cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spiritual expression at work: exploring the active voice of workplace spirituality

Purpose – This study aims to provide preliminary evidence for a new conceptualization and measure of workplace spirituality labeled spiritual expression at work (SEW). While the extant literature focuses on the fulfillment of workers' spiritual needs, spiritual expression refers to the impact of personal spirituality on the everyday thoughts, behaviors and interactions of employees.Design/methodology/approach – A pilot study (n=92) included item generation and an exploratory factor analysis of the five‐item SEW scale (SEWS). The primary validation study (n=348) consisted of: performing a confirmatory factor analysis of the SEWS; comparing the SEWS with other spirituality measures, including two measures of personal spirituality and two measures of values‐based workplace spirituality; psychometrically assessing the convergent, discriminant and predictive validity of the SEWS; and examining the correlations and regression results between the SEWS and the comparison measures.Findings – The SEWS showed accept...
A flexible, polynomial-time, construction and improvement heuristic for the quadratic assignment problem

Abstract This paper is concerned with the development of heuristic algorithms for the popular quadratic assignment problem (QAP) which finds a wide variety of applications in various fields. This discrete optimization problem, which seeks the placement of m facilities on m locations in order to minimize a quadratic interactive cost, is well known to be NP-hard and turns out to be computationally intractable for even moderately sized problems. Hence, problems involving more than 12–15 facilities usually need to be analyzed by approximate solution procedures. The more successful heuristic procedures which exist for Problem QAP are computationally intensive, some of these resulting from a premature termination of exact solution procedures. The motivation here is to develop a polynomial time heuristic which is effective with respect to the quality of solutions obtained, while at the same time not being computationally very expensive. The method proposed herein is flexible in that one can operate it to suitably trade solution quality with effort as desired, and is portable in that the modules used as building blocks can be employed in conjunction with other heuristics as well. Computational experience on test problems in the literature is provided to evaluate the worth of this method.
Cdk5 targets active Src for ubiquitin-dependent degradation by phosphorylating Src(S75)

The non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src is a critical regulator of cytoskeletal contraction, cell adhesion, and migration. In normal cells, Src activity is stringently controlled by Csk-dependent phosphorylation of Src(Y530), and by Cullin-5-dependent ubiquitinylation, which affects active Src(pY419) exclusively, leading to its degradation by the proteosome. Previous work has shown that Src activity is also limited by Cdk5, a proline-directed kinase, which has been shown to phosphorylate Src(S75). Here we show that this phosphorylation promotes the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Src, thus restricting the availability of active Src. We demonstrate that Src(S75) phosphorylation occurs in vivo in epithelial cells, and like ubiquitinylation, is associated only with active Src. Preventing Cdk5-dependent phosphorylation of Src(S75), by site-specific mutation of S75 or by Cdk5 inhibition or suppression, increases Src(Y419) phosphorylation and kinase activity, resulting in Src-dependent cytoskeletal changes. In transfected cells, ubiquitinylation of Src(S75A) is about 35% that of wild-type Src-V5, and its half-life is approximately 2.5-fold greater. Cdk5 suppression leads to a comparable decrease in the ubiquitinylation of endogenous Src and a similar increase in Src stability. Together, these findings demonstrate that Cdk5-dependent phosphorylation of Src(S75) is a physiologically significant mechanism of regulating intracellular Src activity.
Ontogenetic diet changes in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) reflected through stable isotopes

The ability of stable isotope analysis to provide insight into ontogenetic dietary changes was examined using bottlenose dolphin tooth and skin samples. Teeth were subsampled to compare tissue produced early in life (outer tooth) to that produced later in life (inner tooth). Outer tooth had significantly higher � 15 N values than the corresponding inner sample from the same tooth (n = 60, P = 0.0041), indicating that there was a temporal shift to a lower � 15 N diet. There were no significant � 13 C differences. Higher � 15 N values in young have previously been attributed to the period of suckling. Analysis of skin tissue from stranded animals of different developmental stages similarly indicated that the � 15 N values were significantly higher in young animals. Further comparisons indicated that the primary influence for this difference was animals with lengths less than or equal to the largest neonatal dolphin. This difference likely reflects an ontogenetic dietary shift from a sole reliance on milk to a combination of milk and prey species during the first year of life.
Passivation of hybrid-orientation direct silicon bonded interfaces

Abstract This paper reports on the effect hydrogenation has on the electrical properties of hybrid-orientation (1 1 0)/(1 0 0) direct silicon bonded interfaces. Temperature-dependent capacitance measurements and deep-level transient spectroscopy were used to evaluate the distribution of interface states following hydrogenation. Although the overall interface charge remained nearly unchanged, the interface state distribution was significantly altered, changing from a broad band of states to a narrow energy distribution positioned near mid-gap.
Optimization of fingernail sensor design based on fingernail imaging

This paper describes the optimization of fingernail sensors for measuring fingertip touch forces for human-computer interaction. The fingernail sensor uses optical reflectance photoplethysmography to measure the change in blood perfusion in the fingernail bed when the fingerpad touches a surface with various forces. In the original fingernail sensor, color changes observed through the fingernail have been measured by mounting an array of six LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) and eight photodetectors on the fingernail in a laterally symmetric configuration. The optical components were located such that each photodiode had at least one neighboring LED. The role of each of the photodetectors was investigated in terms of the effect of removing one or more photodetectors on force prediction estimation. The analysis suggested designing the next generation of fingernail sensors with less than eight photodetectors. This paper proposes an optimal redesign by analyzing a photographic catalog composed of six different force poses, representing average fingernail coloration patterns of fifteen human subjects. It also introduces an optical model that describes light transmission between an LED and a photodiode, and predicts the optimal locations of the optoelectronic devices in the fingernail area.
High-frequency CMUT arrays for high-resolution medical imaging

Applications of ultrasonic imaging in fields such as dermatology, ophthalmology, and cardiovascular medicine require very high resolution. Limitations in existing transducer technologies inhibit the development of high-frequency arrays, which would allow the use of dynamic focusing and enable higher frame rates. As an alternative, capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) technology, using integrated circuit fabrication techniques, can provide arrays with the small dimensions required for high-frequency operation. We have designed and fabricated several linear and ring arrays of CMUTs to operate in the 10 to 50 MHz range. These new arrays are made with the wafer bonding process. The ring arrays in particular demonstrate the feasibility of thinning the transducer to aid packaging in intravascular applications. This study shows that CMUTs can be made for high-frequency operation. Both transducers for use in conventional and collapse-mode operation have been designed and characterized. The results demonstrate that CMUT is an appropriate technology for building high-frequency arrays. A linear array of high-voltage pulser and amplifier circuits has also been designed for use with an array of CMUTs to enable real-time imaging applications. Pulse-echo results from the sixteen-channel array have been demonstrated.
The outcome of pregnancy in diabetic women: I. Fetal wastage, mortality, and morbidity in the offspring of diabetic and normal control mothers

Summary The outcome of 235 pregnancies in diabetic and prediabetic women was investigated and the results obtained were compared with the corresponding data in the 249 pregnancies of matched normal controls. The percentage of abortions and previable deaths in the diabetic sample was 29.9, in the prediabetic sample 20.5, and in the normal controls 12.4. Stillbirths occurred with the following frequency: 11.5 per cent in the sample of diabetic mothers, 5.1 per cent in the prediabetics, and 1.2 per cent in the normal controls. The neonatal deaths amounted to 8.3 per cent of all pregnancies in the diabetic women, 1.3 per cent in the prediabetics, and 3.6 per cent in the sample of normal controls. These values demonstrate clearly that the fetal wastage in the diabetic women was significantly greater than in the normal controls. The fetal loss during the prediabetic stage was about midway between that in diabetic and normal control mothers. The results obtained generally confirm the findings of other investigators. The main purpose of our study was to test the hypothesis that the morbidity dating since birth in the offspring of diabetic mothers is also increased as compared with the sample of normal controls. There were 6 abnormal surviving offspring in the sample of 157 diabetic pregnancies, which amounts to a total of 3.8 per cent (or 7.6 per cent of the surviving children). In the normal control sample of 249 pregnancies there was only 1 abnormal surviving offspring, which constitutes the incidence of 0.4 per cent. The difference in percentages in these two groups was significant at P less than 0.01, indicating that our hypothesis is very likely correct. The abnormalities in these children include mental deficiency, congenital malformations, birth injury, and epilepsy.
A Cytophotometric analysis of the DNA in the nucleus of the giant cell, R-2, in Aplysia

DNA was cytophotometrically measured in Feulgen stained nuclei of R-2, the giant neuron of the abdominal ganglion in Aplysia. The data indicate that the nucleus hag a volume of more than 7 X 106 μ3 in large animals, and contains as much as 75000 times the haploid amount of DNA. To our knowledge, this is the most highly polyploid nucleus yet described. Furthermore, the amount of DNA increases with growth, going from approximately 2000 times the haploid amount in small animals to over 75000 times in large animals. The data suggest that the increase in DNA occurs in increments, each increment having approximately twice the DNA as the one before. Thus we suggest that the increase in DNA in the nucleus of R-2 results from the entire genome replicating without accompanying cell division.
Microleakage of composite resin restorations with different cavosurface designs

All the composite resins only restoration exhibited significant microleakage, regardless of the type cavity design used. The marginal leakage was significantly reduced or eliminated in restoration where the enamel at the cavosurface angle was etched and after insertion of the restoration.
Accuracy of spirometric and flow-volume indices obtained by digitizing volume-time tracings

We tested the accuracy of a new system for deriving standard spirometric indices, maximal expiratory flow rates, and slope ratios from volume-time tracings. A computer-based technique employing a hand-operated cursor was used to put discrete values of volume and time into a memory array. Spirometric values obtained on 102 subjects using the computer system were compared with the corresponding "hand-read" values. The difference between the 2 measuring techniques were not significant for the FVC, the FEV75, and the FEF25-75; however, the average FEV1 differed by 6.7 ml (SD, 20.3 ml), which was significant. In addition, 10 subjects performed FVC maneuvers through a spirometer and flowmeter connected in series. Flows and slope ratios obtained from the volume-time tracings were compared with those obtained directly from the flowmeter. There was a high degree of correlation between the 2 types of flow measurements (r = 0.989), whereas slope ratios were less well correlated (r = 0.589). Configurational detail such as the presence of "bumps" on slope ratio versus volume plots were recovered with the computer technique. Using this new system, it is possible for 1 operator to process 10 to 12 sets of spirometry tracings per hour.
An SCF Xα scattered-wave calculation for ferrocene

Abstract An SCF Xα SW calculation using overlapping spheres has been carried out for ferrocene. The agreement with the observed optical absorption spectrum, both for d 1g (π-Cp) e 1u (π-Cp) e 2g (3d) a 1g (3d) * 1g (3d).
Informing older adults about non-hazardous, hazardous, and harmful alcohol use

Abstract Low levels of alcohol may be hazardous in the elderly, but available education focuses on younger, abusive, and dependent drinkers. A total of 209 older persons participated in various components of the development and evaluation of ‘A Toast To Health In Later Life!’ health promotion materials for the elderly. Patient focus groups, physicians, educators, and alcohol-use researchers contributed to all materials and measures. An education model for older adults guided the instructional format. Knowledge and self-efficacy scores increased significantly from pre- to post-test. Over 45% of persons in selected senior centers reviewed the materials without prompting by the study team. Older adults are willing to read extensively about the relationships among drinking, health, and medication use. Patient educators should include consumers in the design of health promotion materials and measures. Practitioners who rely on written educational materials for patient education and counseling should be provided with evidence of appropriateness, effectiveness, and feasibility.
Chaos and Synchronized Chaos in an Earthquake Model

We show that chaos is present in the symmetric two-block Burridge-Knopoff model for earthquakes. This is in contrast with previous numerical studies, but in agreement with experimental results. In this system, we have found a rich dynamical behavior with an unusual route to chaos. In the three-block system, we see the appearance of synchronized chaos, showing that this concept can have potential applications in the field of seismology.
Future Directions in the Treatment of Gastroparesis

Understanding of gastroparesis is evolving, in part because of systematic studies on the pathology, pathophysiology, and outcomes. It is clear that simply accelerating gastric emptying may not effectively control symptoms in this syndrome and more creative approaches are required that address aberrant sensation (vagal and spinal) as well as regional disturbances in motility. Further, with the growing recognition of a possible inflammatory basis, the prospects of disease modifying now seem realistic.
Quark and lepton masses from the dynamics of four-fermion interactions.

In a four-fermion interaction model of the type suggested by Nambu's BCS model the highest-mass particles, the \ensuremath{\tau} lepton and t quark, are treated separately from the lower-mass members whose masses are assumed to be generated by self-interactions among degenerate fermions. If, furthermore, one assumes that the contributions of the lower-mass states cancel the logarithmic divergences in \ensuremath{\tau} and t masses, excellent results for the mass spectrum are obtained for cutoff parameter \ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\approxeq}${10}^{2}$ GeV for leptons, and \ensuremath{\approxeq}${10}^{4}$ GeV for quarks, which are very reasonable compared to \ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\approxeq}${10}^{15}$ GeV obtained in previous schemes.
Authorisation and identity mapping services for the Open Science Grid

An attribute-based authorisation infrastructure developed for the Open Science Grid (OSG) is presented. The infrastructure integrates existing identity-mapping and group-membership services using concepts prototyped in the PRIMA system. Authorisation scenarios for requests to compute and data resources are detailed. A new SAML obligated authorisation decision statement is introduced that attaches an XACML obligation to the authorisation decision. The use of obligations enables site-centralised, service-independent policy management. Authorisation decisions are enforced via a Workspace Service that creates constrained execution environments configured in accordance with the obligations and other attribute-based information. Finally, an experimental PRIMA authorisation service that extends and simplifies the infrastructure is described.
Shape-preserving dynamic programming

Dynamic programming is the essential tool in dynamic economic analysis. Problems such as portfolio allocation for individuals and optimal growth of national economies are typical examples. Numerical methods typically approximate the value function and use value function iteration to compute the value function for the optimal policy. Polynomial approximations are natural choices for approximating value functions when we know that the true value function is smooth. However, numerical value function iteration with polynomial approximations is unstable because standard methods such as interpolation and least squares fitting do not preserve shape. We introduce shape-preserving approximation methods that stabilize value function iteration, and are generally faster than previous stable methods such as piecewise linear interpolation.
Reduction of filamin in late passage human diploid fibroblasts (IMR-90)

Abstract Progressive subcultivation of IMR-90 cells results in non-proliferative, heterogeneous cultures which may reflect aging of the diploid line (Hayflick, Exp. Cell Res., 37 (1965) 614). We have observed that late passage cells exhibit different rates of spreading and morphogenesis when compared to early passage groups, phenomena which we attribute to altered reassembly of the cytoskeleton in senescent cells (Kelley et al. Mech. Ageing Dev., 13 (1980) 127). To determine whether potential differences in cytoskeletal proteins develop with progressive subcultivation, early and late passage cultures were extracted with 0.5% Triton X-100 for 1 min followed by 1.0% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) prior to separation and characterization of extracted proteins by electrophoresis on 7.5–15% gradient SDS gels. Extractions were made of both culture groups 3.6 and 24 h after reseeding. Cytoskeletal ultrastructure at each stage of spreading was examined either in replicas of extracted cells or directly by scanning electron microscopy. Although considerable variation in cytoskeletal organization was observed, qualitative differences in gel banding patterns of actin, myosin and tubulin were not apparent at selected time points. However, late passage cells at 6 h and 24 h did not exhibit filamin associated with the Triton insoluble fraction as did early passage cells. Since it has been demonstrated that filamin is capable of cross-linking actin microfilaments into bundles or sheets, we suggest that it is a principal element for the variant cell shape and cytoskeletal morphology observed during altered spreading behavior of late passage human diploid fibroblasts.
Loss of muscleblind-like 1 results in cardiac pathology and persistence of embryonic splice isoforms.

Cardiac dysfunction is a prominent cause of mortality in myotonic dystrophy I (DM1), a disease where expanded CUG repeats bind and disable the muscleblind-like family of splice regulators. Deletion of muscleblind-like 1 (Mbnl1ΔE2/ΔE2) in 129 sv mice results in QRS, QTc widening, bundle block and STc narrowing at 2–4 months of age. With time, cardiac function deteriorates further and at 6 months, decreased R wave amplitudes, sinus node dysfunction, cardiac hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, multi-focal myocardial fiber death and calcification manifest. Sudden death, where no end point illness is overt, is observed at a median age of 6.5 and 4.8 months in ~67% and ~86% of male and female Mbnl1ΔE2/ΔE2 mice, respectively. Mbnl1 depletion results in the persistence of embryonic splice isoforms in a network of cardiac RNAs, some of which have been previously implicated in DM1, regulating sodium and calcium currents, Scn5a, Junctin, Junctate, Atp2a1, Atp11a, Cacna1s, Ryr2, intra and inter cellular transport, Clta, Stx2, Tjp1, cell survival, Capn3, Sirt2, Csda, sarcomere and cytoskeleton organization and function, Trim55, Mapt, Pdlim3, Pdlim5, Sorbs1, Sorbs2, Fhod1, Spag9 and structural components of the sarcomere, Myom1, Tnnt2, Zasp. Thus this study supports a key role for Mbnl1 loss in the initiation of DM1 cardiac disease.
Influence of oxygen content on the activation energy for oxygen ordering in Tl2Ba2CuO6+δ

Abstract The activation energies E A for both low temperature (LT) ( 200 K) oxygen ordering processes in Tl 2 Ba 2 CuO 6+ δ single crystals have been estimated from the time dependence of T c following the release of high pressure (0.6 GPa) at low temperatures. The crystals studied have T c values of 29 K (strongly overdoped), 40 K (moderately overdoped), and 70 K (slightly overdoped). For both HT and LT processes E A is clearly largest for the 29 K sample; for the HT process E A appears to be slightly smaller for the 40 K sample than for the 70 K sample, but approximately equal for the LT process. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Power grid effects and their impact on-die

This paper is intended to give a brief tutorial understanding of on-die power grid effects. Board, package and on-die power grids deliver power to a die having both global (full-die) as well as local (intra-die) transient effects. With a simple excitation model and a detailed die/package/board model, one can come to understand the dynamic effects occurring inside the die in terms of global and local voltage droop scenarios. These effects have been confirmed by measurements on-die. However, a simple excitation model is usually not representative of the worst-case transient scenarios causing the largest voltage droop. Any chip, especially a microprocessor, contains so many potential state transitions that it is not possible to simulate or enumerate all of them. A spectral-based learning and optimization method can alleviate this problem pre-silicon, while a micro-architectural based test generation scheme can help alleviate the problem post silicon.
Asymmetric fission of 56Ni.

Cross sections for the two-body channels populated in the /sup 32/S+ /sup 24/Mg reaction at E/sub c.m./ = 60.8 MeV have been measured by use of a coincidence technique which allows correction for secondary light-particle evaporation. The data show reaction yields with full equilibration of energy and mass-asymmetry coordinates. These results suggest an asymmetric fission mechanism and are contrary to what is expected from the previously proposed ''orbiting'' mechanism in light systems.
Characterization of microsatellite loci from the Malagasy endemic, Tina striata Radlk. (Sapindaceae)

We isolated and characterized 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Malagasy endemic, Tina striata Radlk. (Sapindaceae). The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 6 (N = 28 individuals). Polymorphic information content ranged from 0.132 to 0.767 and observed heterozygosity from 0.154 to 0.800. These markers will be valuable in estimating outcrossing rates and genetic variation in populations of T. striata, and aid in the conservation of populations of T. striata and other closely related species in the Malagasy Sapindaceae.
Helix‐coil stability constants for the naturally occurring amino acids in water. XXIV. Half‐cystine parameters from random poly(hydroxybutylglutamine‐CO‐S‐methylthio‐L‐cysteine)

Water-soluble, random copolymers containing N5-(4-hydroxybutyl)-L-glutamine (host) and S-methylthio-L-cysteine (guest) have been prepared, fractionated, and characterized, with S-methylthio-L-cysteine serving as a model for cystine residues in proteins. From the thermally induced helix-coil transition curves of these copolymers in water at neutral pH, the Zimm-Bragg parameters σ and s for the helix-coil transition of “poly(L-cystine)” were deduced. The results show that the cystine model acts as a weak helix-breaker over the entire temperature range from 0 to 60°C. The implications of this finding are evaluated in the context of a general discussion of the Zimm-Bragg parameters for all the 20 naturally occurring amino acids.
Strong asymptotics for Krawtchouk polynomials

We determine the strong asymptotics for the class of Krawtchouk polynomials on the real line. We show how our strong asymptotics describes the limiting distribution of the zeros of the Krawtchouk polynomials.
‘Would I be happier if I moved?’ Retirement status and cultural variations in the anticipated and actual levels of happiness

Should one give up the comforts of home in exchange for more leisure opportunities or a desirable climate? The present research examined the anticipated and actual levels of happiness among non-retirees and retirees in the US and Korea. Both American and Korean non-retirees overestimated the importance of novelty factors (e.g., climate, recreational opportunities) in making a retirement prediction, compared with retirees’ reports. Non-retirees believed that a place with nice weather and plenty of cultural and recreational opportunities would make them happy in their retirement. However, the actual retirees who placed importance on the novelty factor when they made the retirement location decision were not happier than those who placed less importance on this factor. Instead, the retirees who placed more importance on the practicality factor (e.g., easy access to medical services, daily convenience) felt happier and more peaceful than other retirees.
Excitatory Neurotransmission and Sexual Differentiation of the Brain

During normal development there is a perinatal sensitive period during which the male brain is exposed to high levels of gonadal steroids, resulting in permanent differentiation of neural substrates. The cellular mechanisms mediating hormonally induced sexual differentiation remain largely unknown. In the adult brain, steroids exert profound influences on the amino acid transmitters, GABA, and glutamate. We have found steroid regulation of amino acid neurotransmission during the perinatal sensitive period and propose this may be functionally related to sexual differentiation of the brain. Specifically, the mRNA coding for the rate-limiting enzyme in GABA synthesis, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), is up to twice as high in some steroid-concentrating regions of the neonatal male brain compared to females, including the arcuate nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, and the CA1 region of hippocampus. Sex differences in GABA tissue concentrations positively correlate with GAD mRNA differences in several brain regions. There are also sex differences in protein levels of GABA A receptor subunits. In parallel with these findings are significantly higher levels of binding to the non-NMDA glutamate receptor in steroid-concentrating regions of male brain. Given that GABA is an inhibitory transmitter and glutamate is an excitatory amino acid, these results initially appear paradoxical. However, in contrast to its inhibitory action in the adult brain, early in development GABA is actually excitatory and acts in a manner analogous to glutamate. Therefore, the combination of increased excitatory GABAergic and glutamatergic activity should result in substantially higher levels of neuronal excitation in the male brain. We speculate that an increased level of neuronal excitation is a potential mechanism mediating the permanent masculinization of the brain.
Guidance optimization of building evacuation considering psychological features in route choice

In building evacuation problems, psychological features such as route familiarity, following the guidance and herding may influence evacuees' route choice. Based on psychological findings, a new macroscopic network-flow model that incorporates the effects of psychological features is established in this paper. These features are unified through the notion of trust, which reveals the willingness to select the route indicated by different features. The optimization problem is then formulated to reduce evacuees' risk by optimizing crowd guidance. To efficiently solve this problem, a divide-and-conquer approach is used. The subproblem for one group may be coupled with another when the two groups merge together because of herding, and possible herding situations are separately calculated. The above model is partially validated by virtual reality trials. Pilot testing results suggest guidance is effective with psychological features in consideration.
Extraction of Total Available Carbohydrates from Grass and Legume Tissue

Carbohydrates are the primary source of reserve energy stored in the vegetative organs of biennial and perennial forage plants. Reserves of available carbohydrates are essential to survival and to the production of plant tissues during periods when carbohydrate utilization exceeds photosynthetic activity. Total available carbohydrate3 levels and trends in storage organs are useful in indicating the periods of storage and usage and are useful in evaluating the potential of plants for regrowth and production following defoliation. A number of methods have been used to extract total available carbohydrates from forage plant tissue. However, the method of extrac-tion used will influence greatly the values obtained because forages vary in the type of carbohydrate stored. The common perennial and biennial forage legumes, such as alfalfa, red clover, white clover, and sweetclover, are characterized by the accumulation of sucrose and starch (3, 9, 1 ). Extraction of total available carbohydrates from these species has been accomplished largely by the takadiastase enzyme methad developed by Weinmann(16, 17) -or with acid solutions (8, 10). The common perennial forage grasses belong to 2 groups according to the type of reserve carbohydrate stored. Grasses native to tropical and subtropical latitudes, such as bermudagrass, bahiagrass, and dallisgrass, are characterized by the accumulation of sucrose and starch. Extraction of total available carbohydrates has been done as described above for legumes (17, 18). Grasses native to temperate latitudes, such as timothy and orchardgrass, accumulate sucrose and fructosan ( 1, 4, 7, 12, 13). Extraction of total available carbohydrates has been accomplished by acid hydrolysis (8) or with water (1, 14,15) since fructosan is soluble in water. Starch, however, is largely water-insoluble. This study was initiated to compare enzyme, dilute acid, and water extraction methods for the estimation of total available carbohydrates in forage plant tissue. Timothy stem bases and alfalfa roots were used as the test tissues. Timothy stores the largest proportion of its reserve carbohydrates as fructosan in the stem bases (4, 7). Alfalfa stores most of its reserve carbohydrates as starch in the roots (3). Materials and Methods
CUTTING LOGISTICS COSTS WITH OCEAN CARRIER SELECTION

Two decades of survey research has shown that transit-time differences among ocean carriers are often secondary considerations in carrier selection. However, this study found that shippers can pay substantial premiums for superior ocean transit-time service, and cut logistics costs even when substantial variability occurs in landside segments of supply chains.
Internal State Variable Approach for Predicting Stiffness Reductions in Fibrous Laminated Composites with Matrix Cracks

A mathematical model utilizing the internal state variable concept is proposed for predicting the upper bound of the reduced axial stiffnesses in cross-ply laminates with matrix cracks. The axial crack opening displacement is explicitly expressed in terms of the observable axial strain and the undamaged material properties. A crack parameter representing the effect of matrix cracks on the observable axial Young's modulus is calculated for glass/epoxy and graphite/epoxy material systems. The results show that the matrix crack opening displacement and the effective Young's modulus depend not on the crack length, but on its ratio to the crack spacing.
Duration and Specificity of Olfactory Nonassociative Memory

Olfactory habituation is a simple form of nonassociative memory in which responsiveness to stable but behaviorally nonsignificant stimuli is decreased. Olfactory habituation has recently become a paradigm widely used to probe the neural substrate underlying olfactory perception and memory. This simple behavioral paradigm has been used successfully used to probe many aspects of olfactory processing, and it has recently become clear that the neural processes underlying olfactory habituation can depend on the task parameters used. We here further investigate memory specificity and duration using 2 variations in task parameters: the number of habituation trials and the time delay between habituation and cross-habituation testing. We find that memory specificity increases with the number of habituation trials but decreases with time after the last habituation trial.
The Persistence of Neighborhood Disadvantage: An Experimental Investigation of Alcohol and Later Physical Aggression

This research examined the combined impact of alcohol and previous experience growing up in a disadvantaged neighborhood on aggression in a laboratory setting. Participants were 505 young adult social drinkers between 21 and 35 years of age who completed a retrospective measure of neighborhood disadvantage and then participated in an experimental procedure, where they either consumed an alcohol or placebo beverage. They were subsequently tested on a laboratory aggression task in which they were provoked by receiving electric shocks from a fictitious opponent under the guise of a competitive reaction-time task. Aggression was operationalized as shock intensities and durations administered, in retaliation, by the participants to their fictitious opponent. Acute alcohol intoxication significantly increased aggression for those who grew up in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Thus, our investigation supports Sampson’s notions of “legacies of neighborhood inequality” with important implications for the etiology and...
Settling of Crawlers of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Five Vegetable Hosts

The nymphal stage of whitefly pests is important in terms of its relationship to pest management measures and virus epidemiology. Among the nymphal forms, the active first instar, i.e., crawler, is the only mobile form of immature whiteflies. A study was conducted to determine any influence of vegetable plant species and temperature on net distance moved (between the egg site and final resting site) by crawlers of the B-biotype sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). Tests were conducted in the greenhouse and under controlled laboratory conditions on five vegetable hosts: cantaloupe, Cucumis melo L.; collard, Brassica oleracea ssp. acephala de Condolle; cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers; pepper, Capsicum annuum L.; and tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Miller. The net distance moved was shortest on collard in which the crawler ceased traveling ≈2 mm from where it hatched. The crawler ceased traveling ≈10–15 mm from the site of hatching on the other vegetable host plants. Observations on collard in the laboratory indicate that the crawlers traveled 21 min during the first stadium. No effect of constant temperature over the temperature range of 16–34°C was detected on the net travel distance of the crawlers. These data suggest that among the plant species in this study, collard is highly attractive for feeding and/or it offers suitable feeding sites that are easy to locate by the crawler. The results of this study help define the behavior of crawlers on several host plants.
Steady States in Galactic Dynamics

By minimizing the energy for the Vlasov-Poisson system under a constraint, Guo and Rein have constructed a large class of isotropic, spherically symmetric steady states. They have shown that an isolated minimizer is automatically dynamically stable under general (i.e., not necessarily symmetric) perturbations. The main result of this work is to remove the assumption that the minimizer must be isolated, so minimizers are stable even if they are not isolated. It is also shown that the Lagrange multipliers associated with all minimizers have the same value. Finally, an example where two distinct minimizers exist is studied numerically.
Risk prediction for chronic kidney disease progression using heterogeneous electronic health record data and time series analysis

Background As adoption of electronic health records continues to increase, there is an opportunity to incorporate clinical documentation as well as laboratory values and demographics into risk prediction modeling. Objective The authors develop a risk prediction model for chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression from stage III to stage IV that includes longitudinal data and features drawn from clinical documentation. Methods The study cohort consisted of 2908 primary-care clinic patients who had at least three visits prior to January 1, 2013 and developed CKD stage III during their documented history. Development and validation cohorts were randomly selected from this cohort and the study datasets included longitudinal inpatient and outpatient data from these populations. Time series analysis (Kalman filter) and survival analysis (Cox proportional hazards) were combined to produce a range of risk models. These models were evaluated using concordance, a discriminatory statistic. Results A risk model incorporating longitudinal data on clinical documentation and laboratory test results (concordance 0.849) predicts progression from state III CKD to stage IV CKD more accurately when compared to a similar model without laboratory test results (concordance 0.733, P <.001), a model that only considers the most recent laboratory test results (concordance 0.819, P < .031) and a model based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (concordance 0.779, P < .001). Conclusions A risk prediction model that takes longitudinal laboratory test results and clinical documentation into consideration can predict CKD progression from stage III to stage IV more accurately than three models that do not take all of these variables into consideration.
Exploring a New Pedagogy: Teaching for Intellectual and Emotional Learning (TIEL)

The role of teacher educators is to develop the capacity in pre-service teachers for complex teaching that will prepare them to create and teach in “learning communities [that are] humane, intellectually challenging, and pluralistic” (Darling-Hammond, 1997, p. 33). To establish and maintain such learning communities, however, requires knowledge of intellectual and social-emotional processes that are not explicitly taught in teacher preparation programs (Ashton, 1996; Darling-Hammond, 1997; Dill, 1991; Goodlad, 1990; Hill, 2000; Tom, 1997). This article explores the theoretical foundations and practical application of Teaching for Intellectual and Emotional Learning (TIEL ® ), a pedagogical model that codifies a powerful way of thinking about the intellectual and social-emotional processes that underlie teaching and learning. Teaching for Intellectual and Emotional Learning (TIEL) draws from the theory of psychologist J. P. Guilford (1977) and the writings of educational philosopher John Dewey (1964). The TIEL framework connects the five thinking operations described in Guilford’s Structure of Intellect (SI) model and the five qualities of character described by Dewey. Guilford’s thinking operations include cognition, memory, evaluation, convergent production, and divergent production; Dewey’s qualities of character include appreciation, mastery, ethical reasoning, empathy, and reflection. Each of these components and their connections will be discussed later in the article within the theoretical foundations section. TIEL is a tool that makes practical contributions to the knowledge base of teaching in four important ways. The TIEL model codifies fundamental thinking and social-emotional processes; facilitates communication about thinking, feeling, and learning in the classroom; provides a guideline for curriculum design and implementation that supports complex teaching and learning; and forges connections among the teacher educators, the teacher candidate, and P-12 students. This article is organized in three sections: Rationale for a New Pedagogy, Theoretical Foundations of TIEL, and Contributions to the Knowledge Base of Teaching including examples of implementation of the TIEL model. The rationale contextualizes the discussion in the broad sweep of education in the last century and a short review of literature that supports the preparation of teachers in the areas of intellectual and social-emotional processes. The theoretical foundations section includes an analysis of the conceptual foundations of the TIEL framework. The final section explains four ways in which TIEL contributes to the knowledge base of teaching and includes examples of how implementation of the TIEL framework affects the roles of teacher educators, teachers, and P-12 students.
Acute and chronic pelvic pain in female adolescents.

Pelvic pain is one of the most frequent presenting symptoms encountered by clinicians who care for female adolescents. Girls may present with acute pain or chronic or recurrent pain. There are many causes of pelvic pain, but most can be ruled in or out by a complete and focused history and physical examination. Occasionally, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and laparoscopy are helpful in diagnosing the various causes of these symptoms. Although there are no good data on the rates of acute pelvic pain in adolescents, there are some data on chronic symptoms. 1 Apley and Naish 1 found recurrent abdominal pain in 10% to 15% of English schoolchildren, and others 27 have found that the rates of these symptoms decrease in adolescents. Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) accounts for 10% of all visits to a gynecologist and 20% of all laparoscopies. 7
Improved elevational and azimuthal motion tracking using sector scans

Ultrasound data motion tracking is widely used to estimate relative tissue/transducer motion, for example in freehand 3-D imaging, in which successive 2-D ultrasound scan planes are registered in a 3-D volume. Speckle-tracking and decorrelation-based methods are used to estimate motion in the azimuthal and elevational planes. However, the performance of speckle-tracking is significantly degraded in sector-scan systems because of point-spread function rotation with lateral motion. In this paper, we develop a new method for joint azimuthal-elevational motion estimation based on the complex correlation of individual IQ-demodulated sector-scan A-lines arising from tissue motion in 3-D space. We show that our method has performance benefits over both speckle-tracking and decorrelation-based tracking for motion estimation in sector-scan systems, particularly when there is both elevational and azimuthal motion. Motion-tracking efficacy is further demonstrated by improved freehand imaging of a known target (anatomically accurate 3-D-printed lumbar spine model) in a tissue-mimicking phantom, with an rms surface distance error of 1.2 mm, compared with 2.43 mm for conventional methods. These data indicate that the new algorithm is capable of improved tracking performance for sector scan systems, enabling effective freehand 3-D scanning.
Nonlinear compression of chirped solitary waves with and without phase modulation

Novel exact solutions suggest the possibility of clean and efficient nonlinear compression of chirped solitary waves with appropriate tailoring of the gain or dispersion as a function of distance and with optional phase modulation. A numerical simulation with 20-fold compression is reported. Numerical tests reveal the robustness of the technique to perturbations of the initial condition or to the tailored gain/dispersion.
Octreotide-induced thrombocytopenia: a case report

Thrombocytopenia is an extremely rare complication of octreotide therapy and can be life threatening in the setting of esophageal variceal bleeding. We report a case of octreotide-induced reversible thrombocytopenia in a 54-year-old Caucasian man with alcohol-induced cirrhosis and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Our patient's platelet count dropped from 155,000/mm3 upon admission to 77,000/mm3 a few hours after initiation of octreotide therapy and stayed low until the drug's administration was discontinued. Significant recovery was achieved quickly after discontinuation of octreotide. Thrombocytopenia is a rare but potentially serious side effect of octreotide therapy and may complicate esophageal variceal bleeding. Physicians should be vigilant in identifying this potentially serious condition.
Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration and Regeneration in Alcoholism

Aims: This is a review of preclinical studies covering alcohol-induced brain neuronal death and loss of neurogenesis as well as abstinence-induced brain cell genesis, e.g. brain regeneration. Efforts are made to relate preclinical studies to human studies. Methods: The studies described are preclinical rat experiments using a 4-day binge ethanol treatment known to induce physical dependence to ethanol. Neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits following binge treatment mimic the mild degeneration and cognitive deficits found in humans. Various histological methods are used to follow brain regional degeneration and regeneration. Results: Alcohol-induced degeneration occurs due to neuronal death during alcohol intoxication. Neuronal death is related to increases in oxidative stress in brain that coincide with the induction of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative enzymes that insult brain. Degeneration is associated with increased NF-κB proinflammatory transcription and decreased CREB transcription. Corticolimbic brain regions are most sensitive to binge-induced degeneration and induce relearning deficits. Drugs that block oxidative stress and NF-κB transcription or increase CREB transcription block binge-induced neurodegeneration, inhibition of neurogenesis and proinflammatory enzyme induction. Regeneration of brain occurs during abstinence following binge ethanol treatment. Bursts of proliferating cells occur across multiple brain regions, with many new microglia across brain after months of abstinence and many new neurons in neurogenic hippocampal dentate gyrus. Brain regeneration may be important to sustain abstinence in humans. Conclusions: Alcohol-induced neurodegeneration occurs primarily during intoxication and is related to increased oxidative stress and proinflammatory proteins that are neurotoxic. Abstinence after binge ethanol intoxication results in brain cell genesis that could contribute to the return of brain function and structure found in abstinent humans.
A comparison of 1,4-bis(halomethyl)benzenes as monomers for the modified Gilch route to poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene]

A comparison of 1,4-bis(bromomethyl)- and 1,4-bis(chloromethyl)-2-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-5-methoxybenzene as monomers for the modified Gilch route to poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene] was made; the bis(bromomethyl) monomer was found to give substantially higher yields of MEH–PPV with consistently higher molecular weights and narrower polydispersities than the corresponding bis(chloromethyl) monomer.