cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Summieren der Erbfaktoren

Die Erorterungen des letzten Abschnittes zeigten uns, wie die verschiedenartigsten Erbfaktoren zusammenarbeiten, um eine Eigenschaft hervorzubringen, und das der eine Erbfaktor, den wir im gewohnlichen Sprachgebrauch der Vererbungslehre einer Eigenschaft zuordnen, nur der Faktor ist, der sozusagen in dem verwickelten Zusammenspiel das letzte Wort zu sprechen hat. Nun mussen wir eine andere, sehr wichtige Art des Zusammenspiels von Erbfaktoren kennenlernen, die darin besteht, das eine bestimmte Erbeigenschaft das Ergebnis des Vorhandenseins einer mehr oder minder grosen Anzahl von Erbfaktoren ist, von denen jeder eine bestimmte Teilwirkung hat und deren Wirkung sich summiert, weshalb wir auch von summierenden Faktoren reden wollen. (Der wissenschaftliche Kunstausdruck dafur heist „polymere“ oder „multiple“ Faktoren.) Es sind besonders Eigenschaften quantitativer Natur, wie Grosenwuchs, Lange, Gewicht von Teilen, die auf diese Weise vererbt werden, und da dies gerade die Erbeigenschaften sind, die fur die praktische Zuchtung von besonderer Bedeutung sind, so kommt dieser Vererbungsart grose Wichtigkeit zu. Wir werden sie sogleich verstehen, wenn wir uns an einem praktischen Beispiel die Folgerungen klarmachen.
Olesoxime, a cholesterol-like neuroprotectant for the potential treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Effective therapies are needed for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a debilitating and fatal motor neuron disease. Cell and animal models of ALS are begsinning to reveal possible principles governing the biology of motor neuron-selective vulnerability that implicate mitochondria and the mitochondrial permeability pore (mPTP). Proteins associated with the mPTP are known to be enriched in motor neurons and the genetic deletion of a major regulator of the mPTP has robust effects in ALS transgenic mice, delaying disease onset and extending survival. Thus, the mPTP is a rational, mechanism-based target for the development of drugs designed to treat ALS. Trophos SA has discovered olesoxime (TRO-19622), a small-molecule with a cholesterol-like structure, which has remarkable neuroprotective properties for motor neurons in cell culture and in rodents. Olesoxime appears to act on mitochondria, possibly at the mPTP. Phase I clinical trials of olesoxime have been completed successfully. Olesoxime is well tolerated and achieves levels predicted to be clinically effective when administered orally. It has been granted orphan drug status for the treatment of ALS in the US and for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy in the EU. Phase II/III clinical trials are in progress in Europe.
An AC–AC Modular Multilevel Converter-Based Partially Rated Solid-State Transformer

Increasing penetration rate of the renewable energy resources in conjunction with emergence of new dynamic loads such as electric vehicles, necessitate more flexible, efficient, and economical operation of the power grid. To maximize the utilization of the power system infrastructure in an efficient and economical way, partially rated solid-state transformer (PSST) has been proposed to control the power flow and to improve the power quality. In this paper, based on a newly developed ac–ac modular multilevel converter (MMC), new PSSTs along with their supporting control strategies are proposed. The proposed PSSTs borrow the salient features of the MMC and are capable of controlling power flow, compensating voltage sag/swell, filtering the current harmonics, and removing unbalanced current components of the grid. Simulation studies in the PSCAD/EMTDC software environment are carried out to validate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed MMC-based PSSTs and the supporting control methods for different applications.
Inflammatory cytokines and ischemic stroke risk: The REGARDS cohort.

OBJECTIVE We studied circulating interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10 concentrations and incident ischemic stroke risk in a biracial cohort, and determined if these cytokines mediated the racial disparity in stroke incidence affecting the black population. METHODS The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study enrolled 30,237 black and white men and women age ≥45 in 2003-2007. We measured baseline IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 in a case-cohort study of 557 participants with incident stroke over 5.4 years and 951 participants in a cohort sample. RESULTS IL-6, but not IL-8 or IL-10, was higher in cases compared to the cohort sample (mean 4.5 vs 3.7 ng/mL; p < 0.001). Only IL-6 was associated with stroke risk factors. Adjusting for age, sex, and race, the hazard ratio (HR; 95% confidence interval) for incident stroke for the highest vs lowest quartile of IL-6 was 2.4 (1.6-3.4). HRs for the highest vs lowest quartiles of IL-8 and IL-10 were 1.5 (1.0-2.1) and 1.4 (1.0-1.9), respectively. After additional adjustment for stroke risk factors, only higher IL-6 remained associated with stroke risk (HR 2.0; 1.2-3.1). Associations did not differ by race. Mediation analyses showed that IL-6 mediated the black-white disparity in stroke risk, but mediation was via IL-6 associations with stroke risk factors. CONCLUSIONS In this biracial population-based sample, IL-6 was strongly associated with risk of incident stroke and mediated the racial disparity in stroke via inflammatory effects of risk factors. Further study on the clinical utility of IL-6 measurement in stroke risk assessment would be helpful.
Evaluation of field-scale stormwater bioretention structure flow and pollutant load reductions in a semi-arid coastal climate

Abstract Bioretention has become an effective option for the treatment of stormwater in urbanized watersheds. This field-scale study evaluated a bioretention system designed to reduce runoff volume and pollutant loading and compared its performance over a 13-month period with that of traditional asphalt pavement located in the same parking area at South Texas College (STC), McAllen, Texas. The average runoff volume from the bioretention cell was 82% lower than that of the traditional asphalt pavement section. Water quality samples from bioretention effluents showed a significant reduction (p 0.05) different and showed a strong correlation with the observed results and calculated storage volumes.
Phenomenality, conscious states, and consciousness inessentialism

I draw attention to an ambiguity of the expression ‘phenomenal consciousness’ that is an avoidable yet persistent source of conceptual confusion among consciousness scientists. The ambiguity is between what I call phenomenality and what I call conscious states, where the former denotes an abstract property and the latter denotes a phenomenon or class of its instances. Since sentences featuring these two terms have different semantic properties, it is possible to equivocate over the term ‘consciousness’. It is also possible to fail to distinguish between statements that are true about conscious states in virtue of their phenomenality, and statements that are true in virtue of other properties of conscious states. I review empirically informed arguments by scientists Bernard Balleine and Anthony Dickinson, Stevan Harnad, and Jeffrey Alan Gray, arguing that each of them makes errors based on the ambiguity. I conclude with some tentative suggestions for avoiding further confusion about the ambiguity.
Inactivation of Hand Hygiene-Related Pathogens Using Engineered Water Nanostructures

Hand hygiene is a critical public health issue associated with disease transmission worldwide. Here, a nanotechnology-based approach has been employed to enhance hand hygiene using engineered water...
Outcomes of screening mammography in women less than 40 prior to fertility treatment: a retrospective pilot study.

Abstract Objective There are currently no evidence-based guidelines regarding breast cancer screening in women under 40 prior to initiating assisted reproductive technology (ART). The prevalence of abnormal findings on screening mammography in this population is unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe screening mammography outcomes in women less than 40 years old, referred for the indication of pre-ART. Materials, methods, procedures This is a retrospective review of women less than 40 years old presenting for screening mammography prior to ART between January 2010 and March 2017. Clinical history, breast cancer risk factors, imaging and pathology results were gathered from the electronic medical record. Results The study included 80 women. Mean patient age was 37 years (range 34–39 years). Sixty-seven (84%) had negative or benign screening (BI-RADS 1 or 2) and 13 (16%) were recalled for diagnostic imaging (BI-RADS 0). Four of 13 (31%) recalled women were given BI-RADS 1 or 2 at diagnostic work-up, 4 (31%) were given a BI-RADS 3, and 5 (38%) were recommended for biopsy (BI-RADS 4). At patient request, 2 of 4 (50%) BI-RADS 3 cases underwent biopsy, for 7 total biopsies. Six (86%) biopsies yielded benign results and 1 (14%) yielded DCIS. Overall cancer yield was 1.3%. Conclusion In women under 40 who plan to undergo ART, screening mammography may identify breast malignancies. This may be of particular importance given many breast cancers are hormone sensitive, and thus fertility treatments may affect tumor growth. Future, larger studies are needed.
#celiacdisease: The Use of Instagram in Contending with Chronic Illness

AbstractThere is a dearth of information on the use of Instagram by celiac disease patients. To address this gap, a convenience sample of 150 posts was first coded as personal stories, support syst...
A Scoping Study to Determine the Location-Specific WEC Threshold Size for Wave-Powered AUV Recharging

The aim of this study is to determine the threshold wave energy converter (WEC) type and size to charge a fleet of U.S. Navy autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) in various geographic locations of interest. The U.S. Navy deploys AUVs in locations around the world that must be charged manually, decreasing their operational endurance and creating operational limitations. Ocean waves are a potential power source that can be converted into electricity using a WEC and stored using a battery. It would be beneficial to develop a WEC that could autonomously charge AUVs offshore. Numerous locations were analyzed to determine the minimum size of a WEC capable of providing sufficient charging power and offering a strategic advantage. By predicting the WEC efficiency (based on empirical equations) and wave resource (based on available data), electrical power generation across numerous WEC types and locations was compared in MATLAB. The generalized process developed here could be used to determine the required size and type of WECs to charge a fleet of AUVs in different locations around the world.
Neutrophil elastase promotes macrophage cell adhesion and cytokine production through the integrin-Src kinases pathway

There are a number of respiratory diseases characterized by the presence of excess neutrophil elastase (NE) activity in tissues, including cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). NE is considered a primary contributor to disease development, but the precise mechanism has yet to be fully determined. We hypothesized that NE alters the function of macrophages (Mɸ) which play a critical role in many physiological processes in healthy lungs. We demonstrate that monocyte-derived Mɸ exposed to NE releases active matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), increase expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-8, and reduce capacity to phagocytose bacteria. Changes in Mɸ function following NE treatment were accompanied by increased adhesion and cytoskeleton re-arrangement, indicating the possibility of integrin involvement. To support this observation, we demonstrate that NE induces phosphorylation of kinases from the Src kinase family, a hallmark of integrin signaling activation. Moreover, pretreatment of Mɸ with a specific Src kinase inhibitor, PP2 completely prevents NE-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Taken together these findings indicate that NE participates in lung destruction not only through direct proteolytic degradation of matrix proteins, but also through activation of Mɸ inflammatory and proteolytic functions.
Novel Microcomposite Implant for the Controlled Delivery of Antibiotics in the Treatment of Osteomyelitis Following Total Joint Replacement

The objective of this study was to develop a novel microcomposite implant to be used in the treatment of osteomyelitis following total joint arthroplasty, with the dual purpose of releasing high local concentrations of antibiotic to eradicate the infection while providing adequate mechanical strength to maintain the dynamic or static spacer. Vancomycin-loaded microcomposite implants were fabricated by incorporating drug-loaded microparticles comprised of mesoporous silica into commonly employed polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement, to yield a final drug loading of 10% w/w. In vitro release kinetics at 37°C were monitored by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and compared to the release kinetics of current therapy implants consisting of drug alone incorporated at 10% w/w directly into PMMA bone cement. Results demonstrated a sevenfold improvement in the elution profile of microcomposite systems over current therapy implants. In vivo delivery of vancomycin to bone from microcomposite implants (70% of payload) was significantly higher than that from current therapy implants (approx. 22% of payload) and maintained significantly higher bone concentrations for up to 2 weeks duration. The elastic modulus showed no statistical difference between microcomposite implants and current standard therapy implants before drug elution, and maintenance of acceptable strength of microcomposite implants postdrug elution. These results demonstrate that we have developed a novel microcomposite spacer that will release continuously high antibiotic concentrations over a prolonged period of time, offering the possibility to eliminate infection and avoid the emergence of new resistant bacterial strains, while maintaining the requisite mechanical properties for proper space maintenance and joint fixation.
The Effects of Immunomodulators on a Veteran Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the Novel Coronavirus Disease, COVID-19, a pandemic on March 11, 2020. The VA New York Harbor Healthcare System (NYHHS), a designated COVID hospital, provides a heterogenous make-up of the Veteran population in terms of age, gender and ethnicity and was studied to gain insight into the effects of COVID-19 with and without prior exposure to immunomodulating agents. The severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by COVID-19 remains the focus of discovering effective treatment options in order to slow disease progression as well as decrease mortality. The severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by COVID-19 remains the focus of discovering effective treatment options in order to slow disease progression as well as decrease mortality. Due to the urgent need to develop therapeutic options to treat this disease, the repurposing of currently FDA approved drugs have become the focus. Immunomodulating agents have been among the pharmacological treatments of cytokine storm. Our study is a retrospective chart review of data was collected from October 1st, 2019 to February 28th, 2020 to identify Veterans with currently active prescriptions for immunomodulating medications for non-COVID-19 related conditions, per the American Rheumatological Society guidelines. Results suggest the link between immunocytokines and the host response to viral infections makes the use of immunomodulators a treatment strategy worth considering. Funding Statement: None to declare. Declaration of Interests: None to declare. Ethics Approval Statement: This study was approved by the ethics committee at the VA NY Harbor Health System, Brooklyn Campus.
Depression, Anxiety, and Interest in Mental Health Resources in School-Based Gender-Sexuality Alliances: Implications for Sexual and Gender Minority Youth Health Promotion

Schools can be a setting to address mental health needs of sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth. Gender-Sexuality Alliances (GSAs), as extracurricular support groups, provide an existing structure that could be leveraged to reach SGM youth and deliver services. Nevertheless, limited data indicate the prevalence of depression and anxiety among GSA members, how often GSAs discuss mental health, or their receptivity to resources. Participants in the current study were 580 youth (Mage = 15.59; 79% sexual minority, 57% cisgender female; 68% White) and 58 advisors in 38 GSAs purposively sampled across Massachusetts. Youth completed established measures of depression and anxiety; advisors reported how frequently their GSAs discussed mental health; and both reported their interest in mental health materials. Among youth, 70.1% scored above the threshold indicating probable mild depression, and 34.4% scored above the threshold suggesting concerning anxiety. Adjusted odds ratios indicated that the odds of depression and anxiety were higher for SGM members relative to heterosexual and cisgender members, particularly among youth reporting SGM identities that have been underrepresented. GSAs discussed mental health with some frequency over the school year. Youth and advisors expressed strong interest in resources. Findings support the case for developing selective and indicated school-based prevention programming for youth in GSAs to address their mental health needs.
The nuts and bolts of science-based advocacy

Abstract Scientists have repeatedly warned that we are on a collision course with the planet’s life support systems. As planetary citizens, we face personal choices as to whether and how to engage in effective solutions. I argue that a renaissance in science-based advocacy on par with the 17th century advancement of the scientific method is needed to respond in-kind to the biodiversity and climate crises. Scientists can be advocates for the best available science in decision making by translating their work into a more accessible language for decision makers, the media, and general public. I suggest adopting the Four Agreements developed by the ancient Toltec peoples when engaging in public outreach: (1) be impeccable with your word; (2) take nothing personally; (3) state your assumptions; and (4) always do your best. Communicating science in simple language allows scientists to participate in much needed social–environmental change efforts while maintaining scientific standing. With so much of Nature gone, scientists can explain to decision makers the importance of the precautionary principle and the do-no-harm Hippocratic Oath (a Planetary Hippocratic Oath). As planetary citizens, and for the sake of future generations, it is our ethical duty to speak truth to power. Scientists willing to Speak for the Earth are deserving of a “Nobel Earth Prize” for humanity and Nature.
What Effect Does Epstein-Barr Virus Have on Extranodal Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma Prognosis? A Review of 153 Reported Cases.

The primary aim of this review is to identify the relationship between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and prognosis in extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL). Additionally, a literature review of ENKTL was carried out. The investigators designed and implemented a 21-year literature review using the online databases PubMed and Google Scholar. The total number of cases analyzed was 153 (64 case reports; one comparative study; one systematic review). Information related to ENKTL from July 1999 to February 2021 was included in the study. Study variables included: patient demographics, tumor classification, screening modalities, tumor characteristics, symptomatology, treatment, and prognosis. The average age at diagnosis was 50.9 years (range: 4-90 years). Patients of Asian ethnicity were most commonly affected, and there was a 1.6:1 male to female ratio. ENKTL was most frequently detected in the head and neck region, and 53.1% of cases metastasized. Of all head and neck cases, the nose was the most affected location. Immunohistochemistry positivity included: EBV (32.0%), CD2 (96.6%), CD3ϵ (81.7%), CD43 (91.7%), CD56 (86.4%), Granzyme (97.1%), Perforin (90.9%), TIA-1 (97.8%), p53 (33.3%). The most frequently employed single treatment modality was chemotherapy alone, and 34.2% of patients expired within five years of diagnosis. The average follow-up period was 16.51 months (range: 0.25-66 months). EBV was significantly associated with metastatic ENKTL (χ2 = 4.36; CV = 3.84; p = 0.037). We found no association between EBV and ENKTL prognosis (χ2 = 17.2; CV = 21.0; p = 0.14).
Environmental Barrier Coating (EBC) Durability Modeling; An Overview and Preliminary Analysis

A study outlining a fracture mechanics based model that is being developed to investigate crack growth and spallation of environmental barrier coating (EBC) under thermal cycling conditions is presented. A description of the current plan and a model to estimate thermal residual stresses in the coating and preliminary fracture mechanics concepts for studying crack growth in the coating are also discussed. A road map for modeling life and durability of the EBC and the results of FEA model(s) developed for predicting thermal residual stresses and the cracking behavior of the coating are generated and described. Further initial assessment and preliminary results showed that developing a comprehensive EBC life prediction model incorporating EBC cracking, degradation and spalling mechanism under stress and temperature gradients typically seen in turbine components is difficult. This is basically due to mismatch in thermal expansion difference between sub-layers of EBC as well as between EBC and substrate, diffusion of moisture and oxygen though the coating, and densification of the coating during operating conditions as well as due to foreign object damage, the EBC can also crack and spall from the substrate causing oxidation and recession and reducing the design life of the EBC coated substrate.
Biofilms and Aseptic Loosening

Orthopaedic implants play a remarkable role in maintaining health and mobility. Unfortunately, implanted orthopaedic devices sometimes fail owing to a variety of factors, one of the most important of which is bacterial infection. However, in a significant proportion of cases, failure can not be clearly attributed to infection based primarily on the inability to isolate an offending bacterium. Such failures are often referred to as “aseptic loosening”. There is an ongoing debate as to whether at least some of these cases may in fact have an infectious etiology. If so, then there must be some explanation for why current diagnostic methods fail to detect the underlying infection. This is a critical debate in that the failure to detect infection necessarily compromises the ability to utilize the most appropriate antimicrobial therapy. This chapter summarizes the clinical issues surrounding aseptic loosening and discusses the possible reasons why conventional culture techniques may fail to detect infection.
Bladder pillar block anesthesia for urethral dilatation in women

This report describes an adaptation of the bladder pillar block anesthetic technique for use during routine urethral dilatation for treatment of the urethral syndrome or urethral stenosis in women. Only 10% of patients experienced sufficient discomfort to require cessation of dilatation prior to reaching a calibration of 38 F.
The Pathway for Force Transmission in the Rat Anococcygeus Muscle: A Tale of Two Tendons

Smooth muscles forming the wall of tissues having conduit and reservoir functions (including blood vessels, intestinal tract, and stomach, gall bladder, urinary bladder, respectively) are organized into sheets or layers. The pathway for force transmission emanates from myosin interaction with actin filaments attached to intracellular dense bodies linked by the cytoskeleton to plasma membrane dense bodies which are adhesion sites for the extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix is continuous throughout and between muscle layers, facilitating their coordinated function. There are a few instances where smooth muscles are organized in small longitudinal bundles with elastic tendinous ends, such as the pilomotor muscles of skin, the ciliary muscle of the eye, and costo-uterine muscle. In this study, we examine ultrastructure of two tendons that tether the anococcygeus muscle of the rat from the spine to the colon, the former a true tendon (myotendinous junction) and the latter a layer of connective tissue (intramuscular tendon). These regions show morphological specializations in the distribution and thickness of dense bodies, basement membrane, fiber shape and quantity of extracellular matrix. At the plasma membrane between dense bodies are caveolae, flask shaped structures primarily responsible for signal transduction, proliferation and electromechanical coupling. Changes also occur in caveolar regions, where the basement membrane is thickened and attachments to extracellular matrix are seen. Together, both regions of the plasma membrane are designed to facilitate force transmission. Anat Rec, 297:1714–1733, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structure and Activity of Diphtheria Toxin I. THIOL-DEPENDENT DISSOCIATION OF A FRACTION OF TOXIN INTO ENZYMICALLY ACTIVE AND INACTIVE FRAGMENTS

Abstract The activity of diphtheria toxin in catalyzing transfer of the adenosine diphosphate ribose moiety of NAD+ into covalent linkage with the mammalian peptidyl transfer RNA translocation factor, transferase II, is dependent upon exposure of the toxin to thiols. The toxin is almost completely inactive when assayed in the absence of thiols, but may be maximally activated by treatment with 50 mm dithiothreitol for 10 min. The activation process has been correlated with certain structural features of the toxin. Studies involving electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate have led us to conclude that toxin consists of a mixture of two similar proteins of molecular weight about 63,000. One consists of intact, 63,000-dalton polypeptide chains (intact toxin), while the other (nicked toxin) consists of two fragments of 24,000 and 39,000 daltons (A and B, respectively) linked by at least one disulfide bridge. Treatment of toxin with thiols results in dissociation of the latter into Fragments A and B. Fragment A is enzymically active, and probably accounts for all the activity of thiol-treated toxin. Fragment B is almost certainly devoid of activity for reasons which are discussed, although this has not been demonstrated experimentally. Intact toxin appears to be inactive before or after treatment with dithiothreitol. In the accompanying paper we show that intact toxin is a precursor of nicked toxin, and may be converted into the latter by treatment with trypsin.
Counseling Psychology Students and Professionals

Abstract A survey study of counseling psychology graduate students' (n = 67) and professionals' (n = 90) scientific and practitioner interests (Scientist-Practitioner Inventory, SPI; LeongZ Moos, 1994) was conducted. Student participants and professionals were partitioned into scientists and practitioners based on future career focus and professional setting, respectively. The practitioners provided support for “matching” interests and work environment (i.e., practitioners experience a higher social-type environment than faculty). Based on the data, some graduate students express more interest in science than practice, while all share a level of interest in practice. Generally, the SPI appears to be a reasonably reliable and valid instrument. Concerns about science in counseling psychology were addressed.
Legal Functionalism and Social Change: A Reassessment of Rosenberg's The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change?

Reviews Rosenberg's book and concludes that it systematically underestimates the significance of Brown and other decisions in bringing about social change.
The Work of Watching One Another: Lateral Surveillance, Risk, and Governance

This article explores a range of technologies for 'lateral surveillance' or peer monitoring arguing that in a climate of perceived risk and savvy skepticism individuals are increasingly adopting practices associated with marketing and law enforcement to gain information about friends, family members, and prospective love interests. The article argues that the adoption of such technologies corresponds with an ideology of 'responsibilization' associated with the risk society: that consumers need training in the consumption of services and the development of expertise to monitor one another. Rather than displacing 'top-down' forms of monitoring, such practices emulate and amplify them, fostering the internalization of government strategies and their deployment in the private sphere. In an age in which everyone is to be considered potentially suspect, all are simultaneously urged to become spies.
De la histeria a la neurastenia (Quental y Pessoa)

El famoso autodiagnostico de Fernando Pessoa (“soy un histero-neurastenico”) ha dado mas bien poco de que hablar. Este permite, sin embargo, profundizar en algunos nexos entre literatura y medicina en Portugal, hacia finales del siglo XIX y principios del pasado, y observar la presencia conflictiva de dos enfermedades nerviosas: la histeria y la neurastenia. A Antero de Quental, el otro gran poeta portugues moderno, se le diagnosticaron las dos enfermedades y representa un precedente importante.
On the significance of the heterogeneity in molecular size of human serum γA-globulins

Abstract The present investigations were designed to explore the relationship of γA-globulins of differing S rates. For this purpose the isolated 7 S and 10 · 5 S components of γA-globulin of a single normal individual and the isolated 7 S adn 17 S γA-paraproteins of a patient with typical multiple myeloma were studied by various biochemical and immunologic techniques. Starch-gel electrophoresis in urea at acid pH showed no apparent differences between the L chains of the 7 S and 10·5 S normal γA-globulins; the same was true of the H chains of each preparations. The polypeptide chains of the partially or fully reduced-alkylated 7 S and 17 S γA-myeloma proteins were also studied by urea starch-gel electrophoresis and fingerprinting. The two proteins were closely similarly in every respect. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that the heterogeneity in S rate of γA-globulin is due to polymerization.
Absorption Lineshapes in Two-Dimensional Electron Spin Resonance and the Effects of Slow Motions in Complex Fluids

A methodology for obtaining pure absorption two-dimensional electron spin resonance spectra is presented for the case of large inhomogeneous broadening and/or slow motions. For slow motions, the spectra consist of "complex Lorentzians" superimposed with complex weighting factors, presenting a challenge to obtaining absorption spectra. It is shown how absorption-type spectra can be recovered for the two-pulse COSY and SECSY experiments in such cases. For three-pulse 2D ELDOR experiments, absorption lineshapes can be obtained for the autopeaks, whereas the cross peaks would be of mixed-mode character, in general. However, for practical cases the dispersive components in the cross peaks will be relatively small. Theoretical and experimental absorption spectra are provided to illustrate the method and to show the improved resolution obtained from absorption lineshapes. In particular, the variation in linewidths across a SECSY spectrum, which is a key component in elucidating motional dynamics, is clearly rendered in the pure absorption mode. A convenient method for introducing the necessary phase corrections for the slow-motional spectra is also provided.
Personality Theory: Its Nature, Past, Present and--Future?

This is an effort to frame the core meaning of "person ality theory," and to show how all personality theorists have made certain assumptions in common about the nature of behavior. Exam ples are given from the leading personality theories of history. It is argued that the personality theorists of the future must broaden their roles, and work more generally as "identity advocates" in all realms of psychology.
Longitudinal study of vascular remodeling in coronary arteries after heart transplantation.

Cross-sectional studies by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) in heart transplant recipients have suggested that vascular remodeling occurs in coronary arteries years after transplant. However, no reports describe vascular remodeling in the same cohort of patients studied prospectively using morphometric analysis (10 evenly spaced images obtained from a slow pullback from the left anterior descending coronary artery). Morphometric analysis better reflects total vessel anatomy compared with previously reported site (2 to 3 images) analysis. We reviewed 20 patients studied by IVUS at 2 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years after heart transplant.Over time, the coronary artery luminal area decreased from baseline level of 12.0 mm(2) to a 3-year mark of 9.7 mm(2) (p = 0.02). Vessel shrinkage was seen in 16/20 patients. After an initial rise in intimal parameters (maximal intimal thickness, intimal index, and plaque area) from baseline to 1 year, we found a significant decrease in intimal parameters between Year 1 and Year 3 after transplant. For example, plaque area decreased from 2.05 mm(2) at 1 year post-transplant to 1.48 mm(2) by 3 years post-transplant (p = 0.05). In a majority of heart transplant patients, early intimal thickening in the first year post-transplant is accompanied by constrictive remodeling. Over the subsequent 2 years, further constrictive remodeling is seen despite a decrease in intimal area.
Hyper-Rayleigh scattering spectrum of liquid nitromethane.

The vertical vertical (VV), horizontal vertical (HV), and vertical horizontal (VH) hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) spectra were measured for liquid CH3NO2 at T=300K. The main HRS spectral component has a width ν1=1.28±0.04cm−1, which gives an orientation relaxation time τ=4.1±0.1ps in good agreement with other experiments. However, the VH spectrum also contains a previously unobserved strong narrow peak at zero-frequency shift, absent from the VV and HV spectra, which is due to a slowly relaxing longitudinal orientation mode. The upper bound on the width of this peak is 5 MHz, which corresponds to a relaxation time τ>30ns.
Trends in the relationship between socioeconomic status and infant mortality in metropolitan Ohio, 1960–1990

This paper presents the results of an ecological analysis of the relationship between infant mortality and economic status in metropolitan Ohio at four points in time centering on the censuses of 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990. The basic unit of analysis is the census tract of mother's usual residence, with economic status being determined by the percentage of low income families living in each tract. For each period, the census tracts were aggregated into broad income groups and three-year average infant mortality rates were computed for each area, by age, sex, race and exogenous-endogenous causes of death. The most important conclusion to be drawn from the data is that in spite of some very remarkable declines in infant mortality for all socioeconomic groups since 1960, there continues to be a very clear and pronounced inverse association between income status and infant mortality. Indeed, there is some evidence to suggest that it is stronger in 1990 than it was three decades earlier. The general inverse association is observed for both sexes, for whites and nonwhites, and for all major causes of death. At the same time, the data reveal notable variations in the pattern of the relationship over time, as well as several differences between whites and nonwhites in the nature and magnitude of the relationship. Some macro-economic hypotheses are offered to explain these temporal and racial differences in the pattern of the relationship between economic status and infant mortality.
Di-ionizable calix[4]arene-1,3-crown-4 ligands with an enlarged crown ring: synthesis and metal ion extraction

Di-ionizable calix[4]arene-1,3-crown-4 ligands with an enlarged crown ring were synthesized for comparison as metal ion extractants with analogues having identical pendent acidic groups, but a “normal” crown ring. The ligand conformation and regioselectivity are verified by NMR spectroscopy. Competitive solvent extraction of hard alkali metal cations and alkaline earth metal cations from aqueous solutions into chloroform by these new ligands were performed. Single species solvent extractions were conducted with intermediate Pb2+ and soft Hg2+. Comparison of the results with those from di-ionizable calix[4]arene-1,3-crown-4 ligands having “normal” crown rings provides insight into the effects of enlarging the crown ring as a function of the metal ion species being extracted and the identity of the pendent ionizable groups. Enlargement of the crown ring produced the largest increase in extraction efficiency with soft Hg2+.
Stereospecific reversal of nitrous oxide analgesia by naloxone.

Abstract The opiate antagonist naloxone was found to block nitrous oxide analgesia in a stereospecific fashion. Using a modified hotplate test in mice, the (−)-enantiomer of naloxone (which has a K D of ≈ 1 nM for opiate receptors) antagonized the analgesic actions of nitrous oxide in a dose-dependent (2.5–20 mg/kg) fashion. In contrast, the (+)-enantiomer (K D ≈ 10,000 nM) had no effect on nitrous oxide analgesia at the highest dose tested (40 mg/kg). These data strongly suggest that nitrous oxide analgesia is mediated via opiate receptors and is consistent with the hypotheses that this effect occurs either through the release of endogenous opioids or by physical perturbation of the opiate receptors.
Characterization of the transition from defect to phase turbulence.

For the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation on a large periodic interval, we show that the transition from defect to phase turbulence is more accurately described as a smooth crossover rather than as a sharp continuous transition. We obtain this conclusion by using a parallel computer to calculate various order parameters, especially the density of space-time defects, the Lyapunov dimension density, and correlation lengths. Remarkably, the correlation length of the field amplitude fluctuations is, within a constant factor, equal to the length scale defined by the dimension density.
The Physiology of Human Glucocorticoid Receptor β (hGRβ) and Glucocorticoid Resistance

The development of glucocorticoid (GC) resistance is a serious problem that complicates the treatment of immune-related diseases, such as asthma, ulcerative colitis, and hematologic cancers. hGRalpha and hGRbeta are two isoforms of the human glucocorticoid receptor, which differ in the structural composition of the carboxy-terminal end of the ligand-binding domain and therefore in their ability to bind glucocorticoid ligand and in their physiological function. hGRalpha is the classically functional GR, while hGRbeta seems to act mainly as a dominant negative to the function of hGRalpha. Because of the ability of hGRbeta to antagonize the action of hGRalpha, it has been hypothesized that changes in the expression of hGRbeta may underlie the development of glucocorticoid resistance. In this article we review what is known about the expression and physiological action of hGRbeta in normal cells and tissue as well as in several disease states. Taken together, the evidence suggests that the ratio of hGRalpha:hGRbeta expression is indeed critical to the glucocorticoid responsiveness of various cells. This ratio can be altered by changing the expression level of hGRalpha, hGRbeta, or both receptors simultaneously. Higher ratios correlate with glucocorticoid sensitivity, while lower ratios correlate with glucocorticoid resistance. Thus hGRbeta can be an important modulator of glucocorticoid responsiveness.
Failure to find antianxiety properties of cholecystokinin-octapeptide

Cholecystokinin octapeptide has been shown to retard acquisition and maintenance and to facilitate extinction of avoidance responding. This study attempted to determine whether the peptide has antianxiety properties that might contribute to these effects. Rats were trained to press a lever for food under a multiple random-interval 30-sec random-interval 30-sec schedule of reinforcement. In the presence of the second component, every eighth response also produced a brief electric shock (i.e., Geller conflict procedure). The introduction of shock decreased response rate. The anxiolytic chlordiazepoxide (3–24 mg/kg, subcutaneous) produced significant elevations in punished responding. Cholecystokinin octapeptide (5–40 μg/kg, subcutaneous) administered 1 h before the session did not affect response rate. The data fail to show that cholecystokinin octapeptide has antianxiety properties and suggest that reduction in “fear” following peptide administration is not responsible for its well-known effects on avoidance responding.
COMMODITY INFORMATION AND WILLINGNESS-TO-PAY FOR GROUNDWATER QUALITY PROTECTION

The potential sensitivity of environmental resource valuations to information concerning the resource is of interest to researchers and decision-makers involved in estimating and applying these numbers. An analysis of the impact of characteristic and service information on the economic value of groundwater quality is described. Characteristic information details the objectively measurable traits of a resource, while service information describes the consumption services provided by the resource. The analysis provides insight into the impact of information on environmental resource valuation decisions. Hypothesis tests suggest that changes in the joint levels of information may cause significant changes in groundwater quality valuation behavior. More theoretical and empirical research is required before firm conclusions can be drawn concerning the effects of information on groundwater value estimates (e.g., estimated willingness-to-pay for groundwater protection).
Endothelial dysfunction in children with obstructive sleep apnea is associated with epigenetic changes in the eNOS gene.

Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent disorder that has been associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity, even in children. However, not all children with OSA manifest alterations in endothelial postocclusive hyperemia, an endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-dependent response. Since expression of the eNOS gene is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms and OSA may cause epigenetic modifications such as DNA hypermethylation, we hypothesized that epigenetic modifications in the eNOS gene may underlie the differential vascular phenotypes in pediatric OSA. Methods Age-, sex-, ethnicity-, and BMI-matched prepubertal children with polysomnographically confirmed OSA and either normal (OSAn) or abnormal (OSAab) postocclusive hyperemic responses, assessed as the time to attain peak reperfusion flow (Tmax) by laser Doppler flowmetry, were recruited. Blood genomic DNA was assessed for epigenetic modifications in the eNOS gene using pyrosequencing. Children with no evidence of OSA or endothelial dysfunction served as a control group. Results The study comprised 36 children with OSA (11 with OSAab and 25 with OSAn) and 35 children in the control group. Overall, the mean age was 7.5 ± 2.4 years, 65% were boys, and 30% were obese; mean apnea-hypopnea index was 18 ± 8.6/h of sleep for the children with OSA. Tmax was 66.7 ± 8.8 s in the OSAab group and 30.1 ± 8.3 s in the OSAn group ( P eNOS gene revealed no significant differences in six of the seven CpG sites. However, a CpG site located at position −171 (relative to transcription start site), approximating important transcriptional elements, displayed significantly higher methylation levels in the OSAab group as compared with the OSAn or control groups (81.5% ± 3.5%, 74.8% ± 1.4%, and 74.5% ± 1.7%, respectively; P Conclusions The presence of abnormal eNOS-dependent vascular responses in children with OSA is associated with epigenetic modifications in the eNOS gene.
Touch-preparation cytologic examination of breast core biopsy specimens: Accuracy in predicting benign or malignant core histologic results

Rationale and Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of touch-preparation cytologic examination of breast core biopsy specimens in predicting benign or malignant core histologic results. Materials and Methods. One hundred two core biopsies were performed on 88 women with stereotactic or ultrasonographic (US) guidance. Slides were prepared by smearing one core sample on each slide, spraying the slides with fixative, and staining them with the Papanicolaou technique. Slides were blindly reviewed by a cytopathologist. Cytologic results were categorized as positive for malignancy, not diagnostic for malignancy, or insufficient for diagnosis. Results were correlated with histologic results from all specimens obtained during the core biopsy. Results. Imaging depicted the lesions sampled for biopsy as masses ( n = 70), clustered calcifications ( n = 29), focal asymmetries ( n = 2), or architectural distortion ( n = 1). Touch-preparation slides of 87 (85%) lesions contained sufficient material for diagnosis. Cytologic results correctly identified 12 of 16 (three of five intraductal and nine of 11 invasive) malignancies in 10 of 13 masses and two of three clusters of calcifications. Two false-positive results occurred, both with fibroadenomas. Overall, touch-preparation studies produced 69 true-negative and four false-negative results. Excluding slides with insufficient material, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of touch-preparation results were 75%, 97%, and 93%, respectively. Including insufficient samples, accuracy was 79%. Conclusion. Although touch-preparation cytologic examination of breast core biopsy biopsy specimens is fairly accurate in prediction of benign or malignant core histologic results, its correlation with histologic results is not sufficient to justify routine use in immediate counseling and treatment planning.
Synthetic studies on FR 900482. Synthesis of a photo-triggered pro-mitosene

Abstract A stereocontrolled synthesis of an eight-membered ring precursor to a photo-triggered mitosene is described.
PRIOR SELECTION CAUSES BIASED ESTIMATES OF STANDARDIZED ETHNIC GROUP DIFFERENCES: SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS

Assessment of standardized ethnic group differences (d) on predictors of job performance has become an important issue for applied psychologists. A number of studies have used an experimental design in which the predictor of interest was administered after an initial screening predictor. We examined the influence of prior selection on a first predictor on observed ds for second predictors in multiple-hurdle selection systems. Results of a Monte Carlo simulation indicate observed dson the second predictor are underestimated in the presence of prior selection on another predictor. More important, “downward bias” in observed standardized ethnic group difference is substantial (30-70%) when selection ratios are low, standardized ethnic group differences on the screening predictor are high, and when the first and second predictors correlate above .30. Researchers should consider the influence of range restriction in designing studies of ethnic group differences and comparing ds across predictors, particularly when data are collected under a multiple-hurdle design.