cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nearly periodic behavior in the overloaded $G/D/s+GI$ queue

Under general conditions, the number of customers in a GI/D/s + GI many-server queue at time t converges to a unique stationary distribution as t → ∞. However, simulations show that the sample paths routinely exhibit nearly periodic behavior over long time intervals when the system is overloaded and s is large, provided that the system does not start in steady state. Moreover, the precise periodic behavior observed depends critically on the initial conditions. We provide insight into the transient behavior by studying the deterministic fluid model, which arises as the many-server heavy-traffic limit. The limiting fluid model also has a unique stationary point, but that stationary point is not approached from any other initial state as t → ∞. Instead, the fluid model performance approaches one of its uncountably many periodic steady states, depending on the initial conditions. Simulation experiments confirm that the time-dependent performance of the stochastic queueing model is well approximated by the flu...
Ethnicity, gender, and the Level of Service Inventory-Revised

Abstract Offender assessment and classification is becoming an increasingly important part of correctional supervision and intervention. Over the last several decades, several different methods and “generations” of offender classification have emerged. Of most value appear to be third-generation, actuarial, dynamic risk/need assessments. With any new correctional strategy, however, there is a need to investigate the use of these risk/need assessments on offender subgroups in order to inform issues, such as reliability and prevalence of criminogenic risk factors. The present study utilized data that were gathered using the Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R). Results and comparisons of these assessments were investigated and presented for Native American and non-Native American offenders as well as male and female offenders. Discussion of the results, implications, and recommendations for further research are presented.
Multifidelity Approaches for the Computational Analysis and Design of Eective Flapping Wing Vehicles

task. Several computational results are presented illustrating the versatility of the computational methods which are presented. The computational investigations explore top-down and bottom-up philosophies to enhance the understanding of flapping flight physics, force production and energetics. The results which are discussed range from simple two dimensional prescribed motions, to three-dimensional aerodynamics simulations of geometrically accurate bat flight.
Body fat distribution and insulin resistance in healthy Asian Indians and Caucasians.

Previous studies have shown that Asian Indians (AIs) are insulin resistant and at high risk for developing diabetes and coronary heart disease, compared with Caucasians. To examine whether differences in body fat distribution contribute to this risk, 12 healthy AIs and 12 Caucasians matched for age and body mass index (BMI) underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, 2-h euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, abdominal (L2–3) computed tomography scan, and fasting lipid and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels. Despite similar fasting plasma glucose levels, AIs exhibited fasting hyperinsulinemia (P = 0.001), higher glucose (P= 0.03) and insulin (P = 0.004) levels during the oral glucose tolerance test, and reduced glucose disposal rate (Rd) (4.7 ± 0.4 vs. 7.5 ± 0.3 mg/kg per min, P < 0.0001) during the clamp. AIs had significantly lower high-density lipoprotein, higher low-density lipoprotein, and significantly higher PAI-1 levels (P = 0.01). Despite similar BMI, AIs had significantly greater tot...
Measurements of lightness: dependence on the position of a white in the field of view

We used quantitative lightness matching to measure changes in achromatic lightness as a function of the separation between a bright White (1000 mL) and a nearby 3 or a 300 mL Test Field. The experiments varied size, angular subtend and separation of the White area. All variables showed some influence on the matching lightness to the Test Field. Of particular interest are substantial changes in lightness from White areas that have 7.5 degrees separation. This paper will describe the quantitative results and their implications for models of lightness.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Attributional Style in the Reformulated Learned Helplessness Model of Depression: Cognitive Processes and Measurement Implications

Since the addition of attributional style to the learned helplessness model of depression (Abramson, Seligman, & Teasdale, 1978) there has been little refinement of the construct of attributional style. The authors suggest that the effects of memory and automatic vs. effortful cognitive processing need to be included in the definition of attributional style. This refinement of the concept of attributional style has implications for its measurement in the following areas: (a) the timing of measurement of attributions in relation to outcome events, (b) the use of hypothetical, real-life, and experimental outcome events, (c) the way attributions are solicited, and (d) how attributions are scored.
Science and environmental risk: the case of perchlorate contamination in California

Abstract Ground and surface water contamination by perchlorate, a non-biodegradable chemical used in rocket fuel and military ammunition, has stimulated increasing concern in the United States. The regulatory and risk issues associated with perchlorate have been complicated by the geographical extent of its distribution, its properties as an endocrine disruptor and the uncertainty surrounding its possible risks. The risk politics behind perchlorate contamination in areas of southern California, and the changing levels of perceived and acceptable risk posed by the related risk assessment process are considered. By examining the nature of the scientific research and rationality framing in the debate, the contradictions of precaution in scientific methodologies and regulation, and the possible socio-economic consequences of technical framing, are highlighted.
Ghost of seagrasses past: Using sirenians as a proxy for historical distribution of seagrasses

Abstract Seagrasses are a notable component of shallow marine habitats, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Their fossil record extends back to the Mesozoic, but it is relatively poor and fragmentary, with large temporal and geographical gaps. As a result, very little is known about the paleobiogeography of these plants and how physical drivers, such as climatic or oceanic events, have affected their distribution. One approach is to infer the past distribution of seagrasses using fossils of organisms dependent of seagrasses with more complete records as proxies. Seagrass consumers, such as sirenians (seacows, manatees and dugongs), are much better represented in the fossil record than seagrasses are. The characteristically dense bones of sirenians together with the fact that they are usually found in marginal marine environments increases the potential for preservation and recognition of their fossils. The long evolutionary history of sirenians, extending throughout most of the last 50 Ma, together with their diet permits the use of their fossils as a proxy for inferring the paleobiogeography of seagrasses. Here I looked at the fossil record of sirenians and seagrasses from the Eocene, through the Miocene epochs. This comparison produced several inferences about seagrass paleobiogeography and how physical drivers, such as climate change, ocean currents and tectonic events, have been influential in their distribution: 1) seagrasses were well-established in the Western Atlantic–Caribbean prior to the middle Eocene, making possible at least two instances of trans-Atlantic sirenian dispersal events, either with the aid of Tethyan currents or along the nearly continuous Northern Atlantic coastline that was present in the Eocene; 2) climatic cooling during the early Oligocene seemed to have limited the extent of seagrasses and sirenians, although these groups recovered and further diversified and expanded their distributions by the late Oligocene in tandem with a climatic warming event; 3) by the Miocene, seagrasses and sirenians reached the southern Western Atlantic and the Eastern Pacific aided by the presence of the Central American Seaway, achieving a distribution similar to, and sometimes, surpassing that of today. The fossil record of sirenians can provide a broad overview of seagrass paleobiogeography through time. However, several aspects, such as when sirenians and seagrasses arrived to Australia and the seemingly late arrival of seagrasses to South America and the Eastern Pacific, still need further investigation.
Sensitivity training and self-actualization.

50 T-group volunteers who experienced a 24-hr. sensitivity training weekend were compared with a group of 55 student volunteers who had no training. Both groups responded to the Personal Orientatio...
Analysis of presynaptic inhibitory actions of various dopamine analogs on sympathetic neurotransmission in mongrel dogs

Abstract A study was designed to investigate the effects of dopamine, α-methyldopamine and epinine on sympathetic neurotransmission to the myocardium by studying the chronotropic responses to cardioaccelerator nerve stimulation in pentobarbital anesthetized, desipramine treated dogs. During infusions of either one of the three amines, responses to cardiac nerve stimulation were significantly impaired at all the frequencies. Dopamine and epinine induced attenuation of chronotropic responses to cardiac nerve stimulation were completely prevented by prior treatment with haloperidol, while phentolamine caused only partial restoration of nerve stimulation responses. On the other hand, the impairment of nerve stimulation responses caused by α-methyldopamine were completely restored to control level by phentolamine treatment, while haloperidol caused only partial restoration. Evaluation of the effects of these agents on blood pressure of pentobarbital anesthetized dogs revealed that dopamine and epinine caused a depressor response following appropriate pretreatment, part of which was mediated via the action of these agents on postsynaptic dopaminergic receptors. However, α-methyldopamine failed to lower blood pressure in these dogs. These results support the concept for the existence of two presynaptic receptor mechanisms on the sympathetic nerve terminals and demonstrate that the inhibition of responses to nerve stimulation caused by dopamine and epinine was mediated via their action on presynaptic dopaminergic receptors while α-methyldopamine produced impairment of nervous transmission by acting on presynaptic alpha adrenergic receptors. Furthermore, although presynaptic alpha adrenergic receptors do play a functional role in modulating sympathetic transmission during nerve stimulation, presynaptic dopaminergic receptors do not seem to have a physiological role in this process.
New lower bounds for energies of radial lithium

Abstract This article reports further progress using a new method for determining lower bounds to energies of atomic systems with more than two electrons. Here we give new lower bounds for the lowest points of the continuous spectrum of radial lithium.
A Gendered Perspective on the Relationship Between Self-Control and Deviance:

A consistent finding within criminology is the large sex gap in offending. Although research has examined this phenomenon extensively, the sex gap is still largely unexplained. This study proposes the sex gap in offending can be better understood through exploring the relationship between self-control and gender identity. Using data collected as part of the Tucson Youth Project, this study found gender identity was a crucial link between sex, self-control, and involvement in deviant behavior. Specifically, femininity was associated with greater self-control, and both these variables predicted deviance, even when controlling for sex. In contrast, masculinity had no effect on deviant behavior.
Speciation of methanobacterium strain ivanov as Methanobacterium ivanovii, sp. nov.

Summary A taxonomic comparison was made between Methanobacterium strain Ivanov and Methanobacterium bryantii type strain M.O.H.. Methanobacterium strain Ivanov differed significantly from M. bryantii type strain M.O.H. in cell size, temperature optima, doubling time, plating efficiency, DNA guanine plus cytosine content and nitrogen and sulfur nutrition. In addition, the two strains also displayed differential expression of total cellular protein patterns most notably at 40, 42 and 58K molecular weights. Antigenic fingerprinting data indicate a weak relationship between Methanobacterium strains Ivanov and M.O.H.. Thus, the species name of Methanobacterium ivanovii , sp. nov. is assigned.
Measuring body points on automobile drivers using multiple cameras

Methods are given for measuring 3D points on human drivers of automobiles. Points are natural body features marked by special targets placed on the body. The measurements are needed for improved comfort and accommodation in automotive seat design. The measurement methods required hardware instrumentation in the automobile and development of algorithms for off-line processing of the acquired data. This paper describes the use of multiple cameras to measure 3D locations within the driver's workspace. Results obtained show that measurement error in X, Y and Z coordinates is expected to be less than 1.0 mm on the lab bench and 2.0 mm in the car, and that combined 3D error is expected to be less than 2.0 mm and 3.0 mm, respectively.
Insulin-like and glucagon-like peptides in insect hemolymph

Abstract Haemolymph from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.), was examined for insulin-like, glucagon-like and gastrin-like peptides. Several immunoreactive components similar in size to vertebrate insulin and glucagon were separated by gel filtration of acid extracts of larval and pupal haemolymph. No gastrin-like peptide was detected. These results provide evidence that at least two of these peptide hormones are transported in haemolymph to target tissues in insects.
Control of respiration and bioenergetics during muscle contraction.

1H-NMR experiments have determined intracellular O2 consumption (Vo2) with oxymyoglobin (MbO2) desaturation kinetics in human calf muscle during plantar flexion exercise at 0.75, 0.92, and 1.17 Hz...
Schizophrenia: a neurodevelopmental or a neurodegenerative disorder

The functional decline and onset of psychosis that individuals with schizophrenia experience suggests that schizophrenia has a neurodegenerational origin. However, current research favors a neurodevelopmental model in which individuals with schizophrenia develop abnormalities during brain development. The abnormality that leads to psychosis and deterioration remains latent as the brain develops but emerges concurrently with the brain's normal development or after an outside event that leads to changes in brain function. Prenatal adversity may underlie the neurodevelopmental process and neurodegeneration of schizophrenia. Because psychosis may be a clinically identifiable marker of an underlying neuropathologic process associated with deterioration, the best way to treat the illness is to reduce the duration of untreated psychosis, aim for full remission of psychosis, and combine medication with other therapies.
Low-voltage micropower super class AB CMOS OTA

Novel class AB OTA topologies result from the combined use of local common-mode feedback and class AB input stages. They can operate at low supply voltage and feature very low static power consumption, bandwidth enhancement, and very high slew rate. Measurement results of a 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS prototype show slew rate and unity-gain bandwidth enhancement factors of 180 and 4.5, respectively, compared to a conventional one-stage OTA.
Biology and life history of Dendroctonus adjunctus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae).

Dendroctonus adjunctus Blandford ( D. convexifrons Hopkins), the roundheaded pine beetle, kills groups of pole-size ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Laws., in New Mexico and Arizona. The range of this forest pest extends from southern Utah and Colorado southward through pine forests to Guatemala. Study of a serious outbreak in southern New Mexico showed the insect to have a 1-year life cycle. The attack period lasts 8–9 weeks, peaking in mid-October. The insect overwinters in the egg and egglaying adult stages. Development resumes in late March. The larval stage occurs between April and July, pupation in August. Certain physical and biotic factors appear to play an important part in the sudden rise and fall of outbreaks.
Infanticide in the male rat: The role of the vomeronasal organ

The present study constitutes the first demonstration that vomeronasal chemoreception plays a role in the response of the virgin male rat to conspecific newborn. Specifically, it shows that virgin males, after removal of the vomeronasal organ, exhibit a decrease in the incidence of infanticidal behavior. This finding is discussed in terms of how responsiveness to young can be affected by changes in the accessory olfactory system.
Factors in Recruiting and Retaining Health Professionals for Rural Practice

Context: Rural communities, often with complex health care issues, have diffi culty creating and sustaining an adequate health professional workforce. Purpose: To identify factors associated with rural recruitment and retention of graduates from a variety of health professional programs in the southwestern United States. Methods: A survey collecting longitudinal data was mailed to graduates from 12 health professional programs in New Mexico. First rural and any rural employment since graduation were outcomes for univariate analyses. Multivariate analysis that controlled for extraneous variables explored factors important to those who took a fi rst rural position, stayed rural, or changed practice locations. Findings: Of 1,396 surveys delivered, response rate was 59%. Size of childhood town, rural practicum completion, discipline, and age at graduation were associated with rural practice choice (P < .05). Those who fi rst practiced in rural versus urban areas were more likely to view the following factors as important to their practice decision: community need, fi nancial aid, community size, return to hometown, and rural training program participation (P < .05). Those remaining rural versus moving away were more likely to consider community size and return to hometown as important (P < .05). Having enough work available, income potential, professional opportunity, and serving community health needs were important to all groups. Conclusion: Rural background and preference for smaller sized communities are associated with both recruitment and retention. Loan forgiveness and rural training programs appear to support recruitment. Retention efforts must focus on fiincentives, professional opportunity, and desirability of rural locations.
Sex pheromone in the lobster, Homarus americanus.

SEXUAL recognition and attraction in many insects have been shown to involve chemical communicants called pheromones1, and these results are widely applied in agriculture2. In contrast very little is known about (sex) pheromones in crustaceans, the only experimental verification being that of Ryan3 who observed that males of the Pacific crab, Portunus sanguinolentus, displayed towards water from premoult females. No response was obtained after the excretory pores of the females had been sealed. A few other publications on crustacean behaviour and natural history suggest such a chemical communication system. Berry4 observed in Panulirus homarus that “male lobsters show sudden attraction to particular sexually mature females” and speculated that the tegumentary glands may be involved. Hughes and Matthiessen5 stated that “it appears as if the freshly moulted female (Homarus americanus) exerts a chemical attraction on the male”. Some other indications for the existence of a sex pheromonecan be found6 without experimental evidence, however. This lack of experimental evidence, even in reports on crustacean mating behaviour7, is remarkable considering the economic importance of such Crustacea as lobsters and shrimp and the benefits for culturing these animals, if a sex pheromone were known and available.
Strategic control of visual short-term memory during scene viewing

During scene viewing, the eyes and attention are directed serially to objects of interest, and visual short-term memory (VSTM) is used retain information from recently attended objects (H lli th 2004) I th t t d i d h th l t t i ll Experiment 1: Results 100 100 Experiment 2: Results 100 Experiment 3: Results o ngwor , . n e presen s u y, we exam ne w e er peop e can s ra eg ca y control the content of VSTM during scene viewing, retaining task-relevant objects in VSTM even as attention and the eyes are directed to subsequent objects. Participants viewed a set of real-world objects presented serially within a 3-D rendered scene. One object in the sequence was cued by a tone as “to-be-remembered”. At the end of the sequence, memory for the visual form of one object was tested. Participants exhibited tight control over the content of VSTM, successfully protecting task-relevant objects from subsequent interference. Such strategic maintenance of objects in VSTM could play an important role in real-world visual behavior, especially when object information must be maintained across shifts of attention and the eyes to other objects (such as when comparing two er ce nt ag e C or re ct 70 80 90 Cue Position 2 Cue Position 3 Neutral Pe rc en ta ge C or re ct
Gauge model of parity nonconservation in neutral-current phenomena

Abstract We propose a unified weak—electromagnetic gauge model based on SU(2) × U(1) × U(1) to explain the apparent conflict between the null results of the atomic bismuth experiments and the affirmative result of the polarized electron-deuterium experiment with regard to parity nonconservation in neutral-current phenomena.
Retrofit Cathodic Protection Design for Depolarized and Partially Depolarized Structure

Abstract Experiments were performed whereby steel specimens in natural seawater were successively cathodically polarized, depolarized or partially depolarized, and then repolarized to simulate the life cycle and retrofit of a galvanic cathodic protection (CP) system on space-frame-type offshore structures. Emphasis was placed upon the current density required for repolarization because of the importance of this parameter in the design of CP retrofit systems. Relationships were established between the steady-state current density during the initial and partial depolarization periods and the current density demand for repolarization.
Elder abuse in nursing homes: Prevention and resolution strategies and barriers

Recent concern about elder abuse prompted a great deal of research on the characteristics and risk factors for abuse. Most of this research, however, centered on the abuse of older persons living in a community-based setting. Much less research examined abuse occurring in nursing homes. Using routine activities theory as a guide, this article reports on a survey of seventy-six nursing home administrators with specific attention given to the elder abuse prevention and response strategies cited by nursing home administrators. Obstacles impeding successful prevention and intervention efforts were also considered.
Experimental quantum encoder for single-photon qubits

We describe an experiment in which linear optics, post-selection and GHZ-like three-photon interference effects were used to probabilistically encode a single-photon qubit into the logical state of two photons
348 PHARMACOKINETICS (PK) AND PHARMACODYNAMICS (PD) OF CIPROFLOXACIN (CIP) IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF)

We evaluated the comparative in vitro efficacy of CIP against CF sputum Pseudcmonasisolates and its in vivo PK characteristics in CF patients compared with normals (NC). When evaluated in vitro against 104 and 107cfu/ml P.aeruginosa (PA) and P.cepacia (PC) CIP proved more potent than other antipseudomonal drugs tested. For PA MIC95 ranged fron 0.5-1μg/ml and MBC95 was 1μg/ml; for PC the MIC95 and MBC95 ranged from 16-32μg/ml. Following a single 750 mg oral dose of CIP the PK in 6 CF and 6 age-and sex-matched NC were determined. In CF and NC the following PK parameters were determined (x±SD): CF-t½, 4.5±096 hr; ClS, 556.41±107.09 ml/min/1.73m2; vdss 195.35±1.92 L/kg; Clr, 352.83±144.64 ml/min/1.732; ka,3.61±1.62 hr− NC-t½, 4.80±.97 hr; Cls, 690.86±80.16 ml/min/1.73m2; Vdss, 230.13 ± 43.38 L/kg;Clr, 349.65±162.01 ml/min/1.73m2; ka, 1.14±.61 hr−1. Only the Cl and ka were significantly different (p < 0.01) between CF and NC. Another group of 12 CF patients received 750 mg CIP orally on each of two occasions with or without prior pancreatic enzyme supplementation (PE). PE had no effect on t½Cls, Vdss, Clr, or ka. Sputum penetration of CIP was evaluated PE. The times to peak and peak CIP concentration in serum and sputum were 145 and 189 min and 4.22 and 3.00μg/ml respectively. PE had no significant effect on either parameter. The apparent sputum CIP t½ 4.34±1.44 hr was rot significantly different from the serun t½ and the ratio of the sputum: serum AUC was 0.93±.52 suggesting excellent drug penetration. Our data suggests that CIP has both favorable PD and PK characteristics in CF. The PK are unaffected by exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Thus, a clinical efficacy study in CF patients with acute pulmonary exacerbations appears warranted.
Mixed Highs in Color Television

A high-quality color television system could be made by transmitting independent red, green, and blue images of equally high quality. The bandwidth required by this method would be three times as great as that required for a black-and-white picture of equal resolution and repetition rate, regardless of whether the images are transmitted in sequence or simultaneously. Tests made on the human eye, and reported herein, indicate that the acuity for detail residing in color differences is less than half as great as the acuity for detail residing in brightness. Therefore, if the brightness values in a color television system are transmitted with fidelity up to 4 Mc, it is adequate to transmit the individual color values up to only 2 Mc, with a corresponding saving in bandwidth. In the "mixed-highs" system described, each of the three color images uses frequencies from zero up to 2 Mc and the "mixed highs," which carry only the brightness values of the fine detail, use a video frequency band from 2 to 4 Mc. The total width of the video bands then is only 8 Mc instead of 12 which would be required for three identical bands from zero up to 4 Mc. The bandwidth saved by the mixed-highs technique is obtained not at the expense of picture quality, but is a legitimate saving that arises by avoiding the transmission of information which the eye is unable to use.
Failure of portal glucose and adrenaline infusions or liver denervation to affect food intake in dogs.

Abstract Total liver denervations were attempted on 5 mongrel dogs. At the same time, the hepatic portal vein was cannulated with a polyethylene cannula which was exteriorized. Five sham operated, cannulated dogs served as controls. Both denervated and sham operated dogs returned to preoperative food intake within 8 days post surgery. After recovery, intraportal infusions of 6 to 25 g of glucose prior to food presentation in 23 hr fasted sham or denervated dogs resulted in no anorexia. The portal vein and jugular vein were cannulated in an additional 4 dogs. Jugular blood samples were taken prior to and after portal infusion of 20 g of glucose in 23 hr fasted dogs. Both jugular blood glucose and insulin concentration increased significantly 1 to 2 min after portal infusion. The dogs were presented with food 3 to 5 min after the cessation of infusion, yet they showed no anorexia. These same 4 dogs were given portal infusions of either 0.5 μg/kg, 1.0 μg/kg or 1.5 μg/kg of adrenaline after a 23 hr fast. When food was presented 10 min after the infusions were stopped, the dogs ate immediately showing no signs of anorexia. These results question the role or the existence of hepatic glucoreceptors in the control of food intake in the dog.
Genuinely nonlinear models for convection-dominated problems

This paper introduces a general, nonlinear subgrid-scale (SGS) model, having boundedartificial viscosity, for the numerical simulation of convection-dominated problems. We also present a numerical comparison (error analysis and numerical experiments) between this model and the most common SGS model of Smagorinsky, which uses a p-Laplacian regularization. The numerical experiments for the 2-D convection-dominated convection-diffusion test problem show a clear improvement in solution quality for the new SGS model. This improvement is consistent with the bounded amount of artificial viscosity introduced by the new SGS model in the sharp transition regions.
A fully integrated multisite pressure sensor for wireless arterial flow characterization

This paper presents a fully integrated battery-free sensing system that uses a two-site wireless pressure measurement for the detection of arterial stenosis. The remotely powered system uses a backscatter-modulated passive-telemetry interface and transmits sensor as well as reference information to an external system. The monolithic process used to realize the system integrates a 3 /spl mu/m BiCMOS circuit with silicon-on-glass absolute pressure sensors and an on-chip antenna. The wireless sensor interface consumes 340 /spl mu/W and uses capacitance-to-frequency conversion for readout of the vacuum-sealed pressure transducers. The integrated device has a 200 /spl mu/m profile and a volume of 2 mm/sup 3/. The system can sense a reduction in flow of 13%, corresponding to a differential pressure of 3 mmHg.
Phase-retrieval stagnation problems and solutions

The iterative Fourier-transform algorithm has been demonstrated to be a practical method for reconstructing an object from the modulus of its Fourier transform (i.e., solving the problem of recovering phase from a single intensity measurement). In some circumstances the algorithm may stagnate. New methods are described that allow the algorithm to overcome three different modes of stagnation: those characterized by (1) twin images, (2) stripes, and (3) truncation of the image by the support constraint. Curious properties of Fourier transforms of images are also described: the zero reversal for the striped images and the relationship between the zero lines of the real and imaginary parts of the Fourier transform. A detailed description of the reconstruction method is given to aid those employing the iterative transform algorithm.
Dual-bed catalyst system for C–C coupling of biomass-derived oxygenated hydrocarbons to fuel-grade compounds

Mono-functional intermediates produced by catalytic conversion of sugars and polyols over Pt–Re/C catalysts (consisting of alcohols, ketones, carboxylic acids, and heterocyclic compounds) can be upgraded to fuel-grade compounds using two catalytic reactors operated in a cascade mode. The first reactor achieves C–C coupling of mono-functional intermediates using a dual-bed catalyst system, where the upstream catalyst bed (Ce1Zr1Ox) is employed to carry out ketonization of carboxylic acids, and the downstream catalyst bed (Pd/ZrO2) is used to achieve aldol condensation/hydrogenation of alcohols and ketones. This second bed is not significantly inhibited by CO2 and H2O produced during ketonization. The high molecular weight ketones produced by C–C coupling reactions in the dual-bed catalyst system are subsequently converted to alkanes by hydrodeoxygenation (i.e., dehydration/hydrogenation) over a Pt/SiO2–Al2O3 catalyst. Using the aforementioned approach, an aqueous feed containing 60 wt% sorbitol was converted to a liquid stream of alkanes, 53% of which consisted of C7+ alkanes with minimal branching, desirable for Diesel fuel.
Factors That Influence the Survival of Women-Owned Small Business Start-Ups in the City of Tema, Ghana

The one objective of the study was to find out what business practices would be appropriate in helping women in starting and operating their small businesses in Tema, Ghana. Another objective was to find any government policy or law that serves as a barrier to women’s entrepreneurship development. The researcher investigated the factors that influenced the survival of women-owned small-scale enterprises in the city of Tema in Ghana. The findings of the study revealed that several major factors were shared among the subjects that affected their businesses survival. These factors included innovation (the most influential), a business plan, a strong family support system, social networks, and professional development. The findings also show that the interviewees had experienced gender discrimination in terms of government economic policies, statutory and customary laws, lack of capital, and administrative hurdles.
SafeDrive: safe and recoverable extensions using language-based techniques

We present SafeDrive, a system for detecting and recovering from type safety violations in software extensions. SafeDrive has low overhead and requires minimal changes to existing source code. To achieve this result, SafeDrive uses a novel type system that provides fine-grained isolation for existing extensions written in C. In addition, SafeDrive tracks invariants using simple wrappers for the host system API and restores them when recovering from a violation. This approach achieves fine-grained memory error detection and recovery with few code changes and at a significantly lower performance cost than existing solutions based on hardware-enforced domains, such as Nooks [33], L4 [21], and Xen [13], or software-enforced domains, such as SFI [35]. The principles used in SafeDrive can be applied to any large system with loadable, error-prone extension modules.In this paper we describe our experience using SafeDrive for protection and recovery of a variety of Linux device drivers. In order to apply SafeDrive to these device drivers, we had to change less than 4% of the source code. SafeDrive recovered from all 44 crashes due to injected faults in a network card driver. In experiments with 6 different drivers, we observed increases in kernel CPU utilization of 4--23% with no noticeable degradation in end-to-end performance.
Growth and Purity of Epitaxial Compounds

The authors report experience in their laboratory with the growth of epitaxial compounds using molecular beam epitaxy. These include the L1{sub 2} structures, Laves phases, perovskite, bixbyite and spinels, with complicated structures and up to 80 atoms per cell. In many cases the growth takes place with surprising ease, even though the complexity of the process verges on self assembly. The paper describes diffusion measurements in epitaxial MgO directed towards the determination of impurity content and the level of structural defects. The synthesis of ultrapure epitaxial MgO, and the resulting properties is described.
Proximate composition of some north-eastern Pacific forage fish species

To understand the relative dietary value of forage fish as prey in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska, whole organisms of 13 species were analysed for proximate composition (protein, oil, ash and moisture content). Eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus) were high in oil (total lipid) (16.8% to 21.4%) and low in moisture (64.6% to 70.8%). Oil in capelin (Mallotus villosus) ranged from 2.1% to 14.0%. Juveniles of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius), Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), and prowfish (Zaprora silenus) had low oil contents ( 80.3%). Rankings of median proximate values illustrate the similarities. Surf smelt (Hypomesus pretiosus), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), pricklebacks (Lumpenus spp.), Atka mackerel, Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) and Pacific sandfish (Trichodon trichodon) ranked high in median protein content (> 15.4%). Median ash content for all species ranged from 0.6% to 3.3%. Total wet mass caloric content (kcal g–1) was calculated for the four main species and a linear model was developed for caloric content as a function of moisture. The linear models (caloric content = b0 + b1 × moisture) were Pacific sand lance and Pacific sandfish (b0 = 7.82, b1 = – 0.09); eulachon (b0 = 7.97, b1 = – 0.08); and capelin (b0 = 9.70, b1 = – 0.11).
Charles Darwin Voyaging: A Biography

Charles Darwin Voyaging:. Biography, Janet Browne Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995. 605 pp.
The Role of the Mode of Transport in the Identity Maintenance of Sport Fan Travel Groups

Groups of sport fans continually travel to multiple destinations to follow their favourite professional sport teams. Fan travel can be usefully understood from a group identity perspective. The role of the bus in the formation and maintenance of a group sport tourism experience is examined. Participant observation and ethnographic interviews were used to examine the role of the bus for three supporter groups that travel on a regular basis to support their team in the Australian Football League (AFL). It is suggested that the bus is much more than a mode of transport for these groups and that travel time itself has much positive utility. The bus is key and central to the creation and celebration of a shared group identity and acts to ensure the sustainability of the core supporter group. In particular, the bus is utilized as it affords the group the opportunity to parade and celebrate a shared group identity at the game and during travel to and from the destination. Further, the bus provides a shared group...
Locus of the stimulus to visual accommodation: where in the world, or where in the eye?

Abstract : In two experiments, observers judged the apparent size of a collimated disk of light (a simulated moon) projected just above the horizon a real and virtual scenes by means of a stimulus presentation device, the 'moon machine.' As these judgments were registered, masks obscured various bands of the lower half of the visual field. Immediately following these judgments measurements of the observers' visual accommodation were made using a laser optometer. Results showed a strong correlation between mean apparent size and mean accommodation shift. Major conclusions were (1) viewing a virtual (collimated) image of a real scene is not the same as viewing the real scene, (2) for natural (real) scenes the retinal locus of scenic texture is the primary determinant of apparent size, whereas for virtual images it has a more reliable effect on visual accommodation, and (3) whatever the relationship between apparant size and visual accommodation is, their mean correlation is in excess of 0.90. These findings agree well with, and extend, those of Iavecchia, Iavecchia, and Roscoe (1978) and Simonelli and Roscoe (1979). (Author)
Chlorination and cyclodehydration of 1,2-diols with the “triphenylphosphate-tetrachloromethane-potassium carbonate” reagent

Abstract The yields of the epoxides obtained from the reaction of 1,2-diols with the “triphenyl-phosphine-tetrachloromethane-potassium carbonate reagent” range from 27–85% depending on the relative concentration of triphenylphosphine and diol. In the absence of heterogeneous potassium carbonate, reactions of 1,2-diols with triphenylphosphine-tetra-chloromethane give largely 1,2-chlorohydrins.
A tracer metric numerical model for predicting tortuosity factors in three-dimensional porous tissue scaffolds

One of the critical functions of a tissue-engineered construct is to be able to provide adequate nutrient and oxygen supply into the interior of the construct. An insufficient supply will lead to slower cellular proliferation rates and eventual apoptosis. The supply of the nutrients is largely governed by the transport properties of the construct which in turn is dependent on the porosity, tortuosity and surface chemistry of the tissue construct. The design and fabrication of scaffolds with tailored properties is thus a crucial step in the growth of tissue within their host environment. This paper discusses the development of a numerical characterization technique to measure the three-dimensional tortuosity factors for any given interconnected porous design. Tortuosity factors are obtained in the three orthogonal principal directions for several candidate unit cell architectures. The proposed numerical technique has been validated with models of known tortuosity. The developed technique will provide a basis for the study of transport properties of the designed scaffold and its effect on cellular function and response through the development of dynamic culture bioreactors.
Right-Sided Double Aortic Arch in An Adult

A 27-year-old woman complained of a severe stridor caused by a right-sided double aortic arch with a right-sided descending thoracic aorta. A smaller left-sided aortic arch had an atretic segment located between the left common carotid artery and an aortic diverticulum from which the left subclavian artery originated. Through a left fourth thoracotomy, the atretic segment, which caused a compression of the trachea and esophagus, was ligated and divided. The ligamentum arteriosum could not be identified on that side. After the operation she was completely relieved of her symptoms.
Alteration of epithelial integrity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and fibronectin expression in lungs of rats exposed to ozone.

The deleterious effects of ozone (O3), an oxidant air pollutant, in the lung are dependent on dose and exposure duration and generally evolve with time postexposure. This study characterized the time sequence of epithelial injury and fibronectin expression in the lungs of rats exposed to O3. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was analyzed for alkaline phosphatase and total protein as markers of epithelial injury and increased permeability, and fibronectin for its role in inflammation and lung injury. The results revealed a time-related increase in total protein in the BAL fluid following a 3-h exposure of rats to 1 ppm O3. The increased protein concentrations peaked at 12 h and then declined, but remained significantly higher than control at 24 h postexposure. A similar time-related significant increase also occurred for BAL fibronectin and alkaline phosphatase activity. However, the return of alkaline phosphatase levels to baseline prior to a comparable reduction in protein levels suggests repair of inju...
Who's Teaching the Teachers? Evidence from the National Survey of Postsecondary Faculty and the Survey of Earned Doctorates

In light of a documented shortage of candidates for teacher education faculty positions, this study explores the academic labor market for teacher education faculty utilizing data from the National Survey on Postsecondary Faculty and the Survey of Earned Doctorates. The study sheds light on the factors that predict who becomes a faculty member in teacher education.
On-Farm Agro-Economic Effects of Fertilizing Cropland with Poultry Litter

SUMMARY The profitability of using poultry litter as a fertilizer and soil amendment in cultivated agriculture was evaluated with the hopes of determining an economically optimal fertilization strategy. The traditional commercial (inorganic) fertilizer practice was compared with several hybrid litter and commercial N fertilization alternatives in terms of on-farm agro-economic effects. Six years of land management, crop yield, crop price, and fertilizer cost data were collected from 6 field sites in central Texas and utilized for economic analysis. Varying litter and inorganic fertilizer combinations resulted in minimal differences in corn and wheat yields; however, total fertilizer costs increased significantly as litter application rate increased (and commercial fertilizer rate decreased) in spite of dramatic cost increases for commercial fertilizer. The greatest average annual profits were determined to occur at the 1 and 2 tons/acre (ac) litter rates with 7 to 14% profit reductions for the commercial fertilizer-only treatment and the 3 tons/ac litter treatment. At litter rates greater than 3 tons/ac, diminishing returns were observed as fertilizer costs increased with no compensating greater yields to provide offsetting revenues. It is important to note that this economically optimal annual litter rate of 1 to 2 tons/ac is also environmentally optimal according to nutrient runoff and soil nutrient data collected on-site. These results provide the scientific basis to support the use of litter as a cost-effective, environmentally friendly fertilizer alternative in this and similar regions.
Strict Versus Modified Isolation for Prevention of Nosocomial Transmission of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Patients colonized or infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit and Surgical Intermediate Care Unit were placed either in Strict Isolation or cared for with modified isolation precautions. The assignment was determined by the unit in which they were hospitalized. Units were changed from one form of isolation to the other and served as their own controls. Over a 4-month study period, the rate of MRSA transmission did not change when the type of isolation precautions were altered. The ratio of colonized to infected patients also remained constant. Infected patients were usually first detected by clinical specimens, while colonized patients were usually detected by surveillance cultures performed under the study protocol. Following the study, all hospitalized patients with MRSA were placed in modified isolation precautions. Total new acquisitions of MRSA in the hospital have decreased over the subsequent 6-month period.
Laplace’s private religious discomfort

Despite his well-known atheistic stand, Laplace remained perplexed in his advanced age by the problems the absence of God might raise in the natural world.
Representative Bureaucracy: Understanding the Correlates of the Lagging Progress of Diversity in Policing

The domination of policing by White males has long been considered a threat to the legitimacy of the profession, as police agencies have struggled with attracting, retaining, and promoting women and minorities within their agencies for decades. Female and minority representation are hardly stable across agencies with some agencies employing no women or people of color, while others are more representative of the communities they serve. Using a national sample of 1,478 police jurisdictions, this study further explores the correlates of diversity of women and racial minorities using a framework informed by representative bureaucracy theory. Findings suggest that the same factors are not predictive of representation of women and racial minorities.
Universality of the specific heat of 3 He- 4 He mixtures at the λ transition

We present an analysis of specific-heat data of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$-$^{4}\mathrm{He}$ mixtures at the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ transition in which a trial function with a correction term to the leading singularity is used. For mixtures up to 0.39 mole fraction of $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ in $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ we find a universal leading exponent $\ensuremath{\alpha}={\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\ensuremath{-}0.022$ and a universal leading amplitude ratio of $\frac{A}{{A}^{\ensuremath{'}}}=1.088$. These results are in agreement with theoretical expectations and other experimental results along the \ensuremath{\lambda} line as a function of pressure. The data at pure $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ and saturated vapor pressure appear to show a small deviation from universal behavior.
Experimental Validation of a Constrained Relative Attitude Determination Approach for Two Vehicle Formations

This paper presents an experimental validation of a method of determining the relative attitude matrix between two quadrotors using line-of-sight vectors between each other as well as a common reference location. The result of the line-of-sight vector method is compared to the relative attitude matrix obtained from a motion capture system which is taken as the ground truth. The difference between the two measurements is calculated and then analyzed to characterize the error that occurs in the sensor model.