cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fasting lipoprotein and postprandial triacylglycerol responses to a low-carbohydrate diet supplemented with n-3 fatty acids.

Background: The effects of a prolonged low-carbohydrate diet rich in n-3 fatty acids on blood lipid profiles have not been addressed in the scientific literature.Objective: This study examined the effects of an eight-week ketogenic diet rich in n-3 fatty acids on fasting serum lipoproteins and postprandial triacylglycerol (TG) responses.Design: Ten men consumed a low-carbohydrate diet rich in monounsaturated fat (MUFA) and supplemented with n-3 fatty acids for eight weeks. Fasting blood samples were collected before and after one week of habitual diet and on two consecutive days after 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of the intervention diet. Postprandial TG responses to a fat-rich test meal were measured prior to and after the intervention diet.Results: Compared to the habitual diet, subjects consumed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) greater quantities of protein, fat, MUFA and n-3 fatty acids and significantly less total energy, carbohydrate and dietary fiber. Body weight significantly declined over the experimental period ...
Advection–diffusion past a strip. II. Oblique incidence

Advection and diffusion of particles past an impenetrable strip is considered when the strip is oblique to the advection or drift velocity. The particle concentration p(x,y) is determined asymptotically for large values of vL/D, where v is the drift velocity, D is the diffusion coefficient, and 2L is the width of the strip. The results complement those of Part I, which treated a strip normal to the drift velocity.
Determinants of aquaporin-4 assembly in orthogonal arrays revealed by live-cell single-molecule fluorescence imaging

We investigated the molecular determinants of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) assembly in orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs) by visualizing fluorescently labeled AQP4 mutants in cell membranes using quantum-dot single-particle tracking and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. The full-length `long' (M1) form of AQP4 diffused freely in membranes and did not form OAPs, whereas the `short' (M23) form of AQP4 formed OAPs and was nearly immobile. Analysis of AQP4 deletion mutants revealed progressive disruption of OAPs by the addition of three to seven residues at the AQP4-M23 N-terminus, with polyalanines as effective as native AQP4 fragments. OAPs disappeared upon downstream deletions of AQP4-M23, which, from analysis of point mutants, involves N-terminus interactions of residues Val24, Ala25 and Phe26. OAP formation was also prevented by introducing proline residues at sites just downstream from the hydrophobic N-terminus of AQP4-M23. AQP1, an AQP4 homolog that does not form OAPs, was induced to form OAPs upon replacement of its N-terminal domain with that of AQP4-M23. Our results indicate that OAP formation by AQP4-M23 is stabilized by hydrophobic intermolecular interactions involving N-terminus residues, and that absence of OAPs in AQP4-M1 results from non-selective blocking of this interaction by seven residues just upstream from Met23.
Masking effects with targets and nontargets of varying similarity.

Abstract The relationship between various types of masking, similarity of flanking nontarget shapes to that of a parafoveally presented target character, and target identification accuracy was examined in two experiments. In experiment 1 detection of a gap in a circle or square was more accurate when the target was flanked by two instances of the same shape as the target, but only with energy-limited displays. Pattern masking eliminated the facilitation with identically-shaped flankers and target. In experiment 2 performance was better when a target letter was flanked by letters which were identical in shape to the target or similar in shape (the alternative target) than when the flankers were dissimilar in shape to the target (from a nontarget set). However, performance was best when the target appeared alone, showing a stronger effect of lateral masking than of facilitation. Results were explained with reference to a comparison process which operates only under energy-masking conditions.
An application of eigenspace methods to symmetric flutter suppression

An eigenspace assignment approach to the design of parameter insensitive control laws for linear multivariable systems is presented. The control design scheme utilizes flexibility in eigenvector assignments to reduce control system sensitivity to changes in system parameters. The methods involve use of the singular value decomposition to provide an exact description of allowable eigenvectors in terms of a minimum number of design parameters. In a design example, the methods are applied to the problem of symmetric flutter suppression in an aeroelastic vehicle. In this example the flutter mode is sensitive to changes in dynamic pressure and eigenspace methods are used to enhance the performance of a stabilizing minimum energy/linear quadratic regulator controller and associated observer. Results indicate that the methods provide feedback control laws that make stability of the nominal closed loop systems insensitive to changes in dynamic pressure.
Label-assisted mass spectrometry for the acceleration of reaction discovery and optimization

The identification of new reactions expands our knowledge of chemical reactivity and enables new synthetic applications. Accelerating the pace of this discovery process remains challenging. We describe a highly effective and simple platform for screening a large number of potential chemical reactions in order to discover and optimize previously unknown catalytic transformations, thereby revealing new chemical reactivity. Our strategy is based on labelling one of the reactants with a polyaromatic chemical tag, which selectively undergoes a photoionization/desorption process upon laser irradiation, without the assistance of an external matrix, and enables rapid mass spectrometric detection of any products originating from such labelled reactants in complex reaction mixtures without any chromatographic separation. This method was successfully used for high-throughput discovery and subsequent optimization of two previously unknown benzannulation reactions.
Population Structure of a Sand Dune—Obligate Beetle, Eusattus muricatus, and Its Implications for Dune Management

The approximately 45 unconsolidated sand dunes of the Great Basin and Mojave Deserts are unique insular habitats in that they are generally spatially dynamic, small in size, and of recent origin (Smith 1982). The dunes support diverse sand-obligate biotas that include mammals (Brown 1973), plants (Pavlick 1985, 1989), and insects (Hardy & Andrews 1976, 1979; Andrews et al. 1979; Bechtel et al. 1981,1983; Rust 1985, 1986). Several duneobligate species are candidates for protection under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (Federal Register 1994). Most sand dunes in the Basin and Range Province are associated with pluvial lake basins (such as Sand Mountain, Little Sahara Dunes, and Kelso, Ibex, Dumont, Big, Eureka Dunes) or major delta areas (such as Algodones and Gran Desierto Dunes) (Morrison 1964, 199 1a, 199 1b; Smith 1982; Lancaster 1988a, 1988b, 1989; Dohrenwend et al. 1991). The dunes resulted from sand deposition during the pluvial-glacial periods of the PleistoceneHolocene, followed by eolian transport of these sands to their present locations (Bagnold 1941; Morrison 1964, 1991a; Smith 1982; Benson et al. 1990; Eismann 1990; Dohrenwend et al. 1991). Sand deposited in this manner can be stabilized through plant growth or remain unconsolidated, forming dunes. Our study organism, Eusattus muricatus, is one of the most common dune-obligate tenebrionid beetles in western North America (Hardy & Andrews 1976, 1979; Andrews et al. 1979; Bechtel et al. 1983; Rust 1985, 1986). It is flightless, fossorial, and restricted to very sandy, friable substrates, especially eolian dunes (Doyen 1984). We used starch-gel electrophoresis to elucidate the
The effect of fluid properties on ebulliometer operation

Abstract The simplicity and accuracy of the ebulliometric method for the measurement of vapor pressure, when applied to non-polar or moderately polar substances, is well documented. Unfortunately the accuracy of this technique decreases markedly for high boiling-point polar compounds, a fact not commonly discussed in the literature and not clearly understood. The decrease in accuracy for these compounds is manifest at least in part by a strong relationship between the measured equilibrium temperature and the power input for the electric heater on the ebulliometer. The knowledge of which fluid properties adversely affect the operation of the ebulliometer is important when assessing the accuracy of data obtained by this method and in determining the compatibility of the method for a specific fluid. This study on fourteen pure compounds was conducted to determine the more important fluid properties. It was found that proper operation of the ebulliometer is dependent upon the dipole moment and the degree and type of molecular association of the compound under study. This is in contrast to the commonly held view that the boiling temperature of the substance is of significant importance for proper operation. A correlation is given to screen compounds for ebulliometric study based on readily available data.
Long-term expression after infection by the hybrid vector AdLTR-luc is from integrated transgene.

The novel adenoretroviral vector, AdLTR-luc, infects dividing and nondividing cells, and mediates long-term transgene expression(Zheng, C., Baum, B. J., Iadarola, M. J., and O'Connell, B. C., Nat. Biotech. 18, 176-180, 2000). To determine the source of this expression we examined two epithelial cell lines. One, HSG, permits E1(-) recombinant adenoviral replication, while the other, A5, does not. An HSG clone, that expressed luciferase stably for > 6 months, was obtained following infection at approximately 0.2 AdLTR-luc particles/cell. Southern and PCR analyses showed that luciferase cDNA present was integrated. A5 cells were infected with AdLTR-luc at approximately 1000 particles/cell, and colonies were obtained by limiting dilution. Eight clones showed stable luciferase activity for > 9 months. High molecular weight DNA extracts from clones were positive for genomic integration by Southern, PCR, and quantitative PCR analyses. Similar analyses of low molecular weight DNA extracts indicated the absence of intact extrachromosomal vector. These data demonstrate that long-term luciferase expression after infection by AdLTR-luc is derived from the integrated cDNA.
Effect of atenolol or prazosin on maximal exercise performance in hypertensive joggers

We evaluated maximal performance during cycle ergometry and treadmill exercise in 14 hypertensive male joggers treated with prazosin or atenolol in an unblinded, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Maximal oxygen uptake was measured during both exercise modalities; cardiac output was measured only during cycle ergometry using the acetylene rebreathing technique. Both drugs reduced resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Prazosin reduced total peripheral resistance during submaximal exercise but had little effect on maximal cycle and treadmill performance. Atenolol, in contrast, reduced treadmill duration, maximal oxygen uptake, and heart rate compared with placebo. Atenolol also increased stroke volume and the arterial venous oxygen difference and reduced cardiac output during cycle exercise. Both drugs produced similar reductions in exercise diastolic pressure, but exercise systolic pressure was lower only during atenolol treatment. Prazosin was better tolerated by the subjects and was preferred by 10 of the men. We conclude that both drugs effectively reduced resting blood pressure, but that atenolol decreased exercise cardiac output and may impede exercise performance in physically active hypertensive subjects.
Hearts in adult offspring of copper-deficient dams exhibit decreased cytochrome c oxidase activity, increased mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide generation and enhanced formation of intracellular residual bodies

The long-term effects of low dietary copper (Cu) intake during pregnancy and lactation on cardiac mitochondria in first-generation adult rats was examined. Rat dams were fed diets containing either low (1 mg/kg Cu) or adequate (6 mg/kg Cu) levels of dietary Cu beginning 3 weeks before conception and ending 3 weeks after birth. Cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) activity was 51% lower in isolated cardiac mitochondria from 21-day-old offspring of Cu-deficient dams than in the offspring of Cu-adequate dams. CCO activities in the cardiac mitochondria of 63- and 290-day-old offspring were 22% lower and 14% lower, respectively, in the offspring of Cu-deficient dams after they had been repleted with adequate dietary Cu from the time they were 21 days old. Electron micrographs showed that the size of residual bodies and the cellular volume they occupied in cardiomyocytes rose significantly between 63 and 290 days in the Cu-repleted offspring of Cu-deficient dams, but not in the offspring of Cu-adequate dams. The rate of hydrogen peroxide generation by cardiac mitochondria also was 24% higher in the 290-day-old repleted offspring of Cu-deficient dams than in the offspring of Cu-adequate dams. The increase in hydrogen peroxide production by cardiac mitochondria and in the relative volume and size of dense deposits in cardiomyocytes is consistent with increased oxidative stress and damage resulting from prolonged reduction of CCO activity in the offspring of Cu-deficient dams.
Influence of temperature on the impedance of ionic polymer metal composites

Abstract In this letter, we study the effect of temperature on the electric impedance of ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs). Experiments are performed on in-house fabricated Nafion-based samples for temperatures varying from 25 to 40 °C. By using a recently proposed physics-based circuit model, we identify the equivalent resistance, capacitance and Warburg impedance of each sample, and characterize their dependence on temperature. We find that the resistance and the capacitance decrease as the temperature increases, while the Warburg impedance increases. Such variations are ultimately associated with the effect of temperature on the dielectric constant and the diffusivity of the IPMC.
POLLEN MORPHOLOGY AND THE RELATIONSHIPS OF SIMMONDSIA CHINENSIS TO THE ORDER EUPHORBIALES

Pollen from Simmondsia chinensis (Simmondsiaceae) was examined in LM, SEM, and TEM. The pollen is shed as monads, triangular in shape in polar view, with a 3-porate aperture type in which the pores are large and poorly defined. The tectum is irregularly scabrate, sometimes forming minute "islands" topped with spinules. In thin section, the endexine is thickened and lamellate in the aperture regions, and narrow in the mesoporus; the foot layer is well-defined but noticeably thicker in the mesoporus; and thin columellae support an essentially complete tectum. The pollen of four genera, Buxus, Pachysandra, Sarcococca, and Styloceras, from the Buxaceae to which Simmondsia has been assigned by some authors, was also examined and illustrated. The pollen morphology of two families frequently aligned with Simmondsiaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Pandaceae, is briefly discussed. For the most part pollen morphology supports the treatment of Simmondsia as a monotypic family, Simmondsiaceae.
Orthogonal flow membraneless fuel cell

Abstract This communication reports the development and performance of a membraneless fuel cell that utilizes a convective electrolyte flow orthogonal to the plane of the cell electrodes. The orthogonal flow acts to convect reactants to the electrodes and as a pseudo-membrane between anode and cathode, preventing mixed potentials caused by back diffusion of oxidant onto the anode. The membraneless design allows the cell parameters to be defined by the fuel rather than the membrane. The convective electrolyte flow eliminates the mass transport limited current regime and allows the cell to run under semi-mixed conditions. Power densities as high as 46 mW cm −2 were achieved with both hydrogen and methanol as fuels. Methanol had a fuel utilization of 42%.
Effect of current direction and K+ on polarization of the frog gastric mucosa proton pump

When current was sent from serosa (S) to mucosa (M) across the frog stomach, there was a polarization (POL) of the open circuit potential (OCPD). POL was not affected by NaCl-free solutions, but was decreased by inhibitors of the H+ pump. In present experiments, current was sent to clamp the PD (VC) across the mucosa in steps of 20 mV up to 100 mV below the control OCPD, that is, current was sent from M to S. All experiments were performed in NaCl-free solutions. The POL was expressed as a % of the difference between the VC PD and the control OCPD. In 4 mM K+ control solutions, the POL was 11.8%; with 10(-3) M omeprazole (H+/K+ pump inhibitor), 1.1; with 10(-5) M SCH 28080 (H+/K+ pump inhibitor), 3.6; with 10(-3) M famotidine (H2 blocker), 1.6; and with 10(-2) M SCN-, 25.4 (inhibition of H+ sec, but not of the pump); in 79 mM K+ control solutions, 26.2; with 10(-3) M omeprazole, 4.2; with 10(-5) M SCH 28080, 15.9; with 10(-3) M famotidine, 5.6; and with 10(-2) M SCN-, 29.9. POL was higher in high K+ than in low K+ solutions contrary to what was observed in previous experiments with current sent from S to M. Results are explained on the basis of an electrogenic H+/K(+)-ATPase pump which includes a H+ channel, permeable to K+. With high K+ solutions, K+ is driven through the H+ channel onto the antiporter (ATPase) when current is sent from M to S, resulting in a greater POL of the pump.
Varying degrees of phosphorylation determine microheterogeneity of the heavy neurofilament polypeptide (Nf-H).

Abstract Two-dimensional immunoblots revealed a spectrum of 200 kDa neurofilament polypeptides (Nf-H) of apparent molecular weights ranging from 200 to 170 kDa. The entire spectrum was stained immunocytochemically by three monoclonal antibodies specific for nonphosphorylated neurofilaments, while more restricted staining was revealed by four monoclonal antibodies specific for phosphorylated neurofilament epitopes. Treatment with increasing amounts of phosphatase suggested the existence of various forms of partially phosphorylated neurofilaments that posses phosphoepitopes that differ in their ease of dephosphorylation. Immunoprecipitation in low detergent concentration confirmed the existence of microheterogeneous forms of Nf-H that differed in extent of phosphorylation or in distribution of phosphorylated sites.
Flow between rotating disks. Part 1. Basic flow

Laser-Doppler velocity measurements were obtained in water between finite rotating disks, with and without throughflow, in four cases: ω1 = ω2 = 0; ω2/ω1 = −1; ω2/ω1 = 0; ω2/ω1 = 1. The equilibrium flows are unique, and at mid-radius they show a high degree of independence from boundary conditions in r. With one disk rotating and the other stationary, this mid-radius ‘limiting flow’ is recognized as the Batchelor profile of infinite-disk theory. Other profiles, predicted by this theory to coexist with the Batchelor profile, were neither observed experimentally nor were they calculated numerically by the finite-disk solutions, obtained here via a Galerkin, B-spline formulation. Agreement on velocity between numerical results and experimental data is good at large values of the ratio RQ/Re, where RQ = Q/2πνs is the throughflow Reynolds number and Re = R22ω/ν is the rotational Reynolds number.
Latin American debt and adjustment

Abstract This essay desribes the current impasse on Latin American debt and outlines some of the policy responses by major creditors and debtors to try to get the parties off deadcenter. It finds these wanting in a number of respects and proceeds to suggest one possible approach for dealing with the problem. The achievement of ‘adjustment with growth and equity’ requires, it is felt, the establishment of a new modality to which all the major players, i.e., the individual debtor, the IMF, the World Bank, the commercial banks, the Club of Paris and the major bilateral donors agree to adhere. It requires debtor initiative for an independent assessment of a five year structural adjustment program complete with both specific required policy changes and the accompanying required resource flows. While ‘business as usual’ continues elsewhere, success with one or two such country packages can also be expected to loosen creditor purse strings over time.
THE CULTIVATION OF MONOCYTES IN FLUID MEDIUM

Monocytes from blood and from spleen have been cultivated in fluid medium in Carrel flasks for over 2 months. Diluted serum supplied all the essential nutritive substances. Cultivation in fluid was made possible by adjusting the initial pH of the fluid to 7.4, and not allowing it to fall below 7.0 or 6.8. The cells remained in good condition when the pH was adjusted with either lactic acid, hydrochloric acid, or carbon dioxide. Adjustment with carbon dioxide was found to be more convenient and also more practical, since it does not destroy the buffer action of the medium. After 2 months of cultivation, the monocytes were in excellent condition and still proliferated actively. They gave every indication that indefinite multiplication could be maintained under the conditions of these experiments. It is hoped that this method of cultivation, with some modifications, will prove useful in studying the metabolism of these cells.
Cytolytic T lymphocyte mediated chromium-51 release versus spontaneous release from blast and spleen cell targets at low temperatures.

Abstract The rate of spontaneous 51Cr release from spleen cell and LPS blast target cells is strongly temperature dependent. Between 32 and 37 °C the rate of spontaneous release increases dramatically with temperature. Cytolytic T-lymphocyte-mediated lysis of these target cells is also temperature dependent, but lysis does not increase greatly above 32 °C. The ratio of specific 51Cr release to spontaneous release can be significantly improved by doing 51Cr-release assays at temperatures below 37 °C.
Tritiation of 1,2,3-benzenetriol (pyrogallol)

The synthesis of 4,6-2H2-1,2,3-benzenetriol from 1,2,3-benzenetriol was possible under both acid and base catalyzed conditions. However, under simulated physiological conditions it was observed that the label underwent exchange and was lost. Using a three step synthesis, 5-2H-1,2,3-benzenetriol was synthesized and the label was found to be stable to exchange under the same conditions. Using this synthesis, 5-3H-1,2, 3-benzenetriol was synthesized with a specific activity of 7.6 mCi/mmole and of suitable purity for use in metabolic studies.
“It Says You Really Care”: Motivational Factors of Contemporary Female Handcrafters:

The purpose of this study was to discover what motivational factors are important to contemporary textile handcrafters who continue to produce artifacts similar to those produced by previous genera...
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1 to protect from intestinal injury during necrotizing enterocolitis

Background Hypoxia is an important risk factor for development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in premature infants. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in cellular responses to hypoxia and can be induced by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) pathway. Activation of the PI3-K and regulation of HIF-1 during NEC have not been elucidated. Methods NEC was induced in 3-day-old neonatal mice using hypoxia and artificial formula feedings. Mice were divided into 3 treatment groups: (1) NEC alone, (2) NEC with insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, or (3) NEC with Akt1 siRNA treatment. Animals were sacrificed, and intestinal sections were harvested for protein analysis, H&E, and immunohistochemical staining. Results In vivo model of NEC produced intestinal injury associated with increased protein expression of HIF-1α, pAkt, PARP, and caspase-3 cleavage. Pretreatment with IGF-1 attenuated an HIF-1α response. In contrast, targeted inhibition of Akt1 completely abolished NEC-induced expression of pAkt and upregulated HIF-1α activation. Conclusions NEC activates important protective cellular responses to hypoxic injury such as HIF-1α and PI3-K/Akt in neonatal gut. Hypoxia-mediated activation of pro–survival signaling during NEC may be modulated with growth factors, which thus suggests a potential therapeutic option in the treatment of neonates with NEC.
Does the American Public Support Legislation to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Despite efforts by some congressional legislators to pass laws to limit greenhouse gas emissions and reduce the use of fossil fuels, no such laws have yet been adopted. Is this failure to pass new laws attributable to a lack of public desire for such legislation? Data from national surveys support two answers to this question. First, large majorities of Americans have endorsed a variety of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions; second, policy support has been consistent across years and across scopes and types of policies. Popular policies include fuel economy and energy-efficiency standards, mandated use of renewable sources, and limitations on emissions by utilities and by businesses more generally. Support for policies has been price sensitive, and the American public appears to have been willing to pay enough money for these purposes to cover their costs. Consistent with these policy endorsements, surveys show that large majorities of Americans believe that global warming has been happe...
The effect of picolinic acid supplementation on zinc absorption by men fed a low tryptophan diet

Abstract Five men were fed a diet composed of conventional foods but designed to be limiting in tryptophan (approximately 235 mg/day), and with an average zinc content of 2.8±0.4 mg/day. Subjects consumed the low tryptophan diet for 5–7 weeks and then the same diet supplemented with picolinic acid, 10 mg/day, for 4–7 weeks. Zinc balance was near zero throughout the study and was unaffected by the dietary treatment. Zinc absorption was measured using an oral dose of the stable isotope 67 Zn given in a flavored glucose drink once during each dietary period after an overnight fast. Thus, each subject served as his own control. There was a significant increase in zinc absorption during the picolinic acid supplementation period (p=0.05). There were no significant differences in urinary or fecal zinc excretion, plasma zinc, or serum alkaline phosphatase between dietary periods, although plasma zinc fell in 4 of 5 subjects when picolinic acid was fed. Increased zinc absorption caused by picolinic acid was apparently offset by increased zinc turnover resulting in unchanged balance. Picolinic acid affects zinc metabolism in normal humans fed diets low in zinc and limited in tryptophan.
Integrin Expression, Enterocyte Maturation, and Bacterial Internalization

Abstract Background. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in the translocation of enteric bacteria. Adhesion molecules mediate interactions between some enteric pathogens and mammalian cells, but no such interactions have been identified for enterocytes and normal enteric bacteria. Using enteric pathogens, adhesion molecule expression has been linked to bacterial internalization and to enterocyte differentiation. Therefore, experiments were designed to study enterocyte integrin expression and differentiation, as well as enterocyte internalization of Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis, and Escherichia coli. Materials and methods. Relative expression of the α2, α3, and β1 integrin subunits on Caco-2 and HT-29 enterocytes (mature and immature) was measured by ELISA. Bacteria-enterocyte surface interactions were observed by light and scanning electron microscopy. Bacterial internalization by enterocytes was quantified using the gentamicin protection assay. Results. Expression of the α2, α3, and β1 integrin subunits was consistently increased in immature compared to mature Caco-2 enterocytes; however, compared to mature enterocytes, immature HT-29 enterocytes had similar expression of α3 and β1 but decreased α2. Compared to untreated mature enterocytes, bacterial internalization was increased in immature enterocytes as well as mature enterocytes with lateral membranes artifactually exposed. However, there was no difference in bacterial internalization between immature enterocytes and mature enterocytes treated to expose the lateral membrane. Conclusions. Bacterial internalization by enterocytes appeared to be due to factors other than integrin expression or enterocyte differentiation. Exposure of the lateral enterocyte membrane may play an important role in facilitating bacterial internalization by enterocytes.
“We Are Only What We Remember, Nothing More”: History and Healing in Romesh Gunesekera's Reef

Following the rise of memory studies, several scholars have investigated the terrain between (and dividing) memory and history. Romesh Gunesekera's Booker-shortlisted 1994 novel Reef presents a fictional meditation on this issue, heavily wrapped in metaphor. The work has been criticized for its narrative perspective: following the experiences of a young chef and his marine biologist employer, ultimately forced to leave an increasingly violent Sri Lanka. First-person protagonist Triton, eschewing extended discussion about this unfolding political crisis, focuses instead on lengthy descriptions of the food he prepares and the cycles of the nearby sea. But these seemingly “unnecessary” and even “exoticized” passages offer a complex metaphorical comparison between memory and history. Consistently, ocean waves reflect a relentless, terrifying progression of history, the current tide threatening to drown national plurality. Triton's flight to the kitchen counters the sea's “history” by considering cooking and c...
A data-driven method for discovering and predicting allophonic variation

Use of regression trees as a paradigm for discovering and predicting allophonic variation is reported. The current methodology is contrasted with the traditional means of allophonic rule discovery and description, namely, the hand collection of transformational rules. The tree-based regression method is developed, and an illustration of its use if provided. Specifically, results of experiments involving a database containing approximately 12000 American English stop consonants are reported. Sample rules are provided and implications for the phonological parsing component of an automatic speech recognition system are considered. >
Heligmosomoides polygyrus Infection Can Inhibit Colitis through Direct Interaction with Innate Immunity

Less developed countries have a low incidence of immunological diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), perhaps prevented by the high prevalence of helminth infections in their populations. In the Rag IL-10(-/-) T cell transfer model of colitis, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, an intestinal helminth, prevents and reverses intestinal inflammation. This model of colitis was used to explore the importance of innate immunity in H. polygyrus protection from IBD. Rag mice briefly exposed to H. polygyrus before reconstitution with IL-10(-/-) colitogenic T cells are protected from colitis. Exposure to H. polygyrus before introduction of IL-10(-/-) and OT2 T cells reduced the capacity of the intestinal mucosa to make IFN-gamma and IL-17 after either anti-CD3 mAb or OVA stimulation. This depressed cytokine response was evident even in the absence of colitis, suggesting that the downmodulation in proinflammatory cytokine secretion was not just secondary to improvement in intestinal inflammation. Following H. polygyrus infection, dendritic cells (DCs) from the lamina propria of Rag mice displayed decreased expression of CD80 and CD86, and heightened expression of plasmacytoid dendritic cell Ag-1 and CD40. They were also less responsive to lamina proprias, producing less IL-12p40 and IL-10. Also diminished was their capacity to present OVA to OT2 T cells. These experiments infer that H. polygyrus does not require direct interactions with T or B cells to render animals resistant to colitis. DCs have an important role in driving both murine and human IBD. Data suggest that phenotypic alternations in mucosal DC function are part of the regulatory process.
Extending preimplantation genetic diagnosis: medical and non-medical uses

New uses of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) to screen embryos prior to transfer raise ethical, legal, and policy issues that deserve close attention. Extensions for medical purposes, such as to identify susceptibility genes, late onset disease, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching, are usually ethically acceptable. Whether embryo screening for gender, perfect pitch, or other non-medical characteristics are also acceptable depends upon the parental needs served and the harm posed to embryos, children, and society. Speculations about potential future uses of PGD should not prevent otherwise acceptable current uses of PGD.
Placental Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Rescue Ambulation in Ovine Myelomeningocele

Myelomeningocele (MMC)—commonly known as spina bifida—is a congenital birth defect that causes lifelong paralysis, incontinence, musculoskeletal deformities, and severe cognitive disabilities. The recent landmark Management of Myelomeningocele Study (MOMS) demonstrated for the first time in humans that in utero surgical repair of the MMC defect improves lower limb motor function, suggesting a capacity for improved neurologic outcomes in this disorder. However, functional recovery was incomplete, and 58% of the treated children were unable to walk independently at 30 months of age. In the present study, we demonstrate that using early gestation human placenta-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (PMSCs) to augment in utero repair of MMC results in significant and consistent improvement in neurologic function at birth in the rigorous fetal ovine model of MMC. In vitro, human PMSCs express characteristic MSC markers and trilineage differentiation potential. Protein array assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay show that PMSCs secrete a variety of immunomodulatory and angiogenic cytokines. Compared with adult bone marrow MSCs, PMSCs secrete significantly higher levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and hepatocyte growth factor, both of which have known neuroprotective capabilities. In vivo, functional and histopathologic analysis demonstrated that human PMSCs mediate a significant, clinically relevant improvement in motor function in MMC lambs and increase the preservation of large neurons within the spinal cord. These preclinical results in the well-established fetal ovine model of MMC provide promising early support for translating in utero stem cell therapy for MMC into clinical application for patients.
Solitary four-wave-mixing states in χ (3) media

We introduce a set of coupled nonlinear Helmholtz equations that include four-wave mixing in a χ(3) medium. A geometric explanation of phase matching for four-wave mixing with self-phase modulation is presented. The nonlinear phase-matching condition provides a two-dimensional parameterization for stationary four-wave-mixing modes. Using physical constants corresponding to a GaAs sample with a central-frequency mode at 1.55 µm and two sidebands with 0.1% frequency detuning, we calculate a two-parameter set of fundamental stationary field profiles. In addition, a higher-order stationary mode is presented. Classical conserved quantities are derived from a Lagrange density. In particular, the Hamiltonian, power, and a skew power related to contributions from each sideband for stationary solutions are described by contour plots over a continuous two-dimensional parameter space.
CONTESTED STRATEGIES FOR DEFINING AND CONFRONTING FOOD INSECURITY AND HIV/AIDS IN ZAMBIA: REJECTION OF GM FOOD AID DURING THE 2002–03 FOOD CRISIS

The impact of HIV/AIDS on food assistance needs in sub-Saharan Africa has created what may or may not be seen as a new emergent variant of famine. This chapter provides a case study from Zambia that reveals contested strategies for both defining and confronting food insecurity and HIV/AIDS. Coordinated responses to the expanding HIV/AIDS health and nutrition crisis must be understood in light of the Zambia's resistance to genetically modified (GM) food aid during the 2002–03 food crisis. Overall the chapter will emphasize lessons learned and highlight best practices for enhancing food security in the face of HIV/AIDS.
Improving operational situational awareness with collaborative technologies

The American military spends a great deal of its resources in efforts to outmatch potential opponents. Usually this takes the form of better equipment, morale and training. Nonetheless, the most important facet of the military operation is leadership. There are, however, few concrete methods that can be applied to lend the commander a reliable advantage. One such approach that has proven successful is that of increasing the operational tempo to a rate that cannot be matched by the adversary. This article presents a qualitative field investigation of an effort to introduce a group support system (GSS) into the daily work of the staff of the US Navy's Commander, Third Fleet (C3F or COMTHIRDFLT). This application is directly targeted at providing an operational advantage by speeding the commander's decision-action cycle.
Novel quantum numbers in condensed matter physics

Abstract The physics understanding novel quantum numbers in condensed matter physics are discussed. Examples are given from the fields of conducting quasi-one-dimensional conductors 3 He–A and the fractional quantum Hall effect. A common feature of these systems is a symmetry breaking whose under parameter describes a discrete symmetry breaking. This lead to flow of charge in the vacuum without excitation of carriers above the symmetry breaking induced gap. Fractional statistics is a natural consequence of the symmetry breaking through the Berry phase accumulated as two quasi-particles are interchanged.
Intermediate Goods and Weak Links in the Theory of Economic Development

What explains the enormous differences in incomes across countries? This paper returns to two old ideas: linkages and complementarity. First, linkages between firms through intermediate goods deliver a multiplier similar to the one associated with capital in a neoclassical growth model. Because the intermediate goods share of output is about one-half, this multiplier is substantial. Second, just as a chain is only as strong as its weakest link, problems along a production chain can sharply reduce output under complementar ity. These forces considerably amplify distortions to the allocation of resources, bringing us closer to understanding large income differ ences across countries.(JEL: D57, E23, O1O, O47)
Testing Pendleton's Premise: Do Political Appointees Make Worse Bureaucrats?

In this paper I use the Bush Administration's Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART) scores—a numerical measure of federal program performance—to analyze the relationship between political appointees and management. I find that federal programs administered by politically appointed bureau chiefs get systematically lower PART evaluations than programs run by bureau chiefs drawn from the civil service. I find that career managers have more direct bureau experience and longer tenures, and these characteristics are significantly related to performance. Political appointees have higher education levels, more private or not-for-profit management experience, and more varied work experience than careerists but these characteristics are uncorrelated with performance. I conclude that reducing the number of appointees or increased sensitivity to appointee selection based upon certain background characteristics could improve federal bureau management.
Stereochemical implications in sesquiterpene biogenesis

Abstract The biogenesis of the sesquiterpenes is envisioned as a displacement of the allylic hydroxyl of farnesol by either of the isolated double bonds, giving rise to versatile 6-, 10-, or 11-membered ring intermediates. The medium-ring intermediates possess unique conformations which dictate the structure as well as stereochemistry of the sesquiterpenes derived from them by a variety of simple further reactions, notably double-bond cyclizations.
Medical Music Therapy: Evidence-Based Principles and Practices

Because of its flexibility, versatility, and utility with a wide range of clients and clinical issues, as well as its acceptability by clients and the documentation of its effectiveness, music therapy will undoubtedly continue to grow as a viable approach in all facets of health care. As has been realized throughout the ages, music is an indispensable part of the human experience and an essential component to achieving quality of life.
Second Order Nonlinear Optical Processes in KTiOPO4 Waveguides

Second order nonlinear optical processes have been commonly used with bulk materials for various applications such as second harmonic generation, sum and difference frequency generation, optical parametric generation and amplification, etc.[1] Most of these applications require very high input intensities to achieve reasonable conversion efficiencies and, hence, are mostly limited to use with high power laser or to resonant cavity systems.Confining the beam to an optical waveguide can significantly enhance the conversion efficiency and will require less input power. The hope is that such waveguide systems can be coupled to laser diodes to make compact visible laser sources. This paper will first discuss second order processes in waveguide systems generally, focusing on the phase matching problem and on various waveguide structures used to overcome this problem.We will then discuss the characteristics of the widely used nonlinear optical material,KTiOPO4 (KTP), including basic structure, optical waveguide fabication and domain reversal. Other materials such as LiNbO3 and LiTa03 are discussed in other lectures given at this Advanced Study Institute[2] and will not be repeated here. Finally, we will discuss the fabrication, characterization and practical limitations of several KTP optical waveguide systems designed to generate green, red, blue and uv outputs using various combinations of second harmonic and sum frequency generation.
Modeling textual cohesion for event extraction

Event extraction systems typically locate the role fillers for an event by analyzing sentences in isolation and identifying each role filler independently of the others.We argue that more accurate event extraction requires a view of the larger context to decide whether an entity is related to a relevant event. We propose a bottom-up approach to event extraction that initially identifies candidate role fillers independently and then uses that information as well as discourse properties to model textual cohesion. The novel component of the architecture is a sequentially structured sentence classifier that identifies event-related story contexts. The sentence classifier uses lexical associations and discourse relations across sentences, as well as domain-specific distributions of candidate role fillers within and across sentences. This approach yields state-of-the-art performance on the MUC-4 data set, achieving substantially higher precision than previous systems.
Factors predicting tumor size at presentation in breast cancer patients

10609 Background: Early diagnosis of breast cancer improves prognosis. A high percentage of women at our institution present with large breast cancers. Using tumor board records, we investigated th...
Cognitive Assistance in Government and Public Sector Applications

The Cognitive Assistance in Government and Public Sector symposium was held in Arlington, VA, USA, from November 12–14, 2015 as part of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) Fall Symposium Series. The goal of this symposium was to present the state of cognitive assistance projects and to identify the opportunities and challenges of creating Cognitive Assistance (Cog) systems with an emphasis on the challenges and opportunities presented by Government and public sector applications. We hoped the outcome from the symposium could be used to scope a research agenda based on gaps in current capabilities.
Primary carcinoma of the vagina: An analysis of 68 cases

Abstract Data from 68 cases of primary carcinoma of the vagina are analyzed in detail. The tumors tend to occur beyond the fifth decade of life and are primarily epidermoid carcinomas. No etiologic factor for the development of these tumors was found. The International Staging Classification was utilized and found to be useful prognostically, but prospective application should provide more accurate statistics. The problems of therapy are discussed. Individualization of cases is necessary, and effective treatment was accomplished with radical surgery. Involvement of regional lymph nodes with tumor markedly worsens the prognosis. Recurrences usually occurred in the pelvis and with one exception were not effectively treated by operation or radiation.
Rapid determination of lead in infants and young children formula milk powder by direct sample injection-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

Objective:To establish a method for the determination of lead in formula milk powder for infant and young children by direct dissolution of sample-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry(GFAAS).Methods: The milk powder was dissolved with 0.2% nitric acid,and then lead in the solution was determined by GFAAS with 10%HNO3 as matrix modifier.Results: The linear range of the method was 0 μg/L~50 μg/L and the linear regression equation was Y=2.01×10-3X+4.76×10-6 with the correlation coefficient r=0.9992.The detection limit of the method was 0.015 mg/kg and the RSD was≤7.8% with the recoveries of 94.7%~98.0%.Conclusion: Sample preparation was simple and convenient,and most operation was finished by auto sampler,so the possibility of lead pollution was reduced.The peaktime and type of sample were consistent with the standard,and the background absorption had been eliminated,so the quantitative results were accurate and reliable.
Peritoneal fluid prolactin in infertile women with endometriosis: lack of evidence of secretory activity by endometrial implants *

To evaluate the functional status of endometriotic implants, a luteal secretory product of endometrium, PRL, was measured in the PF of 27 infertile women with endometriosis, 13 infertile women without endometriosis, and 11 fertile women undergoing elective sterilization. PF PRL concentrations and PF/plasma PRL ratios were similar in all the groups and did not vary with the menstrual cycle or the stage of endometriosis. These data demonstrate that the ectopic endometrium in infertile women with endometriosis does not secrete PRL in amounts sufficient to elevate PF concentrations and suggest that the infertility observed in these women is probably not dependent upon the secretory activity of endometriotic implants.
Size consistent formulations of the perturb-then-diagonalize Møller-Plesset perturbation theory correction to non-orthogonal configuration interaction

In this paper we introduce two size consistent forms of the non-orthogonal configuration interaction with second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory method, NOCI-MP2. We show that the original NOCI-MP2 formulation [S. R. Yost, T. Kowalczyk, and T. VanVoorh, J. Chem. Phys. 193, 174104 (2013)], which is a perturb-then-diagonalize multi-reference method, is not size consistent. We also show that this causes significant errors in large systems like the linear acenes. By contrast, the size consistent versions of the method give satisfactory results for singlet and triplet excited states when compared to other multi-reference methods that include dynamic correlation. For NOCI-MP2 however, the number of required determinants to yield similar levels of accuracy is significantly smaller. These results show the promise of the NOCI-MP2 method, though work still needs to be done in creating a more consistent black-box approach to computing the determinants that comprise the many-electron NOCI basis.