cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of unilateral enucleation on protein and ribonucleic acid metabolism of avian brain.

Abstract The metabolic activity of brain regions at various times after unilateral eye removal has been studied in the chick where the visual pathways are totally crossed over. Protein and ribonucleic acid from cerebral hemispheres and optic lobes were assayed for radioactivity following subcutaneous injection of tritiated leucine or uridine. Cerebral hemispheres and optic lobes contralateral to the extirpated eye showed a reduction of protein and RNA synthetic rate relative to the paired ipsilateral regions. Some of these differential effects were observed in animals as early as 1 hr after enucleation and persisted during the ensuing 17 days. Results were of similar magnitude both in the optic lobes which are directly innervated by the optic nerve and in the cerebral hemispheres which receive little or no direct innervation from the optic tract. The decay rates of protein or ribonucleic acid were unaltered in the paired regions from unilaterally enucleated birds. The results suggest that rapid metabolic alterations subsequent to eye removal are not confined to directly denervated regions. A significant fall in the rate of RNA synthesis is the earliest effect noted; subsequent effects may thus be a reflection of alterations of RNA transcription at the genetic level.
Insecticide interactions affecting residue accumulation in animal tissues

Abstract Interactions among the insecticides DDT, methoxychlor, and dieldrin were studied in terms of their residues stored in rats' adipose tissue. A commercial rat diet was treated with the three compounds using three dose levels of each (DDT: 0, 5, 50 ppm; methoxychlor: 0, 50, 500 ppm; dieldrin: 0, 1, 10 ppm) in a factorial arrangement that permitted preparation of all 27 possible compound and dose level combinations. Female rats were fed the treated diets for 10 weeks and then sacrificed. Adipose tissue was analyzed for lipid content and residual insecticide concentrations. As reported in a previous paper, dieldrin storage was markedly reduced when DDT was present in the treatment combination. Further statistical analysis of the data has indicated a significant influence of dieldrin treatment on storage of DDT. DDT storage, when fed at the 50 ppm level, was increased by the high dieldrin treatment. Methoxychlor storage was not affected by the other treatments; however, methoxychlor caused a small, but significant, reduction in dieldrin storage. The DDE:DDT storage ratio in tissue was not influenced by either dieldrin or methoxychlor. The DDT effect is postulated to result from enhanced dieldrin metabolism by liver microsomal enzymes.
Continuing the tradition of moving behavior therapy forward.

THIS ISSUE MARKS THE beginning of my term as editor of Behavior Therapy. I am incredibly honored to follow in the illustrious footsteps of the past editors of Behavior Therapy: Cyril Franks, Alan Kazdin, David Barlow, Edward Blanchard, W. Edward Craighead, Lizette Peterson, Frank Andrasik, J. Gayle Beck, David Haaga, Richard Heimberg, and Tom Ollendick. My interest in taking on this role arises from a number of factors. First, I have been a member of ABCT for over 20 years and I consider it to be my professional home base. Second, I am deeply committed to Behavior Therapy and feel privileged to undertake the task of helping to further advance a journal with such an important and rich history. Although it has been quite awhile, Penn State University has provided several past editors of Behavior Therapy (e.g., Alan Kazdin, W. Edward Craighead), and I feel fortunate to continue such a connection. Serving as editor on this first-tier journal is certainly humbling. Tom Ollendick was a superb editor, leaving me with very tough shoes to fill! Nonetheless, he has also been a remarkable role model and I have had the opportunity to witness his wonderful leadership. In particular, Tom has continued the momentum started by Rick Heimberg in significantly elevating the impact factor of the journal, which is now at an all-time high of 2.911. More importantly, the 5-year impact factor has been at an all-time high under Tom's editorship and is currently 3.747. I hope to continue this trend and to increase the impact factor of Behavior Therapy even further. This will be possible with the help of my stellar editorial team and editorial board. Hand-picked for
ACCOUNTING FOR NATURAL TENSION IN THE MECHANICAL TESTING OF HUMAN SKIN

A low-pressure suction device has previously been used to obtain quantitative information on the mechanical properties of human skin. Reducing the raw data from this technique was complicated by the fact that the skin is already biaxially loaded in the natural state and a rational basis on which to compare results obtained from different subjects was not available. Using a strain gauged pretension device, a procedure for determining the natural state tension and extension fields in the skin has been developed. The natural tension was then relaxed in the direction of testing and the suction device used to determine the two-dimensional skin tension-extension ratio response of the skin at a constant testing rate. The data from a number of subjects have been used to develop a new multidimensional stress-strain theory hi terms of two material constants that are related to basic material characteristics of the dermis and are uniquely determinable regardless of the natural state stress field. Tests performed on the upper backs of 23 healthy adult males were used to investigate the variations in the material constants with age and sun-exposure habits. Age variations were found to corroborate earlier studies, and variations with sun exposure habits were related to known dermal collagen and elastin changes due to ultraviolet radiation. The apparent sensitivity of the testing procedure to physiologic state variables holds out the hope that mechanical properties characterization will be a useful tool in the evaluation of the severity of certain pathologic states and the effect of therapy.
Agarose gel pore radii are not dependent on the casting buffer.

Previous studies have shown that the apparent pore size of agarose gels is dependent on the buffer in which the gel is cast and run (D.L. Holmes and N.C. Stellwagen, Electrophoresis 1990, 11, 5–15; N.C. Stellwagen and D.L. Holmes, Electrophoresis 1990, 11, 649–652). However, these studies, based on the mobility of DNA restriction fragments, neglected the effect of electroendosmosis. By measuring the mobility of vitamin B12 under various experimental conditions, it is shown here that electroendosmosis is highly buffer-dependent. When the observed mobilities of DNA are corrected for electroendomosis, the apparent pore radii of agarose gels are found to be independent of the casting buffer.
Sustaining White Homonormativity: The Kids Are All Right as Public Pedagogy

At a time when lesbian families are experiencing more acceptance, gaining membership into mainstream society often depends on diluting any kind of queer sensibility that might challenge the centrality of white, neoliberal, middle-class values. Although many queer scholars have traced the link between “normativity” and gay and lesbian representations, few have noted how whiteness operates in these depictions. Building on the analyses forwarded by scholarship on white normativity and homonormativity, this article explores how the representation of a lesbian family in the movie The Kids Are All Right promotes white homonormativity to appeal to a mainstream audience. Interrogating Kids… at the intersection of same-sex families and white homonormativity reveals how the film's appeal to universality invokes hegemonic racial hierarchies that mask the ways “normal” conceals power and liberatory progress.
A full-color scanning fiber endoscope

Minimally invasive medical procedures will benefit from flexible endoscopes that are extremely thin yet produce high quality images. Current devices use fiber bundles or silicon image sensors placed in the distal tip where each pixel in the image is derived from an element in the distal tip, such that improving resolution requires increasing distal tip diameter. The University of Washington has developed the scanning fiber endoscope (SFE) to provide full color, high resolution images from a flexible endoscope with a small distal tip diameter. The SFE uses a single mode fiber vibrating in resonance to scan a focused laser spot over the tissue and a detector to record the time-multiplexed backscatter signal. The SFE contains a 400 micron diameter piezoelectric tube through which a length of singlemode optical fiber is placed. The tube drives the fiber tip at its resonant frequency (currently 5 KHz) in an expanding pattern of 250 spirals (500 pixel diameter image) at a frame rate of 15 Hertz. Imaging parameters are determined by the lens system placed in the 1.06 mm diameter distal tip. Prototype systems with 70 degree field-of-view and 10 micron resolution have been developed. Color images are created with red, green, and blue laser sources coupled into the single scanning fiber. Backscattered light is collected with twelve 250 micron multimode fibers placed around the periphery of the microscanner resulting in a total distal tip diameter of 1.6 mm. Frame sequential color, fluorescence, and continuous color imaging modes have been demonstrated in the non-confocal geometry.
Paramagnetic and antiferromagnetic susceptibilities of the Kimball model of antiferromagnetic chromium

Historically the nesting vector obtained from a paramagnetic Fermi surface or from the maximum of the paramagnetic susceptibility, χ(q), has been used to determine the wave vector of the spin density in antiferromagnetic chromium and various transition metal alloys. The only self consistent calculation of the wave vector is the Kimball model for antiferromagnetic chromium (1). In the present paper χ(q) is computed in both the paramagnetic and antiferromagnetic versions of the model to examine the effect of the spin density wave on the susceptibility. The analytic behavior of χ(q) which is produced by antiferromagnetic gaps of the Fermi surface is investigated to explain changes in the peak structure of χ(q).
Central America: Historical Perspectives on the Contemporary Crises

Central America and Historical Perspective by R. L. Woodward, Jr. Keeping the Europeans Out by Thomas M. Leonard Metropole Rivalry in Central America, 1820s to 1929: An Overview by Thomas Schoonover The United States and Insurgency in Guatemala, 1960-1970: An Inter-American "Success Story"? by Lawrence A. Yates Indian Labor and the Guatemalan Crisis: Evidence from History and Anthropology by Marilyn M. Moors Catholic Leaders and Spiritual Socialism During the Arevalo Administration in Guatemala, 1945-1951 by Hubert J. Miller Facing the Challenge: The Catholic Church and Social Change in Honduras by Edward T. and Donna W. Brett The Miskito and the Spainish: An Historical Perspective on the Ethnogensis and Persistence of a People by George P. Castile "Patria Libre o Muerte!": Death Imagery and the Poetry of Revolt in Nicaragua, 1900-1985 by John D. Heyl Sandinista Cultural Policy: Notes Toward an Analysis in Historical Context by David E. Whisnant Belize and Revolutionary Grenada: A Partnership in the Caribbean, 1979-1983 by Kai Schoenhals Mexico and Central America: The Continuity of Policy by Hugh G. Campbell The Non-Military Neutrality of Costa Rica by Frank J. Kendrick Bibliography Index
Modulation of T and B cell proliferative responses by factors present in rat salivary glands.

Rat salivary gland culture supernatants (SGSN) were shown to inhibit the proliferation of rat spleen cells induced by the mitogens concanavalin A (ConA), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and S. typhimurium mitogen (STM). The responses of B cells were more markedly inhibited than the responses of T cells. Factors contained in SGSN which had a molecular weight smaller than 3500 inhibited all responses, whereas factors greater than 3500 only inhibited responses induced by PWM, LPS or STM. Factors present in SGSN also inhibited the proliferation of two B cell hybridoma cell lines, as well as the IL-2-responsive cell line CTLL-2 and the IL-4-responsive cell line CT.4S. However, SGSN factors having a molecular weight greater than 3500 did not inhibit CTLL-2 proliferation. These data indicate that rat salivary glands contain factors which differentially regulate T and B cell proliferative responses in vitro and which may modulate localized immune responses in the saliva...
On dendrodendritic relations in the dorsal thalamus of the adult cat.

Abstract Golgi analysis of specific and nonspecific nuclei in the dorsal thalamus of adult cats reveals two forms of dendritic specializations. Mossy tuft-like structures are found on the tips of dendrites of most local circuit (L) interneurons and in smaller numbers, on some dendritic termini of thalamocortical (T) relay cells. Long spinelike structures or appendages are present in limited numbers along the dendrite shafts of most L cells. The evidence is suggestive that the mossy tuft bears a presynaptic relation to the dendritic appendage, thereby creating a pattern of dendrodendritic synaptic links throughout dorsal thalamus. Thalamocortical cells also appear to be “plugged in” to this system through their own tuft apparatus. Since electron microscopy has identified two-way synapses in regions of this sort, similar to those originally described in the olfactory bulb, a satisfactory structural basis is provided for inhibition and facilitation and for the rapid spread of rhythmic activity, all via dendritic structures. It is suggested that a system with these structural characteristics could better provide for phenomena such as thalamic synchronous rhythms than synaptic models currently available.
Assessment of the opiate properties of two constituents of a toxic illicit drug mixture

Abstract The intravenous use of an illicit synthetic drug preparation has caused permanent parkinsonism in a number of addicts. Chemical analysis has revealed the ingredients to be two related compounds 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxy-piperidine (MPPP). The opiate properties of these two compounds have been assessed using in vitro receptor binding techniques as well as behavioral tests indicative of opiate action, including analgesia, catatonia, respiratory depression and the loss of righting and corneal reflexes. All opiate activity was found to reside with MPPP, which proved to be a potent μ-type agonist. It is concluded that the opiate properties of MPPP alone explain repeated abuse of MPTP/MPPP mixtures by heroin addicts.
Optical gaps, mode patterns and dipole radiation in two-dimensional aperiodic photonic structures

Abstract Based on the rigorous generalized Mie theory solution of Maxwell's equations for dielectric cylinders we theoretically investigate the optical properties of two-dimensional deterministic structures based on the Fibonacci, Thue–Morse and Rudin–Shapiro aperiodic sequences. In particular, we investigate bandgap formation and mode localization properties in aperiodic photonic structures based on the accurate calculation of their local density of states (LDOS). In addition, we explore the potential of photonic structures based on aperiodic order for the engineering of radiative rates and emission patterns in erbium-doped silicon-rich nitride photonic structures.
Implementation of a rapid HIV testing program in psychiatric inpatient wards

Aim According to New York State law, HIV testing must be offered to every patient aged 13-64. However, acute mental health hospitalizations can be difficult settings in which to conduct HIV screening. Because individuals with mental illness have higher rates of HIV infection, routine testing of stabilized patients in psychiatric inpatient wards could be beneficial. This study describes the implementation of a rapid HIV testing program in this nontraditional setting.
Decoherence and collisional frequency shifts of trapped bosons and fermions

We perform exact calculations of collisional frequency shifts for several fermions or bosons using a singlet and triplet basis for pairs of particles. The "factor of 2 controversy" for bosons becomes clear-the factor is always 2. Decoherence is described by singlet states and they are unaffected by spatially uniform clock fields. Spatial variations are critical, especially for fermions which were previously thought to be immune to collision shifts. The spatial variations lead to decoherence and a novel frequency shift that is not proportional to the partial density of internal states.
Update in pulmonary disease.

This Update reviews studies of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, interstitial disease and idiopathic pulmonary f...
Dynamic oscillatory processes governing cued orienting and allocation of auditory attention.

In everyday listening situations, we need to constantly switch between alternative sound sources and engage attention according to cues that match our goals and expectations. The exact neuronal bases of these processes are poorly understood. We investigated oscillatory brain networks controlling auditory attention using cortically constrained fMRI-weighted magnetoencephalography/EEG source estimates. During consecutive trials, participants were instructed to shift attention based on a cue, presented in the ear where a target was likely to follow. To promote audiospatial attention effects, the targets were embedded in streams of dichotically presented standard tones. Occasionally, an unexpected novel sound occurred opposite to the cued ear to trigger involuntary orienting. According to our cortical power correlation analyses, increased frontoparietal/temporal 30–100 Hz gamma activity at 200–1400 msec after cued orienting predicted fast and accurate discrimination of subsequent targets. This sustained corre...
Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the E1α subunit of human liver branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase

Abstract A 1552-bp cDNA for the Elα subunit of branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) was isolated from a human liver cDNA library. The cDNA contained a 1134-bp open reading frame that encoded 378 amino acid (aa) residues of the enzyme and 418 bp of 3 '-untranslated sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence of the human protein shows 96% identity with that of the rat enzyme subunit. Those 117-aa residues surrounding the phosphorylation sites are completely conserved between man and rat. BCKDH Elα showed considerable amino acid sequence similarity with pyruvate dehydrogenase Ela, particularly in the region of the two principal phosphorylation sites of these proteins. Northern blots of human liver and skin fibroblasts demonstrated a single 1.8-kb mRNA band, with a higher level of E1 α mRNA in liver than in normal fibroblasts. Fibroblasts from a patient with thiamine-responsive maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) contained an mRNA of the same size and abundance as that of normal fibroblasts. Genomic DNA from normal and MSUD fibroblasts gave the same restriction maps on Southern blots, and the gene was approximately 10-kb in size.
Asymptotic solutions to a stability problem

This paper is concerned with the lateral stability of a free flying column subjected to an axial thrust with directional control. The stability curve (i.e., eignevaue vs . thrust, in the neighborhood of zero eigenvalues) and the associated eignefunctions of this problem have not been fully understood. Here, asymptotic expansions are used to examine closely, for all values of the thrust directional control parameter, both the intersection of the eigenvalue curves with the zero branch and the associated eigenfunctions of zero and nearly zero eigenvalues. Several analytical proofs are provided substantiating previous numerical findings.
Smoke inhalation model for lung permeability studies.

The purpose of this project was the development of a small animal model and the use of external gamma imaging for the study of acute post-inhalation permeability changes. New Zealand white rabbits were anesthetized with ketamine and acepromazine IM, intubated, and a catheter placed in an ear artery. Smoke was produced by burning absorbent cotton in a combustion chamber supplied with 10 liters/min of air. Smoke was delivered to a holding chamber, allowed to cool to room temperature, and immediately delivered to the animals via endotracheal tube. Animals were allowed to inhale smoke for 3 sessions of 2 to 3 minutes. Blood samples were collected for the measurement of PO2, PCO2, and COHb. Lungs were removed at 3 to 4 days postinjury and subjected to microscopic histologic analysis. The results of six animal experiments showed a significant inhalation injury. The mean COHb level was 48% (range, 36%-58%). The change in the pre- and post-injury PO2 and PCO2 values were not significant (mean PO2, 66 mm Hg; mean PCO2, 32 mm Hg). Histologic evaluation of the lungs of three animals at 24 hrs postinjury revealed extensive loss of tracheal epithelium extended to many terminal bronchi. Inflammation of surrounding tissue, including edema and increased migration of polymorphonuclear cells, was also present. Analysis of tissue obtained at 10 to 14 days showed reparative reepithelialization of trachea and major bronchi but acute inflammation and loss of intralobar bronchi. Inflammatory exudate extended to adjacent alveoli. In conjunction with the above model we have developed a method for the noninvasive measurement of lung permeability changes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) Language: en
Ethnicity as a factor in the expression of pain

Abstract Ethnicity is often assumed to play a role in response to pain, and previous studies have tended to support this general concept. To assess the impact of learned ethnic attitudes to ward pain, the authors surveyed 75 women who had just delivered a baby and had an episiotomy. Interviewers administered self–assessment measures and made behavioral observations. No significant difference in pain response to the episiotomy was found among the five ethnic groups–Black, Italian, Jewish, Irish, and Anglo-Saxon Protestant patients.
A quantitative comparison between C0 and C1 elements for solving the Cahn-Hilliard equation

The Cahn-Hilliard (CH) equation is a time-dependent fourth-order partial differential equation (PDE). When solving the CH equation via the finite element method (FEM), the domain is discretized by C^1-continuous basis functions or the equation is split into a pair of second-order PDEs, and discretized via C^0-continuous basis functions. In the current work, a quantitative comparison between C^1 Hermite and C^0 Lagrange elements is carried out using a continuous Galerkin FEM formulation. The different discretizations are evaluated using the method of manufactured solutions solved with Newton's method and Jacobian-Free Newton Krylov. It is found that the use of linear Lagrange elements provides the fastest computation time for a given number of elements, while the use of cubic Hermite elements provides the lowest error. The results offer a set of benchmarks to consider when choosing basis functions to solve the CH equation. In addition, an example of microstructure evolution demonstrates the different types of elements for a traditional phase-field model.
Embedded, Collaborative, Comprehensive: One Model of Data Utilization

As noted by Stein, Freel, Hanson, Pacchiano, and Eiland-Williford (this issue), the field of early childhood education (ECE) has witnessed an increasing demand for the utilization of research-based...
Conversion of 17α-hydroxypregnenolone to dehydroepiandrosterone bt adrenal homdgenates of immature and adult guinea pigs

Abstract The conversion of 17α-hydroxypregnenolone-7- 3 H into dehydroepiandrosterone-7- 3 H by incubates of guinea pig adrenal homogenates has been demonstrated and its significance studied. This conversion was greater with homogenates than with minced tissue. The addition of Δ 4 -androstenedione to the homogenates significantly increased the specific activity of the formed trapped dehydroepiandrosterone. This conversion required an hydrogen generating system and occurred quite rapidly at pH 6.88. Adrenals from, guinea pigs 1 month and 6 to 8 months old formed dehydroepiandrosterone with radioactivity per gram, of tissue 3 to 7 times that from the adrenals of animals 1 1 2 to 2 years of age. This decrease in the conversion of 17α-hydroxypregnenolone to dehydroepiandrosterone could well account for the decline in the urinary excretion and plasma levels of 17-ketosteroids with increasing age.
The application of the simple fuel pin transient and melting model to thermal-hydraulics in LMFBR subassembly

Abstract A simple conduction model with phase change has been developed for the transient analysis of a reactor fuel pin based on lumped parameter techniques. The purpose of this analysis is to provide a simple useful tool to obtain the general information about fuel and clad leaning into the cooling transients and melting. Such a simple fuel and clad thermal transient model is particularly useful to multichannel analysis where conventional conduction computer codes require considerable computing time and storage space. At the present, this formulation is being employed for the analysis of sodium thermohydraulics, sodium voiding, and melting of cladding and fuel in a subassembly of a fast reactor core. A detailed analysis of the predicted coolant, fuel and cladding thermal transients leading into sodium voiding and fuel pin melting has been made in comparison with the results of various in-pile experiments and with the predictions from the existing more complicated codes.
Wide-bandwidth time decay responses from low-metal mines and ground voids

This paper presents wide bandwidth, time decay responses from low metal content (LMC) mines, LMC mine simulates, and ground voids. Measurements were collected both in the laboratory and in the field. The target time decay responses were measured with the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory developed Electromagnetic Target Discriminator (ETD) sensor developed for the US Army CECOM/NVSED. The ETD sensor has demonstrated the ability to measure metal target decay times starting approximately 3 to 5)mus after the transmitter current is turned off and metal target decay time constants as short as 1.4)mus.
Terahertz Electric Polarizability of Excitons in PbSe and CdSe Quantum Dots

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy was employed to investigate photogenerated excitons in PbSe and CdSe quantum dots (QD) of radii less than their exciton Bohr radius. The exciton response was found to be “atom”-like and rise with increasing the carrier effective mass. Excitons in CdSe were found to be about two times more polarizable than those in PbSe QDs of equal size. These experimental findings including both the magnitude of the exciton polarizability and its variation with the QD radius were well described by an effective mass model with multiband structures of the QD materials.
Visual impact and the location of activities: A combinatorial optimization methodology

Abstract The spatial processes of intervisibility and visual impact are analyzed and modeled quantitatively. Design optimization models are developed, dealing simultaneosly with the location of activities and their associated visual effects. Some extensions towards comprehensive landscape planning are outlined. A numerical solution procedure based on the method of convex combinations of non-linear programming is developed and applied with synthetic data.
The SpHE gene is downregulated in sea urchin late blastulae despite persistence of multiple positive factors sufficient to activate its promoter

Abstract Previous studies of the regulatory region of the SpHE (hatching enzyme) gene of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Wei, Z., Angerer, L.M., Gagnon, M.L. and Angerer, R.C. (1995) Characterization of the SpHE promoter that are spatially regulated along the animal-vegetal axis of the sea urchin embryo. Dev. Biol. 171, 195–211) have shown that approximately 330 bp is necessary and sufficient to promote high level expression in embryos of transgenes that reproduce the spatially asymmetric pattern of endogenous gene activity along the maternally determined animal-vegetal embryonic axis. Furthermore, SpHE regulatory elements appear to be redundant since several different combinations are sufficient to elicit strong promoter activity and many subsets function like the endogenous gene only in non-vegetal cells of the blastula (Wei, Z., Angerer, L.M. and Angerer, R.C. (1997) Multiple positive cis -elements regulate the asymmetric expression of the SpHE gene along the sea urchin embryo animal-vegetal axis. Dev. Biol., 187, 71–88). Here we demonstrate by in vivo footprinting that many cis elements on the endogenous promoter are occupied when the gene is active in early blastulae, but the binding of corresponding trans factors is significantly reduced when the gene becomes inactive in late blastulae. In addition, downregulation of the promoter is accompanied by a transition from a non-nucleosomal to a nucleosome-like chromatin structure. Surprisingly, in vitro DNase I footprints of the 300 bp promoter using nuclear protein extracts from early and late blastulae are not detectably different and neither this sequence, nor a longer one extending to −1255, reproduces the loss of endogenous SpHE transcriptional activity after very early blastula stage. These observations imply that temporal repression of SpHE transcription involves a decrease in accessibility of the promoter to activators that are nevertheless present in nuclei and capable of activating transgene promoters. Temporal, but not spatial, downregulation is therefore likely to be regulated by negative activities functioning outside the −1255 promoter region which may serve as direct repressors or mediate an inactive chromatin structure.
Phase-compensated ultra-bright source of entangled photons: erratum

An erratum is presented to correct the calculation of the external phase difference between down-converted photons propagating through a pair of birefringent crystals.
Pulmonary effects of antenatal intratracheal VEGF administration in preterm fetal rabbits

IN PRETERM FETAL RABBITS ANNE DEBEER, JACQUES JANI, FREDERIK DE BUCK, LAURENCO SBRAGIA, GUNNAR NAULAERS, PETER CARMELIET, JAN DEPREST, Catholic University Leuven, Centre for Surgical Technologies, Leuven, Belgium, Catholic University Leuven, Center of Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Leuven, Belgium OBJECTIVE: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is critical for angio& vasculogenesis and pneumocyte type II cell differentiation. We aimed to assess functional pulmonary effects of antenatal intratracheal administration of VEGF in preterm rabbits. STUDY DESIGN: At 26d gestational age (GA) ovarian-end fetuses underwent tracheal occlusion (TO) to avoid leakage of instilled 30 mg recombinant rat VEGF164 in 70 mL vehicle(TO/VEGF; n=7) or 70 mL normal saline (TO/ placebo; n=8). Internal controls were weight-matched littermates (n=9). Fetuses were harvested at GA=d28 (term=31d) and ventilated with a Scireq Flexivent ventilator. Lung mechanics (total lung capacity (TLC mL/kg), dynamic resistance (R cmH2O.s/mL) and dynamic compliance (C mL/cmH2O/ kg) were measured during 16 min at 4 min intervals. RESULTS: TLC was significantly lower in TO/placebo than TO/VEGF and controls. R was higher C resp. lower in TO/placebo than controls (all time points) and TO/VEGF (R:0, 4, 8 min; C:4, 8, 12 min). CONCLUSION: In preterm rabbits, antenatal TO has an adverse effect on pulmonary mechanics nearly completely countered by in utero administered intratracheal VEGF.
Analysis of Fourier-plane nonlinear filters

We analyze the performance of the nonlinear joint transform correlator in terms of output peak to peak standard deviation ratio. The main assumption used is that the signal energy is small relative to that of the additive noise; this assumption is defensible in practice due to the generally small spatial extent of target images relative to scenes. This work is an extension of that in two earlier papers. The analysis in these was in terms of the ratio of the expected values of correlation peak to noise floor. In the current paper we extend this to study the variability of the correlation peak itself.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Homeless Women, Parents, and Children: A Triangulation Approach Analyzing Factors Influencing Homelessness and Child Separation

Many homeless women become separated from their children. The purpose of this study is to determine the predictors of entering a shelter with or without children and predictors of being separated from one or more children. Further, the authors also seek to understand the unique experience of homeless mothers separated from children. Findings suggest that women with mental illnesses and those separated from children are less likely to enter the shelter with children. Special needs were not significant predictors for being separated from any children. Focus group findings elucidate the pain separated mothers endure.
Grain-boundary physics in polycrystalline CuInSe2 revisited: experiment and theory.

Current studies have attributed the remarkable performance of polycrystalline ${\mathrm{CuInSe}}_{2}$ (CIS) to anomalous grain-boundary (GB) physics in CIS. The recent theory predicts that GBs in CIS are hole barriers, which prevent GB electrons from recombining. We examine the atomic structure and chemical composition of (112) GBs in $\mathrm{Cu}(\mathrm{In},\mathrm{Ga}){\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ (CIGS) using high-resolution $Z$-contrast imaging and nanoprobe x-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy. We show that the theoretically predicted Cu-vacancy rows are not observed in (112) GBs in CIGS. Our first-principles modeling further reveals that the (112) GBs in CIS do not act as hole barriers. Our results suggest that the superior performance of polycrystalline CIS should not be explained solely by the GB behaviors.
IL-1 acts on antigen-presenting cells to enhance the in vivo proliferation of antigen-stimulated naive CD4 T cells via a CD28-dependent mechanism that does not involve increased expression of CD28 ligands.

The basis of the adjuvant effect of IL-1 on the clonal expansion of Ag-specific CD4 T cells was measured in vivo using the TCR transgenic T cell adoptive transfer method. Injection ofAg plus IL-1 caused naive CD4 T cells to proliferate to a greater extent than did injection of Ag alone. The T cells had to express CD28 to experience the beneficial effect of IL-1 whereas the hosthad to express the type I IL-1R, raising the possibility that IL-1's adjuvant properties were related to induction of CD28 ligands on APC. Surprisingly, however, expression of CD28 ligands on DC and B cells was not affected by IL-1. Therefore, the adjuvant properties of IL-1 depend on a basal level of CD28 signaling but cannot be explained by enhanced CD28 signaling due to CD28 ligand induction.
Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity in rat urothelium treated with bladder carcinogens

Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity during urothelial carcinogenesis was examined histochemically in rats treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) or N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BHBN). GGT-positive cells developed with a high frequency in foci of nodulopapillary hyperplasia and carcinoma. GGT-positive cells, both individually and in nests, were also frequent in foci of simple hyperplasia and interlesion normal urothelium of carcinogen-treated bladders. The results suggest that development of GGT-positive cells in interlesion normal urothelium is specific to carcinogen treatment.
Intraosseous Access for Administration of Medications in Neonates

Intraosseous administration of resuscitation medications and fluids in preterm and term neonates is an alternative when intravascular access is not possible with intravenous catheters or needles. Intraosseous access is rarely needed in neonates because of the availability of clinicians with expert technical skills for placement of intravenous catheters in neonatal ICUs, the presence of the umbilical vein during the first days after birth when most resuscitations occur, and the predominance of resuscitations being responsive to positive-pressure ventilation alone. Intraosseous access is most likely to be needed in out-of-hospital settings and in hospitalized infants without intravenous access who have vascular collapse secondary to shock or when clinicians responsible for vascular access during resuscitations are more skilled in intraosseous access than intravenous access.
Stereotyping and Autostereotyping in Spanish, Malaysian, and American College Students

Abstract The stereotypes of four groups of college students including Spaniards, Malaysians, and Americans were examined in light of the amount of contact each subject group had had with each of the stimulus cultures. The subjects included Spanish students in Barcelona, Spain (n = 18), Malaysian students in the United States (n = 14), American students in Spain (n = 19), and American students in the United States who had never lived or studied abroad (n = 47). Analysis of the data revealed significant differences in the content of the stereotypes held by each of these groups as well as distinct tendencies to see others (regardless of ethnic group) in a particular way. The results also suggest that autostereotypes (beliefs about one's own group) are as variable as stereotypes and that the amount of contact with another culture strongly influences both. The context in which this cross-cultural contact took place seemed to be an important variable.
Changes in a modeled MJO with idealized global warming

This study estimates how the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) will change with uniform global warming of 2 and 4 K at the Earth surface using an aqua-planet version of the NCAR CAM2 implemented with the Tiedtke convection scheme. Solar insolation is specified at the vernal equinox with a diurnal cycle. Thirty-year integrations are carried out for each case and the last 20-year’s results are used for analysis. For the warmer cases, the modeled MJO’s eastward propagation remains dominant at zonal wave numbers 1–4, and notable increase occurs in variance, power spectra, and the number of prominent MJO events. The convective heating is enhanced more in upper troposphere, and the MJO power spectra increase more on 20–30 days than on 30–60 days. In all cases, composite life cycles of prominent MJO events show that the anomalous surface latent heat flux lags precipitation by about 90° in phase, characterizing the nonlinear wind induced surface heat exchange (WISHE) to destabilize the MJO. Interacting with a warmer surface in the 4 K case, perturbations of zonal wind and temperature at bottom model level contribute to the nonlinear WISHE coherently with the latent heat flux. Meanwhile anomalous boundary layer convergence leads precipitation by some 45° in phase, indicating the frictional moisture convergence to maintain the enhanced MJO.
Highly anisotropic commensurability oscillations in two-dimensional holes at the GaAs/AlGaAs (3 1 1)A interface

Abstract Measurements of commensurability oscillations in GaAs/AlGaAs two-dimensional (2D) hole systems grown on GaAs (3 1 1) A substrates reveal a remarkable anisotropy: the amplitude of the measured commensurability oscillations along the [ 2 3 3 ] direction is about 100 times larger than along [0 1 1 ] . For 2D electron systems at similar interfaces, however, we observe nearly isotropic oscillations, suggesting that the anomalous anisotropy is intrinsic to GaAs 2D holes at the (3 1 1) A interface.
Perturbation of lipid metabolism in L-M cultured cells by elaidic acid supplementation: formation of fatty alcohols.

Abstract Supplementation of culture medium with elaidic acid (400 μg/flask) in L-M cells results in the formation of an otherwise undetected lipid component. We have identified this lipid component to be a mixture of free fatty alcohols containing primarily elaidyl alcohol with cetyl, stearoyl, and oleoyl alcohols as minor constituents. Formation of fatty alcohols by fatty acid supplementation seems to be specific with trans fatty acids (i.e., elaidate, trans vaccenate, and linolelaidate); addition of stearate and oleate to the L-M cells does not produce fatty alcohols. The fatty alcohols accumulated by the trans fatty acid supplementation are associated with both the particulate and supernatant fractions of the cells.
Regeneration of sciatic nerve in frogs maintained at 15°C: Failure to sustain regeneration after initiation

Peripheral nerve regeneration proceeds through a series of phases which include axonal sprouting, elongation, and maturation. Each phase requires interaction between intrinsic properties of the injured neuron and nonneural elements in the environment into which the nerve grows. It has been difficult, however, to separate processes which depend on the induction of a cell body response from those which may depend on local factors at the site of injury. Recently, we found that frog peripheral nerves, in animals housed at 15 degrees C, were able to initiate regeneration in the absence of an apparent cell body response. Subsequently, we found that these nerves did not continue to regenerate normally. I investigated the ultrastructure of regenerating nerves from frogs kept at 15 degrees C for 92 days after a freeze-lesion. Injured sciatic nerves showed extensive axonal sprouting at the lesion site but little continued growth distal to the injury, indicating an impairment in elongation and maturation. Nonneural cells in the local environment showed extensive distributions of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes near the regenerative sprouts but the type and quantity of protein actually being synthesized was not determined. The basis for the suppression of axonal growth remains unknown but in the absence of an apparent cell body response it appears probable that a necessary cell body contribution to regeneration was also absent. That contribution could provide direct support to axonal growth or could trigger periaxonal support of regeneration. This experimental preparation offers a means of investigating those alternatives and the opportunity to determine the origin of the various processes responsible for nerve regeneration.
Pavement marking color specifications

Current pavement marking color specifications are given in terms of a single color with no indication of acceptable tolerances. Recently proposed standards include tolerances, but proposed tolerances are not based on psychophysical data. Although there is a substantial body of research regarding visibility of pavement markings (which is primarily related to reflectivity) very little has been done to test their discriminability (which relates to color). This research compared data obtained with a color-scaling procedure, measures of existing markings, and proposed standards. Fifteen older and fifteen younger normal subjects and four color-deficient subjects participated in the color-scaling study. Pavement and marking colors were simulated in the laboratory on a color monitor. Older and younger subjects judged colors similarly, but there were notable differences between the color judgments of normal-vision and color-deficient subjects, especially under nighttime viewing conditions. The findings from this study indicate that it is reasonable to specify a range of chromaticities acceptable for pavement marking colors that will be useful during both daytime and nighttime viewing and on a variety of pavement types. Modifications to the current proposed tolerances are suggested in light of the color-scaling data. TRB 2003 Annual Meeting CD-ROM Paper revised from original submittal. Thomas-Meyers, Nagy, and Khan 3
Starting over: A Tentative Theory Exploring the Effects of Past Relationships on Postbereavement Remarried Couples

Using grounded theory methodology 24 participants were asked to discuss how the death of a previous spouse, either theirs or their partner's, was currently affecting their second marriage. Participants were interviewed individually and as a couple. The central category was memories of the deceased spouse. Six additional categories emerged from the data: past spouse on pedestal, current/past comparison, insecurity of current spouse, curiosity about past spouse/relationship, partner's response to curiosity, and impact on the current relationship. Existing literature, auditors, and participant feedback were all used to validate the results. Expanding on a tentative theory (Brimhall, Wampler, & Kimball, 2008), provisional hypotheses were developed, thus helping clinicians who work with complex issues involving remarried couples.
Involvement of a GTP-binding protein in mediation of serotonin and acetylcholine responses in Xenopus oocytes injected with rat brain messenger RNA

Injection of poly(A)+ RNA from rat brain into Xenopus oocytes caused the appearance of Cl currents in response to serotonin (5-HT) and acetylcholine (ACh). Both neurotransmitters evoked two-component currents similar in their time course to the oocyte's endogenous cholinergic muscarinic response, which was shown in previous studies to be mediated by IP3 synthesis leading to Ca release from intracellular stores. The responses to ACh and 5-HT exhibited self- and cross-desensitization, i.e., application of either ACh or 5-HT inhibited the subsequent response to either one of the two transmitters. Intracellular injection of guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP-gamma-S) mimicked the 5-HT and ACh response, and also completely suppressed the response to the subsequent application of either ACh or 5-HT. Treatment of the oocytes with pertussis toxin (PTX) caused a 50% attenuation of ACh and 5-HT responses. In the membranes of both control and mRNA-injected oocytes, PTX catalyzed the ADP-ribosylation of a single Mr = approximately 40,000 protein. Injection of the purified beta gamma-subunits of transducin enhanced the 5-HT response. The 5-HT and GTP-gamma-S responses were inhibited by intracellular injection of the Ca2+ chelator, EGTA, as previously shown for the ACh response. These data suggest that ACh and 5-HT receptors, synthesized in the oocytes on the template of brain mRNA, act through a common pathway that involves (a) a guanine nucleotide binding protein and (b) IP3 production leading to Ca mobilization.
Theory and measurement of hydrate dissociation

Experimental data on the rate of dissociation of methane hydrates are presented. The data were obtained from hydrate mass loss measurements using an electrobalance. A resistance heater with a known heat flux was used in the dissociation experiments. A mathematical model describing the dissociation process is also presented. The model, based upon first principles, assumes that the water formed during dissociation is blown away by the methane gas produced so that the dissociation process may be regarded as a moving-boundary ablation problem. Agreement between the model and the data is within 10%.
Breast cancer stage at diagnosis: Caucasians versus Afro-Americans.

In the Department of Defense health care system, all women have the same ability to access health care. Thus, there should be no racial differences in stage at diagnosis solely based on ability to seek health care. A retrospective review of breast cancer cases from 1976–1992 was conducted to determine if there were any differences in stage at diagnosis between Caucasian and Afro-American females. Data was available for 6414 Caucasian and 746 Afro-American females. Stage at diagnosis was similar for both groups. However, Afro-Americans had fewer tumors ≤ 1.0 cm than Caucasians. Afro-American females were younger (median age 50 years versus 58 years in Caucasians). Twenty-four per cent of Afro-Americans were < 40 years old compared to only 9% Caucasians. When access to care is not an issue, there are no racial differences in stage of breast cancer at diagnosis.