cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eradication of disseminated murine leukemia by chemoimmunotherapy with cyclophosphamide and adoptively transferred immune syngeneic Lyt-1+2- lymphocytes

The phenotype of T cells therapeutically effective in immunotherapy of advanced Friend virus-induced (FBL) leukemia in vivo and cytotoxic to FBL in vitro was determined. Mice bearing disseminated FBL leukemia were successfully treated by a combination of cyclophosphamide and adoptive transfer of syngeneic immune lymphocytes. Therapeutic efficacy was largely dependent on the presence of Lyt-1+2- T cells in the transferred cells, whereas cells cytotoxic to FBL tumor in vitro were derived from the Lyt-1+2+ and Lyt-1-2+ subsets. Thus, the predominate cell required to eradicate tumor in adoptive chemoimmunotherapy was not cytolytic to tumor in vitro. Potentially, the Lyt-1+2- cell may operate in vivo as an amplifier cell rather than by a direct anti-tumor effect. Elimination of the Lyt-1+ population with alpha-Lyt-1 and complement prevented the generation of significant cytotoxic responses during both primary in vitro sensitization to alloantigens and in vitro sensitization of tumour-primed cells. The capacity of Lyt-1+ cell-depleted population to generate cytotoxic responses was partially reconstituted by addition, at the initiation of culture, of interluekin 2, a T cell growth factor derived from Lyt-1+2- cells, which contain the CTL and CTL precursors, were nearly as effective in vitro as unseparated immune cells. If the remaining effector cells (i.e., Lyt-1+2- T cells) function in vivo predominantly as amplifier cells, than the tumour-bearing host must be capable of making a positive contribution to the outcome of therapy.
Solitary waves incident on a submerged horizontal plate

AbstractWave scattering of a solitary wave traveling over a submerged horizontal plate was studied. Experiments for normal incidence were conducted in a wave flume, with a horizontal plate suspended at two different depths in the middle of the flume. Gauge pressures above and underneath the plate, surface elevations on and near the plate, and flow velocities at three representative fields of view were measured. The flow underneath the plate was found to behave almost like a plug flow, driven by the time-dependent, spatially uniform pressure gradient between the two openings. Complex vortices formed near the two edges of the plate as the plate acted like a flow divider. A numerical model based on two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations was used to confirm the main features captured by the experimental measurements. Analytical solutions based on the linear long wave theory, which admits a soliton-like impulse wave solution, were also derived. The linear theory was applicable for obliquely incident impulse w...
Comparison of Biobrane and Scarlet Red dressings for treatment of donor site wounds.

• Two methods of autograft donor site management were tested in 31 patients with burn injuries. Two donor sites of equivalent size were respectively covered with Biobrane and Scarlet Red, two commercial dressing materials available for donor wound coverage. Pain, the amount and type of exudate developing underneath the dressing, adherence, and cellulitis were evaluated on a daily basis, and healing time was determined. Biobrane proved superior to Scarlet Red with respect to control of pain, accumulation of exudate, and healing time; the materials were equal with regard to adherence to the wound, the character of exudate, and the appearance of cellulitis. ( Arch Surg 1985;120:743-745)
A real-time programmable joint transform correlator

Abstract A real-time programmable joint transform correlator (PJTC) utilizing a magneto-optic device (MOD) with a liquid crystal light value (LCLV) is presented. Object functions to be correlated are written into a light MOD with a programmable microcomputer, as input signals. Real-time correlation is taken place by a LCLV, as a square low detector, with a coherent read out. Cross correlation between the input functions can be obtained through the inverse Fourier transform of the read-out coherent illumination. A brief discussion of the proposed PJTC and a few experimental results are provided.
Direct numerical method for an inverse problem of hyperbolic equations

A coefficient inverse problem of the one-dimensional hyperbolic equation with overspecified boundary conditions is solved by the finite difference method. The computation is carried out in the x direction instead of the usual t direction. The original boundary condition and the overspecified boundary data are used as the new initial conditions, and the original data at t = 0 are used to compute the coefficient directly. The computation time used by this scheme is almost equal to that for solving the hyperbolic equation in the same region once, even though the inverse problem is essentially nonlinear and hence more difficult to solve. An error estimate is obtained that guarantees the stability of the scheme marching in the x direction. Several numerical experiments are carried out to show the convergence and other properties of the scheme. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Metabolism of lactic, succinic and acrylic acids by rumen microorganisms from sheep fed sulfur-adequate and sulfur-deficient diets.

Abstract The metabolism of rumen microorganism from sheep fed sulfur-adequate and sulfur-deficient purified diets was studied using [2- 14 C]lactate, [2- 14 C]succinate and acrylate as substrates. The distribution of radioactivity in acetate, propionate, butyrate and valerate produced by these organisms from [2- 14 C]lactate and the conversion of succinate and acrylate to propionate was determined. The distribution of radioactivity in propionate indicated that as much as 30% of the lactate was converted to propionate via the acrylate pathway by the microorganisms from the sheep fed the sulfur-adequate diet, but little, if any, lactate was converted to propionate via the acrylate pathway by the microorganisms from the sheep fed the sulfur-deficient diet. The acetate produced from [2- 14 C]lactate was carboxyl labeled. The specific activity of butyrate and valerate produced from [2- 14 C]lactate was twice that of the carboxyl carbon. The microorganisms from the sulfur-adequate sheep, but not those from the sulfur-deficient sheep, hydrogenated acrylate.
The Influence of Parental Factors on Therapist Adherence in Multi-systemic Therapy

Therapist treatment adherence has received a great deal of attention in recent years, in part because of its relation to treatment outcomes. Although certain therapist behaviors have been found to be associated with treatment outcomes, little is known about client factors impacting on therapists’ ability to adhere to treatment protocols. In this study, we evaluated effects of parental beliefs, psychopathology, and interaction styles on therapists’ adherence to Multi-systemic Therapy (MST) principles. Eighty-two parents participating in a clinical trial of MST completed baseline measures assessing psychopathology, family functioning, and treatment expectations. Analyses indicated that parental perceptions of therapist adherence were established within the first 4 weeks of treatment, and that parental psychopathology, motivation, expectations, and child rearing practices were related to parental ratings of therapist adherence. Results were essentially unchanged when controlling for parental positive response style. Clinical and research implications of the findings are discussed.
Cefuroxime Hydrolysis Kinetics and Stability Predictions in Aqueous Solution

Cefuroxime hydrolysis rate constants (k) were determined to predict the degradation rate of cefuroxime in aqueous solution as a function of pH, temperature, and buffer. At constant temperature, the pH-rate expression was: k = kH(aH+) + ks1f1 + ks2f2 + kOH(a OH −), where f1 is the anionic fraction of cefuroxime in the undissociated form and f2 is the anionic fraction, kH and kOH are the catalytic rate constants for hydrogen activity (aH +) and hydroxyl ion activity (a OH −), and ks1 and kS2 are first-order rate constants for spontaneous hydrolysis. Formate, acetate, phosphate, and borate buffers did not catalyze degradation. Temperature dependencies for kH, kS1, kS2, and kOH were described with values for A (pre-exponential term) and E (energy of activation) calculated from k = Ae− EIRT (where R is 1.987 cal/mol-deg and T is absolute temperature). Combining the pH and temperature equations allowed predictions for cefuroxime hydrolysis rates in aqueous solutions at any pH and temperature. Results were validated by predicting the observed rate constants for every experimental condition and also for a reconstituted commercial product stored at 30 °C. Maximum stability was observed in the pH-independent region from pH 4 to 7, where the time during which cefuroxime concentration exceeded 90% of its initial concentration at 25 °C was 1.2 days. Rate constants employed in predictions were based on stability-indicating HPLC assays. For selected conditions, additional rate constants were calculated from changes in cefuroxime UV absorbance. These UV constants did not consistently agree with the k values obtained with HPLC assays or with either of the rate constants determined for loss of cefuroxime to descarbamoyl cefuroxime or to the competing route, which is primarily β-lactam hydrolysis.
Observations on the Determination of Uranium in Waters by Direct Current Argon Plasma Emission Spectrometry

Abstract This paper reports observations on the determination of uranium in ground and mine waters by direct current argon plasma emission spectrometry. An enhancement effect due to different concentrations of six sodium salts and calcium nitrate was characterized. When the salt concentration of the waters was greater than the aqueous uranium standards, an erroneous uranium signal was found. The method of standard additions showed that direct calibration with aqueous uranium standards containing 0.05M sodium acetate was satisfactory. The use of matrix matched uranium standards is recommended to compensate for large enhancements in the uranium emission signal that may result from the presence of naturally occurring salts. Concentrations of uranium in ground waters ranged from 5 ppm to 16 ppm depending on sampling site and in mine waters from 2 ppm to several hundred ppm.
Noninvasive monitoring of renal transplant function by analysis of beta2-microglobulin

Beta 2 -microglobulin (β 2 M) is a low molecular weight (11,800 daltons) globular protein detected on the cell membrane of all nucleated cells, including lymphocytes, where it is associated with the glycoproteins of the major histocompatibility complex. With a small sized Stokes radius, 16 Å, and a sieving coefficient of 0.7 to 1.0, β 2 M diffuses freely between intra- and extravascular space and is freely filtered through the glomerular basement membrane, then reabsorbed (99.9%) and degraded by the proximal tubular cells. The kidney, the major site of the catabolism of β 2 M [1, 2], can extract and metabolize β 2 M even in the absence of glomerular filtration [3, 4]. Under normal circumstances, cellular synthesis, release, and catabolism of this protein varies little in an individual. Although certain inflammatory, immunologic, and neoplastic disorders can produce elevated serum levels in patients with normal renal function, the usual cause of an elevation in serum beta 2 -microglobulin (sβ 2 M) is renal insufficiency. Because of these properties, β 2 M is an excellent indicator of GFR [1]. Moreover, in patients with recent kidney allografts who pass scanty amounts of urine, continued clearance of β 2 M from the plasma may be taken as evidence of graft viability [3, 4]. These properties permit an analysis of the utility of sβ 2 M measurements as a noninvasive laboratory assessment of renal transplant status. At present, serum creatinine (sCr) is the standard, noninvasive test available to evaluate renal function. However, creatinine values can lag behind the histologic changes observed in the rejection process and are of no use during hemodialysis or in the presence of postsurgical acute renal failure. The purpose, then, of this study was to explore the relationship between sCr and β 2 M serum concentrations and to evaluate the utility of monitoring transplant function with sβ 2 M. We found a strong correlation between β 2 M serum concentration and sCr, that a rise in sβ 2 M heralded the diagnosis of transplant rejection, and that continued clearance of sβ 2 M in the absence of excretory renal function supported a diagnosis of postsurgical acute renal failure.
Hydrolysis of sodium borohydride with steam

Abstract The reaction of sodium borohydride with steam produces hydrogen gas and a hydrated solid. Unlike the reaction in liquid water, up to 95% yield of hydrogen is obtained with pure steam without a catalyst. Liquid promoters (methanol and acetic acid) at concentrations of 1 mol% do not enhance the reaction rate, although acetic acid improves the hydrogen yield slightly.
A new method for measuring the neutron-induced background in BGO Compton-suppressed Ge detectors applied to in-beam γ-ray studies

Abstract A method for measuring the response of intrinsic Ge detectors equipped with bismuth germanate (BGO) anti-Compton shields to evaporation neutrons is presented.
Toxicity of imidacloprid to Galendromus occidentalis, Neoseiulus fallacis and Amblyseius andersoni (Acari: Phytoseiidae) from hops in Washington State, USA.

The toxicity of systemic and spray formulations of imidacloprid to Galendromus occidentalis Nesbitt, Neoseiulus fallacis Garman and Amblyseius andersoni (Chant) from hop yards in Washington State was evaluated in laboratory bioassays. The field rate of imidacloprid for hop aphids (0.13 g a.i. l) was highly toxic (100% mortality) to G.occidentalis and N. fallacis but less so (35.6% mortality) to A. andersoni. Half and quarter rates were also highly toxic to G. occidentalis and N. fallacis (79.5–100% mortality) but again had lower toxicity to A. andersoni (8.2–31.3% mortality). Systemic toxicity (via consumption of spider mite motiles feeding on leaf discs cut from imidacloprid-treated (0.13 g a.i. l) dwarf bean plants) was also high for G. occidentalis (98.3% mortality), as was toxicity from dried residues (93–98% mortality). Residual toxicity to N. fallacis was also high (89% mortality). The significance of these results for biological control of spider mites in hops and other crops is discussed.
Mechanisms for Adjusting Interaural Time Differences to Achieve Binaural Coincidence Detection

Understanding binaural perception requires detailed analyses of the neural circuitry responsible for the computation of interaural time differences (ITDs). In the avian brainstem, this circuit consists of internal axonal delay lines innervating an array of coincidence detector neurons that encode external ITDs. Nucleus magnocellularis (NM) neurons project to the dorsal dendritic field of the ipsilateral nucleus laminaris (NL) and to the ventral field of the contralateral NL. Contralateral-projecting axons form a delay line system along a band of NL neurons. Binaural acoustic signals in the form of phase-locked action potentials from NM cells arrive at NL and establish a topographic map of sound source location along the azimuth. These pathways are assumed to represent a circuit similar to the Jeffress model of sound localization, establishing a place code along an isofrequency contour of NL. Three-dimensional measurements of axon lengths reveal major discrepancies with the current model; the temporal offset based on conduction length alone makes encoding of physiological ITDs impossible. However, axon diameter and distances between Nodes of Ranvier also influence signal propagation times along an axon. Our measurements of these parameters reveal that diameter and internode distance can compensate for the temporal offset inferred from axon lengths alone. Together with other recent studies, these unexpected results should inspire new thinking on the cellular biology, evolution, and plasticity of the circuitry underlying low-frequency sound localization in both birds and mammals.
Developing information technology specializations in growing IS environment areas

As more and more businesses outsource information systems (IS) and information technology (IT) functionality, enrollments in college computer related programs in the U.S. will likely decline. A 2005 Gartner, Inc. report predicts that by 2010 information technology and/or information systems (IS/T) departments in mid-sized and large companies will be one-third smaller than they were in 2000. They further predict that, in order to keep their jobs, employees currently affiliated with an IS/T job function group in these companies will have to reorient themselves in roles that revolve around the relationships among business process and information. As a result, the size of IS/T departments will decrease within companies whose core business is not IS/T, and departments whose focus is a business process will take on more functions that once were the realm of IS/T. The National Workforce Center for Emerging Technologies calls this anticipated organizational shift "IT infusion into other disciplines". Successful members of an IS/T infused business environment will have to be fluent in the conceptual bases behind core IS/T implementations and will also have to have a solid understanding of the processes of the core business. There may be no entry-level in-house training ground where freshly minted IS/T graduates can learn the core business while "doing IT". Since college educators in professional programs partly measure their success based on employment statistics of their graduates, they need to respond by quickly finding a way to prepare their students for a core business. This paper will examine a strategy that is being implemented by one program in an urban research university. The strategy requires streamlining the commodity information technology content of the program in order to make room for specializations that focus on a core business. Of the core business specializations being considered at the institution reporting, some are being considered elsewhere and some are more unique.
Classes of Copenhagen interpretations: Mechanisms of collapse as typologically determinative

Abstract The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics is the dominant view of the theory among working physicists, if not philosophers. There are, however, several strains of Copenhagenism extant, each largely accepting Born's assessment of the wave function as the most complete possible specification of a system and the notion of collapse as a completely random event. This paper outlines three of these sub-interpretations, typing them by what the author of each names as the trigger of quantum-mechanical collapse. Visions of the theory from von Neumann, Heisenberg, and Wheeler offer different mechanisms to break the continuous, deterministic, superposition-laden quantum chain and yield discrete, probabilistic, classical results in response to von Neumann's catastrophe of infinite regress.
The nature and composition of amorphous material and free oxides in some temperate region and tropical soils

Abstract Amorphous clay separated from pedons of a highly weathered soil previously classified as Oxisol and an Ultisol of the Southern States and, from the surface horizons of an Oxisol and two Andepts of the tropics were studied by chemical, DTA, infrared and X‐ray analysis. Considerable amounts of amorphous material, 20–37% in temperate region and 29–40% in tropical soils, were extracted by differential dissolution using 0.5 N NaOH. The molar SiO2/Al2O3 ratios of the dissolved material varied from sesquioxidic to siliceous (0.36–9.1) in temperate region soils, whereas those of the Andepts were allophonic (1.5–1.7). DTA and infrared analysis confirmed these results, however the strong gibbsite peaks in the X‐ray analysis of temperate region soils suggested that the aluminum fraction dissolved was in part, if not all, crystalline in nature. Indications were obtained with DTA and infrared that Na‐dithionite treatment might have altered the nature of the clay.
Computer-aided design for custom integrated systems

The computer-aided design (CAD) system described herein was developed to aid in the design of digital systems to be implemented by custom integrated circuits (CIC) and multi-chip hybrid custom integrated systems (CIS). The terms MSI/LSI are avoided here due to the general confusion which exists in the literature as to what constitutes an MSI/LSI circuit. The CAD system philosophy is that each CIC is implemented from a selected set of "library elements". This design approach results in some size inefficiencies, compared with manual designs, but provides many advantages, of which flexibility and a shortened design cycle are the most important. This CAD system captures fundamental design information in a machine-readable form early in the design process, thus maximizing potential computer assistance and minimizing costly and time-consuming errors. This paper contains an overview of the complete CAD system, highlighting its more distinctive features. The complete system has been operational on a 360/30 for several months, and specific experiences with it can therefore be discussed.
Amperometric Readout and Electrode Array Chip for Bioelectrochemical Sensors

As nanostructured bioelectronic interfaces continue to evolve for sensor applications, new readout circuits are needed to harness their capabilities. This paper presents a single-chip amperometric readout circuit and electrode array system suitable for bioelectrochemical measurements. The chip features a CMOS potentiostat with high resolution, range-programmable current readout and electrochemical cell potential drive circuitry, which can perform on-chip chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry assays. Through post-CMOS fabrication, the surface of the chip is prepared with an array of electrodes suitable for formation of bioelectronic interfaces and on-chip bioelectrochemical measurements. The 3times3mm2 chip nominally hosts a 4times4 working electrode array and supports amperometric outputs ranging from 10pA to 10muA with sub-pA resolution.
Polarization correction and extension of the Kennaugh-Cosgriff target-ramp response equation to the bistatic case and applications to electromagnetic inverse scattering

An analytical time-domain expression derived by Kennaugh (1967) for the early time impulse response for smooth, convex, perfectly conducting scatterers under the physical optics approximation for the bistatic case is reinterpreted. The physical optics bistatic early time impulse responses can be interpreted as cross-sectional areas of the scatterer. A crude polarization correction to the leading edge of the physical optics impulse response is obtained for the bistatic case, leading to a simple asymptotic relation between the specular principal curvature difference and certain co-polarized phase terms in the bistatic scattering matrix. Applications to direct scattering are discussed. Profile reconstruction from bistatic data with a priori knowledge of the validity range of physical optics in the time domain is proposed and tested with the sphere. >
Robust transaction routing in distributed database systems

In this paper, we examine the issue of robust transaction routing in distributed database systems. A class of dynamic routing strategies which use estimated response times to make routing decisions is studied in details. Since response time estimation and decision making depend on the assumed transaction model and parameters, it is important to examine the robustness or sensitivity to the inaccuracy in the assumptions and parameter values. Through simulations, we find that the dynamic routing strategy based strictly on response time is too aggressive in sharing loads and makes too many non-preferred system routings. It is robust with respect to change in the number of database calls per transaction, but is relatively sensitive to the distribution of database calls. Two refinements are proposed which improve system performance as well as robustness of routing decisions.
Microbial Keratitis in Childhood

Background: Microbial keratitis occurs infrequently in childhood. The leading ocular predisposing factors are trauma and preexisting corneal disease. Many of the agerelated risk factors in adults play a minor role in children. Methods: The authors retrospectively studied 51 eyes with ulcerative keratitis in 50 children younger than 16 years of age. This includes all patients treated at Bascom Palmer Eye Institute during an 11 1/2-year period from January 1, 1980, to June 30, 1991. The criterion for inclusion in the study was a discharge diagnosis of microbial (nonviral) keratitis. Results: The principal risk factors identified in this study were trauma (44%), prior corneal surgery (24%), systemic illness (14%), and contact lens wear (12%). Systemic illness or an immunocompromised state existed in 7 (47%) of the 15 children younger than 3 years of age. There was a large male preponderance (68%). Forty-four (86.3%) of the 51 eyes were culture-positive; six (11.7%) were polymicrobial. Five of seven culture-negative patients had received prior topical antibiotic therapy. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (34%), Staphylococcus aureus (20%), and fungi (18%) were the most common organisms isolated. Seven (14%) eyes required surgery. Conclusion: This study presents important differentiating factors between adult and childhood nonviral microbial keratitis. Identification of principal risk factors in children may aid in early recognition and treatment of microbial keratitis.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Video Instruction on Social and Communication Skills Training for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review of the Literature.

Video instruction as an intervention for teaching skills to children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is gaining increased momentum in applied settings. Video instruction, comprised of video modeling, video self-modeling, and point-ofview video, has been utilized in various fields of study with various populations and target behaviors. Literature on video instruction will be reviewed to determine its effects on the acquisition and generalization of social and communication skills for students with ASD in order to determine whether empirical findings support video instruction as an evidence-based practice. Guidelines for effective implementation of video instruction strategies for students with ASD and recommendations for further research will be provided.
Morphologic dating of fluvial terrace scarps and fault scarps near West Yellowstone, Montana

Analysis of fault and fluvial terrace scarps in the West Yellowstone Basin south of Hebgen Lake, Montana, indicates that, during degradation, the gradient of the scarp face and the curvatures of the basal concavity and crestal convexity of the scarp face decrease (become more rounded) with time. The pattern of degradation is identical with that predicted by a simple analytical model for degradation by creep, in which the change in elevation at a point on a hillslope is proportional to the curvature of the profile at that point. The model therefore provides the basis for morphologic dating, a technique for determining the age of a scarp by the extent to which its initial morphology has been degraded. In order to date a scarp, the coefficient of proportionality, c , must be known. The technique is probably not suitable for use on hillslopes degraded by processes other than creep. Both the potential and the limitations of morphologic dating are demonstrated via measurements of a sequence of terrace scarps along the Madison River. The calculated relative ages are in agreement with the known relative ages, despite the fact that the gradient of the youngest scarp is significantly less than that of the older scarps. To calculate an absolute morphologic age, c must be derived from analysis of a scarp of known age having the same aspect, must be underlain by the same material, and must be within the same climatic zone as the scarp to be dated. In the West Yellowstone Basin, a value of c = 2.00 ± 0.38 × 10 −3 m 2 /yr was calculated from a minimum date of 7100 ± 50 yr B.P. determined by radiocarbon dating for one of the terrace scarps. Scarps formed by normal faulting in the West Yellowstone Basin are much more difficult to date than are terrace scarps, because of the possible complexity of their initial morphology. Fault scarps formed during the 1959 Yellowstone earthquake commonly consist of an assemblage of two or more smaller scarps or are superimposed on preexisting scarps formed by one or more previous faulting events. By using a selective sampling procedure, however, one can screen out these fault scarps. In this way, it was possible to determine an age of 2,800 ± 1,100 yr for a pre-1959 fault scarp in the West Yellowstone Basin. Because the fault and terrace scarps in the West Yellowstone area do not vary significantly in height, the morphologic dating technique proposed earlier by Nash (1980a) cannot be applied to them. The substantially modified procedure developed for the present study does not require a wide range of heights for each scarp to be dated; it can be performed using a relatively small number of scarp profiles if c is known. It is easy to use, and, when used with considerable care, it is reasonably accurate (±36%–59% in this study). It is potentially applicable to scarps in other areas.
Modal analysis of PbSe-clad optical waveguides

A four-layer air-PbSe-BaF2-CaF2 structure has been analysed as an optical waveguide at a free space wavelength of 3.4 µm. The structure was found to preserve the unique properties of the more general semiconductor-clad optical waveguides. The critical values of PbSe thickness that lead to regions of selectively high and low attenuation were accurately determined. Field distribution plots were generated and used extensively to explain these effects. Calculations of the coupling coefficients data indicates that the PbSe-clad optical waveguide can be used efficiently in a number of different applications, such as polarisers, optical modulators and IR photodetectors.
Beyond Language: The Many Dimensions of an ESL Program

This ethnographic study investigated one English-as-a-second-language (ESL) program for elementary students with as many as 20 native languages represented. The article outlines different dimensions of this language program that are conducive to language-minority students learning how to succeed in schools. Segments of conversations and narrative vignettes collected during a year-long ethnographic study illustrate the pedagogical assumptions, instructional goals, and organizational arrangements of this ESL program.
Shh-Bmp2 signaling module and the evolutionary origin and diversification of feathers.

To examine the role of development in the origin of evolutionary novelties, we investigated the developmental mechanisms involved in the formation of a complex morphological novelty—branched feathers. We demonstrate that the anterior-posterior expression polarity of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2) in the primordia of feathers, avian scales, and alligator scales is conserved and phylogenetically primitive to archosaurian integumentary appendages. In feather development, derived patterns of Shh-Bmp2 signaling are associated with the development of evolutionarily novel feather structures. Longitudinal Shh-Bmp2 expression domains in the marginal plate epithelium between barb ridges provide a prepattern of the barbs and rachis. Thus, control of Shh-Bmp2 signaling is a fundamental component of the mechanism determining feather form (i.e., plumulaceous vs. pennaceous structure). We show that Shh signaling is necessary for the formation and proper differentiation of a barb ridge and that it is mediated by Bmp signaling. BMP signaling is necessary and sufficient to negatively regulate Shh expression within forming feather germs and this epistatic relationship is conserved in scale morphogenesis. Ectopic SHH and BMP2 signaling leads to opposing effects on proliferation and differentiation within the feather germ, suggesting that the integrative signaling between Shh and Bmp2 is a means to regulate controlled growth and differentiation of forming skin appendages. We conclude that Shh and Bmp signaling is necessary for the formation of barb ridges in feathers and that Shh and Bmp2 signaling constitutes a functionally conserved developmental signaling module in archosaur epidermal appendage development. We propose a model in which branched feather form evolved by repeated, evolutionary re-utilization of a Shh-Bmp2 signaling module in new developmental contexts. Feather animation Quicktime movies can be viewed at http://fallon.anatomy.wisc.edu/feather.html. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 294:160–176, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
State Estimation for Micro Air Vehicles

Autopilots for small UAVs are generally equipped with low fidelity sen- sors that make state estimation challenging. In addition, the sensor suite does not include units that measure angle-of-attack and side-slip angles. The achievable flight performance is directly related to the quality of the state estimates. Unfortunately, the computational resources on-board a small UAV are generally limited and pre- clude large state Kalman filters that estimate all of the states and sensor biases. In this chapter we describe simple models for the sensors typically found on-board small UAVs. We also describes a simple cascaded approach to state estimation that has been extensively flight tested using the Kestrel autopilot produced by Procerus Technologies. Our intention is to provide a tutorial of continuous-discrete Kalman filtering with application to state estimation for small UAVs. High fidelity estimates of the position, velocity, attitude, and angular rates are critical for successful guidance and control of intelligent UAVs. The achiev- able fidelity of the state estimates depends upon the quality of the sensors on-board the UAV. Unfortunately, high quality sensors are usually heavy and expensive. This is particularly true for sensors that directly measure the atti- tude of the UAV. In this chapter we focus on the problem of state estimation using light weight, inexpensive, low quality sensors. In doing so, our target platforms are small and micro air vehicles with limited payload capacity. In recent years, several autopilots for small UAVs have appeared on the commercial market. These include the Procerus Kestrel (4), the Cloudcap Piccolo (2), and the Micropilot MP2028 (3). Each of these autopilots use the following sensors: • rate gyros, • accelerometers, • pressure sensors, and • GPS.
Investigations into the mechanism of lead toxicity to the freshwater pulmonate snail, Lymnaea stagnalis

The freshwater pulmonate snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, is the most sensitive aquatic organism tested to date for Pb with an estimated EC20 for juvenile snail growth of 3 μg l⁻¹. A previous study supported the hypothesis that this hypersensitivity to Pb was due to an extremely high Ca²⁺ uptake rate needed to support shell formation. The current study sought to build upon this working hypothesis and develop a mechanistic predictive model for inhibition of snail growth as a function of Pb exposure. Initial experiments confirmed previous predictions that juvenile snails have net Ca²⁺ uptake rates of 7000-8000 nmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹, approximately 100-fold higher than observed in a typical freshwater fish. However, an initial time course study revealed that the onset of growth inhibition occurs at least 4d prior to inhibition of net Ca²⁺ flux in Pb-exposed snails indicating the latter is not the primary mechanism of action. Qualitative observations during this experiment indicated snail feeding was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. A subsequent experiment demonstrated that when food is withheld from snails for even 24 h, net Ca²⁺ uptake is significantly (∼50%) reduced. A second time course study demonstrated quantitatively that snail feeding is inhibited by Pb exposure by up to 98% at relatively high Pb concentrations (57 μg l⁻¹) but no inhibition was observed at ≤ 10 μg l⁻¹ Pb indicating feeding inhibition is not causing observed growth effects at concentrations approximating the EC20 of 3 μg l⁻¹ Pb. A final experiment testing whether Pb-induced growth effects are related to inhibition of carbonic anhydrase activity in the snail mantle also failed to demonstrate an effect. We conclude that while both feeding and net Ca²⁺ uptake in snails are affected by Pb exposure, they appear to be secondary effects. The primary mechanism of action explaining L. stagnalis hypersensitivity to Pb remains to be identified.
Data-driven exploration of musical chord sequences

We present data-driven methods for supporting musical creativity by capturing the statistics of a musical database. Specifically, we introduce a system that supports users in exploring the high-dimensional space of musical chord sequences by parameterizing the variation among chord sequences in popular music. We provide a novel user interface that exposes these learned parameters as control axes, and we propose two automatic approaches for defining these axes. One approach is based on a novel clustering procedure, the other on principal components analysis. A user study compares our approaches for defining control axes both to each other and to an approach based on manually-assigned genre labels. Results show that our automatic methods for defining control axes provide a subjectively better user experience than axes based on manual genre labeling.
The Strategic Use of Liberal Internationalism: Libya and the UN Sanctions, 1992–2003

The UN's sanctions against Libya became an issue of great controversy in the Security Council in the 1990s owing to competing interpretations of the central legal norms of international relations. The norms of due process, the presumption of innocence, and respect for international organizations (IOs) were defended by both sides, but for opposite ends. I use the contestation over norms and law at the Council to argue three broader themes about international politics: first, that states' perceptions about the legitimacy of international institutions is important in influencing state behavior; second, that this legitimacy creates powerful symbols in international relations that are strategically useful to states in the pursuit of their interests; and third, that the distribution of material power among states does not necessarily parallel the distribution of symbolic power, and so it is not uncommon for apparently strong states to be defeated by apparently weak ones when they fight over symbolic stakes. The norms of liberal internationalism are intersubjective resources useful in the strategic competition among states. For helpful comments on earlier drafts, I wish to thank the editors and anonymous reviewers of this journal, as well as Jose Alvarez, Stephen Brooks, Michael Doyle, Daryl Press, Henry Shue, Benjamin Valentino, Jennifer Welsh, William Wohlforth, and seminar participants at Columbia Law School, Dartmouth College, Oxford University, and ISA Montreal 2004.
Interannual Sea Level Variations in the South Pacific from 5° to 28°S

Abstract Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon/Jason-1 satellite altimeter observations for the 11-yr period from January 1993 to December 2003 show that in the South Pacific Ocean most of the interannual sea level variability in the region 5°–28°S is west of 160°W. This interannual variability is largest from about 5° to 15°S and from 155°E to 160°W, reaching a root-mean-square value of over 11 cm. Calculations show that this interannual sea level signal can be described by first and second baroclinic vertical mode Rossby waves forced by the curl of the interannual Ekman transport. This curl, which tends to be positive during El Nino and negative during La Nina, generates positive (negative) sea level anomalies during El Nino (La Nina) that increase westward in amplitude in accordance with Rossby wave dynamics. The sea level anomalies are not exactly in phase with the curl forcing because Sverdrup balance does not hold—vortex stretching also contributes to the response. East of 160°W is a large “q...
Introducing TreeClimber, a test to compare microbial community structures.

The phylogenetic and ecological complexity of microbial communities necessitates the development of new methods to determine whether two or more communities have the same structure even though it is not possible to sample the communities exhaustively. To address this need, we adapted a method used in population genetics, the parsimony test, to determine the relatedness of communities. Here we describe our implementation of the parsimony test, TreeClimber, in which we reanalyzed six previously published studies and compared the results of the analysis to those obtained using ∫-LIBSHUFF.
Synthesis of New Nitrogen Substituted Polybenzimidazoles

N1,N4-diphenyl-1,2,4,5-tetraaminobenzene was condensed with the di-acid chlorides of terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid and 2,5-pyridine-dicarboxylic acid in polar aprotic solvent to give the poly(o-phenylamino)amides which, after cyclodehydration in polyphosphoric, acid gave three new N,N’-diphenyl substituted polybenzimidazoles (PBI). The syntheses and certain of the solution and thermal properties of the PBI’s are discussed. The synthesis of three new tetraamine monomers and their related model compounds is also described.
Fitting timeseries by continuous-time Markov chains: a quadratic programming approach

Construction of stochastic models that describe the effective dynamics of observables of interest is an useful instrument in various fields of application, such as physics, climate science, and finance. We present a new technique for the construction of such models. From the timeseries of an observable, we construct a discrete-in-time Markov chain and calculate the eigenspectrum of its transition probability (or stochastic) matrix. As a next step we aim to find the generator of a continuous-time Markov chain whose eigenspectrum resembles the observed eigenspectrum as closely as possible, using an appropriate norm. The generator is found by solving a minimization problem: the norm is chosen such that the object function is quadratic and convex, so that the minimization problem can be solved using quadratic programming techniques. The technique is illustrated on various toy problems as well as on datasets stemming from simulations of molecular dynamics and of atmospheric flows.
The Potential for Formulating a Healthy Lifestyle: An Assessment of Health Instruction and the University Student.

Approximately 12 million persons are enrolled in this nation's colleges and universities. The majority of these students fall within the 18-to 22-year cohort and are often in a position, for the first time in their lives, to make frequent and unsupervised health-related decisions. Since these young adults will continue to make these decisions for the duration of their college careers, the probability that their lifestyles are at least formulated, if not established, during this time is great. The potential impact, then, of health instruction at such an opportune time for the development and maintenance of sound health behaviors is perhaps unprecedented. This article describes the need for research on the health status of members of this cohort, reviews selected research that focuses on health instruction and university students, and provides suggestions for the design offuture research.
Cardiac Memory: From Electrical Curiosity to Clinical Diagnostic and Research Tool

The term “Cardiac memory” (CM) refers to persistent changes in myocardial repolarization upon resumption of normal ventricular conduction sequence after a period of abnormal ventricular activation (such as ventricular arrhythmias, pacing, or transient conduction abnormalities) manifesting by the typical pattern of the T wave changes on the ECG. In CM T wave direction follows the direction of the preceding aberrant QRS complex.
The Catalytic Activity of Gold/Cadmium Sulfide (Au/CdS) Nanocrystals

Semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) are the building blocks for the future opto-electronic devices, and other energy-harvesting applications. Although the energy demand has been increasing, energy sources are diminishing. Hydrogen, green energy source, is used in space shuttles and other transportation means. The hydrogen production using semiconductors such as TiO2 suffers from several limitations, and hence, alterative techniques for hydrogen production are desired. Recently, photocatalysis using different nanostructures has been studied.1-6 In this project, we have studied the catalytic activity of gold/cadmium sulphide (Au/CdS) NCs to reduce protons into hydrogen qualitatively. The Au/CdS NCs absorb a large amount of visible photons due to plasmon resonance and create electron-hole pairs. The excited electrons migrate to the catalysts, and the protons are reduced while the ligands on the surface of NCs scavenge holes. Thus, photocatalysis occurs due to the energy transfer from metal to semiconductor materials. The hydrogen production using Au/CdS metal semiconductor NCs is more efficient than that of using CdS semiconductor NCs.
Memory of conspecifics in male salamanders Plethodon cinereus: Implications for territorial defense

We investigated how exposure duration (time that two individuals initially interact) and separation interval (time be- tween the initial interaction and a subsequent interaction) affect recognition memory of conspecifics in male red-backed sala- manders Plethodon cinereus. Previous studies have demonstrated that this species aggressively defends territories. We recorded aggressive behavior to assess recognition memory, because aggression is more intense toward previously unencountered indi- viduals compared to previously encountered individuals in this species. We found that with 15-min exposures and 5-day separa- tion intervals, focal males did not spend significantly more time threatening 'unfamiliar' intruders than 'familiar' intruders. After either 8-hour exposures and 5-day separation intervals and 5-day exposures and 5-day separation intervals, focal males spent sig- nificantly more time threatening unfamiliar intruders than familiar intruders. These results suggest that male red-backed salaman- ders can remember familiar conspecifics (e.g., territorial neighbors) after at least an 8-hour exposure duration and that memory persists at least as long as 5 days. After 5-day exposure and 15-day separation intervals, we found no significant difference in ag- gressive behavior toward familiar and unfamiliar intruders. Long separation intervals (15 days) may lead either to loss of memory of previously familiar individuals or, alternatively, aggressive reassessment of individuals as only a change in behavior indicates positively that memory has occurred. Thus, variance in territorial defense within an individual may depend on its ability to recog- nize conspecific males (Current Zoology 58 (3): 326-334, 2013). Keywords Individual recognition, Memory, Plethodon cinereus, Red-backed salamanders, Territoriality
Sperm Precedence in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Response to a Substerilizing Dose of Radiation

Sperm priority patterns in Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) were studied by sequentially mating females to substerilized (10 krad) and normal males. Progeny of substerilized males were identified by visible chromosomal aberrations in the testes. Sperm from irradiated males were competitive with sperm from normal males when the intermating interval of the female was 48 h, but sperm competitiveness of the irradiated male was reduced when the intermating interval of the female was 24 h. Sperm use by twicemated females did not change significantly over time after the second mating. H. zea demonstrated incomplete last-male precedence with extensive sperm mixing. Variability in the degree of sperm precedence was high, suggesting that the outcome of sperm competition within each female depends upon the relative competitiveness of all ejaculates involved.
Sustainable Fashion and Textiles: Design Journeys by Kate Fletcher (Earthscan, 2008)

(2009). Sustainable Fashion and Textiles: Design Journeys by Kate Fletcher (Earthscan, 2008) Fashion Practice: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 271-274.