cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid hormonal regulation of N-acetylglucosamine transferase I.

Previous studies have shown that, in unstimulated mammary epithelial cells from virgin mice, prolactin receptors are retained intracellularly because of their incomplete N-glycosylation. Activation of the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway stimulates Nacetylglucosamine (NAG) transferase I activity, completion of terminal glycosylation, and redistribution of the receptors to the cell surface. In this study, it was shown that nitric oxide could stimulate the phosphorylation of NAG transferase I in intact cells and that the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) could directly phosphorylate the purified enzyme. Furthermore, this modification was associated with enhanced enzymatic activity. Conversely, this stimulation of activity was blocked in intact cells by coincubation with a PKG inhibitor and reversed in the immunoprecipitated enzyme by alkaline phosphatase treatment. Kinetic analysis revealed that this effect on enzyme activity was due to an increase in Vmax without any change in Km. Therefore, it appears that the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway activates NAG transferase I via direct phosphorylation by PKG.
Dynamic Bending Rigidity of a 200-bp DNA in 4 mM Ionic Strength: A Transient Polarization Grating Study

DNA may exhibit three different kinds of bends: 1) permanent bends; 2) slowly relaxing bends due to fluctuations in a prevailing equilibrium between differently curved secondary conformations; and 3) rapidly relaxing dynamic bends within a single potential-of-mean-force basin. The dynamic bending rigidity (kappa(d)), or equivalently the dynamic persistence length, P(d) = kappa(d)/k(B)T, governs the rapidly relaxing bends, which are responsible for the flexural dynamics of DNA on a short time scale, t (1/2) = 25 degrees. The discrimination against P(d) values <1600 A is very great. By combining the values, P(tot) = 500 A and P(d) = 2000 A with a literature estimate, P(pb) = 1370 A, a value P(sr) = 1300 A is estimated for the contribution of slowly relaxing bends. This value is analyzed in terms of a simple model in which the DNA is divided up into domains containing m bp, each of which experiences an all-or-none equilibrium between a straight and a uniformly curved conformation. With an appropriate estimate of the average bend angle per basepair of the curved conformation, a lower bound estimate, m = 55 bp, is obtained for the domain size of the coherently bent state. Previous measurements suggest that this coherent bend is not directional, or phase-locked, to the azimuthal orientation of the filament.
Low-Price Low-Capacity Traps and Government Intervention in the Québec Hog Market

This paper investigates the marketing of a primary commodity produced by competitive producers that sell to a single downstream processor. There is a significant lag between production and marketing decisions made by producers. If a credible price commitment cannot be made before producers make their output decision, it is a dominant strategy for the processor to buy producers' output at the world price adjusted for transportation costs. Producers fully anticipate this partial holdup ex ante and adjust production accordingly. When the processor's capacity is binding ex post, the equilibrium is described as a low-price, low-capacity trap. Under a specific condition, the processor finds it advantageous to credibly commit to a price increment before producers make their output decision. The ensuing equilibrium is Pareto-superior to the no-commitment equilibrium. We argue that the Quebec hog/pork industry has experienced such a situation in the past few years. Government intervention is justified even if the processor has committed to a price increment. The modeling of strategic interactions between the government and the processor reveals that their price increments are strategic substitutes. However, given that the processor's (government's) payoff is increasing with the government's (processor's) price increment, the first-mover advantage entails committing early to a low-price increment to force one's rival to offer a high-price increment. Cet article analyse la mise en marche d'un produit primaire vendu par des producteurs preneurs de prix a un seul et unique transformateur. Les decisions de production et de mise en marche sont separees dans le temps. Si le transformateur ne peut pas s'engager a payer un certain prix avant que les producteurs prennent leur decision de production, alors la strategie dominante du transformateur est d'offrir aux producteurs le prix mondial diminue par les couts de transport. Les producteurs anticipant ce hold-up partiel et reduisent leur production en consequence. Lorsque le transformateur est confrontea une contrainte de capacite ex post, les producteurs et le transformateur sont pieges dans un equilibre de « petit prix et petit volume ». Si une condition est respectee, il peut etre avantageux pour le transformateur d'offrir un supplement aux producteurs avant leur decision de production. L'equilibre qui s'en suit constitue alors une amelioration au sens de Pareto. Nous soumettons que l'industrie porcine quebecoise a vecu pareille experience durant les dernieres annees. L'intervention du gouvernement demeure justifiee meme si le transformateur s'est commis a payer un supplement. En fait, les interventions du transformateur et du gouvernement sont des substituts strategiques. Puisque le gain du transformateur (gouvernement) croit avec le supplement offert par le gouvernement (transformateur), il y a un avantage aetre le premier a se commettre a payer un faible supplement, tant pour le transformateur que pour le gouvernement, pour ainsi forcer l'autre partie a offrir un supplement plus genereux.
Coalitional Tracking in Facial Infrared Imaging and Beyond

We propose a novel facial tracking method that uses a distributed network of individual trackers whose interactions are modeled using coalitional game theory. Our tracking method maintains a high level of accuracy and can negotiate surface deformations and occlusions. We tested the method on a substantial video set featuring non-trivial face motion from over 40 subjects in both the infrared and visual spectra. The coalitional tracker demonstrated fault tolerant behavior that exceeds by far the performance of single condensation trackers. Our method represents a shift from the typical tracking paradigms and may find broader application in demanding imaging problems across the electromagnetic spectrum.
What is wrong with grade inflation (if anything)

Grade inflation is a global phenomenon that has garnered widespread condemnation among educators, researchers, and the public. Yet, few have deliberated over the ethics of grading, let alone the ethics of grade inflation. The purpose of this paper is to map out and examine the ethics of grade inflation. By way of beginning, we clarify why grade inflation is a problem of practical ethics embedded in contemporary social practice. Then, we illuminate three different aspects of grade inflation—longitudinal, compressed, and comparative—and explore the ethical dilemmas that each one raises. We demonstrate how these three aspects may be seen as corresponding to three different victims of grade inflation—individuals, institutions, and society—and hence also to three potential agents of harm—teachers, schools, and educational systems. Next, we reflect upon various compelling reasons that these agents inflate grades, whether from an ethic of care, fiduciary responsibility, or simple self-preservation. Subsequently, we consider a variety of means of combatting grade inflation, and invite more educators and philosophers to delve into the complex practical ethics of grade inflation.
Editorial 3 : Firstness, Shock, and Signs (Peirce)

Firstness has a great quality in Peirce’s philosophy. This editorial shows that position and relates to a few lines of particular interest to lawyers: “A court may issue injunctions and judgments against me and I not care a snap of my finger for them. I may think them idle vapor. But when I feel the sheriff’s hand on my shoulder, I shall begin to have a sense of actuality. Actuality is something brute. There is no reason in it.” In it is articulated the power of institutionalization, which upholds law and legal discourse. Firstness relates to this awakened awareness as well as to the shock of affection, recognition, judgment and denomination, which is altogether in human knowledge based on socialized experiences. This becomes clear in the following Chapters 15 and 16 on Firstness and Shock as constitutive experiences in Peirce’s semiotics.
Eye Motility and Visual Motor Development

Exposure of a kitten in light when changes in visual stimulation are systematically related to self-produced movement supports development of visually guided behavior (1–3). When opportunity for such feedback is not provided, stimulation with patterned light is not sufficient for acquisition of these capacities. If certain sources of feedback from movement are made available to the kitten, while others are not, we observe independent acquisition of several coordinations. For example, if a kitten locomotes in light only while wearing an opaque collar that prevents view of limb and torso, it will develop the ability to locomote so as to descend to the shallow side of a visual cliff, and to avoid objects in an obstacle course (4). However, it cannot guide its limbs to contact a small object. Similarly, if one forelimb has been viewed, but not the other, visually guided reaching is restricted to the limb that had previously been viewed (5). Additional evidence for a precise relation between opportunity for feedback and development of specific visual motor coordinations has been provided in a number of studies in cat (5, 6) and in monkey (7, 8). We suggested that these findings do not imply that opportunities for motor visual feedback alone determine acquisition (9). In particular there may be a prescribed sequence in which certain visual motor capacities may develop. Recently we examined the possibility that development of the ability to locomote in visual space might be prerequisite to development of visually directed reaching (10).
COMPUTATION OF COMPRESSIBLE MULTIPHASE FLOWS

A computational model capable of capturing fully compressible multiphase flow including energy conservation is presented. The model is a finite volume form based on the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations and is capable of considering fully general equations of state. The preconditioning matrix is presented and ensures a well conditioned eigensystem, essential for efficient and accurate multiphase computations. Solutions are given representing both the utility of the preconditioning method as well as the ability of the model to capture highly compressible multiphase flow fields. When considering compressible flows where thermal effects are significant and a general equation of state is necessary, energy conservation in a multiphase flow field is shown to be a requirement.
Hepatic carbamyl phosphate synthetase and ornithine transcarbamylase in mouse influenze A and influenze B infection.

SummaryIn mice infected with mouse-adapted influenza A/PR/8/34, hepatic car-bamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) activity was reduced to 88%, and ornithine trans-carbamylase (OTC) was reduced to 83% of control values. In mice infected with mouse-adapted B/Lee/40, CPS activity was 98% and OTC was 94% of control values. These limited reductions in enzyme activity were attributed to a nonspecific debilitating effect of acute influenzal pneumonia. These findings suggest that the pronounced reduction of CPS and OTC activities reported in Reye's syndrome in man are not a general manifestation of the severity of influenza infection.
Production of unesterified fatty acids from isolated rat adipose tissue incubated in vitro.

SummaryAdipose tissue from rats, incubated in vitro in a medium of known composition, was found to release unesterified fatty acids (UFA). The rate of evolution of UFA was increased by the addition of epinephrine to the medium or by fasting the donor animal. It was decreased by the addition of glucose and insulin to the medium, or by feeding the donor animal with carbohydrate.
Ancient Marble Sculpture: Geochemical Characterization of Surficial Weathering Products

Quantitative scientific determination of the authenticity and age of marble sculpture is an important goal of geo-archaeologists and conservation scientists. Geochemical and petrographic techniques are used here to investigate rock weathering and mineral alterations responsible for the “patina” and alteration layers on marble sculpture. We present oxygen and carbon isotopic, scanning electron microscopic and electron microprobe analyses of both fresh marble and weathering crusts materials from cores taken from Cycladic and Archaic Greek sculptures and from ancient quarries, to evaluate these techniques as indicators of antiquity. Calcitic marbles exhibit an altered weathering crust of variable thickness, where calcite has been recrystallized and interpenetrated with inclusions of iron oxide, clay minerals, gypsum and other authigenic minerals. The thickness and composition of these crusts varies with soil and water chemistry as well as marble density, texture and age. Microprobe analyses indicate trace element gradients from fresh to weathered calcite. Carbon and oxygen isotopes can differentiate between insitu alteration and precipitated carbonate. Dolomitic marbles can exhibit calcitic surficial layers formed by dedolomitization, which can be confirmed by isotopic and microprobe analyses. Analyses of known forgeries, ancient quarry samples and artificially weathered marbles have further documented our criteria and show that the majority of diagnostic geochemical and mineralogical features seen on ancient Greek sculptures cannot be accurately duplicated by artificial means.
A portable secondary dose monitoring system using scintillating fibers for proton therapy of prostate cancer: A Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation study

Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to monitor the secondary dose distribution originating from a water phantom during proton therapy of prostate cancer using scintillating fibers. Methods: The Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit version 9.6.p02 was used to simulate a proton therapy of prostate cancer. Two cases were studied. In the first case, 8 × 8 = 64 equally spaced fibers inside three 4 × 4 × 2.54 cm 3 Delrin® blocks were used to monitor the emission of secondary particles in the transverse (left and right) and distal regions relative to the beam direction. In the second case, a scintillating block with a thickness of 2.54 cm and equal vertical and longitudinal dimensions as the water phantom was used. Geometrical cuts were implemented to extract the energy deposited in each fiber and inside the scintillating block. Results: The transverse dose distributions from the detected secondary particles in both cases are symmetric and agree to within <3.6%. The energy deposited gradually increases as one moves from the peripheral row of fibers towards the center of the block (aligned with the center of the prostate) by a factor of approximately 5. The energy deposited was also observed to decrease as one goes from the frontal to distal region of the block. The ratio of the energy deposited in the prostate to the energy deposited in the middle two rows of fibers showed a linear relationship with a slope of (-3.55±2.26) × 10 -5 MeV per treatment Gy delivered. The distal detectors recorded a negligible amount of energy deposited due to higher attenuation of the secondary particles by the water in that direction. Conclusion: With a good calibration and with the ability to define a good correlation between the radiation flux recorded by the external fibers and the dose delivered to the prostate, such fibers can be used for real time dose verification to the target. The system was also observed to respond to the series of Bragg Peaks used to generate the Spread Out Bragg Peak inside the water phantom. Such Bragg Peaks were detected by the fibers. The energy deposited inside the lateral blocks were also observed to decrease as one goes away from the beam nozzle due to increased attenuation.
Treatment of Budd-Chiari Syndrome with Percutaneous Transluminal Angiography and Expandable Metallic Stent

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of percutaneous transluminial angiography(PTA) and expandable metallic stent (MES) on the Budd-Chiari syndrome(BCS). Methods One hundred and twenty patients with BCS confirmed by color Doppler ultrasonography,the phledography of inferior vena cava and hepatic veins,and under went PTAand EMS.The follow-up time was 6～120months, Results All the patients had remarkable effect.Five cases had recurrency durign follow-up.Conclusion PTA and EMS is and excellent method to treat patients with none long segment occluisiion caused BCS.
HPLC Simultaneous Determination of Puerarin,Paeoniflorin and Glycyrrhizic Acid in Fufang Zhixie Granule

OBJECTIVE To develop a method for the simultaneous determination of Puerarin,paeoniflorin and glycyrrhizic acid in Xiao'er Zhixie granule.METHODS The analysis was carried out on a C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm)column;the mobile phase was composed of methanol and 0.1% phosphoric acid aqueous for gradient elution(26︰74~81︰19).The flow rate was(0.8~1.0) mL/min and the column temperature was 25 ℃.The detection wavelength was set at 239 nm.RESULTS The results showed that 3 effective components all separated well and showed good linearity,the average recoveries were between 95%~105%.CONCLUSION The method is simple and can be used to determine the above 3 components with satisfactory accuracy and repeatability.It can be used for the quality control of Fufang Zhixie granule.
Pneumatically powered blood pumps used as a bridge to cardiac transplantation. Characteristics and development.

Pneumatically powered artificial hearts have been in development for over 30 years. These blood pumps have reached a level of refinement sufficient to commence initial clinical trials as an interim device to sustain deteriorating cardiac transplant candidates prior to finding a suitable donor heart. To date, the clinical experience has demonstrated the ability of these cardiac replacement prostheses to adequately restore the circulation. Current research efforts are building on the clinical knowledge gained with these devices so that a permanent, completely implantable version can be developed.
Hopes, Misunderstandings and Possibilities of Narrating for Inclusive Education

Narrating can be a means of social inclusion, but educators and researchers seeking this result must address the social relational nature of the narrative process. This chapter explains narrating as a social relational process in the context of a contemporary social inclusion project in the United States – the community college.
4.9 – Intermolecular 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions

Cycloaddition reactions have figured prominently in both synthetic and mechanistic organic chemistry.1,2 Current understanding of the underlying principles in this area has grown from a fruitful interplay between theory and experiment.3 The monumental work of Huisgen and coworkers in the early 1960s led to the general concept of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition.4–7 Few reactions rival this process in the number of bonds that undergo transformation during the reaction, producing products considerably more complex than the reactants. Over the years this reaction has developed into a generally useful method of five-membered heterocyclic ring synthesis, since many 1,3-dipolar species are readily available and react with a wide variety of dipolarophiles. 1,3-Dipolar cycloadditions are bimolecular in nature and involve the addition of a 1,3-dipole (1) to a multiple π-bond system (2) leading to five-membered heterocycles (3; equation 1).
Racial Disparities in Screening Mammography in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Abstract Purpose Many studies have suggested that disparities exist in the use of medical screening tests. The purpose of this study was to assess racial disparities in screening mammography in the United States via a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus for comparative studies published between 1946 and 2015 comparing utilization of mammography among various racial groups. Two independent reviewers extracted data and appraised study. Meta-analysis was conducted when appropriate using the random-effects model. Results A total of 5,818,380 patients were included across 39 relevant studies; 43.1% of patients were white, 33.3% were black, 17.4% were Hispanic, and 6.2% were Asian/Pacific Islander. Black and Hispanic populations had lower odds of utilizing screening mammography when compared with the white population (odds ratio [OR] = 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72-0.91; I 2 = 89.4% and OR = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.74-0.93, respectively). For African Americans, these disparities were present in both the 40 to 65 age group and the >65 age group; for Hispanics, these differences were present only in the 40 to 65 age group. There was no difference in mammography utilization between Asians/Pacific Islanders and whites (OR = 1.82; 95% CI, 0.09-38.41). Conclusions Racial disparities in utilization of screening mammography are evident in black and Hispanic populations in the United States. Further studies are needed to understand reasons for disparities, trends over time, and the effectiveness of interventions targeting these disparities.
How Much Do We Know about Adult-onset Primary Tics? Prevalence, Epidemiology, and Clinical Features.

Background: Tic disorders are generally considered to be of pediatric onset; however, reports of adult-onset tics exist in the literature. Tics can be categorized as either primary or secondary, with the latter being the larger group in adults. Primary or idiopathic tics that arise in adulthood make up a subset of tic disorders whose epidemiologic and clinical features have not been well delineated. Methods: Articles to be included in this review were identified by searching PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science using the terms adult- and late-onset tics, which resulted in 120 unique articles. Duplicates were removed. Citing references were identified using Google Scholar; all references were reviewed for relevance. Results: The epidemiologic characteristics, clinical phenomenology, and optimal treatment of adult-onset tics have not been ascertained. Twenty-six patients with adult-onset, primary tics were identified from prior case reports. The frequency of psychiatric comorbidities may be lower in adults than in children, and obsessive compulsive disorder was the most common comorbidity. Adult-onset primary tics tend to wax and wane, occur predominantly in males, are often both motor and phonic in the same individual, and are characterized by a poor response to treatment. Discussion: We know little about adult-onset tic disorders, particularly ones without a secondary association or cause. They are not common, and from the limited data available, appear to share some but not all features with childhood tics. Further research will be important in gaining a better understanding of the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of this disorder.
RFminer: risk factors discovery and mining for preventive cardiovascular health

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. It is critical to identify the risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases and to alert individuals before they experience a heart attack. In this paper, we propose RFMiner, a risk factor discovery and mining framework for identifying significant risk factors using integrated measures. We provide the blueprints for accurately predicting the possibility of heart attacks in the near future while identifying notable risk factors - especially the factors which are not well recognized.
Effect of UV irradiation on aflatoxin reduction: a cytotoxicity evaluation study using human hepatoma cell line

In this proof-of-concept study, the efficacy of a medium-pressure UV (MPUV) lamp source to reduce the concentrations of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, and aflatoxin G1 (AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1) in pure water is investigated. Irradiation experiments were conducted using a collimated beam system operating between 200 to 360 nm. The optical absorbance of the solution and the irradiance of the lamp are considered in calculating the average fluence rate. Based on these factors, the UV dose was quantified as a product of average fluence rate and treatment time. Known concentrations of aflatoxins were spiked in water and irradiated at UV doses ranging from 0, 1.22, 2.44, 3.66, and 4.88 J cm-2. The concentration of aflatoxins was determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection. LC-MS/MS product ion scans were used to identify and semi-quantify degraded products of AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1. It was observed that UV irradiation significantly reduced aflatoxins in pure water (p < 0.05). Irradiation doses of 4.88 J cm-2 reduced concentrations 67.22% for AFG1, 29.77% for AFB2, and 98.25% for AFB1 (p < 0.05). Using this technique, an overall reduction of total aflatoxin content of ≈95% (p < 0.05) was achieved. We hypothesize that the formation of ˙OH radicals initiated by UV light may have caused photolysis of AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1 molecules. In cell culture studies, our results demonstrated that the increase of UV dosage decreased the aflatoxin-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Therefore, our research finding suggests that UV irradiation can be used as an effective technique for the reduction of aflatoxins.
Prospects for the Future: A Framework and Discussion of Directions for the Next Generation of International Large-Scale Assessments

The principal aim of this chapter is to offer a preliminary framework for considering international large-scale assessment related issues, and to situate the different perspectives from education, economics, educational psychology, civics and citizenship studies, and last but not least technology—based on presentations and discussions given at the international assessment conference at Educational Testing Service in Princeton—within this framework. This chapter gives an overview of how the different directions of research and development in this area fit into this framework and concludes with some thoughts on future directions for research in the domain of international comparative studies.
Low-molecular-weight heparin or warfarin for deep vein thrombosis

Source Citation Hull R, Raskob G, Pineo G, et al. A comparison of subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin with warfarin sodium for prophylaxis against deep-vein thrombosis after hip or knee impla...
Heterogeneity of Reporting Outcomes in the Spine Surgery Literature.

STUDY DESIGN Review of spine surgery literature between 2005 and 2014 to assess the reporting of patient outcomes by determining the variability of use of patient outcomes metrics in the following categories: pain and disability, patient satisfaction, readmission, and depression. OBJECTIVE Expose the heterogeneity of outcomes reporting and discuss current initiatives to create more homogenous outcomes databases. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA There has been a recent focus on the reporting of quality metrics associated with spine surgery outcomes. However, little consensus exists on the optimal metrics that should be used to measure spine surgery outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A PubMed search of all spine surgery manuscripts from January 2005 through December 2014 was performed. Linear regression analyses were performed on individual metrics as well as outcomes categories as a fraction of total papers reviewing surgical outcomes. RESULTS Outcomes reporting has increased significantly between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2014 [175/2871 (6.1%) vs. 764/5603 (13.6%), respectively; P<0.001; R=98.1%]. For the category of pain and disability reporting, Visual Analog Score demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in use from 2005 through 2014 [56/76 (73.7%) vs. 300/520 (57.7%), respectively; P<0.001], whereas Oswestry Disability Index increased significantly in use [19/76 (25.0%) vs. 182/520 (35.0%), respectively; P<0.001]. For quality of life, EuroQOL-5 Dimensions increased significantly in use between 2005 and 2014 [4/23 (17.4%) vs. 30/87 (34.5%), respectively; P<0.01]. In contrast, use of 36 Item Short Form Survey significantly decreased [19/23 (82.6%) vs. 57/87 (65.5%), respectively; P<0.01]. For depression, only the Zung Depression Scale underwent a significant increase in usage between 2005 and 2014 [0/0 (0%) vs. 7/13 (53.8%), respectively; P<0.01]. CONCLUSIONS Although spine surgery outcome reporting has increased significantly over the past 10 years, there remains considerable heterogeneity in regards to individual outcomes metrics utilized. This heterogeneity makes it difficult to compare outcomes across studies and to accurately extrapolate outcomes to clinical practice.
System 1 and System 2 cognition in the decision to adopt and use a new technology

Abstract Most models of technology adoption and use assume a rational decision maker engaged in thoughtful deliberate consideration of the new technology. However, recent research in psychology concludes that such deliberate, rational, conscious decision-making (termed System 2 cognition) has less influence on behavior than originally thought; nonconscious automatic cognition (termed System 1 cognition), which is often influenced by personality characteristics and pattern matching based on past experience, also plays a key role in most decisions. As users adopt and use new technologies time and time again, a set of general expectations about new technology adoption begins to emerge. A user’s personality combined with this pattern of positive and negative experiences creates System 1 heuristics that are triggered when a user faces a similar decision in the future. The focus of this paper is to examine the extent to which the predispositions produced by System 1 automatic cognition – both enabling and inhibiting – versus the deliberate technology assessment produced by System 2 cognition influence technology adoption and use. We found that enabling predispositions influences the formation of intentions to use a new technology, and both enabling and inhibiting predispositions influence an individual’s ultimate follow through in acting on his or her intentions and actually using new technologies. Our research suggests that concepts previously seen as “determinants” of technology adoption and use (e.g., performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions) are not really determinants but rather are important partial mediators in a larger nomological network that includes both automatic System 1 cognition and deliberate System 2 cognition.
Secure integration of non-trusted IPs in SoCs

This paper explores the use of hardware sand-boxes, conceptually similar to software sandboxes, for secure integration of non-trusted IPs in systems-on-chip (SoC) designs. Our approach is based on a general assumption that malicious components hidden in IPs pose no harm to the system as long as they don't manifest. Thus, the goal of the hardware sandbox is to only allow permissible interactions between the IP and the rest of the system. The proposed hardware sandbox design achieves this by exposing the IP interface to isolated virtual resources and checking IP signals' “correctness” at run-time. We evaluated the hardware sandbox through a real world design implementation. Our sandbox can detect a majority of Trust-Hub.org Trojan benchmarks with a negligible increase in resource overhead.
Risks, rules, and roles

Based on ten years of fieldwork with a focus on macro-micro linkages from organizational ethos and structure to language behavior and roleplaying, this report centers on institutional changes that affect cognitive, social, and linguistic development of youth. Argued here is the resilience of those young people who find their way to youth-based (as distinct from youth-serving) organizations during their out-of-school lives. These organizations provide an institutional force to fill the voids left by intergenerational communication and nurturance breakdowns and an absence of meaningful work for youth in community and family life. Part 1 gives an overview of areas of interaction, work, and support that institutions fail to give in post-industrial societies and sets up the framework to view the fact that some youth create an institutional force through youth-based organizations that take over key socialization roles. Here crossage peers become their own agents to create an ecology of learning significantly different from customary agents of transmissive socialization. Part 2 answers the questions of what happens in this ecology of learning, and how learning works in youth-based organizations that place high emphasis on the real work of production and performance. Within these organizations that offer a type of liminal zone between childhood and full entry into adult life, youth take risks, play roles, and set their own rules in order to achieve a group goal of excellence in performance. Part 3 looks at language use within these organizations and addresses the means by which youth-based organizations remain dynamic and responsive to the rapidly changing dimensions of youth needs. Part 4 sets out certain changes necessary in the thinking of adults about models of socialization and their role in helping to make possible learning ecologies young people will see as effective. Part 5 pulls together the macro and micro dimensions of the findings to highlight the importance of research on the ways that rules, roles, and risks play within the work of learning.
17 – CT Angiography and CT Perfusion Imaging

Computed tomography angiography (CTA) and computed tomography perfusion (CTP) imaging have a number of advantages and disadvantages compared to magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), X-ray arteriography, and other functional techniques, such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy and nuclear medicine methods. CTA provides truly anatomic, nonflow-dependent data that can more accurately determine percentage vessel stenosis, as well as the presence of a hairline vascular lumen, than can standard MRA techniques—although gadolinium-enhanced MRA shows early promise. CTA is convenient—it is available in most hospital emergency departments at low relative cost. CTA is accurate—it can often preclude the need for conventional catheter arteriography. CTA and CTP can also provide high-resolution imaging, with better bony assessment, fewer contraindications, and fewer artifacts from motion and other causes, than magnetic resonance imaging. Currently, CT remains the first-line imaging test for the urgent evaluation of intracranial hemorrhage. CTA and CTP can be applied to the evaluation of acute stroke, carotid artery occlusive disease, dissection, aneurysm, arterial–venous malformations, venous thrombosis, and brain tumor angiogenesis. Possible future applications of CTA and CTP include evaluation of cerebrovascular reserve, Alzheimer's-type dementia, traumatic brain injury, and migraine headache. With CTA/CTP, clinically relevant data regarding both vascular patency and parenchymal perfusion can be obtained during a single, brief examination.
Models of community-based hepatitis B surface antigen screening programs in the U.S. and their estimated outcomes and costs.

Objectives. Information on the process and method of service delivery is sparse for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) testing, and no systematic study has evaluated the relative effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of different HBsAg screening models. To address this need, we compared five specific communitybased screening programs. Methods. We funded five HBsAg screening programs to collect information on their design, costs, and outcomes of participants during a six-month observation period. We categorized programs into four types of models. For each model, we calculated the number screened, the number screened as per Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations, and the cost per screening. Results. The models varied by cost per person screened and total number of people screened, but they did not differ meaningfully in the proportion of people screened following CDC recommendations, the proportion of those screened who tested positive, or the proportion of those who newly tested positive.
DISCRIMINATIVE AND REINFORCING EFFECTS OF SOME SYSTEMICALLY ACTIVE ENKEPHALIN ANALOGUES

Summary The systemically active enkephalin analogues, FK 33824, Lilly 127623, and D-Ala2-D-Leu5-enkephalinamide were studied in pigeons and rhesus monkeys. Pigeons trained to discriminate a morphine-like drug from saline emitted drug-appropriate behavior when each compound was administered intramuscularly. Rhesus monkeys trained to discriminate etorphine from saline responded with drug-appropriate behavior when given either FK 33824 or Lilly 127623. Relative potencies of the discriminative effect of the compounds differed considerably between the species. In substitution for codeine, both Lilly 127623 and FK 33824 maintained drug self-injection responding by rhesus monkeys at rates intermediate to those of codeine or morphine and saline. FK 33824 was at least 30 times more potent as a reinforcer and as a discriminative cue than Lilly 127623.
Limiting-individual dose from an extended-source high-level waste repository model

This paper focuses on the effects of mine design features on postclosure risk associated with a nuclear waste repository. Under conditions that enhance the effects of mine features and where the waste package allows high release rates, it was found that point-source repository models can lead to a range of ''limiting-individual'' doses covering several orders of magnitude. If engineered features are included in the models, these predicted doses are substantially lower.
Women on the Frontlines: Grassroots Movements against Environmental Violence in Indigenous and Black Communities in Canada

Indigenous and Black women in Canada are disproportionately impacted by racial and gendered forms of environmental violence that are rooted in a legacy of colonialism, white supremacy, and patriarchy. Gender, race, class, and other social identities render Indigenous and Black women more susceptible and vulnerable to a web of inequalities that inflict violence on their bodies, lands, and communities. In response, Indigenous and Black women have been building grassroots social and environmental justice movements for decades to challenge the legal, political, and corporate agendas that sanction and enable environmental violence in their communities. This article examines the disproportionate social, economic, and health impacts of multiple forms of environmental violence in the lives of Indigenous and Black women in Canada, including low income and poverty, systemic racism in employment and law enforcement, and environmental racism and climate change. The article also calls attention to the transformative human agency of these women by illuminating their legacy of grassroots mobilizing and activism against the various forms of environmental violence in their communities.
Oculomotor nerve requires an early interaction with muscle precursors for nerve guidance and branch patterning

Abstract Muscle function is dependent on innervation by the correct motor nerves. Motor nerves are composed of motor axons that extend through peripheral tissues as a compact bundle, but then diverge to create nerve branches to specific muscle targets. A transition point typically occurs as motor nerves grow near their targets, where the fasciculated nerve halts further growth, then later initiates branching to muscles. The motor nerve transition point is potentially an intermediate target acting as a guidepost to present specific cellular and molecular signals for navigation. Here we describe the navigation of the oculomotor nerve with respect to eye muscle precursor cells in mouse embryos. We found that the oculomotor nerve initially grew to the eye three days prior to the appearance of any eye muscles. The oculomotor axons spread to form a plexus within a mass of eye muscle precursors, then the nerve growth paused for more than two days. This plexus persisted during primary extraocular myogenesis, with a subsequent phase in which the nerve branched out to specific muscles. To test the functional significance of the nerve-precursor contact in the plexus, we genetically ablated muscle precursors early in nerve development, prior to nerve contact. Ablation of muscle precursors resulted in oculomotor nerve fibers failing to stop to form the plexus, but instead growing past the eye. In contrast, ablating the precursor pool at later stages, after the nerve has contacted the precursor cells, results in ectopic branching restricted near the eye. These results demonstrate that muscle precursors act as an intermediate target for nerve guidance, and are required for the oculomotor nerve to transition between nerve growth and distinct stages of terminal axon branching.
A helical-shape scintillating fiber trigger and tracker system for the DarkLight experiment and beyond

Abstract The search for new physics beyond the Standard Model has interesting possibilities at low energies. For example, the recent 6.8 σ anomaly reported in the invariant mass of e + e − pairs from 8 Be nuclear transitions and the discrepancy between predicted and measured values of muon g-2 give strong motivations for a protophobic fifth-force model. At low energies, the electromagnetic interaction is well understood and produces straightforward final states, making it an excellent probe of such models. However, to achieve the required precision, an experiment must address the substantially higher rate of electromagnetic backgrounds. In this paper, we present the results of simulation studies of a trigger system, motivated by the DarkLight experiment, using helical-shape scintillating fibers in a solenoidal magnetic field to veto electron–proton elastic scattering and the associated radiative processes. We also assess the performance of a tracking detector for lepton final states using scintillating fibers in the same setup.
Eradication of Hepatitis C Virus Is Associated With Reduction in Hematologic Malignancies: Major Differences Between Interferon and Direct-Acting Antivirals

It is unclear whether eradication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) leads to a reduction in the risk of hematologic malignancies. We aimed to determine the impact of sustained virologic response (SVR) induced by either direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) or interferon (IFN) on the risk of hematologic malignancies. We identified 69,581 patients who initiated antiviral treatment in the Veterans Affairs national health care system from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2015, including 40,410 (58%) IFN-only regimens, 4,546 (6.5%) DAA + IFN regimens, and 24,625 (35%) DAA-only regimens. We retrospectively followed patients to identify incident cases of hematologic malignancies or monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS), a premalignant precursor of multiple myeloma. Among patients treated with IFN, SVR was significantly associated with a reduction in the risk of lymphoma (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.51-0.97), multiple myeloma (AHR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.20-0.77), MGUS (AHR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.42-0.99), or all hematologic malignancies and MGUS combined (AHR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.53-0.84) over a mean follow-up of 10.6 years. In contrast, among patients treated with DAA, SVR was not associated with the risk of lymphoma, multiple myeloma, MGUS, or all hematologic malignancies and MGUS combined (AHR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.66-1.78) during a mean follow-up of 2.9 years. Neither IFN-induced SVR nor DAA-induced SVR was associated with risk of colon cancer or prostate cancer, which were chosen a priori as comparison/control malignancies. Conclusion: We describe novel strong associations between IFN-induced SVR and lymphoma, multiple myeloma, MGUS, and all hematologic malignancies combined. Surprisingly, these associations were not observed with DAA-induced SVR.
How Does Inquiry-Based Scientific Investigation Relate to the Development of Students' Science Knowledge, Knowing, Applying, and Reasoning? An Examination of TIMSS Data.

The present study examined to what extent inquiry-based investigation as an instructional approach associated with students’ overall science achievement and achievement in cognitive domains, including knowing science facts, applying scientific principles, and reasoning with scientific concepts to solve problems. Using TIMSS 2007 science achievement data for the 8th graders in the USA and the corresponding student questionnaires, we found that students’ involvement in inquiry-based scientific investigation negatively related to students’ overall science achievement. As the skills involved higher cognitive abilities, from knowing to applying and reasoning, the more students were engaged in the investigation, the more their achievement scores dropped. In contrast, students’ achievement significantly related to explicit instruction and as the skills involved higher cognitive abilities, the positive significant relationship got more strengthened.
Occupational Therapy and Parents Who Have Physical Impairments: Current Practice and Needs of Practitioners

Date Presented 04/04/19 OT practitioners may help parents with physical impairments complete activities of parenting. The purpose of this survey study was to identify the scope of practice and determine knowledge, information, and resources needed by practitioners providing services to parents with physical impairments. Results suggest practitioners are providing services and have a good foundation of knowledge. However, there is a need for more information and resources. Primary Author and Speaker: Angela Lampe Contributing Authors: Linda Gabriel
Light-assisted and remote delivery of carbon monoxide to malignant cells and tissues: Photochemotherapy in the spotlight

Abstract The recent discovery of the salutary effects of carbon monoxide (CO) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), ischemic perfusion damage, graft implantation, as well as its pro-apoptotic effects on hyper-proliferating cells has raised interest in delivering small doses of CO to biological targets under controlled conditions. In such attempts, photoactive metal carbonyl complexes (photoCORMs) have shown promise and several accounts of cancer cell eradication with light-triggered CO release from photoCORMs have been reported. CO releasing molecules (CORMs) and photoCORMs have been incorporated within biocompatible drug delivery vehicles such as carboxymethyl chitosan or mesoporous silica-based nanoparticles and the composite materials (photoCORs) have been successfully employed in controlled CO delivery to cancer cells to cause rapid CO-induced apoptosis. Fiber optic technology has also been utilized for remote delivery of CO to not easily accessible targets. Reports on all these therapeutic modalities for on-demand CO delivery to malignant targets in a highly localized fashion have opened up the possibility of phototherapy of cancer with the use of an unusual so-called “toxic” molecule. This review highlights the methodologies used in CO photochemotherapy reported so far along with analysis of their therapeutic outcomes, and possible improvements for better applicability.