cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulation of a drop undergoing large amplitude oscillatory shear

Direct numerical simulations are conducted for a Newtonian drop in a Newtonian matrix subjected to large amplitude oscillatory shear flows. In the experimental study of Guido et al. (in Rheol Acta 43:575–583, 2004), the drop shape is found to oscillate at higher harmonics of the forcing frequency when the capillary number is increased. Their phenomenological model requires a much smaller capillary number for predicting the harmonic nature of the experimental data. In this paper, computational results on the evolution of drop length and inclination angle are obtained at the same fluid and flow properties as the experiments, and are shown to reasonably reproduce the experimental data. In particular, the computed velocity fields around the drop are shown to elucidate the over-rotation, which is a mechanism for the experimentally observed harmonics.
A Tensile Split Hopkinson Bar for Testing Particulate Polymer Composites Under Elevated Rates of Loading

A tensile split Hopkinson bar apparatus is developed for testing high strain rate behavior of glass-filled epoxy. The apparatus uses a specimen gripping configuration which does not require fastening and/or gluing and can be readily used for castable materials. Details of the experimental setup, design of grips and specimen, specimen preparation method, benchmark experiments, and tensile responses are reported. Also, the effects of filler volume fraction (0–30%) and particle size (11–42 μm) are examined under high rates of loading and the results are compared with the ones obtained from quasi-static loading conditions. The results indicate that the increase in the loading rate contributes to a stiffer and brittle material response. In the dynamic case lower ultimate stresses are seen with higher volume fractions of filler whereas in the corresponding quasi-static cases an opposite trend exists. However, the absorbed specific energy values show a decreasing trend in both situations. The results are also evaluated relative to the existing micromechanical models. The tensile response for different filler sizes at a constant volume fraction (10%) is also reported. Larger size filler particles cause a reduction in specimen failure stress and specific energy absorbed under elevated rates of loading. In the quasi-static case, however, the ultimate stress is minimally affected by the filler size.
Deformation of Heated Nuclei Observed in the Statistical Decay of the Giant Dipole Resonance

Splitting of the giant dipole resonance built on excited states of Er nuclei, observed in continuum $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectra from $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ + $^{148}\mathrm{Sm}$ and $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ + $^{154}\mathrm{Sm}$ reactions, reveals the persistence of prolate, ground-state-like deformation at elevated temperature $T\ensuremath{\sim}1$ MeV and spins $I=0 \mathrm{to} 25\ensuremath{\hbar}$.
Qualitative and quantitative observations on the tubular reactor

The tubular reactor in the steady state is considered for a single chemical reaction. It is shown that almost all of the qualitative features of the temperature and concentration profiles may be deduced from the equations themselves without solving them. Extensive numerical calculations are also presented both for the finite and semi-infinite reactor. Comparisons are made with the lumped constant system. It is shown that the solution for the semi-infinite reactor is always unique and serves as a bounding solution for all finite reactors with the same parameters. On considere. l'emploi d'un reacteur tubulaire dans un regime permanent dans le cas d'une reaction chimique simple. On montre qu'on peut deduire des iquations memes, sans les resoudre, tous les detaila qualitatifs qui ont trait aux profib de temperature et de concentration. On presente egalement des calculs d'envergure dana le cas des reacteurs finis et semi-infinis. On fait des comparaisons avec le systeme dee constantes en bloc. On montre quc la solution, dans le cas d'un reactenr semi-infini, est toujours unique et e'applique a tous ks reacteurs finis qui possedent lee memes parameres.
T-cell antigen receptor function: the concept of autoaggression

That T lymphocytes must recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded self antigen together with foreign antigen for effective interaction with antigen-bearing cells has been known for a decade, yet the exact function of the MHC in regulating the action of T lymphocytes is still a matter of dispute. Theories advanced to explain T-cell function assign merely an accessory role to the MHC, namely to ‘restrict’ the ability of T cells to respond to foreign antigen. Here Michael Hoffmann discusses the possibility that, instead of restricting T-cell activity, recognition of MHC-encoded self-antigen by the T-cell receptor is actually the consequential event in T-cell ffector function and that foreign antigen plays an accessory role.
On the central hypertensive effect of angiotensin II

Abstract It was the purpose of this study to investigate further the mechanism by which angiotensin II produces central hypertensive effects. When administered into the perfused lateral ventricle of the cat, the peptide consistently produced neural presser effects which were essentially abolished by lesions at high midbrain levels. Presser activity was apparently not generated by bulbar efferent or afferent mechanisms, as topical application of the peptide at the termination of the cerebral aqueduct during perfusion produced little or no change in femoral blood pressure when compared with the intraventricular responses in the same animals. Similar pressor activity was observed in perfused dog lateral ventricle experiments but was not detected in experiments in which only subarachnoid structures of the dog brain were perfused.
Neuer Fliehkraft‐Laborwindsichter mit weitem Trennbereich

Fur korngrosenanalytische und praparative Arbeiten wurden ein Fliehkraft-Laborwindsichter mit rotierenden zickzackformigen Kanalen entwickelt. Das Gerat besitzt einen weiten Trennbereich zwischen etwa 1,5 und 80 μm fur Materialien mit einer Dichte von 2,7. Der Durchsatz betragt je nach der Rieselfahigkeit des Aufgabematerials etwa 0,5 bis 3 kg/h. Dadurch lassen sich auch Mengen in der Grosenordnung von 1 kg verhaltnismasig rasch trennen, wofur es bisher noch kein geeignetes Gerat gab. Die gewunschte Trenngrenze wird durch Variation der Sichtraddrehzahl und der Luftmenge an Hand einer Eichkurve eingestellt. Trennscharfe und Reproduzierbarkeit sind recht gut; es lassen sich auch schwierige, stark zum Ansetzen und zum Agglomerieren neigende Stoffe trennen.
Quantized thermal conductance: measurements in nanostructures

We are performing experiments to probe directly the thermal conductance of suspended nanostructures with lateral dimensions ≈100 nm. It has been recently predicted that at low temperatures, thermal conductance in such a structure approaches a universal value of π^2k_B^2T/3h for each massless, ballistic phonon channel, independent of material characteristics. We have developed ultra-sensitive, low dissipation DC-SQUID-based noise thermometry, and extreme isolation from the electronic environment in order to perform this measurement at temperatures below 70 mK.
Understanding and teaching future consciousness

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the main forms and components of future consciousness, to identify the important values for enhancing future consciousness, and to describe a variety of educational strategies for heightening future consciousness.Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents a historical review of the development of future consciousness and a psychological review of recent theory and research on its components and benefits, and argues for a teaching philosophy and strategy based on positive psychology and the development of virtues and wisdom.Findings – Future consciousness is multi‐dimensional and involves all the major capacities of the human mind. A set of different forms of future consciousness has evolved over time, encompassing practical and social intelligence, mythic narrative, rationality and emotionality, science fiction, and future studies. Psychologically, future consciousness involves human emotion and motivation, learning and memory, all major forms of c...
The Demand for Hedging with Futures and Options

The optimal hedging portfolio is shown to include both futures and options under a variety of circumstances when the marginal cost of hedging is nonzero. Futures and options are treated as substitute goods, and the properties of the resulting hedging demand system are explained. The overall optimal hedge ratio is shown to increase when the marginal cost of trading options is reduced. The overall optimal hedge ratio is shown to decrease when the marginal cost of trading futures is decreased. One implication is that hedging demand can be stimulated by a reduction in the perceived cost of trading options through the education of hedgers about options and the initiation of programs such as the Dairy Options Pilot Program. The demand approach is applied to estimate optimal hedge ratios for dairy producers hedging corn inputs in five regions of Pennsylvania. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:693–712, 2001
Patellar tracking in total knee arthroplasty: inset versus onset design.

Abstract Patellar components come in onset and inset designs. Kinematic differences between these designs were studied in a cadaver model of closed kinetic chain knee extension. Seven frozen knees were implanted with a standard posterior cruciate–retaining design. Each knee first was tested with the inset design, followed by the onset design in the Oxford Knee Rig. Three-dimensional tracking of the femur, tibia, and patella was performed using an electromagnetic system during active knee extension under load. No statistically significant differences were seen in knee kinematics between the 2 designs. The inset patella tended to shift laterally and tilt laterally more than the onset patella. This difference may be clinically significant.
Antimicrobial activity of selected natural products against Gram-positive, Gram-negative and Acid-fast bacterial pathogens

Recurring epidemics of drug resistant bacterial diseases such as those caused by mycobacteria (tuberculosis and non-tuberculous infections), staphylococci (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or MRSA infections) and various Gram-negative enterobacteria (enterobacterial infections) have reinforced the need to search for alternative antimicrobials. In this context, we investigated the anti-bacterial potential of nine different natural products and compared them with the antibiotic controls, using three test bacterial species, representing the Gram-negative ( Escherichia coli ), Gram-positive ( Staphylococcus epidermidis ), and Acid-fast ( Mycobacterium smegmatis ) pathogen groups. Six of the nine products showed detectable but variable zones of inhibition (mm2). The anti-bacterial activity (mm2 per 100 mg) of the extracts from the four solid natural products was in the following order for all three pathogen groups: Mint ( Mentha arvensis ) leaf extract, 264-930>Mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus ) cap extract, 112-241>Turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) root extract, 4-10>Ginger ( Zingiber officinale ) root extract, 3-9. For the liquid products, the activity measured on 100 μL aliquots was in the following order: Eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus globules ) oil, 264-1044>Mustard ( Brassica campestris L. var. brown sarson) oil, 45-96. Taken together, these results indicated the highest activity in Mint extract and Eucalyptus oil against all three test organisms. However, the individual test strains showed the following variable order of susceptibility: Mint extract ( M. smegmatis > E. coli > S . epidermidis ); Eucalyptus oil ( M. smegmatis > S. epidermidis > E . coli ). Based on these results it can be concluded that Mint leaves and Eucalyptus oil have an unusually broad spectrum activity and may, therefore, be promising sources of new broad spectrum antimicrobials.
Right turn on red--a traffic management simulation

This paper outlines a stochastic model of the right-turn-on-red (RTOR) policy for a high-density urban area consisting of one-way streets. This model is used to investigate the effects of (1) cross-street traffic volume, (2) right-turn lane traffic volume, (3) pedestrian arrival rate, and (4) balking rate for right-turning vehicles. The model provides the methodology for studying the RTOR maneuver under various conditions. Specific recommendations on when to use RTOR are developed for typical urban conditions. Language: en
The HIV-1 reverse transcriptase mutants G190S and G190A, which confer resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, demonstrate reductions in RNase H activity and DNA synthesis from tRNALys, 3 that correlate with reductions in replication efficiency

We evaluated the replication efficiency of the HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) mutants K103N, G190A, and G190S, which confer resistance to the non-nucleoside RT inhibitor efavirenz, using growth competition assays in cell culture. In the absence of efavirenz, the fitness hierarchy was G190S < G190A < K103N < wild-type. The fitness reduction of G190S relative to K103N was less evident at high efavirenz concentrations, although K103N still replicated more efficiently. Efficiency of RNase H cleavage and RNA-dependent DNA synthesis from tRNA(Lys, 3) correlated with relative fitness, in biochemical studies of mutant RTs. Presteady state and steady state polymerization assays using DNA primers detected no abnormalities. This work is consistent with previous studies demonstrating that initiation of viral DNA synthesis is reduced in mutants with slowed RNase H cleavage, and suggests that both abnormalities contribute to the replication defect of these mutants. It also suggests that high concentrations of efavirenz are unlikely to favor the selection of G190S clinically.
Why realists disagree about the Third World (and why they shouldn't)

(1996). Why realists disagree about the Third World (and why they shouldn't) Security Studies: Vol. 5, Realism: Restatements and Renewal, pp. 358-381.
Cutaneous manifestation of Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease in the setting of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's).

Kikuchi–Fujimoto disease (histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis) is a rare, self limited, benign necrotizing lymphadenitis. Although originally described in young Asian women, numerous cases have since been documented among various genders, ages, and races. Kikuchi–Fujimoto disease typically presents as fever, lymphadenopathy, and rash. The rash is variable in appearance and biopsy is required to confirm the diagnosis. This vignette describes a unique case of a Caucasian man with a history of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s)1 who presented with recurrent rash, flu-like illness, and acute kidney injury, suspicious for relapse of the disease. However, by skin biopsy, he was found to have Kikuchi–Fujimoto disease. This is the first reported case of Kikuchi–Fujimoto disease in a patient with known granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s).
Adaptive, split-flap actuator for retreating blade stall control

The primary purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual design for an adaptive materials driven actuator, to be used for rotorcraft retreating blade stall control. The displacement of a single induced strain actuator is hydraulically amplified and the resulting output displacement is used to actuate a split-flap. Such an actuator is designed to produce high displacements through high amplification factors. The actuator design procedure is presented for a sample case. The required actuator force, displacement and amplification are computed. The effects of the flap deployment on the performance of the helicopter are not presented.
Electron Transport through Early Exponential‐Phase Anode‐Grown Geobacter sulfurreducens Biofilms

Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms were grown to early exponential phase (i.e. the point at which the catalytic current first begins to increase) on interdigitated microelectrode arrays (IDAs), resulting in the formation of sparse cell clusters surrounded by extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Continuous domains of EPS (defined here to include extracellular materials including filaments), but not cell clusters, were observed to bridge the gaps between adjacent electrode bands. Electrochemical gate measurements revealed electrical continuity between adjacent IDA electrode bands, indicating that extracellular electron transport (EET) occurs through the EPS. The dependency of the source-drain current on the gate potential is peak shaped, which is consistent with EPS acting as a redox conductor. The gate potential at which the maximum source-drain current occurs is approximately 0.13 V more positive than that for stationary-phase biofilms, indicating that redox cofactors involved in EET at the early exponential phase are different to those at the stationary phase.
Effect of Ammonia on Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from α-Pinene Ozonolysis in Dry and Humid Conditions

This study examines the influence of ammonia (NH3) on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the alpha-pinene/ozone oxidation system for dry and humid conditions. Aerosol yield differed depending on which OH scavenger was used, with the highest yield noted for CO, followed by cyclohexane and 2-butanol. Number and volume concentrations were quickly increased within the reactor by 15 and 8%, respectively, when NH3 was added after the reaction ceased. The increase in number concentration indicated the formation of new particles resulting from gas-to-particle conversion. Moreover, average particle size increased from 242 to 248 nm. The resulting aerosol growth was attributed to ammonium salts formed by the reaction between organic acids and NH3. When NH3 was added to aerosolized cis-pinonic acid in the environmental reactor, a dramatic increase in both number and volume concentrations of cis-pinonic acid was observed. This provides further evidence that NH3 can interact with gas-phase organic acids forming condensable salts and thereby enhancing SOA formation. Initially present NH3 significantly enhanced aerosol yield in alpha-pinene-ozone reactions, regardless of the presence of water vapor. The role of NH3 on SOA formation in the dry and humid conditions is discussed in terms of a theoretical modeling study.
Intracellular Survival of Candida albicans in Peritoneal Macrophages From Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

Candidal peritonitis is a tenacious infection in patients undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis. Since little is known about host defenses of the human peritoneal cavity against fungi, we investigated the interaction of peritoneal macrophages (PMO) from uninfected dialysis patients with Candida albicans blastospores. Chemiluminescence (CL) techniques were used to assess the respiratory burst activity of these cells, and candidacidal activity was evaluated with a fluorochrome microassay. In sharp contrast to peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMO) from healthy donors, which gave a brisk luminol-enhanced CL response to opsonized blastospores and killed 35% of cell-associated organisms, PMO produced barely detectable luminol-enhanced CL and killed only 13% of intracellular Candida. These findings appeared to be associated with a decreased level of myeloperoxidase in PMO. The mechanism of intracellular survival of C albicans also appeared to be related to relatively poor triggering of superoxide production during phagocytosis of viable blastospores. The CL response of PMNs to C albicans was opsonin-dependent, and peritoneal dialysis effluent was devoid of opsonic activity. These studies suggest that local cellular and humoral mechanisms of defense are inadequate for protection of peritoneal dialysis patients against candidal peritonitis.
A new padding scheme for local tomograpy in tomographic microscopy

Tomographic microscopy using synchrotron radiation provides high-resolution structure details on the scale of microns. The field of view (FOV) of the microscopy system, however, is usually limited by the detector size. For example, a typical CCD camera used for data acquisition is of size 2048 by 2048. In many cases this CCD camera is not large enough to provide complete information required for accurate reconstruction, and the local tomography problem hereby arises. On the other hand, the huge dataset generated by tomographic microscopy asks for a highly efficient solution with no a priori information necessary. A new padding scheme is therefore proposed for the local tomography issue. It first pads the projection data using the boundary value inside the FOV, which is specified by the detector size, followed by a zero-value padding to 1.5 times the FOV length. The boundary-value padding removes the energy deposition and cupping artifact in reconstruction results from local tomography, while the zero-value padding reduces the drift of the intensity values caused by fully boundary padding. The combination of two padding schemes keeps advantages of fully zero-value padding and fully boundary-value padding, while avoiding their disadvantages. Quantitative analysis using synthetic data shows that the proposed method outperforms fully zero-value padding and fully boundary-value padding in terms of accuracy and ease for post processing. Experimental results for real data are also provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Winds from Accretion Disks Driven by Radiation and Magnetocentrifugal Force

We study the two-dimensional, time-dependent hydrodynamics of radiation-driven winds from luminous accretion disks threaded by a strong, large-scale, ordered magnetic field. The radiation force is mediated primarily by spectral lines and is calculated using a generalized multidimensional formulation of the Sobolev approximation. The effects of the magnetic field are approximated by adding into the equation of motion a force that emulates a magnetocentrifugal force. Our approach allows us to calculate disk winds when the magnetic field controls the geometry of the flow, forces the flow to corotate with the disk, or both. In particular, we calculate models in which the lines of the poloidal component of the field are straight and inclined to the disk at a fixed angle. Our numerical calculations show that flows that conserve specific angular velocity have larger mass-loss rates than their counterparts that conserve specific angular momentum. The difference in the mass-loss rates between these two types of winds can be several orders of magnitude for low disk luminosities but vanishes for high disk luminosities. Winds that conserve angular velocity have much higher velocities than angular momentum-conserving winds. Fixing the wind geometry stabilizes winds that are unsteady when the geometry is derived self-consistently. The inclination angle between the poloidal velocity and the normal to the disk midplane is important. Nonzero inclination angles allow the magnetocentrifugal force to increase the mass-loss rate for low luminosities and increase the wind velocity for all luminosities. The presence of the azimuthal force does not change the mass-loss rate when the geometry of the flow is fixed. Our calculations also show that the radiation force can launch winds from magnetized disks. The line force can be essential in producing magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) winds from disks where the thermal energy is too low to launch winds or where the field lines make an angle of less than 30° with respect to the normal to the disk midplane. In the latter case the wind will be less decollimated by the centrifugal force near its base, and its collimation far away from the disk can be larger than the collimation of its centrifugally driven MHD counterpart.
Flow-dependent vascular heat transfer during microwave thermal ablation

Microwave tumor ablation is an attractive option for thermal ablation because of its inherent benefits over radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in the treatment of solid tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Microwave energy heats tissue to higher temperatures and at a faster rate than RFA, creating larger, more homogenous ablation zones. In this study, we investigate microwave heating near large vasculature using coupled fluid-flow and thermal analysis. Low-flow conditions are predicted to be more likely to cause cytotoxic heating and, therefore, vessel thrombosis and endothelial damage of downstream tissues. Such conditions may be more prevalent in patient with severe cirrhosis or compromised blood flow. High-flow conditions create the more familiar heat-sink effect that can protect perivascular tissues from the intended thermal damage. These results may help guide placement and use of microwave ablation technologies in future studies.
Vascular Structure Design of an Artificial Tree for Microbial Cell Cultivation and Biofuel Production

This paper reports the design of a vascular structure for an artificial tree, also known as an evaporation-driven porous substrate bioreactor (PSBR), for efficient biofuel production using microalgae. This system consists of multiple vertical ribs, each of which is made of porous membrane and grows algal cells on its surface as a biofilm. Nutrient medium flow through the reactor is driven by evaporation at the terminal end of the porous membrane, and nutrients are delivered from the porous membrane to the cells by diffusion. Flow through the membrane was modeled as a function of the physico-chemical and morphological properties of the membrane, as well as the environmental parameters governing evaporation. It was determined that under typical operating conditions, the evaporative flux from the evaporator region ranged from about 14 to 66 mg/m $$^2$$ s. Moreover, there was a membrane pore radius that maximized nutrient medium flow as a result of the competition between capillary, viscous, and gravitational forces. For the range of evaporative fluxes observed in this study, this pore radius was about 10 $$\upmu $$ m. Furthermore, a design example is provided for artificial trees made of three different commercially available membrane materials. A design methodology was demonstrated for maximizing photosynthetic productivity by tuning the evaporation-driven flow rate to ensure sufficient nutrient delivery to cells without incurring large evaporative loss rates. It was observed that both the growth rate and the evaporation-driven nutrient delivery rate were directly related to the irradiance in outdoor artificial trees, which provides a passive and efficient nutrient delivery mechanism. It is expected that the design principles along with the physical models governing the fluid flow in these vascular structures will aid researchers in developing novel applications for artificial trees.
Increased incidence of HLA antigen B35 in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia

We and others have reported an increased incidence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) among Ashkenazi (ASH) Jews of European origin. We performed HLA Class I typing on all 50 CLL patients seen by us and compared them with 3886 controls consisting of healthy blood donors from the New York Blood Center. Thirty of our CLL patients were ASH Jews, 17 of whom (57%) expressed the B35 antigen compared with 462 ASH controls (26%). Seven (39%) of the CLL Caucasian patients expressed the B35 antigen compared with 305 (14.5%) of the Caucasian controls. Combining the information from the ASH Jews and the Caucasians the difference is highly significant, (p = 0.0001). The summary odds ratio was 3.7. These results indicate an increased incidence of the antigen B35 amongst ASH and Caucasian patients with CLL.
Tensile ductility of extrinsically toughened intermetallics

A theoretical analysis based on crack instability is presented to elucidate factors effecting the tensile ductility of intermetallics that are toughened by extrinsic mechanisms and resistance-curve effects. The analytical results indicate that extrinsic-toughening mechanisms are ineffec-tive in imparting tensile ductility in brittle intermetallics. The plastic strain at the onset of un-stable fracture is generally controlled by the initiation toughness,KIc, except for materials with a high-tearing modulus,TR.The consequence is that tensile ductility increases with the initiation toughness,KIc, but is unrelated to theK value measured at the peak load or theTRvalue for materials with low- to intermediate-tearing resistance (e.g., TR <18 forKIc= 10 MPa√m). Application of the model to a two-phase TiAl alloy reveals good agreement between theory and experiment. This finding indicates that tensile ductility in brittle intermetallics can be imparted more effectively by intrinsic-toughening mechanisms than by extrinsic ones.
Oxidative damage of retinal rod outer segment membranes and the role of vitamin E.

Abstract Highly purified bovine rod outer segment membranes show loss of structural integrity under an air atmosphere. Obvious ultrastructural changes are preceded by increases in absorbance below 400 nm. These changes are inhibited by Ar or N2 atmospheres and appear to be due primarily to oxidative damage to the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the membrane lipids. Loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids, formation of malonaldehyde and fluorescent products characteristic of lipid oxidation accompany the spectral alterations. The elevated ultraviolet absorbance can largely be removed from the membranes by gentle extraction of the lipids using phospholipase C and hexane without changing the visible absorbance of rhodopsin. We have found a large seasonal variation in the endogenous level of α-tocopherol (vitamin E) in the bovine rod outer segment preparations. For much of the year we find that the rod outer segment membranes contain higher levels of α-tocopherol than have been previously reported in biological membranes. Rod outer segments which are low in endogenous tocopherol can be protected from oxygen damage by adding exogenous tocopherol. The rod outer segments are extremely susceptible to oxygen damage due to the unusually high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the membrane lipids. The presence of tocopherol inhibits oxygen damage but does not eliminate it. The tocopherol in the rod outer segments is consumed in air, thus complete protection from peroxidation in vitro requires an inert atmosphere as well as high levels of tocopherol. This work suggests that extensive precautions against oxidative degradation should also be employed in studies of other membrane systems where important deleterious effects of oxygen may be less obvious.
Dynamic Perspectives on Agricultural Policy Issues

Among the innovators, Fred Waugh was one of the most prolific. He made pioneering contributions in linear programming, statistics and econometrics, demand analysis, the welfare effects of price risk, and the analysis and explanation of commodity cycles. As a research leader, mentor and teacher at the USDA, he left his mark on the work of later generations of researchers. I find myself no exception, as will become clear from what I have to say in this paper. Even though I never met him in person, my work has been influenced by what he wrote and by what his students wrote and taught. Among the many topics that interested Waugh were the dynamics of free market behavior and the implications for policy formation. In this paper I consider models of markets in which the dynamics run in two directions, forward from current conditions to expectations of future prices, and back from price expectations to current decisions. Both types of linkages can be crucial in competitive models of agricultural production, in which land has a prominent role as the quintessential fixed asset. A central challenge of market analysis from Waugh's time till now has been to infer from market observations whether markets are behav-
Clutch size declines with elevation in tropical birds

ABSTRACT Clutch size commonly decreases with increasing elevation among temperate-zone and subtropical songbird species. Tropical songbirds typically lay small clutches, thus the ability to evolve even smaller clutch sizes at higher elevations is unclear and untested. We conducted a comparative phylogenetic analysis using data gathered from the literature to test whether clutch size varied with elevation among forest passerines from three tropical biogeographic regions—the Venezuelan Andes and adjacent lowlands, Malaysian Borneo, and New Guinea. We found a significant negative effect of elevation on variation in clutch size among species. We found the same pattern using field data sampled across elevational gradients in Venezuela and Malaysian Borneo. Field data were not available for New Guinea. Both sets of results demonstrate that tropical montane species across disparate biogeographic realms lay smaller clutches than closely related low-elevation species. The environmental sources of selection underly...
Identification of the sites of albumin catabolism in the rat

Abstract Rat serum albumin was labeled with [G- 3 H]raffinose, a nondegradable radioactive tracer which has been shown to accumulate in cells following protein degradation (Van Zile et al. , 1979, J. Biol. Chem. 254 , 3547–3553). Stoichiometric labeling of albumin with [ 3 H]raffinose did not affect either its circulating half-life or its equilibration into extravascular spaces. The tissue distribution of acid-soluble radioactivity was followed for up to 96 h after intracardial injection of labeled protein. At 18, 48, and 96 h postinjection muscle and hide accounted for the highest proportion (40–60%) of catabolized dose of albumin in the body. Additional small percentages of radioactive degradation products were recovered in liver, kidney, and other visceral organs. The data provide the first direct evidence that the major fraction of albumin catabolism in the rat occurs in muscle and hide.
Peering in From Corporate Political Activity

This article responds to Professor Barley's address in which he said that corporations have inordinate power relative to other groups in society because of their superior resources and relationships with political actors. The article provides data on lobbying and political campaign contributions to show that corporations are dominant in resources, although nonbusiness interest groups actively use the same political activities. Also reviewed are prior studies showing that large corporations share intimate social networks with high-ranking public policy officials, leading to many benefits, including political power. The article provides conjecture that six conditions exist often enough to check the absolute dominance of corporate interests in public policy outcomes. The article indicates that contemporary organizational researchers have largely focused on the private benefits of corporate political activities and in turn have neglected to study the public economic, social, and political effects of such acti...
Novel quark fragmentation functions and the nucleon's transversity distribution.

We define twist-two and twist-three quark fragmentation functions in quantum chromodynamics and study their physical implications. Using this formalism we show how the nucleon's transversity distribution can be measured in single pion inclusive electroproduction.
The impact of image smoothness on intrinsic functional connectivity and head motion confounds

We present a novel method for controlling the effects of group differences in motion on functional connectivity studies. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) is a powerful tool that allows for the assessment of whole-brain functional organization across a wide range of clinical populations. However, as highlighted by recent studies, many measures commonly used in rs-fMRI are highly correlated with subject head movement. A source of this problem is that motion itself, and motion correction algorithms, lead to spatial smoothing, which is then variable across the brain and across subjects or groups dependent upon the amount of motion present during scanning. Studies aimed at elucidating differences between populations that have different head-motion characteristics (e.g., patients often move more in the scanner than healthy control subjects) are significantly confounded by these effects. In this work, we propose a solution to this problem, uniform smoothing, which ensures that all subject images in a study have equal effective spatial resolution. We establish that differences in the intrinsic smoothness of images across a group can confound connectivity results and link these differences in smoothness to motion. We demonstrate that eliminating these smoothness differences via our uniform smoothing solution is successful in reducing confounds related to the differences in head motion between subjects.
Reduction in Severity and Extent of Myocardial Infarction When Nitroglycerin and Methoxamine are Administered during Coronary Occlusion

The effects of treatment with nitroglycerin (TNG) and methoxamine on the degree of ischemic injury occurring during 5 hours of coronary occlusion were studied in 31 closed-chest sedated dogs. Acute coronary occlusion was produced by inflating a cuff previously implanted around the left anterior descending coronary artery. After 10 min of ischemia (assessed by intramyocardial electrodes), dogs were randomized into control and treated groups. Treated dogs received i.v. TNG during the remainder of the 5 hour occlusion. Arterial pressure was maintained at preinfusion levels with i.v. methoxamine. Six of 16 control dogs died; three of 15 treated dogs died. After 24 hours severity of infarct was assessed in survivors by gross inspection, and more quantitatively, by measurement of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) content of myocardium adjacent to each electrode. Transmural infarction was observed in all of the ten surviving control animals but in only two of the 12 treated animals. In control dogs, CPK was inversely related to ST segment elevation observed after 10 min of occlusion: the greater the ST elevation, the lower the myocardial CPK level. This relation was modified in the treated group: at comparable initial levels of ischemia (as judged by ST segment elevation prior to treatment), treated dogs had significantly less CPK depression than control dogs ( P P
Poetry, Personality, and the Divinity School Address

The April before he delivered his address at the Divinity School, Emerson had traveled into Cambridge to discuss “theism” with some of the Divinity School students. Although he was not usually reluctant to let his views be known, he went to this meeting “rather heavy-hearted,” fearing that what he had to say about theism would not be warmly received. “I always find,” he confessed, “that my views chill or shock people at the first opening.” But this conversation must have gone well. Emerson came away from it “cheered,” and remembered one point that seemed to impress the students favorably:
Role of receptor mechanisms in the adaptive response to habitual exercise

Abstract Many of the physiologic adaptations that occur in response to habitual exercise are associated with changes in neuroendocrine control of specific cell and tissue functions. Because all of the hormones and neurotransmitters important to exercise physiology exert their effects at the cellular level by binding to specific receptors, alterations in receptor properties induced by physical conditioning constitute a potential biochemical mechanism underlying changes in neuroendocrine control that contribute to the altered physiology of the exercise-trained state. This article summarizes existing data concerning the effects of exercise conditioning on receptor properties in several tissues. Considerable evidence suggests that hypersensitivity of adipocyte β1-adrenergic receptors to catecholamine stimulation is a response to exercise training, and may contribute to the increased consumption of fat, as opposed to carbohydrate, as fuel for muscular work during submaximal exertion in trained subjects. Conversely, cardiac β-adrenergic receptors appear to be unaltered by physical conditioning, such that the relative bradycardia of the trained state is not attributable to changes in receptor properties. Training-induced changes in skeletal muscle, vascular and bronchial smooth muscle, platelet and leukocyte adrenergic receptors have also been reported, but the published findings are either inconsistent or of uncertain physiologic significance at the current time.
Design and analysis of multibus systems using projective geometry

The authors identify computing elements and buses with the points and lines of projective geometry. In particular, the two-dimensional projective spaces, known as projective planes, are investigated. The use of projective planes in the design and analysis of a high performance multiple bus interconnection network is explored. It is shown how to construct a system from a projective plane and then use the theorems of projective geometry to construct a simple Markov chain to model the reliability and performance of the system. A comparison of a projective plane design with a similarly sized existing system shows it to have superior fault tolerance and performance measures. >
“When people argue about fish, the fish disappear.”

Abstract This study examined the effectiveness of subsistence fishery closure “windows” scheduling as a management tool for conservation of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Kuskokwim River, Alaska. The windows, which reduced subsistence fishing from seven days to four days a week, were implemented in 2001 to conserve early migrant/upperriver Chinook salmon stock and to provide subsistence harvest opportunities for upper-river communities. The windows were expected to (1) reduce the proportion of Chinook salmon harvests in the early season, (2) delay the harvest timing, and (3) extend the total fishing days. To examine its effectiveness, subsistence salmon harvest calendars (1989–2006) were collected and examined for changes in harvest timing before and after the windows were implemented. The results showed that the windows did not reduce harvests early in the season, delay the harvest timing, or extend the total fishing days. This suggests that the windows were not effective. Potential rea...
Optimal resource allocation in wireless communication and networking

Optimal design of wireless systems in the presence of fading involves the instantaneous allocation of resources such as power and frequency with the ultimate goal of maximizing long term system properties such as ergodic capacities and average power consumptions. This yields a distinctive problem structure where long term average variables are determined by the expectation of a not necessarily concave functional of the resource allocation functions. Despite their lack of concavity it can be proven that these problems have null duality gap under mild conditions permitting their solution in the dual domain. This affords a significant reduction in complexity due to the simpler structure of the dual function. The article discusses the problem simplifications that arise by working in the dual domain and reviews algorithms that can determine optimal operating points with relatively lightweight computations. Throughout the article concepts are illustrated with the optimal design of a frequency division broadcast channel.
Does exaggerated morphology preclude plasticity to cuckoldry in the midshipman fish ( Porichthys notatus )

In species with more than one male reproductive morph, there typically exists a larger morph with exaggerated secondary sexual characters, and a smaller morph with reduced secondary sexual characters. These “exaggerated” and “reduced” morphologies are commonly thought to represent specializations to alternative behavioral reproductive tactics—large body size and exaggerated secondary sexual characters should both facilitate territoriality, courtship, and pair-spawning; while small body size and reduced secondary sexual characters should facilitate “sneaky” cuckoldry. Given this postulated relationship between morphology and behavior, we examined the relationship between the morphology of exaggerated males and cuckoldry. In a field and aquarium study of the midshipman fish, a fish with both exaggerated and reduced morphs, we demonstrated cuckoldry in some males of the exaggerated morph. Since the “reduced” morphology is thought to be an adaptation towards sneaky cuckoldry, we predicted that, of males with the exaggerated morph, less-exaggerated (smaller) males would be better able to gain proximity to the spawning pair during cuckoldry. In contrast to that prediction, access to the spawning pair during cuckoldry increased with the body size of the cuckolding exaggerated-morph males. This may be related to our observation that exaggerated males often cuckolded aggressively. Thus the “exaggerated” morphology need not preclude adaptive plasticity to cuckoldry, and may even aid it.
Multiple chronic conditions: diabetes associated with comorbidity and shared risk factors using CDC WEAT and SAS analytic tools.

Background: Multiple chronic conditions (MCCs) are significant public health problems receiving much attention, and rightly so, because of the substantial morbidity, mortality, and cost burden. Obj...
Psychophysiologic reactions in the neonate: II. Effect of maternal medication on the neonate and bis bebavior

Summary Certain observable differences in behavioral patterns of the newborn infant as he recovers from the delivery process are recorded. The influence on these patterns of depressant drugs given the mother as premediation is seen as a deepening and prolongation of the central nervous system disorganization attendant on the birth process. The usual period of general disorganization seems to be prolonged for 1 to 2 days by relatively heavy premedication with barbiturates. In the neonate's specific ability to adapt to the breast-feeding situation, this study of 41 babies demonstrated a lag of 48 hours' duration. Weight gain in the observed infants was delayed 24 hours by relatively heavy barbiturate premedication given the mother. The importance of accounting for the effects of drugs on individual responses in adapting to extrauterine existence is emphasized.
In situ measurement of the settling velocity of organic carbon particles and 10 species of phytoplankton

An in situ method of simultaneously measuring the settling velocity of three size ranges of particulate organic carbon (POC) particles and 10 species of phytoplankton is described. The measurements took 2 h and were done at four different periods during the diurnal cycle. The POC fluxes of particles in the size ranges l-10 p, lo-64 p, and ~64 p were about equal for each size range and showed very little diurnal variation. In contrast, the phytoplankton showed considerable response to the varying light intensities of a day. The flagellates migrated downward at sunset; a species of diatom settled more slowly during daylight than at night; a blue-green species showed maximum buoyance at midnight and some green species changed from downward sinking on a bright day to upward movement on a dull day.
Hot-carrier-reliability design guidelines for CMOS logic circuits

Long-term ring-oscillator hot-carrier degradation data and simulation results are compared to demonstrate that a circuit reliability simulator BERT can predict CMOS digital circuit speed degradation from transistor DC stress data. We present generalized hot-carrier-reliability design rules that translate device-level degradation rate to CMOS circuit lifetime. The design rules, which consist of lifetime and speed degradation factors, can roughly predict CMOS circuit degradation during the initial design, and can help reliability engineers to quickly estimate the overall product hot-carrier reliability. The NMOSFET and PMOSFET lifetime factors were found to obey 4/ft/sub rise/ and 10/ft/sub fall/ respectively. Typically, the NMOSFET and PMOSFET speed degradation factors are 1/4 and 1/2, respectively, with saturation region drain current as the monitor, while for a 100 MHz operating frequency and for an input rise time of 0.35 ns, the NMOSFET and PMOSFET time factors are 120 and 300, respectively. >