cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of a model to the evaluation of flood damage

This paper presents the initial results of a common methodology for the evaluation of damage produced by a flood. A model has been developed for flood damage estimation based on a geographic information system (GIS). It could be used by land administration bodies and insurance companies to manage flood-related damage data. The model simulates flood scenarios and evaluates expected economic losses from the impact of floodwaters on exposed elements, through the application of a computational model elaborated by GIS. During the development of the model, the Boesio Stream, a small watercourse flowing into Lake Maggiore (Lombardy, northern Italy) which was recently affected by a flash flood, was used as case study to test and calibrate the methodology. The method could be used either as a forecasting tool to define event scenarios, utilizing data from events simulated with a hydraulic model, or for real-time damage assessment after a disaster. The approach is suitable to large-area damage assessment and could be appropriate for land use planning, civil protection and risk mitigation.
High critical current YBCO coated conductors based on IBAD MgO

Abstract This report describes recent developments of second-generation Y1Ba2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) coated conductors deposited on biaxially textured MgO templates. The materials system architecture implemented to achieve high critical currents in YBCO films is described. The average full-width at half maximum (FWHM) in-plane texture obtained for MgO films processed on meter-length tapes is 7°, while that for the YBCO films is 3°. The best YBCO in-plane values approach 2° and the out-of-plane values approach 1°. Critical currents (1 cm wide tapes, 75 K, self field) have attained 423 A for 7 cm length and 233 A for 50 cm length tapes.
Formation of S-acyl pantetheine from acyl-coenzyme A by plasma membranes.

1. 1. During incubation of a variety of plasma membrane preparations with S-acyl-CoA esters substantial amounts of a novel lipid were produced. This material was identified as S-acyl pantetheine. 2. 2. Characterization of palmityl pantetheine was achieved by infrared and mass spectrometry, by analysis for its constituent groups and by chemical synthesis. 3. 3. Formation of acyl pantetheines was studied in a variety of liver subcellular fractions. Plasma membrane preparations gave by far the highest yield, as did membrane preparations from adipose and electric tissue. 4. 4. Formation of acyl pantehteine from acyl-CoA was accompanied by P1 liberation and the production by free fatty acid. The reactions leading to the formation of S-acyl pantetheines depend on a membrane nucleotide pyrophosphatase and a phosphomonoesterase activity.
Probing C P violation in Ω → Λ K → p π K decay

The sum of the $CP$-violating asymmetries ${A}_{\ensuremath{\Omega}}$ and ${A}_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ in the decay sequence $\ensuremath{\Omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Lambda}K$, $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p\ensuremath{\pi}$ is presently being measured by the E871 experiment. We evaluate contributions to ${A}_{\ensuremath{\Omega}}$ from the standard model and from possible new physics and find them to be smaller than the corresponding contributions to ${A}_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$, although not negligibly so. We also show that the partial-rate asymmetry in $\ensuremath{\Omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Lambda}K$ is nonvanishing due to final-state interactions. Taking into account constraints from kaon data, we discuss how the upcoming result of E871 and future measurements may probe the various contributions to the observables.
Determining erodibility, critical shear stress, and allowable discharge estimates for cohesive channels: case study in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming

The continuous discharge of coalbed natural gas-produced (CBNG-produced) water within ephemeral, cohesive channels in the Powder River Basin (PRB) of Wyoming can result in significant erosion. A study was completed to investigate channel stability in an attempt to correlate cohesive soil properties to critical shear stress. An in situ jet device was used to determine critical shear stress ( τc ) and erodibility ( kd ) ; cohesive soil properties were determined following ASTM procedures for 25 reaches. The study sites were comprised of erodible to moderately resistant clays with τc ranging from 0.11 to 15.35 Pa and kd ranging from 0.27 to 2.38 cm3 ∕N⋅s . A relationship between five cohesive soil characteristics and τc was developed and presented for use in deriving τc for similar sites. Allowable discharges for CBNG-produced water were also derived using τc and the tractive force method. An increase in the allowable discharge was found for channels in which vegetation was maintained. The information from t...
Firm size, employment risk and wages: further insights on a persistent puzzle

Recent inquiries into the observed positive relationship between wages and firm size suggest that unobservable characteristics give rise to a sorting of workers into large and small firms. Specifically, smaller firms tend to offer more unstable employment prospects and will tend to attract workers who are themselves unstable. As demonstrated by empirical analysis, the risk of permanent employment separation (i.e. the risk of firm failure) is in fact negatively correlated with firm size. Moreover, when this measure of employment risk is included as a determinant of wages, the independent influence of firm size on wages vanishes. These results suggest that firm size merely proxies for the risk of firm failure by capturing unobservable sources of heterogeneity in workers and firms.
The role of hydrology in annual organic carbon loads and terrestrial organic matter export from a midwestern agricultural watershed

Abstract Defining the control that hydrology exerts on organic carbon (OC) export at the watershed scale is important for understanding how the source and quantity of OC in streams and rivers is influenced by climate change or by landscape drainage. To this end, molecular (lignin phenol), stable carbon isotope, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) data were collected over a range of flow conditions to examine the influence of hydrology on annual OC export from an 850 km2 Midwestern United States agricultural watershed located in west central Indiana. In years 2002 and 2003, modeled annual DOC loads were 19.5 and 14.1 kg ha−1yr−1, while 71% and 85%, respectively, of the total annual OC was exported in flow events occurring during less than 20% of that time. These results highlight the importance of short-duration, high-discharge events (common in smaller watersheds) in controlling annual OC export. Based on reported increases in annual stream discharge coupled with current estimates of DOC export, annual DOC loads in this watershed may have increased by up to 40% over the past 50 years. Molecular (lignin phenol) characterization of quantity and relative degradation state of terrestrial OC shows as much temporal variability of lignin parameters (in high molecular weight dissolved organic carbon) in this one watershed as that demonstrated in previously published studies of dissolved organic matter in the Mississippi and Amazon Rivers. These results suggest that hydrologic variability is at least as important in determining the nature and extent of OC export as geographic variability. Moreover, molecular and bulk stable carbon isotope data from high molecular weight dissolved organic carbon and colloidal organic carbon showed that increased stream flow from the study watershed was responsible for increased export of agriculturally derived OC. When considered in the context of results from other studies that show the importance of flood events and in-stream processing of terrestrial organic carbon, our results show how hydrologic variability in smaller watersheds can reflect landscape-scale carbon dynamics in ways that cannot necessarily be measured at the outlets of large rivers due to multiple source signals and attenuated hydrology.
In vivo and in vitro effects of bromoacetylcholine on rat brain acetylcholine levels and choline acetyltransferase activity.

Abstract Intraventricular injection of bromoacetylcholine to rats did not lower brain acetylcholine levels, nor did it inhibit choline acetyltransferase activity. In vitro experiments indicated that bromoacetylcholine can penetrate intact neuronal tissue and inhibit choline acetyltransferase, but that in vivo it is most likely hydrolyzed by cholinesterase before it can exert any inhibitory action. For this reason bromoacetylcholine is unsuitable for in vivo inhibition of choline acetyltransferase.
Efferent connections of the subthalamic region in the rat. II. The zona incerta

The efferent connections of the zona incerta (ZI) were studied experimentally in the rat by the aid of the autoradiographic tracer technique. Small microelectrophoretic injections of tritiated proline and leucine practically confined to the ZI were found to label a widespread, predominantly ipsilateral system of descending and ascending fibers distributed to reticular structures of the brain stem (mesencephalic reticular formation, nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta, parabrachial area, nuclei reticularis pontis oralis, pontis caudalis, gigantocellularis and medullae oblongatae, pars ventralis), precerebellar nuclei (nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, pontine nuclei and inferior olivary complex), the middle and deep layers of the superior colliculus, the pretectum (anterior, posterior and medial pretectal nuclei), perioculomotor nuclei (interstitial nucleus of Cajal, nucleus of Darkschewitsch and nuclei of th posterior commissure), the parvocellular portion of the red nucleus, the central gray substance, the nucleus tegmenti dorsalis lateralis, the ventral horn of the cervical spinal cord, non-specific thalamic nuclei (parafascicular, centralis medius, paracentralis, centralis lateralis and ventromedial thalamic nuclei, nucleus reuniens), basal ganglia (entopeduncular nucleus and globus pallidus), hypothalamic structures (posterior hypothalamic nucleus, dorsal and lateral hypothalamic areas), and a subpallidal district of the substantia innominata. Isotope injections centered in Forel's field H1 resulted in the labeling of a similar set of projections. Some of the possible functional correlates of these connections are briefly discussed.
Model-free test of local-density mean-field behavior in electric double layers

We derive a self-similarity criterion that must hold if a planar electric double layer (EDL) can be captured by a local-density approximation (LDA), without specifying any specific LDA. Our procedure generates a similarity coordinate from EDL profiles (measured or computed), and all LDA EDL profiles for a given electrolyte must collapse onto a master curve when plotted against this similarity coordinate. Noncollapsing profiles imply the inability of any LDA theory to capture EDLs in that electrolyte. We demonstrate our approach with molecular simulations, which reveal dilute electrolytes to collapse onto a single curve, and semidilute ions to collapse onto curves specific to each electrolyte, except where size-induced correlations arise.
Are there quantum jumps

Generally, one thinks of a “quantum jump” as the process in which an electron “jumps” between a pair of quantum states, even as the process is treated within perturbation theory. This jump of an electron has remained a key point of conservative (i.e., traditional) quantum mechanics. But, the question of the time dependence of such a transition, e.g. the time for an atom to be ionized by radiation, is somewhat different than this view. A detailed approach in which an incoming wave first polarizes the quantum states and then completes the transition has allowed for a detailed discussion of the smooth transition of the electron from one state to the next. Here, we will discuss the history of the process, and illustrate the approach with the question of “how long does it take for an electron to emit a phonon?” The entire process arises from the proper application of wave mechanics and obviates the need to even consider a discussion of quantum jumps.
The 3-manifold recognition problem

We introduce a natural Relative Simplicial Approximation Property for maps from a 2-cell to a generalized 3-manifold and prove that, modulo the Poincare Conjecture, 3-manifolds are precisely the generalized 3-manifolds satisfying this approximation property. The central technical result establishes that every generalized 3-manifold with this Relative Simplicial Approximation Property is the cell-like image of some generalized 3-manifold having just a 0-dimensional set of nonmanifold singularities.
Low-Complexity OFDM Channel Estimation in the Presence of I/Q Imbalance and Phase Noise

In this paper, we derive the maximum likelihood (ML) channel estimate in the presence of phase noise (PHN) and I/Q imbalance for OFDM systems. Since it is estimated jointly with I/Q and PHN, the channel estimate is more robust to these RF impairments compared to the conventional schemes. The complexity of the joint estimator is reduced using an approximate cost functions for both PHN and I/Q imbalance. The performance of the proposed estimator in terms of both channel mean squared error (MSE) and bit error rate (BER) is also presented and compared to the case of perfect channel knowledge.
Local uniform mesh refinement on loosely-coupled parallel processors☆

Multiprocessor systems offer large gains in performance if algorithms for real problems can be found. We show how one algorithm for solving time dependent partial differential equations, local uniform mesh refinement, can be implemented on a multiprocessor system. Care is taken to insure that communications costs are kept under control, and an estimate of the performance of this algorithm for a range of configurations is presented. Experiments on a multiprocessor system are compared with the theory.
Heterogeneous Atmospheric Chemistry, Ambient Measurements, and Model Calculations of N2O5: A Review

For several decades, dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) has been recognized as an important reactive intermediate in the atmospheric chemistry of nitrogen oxides and nitrate aerosol, especially during nighttime. However, due to the lack of ambient observations of N2O5, the nocturnal nitrogen oxide chemistry could not be quantified until recent years. The objective of the present article is to assess the current state-of-the-art knowledge of N2O5 dynamics within the tropospheric aerosol. An up-to-date summary of N2O5 chemistry and major loss mechanisms are provided. Furthermore, techniques for measuring ambient N2O5 and an overview of typical N2O5 levels in the troposphere are described. In addition, model representations of N2O5 chemistry are reviewed along with key features of N2O5 vertical profiles based on numerical simulations. Lastly, the article provides the outstanding uncertainties and needs for further research into the atmospheric chemistry of N2O5. These include the need for better characterization of...
Depression of feeding and growth rates of the seastar Evasterias troschelii during long-term exposure to the water-soluble fraction of crude oil

To test the effect of petroleum hydrocarbons on predation by the seastar Evasterias troschelii (Stimpson, 1862) on the mussel Mytilus edulis (L.), we exposed the predator with the prey to six concentrations of the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of Cook Inlet crude oil. Seastars and mussels were collected at Auke Bay, Alaska, in November 1980. During a 28 d exposure in a flow-through system, seastars were more sensitive to the WSF than mussels: the LC50 for the seastars was 0.82 ppm at Day 19 and, although no mussels were exposed to WSF for more than 12 d, none died. Daily feeding rates (whether in terms of number of mussels seastar-1 d-1 or dry weight of mussels seastar-1 d-1) were significantly reduced at all concentrations above 0.12 ppm. At 0.20, 0.28 and 0.72 ppm WSF, daily feeding rates (in terms of dry weight of mussels) were, respectively, 53, 37, and 5% of the control rate; at the two highest concentrations (0.97 and 1.31 ppm WSF), the seastars did not feed. Seastars at concentrations greater than 0.12 ppm WSF grew slower than individuals from the control group and the 0.12 ppm-treatment group combined. These laboratory results show that E. troschelii is more sensitive to chronic low levels of the WSF of crude oil. The possibility that such oil pollution could reduce predation and permit M. edulis to monopolize the low intertidal zone of southern Alaska remains to be studied.
The Different Meanings of a Tarsioid — Anthropoid Clade and a New Model of Anthropoid Origin

Since the early part of this century there has been widespread but not universal acceptance of the idea that among the living prosimians the species most closely related to anthropoids are the extant tarsiers. This idea of a tarsieranthropoid clade among the living primates was first clearly formulated by Hubrecht (1896, 1902, 1908, 1909), Wortman (1903, 1904a,b), and Pocock (1918) on the basis of placentation, intrabullar carotid circulation, and the structure of the upper lip and rhinarium, among other features. Since then, additional morphological, biochemical, and molecular resemblances between tarsiers and anthropoids have been identified and promoted as shared-derived features indicating common ancestry (e.g., Luckett, 1974; Noback, 1975; Hershkovitz, 1977; Cartmill, 1980; Baba et al., 1982; MacPhee and Cartmill, 1986; Pollock and Mullin, 1987). Contradictory and ambiguous evidence regularly appears (Starck, 1956; Barnicot and Hewett-Emmett, 1974; Sarich and Cronin, 1976; Cronin and Sarich, 1980; Bonner et al., 1980; Mai, 1985; Poorman et al., 1985), but usually these results have been ignored or are considered to have resulted from methodological errors or convergent evolution.
A Proof Procedure for Quantification Theory

The purpose of this paper is to present and justify a simple proof procedure for quantification theory. The procedure will take the form of a method for proving a quantificational schema to be inconsistent, i.e., satisfiable in no non-empty universe. But it serves equally for proving validity, since we can show a schema valid by showing its negation inconsistent. Method A, as I shall call it, will appear first, followed by a more practical adaptation which I shall call B. The soundness and completeness of A will be established, and the equivalence of A and B. Method A, as will appear, is not new. The reader need be conversant with little more than the fairly conventional use (as in [8]) of such terms as 'quantificational schema', 'interpretation', 'valid', 'consistent', 'prenex', and my notation (as in [7T) of quasi-quotation.
The Evaluation and Enhancement of Training Transfer

The transfer component of training evaluation was examined in a study conducted in 1996. ‘Transfer’ is the evidence that what was learned is actually being used on the job for which it was intended. The study, through a survey technique, examined what organisations are doing to evaluate the transfer of training (as described by the Kirkpatrick taxonomy of the four levels of training evaluation). In addition, training and support strategies which are judged to be the most effective in enhancing transfer were identified.
Automatic Atrial and Junctional Tachycardias in the Pediatric Patient: Strategies for Diagnosis and Management

Unlike supraventricular arrhythmias secondary to reentry, automatic rhythm disturbances in children are rare and more resistant to standard pharmacological therapy. This article reviews strategies for the diagnosis and management of two of the more common pediatric automatic rhythm disturbances, that is, atrial ectopic tachycardia, and junctional ectopic tachycardia. The place of newer nonpharmacological therapy, such as catheter ablation, in the treatment of these entities is beginning to be explored, yet has not been fully delineated. Despite these limitations, there is enough experience with these difficult tachycardias in the pediatric age group to formulate some strategies for optimal diagnosis and management.
Carbohydrate Partitioning and Compartmental Analysis for a Highly Productive CAM Plant, Opuntia ficus-indica

Accepted: 10 June 1992 (, Carbon partitioning patterns of Opuntiaficus-indica, a widely cultivated crassulacean acid metabolism species, were analysed to estimate carbon fluxes. After labelling a cladode with 14CO2, activities of 14C in various organs were measured for 6 weeks; the observed 14C time-courses for 14C in the labelled cladode and for transfer into other organs were simulated with a compartment model. Within the first week, half of the newly synthesized carbohydrate in the labelled cladode was either converted into structural material in that cladode, lost by respiration of that cladode, or moved to other organs. In the non-labelled cladode and the roots, such newly synthesized carbohydrate initially increased, reached maxima, and then declined. The basal cladode and the daughter cladode used 65 and 96%, respectively, of their own assimilate. Roots imported 12 and 2% of carbohydrate from the basal cladode and the daughter cladode, respectively. When the whole plant was shaded, the daughter cladode incorporated nearly threefold more carbohydrate from the basal cladode into structural material compared with the control. When plants were droughted, roots incorporated 23% more and the daughter cladode incorporated 68% less carbohydrate from the basal cladode into their structural material than for the control. The basal cladodes of the 18-month-old plants exported 60% more carbon than those of the 6-month-old plants. Carbon flux rates derived from compartmental analysis can be used as parameter values in plant production models.
New designs for far-infrared beam splitters

We explore theoretically the design of multilayer beam splitters for the far-infrared that are based on coated pellicles as well as on solid substrates. The specific design criterion considered is as high a value as possible of the efficiency E = 4RT throughout the 10–140-μm spectral region. Here R and T are the reflectance and the transmittance of the beam splitter, respectively. In the numerical study the refractive indices of the substrates and coating materials varied between 1.50 and 4.00. To survey the range of designs, we make a number of simplifying assumptions, the significance of which is later investigated. Various potential manufacturing problems are considered. It is shown that the performance of the beam splitters is not sensitive to the accuracy with which the layer thicknesses can be controlled. However, it does depend strongly on the lowest available refractive index of the coating materials. The performance is particularly sensitive to the extinction coefficients of solid substrate materials. Multilayer designs presented should be useful for use in Fourier-transform spectrometers, as well as in other applications that do not require as high a spectral resolution.
Relaxed Silicon-Germanium on Insulator Substrate by Layer Transfer

The fabrication of 4 in, relaxed Si1−xGex-on-insulator (SGOI) substrates by layer transfer was demonstrated. A high-quality relaxed Si1−xGex layer was grown using ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition (UHVCVD) on 4 in. Si donor wafers. Thin Si−xGex film (x=0.2 or 0.25) was then transferred onto an oxidized Si handle wafer by bonding and wafer splitting using hydrogen implantation. The resulting relaxed SGOI structures were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).
A Bayesian Model For Morpheme and Paradigm Identification

This paper describes a system for unsupervised learning of morphological affixes from texts or word lists. The system is composed of a generative probability model and a search algorithm. Experiments on the Wall Street Journal and the Hansard Corpus (French and English) demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach. The results suggest that more integrated systems for learning both affixes and morphographemic adjustment rules may be feasible. In addition, several definitions and a theorem are developed so that our search algorithm can be formalized in terms of the lattice formed by subsets of suffixes under inclusion. This formalism is expected to be useful for investigating alternative search strategies over the same morphological hypothesis space.
Regulating insider trading in the post-fiduciary duty era: equal access or property rights?

This essay was prepared for a forthcoming book on the law and economics of insider trading. In Chiarella and Dirks, the Supreme Court based insider trading liability on a breach of a disclosure obligations arising out of a fiduciary relationship. The resulting narrowing of the scope of insider trading liability met substantial resistance from the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the lower courts. Through both regulatory actions and judicial opinions, the SEC and the courts gradually chipped away at the fiduciary duty rationale. In recent years, the trend has accelerated, with several developments having substantially eviscerated the fiduciary duty requirement. The current unsettled state of insider trading jurisprudence necessitates rethinking the foundational premises of that jurisprudence from first principles. This essay argues that the correct rationale for regulation insider trading is protecting property rights in information. Although that rationale obviously has little to do with the traditional concerns of securities regulation, this article further argues that the SEC has a sufficiently substantial advantage in detecting and prosecuting insider trading that it should retain jurisdiction over the offense.
A technical note about Phidel: a new software for evaluating magnetic induction field generated by power lines

The Regional Environment Protection Agency of Friuli Venezia Giulia (ARPA FVG, Italy) has performed an analysis on existing software designed to calculate magnetic induction field generated by power lines. As far as the agency's requirements are concerned the tested programs display some difficulties in the immediate processing of electrical and geometrical data supplied by plant owners, and in certain cases turn out to be inadequate in representing complex configurations of power lines. Phidel, an innovative software, tackles and works out all the above-mentioned problems. Therefore, the obtained results, when compared with those of other programs, are the closest to experimental measurements. The output data can be employed both in the GIS and Excel environments, allowing the immediate overlaying of digital cartography and the determining of the 3 and 10 muT bands, in compliance with the Italian Decree of the President of the Council of Ministers of 8 July 2003.
Excimer Laser Processing of Tool Steel: Tribological Effects of Multiple Pulse Processing and Ti Alloying

Excimer lasers were used to modify the surface of AISI type A-7 tool steel, a high C, high V, high Cr material used in many cutting applications. Multiple pulses of laser radiation at 248 nm were used to alter the composition of the surface alloy. Hardness and modulus were not significantly affected by the treatment, but friction in dry sliding against an alumina pin was reduced. The reduction was small but persistent for multiply melted and resolidified surfaces. These surfaces showed a marked increase in the surface Cr concentration. Greater reductions in friction were obtained from a Ti rich surface layer formed by laser mixing an evaporated Ti layer into the material. The friction coefficient of the Ti alloyed surface deteriorated after approximately 1000 cycles, indicating wear=through of the modified surface. The observed properties will be discussed in terms of the excimer laser modification process and the microstructure and composition of the resulting surfaces.
The Potential Predictive Value of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression and Increased Risk of Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage in Advanced Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated with Erlotinib and Celecoxib

Purpose: Celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, potentiates antitumor effects of erlotinib in preclinical studies, and COX-2 is frequently expressed in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). With these observations, we designed a phase II trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of erlotinib plus celecoxib in advanced NSCLC. Experimental Design: Previously treated stage IIIB/IV NSCLC patients were given celecoxib at 400 mg orally twice daily and erlotinib at 150 mg orally daily until disease progression. Planned accrual was 40 patients. Tissue was collected for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) analysis and COX-2 immunohistochemistry. Results: Twenty-six patients were enrolled (17 men, 9 women; median age, 66 years). Eighteen and 21 patients had tissue available for EGFR analysis and COX-2 immunohistochemistry, respectively. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival were 2.0 and 9.2 months, respectively. Eleven of 21 patients tested had increased tumor COX-2 expression, which was strongly associated with prolonged PFS ( P = 0.048). Four patients on anticoagulation or with a history of peptic ulcer disease had grade 3/grade 4 upper gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB), prompting early study closure. Three patients with GIB had endoscopy that found peptic ulcers. Conclusions: The combination of erlotinib and celecoxib does not seem superior to erlotinib alone in unselected patients. However, longer PFS with high-tumor COX-2 expression suggests that trials of EGFR and COX-2 inhibitors may be warranted in this patient subset. GIB observed in our trial supports excluding patients with a history of peptic ulcer disease or those requiring therapeutic anticoagulation from future EGFR and COX-2 inhibitor studies.
Early inequality and industrialization Introduction

Seeking to enrich our understanding of inequality movements, economic historians have used new data to illuminate the earlier darkness that Kuznets urged us to explore. To explore earlier worlds without income tax returns or modern household surveys, they have turned to non-income measures of purchasing power and well-being. The articles in this issue give a good sampling from this new wave of economic history of inequality. {Copyright 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved}.
Perceptual Guidelines for Creating Rectangular Treemaps

Treemaps are space-filling visualizations that make efficient use of limited display space to depict large amounts of hierarchical data. Creating perceptually effective treemaps requires carefully managing a number of design parameters including the aspect ratio and luminance of rectangles. Moreover, treemaps encode values using area, which has been found to be less accurate than judgments of other visual encodings, such as length. We conduct a series of controlled experiments aimed at producing a set of design guidelines for creating effective rectangular treemaps. We find no evidence that luminance affects area judgments, but observe that aspect ratio does have an effect. Specifically, we find that the accuracy of area comparisons suffers when the compared rectangles have extreme aspect ratios or when both are squares. Contrary to common assumptions, the optimal distribution of rectangle aspect ratios within a treemap should include non-squares, but should avoid extremes. We then compare treemaps with hierarchical bar chart displays to identify the data densities at which length-encoded bar charts become less effective than area-encoded treemaps. We report the transition points at which treemaps exhibit judgment accuracy on par with bar charts for both leaf and non-leaf tree nodes. We also find that even at relatively low data densities treemaps result in faster comparisons than bar charts. Based on these results, we present a set of guidelines for the effective use of treemaps and suggest alternate approaches for treemap layout.
Remote measurements and coastal atmospheric refraction

Space and ground-based remotely sensed marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) and ocean surface conditions are compared with in situ measured refractive conditions. Near-surface refractive conditions are influenced by near-surface turbulence (wind speeds), surface temperature (SST), and overlying air dryness which can be detected in operational and research satellite data. Humidity and temperature gradients at the top of the boundary layer can be related to remotely sensed cloud properties and to infrared Ground-Based High Resolution Interferometer Sounder (GB-HIS) measured profiles. Studies were performed in coastal (Norwegian, California) and SST front regions. In situ and ground-based remote data were from ship mounted systems. Other remote data were from operational (NOAA) and research (ERS-1) satellite borne sensors. In examined cases, remotely sensed information yields reasonable assessments of refractive conditions immediately above the surface but not of the structure at the top of the boundary layer. Remote data describe horizontal/temporal variations, important in the coastal and SST front regions, but not described by point measured in situ data. >
The San Diego East County school shootings: a qualitative study of community-level post-traumatic stress.

INTRODUCTION: Within one month (March 2001), two separate incidents of school shootings occurred at two different high schools within the same school district in San Diego's East County. OBJECTIVE: To examine community-wide expressions of post-traumatic distress resulting from the shootings that may or may not fulfill DSM-IV criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but which might interfere with treatment and the prevention of youth violence. METHODS: A qualitative study was undertaken using Rapid Assessment Procedures (RAP) in four East San Diego County communities over a six-month period following the two events. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 85 community residents identified through a maximum variation sampling technique. Interview transcripts were analyzed by coding consensus, co-occurrence, and comparison, using text analysis software. RESULTS: Three community-wide patterns of response to the two events were identified: (1) 52.9% of respondents reported intrusive reminders of the trauma associated with intense media coverage and subsequent rumors, hoaxes, and threats of additional acts of school violence; (2) 44.7% reported efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, conversations, or places (i.e., schools) associated with the events; negative assessment of media coverage; and belief that such events in general cannot be prevented; and (3) 30.6% reported anger, hyper-vigilance, and other forms of increased arousal. Twenty-three (27.1%) respondents reported symptoms of fear, anxiety, depression, drug use, and psychosomatic symptoms in themselves or others. CONCLUSIONS: School shootings can precipitate symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder at the community level. Such symptoms hinder the treatment of individuals with PTSD and the implementation of effective prevention strategies and programs.
Spiral inductor performance in deep-submicron bulk-CMOS with copper interconnects

This paper reviews design considerations for spiral inductors in bulk CMOS and reports investigations carried out in a commercial 0.18 /spl mu/m process using 6-layer copper metallization. Quality factors of approximately 8 are measured for 10 nH spirals operating between 1 and 2 GHz. Comparisons of Q and self-resonant frequency are provided for a variety of construction variables including with/without a patterned ground shield, metal-6 only versus stacking layers 3 thru 6, dense versus sparse vias, wide versus narrow traces, and with/without metal-fill.
A new technique for leakage reduction in CMOS circuits using self-controlled stacked transistors

In CMOS circuits, the reduction of the threshold voltage due to voltage scaling leads to increase in sub threshold leakage current and hence, static power dissipation. We propose a novel technique called LECTOR for designing CMOS gates which significantly cuts down the leakage current without increasing the dynamic power dissipation. In the proposed technique, we introduce two leakage control transistors (a p-type and a n-type) within the logic gate for which the gate terminal of each leakage control transistor (LCT) is controlled by the source of the other. In this arrangement, one of the LCT's is always "near its cut-off voltage" for any input combination. This increases the resistance of the path from V/sub dd/ to ground leading to significant decrease in leakage currents. The gate-level netlist of the given circuit is first converted into a static CMOS complex gate implementation and then LCTs are introduced to obtain a leakage controlled circuit. The significant feature of LECTOR is that it works effectively in both active and idle states of the circuit, resulting in better leakage reduction compared to other techniques. Further, the proposed technique overcomes the limitations posed by other existing methods for leakage reduction. Experimental results indicate an average leakage reduction of 79.4% for MCNC '91 benchmark circuits.
How Important is the P/E Ratio in Determining Market Returns?

This analysis assesses the actual contribution of the P/E ratio to realized compound market returns for various time periods. Using a supply-side model, we can accurately measure the contribution of the P/E ratio to average market returns. A clear understanding of this relationship allows investors to concentrate on those determinants of the long-run average market return that will, typically, have the most important impact on the market9s performance. The results demonstrate that over very long periods of time the P/E ratio typically contributes little or nothing to the average market return. However, there are exceptions, particularly for shorter time periods.
Task assignment for a physical agent team via a dynamic forward/reverse auction mechanism

In the dynamic distributed task assignment (DDTA) problem, a team of agents is required to accomplish a set of tasks while maximizing the overall team utility. An effective solution to this problem needs to address two closely related questions: first, how to find a near-optimal assignment from agents to tasks under resource constraints, and second, how to efficiently maintain the optimality of the assignment over time. We address the first problem by extending an existing forward/reverse auction algorithm which was designed for bipartite maximal matching to find an initial near-optimal assignment. A difficulty with such an assignment is that the dynamicity of the environment compromises the optimality of the initial solution. We address the dynamicity problem by using swapping to locally move agents between tasks. By linking these local swaps, the current assignment is morphed into one which is closer to what would have been obtained if we had re-executed the computationally more expensive auction algorithm. In this paper, we detail the application of this dynamic auctioning scheme in the context of a UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) search and rescue mission and present early experimentations using physical agents to show the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Examining Implementation Fidelity in America’s Choice Schools A Longitudinal Analysis of Changes in Professional Development Associated With Changes in Teacher Practice

The research on professional development (PD) consists mostly of studies utilizing cross-sectional data. We examined effects of change in school-level PD on change in teachers’ practice longitudinally. Using survey reports from 1,722 teachers in 31 schools implementing a popular comprehensive school reform (America’s Choice), we found that although schools were implementing the same reform model, they varied in their implementation of PD. Teachers successfully changed their practice toward reform-aligned instructional goals only in schools demonstrating high growth in providing reform-aligned PD (both in the content and process of their PD). Our findings have implications for understanding interventions in schools and for thinking about the rigor of PD effects on teaching.
Asymptotic analysis of (3, 2, 1)-shell sort

We analyze the (3, 2, 1)-Shell Sort algorithm under the usual random permutation model. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 21: 59–75, 2002
What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years

▪ Abstract This essay synthesizes the results of the large number of studies of late–20th-century democratization published during the last 20 years. Strong evidence supports the claims that democracy is more likely in more developed countries and that regime transitions of all kinds are more likely during economic downturns. Very few of the other arguments advanced in the transitions literature, however, appear to be generally true. This study proposes a theoretical model, rooted in characteristics of different types of authoritarian regimes, to explain many of the differences in democratization experience across cases in different regions. Evidence drawn from a data set that includes 163 authoritarian regimes offers preliminary support for the model proposed.
Slow human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectivity correlated with low HIV coreceptor levels.

The absolute number of CD4+ lymphocytes in blood is prognostic for disease progression, yet the cell surface density of CD4 receptors or chemokine receptors on a single cell has not previously been found to be predictive of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectivity outcome. It has recently been shown that human leukocyte elastase (HLE) and its ligand α1 proteinase inhibitor (α1PI; α1 antitrypsin) act as HIV fusion cofactors. The present study shows that decreased HIV infectivity is significantly correlated with decreased cell surface density of HLE but not with decreased CD4 nor chemokine receptors. In vitro HIV infectivity outcome in this study was predicted by the surface density of HLE on mononuclear phagocytes but not on lymphocytes. The set point HLE surface density was in part determined by α1PI. Decreased circulating α1PI was correlated with increased cell surface HLE and with increased HIV infectivity. The correlation of HIV infectivity outcome with surface HLE and circulating α1PI supports the utility of these HIV cofactors in diagnostic analysis and therapeutic intervention.
Identification, Identity, and Language Structures

Piaget (1970) described a structure as a “system of transforms.” Although this may seem an adequate definition from the standpoint of modern structuralism, and for the purposes to which Piaget used his definition, it is not one to which all structuralists would agree. It is a difficult task to put together into a single group certain philosophers, the French anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss, and the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan. Indeed, the tendency toward vigorous individualism of thought among the group of thinkers so classified is such as to defy any simple category or designation. On the other hand, there seems to be a general approach which can be said to characterize all “structuralists” which has significant application to psychotherapy and our understanding of personality.
Managing Two Future Changes in Leisure and Tourism Services

Two important issues of change for leisure and tourism services will be the changing age demographics and Micro Trends related to leisure behavior. For example in the U.S., there will be a large population shift when the Boomer generation (born 1946-1964) starts retiring in after 2011 [1]. As this shift occurs, the Boomer generation will be able to manage time differently while the X generation (born 1965-1976) and Y generation (born 1977-1999) will be poised to change working positions and earn more discretionary money. In addition, there will be more public awareness for Micro Trends related to leisure behavior that could enhance the tourism experience.
Timing and magnitude of electromyographic activity for two-joint arm movements in different directions

1. We studied electromyographic (EMG) and kinematic features of self-paced human arm movements involving rotations about the shoulder and elbow joints. Movements were initiated from various positio...
The Functions of Serine 687 Phosphorylation of Human DNA Polymerase η in UV Damage Tolerance

DNA polymerase η (polη) is a Y-family translesion synthesis polymerase that plays a key role in the cellular tolerance toward UV irradiation-induced DNA damage. Here, we identified, for the first time, the phosphorylation of serine 687 (Ser687), which is located in the highly conserved nuclear localization signal (NLS) region of human polη and is mediated by cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). We also showed that this phosphorylation is stimulated in human cells upon UV light exposure and results in diminished interaction of polη with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Furthermore, we demonstrated that the phosphorylation of Ser687 in polη confers cellular protection from UV irradiation and increases the efficiency in replication across a site-specifically incorporated cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer in human cells. Based on these results, we proposed a mechanistic model where Ser687 phosphorylation functions in the reverse polymerase switching step of translesion synthesis: The phosphorylation brings negative charges to the NLS of polη, which facilitates its departure from PCNA, thereby resetting the replication fork for highly accurate and processive DNA replication. Thus, our study, together with previous findings, supported that the posttranslational modifications of NLS of polη played a dual role in polymerase switching, where Lys682 deubiquitination promotes the recruitment of polη to PCNA immediately prior to lesion bypass and Ser687 phosphorylation stimulates its departure from the replication fork immediately after lesion bypass.
Risk of renal dysfunction after less invasive multivessel coronary artery bypass grafting.

ObjectiveSeveral centers have established that off-pump, multivessel coronary artery bypass grafting performed via a small thoracotomy (MVST) is feasible. However, this procedure can be challenging...
Impact of Left Ventricular Assist Device Support on Bridging to Transplantation in Adults with Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

s S85 Methods: We reviewed all patients with end-stage RCM who had LVAD implantation from 01/2008 until 08/2013 at our institution. The primary outcome was defined as all-cause mortality or heart transplantation. RCM was defined according to endomyocardial biopsy results or by the presence of echocardiographic characteristics of restrictive physiology. The study cohort consisted of 28 patients (71% males) with end stage RCM (10 Amyloidosis (36%), 8 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (28.5%), 5 Sarcoidosis (18%), 4 Chemotherapy or Radiation induced cardiomyopathy (14%) and 1 Fabry disease (3.5%)) who underwent LVAD implantation either as BTT (n= 19, 68%) or destination therapy (DT) (n= 9, 32%). Average age at the time of implant was 57± 13 years. Results: The total 1 year survival was 56% and mean survival time was 547 days, in hospital mortality was 14%. 10 patients underwent heart transplantation with 100% survival during follow up period. Sub analysis to compare amyloid patients vs. non-amyloid patients revealed significant differences in age at implant (66.5±10 vs. 52±11.5, p< 0.05), male gender (10 patients (100%) vs. 10 patients (56%), p< 0.05), left ventricular (LV) end diastolic dimensions (46±10 vs. 58±10 mm, p< 0.05) and in the ratio DT/BTT (n= 6/4 (60%/40%) vs. n= 3/15 (17%/83%), p< 0.05). There were no differences in mean survival time between the groups. Cox regression analysis revealed significant association between LV end diastolic and end systolic dimensions and mortality (RR= 0.94, p< 0.05; RR= 0.95, p< 0.05, respectively). Conclusion: LVAD is a feasible and life saving therapy for end stage heart failure related to RCM especially as a bridge to transplant in patients who would otherwise not survive. Larger LV dimensions may predict improved outcomes following implantation.