cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the unification of data and program abstraction in Ada

Ada is rich in the variety of its abstraction mechanisms. It has both a data abstraction mechanism (packages with private data types) that supports a functional programming style and a program abstraction mechanism (generic program units) that supports an object-oriented program style. Tradeoffs between data and program abstraction are examined and it is pointed out that Ada discourages program abstraction because program units are not first-class objects. It is shown how program units could be made into first-class objects by introducing closures as values for functions and records with function components as values for packages. Further unification by allowing types to be first-class objects conflicts with the requirement of compile-time type invariance. The relaxation of this requirement in a manner that preserves type consistency is examined and leads to a notion of value for types as tuples of operations. It is suggested in the conclusion that our understanding of abstraction for object-oriented languages and of other language design, implementation, and environment issues will have progressed sufficiently by 1985 to warrant the design of a successor to Ada by the late 1980s.
Modulation of afferent transmission to single neurons in the ventroposterior thalamus during movement in rats.

Abstract Single units (n = 135) were recorded in the ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus in awake rats. The responsiveness of neurons to sensory activation during rest and treadmill locomotion was tested by stimulation through electrodes implanted under the skin of the forepaw. The averaged evoked unit response was suppressed by a mean 31 % during movement as compared with rest. This is to be compared with the mean 71 % sensory suppression observed previously in the somatosensory cortex. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that sensory information ascending to, and within the SI cortex is successively modulated at several levels during movement.
Bayesian Marginal Inference

Abstract A method is proposed for approximating the marginal posterior density of a continuous function of several unknown parameters, thus permitting inferences about any parameter of interest for nonlinear models when the sample size is finite. Possibly tedious numerical integrations are replaced by conditional maximizations, which are shown to be quite accurate in a number of special cases. There are similarities with the profile likelihood ideas originated by Kalbfleisch and Sprott (1970), and the method is contrasted with a Laplacian approximation recommended by Kass, Tierney, and Kadane (1988, in press), referred to here as the “KTK procedure.” The methods are used to approximate the marginal posterior densities of the log-linear interaction effects and an overall measure of association in a two-way contingency table. Snee's (1974) hair/eye color data are reanalyzed, and adjustments are proposed to Goodman's (1964) analysis for the full-rank interaction model. Another application concerns marginaliz...
Multipole mixing ratios from polarized-beam gamma-ray singles measurements

A simple and fast method for determining ..gamma..-ray multipole mixing ratios is described which is based on a comparison of the left--right asymmetries of two different ..gamma.. transitions from a state excited in a polarized-beam reaction. The method requires no particle--..gamma.. or ..gamma..--..gamma.. coincidence measurement. It is illustrated here by means of a determination of the E2/M1 mixing ratios for /sup 24/Mg(2/sup +//sub 2/ ..-->.. 2/sup +//sub 1/) and /sup 26/Mg(2/sup +//sub 2/ ..-->.. 2/sup +//sub 1/).
Laser broadening ratio from the multimode oscillation threshold

Lasers with mixed line broadening typically oscillate in a single longitudinal mode for excitation levels only slightly above threshold. At high pump levels, less desirable multimode oscillation may sometimes occur. A procedure is described for using the multimode threshold as a sensitive measure of the broadening ratio, and GaAs is mentioned as an example.
Energetics of Euphausia pacifica. I. Effects of body carbon and nitrogen and temperature on measured and predicted production

Laboratory production during the life span of Euphausia pacifica was measured directly (as the sum of growth, molting and reproduction) and indirectly (as assimilation minus metabolism and leakage) to test the hypothesis that weight-specific production is a constant for all sizes. Euphausiids were collected in Puget Sound, Washington State, USA, from September 1973 to March 1978. Equations were determined (in terms of carbon and nitrogen at 8° and 12° C) expressing the relationships between body weight and the daily rates of growth, molting, reproduction, ingestion and metabolism. The allometric equation (R=aW b ) best related body weight (W) to the rate (R) for growth, molting, ingestion, respiration and excretion for life stages from late larvae through adults. As predicted by the original above hypothesis, the weight-specific coefficient (b) was close to 1.0 for ingestion and excretion; in contrast, b was 0.62 for growth, and 0.77 to 0.85 for molting and respiration. The Q10 s also varied: 3.5 for growth, 2.4 for molting, about 3.0 for ingestion, and 2.0 for respiration and excretion. Assimilation efficiencies, for all weights and at both temperatures, were 81.3% of carbon and 85.9% of nitrogen ingested. The relationships between rate and body weight of early larvae for growth and molting were linear, as was the relationship for reproduction in adults. Weight-specific production was higher by I to 2% at 12° than 8° C for all life stages, and was 2 to 4% for carbon and 2 to 6% for nitrogen in adults, but 13 to 17% for carbon and 14 to 15% for nitrogen in early furcilia larvae. The null hypothesis was rejected for production measured directly, but would have been accepted if only an indirect measurement of nitrogen production had been considered. Clearly, indirect measurement incorporates all errors of measurement and assumption and makes interpretation difficult.
A Person–Process–Context–Time Approach to Understanding Intellectual Development:

We argue that scientific psychology's twin foci on biology (person) and process can benefit from a broadening. Specifically, we show that including two additional foci—context and time—can add expl...
Morphological stages of regeneration in the planarian Dugesia tigrina: A light and electron microscopic study

A precise sequence of four morphological stages of head regeneration in the planarian Dugesia tigrina has been determined by light and electron microscopy. Each stage is identified by a particular morphogenetic process: I, wound healing; II, blastema development; III, growth; IV, differentiation. A wound epidermis consisting of a thin, sheet-like layer of cells, rapidly forms from undamaged epidermal cells at the wound margin. The early blastema is comprised of neoblasts which mature into regeneration cells. The maturational changes include the appearance of a nucleolus, nuclear pores, and perinuclear dense aggregates of granulofibrillar material in these cells. These elements are not evident in the neoblasts of the younger blastema. No mitotic cells are encountered in the blastema or wound epidermis. Cytoplasmic expansion of the regeneration cells is correlated with the formation of numerous microtubules radiating from a juxtanuclear centrosphere. During differentiation of muscle cells, distended, granule-studded cisternae, having moderately fibrillar contents, are regularly disposed adjacent to small patches of myofilaments. Presumptive epidermal cells are recognized by prominent "islands" of finely fibrillar cytoplasm. These cytoplasmic zones persist for a time during definitive differentiation when Golgi bodies, vacuoles, mucous droplets, and rhabdites become evident. The newly formed epidermal cells become inserted among the cells of the wound epidermis. Thus, cells of both the blastema and of the wound epidermis contribute to the reconstituted epidermis.
Case 3: A Vascular-appearing Eyelid Mass in a Neonate

1. Tiffany J. Herd, MD* 2. Hillary S. Lawrence, MD† 3. Michelle A. Manalang, MD‡ 4. Laura S. Plummer, MD§ 5. Lei Shao, MD* 6. Kimberly A Horii, MD* 1. *Department of Dermatology, Children's Mercy Hospital & Clinics, Kansas City, MO. 2. †Department of Dermatology, The University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK. 3. ‡Departments of Dermatology and Hematology/Oncology, Children's Mercy Hospital & Clinics, Kansas City, MO. 4. §Departments of Dermatology and Ophthalmology, Children's Mercy Hospital & Clinics, Kansas City, MO. A 12-day-old girl presents to the dermatology clinic with ptosis, edema, and purple discoloration of the right upper eyelid. She was born at 38 weeks’ gestation via an uncomplicated vaginal delivery. The findings were noted at birth and initially attributed to birth trauma. However, the lesion had slightly grown since birth and was still present at 10 days of age, prompting a presumed diagnosis of infantile hemangioma (IH) of the eyelid by the referring ophthalmologist. Physical examination shows a well-appearing neonate. Growth parameters include a weight of 3.4 kg (25th-50th percentile) and length of 51 cm (25th-50th percentile). Her temperature is 36.6°C (97.9°F), heart rate is 168 beats/min, respiratory rate is 49 breaths/min, blood pressure is 80/46 mm Hg, and oxygen saturation is 100% in room air. Examination of the eyelid shows a 6.0 × 5.5-cm firm, violaceous growth involving the entire upper right eyelid with complete ptosis (Fig 1). Figures 1. A violaceous growth involving the entire upper right eyelid …
ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONE IN THE BLOOD OF WOMEN

The fundamental studies of Evans, Long, Smith, Engle, Zondek, and Aschheim demonstrating the ovary-stimulating properties of substances derived from the anterior lobe of the hypophysis have not only advanced our knowledge of the physiology of the female pelvic organs but have furnished the basis :for an important laboratory test. This was first used by Aschheim and Zondek for the examination of urine and developed as a “pregnancy test,” but studies conducted for the past three years in the Stanford Gynecological Laboratory have shown that the application of the Aschheim-Zondek procedure to the examination of the blood of women in non-pregnant conditions may yield results of important clinical significance.
DNA ploidy of malignant melanoma determined by image cytometry of fresh frozen and paraffin-embedded tissue

Image analysis of DNA content was performed from single nuclei of melanoma monolayer imprints made from fresh frozen tissue of 14 patients with primary malignant melanoma and 16 patients with local recurrences at the incision site and local or distant metastases. This procedure requires fewer cells and is an advantage when the quantity of tumor available is limited, especially in thin low Breslow depth cutaneous melanomas. Image analysis allowed reproducible measurement of DNA ploidy from 100 cells. The frequency of aneuploidy was similar in primary and metastatic melanomas. Three of 3 patients with euploid primary melanomas showed no evidence of recurrences or metastases, though one died of unrelated disease with short follow-up. The 4 patients with primary melanoma who developed metastases had aneuploid primaries; two of these patients died of metastatic disease. Three of 4 patients with euploid metastatic tumors were free of disease at last follow-up, and 1 patient died with stable disease. Nine of 12 patients with aneuploid tumors died of metastatic disease. The frequency of DNA ploidy in the present image analysis study correlated with previous flow cytometry studies. In 9 patients with primary tumors with a Breslow depth greater than 0.75 mm, the DNA content was also determined in nuclei obtained from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. The frequency of aneuploidy was higher in fresh tissue (7 of 9) as compared with paraffin-embedded tissue of the same cases (4 of 9).
The relationship between ionized and total serum magnesium concentrations during abdominal surgery

Abstract Study objective To determine the necessity for ionized magnesium (iMg) assay by evaluating the effect of abdominal surgery without massive transfusion on total magnesium (Mg) and iMg concentrations. Design Prospective, observational study. Setting Operating rooms at a university teaching hospital. Patients 31 patients without electrolyte abnormalities who were scheduled for abdominal surgery. Interventions None. Measurements Serum electrolytes, iMg, ionized calcium, proteins before and after surgery, and urine Mg were recorded. Main results Total Mg and iMg decreased: Mg 23%, iMg 15%; p p Conclusions During abdominal surgery without massive transfusion, both total and ionized hypomagnesemia occur. Changes in iMg and total serum Mg concentrations are closely correlated. Total serum Mg assay, while overestimating the prevalence of ionized hypomagnesemia, is sufficient to screen for hypomagnesemia.
Dynamic guide-target interactions contribute to sequential 2′-O-methylation by a unique archaeal dual guide box C/D sRNP

Assembly and guide–target interaction of an archaeal box C/D-guide sRNP was investigated under various conditions by analyzing the lead (II)-induced cleavage of the guide RNA. Guide and target RNAs derived from Haloferax volcanii pre-tRNATrp were used with recombinant Methanocaldococcus jannaschii core proteins in the reactions. Core protein L7Ae binds differentially to C/D and C′/D′ motifs of the guide RNA, and interchanging the two motifs relative to the termini of the guide RNA did not affect L7Ae binding or sRNA function. L7Ae binding to the guide RNA exposes its D′-guide sequence first followed by the D guide. These exposures are reduced when aNop5p and aFib proteins are added. The exposed guide sequences did not pair with the target sequences in the presence of L7Ae alone. The D-guide sequence could pair with the target in the presence of L7Ae and aNop5p, suggesting a role of aNop5p in target recruitment and rearrangement of sRNA structure. aFib binding further stabilizes this pairing. After box C/D-guided modification, target–guide pairing at the D-guide sequence is disrupted, suggesting that each round of methylation may require some conformational change or reassembly of the RNP. Asymmetric RNPs containing only one L7Ae at either of the two box motifs can be assembled, but a functional RNP requires L7Ae at the box C/D motif. This arrangement resembles the asymmetric eukaryal snoRNP. Observations of initial D-guide–target pairing and the functional requirement for L7Ae at the box C/D motif are consistent with our previous report of the sequential 2′-O-methylations of the target RNA.
Deterministic circuit variation for anti-tamper applications

The electric power grid underlying our national infrastructure faces various challenges from adversaries that may exploit weaknesses gained through tampering and malicious reverse engineering. In this paper we describe a method for frustrating such adversaries based on polymorphic generation of circuit hardware with specific hiding properties in mind. We introduce component fusion as a technique for generating functionally equivalent variations of target logic that merge and blur the boundary between constituent components. We show how both random and deterministic variation can be combined to produce circuits that are efficient within allowable bounds while driving up cost of malicious tamper efforts.
Graves' disease after unilateral Riedel's thyroiditis

Riedel’s thyroiditis, also termed “invasive fibrous thyroiditis,” is the rarest form of autoimmune thyroiditis and can be associated with systemic fibrotic processes, Hashimoto thyroiditis (1, 2), and Graves’ disease (3). A case of hyperthyroidism followed by spontaneous hypothyroidism and Riedel’s thyroiditis has been reported (4). Two previously reported patients from our institution had invasive fibrous thyroiditis that evolved from antecedent Graves’ disease, as indicated by thyroid dysfunction, bilateral ophthalmopathy, and positive TSH receptor-stimulating autoantibodies (5). We present a new case. In 2004, a 26-yr-old woman presented with a mass in the left thyroid lobe, pain, and respiratory distress. Thyroid function was normal. A tracheostomy and biopsy showed Riedel’s thyroiditis. Therapy with corticosteroids and tamoxifen stabilized the disease. After 1 yr, the tracheostomy was closed. In 2008, her TSH level was less than 0.01 mIU/liter, her free T4 was 4.5 ng/dl (58 pmol/liter; normal, 0.8 –1.8 ng/dl or 10 –23 pmol/ liter), and her serum was strongly positive for TSH receptor antibodies (52%; normal, 16%). The diagnosis of Graves’ hyperthyroidism was made. Her 24-h iodine131 uptake was 33% (upper limit of normal, 29%). She was treated with 19.7 mCi iodine-131. Computed tomography of the neck, performed in 2004 and 2008, showed left lobe thyroid enlargement and compression of the trachea (Fig. 1). Ultrasonography of the thyroid in 2008 (Fig. 2) showed hypervascularity in the areas not affected by Riedel’s thyroiditis; the absence of vascularity in the hypoechoic areas of the left lobe corresponded to Riedel’s involvement, as shown by computed tomography. The present case is of interest because Graves’ disease developed after 3 yr of stability of Riedel’s thyroiditis. In this case, the fibrotic process with extra thyroidal extension was unilateral. Graves’ hyperthyroidism developed in the uninvolved areas of the thyroid. This case and similar reported cases support the notion of autoimmune ISSN Print 0021-972X ISSN Online 1945-7197 Printed in U.S.A. Copyright © 2010 by The Endocrine Society doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-2609 Received December 8, 2009. Accepted April 16, 2010. FIG. 1. Computed tomographic images of the neck. A, Image taken with contrast (2004). Note partial involvement of the left lobe with fibrosis (F), extrathyroidal extension, and significant tracheal narrowing (black arrow) and engulfment of the common carotid artery (white arrow). Also note the uninvolved part of left lobe (L). The right lobe of the thyroid (R) is completely uninvolved. B, Image taken without contrast (2008). Note the stability and partial resolution of the process in the left lobe. (F denotes partially resolved left lobe fibrosis; L, uninvolved part of the left thyroid lobe; R, right lobe. The black arrow shows improved tracheal narrowing.) S P E C I A L F E A T U R E
Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Is Not Essential for Control of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Mice

Immune control of many intracellular pathogens, including Trypanosoma cruzi, is reported to be dependent on the production of nitric oxide. In this study, we show that mice deficient in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS or NOS2) exhibit resistance to T. cruzi infection that is comparable to that of wild-type mice. This is the case for two iNOS-deficient mouse strains, Nos2(tm1Lau) and Nos2 N5, infected with the Brazil or Tulahuen strain of T. cruzi. In all cases, blood parasitemia, tissue parasite load, and survival rates are similar between wild-type and iNOS-deficient mice. In contrast, both wild-type and Nos2(tm1Lau) mice died within 32 days postinfection when treated with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor aminoguanidine. Increased transcription of NOS1 or NOS3 is not found in iNOS-knockout (KO) mice, indicating that the absence of nitric oxide production through iNOS is not compensated for by increased production of other NOS isoforms. However, Nos2(tm1Lau) mice exhibit enhanced expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha compared to that of wild-type mice, and these alterations may in part compensate for the lack of iNOS. These results clearly show that iNOS is not required for control of T. cruzi infection in mice.
A Joinless Approach for Mining Spatial Colocation Patterns

Spatial colocations represent the subsets of features which are frequently located together in geographic space. Colocation pattern discovery presents challenges since spatial objects are embedded in a continuous space, whereas classical data is often discrete. A large fraction of the computation time is devoted to identifying the instances of colocation patterns. We propose a novel joinless approach for efficient colocation pattern mining. The jotnless colocation mining algorithm uses an instance-lookup scheme instead of an expensive spatial or instance join operation for identifying colocation instances. We prove the joinless algorithm is correct and complete in finding colocation rules. We also describe a partial join approach for spatial data which are clustered in neighborhood areas. We provide the algebraic cost models to characterize the performance dominance zones of the joinless method and the partial join method with a current join-based colocation mining method, and compare their computational complexities. In the experimental evaluation, using synthetic and real-world data sets, our methods performed more efficiently than the join-based method and show more scalability in dense data
An abductive view of high level speech recognition

Here we assume that a phonetic representation of spoken utterances is somehow available, and focus on the problem of identifying the exact words associated with the utterances. This problem may be viewed as explaining the given sequence of phonemes in the utterance using an intended sequence of words. The problem of finding the best explanation for some observed data has been called abductive inference in the artificial intelligence community. Human speech is rife with ambiguity. Ambiguity is a hallmark of abductive tasks. Homophones, or words that have different meanings but the same pronunciation, and continuous speech pose problems to automatic speech recognition. Parsimonious covering has been used to model abductive inference in a variety of task domains, including the problem of understanding written text. We have been studying if similar techniques may be applicable to resolving the ambiguities in high level speech recognition and present the work in progress here. When phonetic-lexical knowledge, such as what is available in a dictionary, is used as background knowledge, it appears that abductive techniques may be applicable to speech. >
Prevalence of Salmonellae, Listeria monocytogenes, and fecal coliforms in bulk tank milk on US dairies.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella , Listeria monocytogenes , and fecal coliforms in bulk tank milk in the United States. As part of the NAHMS Dairy 2002 survey, 861 bulk tank milk samples were collected from farms in 21 states. Milk was directly plated on selective agars for direct bacterial enumeration and was enriched in selective broths to increase detection sensitivity. Somatic cell counts (SCC) and standard plate counts (SPC) were also determined. Coliforms were detected in 95% (818 of 860) of the samples, and the average SCC was 295,000 cells/mL. Twenty-two samples (2.6%) were culture-positive for Salmonella , and 9 serotypes were identified: Montevideo (n=7), Newport (n=4), Muenster (n=2), Meleagridis (n=2), Cerro (n=2), 44:Z36 (Z38) (n=2), Dublin (n=1), Anatum (n=1), and 9, 12:nonmo-tile (n=1). Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from 56 (6.5%) samples, and serotyping of these isolates yielded 5 serotypes (1/2a, 1/2b, 3b, 4b, and 4c). Of the L. monocytogenes isolates, 93% were serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b, the most common human clinical isolates. Regional differences in L. monocytogenes and Salmonella prevalence were observed, but more studies are needed to determine the validity of these differences. There were no apparent relationships between SCC or SPC and incidence of Salmonella or L. monocytogenes . Although the prevalence of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella was low, these pathogens represent a potential risk to consumers of raw milk and raw milk products.
Stemflow estimation in a redwood forest using model-based stratified random sampling

Model-based stratified sampling is illustrated by a case study of stemflow volume in a redwood forest. The approach is actually a model-assisted sampling design in which auxiliary information (tree diameter) is utilized in the design of stratum boundaries to optimize the efficiency of a regression or ratio estimator. The auxiliary information is utilized in both the design and estimation phases. Stemflow and its variance were modelled as powers of diameter and a generalized non-linear least squares model was used to estimate the exponents and to impute values for missing storm events prior to application of the ratio estimator. The advantage of the ratio estimator over standard stratified sampling formulas is greatest for species in which stemflow is strongly dependent on diameter. With measurements on 24 trees in a 1-hectare stand, annual stemflow was estimated with coefficients of variation of 9 per cent and 10 per cent in 2 years of study. Striking stemflow differences were found between species. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
User performance and satisfaction of tablet physical keyboards

This study presents an evaluation of user performance and satisfaction of three physical keyboards that accompany two popular tablet computers. All keyboards were dual purpose in that they served as tablet covers in addition to typing input devices. The keyboards varied in weight, thickness, and key travel. The thinnest keyboard featured durability and pressure-sensitive keys while the other two keyboards were slightly thicker, but used mechanical keys. Participants unfamiliar with the keyboards were asked to type a series of phrases on each keyboard after a short practice. Typing performance, and perceived usability and workload were assessed. Results show a clear advantage in both performance and satisfaction for the mechanical-key keyboards. Users demonstrated typing speeds approximately 10 words per minute (WPM) slower and were prone to typing errors such as incorrect key substitutions, omissions, and inadvertent insertions with the thinner, pressure-sensitive keyboard. In addition, users reported the flat keyboard was more mentally demanding, more frustrating, and required more effort to use. Results from this study reveal the importance of tactile feedback to user typing performance and satisfaction. Designers of tablet physical keyboards must assess the tradeoff between optimal keyboard size, weight, and thickness, and a design that affords accurate typing.
When does the Haver property imply selective screenability

We point out that in metric spaces Haver’s property is not equivalent to the property introduced by Addis and Gresham. We prove that they are equal when the space has the Hurewicz property. We prove several results about the preservation of Haver’s property in products. We show that if a separable metric space has the Haver property, and the nth power has the Hurewicz property, then the nth power has the Addis–Gresham property. R. Pol showed earlier that this is not the case when the Hurewicz property is replaced by the weaker Menger property. We introduce new classes of weakly infinite dimensional spaces. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. MSC: primary 54D20, 54D45, 55M10; secondary 03E20
Political Simulations: What We Know, What We Think We Know, and What We Still Need to Know

For political scientists looking for creative ways to engage students, simulations might be the answer. The common conception is that because this type of activity offers a unique way to convey information through active learning, student learning will consequently increase. In order to evaluate this claim, we conducted a meta-analysis reviewing relevant simulation articles published in the Journal of Political Science Education from its inception through 2013. This systematic approach examines not just whether simulations prove engaging but, more importantly, whether they are valuable learning tools. We found that the discipline needs to conduct a more rigorous assessment of learning outcomes to move beyond the “Show and Tell” approach to evaluating simulations. Upon reviewing the articles, we are able to identify how a few changes can offer better information about the pedagogical value of simulations.
Contract Disputes: Using Survey Data to Reach a Fair, Comprehensive and Sensible Solution

Survey data are frequently pressed into service during contract disputes. And the results are often unsatisfying for plaintiffs, defendants, and decision-makers in court alike. Nevertheless, there is a clear and straightforward path to resolution that relies on several well-established concepts from assessment design and research methodology: Survey Reliability (which in psychometric work refers to replicability rather than accuracy), Construct Validity (which requires a connection to proven concepts in peer-reviewed research), Predictive Criterion Validity (i.e., the ability to predict objective outcomes that arguably reflect a critical abstract of the quality being evaluated), and Business Utility (the ability to show that survey scores have an irrefutable and statistically significant connection to coherent financial outcomes.) By evaluating survey data on these four dimensions it is possible to avoid the pitfalls that are often entailed when survey data are carelessly (and I would argue inappropriately) used as evidence in contract disputes. Two recent court cases will be offered as examples -- one from a $60million contract dispute where a survey was used to partial out a number of confounding variables from 2 years of manufacturing data, and one from a complex contract dispute that was settled by the International Court of Arbitration meeting in The Hague.
Logical Paradoxes Are Acceptable in Boolean Algebra

(1966). Logical Paradoxes Are Acceptable in Boolean Algebra. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 175-178.
Boll Weevil Survival in Hibernation Cages and in Surface Woods Trash in Central Texas

Survival of Anthonomus grandis Boheman in surface woods trash at Waco, TX, from 1960–73 ranged from 14.4% in 1968 to 100% in 1965. Those surviving in field from 1940–58 ranged from 0.02% in 1951 to 21.32% in 1941. The data concerning survival and time of emergence from hibernation sites in the spring are needed in planning boll weevil population suppression or elimination programs for the Texas Blacklands.
Blind Justice or Blind Ambition? The Influence of Promotion on Decision Making in the U.S. Courts of Appeals

Ambition is theorized to motivate many types of political behavior. However, as a motivation for federal judges, ambition has been largely ignored. Scholars have dismissed the possible influence of ambition by citing the low probability of receiving a promotion to a higher bench. Although a promotion is unlikely, judges may place substantial value on being promoted. Using a measure designed to capture a judge's promotion potential, I investigate the possibility that ambition exerts an independent effect on judicial behavior. The results demonstrate that court of appeals judges alter their behavior in a manner consistent with attempting to secure a seat on the United States Supreme Court.
Interpolations in Petronius

‘The core of practically every problem in textual criticism is a problem of style , and the categories are still far less settled than those of textual criticism. And there is the further danger that the editor in making his recension may fall into the habit of forgetting his responsibility for being continually alive to the author's style. Here I may be allowed to end by recalling a remark of Richard Bentley's in his note on Horace, Odes 3.27.15, nobis et ratio et res ipsa centum codicibus potiores sunt . This remark has always tempted some scholars to misuse it, and it will always continue to do so; but it is true.’ (P.Maas, Textual criticism (1958) 40 f.) That there were interpolations in Petronius' text was recognised early, although it was not until Eduard Fraenkel's more scientific, if controversial, views on Petronian interpolation were communicated and published in K.Muller's first edition of the Satyricon (1961) that an attempt was made to classify and date more serious and unnoticed interpolations.
Rapid Thermal Nitridation of Thin Oxides

In this paper the kinetics of initial nitridation of thermal oxides is studied by using rapid thermal nitridation of thin oxides. FTIR and AES were used to investigate the chemical properties of nitrided oxide films. The amount of the nitrogenincorporated in and the oxygen escaped from 100A oxides has been characterized quantitatively as a function of RTN conditions. Results show that RTN at 1100° for 120s incorporates about 85% and 12% of the maximum nitrogen concentration value at oxide surface and bulk, respectively. The nitrogen pile up peak at interface can be seen after RTN at 1100°C with the time as short as 5 s. Study of the effects of the nitridation temperature and the original oxide film thickness indicates that the reaction species has permeated through oxides before effective replacement reaction takes place. The diffusion coefficient of the permeating species is estimated of the value larger than 40−13cm2/s.
Uterine Arterial Responses to Arachidonate in Pregnant and Nonpregnant Rabbits

AbstractSeveral investigators have suggested that prostaglandins (PG) may play a major regulatory role in maintaining uteroplacental blood flow in pregnancy. The present study was undertaken to assess the response of the uterine artery from near-term pregnant and nonpregnant rabbits to the PG precursor Na-arachidonate (AA) (C 20:4). Isolated uterine arterial strips were equilibrated isometrically under their optimal resting tensions in physiologic salt solution. Uterine arteries from pregnant rabbits elicited significantly greater contractile responses to arachidonate over the dose-range studied (10-10-10-3M) than did arteries from nonpregnant rabbits. These contractions were seen whether the strip was relaxed or precontracted with potassium chloride (30 mM). The contractile responses to AA were antagonized in a competitive manner by pretreating the arteries with the cyclooxygenase inhibitors meclofenamate (10-5M) or indomethacin (10-5M), thus suggesting that the contractile response to AA was the result ...
Statistical analysis of the effectiveness of six rural public health monographic researches in Rongxian from 2006 to 2011

Objective To interpret the statistical analysis results of six rural public health researches of Rongxian from 2006 to 2011,to control and prevent diseases in rural county and to provide strategies for the research evaluation.Methods The content,effect,comprehensive ability of research staff etc were analyzed,and meanwhile the typical results were interpreted.Results Of the six monographic researches,there were 5 submitted reports(11.36%),10 published articles(22.73%),3 scientific research achievements(6.82%),26 application results(59.09%).As for nine types of 26 specific subject reports of the application results,there were 6 disease control network constructions(23.08%,the first place),5 health emergency works(19.23%,the second place),1 immune programming(3.85%,the last place).Conclusion Research and evaluation of rural public health effectiveness could improve the utilization rate of scientific research achievements and achieve the original goal of disease control and prevention.
Results of Surgical Treatment of Stage III Lung Carcinoma with Carinal Proximity: The Role of Sleeve Lobectomy Versus Pneumonectomy and the Role of Sleeve Pneumonectomy

Sleeve lobectomy in specific situations can be an alternative to pneumonectomy. Sleeve pneumonectomy is an aggressive resection for carcinoma involving the tracheobronchial angle, carina, or lower trachea and lung. Sleeve lobectomy is questioned because of its technical difficulties and its postoperative complications. Sleeve pneumonectomy is controversial in that its postoperative mortality and longterm survival rates are similar, it is a technically difficult procedure, and its mortality rate is greater than that of standard pneumonectomy. The indications for the procedures and patient selection are discussed.
Acidic and basic FGFs dilate arterioles of skeletal muscle through a NO-dependent mechanism.

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) have been known to be potent stimulators of vascular endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Recent experimental evidence indicates that basic FGF (bFGF) i...
Joint Beam-Frequency Multiuser Scheduling for Millimeter-Wave Downlink Multiplexing

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication is envisioned to be a promising technology to cater for the continuous growth of wireless communication capacity demand. To compensate severe path loss for mmWave signals, mmWave system typically employs beamforming technique to achieve essential antenna gain. To provide services to multiple user equipment (UE), mmWave system needs to schedule UEs in both frequency and beam domain to achieve optimal target utility function. To this end, this paper proposes an efficient joint beam-frequency scheduling algorithm to achieve target scheduling metric while possessing reasonable complexity. As the results of the scheduling algorithm, multiple UEs are optimally multiplexed in both frequency and beam domains in terms of target scheduling metric.
A general class of second order differential equations

In this short chapter we introduce some elementary tools of evolution equations which will be applied to the analysis of time domain potentials and integral operators. Most of these results in the abstract treatment of evolution equations can be obtained with elementary tools of the theory of strongly continuous semigroups of operators (of groups of isometries actually). An introduction to semigroup techniques applied to partial differential equations can be found in [58, Chapter 4] or [44], with a very general treatment given in [71]. The theory of semigroups of operators is rarely part of the mathematical toolbox for users of boundary integral equations. This is the reason why we include a self-contained approach in Appendix B using a simple point of view, namely the method of separation of variables.
Biomarkers in Acute Kidney Injury

Abstract Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) are not very sensitive and specific markers of kidney function in acute kidney injury (AKI) as they are influenced by many renal and nonrenal factors independent of kidney function. A biomarker that is released into the blood or urine by the injured kidney and is analogous to the troponin release by injured myocardial cells after myocardial ischemia or infarction, may be a more sensitive and specific early marker of AKI than BUN and SCr. Numerous biomarkers of AKI have been detected in the urine or serum of patients with AKI. Urine IL-18, urine NGAL, urine KIM-1, and urine L-FABP are biomarkers of renal tubular injury in early AKI and identify patients with AKI before the rise in BUN or SCr. Urine IL-18, urine NGAL, and urine KIM-1 are biomarkers of poor prognosis in patients with AKI. A combination of urinary TIMP2 and IGFBP7, which is known as NephroCheck is the first FDA-approved biomarker of AKI. Urinary [TIMP2] × [IGFBP7] of greater than 0.3 is an early biomarker of AKI and predicts outcomes. In the future, the combined use of functional and damage markers may advance the field of biomarkers of AKI. More studies are required to definitively demonstrate the association between early kidney damage biomarkers and clinical outcomes and to determine whether randomization to a treatment for AKI based on high structural/damage biomarker levels results in an improvement in kidney function and improves clinical outcomes.
The use of biometrics to prevent identity theft

This paper investigates the identity theft and how to effectively use the biometric technology in order to prevent it from happening. Over the past few years, identity theft has become one of the most serious financial threats to corporations in the United States. Identity theft is when a thief steals sensitive information in order to engage in large financial transactions. When a thief successfully steals an identity, he or she may take out large amounts of loans and make purchases in the victim’s name. Identity theft allows thieves to pose as the victim so that all of the thief’s actions will be projected as actions from the victims. Thieves can damage corporations by compromising corporate credit cards as well as file documents to change the legal address of the victim’s company. Throughout the past decade, corporations have been using variations of biometric technology to prevent identity theft. This paper presents a new scheme for corporate identity theft prevention using biometric technology. Specifically, we develop a biometric based authentication system consisting of encryption and decryption processes. To show the practicality of our proposed scheme, an attacker-centric threat mode is created.
Lean Learning at Oakland University

In today’s society there are many factors that contribute to the success of an individual in the workplace. Knowledge of job related content as well as specific dispositions and skill sets are basic requirements of any job. However, the ability to apply this knowledge and skill effectively and efficiently to particular work tasks and projects are critical components that employers are looking for in the job market. Oakland University is a non-profit institution in Rochester, Michigan, USA, dedicated to equipping students with the knowledge and skills necessary to be productive and successful, not only in the higher education environment, but also in the workforce across various domains of employment. Oakland University is also the home of the Pawley Lean Institute.
Quantitative assessment of cancer cell morphology and movement using telecentric digital holographic microscopy

Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) provides label-free and real-time quantitative phase information relevant to the analysis of dynamic biological systems. A DHM based on telecentric configuration optically mitigates phase aberrations due to the microscope objective and linear high frequency fringes due to the reference beam thus minimizing digital aberration correction needed for distortion free 3D reconstruction. The purpose of this work is to quantitatively assess growth and migratory behavior of invasive cancer cells using a telecentric DHM system. Together, the height and lateral shape features of individual cells, determined from time-lapse series of phase reconstructions, should reveal aspects of cell migration, cell-matrix adhesion, and cell cycle phase transitions. To test this, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were cultured on collagen-coated or un-coated glass, and 3D holograms were reconstructed over 2 hours. Cells on collagencoated glass had an average 14% larger spread area than cells on uncoated glass (n=18-22 cells/group). The spread area of cells on uncoated glass were 15-21% larger than cells seeded on collagen hydrogels (n=18-22 cells/group). Premitotic cell rounding was observed with average phase height increasing 57% over 10 minutes. Following cell division phase height decreased linearly (R2=0.94) to 58% of the original height pre-division. Phase objects consistent with lamellipodia were apparent from the reconstructions at the leading edge of migrating cells. These data demonstrate the ability to track quantitative phase parameters and relate them to cell morphology during cell migration and division on adherent substrates, using telecentric DHM. The technique enables future studies of cell-matrix interactions relevant to cancer.
Catholicism, the Role of the State, and the Duty to Vacciniate.

Carson and Flood (2017) provide an informative and persuasive account of how core aspects of Catholic social teaching apply to the troubling recent phenomenon of people refusing to vaccinate themse...
Multiphoton Imaging Across Large Brain Volumes with Subcellular Resolution

Using custom and adaptive optics, we developed multiphoton calcium imaging systems for large volumes (~ 20 cubic millimeters), with subcellular and subsecond resolution, and independent, temporally multiplexed beams for neuroscience research.
Surgical Dislocation and Osteochondral Autograft Transfer System (OATS) as Salvage of Failed Core Decompression Complicated by Femoral Head Penetration

Core decompression has remained a standard treatment option for precollapse osteonecrosis (ON) of the femoral head. While reports suggest pain relief in a majority of patients, high rates of eventual femoral head collapse have been documented with long-term follow-up. In the case presented, pain relief was not achieved after core decompression with subsequent development of a small, focal point of collapse in the femoral head. Consideration was given to attempting further joint preservation to avoid definitive management with total hip arthroplasty. An osteochondral autograft transfer system (OATS) was utilized to successfully reconstitute a core of necrotic bone and overlying degenerated cartilage, resulting in pain relief and increased functionality at short-term follow-up.
Burden of hepatocellular carcinoma among hispanics in South Texas: a systematic review.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the fastest rising causes of cancer-related mortality in the United States (U.S.). Despite improved HCC screening and surveillance guidelines, significant race/ethnicity-specific disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma remain, disproportionately affecting at risk racial minorities in the U.S. The current review aims to provide an updated analysis on race/ethnicity-specific disparities in HCC epidemiology with a focus on predisposing risk factors. Among different race/ethnicities in the U.S., Hispanics experienced the greatest burden of HCC, particularly those residing in South Texas. It is important to understand that the underlying etiologies for these disparities are complex and multi-factorial. Some of these risk factors for developing chronic liver disease include non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and alcohol use. In addition, population genetics, acculturation of ethnic minorities, and access to healthcare may be further contributing to the observed disparities in HCC. By increasing awareness, improved modalities for screening and surveillance for HCC are important in guiding future research for targeted preventive and therapeutic interventions.
Attenuation of hemorrhage-associated lung injury by adjuvant treatment with C23, an oligopeptide derived from cold-inducible RNA-binding protein.

BACKGROUNDHemorrhagic shock (HS) is an important cause of mortality. HS is associated with an elevated incidence of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome, significantly contributing to HS morbidity and mortality. Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) is released into the circ
Tranexemic Acid (Lysteda) for Cyclic Heavy Menstrual Bleeding

Tranexamic acid is a nonhormonal option that reduces menstrual blood loss and improves quality of life in patients with heavy menstrual bleeding. It is more expensive than nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hormonal therapies, but is an option when these treatments are not desired or recommended.
Voiding reduction and leadframe interactions in high-lead solder die attach for QFN applications

The development of solutions for high power packaging systems requires the use of a die attach material that has high thermal conductivity and low electrical resistance. However, solder paste, one of which meets this design requirement, is often affected by solder voids that form during the reflow process. By using a 3-factor full factorial design of experiment, this study looks into the effects of reflow profile, nitrogen flow rate, and leadframe type (A and B) on single and cumulative voids produced during the reflow process. Also, the effect of the location of specific nitrogen vents in the machine with respect to the package during reflow processing will be discussed. Analysis of data collected shows that use of higher N2 flow rate, leadframe type A, and reflow profile with higher time above liquidus and soak time reduces both single and cumulative void dppm by more than 95%. This is attributed to lower oxidation and increased flux outgassing during solder reflow.