cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bone marrow accessory cells regulate human bone precursor cell development.

Abstract Objective Much remains to be learned about the intimate relationship between bone marrow and its surrounding tissue: the bone. We hypothesized that bone marrow accessory cell populations might regulate the development of human bone precursor cells. Materials and Methods We used immunologic phenotyping, and isolation methods to fractionate subpopulations of nonadherent, low-density (NALD) human bone marrow cells. These cells were examined for their ability to support the serum-free survival, proliferation, and expression of bone proteins by highly purified populations of human bone precursor cells. Quantitative assessment of the accessory cell populations as well as human bone precursor cells phenotype was performed using multiparameter flow cytometry. Bone protein expression was evaluated by immunocytochemistry, Western analysis, and enzymatic analysis (for alkaline phosphatase activity). Results Human bone marrow contains a cell population that stimulates the development of purified bone precursor cells. Feeder-layer studies demonstrate that these osteopoietic accessory cells (OACs) do not require cell–cell interaction to promote bone precursor cell development but, rather, produce soluble molecules responsible for their effects. Flow cytometric analyses reveal that bone marrow derived B cells, T cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, and endothelial cells do not produce this stimulatory factor. The (growth) factor cannot be replaced by addition of exogenous cytokines. The isolation of human transforming growth factor β receptor type II (TGF-βRII)-positive cells increases OAC-specific activity in bone cell ex vivo expansion cultures. Moreover, isolation of OAC bone marrow cells characterized by high TGF-βRII expression, relatively low cellular complexity, and small size yields a population that is highly enriched for OACs. Conclusion We conclude that human bone marrow contains a population of OACs that are an obligate requirement for the early phases of bone cell development ex vivo.
Imaging the female pelvis at 3.0 T.

AbstractThree-Tesla whole body imaging is rapidly becoming part of routine clinical practice. Although it is generally thought that pelvic imaging at 3.0 T will be beneficial because of increased signal to noise and greater spectral separation, adjustments in protocol and sequence parameters are nec
pH adjustment of mepivacaine decreases the incidence of tourniquet pain during axillary brachial plexus anaesthesia

The effect of pH adjustment of mepivacaine on the incidence of tourniquet pain during axillary brachial plexus anaesthesia was studied. Thirty-nine patients scheduled for hand surgery, during which use of pneumatic tourniquet for longer than 60 min was planned, were randomized into two groups. Both received axillary brachial plexus block with 40 ml, 1.4% mepivacaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine. The study group had 4 ml sodium bicarbonate (1 mEq · ml− 1) added (final pH 7.31), and the control group had 4 ml saline added (final pH 5.6). The incidence of tourniquet pain was determined from cases for which tourniquet inflation lasted longer than 60 min. Tourniquet; pain was defined as poorly localized and distinct from an inadequate axillary block by a blinded observer. More tourniquet pain occurred in the control group. The authors conclude that alkalinization of mepivacaine for axillary brachial plexus anaesthesia may be indicated in cases where use of pneumatic tourniquet for long periods is planned.
What is youth participation

Abstract Youth participation strengthens personal and social development, provides expertise for children and youth programs and services, and promotes a more democratic society, but questions arise about its most fundamental phenomena. Lacking agreement on its basic content, however, youth participation as a field of practice and subject of study will be limited. This paper examines what we know about youth participation, general propositions which are substantiated by research or practice, and unanswered questions or unresolved issues which remain for future work. It draws upon various academic disciplines and professional fields, in order to contribute to knowledge development and advance the field.
On a theory of the evolution of surface cold fronts

The governing vorticity and divergence equations in the surface layer are derived and the roles of the different terms and feedback mechanisms are investigated in semigeostrophic and nongeostrophic cold-frontal systems. A planetary boundary layer model is used to perform sensitivity tests to determine that in a cold front the ageostrophic feedback mechanism as defined by Orlanski and Ross tends to act as a positive feedback mechanism, enhancing vorticity and convergence growth. Therefore, it cannot explain the phase shift between convergence and vorticity as simulated by Orlanski and Ross. An alternative plausible, though tentative, explanation in terms of a gravity wave is offered. It is shown that when the geostrophic deformation increases, nonlinear terms in the divergence equation may become important and further destabilize the system.
Determination of the bulk band structure of Ag in Ag/Cu(111) quantum-well systems

Ag is grown epitaxially on Cu(111) to form quantum wells. The resulting quantum-well states and resonances, observed with angle-resolved photoemission, exhibit shifts in energy for varying emission directions and for changing Ag-film thicknesses. The results are utilized in a determination of the Ag bulk sp-band dispersion relation near the L point in the Brillouin zone. Effective masses and the Fermi surface near the L point are deduced. The Fermi surface agrees well with that obtained earlier from de Haas--van Alphen measurements.
Synthesis of (+)- and (-)-isocarvone

Abstract The first synthesis of 5-isopropenyl-3-methyl-cyclohex-2-enone, (isocarvone) ( 2 ), in enantiomerically pure form is reported. Both enantiomers of 2 can be produced by manipulation of carboxylic acid 5 , which is available from R -(−)-carvone ( 1 ). These materials provide new chiral building blocks that could be used in total synthesis of natural products and related optically active compounds.
A survey of sheep bot fly larva infestations in Kentucky.

A 5-year survey was conducted to determine the natural incidence and intensity of infestation by the larva of sheep botfly, Oestrus ovis L., in Kentucky sheep. Maximum infestation by 1st-instar larvae occulted during November, while the 2nd- and 3rd-instar larvae were most numerous during July. More than 90% of the inspected sheep were infested during the months of October through February.
The effects of amplitude normalization and EMG targets on cVEMP interaural amplitude asymmetry.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the use of visual feedback of tonic electromyographic (EMG) activity, or the use of amplitude normalization techniques would reduce significantly the variability in cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) P13-N23 interaural amplitude asymmetry data in otologically and neurologically intact children and adults. DESIGN There were 97 subjects, both pediatric and adult, from whom the authors recorded cVEMPs with and without the use of an EMG target and amplitude normalization techniques. The four conditions were: (1) conventional recording (condition 1), (2) conventional recording with an EMG target (condition 2), (3) same as condition 1, with the addition of postacquisition amplitude normalization techniques, and (4) same as condition 2, with the addition of postacquisition amplitude normalization techniques. The absolute peak to peak amplitude of positive-negative response (P13-N23), absolute latency of P13, and the left or right amplitude asymmetry of P13-N23 were measured. RESULTS Neither P13-N23 amplitudes nor latencies, neither mean root mean square (RMS) of the full wave rectified EMG activity, nor the standard deviation of the RMS EMG activity differed significantly when subjects were, and were not, asked to ensure their tonic EMG activity exceeded a visual target (i.e., representing >50 µV RMS EMG). Amplitude normalization of the cVEMP waveforms failed to reduce significantly the variability in the amplitude asymmetry data. CONCLUSIONS Activating the sternocleidomastoid muscle with the patient in a semirecumbent position, with head turned away from the stimulated ear and head elevated (i.e., an optimal activation technique) was sufficient to produce the highest amplitude cVEMPs with an acceptable amount of variability in subjects of all ages. Group data suggested that the use of visual targets and amplitude normalization routines did not reduce significantly the variability in cVEMP interaural amplitude asymmetry measures. However, in isolated cases amplitude normalization converted an "abnormal" cVEMP into a "normal" cVEMP although the reverse occurred as well, suggesting that these techniques may be beneficial for a subset of patients receiving a less than perfectly administered test procedure.
Elevated biliary interleukin 5 as an indicator of liver allograft rejection

Interleukin 5 (IL-5) is a T cell-derived cytokine that acts as a potent and specific eosinophil differentiation factor in humans. During liver allograft rejection, intragraft IL-5 mRNA and eosinophilia have been observed. The objective of this study was to correlate the levels of IL-5 in bile and serum with eosinophilia and allograft rejection in paediatric liver recipients. IL-5 levels were determined by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) in bile (n = 85) and serum (n = 106) and obtained prospectively from 15 patients during the first 3 weeks post-transplantation. Biliary and serum IL-5 levels were significantly elevated during allograft rejection compared to IL-5 levels when no rejection was apparent or during infectious complications. The highest IL-5 levels were measured in the bile during the early rejection period (3 days prior to biopsy-proven rejection). Fifteen of 16 rejection episodes were marked by increases in IL-5 as revealed by analysis of sequential samples from individual patients. In all patients with rejection, elevations in serum IL-5 were associated with elevations in peripheral eosinophil counts. These results indicate that IL-5 is produced in the liver and may be a useful and specific marker of allograft rejection. Furthermore, these findings provide further evidence for a pathway of liver allograft rejection mediated by IL-5 activated eosinophils.
Wegener granulomatosis in childhood: prolonged survival following cytotoxic therapy.

1. Jones KL, and Smith DW: The Williams elfin facies syndrome, J PEDIATR 86:718, 1975. 2. Williams JCP, Barratt-Boyes BC, and Lowe JB: Supravalvular aortic stenosis, Circular 24:1311, 1961. 3. Wiltse HE, Goldbloom RB, Antia AU, Ottesen OE, Rowe RO, and Cooke RE: Infantile hypercalcemia syndrome in twins, N Engl J Med 275:1157, 1966. 4. Illig R, and Prader A: Kasuistische Beitrage zur Idiopathischen Hypercalcemie und Vitamin D Intoxication, Helv Paediatr Acta 14:618, 1959. 5. Forfar JO: Clinical and metabolic studies in idiopathic hypercalcemia of infancy, M.D. Thesis, Scotland, 1958, University of St. Andrews, p 78 (cited in reference 6). 6. Kenny FM, Aceto T Jr, Purisch M, Harrison HE, Harrison HC, and Blizzard RM: Metabolic studies in a patient with idiopathic hypercalcemia of infancy, J P~DIATR 62:531, 1963. 7. Antia AU, Wiltse HE, Rowe RD, Pitt EL, Levin S, Ottesen OE, and Cooke RE: Pathogenesis of the supravalvular aortic stenosis syndrome, J PEDIATR 61:431, 1967.
Molecular interaction of growth hormone with two monoclonal antibodies recognizing distinct epitopes

Two monoclonal antibodies (mAb), designated PS-7.6 and PS-11.2, were generated against recombinant porcine growth hormone (pGH) and shown to enhance the hormonal activity in promoting the growth of animals. The mAb were compared and their functional relationship investigated. It was demonstrated by radioimmunoassay that PS-11.2 did not compete, but rather enhanced binding of 125I-pGH tracer to PS-7.6, suggesting that both mAb recognized distinct epitopes and also were additive in their antigen bindings. Surface plasmon resonance analysis using optical BIAcore technology (Pharmacia Biosensor, Piscataway NJ, USA) provided additional data to support this idea because pGH, after being captured by PS-11.2, remained capable of interacting with PS-7.6. An anti-idiotypic mAb was employed and shown to interact with PS-7.6 but not PS-11.2, implying that the differences in the Fab variable regions of these two mAb might contribute to their epitope specificity. Binding kinetics were determined by the BIAcore and the individual affinities of PS-7.6 and PS-11.2 to pGH were 6.8 x 10(-8) and 1.2 x 10(-9) mol/L, respectively. When these mAb were sequentially subjected to the BIAcore, however, their affinities decreased by approximately 100-fold. Therefore, binding of pGH with one mAb significantly impaired a subsequent interaction with another mAb despite the fact that both mAb targeted different epitopes. Hypophysectomized rats were used for functional analysis and pGH was active in promoting growth of these GH-deficient animals. The hormonal effect was further improved by incubating pGH with either PS-7.6 or PS-11.2 prior to administration. However, enhancement by individual mAb was completely abolished when pGH was treated with both mAb together, indicating their unpredictable biological interference with each other. Therefore, the present findings clearly demonstrate that although PS-7.6 and PS-11.2 recognize separate epitopes, their individual interactions with pGH are closely interrelated both immunologically and biologically.
Epidemic models with differential susceptibility and staged progression and their dynamics.

We formulate and study epidemic models with differential susceptibilities and staged-progressions, based on systems of ordinary differential equations, for disease transmission where the susceptibility of susceptible individuals vary and the infective individuals progress the disease gradually through stages with different infectiousness in each stage. We consider the contact rates to be proportional to the total population or constant such that the infection rates have a bilinear or standard form, respectively. We derive explicit formulas for the reproductive number $R_0$, and show that the infection-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable if $R_0<1$ when the infection rate has a bilinear form. We investigate existence of the endemic equilibrium for the two cases and show that there exists a unique endemic equilibrium for the bilinear incidence, and at least one endemic equilibrium for the standard incidence when $R_0>1$.
Numbers of bacteria removed from the mouth as measured by a rinse method.

Presented are the number of bacteria that can be removed from the oral cavity employing three rinse volumes, two media, and for two time periods. The results of successive washes and the examination of subjects for five weeks are correlated and discussed.
Possibility of the polymerization of ethylene in presence of lithium hydride, aluminum halide, and titanium tetrachloride

1. It was shown that it is possible to prepare polyethylene in presence of lithium hydride, aluminum halide, and titanium tetrachloride. 2. A suggestion is made concerning the possible mechanism of the reaction. 3. It was shown that polypropylene can be obtained similarly.
First-excursion probability of uncertain structures

Abstract The first-order reliability method (FORM) is used to estimate the first-excursion probability of uncertain structures subjected to deterministic dynamic loading. The limit-state function for the first-excursion event is formulated. A general purpose finite element code is used to compute the limit-state function and its gradient with respect to random structural properties. An algorithm is developed that successively finds the locally minimum distance points on the limit-state surface in the order of increasing distance from the origin in the standard normal space. A standard series system reliability analysis is then performed to compute the first-excursion probability. Two example inelastic structures are used to demonstrate the application and validity of the proposed method.
Fruit Flies Create a Buzz About Hearing

“Forgive me when you see me draw back, when I would have gladly mingled with you,” remarked composer Ludwig von Beethoven when addressing the social implications of hearing loss—the most common sensory deficit in humans. Despite the discovery of dozens of genes implicated in the pathogenesis
The effects of α- and β-neurotoxins from the venoms of various snakes on transmission in autonomic ganglia

We have previously shown that certain commercially available lots of alpha-bungarotoxin block transmission in ciliary and choroid neurons of both pigeon and chicken ciliary ganglia at a concentration of 10 microgram/ml (1.2 microM). The blockade is antagonized by pre-incubation with 100 microM tubocurarine. Further evidence that this blockade is produced by a postsynaptic action, as one would expect of an alpha-neurotoxin, are our findings that: (a) exposure to the toxin prevents the depolarization of ganglion cells normally seen in response to the cholinergic agonist, carbachol; and (b) the blocking activity of the toxin is removed by treatment with membranes purified from Torpedo electric organ containing an excess of alpha-neurotoxin binding sites. A high affinity binding site for [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin was characterized in the chicken ciliary ganglion. However, since it is labelled equally well by lots of alpha-bungarotoxin which block transmission and those that do not, this site does not appear to be involved in the blockade of transmission. alpha-Cobratoxin (from Naja naja siamensis), the alpha-neurotoxin L.s. III (from Laticauda semifasciata) and certain lots of alpha-bungarotoxin produce a partial blockade of transmission in ciliary neurons of the pigeon ciliary ganglion at a concentration of 10 microgram/ml (1.2 microM), but have no effect on transmission in choroid neurons. Two other alpha-neurotoxins from Laticauda semifasciata, erabutoxin a and erabutoxin b, have no effect on transmission in either cell population at this concentration. None of the alpha-neurotoxins tested had any effect on transmission in either the rat superior cervical ganglion or the rat pelvic ganglion at concentrations up to 100 microgram/ml (12 microM). Collagenase treatment of these ganglia, in an attempt to increase access of the toxins to ganglion cells, did not alter these negative results. beta-Bungarotoxin (0.5 microgram/ml, 0.02 microM) produces a complex blockade of transmission in both avian ciliary ganglia and rat superior cervical ganglia. Unlike the action of alpha-bungarotoxin, the blockade of ciliary ganglion transmission by beta-bungarotoxin is irreversible and is not prevented by pretreatment with tubocurarine.
Internal Magnetic Field Measurements in the TCSU RMF Current Drive Experiment

Detailed magnetic measurements of Field-reversed configurations (FRC) from the Translation Confinement Sustainment Upgrade (TCSU) experiment are presented. A two-axis probe inserted transversely at the axial midplane provides 24 independent measurements of B z (r) and B x (r). Two single-axis 29 channel probes provide axial profiles at the plasma edge. The B x (r) field profiles, oriented to measure Bθ from the rotating magnetic field (RMF), provide details about RMF penetration into the FRC. B z (r) profiles, when combined with the high beta nature of the FRC, interferometric density measurements, and assuming uniform temperature, yield radial density and pressure profiles. Time evolution of these profiles gives insight into plasma dynamics and the n = 1 (wobble) and n = 2 instabilities. Data from 123 and 172 kHz RMF frequencies is presented.
A122: Metabolomic Analysis of Breath Volatile Organic Compounds Reveals Unique Breathprints in Children With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Background/Purpose: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by synovial inflammation and is the most common rheumatic complaint in children. Breath testing is becoming an important diagnostic method to evaluate many disease states. The aim of this study was to analyze exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to evaluate for the presence of a unique breath pattern to differentiate pediatric patients with JIA from healthy controls. Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional, single-center study that included pediatric JIA patients and healthy controls (age range, 5–21 years). The diagnosis of JIA was determined using standard clinical criteria. Exhaled breath was collected and analyzed using a selective ion flow tube (SIFT-MS) to identify new markers of JIA. Results: 76 patients were included in the study (21 with JIA and 55 healthy controls). JIA phenotype was as follows: 12 polyarticular RF negative, 2 persistent oligoarticular, 4 extended oligoarticular, 2 psoriatic, and 1- enthesitis-related arthritis. Routinely analyzed VOCs for SIFT-MS quantification showed significant differences in 13 VOCs peaks between JIA patients and healthy controls. Discriminant analysis via stepwise variable selection of mass scanning ion peak data demonstrated that 4 VOCs can classify patients with JIA or as healthy controls with only three misclassifications; p < 0.001. Further analysis revealed that breath 1-decene, 1-octene, and 3-methyhexane (all markers of oxidative stress) were significantly higher in the JIA group compared to controls (11.5 ± 6.7 ppb vs. 2.1 ± 0.2 for 1-decene; 10.5 ± 2.2 vs. 4.5 ± 0.7 for 1-octene; and 17.5 ± 3.7 vs. 10.4 ± 1.4 for 3-methyhexane, p value < 0.001 for all). Conclusion: Exhaled breath analysis is a promising non-invasive method to distinguish children with JIA from healthy children. We provide pilot data to support the hypothesis that a unique breathprint can be demonstrated for JIA in the exhaled metabolome.
Inductance calculations in a complex integrated circuit environment

This paper describes a method for calculating multiloop inductances formed by complicated interconnection conductors. Knowledge of these inductances leads to useful information concerning the design of such systems. In the approach pursued here, the conductor loops are divided into segments for which so-called partial inductances are calculated. The partial inductancens are then appropriately added to yield the desired loop inductance.
Pushback and possibility: Using a threshold concept of race in social studies teacher education

Abstract The authors illuminate the process of preservice teacher learning about race through a narrativized case study of Michelle, a White elementary teacher. Michelle displayed elements of White resistance to race but also a desire to engage in teaching about race. When race is viewed as a threshold concept ( Meyer & Land, 2006 ), Michelle׳s struggles with race highlight important considerations for teacher education.
Lipid metabolism in suckling rats with fatty liver induced by hypoxia

Versuche uber die Anreicherung von Lipiden in der Leber und im Serum hypoxisch gehaltener Ratten, die zeigen, dass auch bei Sauerstoff-Mangelzustanden des Menschen die Lipidanreicherung zur Verschlechterung der Situation beitragen konnte.
Nursing Model of Psychoeducation for the Seriously Mentally Ill Patient

The purposes of this paper are to describe a nursing model for psychoeducation that is being implemented in the psychiatric unit of a Veterans Administration (V.A.) Hospital and to report baseline descriptive data for 19 seriously mentally ill patients. The data were collected as part of a larger study of patient, family, and treatment variables associated with community adjustment of seriously ill psychiatric patients. A convenience sample of 19 consenting patients with DSM-III-R diagnoses of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder were interviewed and assessed by a clinical nurse specialist. Nine consenting family members, identified by the patient as a key family member, were also interviewed. The baseline data reported here were generated in these interviews. These data were also used to develop psychoeducational plans to meet individual patient/family needs. The patients had had an average of 12 prior hospitalizations. Their mean age was 38 years; 74% were African-American and 89% were male. Patients reported a variety of understandings of the reason for their hospitalization and techniques for management of their symptoms. The most common ways of managing symptoms were categorized as physical activity, decreasing stimuli, and use of alcohol/drugs/smoking. Practical problems arising in association with the conduct of clinical research in a V.A. psychiatric setting by a research team are also discussed.
Secondary-ion emission from clean and oxidized aluminum as a function of incident ion mass and energy.

Measurements of the intensities of low-energy secondary ions emitted from clean and oxidized polycrystalline aluminum surfaces under (15--275)-KeV He/sup +/, Ne/sup +/, Ar/sup +/, Kr/sup +/, and Xe/sup +/ bombardment are reported. An additional measurement of the secondary-ion mass spectrum obtained from a clean Al surface under 40-MeV Br/sup 5+/ bombardment is also presented. By varying both the beam energy and mass over such a large range, we have been able to identify three distinct categories of secondary ions. The first category includes the metallic-ion species emitted from the oxide surface. The intensities of these ions are observed to be proportional to the sputtering yield of aluminum, indicating that they are produced by means which are consistent with several of the mechanisms already proposed to explain oxygen-enhanced secondary-ion emission from metals. The second category includes both singly and multiply charged Al ions from the clean surface as well as multiply charged ions from the oxide surface. Under high-energy bombardment, these ions all appear to be produced by the kinetic mechanism which has been proposed to explain multiply charged ion emission from Al under lower-energy bombardment. The third category of secondary ions identified includes only O/sup +/ emitted from the oxidemore » surface. This species, although usually a small component of the spectrum, is produced by means wholly unrelated to elastic energy deposition. Its production cannot be explained by any of the proposed models of metallic secondary-ion emission. The possibility that O/sup +/ is produced by a mechanism similar to that of electron-stimulated desorption is discussed.« less
Concurrent error detection on programmable systolic arrays

Two concurrent error detection (CED) methods are presented. The methods, skewed replicated computation streams and interleaved replicated computation streams, are both well-suited for shared register and other systolic arrays. They allow software tradeoffs between time- and space-multiplexing with no special hardware. The methods can be automatically applied to any systolic program. >
Recipient preconditioning and donor-specific bone marrow infusion in a pig model of total bowel transplantation.

Background. In an outbred pig model of total bowel transplantation, we previously showed that simultaneous donor-specific bone marrow infusion (DSBMI), rather than promoting engraftment, sensitizes recipients and causes rejection ; it also aggravates the risk of generalized graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and infection, and tends to reduce recipient and graft survival. Small and large animal models of bone marrow-induced transplant tolerance suggest that some form of recipient preconditioning (RPC) may facilitate engraftment of co-transplanted bone marrow cells and fully expose their tolerogenic potential. Methods. In a preclinical model, we prospectively studied the effect of RPC on simultaneous DSBMI and total (i.e., small and large) bowel transplantation. RPC consisted of whole body irradiation with 400 R (day 0) ; some recipients additionally received horse anti-pig antithymocyte globulin (days -2, -1, and 0). We studied six groups of outbred pigs, all of which underwent at least a total bowel transplant : group 1, nonimmunosuppressed control pigs (n=5) ; group 2, nonimmunosuppressed DSBMI pigs (n=13) ; group 3, tacrolimus pigs (n=7) ; group 4, DSBMI+tacrolimus pigs (n=15) ; group 5, RPC+nonimmunosuppressed DSBMI pigs (n=11) ; and group 6, RPC+DSBMI+tacrolimus pigs (n=14). Results. RPC did not prolong overall survival at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after transplant. Survival rates were 100%, 100%, 86%, and 71% in group 3 ; 71%, 43%, 29%, and 29% in group 6 ; 55%, 9%, 0%, and 0% in group 5 ; and 60%, 0%, 0%, and 0% in Group 1. Moreover, RPC (groups 5 and 6) increased the incidence of death from rejection, GVHD, and infection when compared with group 3. Survival was significantly higher for RPC+DSBMI+tacrolimus pigs (group 6), compared with RPC+nonimmunosuppressed DSBMI pigs (group 5). Survival greater than 28 days was noted only in pigs that received tacrolimus after transplant : 71% in group 3 versus 29% in group 6. With both RPC and DSBMI (groups 5 and 6), rejection, GVHD, and infection were not mutually exclusive events. In groups 5 and 6, at autopsy, the incidence of rejection and GVHD was 17% ; rejection and infection, 17% ; and GVHD and infection, 45%. A combination of all three immunologic events was noted in 14%. Conclusions. RPC, combined with DSBMI, and with or without posttransplant immunosuppression, does not prolong survival after total bowel transplantation. Rather, it increases the incidence of death from rejection, GVHD, infection, or a combination of these three immunologic events. According to this preclinical study, RPC and unmodified DSBMI do not improve patient and graft outcome after total bowel transplantation and need to be refined before being applied clinically.
The transcriptional activity of osterix requires the recruitment of Sp1 to the osteocalcin proximal promoter

The transcription factor osterix (Osx/Sp7) is required for osteogenic differentiation and bone formation in vivo. While Osx can act at canonical Sp1 DNA-binding sites and/or interact with NFATc1 to cooperatively regulate transcription in some osteoblast promoters, little is known about the molecular details by which Osx regulates osteocalcin (OCN) transcription. We previously identified in the OCN proximal promoter a minimal C/T-rich motif, termed OCN-CxRE (connexin-response element) that binds Sp1 and Sp3 in a gap junction-dependent manner. In the present study, we hypothesized that Osx could act via this non-canonical Sp1/Sp3-binding element to regulate OCN transcription. OCN promoter luciferase reporter assays show that Osx alone is an insufficient activator that requires Sp1, but not Sp3, to synergistically stimulate OCN promoter activity. Moreover, promoter deletion analyses demonstrate that both the Sp1/Sp3-binding OCN-CxRE (-70 to -57) and the -92 to -87 region of the OCN proximal promoter are critical for Osx/Sp1 synergistic activities. Our data show that Sp1 influences Osx activity by enhancing Osx occupancy on the OCN promoter, perhaps via physical interactions between the two transcription factors. Finally, alteration of the expression of the gap junction protein connexin43 modulates the recruitment of both Sp1 and Osx to the OCN promoter. In total, our data are strongly in support of Sp1 as an essential transcription factor required for Osx recruitment and transactivation of the OCN promoter. Further, these data lend insight into a mechanism by which alteration of connexin43 impacts osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo.
Self-renewal and multilineage differentiation in vitro from murine prostate stem cells.

Murine prostate stem cells express integrin α6, which modulates survival, proliferation, and differentiation signaling through its interaction with the extracellular protein laminin. When plated in vitro in laminin containing Matrigel medium, 1 of 500–1,000 murine prostate cells can grow and form clonogenic spheroid structures that we term prostate spheres. Prostate spheres can be serially passaged individually or in bulk to generate daughter spheres with similar composition, demonstrating that sphere-forming cells are capable of self-renewal. Spheres spontaneously undergo lineage specification for basal and transit-amplifying cell types. P63-expressing cells localized to the outer layers of prostate spheres possess higher self-renewal capacity, whereas cells toward the center display a more differentiated transit-amplifying phenotype, as demonstrated by the expression of the prostate stem cell antigen. When dihydrotestosterone is added to the medium, the androgen receptor is stabilized, is imported to the nucleus, and drives differentiation to a luminal cell-like phenotype. A fraction of sphere cells returned to an in vivo environment can undergo differentiation and morphogenesis to form prostate tubular structures with defined basal and luminal layers accompanied by prostatic secretions. This study demonstrates self-renewal and multilineage differentiation from single adult prostate stem/progenitor cells in a specific in vitro microenvironment. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Structural Relaxations in Alkali Silicate Systems by Brillouin Light Scattering

The Brillouin light scattering technique was used to investigate the viscoelastic relaxations in alkali silicate systems up to temperatures of 1500°C. The line shape analysis of the Brillouin spectra reveals information about the mechanical rigidity and the viscous dissipation in the scattering medium. Brillouin frequency shifts and the frequency-dependent viscosity coefficients, v′ were measured as a function of temperature. The shapes of the v′ vs temperature curves, and the location of their maxima on the temperature scale, reveal the activation energies and the resonance frequencies of the underlying mechanisms. In binary alkali silicates, small dissipation maxima were observed between the glass transition and the melting temperature, which are attributed to the increased cation mobility as a result of the accelerated disintegration of the silica networks. In mixed alkali systems, multiple dissipation maxima are observed. These are spread over a range of temperatures, which are distinctly higher than in binary systems.
A Note on Jet Streaks in Hydroentangled Nonwovens

Hydroentanglement is the fastest growing bonding method in the nonwoven arena. Its strengths are good fabric aesthetics, and the lack of any complex binder chemistry with its inherent environmental concerns. Hydroentanglement is used for mechanically bonding both staple and filament nonwovens as well as being used for post-treatment of fabrics. As hydroentangling uses fine, closely spaced, high-speed waterjets, they create ridges or streaks that are quite visible to the naked eye. This may be undesirable if it interferes with other textures on the surface or if a smooth flat surface is desired. This study reports on methodology used for the analysis of jet streaks using texture-based methods.
Multiresolutional multisensor target identification

An algorithm for multiresolutional multisensor target identification is presented. It uses the computationally efficient scale sequential approach to hypothesis testing during identification and implements the inverse discrete wavelet transform to fuse data from different multiresolution sensors. The authors show that fusion leads to an increase in the probability of correct identification without a significant increase in the number of computations. >
Mobile media: Coming of age with a big splash:

In a very short period of time, mobile telephony, tablets, and other hand-held devices swept the world. The world’s first cellular network was created in 1977, but the mobile phone has made history...
Ocular adverse effects after facial cosmetic procedures: a review of case reports

Summary To review indexed literature concerning adverse ocular effects of the most common aesthetic facial procedures (light-emitting therapy, dermal fillers injection, and botulinum toxin). Literature search using three online databases – PubMed, SciELO, and Capes – selecting case reports, series of cases and reviews, with no language restriction, published in a period of the last twenty years (1995–2015). After reviewing 48 case reports and most recent reviews, the authors found the most common ocular adverse effects of dermal fillers were related to vascular occlusion; light-emitting therapy was associated with pigmented tissue damage leading to anterior uveitis and iris atrophy, and ptosis presented the higher relative risk associated with botulinum toxin. Even though ocular adverse effects are not very frequent, some of them can lead to permanent ocular dysfunction and visual impairment. Professionals involved in cosmetic procedures should be aware of the risks.
Translation from the 5′ Untranslated Region (UTR) of mRNA 1 Is Repressed, but That from the 5′ UTR of mRNA 7 Is Stimulated in Coronavirus-Infected Cells

Viral gene products are generally required in widely differing amounts for successful virus growth and assembly. For coronaviruses, regulation of transcription is a major contributor to these differences, but regulation of translation may also be important. Here, we examine the possibility that the 5' untranslated regions (UTRs), unique for each of the nine species of mRNA in the bovine coronavirus and ranging in length from 70 nucleotides (nt) to 210 nt (inclusive of the common 5'-terminal 65-nt leader), can differentially affect the rate of protein accumulation. When the natural 77-nt 5' UTR on synthetic transcripts of mRNA 7 (mRNA for N and I proteins) was replaced with the 210-nt 5' UTR from mRNA 1 (genomic RNA, mRNA for viral polymerase), approximately twofold-less N, or (N) CAT fusion reporter protein, was made in vitro. Twofold less was also made in vivo in uninfected cells when a T7 RNA polymerase-driven transient-transfection system was used. In coronavirus-infected cells, this difference surprisingly became 12-fold as the result of both a stimulated translation from the 77-nt 5' UTR and a repression of translation from the 210-nt 5' UTR. These results reveal that a differential 5' UTR-directed regulation of translation can occur in coronavirus-infected cells and lead us to postulate that the direction and degree of regulation is carried out by viral or virally induced cellular factors acting in trans on cis-acting elements within the 5' UTR.
Is life supernatural

The big question of the origin of life is examined. The paradox created by Pasteur’s resounding edict: Life only comes from life, pitted against the need for spontaneous generation is explored. This seemingly dead-end conundrum contrasts sharply with the great progress we have made in understanding the evolution of the species since Darwin’s revolutionary insight. The conditions and sources of energy that might have promoted non-living molecules and compounds to cross the sharp line from inert to living are contemplated. Abiotic synthesis might help explain the origin, but still fails to explain the moment of vitalization. A different approach to discovering when the inert becomes alive is proposed. The need for, and a way to bring forth, a “Bio-Einstein” to solve this penultimate question of life’s origin are presented.
Review of integrase strand transfer inhibitors for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are oral antiretroviral agents used against HIV infection. There are three agents available, including raltegravir, elvitegravir and dolutegravir, some of which are available as combination medications with other antiretroviral drugs. The efficacy and safety of INSTIs in treatment-naive and experienced HIV-infected patients have been established by multiple studies. Based on the current practice guidelines, INSTI-based regimens are considered as one of the first-line therapies for treatment-naive HIV-infected patients. There are new INSTIs in development to improve the resistance profile and to decrease the frequency of drug administration.
Medicine, Rationality, and Experience.

Medicine, Rationality, and Experience. Byron J. Good. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994(cloth and paper). xvii. 242 pp.
Who or What to Believe: Trust and the Differential Persuasiveness of Human and Anthropomorphized Messengers

Participants in three studies read advertisements in which messages were delivered either by people or by anthropomorphized agents—specifically, “talking” products. The results indicate that people low in interpersonal trust are more persuaded by anthropomorphized messengers than by human spokespeople because low trusters are more attentive to the nature of the messenger and believe that humans, more than partial humans (i.e., anthropomorphized agents), lack goodwill. People high in interpersonal trust are less attentive about who is trying to persuade them and so respond similarly to human and anthropomorphized messengers. However, when prompted to be attentive, they are more persuaded by human spokespeople than by anthropomorphized messengers due to their belief that humans, more than partial humans, act with goodwill. Under conditions in which attentiveness is low for all consumers, high and low trusters alike are unaffected by the nature of persuasion agents. The authors discuss the implications of th...
Interoperability of GADU in Using Heterogeneous Grid Resources for Bioinformatics Applications

Bioinformatics tools used for efficient and computationally intensive analysis of genetic sequences require large-scale computational resources to accommodate the growing data. Grid computational resources such as the Open Science Grid and TeraGrid have proved useful for scientific discovery. The genome analysis and database update system (GADU) is a high-throughput computational system developed to automate the steps involved in accessing the Grid resources for running bioinformatics applications. This paper describes the requirements for building an automated scalable system such as GADU that can run jobs on different Grids. The paper describes the resource-independent configuration of GADU using the Pegasus-based virtual data system that makes high-throughput computational tools interoperable on heterogeneous Grid resources. The paper also highlights the features implemented to make GADU a gateway to computationally intensive bioinformatics applications on the Grid. The paper will not go into the details of problems involved or the lessons learned in using individual Grid resources as it has already been published in our paper on genome analysis research environment (GNARE) and will focus primarily on the architecture that makes GADU resource independent and interoperable across heterogeneous Grid resources.
Typing in pure type systems

Abstract Pure Type Systems (also called Generalized Type Systems) describe the functional structure of typed systems. They were introduced by S. Berardi and J. Terlouw in order to give a uniform and simple approach to the theory of typed lambda calculi underlying these systems. Among the systems which fall under this concept are the systems in Barendregt′s cube, various AUTOMATH systems (if the mechanism of definitions is regarded as belonging to a meta-language), and some logical systems. In Pure Type Systems the typing of terms is governed by sets of axioms and rules, different sets of axioms and rules giving rise to different systems. In Geuvers and Nederhof (J. Funct. Programming1(2), 155-189 (1991)) it is shown that in a subclass, the class of functional systems, the type of a term is unique up to β-equivalence. In functional systems also a "thickening lemma" is proved, which we call "strengthening": If Γ 1 , x:A, Γ 2 ⊢b:B and x∉FV(Γ 2 )∪FV(b)∪FV(B) then Γ 1 Γ 2 ⊢b:B. Strengthening has been proved for the AUTOMATH systems by van Daalen and for the theory ECC by Luo. We analyse typing in non-functional systems. We show that, although the type of a term in such systems is not unique, the various possible types have a simple common structure. In fact if a term has types A and B which are not β-equivalent, then A≥Π x 1 :C 1 ... Π x m :C m .s 1 and B≥Π x 1 :C 1 ... Π x m :C m .s 2 where s 1 and s 2 and are sorts. As a consequence strengthening holds too, and we have also uniqueness of domains: If Γ ⊢a:Π x:A 1 .B 1 and Γ ⊢a:Π x:A 2 .B 2 then A 1 = β A 2 . Finally we prove decidability: if all terms in a Pure Type System normalize and the set of sorts of that system is finite then the typing relation is decidable.
Monoclonal antibodies for cancer immunotherapy

Monoclonal antibodies are effective treatments for many malignant diseases. However, the ability of antibodies to initiate tumour-antigen-specific immune responses has received less attention than have other mechanisms of antibody action. We describe the rationale and evidence for the development of antibodies that can stimulate host tumour-antigen-specific immune responses. Such responses can be induced through the induction of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, promotion of antibody-targeted cross-presentation of tumour antigens, or by triggering of the idiotypic network. Future treatment modifications or combinations might be able to prolong, amplify, and shape these immune responses to increase the clinical benefits of antibody therapy for human cancer.
An efficient weighted least-squares design of linear-phase nonrecursive filters

An accelerated procedure for the design of linear-phase nonrecursive filters using a weighted least-squares technique is described. This procedure is based on formulating the error reflecting the difference between the desired amplitude response and the amplitude response of the practical filter in a quadratic form. The coefficients of the filter are obtained by solving a system of linear equations involving a Toeplitz-plus-Hankel matrix. Such a system of linear equations can be solved by computationally efficient algorithms having only O(N/sup 2/) complexity. By choosing the appropriate frequency-dependent weighting function, a filter with either a least-squares or an equiripple error variation can be designed. >
The RF Control System of the NAL Accelerator

The Booster and Main Accelerator RF Systems at NAL share many common devices and have nearly identical control requirements. The equipment for each cavity is controlled and monitored via a Module Interface Unit (MIU). The MIU's, connected to a MAC-16 computer via a 50 ohm parallel daisy chain cable system, serve the dual functions of interfacing the equipment to the computer and of providing facilities for manual control and monitoring of an accelerating module. The MIU is a general interface having the capacity to control 32 and monitor 128 binary lines, control 16 analog channels, and monitor 64 analog channels via an attached Multiplexed A/D Converter (MADC). The assignment of channels to equipment functions may be easily changed at each module. Each of three RF control centers contains a MAC-16 computer, an MIU and MADC for control of non-modular equipment, a timing controller to provide computer-controlled timing signals, and a computer-independent core memory curve generator providing repetitive driving waveforms. Each MAC-16 may be controlled locally using a portable I/O cart containing a teletype, paper tape reader, and control knobs, or from the main control room consoles via serial data links to a Sigma 2 computer.