cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrical conductivity across InP and GaAs wafer-bonded structures with miscut substrates

Low temperature direct bonding of InP and GaAs wafer combinations using an (NH4)2S treatment are investigated for the effect of out of plane misorientation on interface electrical conductivity. The Seager-Pike model is applied to the zero-bias conductance across a range of temperatures, revealing an increase in potential barrier height across all wafer combinations as the degree of surface misorientation is increased above 4°. This demonstrates that out-of-plane misorientation is a crucial parameter for direct-bonded homo and hetero structures where interface resistivity must be minimized, such as multijunction solar cells.
Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in perinatal age group.

Cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in the perinatal period continues to be a major contributor to chronic neurologic impairment in children worldwide. Extensive research conducted in the past several years has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Based on this understanding, the major potential therapeutic approaches being studied include antagonists of excitatory amino acids, calcium channel antagonists, free-radical scavengers, nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, anti-inflammatory agents, trophic factors, and hypothermia. Several agents are in clinical trial phases in adults. However, safety concerns and close relationship between pathomechanisms of hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury and normal developmental processes have contributed to the slow pace in the neonatal trials. Large multicenter trials including an adequate number of infants will be needed to evaluate efficacy of therapeutic interventions in this particular age group. A large number of risk factors that predispose to hypoxic ischemic injury have been identified, It is important to control these factors and prevent brain damage in the first place. This is especially true for developing countries where resources for treatment with newer agents (when they become available) are likely to be limited. Recent information regarding mechanisms of injury and potential therapeutic measures related to perinatal age are presented in this paper.
Advancements in Anion Exchange Membrane Cations

Anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AME-FCs) are of increasingly popular interest as they enable the use of non-Pt fuel cell catalysts, the primary cost limitation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Benzyltrimethyl ammonium (BTMA) is the standard cation that has historically been utilized as the hydroxide conductor in AEMs. Herein we approach AEMs from two directions. First and foremost we study the stability of several different cations in a hydroxide solution at elevated temperatures. We specifically targeted BTMA and methoxy and nitro substituted BTMA. We've also studied the effects of adding an akyl spacer units between the ammonium cation and the phenyl group. In the second approach we use computational studies to predict stable ammonium cations, which are then synthesized and tested for stability. Our unique method to study cation stability in caustic conditions at elevated temperatures utilizes Teflon Parr reactors suitable for use under various temperatures and cation concentrations. NMR analysis was used to determine remaining cation concentrations at specific time points with GCMS analysis verifying product distribution. We then compare the experimental results with calculated modeling stabilities. Our studies show that the electron donating methoxy groups slightly increase stability (compared to that of BTMA), while the electron withdrawing nitromore » groups greatly decrease stability in base. These results give insight into possible linking strategies to be employed when tethering a BTMA like ammonium cation to a polymeric backbone; thus synthesizing an anion exchange membrane.« less
A direct comparison of high temperature nanoindentation creep and uniaxial creep measurements for commercial purity aluminum

Abstract Measuring the uniaxial creep response from nanoindentation has been of great interest to the small scale mechanics community. However, several experimental and modeling challenges pose obstacles to direct comparison of indentation and uniaxial results. In this work, new experimental procedures are developed to improve the precision and accuracy of high temperature nanoindentation tests. Indentation creep experiments are performed on commercial purity aluminum alloy at a number of temperatures up to 550 °C. The activation energy for creep was found to be 140.2KJ/mol/K, matching the value determined with high temperature uniaxial creep experiments extremely well. Uniaxial power-law creep parameters (stress exponent and pre-exponential term) are calculated from the indentation data for direct comparison of results to the uniaxial data. The results are in good agreement with the literature values for uniaxial compression/torsion tests over a wide range of strain rates and temperatures demonstrating the capabilities of high temperature indentation creep experiments. The relative contributions and interplay of indentation size effect, strain rate and temperature on the creep response is also explored.
Mechanochemical Activation of Covalent Bonds in Polymers with Full and Repeatable Macroscopic Shape Recovery

Covalent mechanochemistry within bulk polymers typically occurs with irreversible deformation of the parent material. Here we show that embedding mechanophores into an elastomeric poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) network allows for covalent bond activation under macroscopically reversible deformations. Using the colorimetric mechanophore spiropyran, we show that bond activation can be repeated over multiple cycles of tensile elongation with full shape recovery. Further, localized compression can be used to pattern strain-induced chemistry. The platform enables the reversibility of a secondary strain-induced color change to be characterized. We also observe mechanical acceleration of a flex-activated retro-Diels–Alder reaction, allowing a chemical signal to be released in response to a fully reversible deformation.
The Preoperative Patient with Hypertension

Preoperative medical evaluation of the hypertensive patient has a dual focus: (1) to establish an appropriate level of blood pressure control before anesthesia and surgery; and (2) to assess the degree of cardiovascular impairment, with particular attention to brain, heart, and kidney. Close communication between clinician and anesthesiologist can do much to ensure the patient's safety. Interpretation of the results of the preoperative examination is aided by the clinician's prior knowledge of the patient: the onset and history of his hypertension, his record of compliance to an antihypertensive regimen, his blood pressure response during previous hospitalizations and surgical procedures. Though there is no longer any question that antihypertensive medications should be continued in the preoperative period, side-effects of thiazide therapy may need treatment before or during surgery. Again, the clinician's fuller knowledge of the patient will help to alert the anesthesiologist to the need for special caution.
Creative Commons and the openness of open access.

As part of the open-access movement and with the mission of expanding the terms of use for increasingly accessible information, Creative Commons has produced six copyright licenses that permit a range of uses beyond fair use, subject to certain conditions.
Controversies in the Surgical Management of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) comprises approximately 5 % of all thyroid cancers. While the majority of cases are sporadic, as many as 25 % of cases are attributed to inherited mutations in the REarranged during Transfection (RET) proto-oncogene. Primary treatment is thyroidectomy and removal of involved nodal basins. Preventative thyroidectomy is recommended in at-risk RET mutation carriers. Due to the lack of randomized trials and limited widespread clinical expertise, certain aspects of treatment remain controversial. This chapter aims to elucidate the best practices based on the existing literature, the most current published guidelines, and expert surgeon recommendations. Clarification of controversial issues, including, but not limited to, age of surgery in at-risk gene carriers, extent of lymphadenectomy and parathyroid management in preventative thyroidectomy, extent of thyroidectomy and lymphadenectomy in primary and reoperations for MTC, usefulness of radiation therapy, and timing of systemic treatment, will be discussed in this chapter.
A Simple Distant Supervision Approach for the TAC-KBP Slot Filling Task

This paper describes the design and implementation of the slot filling system prepared by Stanford’s natural language processing group for the 2010 Knowledge Base Population (KBP) track at the Text Analysis Conference (TAC). Our system relies on a simple distant supervision approach using mainly resources furnished by the track organizers: we used slot examples from the provided knowledge base, which we mapped to documents from several corpora, i.e., those distributed by the organizers, Wikipedia, and web snippets. Our implementation attained the median rank among all participating systems.
Methods in laboratory investigation: Noninvasive microscopic evaluation of the intact living nephrotic kidney

BACKGROUND Tandem Scanning Confocal Microscopy (TSCM) is a new form of microscopy that allows one to noninvasively "optically section" into intact structures and record microscopic images in real-time. In this study, we have evaluated the ability of this new technology to distinguish histopathologic changes in unstained living kidneys that occur coincident with the onset of puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrosis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The rats were anesthetized and a laparotomy was performed to expose the kidneys. Using a TSCM equipped with a 24x water-immersion objective, we viewed and recorded real-time images of subcapsular living uriniferous tubules and glomeruli of puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrosis rats exhibiting different levels of proteinuria. RESULTS TSCM revealed a variety of histopathologic changes in the puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrosis uriniferous tubules including dilation of proximal tubular lumens, loss of microvillous brush border, cellular debris in the tubule lumens, and focal regions of extensive tubular necrosis. Using the fluorescent probe carboxyfluorescein, we were able to demonstrate significant heterogeneity in the movement of this fluorescent probe through the uriniferous tubules (e.g., some tubules were completely blocked), and irregular patterns in flow of carboxyfluorescein through nephrotic glomeruli. CONCLUSIONS These observations indicate that TSCM is capable of revealing a variety of histopathologic changes in unstained, intact, living kidneys. In addition, many of the histopathologic features of the uriniferous tubules revealed by TSCM are difficult or impossible to distinguish in biopsied samples of renal tissue.
Medicare payment data for spine reimbursement; important but flawed data for evaluating utilization of resources.

BACKGROUND: Medicare data showing physician-specific reimbursement for 2012 were recently made public in the mainstream media. Given the ongoing interest in containing healthcare costs, we analyze these data in the context of the delivery of spinal surgery. METHODS: Demographics of 206 leading surgeons were extracted including state, geographic area, residency training program, fellowship training, and academic affiliation. Using current procedural terminology (CPT) codes, information was evaluated regarding the number of lumbar laminectomies, lumbar fusions, add-on laminectomy levels, and anterior cervical fusions reimbursed by Medicare in 2012. RESULTS: In 2012 Medicare reimbursed the average neurosurgeon slightly more than an orthopedic surgeon for all procedures ($142,075 vs. $110,920), but this was not found to be statistically significant (P = 0.218). Orthopedic surgeons had a statistical trend illustrating increased reimbursement for lumbar fusions specifically, $1187 versus $1073 (P = 0.07). Fellowship trained spinal surgeons also, on average, received more from Medicare ($125,407 vs. $76,551), but again this was not statistically significant (P = 0.112). A surgeon in private practice, on average, was reimbursed $137,495 while their academic counterparts were reimbursed $103,144 (P = 0.127). Surgeons performing cervical fusions in the Centers for Disease Control West Region did receive statistically significantly less reimbursement for that procedure then those surgeons in other parts of the country (P = 0.015). Surgeons in the West were reimbursed on average $849 for CPT code 22,551 while those in the Midwest received $1475 per procedure. CONCLUSION: Medicare reimbursement data are fundamentally flawed in determining healthcare expenditure as it shows a bias toward delivery of care in specific patient demographics. However, neurosurgeons, not just policy makers, must take ownership to analyze, investigate, and interpret these data as it will affect healthcare reimbursement and delivery moving forward.
Work Function Modification in P3HT H/J Aggregate Nanostructures Revealed by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy and Photoluminescence Imaging

We show that surface electronic properties of poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) crystalline nanofibers as probed by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) depends sensitively on the degree of polymer packing order and dominant coupling type (e.g., H- or J-aggregate) as signaled by absorption or photoluminescence spectroscopy. Nominal HOMO energies between high molecular weight (J-aggregate) nanofibers and low-molecular weight (H-aggregate) nanofibers differ by ≈160 meV. This is consistent with shifts expected from H-type charge-transfer (CT) interactions that lower HOMO energies according to registration between thiophene moieties on adjacent polymer chains. These results show how KPFM combined with wavelength-resolved photoluminescence imaging can be used to extract information on “dark” (CT) interactions in polymer assemblies.
Dynamics of Two-Dimensional Quantum Spin Systems

A combination of quantum Monte Carlo simulations and the Maximum Entropy method is used to study dynamical properties of quantum spin models. We review the worldline Monte Carlo method based on Suzuki- Trotter mapping of a D-dimensional quantum system onto a (D+1)-dimensional equivalent classical system. The basic concepts of the Maximum Entropy Method are outlined and its application to the worldline spin simulations is discussed. We also give a short review of the results of dynamic simulations of non-frustrated Heisenberg antiferromagnet and XY model (preliminary results) on a square lattice.
Evil Conquered: Dostoyevsky’s The Brothers Karamazov

In this great novel Dostoyevsky forcefully presents his conviction that human life revolves around ‘eternal questions’. The reader cannot escape the conclusion that the human condition matters centrally in the scheme of things. The author’s philosophy is at the opposite pole of all forms of reductionism which would deny man a special status in the universe. Dostoyevsky’s irrepressible exploration of the meaning of life is summarised in Ivan Karamazov’s words spoken to his younger brother Alyosha, ‘We in our green youth have to settle the eternal questions first of all.’ His words, preceding the telling of the legend of the Grand Inquisitor, do not express a mere interest in ideas, a disembodied intellectual reflection. Throughout the novel we are given to understand that ideas are desperately needed to inform the human situation, to disclose its essential and profound features.
Recruitment and Retention Challenges of Examining Cognitive Dysfunction in Older Adults Hospitalized for Acute Heart Failure.

Background Barriers to recruiting and retaining acutely ill older adults in clinical research include complexity of illness, fatigue, and early discharge. Objective To describe recruitment and retention challenges of examining cognitive dysfunction in older adults hospitalized for acute heart failure. Methods An examination of the reasons for recruitment and retention issues within an acute care, university-affiliated health care system. Results Sixty-two patients refused to participate for a variety of reasons; 11 were ineligible, and 27 participants who completed initial data collection refused to participate further because they were too tired, were being discharged on the day of data collection, or were discharged before the next data collection day. Conclusions Multiple barriers to the recruitment and retention of older adults hospitalized for acute heart failure were identified. Strategies are needed to augment recruitment and retention efforts, including expanding the number of data collection sites and allocating sufficient support resources.
An infant form of Alexander disease (a clinical case and literature review)

We present a case of the infant form of Alexander disease. The case uniqueness is that the patient's examination had been started at the preclinical stage and was continued during the manifestation and fastigium of disease. We present rare images obtained during neurosonography at the preclinical stage of the disease as well as the unique findings of MRI studies. The MRI findings at disease onset and 3 years later indicate that the infant form of Alexander disease is characterized by clinical stages.
The Impact of Parental Divorce on Children: Report of the Nationwide NASP Study.

This article provides an initial report concerning the nationwide study of the impact of divorce on children. Three-hundred-forty-one children from divorced families and 358 from intact families we...
Short-time Behavior of the Exciton-polariton Equations

In the exciton-polariton system, a linear dispersive photon field is coupled to a nonlinear exciton field. Short-time analysis of the lossless system shows that, when the photon field is excited, the time required for that field to exhibit nonlinear effects is longer than the time required for the nonlinear Schrodinger equation, in which the photon field itself is nonlinear
Pediatric Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation

Non-neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) is common throughout the pediatric population, with nearly 40% of pediatric urology visits being related to voiding dysfunction. Conventional treatment options include management of constipation, behavioral therapy (i.e., bladder training, pelvic floor exercises, biofeedback), and/or medical therapy (i.e., anticholinergics, alpha-blockers). Roughly 20% of patients will be refractory to these conventional therapies. As a result, unconventional methods such as neuromodulation, including posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS), have been proposed as a treatment option. PTNS is FDA approved and has been well studied in the adult population and has recently become a target of interest for the management of pediatric voiding dysfunction.
A non-visual electronic workspace for learning algebra

In this paper we describe a multi-layer system that is designed to help students who have moderate to severe visual impairments learn algebra while manipulating algebraic equations through an interactive non-visual web-based workspace. The functional algebraic transformation options provided in the in-teractive system through its various layers, and the carefully provided help as-sociated to each of those domain specific manipulation functions enhanced the overall process by which students who are visually impaired learn and deal with solving equations in the developed non-visual workspace.
Inflation and the Baryon Isocurvature Model

I describe a model for the origin of the initial conditions of the baryon isocurvature model within the inflation picture. The isocurvature fluctuations are assumed to have come from dilution of the primeval baryon to entropy ratio by decay of a massive field produced as quantum fluctuations leaving the horizon during the inflation era. This scenario requires an expansion time history that would be produced by a model inflaton field that has negative kinetic energy, a case that is strange but perhaps not impossible.
First Report of Resistance to Quinoxyfen in Podosphaera xanthii, Causal Agent of Cucurbit Powdery Mildew, in the United States

This brief reports the first known occurrence of resistance to quinoxyfen, a quinoline (FRAC Group 13) fungicide, in Podosphaera xanthii in the United States. This fungus causes powdery mildew in c...
A Review of Slavery’s Capitalism: A New History of American Economic Development

This edited book is an outgrowth of the Slavery’s Capitalism conference jointly sponsored in 2011 by Brown University and Harvard University. The 16 contributors are distinguished historians at som...
Safety and Utility of Hybrid Depth Electrodes for Seizure Localization and Single-Unit Neuronal Recording.

Background Invasive electrode monitoring provides more precise localization of epileptogenic foci in patients with medically refractory epilepsy. The use of hybrid depth electrodes that include microwires for simultaneous single-neuron monitoring is becoming more widespread. Objective To determine the safety and utility of hybrid depth electrodes for intracranial monitoring of medically refractory epilepsy. Methods We reviewed the medical charts of 53 cases of medically refractory epilepsy operated on from 2006 to 2017, where both non-hybrid and hybrid microwire depth electrodes were used for intracranial monitoring. We assessed the localization accuracy and complications that arose to assess the relative safety and utility of hybrid depth electrodes compared with standard electrodes. Results A total of 555 electrodes were implanted in 52 patients. The overall per-electrode complication rate was 2.3%, with a per-case complication rate of 20.8%. There were no infections or deaths. Serious or hemorrhagic complications occurred in 2 patients (0.4% per-electrode risk). Complications did not correlate with the use of any particular electrode type, and hybrids were equally as reliable as standard electrodes in localizing seizure onset zones. Conclusions Hybrid depth electrodes appear to be as safe and effective as standard depth electrodes for intracranial monitoring and provide unique opportunities to study the human brain at single-neuron resolution.
Organotemplate-Free β Zeolites: From Zeolite Synthesis to Hierarchical Structure Creation

Interest in the production of β zeolites in the absence of organic structure-directing agent (OSDA) has continued to grow consistently during the past decade. During this time, numerous strategies have been proposed to manipulate the hierarchy of zeolite pore structures in order to facilitate the transport of bulky reactants and to improve the accessibility of active sites in zeolite catalysts. In this work, we describe an organotemplate-free route to produce hierarchical β zeolites. Using OSDA-free β as the starting zeolites, we explored the applicability of various postsynthetic approaches to create hierarchical structures with mesoporosity, including framework stabilization, dealumination, conventional desilication, and hydrothermal desilication. While framework stabilization and dealumination were not effective in generating mesoporosity, they were necessary as modification steps to determine the efficacy of hierarchical structure creation. Compared to conventional desilication, hydrothermal desilication produces larger mesopores and much better preservation of microporosity and acidity because of the occurrence of recrystallization. The cost-effective, scalable production of organotemplate-free hierarchical β zeolites could greatly enhance the adoption of β zeolites in oil refining and petrochemical industries, where the advantages of hierarchically structured zeolites can dramatically improve catalytic performances in formulated catalysts.
Managing pesticide chronic health risks: U.S. policies.

Summary This paper provides an overview of U.S. government pesticide risk management efforts over time and in recent years, relevant to chronic health risks of pesticides. Pesticides are in widespread usage in the U.S. With hundreds of active ingredients and thousands of products on the market, management of pesticide risks has been a daunting challenge. The first legislation providing federal authority for regulating pesticides was enacted in 1910. With the establishment of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1970 and amendments to the pesticide law in 1972, the federal government was for the first time given the authority to regulate health and environmental risks of pesticides. However, older pesticide risks were not addressed until legislation was enacted in 1988, requiring “reregistration” and 1996, requiring that pesticide food standards are safe for children. In result, the U.S. has seen an expansion of development of pesticide products that are registered as “reduced risk” or are biologica...
Drivers of Success in Engineering Teams

While technical work and knowledge are at the core of the engineering team, its success can rest equally on how well the team addresses the human aspects of daily activity. Organizational culture, team dynamics, and individual responses play significant roles in the outcomes of the team’s efforts. This chapter offers an overview of concepts and theories that relate to the functioning of the engineering team. It addresses the role of the team member, the role of the team leader, engagement, team development, dialogue, emotional awareness, and handling conflict to encourage leaders and members to pursue further study and skills training.
A simple technique for neoumbilical reconstruction for congenital hernia associated proboscis deformity.

Abstract Introduction Umbilical reconstruction in pediatric patients who have developed a large proboscoid redundancy can be challenging after standard umbilical repair. We present a simple and unique surgical technique that results in a cosmetically appealing reconstruction. Operative technique The operation is initiated with circumferential redundant skin excision and isolation of the hernia sac. Primary fascial repair is performed. Reconstruction utilizes the cut dermal/epidermal edge by approximating it to the exposed fascia just below the skin edge outside of the fascial repair in a purse string fashion for the creation of a neoumbilicus. Conclusion This simple technique is unique from any currently published methods and results in a cosmetically pleasing reconstruction without evidence of any incision. Level of evidence Level V: Expert Opinion.
The risk model construction and prediction method of food-borne disease outbreaks

Objective To establish the models and evaluate the epidemiological risks of food-borne disease outbreaks.Methods Risk of food-borne disease outbreaks would be graded by fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.The food security experts in Zhejiang were organized to determine the weights of evaluation factors by Delphi method.The risk model of food-borne disease outbreaks should be constructed by fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,and to be discussed and verified.Results All of food-borne disease outbreaks risk level was the security level in four counties in Zhoushan.The score in 4 counties were 48(Dinghai),66(Putuo),41(Daishan) and 47(Shengsi),respectively.Conclusions Risk model of food-bome disease outbreaks is not only suitable for the food-borne disease outbreaks risk,but also to guide the residents food intake and avoid significant suffering from food-borne disease. Key words: Model,theoretical; Food intake risk index; Fuzzy mathematics; Food-borne disease
An agent-based model of dengue virus transmission shows how multiple uncertainties about vaccine efficacy influence public health impact projections

ABSTRACT Given the limited effectiveness of strategies based solely on vector control to reduce dengue virus (DENV) transmission, it is expected that an effective vaccine could play a pivotal role in reducing the global disease burden of dengue. Of several dengue vaccines under development, Dengvaxia® from Sanofi Pasteur recently became the first to become licensed in select countries and to achieve WHO recommendation for use in certain settings, despite the fact that a number of uncertainties about its profile complicate projections of its public health impact. We used a stochastic, agent-based model for DENV transmission to perform simulations of the public health impact of dengue vaccines in light of two key uncertainties: (1) “statistical uncertainty” about the numerical value of the vaccine’s efficacy against disease, and (2) “biological uncertainty” about the extent to which its efficacy against disease derives from the amelioration of symptoms, blocking of DENV infection, or some combination thereof. Simulations of a generic dengue vaccine showed that the proportion of disease episodes averted following 20 years of routine vaccination of nine-year olds at 80% coverage was sensitive to both the numerical value of vaccine efficacy and to the extent to which efficacy derives from blocking of DENV infection. Simulations of a vaccine resembling Dengvaxia® took into account that vaccine trial results substantially reduced statistical uncertainty but did not address biological uncertainty, resulting in the proportion of disease episodes averted being more sensitive to biological uncertainty than to statistical uncertainty. Taken together, our results indicate limitations associated with the use of symptomatic disease as the primary endpoint of dengue vaccine trials and highlight the importance of considering multiple forms of uncertainty in projections of a vaccine’s public health impact.
China’s War on Smuggling: Law, Economic Life, and the Making of the Modern State: By Philip Thai

Thai, Philip. China’s War on Smuggling: Law, Economic Life, and the Making of the Modern State, 1842–1965. New York: Columbia University Press, 2018.
Comparison of PLANE Technique versus Standard Echocardiography Guidance for Pediatric Pericardiocentesis

Percutaneous pericardiocentesis remains a challenging and potentially dangerous procedure, particularly in small, critically ill patients. We present outcomes of the PLANE (pericardiocentesis using long-axis in-plane real-time echocardiography) technique for pediatric pericardiocentesis compared with a standard echocardiography (ECHO) guidance cohort. This was a retrospective chart review of all children undergoing percutaneous pericardiocentesis from March 2013 to February 2021 at a single center. A total of 78 procedures were performed, 52 utilizing PLANE technique and 26 utilizing standard ECHO-guidance technique. There was 100% technical success rate with only one minor complication for the entire cohort. Procedures were evenly split between the bedside intensive care unit and cardiac catheterization laboratory. PLANE technique was utilized in significantly younger (1.4 vs. 8.4 years, p = 0.008) and smaller (11.1 vs. 31.8 kg, p = 0.007) patients, as well as in most patients deemed high risk (postoperative
Undoing Appropriateness: Raciolinguistic Ideologies and Language Diversity in Education

In this article, Nelson Flores and Jonathan Rosa critique appropriateness-based approaches to language diversity in education. Those who subscribe to these approaches conceptualize standardized linguistic practices as an objective set of linguistic forms that are appropriate for an academic setting. In contrast, Flores and Rosa highlight the raciolinguistic ideologies through which racialized bodies come to be constructed as engaging in appropriately academic linguistic practices. Drawing on theories of language ideologies and racialization, they offer a perspective from which students classified as long-term English learners, heritage language learners, and Standard English learners can be understood to inhabit a shared racial positioning that frames their linguistic practices as deficient regardless of how closely they follow supposed rules of appropriateness. The authors illustrate how appropriateness-based approaches to language education are implicated in the reproduction of racial normativity by exp...
Stress‐ and lipopolysaccharide‐induced c‐fos expression and nNOS in hypothalamic neurons projecting to medullary raphe in rats: a triple immunofluorescent labeling study

Neurons in the rostral raphe pallidus (rRP) have been proposed to mediate experimental stress-induced tachycardia and fever in rats, and projections from the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) may signal their activation in these settings. Thus, we examined c-fos expression evoked by air jet/restraint stress and restraint stress or by systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (10 microg/kg and 100 microg/kg) as well as the distribution of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in neurons retrogradely labeled from the raphe with cholera toxin B in key hypothalamic regions. Many neurons in the medial preoptic area and the dorsal area of the DMH were retrogradely labeled, and approximately half of those in the medial preoptic area and moderate numbers in the dorsal DMH were also positive for nNOS. Either stress paradigm or dose of lipopolysaccharide increased the number of c-fos-positive neurons and nNOS/c-fos double-labeled neurons in all regions examined. However, retrogradely labeled neurons positive for c-fos were increased only in the dorsal DMH and adjoining region in both stressed and lipopolysaccharide-treated groups, and triple-labeled neurons were found only in this area in rats subjected to either stress paradigm. Thus, hypothalamic neurons that project to the rRP and express c-fos in response to either experimental stress or systemic inflammation are found only in the dorsal DMH, and many of those activated by stress contain nNOS, suggesting that nitric oxide may play a role in signaling in this pathway.
Effects of Methods of Attenuation Correction on Source Parameter Determination

We quantify the effects of using different approaches to model individual earthquake spectra. Applying different approaches can introduce significant variability in the calculated source parameters, even when applied to the same data. To compare large and small earthquake source parameters, the results of multiple studies need to be combined to extend the magnitude range, but the variability introduced by the different approaches hampers the outcome. When studies are combined, there is large uncertainty and large scatter and some systematic differences have been neglected. We model individual earthquake spectra from repeating earthquakes (M∼2) at Parkfield, CA, recorded by a borehole network. We focus on the effects of trade-offs between attenuation (Q) and corner frequency in spectral fitting and the effect of the model shape at the corner frequency on radiated energy. The trade-off between attenuation and corner frequency can increase radiated energy by up to 400% and seismic moment by up to 100%.
Correlation Between Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Levels and Morphological Changes in Neurospora crassa

A colonial mutant of Neurospora crassa, previously shown to be altered in the structure of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase [a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) producing reaction], contained only 40% as much NADPH in extracts as did the wild type. A partial revertant strain, when grown at 23 C, had the same total NADPH content as the wild type, but, at 34 C, had lower levels of NADPH as well as a colonial morphology. A revertant with complete wild-type morphology had wild-type levels of NADPH. Two different colonial mutants, which have also been reported to be altered in NADPH-generating reactions, were found to have a lower content of NADPH, whereas other colonial mutants had wild-type levels. The wild-type strain, when grown under conditions in which it contained a lower total content of NADPH, had a morphology similar to that of a colonial mutant. The evidence indicates that lowered NADPH content leads to a dramatic alteration in the morphology of Neurospora, but not necessarily vice versa. The possible pleiotropic effects of the NADPH deficiency are discussed.
Field Description and Characterization of Coals Sampled by the Oklahoma Geological Survey, 1971–1976

During a five-year period (1971--1976) 147 channel and 92 core samples representing 15 individual bituminous coal beds in Oklahoma were collected and characterized using megascopic petrographic terms. The average coal contains sparse (< 15 percent) to moderate (15 to 30 percent) and thin 1/2 to 2-mm) bands of vitrain, and moderately bright attritus. Channel samples are reliable but not as preferable as core samples, because constant depth and width of the sample is difficult to obtain from channel samples. The channel samples are convenient to utilize for standard proximate, calorific, sulfur, ultimate, and ash fusion analyses. Analyses from the same coal face remain to be compared, and examination of lateral and vertical variations of the coal bed character should be undertaken.
The structure of the sources of weyl-type electrovac fields in general relativity

Weyl-type fields are those static electrovac solutions to the Einstein-Maxwell field equations for which the metric component g44 and the electrostatic potential Ψ are related by —g44= 1 — 2cΨ+gY2. In the present paper we investigate the structure of the sources that produce Weyl-type fields. It is found that, if the Weyl relationship holds also inside these sources, then they are structured such that over the extent of the source the ratio of the total mass density to the charge density is equal to the constant c in the Woyl relationship. In our result, the total mass density is that function which, when integrated over the extent of the source, gives the Schwarzschild mass as seen at infinity. It is not equal to the proper mass density — (κ/8π)M44, but is equal to the proper mass density plus the binding energy density.
Civil applications of high speed rotorcraft and powered lift aircraft configurations

Advanced subsonic vertical and short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) aircraft configurations offer new transportation options for civil applications. Described is a range of vehicles from low-disk to high-disk loading aircraft, including high-speed rotorcraft, V/STOL aircraft, and short takeoff and landing (STOL) aircraft. The status and advantages of the various configurations are described. Some of these show promise for relieving congestion in high population-density regions and providing transportation opportunities for low population-density regions.
Transient processes as impediments to modeling

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the difficulty that product engineers face when encountering tribological issues. The chief impediment to progress in model making is that most of the processes that control friction, lubrication, and particularly wear are transient in nature. The transients are of several kinds (in sliding and rolling), including transients over the distance of sliding, over the time of running and stopping, over the time because of some reversible or irreversible chemical rate process occurring in the interfacial region, and over time because of the history of operation. There are discontinuities and transitions that occur over ranges of sliding speed, applied load, temperature, surface roughness, the partial pressures of oxidizing gases in the interface, and lubricant source. Some transient processes could possibly be accommodated within a model. Thus, tribologists must themselves learn the aspects of tribology beyond their own academic discipline. Mechanical engineers would benefit by learning about materials, materials engineers might benefit from learning more chemistry, and chemists could broaden their perspectives in mechanics.
Phase transitions and fluctuations in inflationary universe models based on (nearly) Coleman‐Weinberg gut models

Some recent developments have been made in the study of phase transitions in grand unified theories (GUTs) in which radiatively induced corrections to the effective potential play an important role (e.g. Coleman‐Weinberg models). The course of the phase transition is shown to depend sensitively on the choice of parameters of the theory. A restricted class of parameters, excluding the simplest SU(5) GUT model, is found to lead to an inflationary Universe. An heuristic argument is given to show that the spectrum of fluctuations in such models (on observable scales) is scale invariant and a dimensional argument is proposed to explain the amplitude of the resultant fluctuations. Only a much more restricted class of GUT models is found to yield an inflationary Universe with fluctuations that are not so big as to be inconsistent with the isotropy and homogeneity in the observable Universe.
Margin Accounting for Stocks: an Excel Classroom Exercise

This paper illustrates the mechanics of buying stock on margin with the ability to account for buying or selling more of the same stock as the price changes (assuming one uses the same broker). This latter component allows the student to see how the margin set for stock purchases at different prices interact. Further, it is very easy to demonstrate how margin calls become frequent when a stock price plummets. This compliments much of what is now being taught with trading simulation software and student managed funds.
Cloning, expression, and characterization of a Coxiella burnetii Cu/Zn Superoxide dismutase

Periplasmically localized copper-zinc co-factored superoxide dismutase (SodC) enzymes have been identified in a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria and are proposed to protect bacteria from exogenously produced toxic oxygen radicals, which indicates the potential significance of a Coxiella burnetii SodC. Assays for SOD activity demonstrated that the cloned C. burnetii insert codes for a SOD that was active over a wide range of pH and inhibitable with 5 mM H2O2 and 1 mM sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, a characteristic of Cu/ZnSODs that distinguishes them from Fe or Mn SODs. The sodC was expressed by C. burnetii, has a molecular weight of approximately 18 kDa, which is consistent with the predicted molecular weight, and localized towards the periphery of C. burnetii. Over expression of the C. burnetii sodC in an E. coli sodC mutant restored resistance to H2O2 killing to wild type levels. We have demonstrated that C. burnetii does express a Cu/ZnSOD that is functional at low pH, appears to be excreted, and was able to restore H2O2 resistance in an E. coli sodC mutant. Taken together, these results indicate that the C. burnetii Cu/ZnSOD is a potentially important virulence factor.
Clinical Care of Cancer Patients: Close Interpersonal Encounters of the Difficult Kind

Maintaining the physiological and psychological wellbeing of the cancer patient can place significant stress on the health care provider. Potential long-term negative consequences of this stress are discussed within the theoretical context of provider burnout, Thc important role of interpersonal relationships in this setting is underscored.
Challenges and trends in RF design

This paper describes the challenges and trends in today's RF industry. Beginning with a brief look at the wireless communications environment, we examine receiver architectures and their building blocks from the point of view of monolithic integration. We then present trends in circuit and architecture design, device and technology development, and wireless infrastructures.
ANTECEDENTS OF THE LONG-LOT IN TEXAS∗

ABSTRACT Riverine long-lot original surveys were employed in many parts of Texas for about 150 years, beginning in the Spanish period and extending well into the era of statehood. No precedent for the use of long-lots was found either in Spain or New Spain. The evidence suggests that long-lots were diffused to Texas from Central Europe, by way of northern France, Quebec, and the French colonies in Missouri and Louisiana. Long-lot survey left an imprint in cadastral, road, and street patterns which is still observable.
Optical model and coupled-channels analyses of the elastic and inelastic scattering of 18O from 28Si at 352 MeV.

Differential cross sections have been measured for the elastic and inelastic scattering of $^{18}\mathrm{O}$ from $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$ at 352 MeV. An optical model analysis has been performed for the elastic scattering data. Considerable ambiguity was found. Potentials which are either transparent or strongly absorbing in the surface region were obtained which give equally good fits to the data. The combined elastic and inelastic data were subjected to a coupled-channels analysis and the ambiguity was found to persist, in contrast to previously reported one-nucleon transfer data whose analysis allowed us to discriminate between the two types of potential. Other characteristics of the scattering are discussed.
Spin and parity assignments for 23Na levels from the 19F(α, p)22Ne reaction

Abstract Resonances were found in the 120° and 160° excitation functions for the 19 F(α, p o ) 22 Ne reaction between E = 2.5 and 5.0 MeV corresponding to 23 Na levels at excitation energies between 12.56 and 14.51 MeV. Twenty-one on-resonance angular distributions were analysed with single-level and two-level theory to extract 23 Na spin and parity information. The results of an earlier experiment were analysed by the same procedure, extending the diagnostics down to a 23 Na excitation energy of 11.55 MeV. The analysis incorporated an optical potential for the α-particle consistent with previous channel-spin- 1 2 reaction studies and α-induced reaction data.
SHRP 2 Renewal … Maule Earthquake—Chile … The DNA of Leadership … Peurifoy Construction Research Award … Robert F. Borg

Congress established the second strategic highway research program (SHRP 2) in 2006. The first SHRP (1988 to 1993) improved winter highway maintenance practices and revolutionized asphalt pavement design by producing the Superpave system. SHRP 2 seeks, through targeted, short-term, results-oriented research, to produce recommended procedures, practices, and applications to advance our nation’s highway system in four focus areas: • Capacity—to integrate mobility, economic, environmental, and community needs capacity, research is seeking to bring these issues into the planning and design of new transportation capacity. • Reliability—to reduce congestion and improve travel time reliability, research is seeking to optimize incident management and response tools. • Safety—to significantly improve highway safety, research is seeking to understanding driving behavior in a study of unprecedented scale. • Renewal—to renew our aging highway infrastructure, research is seeking develop design and construction methods that cause minimal disruption and produce long-lived facilities. Work in the renewal area of SHRP is very much allied with the interest of those seeking practical solutions to design and construction challenges. Additionally, because many of the research projects will be complete in the very near future and their products available to the profession, a few of the specific projects are discussed in this forum. Rapid renewal applies innovative activities or technologies to reduce the time traditionally allocated to on-roadway construction activities, thereby minimizing the effects to traffic, communities, and businesses. A partial listing of project by subject area with research number is presented in this forum.
The promise of renal denervation

Only with further carefully conducted randomized trials of renal denervation will its full promise be realized.