cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controversial issues in treating the dental patient with autism

ABSTRACT Background The author conducted a literature review to investigate concerns that parents of a child with an autism spectrum disorder may have when oral health care is provided to the child. Types of Studies Reviewed The author conducted a search of PubMed using the terms "mercury," "fluoride," "nitrous oxide," "antibiotics," "gluten," "casein," "acetaminophen" and "dentistry" each with the term "autism." He identified controlled studies and literature reviews in both medical and alternative medical literature that were related to areas of importance to oral health care workers. The use of mercury, fluoride, nitrous oxide, antibiotic agents and acetaminophen all are sources of controversy between dentistry and the parents of children who have autism. Results The author found that patients who have autism frequently also have allergies, immune system problems, gastrointestinal disturbances and seizures. Dental health care workers must be aware of these comorbid conditions so they can provide optimal care to the children with autism spectrum disorders. The author found two distinct theories as to what causes autism: one that focuses on genetic causes, and one that focuses on the impact of the environment. He found that the interpretation of these theories might affect parents' concerns about various dental treatments. Clinical Implications Dentists treating patients who have autism may need to provide more than standard patient care, as the use of time-tested dental treatment and prevention modalities may be questioned or refused by parents.
Hollywood piracy in China: An accidental case of US public diplomacy in the globalization age?

Challenging existing approaches and assumptions, this essay identifies the phenomenon of Hollywood piracy in China as an agent of American expansion in the region, amplifying the distribution of US popular culture artifacts. This accidental, yet relevant public diplomacy occurrence thrives outside the control of central governments, driven by transnational profit oriented entities, both legal (Hollywood studios producing and distributing entertainment content) and illegal (counterfeiters amplifying uncensored distribution through piracy). Drawing parallels with US public diplomacy efforts beyond the Iron Curtain during the Cold War, the essay suggests that a similar transformation is occurring through this illegal practice in the digital global media landscape of the twenty-first century. In fact, the diffusion of Hollywood content in China, legally and illegally, increases the diffusion of the American influence in the region through the diffusion of its language, music, and material culture embedded in ...
Every “lower psi-mixing” Markov chain is “interlaced rho-mixing”

Abstract If a Markov chain satisfies a certain condition that is slightly weaker than Ψ-mixing, then it also satisfies (with exponential mixing rate) the “interlaced ϱ-mixing” condition.
Isotopic anomalies in organic nanoglobules from Comet 81P/Wild 2: Comparison to Murchison nanoglobules and isotopic anomalies induced in terrestrial organics by electron irradiation

Nanoglobules are a form of organic matter found in interplanetary dust particles and primitive meteorites and are commonly associated with 15N and D isotopic anomalies that are suggestive of interstellar processes. We report the discovery of two isotopically-anomalous organic globules from the Stardust collection of particles from Comet 81P/Wild 2 and compare them with nanoglobules from the Murchison CM2 meteorite. One globule from Stardust Cometary Track 80 contains highly aromatic organic matter and a large 15N anomaly (δ15N = 1120‰). Associated, non-globular, organic matter from this track is less enriched in 15N and contains a mixture of aromatic and oxidized carbon similar to bulk insoluble organic material (IOM) from primitive meteorites. The second globule, from Cometary Track 2, contains non-aromatic organic matter with abundant nitrile (CN) and carboxyl (COOH) functional groups. It is significantly enriched in D (δD = 1000‰) but has a terrestrial 15N/14N ratio. Experiments indicate that similar D enrichments, unaccompanied by 15N fractionation, can be reproduced in the laboratory by electron irradiation of epoxy or cyanoacrylate. Thus, a terrestrial origin for this globule cannot be ruled out, and, conversely, exposure to high-energy electron irradiation in space may be an important factor in producing D anomalies in organic materials. For comparison, we report two Murchison globules: one with a large 15N enrichment and highly aromatic chemistry analogous to the Track 80 globule and the other only moderately enriched in 15N with IOM-like chemistry. The observation of organic globules in Comet 81P/Wild 2 indicates that comets likely sampled the same reservoirs of organic matter as did the chondrite parent bodies. The observed isotopic anomalies in the globules are most likely preserved signatures of low temperature (<10 K) chemistry in the interstellar medium or perhaps the outer regions of the solar nebula. In other extraterrestrial samples, D isotopic anomalies, but not those of 15N, may be explained in part by exposure to ionizing electron radiation.
Controlling Excess Oxygen in Glass Furnaces for Energy Conservation

Significant energy savings and other benefits have been achieved by using solid electrolyte ceramic materials to measure excess oxygen during combustion in glass furnaces. These savings were achieved by using the continuous oxygen readings in a manual control mode. The system is discussed, including the oxygen sensing assembly, electronic readout equipment, furnace setup, hardware needs, and manual control techniques. An automatic control strategy is presented.
The High Voltage Perturbation Technique for Testing the Response of Neutron Sensors of the Type Used in Nuclear Reactors

Perturbation of the high voltage bias supply of neutron sensors of the type used in nuclear reactor protection systems has been demonstrated in a laboratory environment to be a potential method for response time measurement. The laboratory evaluation used simulated sensor and signal cable degradation with boron lined and uranium lined chambers operating in current mode. The investigations have demonstrated the sensitivity of the technique for detecting simulated degradations of the time response of the simulated detector-cable system.
Heterologous dimerization domains functionally substitute for the double-stranded RNA binding domains of the kinase PKR

The protein kinase PKR (dsRNA-dependent protein kinase) phosphorylates the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF2α to downregulate protein synthesis in virus-infected cells. Two double-stranded RNA binding domains (dsRBDs) in the N-terminal half of PKR are thought to bind the activator double-stranded RNA, mediate dimerization of the protein and target PKR to the ribosome. To investigate further the importance of dimerization for PKR activity, fusion proteins were generated linking the PKR kinase domain to heterologous dimerization domains. Whereas the isolated PKR kinase domain (KD) was non-functional in vivo, expression of a glutathione S-transferase–KD fusion, or co-expression of KD fusions containing the heterodimerization domains of the Xlim-1 and Ldb1 proteins, restored PKR activity in yeast cells. Finally, coumermycin-mediated dimerization of a GyrB–KD fusion protein increased eIF2α phosphorylation and inhibited reporter gene translation in mammalian cells. These results demonstrate the critical importance of dimerization for PKR activity in vivo, and suggest that a primary function of double-stranded RNA binding to the dsRBDs of native PKR is to promote dimerization and activation of the kinase domain.
Planning with uncertain materials availability: The value of workday flexibility

In this paper, we consider the problem of a manufacturer that faces uncertainty in the availability of its raw materials. This can occur, for example, in a remanufacturing setting where replacements for damaged components are not always available as needed. We examine the potential for flexible workday policies to mitigate the impact of uncertain materials availability, and present a simulation optimization approach to determine staffing levels under various levels of workday flexibility. An example implementation of the aggregate planning model we develop is provided using data from a cell phone reassembly facility in Hong Kong. Our model provides insights for managers regarding the benefits of increasing levels of workday flexibility when raw material availability is uncertain.
Investigation of “cross-tolerance” between systemic and intrathecal morphine in rats☆

Abstract Animals were implanted subcutaneously with morphine or placebo pellets and assessed daily on the hot plate or the tail flick test. After tolerance developed to morphine-induced analgesia the response to an acute systemic (1–6 mg/kg SC) or intrathecal morphine injection (0–30 μg) was determined. “Cross-tolerance” was observed on both the hot plate (6 mg/kg) and the tail flick tests (3 and 6 mg/kg) between the two different routes of subcutaneous administration. “Cross-tolerance” was also observed between systemic and intrathecal morphine on the hot plate test. However, no “cross-tolerance” between systemic and spinal morphine was observed in animals on the tail flick test. Assessment of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal indicated that morphine implanted animals showed more abstinence signs (wet shakes and teeth chattering) than placebo animals. These results suggest that the nociceptive assessment procedure plays a significant role in the expression of “cross-tolerance” between systemic and spinal opiates.
Atmospheric CO2 retrieved from ground-based near IR solar spectra

The column-averaged volume mixing ratio (VMR) of CO2 over Kitt Peak, Arizona, has been retrieved from high-resolution solar absorption spectra obtained with the Fourier transform spectrometer on the McMath telescope. Simultaneous column measurements of CO2 at approx.6300/cm and O2 at approx.7900/cm were ratioed to minimize systematic errors. These column ratios were then scaled by the mean O2 VMR (0.2095) to yield column- averaged vmrs of CO2. These display similar behavior to the Mauna Loa in situ surface measurements. During the period 1977- 1995, the column-averaged mixing ratio of CO2 increased at an avenge rate of 1.49 +/- 0.04 ppmv/yr with seasonal variations of approx.7 ppmv peak-to-peak. Our retrievals demonstrate that this remote technique is capable of precisions better than 0.5%.
MR of right aortic arch with mirror-image branching and a left ligamentum arteriosum: An unusual cause of a vascular ring

An unusual case is presented of a vascular ring due to a right arch with mirror-image branching and a left ligamentum arteriosum from the descending aorta to the left pulmonary artery. There have been only four previous reports of this rare arch anomaly. In addition, the patient had no underlying congenital heart lesions, which is also very unusual in patients with right aortic arch with mirror-image branching.
Toward emancipatory education: an application of Habermasian theory to Native American educational policy

This piece is an examination of the efficacy of the use of Habermasian models of communication and education in developing an effective emancipatory model of education for Native American populations. The general field of epistemology, from the dominant and Native American perspectives, will be explored to determine the overlap between the Habermasian view and that exhibited in the Native American perspective. The work is driven by the foundation premise that the Habermasian method allows for the broadening of epistemology to include indigenous ways of knowing, subsequently enhancing Native American pedagogy.
The Devaluation of Relationships (not Individuals): The Case of Dyadic Relationship Stigmatization

This study addresses how people devalue romantic relationships without devaluing the individuals in the relationship. We examined perceptions of condom use in close relationships in 3 studies. Relationships of couples who used condoms were devalued, relative to relationships of those who used oral contraceptives. However, the perceptions of individuals in the relationships were unchanged by type of birth-control use. In 2 studies, the dyadic devaluation concept was extended to relationships in which one partner was significantly older than the other. Participants believed that relationships in which the woman was substantially older than the man were of lesser quality than relationships in which the man and woman were the same age. Implications for stigma and person perception research are discussed.
On estimating energetic values of prey: implications in optimal diet models.

The accurate estimation of the amount of energy contained within a food item which is available to a predator is essential in tests of optimal foraging theories. Many studies of optimal foraging measure gross energy content of prey directly by bomb calorimetry. I suggest that a more realistic and accurate estimate of true “prey value” is available by calculating energy associated with the organic constituents of prey, and then subtracting away energy associated with insoluble and indigestible components. This methodology allows for a much more precise estimate of prey value (useable energy) and therefore a more realistic test of optimal foraging models.
CAUDAL DYSPLASIA SYNDROME AND SIRENOMELIA: ARE THEY PART OF A SPECTRUM?

Caudal dysplasia syndrome (CDS) is associated with hypoplastic lower extremities, caudal vertebrae, sacrum, neural tube, and urogenital organs. Sirenomelia is characterized by a single lower extremity, absent sacrum, urogenital anomalies, and imperforate anus. There is controversy in the medical literature about whether sirenomelia and CDS are part of the spectrum of the same malformation. Patients with CDS and sirenomelia were identified from our pathology files from 1991 to 2006. Maternal history, pathologic examination, and radiographs were collected and tabulated. We found 9 cases with CDS and 6 with sirenomelia. Fully 7 of 9 patients with CDS (77.7%) versus none of sirenomelic babies were infants of diabetic mothers. Congenital heart disease was present in 5 patients with CDS (55.5%) and none of the infants with sirenomelia. Of 9 children with CDS 2 (22.2%) had bilateral renal agenesis versus 66% of sirenomelics. Single umbilical artery was found in 33% of cases with CDS and 100% of children with sirenomelia. External genitalia were ambiguous in 2 of 9 patients (22.2%) with CDS and in all patients with sirenomelia. Imperforate anus was found in 10 cases (66.6%) divided as 4 of 9 babies with CDS (44.4%) and all patients with sirenomelia. Three patients with CDS had concomitant maternal diabetes mellitus and chronic hypertension. These babies also had cleft lip and palate. Congenital heart disease was found in 55.5% of cases with CDS and none of the children with sirenomelia. We conclude that although CDS and sirenomelia share many similar features, they are two different entities.
CORR Insights®: Preoperative Opioid Misuse is Associated With Increased Morbidity and Mortality After Elective Orthopaedic Surgery

N arcotics are a necessity for patients in the setting of orthopaedic surgery. Many elective orthopaedic procedures require rehabilitation and therapy to maximize outcomes and assist with the return of function. Narcotics during rehabilitation allow a level of intensity and progress that would not be attainable otherwise. At the same time, the side effects of narcotics and the potential for abuse are well known and are a cause of concern for all orthopaedic surgeons. Management of narcotic use in the postoperative period requires constant vigilance in order to decrease dosing appropriately as recovery progresses. Additionally, well-intentioned primary care physicians, trying to help with musculoskeletal pain, manage some patients preoperatively with narcotics; some of these patients develop narcotic dependence. Managing postoperative pain in these patients is much more difficult, and intuitively, most orthopaedic surgeons understand this. Unfortunately, the number of narcotic prescriptions has increased dramatically during the last several years, and this represents a growing global problem [1, 2]. The article by Menendez et al. details the rise in narcotic dependence and describes the effect of preoperative narcotic use on postoperative outcomes. Using a healthcare utilization database they demonstrate higher complications and worse outcomes for patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery in the inpatient setting including prolonged length of stay, increased need for mechanical ventilation, and death. They also demonstrate an increase of 152% in the incidence of narcotic dependence in patients presenting for elective orthopaedic procedures from 2002 to 2011. Even at their highest measured level, the study authors found 0.24% (1 in 425) of patients had opioid dependence. It is fair to say that this, likely, grossly underestimates the true incidence.
Exact Analysis of Field-Flow Fractionation

Abstract A rigorous convective diffusion theory is formulated for the predictive modeling of field-flow fractionation (FFF) columns used for the separation of colloidal mixtures. The theory is developed for simulating the behavior of a colloid introduced into fluid in time-dependent flow in a parallel plate channel across which a transverse field is applied. The methodology of generalized dispersion theory is used to solve the model equations. The theoretical results show that the cross-sectional average concentration of the colloid satisfies a dispersion equation with time-dependent coefficients. The results of this work, in principle, are valid for all values of time since the introduction of the colloid. It is shown that these results asymptotically approach those of the nonequilibrium theory formulated by Giddings for large values of time. Illustrative numerical results are obtained for the case of steady laminar flow and a uniform initial distribution. The behavior of the coefficients in the dispersi...
Distributed web security for science gateways

Science gateways broaden and simplify access to cyberinfrastructure (CI) by providing advanced interfaces to collaboration, analysis, data management, and other tools for students and researchers. As these science gateway interfaces to cyberinfrastructure grow in popularity, web portal developers adopt ad hoc approaches to the security challenges of authentication, authorization, and delegation. Science gateways integrate cyberinfrastructure resources on the researcher's behalf, i.e., accessing data, compute cycles, instruments, and other valuable resources. Resource access often requires use of the researcher's security credentials, in some cases exposing the researcher's long-lived password to potential compromise at the science gateway. There is no standard approach for a researcher to control and limit a science gateway's access to his or her resources. Thus, researchers are required to accept unnecessary risks when using science gateways.The "Distributed Web Security for Science Gateways" project is addressing these risks by providing authorization and delegation software for science gateways that complies with the Internet Engineering Task Force's standard OAuth protocol. The project is developing an OAuth server implementation and a set of client libraries and authentication modules to enable out of the box integration with common Web platforms, in coordination with gateways and cyberinfrastructure providers. In this paper, we introduce the project, including our planned software architecture.
A retrospective analysis of factors correlated to chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) respiratory health at Gombe National Park, Tanzania.

Infectious disease and other health hazards have been hypothesized to pose serious threats to the persistence of wild ape populations. Respiratory disease outbreaks have been shown to be of particular concern for several wild chimpanzee study sites, leading managers, and researchers to hypothesize that diseases originating from and/or spread by humans pose a substantial risk to the long-term survival of chimpanzee populations. The total chimpanzee population in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, has declined from 120–150 in the 1960s to about 100 by the end of 2007, with death associated with observable signs of disease as the leading cause of mortality. We used a historical data set collected from 1979 to 1987 to investigate the baseline rates of respiratory illness in chimpanzees at Gombe National Park, Tanzania, and to analyze the impact of human-related factors (e.g., banana feeding, visits to staff quarters) and non-human-related factors (e.g., sociality, season) on chimpanzee respiratory illness rates. We found that season and banana feeding were the most significant predictors of respiratory health clinical signs during this time period. We discuss these results in the context of management options for the reduction of disease risk and the importance of long-term observational data for conservation.
Clinical Trials in the United States

Randomization was used in many types of agricultural, industrial, laboratory, and animal experiments before it was applied to medical trials in the 1950s, and its superiority over selected treatment assignments was undisputed.
Evidence for the Emergence of Non-O1 and Non-O139 Vibrio cholerae Strains with Pathogenic Potential by Exchange of O-Antigen Biosynthesis Regions

The novel epidemic strain Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal originated from a seventh-pandemic O1 El Tor strain by antigenic shift resulting from homologous recombination-mediated exchange of O-antigen biosynthesis (wb*) clusters. Conservation of the genetic organization of wb* regions seen in other serogroups raised the possibility of the existence of pathogenic non-O1 and non-O139 V. cholerae strains that emerged by similar events. To test this hypothesis, 300 V. cholerae isolates of non-O1 and non-O139 serogroups were screened for the presence of virulence genes and an epidemic genetic background by DNA dot blotting, IS1004 fingerprinting, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. We found four non-O1 strains (serogroups O27, O37, O53, and O65) with an O1 genetic backbone suggesting exchange of wb* clusters. DNA sequence analysis of the O37 wb* region revealed that a novel ∼23.4-kb gene cluster had replaced all but the ∼4.2-kb right junction of the 22-kb O1 wbe region. In sharp contrast to the backbones, the virulence regions of the four strains were quite heterogeneous; the O53 and O65 strains had the El Tor vibrio pathogenicity island (VPI) cluster, the O37 strain had the classical VPI cluster, and the O27 strain had a novel VPI cluster. Two of the four strains carried CTXφ; the O27 strain possessed a CTXφ with a recently reported immune specificity (rstR-4** allele) and a novel ctxB allele, and the O37 strain had an El Tor CTXφ (rstRET allele) and novel ctxAB alleles. Although the O53 and O65 strains lacked the ctxAB genes, they carried a pre-CTXφ (i.e., rstRcla). Identification of non-O1 and non-O139 serogroups with pathogenic potential in epidemic genetic backgrounds means that attention should be paid to possible future epidemics caused by these serogroups and to the need for new, rapid vaccine development strategies.
Phase Partitioning Methods for I/O Cache Optimization

&#60;div class="user">System designers face large challenges in the storage hierarchy when putting new optimizations into practice. We consider a recent storage cache optimization, designed to reduce cache requirements and boost I/O performance, which adapts to individual program behavior. This scheme leverages a quantum-based design, and we observe that the choice of time quanta has a significant effect on performance and overheads. Accordingly, intelligent designs must judiciously select re-optimization points. We therefore develop new phase detection schemes that identify valued re-optimization points through interaction models between applications and this caching technique. We evaluate online and offline variants in the context of enterprise I/O workloads and observe hit-rate gains over 20% for a range of cache sizes.&#60;/div>
Alternative Methods for Combining Several Test Scores

If a battery of tests is administered to the same individual, the question is how to combine the various resultant scores so as to obtain a composite score for prediction purposes. Even if preas-si...
Collective Protest and Legitimacy of Authority: Theory and Research

A theory of collective protest is proposed in which distrust and the erosion of the legitimacy of authority are postulated to be a function of frustrations perceived as inequitably imposed and arbitrary. The present study tested the predictions that protest groups would have a significantly lower evaluation of authority, be more willing to participate in violence, and have a greater sense of competence than nonprotest groups. Two separate studies were conducted. The first study compared attitudes of an activist protest group, the Young Socialist Alliance, with two nonprotest groups, an active voter registration group and a nonactive student group at the University of Texas. The second study dealt with the attitudes of the campus activist Mexican-American Youth Organization (MAYO) and a Mexican-American non-MAYO group. The following instruments were administered individually and anonymously: a semantic differential to evaluate traditional and legitimate author ities; a participation questionnaire requestin...
Compact flexible pellet injection system for plasma fueling experiments

A compact pellet injection system has been designed and constructed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to provide a flexible fueling system for studies in magnetic confinement fusion devices. The system, referred to as a "pellet injector in a suitcase," is a pipe gun device with a four-barrel capability (1- to 4-mm bore), and it uses a cryogenic refrigerator for in-situ hydrogen pellet formation. The injector design allows for simple change-out of barrel sizes and different pellet acceleration options, including mechanical punches and/or propellant valves to provide speeds in the range of /spl sim/100 to 1500 m/s. The stand-alone instrumentation and controls, as well as the data acquisition system, are personal-computer-based and housed in one standard instrument cabinet. The portable system has been developed to provide a flexible, low-cost fueling system that can be used on a number of plasma confinement experiments with minimal installation and operation costs. The prototype will be installed on the Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) at the University of Wisconsin. For the MST application, the pellet sizes will be in the range of. 1 to 1.8 mm.
Art Therapy with Homeless Women and Children in a Bridge Housing Program in Scranton, Pennsylvania

AbstractThis article describes an art therapy program for homeless women and their children in a state-funded Bridge Housing Program in Scranton, Pennsylvania. The goal of this program is to provide a bridge of community services enabling homeless women to reach self-sufficiency.Art therapy, provided by graduate students of Marywood College under the supervision of the program director, is a means of evaluation and continuing personal development.Individual evaluation sessions, group art therapy experiences and a case study of a woman who has successfully completed the one year program are presented to demonstrate the use of art therapy in a program for homeless women and their children.
Myelosuppressive Cytokines and Peptides

The mature blood cells that fight infection and disease (neutrophilic granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes, natural killer cells), allow us to breathe (erythrocytes), and prevent us from bleeding to death (platelets), which are thus imperative for maintenance of our health, are produced by hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (Broxmeyer and Williams, 1988; Broxmeyer, 1992a, 1993). Regulation of blood cell production involves an interacting network of cytokine—cell interactions. Over 50 different cytokines have been identified that can influence blood cell production, at least in vitro (Broxmeyer and Williams, 1988; Broxmeyer, 1992a, 1993,1995a, 1996). This regulation can occur by stimulation, enhancement (augmentation), and/or suppression of the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Hematopoietically active cytokines include the colony-stimulating factors (CSF) granulocyte (G)-CSF, macrophage (M)-CSF, GM-CSF, interleukin (IL-3), IL-5, and erythropoietin (Epo), and other interleukins, presently numbering 1 to 17. Non-CSF interleukins include potent costimulating cytokines: steel factor (SLF, or stem cell factor), and flt3/flk2 ligand (L), involved in synergistic stimulation of cell proliferation (Broxmeyer, 1992a,b, 1993, 1995a; Broxmeyer et al.,1991b, 1995a).
ACTIVE CONTROL OF INSTABILITIES IN HIGH-PRESSURE COMBUSTOR BY NON-COHERENT OSCILLATORY FUEL INJECTION

This paper describes the application of active, open loop, control resulted in effective damping of severe (i.e., peak to peak pressure amplitudes of up to 60 psi relative to a mean combustor pressure of 485 psi) combustion instabilities in a high pressure combustor. Active control was applied by harmonic modulation of the fuel injection rate into the combustor using a fast response actuating valve, which modulated the entire fuel flow rate. To determine the dependence of the performance of the active control system upon the amplitude of fuel flow modulations generated by the actuating valve the latter was varied between zero and about 16% (±8%) of the mean value of the fuel flow rate. Successful suppression of the 352Hz fundamental acoustic mode in the combustor was attained at about 12% fuel flow rate modulation at the frequency fCS=293Hz. These tests showed that the amplitude of the combustor pressure oscillations varied six fold over the range of investigated oscillatory outputs of the control valve, indicating that applying the investigated open loop control approach at the appropriate frequency could effectively damp detrimental combustion instabilities. It was shown that fundamental acoustic mode of the combustor collapsed at a certain level of the control output when it was gradually increased during control application. Modulation frequency at about 290Hz was determined to be optimal in our earlier study at relatively low power of the combustor (mean combustor pressure of 160 psi). In the current study this value has also proved to be optimal in the control of 352Hz instability at full power operating conditions by conducting frequency sweep controllability test in the range 285-330Hz. In an effort to gain better understanding of the control system operation its characteristics were investigated in the cold flow simulation tests using extensive instrumentation. These included dynamic pressure sensors in the actuating valve and in the fuel line near the injection orifice as well as hot film anemometer (which measured mass flow rate oscillations at the point of injection). This additional instrumentation provided data for the monitoring of the control input propagation through the system in the combustor.
Electromagnetic wave penetrating through apertures: comparison of electromagnetic topology technique with FDTD method

Topology-based simulations of an electromagnetic pulse passing through a narrow aperture is compared with finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) results. The simulation utilizes a radiating antenna to generate the transmitted waveform through the aperture. The characteristics of the incident waveform following aperture interactions changes as predicted. Results compare well with the FDTD code.
Knowledge as a thick concept: explaining why the Gettier problem arises

The Gettier problem has stymied epistemologists. But, whether or not this problem is resolvable, we still must face an important question: Why does the Gettier problem arise in the first place? So far, philosophers have seen it as either a problem peculiar to the concept of knowledge, or else an instance of a general problem about conceptual analysis. But I would like to steer a middle course. I argue that the Gettier problem arises because knowledge is a thick concept, and a Gettier-like problem is just what we should expect from attempts at analyzing a thick concept. Section 2 is devoted to establishing the controversial claim that knowledge is thick, and, in Sect. 3, I show that there is a general problem for analyzing thick concepts of which the Gettier problem is a special instance. I do not take a stand on whether the Gettier problem, or its general counterpart, is resolvable. My primary aim is to bring these problems into better focus.
Characterizing the 'security vulnerability likelihood' of software functions

Software maintainers and auditors would benefit from a tool to help them focus their attention on functions that are likely to be the source of security vulnerabilities. However, the existence of such a tool is predicated on the ability to characterize a function's 'security vulnerability likelihood'. Our hypothesis is that functions near a source of input are most likely to contain security vulnerability. These functions should be a small percentage of the total number of functions in the system. To validate this hypothesis, we performed an experiment involving thirty one vulnerabilities in thirty open source systems. This paper describes the experiment, its outcome, and the tools used to conduct it. It also describes the FLF (front line functions) finder, which is a tool that was developed using knowledge gathered from the outcome of the experiment. This tool automates the detection of high-risk functions. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the FLF finder, three open source applications with known vulnerabilities were tested. In addition to this test, a case study was performed on the privilege separation code in the OpenSSH server daemon.
Invited commentary on Hwang U et al: factors associated with delays to emergency care for bowel obstruction-we have issues.

i r d c c i t There is an old surgical adage: “never let the sun rise or set on a small bowel obstruction.” This dictum emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment for intestinal obstruction. Delays in management are associated with increased mortality and morbidity, which are often related to the consequences of intestinal strangulation. Sometimes the patient does not seek medical care until late in their course, and other times we may procrastinate about the need for operation. We continue to be perplexed by the lack of signs and symptoms that correlate with the need for operation. Postoperative adhesions are the most common cause of small intestinal obstruction, with malignancies and hernias comprising most other cases. Nonoperative management can be appropriate when adhesions are the presumed cause, and complete obstruction is not evident. One can expect successful resolution in approximately 30% to 50% of these patients. Unfortunately, the cumulative risk of recurrent obstruction among patients who have nonoperative treatment exceeds 50% within 10 years and is more common with so-called “highgrade” obstruction and after previous operations for lysis of adhesions. Although we may be pleased when nonoperative management is successful, we are never certain that these patients actually had a mechanical cause for obstruction and we cannot be assured that symptoms will not recur. The association between bowel resection performed in the setting of intestinal obstruction and increased mortality and morbidity has been known for more than 40 years. Resection
Iron Content of Baker's and Cottage Cheese Made from Fortified Skim Milks

Abstract Skim milk fortified with iron, added in the form of ferric ammonium citrate, was made into Baker's cheese and cottage cheese. Approximately 14% of the iron was retained in Baker's cheese and 58% in the cottage cheese. Subsequent studies indicated that heat treatment during manufacture was a major factor influencing iron retention. Added iron had no effect on starter activity nor on the initial flavor of the product. During storage for 2 mo no accelerated development of off-flavors was noted in the ironfortified cheese. One hundred grams of cottage cheese made from milk fortified at 20 µg iron/ml provides one-third of the recommended daily allowance of iron for an adult female.
What Is Lexical Proficiency? Some Answers from Computational Models of Speech Data.

& Lexical proficiency, as a cognitive construct, is poorly understood. However, lexical proficiency is an important element of language proficiency and fluency, especially for second language (L2) learners. For example, lexical errors are a common cause of L2 miscommunication (Ellis, 1995). Lexical proficiency is also an important attribute of L2 academic achievement (Daller, van Hout, & Treffers-Daller, 2003). Generally speaking, lexical proficiency comprises breadth of knowledge features (i.e., how many words a learner knows), depth of knowledge features (i.e., how well a learner knows a word), and access to core lexical items (i.e., how quickly words can be retrieved or processed; Meara, 2005). Understanding how these features interrelate and which features are important indicators of overall lexical proficiency can provide researchers and teachers with insights into language learning and language structure. Thus, this study investigates the potential for computational indices related to lexical features to predict human evaluations of lexical proficiency. Such an investigation provides us with the opportunity to better understand the construct of lexical proficiency and examine the capacity for computational indices to automatically assess lexical proficiency. Recent investigations into lexical proficiency as both a learner-based and text-based construct have helped illuminate and model the lexical features
The Sound-Speed Structure

The Nordic Seas constitute one of the most interesting areas in modern oceanography. Its geological and geophysical structure, its ice cover, and its numerous and varied water masses with a number of frontal systems provide representative examples of almost all of the world’s oceanographic features.
BIOCULTURAL RISKS IN LONGEVITY: SAMOANS IN CALIFORNIA

Abstract Because migration is such a widespread phenomenon, studies of the effects of accompanying life change on the health and well-being of the migrant have special significance in areas like California that support large migrant communities. Previous studies have shown that increased weight and elevated blood pressure may be linked to changes in diet, exercise habits, and the altered sociocultural milieu of the migrant. Among Samoans, a Pacific Island population of Polynesian descent, these changes appear to be particularly prominent in segments of the population that have moved to the environment of Hawaii, which epidemiologic studies have characterized as ‘intermediate-modern’. Preliminary findings from a survey of weight, height, blood pressure, fasting glucose levels, and mortality records among Samoans living in California indicate that individuals living under more highly urbanized conditions exhibit even more pronounced changes. Adult weight among Samoans in California (San Francisco) greatly exceeds that of their counterparts in Hawaii and Samoa. Elevated blood pressure are also seen, though the extent to which this is associated with excessive weight gain is unclear. The number of individuals with high (⩾160 mg/dl) fasting plasma glucose levels would be consistent with a population in which the prevalence of diabetes is many times higher than in the U.S. population. Although mortality patterns are difficult to determine for this population, available records suggest an excess mortality from cardiovascular disease of all types among adult Samoans under age 50. Future investigations will attempt to link biobehavioral changes in the migrants' lifestyle to these observed patterns of risk.
Intraoperative Optical Biopsy during Robotic Assisted Radical Prostatectomy Using Confocal Endomicroscopy

Purpose: Intraoperative optical biopsy technologies may aid in the identification of important anatomical landmarks and improve surgical outcomes of robotic assisted radical prostatectomy. We evaluate the feasibility of confocal laser endomicroscopy during robotic assisted radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: A total of 21 patients with biopsy proven prostate cancer scheduled for robotic assisted radical prostatectomy were recruited. After intravenous administration of fluorescein 15 patients underwent in vivo intraoperative confocal laser endomicroscopy of prostatic and periprostatic structures using a 2.6 or 0.85 mm imaging probe. Standard robotic instruments were used to grasp and maneuver the confocal laser endomicroscopy probes for image acquisition. Confocal laser endomicroscopy imaging was performed ex vivo on fresh prostate specimens from 20 patients. Confocal video sequences acquired in vivo and ex vivo were reviewed and analyzed, with additional image processing using a mosaicing algorit...
Understanding and Preventing Burn-Out

Kathleen Cooke is ten days behind in her paperwork. She has been the Deputy at an old person's home for the past three and a-half years. The Officer in charge has been pressuring her to get the paperwork done. Mrs. Cooke is also having problems at home. Her mother was recently discovered to have emphysema, and she and her husband are going through a divorce. While working on her paperwork a male resident of the home stopped by the office to ask when the next bingo game would be held. Mrs. Cooke replied 'Don't you know I have more important things to do than to hunt for information for you. I can't be bothered. Go ask a Care-Assistant.' The resident left, bewildered about what he had heard. Mrs. Cooke thought about her aggressive response. She also thought about her family problems, and being behind at work. She realized she was nearing burn-out.
A Temperature Corrected Dual-Luminophore Pressure- Sensitive Paint System for Unsteady Pressure Measurements

A new pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) system was created that could successfully resolve both pressure and temperature contours on the surface of a NACA 0021 airfoil in a Mach 0.6 free-stream at The Ohio State University’s Aeronautical and Astronautical Research Lab (OSU AARL). A large drawback of current PSP measurement systems is the inherent temperature sensitivity of the oxygen sensing dye platinum porphorine (PtTTFP). The temperature error of the PSP used was quantified as a 3 kPa per °C change from the reference condition. To remove or alleviate this source of error, a thermographic phosphor (Y0.99Ce0.01)2(Ga0.75Al0.25)5O12 was introduced into the paint mixture. When excited by a pulsed LED array at 480 nm, the phosphor emitted light at a spectrally distinct wavelength centered at 560 nm while PtTTFP emitted light centered at 665 nm. Using a color camera and optical filtering, the thermal information was carried by the green channel and the pressure signal was carried by the red channel. The red channel was simply normalized by the green and the resulting temperature error was reduced to 2 kPa per °C. Alternatively, a thermographic map was determined and used to correct the corresponding pressure map utilizing a priori and in situ calibrations.
Reversing coumadin: old and new choices

Oral anticoagulants, such as Coumadin, are among the most widely prescribed medications worldwide. With an aging population, the number of individuals taking oral anticoagulants continues to increase. Approximately 20% of patients on long-term oral anti-coagulation experience some form of unexpected bleeding and serious bleeding occurs in up to 2% of patients. Reversal of anticoagulation is considered for those patients with extreme elevation of the international normalised ratio (INR), those who are about to undergo a surgical procedure, or those who are bleeding. This presentation will review the options for reversing Coumadin anticoagulation with emphasis on the proper use of vitamin K and Fresh Frozen Plasma and also on the role of Prothrombin Complex Concentrates and recombinant factor 7a. Using a series of cases and specific treatment choices for the audience, the presentation is intended to highlight the balance of risks and benefits related to reversal of oral anticoagulants. Newer oral anticoagulants targeting inhibition of factor Xa or thrombin are on the near horizon and will bring with them new challenges for rapid reversal in the critically ill patient.
Genotype 1 hepatitis C virus and the pharmacist’s role in treatment

Purpose The treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 has changed rapidly with recently approved direct-acting antiviral (DAA) regimens. The role of the pharmacist in the management of HCV therapy has increased. Summary Chronic HCV infection is the main cause of end-stage liver disease and the primary reason for liver transplantation, liver-related death, and hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. The recent approval of several DAAs has led to improved tolerability, sustained virological response (SVR) rates, and shorter treatment durations compared with treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Most HCV cases can be treated with the currently available regimens, and expected SVR rates exceed 90%. Several fixed-dose and pangenotypic antiviral regimens are currently in various phases of clinical trials. Pharmacists are well equipped to assist the medical team and patients with comprehensive management of HCV treatment. Pharmacists in various settings can play an instrumental role in access to HCV medications, selection of HCV treatment, detection of drug–drug interactions, and education of patients about potential adverse effects and the importance of adherence and laboratory test monitoring during HCV treatment. However, the high cost of HCV treatment poses challenges for ubiquitous treatment. Conclusion Available DAA regimens have improved HCV treatment outcomes and are selected based on efficacy, potential drug interactions, and the patient’s ability to obtain medication coverage. Each of these factors provides an opportunity for pharmacist involvement in HCV management.
An Adaptive Modeling Study on Photovoltaic Power Prediction

An adaptive approach is introduced in this paper to model the solar photoelectric conversion and then make the photovoltaic output prediction.The historical data of radiation and power are processed using the methods of data extraction,data filtering,robust regression and correlation coefficient test.To evaluate this model,a set of data from a photovoltaic plant are studied.The results of the study show that this approach can model the conversion of radiation to power reasonably in different weather conditions.Compared with conventional models,the proposed approach significantly improves the accuracy and reliability of photovoltaic power prediction.
Brief Introduction on Intermediate Check to First-Class Standard Platinum and Rhodium _(10)-Platinum Thermocouple

In order to guarantee first-class standard Platinum and Rhodium 10-Platinum thermocouple's accuracy and credibility in use,intermediate check must be done in its two trace intervals.The choice of intermediate check standard and the determination of check periodic to first-class standard Platinum and Rhodium 10-Platinum thermocouple are introduced in this paper.The method of intermediate check to first-class standard Platinum and Rhodium 10-Platinum thermocouple is discussed in detail.