cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conceptualizing important facets of teacher responses to student mathematical thinking

We argue that progress in the area of research on mathematics teacher responses to student thinking could be enhanced were the field to attend more explicitly to important facets of those responses...
Utility of linking survey and registry data to evaluate interventions and policies to address disparities in breast cancer survivorship among young women.

Abstract Purpose There is limited research linking data sources to evaluate the multifactorial impacts on the quality of treatment received and financial burden among young women with breast cancer. To address this gap and support future evaluation efforts, we examined the utility of combining patient survey and cancer registry data. Patient and Methods We administered a survey to women, aged 18–39 years, with breast cancer from four U.S. states. We conducted a systematic response-rate analysis and evaluated differences between racial groups. Survey responses were linked with cancer registry data to assess whether surveys could reliably supplement registry data. Results A total of 830 women completed the survey for a response rate of 28.4 %. Blacks and Asian/Pacific Islanders were half as likely to respond as white women. Concordance between survey and registry data was high for demographic variables (Cohen’s kappa [k]: 0.879 to 0.949), moderate to high for treatments received (k: 0.467 to 0.854), and low for hormone receptor status (k: 0.167 to 0.553). Survey items related to insurance status, employment, and symptoms revealed racial differences. Conclusion Cancer registry data, supplemented by patient surveys, can provide a broader understanding of the quality of care and financial impacts of breast cancer among young women.
Experiment on Long-Wave IR Terawatt Laser Pulse Compression to Sub-Picoseconds

2-ps, 1-TW CO2 laser pulses have been compressed down to 126 fs with a simultaneous peak power enhancement via self-phase modulation followed by negative group dispersion in a bulk sodium chloride crystal.
Teacher Perceptions Matter: Psychometric Properties of the Georgia School Personnel Survey of School Climate

There are many measures of student perceptions of school climate; accordingly, there is a staggering amount of research examining those perceptions and related outcomes. There is a comparatively sm...
Bond Default Prediction with Text Embeddings, Undersampling and Deep Learning.

The special and important problems of default prediction for municipal bonds are addressed using a combination of text embeddings from a pre-trained transformer network, a fully connected neural network, and synthetic oversampling. The combination of these techniques provides significant improvement in performance over human estimates, linear models, and boosted ensemble models, on data with extreme imbalance. Less than 0.2% of municipal bonds default, but our technique predicts 9 out of 10 defaults at the time of issue, without using bond ratings, at a cost of false positives on less than 0.1% non-defaulting bonds. The results hold the promise of reducing the cost of capital for local public goods, which are vital for society, and bring techniques previously used in personal credit and public equities (or national fixed income), as well as the current generation of embedding techniques, to sub-sovereign credit decisions.
Evaluation of Reservoir Information in Relation to Earthquakes in Ashtabula, Ohio

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the ever-increasing acceptance of the injection-induced seismicity along the south shore of Lake Erie. The evidence for an induced origin for the 1987 Ashtabula earthquakes is proximity of epicenters to the injection wells. Evidence against induction by injection includes the sparsity of events following the onset of seismicity, the lack of any correlation between the level of either injection rate or pressure to seismicity and the beginnings of later sequences of earthquakes near Ashtabula, years after injection-induced pressure effects began to decline at the hypocenters. The argument of non induction is supported by the new focal mechanism, Mode I tensional failure, which at least a priori is not obviously affected by pore-water pressures but by elastic strain energy considerations. The frequency of seismic activity has clearly not been related to injection activity, so any claims of causality must be considered tenuous. A lack of seismicity, in the absences of an injection by Reserve Environmental Services (RES), cannot be demonstrated.
Administrators as information brokers: A managerial perspective on naturalistic evaluation

Abstract The managerial perspective on justifying conclusions from naturalistic evaluation is based on how administrators function as brokers who exchange, highlight, and interpret information for others. Information brokering is particularly important within a cognitive perspective on organizations, and consists of process and outcome dimensions. Brokering processes include using evaluative information for conceptualizing, motivating action, and monitoring performance. Brokering outcomes refer to conceptual, instrumental, and symbolic results of information use. The combination of these dimensions results in a variety of substantive and methodological criteria that administrators might use to justify knowledge claims from program evaluation.
FAMILY ISSUES IN DEMENTIA: Finding a New Normal

Caring for individuals with dementia poses significant hazards and can have lasting effects on the health, well being, and quality of life of family members. Families need guidance from physicians to support and maintain the dignity of the patient with dementia throughout the degenerative disease trajectory. There is a rational basis for family education and counseling strategies aimed at increasing effectiveness and reducing risks to families who provide care. Family care for patients with Alzheimer's should be directed toward defining a "new normal."
Using Speech Intelligibility Scores to Rate Sound Insulation

Sound insulation ratings have been measured by using speech intelligibility of transmitted speech as speech is a common type of disturbing sound and because speech intelligibility tests can provide accurate subjective ratings. Airborne sound insulation is usually rated in terms of the ISO Weighted Sound Reduction Index (R w ) or the ASTM Sound Transmission Class (STC). Measures in which decibel values are arithmetically averaged over a range of frequencies were all generally quite successful. However, results tended to be less successful, when measures included energy averaging of values at various frequencies. The arithmetic average transmission loss measure AA(200-2.5k) and the R w measure with the new spectrum weighting term provided very good relationships with mean speech intelligibility scores and are considerable improvements over existing standard measures. The new spectrum weighting is also appealing because it adds to an existing standardized approach.
T cell mitochondrial ROS in development of hypertension (693.15)

T cell mitochondrial ROS in development of hypertension Rafal R. Nazarewicz*, Anna Dikalova*, Alfiya Bikineyeva*, Rob Egnatchik#, Jamey Young#, David G. Harrison*, Sergey Dikalov* Division of Clini...
Less expansion, more agreement

We have known for 70 years that the Universe is expanding, but astronomers couldn't agree on how fast. We may be approaching — with 10% uncertainty — a consensus value. So is one of astronomy's greatest quests finally over?
Integration of EDA tools into the computer engineering curriculum

This paper describes our philosophy and modus operandi in developing the design component of our computer engineering curriculum at the University of Notre Dame around a powerful set of electronic design automation tools. It describes the transition from the use of point tools on several computer platforms to the use of Mentor Graphics integrated EDA tools on SPARC workstations, and illustrates the integration of these tools into six undergraduate courses. We summarize the reactions of students and faculty to this program, with respect to educational benefits, tool availability and usage, and resource commitments. >
Grading of atypia in genital skin lesions: routine microscopic evaluation and use of p16 immunostaining

Background p16 immunostaining has been used to aid and improve the histopathologic evaluation of equivocal cervical lesions with associated low-grade or high-grade dysplasia. However, the utility of p16 immunostaining in the diagnosis of atypical genital skin lesions remains debatable. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of genital skin lesions with varying degrees of atypia. Four pathologists assessed lesional atypia and interpreted hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and p16 immunostaining without knowledge of original diagnosis. Our primary outcomes were diagnostic agreement and test performance of p16 immunostaining compared to consensus H&E diagnosis. Results Our sample was comprised of 23 cases of atypical genital skin lesions. p16 immunostaining was negative in all cases of reactive atypia (n = 3) and the majority (n = 7 of 8; 88%) of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs). The majority (n = 10 of 12; 83%) of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) were p16 positive. Diagnostic agreement for histopathologic assessment using HE specificity 90.9%). Conclusions p16 immunostaining may be a useful adjunctive marker for assessing dysplasia in genital skin lesions and increasing diagnostic agreement among pathologists.
Torsade de Pointes ventricular tachycardia, QT interval, and psychotropic drugs

Abstract Torsade de pointes (“twisting of the points”) ventricular tachycardia is a rare, but potentially life-threatening, cardiac arrhythmia. The sinusoidal morphology of the QRS complexes is very unusual and places this rhythm disturbance in the category of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Early afterdepolarization during phases 2 or 3 of the Purkinje fiber action potential is the mechanism most commonly used to explain electrocardiographic QT interval prolongation and subsequent torsade de pointes. Type IA class antiarrhythmic drugs like quinidine and the newer type 3 antiarrhythmic drugs constitute the most common agents inducing this arrhythmia. Many psychotropic drugs, particularly tricyclic antidepressants and standard antipsychotic drugs, have quinidine-like properties and have been associated with torsade de pointes. Of the antipsychotic agents, thioridazine and haloperidol—particularly intravenous administration of large doses of haloperidol—may induce polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in up to 1% of cases. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and nefazodone through drug-drug interactions may produce torsade de pointes. Clinically, subjects with torsade de pointes are usually free of symptoms or only experience mild presyncopal symptoms. Overt syncope, however, can be part of this tachyarrhythmia. Occasionally, polymorphic ventricular tachycardia degenerates into ventricular fibrillation that may be fatal. Risk factors for torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia include coronary artery disease, heart muscle disease, valvular heart disease, baseline QT interval prolongation, cardiac conduction disturbances, cardiac bradyarrhythmias, and electrolyte and metabolic disturbances. Identifying and withdrawing the offending agent or reversing and correcting predisposing conditions remain the cornerstone of treating torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia. Because treatment of torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia differs from treatment of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, distinguishing between mono- and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia is very important. Psychiatrists should become familiar with the risk factors, causes, and pathophysiology of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Such efforts will best protect psychiatrists and their patients from facing this rhythm disturbance.
Improving the Abrasion Resistance of Organosilane-Modified Sol-Gel Coatings for High-Peak-Power Laser Applications

Contamination-resistant, silane-modified sol-gel AR-coated optics are now deployed in many areas of both OMEGA and OMEGA EP. Modification of these sol-gel coatings with other reactive chemical agents can also significantly enhance their abrasion resistance.
Grade inflation as a legitimate response to the unreliability of teacher-made tests for university-level coursework

Major objections to the A-to-F grading scheme include grade inflation and unreliability of the teacher-made test. The grading model proposed here recommends the use of conventional objective-item tests and calculates an estimate of the test’s reliability. The reliability estimate is then used in the calculation of the standard error of measurement. It is suggested that a two-standard-errors-of-measurement cushion undercutting scores for the next higher grade level should provide ample latitude in the assignment of grades and that this form of grade inflation is justifiable. There is little that is truly original in this article, since the formulas have been in the literature for over 40 years. If there is a contribution, it is in the presentation of arguments on the issue of grade inflation and in the attempt to show how the time is now ripe to apply these well-known procedures to justify one form of grade inflation.
Planning for seven generations: Energy planning of American Indian tribes

Abstract The prevalence of energy resources on American Indian lands, the links between energy management and tribal sovereignty, and recent federal government incentives make tribal energy planning an interesting case study for community energy planning in the US. This paper studies the strategic energy planning efforts, energy resource development, and energy efficiency policies established by tribes within the continental US. The paper analyzes the results of a survey of various tribes′ energy resource development and planning efforts and supplements the responses with publicly available information on resources, economics, and demographics. We find that incentives and advisory services from the federal government are key to developing the capacity of the tribes to pursue energy planning and energy resource development. These incentives largely avoid the misdeeds of past federal policy by promoting tribal control over energy planning and energy resource development efforts. Tribes with formal energy plans or visions are more likely to develop energy resources than tribes without them and are engaged in a more comprehensive and sustainable approach to energy resource development and energy efficiency.
How historians use historical newspapers

Newspapers have long been rich resources for historians. In the past several years many historical newspapers have been digitized, offering the promise of improved access and powerful searching. In this research, we focus on historians' needs for searching collections of newspapers and managing the information they find. This is a deeper and more targeted investigation than much previous work that was based on surveys rather than personal interviews. We interviewed eight academic historians who largely embraced digitized newspapers but suggest the current systems still have many limitations. We also discuss the implications for the design of interfaces and services that would serve as a historians' workbench.
Simulation of spontaneous and variable global dust storms with the GFDL Mars GCM

We report on the successful simulation of global dust storms in a general circulation model. The simulated storms develop spontaneously in multiyear simulations and exhibit significant interannual variability. The simulated storms produce dramatic increases in atmospheric dustiness, global-mean air temperatures, and atmospheric circulation intensity, in accord with observations. As with observed global storms, spontaneous initiation of storms in the model occurs in southern spring and summer, and there is significant interannual variability in storm development: years with no storms are interspersed with years with storms of various sizes and specific seasonal date of initiation. Our results support the idea that variable and spontaneous global dust storm behavior can emerge from a periodically forced system (the only forcing being the diurnal and seasonal cycles) when the dust injection mechanism involves an activation threshold. In our simulations, surface wind stresses associated with resolved, large-scale (>300 km) wind systems initiate the storms. These winds are generally associated with the seasonally migrating CO_2 cap boundary and sloping topography of the Hellas basin, thermal tides, and traveling waves. A very limited number of large storms begin with lifting along the frontal zones associated with traveling waves in the northern hemisphere. Explosive growth to global scales results from the intensification of the Hadley circulation and the activation of secondary dust-lifting centers.
Lily Bart as Artist in Wharton's THE HOUSE OF MIRTH

Lily Bart, Edith Wharton's protagonist in the novel The House of Mirth, is a multilayered character set in Wharton's critique of New York in the late nineteenth century. In the area of recent Whart...
Planning Amid Abundance: Alaska’s FY 2013 Budget Process

DOI 10.1515/cjpp-2013-0019 Calif. J. Politics Policy 2013; 5(3): 319–342 Jerry McBeath* Planning Amid Abundance: Alaska’s FY 2013 Budget Process Abstract: This report describes the fiscal policy process relating to the develop- ment of Alaska’s FY 2012–2013 budget. Alaska entered FY 2013 with a substantial surplus and with hefty financial reserves. The report explains the origin of these conditions, which distance Alaska from most of the other western states; it also provides information on the threats to Alaska’s fiscal stability represented in its extreme dependence on depleting oil reserves and on federal government support. Keywords: Alaska; budget; FY 2012–2013; governor; legislature; West. *Corresponding author: Jerry McBeath, Professor of Political Science, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA, e-mail: gamcbeath@alaska.edu 1 Introduction This paper describes the fiscal policy process explaining the Alaska FY 2013 budget plan. It covers the period from the most recent Alaska report (McBeath and Corbin 2011) in late August, 2011 to December 2012. The report begins with a discussion of the Alaska economy from the third quarter of 2011 through most of 2012 and briefly treats the redistricting process after the 2010 census, which set the parameters for the 2012 state elections. Next, we discuss state issues with a federal connection tracked in the Alaska reports over the last dozen years. The core of the paper is analysis of the FY 2013 budget process, including the governor’s requested budget (operating, supple- mental and capital), and legislative responses. A special section examines the main fiscal issue of the 27th Alaska Legislature: Governor Parnell’s proposed reform of the state oil taxation regime, followed by a report on the 2012 special session. The last section of the report presents the final state budget, with analysis of revenues, the capital, supplemental and operating budgets for FY 2013, and reserve funds. Alaska entered FY 2013 with a substantial surplus (variously estimated from $2 to $3.7 billion) and with hefty financial reserves. The report explains the origin of these conditions, which distance Alaska from most of the other western states;
An ultrastructural study of the effect of hypervitaminosis A acid on the cartilage of the rabbit's ear.

Abstract The effects of topically applied vitamin A acid on rabbit ear cartilage were studied at the microscopic level as well as the ultrastructural level. It was observed that vitamin A acid caused a marked loss of the fibrous matrix of the cartilage. The experimentally treated chondrocytes were closely packed together. The cytoplasm contained numerous compact fibres and numerous vacuoles. The normal untreated chondrocytes had few vacuoles. The perichondrium of the vitamin A acid treated cartilage showed very few developing chondrocytes. In contrast, the perichondrium of the control cartilage showed rows of healthy, proliferating chondrocytes. Electron-dense membrane-bound bodies were observed in the matrix. Their morphological similarity to lysosomes is discussed.
Resuscitation of multiple trauma and head injury: role of crystalloid fluids and inotropes.

Objectives: To determine the hemodynamic responses to blunt trauma with a closed-head injury and to investigate the effect that volume resuscitation has on intracranial pressure. Design: Prospective study with retrospective analysis of patient data and hemodynamic responses. Setting: Surgical intensive care unit at an inner-city, Level I trauma center. Patients: Consecutive patients (n = 30) who sustained multiple system injury, including a closed-head injury that was severe enough to require intracranial pressure monitoring but not a craniotomy. Interventions: All patients underwent invasive hemodynamic monitoring with percutaneous arterial and pulmonary arterial catheters. Serum lactate concentrations and hemodynamic and oxygen transport variables were measured every 4 hrs. Intracranial pressures and vital signs were recorded each hour. Attempts were made to achieve a state of nonflow-dependent oxygen consumption and a normal serum lactate concentration. Measurements and Main Results: Despite being normotensive and neither tachycardiac nor oliguric, 80% of patients had evidence of inadequate tissue perfusion. Only 50% of the remaining patients had an adequate response to volume. The other 50% received vasodilating inotropic agents. Despite volume loading and the administration of inotropic agents, intracranial pressure did not increase. This observation was found in patients who showed clinically important intracranial pathology on computed tomography scan, as well as in all other patients. Intracranial pressure did not correlate with the amount of fluid or blood infused or with hemodynamic performance, but intracranial pressures did correlate with serum lactate concentrations. Conclusions: Many patients with diffuse blunt trauma closed-head injuries, even when they are normotensive, have evidence of impaired peripheral perfusion. Volume infusion and vasodilating inotropic support improve oxygen transport without increasing intracranial pressure. The observed relationship between intracranial pressure and the serum lactate concentration requires further study. (Crit Care Med 1994; 22:1610–1615)
Derivation of myocardial fiber stiffness equation based on theory of laminated composite

The constitutive equation with stress-dependent coefficients for laminated composite is derived and employed for iterative determination of myocardial fiber's stiffness equation E(f) = Ksigma(f) + C from myocardial strip's stiffness equation E(s) = K(s)sigma(s) + C(s). The strip's stiffness constants K(s) and C(s) are estimated by the least-square curve fitting of the stress-strain data experimentally obtained from uniaxially stretching of strips of left ventricular heart wall excised from seven canine hearts. The values of K and C computed at selected fiber orientations across the thickness of the strip and using three, five, and ten-layer approximations are reported.
NetAffx: affymetrix probeset annotations

One challenge in microarray experiments is assessing when the results are biologically significant. This assessment can be aided by detailed annotation of the probeset target sequences, including gene function or category, protein product, and pathway information. NetAffx compiles public and in-house annotations for all Affymetrix chip sets. Public annotations are collected from Unigene, LocusLink and Swiss-prot. In-house annotations are produced by Generalized Rapid Automated Protein Analysis (GRAPA), a high-accuracy HMM method for protein annotation. GRAPA has been used to generate novel annotations under three classification schemes: Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP), Enzyme Commission (EC), and G protein coupled receptors (GPCR). In addition, annotations are generated by searching Pfam and BLOCKS databases. These annotation schemes have been applied to diverse genomes including human, mouse, rat, drosophila, and yeast, then mapped onto Affymetrix microarray probesets. The combination of protein-level annotations with public source annotations creates a powerful description of genes at both the genomic and protein levels. Users can collect information on a target sequence, or cluster microarray probe sets according to a given domain or functional category. NetAffx is available on the web at http://www.NetAffx.com/.
Prolonged gonadotropin stimulation for assisted reproductive technology cycles is associated with decreased pregnancy rates for all women except for women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Purpose To determine if etiology of infertility modifies the relationship between the duration of ovarian stimulation and success during assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles.
Calculation of Estimated Ultimate Recovery for wells in continuous-type oil and gas accumulations of the Uinta-Piceance Province

The calculation of Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) from oil and gas production data of individual wells and the development of EUR distributions from all producing wells in an assessment unit are important steps in the quantitative assessment of continuous-type hydrocarbon resources. The U.S. Geological Survey has developed a method of calculating EURs for wells in continuous-type accumulations, including coal-bed gas accumulations. The EUR distribution of producing wells is used as a guide for the estimation of an EUR distribution for potential wells in areas of undiscovered resources.
Protein Kinase Activities in Tonoplast and Plasmalemma Membranes from Corn Roots

Protein kinase and phosphatase activities were studied in plasmalemma and tonoplast membrane fractions from corn (Zea mays L.) roots in order to test the hypothesis that the tonoplast H(+)-ATPase is regulated by intrinsic protein phosphorylation (G Zocchi, SA Rogers, JB Hanson 1983 Plant Sci Lett 31: 215-221), and to facilitate future purification of kinase activities from these membranes. Kinase activity in the plasmalemma was about three-fold higher than in the tonoplast, and displayed Michaelis Menten-type behavior with a K(m) value for MgATP(2-) of about 50 micromolar. Both activities were optimal at 3 millimolar free Mg(2+) and had pH optima at 6.6 and 7.0 for the plasmalemma and tonoplast, respectively. Kinase activities in both fractions were stimulated by 1 micromolar free Ca(2+), but calmodulin had no stimulatory effect, and chlorpromazine was inhibitory only at high concentrations. The pattern of phosphopeptides on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was similar in both fractions except for one band of 50 kilodaltons that was present only in the tonoplast. A partially purified H(+)-ATPase fraction was prepared from tonoplast membranes, incubated under conditions optimal for protein phosphorylation. The three polypeptides (of 67, 57, and 36 kilodaltons), enriched in this fraction, did not become phosphorylated, suggesting that this protein is not regulated by endogenous protein phosphorylation. Protein phosphatase activity was detected only in the plasmalemma fraction. These results indicate that a regulatory cycle of protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation may operate in the plasmalemma. The activity in the tonoplast appears to originate from plasmalemma contamination.
Preceding Vowel Duration as a Cue to the Perception of the Voicing Characteristic of Word‐Final Consonants in American English

A number of studies in the literature have stated that the duration of a vowel is a significant cue to the voicing characteristic of the consonant that follows it. The present study investigated the effect of varying preceding vowel duration upon the perception of word‐final stops, fricatives, and clusters in synthetic speech. A variety of minimal CVC (C) pairs was synthesized and the vowel of each was varied over a range of values derived from durations found in real‐speech samples. It was found that, regardless of the cues for voicing or voicelessness used in the synthesis of the final consonant or cluster, listeners perceived the final segments as voiceless when they were preceded by vowels of short duration and as voiced when they were preceded by vowels of long duration. Discrimination tests revealed that when the voicing characteristic is cued by vowel duration, perception is continuous rather than categorical.
Original Contribution: The N-N-N conjecture in ART1

In this paper we consider the ART1 neural network architecture introduced by Carpenter and Grossberg. In their original paper, Carpenter and Grossberg made the following conjecture: In the fast learning case, if the F"2 layer in ART1 has at least N nodes, then each member of a list of N input patterns presented cyclically at the F"1 layer of ART1 will have direct access to an F"2 layer node after at most N list presentations. In this paper, we demonstrate that the conjecture is not valid for certain large L values, where L is a network parameter associated with the adaptation of the bottom-up traces in ART1. It is worth noting that previous work has shown the conjecture to be true for small L values.
Glucose-6-phosphatase activity in a soluble fraction from cotyledon tissue of Brassica nigra.

A soluble fraction from cotyledon tissue of black mustard (Brassica nigra) was found to catalyze the hydrolysis of glucose 6-phosphate. In an attempt to determine whether this reaction was catalyzed by a distinct glucose-6-phosphate (d-glucose 6-phosphate phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.9) or by an acid phosphatase (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.2), various characteristics of glucose 6-phosphate and p-nitrophenyl phosphate hydrolysis were compared. Both phosphatase activities exhibited a similar distribution pattern in subcellular fractions and in fractions obtained by precipitation with (NH4)2SO4. The activities also were compared with respect to the effects of reaction mixture pH in the absence and presence of 1 mM KF-4 mM EDTA and the effect of partial inactivation by various enzyme pretreatments. Glucose 6-phosphate and p-nitrophenyl phosphate were mutually competitive inhibitors for the hydrolysis of the other compound. The Km and Kf values were, respectively, 4.6 mM and 4.6 mM for glucose 6-phosphate and 0.72 mM and 0.79 mM for p-nitrophenyl phosphate. A substrate-specificity study indicated that p-nitrophenyl phosphate and phenyl phosphate were hydrolyzed more rapidly than glucose 6-phosphate. The soluble enzyme preparation did not exhibit PP1-glucose phosphotransferase activity. Glucose did not inhibit the hydrolysis of glucose 6-phosphate. It is concluded that the observed hydrolysis of glucose 6-phosphate was catalyzed by an acid phosphatase. The possible existence in plants of a distinct glucose-6-phosphatase is discussed.
Chemotherapy of astrocytomas: an overview.

Objectives: To provide an overview of the use of chemotherapy in the treatment of malignant brain tumors, with an emphasis on malignant gliomas. Data sources: Published articles, research studies, and reference books. Conclusions: Chemotherapy has primarily been used in a adjuvant setting after radiation therapy for primary brain tumors. This focus has not had a significant effect on survival. In an effort to more effectively treat the tumor, innovative chemotherapy treatments have been developed. These include the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, changes in timing of administration, new classes of chemotherapeutic agents, new routes of delivery, and augmentation of the body's own immune system to treat the tumor. Implications for nursing practice: It is the challenge of the oncology nurse caring for the patient with a malignant brain tumor to gain knowledge of the disease process, side effect management, and the most up-to-date treatment regimens.
Gamma Rays from the Deuteron Bombardment of Carbon-13

A magnetic lens spectrometer was used to investigate the gamma radiation produced by the deuteron bombardment of ${\mathrm{C}}^{13}$ enriched carbon targets. A study of the Compton electron spectra from a thin Al converter at ${E}_{d}=1.42$ Mev revealed the following gamma lines (energies in kev, not corrected for possible Doppler shift): 4930\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}40, 5130\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30, 5730\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30, 6120\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}25. A weak line at 3910\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}50 kev was established with the spectrum from a thick Al converter. At ${E}_{d}=1.9$ Mev, additional lines appeared at 6450\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}50, 6730\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}40, and 811\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 kev. The last-named was identified by photoelectrons from a thorium converter. No new lines were discovered at ${E}_{d}=2.7$ Mev. The well-known 6.12-Mev line is from ${\mathrm{C}}^{14*}$, as are probably the 6.73- and 0.811-Mev lines. All others correspond to known levels of ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$.
Investigation of Active Background From Photofission in Depleted Uranium Using Cherenkov Detectors and Gamma Ray Time-of-Flight Analysis

Prompt gammas from induced fission could potentially be a valuable fission signature to use for detection of special nuclear materials like highly enriched uranium. Detectability requires an understanding of both signal and background, and the background from highly enriched uranium can be understood using depleted uranium as a surrogate. In order to study the prompt gamma active backgrounds from special nuclear materials induced through photofission, a combination of measurements using the Idaho Accelerator Center 44 MeV Electron Linear Accelerator and Monte Carlo N-Particle simulations were used. In this paper, we discuss the prompt, time-gated glass Cherenkov detector response to gamma emissions resulting from short pulse 6, 10, and 25 MeV bremsstrahlung beams incident on a depleted uranium target. Considering any threshold used with the Cherenkov detectors, the prompt gamma signal from depleted uranium is buried in the active background from the interrogating photon source. This paper describes the contributions to this prominent prompt active background observed in our measurements.
Michael Mayhew receives 2007 AGU Excellence in Geophysical Education Award

It is both an honor and a privilege to present Michael Mayhew as the 2007 recipient of the AGU Excellence in Geophysical Education Award. I do so on behalf of the geosciences community and the dozens of geoscientists who wrote letters documenting the sustained commitment and impact Mike has had on geoscience education. He is highly deserving of this recognition because his contributions to geophysical education have resulted in (1) a significant and long-lasting cultural change in the community such that geophysical education is embraced and promoted by scientists across the discipline; and (2) the development of a vibrant and highly successful geophysical education research community dedicated to advancing understanding of how we teach and learn about Earth.
A note on representation theorems for linear discrete-space systems

The cornerstone of the theory of discrete-space single-input single-output linear systems is the idea that every such system has an input-output map H that can be represented by a convolution or the familiar generalization of a convolution. This thinking involves an oversight, which, for the case of bounded inputs mapped continuously into bounded outputs, was recently corrected by adding an additional term to the representation. Here we give a more general result that addresses an important larger family of inputs.
The cardinal characteristic for relative γ-sets

For X a separable metric space define p(X) to be the smallest cardinality of a subset Z of X which is not a relative γ-set in X, i.e., there exists an ω-cover of X with no γ-subcover of Z. We give a characterization of p(2ω) and p(ωω) in terms of definable free filters on ω which is related to the pseudo-intersection number p. We show that for every uncountable standard analytic space X that either p(X)=p(2ω) or p(X)=p(ωω). We show that the following statements are each relatively consistent with ZFC: (a) p=p(ωω)<p(2ω) and (b) p<p(ωω)=p(2ω)
Ultrafast reversal of a Fano resonance in a plasmon-exciton system

When a two-level quantum dot and a plasmonic metal nanoantenna are resonantly coupled by the electromagnetic near-field, the system can exhibit a Fano resonance, resulting in a transparency dip in the optical spectrum of the coupled system. We calculate the nonlinear response of such a system, for illumination both by continuous-wave and ultrafast pulsed lasers, using both a cavity quantum electrodynamics and a semiclassical coupled-oscillator model. For the experimentally relevant case of thermal broadening of the quantum-dot transition (to meV values consistent with $\ensuremath{\sim}$100 K), we predict that femtosecond pulsed illumination can lead to a reversal of the Fano resonance, with the induced transparency changing into a superscattering spike in the spectrum. This ultrafast reversal is due to a transient change in the phase relationship between the dipoles of the plasmon and exciton. It thus represents a new approach to dynamically control the collective optical properties and coherence of coupled nanoparticle systems.
Competitive nucleation and growth in seeded batch crystallization of titanosilicate ETS-10 using Ti(SO4)2

Abstract Seeded batch crystallizations were conducted to investigate the competitive nucleation and growth of ETS-10, and to explore seeding as a technique for the growth of large crystals. When used in a “standard” synthesis mixture (5.50SiO 2 :4.46Na 2 O:1.00TiO 2 : x KF:3.35H 2 SO 4 : y H 2 O, x = 1.5, y = 300), seed crystals (particle size distribution (PSD) with a mode 6.1 ± 0.1 μm) grew to be ∼2–2.5 times larger. The amount of growth was determined to depend on the seeding level. The products had bimodal PSDs, indicative of the nucleation of new crystals. Increasing seeding levels from 0.8 to 10.0 wt.% resulted in a decrease in the mode of the PSD for both the seeds (from 14.8 ± 0.3 to 11.8 ± 0.2 μm) and new crystals (from 5.9 ± 0.1 to 5.0 ± 0.1 μm) in the product, and in a decrease in the number of new crystals relative to the number of seed crystals. This suggests the absence of extensive secondary nucleation, and that seeds effectively competed for nutrients with the new crystals that were formed. When crystals grown in a previous experiment were used as seeds in the next experiment (i.e., serially), seed crystals grew to be ∼3 times their original size. However, three such seeding steps resulted in agglomerate formation. Seeding in batches diluted with water ( y = 600–750), utilizing seeding levels lower than those used in undiluted batches, resulted in larger seed crystals size increases (∼2.5–3 times), and in fewer new crystals (i.e., nucleation suppressed). Seeding in the KF-free synthesis mixture ( x = 0) also resulted in seed crystal size increases (∼2–3 times), but no further elimination of primary nucleation was accomplished. This is hypothesized to be due to the presence of K + ions in the system, which were likely supplied with the seeds.
Faces along the Bar: Lore and Order in the Workingman's Saloon, 1870-1920

List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction Pt. I: The Criteria for Comradeship 1: The Importance of Being Regular 2: Gender, Age, and Marital Status 3: Occupation, Ethnicity, and Neighborhood Pt. II: The Gentle Art of Clubbing 4: Drinking Folkways 5: Clubbing by Treat 6: Clubbing by Collection Pt. III: More Lore of the Barroom 7: Games and Gambling 8: Talk and Storytelling 9: Songs and Singing 10: The Free Lunch Conclusion Notes Index
Strategies for successful aging.

Advances in medical practice and improvements in public health policies have contributed to the increasing longevity experienced by the populations of most industrialized nations. Accompanying this increase in life expectancy is the desire to maintain the highest degree of physical, emotional and cognitive ability. This article presents strategies, based on the recommendations of a continuing medical education program, on how to achieve successful aging; defines what is successful aging; and reviews recommendations that can be implemented on the national, local, and individual level.
Septal co-infusions of glucose with a GABAB agonist impair memory.

Abstract Septal infusions of glucose exacerbate memory deficits produced by co-infusions of drugs that increase γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor activity. To further understand the interaction between glucose and GABA, this experiment tested whether glucose would also potentiate spatial working memory deficits produced by septal infusions of the GABA B receptor agonist baclofen. Fifteen minutes prior to assessing spontaneous alternation (SA), male Sprague–Dawley derived rats were given septal infusions of vehicle, glucose (33 nmol), baclofen (0.1 nmol), or glucose combined with baclofen in one solution. Septal co-infusions of glucose with baclofen, at doses that individually had no effect, significantly impaired SA. Thus, the memory-impairing effects of glucose are observed with either GABA A or GABA B receptor ligands. This raises the possibility that glucose may impair memory by increasing synaptic levels of GABA and subsequent activation of these different receptor subtypes. These effects of glucose could contribute to the memory-impairing effects of hyperglycemia.
Multidrug resistance and its circumvention.

26. Roberts WM, Douglass EC, Peiper SC, Hougton PJ and Look AT. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1989,41,258. Amplification of the gli gene in childhood sarcomas. Cancer Res 27. Fahrer C, Brachmann R, von der Helm K. Expression of c-sis and 1989,49,5407-5413. other cellular proto-oncogenes in human sarcoma cell lines and Sinclair A, Roberts WM, Douglass EC, Peiper SC, Look AT. biopsies. IntJ Cancer 1989,44,652-657. Amplification of the GLI gene in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma.
A Longitudinal Study of Migration Forces on a Patient-Specific Abdominal Aortic Endograft Model

Aortic endografts are a popular alternative to open surgery as a treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) [1]. However, device migration often occurs if the endograft is inadequately fixed. This is due, among other factors, to the time-varying loads exerted by pulsatile flow and pressure in the aorta. Improper fixation may lead to adverse clinical events such as endoleaks and ruptures.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Environmental aspects of organics in selected coal conversion solid wastes

Abstract Ash, char, and/or slag materials from eight gasification processes representing a variety of feed coals and also temporarily stored solids from two liquefaction processes were examined for their content and aqueous leachability of organic compounds. The results showed the gasification wastes to De, in general, very low in methylene chloride‐extractable aromatic (0–6.3 μg/g) and aliphatic (0–70 μg/g) hydrocarbons, in sharp contrast with the significantly higher concentrations (75–760 and 260–1300 μg/g aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, respectively) observed in the liquefaction solids. The negligible aqueous leachability of organics from all samples, except for one liquefaction solid, indicated that leachates from these wastes should not contribute directly or significantly to the degradation of surface and ground water quality. Temporary storage of the one liquefaction solid showing leachable organics in a manner that would prevent leaching is recommended.
Thermodynamic modeling of the solidification path of levitated Fe–Co alloys

Abstract An improved thermodynamic model of the Fe–Co phase diagram has been achieved by incorporating new experimental data that was obtained via containerless processing. Fe–Co samples were prepared with 30, 40, and 50 at% cobalt, and they were processed via electrostatic levitation (ESL). The samples were levitated, melted, and allowed to cool and solidify in a vacuum. If sufficient undercooling was achieved, the metastable phase was observable after the first recalescence, which gives information on the location of the projected metastable phase lines on the phase diagram. Based on these new results, several parameters were adjusted so that the phase lines better represented the experimental metastable data, while the rest of the phase diagram continues to accurately predict previously accepted experimental results. The improved phase diagram allowed for evaluation of key solidification parameters including the partitioning coefficient of the metastable phase, as well as the thermal driving potential for the solidification of the stable phase from the metastable phase.
Adaptive output feedback control of uncertain multi-input multi-output systems using single hidden layer neural networks

We consider adaptive output feedback control of uncertain multi-input multi-output nonlinear systems, in which both the dynamics and the dimension of the regulated plant may be unknown, but knowledge of vector relative degree is required. Given smooth reference trajectories, the problem is to design controllers that force the system measurements to track them with bounded errors. We propose a linear observer for the output tracking error vector and a single hidden layer (SHL) neural network (NN) to cancel the modelling errors. Ultimate boundedness of the error signals is shown through Lyapunov's direct method. Simulations of a fourth order two-input two-output nonlinear system illustrate the theoretical results.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Commoditization

The environmental consequences of the overconsumption of natural resources are increasingly recognized. This article introduces the theme of this special issue of Bulletin of Science, Technology & ...
Effect of transverse erbium distribution on the gain of doped waveguide amplifiers

Accurate simulation results show that waveguide amplifiers suffer little gain reduction if Erbium is not confined in the core, in spite of heavy absorption in the unpumped regions, provided that the pump power is sufficiently high. This permits the design of efficient Erbium-doped waveguide amplifiers.
Engineering in genomics. Technical improvements in high throughput genome sequencing

High-throughput DNA sequencing of the C. elegans genome currently is ongoing at our Genome Sequencing Center (GSC) at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis and at the Sanger Centre in Hinxton, England. Our collaborative effort is aimed at completion of this 100 Mb genome by the end of 1998. Now just into our fifth year of sequencing, we have amassed a combined output of over 22 Mb of completed sequence. The first two years of the pilot project were spent investigating and evaluating different approaches to genome sequencing with respect to throughput, ease of associated techniques, and methods and their robustness. The resulting approach has since been used to produce almost all of the genome sequencing data for C. elegans and will, with appropriate modifications, continue to be our strategy of choice for the completion of this genome sequence and the beginning of the human genome. The basic strategy consists of three phases: a library construction phase, a production sequencing ("shotgun") phase, and a directed "finishing" phase. >
Should long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids be added to infant formula to promote development

Although long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) supplementation in infant formula is under debate in the US, Canada, and Great Britain, many countries in Asia and Europe mandate the addition of certain LCPUFAs to infant formulas. Supporters claim that supplementation may prevent mental deficiencies and improve early visual acuity; however, potential liabilities of supplementation include retardation of physical growth and increased susceptibility to infectious disease. This paper briefly reviews the literature surrounding the controversy of LCPUFA supplementation in formula to encourage further study by the developmental community.