cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scl and Notch Act Downstream of Hedgehog Signaling to Promote Embryonic Hematopoiesis From Endothelial Cells

Abstract 1283 Adult hematopoietic cells transition through a hemogenic endothelial (HE) intermediate during development, but the signaling pathways modulating this transition are incompletely characterized. Although the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is hypothesized to play a role in blood and endothelial cell formation, early embryonic lethality of mice lacking Hedgehog signaling precludes such analysis. To determine a role for Hh signaling in HE patterning, we assessed the effect of altered Hh signaling in differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), cultured embryonic day 9.5 mouse embryos, and developing zebrafish embryos. In differentiating mESCs, addition of Indian Hh ligand (IHH) increased the number of CD41 + c-Kit + hematopoietic progenitors, whereas chemical inhibition of Hh signaling led to a decrease without affecting primitive-streak mesoderm gene expression. In the setting of Hh inhibition, Notch induction rescued hemogenic VE-cadherin + cells, demonstrating that Notch expands HE. Scl/Tal1 (stem cell leukemia/T-cell associated leukemia 1) induction rescued VE-cadherin + CD41 + cells, demonstrating that Scl/Tal1 converts endothelial cells to hematopoietic tissue. Similar experiments using cultured mouse yolk sacs demonstrated that signaling pathways are conserved in vivo . Moreover, VE-cadherin + cells isolated from the mouse yolk sac or paraaortic splanchnopleura, when virally transduced with Notch signaling or Scl, had increased hematopoietic colony-forming activity. Finally, ectopic Notch or Scl induction in zebrafish embryos rescued the expression of the prototypical hemogenic endothelium marker Runx1 in the absence of Hh signalling. Together, our results reveal that the Hh-Notch-Scl axis promotes embryonic hematopoiesis through endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition. Disclosures: Zon: Fate Therapeutics: Consultancy; Stemgent: Consultancy. Daley: iPierian, Inc: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Epizyme, Inc: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Verastem, Inc: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Solasia, KK: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; MPM Capital, Inc: Consultancy, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Johnson & Johnson: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees.
Photodissociation of Methyl Iodide via Selected Vibrational Levels of the B̃ (2E3/2)6s Rydberg State

We have determined the I 2P3/2 and 2P1/2 branching fractions following the photodissociation of methyl iodide (CH3I) via a number of vibronic bands associated with the B (2E3/2)6s Rydberg state at excitation wavelengths between 201.2 and 192.7 nm. Vacuum ultraviolet light at 118.2 nm was used to ionize both the product iodine atoms and the methyl radical cofragments, and velocity map ion imaging was used to determine the product translational energy distributions and angular distributions. The known relative photoionization cross sections for I 2P3/2 and 2P1/2 at 118.2 nm were used to determine the corresponding branching fractions. The results extend our earlier work at 193 nm by Xu et al. (J. Chem. Phys. 2013, 139, 214310), and complement the closely related work of Gonzalez et al. (J. Chem. Phys. 2011, 135, 021102). We find that for most of the excited vibronic levels of the B state studied, the I 2P3/2 branching ratio is small, but nonzero, and that this channel is associated with internally excited...
ABSOLUTE CROSS SECTION VERSUS ENERGY OF THE Cu$sup 63$($gamma$,n) and Cu$sup 63$($gamma$,2n) REACTIONS

Experimental values were found for the absolute cross section of both ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{63}(\ensuremath{\gamma}, n)$ and ($\ensuremath{\gamma}, 2n$) reactions versus quantum energy from threshold to 36 Mev. Statistical and systematic errors were limited by the use of (a) the direct electron beam of the Stanford 36-Mev linear accelerator, which produced bremsstrahlung immediately before and within the copper foils under bombardment, (b) an electron-beam collector which recorded the total accumulated charge in the incident flux, (c) a $4\ensuremath{\pi}$ scintillation counter which measured the activity of the resultant ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{62}$ and ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{61}$, and (d) electroplated foils of separated ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{63}$ isotope.The cross-section curves of the two reactions are similar---both rise rapidly to a maximum value about 6 Mev above threshold and then fall to zero almost as rapidly. The integrated cross sections were found to be 0.55\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 and 0.081 Mev-barn for the ($\ensuremath{\gamma}, n$) and ($\ensuremath{\gamma}, 2n$) reactions, respectively. The ($\ensuremath{\gamma}, 2n$) threshold is 20.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 Mev. A precision of 0.5 percent was attained in the relative ($\ensuremath{\gamma}, n$) activation points and 5 percent in the absolute cross section integrated over energy. The corresponding errors in the ($\ensuremath{\gamma}, 2n$) data were 5 and 20 percent; the latter value includes the effect of a 10 percent uncertainty in the currently published data on the electron-capture to positron-emission ratio of ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{61}$.
The natural history of untreated estrogen receptor-positive, Her2-negative invasive breast cancer.

Using prior mammograms from patients with delays in their breast cancer diagnoses, we sought to describe in-vivo growth kinetics of untreated breast cancer to determine if the time they became clinically apparent can be predicted. Patient and tumor characteristics were collected from those who presented with “missed,” untreated breast cancer to a breast center in a single institution. Only patients whose biopsied masses revealed estrogen receptor-positive, Her2-negative (ER+/Her2−) invasive cancers were included. Two attending radiologists reviewed images from prior mammograms. Rates of change in volume were calculated in mm3/day, and a logarithmic equation was used to calculate tumor volume doubling time (TVDT). A Spearman's Rho correlation was performed for the continuous variables, and the Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to compare categorical data. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Logistic regression was performed to determine if patient or tumor characteristics were correlated to tumor growth velocity. Of the 36 ER+/Her2− invasive breast cancers included in the analysis, 13 (36%) were at least cT2 (of TNM), 7 (19%) were grade 3, and 7 (19%) were node positive at diagnosis. Grade (p = 0.043) and pathologic invasive tumor size (p = 0.001) were positively correlated to tumor growth velocity. Median TVDT was 385 days (23–1897). Age, nodal positivity, Oncotype Dx® Recurrence Score, time of diagnostic delay, and spheroid-ellipsoid discrepancy (SED) were not related to tumor growth velocity in this sample. In this cohort of patients with untreated ER+/Her2− invasive breast cancers, grade and pathologic tumor size were found to be positively correlated to growth velocity. The growth rates in a homogeneous group of tumors varied widely and could not be predicted. One possible explanation for this finding is that other difficult-to-measure biologic factors such as tumor microenvironment may play a greater role in tumor progression than traditional clinicopathologic characteristics.
NOVELTIES IN BRAZILIAN BEGONIACEAE III: Begonia margaretiana , a new species from Rio de Janeiro state

Begonia margaretiana, a new species of Begonia sect. Pritzelia from Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil is described. Begonia margaretiana is morphologically similar to Begonia paulensis, with which it is compared. The new species grow in hygrophilous Atlantic Forest in the south of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Description, comparisons with a morphologically similar species, etymology, taxonomic comments, illustrations, a map, and the conservation status of the new species are provided.
Reducing Phlebotomy in Hemodialysis Patients: A Quality Improvement Study.

Rationale & Objective Hospitalized patients receiving hemodialysis frequently have routine, daily laboratory studies drawn by peripheral venipuncture-a painful process that damages peripheral veins that may be needed for future dialysis access. Some of these peripheral venipunctures are likely preventable by drawing blood samples off the hemodialysis machine circuit. We describe an initiative to allow and encourage blood to be drawn "with dialysis." Study Design Quality improvement study. Setting & Participants Non–critically ill adult patients treated with hemodialysis at Stanford Health Care between September 2018 and September 2019. Quality Improvement Activities We modified the electronic health record to allow providers to order laboratory studies with the frequency "with dialysis." Use of the "with dialysis" frequency was promoted through educational efforts aimed at primary medical teams, nephrology consult staff, and nephrology advanced practice providers. Outcomes We tracked the number of "with dialysis" blood draws and the number of eligible patients per week during the first year of implementation. Analytical Approach The number of "with dialysis" blood draws and eligible patients per week were measured over time. Cost savings were estimated by multiplying the difference in cost between peripheral venipuncture and "with dialysis" blood draw by the number of "with dialysis" blood draws performed. Results Uptake during the first year of implementation was an average of 6.3 "with dialysis" draws per 100 eligible patients per week. Estimated savings exceeded $7,000 in the first year of the program. Limitations Our single-center study may not be generalizable to other institutions, especially those without dialysis ordering and laboratory ordering housed within the same electronic system. We were unable to track additional outcomes, including the number of peripheral venipunctures and delays in laboratory results. Conclusions The prevention of unnecessary peripheral venipuncture in hospitalized patients receiving hemodialysis is a promising and valuable quality improvement target, which may be aided by the electronic health record. Future work is needed to increase recognition and use of "with dialysis"blood work options.
Cell-type-specific epigenomic variations associated with BRCA1 mutation in pre-cancer human breast tissues

Abstract BRCA1 germline mutation carriers are predisposed to breast cancers. Epigenomic regulations have been known to strongly interact with genetic variations and potentially mediate biochemical cascades involved in tumorigenesis. Due to the cell-type specificity of epigenomic features, profiling of individual cell types is critical for understanding the molecular events in various cellular compartments within complex breast tissue. Here we report cell-type-specific profiling of genome-wide histone modifications including H3K27ac and H3K4me3 in basal, luminal progenitor, mature luminal, and stromal cells extracted from pre-cancer BRCA1 mutation carriers and non-carriers, conducted using a low-input technology that we developed. We discover that basal and stromal cells present the most extensive epigenomic differences between mutation carriers (BRCA1mut/+) and non-carriers (BRCA1+/+) while luminal progenitor and mature luminal cells are relatively unchanged with the mutation. Furthermore, the epigenomic changes in basal cells due to BRCA1 mutation appear to facilitate their transformation into luminal progenitor cells. Our findings shed light on the pre-cancer epigenomic dynamics due to BRCA1 mutation and how they may contribute to eventual development of predominantly basal-like breast cancer.
Tragedy and the Modernist Novel

This study of tragic fiction in European modernism brings together novelists who espoused, in their view, a Greek vision of tragedy and a Darwinian vision of nature. To their minds, both tragedy and natural history disclosed unwarranted suffering at the center of life. Thomas Hardy, Virginia Woolf, Albert Camus, and Samuel Beckett broke with entrenched philosophical and scientific traditions that sought to exclude chance, undeserved pains from tragedy and evolutionary biology. Tragedy and the Modernist Novel uncovers a temporality central to tragic novels' structure and ethics: that of the moment. These authors made novelistic plot the delivery system for lethal natural and historical forces, and then countered such plot with moments of protest - characters' fleeting dissent against unjustifiable harms.
"Covidsubo": Stress-Induced Cardiomyopathy by Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019.

Introduction COVID-19 is a rapidly growing infectious disease that represents an immediate threat for the health of millions of people around the world, both in direct and indirect ways. Case presentation In the present report we describe the development of stress cardiomyopathy in a patient who was overwhelmingly stressed by watching the news coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion Physicians and scientists around the globe should be aware of the psychological consequences of COVID-19 and their potential to cause physical illness.
Confirmatory factor analyses of the Body Image-Acceptance and Action Questionnaire and Functionality Appreciation Scale among LGBQ adults

Positive body image has been recognized as a construct that extends beyond evaluation of one’s physical appearance and instead focuses broadly on the love and respect people hold about their bodies. As a multidimensional construct, positive body image has been assessed via several different self-report measures. For example, body image flexibility and functionality appreciation refer to two aspects of positive body image that have been measured via the Body Image-Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (BI-AAQ) and Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS). Although the study of positive body image has expanded the body image and eating disorder literature, the majority of positive body image research, including the use of the BI-AAQ and FAS, has been conducted among presumably heterosexual participants. As such, it is unclear whether the factor structures of measures, such as the BI-AAQ and FAS, are supported among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) individuals. The purpose of the present study was to assess the factor structures of the BI-AAQ and FAS via confirmatory factor analyses among a sample of LGBQ adults. Based on a sample of 197 self-identified LGBQ participants recruited online, the factorial validity of the BI-AAQ and FAS were both generally supported with unitary factor structures, as have been found among presumably heterosexual samples. Results suggest that the BI-AAQ and FAS may be used when assessing body image flexibility and functionality appreciation among LGBQ individuals. Future directions regarding body image flexibility and functionality appreciation measures among LGBQ individuals are also discussed.
Experimental oxytetracycline toxicity in feedlot heifers

Oxytetracycline had been widely used at 11 mg/kg for the treatment of respiratory disease in feedlot cattle. The increased prevalence of resistant strains of Pasteurella sp. has resulted in recommendations for increasing the dose to 33 mg/kg or as much as 55 mg/kg. The 33 mg/kg dose given to seven normal feedlot heifers i/v for three successive days produced signs of nephrotoxicity but no deaths.
Is endoscopic resection a useful technique for a cavernous sinus sellar cavernoma? A case report and literature review

Cavernous sinus cavernous malformations (CSCMs) is a vascular malformation of the cavernous sinus. Nowadays, there is an increasing preference to withhold using the terms cavernoma or cavernous hem...
Realism, Disagreement, and Explanation

This essay is a contribution to a symposium on Justin Clarke-Doane's ("JCD") important book MORALITY & MATHEMATICS (Oxford University Press, 2020). I focus mainly on what I call JCD's "Symmetry Thesis": that moral beliefs and mathematical beliefs are on a par when it comes to both a priori and a posteriori justification. I argue first that realism, contrary to JCD, does have ontological implications. I then argue that JCD misunderstands the realist and anti-realist arguments from, respectively, agreement and disagreement as presupposing what it is in fact meant to establish, namely, the realist (or anti-realist) interpretation of the propositions in question; and that JCD is wrong to think that "dogmatic" perceptual justification is responsive to Harman's best explanation argument for anti-realism, which presupposes both the theory-ladenness of observation and Quinean confirmation holism.
Detailed investigation of the microporous character of mesoporous silicas as revealed by small-angle scattering techniques

Absstract This work was supported by Sandia National Laboratories, a Lockheed Martin Company, under Department of Energy Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Award Number F49620-01-1-0168, the DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences, the DOD MURI Program Contract 318651, and Sandia's Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program.
Effects of vitamin D on phosphate transport and incorporation into mucosal constituents of rat intestinal mucosa

Abstract The effects of vitamin D on transport of inorganic phosphate into and across rat intestinal mucosa in vitro were studied, and the results used to interpret observations on incorporation of 32P-labeled phosphate into mucosal lipid, protein, and nucleic acids. Vitamin D given to intact rats increases phosphate transport in vitro selectively in the direction mucosa to serosa. The sterol in vivo acts directly in the intestine with no prior activation in other organs. 32Pi transport is via restricted channels in the mucosa, as indicated by the observation that the specific radioactivity of transported 32P-labeled phosphate is miscible with approximately one-third or less of the mucosal Pi pool. Because of this compartmentalization specific radioactivities of individual mucosal precursor pools of 32Pi are difficult or impossible to estimate. Consequently, effects of vitamin D on incorporation of 32P-labeled phosphate into mucosal constituents cannot be interpreted definitively in terms of rates of synthesis. The relative effects of vitamin D on calcium as compared to phosphate transport in various segments of intestine, and other evidence, suggests that the sterol influences separately these two intestinal transport mechanisms.
The Rich Get Richer

It is policy that is causing inequality, not the market alone. Tax policy, deregulation, the failure to raise the minimum wage. We should face the facts, says this author.
Daughter of Liberty Wedded to Law: Gender and Legal Education at the University of Pennsylvania Department of Law 1870-1900

This article describes major changes in legal education between 1870 and 1900 and uses the University of Pennsylvania's experience with coeducation as the primary example. Generally speaking, the late nineteenth century was an era in which masculine terms defined law students and the legal profession itself. Part I of this article describes the historical roots of the University of Pennsylvania Law Department in an era in which legal education mostly took place through clerkships and private study with practicing lawyers. In the 1870s and before, women in particular found it difficult to gain access to such legal education because the unique nature of the clerk-mentor relationship. Part II of this article explores the professionalization of legal education in the 1870s and beyond. Office-based education lost its dominance in legal education, due to the demise of the judicial circuit, specialization of legal practice, changes in technology, and increased demand for education from previously underrepresented groups. Although the decision in 1881 to admit a female law student was a landmark event in the history of the University of Pennsylvania, the Law Department remained a uniquely male sphere. Part III describes the school's masculine vision of legal education and the legal profession. Carrie Burnham Kilgore, the first female student, was permitted to attend law lectures, but she was excluded from most extracurricular activities. Part IV details the school's transition to the modern era. In the 1890s, more women began to enroll in the Law School. These women created opportunities for themselves, formed their own moot court club, and held the same kind of mock trials that their male counterparts did. In challenging the masculine nature of legal education, Kilgore and the women who followed her rightfully became shapers of law and defenders of liberty in their own right.
Geotechnical Aspects of Oil-Contaminated Sands

Contamination due to chemicals and oil spills can influence the engineering behavior of soils. The results of an investigation conducted to study the effects of oil contamination on compaction characteristics, shear strength, one-dimensional compression, and hydraulic conductivity of a sand are presented in this article. The test results indicate that the compaction characteristics are influenced by oil contamination. The angle of internal friction of sand based on total stress condition was found to decrease with the presence of oil in the pore spaces. One-dimensional compression characteristics of sand are significantly influenced by oil contamination, resulting in a decrease in the value of the constrained modulus with increase in the degree of oil saturation. Hydraulic conductivity was observed to be a function of the initial viscosity and the degree of oil saturation.
In vivo volatile emissions from peanut plants induced by simultaneous fungal infection and insect damage

Peanut plants, Arachis hypogaea, infected with white mold, Sclerotium rolfsii, emit a blend of organic compounds that differs both quantitatively and qualitatively from the blend emitted from plants damaged by beet armyworm (BAW; Spodoptera exigua) larvae or from uninfected, undamaged plants. Attack by BAW induced release of lipoxygenase products (hexenols, hexenals, and hexenyl esters), terpenoids, and indole. The plant-derived compound methyl salicylate and the fungal-derived compound 3-octanone were found only in headspace samples from white mold infected plants. White mold-infected plants exposed to BAW damage released all the volatiles emitted by healthy plants fed on by BAW in addition to those emitted in response to white mold infection alone. When BAW larvae were given a choice of feeding on leaves from healthy or white mold-infected plants, they consumed larger quantities of the leaves from infected plants. Exposure to commercially available (Z)-3 hexenyl acetate, linalool, and methyl salicylate, compounds emitted by white mold-infected plants, significantly reduced the growth of the white mold in solid-media cultures. Thus, emission of these compounds by infected plants may constitute a direct defense against this pathogen.
1.32GHz high-throughput charge-recovery AES core with resistance to DPA attacks

A 128-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) core targeted for high-performance security applications is fabricated in a 65nm CMOS technology. A novel charge-recovery logic family, called Bridge Boost Logic (BBL), is introduced in this design to achieve switching-independent energy dissipation for an intrinsic high resistance against Differential Power Analysis (DPA) attacks. Based on measurements, the AES core achieves a throughput of 16.90Gbps and power consumption of 98mW, exhibiting 720x higher DPA resistance and 30% lower power than its conventional CMOS counterpart at the same clock frequency.
Novel Phosphotidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate Binding Sites on Focal Adhesion Kinase

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a protein tyrosine kinase that is ubiquitously expressed, recruited to focal adhesions, and engages in a variety of cellular signaling pathways. Diverse cellular responses, such as cell migration, proliferation, and survival, are regulated by FAK. Prior to activation, FAK adopts an autoinhibited conformation in which the FERM domain binds the kinase domain, blocking access to the activation loop and substrate binding site. Activation of FAK occurs through conformational change, and acidic phospholipids such as phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) are known to facilitate this process. PIP2 binding alters the autoinhibited conformation of the FERM and kinase domains and subsequently exposes the activation loop to phosphorylation. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of PIP2 binding and its role in FAK activation remain unclear. In this study, we conducted coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the binding of FAK to PIP2. Our simulations identified novel areas of basic residues in the kinase domain of FAK that potentially undergo transient binding to PIP2 through electrostatic attractions. Our investigation provides a molecular picture of PIP2-initiated FAK activation and introduces promising new pathways for future studies of FAK regulation.
Synthesis of ion conducting LixAlySizO thin films by atomic layer deposition

Thin films of a solid electrolyte, lithium aluminosilicate, were synthesized by atomic layer deposition (ALD) for potential applications in 3D Li-ion microbatteries. The films were deposited at 290 °C via alternating the ALD growth of the constituents, LiOH, Al2O3 and SiO2. Manipulation of the cation composition and thickness was achieved through well-controlled surface reactions during each precursor pulse cycle. Various compositions were obtained by changing the number of pulse cycles for each precursor, which enabled lithium aluminate (LixAlyO), lithium aluminosilicate (LixAlySizO) and stoichiometric LiAlSiO4 materials to be prepared. The as-deposited ALD films were amorphous and formed conformal coatings over Si nanowires. Films as thin as 6 nm were found to be free of pinholes. Complex impedance measurements confirmed that the films were ionic conductors with the room temperature conductivity in the range of 10−7 to 10−9 S cm−1 and an activation energy between 0.46 and 0.84 eV, depending upon the film composition.
Wastewaters in the Vadose Zone of Arid Regions: Geochemical Interactionsa

Because of increasingly stringent laws governing discharge of fluid wastes to surface waters, the alternative of discharge to the subsurface has become attractive. The physical-chemical processes that prevail in the subsurface are not well understood, but they are clearly not identical to processes of purification in surface waters. For example, in the subsurface the process of oxidation may be of little value in significantly reducing the concentration of discharged contaminants; in contrast, oxidation plays an important role in purifying surface waters. Eleven physical-chemical processes can be identified as having potential value for purifying wastes discharged to the subsurface, as follow: dilution, buffering of pH, precipitation by reaction, hydrolysis, oxidation or reduction, filtration, volatilization, biological assimilation, radioactive decay, membrane filtration, and sorption. Discharge to the vadose zone may be a safe means of disposal of wastes in arid regions. But it is necessary to carefully test the suitability of a particular site for a particular waste. Processes of purification in the vadose zone can be incorporated into a workable plan of discharge if adequate studies and safeguards are employed. Regulations governing subsurface discharge should take into account the physical-chemical processes that may act to purify the waste fluids. In one set of experiments, a soil from Sulfur Springs, New Mexico was capable of removing large quantities of dissolved molybdenum and copper from a synthetic mill water, and the soil was able to quantitatively retain the copper during subsequent leaching by fresh and metal-free mill waters. Such studies permit rational plans of discharge to be developed.
Mental handicap in Rhodesian African children.

SUMMARY A retrospective analysis is presented of the aetiology of mental handicap in 212 Rhodesian African children. In 23 per cent the cause of the mental retardation was primary (present at birth), in 27 per cent there was a well-documented acquired cause and in the remaining 50 per cent the aetiology was unknown. The findings are discussed in relation to social and medical conditions in Rhodesia, and an outline is given of the authors' approach to the retarded child in Rhodesia. RESUME Les auteurs presentent une analyse retrospective du retard mental chez 212 enfants africains de Rhodesie. Dans 23 pour cent des cas, la cause du retard mental etait primitive (presente a la naissance), dans 27 pour cent des cas, on a releve une cause acquise bien precise et l'origine est restee inconnue dans 50 pour cent des cas. Ces fails sont discutes en function des conditions sociales et medicales de Rhodesie et un apercu est donne de l'approche par les auteurs des enfants retardes de Rhodesie. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Es wird uber eine retrospektive Analyse der atiologie geistiger Retardierung bei 212 afrikanischen Kindern in Rhodesien berichtet. Bei 23 Prozent bestand eine primare Ursache der geistigen Retardierung (bei Geburt vorhanden), bei 27 Prozent war sie gut dokumentiert erworben und bei den restlichen 50 Prozent war die Atiologie unbekannt. Die Befunde werden hinsichtlich der sozialen und medizinschen Bedingungen in Rhodesien diskutiert. Es wird berichtet, welche Zugangsmoglichkeiten der Autor zu den retardierten Kindern in Rhodesien hat. RESUMEN Se presenta un analisis retrospectivo de la etiologia del retraso mental en 212 ninos africanos de Rhodesia. En un 23 por ciento la causa del retraso mental era primaria (presente al nacer), en un 27 por ciento habia una causa adquirida bien documentada y en el restante 50 por ciento la etiologia era desconocida. Los hallazgos se discuten en relacion con las condiciones sociales y medicas de Rhodesia, y se da un esbozo del estudio realizadα por los autores sobre ninos retrasados en Rhodesia.
Race and Science: Using a Comprehensive Interdisciplinary Approach to Address Complex Issues

Abstract Universities and colleges have a responsibility to help solve complex social problems. The article describes an interdisciplinary approach that integrates the diverse strengths of a research and teaching institution to address issues in one such complex problem: race, science, and health. The authors' model involved a “feedback loop” among three different and simultaneous activities: two undergraduate courses, one in biology and one open to all first-year student, and a weekly seminar that included the professors teaching these two courses, other faculty from across the university, and undergraduate and graduate student representatives. The topic and logistical strategies are discussed in detail and the value and challenges of such an integrated multilevel approach are explored.
Inmate Identification in an Institutional Setting

An organizational analysis of various inmate groups within the Mississippi State Penitentiary, locally known as Parchman, has called into question the "cohesion" model of inmate groups as ones which remain firmly united against the enemy out-group, the prison administration. The organizational structure of the Mississippi prison, until very recently, presented a highly stratified version of inmate society. Not only were inmates utilized in the management and operation of the prison, as is traditional in most penal institutions, but a highly select group of inmates, known as trusties, were given the responsibility for the maintenance of social control over fellow inmates. This group of inmates represented an elite corp which presented unique problems of adjustment, not only to fellow inmates but to the staff as well. This article takes a look at these problems of adjustment.
Integrating Social Work Practice and Technology Competencies: A Case Example

Twenty‐two graduate social work students created six evolving virtual cases that emerged as students posted assignments to a common site using WebCT software. The students also used the technology to receive peer collaboration and clinical feedback from instructors. The researchers taught the course. Findings indicate that while students entered the course with different perceptions of their competency levels in technology and practice, the WebCT module enhanced students' skills as demonstrated by self‐report. Instructional challenges include access to technology, technology training, time, and challenges with the transmission of practice values.
Soil vapor extraction system design: A case study comparing vacuum and pore-gas velocity cutoff criteria

Soil vapor extraction (SVE) systems are typically designed based on the results of a vadose zone pumping test (transient or steady state) using a pressure criteria to establish the zone of influence (ZOI). A common problem associated with pressure based SVE design is overestimating the ZOI of the extraction well. The vacuum criteria commonly used to establish the boundary of the ZOI results in large areas with very low pore velocities and thus long cleanup times. As a result, design strategies based upon critical pore gas velocity (CPGV) have increased in popularity. The CPGV is used in an effort to loosely incorporate the effects of mass transfer limitations into the design of SVE systems. Critical pore gas velocity designs use a minimum pore gas velocity rather than minimum vacuum to identify the extent of the treatment zone of an SVE system. The CPGV is typically much larger than the pore gas velocity at the perimeter of vacuum based (ZOI) designs resulting in shorter cleanup times. In this paper, we report the results of testing performed at the Savannah River Site (SRS) to determine the influence of a vapor extraction well based upon both a pressure and pore gas velocity designmore » criteria. Results from this testing show that a SVE system designed based upon a CPGV is more robust and will have shorter cleanup times due to increased flow throughout the treatment zone. Pressure based SVE design may be appropriate in applications where soil gas containment is the primary objective; however, in cases where the capture and removal of contaminated soil gas is the primary objective, CPGV is a better design criteria.« less
Laboratory Evaluation of New Ultraviolet Absorbers for Protection of Douglas-fir Tussock Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Baculovirus

In 1975, the Forest Service (USDA) recommended use of the adjuvant Shade as a UV absorber in spray mixes of TM BioControl-1, the nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough). Because Shade is no longer available commercially, we evaluated suitable substitutes compatible with the NPV of O. pseudotsugata . Materials tested included two lignosulfonates, a disulfobenzophenone, and two fluorescent whitening agents. Shade was also tested as a reference standard. The materials were evaluated by exposing virus-absorber mixtures to UV radiation from high-intensity mercury sun lamps. We used a new technique that permitted individual handling of samples, on sterile disposable Teflon pads, through various steps of the test procedure. Two of the materials, Tinopal DCS (a stilbene fluorescent whitening agent) and Raymix powder (a lignosulfonate), protected O. pseudotsugata NPV against UV radiation equally or better than did Shade. Both UV absorbers are soluble in cold water, with pH near neutrality.
Home Anticoagulation Testing: Predictors of Rural Patient Interest

Background Home anticoagulation testing (HAT) may be useful for rural patients who cannot attend an anticoagulation service clinic (ASC). Interest in HAT is unknown and was the focus of this study. Materials and methods Anticoagulated patients from two clinics, the ASC and vascular surgery clinic (VSC) were surveyed and compared for demographics, anticoagulation knowledge and opinions, and HAT interest. Logistic regression was performed, using the entire patient cohort, to identify factors associated with HAT interest. Results There were 211 (141 ASC, 70 VSC) patients surveyed. Differences between the ASC and VSC patients included education level (13.2 versus 12.1 years; P = 0.02), time spent testing (60.5 ± 33.5 versus 46.4 ± 20.7 min; P = 0.001), use of fingerstick testing (90% versus 2.9%; P versus 59% P = 0.003). HAT interest was similar (62.1% ASC versus 50% VSC; P = 0.14). Factors associated with HAT interest included employment [odds ratio (OR) 2.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–6.7], knowledge of potential interactions between medications and warfarin (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.9–8.1), and a willingness to check international normalized ratio values more frequently if recommended (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2–4.6). Patients who received family help with medications appeared less interested in HAT (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.12–0.68). Conclusions A slight majority of surveyed rural patients conveyed interest in HAT. Working patients and those assuming more responsibility for international normalized ratio control may be more interested in HAT. A possible association between anticoagulation knowledge and increased HAT interest was seen and should be further studied.
A Binding Site for Heparin in the Apple 3 Domain of Factor XI

Abstract Since heparin potentiates activated factor XI (FXIa) inhibition by protease nexin-2 by providing a template to which both proteins bind (Zhang, Y., Scandura, J. M., Van Nostrand, W. E., and Walsh, P. N. (1997) J. Biol. Chem.272, 26139–26144), we examined binding of factor XI (FXI) and FXIa to heparin. FXIa binds to heparin (K d∼0.7 × 10−9 m) >150-fold more tightly than FXI (K d ∼1.1 × 10−7 m). To localize the heparin-binding site on FXI, rationally designed conformationally constrained synthetic peptides were used to compete with 125I-FXI binding to heparin. A peptide derived from the Apple 3 (A3) domain of FXI (Asn235–Arg266) inhibited FXI binding to heparin (K d ∼3.4 × 10−6 m), whereas peptides from the A1 domain (Phe56–Ser86), A2 domain (Ala134–Ala176), and A4 domain (Ala317–Gly350) had no such effect. The recombinant A3 domain (rA3, Ala181–Val271) inhibited FXI binding to heparin (K i ∼1.4 × 10−7 m) indicating that all the information necessary for FXI binding to heparin is contained entirely within the A3 domain. The A3 domain also contains a platelet-binding site (Asn235–Arg266), consisting of three surface-exposed loop structures, Pro229–Gln233, Thr741–Leu246, and Thr249–Phe260 (Baglia, F. A., Jameson, B. A., and Walsh, P. N. (1995) J. Biol. Chem.270, 6734–6740). Only peptide Thr249–Phe260 (which contains a heparin binding consensus sequence, RIKKSKA) inhibits FXI binding to heparin (K i = 2.1 × 10−7 m), whereas peptides Pro229–Gln233 and Thr241– Leu246 had no effect. Fine mapping of the heparin-binding site using prekallikrein analogue amino acid substitutions of the synthetic peptide Thr249–Phe260 and alanine scanning of the recombinant A3 indicated that the amino acids Lys252 and Lys253 are important for heparin binding. Thus, the sequence Thr249–Phe260 which contains most of the binding energy for FXI interaction with platelets also mediates the binding of FXI to heparin.
Current-carrying states in a random magnetic field

We report results of a numerical study of noninteracting electrons moving in two dimensions, in the presence of a random potential and a random magnetic field for a sequence of finite sizes, using topological properties of the wave functions to identify extended states. Our results are consistent with the existence of a second order localization-delocalization transition driven by the random potential. The critical randomness strength and localization length exponent are estimated via a finite-size scaling analysis. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Respiration and annual fungal production associated with decomposing leaf litter in two streams

Summary 1. We compared fungal biomass, production and microbial respiration associated with decomposing leaves in one softwater stream (Payne Creek) and one hardwater stream (Lindsey Spring Branch). 2. Both streams received similar annual leaf litter fall (478–492 g m−2), but Lindsey Spring Branch had higher average monthly standing crop of leaf litter (69 ± 24 g m−2; mean ± SE) than Payne Creek (39 ± 9 g m−2). 3. Leaves sampled from Lindsey Spring Branch contained a higher mean concentration of fungal biomass (71 ± 11 mg g−1) than those from Payne Creek (54 ± 8 mg g−1). Maximum spore concentrations in the water of Lindsay Spring Branch were also higher than those in Payne Creek. These results agreed with litterbag studies of red maple (Acer rubrum) leaves, which decomposed faster (decay rate of 0.014 versus 0.004 day−1), exhibited higher maximum fungal biomass and had higher rates of fungal sporulation in Lindsey Spring Branch than in Payne Creek. 4. Rates of fungal production and respiration per g leaf were similar in the two streams, although rates of fungal production and respiration per square metre were higher in Lindsey Spring Branch than in Payne Creek because of the differences in leaf litter standing crop. 5. Annual fungal production was 16 ± 6 g m−2 (mean ± 95% CI) in Payne Creek and 46 ± 25 g m−2 in Lindsey Spring Branch. Measurements were taken through the autumn of 2 years to obtain an indication of inter-year variability. Fungal production during October to January of the 2 years varied between 3 and 6 g m−2 in Payne Creek and 7–27 g m−2 in Lindsey Spring Branch. 6. Partial organic matter budgets constructed for both streams indicated that 3 ± 1% of leaf litter fall went into fungal production and 7 ± 2% was lost as respiration in Payne Creek. In Lindsey Spring Branch, fungal production accounted for 10 ± 5% of leaf litter fall and microbial respiration for 13 ± 9%.
A simple emission spectrographic technique for the analysis of small samples

Abstract A method for the analysis of small samples by d.c. are emission spectroscopy using a carrier distillation method is described. In establishing the method careful attention was given to control of both the plasma and electrode conditions. No sample preparation is necessary and the method is shown to be capable of meaningful comparative analysis of a wide variety of samples encountered in forensic science.
Parallel data fusion on a hypercube multiprocessor

A new parallel analytic data fusion method has been developed and tested on real image pairs. This fusion algorithm is based on the interaction between two analytically formulated constraints: (1) the principle of Knowledge Source Aggregation, and (2) the principle of Belief Enhancement/Withdrawal. In this paper, we discuss ways in which a message-passing multiprocessor employing the hypercube interconnection topology is exploited in order to achieve optimal speed-up in the parallel data fusion algorithm. Image parallelism is optimized by having multiple processors execute the same task but operate on different subsets of the data. Two numerical methods used to solve a system of partial differential equations resulting from the use of the Euler-Lagrange equation for the fusion process are compared. Tests conducted on an NCUBE/4 parallel computer have resulted in an effective implementation of the complete fusion process.
Diurnal variation and cholesterol regulation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity☆

HMG-CoA reductase exhibits a diurnal rhythm. Cycloheximide injection completely prevents both the observed 9.5 fold rise in activity and the loss of activity during daylight. This is compatible with the existence of a specific, labile,degradative or inactivating protein for HMG-CoA reductase. Effects of cholesterol on reductase activity were also studied. KM and Vmax for reductase from normal- and cholesterol-fed rats are 8.1×10−5 M and 0.33 nmole/min/mg and 6.9x10−5 M and 0.0404 nmole/min/mg respectively. Reductase from both sources is substrate-inhibited by HMG-CoA. Mixing experiments suggest that a soluble inhibitor of IM -CoA reductase does not cause the profound drop in activity observed in cholesterol-fed rats.
Treatment of bulimia nervosa: When CBT fails

Controlled studies have established manual-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is the first-line treatment of choice for bulimia nervosa. Nevertheless, its effectiveness is limited. On average, only 50% of patients cease binge eating and purging. Of the remainder, some show partial improvement, whereas a small number derive no benefit at all. In treating nonresponders to CBT one option would be to use antidepressant medication. A second would be to adopt interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), an alternative psychological therapy with empirical support. However, both options have failed to reduce binge eating following unsuccessful CBT. Treating nonresponders is hampered by the lack of treatment-specific predictor variables. Comorbid personality disorder is associated with a poorer response not only to CBT but also alternative therapies. There is no evidence that psychodynamic therapy is effective with complex cases with associated psychopathology. A third option is to use more expanded or intensive CBT. An example of the latter would be concentrated exposure within an inpatient setting. The relative merits of adhering to manual-based treatment versus allowing therapists free reign in individual case formulation are discussed.
Fully integrated thermal conductivity sensor for gas chromatography without dead volume

Abstract A complete detector based on the anemometer principle and sensing the thermal conductivity of gases for application in gas chromatography (GC) will be introduced. The micromachined die contains a reference and a measurement channel. The channels consist of integrated capillary connectors, a measurement chamber, hot-wire elements and elements for thermostatting the bulk. The sensor has been designed to be connected to 100 μm separation columns and due to novel attachment of the tubing, it has virtually no dead volume. Each measurement chamber has a volume of about 14 nl. The sensing elements are fabricated as gold resistors and suspended in the middle of the gas channel. A sturdy and easy-to-handle packaging has been developed. The sensor has been successfully tested in a commercial GC set-up and consumes an approximate power of 0.5 W.
Modeling brominated trihalomethane compounds in drinking water at a treatment plant in Beaumont, Texas.

The premise of this study is that the presence of bromide has a substantial effect on both the speciation and total formation of trihalomethane (THM). Consequently, models of water containing substantial bromide concentrations require refinement because they are only calibrated with raw water with high humic acid content. This study investigates and reports efforts on such refinement. The objectives of work reported in this paper are to formulate and validate a new correlative model that is based on physical principles and incorporates high levels of bromide that affect THM formation using raw water rich in both humic and fulvic acid. Two types of THM precursors are considered in the model discussed in this paper: (1) activated aromatic groups, which are more reactive with chlorine than with bromine, and (2) aliphatic groups, which are more reactive with bromine than with chlorine. Aliphatic and aromatic carbons are incorporated in the model by the inclusion of pertinent variables such as C/N and Br/Cl2 i...