cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renovating Situation Taxonomies: Exploring the Construction and Content of Fundamental Motive Situation Types

The present work demonstrates a method for constructing theoretically based situational classifications and exploring their behavioral implications. Fundamental motives theory (FMT; Kenrick, Griskevicius, Neuberg, & Schaller, 2010; Kenrick, Neuberg, Griskevicius, Becker, & Schaller, 2010) proposes that humans have evolved seven specific social motives that would be differentially evoked by different situations. Experts in FMT used the Riverside Situational Q-sort (RSQ) to describe prototypic motive-relevant situations and the Riverside Behavioral Q-sort (RBQ) to construct templates representing predictions of how people would behave in them. A sample of 201 undergraduate participants used the RSQ to describe situations they had experienced within the past 24 hours, and they described their behavior in each situation using the RBQ. For both the RSQ and RBQ, self-protection and disease avoidance templates were highly similar to each other and different from mate-seeking and affiliation templates. Participants more often reported experiencing situations similar to the mate-seeking, affiliation, and kin care templates and less often reported experiencing situations similar to the self-protection and disease avoidance templates. Participants' reported behavior was consistent with expectations from FMT. This study illustrates how relations between situations and behavior can be illuminated through the use of theoretically derived templates.
Is a Two-Step Glutamate Dehyrogenase Antigen-Cytotoxicity Neutralization Assay Algorithm Superior to the Premier Toxin A and B Enzyme Immunoassay for Laboratory Detection of Clostridium difficile?

A two-step algorithm for the detection of Clostridium difficile by the use of C. Diff Quik Chek (TechLab, Blacksburg, VA) and a tissue culture cytotoxicity neutralization assay was found to be more sensitive than the widely used solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (EIA), the Premier toxin A and B EIA (Meridian Bioscience, Cincinnati, OH), and a newly developed, rapid single-test EIA for C. difficile toxins A and B (Tox A/B Quik Chek; TechLab).
Surgical treatment of three and four-part proximal humeral fractures.

Background: Optimal surgical management of three and four-part proximal humeral fractures in osteoporotic patients is controversial, with many advocating prosthetic replacement of the humeral head. Fixed-angle locked plates that maintain angular stability under load have been proposed as an alternative to hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of some osteoporotic fracture types. Methods: The records of 122 consecutive patients who were fifty-five years of age or older and in whom a Neer three or four-part proximal humeral fracture had been treated surgically between January 2002 and November 2005 were studied retrospectively. After exclusions, thirty-eight patients treated with a locked-plate construct were compared with forty-eight patients who had undergone hemiarthroplasty. All patients had radiographic and clinical follow-up at a minimum of twenty-four months and an average of thirty-six months. Reduction and implant placement were evaluated radiographically. Clinical outcomes were measured with use of the Constant-Murley system. Results: The mean Constant score (and standard deviation) at the time of final follow-up was significantly better in the locked-plate group (68.6 ± 9.5 points) than in the hemiarthroplasty group (60.6 ± 5.9 points) (p 20° of initial varus angulation of the humeral head. Complications in the hemiarthroplasty group included nonunion of the tuberosity in seven patients and wound infection in three patients. Conclusions: In this series, open repair with use of a locked plate resulted in better outcome scores than did hemiarthroplasty in similar patients, especially in those with a three-part fracture, despite a higher overall complication rate. Open reduction and internal fixation of fractures with an initial varus extension pattern should be approached with caution. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
An Economic Explanation of English Agricultural Organization in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries

IN a recent article in this journal, Edward Miller focuses on the "curiously paradoxical" development of class structures in twelfthand thirteenthcentury England.2 Despite a rising population and an expanding money economy in both centuries, the growing separation between landlord and entrepreneurial classes reversed itself for the duration of the thirteenth century. In Miller's words, the twelfth-century "demise of manors to lessees for fixed returns"3 was followed by a century in which "landlords managed their estates as speculative enterprises geared to expanding markets . . ."4 Prof. Miller views the lord's choice of occupations-landlord or farm entrepreneur-as determined by the expected profitability of farming and/or his "attitudes to economic enterprise". After presenting the evidence, Miller concludes that twelfth-century farm profits were not exceptionally low or variable.5 Hence logical necessity leads him to argue that the thirteenth-century behaviour of the manorial lords might well have been "rooted in the policies and attitudes of landlords rather than in the basic economic situation" 6 This approach suffers from two major weaknesses. The first is that neither changes in the landlord's preferences nor twelfthand thirteenth-century farm profits are observable in available records.7 As a result, neither hypothesis can be refuted and thereby eliminated as a possible explanation of the landlord's behaviour. The second weakness is the failure to make clear the link between profits and demesne farming.8 Traditionally, economic historians have equated low farm profits with demesne leasing. However, if farm profits are in fact low for all producers, why should anyone wish to lease the demesne? A more relevant
Keeping Theory Revision Front and Center in Counseling Psychology: Moving from Discussion to Action.

This rejoinder responds to the four reactions in the May 2005 issue of The Counseling Psychologist. Areas of possible confusion are clarified, and relevant examples are highlighted. Of particular interest are examples of the nomological network, which offers an excellent tool for counseling psychologists and others in related disciplines as well as within the broader field of psychology. In addition, the implications of current and future theoretical and empirical investigation of multicultural issues are discussed.
The seedbank of a young surface mine wetland

The seed bank of a young (12 year-old) wetland complex on a southern Illinois surface coal mine was studied for two years in order to ascertain functional characteristics. Five wetlands were encompassed in this wetland complex and varied in type from marsh to an ephemeral, upland, weedy area. Seed bank samples, germinated under submersed and drawdown conditions, indicated total seedling densities to range between 31–186 m−2. Though seedling densities were low, species diversity (H') and evenness (J) were relatively high. Low densities are attributed to the age of the wetlands and to their location on a disturbed (surface mine) habitat.
Estimating the Location of a Camera with Respect to a 3D Model

An algorithm is presented to estimate the position of a hand-held camera with respect to a 3d world model constructed from range data and color imagery. Little prior knowledge is assumed about the camera position. The algorithm includes stages that (1) generate an ordered set of initial model-to-image mapping estimates, each accurate only in a small region of the image and of the model, (2) refinement of each initial estimate through a combination of 3d-to-2d matching, robust parameter estimation, region growth, and model selection, and (3) testing the resulting projections for accuracy, stability and randomness. A key issue during stage (2) is that initially the model-to-image mapping is well-approximated by a 2d-to-2d transformation based on a local model surface approximation, but eventually the algorithm must transition to the 3d-to-2d projection necessary to solve the position estimation problem. The algorithm accomplishes this by expanding the region along the approximation surface first and then making a transition to expand fully in 3d. The overall algorithm is shown to effectively determine the location of the camera over a 100 m x 100 m area of our campus.
Young People in Country Towns: Tasks for Rural Social and Community Workers Across Nations

This article addresses the role of social and community workers in efforts to retain and attract youth to the country and the small towns. Consideration is given to current phenomena such as migration, depopulation and growth and specific suggestions for possible interventions in the economic, social and cultural arenas are provided. Examples from Australia and other countries are included.
Discharge to a Skilled Nursing Facility and Subsequent Clinical Outcomes Among Older Patients Hospitalized for Heart Failure

Background—Heart failure (HF) is the leading cause of hospitalization among older Americans. Subsequent discharge to skilled nursing facilities (SNF) is not well described. Methods and Results—We performed an observational analysis of Medicare beneficiaries ≥65 years of age, discharged alive to SNF or home after ≥3-day hospitalization for HF in 2005 and 2006 within the Get With The Guidelines–HF Program. Among 15 459 patients from 149 hospitals, 24.1% were discharged to an SNF, 22.3% to home with home health service, and 53.6% to home with self-care. SNF use varied significantly among hospitals (median, 10.2% versus 33.9% in low versus high tertiles), with rates highest in the Northeast. Patient factors associated with discharge to SNF included longer length of stay, advanced age, female sex, hypotension, higher ejection fraction, absence of ischemic heart disease, and a variety of comorbidities. Performance measures were modestly lower for patients discharged to SNF. Unadjusted absolute event rates were ...
On Chi-Square Difference and z Tests in Mean and Covariance Structure Analysis when the Base Model is Misspecified:

In mean and covariance structure analysis, the chi-square difference test is often applied to evaluate the number of factors, cross-group constraints, and other nested model comparisons. Let model Ma be the base model within which model Mb is nested. In practice, this test is commonly used to justify Mb even when Ma is misspecified. The authors study the behavior of the chi-square difference test in such a circumstance. Monte Carlo results indicate that a nonsignificant chi-square difference cannot be used to justify the constraints in Mb. They also show that when the base model is misspecified, the z test for the statistical significance of a parameter estimate can also be misleading. For specific models, the analysis further shows that the intercept and slope parameters in growth curve models can be estimated consistently even when the covariance structure is misspecified, but only in linear growth models. Similarly, with misspecified covariance structures, the mean parameters in multiple group models can be estimated consistently under null conditions.
Glycosylation as a Criterion for Defining Subpopulations of Fast-Transported Proteins

The role carbohydrate residues may play in the sorting of newly synthesized fast-transported proteins during the initiation of fast axonal transport has been examined by identifying individual fast-transported glycoproteins that contain either or both fucose and galactose. [3H]Fucose or [3H]galactose was incorporated together with [35S]methionine in vitro in bullfrog dorsal root ganglia. Fast-transported proteins that accumulated proximal to a ligature on the spinal nerve were separated via two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and 92 gel spots were analyzed quantitatively for the presence of 35S and 3H. Of these spots, 56 (61%) contained either or both fucose and galactose. Glycomoieties were generally associated with families of charged spots whose isoelectric points could be altered with neuraminidase treatment. Single spots tended to be unglycosylated and were unaffected by neuraminidase. The prevalence of glycoproteins was considerably greater in the higher-molecular weight range. Of the 55 spots analyzed with molecular weight greater than approximately 35,000 daltons, 89% were glycosylated, whereas only 19% of the 37 spots with lower molecular weight contained sugar moieties. When considered in light of previous studies in which similar subpopulations have been described, the current findings suggest that the presence or absence of glycomoieties may represent another criterion by which proteins are sorted during the initiation of fast axonal transport.
Pb, Nd, and Sr isotopic constraints on the origin of Miocene basaltic rocks from northeast Hokkaido, Japan: Implications for opening of the Kurile back-arc basin

Late Miocene (7-9 Ma) basaltic rocks from the Monbetsu-Kamishihoro graben in northeast Hokkaido have chemical affinities to certain back-arc basin basalts (referred to herein as Hokkaido BABB). Pb-, Nd- and Sr-isotopic compositions of the Hokkaido BABB and arc-type volcanic rocks (11-13 Ma and 4-4.5 Ma) from the nearby region indi- cate mixing between the depleted mantle and an EM II-like enriched component (e.g. sub- ducted pelagic sediment) in the magma generation. At a given 87 Sr/ 86 Sr, Hokkaido BABB have slightly lower 143 Nd/ 144 Nd and slightly less radiogenic 206 Pb/ 204 Pb compared with asso- ciated arc-type lavas, but both these suites are difficult to distinguish solely on the basis of isotopic compositions. These isotopic data indicate that while generation of the Hokkaido BABB involves smaller amounts of the EM II-like enriched component than do associated arc lavas, Hokkaido BABB are isotopically distinct from basalts produced at normal back- arc basin spreading centers. Instead, northeast Hokkaido BABB are more similar to basalts erupted during the initial rifting stage of back-arc basins. The Monbetsu-Kamishi- horo graben may have developed in association with extension that formed the Kurile Basin, suggesting that opening of the basin continued until late Miocene (7-9 Ma).
Regulation of human leukocyte function by lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid.

Arachidonic acid released from membrane phospholipids undergoes oxygenation by two distinct pathways that differ in terms of both their products and their susceptibility to regulation by biological and pharmacological agents(Fig. 1). The cyclooxygenase pathway yields unstable endoperoxide intermediates that undergo spontaneous or enzymatic conversion to a variety of products including pro staglandins, pro st acyclin , and thromboxanes. Oxygenation of arachidonic acid by the lipoxygenase pathway generates a series of unstable hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acids (OOHETES or HPETES), of which 5-OOHETE is quantitatively predominant in several types of leukocytes, 12-OOHETE is the major product in platelets, and 11-OOHETE and 5-OOHETE in rabbit alveolar macrophages (Borgeat and Samuelsson, 1979a; Goetzl and Sun, 1979; Valone et al., 1980).
Guideline Interaction: a study of interactions among drug-disease contraindication rules

To study the interactions among the drug-disease contraindiction guidelines in a real clinical setting by using clinical databases.
Spinal cord concussion: studying the potential risks of repetitive injury

What is spinal concussion? Spinal cord concussion is a variant of mild spinal cord injury, clinically designated as transient paraplegia or neurapraxia, and characterized by variable degrees of sensory impairment and motor weakness that typically resolve within 24–72 hours without permanent deficits (Del Bigio and Johnson, 1989; Zwimpfer and Bernstein, 1990; Torg et al., 1997). Accordingly, a grading system was developed based on the duration of symptoms, ranging from Grade I ( 24 hours) (Zwimpfer and Bernstein, 1990; Torg et al., 1997). Spinal cord concussion is predominantly a sport-related injury occurring in a wide variety of contact sports in adult and pediatric athletes including wrestling, hockey, gymnastics, and diving, but most commonly in American football, although spinal concussions can also occur after minor car accidents as “whiplash injuries” and falls (Zwimpfer and Bernstein, 1990). In contact sports, the cervical spine is particularly susceptible to injury because of axial loading forces to the head with the neck in flexion or extension. In these circumstances, injury may occur due to disc herniation, buckling of the ligamentum flavum or the posterior longitudinal ligament, or by compression of the spinal cord between vertebral bodies. There appears to be a mechanistic difference in the injury between adult and pediatric age groups. In the adult, a stenotic spinal canal or a diminished spinal canal to vertebral body diameter predispose patients to cervical concussion at the level of stenosis after hyperextension, hyperflexion, or axial loading. The pediatric spine, in contrast, has increased mobility, predisposing the spinal cord to contact with bony elements even in absence of focal stenosis (Clark et al., 2011). Guidelines regarding return to play have been developed based upon the duration of neurological symptoms, neurapraxia, and MRI analysis, but they are based on a limited number of small-scale retrospective studies (Tempel et al., 2015). Given the lack of randomized trials, medical clearance of athletes for resumption of activities is a highly controversial topic without consensus opinion (Cantu, 1998; Morganti, 2003; Mayers, 2008; Harmon et al., 2013). Furthermore, many individuals may experience multiple episodes of spinal cord concussion with recurrence of symptoms (Zwimpfer and Bernstein, 1990; Torreman et al., 1996; Clark et al., 2011). It has therefore been important to develop animal models of spinal cord concussion to elucidate the histological and functional deficits of single and repeated injuries. This perspective presents our recent efforts in developing such a model and the consequences of repetitive injury (Jin et al., 2014, 2015).
Phytophagous Insect Faunas of Native Cirsium Thistles, C. mohavense, C. neomexicanum, and C. nidulum, in the Mojave Desert of Southern California

Phytophagous insects representing seven orders, 19 families, 25 genera, and 30 species compose the insect fauna on Cirsium mohavense (Green) Petrak (Asteraceae) in southern California. Similarly, phytophagous insects representing six orders, 17 families, 18 genera, and 23 species from Cirsium neomexicanum Gray, and insects representing six orders, 11 families, 12 genera, and 12 species from Cirsium nidulum (Jones) Petrak, are reported. Most insects feeding on these thistles are polyphagous, ectophagous, sap- and foliage-feeding species. Few or no insect species or individuals were reared from within the flower heads, stems, crowns, and roots of these desert thistles. Like other native Cirsium thistles surveyed in southern California and discussed here, the food niches represented by this natural assemblage of host plants are not saturated with phytophagous insect species. Significance of these underused resources and apparently “empty” food niches for biological control of weedy thistles in North America is discussed. Some members of the insect faunas on Cirsium thistles have markedly broader feeding niches than their counterparts in Europe, compensating for this host-plant underuse. Taxonomic compositions and niche characteristics of phytophagous insect faunas on native thistles in Europe and southern California are compared and discussed in evolutionary terms.
Experiences with thyroidectomy and ligation of the thyroid arterie in depancreatized dogs

The absence of glycosuria and the high sugar tolerance in myxoedematous individuals led us to undertake the experiments cited in this brief report.Dog No. 100, male, weight 14 kilo., partial pancreatectomy performed January 12, 1921. Urine positive for sugar the following day. It persisted in amounts of from 2 to 3 per cent. until January 19, when both inferior thyroid arteries were ligated. Glycosuria continued until January 26, 1921, when complete thyroidectomy was done, sparing the parathyroids. Urine became negative for sugar on the following day and continued so. On February 5, 1921, with blood sugar 95 mgms. an additional 3.4 gms. of pancreatic tissue was removed with no change in the urinary findings. On February 9, blood sugar was 86 mgms. On this day 150 gms. glucose were introduced by the stomach tube. Tests for urinary sugar remained negative. On May 9, rest of the pancreas, amounting to 10 gms. was removed. Urine continued negative for sugar until May 14, when intestines prolapsed through woun...
The Utilization of Launch Vehicles Core Stages and Propellant Depots for Human Space Exploration

A crewed mission to a near earth asteroid would yield both scientific and engineering advancements. Visiting one or several of these objects would not only validate technologies that could later be used to visit the Moon or Mars, but would also develop our scientific understanding of asteroids and the solar system. This study proposes an architecture that represents a paradigm shift in the way space exploration is conducted. By including the commercial space industry in this mission and encouraging competition, NASA can realize significant cost savings and schedule improvements. This architecture uses a commercial launch vehicle core stage, which can reach orbit if a rocket is launched with no payload, as the in space propulsion system for both outbound and inbound burns. Refueling the core stage with commercial launch systems separates the propellant from the mission-critical elements, and using multiple commercial partners shortens the mission life cycle time and increases mission reliability. Removing expensive and unnecessary systems and supplementing NASA hardware with existing commercial systems brings the program under the current human space exploration budget. Furthermore, this architecture is also extensible to other destinations of interest for human exploration.
Everyday rules and embodied information: anti-money laundering/counter-terrorist financing practices and radio frequency identification tags as security politics

We are attached to ‘our’ information: height, weight, income, address, profession, location, friends, purchases, and more. This embodied information, data that inhere in and adhere to our bodies, can be misappropriated, misused, or accidentally disclosed. Unwanted information can be forced onto us. Yet the mundane nature of moving information around occludes the potential for harm. To uncover the way ordinary practices lead to everyday insecurities, I examine embodied information flows, power, and rules. I conceptualize power as the ability to control the flow of information, defined as its content, its velocity (speed and direction), and access to it. Rules, which are essential to understanding how this power manifests, are analyzed in terms of rule form (discursive or constructed), deontological category (rules that are obligatory, optional, or prohibited), and relation to subject (rules regulating information flows into or out from the subject’s body). I draw on this analytical framework to explore two...
Intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange in treatment of myasthenia gravis: a meta-analysis

Objective To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous immunoglobulin( IVIg) and plasma exchange( PLEX) in the treatment of myasthenia gravis( MG). Methods Cochrane Library,Pub Med,Embase,China National Knowledge Internet,and Wanfang Data were systematically searched and related articles on the two methods in the treatment of MG were selected. Quality of the literature was evaluated and data were extracted independently by two researchers in accordance with the method of systematic review. Meta-analysis was performed by use of Rev Man 5. 2 software. Results A total of 9 studies involving 2131 patients with MG were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that there were no significant differences in the efficacy [OR = 0. 94,95% CI( 0. 57,1. 32),P = 0. 79]and treatment-related adverse effects [OR = 0. 91,95% CI(- 0. 37,2. 21),P = 0. 83] between IVIg and PLEX in the treatment of MG. Conclusions The efficacy and treatment-related adverse effects show no significant differences between IVIg and PLEX in the treatment of MG. Therefore,appropriate therapeutic method should be selected according to the specific conditions.
Rapid detection of intestinal pathogenes by real time PCR method combined with sample pooling process

Objective:The real time PCR method combined with sample pooling process was used to detect the intestinal pathogen in public sanitation related employees,its potential application was evaluated by compared with classical culture method.Methods:5 000 anal swab specimens from public sanitation related employee were randomly collected,the samples were detected simultaneously for Salmonella and Shigella by real time PCR method combined with sample pooling process and "gold standard" culture method,the sensitivity and specificity of two were also evaluated.Results:The sensitivity and specificity of real time PCR method were 100% and 99.64% respectively,the positive rate showed no significant differences between two methods,however,the real time PCR method was faster,more secure and less laborious consuming compared with culture method.Conclusion:Real time PCR method combined with sample pooling process can be applied on the routine detection of intestinal pathogen in public sanitation related employee.
Inequality in theory

A BENEVOLENT DESPOTISM It may seem strange to say that inequality could not be theorized at a time when there was no lack of Southern ideologues attempting to do just that. The figure most often mentioned in this connection is George Fitzhugh, whose Cannibals All! (1857) is dedicated to the proposition that “domestic slavery is, in the general, a natural and necessary institution.” Sounding the usual themes of Tory conservatism, his book invokes Aristotle to confute Locke (CA, 71), bows before the Great Chain of Being (CA, 68), jeers at newfangled notions of human equality (CA, 87), and denounces the triumph of laissez-faire. In doing battle with this last enemy, the chief concern of the book, Fitzhugh draws freely on the discourse of socialism in pitting the “moral cannibalism” (CA, 16) of the Northern capitalist against the benign paternalism of the Southern slaveholder. On his account, the difference between those who are free and those who are enslaved comes down to a difference between two kinds of laborers – the workers of the North “who labor under all the disadvantages of slavery, and have none of the rights of slaves” (CA, 12) and the workers of the South who likewise labor under slavery but nevertheless do enjoy those rights. Sheltered from “the false, antagonistic, and competitive relations in which so-called liberty and equality place man” (CA, 36), the “negro slaves of the South are the happiest, and, in some sense, freest people in the world” (CA, 18).
Interstitial Release of Cisplatin from Triggerable Liposomes Enhances Efficacy Against Triple Negative Breast Cancer Solid Tumor Analogues

Liposomal cisplatin, a promising triple negative breast cancer treatment modality, has been shown to decrease toxicities associated with cisplatin’s free agent form. However, the heterogeneous intratumoral distributions of the liposomes themselves, combined with limited release of cisplatin from them contribute to limited penetration of cisplatin within tumors reducing efficacy. This study uses pH-responsive liposomes designed to release cisplatin within the acidic tumor interstitium (7.0 > pH ≥ 6.0) with a dual aim (1) to improve the penetration of the free drug within tumors on the assumption of greater diffusivities based on the free drug’s much smaller size than its carrier’s size and (2) to increase the availability of the free agent near cancer cells deep into the tumor. On cell monolayers treated with pH-releasing liposomal cisplatin, acidification of the extracellular solution resulted in decreased LD50 values, which were significantly lower than the LD50 values for non-pH-releasing liposomal cisp...
Online Work Habits and Academic Performance

This study analyzes the relationship between students’ online work habits and academic performance. We utilize data from logs recorded by a course management system (CMS) in two courses at a small liberal arts college in the U.S. Both courses required the completion of a large number of online assignments. We measure three aspects of students’ online work habits: timeliness, regularity, and intensity. We find that students with a high overall GPA and a high grade in the course work on assignments early and more regularly. We also find that the regularity of work habits during the first half of the term predicts grade in the course, even while controlling for the overall GPA. Overall, however, the marginal predictive power of CMS data is rather limited. Still, the fact that high achieving students show vastly different work habits from low achieving students supports interventions aimed at improving time-management skills.
Decoupling the downstream effects of germline nuclear RNAi reveals that H3K9me3 is dispensable for heritable RNAi and the maintenance of endogenous siRNA-mediated transcriptional silencing in Caenorhabditis elegans

Germline nuclear RNAi in C. elegans is a transgenerational gene-silencing pathway that leads to H3K9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) and transcriptional silencing at the target genes. H3K9me3 induced by either exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or endogenous siRNA (endo-siRNA) is highly specific to the target loci and transgenerationally heritable. Despite these features, the role of H3K9me3 in siRNA-mediated transcriptional silencing and inheritance of the silencing state at native target genes is unclear. In this study, we took combined genetic and whole-genome approaches to address this question. Here we demonstrate that siRNA-mediated H3K9me3 requires combined activities of three H3K9 histone methyltransferases: MET-2, SET-25, and SET-32. set-32 single, met-2 set-25 double, and met-2 set-25;set-32 triple mutant adult animals all exhibit prominent reductions in H3K9me3 throughout the genome, with met-2 set-25;set-32 mutant worms losing all detectable H3K9me3 signals. Surprisingly, loss of high-magnitude H3K9me3 at the native nuclear RNAi targets has no effect on the transcriptional silencing state. In addition, the exogenous dsRNA-induced transcriptional silencing and heritable RNAi at oma-1, a well-established nuclear RNAi reporter gene, are completely resistant to the loss of H3K9me3. Nuclear RNAi-mediated H3K9me3 in C. elegans requires multiple histone methyltransferases, including MET-2, SET-25, and SET-32. H3K9me3 is not essential for dsRNA-induced heritable RNAi or the maintenance of endo-siRNA-mediated transcriptional silencing in C. elegans. We propose that siRNA-mediated transcriptional silencing in C. elegans can be maintained by an H3K9me3-independent mechanism.
Needs and Desires for a Standardized Real Time Programming Language

Abstract There has been considerable interest in and work carried out in the past few years toward the achievement of a standardized programming language for computers which are used in real-time systems. Such computers have become vital parts of current industrial control systems, communications systems, tactical weapons systems and other such areas. An important recent major development has been a proliferation of programming systems and techniques for such applications with a resultant escalation of costs and a major increase in potential system errors. A standardized real-time programming language with the capability of handling all of the diverse areas of applications presented above seems the natural remedy for the difficulties just voiced. Such a language is well within the capability of the state of the art of language development today. Its production depends therefore only on the task of achieving an inter-national agreement on its specification and on its implementation. This paper will discuss the work that has been done to oateto specify and develop this language and will present a preliminary set of requirements for it. At the same time, it cautions the developers against preparing a candidate language with too many features of relatively minor importance. This would result in a language with a size and a difficulty of use which would severely limit its potential future applications. It is, of course, much better to have a simple, well documented, and widely used language than a very capable one which is so massive, unwieldy and difficult to use that it will not be accepted by the user community.
BRAF mutation predicts for MEK-dependence in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

5247 Constitutive ERK signaling is common in human cancer and is often the result of activating mutations of BRAF, RAS and upstream receptor tyrosine kinases. Missense BRAF kinase domain mutations are frequently observed in melanoma, colon and thyroid cancers and less frequently in lung and other cancer types. The vast majority (>90%) involve a glutamic acid for valine substitution at codon 600 (V600E), which results in elevated BRAF kinase activity. BRAF kinase domain mutations with intermediate and impaired kinase activity have also been identified, most frequently in NSCLC. We have previously reported that tumors with V600E BRAF mutation are selectively sensitive to MEK inhibition. Using the potent and selective MEK1/2 inhibitor PD0325901 (Pfizer), we examined a panel of NSCLC cell lines with mutant EGFR, KRAS, and/or low, intermediate and high-activity BRAF kinase domain mutations for MEK dependence. In all but one case, EGFR, KRAS and BRAF mutations were mutually exclusive with the exception being a cell line with concurrent NRAS and intermediate activity BRAF mutations. Consistent with our prior results, NSCLC cells with V600E BRAF mutation were exquisitely sensitive to MEK inhibition (PD0325901 IC50 of 2nM). The proliferation of cells with non-V600E mutations, including those with high (G469A), intermediate (L597V) and impaired (G466V) kinase activities, was also MEK dependent with IC50’s ranging between 2.7 and 80 nM. Inhibition of MEK in these cells resulted in downregulation of cyclin D1 and G1 growth arrest, with variable induction of apoptosis. Despite high basal ERK activity, NSCLC tumor cells with EGFR mutation were uniformly resistant to MEK inhibition (at doses of up to 500nM), despite effective and prolonged inhibition of ERK phosphorylation. Tumor cells with RAS mutation had a more variable response, with some cell lines demonstrating sensitivity, while others were completely resistant. There was no correlation between basal ERK activity and sensitivity to MEK inhibition. A strong inverse correlation between Akt activity and PD0325901 sensitivity was observed. These results suggest that MEK inhibition may be useful therapeutically in tumors with V600E and non-V600E BRAF kinase domain mutations. The results also suggest that inhibition of both MEK and Akt signaling may be required in NSCLC tumors with high basal AKT activity.
A Rare Case of Seasonal Episodic Paroxysmal Hemicrania (P1.206)

Objective: To describe a case of seasonal episodic paroxysmal hemicrania and highlight the rarity of this entity. Background: Paroxysmal hemicrania belongs to the Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalgia (TAC) spectrum of headache disorders characterized by short lasting unilateral headaches associated with autonomic features. Seasonal variants of this entity are rare with only a handful of cases reported in the literature. Design/Methods: A 53-year old healthy woman with no headache or seasonal allergies history presented with 2 years of severe pressure-like left hemicranial short lasting headaches occurring 10–15 times a day only during the spring and summer season with no episodes of headache during the remainder of the year. The headaches are associated with left orbital pain and otalgia, lacrimation, nasal congestion and nausea. No triggers are identified and no nocturnal awakenings from these headaches occur. Results: Neurological examination was normal. Contrast enhanced MRI of the brain was normal. Based on the ICHD 3-beta criteria the patient was diagnosed with paroxysmal hemicrania and advised to use indomethacin during the spring and summer seasons for preventing the headaches with good response. Conclusions: Seasonal episodic paroxysmal hemicrania is a rare headache disorder which should be considered by neurologists when assessing a patient with intermittent unilateral headaches associated with autonomic features, occurring only during particular seasons; especially when no identified cause is found. Potential misdiagnosis of this headache as seasonal allergies may occur. Involvement of the hypothalamus with variation of melatonin production from the hypothalamic nuclei in response to change in daylight duration during various seasons has been proposed as the mechanism of circannual rhythmicity of these headaches. Disclosure: Dr. Rath has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nouh has nothing to disclose.
Talent versus Effort: Effects of gender differences in music education

Teacher expectations have been studied in many different settings. One place where they have not been investigated is music education. 167 psychology students participated in a study designed to put them in the position of a teacher or advisor. They were asked whether they would encourage a male or female student to pursue a career in music. They then rated the importance of talent and effort to that student’s success or failure. It was expected that attributions of talent and effort would be different for male and female students. It was found that there are some pattern differences in these attributions.
Biology of human megakaryocyte factor V

To learn more about human megakaryocyte coagulation cofactor V (FV), we studied the expression of this protein in normal bone marrow megakaryocytes and in megakaryocytes cloned from their colony-forming unit in FV-depleted plasma clot cultures. Mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against either the light chain or an activation peptide of human FV and a rabbit polyclonal, monospecific FV antiserum were used as probes for these experiments in conjunction with a variety of immunochemical detection techniques. All morphologically recognizable megakaryocytes were shown to contain FV. The origin of this protein appeared to be both from FV bound to the cell as well as from endogenous FV in the majority of cells examined. The existence of a population of small bone marrow mononuclear cells that simultaneously expressed platelet glycoproteins and FV was also noted. Such cells represented approximately 70% of all small cells positive for platelet glycoproteins. In contrast, only about 40% of megakaryocyte colonies cloned in FV-deficient medium contained cells with immunochemically detectable FV. FV expression was most clearly demonstrated in large cells in the colonies, whereas smaller, presumably less mature cells labeled weakly or not at all. Synthesis of FV by human megakaryocytes was documented using elutriation-enriched cells incubated in 35S-methionine-containing medium. Megakaryocyte lysates and medium conditioned by these cells were subjected to immunoaffinity column purification. Column eluates analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography revealed radioactive bands comigrating with the heavy and light chains of thrombin-activated FV. These studies suggest that human megakaryocytes both bind and synthesize FV. Expression of these traits appears to be related to cell maturation, with binding ability appearing earlier than the ability to synthesize this protein. Finally, although the ability to bind FV appears to be universal among megakaryocytes, our culture data suggest that synthesis may be a restricted, or constitutively expressed property of these cells.
Templates for Action

The feature of a brain state that tends to produce some specified experiential feedback can reasonably be expected to be a highly organized large-scale pattern of brain activity that, to be effective, must endure for a period of perhaps tens or hundreds of milliseconds. It must endure for an extended period in order to be able to bring into being the coordinated sequence of neuron firings needed to produce the intended feedback. Thus the neural (or brain) correlate of an intentional act should be something like a collection of the vibratory modes of a drumhead in which many particles move in a coordinated way for an extended period of time.
HIFiRE-5b Flow Computations and Attitude Determination via Comparison with Flight Data

Laminar and turbulent flow computations are carried out for a range of conditions bounding the flight conditions of the Hypersonic International Flight Research and Experimentation (HIFiRE) 5b lami...
Preferences for health economics presentations among vaccine policymakers and researchers

Abstract Purpose Measure the preferences of decision makers and researchers associated with the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding the recommended format for presenting health economics studies to the ACIP. Methods We conducted key informant interviews and an online survey of current ACIP work group members, and current and previous ACIP voting members, liaison representatives, and ex-officio members to understand preferences for health economics presentations. These preferences included the presentation of results and sensitivity analyses, the role of health economics studies in decision making, and strategies to improve guidelines for presenting health economics studies. Best-worst scaling was used to measure the relative value of seven attributes of health economics presentations in vaccine decision making. Results The best-worst scaling survey had a response rate of 51% (n = 93). Results showed that summary results were the most important attribute for decision making (mean importance score: 0.69) and intermediate outcomes and disaggregated results were least important (mean importance score: −0.71). Respondents without previous health economics experience assigned sensitivity analysis lower importance and relationship of the results to other studies higher importance than the experienced group (sensitivity analysis scores: −0.15 vs. 0.15 respectively; relationship of the results: 0.13 vs. −0.12 respectively). Key informant interviews identified areas for improvement to include additional information on the quality of the analysis and increased role for liaisons familiar with health economics. Conclusion Additional specificity in health economics presentations could allow for more effective presentations of evidence for vaccine decision making.
Hypothalamic POMC or MC4R deficiency impairs counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia in mice.

Abstract Objective Life-threatening hypoglycemia is a major limiting factor in the management of diabetes. While it is known that counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia are impaired in diabetes, molecular mechanisms underlying the reduced responses remain unclear. Given the established roles of the hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC)/melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) circuit in regulating sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity and the SNS in stimulating counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia, we hypothesized that hypothalamic POMC as well as MC4R, a receptor for POMC derived melanocyte stimulating hormones, is required for normal hypoglycemia counterregulation. Methods To test the hypothesis, we induced hypoglycemia or glucopenia in separate cohorts of mice deficient in either POMC or MC4R in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) or the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), respectively, and measured their circulating counterregulatory hormones. In addition, we performed a hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamp study to further validate the function of MC4R in hypoglycemia counterregulation. We also measured Pomc and Mc4r mRNA levels in the ARC and PVH, respectively, in the streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mouse model and non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice to delineate molecular mechanisms by which diabetes deteriorates the defense systems against hypoglycemia. Finally, we treated diabetic mice with the MC4R agonist MTII, administered stereotaxically into the PVH, to determine its potential for restoring the counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia in diabetes. Results Stimulation of epinephrine and glucagon release in response to hypoglycemia or glucopenia was diminished in both POMC- and MC4R-deficient mice, relative to their littermate controls. Similarly, the counterregulatory response was impaired in association with decreased hypothalamic Pomc and Mc4r expression in the diabetic mice, a phenotype that was not reversed by insulin treatment which normalized glycemia. In contrast, infusion of an MC4R agonist in the PVH restored the counterregulatory response in diabetic mice. Conclusion In conclusion, hypothalamic Pomc as well as Mc4r, both of which are reduced in type 1 diabetic mice, are required for normal counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia. Therefore, enhancing MC4R function may improve hypoglycemia counterregulation in diabetes.
Management of Symptom Flares and Patient-reported Flare Triggers in Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS)-Findings From One Site of the MAPP Research Network.

Abstract Objective To document patient-reported interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) flare management strategies and triggers. Materials and Methods Twenty-four male and 29 female participants enrolled at the Washington University site of the MAPP Research Network completed a questionnaire on strategies they utilized to manage flares and factors they believed triggered their flares (eg, specific food items, physical activities, sexual activities, infections, and stress). Participants were also asked about the diurnal timing of their flares. Results A total of 96.2% of participants reported having ever experienced a symptom flare. Participants treated or managed their flares using a wide variety of strategies, ranging from common strategies, such as drinking additional water or fluid (74.5%), to less common strategies, such as acupuncture/acupressure (5.9% of participants). Participants also reported a wide range of perceived flare triggers, including previously reported factors (citrus fruits, tomatoes, spicy food, alcoholic and caffeinated beverages, driving/sitting in forms of transportation, urinary tract infections, stress, and tight clothing), as well as some less common, previously undocumented factors (eg, certain foods, nongenitourinary infections, wearing high-heeled shoes/boots or perfume, hair dye, and toothpaste). In general, female participants and those with somatic sensory hypersensitivity reported greater numbers of therapies and triggers. Finally, flares were reported most commonly in the afternoon or evening. Conclusion IC/BPS participants reported diverse flare management strategies and numerous perceived triggers. These findings, together with those from the small body of literature to date, provide a wide array of candidates and hypotheses for future global and tailored flare management and prevention interventions.
SPATIAL DISPLACEMENT OF THREE DIMENSIONAL ELECTROANATOMIC MAPPING POINTS DURING PREMATURE VENTRICULAR COMPLEXES VERSUS SINUS RHYTHM

Point-by-point 3D electroanatomic mapping is used to guide catheter ablation of PVCs. Due to differences in the spatial excursion of the cardiac chambers during cardiac cycles in PVCs versus sinus rhythm, 3D location registration during PVCs may be shifted relative to sinus rhythm. In this study, we
Post Conference Contribution

Stable room temperature laser action was achieved from the H3 color center in diamond. Laser emission peaked at 540 nm when a 2-mm-thick diamond was pumped longitudinally with 494-nm dye laser beam at 10 Hz repetition rate.