cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of GPR30 in mediating estradiol effects on acetylcholine release in the hippocampus

We have hypothesized that estradiol enhances basal forebrain cholinergic function and cognitive performance, at least in part, via activation of the novel estrogen receptor GPR30. Here we evaluated the effects of estradiol, G-1 (a selective GPR30 agonist), and tamoxifen (TAM; an ERα/ERβ antagonist that also acts as a GPR30 agonist), on acetylcholine (ACh) release in the hippocampus, as well as the ability to block the effects of 17β-estradiol (E) or TAM with the GPR30 antagonist G-15. Note that G-1 was included to evaluate the effects of selectively activating GPR30, whereas TAM was included to differentiate effects of E associated with activation of GPR30 vs. ERα or ERβ. The study was designed to test effects on potassium-stimulated release, as well as on ACh release stimulated by feeding. Effects of feeding were included because the tasks we used previously to demonstrate beneficial effects of E on cognitive performance were motivated by food reward, and we hypothesized that E may enhance performance by increasing ACh release in association with that reward. Ovariectomized rats were treated for 1week, and ACh release was evaluated using in vivo microdialysis. In addition, rats were fed at the same time daily for several days and were fasted overnight prior to microdialysis. For each rat, ACh release was evaluated under basal conditions, in response to feeding, and in response to elevated potassium. Both feeding and elevated potassium increased ACh release in the hippocampus. In response to feeding, E, G-1, and TAM all significantly increased the percent change in release. The effects of E and TAM were blocked by G-15, and the effects of combining E+TAM did not differ significantly from the effects of E or TAM alone. In response to elevated potassium, E, and TAM significantly increased the percent change in ACh release. G-1 produced a slightly lesser effect. The effect of TAM was reduced by G-15, but the effect of E was not. These findings suggest that activation of GPR30 is both necessary and sufficient to account for the effects of E on ACh release associated with feeding. In contrast, activation of GPR30 appears to be sufficient, but may not be necessary for increased release associated with elevated potassium. The changes associated with feeding are consistent with the effects of E, G-1 and G-15 on acquisition of a spatial learning task previously described. These data confirm and extend previous reports, and support a hypothesis wherein E treatment can improve learning on specific tasks by activating GPR30 and enhancing ACh release in association with food reward.
The effects of serum complement and its components on the rheumatoid latex fixation test.

In the application of the rheumatoid latex fixation test, agglutination may fail to occur in the presence of high concentrations of positive sera in a pattern resembling the prozone of some antigen-antibody reactions. The serum factors responsible for the prozone phenomenon in the rheumatoid latex fixation test have the properties of the second and fourth components of human complement. In le application del test rheumatoide de fixation a latex, non-agglutination pote occurrer in le presentia de alte concentrationes de seros positive. Le configuration resimila alora le prozona de certe reactiones de antigeno e anti-corpore. Le factores seral que es responsabile pro le phenomeno prozonal in le test rheumatoide de fixation a latex ha le proprietates del secunde e del quarte componente de complemento human.
COMPARATIVE ACTION OF GONAD-STIMULATING HORMONES ON THE OVARIES OF RATS1

We have previously reported that the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and the luteinizing hormone (LH) of the pituitary work together in producing ovarian development (1). When they are injected separately, the LH does not increase the weight of the ovaries of immature rats while the FSH produces moderate ovarian development due to the growth of noncystic follicles. Evans et al (2) have shown that the action of the gonad-stimulating substance obtained from pregnancy urine (PU) is limited in its action on immature rat ovaries, in that ovarian weight increases with increased dosage up to a certain point beyond which additional hormone has little effect. We have prepared a follicle-stimulating preparation from the anterior lobe of the pituitary which is free from adrenotropic, thyrotropic, growth, lactogenic and luteinizing factors as far as can be determined by the usual tests for these substances. The action of this preparation on the ovaries of rats is rather sharply limited in that it is difficult to p...
RoboWarfare: can robots be more ethical than humans on the battlefield?

Telerobotically operated and semiautonomous machines have become a major component in the arsenals of industrial nations around the world. By the year 2015 the United States military plans to have one-third of their combat aircraft and ground vehicles robotically controlled. Although there are many reasons for the use of robots on the battlefield, perhaps one of the most interesting assertions are that these machines, if properly designed and used, will result in a more just and ethical implementation of warfare. This paper will focus on these claims by looking at what has been discovered about the capability of humans to behave ethically on the battlefield, and then comparing those findings with the claims made by robotics researchers that their machines are able to behave more ethically on the battlefield than human soldiers. Throughout the paper we will explore the philosophical critique of this claim and also look at how the robots of today are impacting our ability to fight wars in a just manner.
Cellular Performance Comparison of Biomimetic Calcium Phosphate Coating and Alkaline-Treated Titanium Surface

The influence of biomimetic calcium phosphate coating on osteoblasts behavior in vitro is not well established yet. In this study, we investigated the behavior of osteoblastic rat osteosarcoma 17/2.8 cells (ROS17/2.8) on two groups of biomaterial surfaces: alkaline-treated titanium surface (ATT) and biomimetic calcium phosphate coated ATT (CaP). The cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and morphology on these surfaces were extensively evaluated to reveal the impact of substrate surface on osteoblastic cell responses. It was found that the ROS17/2.8 cells cultured on the ATT surface had higher attachment and proliferation rates compared to those on the CaP surface. Our results also showed that the calcium phosphate coatings generated in this work have an inhibiting effect on osteoblast adhesion and further influenced the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast compared to the ATT surface in vitro. Cells on the ATT surface also exhibited a higher alkaline phosphatase activity than on the CaP surface after two weeks of culture. Immunofluorescence staining and scanning electron microscopy results showed that the cells adhered and spread faster on the ATT surface than on the CaP surface. These results collectively suggested that substrate surface properties directly influence cell adhesion on different biomaterials, which would result in further influence on the cell proliferation and differentiation.
Lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of alkyl protocatechuates

Alkyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoates (protocatechuates) inhibited linoleic acid peroxidation catalyzed by soybean lipoxygenase-1 (EC 1.13.11.12, Type 1). Their inhibitory activities displayed a parabolic function of their lipophilicity and maximized with alkyl chain lengths of between C11 and C14. Tetradecanyl protocatechuate exhibited the most potent inhibition with an IC50 of 0.05 μM, followed by dodecyl (lauryl) protocatechuate with an IC50 of 0.06 μM. However, their parent compound, protocatechuic acid, did not show this inhibitory activity up to 200 μM, indicating that the alkyl chain length is significantly related to the inhibition activity. The allosteric (or cooperative) inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase-1 of longer alkyl protocatechuates is reversible but in combination with their iron binding ability to disrupt the active site competitively and to interact with the hydrophobic portion surrounding near the active site (sequential action). In the case of dodecyl protocatechuate, the enzyme quickly binds this protocatechuate and then its dodecyl group undergoes a slow interaction with the hydrophobic domain in close proximity to the active site in the enzyme. The inhibition kinetics analyzed by Lineweaver-Burk plots indicates that octyl protocatechuate is a competitive inhibitor and the inhibition constant (Ki) was obtained as 0.23 μM but dodecyl protocatechuate is a slow binding inhibitor.
Two kinds of familiarization in tachistoscopic recognition, paired-associate learning, and free recall

The effects of two different familiarization procedures were examined in three experimental situations. Tachistoscopic recognition thresholds were lowered for two groups which inpretraining had either made smaller words from the letters of experimental words or found associates for these words. In comparable groups, experimental words of both types lost their small initial advantage during the course of paired-associate learning. In free-recall learning, the group that had found associates for the experimental words started off with a first-trial advantage for these words greater than that for the group that had formed smaller words out of the experimental words; trials-to-criterion data showed that this advantage was finally lost.
Overestimation-free Computational Version of Interval Analysis

In this study we propose a new version of interval analysis that is free of its main disadvantage, namely the overestimation. Interval variables are transformed into trigonometric functions with attendant analytical or numerical evaluation of extrema. Several examples are evaluated to shed light on the efficacy of the proposed methodology.
Emulsion polymerization of styrene using reaction calorimeter. III. Effect of initial monomer/water ratio

The batch emulsion polymerization of styrene was studied as a function of the initial monomer charge. The emulsifier (sodium lauryl sulfate) concentration was fixed at a level in excess of its critical micelle concentration (cmc). The mechanism of the polymerization was examined through data obtained on the rate of polymerization (through reaction calorimetry), the evolution of the number of particles (through the particle size distribution), and the free emulsifier in the aqueous phase (through a mass balance and surface tension measurements). At low monomer/water ratios (final solids content ≤ 10%) nucleation took place throughout the entire reaction, with micelles existing throughout; the rate of polymerization increased sharply to a maximum and decreased just as sharply with no constant rate period. At the higher monomer levels (final solids content ≥ 20%), the increase in rate was initially as sharp as at the lower levels of monomer; however, this was followed by a slower increase in rate brought about by the nucleation of particles in the absence of micelles (homogeneous nucleation); the length of this nucleation increased with increasing monomer charge. A rate maximum was reached at a similar conversion in each experiment, signaling the disappearance of monomer droplets; however, this did not necessarily indicate the cessation of nucleation. All polymerizations proceeded in a similar fashion until the disappearance of the monomer droplets. Based on these and previous results, a modified description of the emulsion polymerization process is proposed. This description rests on the main characteristic of Interval II, which is that it cannot be characteristically represented by a constant rate of reaction and a constant number of particles for emulsifier concentrations above the cmc, contrary to what is generally considered valid; instead it is represented by an increasing rate of polymerization and a continued particle formation. The particles formed during this period, referred to as Stage II to differentiate it from the classical Interval II, are produced by homogeneous nucleation, and the end of this stage is marked by the disappearance of monomer droplets. Particle nucleation may or may not end at this time. In many cases, the shape of the rate of polymerization curve provides by itself the main characteristics of the polymerization process, namely: the end of micellar nucleation, the end of homogeneous nucleation, monomer droplet disappearance, decreasing monomer concentration in the polymer particles, and onset of the gel effect. However, supplementary information, particularly the evolution of the number of particles, is essential to monitor the nucleation process. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 4073–4089, 1999
Attenuation of saccharin-seeking in rats by orexin/hypocretin receptor 1 antagonist

Rationale The orexin (Orx)/hypocretin system has been implicated in reward-seeking, especially for highly salient food and drug rewards. We recently demonstrated that signaling at the OxR1 receptor is involved in sucrose reinforcement and reinstatement of sucrose-seeking elicited by sucrose-paired cues in food-restricted rats. Because sucrose reinforcement has both a hedonic and caloric component, it remains unknown what aspect of this reward drives its reinforcing value.
In vivo specific binding of [3H]-1-nicotine in the mouse brain

Abstract [3H]1-Nicotine was used as a receptor ligand in the intact mouse. It was injected i.v., and radioactivity in brain regions was assayed. Nonspecific binding was estimated by pretreatment with unlabelled 1-nicotine. Radioactivity entered the brain rapidly, was heterogeneously distributed, and declined after 5 min. Estimated specific binding was highest in the medial and posterior cortex, midbrain, thalamus/hypothalamus and medulla/pons; intermediate in the cerebellum, caudate/putamen, frontal and frontoparietal cortex; and lowest in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb. Autoradiography showed similar patterns. Coinjection of unlabelled 1-nicotine reduced specific binding so that it approached estimated nonspecific binding. Nicotinic agonists reduced radioactivity in the thalamus/hypothalamus, but nicotinic antagonists were less active. Non-nicotinic drugs did not reduce brain radioactivity. The results suggest that radiolabelled nicotine may be used for in vivo receptor studies despite problems in estimating nonspecific binding.
363 EFFECT OF VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE(VIP) ON REGIONAL CARDIAC FLOW IN THE AWAKE PIGLET

VIP is found in the heart and increases coronary blood flow (BF) in anesthetized dogs. BF was measured (radioactive microspheres) in 6 - 8 week old piglets during vehicle infusion and at 10 min of VIP (1μg/kg/min, iv; plasma VIP of 9±2ng/ml). VIP increased heart rate (228±14 vs 136±8* beats/min), reduced systemic pressure (64±5 vs 92±3*mmHg), reduced LA pressure (2±1 vs 7±2*mmHg), while CO was unchanged (276±30 vs 261±20ml/min/kg). There was no increase in LV, RV or atrial BF after 10 min of VIP infusion. In addition, regional vascular resistance was unchanged (table). VIP reduced stroke volume (1.3±0.2 vs 2.0±0.2* ml/min/kg/beat), stroke work (83±18 vs 182±22* units) and the LV endo/epi BF ratio (1.03±0.04 vs 1.23±0.06*). (*p<0.05) Thus, VIP in awake piglets reduces stroke work, stroke volume, does not increase and causes a maldistribution in LV BF.
Retained Sacral Function in Children with High Level Myelodysplasia

AbstractTo assess the preservation of sacral function despite denervation higher on the spinal cord in children with myelodysplasia, we examined 151 myelomeningocele patients presenting for urodynamic evaluation from 1980 to 1992 with a lesion at L3 or above on neurological examination. Of the 151 patients 70 (46 percent) had denervation of the external sphincter on initial evaluation and 81 (54 percent) had sacral sparing, that is normal or near normal electrical potentials of the external urethral sphincter and/or retained reflexic bladder activity regardless of the presence or absence of sacral reflexes. Of the 81 patients with sacral sparing 57 (70 percent) had detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia and 21 had synergy or denervation of the sphincter in association with retained detrusor reflexia. Whereas only 18 percent of children age 1 year or younger with retained sacral function had upper urinary tract deterioration on initial radiological studies (manifested by reflux or hydronephrosis), 57 percent had d...
Lattice energies of calcite-structure metal carbonates II. Results for CaCO3, CdCO3, FeCO3, MgCO3, and MnCO3

Abstract Lattice energies ( ΔU ) of five calcite-structure metal carbonates (i.e., CaCO3 3(s) , CdCO 3(s) , FeCO 3(s) , MgCO 3(s) , and MnCO 3(s) ) have been calculated theoretically by separating ΔU into the following three energy components: electrostatic, polarization, and repulsive. Experimental crystal structure data and previously determined carbonate ion charge distributions (Mandell, G. K. and Rock, P. A., Lattice energies of calcitestructure metal carbonates I. Calculation of carbonate ion charge distributions from oxygen polarizabilities. J. Phys. Chem. Solids , 1998, 59 , 695) serve as the primary input data to the model. The electrostatic portion of the lattice energy ( ΔU electrostatic ) is evaluated by a point charge approach, while the polarization energy contribution ( ΔU polarization) is computed via a self-consistent method, which considers both dipole/dipole and ion/dipole interactions. Lastly, the repulsive energy segment ( ΔU repulsive ) is evaluated by means of the Slater potential (Slater, J. C., Introduction to Chemical Physics , Ch. 13. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1939). The ΔU values obtained from this theoretical approach compare favorably with the corresponding experimentally based values.
Adduct formation between hemoglobin and 5-deoxy-D-xylulose-1-phosphate

Abstract 5-deoxy-D-xylulose-1-phosphate, which is formed in human erythrocytes from added acetaldehyde and endogenous dihydroxyacetone phosphate, reacts with hemoglobin Ao to form an adduct that is stable to repeated precipitation by trichloracetic acid and to prolonged dialysis against dilute phosphate buffer. Formation of this hemoglobin derivative in individuals who consume alcohol would serve to integrate the blood acetaldehyde concentration and thereby reflect a dose-time record of alcohol consumption.
Can we overcome the relaxation of ionic polymer-metal composites?

Currently, there is a major engineering challenge associated with Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMCs) that needs to be resolved before they can be widely adopted in future engineering markets--relaxation of the IPMC actuator under a DC voltage. In this paper, we rigorously discuss the origin of the relaxation phenomena of IPMCs. Our measured voltammograms and deflection data of IPMCs reveal that the relaxation phenomena of the IPMC actuators are primarily caused by the overpotential of surface electrodes. The overpotential values of ca. +1 V were clearly noted in many IPMC samples. We believe that the relaxation of IPMCs originate from the platinum oxide formation during actuation-a key surface reaction. The IPMC solvated with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim] [PF6]) showed a large bending, but there was no relaxation during actuation because there was no platinum oxide formation.
Positive Effects of Television on Children's Social Interactions: A Meta-Analysis

We conducted a meta-analysis of 34 studies of the positive effects of television on children's social interactions, levels of aggression, altruism, and levels of stereotyping (a total of 108 effect sizes, 5,473 children). Across dependent measures, there were consistent moderate positive effects for those who watched prosocial content in experimental settings compared to control groups or those who watched antisocial content. Moreover, the positive effect of self-selected exposure to prosocial content was as strong as the negative effect of self-selected exposure to violent content. Effects were largest for depictions of altruism, primarily because such content tended to involve explicit modeling of desired behaviors. Strong negative effects occurred in the few studies where children watched aggressive prosocial content.
Remote Sensing of Surface Soil Moisture

The unique thermal and dielectric properties of water afford two possibilities for remotely sensing the moisture content in the surface layer of the soil. Observations of the diurnal range of surface temperature, the microwave brightness temperature (emissivity) and radar backscatter of the soil have shown correlations of up to 0.9 with the moisture in the surface layer (about 5 cm thick). The microwave techniques appear to maintain their sensitivity to moisture variations in the presence of a crop canopy. Observations of microwave brightness temperature from satellite platforms have qualitatively confirmed this sensitivity for a wide range of conditions.
Scene-based nonuniformity corrections for optical and SWIR pushbroom sensors

We propose and evaluate several scene-based methods for computing nonuniformity corrections for visible or near-infrared pushbroom sensors. These methods can be used to compute new nonuniformity correction values or to repair or refine existing radiometric calibrations. For a given data set, the preferred method depends on the quality of the data, the type of scenes being imaged, and the existence and quality of a laboratory calibration. We demonstrate our methods with data from several different sensor systems and provide a generalized approach to be taken for any new data set.
A continuous, nonradioactive assay for histone acetyltransferases.

Abstract Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) catalyze the acetyl-group transfer from acetyl-CoA to the e-amino group of specific lysine residues within core histone proteins. HATs and other chromatin-remodeling enzymes have been recently shown to regulate gene activation within specific loci. To facilitate mechanistic studies, we have developed two continuous, nonradioactive assays for the prototypical GCN5 HAT. The CoASH generated in the HAT reactions was continuously measured by using a coupled enzyme system with either α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase or pyruvate dehydrogenase. The CoASH-dependent oxidation of α-ketoglutarate or pyruvate is accompanied by the reduction of NAD to NADH, which was measured spectrophotometrically at 340 nm. The steady-state rate constants with substrates acetyl-CoA and a synthetic peptide (corresponding to the first 20 amino acids of H3 histone) were determined. The resulting rate constants were not significantly different between the two coupled assays, providing strong validation of these methods. Rate constants were also determined using the commonly employed radioactive filter-binding assay and compared. The 1.5- to 5-fold lower values obtained in the radioactive end-point assay are discussed in terms of the technical problems and limitations of this assay. The coupled assays should be widely applicable since the production of CoASH is common to all HAT enzymes, regardless of protein substrate.
An Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Prepolymer Molecular-Weight and Stoichiometry on Thermal and Tensile Properties of Epoxy-Resins

An experimental study was undertaken to investigate the thermomechanical properties of a certain epoxy/amine configuration. The basic structure of all the epoxies was the same—DGEBA—and the curing agent used was PACM 20. By varying the epoxy prepolymer molecular weight and the stoichiometry between epoxy and amine, a range of different epoxy networks were produced. Glass transition temperatures were evaluated by using differentil scanning calorimetry (DSC). Modulus values as well as an alternative Tg determination were provided by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Coefficients of thermal expansion were obtained from thermomechanical analysis (TMA). The tensile tests conducted at room and elevated temperatures provided additional modulus data along with the yield point, tensile strength, and elongation at break data. Property vs. stoichiometry curves exhibited a maximum for the glass transition temperature and the over the Tg modulus at the stoichiometric point. On the other hand, the under Tg modulus showed a minimum at the stoichiometric point. The results of the yield strength show remarkable similarity with the results of the modulus. Strength and elongation at break do not show clear trends, but a much different behavior is exhibited between room and elevated temperatures. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Influence of delaying flood and preflood nitrogen application on dry-seeded rice

In the southern U.S. rice belt it is recommended that rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in the dry-seeded, delayed flood cultural system have the preflood N fertilizer applied and the field flooded at the fourth to fifth leaf stage of plant development. The objective of this field study was to determine if delaying the flood and preflood N application past the fifth leaf stage was detrimental to rice total N and fertilizer15N uptake, total dry matter, and grain yield. This study was conducted on a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualfs) and a Perry clay (Vertic Haplaquepts). The preflood N fertilizer and flood were delayed 0, 7, 14, or 21 d past the fourth to fifth leaf stage, after which time a permanent flood was established and maintained until maturity. All treatments received 20.5 g N m−2 as15N-labeled urea in three topdress applications. All plant and soil samples were taken at maturity. Harvest index increased as the preflood N and flood were delayed past the 4 to 5 leaf stage. Total N in the grain + straw either decreased or showed a decreasing trend as the N and flood were delayed. Similarly, uptake of native soil N decreased as flood was delayed. Conversely, percent recovery of fertilizer N in the rice plant and the plant-soil system increased as the preflood N and flood were delayed. Rice grain yield was not significantly affected by delaying the preflood N and flood up to 21 d.
Influence of chlorpyrifos oxon on the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice

Aim: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurological disorder and the most common form of dementia. Until date, the cause of AD eludes us, but a number of hypotheses have been put forward to try and understand the mechanisms involved. A series of studies have indicated that environmental factors, such as pesticides, heavy metals, and others can contribute to the development and progression of AD. Based on these data, we determined the impact of pesticides (chlorpyrifos oxon [CPO]) on AD-like pathogenesis in amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice. Methods: APP mice were treated at various times with low-dose CPO (1 mg/kg/day), in utero (3-week of gestation), during lactation (3-week), or as young adults (continuous dosing). Results: Exposure to CPO at all times enhanced neuro-inflammation and exacerbated oxidative stress in the brain prior to amyloid deposition. CPO-treated APP mice showed a decrease in memory and learning compared with untreated APP mice; furthermore, analyses of brain tissue sections and extracts showed an increase in Ab levels and C-terminal fragment-b levels, a decrease in soluble APPa (sAPPa) levels, and an increase in plaque load. In addition, CPO-treated APP transgenic mice showed a significant decrease in neurotrophic factor levels (nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neurotrophin-3) compared to vehicle-treated APP transgenic animals. Treatment with galantamine attenuated the effects of CPO by reducing amyloid b levels and amyloid load. Conclusion: CPO accelerated and exacerbated the disease development and progression in the APP mice suggesting that pesticides may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of AD.
Utility of Heel Ultrasound Bone Density in Men

Abstract In women, heel ultrasound (US) bone mineral density (BMD) predicts fracture risk, but the usefulness of this tool in men is unknown. We measured heel US quantitative ultrasound index (QUI) in a convenience sample of 185 men undergoing central BMD testing by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to determine if US could predict central BMD. DXA and heel US measurements were correlated significantly ( r = 0.373–0.483, p T -score of T -score. No cutoff provided both good sensitivity and specificity. From analysis of ethnic and age groups, the best receiver operating characterisitc curve was found in men younger than age 65 (area under curve 0.7186–0.7722). In conclusion, despite a strong correlation between heel QUI and central BMD by DXA, no heel T -score could predict osteopenia or osteoporosis with satisfactory sensitivity and specificity. Further studies are needed to determine if heel US is an independent risk factor for fracture in men.
Biochemical and Serological Relationships of Putrefactive Anaerobic Sporeforming Rods Isolated from Pork

SUMMARY Under anaerobic culture conditions, 120 cultures of sporeforming rods were isolated from fresh and cured pork trimmings and from pork luncheon meat; 22 of these proved to be obligate anaerobic putrefactive organisms. Studied by the Reed and Orr method of rapid identification, the following species were identified: Clostridium. tetanomorphum, Cl. novyi, Cl. carnis, Cl. paraputrificum, Cl. tetani, Cl. histolyticum, and Cl. sporogenes. One culture was similar to Clostridium sp. National Canners Association putrefactive anaerobe 3679 (PA 3679). Serological relationships were determined by using antisera for Cl. sporogenes and PA 3679. No cross agglutination was obtained between Cl. sporogenes and PA 3679. An organism identified biochemically as Cl. carnis agglutinated in dilutions of 1:5120 of PA 3679 antiserum, indicating a very close serological relationship. Several organisms revealed antigens in common with Cl. sporogenes. The organism with biochemical reactions similar to PA 3679 showed no serological relationship to the known species. Serological relationships correlated with heat resistance while biochemical reactions did not.
Observations of slip patterns on the surface of fatigued gold using the scanning tunnelling microscope

Observations of fatigue-induced slip patterns on the surface of polycrystalline gold (+99.9%) using the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) are presented. The samples were cycled in four-point bending between zero and 0.0025 strain for 250 and 2500 cycles. STM observations of the sample fatigued for 250 cycles revealed broad slip bands 0.38–0.69 μm wide containing narrow slip bands 0.015–0.123 μm wide and fine slip lines 0.006 μm wide. The depth of these features are 20–57 nm for broad slip bands, 3–7 nm for narrow slip bands, and approximately 2–4 nm for fine slip lines. The sample fatigued for 2500 cycles showed similar values for the width of the slip bands and slip lines except that their depth was increased by a factor of between 2 and 4 times for the narrow slip bands and the fine slip lines. Apparent persistent slip bands (PSBs) spaced 2.4 μm, 300–500 nm deep were also observed. These results demonstrate that STM is a significant new tool for observing and distinguishing various types of fatigue-induced surface slip patterns on suitably prepared samples. The vertical resolution obtained with STM is vastly superior to current SEM and TEM methods.
Nonlinear meson dynamics and binding corrections in low energy pion-nucleus scattering

Phenomenological fits to low-energy $\ensuremath{\pi}$-nucleus scattering have uniformly required a greatly enhanced $s$-wave repulsion in the optical potential, for which no satisfactory theoretical explanation has been given. Evaluation of nonlinear terms in field-theoretic Lagrangians with broken chiral symmetry and inclusion of necessary binding effects leads to a substantial, repulsive ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{2}(r)$ potential, even on an isospin zero target. This potential may account for the previously unexplained effect.
A concurrent assessment of schedule-induced aggression and schedule-induced polydipsia in the rat

Rats subjected to FI 60-sec and FI 120-sec schedules of reinforcement were permitted concurrent access to a licking tube and a restrained target rat. While both polydipsia and attack occurred, polydipsia was the predominant scheduleinduced behavior. When attack occurred, and the licking tube was also available, attack usually followed licking in the interreinforcement interval. Eliminating access to the target did not influence polydipsia, and removal of the licking tube did not affect the frequency of aggressive episodes.
Primary ureteral giant cell sarcoma in a Pomeranian

: An 8-year-old male neutered Pomeranian dog was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at Oregon State University for surgical treatment of hydronephrosis of the left kidney and a left cranial abdominal mass. A primary ureteral mass was found during exploratory surgery, and the mass was resected and ureteral anastomosis was performed. Cytologic evaluation of the mass revealed 3 distinct cell populations, including a large number of multinucleated giant cells, a moderate number of thin spindle-shaped cells, and cohesive clusters of transitional epithelial cells. The cytologic diagnosis was giant cell sarcoma. The diagnosis was confirmed by histologic examination, and immunohistochemical staining was performed. The spindle-shaped cells and multinucleated giant cells were both immunoreactive for vimentin and spindle-shaped cells for S-100. Tumor cells did not express wide-spectrum cytokeratin, broad-spectrum muscle actin, smooth muscle actin, sarcomeric actin, desmin, BLA36, Mac 387, synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase, glial fibrillary acid protein, or von Willebrand factor. These findings are most consistent with an anaplastic sarcoma with giant cells. This is the first case report of a primary ureteral giant cell sarcoma in a dog.
Lung development is not necessary for diaphragm development in mice.

Abstract Background/Purpose Congenital diaphragmatic hernia affects approximately 1 in every 2000 live births. The etiology of these diaphragmatic defects is unknown. Using mice with a targeted deletion of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10), which display a complete lack of lung tissue, we have examined the relationship between lung hypoplasia and diaphragmatic development. Methods The diaphragms of FGF10 null mice were examined at 2 embryonic time-points and compared with their heterozygous and wild-type littermates. Results FGF10 null mice had phenotypically normal diaphragms when compared with wild-type littermates at both time-points studied. Conclusion Normal diaphragm development appears to occur independent of lung development in mice.
Application of Multivariate Statistical Modeling and Geographic Information Systems Pattern-Recognition Analysis to Production Results in the Eagle Ford Formation of South Texas

As of this date, approximately 5,000 horizontal Eagle Ford wells have been completed in South Texas. Still, geologists and engineers question whether their companies are using the most appropriate operating practices. Side-by-side case studies may show value or not, given the challenge of small sample size and hidden influences on outcome. Multivariate statistical analysis of larger data sets offers sound interpretation across larger geographic areas, with the caveat that correlations need to be scaled to local conditions. The purpose of this paper is to apply multivariate statistical modeling in conjunction with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) pattern recognition work to the Eagle Ford. The investigation began by acquiring Eagle Ford data using both proprietary and public information. The different data sets were loaded into a common database and put through quality control sanity checks. Production proxies, such as maximum oil rate in the first 12 producing months and normalized 12 month cumulative production, were selected and merged with the other data. Final data sets were then subjected to analysis in both an open-source multivariate statistical analysis and visualization code and a commercial Geographic Information Systems (GIS) application. Similar to other studies in unconventional reservoirs, integration of the two analysis and interpretation methods highlighted the importance of using well location as a proxy for reservoir quality when working with data sets that lack such measurements. The use of multivariate statistical analysis allowed modeling the impact of particular well architecture, completion, and stimulation parameters on the production outcome by integrating out the impact of other variables in the system.
MO‐E‐351‐03: Functional MRI for Assessment of Treatment Response and Normal Tissue Toxicity

In vivo functional magnetic resonance imaging is becoming an increasingly important tool for assessment of therapeutic response and normal tissue toxicity. Early assessment and prediction of treatment response and potential risk for toxicity allow for individualized re‐optimization of therapy, which represents a novel concept and a paradigm shift from conventional clinical trials. Potential benefits and risks for therapy should be an integral part of clinical decision making. Organ perfusion, vascular permeability, tissue and tumor metabolism, and cellular structures can be assessed by functional and metabolic MRimaging. Recent studies have shown that functional and metabolic MRimaging can provide an indication of therapeutic response of tumor, and possibly do so prior to the radiographic changes. Also, potential organ and tissue toxicity can be assessed during and after therapy using the same imaging techniques, and possibly predicted prior to clinical symptoms. This presentation will provide an updated overview on functional and metabolic MRimaging in clinical trials for assessment of treatment response. Educational Objectives: 1. Overview potential values of functional and metabolic MRimaging in phase I/II trials for assessment of therapeutic responses and normal tissue toxicity. 2. Discuss the advantages and limitations of using in vivo functional and metabolic MRimaging in clinical trials compared to conventional paradigms.
Effects of Diabetes on the Activity and Content of the Branched-Chain α-Ketoacid Dehydrogenase Complex in Liver

Abstract Severe ketotic diabetes induced in rats by streptozotocin resulted in a reduction in activity of the hepatic branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex, regardless of whether activity was expressed on the basis of liver wet weight, total liver, liver protein, or liver DNA. A decrease in enzyme specific activity (units of enzyme activity per mg of enzyme protein) was found responsible for the reduction in measurable enzyme activity of the complex. Insulin treatment reversed the decrease in enzyme specific activity. Treatment of tissue extracts with phosphoprotein phosphatase had no effect, indicating that activity of the complex was decreased by some mechanism other than reversible phosphorylation. Specific protein components of the complex were also not found reduced by the diabetic state. Induction of severe ketotic diabetes in rats previously fed a low-protein diet resulted in activation of the enzyme as a cortsequence of dephosphorylation. Nevertheless, the specific activity of the dephosphorylated enzyme of diabetic, low-protein-fed rats was decreased relative to that of control, low-protein-fed animals. Reconstitution studies with tissue extracts fortified with the purified E1 component indicate that severe diabetes induces a defect in this component of the hepatic branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex.
Mechanism of a Concentration-dependent Switch between Activation and Inhibition of Arp2/3 Complex by Coronin

Arp2/3 complex is a key actin filament nucleator that assembles branched actin networks in response to cellular signals. The activity of Arp2/3 complex is regulated by both activating and inhibitory proteins. Coronins make up a large class of actin-binding proteins previously shown to inhibit Arp2/3 complex. Although coronins are known to play a role in controlling actin dynamics in diverse processes, including endocytosis and cell motility, the precise mechanism by which they regulate Arp2/3 complex is unclear. We conducted a detailed biochemical analysis of budding yeast coronin, Crn1, and found that it not only inhibits Arp2/3 complex but also activates it. We mapped regions required for activation and found that Crn1 contains a sequence called CA, which is conserved in WASp/Scar proteins, the prototypical activators of Arp2/3 complex. Point mutations in CA abolished activation of Arp2/3 complex by Crn1 in vitro. Confocal microscopy and quantitative actin patch tracking showed that these mutants had defective endocytic actin patch dynamics in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, indicating that activation of Arp2/3 complex by coronin is required for normal actin dynamics in vivo. The switch between the dual modes of regulation by Crn1 is controlled by concentration, and low concentrations of Crn1 enhance filament binding by Arp2/3 complex, whereas high concentrations block binding. Our data support a direct tethering recruitment model for activation of Arp2/3 complex by Crn1 and suggest that Crn1 indirectly inhibits Arp2/3 complex by blocking it from binding actin filaments.
General considerations for interpreting junction capacitance in complex systems

Abstract Many attempts have been made to provide theoretical and experimental methods to achieve a simple interpretation of the measurement of the capacitance of a junction as a function of reverse bias voltage. In this paper we present a quite general but simple formulation that includes all of these previous cases and is useful for describing experimental results in complex systems both conceptually and quantitatively. The results are useful especially for materials containing a high density of deep imperfection levels.
Comment on “Modeling and prediction of natural gas fracking pad landscapes in the Marcellus Shale region, USA” by Qingming Meng

Abstract In modeling and prediction of natural gas fracking pad landscapes in the Marcellus Shale region, USA, the author asserts that landscape and environmental characteristics are the driving factors behind the siting of natural gas pads in the southwestern area of the Marcellus Shale, Pennsylvania, USA. In the article, the author largely dismisses the importance of geology for site prediction. Although the study is useful for understanding landscape characteristics in a small area of the Marcellus Shale, his premise that “the key variables for natural gas fracking can be landscape and environmental variables rather than geological variables” is flawed and thus could lead to erroneous assumptions when creating land use plans. A more reasonable assumption is that the surface siting of natural gas wells is secondary to geologic considerations, as the current topography bears little influence on the geology.
The Intermediate Size Direct Detection Detector for Electron Microscopy

In a longstanding effort to overcome limits of film and the charge coupled device (CCD) systems in electron microscopy, we have developed a radiation-tolerant system that can withstand direct electron bombardment. A prototype Direct Detection Device (DDD) detector based on an Active Pixel Sensor (APS) has delivered unprecedented performance with an excellent signal-to-noise ratio (approximately 5/1 for a single incident electron in the range of 200-400 keV) and a very high spatial resolution. This intermediate size prototype features a 512x550 pixel format of 5μm pitch. The detector response to uniform beam illumination and to single electron hits is reported. Radiation tolerance with high-energy electron exposure is also impressive, especially with cooling to -15 °C. Stable performance has been demonstrated, even after a total dose of 3.3x10 6 electrons/pixel. The characteristics of this new detector have exciting implications for transmission electron microscopy, especially for cryo-EM as applied to biological macromolecules.
On the sliding mode control of structural vibrations via variable damping

Abstract This paper is concerned with the semi-active control of structural vibrations via variable damping elements. Such an approach is insensitive to the spillover problem encountered in fully-active systems. An algorithm based on the sliding mode theory is developed and analysed. Comparing to the ad hoc method presented in previous literature, this new approach improves the system's performance under actuator constraints. Both proportional damping and general damping cases are discussed. Analysis on a beam example is performed to examine the theoretical predictions in terms of the robustness and performance of the control law.
DEVIATIONS FROM MATCHING AS A MEASURE OF PREFERENCE FOR ALTERNATIVES IN PIGEONS

Preferences for larger or smaller defined response classes were investigated in a concurrent schedule precedure. Twelve pigeons were run on a series of concurrent variable-interval reinforcement schedules, from which baseline matching functions were obtained. An experimental phase followed, in which a second response key was available in one concurrent schedule alternative. For half the birds, the second key was programmed identically with the first; for the other half, the added key was programmed for extinction, with position irrelevant. Comparison of baseline and experimental matching functions revealed no systematic changes in either slope or intercept for birds in the latter group.
Bilingualism and biculturism as individual and as societal phenomena

Abstract Just as diglossia is the stable, societal counterpart to individual bilingualism, so di‐ethnia is the stable, societal counterpart to individual biculturism. Di‐ethnia requires societal compartmentalization as well as institutionally protected functional specificity. These desiderata are hard to attain and to retain — both ideologically and structurally — under “modern”, interactive, mobile and individualistic urban industrial conditions. However, some groups have, intuitively or consciously, displayed a talent for exactly such arrangements. Much of bilingual education unknowingly leads to transitional rather than stable accommodations in the areas of language and culture.
Pathophysiology of anthrax.

Abstract : The disease syndromes produced by both Bacillus anthracis organisms and by sterile in vitro toxins are orderly and predictable. Most of the signs and changes in the blood cellular, and gaseous elements occur late in the septicemic phase of disease, whereas similar changes occur earlier after administration of toxins. The only pathophysiological responses peculiar to any of the three species of animals used in this study, the rhesus monkey, chimpanzee, and rabbit, was the presence of nucleated red blood cells in the rabbit and the absence of these cells in the two primates. All effects appear to be nonspecific and include evaluation of white blood count with a marked shift to the lift, decreased Ca2+, Na+, and cholinesterase with increased K-, Cl-, and HPO4(2-). Hyperesthesia frequently was observed, and late in the course of disease a terminal hypoglycemia with alkalosis and hypoxia occurred. One of the most significant observations was failure of the body to respond to the organisms per se but rather to the toxins of B. anthracis. (Author)