cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Availability of State Environmental Citizen Suits

of the nation s principal federal environmental laws invite citizens to sue as "private attorneys general" to force compliance, or to force agencies to perform mandatory duties. The archetypal federal citizen suit provision allows "any person" to "commence a civil action on his own behalf" against either "any person" who violates a legal prohibition or requirement or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for failure "to perform any act or duty . . . which is not discretionary." Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. § 7604(a) (2000), Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C. § 1365(a). Citizen suit authority reflects "a deliberate choice by Congress to widen citizen access to the courts, as a supplemental and effective assurance that [environmental laws] would be implemented and enforced." Natural Resources Defense Council v.Train, 510 E2d 692, 700 (D.C. Cir. 1974). Citizen suits are not an exclusively federal phenomenon. Every state in the Union has enacted environmental laws. As a 1997 survey found, twenty-six states allow citizens to enforce state environmental laws ("state environmental citizen suits") in one way or another. See George, Snape, and Rodriguez, The Public in Action: Using State Citizen Suit Statutes to Protect Biodiversity, 6 U Balt.J. Envtl. L. 1 (1997). Some of these statutes allow citizens generally to sue to enforce state environmental laws. Others allow citizens to enforce specific attributes of environmental media-specific statutes. This article examines the prevalence and limitations of state environmental citizen enforcement provisions in the context of compliance with environmental requirements. It observes that of the four legs of environmental enforcement federal, state, federal citizen suits, and state citizen suits the latter are the most underutilized. Nonetheless, owing to declines in federal and state governmental enforcement efforts, coupled with increasing statutory, constitutional, and practical challenges facing federal citizen suit litigation, the time may be ripe for the ascendancy of state environmental citizen suits. Citizen suits to enforce state laws are part of a four-legged table designed to ensure compliance with federal and state environmental laws. The first leg is federal enforcement by EPA.To compel compliance with federal environmental laws, EPA has three choices to address noncompliance. First, it can bring administrative actions that is, seek compliance short of filing a federal lawsuit. This usually means sending a notice of violation, and that
Molecular pharmacology and modeling of vasopressin receptors.

AVP receptors represent a logical target for drug development. As a new class of therapeutic agents, orally active AVP analogs could be used to treat several human pathophysiological conditions including neurogenic diabetes insipidus, the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of AVP (SIADH), congestive heart failure, arterial hypertension, liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, dysmenorrhea, and ocular hypertension. By immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting, we elucidated the phosphorylation pattern of green fluorescent protein-tagged AVP receptors and showed interactions with the specific kinases PKC and GRK5 that are agonist-, time- and receptor subtype-dependent. The tyrosine residue of the NPWIY motif present in the 7th helix of AVP receptors is rapidly and transiently phosphorylated after agonist stimulation. This phosphorylation is instrumental in the genesis of the mitogenic cascade linked to the activation of this receptor, presumably by establishing key intramolecular contacts and by participating in the creation of a scaffold of proteins that produce the activation of downstream kinases. The random screening of chemical entities and optimization of lead compounds recently resulted in the development of orally active non-peptide AVP receptor agonists and antagonists. Furthermore, the identification of the molecular determinants of receptor-ligand interactions should facilitate the development of more potent and very selective orally active compounds via the approach of structure-based drug design. We developed three-dimensional molecular docking models of peptide and non-peptide ligands to the human V1 vascular, V2 renal and V3 pituitary AVP receptors. Docking of the peptide hormone AVP to the receptor ligand binding pockets reflects its dual polar and non-polar structure, but is receptor subtype-specific. The characteristics of non-peptide AVP analogs docking to the receptors are clearly distinct from those of peptide analogs docking. Molecular modeling of the results of site-directed mutagenesis experiments performed in CHO cells stably transfected with the human AVP receptor subtypes revealed that non-peptide antagonists establish key contacts with a few amino acid residues of the receptor subtypes that are different from those involved in agonist binding. Moreover, these interactions are species-specific. These findings provide further understanding of the signal transduction pathways of AVP receptors and new leads for elucidation of drug-receptor interactions and optimization of drug design. Note to the reader: The recent cloning and molecular characterization of AVP/OT receptor subtypes call for the revision of their nomenclature. For the sake of clarity and in reference to their main site of expression, we call the V1a receptor the V1 vascular receptor, the V2 receptor the V2 renal receptor and the V1b or V3 receptor the V3 pituitary receptor in the present review.
Control of linear fractional transformations

Presents a solution to a parameter-dependent control synthesis problem with L/sub 2/ induced norm performance objectives. The design problem is reformulated into a convex optimization problem which can be solved with efficient new algorithms. >
Forgiveness: A Cognitive-Motivational Anatomy

This work aims to identify the constituents of forgiveness in terms of the forgiver's beliefs and motivating goals. After addressing the antecedents of forgiveness—a perceived wrong—and distinguishing the notion of mere harm from that of offense, we describe the victim's typical retributive reactions—revenge and resentment—and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Then we focus on the forgiver's mind-set, pointing to the relationship between forgiveness and acceptance of the wrong, addressing the forgiver's motivating goals, and discussing both their self-interested and altruistic implications. In so doing we also discuss the role of the forgiver's positive feelings towards the offender, arguing that, however important, they are unnecessary to forgiveness. We finally identify two kinds of forgiveness—conditional and unconditional—suggesting that they are grounded on different notions of “worth.”
A Modal Specification Approach for On-Demand Medical Systems

The on-demand approach, where systems are assembled from components by lay users, has seen success in the consumer electronics industry. Currently, there is growing demand for on-demand capabilities in medical systems so caregivers can create larger medical systems from smaller medical devices. Unlike consumer electronics, medical systems pose challenges for the on-demand approach due to attributes such as device complexity, device variability and safety requirements. In this paper, we propose a formal specification language for on-demand medical systems. Our approach is based on the formalism of Modal I/O Automata, which allows system designers to express complex device requirements and can be used to reason about safety and liveness properties of ondemand medical systems directly from their specifications. We illustrate the applicability of our approach through a case study of a closed-loop patient controlled analgesia system.
The sequential enzymatic determination of DNA and RNA

Abstract Enzymatically small quantities of native DNA and RNA in crude tissue homogenates can readily be specifically determined using ethidium bromide as a fluorescent indicator. The ethidium bromide-polynucleotide complexes of DNA and RNA serve as effective substrates for deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease, respectively. Optimal divalent metal cation requirements were determined for a common reaction medium that is compatible for both the DNase and RNase reactions. To a single reaction mixture, that contains a biological sample, sequential addition of DNase and RNase produces a specific and rapid decrease in fluorescence that is proportional to the respective amounts of DNA and RNA present. Levels of DNA and RNA found in six different tissues of the rat were determined enzymatically by this method and compared to that obtained by alternate techniques. Enzymatically determined values were highly reproducible and correlate well with those values obtained by more time-consuming, conventional methods. Most enzymatically determined RNA levels in tissues, however, were significantly greater than those levels obtained spectrophotometrically. Advantages of the enzymatic procedure for analysis of tissue polynucleotide content are: (1) rapid determination of both DNA and RNA within a single sample aliquot allowing maximum use of available sample; (2) extensive fractionation and extraction of the tissue are not required; (3) it is especially useful when quantities of tissue are limited; and (4) sensitivity to 0.05 and 0.25 μg of DNA and RNA, respectively. Reaction conditions developed for the assay also provide for a highly sensitive means to continuously monitor DNA hydrolysis; DNase activity is directly proportional to the amount of enzyme added.
ECVAM workshop on alternatives to the use of animals in higher education.

(1999). ECVAM Workshop on Alternatives to the Use of Animals in Higher Education. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 81-82.
Controlling Plastic Flow across Grain Boundaries in a Continuum Model

A framework for modeling controlled plastic flow through grain boundaries using a continuum plasticity theory, phenomenological mesoscopic field dislocation mechanics (PMFDM), is presented in this article. The developed tool is used to analyze the effect of different classes of constraints to plastic flow through grain boundaries, as it relates to dislocation microstructure development and mechanical response of a bicrystal. It is found that in the case of low misorientation angle between adjacent grains, impenetrable grain boundaries cause significant work hardening as compared to penetrable grain boundaries due to the accumulation of excess dislocations along them. However, a penetrable grain boundary with a high misorientation angle effectively behaves as an impenetrable boundary, with respect to the stress-strain response.
Optimal indexing using near-minimal space

We consider the index selection problem. Given either a fixed query workload or an unknown probability distribution on possible future queries, and a bound B on how much space is available to build indices, we seek to build a collection of indices for which the average query response time is minimized. We give strong negative and positive peformance bounds.Let m be the number of queries in the workload. We show how to obtain with high probability a collection of indices using space O(B ln m) for which the average query cost is optB, the optimal performance possible for indices using at most B total space. Moreover, this space relaxation is necessary: unless NP ⊆ nO(log log n), no polynomial time algorithm can guarantee average query cost less than M1--e optB using space αB, for any constant α, where M is the size of the dataset. We quantify the error in performance introduced by running the algorithm on a sample drawn from a query distribution.
Effects of constitutive parameters on strain localization in sands

This paper presents an analysis of the effects of constitutive parameters on bifurcation and shear band formation in granular soils. Strain localization is analyzed in terms of Vermeer's compliance approach, which is re-derived and generalized in this paper. The paper also shows that Vermeer's compliance approach is equivalent to other more complex localization criteria. A simple elastoplastic constitutive model for biaxial loading condition is introduced, which adequately captures the monotonic response of granular soils particularly the variation of dilatancy and mobilized friction with shear deformation. Using the constitutive model, the strain localization criterion is expressed in terms of constitutive parameters. Both the model and the strain localization criterion are verified against the experimental data. The model and the localization criterion are then applied in a parametric study to determine the sensitivity of strain localization in granular soils to constitutive parameters. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of Desy/Doris and conventional X-ray sources for high resolution molecular X-ray emission studies above 10 Å

Abstract For the production of high resolution molecular X-ray emisssion spectra above 10 A published flux data are compared with the DESY/DORIS storage ring, a focused electron beam source, a rotating anode source, and the Henke-style X-ray tube. New continuum calculations are also carried out for the Henke X-ray tube. This evaluation shows the focused electron beam to be the most intense monochromatic source. Furthermore, while a storage ring is the most intense continuum source, even a 2 kW laboratory X-ray tube is shown to be able to provide a flux which is only one order of magnitude lower than that of a storage ring. Some of the unique advantages and disadvantages of the various sources are also evaluated.
Order effects in belief updating: The belief-adjustment model

Abstract Much literature attests to the existence of order effects in the updating of beliefs. However, under what conditions do primacy, recency, or no order effects occur? This paper presents a theory of belief updating that explicitly accounts for order-effect phenomena as arising from the interaction of information-processing strategies and task characteristics. Key task variables identified are complexity of the stimuli, length of the series of evidence items, and response mode (Step-by-Step or End-of-Sequence). A general anchoring-and-adjustment model of belief updating is proposed. This has two forms depending on whether information is processed in a Step-by-Step or End-of-Sequence manner. In addition, the model specifies that evidence can be encoded in two ways, either as a deviation relative to the size of the preceding anchor or as positive or negative vis-a-vis the hypothesis under consideration. Whereas the former (labeled estimation mode) results in data consistent with averaging models of judgment, the latter (labeled evaluation mode) implies adding models. Conditions are specified under which (a) evidence is encoded in estimation or evaluation modes and (b) use is made of the Step-by-Step or End-of-Sequence processing strategies. The theory is shown both to account for much existing data and to make novel predictions for combinations of task characteristics where current data are sparse. Some of these predictions are examined and validated in a series of five experiments. Finally, both the theory and the experimental results are discussed with respect to the structure of models of updating processes, limitations and extensions of the present work, and the importance of developing a procedural theory of judgment.
Research Note: A Quick and Simple Quantitative Method to Monitor House Fly Populations in Caged Layer Houses

Abstract A simple quantitative method (moving sticky tape) to monitor house fly populations in commercial caged layer houses was described and compared with a standard monitoring (spot card) method routinely used in egg houses. Numbers of flies counted by the sticky tape method were highly correlated (.78, P = .005) with those obtained with the spot card method. The moving sticky tape method is quicker and easier to use than the spot card method. The moving sticky tape method has been used satisfactorily since 1985 by the authors and cooperating service managers of commercial caged layer houses to monitor house flies in integrated pest management programs. A fixed sticky tape method was also compared with the spot card method; there was no significant correlation between the numbers of flies counted by these two methods.
Hydroxyarginine-containing polyphenolic proteins in the adhesive plaques of the marine mussel Mytilus edulis.

An unusual polymorphic protein family of nine or more variants has been isolated from the byssal adhesive plaques and foot of the marine mussel Mytilus edulis. In accordance with established terminology, the family is referred to as M. edulis foot protein 3 or simply Mefp-3. Variants of Mefp-3 have molecular masses of about 6 kDa, isoelectric points greater than 10.5, and an amino acid composition dominated by six amino acids: glycine, asparagine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa), tryptophan, arginine, and an unknown basic amino acid. The latter has been isolated and identified as 4-hydroxyarginine using fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and appropriate standards. The primary structure of variant Mefp-3F has been determined by peptide mapping using automated Edman sequencing in combination with fast atom bombardment and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry: ADYYGPNYGPPRRYGGGNYNRYNRYGRRYGGYKGWNNGWNRGRRGKYW where Y represents Dopa, and R represents hydroxyarginine. Notably, the 4 occurrences of RY are marked by a resistance to trypsin digestion. Although the conversion of tyrosines to Dopa is essentially complete, hydroxylation of arginines varies between 40 and 80%. In contrast to other mussel adhesive proteins such as Mefp-1 and −2 which have large numbers of highly conserved, tandemly repeated peptide motifs, Mefp-3 has only short sporadic repeats. The specific function of Mefp-3 in byssal adhesion is unknown.
Ethical issues when using social media for health outside professional relationships

Social media have the potential to revolutionize health and healthcare, but fulfilling this potential requires attention to the ethical issues social media may raise. This article reviews the major...
The Kelvin–Helmholtz instability for relativistic particle beams – II. Flows bounded by a simple shear layer

The growth of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in a sheared beam is investigated for beams bounded by linear gradients in the flow velocity and in the square of the sound speed. The properties of pressure perturbations on the beam are qualitatively similar to those on a beam bounded by a vortex layer except for modes which can interact strongly with waves in the shear layer. As a consequence of these interactions, some previously-unstable modes may be stabilized absolutely over a moderate range of wavelengths.
Baclofen selectively inhibits excitatory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus

Summary The effect of baclofen was investigated on mossy fiber, Schaffer collateral and perforant path synaptic transmission in hippocampal slices. Baclofen completely inhibits mossy fiber and Schaffer collateral synaptic transmission with an IC 50 of 3.8 μM. The lateral perforant path is insensitive to baclofen, while the response in the medial zone was partially blocked. Baclofen does not appear to act in a GABA like manner.
Sequence analysis of a radiation-induced deletion breakpoint fusion in mouse.

C l lDSD is an X-ray-induced deletion generated at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Russell et al. 1979) that spans ~3 cM (Sharan et al. 1991) of mouse Chromosome (Chr) 7 including the c (albino) locus. The c11DSD-deletion breakpoint fusion fragment was cloned from a C3H/101 background (Sharan et al. 1991). Clones from a wild-type 129/SV phage genomic library (Stratagene) corresponding to the proximal and distal breakpoints of the deletion were isolated. The cHDSD-breakpoint fusion fragment and wildtype clones were sequenced and compared. The purpose was to determine whether any flanking rearrangements and/or sequence motifs were associated with the fusion site. Sequence flanking the cllDSD-breakpoint fusion was aligned with the wild-type proximal and distal sequences (Fig. 1). Homology between the C l lDSD and proximal wildtype sequence ends at the fusion site, after which homology between the distal wild-type and c 11DsD sequences begins (Fig. 1). The exact fusion site could not be determined because of a two-base overlap marked by the box in Fig. 1. A single base mismatch was present in both homologous proximal and distal sequences, and these are probably the result of polymorphism between strains. No significant sequence homology was found between the proximal and distal sides of the fusion. A BLASTN (Altschul et al. 1990) search showed the proximal side to be ~80% homologous to rat (Bilofsky and Burks 1988) and mouse (Shehee et al. 1987) long interspersed elements (LINEs), whereas the distal side showed no homology matches. This breakpoint fusion sequence in context with two other sequenced radiation-induced breakpoint fusions, pCp (Nakatsuet al. 1993) and Aa2 (Strobel et al. 1990), illustrates the precise nature with which induced double-strand breaks can be joined.
Improving Quality of Depression Care Using Organized Systems of Care: A Review of the Literature

Approximately 6%–10% of primary care patients meet diagnostic criteria1 for major depressive disorder (MDD). However, only 50% of patients with MDD are accurately diagnosed by primary care physicians, and many patients do not receive guideline-level treatment for MDD.2 For example, among primary care patients with diabetes and comorbid MDD, 51% of patients identified with MDD were diagnosed with depression in the 12 months prior to screening, approximately 33% of treated patients received adequate pharmacotherapy (duration ≥ 90 days), and 6.7% received adequate psychotherapy (≥ 4 visits in 1 year).3 The lack of recognition and effective treatment of patients with MDD is significant due to the potential chronicity of the illness. Successful treatment of MDD should involve a chronic disease management strategy that requires patient care that is consistent with treatment guidelines, with the overall goals of remission, recovery of psychosocial functioning, and prevention of recurrent episodes.4,5 The collaborative care model is a promising approach to achieving these goals.6 Earlier studies of collaborative care models in primary care settings demonstrated success in improving clinical outcomes7,8 and patient satisfaction with treatment.7 The objectives of this review are to establish the need for a chronic disease management strategy for MDD, discuss challenges in the implementation of treatment guidelines/algorithms, and provide examples of successful collaborative care programs. This review includes clinical studies evaluating the effectiveness of collaborative care interventions for the treatment of depression in the primary care setting. A systematic literature search of MEDLINE and the US National Library of Medicine was performed using the keywords collaborative care, depression, and MDD. This review includes articles describing clinical studies published through May 2010 and excludes all non–English-language articles.
Clinical evaluation of women previously treated for breast cancer: An algorithm for the primary care physician

Abstract Breast cancer is an extremely prevalent disease that is estimated to affect one of every nine women, as predicted by lifetime risk in the year 2002. Diagnostic efforts to detect early disease and therapeutic advances including adjuvant therapies have contributed to an increased 5-year survival rate. Therefore, a gynecologist must be prepared for the diagnosis and treatment of typical sequelae after the treatment of breast cancer, as well as aware of health maintenance guidelines particular to this patient group. There are both intrinsic sequelae of breast cancer and side effects of breast cancer treatment, including depression, decrease of libido, vasomotor complaints, vaginal symptoms, and mechanical issues secondary to surgery. Additionally, the primary care physician must consider long-term health consequences of low estrogen states in women who experience menopause as a result of chemotherapy and adjuvant therapies such as aromatase inhibitors. There is need for an algorithm to direct continuing care by the primary care physician, including the gynecologist.
Developing science and math integrated activities for middle school students

This article reports the development and refinement of science and mathematics integrated activities for middle school students. The expectations of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics that students develop an understanding of mathematics and an ability to apply it gave birth to these activities. The expectations of the National Science Education Standards that students engage in inquiry and discussion, as well as assessments that encourage them to analyse their findings and organize their conclusions, also framed these activities. Three middle school science teachers, who were less than confident in their mathematical abilities, piloted 3 of the 24 activities. Classroom discourse and teacher feedback were used to refine them. Diverse attitudes regarding the usefulness of mathematics and the comprehensive benefits of integrating mathematics into science activities are reported. Key components of the activities include detailed instructions, resources and references, discussion questions and assessment suggestions. Cooperative learning is highlighted as instrumental in the comprehension of both mathematics and science.
Temporal lobe epileptogenicity depends on cerebral blood flow changes preceding seizure onset

and adhesions in 26 patients, and failure to remove the original disk in 2 patients. There were no postoperative wound infections. There were five dural tears, only one of which required a lumbar drain. Twenty-six patients reported some pain improvement; 8 were unchanged. There was improvement in 11 of 12 patients with weakness and both patients with urinary dysfunction. No patient had post-operative bony instability requiring fusion.
The effects of varying ionic composition of the perfu perfusate on liver membrane potential gluconeogenesis and cyclic AMP responses

In the rat liver perfused in situ with Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer, glucagon or cyclic AMP administration is followed by increased glucose production, hyper-polarization of the liver cells and a large efflux of intracellular Na. Total substitution of perfusate Na+ with either Li+ or choline lowered the membrane potential and resulted in an inhibition of the cyclic AMP-stimulated Na efflux, membrane hyper-polarization and glucose production, but did not block the cyclic AMP-stimulated CA efflux. With partial replacement of Na+ with either Li+ or choline, the responses to the cyclic nucleotides were normal. Partial substitution of Na+ by 100 mM K+ caused a depolarization of the liver cells, and responses to cyclic AMP under this condition were greatly reduced. Substitution of the extracellular CI- with isethionate did not inhibit these effects of cyclic AMP.
Mono- and digallane complexes of a tridentate amido-diamine ligand

Bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl)amido gallane, H2GaN(CH2CH2NMe2)2, that melts at 27 °C and remains stable upon heating at 55 °C for two days, was synthesized either from the reaction of the quinuclidine adduct of monochlorogallane with the lithium salt of the corresponding amine, or from the reaction of trimethylamine gallane and the amine; the latter affords an unusual co-product with both GaH2 and GaH3 bonded to the same amido nitrogen.
An analysis for the calendering of non‐newtonian fluids

Equations are derived to predict the one-dimensional behavior of a hyperbolic tangent fluid model flowing between calendering rollers. The equations were solved numerically on a computer, and results were obtained for maximum roller pressure and the exit thickness of the fluid sheet as a function of roller speed and reservoir size for three polymers. The numerical integration employed Gauss-Legendre quadrature and a cascading iteration scheme to solve equations in which unknowns appeared in the limits of the integrals. Unlike existing power law solutions, these results show a definite relation between roller speed and exit thickness.
A suggestion for a mathematical approach to the problem of the effect of climatic factors on health

It is suggested that the effect of sudden temperature changes upon the organism may be due to the variation of two factors, whose rates of changes are functions of the temperature. It is assumed that the variations of the two factors follow differential equations which are formally identical with those of the two-factor theory of excitation, and in which the temperature formally plays the role of the stimulus. By proper choice of the parameters the two factors are made equal for any constant temperature. Assuming that the greater the absolute value of the difference of the two factors, the greater is the instability of the organism, and the greater is its susceptibility to disease, relations between the suddenness of temperature changes and disease incidence are derived. The incidence of weather-affected disease for a given period of time is found to be a linear function of the mean hourly temperature variation during that period, a relation which can be in principle verified.
l-Arginine Normalizes Coronary Vasomotion in Long-Term Smokers

Background—Noninvasive measurements of myocardial blood flow (MBF) with PET revealed an abnormal coronary vasomotor response to cold pressor test in healthy long-term smokers. If coronary endothelial dysfunction accounted for this abnormality, we hypothesized that it could be reversed by l-arginine as the substrate for NO synthase. Methods and Results—MBF was quantified with 13N-labeled ammonia and PET in 11 healthy smokers (age, 45±10 years; 27±10 years of smoking) and in 12 age-matched nonsmokers on 2 separate days. On day 1, MBF was measured at rest and, after intravenous l-arginine, during cold pressor test. On day 2, MBF was measured during cold pressor test and then at rest during l-arginine. Baseline rate-pressure product (RPP) (6559±1590 versus 7144±1157 bpm×mm Hg) and MBF (0.65±0.14 versus 0.73±0.13 mL · g−1 · min−1) were similar in nonsmokers and smokers. Cold pressor test increased RPP similarly in both groups (53±26% versus 46±26%), whereas MBF increased in nonsmokers (to 0.93±0.25 mL · g−1 · ...
Pastors and Pastoralists: The Differential Penetration of Christianity among East African Cattle Herders

The primary interest in this study is to make some contribution to the elaboration of a theoretical problem: What are the relations between certain forms of ideology and the social formations in which they are, or can be, realized? The consideration of ideology as a sociological category is of continual and growing concern (e.g., Moskvichov 1974; Betaille 1978; Gellner 1978), despite the attempts of bourgeois social science to kill it off during the 1960s (cf. Lipset 1960; Bell 1960; Waxman 1968). But my present interest in it arises out of a particular historical question: Why did the Christian missions fail so signally in their efforts to evangelize and convert East African pastoralists, most conspicuously the various sections of the Maasai peoples of Tanzania and Kenya?
Spot 14 protein-protein interactions: evidence for both homo- and heterodimer formation in vivo.

Spot 14 (S14) is a nuclear protein that is abundant only in lipogenic tissues (liver, adipose, lactating mammary), where its expression is rapidly regulated by hormones and dietary constituents. We recently showed that S14 acts at the transcriptional level in the transduction of signals for increased expression of genes encoding lipogenic enzymes. To better understand the mechanism of the regulation of gene transcription by S14, we employed a yeast two-hybrid system to identify hepatic proteins that physically interact with S14. We found that S14 has a strong propensity for homodimerization, as is the case for many transcription factors. Relevance of this finding to mammalian cells was established by transient cotransfection of S14 constructs bearing two different epitope tags. Glutathione-S-transferase-S14 and hemagglutinin-S14 fusions copurified from the transfected cells by glutathione-affinity chromatography, indicating their association in vivo. Analysis of S14 deletion mutants in the yeast system sh...
Sorai and the will oftian

My purpose has been more negative than positive. That is, I have challenged the view that Sorai understoodtian as an intentional agent. At minimum, Sorai’s philosophical views do not depend upon such a conception oftian, and he refrains from characterizingtian in such terms when he discusses the concept oftian directly. However, I do not claim to have proven that Sorai’s view oftian was completely naturalistic, or even that Sorai did not—at some level—believe thattian had intentions. I have, I hope, shown thatthe case that Sorai viewedtian as intentional has not been convincingly made. Further, something closer to a dynamic and indeterminate naturalistic view is a reasonable alternative. On my reading, Sorai steers a course between the Song Confucian view oftian as static and knowable (a view that he explicitly rejects) and a view oftian as intentional (a view he never unequivocally expresses)—indeed, he rejects the idea of personifyingtian. When Sorai speaks of thexin or “mind”of tian, he is best understood as employing a metaphor that implies complexity, mystery, activity, and perhaps moral structure, but not intentionality in the normal sense. The complexity, indeterminacy, and dynamism oftian, as these are expressed in Sorai’s writings, do not necessarily imply willful intent on the part oftian, for they are all consistent with the Xunzian interpretation oftian as a natural process, even iftian’s regularities have a moral character.
Economic viability of energy storage systems based on price arbitrage potential in real-time U.S. electricity markets

Abstract Energy storage systems (ESSs) can increase power system stability and efficiency, and facilitate integration of intermittent renewable energy, but deployment of ESSs will remain limited until they achieve an attractive internal rate of return (IRR). Linear optimization is used to find the ESS power and energy capacities that maximize the IRR when used to arbitrage 2008 electricity prices (the highest of the past decade) in seven real-time markets in the United States for 14 different ESS technologies. Any reductions in capital costs needed to achieve an IRR of 10% are solved for. Results show that the profit-maximizing size (i.e. hours of energy storage) of an ESS is primarily determined by its technological characteristics (round-trip charge/discharge efficiency and self-discharge) and not market price volatility, which instead increases IRR. Most ESSs examined have an optimal size of 1–4 h of energy storage, though for pumped hydro and compressed air systems this size is 7–8 h. The latter ESSs already achieve IRRs >10%, but could be made even more profitable with minimal cost-reductions by reducing power capacity costs. The opposite holds for Flywheels, electrical ESSs (e.g., capacitors) and a number of chemical ESSs (e.g., lead acid batteries). These could be made more profitable with minimal cost-reductions by reducing energy capacity costs.
Persistence of depressive cognitions within a subgroup of depressed inpatients

The persistence of depressive cognitions was investigated in two studies of psychiatric inpatients. In Study 1, depressed and nondepressed inpatients were given the Cognitive Bias Questionnaire (CBQ) immediately after admission to the hospital and after clinical improvement prior to discharge. A nondepressed, nonpsychiatric control group was also assessed. In Study 2, depressed and nondepressed individuals were administered the CBQ immediately following admission and 9 months following discharge from the hospital. Analysis of both samples indicated that following clinical improvement, depressed, nondepressed, and control subjects did not differ significantly in the proportions of individuals who manifested significant levels of depressive cognitions on the CBQ. However, when the depressive samples in both studies were subdivided according to their initial level of depressive cognitions, a significantly higher percentage of the high distorting group than of the nondepressed or control subjects manifested elevated levels of depressive cognitions after clinical improvement.
Construction of high-order deceptive functions using low-order Walsh coefficients

This paper constructs deceptive functions over bit strings of any length using low-order Walsh coefficients. Specifically, a partially deceptive construct is achieved with coefficients no higher than second order, and a fully deceptive construct is achieved with coefficients no higher than third order. Previous work on deception tacitly assumed that the very highest order Walsh coefficient, the order-l coefficient in a length-l problem, must be non-zero to achieve full deception, that condition where all schemata of orderl−1 or less containing the complement of the global optimum are superior to their competitors. The constructions of this paper show such assumptions to be false and lead to a more general theory of functions whose value only depends on the number of ones (or zeros) in the function's argument, so-calledfunctions of unitation. These results also help shed some light on Tanese's puzzling results on functions that contained large numbers of Walsh terms of fixed order.
Limits on Exotic Long-Range Spin-Spin Interactions of Electrons

We surrounded a rotating torsion pendulum containing 9.8×10(22) polarized electrons by 2 or 4 stationary sources, each with a net spin of 6.0×10(24) polarized electrons. Multiple source configurations gave sensitivity to hypothetical dipole-dipole, spin-dot-spin, and spin-cross-spin exchange interactions mediated by bosons with masses up to 20 μeV. For bosons with masses ≤0.1 μeV our null results for the dipole-dipole, spin-dot-spin, and spin-cross-spin forces imply 1σ upper limits on (g(P)(e))(2)/(ħc), (g(A)(e))(2)/(ħc) and (g(V)(e)g(A)(e))/(ħc) of 2.2×10(-16), 3.8×10(-40), and 1.2×10(-28), respectively. We also constrain, for the first time, any possible linear combination of static spin-spin interactions. In this case our upper limits relax to 5.6×10(-16), 9.8×10(-40), and 1.2×10(-28), respectively.
Organizational issues relating to medical priorities in Latin America.

Abstract The influence of social forces on the patterns of organization of health service has come to be recognized everywhere. In Latin America, the operation of such influences is especially clear, insofar as one can identify the effects of distinctive social and cultural pressures on various sectors of the over-all health care systems.
Folic acid fortification remains an urgent health priority.

Charles and colleagues report a non-statistically significant association between short term prenatal consumption of folic acid and breast cancer.1 As the authors note, even though these data are from a randomised controlled trial, they had no prespecified hypothesis. The randomised controlled trial sought to evaluate the effect of antenatal folate consumption and pregnancy outcomes, not breast cancer. Only 31 breast cancer deaths were found, and the confidence intervals were wide and include one. We believe that the most likely explanation for the reported association is chance. In contrast to the results reported by Charles and colleagues, the existing …
Flattery for reform: A case for de Gaulle

De Gaulle attempted to accomplish for France what any national leader would desire to accomplish for his own nation. His speeches inflamed American passions, however, and caused the American press to portray him negatively. This study analyzes, within the historical and political context of France, the nationally televised speeches of Charles de Gaulle during his presidency of the Fifth Republic, 1958–69, and determines the prominent emotional appeals he used in his effort to restore the French nation to its full dignity and grandeur. De Gaulle's theme of grandeur was the drive behind reform.
The effects of currency fluctuations and trade integration on industry trade between Canada and Mexico

Abstract Since studies of North American trade flows tend to focus on the United States as the main trading partner, trade between Canada and Mexico has received relatively little attention. Here, we examine bilateral trade flows for 62 Canadian export industries to Mexico and 45 import industries from Mexico to assess the effects of currency fluctuations and trade integration on these individual trade flows. We find that Mexico’s largest export industries respond to depreciation more than Canada’s largest export industries do. Both countries’ trade flows are influenced even more by trade integration. Since there is evidence of strong intra-industry trade between these two countries, we can attribute this effect to the exploitation of economies of scale.
Atomic scale imaging of the structure and chemistry of semiconductor interfaces by Z-contrast stem

A new technique for high-resolution electron microscopy is described together with a number of applications involving semiconductor interfaces. Optically, this technique represents the realization of incoherent imaging at atomic resolution, with the advantages over conventional coherent imaging methods of improved resolution and an unambiguous, simply interpretable image. In addition, the image shows strong compositional sensitivity, thus providing a direct map of a material's structure and chemistry on the atomic scale.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The entry, accumulation and binding of diphenylhydantoin-2-C14 in brain Studies on adult, immature and hypercapnic cats

Abstract Diphenylhydantoin penetrates the brain rapidly and concentrations two to three fold greater than plasma levels are found in all brain regions for 24 hr after injection. Diphenylhydantoin is bound in brain and plasma. The drug concentration in CSF is equivalent to the concentration in ultrafiltrates of brain and plasma. The early pattern of brain penetration is limited by circulation as indicated by the high concentrations in brain regions with high blood flow and vascularity. Hypercapnia does not alter the concentration of diphenylhydantoin in brain. Drug concentration is lower in newborn brain, but increases with maturation and the increase in brain solids. The drug accumulation per dry weight of brain solid is higher in gray matter than white matter, suggesting that the binding of diphenylhydantoin in brain may be an interaction with non-lipid brain constituents.
Enabling Persistent Web Services via Commitments

Web services are gaining popularity for supporting reusable business processes across distributed and heterogeneous environments. Current Web services are understood as taking inputs, executing their internal logic, and delivering outputs. When outputs are delivered, the interaction related to the given service ends. However, in many cases, the delivery of a service does not mean that the business transaction has ended, because there may be a change or cancellation of the original request (from the service requester) or an update of results (from the service provider). Current approaches deal with such scenarios by creating additional operations, thereby arbitrarily splitting the business logic and thus complicating service modeling and execution. This paper introduces the persistence of services via commitments. Commitments represent agreements between service requesters and providers. The commitments must be fulfilled to ensure successful business transactions. A commitment may last longer than individual episodes of service request and delivery. Operations on commitments, such as create, update, cancel, and discharge, reflect the persistence of the corresponding services and assist in constructing service models and protocols. We show that commitment-enhanced Web service descriptions are simpler and yet more general than current approaches, so that reliable and flexible service compositions can be produced.
Bilateral multifocal renal oncocytoma

Renal oncocytoma is a rare benign tumor. Bilateral and multifocal renal oncocytoma has rarely been described in childhood. We report a 12-year-old girl who presented with massive left renomegaly and who was found to have bilateral cystic kidneys. A left nephrectomy was undertaken because of the renal enlargement, the radiological evidence of extensive disease, and to make a diagnosis. A diagnosis of multifocal oncocytoma was made after detailed histological examination.
TARGeT: a web-based pipeline for retrieving and characterizing gene and transposable element families from genomic sequences

Gene families compose a large proportion of eukaryotic genomes. The rapidly expanding genomic sequence database provides a good opportunity to study gene family evolution and function. However, most gene family identification programs are restricted to searching protein databases where data are often lagging behind the genomic sequence data. Here, we report a user-friendly web-based pipeline, named TARGeT (Tree Analysis of Related Genes and Transposons), which uses either a DNA or amino acid 'seed' query to: (i) automatically identify and retrieve gene family homologs from a genomic database, (ii) characterize gene structure and (iii) perform phylogenetic analysis. Due to its high speed, TARGeT is also able to characterize very large gene families, including transposable elements (TEs). We evaluated TARGeT using well-annotated datasets, including the ascorbate peroxidase gene family of rice, maize and sorghum and several TE families in rice. In all cases, TARGeT rapidly recapitulated the known homologs and predicted new ones. We also demonstrated that TARGeT outperforms similar pipelines and has functionality that is not offered elsewhere.
Strain-aging effects of nitrogen in vanadium

Abstract Specimens were strained in tension from room temperature to 550°C at strain rates in the range of 10 −3 –10 −4 /sec on iodide vanadium containing varying amounts of nitrogen in solid solution. Maxima in the tensile strength, yield strength, and strain-hardening coefficient, a minimum in the strain-rate sensitivity and the occurrence of serrated stress-strain curves were observed in the temperature range of 300° to 450°C. The activation energy for strain aging in vanadium was found to be 37.3 ± 3.7kcal/mole from the strain rate dependence of the strain-aging peak and 36.2 ± 4.5kcal/mole from a return-of-yield point method. These values agree well with those reported for the diffusion of nitrogen in vanadium as determined by other methods. Thus, the results of this investigation indicate that nitrogen is associated with many of the strain-aging effects observed in vanadium.
Photopatternable hydrogel materials for reversible optical hydrogen peroxide and glucose sensors

In this work, a novel photopatternable hydrogel-based material for the fluorescent detection of hydrogen peroxide was developed and studied as a possible sensing element in optical biosensors. This composite hydrogel material was developed to maximize analyte transport, be amenable to existing microfabrication techniques, and dovetail with various enzyme immobilization strategies. Nanoparticles loaded with a hydrogen peroxide sensitive europium tetracycline complex (EuTc) were mixed with monomer and crosslinker to form a photopolymerizable precursor. Sensitivity to glucose can be introduced through addition of methacrylated glucose oxidase into the precursor solution, allowing for covalent immobilization of the enzyme. As a result, the material can be integrated directly into optical biosensors for continuous glucose monitoring.
The Frequency of Intradural Conjoined Lumbosacral Dorsal Nerve Roots Found during Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy

ABSTRACTTHE FREQUENCY OF occurrence of conjoined nerve roots (CR) in the cauda equina has been reported to range from 0.3% to 2%. We found intradural conjoined nerve roots in 13 of 123 (10.6%) patients undergoing selective dorsal rhizotomy for spasticity due to cerebral palsy. The anomaly occurred m