cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Principle component analysis of AIRS and CrIS data

Synthetic Eigen Vectors (EV) used for the statistical analysis of the PC reconstruction residual of large ensembles of data are a novel tool for the analysis of data from hyperspectral infrared sounders like the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the EOS Aqua and the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) on the SUOMI polar orbiting satellites. Unlike empirical EV, which are derived from the observed spectra, the synthetic EV are derived from a large ensemble of spectra which are calculated assuming that, given a state of the atmosphere, the spectra created by the instrument can be accurately calculated. The synthetic EV are then used to reconstruct the observed spectra. The analysis of the differences between the observed spectra and the reconstructed spectra for Simultaneous Nadir Overpasses of tropical oceans reveals unexpected differences at the more than 200 mK level under relatively clear conditions, particularly in the mid-wave water vapor channels of CrIS. The repeatability of these differences using independently trained SEV and results from different years appears to rule out inconsistences in the radiative transfer algorithm or the data simulation. The reasons for these discrepancies are under evaluation.
Myths of the Underworld Journey: Plato, Aristophanes, and the 'Orphic' Gold Tablets

1. Introduction: the start of the journey 2. Roadmaps of deviance: the 'Orphic' gold tablets 3. Descent into the depths of comedy: The Frogs of Aristophanes 4. The upward path of philosophy: the myth in Plato's Phaedo 5. Conclusions: the end of the road.
Studies on Human Triosephosphate Isomerase II. NATURE OF THE ELECTROPHORETIC MULTIPLICITY IN ERYTHROCYTES

Abstract Crystalline triosephosphate isomerase from human erythrocytes can be resolved into three catalytically active forms by isoelectric focusing. Each variant (I, 1 to 5%, pI = 6.7; II, 70 to 75%, pI = 6.5; and III, 20 to 25%, pI = 6.1) refocuses as a single component and is a dimer (mol wt 56,000). Identical electrophoretic patterns are obtained from fresh and aged red cell lysates and are unchanged in the presence of reducing agents or proteolytic inhibitors. The enzyme can be dissociated in guanidinium chloride and reassociated into catalytically active enzyme. Dissociation and reassociation of Components I and III result only in the respective parent species, whereas dissociation and reassociation of Component II gives rise to all three forms of the enzyme. The amino acid compositions and tryptic peptide fingerprints of the components indicate several structural differences in the two types of subunits. The catalytic properties of the three forms are similar but consistent with the designation of Components I and III as homodimers AA and BB and Component II as the heterodimer AB.
Bioactivation of 4-Ipomeanol by a CYP4B enzyme in bovine lung and inhibition by HET0016

4-Ipomeanol (IPO1; 1-(3-Furyl)-4-hydroxy-1-pentanone) is a furanoterpenoid toxin produced by sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) in response to infection by the mold Fusariam solani (Doster et al., 1978). Cattle that ingest infected sweet potatoes can develop interstitial pneumonia that is characterized by pulmonary edema and emphysema. Moldy sweet potatoes have been linked to the death of livestock since 1952 (Monlux et al., 1953), including recent cases in Wisconsin where 200 steer died (Spoto, 2011) and England, where six cows died in what is believed to be the first case of IPO toxicity in the UK (Steckel and Rhodes, 2007). IPO is lethal to cattle in doses as low as 7.5 mg/kg which can be achieved by ingesting as little as 6 kg of spoiled sweet potatoes (Doster et al., 1978).
Ultrastructure of Nocardia Cell Growth and Development on Defined and Complex Agar Media

The cell growth of Nocardia strain 721-A on Brain Heart Infusion Agar (BHIA), nutrient agar, and chemically defined agar media was studied by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopy revealed a change in cell morphology induced by growth on BHIA. Electron microscopy demonstrated a concurrent change in intracellular complexity. On BHIA, the cells became bulbous and developed irregularly branched filaments which fragmented by multiple and random septation. These fragments appeared to undergo a secondary stage of development similar to that described for Arthrobacter. Cells grown on defined or nutrient agar did not become bulbous and lacked the unusual complexity found in cells grown on BHIA. Intracytoplasmic membranes were altered by the nutritional state of the cell and changed during cell development.
Algorithms for Constructing Comparative Maps

Comparative maps are a powerful tool for aggregating genetic information about related organisms, for inferring phylogenetic relationships, and for examining hypotheses about the evolution of gene families and the functional significance of orthologous genes. Construction of any genetic map is laborious, but compiling comparative maps across multiple species requires a large investment of manual effort on the part of biologists. In this paper we present efficient algorithms that help in automating this effort and offer an explicit set of principles on which to base the construction of such maps. We compare the results of three approaches: manual expert analysis, a simple linear algorithm, and a more complex stack-based algorithm. All three methods produce remarkably similar results, with the stack algorithm more closely approximating the manual expert analysis.
On the Multivariable Control of Nuclear Reactors Using the State Feedback Approach

Recently an effort was made to design nuclear reactor systems via state-variable feedback techniques. On the other hand, a great amount of research has been concentrated on the multivariable state feedback control methodology, for its own, and a variety of useful results have been derived. The purpose of the paper is to apply a general multivariable state feedback control technique to nuclear reactor systems (e.g. multiregion reactors, coupled core reactors, etc.). Two fundamental design tasks are considered, namely, noninteraction and realization of desired transfer functions. This technique requires the system under control to be given in its phase canonical form and provides explicit expressions for the feedback control law matrices required. Two nuclear reactor examples are considered and fully worked out.
Modulation of affinity of a marine pseudomonad for toluene and benzene by hydrocarbon exposure.

Trace (microgram liter−1) quantities of either toluene or benzene injected into an amino-acid-limited continuous culture of Pseudomonas sp. strain T2 were utilized immediately with affinities of 2.6 and 6.8 liters g of cells−1 h−1, respectively, and yielded large amounts of organic products, carbon dioxide, and cells. The immediate utilization of hydrocarbons by hydrocarbon-deprived organisms helps to establish the nutritional value of nonpolar substrates in the environment. The observation of small Michaelis constants for toluene transport led to tests of metabolic competition between hydrocarbons; however, competitive inhibition of toluene metabolism was not found for benzene, naphthalene, xylene, dodecane, or amino acids. Benzene and terpenes were inhibitory at milligram liter−1 concentrations. Toluene was metabolized by a strongly inducible system when compared with benzene. The capacity of toluene to effect larger affinity values increased with exposure time and concentration. The kinetics of induction suggested saturation phenomena, resulting in an induction constant, Kind, of 96 μg of toluene liter−1. Maximal induction of amino-acid-grown cells required about 80 h, with the affinity reaching 317 liters g of cells−1 h−1.
Development Through Business: What Do American Business Students Know About Emerging Markets and Opportunities in Africa?

This article investigates how Africa is taught in business and examines African and American student perspectives on business in Africa. Conclusions find that African students, business students or not, had more knowledge about business and economic structures than American business students; however, learning about successful case studies on business in Africa proved to motivate both students and faculty. The nexus between international development and business is emphasized and training business students to seek potential partnerships with African businesses is underscored. The article ends with educational recommendations and cites the advantages of introducing students to emerging opportunities in business on the continent.
Coded apertures for efficient pyroelectric motion tracking

Coded apertures may be designed to modulate the visibility between source and measurement spaces such that the position of a source among N resolution cells may be discriminated using logarithm of N measurements. We use coded apertures as reference structures in a pyroelectric motion tracking system. This sensor system is capable of detecting source motion in one of the 15 cells uniformly distributed over a 1.6m×1.6m domain using 4 pyroelectric detectors.
Optical Spatial Heterodyned Interferometry for Applications in Semiconductor Inspection and Metrology

Interferometric imaging has the potential to extend the usefulness of optical microscopes by encoding small phase shifts that reveal information about topology and materials. At the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), we have developed an optical Spatial Heterodyne Interferometry (SHI) method that captures reflection or transmission images containing both phase and amplitude information at a high rate of speed. By measuring the phase of a wavefront reflected off or transmitted through a surface, the relative surface heights and some materials properties can be determined. In this paper we briefly review a variety of application areas where this technology has been applied including semiconductor wafer inspection, photolithographic mask metrology and inspection, and we conclude with a discussion regarding future work to apply SHI to MEMS device characterization.
Gender classification of depth images based on shape and texture analysis

Gender classification of depth images is a challenging problem, most research work attempted to use shape information to solve this problem in the past literature. In this work, we propose a new fusion scheme for gender classification using both texture and shape features. A new ensemble scheme is advocated to combine texture and shape feature at the feature level. To evaluate the performance of our algorithm, we measure our scheme on two different datasets. The final classification result is up to 93.7% using five-fold cross validation on the whole FRGCv2 dataset, which is comparable to the classification result obtained using visible imagery.
Positive aspects of mental illness: A review in bipolar disorder

Abstract Introduction There is growing interest to understand the role of positive psychological features on the outcomes of medical illnesses. Unfortunately this topic is less studied in relation to mental health, and almost completely neglected in relation to one of the most common severe psychiatric illnesses, bipolar disorder. Certain specific psychological characteristics, that are generally viewed as valuable and beneficial morally or socially, may grow out of the experience of having this affective disorder. Objective We describe the sources, research and impact of these positive psychological traits in the lives of persons with bipolar disorder based on the few published literature available to date. These include, but are not limited to: spirituality, empathy, creativity, realism, and resilience. Methods After an extensive search in the literature, we found 81 articles that involve descriptions of positive psychological characteristics of bipolar disorder . Results We found evidence for enhancement of the five above positive psychological traits in persons with bipolar disorder. Conclusions Bipolar disorder is associated with the positive psychological traits of spirituality, empathy, creativity, realism, and resilience. Clinical and research attention to preserving and enhancing these traits may improve outcomes in bipolar disorder.
Orbits of the small inner satellites of Jupiter

Voyager images led to the discovery of the three small inner satellites of Jupiter, Adrastea, Metis, and Thebe. Attention is presently given to orbital parameter estimates and associated uncertainties that have been determined from Voyager imaging data, the achievable angular accuracy of which is about 0.00005 rad.
Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles Achieving flexible task delegation in role-based agent teams

Teamwork has become increasingly important to many disciplines. In our opinion, an effective design of a teamwork language should be able to handle unexpected uncertainties and allow for the conceptual specification of teamwork knowledge for reuse. This paper introduces RoB-MALLET, a teamwork language based on the concepts of role and role variable. An important characteristic of our notion of role is that it includes the specific operations that an agent filling the role must perform in a specific setting as well as their ordering constraints. Taking this view on the definition of role has enabled us to present the responsibility of roles, to reason about the assignment of real agents to roles, and to achieve a certain level of plan reusability. Finally, we present several experiments that explore plan reusability of RoB-MALLET, show that it is flexible in supporting simultaneity of invocation and evaluate its efficiency in supporting teamwork.
Nonenhancing epidural abscess and discitis in an immunocompromised patient: a case report.

The imaging evaluation of spinal infections is best performed ith MRI, which can visualize typical findings for infectious pondylodiscitis, including abnormal signal and enhancement in he involved intervertebral disc and adjacent vertebral body marow, loss of disc nuclear cleft, and epidural or paraspinal phlegmon r abscess. Although rare, there may not be contrast enhancement f all involved discs and adjacent vertebral body marrow [1,2]. eanwhile, epidural abscess is reported to present with homogeous, heterogenous or ring enhancement [3]. We present a case of an immunocompromised patient with athologically proven epidural and paraspinal abscesses with disciis that demonstrated unusual features on MRI by having no nhancement of the involved discs, the adjacent vertebral body arrow, or around the epidural and paraspinal abscesses.
Störungsspezifische, personenspezifische und kulturspezifische Psychotherapie

Unsere Bemuhungen effektive und geeignete Psychotherapieformen auszuarbeiten, sollten uber die Beschaftigung mit spezifischen Storungen hinausgehen. Sie sollten auch den spezifischen personlichen Eigenschaften der Patienten gerecht werden, die unter diesen Storungen leiden und die auch Kampfe, Lebenskrisen und Belastungen zu bewaltigen haben, die nicht so leicht in unsere Nosologie der Storungen hineinpassen. Auserdem mussen zusatzlich die spezifischen Charakteristika der kulturellen Traditionen des Patienten beachtet werden, da wir sonst den latenten Gefahren einer kulturellen Missionierung ausgesetzt sind, die unsere Fahigkeit, ihnen wirksame therapeutische Beziehungen anzubieten, einschrankt.
Sampling uncertainty in coordinate measurement data analysis

Abstract There are a number of important software related issues in coordinate metrology. After measurement data are collected in the form of position vectors, the data analysis software must derive the necessary geometric information from the point set, and uncertainty plays an important role in the analysis. When extreme fit approaches (L −∞ norm estimation approaches) are employed for form error evaluation, the uncertainty is closely related to the sampling process used to gather the data. The measurement points are a subset of the true surface, and, consequently, the extreme fit result differs from the true value. In this paper, we investigate the functional relationship between the uncertainty in an extreme fit and the number of points measured. Two major issues are addressed in this paper. The first addresses and identifies the parameters that affect the functional relationship. The second develops a methodology to apply this relationship to the sampling of measurement points.
Multiple layers of basement membrane around myelinated and unmyelinated fibers in cellular blue nevus.

Concentric multiple layers of basement membranes around Schwann cells in cellular blue nevus are reported.
Conservative similarity solutions of the one-dimensional autonomous parabolic equation

conditions are established on the coefficient functions of the one-dimensional autonomous parabolic equation for the existence of conservative solutions in the first quadrant of the plane of the independent variables length and time. Such a solution is characterized by the condition that its integral over the length variable from zero to infinity exist and be independent of time. Those conservative solutions are considered which can be expressed by means of a dimensionless variable and a function of the time variable (similarity). For the case that the similarity relation is linear in the length variable, coefficient functions are specified that lead to conservative solutions.
Unified development of algorithms used for linear predictive coding of speech signals

The requirement for low data rate voice transmission has resulted in a large number of algorithms being proposed for speech digitization at data rates of 2·4–4 kilobits/sec. Many of the proposed algorithms are quite complicated and have their origin in disciplines generally considered to be outside of the realm of the speech researcher or communication system designer. Additionally, the algorithms have been developed and presented in highly varying notation using various theoretical approaches. The result is a confusing array of equations, algorithms, and numerical analysis procedure. It is the goal of this paper to alleviate this problem by providing a unified tutorial development of the various algorithms used and proposed for speech data compression. Classical least squares estimation theory is used as the focal point of the discussion since it forms the basis for several of the more familiar speech digitization algorithms. The remainder of the algorithms, whether they have their basis in stochastic estimation theory or statistical regression theory, are related back to the more familiar least squares approach. The speech digitization techniques discussed are the covariance method, the autocorrelation method, the PARCOR method, a priori analysis, the sequential least squares method, the Kalman filter approach, the stochastic approximation method, and the general linear regression model. An effort has been made to provide sufficient theoretical background to establish the algorithm relationships without stressing mathematical rigor.
Characterization and comparison of ribosomal proteins from two prokaryotic organisms

Abstract Ribosomal proteins from the prokaryotic bacteria. Streptococcus mutans and Escherichia coli , were separated by two dimensional gel electrophoresis as described by O'Farrell. The resulting protein spot patterns in the two types of gels are discussed in comparison with one another and with ribosomal proteins from eukaryotic organisms. More acidic proteins were found in ribosomal preparations from E. coli than from S. mutans , although this was probably a result of contamination of the former preparation with cellular components. Six ribosomal proteins from these organisms traversed to similar positions on the gels and this suggested that they were identical with respect to molecular weight and electrostatic charge. The data indicate that the six proteins were conserved through the evolution of these two prokaryotic organisms.
Longitudinal phase-space coating of beam in a storage ring

Abstract In this Letter, I report on a novel scheme for beam stacking without any beam emittance dilution using a barrier rf system in synchrotrons. The general principle of the scheme called longitudinal phase-space coating, validation of the concept via multi-particle beam dynamics simulations applied to the Fermilab Recycler, and its experimental demonstration are presented. In addition, it has been shown and illustrated that the rf gymnastics involved in this scheme can be used in measuring the incoherent synchrotron tune spectrum of the beam in barrier buckets and in producing a clean hollow beam in longitudinal phase space. The method of beam stacking in synchrotrons presented here is the first of its kind.
Left Coronary Dominance Due to Direct Continuation of the Left Anterior Descending to Form the Posterior Descending Coronary Artery

Continuation of the left anterior descending to form the posterior descending artery is rarely observed. We describe the first patient with this variant in whom the coronary artery extends beyond the crux, supplying branches to the atrioventricular node and both atrioventricular grooves. (Chest 1992; 102:319–20)
Alterations in growth of brain and other organs after electroshock in rats

Abstract Effects of daily minimal electroshock were tested in two groups of Long-Evans female rats: one group shocked from the second day after birth until killed at 40 and 90 days, and the other shocked from the thirty-second day until killed at 90 days. Electroshocked rats were compared to unshocked controls. At 40 days of age brain weights were higher in animals electroshocked from neonatal period on, even though body weights in these animals were not different from those in controls. At 90 days of age the higher brain weights of electroshocked animals corresponded to the higher body weights of these animals. The DNA of cerebral cortex was higher in the electroshocked rats, whereas RNA remained unchanged as compared to controls. This increase in DNA suggests an increase in number of neuroglia cells. Further evidence that the number of neuroglia cells was higher in electroshocked animals was the increased ChE activity of the cerebral cortex. The activity of AChE was higher in the hypothalamus but not in the cerebral cortex of electroshocked rats as compared to that of controls. The day of vaginal opening in 50% of animals electroshocked from neonatal age was at 42.5 days after birth, 4.5 days earlier than in controls. This precocious sexual maturation and the increased adrenal and ovarian weights in electroshocked animals suggest that the hypothalamohypophyseal system may be activiated by electroshock.
Exogenous Fungal Endophthalmitis: Microbiology and Clinical Outcomes

Objective To report the fungal isolates, treatment strategies, and clinical outcomes for a large series of patients with exogenous fungal endophthalmitis. Design Retrospective, single institution, consecutive case series. Participants All patients treated at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute between January 1, 1990, and June 30, 2006, for culture-proven exogenous fungal endophthalmitis. Methods Microbiologic and medical records were reviewed for all patients with intraocular cultures positive for fungal organisms and clinically diagnosed exogenous endophthalmitis. Main Outcome Measures Fungal isolates, treatment strategies, visual acuity, and rate of enucleation. Results Culture-positive exogenous fungal endophthalmitis occurred in 41 eyes, including 18 cases (44%) associated with fungal keratitis, 10 cases (24%) occurring after penetrating ocular trauma, and 13 cases (32%) after intraocular surgery. Filamentous fungi (molds) accounted for 35 cases (85%), and Candida species (yeasts) accounted for 6 cases (15%). Although most keratitis cases were caused by Fusarium (13 of 18; 72%), Aspergillus was the most common isolate in postoperative cases (5 of 13; 38%). Open-globe cases were caused by a broader spectrum of fungi. As initial treatment, 30 (73%) patients received intraocular amphotericin B, but at least 3 antifungal agents were used in 24 (59%) cases. At least 1 pars plana vitrectomy was performed in 25 (61%) eyes, and 29 (71%) eyes underwent 3 or more procedures, including surgeries and intraocular injections. Although a final vision of 20/400 or better was achieved in 22 (54%) eyes, all but 1 of these were either in the keratitis (11 of 18) or the postoperative (10 of 13) groups. Conversely, although 10 (24%) of 41 eyes were enucleated, 7 of these were among the open-globe patients. Conclusions This report highlights the differences between the clinical categories of exogenous fungal endophthalmitis. Although 85% of all cases were caused by molds, most commonly Fusarium and Aspergillus, the most common fungal genera varied by clinical category. Amphotericin B was the most commonly used antifungal agent, but most cases were treated with at least 3 different antifungal agents. Final visual outcomes were variable, with the open-globe–associated patients having the poorest outcomes. Overall, 44% of patients achieved a final visual acuity of 20/80 or better. Financial Disclosure(s) The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Comparison of combat and non-combat burns from ongoing U.S. military operations

Background Military burns result from either combat or non-combat causes. We compared these etiologies from patients involved in ongoing conflicts to evaluate their impact and provide prevention recommendations. Methods All military patients with significant burns treated at the United States Army Institute of Surgical Research from April 2003 to May 2005 were reviewed. Injuries were categorized as having resulted from combat or non-combat causes. Demographics, burn severity and pattern, mortality, and early outcomes were compared. Results There were 273 burn patients seen with 63% injured in combat. A high early rate of non-combat injuries was noted. Feedback on non-combat burn prevention was provided to the combat theater, and the incidence of non-combat burns decreased. Mean age and time from injury to admission did not differ. The majority of combat injuries resulted from explosive device detonation. Waste burning, ammunition handling, and gasoline caused most non-combat injuries. Combat casualties had more associated and inhalation injuries and greater full-thickness burn size; total body surface area burned was equivalent. The hands and the face were the most frequently burned body areas. Mortality was 5% in combat and 2% in non-combat patients. The majority of survivors in both groups returned to military duty. Conclusions The disparity in full-thickness burn size and incidence of inhalation and associated injuries resulted from differing mechanisms of injury, with explosions and penetrating trauma more common in combat wounds. Despite the severity of combat burns, mortality was low and outcomes generally good. Non-combat burns are preventable and have decreased in incidence.
Understanding the “Heroes” and “It Getters”: Fandom and the Colbert Nation

The Colbert Report, an innovative American satirical news show, and the show's dedicated viewers, known as “the Colbert Nation,” redefined fan engagement through audience participation, mediated culture jamming, and ironic political spectacle. Yet very little is known about this fan group. This survey of The Colbert Report's devoted followers finds that the fans are distrustful of political and media elites, highly cynical, very politically involved, not apathetic, and moderately efficacious. Further analysis reveals that viewers have different motivations, some seeing the show as primarily entertainment, some mainly as a trusted source of political information, and others as a mix of entertainment and information. The fans are also found to be highly sophisticated consumers of satire and news, and watch the show as an alternative to mainstream media and as a form of comic relief from current events. Several implications are discussed.
Fracture initiation at three-dimensional bimaterial interface corners

We propose an approach to correlate fracture initiation at three-dimensional bimaterial interface corners based on the existence of a universal singular stress field in the context of linear elasticity. The idea is to correlate fracture initiation with critical values of the stress intensities of the singular fields calculated from a linear elastic stress analysis. The approach is in the spirit of interface fracture mechanics but applicable to a different class of problems, specifically, situations without a preexisting crack and situations where subsequent crack propagation does not necessarily occur along the interface. In order to validate the proposed approach, we designed and fabricated a series of aluminum/epoxy bimaterial specimens that possess well-defined three-dimensional interface corners. They consist of two perfectly bonded square prisms with varying interface dimensions and surface finishes. The specimens were loaded in four-point flexure until fracture initiated at the three-dimensional interface corner. The nominal stress at failure varied significantly with interface dimensions, thus invalidating its use as a fracture criterion. From a rigorous asymptotic analysis of the three-dimensional interface corner stress state, we determined the order of the singularity and the angular variation of the stress and displacement fields. We determined the corresponding stress intensities via full-field finite element analyses of the aluminum/epoxy specimens. Although the measured failure stress varied significantly with interface dimensions, the corresponding critical stress intensity did not, although as expected it varied with interface surface finish. These findings support the use of critical stress intensities to correlate fracture initiation at three-dimensional bimaterial interface corners.
Antiviral effects of cranberry juice and cranberry proanthocyanidins on foodborne viral surrogates – A time dependence study in vitro

Cranberry juice (CJ) and cranberry proanthocyanidins (PAC) are widely known for their antibacterial, antiviral, and pharmacological activities. The effect of CJ and cranberry PAC on the infectivity of foodborne viral surrogates, murine norovirus (MNV-1), feline calicivirus (FCV-F9), MS2 (ssRNA) bacteriophage, and ϕX-174 (ssDNA) bacteriophage after 0 min to 1h at room temperature was evaluated. Viruses at titers of ∼5log(10)PFU/ml were mixed with equal volumes of CJ at pH 2.6, CJ at pH 7.0, 0.30 mg/ml CJ PAC, 0.60mg/ml PAC, or water and incubated for 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 min, and 1h at room temperature. Infectivity was determined using standard plaque assays. The viral reduction rates of the four tested viruses were found to vary considerably. Among the tested viruses, FCV-F9 titers were decreased the most by ∼5log(10)PFU/ml within 30 min. MS2 titers were decreased the least by only ∼1log(10)PFU/ml after 1h with CJ at pH 2.6 and 0.30 mg/ml PAC, and ∼0.5log(10)PFU/ml with CJ at pH 7.0 and 0.15 mg/ml PAC. MNV-1 and ϕ-X174 showed comparable titer reductions which was between that of FCV-F9 and MS2. In most cases, viral reduction within the first 10 min of treatment accounted for ≥50% of the total reduction. Transmission electron microscopy on FCV-F9 treated with CJ and PAC revealed structural changes. This study shows potential of using natural bioactive compounds for controlling foodborne viral diseases. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanism of action of CJ components and to understand the differences in viral titer reduction profiles.
Acinar Cell Production of Leukotriene B4 Contributes to Development of Neurogenic Pancreatitis in Mice.

Background & Aims In the pancreas, activation of primary sensory nerves through the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) ion channel contributes to the early stages of development of pancreatitis. Little is known about the mechanism by which this occurs. We investigated whether leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ) is an endogenous agonist of TRPV1 and mediates pancreatitis. Methods Acute inflammation was induced in the pancreata of Trpv1 −/− mice and their wild-type littermates by retrograde infusion of the main pancreatic duct with 2% sodium taurocholate (NaT) or intraperitoneal injections of caerulein. Mice were also given injections of resiniferatoxin (an excitotoxin that desensitizes TRPV1) or MK886 (a drug that inhibits LTB 4 biosynthesis). Pancreatic tissues and plasma were collected and analyzed. Results Retrograde perfusion of the main pancreatic ducts of wild-type mice with NaT caused severe acute pancreatitis; the severity was reduced by coadministration of resiniferatoxin. Trpv1 −/− mice developed a less severe pancreatitis after NaT administration compared with controls. Administration of MK886 before perfusion with NaT also significantly reduced the severity of pancreatitis in wild-type mice. Pancreatic tissues from mice given NaT had a marked increase in the level of 5-lipoxygenase immunoreactivity specifically in acinar cells. Bile acid and caerulein induced secretion of LTB 4 by cultured pancreatic acinar cells; MK886 inhibited this process. Conclusions Administration of caerulein or intraductal bile acids in mice causes production of LTB 4 by pancreatic acinar cells. This activates TRPV1 on primary sensory nerves to induce acute pancreatitis.
Selective roles for α-PKC in positive signaling for O2− generation and calcium mobilization but not elastase release in differentiated HL60 cells

Protein kinase C (PKC) isotypes and Ca2+ mobilization have been implicated in phagocytic cell functions such as O(-)(2) generation. Ca/DG-dependent alpha-PKC and beta-PKC have similar substrate specificities and cofactor requirements in vitro. However it is not known if these isotypes play redundant or unique roles in the intact cell. In the present study, a role for alpha-PKC in positive signaling for fMet-Leu-Phe- and PMA-activated O(-)(2) generation was probed using an siRNA strategy in HL60 cells differentiated to a neutrophilic phenotype (dHL60 cells). A selective decrease in alpha-PKC in dHL60 cells attenuated O(-)(2) generation but not degranulation, and reduced ligand-induced phosphorylation of p47phox as previously shown for beta-PKC. However alpha-PKC, unlike beta-PKC, was a positive regulator of fMet-Leu-Phe-triggered Ca2+ uptake via SOCC (Store Operated Calcium Channels). The ability of a selective SOCC inhibitor, MRS1845, to decrease fMet-Leu-Phe induced Ca2+ uptake and O(-)(2) generation confirmed that Ca2+ uptake via SOCC was required for O(-)(2) generation. These results indicate that alpha-PKC and beta-PKC are required for optimal O(-)(2) generation, but play different roles in Ca2+ signaling for phagocytic responses such as O(-)(2) generation.
Influence of Treatment for Disruptive Behavior Disorders on Adrenal and Gonadal Hormones in Youth

The study examined whether psychosocial intervention for children diagnosed with a disruptive behavior disorder (DBD; n = 84) changed concentrations of cortisol and testosterone across a 3-year follow-up when compared to a matched, nonclinical, healthy comparison (HC; n = 69) group. Boys and girls (6–11 years) with a DBD were randomly assigned to one of two arms of a multimethod intervention. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that children undergoing psychosocial intervention for a DBD experienced a significant decline in diurnal cortisol change over time (p < .05) when compared to the HC condition. Boys with a DBD diagnosis had significantly lower mean cortisol concentrations prior to treatment (p < .05) and showed a significantly steeper increase in mean cortisol over time (p < .05) when compared to HC boys. Treatment effects for diurnal cortisol change were replicated in the boys-only analysis. No treatment effects were noted for testosterone in either analysis.
Graduate students' views on unionization.

In his News Focus article “Labor seeks fertile ground on ivy-covered campuses” (15 Nov., [1328][1]), Jeffrey Mervis presents a one-sided overview of the recent defeat of a proposed union for graduate students at Cornell University. As Mervis notes, graduate students at Cornell overwhelmingly
Environment-assisted cracking of Al 2195 alloy

Aluminum-Lithium alloys can be susceptible to environment-assisted cracking (EAC) depending on their composition and aging temper. Our previous studies showed that binary Al-Li alloys are in general resistant to EAC whereas ternary alloys such as Al-2.2Li-2.9Cu and Al-3Li-ICu are susceptible. The degree of embrittlement of the latter alloys was found to correlate very well with (i) the precipitation characteristics of the T 1 (Al 2 CuLi) phase and in particular its volume fraction present at the grain boundaries and (ii) the slip behavior that is primary determined by the matrix precipitates. In the present study, the EAC behavior of Al 2195 alloy (Al-lLi-4Cu) was studied by conducting alternate immersion and dynamic charging experiments of round cylindrical tensile specimens. The role of the alloy microstructure was assessed by investigating the peak aged and two overage tempers. In the first series of experiments, specimens were pre-exposed in 3.5% NaCI solution under alternate immersion for various periods of time and then tensile tested under slow strain rate (7.2×10 -6 s -1 ). In the dynamic charging experiments, the specimens were cathodically charged under potensiostatic control at -1500 mV (SCE) while they were tensile tested under slow strain rate. Fractographic examinations were conducted by using SEM to correlate mechanical behavior and fracture surface morphology. TEM studies were carried out to determine microstructural characteristics of the various tempers. The EAC behavior of Al 2195 is discussed in view of the previous results and the new experimental findings.
Asymptotically optimal dynamic tree evolution by rapidly mixing random walks on regular networks

Tree-structured computations are among the most popular and important and powerful computing paradigms in computer science. In many such applications, the size and shape of a tree that represents a parallel computation is dynamic and unpredictable at compile time. The tree evolves gradually during the course of the computation. When such an application is executed on a multicomputer system with a static network, the dynamic tree evolution problem is to distribute the tree nodes to the processors of the network such that all the processors receive roughly the same amount of load and that communicating nodes are assigned to neighboring processors. The main contribution of the paper is to conduct a unified study of dynamic tree evolution on regular networks. Our regular networks include d-dimensional torus networks, d-dimensional lattice networks, complete d-partite networks, and random regular networks. These networks include several fundamental networks such as rings, k-ary d-cubes, complete networks, and hypercubes as special cases. We describe a simple random-walk-based asymptotically optimal dynamic tree evolution algorithm on regular networks and analyze the exponential speed at which the performance ratio converges to the optimal. Our strategy is to prove that the Markov chain of a random walk on a regular network is rapidly mixing in the sense that, starting from any initial distribution, the Markov chain converges to its stationary distribution in a small number of steps. We also show that larger dilation results in better tree node distribution.
The diffuse library revisited: Aligning the library as strategic asset

Purpose – This paper sets out to explore the shifts in roles evident in the research library community, with illustrative case studies from the University of Minnesota Libraries.Design/methodology/approach – The approach takes the form of a review of environmental forces that are fueling changes in research methodologies and scholar behavior. Changes in research library roles are explored in the context of three case studies, highlighting new forms of engagement with the scholar community.Findings – Three University of Minnesota Libraries' initiatives illustrate: the use of behavioral data to design a customized discovery environment for scholarship, new organizational constructs to engage the community in issues related to control of scholarship, and strategies to develop a virtual community in the field of bioethics.Originality/value – The paper presents the original perspective of a University Librarian of a large research library and draws on earlier analyses of research behaviors, technology, and res...
Enhancement of the energy gap in superconducting aluminum by tunneling extraction of quasiparticles

Al - ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ - Al - ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ - Al tunnel junctions have been used to induce and detect enhancements of up to 40% in the energy gap of superconducting aluminum. Quasiparticles are extracted from the middle aluminum film through the first tunnel junction into an aluminum film with a larger energy gap, and the gap enhancement in the middle film is measured from the characteristics of the second tunnel junction. A theory developed for the enhancement is in good agreement with the experimental results for bias voltages below the difference of the energy gaps, but overestimates the enhancement at higher voltages. This discrepancy is believed to arise from the effects of nonequilibrium phonons, which are neglected in the calculation. The low-voltage data are consistent with a value of about 80 ns for the characteristic electron-phonon scattering time, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}$, in aluminum films with an average transition temperature of 1.34 K.
A Flexible Multichannel EEG Feature Extractor and Classifier for Seizure Detection

This brief presents a low-power, flexible, and multichannel electroencephalography (EEG) feature extractor and classifier for the purpose of personalized seizure detection. Various features and classifiers were explored with the goal of maximizing detection accuracy while minimizing power, area, and latency. Additionally, algorithmic and hardware optimizations were identified to further improve performance. The classifiers studied include $k$ -nearest neighbor, support vector machines, naive Bayes, and logistic regression (LR) . All feature and classifier pairs were able to obtain F1 scores over 80% and onset sensitivity of 100% when tested on ten patients. A fully flexible hardware system was implemented that offers parameters for the number of EEG channels, the number of features, the classifier type, and various word width resolutions. Five seizure detection processors with different classifiers have been fully placed and routed on a Virtex-5 field-programmable gate array and been compared. It was found that five features per channel with LR proved to be the best solution for the application of personalized seizure detection. LR had the best average F1 score of 91%, the smallest area and power footprint, and the lowest latency. The ASIC implementation of the same combination in 65-nm CMOS shows that the processor occupies 0.008 mm2 and dissipates 19 nJ at 484 Hz.
Human- B and T-lymphocyte locomotion in response to casein, C5a, and f-Met-Leu-Phe☆

Abstract Human peripheral blood monocyte-depleted lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and non-T lyphocytes were studied for their locomotor activity in response to several common chemotactic stimuli. The factors used to stimulate lymphocyte locomotion were casein, C5a, and f-Met-Leu-Phe. Chemotaxis (directional locomotion) as well as chemokinesis (nondirectional locomotion) in response to each factor were delineated. Monocyte-depleted lymphocyte locomotion was stimulated significantly by all of the above factors. Separation of lymphocytes into T cells and non-T cells indicated that T-lymphocyte locomotion was stimulated by casein and C5a but not by f-Met-Leu-Phe. Non-T lymphocytes were found to respond to C5a and f-Met-Leu-Phe but responded minimally to casein. Additional experiments indicated that casein and f-Met-Leu-Phe were chemokinetic for both monocyte-depleted lymphocytes and non-T lymphocytes, while C5a was chemotactic for both monocyte-depleted lymphocyte preparations and purified T cells.
Multimarket contact and inter-firm cooperation in R&D

Research joint ventures (RJVs) have been widely acclaimed for their alleged ability to restore private incentives to undertake R&D. Economists have, however, also sounded the alarm concerning the opportunities RJVs may create for collusion between partners. The danger of anti-competitive behavior increases significantly when repeated R&D collaboration occurs between firms that also “meet” in many product markets. This phenomenon is shown to be present in a large set of U.S.-based RJVs. The question is about the incentive trade-off: Are the alleged advantages of RJVs in terms of enhancing incentives for R&D sufficient to overcome the potential disadvantages in terms of decreasing incentives for R&D due to simultaneous multiproject and multimarket contact? Significant foreign participation, high technological and market uncertainties, and the set up of “porous” RJVs may operate as a check to anti-competitive behavior.
Visual Implant Elastomer and Anchor Tag Retention in Largemouth Bass

Abstract We double-marked largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides with Floy FD-68B anchor tags and visible implant elastomer (VIE) marks before stocking to compare retention of the two marks for age-0 (178 mm total length (TL)) and age-1 (273 mm TL) largemouth bass. In a short-term (31-d) evaluation, retention rate of anchor tags was over 94% for each age-class and retention of VIE marks was 98% in both age-classes. In a longer-term comparison of fish stocked into the Ohio River, retention was substantially higher for VIE marks (92.9%) than for anchor tags (42.9%) after 403 d (ages combined). Although anchor tags had high retention in two sizes of largemouth bass during the short-term experiment, they should not be used in situations where accurate identification of marked fish is required for periods longer than 123 d.
The arterial site of action of nitric oxide in the neonatal pig lung determined by microfocal angiography.

To determine the site of action of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) in the newborn pig lung, lungs were isolated and perfused at constant flow for microfocal x-ray angiography. Measurements of pulmonary arterial diameters were made on arteries in the 100–2500 μm diameter range under control conditions, during vasoconstriction caused by hypoxia (decreasing PO2 from ∼120 to ∼50 Torr), or Nω-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME 10−4 M) administration, with or without vasodilation induced by iNO (40 ppm) or by the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP 5 × 10−6 M) given intravascularly. Hypoxia caused constriction only in smaller arteries whereas L-NAME constricted arteries throughout the size range studied. iNO dilated the smaller arteries more than the larger arteries under all study conditions. SNAP was used to provide an intravascular source of NO for comparison to iNO. SNAP also dilated smaller arteries more than larger arteries, but it had a significantly greater effect on the large arteries than did iNO. This suggests that differential accessibility of the vascular smooth muscle to NO between sources, air and blood, is a factor in the diameter dependence of the responses.