cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Workforce Development Supporting the Blue Economy: A Master’s Program of Integrated Ocean Observing at Rutgers University

Today’s students will be challenged over their professional lifetimes to provide society with 60% more food, 55% more water and 80% more energy for a growing global population forecast to exceed 9 billion by 2050. This can only be realized through scientific understanding that applies emerging technologies to optimize sustained observations and forecasts. It requires a workforce with a variety of skills capable of working together as a team to operate new observing technologies in frontier areas, curate the data flow, and produce forecasts with quantifiable uncertainties appropriate to inform decision makers. They will be faced with real data and imperfect models, and will be required to turn it into actionable information. That data is never perfect, and one must see the sensors and platforms, and understand how they work, to fully understand their limitations. To address these issues, Rutgers University has developed new educational programs focused on conducting research by analyzing authentic data collected and delivered to shore in near real-time from the growing global network of ocean observatories. Here we summarize our undergraduate research track and introduce a Masters of Integrated Ocean Observing based on a series of new courses, a software/QA/QC bootcamp, and research symposia. The students graduating from this program will be prepared to join the blue economy with the skills to operate, analyze, and assess data generated from Ocean Observing Systems in support of scientific research and societal applications.
Can the Taxpayer Bill of Rights Assist Your Clients

Congress has added a Taxpayer Bill of Rights (TBOR) to the Internal Revenue Code following the administrative adoption by the IRS of the identical slate of rights. The question for taxpayers and practitioners with respect to TBOR concerns its impact, if any, in seeking a remedy for certain IRS behavior. Practitioners have begun to argue for remedies based on the rights enumerated in TBOR. Facebook became one of the first taxpayers to seek to use TBOR to obtain a right that the IRS had otherwise denied. The Tax Court found that the remedy Facebook sought based on perceived rights in TBOR was not a remedy the court could provide. In the Facebook case the IRS followed the guidance set forth in a Revenue Procedure. Other taxpayers have also begun to test the waters with TBOR arguments. This paper analyzes several cases and several situations in which TBOR has arisen or might soon arise as the basis for seeking a remedy not otherwise available. The paper concludes that taxpayers will struggle to find a basis for remedy in TBOR when facing a specific statute, regulatory or even sub-regulatory guidance directing the IRS to take a specific path. TBOR could make a difference in situations in which the IRS has leeway in deciding what to do. The specific area in which the IRS has great leeway in deciding the course of action it will pursue falls in the collection of taxes. So much of collection is driven by judgment and policy that it presents one of the primary areas in which TBOR could apply to assist taxpayers in reaching the remedy that best suits their situation in balance with the needs of the IRS. The paper discusses some collection situations in which TBOR could make a difference. The other area where TBOR could make a difference is the formulation of regulatory and sub-regulatory guidance. The IRS should build a culture that embraces the goals of TBOR and uses them as it constructs its interactions with taxpayers. The paper discusses how this might happen. TBOR has moved past its infancy but not far. There is much to learn about how TBOR will impact tax administration. Litigation will help to move TBOR to where Congress intended it to be or help to move Congress to reshape TBOR into the impact statement it intended.
Simple low power nanosecond pulses from a continuous wave diode laser.

A low power continuous wave diode laser is rapidly modulated using the inherent propagation delay and finite slew rate of an inverter to create overlapping time transistor-transistor logic pulses to activate an AND gate to create sub-nanosecond laser pulses at user controller repetition rate up to 100 KHz.A low power continuous wave diode laser is rapidly modulated using the inherent propagation delay and finite slew rate of an inverter to create overlapping time transistor-transistor logic pulses to activate an AND gate to create sub-nanosecond laser pulses at user controller repetition rate up to 100 KHz.
Examining Southern Ocean Cloud Controlling Factors on Daily Time Scales and Their Connections to Midlatitude Weather Systems

ABSTRACTClouds and their associated radiative effects are a large source of uncertainty in global climate models. One region with particularly large model biases in shortwave cloud radiative effect...
Prospective phase I multi-institutional trial of PD-1 blockade with pembrolizumab during concurrent chemoradiation for locally advanced, unresectable non-small cell lung cancer.

8511Background: The PACIFIC study showed that consolidative Programmed Death Ligand 1 inhibition (PD-L1i) after chemoradiation therapy (CRT) improves PFS and OS in patients with Stage IIII NSCLC (A...
Communications satellites: Time expanded graph exploration of a tradespace of architectures

Abstract The choice of architecture in the design of large-scale complex systems has an enormous bearing on the cost, performance and adaptability of the system. It is often the case that the operational environment of the system changes over time, necessitating evolution of the architecture. In this paper, tradespace graphs of candidate space-based relay networks for NASA׳s Space Communication and Navigation (SCaN) program, focusing on the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) system, are analyzed in order to examine the potential pathways through the tradespace for a specified planning horizon. We utilize a method that enumerates architectures as vertices in a tradespace graph, taking into account both the fixed properties of the architecture and the variable ages of its assets. We then examine what real options can be put in place to enable future flexibility given uncertainty about the lifespan of existing TDRS assets. In a separate set of analysis, these time-expanded graphs are used to price the potential inclusion of hosted payloads against a range of possible architectural decisions.
An Update on Pediatric Cardiomyopathy

This review summarizes the clinical characteristics and updated outcomes of primary pediatric cardiomyopathies including dilated (DCM), hypertrophic (HCM), and restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM), and briefly discusses left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), primarily arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Pediatric cardiomyopathies are diseases of the heart muscle with an estimated annual incidence of 1.1–1.5 cases per 100,000. They are progressive in nature and are frequently caused by a genetic mutation causing a structural abnormality in the myocyte. Dilated cardiomyopathy, characterized by left ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction with normal left ventricular wall thickness, accounts for about 50–60% of all pediatric cardiomyopathy cases. This is followed by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy accounting for about 40%, characterized by abnormally thickened myocardium in the absence of another cause of hypertrophy with non-dilated left ventricle. Left ventricular non-compaction and restrictive cardiomyopathy each account for about 5% of the cases. Genetic mutations play a dominant role in the development of pediatric cardiomyopathies. While treatment for congestive heart failure and arrhythmias alleviates symptoms, it has not been shown to reduce the risk of sudden death. The 5-year transplant-free survival of DCM, HCM, RCM, and LVNC are 50%, 90%, 30%, and 60% respectively. Pediatric cardiomyopathies while not common they are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in afflicted children. Dilated forms are the most common followed by hypertrophic, left ventricular non-compaction, and restrictive cardiomyopathies. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies tend to be diagnosed later in the teenage years. Treatment typically follows adult recommendations for which there is significantly more data on treatment benefits, although the indications for ICD placement in children remain even less clear, other than for secondary prevention.
Magnetoelectric behavior via a spin state transition.

In magnetoelectric materials, magnetic and dielectric/ferroelectric properties couple to each other. This coupling could enable lower power consumption and new functionalities in devices such as sensors, memories and transducers, since voltages instead of electric currents are sensing and controlling the magnetic state. We explore a different approach to magnetoelectric coupling in which we use the magnetic spin state instead of the more traditional ferro or antiferromagnetic order to couple to electric properties. In our molecular compound, magnetic field induces a spin crossover from the S = 1 to the S = 2 state of Mn3+, which in turn generates molecular distortions and electric dipoles. These dipoles couple to the magnetic easy axis, and form different polar, antipolar and paraelectric phases vs magnetic field and temperature. Spin crossover compounds are a large class of materials where the spin state can modify the structure, and here we demonstrate that this is a route to magnetoelectric coupling. Magnetoelectric effect enables versatile electronic and spintronic devices. Here the authors demonstrate a different strategy to achieve magnetoelectric coupling in which the electric polarization is controlled by magnetic spin state transition instead of the traditional ferro- or antiferromagnetic order.
The Emergency Medicine Workforce: Shortage Resolving, Future Surplus Expected

Abstract Introduction The emergency medicine (EM) workforce has been growing at a rapid rate, fueled by a large increase in the number of EM residency programs and growth in the number of Advanced Practice Providers (APPs). Objectives To review current available data on patient volumes and characteristics, the overall physician workforce, the current emergency physician (EP) workforce, and to project emergency physician staffing needs into the future. Methods Data was obtained through review of the current medical literature, reports from certifying organizations and professional societies, Web searches for alternative sources, and published governmental data. Results We conservatively estimate the demand for emergency clinicians to grow by ∼1.8% per year. The actual demand for EPs will likely be lower, considering the higher growth rates seen by APPs, likely offsetting the need for increasing numbers of EPs. We estimate the overall supply of board-certified or board-eligible EPs to increase by at least 4% in the near-term, which includes losses due to attrition. In light of this, we conservatively estimate the supply of board-certified or eligible EPs should exceed demand by at least 2.2% per year. In the intermediate term, it is possible that the supply of board-certified or eligible EPs could exceed demand by 3% or more per year. Using 2.2% growth, we estimate that the number of board-certified or board-eligible EPs should meet the anticipated demand for EPs as early as the start of 2021. Furthermore, extrapolating current trends, we anticipate the EP workforce could be 20–30% oversupplied by 2030. Conclusions Historically, there has been a significant shortage of EPs. We project that this shortage may resolve quickly, and there is the potential for a significant oversupply in the future.
Chapter 4 – Further Applications

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the extensions of quantum mechanical path integrals. It discusses natural units, the choice of which is that of length so that all physical quantities are represented in the powers of length. The chapter further illustrates the relationship of the quantum mechanical partition function to the path integral and explains the development of the concept of symmetry in quantum mechanical systems. It illustrates the implications of symmetries for various formulations of the generating functionals. In the chapter, the harmonic oscillator is reformulated in terms of coherent states and a path integral representation of the vacuum persistence amplitude is derived using these coherent states. The chapter discusses the mechanism of the spontaneous breakdown of symmetry for a simple quantum mechanical system and the derivation of effective potential. It also explains the implementation of constraints in the path integral formalism.
IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A NOVEL SYNTHETIC CANNABINOID CP 55,940 BINDER IN RAT BRAIN CYTOSOL

We have detected the presence of a specific [3H] CP 55,940 binder in the cytosol of rat cerebral cortex. Competition studies showed that only cold CP 55,940 and to a lesser extent D9THC was able to compete with [3H] CP 55,940; little competition was observed with either D8;THC or anandamide. Scatchard analysis of the data indicate the presence of two distinct binding components having affinity constants (Kd) of 0.97 ± 0.03 nM, 5.83 ± 0.08 nM, and Bmax of 3.31 ± 0.06 pmol/mg protein, 22.2 ± 1.2 pmol/mg protein respectively. The cytosolic CP 55,940 binder was heat stable up to 30oC. Besides the brain cytosol, lesser amounts of binding were also detected in the spleen, and testis. Liver, kidney and muscle cytosol preparations were found to be devoid of this binder. Unlike the previously characterized brain membrane cannabinoid receptor, this binder was found to be salt, sulfhydryl blocking reagents and nucleotide resistant. Interestingly, dithiothreitol (DTT), a protein-disulfide group reducing agent, inhibited the binding of [3H] CP-55,940 to the receptor and approximately 80% binding inhibition was obtained at a 5 mM concentration. Western blot analysis using anti-receptor antibody reveal the presence of a 95-110, 50 and 38 kDa band in the brain, spleen and testis cytosolic preparations. In conclusion, we have identified the presence of a novel CP 55,940 binder in rat cerebral cortex cytosol possessing biochemical properties distinct from those previously observed using rat cerebral cortex membrane cannabinoid receptor.
Compressed-Sensing-Based Pilot Contamination Attack Detection for NOMA-IoT Communications

Nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technology can significantly promote Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks on spectral efficiency and massive connectivity. However, NOMA-IoT communications are vulnerable to pilot contamination attacks, where the attacker can send the same pilot signals as legitimate IoT users. Most existing countermeasures to this physical-layer threat struggle to adapt to NOMA-IoT networks, in which superimposed signals appear and low-cost IoT devices exist. In this article, we propose a compressed-sensing-based detection scheme to defend against pilot contamination attacks in NOMA-IoT networks. In particular, we present a multiple measurement vector (MMV) compressed sensing model and a security spreading code generation (SSCG) framework to prevent pilot contamination attacks from spoofing base station (BS) in NOMA-IoT networks. Furthermore, to efficiently reconstruct the superimposed signals based on the SSCG framework, a matching pursuit (MP) multiple response sparse Bayesian learning (MSBL) algorithm (MP-MSBL) is proposed. The security analysis and algorithm complexity of the proposed algorithms are provided. The simulation results evaluate and confirm the effectiveness of the proposed detection schemes. The reconstruction and detection accuracy of pilots can be higher than 99% under different scenarios.
Differential Pavlovian fear conditioning as a function of the qualitative nature of the UCS: constant versus pulsating shock.

Dogs were trained in a shuttlebox to perform an instrumental avoidance response to a visual signal. Then, while pharmacologically immobilized in a hammock, they received differential Pavlovian fear conditioning with two tones: one paired with a constant shock and one with a pulsating shock. During Pavlovian conditioning EKG’s were recorded. Later, in the shuttlebox, Ss received tests for the transfer of control of avoidance responding. Although no significant heart rate differences were found,Ss hurdled the barrier significantly more quickly in response to the tone previously paired with the pulsating shock than to the tone paired with the constant shock, indicating that pulsating shock results in better fear conditioning.
Combination of pancreas volume and HbA1c level predicts islet yield in patients undergoing total pancreatectomy and islet autotransplantation.

Islet yield is an important predictor of acceptable glucose control after total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TP-IAT). We assessed if pancreas volume calculated with preoperative MRI could assess islet yield and postoperative outcomes. We reviewed dynamic MRI studies from 154 adult TP-IAT patients (2009-2016), and associations between calculated volumes and digest islet equivalents (IEQs) were tested. In multivariate regression analysis, pancreas volume (P < .001) and preoperative HbA1c levels (P = .009) were independently associated with digest IEQs. The IEQ prediction formula was calculated according to each preoperative HbA1c level, (a) pancreas volume × 5800 for HbA1c ≥ 6.5, (b) pancreas volume × 10 000 for HbA1c ≥5.7/<6.5 and (iii) pancreas volume × 11 400 for HbA1c < 5.7. The formula was internally validated with 28 TP-IAT patients between 2017 and 2018 (r2 = .657 and r2 = .710 when restricted to 24 patients without prior pancreatectomy). An estimated IEQs/Body Weight (kg) ≥3700 predicted HbA1c ≤6.5 and insulin independence at 1 year after TP-IAT with 77% and 88% sensitivity and 55% and 43% specificity, respectively. The combination of pancreas volume and preoperative HbA1c levels may be useful to estimate islet yield. Estimated IEQs were reasonably sensitive to predict acceptable glucose control at 1 year.
Sex Differences in Patients Receiving Left Ventricular Assist Devices for End-Stage Heart Failure

Abstract Objectives This study sought to use INTERMACS (Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support) results to evaluate sex differences in the use and clinical outcomes of left ventricular assist devices (LVAD). Background Despite a similar incidence of heart failure in men and women, prior studies have highlighted potential underuse of LVADs in women, and studies of clinical outcomes have yielded conflicting results. Methods Patients were enrolled from the INTERMACS study who underwent implantation of their first continuous-flow LVAD between 2008 and 2017, and survival analyses stratified by sex were conducted. Results Among the 18,868 patients, 3,984 (21.1%) were women. At 1 year, women were less likely to undergo heart transplantation than men (17.9% vs. 20.0%, respectively; p = 0.003). After multivariable adjustments, women had a higher risk of death (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07 to 1.23; p Conclusions This study found that women had a higher risk of mortality and adverse events after LVAD. Only 1 in 5 LVADs were implanted in women, and women were less likely to receive a heart transplant than men. Further investigation is needed to understand the causes of adverse events and potential underuse of advanced treatment options in women.
Improved Direction of Arrival Estimation under Grazing Incidence Conditions using 2D-Uniform Linear Array

In this work, we tackle the difficulty of direction-of-arrival estimation (DOA) for a uniform linear array (ULA). Furthermore, a spectrum estimation method using a new two-dimensional (2D) ULA is d...
Extended hormone-phenotypes shape the structure, stability, and assortment of social networks

O_LITestosterone is a key regulator of vertebrate social behavior. As such, testosterone can mediate and respond to social interaction dynamics.nC_LIO_LIAlthough experiments have demonstrated that testosterone signaling pathways can influence aggression and cooperation, no study has examined the links between hormone levels, behavioral phenotypes, and emergent properties of the social network. In other words, how do mechanisms underlying an individuals social behavior scale-up to influence the emergent properties of the social network?nC_LIO_LIHere, we address this question by studying wire-tailed manakins, a species of bird in which males cooperate to court females at sites known as leks. Our previous experiments established that testosterone can influence the social behavior of individual male manakins. In the present study, we use an automated proximity system to monitor multiple manakin leks and measure the social network at each lek repeatedly through time. We also quantified the testosterone phenotype of all individuals in the lek.nC_LIO_LIOur analysis examines how the collective hormone phenotype of individuals within the lek affects three emergent properties of the social network: social specialization (the exclusivity of social relationships), network stability (the persistence of partnerships through time), and behavioral assortment (like associating with like). These three properties are expected to enhance the benefits of cooperation. We found that the manakin social networks with high-testosterone, dominant individuals were less specialized, less stable, and had more negative behavioral assortment.nC_LIO_LIThese results provide evidence that hormones can act as an extended phenotype that shapes the broader social architecture of animal groups. High-testosterone groups exhibit collective behaviors that are predicted to impede the evolution of cooperation.nC_LI
Outcomes in Delayed Drainage of Hemothorax

BackgroundPrompt drainage of traumatic hemothorax is recommended to prevent empyema and trapped lung. Some patients do not present the day of their trauma, leading to their delayed treatment. Delay...
I.T. Investment and Complements in Value Creation: A Meta-Analytic Replication

We execute four theoretically motivated replications of earlier analyses on business value of information technology (IT). We classify firm level IT value research and select alternative studies to understand and the core logics of current research and its sensitivity to used measures. Simultaneous replication of several models enables generalization across a variety of constructs, and abstracts their findings as is commonly done through meta-analyses. An access to a common dataset and availability of well matched analogs allow execution of these replications. Our results show robustness of some constructs across studies in predicting aspects of IT value. The models also offer theoretical insights of plausible interactions between the technology artifact, organizational characteristics and productivity outcomes. These results are preliminary due to a limited dataset, which was not customized to the proposed replications. Extensions to current theories are suggested which would enable better explanation and prediction.
Lightning mechanical damage prediction in carbon/epoxy laminates using equivalent air blast overpressure

Abstract We propose a new, alternative approach to predict lightning mechanical damage in AS4/3506 carbon/epoxy laminates using equivalent air blast overpressure (ABO). Three lightning mechanical damage models are presented: i) the Shock Wave Overpressure (SWO) model, ii) the Conventional Weapons Effects Program (CONWEP) ABO model, and iii) the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) ABO model. SWOs were determined from classical shock wave theory and the arc channel energy balance equation, and directly applied within pre-described arc channel areas. ABOs in the CONWEP and CEL models were calculated for equivalent TNT explosions and applied over the entire laminate surface. In contrast to the SWO and CONWEP models, the CEL model simulated the coupled fluid-structure interactions of the blast waves with the composite structures. Although the fundamental physics was different, both SWO and ABO induced similar dynamic structural responses and damage behavior within AS4/3506 carbon/epoxy laminates. The fiber and matrix failure, predicted using Hashin's four failure criteria, was not imminent at any of these peak currents. This implies that purely mechanical in-plane damage is unlikely to occur and thus is not a major concern for lightning strikes. This study shows that the ABO models can be used to predict lightning mechanical damage in composite structures as an alternative to a complex SWO model.
Defining the Immune Cell Infiltrate of Brain Metastases Before and After Stereotactic Radiosurgery.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Brain metastases are a significant source of morbidity and mortality among cancer patients. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) offers excellent local control rates. However, some patients experience in-field recurrences and many develop distant brain failure, making long-term control of disease in the brain a challenge. The immune cell infiltrate of extracranial tumors has been studied and shown to correlate with clinical outcomes in numerous tumor histologies. Here, we aim to characterize the immune cell infiltrate of brain metastases. MATERIALS/METHODS From September 2020 to January 2021, fresh brain metastasis samples were weighed and digested immediately after resection. Immune cells were isolated, washed and stained for the pan-leukocyte marker CD45, the cytotoxic T cell marker CD8, and the B cell marker CD19. Cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Twenty-one brain metastases were analyzed (NSCLC, melanoma, breast, esophageal, renal cell carcinoma, and uterine). The median number of CD45+ lymphocytes per gram of tumor was 5.7 × 105 (range: 3.2 × 104 - 9.1 × 106); 19% of the CD45+ lymphocytes were CD8+. The median number of CD8+ T cells per gram of tumor was 1.1 × 105 (range: 5.6 × 103- 2.7 × 106). Most of these tumors were also infiltrated by B cells; the median number of CD19+ B cells per gram of tumor was 1.0 × 104 (range: 0- 4.9 × 105). One study patient had local recurrence after SRS. This patient underwent surgical resection of the dominant brain metastasis on presentation (prior to treatment). There was progression of a separate lesion after SRS, which was subsequently resected. The initial untreated tumor contained 1.7 × 106 CD45+ lymphocytes, 9.5 × 105 CD8+ T cells, and 1.8 × 104 CD19+ B cells per gram of tumor. After SRS, the recurrent tumor contained 2.1 × 105 CD45+ lymphocytes, 5.9 × 104 CD8+ T cells, and 6.4 × 103 CD19+ B cells per gram of tumor. Thus, the number and frequency of CD45+ CD8+ T cells decreased after SRS (5.9 × 104 vs 9.5 × 105 and 28% vs 56%, respectively). CONCLUSION Brain metastases contain variable immune infiltration of cytotoxic T cells and B cells. SRS may decrease the density of lymphocytic immune cell infiltration in brain metastases. Given that CD8+ T cells comprise a smaller proportion of the post-radiation lymphocytic infiltrate, other populations, such as regulatory T cells, might be enriched after treatment.
Building States and Markets after Communism: The Perils of Polarized Democracy

Introduction 1. The political logic of economic and institutional reform 2. Political polarization and economic inequality 3. The pace and consistency of reform 4. Political polarization and economic growth 5. Polarization and policy instability: the view from the firm 6. Nationalism and endogenous polarization 7. Russia: polarization, autocracy and inconsistent reform 8. Bulgaria: polarization, democracy and inconsistent reform 9. Poland: robust democracy and rapid reform 10. Uzbekistan: autocracy and inconsistent gradualism 11. Conclusion.
Narration and Therapeutic Action: The Construction of Meaning in Psychoanalytic Social Work

Contents Introduction * The Contributions of Roy Schafer and Donald Spence to Narrative * Paradigms, Metaphors, and Narratives: Stories We Tell About Development * Deconstruction and Reconstruction: A Self-Psychological Perspective on the Construction of Meaning in Psychoanalysis * A Sense of Orders: An Introduction to the Theory of Jacques Lacan * Adult Re-Collections of Childhood Sexual Abuse * Narrative Re-Telling in Clinical Treatment: A Single Case Study * Using Narrative Theory and Self Psychology Within a Multigenerational Family Systems Perspective * Saturday's Children: A Discussion of George Steiner's Real(in ital) Presences (in ital) * Author Index * Subject Index
Clinical management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

This article reviews current approaches to the diagnosis and management of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a multidisciplinary setting. The physician's role in terms of data collection, formulation of the diagnosis, and discussion of findings with the parents and child is reviewed. The use of psychostimulants in this condition is reviewed, and some case vignettes are presented. ( J Child Neurol 1991;6(Suppl):S49-S65).
Nephrectomy during pregnancy

Abstract A case of hypernephroma of the left kidney complicating pregnancy is reported. Its unique features are as follows: (1) The existence of a benign nephrosclerosis with fixed arterial hypertension prior to the pregnancy and the discovery of the tumor. (2) Removal of the tumor and affected kidney in the sixteenth week of pregnancy, without effect upon the hypertension. (3) Successful maintenance of the pregnancy beyond the period of viability, and the delivery of a child which has survived. (4) Absence of evidence of acceleration in the patient's renal vascular disease twenty-one months following the childbirth.
An introduction to Bayesian techniques for sensor networks

The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, it briefly introduces basic Bayesian techniques with emphasis on present applications in sensor networks. Second, it reviews modern Bayesian simulation methods, thereby providing an introduction to the main building blocks of the advanced Markov chain Monte Carlo and Sequential Monte Carlo methods. Lastly, it discusses new interesting research horizons.
Adaptive goal recognition

Because observing the same actions can warrant different conclusions depending on who executed the actions, a goal recognizer that works well on one person might not work well on another. Two problems that arise in providing user-specific recognition are how to consider the vast number of possible adaptations that might be made to the goal recognizer and how to evaluate a particular set of adaptations. For the first problem, we evaluate the use of hillclimbing to search the space of all combinations of an input set of adaptations. For the second problem, we present an algorithm that estimates the accuracy and coverage of a recognizer on a set of action sequences the individual has recently executed. We use these techniques to construct Adapt, a recognizer-independent unsupervised-learning algorithm for adapting a recognizer to a person's idiosyncratic behaviors. Our experiments in two domains show that applying Adapt to the BOCE recognizer can improve its performance by a factor of two to three.
Electromagnetic Field Computation in Planar Multilayers

The computation of electromagnetic fields in planar, multilayered, uniaxial media is discussed. In particular, a complete set of electric and magnetic dyadic Green functions is derived for such media, in a computationally efficient and convenient-to-use form, based on a transmission-line equivalent circuit along the axis normal to the stratification. Keywords: Electromagnetic field; layered medium; uniaxial anisotropy; Green function; transmission line; Sommerfeld integral
Evolution and Human Behavior

The simple economic approach to human behavior is inconsistent with many human actions. Firstly we engage in very considerable charitable gifts to strangers, people who are not related to us. We also risk our lives, or some of us do, sometimes for the benefit of collective entities like nations. This is not only a deviation from simple maximization for the individual and hence uneconomic, but would appear to contradict the general principles of evolution. At first glance these traits should have been selected out. Looking back to primitive times it can be seen that both of these activities had evolutionary value then and hence have been preserved, although maybe they will be eliminated after a number of generations of modern society. Hamiltonian altruism led to gifts to people who were members of tribal groups and to neighboring tribes. With the improvement in communication, these gifts, albeit small gifts, are much more widely distributed. The preservation of the territory of a tribe also had evolutionary value and hence the willingness of individuals to take risk to that end.
Authenticity, social motivation, and psychological adjustment.

INTRODUCTION To be or not to be, that is the question. To thine own self be true. –Shakespeare Playwrights, musicians, philosophers, and psychologists have long concerned themselves with notions of authenticity. Shakespeare, for example, wrote often of themes related to being “true” to oneself and presenting a “false” self to others. Philosophers such as Lacan, Nietzsche, and Rorty take aim at the construct of authenticity by denying the existence of a coherent, unified self. The Grateful Dead, purveyors of “psychedelic” enlightenment, exhort their diehard fans to “wake up to find out that you are the eyes of the world.” The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Tests that they participated in were said to promote “higher states of consciousness” that elevated participants' understanding of their roles in the material and “cosmic” universes. What all these conceptions of authenticity have in common is that authenticity is rooted in subjective internal experiences that have implications for one's self-knowledge, understanding, and their relationship to behavior. In this chapter, we present a new multicomponent conceptualization of psychological authenticity and discuss its implications for a wide range of psychological and interpersonal functioning. We begin with a brief historical overview of the authenticity construct. Of necessity, this review is highly selective, focusing entirely on the psychological literature. Following this overview, we present our conceptualization of authenticity. We then report findings from our research that bears on this conceptualization.
On maximum product of spagings (mps) estimation for burr xii distributions

In recent years, the family of Burr XII distributions has been successfully and frequently used inmany applied areas. The object of this paper is to compere the maximum likelihood (ML) and the maximum product of spacing?; (MPS) estimation for this family. Since analytical approach is intractable, recourse is taken to extensive computer usage, in both Monte Carlo and bootstrap simulations. For sample sizes, it is shown that the MPS method of estimation is superior, in the senseof smaller mean squared errors (MSE), to the ML method for many parametric configurations. For large sample sizes (n≤30) MPS and ML methods give nearly identical results, as is to be expeded.
Conceptual Graph Analysis: Knowledge Acquisition for Instructional System Design

This paper describes the empirical validation of a knowledge acquisition methodology using conceptual graph analysis. Conceptual graphs are a representational medium used to integrate and organize ...
The harey tortoise: managing heterogeneous write performance in SSDs

Recent years have witnessed significant gains in the adoption of flash technology due to increases in bit density, enabling higher capacities and lower prices. Unfortunately, these improvements come at a significant cost to performance with trends pointing toward worst-case flash program latencies on par with disk writes. We extend a conventional flash translation layer to schedule flash program operations to flash pages based on the operations' performance needs and the pages' performance characteristics. We then develop policies to improve performance in two scenarios: First, we improve peak performance for latency-critical operations of short bursts of intensive activity by 36%. Second, we realize steady-state bandwidth improvements of up to 95% by rate-matching garbage collection performance and external access performance.
Correlation of uniaxial tension-tension, torsion, and multiaxial tension-torsion fatigue failure in a 63Sn-37Pb solder alloy

Solder joint failure in surface mount technology applications occurs due to shear-dominated multiaxial strain-controlled fatigue. The authors investigate the multiaxial fatigue of solders and determine the feasibility of predicting the multiaxial fatigue behavior of solder alloys from the existing uniaxial experimental database. Isothermal uniaxial and multiaxial room-temperature total strain-controlled fatigue tests were conducted on bulk near-eutectic 63Sn-37Pb specimens at a frequency of 0.5 Hz. Fatigue surface examination indicated that cracking of the tin phase and separation of the tin-lead interface were the dominant fatigue failure mechanisms in this solder alloy regardless of the loading. A number of models for predicting mixed-mode fatigue lifetimes from uniaxial data were investigated. The present set of fatigue lifetime data for 63Sn-37Pb solder for uniaxial and tension torsion differed by a factor of 3.1 or less on the basis of several of these models. The maximum plastic shear strain was the best overall parameter to use in a Coffin-Manson-type plot with all data differing by no more than a factor of 2.8 from the uniaxial tension data. >
Pulmonary artery segmentation and quantification in sickle cell associated pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a known complication associated with sickle-cell disease; roughly 75% of sickle cell disease-afflicted patients have pulmonary arterial hypertension at the time of death. This prospective study investigates the potential of image analysis to act as a surrogate for presence and extent of disease, and whether the size change of the pulmonary arteries of sickle cell patients could be linked to sickle-cell associated pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary CT-Angiography scans from sickle-cell patients were obtained and retrospectively analyzed. Randomly selected pulmonary CT-Angiography studies from patients without sickle-cell anemia were used as negative controls. First, images were smoothed using anisotropic diffusion. Then, a combination of fast marching and geodesic active contours level sets were employed to segment the pulmonary artery. An algorithm based on fast marching methods was used to compute the centerline of the segmented arteries. From the centerline, the diameters at the pulmonary trunk and first branch of the pulmonary arteries were measured automatically. Arterial diameters were normalized to the width of the thoracic cavity, patient weight and body surface. Results show that the pulmonary trunk and first right and left pulmonary arterial branches at the pulmonary trunk junction are significantly larger in diameter with increased blood flow in sickle-cell anemia patients as compared to controls (p values of 0.0278 for trunk and 0.0007 for branches). CT with image processing shows great potential as a surrogate indicator of pulmonary hemodynamics or response to therapy, which could be an important tool for drug discovery and noninvasive clinical surveillance.
Guillian Barré syndrome--recent advances.

Guillian Barre Syndrome (GBS) is an acquired disease of the peripheral nerves that is characterized clinically by rapidly progressing paralysis, areflexia, and albumino-cytological dissociation. It affects both genders, involves people of all ages, is reported worldwide, and in the post-polio era, it is the most common cause of an acute generalized paralysis. The clinical features are distinct and a history and an examination generally lead to a high suspicion of the diagnosis that can then be confirmed by supportive laboratory tests and electrodiagnostic studies. This review discusses the recent advances in understanding of the different variants of GBS such as acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), acute motor sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN), and the Fisher syndrome. The clinical, electrodiagnostic criteria, immunopathogenesis, and management of GBS and its variants are discussed.
Intrauterine repair of surgically created defects in mice (lip incision model) with a microclip: preamble to endoscopic intrauterine surgery.

Abstract We compared the difference between a nonpenetrating silver microclip and suture on wound healing, inflammatory response, and application time in the repair of surgically created standardized unilateral cleft lip type defects in fetal mice. Excellent lip continuity and dermal reconstitution were achieved by both methods of repair. Furthermore, collagen accumulation did not occur. Occasional mononuclear cells were seen around sutured repairs in contrast to microclipped repairs. The most significant difference, however, was in application time with the microclip requiring an average of 7 seconds (±2) compared to 90 seconds (±15) for suture. We conclude that the microclip offers distinct advantages for intrauterine cleft lip repair: (1) nonpenetrating tissue approximation; (2) less inflammatory response than suture; (3) technically more rapid and less difficult to apply than suture; and (4) can be utilized more readily than suture for endoscopic approaches limiting the risks of fetal surgery for both...
Reliability of ENSO Dynamical Predictions

Abstract In this study, ensemble predictions were constructed using two realistic ENSO prediction models and stochastic optimals. By applying a recently developed theoretical framework, the authors have explored several important issues relating to ENSO predictability including reliability measures of ENSO dynamical predictions and the dominant precursors that control reliability. It was found that prediction utility (R), defined by relative entropy, is a useful measure for the reliability of ENSO dynamical predictions, such that the larger the value of R, the more reliable the prediction. The prediction utility R consists of two components, a dispersion component (DC) associated with the ensemble spread and a signal component (SC) determined by the predictive mean signals. Results show that the prediction utility R is dominated by SC. Using a linear stochastic dynamical system, SC was examined further and found to be intrinsically related to the leading eigenmode amplitude of the initial conditions. This...
Metabolic correlates of toluene abuse: decline and recovery of function in adolescent animals.

Children and adolescents will readily abuse household products that contain solvents such as toluene. It is likely that reinforcing exposures to toluene alter brain glucose metabolism. Using an animal model of drug reinforcement, we sought to identify a metabolic signature of toluene abuse in the adolescent rodent brain. Small animal PET (microPET), in combination with the glucose analog radiotracer, 18FDG, were used to evaluate the metabolic consequences of inhaled toluene. The exposure protocol paralleled our previously established method for assessing the conditioned reinforcing effects of toluene (5,000 ppm) using the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Animals were scanned at baseline and 2 h after the last exposure. Follow-up 18FDG scans occurred 1 day, 3 weeks, and 2 months later. Results: After six pairings, 38% of the animals preferred the toluene paired chamber and 25% were averse. The immediate metabolic effect in toluene-exposed animals was a 20% decline in whole brain 18FDG uptake. Twenty-four hours following the last exposure, the whole brain decline was 40%, and 2 months later, the decline was 30% of pretoluene levels. A region-by-region analysis demonstrated significant additional decreases in the pons, cerebellum, striatum, midbrain, temporal cortex, and hippocampus. Two months after toluene cessation, regions of complete metabolic recovery were the thalamus and cerebellum; however, the temporal cortex did not recover. Brain uptake of 18FDG appears to be a useful tool for examining the metabolic impact of toluene abuse, which include a profound decline followed by region-specific recovery after cessation.
Surgical therapies, part III: melanocyte transplants

: Melanocyte transplantation is currently the most effective treatment modality for patients who have stable depigmentation unresponsive to traditional medical therapies. Patient selection is extremely important since patients with active vitiligo or large areas of depigmentation will not respond well to this treatment method. This article discusses techniques available for harvesting and preparing donor tissue, preparing the depigmented recipient site, applying the melanocytes, and caring for the transplantation site postoperatively. Common complications and responses are also discussed. Many variations in the transplantation procedure exist, allowing practitioners to tailor the treatment to the facilities available and to individual patient needs. Melanocyte transplantation is becoming a more commonly utilized treatment option that is likely to increase in the future as medical therapies capable of halting the progression of vitiligo become available.
Of mice, rats and men: Revisiting the quinolinic acid hypothesis of Huntington's disease

The neurodegenerative disease Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the protein huntingtin (htt). Although the gene encoding htt was identified and cloned more than 15 years ago, and in spite of impressive efforts to unravel the mechanism(s) by which mutant htt induces nerve cell death, these studies have so far not led to a good understanding of pathophysiology or an effective therapy. Set against a historical background, we review data supporting the idea that metabolites of the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan degradation provide a critical link between mutant htt and the pathophysiology of HD. New studies in HD brain and genetic model organisms suggest that the disease may in fact be causally related to early abnormalities in KP metabolism, favoring the formation of two neurotoxic metabolites, 3-hydroxykynurenine and quinolinic acid, over the related neuroprotective agent kynurenic acid. These findings not only link the excitotoxic hypothesis of HD pathology to an impairment of the KP but also define new drug targets and therefore have direct therapeutic implications. Thus, pharmacological normalization of the imbalance in brain KP metabolism may provide clinical benefits, which could be especially effective in early stages of the disease.