cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Convection in the Upper Ocean

Convective phenomena in the upper ocean are important to an understanding of the flow patterns that occur in the mixed layer. Small scale convection can occur just below the sea surface whenever there is a transfer of heat from the ocean to the atmosphere. The horizontal scale of this convection will typically be a few centimetres. Usually this convection will be intermittent with a characteristic period of the order of a minute. The small scale convection can transfer energy to larger spatial and temporal scales until the spatial scale reaches a size of the same order as the depth of the mixed layer.
Mars Pathfinder Spacecraft, Lander, and Rover Testing in Simulated Deep Space and Mars Surface Environments

The Mars Pathfinder (MPF) Spacecraft was built and tested at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory during 1995/96. MPF is scheduled to launch in December 1996 and to land on Mars on July 4, 1997. The testing program for MPF required subjecting the mission hardware to both deep space and Mars surface conditions. A series of tests were devised and conducted from 1/95 to 7/96 to study the thermal response of the MPF spacecraft to the environmental conditions in which it will be exposed during the cruise phase (on the way to Mars) and the lander phase (landed on Mars) of the mission. Also, several tests were conducted to study the thermal characteristics of the Mars rover, Sojourner, under Mars surface environmental conditions. For these tests, several special test fixtures and methods were devised to simulate the required environmental conditions. Creating simulated Mars surface conditions was a challenging undertaking since Mars' surface is subjected to diurnal cycling between -20 C and -85 C, with windspeeds to 20 m/sec, occurring in an 8 torr CO2 atmosphere. This paper describes the MPF test program which was conducted at JPL to verify the MPF thermal design.
Participatory Budgeting: Core principles and Key Impacts

This essay is a reflection piece. I identify key principles at the core of how PB functions and to discuss the scope of change we might expect to see generated by these institutions. I move beyond the idea that there is a specific model or set of “best practices” that define PB. Rather, it is most fruitful to conceptualize PB as a set of principles that can generate social change. The weaker the adherence to these principles, the less social change generated. The second purpose of the essay is to reflect on the impacts generated by PB. How do these institutions matter? My assumption is that ordinary citizens are more likely to be supportive of new democratic processes if they are able to clearly identify positive changes created by their participation in the new democratic institutions. Ordinary citizens are unlikely to continue to participate in new political institutions unless they perceive that these institutions produce tangible, positive changes in their lives. In this short reflection piece, I analyze how PB may affect democratic legitimacy, social well-being, and civil society.
Observations of episodic breaching and closure at an ephemeral river

Abstract Carmel River, near Carmel, CA, is a seasonally open, ephemeral river that has a basin of 660 km2. During the dry summer months, the barrier beach is built across the river mouth, limiting water exchange. Precipitation during the winter months increases the discharge within the river until water levels are sufficiently high to breach the barrier beach. Observations during the 2016–2017 winter allow for a dynamic balance between discharge, wave forcing, and tidal exchange that led to several distinct breaching and closure events. The initial breach that occurred after the first major precipitation event was insufficient to keep the river open, owing to wave forcing at the mouth and a relatively low river discharge. Wave penetration into the estuary through overtopping and upstream propagation is routinely observed during this stage. In order to evaluate the conditions responsible for the intermittent opening and closing of the inlet, water level, wave, tidal and discharge data were collected. With this data, a momentum balance was developed in order to estimate the ocean forcing (tides and waves) as compared to discharge. It is hypothesized that a critical discharge is required to maintain an open river mouth, which depends on offshore wave forcing and tidal stage.
Toni Morrison’s Beloved : A Tragedy of Revenge and Reparation

This chapter engages the full spectrum of tragedy theory in arguing for a view of Morrison’s Beloved as a formal tragedy, a generic translation of fiction and tragedy thus a “novel-tragedy” in Kliger’s phrasing. Much scholarship on this novel uses analytic frames from gender and women’s studies, the feminist trope of the body, race in its connections with historical slavery, motherhood and maternal matters, as well as history and the status of the novel as against that question. Few take up the specific matter of reparations, still fewer the politics of genre, craft, and form. From the massive response to this significant text, important here are scholarly treatments addressing the form of the novel and the specter of reparations in it, as well as those concerned with legal matters and intertextual valences in Beloved. In this reading, the character Beloved is the core around which the novel orbits. She is positioned as a postmodern, new-American version of the Greek mythological Erinyes; the title character’s true function regards vengeance and the reparation of past injuries. This chapter argues, ultimately, that the novel’s first concern is justice and its chief aim is to serve as clarion call for material—and not merely symbolic—reparations for slavery.
Expedient synthesis of eumelanin-inspired 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylate ethyl ester derivatives

Dihydroxyindoles such as 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) are the main monomer units of eumelanin, the black to brown pigment in humans, and have emerging biological roles beyond melanin. Elaboration of commercially available 5,6-dimethoxy-2-carboxylate ethyl ester provides ready access to DHICA-inspired small molecules, including 3-(hetero)aryl-indoles and 4,7-di-(hetero)aryl-indoles.
Interpreting Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Events in Proteins Using Atomistic Simulations: Case Studies on Regulators of G-Protein Signaling Proteins.

Hydrogen–deuterium exchange (HDX) experiments are widely used in studies of protein dynamics. To predict the propensity of amide hydrogens for exchange with deuterium, several models have been repo...
Medicaid DSRIP in New Jersey: Trade-offs between Broad Hospital Participation and Safety Net Viability

The Delivery System Reform Incentive Payment (DSRIP) program, an increasingly utilized payment strategy to foster population health management by hospitals and outpatient providers, may sometimes generate financial and operational hardships for safety net hospitals (SNHs). The authors utilized a hospital survey and stakeholder interviews to examine impacts of the New Jersey DSRIP program, particularly focusing on its participatory structure that extended eligibility to all hospitals, and specific effects on SNHs. They found that the New Jersey DSRIP fulfilled its primary objective of conditioning receipt of Medicaid supplementary payments on quality and reporting of care by hospitals. It also provided an impetus to ongoing hospital-directed initiatives and introduced new areas of focus, including behavioral health and obesity. However, stakeholders reported that program implementation was not sensitive to specific constraints, priorities, and resource needs of SNHs. Some of the policies relating to outpatient partnerships, reporting of quality metrics, and monitoring low-income populations were perceived to have placed disproportionate burdens on SNHs. Despite appearing to meet its primary goals, the New Jersey DSRIP experience reveals a critical need to be responsive to problems faced by SNHs so as to limit their short-term transition costs and maintain financial viability for serving their patient populations.
Securing Task Allocation in Mobile Crowd Sensing: An Incentive Design Approach

As a critical component of mobile crowd sensing (MCS), task allocation has been extensively investigated. In general, it addresses how to wisely distribute sensing tasks among sensing workers. Yet, the security threat involved therein has hardly been studied. In an ideal scenario, workers are trusted to report their accurate parameters to the platform, so that task allocation optimization problems can be correctly formulated and calculated. Nonetheless, malicious workers can explore illegal benefit gain by simply uploading falsified parameters. Even worse, such an attack is difficult to detect. In this paper, we start from a simplified case in which workers report erroneous objective functions to gain extra utility. To defend this attack, we novelly leverage incentive mechanism design. Workers are motivated to report desirable “indicators”, based on which the platform can still obtain the accurate task allocation profile even without workers' genuine parameters. The effectiveness and efficiency of our mechanism is validated through both formal analysis and extensive simulation results.
Overfishing and the ecological impacts of extirpating large parrotfish from Caribbean coral reefs

The unique traits of large animals often allow them to fulfill functional roles in ecosystems that small animals cannot. However, large animals are also at greater risk from human activities. Thus, it is critical to understand how losing large animals impacts ecosystem function. In the oceans, selective fishing for large animals alters the demographics and size structure of numerous species. While the community‐wide impacts of losing large animals are a major theme in terrestrial research, the ecological consequences of removing large animals from marine ecosystems remain understudied. Here, we combine survey data from 282 sites across the Caribbean with a field experiment to investigate how altering the size structure of parrotfish populations impacts coral reef communities. We show that Caribbean‐wide, parrotfish populations are skewed toward smaller individuals, with fishes <11 cm in length comprising nearly 70% of the population in the most heavily fished locations vs. ~25% at minimally fished sites. Despite these differences in size structure, sites had similar overall parrotfish biomass. As a result, algal cover was unrelated to parrotfish biomass and instead, was negatively correlated with the density of large parrotfishes. To mechanistically explore how large parrotfishes shape benthic communities, we manipulated fishes’ access to the benthos to create three distinct fish communities with different size structure. We found that excluding large or large and medium‐sized parrotfishes did not alter overall parrotfish grazing rates but caused respective 4‐ and 10‐fold increases in algal biomass. Unexpectedly, branching corals benefited from excluding large parrotfishes whereas the growth of mounding coral species was impaired. Similarly, removing large parrotfishes led to unexpected increases in coral recruitment that were absent when both large and medium bodied fishes were excluded. Our data highlight the unique roles of large parrotfishes in driving benthic dynamics on coral reefs and suggests that diversity of size is an important component of how herbivore diversity impacts ecosystem function on reefs. This study adds to a growing body of literature revealing the ecological ramifications of removing large animals from ecosystems and sheds new light on how fishing down the size structure of parrotfish populations alters functional diversity to reshape benthic reef communities.
Fragmentation of postpartum readmissions in the United States

Background Fragmentation of care, wherein a patient is readmitted to a hospital different from the initial point of care, has been shown to be associated with worse patient outcomes in other medical specialties. However, postpartum fragmentation of care has not been well characterized in obstetrics. Objective To characterize risk for and outcomes associated with fragmentation of postpartum readmissions wherein the readmitting hospital is different than the delivery hospital. Methods The 2010 to 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database was used for this retrospective cohort study. Postpartum readmissions within 60 days of delivery hospitalization discharge for women aged 15–54 years were identified. The primary outcome, fragmentation, was defined as readmission to a different hospital than the delivery hospital. Hospital, demographic, medical, and obstetric factors associated with fragmented readmission were analyzed. Adjusted log-linear models were performed to analyze risk for readmission with adjusted risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals as the measures of effect. The associations between fragmentation and secondary outcomes including (1) length of stay >90th percentile, (2) hospitalization costs >90th percentile, and (3) severe maternal morbidity were determined. Whether specific indications for readmission such as hypertensive diseases of pregnancy, wound complications, and other conditions were associated with higher or lower risk for fragmentation was analyzed. Results From 2010 to 2014, 141,276 60-day postpartum readmissions were identified, of which 15% of readmissions (n = 21,789) occurred at a hospital different from where the delivery occurred. Evaluating individual readmission indications, fragmentation was less likely for hypertension (11.1%), wound complications (10.7%), and uterine infections (11.0%), and more likely for heart failure (28.6%), thromboembolism (28.4%), and upper respiratory infections (33.9%) (P 90th percentile (relative risk, 1.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.42–1.54) and hospitalization costs >90th percentile (adjusted risk ratio, 1.74; 95% confidence interval, 1.67, 1.81). Conclusion This study of nationwide estimates of postpartum fragmentation found discontinuity of postpartum care was associated with increased risk for severe morbidity, high costs, and long length of stay. Reduction of fragmentation may represent an important goal in overall efforts to improve postpartum care.
Dual-beam potassium Voigt filter for atomic line imaging

Spectrally narrowband imaging in remote sensing applications can be advantageous for detecting atomic emission features. This is especially useful in detecting specific constituents within rocket plumes, which are challenging to discern from naturally occurring sunglints. In this paper, we demonstrate a dual-beam technique, implemented with a Wollaston prism, for calibrating a Voigt magneto-optical filter for a linear polarizer’s finite extinction ratio, as well as optical misalignment between the linear polarizers’ transmission axes. Such a strategy would be key towards expanding the filter’s field of view while maintaining its classification capabilities. Validation of the potassium Voigt filter is demonstrated using the simulation tool ElecSus in combination with a potassium hollow cathode lamp. RMS error between the filter’s temperature response and that of the simulation was approximately 2%. We then demonstrate the detection of a potassium model rocket motor outdoors alongside a sunglint. Results indicate a 20-fold increase in contrast when using our dual-beam calibration strategy.
Severe Hip Dysplasia in Skeletally Mature Patients With Spastic Cerebral Palsy: The Technique and Early Outcome of Comprehensive Surgical Correction (Including the Bernese PAO).

Background Treatment of symptomatic hip dysplasia in skeletally mature patients with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) can be challenging. This study examines our technical experience with the Bernese periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) in combination with adjunctive procedures in the treatment of this complex hip deformity. Methods Sixteen consecutive patients (18 hips) with symptomatic CP hip dysplasia were treated with a PAO and variable adjunctive procedures and retrospectively reviewed. Two patient (2 hips) were excluded due to insufficient follow-up. The average age at the time of surgery was 17.7 years (range: 13 to 28 y). We compared the preoperative to postoperative changes in radiographic parameters as well as early outcomes as measured by patient assessment of hip pain and function using the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS). Results The average time of follow-up was 3.3 years (range: 2.0 to 6.3 y). Tonnis angles decreased from a median of 30 degrees (range: 18 to 45 degrees) preoperatively to a median of 6 degrees (range: -9 to 21 degrees) postoperatively. Lateral center-edge angles increased from a median of -8 degrees (range: -28 to 15 degrees) to a median of 32 degrees (range: 19 to 38 degrees). Anterior center-edge angles increased from a median of 2 degrees (range: -22 to 39 degrees) to a median of 35 degrees (range: 22 to 47 degrees). The extrusion index decreased from a median of 57% preoperatively (range: 35% to 73%) to a median of 21% (range: 11% to 36%) postoperatively.The median mHHS was 62 (range: 37 to 81) preoperatively and 85 (range: 65 to 100) postoperatively. Notably, the pain component of the mHHS improved from 20 (range: 0 to 44) to 42 (range: 30 to 44). Tonnis osteoarthritis grade preoperatively was either 0 (11 hips) or 1 (5 hips) and remained unchanged in 11 hips and increased by 1 grade in 5 hips. Conclusions It has been our experience that the Bernese PAO in combination with appropriate adjunctive treatments has provided a very satisfactory surgical approach in the treatment of CP hip dysplasia. In the adolescent and young adult with spastic CP, utilizing the Bernese PAO technique makes it possible to obtain redirection of often a very severe acetabular dysplasia. Adjunctive soft tissue procedures and a proximal femoral osteotomy are frequently necessary to maintain postoperative stability. A notable improvement in the quality of life and function directly attributable to our surgical treatment of their pre-existing problematic hip dysplasia has been consistently noted in early follow-up for our patients. Level of evidence Level IV-therapeutic.
Rapid Electronic Capturing of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Older Adults With End-Stage Renal Disease: A Feasibility Study:

Background:Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have a high burden of physical and psychological symptoms. Many remain unrecognized for long periods of time, particularly in older adults. T...
Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments of Depression in Adolescents

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders of adolescence and is much more prevalent in adolescents than in younger children. Beginning around age 14, it is more prevalent in females than in males. Most of the evidence-based treatments for youth depression have addressed Major Depressive Disorder, although some studies have included milder forms of depression. Two psychological treatment approaches are considered well-established interventions for adolescent depression: cognitive behavior therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy, both attaining the level of well-established interventions. The authors outline that therapeutic alliance and psychoeducation are critical to effective depression treatment. The authors indicate that the effect size in meta-analytic studies for evidence-based treatments of adolescent depression is significant but of modest magnitude. They note that the generalizability of the efficacy of psychotherapy for depression with minority youths needs further investigation, although interpersonal therapy is considered well-established with Hispanic youth. The authors conclude there is a need for novel interventions that ameliorate adolescent depression more quickly and/or lead to greater protection from recurrent episodes.
A Reconfigurable Hybrid Series/Parallel Doherty Power Amplifier With Antenna VSWR Resilient Performance for MIMO Arrays

Antenna load impedance variations typically cause significant power amplifier (PA) performance degradation, including output power, large-signal linearity, and peak/average PA efficiency, which are especially critical for modern millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) communications with spectrally efficient complex modulations. To address this problem, we propose a reconfigurable hybrid series/parallel Doherty PA with a 90°-coupler-based active load modulation network. By reconfiguring the series/parallel Doherty operation modes, the strengths of the Main/Auxiliary PAs, and their relative phase, linear output power ( ${\mathrm {OP}}_{1{\mathrm{ ~dB}}}$ ), as well as peak output power ( $P_{\mathrm {sat}}$ ) and energy efficiency (PAEpeak and ${\mathrm {PAE}}_{1{\mathrm{ ~dB}}}$ ) of the PA can be largely restored under full-span 360° antenna impedance variations. The theoretical analysis and design guidelines are both presented in this article. As a proof of concept, a 39-GHz reconfigurable hybrid series/parallel Doherty PA is fabricated in the Global Foundries 45-nm RF CMOS silicon on insulator (SOI) process with a 2-V PA supply and 1-V driver supply. At 39 GHz, the PA achieves a 33.3% peak power-added efficiency (PAE) at 20.8-dBm $P_{\mathrm {sat}}$ and 32.2% ${\mathrm {PAE}}_{1{\mathrm{ ~dB}}}$ at 20.2-dBm ${\mathrm {OP}}_{1{\mathrm{ ~dB}}}$ at a nominal 50- $\Omega $ load. The reconfigured PA demonstrates an 18.5–19.12-dBm ${\mathrm {OP}}_{1{\mathrm{ ~dB}}}$ with a high ${\mathrm {PAE}}_{1{\mathrm{ ~dB}}}$ of 20.6%–25.3% at 3:1 antenna voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) over 360° angles. The PA achieves an rms error vector magnitude (EVM) of −23.6 dB/−22.8 dB/−23.1 dB at an average $P_{\mathrm {out}}$ of 13.8 dBm/12.2 dBm/11.5 dBm with 100 MSym/S/500 MSym/S/1 GSym/S single-carrier 64-quadratic-amplitude modulation (QAM) signal, respectively, at a nominal load of 50 $\Omega $ . A greater-than 11.2-dBm average $P_{\mathrm {out}}$ is achieved at an rms EVM of −24 dB under a full-span 3:1 antenna VSWR with a 100-MSym/S 64-QAM signal.
Functional connectivity in frontostriatal networks differentiate offspring of parents with substance use disorders from other high-risk youth.

Abstract Background Family history (FH) of substance use disorders (SUDs) is known to elevate SUD risk in offspring. However, the influence of FH SUDs has been confounded by the effect of externalizing psychopathologies in the addiction risk neuroimaging literature. Thus, the current study aimed to assess the association between parental SUDs and offspring functional connectivity in samples matched for psychopathology and demographics. Methods Ninety 11−12-year-old participants with externalizing disorders were included in the study (48 FH+, 42 FH-). We conducted independent component analyses (ICA) and seed-based analyses (orbitofrontal cortex; OFC, nucleus accumbens (NAcc), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) with resting state data. Results FH+ adolescents showed stronger functional connectivity between the right lateral OFC seed and anterior cingulate cortex compared to FH- adolescents (p Conclusions Both analytic methods found group differences in functional connectivity between brain regions associated with executive functioning and regions associated with sensory input (e.g., postcentral gyrus, occipital regions). We speculate that families densely loaded for SUD may confer risk by altered neurocircuitry that is associated with emotion regulation and valuation of external stimuli beyond what would be explained by externalizing psychopathology alone.
Depressive Symptoms in Relation to Adverse Childhood Experiences, Discrimination, Hope, and Social Support in a Diverse Sample of College Students.

Young adulthood is a critical transitory period, with various factors impacting mental health and longer-term health outcomes, particularly among racial/ethnic minorities. Drawing from minority stress theory, this study examined correlates of depressive symptoms, specifically adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), racial/ethnic discrimination, hope, social support, and their interactive effects, among a diverse sample of college students. We analyzed data from 666 racial/ethnic minority college students (57% Black, 22% Latinx, 21% Asian) attending seven colleges and universities in the state of Georgia. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Item (PHQ-9). Multivariable linear regressions included ACEs, racial/ethnic discrimination, hope, and social support, adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, parent education, nativity, and age. We tested two-way interaction terms in four separate models to examine the potential buffering effect of social support and hope on the association between ACEs and discrimination. Participants were on average 20.56 years old (SD = 1.93) and 30% were male. The mean PHQ-9 score was 3.89 (SD = 4.91); 56% reported at least one ACE; 70% experienced racial/ethnic discrimination. ACEs and racial/ethnic discrimination correlated with higher levels of depressive symptoms; higher social support and hope correlated with decreased depressive symptoms. While hope and social support did not moderate the relationships between ACEs or discrimination and depressive symptoms among the full sample, racial/ethnic subgroup analyses indicated that, among Asian students, the positive association between discrimination and depressive symptoms was significantly weaker for those perceiving greater hope. Eliminating racial/ethnic disparities in mental health requires concerted efforts to prevent and/or reduce ACEs and discrimination and identifying protective factors that can mitigate their relationship to depressive symptoms.
Microproteins: a 3D protein structure prediction analysis.

Microproteins are a novel and expanding group of small proteins encoded by less than 100–150 codons that are translated from small open reading frames (smORFs). It has been shown that smORFs and th...
Cooperative RADAR Sensors for the Digital Test Field A9 (KoRA9) – Algorithmic Recap and Lessons Learned

Infrastructure sensing systems in combination with Infrastructure-to-Vehicle communication can be used to enhance sensor data obtained from the perspective of a vehicle, only. This paper presents a system consisting of a radar sensor network installed at the side of the street, together with an Edge Processing Unit to fuse the data of different sensors. Measurements taken by the demonstrator are shown, the system architecture is discussed, and some lessons learned are presented.
An analysis of the static and dynamic characteristics of a decoupled landing entry vehicle

Analysis of static and dynamic characteristics of entry vehicle using decoupled landing concept
Magma fragmentation in eruptions

A process known as fragmentation is how erupting magma from a volcano breaks up into fine particles and ash, and it determines the type of eruption — gentle or violent — that occurs. Theoretical and laboratory studies show that treating magma as a brittle material can explain its behaviour at the point of fragmentation, when it is transformed from a foam into a gassy spray.
Sitagliptin: A DPP-4 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become an epidemic, with worldwide projections indicating that more than 336 million people will be afflicted with the disease by 2030. T2DM is characterized by inappropriately high blood glucose levels due to a deficiency in insulin secretion, action, or both. Despite the horrific complications that occur with chronic elevations of blood glucose levels, less than half of those with T2DM do not maintain proper glycemic control. Sitagliptin (Januvia, Merck and Co., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey) is a novel diabetes therapy approved for use in the U.S. and Europe. This small molecule inhibits the activity of DPP-4, a peptidase that degrades the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1. Sitagliptin increases glucoregulation in individuals with T2DM both as a monotherapy and in combination with other antihyperglycemic drugs, with a low risk of adverse side effects.
Who's in Charge of Global Finance?

The global financial crisis caused widespread harm not just to the financial system, but also to millions of households and businesses and to the global economy. The crisis revealed substantive, fundamental weaknesses in global financial regulation and raised serious questions about whether national regulators and the international financial regulatory system could ever be up to the task of overseeing global finance. This Article analyzes post-crisis reforms with two questions in mind: First, how can we build an effective international financial architecture with more than one architect? Second, can we build a system that is legitimate and accountable? The Article suggests areas for further substantive and procedural reform.
Authenticity, Authoriality, and the Nature of Electronic Texts: Don Quijote in the Age of Digital Reproduction

In "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction," Walter Benjamin provided thought-provoking insights into the way that lithography, photography, and cinema changed the nature of art and our perceptions of it. Among other considerations, he noted that the efficient mass reproduction of works of art affected notions of authenticity, the author, and the response of the viewer or reader. In many ways, the advent of the Internet causes us to review his arguments and expand on them in light of this new, digitized, decentralized, and diffuse method of reproducing works of art, including literature. Among the first online collections of great literature have appeared the collected works of Cervantes. In addition to the textual questions posed by the novel itself, such as who is the author, or perhaps more precisely, where or what is the author, and what is the text, the various cybereditions of Don Quijotecreate even more layers of distanciamiento artistico. There are additional questions of authorship: who are the authors/editors/compilers/web designers who post the text to the Internet? What are we to make of the opportunities for readers to be converted instantly into writers through guest pages, feedback forms, and such. Moreover, exactly what is a text in cyberspace? Are e-texts the same as printed texts in every respect? How do hypertextual annotation and other accretions of the Internet change the way we read a text? At heart, these are not so different from the questions that Cervantes himself forces us to consider in Don Quijote. The Internet has felicitously added several more layers of textual undecidability that mesh perfectly with the doubts, confusions, and paradoxes of the original.
The Case of the Missing Harmonic Structure

Classical synchrotron radiation theory predicts emission in harmonics of the revolution frequency of the radiating particles. The Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility SURF is an electron storage ring based on the weak focusing principle. The particles travel on a near perfect circular path, which makes SURF an ideal test‐bed for synchrotron radiation theory. The harmonic structure of the radiation emitted by the electrons stored in SURF will be explored.
Correlation of creatine kinase and gait measurement in the postpolio population.

Measurements of stride length, gait speed, and distance walked during seven days were obtained from 15 postpolio and eight control subjects. Pedometers were used to measure distance walked. Measurements of stride length and speed were performed three times, and there was a high correlation between tests (R = .852-.969). The pedometers failed to record accurately in some postpolio subjects, and these subjects were dropped from analysis when ambulation distance was used as a variable. There were significant differences between the postpolio subjects and controls with respect to gait speed (47.7 +/- 14.0 vs 74.9 +/- 15.9m/min, p less than 0.0005), stride length (55.3 +/- 11.7 vs 69.8 +/- 8.6cm, p = .006), and average kilometers walked per day for seven days (1.97 +/- 1.3 vs 3.89 +/- 1.7, p = .016). The postpolio subjects had their serum creatine kinase (CK) levels measured at the end of the study. Forty percent of subjects had a level above the normal limits of our laboratory. There was a significantly positive correlation between CK levels and the distance walked during the previous 24 hours (R = .75, p = .012). The findings of this study illustrate the impact of gait abnormalities on the ambulatory abilities of the postpolio population. The correlation of CK with ambulation supports the association of exercise as a source of elevated CK levels in the postpolio population.
Large Deflections of Helical Spring due to Bending

The solution of the problem of a helical spring subjected to an axial force and an axial twisting moment is presented in the work of Love. The spring, which is considered to be a curved thin rod, can suffer large deformations. The solution is exact in that six nonlinear equations of equilibrium are satisfied. If the spring is not permitted to expand radially by some type of cylindrical constraint the spring stiffness will increase. This problem is solved in the work of Blanco and Costello. Again an exact solution is obtained. It is the purpose of this technical note to investigate the pure bending of a helical spring with large deflections and to see what type of solutions can be found.
6.00x Introduction to Computer Science and Programming MITx on edX Course Report - 2013 Spring

This report describes 6.00x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming, one of the first 11 courses offered by MITx on edX, a platform for delivering massive open online courses (MOOCs). Offered in the Fall of 2012, 6.00x is an introduction to using computation to solve real problems, aiming to instruct students with a variety of backgrounds and interests. This report describes the course structure, in terms of the number of basic e-text, auto-graded problems, and video components. Following a methodology established for analysis of the first 17 HarvardX and MITx courses (Ho et al, HarvardX and MITx: The first year of open online courses), course registrants are described in terms of viewed, explored, and certified sub-populations, together with demographics. The diversity of student activity in the course, and the persistence of student interactions with the courseware, are addressed. The report concludes with descriptions of special features in 6.00x, with particular emphasis on assessment questions involving student submitted Python code.
Real-time simulation of deformation and fracture of stiff materials

Existing techniques for real-time simulation of object deformation are well suited for animating soft materials like human tissue or two-dimensional systems such as cloth. However, simulation of deformation in malleable materials and fracture in brittle materials has only been done offline because the underlying equations of motion are numericaly stiff, requiring many small steps in explicit integration schemes. In contrast, the better-behaved implicit integration techniques are more expensive per time step, particularly for volumetric meshes. We present a stable hybrid method for simulating deformation and fracture of materials in real-time. In our system, the effects of impact forces are computed only at discrete collision events. At these impacts, we treat objects as if they are anchored and compute their static equilibrium response using the Finite Element technique. Static analysis is not time-step bound and its stability is independent of the stiffness of the equations. The resulting deformations, or possible fractures, are computed based on internal stress tensors. Between collisions, disconnected objects are treated as rigid bodies. The simulator is demonstrated as part of a system that provides the user with physically-based tools to interactively manipulate 3D models.
Kinetics of tracer flows and isotope interaction in an ion exchange membrane.

The thermodynamic formulation of isotope interaction (coupling of abundant and tracer isotope flows) has been tested in a highly permselective anion exchange membrane in the absence of significant electroosmosis. A previous study of Cl− permeation has now been extended to include permeation of I−, Acetate, and SO 4 2− in different bath concentrations, with the use of both electrical and chemical driving forces. The flux ratios were “abnormal” according to the usual criteria for simple passive flow, but were closely predicted by the theoretical expression incorporating the influence of isotope interaction. In the absence of coupled flows of other chemical species the extent of isotope interaction can be determined either from the flux ratio or from the measurement of a single unidirectional flux at two settings of the electrochemical potential difference. Direct evidence of negative isotope interaction was presented.
Philosophy and Economics in the Capabilities Approach: An Essential Dialogue

AbstractEconomics needs to increase its awareness of philosophy. Even the heterodox brand of development economics represented by the human development approach has as yet not fully internalized all aspects of philosophy that offer rich insights for that approach. I explore the history of the relationship between philosophy and development economics and then describe areas of development economics where the insights of philosophy are crucial, including: the idea of social justice; the concept of welfare, and the commensurability or incommensurability of its elements; the idea of “political” as opposed to “comprehensive” liberalism; the topic of cultural relativism and universality; the nature of free will; and the nature of emotion and desire. I recommend that the human development approach deepen its connection to philosophy in all these areas.
Subcarrier mapping based on slice visibility for video transmission over OFDM channels

We address channel code rate optimization for transmission of non-scalable coded video sequences over orthogonal frequency division multiplexing networks for scenarios with arbitrary mobility. A slice loss visibility (SLV) model is used to evaluate the visual importance of each H.264 slice. In particular, taking into account both the visibility scores available from the bitstream and the channel state information, we optimize the channel code rate for each GOP and the mapping of video slices within 2-D time-frequency resource blocks, in order to better protect more visually important slices. Results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms baseline ones which do not take into account the SLV in the video transmission.
Electromagnetic and vibrational characteristic of IPM over full torque-speed range

This paper investigates the electromagnetic and vibrational characteristic of an interior permanent magnet machine (IPM) over the entire torque-speed range based on the model of 2004 Toyota Prius IPM motor. First, the dominant electromagnetic radial force directly causing vibration is calculated based on optimal operating plane, which covered by maximum torque per ampere (MTPA), current limit curve, and maximum torque per volt (MTPV) curve. Next, vibration behavior of the stator is studied by using modal and structural analysis in ANSYS workbench environment. It is observed that electric vehicle (EV) application deserves closer attention as more resonant vibration points may appear. To simultaneously meet the efficiency and NVH (noise vibration and harshness) requirements the pole-slot number and control strategy should be carefully chosen.
The monoterpenes of lodgepole pine oleoresin

Abstract A gas chromatographic analysis was made of the terpenes of lodgepole pine resin. Three terpenes not previously recorded were found in measurable quantities: limonene, 2·4%; sabinene, 2·1 %, and α-phellandrene, 0·7%. Heptane and an unidentified compound were also detected. Though a basic pattern of composition was observed, there was considerable variation between individual trees.
Correlated light and electron microscopy illuminates the role of mitochondrial inner membrane remodeling during apoptosis

In addition to their role in providing ATP for cellular functions via oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondria also play a critical role in initiating and/or regulating apoptosis through the release of proteins such as cytochrome c from intermembrane and intracristal compartments. The mechanism by which these proteins are able to cross the outer mitochondrial membrane has been a subject of controversy. This paper will review some recent results that demonstrate that inner mitochondrial membrane remodeling does occur during apoptosis in HeLa cells but does not appear to be a requirement for release of cytochrome c from intracristal compartments. Inner membrane remodeling does appear to be related to fragmentation of the mitochondrial matrix, and the form of the remodeling suggests a topological mechanism for inner membrane fission and fusion.
The Shape School: Assessing executive function in preschool children

Age‐related changes in executive function were examined on a new task, the Shape School, in 70 preschool children (32–68 months old). The Shape School is a colorful storybook designed to examine inhibition and switching processes in young children. Results confirmed that task efficiency varied significantly with age, with older age groups outperforming younger groups. Furthermore, inhibition efficiency improved significantly between 3 to 4 years of age, whereas switching skills showed developmental improvement from 4 to 5 years of age. These results suggest that the Shape School is sensitive to maturational effects and that performance can be parsed into inhibition and switching processes. The Shape School may be useful in clinical populations in order to elucidate developmental brain‐behavior relations in preschool children.
Acetonema longum gen.nov.sp.nov., an H2/CO2 acetogenic bacterium from the termite, Pterotermes occidentis

A previously undescribed, H2-oxidizing CO2-reducing acetogenic bacterium was isolated from gut contents of the wood-feeding termite, Pterotermes occidentis. Cells of representative strain APO-1 were strictly anaerobic, Gram-negative, endospore-forming motile rods which measured 0.30–0.40×6–60 μm. Cells were catalase positive, oxidase negative, and had 51.5 mol percent G+C in their DNA. Optimum conditions for growth on H2+CO2 were at 30–33°C and pH (initial) 7.8, and under these conditions cells formed acetate according to the equation: 4 H2+2 CO2→CH3COOH+2 H2O. Other energy sources supporting good growth of strain APO-1 included glucose, ribose, and various organic acids. Acetate and butyrate were major fermentation products from most organic compounds tested, however propionate, succinate, and 1,2-propanediol were also formed from some substrates. Based on comparative analysis of 16S rRNA nucleotide sequences, strain APO-1 was related to, but distinct from, members of the genus Sporomusa. Moreover, physiological and morphological differences between strain APO-1 and the six known species of Sporomusa were significant. Consequently, it is proposed herewith that a new genus, Acetonema, be established with strain APO-1 as the type strain of the new species, Acetonema longum. A. longum may contribute to the nutrition of P. occidentis by forming acetate, propionate and butyrate, compounds which are important carbon and energy sources for termites.
Discrete Speckle: Localization and Coherence in Anderson-Disordered Lattices

We show that extended coherent light traveling through photonic lattices with disorder exhibits reduction of the coherence width as disorder increases, and emergence of speckle with grain dimensions proportional to the Anderson localization length.
Case studies on fault detection effectiveness of model based test generation techniques

Model-based test generation (MBTG) is becoming an area of active research. These techniques differ in terms of (1) modeling notations used, and (2) the adequacy criteria used for test generation. This paper (1) reviews different classes of MBTG techniques at a conceptual level, and (2) reports results of two case studies comparing various techniques in terms of their fault detection effectiveness. Our results indicate that MBTG technique which employs mutation and explicitly generates state verification sequences has better fault detection effectiveness than those based on boundary values, and predicate coverage criteria for transitions. Instead of a default adequacy criteria, certain techniques allow the user to specify test objectives in addition to the model. Our experience indicates that the task of defining appropriate test objectives is not intuitive. Furthermore, notations provided to describe such test objectives may have inadequate expressive power. We posit the need for a suitable fault modeling notation.
Ab initio chemical kinetics for the reactions of N2 with singlet and triplet C2O radicals

Abstract The possible energy pathways for the reactions of N2 with singlet and tripled C2O have been investigated at the CCSD(T)/6-311+G(3df)//B3LYP/6-311+G(3df) level of theory. Our results show that the rate-controlling transition states for the formation of 3CNN + CO, NCO + CN and 3NCN + CO through triplet surface have 36.2, 57.7 and 60.5 kcal/mol barriers relative to the reactants 3C2O + N2. Formation of 1CNN + CO and 1NCN + CO via the singlet surface needs to overcome 43.7 and 66.9 kcal/mol barriers. The dominant products are 1,3CNN + CO and cyc-1NCN + CO, their rate constants in cm3 molecule−1 s−1 can be presented as k1 (3CNN + CO) = 3.5 × 10−11 exp(−36.8 kcal/mol/RT), k2 (1CNN + CO) ⩽ 2.9 × 10−12 exp(−33.2 kcal/mol/RT) and k3 (cyc-1NCN + CO) = 6.86 × 10−20exp(−27.7 kcal/mol/RT), which are significantly lower than those assumed in the literature. The rate constants for the formation of 3NCN + CO and NCO + CN are too small to be important due to their high exit barriers. The predicted heats of reaction for formation of products NCO + CN, 3CNN + CO and 3NCN + CO are 45.9, 18.1 and −10.7 kcal/mol, which agree excellently with the experimental values, 45.8, 17.7 and −10.7 kcal/mol. Our results imply that the reaction of C2O with N2 cannot compete with the CH + N2 reaction for prompt-NO formation in hydrocarbon combustion.
Temperature dependence of the density of optically-induced localized paramagnetic states in glassy As2Se3

Abstract Optically-induced localized paramagnetic gap states in glassy As2Se3 have been studied as a function of temperature from 4–2 K to ∼ 150 K using E.S.R. and optical absorption techniques. The number of paramagnetic states stable at ∼ 150 K is an order of magnitude less than the number stable at low temperatures. Densities of thermal release energies for the metastable states are estimated from the data.
Biophysical studies on two conformations of a human plasma lipoprotein

Two forms of an alpha-2-globulin (a lipoprotein) have been isolated from individual human plasmas. They are the same in amino acid and lipid compositions, but they differ in trans-membrane transport activities and in their in vivo activities. The form from control subjects, which is nonhelical in conformation, seems to be devoid of biological activities. The other form is from patients with schizophrenia, has variable ff, and promotes trans-membrane transport of tryptophan. From biophysical measurements on pooled samples, the apparent S20.w = 0.46 and 0.44 for the patients' sample and the control sample, respectively. The apparent D20, w = 1.25 and 1.22, respectively, for the two forms. With v = 0.968, the molecular weights from the Svedberg equation were found to be 263,500 ± 2,500. With a 20% protein content, the protein moiety is close to 53,000 Daltons, which is much less than that for many other lipoproteins. With [η] = 0.0264, the helical conformation is globular in shape and nearly spherical. For the nonhelical conformation, [η] = 0.0369, which signifies an increased molecular asymmetry. In amino acid composition this alpha-2-globulin is different from the β lipoprotein (LDL) and from the HDL-1, but it is quite similar to that of the HDL2.