cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Inelastic Neutron Scattering spectrum of 2,4-Dinitroimidazole and the Reproduction of Its Solid-State Features by Periodic DFT methods

The inelastic neutron scattering spectra of 2, 4 –Dinitroimidazole (24DNI) are presented from 25 to 1200 cm -1 . Direct comparisons were made to the experimental spectra using solid-state calculation methods at the BLYP/dnd, BP/dnd, and PWC/dnd theory levels. Comparison of the observed and calculated INS spectra revealed that the BLYP/dnd calculations provide the best description of the experimental INS spectrum below 1000 cm -1 . The PWC/dnd calculations were found to give the best vibrational agreement with the experimental frequencies above 1000 cm -1 . In addition, the six experimental lattice vibrations were assigned. The first overtone of the lattice vibration with the highest vibrational energy is nearly degenerate with one of the fundamental vibrations, suggesting the possibility of a “doorway mode”.
Characterization and Quantitative Analysis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Aquatic Environment Using Near-Infrared Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) spectroscopy is capable of sensitive and selective detection of semiconductive, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) using the unique electronic bandgap properties of these carbon allotropes. We reported here the first detection and quantitation of SWNT in sediment and biota at environmentally relevant concentrations using NIRF spectroscopy. In addition, we utilized this technique to qualitatively characterize SWNT samples before and after ecotoxicity, bioavailability and fate studies in the aquatic environment. Sample preparation prior to NIRF analysis consisted of surfactant-assisted high power ultrasonication. The bile salt sodium deoxycholate (SDC) enabled efficient extraction and disaggregation of SWNT prior to NIRF analysis. The method was validated using standard-addition experiments in two types of estuarine sediments, yielding recoveries between 66 ± 7% and 103 ± 10% depending on SWNT type and coating used, demonstrating the ability to isolate SWNT from complex ...
19.52%-Efficient CIGS Photovoltaic Cells using a Cd-Zn-S Buffer Layer

CuIn1-xGaxSe2 (CIGS) solar cell junctions prepared by chemical-bath-deposited (CBD) Zn1-xCdxS (CdZnS), ZnS, and CdS buffer layers are discussed. A 19.52%-efficient, CIGS-based, thin-film photovoltaic device has been fabricated using a single-layer CBD CdZnS buffer layer. The mechanism that creates extensive hydroxide and oxide impurities in CBD-ZnS and CBD-CdZnS thin films (compared to CBD-CdS thin film) is presented.
What Could Nonexposure Tell the TV Advertiser

This is a critique of the usual techniques used to gauge the effectiveness of TV advertising. Also, a new TV-testing method is proposed, aimed at providing more valid results. A controlled experiment, conducted in a realistic setting, with nonexposure to television controlled, forms the basis of this method. TO STUDY accurately the effects of advertising on sales, a reliable measure of these effects is needed. The techniques presented here are designed to meet this need with respect to television advertising. More generally, these techniques may also be of value in the study of other kinds of effects of television, and in the study of the effects of other media.' Controlled experiments have been suggested for measuring the effectiveness of advertising.2 To provide reliable measures, these experiments must meet at least two criteria: their settings must be realistic; and their test situation must be controlled, with advertising the control variable. To meet these criteria in studying the effects of the sponsorship of a particular television program, the study should be able to compare the situation where the advertising is in effect with the same situation without advertising. If the quantity of sales is the dependent variable of interest, then sales should be compared in the two situations. If attitudes and attitude changes are the dependent variables, then they should be compared in the two situations. Of course, the study should compare the relevant population (that is, the population of interest) in both situations. In order to determine how much of an observed change can be attributed reliably to the effect of the advertising under consideration, rather than to other advertising or other influences, the study should be set up so that essentially the only difference between the experimental group and the control group is exposure to the advertising. One group should be subject to all influences, including the advertising under investigation; and the other group subject to all influences, excluding this particular advertising.
Inhibitory Mechanism of Rhein on α-Amylase and Its Molecular Simulation

The inhibitory effect(including inhibitory mechanism, type and kinetic parameters) of rhein on α-amylase and the effect on α-amylase secondary structure were investigated by UV, fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectrometry, while molecular docking of rhein and α-amylase was conducted by molecular simulation. The results showed that rhein was a reversible and competitive inhibitor to α-amylase. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50) and inhibition constant(Ki) were 0.43 ± 0.02 m M and 0.35 ± 0.03 m M, respectively. Circular dichroism spectra analysis revealed that rhein could alter the content of secondary structure in α-amylase(gradual increase of α-helix content from 12.22% to 22.72% and gradual decrease of β-sheet from 43.24% to 36.43%), indicating that rhein could induce partial conformational changes in α-amylase. Chelating calcium ions experiment indicated that rhein combined with calcium ions at the α-amylase active site. Moreover, the results of molecular simulation indicated that rhein had a binding preference for the α-amylase active site, interacting with the catalytic groups TRP59 and TYR62 by forming hydrogen bonds and π-π interaction. Furthermore, rhein competed with starch, consequently reducing the catalytic activity of α-amylase.
Liberalism before Liberty

To obey his just commands is perfect freedom. Boethius, The Consolation of Philosophy 1.5 (Walsh trans.) EGALITARIANISM AND INDIVIDUALISM We have seen that the republican conception of freedom is ambiguous with regard to the question of whether arbitrary power should be defined in procedural or substantive terms, and that it is similarly ambiguous with regard to the question of whether virtue is of intrinsic or only of instrumental value. We have given less sustained attention to a second pair of ambiguities having to do with the scope rather than the content of republican freedom. The first of these concerns the relationship between egalitarian and inegalitarian conceptions of republican citizenship. Classical republican thought, emerging as it did at a time when the existence of fundamental differences in status between women and men and between slaves and free men were taken for granted, was of course not remotely egalitarian by current standards. However, the classical republicans were committed to extending the privileges and responsibilities of citizenship to all and only those who could benefit the polity by possessing them, and this commitment was sometimes used to justify an expansion of the existing boundaries of citizenship, whether on epistemic grounds, as in Aristotle's view that the “many” have a kind of wisdom that exceeds that of even the wisest person, or on military grounds, as in Machiavelli's claim that a republic that refuses to arm the people must remain small and poor if it is to maintain its freedom.
Fieldwork on Phonetics and Phonology

In Chapter 3 we talked about basic analysis of early data, especially in working out a phoneme inventory. This chapter extends these ideas to discuss phonetic fieldwork (particularly in acoustic phonetics) and gives some suggestions for research design for phonetic analysis.
ETFs within a Mutual Fund’s Portfolio

The authors document extensive use of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) within mutual fund portfolios and find that their use grew substantially between 2004 and 2014, in both total dollar value and the number of unique ETFs held. Although the findings are most notable in long ETF positions, they find extensive short ETF positions within the mutual fund industry as well. When looking at the use of inverse or leveraged ETFs, they find far less utilization. As the popularity of ETFs continues to increase, the authors expect that their importance within mutual fund portfolios will continue to grow as well.
Prospective evaluation of an automated method to identify patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in the emergency department.

Sepsis is an often-fatal syndrome resulting from severe infection. Rapid identification and treatment are critical for septic patients. We therefore developed a probabilistic model to identify septic patients in the emergency department (ED). We aimed to produce a model that identifies 80 % of sepsis patients, with no more than 15 false positive alerts per day, within one hour of ED admission, using routine clinical data. We developed the model using retrospective data for 132,748 ED encounters (549 septic), with manual chart review to confirm cases of severe sepsis or septic shock from January 2006 through December 2008. A naive Bayes model was used to select model features, starting with clinician-proposed candidate variables, which were then used to calculate the probability of sepsis. We evaluated the accuracy of the resulting model in 93,733 ED encounters from April 2009 through June 2010. The final model included mean blood pressure, temperature, age, heart rate, and white blood cell count. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the continuous predictor model was 0.953. The binary alert achieved 76.4 % sensitivity with a false positive rate of 4.7 %. We developed and validated a probabilistic model to identify sepsis early in an ED encounter. Despite changes in process, organizational focus, and the H1N1 influenza pandemic, our model performed adequately in our validation cohort, suggesting that it will be generalizable.
What Cognitive Psychology Tells Us About Emergency Department Physician Decision-making and How to Improve It.

In this issue of Academic Emergency Medicine, Patterson et al. report a link between two measures of emergency department (ED) crowding –ED census and physician load – to hospital admission decisions. Disposition appeared to change based on both the degree of ED crowding and how many total patients the physician making the admission decision was carrying at the time. This translated to important swings: an average admission rate of 35% with an empty waiting room and zero patient load which increased to 40% with 12 patients waiting or physician was carrying 16 ED patients. They concluded that disposition decisions were significantly impacted by workflow concerns of both the provider and the department. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Oncotype DX scores in BRCA1 and BRCA2 associated breast cancer.

541 Background: The Oncotype DX score is widely used to evaluate recurrence risk and potential benefit of chemotherapy in stage 1, estrogen receptor (ER) positive, Her2 negative tumors. Oncotype DX...
Association of Multiple Primary Skin Cancers With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, CD4 Count, and Viral Load.

Importance Persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have a 2.8-fold higher risk than HIV-uninfected persons of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), defined as basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Individuals with a prior NMSC history are at increased risk for subsequent NMSC, but the magnitude of risk and its relation to HIV disease-related factors, including CD4 count and viral load (VL), are unknown. Objective To better understand how laboratory markers currently used to evaluate HIV disease progression may be associated with subsequent NMSC risk. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study analyzed 455 HIV-infected and 1945 HIV-uninfected patients, all of them members of the Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) health care plan, diagnosed with at least 1 NMSC from 1996-2008 to determine risk of subsequent NMSCs in relation to CD4 count and VL. All participants were white, non-Hispanic persons 18 years or older who had had at least 1 NMSC during the 1996-2008 period. Participants entered the cohort at their first NMSC diagnosis and were observed through 2008. Incidence rates were calculated and adjusted hazard ratios were estimated using extended Cox regression models with recent CD4 count and VL analyzed as time-changing covariates. Main Outcomes and Measures Measured CD4 count, VL, and subsequent NMSC (BCC and SCC). Results The cohort comprised 455 HIV-infected participants (13 [3%] women) and 1952 HIV-uninfected participants (154 [8%] women). Median duration of observation was 4.6 years, and 16.5% (n = 390) either died (n = 35) or lost KPNC membership status (n = 355) without having a subsequent primary NMSC. Compared with HIV-uninfected persons, HIV-infected individuals were slightly younger (mean age, 52.5 vs 55.5 years), more likely men (97% vs 92%), more likely to have smoked (57% vs 45%), and less likely to be overweight/obese (50% vs 61%). The small observed differences by HIV status in matching characteristics (ie, age and sex) resulted from the restriction of the original cohort to those with at least 1 NMSC. Compared with uninfected individuals, those with HIV infection with a recent biomarker of more severe immune deficiency (CD4 count Conclusions and Relevance HIV-infected persons compared with HIV-uninfected persons were are at higher risk for subsequent new SCC but not BCC, with a dose-response relationship between risk and lower CD4 counts and higher VLs. Subsequent new primary SCCs had a strong association with lower CD4 and higher VL among HIV-infected persons, suggesting that immune dysfunction might contribute to increased SCC risk. Clinical implications include targeted monitoring for SCC among HIV-infected individuals, particularly those with low CD4 counts or high VLs.
THE ECONOMIC PAMPHLETEER: Reflections on Cooperation

First paragraphs: When I was growing up in the late '40s and early '50s, the local "farmers' exchange" was where we sold our chickens and eggs and bought feed for our chickens, pigs, and dairy cows. The exchange was operated by a cooperative, the Missouri Farmers Association or MFA. Its jingle on the local radio station proudly proclaimed, "MFA, MFA, it's the profit-sharing way. All agree, plain to see, it's the farmer's friend." I didn't have any reason to doubt its claims. However, the MFA has long since betrayed its farmer-members' trust by supporting the industrialization of agriculture. During the mid-1990s, the president of the MFA regularly proclaimed that Missouri only needed a few dozen large farming operations, and smaller farmers should look elsewhere for their future. As a young agricultural economist, I had made similar statements. I didn't know any better at the time. The leader of a farmers' cooperative, however, should not have been so naive — or perhaps uncaring. Economic efficiency is good only insofar as it improves the well-being of people. The large agricultural cooperatives in the U.S. have become virtually indistinguishable from the rest of corporate agriculture...
Kinetic analysis of canine gait on the effect of failure tendon repair and tendon graft.

Abstract Kinetic analysis of canine gait has been extensively studied, including normal and abnormal gait. However, no research has looked into how flexor tendon injury and further treatment would affect the walking pattern comparing to the uninjured state. Therefore, this study was aimed to utilize a portable pressure walkway system, which has been commonly used for pedobarographic and kinetic analysis in the veterinary field, to examine the effect of a failed tendon repair and tendon graft reconstruction on canine digit kinetics during gait. 12 mixed breed (mongrel) hound-type female dogs were included in this study and 2nd and 5th digits were chosen to undergo flexor tendon repair and graft surgeries. Kinetic parameters from the surgery leg in stance phase were calculated. From the results, after tendon failure repair, decrease of weight bearing was seen in the affected digits and weight bearing was shifted to the metacarpal pad. After tendon graft reconstruction, weight bearing returned to the affected digits and metacarpal pads. Slight alteration in peak pressure and instant of peak force were identified, but it was estimated to have little influence on post-reconstruction gait. This study could serve as a reference in evaluating canine digit function in flexor tendon injury for future studies.
Distinct Biomarker Profiles in Ex Vivo T Cell Depletion Graft Manipulation Strategies: CD34+ Selection versus CD3+/19+ Depletion in Matched Sibling Allogeneic Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation

Abstract Various approaches have been developed for ex vivo T cell depletion in allogeneic stem cell transplantation to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Direct comparisons of T cell depletion strategies have not been well studied, however. We evaluated cellular and plasma biomarkers in 2 different graft manipulation strategies, CD3+CD19+ cell depletion (CD3/19D) versus CD34+ selection (CD34S), and their associations with clinical outcomes. Identical conditions, including the myeloablative preparative regimen, HLA-identical sibling donor, GVHD prophylaxis, and graft source, were used in the 2 cohorts. Major clinical outcomes were similar in the 2 groups in terms of overall survival, nonrelapse mortality, and cumulative incidence of relapse; however, the cumulative incidence of acute GVHD trended to be higher in the CD3/19D cohort compared with the CD34S cohort. A distinct biomarker profile was noted in the CD3/19D cohort: higher levels of ST2, impaired Helios− FoxP3+Treg reconstitution, and rapid reconstitution of naive, Th2, and Th17 CD4 cells in the early post-transplantation period. In vitro graft replication studies confirmed that CD3/19D disproportionately depleted Tregs and other CD4 subset repertoires in the graft. This study confirms the utility of biomarker monitoring, which can be directly correlated with biological consequences and possible future therapeutic indications.
Event plane dependence of the flow modulated background in dihadron and jet-hadron correlations in heavy ion collisions

Di-hadron and jet-hadron correlations are commonly used in relativistic heavy ion collisions to study the soft component of jets in a quark gluon plasma. There is a large correlated background which is described by the Fourier decomposition of the azimuthal anisotropy where $v_n$ is the $n$th order coefficient. The path length dependence of partonic energy loss can be studied by varying the angle of the high momentum trigger particle or jet relative to a reconstructed event plane. This modifies the shape of the background correlated with that event plane. The original derivation of the shape of this background only considered correlations relative to the second order event plane, which is correlated to the initial participant plane. We derive the shape of this background for an event plane at an arbitrary order. There is a phase shift in the case of jets restricted to asymmetric regions relative to the event plane. For realistic correlations between event planes, the correlation between the second and fourth order event planes leads to a much smaller effect than the finite event plane resolution at each order. Finally, we assess the status of the rapidity even $v_1$ term due to flow, which has been measured to be comparable to $v_2$ and $v_3$ terms.
Microtus montebelli (Korean vole)

One pair of autosomes is considerably longer than the rest. Several other pairs of autosomes can be identified by their morphology; but pairing of most chromosomes is rather subjective. Identification of the X is also equivocal.
Analyzing Sample Path Data from Markov Chain Sampling Experiments

The mandate from the conference chairman was to provide an introductory account of the statistical issues that arise when designing Markov chain sampling experiments and analyzing their output. However, the time limitation makes my objective in this paper considerably more modest. It is merely to provide an account of how the interaction among four design parameters affects statistiical properties of estimates of $$\mu = \mu (g) = {{\smallint }_{\% }}g(x)dF(x)$$ (1) where F denotes an m-dimensional d.f. on \(\% \subseteq {{\mathbb{R}}^{m}}\) and g satisfies \({{\smallint }_{\% }}{{g}^{4}}(x)dF(x) < \infty\) A considerably more expanded account appears in Fishman (1995).
The Lysine Conspiracy

Two top executives of the giant U.S. agribusiness firm Archer Daniels Midland flew from the company’s headquarters in Decatur, Illinois to Tokyo, Japan in April 1992. Terrance Wilson, President of the sprawling corn-products division of ADM, disliked long flights because he reacted badly to the effects of jet lag, but he was epitome of the loyal manager and this trip could make tens of millions of dollars for his company if everything went according to plan. Along with Wilson was a brash new ADM vice president, Mark Whitacre, who headed up ADM’s new Bioproducts Division. Whitacre was a quickly rising star at ADM. With his Ph.D. in nutritional biochemistry from prestigious Cornell University, he was well equipped to handle the technical side of the high-tech bioproducts business. The product the two men were concerned about was lysine, an essential amino acid that speeds up the formation of lean meat on farm animals. After getting his Ph.D., Whitacre had worked for the German company Degussa that was the world’s biggest maker of amino acids, and it was there that Whitacre had discovered he had a flair for salesmanship. It was this rare combination of talents that prompted ADM to depart from company practice and hire him away from Degussa rather than promote from within.
Measuring and Managing Complexity in Knowledge-Based Systems: A Network and Mathematical Programming Approach

Developing the knowledge base of an expert system is a complex process. The extent of that complexity is likely to impact the development time and cost of the system, quality of the system, validation and assessment efforts, and other development and maintenance issues. Thus, there is interest in analyzing the impact of complexity on those factors. One approach to that analysis is to develop some metrics for complexity of systems and compare those metrics to those factors for specific systems.
Inhibition of neutrophil oxidative metabolism by lysosomotropic weak bases

Maintenance of an acidic intralysosomal compartment may be relevant to multiple aspects of neutrophil function. The effect of lysosomal alkalinization on the neutrophil respiratory burst was studied by measuring cytochrome c reduction in response to soluble stimuli in the presence of lysosomotropic weak bases. The weak bases chloroquine, ammonium chloride, methylamine, and clindamycin all raised the intralysosomal pH and inhibited neutrophil oxidative metabolism at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 100 mmol/L. Inhibition was dose dependent for each base and correlated significantly with the degree of lysosomal alkalinization. Concentrations that did not alkalinize the lysosome did not inhibit the respiratory burst. Inhibition by weak bases was seen when oxidative metabolism was stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate, calcium ionophore A23187, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, opsonized zymosan, or sodium fluoride. Increasing the stimulus concentration (from 5 ng/mL to 5 micrograms/mL phorbol myristate acetate and from 0.5 to 1 mumol/L A23187) diminished or abolished inhibition by weak bases. Washing the cells after incubation with bases and before stimulation substantially reversed the inhibition. None of the bases impaired detection of superoxide in a cell-free xanthine-xanthine oxidase assay. Other indexes of oxidative metabolism, including oxygen consumption and hydrogen peroxide release, were also inhibited by weak bases. Analysis of particulate NADPH oxidase activity from neutrophils stimulated in the presence of bases suggested that these cells assemble a subnormal amount of an enzyme complex with normal kinetic characteristics. Lysosomotropic weak bases alkalinized the neutrophil lysosome and produced inhibition of oxidative metabolism that was dose related, was not stimulus specific, and was largely reversed by washing the cells before stimulation. A possible explanation would be altered assembly of the enzyme complex involved in respiratory burst activation as a consequence of impaired granule/plasma membrane fusion in the presence of diminished transmembrane pH gradients.
Chemistry and fate of simazine.

Simazine (6-chloro-N,N’-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) was first introduced in 1956 by the Swiss company J.R. Geigy (Cremlyn 1990). It has been widely used for preemergence control of broadleaf weeds and annual grasses in both agricultural and noncrop fields. For example, in California it was the 28th most used pesticide in 2003 (306,100 kg), with applications primarily on fruit and vegetable crops (CDPR 2003a,b). Simazine is also used as an algicide in fish farm ponds, aquariums, and cooling towers. However, it is toxic to some aquatic animals. For example, Sanders (1969) found that at 22°C 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of simazine for the macrocrustacean amphipod Gammarus lacustris was 30, 21, and 13mg/L after 24-, 48-, and 96-hr exposures, respectively. Also, the effect of the herbicide on the water snail (Lymnea stagnalis) was such that at a water concentration of 2 mg/L all embryos were destroyed within 9d; the (50% effective dose) ED50 being 0.02mg/L (Kosanke et al. 1988).
Repetitive head injury in adolescent mice: A role for vascular inflammation.

Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury during adolescence can induce neurological dysfunction through undefined mechanisms. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) contributes to experimental adult diffuse and contus...
Brycchan Carey, ed., The Interesting Narrative by Olaudah Equiano

Review by John Bugg (Fordham University) of Brycchan Carey, ed., The Interesting Narrative by Olaudah Equiano. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. Pp. 272. £8.99. ISBN 9780198707523.
Signatures of adaptive divergence among populations of an avian species of conservation concern.

Understanding the genetic underpinning of adaptive divergence among populations is a key goal of evolutionary biology and conservation. Gunnison sage-grouse (Centrocercus minimus) is a sagebrush obligate species with a constricted range consisting of seven discrete populations, each with distinctly different habitat and climatic conditions. Though geographically close, populations have low levels of natural gene flow resulting in relatively high levels of differentiation. Here, we use 15,033 SNP loci in genomic outlier analyses, genotype-environment association analyses, and gene ontology enrichment tests to examine patterns of putatively adaptive genetic differentiation in an avian species of conservation concern. We found 411 loci within 5 kbp of 289 putative genes associated with biological functions or pathways that were overrepresented in the assemblage of outlier SNPs. The identified gene set was enriched for cytochrome P450 gene family members (CYP4V2, CYP2R1, CYP2C23B, CYP4B1) and could impact metabolism of plant secondary metabolites, a critical challenge for sagebrush obligates. Additionally, the gene set was also enriched with members potentially involved in antiviral response (DEAD box helicase gene family and SETX). Our results provide a first look at local adaption for isolated populations of a single species and suggest adaptive divergence in multiple metabolic and biochemical pathways may be occurring. This information can be useful in managing this species of conservation concern, for example, to identify unique populations to conserve, avoid translocation or release of individuals that may swamp locally adapted genetic diversity, or guide habitat restoration efforts.
Social Studies Education

The field of social studies education encompasses a variety of perspectives about the nature of social studies subject matter and its goals. This article traces twin aspects of social studies education: social studies as social science and social studies as social education. Scholars who see social studies as social science education view the field as incorporating the disciplinary concepts, knowledge-based, and strategies of a variety of unique disciplines (history, geography, economics, etc.). Those who advocate for social studies as social education place civic and democratic teaching as central to the goals and outcomes of social studies. Both approaches, however, serve to prepare youth to engage in an increasingly complex and diverse global world.
Place of occupational medicine in the Swiss health service

Die arbeitsmedizinische Versorgung ist ein wichtiger Teil der Gesundheitsversorgung. Sie muss in der Schweiz noch entwickelt werden. Jeder Arzt benotigt arbeitsmedizinische Grundkenntnisse. Zusatzlich mussen Spezialisten fur Arbeitsmedizin ausgebildet und in Betrieben und Arbeitsaufsichtsbehorden eingesetzt werden. Es wird ein Ausbildungs-, Weiterbildungs- und Spezialisierungskonzept fur Arbeitsmedizin angestrebt. Zu diesem Zweck sind arbeitsmedizinische Universitatsinstitute an allen medizinischen Fakultaten zu schaffen. Der Bundesrat wird gemass neuem Unfallversicherungsgesetz «Vorschriften uber den Beizug von Arbeitsarzten in den Betrieben» erlassen. Die Betriebsarzte sollen gemass den neuen Grundsatzen aus dem Jahre 1981 der Verbindung der Schweizer Arzte (FMH) als notwendige fachliche Erganzung in die medizinische Versorgung der Bevolkerung integriert werden.
Stage Development of Blind Children: A Piagetian View:

Gottesman conducted a study of stage development of cognitive processes in blind and sighted children, utilizing the concepts and research techniques of Jean Piaget. The experiments concentrate on ...
Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Friedel–Crafts-Type Coupling and Dedinitrogenation Reactions of Vinyldiazo Compounds

The direct Friedel-Crafts-type coupling and dedinitrogenation reactions of vinyldiazo compounds with aromatic compounds using a metal-free strategy are described. This Bronsted acid catalyzed method is efficient for the formation of α-diazo β-carbocations (vinyldiazonium ions), vinyl carbocations, and allylic or homoallylic carbocation species via vinyldiazo compounds. By choosing suitable nucleophilic reagents to selectively capture these intermediates, both trisubstituted α,β-unsaturated esters, β-indole-substituted diazo esters, and dienes are obtained with good to high yields and selectivity. Experimental insights implicate a reaction mechanism involving the selective protonation of vinyldiazo compounds and the subsequent release of dinitrogen to form vinyl cations that undergo intramolecular 1,3- and 1,4- hydride transfer processes as well as fragmentation.
Optimization of a Soft Robotic Bladder Array for Dissipating High Impact Loads: an Initial Study in Designing a Smart Helmet

Traumatic Brain Injury is a major risk in sports, work, and recreation. This paper presents initial design and optimization of a Smart Helmet aimed at mitigating impact accelerations. The helmet uses arrays of controllable pneumatic bladders arranged around the helmet shell to dissipate impact forces. Bladders are configured in arrays in the different regions of the helmet. Each bladder region includes at least one bladder with embedded sensing and control, capable of controlling that region. Nonlinear models of the bladders and arrays are developed and combined with a simplified head and neck model to simulate loading of the lateral segments of the helmet. These simulations are then applied to a parametric study to evaluate the ability of different individual bladder parameters, bladder region configurations, and control schemes to dissipate impact forces. A prototype helmet is then evaluated on an impact testbed to verify the effectiveness of different helmet configurations. Baseline results from a bare head and using a state-of-the-art helmet are provided for comparison.
Glycosidic C–O Bond Activation in Cellulose Pyrolysis: Alpha Versus Beta and Condensed Phase Hydroxyl-Catalytic Scission

Mechanistic insights into glycosidic bond activation in cellulose pyrolysis were obtained via first-principles density functional theory calculations that explain the peculiar similarity in kinetic...
The Movements of Water and Solutes in the Brains of Mammals

In normal animals there seems to be little or no bulk flow across CNS capillaries and through neural tissue. The resistance to volume flow at each of these sites seems to be too great for significant convective transport to take place; yet, during the time course of cerebral edema, relatively large flows of fluid do occur both at the capillaries and through the ECS. Such changes in bulk fluid movement probably involve alterations in the hydraulic conductivity of cerebral blood vessels, the solute reflection coefficients and concentration differences across the blood-brain barrier and the hydraulic conductivity of the tissue ECS (the latter as a result of increases in the size and channel width of the space).
Exploring the ethical topic of learning analytics

This response reviews the article entitled “Ethical oversight of student data in learning analytics: a typology derived from a cross-continental, cross-institutional perspective” (Willis et al. in Educ Technol Res Dev 64(5):881–901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-016-9463-4 , 2016) from a policy perspective. The paper summarizes the typology of learning analytics and its core ideas proposed in Willis et al. (2016), but also highlights the challenges considering the third-party policies of data privacy and usage. Additionally, the paper addresses the core ethical principles declared in Corrin et al. (Access Online 26, 2019) and suggests using these principles as underpinnings when considering the ethics of learning analytics and seeking effective solutions to best ensure ethical practices of implementing learning analytics. The establishment of a comprehensive data governance system by institutions of higher education is recommended.
A study of emerging trends in digital preservation literature: An analysis of journal articles presented in course syllabi:

The field of digital preservation education is evolving due to the rapid developments in the digital preservation field, and as educators and researchers respond to these developments. One way to u...
Health provider identified barriers and facilitators to weight management for individuals with spinal cord injury

Qualitative descriptive study using semi-structured interviews The purpose of this study was to examine the barriers and facilitators of weight management in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) from the perspective of SCI health care providers. Veterans Health Administration and Midwest Regional SCI Care Systems. Health care providers (n = 25) who care for individuals with SCI completed semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis methodology was used to identify emergent themes around barriers and facilitators to weight management in SCI. Sixteen subthemes emerged for barriers and seven subthemes emerged for facilitators for weight management in SCI. Barriers included individual-level factors (e.g., physical ability/mobility limitations, lack of interest, psychological obstacles, lack of knowledge, poor dietary strategies), socio-environmental factors (e.g., challenges with family support, lack of access to weight management resources, dependency on others, difficulties obtaining weight measurement), and organizational factors (e.g., lack of integration/inconsistent weight management support from healthcare systems, pushing calorie intake early post-injury). Facilitators included individual-level factors (e.g., motivation, education/knowledge, participation in exercise and physical activity) and socio-environmental factors (e.g., positive support network, access to/use of healthy dietary strategies, access to exercise facilities/adaptive equipment, participating in weight management with others). Healthcare providers identified individual-level, socio-environmental, and organizational barriers and facilitators that influence weight management efforts in individuals with SCI. Future weight management resources and programs should consider addressing common barriers identified by healthcare providers, individuals with SCI, and their caregivers, and develop strategies to promote facilitators to enhance weight management in this population.
A four-state adaptive Hopf oscillator.

Adaptive oscillators (AOs) are nonlinear oscillators with plastic states that encode information. Here, an analog implementation of a four-state adaptive oscillator, including design, fabrication, and verification through hardware measurement, is presented. The result is an oscillator that can learn the frequency and amplitude of an external stimulus over a large range. Notably, the adaptive oscillator learns parameters of external stimuli through its ability to completely synchronize without using any pre- or post-processing methods. Previously, Hopf oscillators have been built as two-state (a regular Hopf oscillator) and three-state (a Hopf oscillator with adaptive frequency) systems via VLSI and FPGA designs. Building on these important implementations, a continuous-time, analog circuit implementation of a Hopf oscillator with adaptive frequency and amplitude is achieved. The hardware measurements and SPICE simulation show good agreement. To demonstrate some of its functionality, the circuit’s response to several complex waveforms, including the response of a square wave, a sawtooth wave, strain gauge data of an impact of a nonlinear beam, and audio data of a noisy microphone recording, are reported. By learning both the frequency and amplitude, this circuit could be used to enhance applications of AOs for robotic gait, clock oscillators, analog frequency analyzers, and energy harvesting.
The Dynamic Effects of Forward Guidance Shocks

We examine the macroeconomic effects of forward guidance shocks at the zero lower bound. Empirically, we identify forward guidance shocks using unexpected changes in futures contracts around moneta...
The sensitivity of worldwide normative reference values for intraepidermal nerve fiber density for diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy is lower in Chinese-American patients compared to non-Chinese American patients (P6.125)

Objective: To determine if the sensitivity of worldwide normative reference values for intraepidermal nerve fiber density for diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy is lower in Chinese-American patients compared to non-Chinese American patients. Background: Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) is diagnosed via skin biopsy and examination of intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) and comparing findings to worldwide normative reference values stratified by age and sex. The sensitivity of these values, however, is unknown. The threshold values may vary between patient populations. Based on our clinical experience, we hypothesized that the sensitivity of normative reference values for IENFD for diagnosis of SFN in Chinese-American patients was lower compared to control. Design/Methods: Between 2013 and 2016 the Mount Sinai Hospital neuromuscular department evaluated and performed skin biopsies on 107 patients. We performed a retrospective study and chart reviewed cases for demographics, clinical features, and results of laboratory, skin biopsy, imaging, and nerve conduction and electromyography (EMG) studies. We identified 29 Chinese-American patients and 37 non-Chinese-American patients between age 30–89 with high clinical suspicion for SFN (defined as presence of both length dependent symptoms and signs of neuropathy with EMG demonstrating absence of large fiber neuropathy). The percentage of patients diagnosed with SFN via IENFD normative reference values was quantified to represent sensitivity. Results: SFN was detected in 6 of 29 (20.7%) Chinese-American patients and 22 of 37 (59.5%) non-Chinese American patients (p=0.002). In the age group of 50–69, SFN was detected in 2 of 16 (12.5%) Chinese-American patients and 10 of 17 (58.8%) non-Chinese American patients (p=0.01). Conclusions: The sensitivity of worldwide normative reference values for IENFD for diagnosis of SFN is significantly lower in Chinese-American patients compared to non-Chinese American patients. Different reference values may be required in Chinese-American patients for improved detection of SFN via skin biopsy. Disclosure: Dr. Jin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zhou has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation.
tmRNA: a Case of Structural and Functional Mimicry on and off the Ribosome?

Upon translocation of the peptidyl-tmRNA, the ribosome is reprogrammed to bind aminoacyl-tRNAs as specified by tmRNA. This process results in the covalent attachment of the tag peptide. Finally, when the "stop" codon of tmRNA is reached, the tagged protein and the tmRNA are released from the ribosome. Given that many of the methods developed for investigating tRNA, mRNA, and ribosomes are applicable to the study of tmRNA, answers to the most pressing questions about the functional role of tmRNA in bacterial metabolism are likely to be forthcoming. Recent studies identified three more proteases that degrade proteins tagged by tmRNA. One is the ATP-dependent, membrane-anchored zinc protease HflB, the only essential protease in Escherichia coli. Two others are the ATP-dependent cytosolic protease complexes ClpXP and ClpAP. The binding of tmRNA to ribosomes is much weaker than the analogous interaction with tRNA. To study ribosome tmRNA interactions, the authors applied cross-linking methods similar to those used successfully for investigating interactions between the ribosome, tRNA, and mRNA. In addition, the authors have demonstrated that ribosomes which lack protein S1 do not bind tmRNA. The recent progress in understanding the three-dimensional structure of the ribosome, when combined with the identification of cross-linked sites, will help us to analyze tmRNA interactions with the ribosome at the level of single nucleotide and amino acid residues. Furthermore, genetic and in vivo studies are expected to contribute significantly to our understanding of the complex interactions that might occur among tmRNA, the ribosome, and its various ligands.
European Colonial Terrorism and the Incorporation of Africa into the Capitalist World System

For more than five centuries, European empire builders, namely Portugal, Holland, France, England, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, and later the United States, employed different strategies and tactics such as terrorism in Africa to make money through the ownership of human beings, exploration, evangelization, colonization, commercialization, banditry, and robbery The processes of merchandising Africans, dominating and controlling trade, destroying African cultures and religions, imposing Christianity7, destroying African leadership and sovereignties by establishing colonial governments, dispossessing lands and other economic resources, and transforming Africans into coerced laborers all involved war and terrorism. To use different forms of violence in merchandising Africans and taking over the homelands and resources of indigenous peoples is an act of terrorism. Terrorism and other forms of violence enabled these empire builders to enrich themselves and their collaborators at the cost of indigenous Africans; consequently, they established themselves as powerful countries, claimed racial superiority, and imposed their cultures and Christian religion on Africans. Although several scholars have explored the impacts of slavery, exploration, Christianity, and colonization on the entire continent, they have neglected to study the role of colonial terrorism in the destruction and dehumanization of African societies and in the establishment and maintenance of the European-dominated racist capitalist world system.
Fuel Cell Membranes

Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert the energy liberated in a chemical reaction directly into electricity. The basic building blocks of a fuel cell are an ionically conducting electrolyte that separates two electrodes, an anode where oxidation reactions occur, and a cathode for reduction reactions. During operation, fuel (e.g., H2 gas or methanol) is fed continuously to the anode, and an oxidant (normally oxygen from air) is supplied to the cathode. Fuel oxidation and oxygen reduction reactions occur spontaneously on the electrodes with the production and consumption of electrons (at the anode and cathode, respectively) and the generation of heat (because the electrical energy conversion process is not 100% efficient). Electrical energy is extracted from the electrons as they flow from the anode to the cathode via an external circuit. A fuel cell, although having components and characteristics similar to those of a battery, differs in one primary way. The battery is an energy storage device, where the maximum energy available is determined by the amount of chemical reactant stored within the battery itself. The fuel cell, on the other hand, is an energy conversion device with separate (external) storage of fuel and oxidant. Thus, a fuel cell has the capability of producing electrical energy for as long as reactants are supplied to the electrodes. There are a variety of different fuel cells that are normally classified according to the electrolyte type (see Table 29.1). The amount of power produced by a fuel cell depends upon several factors, such as fuel cell type, cell size, the temperature at which the cell operates, and the pressure at which the gases are supplied to the cell. A single fuel cell element (one anode and cathode) produces enough electricity for only the smallest applications. Therefore, individual fuel cells are typically combined into a stack configuration. Two types of fuel cells that employ polymeric cation exchange membranes as the electrolyte material are the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The membrane has a multifunctional role in these devices: (1) It physically separates the anode and cathode to prevent an electrical short circuit, (2) it separates the fuel and oxidant to eliminate a chemical short circuit, and (3) it provides