cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vulvar dystrophies: an evaluation.

Abstract The vulvar biopsy specimens from 128 patients were grouped according to a predetermined classification. When the charts on these 128 patients were reviewed, several facts relative to the vulvar dystrophies were noted. The presence of a vulvar dystrophy, when adequately treated, does not significantly predispose the patient to the developent of vulvar carcinoma. When first seen, the one patient who did develop carcinoma of the vulva had an initial vulvar carcinoma 3 years prior to the diagnosis of a second vulvar carcinoma and associated lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. The symptoms related to the vulvar dystrophies can be adequately controlled with medical treatment. Since the treatment will vary according to the type of dystrophy present, it is important that the diagnosis be accurately made. Vulvectomy is contraindicated as a means of treatment in the vast majority of patients with a vulvar dystrophy.
Navy telemedicine initiative

Discusses the Navy Telemedicine Initiative, an initiative that the Navy has for some 3 years invested in with the Navy Marine Corps Team. The author identifies the telemedicine as an umbrella term to address the areas that one sees on the screen, as well as new and emerging technologies which seem applicable. All of which combines the transportation of digital imaging and clinical data from one point to another or the storage of that data within a facility. The Navy are using video teleconferencing for teleconsultation. Currently they have telemedicine up and running at over 12 different sites around the world at different component. Video teleconferencing is real-time consultation. The Navy have found that there is an opportunity to conserve clinicians' time because all consults do not have to be real-time. They want to examine the store and forward capabilities in teleconsultation, so they are looking at both real-time and store and forward. Teletraining is very important to the Navy. They know that by implementing telemedicine, they are also going to have the backbone or infrastructure in pace which will allow for clinical training, CME and GME training for their staff at all levels. That is going to result in significant savings for the Navy in travel time and costs for training. The author projects that possibly more than 30% of the Navy's travel for training will be reduced by having a telepresence for teletraining. They need telelibrary capability, where they or a clinician can tap in from any place in the world to the resources of any medical library or medical library data base, all the way up to, of course, the National Library of Medicine.
Small brane black holes in the Randall-Sundrum type I scenario

An approximation method to study the properties of a small black hole located on the TeV brane in the Randall-Sundrum type I scenario is presented. The method enables us to find the form of the metric close to the matter distribution when its asymptotic form is given. The short range solution is found as an expansion in the ratio between the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole and the curvature length of the bulk. Long range properties are introduced using the linearized gravity solution as an asymptotic boundary condition. The solution is found up to first order. It is valid in the region close to the horizon but is not valid on the horizon. The regularity of the horizon is still under study.
Beyond Guns, Drugs and Gangs: The Structure of Student Perceptions of School Safety

SUMMARY The failure to consider factors that make a key contribution to violence and its prevention may create serious problems of construct validity for school violence surveys. Further, few studies have assessed the relative importance of variables contributing to perceptions of safety by examining correlations between survey items and overall feelings of school safety. This study describes the development of a self-report survey, the Safe and Responsive Schools Safe School Survey, explicitly designed to assess perceptions regarding criminal violation and serious violence as well as day-to-day disruption and climate issues. Principal components analysis identified four factors involving student connectedness, incivility, feelings of personal safety, and delinquency/major safety. Further multivariate analysis suggests that, in at least some cases, feelings about connectedness and climate may be more critical than serious violence in shaping student perceptions of school safety.
Evaluation of the BlightPro Decision Support System for Management of Potato Late Blight Using Computer Simulation and Field Validation

The objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of the BlightPro decision support system (DSS) for late blight management using computer simulation and field tests. Three fungicide schedules were evaluated: (i) calendar-based (weekly) applications, (ii) applications according to the DSS, or (iii) no fungicide. Simulation experiments utilized 14 years of weather data from 59 locations in potato-producing states. In situations with unfavorable weather for late blight, the DSS recommended fewer fungicide applications with no loss of disease suppression; and, in situations of very favorable weather for late blight, the DSS recommended more fungicide applications but with improved disease suppression. Field evaluation was conducted in 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013. All experiments involved at least two cultivars with different levels of resistance. DSS-guided and weekly scheduled fungicide treatments were successful at protecting against late blight in all field experiments. As expected, DSS-guided schedules were influenced by prevailing weather (observed and forecast) and host resistance and resulted in schedules that maintained or improved disease suppression and average fungicide use efficiency relative to calendar-based applications. The DSS provides an interactive system that helps users maximize the efficiency of their crop protection strategy by enabling well-informed decisions.
Proliferative characteristics of intracranial and spinal tumors of developmental origin

The proliferative potential of 17 intracranial and spinal tumors (six craniopharyngiomas, four chordomas, three mature teratomas, one immature teratoma, one embryonal carcinoma, one choriocarcinoma, and one dermoid tumor) was assessed. The patients received a 30-minute to 60-minute infusion of bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) (200 mg/m2 intravenously [IV]) at the time of surgery but before a biopsy of the tumor was performed, to label cells in the DNA synthesis phase. The labeling index (LI) was calculated by determining the percentage of BUdR-labeled cells. The mean LI of the squamous epithelial elements of mature teratomas, craniopharyngiomas, and the dermoid tumor were 3.1 +/- 1.2%, 1.9 +/- 0.9%, and 2.9 +/- 1.9%, respectively. As in normal epithelium, the labeled cells were located in the basal layer. These results and the clinical findings suggest that the proliferation kinetics of these tumors are similar to those of normal skin and differ from those of rapidly growing malignant neoplasms. The other tissue elements (i.e., respiratory epithelium and cartilage) also demonstrated "organized" proliferation patterns similar to those of the corresponding normal tissues. An immature teratoma, an embryonal carcinoma, and a choriocarcinoma each had a high LI (24.6 +/- 5.3%, 32.3 +/- 3.8%, and 17.0 +/- 4.6%, respectively), and no organized pattern of proliferation was observed. In contrast, the mean LI of the four chordomas varied from 1.5% to 5.8%, and there was an even larger variation in the LI of different areas in individual tumors (from less than 1% to 7.5%). This finding suggests that even "slow-growing" chordomas sometimes can be locally aggressive and show a high incidence of recurrence, regardless of morphologic similarities.
Hemispheric alpha asymmetries of stutterers and nonstutterers for the recall and recognition of words and connected reading passages: Some relationships to severity of stuttering☆

Abstract This investigation studied hemispheric alpha asymmetries of stuttering men and nonstuttering men and women for high visual imagery words and connected reading passages under memory conditions of recall and recognition. The relationships between a measure of stuttering severity and hemispheric alpha ratios were studied. Stutterers were found to have greater right hemispheric alpha suppression under all memory and stimulus conditions as compared to nonstutterers who showed greater left hemispheric alpha suppression. Correlational procedures revealed a negative correlation between stuttering severity and alpha ratios, which indicated that as stuttering frequency increased ratios decreased (greater right hemispheric activation). Behavioral data showed stutterers to recall and recognize significantly less than the nonstuttering group. This latter finding is discussed in relation to the short- and long-term memory and the coding-retrieval strategy differences between the hemispheres. Results are discussed relative to nonsegmental, right-hemispheric information processing strategies in stutterers.
Prospects for gene therapy in lung disease.

Abstract The past decade has brought significant advances in the field of gene therapy for both inherited and acquired diseases, especially with regard to respiratory disease. Barriers to gene transfer posed by the lung have led to the development of modifications of both vector and host in an attempt to increase the efficiency of transfer. Recently, progress has been made in both laboratory and clinical studies of gene therapy for cystic fibrosis, α 1 -antitrypsin deficiency and lung cancer.
Comparison of Four Simple Models of Steady Flow Combustion of Pyrolyzed Methane and Air

(1972). Comparison of Four Simple Models of Steady Flow Combustion of Pyrolyzed Methane and Air. Combustion Science and Technology: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 187-190.
Dense homogeneous deposits of keratohyalin granules in newborn rat epidermis

The electron-dense deposits (DHD) of keratohyalin granules of newborn rat epidermis were reexamined with several different fixatives. DHD which appeared very electron dense with glutaraldehyde/OsO 4 double fixation were seen as less electron dense regions of the granules after s -collidine-buffered OsO 4 fixation, and were even less dense after fixation with glutaraldehyde alone. DHD were not distinguishable with phosphate-buffered OsO 4 fixation, as the densities of DHD and other parts of keratohyalin granules were identical. After puromycin injection, however, DHD could be seen partially attached to or completely separated from the granules and could be recognized with all fixatives used in this study. Findings in nuclear inclusions were identical. These results indicate that DHD are a true component of keratohyalin granules and possibly of the nucleus.
Orientation of the Uterine Fundus in Reference to the Longitudinal Axis of the Body A 3-Dimensional Sonographic Study

Objectives The aim of this pilot study was to measure the angle of rotation of the uterus at the fundus from horizontal using 3-dimensional sonography in women presenting for annual gynecologic examinations. Methods A total of 51 patients participated in the study. All patients underwent transvaginal sonography, and 3-dimensional volumes were acquired. The cervicouterine angle and the angle of rotation at the fundus were measured. Results The uteri were noted to be anteverted in 64.7%, retroverted in 25.5%, and euverted in 9.8%. They were noted to be pointing toward the right side of the pelvis in 49.0%, to the left side in 39.2%, and at the midline in 11.8%. The median cervicouterine angle was 122° (interquartile range [IQR], 105°-137°). The median angle of rotation at the fundus away from horizontal in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction on the transverse B-plane was 10.4° (IQR, 7.1°-19.0°), with a maximal angle of 43°, and on the coronal C-plane, it was 10.0° (IQR, 3.0°-20.0°), with a maximal angle of 43°. Noneuverted uteri were more likely to be rotated at the fundus. Conclusions Our study reveals that, contrary to traditional thinking, the uterus can be rotated at the fundus in relation to the body (z-axis) along the longitudinal axis of the cervical canal.
Alterations in brush border membrane proteins and membrane-bound enzymes of the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, during development in the definitive host.

Abstract During growth and maturation of the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta , significant decreases occur in the brush border membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase, phosphodiesterase. 5′-nucleotidase, adenosine triphosphatase and ribonuclease activities. These decreases are accompanied by qualitative and quantitative changes in the polypeptide profiles of the brush border membrane fraction. Gradients of enzymatic activities and polypeptide profiles are also demonstrable when mature tapeworms are cut into pieces and the brush border membrane of each piece analyzed individually. In fully developed tapeworms the enzymatic activities and polypeptide profiles of membrane preparations reflect mainly the contributions of the more mature proglottids; these proglottids constitute most of the tapeworm biomass. The most anterior sections of these fully developed worms are biochemically similar to young, developing worms.
Formation of the antiplanar-antiplanar phosphate conformation of dilauroylphosphatidylcholine bilayers

Abstract Infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate lipid conformational changes that occur in dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (diC12PC) bilayers with and without fatty-acid-amino-acids as guest molecules in the membrane. Incorporating 2.5 mole% N- decanoylglycine (decgly) into diC12PC liposomes caused formation of the antiplanar-antiplanar (ap-ap) phosphodiester conformation which was stable in room temperature IR spectra. Several other fatty-acid-amino-acids incorporated into diC12PC bilayers were found to also elicit the ap-ap phosphodiester conformation. Unlike these diC12PC/fatty-acid-amino-acid mixed bilayers, pure diC12PC bilayers would form the ap-ap phosphodiester conformation only under low temperature incubation conditions. Dry diC12PC films incubated at 5°C for 0.5 h (brief incubation) or 16 h (prolonged incubation), and then rapidly hydrated (i.e., vortexed at 25°C in D2O), caused the ap-ap phosphodiester conformation to persist in the diC12PC liposomes equilibrated to room temperature. Slow hydration for 16 h at 5°C in both buffered and non-buffered D2O of diC12PC lipid films also produced the ap-ap phosphodiester conformation. In contrast, slow hydration for 16 h at 5°C in PBS/D2O of diC12PC/decgly mixed films caused the greatest number of ap-ap phosphodiester conformers. Using pure diC12PC bilayers, infrared data indicate that incubation of diC12PC films causes the headgroup phosphodiester conformation to change from gauche-gauche (g-g) conformation to the ap-ap conformation. Under all liposome formation conditions examined, no changes in hydration of either the phosphate group or the carbonyl ester group were detected and in addition, no trans / gauche conformational changes in the acyl chain were observed.
Use of a copper-chelated lipid speeds up NMR measurements from membrane proteins

Recent studies have demonstrated the abilities of solid-state NMR techniques to solve atomic-level-resolution structures and dynamics of membrane-associated proteins and peptides. However, high-throughput applications of solid-state NMR spectroscopy are hampered by long acquisition times due to the low sensitivity of the technique. In this study, we demonstrate the use of a paramagnetic copper-chelated lipid to enhance the spin-lattice relaxation and thereby speed up solid-state NMR measurements. Fluid lamellar-phase bicelles composed of a lipid, detergent, and the copper-chelated lipid and containing a uniformly (15)N-labeled antimicrobial peptide, subtilosin A, were used at room temperature. The use of a chelating lipid reduces the concentration of free copper and limits RF-induced heating, a major problem for fluid samples. Our results demonstrate a 6.2-fold speed increase and a 2.7-fold improvement in signal-to-noise ratio for solid-state NMR experiments under magic-angle spinning and static conditions, respectively. Furthermore, solid-state NMR measurements are shown to be feasible even for nanomole concentrations of a membrane-associated peptide.
Relation of chlorine, copper and sulphur to dioxin emission factors.

Abstract Dioxin emission factors for different combustion categories range over five orders of magnitude. Both chlorine (Cl 2 ) and transition metals, including copper (Cu) have been suggested to promote the formation of dioxin in incinerators, and sulphur (S) has been suggested to inhibit dioxin formation. We show that dioxin (PCDD and PCDF) emission factors from 17 different combustion categories are approximately linearly correlated with the average copper or chlorine content of the combusted material, and inverse linearly correlated with the average sulphur content of the material. Copper and chlorine are correlated and, thus cannot be distinguished. The analysis suggests that the wide range of dioxin emission factors could be explained by the content of sulphur and transition metals or chlorine in combusted materials.
Algorithms for correcting geometric distortions in delay-line anodes

Time-delay anodes are typically used in conjunction with microchannel plates to provide photon counting and two- dimensional imaging. The anode and associated electronics are used to compute the centroid of the charge cloud from the microchannel plate stack. The computation is done in analog circuitry and reported as a digital value. The analog nature of the time-delay anode makes them susceptible to variations in the correlation between physical space and the reported digital value. These variations, both local and global, must be corrected as part of the data reduction of scientific data. If left uncorrected in spectral data, for example, these variations would result in inaccurate wavelength identifications and distorted spectral line profiles. This work describes successful algorithms for correcting the dominant distortions present in a time-delay anode; geometric (local) and thermal (global) distortions. These algorithms were developed as part of the data reduction pipelines for the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS), a fourth generation instrument for the Hubble Space Telescope, and the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE).
The Influence of Reference Frame Selection on Spatial Template Construction

Abstract The use of spatial relational terms requires the selection of a reference frame and the construction of a spatial template. The reference frame divides up space, indicating above/below, front/back, and left/right directions. Spatial templates are applied to reference frames and define regions in space that correspond to good, acceptable, and bad uses of particular spatial relations. In two experiments we examined whether reference frame selection influences the spatial templates that are constructed for the spatial relations “above” and “below.” Results indicated two such influences, one operating across trials and one operating within a trial. Across trials, the preferences for using the different types of reference frames directly influenced the parsing of space, such that when multiple spatial templates were constructed, they were combined to form a composite template. Spatial templates constructed for the different reference frames were very similar, indicating that the type of reference frame did not alter the overall shape or relative sizes of the regions within the spatial template. Within a trial, the activation of multiple reference frames during reference frame selection resulted in the construction of multiple spatial templates, even when instructions were given to respond on the basis of a single reference frame.
Direct operation versus ICD therapy for ischemic ventricular tachycardia

Now that the implantable cardioverter defibrillator is available as a therapeutic option for the management of ventricular tachycardia (VT), some argue that there no longer should be a role for direct surgical intervention for this malignant arrhythmia. Rebuttal of this argument is difficult for the following reasons: (1) there are many patients who are candidates for implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy but not for direct VT operation, and thus direct comparisons of the two therapies is difficult; (2) implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy by definition is palliative, but a VT operation is curative in most instances; (3) in many electrophysiologic triage algorithms, implantation of a cardioverter defibrillator and VT operation are employed as alternative, not competitive, therapies, again making direct comparisons difficult; and (4) probably most importantly, there are misconceptions in the literature regarding the risks and benefits of direct VT surgical procedures as they are currently performed. In this brief review, we examine the currently available data on both sides of this argument.
Network analysis of GWAS data.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identify genetic variants that distinguish a control population from a population with a specific trait. Two challenges in GWAS are: (1) identification of the causal variant within a longer haplotype that is associated with the trait; (2) identification of causal variants for polygenic traits that are caused by variants in multiple genes within a pathway. We review recent methods that use information in protein–protein and protein–DNA interaction networks to address these two challenges.
Common problems in outpatient management of patients with diabetes in the age of insulin analogues

Most patients with diabetes are managed in an outpatient primary care setting. This article reviews common dilemmas in outpatient insulin therapy and presents the evidence regarding the rational use of insulin therapy and combination oral agent-insulin therapy.
Origin of adduct ions in the electron-capture mass spectrum of tetracyanoethylene

The high-pressure electron-capture (HPEC) mass spectrum of tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) is dominated by unexpected hydrogen atom and hydrocarbon radical adduct ions when methane is used as the buffer gas. The origin of these unexpected ions was investigated by three separate mass spectrometric experiments: the electron-capture (EC) rate constant of TCNE was determined and integrated into a previously developed kinetic model of HPEC ion source events; electron impact mass spectra of TCNE were obtained following exposure of the ion source surfaces to irradiated methane and irradiated carbon dioxide; and TCNE was determined by gas chromatographic introduction into the HPEC ion source with multiple ion monitoring. All of these experiments suggest that the reactions leading to the major adduct ions observed in the HPEC mass spectrum of TCNE are initiated by alteration of TCNE on the walls of the ion source rather than in the gas phase.
A small computer system for the routine analysis of enzyme kinetic mechanisms.

Abstract A small computer system was developed to aid in the analysis of full-time course enzyme kinetic or related data through rapid simulation and visual curve fitting. The system is designed to run on a PDP-12/40 computer. It has the capabilities of acquiring data directly, of accepting enzymatic mechanisms in a standard chemical format, and of displaying or plotting the simulated results. Simulation is rapid enough to allow direct user interaction. Examples of how the system may be applied to various common enzymatic mechanisms are given and the general limitations are discussed.
Annual Production of Burrowing Mayfly Nymphs (Hexagenia spp.) in U.S. Waters of Lake St. Clair

Abstract Burrowing mayfly nymphs ( Hexagenia spp.) were sampled monthly, September through October 1995 and April through August 1996, with a standard Ponar grab (538 cm 2 jaw opening) at 16 stations in U.S. waters of Lake St. Clair. Annual production (production, P) was 0 to 477 mg dry weight/m 2 at three stations where pollution and sediment grain-size distribution limited the population, and was 738 to 5,255 mg dry weight/m 2 at the other 13 stations. The highest production value measured for Hexagenia in Lake St. Clair was about three times higher than the highest value reported for other areas in the northern United States and Canada (39° to 53° North latitude). The production-mean annual biomass (biomass, B) ratio (P/B) for Hexagenia in Lake St. Clair in 1995–96 was described by the straight line P = 2.4 B (R 2 = 0.94). Adding published P/B data for other North American populations changed the relation only slightly to P = 2.5B (R 2 = 0.96). A P/B ratio of 2.5 is consistent with the expected value for an aquatic insect with a 2-year life cycle and overlapping cohorts, and these data suggest this relation has general applicability for estimating production of Hexagenia in the northern United States and Canada. Size-class and seasonal partitioning of Hexagenia biomass and production were evident in the data. Both biomass and production were highest among nymphs 16.0 mm and larger, and biomass was highest in October and again in June, immediately before the annual emergence of subimagos. The large size of the mature nymphs and the concentration of biomass and production among the larger nymphs in the population is consistent with their importance in the diets of many fishes in the northern United States and Canada.
Antipsychotic medication coprescribing in a large state hospital system.

Purpose To systematically characterize antipsychotic medication coprescribing (‘polypharmacy’) in a large state hospital system. Methods All antipsychotic prescriptions written for all adult in-patients (N=8212) in New York state-run civil facilities for the year 1999 were identified using the Integrated Research Database (IRDB) created by the Information Systems Division of the Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research. Antipsychotics were considered to be intentionally coprescribed only when both were prescribed for an overlapping period of 28 days. Results Coprescribing of typical, atypical, and depot antipsychotics comprised 31% of antipsychotic prescribing episodes. Medications were usually coprescribed with medications from outside their own antipsychotic class. Patient factors, such as age, diagnosis, and history of prior hospitalization, affected coprescribing rates ( p<0.001 for all indicated variables). Atypical antipsychotic medications were less likely to be given with another antipsychotic than were oral or depot typical medications. Conclusions Coprescribing of antipsychotic drugs is a common practice in the New York State hospital system. The analysis of large clinical databases can yield valuable information about the kinds of complex pharmacotherapy regimens actually utilized in the treatment of the most severely ill patients. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non-invasive assessment of the ventricular function by the Force-Frequency Relationship (FFR) in patients with implanted pacemakers

Although normal RR ( CRI slope from .8 to 1.25) was observed in 17 pt. tests from R-PK TM exercise, partitioning of the RR at submax ( R-AT) and AT to PK levels demonstrated either a hyperchronotropic ( CRI 1.25) or hypochronotropic response (CRI .8) in 18 and 15 DDD tests respectively and 13 and 21 DDDR tests. Despite the CRI being seemingly restored to normal from R-PK in 7 paced pts., hyperor hypochronotropic response was still observed during partitioned levels of exercise, nearly 50% of patients exhibiting abnormal CRI response in the ADL phase. Conclusion: Although the CRI slope is the most accurate means to assess RR, its measurement from R-PK can be misleading and not representative of ADL. Partitioned CRIs provide a more clinically relevant picture for appropriate RR programming and should be routinely performed.
Studies on the syntheses of the aplysiatoxins: Synthesis of a selectively-protected form of the C27 – C30 (dihydroxybutanoate) moiety of oscillatoxin A

Abstract A protected form of (R)-3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid bearing a benzyl protecting group at the C 4 hydroxyl and a dimethylthexylsilyl protecting group at the C 3 hydroxyl was synthesized via a selective Ag(l)-mediated monobenzylation of (R)-methyl 3,4-dihydroxybutanoate. An alternative synthetic route from a chiral allylic ether was successful but problematic. The acid could be cleanly coupled to a model for the C 3 – C 11 moiety of the aplysiatoxins.
A profiling optics and water return system for validation and calibration of ocean color imagery

We describe a Profiling Optical and Water Return (POWR) system that has been developed and used extensively at sea. The POWR system is a collection of oceanographic instruments used to measure the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of the upper 100m of the ocean while simultaneously collecting up to eight water samples at various depths for chemical and biological analysis. IOPs are local measurements that are directly related to the properties of the water at the depth sampled; hence it is critical that the water samples be taken at the same time and location as the IOPs. Used during three major experiments, the POWR system has proven valuable for relating IOPs to in-water constituents in support of ocean color remote sensing data product validation, optical model validation, and other interdisciplinary programs.
Neural network realization of Markov reliability and fault-tolerance models

Abstract A feed-forward recursive neural network consisting of 2n neurons forming 2 layers, n neurons in each layer, is set to represent a discrete-time n-state Markov model of a fault-tolerant hardware. A quadratic energy function for the neural net is presented and the appropriate update equations for the weights are derived using the least mean square gradient-descent technique.
Navigation within a Structured Search Space in Layout Problems

HeGeL-2 is a heuristic-based layout generator equipped with a nonserial dynamic programming algorithm. HeGeL-2 finds optimal solutions to plan-layout design (PLD) problems which are defined as problems that involve the allocation of a nontrivial number (ten or more) of design units in one application. The search strategy HeGeL-2 uses is similar in some respects and dissimilar in others to human search behavior, which has been simulated in an earlier version of HeGeL-2. These similarities include constraint relaxing strategies common to both versions. Dissimilarities concern claims of optimality and ‘goodness’ of solutions measured by an objective function based on soft constraints. In this paper, the general problem of navigation in a search space for layout problems is discussed in the context of a general-purpose formalism. Through this formalism several layout generators, including LOOS, WRIGHT, and HeGeL-2, are described.
Eutectic growth: A modification of the Jackson and Hunt theory

Abstract The Jackson and Hunt theory of eutectic growth is modified in order to get a better understanding of the physical mechanisms driving the solidification process. The density difference between the eutectic phases is taken into account when calculating the diffusion field, and the isothermal interface coupling condition is replaced by an equilibrium criterion for the three-phase junction. Although the problem can be solved in the general case, a simpler solution is derived for the case of nearly isothermal interface, which differs from that of Jackson and Hunt only by a corrective factor reflecting the density differences between the phases, the correction being quite large in the case of cast iron. The volume fractions of the eutectic phases are shown to be adjusted by the movement of the three-phase junctions. The boundary layer composition, which depends on this mechanism, is shown to be responsible for the well-known occurrence of austenite halos surrounding the primary graphites in cast iron. The curvature undercooling is written as the ratio of the volumetric interface energy contained in the eutectic microstructure to an average volumetric entropy of melting, which allows a quantitative evaluation of the effect of an anistropy in the α/β interface energy. Reliable values of the relevant physical constants are provided for several important eutectic alloys.
Comparison of effects of exercise and diuretic on left ventricular geometry, mass, and insulin resistance in older hypertensive adults.

To compare the effects of exercise training and hydrochlorothiazide on left ventricular (LV) geometry and mass, blood pressure (BP), and hyperinsulinemia in older hypertensive adults, we studied 28...
The attributes of a cruise ship that influence the decision making of cruisers and potential cruisers

Abstract A never ending challenge for the cruise industry is to convert potential cruisers to cruisers. Grounded in Attribute Knowledge Theory and studies on novelty seeking, this study addressed this challenge by examining the different attributes of a cruise ship that influence the decision making of cruisers and potential cruisers. Using a sample of cruisers and potential cruisers with similar socio-demographics, this study found that they perceive seven dimensions of onboard attributes, but attach different importance to some of them. These results, consistent with the theoretical prediction, provide evidence that the cruise industry should develop different marketing strategies for cruisers and potential cruisers.
Differences between Mg2+ and Transition Metal Ions in the Activation of Calcineurin

Exogenous metal ion activation of calcineurin catalyzed hydrolysis of para-nitrophenyl phosphate was kinetically characterized at 20, 25, 30, and 37 degrees C. Analysis yielded estimates for thermodynamic parameters for the activation of calcineurin by each of the metal ions. Values for DeltaG(Me)( degrees ) were varied with the best activators resulting in more stable enzyme-metal ion complexes and with DeltaG(Me)( degrees ) dominated by the entropic component. Mg(2+) was the only nontransition metal ion which supported significant activity and showed some distinct characteristics including a negative DeltaS(Me)( degrees ), suggesting that activation by Mg(2+) may have resulted in a unique enzyme-metal ion form. Circular dichroism showed that metal ions increased the alpha-helical content of calcineurin, but little significant differences in the spectra were identified between using activating and nonactivating metal ions. Activating Mg(2+), but not nonactivating Ca(2+), did cause changes in the Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectrum of calcineurin compared to the spectrum of calcineurin with Mn(2+). Other metal ions, Co(2+) and Ni(2+), also caused no changes in the infrared spectrum. Possible explanations for these differences between Mg(2+) and transition metal ions in the activation of calcineurin are discussed.
VIP gene transcription is regulated by far upstream enhancer and repressor elements.

SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma subclones differ widely in basal and second messenger induction of the gene encoding the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). These differences were recapitulated by a chimeric gene which consisted of 5.2 kb of the human VIP gene 5' flanking sequence fused to a reporter. Subsequent gene deletion experiments revealed several regulatory regions on the gene, including a 645-bp sequence located approximately 4.0 upstream from the transcription start site. Here we examined this upstream region in detail. Inhibitory sequences were found to be present on each end of the 645-bp fragment. When removed, basal transcription increased more than 50-fold. Subsequent deletion/mutation analysis showed that the 213-bp fragment contained at least two enhancer elements. One of these was localized to an AT-rich 42-bp sequence shown by others to bind Oct proteins in neuroblastoma cells, while the other corresponded to a composite AP-1/ets element. In addition to these enhancers, a 28-bp sequence on the 213-bp fragment with no apparent homology to known silencers inhibited transcription. The studies provide molecular details of a complex regulatory region on the VIP gene that is likely to be used to finely tune the level of gene transcription in vivo.
Quartz concentration trends in metal and nonmetal mining.

From 1974 through 2010, the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) collected nearly 147,000 respirable dust samples with a mass of at least 0.1 mg and a minimum of 1% quartz. These samples represent about 50% of all respirable dust compliance samples collected by MSHA. Analysis of these data shows that pockets of high concentrations and overexposure continue to exist. At underground mines, from 2005 to 2010, occupations with >20% of the samples exceeding the permissible exposure limit (PEL) and geometric mean quartz concentrations exceeding the ACGIH threshold limit value of 25 μg/m3 included mucking, crusher operator, general laborer/utility, and front-end loader operator. During the same period, stone and rock saw operators and bagger and packers working at surface mines and mills also had >20% of the samples exceeding the PEL and geometric mean quartz concentrations >25 μg/m3. Regardless of mine type or location, slow but steady improvement in exposure levels is seen in jobs involving crushing op...
Time-Frequency Analysis And Synthesis Of Non-Stationary Signals

A Zak transform is defined which plays a role in wavelet analysis based on the affine group completely analogous to the role played by the Zak transform on the wavelet analysis based on the Weyl-Heisenberg group. It is shown that Zak transform is a major tool in analysis and synthesis of non-stationary signals.
Nonpoint source runoff modeling A comparison of a forested watershed and an urban watershed on the South Carolina coast

Storm water runoff volumes, flow rates and sediment loads from a forested watershed and an urbanized watershed draining into adjacent estuaries were compared using the distributed parameter (grid cell) agricultural nonpoint source runoff (AGNPS) model. The comparisons were based on 10 simulated rainfall events. Effects of impervious surfaces on runoff and sediment transport were also investigated with the model. The 38 ha forested watershed, representing undeveloped land in coastal South Carolina, was covered with mixed second-growth hardwoods and pines with interspersed cypress wetlands. The urbanized watershed was 15 ha of single-family residential and commercial land and included a four-lane interstate highway segment. Both watersheds had sandy soils and low stream bed slopes ( < 0.5%). This paper shows that the model equations, although intended for agricultural watersheds, also applied to forested and urban land use. The hydrologic submodel was calibrated with 10 rain events ranging from 19–102 mm total rainfall. Simulation results indicated runoff volume was on average 5.5 × (±2.7) and sediment yield 5.5 × (±2.3) greater from the urban watershed than from the forested watershed. The ratio of rainfall volume to runoff volume was on average 14.5% higher in the urban watershed compared to the forested watershed. In the AGNPS model, runoff volumes were governed by the total impervious area and were independent of other impervious surface spatial characteristics (size, shape, location, contiguity). Simulation results indicated eroded sediment from both watersheds originated predominantly within the channels. Adding simulated impervious surface area increased runoff volumes linearly and peak flow rates exponentially, flow rates and sediment loads were controlled by impervious surface spatial characteristics. Maximum sediment loads from the urban watershed occurred when disconnected patches of impervious surface covered 35% of the watershed. Maximum differences between the forested and urban watersheds occurred at low rainfall depths ( < 75 mm). Future nonpoint source runoff modelling should incorporate ground water dynamics, the spatial and temporal variability of rainfall, and accumulation and wash-off of specific pollutants.
Effects of absolute mask energy and mask energy range on metacontrast suppression

In an experiment similar to one by Bernstein, Fisicaro, and Fox (1976), subjects were asked to judge the brightness of test stimuli in a metacontrast display. The energies of the test and of the mask varied orthogonally. Various experimental conditions differed with respect to the range of mask energies. Individually, the mask energies were generally weaker than the test energies. The results replicated the main findings of Bernstein et al. (1976) in that judgments of the test were negatively correlated with mask energy at short stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) but positively correlated at long SOA. These effects were more pronounced when the masks were similar in energy range and level to the tests than when they were wider in energy range and weaker. In general, there was no evidence for the effects of trial-to-trial variation described by Hake, Faust, McIntyre, and Murray
Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics

Introduction 1. Contentious politics and social movements: Part I. The Birth of the Modern Social Movement: 2. Modular collective action 3. Print and association 4. Statebuilding and social movements Part II. From Contention to Social Movements: 5. Political opportunities and constraints 6. The repertoire of contention 7. Framing contention 8. Mobilising structures and contentious politics Part III. The Dynamics of Movement: 9. Cycles of contention 10. Struggling to reform 11. Transnational contention/conclusion: the future of social movements.
Two-dimensional dose distribution around a commercial 125I seed

The Monte Carlo method was used to investigate the dose distribution around a 3M Company model 6711 /sup 125/I seed immersed in a water phantom. Dose rate per unit activity data are presented as a matrix of 63 points surrounding the seed. Relative dose data are presented graphically for two mutually perpendicular directions and compared with the corresponding data for the only other /sup 125/I seed currently available, the 3M Company model 6702 /sup 125/I seed. The 6711 relative dose distribution decreases more rapidly with distance from the seed than does the 6702 relative dose distribution. Uncertainties in the 6711 seed dose distribution produced by end-weld thickness variations were investigated and found to be substantial at certain points.
Radio tracking of homing and feeding flights of a neotropical bat, Phyllostomus hastatus

Summary 1. Flights of the bat Phyllostomus hastatus released at distances of 20, 30 and 60 km from the home roost were followed by radio tracking. Flights from 20 km were accurately directed homeward, those from 30 km less so, and bats released at 60 km wandered in all directions. 2. Radio tracking was also used to study the movements of bats near their home roosts in search of food. The bats regularly made rapid, well-oriented flights to and from their feeding areas. No two bats followed the same route during these flights. 3. The same visual orientational systems which allow these bats to return rapidly during homing experiments may also facilitate flights to and from feeding areas and aid in the search for new sources of food.
Theory development and Its relevance for nursing

If the nursing profession is to continue to make advancements, it must envision new ways of perceiving the phenomena peculiar to nursing and must propose meaningful explanations for these perceptions. The approaches to nursing theory development are spread out over a theory practice continuum, ranging from Martha Roger's pure scientific approach to Dickoff and James' practice approach. The very existence of this continuum signifies nursing's problem in deciphering the nature of the relationship between nursing theory and nursing practice. While the development of nursing theory is essential to the establishment of a theoretical body of knowledge unique to nursing as a science, this must not be its only function. Theory development must be integrated with nursing practice if the profession is to survive and grow.
Bergman Cyclization of Sterically Hindered Substrates and Observation of Phenyl-Shifted Products

Heating 1,2-bis(phenylethynyl)benzene in the presence of 1,4-cyclohexadiene at temperatures ranging from 260 to 360 °C yielded the expected Bergman product, 2,3-diphenylnaphthalene, as only a minor product (<3%) under all reaction conditions studied. The major products, resulting from one or more phenyl shifts, were 1,3- and 1,4-diphenylnaphthalene which formed in up to 16% and 11% yield, respectively. Although somewhat less efficiently, 1-ethynyl-2-(phenylethynyl)benzene and (Z)-1,6-diphenylhex-3-ene-2,5-diyne also yielded products resulting from phenyl shifts. These results are explained through computations that point to the role of steric repulsion and benzyne stability in driving these isomerizations. The computed barriers for phenyl shifting are dramatically higher than those observed in the case of sp3 radicals. However, these transformations are relevant in solution chemistry as well as in more extreme environments such as those encountered during combustion, pyrolysis, and electric discharge heating.
A likelihood ratio test for interaction among variances

A likelihood ratio test for interaction in an analysis of variance model, when observations are variances is considered. Another statistic based on the logarithmic transformation is also considered and the null and non-null distributions of the test statistics are considered.
Sleep Hygiene Practices of Good and Poor Sleepers in the United States: An Internet-Based Study

This Internet-based investigation assessed the frequency of multiple sleep hygiene practices in 128 good sleepers and 92 poor sleepers (mean age = 41.6, SD = 12.8, 61.8% women). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to measure sleep quality ( 7 = poor sleep). Although sleep hygiene practices were generally good, poor sleepers showed increased cognitive activity in the bed, even after controlling for global indices of depression and anxiety. Poor sleepers also reported statistically significant increases in excessive noise in the bedroom, uncomfortable nighttime temperature, and activities that were exciting, emotional, or demanded high concentration near bedtime. Future studies should further investigate the prevalence of these variables and their potential impact on sleep quality.
Heparin and Plasma Albumin in Relation to Thromboplastic Action of Trypsin, Cephalin and Brain Extracts

ConclusionsThere is no valid reason to suppose that the fundamental process of thrombin formation differs as between the phos-pholipid and the enzymic modes of activation.2 The fact of the significant quantitative differences in the cited tests shows that the so-called “antiprothrombic” effect of heparin is not to be interpreted as an alteration of the prothrombin itself, but rather as a manifestation of antagonisms between the heparin and the thromboplastic factors. There is an experimental difference between the simple addition of cephalin and its enzymic mobilization from protein-phospholipid combinations.The results of all clotting experiments must be evaluated with reference to (1) quantitative relationships between the various factors, (2) the question of cephalin mobilization, and (3) time factors involved in thrombin formation, the thrombin-fibrinogen interaction, and in the overcoming of the inhibitory mechanisms. It is significant that thromboplastic enzyme has demonstrable powers of overcoming ...