cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cooling Systems for Power Plants in an Energy-Water Nexus Era

Potable water is becoming scarce in many areas of the planet as the human population pushes past 7 × 109. There is an increasing need for electric power since electricity is essential for modern development and progress. Traditionally, condenser cooling systems for power plants use seawater or freshwater in conjunction with cooling tower technology. Seawater is used in plants near the sea or ocean, and seawater condenser cooling systems are typically open systems. More recently, air-cooling has been implemented and undergoing evaluations. Predictably, during the summer season in hot, semidesert and desert areas, air-cooling would not prove very efficient. Ironically, these areas would require the most fresh, potable water if the population and/or population density is large. The need for additional power generation units to satisfy consumer demands, and hence more cooling capacities, creates a problem for utilities. The current work researches the feasibility of using seawater cooling systems in the United States of America that are far from the sea. Five such locations have been identified as possibilities. Such a system has proven successful in South Florida. This system utilizes a series of cooling canals, used to dissipate the condenser heat to the surroundings. Relevant statistics of such a canal include water flow rate, total capacity, and MW of generators (both fossil-fueled and nuclear steam generators) the system is designed to cool. Additional statistics include the possible need to top-up (both amount and frequency of water required to maintain canal surface levels) or whether local natural rain water is adequate to replace evaporation and loss. Logistical information includes the estimated size of land required to accommodate the cooling canals. In estimating the canal system size and concomitantly the land required in other parts of the country, there is the tacit assumption that the thermal capacity of the surrounding land is about the same, and that the thermal conductivities of the different types of soil, and the heat transfer coefficients between the seawater and the canal are similar.
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES AND MULTINATIONALITY: EVIDENCE FROM CAPITAL STRUCTURE CHANGES

I examine shareholder valuation effects of capital structure changes for multinational (MNC) and domestic (DC) corporations. The internalization theory of foreign direct investment posits that MNCs create value by internalizing the market for their assets across national borders. If the financing decision is related to the rents from future investments, MNCs may have differential valuation effects to capital structure changes vis-a-vis DCs. I find that MNCs have lower (greater) excess returns for debt-for-equity (equity-for-debt) exchanges than DCs. The cross-sectional analyses show that the valuation effects are differentially related to the investment opportunities of MNCs and DCs.
Application of alternating-current methods of detection to earth-inductors for marine and land observations

The limiting sensitivity of earth-inductors is discussed from a theoretical and experimental point of view for the case of direct-current and alternating-current methods of detecting, the output. The effect of parasitic voltages is discussed and it is concluded that the alternating- current detector may be made as much as one thousand times as sensitive as the direct-current detector. The particular advantage of alternating-current methods of detection for marine observations is pointed out and it is shown that such observations can be made with greatly increased accuracy. [The complete paper is being published in the September 1936 number of the Journal of Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity.]
Synthesis of fipronil sulfide, an active metabolite, from the parent insecticide fipronil

Abstract A convenient procedure for the synthesis of fipronil sulfide, one of several active metabolites identified from the insecticide fipronil, has been developed. Reduction of fipronil with trifluoroacetic anhydride–sodium iodide in acetone, followed by flash chromatography afforded fipronil sulfide in 60% yield and >99.9 percent purity. This represents the first direct synthesis of this key metabolite from fipronil.
Reactions of Organic Compounds with Xenon Fluorides

Xenon fluorides, especially XeF2 and the intercalates of XeF4 and XeF6 in graphite, react with a broad range of aromatic compounds to provide a convenient direct route to fluoroaromatic compounds, many of which are otherwise difficult to prepare. Some of the products are of medicinal and biological interest. Highly colored radical cations are generated in the reactions by one-electron oxidation. XeF2 also serves as a useful source of fluorine by reacting readily with carbon-carbon double and triple bonds to yield difluoro- and tetrafluoro- addition products, as well as products resulting from rearrangements (especially in the case of norbornene).
Why We Should Not Pay for Human Organs

The right to buy and sell human organs is challenged by the authors within the framework of a broad Christian perspective. Opposition to organ sales is argued in the light of the developing underclass of poor organ donors throughout the world who sell their organs to the rich. Very often neither the donors nor the recipients are fully informed about the medical risks involved in the procedure of organ transplantation.
Intrinsic linking and knotting are arbitrarily complex

We show that, given any n and α, any embedding of any sufficiently large complete graph in R contains an oriented link with components Q1, . . . , Qn such that for every i != j, |lk(Qi, Qj)| ≥ α and |a2(Qi)| ≥ α, where a2(Qi) denotes the second coefficient of the Conway polynomial of Qi.
Unexpected photoinduced electron transfer reactions of two glucose thiobenzoates

Irradiation of the 2-O and 3-O thiobenzoate derivatives (2, 3) of methyl 4,6-benzylidene-α-D-glucopyranoside in CH2Cl2 with NEt3 gives solvent incorporation and cyclization to 4a,b and 5a,b by an electron-transfer mechanism.
Stochastic potential switching algorithm for Monte Carlo simulations of complex systems.

This paper describes a new Monte Carlo method based on a novel stochastic potential switching algorithm. This algorithm enables the equilibrium properties of a system with potential V to be computed using a Monte Carlo simulation for a system with a possibly less complex stochastically altered potential V. By proper choices of the stochastic switching and transition probabilities, it is shown that detailed balance can be strictly maintained with respect to the original potential V. The validity of the method is illustrated with a simple one-dimensional example. The method is then generalized to multidimensional systems with any additive potential, providing a framework for the design of more efficient algorithms to simulate complex systems. A near-critical Lennard-Jones fluid with more than 20 000 particles is used to illustrate the method. The new algorithm produced a much smaller dynamic scaling exponent compared to the Metropolis method and improved sampling efficiency by over an order of magnitude.
Frequency Spectra and Probability Distributions for Quantum Fluctuations

This paper discusses two distinct, but related issues in quantum fluctuation effects. The first is the frequency spectrum which can be assigned to one loop quantum processes. The formal spectrum is a flat one, but the finite quantum effects can be associated with a rapidly oscillating spectrum, as in the case of the Casimir effect. The leads to the speculation that one might be able to dramatically change the final answer by upsetting the delicate cancellation which usually occurs. The second issue is the probability distribution for quantum fluctuations. It is well known that quantities which are linear in a free quantum field have a Gaussian distribution. Here it will be argued that quadratic quantities, such as the quantum stress tensor, must have a skewed distribution. Some possible implications of this result for inflationary cosmology will be discussed. In particular, this might be a source for non-Gaussianity.
Numerical simulation of wind effects: A probabilistic perspective

Abstract Numerical simulations of wind loads and their effects are critical in the design of structures to ensure their safety under winds. The simulations range from generation of time histories of wind velocity, pressure and force fluctuations to structural response and assessment of attendant functionality and safety under service and design loads, respectively. Typically these schemes employ Monte Carlo-based approaches that encompass model-based simulations or information derived from observed data. The scope of simulations spans uni-variate to multi-variate processes; uni-dimensional to multi-dimensional fields; Gaussian to non-Gaussian; stationary to non-stationary; conditional and unconditional cases. In order to accomplish these tasks, methods based on the time, frequency, or time–frequency domains are employed. This paper summarizes a historical perspective, recent developments and future challenges. Also included in the discussion are computational tools employed for data analysis, response analysis and its management, and prediction. Examples are presented to illustrate some of the topics discussed.
Mixing and reaction of hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide at elevated pressure.

Atomization, mixing and reaction characteristics of hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide injected from quadlet element
Subacute infratemporal fossa cellulitis with subsequent abscess formation in an immunocompromised patient.

Objectives: To present a case of subacute infratemporal fossa cellulitis with subsequent abscess formation to show important anatomic relationships as they effect presentation and treatment of infections in this area. Study design: Case report and brief literature review. Methods: The case of an immunocompromised patient who developed subacute infratemporal fossa cellulitis with subsequent abscess formation is presented. A literature review discusses etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of these infections. Results: Careful history and physical examination revealed unilateral facial pain, swelling, and trismus to be caused by an infratemporal fossa abscess. Intraoral drainage and intravenous antibiotic therapy led to resolution of the infection. Conclusion: Infratemporal fossa abscesses are potentially dangerous complications of odontogenic infections. Although clinical diagnosis may be difficult, knowledge of relevant anatomy and pathways of spread allow more effective diagnosis and treatment of these infections.
Phase transition in limiting distributions of coherence of high-dimensional random matrices

The coherence of a random matrix, which is defined to be the largest magnitude of the Pearson correlation coefficients between the columns of the random matrix, is an important quantity for a wide range of applications including high-dimensional statistics and signal processing. Inspired by these applications, this paper studies the limiting laws of the coherence of nxp random matrices for a full range of the dimension p with a special focus on the ultra high-dimensional setting. Assuming the columns of the random matrix are independent random vectors with a common spherical distribution, we give a complete characterization of the behavior of the limiting distributions of the coherence. More specifically, the limiting distributions of the coherence are derived separately for three regimes: 1nlogp->0, 1nlogp->@b@?(0,~), and 1nlogp->~. The results show that the limiting behavior of the coherence differs significantly in different regimes and exhibits interesting phase transition phenomena as the dimension p grows as a function of n. Applications to statistics and compressed sensing in the ultra high-dimensional setting are also discussed.
Synthesis of 2-indanones by intramolecular insertion of α-diazoketones

Abstract The reaction of α-diazoketones from phenylacetic acid derivatives affords 2-indanones in good yield. Insertion into the aromatic CH bond was found to be favored over insertion into an aliphatic one.
Optical qualities of the Boston keratoprosthesis

Purpose To evaluate the optical characteristics of the Boston Keratoprosthesis (KPro) in relation to visual function. To determine glare sources and evaluate possible glare control. To explore the feasibility of fundus imaging. To examine the binocular consequences of implanting the device when the fellow eye has normal vision. Methods The computed and optical bench measured point spread function and corresponding modulation transfer function (MTF), as well as glare sources, were compared. A model eye construct was used to determine the relative impact of different sources of glare and its control. The effect of glare in eyes implanted with a KPro was measured with a Brightness Acuity Test (BAT) with and without a dark iris contact lens (dCL) for 8 eyes with Type I and 2 eyes with Type II KPro. Computed and measured visual fields were compared. The power of a lens that provides a wide field view of the fundus was calculated. Images with a fundus camera and lenses were obtained. Stereopsis was measured in 5 Type I KPro patients with an intact fellow eye. Results The computed and measured MTF for the KPro were found to be very close to the diffraction limit. Both the model eye and patients testing identified the hazy corneal graft as the main source of glare, which was controlled with a dCL. In 3 patients with an intact fellow eye, modest stereo acuity was gained with KPro implantation. Binocular visual field is not expanded when implanting a patient with normal fellow eye. Good image quality of the fundus is achieved in eyes with clear media. Conclusion Disability glare can be reduced with the use of a dCL. Implanting the KPro in a patient with an intact fellow eye only marginally improves visual function. Adequate fundus imaging can be obtained.
Conversion Reactions of Cadmium Chalcogenide Nanocrystal Precursors

We survey the chemical reactions between common precursors used in the synthesis of metal chalcogenide nanocrystals and outline how they affect the mechanism and kinetics of nanocrystal growth. We emphasize syntheses of cadmium selenide and cadmium sulfide where a variety of metal and chalcogenide precursors have been explored, though this is supplemented by studies of zinc and lead chalcogenide formation where appropriate. This review is organized into three sections, highlighting kinetics, metal precursors, and chalcogenide precursors, respectively. Section I is dedicated to the role of precursor conversion as a source of monomers and the importance of the supply rate on nanocrystal nucleation and growth. Section II describes the structure and reactivity of cadmium carboxylates, phosphonates, and chalcogenolates. Section III describes the reaction chemistry of commonly employed chalcogenide precursors and the mechanisms by which they react with metal precursors.
Risk preferences and the timing of marriage and childbearing

The existing literature on marriage and fertility decisions pays little attention to the roles played by risk preferences and uncertainty. However, given uncertainty regarding the availability of suitable marriage partners, the ability to contracept, and the ability to conceive, women’s risk preferences might be expected to play an important role in marriage and fertility timing decisions. By using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), I find that measured risk preferences have a significant effect on the timing of both marriage and fertility. Highly risk-tolerant women are more likely to delay marriage, consistent with either a search model of marriage or a risk-pooling explanation. In addition, risk preferences affect fertility timing in a way that differs by marital status and education, and that varies over the life cycle. Greater tolerance for risk leads to earlier births at young ages, consistent with these women being less likely to contracept effectively. In addition, as the subgroup of college-educated, unmarried women nears the end of their fertile periods, highly risk-tolerant women are likely to delay childbearing relative to their more risk-averse counterparts and are therefore less likely to become mothers. These findings may have broader implications for both individual and societal well-being.
Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability (ARAC)

ARAC is in the initial stages of being implemented and is therefore susceptible to changes before it reaches its final form. However the concept of ARAC is fully developed and was successfully demonstrated during a feasibility study conducted in June 1974, as a joint effort between the Savannah River Laboratory (SRL) and LLL. Additional tests between SRL and LLL are scheduled for December 1975. While our immediate goal is the application of ARAC to assist a limited number of ERDA sites, the system is designed with sufficient flexibility to permit expanding the service to a large number of sites. Success in ARAC application should provide nuclear facilities with a means to handle better the urgent questions concerning the potential accidental hazards from atmospheric releases in addition to providing the sites with a capability to assess the effort of their normal operations.
Transverse radiation realized as deformed harmonic oscillators

Abstract We present a theory of quantized radiation fields described in terms of q-deformed harmonic oscillators. The creation and annihilation operators satisfy deformed commutation relations and the Fock space of states is constructed in this formalism in terms of basic numbers familiar from the theory of quantum groups. Expressions for the Hamiltonian and momentum arising from deformed Heisenberg relations are obtained and their consequences investigated. The energy momentum properties of the vacuum state are studied. The commutation relation for the fields is shown to involve polarization sums more intricate than those encountered in standard quantum electrodynamics, thus requiring explicit representations of polarization vectors. The electric field commutation rules are investigated under simplifying assumptions of polarization states, and the commutator in the deformed theory in this case is shown to be reminiscent of the coordinate-momentum uncertainty relation in the theory of q-deformed quantum oscillators.
The RASNIK real-time relative alignment monitor for the CDF inner tracking detectors

Abstract We describe the design and operation of the RASNIK optical relative alignment system designed for and installed on the CDF inner tracking detectors. The system provides low-cost minute-by-minute alignment monitoring with submicron precision. To reduce ambiguities, we modified the original three-element RASNIK design to a two-element one. Since the RASNIKs are located within 10– 40 cm of the beam line, the systems were built from low-mass and radiation-hard components and are operated in a mode which reduces damage from radiation. We describe the data-acquisition system, which has been running without interruption since before the CDF detector was rolled into its collision hall in March 2001. We evaluate what has been learned about sources of detector motion from almost 2 years of RASNIK data and discuss possible improvements to the system.
Quantitative validation of a method for correction of intraoperative brain shift

Stereotactic neuronavigational systems have demonstrated significant clinical influence during the past decade, and are being used in an increasing number of neurosurgical procedures. Pre-operatively acquired 3D images are used for planning purposes, and also are employed in intraoperative navigations to help localize and resect brain lesions. However, as the operation progresses, multiple factors contribute to changes that limit the accuracy of the navigation based on pre-operative images alone. The opening of the dura with the associated loss of CSF and cortical swelling, the effect of gravity relative to the craniotomy location, tumor decompression, and collapse of neural tissue around the operative site are some of the factors that contribute to errors in navigation, particularly navigation based solely on pre-operatively acquired images. Neuronavigational systems assume a one to one correlation between patient anatomy in the operating room and the pre-operatively acquired MRI images. Since the brain deforms in a non-linear manner, intraoperative brain shift can really only be corrected via intraoperative sensing methods that effectively update the pre-operatively acquired image data during surgery. Our method to correct for intra-operative brain shift involves the use of ultrasound intraoperatively to update patient specific pre-operative MRI scans using a physics-based dynamic model. To quantitatively validate the imaging and modeling process, a phantom was designed that realistically simulates the brain and its shifting patterns resulting from several of the clinical factors that occur during a brain operation. MRI and US datasets were acquired for several permutations of phantom parameters. Deformation algorithms applied to the phantom data demonstrate the efficacy of this approach to effectively update the pre-operatively acquired MRI data during an operation, thus improving accuracy of navigation.
Optimal block designs for three treatments when observations are correlated

Abstract E -optimal designs for comparing three treatments in blocks of size three are identified, where intrablock observations are correlated according to a first order autoregressive error process with parameter ρ ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) . For number of blocks b of the form b = 3 n + 1 , there are two distinct optimal designs depending on the value of ρ , with the best design being unequally replicated for large ρ . For other values of b , binary, equireplicate designs with specified within-block assignment patterns are best. In many cases, the stronger majorization optimality is established.
Topography and surface features of Mars

Abstract Topographic data obtained by radar ranging along the +21°.5 parallel of Mars have been correlated with surface detail. The data show that the high areas are deserts, the canals occur in broad and frequently deep valleys, and the maria occur in low areas or on slopes. The data confirm the concept that frost is deposited predominately in the high areas and add support to the concept that the dark areas are biological in nature.
Selection of actuator locations for static shape control of large space structures by heuristic integer programing

Orbiting spacecraft such as large space antennas have to maintain a highly accurate shape to operate satisfactorily. Such structures require active and passive controls to maintain an accurate shape under a variety of disturbances. Methods for the optimum placement of control actuators for correcting static deformations are described. In particular, attention is focused on the case were control locations have to be selected from a large set of available sites, so that integer programing methods are called for. The effectiveness of three heuristic techniques for obtaining a near-optimal site selection is compared. In addition, efficient reanalysis techniques for the rapid assessment of control effectiveness are presented. Two examples are used to demonstrate the methods: a simple beam structure and a 55m space-truss-parabolic antenna.
Vibrational spectra and torsional analyses of cis-2,3-dimethyloxirane and trans-2,3-dimethyloxirane

Abstract The Raman spectra of cis -2,3-dimethyloxirane and trans -2,3-dimethyloxirane in the vapor, liquid, and polycrystalline solid phases are reported for the region between 25 and 3100 cm −1 . The IR spectra of these two compounds between 80 and 4000 cm −1 in the vapor and polycrystalline solid phases are also reported. In the IR and Raman spectra of gaseous trans -2,3-dimethyloxirane a total of eight torsional transitions have been observed. In the Raman spectrum of the cis compound in the vapor phase, four torsional transitions have been observed. From these experimental data, periodic barriers to the methyl torsional motions have been calculated to be 905 ± 7 cm −1 (2.5 kcal mol −1 ) for the trans molecule and 617 ±5 cm −1 (1.76 kcal mol −1 ) for the cis molecule. Additionally, complete vibrational assignments based on band contours, depolarization values, and group frequencies are proposed for both molecules and gas-phase thermodynamic functions have been calculated. These results are compared to the corresponding quantities for some similar molecules.
Defining and evaluating network communities based on ground-truth

Nodes in real-world networks organize into densely linked communities where edges appear with high concentration among the members of the community. Identifying such communities of nodes has proven to be a challenging task due to a plethora of definitions of network communities, intractability of methods for detecting them, and the issues with evaluation which stem from the lack of a reliable gold-standard ground-truth. In this paper, we distinguish between structural and functional definitions of network communities. Structural definitions of communities are based on connectivity patterns, like the density of connections between the community members, while functional definitions are based on (often unobserved) common function or role of the community members in the network. We argue that the goal of network community detection is to extract functional communities based on the connectivity structure of the nodes in the network. We then identify networks with explicitly labeled functional communities to which we refer as ground-truth communities. In particular, we study a set of 230 large real-world social, collaboration, and information networks where nodes explicitly state their community memberships. For example, in social networks, nodes explicitly join various interest-based social groups. We use such social groups to define a reliable and robust notion of ground-truth communities. We then propose a methodology, which allows us to compare and quantitatively evaluate how different structural definitions of communities correspond to ground-truth functional communities. We study 13 commonly used structural definitions of communities and examine their sensitivity, robustness and performance in identifying the ground-truth. We show that the 13 structural definitions are heavily correlated and naturally group into four classes. We find that two of these definitions, Conductance and Triad participation ratio, consistently give the best performance in identifying ground-truth communities. We also investigate a task of detecting communities given a single seed node. We extend the local spectral clustering algorithm into a heuristic parameter-free community detection method that easily scales to networks with more than 100 million nodes. The proposed method achieves 30 % relative improvement over current local clustering methods.
Specific Solvent Effects in Swollen Polymer Networks

Abstract Stress—strain isotherms at 25° have been determined for uniaxially elongated poly(dimethylsiloxane) networks in the unswollen state and swollen consecutively with each of the following very dissimilar diluents : low molecular weight dimethylsiloxane fluid, n-hexadecane, 2,4-dichlorotoluene, and n-octyl acetate Five constant composition experiments were carried out, at values of the volume fraction ν2 of polymer of 1.00, 0.80, 0.60, 0.50, and 0.35. At ν2=0.80, the stress—strain isotherms were found to be independent of the nature of the diluent; at lower values of ν2, however, these isotherms were significantly different, thus demonstrating the existence of a “specific solvent effect” in swollen polymer networks. Interpretation of these data in terms of the statistical theory of rubberlike elasticity gave results in good agreement with previously reported specific solvent effects on the unperturbed dimensions of uncrosslinked poly (dimethylsiloxane) chains in solution. In neither case, however, do...
Synthesis and structure of Bi2Fe2Mn2O10

Abstract The crystal structure of a new material, Bi 2 Fe 2 Mn 2 O 10 , in the Bi-Fe-Mn-O system has been determined to be isostructural with Bi 2 Mn 4 O 10 . Single-crystal studies show the space group to be Pbam (No. 55) with unit-cell parameters a =7.617(3) A, b =8.548(4) A and c =5.830(3) A.This new compound has ordered iron and manganese ions in octahedral and square pyramidal sites respectively. This is the first reported example of a quaternary phase with the general structure type of Bi 2 M 4 O 9+8 (M  Al, Fe, Ga, Mn) having ordered transition metal cations.
Impurity states in solid neon

Abstract A formalism for the treatment of optical absorption by an isolated substitutional impurity center is given. The tight-binding approximation is used and the method of constructing one-electron trial functions for the system is outlined. The first-order absorption energies, oscillator strengths and integrated absorption coefficients are computed in an approximation which includes spin-orbit interaction and the overlapping of heterocentric atomic wave functions through terms of order S 2 . The first-order energies are corrected for van der Waals interactions using a variational formalism. A phenomenological method for computing the emission energies of the system is given. The specific example of an argon impurity atom in solid neon is treated numerically. The computation predicts absorption lines at 11.7 and 11.6 eV due, respectively to the 1 P 1 and 3 P 1 states of the argon impurity, with an uncertainty of 1.3 eV. The oscillator strengths for these transitions are calculated to be 0.164 and 0.017 respectively, giving rise to integrated absorption coefficients of 0.84×10 6 N 0 and 0.09×10 6 N 0 eV cm −1 for the two states, where N 0 is the (small) fractional concentration of impurities in the host lattice.
Scheduling parallel machines with single vehicle delivery

We investigate the integrated production and distribution scheduling problem in a supply chain. The manufacturer's production environment is modeled as a parallel machine system. A single capacitated vehicle is employed to deliver products in batches to multiple customers. The scheduling problem can also be viewed as either parallel machines with delivery considerations or a flexible flowshop. Different inventory holding costs, job sizes (volume or storage space required in the transportation unit), and job priorities are taken into account. Efficient mathematical modeling and near-optimal heuristic approaches are presented for minimizing total weighted completion time.
Landau theory of the Mott transition in the fully frustrated Hubbard model in infinite dimensions

We discuss the solution of the Mott transition problem in a fully frustrated lattice with a semicircular density of states in the limit of infinite dimensions from the point of view of a Landau free energy functional. This approach provides a simple relation between the free energy of the lattice model and that of its local description in terms of an impurity model. The character of the Mott transition in infinite dimensions, (as reviewed by Georges, Kotliar, Krauth and Rozenberg, Rev. Mod. Phys. 68, 13 (1996)) follows simply from the form of the free energy functional and the physics of quantum impurity models. At zero temperature, below a critical value of the interaction U, a Mott insulator with a finite gap in the one particle spectrum, becomes unstable to the formation of a narrow band near the Fermi energy. Using the insights provided by the Landau approach we answer questions raised about the dynamical mean field solution of the Mott transition problem, and comment on its applicability to three dimensional transition metal oxides.
A statistical treatment of the gamma-ray burst ``no host object'' issue

Various burst origin scenarios require a host object in the burst error box or near a well-located position. For example, a host galaxy should be present in the standard cosmological models. We present a methodology which evaluates whether the observed detections and nondetections of potential host objects in burst error boxes are consistent with the presence of the host, or whether all the detections can be attributed to background objects (e.g., unrelated background galaxies). The host object’s flux distribution must be modeled. Preliminary results are presented for the “minimal” cosmological model.
1,5- and 1,9-Hydrogen atom abstractions. Photochemical strategies for radical cyclizations

In the context of developing new radical cyclization methods, we examined the interception of the biradicals produced by the photolysis of α-keto esters.
Bullying in the U.S. Workplace: Normative and Process-Oriented Ethical Approaches

Bullying is a serious problem in today’s workplace, in that, a large percentage of employees have either been bullied or knows someone who has. There are a variety of ethical concerns dealing with bullying—that is, courses of action to manage the bullying contain serious ethical/legal concerns. The inadequacies of legal protections for bullying in the U.S. workplace also compound the approaches available to deal ethically with bullying. While Schumann (2001, Human Resource Management Review 11, 93–111) does not explicitly examine bullying, the five moral principles that he advocates can be applied to judge the ethics of bullying in the workplace. A possible limitation of this model is that, it is designed to be normative (judgmental), and while it does take into consideration the relationships among the victim, the perpetrator, the groups in the organization, and the organization itself in judging the ethics of bullying, it does not explicitly consider the process by which bullying might develop and persist. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the dynamics of this process, Nijhof and Rietdijk (1999, Journal of Business Ethics 20(1), 39–50)) suggest applying an A–B–C (antecedents, behaviors, and consequences) model to help understand the dynamics of bullying in the workplace. Formal propositions are offered to guide both academics and practitioners to an enriched understanding of the ethics of workplace bullying.
Guidelines for Combining the Judgments of Individual Members in Decision Conferences

This paper is concerned with the problem of obtaining judgments from individual group members and combining these individual judgments to arrive at a group decision according to a process which min...
(Quasi)localized gauge field on a brane: Dissipating cosmic radiation to extra dimensions?

Abstract We propose a mechanism ensuring (quasi)localization of massless gauge fields on a brane. The mechanism does not rely on BPS properties of the brane and can be realized in any theory where charged particles are confined to the world-volume. The localized matter fluctuations induce a gauge kinetic term on the brane. At short distances the resulting propagator for the gauge field is identical to the four-dimensional propagator. The gauge theory on the brane is effectively four-dimensional at short distances; it becomes higher-dimensional on very large (cosmic) scales. The brane-bulk system exhibits the phenomenon of “infrared transparency”. As a result, only very low frequency modes can escape into extra dimensions. In this framework the large wavelength cosmic radiation can dissipate in extra space at a rate that may be observable, in principle. We briefly discuss some astrophysical consequences of this scenario. The same mechanism of localization of gauge fields may work in Kaplan's framework for domain wall chiral fermions on lattices.
Restricted sum formula of alternating Euler sums

In this paper, we study restricted sum formulas involving alternating Euler sums which are defined by $$ {\zeta}(s_1,\dots,s_d;{\varepsilon}_1, \dots,{\varepsilon}_d)=\sum_{n_1>\cdots>n_d\ge1} \frac{{\varepsilon}_1^{n_1}\cdots{\varepsilon}_d^{n_d}}{ n_1^{s_1}\cdots n_d^{s_d}}, $$ for all positive integers s1,…,sd and e1=±1,…,ed=±1 with (s1,e1)≠(1,1). We call w=s1+⋯+sd the weight and d the depth. When ej=−1 we say the jth component is alternating. We first consider Euler sums of the following special type: $$ {\xi}(2s_1,\dots,2s_d)={\zeta}\bigl(2s_1, \dots,2s_d;(-1)^{s_1},\dots ,(-1)^{s_d}\bigr). $$ For d≤n, let Ξ(2n,d) be the sum of all ξ(2s1,…,2sd) of fixed weight 2n and depth d. We derive a formula for Ξ(2n,d) using the theory of symmetric functions established by Hoffman recently. We also consider restricted sum formulas of Euler sums with fixed weight 2n, depth d and fixed number α of alternating components at even arguments. When α=1 or α=d, we can determine precisely the restricted sum formulas. For other α we only treat the cases d<5 completely since the symmetric function theory becomes more and more unwieldy to work with when α moves closer to d/2.
PHOTOMETRIC OSCILLATIONS OF LOW-LUMINOSITY RED GIANT STARS*

I present details of the variations of several hundred red giant stars on timescales of a few hours to a few days from Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of a low-extinction galactic bulge sample from an intensive seven-day campaign. Variations in the red giants are shown to be a strong function of position within the color-magnitude diagram (CMD) in accord with general expectations from theory. Amplitudes are greater for stars with larger radii, whether this results from higher luminosity at the same effective temperature or lower temperature at a fixed apparent magnitude. Likewise, characteristic timescales for the variations increase to the upper right in a CMD as does the ratio of amplitudes measured at 606 nm compared to 814 nm. Characteristic variation timescales are well matched by low-order radial pulsation modes. The effective sample discussed here extends from about two magnitudes above the bulge turnoff at which red giant radii are ~7 R/R ☉ at 5000 K with typical amplitudes of ~0.5 mmag to ~40 R/R ☉ at 4000 K with amplitudes of ~3.5 mmag. Variability characteristics are quite similar at any given position in the CMD, and at levels in the CMD where oscillations are easily detected nearly all red giants show such. If these variations represent oscillations with sufficient lifetimes to derive accurate mode frequencies, more extensive observations, e.g., as should soon be provided by the Kepler Mission, would provide a rich asteroseismic return.
Gravity-Assist Maneuvers Augmented by the Lorentz Force

of Lorentz Augmented Orbits (LAOs) on gravity-assist maneuvers are examined. In this study, we consider a spacecraft carrying a net electrostatic charge that performs a hyperbolic flyby of a planet with a non-negligible magnetosphere. It the charge on the satellite is modulated, the usefulness and eectiveness of the flyby can be extended in several ways with no expenditure of propellant. Both analytical and simulation results are presented for satellites in equatorial orbits within dipole magnetic fields. The spacecraft’s exit asymptote from the flyby target’s sphere of influence can be changed to an arbitrary direction. The spacecraft can also be captured at the target planet, or the assist maneuver can be timed with more flexibility than a gravity-only flyby.
On the physical conditions in AGN optical jets

Abstract The energy budget of all known optical jets is discussed. It is found that to power the extended radio lobes of radio galaxies, the jet bulk motion on kpc scales must be relativistic, on average. Based on various constraints, a “most probable” region centered around Γbulk∼7.5 and θ∼20° is found. Because of the consequent relativistic beaming, the rest frame magnetic field is lower and electron lifetimes longer. Combining the effects of time dilation and lower emission rate, the electron diffusion length becomes fully consistent with the deprojected jet length, without the need for reacceleration.
Effects of ultrasound on transport in avian erythrocytes

Abstract A 1 MHz continuous wave sound field of intensity 0.6 W/cm 2 was applied to a suspension of avian erythrocytes in vitro for 30 min. Sound induced alteration of membrane transport was tested by post treatment incubation of the insonated and control cells for 10 min. in labelled leucine. The total uptake (mediated transport plus diffusion and non-specific binding) was assayed by standard liquid scintillation counting procedures. The percentage of the total uptake due to mediated transport was determined by a similar incubation in a mixture of isoleucine/leucine (50:1, by mole). At the intensity used total uptake by sonated cells was approximately 5% less than by control cells. Analysis shows the effect, although small, to be statistically significant ( p p p >0.9).
The dual approach to portfolio evaluation: a comparison of the static, myopic and generalized buy-and-hold strategies

We use the recently proposed duality approach to study the performance of static, myopic and generalized buy-and-hold (GBH) trading strategies. Our interest in static and GBH strategies is motivated by the fact that these strategies are intuitive and straightforward to implement in practice. The myopic strategy, while more difficult to implement, is often close to optimal and so we use it to obtain tight bounds on the performance of the true optimal dynamic trading strategy. We find that while this optimal dynamic strategy often significantly outperforms the GBH strategy, this is not true in general when no-borrowing or no-short-sales constraints are imposed on the investor. This has implications for investors when a dynamic trading strategy is too costly or difficult to implement in practice. For the class of security price dynamics under consideration, we also show that the optimal GBH strategy is always superior to the optimal static strategy. We also demonstrate that the dual approach is even more tra...
Ovarian germ cell malignancies: The yale university experience

Abstract Eighty-one patients with ovarian germ cell malignancies (immature teratoma 29, dysgerminoma 26, endodermal sinus tumors 15, mixed germ cell tumor 8, other 3) seen or consulted on at Yale University over a 15 year period are presented. Initial therapy was successful in 70 of 81 (86.4%) patients and 75 (92.6%) are currently alive and disease free. Early stage dysgerminomas may be safely treated with surgery whereas advanced disease is exquisitely sensitive to vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide (VAC) therapy. Early stage immature teratoma is uniformly successfully treated with short-term VAC whereas advanced disease requires longer treatment. Early stage endodermal sinus tumor (EST) and mixed germ cell tumors may be effectively treated with VAC or platinum-based therapy but advanced disease should be treated with paltinum-based regimens. Serial alpha fetoprotein assays should determine duration of therapy in tumors containing EST elements. Conservative surgery to preserve reproductive function is appropriate for all patients with early stage ovarian germ cell malignancies and selected patients with advanced disease.
The Effect of Credit Market Competition on Lending Relationships

This paper provides a simple model showing that the extent of competition in credit markets is important in determining the value of lending relationships. Creditors are more likely to finance credit constrained firms when credit markets are concentrated because it is easier for these creditors to internalize the benefits of assisting the firms. The model has implications about the availability and the price of credit as firms age in different markets. The paper offers evidence for these implications from small business data. It concludes with conjectures on the costs and benefits of liberalizing financial markets, as well as the timing of such reforms.
Hyperdiffusion as a Mechanism for Solar Coronal Heating

A theory for the heating of coronal magnetic flux ropes is developed. The dissipated magnetic energy has two distinct contributions: (1) energy injected into the corona as a result of granule-scale, random footpoint motions and (2) energy from the large-scale, nonpotential magnetic field of the flux rope. The second type of dissipation can be described in terms of hyperdiffusion, a type of magnetic diffusion in which the helicity of the mean magnetic field is conserved. The associated heating rate depends on the gradient of the torsion parameter of the mean magnetic field. A simple model of an active region containing a coronal flux rope is constructed. We find that the temperature and density on the axis of the flux rope are lower than in the local surroundings, consistent with observations of coronal cavities. The model requires that the magnetic field in the flux rope be stochastic in nature, with a perpendicular length scale of the magnetic fluctuations of the order of 1000 km.
Enthalpy of tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) between 291 and 655 K and at pressures to 10342 kPa

Abstract Experimental enthalpy measurements were made on tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) along eleven isobars from 101 to 10342 kPa (including the critical isobar), in the temperature range 291 to 655 K using a reference-fluid boil-off calorimeter. In addition to the direct calorimetry results, equations for the liquid and vapor enthalpies as well as estimated vapor pressures, ideal-gas enthalpies, and enthalpies of vaporization are also reported.
A near-infrared spectral template for quasars

We present a near-infrared quasar composite spectrum spanning the wavelength range 0.58-3.5 μm. The spectrum has been constructed from observations of 27 quasars obtained at the NASA IRTF telescope and satisfying the criteria Ks < 14.5 and Mi < -23; the redshift range is 0.118 < z < 0.418. The signal-to-noise ratio is moderate, reaching a maximum of 150 between 1.6 and 1.9 μm. While a power-law fit to the continuum of the composite spectrum requires two breaks, a single power-law slope of α = -0.92 plus a 1260 K blackbody provides an excellent description of the spectrum from Hα to 3.5 μm, strongly suggesting the presence of significant quantities of hot dust in this blue-selected quasar sample. We measure intensities and line widths for 10 lines, finding that the Paschen line ratios rule out case B recombination. We compute K-corrections for the J, H, K, and Spitzer 3.6 μm bands, which will be useful in analyzing observations of quasars up to z = 10.
Glutamate surface speciation on amorphous titanium dioxide and hydrous ferric oxide.

Hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) and titanium dioxide exhibit similar strong attachment of many adsorbates including biomolecules. Using surface complexation modeling, we have integrated published adsorption data for glutamate on HFO over a range of pH and surface coverage with published in situ ATR-FTIR studies of glutamate speciation on amorphous titanium dioxide. The results indicate that glutamate adsorbs on HFO as a deprotonated divalent anion at pH 3−5 and 0.2 μmol·m−2 in the form of chelating-monodentate and bridging-bidentate species attached to the surface through three or four of the carboxylate oxygens, respectively. The amine group may interact weakly with the surface. However, at similar pH values and higher surface coverages, glutamate adsorbs mainly as a monovalent or divalent anion chelated to the surface by the γ-carboxylate group. In this configuration the α-carboxylate and amine groups might be free to interact above the surface with the free ends of adjacent glutamates, suggesting a possible...
Computations of the Ozsvath-Szabo knot concordance invariant

Ozsvath and Szabo have defined a knot concordance invariantthat bounds the 4-ball genus of a knot. Here we discuss shortcuts to its computation. We include examples of Alexander polynomial one knots for which the invariant is nontrivial, including all iterated untwisted positive doubles of knots with non- negative Thurston-Bennequin number, such as the trefoil, and explicit com- putations for several 10 crossing knots. We also note that a new proof of the Slice-Bennequin Inequality quickly follows from these techniques.