cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jack went up the hill . . . but where was Jill

To assess the premise that picture books are important transmitters of sex-role information, 206 picture books for children, ages 3 to 6, were analyzed. Three groups were formed: (1) titles published before the women's movement (1903–1965); (2) titles published after the women's movement (1966–1975); (3) titles chosen from a specialized nonsexist list of books about girls (1882–1973). Analyses indicated that children are presented with sex-typed book models: females, underrepresented in titles, central roles, and illustrations; males, overrepresented in instrumental pursuits and underrepresented in expressive activities. On the other hand, the third group of books featured mostly female characters and contained a predominance of instrumental models with a minimum of expressive activities. The data revealed that picture books today provide stereotyped models for young children to emulate.
Affect corpus 2.0: an extension of a corpus for actor level emotion magnitude detection

Improvement in human computer interaction requires effective and rapid development of multimedia systems that can understand and interact with humans. These systems need resources to train and learn how to interpret human emotions. Currently, there is a relative small number of existing resources such as annotated corpora that can be used for affect and multimodal content detection. In this paper, an extension of an existing corpus is presented. The corpus includes new annotations for affect magnitude detection and anaphora resolution. The format of the collected data is presented, along with the annotation methodology, basic statistics, suggestions for possible uses, and future work. This corpus is an extension of the UIUC Affect corpus of children's stories. The corpus includes new automatic annotations using Natural Language Processing toolkits as well as new manual annotations for affect magnitude detection and anaphora resolution. Results of inter-annotator agreement analysis on a subset of the corpus are also presented.
Solution structure and dynamics of the wild-type pseudoknot of human telomerase RNA

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex that replicates the 3' ends of linear chromosomes by successive additions of telomere repeat DNA. The telomerase holoenzyme contains two essential components for catalysis, a telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and telomerase RNA (TER). The TER includes a template for telomere repeat synthesis as well as other domains required for function. We report the solution structure of the wild-type minimal conserved human TER pseudoknot refined with an extensive set of RDCs, and a detailed analysis of the effect of the bulge U177 on pseudoknot structure, dynamics analyzed by RDC and 13C relaxation measurements, and base pair stability. The overall structure of PKWT is highly similar to the previously reported DeltaU177 pseudoknot (PKDU) that has a deletion of a conserved bulge U important for catalytic activity. For direct comparison to PKWT, the structure of PKDU was re-refined with a comparable set of RDCs. Both pseudoknots contain a catalytically essential triple helix at the junction of the two stems, including two stem 1-loop 2 minor groove triples, a junction loop 1-loop 2 Hoogsteen base pair, and stem 2-loop 1 major groove U.A-U Watson-Crick-Hoogsteen triples located directly above the bulge U177. However, there are significant differences in the stabilities of base pairs near the bulge and the dynamics of some nucleotides. The stability of the base pairs in stem 2 surrounding the bulge U177 is greatly decreased, with the result that the Watson-Crick pairs in the triple helix begin to unfold before the Hoogsteen pairs, which may affect telomerase assembly and activity. The bulge U is positioned in the minor groove on the face opposite the triple helical interactions, and sterically blocks the A176 2'OH, which has recently been proposed to have a role in catalysis. The bulge U may serve as a hinge providing backbone flexibility in this region.
The plant cytoskeleton-cell-wall continuum

Abstract Two of the most challenging mysteries of morphogenesis are how cells receive positional information from neighbouring cells and how receipt of this information triggers events that initiate cell differentiation. The concept that the cytoskeleton and exocellular matrix' (ECM) ★ ★Plant biologists strenuously argue whether the cell wall is an integral part of the cell and, hence whether the term ‘extra' cellular matrix 1 is appropriate. Considering that the cytoskeleton-ECM is a continuum vital to cell development 2 , the term extracellular matrix is perhaps an unfortunate one for animal cells, too. In this article, we refer to the plant cell wall or outer cell matrix as an ‘exo' cellular matrix rather than an ‘extra' cellular matrix. Replacement of the term extracellular matrix with exocellular matrix has specific advantages for plant scientists in those instances when homologies between the animal ECM and the plant cell wall are to be compared. Whereas the Latin ‘extra' specifically means outside or beyond and, hence, not a part of, the Greek ‘exo' simply means outer or external. The term exocellular matrix permits sufficient ambiguity as to whether the matrix is outside of the cell, but not a part of it, or just the outer part of the cell. The ambiguity of ‘exo' will still permit the semantic arguments to rage, but this structure, common to all cells, is unambiguously described to the satisfaction of both botanists and zoologists. The slight change in name does not alter the accepted ‘ECM' abbreviation. form an interactive scaffold for perception and transduction of positional information is relatively new. Research is beginning to indicate that a continuous cytoskeleton-ECM scaffold may be a feature of all eukaryotic cells and that many of the molecules participating in this structure may be shared by plants, fungi and animals.
Progressive suppression of spin relaxation in two-dimensional channels of finite width

We have investigated spatiotemporal kinetics of electron spin polarization in a semiconductor narrow two-dimensional (2D) strip and explored the ability to manipulate spin relaxation. Information about the conduction electron spin and mechanisms of spin rotation is incorporated into a Monte Carlo transport simulation program. A model problem, involving linear-in-$k$ splitting of the conduction band responsible for the D'yakonov-Perel' mechanism of spin relaxation in the zinc-blende semiconductors and heterostructures, is solved numerically to yield the decay of spin polarization of an electron ensemble in the 2D channel of finite width. For very wide channels, a conventional 2D value of spin relaxation is obtained. With decreasing channel width, the relaxation time increases rapidly by orders of magnitude. Surprisingly, the crossover point between 2D and quasi-1D behavior is found to be at tens of electron mean-free paths. Thus, classically wide channels can effectively suppress electron spin relaxation.
Surgical Pathology of Endobronchial Tuberculosis

1) A study of the bronchi of 60 lungs or lobes which were surgically resected for pulmonary tuberculosis showed tuberculosis of the larger bronchi in 31 of the cases. 2) Endobronchial tuberculosis is a condition secondary to parenchymal tuberculosis of the lung. 3) This parenchymal focus is of variable size and duration and is not necessarily a cavity. 4) Whenever parenchymal tuberculosis exists there is the potentiality of infection of the entire bronchial system leading from this area. 5) Different portions of the same bronchial system may be affected with varying severity. 6) Endobronchial tuberculosis may be present without epithelial ulceration. 7) The lymphatics of the bronchial wall play an important role in the infection of the bronchi and in the spread of the disease. 8) Tuberculosis of the hilar lymph nodes is a common finding when endobronchial tuberculosis is present but is of minor degree.
Pyelonephritis during pregnancy: A cause for an acquired deficiency of protein Z

Objective. Pyelonephritis has a more severe course during pregnancy than in the non-pregnant state. This has been attributed to the increased susceptibility of pregnant women to microbial products. An acquired protein Z deficiency has been reported when there is excessive thrombin activity. The aim of this study was to determine whether pyelonephritis during pregnancy is associated with changes in maternal plasma protein Z concentrations.Study design. A cross-sectional study was conducted to compare plasma protein Z concentrations between normal pregnant women (N = 71) and pregnant women with pyelonephritis (N = 42). Protein Z concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Parametric and non-parametric statistics were used for analysis.Results. Patients with pyelonephritis had a significantly lower median plasma concentration of protein Z than did patients with normal pregnancies (median 2.14 μg/mL (0.4–3.4) vs. median 2.36 μg/mL (1.09–3.36); p = 0.03). There was no difference in the m...
Sunscreens: a review of the skin cancer protection value and educational opportunities.

The scope and magnitude of increases in skin cancer incidence in the U.S. are described, as well as the associative factor of ultraviolet radiation exposure. The protection offered by routine application of sunscreen preparations is discussed as an essential part of a preventive regimen. Recommendations are presented for educational strategies that can be implemented in community and school settings. Presently-available educational resources, as well as those in the developmental stages, also are identified.
Platelet aggregation in patients with severe atherosclerosis.

Abstract Patients with mild and severe atherosclerosis had platelet function evaluated by determining in vitro platelet aggregation. Patients with severe, diffuse atherosclerosis had significantly greater platelet aggregation than patients with mild disease or than controls. Patients who sustained spontaneous occlusion of their vascular reconstruction had the highest platelet aggregation.
Ge adsorption on the Si(111) surface

Abstract Total energy calculations, performed for one monolayer of Ge adsorbed on Si(111), indicate that 1 × 1 models such as the atop site and hollow site adsorption geometries are unstable with respect to the formation of 2 × 1 Seiwatz chains of Ge adatoms. This result indicates that, for one monolayer coverage, Ge-Ge bonds are likely to form.
W(R)i(t/d)ing on the Border: Reading Our Borderscape

(1999). W(R)i(t/d)ing on the Border: Reading Our Borderscape. Theory & Research in Social Education: Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 248-272.
Interfacial effects on vitrification of confined glass-forming liquids

Mesoporous silica phases, with uniform pores of dimensions in the 2-30 nm range, offer a uniquely well-defined environment for the study of the effects of two-dimensional spatial confinement on the properties of glass-forming liquids. We report observations by differential scanning calorimetry of the vitrification of o-terphenyl (OTP), salol, and glycerol in hexagonal mesoporous silica (MCM-41 and SBA-15) in a wide range of pore sizes from 2.6 to 26.4 nm. In agreement with previous studies, where a controlled porous glass is used as a solid matrix, the glass transition temperature for o-terphenyl diminishes with decreasing pore size. In contrast to OTP, glycerol shows a gradual increase in glass transition temperature, while in salol a slight reduction of glass transition temperature is observed, followed by an increase, which results in glass transition temperature indistinguishable from that of the bulk for the smallest pores. These results are discussed in terms of liquid-surface interactions in an interfacial layer, monitored by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy in the study. The hydrogen bonding with silica surface silanols dominates the glass transition trends observed in salol and glycerol.
Local Ocular Hypotensive Effect of Topically Applied Acetazolamide

Acetazolamide's usefulness in the treatment of the glaucomas is limited by the systemic side effects that often accompany its oral administration, and topical administration was initially thought to have no effect upon the intraocular pressures of human and rabbit eyes. Recent studies, however, have shown the usefulness of water-loading tests for screening drugs with potential antiglaucomatous activity. We found evidence that topical acetazolamide has the ability to lessen the increase in intraocular pressure after water-loading in pigmented rabbits and correlated this observation with low levels (0.0 to 0.7 μg/ml) of plasma acetazolamide. Further, a separate study showed that 10% topical acetazolamide can enhance the ocular hypotensive effects of systemically administered acetazolamide in normal pigmented rabbits, suggesting that topically applied acetazolamide can have a local effect on intraocular pressure.
Rôle of volume and amino acid concentration in the feeding of Oncopeltus fasciatus on a liquid and a solid diet

Abstract The injection of 1 or 4 μl of distilled water into the haemocoel of the milkweed bug and subsequent uptake of amino acid solutions by the bugs indicated that the larger injected volume decreased uptake of a liquid diet. Injection of histidine and alpha aminoisobutyric acid caused a decrease in the amount of 0·1 M amino acid subsequently imbibed by the bug. Glycine and alanine had little or no effect on feeding. Glutamine had a stimulatory effect because high concentrations injected into the haemocoel increased subsequent uptake of 0·1 M glutamine. The larger volume of distilled water injected or imbibed also decreased feeding on a solid diet of milkweed seeds. The various concentrations of amino acids had different effects on subsequent feeding on the solid diet and no inclusive statement can be made regarding these effects; however, it is clear that amino acids in the haemocoel do effect subsequent feeding on a solid diet and that the regulation of feeding may be somewhat different on a solid and a liquid diet.
THE IMPACT OF THE U-VISA ON STOPPING VIOLENCE AGAINST IMMIGRANT WOMEN IN THE USA

Background The Violence Against Women Act created the U-visa to strengthen the ability of law enforcement to prosecute cases of domestic violence and other violent crimes committed against immigrants who are abused by a boyfriend or person who is not a spouse or who is not a US citizens or permanent resident. Objective Understand the development of the relationship and the history and patterns of abuse. Methods Qualitative analysis of 48 U-Visa affidavits. The affidavit, one element of the evidence for U-Visa applications is the chronological story told in the immigrants9 own words of her relationship with the perpetrator and the abuse. Results Most applicants met and partnered with perpetrator in native country. Relationships often started out with perpetrator being ‘kind and sweet’ but emotional abuse, in the form of threats to report applicant to immigration or keep custody of children and withholding of finances along with severe physical and sexual abuse occurred within a year of moving to USA. Contact with the police was usually initiated by the victim. Barriers to contacting police included fear of deportation, dependency on abuser, and loss of children. Shelters and victim advocates were the main source of help for women. Significance While the U-visa gives the immigrant applicant the possibility of lawful permanent residence, to qualify, the immigrant must overcome fears of deportation and cooperate with the police. The affidavit provides a picture of how the abuse started and offers ideas for prevention and intervention.
PYROELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF EPITAXIAL (001) BARIUM STRONTIUM TITANATE AS A FUNCTION OF SPACE CHARGE DENSITY

ABSTRACT A non-linear thermodynamic model was developed to investigate the effect of charge compensation on polarization and pyroelectric properties of graded monodomain ferroelectric multilayers. To represent charge compensation at the interfaces, a dimensionless parameter, “coupling strength,” was introduced. Heterostructures in which interfaces are perfectly insulating so that coupling strength is maximized behave as if they are a single ferroelectric material. Upon introduction of localized space charges to the interfaces, the coupling strength is decreased and ferroelectric layers behave independently of each other. Also, there exists an optimum value of the coupling strength at which average polarization of the heterostructure is maximized.
Improving Word Segmentation by Simultaneously Learning Phonotactics

The most accurate unsupervised word segmentation systems that are currently available (Brent, 1999; Venkataraman, 2001; Goldwater, 2007) use a simple unigram model of phonotactics. While this simplifies some of the calculations, it overlooks cues that infant language acquisition researchers have shown to be useful for segmentation (Mattys et al., 1999; Mattys and Jusczyk, 2001). Here we explore the utility of using bigram and trigram phono-tactic models by enhancing Brent's (1999) MBDP-1 algorithm. The results show the improved MBDP-Phon model outperforms other unsupervised word segmentation systems (e.g., Brent, 1999; Venkataraman, 2001; Goldwater, 2007).
A comparison of hydrochlorothiazide and chlorothiazide in the treatment of hypertension

Abstract A comparison of hydrochlorothiazide and chlorothiazide in the treatment of hypertension has been attempted in seventy-two patients. In sixty patients with essential hypertension, who were receiving chlorothiazide as well as various antihypertensive agents, hydrochlorothiazide was substituted for chlorothiazide. The remaining program was unchanged. Twenty-seven of the sixty subjects showed reductions in blood pressure of 10 per cent or more of the former levels. This enhanced effect was most apparent among those receiving ganglionic blocking agents or large amounts of hydralazine. Twelve ambulatory subjects with untreated hypertension were given only hydrochlorothiazide for an average period of ten weeks. There was a significant response in eight patients after two weeks but at the end of ten weeks only three patients could be maintained at the lowered levels. The effectiveness of hydrochlorothiazide is believed related to its superior ability to quantitatively increase the excretion of salt.
Soil Type and Moisture Level Influence on Alamo Switchgrass Emergence and Seedling Growth

Attempts to establish lowland types ofswitchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) in the Lower South have frequently been unsuccessful. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the influence of soil texture and moisture on 'Alamo' switchgrass emergence and seedling growth. Soils used were a very fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, silt loam, and clay that were watered every 3 to 4, 7, 10 to 11, or 14 d. Emergence was recorded daily for the first 28 d and seedlings were harvested at 6 wk to determine survival and seedling traits. The study was initiated on 30 March 2001 and repeated on 29 May and 24 July. Run date caused significant (P ≤ 0.001) interactions for all measurements with soil series and watering interval because of increasing greenhouse temperatures with each succeeding run. Watering interval affected emergence only at the 24 July run with emergence decreasing as watering interval increased. However, watering interval of at least 7 d was necessary for greater than 90% seedling survival in all soils. Only the clay soil consistently had good seedling survival (≥94%) at all watering intervals. Shoot stage and weight and root stage and weight decreased as watering interval increased. These seedling traits were usually higher in the loamy fine sand and very fine sandy loam if watered at least every 10 d. The trend for root/ shoot ratios was to increase as moisture became limiting because shoot weight decreased faster than root weight. Rainfall occurring at greater than 10 d intervals is one of the factors for unreliable switchgrass establishment on sandy soils in the Lower South.
Verrucous tuberculosis of the anal canal: report of a case.

A case of verrucous tuberculosis of the anal canal is reported. The pathogenesis, clinical features and management of the condition are discussed.
Genuine Economic Returns to Infrastructure Investment

It has been recognized that the public infrastructure--streets and highways, mass transit, water and sewer systems, and the like--should be considered as a factor of production, along with labor and private capital, in the private sector production process. It has also been recognized that public infrastructure spending, as a share of total output, reached a peak in the latter half of the 1960s. The results of some of the empirical studies (e.g., Aschauer [1989a], and Munnell [1990a] indicate that this reduction in the pace of public capital accumulation explains a very substantial portion of the productivity slowdown. These empirical studies, linking movements in private-sector productivity to trends in public capital investment, raise a number of questions which demand further discussion. At least four questions are pertinent here: (1) Is the strong correlation between public capital and productivity reflective of a true causal role for public investment spending? (2) Is the estimated magnitude of effect too large to be plausible? (3) Is the public capital stock merely acting as a proxy for other omitted variables such as population shares, exchange rates, or oil prices? (4) Is the public capital stock currently too low?
Interplanetary Magnetic Field Control of the Entry of Solar Energetic Particles into the Magnetosphere

We have investigated the entry of energetic ions of solar origin into the magnetosphere as a function of the interplanetary magnetic field orientation. We have modeled this entry by following high energy particles (protons and 3 He ions) ranging from 0.1 to 50 MeV in electric and magnetic fields from a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model of the magnetosphere and its interaction with the solar wind. For the most part these particles entered the magnetosphere on or near open field lines except for some above 10 MeV that could enter directly by crossing field lines due to their large gyroradii. The MHD simulation was driven by a series of idealized solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions. It was found that the flux of particles in the magnetosphere and transport into the inner magnetosphere varied widely according to the IMF orientation for a constant upstream particle source, with the most efficient entry occurring under southward IMF conditions. The flux inside the magnetosphere could approach that in the solar wind implying that SEPs can contribute significantly to the magnetospheric energetic particle population during typical SEP events depending on the state of the magnetosphere.
Perforant path stimulation in rats produces seizures, loss of hippocampal neurons, and a deficit in spatial mapping which are reduced by prior MK-801

Severe temporal lobe epilepsy in humans is often associated with loss of neurons in the hippocampus and memory deficits. In Experiment 1, 60 min of continuous electrical stimulation of the perforant path sufficient to produce seizures resembling status epilepticus and loss of hilar and pyramidal cells in the hippocampus, produced a deficit in spatial mapping in the Morris water tank. In particular, the previously stimulated rats took longer and swam farther to find a hidden, but not a visually cued, platform, and, in contrast to the unstimulated control rats, were not disrupted by movement of the platform to a new location. In Experiment 2, a single injection of the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801 (1.0 mg/kg), just prior to the perforant path stimulation reduced the seizures, hippocampal neuronal loss, and deficit in spatial mapping. These data suggest that temporal lobe seizures can induce deficits in spatial memory by selectively destroying neurons within the hippocampus, and that the mechanism by which this occurs involves the activation of NMDA receptors, and, perhaps, consequent excitotoxicity.
Cerebrospinal profiling of proteins, lipids, small molecules, and elements: application to the study of migraine pathophysiology.

Background and objectives.-The fundamental reason that the migraine phenotype is experienced by sufferers and not by the more fortunate populace is not known. We believe a common biochemical pathway is involved, and are attempting to reveal this by using an objective and broad survey of molecular composition, rather than the conventional hypothesis-driven approaches that are narrowly focused and subjective. Methods.-This article discusses the application of CSF bioanalysis in a clinical sample and summarizes preliminary findings, which are described more fully in papers currently in press. Results.-In migraineurs during a migraine attack, compared with a migraine-free period, changes have been documented in the concentrations of specific proteins, lipids, small molecules, and elements in the CSF. The degree to which these changes are specific to migraine remains to be determined. Conclusions.-As the CSF profiles for proteins, lipids, small molecules, and elements become better delineated in both healthy individuals and in disease states such as migraine, measurement of changes in CSF composition will provide the potential for improving diagnosis, correlating molecular events with symptoms, developing new therapeutic strategies, and enhancing the ability to monitor the results of therapy.
Sequential etching of GaAs

Abstract We have etched (100)-oriented GaAs, first with the AB etch, and then with the NaOH-KOH eutectic. Using this sequential etching procedure it is often possible to correlate etch features obtained with the two etches and to reveal, for example, the direction of branching dislocations. The sequential etching process provides more information about the defect structure of GaAs than can be obtained from either etch used separately.
Teacher Education and the Need for Public Intellectuals.

In this article, Cochran-Smith argues that now more than ever, teacher education needs public intellectuals to challenge prevailing views and expose its governing myths. The author makes this argument by describing two issues that are in great need of public critique: (1) the myth that teacher education is a public policy problem that can be resolved through rationality and science, and (2) the myth that teaching and teacher education for social justice is a feel-good approach to schooling that focuses primarily on being nice to children. The article describes each of these issues in some detail, analyzing the underlying assumptions and problems to illustrate the need for people to speak out about teacher education.
Volatile anesthetics directly activate baseline S K+ channels in aplysia neurons.

The actions of halothane on serotonin-sensitive potassium channels (S K+ channels) were studied in sensory neurons of Aplysia. The normalized open probability of S K+ channels was increased by clinical concentrations of halothane in cell-attached and excised patches from neurons of the pleural ventrocaudal cluster. No voltage-dependence of channel activation by halothane was observed. Pre-treatment of neurons with 8-bromo-cAMP (8-Br-cAMP) or nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) had no effect on the relative level of channel activation by halothane. S K+ channels that were activated by arachidonic acid could also be activated by halothane and exhibited closely similar amplitude distributions of open channel current. Results from these experiments showed that S K+ channel activation by halothane did not depend on second messenger modulation of channel activity. We conclude that it is likely that halothane directly activates S K+ channels.
THE CONFORMATION OF STERICALLY CONGESTED EIGHT-MEMBERED RINGS CONTAINING GERMANIUM: FIRST X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BOAT CONFORMATION

Recently, a significant amount of research has focused on the synthesis, conformational analysis, and elucidation of transannular intramolecular bonding in certain heterosubstituted medium-sized ri...
A minimum data set and empirical model for population health status assessment

Abstract Background: The need to assess the health status of American communities in a comprehensive and systematic manner has been widely acknowledged. This study attempts to empirically derive a minimum core data set of indicators, in order to produce a uniform parsimonious model for population health status monitoring. Methods: Five years of secondary data (1992–1996) for 113 indicators of community health for each of Florida’s 67 counties were organized into 11 conceptual groups. Principal component analysis with orthogonal rotation was conducted separately on each group of indicators for each year. The component scores were converted to standard scores to further study the relationships among the conceptual groups measuring community health. A causal model was hypothesized and tested using ordinary least-squares path analysis. Results: Nineteen principal components composed of 78 indicators were identified. The model demonstrated a large difference in the ability to explain variance in adult mortality (56%) compared with variance associated with adverse birth outcomes (13%). Both demographic and socioenvironmental factors have a direct effect on adult mortality. Socioeconomic factors, on the other hand, influence adult mortality indirectly through adequacy of primary care and other available resources. Conclusions: Minimum core data sets of indicators drawn from extant databases can be used to uniformly describe and explain variation in adult mortality. This research suggests caution in regard to the creation of integrated indices that combine mortality, morbidity, and other concepts such as quality of life into a single measure of community health. Further validation research employing a national sample of counties is recommended.
Testing the number of components in a normal mixture

We demonstrate that, under a theorem proposed by Vuong, the likelihood ratio statistic based on the Kullback-Leibler information criterion of the null hypothesis that a random sample is drawn from a k 0 -component normal mixture distribution against the alternative hypothesis that the sample is drawn from a k 1 -component normal mixture distribution is asymptotically distributed as a weighted sum of independent chi-squared random variables with one degree of freedom, under general regularity conditions. We report simulation studies of two cases where we are testing a single normal versus a two-component normal mixture and a two-component normal mixture versus a three-component normal mixture. An empirical adjustment to the likelihood ratio statistic is proposed that appears to improve the rate of convergence to the limiting distribution.
DISTANCE METHODS: A REPLY TO FARRIS

— Farris (1985) claimed that my assertions about unbiasedness and consistency of estimates of a phylogeny obtained by least squares fitting are in error. The counterexample he constructed violates the assumptions of additivity and independence of distances which were clearly stated in my earlier paper. As such it is not a valid counterexample. It is argued, contrary to Farris's claims, that one need not avoid nonmetric distances, and that one should avoid negative branch lengths in estimates of phylogenies from distance data. Statistical tests of clockness, and, to a limited extent, of alternative phylogenies can be constructed, and these are demonstrated by example. A computer program to infer phylogenies from distance matrices has been in free distribution by me for several years; it seems as effective as the program recently announced by Farris. Information on phylogenies is present in distance data, as in other kinds of data, and statistical methods can be developed to extract it.
Analysis of Clinical and Dosimetric Factors Associated With Change in Renal Function in Patients With Gastrointestinal Malignancies After Chemoradiation to the Abdomen

Purpose To analyze clinical and dosimetric factors associated with change in renal function in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies after chemoradiation to the abdomen. Methods and Materials A retrospective review of 164 patients with gastrointestinal malignancies treated between 2002 and 2007 was conducted to evaluate change in renal function after concurrent chemotherapy and three-dimensional conformal abdominal radiotherapy (RT). Laboratory and biochemical endpoints were determined before RT and after RT at 6-month intervals. Factors assessed included smoking, diabetes, hypertension, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, creatinine clearance (CrCl), chemotherapy, and dose–volume parameters. Renal toxicity was assessed by decrease in CrCl and scored using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer late radiation morbidity scoring schema. Results Of 164 patients, 63 had clinical and dosimetric data available. Median follow-up was 17.5 months. Creatinine clearance declined from 98.46 mL/min before RT to 74.20 mL/min one year after chemoradiation ( p 10 ), and mean kidney dose were significantly associated with development of Grade ≥2 renal complications at 1 year after chemoradiation ( p = 0.0025, 0.0170, and 0.0095, respectively). Conclusions We observed correlation between pre-RT CrCl, V 10 , and mean kidney dose and decline in CrCl 1 year after chemoradiation. These observations can assist in treatment planning and renal dose constraints in patients receiving chemotherapy and abdominal RT and may help identify patients at increased risk for renal complications.
“What kind of war?”: An analysis of the Vietnam veterans memorial

Using examples from publicized speeches, newspaper reports and war poems, this essay identifies the mediated struggle now generating the meaning and memory of the Vietnam War. The essay analyzes the Vietnam Veterans Memorial as a demonstration of five phases in a process of “sight sacralization:” naming, framing, enshrinement, mechanical reproduction and social reproduction. It argues that the Memorial's ambiguity makes it peculiarly susceptible to administrative power's attempt to use it in a mediated reconstruction of the Vietnam experience, a revision of memory which requires Vietnam combat veterans to “strategically forget” if the Memorial is to function therapeutically. The essay interprets the Memorial as a potential suicide site of choice for disturbed veterans and links this tragic potential to administrative power's version of Vietnam's meaning. It identifies rituals now constituting the Memorial's cult of remembrance.
Bulimia in children and adolescents

Although there have been many recent advances in research, much work remains to be done in the area of child and adolescent eating disorders. More data are needed regarding the normal development of eating behavior, resilience and risk factors for eating pathology, and treatment studies in children and adolescents. The best studied areas include epidemiology, short-term treatment for bulimia nervosa (BN), and outcome in anorexia nervosa. A case report of the single blind use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in a patient with BN has been reported, but its safe use in children and adolescents remains to be established.
Decreased intercellular communication and connexin expression in mouse aortic endothelium during lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation.

The role of gap junctional intercellular communication during inflammatory processes is not well understood. In particular, changes in the expression and function of vascular endothelial connexins (ga
Assembly of an antiparallel homo-adenine DNA duplex by small-molecule binding

Molecules that reversibly bind DNA and trigger the formation of non-Watson−Crick secondary structures would be useful in the design of dynamic DNA nanostructures and as potential leads for new therapeutic agents. We demonstrate that coralyne, a small crescent-shaped molecule, promotes the formation of a duplex secondary structure from homo-adenine oligonucleotides. AFM studies reveal that the staggered alignment of homo-adenine oligonucleotides upon coralyne binding produces polymers of micrometers in length, but only 2 nm in height. A DNA duplex was also studied that contained eight A·A mismatches between two flanking 7-bp Watson−Crick helices. CD spectra confirm that the multiple A·A mismatches of this duplex bind coralyne in manner similar to that of homo-adenine oligonucleotides. Furthermore, the melting temperature of this hybrid duplex increases by 13 °C upon coralyne binding. These observations illustrate that the helical structure of the homo-adenine−coralyne duplex is compatible with the B-form D...
Costs of a medical education: comparison with graduate education in law and business.

Introduction The costs of graduate school education are climbing, particularly within the fields of medicine, law, and business. Methods Data on graduate level tuition, educational debt, and starting salaries for medical school, law school, and business school graduates were collected directly from universities and from a wide range of published reports and surveys. Results Medical school tuition and educational debt levels have risen faster than the rate of inflation over the past decade. Medical school graduates have longer training periods and lower starting salaries than law school and business school graduates, although physician salaries rise after completion of post-graduate education. Conclusions Faced with an early debt burden and delayed entry into the work force, careful planning is required for medical school graduates to pay off their loans and save for retirement.
A correlation attack against user mobility privacy in a large-scale WLAN network

User association logs collected from real-world wireless LANs have facilitated wireless network research greatly. To protect user privacy, the common practice in sanitizing these data before releasing them to the public is to anonymize users' sensitive information such as the MAC addresses of their devices and their exact association locations. In this work,we demonstrate that these sanitization measures are insufficient in protecting user privacy from a novel type of correlation attack that is based on CRF (Conditional Random Field). In such a correlation attack, the adversary observes the victim's AP (Access Point) association activities for a short period of time and then infers her corresponding identity in a released user association dataset. Using a user association log that contains more than three thousand users and millions of AP association records, we demonstrate that the CRF-based technique is able to pinpoint the victim's identity exactly with a probability as high as 70%.
Role of Inotropic Agents in the Treatment of Heart Failure

Systolic heart failure (HF) is a systemic disease caused by reduced cardiac contractility. Though it would seem logical that this disease could be treated by employing strategies to directly improve contractility, inotropic therapies in the HF population have universally failed to live up to their expectations. Paradoxically, favorable outcomes can be achieved by administering drugs that acutely reduce contractility and block neurohormonal stimulation. The proven success of this latter approach, especially in combination with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization therapy (ICD-CRT), has drawn our attention away from addressing the root cause of the problem: reduced contractility. In this clinician update, we will discuss current options for inotropic therapy in HF, when it might be appropriate to employ inotropes in HF patients, and what steps can be taken to mitigate their risks while maximizing benefit.
A rapid assay for 5-amino-4-imidazelecar☐amide ribotide transformylase

Abstract A rapid spectrophotometric assay for 5-amino-4-imidazolecar☐amide ribotide transformylase has been devised. The assay consists of monitoring the tetrahydrofolate generated during the enzyme-catalyzed reaction which results in an increase in absorbance at 298 nm. The formation of tetrahydrofolate shows an absolute depedence on 5-amino-4-imidazolecar☐amide ribotide, 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, and the enzyme.
Cell cycles in the male accessory glands of mealworm pupae

During the pupal stage of Tenebrio molitor, the accessory reproductive glands of males grow by cell division. Within the secretory epithelium of the bean-shaped accessory glands (BAGs), cell numbers triple. In the tubular accessory glands (TAGs), the increase is 14-fold. There are two mitotic maxima in each gland. The first maximum occurs at 1-2 days while the second is at 4-5 days. The second maximum coincides with the major ecdysteroid peak described by Delbecque et al. [Dev. Biol. 64, 11-30 (1978)]. Nuclei were isolated from TAGs during the pupal mitotic bouts and during mitotic inactivity in the adult. After Feulgen or propidium iodide staining, the DNA content of these nuclear populations was measured by absorption cytophotometry or by fluorescence flow cytometry, respectively. The proportion of cells in each phase of the cycle was calculated using an iterative model. After mitoses have ended in the late pupa, the cells were arrested in G2. [3H]Thymidine was injected into 1- and 4-day pupae to pulse-label cells of the TAGs. After allowing various periods from 4 to 60 hr for cells to progress through G2 to reach mitosis, fractions of labelled mitoses were determined by autoradiography. From the combined cytometric and autoradiographic data, the duration of each phase of the cell cycle was calculated assuming the population was in exponential growth. Cell cycles in 4-day pupal TAGs take 48 hr. G1, S, G2, and, M lasted 13, 14, 17, and 4 hr, respectively.
An analysis of Koch's (1966) Primary Mental Abilities Test data for 5- to 7-year-old twins

The purpose of this note is to present twin correlations based on analyses of Koch's (1966) Primary Mental Abilities Test data on 83 pairs of 5- to 7-year-old twins. The results yielded significant heritability for the Spatial subtest and suggested genetic influence on the Verbal and Quantitative subtests as well. An analysis of the phenotypic correlation between the Verbal and Spatial subtests suggested that verbal and spatial abilities are genetically independent at this age and that the relationship between the two abilities is mediated primarily by within-family environmental factors.
Estimating life-form cover fractions in California sage scrub communities using multispectral remote sensing

Abstract The California sage scrub (CSS) community type in California's Mediterranean-type ecosystems is known for its high biodiversity and is home to a large number of rare, threatened, and endangered species. Because of extensive urban development in the past fifty years, this ecologically significant community type is highly degraded and fragmented. To conserve endangered CSS communities, monitoring internal conditions of communities is as crucial as monitoring distributions of the community type in the region. Vegetation type mapping and field sampling of individual plants provide ecologically meaningful information about CSS communities such as spatial distribution and species compositions, respectively. However, both approaches only provide spatially comprehensive information but no information about internal conditions or vice versa. Therefore, there is a need for monitoring variables which fill the information gap between vegetation type maps and field-based data. A number of field-based studies indicate that life-form fractional cover is an effective indicator of CSS community health and habitat quality for CSS-obligated species. This study investigates the effectiveness of remote sensing approaches for estimating fractional cover of true shrub, subshrub, herb, and bare ground in CSS communities of southern California. Combinations of four types of multispectral imagery ranging from 0.15 m resolution scanned color infrared aerial photography to 10 m resolution SPOT 5 multispectral imagery and three image processing models – per-pixel, object-based, and spectral mixture models – were tested. An object-based image analysis (OBIA) routine consistently yielded higher accuracy than other image processing methods for estimating all cover types. Life-form cover was reliably predicted, with error magnitudes as low as 2%. Subshrub and herb cover types required finer spatial resolution imagery for more accurate predictions than true shrub and bare ground types. Positioning of sampling grids had a substantial impact on the reliability of accuracy assessment, particularly for cover estimates predicted using multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) applied to SPOT imagery. Of the approaches tested in this study, OBIA using pansharpened QuickBird imagery is one of the most promising approaches because of its high accuracy and processing efficiency and should be tested for more heterogeneous CSS landscapes. MESMA applied to SPOT imagery should also be examined for effectiveness in estimating factional cover over more extensive habitat areas because of its low data cost and potential for conducting retrospective studies of vegetation community conditions.
The Effect of Hydrogel Phase on Stress Relaxation Properties of a Novel Hydrogel Fibrous Composite Scaffold for Ligament Tissue Engineering

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is necessary for normal knee stability and movement. The ACL supports the knee and limits anterior translation of the femur beyond the tibia, which could cause a dislocation and fracture of bones in the knee. Unfortunately the ACL is also the most frequently injured ligament of the knee with severe disruptions requiring surgical intervention. One surgical option is replacement of the ligament with autografts, allografts, or artificial replacements. Unfortunately, all of these options have drawbacks.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Urban-Rural Solar Radiation and Atmospheric Turbidity Measurements in the Los Angeles Basin

Abstract As part of the Los Angeles Reactive Pollutant Project (September–November 1973) continuous measurements were made of incident ultraviolet and total solar irradiance at six sites (five urban and one nonurban) over the Basin. Turbidity and nephelometer measurements were made periodically at two sites. Incident irradiance during cloudless conditions was significantly depleted by the smoggy urban atmosphere. The largest daily measured differences of UV energy between the nonurban and urban sites was about 50%; greater differences were measured for shorter periods. Variations between urban sites of up to 40% for short periods were noted. Less energy was attenuated by the urban atmosphere on weekends than weekdays. For the complete 68-day experiment, the average absolute effect of the urban atmosphere was to reduce ultraviolet irradiance from 11–20% and total irradiance from 6–8% over the Basin. Atmospheric turbidity decreased from September through October as meteorological conditions changed. The Aug...
Pathways Out of Poverty

This essay reviews three books that explore the feasibility of different avenues out of poverty. These include working one's way out of poverty through the low-wage labor market, the role of microenterprise programs in assisting individuals into economic prosperity, and the effectiveness of governmental social welfare and employment policies aimed at inequality and poverty reduction. The findings from these books provide strong support for the importance of strategies that address the structural rather than individual dynamics of poverty.