cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural Differences Observed in Arboviruses of the Alphavirus and Flavivirus Genera

Arthropod borne viruses have developed a complex life cycle adapted to alternate between insect and vertebrate hosts. These arthropod-borne viruses belong mainly to the families Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Bunyaviridae. This group of viruses contains many pathogens that cause febrile, hemorrhagic, and encephalitic disease or arthritic symptoms which can be persistent. It has been appreciated for many years that these viruses were evolutionarily adapted to function in the highly divergent cellular environments of both insect and mammalian phyla. These viruses are hybrid in nature, containing viral-encoded RNA and proteins which are glycosylated by the host and encapsulate viral nucleocapsids in the context of a host-derived membrane. From a structural perspective, these virus particles are macromolecular machines adapted in design to assemble into a packaging and delivery system for the virus genome and, only when associated with the conditions appropriate for a productive infection, to disassemble and deliver the RNA cargo. It was initially assumed that the structures of the virus from both hosts were equivalent. New evidence that alphaviruses and flaviviruses can exist in more than one conformation postenvelopment will be discussed in this review. The data are limited but should refocus the field of structural biology on the metastable nature of these viruses.
Un-Leeching P2P Streaming by Active Overlay Management

We propose peer swapping as a means to improve the throughput of structured-overlay-based peer-to-peer (P2P) streaming systems. In many P2P streaming systems, an overlay is incrementally constructed as peers join the system. When the system is dominated by peers with low uplink bandwidth (so-called leeches), the overlay can get clogged, which hampers its growth. A P2P system that suffers from clogging cannot scale any longer because even peers with high bandwidth are rejected. We first provide a theoretical analysis of clogging, which reveals that clogging is inevitable in a structured-overlay-based streaming system with heterogeneous peer uplink bandwidths. To overcome clogging, we propose distributed peer swapping, a method to reconfigure the overlay without centralized control. Experimental results demonstrate that peer swapping enables the system to accept more peers by mitigating clogging.
Exposure‐response relationship in adults and children for pediatric dose adjustment

Pediatric dosing aims to produce similar drug exposure to that of adults, provided that children and adults have similar exposure-response (ER) relationships. We examined ER similarities between adult and pediatric populations using in-house NDA data. All NDAs that included pediatric uses were screened, from which 10 NDAs that contained the following parameters and indices (P&I) were analyzed: pharmacokinetics (PK), ER, drug-related adverse events (ADR), and efficacy (E) after administration of various formulations/dosage regimens. Pediatric-to-adult ratios (PTA) of these P&I were calculated for various pediatric age groups (3 mo-16 yrs). Trend analysis did not reveal a consistent pattern relating drug exposure to ADR or E P&I. Pediatric exposure levels were higher than adults (Cmax ratios = 0.33 - 2.58, AUC ratios = 0.43 - 2.25) but resulted in less than comparable response (E ratios = 0.18 - 1.36). Although the PTA ADR ratios were comparable to adults, ranging from 0.25 to 4.24, 3 drugs manifested serious adverse events (SAE) in children only. In general, the difference in ADR and E P&I are inversely related to age. Detailed age-group analysis will be presented. PTA E or ADR ratios among therapeutically-similar drugs could not be extrapolated. The lack of PTA similarity observed in this study implies that pediatric PK studies may provide key information for dose adjustment but incorporation of ADR and E data is critical. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P75–P75; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.284
Prevalence of Androgen Deficiency in Men with Erectile Dysfunction

Objectives Erectile dysfunction (ED) and androgen deficiency in aging men are two separate clinical entities that often overlap. Controversy exists regarding the most appropriate total testosterone level that defines androgen deficiency in aging men, and its prevalence in men with ED is still uncertain. We evaluated the prevalence and risk factors of low and low-normal testosterone levels in men presenting for an initial ED evaluation. Methods The computerized charts from 1987 to 2002 of 2794 men aged 25 to 80 years and presenting with a primary complaint of ED who also had serum total testosterone levels measured were retrospectively reviewed. Multiple testosterone level cutpoints and a linear regression model (including age, diabetes, cholesterol, anemia, creatinine, and prostate-specific antigen) were used to analyze the factors that correlated with hypogonadism. Results The prevalence of androgen deficiency was 7%, 23%, 33%, and 47% for testosterone levels of less than 200, less than 300, less than 346, and less than 400 ng/dL, respectively. An abrupt increase in hypogonadism prevalence occurred in men aged 45 to 50, beyond which a plateau of prevalence was maintained until older than 80 years of age. Age, the presence of uncontrolled diabetes, high total cholesterol, and anemia all correlated with significantly decreased testosterone levels in men with ED. The prostate-specific antigen level and creatinine did not affect the testosterone levels. Conclusions Androgen deficiency was quite common in men presenting with ED and correlated significantly with age, uncontrolled diabetes, hypercholesteremia, and anemia. Although additional prospective studies evaluating the effect of testosterone supplementation in this population are needed, clinicians, including urologists, should be keenly aware of the large overlap of patients with ED who might also have the entity, androgen deficiency in the aging male.
Japanese-Style Ornamental Community Gardens at Manzanar Relocation Center

Through the centuries, Japanese ornamental gardens have reflected Japanese culture. In the United States, Japanese-style ornamental gardens offered Japanese immigrants and American citizens of Japanese heritage a connection with Japanese culture, giving them a sense of community, while also giving them a sense of place in a country which did not wholly embrace their presence. Analysis of physical remains of Japanese-style ornamental community gardens at Manzanar Relocation Center in Owen’s Valley, California, offers testament to how these gardens allowed the internees to express cultural identity and a feeling of community during one of the most trying times in American history.
Using landscape characteristics as prior information for Bayesian classification of yellow starthistle

Abstract Yellow starthistle is an invasive plant of canyon grasslands in north-central Idaho. The distribution of yellow starthistle is associated with general landscape characteristics that include land use and specific terrain-related features such as elevation, slope, and aspect. Slope and aspect can be considered as indicators of plant community composition and distribution. Hence, these variables may be incorporated into prediction models to estimate the likelihood of yellow starthistle occurrence because plant communities differ in susceptibility to invasion. An empirically derived nonlinear model based on landscape characteristics has previously been developed to predict the likelihood of yellow starthistle occurrence in north-central Idaho. Although the model was used to predict the invasion potential of yellow starthistle into new areas, it could also be used as auxiliary data for classifying this weed species in remotely sensed imagery. To accomplish this, the predicted values from the model are...
Breeding, Genetics, and Cultivar Development

Publisher Summary Potato breeders are challenged by the tetraploid nature of the potato, limited variability for economically important traits in adapted breeding clones, and a complex set of requirements necessary for the successful adoption of new cultivars. An understanding of the genetic basis of the photoperiod response for tuberization would help geneticists and breeders to maximize their use of wild species germplasm. Genetic variance for yield in potato is mainly nonadditive, involving intralocus and interlocus interactions. There is good reason for optimism about the prospects for continued genetic improvements in potato. The germplasm resources are abundant in genetic diversity, and breeders have access to a well-stocked toolbox for the utilization of those resources.
Antitissue Transglutaminase IgA for Celiac Disease Testing

A 23-year-old woman presented for assessment of positive celiac disease serologic testing. The testing was performed at the patient’s request because her 15-year-old brother was diagnosed with celiac disease. Based on her test results, the patient was advised to commence a gluten-free diet. However, she believed that a small intestinal biopsy would be appropriate to confirm her diagnosis and sought another opinion. The patient did not report any symptoms. She was the eldest of 6 children who were healthy except for the 1 sibling with celiac disease. Her mother had a history of thyroid cancer. Results of her physical examination were normal except for dental enamel defects (with both color and structural changes; Figure). Her body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) was 21, and her level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D was low at 18 ng/mL (reference range, 20-50). There was no evidence of other vitamin or mineral deficiency, anemia, or thyroid dysfunction.
On-the-Fly Diagnostics of Particle Population in Iterated-Source Monte Carlo Methods

On-the-fly diagnostics of the number of particles per iteration cycle in iterated-source Monte Carlo computation, which output diagnostic measures for a given spatial resolution of binning cells as...
Quantifying design principles in reusable software components

Software reuse can occur in various places during the software development cycle. Reuse of existing source code is the most commonly practiced form of software reuse. One of the key requirements for software reuse is readability, thus the interest in the use of data abstraction, inheritance, modularity, and aspects of the visible portion of module specifications. This research analyzed the contents of software reuse libraries to answer the basic question of what makes a good reusable software component. The approach taken was to measure and analyze various software metrics as mapped to design characteristics. A related research question investigated the change in the design principles over time. This was measured by comparing sets of Ada reuse libraries categorized into two time periods. It was discovered that recently developed Ada reuse components scored better on readability than earlier developed components. A benefit of this research has been the development of a set of "design for reuse" guidelines. These guidelines address coding practices as well as design principles for an Ada implementation. C++ software reuse libraries were also analyzed to determine if design principles can be applied in a language independent fashion. This research used cyclomatic complexity metrics, software science metrics, and traditional static code metrics to measure design features. This research provides at least three original contributions. First it collects empirical data about existing reuse libraries. Second, it develops a readability measure for software libraries which can aid in comparing libraries. And third, this research developed a set of coding and design guidelines for developers of reusable software. Future research can investigate how design principles for C++ change over time. Another topic for research is the investigation of systems employing reused components to determine which libraries are more successfully used than others.
Validation of a wireless accelerometer network for energy expenditure measurement.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to validate a wireless network of accelerometers and compare it to a hip-mounted accelerometer for predicting energy expenditure in a semi-structured environment. Adults (n = 25) aged 18–30 engaged in 14 sedentary, ambulatory, exercise, and lifestyle activities over a 60-min protocol while wearing a portable metabolic analyser, hip-mounted accelerometer, and wireless network of three accelerometers worn on the right wrist, thigh, and ankle. Participants chose the order and duration of activities. Artificial neural networks were created separately for the wireless network and hip accelerometer for energy expenditure prediction. The wireless network had higher correlations (r = 0.79 vs. r = 0.72, P 0.05) to the hip accelerometer. Measured (from metabolic analyser) and predicted energy expenditure from the hip accelerometer were significantly different for the 3 of the 14 activities (lying down, sweeping...
Determinants of Pension Funding by State Governments: The Influence of Fiscal Stress and Balanced Budget Requirements

We examine the extent to which fiscal stress and state balanced budget restrictions affect the funding of state public employee retirement systems. It is motivated by recurring claims that some states meet balanced budget requirements by reducing or deferring contributions to their pension funds. Consistent with this claim, our results indicate a negative relation between pension funding levels and measures of state fiscal stress and the existence of balanced budget requirements. We view this reallocation of resources from state employees to the general citizenry as an unintended consequence of balanced budget requirements of which policy-makers should be aware. Our results also have implications for accounting policy setters since we demonstrate that current governmental accounting practices permit elected officials to claim compliance with public policy directives, such as balanced budget requirements, by deferring the recognition of the cost of unfunded pension obligations.
Three-dimensional Optical Imaging and Localization of a Fluorescent Contrast Agent Target Embedded in a slab of ex vivo Human Breast Tissue using Independent Component Analysis

Images and location of a fluorescent sphere within a breast tissue slab were obtained using a scanning laser beam excitation, sensing fluorescence with a CCD camera, and using the independent component analysis for information retrieval.
The Impact of an Electronic Ordering System on Blood Bank Specimen Rejection Rates.

Objectives: This study analyzes the impact of an electronic ordering system (EOS) on the rate of rejection of blood samples for blood type and antibody screen testing as well as the impact of the EOS on the number of ABO blood type discrepancies over a four-year period at New York Presbyterian Allen Hospital blood bank. Methods: All samples received for blood type and screen testing between January 2010 and December …
Is the Epididymis a Series of Organs Placed Side By Side

The mammalian epididymis is more than a highly convoluted tube divided into four regions: initial segment, caput, corpus and cauda. It is a highly segmented structure with each segment expressing its own and overlapping genes, proteins, and signal transduction pathways. Therefore, the epididymis may be viewed as a series of organs placed side by side. In this review we discuss the contributions of septa that divide the epididymis into segments and present hypotheses as to the mechanism by which septa form. The mechanisms of Wolffian duct segmentation are likened to the mechanisms of segmentation of the renal nephron and somites. The renal nephron may provide valuable clues as to how the Wolffian duct is patterned during development, whereas somitogenesis may provide clues as to the timing of the development of each segment. Emphasis is also placed upon how segments are differentially regulated, in support of the idea that the epididymis can be considered a series of multiple organs placed side by side. One region in particular, the initial segment, which consists of 2 or 4 segments in mice and rats, respectively, is unique with respect to its regulation and vascularity compared to other segments; loss of development of these segments leads to male infertility. Different ways of thinking about how the epididymis functions may provide new directions and ideas as to how sperm maturation takes place.
Social Capital as Operative in Liaison Librarianship: Librarian Participants' Experiences of Faculty Engagement as Academic Library Liaisons

Abstract This study examines the foundational concepts of social capital as operative in liaison librarianship. Participants were interviewed and asked a series of open-ended questions aimed at soliciting responses about the foundational aspects in question, including motivations to engage, trust, trustworthiness, shared values, relationship dynamics, influence, and network growth. The focus of the analysis is the interviewee's responses and statements about their own personal interaction with faculty as well as their reflections on their relationships. Responses were categorized and coded as shared commitment, interrelational dynamics, and network positionality. The findings raise intriguing dynamics for liaison librarianship in the 21st century as academic libraries are challenged to broaden their reach and services and demonstrate increasing return on investment.
The Plaza Accord as a Catalyst for Accelerated Growth in Southern and Southeast Asia

The rapid growth of many of the South and Southeast Asian economies in the last quarter of the previous century was quite remarkable. Some writers referred to the phenomenon as “the Asian Miracle.” Miracle or not, growth in these economies was quite rapid.Over the years reports and articles have elucidated explanations for the occurrence. The World Bank’s study report (World Bank, 1993), for example, focuses on the unique mix of public policies that were used by various economies in the region. These policies often relied upon close supervision and control of those economies by the implementing governments. Targeting, by the governments, of sectors for growth is often one part of the explanations that have been proffered, as is an “export push” approach to growth. The economic wisdom and competence in execution of the bureaucrats who husbanded this growth no doubt played a large role in fostering the growth. However, one can ask, “Why those economies? Why there? Why then?”
Pore dilation reconsidered.

Previous experiments have suggested that many P2X family channels undergo a time-dependent process of pore dilation when activated by ATP. Li et al. now propose a different interpretation of the key experiments.
Posterior reperfusion T-waves: Wellens' syndrome of the posterior wall

Background Reperfusion after coronary occlusion (myocardial infarction, MI), as in Wellens9 syndrome, is often represented on ECG as T-wave inversion in the leads overlying the affected myocardial wall(s). As an extension of this logic, reperfusion of the posterior wall should manifest on right precordial leads (which are opposite the posterior wall) as enlarged T-waves. Objective We sought to determine whether T-wave amplitude (TWa) in leads V2 and V3 after reperfusion in posterior MI (PMI) is greater than in patients without PMI. Methods Review of ECGs from patients with ST elevation MI of the left circumflex or right coronary artery with post-procedure thrombolysis in MI (TIMI) flow >0 between 2007 and 2009. Blinded experts reviewed admission ECGs to determine the presence of PMI and measure TWa before and after reperfusion. Maximum TWa in V2 and V3 and the difference between maximum and admission V2 and V3 TWa were compared between those with and without PMI. Results Of 72 patients, 48 had PMI. Values expressed are medians and IQRs. Maximum TWa after reperfusion was greater in PMI than in non-PMI in V2 (5.00 mm (3.5 to 8.25) vs 3.9 mm (2.75 to 5.5), p=0.04), but not in V3 (4.0 mm (2 to 5.5) vs 3.0 mm (1.75 to 4), p=0.09). The increase in TWa in V2 and V3 after reperfusion was greater in PMI compared with non-PMI: (V2, 3.4 mm (2 to 5.25) vs 1.25 mm (−0.25 to 2), p=0.0005; V3, 2 mm (−0.5 to 3.25) vs 0.25 mm (−1 to 1.75), p=0.03). Conclusions Reperfusion of the posterior wall results in higher right precordial TWa, and an even greater increase in TWa, as measured in leads V2 and V3. This observation has important implications for emergency physicians to accurately identify recent posterior infarction in patients who may be symptom free on presentation but at risk of reocclusion.
Histone Lysine Demethylase Inhibitors

The dynamic regulation of covalent modifications to histones is essential for maintaining genomic integrity and cell identity and is often compromised in cancer. Aberrant expression of histone lysine demethylases has been documented in many types of blood and solid tumors, and thus demethylases represent promising therapeutic targets. Recent advances in high-throughput chemical screening, structure-based drug design, and structure-activity relationship studies have improved both the specificity and the in vivo efficacy of demethylase inhibitors. This review will briefly outline the connection between demethylases and cancer and will provide a comprehensive overview of the structure, specificity, and utility of currently available demethylase inhibitors. To date, a select group of demethylase inhibitors is being evaluated in clinical trials, and additional compounds may soon follow from the bench to the bedside.
Patterns in Stable Isotope Values of Nitrogen and Carbon in Particulate Matter from the Northwest Atlantic Continental Shelf, from the Gulf of Maine to Cape Hatteras

Stable isotope measurements of nitrogen and carbon (δ15N, δ13C) are often used to characterize estuarine, nearshore, and open ocean ecosystems. Reliable information about the spatial distribution of base-level stable isotope values, often represented by primary producers, is critical to interpreting values in these ecosystems. While base-level isotope data are generally readily available for estuaries, nearshore coastal waters, and the open ocean, the continental shelf is less studied. To address this, and as a first step towards developing a surrogate for base-level isotopic signature in this region, we collected surface and deep water samples from the United States’ eastern continental shelf in the Western Atlantic Ocean, from the Gulf of Maine to Cape Hatteras, periodically between 2000 and 2013. During the study, particulate matter δ15N values ranged from 0.8 to 17.4 ‰, and δ13C values from -26.4 to -15.6 ‰ over the region. We used spatial autocorrelation analysis and random forest modeling to examine the spatial trends and potential environmental drivers of the stable isotope values. We observed general trends towards lower values for both nitrogen and carbon isotopes at the seaward edge of the shelf. Conversely, higher δ15N and δ13C values were observed on the landward edge of the shelf, in particular in the southern portion of the sampling area. Across all sites, the magnitude of the difference between the δ15N of subsurface and surface particulate matter (PM) significantly increased with water depth (r2 = 0.41, df = 35, p < 0.001), while δ13C values did not change. There were significant positive correlation between δ15N and δ13C values for surface PM in each of the three marine ecoregions that make up the study area. Stable isotope dynamics on the shelf can inform both nearshore and open ocean research efforts, reflecting regional productivity patterns and, even possibly, large-scale climate fluctuations.
Proofs of Fermat's Last Theorem\\and Beal's Conjecture

If $\pi$ is an odd prime and $x, y, z,$ are relatively prime positive integers, then $z^\pi\not=x^\pi+y^\pi.$ In this note, an elegant simple proof of this theorem is given that if $\pi$ is an odd prime and $x, y, z$ are positive integers satisfying $z^\pi=x^\pi+y^\pi,$ then $x, y, z,$ are each divisible by $2:$ (Beal\rq{}s conjecture) The equation $z^\xi=x^\mu+y^\nu$ has no solution in relatively prime positive integers $x, y, z, $ with $\xi, \mu, \nu$ primes at least $3.$ is also proved; that is $x, y, z $ are all even.
User Click Detection in Ideal Sessions

Users interact with search engine result pages in various ways, including their clicks, cursor movements, and page scrolls. Researchers model such user interaction behavior in order to understand users and improve search result presentation. In this paper we propose nine different user click models that take various real life search behavior into account. Our main assumption is that users base their clicks primarily on features of document titles, URLs, and snippets over the entire results page, as well as the queries submitted to the search engine and the documents seen previously in their session history. We evaluate our click models by their effectiveness at predicting actual user clicks using standard classification evaluation measures precision, recall, and area under the ROC curve (AUC). We show that incorporating information about the entire results page gives nearly 40% improvement in precision, and including information about the session history along with it increases precision by up to 43%.
Finding oneself while discovering others: An existential perspective on volunteer tourism in Thailand

Abstract The purpose of this study is to explore the importance of existential authenticity in the motivations and activities of volunteer tourists in Thailand. Although studies of volunteer tourism have hinted at the importance of existential themes, few have explicitly utilized an existential framework to assess the authenticity of volunteer tourist experiences. The findings of this study illustrate that the volunteer tourism experience is driven by a desire for existential authenticity in both its intrapersonal and interpersonal varieties, and that working with children facilitates existentially authentic outcomes for volunteers. At the same time, while the perceived material authenticity of hosts enhances opportunities for existential authenticity, it simultaneously undermines it because cultural differences hinder prospects for deep levels of bonding and understanding.
Reassessing the Anatomic Origin of the Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma

Objective A modern imaging review is necessary to further define the anatomic origin of the juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. Methods After institutional review board approval, a search from January 1998 to January 2013 yielded 33 male patients (aged 10-23 years) with pathologically proven juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma lesions, as well as pretreatment computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging. Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma involvement was assessed in the following regions: sphenopalatine foramen, pterygopalatine fossa, vidian canal, nasopharynx, nasal cavity, sphenoid sinus, choana, pterygomaxillary fissure/masticator space, orbit, and sphenoid bone. Results The choana and nasopharynx were involved in all 33 patients. In contrast, only 22 lesions involved the pterygopalatine fossa, 24 lesions involved the sphenopalatine foramen, and 28 lesions involved the vidian canal. Conclusions Our results suggest that the juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma origin is in the region of the choana and nasopharynx rather than the sphenopalatine foramen or pterygopalatine fossa.
Remyelinating Pharmacotherapies in Multiple Sclerosis

We have witnessed major successes in the development of effective immunomodulatory therapies capable of reducing adaptive immune-mediated myelin damage in MS over the last 30 years. However, until it is possible to prevent MS or initiate treatment before it has already caused lesions there is a need to repair myelin damage to prevent further axonal loss. The past decade has brought remarkable advances in our understanding of oligodendrocyte biology and the related search for remyelinating therapies in humans. In this review, we first outline the basic biology of central nervous system myelin and remyelination, including a discussion of the major identified pathways and targets that might help yield CNS remyelinating drugs. In conjunction, we provide an overview of techniques that have helped identify compounds capable of promoting oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and myelination. This includes the methods for both initial in vitro screening and subsequent in vivo confirmation of the target. We then review methods proposed to quantify human remyelination in vivo, including visual evoked potentials and putative imaging modalities. As the remyelination era approaches, with the announcement of the first positive trial in remyelination, we are now tasked with answering new questions regarding patient-specific factors (e.g., age) that may influence the extent and optimal therapeutic window for remyelination.
Development of an elpasolite planetary science instrument

Planetary gamma-ray and neutron spectroscopy from orbiting spacecraft has become a standard technique to measure distinctive composition and abundance signatures for key elements relevant to planetary structure and evolution. Previous instrumentation that has led to the discovery of the concentration of many elements including hydrogen (a strong indicator of water) on planetary bodies, have used separate gamma-ray and neutron spectrometers. Elpasolite scintillators offer an opportunity to combine the gamma-ray and neutron spectrometer into a single instrument, leading to a significant reduction in instrument size, weight, and power (SWaP). We have developed an Elpasolite Planetary Ice and Composition Spectrometer (EPICS) instrument concept, which utilizes elpasolite scintillator and silicon photomultipliers to offer significantly reduced SWaP with similar neutron and gamma-ray detection efficiency but superior gamma-ray energy resolution compared to current scintillator-based instruments. We will provide an overview and motivation for the EPICS instrument, present preliminary conceptual design simulations that compare our instrument concept to current planetary science instruments, and discuss specific target missions that would benefit from the EPICS instrument.
Mutual Obligations in Research and Withholding Payment From Deceptive Participants

Paying research participants can be ethically charged, both when payment is offered and—as demonstrated in this case—when it is withheld. When individuals undergoing screening intentionally deceive...
Industrial–Organizational Psychology: Science and Practice

The objective of this article is to describe the breadth of topics studied by industrial-organizational (I–O) psychologists, with an emphasis on what I-O psychologists do to improve organizational effectiveness. I–O psychology is an applied branch of psychology involving the collecting, analyzing, and using of data to help organizations make better decisions about the selection, utilization, and management of workers. The article traces the development history of I–O psychology, with recognition of scientific management, human relations, and modern behaviorism as significant influences on the field. Industrial and organizational psychology subdisciplines are distinguished with job analysis, test development, and performance appraisal as examples of applications in the former, and leadership, motivation, and group performance as examples of applications in the latter. The field of industrial psychology is characterized as moving towards unification, with generalized principles of human behavior emerging, while the field of organizational psychology is characterized as one of increasing diversity, as researchers and practitioners respond to expanding definitions of organizations, work, and work/life boundaries.
Molecular cloning and characterization of alc the gene encoding allantoicase of Neurospora crassa.

Purrtins can be utilized as a secondary nitrogen source by Neurospora crassa during conditions of nitrogen limitation. The expression of purine catabolic enzymes is governed by the nitrogen regulatory circuit and requires induction by uric acid. The major positive-acting nitrogen regulatory gene, nit-2, turns on the expression of the purine catabolic enzymes, which may also be subject to negative regulation by a second control gene, nmr. We have cloned alc, the structural gene which encodes allantoicase, an inducible enzyme of the purine degradative pathway. The identity of the alc clone was confirmed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and by repeat-induced mutation. The alc gene is transcribed to give a single messenger RNA, approximately 1.2 kb in length. The negative-acting nmr gene affects the expression of alc in the expected manner. Both the nit-2 and the nmr control genes affect alc mRNA levels and allantoicase enzyme activity in both the induced and nitrogen-repressed conditions.
Theoretical and Methodological Issues in the Study of Therapeutic Change

The clinical research presented in this book was initiated with several goals. First, we sought to assess systematically the effects of the therapeutic process with seriously disturbed patients hospitalized in an intensive, long-term, open inpatient treatment facility that offered psychodynamically informed treatment, including psychotherapy four times weekly.
Merck-y Standards: The Third Circuit's Diverging Analysis of Reverse Payment Settlements in In re K-Dur Antitrust Litigation

On July 16, 2012, in In re K-Dur Antitrust Litigation, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit held that, when challenged as an antitrust violation, a reverse payment settlement constitutes prima facie evidence of an unreasonable restraint of trade. The “quick look rule of reason” analysis articulated by the court represents a well-intentioned divergence from the Second, Eleventh, and Federal Circuits’ “scope of the patent” test. It does not, however, fully consider the parties’ motivations and the possible public benefit from these settlements. This Comment argues that the court’s introduction of an overly restrictive standard introduces uncertainty that may avert the Hatch-Waxman Act’s goal of speeding public access to more affordable drugs.
Movement Visualizer for Networked Virtual Reality Platforms

We describe the design, deployment and testing of a module to track and graphically represent user movement in a collaborative virtual environment. This module allows for the comparison of ground-truth user/observer ratings of the affective qualities of an interaction with automatically generated representations of the participants' movements in real time. In this example, we generate three charts visible both to participants and external researchers. Two display the sum of the tracked movements of each participant, and a third displays a “synchrony visualizer”, or a correlation coefficient based on the relationship between the two participants' movements. Users and observers thus see a visual representation of “nonverbal synchrony” as it evolves over the course of the interaction. We discuss this module in the context of other applications beyond synchrony.
100 Years of Progress in Tropical Cyclone Research

AbstractA century ago, meteorologists regarded tropical cyclones as shallow vortices, extending upward only a few kilometers into the troposphere, and nothing was known about their physics save tha...
Minimum wage increase and firm productivity: evidence from the restaurant industry.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of increasing the federal minimum wage on productivity in the restaurant industry. Based on the equity theory and fair-wage hypothesis, this study empirically investigated the relationship between the federal minimum wage and restaurant productivity. The results revealed that increasing the federal minimum wage immediately enhances restaurant productivity for up to two years. The results further indicated that both full-service restaurants and low-wage restaurants benefit from the positive effect, while there is no significant effect on limited-service restaurants and high-wage restaurants. The results suggest that restaurants should cope with minimum wage policies by focusing on implementing initiatives that can maximize enhanced work efforts and productivity. More importantly, the results further highlight that restaurants should consider either continuously raising wage levels or raising them every two years to consistently obtain enhanced motivation and productivity.
Pulmonary Evaluation of Liver Transplant Candidates

Pulmonary conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial lung disease, hepatic hydrothorax, hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS), and portopulmonary hypertension (POPH), commonly affect liver transplant (LT) candidates. A systematic preoperative pulmonary evaluation and a basic understanding of these conditions are necessary in order to recognize and manage these comorbid diseases. Pulmonary vascular complications of liver disease, such as HPS and POPH, can affect mortality as well as LT eligibility and prioritization. This chapter will provide an overview of the pulmonary evaluation of LT candidates with an emphasis on the perioperative evaluation and management of the pulmonary vascular complications of liver disease, i.e., HPS and POPH.
Evaluation of nonrigid registration around the hippocampus for the construction of statistical maps in a multicenter dataset of epilepsy laser ablation patients

Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is a novel minimally-invasive neurosurgical ablative tool that is par ticularly well-suited for treating patients suffering from drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE). Although morbidity to patients is lower with LITT compared to the open surgical gold standard, seizure freedom rates appear inferior, likely a result of our lack of knowledge of which mesial temporal subregions are most critical for treating seizures. The wealth of post-LITT imaging and outcomes data provides a means for elucidating these critical zones, but such analyses are hindered by variations in patient anatomy and the distribution of these novel data among multiple academic institutions, each employing different imaging and surgical protocols. Adequate population analyses of LITT outcomes require normalization of imaging and clinical data to a common reference atlas. This paper discusses a method to nonrigidly register preoperative images to an atlas and quantitatively evaluate its performance in our region of interest, the hippocampus. Knowledge of this registration error would allow us to both select an appropriate registration method and define our level of confidence in the correspondence of the postoperative images to the atlas. Once the registration process is validated, we aim to create a statistical map from all the normalized LITT ablation images to analyze and identify factors that correlate with good outcomes.
Analysis of Patient-Perceived Nasal Appearance Evaluations Following Functional Septorhinoplasty With Spreader Graft Placement.

ImportanceSpreader grafts have been shown to improve nasal airway obstruction in patients with nasal valve dysfunction; however, their use has been limited by concerns over their aesthetic penalty ...
Importance of Interfaces in Microelectronic Device Fabrication

Microelectronic device fabrication currently relies totally upon photoresist processing for pattern delineation in integrated circuit fabrication. Adhesion of polymeric photoresist patterns, especially those of submicron dimensions, to the various substrates encountered is therefore of paramount importance. Poor photoresist adhesion has been cured by a variety of processes involving (1) double silane promoter applications, (2) plasma treatments, and (3) vapor phase HMDS treatment. Overall, the vapor phase HMDS treatment appears to be the most efficient, and excellent photoresist adhesion test results have been obtained.
Effect of temperature on toxicity and biodegradability of dissolved organic nitrogen formed during hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass.

Abstract This study investigated the nutrient content and reuse potential of wastewater generated during hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgal biomass. The hydrothermal liquefaction reaction was tested at 270, 300, 330, and 345 °C to determine the effect of temperature on the formation of non-biodegradable dissolved organic nitrogen (nbDON). Total nitrogen, ammonium, color, and toxicity were selected as key characteristics for the reuse of hydrothermal liquefaction wastewater. Results indicated that a higher concentration of nbDON5 (nbDON defined with a 5 day growth assay) and more diverse heterocyclic N-containing organic compounds were associated with greater toxicity as measured by a growth rate assay. For the tested temperature ranges, the total nitrogen content of the hydrothermal liquefaction wastewater slightly decreased from 5020 ± 690 mg L−1 to 4160 ± 120 mg L−1, but the % nbDON5 fraction increased from 57 ± 3 %DON to 96 ± 5 %DON. The temperature of hydrothermal liquefaction reactions can be optimized to maximize carbon conversion and nitrogen recovery.
To illuminate and motivate: a fuzzy-trace model of the spread of information online

We propose, and test, a model of online media platform users’ decisions to act on, and share, received information. Specifically, we focus on how mental representations of message content drive its spread. Our model is based on fuzzy-trace theory (FTT), a leading theory of decision under risk. Per FTT, online content is mentally represented in two ways: verbatim (objective, but decontextualized, facts), and gist (subjective, but meaningful, interpretation). Although encoded in parallel, gist tends to drive behaviors more strongly than verbatim representations for most individuals. Our model uses factors derived from FTT to make predictions regarding which content is more likely to be shared, namely: (a) different levels of mental representation, (b) the motivational content of a message, (c) difficulty of information processing (e.g., the ease with which a given message may be comprehended and, therefore, its gist extracted), and (d) social values.
Leaf Scanner: A portable and low-cost multispectral corn leaf scanning device for precise phenotyping

Abstract During recent years, portable plant phenotyping instruments have become increasingly important to monitor conditions of plant health non-destructively in the greenhouse and field environments. These devices, such as the Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) meter, leverage indices that represent leaf chlorophyll content due to its strong correlation with leaf nitrogen (N) content. However, instruments such as SPAD meters are expensive and measure only individual, restricted leaf regions per data capture. In this publication, we developed a Leaf Scanner device to analyze the chlorophyll content distributions of whole leaves with greater efficiency and precision. The validating samples for this device were top-collared corn leaves grown under high and low N treatments in a greenhouse. For each region of a corn leaf, this device rapidly flashed visible and near infrared (NIR) LEDs to obtain the visible and NIR transmittance images of leaves. These images were summarized pixel-wisely into the Green NDVI index. A sufficient high framerate permitted continuous collection of regional index images. Using image registration techniques, these regional images were stitched together into a ‘leaf panorama’. The total pixel amount of each leaf panorama, thus, served as a substitute for leaf area. A Minolta SPAD-502Plus meter collected ground-truth measurements along the length of each leaf sample. The results showed that there was a strong correlation between the average Leaf Scanner’s measurements and averaged SPAD values (R2 = 0.92), and the Leaf Scanner was able to clearly detect differences between high and low fertilized samples in terms of chlorophyll content and leaf area. Furthermore, this Leaf Scanner device enabled us to study the chlorophyll content distributions on the plants under different treatments.
Implementing Efficient Peptoid‐Mediated Delivery of RNA‐Based Therapeutics to the Vocal Folds

Objective We hypothesize that Smad3 is a master regulator of fibrosis in the vocal folds (VFs) and RNA-based therapeutics targeting Smad3 hold therapeutic promise. Delivery remains challenging. We previously described a novel synthetic peptoid oligomer, lipitoid L0, complexed with siRNA to improve stability and cellular uptake. An advantage of these peptoids, however, is tremendous structural and chemical malleability to optimize transfection efficiency. Modifications of L0 were assayed to optimize siRNA-mediated alteration of gene expression. Methods In vitro, Smad3 knockdown by various lipitoid variants was evaluated via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in human VF fibroblasts. Cytotoxicity was quantified via colorimetric assays. In vivo, a rabbit model of VF injury was employed to evaluate the temporal dynamics of Smad3 knockdown following injection of the L0-siRNA complex. Results In vitro, similar reductions in Smad3 expression were established by all lipitoid variants, with one exception. Sequence variants also exhibited similar nontoxic characteristics; no statistically significant differences in cell proliferation were observed. In vivo, Smad3 expression was significantly reduced in injured VFs following injection of L0-complexed Smad3 siRNA at 1 day postinjection. Qualitative suppression of Smad3 expression persisted to 3 days following injury, but did not achieve statistical significance. Conclusions In spite of the chemical diversity of these peptoid transfection reagents, the sequence variants generally provided consistently efficient reductions in Smad3 expression. L0 yielded effective, yet temporally limited knockdown of Smad3 in vivo. Peptoids may provide a versatile platform for the discovery of siRNA delivery vehicles optimized for clinical application. Level of evidence NA.
The Use and Misuse of Historical Controls in Regulatory Toxicology: Lessons from the CLARITY-BPA Study

For many endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) including Bisphenol A (BPA), animal studies show that environmentally relevant exposures cause harm; human studies are consistent with these findings. Yet, regulatory agencies charged with protecting public health continue to conclude that human exposures to these EDCs pose no risk. One reason for the disconnect between the scientific consensus on EDCs in the endocrinology community and the failure to act in the regulatory community is the dependence of the latter on so-called "guideline studies" to evaluate hazards, and the inability to incorporate independent scientific studies in risk assessment. The Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on Toxicity (CLARITY) study was intended to bridge this gap, combining a "guideline" study with independent hypothesis-driven studies designed to be more appropriate to evaluate EDCs. Here we examined an aspect of "guideline" studies, the use of so-called "historical controls," which are essentially control data borrowed from prior studies to aid in the interpretation of current findings. The US Food and Drug Administration authors used historical controls to question the plausibility of statistically significant BPA-related effects in the CLARITY study. We examined the use of historical controls on 5 outcomes in the CLARITY "guideline" study: mammary neoplasms, pituitary neoplasms, kidney nephropathy, prostate inflammation and adenomas, and body weight. Using US Food and Drug Administration-proposed historical control data, our evaluation revealed that endpoints used in "guideline" studies are not as reproducible as previously held. Combined with other data comparing the effects of ethinyl estradiol in 2 "guideline" studies including CLARITY-BPA, we conclude that near-exclusive reliance on "guideline" studies can result in scientifically invalid conclusions.