cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human β-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in the perinatal/neonatal period

R E F E R E N C E S 1. Welsh JW, and May JT: Breast milk and infant infection, Med J Aust 2:66, 1979. 2. Hayes K, Danks DM, Gibas J, and Jack I: Cytomegalovirus in human milk, N Engl J Med 287:177, 1972. 3 Stagno S, Reynolds DW, Pass RF, and Alford CA: Breast milk and the risk of cytomegalovirus infection, N Engl J Med 302:1073, 1980. 4. Yeager AS, Grument FC, Hafleigh EB, Arvin AM, Bradley JS, and Prober CG: Prevention of transfusion-acquired cytomegalovirus infections in newborn infants, J PEDIATR 98:281, 1981. 5. Ballard RA, Drew L, Hufnagle KG, and Riedel PA: Acquired cytomegalovirus infection in preterm infants, Am J Dis Child 133:482, 1979. 6. Barness LA, Dallman PR, Anderson H, Collipp P J, Nichols BL Jr, Walker WA, and Woodruff CW: Human milk banking, Pediatrics 65:854, 1980. 7. Liebhaber M, Lewiston N J, Asquith MT, Olds-Arroyo L, and Sunshine P: Alterations of lymphocytes and of antibody content of human milk after processing, J PEDIATR 91:897, 1977. 8. Bj6rksten B, Burman LG, De Chateau P, Fredrikzon B, Gothefors L, and Herneli O: Collecting and banking human milk: to heat or not to heat? Br Med J 281:765, 1980. 9. Welsh JK, Arsenakis M, Coelen R J, and May JT: Effect of antiviral lipids, heat, and freezing on the activity of viruses in human milk, J Infect Dis 140:322, 1979. 10. Stagno S, Pass RF, Reynolds DW, Moore MA, Nahmias A J, and Alford CA: Comparative study of diagnostic procedures for congenital cytomegalovirus infection, Pediatrics 65:251, 1980.
Uncertainty Identification of Damage Growth Parameters Using Nonlinear Regression

R ECENTLY, it has been shown that structural health monitoring (SHM) systems can be used for inspection to detect damage [1]. SHM-based maintenance is effective as only those airplanes that are in danger will be sent for maintenance (condition-based maintenance). Furthermore, Coppe et al. [2] showed that in addition to damage diagnosis SHM can predict the remaining useful life by identifying damage growth parameters. They used Bayesian inference [3] to reduce uncertainty in the damage growth parameters using measured damage size information. Bayesian inference is a powerful method of quantifying uncertainty in the model parameters. It can take into account prior knowledge on the unknown parameters and improve them using experimental observations. However, in the case of SHM, the advantage of the prior information can be overpowered by the amount of data available. In addition, when many parameters are updated simultaneously, Bayesian inference becomes computationally expensive due to multidimensional integration. On the other hand, the traditional linear regression method [4] can be used to identify deterministic parameters when the model is a linear function of the parameters. This method is particularly powerful when many data are available, which is the case for SHM. By assuming that the noise in the experimental data is Gaussian, it is possible to estimate the uncertainty in the identified parameters. When the physical model is a nonlinear function of model parameters, uncertainty quantification is not straightforward [5]. As will be shown in the numerical examples, the crack growth in aircraft structures nonlinearly depends on the parameters that need to be identified. In this Note, a linear perturbation concept is used to quantify uncertainty in the nonlinear regression result. First, the nonlinear optimization is used to find the model parameters that minimize error between themodel and SHMdata. Then the nonlinear model is linearized at the identified parameter values, fromwhich the uncertainty quantification in the linear regression method can be used. This approach can introduce two errors into the uncertainty estimation: 1) linearization error and 2) error associated with assumption ofGaussian noise. In addition, it is assumed that noises at different experiments are uncorrelated. The objective of theNote is to examine their effect on accuracy of the uncertainty estimation. II. Uncertainty Quantification in Nonlinear Regression
Actinides in deer tissues at the rocky flats environmental technology site.

Abstract Limited hunting of deer at the future Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge has been proposed in U.S. Fish and Wildlife planning documents as a compatible wildlife-dependent public use. Historically, Rocky Flats site activities resulted in the contamination of surface environmental media with actinides, including isotopes of americium, plutonium, and uranium. In this study, measurements of actinides [Americium-241 (241Am); Plutonium-238 (238Pu); Plutonium-239,240 (239,240Pu); uranium-233,244 (233,234U); uranium-235,236 (235,236U); and uranium-238 (238U)] were completed on select liver, muscle, lung, bone, and kidney tissue samples harvested from resident Rocky Flats deer (N = 26) and control deer (N = 1). In total, only 17 of the more than 450 individual isotopic analyses conducted on Rocky Flats deer tissue samples measured actinide concentrations above method detection limits. Of these 17 detects, only 2 analyses, with analytical uncertainty values added, exceeded threshold values calculated aro...
Elastic scattering of polarized tritons from A = 26--28 nuclei at 17 MeV

Differential cross sections and analyzing powers for elastic scattering of 17-MeV polarized tritons from /sup 26/Mg, /sup 27/Al, and /sup 28/Si were measured in the angular range 20/sup 0/ to 160/sup 0/. Significant target dependence of the analyzing power was observed, and reaction mechanisms other than shape-elastic scattering appear to contribute at large scattering angles. An optical-model analysis of these data was carried out to determine potential parameters that fit both observables simultaneously. The central potentials are reasonably well defined by the data, but strong absorption limits our ability to determine reliably the parameters of the spin-orbit potential; at the present low triton energy, the scattering appears to be sensitive predominantly to the spin-orbit strength in the outer surface region of the nucleus.
Identification times for phonemic components of graded complexity and for spelling of speech

Identification time was measured for targets in speech in terms of the number of phonemes occurring between the target and response. Auditory targets in the mam experiment were at three levels of phonetic complexity; (1) monosyllabic words or nonsense syllables, each containing four phonemes; (2) clusters (vowel + consonant) consisting of the second and third phonemes within these syllables; (3) individual phonemes within these clusters. Identification time was always shorter for (1) than for (2) or (3). The effect of semantic and grammatical context upon identification was small. Plosive consonants which did not begin a syllable generally could not be identified as isolated phonemic targets, although they could be identified readily as part of a cluster. Letter targets corresponding to the spelling of the auditory stimulus permitted identification of plosive consonants, and in general followed different rules than the phonemic targets. Additional observations concerning individual targets were made.
Developmental physiology of cestodes. I. Host dietary carbohydrate and the 'crowding effect' in Hymenolepis diminuta.

Abstract The development of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) in hosts on diets containing suboptimal carbohydrate has been compared to that of worms in rats with crowded infections. Host diets varied in carbohydrate concentration and quality, i.e., high starch, low starch, and sucrose. Worms were collected for measurements and observations at 5, 10, and 15 days postinfection. Length, fresh weight, chemical composition, and numbers and development of proglottids were measured. The largest size was attained by worms from rats infected with 5 cysticercoids each and fed the high starch diet (5-HS control group); the smallest worms were from rats infected with 5 cysticercoids and fed the sucrose diet (5-Su). Tapeworms from hosts infected with 25 cysticercoids and fed the high starch diet (25-HS) and from hosts infected with 5 cysticercoids and fed the low starch diet (5-LS) were intermediate and approximately equal in size. Carbohydrate was highest and lipid lowest in the 5-HS group, both on a per unit dry weight basis and a per unit nitrogen basis. The opposite was true in the 5-Su worms. The 25-HS and 5-LS groups were intermediate between the other two. Numbers of mature and gravid proglottids were reduced in the 25-HS, 5-LS and 5-Su groups, the 5-Su being the lowest. Similarities in developmental characteristics of worms from crowded infections and those from hosts with suboptimal carbohydrate diets provided further evidence that competition for host dietary carbohydrate is involved in the crowding effect in cestodes. The implications of these findings in terms of the operational mechanism of the crowding effect are discussed.
Remodelling of gap junctions and connexin expression in diseased myocardium

Gap junctions form the cell-to-cell pathways for propagation of the precisely orchestrated patterns of current flow that govern the regular rhythm of the healthy heart. As in most tissues and organs, multiple connexin types are expressed in the heart: connexin43 (Cx43), Cx40 and Cx45 are found in distinctive combinations and relative quantities in different, functionally-specialized subsets of cardiac myocyte. Mutations in genes that encode connexins have only rarely been identified as being a cause of human cardiac disease, but remodelling of connexin expression and gap junction organization are well documented in acquired adult heart disease, notably ischaemic heart disease and heart failure. Remodelling may take the form of alterations in (i) the distribution of gap junctions and (ii) the amount and type of connexins expressed. Heterogeneous reduction in Cx43 expression and disordering in gap junction distribution feature in human ventricular disease and correlate with electrophysiologically identified arrhythmic changes and contractile dysfunction in animal models. Disease-related alterations in Cx45 and Cx40 expression have also been reported, and some of the functional implications of these are beginning to emerge. Apart from ventricular disease, various features of gap junction organization and connexin expression have been implicated in the initiation and persistence of the most common form of atrial arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, though the disparate findings in this area remain to be clarified. Other major tasks ahead focus on the Purkinje/working ventricular myocyte interface and its role in normal and abnormal impulse propagation, connexin-interacting proteins and their regulatory functions, and on defining the precise functional properties conferred by the distinctive connexin co-expression patterns of different myocyte types in health and disease.
Overexpression of Kinesins Mediates Docetaxel Resistance in Breast Cancer Cells

Resistance to chemotherapy remains a major barrier to the successful treatment of cancer. To understand mechanisms underlying docetaxel resistance in breast cancer, we used an insertional mutagenesis strategy to identify proteins whose overexpression confers resistance. A strong promoter was inserted approximately randomly into the genomes of tumor-derived breast cancer cells, using a novel lentiviral vector. We isolated a docetaxel-resistant clone in which the level of the kinesin KIFC3 was elevated. When KIFC3 or the additional kinesins KIFC1, KIF1A, or KIF5A were overexpressed in the breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB231 and MDA-MB 468, the cells became more resistant to docetaxel. The binding of kinesins to microtubules opposes the stabilizing effect of docetaxel that prevents cytokinesis and leads to apoptosis. Our finding that kinesins can mediate docetaxel resistance might lead to novel therapeutic approaches in which kinesin inhibitors are paired with taxanes.
Bone marrow cell graft engineering: from bench to bedside.

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has the potential to treat hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell and thalassemia) autoimmunity (diabetes, lupus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's colitis) and enzyme deficiency states. Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is a major complication and limitation to the therapeutic application of BMT. There have been many clinical trials and experimental animal models that have attempted to control GVHD through the engineering of the donor bone marrow cells (BMC). Historically, several methods have demonstrated effectiveness in controlling GVHD; however they were also associated with a marked increase in the rate of graft failure. Highly purified hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) engraft quite readily in genetically-matched recipients while they do not engraft as easily in MHC-disparate recipients. The numbers of HSC must be increased 100–200 fold in order to overcome the allogeneic barrier. We were the first to phenotypically and to functionally characterize a novel cel...
Weighted Inequalities for Vector Operators on Martingales

Abstract Sufficient conditions are given to get weighted inequalities between two maximal operators on Banach valued regular martingales. As an application we obtain generalizations with weights of the inequalities in the definitions of UMD- and MT-Banach spaces and weighted estimates for the vector valued square function operator. We also obtain results for Haar and Walsh series. In particular it is shown that L p X -convergence of the Walsh-Fourier series characterizes UMD spaces.
A glycopeptide resistant to exoglycosidases

Abstract The carboxyl group of the terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid residue of the glycopeptide, prepared from α1-acid glycoprotein by protease digestion, was esterified with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide, and then reduced with sodium borohydride. The reduced glycopeptide, thus prepared, containing the reduced N-acetylneuraminic acid, was resistant to hydrolysis by neuraminidase, and consequently to other exoglycosidases. The penultimate β- d -galactosyl residue of the oligosaccharide chain of the reduced glycopeptide was hydrolyzed by β- d -galactosidase only after the removal of the terminal, reduced, sialic acid by mild hydrolysis with acid. The reduced glycopeptide should be a useful substrate for the assay of endoglycosidases in the presence of exoenzymes. It should also find use as a carbon source in the growth of endoglycosidase-elaborating bacteria.
Managing Auditory Risk from Acoustically Impulsive Chemical Demonstrations

Chemical demonstrations are an integral part of the process of how students construct meaning from chemical principles, but may introduce risks to students and presenters. Some demonstrations are known to be extremely loud and present auditory hazards; little has been done to assess the risks to educators and students. Using laboratorygrade equipment, we have measured the average peak sound pressure levels for several common chemical demonstrations, such as methanol cannons, the catalyzed combustion of hydrogen and oxygen, explosive mixtures of gases in balloons, and others. The purpose of this work is not only to determine which reactions pose an auditory risk, but also to investigate alternate presentation methods so that the demonstration can be performed under safe conditions. This included reducing quantities of reactants and the use of a Plexiglas �blast shield� to reduce the intensity of the pressure wave. We also discuss using protective devices to reduce sound pressure levels of the demonstrations.
Ultrahigh-resolution spectroscopy and frequency standards in the microwave and far-infrared regions using optical lasers.

Optically induced resonance Raman transitions in atomic and molecular beams are proposed as a means of achieving ultrahigh resolution in the microwave and far-infrared regions. Line broadening that is due to laser jitter is eliminated by correlating the frequency jitter of the two optical fields inducing the Raman transition. A Raman-separated oscillatory-field technique for reducing transit-time broadening is considered.
Who Complains to Journal Editors and What Happens

Authors' professional status, subfields within sociology, types of analysis, and sources of data were compared between two categories of manuscripts submitted to three editors of the American Sociological Review: those manuscripts about which authors complained and those randomly selected. Thirteen percent of the authors who complained succeeded in having the decision reversed and their manuscripts accepted for publication.
Monte Carlo investigation and optimization of coincidence prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis

Normal Prompt Gamma-Ray Neutron Activation Analysis (PGNAA) suffers from a large inherent noise or background. The coincidence PGNAA approach is being investigated for eliminating almost all of the interfering backgrounds and thereby significantly improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This can be done since almost all of the prompt gamma rays from elements of interest are emitted in coincidence except hydrogen. However, it has been found previously that while the use of two normal NaI detectors greatly reduces the background, the signal is also greatly reduced so that very little improvement in standard deviation is obtained. With the help of MCNP5, the general-purpose Monte Carlo N-Particle code, and CEARCPG, the specific purpose Monte Carlo code for Coincidence PGNAA, further optimization of the proposed coincidence system is being accomplished. The idea pursued here is the use of a large area plastic scintillation detector as the trigger for coincidence events together with a normal large NaI detector. In this approach the detection solid angle is increased greatly, which directly increases the probability of coincidence detection. The 2D-coincidence spectrum obtained can then be projected to the axis representing the NaI detector to overcome the drawback of low energy resolution and photopeak intensity of the plastic scintillation detector and utilize the overall higher coincidence counting rate. To reach the best coincidence detection, the placement of detectors, sample, and the moderator of the neutron source have been optimized through Monte Carlo simulation.
Participation in High School Sports and Bystander Intentions, Efficacy to Intervene, and Rape Myth Beliefs

Debate exists as to whether male athletes are more prone to commit acts of sexual violence and maintain problematic attitudes about sexual assault. To contribute to the literature on this relationship, this study posed the following research questions: (1) Do those students who participated in high school sports and those who did not differ significantly in their attitudes about sexual violence and willingness to intervene as a bystander? Do these differ among types of rape myths and bystander intervention situations? (2) Within a group of athletes, are there significant differences by gender or type of sport (contact sport vs. non-contact?) To answer these questions, surveys were analyzed with a sample of recent high school graduates the summer before entering college (N = 3,588). Results indicate that there were only minor differences between those students who participated in high school varsity sports and those who did not. Students who participated in sports had greater acceptance of three out of five types of rape myths, and less willingness to intervene with perpetrators after an assault; however, the effect sizes were small. There were no significant differences for bystander efficacy. The interaction between sport and gender was significant, but contact sport was not. The findings suggest that there may be aspects of male athletic participation in sports that needs to be addressed, yet there also exists the potential for engaging athletes as leaders who can act as prosocial bystanders.
Fast spin echo vs conventional spin echo in cervical spine imaging.

The major attraction of fast-spin-echo (FSE) imaging is reduced acquisition time; however, careful review of the literature reveals many weaknesses: phase-encoded blurring, truncation artefact, bright fat signal, reduced magnetic susceptibility and increased motion artefact. Our aim was a prospective, blinded comparison of FSE and conventional spin echo (CSE) in the cervical spine. Both sequences were performed in 43 patients (19 males and 24 females; mean age 45 years, range 15–66 years). Twenty-eight patients were studied at 1.5 T and 15 at 0.5 T. Typical sequence parameters were: at 1.5 T, TR/TE 2000/90 CSE and 3000/120 FSE, and at 0.5 T, 2200/80 CSE and 2800/120 FSE. Time saved on the FSE was used to increase the matrix and the number of acquisitions. Two neuroradiologists evaluated the images for pathology, artefacts, disc signal intensity, thecal sac compression and image quality. Ten patients had cord lesions; 2 (20 %) were missed on CSE. In 4 of 10 patients with moderate/severe thecal sac compression, the degree of stenosis was apparently exaggerated on CSE. The mean degree of confidence for the CSE sequences was 1.8 and for the FSE 1.1, where 1 is optimal. For cervical spine imaging, FSE should be preferred to CSE.
Isotonic Estimation of the Probability of Extinction of a Branching Process

Abstract Suppose X 1, X 2, ···, Xn is a random sample from a distribution which assigns all of its mass to the nonnegative integers. Let p j = P[X 1 = j]; j = 0, 1, ··· and let f(·) be the generating function of the sequence {p j }∞ j=0. An estimate of the smallest nonnegative root of f(s) = s which is based on isotonized estimates of p 0, p 1, ··· is considered. Results of a simulation study, almost sure convergence rates and the asymptotic distribution theory are discussed.
Optimal folding of standard and custom cells

We study the problem of folding an ordered list of standard and custom cells into rows of a chip so as to minimize either the routing area or the total chip area. Nine versions of the folding problem are formulated and fast polynomial time algorithms are obtained for each. Two of our formulations correspond to problems formulated in Paik and Sahni [1993] for the folding of a stack of bit-slice components. Our algorithms for these two formulations are asymptotically superior to those of Paik and Sahni [1993].
Titanium steam turbine blades

ABSTRACT The use of titanium alloys for the long last stage and L-1 stage of low-pressure steam turbines has been in development for over 30 years, and appears to be entering commercial use. The titanium blades are used in the steam transition L-1 row, because they are immune to pitting corrosion by the corrosive early condensates at the Wilson line. In the last stage row, lighter titanium blades permit longer blade length and larger exit annulus areas than 12Cr steel blades. The last row can be designed to increase the thermal efficiency by 1-2% or the power by about 50%, reducing the number of steam flows by one-third to one-half. A disadvantage of titanium alloys is their low damping capacity, which requires blade designs that maximize mechanical and aerodynamic damping. The water droplet erosion resistance of titanium alloys is sufficient not to require protection in the L-1 row, but the last stage rows operating at supersonic tip speeds require the use of erosion shields.
Adrenal Insufficiency in the Intensive Care Setting

In the intensive care setting, the question of adrenal insufficiency arises most frequently in patients whose endogenous adrenal function may be suppressed by pre ceding glucocorticoid therapy or in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Less often the question arises in patients whose adrenal tissue may have been destroyed by autoimmune disease, tuber culosis, meningococcal or other infection, hemorrhage, or replacement by malignancy, or in patients whose adrenal function has been suppressed by certain drugs. Measurements of plasma adrenocorticotrophic hor mone (ACTH), cortisol, aldosterone, and renin levels and the response of cortisol and aldosterone to exoge nously administered ACTH form the basis for clinically evaluating the adequacy of a patient's adrenal function. The naturally occurring glucocorticoid, hydrocortisone, remains the cornerstone of adrenal replacement therapy along with appropriate fluid and electrolyte administra tion. In rare instances the addition of a mineralocor t...
Maternal Serum Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate Levels and Successful Labor Induction

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the maternal serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate level as a factor associated with the outcome of labor induction. Methods: Venous blood was collected from 161 women at the initiation of labor induction. Pregnancies complicated by maternal corticosteroid use, antepartum chorioamnionitis, or cesarean delivery for indications other than arrest disorders were excluded from analysis. In 155 women meeting inclusion criteria, induction followed established protocols. Serum DHEA sulfate levels were measured by radioimmunoassay and correlated with the outcome of each induction attempt. A success was defined as progression to active labor. The Welch approximate t test, Mann-Whitney test, Fisher exact test, simple regression, and multiple regression were used for statistical analysis, with P Results: The mean (± standard error) DHEA sulfate level was higher in women who progressed to active labor (n = 147) than in those with unsuccessful attempts (n = 8), (109.01 ± 5.19 μg/dL versus 58.78 ± 15.83 μg/dL, respectively; P = .02). Compared with women with DHEA sulfate levels above 70 μg/dL, women with lower levels had an unsuccessful induction odds ratio (OR) of 4.46 (95% confidence interval, 1.12, 17.67; P = .04). The OR increased as DHEA sulfate levels decreased. Conclusion: Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate may be an important factor in successful labor induction.
Commercialism in nonprofit social service associations: Its character, significance, and rationale

This article examines the commercial practices and sales income of national nonprofit social services associations in the United States. The associations span the fields of youth services, health charities, community and recreation services, and advocacy programs for older Americans and children. The commercial ventures of these associations reflect an important trend in the non-profit social services sector, which has implications for taxation, financing,and regulatory policies. The conceptual framework that defines nonprofit organizations as multiproduct economic organizations helps illuminate the relationship of commercial sales to the pursuit of the mission. In general, the commercial initiatives of the associations examined are not solely revenue-producing ventures in that they make direct contributions to the mission as well; indeed, pains are taken by association leaders to avoid activities that would damage their associations’ abilities to pursue their missions. Statistical analysis of the sales revenues of local affiliates of one association—the Jewish Community Centers Association—demonstrates that losses of external income from grants and contributions stimulate sales income whereas increases in memberships expand the markets within which these organizations can generate revenue from user fees.
Orientalism, Modernism, and the American Poem

This is a critical and historical interpretation of 'Oriental' influences on American modernist poetry. Kern equates Fenollosa and Pound's 'discovery' of Chinese writing with the American pursuit of a natural language for poetry, what Emerson had termed the 'language of nature'. This language of nature is here shown to be a mythic conception continuous with the Renaissance idea of the language of Adam - a language lacking any difference between what it is and what it means. Through analysing and contextualising the nineteenth-century works of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Ernest Fenollosa and the twentieth-century creations of Ezra Pound and Gary Snyder, Kern sheds light on the three contemporary nexuses of his search: the cultural study of Orientalism and the West, the evolution of Indo-European linguistic theory, and the intellectual tradition of American modernist poetry.
Retinotectal projection in reeler mutant mice: relationships among axon trajectories, arborization patterns and cytoarchitecture

Abstract The distribution of axons in the midbrain and thalamus of homozygous reeler mutant mice is anomalous. The cytoarchitecture of these regions is normal. In the normal mouse SC there is a distinct SO in which fascicles of retinotectal axons pass caudally before terminating in the overlying SGS. In reeler, by contrast, fascicles of retinotectal axons are distributed through the entire thickness of SGS as well as through SO. There are also abnormalities of fiber pattern in the thalamus, most notably in the region of the dorsal nucleus of the LGd. Retinotectal axon trajectory and patterns of terminal arborization in reeler and normal animals were compared by single-fiber HRP axonography. In normal mice, two distinct morphological classes of retinotectal axons form focal terminal arborizations at different radial levels in the superficial layers of the SC. Class U axons are of relatively small diameter and terminate in upper portions of SGS. Class L1 axons are of larger diameter and form terminal arbors which are confined to SO and deeper regions of SGS. Axons of both classes ascend to their terminal zones from parent axons which course through SO. Similarly, in reeler mice axons of both large and small diameter can be distinguished. However, many axons of both classes pass caudally in anomalous fascicles distributed through the full thickness of SGS and descend to terminate. Other axons pass in normal fashion in SO and ascend to terminate in SGS. Regardless of their trajectories, the small axons terminate superficially in SGS while the thick axons terminate deeper in SGS and/or SO, as in normal mice. These findings suggest (1) that the ingrowth of afferents and the formation of terminal arbors are regulated by different mechanisms and (2) that fiber architecture and cytoarchitecture are regulated by different mechanisms. It is not known if the anomalous fiber pattern in reeler adults arises in development through a defect in initial patterns of axon fasciculation or from a failure of axon elimination.
Heat transfer and shear stress in the shock- induced unsteady boundary layer on a flat plate.

15 Hilsenrath, J. et al., Tables of Thermal Properties of Gases, Circular 564, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., 1955. 16 Selberg, B. P., "Shock Tube Determination of the Drag Coefficient of Small Spherical Particles," CR-418, 1966, NASA. 17 Moore, F. K., "Aerodynamic Effects of Boundary Layer Unsteadiness," Sixth Anglo-American Aeronautical Conference, 1957, pp.439-476. 18 Schlichting, EL, Boundary Layer Theory, 4th ed., McGrawHill, New York, 1960, Chap. 12, p. 252. 19 Rosenhead, L., Laminar Boundary Layers, Oxford, London, 1963, Chap. VII, pp. 375-376. 20 Sarpkaya, T., "Separated Flow about Lifting Bodies and Impulsive Flow about Cylinders," Paper 65-396, 1965, AIAA; also AIAA Journal, Vol. 4, No. 3, March 1966, pp. 414-420. 21 Maccoll, J. W., "Aerodynamics of a Spinning Sphere," Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, Vol. 32, 1928, pp. 777— 798. 22 Davies, J. M., "The Aerodynamics of Gold Balls," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 20, 1949, p. 821. 23 Pasternak, I. S. and Gauvin, W. H., "Turbulent Convective Heat and Mass Transfer from Accelerating Particles," American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal, Vol. 7, No. 7, 1961, p. 254. 24 Luthander, S. and Rydberg, A., "Experimental Investigation of the Drag of a Rotating Body with the Wind Direction Parallel to the Axis," Zeitschrift furr Physik, Vol. 36, 1935, pp. 552-563. 25 Garstang, F. E., "The Flow of a Viscous Liquid Past Spinning Bodies," Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 142, 1933, pp. 491-508. 26 Drazin, M. P., "The General Motion of a Sphere in a Viscous Liquid," Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (Mathematical and Physical Sciences) Vol. 47, 1951, pp. 142-145. 27 Kiem, S. R., "Fluid Resistance to Cylinders in Accelerated Motion," Proceeding of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Vol. 82, HY6, 1956, Paper 1113. 28 Bugliarello, G., "La Resistenza al Moto Accelerato di Sfere in Acqua," La Richerca Scientifica, Vol. 26, 1956, p. 437. 29 Sivier, K. R., "Subsonic Sphere Drag Measurements at Intermediate Reynolds Number," Doctoral thesis, 1967, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. (available in university microfilms).
Colleagues or Combatants? Experts as Environmental Diplomats

Professionals with advanced training in natural, physical, social and applied sciences or ``experts'' are important actors in international environmental negotiation. Experts participate in environmental negotiation by identifying problems, building and testing theories, communicating science knowledge and advising. They are generally less prominent in formal bargaining. This paper considers whether environmental negotiation is facilitated when experts participate in the formulation and detailing of agreements. Case material explores the regime of the Baltic Sea where civil servants with advanced training in science and engineering are direct participants in the regime's annual cycle of negotiations. The inquiry begins in 1983 and ends in 1995. During this period, expert-diplomats failed to reach consensus on politically-binding recommendations bearing on the region's most pollution-prone industry, the pulp and paper industry. Conditions for consensual decision-making were present: member states' expert-diplomats were individuals with similar technical training, professional values, and responsibilities. Yet conflict prevailed over consensus, driven by experts' narrowly defined research agendas and their allegiances to particular problem-solving technologies. These differences were magnified by the negotiators' pride in national scientific and technological institutions and capabilities.
A Simple inexpensive and reliable nanoliter syringe

Abstract A simplified method for construction of a micropipette syringe is described. This design allows reliable placement of injections in the nanoliter range.
Gross motion planning—a survey

Motion planning is one of the most important areas of robotics research. The complexity of the motion-planning problem has hindered the development of practical algorithms. This paper surveys the work on gross-motion planning, including motion planners for point robots, rigid robots, and manipulators in stationary, time-varying, constrained, and movable-object environments. The general issues in motion planning are explained. Recent approaches and their performances are briefly described, and possible future research directions are discussed.
Preparation of Barium Titanate Films Using Sol-Gel Techniques

Sol-gel techniques provide a convenient method of applying barium titanate films on solid substrates at ambient temperature. A significant advantage in using this technique is the capability of maintaining compositional homogeneity while coating large areas of surfaces with complex geometries. Solutions prepared by reacting a titanium alkoxide with barium hydroxide in methanol were used for preparing thin films (1000â€“3000A…) of barium titanate on silicon and metal substrates. Electrical properties of the films depended both on solution parameters and subsequent heat treatment of the films. Highest field strengths (8âˆ’9 A— 106 V/cm) were observed in amorphous films prepared from partially hydrolyzed solutions.
Effect of the rotational motion of molecules on their optical and magneto-optical activity

In the theoretical descriptions of natural and magneto-optical activity it is customary to average classically over molecular orientations. We develop a theoretical description of the two phenomena that includes the correct quantum mechanical representation of the rotational motion in order to find out whether or not the customary procedure is correct. We find that the inclusion of the quantum mechanical description of the rotational motion leads to the same result in the theory of optical activity and magneto-optical activity as the naive classical averaging over molecular orientations.
Development of a Prediction Computer Model for Blue Crab Meat Yield Based on Processing and Biological Variables

The effects of cooking time, cooking method, storage conditions, crab size, crab sex, season, and crab sexual maturity on the total and differential yield of blue crab were determined under commercial processing condition. Crabs cooked for 8 min. yielded more meat than those processed for 12 min. and 10 min. Male crabs yielded more lump and claw meat than female crabs. Clean female crabs also produced more lump and top flake than sponge crabs. A computer program, VTBCP, containing the yield data and prediction equations was developed to predict and calculate the final meat yield (total and differential) based on biological and processing variables.
g tensor for substitutional nitrogen in diamond.

We report a measurement of an axially symmetric g tensor for the substitutional nitrogen center in type-IIa synthetic isopure $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ diamond. Because the nitrogen concentration of the diamond studied is exceptionally low the electron-paramagnetic-resonance linewidth is sufficiently narrow to reveal the g-tensor anisotropy. Studies of the angular dependence reveal [111] symmetry and an axial g tensor in which ${\mathit{g}}_{\mathit{p}\mathit{e}\mathit{r}\mathit{p}}$-${\mathit{g}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$=0.0001\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000 03. From the narrow linewidth, we observe that the deviation from the [111] symmetry exhibited by the nitrogen center is less than 0.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}.
Contribution of MR imaging in ischemic heart disease.

Keywords: Comparative studies; Contrast enhancement; Coronary vessels; stenosis or obstruction, 54.76; Coronary vessels, MR, 54.12143; Heart, ischemia, 51.76; Heart, MR, 51.12143; Myocardium, ischemta, 511.76; Myocardium, MR, 511.12143; Vascular studies
Health benefits due to reductions of CO levels

A method is presented by which an upper limit of the adverse health effect of existing ambient CO concentrations on the U. S. population can be estimated. The method is based upon estimating the primary human physiological response to CO concentrations (COHb%) for the population in terms of person-hour-COHb>1.5% resulting from the time exposure of the population to CO concentrations in excess of the federally designated ambient air quality standard. The estimates of person-hour-COHb>1.5% are for exposures only to ambient CO concentrations and do not take into account the additional CO exposure for people who smoke or have occupational exposures.
Photoprogrammable Molecular Hybrid Materials for Write-As-Needed Optical Devices.

Abstract The application of photosensitive materials to provide immediately configurable optical device functionality in integrated photonic systems has motivated an examination of the unique materials requirements associated with this alternative operational mode. In this case, a reliable photoinduced index change is needed when photopatterning under non-laboratory conditions utilizing compact, integrable optical sources. Molecular hybrid thin films, based on inorganic, Group IVA linear-chain polymers, are investigated in terms of excitation (writing) wavelength tuning through molecular modification and the influence of environmental conditions and thermal history on the photosensitive response observed. In general, a significant photoinduced refractive index change (with magnitude greater than 10−2 at 632.8 nm) is found to be retained as the lowest energy absorption band (associated with the Group IVA conjugated backbone structure) is shifted with changes in side-group identity and backbone composition. In addition, the photosensitive response of a representative polysilane composition (poly[(methyl)(phenyl)silylene]) is observed to be strongly dependent on the local atmospheric composition during photoexposure, a key issue in the effective in-situ patterning of optical structures.
Moral Complexity: The Fatal Attraction of Truthiness and the Importance of Mature Moral Functioning

Recently, intuitionist theories have been effective in capturing the academic discourse about morality. Intuitionist theories, like rationalist theories, offer important but only partial understanding of moral functioning. Both can be fallacious and succumb to truthiness: the attachment to one's opinions because they "feel right," potentially leading to harmful action or inaction. Both intuition and reasoning are involved in deliberation and expertise. Both are malleable from environmental and educational influence, making questions of normativity-which intuitions and reasoning skills to foster-of utmost importance. Good intuition and reasoning inform mature moral functioning, which needs to include capacities that promote sustainable human well-being. Individual capacities for habituated empathic concern and moral metacognition-moral locus of control, moral self-regulation, and moral self-reflection-comprise mature moral functioning, which also requires collective capacities for moral dialogue and moral institutions. These capacities underlie moral innovation and are necessary for solving the complex challenges humanity faces.
Increased concentration of thymidine kinase in rat hepatomas

Thymidine kinase was purified to near homogeneity by affinity chromatography from cytosol fraction of rat hepatoma 3924A. The enzyme had a Mr of 81,000 and was composed of two subunits of Mr = 44,000. Antiserum made against it neutralized the activities of thymidine kinase from both rat livers and hepatomas. Neutralization studies with the antiserum revealed that hepatic transformation resulted in 4-, 15- and 25-fold increase in the amount of cytosol thymidine kinase in hepatomas 16, 7787 and 3924A of slow, medium and fast growth rate, respectively.
Chromosome Number of the Polyembryonic Parasitoid Copidosoma floridanum (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

Chromosome numbers of n = 11 and 2 n = 22 were found for the polyembryonic parasitoid Copidosoma floridanum (Ashmead). No differences in chromosome number were found for C. floridanum collected from South Carolina, Wisconsin, and California. Reciprocal mating between wasps from the different geographic regions produced viable progeny of both sexes. Examination of various tissues indicated that embryonic tissue from fourth-instar hosts was an excellent source for mitotically active cells which could be very useful in future cytological studies of polyembryonic parasitoids.
Roquette,Eruca vesicaria subsp.sativa a good host for long-term maintenance of aphid vectors of potato viruses

Since 1971, we have used roquette,Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp.sativa (Mill.) Thell., as a host for prolonged maintenance of colonies of the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and the potato aphid,Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas). When roquette plants were kept in a growth chamber with 12 hour light and dark periods and a temperature regime of 20°C light and 15°C dark, or in greenhouse cubicles with temperatures ranging from 22–28°C and light periods ranging from 12 to 14 hours, colonies of these aphids could be maintained on a single plant for 16 weeks. These aphids retained their original characteristics, readily accepting radish, lettuce, and snapdragon as hosts, but accepted chrysanthemum only with great reluctance. Aphids from colonies that were maintained on roquette for 4 years did not lose their ability to transmit viruses.
Biosynthesis of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (platelet activating factor and a hypotensive lipid) by cholinephosphotransferase in various rat tissues☆

The unique alkyi phospholipid, 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, has been reported to exhibit powerful antihypertensive activity (Blank, M.L., Snyder, F., Byers, L.W., Brooks, B. and Muirhead, E.E. (1979) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 90, 1194–1200) and appears to be an extremely potent platelet-activating factor (Demopoulos C.A., Pinckard R.N. and Hanahan D.J. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 9355–9358). In the present study, microsomal preparations from several rat tissues were found to catalyze the synthesis of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine by a 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol: CDPcholine cholinephosphotransferase reaction. Optimal conditions to measure enzyme activity were established. A subcellular survey of this cholinephosphotransferase activity showed that the enzyme was of microsomal origin. Enzyme activity was found in microsomes from several tissues; however, spleen has the highest activity of the tissues examined. Three different species of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol were all found to be substrates. The 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine synthesized in the microsomes could be hydrolyzed by adding the 100 000 × g supernatant fraction to the incubation medium. The optimum pH for formation of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-choline was 8.0, which was different from the pH optimum of 8.5 observed for the long-chain diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransf erases. Activity of choline-phosphotransferase towards 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol was slightly enhanced and stabilized by dithiothreitol, whereas the activity towards a diacylglycerol was inhibited by dithiothreitol. The possible involvement of two different enzymes in the conversion of 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol and diacylglycerol to their respective phospholipid products is discussed.
Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Subset of Minor Neurocognitive Disorder?

The field of aging and dementia is increasingly preoccupied with identification of the asymptomatic phenotype of Alzheimer disease (AD). A quick glance at historical landmarks in the field indicates that the agenda and priorities of the field have evolved over time. The initial focus of research was dementia. In the late 1980s and 1990s, dementia researchers reported that some elderly persons are neither demented nor cognitively normal. Experts coined various terms to describe the gray zone between normal cognitive aging and dementia, including mild cognitive impairment. Advances made in epidemiologic, neuroimaging, and biomarkers research emboldened the field to seriously pursue the avenue of identifying asymptomatic AD. Accurate "diagnosis" of the phenotype has also evolved over time. For example, the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) Task Force is contemplating to use the terms major and minor neurocognitive disorders. The six papers published in this edition of the journal pertain to mild cognitive impairment, which is envisaged to become a subset of minor neurocognitive disorders. These six studies have three points in common: 1) All of them are observational studies; 2) they have generated useful hypotheses or made important observations without necessarily relying on expensive biomarkers; and 3) Based on the new National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association guidelines, all the studies addressed the symptomatic phase of AD. Questionnaire-based observational studies will continue to be useful until such a time that validated biomarkers, be it chemical or neuroimaging, become widely available and reasonably affordable .
Protection of riboflavin and UVB sensitized degradation of DNA and RNA bases by natural antioxidants

Riboflavin (RF) is a potent photosensitizer producing extensive degradation of purine and pyrimidine derivatives of nucleic acids under UVA, UVB and sunlight. In this study we have demonstrated that reactive O(2) species generated by photosensitized RF under UVB were responsible for the degradation of DNA and RNA bases. While (1)O(2) accounted for the degradation of adenine, guanine, thymine and uracil, O(2)(-·)also contributed to partial degradation of adenine. Cytosine remained unaffected by the synergistic action of RF and UVB. Ascorbic acid, glutathione, glycolic acid and quercetin showed remarkable protection (88-100%) against photodegradation of bases. Sorbitol was effective in preventing photodegradation of guanine. These naturally occurring antioxidants are potential candidates for prevention against oxidative stress caused by photosensitization.