cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two class I genes of the chicken MHC have different functions: BF1 is recognized by NK cells while BF2 is recognized by CTLs.

The function of the chicken’s major histocompatibility complex (MHC or B complex) class I major (BF2) and minor (BF1) glycoproteins is compared for their expression, ability to present viral antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and interaction with natural killer (NK) cells. MHC-restricted CTLs recognized virus antigen in the context of the BF2*21 major glycoprotein but not the BF1*21 minor glycoprotein. Marek’s disease virus (MDV), a large DNA virus known to reduce the cell surface expression of class I glycoprotein, reduced the expression of BF2 glycoprotein while BF1glycoprotein expressions are remained as no change or slight increase. In addition, the expression of BF1*21 class I glycoprotein protected target cells from NK cell lysis while the expression of the BF2*21 class I glycoprotein enhanced NK cell lysis of target cells. Therefore, BF1 and BF2 provide two different cellular immune functions; BF1 negatively regulates the NK cell killing activity and BF2 restricts the antigen specific CTL immune response.
Breast Conservation Therapy After Augmentation Mammaplasty

Breast conservation therapy can be defined as complete removal of a breast tumor with a concentric margin of healthy tissue performed in a cosmetically acceptable manner and followed by radiation therapy. This chapter discusses lumpectomy, oncologic consultation with treatment alternatives, the effect of breast implants on mammography, the effect of radiation on the rate of capsular contracture, lumpectomy and radiation versus glandular replacement therapy, and breast conservation therapy in the augmented patient. Patients with breast augmentation are at higher risk to fail an attempt at breast conservation therapy for several reasons. First, breast implants interfere with mammographic detection of recurrent or new breast cancers. Second, radiation therapy increases the chance of capsular contracture. Capsular contracture renders the breast firm and sometimes painful and can also distort the appearance of the breast. Despite reservations, plastic surgeons who work closely with oncologic breast surgeons know that implants can be well tolerated by patients who have chosen to conserve their breasts.
Feedback Flow Control: A Heuristic Approach

This paper describes a heuristic approach to feedback flow control and illustrates its use for two flowfields: the flow around a tangent ogive at large angles of attack and the shear layer behind a...
The structure of guideline recommendations: a synthesis.

We propose that recommendations in a clinical guideline can be structured either as collections of decisions that are to be applied in specific situations or as processes that specify activities that take place over time. We formalize them as “recommendation sets” consisting of either Activity Graphs that represent guideline-directed processes or Decision Maps that represent atemporal recommendations or recommendations involving decisions made at one time point. We model guideline processes as specializations of workflow processes and provide possible computational models for decision maps. We evaluate the proposed formalism by showing how various guideline-modeling methodologies, including GLIF, EON, PRODIGY3, and Medical Logic Modules can be mapped into the proposed structures. The generality of the formalism makes it a candidate for standardizing the structure of recommendations for computer-interpretable guidelines.
Nail Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Systemic Amyloidosis

A 60-year-old woman with a 13-year history of monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS) presented with worsening nail dystrophy. Prior workup for systemic amyloidosis had been unrevealing, and no other signs of cutaneous disease were present. Nail biopsy was consistent with amyloid deposition, and the patient subsequently underwent autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for AL amyloidosis. In light of the growing literature regarding nail changes as a presenting sign of systemic amyloidosis and the promising utility of nail biopsy, we suggest a low threshold for biopsy in appropriate patients when nail changes characteristic of amyloidosis are refractory to conventional treatment.
Testing the Survival of Rhizobia on Inoculated Seeds

The most common method of legume inoculation is coating the seeds with inoculant. Survival of rhizobia on the seed depends on factors such as seed coat toxicity, application method, stickers used, and storage time and temperature. In this exercise, soybean (Glycine max) seeds are coated with several stickers and inoculated by various methods. The seeds are then stored up to 9 days at two temperatures. The survival of the rhizobia on the seed is monitored by the spread-plate method.
Standardization of fungal allergens

The ability of various fungi to induce human IgE-mediated disease, especially allergic asthma, has been well established. The relative clinical importance of fungal aeroallergens varies considerably in different geographic areas. The magnitude of exposure to fungal aeroallergens can be quantitated more precisely by newer immunochemical assays than by more traditional fungal cultures or quantitation of fungal spores by microscopy. Although the wide variations in biologic potency among commercial mold allergenic extracts have been appreciated for decades, only recently have laboratory technologic advances and the production of international reference extracts permitted the development of standardized fungal extracts of defined potency. Future efforts should be directed toward documenting the expected diagnostic and therapeutic advantages of such standardized fungal extracts.
Integrated Modeling for Battery Electric Vehicle Transcritical Thermal Management System

Dynamic modeling approaches are presented for a battery electric vehicle (BEV) transcritical thermal management system. In BEVs thermal management comprises of both temperature regulation of the passenger cabin and the battery pack. This work proposes that a single vapor compression system may provide efficient and effective means to manage the temperature constraints on both systems. However, the transcritical vapor compression system, battery pack, and cabin are complex systems with coupled behavior among electrical and thermal domains. Dynamic and scalable models provide valuable insight to the coupling among systems, and allow for rapid thermal management architecture and control design. This potential is demonstrated with a simulation comparison of an air-cooled battery pack with recirculated and exhausted return air and examples of parameter variation analysis important for controller robustness.
Variational approach for settlement analysis of circular plate on multilayered soil

Abstract A continuum-based analysis method is developed to analyze a uniformly-loaded circular plate founded on a multilayered soil deposit. The multilayered soil deposit forms a semi-infinite half space, and the behavior of each soil layer is assumed to be linear elastic. The plate is considered to be isotropic, homogeneous, and linear elastic. We apply variational principles to obtain the governing differential equations of the plate-layered soil system and solve them semi-analytically. We then compare results from the present analyses with those from finite element analysis. Using the proposed analysis method we perform a parametric study, results from which provide important insights into the effects of soil layering – such as the thicknesses and stiffness ratios of multiple soil layers – on the flexural behavior of the circular plate. Analyses for wide ranges of plate-to-soil stiffness ratios provide further insights on plate-soil interactions.
A Nationwide Analysis of Preoperative Planning on Operative Times and Postoperative Complications in Total Knee Arthroplasty

Compared with nonelective total knee arthroplasties (TKAs), elective procedures have more time for preoperative planning, which allows for potentially improved patient optimization, risk factor modification, and patient education. The purpose of this study was to (1) determine nationwide trends in operative times and (2) evaluate associations between surgery type, elective or nonelective, with respect to (a) operative times, (b) length of stay (LOS), (c) discharge dispositions, (d) 30-day postoperative complications, (e) reoperations, and (f) readmissions. The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database was queried for all primary TKAs performed between 2011 and 2016. This yielded 209,178 cases which were stratified into elective and nonelective cases. Elective cases were those in which patients were brought from their normal living environment for scheduled procedures. One-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) was used to evaluate associations between operative times and year of surgery. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models adjusted for surgery year and patient factors (age, sex, BMI [body mass index], and ASA [American Society of Anesthesiologists] score) were used to evaluate associations of surgery type with peri- and postoperative outcomes. A significant inverse correlation between operative times and operative year was observed (p
Development and Validation of Equations to Link Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) Functional Skills Scores to PEDI-Computer Adaptive Test Scores for Youth with Cerebral Palsy.

Aim: The Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) was revised to the PEDI-Computer Adaptive Test (PEDI-CAT). The PEDI has been used for over two decades to track function in youth, so it...
Tissue-specific macrophage responses to remote injury impact the outcome of subsequent local immune challenge

Myocardial infarction, stroke, and sepsis trigger systemic inflammation and organism-wide complications that are difficult to manage. Here, we examined the contribution of macrophages residing in vital organs to the systemic response after these injuries. We generated a comprehensive catalog of changes in macrophage number, origin, and gene expression in the heart, brain, liver, kidney, and lung of mice with myocardial infarction, stroke, or sepsis. Predominantly fueled by heightened local proliferation, tissue macrophage numbers increased systemically. Macrophages in the same organ responded similarly to different injuries by altering expression of tissue-specific gene sets. Preceding myocardial infarction improved survival of subsequent pneumonia due to enhanced bacterial clearance, which was caused by IFNɣ priming of alveolar macrophages. Conversely, EGF receptor signaling in macrophages exacerbated inflammatory lung injury. Our data suggest that local injury activates macrophages in remote organs and that targeting macrophages could improve resilience against systemic complications following myocardial infarction, stroke, and sepsis.
Membrane Association Transforms an Inert Anti-TCRβ Fab’ Ligand into a Potent T Cell Receptor Agonist

Abstract The natural peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligand for T cell receptors (TCRs) is inactive from solution yet capable of activating T cells at single-molecule levels when membrane-associated. This distinctive feature stems from the mechanism of TCR activation, which is thought to involve steric phosphatase exclusion as well as direct mechanical forces. It is possible to defeat this mechanism and activate T cells with solution ligands by cross-linking pMHC or using multivalent antibodies to TCR. However, these widely used strategies activate TCRs through a nonphysiological mechanism and can produce different activation profiles than natural, monovalent, membrane-associated pMHC. Here, we introduce a strictly monovalent anti-TCRβ H57 Fab’ ligand that, when coupled to a supported lipid bilayer via DNA complementation, triggers TCRs and activates nuclear translocation of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) with a similar potency to pMHC in primary murine T cells. Importantly, like monovalent pMHC and unlike bivalent antibodies, monovalent Fab’-DNA triggers TCRs only when physically coupled to the membrane, and only around 100 individual Fab’:TCR interactions are necessary to stimulate early T cell activation.
The Nordic Model in an International Perspective: The Role of Ownership

This essay appears in a book entitled the Nordic Corporate Governance Model (Per Lekvall ed. 2014). It presents the Nordic country’s governance pattern as an ownership model, in contrast to the Anglo-Saxon model of dispersed shareholders. An ownership model contemplates an active controlling owner who addresses the agency problem confronting public corporations with dispersed shareholders, and a larger role for minority shareholders and courts in constraining the potential for self-dealing by the controlling owner. The essay concludes by noting the great increase in institutional ownership in the Nordic countries, especially Sweden, and raises the question of the role of minority institutional blockholders in corporations with a controlling owner.
Comparative Analysis of Pterional, Supraorbital, Extended Supraorbital, and Transtubercular-Transplanum Approaches for Exposing the Anterior Communicating Artery Complex: A Cadaveric Study.

Objective We aimed to quantify and compare surgical exposure and freedom at the anterior communicating artery (ACoA) complex using pterional (PT), supraorbital (SO), extended supraorbital withorbital osteotomy (SOO), and endonasal endoscopic transtubercular-transplanum (EEATT) approaches. Methods Right-sided PT, SO, SOO, and EEATT approaches were performed using 10 cadaveric heads. Surgical exposure and freedom (horizontal and vertical attack angle) at the ACoA complex were measured. The farthest clipping distance from ACoA to A1 (precommunicating segment of the anterior cerebral artery)/A2 (postcommunicating segment of the anterior cerebral artery) was also quantified. Results There was a significantly greater exposure length of right A1 in the PT approach (12.20 ± 2.48 mm) compared with the EEATT approach (9.52 ± 2.09 mm; P = 0.029). Among the 4 approaches, EEATT provided the shortest clipping distance for right A1 (6.56 ± 1.33 mm; P = 0.001) and the longest clipping distance for right A2 (3.36 ± 1.24 mm; P = 0.003). SO, SOO, and PT approaches (2.9 ± 0.9) had more observations on perforators from ACoA than did the EEATT approach (2.0 ± 0.66; P = 0.029). The EEATT approach (50.90 ± 17.45 mm2) provided better exposure of the superior part of the ACoA complex compared with the SO approach (29.37 ± 17.27 mm2; P = 0.05). PT and SOO approaches provided the greatest horizontal (36.88° ± 5.85°) and vertical (19.37° ± 4.70°) attack angle, respectively. Conclusions The SO, SOO, and PT approaches provided a better hemilateral view of the ACoA complex and similar surgical exposure, whereas the EEATT approach offered greater exposure in the upper part of the ACoA complex, with relatively limited exposure of perforators from ACoA and surgical freedom. The EEATT approach can play a role in exposure of lesion involving the ACoA complex.
Potential microbial bioindicators of phosphorus mining in a temperate deciduous forest.

Aims The soil microbial community plays a critical role in increasing phosphorus (P) availability in low-P, weathered soils by "mining" recalcitrant organic P through the production of phosphatase enzymes. However, there is a lack of data on the fungal and bacterial taxa which are directly involved in P mining, which could also serve as potential microbial bioindicators of low P availability. Methods and results Leveraging a 5-year P enrichment experiment on low-P forest soils, high-throughput sequencing was used to profile the microbial community to determine which taxa associate closely with P availability. We hypothesized that there would be a specialized group of soil micro-organisms that could access recalcitrant P and whose presence could serve as a bioindicator of P mining. Community profiling revealed several candidate bioindicators of P mining (Russulales, Acidobacteria Subgroup 2, Acidobacteriales, Obscuribacterales and Solibacterales), whose relative abundance declined with elevated P and had a significant, positive association with phosphatase production. In addition, we identified candidate bioindicators of high P availability (Mytilinidales, Sebacinales, Chitinophagales, Cytophagales, Saccharimonadales, Opitulales and Gemmatales). Conclusions This research provides evidence that mitigating P limitation in this ecosystem may be a specialized trait and is mediated by a few microbial taxa. Significance and impact of the study Here, we characterize Orders of soil microbes associated with manipulated phosphorus availability in forest soils to determine bioindicator candidates for phosphorus. Likewise, we provide evidence that the microbial trait to utilize recalcitrant organic forms of P (e.g. P mining) is likely a specialized trait and not common to all members of the soil microbial community. This work further elucidates the role that a complex microbial community plays in the cycling of P in low-P soils, and provides evidence for future studies on microbial linkages to human-induced ecosystem changes.
Effect of Oxidation Level on the Interfacial Water at the Graphene Oxide-Water Interface: From Spectroscopic Signatures to Hydrogen Bonding Environment

The interfacial region of the graphene oxide (GO)-water system is nonhomogenous due to the presence of two distinct domains: an oxygen-rich surface and a graphene-like region. The experimental vibrational sum-frequency generation (vSFG) spectra are distinctly different for the fully oxidized GO-water interface as compared to the reduced GO-water case. Computational investigations using ab initio molecular dynamics were performed to determine the molecular origins of the different spectroscopic features. The simulations were first validated by comparing the simulated vSFG spectra to those from the experiment, and the contributions to the spectra from different hydrogen bonding environments and interfacial water orientations were determined as a function of the oxidation level of the GO sheet. The ab initio simulations also revealed the reactive nature of the GO-water interface.
The Voodoo Ethnologists of Omega

South Africa's colony, Namibia, served as a crucial testing ground for apartheid: not only was it the scene of the only significant effort to impose 'grand apartheid', but also of its demise. This ...
CCSW'20: 2020 Cloud Computing Security Workshop

Clouds and massive-scale computing infrastructures are starting to dominate computing and will likely continue to do so for the foreseeable future. Major cloud operators are now comprising millions of cores hosting substantial fractions of corporate and government IT infrastructure. CCSW is the world's premier forum bringing together researchers and practitioners in all security aspects of cloud-centric and outsourced computing, including: Side channel attacks; Practical cryptographic protocols for cloud security; Secure cloud resource virtualization mechanisms; Secure data management outsourcing (e.g., database as a service); Practical privacy and integrity mechanisms for outsourcing; Foundations of cloud-centric threat models; Secure computation outsourcing; Remote attestation mechanisms in clouds; Sandboxing and VM-based enforcements; Trust and policy management in clouds; Secure identity management mechanisms; New cloud-aware web service security paradigms and mechanisms; Cloud-centric regulatory compliance issues and mechanisms; Business and security risk models and clouds; Cost and usability models and their interaction with security in clouds; Scalability of security in global-size clouds; Trusted computing technology and clouds; Binary analysis of software for remote attestation and cloud protection; Network security (DOS, IDS etc.) mechanisms for cloud contexts; Security for emerging cloud programming models; Energy/cost/efficiency of security in clouds; Machine learning for cloud protection CCSW especially encourages novel paradigms and controversial ideas that are not on the above list. The workshop has historically acted as a fertile ground for creative debate and interaction in security-sensitive areas of computing impacted by clouds. This year marked the 11th anniversary of CCSW. In the past decade, CCSW has had a significant impact in our research community. As of August 2019, in the Google Scholar Metrics entry for ACM CCS (which encompasses CCSW), 20% of the top 20 cited papers come from CCSW. One way to look at it is that authors are as likely or perhaps more likely to have a top-20 paper publishing in CCSW than in CCS! This year, CCSW received 40 submissions out of which 12 full papers (30%) and 5 blitz abstracts were accepted.
Women who dig: farming, feminism, and the fight to feed the world

Women Who Dig is a collection of stories and experiences assembled by author Trina Moyles as she traveled the world, speaking to women in a variety of countries and circumstances regarding their ex...
Forest Fire Detection and Localization Using Thermal and Visual Cameras

In this paper, a system targeting for using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to application of detecting and locating forest fires is developed. It utilizes the information of two cameras: one charged coupled device (CCD) camera and one thermal camera. The information of both cameras are aligned and then fused to verify if a fire has occurred. In the alignment process, a homography matrix is calculated to assure that the corresponding pixels in both images point to the same area. An image-based thermo-visual servoing (IBTVS) system is implemented for the fire tracking process. A two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) frame is fabricated based on IBTVS to test the tracking and locating capabilities of the system. Experimental tests show that the designed system can extract fire features from thermal and visual cameras, calculate the position of fire, and command the frame for pointing to the fire.
Czochralski growth and characterization of the multicomponent garnet ( Lu 1 / 4 Yb 1 / 4 Y 1 / 4 Gd 1 / 4 ) 3 Al 5 O 12

This work demonstrates the potential for practical scalable growth of complex garnets and evaluates the implications of a multicomponent composition in the optical quality and elemental distribution of a Czochralski-grown crystal. Our experimental approach was designed to elucidate the relation between a complex garnet composition ${({\mathrm{Lu}}_{1/4}{\mathrm{Yb}}_{1/4}{\mathrm{Y}}_{1/4}{\mathrm{Gd}}_{1/4})}_{3}{\mathrm{Al}}_{5}{\mathrm{O}}_{12}$, crystal growth parameters, crystal structural, and elemental homogeneity. Our hypothesis is that combining multiple rare earths (REs) that will fractionally occupy the dodecahedral site in the aluminum garnet structure will result in a stable, single garnet compound that can be grown by the Czochralski method. Single-crystal and powder x-ray diffraction indicated a single garnet phase with an increasing unit cell volume from seed to tail. In addition, we propose that the pattern of elemental segregation will be based on the deviation of the ionic radius of each constituent RE from the average RE ionic radius of the multicomponent garnet. Electron probe microanalysis revealed that ions that are smaller than that average (${\mathrm{Lu}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$) are preferentially incorporated in the crystal, while elements that are larger than that average (${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$) are rejected. The ionic radius of ${\mathrm{Y}}^{3+}$ is close to that average and yttrium segregation was minimal. The concentrations of the four REs are closer to stoichiometric on the tail end of the boule. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis reveal Gd-rich inclusions with eutectic microstructures in the tail end of the boule.
Citation-based Plagiarism Detection

When the author first considered the use of citation information as a method to detect plagiarism, he assumed this concept had already been explored or even integrated into today’s plagiarism detection systems (PDS). After all, citations and references of scholarly publications have long been recognized as containing valuable semantic relatedness information for documents, as demonstrated in Section 3.2.
Exploring the Contribution of Extra Credit in Marketing Education

This study advances the literature on the incidence, attitudes and motivations to complete extra credit assignments. Behavioral feedback from 59 marketing instructors and 43 Principles of Marketing students aligned with reported incidence rates of offering and completing extra credit assignments, respectively. This was followed with open-ended questions about the appeal and benefits of extra credit assignments from a sample of 23 Principles of Marketing students. Content analysis supported by strong inter-rater validation revealed a two-dimensional construct of proactive/achievement orientation to earn more points toward a higher grade and a reactive/recovery orientation to extra credit. Discussion offers guidance on the use of extra credit assignments.
Modulation Transfer Function of Infrared Focal Plane Arrays

Modulation transfer function (MTF) is the ability of an imaging system to faithfully image a given object. The MTF of an imaging system quantifies the ability of the system to resolve or transfer spatial frequencies. In this presentation we will discuss the detail MTF measurements of 1024x1024 pixels mid-wavelength and long-wavelength quantum well infrared photodetector, and 320x256 pixels long-wavelength InAs/GaSb superlattice infrared focal plane arrays (FPAs). Long wavelength Complementary Barrier Infrared Detector (CBIRD) based on InAs/GaSb superlattice material is hybridized to recently designed and fabricated 320x256 pixel format ROIC. The n-type CBIRD was characterized in terms of performance and thermal stability. The experimentally measured NEΔT of the 8.8μm cutoff n-CBIRD FPA was 18.6 mK with 300 K background and f/2 cold stop at 78K FPA operating temperature. The horizontal and vertical MTFs of this pixel fully delineated CBIRD FPA at Nyquist frequency are 49% and 52%, respectively.
Safety issues in hydrogen transportation

The purpose of this paper is to assess the properties (physical, chemical and combustion), safety, and storage issues related to hydrogen, so that the public will accept hydrogen with the same degree of confidence, and in no-less terms as the fossil fuels currently in use. A wide comparison is drawn between the physical properties of hydrogen, alcohol and fossil fuels. A review of safety issues and storage is given. Sample tests on hydrogen tank leak and hydrogen tank drop tests from literature are presented.
Data compression using encrypted text

We present an algorithm for text compression. The basic idea of our algorithm is to define a unique encryption or signature of each word in the dictionary by replacing certain characters in the words by a special character "*" and retaining a few characters so that the word is still retrievable. For any encrypted text the most frequently used character is "*" and the standard compression algorithms can exploit this redundancy in an effective way. We advocate the following compression paradigm: given a compression algorithm A and a text T, we apply the same algorithm A on an encrypted text *T and retrieve the original text via a dictionary which maps the decompressed text *T to the original text T. We report better results for most widely used compression algorithms such as Huffman, LZW, arithmetic, unix compress, gnu-zip with respect to a text corpus. The compression rates using these algorithms are much better than the dictionary based methods reported in the literature. One basic assumption of our algorithm is that the system has access to a dictionary of words used in all the texts along with a corresponding "cryptic" dictionary. The cost of this dictionary is amortized over the compression savings for all the text files handled by the organization. If two organizations wish to exchange information using our compression algorithm, they must share a common dictionary. We compare our methods with other dictionary based methods and present future research problems.
Feed refusal factors in pure cultures of Fusarium roseum 'graminearum'.

Isolations from 1972 Wisconsin feed refusal corn yielded predominantly cultures of Fusarium roseum ”graminearum.” With one possible exception, none of the selected isolates of this fungus induced emesis in pigeons, whereas six of nine isolates produced feed refusal responses in all test animals. A single isolate of F. roseum ”equiseti” also induced a severe refusal response and possibly slight emesis. None of the other fungi isolated from this corn (F. moniliforme, Acremoniella atra) or controls caused either emesis or feed refusal. Zearalenone was detected in all isolates and was shown to be partially responsible for refusal activity. The remaining activity was ascribed to one or more nonvolatile, neutral, relatively polar molecules. T-2 toxin, although not detected in these isolates, was shown to have dramatic refusal activity in rats.
Less Common Arthropathies

Several recognized heritable disorders of lipid metabolism result in a variety of clinical phenotypes, each of which may be associated with distinct musculoskeletal manifestations. Tendinous xanthomas are associated most often with the type II and type III hyperlipoproteinemias, known respectively as familial hypercholesterolemia and familial dysbetalipoproteinemia. Tendinous xanthomas characteristically occur on the dorsum of the hands over the digit extensor tendons, or on the heels at the Achilles tendon insertions. Osseous xanthomas, observed occasionally in type III hyperlipoproteinemia, can predispose patients to pathologic fractures, particularly in long bones. An episodic, acute, migratory inflammatory arthritis occurs in up to 50% of homozygotes with type II hyperlipoproteinemia. The joints are erythematous, warm, and swollen, and acute-phase reactants are elevated. ■ Gout can be associated with hypertriglyceridemia in types I, IV, and V hyperlipoproteinemia.
The Neurobiological Basis of Suicide

Diagnosis, Traits, States, and Comorbidity in Suicide Jan Fawcett Neuroanatomy of Serotonergic Abnormalities in Suicide Helene Bach and Victoria Arango Noradrenergic Dysfunction in Depression and Suicide Michelle J. Chandley and Gregory A. Ordway Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Involvement in Depressive Illness: Interactions with Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone and Serotonin Hymie Anisman, Zul Merali, and Michael O. Poulter Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Neurobiology of Suicide K. Yaragudri Vinod Stress-Diathesis Model of Suicidal Behavior Kees van Heeringen Do Serum Cholesterol Values and DST Results Comprise Independent Risk Factors for Suicide? William Coryell Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Suicide Pathophysiology Yogesh Dwivedi Neuroimaging: High Risk States for Suicide Jeffrey H. Meyer Gene-Environment Interaction and Suicidal Behavior Alec Roy Genetic Factors and Suicidal Behavior Clement C. Zai, Vincenzo de Luca, John Strauss, Ryan P. Tong, Isaac Sakinofsky, and James L. Kennedy Approaches and Findings from Gene Expression Profiling Studies of Suicide Laura M. Fiori and Gustavo Turecki Epigenetic Effects of Childhood Adversity in the Brain and Suicide Risk Benoit Labonte and Gustavo Turecki Genetics of Suicidal Behavior in Children and Adolescents Gil Zalsman Neurobiology of Teenage Suicide Ghanshyam N. Pandey and Yogesh Dwivedi Suicidal Behavior in Pediatric Population: Neurobiology and the Missing Links in Assessing Risk among Patients with Bipolar Disorder Sonali Nannayakkara, Kiran Pullagurla, and Mani Pavuluri Suicide in Late Life Olusola A. Ajilore and Anand Kumar Intermediate Phenotypes in Suicidal Behavior: Focus on Personality Dan Rujescu and Ina Giegling Toxoplasma gondii, the Immune System, and Suicidal Behavior Olaoluwa Okusaga and Teodor T. Postolache Peripheral Biomarkers for Suicide Ghanshyam N. Pandey and Yogesh Dwivedi Medication in Suicide Prevention: Insights from Neurobiology of Suicidal Behavior J. John Mann and Dianne Currier
Ptolemy: A Language with Quantified, Typed Events

Implicit invocation (II) and aspect-oriented (AO) languages provide related but distinct mechanisms for separation of concerns. II languages have explicitly announced events that run registered observer methods. AO languages have implicitly announced events that run method-like but more powerful advice. A limitation of II languages is their inability to refer to a large set of events succinctly. They also lack the expressive power of AO advice. Limitations of AO languages include potentially fragile dependence on syntactic structure that may hurt maintainability, and limits on the available set of implicit events and the reflective contextual information available. Quantified, typed events, as implemented in our language Ptolemy, solve all these problems. This paper describes Ptolemy and explores its advantages relative to both II and AO languages.
Liquid-Phase Hydrogenation of Citral over Pt/SiO2 Catalysts: I. Temperature Effects on Activity and Selectivity

Liquid-phase hydrogenation of citral (3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal) over Pt/SiO2 catalysts was studied in the temperature and pressure ranges 298–423 K and 7–21 atm, respectively. The reaction kinetics were shown to be free of artifacts arising from transport limitations and poisoning effects. The reaction rate in hexane as the solvent exhibited an activity minimum at 373 K. The initial turnover frequency for citral disappearance over 1.44% Pt/SiO2 catalyst at 20 atm H2 pressure decreased from 0.19 s−1 at 298 K to 0.02 s−1 at 373 K, but exhibited normal Arrhenius behavior between 373 and 423 K with an activation energy of 7 kcal/mol. Reaction at 298 K produced substantial deactivation, with the rate decreasing by more than an order of magnitude during the first 4 h of reaction; however, reaction at temperatures greater than 373 K exhibited negligible deactivation and a constant rate up to citral conversions greater than 70%. These unusual temperature effects were modeled using Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetics invoking dissociative adsorption of hydrogen, competitive adsorption between hydrogen and the organic compounds, and addition of the second hydrogen atom to each reactant as the rate-determining step. Decomposition of the unsaturated alcohol (either geraniol or nerol) was proposed to occur concurrently with the hydrogenation steps to yield adsorbed CO and carbonaceous species which cause the deactivation, but at higher temperatures these species could be removed from the Pt surface by desorption or rapid hydrogenation, respectively. The activity minimum observed in the present study is attributed to the relative rates of the alcohol decomposition reaction and CO desorption, with the decomposition reaction having an activation barrier lower than that for CO desorption.
INSULIN AND NONHYDROLYZABLE GTP ANALOGS INDUCE TRANSLOCATION OF GLUT 4 TO THE PLASMA MEMBRANE IN ALPHA -TOXIN-PERMEABILIZED RAT ADIPOSE CELLS

Rat adipose cells treated with Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin are permeable and retain their ability to respond to insulin after hormone treatment. The GLUT 4 glucose transporter isoform, specific to fat and muscle cells, is translocated normally from low density microsomes to the plasma membrane in permeabilized cells. Addition of guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate), guanylyl imidodiphosphate, or guanylyl beta, gamma-methylenediphosphate to permeabilized adipocytes induces an insulin-like translocation of GLUT 4 to the plasma membrane; GTP or adenosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imino)triphosphate has no effect. No translocation of GLUT 4 is observed when GTP analogs are added to intact adipocytes. These results suggest the involvement of a GTP-binding protein in insulin-triggered recruitment of GLUT 4 to the cell surface.
The Truth About the Supreme Court's Recess-Appointments Ruling: A Debate

In this 4-part debate, first posted August 7-8, 2014, on the Blog of the Center for the Study of Constitutional Originalism at the University of San Diego School of Law, Professors Wildenthal and Semeraro discuss the Supreme Court's 2014 decision in National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) v. Noel Canning, concerning the scope of the president's power to make appointments without Senate confirmation during recesses of the Senate, as provided in the Constitution's Recess-Appointments Clause.They discuss the competing views of constitutional history and interpretation set forth by the Court's opinion written by Justice Stephen Breyer (for five Justices, placing some limits on the president's recess-appointment powers but upholding a relatively broad scope for the clause), and the concurrence (dissenting in substantial effect) by Justice Antonin Scalia (for four Justices, arguing that a very narrow scope for the clause is dictated by constitutional text and history).Professor Wildenthal praises Justice Scalia's opinion and its criticisms of the Court's approach.Professor Semeraro defends Justice Breyer's opinion for the Court and questions the premises of the originalist and textualist approach taken by Justice Scalia and defended by Professor Wildenthal.
Characterizing Instructor Gestures in a Lecture in a Proof-Based Mathematics Class.

Researchers have increasingly focused on how gestures in mathematics aid in thinking and communication. This paper builds on Arzarello’s (2006) idea of a semiotic bundle and several frameworks for describing individual gestures and applies these ideas to a case study of an instructor’s gestures in an undergraduate abstract algebra class. We describe the role that the semiotic bundle plays in shaping the potential meanings of gestures; the ways gestural sets create complex relationships between gestures; and the role played by polysemy and abstraction. These results highlight the complex ways in which mathematical meanings—both specific and general—are expressed in gesture, and to highlight the integrated nature of elements of the semiotic bundle.
Electromigration in thin-film photovoltaic module metallization systems

Electromigration as a possible thin-film module failure mechanism was investigated using several specially made, fully aluminized thin-film photovoltaic (TF-PV) modules. The effect of electromigration, as determined experimentally by measuring increases in electrical resistance across scribe lines, can be expressed as the product of a damage function, which correlates degradation rate with operating conditions such as current density and temperature, and a susceptibility function, which is defined by module design parameters, particularly aluminium purity and the configuration of the intercell region. Experimental measurements and derived acceleration factors suggest that open-circuit failure resulting from electromigration should not be a serious problem in present state-of-the-art TF-PV modules. Nevertheless, significant intercell resistance increases can result from long-term electromigration exposure, especially in future high-efficiency modules. The problem can be alleviated, however, by appropriate metallization applications and/or proper design of the intercell region. >
Reaching the Hard to Reach

Abstract Much of the research regarding women's sexual issues has focused on accessible groups of women. Women who are marginalized are often harder to reach. Thus, their needs and challenges are not as visible, nor as well addressed as those who have access to resources. This commentary describes the contribution the document “A New View of Women's Sexual Problems” can make in addressing the sexual problems of women who are hard to reach.
The use of force by the United Nations

This article develops a framework for analysing the use of force by the United Nations. There are two basic modalities: direct use of force deployed and commanded by the UN, and indirect use of force carried out by one or more Member States so authorized by the Security Council. Six purposes for the use of UN‐authorized force are identified: peace enforcement, sanctions enforcement, self‐defence, protection of civilians, protection of humanitarian activities and intervention in civil conflicts. The political and operational questions which arise from each are discussed. In particular the analysis indicates that ‘mission creep’ should be avoided and there should be clarity about whether a situation requires peacekeeping or enforcement. Although a ‘halfway house’ between the two is not ruled out, certain conditions should be fulfilled before embarking on such missions.
Decreased O2 consumption and cardiac output during normobaric hyperoxia in conscious dogs

Recent reports indicate that under certain restricted conditions hyperoxia may decrease tissue O2 consumption. However, this effect has not been established for whole body O2 consumption in the intact healthy conscious state. The goal of the present study was to document the effect of hyperoxia on resting whole body O2 consumption and hemodynamics under these latter more general physiological conditions. The inspired gas was delivered by mask to six fasted resting conscious dogs and alternated hourly between air and O2-enriched air (hyperoxia) for 5 h, while hemodynamics and blood gas data were obtained every 20 min. Compared with air breathing, hyperoxia increased the mean arterial O2 tension from 95 to 475 Torr and decreased heart rate, cardiac output, pulmonary vascular resistance, and right and left ventricular work rates and thus, presumably, myocardial O2 consumption. Hyperoxia also increased systemic vascular resistance and right atrial pressure but did not change stroke volume or systemic arterial pressure. The increase in arterial O2 content during hyperoxia was counterbalanced by the decrease in cardiac output, so that O2 delivery was unchanged by hyperoxia. Surprisingly, hyperoxia decreased the arterial-to-mixed venous difference in O2 content; this decrease together with the decrease in cardiac output produced a decrease in resting whole body O2 consumption from 5.88 +/- 0.68 to 4.80 +/- 0.62 ml O2.min-1.kg-1 (P = 0.0002). It is concluded that under physiological conditions normobaric hyperoxia may decrease metabolic rate in addition to cardiac output, which may have important implications for the metabolic regulation of O2 utilization as well as for the medical and nonmedical uses of O2.
Novel method for imaging biodegradable polymeric microparticles using MRI: application toward monitoring drug delivery

We have developed a novel, non-invasive method to monitor intravesical drug delivery to the bladder using MRI by encapsulating Gd-DTPA into biodegradable polymeric microparticles. In in vitro experiments, Gd-DTPA-loaded particles could be differentiated from blank particles and water. Images from in vivo experiments demonstrated that particle distribution in the bladder could be assessed and that signal intensity appeared to correspond with particle population. The microparticles were adherent to the urothelium and were detectable by MRI for at least 4 days after the initial instillation due to their muco-adhesiveness and stability. This non-invasive method enables the evaluation of local particle distribution in vivo, thereby enhancing the value of particle-based drug delivery systems.
Nurse Attitudes Toward Childbirth: A Concept Clarification

Aim To clarify the concept of “nurse attitudes toward childbirth.” Background It has been suggested that the international trend of escalating cesarean birth rates can be attributed to attitudes that perceive childbirth as an illness. Nurses' attitudes about childbirth direct their nursing care and may influence patient outcomes like cesarean birth. However, the concept “nurse attitudes toward childbirth” must be clarified to inform future research. Data Sources An English-language literature review, from 1990 to present, was performed using CINAHL, PubMed, and Ovid. Review Methods Norris's model of concept clarification was used. Results Although the nursing literature poorly defined “nurse attitudes” and rarely used a conceptual framework, the discipline of psychology has been refining this concept for over 40 years. Psychologists have established that attitude can predict behavior as demonstrated through testing of the theory of planned behavior. Various types of “nurse attitudes toward childbirth” were identified through our literature review, and five central beliefs were noted. This resulted in the development of a preliminary model using theory of planned behavior as a foundation. Finally, potential research hypotheses were generated. Conclusions This paper clarifies “nurse attitudes toward childbirth” and supports its use for research. Nurse scholars have demonstrated that labor and delivery nurses do have individual attitudes toward childbirth, and the measurement of these attitudes may predict nursing care intentions and behavior. This concept is appropriate, important, and may be used as a means of exploring relationships between nursing care and the rising primary cesarean birth rate.
The porous boundaries between explicit and implicit memory: behavioral and neural evidence

Explicit memory refers to the conscious retrieval of past information or experiences, whereas implicit memory refers to an unintentional or nonconscious form of retrieval. Much of the literature in cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience has focused on differences between explicit and implicit memory, and the traditional view is that they rely on distinct brain systems. However, the potential interplay between implicit and explicit memory is not always clear. This review draws from behavioral and functional neuroimaging evidence to evaluate three areas in which implicit and explicit memory may be interrelated. First, we discuss views of familiarity-based recognition in terms of its relationship with implicit memory. Second, we review the challenges of distinguishing between implicit memory and involuntary aware memory, at both behavioral and neural levels. Finally, we examine evidence indicating that implicit and explicit retrieval of relational information may rely on a common neural mechanism. Taken together, these areas indicate that, under certain circumstances, there may be an important and influential relationship between conscious and nonconscious expressions of memory.
p16 Expression Is Lost in Severely Atypical Cellular Blue Nevi and Melanoma Compared to Conventional, Mildly, and Moderately Atypical Cellular Blue Nevi

Background. Significant decreases in p16 expression have been shown to occur in melanoma compared to Spitz tumors, and loss of p16 staining has been found to correlate with melanoma tumor progression. However, comparison of p16 between atypical cellular blue nevi (CBN) and melanoma has not been reported previously. Methods. p16 immunohistochemical staining was evaluated in 14 atypical CBN, 8 conventional and atypical melanocytic nevi, and 16 melanomas, including 4 malignant CBN. p16 staining intensity was graded on a scale of 0-3 and the percentage of melanocytes stained with p16 was determined. Results. p16 staining was significantly higher in all CBN as a group when compared to melanomas (P = 0.001) and malignant CBN (P = 0.00008). Higher p16 expression was also seen in mildly (P = 0.0002) and moderately atypical (P = 0.02), but not severely atypical, CBN compared to melanomas. Conclusions. p16 immunohistochemical expression is higher in mildly and moderately atypical CBN compared to severely atypical CBN and melanomas. In conjunction with additional markers and histology, p16 staining may be useful in confirming the benign nature of these tumors, but is not useful in distinguishing severely atypical CBN from malignant cases, consistent with the overlapping histologic features between these tumors.