cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detailed Mid- and Far-Ultraviolet Model Spectra for Accretion Disks in Cataclysmic Binaries

We present a large grid of computed far- and mid-ultraviolet spectra (850-2000 A) of the integrated light from steady-state accretion disks in luminous cataclysmic variables. The spectra are tabulated at 0.25 A intervals with an adopted FWHM resolution of 1.0 A, so they are suitable for use with observed spectra from a variety of modern space-borne observatories. Twenty-six different combinations of white dwarf mass M(sub wd) and mass accretion rate dot-m are considered, and spectra are presented for six different disk inclinations i. The disk models are computed self-consistently in the plane-parallel approximation, assuming LTE and vertical hydrostatic equilibrium, by solving simultaneously the radiative transfer, hydrostatic equilibrium, and energy balance equations. Irradiation from external sources is neglected. Local spectra of disk annuli are computed taking into account line transitions from elements 1-28 (H through Ni). Limb darkening as well as Doppler broadening and blending of lines are taken into account in computing the integrated disk spectra. The radiative properties of the models are discussed, including the dependence of ultraviolet fluxes and colors on M(sub wd), dot-m, and i. The appearance of the disk spectra is illustrated, with regard to changes in the same three parameters. Finally, possible future improvements to the present models and spectra are discussed.
Myopic loss aversion: Demystifying the key factors influencing decision problem framing

Abstract Advancement of myopic loss aversion theory has been hamstrung by conflicting results, methodological inconsistencies, and a piecemeal approach toward understanding the key factors influencing decision problem framing. A series of controlled experiments provides a more holistic view of the variables promoting myopia. Extending the information horizon promotes broad framing, which propels risk. Evaluation frequency and decision frequency interact regardless of information horizon, supporting the notion that restricting either mechanism alleviates myopia. When conducting evaluations infrequently, neither segregating nor aggregating retrospective returns significantly alters risk preferences. Moreover, students and real retirement plan participants exhibit comparable appetites for risk, implying that both groups frame decision problems similarly. Explanations for these findings and avenues for future research are discussed.
Anatomy of the giant component: The strictly supercritical regime

In a recent work of the authors and Kim, we derived a complete description of the largest component of the Erdos-Renyi random graph G(n,p) as it emerges from the critical window, i.e. for p=(1+@e)/n where @e^3n->~ and @e=o(1), in terms of a tractable contiguous model. Here we provide the analogous description for the supercritical giant component, i.e. the largest component of G(n,p) for p=@l/n where @l>1 is fixed. The contiguous model is roughly as follows. Take a random degree sequence and sample a random multigraph with these degrees to arrive at the kernel; replace the edges by paths whose lengths are i.i.d. geometric variables to arrive at the 2-core; attach i.i.d. Poisson-Galton-Watson trees to the vertices for the final giant component. As in the case of the emerging giant, we obtain this result via a sequence of contiguity arguments at the heart of which are Kim's Poisson-cloning method and the Pittel-Wormald local limit theorems.
Type IIA heterotic duals with maximal supersymmetry

Abstract Using finite abelian automorphism groups of K3 we construct orbifold candidates for Type IIAheterotic dual pairs with maximal supersymmetry in six and lower dimensions. On the heterotic side, these results extend the series of known reduced rank theories with maximal supersymmetry. The corresponding Type 11A theories generalize the Schwarz and Sen proposal for the dual of the simplest of the reduced rank theories constructed as a novel Type IIA Z 2 orbifold.
Effects of an intermediate scale in SUSY grand unification

We discuss the production of lepton flavor violation and EDMs and the viability of the b — τ unification hypothesis in SUSY grand unification with an intermediate gauge symmetry breaking scale.
Autonomy, Agency, and the Value of Enduring Beliefs

There has been much recent interest in questions of value in epistemology (for a thorough overview of this work, see Pritchard 2007), and in what follows I argue that epistemologists concerned with the value of true beliefs and knowledge would do well to devote attention to the enduring nature of beliefs, and in particular to the essential role that they play in constituting agents themselves. I begin by considering an analogy commonly drawn by epistemologists between acts in the domain of ethics and beliefs in the domain of epistemology, and argue that it is fl awed in important respects. I propose that a better, more fruitful analogue for belief would be desire, or a similarly enduring state of an agent. This revision of a commonly used analogy may be of some value in itself, but I further consider how focusing excessively upon the belief-act analogy (with its implicit emphasis on the process of belief-formation) can lead to flaws or shortcomings in our epistemic value theorizing.
Discrete Tracks for Saturation Magnetic Recording

Discrete-track recording is a magnetic-recording method which employs a single-gap head and a discrete-track medium to increase the head-repositioning tolerance in saturation digital recording. A head with a conventional ring structure may be used. The recording medium consists of discrete magnetic tracks separated by nonmagnetic lands. Width of the magnetic tracks depends largely on the desired track density and maximum tolerable head-repositioning error. Test results indicate excellent track performance; consequently, satisfactory and reliable operation can be expected under actual machine conditions. Major advantages of discrete-track recording are economy, reliability, and increased head-repositioning tolerances.
Viscous and Inviscid Instabilities of Flow Along a Streamwise Corner

Here we consider the stability of flow along a streamwise corner formed by the intersection of two large flat plates held perpendicular to each other. Self-similar solutions for the steady laminar mean flow in the corner region have been obtained by solving the boundary layer equations for zero and nonzero streamwise pressure gradients. The stability of the mean flow is investigated using linear stability analysis. An eigensolver has been developed to solve the resulting linear eigenvalue problem either in a global mode to obtain an approximation to all the dominant eigenmodes or in a local mode to refine a particular eigenmode. The stability results indicate that the entire spectrum of two-dimensional and oblique viscous modes of a two-dimensional Blasius boundary layer is active in the case of a corner layer as well, but away from the cornerline. In a corner region of finite spanwise extent, the continuous spectrum of oblique modes degenerates to a discrete spectrum of modes of increasing spanwise wave number. The effect of the corner on the two-dimensional viscous instability is small and decreases the growth rate. The growth rate of outgoing oblique disturbances is observed to decrease, while the growth rate of incoming oblique disturbances is enhanced by the corner. This asymmetry between the outgoing and incoming viscous modes increases with increasing obliqueness of the disturbance. The instability of a zero pressure gradient corner layer is dominated by the viscous modes; however, an inviscid corner mode is also observed. The critical Reynolds number of the inviscid mode rapidly decreases with even a small adverse streamwise pressure gradient and the inviscid mode becomes the dominant one.
Bounds on the number of lifts of a Brauer character in a p-solvable group

Abstract The Fong–Swan theorem shows that for a p-solvable group G and Brauer character φ ∈ IBr p ( G ) , there is an ordinary character χ ∈ Irr ( G ) such that χ 0 = φ , where 0 denotes restriction to the p-regular elements of G. This still holds in the generality of π-separable groups, where IBr p ( G ) is replaced by I π ( G ) . For φ ∈ I π ( G ) , let L φ = { χ ∈ Irr ( G ) | χ 0 = φ } . In this paper we give a lower bound for the size of L φ in terms of the structure of the normal nucleus of φ and, if G is assumed to be odd and π = { p ′ } , we give an upper bound for L φ in terms of the vertex subgroup for φ.
Post-flight test results of seed laser module subjected to space exposure

The objective of the Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE) is to study the performance of novel materials when subjected to the synergistic effects of the harsh space environment for several months. MISSE missions provide an opportunity for developing space qualifiable materials. Several laser and lidar components were sent by NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) as a part of the MISSE 7 mission. The MISSE 7 module was transported to the international space station (ISS) via STS 129 mission that was launched on Nov 16, 2009. Later, the MISSE 7 module was brought back to the earth via the STS 134 that landed on June 1, 2011. The MISSE 7 module that was subjected to exposure in space environment for more than one and a half year included fiber laser, solid-state laser gain materials, detectors, and semiconductor laser diode. Performance testing of these components is now progressing. In this paper, the results of performance testing of a laser diode module sent by NASA Langley Research Center on MISSE 7 mission will be discussed. This paper will present the comparison of pre-flight and post-flight performance curves and discuss the effect of space exposure on the laser diode module. Preliminary findings on output power measurements show that the COTS laser diode characteristics did not undergo any significant performance degradation.
Web-based open-domain information extraction

This tutorial provides an overview of extraction methods developed in the area of Web-based open-domain information extraction, whose purpose is the acquisition of open-domain classes, instances and relations from Web text. The extraction methods operate over unstructured or semi-structured text. They take advantage of weak supervision provided in the form of seed examples or small amounts of annotated data, or draw upon knowledge already encoded within resources created strictly by experts or collaboratively by users. The tutorial teaches the audience about existing resources that include instances and relations; details of methods for extracting such data from structured and semi-structured text available on the Web; and strengths and limitations of resources extracted from text as part of recent literature, with applications in knowledge discovery and information retrieval.
A perfect Morse function on the moduli space of flat connections

Abstract The moduli space of flat SU(2) connections on a punctured surface, having prescribed holonomy around the punctures, is a compact smooth manifold if the holonomy is generic. This paper gives a direct, elementary proof that the trace of the holonomy around a certain loop determines a Bott–Morse function on the moduli space which is perfect, meaning that the Morse inequalities are equalities. This leads to an attractive recursion for the Betti numbers of the moduli space, which agrees with the Harder–Narasimhan formula in the case of one puncture with holonomy−1.
Green Synthesis of Vicinal Dithioethers and Alkenyl Thioethers from the Reaction of Alkynes and Thiols in Water

The reaction of a wide range of alkynes with thiols to give vicinal dithioethers in water, under mild conditions, is reported. In addition, non-terminal propargyl alcohols react with aryl thiols in water to produce a highly regio- and stereoselective monohydrothiolation product, (E)-alkenyl thioether. Reaction mechanism and computational studies on the selectivity of the product are presented.
Enhanced adhesion from high energy ion irradiation

We have found that irradiation of a variety of thin film-substrate combinations by heavy ion beams at energies of mega-electronvolts per atomic mass unit will produce a remarkable enhancement in the adherence of the film. For example, gold films can be firmly attached to soft materials such as Teflon using a 1 MeV beam of protons (10^(14) cm^(−2)) or helium ions (10^(13) cm^(−2)) and to harder materials such as silicon (10^(15) cm^(−2)), quartz (2 × 10^(15) cm^(−2)) and tungsten (2 × 10^(14) cm^(−2)) with 0.5 MeV a.m.u.^(−1) beams of fluorine or chlorine ions. In the case of metal films on semiconductors a low resistance contact results. The mixed layer at the interface is observed to be quite thin (approximately 50 A or less); for silver on silicon electron diffraction and imaging studies of the interface region reveal the presence of crystalline silver compounds.
ENDOGENOUS GROWTH, HUMAN CAPITAL, AND INDUSTRY WAGES

Lucas' model (1988) of external effects of human capital formation is taken as a starting point for looking at the impact of human capital on wages. Even though most empirical tests of New Growth Theory are made using time-series and cross-sections of countries — with good reasons — I suggest a microeconometric approach in order to test Lucas' basic assumption of external effects of human capital. As a first step, internal effects of education are filtered out by using wage functions for individuals in Austria. In the second step, resulting industry wage premiums are regressed on industry-specific characteristics and, above all, on average human capital in the industry to account for external effects of human capital.
High energy string collisions in a compact space

Abstract When high energy strings scatter at fixed angle, their amplitudes characteristically fall off exponentially with energy, A ∼ exp (−s× const ) . We show that in a compact space this suppression disappears for certain kinematic configurations. Amplitudes are power-law behaved and therefore greatly enhanced. In spacetime this corresponds to fixed-angle scattering, with fixed transfer in the compact dimensions. On the worldsheet this process is described by a stationary configuration of effective charges and vortices with vanishing total energy. It is worldsheet duality - and not spacetime duality - that plays a role.
Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia

BY the middle of the 20th century, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis had not been recognized in North America. Yet within the past two decades the prevalence has increased to the point that several ...
Peptide Conformational Equilibria Computed via a Single-Stage Shifting Protocol

We study the conformational equilibria of two peptides using a novel statistical mechanics approach designed for calculating free energy differences between highly dissimilar conformational states. Our results elucidate the contrasting roles of entropy in implicitly solvated leucine dipeptide and decaglycine. The method extends earlier work by Voter and overcomes the notorious “overlap” problem in free energy computations by constructing a mathematically equivalent calculation with high conformational similarity. The approach requires only equilibrium simulations of the two states of interest, without the need for sampling transition states. We discuss possible extensions and optimizations of the approach.
Fast and reliable image enhancement using fuzzy relaxation technique

A fast and reliable image enhancement technique based on the fuzzy relaxation algorithm is proposed. Different orders of fuzzy membership functions and different rank statistics are used to improve the enhancement speed and quality, respectively. The proof of the convergence of the algorithm and some experimental results are provided. >
Applying the theory of task-technology fit to mobile technology: the role of user mobility

The results of a survey of 216 users of mobile technology suggest that user mobility needs to be taken into account when applying the theory of task-technology fit to mobile technology. In addition, the paper provides specific insights about the technology requirements of an increasingly mobile workforce.
Ads/CFT correspondence and symmetry breaking

Abstract We study, using the dual AdS description, the vacua of field theories where some of the gauge symmetry is broken by expectation values of scalar fields. In such vacua, operators built out of the scalar fields acquire expectation values, and we show how to calculate them from the behavior of perturbations to the AdS background near the boundary. Specific examples include the N = 4 SYM theory, and theories on D3-branes placed on orbifolds and conifolds. We also clarify some subtleties of the AdS/CFT correspondence that arise in this analysis. In particular, we explain how scalar fields in AdS space of sufficiently negative mass-squared can be associated with CFT operators of two possible dimensions. All dimensions are bounded from below by ( d −2)/2; this is the unitarity bound for scalar operators in d -dimensional field theory. We further argue that the generating functional for correlators in the theory with one choice of operator dimension is a Legendre transform of the generating functional in the theory with the other choice.
Spot size and quality of scanning laser correction of higher-order wavefront aberrations.

Abstract Purpose To investigate the effect of laser spot size on the outcome of aberration correction with scanning laser corneal ablation. Setting Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. Methods Corrections of wavefront aberrations of Zernike modes from the second to eighth order were simulated. Gaussian and top-hat beams of 0.6 to 2.0 mm full-width-half-maximum diameters were modeled. The fractional correction and secondary aberration (distortion) were evaluated. Results Using a distortion/correction ratio of less than 0.5 as a cutoff for adequate performance, a 2.0 mm or smaller beam was adequate for spherocylindrical correction (Zernike second order), a 1.0 mm or smaller beam was adequate for correction of up to fourth-order Zernike modes, and a 0.6 mm or smaller beam was adequate for correction of up to sixth-order Zernike modes. Conclusions Since ocular aberrations above the Zernike fourth order are relatively insignificant in normal eyes, current scanning lasers with a beam diameter of 1.0 mm or less are theoretically capable of eliminating most higher-order aberrations.
Solid‐State Hydrogen Sensors Using Palladium‐Nickel Alloys: Effect of Alloy Composition on Sensor Response

Thin film alloys of Pd and Ni make good sensors for hydrogen partial pressures (pH[sub 2]) over a very wide range: from 10[sup [minus]3] to 700 Torr. For pH[sub 2] from 1 to 700 Torr the atomic percent of Ni in the alloy has a strong effect on the change in film resistance which is used as the sensing property. The phase transition from the [alpha]- to the hydride [beta]-phase must be avoided to maintain a reversible sensor. The characteristics of alloys with Ni of 3, 5.3, 8, and 15% are reported. The phase transition was found in the 5.3% alloy at about 250 Torr, but alloys of Ni >8% showed no phase change behavior up to 630 Torr (pure H[sub 2]) at ambient temperatures. Other characteristics of the Pd/Ni alloy sensors are also reported, including the effect of temperature, oxygen, and relative humidity, and the speed of response to step changes in pH[sub 2].
Exogenous estrogen effect on lipid /lipoprotein cholesterol in transsexual males

Lipid/lipoprotein cholesterol values and sex-hormone-binding globulin levels were determined in 40 transsexual males aged 20–38, 20 castrated and 20 non-castrated, taking conjugated estrogens to induce female characteristics. Variables controlled included dose of estrogen, age, weight, smoking, alcohol intake, exercise and diet history. Transsexual males on estrogens had significantly higher mean (± SE) HDL cholesterol levels (69.0 ± 7.1 mg/dl) respectively, for castrated males and (53.8 ± 6.2 mg/dl) for non-castrated males, respectively compared to normal control males not on hormonal therapy (41.5 ± 5.4) (p < 0.001), regardless of dose of estrogen received. The total cholesterol/HDL ratio was 3.31–4.05 in transsexual males on estrogens compared to 5.03 for normal males (p < 0.001). Transsexual males had mean SHBG levels in the female range (63.4 to 71.8 nmol/ml), significantly higher than controls (26.7 nmol/ml) (p < 0.001). SHBG levels were correlated with estrogen use, dose and HDL cholesterol levels. We conclude that exogenous estrogens administered to transsexual males results in a female pattern of lipid/lipoprotein cholesterol and SHBG concentration. The decreased total cholesterol/HDL ratio may imply a lower atherogenic potential and a lessened cardiovascular risk in males who take estrogens.
Can countries reverse fertility decline? Evidence from France’s marriage and baby bonuses, 1929–1981

A number of countries have begun implementing tax incentives designed to reverse the decline in fertility. Whether such incentives are effective or equitable remains an open question. During the early twentieth century, France initiated an unusual tax policy to promote fertility and marriage: Household income was divided by family size to obtain a final tax bracket. The policy was regressive in that fertility incentives were so large and greatest among the rich. Similar policies whose fertility benefit increases with income are being implemented today. Using hand-collected archival data from aggregate tax returns and three natural experiments, I find mixed evidence that these kinds of tax incentives affect fertility and marriage.
Maximal Instantaneous Mitral Valve Velocities Measured with a Digital Echocardiographic Tracking System

Analysis of the motion of various cardiac structures is attaining increasing clinical significance. By coupling a digital tracking system to a commercially available echocardiograph, continuous position and velocity data from selected intracardiac structures were obtained. This tracking system, which employs a dynamic range gate, has been designed to isolate and lock on to a selected target within the heart. Position of the target is calculated every 8 ms; velocity is obtained by determining the difference between consecutive positions. This system has been used to study mitral valve motion in 20 normal subjects. Maximal instantaneous velocities of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve were recorded. These instantaneous velocities are to be distinguished from the average velocities obtained by manually measuring the slopes of the curve segments. This system demonstrates a new technique for obtaining more detailed information about the dynamic characteristics of selected cardiac structures.
Boom, bust, and failures to learn in experimental markets

Boom and bust is a pervasive dynamic for new products. Word of mouth, marketing, and learning curve effects can fuel rapid growth, often leading to overcapacity, price war, and bankruptcy. Previous experiments suggest such dysfunctional behavior can be caused by systematic "misperceptions of feedback," where decision makers do not adequately account for critical feedbacks, time delays, and nonlinearities which condition system dynamics. However, prior studies often failed to vary the strength of these feedbacks as treatments, omitted market processes, and failed to allow for learning. A decision making task portraying new product dynamics is used to test the theory by varying the strength of key feedback processes in a simulated market. Subjects performed the task repeatedly, encouraging learning. Nevertheless, performance relative to potential is poor and is severely degraded when the feedback complexity of the environment is high, supporting the misperception of feedback hypothesis. The negative effects of feedback complexity on performance were not moderated by experience, even though average performance improved. Models of the subjects' decision making heuristics are estimated; changes over trials in estimated cue weights explain why subjects improve on average but fail to gain insight into the dynamics of the system. Though conditions for learning are excellent, experience does not appear to mitigate the misperceptions of feedback or systematic dysfunction they cause in dynamic decision making tasks. We discuss implications for educational use of simulations and games.
Structural Design Process Improvement Using Evolutionary Finite Element Models

This paper describes a process to enable a multidisciplinary design team to address a wider range of structural design requirements much earlier in the design process than is common today. This process uses structured design methods that incorporate information generated by finite element analytical methods into team decision making. The proposed process defines and then addresses major structural requirements such as deflection and stiffness constraints early in the preliminary design process so that their effect on wing weight and manufacturing cost is known very early in the process. To test the proposed design process in an industrial environment, an on-site experiment was conducted involving design of a wing internal structural layout, including how many internal spars were to be used and where they were to be placed, for a proposed business jet. The experiment, although limited, showed that the new process could provide decisive advantage in terms of organizational needs, time required to produce an effective design, risk reduction, and product quality improvement. The results of these efforts further indicate that the proposed systematic, evolutionary structural design process rapidly focuses discussion, analysis, and decision-making efforts to produce a low-risk, viable design by identifying and resolving structural and mi nufacturing issues early in the design process. It also indicates that the insertion of finite element analysis very ei -ly in the conceptual design process provides major interdisciplinary benefits, allowing teams to identify weight and cost issues early on.
The Krull filtration of the category of unstable modules over the Steenrod algebra

In the early 1990’s, Lionel Schwartz gave a lovely characterization of the Krull filtration of \({\mathcal {U}}\), the category of unstable modules over the mod \(p\) Steenrod algebra. Soon after, this filtration was used by the author as an organizational tool in posing and studying some topological nonrealization conjectures. In recent years the Krull filtration of \({\mathcal {U}}\) has been similarly used by Castellana, Crespo, and Scherer in their study of H–spaces with finiteness conditions. Recently, Gaudens and Schwartz have given a proof of some of my conjectures. In light of these topological applications, it seems timely to better expose the algebraic properties of the Krull filtration.
Lunar Maria and circular basins-a review

Lunar maria and circular basins interrelations, form, origin and distribution from Lunar Orbiter photographs
A Novel Route to the Fused Maleic Anhydride Moiety of CP Molecules.

A seven-step cascade reaction-in which selective mesylation, epoxide formation, epoxide lysis, cyclization, reiterative oxidation, and nitrogen-oxygen exchange occur sequentially-facilitates the construction of the maleic anhydride moiety of CP molecules 1 and 2 (>93% yield per step). Unstable intermediates of this reaction sequence were detected, providing evidence for the proposed mechanism and resulting in the discovery of a new chemical entity.
The Aizenman-Sims-Starr scheme and Parisi formula for mixed p-spin spherical models

The Parisi formula for the free energy in the spherical models with mixed even p-spin interactions was proven in Michel Talagrand. In this paper we study the general mixed p-spin spherical models including p-spin interactions for odd p. We establish the Aizenman Sims-Starr scheme and from this together with many well-known results and Dmitry Panchenko's recent proof on the Parisi ultrametricity conjecture, we prove the Parisi formula.
Nonlinear second order current cancellation in HBTs

Abstract Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT) has very good linear properties when operated at high frequencies and in large signal modes of operation. In this article we examine the fundamental reasons for such good performance of HBTs, compare various models and look into the influence of different parameters. In particular, cancellation of the second harmonic currents in the base-emitter junction, as proposed by Maas et al.[1], is examined. A set of new analytical expressions is developed for equivalent circuits of varying complexity by using the method of nonlinear currents. We found that the emitter resistance Ree linearizes the HBT at low frequencies by providing negative feedback and by bringing the phase difference of the second order currents closer to 180°. At high frequencies the base collector capacitance Cbc dominates the feedback and its inherent nonlinearity degrades the cancellation of second order currents in the base-emitter junction. Numerical tools are used for comparison and will be needed for future investigations. We have also found an equivalence between what at first appeared to be very different models for current gain.
Universal deformation rings and dihedral defect groups

Let k be an algebraically closed field of characteristic 2, and let W be the ring of infinite Witt vectors over k. Suppose G is a finite group and B is a block of kG with dihedral defect group D, which is Morita equivalent to the principal 2-modular block of a finite simple group. We determine the universal deformation ring R(G, V) for every kG-module V which belongs to B and has stable endomorphism ring k. It follows that R(G, V) is always isomorphic to a subquotient ring of WD. Moreover, we obtain an infinite series of examples of universal deformation rings which are not complete intersections.
Ionospheric superstorms: Polarization terminator effects in the Atlantic sector

Abstract A combination of the effects of stormtime penetration electric fields, the reduced magnetic field strength in the South Atlantic magnetic anomaly (SAA), and the geographic distortion of the magnetic field in the Atlantic sector influence the characteristics of polarization electric fields which form in the E region conductivity-gradient region at the sunset terminator. These effects lead to a strong localized enhancement of total electron content (TEC) at dusk at low-mid latitudes in the American sector during ionospheric superstorms. The E region electric fields map along field lines to the F region and into the opposite hemisphere. We define the polarization terminator (PT) to be the ensemble of points at a given altitude above the E region for which the shadow height at either end of the magnetic field line equals 100 km. Electric fields associated with polarization charge build-up in the conductivity-gradient region along the PT are directed perpendicular to the magnetic field and increase in magnitude as the PT is approached from the dayside. The configuration of the magnetic field in the Atlantic sector due to the offset of the poles and declination effects near the SAA creates a preferred longitude/Universal Time sector (western Atlantic/21 UT) for the build-up of enhanced disturbance time TEC at lower mid latitudes. During strong storms, DMSP observations reveal that the plasma in the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crests moves westward in lockstep with the PT. Electric fields at the PT sweep up the plasmas of the EIA crests and redistribute it into magnetically-conjugate regions at mid latitudes. This effect is strongest in the western Atlantic sector for northern hemisphere summer conditions.
Crafting grand cru chocolates in contemporary France

C'est un magasin ou le chocolat regne en maitre, traite par un maitre. C'est du travail cent pour cent artisanal au sens “artist” du terme, qui sait tirer de la sublime feve d'Amerique la substantifique splendeur.1
The implications of network-centric software systems on software architecture: a critical evaluation

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of emerging network-centric software systems on the field of software architecture. We first develop an insight concerning the term "network-centric" by presenting its origin and its implications within the context of software architecture. On the basis of this insight, we present our definition of a network-centric framework and its distinguishing characteristics. We then enumerate the challenges that face the field of software architecture as software development shifts from a platform-centric to a network-centric model. In order to face these challenges, we propose a formal approach embodied in a new architectural style that supports overcoming these challenges at the architectural level. Finally, we conclude by presenting an illustrative example to demonstrate the usefulness of the concepts of network centricity, summarizing our contributions, and linking our approach to future work that needs to be done in this area.
An equivalence of categories for graded modules over monomial algebras and path algebras of quivers

Abstract Let A be a finitely generated connected graded k-algebra defined by a finite number of monomial relations, or, more generally, the path algebra of a finite quiver modulo a finite number of relations of the form “ path = 0 ”. Then there is a finite directed graph, Q, the Ufnarovskii graph of A, for which there is an equivalence of categories QGr A ≡ QGr ( k Q ) . Here QGr A is the quotient category Gr A / Fdim of graded A-modules modulo the subcategory consisting of those that are the sum of their finite dimensional submodules. The proof makes use of an algebra homomorphism A → k Q that may be of independent interest.
Total synthesis of the Securinega alkaloid (-)-secu'amamine A.

The first enantioselective total synthesis of the rearranged Securinega alkaloid (−)-secu’amamine A is reported starting from d-proline as the source of absolute chirality. The synthesis requires 15 steps starting from d-proline-derived N-trityl aldehyde 11 and proceeds in approximately 9% overall yield. Key steps include a stereoselective conjugate addition of pyrrolidino enedione 19 to afford indolizidine 24 as the major product and cyclization/lactonization of diketoester 25 to produce tetracycle 26. In addition, 1H NMR NOE studies and X-ray analysis on the synthetic alkaloid have established that the indolizidine moiety is trans-fused.
Neutrino oscillations from strings and other funny things

Abstract I will discuss three related unconventional ways to generate neutrino oscillations: (1) Equivalence principle violation by the string dilaton field (2) Violation of Lorentz Invariance and (3) Equivalence principle violation through a non-universal tensor neutrino-gravity coupling. These unorthodox oscillation mechanisms are shown to be viable at the level of our present experimental knowledge and demonstrate that neutrino oscillations can probe very profound questions.
Soluble polymer carriers for the treatment of cancer: The importance of molecular architecture

Chemotherapy can destroy tumors and arrest cancer progress. Unfortunately, severe side effects (treatment is usually a series of injections of highly toxic drugs) often restrict the frequency and size of dosages, much to the detriment of tumor inhibition. Most chemotherapeutic drugs have pharmacokinetic profiles with tremendous potential for improvement. Water-soluble polymers offer the potential to increase drug circulation time, improve drug solubility, prolong drug residence time in a tumor, and reduce toxicity. Cytotoxic drugs that are covalently attached to water-soluble polymers via reversible linkages more effectively target tumor tissue than the drugs alone. Macromolecules passively target solid tumor tissue through a combination of reduced renal clearance and exploitation of the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect, which prevails for fast-growing tumors. Effective drug delivery involves a balance between (i) elimination of the polymeric drug conjugate from the bloodstream by the kidneys, liver, and other organs and (ii) movement of the drug out of the blood vasculature and into the tumor (that is, extravasation). Polymers are eliminated in the kidney by filtration through pores with a size comparable to the hydrodynamic diameter of the polymer; in contrast, the openings in the blood vessel structures that traverse tumors are an order of magnitude greater than the diameter of the polymer. Thus, features that may broadly be grouped as the "molecular architecture" of the polymer, such as its hydrodynamic volume (or molecular weight), molecular conformation, chain flexibility, branching, and location of the attached drug, can greatly impact elimination of the polymer from the body through the kidney but have a much smaller effect on the extravasation of the polymer into the tumor. Molecular architecture can in theory be adjusted to assert essentially independent control over elimination and extravasation. Understanding how molecular architecture affects passage of a polymer through a pore is therefore essential for designing polymer drug carriers that are effective in passively delivering a drug payload while conforming to the requirement that the polymers must eventually be eliminated from the body. In this Account, we discuss examples from in vivo studies that demonstrate how polymer architectural features impact the renal filtration of a polymer as well as tumor penetration and tumor accumulation. In brief, features that inhibit passage of a polymer through a pore, such as higher molecular weight, decreased flexibility, and an increased number of polymer chain ends, help prevent elimination of the polymer by the kidneys and can improve blood circulation times and tumor accumulation, thus improving therapeutic effectiveness.
R6 hexameric insulin complexed with m-cresol or resorcinol.

The structures of three R6 human insulin hexamers have been determined. Crystals of monoclinic m-cresol–insulin, monoclinic resorcinol–insulin and rhombohedral m-cresol–insulin diffracted to 1.9, 1.9 and 1.78 A, respectively, and have been refined to residuals of 0.195, 0.179 and 0.200, respectively. In all three structures, a phenolic derivative is found to occupy the phenolic binding site, where it forms hydrogen bonds to the carbonyl O atom of CysA6 and the N atom of CysA11. Two additional phenolic derivative binding sites were identified within or between hexamers. The structures of all three hexamers are nearly identical, although a large displacement of the N-terminus of one B chain in both monoclinic structures results from coordination to a sodium ion which is located between symmetry-related hexamers. Other minor differences in structure arise from differences in packing in the monoclinic cell compared with the rhombohedral cell. Based upon the differences in conformation of the GluB13 side chains in T6, T3R^{\rm f}_{3} and R6 hexamers, the deprotonation of these side chains appears to be associated with the T→R conformational transition.
Selective reduction of multifetal pregnancies.

Abstract Selective reduction was carried out in 46 multifetal pregnancies by means of potassium chloride injection into the pericardial region of the fetus. There were three indications for the procedure: to improve perinatal outcome and to increase the likelihood that a term infant would be born in a multifetal pregnancy (34 women); to allow the birth of a healthy infant without the birth of a congenitally abnormal coexisting fetus (8 women); and to preserve a singleton pregnancy when the woman would otherwise have the whole pregnancy terminated (4 women). Of the 80 fetuses left after reduction 75 (94%) have survived. In 3 cases ultrasound scanning showed cardiac activity in the injected fetus 20-30 min after the initial injection despite 2 min of asystole immediately after the injection; repeated injection, carried out the same day, led to fetal death in all 3 cases. Selective reduction of multifetal pregnancies for the three indications described is an ethically justifiable option for the management of multifetal preganancy, to which there are no public policy obstacles.
PHOTOMETRIC PHASE VARIATIONS OF LONG-PERIOD ECCENTRIC PLANETS

The field of exoplanetary science has diversified rapidly over recent years as the field has progressed from exoplanet detection to exoplanet characterization. For those planets known to transit, the primary transit and secondary eclipse observations have a high yield of information regarding planetary structure and atmospheres. The current restriction of these information sources to short-period planets may be abated in part through refinement of orbital parameters. This allows precision targeting of transit windows and phase variations which constrain the dynamics of the orbit and the geometric albedo of the atmosphere. Here, we describe the expected phase function variations at optical wavelengths for long-period planets, particularly those in the high-eccentricity regime and multiple systems in resonant and non-coplanar orbits. We apply this to the known exoplanets and discuss detection prospects and how observations of these signatures may be optimized by refining the orbital parameters.
Technology Status of Jet Noise Suppression Concepts for Advanced Supersonic Transports

In conducting technology studies for advanced supersonic transports, Douglas Aircraft Company of the McDonnell Douglas Corporation has found that the constraints of community noise dictate the engine cycle selection and nozzle design, and significantly affect the overall airplane configuration design. Since selection and development of an engine is probably the pacing item in any new program start, much activity is underway on definition of engine cycles, provisions for jet exhaust noise suppression, levels of suppression achievable, and the impact of each possible combination on overall airplane performance and technical risk. This paper presents one aircraft manufacturer's views on the technology status of three of the most promising exhaust nozzle designs meeting the noise constraints: the coannular, the coannular with plug, and the retractable mechanical suppressor. Each type is defined along with predicted operational characteristics. Theoretical and actual test performance, for both thrust loss and noise suppression, are summarized. Each of these three nozzles is combined with an appropriate engine, and is sized and integrated into a baseline Mach 2.2 supersonic transport to evaluate range performance. The current status of performance for the various suppression concepts is summarized.
Optical damage threshold of Au nanowires in strong femtosecond laser fields

Ultrashort, intense light pulses permit the study of nanomaterials in the optical non-linear regime. Non-linear regimes are often present just below the damage threshold thus requiring careful tuning of the laser parameters to avoid melting the materials. Detailed studies of the damage threshold of nanoscale materials are therefore needed. We present results on the damage threshold of gold (Au) nanowires when illuminated by intense femtosecond pulses. These nanowires were synthesized via the directed electrochemical nanowire assembly (DENA) process in two configurations: (1) free-standing Au nanowires on tungsten (W) electrodes and (2) Au nanowires attached to fused silica slides. In both cases the wires have a single-crystalline structure. For 790 nm laser pulses with durations of 108 fs and 32 fs at a repetition rate of 2 kHz, we find that the free-standing nanowires melt at intensities close to 3 TW/cm2 (194 mJ/cm2) and 7.5 TW/cm2 (144 mJ/cm2), respectively. The Au nanowires attached to silica slides melt at slightly higher intensities, just above 10 TW/cm2 (192 mJ/cm2) for 32 fs pulses. Our results can be explained with an electron-phonon interaction model that describes the absorbed laser energy and subsequent heat conduction across the wire.
Where to Go From Here?: The Roberts Court at the Crossroads of Sentencing

In recent months we have witnessed a host of major changes to state and federal sentencing. State commissions and legislatures have acted on the Supreme Court’s mandate in Blakely and amended sentencing legislation. Similarly, the U.S. Sentencing Commission has continued its data collection resulting from Booker, though it has not issued any strong recommendations to Congress. The Department of Justice, on the other hand, and some members of Congress continue to press for a sentencing regime that would provide a floor and turn the statutory maximum into the Guidelines maximum.1 In the absence of legislative guidance, so far, federal courts on the trial and appellate level have attempted to respond to the myriad of questions Booker left unresolved. The Supreme Court decided some sentencing issues during the last term and already has granted writs of certiorari in other sentencing-related cases.2 Not all of these matters are guideline-related—the death penalty and the development of the meaning of the Eighth Amendment are likely to return to the Court’s docket in the near future. This Issue presents an impressive array of articles, written by practitioners and academics, which address some of the sentencing issues facing the Supreme Court. The questions range from the survival of Harris to the use of foreign court opinions in developing the meaning of the Eighth Amendment Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause; they cover the role of the Chief Justice in the rule-making process as well as the relevance of the International Court of Justice’s (ICJ) decision in the Avena case to the fate of Mexican death-row inmates in state prisons around the country; they address the use of risk-based sentencing and challenge the continued viability of Williams v. New York.3 The Issue highlights the scope of the unresolved questions facing the Court and their importance to the future of federal and state sentencing. It is particularly timely as two new Justices have changed the face of the Court and may be crucial in the resolution of some of these issues. In addition, this Issue features an article that begins to develop a new approach to a particularly harsh collateral sanction—deportation. Moreover, we publish a set of primary materials from the Inter-American Commission’s hearings on mandatory minimum sentences in the federal system.
On secant varieties of compact Hermitian symmetric spaces

Abstract We show that the secant varieties of rank three compact Hermitian symmetric spaces in their minimal homogeneous embeddings are normal, with rational singularities. We show that their ideals are generated in degree three—with one exception, the secant variety of the 21-dimensional spinor variety in P 63 where we show that the ideal is generated in degree four. We also discuss the coordinate rings of secant varieties of compact Hermitian symmetric spaces.
5f Delocalization of Bulk FCC Americium and the (111) Surface: A FP-LAPW Electronic Structure Study

The electronic properties of bulk fcc americium and the (111) surface have been investigated with the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method as implemented in the WIEN2K suite of programs The study is carried out for the anti-ferromagnetic ground state of Am at different levels of theory: (1) scalar-relativity vs. full-relativity; (2) local-density approximation (LDA) vs. generalized-gradient approximation (GGA). Our results indicate that spin orbit coupling plays an important role in determining the electronic properties of both bulk fcc americium and the (111) surface. In general, LDA is found to give a higher total energy compared to GGA results. The spin orbit coupling shows a similar effect on the surface calculations regardless of the model, GGA versus LDA. The 5f localized-delocalized transition of americium is employed to explain our results. In addition, the quantum size effects in the surface energies and the work functions of fcc (111) americium ultra thin films (UTF) are also examined.