cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dispersive Optical Activity of (R)-Methylene Norbornene: Intrinsic Response and Solvation Effects

The dispersive optical activity of a homoconjugated bicyclic diene, (R)-methylene norbornene (R-MNB), was interrogated under complementary vapor-phase and solution-phase conditions to elucidate the structural/electronic provenance of its unusual chiroptical signatures and to explore the marked influence of environmental perturbations. The intrinsic (isolated-molecule) values of specific rotation measured at 355 and 633 nm (1623.5 ± 5.5 and 390.4 ± 3.7 deg dm–1 (g/mL)−1) were found to be factors of 3.9 and 2.1 smaller in magnitude than analogous quantities obtained for the kindred enone, (R)-norbornenone (R-NBO), reflecting, in part, the loss of prominent magnetic-dipole contributions from the C═O moiety and the exclusion of electron delocalization from the oxygen lone pairs. The wavelength-resolved rotatory powers of R-MNB were enhanced dramatically (by ∼40% on average) upon dissolution in any of the four common solvents targeted by the present study (acetonitrile, di-n-butylether, cyclohexane, and chloro...
Pareto optimal budgeted combinatorial auctions: Pareto optimal budgeted combinatorial auctions

This paper studies the possibility of implementing Pareto optimal outcomes in the combinatorial auction setting where bidders may have budget constraints. I show that when the setting involves a single good, or multiple goods but with single-minded bidders, there is a unique mechanism, called truncation VCG, that is individually rational, incentive compatible and Pareto optimal. Truncation VCG works by first truncating valuations at budgets, and then implementing standard VCG on the truncated valuations. I also provide maximal domain results, characterizing when it is possible to implement Pareto optimal outcomes and, if so, providing an implementing mechanism. Whenever there is at least one multi-minded constrained bidder and another multi-minded bidder, implementation is impossible. For any other domain, however, implementation is possible.
Direct comparison of pollen-mediated movement of native and engineered genes

Despite the commercial approval of twenty-five transgenic crops in the U.S. as of mid-1996, concern is still being expressed regarding the potential risks associated with genetically engineered crops. One recurring issue is the possibility of pollen-mediated escape of engineered genes into populations of crop wild relatives. To address this concern, the scientific community has depended on literature on pollen dispersal generated from non-transgenic organisms. Utilization of this information requires the assumption that the pollen mediated movement of native and transgenes is the same. To test the validity of this assumption, we directly compared the pollen-mediated gene movement of native and engineered marker genes using melon plants (Cucumis melo L.) expressing dominant morphological and transgenic traits. Movement into both contiguous border plots and non-contiguous satellite plots were monitored. Dispersal of the native gene and transgene into the satellite plots was identical. Dispersal of the two traits into the plot borders was nearly identical. Of the nearly 4600 seedlings screened for both morphological (presence of green vs. virescent cotyledons) and transgene movement (presence of NPT II protein by ELISA), in no case was the NPT II gene observed in the absence of green cotyledons. However, 39 seedlings were green but did not express NPT II as measured by ELISA. PCR analysis revealed transgene inactivation as a cause of the NPT II ELISA-seedlings.
Analyzing Social Bots and Their Coordination During Natural Disasters

Social bots help automate many sociotechnical behaviors such as tweeting/retweeting a message, ‘liking’ a tweet, following users, and coordinate or even compete with other bots. Social bots exist as advertising bots, entertainment bots, spam bots, and influence bots. In this research, we focus on influence bots, i.e., automated Twitter accounts that attempt to affect or influence behaviors of others. Some of these bots operate independently and autonomously for years without getting noticed or suspended. Furthermore, some of the more advanced influence social bots exhibit highly sophisticated coordination and communication patterns with complex organizational structures. This study aims to explore the role of Twitter social bots during the 2017 natural disasters and evaluate their coordination strategies for disseminating information. We collected data from Twitter during Hurricane Harvey, Hurricane Irma, Hurricane Maria, and Mexico Earthquake that occurred in 2017. This resulted in a total of over 1.2 million tweets generated by nearly 800,000 Twitter accounts. Social bots were detected in the data. Social networks of top bot and top non-bot accounts were compared to examine characteristic differences in their networks. Bot networks were further examined to identify coordination patterns. Hashtag analysis of the tweets shared by bots further helped in identifying hoaxes (such as, ‘shark swimming on freeway’) and non-relevant narratives (black lives matter, DACA, anti-Semitic narratives, Kim Jong-Un, nuclear test, etc.) that were disseminated by bots in several languages, such as French, Spanish, Arabic, Japanese, Korean, etc., besides English.
Characterizing Power for Separation-of-Powers Purposes

The U.S. Constitution parcels "legislative," "executive," and "judicial" powers among the separate branches of the federal government, but leaves those powers undefined. Accordingly, characterizing exercises of power becomes an important threshold inquiry in separation-of-powers disputes. This symposium Essay canvasses four competing judicial approaches to the characterization of power: functional inquiry; identity-of-the-officer formalism; historical induction; and skepticism. In this area, Justice Scalia's formalism has been particularly influential but created considerable tension with original public meaning originalism. This Essay explains how Scalia's formalism led to his embrace of delegation and concludes by cautioning against judicial oversimplification in the characterization inquiry.
Collision Free Coverage Control with Multiple Agents

In this paper we consider a problem of sensing a given area with a group of mobile agents equipped with appropriate sensors. The goal of the agents is to satisfy multiple objectives where one of the objectives is to sense or cover the area, the other one is to avoid collisions with the other vehicles as well as with the static obstacles, and finally to stay close enough during the operation time so that the wireless communication between the agents would be kept reliable. The mathematical formulation of the problem is done by first designing nonnegative functions or functionals which correspond to the objectives and then by constructing control laws based on the objective functions/functionals. To illustrate the procedure we provide an example with three agents with nonhomogeneous sensing capabilities and two obstacles.
State Stability in Post-Soviet Central Asia

The concept of state failure in the modern world is a comparatively new notion, which did not emerge until former colonial possessions in Africa and Asia, once fledgling states, seemed to be in decline. As governments collapsed and states fractured into civil war, the developed world looked on. Nearly twenty years after the fall of the USSR and the rise of state failure, scholars’ understanding of the causes of state weakness and state failure remains incomplete, and the policy literature’s orientation toward economic causes of weakness is more descriptive of weakness than insightful of its causes. This study seeks to gain greater insight into the causes of state weakness by assessing eight socio-economic, political, and geographic variables in the five post-Soviet Central Asian cases. While many of the results suggest greater insight into the political and geographic causes of state weakness, several strongly indicate a close relationship between state stability and the state’s degree of modernization and colonial experiences. This article is available in Res Publica Journal of Undergraduate Research: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/respublica/vol15/iss1/9
A Cognitive Approach to Producing the Documentary Interview

As constructed narratives, documentaries often rely on interviews as their fundamental building blocks. These interviews must be gathered, and conventional production practices have evolved for this purpose. This chapter examines three types of conventional interview setups: EFP, ENG and direct address (Interrotron). Cognitive theories like Torben Grodal’s (Embodied Visions: Evolution, Emotion, Culture, and Film, 2009) PECMA flow model, embodied simulation and the perception of facial expressions can help explain why these conventions work. The chapter also observes the way new media environments are reshaping these conventions and how cognitive theories can inform documentarians on how to effectively adapt their production practices.
Political Advertising Saturation in the 2016 Iowa Caucuses

Allocating the optimum amount of campaign resources to advertising is a critical question for political managers. This research presents the case of the 2016 Iowa Caucuses, in which over $46 millio...
Vascular Graft Pressure-Flow Monitoring Using 3D Printed MWCNT-PDMS Strain Sensors

Real-time monitoring of arteriovenous graft blood flow would provide early warning of graft failure to permit interventions such as angioplasty or graft replacement to avoid catastrophic failure. We have developed a new type of flexible pulsation sensor (FPS) consisting of a 3D printed elastic cuff wrapped around a graft and thus not in contact with blood. The FPS uses multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) dispersed in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a piezoresistive sensor layer, which is embedded within structural thixotropic PDMS. These materials were specifically developed to enable sensor additive manufacturing via 3D Bio-plotting, and the resulting strain sensor is more compliant and has a wider maximum strain range than graft materials. Here, we analyze the strain transduction mechanics on a vascular graft and describe the memristive properties of MWCNT-PDMS composites, which may be mitigated using AC biasing. In vitro testing of the FPS on a vascular graft phantom showed a robust, linear sensor output to pulsatile flows (170-650 mL/min) and pressures (62-175 mmHg). The FPS showed an RMS error when measuring pressure and flow of 7.7 mmHg and 29.3 mL/min, with a mean measurement error of 6.5% (pressure) and 8.0% (flow).
Multinuclear Palladium Olefin Polymerization Catalysts Based on Self-Assembled Zinc Phosphonate Cages

The phosphine–phosphonate–sulfonate proligand HP+(4-tBu-Ph)(2-PO3H2-5-Me-Ph)(2-SO3–-5-Me-Ph) (H3[OP-P-SO], 1-H3) was investigated as a building block for the self-assembly of multinuclear Pd compounds based on zinc phosphonate scaffolds. 1-H3 reacts with Zn(OAc)2·2H2O to afford {Zn[1-H]}4, which adopts a Zn4P4O8 ring structure in which the Zn centers are linked by μ2-κ1,κ1-bridging (aryl)PO3H– ligands. {Zn[1-H]}4 reacts with (TMEDA)PdMe2 and pyridine to generate {[(κ2-OP-P-SO)PdMe(py)][Zn(TMEDA)]}2 (2), in which two [(κ2-OP-P-SO)PdMe(py)]2– units are linked through a Zn2P2O4 ring. The sequential reaction of CH3OH-free {Zn[1-H]}4 with (COD)PdMe2 and 4-tBu-py generates {[κ2-(Zn-OP-P-SO)]PdMe(4-tBu-py)}4 (4-(4-tBu-py)), in which four [(κ2-OP-P-SO)PdMe(4-tBu-py)]2– units are arranged on the periphery of a double-four-ring (D4R) Zn4P4O12 cage. Analogous 4-L species were generated by the reaction of {Zn[1-H]}4, (COD)PdMe2, and other pyridine ligands. 4-py reacts with CH3OH to form a trimeric cluster 3-py, which...
Koopman Operator Approach to Airdrop Mission Planning Under Uncertainty

Mission planning for ballistic airdrop requires the selection of optimal control inputs under uncertainty. While significant uncertainty usually exists in airdrop scenarios, current mission plannin...
Data analytics approach for travel time reliability pattern analysis and prediction

Travel time reliability (TTR) is an important measure which has been widely used to represent the traffic conditions on freeways. The objective of this study is to develop a systematic approach to analyzing TTR on roadway segments along a corridor. A case study is conducted to illustrate the TTR patterns using vehicle probe data collected on a freeway corridor in Charlotte, North Carolina. A number of influential factors are considered when analyzing TTR, which include, but are not limited to, time of day, day of week, year, and segment location. A time series model is developed and used to predict the TTR. Numerical results clearly indicate the uniqueness of TTR patterns under each case and under different days of week and weather conditions. The research results can provide insightful and objective information on the traffic conditions along freeway segments, and the developed data-driven models can be used to objectively predict the future TTRs, and thus to help transportation planners make informed decisions.
Critical Masculinity Studies and Research on Violence Against Women: An Assessment of Past Scholarship and Future Directions:

This article investigates the role of critical masculinity theory on the field of violence against women (VAW). We conduct a meta-analysis to discern which theories of masculinity have been used within the journal Violence Against Women over the past 25 years. This search revealed that many articles use masculinity concepts but do not always articulate explicit theories of masculinity. We review hegemonic masculinity and male peer support, two of the most commonly used theories of masculinity and violence. We then discuss new developments within masculinity scholarship, including theories of manhood acts, inclusive masculinity, and hybrid masculinity, and consider how these perspectives can enhance the already robust scholarship on masculinity and VAW.
Photomechanical coupling in photoactive nematic elastomers

Abstract Photoactive nematic elastomers are soft rubbery solids that undergo deformation when illuminated. They are made by incorporating photoactive molecules like azobenzene into nematic liquid crystal elastomers. Since its initial demonstration in 2001, it has received increasing interest with many recent studies of periodic and buckling behavior. However, theoretical models developed have focused on describing specific deformation modes (e.g., beam bending and uniaxial contraction) in the absence of mechanical loads, with only limited attention to the interplay between mechanical stress and light-induced deformation. This paper explores photomechanical coupling in a photoactive nematic elastomer under both light illumination and mechanical stress. We begin with a continuum framework built on the free energy developed by Corbett and Warner (Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006). Mechanical stress leads to nematic alignment parallel to a uniaxial tensile stress. In the absence of mechanical stress, in the photo-stationary state where the system reaches equilibrium, the nematic director tends to align perpendicular to the polarization of a linearly polarized light. However, sufficient illumination can destroy nematic order through a first-order nematic-isotropic phase transition which is accompanied by a snap through deformation. Combined illumination and mechanical stress can lead to an exchange of stability accompanied by stripe domains. Finally, the stress-intensity phase diagram shows a critical point that may be of interest for energy conversion.
Examining and Extending the Influence of Presumed Influence Hypothesis in Social Media.

The influence of presumed influence hypothesis (IPI) is a communication theory accounting for the process of persuasive media effects. The present study integrates theoretical perspectives in persu...
Chapter 16 – Fish Assemblages

Methods to sample fishes in stream ecosystems and to analyze the raw data, focusing primarily on assemblage-level (all fish species combined) analyses, are presented in this chapter. We begin with guidance on sample site selection, permitting for fish collection, and information-gathering steps to be completed prior to conducting fieldwork. Basic sampling methods (visual surveying, electrofishing, and seining) are presented with specific instructions for estimating population sizes via visual, capture-recapture, and depletion surveys, in addition to new guidance on environmental DNA (eDNA) methods. Steps to process fish specimens in the field including the use of anesthesia and preservation of whole specimens or tissue samples (for genetic or stable isotope analysis) are also presented. Data analysis methods include characterization of size-structure within populations, estimation of species richness and diversity, and application of fish functional traits. We conclude with three advanced topics in assemblage-level analysis: multidimensional scaling (MDS), ecological networks, and loop analysis.
820-P: Depression and Glycemic Control after Identification of Depression in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes

Objectives: Assess whether adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) with probable depression subsequently received pharmacological intervention for depression, and the impact of this intervention on glycemic control. Research Design and Methods: Retrospective chart reviews were performed on adults ages 18-85 years, routinely screened for depression, with T1D of >1-year duration and no hemoglobinopathy, renal dysfunction (GFR Results: The study included 93 participants (mean age=44 years, 55% female, 81% white, mean HbA1c 8.9%). At Time-1, 50 persons (53.8%) were prescribed anti-depressants. At Time-2, 5 additional persons (5.3%) received prescriptions. There were decreases in mean PHQ-9 scores (Time-1 15.99; Time-2= 4.55, p Conclusions: About 60% of adults with T1D and probable depression received anti-depressant medications. Despite an association between measures of depression and glycemic control, changes in each did not relate over 10-16 months. EMRs should improve documentation of therapeutic strategies to facilitate communication between providers working with depressed individuals and better inform future approaches to improve care. Disclosure B.J. Zaffuto: None. M. Greenfield: None. P.M. Trief: Research Support; Self; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. C.P. Morley: None. R.S. Weinstock: Board Member; Self; JDRF. Consultant; Self; Insulogic LLC. Research Support; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Diasome Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Insulet Corporation, Jaeb Center for Health Research, Kowa Research Institute, Inc., Medtronic, Tolerion, Inc. Funding Type 1 Diabetes Exchange QI Learning Collaborative
Health Professional Student Awareness and Attitudes Toward Poverty

Poverty simulations are used increasingly in academic settings to expose health professional students to experiences of those living in poverty; therefore, the impact, content, and context of these...
The effects of red fox scent on winter activity patterns of suburban wildlife: evaluating predator-prey interactions and the importance of groundhog burrows in promoting biodiversity

During winter, prey species in suburban areas of the northeastern United States must consider trade-offs in maximizing survival while they are simultaneously constrained by predators and climatic conditions associated with winter such as snow and low temperatures. Many mammalian prey mitigate the physiological stress from the cold by taking refuge in burrows. Some have also developed olfactory sensitivity to predator scent cues as they attempt to avoid predation in the landscape of fear and co-evolutionary arms race between predators and prey. The Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) is one of these species that both uses burrows in winter and is sensitive to scents. However, despite the importance of cottontails in the diet of Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), one of their major predators, little is known about scent cues that cottontails use to detect foxes. Eastern cottontails and other suburban wildlife that occupied burrows dug by Groundhogs near Ithaca, New York, USA were exposed to scent wicks treated with Red fox urine during the winter of 2017–2018 to determine if the frequency of burrow use would decrease because of a perceived heightened risk of predation. We observed no response to the predator odor by cottontails and the other burrow-utilizing species. This lack of a behavioral response by prey may be due to the attenuation of fear in suburban environments. A surprising variety of mammalian and avian taxa (n = 22) were recorded at burrows, including Striped skunks, mice, Domestic cats, Virginia opossums, Bobcats, White-tailed deer, Weasels, a Coyote, and a Gray fox. Surprisingly we did not observe a single Red fox, for whom intraspecific scent cues are also important. We also documented daily patterns of activity around burrows of the five most commonly observed taxa. Our investigation reveals that Groundhogs are notable ecosystem engineers whose burrows function as important landscape features and local hotspots of biodiversity during the winter in a suburban ecosystem.
I can see myself helping: The effect of self-awareness on prosocial behaviour.

Many studies indicate that increasing self-awareness leads to individuals reflecting on their values and ideals (Silvia & Duval, 2001). This self-reflection appears to increase prosocial behaviour (Berkowitz, 1987). However, previously studies typically manipulated self-awareness in situations in which the individual may have felt pressure from the researcher to help. Thus, experimenter pressure to behave prosocially confounds the self-awareness explanation provided in past research. We used a novel experimental paradigm to manipulate self-awareness and remove the researcher's presence to decrease the likelihood that the participant would conform to experimenter demand. Participants were 36 college students (Mage = 19.52; 25 women). The results indicated a strong probability that the experimental condition participants were more prosocial than control condition participants. These findings provide additional support for the hypothesis that self-reflection increases prosocial behaviour, even without experimenter demands. These findings and the importance of studying objective self-awareness in light of the coronavirus are discussed.
Experts' Perceptions of and Suggestions for Cigar Warning Label Messages and Pictorials.

Introduction Warning labels can be effective tools to inform the public about tobacco risks. However, tobacco warning research has been largely cigarette-centric. This formative study explores potential directions for improving the current warnings for cigars. Aims and methods Between June and August 2019, we conducted interviews with 10 experts about the current cigar warning statements and requirements, the inclusion of pictorials in cigar warnings, and legal issues. Additionally, experts viewed and discussed concept images to pair with existing warning statements, including realistic photographic images and symbolic images (eg, icons, caution symbols). Results Experts agreed that cigar warnings should be strengthened (eg, by increasing their size and use of pictorials) to better leverage their potential impact and maintain warning parity with cigarettes. However, perceived challenges exist given the wide variety of cigar products, product terminology, and use patterns. Experts agreed that photographic pictorials of health effects are likely to be more salient, informative, and effective for behavior change than symbolic ones, but may be vulnerable to legal challenges. Symbolic images used in warnings may obtain attention in a less "controversial" way, but may be considered less serious and "factually accurate," increasing legal risks. Experts indicate that cigar educational campaigns can complement warnings and address additional themes, especially aimed at youth, including exposure to chemicals and flavorings and misperceptions that cigars are "natural." Conclusions Additional consumer research is needed to examine the potential public health impact of improving cigar warnings and to support regulatory efforts. Implications This study provides feedback from tobacco control experts about the importance of cigar warning labels and directions for future research and improvements. Experts support increasing the size of cigar warnings and adopting pictorials to improve cigar warning impact and maintain warning parity with cigarettes. Experts agreed that photographic pictorials of health effects are likely to be more salient and effective for behavior change than symbolic ones. Given legal challenges, experts discussed potentially prioritizing warning improvements for those cigars used most frequently as cigarette alternatives and by youth. Overall, more cigar warning research is needed to support regulatory efforts.
Pension Overhang and Corporate Investment

We exploit an exogenous, universal increase in discount rates mandated by the Moving Ahead for Progress Act (MAP-21) to identify the impact of pension overhang on investment. We find that firms with large unfunded pension liabilities increase investment by 13% after the MAP-21 induced decrease in pension liabilities. The effects are more pronounced for ex- ante financially constrained firms, yet pension-related cash flows have a minimal impact on investment. Credit ratings of affected firms improve while CEOs with more pay-for- performance and longer horizon increase investment to a greater extent after MAP-21. Our results highlight the role of pension overhang on investment.
How does South-South FDI affect host economies? Evidence from China-Africa in 2003–2018

Abstract Foreign direct investment (FDI) from emerging markets to developing countries has increased significantly for recent decades. Such the South-South FDI tends to behave differently from the North-South FDI. The rise of China's FDI (C-FDI) in Africa has generated considerable controversy. While the popular opinion in Africa about C-FDI is positive, the Western reaction often is highly negative. How does C-FDI affect Africa's economies? Do C-FDI and the North-FDI have different impacts on Africa? This paper studies the issues by using the cross-country panel data in 2003–2018. We find that benefits from C-FDI to African economies are greater than those from the North FDI, and that the promoting effects of C-FDI concentrate on host-country's exports and industrialization. Uniquely the large Chinese investment in Africa's infrastructure not only contributes overall economic growth, but also enhance host-country's absorptive capacity in attracting and utilizing foreign capital.
Phase II Trial of Pembrolizumab Plus Gemcitabine, Vinorelbine, and Liposomal Doxorubicin as Second-Line Therapy for Relapsed or Refractory Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma.

PURPOSEWe conducted a phase II study evaluating pembrolizumab plus gemcitabine, vinorelbine, and liposomal doxorubicin (pembro-GVD) as second-line therapy for relapsed or refractory (rel/ref) class...
Dynamic equilibria in protein kinases.

Abstract Structural changes involved in protein kinase activation and ligand binding have been determined from a wealth of X-ray crystallographic evidence. Recent solution studies using NMR, EPR, HX-MS, and fluorescence techniques have deepened this understanding by highlighting the underlying energetics and dynamics of multistate conformational ensembles. This new research is showing how activation mechanisms and ligand binding alter the internal motions of kinases and enable allosteric coupling between distal regulatory regions and the active site.
Ghost infarct core following endovascular reperfusion: A risk for computed tomography perfusion misguided selection in stroke.

BackgroundComputed tomography perfusion (CTP) has been increasingly used for patient selection in mechanical thrombectomy for stroke. However, previous studies suggested that CTP might overestimate...
The Impact of the Coronavirus Pandemic in Neurology Residency Clinic: A Single Program Experience (4608)

Objective: To examine the effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on neurology resident clinic experience and productivity. Background: In continuity clinic residents learn to manage their own patient population and become proficient in the business and logistics aspects of outpatient medicine. Many institutions including ours shut down outpatient clinics at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2020, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education dropped restrictions on resident clinician involvement in telemedicine. From March 23rd to June 30th 2020 (intra-pandemic), our neurology resident clinic operated primarily via telemedicine. Design/Methods: We compared resident clinic operations intra-pandemic to pre-pandemic (July 2019–February 2020) baselines for PGY2 to PGY4 neurology residents. We measured patient interactions by clinic fill rate and utilization. Clinic workflow was measured with no-shows/ unable to contact, conversion of video visits to telephonic, and scheduling of return appointments. Financial productivity was measured by average billing level of service and revenue. Results: We analyzed a total of 390 intra-pandemic visits. Fill rate and utilization decreased 9.5% and 3.8% intra-pandemic. Overall no-show rate was not substantially different pre- and intra-pandemic. Fifteen percent of televideo visits were converted to telephonic due to technical challenges. Fifty eight percent of return visits were scheduled by the time of the analysis, and early returns (0–2 months) comprised just 9.56%. The level of service and reimbursement decreased due to the constraints of telemedicine. Twenty three percent of visits were not billed. Most of these were telephonic visits. Conclusions: The changes in our resident clinic largely reflect the changes in productivity across all healthcare systems due to the pandemic. Decreased fill rate, decreased utilization, and high number of telephonic visits translate to decreased overall resident clinical exposure. The long-term effects of these changes in resident training and patient care remain to be seen. Disclosure: Dr. Owens has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schwartz has nothing to disclose. Edward Stefanowicz has nothing to disclose. Dr. Avila has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Alnylam Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Avila has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Akcea Therapeutics. Dr. Avila has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Alnylam Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Avila has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Akcea Therapeutics.
Space Nuclear Power Systems

Fission power and propulsion systems can enable exciting space exploration missions. These include bases on the moon and Mars; and the exploration, development, and utilization of the solar system. In the near-term, fission surface power systems could provide abundant, constant, cost-effective power anywhere on the surface of the Moon or Mars, independent of available sunlight. Affordable access to Mars, the asteroid belt, or other destinations could be provided by nuclear thermal rockets. In the further term, high performance fission power supplies could enable both extremely high power levels on planetary surfaces and fission electric propulsion vehicles for rapid, efficient cargo and crew transfer. Advanced fission propulsion systems could eventually allow routine access to the entire solar system. Fission systems could also enable the utilization of resources within the solar system.
Comparative Effectiveness of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-Based Treatment on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Hypertensive Blacks Versus Whites.

Abstract Background Clinical trial evidence suggests poorer outcomes in blacks compared with whites when treated with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor–based regimen, but this has not been evaluated in clinical practice. Objectives This study evaluated the comparative effectiveness of an ACE inhibitor–based regimen on a composite outcome of all-cause mortality, stroke, and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in hypertensive blacks compared with whites. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 434,646 patients in a municipal health care system. Four exposure groups (Black-ACE, Black-NoACE, White-ACE, White-NoACE) were created based on race and treatment exposure (ACE or NoACE). Risk of the composite outcome and its components was compared across treatment groups and race using weighted Cox proportional hazard models. Results Our analysis included 59,316 new users of ACE inhibitors, 47% of whom were black. Baseline characteristics were comparable for all groups after inverse probability weighting adjustment. For the composite outcome, the race treatment interaction was significant (p = 0.04); ACE use in blacks was associated with poorer cardiovascular outcomes (ACE vs. NoACE: 8.69% vs. 7.74%; p = 0.05) but not in whites (6.40% vs. 6.74%; p = 0.37). Similarly, the Black-ACE group had higher rates of AMI (0.46% vs. 0.26%; p = 0.04), stroke (2.43% vs. 1.93%; p = 0.05), and congestive heart failure (3.75% vs. 2.25%; p Conclusions ACE inhibitor–based therapy was associated with poorer cardiovascular outcomes in hypertensive blacks but not in whites. These findings confirm clinical trial evidence that hypertensive blacks have poorer outcomes than whites when treated with an ACE inhibitor–based regimen.
Trade Secrets: Important Quasi-Property Rights

The law has protected trade secrets since the middle of the nineteenth century.1 Although businesses accumulate and make use of ideas unknown to their competitors, few realize that the law will give redress to anyone whose ideas have been misappropriated. When a business uses information not generally known, the information may qualify as a species of intellectual property classified as a trade secret, and be eligible for strong tort or contract protection against unauthorized disclosure or use. The subject matter of trade secrets has been broadly defined.2 Even a small business might use information qualifying for protection as a trade secret. Until recently, the practicing business lawyer drew upon the law of trade secrets only infrequently. Patent attorneys were aware that inventions and invention know-how, before becoming generally known, were protectible as trade secrets, but little attention was given to other kinds of trade secrets. In 1979, the Commissioners on Uniform State Laws adopted a Uniform Trade Secrets Act,3 which drew general attention to trade secret law. Lobbying efforts to induce state legislatures to consider the act began immediately.4 Bar associations, particularly intellectual property associations, suddenly became inter-
Thermomechanical deformation of powder-based porous aluminium: Part II. Constitutive model including densification hardening

Abstract A constitutive model describing the effect of thermomechanical deformation histories on powder-based porous aluminium is evaluated. A modified form of Gurson's yield function in conjunction with the hyperbolic sine stress dependence for the matrix strain rate is used. Two state variables involved in the model are the matrix effective stress and the void fraction, which are related to the matrix microhardness and mean pore intercept length in the microstructure, respectively. The activating energy, the steady state flow stress of the matrix and a nonlinear equation describing evolution of porosity can be derived from this model. In addition, the results from the quantitative morphology analysis established in Part I of this work are employed to link the macroscopic parameters of the constitutive theory to the microstructural features of deformed porous aluminium. Briefly, the constitutive model is used to describe two basic fabricating processes for powder-based materials: closed-die compaction and hot isostatic pressing (HIP). In general, this model is applicable to forging, extrusion, rolling and consolidation of powder-based materials containing voids.
Modification of chymotrypsin with the specific cyanate reagent N-acetyl-p-cyanato-l-phenylalanine ethyl ester.

Abstract The specific cyanate reagent N- acetyl -p- cyanato - l - phenylalanine ethyl ester (compound 1) was synthesized in an attempt to selectively modify the binding pocket of chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) while leaving the catalytic residues untouched. The reagent reacts with chymotrypsin to yield chiefly an inactive derivative 3a, with the active site Ser-195 carbamylated and the α-amino group of Cys-1 linked to the inhibitor via an isoureido (NHC (NH)O) linkage. Reaction of chymotrypsin, blocked by a carbamyl group on the α-amino group, with the reagent I yields a modified enzyme (compound 4) with an additional carbamyl group on Ser-195. Neither derivative 3a nor 4 reacts with diisopropylfluorophosphate under conditions where chymotrypsinogen is modified, indicating that Ser-195 is altered. Both derivatives 3a and 4 are retained on a 4-phenylbutylamine affinity column demonstrating that the substrate binding pocket is intact in both derivatives. The results indicate the potential value of aryl cyanates as protein reagents for the selective modification of nucleophilic sites. However, it is apparent that reaction at unreactive residues in the binding pocket of chymotrypsin with cyanates or similar reagents will require blockage of the more nucleophilic catalytic residues.
Curriculum as Colonizer: (Asian) American Education in the Current U.S. Context:

Background/ContextThe United States is currently undergoing a period of unprecedented immigration, with the majority of new arrivals coming from Asia and Latin America, not Europe. Asian Americans ...
Probing angle compensation method for enhancing vital sign detection with Doppler radar

Doppler radar has been proven effective in many applications in physiological monitoring field, including rate extraction and displacement estimation. Its measurement accuracy is associated with chest wall mechanics. Thus accurate modeling of respiratory motion is important for Doppler radar vital sign detection. In this paper, a probing angle compensation method is proposed to match Doppler radar orientation to the direction of maximum expected chest expansion. Experimental data proves the effectiveness of probing angle concept in Doppler radar vital sign detection.
‘‘Quit & Win’’ Contests Among College Students Predictors of Long-Term Smoking Abstinence

Abstract Purpose. To determine smoking abstinence rates and predictors of abstinence among college students enrolled in a campus-based Quit & Win contest. Design. Pre-post measure with no comparison group. Setting. Contests conducted on seven college campuses in 2007. Subjects. Subjects (N = 484) were 23.7 ± 6.8 years of age, 61% female, 16.3% nonwhite, and smoked 12.5 ± 7.8 cigarettes per day on 28.0 ± 4.8 days in the past month. Intervention. Participants abstinent for the 30-day contest were eligible for a lottery-based prize. Assessments were completed at baseline, end of contest, and 6 months after enrollment. Measures. The 6-month survey assessed retrospective abstinence during the contest period and the prior 6 months and 7- and 30-day point prevalence abstinence at the time of the survey. Analysis. Chi-square test was used to compare baseline characteristics among participants from 2- versus 4-year schools. Smoking abstinence was assessed by participant self-report. Both a simple imputation method...
Relative Prices and Substitution Across Wage, Welfare, and Disability Income

In this paper I exploit the fact that the social and economic reforms over the past two decades differentially affected the opportunity costs of non-participation in work, welfare, and disability programs for single mothers across different birth-year and education cohorts. This cohort variation in after-tax wages and transfer benefits is used to identify own- and cross-price elasticities of demand for and substitution across wage, welfare, and disability income over 1979 to 2001 in the Current Population Survey. To estimate these key parameters I model household preferences with a conditional Almost Ideal Demand System that admits corner solutions, nonseparability, endogenous wages and incomes, and latent heterogeneity via cohort and state fixed effects. I match individual and family-level data in the CPS both with family-specific federal, state, and payroll tax rates, and with state-specific and time-varying benefit levels and effective tax rates in the AFDC and SSI programs. Using a two-limit Tobit instrumental variables estimator I find strong evidence of sizable own and cross-programmatic substitution effects. For example, the estimated elasticities imply that between 1979 and 1999 the increase in the generosity of SSI relative to AFDC accounts for about 40 percent of the average growth in SSI, while the increase in real wages accounts for about one-half of the average decline in AFDC shares over the past two decades. Simulations suggest that changes in relative after-tax wages and transfer-program benefits over the past two decades lead to a substantial pull out of cash welfare and into expanded reliance on employment and disability as a means of financial support among single mothers.
Did the "Woman in the Attic" in Jane Eyre Have Huntington Disease?

Background : References to neurologic disorders are frequently found in fictional literature and may precede description in the medical literature. Aim : Our aim was to compare Charlotte Bronte’s depiction of Bertha Mason in Jane Eyre to the tenets set forth in George Huntington’s original essay “On chorea” with the hypothesis that Mason was displaying features of Huntington disease. Results : Charlotte Bronte’s 1847 Victorian novel Jane Eyre features the character Bertha Mason, who is portrayed with a progressive psychiatric illness, violent movements, and possible cognitive decline. Similar to Huntington’s tenets, Mason has a disorder with a strong family history suggestive of autosomal dominant inheritance with onset in adulthood, and culminating in suicide. Conclusion : Bronte’s character had features of Huntington disease as originally described by Huntington. Bronte’s keen characterization may have increased awareness of treatment of neuropsychiatric patients in the Victorian era.
400- and 750-MHz one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of x-ray-degraded poly(methyl methacrylate): comparison with UV-degraded material

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) has been used for the identification ofseveral products from syndiotactic-rich poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) sheet exposed to x-ray and ultraviolet irradiation. Two chain-scission products and two chain-intact products were observed using one and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The 750 and 400 MHz one-dimensional hydrogen ( 1 H)spectrum and the two-dimensional 1 H, 1 H-COSY, 1 HMQC, 1 and HMBC 1 spectra permitted the assignment of many hydrogen and carbon NMR signals for the four products which are still polymeric. Additional signals were observed for minor stereoisomers. Methyl formate, a small molecular product, was found in both the x-ray and UV degradations. Acetaldehyde was also observed from x-ray exposure but not UV exposure. Important results from this work are well-resolved chemical fingerprints for x-ray and UV exposed PMMA.
Lateral and vertical ordered one-dimensional InGaAs/GaAs quantum structures

Lateral and vertical ordered one-dimensional quantum structures, i.e. InGaAs/GaAs(001) quantum dot chains and quantum wires, have been obtained using molecular beam epitaxy. It was found that the InGaAs wires or dot chains sit on two-dimensional wetting layers and run along the [-110] direction, as the result of anisotropic strain and in-plane adatom diffusion. This anisotropic nature produces a model system for studying the electronic properties of one-, two-, and three-dimensional quantum confinements and related optical responses. The strain anisotropy is of importance in determining the electronic states of the quantum structures and the surrounding strained barrier. The strain-induced effects, such as change of band-gap and splitting of heavy–light hole states, were studied experimentally and theoretically. Optical anisotropy of these quantum structures is also discussed.
Low-energy ion scattering measurements of quasicrystal surfaces

Abstract The technique of low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy is useful for determining the composition and structure of ordered surfaces. It can identify atoms in the topmost layer of a solid and provide real-space data about surface atom arrangement. This technique and its application to the study of quasicrystal surfaces is described using examples of the types of information that can be obtained from the ternary icosahedral alloy Al–Pd–Mn. These include surface layer and subsurface layer compositions, surface layer symmetry, interlayer spacings, and neighboring atom distances. In the case of annealed quasicrystalline Al–Pd–Mn, the surface is found to be composed primarily of Al atoms, a Pd-rich layer appears to exist just below the Al layer, and the top layers are deficient in Mn. The Al atoms at the surface exhibit local 5-fold symmetry.
TouchPaper: making print interactive

Traditional printed materials such as photobooks and collages are static in that the information conveyed is unchanging and limited to what was printed. In this paper, we describe an online service for augmenting prints with rich media by using image recognition. A print can have multiple hotspots with each one linking to different content on the web (e.g. Facebook, Youtube video, animations, etc.). When a print is viewed through a mobile device, it is automatically recognized and the interactive hot regions are highlighted on the screen. The user can click regions of interest to link to relevant content on the web. This technology significantly enhances the potential for personalization and interaction and ultimately the end user experience and the value of the prints. As an example application, we leverage our Facebook auto-photobook application to automatically create interactive links for each photo in a page. The user can easily view additional content such as photo comments for each photo through the augmentation mechanism.
Thomas Arkle Clark and the Office of Dean of Men at the University of Illinois, 1901‐1917

L'auteur relate a la fois -l'histoire d'un professeur de rhetorique a l'Universite de l'Illinois , Thomas Arkle Clark, a qui le President de son Universite avait demande en 1900 de le seconder aupres des etudiants faisant de l'absenteisme ou posant des problemes de comportement et - l'histoire d'une fonction administrative que Clark elabora, qui se revela indispensable et fit ecole, celle de Doyen aux affaires etudiantes (Dean of men pour Clark qui ne s'occupait que des jeunes hommes). L'article expose les methodes de developpement moral utilisees par Clark ainsi que ses publications.