cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical perspectives: neuroprotection lessons from hypoxia-tolerant organisms.

SUMMARY An effective treatment for brain ischemia is a pressing medical need. Research on brain ischemia has largely focused on understanding the mechanisms of neuron death as a way of identifying targets for therapy. An attractive alternative approach is to identify the survival strategies of hypoxia-tolerant neurons. The adaptation of vertebrate neurons to hypoxia occurs in at least three major ways: (1) as a constitutive property of neurons in anoxia-tolerant turtles and fish, (2) as a property of intra-uterine and early post-natal mammalian development, and (3) as part of a slower, chronic process, as in acclimitization to high altitude. Research on hypoxia-tolerant neurons has already revised several earlier concepts, including the role of calcium in cell death and survival, and the value of N -methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism. A broad and fundamental understanding of how neurons adapt to hypoxia is likely to help guide efforts to find new treatments for brain hypoxia and ischemia.
Comparative studies of iridoviruses: further support for a new classification

Changes in the classification of invertebrate iridoviruses (IVs) (Iridoviridae) have recently been proposed (Williams and Cory, 1994). The previous system of naming isolates according to the host and sequence of discovery (IV type 1, IV2, IV3, etc.) is not adequate for the purposes of taxonomy, since iridovirus isolates may infect many species, including hosts from diverse invertebrate orders. The new system of invertebrate iridovirus nomenclature, as with several other virus families, is based on geographical origin. Proposals have been made, based on DNA hybridization and other characteristics, by which invertebrate iridovirus isolates can be assigned to one of four recognized complexes, or considered as candidates for alternative assignations. This study reports comparative data on the DNA of 14 invertebrate iridovirus isolates used in the Williams and Cory study plus the two type vertebrate iridoviruses, frog virus 3 and flounder lymphocystis disease virus. DNA studies support the validity of assigning several isolates a common name and of grouping the known isolates into four complexes. The detection of such complexes is in broad agreement with previous serological studies. A previously undescribed isolate (San Miguel IV) obtained from the lepidopteran pest Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lep.: Noctuidae) has been initially characterized following the procedures recommended by Williams and Cory. DNA hybridization and Southern blot analysis identified this isolate as a new member of the Polyiridovirus complex. The San Miguel IV MSP gene was identified and a central fragment of ca. 719 bp was recovered by PCR amplification. The restriction endonuclease profiles (5 enzymes) of this isolate were distinct from others previously described.
Ninety-Day Costs of Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery Versus Open Lobectomy for Lung Cancer

Background Complications after pulmonary resection lead to higher costs of care. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for lobectomy is associated with fewer complications, but lower inpatient costs for VATS have not been uniformly demonstrated. Because some complications occur after discharge, we compared 90-day costs of VATS lobectomy versus open lobectomy and explored whether differential health care use after discharge might account for any observed differences in costs. Methods A cohort study (2007–2011) of patients with lung cancer who had undergone resection was conducted using MarketScan—a nationally representative sample of persons with employer-provided health insurance. Total costs reflect payments made for inpatient, outpatient, and pharmacy claims up to 90 days after discharge. Results Among 9,962 patients, 31% underwent VATS lobectomy. Compared with thoracotomy, VATS was associated with lower rates of prolonged length of stay (PLOS) (3.0% versus 7.2%; p p = 0.005), and 90-day readmission (10% versus 12%; p = 0.026). Risk-adjusted 90-day costs were $3,476 lower for VATS lobectomy ( p = 0.001). Differential rates of PLOS appeared to explain this cost difference. After adjustment for PLOS, costs were $1,276 lower for VATS, but this difference was not significant ( p = 0.125). In the fully adjusted model, PLOS was associated with the highest cost differential (+$50,820; p Conclusions VATS lobectomy is associated with lower 90-day costs—a relationship that appears to be mediated by lower rates of PLOS. Although VATS may lead to lower rates of PLOS among patients undergoing lobectomy, observational studies cannot verify this assertion. Strategies that reduce PLOS will likely result in cost-savings that can increase the value of thoracic surgical care.
Towards inference of a biochemical ontology from a metabolic database.

In order to predict the metabolic fate of an arbitrary compound based solely on structure, it is useful to be able to identify substructural ‘functional groups’ that are biochemically reactive. These functional groups are the substructural elements that can be removed and replaced to transform one compound into another. This problem of identifying functional groups is related to the problem of classifying compounds. The research presented here discusses the state of the art in biochemical databases and how these sources may be applied to the problem of classifying compounds based solely on structure. We describe a biochemical informatics system for processing molecular data and describe how 100 255 compositional (hasA) relationships are inferred between 835 abstractions and 9500 metabolites from the KEGG Ligand database. Specifically, we focus on the identification of amino acids and consider ways in which the inference of biochemical ontologies for metabolites will be improved in the future.
Cryoprobe-induced apical lesions in the chinchilla. II. Effects on behavioral auditory thresholds.

Lesions of the hair cells in the cochlear apex were produced by a miniature cryoprobe and changes in behavioral auditory thresholds were measured. Monauralized adult chinchillas were behaviorally trained using operant procedures to produce pure-tone audiograms at frequencies from 63 Hz to 40 kHz. Following collection of baseline thresholds, the apical and middle turns of the experimental ear were visualized through a hole drilled in the bulla and a copper cryoprobe that had been cooled in liquid nitrogen was placed on the apical turn of the cochlea. Post-lesion threshold shifts from two subjects showed a flat loss of approximately 20 dB restricted to frequencies below either 710 Hz or 1 kHz; thresholds were normal at higher frequencies. The cytocochleograms, prepared from the ears following completion of threshold testing, show an almost complete loss of both inner and outer hair cells in the apical-most 20% of the cochlea with an abrupt transition region to areas of normal-looking hair cell populations. The relationship between the frequencies at which hearing was impaired and the location of missing hair cells along the basilar membrane is in agreement with the frequency-place map for the chinchilla of Eldredge et al. [(1981) J. Acoust. Sot. Am. 69, 1091-10951. The magnitude of the loss, however, is less than might be expected based on comparison with threshold shifts produced by similar pathology in the basal turns.
Transparency: The Revolution in Qualitative Research

Qualitative political science, the use of textual evidence to reconstruct causal mechanisms across a limited number of cases, is currently undergoing a methodological revolution. Many qualitative scholars—whether they use traditional case-study analysis, analytic narrative, structured focused comparison, counterfactual analysis, process tracing, ethnographic and participant-observation, or other methods—now believe that the richness, rigor, and transparency of qualitative research ought to be fundamentally improved.
Activators of G Protein Signaling Exhibit Broad Functionality and Define a Distinct Core Signaling Triad

Activators of G protein signaling (AGS), initially discovered in the search for receptor-independent activators of G protein signaling, define a broad panel of biologic regulators that influence signal transfer from receptor to G-protein, guanine nucleotide binding and hydrolysis, G protein subunit interactions, and/or serve as alternative binding partners for Gα and Gβγ independently of the classic heterotrimeric Gαβγ. AGS proteins generally fall into three groups based upon their interaction with and regulation of G protein subunits: group I, guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF); group II, guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors; and group III, entities that bind to Gβγ. Group I AGS proteins can engage all subclasses of G proteins, whereas group II AGS proteins primarily engage the Gi/Go/transducin family of G proteins. A fourth group of AGS proteins with selectivity for Gα16 may be defined by the Mitf-Tfe family of transcription factors. Groups I–III may act in concert, generating a core signaling triad analogous to the core triad for heterotrimeric G proteins (GEF + G proteins + effector). These two core triads may function independently of each other or actually cross-integrate for additional signal processing. AGS proteins have broad functional roles, and their discovery has advanced new concepts in signal processing, cell and tissue biology, receptor pharmacology, and system adaptation, providing unexpected platforms for therapeutic and diagnostic development.
PREFERENTISM AND SELF-SACRIFICE

According to the argument from self-sacrifice, standard, unre- stricted desire-based theories of welfare fail because they have the absurd implication that self-sacrifice is conceptually impossible. I attempt to show that, in fact, the simplest imaginable, completely unrestricted desire-based theory of well-being is perfectly compatible with the phenomenon of self- sacrifice - so long as the theory takes the right form. I go on to consider a new argument from self-sacrifice against this simple theory, which, I argue, also fails. I conclude that, contrary to popular opinion, considerations of self- sacrifice do not pose a problem for preferentist theories of welfare.
Accuracy of relative oceanic geoid computations

An error analysis based on a model which requires potential coefficients and gravity anomaly information for the computation of oceanic geoidal undulations is developed. The rigorous models are presented and abandoned owing to the numerical difficulties associated with them. An approximate error model is developed in the frequency domain through which an idea is obtained as to the size and behavior of the errors involved. The use of the method is demonstrated by obtaining data requirements for the realization of a 10-cm relative oceanic geoid. Various data sets could result in the desired accuracy. One such set, indicative of the strictness of the requirements, involves gravity profile spacings of approximately 3 km with observational noise not exceeding 0.5 mGal inside detailed data caps of 30 deg and potential coefficients of prescribed accuracy available to degree and order 70.
Maximum likelihood estimation for all-pass time series models

An autoregressive-moving average model in which all roots of the autoregressive polynomial are reciprocals of roots of the moving average polynomial and vice versa is called an all-pass time series model. All-pass models generate uncorrelated (white noise) time series, but these series are not independent in the non-Gaussian case. An approximate likelihood for a causal all-pass model is given and used to establish asymptotic normality for maximum likelihood estimators under general conditions. Behavior of the estimators for finite samples is studied via simulation. A two-step procedure using all-pass models to identify and estimate noninvertible autoregressive-moving average models is developed and used in the deconvolution of a simulated water gun seismogram.
Tularemia: emergence/re-emergence

Francisella tularensis is a gram-negative coccobacillus and the etiologic agent of the zoonotic disease tularemia. First described in 1911 in Tulare County, California, it has since been reported throughout the Northern Hemisphere, with natural infections reported among an unusually wide range of vertebrates and invertebrates. In recent years, tularemia has emerged in new geographic locations, populations, and settings. This review will serve to highlight mechanisms contributing to the recent emergence of tularemia as well as a repertoire of diagnostic tools useful for detecting and diagnosing disease. tularemia / zoonosis / factors of emergence / Francisella tularensis
Power plays: iron transport and energy transduction in pathogenic vibrios

The Vibrios are a unique group of bacteria inhabiting a vast array of aquatic environments. Many Vibrio species are capable of infecting a wide assortment of hosts. Some of these species include V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. anguillarum, and V. cholerae. The ability of these organisms to utilize iron is essential in establishing both an infection in their hosts as well as surviving in the environment. Bacteria are able to sequester iron through the secretion of low molecular weight iron chelators termed siderophores. The iron-siderophore complexes are bound by specific outer membrane receptors and are brought through both the outer and inner membranes of the cell. The energy needed to drive this active transport is achieved through the TonB energy transduction system. When first elucidated in E. coli, the TonB system was shown to be a three protein complex consisting of TonB, ExbB and ExbD. Most Vibrio species carry two TonB systems. The second TonB system includes a fourth protein; TtpC, which is essential for TonB2 mediated iron transport. Some Vibrio species have been shown to carry a third TonB system that also includes a TtpC protein.
Nurses Facilitate Change in Medical Practice: Unmasking Postpartum Depression

Paper Presentation Purpose for the Program When one considers that every year in the United States approximately six million pregnancies occur and up to 20% of women develop postpartum depression, the far-reaching implications of this devastating illness are significant. Despite the many negative consequences associated with postpartum depression, the results from multiple studies that have addressed the screening practices of nurse practitioners, obstetricians, and family physicians suggest postpartum depression screening is not routine practice. The program’s purpose was to increase postpartum depression awareness and identification.
Hydrogen atom loss in electron-capture dissociation: a Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance study with single isotopomeric ubiquitin ions

In electron-capture dissociation (ECD), a multiply-protonated protein ion, trapped in a Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) cell, captures a low-energy electron at a protonated site. In a major reaction pathway, the resulting hydrogen atom attacks a backbone carbonyl oxygen to form a hypervalent species that immediately dissociates into a complementary c, z• ion pair. For larger proteins, the reduced odd-electron ion (M + nH)(n −1)+• is a major product, as shown here using isotopically isolated precursors. In addition, a hydrogen atom can be lost without further reaction, yielding the [M + (n −1)H](n −1)+ even-electron ions. The large effect of charge state on the yield of these ions suggests that the 9+ to 11+ charge states have novel charge-solvated secondary structures.
A traceability link mining approach for identifying insider threats

In this paper, we present an insider attack detection model that is designed to profile traceability links based on document dependencies and calendar-based file usage patterns for detecting insider threats. This model is utilized to detect insiders' malicious activities targeted at tampering the contents of files for various purposes. We apply the concept of traceability links in the software engineering field to this research. Our approach mainly employs document dependency traceability links for constructing insider attack detection model.
Shannon meets Tesla: Wireless information and power transfer

The problem considered here is that of wireless information and power transfer across a noisy coupled-inductor circuit, which is a frequency-selective channel with additive white Gaussian noise. The optimal tradeoff between the achievable rate and the power transferred is characterized given the total power available. The practical utility of such systems is also discussed.
Up-regulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) uptake leads to cardiac hypertrophy, contractile dysfunction and early mortality in mice deficient in CASQ2.

Aims Although aberrant Ca2+ release (i.e. Ca2+ ‘leak’) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) through cardiac ryanodine receptors (RyR2) is linked to heart failure (HF), it remains unknown whether and under what conditions SR-derived Ca2+ can actually cause HF. We tested the hypothesis that combining dysregulated RyR2 function with facilitated Ca2+ uptake into SR will exacerbate abnormal SR Ca2+ release and induce HF. We also examined the mechanisms for these alterations. Methods and results We crossbred mice deficient in expression of cardiac calsequestrin (CASQ2) with mice overexpressing the skeletal muscle isoform of SR Ca2+ATPase (SERCA1a). The new double-mutant strains displayed early mortality, congestive HF with left ventricular dilated hypertrophy, and decreased ejection fraction. Intact right ventricular muscle preparations from double-mutant mice preserved normal systolic contractile force but were susceptible to spontaneous contractions. Double-mutant cardiomyocytes while preserving normal amplitude of systolic Ca2+ transients displayed marked disturbances in diastolic Ca2+ handling in the form of multiple, periodic Ca2+ waves and wavelets. Dysregulated myocyte Ca2+ handling and structural and functional cardiac pathology in double-mutant mice were associated with increased rate of apoptotic cell death. Qualitatively similar results were obtained in a hybrid strain created by crossing CASQ2 knockout mice with mice deficient in phospholamban. Conclusion We demonstrate that enhanced SR Ca2+ uptake combined with dysregulated RyR2s results in sustained diastolic Ca2+ release causing apoptosis, dilated cardiomyopathy, and early mortality. Our data also suggest that up-regulation of SERCA activity must be advocated with caution as a therapy for HF in the context of abnormal RyR2 function.
Genetic Diversity of a Population of Schistosoma Haematobium Derived from Schoolchildren in East Central Zimbabwe

To characterize the extent of genetic diversity of Schistosoma haematobium within and among its definitive host (intra- and interhost parasite diversity), 133 individual isolates from 25 infected schoolchildren were compared using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA markers. With 4 primers, 53 unambiguous loci were identified, and of these, 22 were polymorphic. Mean heterozygosity in the population was 0.116 ± 0.043. Analysis of molecular variance showed the majority of variance occurred within, rather than between, hosts. Frequencies of certain alleles segregated the parasite population into 13 distinct clusters of associated genotypes, with 4 of these first appearing 10 mo after the initial survey. Considering the level of diversity within this limited geographical area and the possibility of rapid turnover of genotypes, parasite variance may impact acquired immunity and clinical outcome of the infection.
On three-dimensional reconstruction of a neutron/x-ray source from very few two-dimensional projections

The neutron imaging system at the National Ignition Facility is an important diagnostic tool for measuring the two-dimensional size and shape of the source of neutrons produced in the burning deuterium-tritium plasma during the stagnation phase of inertial confinement fusion implosions. Very few two-dimensional projections of neutron images are available to reconstruct the three-dimensional neutron source. In this paper, we present a technique that has been developed for the 3D reconstruction of neutron and x-ray sources from a minimal number of 2D projections. We present the detailed algorithms used for this characterization and the results of reconstructed sources from experimental data collected at Omega.
Spatiotemporal distribution of location and object effects in reach-to-grasp kinematics

In reaching to grasp an object, the arm transports the hand to the intended location as the hand shapes to grasp the object. Prior studies that tracked arm endpoint and grip aperture have shown that reaching and grasping, while proceeding in parallel, are interdependent to some degree. Other studies of reaching and grasping that have examined the joint angles of all five digits as the hand shapes to grasp various objects have not tracked the joint angles of the arm as well. We, therefore, examined 22 joint angles from the shoulder to the five digits as monkeys reached, grasped, and manipulated in a task that dissociated location and object. We quantified the extent to which each angle varied depending on location, on object, and on their interaction, all as a function of time. Although joint angles varied depending on both location and object beginning early in the movement, an early phase of location effects in joint angles from the shoulder to the digits was followed by a later phase in which object effects predominated at all joint angles distal to the shoulder. Interaction effects were relatively small throughout the reach-to-grasp. Whereas reach trajectory was influenced substantially by the object, grasp shape was comparatively invariant to location. Our observations suggest that neural control of reach-to-grasp may occur largely in two sequential phases: the first determining the location to which the arm transports the hand, and the second shaping the entire upper extremity to grasp and manipulate the object.
Adsorption and Desorption of Chlorinated Compounds from Pristine and Thermally Treated Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes

We report on the adsorption and desorption behavior of chlorinated compounds on as-produced as well as heat-treated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Adsorption and desorption studies of trich...
Release of nitrous acid and nitrogen dioxide from nitrate photolysis in acidic aqueous solutions.

Nitrate (NO3¯) is an abundant component of aerosols, boundary layer surface films, and surface water. Photolysis of NO3¯ leads to NO2 and HONO, both of which play important roles in tropospheric ozone and OH production. Field and laboratory studies suggest that NO3¯ photochemistry is a more important source of HONO than once thought, although a mechanistic understanding of the variables controlling this process is lacking. We present results of cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy measurements of NO2 and HONO emitted during photodegradation of aqueous NO3¯ under acidic conditions. Nitrous acid is formed in higher quantities at pH 2–4 than expected based on consideration of primary photochemical channels alone. Both experimental and modeled results indicate that the additional HONO is not due to enhanced NO3¯ absorption cross sections or effective quantum yields, but rather to secondary reactions of NO2 in solution. We find that NO2 is more efficiently hydrolyzed in solution when it is generated in situ...
Assessment of intraoperative pain during Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS): An opportunity for improved patient care.

Background Intraoperative pain during Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) has not been characterized. However, many patients report postoperative pain on the day of MMS. Objective We sought to determine if patients experience pain during their MMS visit. Methods In phase I of this study, patients were asked to report intraoperative pain level using the verbal numerical rating scale (0-10) at discharge. In phase II, pain levels were assessed before each Mohs layer and at discharge, to determine whether pain was experienced throughout the day. Results Pain was reported at some point during the MMS day for 32.8% of patients (n = 98). The mean pain number reported was 3.7 (range 1-8) out of 10. Pain was more commonly reported by patients who spent a longer time in the office, had 3 or more Mohs layers, and had a flap or graft repair. Patients most frequently reported pain with surgical sites of the periorbital area and nose. Limitations Time between Mohs layers was not measured. There was nonstandardized use of intraoperative local anesthesia volume and oral pain medications. Conclusion Some patients experience pain during MMS. However, the majority of patients report a low level of pain. Additional preventative measures could be considered in patients at higher risk.
The contribution of an overlooked transport process to a wetland's methane emissions

Wetland methane transport processes affect what portion of methane produced in wetlands reaches the atmosphere. We model what has been perceived to be the least important of these transport processes: hydrodynamic transport of methane through wetland surface water and show that its contribution to total methane emissions from a temperate freshwater marsh is surprisingly large. In our 1 year study, hydrodynamic transport comprised more than half of nighttime methane fluxes and was driven primarily by water column thermal convection occurring overnight as the water surface cooled. Overall, hydrodynamic transport was responsible for 32% of annual methane emissions. Many methane models have overlooked this process, but our results show that wetland methane fluxes cannot always be accurately described using only other transport processes (plant-mediated transport and ebullition). Modifying models to include hydrodynamic transport and the mechanisms that drive it, particularly convection, could help improve predictions of future wetland methane emissions.
Gap junctions formed of connexin43 are found between smooth muscle cells of human corpus cavernosum

Despite sparse autonomic innervation, the smooth muscle cells of the corpus cavernosum relax and contract synchronously to achieve penile erection and flaccidity. As with other smooth muscle cell types, the excitation process in the corpora is presumably propagated through gap junctions to allow the diffusion of current-carrying ions and second messenger molecules from cell to cell. Using both molecular and immunocytochemical techniques, we have identified gap junctions between human corporal smooth muscle cells in situ and in culture. Northern analyses demonstrated that corporal smooth muscle cells express the gap junction protein connexin43, but not connexin26 mRNA. Immunoblots showed the presence of connexin43 isoforms, whereas connexin32 was not detected. Immunocytochemical studies in cultured cells identified prominent connexin43 immunoreactive puncta between cells, as well as within the cytoplasm. In addition, gap junction membranes both in situ and in culture were labelled in thin section by anti-connexin43 antibodies using the immunogold technique. We conclude that the presence and distribution of gap junctions in this sparsely innervated tissue may provide an important mechanism of intercellular communication among the smooth muscle cells, and thus play a major role in coordinating tissue contraction and relaxation.
A Brief History of Los Angeles: Conditions for Institutional Change

In order to understand what William Parker accomplished and how he did it, it is necessary to lay some historical groundwork about the history of the settlement of Los Angeles, the parallel history of its neighbor to the South (San Diego), and, of course, a detailed discussion of the pattern of corruption in Los Angeles in general and in the Los Angeles Police Department in particular. This is the task of Chapter 2. In the first section, we look at the historical rivalries between Los Angeles and San Diego. As later developments made Los Angeles the more economically dominant of the two cities, it is important to recognize that, early on, San Diego was perceived to be the city best situated for growth in Southern California. In the second section, we look more closely at the growth of Los Angeles as a deliberately designed process of self-selection, appealing to Midwestern immigrants with a strong religious and ethical orientation. Finally, in the third section, we detail the specifics of Los Angeles police corruption during the 1920–1950 period, with particular emphasis on the years 1938–1949.
CHAPTER 22 – mRNA Differential Display1

The messenger RNA (mRNA) differential display process is governed by exclusive patent rights granted to GenHunter Corporation (Nashville, TN). The strategy involves coupling standard methods for complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis to polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based amplification using large combinations of short primers for the purpose of evaluating two or more experimental populations in a side-by-side comparison by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). When identical primer sets are used, transcripts common to the RNA populations under investigation are manifested as PCR products of identical size side-by-side in adjacent lanes on a gel. This method facilitates the identification of bands in one lane that are absent or of different abundance in the corresponding location of adjacent lanes. Several variations on this standard method appear ubiquitously and are described by a variety of names. Perhaps the most scientifically correct terminology to describe this technique is mRNA differential display. However, differential display PCR is a more commonly used and instantly recognizable name. Differential display PCR is all about the speed, specificity, and sensitivity of PCR, by which at least a section of each of the various transcripts being produced by the cell is amplified in the form of cDNA. The strategy behind differential display PCR (DDPCR) is simple: incorporation of traditional synthesis of cDNA from purified RNA followed by an amplification of the products of the first-strand cDNA reaction. Among the advantages of the DDPCR method is the requirement for small input RNA mass.
Geriatric and Psychiatric Mental Health Case Analysis: A Psychodynamic Perspective

This article presents an approach to assess and intervene a geriatric and psychiatric mental health hospital client based on a psychodynamic perspective. Psychodynamic theory contributes the idea that social workers choose an approach that supports clients to replicate significant mental health aging experiences. The purpose of this study is to assess whether depressed geriatric clients would respond to psychodynamic assessment to their mental illness and, if so, whether the client respond also to the intervention. A 60-year-old Caucasian, single, and female entered the study. A case illustration is presented that demonstrates the application of psychodynamic approach.
Spike Lee Can Go Straight to Hell! The Cinematic and Religious Masculinity of Tyler Perry

This article provides a Black theological reading of the cultural production of African American producer, writer, actor and entrepreneur, Tyler Perry, in conversation with the African American wri...
An analysis of the use of Pharmacy Curriculum Outcomes Assessment (PCOA) scores within one professional program.

Abstract Objective The Pharmacy Curriculum Outcomes Assessment (PCOA) is a recent assessment requirement for US pharmacy professional programs. This study analyses PCOA scores for uses described in the 2016 Standards with data from one professional program. Methods PCOA data were analyzed for two consecutive classes (n=215) of pharmacy students at the end of their didactic curriculum to explore relationships among PCOA scores, grade point average (GPA), and North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX) scores utilizing regression analyses. Results Decisions about student learning based on PCOA scores and GPA indicated remediation would have been prescribed for approximately 7% of students. In comparison, NAPLEX scores revealed a 1% failure rate among the study sample. Relationships between PCOA scores and GPA (r=0.47) and NAPLEX (r=0.51) were moderate to large, respectively. GPA explained a larger portion of unique variance (14%) than PCOA (8%) in NAPLEX scores. Conclusions In this sample of students, academic decisions would have varied depending upon the learning assessment, which is consistent with a moderate correlation between GPA and PCOA scores. Although PCOA scores correlate with GPA and NAPLEX, PCOA scores explained a smaller portion of unique variance in NAPLEX scores than GPA. The ongoing establishment of validity evidence of PCOA scores is important for meaningful interpretation of scores for the intended uses.
Technology Inequality: Opportunities and Challenges for Mobile Financial Services

Technology has been a pivotal and successful enabler of financial inclusion. However, even with each technical evolution, sets of technical, cost, competition, capacity and access challenges persist. CFI Fellow Leon Perlman looks at the advantages, disadvantages and challenges that fasten on the existing and evolving technologies, bearer services, access platforms and user devices for mobile financial services (MFS) in Technology Inequality: Opportunities and Challenges for Mobile Financial Services. His on-the-ground research conducted in 12 different countries finds that smartphone-enabled MFS is not an impending panacea for financial inclusion. Due to the slow spread of reliable, high-quality 3G coverage and sufficiently capable smartphones, the majority of MFS will be accessed on feature phones, using Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD), SIM Application Toolkit (STK) and java-applets, rather than internet-enabled smartphones, for the forseeable future.
Tissue blood flow to a pedicled jejunal autograft in the dog: A pilot study.

Objective To determine the viability of a pedicled jejunal autograft after ligation of up to 3 jejunal arteries. Study design Prospective crossover study. Animals Three adult dogs. Methods Dogs were instrumented for measurement of hemodynamic parameters. Two segments of jejunum with 4 arcadial vessels were isolated from the abdomen in each dog. An individual ligature was secured around the 4th, 3rd, and 2nd jejunal artery. The 1st jejunal artery was maintained to serve as the sole blood supply to the pedicled segment of jejunum. Colored microspheres were used to evaluate the effect of each ligation on tissue blood flow. Results Mean arterial blood pressure (P = .709) and heart rate (P = .905) did not differ between ligation groups. Tissue blood flow to a pedicled segment of jejunum was unchanged after ligation of 3 jejunal arteries. Conclusion Tissue blood flow of an isolated jejunal segment maintained in normal position remains unaffected, when supplied by a single jejunal artery, after ligation of up to 3 concurrent jejunal arteries.
Network exploration and exploitation: Professional network churn and scientific production

Abstract The production of scientific knowledge is an inherently social process making professional networks important for producing science outcomes. Although prior work has demonstrated the connection between collaboration and productivity, most research that examines scientist networks begins from the perspective that structure predicts productivity. Institutional approaches to explaining productivity are useful, but generally ignore the role of individual agency or strategic network behavior. Our study utilizes the dynamic perspective of network churn to assess how professional network composition and structure change overtime via processes of network exploration and exploitation. Using two waves of survey data from a national sample of academic scientists and engineers across six disciplines in the United States, we investigate how network churn affects the quantity and quality of scientific production. Our results suggest that while network exploration generally improves production quality, it can hurt quantity. Network exploitation tends to have the opposite effect, resulting in short term gains but potentially limiting the innovativeness of future research. By recognizing the tradeoffs associated with alternative networking strategies, policy makers in universities and other research organizations can begin focusing on interventions that more effectively target scientists’ strategic network behavior.
Some Results for Chessboard Separation Problems

For a chessboard graph and a given graph parameter π, a π separation number is the minimum number of pawns for which some arrangement of those pawns on the board will produce a board where π has so...
Reimagining Research and Practice in Education

Over the past decades, “implementation science” has become a central concern of policymakers, researchers, and practitioners in medicine and more recently education. It is thought that education could be improved if researchers and practitioners collaborated more to incorporate relevant research findings. The typical assumption is that there is a qualitative gap between research and practice. It is argued this is a mistaken assumption that impedes well-intentioned advocates of implementation as they try to improve practice. This chapter develops an alternative to the dominant account of research and practice emphasizing that both researchers and practitioners engage in practical activities that involve theories, evidence, and action.
"Only When Absolutely Appropriate": Attitudes Toward Codeswitching in a Public Middle School

This study examines educator and student attitudes toward codeswitching in a K-12 public school and the perceived role of languages other than English in the learning environment. Although largely unfounded in recent research, it is commonly assumed by educational practitioners that successful second language (L2) acquisition requires the avoidance of the L1. This view commonly manifests itself in generalized monolingual expectations in public schools. In contrast, current research suggests that codeswitching practices are beneficial for language learners, as well as established bilinguals. This paper seeks to uncover educator and student ideas that permeate our public schools concerning codeswitching and L2 acquisition. In addition, this study offers a sociocultural perspective of multilingual language practices and advocates for codeswitching in school as a valid way for all students to use available linguistic resources. Finally, the need for more extensive educational opportunities regarding multilingual language use is emphasized and encouraged for students and teachers alike.
Review of Superalloy Powder Metallurgy Processing for Aircraft Gas Turbine Applications

Substantial increases in raw material and labor costs have provided the impetus for many diverse investigations aimed at reducing the manufacturing costs of aircraft gas turbine hardware. One of the most significant programs conducted at General Electric during the past decade involves application of powder metallurgy (P/M) processing technology to the fabrication of nickel-base superalloy rotating components. The evolution of P/M technology and its application to a high-strength superalloy, Rene 95, in a number of diverse aircraft engine components is described, Initial development concentrated on fabrication of P/M hardware by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) cylindrical powder preforms and forging in a conventional die system to an oversize shape. Subsequent refinement of this HIP plus forge process included HIP for shaped preforms followed by forging in an isothermal die system to a near net shape. Emergence of a second P/M processing technology, designated as-HIP, in which the powder is simply HIP and heat treated, thus eliminating all secondary metalworking operations, is also reviewed. The technical advantages and constraints, along with the projected economic benefits of this new, highly promising P/M process, are analyzed and examples of its application to engine hardware presented. The future of P/M processing in the aircraft engine business, particularly as related to development of advanced superalloy materials, is also discussed.
Institutional Foundations for the Traditional Justifications

Chapter 3 described the traditional justifications for upholding tariff limited liability provisions of telephone companies and their corresponding flaws. As for the most frequently used justifications, it was shown that reliance on both Western Union v. Esteve Bros. and the filed rate doctrine has been inappropriate, and that the regulatory contract theory is factually inaccurate. But, important questions are why these flawed justifications arose and why they have persisted for so long. This chapter provides an explanation based on an historical review of key legal institutional developments.
Short Stature and Chromosomal Abnormalities

Chromosomes are structures contained in the nucleus of the cell and serve as carriers of genetic information. Each cell of the human body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, which are structurally very similar. Of these, 22 are called autosomes; the other 2, namely, the X and Y chromosomes, are called gonosomes. The latter determine the gender of an individual, with XX being female and XY being male.
How Context Matters in High-Need Schools: The Effects of Teachers’ Working Conditions on Their Professional Satisfaction and Their Students’ Achievement

Background/ContextEducational policy makers have begun to recognize the challenges posed by teacher turnover. Schools and students pay a price when new teachers leave the profession after only 2 or...
Invasive podosomes and myoblast fusion.

A fascinating feature of skeletal muscle development is the fusion of mononucleated muscle cells (myoblasts) to form multinucleated myotubes (Hauschka, 1994). Myoblast fusion is not only critical for myogenesis during embryonic development but also indispensible for skeletal muscle maintenance and repair during adult life (Bischoff, 1994). In addition, the fusogenic property of myoblasts has been exploited in cell-based gene therapy for the treatment of muscle degenerative disorders (Wagers & Conboy, 2005). Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying myoblast fusion will provide significant insights into skeletal muscle biology and muscle regeneration. Unlike epithelial cells that are tightly attached via adherence junctions, myoblasts are migratory mesodermal cells that do not have permanent adhesion partners. Accordingly, while fusion between epithelial cells “simply” involves targeting fusogenic proteins to the adherence junctions, fusion between muscle cells requires more sophisticated interactions between fusion partners in order to create a tight adhesive junction, followed by targeted transport of fusogenic materials to the sites of fusion, and ultimately cell membrane merger. Much of what we have learned about myoblast fusion to date concerns how muscle cells recognize their fusion partners and how they build a tight adhesive junction to promote membrane fusion.
Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of ornithine aminotransferase in cultured human retinal pigment epithelium.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of adenovirus mediated transfer of ornithine delta-aminotransferase (OAT) into human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. METHODS: Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer into primary cultures of human RPE was evaluated by measurement of enzyme activity in whole cell extracts and by Western blot analysis. To assess mitochondrial integrity, succinate dehydrogenase activity was measured in transduced RPE cells. Expression of adenovirus early genes was evaluated using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: OAT activity, which was 65 nmol/mg.hour in untransduced cells, could be increased to levels in excess of 20,000 nmol/mg.hour using an adenovirus vector carrying the OAT cDNA. There was, however, a significant reduction in succinate dehydrogenase activity associated with OAT activity greater than 12,000 nmol/mg.hour. Transduced human RPE displayed an altered morphology that appears to be a response to the vector because similar changes could be induced by an adenovirus vector that does not carry the OAT cDNA. Adenovirus early gene expression was detected in transduced RPE. CONCLUSIONS: This study represents a first step in the development of intraocular gene replacement therapy for the treatment of gyrate atrophy. The authors demonstrate that adenovirus is an efficient vehicle for the delivery of OAT into human RPE and that RPE will tolerate greater than a 150-fold increase in OAT-specific activity. Evidence for disruption of mitochondria when OAT activity exceeds 12,000 nmol/mg.hour and vector-induced toxicity indicate that more controlled transgene expression and refinement of the vector systems is needed.
Sustained oligoclonal T cell expansion correlates with durable response to anti-PD1 therapy.

3061Background: Immune checkpoint blockers have demonstrated durable response in many tumor types including lung cancer. This clinical benefit is however restricted to a subset of patients in whom ...
PREVENTION OF WATER POLLUTION CAUSED BY NITRATES FROM AGRICULTURE IN SERBIA

Knowledge of agricultural soil vulnerability to water and nitrogen losses is essential for designing management guidelines to minimize water pollution from agriculture. Here, the authors presented the results of assessing the intrinsic vulnerability of agricultural soil of the City of Pancevo (Serbia) to water and nitrogen losses using LOS indices method. As the most vulnerable, the indices, presented in the form of vulnerability maps, marked the northeast part of the City of Pancevo area, including part of Deliblato Sands. Determined closed periods for use of fertilizers, rules for soil application and balanced fertilization, optimized production structure and irrigation methods, application of contour ploughing and conservation tillage and maintenance of buffer strips are among the priority nitrogen best management practices (BMPs) for agriculture and water protection. Well-tailored, site-specific nitrogen BMPs based on the LOS analysis can significantly improve compliance with EU Nitrate Directive, which transposition is ongoing in Serbia.
Thyroid Hormone Biosynthesis and Physiology

Thyroid hormones are key regulators of development, growth, and metabolism. Growth and function of thyroid cells are controlled by positive and negative feedback mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Appropriate thyroid hormone synthesis requires a normally developed thyroid gland, an intact hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, adequate iodine intake, and a series of regulated biochemical reactions within thyroid follicular cells. Circulating thyroid hormones are primarily bound to plasma proteins, and only a small portion is present as free hormone. Thyroid hormones enter the cell nucleus and act predominantly by altering genomic activity via nuclear receptors, but they can also exert non-genomic activity through interactions with mitochondrial and plasma membrane proteins.
Dynamic Composite Load Model Priority Placement Based on Electrical Centrality

Dynamic load models are an integral part of transient stability analysis. Due to the non-linearity of realistic demand factors, developing accurate load models is a challenging process. A variety of methods have been developed to reduce the number of parameters to identify and estimate within the models, and methods exist for determining more accurate load models. An alternative to reduce the effort to develop and implement dynamic load models is to reduce the number of models in the system that need to be created and by creating priority placement guidelines of load models in the system. This paper develops preliminary guidelines for priority placement of the composite load model based on electrical centrality. Using a 2383-bus version of the Poland Test Case, we group buses and their loads into quartile levels based on their magnitude of electrical centrality. A statistically significant trend is identified highlighting priority placement of developing composite load models in certain quartile levels. These findings are useful to utilities and balancing authorities that need to prioritize their efforts to develop dynamic load models.