cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aesthetic Capital: A Research Review on Beauty Perks and Penalties

The presence of aesthetically based cultural goods and their ever-increasing influence in modern society may pose a new conceptual opportunity to sociology. Specifically, how can the discipline forge an understanding of how value associated with beauty returns forms of individual wealth? A new term, i.e. aesthetic capital, might be an answer. Such a concept, we maintain, covers the privileges and wealth people receive from aesthetic traits, such as their face, hair, body, clothes, grooming habits and other markers of beauty. The purpose of our paper is to review the kinds of perks, and penalties, people receive from being deemed beautiful. Our review shows that visually appealing traits greatly impact our lives, in matters of modest importance (friend selection) to great importance (e.g. getting a job and career mobility). Thus, the promise of an aesthetic capital concept lies in enabling sociology to better understand inequality and the socially based forms of wealth available to individuals in modern society.
Cellular metamorphosis. III. Timing of adult determination within the larval development of the labial gland duct in the tobacco hornworm.

Abstract The sphingid moth, Manduca sexta, typically passes through five larval instars, a pupal, and an adult stage. The larval labial glands secrete silk in the first instar and a viscous lubricant in the fifth. During metamorphosis the glands develop into salivary organs which produce an invertase-rich secretion. In normal development, the uniform population of cells in the duct of the larval gland transforms into the four sequentially arranged regions of secretory and conductive cells of the adult gland. In order to determine when competence to form the adult gland is established, fragments of labial gland ducts from first through fifth instar larvae were implanted into pupae. These gland fragments underwent metamorphosis with their hosts, passing through the same developmental phases. Glands from as early as the first instar were competent to form histologically and functionally normal adult regions. In later instars, transplants of measured fragments demonstrated that larval cells were programmed in situ to develop into the four adult cell types.
Anonymity versus commitment: The dangers ofeducation on the internet

I shall translate Kierkegaard‘s account of the dangers and opportunities of what he called the Press into a critique of the Internet so as to raise the question: what contribution -- for good or ill -- can the World Wide Web, with its ability to deliver vast amounts of information to users all over the world, make to educators trying to pass on knowledge and to develop skills and wisdom in their students? I will then use Kierkegaard‘s three-stage answer to the problem of lack of involvement posed by the Press -- his claim that to have a meaningful life the learner must pass through the aesthetic, the ethical and the religious spheres of existence -- to suggest that only the first two stages -- the aesthetic and the ethical -- can be implemented with Information Technology, while the final stage, which alone makes meaningful learning possible, is undermined rather than supported by the tendencies of the desituated and anonymous Net.
Raising organic: An agro-ecological assessment of grower practices in California

As the organic food sector has grownand changed to become more mainstream, large-scaleconventional growers have entered into organicproduction. While it is increasingly clear that notall organic farms are self-sufficient small scaleunits that practice poly-cultural agronomy and sell inlocal marketing venues, there still exists apresumption that there are clear lines between thesmall scale ``movement'' farmers who followagro-ecological agronomic ideals and the relativelylarger and partly conventional newcomers who do not.This paper addresses a specific empirical issue, whichis the extent to which California organic farmerspractice the techniques of ecological farming. Itillustrates that while there are some distinctdifferences in practices between larger and/orpart-conventional (i.e., mixed) growers and smallerand/or all-organic growers, it also shows that inalmost all cases, practices fall quite short ofagro-ecological ideals. By examining in more depth howgrowers follow particular agro-ecological principles,the paper also demonstrates that key variations arerelated to variables separate from scale. Some ofthese variables are geographic, ranging frombiophysical and climatic opportunities andconstraints, to regional norms and institutionalsupport. Mostly, however, variation is related to cropspecificities and the availability of efficacioustechnologies to deal with crop-specific problems. Thisso-called technology barrier crucially depends on howorganic is defined, and thus suggests the importanceof organic rules and regulations in shaping thepractices of organic production.
Use of Cryoablation for Treatment of Tachyarrhythmias in 2010: Survey of Current Practices of Pediatric Electrophysiologists

Background: Cryoablation for arrhythmia substrates in pediatrics has been available since 2003. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current approach of pediatric electrophysiologists to the use of cryoablation in the current era. Methods: We sent an Internet link to an online survey to all members of the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society. Individuals and not institutions were surveyed. Results: A total of 70 responses were received. Responding physicians were largely invasive pediatric electrophysiologists (94%) who practice at mid- to high-volume centers (>50 ablation procedures/year). Survey responders report that cryoablation was utilized for <50% of the ablation volume, and most utilize it for only 10%. With respect to specific arrhythmia substrates, 41% of responders use cryoablation as first-line therapy for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. For accessory pathways, 94% report that cryoablation would only be utilized after mapping the accessory pathway to a “high-risk location.” Other arrhythmia substrates considered for cryoablation would be accessory pathways mapped to high-risk areas, junctional ectopic tachycardia, a parahisian ectopic atrial tachycardia, or an atrial tachycardia near the phrenic nerve. Conclusion: For pediatric electrophysiologists who responded to the survey, radiofrequency energy remains the primary energy source for ablation. The current use of cryoablation technology is directed at arrhythmia substrates near the normal conduction system or other “high-risk” areas. (PACE 2011; 34:304–308)
Results of recent calculations using realistic potentials

Results of recent calculations for the triton using realistic potentials with strong tensor forces are reviewed, with an emphasis on progress made using the many different calculational schemes. Several test problems are suggested.
Surface plasmon resonance modulation in nanopatterned Au gratings by the insulator-metal transition in vanadium dioxide films

Correlated experimental and simulation studies on the modulation of Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPP) in Au/VO2 bilayers are presented. The modification of the SPP wave vector by the thermally-induced insulator-to-metal phase transition (IMT) in VO2 was investigated by measuring the optical reflectivity of the sample. Reflectivity changes are observed for VO2 when transitioning between the insulating and metallic states, enabling modulation of the SPP in the Au layer by the thermally induced IMT in the VO2 layer. Since the IMT can also be optically induced using ultrafast laser pulses, we postulate the viability of SPP ultrafast modulation for sensing or control.
Successful leadership in challenging US schools: enabling principles, enabling schools

Purpose – This study aims to examine seven challenging schools in the US and the practices their principals employed in leading these schools to a measure of success in terms of student performance.Design/methodology/approach – Uses a case study methodology, a two‐stage framework is used to analyze the data. First, uses Leithwood and Riehl's three core leadership practices to determine whether these leaders were demonstrating the necessary practices for success, then develops and describes three principles that enabled these leaders to translate their core practices into school success: accountability, caring and learning.Findings – The principals formed a diverse group, varying in gender, race, experience and education. But they shared some common characteristics, most notably, all seven demonstrated facility with the core leadership practices of direction setting, developing people and redesigning the organization. They were leaders who managed to set and maintain a sense of purpose and direction for th...
Limits on the Short Term Variability of Sagittarius A* in the Near-Infrared

The detection of X-ray flares by the Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM-Newton has raised the possibility of enhanced emission over a broad range of wavelengths from Sagittarius A*, the suspected 2.6 × 106 M⊙ black hole at the Galactic center, during a flaring event. We have, therefore, reconstructed 3–4 hr data sets from 2 μm speckle and adaptive optics images (θcore = 50–100 mas) obtained with the W. M. Keck 10 m telescopes between 1995 and 2002. The results for 25 of these observations were reported by Hornstein et al. (2002) and an additional 11 observations are presented here. In the 36 separate observations, no evidence of any significant excess emission associated with Sgr A* was detected. The lowest of our detection limits gives an observed limit for the quiescent state of Sgr A* of 0.09 ± 0.005 mJy, or, equivalently, a dereddened value of 2.0 ± 0.1 mJy. Under the assumption that there are random 3 hr flares producing both enhanced X-ray and near-infrared emission, our highest limit constrains the variable state of Sgr A* to ≲0.8 mJy (observed) or 19 mJy (dereddened). These results suggest that the early model favored by Markoff et al. (2002), in which the flare is produced through local heating of relativistic particles surrounding Sgr A* (e.g., a sudden magnetic reconnection event), is unlikely because it predicts peak 2 μm emission of ∼300 mJy, well above our detection limit.
A polymerizable photosensitizer and its photopolymerization kinetics

A previously reported polymerizable benzophenone photosensitizer, 2-methacryloxyethyl 4-benzoylbenzoate (MEBB), was synthesized and characterized. The photopolymerization kinetics of methyl α-hydroxymethylacrylate (MHMA) and 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) initiated with MEBB or benzophenone (BP) in the presence or absence of amine co-initiators were determined by photo-differential scanning calorimetry. The results indicate that benzophenone with a p-carbonyl substitutent is more efficient in photoinitiation when compared to the non-substituted benzophenone analogue. The final monomer conversions in the presence of amine co-initiators are slightly higher than without them. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
The dynamic architecture of working memory in schizophrenia.

Abstract Background The capacity to hold information in working memory is greater for the first and/or last items of a sequence of information (architecture), and varies according to the retention interval (dynamic) and the type of stimuli. Although working memory deficits in schizophrenia have been documented widely, it is not clear how its architecture and dynamics are affected by the disease. Methods Using two Sternberg paradigms – the recognition and the context-recall tasks – we investigated the effect of serial position, retention interval, type of stimuli, and task (type of encoding for the serial position) on working memory capacity in 26 schizophrenia patients and 20 healthy control subjects. A mixed model analysis of variance was applied to the proportion of correct responses and reaction time data. Results All the experimental factors had significant effects. However, the most important effects were those of group, group × serial position, and group × delay interactions. The last two effects were driven by a reduced primacy effect and by a reduced performance with longer delay in schizophrenia compared to control subjects. The serial position × delay interaction was significant without triple interaction with group. Group × type of stimuli and group × task for the serial position interactions were not significant. Conclusion Schizophrenia patients exhibited normal dynamics but abnormal architecture of working memory (reduced primacy effect), and faster decay of information. These impairments affected equally verbal, spatial and object stimuli and operated with implicit and explicit encoding of the serial position. Although these impairments were not correlated with the clinical picture, they are likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of the difficulties with which schizophrenia patients are faced. Consequently, addressing these specific impairments could alleviate these difficulties.
The zygotic segmentation mutant tailless alters the blastoderm fate map of the Drosophila embryo.

Abstract The well-characterized spatial distributions of the transcripts from several Drosophila segmentation genes provide molecular markers which can be used to examine the determination of the segment pattern in early embryos. Tailless (tll) is a zygotic lethal mutation, the phenotype of which is observed by 9 hr of embryogenesis and includes the absence of segments A8, A9, and A10 and a decrease in the procephalic lobe (Strecker et al., Dev. Biol. 113, 64–76, 1986). To establish whether this effect of the tll mutation is due, as proposed previously by Strecker et al. , to a reprogramming of the blastoderm fate map, we hybridized probes for the segmentation genes fushi tarazu (ftz) and hairy ( h ) to whole embryos. The transcripts of these genes show an altered distribution in tll embryos as early as nuclear cycle 14, indicating that the tll gene acts on cellular determination at the blastoderm stage, and is required for normal expression of the ftz and h genes. We obtained more precise information about the alterations in the blastoderm fate map by measuring the position of ftz protein stripes in wild-type and tll embryos. From the results reported here and previously, we conclude that the tll mutation results in a deletion of anterior and posterior ectodermal positional values, concomitant with an expansion of the remaining fate map.
A Modified Digital PID Temperature Controller for Thermal Properties Measurements

A modified digital proportional-integral-derivative (PID) temperature controller for thermal properties measurements is described. Data are presented to illustrate the approach to equilibrium and the degree of stability at equilibrium The controller is being used to control the heating elements of a high temperature guarded-hot-plate to within approximately 10 mK.
Quantifying flow–ecology relationships with functional linear models

AbstractHydrologic metrics have been used widely to quantify flow-ecology relationships; however, there are several challenges associated with their use, including the selection from a large number of available metrics and the limitation that metrics are a synthetic measure of a multi-dimensional flow regime. Using two case studies of fish species density and community composition, we illustrate the use of functional linear models to provide new insights into flow–ecology relationships and predict the expected impact of environmental flow scenarios, without relying on hydrologic metrics. The models identified statistically significant relationships to river flow over the 12 months prior to sampling (r2 range 36–67%) and an environmental flow scenario that may enhance native species’ densities while controlling a non-native species. Hydrologic metrics continue to play an important role in ecohydrology and environmental flow management; however, functional linear models provide an approach that overcomes so...
Molecular identification and functional characterization of Mdr1a in rat cholangiocytes

Abstract Background & Aims: The multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein 170 gene products (mdr1a and 1b) are glycosylated plasma membrane proteins that function as adenosine triphosphate–dependent transmembrane export pumps for lipophilic xenobiotics of widely different structure. We assessed whether these P-glycoproteins are functionally expressed in cholangiocytes. Methods: A reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed on RNA from a normal rat cholangiocyte cell line using mdr1-specific primers. Northern and Western blot analyses were performed on cholangiocytes immunoisolated from 2-week bile duct–ligated rats and cholangiocytes and isolated cholangiocyte membrane subfractions, respectively. Functional assays were performed in isolated bile duct units from bile duct–ligated rats and incubated with rhodamine 123, a P-glycoprotein substrate, with or without the P-glycoprotein inhibitors verapamil or GF120918. Results: A 400–base pair fragment with 99% homology to the cytosolic domain of rat intestinal mdr1a (5' 1953–2350 3') was identified that hybridized to a 5.2-kilobase RNA transcript in a normal rat cholangiocyte cell line, isolated rat cholangiocytes, and ileum. Western analysis localized mdr1 to the apical membrane of cholangiocytes. Confocal microscopy showed active secretion of rhodamine 123 into the lumen of isolated bile duct units that was abolished by vanadate and P-glycoprotein competitive antagonists, verapamil and GF120918, in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: These findings provide the first molecular and functional evidence for the expression of mdr1a on the luminal membrane of cholangiocytes, where it may have a protective role. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2000;119:1113-1122
The Professional Preparation of Teachers and Early Childhood Educators: Changes in the Wind

The recent advances in research in child development and early educational intervention programs signal a clear need for significant reform of the methods now used to prepare teachers of preschool age children with special needs. The changes need to vary in kind and amount. Reforms need to address both content and clinical skill development. And, competent personnel must be produced in greater numbers.
A review of the systematic position of the North American species of the genusGlyptotendipes

The systematic position of the North American species of the genusGlyptotendipes is reviewed using morphological characters from all life history stages. The cladistic analysis revealed adult characters which support the monophyly of the three species groups (A, B and C) of PINDER and REISS (1983, 1986) for pupae and larvae. These species groups are given formal subgeneric status, with Group A becomingGlytotendipes, s.s., placingPhytotendipes Goetghebuer, 1937 in synonymy, Group B is namedCaulochironomus (type-species,Tendipes caulicola Kieffer, 1913) and Group C is namedTrichotendipes (type-species,Tendipes signatus Kieffer, 1911).
In vitro release of PGF2α from the caprine uterus and the effect of ovarian steroids

The purpose of the study was to determine the in vitro release of prostaglandin F(2)alpha (PGF(2alpha)) from the uterine tissues of ovariectomized goats after steroid treatment. Strips of endometrial tissues (separated by trypsin treatment) and intact uterine tissues (with endometrium and myometrium) were maintained in organ culture and exposed to estradiol-17beta(E) at 50 ng/ml and to progesterone (P) at 250 pg/ml alone or in combination. The endometrial tissues, in general, continued to release PGF(2alpha) without steroids treatment throughout the 96-h incubation period; their output was consistently higher (based on ng/gm of wet tissue) than the corresponding intact uterine tissues. However, exposure to E reversed this trend and produced a three-fold increase from the intact uterine strips at 24 h. A combined E-plus-P treatment blocked the stimulatory response, whereas P treatment alone evoked a delayed stimulatory response at 48 h. Endometrial tissue reaction was similar to that of P treatment, but it exhibited a more moderated response to E, which could not be blocked by a combined E-plus-P treatment. The results suggest that both endometrial and myometrial tissues release PGF(2alpha) and that this release is regulated by ovarian steroid hormones.
Longitudinal observation of “unattached,” mobile gingival areas

Facial gingival surfaces over cuspids and bicuspids in 20 patients were monitored for 5 years to evaluate the importance of attached gingiva in the maintenance of a stable periodontium. 43 surfaces "at risk" were compared to 36 "non-risk" surfaces within these patients. Surfaces "at risk" had to meet the following 3 criteria as established by both of 2 independent examiners: width of keratinized gingiva less than or equal to 1.0 mm; absence of attached gingiva; mobility of the gingival margin. During the 5 years of observation, "non-risk" surfaces showed a trend toward decrease in mean width of keratinized gingiva, while this measurement remained unchanged for the surfaces "at risk" Probing depths remained unaltered for both groups. A trend toward gingival recession and loss of probing attachment was observed for both "risk" and "non-risk" surfaces. Thus, this study failed to demonstrate that "unattached" and mobile facial gingival surfaces are more susceptible to periodontal breakdown than "attached" surfaces.
Beneath and beyond Truth: Studying Literary Narratives to Research Human Phenomena.

The majority of social scientists continue to dismiss literary narratives as data that might lead to complex understandings of human phenomena. Introducing a method I call ‘novel inquiry’, I argue that literary narratives merit inclusion as a source of data for educational inquiry. Utilizing literary narratives as a data source expands and redefines the current qualitative methodological landscape because its researchers focus on discovering Bruner’s ‘more’ beneath surface meaning, more beyond surface truth. To meet the challenge raised by defenders of empirically‐driven research I take on the epistemic arguments that underlie how some data are characterized as legitimate and truthful while others are fictional and untranslatable, detail parallels between the philosophies of method of science and the humanities, and offer examples and insights reflecting what might be gained from such a practice. By way of illustrating my claims, I provide an example from my own work with Cather’s novel The Song of the La...
1,3-Diyl trapping reactions. Fundamental investigations with application to the synthesis of linearly fused tricyclopentanoids

Abstract A comparison of the inter- and intramolecular diyl trapping routes to linearly fused tricyclopentanoids is presented. In addition, several of the factors which are responsible for the stereoselectivity which is associated with the intramolecular process are examined and it is concluded that conformational rather than electronic (secondary orbital) factors play the dominant role. It is shown that gem methyl groups located on the acyclic chain which joins the diyl and diylophile (in reference to 32 and 35, but not to 47) have no practical effect upon the outcome of the trapping reaction. The intramolecular process is stereospecific with respect to diylophile geometry, and highly stereoselective with respect to the ring junction stereochemistry. Finally, an abortive attempt to synthesize the marine natural product Δ9(12)-capnellene (19) as well as a successful synthesis of the mold metabolite d,l- hirsutene (18) is presented.
Modified Cottrell behavior in thin layers: Applied voltage steps under diffusion control for constant-resistance systems

Abstract Electrochemical systems that exhibit bulk ohmic resistances cannot be characterized accurately using the Cottrell equation. Under constant applied voltages, a gradual change in the reactant surface concentration from the initial bulk concentration to a final value, often approximately zero for large oxidizing or reducing potential differences, is noted at one interface. For the special case of a thin film with constant bulk resistance and reversible interfacial reactions, the potential drop across the system is given as a sum of the bulk (ohmic) contribution and the concentration overpotentials. For semi-infinite geometry, this condition replaces the traditional c reactant (interface, t = 0 + ) = 0 boundary condition, and a new set of equations has to be solved. Theoretical solutions, a digital simulation and an experimental verification are presented for the experimentally well known case of a fixed-site plasticized PVC membrane containing valinomycin. The results include expressions for current vs. time responses to applied voltage steps across the whole system, and corresponding concentration profiles within the cell or membrane.
Irradiance and nutrient limitation of Dicytota spp. populations on Conch Reef, Florida Keys, USA

Abstract The photosynthetic performance, pigmentation and response to nutrient enrichment of a Dictyota community were studied over a 32 m depth gradient on Conch Reef, Florida Keys, USA. Dictyota spp. was the dominant space occupier on Conch Reef. During summer months from 1994 to 2001, mean percent cover was 43% at 7 and 21 m depths. Percent cover of Dictyota spp. was markedly lower at 32 m relative to shallower sites. The metabolism of Dictyota menstrualis and Dictyota pulchella were negatively impacted by attenuation of irradiance with increased depth such that ETR max and P/R ratio decreased by 85% and 47%, respectively in samples from 7 to 32 m. Decreased cover of Dicytota spp. at 32 m relative to shallower sites may be the result of the inability of this species complex to acclimate to low irradiance levels as indicated by a lack of change in α and photosynthetic pigment content with increased depth. The response of D. menstrualis populations on Conch Reef to nutrient enrichment was variable. During August 2000, a natural enrichment experiment was conducted as D. menstrualis photosynthetic performance was surveyed both during and for days after a period of cool, nutrient-rich internal tidal bores bathed the 21 m site. No changes in in situ photosynthetic performance were observed either during or for 2 to 4 days after this natural event suggesting no nutrient limitation. In August 2001, a manipulative nutrient enrichment experiment was conducted with D. menstrualis from 7, 21 and 32 m. Increases in Φ II were found in individuals exposed to nutrient enrichment from all depths, indicating at that time D. menstrualis was nutrient-limited on Conch Reef. Variation in the physiological response to nutrient enrichment may be the result of the frequency of internal tidal bores on Conch Reef in the months prior to our experiments. Variation in the responses by Dictyota spp. to irradiance and nutrient enrichment suggests that long-term monitoring over relevant temporal and spatial scales is necessary to accurately characterize limits on productivity and spread of this weedy species assemblage.
Psychological symptom levels and their correlates in lung and heart-lung transplant recipients

This study examined depression, anxiety, and anger-hostility symptom levels, as well as overall quality of life, in a cohort of 50 lung and heart-lung transplant recipients. Only the subjects' mean anxiety symptoms were substantially elevated over normative levels. However, nearly half of the sample showed clinically significant distress in one or more of the three symptom areas. Pretransplant psychiatric history, educational level, posttransplant caregiver support, and health concerns were the most important independent correlates of the recipients' psychological outcome. Low sense of mastery and poorer physical functional status also showed some evidence of association with mental health.
Improved Lawnmower Blade Design and Optimization

With an estimated three billion man-hours of use each year, improvements to the mechanical efficiency of lawnmower systems may yield significant reductions in emissions. Modifications to either the blade geometry or material have been considered in order to achieve the desired gains in efficiency. Specifically, focus is placed upon identification of a more efficient edge shape, reduction of required power input to the blade, and extending the life of the blade sharpness. Using software packages such as Parametric Technology Corporation’s (PTC’s) Pro/Engineer the students were able to increase the quality of design via finite element analysis (FEA) programs such as MSC. Nastran or PTC’s Mechanica. AISI 440C stainless steel was selected as a possible candidate based upon several appealing properties such as high strength, hardness, and resistance to corrosion. It does however have a lower fracture toughness and therefore presents a higher susceptibility to brittle fracture. When both the traditional stress analysis and fracture analysis were considered, opposing results were found. Due to this, other criteria such as cost of material, machining costs, and carbon footprint were considered before making a final design decision. Enhancing education in engineering by diversifying design criteria and encouraging students to address contemporary, real-world design problems was a primary goal of this project. The traditional mechanical design approach relies on stress-strain analysis in order to predict potential failure scenarios, and is the primary technique presented in most undergraduate engineering curricula. Despite its significance, the fracture mechanics approach is not often presented in great detail at the undergraduate level. The academic benefits of including these more universal considerations in the undergraduate engineering curriculum are illustrated in this paper.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Evolution of HIV dementia with HIV infection

Dementia remains one of the most fearsome complications of HIV infection. It also poses a significant challenge for the clinician both in terms of diagnosis and treatment. The use of antiretroviral agents has led to a decrease in the incidence of HIV dementia but the prevalence of milder forms of neurocognitive impairment has increased. Occasionally, the immune reconstitution caused by these agents may target the brain leading to a syndrome characterized by a severe, progressive and often fatal dementia. The progression of HIV dementia may also be determined by host and viral genetic factors, and the existence of co-morbid factors such as drug abuse, hepatitis C infection and aging. Oxidative stress markers appear to be predictive of active dementia. However, currently there is no specific treatment available for HIV dementia.
Modeling and a Correlation Algorithm for Spaceborne SAR Signals

A mathematical model of a spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) response is presented. The associated SAR system performance, in terms of the resolution capability, is also discussed. The analysis of spaceborne SAR target response indicates that the SAR correlation problem is a two-dimensional one with a linear shift-variant response function. A new digital processing algorithm is proposed here in order to realize an economical digital SAR correlation system. The proposed algorithm treats the two-dimensional correlation by a combination of frequency domain fast correlation in the azimuth dimension and a time-domain convolver type of operation in the range dimension. Finally, digitally correlated SEASAT satellite SAR imagery is used in an exemplary sense to validate the SAR response model and the new digital processing technique developed.
A Study of the Diurnal Thermal Wave in a Non-Grey Atmosphere

Abstract The form of the diurnal thermal wave driven by a harmonically oscillating ground temperature into a semi-infinite homogeneous non-grey absorbing atmosphere is studied, neglecting convection and molecular conduction. Results are calculated for the terrestrial atmosphere and, with fair accuracy, for the martian atmosphere. The penetration heights are about 10 m and 200 m, respectively. In both cases the wave amplitude decays at large heights inversely with the height, and the phase lag relative to the ground approaches ϕ/2. The grey-absorption solution and the solution predicted by the quasi-transparent model of Gierasch and Goody are compared with the non-grey one. The grey solution is qualitatively good if the absorption coefficient is chosen so that the penetration depth equals that of the non-grey solution. The effects of convective heat transport are discussed.
Evaluating the potential risks of bubble studies during echocardiography

Objective:Cardiac shunts are often identified using bubble studies in echocardiography, with agitated saline. Previous studies have recommended various safe amounts of agitated saline. This poses a potential risk for air microembolism. The purpose of this study was to quantify the bubbles created by various quantities of agitated saline.Methods:A closed circuit was constructed with a HeartMate pneumatic ventricular assist pump and a cardiotomy reservoir to remove air during recirculation. One empty 10 mL syringe and one 10 mL syringe containing 1 mL of air and 9 mL of saline were attached to a three-way stopcock. The air/saline bolus was then agitated between the two syringes five times to create bubbles and injected into the tubing proximal to the HeartMate. An EDAC bubble detector sensor was attached prior to the saline injection site and distal to the HeartMate I to measure the size and volume of the bubbles. This technique was repeated using 0.5 mL of air and 9.5 mL of saline bolus and 2 mL of air and...
Projected disappearance of the 11‐year cyclic minimum of galactic cosmic ray intensity in the antapex direction within the outer heliosphere

[1] This paper reports observed galactic cosmic ray (GCR) intensity (kinetic energy T > 80 MeV/nucleon) by the University of Iowa instrument on the interplanetary spacecraft Pioneer 10 (P10) for the thirty-year period, 1972–2002, during which it moved outward from 1 to 80 AU heliocentric radial distance (r). The trajectory of P10 since 1976 was in the approximate direction of the solar antapex. Comparable data for nearly the same time period from the Applied Physics Laboratory/Johns Hopkins University instrument on the Earth-orbiting satellite Interplanetary Monitoring Platform – 8 (IMP-8), as corrected (Van Allen and Randall, 1997), have been adopted as the 1 AU reference. An important new finding is that the solar modulation of GCR intensity had dwindled markedly at P10 during the most recent (2001) cyclic intensity minimum at r ∼ 78 AU relative to that at the two previous 11-year cyclic minima in 1981 and 1991. A plausible projection of the trend established by the 1991 and 2001 values of a modulation index predicts the disappearance of direct solar modulation at r = 106 (±10) AU in the antapex direction. A similar finding from Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 data (Webber and Lockwood, 2004a and b) in the approximate apex direction confirms the previously noted absence of a apex/antapex asymmetry (Van Allen and Webber, 2002). Several heuristic comments of a general nature are included.
Noggin Expands Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Hippocampus

New neurons are added to the adult hippocampus throughout life and contribute to cognitive functions, including learning and memory. It remains unclear whether ongoing neurogenesis arises from self-renewing neural stem cells (NSCs) or from multipotential progenitor cells that cannot self-renew in the hippocampus. This is primarily based on observations that neural precursors derived from the subventricular zone (SVZ) can be passaged long term, whereas hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ) precursors are rapidly depleted by passaging. We demonstrate here that high levels of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling occur in hippocampal but not SVZ precursors in vitro, and blocking BMP signaling with Noggin is sufficient to foster hippocampal cell self-renewal, proliferation, and multipotentiality using single-cell clonal analysis. Moreover, NSC maintenance requires continual Noggin exposure, which implicates BMPs as crucial regulators of NSC aging. In vivo, Noggin is expressed in the adult dentate gyrus and limits BMP signaling in proliferative cells of the SGZ. Transgenic Noggin overexpression in the SGZ increases multiple precursor cell populations but proportionally increases the glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cell population at the expense of other precursors, suggesting that Noggin acts on NSCs in vivo. To confirm this, we used a dual thymidine analog paradigm to repeatedly label slowly dividing cells over a long duration. We find that small populations of label-retaining cells exist in the SGZ and that Noggin overexpression increases their numbers. Thus, we propose that the adult hippocampus contains a population of NSCs, which can be expanded both in vitro and in vivo by blocking BMP signaling.
Response properties, applications and limitations of carbonate-selective polymer membrane electrodes

The preparation and response characteristics of a carbonate-selective polymer membrane electrode are reported. The electrode is prepared by incorporating Aliquat 336, trifluoroacetyl-p-butylbenzene and di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate or dioctyl phthalate in a poly(vinylchloride) membrane matrix. The effect of membrane composition and electrode response in various buffer systems are examined. Under buffer conditions appropriate for practical measurements, potentiometric data yield the following selectivity pattern: ClO4- = salicylate > total carbon dioxide species > I- > NO3- > acetate > Cl- > Br-. The electrode can be readily fabricated in tubular form and utilized within a very simple flow-injection arrangement to determine total carbon dioxide species. The possible applications of the electrode to serum CO2 measurements as well as within newly devised gas-sensing arrangements for dissolved CO2 are also examined.
Common Problems and Countermeasures in Work Safety Standardization Process in Beijing

In the last two years, the author participated in the work safety standardization assessments of dozens of units, and found some problems in the assessment process. This article analyzed the common problems in the standardization work of production safety in Beijing from the aspects of the attitude of administration of work safety, the attitude of the head of the enterprise, firm size and the level of review experts. Then corresponding countermeasures and suggestions to address these issues were proposed these countermeasures and suggestions include administration of work safety putting themselves in a correct position, the head of the enterprise correcting their attitude, improving the level of safety management of enterprise and choosing appropriate experts.
Effect of thallium impurities in the DAMA experiment on the allowed parameter space for inelastic dark matter.

The inelastic dark matter scenario was proposed to reconcile the DAMA annual modulation with null results from other experiments. In this scenario, weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) scatter into an excited state, split from the ground state by an energy $\ensuremath{\delta}$ comparable to the available kinetic energy of a galactic WIMP. We note that for large splittings $\ensuremath{\delta}$ the dominant scattering at DAMA can occur off of thallium nuclei, with $A\ensuremath{\sim}205$, which are present as a dopant at the ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ level in NaI(Tl) crystals. For a WIMP mass ${m}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}\ensuremath{\approx}100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}/{c}^{2}$ and $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\approx}200\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{keV}$, we find a region in $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{-}{m}_{\ensuremath{\chi}}$-parameter space which is consistent with all experiments. These parameters, in particular, can be probed in experiments with thallium in their targets, such as KIMS, but are inaccessible to lighter target experiments. Depending on the tail of the WIMP velocity distribution, a highly modulated signal may or may not appear at CRESST-II.
Terrace width effect on adsorbate vibrations: a comparison of Pt(335) and Pt(112) for chemisorption of CO

Abstract The adsorption of CO on the stepped Pt single crystals Pt(335) (four-atom wide terraces) and Pt(112) (three atom wide terraces) has been studied by infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). Pt(335) and Pt(112) have similar terrace and step site structures (terrace-(111); step-(100)). Similar CO adsorption and desorption kinetics related to step and terrace sites were observed in the TPD studies from the two crystals. In contrast, IRAS shows different CO adsorption behavior. On Pt(335), four absorbance bands of CO were observed at high coverages. They are terminal CO on the step and terrace sites (ν CO ≈ 1900cm −1 ), and bridge CO on the step and terrace sites (ν CO ≈ 1800cm −1 ). In contrast, on Pt(112), step bound and terrace bound terminal CO can not be resolved easily by infrared spectroscopy. In addition, on Pt(112), based on relative IRAS intensities, only a small surface coverage of bridge CO develops compared to Pt(335). Rather different properties of Pt(335) and Pt(112) single crystals which expose four and three-atom wide terraces, respectively, are thus revealed by IRAS studies using CO as a probe. These differences result from a number of factors including the electrostatic field difference, the terrace width difference, and the differences in average CO ... CO coupling distances for CO molecules on step and terrace sites. The Pt(335) crystal with the wider terraces more closely resembles Pt(111) than the more highly stepped Pt(112) crystal, insofar as CO chemisorption is concerned. The results give insight into the properties of the step defect sites and the effect of step spacing on adsorbates.
OLED-based sensor array for simultaneous monitoring of multiple analytes

A compact, photoluminescence (PL)-based sensor array, utilizing tris(quinolinolate) Al OLED pixels as the excitation sources, for sequential or simultaneous monitoring of dissolved oxygen (DO), glucose, lactate, and alcohol, is described. The DO is monitored through its effect on the PL lifetime of the oxygen-sensitive dye Pt octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) embedded in a polystyrene film. The other analytes are monitored through their oxidation, catalyzed by an appropriate oxidase, which reduces the amount of DO in their vicinity. The OLED pixels are fabricated on a glass substrate; each pixel is typically 2×2 mm 2 , with a 2 mm gap between the pixels. Two OLED pixels are associated with the detection of each of the analytes. The pixels are individually addressable, enabling consecutive detection of the different analytes within a few minutes utilizing a single photodetector (PD). Simultaneous detection is achieved by using an array of PDs. The OLED-based sensing array is compact and uniquely simple in its ease of fabrication and integration. Its performance attributes are comparable to those obtained for a single analyte using any excitation source. The potential of small-size, multi-color OLED pixel arrays for multianalyte detection is also discussed.
Labor Shock and the Diversity of Transnational Corporate Strategy in Export Processing Zones

This article examines diverse transnational corporations’(TNC) strategies in response to labor shock and specific conditions that enhance TNCs’local embedding in export processing zones (EPZs). The goal of this paper is to understand the rationale behind TNCs’choice between spatial differentiation (mobility) and spatial fmity (immobility). Based on field research and data analysis from the Masan Free Export Zone (MAFEZ) in South Korea, it is argued that TNCs do not always withdraw from EPZs in reaction to wage costs and growing labor militancy. Higher labor costs can be overridden by other advantages: existing physicalkocial inhstructure, tax benefits, fured assets, localized labor skills and technology, cultural proximity, and advantages from geographical proximity to market, raw materials, and TNCs’headquarters. This paper criticizes the overly simplistic view of capital mobility. However, TNCs that choose to remain in the EPZs use both upgrading and cheapening strategies, and their remaining does not necessarily result in upgrading labor skills or improving labor conditions. This article raises a critical question of the firm-centered view of the global enterprise literature and the local embeddedness literature of TNCs on workers’welfare. It emphasizes the important role of firms and of unions in training workers for purposes of technology and skill upgrading.
Composition of pulsed-laser-deposited Y-Ba-Cu-O and Ba-K-Bi-O thin films

The composition of pulsed-laser-deposited Y-Ba-Cu-O and Ba-K-Bi-O thin films is shown to be strongly affected by target conditioning, gas pressure, and target-substrate distance. For both compounds, ablation from a freshly sanded target surface results in films with an excess of the more volatile elements. The concentration of these volatile elements in the films decreases until the system reaches a steady state after sufficient ablation from the target. Y-Ba-Cu-O film composition is also affected by oxygen pressure and target-substrate distance. Increasing pressure or distance results in relative copper and barium depletion in the central region of deposition, presumably due to differences in the efficacy of oxygen in scattering the different elements. This relationship between pressure, distance, and composition is shown to be significant for the growth of optimal superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O thin films. The composition of Ba-K-Bi-O is also affected strongly by background gas pressure. Ba-K-Bi-O deposited in vacuum is potassium deficient in the film center. A background argon pressure of 1 Torr, however, increases the potassium concentration and results in films with uniform composition over a broad area. We argue that this effect is significant in explaining a successful growth method for superconducting Ba-K-Bi-O films.
Increased survival-time in dystrophic mice treated with methylandrostenediol dienanthoylacetate.

ANABOLIC steroids have been noted to increase survival time in dystrophic mice, Jax/129 (dydy), but the disease syndrome was not otherwise altered. Testosterone propionate did not possess this ability1,2. It was of interest to evaluate an anabolic steroid, 17-α-methylandrostene-5-diol-3β-17β-dienanthoylacetate (MADD), which has a prolonged period of activity.
Translation in progress: Hypoxia

recent discoveries of molecular oxygen sensors in the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) system ([1][1], [9][2]–[11][3]) have brought together systems physiology and genomics in an exciting, wide-ranging exploration of how humans and other organisms sense and respond to hypoxia. Reflecting this
Systematic resolution of conflict situations in collaborative facility design

Abstract In this work, a new method to resolve conflict situations (Mcr) common in collaborative facility design using computer support tools is developed. The method uses traditional human conflict resolution approaches that have been used successfully by others. It incorporates principles for prevention of conflict perpetuation and escalation to improve design performance, and applies computer-based learning to improve usefulness. A graph model for conflict resolution is used to facilitate conflict modeling and analysis, one of the incorporated principles for prevention of conflict perpetuation and escalation. The performance of the new method have been validated by implementing its conflict resolution capabilities in the Facility Description Language (FDL), a computer tool for collaborative facility design, and by applying Facility Description Language for Conflict Resolution (FDL-CR), to resolve typical aforementioned conflict situations. The results found in this research are: (1) incorporation of principles for prevention of conflict perpetuation and escalation improved effectiveness; (2) implementation of computer-based learning increased usefulness; and (3) integration of conflict detection and resolution resulted in increased effectiveness of the facility design process.