cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Examination of the Demographic and Environmental Variables Correlated with Lyme Disease Emergence in Virginia

Lyme disease is the United States’ most significant vector-borne illness. Virginia, on the southern edge of the disease’s currently expanding range, has experienced an increase in Lyme disease both spatially and temporally, with steadily increasing rates over the past decade and disease spread from the northern to the southwestern part of the state. This study used a Geographic Information System and a spatial Poisson regression model to examine correlations between demographic and land cover variables, and human Lyme disease from 2006 to 2010 in Virginia. Analysis indicated that herbaceous land cover is positively correlated with Lyme disease incidence rates. Areas with greater interspersion between herbaceous and forested land were also positively correlated with incidence rates. In addition, income and age were positively correlated with incidence rates. Levels of development, interspersion of herbaceous and developed land, and population density were negatively correlated with incidence rates. Abundance of forest fragments less than 2 hectares in area was not significantly correlated. Our results support some findings of previous studies on ecological variables and Lyme disease in endemic areas, but other results have not been found in previous studies, highlighting the potential contribution of new variables as Lyme disease continues to emerge southward.
Site-Specific Mutagenesis:: A New Approach for Studying the Molecular Mechanisms of Mutation by Carcinogens

Most chemical carcinogens are also mutagens. Usually, they are also electrophilic reagents that react at high electron density regions in DNA forming covalent adducts. It is generally believed that these adducts occasionally lead to mutations during replication and/or repair. There is no direct experimental evidence bearing on the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for producing mutations from these adducts. To complicate matters, there are at least 18 distinct sites where adducts can form. Not all sites react with a given carcinogen in vivo under a given set of conditions, but many different adducts are almost always formed. In order to gain a better understanding of how carcinogens produce mutations, and, hopefully, to obtain some insight into the relationship between mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, we need to answer the following questions: (1) Which of the covalent adducts that form when a carcinogen reacts with DNA actually produce mutations? (2) What kind of mutation does each different premutational lesion produce? (3) What role do the various DNA repair systems play in producing these mutations?
Knorpel und Perichondrium

Im Knorpel und Perichondrium sind die Zellen wie allgemein im Bindegewebe in eine Matrix eingebettet, die aus Fasern und Grundsubstanz besteht und die Hauptmasse des reifen Gewebes bildet. Seit man in elektronenmikroskopischen Aufnahmen die Zellgrenzen deutlich sehen kann, sind diese das Bindegewebe betreffenden Erkenntnisse zu einer Selbstverstandlichkeit geworden.
Pre-applied underfills for low cost flip chip processing

This paper discusses the development of process technologies and material systems which could make the flip chip assembly process transparent to SMT packaging and assembly lines by eliminating the flip chip flux application, underfill application, and underfill cure processes. This is done by using reflowable encapsulants applied to bumped flip chip wafers. The required material properties for such a system are discussed along with the performance of different underfill materials and application methods, including preliminary yield results.
The IMF and Global Financial Crises: Phoenix Rising?

1. Introduction 2. Bretton Woods 3. Transitions 4. The debt crisis 5. Global finance redux 6. Currency crises 7. The widening gyre 8. Fiscal follies 9. Lessons learned 10. The great recession 11. The world turned upside down.
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) Selectively Enhances the Activation Gating of Slowly Inactivating Tetrodotoxin-Resistant Sodium Currents in Rat Sensory Neurons: A Mechanism for the Pain-Inducing Actions of ET-1

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) causes pain through activation of nociceptors, by either direct depolarization or increased excitability. Here we examined the effect of ET-1 on nociceptor-associated tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) sodium currents using whole-cell voltage clamp of acutely dissociated rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. DRG neurons that responded had enhanced activation gating when exposed to 10 nm ET-1, as determined by significant shifts in their average activation midpoint potentials (ΔE0.5 = −8.0 ± 0.5 mV) when compared with control (ΔE0.5 = −2.2 ± 0.4 mV; n = 6) and ET-1 unresponsive cells (ΔE0.5 = −3.2 ± 0.2 mV). ET-1 also modified the availability of TTX-R channels, as determined by negative shifts in the average midpoint potential for inactivation of ET-1 responsive cells when compared with controls. These actions of ET-1 occurred predominantly in cells with more slowly inactivating TTX-R currents. Both time-to-peak current and inactivation time constants were shortened by ET-1 in responsive cells. Previous exposure of cells to the endothelin-A (ETA) receptor antagonist BQ-123 (1 μm) prevented ET-1-induced shifts in TTX-R activation. In contrast to changes in TTX-R, ET-1 did not modify tetrodotoxin-sensitive currents recorded from DRG neurons. These results demonstrate that the algogenic peptide ET-1 induces ETA receptor-mediated, hyperpolarizing shifts in the voltage-dependent activation of TTX-R Na+ channels, a potential mechanism for selective excitation by ET-1 of nociceptors that we observed in vivo.
Characteristics of mitochondria isolated from type I and type IIb skeletal muscle

Mitochondria isolated from rabbit soleus (98% type I) and gracilis (99% type IIb) skeletal muscle were compared for compositional differences. Whole muscle mitochondrial contents were 14.5 +/- 1.2 ...
Controlling for misclassified land use data: A post-classification latent multinomial logit approach

Abstract Terrain and landscape complexities can limit the accurate discrimination of land use categories with similar spectral signatures, as well as the accurate detection of land use change in temporal analyses of landscape dynamics. Studies based on misclassified land use data can generate biased parameter estimates and standard errors, inaccurate predictions, and incorrect policy recommendations. To address these challenges and improve the accuracy of land use analyses, we implement a post-classification strategy to detect misclassified land use observations using a latent multinomial logit model. This strategy is tested using both Monte Carlo simulations and a time series dataset based on supervised classification of remotely sensed data corresponding to land use decisions observed in a Mexican coffee growing region during the period 1984–2006. The results indicate that the strategy is useful for identifying land use observations with a high probability of being wrongly classified, even between categories with low discriminative spectral signatures. Reclassification of the land use data, based on the model results, increases the magnitudes of the marginal effects of the analyzed land use drivers in the theoretically expected directions, and in some cases improves the statistical significance of the parameter estimates.
Reevaluating Zulu Religion An Afrocentric Analysis

Through a brief overview of Zulu history and traditions, this article, committed to reevaluating traditional Zulu social patterns, questions the European interpretations of Zulu people’s system of ...
Secretion of radio-strontium in milk of two cows following intravenous administration.

Summary7.88% and 11% of a dose of radio-strontium were secreted in the milk of two Holstein cows during 4 1/4 days following its intravenous administration.
SU‐FF‐T‐16: Treatment Planning Isodose Calculations with the Gliasite Radiation Therapy System

Purpose: From published data of dose rates and fractional depth doses (FDD) for various sizes of 125I liquid‐filled brachytherapy balloon applicators (the Gliasite RTS) we have developed templates of TG‐43 compatible dosimetric parameters to be used in computerized treatment planning calculations and isodose generation. Method and Materials: The Gliasite radiation therapy system is an intracavitary brachytherapy source that is implanted in brain cavities following excision of the tumor. The balloon can be inflated anywhere between 4 to 35 cc in order to achieve good conformance with the surrounding braintissue. The initial dose rate in cGy/hr is a function of the balloon size, depth of prescription from the balloon surface and net afterloaded activity in mCi. FDD's, normalized to the balloon surface, are available for determining doses at various depths from the balloon. Based on tables of initial dose rates we have derived the dose rate constant Λ in (cGy/hr.U) at 1 cm from the balloon center for various balloon sizes. We have also calculated a two‐dimensional table of the radial dose function g(r) for various balloon sizes and depths in tissue. These dosimetric parameters have then been entered into our brachytherapy planning system (ADAC Pinnacle), where the Gliasite balloon is modeled as a point source. Results: Our CT‐based three‐dimensional dose calculations yield doses to the surrounding normal braintissue and critical structures. In addition to isodose generation, we also calculate DVH's for critical structures, target volume and normal braintissue and are able to add doses from external beam or other brachytherapy procedures that a patient may have received. We have spot‐checked these isodose calculations using the Gliasite calculation tables. Conclusion: CT‐based isodose display is useful in assessing doses to neighboring critical structures and is also indicated when the balloon conformance to the surrounding tissue is not optimal.
Designing photoresist systems for CO2-based microlithography

Carbon dioxide (CO2) based microlithography (dry microlithography) represents an immense opportunity for the semiconductor industry to keep pace with Moore's Law while reducing its environmental impact. Currently, rinsing <130nm developed images with supercritical CO2 is the only method which can prevent image collapse at this resolution. In this article, we will discuss CO2's ability to improve lithographic performance as we demonstrate its potential to replace the most solvent intensive steps of the microlithography process; spin coating, developing, and stripping. During these steps, semiconductor manufacturers produce vast amounts of organic and aqueous waste, which are detrimental to our ecosystem. However, before CO2 can replace conventional solvents, photoresist systems must be designed and synthesized to be compatible with CO2. These photoresists must be soluble in liquid CO2 to insure that uniform thin-films can be produced by spin coating while maintaining characteristics of conventional resist systems such as low absorbance, high sensitivity, solubility contrast, good resolution, and etch resistance. Using our CO2 compatible resist system, we will show the ability of CO2 to spin coat uniform thin-films which (after exposing and PEB) can be developed using scCO2 to produce lithography features that may be stripped in CO2. Thus, revealing the enormous potential of CO2 to provide the microlithography industry an opportunity to escape its water and organic solvent dependence.
Freud's family romance with Princess Marie: Benoît Jacquot resurrects the childhood seduction theory

ABSTRACTBenoit Jacquot has, throughout his cinematic career, repeatedly ventured into the hothouse of psychoanalytic debate, either directly (in Jacques Lacan's Psychoanalysis) or indirectly (in Sade and Le Septieme ciel). In Princesse Marie, Jacquot uses Marie Bonaparte's encounter with Freud to revisit the question of childhood seduction that has plagued psychoanalysis from its inception. The almost obsessive insistence on the question of seduction in the film's opening minutes sets the stage for a discussion of two capital texts (the Leonardo and the Freud/Fliess Correspondence), in which Freud aired his own ambivalence about this question—one that was to lead him directly to the ‘discovery’ of the Oedipus complex and to the articulation of psychoanalytic theory in general. Analysis of these elements of the film will help us appreciate the way Jacquot uses Princesse Marie to question Freud's abandonment of the seduction theory, and to suggest the ways in which seduction is inherent to the ontology of t...
Atmospheric tides and the rotation of Venus II. Spin evolution

Tides in the atmosphere of Venus may help to stabilize its slow retrograde rotation. The frequency dependence of the body tides also affects its rotational stability. However, the obliquity is probably maintained near 180 deg by friction between the core and mantle of Venus. In any case, it appears most likely that Venus originated with an obliquity greater than 90 deg.
Management of complications after rotator cuff surgery

Rotator cuff repair (RCR) is a common procedure performed by orthopedic surgeons via arthroscopic, open, or mini-open techniques. While this surgery is considered to be of low morbidity, several potential complications can arise either intraoperatively or during the postoperative time period. Some of these complications are related to the surgical approach (arthroscopic or open), while others are patient dependent. Many of these complications can be managed through nonoperative means; however, early recognition and timely treatment is essential in limiting the long-term sequela and improving patient outcome. There are several different ways to classify complications after RCR repair: timing, severity, preventability, whether or not the pathology is intra- or extra-articular, and the type of treatment necessary. It is essential that the surgeon is cognizant of the etiology contributing to the failed RCR surgery in order to provide timely and proper management.
Effect of radiant energy on the burning rate of a composite solid propellant

This paper describes the measured effect of radiant energy flux on the atmospheric pressure burning rate of a solid propellant. It was concluded that the effect is negligible except when the propellant burning rate is very low as, for example, during the quench of a controllable motor. Also, from the experimental data, it was calculated that the PBAN-AP propellant had an apparent surface temperature of 560 °C and an apparent exothermic solid decomposition that liberated 130 cal/g.
Effect of hydrostatic pressure on viscous remanent magnetization in magnetite-bearing specimens

Rocks at depth in the crust acquire a viscous (i.e., time-dependent) magnetization under the pressure-temperature conditions at which they reside. There have been numerous studies on the effect of temperature on viscous magnetization but little work has been performed on the effect of hydrostatic pressure. We have studied viscous remanent magnetization at 22°C in a 0.1 mT field at 0.1 and 100 MPa for natural and synthetic multidomain magnetite. The viscous remanent magnetization was found to increase nearly linearly with log(time) at both pressures. There was little change in the rate of viscous acquisition between 0.1 and 100 MPa over the multidomain grain size range studied. Thus for rocks buried at depth in the earth the enhancement of magnetic viscosity by thermal fluctuations will dominate over effects due to hydrostatic pressure.
Therapeutic Implications of a Barrier-Based Pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis

Excessive Th2 cell signaling and IgE production play key roles in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). Yet, recent information suggests that the inflammation in AD instead is initiated by inherited insults to the barrier, including a strong association between mutations in FILAGGRIN and SPINK5 in Netherton syndrome, the latter of which provides an important clue that AD is provoked by excess serine protease activity. But acquired stressors to the barrier may also be required to initiate inflammation in AD, and in addition, microbial colonization by Staphylococcus aureus both amplifies inflammation, but also further stresses the barrier in AD. Therapeutic implications of these insights are as follows: While current therapy has been largely directed toward ameliorating Th2-mediated inflammation and/or pruritus, these therapies are fraught with short-term and potential long-term risks. In contrast, “barrier repair” therapy, with a ceramide-dominant triple-lipid mixture of stratum corneum lipids, is more logical, of proven efficacy, and it provides a far-improved safety profile.
Mid-Century Ensemble Regional Climate Change Scenarios for the Western United States

To study the impacts of climate change on water resources in the western U.S., global climate simulations were produced using the National Center for Atmospheric Research/Department of Energy (NCAR/DOE) Parallel Climate Model (PCM). The Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) was used to downscale the PCM control (20 years) and three future(2040–2060) climate simulations to yield ensemble regional climate simulations at 40 km spatial resolution for the western U.S. This paper describes the regional simulations and focuses on the hydroclimate conditions in the Columbia River Basin (CRB) and Sacramento-San Joaquin River (SSJ) Basin. Results based on global and regional simulations show that by mid-century, the average regional warming of 1 to 2.5 °C strongly affects snowpack in the western U.S. Along coastal mountains, reduction in annual snowpack was about70% as indicated by the regional simulations. Besides changes in mean temperature, precipitation, and snowpack, cold season extreme daily precipitation increased by 5 to 15 mm/day (15–20%) along theCascades and the Sierra. The warming resulted in increased rainfall at the expense of reduced snowfall, and reduced snow accumulation (or earlier snowmelt) during the cold season. In the CRB, these changes were accompanied by more frequent rain-on-snow events. Overall, they induced higher likelihood of wintertime flooding and reduced runoff and soil moisture in the summer. Changes in surface water and energy budgets in the CRB and SSJ basin were affected mainly by changes in surface temperature, which were statistically significant at the 0.95 confidence level. Changes in precipitation, while spatially incoherent, were not statistically significant except for the drying trend during summer. Because snow and runoff are highly sensitive tospatial distributions of temperature and precipitation, this study shows that (1) downscaling provides more realistic estimates of hydrologic impacts in mountainous regions such as the western U.S., and (2) despite relatively small changes in temperature and precipitation, changes in snowpack and runoff can be much larger on monthly to seasonal time scales because the effects of temperature and precipitation are integrated over time and space through various surface hydrological and land-atmosphere feedback processes. Although the results reported in this study were derived from an ensemble of regional climate simulations driven by a global climate model that displays low climate sensitivity compared with most other models, climate change was found to significantly affect water resources in the western U.S. by the mid twenty-first century.
Cerebrovascular disease basis of depression: Post-stroke depression and vascular depression

The close association between cerebrovascular disease and depression has been known for more than a century, yet much of the progress in understanding the cerebrovascular basis of depression in late life has been spurred by development of two concepts: 'post-stroke depression' and 'vascular depression'. The purpose of this review is to examine the epidemiology, diagnostic features, course, pathophysiology and prognosis of post-stroke depression and vascular depression, to highlight their common features, and to contrast the distinct aspects of these two subtypes of geriatric depression.
Treatment options for refractory pain The role of intrathecal therapy

Intraspinal drug delivery represents an important treatment option for the management of chronic pain. Selection of candidates for this type of therapy requires careful evaluation of the patient, possibly including psychological screening. Although determining the efficacy of long-term intraspinal drug therapy has been challenging, several classes of agents have been identified to provide benefits in patients with a variety of pain types. Such agents include opioids, α 2 -agonists, sodium channel antagonists, and γ-aminobutyric acid agonists. In addition, combinations of agents with distinct mechanisms of action may be therapeutically advantageous because many clinical pain states result from more than one mechanism.
Sustained activation of Rac1 in hepatic stellate cells promotes liver injury and fibrosis in mice

Rac, a small, GTP-binding protein in the Rho family, regulates several cellular functions, including the activation of NADPH oxidase, a major intracellular producer of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) isolated from mice that are genetically deficient in NADPH oxidase produce less ROS, and their activation during chronic liver injury is abrogated, resulting in decreased liver fibrosis. Therefore, we hypothesized that HSC ROS production and activation would be enhanced, and fibrosis worsened, by increasing Rac expression in HSCs. To achieve this, we used transgenic mice that express constitutively active human Rac1 under the control of the alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-sma) promoter, because alpha-sma expression is induced spontaneously during HSC activation. Transgene expression was upregulated progressively during culture of primary Rac-transgenic HSCs, and this increased HSC ROS production as well as expression of activation markers and collagen. Similarly, Rac mice treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) accumulated greater numbers of activated HSCs and had more liver damage, hepatocyte apoptosis, and liver fibrosis-as well as higher mortality-than CCl(4)-treated wild-type mice. In conclusion, sustained activation of Rac in HSCs perpetuates their activation and exacerbates toxin-induced liver injury and fibrosis, prompting speculation that Rac may be a therapeutic target in patients with cirrhosis.
Pyridine nucleotide oxidized to reduced ratio as a regulator of muscular performance

Die Pyridinnukleotid-Gehalte von trainierten und untrainierten Muskeln werden nach zehnminutiger Arbeit miteinander verglichen. Das Verhaltnis der oxidierten zu reduzierten Pyridinnukleotiden ist beim trainierten Muskel starker oxidiert als beim nicht trainierten Muskel.
Unidirectionally biased Permalloy: A polarized-neutron-reflection experiment

The depth profile of the magnetization of an exchange-coupled Permalloy-${\mathrm{Fe}}_{50}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{50}$ bilayer is determined nondestructively from polarized-neutron reflectometry. The interfacial exchange coupling between the ferromagnetic Permalloy layer and the antiferromagnetic ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{50}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{50}$ layer gives rise to an unusual unidirectional anisotropy of the Permalloy layer, whose magnitude is much smaller than would be expected from the bulk exchange constants of these materials. A variety of models have been proposed to account for this result, some of which require inhomogeneous magnetization distributions within the Permalloy layer or at the Permalloy-${\mathrm{Fe}}_{50}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{50}$ interface. These experiments reveal that, for a structure of the form Si(111)/${\mathrm{Ni}}_{81}$${\mathrm{Fe}}_{19}$(400 \AA{})/${\mathrm{Fe}}_{50}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{50}$(400 \AA{})/Ta(300 \AA{}), the depth profile of the magnetization is uniform within experimental error. In particular, for fields sufficiently large to magnetize the Permalloy layer at one or other extreme of the hysteresis loop, the layer-by-layer profile of the magnetization is identical, ruling out the possibility of planar domain-wall formation in the Permalloy layer. The hysteresis loop is derived from polarized-neutron reflectometry data as a function of in-plane magnetic field and is the same as that found using conventional magnetometry. The actual layer thicknesses of the structure were separately determined by neutron reflectometry for the structure magnetized with the magnetic moment perpendicular to the neutron-scattering plane.
Howard Crum (1922–2002)

University of Michigan Herbarium 18: 3-38). Therefore, we will not try to repeat all the information that was there, and readers are referred to that article for more detail than provided here. Howard was born in Mishawaka, Indiana on July 14, 1922. After high school he followed his aunt and older brothers to Western Michigan Teacher's College (now Western Michigan University) in Kalamazoo. World War II, however, interrupted Howard's education, and he volunteered for the U.S. Army Air Force. From 1942 to 1945, Howard served as a cryptographer (could this have influenced his subsequent entry into cryptogamy?) in North Africa and the Middle East. He often talked
A new generation of small cooling rings

Abstract Over the past few years, a number of laboratories have begun to construct and operate storage rings, of modest dimensions and designed for specialized applications. A subset of this class of projects includes the rings containing cooling devices which can impart properties to the stored beam that make it of particular interest for experimental use. Cooling is only one of a set of operations that may be performed upon a beam once the storage capability exists. This paper summarizes the beam processing options that are possible in a cooling ring in order to show the flexibility of this technology, and then reviews the status and representative application plans for the small cooling rings that make up this new generation.
Giant field-induced variation of the cyclotron mass in coupled two-dimensional electron gases.

The cyclotron mass {ital m}{sub {ital c}} is calculated in coupled double quantum wells with in-plane magnetic fields ({ital B}). The shape of the Fermi surface varies continuously due to the partial minigap formed by the {ital B}-induced anticrossing of the two quantum-well energy-dispersion curves. In two dimensions, {ital m}{sub {ital c}} is shown to be proportional to the density of states at the Fermi surface. Sharp {ital B}-dependent structures arising from abrupt orbit changes near the gap are obtained for {ital m}{sub {ital c}} in excellent agreement with recent data, confirming recently proposed Fermi surfaces. Additional effects are predicted.
The relationship of group context and intelligence to the overjustification effect

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effects of group context and intelligence on the overjustification effect in first- and second-grade children. Fifty-two male and female subjects were randomly assigned to reward and control conditions and were tested in groups of three to six. Half the subjects received rewards for completing “connect-the-dot” pictures, and the other half received no reward. Time spent on the task, the number of dots connected, and the number of dots connected per second were recorded as measures of intrinsic motivation for the task. The results obtained indicated that extrinsic rewards had no effect on the children’s intrinsic motivation to perform on this task. It was also found that level of assessed intelligence and group context predicted task performance. The results suggest that group interaction may serve to neutralize the reported undermining effect of reward on intrinsic motivation.
Modelling linear viscoelastic properties of asphalt concrete by the Huet–Sayegh model

In order to seek an appropriate mechanical model to describe the complex modulus and characterise the linear viscoelastic property of asphalt concrete, the Huet–Sayegh model was studied in this research. Laboratory tests of complex modulus were conducted on 20 different mixtures. Several mechanical models (Maxwell, Kelvin, generalised Maxwell, generalised Kelvin and Huet–Sayegh) and the mathematical model of sigmoidal function were applied to establish master curves of dynamic moduli. Results indicate that the Huet–Sayegh model can describe complex modulus more accurately using fewer numbers of parameters compared with other mechanical models.
Competitive subsidization in regional development

Abstract This paper uses a game-theoretic bidding model to analyze the process in which regional areas attract new companies by offering subsidies. It is shown that this is not a ‘negative-sum game’, and that companies tend to locate in those regions for which they have the greatest value. A constructive methodology for quantifying the value of the firm to a region including both direct and indirect benefits is developed. A non-cooperative equilibrium bidding strategy is developed for competing regions which expands on some of the behavioral conclusions in Hands and Mann (1987). Dependent value estimates by the regions and the region's attitudes toward risk are shown to influence optimal bidding strategies for new companies.
Reform of the Russian economy: the role of institutions

Written in January 1994, discusses the reform of the Russian economy, its severe economic decline, and how the transition to a market economy might be realized. Emphasizes the institutions of a market economy and suggests that the current “shock therapy” reform programme of stabilization of the macro‐economy, liberalization of prices, and privatization of enterprises will not succeed in the absence of such institutions. These institutions include a system of property rights, a legal system, a sound currency, legal and regulatory agencies to prevent corruption and monopolization, a social safety net, and entities providing banking and credit, classified advertising, accounting, insurance and other services.
Model for Anodic Film Growth on Aluminum with Coupled Bulk Transport and Interfacial Reactions

Films grown through the anodic oxidation of metal substrates are promising for applications ranging from solar cells to medical devices, but the underlying mechanisms of anodic growth are not fully understood. To provide a better understanding of these mechanisms, we present a new 1D model for the anodization of aluminum. In this model, a thin space charge region at the oxide/electrolyte interface couples the bulk ionic transport and the interfacial reactions. Charge builds up in this region, which alters the surface overpotential until the reaction and bulk fluxes are equal. The model reactions at the oxide/electrolyte interface are derived from the Valand-Heusler model, with modifications to allow for deviations from stoichiometry at the interface and the saturation of adsorption sites. The rate equations and equilibrium concentrations of adsorbed species at the oxide/electrolyte interface are obtained from the reactions using Butler-Volmer kinetics, whereas transport-limited reaction kinetics are utilized at the metal/oxide interface. The ionic transport through the bulk oxide is modeled using a newly proposed cooperative transport process, the counter-site defect mechanism. The model equations are evolved numerically. The model is parametrized and validated using experimental data in the literature for the rate of ejection of aluminum species into the electrolyte, embedded charge at the oxide/electrolyte interface, and the barrier thickness and growth rate of porous films. The parametrized model predicts that the embedded charge at the oxide/electrolyte interface decreases monotonically for increasing electrolyte pH at constant current density. The parametrized model also predicts that the embedded charge during potentiostatic anodization is at its steady-state value; the embedded charge at any given time is equal to the embedded charge during galvanostatic anodization at the same current. In addition to simulations of anodized barrier films, this model can be extended to multiple dimensions to simulate anodic nanostructure growth.
Characterization of Radionuclide Behavior in Low-Level Waste Sites

Our laboratory is investigating the subsurface migration of radionuclides in groundwater at the Maxey Flats, Kentucky, shallow land burial site and at a low-level aqueous waste disposal facility. At Maxey Flats, radionuclide and tracer data indicate groundwater communication between a waste trench and an adjacent experimental study area. Areal distributions of radionuclides in surface soil confirm that contamination at Maxey Flats has been largely contained on site. Of the radionuclides detected in the surface soil, only 3H and 60Co concentrations appear to be derived from waste. Plutonium exists in the anoxic subsurface waters at Maxey Flats as a reduced, anionic complex; some of the plutonium appears to be complexed with EDTA, whereas organic acids seem to be associated with 137Cs and 90Sr. At the aqueous waste disposal site, 3H and mainly anionic species of certain radionuclides, including 60Co, 106Ru, 99Tc, 131I, and traces of 238,239,240Pu, appear to migrate from a trench through soil adjacent to the trench. Radionuclides in the particulate and cationic forms appear to be efficiently retained by the soil. In general, observations indicate that the physicochemical form of the radionuclides mediates their subsurface migration in groundwater at both waste disposal sites.
A STATEWIDE SYSTEM FOR PERINATAL INFORMATION

A Statewide Perinatal Information System (SPINS) was developed in 1980, through the cooperation of South Carolina's twelve neonatologists and a grant from the State Department of Health and Enviromental Control. Using a Prime 550 computer and PSTAT, Inc. software package, SPINS collects 75 maternal and 222 neonatal items of information on all mother-infant pairs admitted to the five Level III Centers. The system collects information on infants admitted to normal newborn, intermediate and intensive care nurseries (ICN) of these five referral centers. In addition to vital statistics, areas covered are maternal history, labor, delivery and neonatal diagnoses, procedures, outcome. The number of infants entered into the system in 1982 was 14,417 of which 1749 were ICN admissions. SPINS has generated data for 1-Education: monthly ob-ped conference for perinatal outcome, 2-Quality Control: statistics of outcome by birth weight, length of hospital stay and average daily weight gain, 3-Health Costs: increased State Medicaid coverage of high risk neonates based on average length of hospital stay, 4-Research: changing bed requirements for care of very low birth weight infants. The personnel required statewide are five data collectors working 3/4 time, one full-time data entry clerk, and one full-time data analyst. The total yearly cost is approximately $100,000; $87,000 for salaries and $13,000 for computer time.
Different determinants of antigenic specificity on single molecules

Abstract Molecularly homogeneous antigens can stimulate the formation of molecularly separate and qualitatively different antibodies. There is strong evidence that this should be ascribed to different submolecular components of the antigen.
Monodentate-Bridged Phosphodiester and Sulfate Complexes: Structural Insights into the Biological Activation of Phosphodiesters, Sulfate, and Sulfate Esters

A dinickel(II) complex [Ni2(BPAN)(μ-(PhO)2PO2)2(MeCN)2](ClO4)2 (1) with monodentate bridging diphenyl phosphate groups and a dimanganese(II) compound [Mn2(BPMAN)(μ-SO4)2] (2) with a monodentate bri...
Variability of Contact Precaution Policies in US Emergency Departments

Contact precautions policies in US emergency departments have not been studied. We surveyed a structured random sample and found wide variation; for example, 45% required contact precautions for stool incontinence or diarrhea, 84% for suspected Clostridium difficile, and 79% for suspected methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Emergency medicine departments and organizations should enact policies.
Steroid formation by the avian ovary in vitro (Gallus domesticus).

Ovarian slices of the Gallus domesticus in the presence of gonadotrophin incorporate acetate-1-14C into progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, and estradiol-17β. Distinct profiles of radioactive steroids are seen in the tissues of the molting, laying, and broody hens. There is an intense Δ5,3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase reaction and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase reaction in the granulosa cells of the laying hen; these reactions are not present in the molting hen. An intense 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase reaction, with testosterone as the substrate, occurs in the theca and stroma cells of the molting hen with only a weak reaction in the laying hen.
Development of a fiber optic enzymatic biosensor for 1,2-dichloroethane.

There is a significant need for devices capable of measuring water contaminant concentrations in situ––continuously, rapidly, and without reagents, extraction, or other pretreatment. Toward this goal, we constructed and tested fiber optic biosensors for measurement of 1,2-dichloroethane (DCA) in aqueous solutions. The biocomponent was the haloalkane dehalogenase, DhlA, in whole cells of Xanthobacter autotrophicus GJ10. These cells were immobilized in calcium alginate on the tip of a fiber optic fluoresceinamine-based pH optode. The resulting biosensor could quantify DCA at 11 mg/l and had a linear response up to at least 65 mg/l. Total signal change was reached in 8–10 min, and measurements were reproducible (SE <9%). The sensor’s small size, potential for remote operation, and low cost make it of interest for further development.
As the PMI Turns: A Tool for Supply Chain Managers

SUMMARY Supply chain managers use the PMI, an index of business activity and proxy for the general business cycle, to obtain valuable information important to strategic managerial planning. This research explores a methodology to provide managerial insight into the general business cycle by tracking and forecasting cycle turns in the PMI. A regression model is developed based on inherent cycles in the PMI between 12 and 65 months to forecast turning points for the index and anticipate changes in the business cycle, which is superior to the more commonly used Box-Jenkins forecasting technique. Strategic planning using this knowledge allows management to optimally adjust long-term levels of production, inventory, employment and orders as necessary.
Adjusting the spokes of the flagellar motor with the DNA-binding protein H-NS

The H-NS protein of bacteria is a global regulator that stimulates transcription of flagellar genes and that also acts directly to modulate flagellar motor function. H-NS is known to bind FliG, a protein of the rotor that interacts with the stator and is directly involved in rotation of the motor. Here, we find that H-NS, well known for its ability to organize DNA, acts in the flagellar motor to organize protein subunits in the rotor. It binds to a middle domain of FliG that bridges the core parts of the rotor and parts nearer the edge that interact with the stator. In the absence of H-NS the organization of FliG subunits is disrupted, whereas overexpression of H-NS enhances FliG organization as monitored by targeted disulfide cross-linking, alters the disposition of a helix joining the middle and C-terminal domains of FliG, and enhances motor performance under conditions requiring a strengthened rotor-stator interface. The H-NS homolog StpA was also shown to bind FliG and to act similarly, though less effectively, in organizing FliG. The motility-enhancing effects of H-NS contrast with those of the recently characterized motility inhibitor YcgR. The present findings provide an integrated, structurally grounded framework for understanding the roughly opposing effects of these motility regulators.
Drag of rectangular cavities in supersonic and transonic flow including the effects of cavity resonance

The drag of relatively short rectangular cavities (length-to-depth ratios of 0.50-3.0) with turbulent shear layers has been measured at transonic and supersonic Mach numbers (0.33.0). Of particular importance is the effect of pressure oscillations within the cavity (commonly referred to as cavity resonance) which is shown to increase the drag as much as 250%. Cavity resonance is found to occur over the entire Mach number range investigated and other work has shown it to occur at both lower and higher Mach numbers. The frequency of the pressure oscillations is best predicted by the vortex-wave interaction model presented by Rossiler. The effects of external reinforcement of resonance by reflection of radiated pressure waves are examined both experimentally and analytically. Existing methods for predicting cavity drag are inadequate to cope with this phenomena. A new model for predicting the lower bound of cavity drag (nonresonating cavity) is presented and agrees well with experimental data. Analytical considerations are utilized to indicate the qualitative effect of resonance on cavity drag.
Probabilistic modelling of joint orientation

Observed frequencies of joint orientations are subject to error due to sampling bias. This error should be corrected before statistical inference is made on the distribution of orientation. Corrections (weighting functions) are developed for sampling bias in orientation for finite joints of different sizes and shapes intersecting rectangular exposures. Chi-square goodness-of-fit procedures available for hemispherical normal and bivariate normal distributions are modified to make them applicable for both raw data and data corrected for sampling bias. The aforementioned corrections and procedures were applied to a joint orientation cluster to study the effect of (a) joint orientation, (b) joint size and (c) joint shape, on the statistical distribution of the orientation. The influences of all these aforementioned factors were found to be significant. However, at present, joint sizes and shapes are not measured in field joint surveys. Therefore, it is suggested to make attempts to obtain joint sizes and shapes in field joint mapping surveys. Since the currently available probability distributions are not adequate to represent all joint orientation distributions, it is suggested either to look for new probability distributions or to develop procedures to use empirical distributions in modelling orientation distributions.
Chemical mixing and self-organization of Nb precipitates in Cu during severe plastic deformation

Abstract Severe plastic deformation (SPD) of Cu, Ag and Nb ternary alloys with average Nb concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 at.% and an Ag concentration of 10 at.% was studied using high resolution scanning electron microscopy, atom probe tomography and X-ray diffraction. Ball-milled powders were compacted, annealed at 600 or 950 °C and subsequently strained by high pressure torsion at room temperature. Ag redistributed homogeneously in the Cu matrix during SPD, but the Nb solubility increased by less than 1%. The Nb precipitates, moreover, self-organized into a patterned microstructure, whereby their sizes all fell within a narrow distribution, centered on ∼20 nm. This size was independent of the initial microstructure for a given alloy and insensitive to the Nb concentration. The size was also insensitive to the method of shearing. Since Nb diffusion is negligible in Cu at room temperature, these results establish that SPD alone can induce compositional patterning in highly immiscible alloys. We discuss the mechanisms responsible for this behavior.
Boundary and inertia effects on flow and heat transfer in porous media

Abstract The present work analyzes the effects of a solid boundary and the inertial forces on flow and heat transfer in porous media. Specific attention is given to flow through a porous medium in the vicinity of an impermeable boundary. The local volume-averaging technique has been utilized to establish the governing equations, along with an indication of physical limitations and assumptions made in the course of this development. A numerical scheme for the governing equations has been developed to investigate the velocity and temperature fields inside a porous medium near an impermeable boundary, and a new concept of the momentum boundary layer central to the numerical routine is presented. The boundary and inertial effects are characterized in terms of three dimensionless groups, and these effects are shown to be more pronounced in highly permeable media, high Prandtl-number fluids, large pressure gradients, and in the region close to the leading edge of the flow boundary layer.
LMTO electronic band-structure calculations for linear PtBr chains

Abstract Self-consistent first-principles Linear Muffin-Tin Orbital (LMTO) scalar-relativistic and Dirac-relativistic electronic band structure calculations are presented for linear PtBr chains (without any ligand structure) embedded in a three-dimensional crystal with empty atomic spheres added to isolate the chains. These calculations are a first step towards a complete a priori calculation of the electronic structure of the halogen-bridged linear platinum chain compound Pt 2 Br 6 (NH 3 ) 4 , an MX chain compound (M = transition metal and X = halogen atoms).
Structure and biosynthesis of unbranched multicopy single-stranded DNA by reverse transcriptase in a clinical Escherichia coli isolate.

Summary It has been shown that retrons, retro-elements in bacteria, produce a reverse transcriptase (RT) and multicopy single-stranded DNA(msDNA) whose 5′ end is covalently linked to RNA (msdRNA) by a 2′-5′ phosphodiester bond. Here, I show that a retron in clinical Escherichia coli strain 161 produces an msDNA unlinked to RNA. The msDNA produced by this retron is a 79-nucleotlde-long single-stranded DNA with monophosphate on its 5′ terminus. When the retron in strain 161 is cloned into E. coli K-12, the majority of msDNA produced in the clone is the same as the msDNA in the clinical strain. However, in the K-12 clone, about 10% of the msDNA produced is present as a DNA covalently linked to RNA. The DNA part of this RNA-DNA compound is an 83 nucleotides long with the same sequence as the unbranched msDNA, except for the presence of four additional nucleotides at the 5′ side. From the analysis of the RNA-DNA compound and the results of in vitro synthesis, I show that the primary product of reverse transcription in this retron is an 83-nucleotide-tong DNA covalently linked to RNA. This RNA-DNA compound is further processed to the final product, the 79-nucleotide-long msDNA with a terminal 5′ monophosphate, by an endonucleolytic cleavage between the fourth and fifth positions of the DNA component of the RNA-DNA compound. The minimum region required for the production of such msDNA free of RNA contains only genes known to be required for the synthesis of branched msDNA-RNA compound in other retrons (msd, msr and ret). This suggests that either the RT has an endonuclease activity or that the msDNA-RNA compound is autoca-talytically processed.