cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inequalities between generalized familywise error rates of a multiple testing procedure

Abstract We consider a multiple testing procedure (MTP) that decides which hypotheses to reject based solely on the observed p -values associated with the hypotheses being tested. Let f k be the exact level at which the MTP weakly controls, under a general and unknown dependence structure of the p -values, the k th generalized familywise error rate—the probability of k or more false rejections. The sequence f 1 , … , f m , where m is the number of hypotheses being tested, is nonincreasing. We show that if the MTP is monotone (reducing p -values can only increase the number of rejections), then the sequence k f k is nondecreasing. This result pertaining to the weak control of generalized FWERs (all hypotheses are true) carries over to the situation where a limited number of hypotheses may be false.
Phase behavior of the vanillin–CO2 system at high pressures

Abstract The high-pressure phase behavior of the vanillin–CO2 is experimentally determined with emphasis on the determination of the two solid–liquid–gas (SLG) boundaries for this system. The SLG line starting at the melting point of vanillin exhibits a temperature minimum of ∼65 °C at 150 bar and ends at the upper critical end point at 73.6 °C, 1347 bar, at a vanillin concentration of 15.8 mol%. The low-temperature branch of the SLG line virtually superposes onto the vapor pressure curve of CO2 and ends at the lower critical end point at 31.6 °C, 74.5 bar, at a vanillin concentration of 0.72 mol%. Solid–fluid phase behavior exists at pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions located between the two SLG lines. The P–T trace of low-pressure region of the SLG line starting at the melting point of vanillin differs from that reported previously in the literature probably due to the differences in the experimental techniques used to determine the SLG line.
The trading zone of autism genetics: Examining the intersection of genomic and psychiatric classification

This article argues that the impact of genetics on psychiatry, and on our understanding of human difference more generally, will be mediated by the threefold social role of diagnostic categories as (i) coordinating devices; (ii) identities; (iii) sites of looping processes. This argument is explored by examining the intersection of a rare genetic disorder – 22q13 Deletion/Phelan-McDermid Syndrome (PMS) – with the much broader but genetically heterogeneous category of autism. We show that a ‘genomically designated’ classification such as PMS thrives as an object of research and social mobilization by virtue of its capacity to interface with, rather than supplant, the existing psychiatric diagnosis of autism. Autism genetics thus functions as a ‘trading zone’ (Galison, 1997) that allows for the exchange of knowledge, biomedical objects and resources despite incommensurable ends and frameworks of understanding.
Immunoelectron microscopic study of somatostatin biosynthesis in dog pancreas

The biosynthesis of somatostatin has been studied at the ultrastructural level in pancreatic islets by using rabbit antiserum against synthetic somatostatin. To document that the antiserum specifically bound preprosomatostatin, we have tested the ability of the antiserum to precipitate the product synthesized in vitro. Poly(A) enriched RNA isolated from catfish islets was translated in both the wheat germ extract and nuclease-treated reticulocyte lysate systems. It was found that the in vitro translation product, preprosomatostatin, could be recognized by the antibody against synthetic somatostatin. The morphological study was then performed by immunoelectron microscopy by using the Fab-peroxidase conjugate technique. In dog pancreatic islets, somatostatin immunoreactive reaction product was seen only in the delta cells. In these cells, they were detected on bound ribosomes, in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus, in the Golgi associated vesicles, and in secretory vesicles. These findings suggest that somatostatin precursor molecules are synthesized on bound ribosomes and discharged into the cisternae of the rough ER. They are then transported to the Golgi apparatus and transferred to the secretory vesicles for secretion. The different staining intensities in the secretory vesicles would suggest that the processing of the precursor molecules of somatostatin probably takes place in the secretory vesicles.
Longitudinal Predictors of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Among a National Sample of Adolescent Males

Objectives. We conducted a longitudinal study to examine human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake among male adolescents and to identify vaccination predictors.Methods. In fall 2010 and 2011, a national sample of parents with sons aged 11 to 17 years (n = 327) and their sons (n = 228) completed online surveys. We used logistic regression to identify predictors of HPV vaccination that occurred between baseline and follow-up.Results. Only 2% of sons had received any doses of HPV vaccine at baseline, with an increase to 8% by follow-up. About 55% of parents who had ever received a doctor’s recommendation to get their sons HPV vaccine did vaccinate between baseline and follow-up, compared with only 1% of parents without a recommendation. Fathers (odds ratio = 0.29; 95% confidence interval = 0.09, 0.80) and non-Hispanic White parents (odds ratio = 0.29; 95% confidence interval = 0.11, 0.76) were less likely to have vaccinated sons. Willingness to get sons HPV vaccine decreased from baseline to follow-up among...
Increased numbers of CD5+ B lymphocytes in schizophrenic patients.

• Autoimmune mechanisms have been postulated to play a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Recently, increased numbers of B lymphocytes expressing the CD5 (Leu-1) surface antigen have been observed in patients with certain autoimmune diseases. In the present study, approximately 30% of schizophrenic patients (11/34) were found by cytofluorometric methods to have similarly increased levels of circulating CD5B cells compared with 6% (2/33) of healthy individuals and 5% (1/20) of patients with bipolar affective disorder. In schizophrenic patients with a "high" CD5B-cell phenotype, the percentage of B cells expressing the CD5 surface marker (mean + SEM, 52.4% + 3.5%) was comparable to that reported for patients with rheumatoid arthritis and significantly greater than that reported for patients with bipolar affective disorder (25.7%±2.5%) and healthy controls (31.0% ±1.8%). Schizophrenic patients with high levels of CD5B cells had increased numbers of total B cells compared with control subjects and patients with low levels of CD5B cells. An elevation in CD5+B cells may delineate a subgroup of schizophrenic patients whose disease has an underlying autoimmune and/or genetic cause.
Influence of growth and anneal conditions on the surface roughness of L10 Fe50PdxPt50−x thin films

Abstract We deposit Fe 50 Pd x Pt 50− x alloy thin films by magnetron sputtering onto a TiN seed layer. Chemically ordered L1 0 films are obtained which display large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. We find that the surface roughness of the film depends strongly on the growth and anneal conditions as well as the Pd composition of the film. Smooth films are obtained by deposition above the chemical ordering temperature and by removing Pd from the alloy.
Homolog pairing in S. pombe: The ends are the means

The pairing of homologous chromosomes is a universal feature of meiosis and is important for the accurate segregation of chromosomes in the first of two meiotic divisions. In the March issue of Developmental Cell, report findings in fission yeast which point to telomere clustering and movement as being important determinants of homolog pairing.
A random-effects model for group-level analysis of diffuse optical brain imaging

Diffuse optical imaging is a non-invasive technique for measuring changes in blood oxygenation in the brain. This technique is based on the temporally and spatially resolved recording of optical absorption in tissue within the near-infrared range of light. Optical imaging can be used to study functional brain activity similar to functional MRI. However, group level comparisons of brain activity from diffuse optical data are difficult due to registration of optical sensors between subjects. In addition, optical signals are sensitive to inter-subject differences in cranial anatomy and the specific arrangement of optical sensors relative to the underlying functional region. These factors can give rise to partial volume errors and loss of sensitivity and therefore must be accounted for in combining data from multiple subjects. In this work, we describe an image reconstruction approach using a parametric Bayesian model that simultaneously reconstructs group-level images of brain activity in the context of a random-effects analysis. Using this model, we demonstrate that localization accuracy and the statistical effects size of group-level reconstructions can be improved when compared to individualized reconstructions. In this model, we use the Restricted Maximum Likelihood (ReML) method to optimize a Bayesian random-effects model.
Trastuzumab‐associated cardiotoxicity

Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of metastatic breast carcinoma in women whose tumors overexpress the HER2 protein. Cardiotoxicity has been reported to occur with trastuzumab when administered alone and in combination with antineoplastic agents, particularly anthracyclines. The risk of cardiotoxicity with trastuzumab has been reported to be 4% with monotherapy and 27% when administered in combination with an anthracycline and cyclophosphamide, but to the author's knowledge severe outcomes, such as death or permanent disability, are uncommon. The majority of reported cardiac effects are mild to moderate, nonspecific, and medically manageable. Signs and symptoms are similar to those observed in patients who develop anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy and include tachycardia, palpitations, and exertional dyspnea, which may progress to congestive heart failure. The pathogenesis and histologic changes responsible for trastuzumab-associated cardiotoxicity currently are under investigation. Unlike anthracycline-induced toxicity, trastuzumab-associated toxicity usually responds to standard treatment or the discontinuation of trastuzumab, and there is no evidence that the toxicity is dose related. Current methods for the early detection of cardiotoxicity in trastuzumab-treated patients are similar to those used in anthracycline-treated patients. Cardiac function is established at baseline and monitored regularly during treatment by physical examination and measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction. The majority of patients improve with proper treatment, and some are able to continue to receive trastuzumab.
When is oxygen a metal

Metals are often characterized by composing the cationic part of salts. A comparison of Na+ salts and their hypothetical O+ salt analogues is made. Metals also compose anions and are often electron acceptors. As such, the formation of Na− and O− salts is also discussed, as is the bonding of transition metals and atomic oxygen to CO.
Adaptive finite-time control of nonlinear systems

Global adaptive finite-time control problems for two special classes of nonlinear control systems with parametric uncertainties are considered. A simple design approach is given based on Lyapunov function and homogeneity. The feedback laws can be constructed in the form with fractional powers as shown in the design examples.
Mechanics of emplacement of basic intrusions

Abstract The sunken nature of many basic intrusions can be explained by simple models for flexure of the lithosphere subjected to loading by a magma. The lithosphere is divided into the strata above the magma which deforms as a stack of elastic plates, and the substratum below the magma which is modelled as an elastic plate overlying a weak fluid asthenosphere. Plane-strain plate theory is used to calculate shape and size of plutons. Significant mechanical parameters controlling the shape are: (1) depth of emplacement; (2) width of intrusion; (3) total lithospheric thickness; (4) magma density; (5) effective thickness of the overburden; and (6) magmatic pressure. In areas with lithospheric thickness of 50–100 km, basic intrusions emplaced in the upper crust (
Macro nuclear Morphogenesis during Division of Blepharisma undulans

SUMMARY. The division cycle was followed in four strains of Blepharisma undulans. Animals were fixed and stained at regular intervals from the end of one division through completion of the next. A comparative study of the present findings and those in the literature shows that in all strains in which the macronucleus is nodulated there is a similarity in the events that occur during division. These include a loss of some of the chromatin material, a fusion of macronuclear nodes into two masses, and a subsequent fusion of these two masses into one large, centrally located mass. This, in turn, elongates and divides into two daughter nuclei which either are nodulated at the time of separation or become so shortly after the division into daughter nuclei. Great variation exists, among different strains, in the number of macronuclear nodes present. This fact, coupled with knowledge of nuclear morphogenesis during the division cycle, renders macronuclear form of little taxonomic value at infrageneric levels.
Mechanistic Study of CO2 Photoreduction in Ti Silicalite Molecular Sieve by FT-IR Spectroscopy

The initial products of the photoreduction of gaseous CO2 in Ti silicalite molecular sieve using methanol as electron donor have been monitored by in-situ FT-IR spectroscopy. Reaction was induced by 266 nm excitation of the Ti+IV−O-II → Ti+III−O-I ligand-to-metal charge-transfer transition of the framework center. HCO2H, CO, and HCO2CH3 were the observed products. CO escaped instantaneously into the gas phase and was recorded at high spectral resolution. The origin of the products was elucidated by infrared analysis of experiments with C18O2, 13CO2, and 13CH3OH. The results show that CO originates from secondary photolysis of HCO2H, while HCO2CH3 emerges mainly from spontaneous Tishchenko reaction of CH2O, the initial oxidation product of methanol. The key finding is that formic acid is the primary 2-electron reduction product of CO2 at the LMCT-excited Ti centers. This implies that C−H bond formation occurs in the initial steps of CO2 activation at the gas−micropore interface.
Anionic synthesis of ω-1,1-diphenylethylene-terminated polystyrene macromonomers. Rational synthesis of ABC hetero three-armed-star-branched polymers

Polystyrene macromonomers with terminal 1,1-diphenylethylene functionality were prepared by the reaction of one equivalent of poly(styryl)lithium with 1,4-bis (l-phenylethenyl)benzene (PDDPE). The macromonomer functionalities were determined by 1H NMR [σ(vinyl CH2)=5.4 ppm] and UV spectroscopy (λmax=260 nm). The stoichiometric linking reaction of poly(styryl)lithium (Mn=15.3x103 g/mol) with an ω-1,1-diphenylethylene-terminated polystyrene macromonomer (Mn=5.4x103 g/mol) followed by addition of styrene monomer has been used to prepare a hetero three-armed, star-branched polymer with Mn=5.8x104 g/mol (5,400-15,300-37,300). The g′ value ([ν]b/[ν]l) was equal to 0.92.
A human exposure assessment study using personal monitoring of carbon monoxide-direct and indirect methods

Abstract Data obtained from fixed site monitors have been used and were considered adequate to estimate the populations exposure to pollutants. Thus, residential exposure was based on the likely occurrence of a pollutant when residential demographic data were merged with pollutant concentrations observed at the nearest fixed site. The recent development of personal exposure monitors (PEMs) have made available the opportunity to measure a person's total exposure in both the ambient and indoor air. This paper introduces two approaches to determine exposure and describes experimental data obtained during application of these approaches to a pollutant, carbon monoxide. One is the direct approach in which a representative sample of the population is selected and sampling is conducted using a PEM. The indirect approach is the combination of collected field data from activity patterns and measured concentration levels within microenvironments. The conclusions combine statistical survey design techniques and PEM concentration data to produce an exposure profile for a representative population.
TACI, isotype switching, CVID and IgAD

Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most prevalent human primary immunodeficiency requiring medical attention. Until recently the only known genetic defect specific to CVID was ICOS deficiency that accounts for about 1% of the patients analyzed. Mutations in the TNFR family member TACI (transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor), which mediates isotype switching in B cells, were found to be present in 5% of patients with CVID. Mutations in TACI were also found in relatives of patients with CVID who suffered from IgA deficiency (IgAD) as well as in a patient with isolated IgAD. In the majority of patients described to date only one TACI allele is mutated, showing an autosomal dominant transmission of the disease. B cells from individuals with TACI mutations did not produce IgG and IgA in response to the TACI ligand, APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand), probably reflecting impaired isotype switching. These results suggest that TACI mutations can lead to CVID.
How to become a “Kwa” noun

An important problem of comparative Niger-Congo morphology is understanding the processes that relate word structures in languages of the isolating “Kwa” type to those of the agglutinating “Bantu” type. A salient sub-problem of this larger morphological puzzle is charting the connection between the noun class systems of the Kwa-type languages which, at one extreme, can lack such classes entirely, against those of the Bantu type which, at the other extreme, are famously elaborated. This issue is examined by looking at a range of ways that Niger-Congo noun class systems have been observed to diverge from the canonical Bantu type. The main conclusion of this study is that Niger-Congo noun class systems are quite robust, in the sense that loss of one part of the system need not be correlated with loss of the other parts. This suggests that the level of noun class attrition found in Kwa languages was not a historically “natural” event and also has implications for models of agreement and inflectional morphology.
Testing Parity-Violating Mechanisms with Cosmic Microwave Background Experiments

Chiral gravity and cosmological birefringence both provide physical mechanisms to produce parity-violating TB and EB correlations in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature/polarization. Here, we study how well these two mechanisms can be distinguished if nonzero TB/EB correlations are found. To do so, we evaluate the correlation matrix, including new TB-EB covariances. We find that the effects of these two mechanisms on the CMB are highly orthogonal, and can thus be distinguished fairly well in the case of a high-signal-to-noise detection of TB/EB correlations. Appendix evaluates the relative sensitivities of the BB, TB, and EB signals for detecting a chiral gravitational-wave background.
Relationship between Yeast Polyribosomes and Upf Proteins Required for Nonsense mRNA Decay

In yeast, the accelerated rate of decay of nonsense mutant mRNAs, called nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, requires three proteins, Upf1p, Upf2p, and Upf3p. Single, double, and triple disruptions of the UPF genes had nearly identical effects on nonsense mRNA accumulation, suggesting that the encoded proteins function in a common pathway. We examined the distribution of epitope-tagged versions of Upf proteins by sucrose density gradient fractionation of soluble lysates and found that all three proteins co-distributed with 80 S ribosomal particles and polyribosomes. Treatment of lysates with RNase A caused a coincident collapse of polyribosomes and each Upf protein into fractions containing 80 S ribosomal particles, as expected for proteins that are associated with polyribosomes. Mutations in the cysteine-rich (zinc finger) and RNA helicase domains of Upf1p caused loss of function, but the mutant proteins remained polyribosome-associated. Density gradient profiles for Upf1p were unchanged in the absence of Upf3p, and although similar, were modestly shifted to fractions lighter than those containing polyribosomes in the absence of Upf2p. Upf2p shifted toward heavier polyribosome fractions in the absence of Upf1p and into fractions containing 80 S particles and lighter fractions in the absence of Upf3p. Our results suggest that the association of Upf2p with polyribosomes typically found in a wild-type strain depends on the presence and opposing effects of Upf1p and Upf3p.
Nonfarm Income Earned by Commercial Farm Operators in Central Illinois

earned by commercial farm operators in central Illinois. Total nonfarm income and amount by source were compared at different levels of farm and family earnings, age, and education; the various off-farm occupations of farm operators and farm wives were determined; and differences in the characteristics of farm operations were analyzed for farm operators who received wage and salary incomes and those who did not.
Overview of the Lives Saved Tool ( LiST )

This paper provides an overview of the historical development and current status of the Lives Saved Tool (LiST). The paper provides a general explanation of the modeling approach used in the model with links to web sites and other articles with more details. It also details the development process in developing both the model structure as well as the assumptions used in the model. The paper provides information about how LiST has been and is currently being used by various organizations and within national health programs. We also provide a review of the work that has been done to try to validate the outputs of the model.
Plasma as a high-charge-state projectile stripping medium

The classical trajectory Monte Carlo model has been used to computationally study the charge-state distributions that result from interactions between a high-energy, multielectron projectile and neutral and fully ionized targets. These studies are designed to determine the properties of a plasma for producing highly stripped ions as a possible alternative to gas and foil strippers that are commonly used to enhance the charge states of energetic ion beams. The results of these studies clearly show that a low-atomic-number, highly ionized plasma can yield higher charge states than a neutral target of the same density. The effect is principally attributable to the reduction in the number of available electron-capture channels. In this article, we compare the charge-state distributions that result during passage of a 20-MeV Pb projectile through neutral gas and fully ionized (singly charged) plasma strippers and estimate the effects of multiple scattering on the quality of the beam.
Structure of phage 434 Cro protein at 2.35 A resolution.

Abstract The crystal structure of phage 434 Cro protein has been determined and refined against 2.35 A data to an R-factor of 19.5%. The protein comprises five α-helices and shows the helix-turn-helix motif found in other represser proteins.
Energetics of domain-domain interactions and entropy driven association of beta-crystallins

Beta-crystallins are major protein constituents of the mammalian lens, where their stability and association into higher order complexes are critical for lens clarity and refraction. They undergo modification as the lens ages, including cleavage of their terminal extensions. The energetics of betaA3- and betaB2-crystallin association was studied using site-directed mutagenesis and analytical ultracentrifugation. Recombinant (r) murine wild type betaA3- and betaB2-crystallins were modified by removal of either the N-terminal extension of betaA3 (rbetaA3Ntr) or betaB2 (rbetaB2Ntr), or both the N- and C-terminal extensions of betaB2 (rbetaB2NCtr). The proteins were expressed in Sf9 insect cells or Escherichia coli and purified by gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. All beta-crystallins studied demonstrated fast reversible monomer-dimer equilibria over the temperature range studied (5-35 degrees C) with a tendency to form tighter dimers at higher temperatures. The N-terminal deletion of rbetaA3 (rbetaA3Ntr) significantly increases the enthalpy (+10.9 kcal/mol) and entropy (+40.7 cal/deg mol) of binding relative to unmodified protein. Removal of both N- and C-terminal extensions of rbetaB2 also increases these parameters but to a lesser degree. Deletion of the betaB2-crystallin N-terminal extension alone (rbetaB2Ntr) gave almost no change relative to rbetaB2. The resultant net negative changes in the binding energy suggest that betaAlpha3- and betaB2-crystallin association is entropically driven. The thermodynamic consequences of the loss of betaAlpha3-crystallin terminal extensions by in vivo proteolytic processing could increase their tendency to associate and so promote the formation of higher order associates in the aging and cataractous lens.
Identification of poliovirus particles of different antigenicity by specific agglutination as seen in the electron microscope.

Abstract Poliovirus particles of type 1 were agglutinated by type-specific antisera and the aggregates were studied electron microscopically as to their composition after embedding in phosphotungstic acid. Using monospecific antisera to either the N or H antigens it was found that anti-N caused agglutination of essentially “complete” particles, whereas anti-H produced aggregates of obviously defective particles. Simultaneous addition of anti-N and anti-H, as contained in a rabbit serum, to the virus preparation, resulted in formation of mixed aggregates, whereas successive addition of monospecific antisera separated the antigenic components into essentially specific aggregates. Possible reasons for the differences observed in simultaneous and successive addition of anti-N and anti-H have been discussed.
In vivo quantification of renal glucuronide and sulfate conjugation of 1-naphthol and p-nitrophenol in the rat.

Abstract The simultaneous in vivo renal sulfate and glucuronide conjugations of 1-naphthol (1-N) and p-nitrophenol (PNP) were determined in the rat. In mammals, 1-N and PNP are excreted almost entirely in the urine, mainly as the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. In male Sprague-Dawley rats, greater than 98% of the infused [14C]1-N (1.0 μmole · min−1 · kg−1) or [14C]PNP (2.0 μmoles · min−1 · kg−1) recovered in urine was identified as the sulfate and glucuronide conjugates. Renal metabolism accounted for a minimum of 20% of the endogenously formed conjugates of either substrate excreted in the urine. The rat kidney formed the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of PNP at equal rates, whereas the glucuronide: sulfate conjugate ratio for renally formed 1-N conjugates was 3:1. When the conjugates of either 1-N or PNP were infused systemically, in vivo hydrolysis contributed significantly to the amount of circulating parent phenol.
Reduction of the Gibbs Oscillation in Spectral Model Simulations

Abstract Spectral atmospheric general circulation models (GCMS) have been used for many years for the simulation and prediction of the atmospheric circulation, and their value has been widely recognized. Over the years, however, some deficiencies have been noticed. One of the major drawbacks is the inability of the spectral spherical harmonies transform to represent discontinuous features, resulting in Gibbs oscillations. In particular, precipitation and cloud fields present annoying ripple patterns, which may obscure true drought episodes in climate runs. Other fields, such as the surface winds along the Andes, are also plagued by the fictitious oscillations. On the other hand, it is not certain to what extent the large-scale flow may be affected. An attempt is made in this paper to alleviate this problem by changing the spectral representation of the fields in the GCM. The technique is to apply various filters to reduce the Gibbs oscillations. Lanczos and Cesaro filters are tested for both one and two d...
Dimensional regularization in the Wess-Zumino-Witten model

Abstract A method is described for the dimensional regularization and renormalization of a two-dimensional non-linear sigma model with torsion, the Wess-Zumino-Witten model. The technique solves the problems generated by the presence of the antisymmetric tensor e uv . The two-loop calculation agrees with the non-perturbative result.
Central nervous system control of the airways: pharmacological implications

Autonomic innervation of the airways is derived primarily from the parasympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic fibers originating in the brainstem project to parasympathetic ganglion neurons, which regulate airway smooth-muscle tone, glandular secretion and blood-vessel diameter. Airway preganglionic nerve activity is regulated by subsets of pulmonary and extrapulmonary afferent nerve fibers, which continuously provide polysynaptic input to brainstem preganglionic nuclei. Each of these synapses in the central nervous system is a potential site for therapeutic intervention. Potential targets include increasing opioid, GABAergic and serotonergic controls on central neurons, and blockade of tachykinin and glutamate receptors. Unfortunately, much is still unknown about the control of airway nerves at the level of the central nervous system. Recently, however, interaction between vagal afferent nerve subtypes regulating airway function has been described. This interaction, made possible by their convergence at key sites of integration in the brainstem, may lead to central sensitization analogous to that described in somatic pathways regulating pain sensation. Improved understanding of the central pharmacology of airway reflexes may provide novel therapeutics for treating symptoms associated with respiratory disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and sleep-disordered breathing.
Inhibitory contacts on dendritic spines of the dentate fascia

GABA-containing axon terminals were observed in the distal two-thirds of the dentate molecular layer to contact spines and dendrites of the granule cells. These contacts have the morphological characteristics of inhibitory synapses: they contain pleomorphic vesicles and have symmetrical junctional specializations. Convergence of an asymmetrical, non-GABAergic and a symmetrical, GABAergic synapse on one spine was often observed.
Collaboration and the Ecology of Democracy

Collaboration is a proven approach to building agreement and resolving conflict over natural resource and environmental issues. This article moves beyond this conclusion and explores the degree to which collaboration—particularly citizen-driven collaboration—offers an alternative theory and practice of democracy applied to the governance of natural resources. Using complexity theory, we argue that collaboration should be considered as one species within the ecology of democracy, which also includes direct, representative, participatory, and deliberative forms. Collaborative democracy is defined as citizen-initiated processes that emerge organically outside the established system of public decision-making. While this form of democracy faces a number of challenges in theory and practice, it tends to result in outcomes that are well-informed and widely supported—largely because people with a stake in the issues being addressed play a central role in framing the problems and solutions. Natural resource manage...
Threatening inefficient performance

Abstract Contract scholars have long understood that inefficient behavior might arise when promisors threaten to breach, but a parallel problem has gone virtually unnoticed: threatening to perform. A potential plaintiff owed a duty by another (such as a contractual promisee) may seek inefficient injunctive relief instead of damages to induce the defendant to pay an amount higher than court-awarded damages. Threats of inefficient performance can produce inefficiency in the form of negotiation costs, failure to reach a bargain, and inefficient ex ante actions. We consider a legal reform that would undermine the credibility of inefficient threats by giving defendants two options: an option to make any injunctive relief inalienable, and an option to commit to paying higher damages. These options would retain the prime benefit of an alienable injunction, the elimination of the threat of undercompensation, while reducing the inequitable risk of overcompensation. As an alternative method of undermining threats, we suggest that judges consider imposing a settlement cap, or subjecting all injunctive settlements to the same type of remittitur analysis to which a jury award would be subjected.
Experience as Teacher: Two Techniques for Incorporating Student Experiences into a Course:

How can learning situations build on students’ lived experiences? Two techniques, the experience paper and the dialogue paper, enable students to connect their experiences with an organizational behavior course. In the experience paper, students write about their experiences of leading, being motivated, working in groups, being empowered, and acting in situations of power and change. The effects of the technique on the professor, the students, and the dynamics of the class learning are detailed. In the dialogue paper, students use relevant theorists to illuminate their experience. The two techniques build on each other. Adaptations for use with large classes are described.
Mechanisms of thrombocytopenia in varicella

51Cr-labeled platelet and 125I-labeled fibrinogen kinetic studies in four thrombocytopenic children with varicella infection revealed marked platelet destruction (platelet survival times 0.1, 0.4, 1.0, and 2.4 days) and relatively normal fibrinogen disappearance. The platelet count was directly related to the platelet survival time. Marrow megakaryocyte mass was increased twofold to fourfold. IgG or IgM antiplatelet antibody was present on autologous platelets in the three patients tested. These data suggest that thrombocytopenia in some patients with varicella is the consequence of immune mediated platelet destruction.
Improved modeling of permafrost dynamics in a GCM land-surface scheme

[1] Global climate models (GCM) are frequently used to understand and predict future climate change, but most GCMs do not attempt to represent permafrost dynamics and its potentially critical feedbacks on climate. In this paper, we evaluate the Community Land Model (CLM3), which is a land-surface scheme, against observations and identify potential modifications to this model that improve fidelity of permafrost and soil temperature simulations. These modifications include increasing the total soil depth by adding new layers, incorporating a surface organic layer, and modifying the numerical scheme to include unfrozen water dynamics and more realistic phase change representation.
Metalloproteins thin films

The structure and orientation of metalloproteins adsorbed onto semiconductor and metal surfaces were investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques were used in conjunction with novel myoglobin derivatives. In these myoglobin derivatives, a pentammine ruthenium (III) group is attached to specific histidine residues on the protein surface. The Fe-Ru distance in these derivatives was calculated and found to be on the order of 13-25 AA. Measurements of the intensity ratio of the Ru 3p/sub 3/2/ or Ru 3d/sub 5/2/ to Fe 2p/sub 3/2/ XPS peaks provide an indicator of the degree of ordering in the film. >
Performance improvement of circular-grating surface-emitting DBR lasers using an MQW structure with etch-stop layer

The authors demonstrate low threshold current high efficiency operation of circular-grating surface-emitting distributed Bragg reflector (CG-SE-DBR) lasers. A strained InGaAs-GaAs triple quantum well with an etch-stop layer was grown by MBE. Circular gratings are defined by electron beam lithography. A threshold current as low as 17 mA and a pulsed output power >170 mW at /spl sim/980 nm wavelength are obtained.
On the structure of the set of continuous solutions of functional difference equations with linearly transformed argument

We investigate the structure of sets of continuous solutions of linear functional difference equations with linearly transformed argument.
Removal of Dissolved Copper and Zinc from Highway Runoff via Adsorption

AbstractDissolved copper and zinc are commonly observed in highway runoff at concentrations that have been shown to exert toxic effects on aquatic microbiota and macrobiota. Dissolved copper in particular has been shown to disrupt the olfactory nervous system of salmon species at concentrations as low as 3 μg/L. To reduce concentrations to below this threshold, treatment of highway runoff for the removal of copper and zinc is necessary. This study developed a column testing protocol that can be used to quickly and reliably evaluate adsorptive removal of dissolved heavy metals from highway runoff. The protocol is demonstrated in an evaluation of iron oxide, manganese oxide, crab shell, concrete, and bone meal media for removing dissolved copper and zinc as a function of runoff characteristics, including pH, ionic strength, alkalinity, and total organic carbon. The results indicate that iron oxide media in combination with crab shell or concrete media is the most effective adsorptive technique for the remo...
Long-lasting hyperpolarization underlies seizure reduction by low frequency deep brain electrical stimulation

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is a common medically refractory neurological disease. Deep brain electrical stimulation (DBS) of grey matter has been used for MTLE with limited success. However, stimulation of a white matter tract connecting the hippocampi, the ventral hippocampal commissure (VHC), with low frequencies that simulate interictal discharges has shown promising results, with seizure reduction greater than 98% in bilateral hippocampi during stimulation and greater than 50% seizure reduction in bilateral hippocampi after treatment. A major hurdle to the implementation and optimization of this treatment is that the mechanisms of seizure reduction by low frequency electrical stimulation (LFS) are not known. The goal of this study is to understand how commissural fibre tract stimulation reduces bilateral hippocampal epileptic activity in an in vitro slice preparation containing bilateral hippocampi connected by the VHC. It is our hypothesis that electrical stimuli induce hyperpolarization lasting hundreds of milliseconds following each pulse which reduces spontaneous epileptic activity during each inter-stimulus interval (ISI). Stimulus-induced long-lasting-hyperpolarization (LLH) can be mediated by GABA(B) inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSPs) or slow after-hyperpolarization (sAHP). To test the role of LLH in effective bilateral seizure reduction by fibre tract stimulation, we measured stimulus-induced hyperpolarization during LFS of the VHC using electrophysiology techniques. Antagonism of the GABA(B) IPSP and/or sAHP diminished stimulus-induced hyperpolarization concurrently with LFS efficacy (greater than 50% reduction). Blocking both the GABA(B) IPSP and sAHP simultaneously eliminated the effect of electrical stimulation on seizure reduction entirely. These data show that LFS of the VHC is an effective protocol for bilateral hippocampal seizure reduction and that its efficacy relies on the induction of long-lasting hyperpolarization mediated through GABA(B) IPSPs and sAHP. Based on this study, optimization of the timing of LFS and LFS-induced-LLH may lead to improved outcomes from DBS treatments for human epilepsy.
Laser remote sensing of atmospheric ammonia using a CO2 lidar system

A CO2 differential-absorption lidar system has been used for the remote sensing of ammonia in the atmosphere. For CO2 lidar returns backscattered from topographic targets at ranges up to 2.7 km, the path-averaged sensitivity of the DIAL system was 5 ppb of NH3. Concentrations of atmospheric ammonia were found to vary during the day from undetectable levels (less than 5 ppb) to as high as 20 ppb, depending on temperature and humidity conditions.
Mental Status Examination

The mental status examination (MSE) is an interview screening evaluation of all the important areas of a patient’s emotional and cognitive functioning, often augmented with some simple cognitive tests. The MSE provides the data for formulating a psychiatric diagnosis or developing a working hypothesis regarding psychiatric diagnosis. The MSE is to psychiatric diagnosis what the physical examination is to medical diagnosis (Andreasen & Black, 1987; Hales, Talbott, & Yudofsky, 1994; Trzepacz & Baker, 1993). The MSE also can be used as a basis for developing diagnosis of neurobehavioral disorders due to neurological damage, but this chapter will focus on the psychiatric application of the MSE. Interested readers are referred to Strub and Black’s (2000) seminal work on use of the MSE for a neurologically oriented diagnosis.
Robust-Adaptive Magnetic Bearing Control of Flexible Matrix Composite Rotorcraft Driveline

Recent studies demonstrate that a key advantage of Flexible Matrix Composite (FMC) shaft technology is the ability to accommodate misalignments without need for segmenting or flexible couplings as required by conventional alloy and graphite/epoxy composite shafts. While this is indeed a very promising technology for rotorcraft driveshafts, the high damping loss-factor and thermal stiffness and damping sensitivities of the urethane matrix, makes FMC shafting more prone to self-heating and whirl instabilities. Furthermore, the relatively low bending stiffness and critical speeds of FMC shafts makes imbalance vibration a significant challenge to supercritical operation. To address these issues and advance the state-of-the-art, this research explores Active
Meaningful change detection in structured data

Detecting changes by comparing data snapshots is an important requirement for difference queries, active databases, and version and configuration management. In this paper we focus on detecting meaningful changes in hierarchically structured data, such as nested-object data. This problem is much more challenging than the corresponding one for relational or flat-file data. In order to describe changes better, we base our work not just on the traditional “atomic” insert, delete, update operations, but also on operations that move an entire sub-tree of nodes, and that copy an entire sub-tree. These operations allows us to describe changes in a semantically more meaningful way. Since this change detection problem is NP-hard, in this paper we present a heuristic change detection algorithm that yields close to “minimal” descriptions of the changes, and that has fewer restrictions than previous algorithms. Our algorithm is based on transforming the change detection problem to a problem of computing a minimum-cost edge cover of a bipartite graph. We study the quality of the solution produced by our algorithm, as well as the running time, both analytically and experimentally.
Volcanogenic sedimentation in the Iceland Basin:influence of subaerial and subglacial eruptions.

Abstract Cores recovered from the Iceland Basin show evidence of transport and deposition of volcaniclastic sediment from the Eastern Volcanic Zone of Iceland during the Holocene and last glacial period. Three types of deposits have been identified: tephra fall, sediment gravity flows, and bottom-current-controlled deposits. Tephra fall layers contain basaltic glass of composition that suggests Katla volcano as the major source. A chronology of the volcano activity is reconstructed, back to isotopic stage 5d (120,000 yr). Glass chemistry of tephra in sediment gravity flows deposited south of Myrdalsjokull Canyon indicates a source in the Grimsvotn–Lakagigar volcanic system. These volcaniclastic gravity flows were most likely derived from jokulhlaups or large glacial floods, at a time of a more extensive ice cover over the volcanic zone. Deposition of the sediment gravity flows has created a deep-sea fan south of the canyon. Basalt glass composition, age, and depositional environment suggest that one early Holocene turbidite sequence was derived from a large jokulhlaup of the Grimsvotn area. The volcanogenic sediment gravity flows were influenced by a strong contour current, moving across the Katla sediment ridges. The contour current has winnowed the silt fraction and transported it downstream as suspended load. The recovery of numerous silty volcaniclastic layers, enriched in detrital crystals, indicates that they contributed to the sedimentation of contourite drifts.
Alternative magnetic flux leakage modalities for pipeline inspection

Increasing quality consciousness is placing higher demands on the accuracy and reliability of inspection systems used in defect detection and characterization. Non-destructive testing techniques often rely on using multi-transducer approaches to obtain greater defect sensitivity. This paper investigates the possibility of taking advantage of alternative modalities associated with the standard magnetic flux leakage tool to obtain additional defect information, while still using a single excitation source.
Diamagnetic levitating rotor

This paper analyzes some basic design aspects for a three phase diamagnetic levitating rotor. A proposed design uses a triangular configuration of magnets for a levitating rotor. A formula for finding a the approximate levitation point of the rotor is given. The proposed system uses three phase alternating current and a nine coil configuration to drive the levitating rotor. For this configuration, moment plots for different radial positions and tilt angles of the coils are given for a specific coil geometry. In addition, a way to find the effectiveness of finitely thick diamagnetic plates by using the method of images is also presented with normalized plots for some common, cylindrical NdFeB magnet geometries.
Extremely subwavelength planar magnetic metamaterials

We present highly subwavelength magnetic metamaterials designed for operation at radio frequencies (rf's). A dual-layer design consisting of independent planar spiral elements enables the experimental demonstration of a unit cell size $(a)$ that is $\ensuremath{\sim}$700 times smaller than the resonant wavelength $({\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0})$. Simulations indicate that utilization of a conductive via to connect spiral layers permits further optimization and we achieve a unit cell that is ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0}/a\ensuremath{\sim}2000$. Magnetic metamaterials are characterized by a time domain method which permits determination of the complex magnetic response. Numerical simulations are performed to support experimental data and we find excellent agreement. These designs make metamaterial low-frequency experimental investigations practical and suggest their use for the study of magnetoinductive waves, levitation, and to further enable potential rf applications.