cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
School-Based Interventions for Elementary School Students with ADHD

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience significant difficulties with behavior, social functioning, and academic performance in elementary school classrooms. Although psychotropic medication may enhance classroom behavior, pharmacologic treatment is rarely sufficient in addressing the many challenges encountered by individuals with ADHD in school settings. This article describes 3 evidence-based strategies including behavioral, academic, and self-regulation interventions. Future directions for research on school-based interventions are discussed.
Is Cognitive Ability a Liability? A Critique and Future Research Agenda on Skilled Performance.

Over a century of psychological research provides strong and consistent support for the idea that cognitive ability correlates positively with success in tasks that people face in employment, education, and everyday life. Recent experimental research, however, has converged on a different and provocative conclusion, namely that lower-ability people can actually be more effective performers within special environments characterized by features such as time pressure, social evaluation, and unpredictable task change. If this conclusion is true, it has extensive implications for practices such as personnel selection, training design, and teaching methods. The current article reexamines and reinterprets this research within the context of well-established resource theories of cognitive processing and skill acquisition leading to a less provocative conclusion that serves to reiterate the benefits of cognitive ability for task performance. Following this reexamination, we conclude by providing a research agenda for examining the determinants of skilled performance in dynamic task environments, including the following: (a) broadening the range of abilities and task difficulties examined, (b) considering the role of nonability traits and goals in skilled performance (e.g., personality, learning, and performance goals), (c) investigating the processes (e.g., problem solving strategies) that people use in complex environments, (d) developing research designs and analytic strategies for examining adaptive performance, and (e) investigating how best to train for adaptive performance.
Treatment of vaginal cuff evisceration.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted hysterectomies are associated with higher rates of vaginal cuff dehiscence and evisceration than are open and vaginal hysterectomies. With the rising prevalence of minimally invasive hysterectomy, gynecologists should know how to manage this rare but potentially serious condition. Urgent laparotomy historically was recommended for management of vaginal cuff evisceration to allow for complete bowel evaluation. More recently, successful outcomes using a less-invasive vaginal or combined vaginal and laparoscopic approach have been reported. TECHNIQUE: Patients are selected for transvaginal repair of vaginal cuff evisceration if there is no clinical evidence of peritonitis or ischemic injury to the prolapsed bowel segment. Under general anesthesia and after administration of intravenous antibiotics, the bowel is copiously irrigated and replaced into the abdomen. The vaginal cuff is sharply debrided of any necrotic tissue, and a full-thickness closure is performed using a delayed absorbable monofilament suture. EXPERIENCE: We have successfully managed four cases of vaginal cuff evisceration through a transvaginal approach without intraoperative or postoperative complications. CONCLUSION: Vaginal cuff dehiscence and evisceration can be treated by transvaginal bowel reduction and cuff closure when the bowel appears uninjured and there are no signs of peritonitis.
Screening community-dwelling elders for nutritional risk : Determining the influence of race and residence

This investigation explores nutritional risk among two subgroups of older adults African American and geographically isolated elders (65 years or older). Telephone interviews were conducted with a stratified random sample of 1,126 respondents and included a 10-item nutritional risk appraisal. Results indicated that over one half of the sample may be considered to be at moderate or high nutritional risk, with African American and rural elders at dispropor tionately higher risk and rural Blacks at highest risk across a variety of indicators. The nutritional vulnerability of these groups may prompt practitioners to design and target services specifically for their needs, while also stimulating research to improve our understanding of the factors that account for these differential risks.
Signal processing in SETI

The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), now being planned at NASA, will require a prodigious amount of highly concurrent signal processing to be done in real time by special-purpose hardware.
Effect of aspirin on bone healing in a rabbit ulnar osteotomy model.

Background: Aspirin is frequently prescribed following orthopaedic surgery. Although there is substantial evidence that some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are associated with delayed bone healing, there have been few studies of the effects of aspirin on bone healing and, to our knowledge, none on the effects of physiologic dosages. Methods: Following ulnar osteotomy, fifty-six rabbits were administered a placebo (nine rabbits), indomethacin (nine rabbits given 12.5 mg/kg daily), or aspirin at various doses and schedules (2.7 mg/kg daily for ten rabbits, 10 mg/kg daily for nine rabbits, 50 mg/kg twice daily for ten rabbits, and 100 mg/kg three times daily for nine rabbits). The aspirin doses were chosen to span the clinical dosing range. The indomethacin group served as a positive control and as a relative comparison with the effect of aspirin. Radiographs were obtained every two weeks and the animals were killed at eight weeks. Mechanical testing was performed on all rabbits except for six selected for histological evaluation. Results: Aspirin delayed bone healing, as demonstrated radiographically and with mechanical testing, in a dose-dependent fashion at salicylate levels equivalent to those resulting from typical human dosing (low-dose aspirin). Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated a plasma salicylate threshold above 20.7 μg/mL predicting delayed bone healing. This approximates a single human dose of 325 mg. Salicylate levels above this threshold were associated with delayed bone healing similar to that caused by indomethacin. Aspirin dosing frequency did not affect bone healing. Mechanical testing was highly predictive of radiographic healing. The interobserver reliability of radiographic assessment of healing at six and eight weeks (kappa = 0.83 and 0.79, respectively) compared favorably with interobserver reliability in previous studies assessing cortical bridging. Conclusions: In a rabbit ulnar osteotomy model, aspirin delayed bone healing with a threshold equivalent to a human dose of 325 mg. Clinical Relevance: The effect of aspirin on bone healing has not previously been studied within the typical clinical dosing range. Defining the relationship between aspirin and bone healing may improve fracture and osteotomy site healing as well as bone growth into implants.
Update of pediatric liver transplantation.

Liver transplantation is an effective and widely accepted therapy for children with end-stage liver disease. Major indications include primary liver disease, resulting in hepatic insufficiency, or severe morbidity secondary to chronic non-progressive liver disease and metabolic diseases of the liver. Liver replacement should not be considered if there is an acceptable alternative therapy. Relative contraindications to transplantation include irreversible impairment of other organ systems, major systemic infection and diseases expected to recur after transplantation. Early referral for pre-transplant evaluation is important to confirm the proper diagnosis and determine priority for transplantation, to identify potential contraindications, and to assist in supportive care of the patient with chronic liver disease. Innovations such as reduced-sized liver grafts and most recently, living related liver transplantation have increased the donor supply of organs for small infants and significantly reduced pre-transplant mortality. In addition, living donor transplantation allows infants to benefit from transplantation before developing severe complications of end-stage liver disease and reduces the incidence of primary graft nonfunction and rejection. Immunosuppression following transplantation is maintained with methylprednisolone, azathioprine and cyclosporine. Acute rejection is treated with short bursts of high-dose corticosteroids and when necessary OKT3. With this approach, 90% of the episodes of rejection can be successfully controlled. Survival after transplantation has steadily improved and survival rates of 70%–90% are routine. Following transplantation, children experience rapid nutritional restoration, increased muscle strength, marked progress in gross motor development and improved general health.
Intracranial stimulation: Performance decrements and a fear-reducing drug!

Four rats were found to have conspicuous discrete-trial performance decrements when reinforced in a runway with intracranial stimulation (ICS). The decrement was reduced among all Ss and across all daily trials, to a level of no decrement, by administering amobarbital sodium (sodium amytal) 20 min prior to the runway trials. The data support the notion that the ICS decrement, when observed, results from an approach-avoidance conflict; some fear-inducing component of the electrical stimulation appears to play a causal role.
Glucose and amino acid metabolism in an established line of skeletal muscle cells.

The suitability of an established myogenic line (L6) for the study of skeletal muscle intermediary metabolism was investigated. Myoblasts were grown in tissue culture for ten days at which time they had differentiated into multinucleated myotubes. Myotube preparations were then incubated for up to 96 hours in 10 ml of Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium containing 10% fetal calf serum. Glucose was utilized at a nearly linear rate, 3.0 nmol/min/mg protein. Intracellular glucose was detectable throughout the incubation, even when medium glucose was as low as 16 mg%. During the initial 28 hours of incubation, when net lactate production was observed, only 35% of the glucose utilized was converted to lactate. Alanine was produced in parallel to lactate at an average rate of 0.6 nmol/min/mg protein. In concert with active glutamine utilization, high rates of ammoniagenesis were observed as medium glutamine decreased from 3.3 mM to 0.49 mM and medium ammonia increased from 2.3 mM to 6.2 mM, between zero time and 96 hours of incubation, respectively. The cells maintained stable ATP and citrate levels, and physiologic intracellular lactate/pyruvate ratios (10–24) throughout 96 hours of incubation. These results suggest (1) glucose utilization by skeletal muscle in tissue culture is limited by phosphorylation, not transport; (2) as much as 50% of glucose-derived pyruvate enters mitochondrial pathways; (3) glutamine carbon may be utilized simultaneously with glucose consumption and this process accounts for high rates of ammoniagenesis.
Folk tales for international understanding

The world of folk tales is that of all children in all nations. By reading the tales of the folk of many lands children will secure a feeling of world relationship. Throughout the tales they will see the people of different nations in laughter and in sorrow, at work and at play and in all stations and conditions of life. Children can dream the dreams of the peasant and the king as there is no class distinction in the world of folk tales.
Two national surveys on pediatric training and activities in school health: 1991 and 2001.

Objective. To determine from 2 surveys, in 1991 and 2001, 1) the proportion of pediatricians and which pediatricians report doing school health, 2) which school health activities are most commonly engaged in and whether this has changed, 3) whether training/education during residency influences doing school health later in practice, and 4) whether the amount or nature of residency training in school health (as reported by practicing pediatricians) increased over time, as recommended by various task forces. Methods. Surveys were mailed to a 10% randomly selected group of the voting membership of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Results. An estimated 50% to 70% of pediatricians report doing school health, and a consistent 20% report having had training in school health. The nature of school health work varies in urban, suburban, and rural areas, and pediatricians who practice in rural areas are more likely to be involved in school health. When resident education in school health is offered during residency, it is associated with a higher likelihood of pediatricians’ doing school health later in practice. Recent trainees report having more residency training in school health, yet fewer recent trainees report doing school health compared with their older colleagues. Conclusions. The gap between those who do school health and have received education in school health during residency has continued over at least a 10-year period. Recommendations include specification of school health and community pediatrics competencies for the effective practice of pediatrics in the future.
Population-Based Study of Hypoglycemia in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Requiring Emergency Medical Services

ABSTRACT Objective To report the population burden of hypo glycemia necessitating emergency medical services (EMS) and the long-term outcomes in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) receiving different insulin treatments. Methods We retrieved all EMS calls because of hypoglycemia in patients with T1DM in Olmsted County, Minnesota, between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2009, and reviewed the related medical records. Results During the 7-year study period, 531 EMS calls were made involving 208 patients with T1DM (112 men, 96 women; mean age 47 ± 13 years). Of the 208 patients, 137 (66%) were receiving multiple daily insulin (MDI) injections, 50 (24%) were receiving continuous sub cutaneous insulin infusion, 15 (7%) were receiving simple insulin (SI), 4 (2%) were treated with metformin + MDI, and 2 (1%) were not receiving treatment for diabetes (after pancreas transplantation). The last 2 groups were excluded from further analysis because of small sample size. The remaining 3 treatment groups differed by age (P Conclusion The population burden of EMS-requiring hypoglycemia in patients with T1DM is high. Medical resource utilization was similar among the 3 treatment groups. Mortality was higher in the SI group (limited by small sample size) and among patients requiring EDT and increased with advancing age. Further research could be directed toward understanding the effect of expert evaluation of high-risk patients on long-term outcomes. (EndocrPract. 2012;18:834-841)
Two-dimensional photoelastic simulation of a castable ceramic fixed partial denture.

Abstract Two-dimensional photoelastic models were used to determine the optimum design and loading conditions for a three-unit castable ceramic fixed partial denture. Findings relating to design and material variables can be summarized as follows. 1.Higher modulus cements impart more rigidity to the fixed partial denture design and result in lower stresses. 2.A short connector results in higher stress than a long connector; however, the length of the connector should not exceed one half the mesial-to-distal length of the pontic. 3.An intermediate thickness of cement results in the best stress distribution. 4.The male connector is best attached to the bulkier abutment. 5.Occlusal cement eccentricity is less desirable than cervical eccentricity. 6.The most undesirable loading site is directly above the connector.
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS BY ELASTIC SCATTERING.

Abstract It is shown that elastic scattering of an intermediate mass projectile like an α-particle is an efficient way of determining the elemental composition of any material (biological, environmental, geological, metallurgical, etc.) in one measurement. This method is particularly suitable for detecting heavy elements (A > 16) in the presence of a bulk of light elements and also for determining the elemental composition of biological matter. In the former case sensitivities for detecting heavy elements in atomic concentrations of 10−6 to 10−9 are easily achieved with measurement times of the order of a few tens of minutes on several currently operational Van de Graaff and cyclotron accelerator facilities. Higher sensitivities are possible at beam currents much greater than a microampere. Results of elemental analysis on specimens of whole fish, whole human blood and cow's milk are presented.
Comparative distribution of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in human, guinea-pig, rabbit and mouse erythrocytes.

Abstract 1. 1. Guinea-pig erythrocytes contain half the activity of the enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PD) present in human cells. About 60% of their total activity is membrane-bound. 2. 2. Rabbit erythrocytes also contain half the amount of the enzyme of human red cells. The distribution of G3PD in rabbit cells, however, is similar to that of human cells with 70% of the enzyme being membrane-bound. 3. 3. Mouse erythrocytes contain about two-thirds of G3PD activity present in human cells. All their enzyme activity is present in membrane-free hemolysate. 4. 4. Non-human erythrocyte membrane proteins, in addition, have relatively greater amount of band 2.1, lack band 2.2, have a more heterogenous band 3 than its human counterpart, and have overlapping bands 4.1 and 4.2.
Linear Complexity of Sequences under Different Interpretations*This paper was presented at IWSDA 2005.

In this paper we study relationships between the linear complexities of a sequence when treated as a sequence over two distinct fields. We obtain bounds for one linear complexity in the form of a constant multiple of the other, where the constant depends only on the fields, not on the particular sequence.
Histamine release from the cultured mouse mast cell line PT 18 in response to immunologic and non-immunologic stimuli

Cultured mouse mast cells that are dependent on spleen-derived factors for their proliferation and maintenance have been shown rapidly to release histamine in response to immunologic stimuli, concanavalin A, and ionophores A23187 and Br-x537A. These cells did not, however, release histamine when treated with compound 48/80 or adenosine 5′-triphosphate. Immunologically mediated histamine release was inhibited by theophylline and quercetin, but not by disodium cromoglycate. The results presented here are discussed in terms of the possible relationship of this cell line to mucosal mast cells.
Quantitative contrast angiography for assessment of ventricular performance in heart disease

Contrast angiography provides much information about ventricular and valvular size and function. This review describes the calculation of left ventricular chamber volume and wall thickness and the derivation of ejection fraction, cardiac output, mass and wall tension and stress. In patients with valvular regurgitation, valve orifice area can be calculated by using the angiographic output and regurgitant flow determined by comparing the angiographic output with the cardiac output measured using Fick or indicator-dilution techniques. By analyzing ventricular volume in conjunction with pressure, it is possible to assess pressure-volume work, compliance and contractility. Regional wall motion can be measured from the change in ventricular contour with time. When applied clinically, these methods and measurements have been used to determine the hemodynamic characteristics of the compensated and decompensated left ventricle in valvular and coronary heart disease. The information derived from quantifying information in angiographic images contributes to patient diagnosis, assessment of prognosis and evaluation of therapy, and has added to our knowledge concerning the pathophysiology of heart disease.
Polymorphism in Piroxicam

Piroxciam is a polymorphic drug. However, reports on the number and nomenclature of the polymorphs of piroxicam and the complete hydrogen-bonding patterns of piroxicam molecules in the crystal forms are in conflict and are sources of confusion, which we attempt to clarify. The difference in energy of the two polymorphs, I and II, of piroxicam arises predominantly from the difference between their lattice energies, rather than between their conformational energies. The detailed hydrogen-bonding networks of the two polymorphs are described and compared. Despite stabilization of the polymorphs by hydrogen bonds, a loss of polymorphic memory was observed upon cryogrinding the two polymorphs, leading to differences in recrystallization behavior between amorphous piroxicam prepared from polymorphs I and II.
Simplified Morasses with Linear Limits

In a recent series of papers Kanamori ([4], [5], and [6]) defines generalizations of several combinatorial principles known to follow from the existence of morasses. Kanamori proves the consistency of his generalizations by forcing arguments which come close to satisfying the hypotheses of the Martin's Axiom-type characterizations of morasses developed independently by Shelah and Stanley [9] and the author [12]. A similar “almost application” of morasses appears in [11], in which Todorcevic uses forcing to prove the consistency of the existence of Kurepa trees with no Aronszajn or Cantor subtrees. In all cases the attempted proofs using morasses fail for the same reason: the partial orders involved do not have strong enough closure properties.In an attempt to solve this problem Shelah and Stanley strengthened their characterization of morasses to allow applications to what they called “good canonical limit” partial orders. However, for rather subtle reasons even this strengthened forcing axiom is not good enough for the proposed applications. The problem this time is that Shelah and Stanley's “weak commutativity of Lim and restriction” requirement (see [9, 3.9(iv)]) is not satisfied. Furthermore, there is reason to believe that an ordinary morass is just not good enough for these applications, since in L morasses exist at all regular uncountable cardinals, but even a weak form of Todorcevic's conclusion cannot hold at ineffable cardinals (see the end of §4).A possible solution to this problem is suggested by the fact that □κ is equivalent to a forcing axiom which applies to partial orders satisfying precisely the kind of weak closure conditions involved in the examples described above (see [13]). What is needed to make the proposed morass applications work is something which will do for morass constructions what □κ does for ordinary transfinite recursion constructions. In this paper we show how extra structure can be built into a morass to accomplish this goal.
Abacavir and lamivudine combination.

Background: Fixed dose antiretroviral combinations (FDC) may improve therapy adherence with reduced pill burden. Abacavir and lamivudine are well-established nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors available as a once-daily FDC. Abacavir is currently considered an alternative treatment option in most established treatment guidelines based on associations with cardiovascular events and lesser efficacy in patients with higher baseline viremia. Objective: To summarize rigorous clinical trial data and cohort studies that examine efficacy, safety and tolerability of the individual components and the FDC of abacavir–lamivudine. Methods: Clinical trial data, post-marketing research findings and clinical cohort data were reviewed to assess the efficacy, safety and tolerability of the individual components and the FDC of abacavir–lamivudine along with recommendations from published clinical treatment guidelines. Results/conclusion: The efficacy of abacavir–lamivudine is well documented in numerous clinical stu...
Strengthening America's Middle Class

The author summarizes the many challenges to the middle class today. Is Washington addressing the right issues? Some, but by no means all, of them, she says.
A case study of the Mountain Lee Wave Event of January 6, 1992

A mountain wave event, observed at the southern tip of Greenland on January 6, 1992, was corroborated by three experiments: the Meteorological Measurement System (MMS), the Microwave Temperature Profiler (MTP), and the Reactive Nitrogen Instrument (NO/NO(y)). Gravity wave signatures with classical phase relationship between wind and temperature were observed on both the outbound and inbound legs at different altitudes. The waves showed both vertically propagating and evanescent properties. Characteristics of the dominant wave mode are: wavelength about = 35 km; vertical displacement about = 0.8 km, and peak-to-peak vertical wind about = 6/ms. With the prevailing wind at about = 37/ms, the stratospheric temperature was reduced by 6K to 195.5 K within 8 minutes. The implication and potential impact of mountain lee waves on the formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSC's) are discussed.
Associations among pain, pain attitudes, and pain behaviors in patients with metastatic breast cancer

Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients often experience pain which can trigger pain behaviors, such as distorted ambulation. Psychological variables, such as individuals’ attitudes toward pain, play a role in pain intervention. In this study, we used the cognitive-behavioral model of pain to examine the influence of patients’ attitudes toward pain (as measured by the survey of pain attitudes or SOPA) on their pain behaviors (as measured by the pain behaviors checklist). Two hundred-one MBC patients completed surveys at treatment initiation and again 3 and 6 months later. Linear Mixed Model with repeated measures analyses showed that SOPA-solicitude, SOPA-emotions, SOPA-cure, SOPA-disability, and SOPA-medication pain attitudes were consistently significantly associated with pain behaviors at each assessment time point. Additionally, the belief that a medical cure for pain exists buffered the positive association between pain severity and pain behaviors. Our findings support and extend the cognitive-behavioral model of pain and suggest that it may be useful to target pain attitudes in pain management interventions for MBC patients.
NASA array control electronics for multiple large-format infrared arrays

The NASA IRTF is building a multiple digital signal processor (DSP) based array electronics control system with the stated goal of having scaleable data processing power, readout, and throughput speed in order to support the latest generation 1024 X 1024 pixel arrays. This system is intended to satisfy the instrumentation requirements of SpeX, an NSF funded 1 to 5 micron medium resolution spectrograph (R approximately 2000 for 0.9 to 2.5 micrometers and separately approximately 3 to 5.5 micrometers , plus long slit single order coverage). Plans for SpeX include the use of a 1024 X 1024 InSb array for spectroscopy, and a portion of 1024 X 1024 HgCdTe or InSb array for slit field viewing and infrared guiding. This multiple array arrangement places unique requirements on the control electronics system. This paper details the design of the electronics system and its closely coupled hardware and software relationship which provides a high degree of flexibility in a simple modular framework. The design is an evolutionary upgrade of the current IRTF array control electronics system used in a 256 X 256 InSb based imager (NSFCAM), a 256 X 256 InSb, and 512 X 512 CCD in an echelle spectrograph (CSHELL) and a non-IRTF 128 X 128 Si:As BIB array based imager.
On the Mellin transform and the light-cone structure of two-point and three-point function matrix elements

Abstract The behaviour of functions ƒ defined by ƒ(x) = ∫ δ 2 + (x,a) ρ (a) d x , is investigated in the neighborhood of the light-cone x2 = 0. The quantity Δ2+ is the well-known two-point distribution and the weight function ϱ is a distribution of slow growth. Expressions like ƒ in eq. (1) governs the light-cone behaviour of certain matrix elements of the product of two field operators in field theories of Wightman type. Explicit formulas have been given for the matrix elements between the vacuum state and the vacuum state (Kallen-Lehmann representation) as well as for the matrix elements between the vacuum state and a state with a definite non-zero (physical) energy-momentum vector. Rigorous conditions on the weight function ϱ are derived to ensure that the light-cone singularities of ƒ are of canonical type; i.e. similar to those at the distribution Δ2+. The usefulness of the Mellin transform of the weight function ϱ is pointed out both as a computational tool as well as for a principal description of the non-canonical light-cone singularities.
WINTERTIME WET AND DRY DEPOSITION IN NORTHERN MICHIGAN

Abstract Wet and dry deposition were monitored at the University of Michigan Biological Station in rural northern Michigan for three winters. Dry deposition was measured by both the conventional bucket method and by measuring increases in concentration in exposed, elevated snow samples. Average results of the two methods were in reasonable agreement. The cumulative wet and dry deposition quantities are in good agreement with snowpack accumulations until the first thaw period. Dry deposition to snow accounts for less than 15% of the total H + , SO 2− 4 , NO − 3 and NH + 4 and approximately 25% of the Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , K + and Cl − during an average precipitation year. Snowpack measurements were also made under deciduous and red pine canopies. Decreases in H + and NO − 3 were observed under the red pine canopy.
Preliminary description and nutritional characterization of a chemoorganotrophic archaeobacterium growing at temperatures of up to 110 ° isolated from a submarine hydrothermal vent environment

Summary: An extremely thermophilic coccoid bacterium, designated strain ES4, was isolated from a flange (a newly described geological structure associated with massive sulphide mounds) at the Juan de Fuca Ridge hydrothermal vent system. The organism is a salt-requiring obligately anaerobic chemoorganotroph which reduces elemental sulphur but can grow very poorly in the absence of sulphur. Organic substrates utilized include yeast extract, peptone and amino acid hydrolysate as well as individual amino acids, the peptide Leu-Ser and starch. When growing on a defined medium, ES4 requires a supplement of vitamins and 20 amino acids at trace concentrations. Growth is most rapid in the temperature range 90-99 †C, with a maximum growth temperature of about 110 °C. In the optimal temperature range for growth, ES4 has a doubling time of about 1 h and can reach densities of 109 cells ml-1. Insensitivity to the antibiotics vancomycin, streptomycin and chloramphenicol, and the presence of di- and tetra-ether phytanyl lipids, indicate that ES4 is an archaeobacterium.
Calling Democracies and Dictatorships: The Effect of Political Regime on International Long‐Distance Rates

Summary Do political regimes systematically impact the price of international long-distance phone calls? We argue that, compared to autocracies, democratic governments have stronger incentives to regulate the provision of telephone service efficiently. In contrast, autocracies have incentives to limit communication between their citizens and the rest of the world. We thus expect the price of international long-distance to vary with political regime. Controlling for other factors that may impact long-distance pricing – such as level of economic development – we test this hypothesis using a cross-section of 190 countries and find evidence of a democracy-discount. It costs less to call democracies by about 25 percent.
Reacting and Nonreacting Flowfields of a V-Gutter Stabilized Flame

Particle image velocimetry measurements have been performed to determine the flowfield around a confined V-gutter bluff body in both nonreacting and reacting environments. The incoming flow to the V-gutter bluff body is a vitiated mixture with secondary liquid fuel being injected upstream through a fuel spray bar to mimic realistic conditions. The measurements capture instantaneous and mean flow structures formed in the wake region of a three-dimensional bluff body. In addition to the flow structures, the mean velocity components, mean out-of-plane vorticity, and the turbulent kinetic energy have been compared between the nonreacting and reacting test cases. The results show significant differences in the instantaneous flow structures. The nonreacting case results in asymmetric shedding of large-scale vortical structures which span the entire wake region, whereas the reacting case results in both symmetric and asymmetric shedding of smaller scale vortical structures which are flattened out within the shear layer. A comparison of the mean velocity components clearly shows that the reacting case results in a larger region of reversed flow, experiences an acceleration of the freestream flow due to combustion, and results in a slower dissipation of the wake region.
Confidence interval prediction for neural network models

To derive an estimate of a neural network's accuracy as an empirical modeling tool, a method to quantify the confidence intervals of a neural network model of a physical system is desired. In general, a model of a physical system has error associated with its predictions due to the dependence of the physical system's output on uncontrollable or unobservable quantities. A confidence interval can be computed for a neural network model with the assumption of normally distributed error for the neural network. The proposed method accounts for the accuracy of the data with which the neural network model is trained.
Widespread Occurrence of Diverse Human Pathogenic Types of the Fungus Fusarium Detected in Plumbing Drains

It has been proposed that plumbing systems might serve as a significant environmental reservoir of human-pathogenic isolates of Fusarium. We tested this hypothesis by performing the first extensive multilocus sequence typing (MLST) survey of plumbing drain-associated Fusarium isolates and comparing the diversity observed to the known diversity of clinical Fusarium isolates. We sampled 471 drains, mostly in bathroom sinks, from 131 buildings in the United States using a swabbing method. We found that 66% of sinks and 80% of buildings surveyed yielded at least one Fusarium culture. A total of 297 isolates of Fusarium collected were subjected to MLST to identify the phylogenetic species and sequence types (STs) of these isolates. Our survey revealed that the six most common STs in sinks were identical to the six most frequently associated with human infections. We speculate that the most prevalent STs, by virtue of their ability to form and grow in biofilms, are well adapted to plumbing systems. Six major Fusarium STs were frequently isolated from plumbing drains within a broad geographic area and were identical to STs frequently associated with human infections.
Interactions Between Ferroportin and Hephaestin in Rat Enterocytes Are Reduced After Iron Ingestion

Background & Aims Ferroportin (Fpn) is a multiple transmembrane protein required for iron export into the systemic circulation, in cooperation with hephaestin (Heph). Despite the importance of Fpn in iron transport, there is controversy about its topology and functional state upon interaction with Heph. Methods The topology of Fpn was determined using monospecific antisera against its different epitopes, in sheets of cells from duodenum that were or were not permeabilized with detergent. Immunoprecipitation and blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by immunoblot analysis, were used to determine the extent of interactions between Fpn and Heph. Antisera against the intracellular, C-termini of divalent metal transporter (Dmt1) and Heph served as controls. Results Immunofluorescence analysis with antisera against amino acids 172–193 of Fpn (anti-Fpn 172) detected Fpn only in permeabilized cells, whereas anti-Fpn 232 (amino acids 232–249), anti-Fpn 370 (amino acids 370–420), and anti-Fpn C (the C-terminus) detected Fpn in nonpermeabilized and permeabilized cells. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that Fpn and Heph coprecipitated with either anti-Fpn or anti-Heph. Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis studies revealed that a fraction of Fpn comigrates with Heph; the apparent interaction decreases after iron ingestion. Conclusions Studies with antisera to different epitopes of Fpn indicate that the topology of Fpn is consistent with an 11-transmembrane model, with the C-terminus exposed on the cell surface. Reduced interactions between Fpn and Heph after iron ingestion indicate that this is a regulatory mechanism for limiting further iron absorption.
Thermoregulatory responses of restrained versus unrestrained rabbits

Abstract Two male and one female New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study. At ambient temperatures of 20, 10, and 0° C, the animals were either lightly restrained with a Plexiglas collar or were unrestrained. Heat balance was zero during these experiments, as indicated by a stable rectal temperature. Heat losses due to vasomotor state and respiratory evaporative water loss were not significantly different between the restrained and unrestrained animals, whereas metabolism and heart rate were significantly higher in the restrained animals. Inappropriate posture, which is caused by the restraint, may be responsible for an increased energy expenditure at low ambient temperatures of as much as 32% of the resting heat production.
Connectedness preserving distributed coordination control over dynamic graphs

This paper presents a solution to the limited information rendezvous problem over dynamic interaction graphs. In particular, we show how we, by adding appropriate weights to the edges in the graphs, can guarantee that the graph stays connected. In previous work on graph-based coordination, connectedness have been assumed, and this paper thus shows how to overcome this limitation even when the graphs are subject to dynamic changes.
Critical Imagination in a Postmodern Environment

Abstract Critical theory has been marginal in public administration, though it offers critique of public institutions and possibilities for a better future. Among several reasons for this, it may be that critical thought has failed to influence public administration theory because its normative vision of social change challenges the status quo and threatens the economic and political equilibrium. The sections below summarize characteristics of critical social theory, note ways it has been used in public administration, and contrast critical theory with postmodern pragmatism to illustrate the difference between critical social theory and well-known contemporary thought. It is argued that critical theory may be even more valuable today than it was in the past, as one-dimensional society and postmodernism close off description of societal conditions and use of imagination to create a better future.
The ageing brain: normal and abnormal memory

With advancing age, the majority of individuals experience declines in their ability to learn and remember. An examination of brain structure and function in healthy older persons across the age range indicates that there are substantial changes in the brain that appear to be related to alterations in memory. The nature of the cognitive and neurobiological alterations associated with age-related change is substantially different from that seen in the early stages of a dementing illness, such as Alzheimer's disease. These differences have implications for potential intervention strategies.
Changes in gait associated with acute stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in gait mechanics between patients with acute stage II PTTD and healthy volunteers. Hindfoot and midfoot kinematics, plantar foot pressures and electromyographic (EMG) activity of the posterior tibialis, gastrocnemius, anterior tibialis and the peroneals were measured in five patients with acute stage II PTTD. Kinematics and kinetics were compared to a database of 20 healthy volunteers. EMG and plantar pressure data were obtained from five healthy volunteers. Hindfoot moments and powers were also calculated. The center of pressure excursion index (CPEI) was calculated from the plantar pressures. Significant differences were observed between the two groups, which confirmed clinical observations. Limited hindfoot eversion and increased midfoot external rotation occurred during the first and third rockers. The EMG data suggested that tendon dysfunction in the posterior tibialis is associated with compensatory activity, not only in its antagonists (the peroneals), but also in the anterior tibialis and the gastrocnemius. These data suggest that non-operative treatment of patients with PTTD should consider minimizing the activity of the posterior tibialis as well as the peroneals, the anterior tibialis and the gastrocnemius.
Optical response of bulk Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O

Preliminary results of measurements of optical detection in bar-shaped bulk samples of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-Cu-O at wavelengths of 504, 632, and 820 nm are presented. At 77 K, a roughly logarithmic decay of response with increasing modulation frequency of a GaAs laser (820 nm) was found. A much higher responsivity was observed at 504 nm than at either 632 or 820 nm. >
Developments in the Law: Garcetti v. Ceballos and the Workplace Freedom of Speech Rights of Public Employees

From: Public Administration Review 67(2007): 662-72. Abridged. On May 30, 2006, the U.S. Supreme Court held in Garcetti v. Ceballos[126 S.Ct. 1951; 547 U.S. 410] that the First Amendment does not prohibit public employers from disciplining employees for the content of written communications made in the performance of the employee’s oﬃcial duties, even though that content might qualify for First Amendment protection under the so-called public concern doctrine. The decision prohibits federal courts from considering complaints brought by public employees alleging that they faced discipline for the content of statements made in oﬃcial communications. Speaking for the ﬁve-vote majority, Justice Anthony Kennedy held that “the First Amendment does not prohibit managerial discipline based on an employee’s expressions made pursuant to oﬃcial responsibilities” (Garcetti v. Ceballos, 1961). Justice Kennedy went on to explain that “when public employees make statements pursuant to their oﬃcial duties, the employees are not speaking as citizens for First Amendment purposes, and the Constitution does not insulate their written communications from employer discipline” (Garcetti v. Ceballos, 1960). Despite the limited scope of the Garcetti decision, it provides publicemployers much greater discretion to regulate the internal job-related statements and communications of their employees without fear of triggering a First Amendment lawsuit. Although the Garcetti majority argued that the decision would not have a chilling eﬀect on the willingness of public employees to report misconduct and governmental ineﬃciency, this article maintains that the decision is likely to discourage public employees from making use of the chain of command to report instances of misconduct and government ineﬃciency or to express dissenting views regarding matters of public concern for fear that they may face retaliation for such communications made in the course of performing their oﬃcial duties (Rutzick, 2006). This article also argues that although many public agencies may view the Garcetti decision as an important ﬁrst step toward limiting the judicial oversight of routine public personnel disciplinary decisions, in fact, the decision may make it more diﬃcult for public agencies to obtain vital information that is necessary to improve the eﬃciency and eﬀectiveness oftell to informal workplace communications as well.
Pilot study of changes in stretched penile length 3 months after radical retropubic prostatectomy.

Abstract Objectives. To evaluate changes in stretched penile length after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) in a prospective penile measurement study because an occasional complaint from patients after RRP is that their penis is shortened. Methods. Thirty-one patients undergoing RRP by one surgeon were enrolled. The same physician completed measurements with a paper ruler to the nearest 0.5 cm. The stretched penile length was measured from the tip of the glans to the pubopenile skin junction. The measurements were taken in the preoperative holding area before the patient received anesthetic medication for the RRP and again 3 months postoperatively. The reliability and reproducibility of this measurement were confirmed. Results. All 31 patients were measured at 3 months postoperatively. Of the 31 patients, 22 (71%) had a decrease in stretched penile length (range 0.5 to 4.0 cm). Seven were shortened 0.5 cm, 11 were shortened 1.0 to 2.0 cm, and 4 were shortened more than 2.0 cm. Five patients had no change, and in four the penile length was longer (range 0.5 to 1.0 cm). Conclusions. The results of this pilot study appear to show that the stretched penile length decreases after RRP at 3 months of follow-up in most men; 48% (15 of 31) had considerable shortening greater than 1.0 cm. If confirmed by other investigators, the cause of this change needs to be elucidated.
Large Eddy Simulation of a Road Vehicle with Drag-Reduction Devices

The e ow around an idealized road vehicle at Reynolds numbers up to 10 5 has been simulated using large eddy simulation; the numerical technique is based on the immersed boundary approach, which allows efe cient calculations to be carried out on a Cartesian grid. The effect of the Reynolds number and the wake modie cations produced by drag reduction devices attached to the base have been analyzed and compared with available experimental data. Averaged drag coefe cient and mean velocity proe les are in good agreement with measurement. The effect of subgrid-scale modeling (Smagorinsky and dynamic model ) has also been studied.
Vaccine escape in 2013–4 and the hydropathic evolution of glycoproteins of A/H3N2 viruses

Abstract More virulent strains of influenza virus subtypes H1N1 appeared widely in 2007 and H3N2 in 2011, and especially 2013–4, when the effectiveness of the H3N2 vaccine decreased by more than a factor of two. The amino acid differences of neuraminidase from prior less virulent strains appear to be small (
Proteome-wide prediction of overlapping small molecule and protein binding sites using structure.

Small molecules that modulate protein–protein interactions are of great interest for chemical biology and therapeutics. Here I present a structure-based approach to predict ‘bi-functional’ sites able to bind both small molecule ligands and proteins, in proteins of unknown structure. First, I develop a homology-based annotation method that transfers binding sites of known three-dimensional structure onto protein sequences, predicting residues in ligand and protein binding sites with estimated true positive rates of 98% and 88%, respectively, at 1% false positive rates. Applying this method to the human proteome predicts 8463 proteins with bi-functional residues and correctly recovers the targets of known interaction modulators. Proteins with significantly (p < 0.01) more bi-functional residues than expected were found to be enriched in regulatory and depleted in metabolism functions. Finally, I demonstrate the utility of the method by describing examples of predicted overlap and evidence of their biological and therapeutic relevance. The results suggest that combining the structures of known binding sites with established fold detection algorithms can predict regions of protein–protein interfaces that are amenable to small molecule modulation. Open-source software and the results for several complete proteomes are available at http://pibase.janelia.org/homolobind.