cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noncontact common-path Fourier domain optical coherence tomography method for in vitro intraocular lens power measurement

We propose a novel common-path Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (CP-FD-OCT) method for noncontact, accurate, and objective in vitro measurement of the dioptric power of intraocular lenses (IOLs) implants. The CP-FD-OCT method principle of operation is based on simple two-dimensional scanning common-path Fourier domain optical coherence tomography. By reconstructing the anterior and posterior IOL surfaces, the radii of the two surfaces, and thus the IOL dioptric power are determined. The CP-FD-OCT design provides high accuracy of IOL surface reconstruction. The axial position detection accuracy is calibrated at 1.22 μm in balanced saline solution used for simulation of in situ conditions. The lateral sampling rate is controlled by the step size of linear scanning systems. IOL samples with labeled dioptric power in the low-power (5D), mid-power (20D and 22D), and high-power (36D) ranges under in situ conditions are tested. We obtained a mean power of 4.95/20.11/22.09/36.25 D with high levels of repeatability estimated by a standard deviation of 0.10/0.18/0.2/0.58 D and a relative error of 2/0.9/0.9/1.6%, based on five measurements for each IOL respectively. The new CP-FD-OCT method provides an independent source of IOL power measurement data as well as information for evaluating other optical properties of IOLs such as refractive index, central thickness, and aberrations.
The electronic structure of an H-center

Abstract The electronic structure of a new type of color center, which is produced in KCl, KBr, and LiF crystals by X-irradiation at low temperatures, has been determined by electron-spin-resonance experiments. Crudely, this center can be described as a halogene − 2 molecule-ion located in a halide-ion vacancy. The unpaired electron interacts strongly with the two nuclei of the moleculeion and weakly with two more halogen nuclei. All four nuclei lie in a straight row along a [110] axis. This paramagnetic center may be identical with the center that gives rise to the optical H -band, since in KCl it has the same production, bleaching, and symmetry characteristics.
Tailoring a book program for managers: Why and how

Abstract Offering testimonials from a range of sources, we assert that managers’ book programs benefit participants and their organizations. Managers gain sophistication through such programs, and by sharing what they learn via one-page summaries, they can more easily apply that sophistication. Other advantages for the organization include showing visible interest in developing managers’ capabilities and also cost savings if a book program reduces the need for seminar attendance. An additional benefit is the likelihood that reading becomes enjoyable and leads to further reading if the program is voluntary and the book list is carefully chosen. To demonstrate how a book program tailored for an organization might work, we initiated a prototype among working master of business administration students, each of whom read one book individually as well as another book read by all. Each participant summarized his/her unique book, and as a group, all participants analyzed the one book read by everyone and selected its most and least useful suggestions. Thus, critical thinking became a component of the undertaking as well as familiarity with a variety of authors’ ideas on a range of topics pertinent to managers.
Duodenal Uptake of Lead by Suckling and Weanling Rats

The aim of the current study was to determine the site of absorption of Pb by suckling rats. When 203PbCl2 (carrier-free) plus Pb-acetate (50 μg/g BW) was intragastrically admini
Do investors value SEO lockup agreements

Abstract The lockup is an agreement between issuing firms and underwriting investment bankers that prohibits firm insiders from selling shares prior to lockup expiry. Using a manually corrected sample of 7546 SEOs between 1988 and 2007, this study investigates the role of these agreements by separately examining the valuation of primary and secondary market investors. Reported evidence shows that announcement day returns increase with the presence and length of lockup, which suggests that secondary market investors value lockups positively. Tests on the SEO discount provide no evidence that primary market investors value lockups. Long-term performance tests also reveal no evidence that lockup SEOs have superior quality. These findings are consistent with the commitment device hypothesis, stating that lockups serve as a commitment mechanism to ameliorate moral hazard issues.
The adsorption of neon on graphitized carbon in the submonolayer and multilayer region between 1.5 and 30°K

Heat capacities and heats of adsorption (calorimetrically measured) together with equilibrium pressures are reported for coverages up to three monolayers. The data indicate that neon remains localized up to 30°K in the submonolayer region. Phase transitions of the adsorbed neon were observed in the temperature and coverage range of this investigation. The regions in which these transitions take place are shown in a coverage vs temperature plane. In region II of this plane, a phase transition takes place which results in excess heat capacities in the submonolayer region. In region III, a transition of a different nature takes place which resembles the ’’melting’’ process. The ’’two‐dimensional gaslike’’ phase could only appear at temperatures higher than those attained in this work. In region I, the adatoms behave as highly localized oscillators, and those at the high energy sites contribute a major portion to the heat capacity below 3°K. The residual entropy was calculated for the two submonolayer coverag...
Calendar life study of Li-ion pouch cells

A calendar life study was conducted on lithium ion pouch cells which were stored under float charge condition at five temperatures. The half cell study showed that the anode experienced severe loss of the active material, especially at high temperatures. The capacity fade mechanisms were then proposed. The capacity fade at low temperatures could mostly be caused by the loss of lithium inventory to side reactions and impedance increase. The capacity fade at high temperatures demonstrated a two-regime pattern. The fading mechanisms in the first regime could be similar to those at low temperatures. The capacity fade in the second regime could be dominated by the severe loss of active carbon material. The impedance rise plays a minor role in the second capacity fade regime.
Multistage Isoelectric Focusing in a Polymeric Microfluidic Chip

This paper reports a protocol that improves the resolving power of isoelectric focusing (IEF) in a polymeric microfluidic chip. This method couples several stages of IEF in series by first focusing proteins in a straight channel using broad-range ampholytes and then refocusing segments of the first channel into secondary channels that branch from the first one at T-junctions. Experiments demonstrate that several fluorescent proteins that had focused within a segment of the straight channel in the first stage were refocused at significantly higher resolution due to the shallower pH gradient and higher electrical field gradient. Two variants of green fluorescent protein from the second-stage IEF fractionation were further separated in a third stage. Three stages of IEF were completed in less than 25 min at electric field strengths ranging from 50 to 214 V/cm.
β-Catenin–related protein WRM-1 is a multifunctional regulatory subunit of the LIT-1 MAPK complex

Vertebrate β-catenin has two functions, as a structural component of the adherens junction in cell adhesion and as the T-cell factor (TCF) transcriptional coactivator in canonical Wnt (wingless-related integration site) signaling. These two functions are split between three of the four β-catenin–related proteins present in the round worm Caenorhabditis elegans. The fourth β-catenin–related protein, WRM-1, exhibits neither of these functions. Instead, WRM-1 binds the MAPK loss of intestine 1 (LIT-1), and these two proteins have been shown to be essential for the transcription of Wnt target genes by phosphorylating and regulating the nuclear level of the sole worm TCF protein. We showed previously that WRM-1 binds to worm TCF and functions as the substrate-binding subunit for LIT-1. In this study, we show that phosphorylation of T220 in the activation loop is essential for LIT-1 kinase activity in vivo and in vitro. T220 can be phosphorylated either through LIT-1 autophosphorylation or directly by the upstream MAP3K MOM-4. Our data support a model in which WRM-1, which can undergo homotypic interaction, binds LIT-1 and thereby generates a kinase complex in which LIT-1 molecules are situated in a conformation enabling autophosphorylation as well as promoting phosphorylation of the T220 residue by MOM-4. In addition, we show that WRM-1 is essential for the translocation of the LIT-1 kinase complex to the nucleus, the site of its TCF substrate. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a MAP3K directly activating a MAPK by phosphorylation within the activation loop. This study should help uncover novel and as yet underappreciated functions of vertebrate β-catenin.
Imaging ellipsometry of optical coatings in situ

A Mueller matrix imaging polarimeter has been developed and demonstrated for characterizing the polarization properties of optical coatings in place in optical systems. This Mueller matrix imaging polarimeter is a form of ellipsometer which measures the polarization characteristics of ray paths through systems in image form. It is a highly versatile instrument capable of making a variety of polarimetric measurements on optical samples or entire optical systems. Two data sets will be presented. The first shows the polarization behavior for example lenses which display the typical Maltese cross variation. The second shows images of polarizing beam splitter behavior as a function of angle of incidence, clearly showing how the plane of polarization as determined by the s- and p-planes rotates for light incident out of the normal plane.
Exemplification Effects in the Promotion of Safety and Health

After explicating essentials of exemplification theory, research demonstrations of the effects of exemplar presentations on the formation and modification of beliefs about safety and health, as well as on the consequences of these beliefs for self-protective behavior, are summarized. Affective reactivity connected with exemplifications, especially with exemplifications presented in pictorial formats, is given special consideration. The implications of theory and research for the promotion of safety and health via the media of communication are then enumerated. The influence of exemplifications on matters of personal welfare is further considered in concert with the influence projected by complementary theoretical approaches that focus on strategic decision making.
An Exploratory Comparison of Customer Service Satisfaction in Hospitality-Oriented and Sports-Oriented Businesses

Abstract This paper compares two hospitality-oriented industries with two sports-oriented industries in terms of customer satisfaction with personal service and the service setting. Hospitality-oriented firms (cruise lines and bookstores) earned significantly higher satisfaction ratings than sports-oriented ones (bowling alleys and race tracks) for both the personal service received and the setting in which the service is provided. The paper concludes with a discussion of the managerial implications of the results and suggests additional research opportunities.
Current-Pulse Effect in the Intermediate State of Superconducting Lead Films

The enhancement of the resistive voltage in the intermediate state of superconducting lead films due to a high current pulse has been studied at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K as a function of the width of the pulse $\ensuremath{\tau}$, the magnetic field $H$, and the film thickness. The film thickness ranged between 1 and 7 \ensuremath{\mu}m. The resistive voltage increment after the current pulse, plotted versus $\ensuremath{\tau}$, yields $S$-shaped curves which saturate at high values of $\ensuremath{\tau}$. The half-time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{*}$ decreases strongly with increasing $H$. Assuming that the voltage increment is caused by the formation of a laminar flux structure perpendicular to the current during the pulse, the product of ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{*}$ and the flux-flow velocity ${v}_{\ensuremath{\phi}}$ during the pulse can be expected to be of the order of the periodicity length of the laminar flux structure. Estimating ${v}_{\ensuremath{\phi}}$ at the pulse current from the flux-flow resistivity at small currents, the product ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{*}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{v}_{\ensuremath{\phi}}$ increases with increasing film thickness and is in reasonable agreement with the value expected from Landau's model of the intermediate state. The current-pulse effect disappears below a film thickness between 1 and 2 \ensuremath{\mu}m. This can be understood from the experiments of Cody and Miller, which suggest that below a film thickness of about 1.5 \ensuremath{\mu}m lead films behave like type-II material.
Pharmacologic manipulation of graft versus host induced splenomegaly.

A murine graft versus host (GVH) model was developed as a tool for drug discovery. A pharmacological survey revealed that as a class the anti-rheumatics (e.g., auranofin, azathioprine, and methothrexate) were the most potent inhibitors of GVH induced splenomegaly. The immunosuppressants, cyclophosphamide and cyclosporine A, and the glucocorticoids (e.g., dexamethansone, hydrocortisone, and corticosterone) were all able to suppress the GVH response. Anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., indomethacin and piroxicam), and a series of central nervous system affecting drugs, including serotonin agonists {e.g., trifluromethylphenylpiperazine (tfMPP), 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine (mCPP), and quipazine}, and tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, desipramine, imipramine, and nortriptyline) typically were ineffective at doses up to 10 mg/kg. However, at high dose levesl (30 mg/kg) piroxicam enhanced while amitriptyline and cyproheptadine (a mixed serotonin and histamine antagonist) suppressed GVH induced splenomegaly. These data provide a pharmacological profile for a series of immunomodulator, anti-inflammatory, and central nervous system active compounds in a classic immunologic model.
Peddlers and Princes; Social Change and Economic Modernization in Two Indonesian Towns . By Clifford Geertz. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1963. viii, 162. Index. $5.00.

In a closely observed study of two Indonesian towns, Clifford Geertz analyzes the process of economic change in terms of people and behavior patterns rather than income and production. One of the rare empirical studies of the earliest stages of the transition to modern economic growth, "Peddlers and Princes" offers important facts and generalizations for the economist, the sociologist, and the South East Asia specialist. ""Peddlers and Princes" is, like much of Geertz's other writing, eminently rewarding . . . Case study and broader theory are brought together in an illuminating marriage." Donald Hindley, "Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science " "What makes the book fascinating is the author's capacity to relate his anthropological findings to questions of central concern to the economist . . . " H. G. Johnson, " Journal of Political Economy ""
Transaction Networks: Evidence from Mobile Money in Kenya

Mobile money allows households in Kenya to spread risk more efficiently. In this paper we show that these efficiencies are achieved through deeper financial integration and expanded informal networks. Active networks are more geographically dispersed and support more reciprocal financial arrangements. Consistent with the reported reciprocity, mobile money users report a higher share of transactions as being for credit and insurance purposes.
Impact of an Outreach team on re-admissions to a critical care unit

Re-admissions have been cited as a measure of critical care quality and outreach teams have recently been introduced to improve critical care delivery. The aim of this study was to examine whether the number, causes and sequence of re-admissions to critical care altered as a result of the introduction of an outreach team. Re-admissions between April 2000 and November 2001 were examined. The reasons for re-admission were classified as (i) same pathology or disease process; (ii) new, but related, pathology; (iii) new and unrelated pathology; (iv) exacerbation of other comorbidities. During the two-year period, a total of 2546 patients were admitted to critical care of which 100 were re-admitted (49 before outreach and 51 after outreach). The reasons for re-admission did not vary before or after the introduction of the outreach team (same pathology 15 vs. 15; new, but related, pathology 17 vs. 23; new, but unrelated, 14 vs. 9; exacerbation of comorbidity 3 vs. 4, respectively, Chi-squared = 2.07, df = 3, p = 0.56). There was also no difference between the duration of stay on the general ward in between the critical care unit admissions before (median 2.93 [interquartile range 1.32-6.05] days) or after (median 2.25 [interquartile range 1.06-6.32] days) the introduction of an outreach team. As we could not detect any change in patterns of re-admissions as a result of the introduction of an outreach team, we would suggest that although outreach is an important development for critical care, its performance should be measured by other parameters.
A paradigm shift of the conventional intramedullary devices to new biological osteosynthetic devices: Bone stents

The intramedullary nailing as a fixation device has a long history, which dates back to the 16th century and has evolved in various aspects. Now, it has become a gold standard for the treatment for diaphyseal fractures, with a good success rate, however the technique still has some drawbacks associated with it, but continued research regarding new mechanisms and devices can overcome these drawbacks. New osteosynthetic devices, such as intramedullary bone stents can be superior to current fixation devices, as they have a modulus of elasticity closer to that of bone, cause minimum soft tissue damage and trauma. Moreover, they can overcome complications posed by conventional devices, such as stress shielding and an inadequate blood supply. This review focuses on an evolutionary perspective of intramedullary devices used surgically for the repair of long bone diaphyseal fractures.
The use of cycloamylose to probe the “charge-relay” system☆

Abstract The effect of the combination of imidazolyl and carboxyl groups on the cleavage of m-t-butylphenyl acetate in the presence of α-cyclodextrin was examined to shed light on the role of the “charge-relay” system in serine esterases. 2-Benzimidazole-acetic acid, which has both the imidazolyl and carboxyl groups in the same molecule, accelerates the cleavage of m-t-butylphenyl acetate in the presence of α-cyclodextrin. On the other hand, neither benzimidazole (which has only an imidazolyl group) nor 2-naphthaleneacetic acid (which has only a carboxyl group) exhibited measurable acceleration. The cleavage of m-t-butylphenyl acetate by the α-cyclodextrin-2-benzimidazolecetic acid system takes place through inclusion complex formation between m-t-butylphenyl acetate and α-cyclodextrin, followed by catalysis associated with the combination of the carboxyl anion, the neutral imidazolyl group, and the alkoxide anion. The most probable explanation for the combination of the three groups in the catalysis involves nucleophilic attack by the imidazolyl group, assisted by the carboxyl and alkoxide anions. The mechanism of the combination of the imidazolyl, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups is apparently different from those shown by the “charge-relay” system in enzymatic reactions.
Relationship Factors Associated with HIV Risk Among a Sample of Gay Male Couples

More HIV prevention research is needed to better understand how relationship factors may affect sexual risk behaviors among gay male couples. Our cross-sectional study collected dyadic data from 144 gay male couples to examine which relationship factors and characteristics were associated with men having UAI with a secondary sex partner. We targeted male couples by using a variety of recruitment strategies. Multilevel random-effects logistic regression modeling was used to examine which factors were predictive of men in gay couples who had UAI with a secondary sex partner. Analyses revealed that men were less likely to have had UAI with a secondary sex partner if they reported being in a strictly monogamous relationship, receiving an HIV test within the previous 3 months, and being committed to their sexual agreement. Future HIV prevention interventions must consider how relationship factors may influence sexual risk behaviors among gay male couples.
Connectivity change in habitat networks

Habitat management is essential for safeguarding important flora and fauna. Further, habitat connectivity is a crucial component for maintaining biodiversity given that it is known to have implications for species persistence. However, damage to habitat due to natural and human induced hazards can alter spatial relationships between habitats, potentially impacting biodiversity. Therefore, the susceptibility of spatial relationships to patch loss and associated connectivity degradation is obviously an important factor in maintaining existing or planned habitat networks. Identifying patches vital to connectivity is critical both for effectively prioritizing protection (e.g., enhancing habitat connectivity) and establishing disaster mitigation measures (e.g., stemming the spread of habitat loss). This paper presents a methodology for characterizing connectivity associated with habitat networks. Methods for evaluating habitat network connectivity change are formalized. Examples are presented to facilitate analysis of connectivity in the management of biodiversity.
ACP Journal Club. Review: Adding noninvasive ventilation to standard therapy improves outcomes in patients with some causes of acute respiratory failure.

Source Citation Keenan SP, Sinuff T, Burns KE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the use of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation and noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure in th...
Structure of the phosphotransferase domain of the bifunctional aminoglycoside-resistance enzyme AAC(6′)-Ie-APH(2′′)-Ia

The bifunctional acetyltransferase(6′)-Ie-phosphotransfer­ase(2′′)-Ia [AAC(6′)-Ie-APH(2′′)-Ia] is the most important aminoglycoside-resistance enzyme in Gram-positive bacteria, conferring resistance to almost all known aminoglycoside antibiotics in clinical use. Owing to its importance, this enzyme has been the focus of intensive research since its isolation in the mid-1980s but, despite much effort, structural details of AAC(6′)-Ie-APH(2′′)-Ia have remained elusive. The structure of the Mg2GDP complex of the APH(2′′)-Ia domain of the bifunctional enzyme has now been determined at 2.3 A resolution. The structure of APH(2′′)-Ia is reminiscent of the structures of other aminoglycoside phosphotransferases, having a two-domain architecture with the nucleotide-binding site located at the junction of the two domains. Unlike the previously characterized APH(2′′)-IIa and APH(2′′)-IVa enzymes, which are capable of utilizing both ATP and GTP as the phosphate donors, APH(2′′)-Ia uses GTP exclusively in the phosphorylation of the aminoglycoside antibiotics, and in this regard closely resembles the GTP-dependent APH(2′′)-IIIa enzyme. In APH(2′′)-Ia this GTP selectivity is governed by the presence of a `gatekeeper' residue, Tyr100, the side chain of which projects into the active site and effectively blocks access to the adenine-binding template. Mutation of this tyrosine residue to a less bulky phenylalanine provides better access for ATP to the NTP-binding template and converts APH(2′′)-Ia into a dual-specificity enzyme.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of moving arterial beds from digital subtraction angiography

A system for three-dimensional reconstruction of dynamic (moving) vascular bed structures has been developed and is described. Input images are obtained from two-view (biplane or ECG correlated) X-ray angiograms. A target structure consisting of vessel branch points (nodes) and lines between the branch points is entered on the first of a sequence of images in one view. The movement of the nodes is indicated on subsequent images and on the images of the second view. The target is linearly warped according to the motion of the node points. Automatic edge detection (with subsequent operator correction) is used to detect centerlines and edges of vessels. Three-dimensional reconstruction is accomplished using a distance minimizing point matching technique. Finally, angle-corrected densitometric methods are used to refine the vessel cross section. Standard shaded surface display techniques are then used to display the moving arterial bed. Flow measurements are obtained by tracking the leading edge of the bolus down the three-dimensional arterial tree.
Conformation and hydrogen ion titration of proteins: a continuum electrostatic model with conformational flexibility

A new method for including local conformational flexibility in calculations of the hydrogen ion titration of proteins using macroscopic electrostatic models is presented. Intrinsic pKa values and electrostatic interactions between titrating sites are calculated from an ensemble of conformers in which the positions of titrating side chains are systematically varied. The method is applied to the Asp, Glu, and Tyr residues of hen lysozyme. The effects of different minimization and/or sampling protocols for both single-conformer and multi-conformer calculations are studied. For single-conformer calculations it is found that the results are sensitive to the choice of all-hydrogen versus polar-hydrogen-only atomic models and to the minimization protocol chosen. The best overall agreement of single-conformer calculations with experiment is obtained with an all-hydrogen model and either a two-step minimization process or minimization using a high dielectric constant. Multi-conformational calculations give significantly improved agreement with experiment, slightly smaller shifts between model compound pKa values and calculated intrinsic pKa values, and reduced sensitivity of the intrinsic pKa calculations to the initial details of the structure compared to single-conformer calculations. The extent of these improvements depends on the type of minimization used during the generation of conformers, with more extensive minimization giving greater improvements. The ordering of the titrations of the active-site residues, Glu-35 and Asp-52, is particularly sensitive to the minimization and sampling protocols used. The balance of strong site-site interactions in the active site suggests a need for including site-site conformational correlations.
Influence of Sucrose on Droplet Flocculation in Hexadecane Oil-in-Water Emulsions Stabilized by β-Lactoglobulin

The influence of sucrose on the flocculation stability of hydrocarbon oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by a globular protein was examined using laser diffraction. Salt (150 mM NaCl) and sucrose (0...
Search for strange matter in heavy ion collisions at Brookhaven's AGS

This paper summarizes a search for strange matter in the products of 14.6 GeV/c per nucleon 28Si collisions with a Cu target. The search, which took place in the E814 apparatus at Brookhaven's AGS, was sensitive to particles with charge-to-mass ratios between 0.1 and 0.3 (GeV/c)−1 that were produced near the center-of-mass rapidity.
Experimental data on aluminium as a mechanically unstable solid

Abstract Experimental data showing that annealed aluminium is a mechanically unstable solid when subjected to a torsional static load are presented. Large and sudden changes in strain at discrete values of the load are observed. The specimens are thin-walled tubes of a small-grained polycrystalline aggregate. Except for the sudden changes, these experiments approach equilibrium more closely than most tests. It takes three weeks to reach a strain of 3 per cent. These slow tests are compaied with more standard ones and, while it is found that the average stress-strain curve is nearly the same, there are important differences in detail. These differences, are related to the local stability of the material. Data on the nonhomogeneity of the deformation are also presented and a brief discussion of its relation to material stability is included. In addition, data from a bending test and torsion of a solid rod are given.
The effect of amygdaloid kindling on heart period and heart period variability.

Abstract Two studies were conducted on rats to assess the effects of amygdaloid kindling on baseline measures of heart period and heart period variance. The results indicate that seizure activity was associated with increased vagal influence on heart period marked by sinus bradycardia and decreased beat-to-beat variability. The resultant bradycardia was enhanced following each seizure and persisted for a. least a one-week period of time. The results are discussed in terms of the role of vagal tone in influencing abnormal cardiac patterns which could result in sudden unexplained death in some epileptic patients.
Outcomes for Surgical Management of Orchalgia in Patients with Identifiable Intrascrotal Lesions

Objective: The outcome of surgery for relief of orchalgia in patients with identifiable intrascrotal pathology is not well defined. We evaluated the success of commonly performed su
Nonplanar InGaAs Gate Wrapped Around Field-Effect Transistors

Nonplanar In0.53Ga0.47As gate wrap around field-effect transistors (GWAFETs) with atomic-layer deposited high- k dielectric and metal gate have been demonstrated in this paper. By applying novel device structure and optimizing fabrication process, In0.53Ga0.47As GWAFETs exhibit significant performance improvements over planar MOSFETs on both current drive capability and electrostatics control. In0.53Ga0.47As GWAFETs with fin width ( W \(_{\mathrm {{fin}}}\) ) 40–200 nm have been fabricated. Devices with narrower W \(_{\mathrm {{fin}}}\) exhibit higher drive current, transconductance, and better short channel effect control, which demonstrates the scalability of nonplanar In0.53Ga0.47As GWAFETs. Subthreshold swing of 80 mV/decade and drain-induced barrier lowering of 20 mV/V have been achieved by 40-nm W \(_{\mathrm {{fin}}}\) and 140-nm L \(_{{g}}\) In0.53Ga0.47As GWAFETs.
Wafer chip scale packages with efficient power dissipation have small foot-print for portable applications

As personal and portable electronics are becoming more common in our society, we are also expecting these gadgets to be more functional, less expensive, smaller in size, thinner, and lower in weight. All of these conflicting requirements pose additional challenges for the product designers with thermal dissipation issues, and management of heat in the individual components as well as in the overall system. This paper presents state-of-the-art technology in miniature semiconductor packages, wafer chip scale packages (WCSP), and how they are designed to meet several of these contradicting needs.
User discomfort, work posture and muscle activity while using a touchscreen in a desktop PC setting

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate physical risk factors associated with the use of touchscreen in a desktop personal computer (PC) setting. Subjective rating of visual/body discomfort, shoulder and neck muscle activity, elbow movement and user-preferred positions of the workstation were quantified from 24 participants during a standardised computer use task with a standard keyboard and a mouse (traditional setting), with a touchscreen and the standard keyboard (mixed-use condition) and with the touchscreen only. The use of a touchscreen was associated with a significant increase of subjective discomfort on the shoulder, neck and fingers, myoelectric activity of shoulder and neck muscles and percentage of task duration that arms were in the air. Participants placed the touchscreen closer and lower when using touch interfaces compared with the traditional setting. Results suggest that users would need more frequent breaks and proper armrests to reduce physical risks associated with the use of ...
Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropics: A Review of Recent Theories and Models

Abstract The Southern Oscillation, an irregular interannual fluctuation between warm El Nino and cold La Nina conditions that has its largest amplitude in the tropical Pacific, is attributable to interactions between the ocean and atmosphere and corresponds to a natural mode of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system (somewhat analogous to the way in which weather corresponds to an unstable mode of the atmosphere). Stability analyses reveal that a variety of unstable modes are possible. Coupled ocean-atmosphere models that march forward in time (and can be used for predictions) capture some of these modes. The differences between the various models and their relevance to the observed phenomenon are discussed.
GLC determination of meclizine hydrochloride in tablet formulations.

A method was developed for the quantitative determination of meclizine hydrochloride in tablet formulations by GLC after a suitable separation technique.
Influence of forest planning alternatives on landscape pattern and ecosystem processes in northern Wisconsin, USA

Incorporatinganecosystemmanagementperspectiveintoforestplanningrequiresconsiderationoftheimpactsoftimbermanagementonasuite of landscape characteristics at broad spatial and long temporal scales. We used the LANDIS forest landscape simulation model to predict forest composition and landscape pattern under seven alternative forest management plans drafted for the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest in Wisconsin. We analyzed 20 response variables representing changes in landscape characteristics that relate to eight timber and wildlife management objectives.AMANOVAshowedsignificantvariation intheresponsevariables amongthealternative managementplans. For most(16 out of 20) response variables, plans ranked either directly or inversely to the extent of even-aged management. The amount of hemlock on the landscape had a surprising positive relationship with even-aged management because hemlock is never cut, even in a clear cut. Our results also show that multiple management objectives can create conflicts related to the amount and arrangement of management activities. For example, American marten and ruffed grouse habitat are maintained by mutually exclusive activities. Our approach demonstrates a way to evaluate alternative management plans and assess if they are likely to meet their stated, multiple objectives. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Smallpox Vaccination and the Patient with an Organ Transplant

Organ transplant recipients are vulnerable to a variety of infections because of the immunosuppressed state required to prevent organ rejection. We review the recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, Georgia) for smallpox vaccination and the possible complications of vaccination in the population with organ transplants. The risk of these complications is presumably dependent on the extent of deficient cell-mediated immunity.
Genome-wide analysis of neuroblastomas using high-density single nucleotide polymorphism arrays.

Background Neuroblastomas are characterized by chromosomal alterations with biological and clinical significance. We analyzed paired blood and primary tumor samples from 22 children with high-risk neuroblastoma for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and DNA copy number change using the Affymetrix 10K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array.
Systems aspects of probabilistic data management

There has been a wide interest recently in managing probabilistic data [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. But in order to follow the rich literature on probabilistic databases one is often required to take a detour into probability theory, correlations, conditionals, Monte Carlo simulations, error bounds, topics that have been studied extensively in several areas of Computer Science and Mathematics. Because of that, it is often difficult to get to the algorithmic and systems level aspects of probabilistic data management. In this tutorial, we will distill these aspects from the, often theory-heavy literature on probabilistic databases. We will start by describing a real application at the University of Washington, using the RFID Ecosystem; we will show how probabilities arise naturally, and why we need to cope with them. We will then describe what an implementor needs to know to process SQL queries on probabilistic databases. In the second half of the tutorial, we will discuss more advanced issues, such as event processing over probabilistic streams, and views over probabilistic data.
Effect of decreasing afferent vagal activity with ondansetron on symptoms of bulimia nervosa: a randomised, double-blind trial.

Summary Background Several lines of evidence have led us to postulate that afferent vagal hyperactivity could be an important factor in the pathophysiology of the eating disorder bulimia nervosa. Ondansetron is a peripherally active antagonist of the serotonin receptor 5-HT 3 , and is marketed for prevention of vagally-mediated emesis caused by cancer chemotherapeutic agents. We investigated the effects of ondansetron on bulimic behaviours in patients with severe and chronic bulimia nervosa in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Methods We enrolled patients with severe bulimia nervosa (at least seven coupled binge/vomit episodes per week). The patients were otherwise healthy, their weight was normal, and they were not receiving medical or psychiatric treatment. During the first week of the study, patients recorded all eating-behaviour events to establish a baseline. In the second week, all patients received placebo, but were told that they were receiving either placebo or active drug. At the end of this single-blind phase, patients were randomly assigned placebo or ondansetron (24 mg daily) for a further 4 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the number of binge/vomit episodes per week. Data were analysed by intention to treat. Findings 29 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 28 completed the baseline study, and 26 completed the single-blind placebo week. 12 patients were assigned placebo, and 14 ondansetron; one patient in the ondansetron group dropped out owing to accidental injury. During the 4th week of double-blind treatment, mean binge/vomit frequencies were 13·2 per week (SD 11·6) in the placebo group, versus 6·5 per week (3·9) in the ondansetron group (estimated difference 6·8 [95% CI 4·0–9·5]; p Interpretation The decrease in binge-eating and vomiting under ondansetron treatment was not achieved by compensatory changes in eating behaviour such as by a smaller number of binges of longer duration, or by not eating, or by binge-eating without vomiting. Instead, our findings indicate a normalisation of the physiological mechanism(s) controlling meal termination and satiation. Since meal termination and satiety are mainly vagally mediated functions, since binge-eating and vomiting produce intense stimulation of vagal afferent fibres, and since ondansetron and other 5-HT 3 antagonists decrease afferent vagal activity, the symptom improvement may result from a pharmacological correction of abnormal vagal neurotransmission.
Ziprasidone for maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder in adults

Introduction: Antipsychotic drugs are increasingly used in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. This review addresses the evidence supporting the use of one of these medications for this indication in order to place available data in perspective for the clinician. Areas covered: The approval of ziprasidone for maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder was based on two open-label extensions of industry-sponsored 3-week monotherapy trials in mania, involving a total of 189 patients and an industry-sponsored study using sample enrichment of 584 outpatients who had either ziprasidone or a placebo added to lithium or valproate. Patients enrolled in maintenance studies did not have refractory mood disorders or comorbid conditions or risk of dangerousness, and they were able to give sustained consent. Ziprasidone is generally well tolerated, but should be taken with food. Primary interactions of concern are those with other serotonergic medications and other medications that prolong the QT interval. ...
A linear-actuated torsional device to replicate clinically relevant spiral fractures in long bones.

To better understand the mechanisms underlying spiral fracture we would like to carry out biomechanical tests of long bones loaded in torsion to failure. A device was fabricated to perform torsional tests of long bones using a single-axis linear actuator. The principal operation of the device was to transform the vertical displacement of a material testing machine’s linear actuator into rotational movement using a spur gear and rack system. Accuracy and precision of the device were quantified using cast-acrylic rods with known torque-rotation behavior. Cadaveric experimentation was used to replicate a clinically relevant spiral fracture in eleven human proximal tibiae; strain gage data were recorded for a single specimen. The device had an experimental error less than 0.2 Nm and was repeatable to within 0.3%. Strain gage data were in line with those expected from pure torsion and the cadaveric tibiae illustrated spiral fractures at ultimate torque and rotation values of 130.6 ± 53.2 Nm and 8.3 ± 1.5°, respectively. Ultimate torque was highly correlated with DXA assessed bone mineral density (r = 0.87; p<0.001). The device presented is applicable to any torsional testing of long bone when only a single-axis linear actuator is available.
Genetic Linkage of the Tricho-Dento-Osseous Syndrome to Chromosome 17q21

Tricho-dento-osseous syndrome (TDO), MIM# 190320, is transmitted as a highly penetrant autosomal dominant trait that is characterized by variable clinical expression. The principal clinical features include kinky/curly hair in infancy, enamel hypoplasia, taurodontism, as well as increased thickness and density of cranial bones. Possible genetic linkage has been reported for TDO with the ABO blood group locus, but the gene defect remains unknown. We have identified four multiplex families (n = 63, 39 affected, 24 unaffected) from North Carolina segregating TDO. We previously have excluded a major locus for TDO in the ABO region for these families. Utilizing a genome-wide search strategy, we obtained conclusive evidence for linkage of the TDO syndrome locus to markers on chromosome 17q21 (D17S791, Z max = 10.54, Theta = 0.00) with no indication of genetic heterogeneity. Multipoint analysis suggests the TDO locus is located in a 7 cM chromosomal segment flanked by D17S932 and D17S941. This finding represents the first step towards isolation and cloning of the TDO gene. Identification of this gene has important implications for understanding normal and abnormal craniofacial development of hair, teeth and bone.
EFFECTS OF OPERATING FREQUENCY AND TEMPERATURE ON MECHANICAL POWER OUTPUT FROM MOTH FLIGHT MUSCLE

1. Mechanical work output was determined for an indirect flight muscle, the first dorsoventral, of the tobacco hawkmoth Manduca sexta. Work output per cycle was calculated from the area of force-position loops obtained during phasic electrical stimulation (1 stimulus cycle−1) and imposed sinusoidal length change. There was an optimal stimulus phase and an optimal length change (strain) that maximized work output (loop area) at constant cycle frequency and temperature. 2. When cycle frequency was increased at constant temperature, work output first increased and then decreased. It was always possible to find a frequency that maximized work output. There also always existed a higher frequency (termed the ‘optimal’ frequency in this paper) that maximized the mechanical power output, which is the product of the cycle frequency (s−1) and the work per cycle (J). 3. As temperature increased from 20 to 40°C, the mean maximum power output increased from about 20 to about 90 W kg−1 of muscle (Q10=2.09). There was a corresponding increase in optimal frequency from 12.7 to 28.3 Hz, in the work per cycle at optimal frequency from 1.6 to 3.2Jkg−1 muscle and in mean optimal strain from 5.9 to 7.9%. 4. Two electrical stimuli per cycle cannot increase power output at flight frequencies, but if frequency is reduced then power output can be increased with multiple stimulation. 5. Comparison of mechanical power output from muscle and published values of energy expenditure during free hovering flight of Manduca suggests that mechanical efficiency is about 10%. 6. In the tobacco hawkmoth there is a good correspondence between, on the one hand, the conditions of temperature (35–40°C) and cycle frequency (28–32 Hz) that produce maximal mechanical power output in the muscle preparation and, on the other hand, the thoracic temperature (35–42°C) and wing beat frequency (24–32 Hz) observed during hovering flight.
Brewing Justice: Fair Trade Coffee, Sustainability, and Survival, by Daniel Jaffee

What is the impact of the Fair Trade (FT) movement on the livelihoods of farm families in the coffee growing regions of the world? There have been substantial changes at the international scale in ...
UV-Sensitive Self-Assembled Monolayer Photoresist for the Selective Deposition of Carbon Nanotubes

The use of a UV-sensitive self-assembled monolayer photoresist to selectively deposit single-walled carbon nanotubes from solution using heterogeneous surface wettability is reported. This process combines ubiquitous photopatterning techniques with simple solution processing to yield highly selective and densely packed carbon nanotube patterns. The key mechanism is the change in surface chemistry caused by the UV-induced monolayer reaction. Selective deposition of carbon nanotubes was achieved by drop-casting the CNT solution onto the photopatterned substrates where the CNT solution only wets the exposed areas. Several compounds were employed, each with unique end groups that yield a range of surface energies. The selectivity is dependent on the contrast in the surface wettability. Increased selectivity was achieved by tuning the surface energy with addition of alcohol or a nonionic surfactant.