cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tensile behaviour of duplex stainless steel at low temperatures

Abstract The tensile behaviour of the ferrite and austenite phases of Fe–22Cr–5Ni (wt-%) duplex stainless steel containing a maximum of 17·2% austenite was investigated in the temperature range 65–298 K. The results indicate that mechanical twinning occurred in the testing temperature range, and that austenite impeded the growth of twinning. Mechanical twinning in ferrite was well decorated with a ‘dislocation shell’, and the density of dislocations at the coherent twin boundary and within a twin was much higher than in the matrix above the ductile–brittle transition temperature (DBTT). This supported the occurrence of slip localisation next to coherent twin boundaries. Dislocations in the material with no austenite tested below the DBTT were characterised by coplanar slip dislocation on the { 110} plane, and both coplanar slip on { 110} and cross-slip dislocations were observed above the DBTT. Dislocation in ferrite was negligibly affected by the presence of austenitic particles. Strain induced martensit...
Modelling English conversations

A notable if limited degree of success has been obtained in natural language question answering systems as seen in such examples as Woods' Lunar Data Base Model and Winograd's natural language controlled hand. Most of the conversational capabilities of these systems take the form of answering questions or accepting data. Colby's recent simulation of a paranoid personality offers a freer form of conversation although the model's understanding of English is very limited. Computer based teaching systems often include a tree of conversational responses to student questions and answers but these are highly specific to exactly predictable contexts.Our current research is concerned with modelling general conversations in English. The models may be textbased, based on a structured model of information, or a combination of these. A basic babbler accepts an input statement in restricted English, analyzes it to find matching text or data in its model, and responds with something relevant to the input. The babbler adds information to its model when input sentences are given it. The question of what is relevant as a response is the interesting line of the research. The babbler is given purposes---such as to present some given set of information. It is given some capability to model the speaker, to remember what has been said, and an ability to evaluate connotative aspects of the meanings of words. These features allow it to select a conversational response as a function of its purposes, its model of the speaker, and the denotative and connotative meanings of the input sentence. The main emphasis of the research is to discover how to present lesson material in a computer controlled conversational system.
Anxiety and posttraumatic stress symptom pathways to substance use problems among community women experiencing intimate partner violence.

Background and objectives: Although intimate partner violence (IPV) has demonstrated strong associations with anxiety and posttraumatic stress, these constructs have rarely been examined simultaneously in IPV research. Gaps in knowledge remain as to their differential associations to substance use problems among IPV-victimized women. Design: A sample of 143 community women self-reported on their current IPV victimization, mental health and substance use problems. Method: Hierarchical entry multiple regressions were used to test for the direct and indirect effects of psychological, physical, and sexual IPV to alcohol and drug problems through anxiety and posttraumatic stress. Results: Higher anxiety symptom severity and higher physical IPV severity were associated with greater alcohol and drug problems. Higher posttraumatic stress symptom severity was associated with greater alcohol and drug problems. Mediation analyses indicated (i) significant indirect pathways of IPV types to alcohol problems through po...
Cannabinoid Transmission and Reward-Related Events

Abstract The reward/reinforcement circuitry of the mammalian brain consists of synaptically interconnected neurons associated with the medial forebrain bundle, linking the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, and ventral pallidum. Electrical stimulation of this circuit supports intense self-stimulation in animals and, in humans, produces intense pleasure or euphoria. This circuit is strongly implicated in the neural substrates of drug addiction and in such addiction-related phenomena as withdrawal dysphoria and craving. This circuit is also implicated in the pleasures produced by natural rewards (e.g., food, sex). Cannabinoids are euphorigenic in humans and have addictive liability in vulnerable persons, but were long considered “anomalous” drugs of abuse, lacking pharmacological interaction with these brain reward substrates. It is now clear, however, that cannabinoids activate these brain substrates and influence reward-related behaviors. From these actions, presumably, derive both the abuse potential of cannabinoids and the possible clinical efficacy in dysphoric states.
Patient misunderstanding of the academic hierarchy is prevalent and predictable.

Background Medical personnel introduce themselves to patients using titles that reflect their level of training, although these titles may not be inherently obvious to the patient. This study explored patient understanding of commonly used physician and student titles. Materials and Methods A survey was developed asking patients to match six mutually exclusive medical titles to six levels of training. Categories included attending physician, chief resident, resident, intern, medical student, and pre-medical student. Respondent age, gender, medical training, employment in a healthcare field, educational level, income, and number of visits to a physician per y were requested. A brief intervention was then performed in which a second group of patients were advised of the designations and then asked to match the same categories. Results A total of 365 surveys were collected from the first group and 102 from the second group. Respondents accurately identified the level of training required for all six titles in only 44.5% of surveys collected, and in 52.0% after the intervention. Patients with at least some college education or income > $50,000 per y were more likely to answer correctly ( P $100,000 per y had difficulty correctly identifying the training of all team members. Conclusions Patients do not understand the distinctions in training of surgical team members, especially those patients with decreased income or education; therefore, clinicians may wish to pay particular attention to these introductions. The survey did identify this as being important to patients.
Response of Mice to Repeated Photoperiod Shifts: Susceptibility to Stress and Barbiturates

Three inbred strains of mice selected for their spontaneous aggressive behavior and differential susceptibility to stress were exposed to a controlled environment where on an average of once every 4 days for 76 days and subsequently on an average of once every 2 days for an additional 55 days a 12L:12D photoperiod was reversed by 180 degrees. This procedure did not affect the growth of the mice and appeared to reduce fighting. However, plasma corticosterone concentrations in all three strains of mice were high, and their response to a 24-hr cold stress was no longer evident. The most pronounced effect of the altered photoperiod was on the barbiturate-induced sleeping time which showed a 40% reduction in all strains in spite of differential suceptibility to the drug among strains. It is concluded that repeated random phase shifting by varying the photoperiod is a stressful experience to which animals do not adapt and that the ability to respond to an additional stimulus or drugs may be greatly altered.
A Low Power ASK Clock and Data Recovery Circuit for Wireless Implantable Electronics

This paper describes a low power clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit with integrated ASK demodulator for wireless implantable neural recording microsystems. A modulation scheme based on amplitude shift-keying (ASK) and pulse position modulation (PPM) is employed to simplify the complexity of implant circuits and reduce power transmission requirements. A charge-pump based CDR circuit is used to extract non-return to zero data from the demodulated waveforms. A prototype has been fabricated in 2-poly 3-Metal 0.6?m bulk CMOS technology in order to validate circuit functionality. The receiver front-end exhibits a sensitivity of 3.2mV p-p at 1MHz. The ASK demodulator and CDR operates over an input data range of 4kbs to 18kbs, measures 300?m by 600?m and dissipates 70?W from a 2.7V supply.
Analysis of a flexible and rugged photovoltaic-based power system

This paper studies the operation of a multi-input boost converter powered by photovoltaic modules. Performance of ripple correlation control (RCC) and fuzzy logic control in tracking maximum power point are investigated through simulation. Both single panel operation and dual panel operations are analyzed to prove that they are controlled independently. A simple analog circuit implantation is tested with existing solar panels to verify the effectiveness of control.
Peptide models provide evidence for significant structure in the denatured state of a rapidly folding protein: The villin headpiece subdomain

The villin headpiece subdomain is a cooperatively folded 36-residue, three-α-helix protein. The domain is one of the smallest naturally occurring sequences which has been shown to fold. Recent experimental studies have shown that it folds on the 10-μs time scale. Its small size, simple topology, and very rapid folding have made it an attractive target for computational studies of protein folding. We present temperature-dependent NMR studies that provide evidence for significant structure in the denatured state of the headpiece subdomain. A set of peptide fragments derived from the headpiece were also characterized in order to determine if there is a significant tendency to form a locally stabilized structure in the denatured state. Peptides corresponding to each of the three isolated helices and to the connection between the first and second helices were largely unstructured. A longer peptide fragment which contains the first and second helices shows considerable structure, as judged by NMR and CD. Concen...
Multiple penalty regression: fitting and extrapolating a discrete incomplete multi-way layout

The d iscrete multi-way layout is an abstract data type associated with regression, experimental designs, digital images or videos, spatial statistics, gene or protein chips, and more. The factors influencing response can be nominal or ordinal. The observed factor level combinations are finitely discrete and often incomplete or irregularly spaced. This paper develops low risk biased estimators of the means at the observed factor level combinations; and extrapolates the estimated means to larger discrete complete layouts. Candidate penalized least squares (PLS) estimators with multiple quadratic penalties express competing conjectures about each of the main effects and interactions in the analysis of variance decomposition of the means. The candidate PLS estimator with smallest estimated quadratic risk attains, asymptotically, the smallest risk over all candidate PLS estimators. In the theoretical analysis, the dimension of the regression space tends to infinity. No assumptions are made about the unknown means or about replication.
Climate Computing: The State of Play

Climate models represent a large variety of processes on different time and space scalesâa canonical example of multiphysics, multiscale modeling. In addition, the system is physically characterized by sensitive dependence on initial conditions and natural stochastic variability, with very long integrations needed to extract signals of climate change. Weak scaling, I/O, and memory-bound multiphysics codes present particular challenges to computational performance. The author presents trends in climate science that are driving models toward higher resolution, greater complexity, and larger ensembles, all of which present computing challenges. He also discusses the prospects for adapting these models to novel hardware and programming models.
Flavopiridol displays preclinical activity in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Background New agents are needed for treatment of children with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Based on altered expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins, including frequent p16 (INK4A) and p15 (INK4B) deletions, flavopiridol (FP; Alvocidib) is an attractive agent for relapsed ALL. Procedure We evaluated the efficacy of FP in ALL cell lines using cell proliferation assays, determined the effects of FP treatment on cell growth and viability in cell lines and patient samples, examined cell cycle kinetics, and evaluated the effect of FP on endogenous cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity, Mcl-1 expression, and RNA polymerase II expression and phosphorylation. Results ALL cell lines are sensitive to FP. At lower concentrations, FP induces transient G1-S cell cycle arrest and modest levels of apoptosis in cell lines. In contrast, a sustained G1-S and G2-M arrest and substantial apoptosis are observed following exposure to higher FP concentrations. After treatment with FP, ALL cell lines have decreased expression of retinoblastoma protein phosphorylated at serines 795 and 807/811, indicating reduced CDK activity. We also show that ALL cell lines are sensitive to clinically achievable concentrations of FP in medium supplemented with human serum and that FP reduces the expression of Mcl-1 and phosphorylated forms of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. FP also increases cell death by approximately twofold over baseline in primary ALL blasts. Conclusions These data provide a biological rationale for testing FP in relapsed ALL. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:772–778. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Protocol decode based stateful firewall policy definition language

The policies for thwarting attacks on systems vary greatly in complexity, ranging from simple static firewall rules to complex stateful protocol state machine analysis. As intrusion detection systems are getting integrated into firewall solutions, there is a need for a language that can define both firewall policies and system intrusion behavior and exhibit inter-operable traits. This paper presents an XML based, self-documenting State-Aware Firewall Language (SAFire) that is designed to express the various kind of firewall and intrusion behavior.
The new horizontal merger guidelines

As a presidential candidate, Barack Obama was critical of the Bush administration's weak enforcement of antitrust laws. So now the Obama administration has released new horizontal merger guidelines. How do they differ from the old guidelines? And what impact will they have?. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
THE DYNAMICS OF STORE TRADING AREAS AND MARKET EQUILIBRIUM1

(1961). THE DYNAMICS OF STORE TRADING AREAS AND MARKET EQUILIBRIUM. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 73-101.
Lorentz covariance and Matthews's theorem for derivative-coupled field theories

The canonical quantization of scalar-field Lagrangians involving at most first derivatives of the fields ("first-order" Lagrangian) or second derivatives ("second-order") is discussed. A direct, but necessarily perturbative, quantization procedure for a general first-order Lagrangian is used to show that such theories yield a Lorentz-invariant $S$ matrix to low orders of perturbation theory provided a covariant regularization scheme (e.g., dimensional or Pauli-Villars\char22{}but not a high-momentum cutoff) is employed. Matthews's theorem is verified in this context\char22{}the naive Feynman rules are valid. Second-order Lagrangians, quadratic in second but arbitrary in first derivatives, are shown to satisfy Matthews's theorem to all orders of perturbation theory and to be equivalent to first-order theories with Pauli-Villars regularization, thereby yielding a proof of Matthews's theorem for an arbitrary Pauli-Villars\char22{}regulated first-order theory. It is shown that for spectral reasons second- (and presumably, higher-) order theories are unacceptable physically. Finally, the canonical quantization of a second-order gauge theory is performed explicitly; the results show that (a) the naive Faddeev-Popov prescription remains valid in the presence of higher derivatives, and (b) the spectral pathology of second-order theories persists in gauge theories.
Defining how Ubiquitin Receptors hHR23a and S5a Bind Polyubiquitin

Ubiquitin receptors connect substrate ubiquitylation to proteasomal degradation. HHR23a binds proteasome subunit 5a (S5a) through a surface that also binds ubiquitin. We report that UIM2 of S5a binds preferentially to hHR23a over polyubiquitin, and we provide a model for the ternary complex that we expect represents one of the mechanisms used by the proteasome to capture ubiquitylated substrates. Furthermore, we demonstrate that hHR23a is surprisingly adept at sequestering the ubiquitin moieties of a polyubiquitin chain, and provide evidence that it and the ubiquitylated substrate are committed to each other after binding.
Berg Balance Scale and Functional Reach: determining the best clinical tool for individuals post acute stroke

Objective: To begin the process of determining the best clinical tool for measuring balance in individuals post stroke.Design: Prospective with descriptive and relational analyses.Setting: Rehabilitation centres and stroke support group meetings.Subjects: Seventy-five subjects who had suffered a stroke were divided into four groups based on the Duncan classification for stroke severity.Main outcome measures: The motor section of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Physical Performance was completed for each person to classify the motor deficit. Subjects performed Functional Reach twice with the nonparetic arm and the average was recorded. Subjects performed the Berg Balance Scale and the total score on the first attempt was recorded.Results: As motor impairment increased, balance ability declined and both the Functional Reach and Berg Balance Scale proved sensitive to this decline. Spearman rank correlation coefficient was excellent among the entire sample (rs-0.78).Conclusion: Subjects' performance on the Berg ...
Computational method to predict esophageal temperature elevations during pulmonary vein isolation.

Background: The esophagus is in close proximity to the posterior wall of the left atrium, which renders it susceptible to thermal injury during radiofrequency (RF) ablation procedures for atrial fibrillation (AF). Real-time assessment of esophageal position and temperature (T °) during pulmonary vein (PV) isolation has not been extensively explored. Objective: To develop a protocol that allows estimation of the potential for, and avoidance of, esophageal heating. Methods: In consecutive patients who underwent PV isolation, a thermal probe was used to monitor T ° fluctuations in the esophagus during application of RF energy. The tip of the thermal probe was positioned at the level of the targeted PV and RF was discontinued for T ° rise >0.5°C. The proximity of individual PVs to the esophagus was measured from the temperature probe tip to the closest posterior part of the Lasso catheter from review of biplane projections (left anterior oblique 60° and right anterior oblique 30°). These raw distances were entered into the Pythagorean theorem and the actual distance between the esophageal thermal probe and PV antrum was determined. Results: The study cohort included 44 patients (60 ± 11 years, 61% male, 57% lone AF). The thermal probe in the esophagus was closer to the left-sided PVs (left common pulmonary vein: 20.9 ± 13 mm, left upper pulmonary vein: 20.5 ± 11 mm, left lower pulmonary vein: 23.4 ± 10 mm) than the right-sided ones (right common pulmonary vein: 31.0 ± 11 mm, right upper pulmonary vein: 41.9 ± 18 mm, right lower pulmonary vein: 34.5 ± 16 mm). A T ° increase >0.5°C occurred during 116/1,495 (7.8%) deliveries. A T ° rise was more likely during ablation of left-sided PVs than right-sided PVs (55% vs 10%, P < 0.0001) and when RF was delivered ≤24 mm from the esophagus (sensitivity 91%, specificity 81%, positive predictive value 75%, and negative predictive value 93%). Conclusion: A thermal probe placed in the esophagus provides real-time T ° monitoring and anatomic localization. A T ° rise is more likely during ablation of left PVs and during RF deliveries within 24 mm of the esophageal thermal probe. (PACE 2010; 33:1239–1248)
Modular High Current Test Facility at LLNL

This paper describes the 1 MA, 225 kJ test facility in operation at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The capacitor bank is constructed from three parallel 1.5 mF modules. The modules are capable of switching simultaneously or sequentially via solid dielectric puncture switches. The bank nominally operates up to 10 kV and reaches peak current with all three cabled modules in approximately 30degs. Parallel output plates from the bank allow for cable or busbar interfacing to the load. This versatile bank is currently in use for code validation experiments, railgun related activities, switch testing, and diagnostic development.
Fine needle diagnosis in lumbar osteomyelitis

Lumbar vertebral body and disk infection, presenting as low back pain, is a relatively uncommon disease but is seen more often in drug addicts. Radiographs show typical changes of infection of the lumbar vertebrae and adjacent disc. Under local anesthesia a fine needle is placed, saline injected, and aspirated. The entire needle-syringe unit is submitted to the bacteriology department. Pseudomonas infection is usually found. This method of diagnosis is simple, cost effective, well accepted by the patients, and can be done on outpatients.
Assessing the effectiveness of Madagascar’s changing protected areas system: a case study of threatened Boraginales

Threat analyses of the Boraginales were conducted and used to assess the effectiveness of Madagascar’s current and proposed protected area systems in conserving the threatened species of a group of plants widespread in Madagascar. Specimen locality data for 52 species of four families of Boraginales were analysed to provisionally assign species to IUCN Red List categories. Six species were excluded from these global analyses as they are non-native and introduced. IUCN’s criterion B, analysis of geographical range, was found to be the most reliable means of estimating threat, and predicted future decline was found to overestimate threat. Twenty-six of the 46 native species of Boraginales were found to be threatened. Sixty-five percent of these have portions of their ranges in the 2002 protected areas system. When the protected areas system was expanded in 2006 the percentage of species with some protected populations increased to 78%. More than 93% would be protected if a series of proposed priority areas for plant conservation were protected. The implications of these analyses for the conservation of plant species in Madagascar are discussed.
Standing Wave Design of 2-Zone Thermal Simulated Moving Bed Concentrator (TSMBC)

A two-zone thermal SMB concentrator (TSMBC) can concentrate solutes and recover high purity solvents for dilute feeds. Literature design methods only provide a region of acceptable design parameters, thus requiring many trial-and-error simulations to determine the optimum design. In this study, a Standing Wave Design (SWD) method is developed for a two-zone TSMBC for linear and nonlinear isotherms, and verified with Aspen Chromatography simulations. SWD allows for direct solution of the optimal operating parameters for a TSMBC. A TSMBC is more effective for concentrating dilute solutions. As feed concentration increases, the enrichment factor decreases due to limited adsorbent capacity. A higher enrichment factor is obtained at the cost of a lower feed throughput and higher energy consumption. A TSMBC is more energy efficient than a single stage evaporator or temperature swing adsorption. It also has higher feed throughput and higher enrichment factor than Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA) for dilute feeds.
Instructional Course Lectures, The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons - Treatment of Hip and Knee Problems in Myelomeningocele*†

In the 1960s, effective techniques were developed for shunting hydrocephalus and for early closure of neural tube defects. As a result, orthopaedic surgeons were presented with the challenge of managing an emerging population of children who had myelomeningocele. Initially, the musculoskeletal problems in these children were treated with the modalities and expectations that had been learned from the treatment of poliomyelitis. However, it soon became apparent that the management of children who have myelomeningocele was not so simple. Additional factors include a decrease or loss of sensation affecting some or all parts of the lower extremities, associated congenital anomalies of the spine and lower extremities, and muscle imbalance that affects skeletal development over the entire period of growth. Furthermore, some patients who have myelomeningocele have a static encephalopathy that impairs coordination and results in the loss of strength of the lower and upper extremities29,30,45. Also, progressive neurological deterioration may occur because of tethered cord syndrome or syringomyelia2. As a result, the evaluation and treatment of musculoskeletal problems in these patients can be quite difficult. The purpose of this Instructional Course Lecture is to review the natural history of myelomeningocele as well as the types of deformity that are associated with it, the treatment options that are available, and the expected results of treatment of hip and knee problems related to myelomeningocele. Although other factors must be considered, the neurological level is the key to understanding the hip and knee deformities seen in these patients. Unless otherwise specified, a modification of the classification system described by Asher and Olson3 will be used to define the neurological level (Table I). This classification is based on muscle strength, is simple to use, and, in my experience, has been helpful in predicting gross motor function …
A longitudinal analysis of HIV treatment adherence among men who have sex with men: a cognitive escape perspective

Abstract HIV is best managed by adhering to both medication and HIV care appointment schedules. Nonetheless, many HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) report low levels of adherence to both. To explain this, we tested a cognitive escape model whereby drug and alcohol use mediate the effects of depression on HIV medication and appointment adherence. We used longitudinal data (n=856) from a behavioral intervention promoting increased treatment adherence among HIV-positive MSM. All model variables predicted appointment adherence, and our mediation hypotheses were supported. Conversely, although depression related to medication adherence, substance use did not mediate this relationship, as predicted. Self-reported appointment, but not medication, adherence related to changes in viral load over time. Therefore, cognitive escape characterizes appointment, but not medication, adherence within this sample. Future behavioral interventions for this population should target HIV appointment adherence, given i...
Protective Effect of Antenatal Antioxidant on Nicotine-Induced Heart Ischemia-Sensitive Phenotype in Rat Offspring

Fetal nicotine exposure increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease later in life. The present study tested the hypothesis that perinatal nicotine-induced programming of heart ischemia-sensitive phenotype is mediated by enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in offspring. Nicotine was administered to pregnant rats via subcutaneous osmotic minipumps from day 4 of gestation to day 10 after birth, in the absence or presence of a ROS inhibitor, N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) in drinking water. Experiments were conducted in 8 month old age male offspring. Isolated hearts were perfused in a Langendorff preparation. Perinatal nicotine treatment significantly increased ischemia and reperfusion-induced left ventricular injury, and decreased post-ischemic recovery of left ventricular function and coronary flow rate. In addition, nicotine enhanced cardiac ROS production and significantly attenuated protein kinase Ce (PKCe) protein abundance in the heart. Although nicotine had no effect on total cardiac glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) protein expression, it significantly increased the phosphorylation of GSK3β at serine 9 residue in the heart. NAC inhibited nicotine-mediated increase in ROS production, recovered PKCe gene expression and abrogated increased phosphorylation of GSK3β. Of importance, NAC blocked perinatal nicotine-induced increase in ischemia and reperfusion injury in the heart. These findings provide novel evidence that increased oxidative stress plays a causal role in perinatal nicotine-induced developmental programming of ischemic sensitive phenotype in the heart, and suggest potential therapeutic targets of anti-oxidative stress in the treatment of ischemic heart disease.
Mechanical aspects of multichip module reliability

Stress in thin film multichip-module interconnect layers is often a consequence of the mismatch in the coefficients of thermal expansion among the substrate, polymer dielectric, and metal used as interconnect lines and power/ground planes. This article considers the origin of both biaxial in-plane stress and the more complex multiaxial stress state at the edge of the film for several representative multichip-module materials systems. Single-layer films are considered in detail, and then the implications for multilayer films are discussed. Adhesion of the film is a concern since delamination is a failure mode. The role of residual stress in reducing the energy to cause decohesion is considered for various polyimide systems.
Two-color quantum and classical light using dot-in-bulk semiconductor nanocrystals

Using novel dot-in-bulk nanocrystals comprising a quantum-confined CdSe core overcoated with a thick, bulk-like CdS shell, we realize a new antibunching mechanism, which allows for simultaneous generation of quantum and classical light from the same nanostructure.
What is Wrong with the Addition of an Alteknate

p Hence either p or q. The pattern is acceptable if, and only if, for every pair of propositions p and q, knowing that p (i.e., seeing the truth of p) would fully justify one in forming the disjunctive judgement (either p or q). Consequently, it is only acceptable if it is not possible that p should be true and (either p or q) false. In assessing the acceptability of Addition everything turns upon the pragmatic implications of disjunctive judgements, and the meaning or meanings of 'either . . . or . ...'. C. I. Lewis finds three meanings. The first is strong, or exclusive, disjunction. Presumably the 'either . . . or . . .' in a claim of the form 'either p or q' is being used to indicate the exclusive relation when the claim is taken to exclude the possibility that both p and q are true.1 Let us use 'A' as the symbol for this relation. According to Lewis, there are, in addition two non-exclusive kinds of disjunction-.namely intensional and extensional. An intensional disjunction is one that can be known to be true while it is still problematic which member is true, or whether both are true. Either Matilda does not love me or I am beloved
Determination of PCMX in disinfectant and health nursing product by HPLC

Objective:To establish a method for the determination of PCMX in disinfectant and health nursing product by HPLC.Methods: The sepration was carried out on a ODS-SP column.The mobile phase was methanol + water(80+20)with flow rate 1.00 ml/min.The detector was Photodiode Array Detector,The decetive wavelength was 283 nm.Results: The linear range of determination was 0 mg/ml～0.5 mg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999,the method detection limit was 0.025 μg.The relative standard deviation(RSD) was 0.45%.the average recovery was 98.6%～102.4%.Conclusion:This method is simple,rapid,accurate,so it is a good method worthy to be recommended.
Analysis of epidemic trend for hepatitis E in Lianyungang ctiy

Objective To understand the characteristics and trend for epidemic of Hepatitis E in Lianyungang city for providing the basis in making out the control measures. Methods The descriptive epidemiology was performed by using Excel 2007 SPSS13.0 software to analyze the data. Results The incidences of Hepatitis E showed a increased trend during 2004-2012 in Lianyungang. The annual average incidence of Hepatitis E was 3.26 /100 000,the incidence of Hepatitis E in u rban is higher than that in rural area. The 52.26% of all cases are the people aged from 45 to 65 years old,the incidence of Hepatitis E among male is higher than that in female with ratio of 5.54 to 1. The more Hepatitis E cases occur among the farmers,workers and retired persons. Ther cases occur in all year round with two peaks in March and July, r espectively. Conclusion The prevention and control of Hepatitis E should be enhanced among the higher risk groups with the c omprehensive measures including the vaccination,surveillance,education,management on food,water and e nvironments.
Video through a crystal ball: effect of bandwidth prediction quality on adaptive streaming in mobile environments

Mobile environments are characterized by rapidly fluctuating bandwidth and intermittent connectivity. Existing video streaming algorithms can perform poorly in such network conditions because of their reactive adaptation approach. Recent efforts suggest that bitrate adaptation using proactive accurate bandwidth prediction can help improve the quality of experience (QoE) of video streaming. However, highly accurate long-term predictions may be needed in mobile environments and those can be difficult to obtain. In this work, we examine the impact of bandwidth prediction quality on the QoE. We first characterize bandwidth profiles where bandwidth prediction-based adaptation can be useful. We then study the impact of prediction horizon and errors on the performance of Adaptive Bitrate (ABR) streaming. We observe that performance improves as the prediction horizon increases at first and then benefits start to diminish. We demonstrate that with proper error mitigation heuristic, even erroneous predictions can be useful in some scenarios. Finally, we study the role of video system parameters, namely buffer size and bitrate granularity on bandwidth prediction-based adaptation.
The Evolutionary Theory of Globalization: Interaction, Co-Evolution and Specialization AsSources of Diversity in Highly Interconnected Societies

Do the complex dynamics of international relations resemble the longterm evolution observed in living systems? This chapter will try to identify the mechanisms associated with those dynamics, and to determine if the science of complex adaptive systems can aid in the understanding of international development. It tries to address the weaknesses of current theories of international political economy to adequately explain global diversity and queries its empirical and theoretical limitations. Providing insight on the mechanisms by which divergence is a response to heightened interconnectivity, complexity theory offers a way to overcome the limitations of conventional political economy analysis.We find that at a qualitative level the dynamics of the international system resemble known aspects of biological behavior, speciation and intermittent behavior. The next frontier for the study of social development is to find quantitative measures that define these processes.
Idiopathic multiple serous detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium: a report of two cases.

Abstract A relatively uncommon entity is described which is characterized by idiopathic serous detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In contrast to RPE detachments associated with the spectrum of age-related macular degeneration and other choroidal diseases, the visual prognosis in this entity is usually good. In some respects, idiopathic serous RPE detachments display characteristics similar to idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy and could be a variant thereof. The differential diagnosis also includes multifocal Best's vitelliform dystrophy.
Expanding visual criminology: Definitions, data and dissemination

There is increasing interest in the use of visual tools and techniques in criminology. Many efforts are based on cultural and critical assumptions and focus on the spectacle of images. However, visual criminology may offer a wider variety of options to produce, frame and disseminate large amounts of information in more accessible ways. Of specific interest in this article is the potential for visual criminology to better present complex research findings. To this end, we discuss visual criminological efforts that have been used to engage audiences through social media. We replicate and consider key info-graphics on issues such as mass incarceration, 'stop and frisk', and police killings. Finally, we consider some potential problems for those interested in expanding visual approaches in criminology, and present six general propositions to be tested and further explored.
How to improve polyp detection: Quality measures and new techniques and tools for improvement

Abstract The quality of screening colonoscopy, the cornerstone of colorectal cancer prevention, varies among endoscopists and directly impacts rates of adenoma detection and the incidence of interval cancers. Through continuous quality improvement, it may be possible to improve the performance of otherwise low-level adenoma detectors. This section reviews a variety of possible interventions that may impact individual practitioners׳ adenoma detection rates. Despite advances in imaging technology and the introduction of novel devices into the endoscopy suite, self-improvement by incorporating best practice techniques is the most effective way to improve polyp detection.
Prediction of energy consumption in buildings by system identification

This paper presents modeling methodologies for predicting energy consumption using system identification. The models discussed will predict the systems performance using the measured input and output. To test and train the models, data was gathered from an existing building. State space, nonlinear, and polynomials models based mathematical functions and tested with different parameters such are temperature, time, and dew point. The results show that the proposed models can output similar energy results. The developed model can be used for energy assessment and diagnosis.
Kynecting the Dots: How Kentucky’s Willingness to Loosen the Reins Sparked a Health Insurance Enrollment Race in the Bluegrass State

ABSTRACTThe development of health insurance exchanges within the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) legislation is one of the hottest health policy issues of this decade. With the surprise enrollment success of Kentucky’s exchange called “Kynect,” the influence of how marketing and branding have contributed to the embrace of the policy has garnered interest from scholars and practitioners alike. Driven by the utilization of in-depth interviews, this study found that Kynect’s success was aided by three emergent themes: frequent communication between the outsourced marketing firm, Doe-Anderson, and relevant stakeholders; the willingness to delegate all marketing and branding control to Doe-Anderson; and a multiparty commitment to developing and executing a campaign that would simultaneously adhere to public values and accentuate a feeling of localness to constituents across the state. The paper contributes to existing literature by providing an inside look at how a government can find marketin...
Myocardial functional changes in transfemoral versus transapical aortic valve replacement

Abstract Background Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has greatly expanded the treatment options available for patients with severe aortic stenosis at high surgical risk. Materials and methods We compared changes in myocardial function in TAVR with a transfemoral (TF) versus a transapical (TA) approach at a major tertiary hospital from 2012-2016. Traditional echocardiographic measures of cardiac structure and function were tracked, alongside the use of two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography to measure myocardial strain and strain rates. Results For the entire cohort with complete data at all time points (n = 42), between the pre-TAVR baseline (mean: 20.1 d) and the post-TAVR 1-mo follow-up (mean: 32.7 d), global longitudinal strain significantly increased (from −15.6% to −18.2%, P 72 h) intensive care unit stay (45% versus 25%, P = 0.01). Conclusions Patients undergoing TA-TAVR exhibit impaired apical longitudinal strain, although global myocardial function is similar to TF-TAVR otherwise. Myocardial strain measured by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography appears to be a sensitive method to detect subtle cardiac remodeling after TAVR.
New findings from conflict archives: An introduction and methodological framework

As they pursue information and deploy violence during conflict, combatants compose, catalog, and preserve a wide variety of records, such as memos, investigative reports, and communiques. In an inc...
Pro-Attitudinal Advocacy: Effects of Extrinsic Rewards on Attitudes

Cognitive evaluation theory (Chapter 5), derived in part from the work of Heider (1958) and de Charms (1968), distinguishes between an internal and external locus of causality. This distinction, which will be considered in greater detail in Chapter 10, is illustrated by the following example. Imagine a person who attempted to persuade his neighbor to support a referendum blocking the construction of an expressway through a nearby game preserve. If he did it because he believed strongly in wildlife conservation, the perceived locus of causality would be internal: he tried to persuade his neighbor because of his attitude about conservation. However, if he had a neutral attitude but was hired by the Conservation Society to campaign for the referendum, the perceived locus of causality for the behavior would be external: he did it because of the payments.
Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers for a rare dragonfly, Cordulegaster sarracenia (Odonata: Cordulegastridae), with notes on population structure and genetic diversity

We isolated and characterized a total of 13 microsatellite loci from Cordulegaster sarracenia (Odonata: Cordulegastridae). Loci were screened in 24 individuals from Louisiana and Texas. Within C. s...
Testing the factor structure and measurement invariance of the conflict in adolescent dating relationship inventory

Intimate-partner violence (IPV) in adolescent and young-adult dating relationships is a prevalent and serious public health problem. The measurement of IPV across adolescence has most commonly relied on the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationship Inventory (CADRI; Wolfe et al., 2001), which postulates 5 distinct yet related types of IPV (i.e., threatening, verbal/emotional, relational, physical, and sexual). However, the CADRI has received minimal examination to confirm its factor structure, in particular, whether the factor structure is invariant across sex, race/ethnicity, and time, despite the clinical use of this measure for screening and treatment purposes. In response, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis of the CADRI and tested whether the factor structure was invariant across sex, race/ethnicity, and time. Adolescents (N = 1,042, 56% girls, mean age at baseline = 15.09, SD = 0.79) from high schools in the southwestern United States completed the CADRI annually for 6 consecutive years. Results confirmed the 5-factor structure of the CADRI and demonstrated measurement invariance across sex, race/ethnicity, and time. Our findings suggest that the CADRI captures 5 related but distinct types of IPV and that use of the CADRI is appropriate across sex, race/ethnicity, and time. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Brief Report: Exploring Mental Health Service Needs for the Elderly: Results of a Modified Delphi Study

Identified key informants with professional experience in the broad domain of mental health services reported current and future mental health service needs of elderly Harris County residents as part of a three-round modified Delphi study. Forty-one professionals from various housing, psychosocial, medical, and protective service provider groups were surveyed during three consecutive rounds. The consensus achieved through the Delphi process served to describe the gaps in the mental health services currently available to elderly Harris County residents as well as identify the service needs of this population into the future, thereby providing direction for future service development.
Optimizing experimental design for genome sequencing and assembly with Oxford Nanopore Technologies

High quality reference genome sequences are the core of modern genomics. Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) produces inexpensive DNA sequences in excess of 100,000 nucleotides but error rates remain >10% and assembling these sequences, particularly for eukaryotes, is a non-trivial problem. To date there has been no comprehensive attempt to generate experimental design for ONT genome sequencing and assembly. Here, we simulate ONT and Illumina DNA sequence reads for Escherichia coli, Caenorhabditis elegans, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Drosophila melanogaster. We quantify the influence of sequencing coverage, assembly software and experimental design on de novo genome assembly and error correction to predict the optimum sequencing strategy for these organisms. We show proof of concept using real ONT data generated for the nematode Caenorhabditis remanei. ONT sequencing is inexpensive and accessible, and our quantitative results will be helpful for a broad array of researchers seeking guidance for de novo genome assembly projects.
Variational Localized Active Space Self-Consistent Field Method

Fragmentation methods applied to multireference wave functions constitute a road toward the application of highly accurate ab initio wave function calculations to large molecules and solids. Howeve...
Mesoscale Modeling of Low-Level Jets over the North Sea

Contemporary onshore and offshore wind resource assessment frameworks incorporate diverse multi-scale weather predictionmodels (commonly known as mesoscale models) to dynamically downscale global-scale atmospheric fields to regional-scale (i.e., spatial and temporal resolutions of a few kilometers and a few minutes, respectively). These high resolution mesoscale models aim at depicting the expected wind behavior (e.g., wind shear, wind turning, topographically induced flow accelerations) at a particular location or region. Over the years, numerous model sensitivity and intercomparison studies have investigated the strengths and weaknesses of the models’ parameterizations (including, but not limited to, planetary boundary layer turbulence) in capturing realistic flows over land. In contrast, only a handful of modeling studies have focused on coastal and offshore flows (e.g., coastal fronts, internal boundary layers, land breeze - sea breeze circulations, low level jets); thus, our understanding and predictive capability of these flows remain less than desirable. This impairment, in combination with the recent world-wide surge in offshore wind energy development, provides the rationale for this study.
A Stable Naked Dithiolene Radical Anion and Synergic THF Ring-Opening

Reaction of the lithium dithiolene radical 2• with the imidazolium salt [{(Me)CN(i-Pr)}2CH]+[Cl]- (in a 1:1 molar ratio) gives the first stable naked anionic dithiolene radical 3•, which, when coupled with hexasulfide, [{(Me)CN(i-Pr)}2CH]+2[S6]2- (4), and N-heterocyclic silylene 5, unexpectedly results in synergic THF ring-opening via a radical mechanism.