cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perturbative M-Sequences for Auditory Systems Identification

In this paper we present a new method for studying auditory systems based on m-sequences. The method allows us to perturbatively study the linear response of the system in the presence of various other stimuli, such as speech or sinusoidal modulations. This allows one to construct linear kernels (receptive fields) at the same time that other stimuli are being presented. Using the method we calculate the modulation transfer function of single units in the inferior collicuius of the cat at different operating points and discuss nonlinearities in the response.
Surface Equations of State in Adsorption from Solution

Evaluation of a surface equation of state generally involves an evaluation of its ability to represent raw experimental data, or information derived from such data, after the parameters of the equation have been adjusted to optimize this representation, followed by an evaluation of the physical reasonableness of the optimizing parameters in terms of the physical model on which the equation of state is based. This process is analyzed critically for the adsorption of polar organic compounds at the mercury-electrolytic solution interface using high precision electrocapillary data as test data and the Frumkin and Flory-Huggins equations as test equations. In one approach, ..pi.. vs ln..cap alpha.. data were represented by a set of hyperbolae with coefficients chosen to give best least squares representations of data, and adsorption isotherms obtained by analytical differentiation; parameters for the isotherms were selected to give best least squares fits to these data. Parametrizations depending on high surface pressure limiting tangents to ..pi.. vs ln..cap alpha.. plots, intercept and slope of low surface pressure ln ..pi../..cap alpha.. vs ..pi.. plots, were also investigated. Parameter sets obtained by different methods of parametrization agreed only moderately well, reflecting sensitivities to different portions of the experimental data. When all Flory-Hugginsmore » parameters were freely adjusted, best fits resulted when the water co-area was taken as larger than the organic compound co-area, a physically unrealistic result.« less
Discovery of zinc, selenium, bromine, and neodymium isotopes

Currently, thirty-two zinc, thirty-two selenium, twenty-nine bromine and thirty-one neodymium isotopes have been observed and the discovery of these isotopes is discussed here. For each isotope a brief synopsis of the rst refereed publication, including the production and identication method, is presented.
Synthesis of bridging electron transfer donor ligands

Abstract The syntheses of three bridging electron transfer donor ligands are described based on coupling of the electron transfer donor, N, N′-dimethylbenzidine with two 2,2′-bipyridines. Two different coupling strategies are used: coupling between an acid and an amine with formation of an amide, and nucleophilic coupling between an amine and an electrophilic bipyridine.
Multiple-access phased array antenna simulator for a digital beam-forming system investigation

Future versions of data relay satellite systems are currently being planned by NASA. Being given consideration for implementation are on-board digital beamforming techniques which will allow multiple users to simultaneously access a single S-band phased array antenna system. To investigate the potential performance of such a system, a laboratory simulator has been developed at NASA's Lewis Research Center. This paper describes the system simulator, and in particular, the requirements, design and performance of a key subsystem, the phased array antenna simulator, which provides realistic inputs to the digital processor including multiple signals, noise, and nonlinearities.
Multigrid-in-time for sensitivity analysis of chaotic dynamical systems

SUMMARY The following paper discusses the application of a multigrid-in-time scheme to Least Squares Shadowing (LSS), a novel sensitivity analysis method for chaotic dynamical systems. While traditional sensitivity analysis methods break down for chaotic dynamical systems, LSS is able to compute accurate gradients. Multigrid is used because LSS requires solving a very large Karush–Kuhn–Tucker system constructed from the solution of the dynamical system over the entire time interval of interest. Several different multigrid-in-time schemes are examined, and a number of factors were found to heavily influence the convergence rate of multigrid-in-time for LSS. These include the iterative method used for the smoother, how the coarse grid system is formed and how the least squares objective function at the center of LSS is weighted. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intelligent control for brake systems

There exist several problems in the control of brake systems including the development of control logic for antilock braking systems (ABS) and "base-braking." Here, we study the base-braking control problem where we seek to develop a controller that can ensure that the braking torque commanded by the driver will be achieved. In particular, we develop a fuzzy model reference learning controller, a genetic model reference adaptive controller, and a general genetic adaptive controller, and investigate their ability to reduce the effects of variations in the process due to temperature. The results are compared to those found in previous research.
α-Aminoamides from a carbamoylsilane and aldehyde imines

Abstract The reaction of a carbamoylsilane with aldehyde imines in the presence of BF 3 etherate affords α-aminoamides.
The Perils of Behavior-Based Personalization

“Behavior-based personalization” has gained popularity in recent years, whereby businesses offer personalized products based on consumers' purchase histories. This paper highlights two perils of behavior-based personalization in competitive markets. First, although purchase histories reveal consumer preferences, competitive exploitation of such information damages differentiation, similar to the classic finding that behavior-based price discrimination intensifies price competition. With endogenous product design, there is yet a second peril. It emerges when forward-looking firms try to avoid the first peril by suppressing the information value of purchase histories. Ideally, if a market leader serves all consumers on day 1, purchase histories contain no information about consumer preferences. However, knowing that their rivals are willing to accommodate a market leader, firms are more likely to offer a mainstream design at day 1, which jeopardizes differentiation. Based on this understanding, I investigate how the perils of behavior-based personalization change under alternative market conditions, such as firms' better knowledge about their own customers, consumer loyalty and inertia, consumer self-selection, and the need for classic designs.
Microwave oven synthesis of esters promoted by imidazole

Using imidazole as promotion agent, primary, secondary and phenolic alcohol compounds were esterified with aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acid anhydrides. Heating a ternary mixture of alcohol, anhydride and imidazole in an unmodified microwave oven produced esters in low to high yields, depending on the steric bulk of the alcohol.
Rigorous Analysis of Discontinuous Phase Transitions via Mean-Field Bounds

We consider a variety of nearest-neighbor spin models defined on the d-dimensional hypercubic lattice ℤ d . Our essential assumption is that these models satisfy the condition of reflection positivity. We prove that whenever the associated mean-field theory predicts a discontinuous transition, the actual model also undergoes a discontinuous transition (which occurs near the mean-field transition temperature), provided the dimension is sufficiently large or the first-order transition in the mean- field model is sufficiently strong. As an application of our general theory, we show that for d sufficiently large, the 3-state Potts ferromagnet on ℤ d undergoes a first-order phase transition as the temperature varies. Similar results are established for all q-state Potts models with q≥3, the r-component cubic models with r≥4 and the O(N)-nematic liquid-crystal models with N≥3.
Optimal Transmission Strategy and Explicit Capacity Region for Broadcast Z Channels

This paper provides an explicit expression for the capacity region of the two-user broadcast Z channel and proves that the optimal boundary can be achieved by independent encoding of each user. Specifically, the information messages corresponding to each user are encoded independently and the OR of these two encoded streams is transmitted. Nonlinear turbo codes that provide a controlled distribution of ones and zeros are used to demonstrate a low-complexity scheme that operates close to the optimal boundary.
Grouping in MetaXQuery

Metadata plays an important role in describing and proscribing data in both traditional and XML applications. In this paper, we present an extension of the XML data model and XQuery query language to support grouping of data and metadata. We focus in particular on grouping because of its importance but lack of explicit support in querying and restructuring XML. Typically elements that have the same data are grouped together, but when metadata is present, the metadata must also be evaluated to determine group membership.
Monte Carlo simulations of phosphate polyhedron connectivity in glasses

Monte Carlo simulations of phosphate tetrahedron connectivity distributions in alkali and alkaline earth phosphate glasses are reported. By utilizing a discrete bond model, the distribution of next-nearest neighbor connectivities between phosphate polyhedron for random, alternating and clustering bonding scenarios was evaluated as a function of the relative bond energy difference. The simulated distributions are compared to experimentally observed connectivities reported for solid-state two-dimensional exchange and double-quantum NMR experiments of phosphate glasses. These Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the polyhedron connectivity is best described by a random distribution in lithium phosphate and calcium phosphate glasses.
We're all in this together…except for you: The effects of workload, performance feedback, and racial distance on helping behavior in teams

Summary We draw from social categorization theory and the actor–observer hypothesis to extend previous research regarding receiving high levels of help from team members. Specifically, we explore how a team member's performance feedback on how they handled a disproportionately heavy share of the team's workload and how their racial distance from the rest of their teammates affect the amount of helping that person receives from their teammates. Results from a laboratory study in which 79 teams worked on a computerized, decision-making task demonstrated a three-way interaction between workload, performance feedback, and the racial distance between the feedback recipient and the rest of their teammates. Racially distant negative feedback recipients who had a disproportionately heavy share of their team's workload received less help from teammates than their racially similar counterparts. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hard Tissue Regeneration In Strombus Gigas , the Giant Queen Conch

Hard tissue regeneration (i.e. shell repair) is an important biomineralization process in mollusks. Rapid regeneration is important in avoiding loss of fluids and preventing attacks by predators. We have studied such tissue regeneration in the Queen conch (Strombus Gigas) by inserting an abiotic glass cover slide between the mantle tissue and the shell. The glass cover slides were removed after mineralization periods extending from 6 hours to 4 days, and the deposited materials on the glass substrates (“flat pearls”) analyzed by X-ray diffraction, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Although the CaCO3 in native Queen conch shell is exclusively aragonite, calcite was detected in the regenerated materials grown on glass substrates. Calcite formation occurred only during the very early stage of mineralization and the initial minerals formed were soon overgrown by aragonite. The initial aragonite overgrowth had a spherulitic morphology, and was thus relatively poorly oriented; after this spherulitic transient, the microstructure was recognizable as the crossed-lamellar structure of the natural shell. Thus, shell regeneration on abiotic substrates differs from shell formation during growth of conchs only in the very early stage. Once the crossed-lamellar microstructure has formed, further hard tissue development is identical to that occurring during natural shell growth.
POWER-AWARE METRICS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Energy conservation is a critical issue in wireless sensor networks for node and network life, as the nodes are powered by batteries. One way of doing so is to use only local information available to the nodes in the network. This article evaluates a number of power-aware routing protocols based on local information only. The simulation shows that basing the routing decision on the remaining power of neighbouring nodes is not by itself enough. Instead, using the directional value and the sum of power remaining at the next neighbours gives the routing protocol a broader perspective about the condition of the network from a local point of view and enhances the decision process.
The economics of harvesting and transporting corn stover for conversion to fuel ethanol: A case study for Minnesota

Abstract Corn-stover feedstock costs were estimated for a proposed biomass-to-ethanol conversion facility in southern Minnesota, USA, accounting for county-specific yields and transportation distances, erosion constraints, machinery specifications, and transportation, storage, and densification costs. Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate the probability distribution of costs under alternative assumptions on key parameters whose values vary widely in the literature. For a facility producing 0.189 hm 3 y −1 of ethanol, marginal feedstock cost was estimated at $60 Mg −1 ($200 m −3 ethanol) for the more-intensive harvest method and $72 Mg −1 ($210 m −3 ) for the less-intensive method. Costs were greater than $68 Mg −1 ($240 m −3 ) for a facility producing > 0.757 hm 3 y −1 ethanol under the more-intensive method, and greater than $93 Mg −1 ($320 m −3 ) for the less-intensive method. Monte Carlo simulation estimated a mean marginal cost of $57 Mg −1 ($69 Mg −3 under the less-intensive harvest method) for 0.189 hm 3 ethanol output, with a $12 ($10) standard deviation. Costs were found to be at or below $68 Mg −1 90 percent of the time ($78 Mg −1 for the less-intensive method). A $12 Mg −1 standard deviation in stover cost would result in a $40 m −3 swing in ethanol cost.
The ‘Google effect’ in the FCC’s 700 MHz auction

We describe and interpret bidding behavior in FCC Auction 73 for the C-block licenses. These licenses were initially offered subject to an open platform restriction, which was highly valued by firms such as Google. Google entered bids until its bids reached the Cblock reserve price, thereby ensuring that the open platform restriction would be applied to the licenses. Later in the auction, other bidders outbid Google, so Google was able to trigger the open platform restriction without having to purchase any of the licenses.
Healthy environments for children

The young child’s interdependent needs for survival growth and development require the harmonization of efforts to improve health nutrition clean water and environmental sanitation psychosocial care and early learning child protection and women’s rights. Judicious context-specific integration of the contributions from five programme areas is needed: health nutrition water and environmental sanitation education and protection. This must be undertaken to strengthen family and community capacities for caring for young children ensure better access to quality basic services and needed commodities and improve the policy environment. (excerpt)
Is adjuvant therapy for older patients with node (−) early breast cancer cost-effective? ☆

Abstract Background: Node (−) breast cancer represents over 60% of cases in older women and currently there is a debate whether adjuvant therapy for these women is cost-effective. Purpose: Evaluate if adjuvant treatment for early-stage node (−) breast cancer with hormone therapy, chemotherapy, or combination therapy is cost-effective in older patients. Design: Decision-analysis modeling using life tables integrated the cost of treatment in dollars and impact in length and quality of life. The primary data sources were meta-analysis from the Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group and the Red Book Average Wholesale Price for drugs. The incremental cost-effectiveness of different treatment strategies were then compared and mapped graphically. Results: Adjuvant therapy is cost-effective in 65-year-old women with early breast cancer. In a 75-year-old estrogen receptor, ER (+) patient, hormone therapy, specifically tamoxifen, is cost-effective, $19,530/QALY. In a 75-year-old ER (−) the use of chemotherapy (AC or CMF) or 85-year-old ER (+) the use of hormone therapy was only marginally cost-effective, $54,000–76,000/QALY, only if efficacy was assumed to be age-insensitive (similar to a 65-year-old woman). Conclusion: Decision-analytic models can help policy makers who are faced with decisions about whether to support adjuvant therapy in older breast cancer patients and also outline the important parameters that need to be considered in such a decision.
The propagation and backscattering of soliton-like pulses in a chain of quartz beads and related problems. (I). Propagation

Abstract We confirm that for vanishingly small loading and large impact condition, it may be possible to generate solitons in a chain of grains that are characterized by Hertzian contacts. For uniform or progressive loading conditions throughout the chain, one generates soft-solitons which are weakly dispersive in space and time. Under conditions of weak impact, one generates acoustic pulses through the chain. We describe the displacements , velocities and accelerations suffered by the individual grains when subjected to solitons, soft-solitons and acoustic pulses and describe the effects of restitution on the propagating pulse.
Circuit-Level Modeling for Concurrent Testing of Operational Defects due to Gate Oxide Breakdown

As device sizes shrink and current densities increase, the probability of device failures due to gate oxide break-down (OBD) also increases. To provide designs that are tolerant to such failures, we must investigate and understand the manifestations of this physical phenomenon at the circuit and system level. In this paper, we develop a model for operational OBD defects, and we explore how to test for faults due to OBD. For a NAND gate, we derive the necessary input conditions that excite and detect errors due to OBD defects at the gate level. We show that traditional pattern generators fail to exercise all of these defects. Finally, we show that these test patterns can be propagated and justified for a combinational circuit in a manner similar to traditional ATPG.
Intramolecular Baylis−Hillman and Morita Reactions Using Unsaturated Thiol Ester Substrates Containing Enolizable Aldehydes

Previously unknown intramolecular Baylis−Hillman and Morita reactions involving cyclization of an unsaturated thiol ester onto a pendant aldehyde function are reported. These can be used successfully for the preparation of both cyclopentenols and cyclohexenols, but the results are very sensitive to substrate and precise reaction conditions.
The preparation of 1,5-dioxygenated-pent-2-ynes

1,5-Dioxygenated-pent-2-ynes were prepared via the reductive lithiations of 4-alkoxybut-2-ynylbenzotriazoles and subsequent condensations with ketones and aldehydes.
Share restrictions and asset pricing: Evidence from the hedge fund industry

Abstract This paper presents evidence on the relation between hedge fund returns and restrictions imposed by funds that limit the liquidity of fund investors. The excess returns of funds with lockup restrictions are approximately 4–7% per year higher than those of nonlockup funds. The average alpha of all funds is negative or insignificant after controlling for lockups and other share restrictions. Also, a negative relation is found between share restrictions and the liquidity of the fund's portfolio. This suggests that share restrictions allow funds to efficiently manage illiquid assets, and these benefits are captured by investors as a share illiquidity premium.
Self-Enforcing Federalism

How are constitutional rules sustained? We investigate this problem in the context of how the institutions of federalism are sustained. As Riker (1964) emphasizes, a central design problem of federalism is how to create institutions that at once grant the central government enough authority to provide central goods and police the subunits, but not so much that it usurps all public authority. Using a game theoretic model of institutional choice, we argue that, to survive, federal structures must be self-enforcing : the center and the states must have incentives to fulfill their obligations within the limits of federal bargains. Our model investigates the trade-offs among the benefits from central goods provision, the ability of the center to impose penalties for noncompliance, and the costs of states to exit. We also show that federal constitutions can act as coordinating devices or focal solutions that allow the units to coordinate on trigger strategies in order to police the center. Finally, the model generates a number of comparative statics concerning the degree of central power, the division of rents between the states and the center, and the degree of "central goods" provided as a function of the characteristics of the constituent units. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.
Understanding second careers: Lessons from a study of U.S. Navy admirals

We examined the career transition of senior executives from a strong bureaucratic organization into a dynamic business environment. In surveying retired, flag-rank admirals characterized by the need to start a second career, we found significant support for a career transition model. The retired admirals in this study largely enjoyed a smooth transition into civilian careers. Their traditional career was associated primarily with external success, the contemporary protean career with internal success. The role of the organization proved instrumental for a successful transition. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Joint effect of insulin-Like growth factors and mutagen sensitivity in lung cancer risk

Background: We hypothesize that accumulation of genetic damage is dependent on an individual’s intrinsic carcinogen sensitivity and on various humoral factors (e.g., insulin-like growth factors [IGFs]) that enhance proliferation, resistance to apoptotic cell death, and clonal outgrowth of genetically damaged cells. We tested this hypothesis by determining whether proliferation potential and genetic instability are associated with the risk of lung cancer. Methods: In a study of 183 lung cancer patients and 227 matched control subjects, we examined the joint effects of latent genetic instability (measured as mutagen sensitivity) and elevated proliferation potential (assessed by measuring IGFs) in lung cancer risk. Levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in plasma were measured by use of immunoassay kits. Mutagen sensitivity was assessed by quantitating bleomycinand b enzo[ a]pyrene d iol e poxide (BPDE)-induced chromatid breaks in peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures. Results: Although not statistically significant, the mean levels of IGF-I and the molar ratio of IGF-I/IGFBP-3 were higher in patients with advanced or poorly differentiated disease than in patients with early or well-differentiated disease. Variation in IGFs was not associated with any specific histologic type or tumor stage. High levels of IGF-I and enhanced mutagen sensitivity were individually associated with increased risk of lung cancer: odds ratio (OR) of 2.13 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.20‐3.78) for IGF-I, 2.50 (95% CI = 1.49‐4.20) for bleomycin sensitivity, and 2.95 (95% CI = 1.72‐5.06) for BPDE sensitivity. The OR was statistically significantly elevated to 8.88 for both higher IGF-I and bleomycin sensitivity (95% CI = 3.67‐21.50) and to 13.53 for higher IGF-I and BPDE sensitivity combined (95% CI = 4.48‐ 40.89). With all three risk factors considered together, the OR was 17.09 (95% CI = 4.16‐70.27). High levels of IGFBP-3 alone were associated with reduced lung cancer risk: OR = 0.59 (95% CI = 0.33‐1.05). Conclusions: Our data suggest that individuals with genetic instability and higher proliferation potential are at enhanced risk for lung cancer. [J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92:737‐43]
AMNESIA, REAL AND FEIGNED

Three main groups of causes or types of amnesia are: First, pathological, which may follow certain induced conditions such as head injury, fever, hypoglycemia, drugs and alcohol or may be inherent such as the amnesia associated with various types of epileptic seizures. Second, are psychological amnesias, usually diagnosed as psychoneurosis or hysterias. Third, is feigned amnesia. The distinctive features and the legal complications of these various types of amnesia are discussed. The electroencephalogram ram seems to provide evidence which in many cases may assist in distinguishing pathological amnesia from the other forms. In those cases in which an illegal act is the result of a period of amnesia which in turn is accompanied by a disorder of the electrical waves of the brain, treatment by means of medicine instead of by incarceration seems reasonable. Intensive research on this point is urgently needed.
Investigation of Molecular Cloud Structure around Infrared Bubbles: CARMA Observations of N14, N22, and N74

We present CARMA observations in 3.3 mm continuum and several molecular lines of the surroundings of N14, N22, and N74, three infrared bubbles from the GLIMPSE catalog. We have discovered 28 compact continuum sources and confirmed their associations with the bubbles using velocity information from HCO+ and HCN. We have also mapped small-scale structures of N2H+ emission in the vicinity of the bubbles. By combining our data with survey data from GLIMPSE, MIPSGAL, BGPS, and MAGPIS, we establish about half of our continuum sources as star-forming cores. We also use survey data with the velocity information from our molecular line observations to describe the morphology of the bubbles and the nature of the fragmentation. We conclude from the properties of the continuum sources that N74 likely is at the near kinematic distance, which was previously unconfirmed. We also present tentative evidence of molecular clouds being more fragmented on bubble rims compared to dark clouds, suggesting that triggered star formation may occur, though our findings do not conform to a classic collect-and-collapse model.
Discretization in the Quasi-Continuum

Beginning with Rice in 1929, many authors have considered a model of the so-called “quasi-continuum” in which a distinguished ground state is coupled to a band of N upper states, which are not coupled to one another (see Fig. ThDD3-1). These efforts are summarized nicely by Shore.1 The (1,N) system allows many analytic results to be derived because it has a simple eigenvalue equation2 and because it is susceptible to analysis using the Laplace transform.3,4 In the special case (the Rice model) of evenly spaced sublevels of the upper band, Schrodinger’s equation can be transformed into a delay-differential equation5,6 and hence exhibits recurrences in which the ground-state probability experiences quasi-periodic growth and decay (see Fig. ThDD3-2).
The Expert's Opinion

Jeffrey S. Arpan is the James F. Kane Professor of International Business and Chairman of the University of South Carolina's International Business Department. His Department has been ranked number one in the nation by U.S. News and World Report in March 1990 and April 1991. Following is the text of the keynote address that Arpan delivered at the 1992 Information Resources Management Association International Conference. The title of the speech was, " Economic Development and International Education: Link or Lose."
Leveraging aggregate ratings for better recommendations

The paper presents a method that uses aggregate ratings provided by various segments of users for various categories of items to derive better estimations of unknown individual ratings. This is achieved by converting the aggregate ratings into constraints on the parameters of a rating estimation model presented in the paper. The paper also demonstrates theoretically that these additional constraints reduce rating estimation errors resulting in better rating predictions.
On distance properties of quasi-cyclic protograph-based LDPC codes

Recent work [1][2] has shown that properly designed protograph-based LDPC codes may have minimum distance linearly increasing with block length. This notion rests on ensemble arguments over all possible expansions of the base protograph. When implementation complexity is considered, the expansion is typically chosen to be quite orderly. For example, protograph expansion by cyclically shifting connections creates a quasi-cyclic (QC) code. Other recent work [3] has provided upper bounds on the minimum distance of QC codes. In this paper, these bounds are expanded upon to cover puncturing and tightened in several specific cases. We then evaluate our upper bounds for the most prominent protograph code thus far, one proposed for deep-space usage in the CCSDS experimental standard [4], the code known as AR4JA.
Rho : a decision support system for pricing in law firms

There is no single schedule of legal fees and the way they are calculated; a rational model of fee determination is acutely needed. This paper presents a decision support system called Rho that allows the user to enter the internal and external data into a set of decision models to determine the strategic pricing for law firms. The paper describes the main features of the system, the optimization model that plays a critical role in the decision process, an illustration of how the system was applied in a real setting, an assessment of the proposed approach and future research issues.
A W*-correspondence approach to multi-dimensional linear dissipative systems

Recent work of the operator algebraists P. Muhly and B. Solel, primarily motivated by the theory of operator algebras and mathematical physics, delineates a general abstract framework where system theory ideas appear in disguised form. These system-theory ingredients include: system matrix for an input/state/output linear system, Z-transform from a “time domain” to a “frequency domain”, and Z-transform of the output signal given by an observation function applied to the initial condition plus a transfer function applied to the Z-transform of the input signal. Here we set down the definitions and main results for the general Muhly-Solel formalism and illustrate them for two specific types of multidimensional linear systems: (1) dissipative Fornasini-Marchesini state-space representations with transfer function equal to a holomorphic operator-valued function on the unit ball in ℂd, and (2) noncommutative dissipative Fornasini-Marchsini linear systems with evolution along a free semigroup and with transfer function defined on the noncommutative ball of strict row contractions on a Hilbert space.
Reaction of peroxyacetals with silyl ketene acetals: synthesis of 3-peroxyalkanoates and 3-peroxyalkanals

Abstract Lewis acid-mediated reaction of monoperoxyacetals with silyl ketene acetals (SKAs) provides an efficient approach to 3-peroxyalkanoates. Propionate SKAs react with aliphatic peroxyacetals to furnish 3-peroxy-2-methyl alkanoates with modest anti -selectivity. Although acetate and thioacetate SKAs are less reactive, the latter react with unsaturated peroxyacetals to furnish peroxyalkenoates and -alkadienoates which undergo chemoselective reduction to 3-peroxyalkenals and 3-peroxyalkadienals.
Regioselective Glycosylation: Synthesis of α-Indoline Nucleosides

Novel indoline ribonucleosides with the α-N-glycoside configuration are synthesized with very high regioselectivity in 90–96% yield, using TMS protected indolines and 2,3-O-(1-methylethylidene)-5-O-(triphenylmethyl)-α/β-d-ribofuranose. The structures of these ribonucleosides were elucidated with X-ray crystallography as well as 2D (NOESY, COSY, and HMQC) NMR spectroscopy.
Three-Component Coupling Reactions of Silyl Glyoxylates, Vinyl Grignard Reagent, and Nitroalkenes: An Efficient, Highly Diastereoselective Approach to Nitrocyclopentanols

The efficient synthesis of highly substituted cyclopentanols is an important task given the prevalence of this class of compounds in nature. Nitrocyclopentanols are of particular value due to the rich chemistry associated with the nitro group [1] and their potential use as aminocyclopentitol progenitors. [2] Aminocyclopentitols have generated considerable attention because of their significant biological activity and synthetic challenges presented by their often dense functionality and contiguous chiral centers. As such, the development of a flexible synthesis of functionalized nitrocyclopentanols would be a welcome addition to the synthetic toolbox. Herein we report the three-component coupling of silyl glyoxylates, CH2 =CHMgBr, and nitroalkenes that selectively affords (Z)silyl enol ether products through a unique vinylogous Michael cascade. The resulting functionality enables the immediate implementation of a second-stage Henry cyclization for the expeditious, diastereoselective synthesis of functionalized nitrocyclopentanols. Silyl glyoxylates are conjunctive reagents for the union of complementary nucleophilic and electrophilic partners linked at a protected glycolic acid junction. [3] The use of these
Bis(μ‐oxo)dimetal “Diamond” Cores in Copper and Iron Complexes Relevant to Biocatalysis

Although quite a familiar feature in high-valent manganese chemistry, the M(2)(mu-O)(2) diamond core motif has only recently been found in synthetic complexes for M=Cu or Fe. Structural and spectroscopic characterization of these more reactive Cu(2)(mu-O)(2) and Fe(2)(mu-O)(2) compounds has been possible through use of appropriately designed supporting ligands, low-temperature handling methods, and techniques such as electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography with area detector instrumentation for rapid data collection. Despite differences in electronic structures that have been revealed through experimental and theoretical studies, Cu(2)(mu-O)(2) and Fe(2)(mu-O)(2) cores exhibit analogously covalent metal-oxo bonding, remarkably congruent Raman and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) signatures, and similar tendencies to abstract hydrogen atoms from substrates. Core isomerization is another common reaction attribute, although different pathways are traversed; for Fe, bridge-to-terminal oxo migration has been discovered, while for Cu, reversible formation of an O-O bond to yield a peroxo isomer has been identified. Our understanding of biocatalysis has been enhanced significantly through the isolation and comprehensive characterization of the Cu(2)(mu-O)(2) and Fe(2)(mu-O)(2) complexes. In particular, it has led to the development of new mechanistic notions about how non-heme multimetal enzymes, such as methane monooxygenases, fatty acid desaturase, and tyrosinase, may function in the activation of dioxygen to catalyze a diverse array of organic transformations.
The runtime structure of object ownership

Object-oriented programs often require large heaps to run properly or meet performance goals. They use high-overhead collections, bulky data models, and large caches. Discovering this is quite challenging. Manual browsing and flat summaries do not scale to complex graphs with 20 million objects. Context is crucial to understanding responsibility and inefficient object connectivity. We summarize memory footprint with help from the dominator relation. Each dominator tree captures unique ownership. Edges between trees capture responsibility. We introduce a set of ownership structures, and quantify their abundance. We aggregate these structures, and use thresholds to identify important aggregates. We introduce the ownership graph to summarize responsibility, and backbone equivalence to aggregate patterns within trees. Our implementation quickly generates concise summaries. In two minutes, it generates a 14-node ownership graph from 29 million objects. Backbone equivalence identifies a handful of patterns that account for 80% of a tree's footprint.
Hyman Minsky and the Dilemmas of Contemporary Economic Method

This Companion provides a timely and engaging treatment of Hyman Minsky’s approach to economics, which is enjoying a renewed appreciation because of its prescient analysis of the slow but sure transformation of the capitalist economy in the post-war period. Many have called the global financial crisis that began in the United States in 2007 a ‘Minsky crisis’, and these original contributions demonstrate precisely why both academic economists as well as policymakers have turned to Minsky for guidance. The book brings together the foremost Minsky scholars to provide a comprehensive overview of his approach, with extensions to bring the analysis up to date.
Analysis of forced combusting jets

The ability to induce vortex formations and roll up in jet diffusion flames by means of fuel-jet forcing is studied for a range of conditions. Numerical experiments at large Froude and Reynolds numbers demonstrate that a diffusion flame is much less responsive than an isothermal jet suggesting that there is little prospect for controlling a diffusion flame in this manner. This trend is verified by stability calculations. As the jet velocity is reduced and the Froude number becomes smaller, buoyancy begins to become significant, and the flame responds more strongly to forcing. At even lower velocities, buoyancy becomes so dominant that the jet becomes inherently unstable, and large vortices are seen to appear and grow even without forcing. Indeed, it appears that the steady solution is unstable to infinitesimal perturbations. These pulsations at low Froude numbers occur at frequencies associated with the well-known flickering phenomena in flames.
The possibility of factor price equalization, revisited

This paper derives a condition for factor price equalization (FPE) in a Heckscher-Ohlin model with many goods, factors, and countries. Using Dixit and Norman’s integrated world economy (IWE), two sets, called lenses, are constructed: one spanned by the factor vectors used to produce goods in the IWE; the other spanned by the countries’ factor endowments. If the factorendowment lens ever passes outside the factor-use lens, then FPE is impossible. In this sense, therefore, FPE requires that factor endowments vary less across countries than factor intensities vary across industries.
Fully Automatic Facial Action Recognition in Spontaneous Behavior

We present results on a user independent fully automatic system for real time recognition of facial actions from the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). The system automatically detects frontal faces in the video stream and codes each frame with respect to 20 Action units. We present preliminary results on a task of facial action detection in spontaneous expressions during discourse. Support vector machines and AdaBoost classifiers are compared. For both classifiers, the output margin predicts action unit intensity.
Mapping the discrete logarithm

The discrete logarithm is a problem that surfaces frequently in the field of cryptography as a result of using the transformation g mod n. This paper focuses on a prime modulus, p, for which it is shown that the basic structure of the functional graph is largely dependent on an interaction between g and p − 1. In fact, there are precisely as many different functional graph structures as there are divisors of p− 1. This paper extracts two of these structures, permutations and binary functional graphs. Estimates exist for the shape of a random permutation, but similar estimates must be created for the binary functional graphs. Experimental data suggests that both the permutations and binary functional graphs correspond well to the theoretical data which provides motivation to extend this to larger divisors of p − 1 and study the impact this forced structure has on the many cryptographic algorithms that rely on the discrete logarithm for their security. This is especially applicable to those algorithms that require a “safe” prime (p = 2q + 1, where q is prime) modulus since all non-trivial functional graphs generated using a safe prime modulus can be analyzed by the framework presented here.
Over-optimistic official forecasts and fiscal rules in the eurozone

Eurozone members are supposedly constrained by the fiscal caps of the Stability and Growth Pact. Yet ever since the birth of the euro, members have postponed painful adjustment. Wishful thinking has played an important role in this failure. We find that governments’ forecasts are biased in the optimistic direction, especially during booms. Eurozone governments are especially over-optimistic when the budget deficit is over the 3 % of GDP ceiling at the time the forecasts are made. Those exceeding this cap systematically but falsely forecast a rapid future improvement. The new fiscal compact among the euro countries is supposed to make budget rules more binding by putting them into laws and constitutions at the national level. But biased forecasts can defeat budget rules. What is the record in Europe with national rules? The bias is less among eurozone countries that have adopted certain rules at the national level, particularly creating an independent fiscal institution that provides independent forecasts.
Toward a closer integration of law and computer science

Legal issues increasingly arise in increasingly complex technological contexts. Prominent recent examples include the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the Protect Intellectual Property Act (PIPA), network neutrality, the increasing availability of location information, and the NSA’s surveillance program. Other emerging issues include data privacy, online video distribution, patent policy, and spectrum policy. In short, the rapid rate of technological change has increasingly shown that law and engineering can no longer remain compartmentalized into separate spheres. The logical response would be to embed the interaction between law and policy deeper into the fabric of both fields. An essential step would be to change the way we educate both engineers and lawyers by giving students the opportunity to receive advanced training in both fields. Moreover, innovative interdisciplinary research naturally demands conferences, journals, and other similar institutions to provide an intellectual home for the burgeoning field. If successful, this movement will create a new generation of scholars and scholarship that will integrate the insights of both law and engineering in a pathbreaking and dynamic way. Such an approach is essential if our society is to continue to enjoy the benefits of economic and technological progress.
Modeling, measurement and computer power

Since the early 1960s the literature reveals increasing concern with effectiveness of information processing systems and our ability to predict influences of system parameters. A recent survey paper discusses methods of performance evaluation related to three practical goals: selection of the best among several existing systems; design of a not-yet existing system; and analysis of an existing accessible system. The classification of goals is useful, but we can point to neither the models nor the measures nor the measurement tools to allow reliable judgments with respect to those three important goals at this time.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Piperidines through the Formation of Chiral Mixed Phosphoric Acid Acetals: Experimental and Theoretical Studies

An enantioselective intramolecular chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed cyclization of unsaturated acetals has been utilized for the synthesis of functionalized chiral piperidines. The chiral enol ether products of these cyclizations undergo subsequent in situ enantioenrichment through acetalization of the minor enantiomer. A new computational reaction exploration method was utilized to elucidate the mechanism and stereoselectivity of this transformation. Rather than confirming the originally postulated cyclization proceeding directly through a vinyl oxocarbenium ion, simulations identified an alternative two-step mechanism involving the formation of a mixed chiral phosphate acetal, which undergoes a concerted, asynchronous SN2′-like displacement to yield the product with stereoselectivity in agreement with experimental observations.
The optimal buffer allocation problem

Pathwise probabilistic arguments are used to justify a simple rule of thumb by which buffer allocation can be carried out. The model for the underlying network is the skeleton of an open Jackson network. The problem of how to distribute in the best possible way a fixed number N of available buffer spaces among the nodes of the network is considered. The goal is to optimize some performance criterion associated with the time to buffer overflow, such as its mean or the probability that it exceeds some value. It is argued that for any such performance criterion the assignment should be done roughly in inverse proportion to the logarithms of the effective service rates at the nodes. Effective service means the ratio of the service rate to the stationary arrival rate at the node in the network with inifinite buffers. >
Designing Social Interventions to Improve Newcomer Adjustment: Insights from the Indian Sex Worker Community

Nonprofit organizations use social interventions to improve the negative circumstances of marginalized people in subsistence markets. Unfortunately, such intervention efforts are frequently characterized by poor outcomes. Aiming to identify characteristics of effective social interventions, the authors examine the impact of contact intensity and cohort size, in conjunction with external and internal peer influence, on the newcomer adjustment (i.e., socialization) of marginalized people in subsistence markets to social interventions. The authors test the framework using data from members of the sex worker community in India who completed a vocational training program intended to improve their employability outside the sex trade. The findings indicate that the effects of social intervention characteristics, contact intensity, and cohort size on newcomer adjustment to the intervention are positively and negatively affected by the influence of external and internal peers; newcomer adjustment, in turn, influen...
Stock Market Reaction to Capital Investment Decisions: Evidence from Business Relocations

We investigate the stock market reaction to 447 announcements of business relocation decisions in the 1978-1990 period. We find that the stock market reaction to such decisions is tied to the motive for the relocation and the implied prospects for the firm, with the type of facility being relocated playing an insignificant role. Our finding reconciles several results in the literature concemmg the stock market reaction to announcements of capital investment decisions.