cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hybridity, So What?

Take just about any exercise in social mapping and it is the hybrids, those that straddle categories, that are missing. Take most arrangements of multiculturalism and it is the hybrids that are not counted, not accommodated. So what? This article is about the recognition of hybridity, in-betweenness. The first section discusses the varieties of hybridity and the widening range of phenomena to which the term now applies. According to anti-hybridity arguments, hybridity is inauthentic and ‘multiculturalism lite’. Examining these arguments provides an opportunity to deepen and fine-tune our perspective. What is missing in the antihybridity arguments is historical depth; in this treatment the third section deals with the longue durEeand proposes multiple historical layers of hybridity. The fourth section concerns the politics of boundaries, for in the end the real problem is not hybridity – which is common throughout history – but boundaries and the social proclivity to boundary fetishism. Hybridity is a prob...
Prenatal Mouse Brain Atlas

Gestational Day 12 (GD 12).- Gestational Day 14 (GD 14).- Gestational Day 16 (GD 16).- Gestational Day 18 (GD 18).
Learned Predator Avoidance Behavior and a Two-Level System for Chemosensory Recognition of Predatory Fishes in Juvenile Brook Trout

The ability of a fish to recognize and respond appropriately to chemical cues can affect its growth, survival, and reproductive success (Liley, 1982). The chemical detection of predators by a potential prey is one chemosensory response with potential impact on individual survival. An abundance of research with prey fishes has shown that many species can detect and behaviorally respond to chemical cues emanating from predators (reviewed by Weldon, 1990), including some nonsympatric and exotic predatory fishes (Reed, 1969).
Electromagnetic Mechanism of Surface-enhanced Spectroscopy

The sections in this article are Introduction Electromagnetic Mechanism of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Isolated Metal Particles A simple Model: Quasistatic Treatment of an Isolated Sphere Electrostatics of Isolated Spheroids Improvements to the Spheroid Model Electrodynamic Corrections Size-Dependent Dielectric Constants Current Status of Theory/Experiment Comparisons Extensions of the Electromagnetic Model Effect of Adsorbed Layers on Intensities Nonlinear Surface Optical Processes Electromagnetic Mechanism for Many Coupled Particles and for Gratings Conclusions and Further Work Acknowledgments
Killing HIV-infected cells by transduction with an HIV protease-activated caspase-3 protein

At present, treatment of HIV infection uses small inhibitory molecules that target HIV protease; however, the emergence of resistant HIV strains is increasingly problematic. To circumvent this, we report here a new 'Trojan horse' strategy to kill HIV-infected cells by exploiting HIV protease. We engineered a transducing, modified, apoptosis-promoting caspase-3 protein, TAT-Casp3, that substitutes HIV proteolytic cleavage sites for endogenous ones and efficiently transduces about 100% of cells, but remains inactive in uninfected cells. In HIV-infected cells, TAT-Casp3 becomes processed into an active form by HIV protease, resulting in apoptosis of the infected cell. This strategy could also be applied to other pathogens encoding specific proteases, such as hepatitis C virus, cytomegalovirus and malaria.
A Martian's Chronicles

Memoirs A Twentieth-Century Journey in Science and Politics. Edward Teller with Judy Shoolery. Perseus, Cambridge, MA, 2001. 640 pp. $35, C$52.95. ISBN 0-7382-0532-X. One of the most influential and most controversial scientists of the just-concluded century offers a personal perspective on his life, his causes, and their context.
Fibromyalgia: diagnosing and managing a complex syndrome.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this clinical review is to clarify and discuss the diagnosis and management of fibromyalgia. This includes typical signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, concomitant disease states, differential diagnoses, and recommended pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment modalities. Data sources: The search included Evidence Based Medicine Reviews, Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, and CINAHL. Search terms used: fibromyalgia diagnosis, fibromyalgia pathophysiology, incidence of fibromyalgia, fibromyalgia comorbidities, etiology of fibromyalgia, fibromyalgia treatment, American College of Rheumatology criteria. Search limited to sources from 1990 to 2010. Conclusions: Fibromyalgia is a complex muscular rheumatism that is not fully understood and often misdiagnosed. Signs and symptoms may overlap with many other conditions that must be properly ruled out to prevent diagnosis based upon arbitrary clinical judgment. Treatment is most beneficial when tailored to individual patient presentation, and further research is warranted, particularly in the domains of pathophysiology and efficacy of treatment options. Implications for practice: An accurate knowledge of current research will aid the nurse practitioner in effectively prescribing evidence-based clinical interventions. Optimal fibromyalgia management can be achieved through a multifaceted treatment approach and is enhanced with early identification of the disease process.
Finite-element analysis of lossy TE–TM modes in metal-clad optical waveguides

Finite-element analysis employing the scalar and vector H-field formulations and with the aid of the perturbation technique is used to calculate the TE-TM complex propagation characteristics of integrated optical devices in gallium arsenide, lithium niobate, and silica fiber, incorporating a lossy metal cladding. The propagation and attenuation properties of several types of metal-clad planar optical waveguide, which exhibit surface-plasmon properties for the TM polarization, are reviewed, and the modal loss caused by the metal cladding in a titanium-diffused lithium niobate electro-optic directional coupler modulator, an indium gallium arsenide phosphide-based TE-TM optical polarizer, and a submicron metal-clad silica fiber suitable for near-field optical scanning microscopy is calculated.
Outpatient endoscopic injection sclerosis of esophageal varices.

We report our experience with outpatient endoscopic injection sclerosis (EIS). Fourteen patients receiving elective in patient EIS (30 patient sessions) were compared to 34 patients having elective outpatient EIS (133 patient sessions). The majority of the patients had Child's C alcoholic liver disease. There were two major complications in the 14 inpatients receiving elective EIS, one severe hemorrhage and one death, for a complication rate of 14%. There were no minor complications in this group. In the 34 patients undergoing outpatient EIS there was one major complication for a complication rate of 2.9% (bleeding) and no deaths. Minor complications in the outpatient group included chest pain in 9.0%, dysphagia without stricture in 6.0%, severe ulceration precluding EIS in 21.0%, and stricture of esophagus in 24.0%. The average cost for inpatient EIS was $1183.00 and for outpatient EIS, $339.00.
Genomics of Human Intracranial Aneurysm Wall

Background and Purpose— The pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) remains elusive. Most studies have focused on individual genes, or a few interrelated genes or products, at a time in human IA. However, a broad view of pathologic mechanisms has not been investigated by identifying pathogenic genes and their interaction in networks. Our study aimed to analyze global gene expression patterns in the IA wall. Methods— To our knowledge, our group was the first to perform Illumina microarray analysis on human IA via comparison of aneurysm wall and superficial temporal artery tissues from 6 consecutive patients. We adopted stringent statistical criteria to the individual genes; genes with a false discovery rate 2-fold change were selected as differentially expressed. To identify the overrepresented biologic pathways with the differentially expressed genes, we performed hypergeometric testing of the genes selected by relaxed criteria of P 1.5. Results— There are 326 distinc...
Hexavalent chromium-induced apoptosis of granulosa cells involves selective sub-cellular translocation of Bcl-2 members, ERK1/2 and p53

Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) has been widely used in industries throughout the world. Increased usage of CrVI and atmospheric emission of CrVI from catalytic converters of automobiles, and its improper disposal causes various health hazards including female infertility. Recently we have reported that lactational exposure to CrVI induced a delay/arrest in follicular development at the secondary follicular stage. In order to investigate the underlying mechanism, primary cultures of rat granulosa cells were treated with 10 μM potassium dichromate (CrVI) for 12 and 24 h, with or without vitamin C pre-treatment for 24 h. The effects of CrVI on intrinsic apoptotic pathway(s) were investigated. Our data indicated that CrVI: (i) induced DNA fragmentation and increased apoptosis, (ii) increased cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to cytosol, (iii) downregulated anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, HSP70 and HSP90; upregulated pro-apoptotic BAX and BAD, (iv) altered translocation of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, BAX, BAD, HSP70 and HSP90 to the mitochondria, (v) upregulated p-ERK and p-JNK, and selectively translocated p-ERK to the mitochondria and nucleus, (vi) activated caspase-3 and PARP, and (vii) increased phosphorylation of p53 at ser-6, ser-9, ser-15, ser-20, ser-37, ser-46 and ser-392, increased p53 transcriptional activation, and downregulated MDM-2. Vitamin C pre-treatment mitigated CrVI effects on apoptosis and related pathways. Our study, for the first time provides a clear insight into the effect of CrVI on multiple pathways that lead to apoptosis of granulosa cells which could be mitigated by vitamin C.
Selected pharmacodynamic and biochemical properties of selenonium choline

Abstract 1. 1. Five minutes after intravenous administration of 50 mg/kg of the novel choline analogue selenonium choline [(CH3)2Se+CH2CH2OH, SeCh], only 8% of the administered dose was accounted for in blood, brain, liver, heart, and kidney tissues. 2. 2. SeCh was acetylated in vivo to acetylselenonium choline (ASeCh) in all of the tissues examined. 3. 3. During postmortem incubation, brain concentrations of SeCh and ASeCh increased to 535% and to 425%, respectively. 4. 4. Km and Vmax values for the phosphorylation of SeCh by choline kinase were higher and lower, respectively, compared to the phosphorylation of choline. 5. 5. Acetylation of SeCh was described with Km and Vmax values that were both higher than the values for Ch. 6. 6. The data suggest that SeCh is phosphorylated and incorporated into various lipids in brain tissue, and is acetylated to ASeCh by both nonneural and neural tissues.
Intrapartum influences on cesarean delivery in multiple gestation

Objective. To evaluate which intrapartum factors influence the method of delivery in a group of twin pregnancies eligible for vaginal delivery. Study design. Over a 10-year period, 967 consecutive twin pregnancies at gestational age ≥32 weeks with twin A presenting as a vertex and eligible for vaginal delivery were reviewed. Excluded were 40 (4.1%) patients who underwent a repeat and elective cesarean section. All patients who underwent a cesarean section were placed into one of two groups according to the method of delivery of both twins: group 1, cesarean section/cesarean section delivery; and group 2, vaginal/cesarean section delivery. The impact of the following intrapartum factors on the type of delivery were assessed: (1) presentation of the 2nd twin: vertex vs. breech vs. other; (2) experience of the obstetrician: ≤€10 years vs. > 10 years in practice; (3) multiparity: nulliparous vs. multiparous; (4) incidence of epidural usage; (5) induction vs. spontaneous labor; and (6) difference in fetal weig...
The Influence of Multiple Group Identities on Moral Foundations

Moral foundations theory provides a theoretical framework for understanding the universal and societal aspects of morality. The focus thus far has been on understanding the influence of group categories on moral foundations by controlling for relevant factors and then examining the unique contribution of a single factor. Although this type of analysis was critical to demonstrate the efficacy of the Moral Foundations Theory and Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ), the current study examines moral responses from the intersection of culture, ethnic identity and gender group membership in the United States and India. Significant results suggest that moral foundations are better understood through a multiple group identity perspective and that the MFQ is equipped to capture differences in moral foundations within subgroups.
Controlled one dimensional diffusions with switching costs—average cost criterion

Abstract This paper deals with a one-dimensional controlled diffusion process on a compact interval with reflecting boundaries. The set of available actions is finite and the action can be changed only at countably many stopping times. The cost structure includes both a continuous movement cost rate depending on the state and the action, and a switching cost when the action is changed. The policies are evaluated with respect to the average cost criterion. The problem is solved by looking at, for each stationary policy, an embedded stochastic process corresponding to the state intervals visited in the sequence of switching times. The communicating classes of this process are classified into closed and transient groups and a method of calculating the average cost for the closed and transient classes is given. Also given are conditions to guarantee the optimality of a stationary policy. A Brownian motion control problem with quadratic cost is worked out in detail and the form of an optimal policy is established.
Characterization of nanofibers formed by self-assembly of β-peptide oligomers using small angle x-ray scattering

Helical oligomers of β-peptides represent a particularly promising type of building block for directed assembly of organic nanostructures because the helical secondary structure can be designed to be very stable and because control of the β-amino acid sequence can lead to precise patterning of chemical functional groups over the helix surfaces. In this paper, we report the use of small angle x-ray scattering measurements (SAXS) to characterize nanostructures formed by the directed assembly of β-peptide A with sequence H2N-β3hTyr-β3hLys-β3hPhe-ACHC-β3hPhe-ACHC-β3hPhe-β3hLys-ACHC-ACHC-β3hPhe-β3hLys-CONH2. Whereas prior cryo-TEM studies have revealed the presence of nanofibers in aqueous solutions of β-peptide A, SAXS measurements from the nanofibers were not well-fit by a form factor model describing solid nanofibers. An improved fit to the scattering data at high q was obtained by using a form factor model describing a cylinder with a hollow center and radial polydispersity. When combined with a structure factor calculated from the polymer reference interaction site model (PRISM) theory, the scattered intensity of x-rays measured over the entire q range was well described by the model. Analysis of our SAXS data suggests a model in which individual β-peptides assemble to form long cylindrical nanofibers with a hollow core radius of 15A (polydispersity of 21%) and a shell thickness of 20A. This model is supported by negative stain transmission electron microscopy.
Web access of meteorological and oceanographic data

Web services are becoming the standard technology used to share data for many navy and other DoD operations. These enable an automated capability to obtain and integrate data for data fusion. However assimilation of data from Web-based sources means that differences in schema and terminology prevent simple querying and retrieval of data. Thus, machine understanding of the Web services interface is necessary for automated selection and invocation of the correct service. In this paper we describe an advanced architecture that can provide access to Web-based meteorological and oceanographic (METOC) data that can be utilized in geospatial data fusion. We also discuss the use of case-based classification as an alternative/supplement to using ontologies for resolving knowledge sharing. While ontologies encompass a formal definition of a domain of interest, case-based reasoning is a problem solving methodology that retrieves and reuses decisions from stored cases to solve new problems, and case-based classification involves applying this methodology to classification task.
Organization network analysis:a tool for building a learning organization

An essential knowledge management element is an organization's network for sharing information. This article describes Organization Network Analysis, a tool that enables companies to map the information exchanges among employees and determine how to identify and leverage knowledge brokers and boundary spanners, and to integrate cliques, bottlenecks and isolated groups. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Cornwallis Emmanuel Ltd.
Chest wall reconstruction using implantable cross-linked porcine dermal collagen matrix (Permacol)

Abstract Background/Purpose Chest wall reconstruction in children is typically accomplished with either primary tissue repair or synthetic mesh prostheses. Primary tissue repair has been associated with high rates of scoliosis, whereas synthetic prostheses necessitate the placement of a permanent foreign body in growing children. This report describes the use of biologic mesh (Permacol; Covidien, Mansfield, MA) as an alternative to both tissue repair and synthetic prostheses in pediatric chest wall reconstruction. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed identifying patients undergoing chest wall reconstruction with biologic mesh at our tertiary referral children's hospital between 2007 and 2011. Data collection included patient demographics, indication for chest wall resection, number of ribs resected, the administration of postoperative radiation, length of follow-up, postoperative complications, and the degree of spinal angulation (preoperatively and at most recent follow-up). Results Five patients (age, 9.0-21.7 years; mean, 15.4 years) underwent resection for primary chest wall malignancy followed by reconstruction with biologic mesh (Permacol) during the study period. There were no postoperative mesh-related complications, and none of the patients developed clinically significant scoliosis (follow-up, 1.1-2.6 years; mean 1.9 years). Conclusion Biologic mesh offers a safe and dependable alternative to both primary tissue repair and synthetic mesh in pediatric patients undergoing chest wall reconstruction.
Approximate simulation of elastic membranes by triangulated spring meshes

Spring meshes have been used to model elastic material in computer graphics, with skin, textiles, and soft tissue being typical applications. A spring mesh is a system of vertices and edges, possibly with highly irregular geometry, in which each edge is a spring, and springs are connected by "pin-joints" ("gimbaljoints" in three dimensions) at the vertices. This method is computationally attractive, compared to some alternatives. Given a specified set of elastic material properties, however, the question of whether a particular spring mesh accurately simulates those properties has been largely ignored in the literature. Additionally, previous reports on the technique are silent on the subject of assigning stiffness to the various springs. This paper shows that assigning the same stiffness to all springs fails to simulate a uniform elastic membrane, for equilibrium calculations. A formula for spring stiffness that provides a more accurate simulation is then derived. In its simplest form, this formula specifies that stiffness varies as triangle area over edge length squared. Its accuracy is demonstrated on test and practical mesh examples. It is also shown that, in general, an exact simulation is not possible.
Relationships among attention, GSR activity, and perceived similarity of self and others1

Summary The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that autonomic change is part of the identification process in a non-stressful paradigm Simulated taped interviews were prepared varying the dimensions of amount of work and success in college Emotional expression by the interviewees was kept to a minimum. College subjects responded with a significantly larger number of nonspecific GSRs to a tape identified by them as being more like themselves than to a tape identified as being less like themselves The nonsignificant comparisons of tapes were discussed in terms of the importance of cognitive activity on autonomic responsivity
An Exploratory Study of Rape Survivors' Prescription Drug Use As A Means of Coping With Sexual Assault

In this study we examined rape survivors' postassault use of prescription drugs, including sedatives, tranquilizers, and antidepressants. In a community-based sample of 102 sexual assault survivors, 44% had used prescription drugs postrape. Consistent with prior research on alcohol as a postassault coping mechanism, the current study found evidence that some women were “self-medicating.” Fourteen percent of the women who had used prescription drugs postrape did so without a doctor's prescription and 50% obtained them through their physicians without disclosing the assault. Most of these women did not disclose the assault to their physicians because they feared how they would respond. For the remaining 36% of women using prescription drugs, there was evidence of the “medicalization” of rape. These victims disclosed the assaults to their doctors, who in many cases responded by giving them a prescription for medication, which made many of the survivors feel blamed and silenced. Implications for improving health care are discussed.
A study of dead data members in C++ applications

Object-oriented applications may contain data members that can be removed from the application without affecting program behavior. Such "dead" data members may occur due to unused functionality in class libraries, or due to the programmer losing track of member usage as the application changes over time. We present a simple and efficient algorithm for detecting dead data members in C++ applications. This algorithm has been implemented using a prototype version of the IBM VisualAge C++ compiler, and applied to a number of realistic benchmark programs ranging from 600 to 58,000 lines of code. For the non-trivial benchmarks, we found that up to 27.3% of the data members in the benchmarks are dead (average 12.5%), and that up to 11.6% of the object space of these applications may be occupied by dead data members at run-time (average 4.4%).
Effect of starving and dowex 50 treatment on growth of normal and x-irradiated yeast.

1. Effects of starvation or treatment with a cation exchange resin, dowex 50, parallel in some respects those seen earlier on the respiration and fermentation of bakers' yeast receiving 90,000 r of 250 kv. x-rays. Starvation increased the radiosensitivity of cell division processes whether measured by colony formation or by turbidimetric determination of growth in a liquid medium. The dowex 50 enhanced the radiation effect by the latter measure but appeared to increase colony formation of irradiated yeast. 2. The effects on growth differ from those on respiration and fermentation in that the exchange resin treatment did not inhibit colony formation further, and neither starvation nor resin appreciably altered the growth of non-irradiated yeast. 3. Two effects of radiation are seen in these experiments: ( a ) a permanent inhibition of growth, and ( b ) a temporary inhibition of the remaining cells resulting in delay of growth. 4. The irradiated cell is more dependent on certain aspects of its environment in terms of growth responses as well as in terms of metabolism ( i.e . respiration and fermentation). Whether or not potassium plays a role in the growth response as it does in the metabolic response cannot be ascertained from the present data.
What does the ‘militariat’ do when it rules? military regimes: the Gambia, Sierra Leone and Liberia

A significant group of military interventions, especially in West Africa, has been carried out not by disaffected senior officers, but by junior officers and NCOs ‐ the militariat, occupying a class position within the army analogous to the working class within society as a whole. Such interventions are directed as much against the senior officers as against the political elite to which they are closely linked by clientelist ties. Despite this, and the populist rhetoric adopted by the militariat when first in power, the regimes they install have failed to adopt social transformative goals, or create new mobilisational political structures. Comparison of Liberia under the PRC (1980–89), Sierra Leone under the NPRC (1992–96) and the Gambia under the AFPRC (1994) shows that instead the regimes are marked by violence and instability, and in two cases by the outbreak of civil war. Corruption and human rights abuses have been commonplace, and the regimes have failed to strengthen state capacities, to restore mi...
New chromogens of the ferroin type—X synthesis and chelation properties of some 2-thiazolyl- and 2-pyrimidinylhydrazones

Preparation of some new hydrazones which possess the ferroin chromophoric group is described, together with results of spectrophotometric studies of their chelation reactions with iron(II), copper(I), cobalt(II) and nickel(II). Several of the new compounds show promise as highly sensitive chromogenic reagents for simultaneous determinations of these metals.
Measurement of Transport Properties of Ions in Gases; Results for K + Ions in N 2

A solution is developed to the transport equation describing the drift, diffusion, and reaction of an ion swarm moving under the influence of a uniform electric field $E$ in a gas of uniform number density $N$. An easily applied analytical expression is obtained for a particular type of source input of the ions under the assumption that the only reaction occurring is one which results in the depletion of the ion species under consideration. Data obtained with a drift-tube mass spectrometer on ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$ ions in ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ at low $\frac{E}{N}$, where the parameters in the solution can be determined from other considerations, are presented to show that the solution does closely describe the drifting ion swarm. The solution is then applied to ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$ data obtained at higher $\frac{E}{N}$ to determine the mobility, the longitudinal diffusion coefficient and the transverse diffusion coefficient for ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$ in ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, up to an $\frac{E}{N}$ of 350 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}$ V ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The zero-field reduced mobility of ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$ in ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ is determined to be 2.55 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V sec, in excellent agreement with the nonmass analyzed data of other experiments and with the Langevin polarization limit prediction of 2.60 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V sec. Both diffusion coefficients are found to be in agreement with the value predicted from the Einstein relation at low $\frac{E}{N}$, and to increase as $\frac{E}{N}$ is increased.
Identification of Target Binding Site in Photoreceptor Guanylyl Cyclase Activating Protein 1 (GCAP1)

Retinal guanylyl cyclase (RetGC)-activating proteins (GCAPs) regulate visual photoresponse and trigger congenital retinal diseases in humans, but GCAP interaction with its target enzyme remains obscure. We mapped GCAP1 residues comprising the RetGC1 binding site by mutagenizing the entire surface of GCAP1 and testing the ability of each mutant to bind RetGC1 in a cell-based assay and to activate it in vitro. Mutations that most strongly affected the activation of RetGC1 localized to a distinct patch formed by the surface of non-metal-binding EF-hand 1, the loop and the exiting helix of EF-hand 2, and the entering helix of EF-hand 3. Mutations in the binding patch completely blocked activation of the cyclase without affecting Ca2+ binding stoichiometry of GCAP1 or its tertiary fold. Exposed residues in the C-terminal portion of GCAP1, including EF-hand 4 and the helix connecting it with the N-terminal lobe of GCAP1, are not critical for activation of the cyclase. GCAP1 mutants that failed to activate RetGC1 in vitro were GFP-tagged and co-expressed in HEK293 cells with mOrange-tagged RetGC1 to test their direct binding in cyto. Most of the GCAP1 mutations introduced into the “binding patch” prevented co-localization with RetGC1, except for Met-26, Lys-85, and Trp-94. With these residues mutated, GCAP1 completely failed to stimulate cyclase activity but still bound RetGC1 and competed with the wild type GCAP1. Thus, RetGC1 activation by GCAP1 involves establishing a tight complex through the binding patch with an additional activation step involving Met-26, Lys-85, and Trp-94.
A variationally consistent framework for the design of integrator and updates of generalized single step representations for structural dynamics

A variationally consistent framework leading to the concise design of both the ‘integrator’ and the associated ‘updates’ as related to the single step representations encompassing the so-called LMS methods for structural dynamics is described. The present paper shows for the first time, a consistent treatment involving both the ‘integrator’ and ‘updates’ that are inherent in the general context of designing the time integration process. Furthermore, the framework encompasses not only all the existing time integration algorithms that are dissipative and non-dissipative within the scope of LMS methods but also contains new optimal algorithms useful for practical applications—in the sense of accuracy, stability, numerical dissipation and dispersion, and overshoot characteristics of computational algorithms for time dependent problems encountered in structural dynamics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Editorial note on: On the feasibility of using motor imagery EEG-based brain-computer interface in chronic tetraplegics for assistive robotic arm control: a clinical test and long-term post trial follow-up.

Editorial Note on: On the feasibility of using motor imagery EEG-based brain–computer interface in chronic tetraplegics for assistive robotic arm control: a clinical test and long-term post trial follow-up
Melatonin and Dopamine as Biomarkers to Optimize Treatment in Phenylketonuria: Effects of Tryptophan and Tyrosine Supplementation

Objective To determine whether additional supplementation of tryptophan (Trp) and tyrosine (Tyr) improve serotonin and dopamine metabolism in individuals with phenylketonuria treated with large neutral amino acid (LNAA) tablets. Study design Ten adult individuals with phenylketonuria participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study consisting of three 3-week phases: washout, treatment with LNAA tablets plus supplementation with either Trp and Tyr tablets or placebo, and LNAA tablets plus the alternate supplementation. An overnight protocol to measure blood melatonin, a serotonin metabolite in the pinealocytes, and urine 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and dopamine in first-void urine specimens was conducted after each phase. Results Serum melatonin and urine 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and dopamine levels were increased in the LNAA phase (LNAA plus placebo) compared with the washout phase. Serum melatonin and urine 6-sulfatoxymelatonin were not increased in the active phase (LNAA plus Trp + Tyr) compared with the LNAA phase, although plasma Trp:LNAA was increased compared with the LNAA phase. Among 7 subjects with a plasma Trp/LNAA >0.03, a negative correlation between urine 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and plasma phenylalanine levels was observed (r = −0.072). Urine dopamine levels and plasma Tyr:LNAA were increased in the active phase compared with the LNAA phase. Conclusion Melatonin levels were not increased with the higher dose of Trp supplementation, but dopamine levels were increased with the higher dose of Tyr supplementation. Serotonin synthesis appears to be suppressed by high phenylalanine levels at the Trp hydroxylase level.
PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A WOUND-INDUCIBLE CELL WALL CATIONIC PEROXIDASE FROM CARROT ROOTS

Abstract We have isolated a novel cell wall, cationic peroxidase (pI>9.3) from roots of the carrot plant, Daucus carota. The purified isozyme, referred to as CP>9.3, has a molecular mass of 45 kilodaltons and an Reinheitzahl value of 2.3. Amino-acid composition analysis and N-terminal sequencing have been performed with CP>9.3. The N-terminal sequence shows no homology to any sequence in the protein and nucleic acid data banks. CP>9.3 activity is induced by wounding in carrot leaves and petioles; this activity is also present in carrot roots but is unaltered by wounding. Enhanced CP>9.3 activity is seen at 12 hr post-wounding and continues for at least 60 hr in leaves and petioles. Based on studies using cycloheximide, early activation of CP>9.3 is not due to de novo protein synthesis, but rather to enzyme activation. Temperature and pH optima for CP>9.3 using guaiacol as a substrate have been determined to be 32°C and 4.9.
The electrochemistry of high potential iron-sulfur proteins and their novel brdička waves*

Abstract In order to more fully understand the redox chemistry of iron—sulfur proteins and to test specifically the three-state hypothesis for the super-reduction of the Fe4S4* cluster, the electrochemistry for both Chromatium vinosum and Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa high potential iron—sulfur proteins (HiPIP) was studied. Cyclic voltammetry and related experiments demonstrated the involvement of an adsorption process and an adsorption mechanism was proposed for the observed electrochemistry. The electrochemistry of apo-HiPIP (HiPIP without the cluster) was examined and compared to native HiPIP. A new catalytic Brdicka current was found for HiPIP in which there are no free sulfhydryl or disulfide bonds but only FeS (S from cysteine) and FeS* (S*=inorganic sulfide) bonds.
Partitioning of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons between Sediments from San Francisco Bay and Their Porewaters

The in situ sediment−porewater partition coefficients (Koc‘s) of a suite of 3−6 ring polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) increased with the organic carbon content and with the amount of fines in surface sediments collected from a mudflat in San Francisco Bay along an intertidal gradient during the dry and wet seasons in 1993−1994. The Koc‘s were an order of magnitude or more higher during the wet period of high surface runoff than during the dry season; the in situ measurements bracketed the corresponding values of Kow. Moreover, Koc‘ decreased from the high- to the low-intertidal zone during the dry season, indicating heterogeneity in partitioning behavior along this spatial gradient. A plausible explanation for these trends in the partitioning behavior is a heterogeneity of the sediment organic carbon matrices, principally the content of highly aromatic soot particles; an increase in Koc‘ might be anticipated in association with the lower activity coefficients of the aromatic PAHs in a highly aroma...
Estimation of Quantiles of Exponential Distributions with Minimum Error in Predicted Distribution Functions

Abstract We consider the problem of estimating the quantiles of a one-parameter exponential distribution. Using the estimated quantiles to predict the distribution function, and attempting to minimize mean square errors for these predicted probabilities rather than the quantiles themselves, we are led to estimators differing from the natural ones obtained by appropriate scaling of the estimated mean of the distribution. The form of these estimators is studied for complete and censored samples, and also for the optimal single order statistic. Numerical comparisons are made, leading to the conclusion that for moderate sample sizes the estimators studied here are considerably more efficient than the natural ones, particularly for high quantiles.
Transient electromagnetic study of basin fill sediments in the Upper San Pedro Basin, Mexico

The Upper San Pedro River Basin in Mexico and the United States is an important riparian corridor that is coming under increasing pressure from growing populations and the associated increase in groundwater withdrawal. Several studies have produced three-dimensional maps of the basin fill sediments in the US portion of the basin but little work has been done in the Mexican portion of the basin. Here, the results of a ground-based transient electromagnetic (TEM) survey in the Upper San Pedro Basin, Mexico are presented. These basin fill sediments are characterized by a 10–40 m deep unsaturated surficial zone which is composed primarily of sands and gravels. In the central portion of the basin this unsaturated zone is usually underlain by a shallow clay layer 20–50 m thick. Beneath this may be more clay, as is usually the case near the San Pedro River, or interbedded sand, silt, and clay to a depth of 200–250 m. As you move away from the river, the upper clay layer disappears and the amount of sand in the sediments increases. At 1–2 km away from the river, sands can occupy up to 50% of the upper 200–250 m of the sediment fill. Below this, clays are always present except where bedrock highs are observed. This lower clay layer begins at a depth of about 200 m in the central portion of the basin (250 m or more at distances greater than 1–2 km from the river) and extends to the bottom of most profiles to depths of 400 m. While the depth of the top of this lower clay layer is probably accurate, its thickness observed in the models may be overestimated due to the relatively low magnetic moment of the TEM system used in this study. The inversion routine used for interpretation is based on a one-dimensional geologic model. This is a layer based model that is isotropic in both the x and y directions. Several survey soundings did not meet this requirement which invalidates the inversion process and the resulting interpretation at these locations. The results from these locations were rejected.
LeuO-mediated transcriptional derepression

To understand the coordination of gene expression in the Salmonella typhimurium ilvIH-leuO-leuABCD gene cluster, we had previously identified a 72-bp AT-rich (78% A+T) DNA sequence element, AT4, which was capable of silencing transcription in a promoter nonspecific manner. LeuO protein provided in trans relieved (derepressed) AT4-mediated gene silencing (transcriptional repression), but underlying mechanisms remained unclear. In the present communication, the 72-bp DNA sequence element is further dissected into two functional elements, AT7 and AT8. LeuO binds to the 25-bp AT7, which lies closest to the leuO promoter in the AT4 DNA. After deletion of the AT7 DNA sequence responsible for LeuO binding from AT4, the remaining 47-bp AT-rich (85% A+T) DNA sequence, termed AT8, retains the full bi-directional gene-silencing activity, which is no longer relieved by LeuO. LeuO-mediated transcriptional derepression is restored when the LeuO binding site, AT7, is placed within close proximity to the gene silencer AT8. As a pair of functionally coupled transcription elements, the presence of an equal copy number of AT7 and AT8 within proximity is important for the transcription control. The characterization provides clues for future elucidation of the molecular details whereby LeuO negates the gene-silencing activity.
Why everything has changed: the recent revolution in cultural economics

The internet, the iPod, the cell phone, Kindle, blogs, computer games, and virtual realities mean that cultural economics has changed an enormous amount in just the last five years. I explain and analyze some of the implications of these changes.
A cephalometric study of the clinical rest position of the mandible: Part I. The variability of the clinical rest position following the removal of occlusal contacts

Abstract 1. For each physiologic process, there is both a physiologic and a pathologic range of variability. 2. Man's ability to detect this variability depends on: the accuracy and validity of his measurements, the number and timing of his measurements, and the variability of the physiologic process. 3. The variability of the resting vertical dimension was studied clinically in 42 patients. By timing the cephalometric measurements before and after a major pathologic event—the removal of occlusal contacts—variability should appear, if it does occur and if it is measurable. 4. Variability was measurable and of clinical significance in edentulous patients between different readings within a single sitting, between average readings of different sittings, and between readings with and without dentures. Even greater variations existed between pre- and post-extraction readings. In each regard, variability was different for different patients and for the same patient at different times. 5. Of the 42 patients, 11 showed an increase in resting vertical dimension following the removal of occlusal contacts, 9 fluctuated about their individual baselines, and 22 showed a decrease. 6. The fact of closure in 22 out of 42 patients does not answer the question of safe restoration of lost vertical dimension with dentures. This question will be discussed further in Part II.
Is there a phenomenological argument for higher-order representationalism?

In his 2009 article “Self-Representationalism and Phenomenology,” Uriah Kriegel argues for self-representationalism about phenomenal consciousness primarily on phenomenological grounds. Kriegel’s argument can naturally be cast more broadly as an argument for higher-order representationalism. I examine this broadened version of Kriegel’s argument in detail and show that it is unsuccessful for two reasons. First, Kriegel’s argument (in its strongest form) relies on an inference to the best explanation from the claim that all experiences of normal adult human beings are accompanied by peripheral awareness of those very experiences to the claim that all experiences are accompanied by peripheral awareness of those very experiences. This inference is inadequately defended, for the explanandum may also be given a straightforward evolutionary explanation. Second, contra Kriegel, I argue that phenomenological investigation does not support the thesis that we are always peripherally aware of our experiences. Instead, it delivers no verdict on this thesis. Kriegel’s phenomenological mistake may be explained via a highly diluted version of the famous transparency thesis about experience.
Metabolism in single rat brain slices measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been used to study brain biochemistry in superfused brain slice preparations for over a decade. However, unlike techniques that monitor electrical activity, ion fluxes, or the release of radio-labeled compounds in single brain slices, MRS studies have required samples composed of several slices and inherently poor anatomical specificity in order to achieve adequate signal-to-noise levels, spectral resolution, or, in the case of 1 H MRS, a high degree of artifact-free water signal suppression. We report that gradient-enhanced 1 H MRS techniques combined with a simple slice positioning and perfusion technique yield high-quality spectra from single 400 μm rat forebrain or neocortical–hippocampal slices within 15 min of data acquisition time. Spectra of comparable quality were obtained from samples with three neocortical or three hippocampal slices within the same time frame. The assessment of anaerobic energy metabolism in single slices by 1 H MRS is also demonstrated. In addition to greater anatomical resolution in studies on brain slice biochemistry, single slice MRS also presents the possibility of correlating, within the same slice, 1 H MRS-detectable metabolite levels with other physiological measurements commonly performed on single brain slices. Themes : Cellular and Molecular Biology Topics : Staining, tracing, and imaging techniques
Anion Content of Snow by Suppressed and Non-Suppressed Ion Chromatography

Both suppressed and non-suppressed ion chromatographic methods were employed in the analysis of snow sampled from the Rocky Mountains for Cl/sup -/, NO/sub 3//sup -/, and SO/sub 4//sup 2 -/. By suppressed ion chromatography the concentration of these anions was found to be less than 1 mg/liter. These concentrations are lower than what can be determined using commercially available non-suppressed systems. To overcome this problem, the samples may be preconcentrated or a larger sample used. Due to complications arising on using a larger sample, in the absence of preconcentration, each sample must be analyzed twice by the non-suppressed ion chromatographic procedure. By comparison, the suppressed procedure is a factor of 10 more sensitive than this non-suppressed procedure. Even so, the results obtained by each of these procedures are not significantly different one from the other. 14 references, 2 figures, 1 table.
Three-Dimensional Ion Mobility/TOFMS Analysis of Electrosprayed Biomolecules

An ion mobility/mass spectrometry technique has been developed to record mass-resolved ion mobility distributions for multiple ions simultaneously. The approach involves a new instrument that couples an electrospray ion source to an injected-ion drift tube/time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Individual components in a mixture of ions are separated by mobility differences in a drift tube and subsequently dispersed by mass-to-charge ratios in a time-of-flight instrument. Flight times in the mass spectrometer are much shorter than residence times in the drift tube, making it possible to record mass-resolved ion mobilities for all ions simultaneously. The result is a three-dimensional spectrum that contains collision cross section, mass-to-charge, and ion abundance information. The instrument and data acquisition system are described. Examples of combined ion mobility/time-of-flight data are presented for distributions of electrosprayed bradykinin and ubiquitin ions.
Medical Status of Adult Dental Patients: Implications for the Dental Curriculum

Data are presented on the diseases of and the medications taken by the patients of a large clinic and a small private dental practice. Only 288 of the 11,500 dental clinic patients reported having one or more of seven medical conditions—hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, epilepsy, tuberculosis, venereal disease, and bleeding disorders. Because the physicians of the 288 patients were required to file reports on the medications prescribed, the frequency of use of the various drugs can be estimated. Reasons for underreporting of the medical conditions, as well as the significance of the data on medications for the dental school curriculum, are suggested.
Endometriosis-associated pelvic pain: evidence for an association between the stage of disease and a history of chronic pelvic pain

Objective: To track the severity and location of pelvic pain associated with endometriosis throughout the reproductive-age years and to evaluate the association between these pain parameters and the stage of disease. Design: Historical prospective study. Setting: Tertiary care center. Patient(s): Forty-eight women with endoscopically staged endometriosis and chronic pelvic pain who had undergone medical and/or conservative surgical therapy. Intervention(s): Each participant was administered a questionnaire that included a determination of the severity and location of her pain. Main Outcome Measure(s): The stage of disease, the area of the pelvis that contained the bulk of disease, the severity of pain, and the location of the most severe pain were recorded. Result(s): The mean duration from the initial diagnosis until follow-up was 15.7 ± 3.1 years. Twenty-one (43.8%) subjects denied any symptoms of pain on follow-up evaluation. Of the 27 patients with persistent pain, 21 (78%) identified the location of their most severe pain as being the same as at initial diagnosis. The stage of disease at initial diagnosis was significantly associated with a higher degree of pain at follow-up. Conclusion(s): These data suggest that endometriosis-associated chronic pelvic pain commonly persists throughout the reproductive years and that endometriosis stage is directly related to the persistence of pelvic pain.