cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Families with a Mentally Retarded Child

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses upon research dealing with families with severely and profoundly mentally retarded children rather than with those families whose children have been designated as “mildly retarded ”. Individuals with mild mental retardation form a separate population, and they ordinarily present a different set of problems for their parents and siblings. Most family research on children classified as having mild mental retardation has centered upon family factors in the etiology of the disability and not upon the effects of the child on family relationships. Three strands of research on families with children who are mentally retarded are discussed. The first consists of studies that focus on the impact of the birth and/or presence of a child with mental retardation on the internal dynamics of the family; this strand will be described as a medical or clinical model of family relationships. The second strand consists of studies that focus on the means families use to maintain community ties while coping with the child with mental retardation; this strand will be described as applying a perspective based on labeling theory and a dramaturgical model. The third strand consists of studies that focus on the interaction between internal stresses and community ties and commitments; this strand is described as utilizing a family organization perspective.
One Artefact: Many Phenomena

Robots are a new way of expressing theories of behaviour. If a robot behaves like a real organism, the ideas which have been used to construct the robot capture what lies behind behaviour and therefore explain behaviour. But robots can be “toys” that do not tell us very much of truly interesting about the behaviour of real organisms. Current robots—especially because they are constructed with specific applications in mind—tend to follow the principle “one artefact/one phenomenon” and, if one follows this principle, many different artefacts can be constructed which reproduce the same phenomenon and it is arbitrary to choose among them. To avoid constructing “toy” robots, one should follow the opposite principle “one artefact/many phenomena” and one and the same robot should reproduce a variety of known phenomena concerning behaviour. We illustrate a variety of different phenomena concerning the behaviour of human beings and their societies which robots that can be properly called “human” (and not just “humanoid”) should be able to reproduce.
The Development of Emotional and Behavioral Control in Early Childhood: Heterotypic Continuity and Relations to Early School Adjustment.

We examined heterotypic continuity of emotional and behavioral control (EBC) across early childhood and related early manifestations of EBC to children’s school adjustment in 310 low-income, ethnically diverse boys. Multiple informants and methods were used to measure different indicators of EBC at 18, 24, 42, and 60 months, which were chosen to reflect salient regulatory challenges children face across development. Teachers rated boys’ externalizing and internalizing behaviors, and social skills at 72 months. Results indicated a modest degree of heterotypic continuity of EBC, with different constructs of EBC associated between adjacent time points and, in some instances, across more distant time points. Further, children who had struggled with early EBC demonstrated higher externalizing problems and lower social skills in school. Findings suggest that early deficits in EBC may be a target for early identification and prevention, as they may forecast continued difficulty in later-developing EBC skills and socioemotional problems.
Sex differences in brain damage and recovery of function: experimental and clinical findings.

Abstract Until the last decade or so, there was very little systematic examination of sex differences in recovery from brain injury — most of the work was anecdotal or based on very small studies comparing males to females. This chapter reviews some of the physiological, morphological, and functional evidence for sex differences in response to brain injury across the spectrum of development. It also examines more recent data showing that fluctuations in hormonal status during the menstrual and estrous cycle can play a determining role in functional outcome in both normal and brain-injured females, and that these hormonal influences can be measured at both the cellular and behavioral levels.
Merging in the Shadow of the Law: Why Judicial Efficiency Analysis Matters

This article examines current judicial interpretation of Section 7 of the Clayton Act through the lens of negotiation theory. The research exposes a gap between how courts state they are analyzing efficiency claims in Section 7 Clayton Act enforcement actions and what they are actually doing. During periods of lax antitrust enforcement, this pattern is not readily visible, since almost all proposed merger and acquisition (“M&A”) deals are approved. With a shift to more aggressive antitrust policy, however, it is critical that merger review include appropriate weighting of transaction-generated efficiencies. Although only a small number of Section 7 cases are litigated each year, corporate negotiators assess thousands of potential M&A deals annually. For decades, scholars have applied microeconomic models to analyze antitrust policy. This article applies analytical frameworks from the negotiation literature to demonstrate how in an environment of increased enforcement, current judicial efficiency analysis would discourage corporate negotiators from pursuing efficient deals, thereby hurting the competitiveness of U.S. companies and markets.
Chromatin loop structure of the human X chromosome: relevance to X inactivation and CpG clusters.

Abstract Part of the higher-order structure of chromatin is achieved by constraining DNA in loops ranging in size from 30 to 100 kilobase pairs; these loops have been implicated in defining functional domains and replicons and possibly in facilitating transcription. Because the human active and inactive X chromosomes differ in transcriptional activity and replication, we looked for differences in their chromatin loop structures. Since the islands of CpG-rich DNA at the 5' ends of X-linked housekeeping genes are the regions where functional differences in DNA methylation and nuclease sensitivity are found, we looked for scaffold association of these sequences after extraction of histones with lithium diiodosalicylate. Specifically, we examined the 5' CpG islands within the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, P3, GdX, phosphoglycerate kinase type 1, and alpha-galactosidase loci in human lymphoblasts obtained from individuals with 1 to 4 X chromosomes. Although we detected no scaffold-associated regions near these genes, we found several such regions at the ornithine transcarbamylase and blood clotting factor IX loci. Our results suggest that the CpG islands are excluded from the nuclear scaffold and that even though transcriptionally active, housekeeping genes are less likely than X-linked tissue-specific genes to be scaffold associated. In all cases, the pattern of scaffold association was the same for loci on active and inactive X chromosomes.
Nervous Control of Movement in Annelids

1. Nerve muscle preparations of the segmental nerves and associated muscles have been made using a nereid polychaete, Neanthes brandti (Malmgren). 2. Two kinds of response, differing in threshold and latency, were found. The ‘fast’ response is large at the first shock and (at frequencies above 1/sec.) decreases thereafter. The ‘slow’ response is small but facilitates with repetition at frequencies above 10/sec. Facilitation reaches a maximum after 3 or 4 shocks. 3. Isolated parapodia show several distinct reflex movements to mechanical and chemical stimuli. These must involve motor neurons in the parapodial ganglion. 4. Stimulation of the segmental nerves of the leech, Hirudo , evokes facilitating muscle potentials resembling in most details those of the ‘slow‘ system in Neanthes . 5. The ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ responses are discussed in comparison with other invertebrate systems, especially those of arthropods. The ‘slow’ responses in annelids show less facilitation. The ‘fast’ responses of polychaetes fatigue quickly and are probably useful only in ‘startle’ responses.
Efficiency of arc discharge and beam extraction of the DIII-D neutral beam ion source

DIII-D neutral beam ion sources are operated in the emission limited arc discharge regime. Filament temperature has been observed to play an important role in the ion source operation. Effects of the filament temperature on the arc discharge efficiency (Langmuir probe signal of the arc discharge/arc power) and arc efficiency (extracted beam current/arc power) have been experimentally measured. The results show that both efficiencies reach optimum values with respect to filament temperature. The optimum arc efficiency is independent of the beam energy, but the filament temperature at which optimum arc efficiency is obtained shifts to higher values with higher beam energy. Gas puff into the neutralizer is necessary to achieve optimum neutralization efficiency, but it also increases both particle collisions in the accelerator column and gas flow into the arc chamber. Tests show that arc efficiency decreases only slightly with increasing particle collisions, since loss in the extracted beam current is compensated for by the decreasing we power required to sustain the arc discharge with additional gas flow. The most significant effect of particle collisions is the sharp increase of the gradient grid current, which can cause damage to the grid.
The Q locus of Iranian and European spelt wheat

A dominant allele at the Q locus on chromosome 5A is believed to be the principal factor responsible for free-threshing, square-head spikes with a non-fragile rachis in bread wheat, Triticum aestivum ssp. aestivum. The spelt syndrome, resulting in pyramidal spikes with a brittle rachis and hulled grain in T. aestivum, is believed to be principally caused by the q allele. Chromosome 5A of European and Iranian spelt was substituted for 5A of bread wheat and the lines were characterized with molecular markers. The substitution of bread wheat chromosome 5A by 5A of European spelt resulted in weakly hulled, pyramidal spikes with a non-brittle rachis, whereas and the substitution of 5A by 5A of Iranian spelt did not alter spike morphology at all. It is concluded that the expression of the spelt syndrome depends, to a large extent, on the interactions of q with genes controlling glume tenacity and rachis fragility on other chromosomes. The genetic basis for the spelt syndrome and the apparent presence of the Q allele in Iranian spelt are discussed.
Ejection of a pinched plasma from an axial orifice.

Exhaust of pinched plasma from axial orifice involves electromagnetic current profile diffraction and thermal expansion of gas column
Do racial differences in knowledge about urogynecologic issues exist

The objective of this study is to assess knowledge about urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in white versus nonwhite women. We hypothesize that there are racial differences in patient knowledge about these issues. One hundred twenty-six women presenting to our institution’s gynecology clinic completed a two-scale, validated questionnaire assessing knowledge about incontinence and prolapse. Responses were compared for white versus nonwhite women using nonparametric statistical methods. Logistic regression was used to control for confounding variables. Mean score for white women exceeded that for nonwhite women for the incontinence (p = 0.019) but not the prolapse scale (p = 0.354). Of the white patients, 37.9% versus 19.1% of the nonwhite patients scored ≥80% on the incontinence scale (p = 0.019). This difference remained significant after controlling for potential confounders using logistic regression (p = 0.039). White women may have improved tested urinary incontinence knowledge as compared to nonwhite women.
107 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ANTERIOR MITRAL LEAFLET MOTION AND LEFT VENTRICULAR SIZE IN THE ECHOGRAM

The amplitude of the anterior mitral leaflet (AML) in the echocardiogram (E) depends on the size of the AML, free flow across the mitral apparatus and the left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume. Under normal conditions, it is possible that there is a constant relationship between these factors. To assess this relationship between AML and LV end-diastolic diameters (LVD), we studied 200 normal children between 5-14 years of age with body surface area (BSA) of 0.7 to 1.59. Strip chart E were obtained of the LV in the standard fashion by means of a 2.25 M Hz transducer. Inner LVD was measured in millimeters at the onset of the Q wave of the EKG. Maximum vertical AML amplitude between C and E points was also measured in millimeters. The ratio between AML and LVD was calculated. Our results for the mean and 1 standard deviation were as follows: There was no significant difference statistically between these values in these growing children at any BSA. This study shows that there is a narrow range in the ratio between AML and LVD in children. Alterations in the ratio from this normal range may support pathology, even though the AML and LVD are within their own normal values.
A Power-Efficient Wireless Capacitor Charging System Through an Inductive Link

A power-efficient wireless capacitor charging system for inductively powered applications has been presented. A bank of capacitors can be directly charged from an ac source by generating a current through a series charge injection capacitor and a capacitor charger circuit. The fixed charging current reduces energy loss in switches, while maximizing the charging efficiency. An adaptive capacitor tuner compensates for the resonant capacitance variations during charging to keep the amplitude of the ac input voltage at its peak. We have fabricated the capacitor charging system prototype in a 0.35-μm 4-metal 2-poly standard CMOS process in 2.1 mm2 of chip area. It can charge four pairs of capacitors sequentially. While receiving 2.7-V peak ac input through a 2-MHz inductive link, the capacitor charging system can charge each pair of 1 μF capacitors up to ±2 V in 420 μs, achieving a high measured charging efficiency of 82%.
Intracellular localization of the calcium antagonist propyl-methylenedioxyindene in cardiac tissue.

Abstract 1. 1. Propyl-methylenedioxyindene (pr-MDI) is a coronary dilating and antiarrhythmic calcium antagonist with an intracellular site of action in cardiac tissue, probably involving inhibition of calcium mobilization from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and preservation of mitochondrial structural and functional integrity. 2. 2. Perfusion of isolated guinea-pig hearts with [ 14 C]pr-MDI resulted in negative inotropism, with the time-course of this effect paralleling the uptake of the drug in the whole heart and the time-course of its accumulation in atrial and ventricular tissue. 3. 3. Tissue-to-medium ratios of pr-MDI for both atria and ventricles were high, and washout of the drug from the heart was biexponential. 4. 4. Pr-MDI associated poorly with a cardiac subcellular fraction exhibiting the highest specific activity of sarcolemmal marker enzyme. 5. 5. The highest specific activity of pr-MDI occurred in the cardiac mitochondrial fraction and in a fraction enriched with a putative sarcoplasmic reticular marker, and the accumulation of drug in these fractions was temporally correlated with its negative inotropic action. 6. 6. The results support an intracellular site of action of pr-MDI in cardiac tissue.
The Rule of Law Through Its Economies of Appearances: The Making of the African Warlord

The global reach of international law is now becoming relevant to the micromanagement of daily life. In postcolonial African states, everyday actions and their meanings are being opened up by the expansion of national jurisdiction into international jurisdiction. In relation to these changing technologies of managing shifting regimes of power, this article explores the ways that the spectacle of the rule of law is linked to the spectacle of capitalism. By examining the workings of victim and witness testimonies in the Special Court of Sierra Leone, I examine the ways that spectacles of law and articulations of suffering displace the realities of root causes of violence and the ways that these spectacles parse criminal responsibility. From rebel leaders spreading violence to the plunder of natural resources to child soldiers at once both victims and perpetrators, I detail the discursive crafting of the “African warlord” and the consequent specter of the victim by showing how law and justice are anchored in processes and concepts that often mask their normative underpinnings. Through its focus on victims’ justice and not on the consumerism that fuels production, the Special Court of Sierra Leone serves not only as the author of new legal tenets of criminal responsibility, but also as a key mechanism of power through which the law obscures the conditions that affect its making. As such, like other spectacles of power, the law is able to make its labor invisible, while displacing human action and replacing it with spectacular performances that affirm the rule of law that gains its force. It obscures its making not just through the staging and performances of rites, but also through the narrative strategies that consolidate an affective regime of suffering within which contemporary humanitarianism gains its power.
A three terminal InP/InGaAsP optoelectronic thyristor

A three terminal light emitting opto-thyristor based on InP/InGaAsP heterostructures grown by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) has been demonstrated. The opto-thyristor essentially combines the conventional PNPN thyristor and the NpN double heterostructure laser structure into a single PNpN device. Current-voltage characteristics confirm the thyristor type switching action with a maximum gate controllable breakover voltage of 8 V. Substantially increased light output at wavelengths of 1.3 and 0.93 /spl mu/m is observed upon switching. The optical output as a function of device voltage is also reported. >
Differences in risk factors for incident and recurrent small-for-gestational-age birthweight: a hospital-based cohort study.

Objective Examine whether small-for-gestational-age (SGA) risk factors differed by prior SGA birth.
Solvent organization above metal surfaces: Ordering of DMSO on Au

In situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is utilized to image the structures formed by neat dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on Au surfaces at room temperature. The STM reveals that DMSO forms ordered arrays of chains on Au(111) lattices, but is substantively disordered on the other low Miller index faces of Au. The chain structures, which are insensitive to added water, non-oxidizing electrolytes, and DMSO preparation, are interpreted in terms of a head-to-tail association of DMSO with itself and the interchain repulsions also observed are interpreted in terms of dipolar misfit between the chains. Addition of nitric acid to the neat DMSO liquid results in the rapid formation of an entirely different structure resulting from the creation of the hydroxy sulfonium nitrate. While the neat DMSO structure evinces a low and nearly charge independent interfacial capacity, the capacity with added nitric acid is an order of magnitude higher and exhibits considerable structure over the potential range studied. The resu...
Structure and expression of osteonectin mRNA in human tissue.

A cDNA encoding osteonectin was isolated from a human bone cell cDNA library and used to examine osteonectin protein structure, mRNA structure and expression in human tissue. The deduced protein sequence shows complete identity with a recently isolated placental form and extensive homology to mouse and bovine counterparts. The protein is rich in cysteine residues, which are conserved between species except for cys 194 which is only present in the bovine. In the human, osteonectin mRNA is of two sizes, 2. 3 and 3. 0 kb, the former being dominant in all tissues studied. Human mRNA was detected in the Ewing sarcoma and in nonbone cell and tissue sources. The potential folded structure of osteonectin mRNA was estimated, based on computer predictions, and indicates the presence of a bulge at the 5′ end of the message which includes the start of translation. Southern analysis of human genomic DNA using radiolabeled osteonectin cDNA as probe demonstrates a simple banding pattern confirming earlier studies that t...
Isolation of CD4-Independent Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates That Are Syncytium Inducing and Acutely Cytopathic for CD8+ Lymphocytes

Previous studies have established the existence of CD4-independent simian immunodeficiency virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), and laboratory strains of HIV-1. However, whether CD4-independent viruses may also exist in HIV-1-infected patients has remained unclear. We have recently reported the isolation of viruses from an AIDS patient that were able to infect CD8+ cells independent of CD4, using CD8 as a receptor. Using a similar approach, here we examined viruses from 12 randomly selected patients (obtained from the AIDS Research and Reference Program, National Institutes of Health) for the presence of CD4-independent HIV-1. CD4-independent variants were isolated from infected CD8+ cells from the viral quasispecies of 7 of 12 patients. The CD4-independent isolates were able to infect primary CD8+ cells as well as a CD4− CD8+ T-cell line. Soluble CD4 and blocking anti-CD4 or -CD8 antibody had no effect on infection of CD8+ cells. Remarkably, two of the seven CD4-independent isolates, but not their parental bulk viruses, induced syncytia and caused acute death of infected CD8+ cells. Some of the CD4-independent variants were also able to infect U87 cells that were negative for CD4, CD8, and common HIV coreceptors, suggesting a novel entry mechanism for these isolates. The CD4-independent isolates were derived from adults and children infected with subtypes A, B, and D. Although no common motif for CD4 independence was found, novel sequence changes were observed in critical areas of the envelopes of the CD4-independent viruses. These results demonstrate that HIV-1-infected patients can frequently harbor viruses that are able to mediate CD4-independent infection of CD8+ cells. In addition, this study also provides evidence of primary HIV-1 variants that are syncytium inducing and acutely cytopathic for CD8+ lymphocytes.
Impaired Effort Allocation in Patients with Schizophrenia

A hallmark of negative symptoms in schizophrenia is reduced motivation and goal directed behavior. While preclinical models suggest that blunted striatal dopamine levels can produce such reductions, this mechanism is inconsistent with evidence for enhanced striatal dopamine levels in schizophrenia. In seeking to reconcile this discrepancy, one possibility is that negative symptoms reflect a failure of striatal motivational systems to mobilize appropriately in response to reward-related information. In the present study, we used a laboratory effort-based decision-making task in a sample of patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls to examine allocation of effort in exchange for varying levels of monetary reward. We found that patients and controls did not differ in the overall amount of effort expenditure, but patients made significantly less optimal choices in terms of maximizing rewards. These results provide further evidence for a selective deficit in the ability of schizophrenia patients to utilize environmental cues to guide reward-seeking behavior.
Effect of Pt and Ru promoters on deactivation of Co catalysts by C deposition during Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: A DFT study

Abstract The effect of Pt and Ru promoters on the deactivation of Co catalyst by carbon deposition during CO hydrogenation is investigated using Density Functional Theory (DFT). The barriers for diffusion of C on the catalyst surface were found to be low on the promoted and unpromoted surfaces suggesting that C diffusion on these surfaces could occur easily facilitating coupling of C with other adsorbed species. The promoters did not significantly alter the barrier for diffusion of C to the subsurface. Both Ru and Pt reduced the barrier for C H coupling and increased the barriers for C C and C C C coupling. Most of the C structures (both finite and infinite as well ring compounds) on Pt promoted surface had lower stability than the C structures on the unpromoted surface. Ru reduced the stability of the larger C structures. The C structures on Pt promoted surface were less stable than C structures on Ru promoted surface. These results give insights into effects of Pt and Ru promoters on C deposition pathways that could occur on Co catalysts during FTS reactions.
The biota of long-distance dispersal. III. Loss of dispersibility in the Hawaiian flora

This species, which is quite similar in habit to A. nummularia Torr., is new to Texas. According to Woodson (in Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 41 : 94. 1954), this northcentral Mexican species was previously known to occur in the United States only in southern New Mexico. It is of interest to note that in addition to the Mexican states of Coahuila, San Luis Potosi and Zacatecas, as cited by Woodson, this species is now known to also occur in Nuevo LeSn (open pine slope 4 mi s of Pablillo, Correll & Johnston 19905).
Consumer durable goods in an international real business cycle framework

Abstract In international real business cycle models, consumption is more highly correlated between countries than output, while in the data, the opposite is true. In this paper, the addition of durable consumer goods to a standard international real business cycle model explains this consumption/output correlation anomaly. The direct link in each period between consumption and expenditure on consumption, which is implicit in the standard model, is broken. This ability to shift consumption expenditures across time while retaining a smooth consumption path allows for a more efficient response to productivity innovations.
The Salão da Bússola (1969) and Do Corpo à Terra (1970): Parallel Developments in Brazilian and International Art

Les artistes bresiliens des annees 1960 et 1970 se sont profondement investis dans leur propre contribution au modernisme, notamment par rapport aux modeles europeens qui avaient fascine leur milieu culturel des les annees 1920. Repondant a l’appel d’Oswald de Andrade, qui dans son “Manifesto Antropofago” (1928) conseillait aux artistes bresiliens de devorer les sources materielles importees afin de creer un art unique a leur pays, les artistes et critiques bresiliens de cette epoque tentent de redefinir leur relation avec l’art moderne international. Cet article examine deux expositions fondamentales. La premiere, le Salao da Bussola (1969) annonce l’emergence de « l’anti-art », caracterise par la performance corporelle et l’usage de materiaux « pauvres ». La seconde, Do Corpo a Terra (1970) definit encore plus clairement la reponse bresilienne aux mouvements bourgeonnants de l’art « post-atelier » tels que arte povera, process art, et land art. Les efforts des conservateurs ainsi que la reponse critique envers ces expositions revelent l’intention deliberee de positionner ces experiences par rapport non seulement aux artistes contemporains tel que Jan Dibbets, mais aussi aux artistes de l’avant-garde historique tels que Kurt Schwitters et Kazimir Malevitch. En reagissant simultanement a l’heritage de l’avant-garde europeenne et aux preoccupations locales contemporaines, les artistes bresiliens de cette epoque ont effectivement repondu a l’appel d’Andrade en creant un art ne au Bresil dans une demarche parallele a celle de l’art international.
China's Progress with IFRS Convergence: Interviews with Chinese Professors

ABSTRACT: The focus of this paper is to examine China's process of convergence with international accounting standards, through a review of the history and through the experiences of its accounting academics. The review of China's accounting history establishes a framework for understanding the current standards. The experiences of Chinese academics during the convergence process are of particular interest to other academics, and offer insight into the training and development of an internationalized accounting profession. To gain insights from the Chinese academics, we conducted interviews with ten professors, and solicited comments, suggestions, and advice from these academics. These academics report between 6 to 50 years of experience in Chinese accounting education. The focus of our interviews was to gain an understanding of the forces and circumstances that characterized the period during which China changed from an internal, rules-based accounting system to a system that has now achieved significant...
Long-term results of polytetrafluoroethylene mitral annuloplasty.

Abstract Prosthetic rings are customarily used for mitral annuloplasty to plicate and reinforce the annulus and keep the annulus from further dilating. From July 1984 to Match 1992, mitial annular plication using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft material was performed on 73 patients (age range, 15 to 69 years; mean, 35.7 years) with mitral regurgitation. The cause of the mitral regurgitation was rheumatic in 50.7% and degenerative in 36.9% of the patients. After other repair procedures on the mitral valve apparatus had been performed, a PTFE graft (3 mm) was tailored to the length of the free edge of the anterior leaflet and then inserted at the posterior part of the mitral annulus between the commissures. The operative mortality was 2.7%. Follow-up ranged from 0.7 to 8.5 years (mean, 5.6 years). Postoperative echocardiography confirmed that 94.2% of the survivors had either no or only mild mitral regurgitation with a large mitral valve area (2.7 ± 0.3 cm 2 ) and almost no pressure gradiant across the mitral valve or left ventricular outflow tract. Two patients successfully underwent redo PTFE mitral annuloplasty. Two patients died, one 15 and the other 20 months later, due to myocardial failure, with no mitral regurgitation. The event-free survival rate was 90% ± 4% at 8 yean. We conclude that PTFE mitral annuloplasty is an effective procedure that yields good long-term results.
An ecohydrological approach to conserving urban water through optimized landscape irrigation schedules

Abstract Despite the high percentage of residential water used outdoors, particularly in arid climates, there is a poor understanding of the fate of water used to maintain urban landscapes. Furthermore, opportunities exist for water conservation through improved irrigation schedules that take advantage of seasonal weather patterns and the natural ability of plants to resist water stress. This study uses a calibrated numerical model of soil moisture dynamics with meteorological data to determine irrigation schedules that minimize outdoor water use while maintaining specified levels of plant water stress. Results suggest annual irrigation well below local municipal recommendations, and substantial modifications to recommended schedules. Differences between xeric (low water use, drip irrigators, and gravel cover) and mesic (high water use, sprinklers, and turfgrass) landscaping, with respect to irrigation scheduling, soil water losses, plant water stress, and potential water savings, are presented to improve planning and maintenance of urban landscapes, particularly in water-scarce regions.
Electrocatalysts for the four-electron reduction of dioxygen based on adsorbed cobalt tetrapyridylporphyrin molecules linked by aquaammine complexes of ruthenium(II)

Abstract Prolonged exposure of graphite electrodes coated with cobalt tetrapyridylporphyrin to solutions of fac -Ru(NH 3 ) 5 (OH 2 ) 3 2+ results in the formation of stable, apparently polymeric complexes on the surface in which the porphyrins are linked by bridging Ru centers. Electrochemical evidence in support of this assertion is presented. The coatings obtained endow the coated electrodes with the ability of catalyze the four-electron reduction of O 2 at unusually positive potentials.
Compass: a scalable simulator for an architecture for cognitive computing

Inspired by the function, power, and volume of the organic brain, we are developing TrueNorth, a novel modular, non-von Neumann, ultra-low power, compact architecture. TrueNorth consists of a scalable network of neurosynaptic cores, with each core containing neurons, dendrites, synapses, and axons. To set sail for TrueNorth, we developed Compass, a multi-threaded, massively parallel functional simulator and a parallel compiler that maps a network of long-distance pathways in the macaque monkey brain to TrueNorth. We demonstrate near-perfect weak scaling on a 16 rack IBM® Blue Gene®/Q (262144 CPUs, 256 TB memory), achieving an unprecedented scale of 256 million neurosynaptic cores containing 65 billion neurons and 16 trillion synapses running only 388x slower than real time with an average spiking rate of 8.1 Hz. By using emerging PGAS communication primitives, we also demonstrate 2x better real-time performance over MPI primitives on a 4 rack Blue Gene/P (16384 CPUs, 16 TB memory).
An Energy-Efficient Data Delivery Scheme for Delay-Sensitive Traffic in Wireless Sensor Networks

We propose a novel data-delivery method for delay-sensitive traffic that significantly reduces the energy consumption in wireless sensor networks without reducing the number of packets that meet end-to-end real-time deadlines. The proposed method, referred to as SensiQoS, leverages the spatial and temporal correlation between the data generated by events in a sensor network and realizes energy savings through application-specific in-network aggregation of the data. SensiQoS maximizes energy savings by adaptively waiting for packets from upstream nodes to perform in-network processing without missing the real-time deadline for the data packets. SensiQoS is a distributed packet scheduling scheme, where nodes make localized decisions on when to schedule a packet for transmission to meet its end-to-end real-time deadline and to which neighbor they should forward the packet to save energy. We also present a localized algorithm for nodes to adapt to network traffic to maximize energy savings in the network. Simulation results show that SensiQoS improves the energy savings in sensor networks where events are sensed by multiple nodes, and spatial and/or temporal correlation exists among the data packets. Energy savings due to SensiQoS increase with increase in the density of the sensor nodes and the size of the sensed events.
Obstruction of ischemic ureteropelvic junction

Abstract A seventy-four-year-old woman had left ureteropelvic junction spasm. Three years later, gross left hydronephrosis developed because of stricture of ureteropelvic junction. Histologic appearances were compatible with an ischemic stricture.
Optimal dispatch strategy in remote hybrid power systems

Abstract For small villages in developing countries, local stand-alone power systems are often more cost-effective than utility grid extension. Various combinations of wind turbine generators, photovoltaic arrays, diesel gensets, and batteries—remote hybrid power systems—may be preferred to diesel-only systems. Dispatch strategy is the aspect of control strategy that pertains to energy flows among components. In systems with both batteries and diesel genset(s), dispatch affects the life-cycle cost through both the fuel usage and the battery life. In this study, dispatch strategies are compared using (1) an analysis of cost trade-offs, (2) a simple, quasi-steady-state time-series model, and finally (3) HYBRID2, a more sophisticated stochastic time-series model. An idealized predictive dispatch strategy, based on assumed perfect knowledge of future load and wind conditions, is developed and used as a benchmark in evaluating simple, non-predictive strategies. The results illustrate the nature of the optimal strategy and indicate that one of two simple diesel dispatch strategies—either load-following or full power for a minimum run time—can, in conjunction with the frugal use of stored energy (the Frugal Discharge Strategy), be virtually as cost-effective as the Ideal Predictive Strategy. The optimal choice of these two simple charging strategies is correlated to three dimensionless parameters, yielding a generalized dispatch design chart for an important class of systems.
DNA transport by a type II DNA topoisomerase: Evidence in favor of a two-gate mechanism

DNA substrates in which a supercoiled DNA is singly linked to a nicked or relaxed DNA ring were used to analyze the transport of one DNA ring through another by yeast DNA topoisomerase II. The enzyme binds preferentially to the supercoiled DNA and promotes decatenation efficiently upon binding of a nonhydrolyzable ATP analog. Analysis of the reaction products shows that the nicked or relaxed DNA ring released is not associated with the enzyme-supercoiled DNA complex. These results favor a two-gate model in which the DNA ring being transported can exit from the interior of the enzyme through a gate on the opposite side of the entrance gate, which is irreversibly closed upon binding of the nonhydrolyzable ATP analog.
Elastic pd scattering at 316, 364, 470, and 590 MeV in the backward hemisphere.

The elastic pd differential cross section at center-of-mass angles between 91 and 164 deg was determined for 316, 364, 470, and 590 MeV proton scattering in a backward hemisphere. For the three largest energies, the cross sections were within 10% of each other at any given angle larger than 130 deg. The extrapolated 180 deg differential cross section remained nearly constant from 316 to 590 MeV.
Serum S100B concentrations are increased after closed head injury in children: a preliminary study.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in children. The current gold standards for diagnosis of TBI after closed head injury (CHI) have limitations, particularly in cases of inflicted injury. S100B is a protein that is specific to astrocytes. Serum S100B concentrations are increased in adults after CHI; there are no studies of serum S100B after CHI in children. The goal of this study was to measure the serum concentrations of S100B in children inflicted and noninflicted mild, moderate, and severe CHI. CHI severity was defined by initial Glasgow Coma Scale score. Forty-five children aged 0-13 years with mild (n = 27), moderate (n = 6), and severe (n = 12) CHI were enrolled prospectively. Blood was obtained as soon as possible after injury (range: 0.5-15.25 h) and every 12 h for up to 5 days when vascular access was available. Single control samples were obtained from 16 children aged 0-11 years with isolated long-bone fractures. Twenty-two patients (49%), including both pat...
Leprechaunism: studies of the relationship among hyperinsulinism, insulin resistance, and growth retardation.

ABSTRACT The syndrome of leprechaunism, characterized by severe intrauterine growth retardation, postnatal growth failure, abnormal facies, and a variety of other abnormalities, was studied in a female infant. The patient, who had hyperglycemia and glycosuria, was found to have markedly elevated serum concentrations of immunoreactive insulin, hyperplasia of the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans, and unresponsiveness to exogenous insulin. Studies were undertaken to determine the mechanism (s) for her insulin resistance and to investigate the relationship between insulin resistance and growth failure. Her circulating insulin appeared to be chemically and biologically normal since it behaved like purified crystalline insulin in RIA and in a placental cell competitive membrane-binding assay for insulin, the elution pattern on gel chromatography was typical of endogenous insulin in serum, the kinetics of its in vitro degradation by insulin glucagon protease were normal, and it exhibited normal biological act...
Leukemia inhibitory factor restores the hypertrophic response to increased loading in the LIF(−/−) mouse

Cytokines and growth factors are thought to contribute to skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a cytokine, enhances skeletal muscle regeneration; however the role of LIF in skeletal muscle hypertrophy remains uncertain. We examined the hypertrophic ability of the plantaris and soleus muscles in wild-type mice (WT) and LIF knock-out mice [LIF(-/-)] in response to increased mechanical load. Using the functional overload model to induce increases in mechanical load on the plantaris and soleus muscle, WT mice demonstrated increases in plantaris and soleus mass after 7, 21, and 42 days of loading. However, the LIF(-/-) mice had no significant increases in plantaris muscle mass at any time point, while the soleus muscle exhibited a delayed hypertrophic response. Systemic delivery of LIF to the LIF(-/-) mice returned the hypertrophic response to the same levels as the WT mice after 21 days of functional overload. These data demonstrate for the first time that LIF expression in loaded skeletal muscle is critical for the development of skeletal muscle hypertrophy in the functional overload model.
TH‐D‐M100F‐04: A Biomechanical Phantom for Validation of Deformable Multimodality Image Algorithms

Purpose: Quantitative validation of multimodality deformable registration and segmentation algorithms is a challenging problem. To address this issue, we built a deformable multimodal imaging phantom system based on a preserved swine lung and a computer controlled airflow system. Comparing to most other digital and physical phantoms, this phantom is truly deformable, MRI compatible, biologically similar to human tissues, and more representative of clinical conditions. The phantom was imaged with CT and MRI protocols and yielded high resolution benchmark images. Our goal is to utilize these benchmark images to provide realistic and robust validation of medical image processing algorithms in radiotherapy applications, including multimodal deformable image registration, segmentation, tissue, as well as 4D‐CT imaging and reconstruction methods. Method and Materials: After the preserved swine lung leakage problems were addressed, the lung was inflated using a computer controlled airflow system and then imaged. 3D‐CT and MRI scans were taken at certain tidal volumes. For 4D‐CT imaging, the lung was scanned according to 4DCT protocol (Low, Med Phys v30, p1254–63, 2003) while the airflow cycle in the lung was computer‐controlled. For demonstration, we performed deformable CT‐CT registration and CT‐MR manual fusion on the collected images. 3D‐CT images were acquired at different spatial resolutions, up to image dimension of 1024×1024×530 and voxel volume of 0.244×0.244×0.67 mm. Results: 3D‐CT images allow us to clearly identify up to the 6th airway bifurcation. MR images were also of adequate quality. Conclusion: We have built the deformable phantom system and obtained images of high resolution with 3D‐CT, 4D‐CT and MRI. The images are expected to be very useful for validation of different medical image processing algorithms. We conclude that this system is promising tool for investigating and validating deformable image algorithms for radiotherapy.
A Test for Detecting Rock Property Nonuniformities in Core Samples (includes associated papers 15342 and 15842 )

Presentation d'un essai simple pour la detection d'heterogeneites dans des carottes par mesure de la chute de pression dans la carotte au cours d'une experience de deplacement diphasique non miscible, a debit d'injection constant
Distribution and seasonal occurrence of the hyporheic fauna in a northern California stream

The surface and hyporheic fauna of a second-order reach of a northern California Coast Range stream (Big Canyon Creek, Lake Co., CA, USA) was examined using substrate colonization samplers (i.e. hyporheic pots) during both the wet and dry seasons in the prevailing Mediterranean climate of the region. In terms of total number of macroinvertebrate taxa, the surface (0 cm to −5.0 cm within the stream substrate) level had higher richness than any level within the hyporheic (−5.1 cm to −15.0 cm, −15.1 cm to −25.0 cm, or −25.1 cm to −35.0 cm) from the beginning of the dry season (May) to the beginning of the wet season (October); during this period the surface was not subject to disturbance from wet-season storms. During the wet season, richness at the surface was similar to that observed at any of the three hyporheic levels examined. Macroinvertebrate density at the surface was substantially reduced during the wet season; however, mean surface densities always exceeded those found within the hyporheic zone (from 25% to 78% of total macroinvertebrate numbers were found at the surface). Seasonal fluctuations in abundance of total macroinvertebrates and density of many constituent populations were less within the hyporheic zone than at the surface. Apparently, early instars of abundant surface taxa do not penetrate the interstices, and substrate disturbance due to spates is less in deeper levels. Compared with many hyporheic faunas described from other temperate-zone sites, this hyporheic community shows reduced numerical dominance by the Chironomidae.
Special seats for women in parliament and democratization: The case of Tanzania

Synopsis Since the reestablishment of multiparty rule in 1992, Tanzania has expanded the scope of the special-seat system for women in parliament by increasing the number of special seats for each forthcoming parliamentary election. The gradual increase in the number of women special seats has impacted on women's descriptive and substantive representation in parliament. This study examined the impact of the special-seat system on democratization in Tanzania. The study found that the increase in the number of female members of parliament (MPs) through the system has positively influenced the country's transition toward democracy, by broadening parliamentary discourse and contributing to the enactment of laws for women.
Clinical and preventive issues in child custody disputes

Clinical efforts in child custody disputes have emphasized preventive measures that address the best interests of the child. Examined herein is the impact of separation and divorce on families and preventive oriented efforts in contested child custody family mediation models. Also addressed are psychological factors in mediation, an identified model of family mediation, and clinical issues in the contested child custody arena.