cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL OF A THRUST-VECTORED FLIGHT CONTROL EXPERIMENT

Abstract Model predictive control (MPC) is applied to the Caltech ducted fan, a thrust-vectored flight experiment. A real-time trajectory generation software based on spline theory and sequential quadratic programming is used to implement the MPC controllers. Timing issues related to the computation and implementation of repeatedly updated optimal trajectories are discussed. Results show computational speeds greater than 10 Hz, 2.5 times that of the actuator dynamics. The MPC controllers successfully stabilize a step disturbance applied to the ducted fan and compare favorably to LQR methods.
DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-STRENGTH AND HIGHLY DUCTILE HYPO-EUTECTIC Al-Si ALLOYS BY NANO-REFINING THE CONSTITUENT PHASES

Among the structural light weight materials, Al-Si alloys can be the most widely used Al-alloys for aerospace and automotive applications. Our recent experiments using Ba additions of 1-3wt% into the melt of hypo- and hyper-eutectic Al-Si alloys have shown considerable promise in terms of both Si refinement of nano-scale (verified with both by SEM and TEM studies) and limited mechanical testing. The preliminary experiments indicate that the solidification conditions together with the new hypothesis of Si refinement can besuccessfully used with permanent mold casting. Recent permanent mold casting of such Al-8%Si-1.8%Ba hypo-eutectic Al-Si alloys have resulted cast alloys that without any further processing revealed a microstructure in which eutectic silicon assumes nano-fibrous morphology and where the primary aluminium phase shows dendrites of very fine size. The alloys in as cast conditions exhibit UTS values of around 172 Mpa and ductility values of about 15%.
Increased radiation resistance of vegetative Bacillus pumilus.

A 4.5-fold increase in vegetative cell radiation resistance of Bacillus pumilus E601, the internationally recognized biological standard for irradiation sterilization, was obtained by the repeated passage of resistant survivors through successive sublethal doses of 60Co irradiation. This increase in resistance was accompanied by a corresponding increase in spore resistance through the seventh irradiation passage. By the fifteenth passage, the ability for spore formation was lost. Other effects noted by the successive irradiation dosages included loss of motility and pellicle formation, and changes in the Gram reaction, cell morphology, and colonial morphology. Increased resistance was also accompanied by an increased nutritional requirement for specific amino acids. Radiation resistance was not transferred from vegetative cells to spores.
BAR--Where Distributed Computing Meets Game Theory

This tutorial describes a general approach for building cooperative services that span multiple administrative domains (MADs). MAD systems are attractive because their diffused control structure may yield services that are potentially less costly and more democratic than their more centralized counterparts. Unfortunately, they are also particularly problematic from a dependability standpoint as they challenge the traditional distinction between correct and faulty nodes.
Evaluation of Energy, Environmental, and Economic Characteristics of Fuel Cell Combined Heat and Power Systems for Residential Applications

Residential combined heat and power (CHP) systems using fuel cell technology can provide both electricity and heat and can substantially reduce the energy and environmental impact associated with residential applications. The energy, environmental, and economic characteristics of fuel cell CHP systems are investigated for single-family residential applications. Hourly energy use profiles for electricity and thermal energy are determined for typical residential applications. A mathematical model of a residential fuel cell based CHP system is developed. The CHP system incorporates a fuel cell system to supply electricity and thermal energy, a vapor compression heat pump to provide cooling in the summer and heating in the winter, and a thermal storage tank to help match the available thermal energy to the thermal energy needs. The performance of the system is evaluated for different climates. Results from the study include an evaluation of the major design parameters of the system, load duration curves, an evaluation of the effect of climate on energy use characteristics, an assessment of the reduction in emissions, and a comparison of the life cycle cost of the fuel cell based CHP system to the life cycle costs of conventional residential energy systems. The results suggest that the fuel cell CHP system provides substantial energy and environmental benefits but that the cost of the fuel cell sub-system must be reduced to roughly $500/kWe before the system can be economically justified.
Reinforcing, subject-rated, and physiological effects of intranasal methylphenidate in humans: a dose-response analysis.

The results of previously published reports suggest that oral methylphenidate has potential for abuse. An increase in insufflation of methylphenidate has been reported recently. To our knowledge, however, there are no published reports that examined the effects of intranasal methylphenidate. The purpose of this experiment was to characterize the reinforcing, subject-rated, and physiological effects of intranasal methylphenidate (0, 10, 20, and 30 mg). Eight volunteers (five males and three females) with recent histories of recreational stimulant use were recruited to participate in this experiment. Drug doses were administered in a double-blind fashion under medical supervision, but for safety purposes they were administered in ascending order. Intranasal methylphenidate increased the crossover point on the Multiple-Choice Questionnaire in a linear fashion, which suggests that intranasal methylphenidate functioned as a reinforcer. Intranasal methylphenidate also produced linear dose-dependent prototypical stimulant-like subjective effects (e.g. increases in ratings of Good Effects and High). Intranasal methylphenidate increased heart rate as a function of dose, but the magnitude of this effect was not clinically significant (i.e. average peak heart rate following administration of the highest dose was less than 82 beats per min). The results of this study suggest that across a range of doses, intranasal methylphenidate produces behavioral effects that are characteristic of abused stimulants. Future studies should test higher doses and directly compare the behavioral effects of intranasal methylphenidate to those of a prototypical abused stimulant (e.g. cocaine).
Effects of hypophysectomy and ACTH on opiate tolerance and physical dependence.

Abstract In opiate-naive hypophysectomized rats, the enhanced potency of parenterally injected morphine was almost completely normalized by chronic ACTH in doses that maintained adrenal weight. Following morphine pellet implantation, the amount of morphine required for antinociception, catalepsy, and colonic temperature effects in tolerant rats was identical among hypophysectomized and sham-operated rats whether or not chronic ACTH was administered. However, brain levels of morphine were greater in tolerant, hypophysectomized rats, an effect blocked by chronic ACTH. Hypophysectomy thus appears to enhance the magnitude of tolerance development by a mechanism that is reversed by doses of ACTH that maintain adrenal weight. On the other hand, in sham-control rats this dose and schedule of ACTH were without effect on morphine potency in opiate-naive or tolerant rats or on brain levels of morphine. In general, hypophysectomy and/or ACTH did not modify the intensity of abstinence signs following naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. Therefore, little evidence was obtained to suggest a direct, commanding role of the pituitary in chronic opiate effects. Instead, a secondary adrenal involvement may be important.
L/Y Ratios in Terms of CIE-Chromaticity Coordinates

In previous papers a correlate for lightness (L) was found in terms of CIE-tristimulus values for colors of approximately constant luminous reflectance (Y). L could be expressed by a second degree equation with X, Y, Z as variables. In the present study about 100 samples were selected to cover the gamut of existing surface colors. The lightness-equivalent neutrals were estimated by three observers for these colors under the same conditions as described in a previous paper. The original type of equation could not be used to fit the observational data because of the large differences in luminous reflectance among the samples. However, the L/Y ratios could be expressed by a second degree equation with chromaticity coordinates x, y as variables. This type of equation appears to be valid for all reflecting surface colors.
Gold nanoparticle absorption under a nanoscale tip illuminated by surface-plasmon polaritons

This research numerically calculated the optical absorption of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) in the presence of metallic (Au) and dielectric (Si) AFM probes, illuminated by a surface plasmon polaritons on an infinite gold substrate. Nanoscale probes localize and enhance the field between the apex of the tip and the particle. However, the absorption of the nanoparticle is not always enhanced; in fact, under a gold tip, the absorption is suppressed for a 50 nm diameter AuNP. After fitting the numerical absorption data with the equation of a driven damped harmonic oscillator (HO), it was found that the AFM tip modifies both the driving force ( F 0 ), consisting of the free carrier charge ( q ) and the driving field ( E ), and the overall damping of the oscillator (β ). The enhancement or suppression of absorption with different tips can be understood in terms of competition between β and F 0 . Introducing the metallic tip increases β and decreases F 0 , resulting in reduced absorption. Introducing the dielectric tip, although it increases β, it also increases F 0 , resulting in overall absorption enhancement. Therefore, one most consider both β and F 0 to control the absorption of nanoparticles under Surface Plasmon Polaritons.
Effect of water diuresis and water restriction on expression of HSPs-27, -60 and -70 in rat kidney

Effect of water diuresis and water restriction on expression of HSPs-27, -60 and -70 in rat kidney. Expression of HSP-27, HSP-60 and HSP-70 was estimated in the cortex, outer medulla and inner medulla (papilla) of rats undergoing water diuresis or water restriction for two days. The mRNAs for HSP-27 and HSP-60 in renal papilla were two- to threefold greater in rats during water restriction than in those excreting a dilute urine, but levels of mRNA for HSP-70 were not reduced by water diuresis and Western analysis for HSP-70 protein showed no difference between water-loaded and water-restricted animals.
Entwicklungsperspektiven für hochtemperaturbeständige Polymere

Mit der Forschung auf dem Gebiet der hochtemperaturbestandigen Polymere wurde in den spaten funfziger Jahren begonnen, vorwiegend zur Erfullung der Anforderungen in der Luft-fahrt- und Elektronikindustrie. Seither wurde eine grose Zahl hochtemperaturbestandiger Polymersysteme beschrieben, von denen mehrere jetzt kommerziell verfugbar sind. Diese Polymermaterialien werden in vielen Anwendungsgebieten eingesetzt, z. B. in der Mikroelektronik, zur Herstellung von Beschichtungen fur Kochtopfe oder Pfannen, von Bindemitteln fur Bremssysteme, von Dichtungsmitteln fur Brennstofftanks von Hochgeschwindigkeitsflugzeugen, von Zahnradern in Kopiermaschinen, von Strukturkomponenten fur Hochgeschwindigkeitsflugzeuge und Raumfahrzeuge sowie von Folien und Drahtumhullungen als elektrische Isolierung. Der Weltverbrauch fur hochtemperaturbestandige Polymere wurde 1988 auf 90 Mio. kg mit einem Wert von 2.3 Mrd. $ geschatzt. Der Markt wird sich voraussichtlich bis zum Ende des Jahrzehnts verdoppeln. Im Vordergrund des Beitrags stehen Polyimide und Poly(arylether).
PPARγ Promotes Monocyte/Macrophage Differentiation and Uptake of Oxidized LDL

The formation of foam cells from macrophages in the arterial wall is characterized by dramatic changes in lipid metabolism, including increased expression of scavenger receptors and the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). We demonstrate here that the nuclear receptor PPARgamma is induced in human monocytes following exposure to oxLDL and is expressed at high levels in the foam cells of atherosclerotic lesions. Ligand activation of the PPARgamma:RXRalpha heterodimer in myelomonocytic cell lines induces changes characteristic of monocytic differentiation and promotes uptake of oxLDL through transcriptional induction of the scavenger receptor CD36. These results reveal a novel signaling pathway controlling differentiation and lipid metabolism in monocytic cells, and suggest that endogenous PPARgamma ligands may be important regulators of gene expression during atherogenesis.
Riccati Dichotomic Basis Method for Solving Hypersensitive Optimal Control Problems

The solution of a completely hyper-sensitive Hamiltonian boundary-value problem (HBVP) arising in optimal control can be accurately approximated by concatenating an initial boundary-layer segment, an equilibrium segment, and a terminal boundary-layer segment. The approximations in the boundary-layers are essentially similar; only the direction of time is different. Consequently, it is sufficient to focus on the initial boundary-layer. In this paper it is shown that by using a dichotomic basis, the Hamiltonian vector field can be decomposed into its stable and unstable components. Furthermore, it is shown that a dichotomic basis can be constructed from by solving a Riccati differential equation. Using this result, a successive approximation procedure arises from which from which the approximate solution in the initial boundary-layer can be computed. The successive approximation procedure is illustrated on a problem in supersonic aircraft trajectory optimization and its range of applicability is discussed.
Vestibular Asymmetries in Right-And Left-Handed People

(1965). Vestibular Asymmetries in Right-And Left-Handed People. Acta Oto-Laryngologica: Vol. 60, No. 1-6, pp. 322-330.
Salicylic Acid Is a Modulator of Tobacco and Mammalian Catalases

Salicylic acid (SA) plays a key role in the establishment of resistance to microbial pathogens in many plants. The discovery that SA inhibits catalase from tobacco led us to suggest that H2O2 acts as second messenger to activate plant defenses. Detailed analyses of SA's interaction with tobacco and mammalian catalases indicate that SA acts as an electron donor for the peroxidative cycle of catalase. When H2O2 fluxes were relatively low (1 microM/min or less), SA inhibited catalase, consistent with its suggested signaling function via H2O2. However, significant inhibition was only observed at 100 microM SA or more, a level reached in infected, but not in uninfected, leaves. This inhibition was probably due to siphoning catalase into the slow peroxidative reaction. Surprisingly, SA was also able to protect catalase from inactivation by damaging levels of H2O2 (lower millimolar range), which is generally assumed to reflect accumulation of inactive ferro-oxy intermediates. SA did so by supporting or substituting for the protective function of catalase-bound NADPH. These results add new features to SA's interaction with heme enzymes and its in vivo redox properties. Thus, SA, in addition to its proposed signaling function, may also have an important antioxidant role in containing oxidative processes associated with plant defense responses.
125. HPA axis habituation to repeated acute psychosocial stress is related to lower sensitization of plasma interleukin-6 responses

Adaptation to repeated acute stress is understood to be beneficial for health. However, not much is known about the interplay between stress-related (e.g. cortisol) and health relevant biomarkers (e.g. interleukin-6, IL-6) with regard to repeated stress. While HPA axis habituation is regarded as an adaptive response pattern, lower HPA axis responses to repeated stress might theoretically allow disinhibition of inflammatory stress responses, which would be maladaptive. We exposed n = 26 healthy individuals to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) on two consecutive days. Salivary cortisol and plasma interleuking-6 (IL-6) were measured repeatedly before and until 2 h after stress on both days. Cortisol and IL-6 significantly increased in response to stress exposure (cortisol p
Chronic Treatment with the G Protein-Coupled Receptor 30 Agonist G-1 Decreases Blood Pressure in Ovariectomized mRen2.Lewis Rats

The mRen2.Lewis congenic strain is an estrogen-sensitive model of hypertension whereby estrogen depletion produces a significant and sustained increase in blood pressure. The recent identification of G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) as a third estrogen receptor isotype prompted us to test the hypothesis that this novel receptor exhibits beneficial cardiovascular actions in the hypertensive female mRen2.Lewis rat. Intact female, ovariectomized female (OVX), and male mRen2.Lewis rats were treated with the selective GPR30 agonist G-1 or vehicle via osmotic minipump for 2 wk. G-1 significantly reduced systolic blood pressure in OVX (178 +/- 7 to 142 +/- 10 mm Hg, P 0.05, n = 5) or male mRen2.Lewis rats (207 +/- 7 to 192 +/- 5 mm Hg, P > 0.05, n = 7). G-1 did not alter uterine or body weight in OVX, suggesting activation of a receptor distinct from estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta. In isolated aortic rings from OVX, G-1 reduced constriction in response to angiotensin II. Vascular angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin type 1 receptor mRNA were also lower, whereas angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 mRNA was increased. G-1 treatment in OVX was not associated with alterations in either endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression or acetylcholine-induced relaxation. Immunohistochemical staining for GPR30 was evident in both the intima and media of the aorta. We conclude that the novel estrogen receptor GPR30 may contribute to the beneficial cardiovascular actions of estrogen in female mRen2.Lewis rats through regulation of vascular components of the renin-angiotensin system.
Recent Events in Guidance, Navigation, and Control

This article summarizes recent events in Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GN&C) in space, weapons and missiles, and aircraft. The section on space includes recent developments with the following NASA spacecraft and space vehicles: Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous, Deep Space 1, Microwave Anisotropy Probe, Earth Observer-1, Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, the International Space Station, X-38, and X-40A. The section on weapons and missiles includes recent developments with the following missiles: Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile, Storm Shadow/Scalp EG precision standoff missile, Hellfire missile, AIM-120C Advanced medium-range air-to-air missile, Derby missile, Arrow 2, and the Standard Missile SM-3. The section on aircraft includes recent developments with the following aircraft: Joint Strike Fighter, X-31, V-22, Couger/SUDer Puma Mk. 2, Predator B 001, and the Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle.
Rare Earth Materials Challenge to National Defense: Material Scientist’s Perspective

This article provides the key technical niche that alternative rare earth metals and oxides can offer as an alternative to the ones that are under ‘Potential China Export Embargo’. The potential areas of national interest that affected by limited rare earth and the implications of such short supplies on the US businesses are discussed. The paper discusses the technology areas where US based academic and industries have an opportunity in developing the alternate rare earth materials (REM) through innovations in recycling existing rare earth (RE) metals/oxides and develop alternate solutions. Some examples are provided on how the nanotechnology research in the alternative material technologies in the rare earth metals and oxide materials significantly affect the industry trend of rare earth dependence.
Men, shame, and group psychotherapy

Male difficulties with shame and intimacy are described. Theories and research addressing the sources of the problem are summarized. Technical issues to keep in mind when conducting psychotherapy with men are also discussed. Finally, the special value of group therapy for treating men with shame-related problems is discussed and illustrated.
Family therapy with Spanish-heritage immigrant families in cultural transition

Increasing numbers of Spanish-heritage immigrant families in the United States are beginning to seek therapy for family conflicts related to their adapation to the new country/culture. This paper focuses on the difficulties experienced by these families and presents issues specific to therapy with them. Effective therapy with these families requires that therapists focus on clarification of the differential adaptation rates of family members and facilitate a resolution of the family's transitional conflicts(s). Six cases involving such families are presented.
A handy record-card for systematic desensitization hierarchy items

Abstract A card for recording progress in systematic desensitization is described. The card has space for writing the hierarchy item and for recording various elements of the client's response. Allowance is made for a number of procedural variations that have become common in clinical desensitization.
Nitrogen inhalation in the human.

The neuropathologic findings in the brain of a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) engineer, who died subsequent to nitrogen inhalation, are reported. Findings which are unusual in other forms of anoxia included relative preservation of neurons in the Sommer sector of the hippocampus and a pattern of damage similar to that of “hypotensive brain stem necrosis” in the cranial nerve nuclei. Some lesions conformed exactly to gray matter structures, whereas others disclosed no respect for anatomic boundaries. Both selective necrosis and relative preservation of neurons were evident in different regions of the brain. Distinct differences between lesions in various areas of the CNS suggest the importance of multiple and complex pathogenetic mechanisms in anoxia caused by exposure to nitrogen.
Similarity solutions for two-dimensional weak shock waves

The general forms of self-similar solutions for two-dimensional weak shock waves in fluid dynamics are obtained. The functional form describing the area under the initial pulse is characterized under which the general system of PDEs admits similarity solutions. It is shown how one can construct new solutions with shock discontinuity from these self-similar solutions. In particular, a plane-wave solution is joined with a self-similar solution across a non-trivial shock. Furthermore, a new class of non-trivial simple wave solutions is presented.
The use of microcomputers in the analysis of innovative longwall mine development systems

Abstract Longwall mining is a full-recovery coal-extraction technique that has gained recognition in the United States for its productivity and safety. However, several key considerations that have limited the further acceptance of the technology include: 1) the high capital costs for the equipment, 2) the dependency of the technique on room-and-pillar mining for panel development, and 3) the total economic performance and reserve configuration of the integrated mining system in the coal marketplace. This paper summarizes a research program dealing with the evaluation of innovative development schemes for longwall mining systems. Two microcomputer programs that were written to facilitate the comparison of different longwall panel layouts are presented.
The partial primary structure of bovine rhodopsin and its topography in the retinal rod cell disc membrane.

Abstract The amino-terminal 39 amino acids of bovine rhodopsin have the sequence where both carbohydrate attachment sites (CHO) contain GlcNAc 3 Man 3 . This region of rhodopsin's sequence is exposed at the internal membrane surface of the rod cell disc membrane. Rhodopsin's carboxyl-terminal 40 amino acids have the sequence where amino acid 1′ is the carboxyl-terminal amino acid of rhodopsin. Serines and threonines in the sequence 6′ → 15′ are phosphorylated by rhodopsin kinase in a light-dependent reaction. Trypsin can digest native rhodopsin, in the disc membrane at and thermolysin can hydrolyze bonds , and . Limited proteolysis by thermolysin at a site internal in the molecule has been exploited in order to prepare rhodopsin as two large fragments, F1 and F2. Cysteine 33 ′, is highly reactive in the dark and is modified by N-ethylmaleimide and several alkylating agents. The carboxyl-terminal region 1′–39′ reacts with the membrane-impermeable nitrene from N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethyl sulfonate and is therefore exposed at the external (cytoplasmic) surface of the disc membrane. 1-azldopyrene, a hydrophobic nitrene precursor, is being used to map those regions of the rhodopsin sequence which are located in a hydrophobic environment.
Application of Multiplex PCR and Flourescence-Based, Semi-Automated Allele Sizing Technology for Genotyping Plant Genetic Resources

For future progress, effective conservation of plant genetic resources will require the integration of technologies and protocols that provide for the acquisition of large quantities of genetic information for improved gene and genotype identification. As a contribution to this integration, simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker analysis in Brassica spp. was evaluated as a prototype system for establishing the potential of multiplex polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) coupled with fluorescence-based DNA detection and semi-automated sizing technology for mass genotyping of plant genetic resources. Consistent results were achieved for multiplex PCRs (simultaneous amplification of several genetic markers in a single reaction) with 11 fluorescently labeled primer pairs. Comparison of computer-derived estimates of fragment sizes between gels demonstrated that automated sizing was accurate enough to achieve reliable and repeatable plant genotypes. To establish a genetic basis for putative SSR loci previously identified in Brassica spp., segregation data were analyzed. Three polymorphic SSRs in Brassica napus L. (canola and rapeseed) exhibited simple Mendelian inheritance and were not linked. One of these polymorphic loci was duplicated, i.e., a single copy marked each of the aa and cc genomes originating from progenitor species B. rapa and B. oleracea, respectively. Technologies that provide for high genetic resolution and throughput at reasonable costs will find ready application in plant genetic resources conservation. In addition, these same tools and marker systems can be applied to questions of pedigree analysis and intellectual property rights.
The Mobilized Voter: Portrayals of Electoral Participation in Print News Coverage of Campaign 2008

This study examines how electoral participation was portrayed in print news coverage of the 2008 American presidential election. Specifically, 2,241 instances of three terms— vote, voter, and voting—were subjected to quantitative and qualitative coding techniques and compared to a larger project that analyzed more than 26,000 instances of these terms in coverage of 15 presidential elections, 1948 to 2004. The findings show that print coverage of electoral participation in 2008 featured the lowest level of game framing, the second-highest level of mobilization efforts, the most positive tone, and the most mentions of electoral challenges of the past 60 years. The article interprets these trends in light of journalistic routines and the potential socialization effects of such coverage.
Technetium in nature

Abstract A sample of African pitchblende was found to contain between 2·5–3·1 × 10−10 g of 99Tc per kilogram ore, but no other technetium isotopes were detected. The 99Tc/238U ratio in pitchblende was about the same as the 99Mo/238U ration in nonirradiated uranium. The experimental results suggest that the 99Tc is produced in the ore predominantly by 238U spontaneous fission.
Theory of fault-based predicate testing for computer programs

Predicates appear in both the specification and implementation of a program. One approach to software testing, referred to as predicate testing, is to require certain types of tests for a predicate. In this paper, three fault-based testing criteria are defined for compound predicates, which are predicates with one or more AND/OR operators. BOR (boolean operator) testing requires a set of tests to guarantee the detection of (single or multiple) boolean operator faults, including incorrect AND/OR operators and missing/extra NOT operators. BRO (boolean and relational operator) testing requires a set of tests to guarantee the detection of boolean operator faults and relational operator faults (i.e., incorrect relational operators). BRE (boolean and relational expression) testing requires a set of tests to guarantee the detection of boolean operator faults, relational operator faults, and a type of fault involving arithmetical expressions. It is shown that for a compound predicate with n, n>0, AND/OR operators, at most n+2 constraints are needed for BOR testing and at most 2*n+3 constraints for BRO or BRE testing, where each constraint specifies a restriction on the value of each boolean variable or relational expression in the predicate. Algorithms for generating a minimum set of constraints for BOR, BRO, and BRE testing of a compound predicate are given, and the feasibility problem for the generated constraints is discussed. For boolean expressions that contain multiple occurrences of some boolean variables, how to combine BOR testing with the meaningful impact strategy (Weyuker et al., 1994) is described.
PET-associated incidental neoplasms of the thyroid.

w m a -[F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG)-PET is an inreasingly important imaging tool in oncology. PET and ET/CT are currently used for detection and staging of alignancies, in addition to response to treatment. The adiopharmaceutical isotope 2-[F] fluoro-2-deoxy-Dlucose is trapped in hypermetabolic cells and allows for etection of neoplastic tissue. As with any imaging proceure, incidental findings on a PET scan can create a diemma for both patients and physicians. In patients underoing PET for cancer staging, a second malignancy is iscovered as a hypermetabolic focus in 4% to 6% of paients. We have termed such findings PET-associated inidental neoplasms (PAINs). Among PAINs from all sites, 27% to 44% of confirmed alignancies arise within the thyroid. Thyroid PAINs ave been reported by numerous authors and represent n increasingly common clinical problem. The prevalence f malignancy in patients with thyroid PAINs ranges from 4% to 47%. Given the frequency with which cancer atients undergo PET imaging, it is important to undertand the implications of newly discovered hypermetabolic oci involving the thyroid gland. The likelihood of malignancy in an individual with a hyroid PET abnormality depends in part on the pattern f FDG uptake. Importantly, when a thyroid PAIN s confirmed to be malignant, an aggressive histologic ubtype is likely. When a thyroid PAIN is discovered, he considerable potential for a malignancy with unfaorable biologic characteristics warrants a comprehenive evaluation. This article will review the diagnosis and management of ncidentally detected thyroid PET abnormalities. We offer nsight into the biologic implications of thyroid PAINs. We ill review the patterns of thyroid FDG uptake and other linicopathologic factors that allow for proper selection of atients for additional evaluation and treatment. In manging patient with thyroid PAINs, one should maximize he yield of invasive diagnostic and therapeutic intervenions and avoid treating patients in whom the implications
Degradation of toluene by a mixed population of archetypal aerobes, microaerophiles, and denitrifiers: Laboratory sand column experiment and multispecies biofilm model formulation

An experiment was conducted in a saturated sand column with three bacterial strains that have different growth characteristics on toluene, Pseudomonas putida F1 which degrades toluene only under aerobic conditions, Thauera aromatica T1 which degrades toluene only under denitrifying conditions, and Ralstonia pickettii PKO1 has a facultative nature and can perform nitrate-enhanced biodegradation of toluene under hypoxic conditions (DO <2 mg/L). Steady-state concentration profiles showed that oxygen and nitrate appeared to be utilized simultaneously, regardless of the dissolved oxygen concentration and the results from fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) indicated that PKO1 maintained stable cells numbers throughout the column, even when the pore water oxygen concentration was high. Since PKO1's growth rate under aerobic condition is much lower than that of F1, except under hypoxic conditions, these observations were not anticipated. Therefore these observations require a mechanistic explanation that can account for localized low oxygen concentrations under aerobic conditions. To simulate the observed dynamics, a multispecies biofilm model was implemented. This model formulation assumes the formation of a thin biofilm that is composed of the three bacterial strains. The individual strains grow in response to the substrate and electron acceptor flux from bulk fluid into the biofilm. The model was implemented such that internal changes in bacterial composition and substrate concentration can be simulated over time and space. The model simulations from oxic to denitrifying conditions compared well to the experimental profiles of the chemical species and the bacterial strains, indicating the importance of accounting for the biological activity of individual strains in biofilms that span different redox conditions.
NUMERICAL STUDIES OF THE RESPONSE OF FLAMELETS TO UNSTEADINESS IN THE NEAR-FIELD OF JETS UNDER DIESEL CONDITIONS

Turbulent time records of scalar dissipation rates are numerically generated in the near-field of a high Reynolds number turbulent jet. The response of one-dimensional unsteady diffusion flamelets to these records were studied under pressure and temperature conditions representative of those in diesel engines. n-Heptane was chosen as the diesel fuel surrogate, its oxidation chemistry modeled by a 1,540-step mechanism comprising 159 species. Unsteadiness in the scalar dissipation rates was observed to impact autoignition, extinction, and reignition in the near-field. Possible linkages between these observations and flame liftoff, as well as its prediction, in diesel engines are discussed. Steady flamelet models were shown to not capture unsteady extinction–reignition events and associated chemical phase-lag effects. Unsteady flamelet–progress variable (UFPV) models in which the progress variable uniquely identifies all the flame states corresponding to a given value of χ are more suitable for representing ...
Getting India Back to the Growth Turnpike: What Will It Take?

India’s real GDP growth has slipped substantially since the onset of the North Atlantic financial crisis (NAFC). There are questions as to whether growth can be revived back to the high growth phase of 2003–2008 in an environment of macroeconomic and financial stability. This article argues that returning India to a high growth turnpike is quite feasible but it will need much more focused attention to the revival of manufacturing and to accelerate investment in transport and infrastructure. The immediate priority is to achieve the kind of fiscal quality and low inflation level that was exhibited during 2003–2008, with focused attention to increasing efficiency and compliance in tax revenue collection Higher tax revenues can facilitate increases in public investment for the delivery of public goods and services, which then crowd in private investment. However, the task ahead will be more difficult now in view of the protracted slow-down in global economic growth and in global trade.
Requirement for glycine in activation of NMDA-receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Receptors for N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) are involved in many plastic and pathological processes in the brain. Glycine has been reported to potentiate NMDA responses in neurons and in Xenopus oocytes injected with rat brain messenger RNA. Glycine is now shown to be absolutely required for activation of NMDA receptors in oocytes. In voltage-clamped oocytes, neither perfusion nor rapid pressure application of NMDA onto messenger RNA-injected oocytes caused a distinct ionic current without added glycine. When glycine was added, however, NMDA evoked large inward currents. The concentration of glycine required to produce a half-maximal response was 670 nanomolar, and the glycine dose-response curve extrapolated to zero in the absence of glycine. Several analogs of glycine could substitute for glycine, among which D-serine and D-alanine were the most effective. The observation that D-amino acids are effective will be important in developing drugs targeted at the glycine site.
Biochemical Characterization of the Human RAD51 Protein II. ADENOSINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING AND COMPETITION

RecA mediated homologous recombination requires cooperative ATP binding and hydrolysis to assume and maintain an active, extended DNA-protein (nucleoprotein) filament. Human RAD51 protein (hRAD51) lacks the magnitude of ATP-induced cooperativity and catalytic efficiency displayed by RecA. Here, we examined hRAD51 binding and ATPase inhibition pattern by ADP and ATP/adenosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate) (ATPgammaS). hRAD51 fully saturates with ATP/ATPgammaS regardless of DNA cofactor (K(D) approximately 5 microm; 1 ATP/1 hRAD51). The binding of ADP to hRAD51 appeared bimodal. The first mode was identical to ATP/ATPgammaS binding (K(app1) approximately 3 microm; 1 ADP/1 hRAD51), while a second mode occurred at elevated ADP concentrations (K(app2) > or = 125 microm; >1 ADP/1 hRAD51). We could detect ADP --> ATP exchange in the high affinity ADP binding mode (K(app1)) but not the low affinity binding mode (K(app2)). At low ATP concentrations ( K(m)). However, at high ATP (>0.3 mm), the hRAD51 ATPase was stimulated by concentrations of ATPgammaS that were 20-fold above the K(D). Ammonium sulfate plus spermidine decreased the affinity of hRAD51 for ADP substantially ( approximately 10-fold) and ATP modestly ( approximately 3-fold). Our results suggest that ATP binding is not rate-limiting but that the inability to sustain an active nucleoprotein filament probably restricts the hRAD51 ATPase.
Whiteness as Property: Innocence and Ability in Teacher Education

In this article, I empirically examined the dispositions of teachers in juvenile justice surrounding young women of color with disabilities to inform what improvements can be made in teacher education. I utilized Critical Race Theory (CRT) and focused on the tenet of whiteness as property as a lens to provide a robust racial analysis of the dispositions of teachers. Findings indicated that instead of a status that elicited support, ability became another thing to surveil, perpetuating a commitment to whiteness as property. An implication that arose directly from these findings was that teachers need training in understanding theories of race, racism, and inequities that recognize the historical legacy of whiteness as property. This training could lead to a change in teacher dispositions and practices that may disrupt the School to Prison Pipeline.
The Historical Evolution of Black Feminist Theory and Praxis

As a theoretical construct, feminism presently has more raps than Queen Latifah and a plethora of "additives" to preserve its "freshness." Yet, prior to contemporary scholars' efforts to identify variations in women's lives, feminist theory suffered from what Adrienne Rich (1978) describes as "white solipsism-to think, imagine and speak as if whiteness described the world" (p. 299). Considering the history of racial tensions in the United States, it is not surprising that it was African American women who engendered the initial challenge to petty-bourgeois feminism by refusing to sacrifice their community needs to the demands of racist, elite, White women. Throughout the nation's history, African American women have struggled with White women on many political fronts. For example, in 1921, at the National Women's Party Convention, Alice Paul received Black delegates' complaints over disfranchisement with indifference. On another occasion, in 1970, White feminists' reluctance to aggressively organize against the political persecution of Angela Davis continued this legacy of White women rejecting and alienating Black women. These experiences and countless others spurred Black women to shape feminist theory and praxis to include issues unique to them. Patricia Hill Collins (1990) locates four major themes in the construction of Black feminist thought, all of which are generated from a Black woman's "standpoint" (Collins, 1989).' First, Black women empower themselves by creating self-definitions and self-
Presence of Certain Onium Compounds in Brain Tissue following intravenous Administration to Rats

SOME of the effects produced in the intact animal by a number of quaternary ammonium compounds, such as D-tubocurarine chloride in high doses1, tetraethylammonium chloride and hexamethonium2,3 following intravenous administration have been attributed to the action of these agents on the central nervous system. Conclusions concerning the possibility of these agents acting centrally as well as peripherally, however, can be only speculative since there is little convincing actual evidence that any of the positively charged organic compounds can reach the tissues of the central nervous system following peripheral administration. The presence of pro-stigmine in the effluent from perfused cerebral ventricles of cats following intravenous administration has been demonstrated by indirect bioassays4. During the course of an investigation of the physiological disposition of hexamethonium and some of its derivatives5, the sulphonium analogue, hexamethylene bisdimethylsulphonium dibromide, was detected in brain tissue of rats following parenteral administration. This finding prompted further study of the distribution between blood and brain of this and other onium compounds.
Sigma antagonists potentiate opioid analgesia in rats

Abstract In mice, activation of sigma, receptors antagonizes opioid analgesia. Sigma antagonists potentiate opioid analgesia, implying that the anti-opioid sigma system is tonically active. Co-administration of haloperidol with the mu opioid morphine, the kappa 1 analgesic U50,488H or the kappa 3 agonist naloxone benzoylhydrazone enhances the analgesic activity of all agents. The effect results from sigma receptor blockade since (−)sulpiride, a selective D 2 antagonist which does not block sigma receptors, is inactive.
Liberty Above Equality The Counterreformation in H igher Education Pol icy

Educational freedom does not consist in the right of every individual to use such economic advantages as he may happen to possess in order to secure special opportunities for himself and his children, or in the unfettered discretion of those who control educational resources to employ them to gratify their natural, but antisocial, egotism.... Those who have seen the inside both of lawyers' chambers and of coal mines will not suppose that of the inhabitants of those places of gloom the former are more constantly inspired by the humanities than are the latter, or that conveyancing is in itself a more liberal art than hewing. -R. H. Tawney, The Radical Tradition
The involvement of the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex in the generation of G-overhangs at human telomeres

A central function of telomeres is to prevent chromosome ends from being recognized as DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Several proteins involved in processing DSBs associate with telomeres, but the roles of these factors at telomeres are largely unknown. To investigate whether the Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 (MRN) complex is involved in the generation of proper 3′ G-overhangs at human telomere ends, we used RNA interference to decrease expression of MRN and analysed their effects. Reduction of MRN resulted in a transient shortening of G-overhang length in telomerase-positive cells. The terminal nucleotides of both C- and G-rich strands remain unaltered in Mre11-diminished cells, indicating that MRN is not responsible for specifying the final end-processing event. The reduction in overhang length was not seen in telomerase-negative cells, but was observed after the expression of exogenous telomerase, which suggested that the MRN complex might be involved in the recruitment or action of telomerase.
Phase 2 study of azacytidine plus sorafenib in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and FLT-3 internal tandem duplication mutation

Patients received 5-azacytidine (AZA) 75 mg/m(2) intravenously daily for 7 days and sorafenib 400 mg orally twice daily continuously; cycles were repeated at ~1-month intervals. Forty-three acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with a median age of 64 years (range, 24-87 years) were enrolled; 37 were evaluable for response. FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3)-internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutation was detected in 40 (93%) patients, with a median allelic ratio of 0.32 (range, 0.009-0.93). They had received a median of 2 prior treatment regimens (range, 0-7); 9 had failed prior therapy with a FLT3 kinase inhibitor. The response rate was 46%, including 10 (27%) complete response with incomplete count recovery (CRi), 6 (16%) complete responses (CR), and 1 (3%) partial response. The median time to achieve CR/CRi was 2 cycles (range, 1-4), and the median duration of CR/CRi was 2.3 months (range, 1-14.3 months). Sixty-four percent of patients achieved adequate (defined as >85%) FLT3 inhibition during their first cycle of therapy. The degree of FLT3 inhibition correlated with plasma sorafenib concentrations. FLT3 ligand levels did not rise to levels seen in prior studies of patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy. The combination of AZA and sorafenib is effective for patients with relapsed AML and FLT-3-ITD. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01254890.
Enhancement of the emission of mineral dust aerosols by electric forces

[1] Climate forcing by mineral dust aerosols is one of the most uncertain processes in our current understanding of climate change. The main natural sources of dust aerosols are blowing dust, dust devils, and dust storms. Electric fields larger than 100 kV/m have been measured in these phenomena. Theoretical calculations and laboratory experiments show that these electric fields produce electric forces that can reduce the critical wind speed necessary to initiate dust lifting and can even directly lift mineral particles from the surface. Thus, we conclude that electric forces enhance the natural lifting of mineral dust aerosols.
Responses of the less sensitive acoustic sense cells in the tympanic organs of some noctuid and geometrid moths

Abstract The separate impulses contributed by the A1 and A2 acoustic sense cells in the tympanic organs of the noctuids, Autographa pseudogamma and Noctua c.-nigrum , and by the A1, A2, and A3 sense cells in the tympanic organ of the geometrid, Ennomos magnarius , were identified and counted from oscillograms grams made as the moths were exposed to ultrasonic pulses of different intensities. These data were used to construct curves relating the response/intensity characteristics of the less sensitive acoustic sense cells to that of the most sensitive unit, A1. The A2 sense cells of the noctuids were found to be from 20 to 30 dB less sensitive than A1 at sound frequencies to which these ears are most sensitive. In the geometrid it was found that the A2 sense cell was 15 dB less sensitive than A1 and 12 dB more sensitive than A3. Only traces of the response of the fourth geometrid acoustic sense cell (A4) could be identified at high sound intensities. In both noctuids and geometrids the acoustic sensitivity of A2 relative to A1 remained unchanged when tested at selected ultrasonic frequencies between 28 and 50 kHz. This confirms the conclusion that the ears of these moths are incapable of pitch discrimination over this frequency range. Each of the systems had a dynamic range of 40 to 45 dB, that of the geometrid showing greater range overlap of the four A cells and hence greater capacity for sound intensity discrimination.