cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gall, Franz Joseph

Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828) developed the idea that certain abilities and traits were localized in the brain and influenced the growth of the overlying skull. By examining the skull, he proposed that one could predict the strength or weakness of these faculties, an approach he called cranioscopy. With his student Spurzheim, he founded the school of phrenology. Although this approach was dismissed as unscientific by the Academie des Sciences, Gall was a popular lecturer and his concepts were a historically important milestone in the development of localization of brain functions. Regardless of his development and promotion of phrenology, Gall was an excellent neuroanatomist who made significant contributions to our knowledge of brain anatomy.
Distal Lung Epithelial Regeneration is Driven by Notch Pathway Inhibition and Enhanced by Ex Vivo Native Lung Scaffold Biomimetic Culture

Lung tissue engineering on native extracellular matrix involves combining essential cell populations with corresponding scaffolds. Functional regeneration will require both airway and alveolar epithelial repopulation, along a proximal-to-distal axis. Basal epithelial cells (BECs) can be isolated from donor lung tissue and used for airway recellularization. Yet, a robust source of distal alveolar epithelial cells remains a challenge. Inhibiting the Notch pathway by targeting γ-secretase can direct patient-derived BECs toward a distal Type-2 pneumocyte (AT2)-like fate in vitro, as demonstrated by increased surfactant protein-C (SP-C, +22.06-fold), ABCA3 (+2.79-fold), and LAMP1 (+11.48-fold) gene expression. Notch inhibition was confirmed by decreased HES1 (-2.69-fold) and by a Notch-responsive luciferase reporter. Notch inhibition following delivery of BECs to the airways of lung scaffolds and ex vivo biomimetic culture enabled greater induction of distal AT2-like fate (+27.61-fold SP-C, -3.73-fold HES1 vs in vitro). Regenerated lungs displayed alveolar recellularization with organized architecture and morphology. Revascularization of the scaffold with pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) further aided BEC distalization during ex vivo regeneration (+2.38-fold SP-C, -6.17-fold HES1, vs no PAECs). Addition of air ventilation during ex vivo lung culture further enhanced this response (+2.54 SP-C vs no ventilation). These results demonstrate an exciting potential of BECs for lung tissue regeneration and endogenous repair. The microenvironment and reparative niche are also important drivers of epithelial cell fate during regeneration.
Topsy Turvy and the Relational Vortex: Reply to Schwartz Cooney and Willock

The enactment of contempt and counter-contempt can suck an analytic couple into a relational vortex in which empathy for dissociated self-contempt and reflection on the externalization of internali...
Statin adherence and LDL-C reduction in a pediatric population

Abstract Statins have demonstrated efficacy and safety in children with primary dyslipidemias such as familial hypercholesterolemia; however, adherence plays a key role in the ability of a statin to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. The objective of this study was to examine the role medication adherence plays in statin efficacy for the treatment of primary and secondary pediatric dyslipidemias. Retrospective review of a pediatric preventive cardiology database identified all subjects 130 mg/dL before beginning a statin. On treatment, 100/131 subjects (76%) met the LDL-C target of ≤130 mg/dL. Of 83 subjects with adherence data available, 61 (73%) met the adherence threshold and the adherent group had significantly greater mean reduction in LDL-C compared to the non-adherent group (−91 mg/dL versus −20 mg/dL, p = .0001). There were no reported adverse effects. These findings indicate that reductions in LDL-C were dependent on medication adherence. Utilizing a model of early intervention, family education, and intensive follow-up to improve adherence may improve clinical outcomes and reduce future ASCVD events in children with primary and secondary dyslipidemias that require lipid-lowering therapy.
The experiences of students with disabilities in self-contained physical education

Educating students with disabilities with those without in integrated physical education has become commonplace. While literature has identified that the subjective experiences of students with dis...
Cardiac overexpression of microRNA-7 is associated with adverse cardiac remodeling

Role of microRNA-7 (miRNA-7) in targeting Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ERBB) family is known in dividing cancer cells while less is known about its role in terminally differentiated cardiac cells. We generated transgenic (Tg) mice with cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of miRNA-7 to determine its role in regulating cardiac function. Despite similar survival, expression of miRNA-7 results in cardiac dilation as measured by echocardiography, instead of age-based cardiac hypertrophy observed in littermate controls. In contrast to the classical adaptive hypertrophy in response to TAC, miRNA-7 Tg mice directly undergo cardiac dilation post-TAC that is associated with increased fibrosis. Interestingly, significant loss in ERBB2 expression was observed in cardiomyocytes with no changes in ERBB1 (EGFR). Gene ontology and cellular component analysis using the cardiac proteomics data showed significant reduction in mitochondrial membrane integrity reflecting the differential enrichment/loss of proteins in miRNA-7 Tg mice compared to littermate controls. Consistently, electron microscopy showed that miRNA-7 Tg hearts had disorganized and rounded mitochondrial morphology indicating mitochondrial dysfunction. These findings show that expression of miRNA-7 uniquely results in cardiac dilation instead of adaptive hypertrophic response to cardiac stress providing insights on adverse remodeling in physiology and pathology.
Product and geographic market diversification in U.S. banking

Abstract Prior literature either estimates economies of product diversification or evaluates the effects of market expansion on bank performance, but few studies look at the intersection of product and geographic diversification. We examine if the market expansion opportunities resulting from deregulation helped improve diversification/scope economies exhibited by banks. We leverage spatiotemporal variation in the implementation of deregulation laws across states to identify this relationship using a difference-in-differences framework. We find that the inter/intrastate deregulation accounts for a modest but statistically significant decrease in diversification diseconomies, and these gains were long-lasting. The findings suggest that geographic and product diversification are complementary.
Dynamics of Colombo’s top: tidal dissipation and resonance capture, with applications to oblique super-Earths, ultra-short-period planets and inspiraling hot Jupiters

We present a comprehensive theoretical study on the spin evolution of a planet under the combined effects of tidal dissipation and gravitational perturbation from an external companion. Such a "spin + companion" system (called Colombo's top) appears in many [exo]planetary contexts. The competition between the tidal torque (which drives spin-orbit alignment and synchronization) and the gravitational torque from the companion (which drives orbital precession of the planet) gives rise to two possible spin equilibria ("Tidal Cassini Equilibria", tCE) that are stable and attracting: the "simple" tCE1, which typically has a low spin obliquity, and the "resonant" tCE2, which can have a significant obliquity. The latter arises from a spin-orbit resonance and can be broken when the tidal alignment torque is stronger than the precessional torque from the companion. We characterize the long-term evolution of the planetary spin (both magnitude and obliquity) for an arbitrary initial spin orientation, and develop a new theoretical method to analytically obtain the probability of resonance capture driven by tidal dissipation. Applying our general theoretical results to exoplanetary systems, we find that a super-Earth (SE) with an exterior companion can have a substantial probability of being trapped in the high-obliquity tCE2, assuming that SEs have a wide range of primordial obliquities. We also evaluate the recently proposed "obliquity tide" scenarios for the formation of ultra-short-period Earth-mass planets and for the orbital decay of hot Jupiter WASP-12b. We find in both cases that the probability of resonant capture into tCE2 is generally low and that such a high-obliquity state can be easily broken by the required orbital decay.
The role of accent and speaker certainty in children's selective trust

Abstract Native English-speaking children prefer native English speakers over foreign-accented English speakers (Girard & Goslin, 2008; Kinzler et al., 2009; Kinzler et al., 2011). Young children also tend to distrust speakers who use uncertain language (e.g., “I guess,” “I’m not sure”) relative to those who use certain language (e.g., “I know, I’m sure”; Jaswal & Malone, 2007; Kim et al., 2012; Koenig & Harris, 2005). The present study asks how information about the speaker’s certainty interacts with the speaker’s accent. In particular, we asked whether speakers who are perceived as less reliable (foreign-accented individuals) are perceived as more reliable when they provide linguistic cues to certainty. We showed 89 typically developing monolingual native English-speaking 3- to 6- year-olds from North America pairs of videos in which two possible functions for a novel toy were introduced. We manipulated three variables: (1) whether the speaker introducing each function was a native- or foreign-accented English speaker; (2) whether the speaker expressed certainty or uncertainty about the function of the object; and (3) whether the experimenter who interacted with the child was a native- or foreign-accented English speaker. We found a strong preference to learn from native speakers, and found that this preference was impacted by the use of certain vs. uncertain language. These data are important for what they tell us about how children weigh different sources of information when deciding who to learn from. They are also of practical importance: if children are less likely to want to learn from foreign-accented speakers, then this has large implications for caregivers and educators.
The ICC's Obligation to Prosecute Gender-Based Persecution

Studies report that systemic discrimination against females globally is responsible for 200 million women missing today. 200 million women. Compared to males, females receive inadequate access to health care and nutrition. A substantially disproportionate number of females are aborted than males. And, violence against females at every age and level is rampant all around the world. This paper builds the case for the International Criminal Court to prosecute gender-based persecution to show the world that the international community will not stand for systemic discrimination against women any longer. The paper begins with an in-depth summary of the studies showing violent discrimination against women across the world. From there, I build the case that the international community has an obligation to respond to such discrimination through the prosecution of gender-based persecution. To support that argument, I discuss the expressive value of law and the commitments made by the International Criminal Court to enforce the law against persecution. Next, I analyze the ways in which international criminal courts have tried and failed to prosecute gender-based persecution to date, but only to close the paper with a plan for how the International Criminal Court can successfully prosecute perpetrators of gender-based persecution.
Self-Esteem: Research, Theory, and Practice

The meaning and structure of self-esteem self-esteem research problems and issues self-esteem research findings - building a consensus major self-esteem theories and programmes a phenomenological theory of self-esteem enhancing self-esteem phenomenologically.
Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA) Can Inhibit Deoxycholic Acid (DCA)-induced Apoptosis via Modulation of EGFR/Raf-1/ERK Signaling in Human Colon Cancer Cells

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a hydrophilic bile acid, is known as a cytoprotective agent. UDCA prevents apoptosis induced by a variety of stress stimuli including cytotoxic bile acids such as deoxycholic acid (DCA). Here we examined the molecular mechanism by which UDCA can antagonize DCA-induced apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. UDCA pretreatment decreases the number of apoptotic cells caused by exposure to DCA and UDCA. Further studies of the signaling pathway showed that UDCA pretreatment suppressed DNA binding activity of activator protein-1 and this was accompanied by downregulation of both extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Raf-1 kinase activities stimulated by exposure to DCA. DCA was also found to activate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activity and UDCA inhibited this. Collectively, these findings suggest that the inhibitory effect of UDCA in DCA-induced apoptosis is partly mediated by modulation of EGFR/Raf-1/ERK signaling.
Vertical control for a mechanical model of the one-legged hopping machine

A vertical control algorithm is proposed for a one-legged hopping machine. It differs from previous control algorithms in three ways: (i) it uses a near inverse of the machine's dynamics; (ii) it uses discrete-time output feedback, namely, the hopping heights of previous cycles (rather than continuous full state feedback); and (iii) it uses a more realistic model of the hopping machine mechanical components. Numerical simulations are used to assess the ability of the controlled machine to track a piecewise constant height trajectory. Specifically, the sensitivity of the design to deviations in the hopping machine's parameters is studied. >
An Integrated Model of Grocery Store Shopping Path and Purchase Behavior

As behavioral hypotheses about in-store decision making become more common in the marketing literature, there is a growing need for richer, more complete datasets in order to test them more carefully. We introduce a novel PathTracker® dataset that captures consumers' in-store shopping processes, thus allowing researchers to start thinking about how to run such tests using actual field data. We propose an individual-level probability model that jointly captures three key aspects of a consumer's within-store behavior: which zones she visits, how long she stays in each zone, and what purchases she makes within that zone. After showing that our model offers an adequate description of the PathTracker® data, we discuss the issues involved in testing several behavioral hypotheses using the proposed framework.
Evolution of First-Order Reversal Curves During Self-Assembly of the Co 40.2 Pt 59.8 Nano-Chessboard Structure

The magnetic properties of bulk Co40.2Pt59.8 alloys were investigated during eutectoid decomposition to form the nano-chessboard structure. The nano-chessboard consists of nanorods of the magnetically hard L10 phase coherently embedded in a magnetically soft L12 matrix, with a periodicity on the order of 2540nm. This two-plus-one dimensional structure provides an interesting avenue for investigations into exchange coupling and its effect on permanent magnetic properties in the bulk material. First-order reversal curve measurements, coupled with transmission electron microscopy, show the evolution of the hard phase, characterized by extensive local interactions and the development of strong but incomplete exchange coupling between the hard and soft phases in the nano-chessboard. The soft phase shows evidence of both magnetizing and demagnetizing interactions.
A time-of-flight detector for heavy ion RBS

We describe the details and performance of a time-of-flight (TOF) spectrometer for application in heavy ion RBS. An energy resolution of better than 1% is achieved for ^(16)O and ^(35)Cl ions in the energy range between 3 and 15 MeV. Using ions with a mass up to 45 amu as projectiles a mass resolution between 1 and 2 amu is obtained over the whole periodic table. At the sample surface a depth resolution of ∼ 1 μg/cm^2 can be achieved. The technique has been used to measure indium profiles in In GaAs/GaAs quantum well samples with a depth resolution of 2 nm, and to determine the arsenic loss in annealed GaAs samples. Further applications and improvements of the spectrometer will be discussed.
AN EXTENSION AND FIELD TEST OF THE RETRANSLATION METHOD FOR DEVELOPING RATING SCALES

The retranslation method for rating scale development was used to develop a scale to evaluate an educational television series designed to teach basal reading skills. This extension of the method, outside the context of job performance rating, was evaluated using both developmental and actual field use data. The results during the developmental stage of the method are generally supportive of the use of the technique in this situation; the results from the field test yielded mixed support.
Tumbling for Seed Cleaning and Conditioning

Small rock tumblers can be used to clean and condition seeds both in an aqueous and a dry mode. During the process, grit and gravel remove fruit pulp and abrade seed coats. Wet tumbling of seed aids imbibition, leaches water-soluble germination inhibitors, and may partially substitute for cold stratification for some shrub seed lots.
Organ-specific changes in high-energy phosphates after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in the rat.

Abstract Background Adenosine nucleotides provide energy for many essential cellular functions. Liver and intestinal ATP and energy charge are known to decrease during hemorrhagic shock, and the ability to regenerate high-energy phosphates may have important implications for recovery. We measured organ-specific changes in energy charge after hemorrhagic shock and after shock followed by resuscitation. Study design Anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were bled and maintained at a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40 mmHg for 1, 2, 3, or 4 hours. Some animals were resuscitated with normal saline and shed blood (1:1) to a mean arterial pressure of 80 to 90 mmHg for 1 hour. Control animals were anesthetized, but not hemorrhaged. At the conclusion, blood gases and adenine nucleotides were measured. Results Arterial pO 2 and pCO 2 were normal in all groups. Unresuscitated hemorrhage caused metabolic acidosis, but bicarbonate was normal in controls and after hemorrhage followed by resuscitation. Energy charge (EC) in the gastrocnemius was unaffected by hemorrhage or resuscitation. Liver EC decreased after hemorrhage (p = 0.0001), but recovered partially after resuscitation. Kidney EC was decreased after only 3 hours of hemorrhage and 1 hour of resuscitation (p = 0.005), but not with shorter periods of hemorrhage. Lung EC decreased with shock, but was substantially worse after resuscitation (p Conclusions After hemorrhage and resuscitation, EC decreased in lung, liver, kidney, and intestine, but the time course, extent of decline, and ability to recover after resuscitation varied from organ to organ. Inability to regenerate high-energy phosphates after hemorrhagic shock may be a marker for more severe cellular damage.
HOW SERVICE MARKETERS CAN IDENTIFY VALUE‐ENHANCING SERVICE ELEMENTS

Some service elements and processes address the minimal requirements and expectations of customers, while others go a step further to add value to the service experience. This article describes and illustrates a simple method of looking at customer satisfaction survey data that service marketers can use to distinguish minimum requirements from value enhancements.
ALGAL SYMBIONT OF A SOFT CORAL1

SUMMARY The algal symbiont of the soft coral Sarcothelia edmondsoni (Verrill), is identified as the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium microadriaticum (Freudenthal) Taylor on the basis of its cytology apparent in electron micrographs. The character of the nucleus, peripheral lobed chloroplast with a vase-shaped pyrenoid body and other inclusions form the basis for identification.
Free, Isometric Circle Actions on Compact Symmetric Spaces

Let S=G/K be a strongly irreducible, simply connected, compact symmetric space and let \(\tilde G\) be its group of isometries. We classify the symmetric spaces among these that admit free, isometric circle actions. The existence of such actions is important in constructing examples of manifolds with positive sectional curvature.
Population bottlenecks during the infectious cycle of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.

Borrelia burgdorferi is a zoonotic pathogen whose maintenance in nature depends upon an infectious cycle that alternates between a tick vector and mammalian hosts. Lyme disease in humans results from transmission of B. burgdorferi by the bite of an infected tick. The population dynamics of B. burgdorferi throughout its natural infectious cycle are not well understood. We addressed this topic by assessing the colonization, dissemination and persistence of B. burgdorferi within and between the disparate mammalian and tick environments. To follow bacterial populations during infection, we generated seven isogenic but distinguishable B. burgdorferi clones, each with a unique sequence tag. These tags resulted in no phenotypic changes relative to wild type organisms, yet permitted highly sensitive and specific detection of individual clones by PCR. We followed the composition of the spirochete population throughout an experimental infectious cycle that was initiated with a mixed inoculum of all clones. We observed heterogeneity in the spirochete population disseminating within mice at very early time points, but all clones displayed the ability to colonize most mouse tissues by 3 weeks of infection. The complexity of clones subsequently declined as murine infection persisted. Larval ticks typically acquired a reduced and variable number of clones relative to what was present in infected mice at the time of tick feeding, and maintained the same spirochete population through the molt to nymphs. However, only a random subset of infectious spirochetes was transmitted to naive mice when these ticks next fed. Our results clearly demonstrate that the spirochete population experiences stochastic bottlenecks during both acquisition and transmission by the tick vector, as well as during persistent infection of its murine host. The experimental system that we have developed can be used to further explore the forces that shape the population of this vector-borne bacterial pathogen throughout its infectious cycle.
Engineering students’ perceptions of team conflict and high-performance teams

Our study investigates the role of team conflict in the context of student design project work. We are interested in how students experience conflicts in a team environment and how these conflicts relate to other aspects of teamwork such as communication, division of work, shared goals, and leadership. We are using a mixed-method approach to data collection through peer-review data, team observations, and reflective memos. This paper reports results from a study implemented in a required first-year engineering design course. The majority of participants recognise the benefits that task and procedural conflicts have on team performance. Specifically, teamwork aspects such as communication, open-mindedness, and working towards a common goal were connected to cognitive conflict. The peer-review data illustrates that some class sections showed statistically significant improvements in goal commitment, idea communication during conflicts, conflict engagement and attentive listening over time. The results of the post-hoc tests further suggest that students in teams with a predominantly male composition (three males and one female) reported a statistically significant decrease in goal commitment and attentive listening during the ten-week evaluation period. Finally, methodologically we found that the reflective memos and team observations were better instruments for capturing team conflict, more so than peer-review surveys.
NEW SCHEME FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PHASE SHIFTS WITH APPLICATION TO NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE.

A semiempirical scheme is developed for the construction of phase shifts of unlimited order for the investigation of properties depending on the electron redistribution in alloys. The method utilizes a generalized free-electron potential around the solute atom, residual-resistivity data, and the Friedel sum rule. Application to the Knight shifts in a series of dilute alloys with liquid copper and solid silver as hosts leads to much better agreement with experiment than obtained previously.
Thermodynamics of energy extraction from fractured hot dry rock

Abstract It has been proposed to extract energy from the subterranean hot dry rock bed (HDR) by creating one or more narrow fractures in the rock and circulating cold water through the fractures. In time, the temperature of the rock region surrounding the crack drops under the influence of time-dependent conduction. This study presents the most basic thermodynamic aspects (first law and second law) of the HDR energy extraction process. It shows which parameters most influence the amount of useful energy (exergy) extracted from the HDR reservoir over a fixed time interval. For example, the water flow rate can be selected optimally in order to maximize the delivery of energy over the lifetime of the HDR system.
Infant Sleep Positional Devices: A Parental Response to the “Back to Sleep” Campaign? † 660

Infant Sleep Positional Devices: A Parental Response to the “Back to Sleep” Campaign? † 660
Exercise in the treatment of binge eating disorder.

Objective In this study we examined the effects of an exercise intervention in the treatment of obese women with binge eating disorder (BED). Method: Subjects were randomized to one of two 6-month treatment programs that included an identical exercise component (n = 44) or to a delayed treatment control condition (n = 33). Exercise level, binge eating frequency, and depressive symptomatology were assessed pre- and posttreatment. Results: Women who received active treatment reported significantly greater increases in their weekly exercise frequency than did control subjects. At posttreatment, 81.4% of subjects who had received treatment were abstinent from binge eating. Compared to women who were not abstinent at posttreatment, abstinent women evidenced significant changes in exercise frequency and caloric expenditure. However, weight loss and improvements in depressive symptomatology were not related to exercise participation. Discussion: These results suggest that exercise may be an important aspect of BED treatment and useful in promoting abstinence from binge eating. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An analysis of bone stresses and fixation stability using a finite element model of simulated distal radius fractures

A 3-dimensional finite element model was used to study pin fixation in simulated unstable extra-articular distal radius fractures. Bone geometry and material properties were generated from computed tomography. The model was validated in cadaver testing. The model is robust and an accurate predictor of bone stresses and fracture stability under pure axial load. Three different pinning configurations and 3 different pin materials were evaluated. Crossed pinning provided greater fracture stability and a broader distribution of bone stresses than pinning through the radius styloid alone. Steel pins provided greater fracture stability; however, bioabsorbable pins produced lower stress concentration in the bone near the pins. A finite element model is useful in showing differences between various pin constructs in the treatment of distal radius fractures.
Guided Flapless Surgery With Immediate Loading for the High Narrow Ridge Without Grafting

Computer guided implant treatment allows implants and associated restorations to be precisely placed during the same procedure directly through the gingiva with reduced postoperative complications and surgical time. When bone height is adequate but very narrow, the virtual guided sleeve is often placed too deeply into the ridge crest interfering with the seating of the surgical template. This case report of a patient exhibiting very narrow residual ridges due to severe resorption describes a new computer guided procedure using a single surgical template maintaining bone height and immediate restoration without a mucoperiosteal flap. The success of this technique is the result of innovative modifications in the software as well as instrumentation. Modifications include planning a different implant length virtually to raise the position of guide sleeves, alteration of drilling sequences, modifications of the start drill, incorporation of osteotomes, and use of an alternative implant seating mount. The combi...
Vitamin D and Health: Evolution, Biologic Functions, and Recommended Dietary Intakes for Vitamin D

Vitamin D deficiency is now being recognized as one of the most common medical conditions worldwide. The consequences of vitamin D deficiency include poor bone development and health as well as increased risk of many chronic diseases including type I diabetes; rheumatoid arthritis; Crohn’s disease; multiple sclerosis; heart disease; stroke; infectious diseases; as well as increased risk of dying of many deadly cancers including colon, prostate, and breast. The major source of vitamin D for most humans is exposure to sunlight. However, avoidance of sun exposure has resulted in an epidemic of vitamin D deficiency. Once vitamin D is made in the skin or ingested from the diet, it requires activation steps in the liver and kidney to form 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. 25(OH)D is the major circulating form of vitamin D used by clinicians to determine a patient’s vitamin D status. A blood level of 25(OH)D 30 ng/ml. Vitamin D intoxication will not occur until a blood level of 25(OH)D exceeds 150–200 ng/ml. Both the adequate intake recommendations and safe upper limits for vitamin D are woefully underestimated. For every 100 IU of vitamin D ingested, the blood level of 25(OH)D increases by 1 ng/ml. Thus, children during the first year of life need at a minimum 400 IU of vitamin D/day and 1,000 IU of vitamin D/day may be more beneficial and will not cause toxicity. The same recommendation can be made for children 1 year and older. For adults, a minimum of 1,000 IU of vitamin D/day is necessary and 2,000 IU of vitamin D/day is preferred if there is inadequate sun exposure. The safe upper limit for children can easily be increased to 2,000 IU of vitamin D/day, and for adults, up to 10,000 IU of vitamin D/day has been shown to be safe. The goal of this chapter is to give a broad perspective about vitamin D and to introduce the reader to the vitamin D deficiency pandemic and its insidious consequences on health that will be reviewed in more detail in the ensuing chapters.
Automated composition of data-path functionality in the future internet

Modern networks not only forward traffic, but also perform a variety of processing operations on packets (e.g., content inspection, transcoding, QoS scheduling). Such data-path functionality needs to be composed suitably to ensure correct operations and adherence to policies put in place by different entities in the Internet. Currently, there exists no explicit support for describing the semantics of packet processing services, for composing these services, and for ensuring that policies are considered. In our work, we propose a novel system for representing data-path functionality and policies in such a way that per-connection configurations can be composed automatically. We present the theoretical foundations of this approach as well as a prototype implementation based on our network service architecture. Our results show that this approach is an effective solution toward scalable and autonomic handling of data-path functionality in the future Internet. Index Terms next-generation Internet, network service, packet processing semantics, automated planning, data-path policies.
SU-FF-T-286: Inhomogeneity Correction in Brachytherapy

Purpose:Dose calculation accuracy at interfaces and in medium with inhomogeneities is still not well established in brachytherapy. Commercial planning systems do not account for the presence of inhomogeneity, while theoretical calculations in inhomogeneities have poor agreement with measurements. The wide use of brachytherapy for breast, prostate, brain and lung treatment in recent development necessitates the need for improvement in brachytherapydose calculations. In this study, we present an experimental approach to investigate the effect of inhomogeneity for Ir‐192 and Cs‐137. Method and Materials: To study the effect of lung in brachytherapydose calculation, measurements are performed in a polystyrene phantom embedded with cork sheets of density 0.25 g/cm3. Radioactive source used in the study are Ir‐192 (HDR source) and Cs‐137 tube. Two conditions are studied, one mimics the partial breast treatment with the Mammosite technique, and the other brachytherapy in lung after wedge resection. Dose is measured with a small volume parallel plate ion chamber, embedded in polystyrene or in cork by varying the position of the chamber from the source. Inhomogeneity correction factor (ICF), defined as dose in inhomogenerity / dose in water at the same distance (Di/Dw ) is calculated. Results: The calculated ICF values qualitatively agree with our measured values. However there are significant differences that could be due to inaccuracies in build up factors and other assumptions made in the calculations. The dose in medium falls exponentially with distance. The measured ICF is strongly dependent on the position and energy. For example, at 2 cm, ICF for the full inhomogeneity condition is approximately 3.5 and 8.5 for Cs‐137 and Ir‐192 respectively. Conclusions: The magnitude of correction is significantly dependent on the distance and energy as well as the condition of partial or full inhomogeneity. TPS vendors should provide ICF for all commonly used brachytherapy sources.
Models for the post-cracking behavior of plain concrete under short term monotonic loading

Abstract Experimental studies indicate that post-cracking behavior of concrete has a significant influence on the intermediate response characteristics of a number of structural members. In order to numerically reproduce this post-cracking response of concrete, a significant amount of effort has been invested. Thus far this effort has had limited success. In this paper a new concept of the relative strain is introduced. Based on this concept together with available test results, constitutive relations for plain concrete in a cracked state are proposed. The implementation of these relations into a integrated post-cracking model for the plain concrete is also included.
Experimental heats of mixing for gaseous nitrogen and methane

The excess enthalpy of binary gas phase mixtures has been measured by direct experiment, using a continuous flow, isothermal colorimeter. Heat of mixing data are presented for the methane-nitrogen system for compositions of 25 to 80 mole % methane in nitrogen, at temperatures of 40°, 0°, −20°, −40°, −60°, and −78°C. and pressures from 250 to 1,50 lb./sq. in. abs. These data are in agreement with the literature to within the experimental uncertainty of this work, 4%. The experimental results agree well with values predicted using the Benedict-Webb-Rubin and the Redlich-Kwong equations of state. The virial equation of state truncated after the third coefficient fits the low density data only. The liquid theories of Scott predict the enthalpies of the mixtures in a qualitative way.
Amplitude and envelope phase noise of a modelocked laser predicted from its noise transfer function and the pump noise power spectrum

The amplitude and envelope phase noise of a modelocked Ti:sapphire laser are predicted based on the power spectral density of the pump laser and the noise transfer process. Pump laser noise is found to transfer directly to the modelocked laser’s amplitude and phase noise power spectra through the noise transfer function (NTF) which is independently measured. We find good agreement between the shapes and absolute values of the predicted and measured Ti:sapphire AM and PM noise spectra except in regions where additional environmental influences affect the Ti:sapphire laser. The experiments were conducted with both a single-mode and a multi-mode diode-pumped solid-state pump laser.
The influence of sampling intensity, liming, P rate and method of P application on P soil test values

Abstract A four year study was planned and initiated in the fall of 1988 on a soil (Typic Pelloxerert) with a Bray‐Kurtz P1 of 8 mg/kg and a 2:1 water:soil pH of 5.2. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium Perenne L.) was seeded in 30.4 cm rows with P surface banded and broadcast at four rates (0, 26.5, 53 and 79.5 kg/ha) on limed (4.5 t/ha) and unlimed plots. Each plot was sampled at four intensities; 5, 10, 20 and 40 cores to a 0 to 15 cm depth. An additional sample from 0 to 2.5 cm was obtained for the 40 core intensity. A 6.1 m by 2.4 m area with lines every 30.4 cm was delineated and superimposed on each plot. For each plot the same spot for the 5, 10, 20 and 40 intensities were used and samples analyzed for P and pH. Where P was banded, an additional sample was taken with 50% of the cores in the band. No discernible differences were measured between banded and broadcast P in sampling error or P means. Sampling intensity had no effect on sampling error. Liming decreased both Olsen and Bray‐Kurtz P1, with Olsen P...
The Location of Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: Patterns and Determinants

The internationalization of the U.S. economy over the past fifteen years has had a discernible impact on regional development. This paper is an analysis of the regional effects of inward foreign direct investment, a particularly dynamic component of the internationalization process. Foreign direct investment dispersed over time, with the locations of foreign operations becoming more like those of U.S. firms. Regression results demonstrate that the location of foreign-owned property, plant, and equipment can be explained by variables representing: energy costs, infrastructure/transportation, and labor climate.
A Family of Location Models for Multiple‐Type Discrete Dispersion

One of the defining objectives in location science is to maximize dispersion. Facilities can be dispersed for a wide variety of purposes, including attempts to optimize competitive market advantage, disperse negative impacts, and optimize security. With one exception, all of the extant dispersion models consider only one type of facility, and ignore problems where multiple types of facilities must be located. We provide examples where multiple-type dispersion is appropriate and based on this develop a general class of facility location problems that optimize multiple-type dispersion. This family of models expands on the previously formulated definitions of dispersion for single types of facilities, by allowing the interactions among different types of facilities to determine the extent to which they will be spatially dispersed. We provide a set of integer-linear programming formulations for the principal models of this class and suggest a methodology for intelligent constraint elimination. We also present results of solving a range of multiple-type dispersion problems optimally and demonstrate that only the smallest versions of such problems can be solved in a reasonable amount of computer time using general-purpose optimization software. We conclude that the family of multiple-type dispersion models provides a more comprehensive, flexible, and realistic framework for locating facilities where weighted distances should be maximized, when compared with the special case of locating only a single type of facility.
Local system responses to water shortage.

Abstract Water shortages have become increasingly serious natural resource problems in recent years. In most cases local water systems are responsible for programs to reduce individual water use. The effectiveness of these organizations is related to their ability to obtain information and assistance from other organizations at the local, state, and federal levels. This paper examines the experiences of 28 local water systems in North Carolina in responding to water shortage. Results are based on detailed personal interviews with the main decision maker for each water system. Obstacles to effective water management are evaluated. Sources of information and assistance are identified. Attitudes of respondents about their experiences are analyzed. Smaller systems were found to face more problems in coping with water shortage. They are also in greater need of assistance and information from outside organizations.
Testosterone therapy in erectile dysfunction and hypogonadism

ABSTRACT Introduction Laboratory experiments indicate that the nitric oxide erectile pathway is testosterone‐dependent. Castration induces erectile dysfunction (ED) and reduction in nitric oxide synthase and in phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) in the erectile tissue. Furthermore, castration causes apoptosis adversely affecting smooth muscle content and penile hemodynamics leading to veno‐occlusive dysfunction. Testosterone therapy reverses these structural, biochemical, and physiological changes. In humans, testosterone therapy improves erectile function in men with hypogonadism. However, the efficacy of testosterone monotherapy may not be adequate because of the multifactorial nature of the pathophysiology of ED. Methods Preliminary data from a number of studies have been reviewed. Results There are emerging evidence‐based benefits to using the combination of testoterone and PDE5 inhibitors. A recently published multicenter, randomized, placebo‐controlled study evaluated the safety and efficacy of testosterone gel 1% plus sildenafil vs. placebo gel plus sildenafil, in producing an erectile response in hypogonadal men who had failed prior sildenafil alone for ED. Screening yielded a prevalence of hypogonadism in ED patients who failed prior sildenafil. Following randomization, the double‐blinded treatment phase was 12 weeks. Testosterone therapy with testosterone gel significantly improved erectile function in response to sildenafil. In addition, it significantly improved orgasmic function and patient satisfaction. Conclusion It is important to screen all men with ED for hypogonadism, especially those with a history of inadequate response to prior PDE5 inhibitors. The combination of testosterone plus PDE5 inhibitors may be considered for the treatment of ED in men with low to low–normal testosterone levels, who had inadequate response to prior treatment with PDE5 inhibitors alone. Shabsigh R. Testosterone therapy in erectile dysfunction and hypogonadism. J Sex Med 2005;2:785–792.
Learn Subject Access

This is a completely revised workbook-style text covering the full content of the Australian TAFE module on subject access. As part of a series presenting education for skills required in a variety...
Endothermy and energy metabolism of a giant tropical fly,Pantophthalmus tabaninus thunberg

1. Rates of oxygen consumption (\(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } \)), head, thorax and abdominal temperatures (Thd,Tth andTab) and wingbeat frequencies (WBF) were measured in individuals ranging in mass from 0.914 to 2.796 g. 2. The flies never attempted to fly unless disturbed. They frequently became endothermic withTth rising by 1 to 10°C even in the absence of overt activity. This was especially marked at dusk (Figs. 1, 2, 3). 3. Minimum daytime\(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } \) of 10 motionless ectothermic individuals (mean mass, 1.746 g, ambient temperature 26°C) was 0.577 ml O2/h. 4. \(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } \) of flies walking on a treadmill (0.5–1.7 cm/s) was not correlated with tread speed, probably because of the endothermic response which invariably occurred (Fig. 4). 5. During tethered flightTth rose by 0.1°C/s to above 40°C and remained stable (±0.1°C) until wingbeating stopped.\(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } \) increased 40–50 fold.\(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } \) before and after flight did not differ (Fig. 5). 6. During tethered flight bothTab andThd increased, withThd trackingTth more closely.Tth fell immediately after cessation of wingbeating, butThd rose sharply andTab continued to rise slowly (Figs. 6, 7). 7. At a givenTth in association with tethered flight,\(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } \) was often 6–10 times greater during warm-up than during cooling (Fig. 8). 8. WBF was relatively independent ofTth (Q10=1.25; Fig. 9). Mean WBF at aTth of 39.5°C was 139.8 Hz. Mean wing-loading was 0.6 g/cm2.
Dietary bile acid supplementation improves intestinal integrity and survival in a murine model.

Purpose In vitro supplementation of the bile salt, taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), has been shown to stimulate proliferation and prevent intestinal apoptosis in IEC-6 cells. We hypothesize that addition of TDCA to a rodent liquid diet will be protective against induced intestinal injury.
Behavioral Choice and Social Reinforcement: Step Function Versus Matching

This is a theoretical article designed to summarize and evaluate social research relevant to two models of behavioral choice, a maximizing step function and a matching equation. Research is reviewed for a range of social situations, and, in each case, the data are described by a matching equation, never a step function. Several implications of the matching equations are
A fully-integrated dual-polarization 16-element W-band phased-array transceiver in SiGe BiCMOS

This paper presents a multi-function, dual-polarization phased array transceiver supporting both radar and communication applications at W-band. 32 receive elements and 16 transmit elements with dual outputs are integrated to support 16 dual polarized antennas in a package. The IC further includes two independent 16:1 combining networks, two receiver downconversion chains, an up-conversion chain, a 40GHz PLL, an 80GHz frequency doubler, extensive digital control circuitry, and on-chip IF/LO combining/distribution circuitry to enable scalability to arrays at the board level. The fully-integrated transceiver is fabricated in the IBM SiGe BiCMOS 0.13um process, occupies an area of 6.6×6.7mm2, and operates from 2.7V (analog/RF) and 1.5V (digital) supplies. Multiple operating modes are supported including the simultaneous reception of two polarizations with a 10GHz IF output, transmission in either polarization from an IF input, or single-polarization transmission/reception from/to I&Q base-band signals (2.5W RX, 2.9W TX). Measurement results show 8dB receiver NF and 2dBm transmitter output power per element at 94GHz in both polarizations.
Laboratory measurements of atmospheric temperature and backscatter ratio using a high-spectral-resolution lidar technique

A narrow-band atomic blocking (bandstop) filter capable of high aerosol rejection has been developed for lidar applications. Using this filter, and our proposed new high-spectral-resolution lidar technique, laboratory measurements of atmospheric temperature and backscatter ratio have been made, with an accuracy of 1 K and ±3%, respectively.
Evaluating Steady-State Assumption for Highway Queueing System

Stochastic queueing methods are often applied to highway systems to estimate performance characteristics such as delay and queue length. Inherent in stochastic queueing methods is the assumption that the system in question operates at steady state for the duration of the analysis period. The validity of this assumption with respect to traffic-flow facilities is, at times, in question. It is therefore somewhat surprising that the vast body of literature concerned with the application of stochastic queueing methods for the assessment of highway operation includes very little discussion on the relevance of the steady-state assumption. This paper presents a simulation-based methodology for evaluating the appropriateness of the steady-state assumption. The methodology is demonstrated using a particular type of highway facility—a two-lane highway work zone. Application of the methodology suggests that the assumption of steady-state operation may not always be reasonable and, as such, illustrates the potential n...