cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain and behavioral correlates of insulin resistance in youth with depression and obesity.

Abstract Depression, together with insulin resistance, is increasingly prevalent among youth. These conditions have traditionally been compartmentalized, but recent evidence suggests that a shared brain motivational network underlies their co-occurrence. We posit that, in the context of depressive symptoms, insulin resistance is associated with aberrant structure and functional connectivity in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) and hippocampus. This motivational neural circuit underlies dysfunctional behavioral responses and increased sensitivity to rewarding aspects of ingesting high calorie food that lead to disinhibition of eating even when satiated. To investigate this shared mechanism, we evaluated a sample of forty-two depressed and overweight (BMI > 85th%) youth aged 9 to 17. Using ACC and hippocampus structural and seed-based regions of interest, we investigated associations between insulin resistance, depression, structure (ACC thickness, and ACC and hippocampal area), and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC). We predicted that aberrant associations among these neural and behavioral characteristics would be stronger in insulin resistant compared to insulin sensitive youth. We found that youth with greater insulin resistance had higher levels of anhedonia and more food seeking behaviors, reduced hippocampal and ACC volumes, and greater levels of ACC and hippocampal dysconnectivity to fronto-limbic reward networks at rest. For youth with high levels of insulin resistance, thinner ACC and smaller hippocampal volumes were associated with more severe depressive symptoms, whereas the opposite was true for youth with low levels of insulin resistance. The ACC-hippocampal motivational network that subserves depression and insulin resistance separately, may represent a critical neural interaction that link these syndromes together.
Physiological Roles of Leukocytes and Disorders

This chapter describes white blood cells of the peripheral blood: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocyte subsets. It describes their basic physiology and important disease states associated with defects of each of these entities. Each of these cells arises from a common bone marrow myeloid or lymphoid progenitor to differentiate into their unique types.
Understanding the supercapacitor properties of electrospun carbon nanofibers from Powder River Basin coal

Abstract We present a zero-waste approach where raw coal from Powder River Basin was depolymerized using environmentally friendly solvents. Sequentially, the depolymerized coal, referred to as coal chars, was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Then, the coal chars/DMF mixture was combined with polymeric precursors (PAN/PVP) to form a homogeneous solution for carbon nanofiber fabrication via electrospinning. By incorporating 20 wt% coal chars to PAN/PVP mixture, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results revealed 1.36% quinone oxygen and 21.2% overall oxygen on the surface of coal-derived carbon nanofibers (CCNF), referred to 20CCNF. Compared to the CNF derived only from PAN/PVP, 20CCNF revealed wider pore size range of 2–7 nm and higher surface area (1678.8 m2/g) in the microporous region (
Acute pediatric traumatic brain injury severity predicts long-term verbal memory performance through suppression by white matter integrity on diffusion tensor imaging

Mediation analysis was used to investigate the role of white matter integrity in the relationship between injury severity and verbal memory performance in participants with chronic pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). DTI tractography was used to measure fractional anisotropy (FA) within the corpus callosum, fornix, cingulum bundles, perforant pathways, and uncinate fasciculi. Injury severity was indexed using Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores obtained at the time of the injury. Verbal memory was measured by performance on the long-delay free recall (LDFR) trial of the California Verbal Learning Test-Children's version. Participants were between the ages of 10-18 and included 21 children with TBI (injured before age 9) and 19 typically-developing children (TDC). Children with TBI showed lower FA across all pathways and poorer LDFR performance relative to TDC. Within the TBI group, mediation analysis revealed neither a significant total effect of GCS on LDFR nor significant direct effects of GCS on LDFR across pathways; however, the indirect effects of GCS on LDFR through FA of the corpus callosum, left perforant pathway, and left uncinate fasciculus were significant and opposite in sign to their respective direct effects. These results suggests that the predictive validity of GCS for LDFR is initially suppressed by the substantial variance accounted for by FA, which is uncorrelated with GCS, and the predictive validity of GCS increases only when FA is considered, and the opposing path is controlled. These findings illustrate the complex associations between acute injury severity, white matter pathways, and verbal memory several years following pediatric TBI.
Defining the Computer: Herbert Simon and the Bureaucratic Mind--Part 2

Herbert Simon's early work in computer science focused on how and why he came to understand the computer, the organization, and the individual mind as being "species of the genus information processor." To him these three were alike because they were, essentially, both organisms and bureaucracies. Part 2 of this article examines Simon's important work in computer science of the 1950s, including cognitive science and Al.
Nanotechnology in textile and apparel research – an overview of technologies and processes

The potential of nanotechnology innovation in the textile industry is vast and promising. Major breakthroughs in novel nano-based textile finishing have been documented over the last two decades. I...
Radiative mixing layers: insights from turbulent combustion

Radiative mixing layers arise wherever multiphase gas, shear, and radiative cooling are present. Simulations show that in steady state, thermal advection from the hot phase balances radiative cooling. However, many features are puzzling. For instance, hot gas entrainment appears to be numerically converged despite the scale-free, fractal structure of such fronts being unresolved. Additionally, the hot gas heat flux has a characteristic velocity $v_{\rm in} \approx c_{\rm s,cold} (t_{\rm cool}/t_{\rm sc,cold})^{-1/4}$ whose strength and scaling are not intuitive. We revisit these issues in 1D and 3D hydrodynamic simulations. We find that over-cooling only happens if numerical diffusion dominates thermal transport; convergence is still possible even when the Field length is unresolved. A deeper physical understanding of radiative fronts can be obtained by exploiting parallels between mixing layers and turbulent combustion, which has well-developed theory and abundant experimental data. A key parameter is the Damk\"ohler number ${\rm Da} = \tau_{\rm turb}/t_{\rm cool}$, the ratio of the outer eddy turnover time to the cooling time. Once ${\rm Da} > 1$, the front fragments into a multiphase medium. Just as for scalar mixing, the eddy turnover time sets the mixing rate, independent of small scale diffusion. For this reason, thermal conduction often has limited impact. We show that $v_{\rm in}$ and the effective emissivity can be understood in detail by adapting combustion theory scalings. Mean density and temperature profiles can also be reproduced remarkably well by mixing length theory. These results have implications for the structure and survival of cold gas in many settings, and resolution requirements for large scale galaxy simulations.
A 2.5-to-4.5-GHz Switched-LC-Mixer-First Acoustic-Filtering RF Front-End Achieving <6dB NF, +30dBm IIP3 at 1×Bandwidth Offset

This paper describes an agile RF front-end that consists of an N-path switched-LC mixer in silicon followed by an acoustic filter – essentially a mixer-first acoustic-filtering RF front-end. The mixer frequency-translates a sharp but fixed acoustic filtering profile to a much higher and LO-defined tunable frequency while preserves input matching, high-linearity, and introduces minimal loss. In contrast to the existing N-path passive-mixer-first receivers which use active baseband filters after N-path switches, using a single acoustic filter as the N-path load is fraught with fundamental challenges. We introduce on-chip LC-tanks to suppress the acoustic filter out-of-band impedance and an all-passive recombination network to share one acoustic filtering among N paths. A front-end prototype using a CMOS switched-LC passive mixer followed by an off-the-shelf 1.6-GHz surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) filter is designed and optimized. In measurement, the RF front-end operates across 2.5-to-4.5 GHz achieving 5.5-dB NF and +29.4-dBm IIP3 at 1×bandwidth offset.
Leaf Stomatal Control over Acyl Peroxynitrate Dry Deposition to Trees

Acyl peroxynitrates are formed in the atmosphere through the oxidation of NOx and are treated as temporary NOx sinks because they typically decompose to rerelease NOx on the time scale of a few hou...
A Comparison of Two Transdisciplinary Human-Centered Design Approaches for Poverty Alleviation

This exploratory study characterizes two transdisciplinary human-centered design approaches for creating novel products or services for poverty alleviation. Transdisciplinary design involves the integrated use of tools, techniques, and methods from multiple disciplines in one holistic process. The term discipline includes academic fields of study that are taught in universities, as well as specialized expertise that are developed through life experience. Two pioneering organizations were selected to be exemplary case studies based on their high regard and influence within the design industry, social sector, and academia. This paper highlights similarities and differences between the design thinking approach practiced by IDEO.org (a nonprofit design consultancy) and the Creative Capacity Building approach developed by the International Development Design Summit (an educational organization hosting annual innovation conferences). IDEO.org’s teams of professionals (e.g., industrial designers or business strategists) develop innovative products and services for implementation by partners serving low-income communities. IDDS teaches people from diverse backgrounds (e.g., farmers, mechanics, students, teachers, doctors, and artisans) to create technologies and launch enterprises for poverty alleviation. The objective is not to determine which approach is better, but to determine what can be learned from IDEO.org about designing with established organizations, and from IDDS about teaching budding innovators to be grassroots change agents.
Effects of IV Fluids in Dogs and Cats With Kidney Failure

Intravenous fluid therapy has long been the mainstay of treatment of kidney disease, including acute kidney injury and uremic crisis associated with chronic kidney disease. Careful management of fluid dose is critical, as animals with kidney disease may have marked derangements in their ability to regulate fluid homeostasis and acid-base status. Understanding of the physiology of renal fluid handling is necessary, along with repeated attention to parameters of fluid status, electrolytes, and acid-base balance, to achieve optimal hydration status and avoid further damage or decrease in function from dehydration or overhydration.
Nutrition upgrading of corn-ethanol co-product by fungal fermentation: Amino acids enrichment and anti-nutritional factors degradation

Abstract Corn wet distiller’s grain with solubles (WDGS) used as a feeding ingredient to monogastric animal diets is limited due to its imbalanced key amino acids, high fiber and potential existance of mycotoxins. Fermentation of WDGS by edible fungi has potential of upgrading the feedstock into nutritional and low-risk feeding ingredient for monogastric animals. In this study, four different fungi Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizopus oryzae, Mucor indicus and Trichoderma reesei were employed to ferment the mixture of WDGS and soybean hull at 75/25 ratio at 28 °C for 6–9 days. Urea at different concentration was supplied as additional nitrogen source. Results showed that, M. indicus improved total amino acids yield by 13.3% with over 95% consumption of the supplied urea at 1% N. Meanwhile, T. reesei degraded structural polysaccharides by 41% and concentrated amino acids by 19%. In addition, phytate was degraded by 53, 56, 31 and 20% with A. oryzae, R. oryzae, M. indicus, and T. reesei, respectively. Total aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol was detoxified via T. reesei by 52.8% and 92.9%, respectively, while zaeralenone was detoxified via M. indicus by 89.2%. This study demonstrated a feasible way of producing nutritional-improved monogastric feeding ingredient from corn-ethanol plant.
Strain rate dependent micromechanical properties of NiTi shape memory alloys: laser powder bed fusion versus casting

Abstract As the strain rate influences the loading sensitivity of the metallic materials over time, it is very important to assess the associated plastic behavior exposed to a diverse strain rate. Strain rate sensitivity is a fundamental property used to assess the controlling mechanisms of plastic deformation and the susceptibility of a material to creep. In materials with high strain rate sensitivity, plastic deformation can occur even under the application of a small stress value with relatively low rates of strain. Because of the diverse use of NiTi shape memory alloys in small size applications, it would be crucial to understand how strain rates, locally and on small scale, influence plastic deformation, especially in superelastic conditions. Thus, proper and optimal implementation of their functional properties can be achieved. In this paper, the local strain rate sensitivity of heat-treated NiTi samples in the additive manufactured and cast conditions have been investigated employing depth-sensing indentation testing technique at ambient temperature subjected to various indentation loading rates. To this end, using a self-similar pyramidal (Berkovich) indenter, the materials are loaded with different indentation loading rates of 1, 5, 10, and 50 mN/s to a peak load of 200 mN and then unloaded. Upon conducting the indentation tests, the extracted results including indentation load-depth curves, indentation stress-depth curves, and indentation strain rate sensitivity values have been analyzed and discussed for the cast and additive manufactured materials. Experimental results demonstrate that the hardness values increase linearly with the increase in indentation loading rate while the elastic modulus stays relatively constant. These findings are important in understanding the local and small-scale deformation behavior of additively manufactured NiTi in which properties are location-dependent, as compared with the cast counterparts.
Abstract 16590: MiR-30e Reduces Plaque Burden in Atherogenic APOE-/- by Regulating VSMC Plasticity

Objective: Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are implicated in the pathogenesis of proliferative vascular diseases like atherosclerosis. Identification of pathways that mediate dysfunction of these cells will identify new therapeutic targets. Method and Results: In Situ Hybridization in mouse aortic (Ao) tissue showed that miR-30e is abundantly expressed in medial VSMCs. Using microrarrays and qPCR, we found that in mouse AoVSMCs, miR-30e lentiviral delivery increased ( p ) gene and protein expression of SM lineage markers (SM22α, Cnn1, Vcl) and decreased ( p ) chemokines (Cxcl1, Cxcl5, Cxcl15) - hallmarks of VSMC differentiation. Consistent with the differentiated phenotype, Electron Microscopy of VSMCs treated with miR-30e showed that the density of intracellular organelles, especially mitochondria was less (44% down; p=.003 ) in cells treated with miR-30e relative to the Scrambled (Scr) oligo group. Transfection of AoVSMCs from SM22α-LacZ mice with 10nM 2’F premiR-30e oligos or a blank control for 24hrs showed significant induction of SM22α and CNN1 transcripts ( p=.03 ), and SM22α promoter activity ( p=.0001), as measured by qPCR and β-Galactosidase assay, respectively. In young 6mo old APOE-/- mice on a HF diet, given a single dose (8.1x10 8 particles) of miR-30e (n=10) or a scr control (n=10) lentivirus via tail vein injection, thoracic Ao fat deposit was reduced as measured by Oil Red staining. Cholesterol and LDL levels were decreased significantly, by 40% and 50% respectively. Hepatic Hmgcr protein levels were reduced by 58% ( p=.048 ). Using double luciferase assay in 293Ts, we identified Hmgcr as a novel target for miR-30e indicated by reduction (p p ) but to a level less than that of the age-matched group of APOE-/- mice on normal chow. Conclusion: MiR-30e opposes the synthetic VSMC phenotype and promotes differentiation by activating the SM22a promoter. In atherogenic APOE-/- mice, miR-30e reduces plaque burden.
Some Evolutionary Consequences of Niche Construction with Genotype-Environment Interaction

“Niche construction” is the ability of organisms to determine the environment they inhabit. Niche construction can occur through direct modification of the environment, habitat choice, or passive alterations to the environment, such as resource use or depletion. When organisms predictably alter the environment they inhabit, and when niche construction has a genetic basis, it can influence evolutionary responses to selection. Each component of evolutionary responses to selection—the strength of selection on a trait, the phenotype and phenotypic variance of a trait, and the genetic variance of a trait—can change with the environment. Examples of niche construction in plants are discussed, and a simple univariate model demonstrates that when niche construction alters phenotypic expression (via phenotypic plasticity) and the expression of genetic variation or heritability (via genotype-environment interaction), it can cause slower or faster responses to selection, less or more sustained responses to selection, or even negative responses to selection. In particular, genotype-environment interaction can counteract or augment phenotypic plasticity to the constructed environment in its effects on evolutionary responses to selection. Thus, genotype-environment interaction that results in environment-dependent genetic parameters influences evolutionary trajectories with niche construction.
Chapter 14 The LHRH family of peptide messengers in the frog nervous system

Publisher Summary To study the functions of a peptide family, one needs to localize individual members of the peptide family, as well as the various subtypes of receptors. This chapter describes the use of antibodies that distinguish between luteinizing hormone-releasing hormones (LHRH-I) and LHRH-II to delineate the distribution of the different LHRH-like peptides in the frog nervous systems. Sympathetic ganglia have provided a good system for this study because of their simple anatomy. Neurons in these ganglia are unipolar and have no dendrites. Preganglionic fibers make synaptic contacts almost exclusively on the ganglionic cell bodies. This arrangement facilitates the analysis of the physiological effects of neurotransmitters and allows an accurate anatomical description of synaptic connections. LHRH-I is apparently identical to mammalian pituitary LHRH and seems to be the predominant form in adult frog brain. The LHRH-like transmitter in frog sympathetic ganglia is immunologically similar but not identical to mammalian LHRH. Based on immunological and chromatographical criteria, it has been proposed that LHRH-II is identical to teleost hypothalamic LHRH, which differs from mammalian hypothalamic LHRH by two amino acids at positions 7 and 8.
Fading Channel Characterization and Modeling

The primary purpose of this chapter is to briefly review the principal characteristics and models for fading channels. A more detailed treatment of this subject can be found in standard textbooks such as those by Proakis, Rappaport, and Stuber. This chapter also introduces terminology and notation that will be used throughout the book. A brief qualitative description of the main characteristics of fading channels is presented in the next section. Models for frequency-flat fading channels, corresponding to narrowband transmission, are described. Models for frequency-selective fading channels that characterize fading in wideband channels is included.
Biosynthesis of the Peptidoglycan of Bacterial Cell Walls XIV. PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF TWO d-ALANINE CARBOXYPEPTIDASES FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI

Abstract d-Alanine carboxypeptidase I, which removes the terminal d-alanine residue of the uridine nucleotide, UDP-N-acetylmuramyl pentapeptide, and several related compounds occurs in both the particulate and soluble fractions of Escherichia coli and several other gram-negative bacteria. The soluble enzyme has been purified 120-fold and some of its properties are reported. The enzyme is competitively inhibited by penicillins and cephalosporins at very low concentrations. d-Alanine carboxypeptidase II, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the penultimate d-alanine residue of the uridine nucleotide substrate, has also been purified and separated from d-alanine carboxypeptidase I. This enzyme is not inhibited by penicillins and cephalosporins. The possible physiological substrate and function of these enzymes are discussed.
Tax Credit Scholarship Programs and the Changing Ecology of Public Education

The traditional model of public education continues to be challenged by advocates of school choice. Typically associated with charter schools, magnet schools, and tuition voucher programs, these advocates have recently introduced a new school choice plan, namely tax credit scholarship programs. More than a dozen states have adopted such programs, and hundreds of millions of dollars are now diverted each year from public programs to private schools. These programs are poorly-understood and under-studied by legal scholars. This Article assesses the place of these programs within the ecology of public education, considers the fundamentally different approaches states have taken to these programs, identifies some critical questions and problems with them, and proposes a set of best practices for states to follow in designing and implementing them.The Companion Article for this paper are available at the following URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2268538
Molecular biomarkers for future screening of lung cancer

The Landmark National Lung Screening Trial established the potential for low dose CT screening (LDCT) to reduce lung cancer-specific mortality in high-risk patients as defined by smoking history and age. However, the prevalence of lung cancer in asymptomatic smokers selected based on the NLST criteria is low. Recent advances have facilitated biomarker discovery for early diagnosis of lung cancer through the analysis of surrogate tissues, including airway epithelium, sputum, exhaled breath, and blood. Although a number of candidate diagnostic biomarkers have been described, none have been validated for use in the clinical setting. The NLST ACRIN biomarker repository is a valuable resource of annotated biological specimens that were collected during the NLST trial, which has the potential to facilitate validation of candidate biomarkers for early diagnosis identified in discovery trials. It will be important to perform retrospective and prospective analysis of biomarkers to screen for lung cancer. The review below summarizes some of our understanding of biomarkers in screening. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;108:327–333. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
THE STRATEGY OF EVOLUTION.

There is an embarrassing lack of surprises in certain aspects of evolutionary theory. For example, if a bird has only seawater to drink, it is not surprising, given our knowledge of birds in general, that some mechanism must exist for eliminating salt if the bird is to survive. It is not possible to state a priori what the mechanism is for any particular bird. It is therefore intellectually pleasing that gulls excrete strong brine through a nasal gland (Schmidt-Nielsen, 1960). The novelty of the arrangement provides the same kind of intellectual satisfaction in the twentieth century that I imagine the information in the Bridgewater treatises provided in the nineteenth (Whewell, 1833), or Henderson’s Fitness of the Environment (1913) to the teachers of our teachers. Nevertheless, physiological and even behavioral adaptations, no matter how apt, seem only what ought to be expected from our knowledge of natural selection, survival of the fittest, and other catch words.
Edgeworth Expansion of the Parametric Bootstrap t-statistic for Linear Regression Processes with Strongly Dependent Errors

The purpose of this paper is to provide a valid Edgeworth expansion for the parametric bootstrap t-statistic of a linear regression process whose error terms are stationary, Gaussian, and strongly dependent time series. Under some sets of conditions on the spectral density function and the parametric values, an Edgeworth expansion of the bootstrap t-statistic of arbitrarily large order of the process is proved to have an error of o(n 1 s=2 ) where s is a positive integer. The result is similar to the Edgeworth expansion obtained by Andrews and Lieberman [2002], which was established for the parametric bootstrap t-statistic of the plug-in maximum likelihood (PML) estimators of stationary, Gaussian, and strongly dependent processes, but without the linear regression component.
Mechanisms contributing to angiotensin II regulation of body weight

Previous studies in our laboratory have implicated adipose tissue as a potential site for local angiotensin II (ANG II) synthesis. However, functions of ANG II in adipose tissue and the impact of A...
Motion: All patients with GERD should be offered once in a lifetime endoscopy: Arguments against the motion

The evidence for the recommendation that patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) be offered once in a lifetime endoscopy is weak and is not supported by any clinical trials. GERD is a very prevalent condition, yet only 10% of patients with GERD have Barrett’s esophagus (BE). Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a rare condition and is uncommon even among patients with BE. A decision analysis found that surveillance of BE patients is performed because of inflated estimates of the rate of progression from BE to EAC. Dysplasia more often regresses to more benign histological findings than to cancer, and transient dysplasia can also lead to a high rate of unnecessary endoscopy. Even though practice guidelines about endoscopic surveillance have been published, there is no consensus among gastroenterologists about appropriate protocols, and many physicians are more aggressive than the guidelines. It has not been proved that surveillance saves lives, in part because BE rarely leads to death from EAC. The favourable results from some specialized centres may not be widely applicable. The recommendation for ‘once in a lifetime’ endoscopy for GERD patients is premature.
A Multi-Dimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire (MDHAQ) and Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data (RAPID3) Scores are Informative in Patients with All Rheumatic Diseases

Although indices have been developed for many rheumatic diseases in usual care, they are rarely used in usual care. In most visits to rheumatologists, the only quantitative data collected are laboratory tests. Patient history data often are more important in management of patients with rheumatic diseases than other diseases. A two-page multidimensional health assessment questionnaire (MDHAQ) can be completed by the patient in 5 to 10 minutes and reviewed by the physician in 10 seconds, with RAPID3 scored in 5 to 10 seconds. The MDHAQ is useful in rheumatic diseases, to improve management documentation and outcomes. MDHAQ data for physical function, pain, global status, and RAPID3 scores appear preferable to no quantitative data.
Experiences of discrimination among African American, Asian American, and Latino adolescents in an urban high school

Interviews and participant observation are used to describe how ethnic minority students in an urban high school experience discrimination. The findings suggest critical variations among students that contributed to a hostile school environment. Asian American students discussed physical and verbal harassment by peers, while Black and Latino students reported discrimination by adults, such as teachers, police, and shopkeepers. Findings suggested a circular process whereby teachers preferred the Asian American students, often basing their preference on model minority beliefs, and the African American and Latino adolescents resented that teacher bias and thus harassed the Asian American students. Asian American and Latino students also expressed intraracial tensions around issues of language, immigration, and assimilation. Findings underscore the importance of exploring adolescents’ subjective experiences of discrimination.
On the Kurosh rank of the intersection of subgroups in free products of groups

Abstract The Kurosh rank r K ( H ) of a subgroup H of a free product ∏ α ∈ I ∗ G α of groups G α , α ∈ I , is defined accordingly to the classic Kurosh subgroup theorem as the number of free factors of H . We prove that if H 1 , H 2 are subgroups of ∏ α ∈ I ∗ G α and H 1 , H 2 have finite Kurosh rank, then r ¯ K ( H 1 ∩ H 2 ) ⩽ 2 q ∗ q ∗ − 2 r ¯ K ( H 1 ) r ¯ K ( H 2 ) ⩽ 6 r ¯ K ( H 1 ) r ¯ K ( H 2 ) , where r ¯ K ( H ) = max ( r K ( H ) − 1 , 0 ) , q ∗ is the minimum of orders >2 of finite subgroups of groups G α , α ∈ I , q ∗ : = ∞ if there are no such subgroups, and q ∗ q ∗ − 2 : = 1 if q ∗ = ∞ . In particular, if the factors G α , α ∈ I , are torsion-free groups, then r ¯ K ( H 1 ∩ H 2 ) ⩽ 2 r ¯ K ( H 1 ) r ¯ K ( H 2 ) .
Behavioral comparison of a token economy and a standard psychiatric treatment ward

Abstract Observations were made using specific patient behaviors on a token economy and a standard psychiatric ward. Differential performance was emitted for grooming, attendance at activities, time in bed, smiling, and distress comments. Generally, patients on the token economy ward were better groomed, attended more activities, spent less time in bed, and made fewer distress comments. Patients on the standard treatment ward smiled more. The results are discussed in terms of expectations for the different psychiatric treatments.
Sex, lies, and videotape: An analysis of gender in campaign advertisements

With the increasing advent of women into the political arena, political communication scholars have the unique opportunity to explore the impact of gender upon the political process. This study examined 124 political spots from mixed‐gendered senate and gubernatorial campaigns during the 1996 political season. The investigation found significant differences in emphasized issues, negativity, types of appeals, and highlighted candidate characteristics in mixed‐gendered campaigns.
G enomic relationships in the genus G lycine (F abaceae : P haseoleae ): use of a monoclonal antibody to the soybean B owman ‐B lrk inhibitor as a genome marker

We investigated the use of a monoclonal antibody (MAb 238) to the soybean Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) to verify and understand the intergenomic relationships among the wild perennial Glycine species. Competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and western blot screening studies revealed that the accessions of B-genome (G. latifolia, G. microphylla, and G. tabacina, 2n = 40) and C-genome (G. curvata and G. cyrtoloba) species did not contain the MAb 238 crossreactive proteins (BBI-nulls). By contrast, all the A-genome (G. argyrea, G. canescens, G. clandestina, and G. latrobeana), E-genome (G. tomentella, 2n = 38), and F-genome (G. falcata) species, G. arenaria (genome unknown), and the polyploid (2n = 78,80) G. tomentella accessions were BBI-positive. The D-genome G. tomentella (2n = 40) and tetraploid G. tabacina (2n = 80) contained both BBI-null and BBI-positive type accessions. Among the recently described species, G. hirticaulis (2n = 40), G. lactovirens, and G. pindanica contained the MAb 238 crossreactive proteins while G. albicans did not. Glycine hirticaulis, G. pindanica, and G. tomentella (2n = 38) displayed highly similar MAb 238 crossreactive isoelectric focusing banding patterns, indicating that they are genomically close to each other. Glycine hirticaulis was found to have both diploid (2n = 40) and tetraploid (2n = 80) cytotypes. We demonstrated that the MAb 238 was specific to the trypsin inhibitor domain of the BBI. The MAb 238 clearly reflected all the previously established relationships in the genus Glycine, validating its use as a genome marker.
Effect of corticosteroid therapy on human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy

Abstract purpose: Human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIV-AN) occurs predominantly in blacks and is characterized histologically by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or mesangial proliferation and a lymphohistiocytic tubulointerstitial infiltrate. Patients manifest heavy proteinuria and, once azotemia occurs, progress rapidly to end-stage renal disease within 2 to 6 months. No treatment has been shown to be useful for HIV-AN. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of corticosteroid agents on the progression of HIV-AN. patients and methods: Four consecutive HIV-infected adults with fewer than 200 CD4 cells/ μ L, moderate to severe renal insufficiency, proteinuria greater than 2 g per 24 hours, and HIV-AN demonstrated by renal biopsy were treated with 60 mg of prednisone daily for 2 to 6 weeks. Patients were followed with respect to serum creatinine level, 24-hour protein excretion, adverse drug reactions, and the occurrence of opportunistic infections. results: CD4 counts ranged from 30 to 80 cells/ μ L before therapy with steroids. The mean (± SD) pretreatment serum creatine concentration was 9.1 ± 5.7 mg/dL and decreased to 3.3 ± 1.8 mg/dL ( P Mycobacterium avium -complex infections and steroid-associated psychosis. One of these patients developed a recurrence of genital herpes, and the other developed dermatomal zoster. None of the four required dialysis during a 1.5- to 5.5-month period of follow-up after cessation of steroid treatment. conclusion: In selected patients with HIV-AN, short-term treatment with corticosteroid agents improves renal function and prevents the development of end-stage renal disease during a 1.5- to 5.5-month period of observation, but may be associated with an increased risk of opportunistic infection.
Evaluation of document image skew estimation techniques

Recently there has been an increased interest in document image skew detection algorithms. Most of the papers relevant to this problem include some experimental results. However, there exists a lack of a universally accepted methodology for evaluating the performance of such algorithms. We have implemented four types of skew detection algorithms in order to investigate possible testing methodologies. We then tested each algorithm on a sample of 460 page images randomly selected from a collection of approximately 100,000 pages. This collection contains a wide variety of typographical features and styles. In our evaluation we examine several issues relevant to the establishment of a uniform testing methodology. First, we begin with a clear definition of the problem and the ground truth collection process. Then we examine the need for pre-processing and parameter optimization specific to each technique. Next, we investigate the problem of establishing meaningful statistical measurements of the performance of these algorithms and the use of non-parametric comparison methods to perform pairwise comparisons of methods. Lastly, we look at the sensitivity of each algorithm to particular typographical features, which indicates the need for the adoption of a stratified sampling paradigm for accurate analysis of performance.
Photoreceptor structures. III. Drosophila melanogaster.

The eyes of three eye mutants of Drosophila melanogaster were fixed and thin sections studied for its structural detail in the electron microscope. Each ommatidium was found to have seven retinula cells with an equal number of rhabdomeres (visual units). The rhabdomeres average 1.2 µ in diameter and 60 µ in length. Each rhabdomere consists of osmium-fixed dense bands averaging 120 A in thickness, and with less dense interspaces 200 to 400 A. There is an average of 23 dense bands or 46 interfaces per micron within the rhabdomere. The rhabdomere as we have presented it is a single structure of packed rods or tubes. The "fine structure" within the rhabdomere is similar to that observed by electron microscopy for the retinula of the house fly, and to the retinal rods of the vertebrate eye, and to the chloroplasts of plant cells in a variety of animal and plant photoreceptor structures. In addition, the radial arrangements within the ommatidium of radially unsymmetrical units, the rhabdomeres, is probably related to the analysis of polarized light in the insect eye.
The effects of bilateral intranigral microinjection of selective opioid agonists on behavioral responses to noxious thermal stimuli.

Abstract This study examined the effects of bilateral intranigral microinjection of selective opioid agonists on the tail-flick and hot-plate antinociception tests. The principal findings are: (1) the μ-selective agonist d -Ala 2 , N -Me-Phe 4 , Gly 5 -ol-enkephalin (DAGO) had antinociceptive effects on both tests which were reversible by β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA; a μ-selective antagonist) and naloxone (a non-selective opioid antagonist); (2) the antinociceptive potency of DAGO injected into the nigra is comparable to its potency in the periaqueductal gray; (3) intranigral d -Pen 2 , d -Pen 5 -enkephalin (a δ-selective agonist), U-50,488H and dynorphin A-(1–13) (κ-selective agonists) had no antinociceptive effects; (4) antinociceptive effects were produced by the mixed δ/μ agonists d -Thr 2 -leucine enkephalin-Thr (DTLET) and d -Ser 2 -leucine enkephalin-Thr (DSLET); (5) the effect of DTLET on the hot-plate but not the tail-flick test was reversed by Cys 2 ,Tyr 3 ,Orn 5 ,Pen 7 -amide (CTOP; a μ-selective antagonist), β-FNA, and naloxone, but not by the δ-selective antagonist naltrindole. Based on the potent antinociceptive effects of DAGO, the complete lack of such effects by the highly selective δ abd κ agonists, and the antagonism of DTLET by CTOP and β-FNA, it is concluded that the antinociceptive effects of intranigral opioid agonists are mediated by μ receptors.
Differential response of settling larvae to resident colony density in two species of Bugula (Bryozoa : Cheilostomata)

The effect of resident colony density on larval settlement in Bugula turrita (Desor) and Bugula stolonifera Ryland was determined on fouling panels each with three density treatments of Bugula colonies. Bugula colony density was manipulated so that one treatment had zero colonies, one had a low density of 1–2 colonies · cm−2, and one retained the extant density of 5–7 colonies · cm−2. Larvae of B. turrita showed no settlement preference with respect to colony density but B. stolonifera showed a marked density effect, settling preferentially in the high and low density treatments. These results contradict predictions based on the presumed competitive ability of the different growth forms of the two species. Selection for larval behavior in response to growth strategies early in life history may explain this settlement pattern.
Virtual Superheroes: Using Superpowers in Virtual Reality to Encourage Prosocial Behavior

Background Recent studies have shown that playing prosocial video games leads to greater subsequent prosocial behavior in the real world. However, immersive virtual reality allows people to occupy avatars that are different from them in a perceptually realistic manner. We examine how occupying an avatar with the superhero ability to fly increases helping behavior. Principal Findings Using a two-by-two design, participants were either given the power of flight (their arm movements were tracked to control their flight akin to Superman’s flying ability) or rode as a passenger in a helicopter, and were assigned one of two tasks, either to help find a missing diabetic child in need of insulin or to tour a virtual city. Participants in the “super-flight” conditions helped the experimenter pick up spilled pens after their virtual experience significantly more than those who were virtual passengers in a helicopter. Conclusion The results indicate that having the “superpower” of flight leads to greater helping behavior in the real world, regardless of how participants used that power. A possible mechanism for this result is that having the power of flight primed concepts and prototypes associated with superheroes (e.g., Superman). This research illustrates the potential of using experiences in virtual reality technology to increase prosocial behavior in the physical world.
Retrieval of a face discrimination during suppression of monkey temporal cortex with cold

Cells in the monkey temporal cortex that respond selectively to faces suggest that monkeys might have a brain structure similar to that in humans where lesions produce prosopagnosia, but effects of lesions on retrieval of face discriminations have been ambiguous in monkeys. It is possible that the stimuli in the monkey experiments were contaminated with non-face elements that could be discriminated by other parts of the visual system. In this experiment we modified the image of a monkey face creating two faces that were identical except for their internal features. We trained monkeys to discriminate these faces and then reversibly suppressed the inferotemporal cortex with cold and tested their ability to recall them. Cooling the temporal cortex produced a severe impairment in retrieval of the discrimination that remained constant across six 40-trial replications.
Prediction of vapor—liquid equilibria in binary mixtures containing polar components from an extended lee—kesler corresponding-states technique

Abstract Mixing rules have been devised for the extended Lee—Kesler (ELK) four-parameter corresponding-states method that enable calculation of vapor—liquid equilibria for mixtures containing polar and/or non-polar species. The mixing rules have been correlated in terms of pure component properties and do not, therefore, require adjustable parameters. As such, the method can be used in a truly predictive mode without any mixture property input. Increased accuracy without introduction of a fitted parameter can be obtained in a semi-predictive mode if a single heat-of-mixing datum is input. Calculated bubble-point pressures and vapor-phase compositions computed using the mixing rules with ELK were generally quite good for non-polar systems and adequate for most polar systems. Improvement was substantial for some polar systems, especially those exhibiting azeotropy, in the semipredictive mode. The mixing rules developed are essentially an extension of the Plocker et al. mixing rules, commonly used for the original Lee—Kesler method, to a predictive form usable with ELK.
Effect of metallothionein I on mitochondrial oxygen consumption.

Abstract The effect of the stress-induced, cysteinerich protein, metallothionein I (MT), on oxygen consumption by rat liver mitochondria was studied. Using a Clark-type oxygen electrode we found that electron transport from succinate to oxygen was enhanced by MT whereas ADP-initiated oxygen consumption was inhibited by MT. The MT effect was concentration dependent. No evidence was found for the provision by MT of an alternate pathway to oxygen.
Modeling subset distributions for verbose queries

Improving verbose (or long) queries poses a new challenge for search systems. Previous techniques mainly focused on two aspects, weighting the important words or phrases and selecting the best subset query. The former does not consider how words and phrases are used in actual subset queries, while the latter ignores alternative subset queries. Recently, a novel reformulation framework has been proposed to transform the original query as a distribution of reformulated queries, which overcomes the disadvantages of previous techniques. In this paper, we apply this framework to verbose queries, where a reformulated query is specified as a subset query. Experiments on TREC collections show that the query distribution based framework outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques.
Voluntary Development Restrictions and the Cost of Habitat Conservation

The management of economic activity on private land plays an important role in the effort to maintain and improve environmental quality in the United States. The paper develops a conceptual framework and an econometric model of the value of undeveloped land to show how preexisting development restrictions affect the cost of protecting habitat. The model is applied to the case of preserving vernal pools in California's Sacramento County by prohibiting development on agricultural land. Ignoring the existence of California's program of differential property tax assessment of farmland is shown to result in a large overestimate of the cost of habitat protection.
Solvent properties of liquid organic salts used as mobile phases in microcolumn reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Abstract Bulk physical properties, solubility properties, solvatochromic properties, and chromatographic properties (reversed-phase) are presented for six room temperature liquid alkylammonium nitrate and thiocyanate salts. The solvent selectivity measurements indicate that their properties are governed by strong proton donor—acceptor and orientation interactions accompanied by weak dispersive interactions. Individual variations with cation size and anion type are readily apparent within the above general framework. The spectroscopic and solubility data indicates water-like behavior for the nitrate salts and more organic-solvent-like behavior for the thiocyanate salts. Thus, in reversed-phase liquid chromatography water—liquid organic salt mobile phases are weak eluents except for proton donor acceptor solutes. For proton donor—acceptor solutes the solvent strength weighting factors are similar to typical values for organic modifiers in water. The water-like behavior for the alkylammonium nitrate salts suggests that they are suitable for use as strength adjusting solvents in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. In this case a wide range of organic solutes can be eluted from reversed-phase columns. The solvent strength weighting factors for methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran in the alkylammonium nitrate salts undergo some leveling of their properties compared to their values in water. The solvent strength weighting factors are also salt dependent. The alkylammonium nitrate salts are useful solvents for reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The thiocyanate salts are less useful due to their corrosive action on the chromatographic system.
Full matching in an observational study of coaching for the SAT

Among matching techniques for observational studies, full matching is in principle the best, in the sense that its alignment of comparable treated and control subjects is as good as that of any alternate method, and potentially much better. This article evaluates the practical performance of full matching for the first time, modifying it in order to minimize variance as well as bias and then using it to compare coached and uncoached takers of the SAT. In this new version, with restrictions on the ratio of treated subjects to controls within matched sets, full matching makes use of many more observations than does pair matching, but achieves far closer matches than does matching with k≥ 2 controls. Prior to matching, the coached and uncoached groups are separated on the propensity score by 1.1 SDs. Full matching reduces this separation to 1% or 2% of an SD. In older literature comparing matching and regression, Cochran expressed doubts that any method of adjustment could substantially reduce observed bias ...