cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Turnover Capacity of Coprinus cinereus Peroxidase for Phenol and Monosubstituted Phenols

Coprinus cinereus peroxidase (CIP) and other peroxidases are susceptible to mechanism-based inactivation during the oxidation of phenolic substrates. The turnover capacity of CIP was quantified for phenol and 11 monosubstituted phenols under conditions in which enzyme inactivation by mechanisms involving hydrogen peroxide alone were minimized. Turnover capacities varied by nearly 2 orders of magnitude, depending on the substituent. On a mass basis, the enzyme consumption corresponding to the lowest turnover capacities is considerable and may influence the economic feasibility of proposed industrial applications of peroxidases. Within a range of substituent electronegativity values, molar turnover capacities correlated well (r{sup 2} = 0.89) with substituent effects quantified by radical {sigma} values and semiquantitatively with homolytic O-H bond dissociation energies of the phenolic substrates, suggesting that phenoxyl radical intermediates are probably involved in the suicide inactivation of CIP. The correlation range in each case did not include phenols with highly electron-withdrawing (nitro and cyano) substituents because they are not oxidized by CIP, nor phenols with highly electron-donating (hydroxy and amino) substituents because they led to virtually complete inactivation of the enzyme with minimal substrate removal.
Tables of Bounds for Distributions with Monotone Log-Odds Rate

ABSTRACT This article presents applicable bounds for distributions with monotone log-odds rate. The bounds are based on results obtained by Wang et al. (2003) and Zimmer et al. (1998). Due to the complexity of some of the equations, numerical analysis and computer algorithms were necessary to calculate some of the results of these bounds. Five different types of bounds are tabled in this research. Numerical examples of their application and comparisons to the results obtained by Barlow and Marshall (1965) of bounds on distributions with monotone hazard rate are also provided. The first type of tables is for lower bounds of increasing log-odds rate distributions with knowledge of two values of the reliability of the distribution. The second and third types of tables are for upper bounds under the same conditions. The fourth type of tables is for lower bounds of increasing log-odds rate distributions with knowledge of the mean and the median of the distribution. Finally, the fifth type of tables is for lowe...
Long-time cooling-rate dependence of spin-glass freezing

Superconducting-quantum-interference-device magnetometry is used to study the long-time cooling-rate dependence of the susceptibility cusp of the spin-glasses, $\mathrm{Cu}\mathrm{Mn}$ 4.6 at.% and $Al\mathrm{Gd}$ 37 at.%. Over a range of time delay $\ensuremath{\Delta}T=6 \mathrm{to} 2400$ min per temperature change $\ensuremath{\Delta}T=0.2$ K, no change is observed in the position of the cusp. These long-time results do not fit an extrapolation from Tholence's earlier ac susceptibility data as a function of frequency ($\ensuremath{\nu}=10 \mathrm{to} 30000$ Hz). Thus, they appear to be inconsistent with current nonequilibrium models for spin-glass freezing and rather suggest a phase-transition phenomenon.
Glutamate receptors of the non-N-methyl-D-aspartic acid type mediate the increase in luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release by excitatory amino acids in vitro.

The present study was designed to analyze in detail the effects of L-glutamate (L-G1U) and its agonists on the release of LHRH from arcuate nucleus-median eminence (ANME) fragments in vitro. Fragments from adult male rats were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer in the presence of different concentrations of L-Glu, kainate (KA), iV-methyl-Daspartic acid (NMDA), and quisqualate (QA). L-Glu at 10–20 mM evoked a significant increase in basal LHRH release, while D-glutamate at similar concentrations was ineffective. Partial depolarization with 14 mM K+ significantly augmented the release of LHRH induced by L-Glu. L-Glu-induced LHRH release was blunted in a dose-related manner by the specific KA/QA receptor antagonist 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione. Exposure to KA or QA significantly increased LHRH release at concentrations (1 mM) much lower than those required for L-Glu. In the presence of 14 mM K+ the potencies of KA and QA (0.075 and 0.1 mM, respectively) were significantly enhanced. 6,7-Dinitroq...
Effect of the calcium ionophore A23187 and aspirin on histamine release in vitro from leukocytes of aspirin-intolerant donors

In vitro histamine release from leukocytes of 10 aspirin-intolerant donors in response to the calcium ionophore A23187 and aspirin was compared to that of controls. Incubation with A23187 induced a co
Studies of Coccidioides immitis: 1. Virulence Factors of C. immitis

Intraperitoneal inoculation of small numbers of viable particles of 3 strains of C. immitis, together with hog gastric mucin, into 2 albino and 2 pigmented mouse strains, resulted in increased dissemination in the tissues of the mice and greater mortality than in mice inoculated with organisms plus nutrient broth. More deaths and more dissemination occurred in the pigmented than in the albino mice. The spleen was the principal organ from which C. immitis was cultured from the mice injected with mucin and organisms; the omentum from mice inoculated with broth and fungus.Inoculation of mice with Seitz filtered culture filtrates, with either mucin or broth as adjuvant, demonstrated toxicity of the filtrates. The survivors of the toxicity experiments were protected for a limited period of time against a lethal i/p challenge with living C. immitis plus mucin. The toxic material associated with the culture filtrates was polysaccharide. The polysaccharide materials were not as protective against a lethal challen...
Effects of a compositionally graded buffer layer on stress evolution during GaN and AlxGa1-xN MOCVD on SiC substrates

Abstract In situ substrate curvature measurements were used to monitor stress evolution during metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of Al x Ga 1− x N epilayers ( x =0, 0.5, 0.7) on 6H-SiC (0 0 0 1) substrates that were grown using compositionally graded AlN to Al x Ga 1− x N buffer layers. The results were compared to identical growths carried out using thin (∼80 nm) AlN buffer layers in order to assess the impact of the graded layer on the mean film stress and structural properties of Al x Ga 1− x N. Compositionally graded (AlN–GaN) layers effectively increased the mean compressive stress in GaN epilayers grown on SiC compared to samples grown on AlN buffer layers, with the mean stress in the GaN layer increasing with buffer layer thickness. Increasing buffer thickness correlated with a decrease in the threading dislocation density measured by plan-view-TEM. In contrast, the mean stress in high Al-fraction Al x Ga 1− x N epilayers ( x =0.5 and 0.7) was not significantly altered by the use of AlN to Al x Ga 1− x N graded buffer layers and in some cases, the graded layer leads to a decrease in mean compressive stress in the films. The differences in stress evolution are explained in terms of the available compressive strain energy, which is suggested to be responsible for dislocation bending observed in the GaN graded layer samples.
Mycoplasma bovis Infections in Young Calves

Mycoplasma bovis has emerged as an important pathogen of young intensively reared calves in North America. A variety of clinical diseases are associated with M bovis infections of calves, including respiratory disease, otitis media, arthritis, and some less common presentations. Clinical disease associated with M bovis often is chronic, debilitating, and poorly responsive to antimicrobial therapy. Current control measures are centered on reducing exposure to M bovis through contaminated milk or other sources, and nonspecific control measures to maximize respiratory defenses of the calf. This article focuses on the clinical and epidemiologic aspects of M bovis infections in young calves.
Socializing Future Social Studies Teachers and K-12 Students: Whether, When, and Why

When, if ever, should social studies teacher educators and K-12 teachers seek to inculcate specific values, attitudes, and beliefs in their students? To address this question, the author offers a case from his own practice as a social studies teacher educator, illustrating how he promoted critical and divergent thinking during the first half of one class session, and then pushed students toward a convergent set of beliefs during the second half. The author frames this case in terms of contradictory purposes that have been proposed for the social studies: socializing for shared values versus developing critical thinkers. Although there are compelling reasons to maximize critical thinking in social studies classrooms and in social studies teacher education, this article also identifies conditions that merit the use of socialization.
Chemotaxis and the early stages of aggregation in cellular slime molds

Abstract We consider here the effect of aggregative movement on organizing wave propagation in the cellular slime molds. We start by formulating chemotactic response in a way that is susceptible to quantitative treatment. Next we report a series of quantitative results on chemotactic aggregative movements obtained from observations and subsequent theoretical analysis. Perhaps the most important of these are that the chemotactic signal is impulsive, i.e. short compared to the duration of the response, that the response is of the all-or-none variety, and that differences in period between Dictyostelium discoideum and Polysphondylium violaceum are compensated by differences of chemotactic response to give comparable aggregation territories. An explicit formula is derived for the density changes produced by the chemotactic response to the periodic signals and their effect on the wave propagation discussed. The most startling effect is an appreciable Doppler shift of the apparent frequency of the signal as seen by those amebae having a chemotactic response different from the average. The shift may be important for understanding the efficiency of entrainment by the center of all amebae in its territory.
Information security and computer systems: an integrated approach

As part of a major redesign of our computer science curriculum we are developing an Information Security option. Our approach highlights the many topics in information security that build upon concepts the students will already have seen in their computer systems courses, especially courses on internet protocols and operating systems. In this paper, we describe this integrated approach to information security and computer systems.
absolute configuration of the k-region 4,5-dihydrodiols and 4,5-oxide of benzo[a]pyrene

Abstract Application of the exciton chirality rule has allowed assignment of absolute configuration to (+)- trans -(4R,5R)-dihydroxy-4,5-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene, a mammalian metabolite of the hydrocarbon. The cis 4,5-dlhydrodiol and 4,5-oxide are also assigned based on correlation with the trans dihydrodiol.
An equivalent network analysis of waveguide broad-wall coupled RF gun structures

Abstract An equivalent network for a waveguide broad-wall coupled 1 1 2 - cell RF gun cavity is derived and solved using a combination of different techniques. The 1 1 2 - cell cavity consists of two cylindrical cells coupled via an iris with an exit hole in the second cell. Using the small aperture approximation, the coupling between the rectangular waveguide and the two cylindrical cells (without the iris, the exit hole, and ohmic losses) is rigorously represented by an equivalent network. The circuit elements of this network (as a function of geometry and frequency) are found from first principles. The iris, the exit hole, and ohmic losses are then modeled as reactive and resistive elements, respectively; their values are extracted using a numerical field solver. The frequency domain behaviour of the whole waveguide broad-wall coupled cavity system is completely characterized by this model. The resultant equivalent network is well approximated by two driven coupled oscillators. From this model, we show that the desired π-mode can be selectively excited by properly tuning the gun. Predictions based on this theory agree well with experimental results.
The fracture mechanics of slow crack growth in polyethylene

The following theoretical equation was obtained for the rate of initiation fx- of slow crack growth in polyethylene:
Amplitude and waveform analysis of repetitive GPR reflections: a Lake Bonneville delta, Utah

Recent theoretical studies have shown the sensitivities of the amplitude and waveform of a GPR reflection to the contrast in electromagnetic properties across the reflecting contact. In geological applications, however, extracting information about contrasting properties across a contact from a reflected pulse is generally difficult. Uncertainties stem largely from lack of information about the form of the outgoing pulse and lack of knowledge of the electromagnetic properties of media on both sides of the contact. Here we show that in a setting with repetitive layering, these uncertainties can be significantly reduced. An example is shown for 50, 100, and 200 MHz profiles that image subparallel dipping bedding planes in gravelly deltaic foreset facies on a Lake Bonneville delta, Utah, USA. Strongly reflecting horizons with 1-2 m spacings bound packages with finer internal layering. From finite-difference time-domain simulations of radar wave propagation, constraints can be placed on the variations in permittivity across the primary and finer-scale layering. Modeling the relative amplitudes of reflections demonstrates that the finer-scale permittivity contrasts are ~0.4-0.8 times that of the 1-2 m layering. Amplitude-versusoffset (AVO) analysis yields an upper bound of ~3.5 for the contrast in permittivity at larger-scale boundaries. Overall signal attenuation indicates the average conductivity is ~0.7-0.8 mS/m.
Monte Carlo methods for radiation transport analysis on vector computers

The development of advanced computers with special capabilities for vectorized or parallel calculations demands the development of new calculational methods. The very nature of the Monte Carlo process precludes direct conversion of old (scalar) codes to the new machines. Instead, major changes in global algorithms and careful selection of compatible physics treatments are required. Recent results for Monte Carlo in multigroup shielding applications and in continuous-energy reactor lattice analysis have demonstrated that Monte Carlo methods can be successfully vectorized. The significant effort required for stylized coding and major algorithmic changes is worthwhile, and significant gains in computational efficiency are realized. Speedups of at least twenty to forty times faster than CDC-7600 scalar calculations have been achieved on the CYBER-205 without sacrificing the accuracy of standard Monte Carlo methods. Speedups of this magnitude provide reductions in statistical uncertainties for a given amount of computing time, permit more detailed and realistic problems to be analyzed, and make the Monte Carlo method more accessible to nuclear analysts. Following overviews of the Monte Carlo method for particle transport analysis and of vector computer hardware and software characteristics, both general and specific aspects of the vectorization of Monte Carlo are discussed. Finally, numerical results obtained from vectorized Monte Carlo codes run on the CYBER-205 are presented.
Age-related similarities in contextual cueing in the presence of unpredictive distracters.

ABSTRACTContextual cueing effects of 6–8-year-old children, 10–12-year-old-children, and college students were compared under conditions in which some of the distracters in the search displays predicted the location of the target and other distracters did not. More specifically, the percent of distracters that predicted the location of the target varied across three conditions (100%, 67%, and 33%). Previous research had indicated that children are impacted more than adults when the percent of predictive distracters is relatively low. However, that research included new displays as well as repeated displays as participants were implicitly learning the association between the predictive distracters and the target. This re-evaluation did not introduce new display until a separate test phase. Results suggested that all three age groups demonstrated significant and comparable contextual cueing effects across all three signal-to-noise ratio conditions. Hence, children appear to possess the general ability to ex...
1132 INTERACTIONS OF PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES WITH NEUTROPHILS

The immunological adjuvant, Propionibacterium acnes (formerly classified as Corynebacterium parvum) is believed to be the major factor in the etiology of inflammatory acne (IA). We have previously reported defective phagocytosis of P. acnes by neutrophils in some patients with IA. In attempting to elucidate this phenomenon we undertook the present investigation to assess the reliability of measuring chemiluminescence (CL) by phagocytizing neutrophils as a tool in defining the opsonic requirement of P. acnes. Neutrophils (PMN), purified through Methocel-isopaque, were mixed with P. acnes or P. granulosum in the presence of pooled human serum; Mg-EGTA chelated serum; and heat inactivated serum. The results demonstrate that CL intensity is proportionally related to serum concentration, number of PMNs, and bacteria and PMN ratios. Complement was required for efficient opsonization. Additional data reveal that there are qualitative and quantitative differences in the requirements for optimal ingestion of P. acnes and P. granulosum. Our data suggest that whereas both the classical and alternative pathways are operative for opsonization of P. acnes, the alternative pathway provides opsonic activity equal to that of the total complement pathway for P. granulosum. We conclude that CL is an useful screening method for detecting impaired opsonization in patients with IA and for monitoring immune response to acne therapy in a very precise manner.
Smartphone use during inpatient attending rounds: Prevalence, patterns and potential for distraction

BACKGROUND: While there are numerous benefits of smartphone use for physicians, little is known about the negative effects of using these devices in the context of patient care. OBJECTIVE: To assess resident and faculty smartphone use during inpatient attending rounds and its potential as a source of distraction during transfer of clinical information. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: University-affiliated public teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: All housestaff and inpatient faculty in the departments of Medicine and Pediatrics. METHODS: Participants were asked about smartphone ownership, usage patterns during attending rounds, and whether team members had ever missed important data during rounds due to distraction from smartphones. Attendings were asked whether policies should be established for smartphone use during rounds. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 73%. Device ownership was prevalent (89% residents, 98% faculty), as was use of smartphones during inpatient rounds (57% residents, 28% attendings). According to self-reports, smartphones were used during rounds for patient care (85% residents, 48% faculty), reading/responding to personal texts/e-mails (37% residents, 12% faculty), and other non-patient care uses (15% residents, 0% faculty). Nineteen percent of residents and 12% of attendings believed they had missed important information because of distraction from smartphones. Residents and faculty agreed that smartphones “can be a serious distraction during attending rounds,” and nearly 80% of faculty believed that smartphone policies should be established. CONCLUSIONS: Smartphone use during attending rounds is prevalent and can distract users during important information transfer. Attendings strongly favored the institution of formal policies governing appropriate smartphone use during inpatient rounds. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012;. © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
Cerebral air embolism secondary to intra-aortic balloon pump rupture

Introduction: Cerebral air embolism is a neurological emergency. It has been reported following cardiac catheterization, central venous catheter insertion, and cardiothoracic surgery.
A fiber optic point quadrat system for improved accuracy in vegetation sampling

An automated, fiber optic point quadrat system for vegetation sampling is described. Because the effective point diameter of this system never exceeds 25 μm it minimizes the substantial errors which can arise with conventional point quadrats. Automatic contact detection eliminates operator subjectivity, and permits work in dense canopies. Additionally, sampling speed is increased over that of conventional systems.
Fructose and its effect on turkey plasma uric acid levels and productive performance

Previous studies have shown that addition of fructose to the diet of broilers raises plasma uric acid (PUA) concentration and improves productive performance. The purpose of this experiment was to establish the effect of feeding fructose on turkey PUA concentration and productive performance. Turkey poults (n = 64) were weighed and randomly assigned to diets containing 0 (control), 5, 10, and 15% fructose with four replicates of four poults each per treatment. All diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Feed and water were offered ad libitum for 14 wk. Body weights were measured biweekly throughout the study, and blood samples were drawn from wk 8 to 10 for determination of PUA concentration, leukocyte oxidative activity (LOA), and differential leukocyte counts. Relative liver size (g/kg BW) was also determined. The heaviest body weights were recorded from turkeys fed 10% fructose diet (P < 0.05). Supplemental fructose had no effect on the feed to gain ratio, relative liver size, or PUA concentrations. LOA increased in poults fed the 15% fructose diet. Turkeys fed 10 and 15% fructose diets had higher monocyte and lower polymorphonuclear lymphocyte counts (P < 0.05) compared to those fed control and 5% fructose diets. Feeding fructose to turkeys at 10% of the diet improved productive performance. However, dietary fructose had no effect on PUA or, consequently, LOA.
Abductive retrieval of structured documents

In this paper, we propose to employ abductive reasoning in logic-based information retrieval in the field of structured document handling. Following van Rijsbergen's suggestion, we regard retrieval as an inferential process that determines those documents that logically imply a query. Abductive reasoning allows the design, processing, and development of a domain model bottom-up with respect to the underlying document structure in a straightforward manner. We describe the path from abductive inference to an information retrieval system. Our prototype system is demonstrated by tracing an example of building and querying a semantic model derived from an SGML-structured document collection on art and artists.
Growth maximization trumps maintenance of leaf conductance in the tallest angiosperm

Structural and physiological changes that occur as trees grow taller are associated with increased hydraulic constraints on leaf gas exchange, yet it is unclear if leaf-level constraints influence whole-tree growth as trees approach their maximum size. We examined variation in leaf physiology, leaf area to sapwood area ratio (L/S), and annual aboveground growth across a range of tree heights in Eucalyptus regnans. Leaf photosynthetic capacity did not differ among upper crown leaves of individuals 61.1–92.4 m tall. Maximum daily and integrated diurnal stomatal conductance (g s) averaged 36 and 34 % higher, respectively, in upper crown leaves of ~60-m-tall, 80-year-old trees than in ~90-m-tall, 300-year-old trees, with larger differences observed on days with a high vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Greater stomatal regulation in taller trees resulted in similar minimum daily leaf water potentials (Ψ L) in shorter and taller trees over a broad range of VPDs. The long-term stomatal limitation on photosynthesis, as inferred from leaf δ 13C composition, was also greater in taller trees. The δ 13C of wood indicated that the bulk of photosynthesis used to fuel wood production in the main trunk and branches occurred in the upper crown. L/S increased with tree height, especially after accounting for size-independent variation in crown structure across 27 trees up to 99.8 m tall. Despite greater stomatal limitation of leaf photosynthesis in taller trees, total L explained 95 % of the variation in annual aboveground biomass growth among 15 trees measured for annual biomass growth increment in 2006. Our results support a theoretical model proposing that, in the face of increasing hydraulic constraints with height, whole-tree growth is maximized by a resource trade-off that increases L to maximize light capture rather than by reducing L/S to sustain g s.
Electromyographic Effects of Fatigue and Task Repetition on the Validity of Estimates of Strong and Weak Muscles in Applied Kinesiological Muscle-Testing Procedures

Sum~nay.-The study investigated the effects of fatigue and task repetition on the relationship benveen integrated electromyogram and force output during subjective clinical testing of upper extremity muscles. Muscles were studied under two conditions differing in the nature and duration of constant force production (SHORT-F) and (LONG-F). The findings included a significant relationship benveen force output and integrated EMG, a significant increase in efficiency of muscle acrivity with task repetition, and significant difFerence between Forcdintegrated EMG ratios for muscles labeled "Strong" and "Weak" in the LONG-F condition. This supports Smith's 1974 notion that practice results in increased muscular efficiency. With fatigue, integrated EMG activity increased strongly and functional (force) output of the muscle remained stable or decreased. Fatigue results in a less efficient muscle process. Muscles subjectively testing "Weak" or "Strong" yield effects significantly daerent from fatigue. The electromyographic signal can be considered as an index of motor unit recruitment and accurately reflects the extent to which the muscle is neurologically active. The increase of motor unit recruitment can be a usefil tool in assessing the effects of clinical intervention. The neural (re-)activation of a given muscle or groups of muscles can be a primary source of information for the therapist and patient in assessing clinical improvement. The control of a muscle's electrical output by the subject may also be useful in developing a "muscle sense," after which the attention may be shifted towards the training of more functional output, e.g., force, movement.
EVALUATING THE EFFECTS OF FAILURE AND REPAIR ON COMPLEX SYSTEMS

[This abstract is based on the author's abstract.] In many different industrial sectors, complex hardware and software systems and controls are used to handle various tasks. It is critical to overall success that these systems and controls operate r..
Asynchronous Datapaths and the Design of an Asynchronous Adder

This paper presents a general method for designing delay insensitive datapath circuits. Its emphasis is on the formal derivation of a circuit from its specification. We discuss the properties required in a code that is used to transmit data asynchronously, and we introduce such a code. We introduce a general method (in the form of a theorem) for distributing the evaluation of a function over a number of concurrent cells. This method requires that the code be "distributive." We apply the method to the familiar example of a ripple-carry adder, and we give a CMOS implementation of the adder.
A mathematical model of the impact of infused targeted cytotoxic agents on brain tumours: implications for detection, design and delivery.

Motivated by the recent development of highly specific agents for brain tumours, we develop a mathematical model of the spatio-temporal dynamics of a brain tumour that receives an infusion of a highly specific cytotoxic agent (e.g. IL-4-PE, a cytotoxin comprised of IL-4 and a mutated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin). We derive an approximate but accurate mathematical formula for the tumour cure probability in terms of the tumour characteristics (size at time of detection, proliferation rate, diffusion coefficient), drug design (killing rate, loss rate and convection constants for tumour and tissue), and drug delivery (infusion rate, infusion duration). Our results suggest that high specificity is necessary but not sufficient to cure malignant gliomas; a nondispersed spatial profile of pretreatment tumour cells and/or good drug penetration are also required. The most important levers to improve tumour cure appear to be earlier detection, higher infusion rate, lower drug clearance rate and better convection into tumour, but not tissue. In contrast, the tumour cure probability is less sensitive to a longer infusion duration and enhancements in drug potency and drug specificity.
The clinical value of radioactive phosphorus (32P) in the diagnosis of esophageal cancer

The use of radioactive phosphorus (32P) in combination with a miniature Geiger counter passed through the esophagoscope was evaluated in 204 tests on 198 patients during a 10-year period. In 66 patients with primary cancer of the esophagus the method was 96% accurate, and in 28 patients with gastric cancer invading from below it was 93% accurate. There were 4 falsely positive results in 27 patients with esophagitis (85% accurate), 1 in 9 cases of cardiospasm or achalasia, and 2 in 68 control cases (97% accurate). The test was especially useful in 6 cases of primary esophageal carcinoma without gross mucosal involvement and in delineating extent of esophageal involvement in gastric cancer. It is not a survey method, but may be decisive in the occasional symptomatic patient without definite roentgenographic or esophagoscopic evidence of cancer.
Disorders Associated with Antibodies to Endothelial Cells

Antibodies that bind to endothelial cells have been identified in patients with diverse forms of vasculitis and thrombosis. Sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus contain both complement-fixing antibodies and immune complexes that bind to cultured endothelial cells. Sera from patients with heparin-associated thrombocytopenia and thrombosis contain antibodies that react with heparin bound to the endothelium and cross-react with heparan sulfate synthesized by endothelial cells. Children with Kawasaki syndrome may develop cytolytic IgM antibodies that recognize surface antigens induced on endothelial cells by interferon-y, interleukin 1, and tumor necrosis factor. The presence of alloantibodies to tissue-restricted polymorphic antigens expressed by endothelial cells is frequently associated with thrombotic microvascular injury and hyperacute allograft rejection. Binding of antibodies and immune complexes to endothelial cells in vitro initiates platelet adherence, production of tissue factor, and secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor. Antibody-mediated endothelial cell injury may play a role in other vascular disorders of unknown cause.
Complex amine oxides with radioprotectant properties.

Mice were fed 250 mg/kg of the compounds 24 hr before 600-r x irradiation. The compounds were 4,5-dimethyl2-(p-tolyl) -1,3-isoimidazole-1,3- dioxide; 4,5-dimethyl2-phenyl-2-isoimidazole -1,3-dioxide; 3,4-diphenyl furazan-1- oxide; and 5-quinazolinol-3-oxide. The degree of radio-protection based on total survival varied from 15 to 40%, and the results can be explained as being due to the radical-trapping action of the --N= C -- structure.
Adolescent Marijuana Abusers and Access to Family-Based Services

ABSTRACT This study describes family-based therapy utilization patterns by the entire population of marijuana-abusing adolescents that received services in the State of Florida in 1997 through 1999, using data from the statewide Florida Mental Health and Substance Abuse Measurement Data. The population consisted of 38,281 adolescent admissions. The results of the logistic regression analyses indicate that family-based therapy utilization was more likely among adolescents who were unemployed at the time of treatment, of white, non-Hispanic background, 13 years old or younger, living in urban areas, experienced in marijuana use, and with a comorbid diagnosis. Insurance coverage or gender did not influence the likelihood for adolescents to receive family-based therapy.
Random practice patterns of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis in neonates

Antimicrobial prophylaxis accounts for 75% of antibiotic use on pediatric surgical services, but controlled, prospective studies evaluating surgical prophylaxis in neonates are lacking. We surveyed pediatric surgeons at 21 centers to: (1) determine practice patterns in neonatal surgical prophylaxis and treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and (2) assess whether a prospective study evaluating the efficacy of a single agent in place of a multiple drug regimen would be indicated, practical, and have the potential to effect a positive change in practice patterns. Surgeons responded concerning prophylactic regimens for common congenital anomalies and treatment of NEC. The most common regimen was an ampicillin/gentamicin combination (55% to 82%), while 23% added clindamycin for contaminated alimentary tract cases and 41% added clindamycin for NEC. There was wide variation in dosage and duration of coverage. A prospective study would determine whether antimicrobial monotherapy provides equal or better clinical results than an ampicillin/gentamicin regimen; whether there are cost savings associated with monotherapy; and whether a shorter treatment scheme would be effective, safe, and feasible.
A Rawlsian Argument Against the Duty of Civility

In this article, I show that the assumptions underpinning John Rawls's so-called “duty of civility” ought to lead one not to affirm the duty but to reject it. I will begin by setting out in its essentials the content and rationale of the “duty of civility,” which lies at the heart of Rawls's ideal of public reason. Secondly, I will argue that the very premises allegedly underpinning the duty of civility—namely, the values of reciprocity and political autonomy, and the burdens of judgment—in fact rule it out. Thirdly, I will suggest that if my argument against the duty of civility is correct, then one recent attempt to salvage political liberalism and reasonableness from the charge of incoherence fails. Finally, I draw some challenging lessons from our discussion for political liberalism and the liberal tradition as a whole.
Potential impact of laser illumination on light-valve-based projection displays

Laser light can enable electronic displays with unique properties. Direct write laser display systems using point scanning or line scanning have been developed. Emerging, high information content, large screen displays based on small two dimensional liquid crystal on CMOS light valves and projection optics provide electronic images with unprecedented quality. This paper will describe the advantages that can be provided by laser illumination applied to display systems if significant technical and economic barriers can be overcome.
REDUCTION WITHOUT REDUCTIONISM: A DEFENCE OF NAGEL ON CONNECTABILITY

Unlike the overall framework of Ernest Nagel's work on reduction, his theory of intertheoretic connection still has life in it. It handles aptly cases where reduction requires complex representation of a target domain. Abandoning his formulation as too liberal was a mistake. Arguments that it is too liberal at best touch only Nagel's deductivist theory of explanation, not his condition of connectability. Taking this condition seriously gives a powerful view of reduction, but one which requires us to index explanatory power to sciences as they are formulated at particular times. While we may thereby reduce more than philosophers have supposed, we must abandon hope (as Nagel did) of saying anything useful about reductionism.
PHOTOCHEMICAL C-H BOND ACTIVATION REACTIVITY OF (HBPZ'3)RH(CO)2 (PZ' = 3,5-DIMETHYLPYRAZOLYL) IN ALKANE SOLUTIONS

The intermolecular C−H bond activation photochemistry of (HBPz‘3)Rh(CO)2 (Pz‘ = 3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl) has been investigated in various alkane solutions at 293 K. Excitations have been performed at 313−458 nm into the lowest energy absorption band of this complex, and the reactions have been monitored throughout photolysis by in situ UV−visible and FTIR spectroscopy. The spectral results reveal that the photochemistry is exceptionally clean and that the reagent complex can be completely converted to the corresponding (HBPz‘3)Rh(CO)(R)H photoproduct at each of the irradiation wavelengths. Absolute photochemical quantum efficiencies (φCH) for these reactions have been determined and illustrate that the intermolecular C−H bond activation process is strongly wavelength dependent. Very effective conversion (φCH = 0.31−0.34) is attained upon near-UV excitation at 313 or 366 nm. In contrast, inefficient conversion (φCH = 0.010−0.011) is observed on visible excitation at 458 nm. The differences in reactivities ar...
A survey of methods of coal hydrogenation for the production of liquids

Abstract More than 60 coal hydrogenation-liquefaction processes are reviewed with respect to various process variables. These variables include temperature, pressure, residence time, catalyst type and percent, raw materials, liquid to coal ratio in the feed, percent product yield, space rate utilization, plant capacity, and references. The bibliography includes over 100 references covering the years 1910 to 1978. This reference section will help the reader to find additional information about an individual process. With most coal hydrogenation-liquefaction processes coal will have a residence time of about one hour in the reactor. This is especially true when these systems involve the reaction of coal mixed with a vehicle oil. However, those processes which involve the reaction of dry coal with hydrogen have reported residence times of a fraction of a second to several minutes. It is also apparent that those processes involving higher temperatures also have a higher gaseous yield. This is true even when the coal residence time is greatly shortened. In the past few years improvements have been made with catalysts. The improved catalysts have helped to decrease the necessary pressure of processes.
The effect of cytokine stimulation on IL-1 receptor mRNA expression by intestinal epithelial cells.

Abstract Interleukin-1 (IL-1) can induce intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) to produce several cytokines and acute phase proteins, suggesting that IEC may be important in a cytokine network at the intestinal mucosa to amplify the effects of IL-1 during an inflammatory response. However, little is known about the type of IL-1 receptor expressed by IEC and the effect of cytokines on the expression of these receptors. In this study, the expression by IEC of IL-1 receptor Type I (IL-1RI) and Type II (IL-1RII) mRNA was examined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Both isolated rat IEC and the rat IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cell line were found to express mRNA for IL-1RI but not IL-1RII. Stimulation of the IEC-6 cells with IL-1β or TNF-α down-regulated the expression of mRNA for IL-1RI at 24 hr, yet transforming growth factor-β1 was found to have no effect. These results suggest a possible mechanism to limit the effect of IL-1 on IEC function during the mucosal inflammatory response by down-regulating the expression of the Type I IL-1 receptor.
Resection of adrenocortical carcinoma is less complete and local recurrence occurs sooner and more often after laparoscopic adrenalectomy than after open adrenalectomy.

Background Controversy surrounds the use of laparoscopy for resection of adrenocortical carcinoma. We evaluated the hypothesis that outcome is equivalent in patients undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy versus open adrenalectomy. Methods This is a retrospective review of 217 patients (156 patients with stage I–III cancer) with adrenocortical carcinoma referred to a single institution between 2005 and 2011. Outcome and operative data were assessed for the subset undergoing resection with curative intent. Student t and Fisher exact tests and the Kaplan–Meier method were used to compare data ( P ≤ .05 was considered statistically significant). Results One hundred fifty-six patients (64% female; median age, 47 years [range, 18–80]; median follow-up, 26.5 months [range, 1–188]) were identified. Forty-six patients underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy, and 110 underwent open adrenalectomy. Twenty-seven percent of laparoscopic adrenalectomy patients had stage III cancer. After laparoscopic adrenalectomy, 30% had positive margins or intraoperative tumor spill compared to 16% of the open adrenalectomy patients ( P = .04). Overall survival for patients with stage II cancer was longer in those undergoing open adrenalectomy ( P = .002). Time to visible tumor bed recurrence or peritoneal recurrence in stage II patients was shorter in laparoscopic adrenalectomy patients ( P = .002). Conclusion Open adrenalectomy is superior to laparoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenocortical carcinoma based on completeness of resection, site and timing of initial tumor recurrence, and survival in stage II patients. Intraoperative evaluation is insensitive for the detection of stage III tumors.
Propranolol in the treatment of cardiacarrhythmias associated with amitriptyline intoxication

A 26-month-old child, intoxicated with a combination of perphenazine and amitriptyline, developed severe cardiac ventricular arrhythmia which responded dramatically to intravenous administration of propranolol. Pretreatment with atropine appears to have circumvented the anticipated bradycardic effects of propranolol.
Preparation of high Tc thallium-based superconducting films from cocondensed amorphous metal precursors

Abstract Cocondensed amorphous BaCaCu alloy precursor films have been used to form thin film high T c superconductors. The introduction of thallium into the thermally oxidized amorphous alloy by a separate chemical vapor deposition and thermal diffusion process provides a high degree of safety. Highly oriented, single-phase 2122 and 2021 films have been prepared on single crystal MgO substrates.
Multiple tone operation of edgetones

Abstract Multiple tone operation of an edgetone is examined experimentally. It is shown that during stage 2 operation two discrete modes of operation may exist simultaneously. The second mode of operation is proven to be a persistence of stage 1 operation.
Chemistry of l-proline on Pd(1 1 1): Temperature-programmed desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study

The surface chemistry of proline is explored on Pd(1 1 1) using a combination of temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Proline adsorbs on Pd(1 1 1) at temperatures of 250 K and below into second and subsequent layers prior to the saturation of the first layer, where approximately 70% of the adsorbed proline is present in its zwitterionic form. Molecular proline desorbs between ∼315 K and ∼333 K depending on coverage. When adsorbed at ∼300 K, only the first monolayer is formed, and the proline is present as zwitterions, oriented such that all of the carbons are detected equally by XPS. Proline decomposes by scission of the C–COO bond, where the carboxylate moiety desorbs as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, while the nitrogen-containing moiety desorbs as to HCN, and evolves pyrrole at ∼390 K, pyrrolidine at ∼410 K, and final species that desorbs at ∼450 K that cannot be unequivocally assigned but may be 2-butenenitrile (CH3–CHCH–CN), 3-butenenitrile (CH2CH–CH2–CN), 2-methyl-2-propenenitrile (CH2C(CH3)–CN) or cyclopropanecarbonitrile.
A Rapid 1H NMR Assay for Enantiomeric Excess of α-Substituted Aldehydes

In situ derivatization of a variety of α-substituted aldehydes via reaction with chiral amines allows convenient and efficient determination of enantiomeric excess. 1H NMR analysis of the imine dia...
Near u.v. absorption spectra of unconjucated bisimines of tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanedione☆

Abstract Two n→π* transitions in the near u.v. absorption spectra of unconjugated bisimines of tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanedione, (I-III) are observed. A comparison is made, of the energy differences between the two transitions in tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanedione, (V), with the bisimines of tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanedione, (I-III), and tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanedithione, (VI). The magnitude of orbital interaction in compounds I, II, III, V and VI is related to the observed energy differences between the n→π* transitions in the respective compounds. The u.v. and preliminary photoelectron data suggest that there is very little or no p -pi type overlap between the orbitals on the transannular carbon atoms.
A Mutated Anti-CA19-9 scFv-Fc for Positron Emission Tomography of Human Pancreatic Cancer Xenografts

Purpose: Intact antibodies have a long serum persistence resulting in high background signal that inhibits their direct translation as imaging agents. Engineering of antibody fragments through the introduction of mutations in the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region can dramatically reduce serum persistence. We sought to develop a Fc-mutated, anti-CA19-9 antibody fragment (anti-CA 19-9 scFv-Fc H310A) to provide micro-positron emission tomography (microPET) imaging of pancreatic cancer xenografts. Procedures: The anti-CA19-9 scFv-Fc H310A was successfully expressed and purified. Biochemical characterization included size exclusion chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Western blot, and flow cytometry. The antibody fragment was labeled with iodine-124 ( 124 I) and injected into mice containing human pancreatic cancer xenografts. MicroPET/CT images were then obtained. Blood, organ, and tumor radioactivity was measured and expressed as the percent of injected dose per gram of tissue (%ID/g). Results: Biochemical characterization was consistent with the creation of a 105 kD dimer containing a human Fc region. Flow cytometry demonstrated antigen-specific binding, and cell- based ELISA further established a dissociation constant (KD) of 10.7 nM. 124 I-labeled scFv-Fc H310A localized to the antigen-positive tumor xenografts as detected by microPET. Objective confirmation of targeting was demonstrated by higher %ID/g in the antigen-positive tumor compared to the blood, antigen-negative tumor, and liver. Conclusions: We successfully engineered and produced an anti-CA19-9 scFv-Fc H310A antibody fragment that retains similar affinity when compared to the parental intact murine antibody. Additionally, our engineered and mutated fragment exhibited antigen-specific microPET imaging of both subcutaneous and orthotopic pancreatic cancer xenografts at early time points secondary to decreased serum half-life.
Fail-Safe Test Generation in Safety Critical Systems

This paper provides a technique for testing proper failure mitigation in safety-critical systems. Unlike other approaches which integrate behavioral and failure models, and then generate tests from the integrated model, we build failure-mitigation tests from an existing behavioral test suite, using an explicit mitigation model for which we generate mitigation paths which are then woven at selected failure points into the original test suite to create failure-mitigation tests.
Proton-induced X-ray emission analysis -a promising technique for studying the metal content of plants and soils

The ease of employing proton-induced X-ray emission analysis (PIXEA) to studies relating metal content of soils to metal uptake in plants was aptly demonstrated in an investigation concerning the effect of automotive pollution on the abundance of about 16 elements accumulated in ribwort plantain and its surrounding soil. Elemental concentrations were shown to be dependent on the age of the plant leaves, as well as the distance from the roadside.