely to have a schizophrenia diagnosis documented on their MDS assessments, and schizophrenia rates increased for Black NH residents with ADRD only. Further work is needed to examine the impact of "colorblind" policies such as the partnership and to determine if schizophrenia diagnoses are appropriately applied in NH practice, particularly for black Americans with ADRD.
Base editors for citrus gene editing

Abstract Base editors, such as adenine base editors (ABE) and cytosine base editors (CBE), provide alternatives for precise genome editing without generating double-strand breaks (DSBs), thus avoiding the risk of genome instability and unpredictable outcomes caused by DNA repair. Precise gene editing mediated by base editors in citrus has not been reported. Here, we have successfully adapted the ABE to modify the TATA box in the promoter region of the canker susceptibility gene LOB1 from TATA to CACA in grapefruit and Hamlin sweet orange. Inoculation of the TATA-edited plants with the canker pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. Citri (Xcc) demonstrated that the TATA-edited plants were resistant to Xcc. In addition, CBE was successfully used to edit the acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene of Carrizo citrange, a hybrid of Citrus sinensis ‘Washington’ sweet orange X Poncirus trifoliata. Editing the ALS genes conferred resistance of Carrizo to the herbicide chlorsulfuron. Two ALS-edited Carrizo plants did not show green florescence although the starting construct for transformation contains a GFP expression cassette. We performed PCR amplification for Cas9 gene in the mutant plants and found that Cas9 gene was undetectable in the herbicide resistant citrus plants. This indicates that the ALS edited plants are transgene-free, representing the first transgene-free gene-edited citrus using the CRISPR technology. In summary, we have successfully adapted the base editors for precise citrus gene editing. The CBE base editor has been used to generate transgene-free citrus via transient expression.
Mapping combinatorial optimization problems onto neural networks

Neural networks have been proposed as a model of computation for solving a wide variety of problems in fields as diverse as combinatorial optimization, vision, and pattern recognition. The ability to map and solve a number of interesting problems on neural networks motivates a proposal for using neural networks as a highly parallel model for general-purpose computing. We review this proposal, and show how to map a number of interesting combinatorial optimization problems from graph theory, VLSI placement, and operations research.
Preventing integrated circuit piracy using reconfigurable logic barriers

With each new feature size, integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing costs increase. Rising expenses cause the once vertical IC supply chain to flatten out. Companies are increasing their reliance on contractors, often foreign, to supplement their supply chain deficiencies as they no longer can provide all of the services themselves. This shift has brought with it several security concerns classified under three categories: (1) Metering controlling the number of ICs created and for whom. (2) Theft controlling the dissemination of intellectual property (IP). (3) Trust controlling the confidence in the IC post-fabrication. Our research focuses on providing a solution to the metering problem by restricting an attacker’s access to the IC design. Our solution modifies the CAD tool flow in order to identify locations in the circuit which can be protected with reconfigurable logic barriers. These barriers require the correct key to be present for information to flow through. Incorrect key values render the IC useless as the flow of information is blocked. Our selection heuristics utilize observability and controllability don’t care sets along with a node’s location in the network to maximize an attacker’s burden while keeping in mind the associated overhead. We implement our approach in an open-source logic synthesis tool, compare it against previous solutions and evaluate its effectiveness against a knowledgeable attacker.
Characterization of in vivo brain muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype selectivity by competition studies against (R,S)-[125I]IQNB.

Abstract We have studied the in vivo rat brain muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) m2 subtype selectivities of three quinuclidine derivatives: ( R )-3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB), E-(+,+)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl α-hydroxy-α-(1-iodo-1-propen-3-yl)-α-phenyl-acetate (E-(+,+)-IQNP), and E-(+,−)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl α-hydroxy-α-(1-iodo-1-propen-3-yl)-α-phenylacetate (E-(+,−)-IQNP), and two tricyclic ring compounds: 5-[[4-[4-(diisobutylamino)butyl]-1-phenyl]-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepin-11-one (DIBD) and 11-[[4-4-(diisobutylamino)butyl-1-phenyl]acetyl]-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one (PBID), by correlating the regional inhibition of ( R,S)-[ 125 I]IQNB with the regional composition of the m1–m4 subtypes. Subtle effects are demonstrated after reduction of the between-animal variability by normalization to corpus striatum. Substantial in vivo m2-selectivity is exhibited by QNB and DIBD, modest in vivo m2-selectivity is exhibited by E-(+,+)-IQNP, and little or no in vivo m2-selectivity is exhibited by PBID and E-(+,−)-IQNP. Surrisingly, the in vivo m2-selectivity is not correlated with the in vitro m2-selectivity. For example, QNB, which appears to be the most strongly in vivo m2-selective compound, exhibits negligible in vitro m2-selectivity. These examples indicate that a strategy which includes only preliminary in vitro screening may very well preclude the discovery of a novel compound which would prove useful in vivo.
Modeling and verification of a pipelined CPU

In this paper, we present a formal model of a pipelined version of the DLX processor, and verify the correct operation of the pipeline using a formal verification approach based series-parallel posets. We illustrate how the method can be used to detect pipeline hazards and other problems. The full verification was carried out automatically with the help of a verification tool, based on algorithms with low time- and space complexity.
Sequence and characterization of the human intestinal alkaline phosphatase gene.

At least four genes encode the human alkaline phosphatases (ALPs). The genes encoding three of these proteins (intestinal, placental, and placental-like ALPs), are linked on the long arm of chromosome 2, while the fourth gene (encoding liver/bone/kidney ALP) is located on chromosome 1. One of the linked genes, intestinal alkaline phosphatase, has been isolated on two overlapping phage clones and sequenced in its entirety. The gene is composed of 11 exons interrupted by 10 introns. Introns in intestinal, placental, and liver/bone/kidney ALPs occur at analogous positions (see accompanying articles), confirming that these genes arose from a single ancestral ALP gene. Multiple intestinal ALP mRNA species can be detected in RNA isolated from adult and fetal intestine and from cell line RNAs. In cell line RNA, the various species are the result of differential use of at least three of the four polyadenylation signals present in the intestinal ALP gene. A 125-base pair fragment located 5′ to the first exon can function as a promoter in mammalian cells. This region contains two putative transcription signals, a TATA-like sequence and a consensus binding site for the transcription factor Sp1.
Cytoplasmic domain mutations of the L1 cell adhesion molecule reduce L1-ankyrin interactions.

The neural adhesion molecule L1 mediates the axon outgrowth, adhesion, and fasciculation that are necessary for proper development of synaptic connections. L1 gene mutations are present in humans with the X-linked mental retardation syndrome CRASH (corpus callosum hypoplasia, retardation, aphasia, spastic paraplegia, hydrocephalus). Three missense mutations associated with CRASH syndrome reside in the cytoplasmic domain of L1, which contains a highly conserved binding region for the cytoskeletal protein ankyrin. In a cellular ankyrin recruitment assay that uses transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells, two of the pathologic mutations located within the conserved SFIGQY sequence (S1224L and Y1229H) strikingly reduced the ability of L1 to recruit 270 kDa ankyrinG protein that was tagged with green fluorescent protein (ankyrin–GFP) to the plasma membrane. In contrast, the L1 missense mutation S1194L and an L1 isoform lacking the neuron-specific sequence RSLE in the cytoplasmic domain were as effective as RSLE-containing neuronal L1 in the recruitment of ankyrin–GFP. Ankyrin binding by L1 was independent of cell–cell interactions. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of L1 regulates intracellular signal transduction, which is necessary for neurite outgrowth. In rat B35 neuroblastoma cell lines stably expressing L1 missense mutants, antibody-induced endocytosis was unaffected by S1224L or S1194L mutations but appeared to be enhanced by the Y1229H mutation. These results suggested a critical role for tyrosine residue 1229 in the regulation of L1 endocytosis. In conclusion, specific mutations within key residues of the cytoplasmic domain of L1 (Ser1224, Tyr1229) destabilize normal L1–ankyrin interactions and may influence L1 endocytosis to contribute to the mechanism of neuronal dysfunction in human X-linked mental retardation.
Field and particle equations for the classical Yang-Mills field and particles with isotopic spin

A complete system of equations describing the interaction between the Yang-Mills field and isotopic-spin-carrying particles in the classical limit is extracted from the equations of motion for the quantum fields. Some simple consequences are derived. The consistency of the equations is investigated.
Squeezing with fiber Sagnac loop and sub-shot-noise measurement

Squeezed states of light are minimum uncertainty states for which the mean square fluctuations in phase and in quadrature with respect to a reference signal are unequal. Among other interesting properties, they provide improved sensitivity of optical interferometric phase measurements. To understand this potential, one must note that quantum theory imposes measurement uncertainty only on a pair of noncommuting variables; the measurement of any one quantum observable could be done with no uncertainty. >
Surgical Strategies for Management of the Open Abdomen

Since the mid-1990s the surgical community has seen a surge in the prevalence of open abdomens (OAs) reported in the surgical literature and in clinical practice. The OA has proven to be effective in decreasing mortality and immediate postoperative complications; however, it may come at the cost of delayed morbidity and the need for further surgical procedures. Indications for leaving the abdomen open have broadened to include damage control surgery, abdominal compartment syndrome, and abdominal sepsis. The surgical options for management of the OA are now more diverse and sophisticated, but there is a lack of prospective randomized controlled trials demonstrating the superiority of any particular method. Additionally, critical care strategies for optimization of the patient with an OA are still being developed. Review of the literature suggests a bimodal distribution of primary closure rates, with early closure dependent on postoperative intensive care management and delayed closure more affected by the choice of the temporary abdominal closure technique. Invariably, a small fraction of patients requiring OA management fail to have primary fascial closure and require some form of biologic fascial bridge with delayed ventral hernia repair in the future.
KHARMA: An open KML/HTML architecture for mobile augmented reality applications

Widespread future adoption of augmented reality technology will rely on a broadly accessible standard for authoring and distributing content with, at a minimum, the flexibility and interactivity provided by current web authoring technologies. We introduce KHARMA, an open architecture based on KML for geospatial and relative referencing combined with HTML, JavaScript and CSS technologies for content development and delivery. This architecture uses lightweight representations that decouple infrastructure and tracking sources from authoring and content delivery. Our main contribution is a re-conceptualization of KML that turns HTML content formerly confined to balloons into first-class elements in the scene. We introduce the KARML extension that gives authors increase control over the presentation of HTML content and its spatial relationship to other content.
Improving web application testing with user session data

Web applications have become critical components of the global information infrastructure, and it is important that they be validated to ensure their reliability. Therefore, many techniques and tools for validating web applications have been created. Only a few of these techniques, however, have addressed problems of testing the functionality of web applications, and those that do have not fully considered the unique attributes of web applications. In this paper we explore the notion that user session data gathered as users operate web applications can be successfully employed in the testing of those applications, particularly as those applications evolve and experience different usage profiles. We report results of an experiment comparing new and existing test generation techniques for web applications, assessing both the adequacy of the generated tests and their ability to detect faults on a point-of-sale web application. Our results show that user session data can produce test suites as effective overall as those produced by existing white-box techniques, but at less expense. Moreover, the classes of faults detected differ somewhat across approaches, suggesting that the techniques may be complimentary.
Device independence and the Web

Device manufacturers, users, and authors have differing needs and expectations when it comes to Web content. Web software and hardware manufacturers naturally try to differentiate their products by supporting a special combination of capabilities, but few can expect Web authors to create content for their product alone. Users, however, do expect to access the same content from any device with similar capabilities. Even when device capabilities differ, users might still want access to an adapted version of the content. Due to device differences, the adaptation might not produce an identical presentation, but device-independence principles suggest it should be sufficiently functional to let users interact with it successfully. Web application authors cannot afford to create multiple content versions for each of the growing range of device types. Authors would rather create their content once, and adapt it to different devices-but they also want to retain control of presentation quality. Device independence is about trying to satisfy these differing needs, spanning the delivery path between author and user by way of diverse manufacturers' devices. The field's continued evolution within the broader Web standards framework aims to find solutions that are beneficial for all.
Nonlinear Normal Modes of a Continuous System With Quadratic Nonlinearities

We use two approaches to determine the nonlinear modes and natural frequencies of a simply supported Euler-Bernoulli beam resting on an elastic foundation with distributed quadratic and cubic nonlinearities. In the first approach, we use the method of multiple scales to treat the governing partial-differential equation and boundary conditions directly. In the second approach, we use a Galerkin procedure to discretize the system and then determine the normal modes from the discretized equations by using the method of multiple scales and the invariant manifold approach. Whereas one- and two-mode discretizations produce erroneous results for continuous systems with quadratic and cubic nonlinearities, all methods, in the present case, produce the same results because the discretization is carried out by using a complete set of basis functions that satisfy the boundary conditions.
A simple theory of 40 K superconductivity in MgB2: first-principles calculations of Tc, its dependence on boron mass and pressure

Abstract We have studied the superconducting properties of MgB 2 from first-principles under isotropic, uniaxial, and biaxial compressions. We find that the in-plane boron phonons near the zone-center are very anharmonic and strongly coupled to the planar B σ bands near the Fermi level. This mode is found to be the key to quantitatively explain the observed high T c , the total isotope effect and the pressure dependence of T c . We propose that a stringent test on the hole and phonon based theories of the superconductivity in MgB 2 would be a measurement of the biaxial ab -compression dependence of T c .