cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The lack of carotenoid band shifts in a non-photosynthetic, reaction centerless mutant of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides.

Recent work has shown that in photosynthetic tissues changes in the absorption spectrum of carotenoids can be correlated with the high energy state that mediates phosphorylation [l-6]. The carotenoid band shift can be produced by light, by KC1 in the presence of valinomycin [6], and by pyrophosphate [3,4] . We have sought to measure these effects in a non-photosynthetic mutant strain of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. This mutant strain, PM-8, was obtained by Sistrom [7] and has been shown to lack reaction centers P870,and all manifestations of the primary photochemistry [7-g]. PM-8 was derived from the photosynthetically competent strain Ga, a spontaneous mutant of wild strain 2.4.1 (van Niel). Both PM-8 and Ga contain light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) and just two carotenoids, neurosporene and hydroxy-neurosporene [7]. When grown in the dark under the same conditions of aeration, strains PM-8 and Ga develop similar concentrations of BChl and carotenoids. Our measurements were made with both strains grown aerobically in darkness, and also Ga grown photosynthetically. We will show that the carotenoid band shifts can be produced by all the foregoing methods in aerobically grown cells of Ga, but none can be induced in strain PM-8. We will also show that this is not due to “leaky” membranes in chromatophores of PM-8, but that the presence of the reaction centers is necessary for the changes in the carotenoid spectra. 2. Materials and methods
Secretory protein synthesis in the stimulated rat parotid gland. Temporal dissociation of the maximal response from secretion.

Administration of the β-adrenergic drug, isoproterenol (IPR), affects the release of 98% of stored amylase from rat parotid gland acinar cells. A period of 6 h elapses from the onset of secretion to the maximum [14C]phenylalanine (Phe) incorporation into total protein and amylase. 10 h after IPR administration the rate of [14C]Phe incorporation into total protein was no longer elevated above that of control. Incorporation into amylase, however, remained elevated above the control by 2.3 times. This latent period may reflect: (a) reduced amounts of available ATP which occurs as a result of the process of secretion as well as (b) the time required for reorganization of cellular organelles and membranes after secretion. The latent period after IPR-induced secretion appears similar to the latent period which has recently been reported to occur after physiologic release of amylase from the parotid gland during the diurnal feeding cycle of the rat. These observations support the existence of a positive feedback system operant in the parotid acinar cell linking the release of secretory proteins with their synthesis. The period of greatest protein synthesis is, however, temporally dissociated from the secretory process.
Organizational Configurations and Performance: A Comparison of Theoretical Approaches

Two major approaches to examining the relationship between organizational configurations and performance are found in the strategic management literature. The first, rooted in the concept of strate...
Accuracy and complication rate of brush cytology from bile duct versus pancreatic duct.

Abstract Background: The accuracy and complication rates of brush cytology obtained from pancreaticobiliary strictures have not been fully defined. In this study we compared the accuracy and complications of brush cytology obtained from bile versus pancreatic ducts. Methods: We identified 148 consecutive patients for whom brush cytology was done during an ERCP from a database with prospectively collected data. We compared cytology results with the final diagnosis as determined by surgical pathologic examination or long-term clinical follow-up. We followed all patients and recorded ERCP-related complications. Results: Forty-two pancreatic brush cytology samples and 101 biliary brush cytology samples were obtained. The accuracy rate of biliary cytology was 65 of 101 (64.3%) and the accuracy rate of pancreatic cytology was 30 of 42 (71.4%). Overall sensitivity was 50% for biliary cytology and 58.3% for pancreatic cytology. Of 67 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, sensitivity for biliary cytology was 50% versus 66% for pancreatic cytology. Concurrent pancreatic and biliary cytology during the same procedure increased the sensitivity in only 1 of 10 (10%) patients. Pancreatitis occurred in 11 (11%) patients (9 mild cases, 2 moderate cases) after biliary cytology and in 9 (21%) patients (6 mild cases, 3 moderate cases) after pancreatic cytology ( p = 0.22). In 10 patients who had pancreatic brush cytology, a pancreatic stent was placed. None of these patients developed pancreatitis versus 9 of 32 (28%) patients in whom a stent was not placed (p = 0.08). Pancreatic cytology samples obtained from the head of the pancreas were correct in 13 of 18 (72%) cases, from the genu in 7 of 7 (100%) cases, from the body in 5 of 9 (55%) cases, and from the tail in 4 of 7 (57%) cases. Conclusion: The accuracy of biliary brush cytology is similar to the accuracy of pancreatic brush cytology. The yield of the latter for pancreatic adenocarcinoma is similar to that of the former. Complication rates for pancreatic cytology are not significantly higher than the rates for biliary cytology. The placement of a pancreatic stent after pancreatic brushing appears to reduce the risk of postprocedure pancreatitis. (Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:322-7.)
Elimination of single productions and merging nonterminal symbols of LR(1) grammars

Aho and Ullman give an algorithm in [1] for eliminating reductions of the form A -> B, where A and B are nonterminals, from a set of LR(k) parsing tables, thus increasing the speed of the parser and reducing its size. We present a modification of their algorithm and show that after reductions by A -> B have been eliminated, the symbols A and B can be equated and the associated columns of the parsing table merged, further reducing the size of the parser. The new set of tables parses according to an ''abridged'' grammar with fewer nonterminal symbols than the original. Finally, we give an algorithm which for certain LR(1) grammars constructs a set of LR(1) tables with no reductions by single productions, directly from the grammar.
Clinical evaluation of a Raman scattering multiple gas analyzer for the operating room

A Raman spectrometer multiple gas analyzer was used to monitor inspired and expired concentrations of oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), halothane, and isoflurane in 10 patients. The Raman spectrometer and a dedicated mass spectrometer were connected to each patient to provide a comparison of the two instruments. Results show that readings from the Raman spectrometer are within 0.62 vol% of known gas standards for O2, N2, N2O; within 0.03 vol% for CO2; and within 0.04 vol% for halothane, enflurane and isoflurane. Clinical results show that Raman spectrometer readings are within 1.36 vol% of the mass spectrometer readings for O2, N2, N2O; within 0.01 vol% for CO2; and within 0.22 vol% for halothane and isoflurane. The clinical and laboratory results indicate the Raman spectrometer monitors airway gases and vapors as accurately as a dedicated mass spectrometer.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cefoperazone-sulbactam in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

This study was conducted to determine the pharmacokinetics of the fixed combination antibiotic cefoperazone-sulbactam in patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). In addition, the pharmacodynamic profile of this combination was determined by the use of mean bactericidal titers against selected bacterial strains. Six noninfected CAPD patients were given a fixed dose of cefoperazone (2 g) and sulbactam (1 g) either intravenously or intraperitoneally over 10 min in a randomized, two-way crossover fashion. The mean peak cefoperazone concentration in serum after intravenous administration was 280.9 micrograms/ml. The mean peak concentration in serum after intraperitoneal cefoperazone administration was 38.9 micrograms/ml and occurred 2 to 4 h postdose. The mean peak sulbactam concentration in serum after intravenous administration was 82.2 micrograms/ml. The mean peak concentration in serum after intraperitoneal sulbactam administration was 24.4 micrograms/ml and occurred at 6 h. The absolute bioavailability of the intraperitoneal dose was 61% for cefoperazone and 70% for sulbactam. Cefoperazone total body and renal clearances were unaffected by renal failure and dialysis. However, both clearance values for sulbactam were reduced markedly. Only intraperitoneal dosing provided peak inhibitory and bactericidal titers in dialysate for all organisms tested. Intravenous dosing provided satisfactory dialysate titers only for very susceptible bacterial strains. End-stage renal disease and CAPD do not alter cefoperazone pharmacokinetics; however, sulbactam dosing may need to be adjusted.
Stellar limits on keV pseudoscalars

Abstract Based on the decay rate of orthopositronium and ge−2 for the electron, Samuel has suggested the existence of a new pseudoscalar with coupling to electrons α′= 2×10−8 and mass less than 5 keV. We demonstrate that this contradicts stellar models of the sun and horizontal branch stars. For the coupling required to explain ge−2 and positronium, we demonstrate that a mass of at least 34 keV (175 keV) is required to avoid running models of the sun (horizontal branch stars).
Quantitation of craniofacial anomalies in utero: Fetal Alcohol and Crouzon Syndromes and Thanatophoric Dysplasia

The study of fetal growth and development by ultrasound has been greatly facilitated in the past few years by the availability of anthropometric standards for the fetal body. Thus, the obstetrician is able to discern between normal and grossly abnormal, and even to quantitate certain fine fetal structures such as the face. This paper presents results obtained from a group of 5 patients referred to the Medical Center from private practices in Indianapolis, Indiana. Prenatal cephalometric analyses by ultrasound suggested the presence of craniofacial anomalies in all 5 cases. However, such defects were not detectable by routine ultrasonographic examination. A clinical examination after birth of each of these 5 patients suggested the following diagnoses: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) in 2 individuals, Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE) in one individual, Crouzon Syndrome (CS) in one patient, and Thanatophoric Dyslpasia (TD) in one patient. In order to compare the craniofacial measurement values for each patient to normal standards, we developed Z-Score profiles and Pattern Variability Indexes (PVI) as described by Garn et al. [1984, 1985]. The values presented here support the idea that even mildly abnormal fetal craniofacial patterns are detectable by this relatively new application of ultrasound. At the present time, no conclusions can be made regarding the diagnostic accuracy of these patterns and profiles. However, the potential value of fetal cephalometry for documenting craniofacial dysmorphology is clearly indicated. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Safety of Multiple Re-excisions after Lumpectomy for Breast Cancer

Background Breast cancer patients may undergo multiple re-excisions after lumpectomy in an attempt to obtain clear margins and avoid mastectomy. We sought to determine the overall local recurrence rate and surgical outcome of patients undergoing two or more re-excisions and to identify predictors of success in attaining clear margins.
Large Video Event Ontology Browsing, Search and Tagging (EventNet Demo)

In this demo we present PITAGORA\footnote{Demo video available at http://bit.ly/1GgtUrN}: a mobile web contextual social network designed for the check-in area of an airport. The app provides recommendation of potential friends, local experts and targeted services. Recommendation is hybrid and combines social media analysis and collaborative filtering techniques. Users' recommendation has been evaluated through a user study with good results.
cAMP-mediated vascular protection in an orthotopic rat lung transplant model. Insights into the mechanism of action of prostaglandin E1 to improve lung preservation.

Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) is often added to the donor pulmonary flush solution to enhance clinical lung preservation for transplantation. Although PGE1 is thought to act as a pulmonary vasodilator during the harvest period, the precise mechanism(s) of action whereby PGE1 enhances lung preservation is unknown. Because cAMP levels decline in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells exposed to hypoxia, we hypothesized that a PGE1-mediated increase in cAMP levels within the preserved lungs might improve pulmonary vascular homeostasis following lung transplantation. Rat lungs demonstrated a time-dependent decline in cAMP levels during hypothermic storage, with cAMP levels significantly increased by PGE1 supplementation (approximately 2-fold by 6 hours, P < .0005). To test whether augmenting cAMP levels may enhance lung preservation, experiments were performed using an orthotopic rat left lung transplant model. Compared with controls, supplementing the preservation solution with the membrane-permeable cAMP analogue dibutyryl-cAMP resulted in dose-dependent preservation enhancement, marked by reduced pulmonary vascular resistance (6.0-fold, P < .01), improved arterial oxygenation (3.0-fold, P < .01), reduced graft neutrophil infiltration (1.5-fold, P < .05), and improved recipient survival (7.0-fold, P < .005). Similar preservation enhancement was observed with another cAMP analogue (8-bromo-cAMP) or the phosphodiesterase inhibitor indolidan. Stimulating the cAMP second messenger system by PGE1 supplementation resulted in marked hemodynamic benefits and improved recipient survival, in parallel with reduced graft neutrophil infiltration, vascular permeability, and platelet deposition. These beneficial effects of PGE1 were abrogated by simultaneous administration of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase antagonist Rp-cAMPS. Although an arterial vasodilator (minoxidil) resulted in significant pulmonary vasodilation during harvest, it lacked other nonvasodilating effects of PGE1 and resulted in poor preservation. These data show that harvest vasodilation by itself is insufficient to enhance lung preservation and that PGE1 enhances lung preservation by stimulating the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and promoting non-vasodilatory mechanisms of pulmonary protection.
Perceived control and coping with stress: A developmental perspective.

This article discusses developmental changes in perceptions of control, the relationship between perceived control and strategies used by children to cope with stress, and the interaction between perceived control and coping in their association with psychological adjustment and disorder. Developmental research on children’s perceptions of control has identifed both changes and consistencies in contingency, competence, and control beliefs during childhood and early adolescence. Developmental changes in coping have also been documented, with problem-focused skills emerging during childhood, and more rapid development of emotion-focused coping skills during later childhood and early adolescence. Studies have shown that perceptions of control are related to the ways that children and adolescents cope with stress. The implications of this research for interventions aimed at enhancing children’s problem-solving and coping skills are discussed. Josh, an 11-year-old boy, and Amy, an 11-year-old girl, both share the common experience of being teased by other children. They find such experiences stressful, but they differ considerably in their beliefs about the controllability of these problems and in their actions to try to deal with them. Although
Brief Report: Development of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Family Responsibility Questionnaire

Objective To present psychometric data on youth and parent versions of the Inflammatory Bowel DiseaseFamily Responsibility Questionnaire (IBD-FRQ), a measure of family involvement in IBD management. Methods Fifty-eight adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), along with 55 mothers and 26 fathers completed the IBD-FRQ, a demographics questionnaire, and a measure of family involvement in decision making in non-IBD domains. Medical information was obtained via chart review. Results Support for the internal consistency of the IBD-FRQ was obtained. Evidence of validity was documented via moderate to high intercorrelations among reporters. Youth involvement increased with youth age, while maternal and paternal involvement decreased with youth age. Across all reporters, maternal involvement was higher than paternal involvement. Conclusions Preliminary analyses offer support for the measure’s reliability and validity. The measure shows promise as a means of assessing family involvement in IBD condition management;
Comparison of Diagnostic Techniques for Helicobacter cetorum Infection in Wild Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)

Helicobacter cetorum sp. nov. has been cultured from the stomach of Atlantic white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) and the feces of Pacific white-sided (L. obliquidens) and Atlantic bottlenose (Tursiops truncatus) dolphins and a beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). H. cetorum has high homology to Helicobacter pylori as shown by 16S rRNA sequencing, and H. cetorum infection has been associated with gastritis and clinical signs in cetaceans. Because the prevalence of H. cetorum in wild populations is unknown, minimally invasive techniques for detecting H. cetorum were compared for 20 wild bottlenose dolphins sampled as part of a long-term health study. Fecal samples were tested for helicobacter by culture, Southern blotting, and PCR using genus-specific and H. cetorum-specific primers. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to measure H. cetorum immunoglobulin G (IgG). H. cetorum was cultured from 4 of 20 fecal samples, 7 samples were positive using Helicobacter sp. PCR, and 8 samples were positive for H. cetorum using species-specific primers. Two additional fecal samples were positive by Helicobacter sp. Southern blotting, suggesting infection with another helicobacter. All 20 sera contained high levels of IgG antibodies to H. cetorum that were significantly lowered by preabsorption of the sera with whole-cell suspensions of H. cetorum (P < 0.02). Until the specificity of the serum ELISA can be determined by testing sera from dolphins confirmed to be uninfected, PCR and Southern blot screenings of feces are the most sensitive techniques for detection of H. cetorum, and results indicate there is at least a 50% prevalence of H. cetorum infection in these dolphins.
Mitigation and education.

Delegates: Joseph A. Abboud, MD, Mark Altena, MD, Thomas L. Bradbury, MD, Jason H. Calhoun, MD, FACS, Douglas A. Dennis, MD, Daniel J. Del Gaizo, MD, Lluis Font-Vizcarra, MD, Kaisa Huotari, MD, Stephen L. Kates, MD, Kyung-Hoi Koo, PhD, Tad M. Mabry, MD, Calin Stefan Moucha, MD, Julio Cesar Palacio, MD, Trisha Nicole Peel, MBBS, Rudolf W. Poolman, MD, PhD, William J. Robb III, MD, Ralph Salvagno, MD, Thorsten Seyler, MD, Gabor Skaliczki, MD, Edward M. Vasarhelyi, MD, William Charles Watters III, MD
Twists and Turns: A Scientific Journey

In this perspective I look back on the twists and turns that influenced the direction of my scientific career over the past 40 years. From my early ambition to be a chemist to my training in Philadelphia and Bethesda as a molecular biologist, I benefited enormously from generous and valuable mentoring. In my independent career in Philadelphia and Princeton, I was motivated by a keen interest in the changes in gene expression that direct the development of the mammalian embryo and inspired by the creativity and energy of my students, fellows, and research staff. After twelve years as President of Princeton University, I have happily returned to the faculty of the Department of Molecular Biology.
THERMAL INACTIVATION KINETICS OF FOOD-BORNE YEASTS

The thermal inactivation kinetics of three food-borne yeasts from heat-treated products-two Sacc. cerevisiae and one Zygosacc. rouxii-hsve been determined. Thermal treatment and evaluation of results were carried out according to the dynamic heat destruction method. Results for 0.5% (w/w) glucose as heating medium expressed in D55 values were 1.05, 2.67 and 0.16 min, respectively. The respective z values were 4.00, 6.23 and 5.55°C. The apparent activation energy for heat destruction calculated from the Arrhenius plot for the three yeasts were 5.05*105, 3.61*105 and 3.60*105 Jmol-1. Applying Eyring's theory of absolute reaction rates for thermal destruction, values for enthalpy and entropy of activation could be calculated.
Development of a dual‐form abortion scale

Abstract Previous studies of attitude toward abortion have indicated that there are strong differences closely related to a person's religious affiliation. However, these studies relied upon the rating of situations which resemble the content of official theological discussions on the morality of abortion made by various religions. This might have influenced their results. In order to investigate the presence of religion group differences in attitude toward abortion while avoiding a direct association with official religious stances on the morality of reasons for seeking an abortion, a 40‐item, Likert‐type scale was devised containing a wide variety of abortion‐related items. The scale was administered to 147 subjects who had a wide range of age, educational, and religious differences. The results clearly indicated that Catholics and Mormons had a significantly more negative attitude toward abortion than either Protestants or those with no religious preference. It was concluded that there is a definite re...
Transmission of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) to Age-Matched Sentinel Pigs

Methods: In each of two trials, five 4to 6week-old pigs (Principals) housed in one isolation room were inoculated with PRRSV. Pairs of age-matched sentinel pigs (Sentinels) were sequentially placed in direct contact with the Principals for 2-week periods, with 1-week intervals between pairs. Serum samples collected from Sentinels were tested by virus isolation and serology (ELISA) to determine whether transmission had occurred. Eight pairs of Sentinels were rotated through the Principals’ rooms over a 165or 167-day period.
Elevated international normalized ratio in the ED: clinical course and physician adherence to the published recommendations.

Abstract Objective Describe the course of patients with an elevated international normalized ratio (INR) in the emergency department (ED) and determine physicians' adherence with treatment recommendations. Methods One-year retrospective review of all ED patients with an INR >5.0. Results Ninety-four patients met the entry criteria. Bleeding was present in 28.7% patients. Two thirds of the major bleeding episodes were of gastrointestinal origin. Physicians' adherence decreased as bleeding and INR increased. At the lowest risk, adherence was 66.6%, whereas at the highest risk, it was 36.3%. Two thirds of patients were admitted to the hospital, one fourth were discharged, and 7.4% were observed in an observation unit. Average length of stay was 3.8 days. Conclusion Adherence to the recommendations regarding managing elevated INR was suboptimal. There is a need for formal endorsement of recommendations by emergency medicine organizations and development of disposition criteria based on bleeding status and site of bleeding.
Drafting an International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Their Families.

The open-ended Working Group (WG) completed its 3rd session of the 2nd reading on the Elaboration of an International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Their Families during September 24-October 3 1986 in New York. In this session the WG elaborated a "dictionary" of terms related to the migrant worker and members of the family of the migrant worker that when ratified will be viewed as international standards. The WG also approved 8 articles primarily relating to civil and political rights. These included articles regarding the rights of migrant workers and their families to 1) leave any State including their State of origin; 2) life; 3) be excluded from forced or compulsory labor except under specific conditions; 4) the freedom of thought conscience and religion; 5) hold opinions without interference and the freedom of expression subject only to certain restrictions; and 6) liberty and security of person. The Conventions intention was to ensure the application of human rights to migrant workers. There were nearly 60 participating states in attendance with 1/3 of them from African states. African and Arab states played a very active role in the discussions. The number of women delegates has increased with each session. Future issues include 1) economic and cultural rights and 2) the additional rights of migrant workers and their families in a regular situation of lawful status.
Activation of Be‐Implanted GaAs by Using RTA with Proximity Contact

Rapid thermal annealing (RTA) combined with proximity contact techniques has been used to activate Be-implanted GaAs. At the optimum RTA condition, which is 900 o C for 5s, complete activation was achieved. The SIMS analyses show less dopant redistribution during RTA in comparison with furnace annealing. The proximity contact effectively suppressed arsenic loss and minimized GaAs surface morphology degradation
Quantitative and Qualitative β Diversity Measures Lead to Different Insights into Factors That Structure Microbial Communities

The assessment of microbial diversity and distribution is a major concern in environmental microbiology. There are two general approaches for measuring community diversity: quantitative measures, which use the abundance of each taxon, and qualitative measures, which use only the presence/absence of data. Quantitative measures are ideally suited to revealing community differences that are due to changes in relative taxon abundance (e.g., when a particular set of taxa flourish because a limiting nutrient source becomes abundant). Qualitative measures are most informative when communities differ primarily by what can live in them (e.g., at high temperatures), in part because abundance information can obscure significant patterns of variation in which taxa are present. We illustrate these principles using two 16S rRNA-based surveys of microbial populations and two phylogenetic measures of community β diversity: unweighted UniFrac, a qualitative measure, and weighted UniFrac, a new quantitative measure, which we have added to the UniFrac website (http://bmf.colorado.edu/unifrac). These studies considered the relative influences of mineral chemistry, temperature, and geography on microbial community composition in acidic thermal springs in Yellowstone National Park and the influences of obesity and kinship on microbial community composition in the mouse gut. We show that applying qualitative and quantitative measures to the same data set can lead to dramatically different conclusions about the main factors that structure microbial diversity and can provide insight into the nature of community differences. We also demonstrate that both weighted and unweighted UniFrac measurements are robust to the methods used to build the underlying phylogeny.
A fully automated algorithm for estimating attenuation length in 3D from projection data

An algorithm is described for estimating attenuation length in 3D from sinogram or projection data, by which 3D attenuation correction can be performed in brain PET imaging for given attenuation coefficients. The algorithm begins with the estimation of scalp contours from sinogram data, based on optimal thresholding, spline smoothing and interpolation and backprojection. A cubic B-spline surface is then introduced to accurately describe the scalp surface by the least squares fitting to the stacked 2D estimated scalp contours. Due to the use of this surface model, an efficient and accurate technique is developed for estimation of a distance between two intersecting points formed by an arbitrary projection ray and the scalp surface. This fully automated and fast algorithm has been applied to sinogram and projection data collected using PENN-PET scanners. It has the potential to be used in routine clinical PET imaging.
Computer Redundancy: Design, Performance, and Future

The literature on the theoretical aspects of redundancy in digital computers is extensive providing a sound basis for highly reliable design. This paper describes the design problems, the reliability prediction, the field performance, and the future application of redundancy techniques to digital systems. Triple modular redundancy (TMR) is described using the logic of the Launch Vehicle Digital Computer utilized in the uprated Saturn I and the Saturn V vehicles. The self-correcting memory of this computer is described along with the associated design problems and the design verification based on production experience. Consideration is given to system design problems involved with TMR logic. A Monte Carlo technique for predicting computer reliability is considered in a design engineering rather than programmer approach. The unique means of indicating single-channel malfunctions, while continuing to mask these single-channel malfunctions with respect to system operation, is introduced. The result of field operation are given and compared with predicted reliability. Quad redundancy at the component part level is described using the circuitry of the primary processor and data storage (PPDS) for NASA's Orbital Astronomical Observatory. The process of arriving at a quad redundancy implementation is considered in light of the constraints of cost, schedule, and an initial reliability requirement of 95 percent for a year's operation in space. The circuit and system design problems associated with quad redundancy such as impedance and part parameter variations, power consumption, fan out limitations, and testing restrictions are indicated. The results of field operation are given and compared with predicted reliability.
Coherence Properties of Optical Fields

This article presents a review of coherence properties of electromagnetic fields and their measurements, with special emphasis on the optical region of the spectrum. Analyses based on both the classical and quantum theories are described. After a brief historical introduction, the elementary concepts which are frequently employed in the discussion of interference phenomena are summarized. The measure of second-order coherence is then introduced in connection with the analysis of a simple interference experiment and some of the more important second-order coherence effects are studied. Their uses in stellar interferometry and interference spectroscopy are described. Analysis of partial polarization from the standpoint of correlation theory is also outlined. The general statistical description of the field is discussed in some detail. The recently discovered universal "diagonal" representation of the density operator for free fields is also considered and it is shown how, with the help of the associated generalized phase-space distribution function, the quantum-mechanical correlation functions may be expressed in the same form as the classical ones. The sections which follow deal with the statistical properties of thermal and nonthermal light, and with the temporal and spatial coherence of blackbody radiation. Later sections, dealing with fourth- and higher-order coherence effects include a discussion of the photoelectric detection process. Among the fourth-order effects described in detail are bunching phenomena, the Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect and its application to astronomy. The article concludes with a discussion of various transient superposition effects, such as light beats and interference fringes produced by independent light beams.
RASP-QS: efficient and confidential query services in the cloud

Hosting data query services in public clouds is an attractive solution for its great scalability and significant cost savings. However, data owners also have concerns on data privacy due to the lost control of the infrastructure. This demonstration shows a prototype for efficient and confidential range/kNN query services built on top of the random space perturbation (RASP) method. The RASP approach provides a privacy guarantee practical to the setting of cloud-based computing, while enabling much faster query processing compared to the encryption-based approach. This demonstration will allow users to more intuitively understand the technical merits of the RASP approach via interactive exploration of the visual interface.
Natural Hazards, Climate Change, and Adaptation: Persistent Questions and Answers

In research on risk and hazard, three central questions seem to persist: What should people and societies worry about? Why do people live and work in areas subject to repeated hazards? How is it that they survive and even prosper in such areas? Les Heathcote and I were part of an early effort to address these questions globally across the range of natural hazards. working together on a study that contrasted the agricultural drought hazard in Australia with that of Tanzania. From our comparison and other national studies, we learned that developing countries had much greater hazard deaths rates and industrialized countries had much larger economic losses. Adding in the costs of adaptation effort to prevent these losses gave us an overall social cost, and as the percentage of per capita GNP current at the time, the burden on the developing countries was much greater than that of the industrialized countries. Now forty years later, human-induced climate change that we did not consider in our original study, will almost surely bring more drought to some areas, more floods to others, and possibly more and greater cyclones. In this paper I examine global trends and causes of extreme climatological, weather, and disaster events, since our original study. These events are growing and have multiple causes of growing population, and economic wealth, as well as weather and climate. I then consider trends in adaptation especially as it is addressed to climate change. For a conclusion, I briefly reconsider the persistent questions. In looking back over my half century of research on risk and hazard (Kates 2001), three central questions seem to persist: What should people and societies worry about? Why do people live and work in areas subject to repeated hazards? How is it that they survive and even prosper in such areas?
Glucagon Causes Disappearance of a T3 and Carbohydrate-Inducible Rat Hepatic mRNA (mRNAS14): Unexpected Circadian Dependency of Response

We have employed a rat hepatic mRNA sequence (mRNAS14) as a model for studies of hormonal and nutrient effects on the regulation of gene expression in vivo. Attention was drawn to this sequence, which encodes a cytosolic protein of Mr 17,010, pl 4.9, because of its rapid induction to 15X the basal hypothyroid level within 4 h after T3 administration (1). Subsequent studies showed that hepatic mRNAS14 expression is regulated by other factors as well. Starvation or experimental diabetes mellitus, for example, markedly attenuate mRNAS14 levels, whereas carbohydrate feeding augments mRNAS14 (2,3). Moreover, Mariash et al. in our laboratory have shown that induction of this mRNA by T3 and dietary carbohydrate exhibits the synergistic action which typifies their induction of several lipogenic enzymes in rat liver (2,4,5). The hypothesis has been advanced that a product of carbohydrate metabolism interacts in a multiplicative fashion with a signal generated by the association of T3 with its receptor to induce specific mRNA sequences encoding lipogenic enzymes. Participation of the S14 protein in lipogenesis is further suggested by its abundancy only in lipogenic tisses—liver, fat, and lactating mammary gland (5).
Adaptive SPECT

Adaptive imaging systems alter their data-acquisition configuration or protocol in response to the image information received. An adaptive pinhole single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system might acquire an initial scout image to obtain preliminary information about the radiotracer distribution and then adjust the configuration or sizes of the pinholes, the magnifications, or the projection angles in order to improve performance. This paper briefly describes two small-animal SPECT systems that allow this flexibility and then presents a framework for evaluating adaptive systems in general, and adaptive SPECT systems in particular. The evaluation is in terms of the performance of linear observers on detection or estimation tasks. Expressions are derived for the ideal linear (Hotelling) observer and the ideal linear (Wiener) estimator with adaptive imaging. Detailed expressions for the performance figures of merit are given, and possible adaptation rules are discussed.
Effects of weight cycling in rats allowed a choice of diet

We examined the effects of weight cycling, produced by bouts of weight loss and regain, on body weight, body composition, dietary fat intake, and energy efficiency. Three groups of adult female Wistar rats were followed for 116 days: control rats (n = 10) were allowed ad libitum access to three mixed diets with protein as a constant proportion of energy and fat provided at 10, 30, and 50% of energy; cycled rats (n = 10) had four bouts of food restriction (50% of baseline intake for 10 days) and refeeding (18-20 days of ad libitum access to the 3 mixed diets); maturity controls (n = 10) were treated identically to controls during the first two cycles and identical to cyclers during the final two weight cycles. At the end of the experiment, we could identify no negative effects of weight cycling on any of the measures taken, and in fact body weight and percentage body fat were lower in cyclers than controls. Dietary fat intake was not altered by weight cycling. In summary, weight cycling did not promote body weight or body fat gain.
A continuous, nowhere differentiable function

(1992). A Continuous, Nowhere Differentiable Function. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 99, No. 1, pp. 8-9.
An Analysis of Professional Practice Ed.D. Dissertations in Educational Technology

The University of Florida offers an online professional practice Ed.D. focused on Educational Technology. Twenty-three students have completed professional practice dissertations and graduated since the program’s inception in 2008. The purpose of this article is to share what these dissertations have looked like and to begin a dialogue about professional practice dissertations completed in online educational technology programs. Specifically, we (1) provide an overview of different ways professional practice Ed.D. dissertations are structured, (2) share guiding principles for professional practice dissertations in our Ed.D. program, (3) analyze the ways in which these guiding principles played out in the dissertations and (4) discuss the implications of our analysis for our program and for other online professional practice programs in Educational Technology.
Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffolds: More Different Than Alike?

Last week I was watching the classic film Back to School , in which Rodney Dangerfield plays successful middle-age entrepreneur, Thornton Melon, a high school dropout who attends college to support his struggling son and in the process restores his own self-dignity. He is attracted to one of his
Preparation of Usnic Acid Sponginum and Its Antibacterial Test

[Objective]to prepare the usuic acid sponginum,and preliminary study its antibacterial activity in vitro. [Methods]The Sponginum was prepared with usuic acid as the main component,collagen protein as the base material by lyophilization.The content of usuic acids in was determined by ultraviolet spectrograph(type UV-2204) and the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) of the sponginum against staphylocococus aureus and propionibacteria was measured in vitro by means of liquid doubling dilution. [Results]the Usuic acid sponginum has inhibitory effects on staphylocococus aureus and propionibacteria to various extents,and the MIC was 35.477mg/mL-for staphylocococus aureus and 0.893 mg/ml for propionibacteria. [Conclusion]The sponginum is simple in preparation with low cost and is suitable for modern scale production.And it possesses good antibacterial effects on staphylocococus aureus and propionibacteria.As mentioned above,it is beneficial to development and utilization of usuic acid sponginum.
Hand Dermatitis: Utilizing Subtype Classification to Direct Intervention

Hand dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin condition with typical clinical signs including redness, hyperkeratosis, scaling, edema, vesicles, and fissuring. It often becomes chronic and disabling, leading to significant morbidity, disability, and economic loss. The pathogenesis of hand dermatitis is multifactorial, and the treatment is challenging. The most common exogenous cause of hand dermatitis is contact with irritants such as soap and water, leading to an irritant contact dermatitis. Atopic dermatitis is a significantly associated endogenous cause of hand dermatitis. Exposure to a contact allergen is also an important cause of hand dermatitis, and it is recommended that all patients with persistent or treatment refractory hand dermatitis undergo patch testing, especially prior to the initiation of systemic immunosuppressive therapy. Preventative measures including the identification and elimination of irritants or allergens are essential in all cases of hand dermatitis. In addition, a stepwise approach of escalating therapy is advised. Initially, we recommend frequent application of emollients, along with the use of a potent topical corticosteroid daily for up to 6 weeks. A concomitant short, 1–2-week course of oral steroids may also be needed in severe cases to achieve rapid resolution. Once well controlled, maintenance therapy with either twice weekly topical corticosteroid application or topical calcineurin inhibitor application may be indicated for cases of chronic dermatitis. If topical corticosteroids are ineffective and the patient has access to phototherapy, we would next recommend a course of localized PUVA or UVB therapy. In severe, refractory cases of hand dermatitis unresponsive to topical steroids and phototherapy, systemic therapy such as an oral retinoid or immunosuppressive medication may be considered.
Maternal depression and youth internalizing and externalizing symptomatology: severity and chronicity of past maternal depression and current maternal depressive symptoms

Maternal depression is a well-documented risk factor for youth depression, and taking into account its severity and chronicity may provide important insight into the degree of risk conferred. This study explored the degree to which the severity/chronicity of maternal depression history explained variance in youth internalizing and externalizing symptoms above and beyond current maternal depressive symptoms among 171 youth (58 % male) ages 8 to 12 over a span of 3 years. Severity and chronicity of past maternal depression and current maternal depressive symptoms were examined as predictors of parent-reported youth internalizing and externalizing symptomatology, as well as youth self-reported depressive symptoms. Severity and chronicity of past maternal depression did not account for additional variance in youth internalizing and externalizing symptoms at Time 1 beyond what was accounted for by maternal depressive symptoms at Time 1. Longitudinal growth curve modeling indicated that prior severity/chronicity of maternal depression predicted levels of youth internalizing and externalizing symptoms at each time point when controlling for current maternal depressive symptoms at each time point. Chronicity of maternal depression, apart from severity, also predicted rate of change in youth externalizing symptoms over time. These findings highlight the importance of screening and assessing for current maternal depressive symptoms, as well as the nature of past depressive episodes. Possible mechanisms underlying the association between severity/chronicity of maternal depression and youth outcomes, such as residual effects from depressive history on mother-child interactions, are discussed.
“Teachers are works in progress”: A mixed methods study of teaching residents’ beliefs and articulations of teaching for social justice

Abstract Teacher candidates’ beliefs about teaching for social justice affect the ways in which they act with students, schools, and communities. There is a growing body of research on teacher candidates’ beliefs of teaching for social justice, however there is limited research on larger samples over the course of teacher preparation. This mixed method study examines the beliefs and articulations of teaching for social justice of two cohorts of teaching residents who completed an urban teacher residency program. Findings suggest that residents developed nuanced ways of articulating and generally left the program endorsing ideas related to teaching for social justice.
The Parthenon Marbles in the British Museum

In the early part of the 19th century sculptures from the Parthenon in Athens were removed from the Acropolis under the direction of the Earl of Elgin, then the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, which at the time included Greece. The sculptures were brought to Britain, finding their way to the British Museum in London in 1816, where they are viewed by millions of museum visitors annually. A debate long has simmered as to whether these Parthenon Marbles, which date from the 5th century BCE, should be returned to Athens or remain in the United Kingdom. Elements of the debate include questions about: the legitimacy of the initial relocation of the statuary; the quasi-legal impact of more than 200 years of British stewardship; the risk-mitigating role for dispersal of art; and, the influence on other art and museums of any precedent that might be established by return of the Parthenon Marbles.This paper surveys the arguments on both sides of the debate. A Law-and-Economics lens is employed to examine the “property dispute” surrounding the Marbles. Coase-like reasoning is applied to the question of the “highest-valued” location of the Marbles, supplemented with behavioral economics concepts involving cultural identity and endowment effects. The paper concludes by offering some contours for a potentially Pareto-improving agreement that would result in the reunification of the Parthenon Marbles in Greece.
Keeping the "Welcome Sign" Lit: A Review of Building Mathematics Learning Communities: Improving Outcomes in Urban High Schools

KAYLA D. MYERS is a PhD student in the Department of Early Childhood and Elementary Education in the College of Education and Human Development, at Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3978, Atlanta, GA 30302; email: kmyers@gsu.edu. Her research interests include mathematics teacher education and development; teachers’ transitions from the university setting to the mathematics classroom; and issues of power, identity, and subjectivity through discursive practices in mathematics learning communities. BOOK REVIEW