cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coplanar-waveguide-fed folded dipole slot antenna for wireless local area network applications and V-band frequency operations

A scalable coplanar-waveguide-fed folded dipole slot antenna operating at 60 GHz has been designed, fabricated and tested on a 50 µm silicon membrane. The inclusion of a dipole within a slot antenna has been used to easily integrate with power transmission applications and to improve the bandwidth performance of traditional 60 GHz micromachined antennas. Results indicate that the antenna operates from 50 to 64 GHz, achieving 25% of bandwidth at −10 dB. The measured results show that the antenna has a reflection coefficient of −45 dB and a gain of 4.1 dBi at its resonance frequency. The effect of including a ground plane material exhibited an improved frequency response and reflection co-efficient. By integrating the dipole with the slot antenna, the bandwidth has been improved and can be used for V-band frequency operations, wireless power transmission and wireless local area network applications.
Characterization of the adult zebrafish cardiac proteome using online pH gradient strong cation exchange-RP 2D LC coupled with ESI MS/MS

2D HPLC separations by coupling strong cation exchange (SCX) and RP fractionation have been widely used in large-scale proteomic studies. Traditionally this method is performed by salt gradient SCX separation followed by RP and MS/MS analysis. The salt gradient SCX method has been known to have low peptide and protein resolution. In this study, we implemented a pH gradient SCX-RP HPLC platform to separate proteome digests from adult zebrafish hearts, followed by ESI quadrupole-TOF MS/MS analysis. This pH gradient SCX method has improved peptide separation, as demonstrated by a greater number of peptides and proteins identified from individual SCX fractions. This pH gradient method also has better MS compatibility owing to lower salt usage. This setup allows fast microflow fractionation in SCX dimension and nanoflow RP separation in the second dimension, and can be easily implemented on conventional capillary LC ESI MS/MS systems. Using this setup, we identified 1375 proteins from adult zebrafish hearts, establishing the first reported experimental data set for the heart proteome of zebrafish. This work laid the foundation for further studies of environmental cardiac toxicology using zebrafish as a model organism.
Inhibition of In vitro cytochrome P-450-catalyzed reactions by substituted pyridines

A series of substituted pyridines was investigated as inhibitors of cytochrome P-450-catalyzed reactions. The relative potencies for the in vitro inhibition of aminopyrine demethylation and aniline hydroxylation are reported for a series of 2-, 3-, and 4-substituted pyridines.
Control of in-bed agglomeration by fuel blending in a pilot scale straw and wood fueled AFBC

Abstract Bed agglomeration in a pilot scale atmospheric fluidized bed combustor was controlled by blending wood into rice straw in concentrations of 50% wood or more and stoichiometrically holding reaction temperature at or below 800°C. At higher straw concentrations, agglomeration of the bed occurred over run times inversely proportional to the straw concentration in the blend. Bed agglomeration was preceded by a characteristic decline in bed pressure drop most likely related to combustion air channeling through the bed. Blend ash composition was not substantially affected until straw concentration decreased to 50% or below because of the four-fold higher ash concentration in the straw compared to wood. Blend ash base-to-acid ratio also was not substantially affected above 50% straw concentration, remaining essentially constant at 0.3, compared to the wood ash base-to-acid ratio of 1.1. Initial deformation temperature, as measured by standard cone test of the blend ash, increased from a minimum of 880°C for a 75% straw blend to 1120°C for a 10% straw concentration in the blend.
Tensor products and successive approximations for partial differential equations

A method for successive approximations for partial differential equations is presented. The limiting function in the process depends on the initial value. Convergence is proved by means of some identities and inequalities involving tensor products between multi-linear functions on a vector space.
Estimation error of Leydig cell numbers in atrophied rat testes due to the assumption of spherical nuclei.

SUMMARY In this study, Leydig cell numbers in control and atrophied testes (induced via subcutaneous implants of testosterone plus 17β estradiol for 16 weeks; TE-implanted) of rats, estimated via the fractionator method (independent of any assumptions) were compared to those estimated via the disector (unbiased, but dependent on shrinkage) and Floderus (assumes spherical particles, dependent on shrinkage) methods. Estimates of Leydig cell numbers in control rats produced by all three stereological methods were similar. In rats with atrophied testes, both the fractionator and the disector methods produced significantly lower (P < 0.01; 47% and 41 % with fractionator and disector, respectively) Leydig cell number estimates per testis than in the controls. By contrast, the estimates of Leydig cell number in atrophied testes derived via the Floderus equation were not significantly different from those of controls, but larger than those obtained via the fractionator and the disector methods. These results suggested that the assumptions of the Floderus method were violated in the atrophied rat testes. Why was the Floderus method of estimating Leydig cell number applicable to control rats but not to the TE-implanted rats? In an attempt to answer this question the diameter measurement together with its correction factor used in the Floderus equation (i.e. D + t − 2H) was also derived from the data collected for the disector method. The values for D + t − 2H used in the Floderus method and also calculated via the disector method were found to be identical in controls, but for the TE-implanted rats a 32% lower value was obtained with the Floderus equation when compared to the disector. These findings suggested that this estimation error caused an overestimation of Leydig cell numbers in the TE-implanted rat testes.
Management of tumor lysis syndrome with standard continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis: case report and a review of the literature

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a critical illness with few treatment options. This report describes the clinical course of a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, who developed TLS and required renal replacement therapy. Institution of the standard therapeutic approach, intermittent hemodialysis, was not possible because of persistent hypotension. Instead, the patient was treated with a short course of continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH) and conventional continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis (CAVHD) with dialysate flow rate of I L/h), which resulted in effective control of serum uric acid, potassium, urea nitrogen, phosphorus, and extracellular fluid volume. This case is in distinction to a previous report of TLS treatment with CAVHD using 4 L/h dialysate flow rate. We conclude that continuous renal replacement therapies with standard dialysate flow rates and replacement volumes should be considered for the treatment of TLS, particulary if the syndrome is accompanied by hypotension.
Earth Day and Its Precursors: Continuity and Change in the Evolution of Midtwentieth‐Century U.S. Environmental Policy

Earth Day 1970's legacy overshadows two earlier events resulting in popular misconceptions about U.S. environmental politics: that environmental policy began with Earth Day and that Congress and the president were not concerned with the environment until public opinion and interest groups pressured them. These misconceptions increase public opinion ambivalence and frustrate environmental leaders. This paper describes Earth Day 1970, the congressionally established Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission established in 1958, and President Kennedy's Natural Resources Tour of September 1963, arguing the latter two prepared for the convergence of multiple streams of policy change that resulted in the first Earth Day.
Reflected Reflexivity in Jane B. par Agnès V.

Very little critical attention has been paid to Jane B. par Agnes V. (1987), the first of Agnes Varda's films in which she renders representation, the artistic process, and the artist apparent and ...
Walt Whitman: A Current Bibliography, Fall 2006

This Bibliography is brought to you for free and open access by Iowa Research Online. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walt Whitman Quarterly Review by an authorized administrator of Iowa Research Online. For more information, please contact lib-ir@uiowa.edu. Recommended Citation Folsom, Ed. "Walt Whitman: A Current Bibliography, Fall 2006." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 24 (Fall 2006), 163-174.
An Independent Elderly Woman With Rapid Onset of Coma

A 75-year-old woman was transferred from a local hospital because of rapid progression to coma preceded by lower back pain and recurrent falls. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis at the local hospital revealed increased protein with a slightly elevated white blood cell count. Our imaging studies revealed multiple punctate foci with nodular enhancement in the brain and multifocal cystic lesions on the chest and abdomen. The patient was empirically treated with antibiotics and corticosteroids without improvement. She died 3 days after transfer, and autopsy was performed. The differential diagnosis, pathologic findings, and final diagnosis are discussed.
Systematics of 24Na and 22Na production with 400 MeV protons

Abstract Cross sections for the production of 24 Na and 22 Na have been determined with 400 MeV protons on thirty-six target elements having atomic numbers between 12 and 92. However, most of the target elements had Z In the region of target elements up to Z ∼ 30, the cross sections vs. atomic number decrease exponentially. Above Z ∼ 30 the cross sections deviate from this exponential trend and show maxima at atomic numbers of 33 and 45. The exponential decrease of cross section vs. target atomic number was compared with calculations based on a simplified version of the cascade-evaporation model. It is possible to show that the cascade-evaporation mechanism predicts this exponential dependence. The structure observed in the cross section for target atomic numbers greater than 30 is considered on the basis of possible fission processes. The origin of this structure is not clearly understood at this time.
Getting into Mischief: On What it Means to Appeal to the U.S. Constitution

In this chapter I seek to rehabilitate and elaborate the so-called “mischief rule” of English law. I begin by interrogating two views of legal and constitutional interpretation which make symmetrical mistakes about legal interpretation: Larry Alexander and Emily Sherwin’s view in Demystifying Legal Reasoning and Jack Balkin’s in Living Originalism. Against these views I argue that the appropriate interpretation of laws is guided by the “mischief” the legislators were trying to remedy when they created the law and by what the legislators and the subjects of the law understand when laws are created or changed.
Disturbing Distractions: Speaking Back to Racialized School Discipline Practices

In this poetic piece, we seek to represent our unfolding understandings, dilemmas, and epiphanies around working within, and at times against, practices that get named school discipline, classroom ...
Total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein levels in pediatric subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

This study reports serum lipid levels in 682 children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. We found that 3.5% of the subjects had a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level 200 mg/dL, and 18.6% were abnormal for either HDL or TC, compared with prevalences of 5.7%, 11.2%, and 16.3%, respectively, reported in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-02. Hemoglobin A1c value was significantly related to TC and non-HDL cholesterol levels.
Honey Bee Orientation: A Backup System for Cloudy Days

On cloudy days, honey bees are known to navigate to familiar food sources and orient their dances accurately. This capacity could be based on a magnetic compass sense, an ability to perceive the sun or patterns of polarized light through the clouds, or on the bees' memory of the diurnal course of the sun with respect to local landmarks. Experiments pitting these alternatives against one another demonstrate that the navigational backup system of bees is based on memory.
Does Reputation Contribute to Reducing Organizational Errors? A Learning Approach

In this study I examine the effect of a firm's reputation for product quality on its effort in learning to reduce its product defect rate. Theoretical ideas on the motivation of learning associated with social aspiration levels and the self-serving bias combined with social categorization suggest that poor quality reputation firms are more likely than their counterparts with a good reputation to attend to potential product defects and consequently reduce their defect rate. However, a stream of research on the motivation of learning stemming from historical aspiration levels and slack search leads to a different argument: a reputation for good quality is more likely to provide firms with a motivation to avoid product defects. I build upon these two competing arguments and hypothesize that stronger motives for learning exist in situations where firms have either a weak or strong reputation for product quality. My study of product recalls in the US automotive industry highlights an inverted U-shaped relationship, indicating the liability of an intermediate reputation in reducing product defects.
Theoretical studies of dynamical phenomena in epitaxial surface systems

Abstract The increasing resolution of scanning tunneling microscopy techniques is beginning to reveal new interesting aspects of atomic behavior at surfaces. The ability to monitor diffusion of even single atoms is one dynamical example. This atomic scale resolution enables a close connection to theory, which plays an important role in uncovering the driving forces and mechanisms behind these dynamical events. In this paper we briefly discuss the theoretical foundations of the corrected effective medium (CEM) method and its application to the epitaxy of metals on metals. Static interaction energy and dynamic Monte Carlo (MC) and molecular dynamics (MD) calculations are employed to examine equilibrium structures and the mechanisms in which equilibrium is obtained. Three specific applications are considered: (1) the mechanism for the formation of the ordered c(2 × 2) Au/Cu(100) surface alloy; (2) The formation of Ag/Rh/Ag(100) “sandwich” structures; (3) The growth of Au on Ag(110).
Antigen-induced T-cell changes: modulation by pharmacologic agents.

To determine the effect of pharmacologic modulation of alterations of peripheral blood T-cell subsets caused by antigen-induced bronchoconstriction, we administered albuterol immediately after antigen-induced bronchoconstriction in a double-blind to protocol to 12 atopic asthmatic subjects. We also administered cromolyn sodium before antigen to 7 of the same subjects. Peripheral blood T-cell subset composition (CD4, CD8, la) of a highly purified T-cell preparation was determined before, 24, 48, 72, and 168 h after bronchoconstriction.
Surveillance monitoring of soils for radioactivity: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 1976 to 1992.

Environmental monitoring of soils at the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California has been conducted for more than 20 years. The purposes of the program are to determine the effects, if any, of LLNL's operations on the surrounding areas near its two separate sites and to determine if there are any long-term trends. Data from 1976 to 1992 were analyzed to determine their appropriate statistical distribution, and differences among locations and changes with time were evaluated. The data generally followed lognormal distributions, and results for 239 + 240Pu and 137Cs data were consistent with previously reported values for world-wide fallout. Although all values for 239 + 240Pu were small, 239 + 240Pu data for locations downwind from the Livermore site were found to be statistically significantly higher than for upwind locations. Results for 238U at Site 300 locations near where 238U is used were significantly higher than background locations. Results for 137Cs and 40K were not significantly different between sites, whereas results for 232Th were significantly higher for Site 300 than for the Livermore site. Doses for all radionuclides were below acceptable levels, and doses for most radionuclides were negligible. Evaluation of trends with time yielded small or statistically insignificant changes for all radionuclides.
Heteronuclear polarization transfer by radiofrequency-driven dipolar recoupling under magic-angle spinning

Abstract At high spinning speeds, standard cross polarization (CP) can be difficult due to the narrow sideband structure of the matching condition. Recent proposals have been made to broaden the matching condition with respect to the applied spin-locking field strengths through the use of simultaneous, rotor-synchronized phase inversions of the spin-locking fields (the SPICP pulse sequence), specifically as relevant to CP between 1H and 13C at spinning speeds sufficient to modulate the relevant dipolar couplings. This has been shown to effectively reduce sensitivity to RF inhomogeneity and fluctuations in overall RF power; however, the sensitivity to chemical shift (offset and anisotropy) remains. Application of the technique to the problem of polarization transfer between low-γ nuclei with large bandwidths (e.g., 13C and 15N) is therefore problematic: the transfer efficiency varies across the spectrum and is optimized for only a narrow region around resonance. A solution to this problem is presented in the form of the RFDRCP (RF-driven recoupling in CP) sequence. In this new method, rotor-synchronized (composite) π pulses are placed between the simultaneous phase inversions of the SPICP sequence to periodically invert the chemical-shift terms in the Hamiltonian, thereby removing their effects to zero order. The zero-order average Hamiltonian for this sequence is analogous to the average Hamiltonian for the homonuclear RFDR sequence. The technique has successfully been used to acquire 2D 13C-15N correlation spectra of uniformly labeled amino acids.
Expression of cadherins and catenins in paired tumor and non-neoplastic primary prostate cultures and corresponding prostatectomy specimens.

Cadherins are a family of transmembrane proteins that play a crucial role in cell differentiation, cell migration, and intercellular adhesion. Cadherins are associated with catenins through their highly conserved cytoplasmic domain. Down-regulation of E-cadherin protein has been shown in various human cancers. This study examined the expression of cadherins and associated catenins at the mRNA level. Paired tumor and non-neoplastic primary prostate cultures were obtained from surgical specimens. Quantitative multiplex fluorescence reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (QMF RT-PCR) and quantitative analysis were performed and correlated with immunostain results. Six of seven cases of neoplastic cultures showed moderately-to-markedly decreased levels of E-cadherin and P-cadherin mRNA. Similar losses of α-catenin and β-catenin mRNA were also observed. The results of QMF RT-PCR showed good correlation with the results of immunohistochemical studies based on corresponding formalin-fixed sections. In conclusion, this paper presents a coordinated down-regulation in the expression of E-cadherin and associated catenins at the mRNA and protein level in most of the cases studied. This down-regulation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer.
School News in the Local Newspaper

AbstractSchool news is a vital aspect of the public relations program of a school system (6, 7, 8). To have a systematic, effective school public relations program, with school news in the local newspaper as its hub, it is first necessary to know the type and quantity of school news that American newspapers are publishing which is the purpose of this study. Only four national studies have dealt effectively with this subject, and just one of these has been carried out in the last twenty-two years. The data presented here are from this last study, completed in 1966. The content analysis of fifty consecutive issues of twelve different newspapers in eleven states was used to classify 62,456 column inches of school news into twelve categories on school news.The major findings included: 1. School news comprised 1.75 percent of all news. 2. Notwithstanding geographic difference there was a marked similarity in the relative coverage of school news; the correlation among the newspapers in relative coverage was +.7...
Probability densities and confidence intervals for target recognition performance metrics

Probability densities for target recognition performance metrics are developed. These densities assist in evaluation of systems under test (SUTs), which are systems that predict the presence of a target after examination of an input. After such examination, a SUT assigns a score that indicates the predicted likelihood that a target is present. From scores for a series of many inputs, the suitability of a SUT can be evaluated through performance metrics such as the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and the confidence error (CE) generation curve. The ROC is a metric that describes how well the probability densities of target and clutter scores are separated, where clutter refers to the absence of target. The CE generation curve and the corresponding scalar CE is a metric that evaluates the accuracy of the score. Since only a limited number of test scores (scores for which the truth state is known by the evaluator) is typically available to evaluate a SUT, it is critical to quantify uncertainty in the performance metric results. A process for estimating such uncertainty through probability densities for the performance metrics is examined here. Once the probability densities are developed, confidence intervals are also obtained. The process that develops the densities and related confidence intervals is implemented in a fully Bayesian manner. Two approaches are examined, one which makes initial assumptions regarding the form of the underlying target and clutter densities and a second approach which avoids such assumptions. The target and clutter density approach is applicable to additional performance metrics.
Starting From Ground Zero: Establishing a Collection for a New Doctoral Program

This article reports a librarian's collection development efforts to support her institution's first independent doctoral degree (Ed.D., Educational Leadership) via a citation analysis comparing information usage by education doctorate dissertation authors from six peer institutions nationally. This analysis is part of a long-term examination of library collection use among California State University, Long Beach (CSULB) doctoral students. Key findings include the relative young age among the information resources in educational leadership, which resource formats were cited, what serial titles were cited the most, and where they are available electronically. The ultimate aim is the creation of an essential collection in the subject discipline.
Luminescent zinc and cadmium complexes incorporating 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate and a protonated kinked organodiimine: From a hydrogen-bonded layer motif to thermally robust two-dimensional coordination polymers

Abstract Hydrothermal treatment of zinc chloride, 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (H3BTC), and 4,4′-dipyridylamine (dpa) afforded two different complexes depending on reaction conditions, which were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Under acidic conditions, a discrete neutral molecular species with formulation [Zn(HBTC)2(Hdpa)2] (1) was isolated, which aggregates into two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded layers. Under more basic conditions, the two-dimensional layered coordination polymer [Zn(BTC)(Hdpa)] (2) is obtained, which manifests covalent linkage of [Zn(BTC)(Hdpa)] serpentine chain motifs into 3-connected undulating 4.82 topology 2-D layers. Both 1 and 2 possess tetrahedral coordination at Zn. Use of cadmium nitrate in the synthesis resulted in [Cd(BTC)(H2O)(Hdpa)] (3), which displays a similar layer topology as 2 but with significant adjustments imparted by octahedral coordination at Cd. In all cases, supramolecular hydrogen bonding promoted by Hdpa ligands provide an important assistive structure-directing role. All materials display blue luminescence upon excitation with ultraviolet light, ascribed to intraligand transitions. Crystallographic data: 1: monoclinic, C2/c, a=25.389(6) A, b=9.811(2) A, c=17.309(4) A, and β=128.957(3)°, 2: monoclinic, P21/c, a=13.212(17)c, b=17.15(2) A, c=7.506(10) A, and β=93.71(2)°, and 3: monoclinic, C2/c, a=14.241(6) A, b=15.218(6) A, c=17.976(7) A, and β=109.330(6)°.
The carbohydrate content of isolated yolk platelets from early developmental stages of Xenopus laevis.

Yolk platelets (YP) from blastulae and gastrulae of Xenopus laevis contain the neutral hexoses glucose and mannose at 12–42 μg/mg protein and amino sugar at 2.6–3.8 μg/mg protein. Carbohydrate is present in lipovitellin 1 and lipovitellin 2 and glycolipid was found. Little or no sialic acid, galactose, fucose, or glycosaminoglycan (GAG) was found. The results are discussed in terms of possible functions of these complex carbohydrates. The saccharide moiety of one or more of the glycoproteins may promote uptake of vitellogenin by the developing oocyte; glycolipids may be ready made components for membrane biogenesis during embryogenesis.
Acceptability by rats of aqueous solutions of amino acid analogues.

Abstract Preferences differed widely when rats were offered choices between water and solutions of various natural amino acids and structurally related analogues. They avoided the branched-chain amino acid valine but preferred solutions of its isomer norvaline and of norleucine. The hydrochloride forms of ornithine and arginine were preferred to water at concentrations up to about 100 mM and avoided at 410 mM; homoarginine·HCl was never preferred and was avoided at 39 and 78 mM. Rats were indifferent to taurine and β-alanine at most concentrations but refused these amino acids at high concentrations (205 and 410 mM, respectively). In conjunction with earlier observations on feeding behavior in response to dietary additions of amino acids, the results show that selections by rats between water and amino acid solutions cannot be used to predict choices among amino acid-containing diets.
Life history of Galerucella nymphaeae and implications of reproductive diapause for rearing univoltine chrysomelids

. Galerucella nymphaeae L., a chrysomelid that feeds on Lythrum spp., water lily and water chestnut, is closely related to two European species that were recently introduced into North America for biological control of L.salicaria, purple loosestrife. To develop a paradigm for continuously rearing these and other univoltine chrysomelids, we conducted field and laboratory studies on G. nymphaeae's development, reproduction and diapause. A high incidence of reproduction without diapause occurred when fourth instars, pupae, and adults (held as pairs) experienced very long daylengths (LD18:6 h), i.e. longer than those G.nymphaeae encounters in nature. Under similar photoperiodic conditions, adults maintained in groups showed a significantly higher rate of reproductive diapause than those held as pairs. Females laid three to seven egg masses/week, and the size of egg masses varied between nine and nineteen eggs. During their reproductive lifetimes, individual females showed a highly significant propensity to lay a consistent number of eggs/egg mass. After diapausing under short daylengths and low temperature (LD 10:14h, 5dC), adults transferred to long days (LD 18:6h at 21dC) had high rates of diapause termination and postdiapause oviposition. In contrast, those transferred to short daylengths (LD 10:14h at 21dC) had low rates of reproduction. Laboratory-derived heat-degree models accurately predicted egg and pupal, but not larval, development in the field. In nature, most females in the summer generation entered reproductive diapause without ovipositing; a small proportion of females that emerged relatively early (by mid June) oviposited before entering diapause. The overwintering population consists of adults from the first-generation and a small number from the second generation.
Metabolic activation of 4H-cyclopenta[def]chrysene in human mammary carcinoma MCF-7 cell cultures.

The tumor initiating activities of 4H-cyclopenta[def]chrysene (C[def]C) and its two putative reactive metabolites, trans-1,2-dihydroxy-anti-3,3a-epoxy-1,2,3,3a-tetrahydro-4H-cyclopenta[def]chrysene (C[def]C-3,3a-DE) and trans-6,7-dihydroxy-anti-8,9-epoxy-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-cyclopenta[def]chrysene (C[def]C-8,9-DE), were evaluated previously in mice [Amin, S., et al. (1995) Carcinogenesis 16, 2813−2817]. C[def]C-3,3a-DE was the more active inducer of lung tumors and elicited twice as many tumors as C[def]C-8,9-DE. In this study, the route of metabolism of C[def]C to DNA-reactive metabolites in the human mammary carcinoma cell line (MCF-7) was investigated using the 32P-postlabeling assay. The results show that metabolic activation to DNA-binding species proceeds through the formation of both trans-1,2-dihydrodiol and trans-6,7-dihydrodiol metabolites of C[def]C. At a 1 μM dose, adducts from the methylene-bridged (C[def]C-3,3a-DE) and bay region (C[def]C-8,9-DE) dihydrodiol epoxides were detected in compa...
Self-Propelled Particle Motion of Cells in Tissues

Collective migration of cells has been identified in a number of biological processes including organ morphogenesis, tumor invasion, and wound healing. The mechanisms underlying initiation and maintenance of a collectively moving population of cells in the absence of external stimuli are unclear. Here we show that epithelial cells confined within monolayers can spontaneously organize and undergo rotational collective motion. We created artificial tissues using microlithography-based techniques and, in combination with time-lapse imaging and pseudo-automated cell tracking algorithms, we visualized the movements of cells within these tissues. We found that the coherence of group rotation is affected by the size and shape of the tissue. In addition, we found that disturbances within tissues, such as those resulting from cytokinesis, are able to switch the direction of rotation of cells. These collective motions emerged even in tissues that were treated with pharmacological agents to disrupt cell-cell connections. Using analytical agent based computer simulations, we found that cells within these tissues behave not as pure random walk particles, but instead as Vicsek-Czirok type self propelled, interacting particles; bearing some analogy to coherent motion of birds within a flock or fish within a school. These results indicate that basic principles of collective motion that govern animal behavior may be relevant in cellular motion. An improved understanding of these underlying principles will benefit future studies of collective cell migration.
Heating Surface Temperature and Contact-Heat Transfer Coefficient of A Clam-Shell Grill

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the heating rate, characteristics of temperature distribution and change on heating surfaces, and contact-heat transfer coefficient of a clam-shell-grill under conditions of commercial operational cooking. The information obtained will contribute to improved cooking process specifications and equipment design that ensure the quality and safety of cooked patties. We found that grill surface temperatures dropped to 113 °C (the lowest) from a preset temperature of 177 °C after the frozen patties were placed on the grill surface. The temperature of the patties recovered to only between 129.4 and 144.5 °C at the six locations at the end of cooking process. The maximum temperature difference among the six locations was about 15 °C during most of the cooking period. It is important that grill operators or manufacturers map the temperature distribution on grill heating surface before cooking to determine the sequence of hamburger patty placement and removal and minimize temperature variation in cooked patties. The contact-heat transfer coefficient between the grill and hamburger patty surfaces varied with heating temperature and time during the cooking process. The highest contact heat transfer coefficient value obtained was 832 W/m2 °C.
Shadow prices and pollution costs in U.S. agriculture

Abstract We use the directional output distance function to derive estimates of production inefficiency, shadow prices for polluting outputs, and the associated pollution costs. Using a quadratic functional form for the directional output distance function and data for the U.S. agricultural sector during 1960–1996, we find that the pollution costs (the shadow values) from the runoff and leaching of pesticides are 6% of crop and animal revenues and are highest in the Midwest and lowest in the Western states. If states were to reduce technical inefficiency and operate on the production frontier, pollution costs could be reduced by 7%.
Preferential sputtering of LiF surfaces monitored by photoelectron spectroscopy and direct recoil spectrometry

Abstract Changes in the Li 1s and F2s X-ray photoelectron (XPS) intensities coupled with changes in the Li and F direct recoil intensities induced by 3 keV Ar + bombardment of a LiF surface show that the damage saturates at a dose of ≈1.7×10 17 ions/cm 2 with a steady-state stoichiometry of Li 4 F 3 . The directly recoiled Li and F flux contains 50% Li + , 21% F − , and 14% F + ; these ion fractions are sensitive to the degree of surface damage, exhibiting a decrease to a saturation level at high ion doses. These decreases in ion fractions are consistent with metallization of Li and neutral F formation in the damaged surface.
On the Multi-Parameter Characteristic Perturbation Method; Application to Nonlinear Supersonic Nonequilibrium Flow over a Wedge

The method of strained coordinates is extended to expand the dependent variables as well as independent coordinates of a nonlinear hyperbolic system in asymptotic series of several parameters. The perturbation parameters may be of a different nature but are required to be intrinsically independent of each other. The method is found to be particularly useful for treating problems with several relevant parameters being of the same order of one another. The illustrative example discussed is a nonlinear supersonic nonequilibrium flow over a wedge where the nonlinear effect in the flow becomes of the same order as the nonequilibrium effect. A second-order theory is developed to provide a description of the near-field flow pattern and the expression of the front frozen shock wave attached to the nose of the wedge.
Peptide Biomarkers as Evidence of Perchlorate Biodegradation

Perchlorate is a known health hazard for humans, fish, and other species. Therefore, it is important to assess the response of an ecosystem exposed to perchlorate contamination. The data reported here show that a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach for the detection of perchlorate-reducing enzymes can be used to measure the ability of microorganisms to degrade perchlorate, including determining the current perchlorate degradation status. Signature peptides derived from chlorite dismutase (CD) and perchlorate reductase can be used as biomarkers of perchlorate presence and biodegradation. Four peptides each derived from CD and perchlorate reductase subunit A (PcrA) and seven peptides derived from perchlorate reductase subunit B (PcrB) were identified as signature biomarkers for perchlorate degradation, as these sequences are conserved in the majority of the pure and mixed perchlorate-degrading microbial cultures examined. However, chlorite dismutase signature biomarker peptides from Dechloromonas agitata CKB were found to be different from those in other cultures used and should also be included with selected CD biomarkers. The combination of these peptides derived from the two enzymes represents a promising perchlorate presence/biodegradation biomarker system. The biomarker peptides were detected at perchlorate concentrations as low as 0.1 mM and at different time points both in pure cultures and within perchlorate-reducing environmental enrichment consortia. The peptide biomarkers were also detected in the simultaneous presence of perchlorate and an alternate electron acceptor, nitrate. We believe that this technique can be useful for monitoring bioremediation processes for other anthropogenic environmental contaminants with known metabolic pathways.
Professional Development of AODA Practice with Latinos

SUMMARY The scope and complexity of the issues faced by practitioners providing services to Latinos necessitates that practitioner skills must increasingly demonstrate multicultural competency. This article addresses the use of three methods as a means of providing ongoing learning of cross cultural competencies for practice with Latinos Receiving AODA services.
A Critique of Frankfurt-Libertarianism

Most libertarians think that some version of the Principle of Alternative Possibilities (PAP) is true. A number of libertarians, which I call ‘Frankfurt-libertarians,’ think that they need not embrace any version of PAP. In this paper, I examine the writings of one such Frankfurt-libertarian, Eleonore Stump, for her evaluation of the impact of Frankfurt-style counterexamples (FSCs) to PAP. I show how, contrary to her own claims, Stump does need a PAP-like principle for her account of free action. I briefly argue that this discussion also goes some distance to showing that any Frankfurt-libertarian is in a similar position regarding the need for some PAP-like principle. If I am correct, then Frankfurt-libertarians must either renounce their incompatibilism or concede that FSCs fail to show all PAP-like principles to be false.
Bit-Operation-Based Seed Augmentation for LFSR Reseeding with High Defect Coverage

We present a design-for-testability (DFT) technique for increasing the effectiveness of LFSR reseeding for unmodeled defects. The proposed method relies on seed selection using the output-deviations metric and the on-chip augmentation of seeds using simple bit-operations. Simulation results for benchmark circuits show that compared to LFSR reseeding using output deviations alone, the proposed method provides higher coverage for transition-delay and bridging faults, and steeper coverage ramp-up for these faults for the same number of seeds. For the same pattern count (and much fewer seeds), the proposed method provides comparable unmodeled defect coverage. In all cases, complete coverage of modeled stuck-at faults is obtained. We therefore conclude that high test quality can be obtained with the proposed LFSR reseeding method using a smaller number of seeds.
Aging and the Vulnerability of Speech to Dual Task Demands

Tracking a digital pursuit rotor task was used to measure dual task costs of language production by young and older adults. Tracking performance by both groups was affected by dual task demands: time on target declined and tracking error increased as dual task demands increased from the baseline condition to a moderately demanding dual task condition to a more demanding dual task condition. When dual task demands were moderate, older adults’ speech rate declined but their fluency, grammatical complexity, and content were unaffected. When the dual task was more demanding, older adults’ speech, like young adults’ speech, became highly fragmented, ungrammatical, and incoherent. Vocabulary, working memory, processing speed, and inhibition affected vulnerability to dual task costs: vocabulary provided some protection for sentence length and grammaticality, working memory conferred some protection for grammatical complexity, and processing speed provided some protection for speech rate, propositional density, coherence, and lexical diversity. Further, vocabulary and working memory capacity provided more protection for older adults than for young adults although the protective effect of processing speed was somewhat reduced for older adults as compared to the young adults.
Interaction of initial seedling diameter, fertilization and weed control on Douglas-fir growth over the first four years After Planting

Pour accelerer la croissance des plantations, on fait souvent appel a des techniques telles que l'emploi de plants plus gros, la fertilisation ou le controle de la vegetation concurrente pendant plusieurs annees. Nous avons evalue ces techniques au moyen de dispositifs factoriels avec repetitions installes dans deux stations de l'ouest de l'Etat de Washington aux USA. On a teste les options suivantes : deux categories de plants pour leurs dimensions, fertilisation a la plantation et l'annee suivante, et deux ou trois ans de controle de la vegetation concurrente. Aucune interaction significative entre traitements n'a pu etre mise en evidence. Tous les traitements agissant sur la croissance du Douglas le font de maniere additive. La quatrieme annee, les gains de volume des tiges sont les plus eleves avec le materiel vegetal initial le plus gros. Avec des plants dont le diametre au collet est de 2 mm plus eleve, on obtient la quatrieme annee des gains sur le volume de tige de 35 et 43 %. Les traitements de fertilisation utilises se sont traduits par des gains au depart, mais de courte duree. Le controle de la vegetation de la troisieme annee n'a pas eu d'effet observable sur le volume des tiges de la quatrieme annee ou sur la croissance en volume des annees trois et quatre.
Distribution of DHPS mutations among ITS subtypes of P. carinii f. sp. hominis.

 Corresponding author: Steven R. Meshnick – Telephone 734-647-2406; Fax: 734-764-3192; Email: meshnick@umich.edu J Eukaryot Microbiol, vol 48, Supplement, Jan/Feb 2002 issue. The IWOP7 Proceedings will still have a 2001 publication date. Sulfa drugs are widely used in the prophylaxis and treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Co-trimoxazole, the first-line agent, is a combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim but functions as sulfa monotherapy since P. carinii is apparently insensitive to trimethoprim. Dapsone, a sulfone, is a commonly used second-line agent. Both sulfamethoxazole and dapsone act by binding to dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) (reviewed in references [2, 19]) (Fig. 1). Sulfa-resistant Pneumocystis carinii may be an emerging public health problem. However, since in vitro cultivation of human-derived organisms is not possible, molecular tools for determining resistance are needed. Genetic polymorphisms in the P. carinii DHPS were first reported in 1997 [11]. Two of the mutations, at positions 55 and 57, appear to be in the enzyme active site (Fig. 1, based on the E. coli structure [1]; MMDB id: 7741; PDB id: 1AJ0). These mutations have been associated with sulfa exposure, prophylaxis break-through, or treatment failure [4, 7, 9-11, 13-15, 18].
Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in the surgical patient: a prospective analysis of 73 postoperative patients who developed Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia at a tertiary care facility.

Abstract Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause of infection and bacteremia in the postoperative patient. Unfortunately, there have been no prospective studies evaluating these patients, so the incidence of complications, subsequent treatment algorithms, and prognosis remain undefined. The objectives of this prospective study of postoperative Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) were to define the primary sources of bacteremia and to identify the common complications of SAB in the postoperative setting. Methods: A registry was developed into which 309 consecutive adult patients with SAB were prospectively enrolled between September 1994 and December 1996. Seventy-three of these patients (23.6%) developed SAB in the postoperative setting. Results: Analysis of the clinical features of these 73 postoperative patients revealed three important results. First, infective endocarditis is surprisingly common in postoperative patients with SAB and the classical stigmata of endocarditis are often absent. Transesophageal echocardiography was performed in 31 of 73 patients; 10 of these patients (32.3%) met Duke Criteria for definite endocarditis, but only 3 of these patients had vegetations detected by transthoracic echocardiography, and only 2 patients had peripheral stigmata of infective endocarditis. mSecond, the development of SAB after cardiothoracic surgery was strongly associated with underlying S. aureus mediastinitis. Twenty-one of the 23 patients who developed SAB after median sternotomy had mediastinitis (positive predictive value 91.3%). In many cases, the diagnosis of mediastinitis was not apparent when SAB was detected. Third, complications, relapses, and mortality were high in postoperative patients with SAB. Fourteen of 73 patients (19.2%) developed multiple noncardiac metastatic complications, including metastatic abscesses (5), septic emboli (3), pneumonia or empyema (2), septic arthritis (1), epidural abscess (1), and other metastatic foci (7). Twelve of 73 patients (16.4%) had recurrent staphylococcal infection after treatment of their first episode of SAB, including 8 patients (11.0%) with recurrent bacteremia. Of patients who survived, those with recurrent staphylococcal infection were more likely to have an infected surgical wound than were patients who were cured of infection (p = 0.05). Finally, mortality attributable to SAB (11.0%), and all-cause mortality (21.9%), was high. Conclusions: SAB in the postoperative setting is often a severe disease with high morbidity and mortality. A thorough diagnostic evaluation is indicated in surgical patients with S. aureus bacteremia to ensure the early detection of metastatic infections such as infective endocarditis and to define foci such as mediastinitis requiring surgical intervention.
Via hole, bond wire and shorting pin modeling for multi-layered circuits

This paper presents a full-wave spectral-domain analysis to model generalized three-dimensional circuits for multilayered structures. To describe properly the current along the vertical post, such as via holes, bond wires and shorting pins, etc., the simple pulse function is used in the procedure of the moment method. Several numerical techniques are applied to improve the evaluation of matrix elements. Comparison of numerical results with experimental and available analytical data shows good agreement. >
Stability of digital control systems implemented in error-recoverable computers

Safety-critical, real-time applications make use of fault-tolerant digital control systems to achieve their performance goals. Even though these digital control systems are fault-tolerant, they are susceptible to errors induced by common-mode faults, since these errors cannot be masked by standard redundancy provisions. Such errors can be handled by special error correction mechanisms, which could require stopping the control law computations while the errors are removed. Thus, the effect of these special error recovery mechanisms on digital control systems needs to be understood. This paper presents a comprehensive study of the effect of three error recovery mechanisms–rollback, reset and cold restart–on the stability of digital closed-loop control systems. The effect of the faults, detected and handled by these error recovery mechanisms, on the digital control system is modelled by a set of interference maps. It is assumed that the arrival and departure of common-mode faults can be represented by a Mark...