cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protective Effect of High-Dose Ambroxol Hydrochloride on Lung during Surgical Treatment in Infants with Congenital Heart Disease

Objective To investigate the value of high-dose ambroxol hydrochloride in the treatment of lung protection of infants with congenital heart disease(CHD). Methods One hundred and seventy CHD infants after surgical treatment were divided into 2 groups(85 cases in ambroxol group,85 cases in control group).The patients in ambroxol group were used ambroxol hydrochloride for 5 days from operation beginning,with the dose of 20 mg·kg-1·d-1.The patients in control group did not use ambroxol hydrochloride.The lung function were investigated in the 2 groups.Before cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB),CPB over,operation over and 6 h after operation,24 h after operation,oxygen index and lung static compliance were analyzed in the 2 groups.The differences of lung infection and atelectasis rate in the 2 groups were observed.And the difference of time in ventilator auxiliary with intensive care unit(ICU) was observed. Results The rates of lung infection and atelectasis in ambroxol group were lower than those in control group(Pa0.05).Ventilator auxiliary time in ambroxol group was shorter than that in control group as the same as ICU time(Pa0.05).Oxygen index and lung static compliance had no difference between the 2 groups before operation(Pa0.05);Oxygen index and lung static compliance declined obviously after operation(CPB over,operation over and 6 h after operation,24 h after operation) in the 2 groups(Pa0.01),and oxygen index in ambroxol group was higher than that in control group(Pa0.05).The variations of lung static compliance in ambroxol group was lower than that in control group obviously after operation(Pa0.05). Conclusions Ambroxol hydrochloride can improve pulmonary function and prevent pulmonary complication in infants after operation,and can reduce the time in ventilator auxiliary with ICU.
Warum Lithium-Sauerstoff-Batterien versagen: Parasitäre chemische Reaktionen und ihr synergistischer Effekt

Als Technologie zur elektrochemischen Energiespeicherung mit der hochsten theoretischen Kapazitat sind Lithium-Sauerstoff-Batterien mit grosen Herausforderungen im Hinblick auf die schlechte Stabilitat und den geringen Round-Trip-Wirkungsgrad beim Laden/Entladen verbunden. Es ist allgemein anerkannt, dass diese Probleme mit den parasitaren chemischen Reaktionen an der Anode, im Elektrolyten und an der Kathode in Zusammenhang stehen. Wahrend die detaillierten Mechanismen dieser Reaktionen gesondert untersucht wurden, sind die moglichen synergistischen Effekte zwischen ihnen immer noch schlecht verstanden. Um diese Wissenslucke zu schliesen, behandelt dieser Kurzaufsatz Literaturberichte zu den parasitaren chemischen Reaktionen und stellt als entscheidenden chemischen Vermittler die reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies heraus, die an fast allen parasitaren chemischen Reaktionen beteiligt sind oder diese fordern. In Anbetracht des ubiquitaren Vorkommens von Sauerstoff in allen Testzellen ist diese Erkenntnis von groser Wichtigkeit. Sie liefert neue Einblicke dazu, wie verschiedene Komponenten von Lithium-Sauerstoff-Batterien fur den Hochleistungsbetrieb stabilisiert werden konnen und wie das Potenzial dieser aussichtsreichen Technologie voll ausgeschopft werden kann.
Investigating Cost-effective RF-based Detection of Drones

Beyond their benign uses, civilian drones have increasingly been used in problematic ways that have stirred concern from the public and authorities. While many anti-drone systems have been proposed to take them down, such systems often rely on a fundamental assumption that the presence of the drone has already been detected and is known to the defender. However, there is a lack of an automated cost-effective drone detection system. In this paper, we investigate a drone detection system that is designed tao autonomously detect and characterize drones using radio frequency wireless signals. In particular, two technical approaches are proposed. The first approach is active tracking where the system sends a radio signal and then listens for its reflected component. The second approach is passive listening where it receives, extracts, and then analyzes observed wireless signal. We perform a set of preliminary experiments to explore the feasibility of the approaches using WARP and USRP software-defined platforms. Our preliminary results illustrate the feasibility of the proposed system and identify the challenges for future research.
Fetal Surgery—Past, Present, and Future

Fetal surgery has been made possible by the technology evolving from the development of intrauterine transfusion. Sophisticated surveillance techniques have now resulted in the antenatal diagnosis of both morphologic and metabolic fetal abnormalities, some of which may be modified by intrauterine intervention or early delivery. This article describes the diagnostic techniques available, discusses the perinatal management of fetal abnormalities, reviews the reports of “fetal surgery” and assesses the future of this new field of medicine.
Trade, Environment and Development

The linkages between trade, environment and development remain very significant. With an ever increasing economic globalization and interdependence, these linkages assume much greater importance than in the past. These issues deserve considerably greater focus in the international trade policy regimes. The costs of neglecting these integral dependencies is to engage in misguided trading operations which can precipitate in potentially irreversible environmental and hence economic impediments to sustainability of trade. The role and limitations of trade liberalization are discussed in the next section. The environmental implications of free trade, methods of internalizing environmental costs of trade, and an integration of trade with sustainable development are among the major aspects for discussion in this chapter.
Electrocatalysis by Mass-Selected Ptn Clusters

ConspectusMass-selected Ptn+ ion deposition in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) was used to prepare a series of size-selected electrodes with Ptn (n ≤ 14) clusters supported on either glassy carbon (GC) or indium tin oxide (ITO). After characterization of the physical properties of the electrodes in UHV, an in situ method was used to study electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction and ethanol oxidation reactions, without significant air exposure. For each reaction studied, there are similarities between the catalytic properties of Ptn-containing electrodes and those of nanoparticulate or bulk Pt electrodes, but there are also important differences that provide mechanistic insights. For all systems, strong cluster size effects were observed. For comparison, select experiments were done under identical conditions but with the Ptn electrodes exposed to air prior to electrochemical studies, resulting in strong modification/suppression of catalytic activity due to adventitious contaminants.For ethanol oxidation...
Chapter 5 – Magnetopause

Publisher Summary Scientists have performed a revealing survey of dayside Magnetopause (MP) crossings by the AMPTE/IRM satellite. The variations of key plasma parameters and magnetic field in the magnetosheath region adjacent to the dayside MP has been studied. A total of 38 AMPTE/IRM passes were selected as appropriate for the study. They found that the structures of the key plasma parameters, magnetic field, and the dynamics of plasma flows in this region depend strongly on the magnetic shear across the MP, that is, on the angle between the magnetosheath magnetic field and the geomagnetic field. With low shear, ending with the low value of 30, the conditions begin to change well outside the MP indicating no solar wind interaction on the dayside MP. There is a quantum jump to high shear beginning already at 60, all the way to 180, with hardly any change. It is almost like the plasma was unaware of any obstacle at all. The fact that the magnetic field remains almost constant on approach to the high-shear MP is an indication of a significant violation of the frozen magnetic field condition somewhere at the MP that presumably leads to the transfer of flux and plasma across the MP. It is remarkable that all the high-shear magnetopauses examined in this study seem to be open, even though a signature normally associated with the openness of the magnetopause. GMR in three dimensions is based on the breakdown of magnetic connection. It opens the door so that the push of solar wind plasma is able to penetrate through the MP current, and into the LLBL, onto closed magnetic field lines.
Thinking outside the box: Innovative solutions for dairy goat management

Abstract For the geneticist or breeder, the individual animal is like a potential masterpiece resulting from years of attention to physical details and planned matings. The importance of culturing and nourishing this individual to not only reach its potential but to pass its selected genetics on to progeny is paramount. Thus, all the investment in genetic improvement is now at the mercy of management. Once the goats are in the herd on the farm and the responsibility of the farmer or farm manager, the expression and proliferation of the genotype will be strongly influenced by environmental factors. If maximum milk production per lactation were the real and only goal that could promise farm business and land sustainability, genetic selection would be easy. However, the real goal on farms is to have healthy goats that produce efficiently and are adapted to their environment. This places the development of the goat breeding program in the hands of farmers. To aid farmers in moving beyond the use of total milk production per goat as the feedback mechanism to farm sustainability, the integration of more appropriate progress indicators could include longevity (which, in humans, is estimated at 20% genetic and 80% environmental), the amount of milk or milk component production per body weight of goat, and the degree of involuntary culling.
The Moderating Effect of Store Category on the Relationship Between Corporate Social Responsibility and Customer Buying Intention: An Abstract

In this study, CSR is categorized into five domains: community support, employee support, product, environment, non-domestic operations (Sen and Bhattacharya 2001). To have a comprehensive understanding of CSR, each domain is measured and examined the relationship with customer buying intention. While the extant literature examines CSR broadly and suggest it has no influence on customer purchase behavior, our research argues that the conceptualized domains of CSR do influence customer buying intention, especially when the specific domain of CSR activities relates to customer self-interests and fits the store category (e.g., convenient store, drug store, apparel store, supermarket).
Variability of indoor fungal microbiome of green and non-green low-income homes in Cincinnati, Ohio

"Green" housing is designed to use low-impact materials, increase energy efficiency and improve occupant health. However, little is known about the indoor mycobiome of green homes. The current study is a subset of a multicenter study that aims to investigate the indoor environment of green homes and the respiratory health of asthmatic children. In the current study, the mycobiome in air, bed dust and floor dust was compared between green (study site) and non-green (control site), low-income homes in Cincinnati, Ohio. The samples were collected at baseline (within four months following renovation), and 12months after the baseline at the study site. Parallel sample collection was conducted in non-green control homes. Air samples were collected by PM2.5 samplers over 5-days. Bed and floor dust samples were vacuumed after the air sampling was completed. The DNA sample extracts were analyzed using ITS amplicon sequencing. Analysis indicated that there was no clear trend in the fungal communities between green and non-green homes. Instead, fungal community differences were greatest between sample types - air, bed, and floor. Microbial communities also changed substantially between sampling intervals in both green and non-green homes for all sample types, potentially indicating that there was very little stability in the mycobiomes. Research gaps remain regarding how indoor mycobiome fluctuates over time. Longer follow-up periods might elucidate the effect of green renovation on microbial load in buildings.
Carolina Bays and the Sewee Shell Ring Site, South Carolina: Evidence for Natural and Planned Water Gathering

Abstract Natural water gathering in two newly discovered Carolina bays, designated as Oak Bay and Pine Bay was studied. These bays and the Sewee shell ring, a planned water gathering system built by man approximately 4,100 yr BP, provided a supply of freshwater. The Sewee shell ring is positioned in the lower southeast to southwest quadrant of Oak Bay. Freshwater entered Oak Bay via rainfall, an ephemeral stream and surface flow from Pine Bay. This freshwater moved downslope into a perennial stream that originated in Oak Bay. The perennial stream then flowed into a Slough adjacent to the Sewee shell ring. Evidence indicates that a Slough shell structure, the Sewee shell ring itself, and a Ridge line sequestered this freshwater in the Slough adjacent to the shell ring. Structures designated as Upper and Middle Weirs regulated downslope flow of water from the Slough. A watercourse located within the Upper and Middle Weirs of the Sewee shell ring conducted surface freshwater from the Slough to an Arena-tank ...
The effect of prolonged hypoxia on striated muscle pH regulation.

The extracellular acid-base status of mammals exposed to low inspired PO2 for prolonged periods of time has been studied extensively (Bouverot, 1985). However, less is known regarding the intracellular acid-base status during prolonged hypoxia. In a previous study we observed that the intracellular pH of striated muscles of rats subjected to 3 weeks of hypobaric hypoxia was not significantly different from that of normoxic rats (Gonzalez and Clancy, 1986b). However, when the cells were acid-loaded by rendering the animals hypercapnic, the decreases in intracellular pH of tibialis anterior, quadriceps and diaphragm were significantly less than in hypercapnic normoxic rats. The magnitude of cell pH regulation, as measured by the apparent non-bicarbonate buffer value, ranged from 3 (tibialis anterior) to 12 (diaphragm) times greater in the hypobaric hypoxic than the normoxic animals. This augmentation of striated muscle pH regulation during hypercapnia in hypobaric hypoxic rats could result from increased physicochemical buffering and/or increased efflux of proton equivalents. The question arises as to whether augmentation of these cellular pH- regulating mechanisms resulted from intrinsic changes in the cell interior and/or the sarcolemma engendered by the prolonged hypoxia or whether extracellular factors which enhance these cellular pH-regulating mechanisms were increased to a greater extent in the hypercapnic hypoxic rats than in the hypercapnic normoxic rats. To resolve this question cell pH regulation of diaphragms from prolonged hypoxic and normoxic rats was studied under in vitro conditions. Under these conditions the contribution of extracellular factors to cell pH regulation was the same in diaphragms from hypoxic and normoxic rats. Therefore, any difference in cell pH regulation should be attributable to intrinsic changes in one or more of the cell pH-regulating mechanisms.
Biometallics/Metallomics Techniques and Applications

Metallomics is the study of metals and metal functionality in biological systems. Determination of metal abundance and moiety is integral to metallomics investigations. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) is the principal analytical tool used for metallomics, and the use of ICPMS for intrinsic metallobiomolecule determination and extrinsic metal analysis for biomolecular characterization is reviewed herein.
The Role of Intention in Maintaining Coherent Human-Computer Dialog: Two Case Studies

One of the major challenges for natural language dialog systems has always been the need to respond coherently. This paper examines the relationship between the modeling of intention and the maintenance of dialog coherency for two implemented systems. The main lesson is that developing a proper computational model for intention is absolutely crucial in being able to engage in a flexible and coherent dialog. Furthermore, at some level this model must take into account the expectations of the human conversational partner.
Moderate-Intensity Oxygen Uptake Kinetics: Is a Mono-Exponential Function Always Appropriate to Model the Response?

ABSTRACTPurpose: This study investigated the existence of the oxygen uptake () overshoot and the effects of exercise intensity and fitness status on the response during moderate-intensity exercise. Methods: Twelve “high-fitness” (Mage = 26 ± 5 years; Mheight = 184.1 ± 5.4 cm; Mbody mass = 76.6 ± 8.9 kg; mean peak oxygen uptake (peak) = 59.0 ± 3.3 mL·kg−1·min·−1) and 11 “moderate-fitness” (Mage = 29 ± 5 years; Mheight = 178.7 ± 7.5 cm; Mbody mass = 81.7 ± 10.9 kg; MVO2peak = 45.2 ± 3.1 mL·kg−1·min·−1) participants performed square-wave transitions from unloaded cycling to 3 different intensities (70%, 82.5%, and 95% of the gas exchange threshold). The data were modeled using both a mono-exponential function (Model 1) and a function that included a switch-on component (Model 2). The overshoot was computed by subtracting the steady state from the peak of the modeled response and by calculating the area of the curve that was above steady state. Results: The goodness of fit was affected by model type (p = .00...
Macular Morphology and Visual Acuity in Year Five of the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials.

Purpose To evaluate associations of morphologic features with 5-year visual acuity (VA) in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (CATT). Design Cohort study within a randomized clinical trial. Participants Participants in CATT. Methods Eyes with age-related macular degeneration–associated choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and VA between 20/25 and 20/320 were eligible. Treatment was assigned randomly to ranibizumab or bevacizumab and to 3 dosing regimens for 2 years and was at the ophthalmologists’ discretion thereafter. Main Outcome Measures Visual acuity, thickness and morphologic features on OCT, and lesion size and foveal composition on fundus photography (FP) and fluorescein angiography (FA). Results Visual acuity and image gradings were available for 523 of 914 participants (57%) alive at 5 years. At 5 years, 60% of eyes had intraretinal fluid (IRF), 38% had subretinal fluid (SRF), 36% had subretinal pigment epithelium (RPE) fluid, and 66% had subretinal hyper-reflective material (SHRM). Mean (standard deviation) foveal center thickness was 148 μm (99) for retina, 5 μm (21) for SRF, 125 μm (107) for subretinal tissue complex, 11 μm (33) for SHRM, and 103 μm (95) for RPE + RPE elevation. The SHRM, thinner retina, greater CNV lesion area, and foveal center pathology (all P Conclusions Associations between VA and morphologic features previously identified through year 1 were maintained or strengthened at year 5. New foveal scar, CNV, intraretinal fluid, SHRM and retinal thinning, development or worsening of foveal GA, and increased lesion size are important contributors to the VA decline from years 2 to 5. A significant need to develop therapies to address these adverse pathologic features remains.
A Three-Step Letter Advance Directive Procedure to Facilitate Patient-Proxy Alignment in Advance Care Planning

Background: Little is known about the extent of alignment between hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients and their healthcare proxies with respect to advance care planning (ACP). Aim: To determine if a structured three-step process using the letter advance directive (LAD) could (1) allow for the differences in opinion between patient-proxy dyads to surface and (2) help bridge preexisting discordance about specific treatment choices. Design: Blinded to each other, the HSCT patient (LAD-1) and proxy (LAD-2) each completed the LAD (step 1). They unmasked, compared LAD-1 and LAD-2, and discussed their choices (step 2). They completed a final letter directive (LAD-3) by consensus (step 3). Settings/Participants: Convenience sample of eighty dyads (patient and proxy) at a regional HSCT referral center. Results: The mean patient-proxy concordance was 72.9% for the 12 questions in the LAD. Wanting to be pain free at the end of life was the statement with the most amount of agreement (88.75% in LAD-1, 91.25% in LAD-2, and 90% in LAD-3). Patient-proxy dyads had notable discordance related to specific treatments. The highest discordance was related to ventilator support (46.3% of patients refused it, while 58.8% of proxies refused on behalf of the patient). Overall, proxies were more likely than patients to opt in for dialyses and hospice care but more likely to opt out for cardiac resuscitation and sedation to palliate refractory symptoms. On open discussion, patient-proxy discordance mostly resolved in favor of the patient. Conclusions: The ACP process should allow for patient-proxy differences to surface, facilitate a discussion about the granular details with the goal of reaching consensus. Our three-step approach using the LAD is an effective way to identify areas of patient-proxy concordance and discordance about specific treatment preferences. A structured patient-proxy discussion using the LAD helped reconcile discordance and most often in favor of a patient's original wishes.
Aerosol-OT Surfactant Forms Stable Reverse Micelles in Apolar Solvent in the Absence of Water

Normal micelle aggregates of amphiphilic surfactant in aqueous solvents are formed by a process of entropically driven self-assembly. The self-assembly of reverse micelles from amphiphilic surfactant in a nonpolar solvent in the presence of water is considered to be an enthalpically driven process. Although the formation of normal and reverse surfactant micelles has been well characterized in theory and experiment, the nature of dry micelle formation, from amphiphilic surfactant in a nonpolar solvent in the absence of water, is poorly understood. In this study, a theory of dry reverse micelle formation is developed. Variation in free energy during micelle assembly is derived for the specific case of aerosol-OT surfactant in isooctane solvent using atomistic molecular dynamics simulation analyzed using the energy representation method. The existence and thermodynamic stability of dry reverse micelles of limited size are confirmed. The abrupt occurrence of monodisperse aggregates is a clear signature of a critical micelle concentration, commonly observed in the formation of normal surfactant micelles. The morphology of large dry micelles provides insight into the nature of the thermodynamic driving forces stabilizing the formation of the surfactant aggregates. Overall, this study provides detailed insight into the structure and stability of dry reverse micelles assembly in a nonpolar solvent.
Capacity to Consent: Policies and Practices that Limit Sexual Consent for People with Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities

Consent determination is a common practice that has been championed as a logical approach (Lyden in Sex Disabil 25(1):3–20, 2007) to the sexual activity of individuals with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities. These practices are paternalistic and ineffectual, and need to be replaced with viable alternatives, such as sex-education provision. In this piece, I deconstruct the logic of this practice utilizing the case of Ashley X, contemporary research findings, an analysis provided by Perlin and Lynch (Sexuality, disability, and the law: beyond the last frontier?, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2016) and Deborah Stone’s policy analysis framework (Stone in Policy paradox: the art of political decision making, 3rd edn, Norton, New York, 2012). I argue that prevention of sexual activity is not synonymous with protection from sexual harm—and, in fact, may paradoxically cause harm to this population. I dispute the notion that people without intellectual disabilities are more equipped to make sex-related decisions for this population. Additionally, the notion of consent in this population is treated as flexible, and primarily bends to facilitate the needs of people without disabilities. I conclude with several recommendations, including a request for protective civil rights legislation to defend the sexual and relationship rights of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
Classroom indoor PM2.5 sources and exposures in inner-city schools.

Abstract Children spend over 6 h a day in schools and have higher asthma morbidity from school environmental exposures. The present study aims to determine indoor and outdoor possible sources affecting indoor PM2.5 in classrooms. Weeklong indoor PM2.5 samples were collected from 32 inner-city schools from a Northeastern U.S. community during three seasons (fall, winter and spring) during the years 2009 to 2013. Concurrently, daily outdoor PM2.5 samples were taken at a central monitoring site located at a median distance of 4974 m (range 1065–11,592 m) from the schools. Classroom indoor concentrations of PM2.5 (an average of 5.2 μg/m3) were lower than outdoors (an average of 6.5 μg/m3), and these averages were in the lower range compared to the findings in other schools' studies. The USEPA PMF model was applied to the PM2.5 components measured simultaneously from classroom indoor and outdoor to estimate the source apportionment. The major sources (contributions) identified across all seasons of indoor PM2.5 were secondary pollution (41%) and motor vehicles (17%), followed by Calcium (Ca)-rich particles (12%), biomass burning (15%), soil dust (6%), and marine aerosols (4%). Likewise, the major sources of outdoor PM2.5 across all seasons were secondary pollution (41%) and motor vehicles (26%), followed by biomass burning (17%), soil dust (7%), road dust (3%), and marine aerosols (1%). Secondary pollution was the greatest contributor to indoor and outdoor PM2.5 over all three seasons, with the highest contribution during spring with 53% to indoor PM2.5 and 45% to outdoor PM2.5. Lower contributions of this source during fall and winter are most likely attributed to less infiltration indoors. In contrast, the indoor contribution of motor vehicles source was highest in the fall (29%) and winter (25%), which was presumably categorized by a local source. From the relationship between indoor-to-outdoor sulfur ratios and each source contribution, we also estimated the local and regional influence on indoor PM2.5 concentration. Overall, the observed differences to indoor PM2.5 are related to seasonality, and the distinct characteristics and behavior of each classroom/school.
Interior Calderón–Zygmund estimates for solutions to general parabolic equations of p -Laplacian type

We study general parabolic equations of the form $$u_t = \text{ div }\,\mathbf {A}(x,t, u,D u) +\text{ div }\,(|\mathbf {F}|^{p-2} \mathbf {F})+ f$$ whose principal part depends on the solution itself. The vector field $$\mathbf {A}$$ is assumed to have small mean oscillation in x, measurable in t, Lipschitz continuous in u, and its growth in Du is like the p-Laplace operator. We establish interior Calderon–Zygmund estimates for locally bounded weak solutions to the equations when $$p>2n/(n+2)$$ . This is achieved by employing a perturbation method together with developing a two-parameter technique and a new compactness argument. We also make crucial use of the intrinsic geometry method by DiBenedetto (Degenerate parabolic equations, Springer, New York, 1993) and the maximal function free approach by Acerbi and Mingione (Duke Math J 136(2):285–320, 2007).
Clinical Assessments of Hand Function in First Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis Do Not Appear to Correlate with Radiographic Findings

BackgroundThumb carpometacarpal (first CMC) osteoarthritis (OA), a degenerative process affecting hand use, is typically assessed by clinical examination and radiographs. This assessment determines...
Approaches to the evaluation of histocompatibility antigens

The strong transplantation antigens (called histocompatibility or H antigens) in a number of species are determined by genes of a single genetic complex — the major histocompatibility complex. While there are other H antigens which, if different in two individuals, can lead to graft rejection, it is the antigens of the major histocompatibility complex which are of overwhelming importance. These antigens can be divided into two classes: first, the antigens initially detected by serological methods which are present on the surfaces of all lymphoid cells and essentially all other tissues; second, those differences between cells which lead to activation of lymphocytes in the Mixed Leukocyte Culture (MLC) test. These two components of the major histocompatibility complex have been referred to as the SD and LD components respectively. Since both these types of differences apparently lead to graft rejection, it is desirable to match donor and recipient optimally for both systems. This is best achieved by minimizing the number of SD antigens by which donor and recipient differ and by assuring the lowest degree of stimulation in the MLC test between donor and recipient. Gli antigeni forti del trapianto (denominati antigeni H o dell’istocompatibilite) sono controllati, in talune specie, da geni di un singololocus genetico: illocus principale dell’istocompatibilite. Sebbene esistano altri antigeni H che, se diversi in due individui, possono portare al rigetto del trapianto, gli antigeni dellocus principale dell’istocompatibilite sono senz’altro i piu importanti. Tali antigeni possono essere suddivisi in due classi: la prima comprende gli antigeni esplorati all’inizio mediante metodiche sierologiche, i quali sono presenti sulle superficie di tutte le cellule linfoidi e praticamente in tutti gli altri tessuti, e la seconda le differenze tra le cellule che provocano attivazione linfocitaria nel test di coltura mista leucocitaria (MLC). Queste due componenti dellocus principale dell’istocompatibilite sono state denominate rispettivamente componente SD e LD. Poiche queste differenze sembrano condurre entrambe al rigetto del trapianto, e bene rendere compatibili in modo ottimale il donatore ed il ricevente ad entrambi i sistemi. Il modo migliore per ottenere questo risultato e la riduzione al massimo degli antigeni SD che differenziano il donatore ed il ricevente e l’induzione dlia piu bassa stimolazione nel test MLC tra donatore e ricevente.
Impact of Data Reduction Techniques on Classification

Although large datasets are often desirable in machine learning, they slow down training and require large storage. Data reduction can be used without affecting prediction accuracy. Many studies have examined feature selection, but did not consider instance reduction nor concern themselves with reducing training or testing time. Our goal is to reduce the training and testing time, by reducing both the number of features and the number of instances, with little or no drop in accuracy. We examined many methods of feature and instance reduction, and combinations thereof. Our results show that by integrating Information-Gain Feature Selection with Simple Random Sample without Replacement, we achieve our goal.
Do subtle cognitive deficits precede amyloid accumulation?: Cart before the horse

Over the last decade, a hypothesized model of dynamic sequential biomarker changes dominated the Alzheimer disease (AD) research field. The model, informed by the amyloid hypothesis,1 proposed a prototypical cascade, lasting up to decades, in which brain β-amyloid initiates acceleration of tau pathology, which in turn drives neurodegeneration and associated cognitive symptoms. In this issue of Neurology® , Thomas et al.2 tested the specific hypothesis that if amyloid deposition occurs long before downstream detectable effects on cognition, the presence of cognitive deficits should not precede accumulating rates of amyloid deposition. They found, however, that they do: in a large cohort of older adults without dementia, a subgroup with objectively defined subtle cognitive difficulties identified on neuropsychological testing at baseline showed increasing brain amyloid deposition on PET imaging over 4 years, despite having baseline amyloid levels that were similar to those characterized as cognitively normal. This subgroup also showed faster entorhinal cortical thinning compared to those without subtle cognitive difficulties. By comparison, participants with frank, though mild, cognitive impairment did not show faster amyloid accumulation relative to cognitively normal individuals but did have faster entorhinal cortical thinning and hippocampal atrophy over 4 years, consistent with Braak-staged spreading of tau neuropathology.3
PiezoMEMS Nonlinear Low Acceleration Energy Harvester with an Embedded Permanent Magnet.

Increasing the power density and bandwidth are two major challenges associated with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based vibration energy harvesting devices. Devices implementing magnetic forces have been used to create nonlinear vibration structures and have demonstrated limited success at widening the bandwidth. However, monolithic integration of a magnetic proof mass and optimizing the magnet configuration have been challenging tasks to date. This paper investigates three different magnetic configurations and their effects on bandwidth and power generation using attractive and repulsive magnetic forces. A piezoMEMS device was developed to harvest vibration energy, while monolithically integrating a thick embedded permanent magnet (NdFeB) film. The results demonstrated that repulsive forces increased the bandwidth for in-plane and out-of-plane magnetic configurations from 7 Hz bandwidths. In addition, by using attractive forces between the magnets, the power density increased while decreasing the bandwidth. Combining these forces into a single device resulted in increased power and increased bandwidth. The devices created in this paper focused on low acceleration values (<0.1 g) and low-frequency applications.
A Public Health Lens on Rural Health

(p 1304) describe the University of Iowa's Mobile Clinics as both a source of care for underserved populations-rural residents as well as immigrant and refugee populations in urban settings-and a service learning opportunity for health professions students With offices in nearly every county in the United States, cooperative extension can use its strengths in health and nutrition education, experience in building collaborations, community development and sustainable systems change, and expertise in recruiting and training a strong volunteer base to partner with rural governmental public health to improve rural health The COVID-19 global pandemic has exposed the constraints and limitations of our nation's public health infrastructure and heightened awareness of the importance of, and need for, prevention, protection, equity, and system change
Beyond Language in Infant Emotion Concept Development

The process by which emotion concepts are learned is largely unexplored. Hoemann, Devlin, and Barrett (2020) and Shablack, Stein, and Lindquist (2020) argue that emotion concepts are learned throug...
REM Sleep Without Atonia and Gait Impairment in People with Mild-to-Moderate Parkinson's Disease.

Background Subtle gait deficits can be seen in people with idiopathic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), a prodromal stage of Parkinson's disease (PD) and related alpha-synucleinopathies. It is unknown if the presence and level of REM sleep without atonia (RSWA, the electromyographic hallmark of RBD) is related to the severity of gait disturbances in people with PD. Objective We hypothesized that gait disturbances in people with mild to moderate PD would be greater in participants with RSWA compared to those without RSWA and matched controls, and that gait impairment would correlate with measures of RSWA. Methods Spatiotemporal characteristics of gait were obtained from 41 people with PD and 21 age-matched controls. Overnight sleep studies were used to quantify muscle activity during REM sleep and group participants with PD into those with RSWA (PD-RSWA+, n = 22) and normal REM sleep muscle tone (PD-RSWA-, n = 19). Gait characteristics were compared between groups and correlated to RSWA. Results The PD-RSWA+ group demonstrated significantly reduced gait speed and step lengths and increased stance and double support times compared to controls, and decreased speed and cadence and increased stride velocity variability compared to PD-RSWA- group. Larger RSWA scores were correlated with worse gait impairment in the PD group. Conclusion The presence and level of muscle tone during REM sleep is associated with the severity of gait disturbances in PD. Pathophysiological processes contributing to disordered gait may occur earlier and/or progress more rapidly in people with PD and RBD.
Assessing the Mediating Effect of Internal Communication on Strategic Human Resource Management and Perceived Performance: An Intersectoral Comparison:

Using five waves of Korean Workplace Panel Survey (KWPS) data, we examine the mediating effects of internal communication channels on the relationship between strategic human resource management an...
Identifying disease-critical cell types and cellular processes across the human body by integration of single-cell profiles and human genetics

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide a powerful means to identify loci and genes contributing to disease, but in many cases the related cell types/states through which genes confer disease risk remain unknown. Deciphering such relationships is important for identifying pathogenic processes and developing therapeutics. Here, we introduce sc-linker, a framework for integrating single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq), epigenomic maps and GWAS summary statistics to infer the underlying cell types and processes by which genetic variants influence disease. We analyzed 1.6 million scRNA-seq profiles from 209 individuals spanning 11 tissue types and 6 disease conditions, and constructed gene programs capturing cell types, disease progression, and cellular processes both within and across cell types. We evaluated these gene programs for disease enrichment by transforming them to SNP annotations with tissue-specific epigenomic maps and computing enrichment scores across 60 diseases and complex traits (average N= 297K). Cell type, disease progression, and cellular process programs captured distinct heritability signals even within the same cell type, as we show in multiple complex diseases that affect the brain (Alzheimerâ€™s disease, multiple sclerosis), colon (ulcerative colitis) and lung (asthma, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, severe COVID-19). The inferred disease enrichments recapitulated known biology and highlighted novel cell-disease relationships, including GABAergic neurons in major depressive disorder (MDD), a disease progression M cell program in ulcerative colitis, and a disease-specific complement cascade process in multiple sclerosis. In autoimmune disease, both healthy and disease progression immune cell type programs were associated, whereas for epithelial cells, disease progression programs were most prominent, perhaps suggesting a role in disease progression over initiation. Our framework provides a powerful approach for identifying the cell types and cellular processes by which genetic variants influence disease.
Epitaxial relationships between uric acid crystals and mineral surfaces: A factor in urinary stone formation

Uric acid (C 5 H 4 N 4 O 3 ) is one of the final products of purine metabolism. Its concentration balance is maintained in the kidneys, but compromised kidney function can result in its crystallization either in the renal tract or in the interstitial fluid of joints. In physiological deposits, crystalline uric acid is most frequently found either in a protonated state (anhydrous or dihydrate phases) or as a deprotonated urate ion (sodium or ammonium salts). Often these precipitates are found in association with a number of mineral phases (e.g., calcium oxalates, calcium phosphates, and magnesium phosphates). Their frequent and common coexistence suggests that synergistic relationships between these crystalline phases may exist. A comprehensive list of different heterogeneous uric acid/uric acid and uric acid/mineral interfaces that are epitaxially matched was generated with the lattice-matching program EpiCalc. Two hundred twenty-five coincident epitaxial matches and four commensurate epitaxial matches were identified using this screening procedure.
Relative Risk of Peripheral Neuropathy With Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine (T-DM1) Compared to Taxane-Based Regimens in Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2)-Positive Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background Peripheral neuropathy (PN), especially peripheral sensory neuropathy (PSN), is significant toxicity of taxanes, the most used class of microtubule inhibitors for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer patients. Ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) is a HER2-targeted antibody-drug conjugate, consisting of trastuzumab and a microtubule inhibitor DM1, which has been approved for HER2-positive breast cancer. T-DM1 has also been found to cause significant PN, including PSN. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of phase 3 randomized controlled trials using T-DM1 in the experimental arm and a taxane-based regimen in the control arm to determine the relative risk of PN and PSN associated with T-DM1 as compared to taxanes. A total of 1,857 patients were included in the analysis. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel method and the random-effects model were used to calculate the pooled risk ratio (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) for all-grade and grade ≥3 PN and PSN. Results The relative risks of all-grade PN and all-grade PSN were lower with T-DM1 compared to taxanes. The pooled RR of all-grade PN was 0.59, 95% CI: 0.39-0.89, P = 0.01, and the pooled RR of all-grade PSN was 0.58, 95% CI: 0.46-0.74, P < 0.0001. Conclusions Our meta-analysis demonstrated that T-DM1 is associated with a relatively lower risk of all-grade PN and PSN than the taxane-based regimens for HER2-positive cancers. It could be an area of consideration in selecting therapy for HER2-positive breast cancer patients at high risk of developing or having pre-existing PN and PSN.
Training Spanish-speaking livestock workers:

In this decade, Hispanics are projected to be the fastest growing minority group in the USA. With greater numbers of non-English-speaking, foreign-born workers employed in the animal agricultural industries, language and cultural barriers may exacerbate pre-existing shortcomings with personnel management and worker training on certain operations. Improved worker training methods have recently been identified by Colorado dairy producers as a priority issue. However, there appears to be much variability in the Colorado dairy industry in the method of delivery of such training, its nature and scope, and its efficacy in preparing workers for their jobs. Veterinarians can play a key role in improving worker training on livestock operations by assuming a greater role as trainers of the dairy workforce, particularly in regard to skills that involve direct interactions with animals, such as sick cow identification and treatment, calving management and milking parlour procedures. Cultural sensitivity, bilingual teaching aids, hands-on demonstrations, consistent follow-up and retraining, outcome assessment and patience are necessary to maximize the benefit of such educational initiatives.
Write It Out: Examining Recreational Youth Sport Parent Emotions Through an Expressive Writing Exercise

Youth sport parents experience an array of emotions as part of their child’s youth sport experience. This may include emotions related to watching their child play, supporting their child’s emotions, or simply related to daily parenting responsibilities. This research examined youth sport parent emotions through an expressive writing exercise. Twelve parents completed a total of 32 expressive writing exercises. In each exercise, parents were asked to write about their emotions as a youth sport parent. Quantitative analysis with Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC; Pennebaker et al., 2015) software and qualitative thematic analysis were employed to analyze writings. Results indicate that though parents experienced both positive and negative emotions, negative emotions were most common and salient. Thematic analysis resulted in six themes, including one theme related to positive emotions (happiness for child experience), and five themes related to negative emotions: 1) general stress and negativity, 2) responsibilities, 3) role as parent, 4) coach, and 5) performance. Results also lead to practical implications for park and recreation administrators. First, as substantial stress is related to the time and financial responsibilities associated with sport parenting, organizations may wish to seek ways to support parents including through scholarship funds, and facilitating communication and duty sharing among parents. Parent education programs may also be a way to help parents navigate their own emotions related to parenting roles. Coaches were also a source of negative emotions for parents, though not always for the same reasons. Youth sport organizations can facilitate coach-parent communication to ensure that parent-coach goals are aligned, and provide training for coaches in both sport-specific skills and positive youth development. In addition to facilitating coach-parent communication, organizations may also encourage child-parent communication related to goals. This could include email communications with exercises designed to encourage specific conversations about goals of youth sport participation. Each of these implications is tied directly to negative emotions expressed by parents as part of this research. Assisting parents with these emotions will improve the experience for both the parent and will likely enable the youth participant to have a more positive experience as well.Subscribe to JPRA
Did the Opioid Crisis Dampen Post-Recession Employment Recovery? Evidence from Labor Market Flows

We show that the opioid crisis slows transitions to employment from unemployment and non-participation, implying slower recovery from recessions. We identify the effect of the opioid crisis from cross-state variation in triplicate prescribing regulations, which produced long-lasting reductions in opioid use by reducing the initial distribution of the blockbuster opioid OxyContin. Difference-in-differences estimates show that triplicate regulations induce unemployed and non-participating workers in triplicate states to return to employment about 10 percent faster than workers in non-triplicate states. These estimates imply a 1.1 percentage point higher level of employment in steady state, and faster recovery from negative employment shocks. The protective effects of triplicate regulation appear across demographic groups, with larger effects for those working in physically demanding occupations.
Rationality and the Ideology of Disconnection

Part I. Attachments, Reasons, and Desires: 1. Attachments: five stories 2. Narratives, identities, rationality Part II. Strokes of Havoc: The Market Ideal and the Disintegration of Lives, Places, and Ecosystems: 3. The market Utopia 4. Dis-integration Part III. Living in Unity, Doing your Part: Rationality, Recognition, and Reciprocity: 5. Introduction: doing your part 6. The rationality of reciprocity 7. Normativity, recognition, and moral motivation 8. Citizens and workers: the argument illustrated.