cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute postoperative pain in children

References: 1. Wujtewicz M, Maciejewski D, Misiolek H et al.: Use of dexmedetomidine in the adult intensive care unit. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther 2013; 45: 235−2340. doi: 10.5603/AIT.2013.0045. 2. Chrysostomou C: Dexmedetomidine: should it be standard after pediatric cardiac surgery? Pediatr Crit Care Med 2012; 13: 696−697. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0b013e31825b84f4. 3. Whalen LD, DiGennaro IL, Irby GA, Yanay O, Zimmerman JJ: Long-term dexmedetomidine use and safety profile among critically ill children and neonates. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014; 15: 706−714. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000200. 4. Enomoto Y, Kudo T, Saito T et al.: Prolonged use of dexmedetomidine in an infant with respiratory failure following living donor liver transplantation. Paediatr Anaesth 2006;16: 1285−1288. 5. Chrysostomou C, Schulman SR, Herrera Castellanos M et al.: A phase II/III, multicenter, safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic study of dexmedetomidine in preterm and term neonates. J Pediatr 2014; 164: 276−282. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.10.002. 6. Sheta SA, Al-Sarheed MA, Abdelhalim AA: Intranasal dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for premedication in children undergoing complete dental rehabilitation: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Paediatr Anaesth 2014; 24: 181−189. doi: 10.1111/pan.12287. 7. Tokuhira N, Atagi K, Shimaoka H, Ujiro A, Otsuka Y, Ramsay M: Dexmedetomidine sedation for pediatric post-Fontan procedure patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2009; 10: 207−212. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181 9a3a3e. 8. Mester R, Easley RB, Brady KM, Chilson K, Tobias JD: Monitored anesthesia care with a combination of ketamine and dexmedetomidine during cardiac catheterization. Am J Ther 2008; 15: 24−30. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0b013e3180a72255. 9. Chrysostomou C, Morell VO, Wearden P, Sanchez-de-Toledo J, Jooste EH, Beerman L: Dexmedetomidine: therapeutic use for the termination of reentrant supraventricular tachycardia. Congenit Heart Dis 2013; 8: 48−56. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-0803.2012.00669.x. 10. Dawes J, Myers D, Gorges M, Zhou G, Ansermino JM, Montgomery CJ: Identifying a rapid bolus dose of dexmedetomidine (ED50) with acceptable hemodynamic outcomes in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2014; 24: 1260−1267. doi: 10.1111/pan.12468. 11. Degos V, Charpentier TL, Chhor V et al.: Neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine against glutamate agonist-induced neuronal cell death are related to increased astrocyte brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression. Anesthesiology 2013; 118: 1123−1132. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318286cf36. 12. Bayram A, Ulgey A, Baykan A et al.: The effects of dexmedetomidine on early stage renal functions in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac angiography using non-ionic contrast media: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Paediatr Anaesth 2014; 24: 426–432. doi: 10.1111/pan.12348.
Developing and shedding inhibitions: how MHC class II molecules reach maturity

Over the past year, several important advances have been made in understanding the mechanisms by which class II MHC glycoproteins acquire endosomal peptides inside antigen-presenting cells. Recent progress in the study of class II antigen presentation includes the identification of ligands from which invariant chain protects class II molecules in pre-endosomal compartments, an improved understanding of how invariant chain inhibits antigenic peptide binding, and the appreciation that HLA-DM (a factor important for antigen presentation in vivo) can act as a catalyst for peptide exchange.
CORRELATION OF ORBITAL CLASSIFICATION OF MOLECULAR ELECTRONIC TRANSITIONS WITH TRANSITION MECHANISM: THE AROMATIC AMINES*

Resumen El par de electrones aislados del heteroatomo tiene dos orbitales; uno de no union, orbital -n, el cual es del tipo sy es ortogonal con respecto a los orbitales de los electrones; y otro de union orbital l, que esta relacionado con los electrones π, a un grado en que depende del angulo de torsion entre el eje del orbital l y el orbital 2pπ del anillo aromatico vecino. La excitacion de electrones a partir de los orbitales n o l a orbitales de anti-union del tipo π es tratada como una transicion de transferencia de carga int amolecular. Se desarrolla un detallado analisis teorico del elemento matricial orbita-spin para una mezcla singlete-triplete de las promociones 1 a π en anilinas, usando dos centros integrados. El momento de la transicion singlete triplete depende del angulo de torsion entre el eje del orbital 1 y el piano del anillo aromatico. Se provee evidencia experimental para predicir la dependencia angular usando una serie de anilinas restringidas estericamente con distintos angulos de torsion. El reciproco de la vida media de la fosforecencia de estas anilinas tiene una correlacion muy satisfactoria con la funcion teorica, lo cual apoya el uso del elemento matricial spin-orbita.
Use of Prostaglandin F2α or Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone in Treating Problem Breeding Cows

Abstract Ten veterinarians diagnosed and treated 296 cows for reproductive irregularities on 28 dairy farms. Average interval from treatment with 25mg of prostaglandin F 2 α (137 cows) to estrus for cows with a corpus luteum (14.6 days) was reduced compared to saline (52 cows) (21.8 days), and a greater percentage (41.6 versus 17.3%) showed estrus within 6 days of treatment. Cows with a cystic corpus luteum (28) were detected in estrus at comparable intervals after prostaglandin F 2 α or saline (21.8 versus 21.2 days), and similar proportions of cows were detected in estrus within 6 days of treatment (16.7 versus 10.0%). Intervals to estrus among cows with cystic follicles (40 cows) or anestrous cows with follicular ovaries (39 cows) did not differ after treatment with saline or 100 or 200 μ g of gonadotropin releasing hormone. Within 25 days after treatment, 47.5% of cows with cystic ovaries and 64.1% of anestrous cows showed estrus. Number of cows pregnant after as many as three artificial inseminations of the number examined was 46%, whereas average number of conceptions per service was .32. The long interval from parturition to examination (112 days), the low rate of estrous response after treatment, and the long interval (1.6 estrous cycles) between estruses are consonant with inadequate estrous detection.
Therapeutic antibodies, vaccines and antibodyomes.

The potential for antibodies to act as “magic bullets” for treatment of human disease was recognized a century ago, but its full realization has began to occur only during the last decade. A key to their current success is the ability to make libraries of antibodies/B cells, isolate a single species, and engineer it to be safe, efficacious and of high quality. Despite this progress, major challenges to the effective prevention, diagnosis and treatment of a vast majority of diseases remain. Limited success in the development of effective vaccines against diseases such as AIDS and cancer reflects our incomplete understanding of how antibodies are generated and function. Only a miniscule number of antibodies are characterized out of the universe of antibodies generated by the immune system. Knowledge of antibodyomes—the complete sets of antibodies—could help solve these and other challenges.
Expression of the Arabidopsis histone H2A‐1 gene correlates with susceptibility to Agrobacterium transformation

Transformation of plant cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens involves both bacterial virulence proteins and host proteins. We have previously shown that the Arabidopsis thaliana gene H2A-1 (RAT5), which encodes histone H2A-1, is involved in T-DNA integration into the plant genome. Mutation of RAT5 results in a severely decreased frequency of transformation, whereas overexpression of RAT5 enhances the transformation frequency (Mysore et al., 2000b). We show here that the expression pattern of RAT5 correlates with plant root cells most susceptible to transformation. As opposed to a cyclin-GUS fusion gene whose expression is limited to meristematic tissues, the H2A-1 gene is expressed in many non-dividing cells. Under normal circumstances, the H2A-1 gene is expressed in the elongation zone of the root, the region that is most susceptible to Agrobacterium transformation. In addition, when roots are incubated on medium containing phytohormones, a concomitant shift in H2A-1 expression and transformation susceptibility to the root base is observed. Inoculation of root segments with a transfer-competent, but not a transformation-deficient Agrobacterium strain induces H2A-1 expression. Furthermore, pre-treatment of Arabidopsis root segments with phytohormones both induces H2A-1 expression and increases the frequency of Agrobacterium transformation. Our results suggest that the expression of the H2A-1 gene is both a marker for, and a predictor of, plant cells most susceptible to Agrobacterium transformation.
Low-energy photo- and electroproduction for physical pions. I. Ward-identity and chiral-symmetry-breaking structure

The Ward identities of current algebra are combined with gauge-invariance constraints, on-shell partial conservation of the axial-vector current, and the Bjorken limit to obtain the low-energy expressions of the pion photo- and electroproduction invariant amplitudes for physical pions.
On the moral significance of contribution to poverty

In a paper from 2005, Gerhard Overland defends the thesis that one's responsibility to render assistance is not affected by having contributed to the situation by causing harm. Overland applies this thesis to the issue of what duties relatively well-off people have in terms of rendering assistance to the global poor and argues for the sub-conclusion that contribution carries little momentum when assessing our duty to assist people in severe need if we can do so at a little cost. In this paper, I discuss Overland's argument in favor of the sub-conclusion and try to show that it is not sound.
Education and Levels of Salivary Cortisol Over the Day in US Adults

Background Dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis is hypothesized to be an important pathway linking socioeconomic position and chronic disease.
Ketamine-induced changes in kindled amygdaloid seizures

Abstract The effects of ketamine on seizures kindled by repetitive electrical stimulation of the amygdala were determined in the rat. The response of fully developed kindled amygdaloid seizures (KAS) to 20, 40, 80 and 120 mg/kg (i.p.) ketamine, administered from 5 to 60 min prior to elicitation of seizures was examined. Ketamine reduced the afterdischarge duration (AD) and behavioral response (BR) in a dose-dependent fashion. However, the effect of ketamine on the afterdischarge duration and behavioral response was not clearly time-dependent for each dose (20–120 mg/kg). A dose-dependent increase in the seizure spiking frequencies in the amygdala and cortex during kindled amygdaloid seizures was also induced by ketamine. Blood plasma and brain levels of ketamine and its metabolites were determined 15 min after 20, 40, 80 and 120 mg/kg ketamine as well as 60 min after 80 mg/kg ketamine. Brain and plasma levels of ketamine and nor-ketamine were similar to those previously reported. Low plasma levels of dehydro-nor-ketamine were seen only at 60 min after 80 mg/kg ketamine. The decrease in afterdischarge duration and behavioral response and the increase in afterdischarge duration spiking frequency seen at 15 min correlated with elevated levels of ketamine and nor-ketamine in brain and plasma. However, by 60 min plasma levels of ketamine remained high, yet the brain levels of both ketamine and nor-ketamine had decreased. This is despite the fact that afterdishcarge duration and behavioral response were still attenuated and afterdischarge duration spiking frequency was still increased. Thus, the exact contribution by ketamine and nor-ketamine to the alteration of afterdischarge duration, behavioral response and afterdischarge spiking frequency cannot be made at this time. It was apparent that inhibition of the afterdischarge duration and behavioral response along with an increase in spiking frequency was not dependent on dehydro-nor-ketamine. The possibility that an unidentified metabolite may contribute to the modification of kindled amygdaloid seizures by ketamine is discussed.
Remarks on A Synthesis of Several Sorting Algorithms by John Darlington

In his paper "A Synthesis of Several Sorting Algorithms," John Darlington presents syntheses for six different sorting algorithms, together with a family tree of sorting algorithms, and mentions a symmetry between Quick Sort, Selection Sort, Merge Sort, and Insertion Sort. In our own attempts to codify programming knowledge, we have developed a slightly different family tree which shows similar symmetries, and which also shows that Bubble Sort and Sinking Sort can be viewed as in-place versions of Selection Sort and Insertion Sort, thus adding another symmetry to those noted by Darlington.
Effects of exposure to a combination of zinc‐ and lead‐spiked sediments on mouthpart development and growth in Chironomus tentans

Exposures to either zinc or lead in contaminated sediments have been shown to induce characteristic deformities in larval chironomids. This study examined the effects of exposure to lead and zinc in combination on Chironomus tentans larvae. Proportions of mouthpart deformities in populations of larvae reared in sediments containing nominal combinations of lead and zinc were tested for additive, synergistic, and antagonistic interactions using logistic regression. Metal body burdens, body size measurements, and survival were used to evaluate toxicity and developmental impacts. Results demonstrate zinc and lead mixtures produce fewer deformities than the individual metal, so their interaction may be characterized as antagonistic. However, exposure to the metal mixtures also caused delayed development and failure to hatch. The apparent decline in deformities may be an artifact of higher mortalities or developmental effects. This research provides better understanding of some of the problems and considerations for use of chironomid population deformity proportions in bioassessments for sediment metal contamination.
Binding of 3H-acetylcholine and 14C-γ-aminobutyric acid to subcellular fractions of the brains of differentially-housed mice

Abstract Subcellular fractions prepared from the brains of mice subjected to conditions of differential housing (“isolation” and “aggregation”) for 35–37 days provided evidence for envronmentally-induced changes in the “binding” of acetylcholine (ACh) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to cerebral structures. Using homogenizing fluids containing 4 mM NaCl ± 4 mM LiCl or 40 mM NaCl ± 40 mM LiCl, it was shown that: (1) the binding of ACh and GAA are qualitatively different in mouse brain; (2) Li + affects GABA binding to a greater extent than that of ACh; (3) less GABA binds to particulate fractions containing nerve endings prepared from the brains of “isolated” mice than to those prepared from the brains of “aggregated” mice. Addition of LiCl to homogenizing media served to increase the significance of differences in GABA binding found between brain fractions from “isolated” and “aggregated” mice.
Barriers to social network interventions with persons with severe and persistent mental illness: a survey of mental health case managers.

In order to empirically assess the existence, strength, and relative influence of barriers to social network interventions for persons with severe mental disability which have been cited in the literature, a survey of the knowledge and attitudes of social networks and social network interventions of eighty mental health case managers and case management supervisors was conducted. Findings indicate gaps in case managers' level of knowledge of social networks, with items based on empirical knowledge about social networks and severe mental disability least likely to be answered correctly. Case managers both perceive, and have experienced, a significant number of obstacles that affect their ability to develop social network interventions-system barriers (paperwork, caseload size, lack of case manager time, etc.), community barriers (stigma and lack of resources), and client/family barriers (lack of interest in social networks, clients having a “burnt out” network, clients not wanting to identify social network needs, etc.). Case managers cited fiew major barriers pertaining to their own level of knowledge, skills, or interest in, social network interventions. Strategies to address identified barriers are presented.
A method for multimodal 3-D image registration with external markers

A method for multimodal 3-D image registration using external markers is presented. The overall image transformation is parametrised with three rotation angles (Euler angles), three translation and three magnification parameters. These parameters are estimated from measurements of the corresponding positions of the point markers in 3-D space. After all marker positions have been transformed in the same modality, a x2 function of these parameters, defined in terms of the squares of distances of corresponding markers in two modalities is minimised using a sequence of minimisation techniques I the Simplex method followed by a variable minimisation. Some quantitative features of this method are studied.
Polymers and copolymers of sodium ethylenesulfonate

Sodium ethylenesulfonate polymerizes readily in aqueous solution under the influence of ultraviolet light or in the presence of peroxide catalysts. The most important variable in the polymerization has been found to be the concentration of monomer, increased concentration leading to more rapid polymerization and higher molecular weights. Poly(sodium ethylenesulfonate) has been isolated as a brittle, white solid with weight-average molecular weights as high as 150,000. Sodium ethylenesulfonate copolymerizes with a variety of water-soluble monomers: acrylamide, acrylic and methacrylic acids, and their sodium salts. Although copolymerization occurs, water-soluble copolymers of sodium ethylenesulfonate with acrylonitrile and with methyl acrylate could not be prepared. Water-soluble copolymers of sodium ethylenesulfonate with vinyl acetate and with vinyl chloride have been made, but they contain only small amounts of acetate and chloride. No copolymers could be prepared with butadiene, isobutylene, styrene, α-methylstyrene, n-butyl vinyl ether, allyl alcohol, N-allylacetamide, maleic acid, or fumaric acid. The copolymerization of sodium ethylenesulfonate with acrylamide and with sodium acrylate has been used to calculate reactivity ratios. From these, sodium ethylenesulfonate has been calculated to have a Q value of 0.19 and an e value of +1.51.
Selective extraction of CO2 from simulated flue gas using polymeric ionic liquid sorbent coatings in solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography

Abstract The CO2 selectivity of two polymeric task-specific ionic liquid sorbent coatings, poly(1-vinyl-3-hexylimidazolium) bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide [poly(VHIM-NTf2)] and poly(1-vinyl-3-hexylimidazolium) taurate [poly(VHIM-taurate)], was examined using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for the determination of CO2 in simulated flue gas. For comparison purposes, a commercial SPME fiber, Carboxen™-PDMS, was also studied. A study into the effect of humidity revealed that the poly(VHIM-taurate) fiber exhibited enhanced resistance to water, presumably due to the unique mechanism of CO2 capture. The effect of temperature on the performance of the PIL-based and Carboxen fibers was examined by generating calibration curves under various temperatures. The sensitivity, linearity, and linear range of the three fibers were evaluated. The extraction of CH4 and N2 was performed and the selectivities of the PIL-based and Carboxen fibers were compared. The poly(VHIM-NTf2) fiber was found to possess superior CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 selectivities compared to the Carboxen fiber, despite the smaller film thicknesses of the PIL-based fibers. A scanning electron microscopy study suggests that the amine group of the poly(VHIM-taurate) is capable of selectively reacting with CO2 but not CH4 or N2, resulting in a significant surface morphology change of the sorbent coating.
Learning Spatial Information from Maps: Can Orientation-Specificity Be Overcome?∗

Maps that facilitate learning and navigating through an environment will influence the form and content of cognitive representations developed of that environment. Cognitive representations derived from maps have been demonstrated to exhibit orientation-specificity, a bias toward the orientation at which the map was studied, while cognitive representations derived directly from the environment appear to be orientation-free. An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that multi-orientation map presentation can eliminate the usual orientation-specificity. Results support the hypothesis but suggest that elimination of orientation-specificity will come at the cost of decreased accuracy in the cognitive representation obtained and/or slower access to the stored information.
Biochemical mechanism of corticoid-induced cleft palate in rats linked to anti-inflammatory action

Glucocorticoids produce cleft palate in offspring of rodents in direct relation to their anti-inflammatory potency. Recently,the anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids has been shown to be inhibition of arachidonic acid release from membrane phospholipids in several different models of inflammation in direct relation to anti-inflammatory potency. Thus,we have determined whether the production of cleft palate in rat fetuses by dexamethasone 3.5 mg/kg on days 12 to 15 of gestation is affected by concurrent injections of arachidonic acid 300 mg/kg. This produced a marked correction of the degree of cleft palate produced by dexamethasone (59/146, 40.4% vs. 129/180, 71.7%; P=0. 034 Mann-Whitney test). Pregnant rats were also treated with either dexamethasone or saline on days 12 to 14 and 3H-arachidonic acid on day 15. After four hours fetuses of dexamethasone-treated animals had significantly increased uptake of 3H vs. controls. Moreover, the increased 3H was incorporated chiefly into phospholipid demonstrating a reverse of release of fetal palatal arachidonic acid.Thus, the teratogenic action of corticoids appears to be due to their anti-inflammatory action.
The integration of virtual memory management and interprocess communication in Accent

The integration of virtual memory management and interprocess communication in the Accent network operating system kernel is examined. The design and implementation of the Accent memory management system is discussed and its performance, both on a series of message-oriented benchmarks and in normal operation, is analyzed in detail.
Differential expression of the proto-oncogenes c-abl and c-mos in developing mouse germ cells

C-abl and c-mos, two proto-oncogenes with unique patterns of expression in gonadal tissues, were examined by in situ hybridization with respect to their expression in the germ line. C-abl transcripts were observed to be most abundant in late round spermatids and elongating spermatids. C-mos transcripts were also expressed in round spermatids, but at much reduced levels compared to the levels of c-abl. C-abl mRNAs were also detected in mouse oocytes which have entered the growth phase. This temporal specificity of accumulation of c-abl transcripts was similar to that observed for c-mos, which also accumulates in growing and fully grown oocytes (follicle stages 4-6). Quantitative evaluation suggested that c-abl mRNA levels in oocytes are at least an order of magnitude lower than those of c-mos transcripts.
Are Suicide Bombers Heroes

Using criteria proposed for heroes by Blau, et al. (2009), it is argued that suicide bombers (especially men) may fit the criteria for heroes.
Current methods of bone storage by freezing and freeze-drying

Summary This paper reviews the most frequently used procedures for the procurement processing, and storage of bone grafts. The evaluative methods; cell survival, and vascular invasion, immunological reactivity, and the potential to induce new bone, used to determine the biological acceptance of grafts processed and stored by different methods are summarized. An analysis of the basic biological and physical alterations of grafts related to freezing and freeze drying and how this may affect their acceptance and incorporation is presented.
Disturbance Effects on Small Mammal Species in a Managed Appalachian Forest

ABSTRACT Forestry practices result in a range of levels of disturbance to forest ecosystems, from clearcutting and deferment (high disturbance) to single-tree selection cutting and unharvested forests (low disturbance). We investigated the effects of timber harvest and disturbance on small mammal species in the Allegheny Mountains of West Virginia. In 2003 and 2004, mammals were captured using Sherman box traps, individually marked, and released. We collected habitat data in 2004 to characterize macrohabitat at the stand level and microhabitat surrounding each trap. Trap success was significantly higher in disturbed habitats than undisturbed habitats for red-backed vole Myodes (Clethrionomys) gapperi (P = 0.0012) and woodland jumping mouse Napaeozapus insignis (P = 0.0221). Abundance estimated using the Jolly-Seber method was significantly higher in disturbed habitats for red-backed voles (P = 0.0001). Adult northern short-tailed shrews Blarina brevicauda (P = 0.0001) and white-footed and deer mic...
Clustered DNA motifs mark X chromosomes for repression by a dosage compensation complex

Gene expression in metazoans is regulated not only at the level of individual genes but also in a coordinated manner across large chromosomal domains (for example centromeres, telomeres and imprinted gene clusters) and along entire chromosomes (for example X-chromosome dosage compensation). The primary DNA sequence usually specifies the regulation of individual genes, but the nature of cis-acting information that controls genes over large regions has been elusive: higher-order DNA structure, specific histone modifications, subnuclear compartmentalization and primary DNA sequence are possibilities. One paradigm of chromosome-wide gene regulation is Caenorhabditis elegans dosage compensation in which a large dosage compensation complex (DCC) is targeted to both X chromosomes of hermaphrodites to repress transcript levels by half. This essential process equalizes X-linked gene expression between the sexes (XO males and XX hermaphrodites). Here we report the discovery and dissection of cis-acting sites that mark nematode X chromosomes as targets for gene repression by the DCC. These rex (recruitment element on X) sites are widely dispersed along X and reside in promoters, exons and intergenic regions. rex sites share at least two distinct motifs that act in combination to recruit the DCC. Mutating these motifs severely reduces or abolishes DCC binding in vivo, demonstrating the importance of primary DNA sequence in chromosome-wide regulation. Unexpectedly, the motifs are not enriched on X, but altering motif numbers within rex sites demonstrates that motif co-occurrence in unusually high densities is essential for optimal DCC recruitment. Thus, X-specific repression is established through sequences not specific to X. The distribution of common motifs provides the foundation for repression along an entire chromosome.
Work in Market and Industrial Societies

Herbert Applebaum Work in Market and Industrial Societies. State University of New York Press. 1984
Landau level mixing and the fractional quantum Hall effect

We derive effective Hamiltonians for the fractional quantum Hall effect in $n=0$ and $n=1$ Landau levels that account perturbatively for Landau-level mixing by electron-electron interactions. To second order in the ratio of electron-electron interaction to cyclotron energy, Landau-level mixing is accounted for by constructing effective interaction Hamiltonians that include two-body and three-body contributions characterized by Haldane pseudopotentials. Our study builds upon previous treatments, using as a stepping stone the observation that the effective Hamiltonian is fully determined by the few-body problem with $N=2$ and $N=3$ electrons in the partially filled Landau level. For the $n=0$ case we use a first quantization approach to provide a compact and transparent derivation of the effective Hamiltonian which captures a class of virtual processes omitted in earlier derivations of Landau-level-mixing corrected Haldane pseudopotentials.
An Experimental Investigation of Combustive Synthesis of Titanium Carbide

Abstract Described here is an experiment to determine the propagation speed of a self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) reaction wave along a vertical cylindrical reactant compact. The results obtained in this experiment pertain to the reaction between titanium and carbon to produce titanium carbide. They show the dependency of the steady propagation speed on: (i) the diameter of the reactant compact; (ii) the density of the compact; (iii) the reactant mixture composition; and (iv) dilution of the reactant mixture with the inert product TiC. The effects of these parameters on the density of the final product are also presented. Conditions at which the reaction wave ceases to propagate in a self-supporting manner are also identified.
A theoretically derived energy coupling function for the magnetosphere

Abstract The energy coupling function between the solar wind and the magnetosphere can be obtained for two extreme situations, in which the magnetospheric geometry is determined primarily by either (i) the interplanetary magnetic field, or (ii) the solar wind pressure. In this paper, we obtained an expression for the energy coupling function by assuming a simple interpermeation of the interplanetary and geomagnetic fields. Two important quantities in this case are the potential difference between the two neutral points and the amount of open flux. From these two overall quantities, the voltage and the current of the magnetospheric dynamo are calculated. The dynamo power output represents the rate at which energy is transferred from the solar wind to the magnetosphere. The derived functional dependence on the interplanetary conditions provides a theoretical basis for the energy coupling function previously deduced from observations.
the good mother: neutralization techniques used by pageant mothers

This study examines Sykes and Matza's (1957) techniques of neutralization through accounts by 43 mothers whose children participated in six national beauty pageants between September 1996 and May 1997. Respondents used "condemnation of condemners" most often followed by "denial of injury" with equal numbers using "denial of responsibility" and "appeal to higher loyalties." The "denial of victim" technique was not used by any respondents. The respondents were critical of the media's role in creating the "temporary deviant label."
Detection range enhancement using circularly polarized light in scattering environments for infrared wavelengths.

We find for infrared wavelengths that there are broad ranges of particle sizes and refractive indices that represent fog and rain, where circular polarization can persist to longer ranges than linear polarization. Using polarization tracking Monte Carlo simulations for varying particle size, wavelength, and refractive index, we show that, for specific scene parameters, circular polarization outperforms linear polarization in maintaining the illuminating polarization state for large optical depths. This enhancement with circular polarization can be exploited to improve range and target detection in obscurant environments that are important in many critical sensing applications. Initially, researchers employed polarization-discriminating schemes, often using linearly polarized active illumination, to further distinguish target signals from the background noise. More recently, researchers have investigated circular polarization as a means to separate signal from noise even more. Specifically, we quantify both linearly and circularly polarized active illumination and show here that circular polarization persists better than linear for radiation fog in the short-wave infrared, for advection fog in the short-wave and long-wave infrared, and large particle sizes of Sahara dust around the 4 μm wavelength. Conversely, we quantify where linear polarization persists better than circular polarization for some limited particle sizes of radiation fog in the long-wave infrared, small particle sizes of Sahara dust for wavelengths of 9–10.5 μm, and large particle sizes of Sahara dust through the 8–11 μm wavelength range in the long-wave infrared.
The SOHO CELIAS/SEM EUV database from SC23 minimum to the present

Abstract The SOHO Solar EUV Monitor has been in operation since December 1995 onboard the SOHO spacecraft. This instrument is a highly stable transmission grating solar extreme ultraviolet spectrometer. It has made nearly continuous full disk solar irradiance measurements both within an 8 nm bandpass centered at 30.4 nm and throughout the 0.1 to 50 nm solar flux region since launch. The 30.4 nm flux, the 0.1 to 50 nm flux and the extracted soft X-ray (0.1 to 5 nm) flux are presented and compared with the behavior of solar proxies.
Nitrofen induces apoptosis independently of retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH) inhibition.

BACKGROUND: Nitrofen is a diphenyl ether that induces congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in rodents. Its mechanism of action has been hypothesized as inhibition of the retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH) enzymes with consequent reduced retinoic acid signaling. METHODS: To determine if nitrofen inhibits RALDH enzymes, a reporter gene construct containing a retinoic acid response-element (RARE) was transfected into HEK-293 cells and treated with varying concentrations of nitrofen in the presence of retinaldehyde (retinal). Cell death was characterized by caspace-cleavage microplate assays and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assays. Ex vivo analyses of cell viability were characterized in fetal rat lung explants using Live/Dead staining. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed using fluorescent immunohistochemistry with phosphorylated histone and activated caspase antibodies on explant tissues. Nile red staining was used to identify intracellular lipid droplets. RESULTS: Nitrofen-induced dose-dependent declines in RARE-reporter gene expression. However, similar reductions were observed in control-reporter constructs suggesting that nitrofen compromised cell viability. These observed declines in cell viability resulted from increased cell death and were confirmed using two independent assays. Ex vivo analyses showed that mesenchymal cells were particularly susceptible to nitrofen-induced apoptosis while epithelial cell proliferation was dramatically reduced in fetal rat lung explants. Nitrofen treatment of these explants also showed profound lipid redistribution, primarily to phagocytes. CONCLUSIONS: The observed declines in nitrofen-associated retinoic acid signaling appear to be independent of RALDH inhibition and likely result from nitrofen induced cell death/apoptosis. These results support a cellular apoptotic mechanism of CDH development, independent of RALDH inhibition. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 89:223–232, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Discussion of Information Technology‐Related Activities of Internal Auditors

In order to purchase a product cheaper, a lot of customers have been trying to search one or more marketplaces. Ever since the commercial use of the Internet, several types of marketplaces have been operating successfully on the Internet. Some of them are online shopping malls, auction markets, and group-buying markets. They have the price settlement mechanisms of their own. Online shopping malls where many stores are located support a customer to purchase the product that matches his/her requests such as price, function, design, and so forth. In online auction market, a customer can buy the product by making bids sequentially and competitively until a final price is reached. In online group-buying market, a customer can purchase the product by aggregating the orders from several buyers so that cheaper prices can be negotiated. The cheaper customers could purchase the same product item, the more satisfied they would be. However, it is very difficult for the customer to determine the marketplace to purchase, considering different kinds of marketplaces at the same time. Even though the purchasing price is cheapest in one marketplace, it is very difficult for customers to convince it the cheapest for all marketplaces. Therefore, rules and methods have been developed for purchase decision making in multiple marketplaces to reach the optimal purchase decision as a whole. They can maximize customer's utility and resolve the conflicts with other marketplaces through multi-agent negotiation.
Immunoglobulin A anti–β2-glycoprotein antibodies in women who experience unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion and unexplained fetal death

Abstract Objective: Studies in rheumatologic populations suggest that immunoglobulin A antiphospholipid antibodies are strongly associated with the clinical manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome. However, the association between immunoglobulin A antiphospholipid antibodies and pregnancy loss is uncertain. We determined whether immunoglobulin A antiphospholipid antibodies, specifically anti–β 2 -glycoprotein I and anticardiolipin, are associated with the obstetric features of antiphospholipid syndrome. Study Design: Sera from 4 groups of women were studied: (1) 133 women who experienced unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion, (2) 48 women who experienced unexplained fetal death, (3) 145 healthy fertile control subjects, and (4) 67 women with well-characterized antiphospholipid syndrome. Serum immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, and immunoglobulin M anti–β 2 -glycoprotein I and anticardiolipin antibodies were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Results: Groups of women who experienced unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion and unexplained fetal death had a higher proportion of women who had positive test results for immunoglobulin A anti–β 2 -glycoprotein I antibodies than fertile control subjects ( P P =.001, Kruskal-Wallis). Women who experienced recurrent spontaneous abortion had a higher proportion of women with positive test results for immunoglobulin A anticardio-lipin antibodies compared to fertile control subjects ( P P =.0065, Kruskal-Wallis test). Linear regression analysis showed significant correlation between anti–β 2 -glycoprotein I immunoglobulin A and anti–β 2 -glycoprotein I immunoglobulin G ( R =.609; P =.0001) and less correlation between anticardiolipin immunoglobulin A and anticardiolipin immunoglobulin G ( R =.093; P =.065). Conclusion: Immunoglobulin A anti–β 2 -glycoprotein I antibodies are more common in women who experience unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion and unexplained fetal death whose initial test results are negative for lupus anticoagulant and immunoglobulin G anticardiolipin antibodies compared to fertile control subjects. Therefore, these antibodies may identify additional women with clinical features of antiphospholipid syndrome who are not identified through traditional testing. It is unclear whether these antibodies are directly pathogenic, a result of the pregnancy losses, or markers for an underlying, yet uncharacterized autoimmune disorder. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:748-53.)
Surface-modified nanocrystalline ceramics for drug delivery applications

Drug delivery systems comprised of various types of carriers have long been the object of pharmacological investigation. The search has been stimulated by the belief that carriers will lead to reduced drug toxicity, dosage requirements, enhanced cellular targeting and improved shelf-life. Among the carriers investigated are complex polymeric carbohydrates, synthetic proteins and liposomal structures. For the past four years, we have been experimenting with a radically new class of carriers comprised of surface-modified nanocrystalline ceramics. While the ceramics provide the structural stability of a largely immutable solid, the surface modification creates a glassy molecular stabilization film to which pharmacological agents may be bound non-covalently from an aqueous phase with minimal structural denaturation. As a consequence of maintained structural integrity and owing to concentration effects afforded by the surfaces of the nanocrystalline materials, drug activity following surface immobilization is preserved. We have used successfully surface-modified nanocrystalline ceramics to deliver viral antigens for the purpose of evoking an immune response, oxygenated haemoglobin for cell respiration and insulin for carbohydrate metabolism. The theoretical principles, technical details and experimental results are reviewed. Surface-modified nanocrystalline materials offer an exciting new approach to the well-recognized challenges of drug delivery.
Interaction of cellodextrins with lysozyme: The necessity of the 2-acetamido group for binding and hydrolysis

The cellodextrins (Gl2, Gl3, Gl4, Gl5, and Gl6)4 have been reacted with lysozyme, and have been shown to result in no hydrolyses of glycosidie linkages. The over-all reaction and initial lag period in the hydrolysis of a known lysozyme substrate, tri-N-acetylchitotriose (NAG3) are not affected by the addition of Gl6. In addition, equilibrium dialysis studies establish an upper limit for the binding constants of all five cellodextrins of Ka ≤ 200 m−1. The results of this study indicate that the β-(1–4)-linked glucopyranoside oligomer structure is not sufficient to yield productive binding of substrate to lysozyme, and indicate the necessity of the N-acetyl group for substrate binding.
Characterization of coke deposited on Pt/alumina catalyst during reforming of liquid hydrocarbons

Abstract Temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO), Raman spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are used to characterize coke species deposited on a 0.61 wt% Pt/alumina catalyst for three reactions, carried out separately: partial oxidation (POX), steam reforming (SR), and autothermal reforming (ATR). Three individual compounds were used as simulants of liquid fuels in each of these three reactions: tetradecane, decalin, and 1-methylnaphthalene. The TPO profiles of the coke showed that partial oxidation and steam reforming resulted in generally greater coke deposition than autothermal reforming for each of the fuels. 1-Methylnaphthalene produces more coke than the other fuels in each of the reactions. Coke appears to be deposited both on the metal and the support, with the coke on the metal being more easily oxidized by TPO. Raman spectroscopy shows that there is no significant change in the carbon crystallite size on any of the catalysts; all are within the range of 1.45–1.83 nm. XPS analysis of carbon deposited during partial oxidation of tetradecane shows that small amounts of graphitic carbon (C/Al ratio
Water Balance and Titrated Pain Thresholds

Changes in sensitivity to electric foot shock were manipulated by subjecting 2 rats to 3 levels of water deprivation. Shock intensity was continuously titrated every 2 sec. through 20 increasing steps of alternating current. A bar-press reset the shock to its minimal value. The animals performed under conditions of 0, 21.5, and 45.5 hr. water deprivation. When water deprived, animals showed decreased sensitivity to shock. Frequency of bar-press responses at each of the 20 shock values served as the dependent measure. Findings were discussed in terms of competing techniques for measurement of analgesia.
Reduction Aortoplasty for Moderately Sized Ascending Aortic Aneurysms

Enlargement of the ascending aorta may coexist with concomitant valvular, coronary, or other cardiac diseases. If dilation is moderate (i.e., 1 year postoperatively. Their mean intraoperative postreduction diameter of 2.9+/-0.5 cm increased to 3.1+/-0.35 cm (p = NS) after a mean follow-up of 22.1+/-9.2 months. No known recurrences of the aneurysms have occurred. We feel this technique is valid in patients with moderate aortic dilation undergoing concomitant cardiac procedures and in whom more aggressive aortic interventions are not warranted.
A new NH3 orbital of the NH3/Ni(110) surface observed by metastable quenching spectroscopy

Abstract By using metastable quenching spectroscopy we have found a new NH3 filled orbital (in the language of one electron theory) for NH3/Ni(110), located at the Fermi level of the surface. The orbital is not observed when NH3 is adsorbed on Ni(110), but it is detected for NH3 adsorbed on polycrystalline Al.
Analysis of soils and sediments by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS): an innovative tool for environmental forensics.

This article describes the applicability of a rapid laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) method for the analysis of soil and sediment samples with broad chemical and physical properties and the comparison of its analytical performance to digestion protocols commonly used in environmental sciences. Two sets of samples were evaluated, contaminated soils from a residential area and undisturbed sediments from natural environments. Analytical results obtained by LA-ICP-MS correlate well at the 95% confidence level to total digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and ICP-MS analysis. A total of 48 sediments collected in South Florida were also analyzed for screening purposes and to evaluate the application of LA-ICP-MS in environmental forensics. Normalization using Al combined with non-parametric correlation tests and principal component analyses were successfully used to predict correlations between data acquired by LA-ICP-MS ...
Understanding Statistical Power

This article provides an introduction to power analysis so that readers have a basis for understanding the importance of statistical power when planning research and interpreting the results. A simple hypothetical study is used as the context for discussion. The concepts of false findings and missed findings are introduced as a way of thinking about type I and type II errors. The primary factors that affect power are described and examples are provided. Finally, examples are presented to demonstrate 2 uses of power analysis, 1 for prospectively estimating the sample size needed to insure finding effects of a known magnitude in a study and 1 for retrospectively estimating power to gauge the likelihood that an effect was missed.
Using forecasting techniques to predict meal demand in Title IIIc congregate lunch programs.

The purpose of this study was to determine which forecasting model would most accurately predict meal demand in Title IIIc congregate lunch programs designed for serving older adults. Forecasting techniques including naive, moving average (three versions) and simple exponential smoothing were applied to data collected over a 4-month period from seven meal sites located in a large urban area. An analysis of the forecasting models using mean absolute deviations and mean squared errors indicated that simple mathematical forecasting techniques provided better predictions of meal demand than did the naive method for all sites. In four of the seven sites, exponential smoothing was the best forecasting model, whereas in the remaining sites, moving average models provided the best forecast. Implications are discussed.
Power decoupling techniques for micro-inverters in PV systems-a review

This paper reviews the power decoupling techniques of micro-inverters used in single-phase, grid-tied PV systems. The power decoupling techniques are categorized into three groups: (1) PV side decoupling; (2) DC link decoupling; and (3) AC side decoupling. Various topologies and techniques are presented, compared, and evaluated against the size of capacitance, efficiency and control complexity. Finally, potential topologies and technologies are pointed out as the best options for power decoupling implementation.