cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some effects of angle of approach on icon selection

ABSTRACTOver the past decade, research related to various aspectsof human-computer interactions has become increasinglyprominent within the human factors field. In that regard,the speed and accuracy of human motor movementsassociated with computer input devices has often beenmodeled by Fitts’ law. However, most such analyseshave not considered the angle of movement as a factor.Accordingly, the present study investigated the effects ofthe angle of approach for a mouse as the input device toselect icon-like targets presented on a VDT. The angleof approach had a significant effect on movement time. KEYWORDS: Icon selection, Fitts’ Law, input devices,human performance modeling.INTRODUCTIONWith the recent proliferation of windowing-type, icon-based sotlware systems, the mouse has become the mostutilized direct manipulation interface device. Whileseveral studies have compared the mouse with otherdevices, few have examined the effect of the angle ofapproach on movement time. Fitts’ law [2] has proven tobe robust under a wide variety of conditions and subjectpopulations for target acquisition tasks; however, it doesnot account for the angle of approach. Selection of icon-like objects on a screen is not limited to the horizontalmovements of reciprocal tapping (Fitts’ task). Forexample, higher mean movement times (MT) have beenreported for helmet-mounted sights [3] and joysticks [1]along diagonal axes. For the mouse, angle of approachhad no effect on MT [1]. However, the angles used didnot exercise the full range of movement on a computerdesktop (screen), as movement was restricted to the rightof the vertical axis on the left-hand side of the screen.Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material isgranted provided that the copies are not made or distributed fordirect commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and thetitle of the publication and its date appear, and notice is giventhat copying is by permission of ACM. To copy otherwise, or torepublish, requires a fee and/or specific permission.CHI’ Companion 95, Denver, Colorado, USA0 1995 ACM 0-89791-755-3/95/0005... $3.50Under 0S/2 and Windows, default icons are generallysquare and approximately 1.5 cm per side (0.3 cm perside for minimized icons). The use of icon-like targets,in size and shape, is a viable alternative to actual icons(which could carry confounding semantic meanings) totest direct manipulation devices in human-computerinteractions.This study examined the relationship between movementtime end augle of approach for a mouse as the directmanipulation device for the selection of icon-like targets.METHODSubjectsTwenty-two undergraduate students in InformationSystems participated for course credit (9 male, 13 female,and 1 let&handed). All subjects reported over 30 daysexperience with personal computers (PCs) and mice.
WE‐G‐211‐04: Experimental Demonstration of Cone‐Beam Polychromatic X‐Ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography (XFCT) Imaging of Gold Nanoparticle‐Loaded Regions within Small Animal‐Sized Phantoms

Purpose: To demonstrate the feasibility of determining the location and gold concentration of goldnanoparticle (GNP)‐loaded regions within polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantoms using cone‐beam polychromatic x‐ray fluorescencecomputed tomography (XFCT) technique. Methods: Tubes containing water and GNPs at 2%, 1%, and 0.5% by weight were inserted into two 5 cm‐long cylindrical PMMA phantoms with 3 cm and 5 cm in diameter, respectively. The phantoms were irradiated by a cone‐beam of polychromatic 110 kVp x‐rays filtered by 1.0 mm of lead. Energy‐sensitive cadmium telluride detectors behind a 2.5 mm diameter lead pinhole collimator collected the spectrum of emitted gold K‐shell fluorescence and Compton scattered photons at an angle of 90° relative to the beam central axis as the phantom was rotated to a series of 60 projection angles in 6° steps. Sinograms of goldfluorescencephoton signals were constructed by extracting the goldfluorescence peak height from the Compton background, and the image of GNP location and concentration was reconstructed using a maximum likelihood iterative reconstruction algorithm. Results: Using the measured sinograms,images of GNP location were successfully reconstructed for both the 3 cm and 5 cm phantoms. Additionally, the signal intensity was linearly related to gold concentration. The x‐ray dose delivered during the XFCT scanning was measured using the TG‐61 protocol, and it was determined that, using an array detector, it would be possible to acquire these images with roughly 30 cGy of x‐ray dose delivered. Conclusions: This study demonstrates, for the first time to our knowledge, the feasibility of imaging GNP location and concentration within small animal‐sized objects using an ordinary cone‐beam polychromatic x‐ray source under realistic constraints on dose and scan time. This investigation strongly suggests a bench‐top XFCT system will ultimately become a viable option for in‐vivo molecular imaging with conjugated or unconjugated GNPs.
Estimating wage elasticities for life-cycle models of labour supply behavior

Abstract Wage elasticities are calculated for a life-cycle model of labour supply behavior using fixed effects and random effects estimators. This model is estimated over the period 1968–1987 for married white men and women using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. For men, the ranges of values for the intertemporal substitution elasticity (ISE) and the elasticity due to a parallel shift in the wage profile (PSE) are −0.054 to 0.269 and −0.073 to 0.025 and most are insignificant. For women, the ranges for the ISE and PSE are 0.101 to 0.719 and 0.096 to 0.684. These values are marginally significant, at best. The most significant impact of a change in wages is on the participation rate for women. It is shown that the wage elasticity in the static model is approximately equal to a weighted average of the ISE and the PSE and hence is difficult to interpret.
A concise synthesis of (±)-3-deoxyisoaltholactone

Abstract The novel styryl lactone analog (±)-3-deoxyisoaltholactone was synthesized in 5 steps from dihydrofuran. An intramolecular vinylsilane–oxocarbenium condensation thus afforded the central cis-fused bicyclic ether array in near quantitative yield as a single stereoisomer.
Turbo LMS algorithm: supercharger meets adaptive filter

Adaptive digital filters (ADFs) are, in general, the most sophisticated and resource intensive components of modern digital signal processing (DSP) and communication systems. Improvements in performance or the complexity of ADFs can have a significant impact on the overall size, speed, and power properties of a complete system. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a popular algorithm for coefficient adaptation in ADF because it is robust, easy to implement, and a close approximation to the optimal Wiener-Hopf least mean square solution. The main weakness of the LMS algorithm is the slow convergence, especially for non Markov-1 colored noise input signals with high eigenvalue ratios (EVRs). Since its introduction in 1993, the turbo (supercharge) principle has been successfully applied in error correction decoding and has become very popular because it reaches the theoretical limits of communication capacity predicted 5 decades ago by Shannon. The turbo principle applied to LMS ADF is analogous to the turbo principle used for error correction decoders: First, an "interleaver" is used to minimize crosscorrelation, secondly, an iterative improvement which uses the same data set several times is implemented using the standard LMS algorithm. Results for 6 different interleaver schemes for EVR in the range 1-100 are presented.
How to be a (sort of) a priori physicalist

What has come to be known as “a priori physicalism” is the thesis, roughly, that the non-physical truths in the actual world can be deduced a priori from a complete physical description of the actual world. To many contemporary philosophers, a priori physicalism seems extremely implausible. In this paper I distinguish two kinds of a priori physicalism. One sort – strict a priori physicalism – I reject as both unmotivated and implausible. The other sort – liberal a priori physicalism – I argue is both motivated and plausible. This variety of a priori physicalism insists that the necessitation of non-physical truths by the physical facts must be underwritten in a certain fashion by a priori knowledge, but the a priori knowledge need not amount to a simple deduction of the non-physical truths from a complete physical description of the world. Further, this sort of liberal a priori physicalism has the advantage that it offers hope for a genuinely satisfying account of how the physical facts manage to necessitate the facts about phenomenal consciousness – thereby in effect solving the “hard problem” of consciousness. The first half of the paper sets out the motivation for liberal a priori physicalism and its superiority to the strict version; the second half presents one strategy available to the liberal a priori physicalist for showing how consciousness can be accommodated in a purely physical world.
Human interferon production with diploid fibroblast cells grown on microcarriers.

A variety of diploid human fibroblast lines have been successfully grown to high densities (greater than 10(6) cell/ml) on recently developed microcarriers. Interferon induction using poly I.poly C and a superinduction procedure resulted in yields greater than 10,000 units/ml with one cell line. A direct comparison of microcarrier cultures to roller bottle cultures showed equivalent interferon yields on a per cell basis and some apparent differences relating to optimum inducer concentrations and kinetics of interferon accumulation.
An Investigation of the Dark Formation of Nitrous Acid in Environmental Chambers

The formation of nitrous acid (HONO) in the dark from initial concentrations of NO2 of 0.1–20 ppm in air, and the concurrent disappearance of NO2, were monitored quantitatively by UV differential optical absorption spectroscopy in two different environmental chambers of ca.4300- and 5800-L volume (both with surface/volume ratios of 3.4 m−1). In these environmental chambers the initial HONO formation rate was first order in the NO2 concentration and increased with the water vapor concentration. However, the HONO formation rate was independent of the NO concentration and relatively insensitive to temperature. The initial pseudo-first-order consumption rate of NO2 was (2.8 ± 1.2) × 10−4 min−1 in the 5800-L Teflon-coated evacuable chamber and (1.6 ± 0.5) × 10−4 min−1 in a 4300-L all-Teflon reaction chamber at ca.300 K and ca.50% RH. The initial HONO yields were ca.40–50% of the NO2 reacted in the evacuable chamber and ca.10–30% in the all-Teflon chamber. Nitric oxide formation was observed during the later stages of the reaction in the evacuable chamber, but ca.50% of the nitrogen could not be accounted for, and gas phase HNO3 was not detected. The implications of these data concerning radical sources in environmental chamber irradiations of NOx− organic-air mixtures, and of HONO formation in polluted atmospheres, are discussed.
Abstract 96: Estrogen modulates cellular and molecular markers of hypoxic tumor microenvironment in thyroid cancer.

Thyroid proliferative diseases are three to four times more prevalent in women than in men. Our laboratory has systemically elucidated the role of estrogen in thyroid cancer as a promoter of increased aggressiveness, however the role of estrogen within the hypoxic environment of thyroid cancer is not known. Based on our observation that estrogen promotes neo-vascularization of thyroid tumors by modulating angiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), we hypothesize that tumor hypoxia synergizes with estrogen to produce an inflammatory microenvironment that helps the progression of thyroid cancer. We observed that thyroid cancer cells are responsive to hypoxic conditions and estrogen induces hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) nuclear translocation in these cells. Furthermore, estrogen and hypoxia modulate the HIF-1 signaling in thyroid cancer cells which is abrogated by the anti-estrogen fulvestrant and the HIF-1 inhibitor YC-1 (3-(5’-hydroxymethyl-2’-furyl)-1-benzylindazole). Conditioned medium from estrogen treated thyroid cancer cells lead to enhanced migration and tubulogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), due to secretion of hypoxia and estrogen responsive proteins by thyroid cancer cells leading to increased angiogenesis of endothelial cells. This phenomenon was abrogated by HIF-1 inhibitor. These results demonstrate for the first time that estrogen signaling pathways mimic the signaling pathways in the hypoxic environment in thyroid cancer cells, thus suggesting that estrogen potentially mimics oxygen deprivation at the molecular level to produce an inflammatory tumor microenvironment thus fostering the progression of thyroid cancer. We conclude that apart from the direct activity of estrogen on thyroid cancer phenotype, estrogen also modulates the tumor microenvironment specifically maintaining hypoxic conditions which may be essential for thyroid cancer progression and/or metastases. Citation Format: Shilpi Rajoria, Elyse Hanly, Andrea George, Robert Suriano, Jan Geliebter, Masoud Saman, Stimson Schantz, Raj K. Tiwari. Estrogen modulates cellular and molecular markers of hypoxic tumor microenvironment in thyroid cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 96. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-96
Population dynamics of species with gynogenetic sibling species

Abstract Models are formulated for the population dynamics of a monoecious or dioecious species with an all-female parthenogenetic sibling species which is also gynogenetic. Continuous, deterministic reproduction and mortality, a stationary age distribution, random mating, and limited sexual competence for all individuals are posited. It is also supposed that in the dioecious case males do not distinguish between true and gynogenetic females. Similarly, hermaphrodites do not differentiate hermaphrodites and gynogens. The model implies that extinction is highly likely in the dioecious situation, but much less so in the monoecious one. Empirical evidence is reviewed and related to the assumptions and conclusions.
Evaluation of the Effects of Media Velocity on HEPA Filter Performance

Section FC of the ASME AG-1 Code addresses glass fiber HEPA filters and restricts the media velocity to a maximum of 2.54 cm/s (5 ft/min). Advances in filter media technology allow glass fiber HEPA filters to function at significantly higher velocities and still achieve HEPA performance. However, diffusional capture of particles < 100 nm is reduced at higher media velocities due to shorter residence times within the media matrix. Therefore, it is unlikely that higher media velocities for HEPA filters will be allowed without data to demonstrate the effect of media velocity on removal of particles in the smaller size classes. In order to address this issue, static testing has been conducted to generate performance related data and a range of dynamic testing has provided data regarding filter lifetimes, loading characteristics, changes in filter efficiency and the most penetrating particle size over time. Testing was conducted using 31 cm × 31 cm × 29 cm deep pleat HEPA filters supplied from two manufacturers. Testing was conducted at media velocities ranging from 2.0–4.5 cm/s with a solid aerosol challenge composed of potassium chloride. Two set of media velocity data were obtained for each filter type. In one set of evaluations, the maximum aerosol challenge particle size was limited to 3 μm, while particles above 3 μm were not constrained in the second set. This provided for considerable variability in the challenge mass mean diameter and overall mass loading rate. Results of this testing will be provided to the ASME AG-1 FC Committee for consideration in future versions of the HEPA standard. In general, the initial filter efficiency decreased with increasing media velocity. However, initial filter efficiencies were generally good in all cases. Filter efficiency values averaged over the first ten minute of the loading cycle ranged from 99.970 to 99.996%. Additionally, the most penetrating particle size was observed to decrease with increasing media velocity, with initial values ranging from 194 to 134 nm.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Relaxation method for unsteady convection-diffusion equations

We propose and implement a relaxation method for solving unsteady linear and nonlinear convection-diffusion equations with continuous or discontinuity-like initial conditions. The method transforms a convection-diffusion equation into a relaxation system, which contains a stiff source term. The resulting relaxation system is then solved by a third-order accurate implicit-explicit (IMEX) Runge-Kutta method in time and a fifth-order finite difference WENO scheme in space. Numerical results show that the method can be used to effectively solve convection-diffusion equations with both smooth structures and discontinuities.
Effect of semiconductor laser characteristics on optical fiber sensor performance

Optical sensor systems have source requirements that can be significantly different from those of optical communications and other technologies that have generally driven the development of semiconductor sources. In this paper, we examine basic interferometric, polarimetric, and other sensors. Relevant semiconductor source data is reviewed to illustrate the impact of source characteristics on sensor performance. The effect of low-frequency amplitude and frequency noise on sensor precision is described. Errors in sensor calibration due to amplitude and wavelength drifts are discussed. Examples of sensor performance using typical source data illustrate these issues.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Silicon carbide microwave field-effect transistor: Effect of field dependent mobility

Abstract Cutoff frequency ft and corresponding power Pmft of a SiC microwave field-effect transistor (FET) are calculated using an analytical model that allows for nonlinear dependence of the carriers drift velocity on electric field. A simple analytical expression for the cutoff frequency is derived as a function of the basic FET parameters such as channel depth a, doping level N, gate length L, and material parameters: saturation drift velocity vs and carriers mobility μ. Conditions for the short and long channel devices are discussed. Comparison with the linear piece-wise approximation shows that for α-SiC FET with a = 0.15 μm, N = 1 × 1018 cm−3 at the drain voltage VD = Vp = 20 V, where Vp is a channel pinch-off voltage, field dependent mobility reduces the value of ft more than 1.5 times for the device with L in the range of 0.9–1.5 μm. This can partially explain the difference between previous theoretical calculations and experimental microwave performance of SiC FETs, and can lead to future optimization of SiC-based devices.
The first total synthesis of iPF4α-VI and its deuterated analog

The total and stereospecific syntheses of iPF4α-VI and d4-iPF4α-VI have been accomplished. iPF4α-VI is a docosahexanenoic acid (DHA)-derived isoprostane. DHA is the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid in the brain. Different synthetic designs have been used for the two syntheses. In the d4-iPF4α-VI design, the deuterated part of the molecule was introduced last in the synthesis.
π ± − p Elastic scattering on polarized protons at large momentum transfers

Recent results of the measurements of π±−p elastic scattering on polarized protons at large momentum transfers are reported and compared with Regge pole phenomenology.
Temporal trends in phosphorus and lacustrine productivity in Lake Simcoe inferred from lake sediment

Abstract The historical phosphorus record and lake productivity of Lake Simcoe (southern Ontario, Canada) was reconstructed based on sediment cores collected throughout the lake. Sediment phosphorus concentrations have increased in all basins, in particular since the 1970s, with most changes occurring in the non-apatite (organic and inorganic) phosphorus fractions. Similarly, sediment organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations have increased significantly, molecular C:N and C:P ratios have decreased and δ 13 C org and δ 15 N have increased. These data suggest that autochthonous primary production has increased over the last four decades. The apparent contradiction with modeling efforts is reconciled if we consider that bioavailable phosphorus has made up an increasing proportion of the total phosphorus load over the last several decades. This study suggests that the forms of P delivered to Lake Simcoe must be considered for the development of a sound management plan.
Mutual orientation effects on electron transfer between porphyrins

Mutual orientation effects on the rate of nonadiabatic electron transfer between several diporphyrin pairs of experimental interest are examined. The electronic matrix element for electron transfer is calculated within a one-electron spheroidal model for a variety of states and orientations which are relevant to both biological and synthetic electron-transfer systems. Both the mutual orientation of the pairs and the nodal structure of the donor and acceptor orbitals can have large effects on calculated rates.
The effect of aldosterone on electrolytes and on digital vascular reactivity to I-norepinephrine in normotensive, hypertensive, and hypotensive subjects

Abstract 1. 1. Aldosterone was administered intramuscularly to 15 normotensive subjects and 15 patients with essential hypertension who were on a fixed intake of sodium chloride. Two patients with renal hypertension and 2 with postural hypotension were also studied. 2. 2. The excretion of sodium in the urine was significantly decreased in the normotensive group. The other electrolyte changes were inconclusive. 3. 3. Digital vascular responsiveness to 1-norepinephrine was significantly increased from an initially high level by the aldosterone in the subjects with essential hypertension but only slightly increased in the normotensive subjects. It was also found to increase from an initially normal level in the 2 patients with renal hypertension, and to decrease from an initially high level in the 2 patients with postural hypotension. 4. 4. The possible mechanisms involved in these changes are discussed.
A scheme for sampling inorganic nitrogen in forest soils

Abstract An efficient sampling scheme for evaluating seasonal changes of inorganic nitrogen in a forest soil was designed. It was based on variances of ammonium‐ and nitrate‐nitrogen estimated from core samples from each of three horizons (A1, A2, B1) taken from 8 randomly selected sites in a three‐hectare study area. The scheme adopted was: At each sampling time a single composite sample for each horizon was made using 15 cores from randomly‐selected locations; duplicate subsamples from each composite were analyzed for ammonium‐ and nitrate‐nitrogen.
Motivic Perception and Modularity

There is an important distinction to be drawn in the way different kinds of motivic relationships are perceived. Some relationships are detected quickly and automatically; other kinds are detected (if at all) only slowly and deliberately. There is a phenomenological difference here as well. These differences are nicely accounted for by Jerry Fodor's theory of modularity. It is argued that certain relationships are perceived in a "modular" fashion, and others are not. It is hypothesized that the relationships perceived in a modular way are those between segments that are (a) related by tonal transposition and (b) parallel relative to the metrical structure. This view accounts for the differences between perception of different kinds of relationships and also sheds light on metrical structure in general, the "rehearing" problem, and the issue of "mandatoriness" in musical perception.
National culture and dividend policy

This interdisciplinary study examines how national culture affects corporate dividend policies. The dividend puzzle is one of the most studied, yet unresolved, issues in financial economics. Prior theoretical and empirical research has suggested several explanations of the dividend puzzle that are rooted mainly in agency, asymmetric information, “bird in hand”, and pecking order theories. The main intuition behind our analysis is that dividend policy may be determined not only by an objective assessment of the severity of agency and asymmetric information problems within a firm, but also by management's and investors’ subjective perceptions of these problems, which hinge on their national culture. Using Schwartz's national culture dimensions, Conservatism and Mastery, we find that Conservatism is positively related and Mastery negatively related to dividend payouts for a sample of 27,462 firm-years from 21 countries between 1995 and 2007. These effects are robust to controls for a wide variety of other determinants of dividend policy – including investor protection, stock market performance, financial system configuration, tax advantage, economic development, and dividend catering premium – and to alternative culture proxies and sub-period windows. Our findings that national culture affects perceptions of and responses to agency and information asymmetry have important implications for policymakers and multinational enterprises.
In situ delay-slack monitor for high-performance processors using an all-digital self-calibrating 5ps resolution time-to-digital converter

Advanced CMOS technologies have become highly susceptible to process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variation. The standard approach for addressing this issue is to increase timing margin at the expense of power and performance. One approach to reclaim these losses relies on canary circuits [1] or sensors [2], which are simple to implement but cannot account for local variations. A more recent approach, called Razor, uses delay speculation coupled with error detection and correction to remove all margins but also imposes significant design complexity [3]. In this paper, we present a minimally-invasive in situ delay slack monitor that directly measures the timing margins on critical timing signals, allowing margins due to both global and local PVT variations to be removed.
Computing demand properties at the wholesale warehouse level

Computational formulas are given for the mean, variance, and autocorrelation function of the demand process at an upper-echelon facility (warehouse). The demand process at the warehouse is induced by the aggregated inventory replenishment processes of N independently operated lower-echelon facilities (stores) in parallel. Each store, we assume, employs an (s,S) inventory replenishment policy with complete backlogging to satisfy its own random, independently and identically distributed demand. The formulas result from an analysis of the stochastic replenishment process at a single store. Examples of the properties of the demand process at the upper-echelon facility are presented for several lower-echelon environments.
Benzil Rearrangement Kinetics and Pathways in High-Temperature Water

We have elucidated the kinetics for both the rearrangement of benzil (1,2-diphenylethanedione) to benzilic acid and for the subsequent reactions of benzilic acid in pure high-temperature liquid water (HTW). The rearrangement is rapid, and the benzilic acid formed can react via two parallel pathways. One is decarboxylation to form benzhydrol and the other is a self-reaction to form diphenylketene plus benzophenone. Diphenylketene is hydrated in HTW to form diphenylacetic acid, which can decarboxylate to form diphenylmethane. Benzhydrol reacts slowly in HTW, but it forms diphenylmethane and benzophenone in equal amounts. This set of reaction pathways is shown to be consistent with the experimental data obtained from the reactions of benzil, diphenylacetic acid, and benzhydrol, individually, in HTW.
Determination of fatty acid composition of turfgrass by high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract The fatty acid composition of warm‐season turfgrasses is physiologically regulated by environmental changes, particularly temperature. Species or cultivars, which have increased degree of unsaturation, usually have a greater freeze resistance. Quantifying fatty acid composition not only can help understand the freeze‐resistant mechanism of warm‐season turfgrasses but also in practice develop a management strategy for better turf. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for this purpose. The method is based on the bromophenacyl reaction of fatty acids and separation on a C8 column with gradient elution. Information on limit of identification, linearity of quantification, response factor, and derivatization conditions is presented and discussed. The method presented is simple to apply and provides an alternative to the traditional gas chromatography (GC) method. The results of fatty acid composition from a field freezing‐resistance experiment are discussed.
Coming to grips with negative evidence for the Comprehensive System for the Rorschach: a comment on Gacono, Loving, and Bodholdt; Ganellen; and Bornstein.

The Comprehensive System (CS; Exner, 1991, 1993) for the Rorschach is currently engulfed in controversy. This comment article responds to 3 articles by Rorschach proponents in this issue of the Journal of Personality Assessment. Contrary to the claims of Gacono, Loving, and Bodholdt (this issue), CS scores do not bear a well-demonstrated relationship to psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder, or conduct disorder. Contrary to the claims of Ganellen (this issue), both the original and the revised CS Depression Index (Exner, 1993) bear little or no relationship to depression diagnoses. Furthermore, the scoring reliability of some CS scores is problematic. Although we agree with Bornstein (this issue) that Rorschach scores generally bear little or no relation to psychiatric diagnoses or self-report questionnaires, we believe this lack of relationship tends to disconfirm hypotheses concerning the validity of the Rorschach. In the spirit of the philosopher Sir Karl Popper, the Rorschach community should n...
Hydrodynamic Loads on a Three-Dimensional Body in a Narrow Tank

An integral equation approach is utilized to investigate the influence of tank walls on the hydrodynamic forces experienced by an arbitrary three-dimensional body situated in a narrow wave tank. An appropriate three-dimensional Green function which satisfies the tank-wall boundary conditions is developed to facilitate the solution. Numerical results are presented for truncated cylinders of circular and elliptic cross section which illustrate the effect of the tank walls on the wave-induced forces. The numerical results indicate that the hydrodynamic loads on a three-dimensional body in a narrow tank may be quite different from those on the same body in the open sea.
Fast fourier transform of spectral boundary elements for transient heat conduction

The spectral boundary element method for solving two‐dimensional transient heat conduction problems is developed. This method is combined with the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to convert the solution between the time and frequency domains. The fundamental solutions in the frequency domain, required for the present method, are discussed. The resulting line integrations in the frequency domain are discretized using constant boundary elements and used in a Fortran boundary element program. Three examples are used to illustrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the method in both the frequency and time domains. First, the frequency domain solution procedure is verified using the steady‐state example of a semi‐infinite half space with a heat flux applied to a patch of the surface. This spectral boundary element method is then applied to the problem of a circular hole in an infinite solid subjected to a time‐varying heat flux, and solutions in both the frequency and time domains are presented. Finally, the meth...
Allosteric trumps covalent in the control of glycogen synthesis.

Glycogen metabolism serves as a critical regulator of energy storage and maintenance of blood glucose levels in a physiological range. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Bouskila et al. (2010) unexpectedly find that skeletal muscle glycogen accumulation is principally controlled by the allosteric activation of glycogen synthase, opening new avenues for investigation.
Vibrational analysis of peptides, polypeptides, and proteins. XV. Crystalline polyglycine II

A force field has been refined for the 31-helix structure of polyglycine 11, using the polyglycine I force field plus previous CaHa. . .O force constants as a starting point. Besides force constants associated with the hydrogen bonds, which must change since the hydrogen-bond characteristics are different in the two structures, we have had to modify only 10 force constants from the polyglycine I force field to make it suitable for reproducing the polyglycine I1 frequencies. Most involve the NC" bond, which is the torsion angle that changes from the I to the I1 structure. Calculations were done for parallel chain and antiparallel chain crystal structures of polyglycine 11, the observed spectra being found to agree best with the latter structure. Since this provides strong evidence for the loss of strict threefold symmetry in the chain, our analysis strengthens the support for the existence of OHU. . .O hydrogen bonds in the structure of polyglycine 11.
α2-Macroglobulin as a β-Amyloid Peptide-Binding Plasma Protein

The beta-amyloid peptide (A beta) is a normal proteolytic processing product of the amyloid precursor protein, which is constitutively expressed by many, if not most, cells. For reasons that are still unclear, A beta is deposited in an aggregated fibrillar form in both diffuse and senile plaques in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The factor(s) responsible for the clearance of soluble A beta from biological fluids or tissues are poorly understood. We now report that human alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M), a major circulating endoproteinase inhibitor, which has recently been shown to be present in senile plaques in AD, binds 125I-A beta(1-42) with high affinity (apparent dissociation constant of 3.8 x 10(-10) M). Approximately 1 mol of A beta is bound per mole of alpha2M. Both native and methylamine-activated alpha2M bind 125I-A beta(1-42). The binding of 125I-A beta(1-42) to alpha2M is enhanced by micromolar concentrations of Zn2+ (but not Ca2+) and is inhibited by noniodinated A beta(1-42) and A beta(1-40) but not by the reverse peptide A beta(40-1) or the cytokines interleukin 1beta or interleukin 2. alpha1-Antichymotrypsin, another plaque-associated protein, inhibits both the binding of 125I-A beta(1-42) to alpha2M as well as the degradation of 125I-A beta(1-42) by proteinase-activated alpha2M. Moreover, the binding of 125I-A beta(1-42) to alpha2M protects the peptide from proteolysis by exogenous trypsin. These data suggest that alpha2M may function as a carrier protein for A beta and could serve to either facilitate or impede clearance of A beta from tissues such as the brain.
Tyrosine-based membrane protein sorting signals are differentially interpreted by polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney and LLC-PK1 epithelial cells.

Tyrosine-dependent sequence motifs are implicated in sorting membrane proteins to the basolateral domain of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. We find that these motifs are interpreted differentially in various polarized epithelial cell types. The H,K-ATPase β subunit, which contains a tyrosine-based motif in its cytoplasmic tail, was expressed in MDCK and LLC-PK1 cells. This protein was restricted to the basolateral membrane in MDCK cells, but was localized to the apical membrane in LLC-PK1 cells. Similarly, HA-Y543, a construct in which a tyrosine-based motif was introduced into the cytoplasmic tail of influenza hemagglutinin, was sorted to the basolateral membrane of MDCK cells and retained at the apical membrane of LLC-PK1 cells. A chimera in which the cytoplasmic tail of the H,K-ATPase β subunit protein was replaced with the analogous region of the Na,K-ATPase β subunit polypeptide was localized to both surface domains of MDCK cells. Mutation of tyrosine-20 of the H,K-ATPase β subunit cytoplasmic sequence to an alanine was sufficient to disrupt basolateral localization of this polypeptide. In contrast, these constructs all remain localized to the apical membrane in LLC-PK1 cells. The FcRII-B2 protein bears a di-leucine motif and is found at the basolateral membrane of both MDCK and LLC-PK1 cells. These results demonstrate that polarized epithelia are able to discriminate between different classes of specifically defined membrane protein sorting signals.
Gas chromatographic retention behavior of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocyclic compounds, (dibenzothiophene, naphtho[b]thiophenes, benzo[b]naphthothiophenes and alkyl-substituted derivatives) on stationary phases of different selectivity

Abstract Retention indices for 80 polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocyclic compounds (PASHs) were determined by using high-resolution capillary gas chromatography (GC) with three different stationary phases: a 5% (mole fraction) phenyl-substituted methylpolysiloxane column, a 50% (mole fraction) phenyl-substituted methylpolysiloxane column and a smectic liquid crystalline column. Retention data were obtained for the following PASHs: dibenzothiophene, 28 alkyldibenzothiophenes, naphtho[1,2- b ]thiophene, seven of the eight possible methylnaphtho[1,2- b ]thiophenes, naphtho[2,1- b ]thiophene, all eight methylnaphtho[2,1- b ]thiophenes, naphtho[2,3- b ]thiophene, the three benzo[ b ]naphthothiophene isomers (benzo[ b ]naphtho[1,2- d ]thiophene, benzo[ b ]naphtho[2,1- d ]thiophene and benzo[ b ]naphtho[2,3- d ]thiophene), and all 30 possible methylbenzo[ b ]naphthothiophene isomers. Molecular descriptors [length, breadth, thickness ( T ), and length-to-breadth ratio ( L / B )] were calculated for all the compounds studied. Correlations for retention on the liquid crystalline phase and solute geometry ( L / B and T ) ratios were investigated, and the retention was found to be highly correlated with L / B resulting in correlation coefficients ranging from r =0.68 to r =0.98.
Responses to Urban Stimuli: A Balanced Approach

A good deal of recent psychological research on urban behavior has been generated by Milgram's overload model. This model suggests that high levels of urban stimulation overload people, and have negative effects on their perception of the city and responses to others. This paper proposes a more “balanced” approach to urban stimulation which derives largely from the work of Berlyne & Wohlwill. Drawing upon theory and research on optimal level of stimulation and adaptation level, it is proposed that stimuli which are intense, complex and/or novel may lead to positive as well as negative effects; and that this may vary across persons or over time A preliminary research study is presented that confirms the importance of urban complexity as an organizing variable; and suggestions for future research and urban application are offered.
STRATEGIES TO PREVENT DAMAGE TO SIDEWALKS BY TREE ROOTS

Several types of root barriers tested in field experiments in northern California inhibited development of shallow tree roots. The need for an improved barrier design to prevent development of pote...
3384 Trends in endoscopic screening for varices in cirrhotics: data from a national endoscopic database (cori).

Purpose:Endoscopic screening for varices has been recommended in all cirrhotics with subsequent prophylactic treatment of large varices. Aim:Assess the current practice trends regarding this guideline among gastroenterologists using a national endoscopic database. Methods:CORI is used by practicing gastroenterologists to generate and store endoscopic reports. The database has a liver section that captures: procedure indication, etiology of liver disease, Child-Pugh class, endoscopic findings, and treatment. Results:Data from 2 years (10/97-10/99) at 63 CORI sites (37 non-academic, 15 academic, 11 VAMC) regarding endoscopic screening for varices was collected. 7.7 screening EGD's per 1000 EGD's(413 of 53,562 EGD s)were done during the 2 years. The frequency nearly doubled from 1998 to 1999 (5.2 in 1998 to 9.8 in 1999). Among all screening EGD's(n=413): Child-Pugh class was reported in 205 of 413 cases (A 43%, B 42%, and C 15%). EGD findings included no varices 41%, esophageal varices 56%(42% small, 14% large),and gastric varices 3%. The presence of varices was associated with advanced liver disease (Child's B/C vs A; p
FPIX2: a radiation-hard pixel readout chip for BTeV

A radiation-hard pixel readout chip, FPIX2, is being developed at Fermilab for the recently approved BTeV experiment. Although designed for BTeV, this chip should also be appropriate for use by CDF and DZero. A short review of this development effort is presented. Particular attention is given to the circuit redesign which was made necessary by the decision to implement FPIX2 using a standard deep-submicron CMOS process rather than an explicitly radiation-hard CMOS technology, as originally planned. The results of initial tests of prototype 0.25{micro} CMOS devices are presented, as are plans for the balance of the development effort.
Pressure Transients within MCS Mesohighs and Wake Lows

By animating enhanced coarse surface pressure observations of 12 1985 Preliminary Regional Experiment for Storm-Scale Operational Research Meteorology (PRE-STORM) mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) the authors exposed 92 transitory highs and lows living within virtually all of the systems’ mesohighs and wake lows. A quasi-Lagrangian (feature following, not material following) analysis of the pressure fields produced five primary results. First, these transients, with magnitudes of a few millibars, horizontal dimensions of order 100 km, and average lifetimes of about 2 h, collectively composed spatial and temporal envelopes that contributed at least part of the total pressure field within mesohighs and wake lows. Transients did not apparently favor formation or dissipation in any location of the envelopes. Second, as the MCSs matured, the difference between each complex’s transitory highs’ mean pressure and transitory lows’ mean pressure increased in 78% of the conclusive cases. Apparently, one frequent role of MCSs is locally to magnify storm-scale pressure gradients. Third, transient paths reflect the frequent symmetric-to-asymmetric metamorphoses of the MCSs. Fourth, the temporal fluctuations of the numbers and apparent sizes of transients within a composite MCS partially support theories of MCS upscale evolution. Finally, the composite’s transient numbers and apparent sizes varied almost identically with time in a pattern that closely resembles the fluctuation of stratiform and convective volumetric rain rates of MCSs.
SHADE‐INDUCED PLASTICITY AND ITS ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE IN WILD POPULATIONS OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA

In laboratory studies of Arabidopsis thaliana, plants shaded by neighboring vegetation (or subject to treatments mimicking shade) flower at a younger developmental stage, and sometimes earlier in time. We examined whether this shade avoidance response varies among and within natural populations of A. thaliana, and whether it corresponds to variable selection regimes at shaded and unshaded field sites, by conducting a two-year reciprocal transplant study and a parallel greenhouse study that manipulated the presence and timing of shade. In the field, shading had limited or inconsistent impacts on survivorship across several phases of the growing season. The date of bolting was earlier at the shadier site compared to the less shady site, but in the greenhouse there was no significant shade- induced plasticity for this trait. In both studies, we detected directional selection gradients favoring earlier bolting in shade, but gradients favoring earlier bolting were as strong in nonshaded conditions. The number of rosette leaves at bolting (i.e., the developmental stage of flowering) was significantly reduced by shade in both studies. However, there was either no directional selection on this trait, or selection to flower with more rather than fewer leaves. Despite the contrast in habitats, there was limited differentiation between populations for survivorship, reproductive fitness, size-related or flowering time traits, and no differ- entiation for trait plasticities. Some traits were variable among families within populations. A trade-off between age and developmental stage may limit the response to selection for flowering time, possibly explaining limited local adaptation. The adaptive significance of shade-induced flowering time plasticity remains equivocal. Future studies of the plasticity of flowering time in A. thaliana should investigate the effects of shading regimes together with other environmental variables on size- and timing-related traits.
Clinical relevance of the small intestine as an organ of drug elimination: drug–fruit juice interactions

Most drugs are taken orally. For those intended to act systemically, a significant fraction of the dose can be eliminated during its first passage through a sequence of organs before entry into the general circulation. For some drugs, the degree of first-pass elimination can be large enough such that oral bioavailability is significantly reduced, with the consequent potential for a reduced clinical response. Of these first-pass eliminating organs, the small intestine and liver are the most commonly implicated, in part because they express the highest levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes. For several drugs whose major route of elimination occurs via CYP3A-mediated metabolism, the extent of first-pass metabolism in the small intestine can rival that in the liver. As such, alterations in enteric CYP3A activity alone can significantly influence oral bioavailability. The most extensively studied xenobiotic shown to inhibit only enteric CYP3A is grapefruit juice, the consequences of which can be clinically significant. Although much information has been gained regarding the grapefruit juice effect, progress in the relatively understudied area of drug-diet interactions continues to be sluggish and reactive. In stark contrast, the potential for drug-drug interactions involving any new therapeutic agent must be evaluated, prospectively, before market introduction. To prospectively elucidate mechanisms underlying drug-diet interactions, a multidisciplinary, translational research approach is required, which capitalizes on the collective expertise of drug metabolism scientists and natural products chemists. Such an approach would allow proper between-study comparisons, and ultimately provide conclusive information as to whether specific dietary substances can be taken safely with certain medications.
Ridge estimator in singulah oesiun with application to age-period-cohort analysis of disease rates

Ridge estimator of a singular design is considered for linear and gener¬alized linear models. Ridge penalty helps determine a unique estimator in singmar uesign. me tuning parameter o± tue penalty is seiecteu via gener¬alized cross-validation (GCV) method. It is proven that the ridge estimator lies in a special sub-parameter space and converges to the intrinsic estimator, an estimable function in singular design, as the shrinkage penalty diminishes. The expansion of the ridge estimator and its variance are also obtained. Thismethod is demonstrated through an application to age-period-cohort (APC) analysis of the incidence rates of cervical cancer in Ontario women 1980-1994
Behavioural Economics and Environmental Incentives

This review aims to improve our understanding of the implications of the insights from behavioural economics for environmental policy design. The review focuses on the question of incentive design in two broad areas — risk, conflict and cooperation; and mechanism design. A number of lessons for policy design emerge from the literature and are highlighted in the paper.