cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Similar phenomena, different mechanisms: Semantic and phonological false memories are produced by independent mechanisms

The Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm can produce high levels of false remembering for lists of both semantic and phonological associates. The present study investigated whether similar mechanisms mediate false memories with these two types of lists. Experiment 1 measured the relationship between levels of false memory obtained with lists of semantic and phonological associates. The results indicated little correlation between false memories generated with the two types of associates. Experiment 2 used a between-subjects design to determine whether the absence of a significant correlation in Experiment 1 was a consequence of the relatively low levels of false memory observed in that experiment. The results indicated similar proportions of false memories in Experiments 1 and 2, suggesting that the within-subjects design in Experiment 1 did not reduce the overall levels of false recall or recognition. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the independence of the mechanisms mediating different types of false memories.
Race to give? The selective effectiveness of United States trade capacity building assistance

ABSTRACT Pundits and scholars have long debated the effectiveness of foreign aid: does it lead to economic growth or is it simply throwing money ‘down the rat hole’? This paper re-invigorates the debate by examining the question through a new lens. Rather than examining the effectiveness of general foreign aid on economic growth, this paper tests the impact of targeted foreign aid on a narrower economic activity. Specifically, this paper investigates the impact of United States trade capacity building aid. This targeted aid aims to increase recipient countries’ exporting capacity, which may lead to growth, rather than directly increasing growth. If trade capacity building assistance is universally effective, one would expect to see increases in recipient-country exports to both the US and the rest of the world. If trade capacity building is selectively effective, recipient-country exports should increase only to the US. If trade capacity building is ineffective, one would expect no impact on recipient-cou...
Intuitive typology and automatic classification: Divergence or full circle?

Abstract Classification is an assertion about how phenomena in some domain are structured. Artifact classification introduces the additional complexity that the domain is structured not only by material properties and morphological form, but by ideational properties as expressed through culture as well. It is argued that if artifact classifications are to be informative of cultural systems, class definitions need to be defined by criteria that are grounded in the properties of cultural systems. Inductive methods based on so-called objective, quantitative grouping techniques are found to be insufficient for this task. Alternative approaches are explored and it is concluded that there is as yet no general solution for the problem of partitioning an initially heterogeneous collection of artifacts into subgroups homogeneous with respect to underlying structuring processes in such a manner that the homogeneous groups can serve as the basis for formulating class definitions with cultural saliency.
Chemoprophylaxis with penicillin. Prevention of infection in devascularized muscle.

Abstract Bacterial gangrene in devascularized muscle may be prevented by preliminary treatment with antimicrobial drugs. The subsequent growth of bacteria in the muscle is delayed, the number of species is reduced, and colonization of the muscle by anaerobic bacteria is prevented.
Genomic dissection of microbial pathogenesis in cultured Drosophila cells

Recent RNA interference screens that were performed at a genome-wide level have identified host factors that are important for the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in cultured cells from the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. The screens identified genes that are involved in phagocytosis but did not detect genes known to be involved in immune signaling pathways. These studies provide a foundation for the identification of host factors and virulence mechanisms.
Adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with maternal enalapril antihypertensive treatment.

Background Adverse pregnancy outcomes following the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, including enalapril, have been reported in descriptive studies. However, no analytical studies on the relationship between the adverse outcomes and enalapril gestational exposures are available. Objectives To explore the association between enalapril exposure and adverse outcomes in pregnancy, taking into account other possible risk factors. Methods We analyzed a series of all usable cases reported to the FDA between 1986 and 2000 in which enalapril was a suspect drug for the observed adverse outcomes (N = 110). Parameters of exposure and reported outcomes as well as information on potentially confounding variables were systematically abstracted from this series by a single physician. Because exposure to ACE inhibitors after the first trimester of pregnancy had been associated with adverse outcomes in the existing literature, we divided the cases into those exposed in the first trimester only (considered as the baseline group) and cases exposed beyond or after this time. Frequency of reported adverse outcomes in the second group was compared with those in the baseline group; odds ratios were computed, taking account of potentially confounding variables by logistic regression where appropriate. Results Exposure to enalapril after the first trimester of pregnancy was strongly associated with oligohydramnios and specific adverse outcomes thought to be secondary to reduced amniotic fluid volume (limb deformities, cranial ossification deficits, lung hypoplasia), as well as with neonatal renal failure. The relationship did not change after taking numerous potential confounders into account, including duration of exposure, concomitant drug use, maternal age, concurrent disease, neonatal gender, and gestational age at birth. Such a pattern of abnormalities is considered to be a consequence of the effect of ACE inhibition on fetal renal function that develops after the first trimester. Conclusion The specificity and temporality of the observed adverse manifestations suggest a causal relationship to enalapril exposure. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrical engineering education and certification, validation, and licensing

Evidence is accumulating that legislative actions will result in new requirements for practicing electrical engineers and electrical engineering educators. These requirements will include registraction and licensing as professional engineers for both groups as well as proof of up-to-date competence before relicensing. Such requirements will provide problems as well as opportunities for electrical engineering educators. The problems are associated with responding to the new require ments while retaining some degree of control over and responsibility for the educational programs. The opportunities are available because continuing education will play an important role in the relicensing of practitioners as well as their career development. This paper will dis cuss the many ramifications of the interface between government, the public, practicing electrical engineers and electrical engineering educators.
Laser depolarisation `bright band' from melting snowflakes

LINEAR depolarisation ratios (δ) obtained with a continuous wave (CW) laser system demonstrate that melting snow-flakes backscatter unexpectedly large amounts of depolarised energy. δ values derived from single-particle scattering interactions increase from ∼0.5 (dry snowflake average) to ∼0.7 for moderately melted snowflakes, providing evidence for the existence of a laser radar depolarisation ‘bright band’ analogous to that observed at microwave radar frequencies.
M1-Muscarinic Receptors Promote Fear Memory Consolidation via Phospholipase C and the M-Current

Neuromodulators released during and after a fearful experience promote the consolidation of long-term memory for that experience. Because overconsolidation may contribute to the recurrent and intrusive memories of post-traumatic stress disorder, neuromodulatory receptors provide a potential pharmacological target for prevention. Stimulation of muscarinic receptors promotes memory consolidation in several conditioning paradigms, an effect primarily associated with the M1 receptor (M1R). However, neither inhibiting nor genetically disrupting M1R impairs the consolidation of cued fear memory. Using the M1R agonist cevimeline and antagonist telenzepine, as well as M1R knock-out mice, we show here that M1R, along with β2-adrenergic (β2AR) and D5-dopaminergic (D5R) receptors, regulates the consolidation of cued fear memory by redundantly activating phospholipase C (PLC) in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). We also demonstrate that fear memory consolidation in the BLA is mediated in part by neuromodulatory inhibition of the M-current, which is conducted by KCNQ channels and is known to be inhibited by muscarinic receptors. Manipulating the M-current by administering the KCNQ channel blocker XE991 or the KCNQ channel opener retigabine reverses the effects on consolidation caused by manipulating β2AR, D5R, M1R, and PLC. Finally, we show that cAMP and protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) signaling relevant to this stage of consolidation is upstream of these neuromodulators and PLC, suggesting an important presynaptic role for cAMP/PKA in consolidation. These results support the idea that neuromodulatory regulation of ion channel activity and neuronal excitability is a critical mechanism for promoting consolidation well after acquisition has occurred.
Cartilage outgrowth in fibrin scaffolds.

BACKGROUND Fibrin glue has been a favorable hydrogel in cartilage tissue engineering, but implantation of chondrocyte-fibrin suspensions have resulted in volume loss. In this study, human septal cartilage chips were seeded onto a fibrin scaffold, and cellular proliferation and production of cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM) were evaluated. METHODS Human septal cartilage was diced into cartilage chips and encased with and without fibrin glue. Four conditions were initially tested for DNA content and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production: (1) control medium in tissue culture, (2) control medium with fibrin glue, (3) collagenase-supplemented medium in tissue culture, and (4) collagenase-supplemented medium seeded in fibrin glue. Cartilage chips cultured in collagenase-treated medium were then seeded onto either cell culture plates, suspended in alginate, or mixed with fibrin. Cellular proliferation, GAG production, and histochemistry were evaluated. RESULTS Fibrin preparations increased cellular proliferation and DNA content. GAG levels were highest in collagenase-treated samples encased in fibrin. Cartilage chips treated with collagenase showed increased cellular proliferation in the fibrin preparations compared with preparations without fibrin. GAG increased with the addition of fibrin when compared with explant. Histochemistry revealed increased GAG accumulation in the regions between the cartilage chips with the addition of fibrin. CONCLUSION Adding fibrin glue to collagenase-treated cartilage chips results in increased proliferation and maintains ECM production and, therefore, may facilitate generation of cartilaginous tissue for use in reconstructive surgery.
Quasilinearization for the periodic boundary value problem for hybrid differential equation

The method of quasilinearization for a periodic boundary value problem for nonlinear hybrid differential equations is studied. It is shown that the convergence is quadratic.
Laser-beam weld microstructures and properties of aluminum-lithium alloy 2090

Abstract The influence of laser welding on the microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum-lithium alloy 2090 is presented. The quality of the laser-welded 2090 material was evaluated through microscopical observations and mechanical tests. Microscopical observations of the laser welds revealed a low degree of degradation of the weld surface coupled with an absence of porosity and cracking in the weld zone. Mechanical tests revealed that the laser-welded material had attractive joint efficiencies. The results reveal an overall superiority of the laser-welded 2090 material compared to conventional arc-welded material.
Thermodynamics of Pu-Pt and Pu-Rh intermetallic compounds

Abstract The sublimation behavior and thermodynamic properties for several Pu-Pt and Pu-Rh compounds were determined in this study. Vapor pressures were measured by the Knudsen effusion technique using target collection and mass spectrometry. Sublimation to form elemental Pu(g) predominates for the phases and temperature ranges selected. The mean temperature (K), enthalpy (kJ/mol) and entropy (J/K · mol)) of sublimation determined by second law least squares analysis for each compound are as follows: PuPt 5 (1614, 626.3±27.1 , 177.0±16.6 ); PuPt 4 (1596, 492.0±30.5 , 102.3±18.8 ); PuPt 3 , (1579, 495.8±12.6, 119.2±7.9 ); PuPt 2 (1629, 467.3±18.0 , 107.4±10.9 ); PuRh 3 (1725, 577.8±15.1 , 166.5±8.9 ); and PuRh 2 (1519, 499.6±33.0 , 121.2±21.7 ). Third-law analyses using estimated free energy functions yielded the following enthalpies (kJ/mol) of sublimation and formation respectively at 298 K: PuPt 5 ( 610.0±7.5 , −264.8±8.0 ); PuPt 4 ( 510.0±8.5 , −244.8±9.0 ); PuPt 3 ( 487.0±6.0 , −219.0±6.5 ); PuPt 2 ( 477.0±5.5 , −189.9±7.5 ), PuRh 3 ( 543.1±6.5 , −197.9±7.5 ) and PuRh 2 ( 487.8±8.7 , −179.5±9.2 ). Thermodynamic properties determined in this study are correlated with values obtained from theoretical predictions and from previous studies on analogous intermetallics.
Bioavailability measurements of methazolamide in plasma, red blood cells and whole blood: Implications for bioequivalence studies

Abstract The kinetics of methazolamide (MTZ) in human whole blood, red blood cells (RBCs) and plasma have been investigated. The study was conducted over a wide dose range using three single-dose (25, 50 or 100 mg) and two multiple-dose (50 mg q 12 h × 3 or 100 mg q 12 h × 3) schedules. The results of the study indicate that the increase of drug concentrations in both whole blood and RBCs is dose-proportional over a range of 25 mg to 150 mg doses, while that in plasma is dose-proportional only from 100 mg to 150 mg. As plasma drug concentrations at 100 mg dose is too low to provide a reliable measure, and a dose higher than this may cause adverse reactions in healthy individuals, the pharmacokinetic parameters derived from whole blood analysis at the 100 mg dose is adequate for bioequivalence evaluation of the drug product obtained from two different sources.
Effect of Interfacial Properties on Polymer–Nanocrystal Thermoelectric Transport

The electrical behavior of a conducting-polymer/inorganic-nanowire composite is explained with a model in which carrier transport occurs predominantly through a highly conductive volume of polymer that exists at the polymer-nanowire interface. This result highlights the importance of controlling nanoscale interfaces for thermoelectric materials, and provides a general route for improving carrier transport in organic/inorganic composites.
Simulation-based tools for evaluating underactuated hand designs

This paper presents a tool aimed at the design of compliant, under-actuated hands. The particular motivation is hands that will be used for an underwater robot to grasp a variety of objects, some of which may be delicate or slippery. The focus of the analysis is the problem of object acquisition. In comparison to many prior grasp analysis tools, the tool presented here models the dynamics of a hand, including actuation mechanisms, compliance and friction in an efficient formulation that permits one to evaluate variations in such quantities as phalange length, finger spacing, transmission ratios, and torsional joint stiffness when comparing hand designs. The analysis is demonstrated for a quasi-static object acquisition problem and leads to the computation of a vector space of three dimensional regions for which the hand will tend to center and stably grasp a compact object.
HOST SPECIES AFFECTS HERBIVORY, POLLINATION, AND REPRODUCTION IN EXPERIMENTS WITH PARASITIC CASTILLEJA

The relative performance of a parasitic plant on different host species will depend on both direct and indirect effects of hosts on parasite interactions with mutualists and antagonists. Host species could affect parasite interactions with both herbivores and pollinators due to the uptake of defensive compounds and nutrients. However, the effects of different host species on parasitic plants have not been experimentally tested in the field. I determined the effect of two native host species, an alkaloid-producing, nitrogen-fixing lupine and non-alkaloid, non-nitrogen-fixing grass, on herbivory, pollination, and repro- duction of the hemiparasitic plant Indian paintbrush (Castilleja indivisa). Within this ex- periment, I manipulated herbivory and pollination to determine their effects on Indian paintbrush reproduction. Indian paintbrush parasitizing lupines produced three times as many seeds and were more attractive to pollinators than Indian paintbrush parasitizing grass. However, there was no effect of host species on early season or floral herbivory. In addition, MANOVA revealed that host species influenced the response of Indian paintbrush female reproduction to experimentally manipulated herbivory and pollination treatments. Thus, the effect of hosts on parasites is mediated by interactions with herbivores and pollinators, and both direct and indirect effects may shape the selective pressures mediating interactions between hosts and parasites.
Relationship of the Children's Form of the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study to Children's Behavior, Gender, and Fantasies:

To examine the validity of the Children's Form of the Picture-Frustration (P-F) Study, the instrument was administered to 245 children in Grades 1 through 6. Children were also administered the Make A Picture Story (MAPS) and the Response Hierarchy Measure. Teachers rated children's aggression on the Conners Teacher Rating Scale. Hostile responses on the P-F Study were related to self-reported verbal and physical aggression in conflict situations but were unrelated to teachers' ratings of aggressive behavior. Hostile responses were exhibited more often by boys than girls. Responses on the measure were related to children's fantasy patterns. Results supported the validity of the P-F Study as a measure of children's thought content in response to frustration.
A wide-band corner-reflector antenna for 240 to 400 MHz

The design and performance characteristics of a corner-reflector antenna capable of operation in the 240 to 400 MHz frequency range are described. The corner reflector is suitable for use as a standard reference antenna for wide-band swept-frequency gain measurements. Measured voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR), gain, and patterns are presented.
IEEE article data extraction from internet.

Article data extraction from internet is a way to download and extract the required data automatically from web servers. In this paper, we present a method called the Internet Robot to extract the data directly from a web server by using Perl scripting language with the powerful regular expressions. The regular expressions are widely used in this method to reduce the complexity of the program code as well as increase up the downloading and extracting speed. The Internet Robot in this paper is a process of three steps: data collection, data filtering and processing, data presentation. The final result of this process will be the html files- with all required data in the format as Fig. 1- presented under different links of a webpage as Fig. 5. The accuracy and speed make this method become unique in processing and extracting data not only from the internet but also from an available database.
Drivers of cross-border banking exposures during the crisis

Abstract The recent crisis highlighted the role of cross-border banking linkages. This paper analyzes these linkages through an examination of both banking systems’ foreign credit exposures and borrower countries’ reliance on foreign bank credit. It does this by combining BIS data with bank-level data. The results indicate that the proposed refinements on measuring those two exposures are important, especially when foreign bank affiliates’ funding relies heavily on local deposits. After developing novel and necessary break-in-series and exchange rate variation adjustments, estimations looking at the driving factors of both measures during 2006–2012 highlight: (i) the role of systemic banking crises and global financial conditions in the evolution of banks’ foreign credit exposures; (ii) the role of a larger set of factors in the case of the evolution of borrower countries’ reliance on foreign bank credit—how countries borrowed, from whom they borrowed, and global financial and domestic demand conditions.
Towards in silico lead optimization: Scores from ensembles of protein/ligand conformations reliably correlate with biological activity

Accurately ranking protein/ligand interactions and distinguishing subtle differences between homologous compounds in a virtual focused library in silico is essential in a structure-based drug discovery program. In order to establish a predictive model to design novel inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from the parasitic protozoa, Cryptosporidium hominis, we docked a series of 30 DHFR inhibitors with measured inhibition constants against the crystal structure of the protein. By including protein flexibility and averaging the energies of the 25 lowest protein/ligand conformers we obtained more accurate total nonbonded energies from which we calculated a predicted biological activity. The calculated and measured biological activities showed reliable correlations of 72.9%. Additionally, visual analysis of the ensemble of protein/ligand conformations revealed alternative ligand binding pockets in the active site. Using the same principles we then created a homology model of DHFR from Toxoplasma gondii and docked 11 inhibitors. A correlation of 50.2% between docking score and activity validates both the method and the model. The correlations presented here are particularly compelling considering the high structural similarity of the ligands and the fact that we have used structures derived from crystallographic data and homology modeling. These docking principles may be useful in any lead optimization study where accurate ranking of similar compounds is desired.
Cloning and Expression of a Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Protein with Reverse Transcriptase Activity

Unlike most other characterized retroviruses, there is little published information on the biochemical properties of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT). Specifically, no reports of a cloned functional RT enzyme have been published. Since the RT enzyme is an essential component of the virus, our objective was to clone, express, and purify a functional RT enzyme from HTLV-1. Our approach was to clone and express a protein of approximately 60 to 65 kDa that we hypothesized would correspond to the RT region encoded by the pol reading frame. The predicted region encoding the RT enzyme comprised nucleotides 2617 to 4312 of the HTLV-1 MT-2 isolate. A putative RT gene was obtained by PCR and was ligated into various prokaryotic expression vectors. A novel cloning approach allowed us to generate a stable clone in the prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-4T-1 and produce a recombinant protein of approximately 60 to 65 kDa. The partially purified protein displays RT activity in both amplification RT (AMP-RT) assays and traditional RT assays. This is the first report of a cloned protein from HTLV-1 which displays RT activity and is the first step in the characterization of HTLV-1 RT.
A Perspective on Thirty Years of the Webb, Pearman and Leuning Density Corrections

The density correction theory of Webb et al. (1980, Q J Roy Meteorol Soc 106: 85-100, hereafter WPL) is a principle underpinning the experimental investigation of sur- face fluxes of energy and masses in the atmospheric boundary layer. It has a long-lasting influence in boundary-layer meteorology and micrometeorology, and the year 2010 marks the 30th anniversary of the publication of the WPL theory. We provide here a critique of the theory and review the research it has spurred over the last 30 years. In the authors' opinion, the assumption of zero air source at the surface is a fundamental novelty that gives the WPL theory its enduring vitality. Considerations of mass conservation show that, in a non-steady state, the WPL mean vertical velocity and the thermal expansion velocity are two distinctly different quantities of the flow. Furthermore, the integrated flux will suffer a systematic bias if the expansion velocity is omitted or if the storage term is computed from time changes in the CO2 density. A discussion is provided on recent efforts to address several important practical issues omitted by the original theory, including pressure correction, unintentional alternation of the sampled air, and error propagation. These refinement efforts are motivated by the need for an unbiased assessment of the annual carbon budget in terrestrial ecosystems in the global eddy flux network (FluxNet).
The influence of delayed postischemic hyperthermia following transient focal ischemia: Alterations of gene expression

Abstract We have recently shown that moderate hyperthermia, even if delayed, markedly enlarges the volume of an acute ischemic infarct. In the current study, we used in situ hybridization autoradiography to assess the effects of delayed hyperthermia on the regional expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for the immediate early genes c-fos and c-jun, the inducible heat-shock protein 70 (hsp70) and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) following 1 h of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) produced in rats by the insertion of an intraluminal suture. Sham-occluded rats were also studied. One day after MCAo, rats were placed into a heating chamber, where cranial temperature was either maintained at 37–38°C (normothermic group) or was elevated to 40°C (hyperthermic group) for 3 h. At either 2 or 24 h thereafter, brains were studied by in situ hybridization. Low-level constitutive c-fos and c-jun expression in sham-occluded rats was unaffected by delayed temperature manipulation. Prior MCAo decreased c-fos and c-jun mRNA in the affected striatum and overlying cortex. In rats studied 2 h after delayed hyperthermia, however, c-fos mRNA was markedly increased in ipsilateral cingulate cortex. By contrast, the pattern of c-jun mRNA was similar in rats with prior MCAo irrespective of delayed normothermia or hyperthermia: increased expression involved ipsilateral cingulate and paramedian cortical areas. Bilateral increases in hsp70 expression were produced by hyperthermia alone, and hsp70 mRNA was densely increased throughout the ischemic cortex and striatum following MCAo, while delayed hyperthermia altered this pattern by extending the zone of increased hsp70 message to cingulate and paramedian cortical areas at 2 h. GFAP mRNA was decreased within the previously ischemic field but increased in surrounding regions. The induction of c-fos and hsp70 message in tissue regions abutting zones of enhanced injury in brains with delayed postischemic hyperthermia indicates that these zones have been additionally stressed: these gene responses may possibly contribute to the protection of these threatened regions.
Parent perspectives on their toddlers' development: comparison of regular and inclusion childcare

A growing number of community childcare programs are including children with developmental disabilities. While some studies have explored the effects of inclusion for preschool and school‐age children without disabilities, there is little knowledge about inclusion for typically developing toddlers enrolled in such programs or about parent attitudes regarding inclusion. In this study, parent perceptions of the benefits and limitations of their child's toddler program (inclusion or typical) were assessed. Parents from both programs gave comparable responses to a semi‐structured survey with regard to changes in their child's development and parental level of satisfaction. Parent feedback from the inclusion childcare program also provided insight into the advantages of an inclusion program. These findings suggest that there is little differentiation between inclusion programs and regular childcare programs in providing a quality experience for all children, but that there may be additional benefits to enrolli...
Effective Correctional Intervention Programmes for Juveniles: Review and Synthesis of Meta-Analytic Evidence

In juvenile justice, there has been an increasing demand for evidence-based research which has resulted in more meta-analyses of juvenile correctional interventions. Although these meta-analyses ha...
Thermal resistance characterization of implanted subcollector InP-based HBTs

We present the results of measurements of thermal resistivity of the heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) devices, utilizing selective ion implantation to define the subcollector. This new device fabrication technique resulted in high-speed HBT devices with substantially reduced thermal resistivity, compared to devices utilizing the conventional fabrication approach which includes mesa isolation for pattern definition. The measurements were taken on full-thickness 3" InP wafers at T/sub amb/ from 30/spl deg/C to 180/spl deg/C and two separate emitter current densities. We present data on three device epitaxial structures with identical device layouts and discuss the relationship of V/sub be/ to temperature at these elevated power and temperature levels.
Studies of Cultured Human Fibroblasts in Diabetes Mellitus: Changes in Heparan Sulfate

The incorporation of [35S]sulfate into glycosaminoglycans was studied in cultures of normal and diabetic skin fibroblasts. Heparan sulfate was determined by column chromatography after enzymatic degradation of chondroitin sulfates and dermatan sulfate by chondroitinase ABC. Cultured skin fibroblasts from both insulin-dependent and noninsulin-dependent diabetics were found to have increased proportions of heparan sulfate in the media relative to the other sulfated glycosaminoglycans.
Class Reproduction by Four Year Olds

While scholars know that young children are active if inadvertent participants in social reproduction, little has been said about how young children engage in class reproduction. Through observing in a preschool classroom with a class diverse student body, I show that preschoolers are already class actors, performing class through their linguistic styles. Upper-middle-class children speak, interrupt, ask for help, and argue more often than working-class children. Upper-middle-class children’s classed linguistic style effectively silences working-class students, gives them less power, and allows them fewer opportunities to develop their language skills. The children’s linguistic class performances have immediate consequences and potential future implications for class reproduction.
Inhibition of Shigella flexneri by the Normal Intestinal Flora I. Mechanisms of Inhibition by Klebsiella

Growth curves were plotted for Shigella flexneri and Klebsiella (Aerobacter aerogenes) multiplying in pure and mixed culture. In mixed culture, Klebsiella inhibited Shigella. Exponential growth was interrupted and Shigella entered into a logarithmic death phase. An analysis of cultures at the time inhibition occurred revealed that formic and acetic acids produced by Klebsiella were responsible for the inhibition of Shigella. Klebsiella strongly reduced the culture medium. The volatile fatty acids, operating under reduced conditions, exerted a bactericidal effect on Shigella. Results are discussed with reference to the possible role of volatile fatty acids as factors responsible for Shigella inhibition in vivo.
Path-programmable logic

Path-programmable logic (PPL) is a structured IC design methodology under development at the University of Utah. PPL employs a sea-of-wires approach to design. In PPL, design is done entirely using cells for both functionality and interconnect. PPL cells may have modifiers that change either their connections or functionality. Wires in the PPL design plane are segmentable at any cell boundary. PPL is implemented as a set of cell libraries (NMOS, CMOS, and GaAs) and a suite of tools that permit the designer to create, modify, simulate, and check PPL circuit designs and to generate mask data for them. PPL exhibits little or no area penalty with respect to full-custom densities, while permitting system design to be done more rapidly than with gate arrays or standard cells. PPL may be implemented as a sea-of-gates gate array to provide fast turnaround. >
The Potential Impact of Medications on Biochemical Control Following Definitive Management of Prostate Cancer

Purpose: •A growing body of literature has demonstrated the impact of medication on the incidence and all cause mortality related to prostate cancer (PC). • This has been demonstrated through preclinical studies, the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor database, as well as numerous meta-analyses. •Folate supplementation has been associated with increased incidence of PC and the modulation of angiotensin II blockade (AB) has been implicated in reduced PC incidence and all cause mortality risk. •The role of medication on treatment-related outcome is lacking. •The potential effect of these medications on biochemical control following definitive radiation for PC was analyzed.
Molecular architecture of KedS8, a sugar N-methyltransferase from Streptoalloteichus sp. ATCC 53650

Kedarcidin, produced by Streptoalloteichus sp. ATCC 53650, is a fascinating chromoprotein of 114 amino acid residues that displays both antibiotic and anticancer activity. The chromophore responsible for its chemotherapeutic activity is an ansa-bridged enediyne with two attached sugars, l-mycarose, and l-kedarosamine. The biosynthesis of l-kedarosamine, a highly unusual trideoxysugar, is beginning to be revealed through bioinformatics approaches. One of the enzymes putatively involved in the production of this carbohydrate is referred to as KedS8. It has been proposed that KedS8 is an N-methyltransferase that utilizes S-adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor and a dTDP-linked C-4' amino sugar as the substrate. Here we describe the three-dimensional architecture of KedS8 in complex with S-adenosylhomocysteine. The structure was solved to 2.0 A resolution and refined to an overall R-factor of 17.1%. Unlike that observed for other sugar N-methyltransferases, KedS8 adopts a novel tetrameric quaternary structure due to the swapping of β-strands at the N-termini of its subunits. The structure presented here represents the first example of an N-methyltransferase that functions on C-4' rather than C-3' amino sugars.
Phase diagram, crystal growth, and band structure of InxGa1-xAs

Abstract The liquidus and solidus lines in the In-rich region of the InGaAs system have been established. The liquidus data were obtained by measuring the amount of InAs which dissolved in InGa solutions and the solidus data from the composition of crystals grown from InGaAs melts by liquid epitaxy techniques. A phase diagram which is in excellent agreement with these experimental data has been obtained. The calculations are based on a quasi-regular solution model for the three binary liquids as well as for the InAs-GaAs pseudobinary solid. The thermodynamic constants were obtained from the literature and the interaction parameters were selected semi-empirically to obtain a best fit. Undoped In x Ga 1- x As layers were grown on 〈111〉 GaAs and 〈111〉 InAs substrates using an improved vertical liquid epitaxial system. Various layer characteristics were examined and growth criteria which yield satisfactory single crystals were determined. Due to the high lattice mismatch between InAs and GaAs and the serious plastic deformation of InAs above 700°C, satisfactory layers were obtained only in the ranges x x > 0·7. Based gap energy as a function of mixed crystal composition was measured at 77 and 300°K using photoluminescence and X-ray diffraction techniques.
Microscale Aspects of Thermal Radiation Transport and Laser Applications

Abstract This chapter briefly discusses current and future applications in which the range of parameters makes the classical models and associated phenomenological descriptions of transport processes no longer adequate. Some fundamental concepts of relevance to the development of models using a fundamental microscale approach are reviewed, as are microscale models for selected cases. Regime maps are developed to guide the model selection processes and to identify the phenomena that may or may not be important for a given set of conditions. It is seen that the microscale models match experimental data with less error than the classical macroscopic models for many applications in which extremes of size, time, and radiation intensity are present. Application areas discussed in detail are modeling of interference effects in evaluating the scattering and absorption characteristics, radiation transport in microstructures, short-pulse radiation transport through scattering and absorbing media, interaction of high-intensity lasers with metallic films and liquids, and ablation of polymers and tissues.
Das Demand Fulfillment in der Literatur

In diesem Kapitel wird nun Literatur zur Losung der Aufgaben des Demand Fulfillment untersucht und strukturiert. Die formulierten Forschungsfragen betreffen die Festlegung initialer Liefertermine fur neue Auftrage im Order Promising sowie die Steuerung und Uberwachung aller vorhandenen Auftrage im Demand Supply Matching bei einer ATO-Fertigung. Entsprechend ist auch dieses Kapitel in die beiden Abschnitte Order Promising und Demand Supply Matching unterteilt. Bei beiden Abschnitten wird jeweils darauf geachtet, ob und wie Masnahmen fur die Engpassplanung berucksichtigt wurden.
Extracting Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma from Electronic Medical Records for Genetic Association Studies

Electronic medical records (EMRs) are being widely implemented for use in genetic and genomic studies. As a phenotypic rich resource, EMRs provide researchers with the opportunity to identify disease cohorts and perform genotype-phenotype association studies. The Epidemiologic Architecture for Genes Linked to Environment (EAGLE) study, as part of the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) I study, has genotyped more than 15,000 individuals of diverse genetic ancestry in BioVU, the Vanderbilt University Medical Center’s biorepository linked to a de-identified version of the EMR (EAGLE BioVU). Here we develop and deploy an algorithm utilizing data mining techniques to identify primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in African Americans from EAGLE BioVU for genetic association studies. The algorithm described here was designed using a combination of diagnostic codes, current procedural terminology billing codes, and free text searches to identify POAG status in situations where gold-standard digital photography cannot be accessed. The case algorithm identified 267 potential POAG subjects but underperformed after manual review with a positive predictive value of 51.6% and an accuracy of 76.3%. The control algorithm identified controls with a negative predictive value of 98.3%. Although the case algorithm requires more downstream manual review for use in large-scale studies, it provides a basis by which to extract a specific clinical subtype of glaucoma from EMRs in the absence of digital photographs.
"If I know I am on the pill and I get pregnant, it's an act of God": women's views on fatalism, agency and pregnancy.

Abstract Objectives Fatalism is the idea that outside forces have control over events. Pregnancy and pregnancy prevention play a prominent role in many women's lives, and we sought to understand if and how fatalism informed their thinking about these issues. Study design We conducted in-depth interviews with 52 unmarried women between the ages of 18 and 30. We used NVivo to analyze the transcripts. The current analysis focuses on the ways that women discussed fatalism and pregnancy both in response to a direct question and as it came up spontaneously. Results The majority of respondents expressed a mix of fatalistic and non-fatalistic views about pregnancy. Many related that “fate,” “destiny” and/or God play a role in pregnancy, but most also asserted that pregnancy risk could be substantially reduced, most commonly by using contraception. Fatalism sometimes served a positive function, for example as a mechanism to deal with an unintended pregnancy. Having a fatalistic outlook did not preclude contraceptive use. Rather, some women using highly effective methods related that if they were to become pregnant, they would interpret it as a sign that the pregnancy was “meant to happen.” Finally some women related that there was no guarantee a woman could get pregnant when she wanted to, suggesting that some degree of fatalism may be inevitable when it comes to pregnancy. Conclusions Fatalism and agency should not be viewed as opposing outlooks when it comes to pregnancy and pregnancy prevention; having fatalistic views about pregnancy does not preclude contraceptive use. Implications Given that women do not have total control over attainment of a wanted pregnancy or even prevention of pregnancy, some amount of fatalism about fertility is a logical and pragmatic response. Both research and clinical practice need to recognize that fatalism and contraceptive use are often not in conflict.
Influence of Screen-Based Peer Modeling on Preschool Children's Vegetable Consumption and Preferences

Abstract Objective To determine the influence of screen-based peer modeling on children's vegetable consumption and preference. Methods A total of 42 children aged 3–5 years were randomly assigned to view individually a video segment of peers consuming a modeled vegetable (bell pepper), vs a nonfood video segment or no video. Analysis of covariance models examined bell pepper preference and consumption during initial video exposure (day 1) and without video exposure (days 2 and 7), adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and initial bell pepper consumption. Results Children in the vegetable condition ate more bell peppers (15.5 g) than did those in the control condition (5.9 g; P = .04; model η 2 = 0.85) on day 7, with no differences on days 1 or 2. Among children who ate the modeled vegetable, those in the vegetable DVD condition reported greater preference for eating the vegetable again ( P = .01). Conclusions and Implications Screen-based peer modeling is a promising tool to influence children's vegetable consumption.
Developing, Implementing, and Evaluating a Latino Service Learning Project in an Accelerated MPH Community Health Course for Health Education Students:

Service learning is a 21st-century pedagogy that can address critical health needs found in our communities, and it can provide opportunities for health education students to grow personally and pr...
Hehuang HuaEr’s Art Slightly

Hehuang HuaEr now each folk of Qinghai production,living charac teristic with appreciate beauty the interesting aspect,and coagulate the each folk of Qinghai the crowd's ideal and affection,and there is important position in the literary circles.in the Qinghai local area.
Meibomian gland lipids, evaporation, and tear film stability

The tear film is a relatively complex structure of lipids, proteins, and mucins riding on the hydrophobic surface of the epithelium. It is a dynamic structure and not very stable even in normals. The ever-changing interaction between these three basic elements requires reconstitution every few seconds to maintain the health of the epithelium. To understand the tear film as a dynamic process, we need first to consider individually a number of elements that are its constituents.
Dynamic Cortico-hippocampal Networks Underlying Memory and Cognition: The PMAT Framework

Models seeking to explain the neural basis of memory have long focused on the individual roles of the hippocampus and medial temporal lobe (MTL) cortex. Many such models argue that MTL areas form a memory system that is anatomically and functionally separate from the surrounding neocortex. In this review, we critically assess this idea in light of empirical evidence from neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, neuropsychology, and neuroimaging. In each case, the evidence suggests that neocortical regions in the MTL can be more accurately depicted as subcomponents of two functionally and anatomically distinct, large-scale networks—a posterior medial (PM) and an anterior-temporal (AT) system—that extend beyond the MTL. According to our “PMAT” framework, the PM and AT networks are not sensory processing streams, nor are they dedicated memory systems. Instead, they are networks that contribute to a wide range of cognitive tasks, including episodic and semantic memory, perception, language, navigation, and reasoning. We argue that the PMAT framework is an important advance over memory systems theories in that it can explain a larger breadth of phenomena and provides a larger number of predictions and testable hypotheses.
Increased pupil dilation to angry faces predicts interpersonal stress generation in offspring of depressed mothers

Background Interpersonal stress generation is one mechanism hypothesized to increase risk for the intergenerational transmission of depression. Although there is some evidence of stress generation in offspring of depressed mothers, specific predictors of stress generation in these youth remain unknown. The goal of this study was to examine a peripheral measure of cognitive-affective reactivity (i.e. pupil dilation) to emotional interpersonal stimuli as a predictor of stress generation in offspring of depressed mothers. Method The study included 129 mothers and their offspring (ages 8–15) recruited from the community who participated at two time points separated by 6 months. Youth's average pupil dilation to emotional faces (angry, happy, sad) as well as maternal lifetime history of major depressive disorder were assessed at baseline. In addition, both time points included assessments of youth's levels of self-generated (dependent) and independent episodic life stress in the preceding 6 months. Results Youth's pupil dilation to angry, but not sad or happy, faces predicted prospective increases in dependent interpersonal stress across the follow-up. This effect was only observed in offspring of depressed mothers and was not seen in offspring of never-depressed mothers. Conclusions This study highlights a potential risk factor (heightened reactivity to facial displays of anger) that may identify which offspring of depressed mothers are at greatest risk for interpersonal stress generation.