cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpopulational variation in emitted pheromone blend of cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni

Female cabbage looper moths,Trichoplusia ni, from laboratory colonies initiated from three locations across the United States emitted similar quantities and blend ratios of the six known pheromone components. In contrast, females from a long-established laboratory colony emitted a greater proportion of four of the five minor components relative to the major component, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate; only the relative proportion of 11-dodecenyl acetate was similar in all of the populations sampled. Females from this population emitted (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate at a rate similar to that from females from field-collected colonies. Within each population there were highly significant correlations among the quantities of pheromone components of similar molecular weights. Correlations between components of different molecular weights were not as great, but often were significant. Similarities of blend ratios among field populations may indicate that the chemical signal in this species is conservative. The difference of the blend ratios in our laboratory population from the other populations may indicate a decrease in the intensity of selection pressure that usually would maintain these values.
How fast can a quantum state change with time

Lower and upper bounds are derived for the decay and transitions of quantum states, evolving under a time-dependent Hamiltonian, in terms of the energy uncertainty of the initial and final state. The bounds are simultaneously a rigorous version of Fermi's golden rule and of the time-energy uncertainty relation. They are sharp, refer to short times, and are compared with recent long-time results for time-independent Hamiltonians. Illustrations for tunneling systems, laser-driven processes, and neutron interferometry in time-dependent magnetic fields are given.
Using Self-Organization To Control Morphology in Molecular Photovoltaics

This work explores the formation of well-defined molecular p–n junctions in solution-processed self-assembled heterojunction solar cells using dodecyloxy-substituted contorted hexabenzocoronene (12-c-HBC) as a donor material and phenyl-C70-butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM) as an acceptor. We find that the contorted 12-c-HBC molecules effectively assemble in solution to form a nested structure with the ball-shaped PC70BM. The result is a self-assembled molecular-scale p–n junction. When this well-defined p–n junction is embedded in active films, we can make efficient self-assembled solar cells with minimal amounts of donor material relative to the acceptor. The power conversion efficiency is drastically enhanced by the mode of donor and acceptor assembly within the film.
Accreditation mandates are opportunities for educators.

End-of-life care has become an important competency for primary care physicians, and yet many family physicians feel unprepared in the areas of hospice and/or palliative medicine. In preparation for designing an ambulatory geriatrics rotation within a family medicine res- idency training program, a needs assessment revealed gaps in hospice training specific to the philosophy of hospice and the common settings in which it is practiced. A hospice-focused core curriculum unit was developed, using a community-based hospice experience and for- mal seminars. The resident’s community-based experiences included home visits and nursing home contacts as part of a multispecialty hospice team. End-of-rotation resident assess- ments and rotations evaluations revealed enhanced resident understanding of hospice philosophy and venues, increased knowledge of the criteria for hospice admission and med- ical management of the dying patient and an increased intention to refer patients to a hos- pice program, although follow-up audits of referral patterns were inconclusive to date.
Commentary on “neural networks in pharmacodynamic modeling. Is current modeling practice of complex kinetic systems at a dead end?”

Veng-Pedersen and Modi have begun some very interesting investigations. The neural net technique as applied to pharmacodynamics appears to be a promising area of research. However, the results are far from conclusive at present. I believe it is too early to state that the neural net techniques will supplant the more traditional modeling techniques, particularly for short-term goals. Moreover, I hope that the former do notcompletely replace the latter, as the latter are what ultimately lead to the insights which are the main event in scientific discovery and progress.
Some Infrared Spectral Studies of Aliphatic Aldehydes in the 700–400 cm−1 Region

The infrared spectra of thirteen aliphatic aldehydes of varying structure have been recorded and analyzed in the range of 700-400 cm−1. The structural configuration adjacent to the carbonyl group was found to affect the observed spectra in a specific manner. It thus appears possible to differentiate α-branched and non-α-branched aliphatic aldehydes from their infrared spectra in this region.
Binding of myotoxin a to cultured muscle cells

Abstract B. Baker , A. T. Tu and J. L. Middlebrook . Binding of myotoxin a to cultured muscle cells. Toxicon 31, 271–284, 1993.—The binding of radiolabeled myotoxin a to various cultured cell lines was evaluated. One rat skeletal muscle-derived cell line, L8, bound substantially more myotoxin a than did all other cell lines examined. Several biophysical parameters of myotoxin a -L8 binding were determined. Binding was saturable with a moderate binding affinity. Scatchard analysis and Hill plots indicated a single class of binding sites. The binding was reversible, as demonstrated by chase experiments. Radiolabeled myotoxin a bound to the cell surface at a site inaccessible to the general protease, pronase. Specificity and biological relevance of the binding was suggested by competition with unlabeled toxin and various peptides derived from the toxin. Biologically active peptides, corresponding to the N- and C-terminal sequence of myotoxin a , competed with radiolabeled toxin for L8 binding. It was concluded that the L8 system is a suitable cell model to study myotoxin a mechanism of action.
Prevalence, risk factors, and molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal and axillary colonization among psychiatric patients on admission to an academic medical center

Background Infection control data from psychiatric units and clinics are limited. Methods This time series study was designed to determine the prevalence and risk factors for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization and/or infection among 500 men and women on admission to psychiatric units at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. Discharge surveillance was conducted to measure incidence. Molecular characterization was performed. Results Five hundred subjects (52% male) were enrolled. The prevalence of MRSA colonization was 5.2% (26 of 498). Seven of 29 patients (24.1%) admitted with a skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) was MRSA-positive; 4 of these patients had no other positive site, raising the total admission prevalence to 6.0%. A history of abscess (current or within the past 6 months) on admission (odds ratio [OR], 6.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.40-15.31; P P = .005), previous isolation (OR, 5.03; 95% CI, 1.76-14.35; P = .003), and unknown history of isolation (OR, 4.10; 95% CI, 1.41-11.98; P = .01) were associated with increased odds of MRSA colonization. Seven (2.6%) new MRSA colonizations were identified at discharge. Molecular analysis identified USA300 clonal MRSA isolates. Conclusions The prevalence of MRSA colonization in this study population was greater than reported in the general population. Further studies are needed to identify transmission dynamics in this environment.
Incorporation of amino acids into protein by cell-free extracts of penicillium chrysogenum

The preparation of ribosomal particles from P. chrysogenum has been described. After correction to 20°C and extrapolation to infinite dilution, they had sedimentation coefficients of approximately 80S, 60 S, and 40 S. The washed ribosomes plus purified supernatant fraction, KCl and sucrose incorporated C14-l-amino acids into protein. There was no stimulation of incorporation by ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP, or Mg ions. Incorporation was inhibited by streptomycin and chloramphenicol but not by ribonuclease.
Why are you really losing sales opportunities? A buyers' perspective on the determinants of key account sales failures

Abstract Key account sales are important for business organizations. Understanding why some of these sales proposals fail from the buyer's perspective has organization-wide implications for improving firm performance. Extant literature lacks a clear understanding of the process-based determinants of sales failure within a key account context. Another problem with this research stream is its reliance on data from the salesperson, sales manager, and/or selling firm, which can introduce attribution biases. Our research overcomes sales failure attribution biases by collecting data from the industrial buying center's perspective. Thirty-five semi-structured interview cases were conducted with buying decision makers following failed key account sales proposals. The result of this inquiry is a model which outlines the determinants of sales failures. We identify three common drivers of sales failure: adaptability, relationship-potential, and cost considerations. Results indicate that these established constructs are more complex than previously specified, each having multiple attributes as defined by key account buyers.
Fundamentals of Electrocardiography Interpretation

The use of dynamic electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring is regarded as a standard of care during general anesthesia and is strongly encouraged when providing deep sedation. Although significant cardiovascular changes rarely if ever can be attributed to mild or moderate sedation techniques, the American Dental Association recommends ECG monitoring for patients with significant cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this continuing education article is to review basic principals of ECG monitoring and interpretation.
Encoding specificity and recognition memory for words

The question of whether performance, in recognition memory tasks, depends upon the recognition of a specific interpretation of a word (as originally encoded) or upon its physical (orthographic-phonemic) representation was investigated using a model of the recognition process based on signal-detection theory. Thirty-six subjects studied lists of common and rare words. Each word was paired with a weakly associated cue. On a subsequent recognition task, old words were presented along with strongly associated cues. This change in accompanying cue impaired recognition for common but not for rare words. Differential recognition rates were not, however, associated with different levels of retention (as measured by d’). Rather, the effect was due to the cautious decision criterion employed for responses to common word meanings. The data suggest that recognition of a word depends upon its physical representation as well as its meaning and that the latter functions so as to affect response biases and not retention.
Palladium-Catalyzed Cyclization via Carbopalladation and Acylpalladation

Over the past two decades, cyclic carbopalladation and related cyclic acylpalladation of alkenes, allenes, alkynes, and related π complexes including the cyclic Heck reaction have been developed into new and attractive synthetic methods. This chapter mainly discusses catalytic cyclization reactions via cyclic carbopalladation and cyclic acylpalladation, which may not be classified under the cyclic Heck reaction.
A characterization of semilinear sets

In this report, the class of semilinear sets is shown to be the least class of sets which contains all of the stratified semilinear sets and is closed under finite intersection.
Spectropolarimetric and circular dichroism methods for determining the activity of penicillin

Experimental and mathematical analysis of an analytical spectropolarimetric method for determination of penicillins shows that this approach can yield precisions of the order of one part per thousand or better. The method, based on optical rotatory changes elicited by enzymatic catalysis, is sufficiently sensitive to detect losses in drug activity occurring in solution at room temperature in periods of less than 1 hr. Applications of the procedure to both penicillins sensitive and resistant to penicillinase catalysis and their mixtures are presented.
Correlations and efficiency: testing the Bell inequalities

This paper examines the efficiency problem involved in experimental tests of so-called “local” hidden variables. It separates the phenomenological locality at issue in the Bell case from Einstein's different conception of locality, and shows how phenomenological locality also differs from the factorizability needed to derive the Bell inequalities in the stochastic case. It then pursues the question of whether factorizable, local models (or, equivalently, deterministic ones) exist for the experiments designed to test the Bell inequalities, thus rendering the experimental argument against them incomplete. This leads to an investigation of the so-called “prism models” and to new inequalities for a significant class of such models, inequalities that are testable even at the low efficiencies of the photon correlation experiments.
Synthesis and characterization of iridium chloride complexes: I. Use of N-alkylphenothiazine drugs as ligands

Iridium complexes of N-alkylphenothiazines have been prepared in MeOH. The polynuclear complexes obtained have been characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibilities, molar conductivities, thermogravimetric analysis and spectral data. The molecular formulae of the new complexes are as follows: [Ir3(LH)4Cl10]Cl2·xMeOH, where L = chlorpromazine (CP), promethazine (PM) or ethopropazine (EP), and x = 1 for CP and 2 for PM or EP; [Ir(TFH2)2Cl4][IrCl6]·MeOH, where TF = trifluoperazine; and [Ir2(TRH)2Cl11(MeOH)]Cl·MeOH and [Ir4(TRH)3Cl15], where TR = thioridazine. The complexes are diamagnetic in nature. Tentative structures are proposed for the complexes.
The need and means to characterize sediment structure and behaviour prior to the selection and implementation of remediation plans

Remediation of contaminated sediments requires detailed characterizations of the speciation of the toxic substances and their transformations with regard to time and spatial distribution. While many approaches exist to address dissolved species of toxicants, there is a need to characterize sediments per se in terms of materials or particles which bind toxicants and modulate their bioavailability and rate of burial. Such specific information can be achieved through the correlative use of analytical microscopies, applied directly to native aquatic materials and used in conjunction with novel particle isolation methods and standard techniques of analytical chemistry. Such sedimentary ‘materials’ are dominated by clays and other colloidal minerals, microorganisms, humic substances, organic debris, iron and manganese oxide coatings and extracellular polymeric substances. By using new technology to (1) identify particles and their relative abundances, (2) examine specific toxicant/particle associations at the scale of individual abundant particles, and (3) follow transformations over time, we produce information more insightful than was obtainable previously. Such knowledge will assist in determining which remediation technologies would be best for a given contaminated sediment (i.e. ‘intrinsic remediation’ or dredging/disposal).
Role of Kupffer cells and oxidants in signaling peroxisome proliferator-induced hepatocyte proliferation.

There is widespread human exposure to peroxisome proliferators, which are structurally diverse compounds. Peroxisome proliferators received their name based on their ability to induce proliferation of w x peroxisomes in rodent hepatocytes 1 ; they include hypolipidemic drugs, phthalates, steroids, herbicides, w x and solvents 2 . Despite their structural diversity, these compounds induce predictable pleiotropic responses in rats and mice consisting of hepatomegaly, induction of peroxisomal enzymes of fatty acid boxidation, and an increase in both the number and w x size of peroxisomes 1 . Hepatomegaly has been attributed to hypertrophy of hepatocytes as well as w x hepatocellular hyperplasia 3 . Importantly, continu-
Structure of early transition metal-late transition metal multilayers☆

Abstract Metal multilayers can be classified according to the structural similarity between the constituents. True superlattices are formed when the constituents have a small size mismatch and the same structure, such as Cu-Ni. Long-range coherence can also exist when there is a structural difference and an epitaxial possibility exists because of a closely matched atomic row spacing in the mating planes, such as in Mo-Ni. In the case of h.c.p. early transition metal-f.c.c. late transition metal pairs, such as Ni-Ti, Ni-Zr, Fe-Zr and Cu-Hf, the close-packed planes have identical in-plane symmetry, and there is a large size difference. Structural studies of magnetron sputtered multilayers of these element pairs show that long-range coherence does not exist. There is a large negative heat of mixing between these metal pairs, but low mutual solubility. The result is that amorphous phase interfaces are formed. These interface regions can often grow during thermal anneals, producing amorphous alloys by solid state reactions. In addition there can be stabilization of amorphous structure when the layers of each element are less than about 10 atomic planes thick.
Natural History of Pulmonary Atresia With Intact Ventricular Septum and Right-Ventricle–Dependent Coronary Circulation Managed by the Single-Ventricle Approach

Background Long-term outcome of patients with pulmonary valvar atresia and intact ventricular septum with right-ventricle–dependent coronary circulation (PA/IVS-RVDCC) managed by staged palliation directed toward Fontan circulation is unknown, but should serve as a basis for comparison with management protocols that include initial systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunting followed by listing for cardiac transplantation. Methods Retrospective review of patients admitted to our institution with the diagnosis of PA/IVS-RVDCC from 1989 to 2004. All angiographic imaging studies, operative reports, and follow-up information were reviewed. Right-ventricle–dependent coronary circulation was defined as situations in which ventriculocoronary fistulae with proximal coronary stenosis or atresia were present, putting significant left ventricle myocardium at risk for ischemia with right ventricle decompression. Results Thirty-two patients were identified with PA/IVS-RVDCC. All underwent initial palliation with modified Blalock-Taussig shunt (BTS). Median tricuspid valve z-score was -3.62 (-2.42 to -5.15), and all had moderate (n = 13) or severe (n = 19) right ventricular hypoplasia. Median follow-up was 5.1 years (9 months to 14.8 years). Overall mortality was 18.8% (6 of 32), with all deaths occurring within 3 months of BTS. Aortocoronary atresia was associated with 100% mortality (3 of 3). Of the survivors (n = 26), 19 have undergone Fontan operation whereas 7, having undergone bidirectional Glenn shunt, currently await Fontan. Actuarial survival by the Kaplan-Meier method for all patients was 81.3% at 5, 10, and 15 years, whereas mean survival was 12.1 years (95% confidence interval: 10.04 to 14.05). No late mortality occurred among those surviving beyond 3 months of age. Conclusions In patients with PA/IVS-RVDCC, early mortality appears related to coronary ischemia at the time of BTS. Single-ventricle palliation yields excellent long-term survival and should be the preferred management strategy for these patients. Those with aortocoronary atresia have a particularly poor prognosis and should undergo cardiac transplantation.
Quantitative evaluations of human factors savings in cad workstations

Abstract New, sophisticated computerized workstations available for design tasks often represent large financial investments. Unfortunately, few guarantees on useability are offered in return. Our research is intended to quantify useability gains and losses on CAD workstations that are due to differences in the workstation configurations available to the design industry. Specifically, we have presented a systematic analysis of the known effects of speech input, color cuing, and the use of multiple CRTs as well as proposing a methodology for evaluating the effects of these configurations on the mental workload of designers in the CAD environment. The results of our research and analyses provide important information to those in the applied community that must continually evaluate the merits of more expensive hardware versus designer complaints of mental fatigue due to less than optimal equipment. In addition, our analysis provides a potential quantitative parameter for describing the user in a complete systems theory of the CAD process.
Cationic zirconocene olefin polymerization catalysts based on the organo-Lewis acid tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane. A synthetic, structural, solution dynamic, and polymerization catalytic study

We have isolated and systematically studied the structural and chemical properties of a series of electron-deficient cationic zircocene alkyl and hydrido complexes with high olefin polymerization activities. The single crystal X-ray diffraction-derived solid state and NMR-derived solution structures of these complexes correlate well with each other and afford considerable insight into the nature of these species. Through the use of the novel organoborane, we have, for the first time, unambiguously demonstrated the role of the key metallocene-cocatalyst interaction that has been proposed for MAO, alkyl aluminum halides, and dehydroxylated alumina. 56 refs., 10 figs., 19 tabs.
Family Environments, Adrenarche, and Sexual Maturation: A Longitudinal Test of a Life History Model

Life history theorists have proposed that humans have evolved to be sensitive to specific features of early childhood environments and that exposure to different environments biases children toward development of different reproductive strategies, including differential pubertal timing. The current research provides a longitudinal test of this theory. Assessments of family environments, based on interviews with mothers and fathers, were conducted in preschool, and children were then followed prospectively through middle childhood. Adrenal hormones were assayed in a selected subsample of 120 children (73 girls) at age 7, and parent and child reports of secondary sexual characteristics were collected in the full female sample of 180 girls at age 11. Higher quality parental investment (from both mothers and fathers) and less father-reported Marital Conflict/Depression forecast later adrenarche. Older age at menarche in mothers, higher socioeconomic status, greater mother-based Parental Supportiveness, and lower third-grade body mass index each uniquely and significantly predicted later sexual development in daughters. Consistent with a life history perspective, quality of parental investment emerged as a central feature of the proximal family environment in relation to pubertal timing.
Rhabdomyolysis with severe hypernatremia

Three children with severe hypernatremia presented with profound generalized weakness and biochemical evidence of rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. These findings in combination have not been previously reported, to our knowledge, in children with severe hypernatremia. Unusual complications included respiratory failure in one child and cardiac arrhythmias in two children. All three children had acute renal insufficiency; one required peritoneal dialysis.
Those “Gorgeous Incongruities”: Polite Politics and Public Space on the Streets of Nineteenth-Century New York City

The streets of mid-nineteenth-century New York City were sites of complex social engagements and economic activity. The promenades along both Broadway and Fifth Avenue were highly scripted rituals, where social mores and upper-class values were enacted and embodied on a daily basis. Focusing on analyses of three images, I argue that these streets were also the sites of political activity, but a politics that I define as “micropolitics” of “tactical” transgressions made possible by the structure of these social rituals. By making such an argument, I show how the streets of nineteenth-century cities were neither completely democratic nor totally controlled public spaces. I also provide a broader alternative to thinking about politics, one that understands the complex and contextual nature of human agency, and suggest that our frameworks for thinking about contemporary public space may be blinding us to potential sites of transgression.
Prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Is it effective

TWO PARADOXES lie behind the question posed in the title of this article. First, rapid and widespread dissemination of the technique of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) occured before the underlying physiology was fully understood. Second, data that indicate discouragingly low coronary and carotid artery flow rates contrast sharply with the obvious lifesaving capacity of basic CPR. CPR In the early 1960s, Kouwenhoven et al1demonstrated the effectiveness of closed-chest compressions for cardiac arrest; rapid worldwide dissemination of the technique soon followed. By 1974, the endorsement of influential groups such as the American Heart Association secured broad acceptance for standard CPR.2Kouwenhoven and co-workers thought that during CPR blood was expelled by compression of the heart between the sternum and vertebral bodies. Later, however, various research laboratories conducted what were, in effect, post hoc investigations into the physiology of CPR; by the 1980s, few researchers subscribed to Kouwenhoven and co-workers'
Patients with stable, therapeutic INR values should remain on warfarin

The second decade of the 21st century will be remembered as a significant milestone in the treatment and prevention of thromboembolic diseases. The approval of target-specific oral anticoagulants (TSOACs) means that patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) have, for the first time ever, multiple treatment options for the prevention of embolic stroke. Evidence from the landmark registration trials convincingly shows that the TSOACs are at least as safe and effective as warfarin in this setting. Because the new agents do not require routine coagulation monitoring and have very few drug or dietary interactions, they offer both convenience and, possibly, a public health benefit if they are used by patients who otherwise would have declined to take warfarin. However, patients on a highly stable, therapeutic dose of warfarin should not expect better health outcomes if switching to a TSOAC.
Estimating Avian Population Size Using Bowden's Estimator

Abstract.— Avian researchers often uniquely mark birds, and multiple estimators could be used to estimate population size using individually identified birds. However, most estimators of population size require that all sightings of marked birds be uniquely identified, and many assume homogeneous detection probabilities. Bowden's estimator can incorporate sightings of marked birds that are not uniquely identified and relax assumptions required of other estimators. I used computer simulation to evaluate the performance of Bowden's estimator for situations likely to be encountered in bird studies. When the assumptions of the estimator were met, abundance and variance estimates and confidence-interval coverage were accurate. However, precision was poor for small population sizes (N 75%) and multiple (≥8) sighting surveys were conducted. If additional birds are marked after sighting surveys begin, it is important to initially mark a large proporti...
Safety of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Introduction: Carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors have an impressive safety record despite the multiple functions that CA isozymes serve because they are not fully inhibited with most dosing. While reducing the targeted CA-dependent process sufficiently for disease control, residual activity and uncatalyzed rates in combination with compensations are adequate to avoid lethal consequences. Some drugs have in vitro selectivity differences against the 13 active isozymes, but none are convincingly selective in vivo or clinically. Efforts to synthesize selective inhibitors should result in safer drugs with fewer side effects. Areas covered: This review will focus on approved drugs with CA-inhibiting activity, whether used directly for this purpose or others. Side effects are discussed in relation to various organ systems and the disease being treated. Causes of side effects are considered, and strategies for symptom reduction are given. Expert opinion: Common side effects of paresthesias, dyspepsia, lassitude a...
Affinity Extraction Combined with Stable Isotope Dilution LC/MS for the Determination of 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate in Human Plasma

Abstract The predominant circulating folate monoglutamate in human plasma (>90%), and thus the most significant folate for accurately diagnosing folate deficiency, is 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5MT). Folate deficiency is typically indicated when circulating folate levels are ⩽3 ng/mL. The quantitative determination of plasma folates in general, and of 5MT in particular, is complicated by their naturally low levels (pg/mL to ng/mL), their instability, and their tendency to interconvert. Highly specific and sensitive analytical methods are needed to accurately quantify endogenous 5MT in human plasma. A method that utilizes the specific high-affinity binding sites of bovine folate binding protein (FBP) and the selectivity and sensitivity of selected ion monitoring mode isotope-dilution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to quantify plasma 5MT has been developed. The method is based on the solid-phase affinity extraction (SPAE) of 5MT and its stable isotopically labeled analogue ([13C5]5MT) from plasma (1 mL) using FBP immobilized to polymeric beads. The excess high-affinity binding sites on the affinity columns enable quantitative extraction of 5MT from plasma under optimized sample pH conditions. Additionally, it is demonstrated that plasma proteins do not hinder the determination of 5MT; therefore, protein precipitation is not required before the affinity extraction step. Detection and quantification of the extracted 5MT is provided by positive-ion mode LC/MS in which the protonated molecular ions [M+H]+ of the analyte and the internal standard are monitored. The method shows linearity over three orders of magnitude (0.04–40 ng/mL) and has limits of detection and quantification of 0.04 and 0.4 ng/mL, respectively. Calibration curves obtained by spiking 5MT into plasma exhibited good linearity between 0 and 25 ng/mL and both the plasma calibration standards and the plasma samples were stable for at least 48 h at room temperature. The recovery (average ± % RSD) of 5MT spiked into plasma from 5 to 25 ng/mL was 98.0%±1.6% (n=15). 5MT levels determined by SPAE-LC/MS compared to “total folate” levels determined by radioassay and microbiological assay were discordant. Reasons for the discordancy are theorized, but it is clear that there exists an urgent need for clinical reference materials containing certified folate levels.
Barren Lands: An Epic Search for Diamonds in the North American Arctic

This book’s main title, Barren Lands, does not reveal its principal content. The subtitle, An Epic Search for Diamonds in the North American Arctic, comes closer, but still is not very specific. A page-scanning survey disclosed countries are well represented, however, as are Canada, the United States, Germany, and Russia. The Canadian and Russian papers in particular address conflicts involving the dominance and exploitation of indigenous peoples by powerful outsiders. The ethnically diverse Karelian region with its fluid borders received special scrutiny at the conference, in no fewer than ten papers. This is not objectionable in itself, but the information is needlessly repetitive, and some of the papers are essentially commentaries on Soviet and post-Soviet politics. Susan Barr argues persuasively (p. 583–592) for the value of photographs in Arctic history, and with “Early Swedish Military Maps of the Polar Region,” Bjorn Gafvert stresses the importance of maps as primary historical sources. He is the only participant to do so, although cartography from the Middle Ages onwards is crucial to our understanding of “how the North was won.” In this connection, it needs observing that while several contributors illustrate their articles with maps, the publishers did not include a map or maps of the book’s target regions, which some readers may consider a problem. Maps and other illustrations accompanying individual articles are well reproduced, and the book has a number of other attractive features. It is sewn, not glued; there are ample margins on all sides of the medium-glossy pages; and the clean type makes even the footnotes easy to read. Anyone looking for recent information on research concerned with the Far North will find this a stimulating volume within the areas it addresses. How the Russians experienced Lend-Lease in World War II has as little to do with my own field as does an account of a 1923 murder trial at Pond Inlet (Baffin Island) involving two Inuit. But I was so riveted by these and similar excursions into other scholarly worlds that they made up for occasional simpleminded statements about the Norse Greenlanders. You may well find yourself pursuing fishing and agriculture in medieval Iceland even if you sat down to this literary buffet just to find out what the Canadians hope to accomplish in the future.
Ethnic conflict goes mobile: Mobile technology’s effect on the opportunities and motivations for violent collective action

This analysis contributes to the body of research testing the effect of mobile phone availability on the probability of violent conflict by shifting the unit of analysis to that of distinct ethnic groups. This approach provides two important advantages. First, it tests the robustness of this relationship by determining whether this effect maintains when shifted to a more rigorous and theoretically appropriate level of analysis. Second, shifting the analysis to the group level also enables tests of specific characteristics that may condition the effect of mobile phone availability on violent collective action. The first set of characteristics test whether mobile phone availability primarily increases a group’s opportunities to engage in violent collective action as a result of decreased organizational costs due to diminished communication costs. The second set of characteristics explore whether mobile phone availability makes violent collective action more likely as a result of increasing a group’s motivat...
SimpleTones: a collaborative sound controller system for non-musicians

SimpleTones is an interactive sound system that enables non-musicians to engage in collaborative acts of music making. The aim of SimpleTones is to make collaborative musical experiences more approachable and accessible for a wide range of users of different levels of musical expertise. This allows them to actively participate in the social aspects of collective musical improvisation, something usually confined to trained performers. Players can participate with ease and in real time by operating physical sound controllers in tandem. By using play as a catalyst and setting novices free from the requirement of previous musical experience, participants are able to focus on the collaborative aspects of performance, such as synchronizing movements, discovering the system's functionality together and making collective decisions.
Safety climate, hardiness, and musculoskeletal complaints: a mediated moderation model

This study explores the mechanisms linking the psychosocial characteristics of the workplace with employees' work-related musculoskeletal complaints. Poor safety climate perceptions represent a stressor that may elicit frustration, and subsequently, increase employees' reports of musculoskeletal discomforts. Results from an employee sample supported that when employees' perceived safety was considered a priority, they experienced less frustration and reported fewer work-related upper body musculoskeletal symptoms. Psychological hardiness, a personality trait that is indicative of individuals' resilience and success in managing stressful circumstances, moderated these relationships. Interestingly, employees with high hardiness were more affected by poor safety climate.
Tracking children who fly below the radar: Latent transition modeling of students with late-emerging reading disability

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine (1) the stability of latent classes associated with reading disability (RD) and typical development (TD) across time, (2) the importance of speeded word recognition as a latent class indicator of RD and TD, and (3) possible early indicators of students with late-emerging RD. Analyses were based on a longitudinal sample of 177 students, some of whom had been assigned randomly to small-group tutoring in either fall or spring of 1st grade. At the end of 1st, 2nd, and 4th grades, students were assessed on word identification, sight word efficiency (SWE), and passage comprehension. Latent transition analysis models were developed to examine classification transitions from 1st to 4th grade and 2nd to 4th grade. Results indicated that RD/TD classification was relatively stable across time, however 5 students were consistently identified as having late-emerging RD. Findings indicated that SWE measured in 2nd grade reduced the number of false negatives for RD and was therefore important for the classification of RD. Finally, although students with late-emerging RD had poorer listening comprehension skill at the start of 1st grade and smaller word reading fluency slopes during 1st grade compared to TD children, these indicators did not reliably distinguish students with late-emerging RD from TD due to high rates of false positives.
Three new species of Anthocephalum Linton, 1890 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) from dasyatid stingrays of the Gulf of California

Three new species of Anthocephalum Linton, 1890 are described from dasyatid stingrays collected in the Gulf of California. Anthocephalum michaeli n. sp. is described from Dasyatis longus (Garman). This species most closely resembles A.alicae Ruhnke, 1994, but differs from this species in proglottid number. A. lukei n. sp. is also described from D. longus. This new species is most similar to A. cairae Ruhnke, 1994, but differs from that species in marginal loculi number and number of proglottids. The third new species, A. currani n. sp., is described from D. brevis (Garman). This species is most similar to A.centrurum (Southwell, 1925) Ruhnke, 1994, but differs from that species in marginal loculi number, number of testes and ovarian length. Phyllobothriumkingae Schmidt, 1978 is also consistent in morphology with species of Anthocephalum and is transferred to this genus, forming the new combination Anthocephalum kingae n. comb. This species most closely resembles A. michaeli n. sp., but differs in testicular shape. This brings the total number of species of Anthocephalum to nine. The transfer of the species Phyllobothrium arctowskii Wojciechowska, 1991, P. georgiense Wojciechowska, 1991, P. rakusai Wojciechowska, 1991 and P. siedleckii Wojciechowska, 1991 to Anthocephalum is not warranted, as these four species lack a posteriorly recurved cirrus-sac and a sinuous vagina, and have vitelline follicles uninterrupted by the ovary. Of the nine known species, all are parasitic in batoid fishes, and six are found in species of Dasyatis Garman. The phylogenetic status of Anthocephalum species in relationship to Rhinebothroides Mayes, Brooks & Thorson, 1981, Pararhineothroides Zamparo, Brooks & Barriga, 1999 and other rhinebothriin taxa is discussed.
PARENTAL INVESTMENT, SELF-CONTROL, AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE EXPRESSION OF ADHD

Women do most of the parenting. To provide a stable and healthier setting for children they must sublimate their own interests and feelings, which puts greater pressures on women to communicate needs clearly or to be deceptive when the occasion demands. The likely advantage in communication skills and self-control may ameliorate the impact of disorders like ADHD where the most serious deficit is in self-inhibition. This would account for the strikingly uneven male to female sex ratio of 2:1 (in epidemiological samples) to 10:1 (in clinical settings), the higher threshold for females, and the sex difference in the pattern of associated mental disorders.
Histogram Specification Techniques For Enhancement Of High Altitude Aerial Digital Images

The brightness histogram of low altitude aerial images can be used to develop a transformation function which reduces the atmospheric degradation in satellite imagery. The general approach is to histogram specify the satellite image to the low altitude reference image in a spectral band serial fashion. The reference histogram(s) need not be derived from an image context similar to the satellite image. The nature of the transformations are examined using the first several moments of the brightness distributions. Results are shown in which Landsat Thematic Mapper "visible images" (band 1, 2, and 3) are processed using low altitude image histograms as the specification functions. This transformation technique can be more effective than many interactive point processing methods, without requiring the time and expense of an expert image analyst. The limitations of the context free nature of the reference distribution is discussed. The potential for the application of this technique to general interactive point processing is described, along with possible application to other image classes.
Evolving Experience Using Kidneys from Deceased Donors with Terminal Acute Kidney Injury

Background Kidney transplantation from deceased donors with terminal acute kidney injury (AKI) is not widely accepted. Study Design Acute kidney injury donor kidneys were defined by a doubling of the donor's admission serum creatinine (SCr) level and a terminal SCr level >2.0 mg/dL before organ recovery. Results Over 5.5 years, we transplanted 84 AKI donor kidneys, including 64 kidneys from standard criteria donors (SCD), 11 from expanded criteria donors (ECD), and 9 from donation after cardiac death (DCD) donors. Mean donor age was 36 years (range 15 to 68 years); mean admission and terminal donor SCr levels were 1.25 mg/dL and 3.2 mg/dL, respectively (mean terminal estimated glomerular filtration rate 25.5 mL/minute). With a mean follow-up of 35 months (range 6 to 70 months), actual patient and graft survival rates are 98% and 89%, respectively, which are numerically, but not statistically, higher than concurrent kidney transplants from brain-dead (non-AKI) SCDs at our center. Delayed graft function (DGF) occurred in 34 patients (40%). Mean 1-, 12-, and 24-month SCr levels were 1.8, 1.6, and 1.7 mg/dL, respectively. Delayed graft function was associated with lower 3-year graft survival for non-AKI SCD transplants (68% vs 90%, with and without DGF), but there was no impact of DGF on graft survival for AKI donor kidneys (89% vs 91%). Conclusions Although AKI donor kidneys more commonly have DGF, the higher rate of DGF does not worsen graft outcomes. Kidneys from deceased donors with terminal AKI transplanted into appropriately selected patients have excellent medium-term outcomes and represent a method to safely expand the donor pool.
Regional controls on magma ascent and storage in volcanic arcs

Understanding the controls for magma ascent and storage depth is important for volcanic hazard assessment. Regional differences in the depths of magma storage between volcanic arcs suggest that the settings of subduction zones and of overriding plates influence how magma ascends through the crust. Here we use a compilation of data for 70 volcanoes in 15 volcanic regions to better understand the geodynamic controls on magma storage. We describe the subduction system, which consists of the subducting slab, the mantle wedge, and the upper plate with 12 parameters encompassing the kinematics of the subduction, the structure and geometry of the slab, the timing of the subduction, the thermal structure of the slab, the upper-plate crustal structure, its stress regimes, and its thermal structure. We find that the magma reservoir depths correlate with the upper-plate crustal structure and with the stress regimes. Shallow reservoirs ( 45 km). Similarly, shallow magma reservoirs are 33–69% more common in extensional and strike-slip stress regimes that in compressional regimes. This illustrates the effect of buoyancy for magma ascent as well as the importance of stress regime and preexisting structures.
Automatic Time Stepping with Global Error Control for Groundwater Flow Models

Automatic time stepping with global error control is proposed for the time integration of the diffusion equation to simulate groundwater flow in confined aquifers. The scheme is based on an a posteriori error estimate for the discontinuous Galerkin finite-element methods. A stability factor is involved in the error estimate and it is used to adapt the time step and control the global temporal error for the backward Euler method. The stability factor can be estimated by solving a dual problem. The stability factor is not sensitive to the accuracy of the dual solution and the overhead computational cost can be minimized by solving the dual problem using large time steps. Numerical experiments are conducted to show the application and the performance of the automatic time stepping scheme. Implementation of the scheme can lead to improvements in accuracy and efficiency of groundwater flow models.
Avian Assemblages in the Lower Missouri River Floodplain

Floodplain habitat provides important migration and breeding habitat for birds in the midwestern United States. However, few studies have examined how the avian assemblage changes with different stages of floodplain forest succession in the midwestern United States. In spring and summer from 2002 to 2004, we conducted 839 point counts in wet prairie/forbs fields, 547 point counts in early successional forests, and 434 point counts in mature forests to describe the migrating and breeding bird assemblage in the lower Missouri River floodplain. We recorded 131, 121, and 141 species in the three respective habitats, a number higher than most locations in the midwestern United States and comprising > 15% of all avian species in North America. Avian species diversity generally increased from west to east along the river, differed among land cover classes, but overlapped between seasons (migration and breeding) and years. Wet prairies were particularly important for conservation as there were 20 species of high conservation concern observed, including Dickcissels (Spiza americana). Important species for monitoring biotic integrity included the Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus) and Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) in wet prairie, Bell’s Vireo (Vireo bellii) in early successional forest, and Northern Parula (Parula americana) and Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea) in mature forest.
The economics of community college labor markets: A primer

This chapter provides some basic economic tools to help describe how labor markets work to enable employers and community college students to reach each other to secure productive jobs.