cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlations of Morphic (HEDAN) with Topic (hedan) Relationships, and Morphizations ( HEDAN ) with Topizations ( hedan ) in Carbogenic Molecules

This chapter presents the stereochemical correlations between overall molecular structure (morphicity) and molecular sites (topicity), and between molecular transformations (morphizations) and molecular site interchanges (topizations). It establishes the correlations between (geo)metric relationships (G 1 , G 2 ) and (geo)topic relationships (g 1 , g 2 ) in geometric figures; morphic relationships (M 1 ,M 2 ) and topic relationships (t 1 , t 2 ) , in carbogenic molecules; (geo)metrizations (G 1 ⇌ G 2 ) and (geo)topizations (g 1 ⇌ g 2 ) in geometric figures; and morphizations ( M 1 ⇌ M 2 ) and topizations (t 1 ⇌ t 2 ) in carbogenic molecules. Intermolecularly homotopic sites are present only in homomorphic molecules while enantiotopic sites are found only in homomorphic and enantiomorphic molecules. Diastereotopic sites, in contradistinction, occur only in homomorphic, enantiomorphic, and diastereomorphic molecules. Further, astereotopic sites can be discerned only in homomorphic, enantiomorphic, diastereomorphic, and astereomorphic molecules. Lastly, nonequitopic sites exist in all five types of molecular pairs – homomorphic, enantiomorphic, diastereomorphic, astereomorphic, and nonequimorphic.
Workshop Summary: The Dynamics, Structure and History of Galaxies

In July/August last year, a group of 50 galactic astronomers convened at Dunk Island, Australia to celebrate Prof. Ken Freeman's 60th birthday. The overarching theme of the meeting reflected Ken's wish to understand ``the chain of events that occurred during the formation of the Galaxy", to quote from his Annual Reviews article in 1987. The workshop was divided into four parts: galaxy structure and dynamics, haloes and environments, HI and dark matter, galaxy formation and evolution.
Mutational analysis of human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax: regions necessary for function determined with 47 mutant proteins.

We have made 47 mutations that span the length of the human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) Tax open reading frame. Of the 47 mutations, 38 were substitutions of single amino acids, 5 were missense changes in two or more amino acids, and 4 were deletions. A subset of these mutations includes individual changes of all 26 naturally occurring serines to alanines. By assaying each mutant protein separately on the HTLV-I long terminal repeat (LTR) and the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) LTR in parallel, we were able to identify regions of Tax selectively necessary for each promoter. A small region in the carboxyl terminus, amino acids 315 to 325, was found to be selectively important for activation of the HTLV-I LTR. Three changes at serine 113, serine 160, and serine 258 were found to specifically affect function on the HIV-1 LTR. Surprisingly, we found that the great preponderance of missense changes (32 of 42) in Tax did not affect function. Images
Mitochondrial dysfunction and spinocerebellar degenerations.

A simplified classification of the spinocerebellar degenerations is proposed. Axonal ataxias include Friedreich’s ataxia and other conditions involving, primarily, neurons with very long axons. Multiple system degenerations include the various olivopontocerebellar atrophies and related disorders. Ataxic encephalopathies are diffuse diseases of the nervous system in which ataxia is a prominent clinical feature. Several lines of data suggest that mitochondrial damage is a common mechanism in the spinocerebellar degenerations. Reasonable pathophysiological mechanisms can be invoked, linking mitochondrial damage to the observed pathologies (including the many cases of intermediate on variant forms).
Evolution of solar magnetic fields over an 11-year period

Digitized data on solar magnetic fields recorded at the Mount Wilson Observatory during the period August 1959–May 1970 have been used to study the large-scale evolution of the photospheric magnetic fields. The latitude distribution (butterfly diagram) of the magnetic field is compared with the distribution of sunspots, faculae, prominences and the intensity of the green-line corona. The evolution of the sector structure of the field is calculated. 36 synoptic charts, each representing an average of four solar rotations, illustrate the evolution of the magnetic field over the 11-year period.
Reactions of FeCF2+ and CoCF2+ with simple alkanes and olefins in the gas phase: An FTICR and density functional study

Abstract The gas-phase reactions of FeCF2+ and CoCF2+ with selected linear and branched alkanes and olefins, and cyclic alkanes are studied by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry. For reactions with alkanes, condensation and initial CC insertion are dominant, in contrast to the CH insertion and carbene-alkyl coupling of FeCH2+ and CoCH2+. The reactions of FeCF2+ and CoCF2+ with alkenes are characterized mainly by CF2H2 elimination and CF2 ligand displacement. No metathesis products are observed, while these are the predominant products in the reactions of FeCH2+ and CoCH2+ with alkenes. For cyclic alkanes, however, similar reaction pathways are observed for both MCF2+ and MCH2+ (M  Fe, Co). Competitive CID and ion-molecule reaction bracketing gave D0(Fe+CF2) = 48 ± 4 kcal/mol and D0(Co+CF2) = 50 ± 6 kcal/mol, which can be compared to the literature values of D0(Fe+CH2) = 81.5 ± 0.9 kcal/mol and D0(Co+CH2) = 75.9 ± 1.2 kcal/mol. Density functional calculations indicate that like FeCH2+ and CoCH2+, both FeCF2+ and CoCF2+ have planar C2v structures, and that a double bond is formed between the M+ and the C atom. The bond energy calculated for FeCF2+ is 57.2 kcal/mol, which is somewhat higher than the experimental value. For CoCF2+, however, the calculated bond energy of 50.4 kcal/mol is in good agreement with the experimental bond energy. The structures, chemical bonding and reactivities of the difluorocarbene ligand in MCF2+ are significantly different from those of the ion-dipole complex FM+···F2C (M  Fe, Co) reported earlier.
Light acclimation during and after leaf expansion in soybean.

Soybean plants (Glycine max var. Ransom) were grown at light intensities of 850 and 250 μeinsteins m−2 sec−1 of photosynthetically active radiation. A group of plants was shifted from each environment into the other environment 24 hours before the beginning of the experiment. Net photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductances were measured at 2,000 and 100 μeinsteins m−2 sec−1 photosynthetically active radiation on the 1st, 2nd, and 5th days of the experiment to determine the time course of photosynthetic light adaptation. The following factors were also measured: dark respiration, leaf water potential, leaf thickness, internal surface area per external surface area, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic unit size and number, specific leaf weight, and activities of malate dehydrogenase, and glycolate oxidase. Comparisons were made with plants maintained in either 850 or 250 μeinsteins m−2 sec−1 environments. Changes in photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, leaf anatomy, leaf water potential, photosynthetic unit size, and glycolate oxidase activity occurred upon altering the light environment, and were complete within 1 day, whereas chlorophyll content, numbers of photosynthetic units, specific leaf weight, and malate dehydrogenase activity showed slower changes. Differences in photosynthetic rates at high light were largely accounted for by internal surface area differences with low environmental light associated with low internal area and low photosynthetic rate. An exception to this was the fact that plants grown at 250 μeinsteins m−2 sec−1 then switched to 850 μeinsteins m−2 sec−1 showed lower photosynthesis at high light than any other treatment. This was associated with higher glycolate oxidase and malate dehydrogenase activity. Photosynthesis at low light was higher in plants kept at or switched to the lower light environment. This increased rate was associated with larger photosynthetic unit size, and lower dark respiration and malate dehydrogenase activity. Both anatomical and physiological changes with environmental light occurred even after leaf expansion was complete and both were important in determining photosynthetic response to light.
Toward Adaptive Community Forest Management: Integrating Local Forest Knowledge with Scientific Forestry*

This case study of indigenous communities in highland Michoacain, Mexico, examines data on forest change, woodcutting practices, social history, and a recent forest inventory and management plan prepared by a professional forester. It assesses the social and environmental fit of both local knowledge and scientific forestry and considers their abilities to contribute to sustainable forest manage- ment. Both bodies of knowledge are limited in their ability to inform the social practice of environmental management. The local forest knowledge system is par- ticularly hampered by a limited ability to monitor the forest's response to wood- cutting, while scientific forestry lacks the institutional flexibility to ensure the just and effective implementation of restrictions and prescriptions. This article recom- mends cross-learning between scientific resource managers and woodcutters, par- ticipatory environmental monitoring to assess the results of different cutting tech- niques, and explicit management experiments to facilitate institutional learning at the community level. This kind of adaptive management approach permits the flex- ible integration of local knowledge, scientific forestry, and appropriate institutional parameters to modulate human needs and goals with the discordant harmonies of inhabited and heavily used forests in a constant state of flux under processes of suc- cession, disturbance, and spatial variation. Several barriers to this kind of institu- tional innovation exist, but outside intervention has the potential to change the dynamics of institutional evolution.
Decortication decreases paired-pulse facilitation in the neostriatal slice of the rat

Paired-pulse facilitation, a form of short-term synaptic enhancement, occurs in the neostriatum. The present experiments were designed to determine the contributions of neostriatal afferents to the maintenance of this form of short-term facilitation. There are 3 major afferents to the neostriatum: the neocortex, the substantia nigra and the medial thalamus. Since the largest inputs into the neostriatum emanate from the neocortex and substantia nigra, the effects of unilateral decortication or unilateral dopamine depletion on paired-pulse facilitation were primarily examined. Intracellular recordings were made from neostriatal neurons in brain slices 2 weeks following unilateral decortication or dopamine-depleting lesions. Statistically significant decreases in paired-pulse facilitation of the synaptic response evoked by local stimulation occurred only after neocortical damage. In contrast, paired-pulse facilitation in neostriatal neurons ipsilateral to the dopamine depleting lesion was not significantly altered. These results indicate that the corticostriatal input is primarily responsible for neostriatal short-term synaptic facilitation.
The administration of a rural development project: Part 1—A case study from higher education in Malawi

Abstract Rural development projects embrace a broad spectrum of professional disciplines which must be administered to facilitate convergence on relevant problems and issues. Out of a pragmatic philosophy to contribute toward teaching necessary knowledge and skills, the Rural Development Department, along with the three other departments of Bunda College, University of Malawi, were established to meet the needs of trained personnel for rural economic development, currently manifested in the National Rural Development Programme, in which most students find employment on qualifying from Bunda College. Experience of administering the Rural Development Department (1975–1978) and subsequent associations have provided case study material for Part 1. Naturally occurring professional divergences lead to the identification of extra-departmental linkages for maintaining the Department's pragmatic and integrative functions and supporting professional interests. As a pragmatic department, the ethos of rural development is reflected in its functions and their administration. The insights thus provided may be of guidance, generally to the administration of rural development projects.
Structural features of the ligand binding site on human complement protein C8γ: A member of the lipocalin family

Abstract Human C8 is one of five components of the cytolytic membrane attack complex of complement. It contains three subunits (C8α, C8β, C8γ) arranged as a disulfide-linked C8α-γ heterodimer that is noncovalently associated with C8β. C8γ has the distinction of being the only lipocalin in the complement system. Lipocalins have a core β-barrel structure forming a calyx with a binding site for a small hydrophobic ligand. A natural ligand for C8γ has not been identified; however previous structural studies indicate C8γ has a typical lipocalin fold that is suggestive of a ligand-binding capability. A distinctive feature of C8γ is the division of its putative ligand binding pocket into a hydrophilic upper portion and a large hydrophobic lower cavity. Access to the latter is restricted by the close proximity of two tyrosine side chains (Y83 and Y131). In the present study, binding experiments were performed using lauric acid as a pseudoligand to investigate the potential accessibility of the lower cavity. The crystal structure of a C8γ·laurate complex revealed that Y83 and Y131 can move to allow penetration of the hydrocarbon chain of laurate into the lower cavity. Introducing a Y83W mutation blocked access but had no effect on the ability of C8γ to enhance C8 cytolytic activity. Together, these results indicate that the lower cavity in C8γ could accommodate a ligand if such a ligand has a narrow hydrophobic moiety at one end. Entry of that moiety into the lower cavity would require movement of Y83 and Y131, which act as a gate at the cavity entrance.
Teaching Experiments and Professional Development.

The challenge that we address concerns teachers’ shifts toward student-centered instruction. We report on a yearlong professional development study in which two United States elementary school teachers engaged in a teaching experiment, as described by Steffe and Thompson (in: Lesh and Kelly (eds) Research on design in mathematics and science education, 2000). The teaching experiment involved close mathematical interactions with a pair of students after school, in the context of solving fractions tasks. By conducting a teaching experiment, we anticipated that each teacher would have more opportunity to develop insight into students’ mathematics. We also anticipated that these insights would influence the teachers’ classroom practice, even without explicit support for such a shift. Indeed, the teachers found that they began asking more probing questions of their students and spending more time listening to students’ explanations, but shifts to classroom practice were limited by constraining factors such an inflexible curriculum.
Investigations of the software testing coupling effect

Fault-based testing strategies test software by focusing on specific, common types of faults. The coupling effect hypothesizes that test data sets that detect simple types of faults are sensitive enough to detect more complex types of faults. This paper describes empirical investigations into the coupling effect over a specific class of software faults. All of the results from this investigation support the validity of the coupling effect. The major conclusion from this investigation is the fact that by explicitly testing for simple faults, we are also implicitly testing for more complicated faults, giving us confidence that fault-based testing is an effective way to test software.
Is Adam Worth More Than Eve

Abstract Purpose. On January 1, 1992, Congress implemented a Medicare payment system based on relative value units (RVU). The RVU multiplied by a dollar conversion factor sets the reimbursement for all procedures covered by Medicare and many other private insurers. This study was undertaken to evaluate discrepancies in federal reimbursement for gender-specific procedures. Methods. Using the December 1995 Federal Register and the regional Medicare conversion factor ($40.08/RVU), we compared the work RVU and total reimbursement of 24 groups of gender-specific surgical procedures. The groups were matched as carefully as possible so that the amount of work and level of difficulty would be similar, if not identical. Some examples of comparisons are as follows: biopsy of male vs female genitals, hysterectomy vs prostatectomy, staging for ovarian vs testicular cancer, and exenteration for cervical vs prostate cancer. Results. In the 24 matched procedures, the male-specific procedures were reimbursed at a higher amount in 19 (79%) cases. The female-specific procedures were reimbursed at a higher amount in 3 (12%) cases ( P = 0.004). There was no difference in reimbursement for two of the comparisons. Overall, we found that male-specific procedures are reimbursed at an amount which is 44% higher than female-specific procedures. Comparison of work RVU revealed that male-specific procedures were assigned higher values in 19 cases and, overall, male gender-related surgeries had work RVU that were 50% higher than female gender-related surgeries. Conclusion. There is significant gender bias against the Medicare reimbursement of female-specific services. This results in a lower net reimbursement for gynecologic procedures. In addition, since many private sector insurance carriers now use the resource-based relative value scale system, this gender bias is further potentiated.
Effect of methylphenidate treatment during adolescence on norepinephrine transporter function in orbitofrontal cortex in a rat model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with hypofunctional medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Methylphenidate (MPH) remediates ADHD, in part, by inhibiting the norepinephrine transporter (NET). MPH also reduces ADHD-like symptoms in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), a model of ADHD. However, effects of chronic MPH treatment on NET function in mPFC and OFC in SHR have not been reported. In the current study, long-term effects of repeated treatment with a therapeutically relevant oral dose of MPH during adolescence on NET function in subregions of mPFC (cingulate gyrus, prelimbic cortex and infralimbic cortex) and in the OFC of adult SHR, Wistar-Kyoto (WKY, inbred control) and Wistar (WIS, outbred control) rats were determined using in vivo voltammetry. Following local ejection of norepinephrine (NE), uptake rate was determined as peak amplitude (Amax)× first-order rate constant (k-1). In mPFC subregions, no strain or treatment effects were found in NE uptake rate. In OFC, NE uptake rate in vehicle-treated adult SHR was greater than in adult WKY and WIS administered vehicle. MPH treatment during adolescence normalized NE uptake rate in OFC in SHR. Thus, the current study implicates increased NET function in OFC as an underlying mechanism for reduced noradrenergic transmission in OFC, and consequently, the behavioral deficits associated with ADHD. MPH treatment during adolescence normalized NET function in OFC in adulthood, suggesting that the therapeutic action of MPH persists long after treatment cessation and may contribute to lasting reductions in deficits associated with ADHD.
Personal computers and data processing departments: interfaces, impact and implications

The impact of the rapidly growing use of personal computers on data processing (DP) departments is analyzed using data from a national survey of DP managers. The implications of the findings are discussed in the context of policy and managing personal computers and DP departments.
Preventing the spread of AIDS in youth: Principles of practice from 11 diverse projects

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that contributed to intervention effectiveness in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention projects targeting youth. Methods: Eleven AIDS prevention projects funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation whose target populations consisted of at least 60% youth were studied. A blended methodology resulted in quantitative data (i.e., survey responses) from all 11 projects supplemented with qualitative data (i.e., open-ended interviews) drawn from in-depth site visits to six projects. Results: Projects reported using a mean of 16.6 intervention activities (selected from a list of 30). Six activities were used by all 11 projects. Small group discussions were rated as one of three most effective activities by 72.7% of the projects that used them. Project staff identified three elements of effective interventions: involvement of peer educators, recognition of the role of adults (e.g., parents, teachers), and use of structured settings to gain access to the target population (e.g., schools, clubs). Conclusions: The most powerful strategies described by project staff for reaching adolescents at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission also bring considerable challenges. Opportunity costs associated with using peer educators, gatekeeper support, and structured settings may include limited control of the message, impaired credibility, and failure to reach those youth at greatest risk of HIV infection, respectively. Health educators will do well to consider the advantages and disadvantages of these factors when developing, implementing, and evaluating AIDS prevention programs for youth.
Multisingularity and scaling in partial differential approximants. I

A partial differential approximant (or PDA), F ( x, y ) approximates a function f ( x, y ), specified by its truncated power series, in terms of a solution of a defining linear partial differential equation with polynomial coefficients. The intrinsic multisingularities of a PDA, which may approximate corresponding singularities of f ( x, y ), are analysed formally and shown to obey, in general, asymptotic scaling (as familiar in the theory of critical phenomena), i. e. F ( x, y ) ≈ C | x | - γ Z ( y /| x | ϕ ) + B , where x and y are linear combinations of the deviations, ( x - x c ) and ( y - y c ), from the multisingular point ( x c , y c ). Explicit formulae, suitable for numerical computation, are derived for the characteristic exponents, γ and ϕ , for the scaling function Z ( • ), for its expansion coefficients and for the related coefficients C and B , in the case when the crossover exponent, ϕ , lies in the interval (½, 2). (Part II extends these results to general values of ϕ , which requires the introduction of the nonlinear scaling fields associated with the PDA.)
Water Resource Management and Drought Forecasts in South Carolina

: Despite potential benefits for resource planning, community water systems managers have not used seasonal climate forecasts extensively. Obstacles to forecast use include a lack of awareness of their existence, distrust of their accuracy, perceived irrelevance to management decisions, and competition from other technological innovations. In this paper, ways in which seasonal forecasts might be extended to address more directly some concerns of South Carolina community water systems managers are explored. From May 1998 through August 2002, this group experienced drought conditions that threatened water quality and supply and required restrictions on water consumption. Methods for incorporating long lead forecasts with joint probabilities of monthly temperature and precipitation to produce drought forecasts are demonstrated. When tailored to specific places, such forecasts show the likelihood of exceeding drought thresholds that would trigger water use restrictions. The methods illustrate how long lead forecasts can be extended and customized into secondary products that address issues of greater relevance to water resource managers.
The Relationship between Fisher's Exact Test and Pearson's Chi-Square Test: A Bayesian Perspective.

It is demonstrated in this paper that two major tests for 2 × 2 talbes are highly related from a Bayesian perspective. Although it is well-known that Fisher's exact and Pearson's chi-square tests are asymptotically equivalent, the present analysis shows that a formal similarity also exists in small samples. The key assumption that leads to the resemblance is the presence of a continuous parameter measuring association. In particular, it is shown that Pearson's probability can be obtained by integrating a two-moment approximation to the posterior distribution of the log-odds ratio. Furthermore, Pearson's chi-square test gave an excellent approximation to the actual Bayes probability in all 2×2 tables examined, except for those with extremely disproportionate marginal frequencies.
Expert-system method for automatic reconfiguration for restoration of shipboard power systems

The electric-power systems in US Navy ships supply energy to sophisticated systems for weapons, communications, navigation and operation. Faults in a shipboard power system (SPS) may occur owing to material casualties of electrical components or widespread faults owing to battle damage. These faults may interrupt the supply of electrical energy to loads that are not faulty or damaged. To enhance survivability of naval ships and meet reduced manning requirements, automatic reconfiguration for service restoration may be performed to restore the de-energised loads. The paper presents an automatic rule-based expert-system method for reconfiguration of electric-power systems on naval ships which determines the control operations necessary to restore power supply to de-energised loads after battle damage or cascading faults. A case study is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Individual differences in well-being in older breast cancer survivors

Older women who survive breast cancer may differ significantly in their long-term well-being. Using a risk and protective factors model, we studied predictors of well-being in 127 women age 70 and above with a history of at least 1 year's survival of breast cancer. Mean post-cancer survivorship was 5.1 years. Using life satisfaction, depression and general health perceptions as outcome variables, we assessed whether demographic variables, cancer-related variables, health status and psychosocial resources predicted variability in well-being using correlational and hierarchical regression analyses. Higher age predicted increased depression but was not associated with life satisfaction or general health perceptions. Cancer-related variables, including duration of survival, and type of cancer treatment, were not significantly associated with survivors' well-being. Poorer health status was associated with poorer well-being in all three dependent variables. After controlling for demographics, cancer-related variables, and health status, higher levels of psychosocial resources including optimism, mastery, spirituality and social support predicted better outcome in all three dependent variables. While many older women survive breast cancer without severe sequelae, there is considerable variability in their well-being after survivorship. Successful intervention with older breast cancer survivors might include greater attention not only to cancer-specific concerns, but also attention to geriatric syndromes and functional impairment, and enhancement of protective psychosocial resources.
Single- vs Multiple-Fraction Radiotherapy for Bone Metastases From Prostate Cancer

Palliative radiotherapy, comprising 1 or more fractions (ie, treatments) of daily radiation, is the mainstay of treatment for painful bone metastases. In 2005, a US-based randomized trial demonstrated no difference in pain relief between single- and multiple-fraction radiotherapy for uncomplicated bone metastases, confirming results from international trials.1,2 The Choosing Wisely campaign advocates single-fraction treatment for bone metastases.3 We examined whether single-fraction treatment has been incorporated into routine clinical practice for Medicare beneficiaries with prostate cancer and at what cost savings.
A rapid and economical method for profiling feature heights during microfabrication

Quality control is an important and integral part to any microfabrication process. While the widths of features often can be easily assessed by light microscopy, the heights of the fabricated structures are more difficult to determine. Here, we present a rapid, accurate, and low-cost method to measure the heights of microfabricated structures during and after the fabrication process. This technique is based on white-light interferometry, which offers accuracy on the submicrometre scale.
Reversible Movement of Fluid Across the Fœtal Lung

IN 1953, attention was directed to the nasopharyngeal and buccal cavities as a source of amniotic fluid in fœtal lambs in the last trimester of gestation1. Since that time, interest in the subject has continued. Dawes2, Jost3, and Adams et al.4 have all directed attention to the fact that fluid is derived from the fœtal lung and moves up the trachea through the upper respiratory tract and thence, with mucus added, into the amniotic fluid. The view of Paul et al.5 is that, “diffusion is the mechanism of passage of water across the barrier between maternal blood and amniotic fluid and that the barrier provides a significant restriction to free diffusion”. Adams et al.4 hold that, “tracheal fluid is formed in the fœtal lung either as the result of ultrafiltration with selective reabsorption or ultra-filtration with selective secretion”.
A 70-Year-Old Man with Blue Skin

A 70-year-old man with a history of hypertension, porcine aortic valve replacement, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease began having dizziness and confusion. He had strange 1-word responses to his son, who took him to a hospital. A computed tomography scan was performed, showing a subarachnoid hemorrhage. There was no neurosurgeon at that hospital; therefore, the patient was transferred the next morning to our institution. The patient's son reported a remote history of falling and the patient hitting his head on a cabinet. The patient denied any headaches, nausea, vomiting, vision changes, or seizures, but he confirmed having a productive cough for the last 2 weeks for which he had been placed on levofloxacin. He smoked 1.5–2 packs of cigarettes a day. His physical examination showed no abnormal neurologic signs, and he was alert and oriented without acute distress. Laboratory tests revealed an increased white blood cell count, abnormal coagulation, and acute renal failure (Table 1). The patient received care and various medications (amiodarone, atorvastatin, azithromycin, benzocaine, citalopram, clonazepam, fluticasone, levalbuterol, metoprolol, and ropinirole) at admission to control his blood pressure, cough, throat pain, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. View this table: Table 1. Laboratory tests at admission. Two days later (day 3), he developed fever (103.7 °F/39.8 °C) and atrial fibrillation, appeared very lethargic, and complained of mild shortness of breath, but he denied any chest pain, nausea, vomiting, or chills. His renal function had improved. His blood culture from the day of admission was positive for gram-positive cocci, and the physician was concerned for possible endocarditis. The patient was thus given vancomycin and cefepime, and he was scheduled for a transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)2 procedure the next morning (day 4). ### QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 1. What clinical signs and laboratory results lead to a diagnosis of methemoglobinemia? 2. What can cause methemoglobinemia, and what was the cause for this patient? 3. What methods are available to measure …
View from afar: ‘Visible’ productivity of scientists in the developing world

Abstract Much of what we know about science and technology in less developed countries comes from international databases such as bibliographies and citation, indices. However, it is not clear if researchers whose work appears in international databases are representative of scientists in the developing world as a whole, or whether they differ in terms of important social characteristics. A search of international databases on agriculture and natural resource management in Ghana, Kenya, and Kerala was used to compile a bibliography that could be compared with results from a face-to-face survey of researchers. Results indicate that, many of the characteristics of those who are internationally visible differ from the wider population of scientists. The implication is that the “view from afar” based exclusively on information drawn from international databases does not accurately reflect the population of researchers or domestic productivity in less developed countries.
On De-Embedding Phase for High Speed Connectors

The phase error problem in de-embedding is examined for board structures and devices under test (DUT). The main feature of this paper is the comparison between the S-parameter data for the embedded DUT and the data for a judiciously chosen reference situation. It is important to note that de-embedding the phase is essential in the design of high-speed connectors in consumer electronics hardware, especially in providing "swappable" models for high-end microprocessor-based applications.
Bioavailability of Copper in Analytical-Grade and Feed-Grade Inorganic Copper Sources when Fed to Provide Copper at Levels Below the Chick’s Requirement

Young chicks were fed a casein-soy protein concentrate basal diet (.56 mg Cu/kg) containing graded levels of added Cu (0, .5, 1.0 mg/kg) from analytical-grade (AG) CuSO4.5H2O, Cu2O, CuO, CuCO3.Cu(OH)2, CuCl, and also from feed-grade (FG) CuSO4.5H2O and FG-CuO. Weight gain, hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma Cu, liver Cu, gall bladder (bile) Cu, and tendon lysine were assessed to determine whether dose-dependent Cu responses would occur. Gall bladder Cu concentration as well as total Cu content of the gall bladder were found to be linear functions of supplemental Cu intake. Common-intercept multiple linear regression (slope-ratio) of bile Cu concentration regressed on supplemental Cu intake indicated Cu bioavailability values (relative to the standard, AG-CuSO4.5H2O, set at 100%) of 97.9% for AG-Cu2O, 93.5% for FG-CuSO4.5H2O, and 112.9% for AG-CuCO3.Cu(OH)2. These values were not different (P > .05) from 100%. Relative bioavailability of Cu in AG-CuCl was 142.5%, which was different (P .05) from zero. The results indicate that when Cu levels are fed below the chick's requirement, bile Cu concentration is a sensitive indicator of net gut absorption of Cu.
Sublimal discrimination and the concept of vigilance

Ten experimental Ss underwent a procedure whereby a subliminal 500 c.p.s. tone (CS) was paired with photic stimulation (UCS). The “arousal” reaction of the alpha rhythm of the EEG was used as evide...
The characterization of defense responses to fungal infection in alfalfa

The enzyme activity and transcript level of three enzymes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (CA4H), and isoflavone reductase (IFR), were monitored in alfalfa seedlings (Medicago sativa) that had been challenged with the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum trifoliii. In many legumes, a pathogen–host infection leads to an induced synthesis of fungitoxic phytoalexins produced via these key enzymes. For example, when alfalfa is exposed to an avirulent fungal type, phytoalexins are produced by the plant providing protection from additional exposure to a virulent fungal race. This defensive plant protection response was accompanied by increases in transcript levels of PAL, CA4H and IFR gene expression, by increases in PAL enzyme activity, and by production of the end product phytoalexins, medicarpin and sativan. The expression of these defense genes and PAL enzyme activity were significantly greater in seedlings responding to combined inoculations of avirulent and virulent fungi, compared to plants inoculated with the avirulent fungus alone. Inoculation with the virulent race alone elevated the gene transcripts compared with control plants but these levels were less than found in plants inoculated with the avirulent race or those inoculated with both. Production of gene transcripts reached its peak in treated plants after 49 h. The phytoalexins medicarpin and sativan increased rapidly and reached maximal levels 97 h after inoculation with the avirulent fungal race. The plants challenged with combined inoculations of the avirulent and the virulent fungi showed significantly greater accumulation of medicarpin than in any other treatment. These results suggest that the increased medicarpin accumulation produced in induced resistant tissues, following challenge inoculation with virulent race, is attributable to increased expression of genes of flavonoid biosynthesis.
Composition dependent ductility in the amorphous Zr–Ti–Ni–Cu–Be alloy system

This work maps the bending ductility versus composition of amorphous alloys in the Zr–Ti–Ni–Cu–Be system. Alloys with a Zr:Ti ratio of 5.67:1 show higher ductility and thermal stability over a wider composition range than those with a Zr:Ti ratio of 3:1. The loss of ductility occurs in alloys that have compositions near those of quasicrystal or intermetallic phases, which form in the amorphous matrix upon cooling.
Marketing, Technology, and Medicine: Recommendations on How to Incorporate Psychological Principles into New Technologies to Promote Healthy Behaviors

Although technologies have provided new forms of entertainment and improved our work efficiency, they have also reduced our need to engage in healthy physical activities. We believe that the psychological principles that make sedentary entertainment technologies (such as television and video games) engaging can be incorporated into new technologies to make new technologies both engaging and promote healthy behaviors. This short report aims to 1) describe how technology has traditionally reduced motivation to engage in health behaviors, 2) discuss key elements that may make sedentary technology (in this case, television) engaging, and 3) provide examples of how these same elements can be incorporated into new technologies to increase engagement and promote health behaviors.
Chelating agents containing two 8-quinolinol functions

Summary Ionization constants, spectra and some metal chelate formulas of several chelating agents containing two 8-quinolinol functions per molecule have been investigated. In general, only one of the chelating functions appears to be used in the formation of insoluble metal chelates. However, 8,8′-dihydroxy-5,5′-biquinolyl may show exceptions to this rule with some divalentions.
Catastrophic flooding of an aeolian dune field: Jurassic Entrada and Todilto Formations, Ghost Ranch, New Mexico, USA

Surveyed outcrops of the Middle Jurassic Entrada Sandstone at Ghost Ranch, New Mexico, show the unusual occurrence of preserved aeolian dune palaeotopography buried beneath subaqueous strata. The preserved dune remnants have relief up to 35 m, trend NNW, and show internal scalloped cross-strata dipping to the WSW, with small sets occurring as both topsets and bottomsets. Outcrop data are best satisfied in computer models by 50 m high, sinuous bedforms that migrated to the WSW, while the sinuosity migrated alongcrest to the NNW. Superimposed small dunes occurred upon the stoss slope, and at the basal lee of the main bedform where they migrated alongslope to the NNW. Remnant dune palaeotopography is buried by onlapping, subaqueous, largely structureless sandstones believed to be derived by mass wasting of the upper portions of the dunes and deposited as sediment-gravity flows that infilled between the dunes. Preservation of dune palaeotopography beneath mass-flow deposits, with no evidence for gradually rising water, argues that flooding of the Entrada dune field was geologically instantaneous. The thickness and lithology of the overlying Todilto Formation conform to slight remnant palaeotopography on the Entrada surface. The Todilto is a laminated limestone and thinnest over remnant dune crestal areas, but thickens and increases in gypsum content downslope until it abruptly yields to a gypsum mound positioned over a remnant interdune hollow. The Todilto laminations are interpreted as seasonal varves deposited below wave base in a density-stratified water body. The flooding event that gave rise to the controversial Todilto water body occurred during Entrada time, with Todilto deposition occurring within an already substantial water body.
Harmonic waves in three-dimensional elastic composites

Abstract For a periodic elastic composite which consists of a matrix and fibers with finite dimensions (i.e. a three-dimensional problem), here are given estimates for eigenfrequencies and eigenfunctions. Calculations are based on a new quotient which has been proposed by Nemat-Nasser. The periodic character of the eigenfrequencies is pointed out, and illustrative examples are given.
Sets of mutually orthogonal Latin squares with “like subsquares,” II

Abstract The concepts of “transversal identifying Latin squares” and Latin squares with “like subsquares” are introduced. The transversal identifying property permits the determination of orthogonality in computing time which is proportional to the cube of the order of the Latin square instead of the fourth power. Searching for sets of mutually orthogonal Latin squares with like subsquares also greatly reduces computing time. We have obtained orthogonal sets of sizes equal to the current lower bounds for n = 12, 15, 20, and 21 and have increased the lower bound for n = 24 from 4 to 5. In each of these orthogonal sets the Latin squares are all transversal identifying and all contain like subsquares.
Efficiency and robustness of coherent population transfer with intense, chirped laser pulses

We discuss electronic population transfer in diatomic molecules. By analyzing time-dependent wave packets on electronic potential-energy surfaces, we investigate the efficiency and robustness of population transfer with intense, chirped laser pulses. Recently, the magnitude of the population transfer was observed to have a remarkable dependence on the sign of the chirp [J. Cao, C. J. Bardeen, and K. R. Wilson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1406 (1998)]. In this work we explain the reason for this asymmetry, and show how the frequency detuning, intensity, and chirp rate affect the results. In particular, we demonstrate efficient, robust population transfer for both positive and negative chirps. A Landau-Zener model of multiple avoided crossings is invoked to model the results.
Role of NMDA receptor functional domains in excitatory cell death.

The mechanisms by which the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) induces excitotoxicity were investigated using a novel assay. We quantitated the capacity of wild type and mutant receptors for cell killing in CHO cells and cultured cortical neurons by measuring the activity of a co-transfected firefly luciferase expression plasmid. NR1 subunit pore mutations that block Ca2+ influx, and deletion of the NR1 cytoplasmic C-terminal domain, which functions in Ca2+ regulation of receptor currents, decreased NMDAR mediated cell killing. We also transfected the NR1 pore mutants and C-terminal truncations in the presence of co-expressed exogenous wild type subunits. The pore and C-terminal truncation mutants acted in a dominant negative fashion and increased the survival of NMDAR-expressing CHO cells. Although physiological studies of similar NMDA receptor mutants have been carried out in heterologous cell lines, their functions in neurons remain relatively unknown. We show that expression of pore mutants and specific C terminal truncation mutants in cultured cortical neurons also exerts dominant negative function and protects these primary cells from endogenous receptor induced excitotoxic death. These results implicate positive actions of the selectivity filter and of the NR1 C-terminal domain in a Ca2+-dependent mechanism for NMDAR excitotoxicity. They also indicate that the mutant receptors which show diminished excitotoxicity and dominant negative action in heterologous cells can co-assemble with endogenous subunits in primary neurons and block NMDAR-dependent excitotoxic death.
The evolution of user behavior in a computerized conferencing system

Data from 18-month operational trials of the EIES system indicate that the range of features considered valuable in a computer-based communication system increases with the amount of experience gained by using this medium of communication. Simple message systems alone are not likely to satisfy the communications needs of long term, regular users of computerized communications systems. Among the capabilities which long term, regular users find valuable are group conferences, notebooks for text composition, and self-defined commands.
Electron beam current monitoring system

Abstract A reliable method for absolute calibration of a ferrite electron beam current monitor with a pulse generator has been developed and tested. The absolute accuracy of pulser calibrations and Faraday cup calibrations of the National Bureau of Standards ferrite monitor have been compared by using them both to determine the Faraday cup error. These independent determinations differ by a maximum of 0.11% and an average of 0.03% at six different energies in the 20–120 MeV range, using beam currents between 0.6 and 25 μA. Variation of the Faraday cup error with energy is shown to compare favorably with the predictions of other authors, and the good agreement is used to argue that the influence of beam microstructure on the ferrite calibration is less than 0.1%.
Audiovisual integration in perception of real words.

Three experiments follow up on Easton and Basala’s (1982) report that the “McGurk effect” (an influence of a visibly mouthed utterance on a dubbed acoustic one) does not occur when utterances are real words rather than nonsense syllables. In contrast, with real-word stimuli, Easton and Basala report a strong reverse effect whereby a dubbed soundtrack strongly affects identification of lipread words. In Experiment 1, we showed that a strong McGurk effect does obtain when dubbed real words are discrepant with observed words in consonantal place of articulation. A second experiment obtained only a weak reverse effect of dubbed words on judgments of lipread words. A final experiment was designed to provide a sensitive test of effects of lipread words on judgments of heard words and of heard words on judgments of lipread words. The findings reinforced those of the first two experiments that both effects occur, but, with place-of-articulation information discrepant across the modalities, the McGurk effect is strong and the reverse effect weak.
Chain models and finite elements analysis: an executable CHAINS formulation of plane stress

Abstract Algebraic-topological k-chains defined over finite cell complexes have been proposed as a uniform computational means of representing physical objects, systems and properties. This article introduces Chains , a computer language whose basic datatypes are cells, cell complexes, and k-chains. To illustrate how Chains may be used in numerical computing, we develop a two page Chains program that completely specifies a finite element solution to plane strain, including symbolic definition of quadratic shape functions, the related “element stiffness matrices”, and an algebraic-topological specification of the assembly process. In contrast to a textbook derivation of the finite element method (which it closely resembles), this program is a fully formal finite element computation, and hence is a step towards the goal of improving the process of creating software for scientific computing by raising the semantic level at which physical systems are specified.