cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Utility of Serum Procalcitonin in Distinguishing Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome from Infection After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) occurs frequently after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). It is a clinical challenge to distinguish between SIRS and incipient infection. Procalcitonin (PCT) has been studied among general critical care patients as a biomarker for infection. We hypothesized that PCT could be useful to distinguish SIRS from sepsis in aSAH patients. Prospective, observational study conducted in the multidisciplinary intensive care unit at Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL between August 2009 and September 2010. Main predictor was serum PCT obtained on admission and with subsequent episodes of SIRS. A level of 0.2 ng/mL or higher was considered as elevated PCT. Main outcome was clinical infection, which was subsequently subcategorized into major (systemic) and minor (localized) infections in the sensitivity analysis. Forty consecutive patients were enrolled. Majority (88 %) developed SIRS during the hospitalization. Infection developed in 16 (40 %) patients, with 6 patients meeting criteria for major infection. Overall, PCT was found to be highly specific for all infections and the subcategory of major infections (97 and 93 %, respectively) with related high negative predictive values. Odds ratio for elevated PCT with clinical infections ranged from 25.2 (95 % CI 2.7–233) to 33.3 (95 % CI 4.3–261) for all and major infections, respectively. Related receiver operating characteristic curves for elevated PCT were 0.74 and 0.96 for all and major infections, respectively. Procalcitonin of 0.2 ng/mL or greater was demonstrated to be very specific for sepsis among patients with aSAH. Further studies should validate this result and establish its clinical applicability.
Central Nervous System Mechanisms Linking the Consumption of Palatable High-Fat Diets to the Defense of Greater Adiposity

The central nervous system (CNS) plays key role in the homeostatic regulation of body weight. Satiation and adiposity signals, providing acute and chronic information about available fuel, are produced in the periphery and act in the brain to influence energy intake and expenditure, resulting in the maintenance of stable adiposity. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) does not result from a failure of these central homeostatic circuits. Rather, the threshold for defended adiposity is increased in environments providing ubiquitous access to palatable, high-fat foods, making it difficult to achieve and maintain weight loss. Consequently, mechanisms by which nutritional environments interact with central homeostatic circuits to influence the threshold for defended adiposity represent critical targets for therapeutic intervention.
Cyclic, low-dose total body irradiation for metastatic neuroblastoma☆

Total body irradiation (TBI) can be thought of as a systemic anticancer agent. It therefore might best be given like an adjuvant drug, i.e. in tolerable doses, cyclically. The therapeutic ration between normal bone marrow stem cells and suitably sensitive cancer cells should be widened by these means. Fourteen children with advanced (State IV) neuroblastomas were given 100-150 rad TBI in 50 rad daily fractions along with each three-week cycle of standard triple-agent chemotherapy, (vincristine, DTIC, cyclophosphamide). Two patients died of toxicity and one is still undergoing therapy. Four of the remaining 12 survive free of disease for 12+ to 31+ months. The regimen is well tolerated, but prolonged, pronounced bone marrow depression, especially thrombocytopenia, comonly occurs after doses of 300-450 rad.
Fabrication of nanoparticles using partially purified pomegranate ellagitannins and gelatin and their apoptotic effects

Scope: Nanoparticles possess unique chemical and biological properties compared to bulk materials. Bioactive food components encapsulated in nanoparticles may have increased bioavailability and bioactivities. Methods and results: Self-assembled nanoparticles made of partially purified pomegranate ellagitannins (PPE) and gelatin were fabricated using three PPE-to-gelatin mass ratios (1:5, 5:5, and 7:5). The PPE contained 16.6% (w/w) of punicalagin A, 32.5% (w/w) of punicalagin B, and a small amount of ellagic acid-hexoside and ellagic acid (1%, w/w). Nanoparticles fabricated using the ratio 5:5 had a particle size of 149.3±1.8 nm, positive zeta-potential of 17.8±0.9 mV, production efficiency 53.0±4.2%, and spherical morphology under scanning electron microscopy. Loading efficiency of punicalagin A and punicalagin B in these particles were 94.2±0.4% and 83.8±0.5 %, respectively. Loading capacity was 14.8±1.5% and 25.7±2.2%, respectively. Only punicalagin anomers were able to bind with gelatin to form nanoparticles, whereas ellagic acid-hexoside or ellagic acid could not. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggested that the interactions between ellagitannins and gelatin were hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. PPE-gelatin nanoparticle suspension was less effective than PPE in inducing the early stage of apoptosis on human promyelocytic leukemia cells HL-60. But they had similar effects in inducing late stage of apoptosis and necrosis. Conclusion: Pomegranate ellagitannins bind with gelatin to form self-assembled nanoparticles. Ellagitannins encapsulated in nanoparticles had decreased apoptotic effects on leukemia cells HL-60.
Enhanced phenylpyruvic acid production with Proteus vulgaris in fed-batch and continuous fermentation

Phenylpyruvic acid is a deaminated form of phenylalanine and is used in various areas such as development of cheese and wine flavors, diagnosis of phenylketonuria, and to decrease excessive nitrogen accumulation in the manure of farm animals. However, reported phenylpyruvic acid fermentation studies in the literature have been usually performed at shake-flask scale with low production. In this study, phenylpyruvic acid production was evaluated in bench-top bioreactors by conducting fed-batch and continuous fermentation for the first time. As a result, maximum phenylpyruvic acid concentrations increased from 1350 mg/L (batch fermentation) to 2958 mg/L utilizing fed-batch fermentation. Furthermore, phenylpyruvic acid productivity was increased from 48 mg/L/hr (batch fermentation) to 104 and 259 mg/L/hr by conducting fed-batch and continuous fermentation, respectively. Overall, this study demonstrated that fed-batch and continuous fermentation significantly improved phenylpyruvic acid production in bench-scale bioreactor production.
Understanding and combatting the dangers of sex‐role stereotyping to the development of creativity in gifted children

The gifted/creative child should be encouraged to develop an androgynous personality in which the integration of masculine and feminine behaviors leads to creative performance and self‐actualization.
How To Write for Education Journals— And Get Published

Why do education journals publish the articles they pub lish ? A survey of editors of the publications revealed what they like—and don't like—about the articles they receive, and what writers can d...
Taking Back Globalization: A China-United States Counterfactual Using Keynes’s 1941 International Clearing Union

Many Americans believe free trade destroyed the U.S. industrial base, and blame foreign workers for taking their jobs. During World War II, Keynes had similar misgivings about the effect of postwar free trade on Britain’s economy. Yet for Keynes, economic forces are never inevitable, and capital rather than labor was the cause of trouble. His 1941 proposal for an International Clearing Union suggested capital controls, forced creditor adjustment, and an international fiat reserve as remedies for deindustrialization. This framework channeled financing toward production rather than speculation, leading to a rising standard of living for workers. A counterfactual with balance of payments data for the United States and China since 1982 suggests his ICU would have prevented U.S. deindustrialization, while yet permitting export-led growth in China.
Identification and testing of modes in beliefs

Characterizing diversity in beliefs is of paramount importance in empirical research on human behavior. In game theory, the focus is on the hypothesis formation. We present a data set with ideal properties for characterizing such diversity. The data consist of hypotheses on the empirical distribution of opponent choices. Using nonparametric techniques, we identify modes in the data corresponding to subpopulations of behavioral types and find the statistical significance of these modes in the underlying population distribution.
Diabetes Mellitus: Induction in Mice by Encephalomyocarditis Virus

Hyperglycemia and lesions of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans developed in some, but not all, adult mice infected with a variant of the encephalomyocarditis virus. Large amounts of virus were recovered from the pancreas during acute stages of infection. At this time blood glucose concentrations were markedly elevated and the islets of Langerhans exhibited focal necrosis and degranulation of beta cells. Evidence of abnormal glucose metabolism persisted for varying periods after recovery from the infection. The islets of Langerhans of chronically hyperglycemic mice were distorted and decreased in size, and the beta cells were degranulated. Encephalomyocarditis virus appears to cause diabetes mellitus by reducing the mass of functional beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.
Selection of Electrical Apparatus for Cranes

This paper is intended to assist crane designers and electrical engineers in mills and factories to select the proper size and kind of motor by mathematical calculation from given data, and refers particularly to the electric overhead traveling crane. The paper does not apply to heavy duty cranes which undergo regular duty cycles, nor to very small hoists such as the monorail hoist. It is hoped that at some future date someone else will write papers on these two kinds of cranes to supplement this paper. Cranes are classified here for purposes of reference within the paper. It is then shown how to calculate the power required of a motor for hoisting and how to select the particular kind of motor needed; the same information is given for bridge travel with particular reference to the live loads or accelerating loads, and also for trolley travel. The paper discusses direct-current motors separately from alternating-current motors. The calculations for each are also given separately. This is the first of a series of papers covering the field of applications of electrical equipment. This paper is on application of motors to cranes. One will follow by Mr. H. W. Eastwood on auxiliary electrical equipment such as magnetic friction brakes, overload protective panels, and limit switches. To complete the series it is planned to have the third paper on the subject of controller equipment.
Regulation of cortisol secretion in Parkinson's syndrome and narcolepsy.

ABSTRACT Plasma cortisol concentration was determined at frequent intervals during 24 hr periods in subjects with Parkinson's syndrome and narcolepsy. The results confirm the episodic secretion of cortisol in humans with a half-life of approximately 60 min in these 2 conditions. A large portion of the daily production of cortisol occurs during a 6 hr period encompassing the last hours of sleep and the first hours of waking. L-Dopa in sufficient amounts to ameliorate the motor manifestations of Parkinson's syndrome did not significantly alter the pattern of cortisol secretory episodes. The occurrence of narcoleptic attacks did not appear to be related to cortisol secretory periods. The results were discussed in relation to current theories of neuroendocrine regulation. It was suggested that feedback control does not adequately explain the physiological pattern of cortisol secretion during the 24 hr day.
Particle-catalyzed oxidation of atmospheric pollutants

Abstract Atmospheric pollution by particulate matter has been a subject of considerable interest. However, the possibility that particles may be involved in the generation or reaction of gaseous pollutants through heterogeneous processes has received relatively little attention, even though several studies have demonstrated that such reactions can occur. This paper presents a quantitative assessment of the possible importance of these reactions to the overall pollution problem. In particular, the extent of the occurrence in the atmosphere of heterogeneous processes involving gases such as CO, NO, SO2, olefins and NO2 is estimated. The appropriate conditions under which heterogeneous reactions can compete with homogeneous gas-phase reactions in the generation (or removal) of gaseous air pollutants are determined by using a simplified kinetic model together with transition state theory and experimental activation energies to estimate absorption, desorption and reaction rates.
Russian managers' perceptions of prospective Russian–US joint ventures

Abstract This study describes Russian managers' perceptions of prospective Russian–US joint ventures. It provides insights into the benefits, expected problems, preferred structures and strategy, equity and managerial control, and intended managerial styles of future Russian–US joint ventures, as reported by 226 Russian public sector managers in the period between 1992 and 1995. Russian managers exhibited much understanding of and high motivation for entering into joint ventures with US companies, a promising beginning to such enterprises.
Numerical studies of major and minor stratospheric warmings caused by orographic forcing

A primitive equation spectral model using spherical harmonics is formulated to study dynamic interactions between the troposphere and stratosphere in association with sudden stratospheric warmings. Using sigma coordinates for five tropospheric layers and log-pressure coordinates for 26 stratospheric and mesospheric layers, separate model equations for each system are combined to form single matrix governing equations. The gradual introduction of large scale topography to balanced initial states representative of observed mean winter conditions in the Northern Hemisphere is used for the generation of planetary waves during 40-day time integrations. Results of these integrations indicate that stratospheric warmings can be simulated by this orographic forcing and that mean momentum flux divergence due to zonal mean motion appears to be an essential mechanism of these simulated sudden warmings. It was found that the strength of the polar night jet can be a determining factor whether a warming becomes 'major' or 'minor'.
NH2-terminal sequence of the alpha and beta chains of human DC-1 antigen isolated from the JY cell line. Homology with murine I-A molecules.

The DC-1 antigen has been isolated from the JY cell line (DR4, w6). The amino terminal sequences of its α and β chains are both reported and are homologous to the murine I-A antigens. The JY and previously reported LB DC-1 α chain sequences appear to be variants of the.DC α chains reported by other authors. The JY DC-1 β chain sequence appears to be identical with that deduced from a β chain cDNA clone and thus identifies this clone. The JY and LB DC-1 β-chains are clearly different since the latter has a blocked amino terminus.
THE EXTERNAL NEIGHBORHOOD EFFECTS OF LOW-INCOME HOUSING TAX CREDIT PROJECTS BUILT BY THREE SECTORS

ABSTRACT:This study examines the external neighborhood effects of Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) Projects built in Santa Clara County, California from 1987 to 2000. Three types of developers...
Genomic approaches to surgical diseases: 21st annual Samuel Jason Mixter lecture.

In the new millennium, surgery is rapidly incorporating novel technological and conceptual paradigms, one of the most important of which is the evolving field of genetics and genomics. In the not-too-distant future, everyone may have a haplotype map, a record of all the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning each individual's genome. The patterns monogemorphisms of all chromosomes then can be interrogated for associations with complex or monogenetic diseases, either enhancing or minimizing their severity. Pediatric surgeons became aware of the power of genetics during intense investigations of children with congenital anomalies and realized that with each condition there was a variation in the severity or phenotypic profile of the abnormality. This phenotypic variation also became apparent in transgenic animal models produced by homologous recombinations in which single genes were inactivated (knockouts) or overexpressed. Many of the phenotypes and the timing of their presentation varied with strain background but, in general, recapitulated the diseases that surgeons care for routinely, leading us to conclude that most congenital anomalies encountered in the surgical repertoire of pediatric surgeons have a genetic cause. It is likely that adult surgical diseases such as cancer, arthritis, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and pancreatitis also have genetic causes, with multiple genetic risk factors contributing to the heterogeneity of disease phenotypes. Therefore, it behooves adult and pediatric surgeons to comprehend the tools of genetics that will contribute to understanding the molecular etiology of patients' diseases. We must understand how to incorporate strategies to detect genetic causes into the clinical care of our patients and into the training of our future academic and clinical surgeons. In an era of "the genomic revolution," we can remain the specimen collectors or we can play a strong role in determining the direction of research for our specialty in the future.
A preliminary study of the response of red spruce to O3 and SO2

A laboratory branch chamber experiment determined the response of a young red spruce (Picea rubens) sapling to ozone (O 3 ) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ). A treatment branch was exposed to concentrations of O 3 (∼ 90 ppbv) and SO 2 (∼ 15 ppbv) representative of the summertime maxima observed in the high elevation spruce-fir forests of the eastern United States. A control branch of the same age and comparable biomass received clean air only. Pollution exposure, lasting 78 days, consisted of 4 sequential stages designed to compare the tree's response to each individual pollutant with its response to the combination of SO 2 + O 3 . The treatment branch exhibited distinctly different physiological responses to O 3 alone, SO 2 alone, and the SO 2 + O 3 combination. Ozone exposure in the 1st stage induced an increase in CO 2 assimilation (20% over 26 days, relative to the control branch) while transpiration and nighttime respiration were unaffected. Ozone uptake increased markedly during this stage. In the 16-day 2nd stage of exposure, the combination of SO 2 + O 3 induced a factor of ∼ 2 decrease in CO 2 assimilation, transpiration and O 3 uptake within 1 week. In the 3rd stage, the removal of SO 2 resulted in the partial recovery of photosynthetic uptake and other gas fluxes. A final stage of exposure to SO 2 alone produced large day-to-day variations in CO 2 assimilation. The isoprene emission rate of the treatment branch declined relative to the control branch over the course of the entire experiment. The results of this preliminary experiment suggest that, singly and in combination, O 3 and SO 2 may disrupt physiological functions of red spruce. Further experiments are needed to determine whether these results pertain to larger populations of red spruce and the occurrence of red spruce decline in the northeastern United States. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1993.00004.x
K-factor shadow removal

The new image factorization algorithm, the k-factor method, is applied to the problem of shadow removal. Unlike the other technique, PCNN factorization, the k-factor method will completely remove shadows. It has several features that allow automatic or manual control that tailor it to specific applications. Unlike histogram equalization which globally remaps rather than remove shadows, the k-factor method eliminates regional shadows without remapping other regions. The algorithm is presented, numerous examples of its performance shown, and future plans discussed.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The rising incidence of arthroscopic superior labrum anterior and posterior (SLAP) repairs

Background Superior labrum anterior-posterior (SLAP) lesions of the shoulder that require surgical repair are relatively uncommon. However, recent observations suggest that there may be a rise in the incidence of SLAP lesion repair. Materials and methods The Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative Systems (SPARCS) database from the New York State Department of Health was used to acquire data for all outpatient ambulatory surgery procedures that were performed in New York State from 2002 to 2010. The data were reviewed and analyzed to compare the incidence of arthroscopic SLAP lesion repairs relative to other outpatient surgical procedures. Results Within New York State, from 2002 to 2010, the number of all ambulatory surgical procedures increased 55%, from 1,411,633 to 2,189,991. Correspondingly, the number of ambulatory orthopedic procedures increased 135%, from 118,126 to 278,136. In comparison, the number of arthroscopic SLAP repairs increased 464%, from 765 to 4,313 ( P P Conclusions The data suggest a substantial increase in the number of arthroscopic SLAP repairs that is significantly more rapid than the rising rate of outpatient orthopedic surgical procedures. In addition, there is a significant increase in the age of patients who are being treated with arthroscopic SLAP repairs.
Airborne Radar Altimeter Measurements of Geostrophic and Ageostrophic Winds Over Irregular Topography

Abstract Radar altimeter and inertial wind velocity measurements from the NCAR Sabreliner research aircraft are combined with Defense Mapping Agency high-resolution (∼1 km) digital terrain height maps to obtain height analyses and geostrophic and ageostrophic winds for upper-level jet stream systems situated over land. Results show that given an accurate geographical location of the aircraft over an accurately mapped topography, it is possible to diagnose geostrophically and convectively forced ageostrophic motions over irregular topography.
Human ehrlichiosis: Hematopathology and immunohistologic detection of Ehrlichia chaffeensis

Abstract Human ehrlichiosis is a recently described zoonosis caused by a rickettsia that infects leukocytes. Most patients have fever, headache, chills, and myalgias and develop leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and elevations in serum hepatic aminotransferases. The cause of the peripheral leukopenia and thrombocytopenia is not known. We studied peripheral blood smears, bone marrow aspirates, and bone marrow biopsy specimens from patients with serologically proven ehrlichiosis to characterize the pathologic changes associated with leukopenia or thrombocytopenia, to detect the presence of immunohistologically demonstrable ehrlichiae, and to establish the infected host target cell(s). Specimens were obtained from 12 patients, and immunohistology for Ehrlichia chaffeensis was performed on tissue sections, aspirated bone marrow, and peripheral blood smears. Mean leukocyte and platelet counts available for nine patients were white blood cell count 3,300/μL (range, 1,100 to 10,300/μL) and platelets 61,000/μL (range, 40,000 to 82,000/μL). Findings included myeloid hyperplasia (eight cases), megakaryocytosis (seven cases), granulomas (eight cases), marrow histiocytosis (one case), myeloid hypoplasia (one case), pancellular hypoplasia (one case), and normocellular marrow (two cases). Morulae of E chaffeensis were detected in four of 10 cases examined by immunohistology. Most ehrlichiae were detected within histiocytes, although morulae were rarely present within lymphocytes. Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or pancytopenia apparently most often results from peripheral sequestration or destruction; however, hypoplasia of marrow elements is present occasionally. Immunohistologic demonstration of E chaffeensis offers a direct means for establishing the etiologic diagnosis. These observations show the relatively frequent occurrence of bone marrow granulomas and suggest that infection of cells of the reticuloendothelial system may participate in the pathogenesis of human ehrlichiosis.
Finite element method for thermomechanical response of near-incompressible elastomers

The present study addresses finite element analysis of the coupled thermomechanical response of near-incompressible elastomers such as natural rubber. Of interest are applications such as seals, which often involve large deformations, nonlinear material behavior, confinement, and thermal gradients. Most published finite element analyses of elastomeric components have been limited to isothermal conditions. A basic quantity appearing in the finite element equation for elastomers is thetangent stiffness matrix. A compact expression for theisothermal tangent stiffness matrix has recently been reported by the first author, including compressible, incompressible, and near-incompressible elastomers. In the present study a compact expression is reported for the tangent stiffness matrix under coupled thermal and mechanical behavior, including pressure interpolation to accommodate near-incompressibility. The matrix is seen to have a computationally convenient structure and to serve as a Jacobian matrix in a Newton iteration scheme. The formulation makes use of a thermoelastic constitutive model recently introduced by the authors for near-incompressible elastomers. The resulting relations are illustrated using a near-incompressible thermohyperelastic counterpart of the conventional Mooney-Rivlin model. As an application, an element is formulated to model the response of a rubber rod subjected to force and heat.
Electrical conductivity and structure of a barium borosilicate glass containing titanium ions

Abstract The ac and dc conductivities were investigated in an equimolar BaOB2O3SiO2 glass containing 0–12 mol% titanium ions between room temperature and 750 K. Valence concentration ratio (VCR), defined as the ratio of the concentration of the lower valence state transition metal ion Ti3+ to the total transition metal ion concentration Ti3+ + Ti4+, was varied at each concentration between the range 0.15–0.85. The conductivities were found to increase with increasing Ti3+ and increasing total Ti ion concentration. The dc and ac conductivities show a break around the critical composition of 6 mol% total titanium, above which they increase very rapidly. The ac activation energies were found to be constant, 0.7 ± 0.05 eV, independent of VCR and composition at and above the critical composition. The dc activation energies decrease with increasing Ti3+ and with increasing total Ti content, decreasing from 1.80 to 0.72 eV, indicative of increasing interactions between ions as substantiated by other structure-sensitive properties. The conduction mechanism below the critical composition is that of polaron hopping between isolated ions. However, at and above this critical composition, the results cannot be explained on the basis of “random” theories. The conduction path model, proposed earlier by Anderson and MacCrone [10], explains the observations well, postulating that the charge carriers move along paths of relatively high conductivity, alternatively thought of as linear chains of MOM structures (M is the transition metal ion, O is oxygen) connected at various points.
Color and chemical stability of tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in solution and solid states

Abstract (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the main component with the highest biological activity in green tea, has been extensively studied for its activities and degradation behaviors in infusions and solutions. However, neither the characterization of its degradation products in solutions, nor its color degradation and stability in the solid state are well documented. Therefore, in this present study, the color and chemical stability of EGCG in solutions with various concentrations ranging from 0.05 mg/mL to 30 mg/mL and in the solid state following storage at 0% and 85% relative humidity (RH), 80 °C were investigated. Color parameters were monitored over time, and the chemical stability was determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)–diode array detection (DAD) analysis and HPLC–mass spectrometry (MS). Mathematical models for color degradation of EGCG in both solution and solid states were established. The chemical stability of EGCG was found to be affected by its physical state, concentration of reactants, oxygen levels, pH, and RH conditions. Epimerization and oxidation were found to be the two major reactions causing the degradation of EGCG in the solution and solid state, respectively. Major degradation products, catechin monomers and oxidation dimers, were identified. Cleavage products, gallic acid and catechin monomers, were also found. These results further elaborated the degradation mechanisms of EGCG in solutions of varying concentrations and revealed the chemical changes resulting in color degradation of EGCG in the solid state.
USING SIGNAL‐CONTINGENT EXPERIENCE SAMPLING METHODOLOGY TO STUDY WORK IN THE FIELD: A DISCUSSION AND ILLUSTRATION EXAMINING TASK PERCEPTIONS AND MOOD

In this article, the advantages and drawbacks of using Experience Sampling Methodology (ESM), especially signal-contingent ESM, to study psychological variables in the workplace are described. It is argued that ESM can be a valuable tool in the field study of work, with the potential to answer different research questions than can be answered by traditional cross-sectional research. To illustrate ESM, an application of signal-contingent ESM to the examination of mood and concurrent task perceptions at work is presented. Study results indicate that both perceived goal progress and skill on task influence task enjoyment and mood. Also described and illustrated is an adaptation of pooled time-series hierarchical regression for analyzing immediate, short-term retrospective (end-of-day), and individual difference variables in a single framework. In conjunction, ESM data collection and hierarchical regression analysis provide a useful approach for studies that examine immediate work experiences.
Primitives among Us The Paradox of the Tasaday and Other “Lost Tribes”

Controversy over the authenticity of the primitive Tasaday tribe discovered in the Philippines in 1971, as well as the selective portrayal of other indigenous groups like the Yanomami in the Amazon, the!Kung San of South Africa, and the “hoaxing” of Margaret Mead in Samoa, point to the need to examine mass media portrayals of anthropological field studies. Portrayals of so-called lost tribes are examined in this article in terms of anthropologists' struggle with their discipline's colonial past and the popularity of primitivity as a theme in global media discourse in which characteristics of ethnic cultures are unfairly reduced to a single dimension.
Enhancement of underfill encapsulants for flip‐chip technology

This paper presents results on adding silane coupling agents to the underfill encapsulant to enhance the rheology and wetting of the underfill. These results include rheology measurements, contact angle measurements, and in situ flows using a simulated test chip on an FR4 with solder mask substrate. Three properties of the underfill encapsulant that can affect the mechanical reliability of the die and substrate assembly are: CTE; elastic modulus; and adhesion to the die and substrate surfaces. The approach taken in this paper is to add silane coupling agents with different chemistries to the underfill encapsulant to provide interfacial coupling of the underfill material to different die and substrate materials. This paper presents results on the enhancement of the adhesion of underfill encapsulant to silicon (Si), silicon nitride (SiN) die passivation, benzocyclobutene (BCB) die passivation, and solder mask surfaces. The adhesion strength was measured by die shear testing.
Heat transfer enhancement of laminar and turbulent pipe flow via corona discharge

Abstract The effect of corona discharge on forced-convection heat transfer in a tube is studied experimentally. Results are reported for parametric values of the Reynolds number (1000–15000), electric field potential (0 kV to near spark-over potential), and number of electrodes (single or double electrode configurations). The working fluid in all experiments is air. It is found that heat transfer enhancements are significant only in the laminar and transitional flow regimes when using a single electrode. On the other hand, with a two-electrode configuration, enhancements extend to the turbulent flow regime as well. At constant pumping power higher enhancements are generally associated with the double electrode configuration. The only exception to this is for the fully laminar Reynolds numbers and at the highest field potentials, where the single electrode results exceed those of the double electrode.
Electronic effects in CO oxidation by nanoparticle catalysts

Abstract In this work the theoretical model describing non-monotonic size-dependent catalytic activity of nanoparticles regarding the CO oxidation reaction has been proposed. Based on the size dependence of ionization energy in the framework of a liquid-drop model and two stage electronic theory of the CO oxidation it has been demonstrated a volcano-type behavior of reaction rate with respect to the size of nanoparticles, which is qualitatively in agreement with the experiments on silver and gold nanoparticles.
Atopy in adults with glomerular diseases: A preliminary report☆

Abstract Twenty-four of 44 patients with histological glomerular lesions were atopic as determined by history, physical examination and skin tests. Fourteen of 20 patients with focal glomerular lesions were atopic. The incidence of nephrotic syndrome was similar in both the atopic and non-atopic groups, but azotemia was more common in the non-atopic patients. IgE-mediated skin hypersensitivity could be demonstrated in atopic patients with azotemia.
Sequence of the hemagglutinin gene from influenza virus A/seal/mass/1/80

Abstract A double-strand DNA copy of the influenza virus A/Seal/Mass/1/80 (H7N7) [seal] hemagglutinin (HA) gene was cloned into the plasmid pAT153/P vu II/8 and sequenced to deduce the primary amino acid sequence. The gene is 1731 nucleotides long and codes for a protein of 560 amino acids with a nonglycosylated molecular weight of 62098 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence displays similarities to all other sequenced hemagglutinins by retaining six of seven potential glycosylation sites, showing conversation in the number and position of cysteine residues, conservation in the fusion and anchor peptides, and conservation in the putative receptor site of the molecule. However, three features of the primary amino acid sequence could be distinguished from the H7 amino acid sequence of A/fowl plague/Rostock/34 (FPV), another avian H7 influenza virus which does not produce disease in mammals. First, the seal HA sequence has three fewer amino acids in the connecting peptide region of the HA than FPV. This lack of multiple basic amino acids in the connecting peptide is similar to that found in avirulent H7 avian strains and to mammalian serotypes Hl, H2, and H3. Second, the seal HA has gained four additional proline residues, all in HA1, as compared to FPV. These residues may alter the tertiary structure of the HA and ultimately contribute to the biological features of this virus. Third, the seal HA has lost a potential carbohydrate attachment site at residue 149 which lies at the tip of the HA structure. The loss of this carbohydrate could alter the seal HAs interaction with host cell receptors.
Self-assembly of bacterial flagellar protein: dielectric behavior of monomers and polymers.

The temperature dependence for the dielectric dispersion of the flagellar protein of Salmonella abortus-equi in monomer and polymer form were compared over the frequency range of 50 Hz and 20 MHz. At 20 °C the critical frequency and corresponding dielectric relaxation time τ of the monomer (mol. wt. ≅ 4 × 104) are 520 kHz and 310 nsec; the values of these parameters for the polymer (mol. wt.> = 11·1 × 106) are 1·1 kHz and 140 μsec. The dielectric behavior of flagellar proteins can be related to orientation in the field of a permanent dipole on the proteins. Graphs of − log (τ) versus1T are linear and the Arrhenius activation energy for disorientation of polymer is 2·8 kcal./mole. Two limiting values of this parameter are observed, however, for the monomer: 6·2kcal./mole at temperatures below 26 °C and 8·4 kcal./mole above 35 °C. The two values are related to the polymerizable and inactive conformational isomers first reported by Gerber & Noguchi (1967). Nevertheless, the dimensions of the two isomers are remarkably similar. Below 26 °C flagellin can be hydrodynamically approximated by a prolate ellipsoid with an axial ratio of 9 : 1 and with a dipolar angle between 30 and 40 °; above 35 °C the axial ratio decreases slightly to a value of 8 : 1. The dipole moment of the monomer is calculated as 860 Debye; the dipole moment of a monomer in the polymer is less than 150 Debye. Furthermore, the polymer dipole is in its long axis. To account for this result a model is proposed for the helical arrangement of distally-tilted asymmetric monomers to form a tubular flagellum. Such a filament, consequently, will contain an inherent polarity in agreement with observations by others that (1) in vitro growth of the flagellum is unidirectional and (2) that the distal end of the flagellum has a notched or fish-tail appearance. Generally, the polarization of proteins is due primarily to a permanent and not an induced dipole, which arises from fixed charges on the surface of the protein. This type of dipole has two properties useful to self-assembly mechanisms: first, they are vector quantities and so specify direction (bond angle); and second, they are capable of long-range interactions. A survey of the literature shows that for all polymerizable proteins studied, the dipole moment is greatly decreased on forming a polymer. This suggests that a principle of dipole neutralization plays an important role in the self-assembly of proteins.
Interaction of Plasmon and Molecular Resonances for Rhodamine 6G Adsorbed on Silver Nanoparticles

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is a key optical property of metallic nanoparticles. The peak position of the LSPR for noble-metal nanoparticles is highly dependent upon the refractive i...
Promoting or preventing thanks: Regulatory focus and its effect on gratitude and indebtedness

Abstract Regulatory focus – prevention-focus or promotion-focus – plays a key role in how beneficiaries respond to benefits and benefactors. Two studies illustrated the link between promotion-focus and gratitude, as well as prevention-focus and indebtedness. In Study 1, promotion-focus measures positively correlated with gratitude, and prevention-focus measures correlated with indebtedness. In Study 2, regulatory focus was primed prior to an actual social exchange. Participants completed either promotion- or prevention-focus puzzles, and were then given free raffle tickets. The promotion-focus prime led to increased gratitude toward the benefactor. These findings suggest the important role of the beneficiary’s motivation in social exchange, particularly for increasing sense of thankfulness.
Odoacer: German or Hun?

T-HE history of the migrations which marked the downfall of both the Roman Empire in the West and the Han Empire in China is still very obscure. "Nowhere, since the time of Alexander the Great, do we feel so strongly that the meagreness of the sources flouts the magnitude of the events."' Unfortunately, the starting point, hence the guiding thread of all these migrations, lies in Central Asia, whose political, economic, and cultural history will in most of its details remain to us a blank page. For even such remote and belated repercussions of Central-Asiatic events as took place within the view of the classic world are but dimly shown to us in cursory, contradictory, and often unreliable sources. To be sure, new archaeological and philological material has been piling up in the last two or three scores of years, which has been used in a number of valuable studies. But little of such evidence is specific enough to contribute to the revision of the histories of individual tribes. It is clear, nevertheless, that non-Germanic steppe peoples and cultures must have had a deep influence on many groups which were denominated German by a bygone generation of historians and philologists.2 Two chief difficulties are encountered by anyone attempting to use the Asiatic materials which throw light upon the history of the great migrations. In the first place, despite the archaeological and philological discovery of Asia, no one has yet appeared to draw together from the one hand the learning of Ural-Altaic philology and archaeology and from the other the written documents and monuments, the epics, sagas, and even the modern folklore, of the WVest. Moreover, the affinities of the varied Asiatic peoples are still uncertain. It is still unclear whether the earliest Turks were ethnically more akin to the "Mongoloid" or to the "Caucasic" stocks (although the Turkish speech has always been Altaic), and whether the leading tribe of the Hunnic conglomerate was Turkic or Mongolic. Even the identifications of the Hunni with the
The chemistry of non-enzymic browning in foods and its control by sulphites†

Non-enzymic browning involves a complex of chemical reactions with few identifying common features other than the involvement of carbonylic intermediates, the production of brown pigments (melanoidins) and the effect of sulphites in either inhibiting or retarding the development of the melanoidins. In general, amine compounds (amines, amino acids, peptides, proteins) are important in reactions, usually with carbohydrates, which (a) produce highly reactive carbonylic intermediates and (b) involve condensation with these intermediates to produce highly coloured pigments. These reactions occur in many foods and, where they are undesirable, may usually be controlled more or less successfully by the addition of sulphites. This effectiveness of a single additive in controlling a variety of chemical pathways is probably due to the number of different reactions which sulphite can enter into with, for example, reducing sugars, simple carbonyls, αβ-dicarbonyls, β-hydroxycarbonyls, αβ-unsaturated carbonyls and with the melanoidins. It is known that in exerting its anti-browning effect in food, the amount of measurable sulphite decreases and there is some evidence that amongst the products derived from sulphite in a rat diet there is at least one toxic factor. Information is only recently available about the nature of some of the more stable products (e.g. sulphonated deoxyosuloses) arising from sulphite-loss and further investigation of the biological properties of these products seems necessary. With increasing concern about the total dietary intake of sulphite it is becoming more necessary to identify the uses of this additive where there is no adequate alternative and the most effective ways of employing it where it is essential in food processing; further advances in the chemistry of sulphites in relation to food will be important in achieving this.
Comparison of Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Earth Observing One (EO-1) Advanced Land Imager

We compare images from the Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) sensor on Landsat-7 and the Advanced Land Imager (ALI) instrument on Earth Observing One (EO-1) over a test site in Rochester, New York. The site contains a variety of features, ranging from water of varying depths, deciduous/coniferous forest, and grass fields, to urban areas. Nearly coincident cloud-free images were collected one minute apart on 25 August 2001. We also compare images of a forest site near Howland, Maine, that were collected on 7 September, 2001. We atmospherically corrected each pair of images with the Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum (6S) atmosphere model, using aerosol optical thickness and water vapor column density measured by in situ Cimel sun photometers within the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), along with ozone density derived from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) on the Earth Probe satellite. We present true-color composites from each instrument that show excellent qualitative agreement between the multispectral sensors, along with grey-scale images that demonstrate a significantly improved ALI panchromatic band. We quantitatively compare ALI and ETM+ reflectance spectra of a grassy field in Rochester and find < or equal to 6% differences in the visible/near infrared and approx. 2% differences in the short wave infrared. Spectral comparisons of forest sites in Rochester and Howland yield similar percentage agreement except for band 1, which has very low reflectance. Principal component analyses and comparison of normalized difference vegetation index histograms for each sensor indicate that the ALI is able to reproduce the information content in the ETM+ but with superior signal-to-noise performance due to its increased 12-bit quantization.
Janus-type bi-phasic functional nanofibers

Multiferroic materials hold enormous potential for a variety of applications, including tunable microelectronics and multiphase memories. This paper describes a new type of multiferroic materials with a Janus-type architecture prepared by co-electrospinning sol–gel precursors of barium titanate and cobalt ferrite.
Workplace Evaluation of a Disposable Respirator in a Dusty Environment

Abstract Industrial hygiene sampling for total airborne particulate during the manufacture of a concrete patching compound revealed concentration estimates which exceeded the ACGIH TLV of 10 mg/m3. These results led to recommendations for the implementation of improved engineering controls and the initiation of a respiratory protection program on an interim basis. The 3M 9910 disposable respirator was selected for use based upon a knowledge of existing total dust concentrations and a review of assigned protection factors for the various classes of respiratory protective devices. A follow-up evaluation by NIOSH investigators revealed that use of 3M 9910 respirators reduced total dust exposures to levels considered to be acceptable, but that the assigned protection factor derived from a set of workplace protection factors was less than anticipated. The results of this study suggest the need for inmask sampling after the implementation of respiratory protection to ensure, in a direct manner, that the particu...
Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma: cytologic findings and differential diagnosis on aspiration material.

Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma (DIG) is a rare WHO Grade I tumor of infancy that is characterized by large volume, superficial location, invariable supratentoriality, fronto-parietal lobe predilection and morphologically, by an admixture of astroglial and neuroepithelial elements in a desmoplastic milieu. With over 50 cases described, the histologic and radiographic spectrum of DIG has been well-characterized. The superficial location of DIGs may render them greatly amenable to preoperative assessment utilizing aspiration cytology; however, the cytologic features of this rare tumor have only been reported once previously.
Nonlinear optics in radiatively cooled vapors

Abstract We consider the use of a radiatively cooled resonant vapor as a media for 3rd order nonlinear optics processes. The 3rd order nonlinear refractive index coefficient due to both steady state saturation of the atomic polarizability and electrostrictive induced density changes are computed for a radiatively cooled vapor with sodium as an example. For pump detuning on the order of the natural linewidth the electrostrictive and saturation induced nonlinear refractive index coefficients are comparable and several orders of magnitude greater than the highest values yet reported. At pump detunings larger than the natural linewidth the electrostrictive mechanism is shown to dominate in the steady state.