cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cleating Stitch: An Adjunctive Technique for Percutaneous and Revision Osseointegration Screws.

Objective The bone anchored hearing aid (BAHA) has become a widely used and successful option in treatment of conductive and mixed hearing loss, and single sided deafness. Despite improvements in technique and cosmesis, complications remain that can result in implant revision or removal. Herein we describe a unique adjunctive technique, the cleating stitch, in placement of osseointegration screws and examine its impact on complication rates. Study design Retrospective case review. Setting Tertiary academic medical center. Patients A total of 66 implants in 65 patients (35 men, 30 women) with an average age of 54 years (15-81 yr). Average follow up 10.8 months. Intervention All patients underwent BAHA implant placement by a single surgeon between April 2012 and June 2017 using the linear incision or punch techniques with soft tissue reduction and placement of a cleating stitch. Main outcome measure Main outcome measures include rates of revision surgery, overgrowth, extrusion, and Holgers reaction ≥2. Secondary outcome measures include associations between main outcome measures and outlying factors (obesity, smoking, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, age). Results The overall rate of revision was 3%, rate of overgrowth 1.5%, rate of extrusion 1.5%, and Holgers reaction ≥2 10.6%. Overgrowth and extrusion both required revision. Older age was associated with decreased risk of Holgers reaction ≥2 (p = 0.03) with a hazard ratio of 0.95 (confidence interval 0.9-1.0). There were no other statistically significant associations between primary outcome measures and outlying factors. Conclusion The cleating stitch is an effective adjunctive technique in placement of osseointegration screws associated with low rates of overgrowth and overall revision surgery.
State representation in mental illness

Reinforcement learning theory provides a powerful set of computational ideas for modeling human learning and decision making. Reinforcement learning algorithms rely on state representations that enable efficient behavior by focusing only on aspects relevant to the task at hand. Forming such representations often requires selective attention to the sensory environment, and recalling memories of relevant past experiences. A striking range of psychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, involve changes in these cognitive processes. We review and discuss evidence that these changes can be cast as altered state representation, with the goal of providing a useful transdiagnostic dimension along which mental disorders can be understood and compared.
HOT SWAP: Probing Embodied Game Interfaces With Reconfigurable Controllers

HOT SWAP is a game platform based on unique physical controllers that are designed to activate the physical and social space around players. The controllers require players to keep track of and utilize multiple physical input components that must be exchanged as a crucial gameplay component. In this paper, we reflect on the design process of two iterations of HOT SWAP games and our initial observations on how they facilitate embodied interaction. The games presented in this paper are designed to probe how game interfaces can be more social, tangible, and customizable for embodied experiences.
Trends and clinical features of intentional and accidental adult foreign body ingestions in the United States, 2000 to 2017

Background and Aims Foreign body ingestions (FoBIs) are a common cause for medical attention. However, trends and patterns of adult FoBIs as well as associations with clinical comorbidities and behavioral attributes have not been elucidated beyond single institutional experiences. Methods We utilized survey data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System to examine fundamental characteristics of adult FoBIs involving consumer products between 2000 and 2017 across the United States. Data regarding the circumstances of FoBIs were abstracted from narrative data. Relationships among time, intent, demographics, and behavioral attributes were assessed using regression analyses, accounting for survey structure. Results Adult FoBIs have increased in incidence over the past 2 decades from 3 to 5.3 per 100,000 persons. Examination of consumer products revealed that jewelry (15.4%), nails (7.2%), and toothpicks (6.9%) were the most commonly ingested products. The most common products ingested varied over time, and the number of unique consumer product categories ingested increased from 103 to 143 in the time period studied. Intentional ingestions accounted for 14% of adult FoBIs and frequently involved plastic bagging (13.6%), batteries (13%), nails (10.1%), and desk supplies (6.8%). Adjusted regression analyses demonstrated that compared with accidental FoBIs, intentional FoBIs have increased over time. Intentional FoBIs were more frequently associated with younger age, substance abuse, police custody, and mental and cognitive illnesses relative to accidental FoBIs. Conclusions Our results indicate that adult FoBIs are an increasing burden of disease in the United States with social, psychiatric, and behavioral contributors to this trend.
American Indian Reservations and COVID-19: Correlates of Early Infection Rates in the Pandemic.

Objective To determine the household and community characteristics most closely associated with variation in COVID-19 incidence on American Indian reservations in the lower 48 states. Design Multivariate analysis with population weights. Setting Two hundred eighty-seven American Indian Reservations and tribal homelands (in Oklahoma) and, as of April 10, 2020, 861 COVID-19 cases on these reservation lands. Main outcome measures The relationship between rate per 1000 individuals of publicly reported COVID-19 cases at the tribal reservation and/or community level and average household characteristics from the 2018 5-Year American Community Survey records. Results By April 10, 2020, in regression analysis, COVID-19 cases were more likely by the proportion of homes lacking indoor plumbing (10.83, P = .001) and were less likely according to the percentage of reservation households that were English-only (-2.43, P = .03). Household overcrowding measures were not statistically significant in this analysis (-6.40, P = .326). Conclusions Failure to account for the lack of complete indoor plumbing and access to potable water in a pandemic may be an important determinant of the increased incidence of COVID-19 cases. Access to relevant information that is communicated in the language spoken by many reservation residents may play a key role in the spread of COVID-19 in some tribal communities. Household overcrowding does not appear to be associated with COVID-19 infections in our data at the current time. Previous studies have identified household plumbing and overcrowding, and language, as potential pandemic and disease infection risk factors. These risk factors persist. Funding investments in tribal public health and household infrastructure, as delineated in treaties and other agreements, are necessary to protect American Indian communities.
PieParty: Visualizing cells from scRNA-seq data as pie charts

Abstract Single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has been a transformative technology in many research fields. Dimensional reduction techniques such as UMAP and tSNE are used to visualize scRNA- seq data in two or three dimensions in order for cells to be clustered in biologically meaningful ways. Subsequently, gene expression is frequently mapped onto these plots to show the distribution of expression across cell types. However, plotting each cell with only one color leads to repetitive and unintuitive representations. Here, we present Pie Party, which allows scRNA-seq data to be plotted such that every cell is represented as a pie chart, where every slice in the pie charts correspond to the gene expression of individual genes, which allows for the simultaneous visualization of the expression of multiple genes and gene networks. The resulting figures are information dense, space efficient and highly intuitive. PieParty is publicly available on GitHub at https://github.com/harbourlab/PieParty.
Understanding water and solute transport in thin film nanocomposite membranes by resistance-in-series theory combined with Monte Carlo simulation

Abstract The lack of mechanistic insights into the water and solute transport in the thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane active layer posed a major challenge in the fundamental understandings and performance optimization of such membranes in water treatment. In this work, we develop a novel water and solute transport model to qualitatively and quantitatively study the influence of intrinsic permeabilities and geometric parameters of the NPs and the NPs-polymer intermediate layer on the widely observed flux enhancement of TFN membranes based on the resistance-in-series theory and Monte Carlo simulation. The simulation results demonstrate a small amount of porous or even non-porous NPs addition would result in a significant flux increase due to either high NP permeability, high intermediate layer permeability, or the combined effects of the abovementioned factors. Besides, we find that an optimized combination of NPs mass loading and NPs size, thicker intermediate layer and TFN membrane with minimized NPs aggregation are preferred to achieve high permeate flux. This simulation can be used to predict TFN membrane performance and provide guidance on engineering the next-generation TFN membranes with high flux as well as improved rejections, to tackle with the widely acknowledged problem of flux and rejection trade-off.
GaN biosensor design with localized surface plasmon resonance

The need for rapid, compact, and accurate biosensing capability has increased dramatically in recent times in biomedical and environmental applications. Optical biosensing is one of the most promising methods for virus and chemical substance detection. With analytes or substance binding to the ligands that are attached to the surface or nanoparticles, the optical spectra shift accordingly resulting in detection of a specific substance. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) technique can be applied to enhance the detection sensitivity, providing an improvement on optical biosensor devices. However, the literature on wide bandgap GaN-based optical biosensor utilizing LSPR is limited, even though GaN-based visible optoelectronic devices have been widely implemented in various applications. Thus, it is important to design and optimize the GaN-based biosensors for their use in optical biosensing applications. In this work, optical properties of GaN-based structure with LSPR effect are investigated using the Finite-Difference-Time-Domain (FDTD) simulation method. GaN-based structures are constructed with nanoparticles coated on GaN surface. The nanoparticles are designed taking into consideration the size and metal elements such as gold, silver, and titanium. A modified refractive index-varying layer is incorporated to mimic the substance attachment on the structure surface. Electric field spectra show that optimizing the GaN-based structures will lead to the LSPR effect, confirming its potential for biosensing applications In addition, the optical spectra of the GaN-based sensor structures show sharp shifts (~ 4 nanometers per .01 refractive index change) when the refractive index of the substance layer is tuned. Additional investigations on the GaN-based sensor with various optimized design parameters will be discussed in further detail.
Diversity in University Admissions: Affirmative Action, Top Percent Policies, and Holistic Review

There is considerable interest in the impact of policy alternatives to race-based affirmative action (AA) on under-represented minority (URM) university enrollment. Widely-implemented alternatives include 'top percent' policies, which guarantee admission to top high school students, and holistic review, in which applications are evaluated on a comprehensive set of merits. This study estimates each policy's URM enrollment effect at the University of California (UC). Difference-in-difference estimates show that AA increased annual UC URM enrollment by more than 700 students (12%), and by more than 60% at the Berkeley and UCLA campuses. Three years after UC's AA program ended in 1998, UC guaranteed admission to the top 4 percent of students from each California high school under its Eligibility in the Local Context program. Extrapolation from a regression discontinuity design shows that ELC increased total URM enrollment among applicants annually by about 250, or 3.5%, primarily at three UC campuses. Another regression discontinuity design shows that ELC largely ceased impacting UC enrollment after a 2012 reform, but triple-difference estimates show that several campuses' simultaneous switches to holistic review prevented URM enrollment decline. Six UC campuses have implemented holistic review, with an event study suggesting that each implementation increased URM enrollment at that campus by about 10%, though some enrollees were pulled from other UC campuses. While AA had a larger effect on URM enrollment than top percent policies or holistic review, the latter policies have substantively mitigated URM enrollment declines at some UC campuses following AA's prohibition.
Allegories of Farming from Greece and Rome: Philosophical Satire in Xenophon, Varro, and Virgil

In this book Professor Kronenberg shows that Xenophon's Oeconomicus, Varro's De Re Rustica and Virgil's Georgics are not simply works on farming but belong to a tradition of philosophical satire which uses allegory and irony to question the meaning of morality. These works metaphorically connect farming and its related arts to political life; but instead of presenting farming in its traditional guise as a positive symbol, they use it to model the deficiencies of the active life, which in turn is juxtaposed to a preferred contemplative way of life. Although these three texts are not usually treated together, this book convincingly connects them with an original and provocative interpretation of their allegorical use of farming. It also fills an important gap in our understanding of the literary influences on the Georgics by showing that it is shaped not just by its poetic predecessors but by philosophical dialogue.
Movements and Habitat Use of Boreal Toads in the Snake River Quarry Area

Nine Boreal toads (Bufo boreas) were captured during the summer of 1999 at the Snake River Quarry and fitted with telemetry transmitters. Locations were determined approximately once each week. Females may be leaving the quarry site around mid-summer while males remain in the area throughout the summer. Toads preferred two aquatic sites until around mid-July then dispersed to dryer terrestrial areas with a preference for 3 sites characterized by loose soil, which provided good burrow shelter. This quarry is to undergo major reclamation efforts. It is recommended to: 1) stay major construction disturbance until the females undertake their seasonal departure from the area, 2 ) preserve the breeding and preferred aquatic habitat and 3) capture male toads from the preferred terrestrial areas and reintroduce them back after reclamation is completed.
Optimization of Knowledge Sharing in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Social Networks by Filtering Information Seeker Preferences

Social Networks are an efficient way to share knowledge about various topics such as Complementary and Alternative Medicine. However, the amount of information that can be obtained, associated with the variety of information sources and formats present on social networks, is time consuming for the users. We are here focusing on the preferences that Information Seekers have in the CAM area and observing that each of them possess variation in preferences of Information Provider attribute and Information Format type. We are then design a filtering tool adapted to CAM social networks able to customize the design and layout in function of those preferences.
Black Elk Speaks Again: Self-Representation in Contemporary Native American Autobiography

(1992). Black Elk Speaks Again: Self-Representation in Contemporary Native American Autobiography. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 7, Native American Identities and Autobiography, pp. 273-291.
Women Editors and Publishers of Newspapers and Periodicals in Illinois: 1869–1900

Abstract This study focuses on women newspaper and periodical publishers in Illinois during the years of 1869–1900. The project poses three research questions: (1) What percentage of Illinois newspapers and periodicals published between 1869-1900 were published or edited by women? (2) Of the newspapers and periodicals published or edited by women during this period, in which areas of the state were they published-Chicago or down-state? (3) Of the publications identified as having been published or edited by women, what percentage were newspapers as opposed to periodicals?
Hydrodynamic Forces on Multiple Circular Cylinders

The potential flow solution is determined for a number of cylinders in translational motions perpendicular to their axes and submerged in a uniform flow. The number of cylinders, their radii, and the directions of the motions are all arbitrary. The hydrodynamic forces are obtained analytically. For a simplified case of two cylinders, the general hydrodynamic forces are expressed in terms of six force coefficients which are functions of the cylinder radii and the distance between them. However, the coefficients are independent of the direction of motion of the cylinders. The added mass coefficient of a cylinder moving near a rigid boundary in a still fluid is from 2.3 to 1.0, whereas the coefficient of a stationary cylinder near a rigid circular boundary in a uniform flow varies from 5.6 to -1. The results may be useful to the earthquake resistant design of offshore structures as well as to the wave force design of such structures.
A Stateful Implementation of a Random Function Supporting Parity Queries over Hypercubes

Motivated by an open problem recently suggested by Goldreich et al., we study truthful implementations of a random binary function supporting compound XOR queries over sub-cubes of the hypercube {0,1} n . We introduce a relaxed model of an implementation, which we call a stateful implementation, and show how to implement the desired specification in this model. The main technical construction is an algorithm for detecting linear dependencies between n dimensional hypercubes, viewed as characteristic vectors in \(\mathbb{F}_2^{\{0,1\}^n}\). Using coding theoretic techniques, we first exhibit a randomized algorithm for detecting such dependencies. We then show how a recent approach by Raz and Shpilka for polynomial identity testing in non-commutative models of computation can be applied to obtain a deterministic algorithm.
Getting Tenure In A Down Economy

Academic tenure is now under attack. A down economy has placed greater pressure on institutions making tenure more difficult to obtain. Nineteen tips for gaining tenure in a down economy are presented along with several justifications for tenure and why tenure is important for the preservation of the academy and the freedom to research and teach.
Protein metabolism in obesity: effects of body fat distribution and hyperinsulinemia on leucine turnover.

To examine whether moderate obesity and differences in body fat distribution are associated with abnormalities of protein metabolism, leucine turnover was measured in three groups of age-matched premenopausal women. Ten upper-body-obese (UB Ob), 10 lower-body-obese (LB Ob), and 10 nonobese (Non Ob) women were studied in an overnight postabsorptive condition (basal) and again during an infusion of low physiologic amounts of insulin (insulin clamp). Results showed that basal leucine carbon flux was greater (P less than 0.05) in UB Ob and LB Ob women than in Non Ob women (2.96 +/- 0.08 vs 3.14 +/- 0.16 vs 2.68 +/- 0.08 mumol.kg lean body mass-1.min-1, respectively; mean +/- SEM). Leucine carbon flux was not suppressed during the insulin-clamp study in UB Ob women but was in the LB Ob and Non Ob women. We conclude that moderate obesity is associated with increased proteolysis and that insulin's antiproteolytic actions are impaired in upper-body obesity. These findings could have implications for future studies of and treatment of obesity.
Time‐lapse scanning electron microscopy for measurement of contamination rate and stage drift

Measurements done with scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) may lose their validity due to contamination and charging caused by the primary electron beam. The sample stage and the electron beam also slightly drift during the course of the measurements. Consequently, it is essential to find out the time limit of valid measurements, that is, the maximum time before the sample or its position changes too much. This paper describes digital time-lapse SEM, a useful tool for investigating the extent and effects of contamination and stage drift. It works with hardware and software that create a stack of sequential images. Later these images can be viewed as a short movie; it is also possible to apply all the image processing and analysis procedures that are otherwise applied to separate, individual images. This method gives a reliable way of measuring the rate of contaminant deposition and of stage and electron beam drift of SEMs, and it could be helpful in controlling these problems.
Patient Numeracy, Perceptions of Provider Communication and Colorectal Cancer Screening Utilization

Patients with poor numeracy skills may have difficulty participating in shared-decision making, affecting their utilization of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. We explored the relationship between numeracy, provider communication, and CRC screening. Data were from the 2007 National Cancer Institute Health Information Trends Survey. Individuals age 50 years or older responded via mail or phone to items measuring numeracy, perceptions of provider communication quality, and CRC screening. After accounting for national sampling weights, multivariate logistic regression models examined the association between these factors. A total of 1,436 subjects responded to an objective numeracy item via mail, and 3,286 responded to a subjective numeracy item via mail or phone; 22.6% had low objective numeracy, and 39.4% had low subjective numeracy. Low subjective numeracy was associated with a lower likelihood of perceiving high quality provider communication (OR 0.63–0.73), but for low objective numeracy, the opposite...
ChAT: A Time-Linked System for Conversational Analysis

We present a system for analyzing conversational data. The system includes state-of-the-art natural language processing components that have been modified to accommodate the unique nature of conversational data. In addition, we leverage the added richness of conversational data by analyzing various aspects of the participants and their relationships to each other. Our tool provides users with the ability to easily identify topics or persons of interest, including who talked to whom, when, entities that were discussed, etc. Using this tool, one can also isolate more complex networks of information: individuals who may have discussed the same topics but never talked to each other. The tool includes a UI that plots information over time, and a semantic graph that highlights relationships of interest.
Quadrigeminal variant of perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Objective Perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (PNSH) is a benign entity with a low risk of rebleeding. The most widely accepted definition emphasizes the presence of blood ventral to the midbrain or pons on early computed tomography. We sought to determine the frequency of PNSH with blood centered in the quadrigeminal cistern. Methods We reviewed a prospectively collected database of all patients admitted to our institution over a 2.5-year period with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and identified PNSH patients from early computed tomographic scans and negative four-vessel angiograms. Results Of 220 SAH patients, we identified 9 with PNSH. Two (22%) of these patients had SAH centered in the quadrigeminal cistern without pretruncal blood, negative repeat angiograms, and an uncomplicated clinical course. Conclusion Quadrigeminal SAH is a variant of PNSH that is not well described in the literature. It may comprise up to one-fifth of PNSH cases and carries a similar benign prognosis.
Photon-echo novelty filter: a unique time-differential sensor of optical wave-front distortion caused by airborne turbulence.

To continue our earlier research on the photon-echo novelty filter, we lengthen the novelty filter’s response time by 3 orders of magnitude from nanoseconds to microseconds. On the microsecond time scale of airborne turbulence we demonstrate the potential of the novelty filter as a unique time-differential phase sensor. We observe no considerable degradation of the filter’s sensitivity and accuracy to as high as 50 and 200 μs, respectively. This result demonstrates that the filter can be continuously tuned with regard to its response time over a wide range. We further apply the novelty filter to the probing of phase distortions of a laser beam going through a He jet. We also investigate issues regarding the operation of the novelty filter to deal with random and spatially nonuniform phase distortion. The relation of the photon-echo novelty filter to traditional double-exposure holography and the role of the time-differential sensor in adaptive optics are discussed.
Resolution of Downstream Boundary Layers in the Chebyshev Approximation to Viscous Flow Problems

Abstract Steady solutions characterized by downstream boundary layers are sought to the one-dimensional linearized Burgers equation for a variety of computational—that is, spatial and temporal differencing—schemes. When well resolved, the presence of these boundary layers does not seriously affect the accuracy of the interior solutions. For narrow outflow boundary layers, however, the Chebyshev collocation method may be unstable, unlike the finite-difference technique, for grid Reynolds numbers less than a certain critical value. Although the spectral solutions are improved by using fractional step time-differencing methods in which the viscous and advective effects are separately treated, the stability of the resulting multistep technique need not be guaranteed by the stability of its component steps. Analogous computational restrictions on the use of the Chebyshev collocation method are shown to hold for the nonlinear Burgers equation.
Anabaptism in Central Germany I

We turn next to a discussion of the religious ideas of the Anabaptists. What did the brethren believe? Any discussion of Anabaptist doctrines is made difficult by the fact that most Anabaptists were not theologically oriented or minded. There were exceptions to this, of course; individual figures can be found with an aptitude for, and interest in, theology. Some of the more promising of the younger intellectuals met early deaths. But the entire emphasis of the brethren was far more on the manner of Christian life than on a systematization of their religious ideas. Yet a presentation of Anabaptist thought is essential if one is to understand them against the background of the larger Reformation movement. In the account which follows the ideas of Melchior Rink will receive the principal attention, for several reasons. Rink was the only leader of strictly Thuringian Anabaptism capable of careful and systematic formulation and articulation of religious ideas.1 Moreover, there is more material from the sources on his ideas than on those of any other leader. He speaks to us in a few writings of his own, in the account of his hearing in I528, and in the testimonies of his followers.
Study of interactions at water-soluble polymer/Ca(OH)2 or gibbsite interfaces by XPS

In an attempt to better understand interactions occuring at hydrated cement/organic polymer interfaces, the reaction mechanism and products formed at the interfaces between poly(acrylic acid), p(AA) or poly(acrylamide), p(AM), and Ca(OH)2 or gibbsite, Al2O3·3H2O, were explored using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was estimated that at p(AA)/Ca(OH)2 interfaces, a Ca-complexed carboxylate interfacial reaction product was formed by an ionic reaction between the COOH in p(AA) and Ca2+ ions from Ca(OH)2. A similar reaction product was formed at p(AM)/Ca(OH)2 interfaces as a result of an inter-facial transformation of amide in p(AM) into carboxylic acid, caused by the alkali-catalyzed hydrolysis of the amide. The proton-accepting hydroxyl groups existing at the outermost surface sites of Al2O2·3H2O react favorably with proton-donating COOH groups in p(AA). This acidbase interaction at the p(AA)/Al2O3·3H2O joint formed hydrogen bonds. Whereas, when the p(AM) was applied on Al2O3·3H2O surfaces, interfacial electrostatic bonds were formed through charge-transferring reaction mechanisms in which the charge density was transferred from the Al in Al2O3·3H2O to the C=0 oxygen in p(AM).
Use case-driven component specification: a medical applications perspective to product line development

Modular and flexible software components can be useful for reuse across a class of domain-specific applications or product lines. By varying the composition of components suited to a particular product line, an assortment of applications can be developed to support differing operational needs. A top-down approach to the design components for a specific application may be effective, however a more evolutionary approach is needed to support the specification of components suited for a class of applications. In addition, such evolutionary approaches require support for the knowledge transfer that must occur from domain experts, who are not software experts, to skilled software engineers. By combining concepts from Software Product Line Development (SPLD) and other evolutionary design techniques, a new, use case-driven approach has been created called Component-Based Product Line Analysis and Design (C-PLAD). This approach was used to develop components in the domain of image-guided surgery applications.
Diffusion controlled reaction in a laminar boundary layer

Abstract A simple, exact (boundary-layer) solution is obtained to the equations of diffusion and and energy for a rapid reaction occurring in the laminar boundary layer on a flat plate. The velocity distribution is assumed to be given by the Blasius solution to the Prandtl boundary-layer equations. Expressions are derived for rates of interphase transfer, and concentration and temperature distributions. Applications are to problems of absorption, extraction, dissolution and combustion.
Free and forced convection in the entry region of a heated vertical channel

Abstract An analytical solution for the fluid flow and heat transfer in the entry region of a heated vertical channel is presented. The conditions of constant wall temperature and constant wall heat flux are studied. Different axial length scales are revealed by the analytical solution. These scales distinguish the regions of different convective mechanisms that a developing flow has to pass through before reaching its fully-developed state. The solution also indicates that natural convection eventually becomes the dominant heat transfer mode if Gr > Re for constant wall temperature, and Gr2 > Re for constant wall heat flux. If natural convection is a dominant mode, the evidence suggests that moving periodic and recirculating cells are generated. This provides an explanation of why reverse transition is observed, and laminar flow is maintained in a heated vertical tube for Re
Inherent Structure Analysis of the Thermal History Dependence of Yielding in Glasses

Molecular simulations and an inherent structure analysis are used to investigate how the response of a glass to stress depends on its thermal history. Although the stress response at low and high strains is independent of the thermal history of the glass, the stress response at intermediate strains depends strongly on the thermal history. Previous experiments and simulations have shown that the peak stress, defined as the maximum stress the system can withstand before flowing, increases as a glass is annealed. The present inherent structure analysis addresses this phenomenon. The present results show that as glasses are strained, more highly annealed glasses remain in their initial metabasin up to larger strains (and thus larger stresses). This greater stress-absorbing capacity of the metabasins that characterize more highly annealed systems allows the more annealed systems to withstand more stress before flowing.
Increased Kallikrein Content of Saliva from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas: A Theory for the Pathogenesis of Abnormal Secretions

Increased Kallikrein Content of Saliva from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas: A Theory for the Pathogenesis of Abnormal Secretions
The effect of donor self-association on EPR studies of transient complex formation between nitroxide radicals and solvent molecules

Nitroxide radical-hydrogen donor systems in which the donor can self-associate are examined by EPR techniques. Data for CH3OH and CH3COOH and the nitroxide radical TMPO are first fitted by using methods developed for transient complex formation between hydrogen donors and nitroxides. TheK assoc and hyperfine coupling constants obtained are inconsistent with previous correlations with thepK a of the hydrogen donor. An alternative method of analysis that incorporates donor self-association is developed and applied to the systems studied.
Hyposomatomedinemia in Quadriplegic Men

Many studies have shown that vigorous exercise acutely stimulates growth hormone (GH) release but the relative contribution of daily physical activity to maintaining the GH/somatomedin C (SmC) axis is not known. It has been reported that basal and post-exercise plasma SmC values are higher in physically conditioned young men than in sedentary men of similar age. To assess the effect of severe inactivity on the plasma SmC level, basal concentrations of this hormone were measured in patients with quadriplegia (QP) resulting from spinal cord injury (SCI). Venous blood samples were obtained after overnight fast in 41 QP men, ages 24-66, and compared with 119 healthy men of similar ages. Nonparametric analysis of variance showed SmC to be significantly lower in QP than in healthy men (p < .007). Plasma SmC below 0.35 U/ml in adults usually indicates little or no GH secretion by the pituitary gland. In QP, 46% of plasma SmC values were < 0.35 U/ml compared to 24% in the healthy group (p < .02). In both groups, an inverse relationship of SmC and increasing age was observed (p < .01). The data suggest that severe inactivity or SCI tend to cause hyposomatomedinemia. The latter endocrine alteration may contribute to the decrease in lean body mass and muscle atrophy of QP patients, and add further functional impairment to the original neurologic deficit. In addition, hyposomatomedinemia could increase the tendency for pressure sore formation and osteoporosis in SCI patients.
Absence of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 accelerates stress-induced axonopathy in the optic projection.

How neurons respond to stress in degenerative disease is of fundamental importance for identifying mechanisms of progression and new therapeutic targets. Members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of cation-selective ion channels are candidates for mediating stress signals, since different subunits transduce a variety of stimuli relevant in both normal and pathogenic physiology. We addressed this possibility for the TRP vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) subunit by comparing how the optic projection of Trpv1−/− mice and age-matched C57 controls responds to stress from elevated ocular pressure, the critical stressor in the most common optic neuropathy, glaucoma. Over a 5 week period of elevated pressure induced by microbead occlusion of ocular fluid, Trpv1−/− accelerated both degradation of axonal transport from retinal ganglion cells to the superior colliculus and degeneration of the axons themselves in the optic nerve. Ganglion cell body loss, which is normally later in progression, occurred in nasal sectors of Trpv1−/− but not C57 retina. Pharmacological antagonism of TRPV1 in rats similarly accelerated ganglion cell axonopathy. Elevated ocular pressure resulted in differences in spontaneous firing rate and action potential threshold current in Trpv1−/− ganglion cells compared with C57. In the absence of elevated pressure, ganglion cells in the two strains had similar firing patterns. Based on these data, we propose that TRPV1 may help neurons respond to disease-relevant stressors by enhancing activity necessary for axonal signaling.
Tobacco control 50 years after the 1964 surgeon general's report.

The 50th anniversary of the landmark 1964 surgeon general’s report on Smoking and Health marks a time for national recognition, resolve, and reaffirmation. It is important to recognize the persons who courageously completed the report under intense scrutiny while guarding against potential industry interference. It is also important to honor the extraordinary scientific advances in tobacco control in the years since the release of the report—advances that have led to countless lives saved. Ultimately, however, this anniversary must reaffirm the fundamental resolve to end the tobacco epidemic once and for all, and doing so should not take another 50 years.
In silico evaluation of proposed biosynthetic pathways for the unique dithiolate ligand of the H-cluster of [FeFe]-hydrogenase.

The biosynthesis of the active site of the [FeFe]-hydrogenases (H-cluster) remains a tantalizing puzzle due to its unprecedented and complex ligand environment. It contains a [2Fe] cluster ([2Fe]H) bearing cyanide and carbon monoxide ligands attached to low-valence Fe ions and an abiological dithiolate ligand (SCH2XCH2S)2− that bridges the two iron centers. Various experimentally testable hypotheses have already been put forward regarding the precursor molecule and the biosynthetic mechanism that leads to the formation of the dithiolate ligand. In this work, we report a density functional theory-based theoretical evaluation of these hypotheses. We find preference for a mechanistically simple and energetically favorable pathway that includes known radical-SAM (S-adenosylmethionine) catalyzed reactions. We modeled this pathway using a long alkyl chain precursor molecule that leads to the formation of pronanadithiolate (X = CH2). However, the same pathway can be readily adopted for the biosynthesis of the dithiomethylamine (X = NH) or the dithiomethylether (X = O) analog, provided that the proper precursor molecule is available. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
Spitzer Observations of the z = 2.73 Lensed Lyman Break Galaxy: MS 1512?cB58

We present Spitzer infrared (IR) photometry and spectroscopy of the lensed Lyman break galaxy (LBG) MS 1512–cB58 at z = 2.73. The large (factor ~30) magnification allows for the most detailed IR study of an L☉_(UV)(z = 3) LBG to date. Broadband photometry with IRAC (3-10 μm), IRS (16 μm), and MIPS (24, 70, and 160 μm) was obtained, as well as IRS spectroscopy spanning 5.5-35 μm. A fit of stellar population models to the optical/near-IR/IRAC photometry gives a young age (~9 Myr), forming stars at ~98 M⊙ yr^(-1), with a total stellar mass of ~10^9 M☉ formed thus far. The existence of an old stellar population with twice the stellar mass cannot be ruled out. IR spectral energy distribution fits to the 24 and 70 μm photometry, as well as previously obtained submillimeter/millimeter data give an intrinsic IR luminosity L_(IR) = (1–2) × 10^(11) L☉ and a star formation rate (SFR) ~20-40 M☉yr^(−1). The ultraviolet (UV) derived SFR is ~3-5 times higher than the SFR determined using L_(IR) or L_(Hα) because the red UV spectral slope is significantly overpredicting the level of dust extinction. This may suggest that the assumed Calzetti starburst obscuration law is not valid in young LBGs. We detect strong line emission from polycyclic aromatic hyrdrocarbons (PAHs) at 6.2, 7.7, and 8.6 μm. The line ratios are consistent with ratios observed in both local and high-redshift starbursts. Both the PAH and rest-frame 8 μm luminosities predict the total LIR based on previously measured relations in starbursts. Finally, we do not detect the 3.3 μm PAH feature. This is marginally inconsistent with some PAH emission models, but still consistent with PAH ratios measured in many local star-forming galaxies.
Major Patterns of Laryngeal Electromyography and Their Clinical Application

Laryngeal electromyography (LEMG) is clinically valuable in the evaluation of laryngeal dysfunction and vocal fold immobility. To facilitate clinical application of this electrophysiologic test, a detailed description of modified LEMG techniques is presented. The techniques were applied for simultaneous bilateral recordings of the thyroarytenoid, cricothyroid, and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles. The basic patterns of LEMG are classified into three different types: normal, neuropathy, and myopathy. In an attempt to characterize these patterns, we have reported eight LEMG-documented cases: unilateral laryngeal paralysis, bilateral laryngeal paralysis, cricoarytenoid joint dislocation, cricoarytenoid joint ankylosis, laryngeal myopathy, pharyngeal paralysis (soft palate paralysis), spasmodic dysphonia, and unilateral laryngeal paralysis with anastomosis. The significance of the major LEMG patterns is discussed.
Medium for use in antibiotic susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria.

Abstract A medium is described which was designed for use in testing the minimal inhibitory concentration of antibiotics for anaerobic bacteria by agar dilution. It contains: Trypticase (1%), Gelysate (1%), yeast extract (0.5%), glucose (0.1%), pyruvate (0.1%), arginine (0.1%), NaCl (0.5%), hemin (5 μg/ml), vitamin K1 (0.5 μg/ml), agar (1.5%). The medium does not require the addition of blood to support growth of most clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria.
Discipline, compassion and monastic ideals of community, c.950–1250

Those who are not flogged here on earth are not received as sons there in heaven […] and will be flogged alongside the devil for eternity. Ambrose of Milan1 1 De interpellatione Iob et David, 3.3.9, Patrologiae cursus completus, series latina, ed. J.-P. Migne, 221 vols (Paris, 1841–64) [hereafter PL], vol. 14, 841: qui autem hic non flagellantur, ibi non suscipiuntur ut filii […] ut in perpetuum cum diabolo flagellentur. This essay examines the intersections of discipline, compassion and community in a selection of monastic texts from the late tenth through to the mid-thirteenth centuries, focusing on disciplinary rituals involving punitive flogging or flagellation. Although members of all of the major religious orders viewed flogging as a necessary method of correction needing little or no justification, as evidenced by customaries, letters, and even miracle collections, few scholars have examined the role of this practice in the shaping of monastic culture. This essay suggests that disciplinary rituals ...
Increased risk of learning disabilities in low birth weight boys at age 11 years

Abstract Background: Few studies have examined learning disabilities among low birth weight (≤2500 g) children, and those that have, have focused on very low birth weight children ( Methods: Low birth weight and normal birth weight children were randomly selected from the 1983–1985 newborn lists of an urban and a suburban hospital in southeast Michigan. Children with neurological impairments were excluded. Children were evaluated at age 6 years and at age 11 years. Of the 823 children in the initial assessment, 717 (87.1%) participated in the second assessment. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised and the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery—Revised were used to identify children with learning disabilities. Learning disabilities were estimated in 574 children with IQs of ≥85. Results: Low birth weight was associated with increased risk for reading and math disability in male children (odds ratio = 3.3 and odds ratio = 6.5, respectively) but not in female children. The increased risk of learning disabilities among male children applied to the entire range of low birth weight and was observed in both the urban and suburban communities. Conclusions: The effect of low birth weight on learning disabilities appears to be specific to male children. Although this sex-specific effect is consistent with previous findings of a greater vulnerability of male children to pregnancy and birth complications, it remains to be replicated and clarified.
Analysis of aggregating systems

Abstract L 2 -norm approximation and Lagrangian interpolation are used to analyze data on aggregation of uridine, cytidine, bromouridine and purine in terms of different equilibrium constants. To determine the highest aggregating species or limiting polymer a statistical test is employed. It was found that the data from bromouridine are consistent with the highest aggregating species being a trimer; the data for uridine are capable of being explained on the basis of the highest aggregating species being either a trimer or a tetramer; and the data from purine and cytidine are consistent with the fact that the highest aggregating species is a tetramer. The methods described are quite general and are capable of analyzing data of aggregating systems no matter what the scheme of aggregation is and regardless of whether the system is ideal or non-ideal or whether the data come from the measurement of osmotic coefficients (small molecule systems) or from the measurement of weight average molecular weight (large molecule systems).
Structural requirements for nicotine and cyclic imine-induced amine release from neoplastic mast cells

Abstract Nicotine, pyrrolidines and cyclic imines induced the release of biogenic amines from mouse neoplastic mast cells. Alkaline conditions were required to convert the releasing agents to the form of their free base thus making available the 2s-electron pair of the molecule's alicyclic nitrogen atom for interaction with the cells' trigger sites. The potency of the compounds as releasing agents was directly related to their basicity. The elevated pH was also needed to convert the cryptic or conformationally unreactive trigger site to an available or reactive form that permitted the interaction with the releasing agent to occur.
The importance of shared mental models and shared situation awareness for transforming robots from tools to teammates

Current ground robots are largely employed via tele-operation and provide their operators with useful tools to extend reach, improve sensing, and avoid dangers. To move from robots that are useful as tools to truly synergistic human-robot teaming, however, will require not only greater technical capabilities among robots, but also a better understanding of the ways in which the principles of teamwork can be applied from exclusively human teams to mixed teams of humans and robots. In this respect, a core characteristic that enables successful human teams to coordinate shared tasks is their ability to create, maintain, and act on a shared understanding of the world and the roles of the team and its members in it. The team performance literature clearly points towards two important cornerstones for shared understanding of team members: mental models and situation awareness. These constructs have been investigated as products of teams as well; amongst teams, they are shared mental models and shared situation awareness. Consequently, we are studying how these two constructs can be measured and instantiated in human-robot teams. In this paper, we report results from three related efforts that are investigating process and performance outcomes for human robot teams. Our investigations include: (a) how human mental models of tasks and teams change whether a teammate is human, a service animal, or an advanced automated system; (b) how computer modeling can lead to mental models being instantiated and used in robots; (c) how we can simulate the interactions between human and future robotic teammates on the basis of changes in shared mental models and situation assessment.