cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
4.3.4 NASA Technology Assessment Using Real‐Options Valuation

We examine the use of real-options valuation in the context of prioritizing advanced technologies for NASA funding. Further, we offer a set of computational procedures that quantifies the option value of each technology. Other researchers have applied a real-options framework to private sector investments. In the case of NASA investments in advanced technologies, the underlying products, which must be used to justify the investments, are nearly pure public goods—in particular, space-related scientific results and discoveries to be shared worldwide. As in the private sector, uncertainty plays a significant role in the motivation to use real options in NASA. Uncertainty in NASA technology investments can be classified as development risk and programmatic risk (whether missions using the technology will actually fly). The latter might be called the technology's “market risk.” We carried out the approach on a number of planetary exploration technologies. We illustrate the detailed calculations using one of them — lightweight propellant tank technology.
Detection of Atrial Fibrillation With Concurrent Holter Monitoring and Continuous Cardiac Telemetry Following Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major risk factor for recurrent ischemic stroke. We aimed to compare the detection rate of AF using continuous cardiac telemetry (CCT) versus Holter monitoring in hospitalized patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). Between June 2007 and December 2008, 133 patients were admitted to an academic institution for ischemic stroke or TIA and underwent concurrent inpatient CCT and Holter monitoring. Rates of AF detection by CCT and Holter monitoring were compared using the McNemar paired proportion test. Among the 133 patients, 8 (6.0%) were diagnosed with new-onset AF. On average, Holter monitoring was performed for 29.8 hours, and CCT was performed for 73.6 hours. The overall rate of AF detection was higher for Holter monitoring compared with CCT (6.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.9-11.6 vs 0; 95% CI, 0-3.4; P = .008). Holter detection of AF was even higher in specific subgroups (those with an embolic infarct pattern, those age >65 years, and those with coronary artery disease). Holter monitoring detected AF in 6% of hospitalized ischemic stroke and TIA patients, with higher proportions in high-risk subgroups. Compared with CCT, Holter monitoring is significantly more likely to detect arrhythmias.
Commissioning and clinical implementation of a mega-voltage cone beam CT system for treatment localization

The improvement in conformal radiotherapy techniques with steep dose gradients has allowed for the delivery of higher doses to a tumor volume while maintaining the sparing of surrounding normal tissue. In this situation, verification of patient setup and evaluation of internal organ motion just prior to radiation delivery is a crucial step. To this end, several volumetric image-guided techniques have been developed for patient localization, such as the Siemens MVision mega-voltage cone beam CT (MV-CBCT) system. In this work, the commissioning and clinical implementation of the MVision system is presented. The geometry and gain calibration procedures for the system are described, and guidelines for quality assurance procedures are provided. Different MV-CBCT clinical protocols, ranging from daily to weekly image-guidance, which includes image acquisition, reconstruction, registration with planning CT, and treatment couch offsets corrections, were commissioned. The image quality characteristics of the MVision system were measured and assessed qualitatively and quantitatively, including the imagenoise and uniformity, low-contrast resolution, and spatial resolution. Furthermore, the image reconstruction and registration software was evaluated. Data show that a 2 cm large object with 1 % electron density contrast can be detected with the MVision system with 10 cGy at isocenter and that the registration software is accurate within 2 mm in the anterior-posterior, left-right, and superior-inferior directions.
Comparative in vitro activity of A-56268 (TE-031), a new macrolide antibiotic.

The in vitro activity of A-56268 (TE-031) was determined by either standard agar dilution or macrobroth tube dilution and comapred with erythromycin and other antimicrobial agents against 329 clinical aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates. A-56268 showed good to excellent in vitro activity against methicillin-sensitiveStaphylococcus aureus,Neisseria meningitidis, and most anaerobes tested with the exception ofBacteroides fragilis isolates. A-56268 had relatively poor activity against coagulase-negative staphylococci and methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus. Except forHaemo philus spp., the activity of A-56268 was similar to or more potent than erythromycin against all other isolates tested. A-56268 did not have significant bactericidal activity against any of the isolates examined.
MICROSCOPY OF INTERFACES IN MODEL OXIDE COMPOSITES

Solid-state reactions are known to occur in composite materials during fabrication, processing or service. In the present study, a model approach for studying such reactions is illustrated. The goal of this approach is to understand the effects of, for example, temperature, time and other driving forces on the earliest stages of such reactions. Three different materials systems were used in order to investigate some of the fundamental processes occurring. Two of the systems involve spinel formation while the other is more complicated, since three different compounds can form between the end-members. For all of these systems a thin-film reaction geometry was utilized. High-quality thin films of the various oxides were deposited on bulk substrates by pulsed-laser deposition. NiO was deposited on four orientations of α-Al2O3 in order to study the effect of crystal orientation (and therefore interfacial structure) on the growth kinetics of the nickel–aluminate spinel. The effect of an external electric field at elevated temperatures on the spinel-forming reaction between Fe oxide and monocrystalline (001) MgO has been analysed. Thin films of Y2O3 were reacted with monocrystalline substrates of α-Al2O3 at elevated temperatures to determine the reaction sequence: up to three different yttrium aluminates can form.
Use of a subjective prior distribution for the reliability of computer software

In the development of large-scale computer software and in the management of the development process, it is often useful to model the reliability and the cost of development of these software packages. There have been many papers that develop models and show their usefulness as management tools. The models that use Bayesian methodology assume that a prior distribution is given. Our paper offers a methodology of assessing a prior distribution subjectively. Two computer programs have been developed for this particular purpose: One assesses a subjective prior distribution and the other suggests a family of probability functions. The importance of consistent prior distributions is twofold. First, these distributions reflect consistent initial predictions because they are developed by a structured process. Second, these distributions are the starting point for applying Bayes' theorem to develop the posterior distribution by modifying the prior distribution with actual data available later.
Liberalization of donor criteria in lung and heart-lung transplantation

Since March 1986, we have performed 26 heart-lung transplantations, 42 single-lung transplantations, 9 bilateral single-lung transplantations, and 1 double-lung transplantation. The original lung donor requirements were as follows: age less than 40 years, no smoking history; no gram-negative rods or fungus on sputum Gram stain; arterial oxygen tension greater than 140 mm Hg on an inspired oxygen fraction of 0.40; no infiltrate or pneumothorax on the chest radiograph; and donor height within 15 cm (6 inches) of recipient height. As the number of potential recipients increased, so did the waiting time. To counter this delay, during the past year we have liberalized our donor criteria. We now accept lung donors up to age 60 years. Any kind of smoking history is acceptable unless there is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or pulmonary fibrosis on the chest radiograph. Sputum must be free from fungus, but gram-negative rods are treated with appropriate antibiotics. The arterial oxygen tension on an inspired oxygen fraction of 0.40 should be greater than 100 mm Hg, and a small pulmonary infiltrate is not worrisome. This liberalization of the donor pool for lung and heart-lung transplantation has not adversely affected early outcome.
Making big data, in theory

In this paper, I explore four conceptual interventions that can contribute to the “big theory” sorely needed in regard to big data. This includes temporality and the possibilities of “dated theory,” the implicit histories of the meta- prefix shaping notions of metadata, “the dialectic of surveillance and recognition,” and questions of interpretation understood in terms of “rotted data” and “thick data.” In developing these concepts, I seek to expand frameworks for addressing issues of time, context, and power. It is vital that a vibrant theoretical discussion shape emerging regimes of “big data,” as these regimes are poised to play an important role regarding the mutual constitution of technology and society.
The in vitro maintenance of the apical ectodermal ridge of the chick embryo wing bud: an assay for polarizing activity.

Abstract We have devised an in vitro bioassay for limb bud polarizing activity in the chick embryo. This assay has proven to be a relatively quick and effective test for a morphogenetic factor asymmetrically distributed in the limb bud which is capable of maintaining or thickening the apical ectodermal ridge. A small section of the preaxial border of the chick embryo wing bud was cultured alone, with tissue from the posterior border, mid-dorsal or anterior corner of a second donor wing, or from the flank. The tissue from the preaxial border (responding tissue) consisted of mesoderm with overlying ectoderm and apical ectodermal ridge. When the responding tissue was cultured alone, with flank, or with anterior corner limb tissue, the apical ectodermal ridge flattened in 24–36 hr and many macrophages appeared in the underlying mesoderm. When cultured with posterior border limb tissue however, the apical ridge of the responding tissue remained thickened for up to 48 hr., and no macrophages appear in the underlying mesoderm. The behavior of responding tissue was intermediate between these two extremes when cultured with mid-dorsal limb tissue. The morphogenetic activity assayed by this procedure thus seems to be present as a gradient in the wing bud, with activity decreasing from posterior to anterior. Contact with the responding tissue is not required to enable posterior border tissue to elicit ridge thickening and inhibit the cell death.
CONSTITUTIVE SECRETION OF EXOGENOUS NEUROTRANSMITTER BY NONNEURONAL CELLS : IMPLICATIONS FOR NEURONAL SECRETION

Fibroblasts in cell culture were loaded with exogenous neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). ACh secretion from loaded cells was detected by whole-cell patch clamp recordings from Xenopus myocytes manipulated into contact with ACh-loaded cells. Two different approaches were used for ACh loading. In the first approach, fibroblasts were incubated in the culture medium containing ACh. Recordings from myocytes revealed fast inward currents that resemble miniature endplate currents found at neuromuscular synapses. The currents observed in recordings from myocytes were due to exocytosis of ACh-containing vesicles. Although exogenous ACh penetrated through the plasma membrane of fibroblasts during incubation and was present in the cytoplasm at detectable levels, cytoplasmic ACh did not contribute to the quantal ACh secretion. In the second approach, exogenous ACh was loaded into the cytoplasm of fibroblasts by microinjection. Under these experimental conditions, fibroblasts also exhibited spontaneous quantal ACh secretion. Analysis of the exocytotic events in fibroblasts following two different protocols of ACh loading revealed that the vesicular compartments responsible for uptake of exogenous ACh are associated with the endocytic recycling pathway. Extrapolation of our results to neuronal cells suggest that in cholinergic neurons, in addition to genuine synaptic vesicles, ACh can be secreted by the vesicles participating in endosomal membrane recycling.
New gelling systems to fabricate complex-shaped transparent ceramics

The aim of this work was to prepare transparent ceramics with large size and complex-shapes by a new water-soluble gelling agent poly(isobutylene-alt-maleic anhydride). Alumina was used as an example of the application of the new gelling system. A stable suspension with 38vol% was prepared by ball milling. Trapped bubbles were removed before casting to obtain homogenous green bodies. The microstructure and particle distribution of alumina raw material were tested. The thermal behavior of the alumina green body was investigated, which exhibited low weight loss when compared with other gelling processes. The influence of solid loading and gelling agent addition were studied on the basis of rheological behavior of the suspension. The microstructures of alumina powders, green bodies before and after de-bindering process, were compared to understand the gelling condition between alumina particles and gelling agent.
The reappraisal of the cultural revolution

Especially in the wake of the June 4 incident, some scholars have called for a second look at the “Rebel” activism of the Cultural Revolution. They identify the Rebel movement as a quest for self‐liberation from oppression and criticize the Deng regime's confounding Rebel opposition to totalitarian domination with the Gang of Four's totalitarian terror. This essay questions the reappraisal, arguing that while Rebel ideology may have been a step toward democracy, it was not itself fully democratic, and that it has lost much of its democratic relevance.
Fugacity coefficients of saturated water from molecular simulation

We apply isothermal-isobaric Monte Carlo molecular simulation to measure the vapor-phase fugacity coefficients and equation of state of three fixed-charge models of water: SPC/E, MSPC/E, and TIP3P. State conditions correspond to the experimental vapor-liquid saturation pressures for temperatures between 292.65 and 386.85 K. The results are compared to the experimental data for water vapor. We also examine properties as given by the application of the virial equation of state, using values of the second virial coefficients computed by us or that have been previously reported (in some cases up to third virial coefficients) for the models simulated here. The models show significant deviation from ideal-gas behavior, considerably more than seen experimentally, and a second-order virial treatment does not fully characterize the behavior. This deviation from experiment is consistent with the expected failings of fixed-charge models developed for liquid phases, when applied to the vapor. A virial-equation treatment of a fluctuating-charge model (TIP4P/fq) and the polarizable point charge model (PPC) indicates that the vapor-phase properties of these models will be much more in line with experimental fugacities and densities along the coexistence line.
Recurrent Vomiting in a Child

To the Editor.— In the QUESTION AND ANSWER section1of the Sept 7, 1984, issue ofThe Journal, the evaluation of recurrent vomiting in a child is discussed. When evaluating a child for recurrent vomiting, careful consideration should also be given to the possibility of intermittent hydronephrosis. A child with partial ureteral pelvic junction obstruction can produce hydronephrosis sufficient to cause vomiting that then resolves with dehydration. Examination while in the hospital often shows a normal collecting system bilaterally. A diuretic challenge of this collecting system is sometimes necessary to detect the inadequacy of the ureteral pelvic junction.
Iron‐phosphorous interactions in bush beans

Abstract Phosphorous deficiency and P excess in bush bains (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar Improved Tendergreen) both decreased Fe levels in leaves. The two highest P levels resulted in a trend of decreasing root growth at both low and high Fe levels. The leaf/root ratios of dry weight were increased as P levels increased as a result of decreased root growth.
De Quervain's tenosynovitis in patients with lymphedema: a report of 2 cases with management approach.

Abstract Lin JT, Stubblefield MD. De Quervain's tenosynovitis in patients with lymphedema: a report of 2 cases with management approach. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:1554–7. De Quervain's tenosynovitis is a tendonitis of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons. It commonly occurs as a result of overuse and is often seen in patients who perform repetitive activities. The occurrence of de Quervain's tenosynovitis in lymphedema has not been reported, nor has the management of de Quervain's tenosynovitis been discussed in the literature for patients whose lymphedema results from cancer or other disorders. Musculoskeletal conditions in lymphedema patients often require special considerations because these patients are more susceptible to infections and other complications. We describe the rehabilitation management of de Quervain's tenosynovitis in 2 patients with lymphedema secondary to breast carcinoma. Both patients responded to conservative management with a good clinical outcome. We conclude that a conservative initial management approach consisting of the continued wear of a compression garment, the fabrication of a custom-made thumb spica, occupational therapy with an emphasis on tendon gliding exercises, and prescription of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug is effective and safe.
Testosterone-induced enhancement of male medial preoptic tissue transplant volume in female recipients: a possible neuronotrophic action.

Abstract To characterize further the action of gonadal hormones on the development of the brain, this study was designed to test the ability of testosterone treatment to modify the volume of male brain tissue transplants in female recipients. One-day-old females, in addition to having either medial preoptic area (MPOA) or caudate nucleus (CN) tissue from neonatal males bilaterally implanted into their own MPOA, also received a subcutaneous injection of either 200 μg testosterone propionate (TP) or oil concurrently, and on the following 4 days. All recipients were sacrificed at 30 days of age postnatally. An analysis of male transplant volumes indicated that MPOA transplants in oil-treated recipients were substantially reduced in size (0.06 ± 0.01 mm3) compared with the initial transplant volume of 0.19 mm3. However, MPOA transplants in recipients treated with TP showed a 79% increase above the initial transplant volume (to 0.34 ± 0.05 mm3). The resulting 5- to 6-fold difference in MPOA transplant volume between oil and TP treated animals was highly significant. In sharp contrast, the same TP treatment to recipients receiving male CN transplants resulted in no enhancement of transplant volume. Therefore, transplants involving a brain area known to concentrate 3H-labeled testosterone neonatally (i.e. the MPOA) responded to TP treatment with an enhancement of volume which was not observed for transplants consisting of brain tissue not known to concentrate 3H-labeled testosterone (i.e. the CN). The above results suggest that testosterone is a ‘neuronotrophic” agent during development that acts specifically on cells within steroid-sensitive brain areas, perhaps to prevent neuronal death within these areas.
Upper bound on baryogenesis scale from neutrino masses

Abstract We examine the constraints on baryogenesis if anomalous weak baryon violation is in thermal equilibrium at high temperatures. If neutrinos have Majorana masses, there is an upper bound on the scale of baryogenesis: T0≲1012 GeV(1 eV/mν)2, where mν is the mass of the lightest neutrino, and no baryon number is generated at temperatures below T0.
Blending service provider–client project teams to achieve client trust: Implications for project team trust, cohesion, and performance

The objective of the present research is to examine the effectiveness of “teaming with the client,” using blended service provider–client teams as an organizational strategy for achieving effective co-production engagements. The results show that having a blended team creates a more trusting relationship between the project manager and client. The client's trust results in greater team trust, team cohesion, and team performance. However, the research also demonstrates an important limitation to the use of blended teams. In blended teams, when the client does not trust the project manager, significant problems arise for the team itself as compared to non-blended teams.
Domestic contention on critical foreign-policy issues: the case of the United States

Variations in domestic contention on foreign policy, particularly variations of a cyclical nature within the United States, have been often identified but not explained. Changes in international interactions on global issues affect domestic contention. Such external events as the rise of new global issues, the emergence of crises, moves toward accommodation and resolution, war, and foreign-policy failure are related to the diverse forms that domestic contention can take. U.S. domestic contention, both in the recent past and in the short-term future, illustrates particularly well how hard-liners and accommodationists battle over the lessons of history.
Metal-catalysed azidation of tertiary C–H bonds suitable for late-stage functionalization

Many enzymes oxidize unactivated aliphatic C-H bonds selectively to form alcohols; however, biological systems do not possess enzymes that catalyse the analogous aminations of C-H bonds. The absence of such enzymes limits the discovery of potential medicinal candidates because nitrogen-containing groups are crucial to the biological activity of therapeutic agents and clinically useful natural products. In one prominent example illustrating the importance of incorporating nitrogen-based functionality, the conversion of the ketone of erythromycin to the -N(Me)CH2- group in azithromycin leads to a compound that can be dosed once daily with a shorter treatment time. For such reasons, synthetic chemists have sought catalysts that directly convert C-H bonds to C-N bonds. Most currently used catalysts for C-H bond amination are ill suited to the intermolecular functionalization of complex molecules because they require excess substrate or directing groups, harsh reaction conditions, weak or acidic C-H bonds, or reagents containing specialized groups on the nitrogen atom. Among C-H bond amination reactions, those forming a C-N bond at a tertiary alkyl group would be particularly valuable, because this linkage is difficult to form from ketones or alcohols that might be created in a biosynthetic pathway by oxidation. Here we report a mild, selective, iron-catalysed azidation of tertiary C-H bonds that occurs without excess of the valuable substrate. The reaction tolerates aqueous environments and is suitable for the functionalization of complex structures in the late stages of a multistep synthesis. Moreover, this azidation makes it possible to install a range of nitrogen-based functional groups, including those from Huisgen 'click' cycloadditions and the Staudinger ligation. We anticipate that these reactions will create opportunities to modify natural products, their precursors and their derivatives to produce analogues that contain different polarity and charge as a result of nitrogen-containing groups. It could also be used to help identify targets of biologically active molecules by creating a point of attachment--for example, to fluorescent tags or 'handles' for affinity chromatography--directly on complex molecular structures.
Hookworm larval infectivity, arrest and amphiparatenesis: the Caenorhabditis elegans daf-c paradigm

Arrested development dramatically alters the life history of some species of soil-transmitted nematodes and elicits profound variations in the epidemiology of the infections they cause. Here, Peter Hotez, John Hawdon and Gerhard Schad show how an understanding of the cellular and molecular bases of arrested development may lead to new approaches for the control of ancylostomiasis and related infections.
Maternal drinking behavior and decreased intrauterine growth.

Reduced intrauterine growth has been a widely observed effect of maternal alcohol use during pregnancy in both animals and humans, although results in studies of humans have been inconsistent. The goal of this prospective study was to evaluate the relative importance of volume, frequency, and beverage source of alcohol as determinants of infant birthweight, while adjusting for other known determinants using multivariate techniques. In a sample of 5,093 maternal-infant pairs, 44 potential determinants of intrauterine growth were evaluated. The frequency of beer drinking, controlled for wine drinking, liquor drinking, and other variables, was found to contribute independently to a reduction of intrauterine growth, as measured by birth-weight adjusted for gestational age. Of the variables explored, 11, including cigarette smoking and caffeine intake, were found to contribute significantly (R2= 32%; p < 0.001) to the variance. The effect of beer drinking was most apparent in the most frequently drinking 3% of gravidas. These results appear to confirm a previous suggestion that heavy beer drinking during pregnancy is related to decreased intrauterine growth, but should be interpreted cautiously since there are several alternative explanations for the finding. Thus, these results suggest several areas for further investigation.
Intelligent control system using Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence

This paper presents an intelligent control system for robust and adaptive control of non-linear, time-variant systems operating under uncertain conditions. The approach is based on Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence and Dempster’s rule for combining beliefs. The approach can handle systems with multiple sensors and multiple sources of disturbance. Sensor with different and nonlinear characteristics can also be integrated in this approach.
An Ambiguity in Fermionic String Perturbation Theory

Abstract Recent investigation by Verlinde and Verlinde has shown that the fermionic string loop amplitudes change by a total derivative term in the moduli space under a change of basis of the supermoduli. This ambiguity is addressed in the context of the heterotic string theory, and shown to be a consequence of an inherent ambiguity in defining integration over the variables of a Grassmann algebra—in this case the Grassmann-valued coordinates of the supermoduli space. A resolution of this ambiguity in genus-two within this formalism is also presented.
Nonlinear distortion of signals radiated by vibroseis sources

A model of nonlinearity of the contact between the vibrator baseplate and the ground is proposed to describe the distortion of vibroseis signals in the near-field. A thin layer between the baseplate and the soil exhibits a strong nonlinear response because of the difference in its rigidity between the compression and tension phases. The model allows for a quantitative description of the transmission of seismic energy into the ground, including the observed harmonic distortion. However, the contact nonlinearity does not lead to the dependence of wave traveltimes on the amplitude of the force applied to the ground. This fact can be used in field observations to localize the source of the observed harmonic distortion.
Assessment of the relationship of sperm morphology with seminal and other clinical conditions of semen donors

The occurrence of abnormal forms of spermatozoa in human semen is quite common. According to WHO, semen is considered normal even if it contains 50% morphologically abnormal spermatozoa. This study assessed whether the sperm morphology maintains any relation with the relevant clinical conditions of the semen donor. One hundred samples representing normal and different types of male factor etiologies underwent semen and morphological analysis. Clinical information such as race, age, weight, profession, medication, medical history, and smoking habit of the semen contributors were recorded. The influence of seminal and clinical features on sperm morphology was evaluated with multiple regression analysis. Head abnormalities were more common than tail abnormalities. Acrosomal defects and coiled tails were the most prevalent head and tail abnormalities, respectively. Regression analysis failed to confirm any strong association between sperm morphology and other seminal parameters. Accessory gland-related seminal parameters such as viscosity, volume, pH, and liquefaction showed the least association with the morphological variability. Sperm morphology also showed poor correlation with race, age, weight, smoking habit, and work environment.
Simulated water adsorption isotherms in carbon nanopores

Water adsorption isotherms are calculated by grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations for the SPC/E water model in carbon nanopores at 298 K. The pores are of slit or cylindrical morphology. Carbon-slit pores are of widths 0.8, 1.0 and 1.6 nm. The simulated single-walled carbon nanotubes are of 1.4 and 2.7 nm diameter ((10:10) and (20:20) respectively). In all cases considered, the adsorption isotherms are characterized by negligible adsorption at low pressures, pore filling by a capillary-condensation-like mechanism and adsorption–desorption hysteresis loops. For both pore morphologies considered, the relative pressures at which pore filling occurs, and the width of the adsorption–desorption hysteresis loop decrease with decreasing pore size. Adsorption isotherms simulated for water in carbon nanotubes show pore filling at lower relative pressures and narrower adsorption–desorption hysteresis loops when compared to adsorption isotherms simulated in carbon-slit pores of similar sizes. By using representati...
The FAST Spectrograph for the Tillinghast Telescope

ABSTRACT We describe a high‐throughput optical spectrograph that has been in operation at the Cassegrain focus of the 1.5‐m Tillinghast reflector since 1994 January. FAST has a 3 \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $\arcmin$\end{document} ‐long slit and is typically operated at resolutions between 1 and 6 A. With a collimated beam diameter of ∼100 mm, FAST (with a 300 lines mm−1 grating and a 1 \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \...
A Population-Based Serologic Survey of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Children and Adolescents in the United States

To provide more accurate estimates of Helicobacter pylori infection in the US population, IgG antibody levels were measured in serum from 2581 persons aged 6-19 years examined during phase 1 of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Overall, 24.8% of participants had evidence of H. pylori infection. Infection was strongly associated with increasing age (chi 2 trend, P < .01) and being nonwhite (17.0% of non-Hispanic whites vs. 40.1% of non-Hispanic blacks and 42.0% of Mexican Americans infected). In a multivariate logistic regression model, H. pylori infection was significantly associated with increasing age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.07/year), being nonwhite (non-Hispanic black OR = 2.6 or Mexican American OR = 1.8), poverty (OR = 1.5), crowding (OR = 5.6), and head of household education level (OR = 1.8). In Mexican Americans, infection was associated with birth outside the United States or Canada in the univariate analyses but was not significantly associated after adjustment for age, poverty, crowding, and head of household education level.
Using a rotating test pattern for MTF measurement of staring array sensors

This paper describes the use of a rotating test pattern or reticle to measure the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of a staring array sensor. The method finds the Edge Spread Function (ESF) from which the MTF can be calculated. The rotating reticle method of finding the ESF of a sensor has several advantages over the static tilted edge method. The need for precise edge alignment is removed. Motion blur is used to simultaneously average out the effect of undersampling and to oversample the edge. The improved oversampling allows reduction of the noise in the generated ESF while keeping a high resolution. A unique data readout technique reads edge data perpendicular to the edge. Perpendicular readout eliminates the need to know or estimate the slope of the tilted edge. This MTF measurement method is validated using simulation and actual data captured by a digital camera. The resulting ESF plots agree well with expected results.
Selective interaction of tricyclic antidepressants with a subclass of rat brain cholinergic muscarinic receptors

Abstract Experiments were undertaken to determine whether the anticholinergic actions of tricyclic antidepressants are mediated by a selective interaction with a subclass of muscarinic receptors. To this end, the potencies of these antidepressants to inhibit [ 3 H]-QNB binding to rat brain cerebral cortical membranes was compared to their potencies as antagonists of carbochol-stimulated inositol phosphate accumulation in cerebral cortical slices and carbachol-induced inhibition of GTP-stimulated adenylate cyclase in striatal membranes. Whereas amitriptyline was more potent than pirenzepine, a selective muscarinic M 1 receptor antagonist, in competing for [ 3 H]-QNB binding sites and as an antagonist of carbachol-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase, pirenzepine was substantially more active (ten-fold) than amitriptyline in blocking carbachol-stimulated phosphatidyl inositol turnover. Atropine was more potent than all other agents in these assays, failing to display any significant degree of selectivity. The results suggest that the tricyclic antidepressants, in particular amitriptyline, appear to be selective antagonists for muscarinic receptors associated with adenylate cyclase in striatal membranes. Given the current classification of cholinergic receptors, these findings indicate that the tricyclic antidepressants may be useful for defining the properties of M 2 receptors in brain.
New Immunomodulatory Drugs in Myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable malignancy of plasma cells. The introduction of thalidomide was a milestone in the treatment of MM. Thalidomide analogues termed immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) have been developed that are more effective and have less toxicity than thalidomide. The role of lenalidomide in relapsed MM has been well defined. This review discusses the data regarding the upfront use of lenalidomide with dexamethasone or in multidrug combinations, as well as its potential role as maintenance therapy. It also reviews our experience with pomalidomide, a new IMid with remarkable activity in relapsed, refractory MM.
A method to simplify filling data entry forms

Data entry forms are a vital part of information systems in a company or in the federal government. International Data Corporation [1] has projected that, while 44% of today's clerical force has some kind of computer terminal, electronic typewriter, or word processor, by 1986 the ratio of these devices to clerical personnel will exceed 1:1. Most of the clerical personnel will be filling data entry forms, and these data will appear on video screens.
THE DLMF PROJECT: A NEW INITIATIVE IN CLASSICAL SPECIAL FUNCTIONS

NIST (formerly, National Bureau of Standards) has started an ambitious project that aims to produce a successor to Abramowitz and Stegun’s Handbook of Mathematical Functions, published by the National Bureau of Standards in 1964 and reprinted by Dover in 1965. Both editions continue to sell briskly and are widely cited in the scientific literature. However, with the many advances in the theory, computation and application of special functions that have occurred since 1960, a new standard reference is badly needed. NIST intends to satisfy this need by providing a Digital Library of Mathematical Functions (DLMF) as a free Web site together with an associated book and CD-ROM. The Web site will provide many capabilities that are impossible to provide in print media alone.
Noninvasive Evaluation of Antiangiogenic Effect in a Mouse Tumor Model by DCE-MRI with Gd-DTPA Cystamine Copolymers

The efficacy of polydisulfide-based biodegradable macromolecular Gd(III) complexes, Gd-DTPA cystamine copolymers (GDCC), for assessing tumor microvascular characteristics and monitoring antiangiogenesis therapy was investigated in a mouse model using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI). The mice bearing human colon tumor xenografts were intraperitoneally injected with an antiangiogenesis agent Avastin three times in a week at a dose of 200 μg/mouse. DCE-MRI with GDCC of 40 kDa (GDCC-40) was performed before and at 36 h after the first treatment with Avastin and at the end of treatment (7 days). Gd(DTPA-BMA) was used as a low molecular weight control. The tumor vascular parameters, endothelial transfer coefficient Ktrans and factional plasma volume fPV, were calculated from the DCE-MRI data with a two-compartment model. The Ktrans and fPV in tumor periphery estimated by DCE-MRI with GDCC-40 before and after the antiangiogenesis treatment correlated well to tumor growth before and after the treatment in...
Numerical Simulation of Cesium and Strontium Migration Through Sodium Bentonite Altered by Cation Exchange with Groundwater Components

Numerical simulations have been used to investigate how spatial and temporal changes in the ion exchange properties of bentonite affect the migration of cationic fission products from high-level waste. Simulations in which fission products compete for exchange sites with ions present in groundwater diffusing into the bentonite are compared to simulations in which the exchange properties of bentonite are constant. 12 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.
Effect of esophageal ligation on amniotic fluid volume and urinary flow rate in fetal sheep.

Abstract Objective: Although the fetus normally swallows large volumes of amniotic fluid each day, it is unclear whether amniotic fluid volume increases after fetal esophageal obstruction or whether fetal urine production changes. Our objective was to determine the effects of fetal esophageal ligation on amniotic fluid volume and urinary flow rate over time. Study Design: Seven late-gestation fetal sheep underwent esophageal ligation, and 7 served as time control animals. The urachus was ligated to eliminate urine flow to the allantoic cavity. On days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 after surgery, we measured the composition of amniotic fluid, fetal urine, and fetal and maternal blood, as well as amniotic fluid volume and fetal urinary flow rate. A 3-factor analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis. Results: Amniotic fluid volume did not change with time in the control group, averaging 876 ± 142 mL (mean ± SEM), and it decreased in the esophageal ligation group ( P =.020), averaging 309 ± 75 mL on day 9. Fetal urinary flow rate was lower ( P =.0063) in the esophageal ligation group (431 ± 27 mL/d) than in the control group (631 ± 54 mL/d). There were no differences in fetal or maternal blood compositions between the two groups. Amniotic fluid sodium and chloride increased in the ligated animals. Conclusion: Polyhydramnios did not occur after esophageal ligation, even though the fetuses excreted approximately 4000 mL of urine over the 9-day study period. This suggests that intramembranous absorption is substantially increased. With only small changes in amniotic solute concentrations, intramembranous solute absorption must occur simultaneously with water, suggesting a near-zero reflection coefficient for solutes. We speculate that fetal urine, lung secretions, or both contain a factor that increases intramembranous permeability. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:699-705.)
Treating substance use disorders in the criminal justice system.

The large number of individuals with substance use disorders involved in the nation’s criminal justice system (CJS) represents a unique opportunity, as well as challenges, in addressing the dual concerns of public safety and public health. Unfortunately, a low proportion of those who could benefit from treatment actually receive it while involved in the CJS. This article presents a review of recent research on the effectiveness of major substance abuse treatment interventions used at different possible linkage points during criminal justice case processing, including diversion, jail, prison, and community supervision. This is followed by a discussion of key research and practice issues, including low rates of treatment access and under-utilization of medication-assisted treatment. Concluding comments discuss principles of effective treatment for offenders and identify key gaps in research and practice that need to be addressed to improve and expand provision of effective treatment for offenders.
Macronutrient composition and food selection

Humans can maintain health on diets differing widely in their macronutrient content, and numerous diet recommendations have been made to maintain health and to help weight control. Net adenosine triphosphate yields during the oxidation of carbohydrate, fat, and protein come to 75%, 90%, and 55%, respectively. However, macronutrient proportions can only be varied within limits, and differences in energy dissipation achievable by macronutrient exchanges are minor. In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III data, stature explains 10% to 16% of the variance in fat-free mass in adults (the most significant predictor of resting energy expenditure), but <1% of the variance in the percentage of body fat. Thus, differences in resting energy expenditure cannot be expected to have much effect on adiposity. Recommendations designed to facilitate weight control, therefore, should be based on their potential impact on food consumption and energy intake. They should also reflect the fact that the logic for nutrient selection is not the same during weight maintenance and weight reduction. Glycogen levels, along with inherited traits and exercise habits, influence fat oxidation, and, hence, the size that the adipose tissue mass has to reach for fat oxidation to become commensurate with fat intake. Recent increases in the prevalence of obesity could have been brought about by the effect of changes in the food supply and by further declines in physical activity on habitual glycogen levels. Given that biological evolution led to food intake regulating mechanisms that are more powerful in promoting search for food than in seeking to restrain energy intake, it is not surprising that constant availability of desirable foods would lead to a high prevalence of obesity.
Excited-State Contributions to Ground-State Properties of Mixed-Valence Dimers: Spectral and Electronic-Structural Studies of [Fe2(OH)3(tmtacn)2]2+ Related to the [Fe2S2]+ Active Sites of Plant-Type Ferredoxins

The electronic transitions of the S = 9/2 class III mixed-valence dimer [Fe2(OH)3(tmtacn)2]2+ are assigned using absorption, magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), and resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopies. This set of excited-state assignments allows the relative contributions of metal−metal and metal−ligand interactions to the D3h molecular-orbital energy splittings to be estimated. From this analysis the pathway for valence delocalization in this dimer is determined to involve a significant direct Fe···Fe σ-bonding interaction. The spectroscopic analysis is supported by electronic-structure calculations, which predict a spectrum similar to that observed and provide descriptions of the dimer's molecular orbitals. These results are further supported by the observation of a significant increase in the Fe···Fe internuclear separation with σ−σ* excitation, determined by vibronic analysis of the σ−σ* absorption band shape and associated RR excitation profiles. Combined, these results provide a measure of the geome...
Tantalum oxide and wound healing; experimental study.

SummarySmall cutaneous defects on the abdomen of guinea pigs were treated with sterile tantalum oxide powder. The healing time of these wounds was compared with that of control wounds dressed with sterile gauze or sterile talc. No consistent acceleration of healing of the tantalum oxide-treated wounds could be demonstrated under the conditions of the experiment.
Self-calibration of eye-hand coordination system with decentralized data fusion

A method of automatically reducing uncertainties and calibrating possible biases involved in sensed data and extracted features by a system based on the geometric data fusion is presented. The perception net, as a structural representation of the sensing capabilities of a system, connects features of various levels of abstraction, referred to here as logical sensors, with their functional relationships such as feature transformations, data fusions, and constraints to be satisfied. The net maintains the consistency of logical sensors based on the forward propagation of uncertainties as well as the backward propagation of constraint errors. A novel geometric data fusion algorithm is presented as a unified framework for computing forward and backward propagation through which the net achieves the self-reduction of uncertainties and self- calibration of biases. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through simulation.
Results of anger control training for battering couples

This paper describes progress made by violence-prone spouses and parents in keeping their anger under control and stopping themselves from battering other family members. A total of 134 subjects took part in a 10-week structured group therapy program. All had experienced violence in their family, either as a perpetrator or as a victim. After anger control training 85 % of the families were free of further violence and remained so, according to an independent survey completed 6–8 months later.
Heat transfer in vertical zone melting of poor thermal conductors

Abstract Buoyancy-driven heat transfer within a vertical molten zone and the positions of the interfaces relative to the heater are shown to be mutually dependent for poor thermal conductors. The coupling would be much reduced for good thermal conductors. Heat transfer coefficients between the bulk zone and the interfaces were determined by two methods: (1) measurements of axial temperature gradients, combined with an interfacial temperature balance, and (2) measurements of the positions of the interfaces, combined with an approximate one-dimensional heat transfer analysis. The two sets of results were in reasonable agreement when both interfaces were outside the heater, but data obtained using the one-dimensional analysis were significantly lower when the bottom interface was within the heater. The data obtained from the temperature measurements were satisfactorily correlated.
Police managers and their perceptions of higher education

Abstract The authors investigate beliefs held by police chiefs pertinent to higher education in the United States. Three distinct attitude patterns are derived empirically, which have implications for recruitment, promotion and staffing assignment processes within police departments, as well as implications for law enforcement education. The recommendations of the 1967 President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice are evaluated in light of the findings.