cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of the Theory of Reasoned Action in Predicting AIDS-Related Sexual Risk Reduction Among Gay Men1

This study evaluates the utility of a social psychological theory, Ajzen and Fishbein's (1980) Theory of Reasoned Action, in explicating attitude-behavior relationships concerning the practice of “safer sex” in a sample of 297 gay men. As the theory predicts, results indicate that a positive attitude toward “safer sex” and a belief that important, influential referents encouraged such behavior covaried with intention to practice sexual behaviors that minimize risk of infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). In turn, intention predicted levels of sexual risk-taking and employment of HIV-risk reducing strategies. Results provide support for the theory of reasoned action as a viable model of attitude-behavior relationships in AIDS-related risk reduction behaviors of gay men.
The Gore-Tex peritoneal catheter: a clinical evaluation and comparison with the Tenckhoff catheter

In January of 1983, the Gore-Tex (W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc, Flagstaff, Ariz) peritoneal catheter was introduced into the dialysis market. Presently, there is no other peritoneal catheter that offers this unique subcutaneous tunnel design. This catheter has an external and intra-abdominal Silastic (Dow Corning, Midland, Mich) segment and a transcutaneous segment with a flange and cuff of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). This catheter was designed to decrease the incidence of tunnel infections, catheter cuff extrusions, and exit site infections. The clinical experience with 57 Gore-Tex catheters and 47 Tenckhoff catheters at Ohio State University from May 1980 through April 1983 is presented. In addition, the Gore-Tex catheter's surgical insertion technique and postoperative care procedures are described. There was a significant decrease in the incidence of tunnel infections with the Gore-Tex catheter versus the Tenckhoff catheter (0.03 versus 0.21 infections per patient-year, respectively; P
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: genes and enzymes of alginate synthesis

Alginate is an important virulence factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterium that colonizes the pulmonary tracts of cystic fibrosis patients. Alginate is also widely used in the food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries, and consequently there is considerable interest in the molecular biology and biochemistry of alginate synthesis. As well as its therapeutic potential, research on mucoid P. aeruginosa may provide a lead to an alternative source of alginate for industrial use.
Simple Method to Determine Flow Characteristics of Injectable Hydrogels

This article presents a simple inexpensive method to measure flow and viscoelastic properties of calcium alginate hydrogels or gel solutions and is particularly suitable for quality control in small laboratory settings. This method can be considered an extension of the Melt Flow Index (MFI) method, which is routinely used in the polymer industry to indirectly determine the molecular weight of polymers. Results of alginate gels at various crosslinking densities obtained with this new test are compared to complex viscosity data obtained from a standard cone and plate rheometer, and demonstrate very good correlation. A mathematical model describing the apparent viscosity of the alginate gels in this test has also been developed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Interactions between an above‐ground plant parasite and below‐ground ectomycorrhizal fungal communities on pinyon pine

Summary 1 Recent research has demonstrated important linkages between above- and below-ground components of terrestrial ecosystems, but the relationships between aerial parasitic plants, such as dwarf mistletoes, and below-ground organisms, such as mycorrhizal fungi, have not been examined in detail. 2 We examined the relationship between dwarf mistletoe infection, host vigour and the ectomycorrhizal colonization and fungal community composition of pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) using a combination of field observations and glasshouse studies. 3 High levels of dwarf mistletoe infection were not associated with increased mortality or needle loss of infected pinyons, but infected trees had lower shoot growth. 4 Ectomycorrhizal colonization was positively associated with dwarf mistletoe infection severity at two sites in two years. In addition, the ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure of trees with low, intermediate and high levels of dwarf mistletoe were significantly different, primarily due to a shift in the dominance of ascomycete fungi. 5 These higher levels of ectomycorrhizal colonization were associated with increased fungal inoculum under the crowns of pinyons heavily infected with dwarf mistletoe. In addition, 33% more pinyon seedlings were found in the understories of mistletoe-infected trees than uninfected trees. 6 These findings point to complex multi-trophic interactions between the above-ground and below-ground communities of pinyon pine, and suggest that a detailed understanding of host-parasite relationships may require study of other symbionts associated with the host.
Discrimination between eukaryotic and prokaryotic, and formylated and non-formylated, initiator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor EIF-3

Discrimination between eukaryotic and prokaryotic, and formylated and non-formylated, initiator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor EIF-3
The role of open lung biopsy in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

To assess the role of open lung biopsy in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), we retrospectively reviewed the cases of 42 patients with AIDS who underwent this procedure for the diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates. Four patients had no preceding bronchoscopy because the severity of the respiratory failure or abnormalities of coagulation precluded the safe performance of this procedure. Twenty-nine cases had a preceding nondiagnostic bronchoscopic procedure, and nine others underwent open lung biopsy because of progressive deterioration despite treatment for diseases diagnosed bronchoscopically. We found that open lung biopsy was likely to be useful diagnostically when bronchoscopy could not be safely performed or when a preceding bronchoscopic procedure was not diagnostic. Open lung biopsies done on patients whose condition continued to deteriorate despite treatment for disorders established bronchoscopically were not likely to yield information therapeutically useful. In only one of nine such cases was a new treatable diagnosis obtained (Legionella). The others showed either severe pulmonary fibrosis or persistence of the initial disease process diagnosed at the time of bronchoscopy.
The effects of information and negative affect on severity of side effects from radiation therapy for prostate cancer

A randomized clinical trial with 152 patients was conducted to examine the effects of an informational intervention on the severity of side effects resulting from radiation therapy for prostate cancer. We also examined negative affect both as a predictor and as an outcome variable. The informational intervention, given to patients at the first and fifth treatments, was based upon self-regulation theory and provided patients with specific, objective information about what to expect during their radiation treatments. Patients in the comparison group received general information at the same point in time. Negative affect was measured using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) prior to the intervention and at the last treatment. The severity of side effects for each individual was assessed at their last treatment. The results showed that patients in the informational intervention group reported significantly fewer problems with sleep and less fatigue (marginally significant) than those in the comparison group. Negative affect was not influenced by group assignment. Baseline negative affect was not related to symptom development, although the development of side effects was associated with an increase in negative mood. The results suggest that patients could benefit from increased knowledge about what to expect during their radiation treatments.
Atomic origin of hysteresis during cyclic loading of Si due to bond rearrangements at the crack surfaces.

The atomistic origin of fatigue failure in micron-sized silicon devices is not fully understood. Two series of density-functional theory calculations on cubic diamond Si explore the effect of surface bond formation on crack healing in systems which exhibit strong surface reconstruction. Both series introduce a separation between Si(100) layers (i.e., the crack) and allow the ions to relax to their minimum-energy configuration. The initial surface ionic positions are either bulk terminated or 2×1 reconstructed. A plot of the energy versus the introduced separation reveals that once the surfaces reconstruct, the crack is no longer able to return to the equilibrium configuration. Rather, the healed crack interface contains defects which places the flawed energy minimum at a finite strain of 3% and an increased energy of 1.13J∕m2 relative to the equilibrium configuration. The irreversible plastic deformation supports the mechanism proposed by Kahn et al. [Science 298 1215 (2002)] that invokes mechanically ind...
Advancing the Mind/Machine Interface: Qualitative Simulations, Hypertext, and Natural Language Processing

Advanced technologies, including artificial intelligence (Al), hypertext, and natural language processing (NLP), are transforming the Mind/Machine Interface. This presentation focuses on two large development projects underway that use these technologies in unique ways. Their use is guided by the three natural means of communication between people: saying, coaching, and showing; as metaphors for using advanced technology interfaces. The two projects are aimed at developing job and training aids for the Army. The most complete example is the Maintenance Aid Computer for HAWK–Intelligent Institutional Instructor (MACH-III). This is the largest and most successful implementation of an ITS to date (Psotka, Massey, and Mutter, 1988). MACH-III was developed by Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN), to provide training in organizational maintenance of the main radar of the HAWK air defense guided missile system. Its core is a huge qualitative simulation of the radar. The complexity of the simulation and the troublesho...
On the trichotomy character of with period-two coefficients

We investigate the trichotomy character and the global asymptotic stability of solutions of the difference equation in the title where any of the parameters are a period-two sequence with non-negative values and the initial conditions are positive.
Study of the 12C(e, e2p) Reaction in a Correlations Dominant Regime with Q2 = 2.0 (GeV/c)2 and XB > 1

This experiment was motivated by studying short-range nucleon-nucleon correlations via multinucleon knockout reactions?(e, e?pN). The data were taken in Hall A at Jefferson Lab using the pair of high resolution spectrometers to detect the (e, e?p)reaction data, and using a third large acceptance spectrometer called BigBite to detect the second nucleon ejected from the nucleus. The kinematics were chosen to be conducive for studying short-range correlations?namely a large momentum transfer and xB > 1. The central kinematic values used during the experiment were Q2 = 2 (GeV/c)2 and xB = 1.2, although the spectrometer acceptances resulted in a range of both Q2 and xB being recorded in the data. While the electron spectrometer was unchanged during the experiment, the proton spectrometer was changed to cover a range of missing momentum values, ~Pm ? 200 ? 650 MeV/c; this resulted in three different datasets. This thesis presents the analysis and results of the (e, e?p) reaction channel.
Sagittal focusing of synchrotron x-radiation with curved crystals☆

Abstract We describe the sagittal focusing of X-rays with singly bent crystals that accept the meridian plane divergence from a similar but flat crystal to form a pair in a nondispersive two-crystal Bragg monochromator. Curved crystals can intercept from 5 to 20 times the sagittal divergence of curved mirrors at X-ray energies above 10 keV. Anticlastic (transverse) bending of the crystal is made negligible in the meridian plane with reinforcing ribs cut parallel to the plane of scattering. Results show that at energies of 10, 20, and 30 keV the bent crystal performs efficiently and images the source size at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source.
Marker rescue of temperature-sensitive mutants by defective DNA of herpes simplex virus type I

Abstract High-density, defective DNA ( ϱ CsCl = 1.732 g/cm 3 ) produced in infections of the 15th through 20th undiluted serial passage of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), Strain KOS, was purified by preparative CsCl density gradient ultracentrifugation. Purified defective DNA expressed no discernible cytopathic effects when transfected into receptive cell monolayers. Cleavage of defective DNA preparations with EcoRI restriction endonuclease revealed four major and three minor bands upon electrophoresis in agarose gels. Restriction endonuclease Hind III failed to cleave defective DNA. Marker rescue studies revealed that of 13 temperature-sensitive mutants representing 12 complementation groups, only mutants in group B were rescued by defective DNA. These studies demonstrate, therefore, that defective DNA is enriched for at least part of the B cistron and suggest that this cistron is located in the region of the viral genome from which defective DNA is generated.
Evaluation of quantum dots for photodynamic therapy (Invited Paper)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging therapy for cancer treatment that shows the greater selectivity towards the malignant cells. Semiconductor nanoparticles are a novel class of photosensitizers with properties that are not easily available with conventional PDT reagents. Their potential properties such as improved luminescence, resistance to photobleaching, and the possibility to modify the surface chemically make them suitable candidates for PDT. In this report, we discuss the synthesis of ternary CdSe 1-x Tex nanoparticles along with well known CdSe QDs and their potential in generating the singlet oxygen state by Foerster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) to a PDT reagent or by direct triplet-triplet energy transfer to molecular oxygen.
Spatial and temporal variability of the Aleutian climate

The objective of this paper is to highlight those characteristics of climate variability that may pertain to the climate hypothesis regarding the long-term population decline of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). The seasonal changes in surface air temperature (SAT) across the Aleutian Islands are relatively uniform, from 5 to 10°C in summer to near freezing temperatures in winter. The interannual and interdecadal variations in SAT, however, are substantially different for the eastern and western Aleutians, with the transition found at about 170°W. The eastern Aleutians experienced a regime shift toward a warmer climate in 1977, simultaneously with the basin-wide shift in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). In contrast, the western Aleutians show a steady decline in winter SATs that started in the 1950s. This cooling trend was accompanied by a trend toward more variable SAT, both on the inter- and intra-annual time scale. During 1986–2002, the variance of winter SATs more than doubled compared to 1965–1985. At the same time in Southeast Alaska, the SAT variance diminished by half. Much of the increase in the intra-seasonal variability for the western Aleutians is associated with a warming trend in November and a cooling trend in January. As a result, the rate of seasonal cooling from November to January has doubled since the late 1950s. We hypothesize that this trend in SAT variability may have increased the environmental stress on the western stock of Steller sea lions and hence contributed to its decline.
The importance of team functioning to natural resource planning outcomes

In its recent history, the U.S. Forest Service is among many federal land management agencies struggling with questions concerning why its planning procedures are sometimes inefficient, perform poorly in the eyes of the public, and fail to deliver outputs that advance agency mission. By examining a representative sample of National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) processes conducted by the agency between 2007 and 2009, we provide new insights into what drives outcomes in these planning processes. We examined team leaders' perceptions of the following outcomes: achievement of agency goals and NEPA mandates, process efficiency, public relations, and team outcomes. The most consistently important predictors of positive outcomes were team harmony and a clearly empowered team leader. Other factors, such as perceptions of the use of best science, a clear and unambiguous purpose and need, team turnover (personnel changes during the process), extra-agency engagement, and intra-agency relations, were also important, but played a less consistent role. The findings suggest the importance of empowering team leaders and team members through enhancing elements of discretion, responsibility, clear role definition, collaborative interdisciplinary deliberation, and perceived self-efficacy. The results also suggest the importance of genuine concern and respect for participating publics and effective inter-agency coordination.
Effect of Posture on Blood and Intraocular Pressures in Multiple System Atrophy, Pure Autonomic Failure, and Baroreflex Failure

Background— Intraocular pressure (IOP) may be partially under systemic vascular control. This study examined whether a correlation exists between blood and intraocular pressures in patients with autonomic dysfunction. Methods and Results— Eleven patients with 3 types of confirmed autonomic dysfunction (multiple system atrophy, pure autonomic failure, and baroreflex failure) were compared with age- and gender-matched controls and had IOP, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rates, and calculated mean arterial pressures (MAP) and mean ocular perfusion pressures (MOPP) measured in the supine, sitting, and standing positions. Data were analyzed with a general linear model repeated-measures ANOVA. All pressures for patients showed a dramatic decline (P<0.001) from supine to standing (MAP −31±14 mm Hg; IOP −6±3 mm Hg; MOPP −25±14 mm Hg) compared with controls (MAP +4±7 mm Hg; IOP −1±2 mm Hg; MOPP +6±7 mm Hg). There was no significant change in heart rate from supine to standing for patients...
High-efficiency class E MMIC power amplifiers at 4.0 GHz using AlGaN/GaN HEMT technology

Two high-efficiency Class E MMIC power amplifiers designed at 4 GHz using AlGaN/GaN HEMT technology are presented. The first circuit was designed using a 0.5 mm (4 × 125 µm) HEMT and when biased at 25 V drain bias it produced 61 % PAE, 33.8 dBm of output power and maximum gain of 14.8 dB. The second circuit used a 1 mm (8 × 125 µm) HEMT and at 30 V drain bias it produced 57% PAE, 36 dBm of output power, and maximum gain of 13 dB. The key to obtaining the high gain, PAE and output power produced by these circuits is accurate modeling of the HEMTs and the passive components.
Frank disputations: Catholics and Muslims in the court of Jahangir (1608–11)

The essay sets out to re-examine the relations between Catholics and Muslims in the Mughal court in the early seventeenth century, during the reign of Emperor Jahangir (r. 1605–27). It does so by confronting two sets of source–materials, namely the letters of the Jesuit Jeronimo Xavier and Persian–language texts from the Mughal court. In particular it focuses on the important and neglected figure of Maulana ‘Abdus Sattar ibn Qasim Lahauri, an intellectual who worked with and also studied the Europeans. The recent publication of a hitherto unknown text by him, under the title of Majālis-i Jahāngīrī, is in part the occasion for us to return to this classic theme in the historiography of cross-cultural encounters.
A Fully-Integrated, Miniaturized (0.125 mm²) 10.5 µW Wireless Neural Sensor

A wirelessly powered 0.125 mm2 65 nm CMOS IC for Brain-Machine Interface applications integrates four 1.5 μW amplifiers (6.5 μVrms input-referred noise with 10 kHz bandwidth) with power conditioning and communication circuitry. The multi-node backscatter frequency locks to a wireless interrogator using a frequency-domain multiple access communication scheme. The full system, verified with wirelessly powered in vivo recordings, consumes 10.5 μW and operates at 1 mm range in air with 50 mW transmit power.
Isolation of a hamster cDNA homologous to the mouse and human cyclin kinase inhibitory protein p27Kip1

We report here the isolation, cloning and sequencing of a hamster cDNA homologous to the mouse cyclin kinase inhibitory protein p27Kip1. The full length hamster cDNA sequence (p30Kip1)5 revealed 91% similarity with the previously reported mouse and human cDNAs and coded for a protein of 198 amino acids, results which were very similar to that observed for the mouse and human protein. Western blotting analysis performed using a polyclonal antibody against a mouse cyclin kinase inhibitory protein, p27Kip1, revealed the presence of a strongly reactive protein band at 30 kDa (as opposed to 27 kDa in mouse and human cells) in cell lysate prepared from rat and hamster cells. Although the size of the cyclin kinase inhibitory protein cDNA transcript is similar in mouse and hamster, it is likely that the differential mobility of the hamster p30Kip1 protein compared to the mouse and human p27Kip1 protein could be due to post-translational modifications.
Fluorodensitometric assay of penicillic acid

Abstract A fluorodensitometric method was developed for the quantitative analysis of penicillic acid, a toxic secondary mold metabolite. The method depends on the conversion by ammonia fumes of penicillic acid after thin-layer chromatography to a fluorescent derivative. This technic was used successfully to analyze moldy corn and a liquid fermentation for this toxin.
Curcumin regulates airway epithelial cell cytokine responses to the pollutant cadmium

Cadmium is a toxic metal present in the environment and its inhalation can lead to pulmonary disease such as lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These lung diseases are characterized by chronic inflammation. Here we show that exposure of human airway epithelial cells to cadmium promotes a polarized apical secretion of IL-6 and IL-8, two pivotal pro-inflammatory cytokines known to play an important role in pulmonary inflammation. We also determined that two distinct pathways controlled secretion of these proinflammatory cytokines by human airway epithelial cells as cadmium-induced IL-6 secretion occurs via an NF-κB dependent pathway, whereas IL-8 secretion involves the Erk1/2 signaling pathway. Interestingly, the natural antioxidant curcumin could prevent both cadmium-induced IL-6 and IL-8 secretion by human airway epithelial cells. In conclusion, curcumin could be used to prevent airway inflammation due to cadmium inhalation.
The total synthesis and metabolism of octadeca-5,8,11-trienoate, eicosa-10, 13-dienoate and eicosa-7,10,13-trienoate in the fat-deficient rat.

Abstract 1. 1. Methyl octadeca-5,8,11-trienoate , methyl eicosa-10,13-dienoate and methyl eicosa-7,10,13-trienoate were prepared by total synthesis. 2. 2. The above methyl esters as well as methyl linoleate were fed to rats which had been maintained on a fat-deficient diet. The liver lipid fatty acid composition was compared with that found for the fat-deficient controls. All three ( n -7) acids were incorporated into tissue lipids. The levels of both 20:3 ( n -7) and 20:4( n -7) were elevated when 18:3( n -7) was the dietary variable. When 20:3 ( n -7) was fed, the level of 20:4( n -7) was increased. The appearance of 18:3( n -7), when 20:3( n -7) was fed, suggests that 20:3 ( n -7) is also undergoing partial breakdown to yield 18:3( n -7). The acid, 20:2( n −7), is a relatively poor precursor for the biosynthesis of 20:3( n -7) and 20:4( n -7). Instead 20:2( n -7) is partially degraded to yield 18:2( n -7). An elevation in the level of 18:3( n -7) when 20:2( n -7) was fed, suggests that the 18:2 ( n -7) formed by partial breakdown is serving as a precursor for 18:3 ( n -7).
Performance of a high-work low aspect ratio turbine tested with a realistic inlet radial temperature profile

Experimental results are presented for a 0.767 scale model of the first stage of a two-stage turbine designed for a high by-pass ratio engine. The turbine was tested with both uniform inlet conditions and with an inlet radial temperature profile simulating engine conditions. The inlet temperature profile was essentially mixed-out in the rotor. There was also substantial underturning of the exit flow at the mean diameter. Both of these effects were attributed to strong secondary flows in the rotor blading. There were no significant differences in the stage performance with either inlet condition when differences in tip clearance were considered. Performance was very close to design intent in both cases.
Experiences with the open correction of acquired mitral valvular disease, with special reference to insufficiency.

Abstract The open correction of mitral valvular disease, mainly in patients with regurgitation, has been carried out in thirty-three patients. Originally, it was believed that recurrent mitral stenosis and one or more episodes of systemic embolization constituted firm indications for the open operation. At present, these are not considered adequate indications. The open approach is offered only to patients with subvalvular stenosis, which has been well documented at a previous operation, who might not respond with optimum results to transventricular dilatation and commissurotomy. All repeat operations for mitral stenosis are performed now by the closed transventricular route. In selecting patients for the open correction of predominant mitral regurgitation, with or without stenosis, the situation is more complex. If one rejects surgery for patients with associated aortic insufficiency as well as for those with mixed mitral stenosis and insufficiency and x-ray evidence of valvular calcification, the remaining patients with predominant mitral regurgitation will constitute a select group in which posteromedial annuloplasty is applicable with a low risk. Furthermore, patients re-evaluated four to forty months after posteromedial annuloplasty have, in the main, been significantly improved both subjectively and objectively. Other methods improvised at the operating table for calcific valves with mixed hemodynamic lesions were unsatisfactory. It would appear that any procedure other than total prosthetic valvular substitution has little to offer this numerically important group of patients.
Problems of network flow

Eine umfangreiche Klasse von Stromungsproblemen in Leitungsnetzen wird formuliert, und zwar unter Verwendung extensiver Veranderlicher (Zu-oder Abflusse in den Knotenpunkten) und intensiver Veranderlicher (Preise in den Knotenpunkten und Preisdifferentiale fur die Leitungszweige). Die Stromstarke in einem bestimmten Leitungszweig wird als nichtabnehmende Funktion des zugehorige Preisdifferentials vorausgesetzt. Eindeutigkeits-und Extremaleigenschaften der Losung werden festgestellt. Die angegebenen Beispiele betonen die praktische Bedeutung “gemischter Randbedingungen”, die in gewissen Knotenpunkten Zu-oder Abflusse und in den restlichen Preise vorgeben.
Donor age influences the growth of rabbit lens epithelial cells in vitro

Abstract Experiments were designed to optimize the conditions required for the establishment of cell lines from individual rabbit and human lenses. The influence of donor age and the response of the epithelia to various media, sera, substrata and growth factors were determined. Epithelial cells were obtained from 4–6-day-, 3-, 5-, 8-, 10-week- and 4-months- to 4-yr-old rabbits. Cell lines from animals aged 4 months or older were maintained in culture for over 2 yr, had a population doubling time of ca. 2.5 days, required serum for growth, and contained polypeptides that comigrated with and had an apparent molecular weight of known lens crystallins. Explants or enzymatically dissociated cells from 4–6-day-, 3-or 5-week-old donors exhibited little mitosis. This limited growth occurred in cells cultured in Eagle's MEM, BME. Dulbecco's modified MEM, medium 199, RPMI-1640, Ham's F-14, Leibovitz's L-15, KEI-4 or in a modified Ca2+-free MEM, supplemented with heat-inactivated rabbit or bovine sera or in these sera-containing-media supplemented with growth factors. Cells from the 4–6-day-olds migrated from the explant, synthesized DNA, enlarged, but did not show a marked increase in cell number. Analysis of video tapes indicated that the outgrowth from the explants of 4–6-day-olds was due solely to cell migration. Under similar culture conditions fibroblasts from 4–6-day-old rabbits or lens epithelia from rabbits 4 months or older were capable of generating continuous cell lines. Under like culture conditions, lens epithelia from humans aged 30–89 yr underwent a maximum of only three subcultures, enlarged and did not divide. Human lens cells have been maintained in a viable non-dividing condition for 1 yr. Cell lines possessing lens-specific proteins could be obtained from 4–6-day-old or 3-week-old rabbits if the cells were cultured in MEM containing non-heat inactivated rabbit serum. Clearly, the growth requirements of lens epithelial cells from younger rabbits can be markedly different from those of their older counterparts.
Self-dual embeddings of complete bipartite graphs

Abstract In this paper we examine self-dual embeddings of the complete bipartite graph K n , m on both orientable and nonorientable surfaces. It can be quickly established that such an embedding can exist only if both n and m are even integers exceeding 2. We show by construction that these necessary conditions are sufficient, except that there is no orientable self-dual embedding of K 6,6 .
Miscibility Behaviors of (Alkylsulfonyl)methyl-Substituted Poly(oxyalkylene) Blends

Miscibility behaviors of poly[oxy(alkylsulfonylmethyl)ethylene]s, poly[oxy(alkylsulfonylmethyl)ethylene-co-oxyethylene]s, and poly[oxy-2,2-bis(alkylsulfonylmethyl)trimethylene]s were studied. A gro...
The Impact of Two Policies on Principal and Teacher Preparation Programs: No Child Left Behind and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

This chapter seeks to examine the impact of two federal policies, No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), on educators in the USA during the past decade of reform. NCLB was signed into law in 2002 and is having a profound effect on the education of all students, including students considered at risk for academic failure, such as students with disabilities, students from diverse racial and ethnic minority groups, students from low socioeconomic (SES) backgrounds, and students who are Limited English Proficient (LEP), better known as English Language Learners (ELLs). NCLB “moved the federal government’s role in education from being primarily a source of funding—now about 9% of every public school dollar—to being a major factor in shaping the substance of P-12 curriculum and instruction” (Lieberman, 2008: 1). The most central requirements of NCLB relate to accountability and raising academic expectations. This law mandates that all students (including those from the aforementioned groups) must make adequate yearly progress (AYP). The overall goal is that all students should be achieving reading and math at grade level by the end of the 2013–2014 school year. NCLB establishes that all students must be taught core academic content by teachers who are highly qualified. A 2007 report by the US Department of Education (USDOE) states NCLB requires states to set standards for all teachers to be considered highly qualified and districts to notify parents of students … if their child’s teacher does not meet these ­standards. The requirements apply to all teachers of core academic subjects: English, reading or language arts, mathematics, science, foreign languages, civics and government, economics, arts, history, and geography and the requirements also apply to teachers who provide instruction in these subjects to students with limited English proficiency (LEP) and students with disabilities. (USDOE/www.ed.gov/rschstat/eval/teaching/nclb/execsum.html)
10-year research update review: the epidemiology of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: II. Developmental epidemiology.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the growth of developmental epidemiology in the past decade and to illustrate it with examples of recent studies. Method: A review of publications on developmental epidemiology in the past 10 years and a discussion of some key examples. Results: The authors describe how the interaction between developmental psychopathology and psychiatric epidemiology has produced developmental epidemiology, the study of patterns of distribution of psychiatric disorders in time as well as in space. They give two examples of the kinds of questions that developmental epidemiology can help to answer: (1) Is the prevalence of autism increasing? Does the use of vaccines explain the increase? (2) Is there an epidemic of child and adolescent depression? Finally, they describe two areas of science that are beginning to inform developmental epidemiology: molecular genetics and the use of biological measures of stress. Conclusions: While child and adolescent psychiatric epidemiology continues, as described in the first of these reviews, to address questions of prevalence and burden, it has also expanded into new areas of research in the past decade. In the next decade, longitudinal epidemiological data sets with their rich descriptive data on psychopathology and environmental risk over time and the potential to add biological measures will provide valuable resources for research into gene-environment correlations and interactions.
Synthesis, Characterization and In Vivo Efficacy of PEGylated Insulin for Oral Delivery with Complexation Hydrogels

This work evaluated the feasibility of combining insulin PEGylation with pH responsive hydrogels for oral insulin delivery. A mono-substituted PEG–insulin conjugate was synthesized and purified. The site of conjugation was determined by MALDI-TOF MS. Uptake and release of PEGylated insulin was performed in complexation hydrogels to simulate oral dosing. The bioactivity of the conjugate and PK/PD profile was measured in vivo in rats. PEGylation was confirmed to be specifically located at the amino terminus of the B-chain of insulin. Higher loading efficiency was achieved with PEGylated insulin than regular human insulin in pH responsive hydrogels. The release of PEGylated insulin was lower than that of human insulin at all pH levels considered. Full retention of bioactivity of the PEG–insulin conjugate was confirmed by intravenous dosing while subcutaneous dosing exhibited a relative hypoglycemic effect 127.8% that of human insulin. Polyethylene glycol conjugated specifically to the amino terminus of the B-chain of insulin maintained the bioactivity of the protein and significantly extended the duration of the hypoglycemic effect. Used in combination with pH responsive hydrogels, PEGylated insulin has significant potential for oral delivery.
Vegetation responses to wildfire in native versus exotic Arizona grassland

. Grass and herb cover, and woody plant densities were measured on 25 native and 25 exotic grassland plots in southeastern Arizona between 1984 and 1990. At least 40 yr previously, the exotic plots had been seeded with two species of lovegrasses (Eragrostis spp.) native to southern Africa. A 1987 wildfire burned 11 native and 11 exotic plots. The fire reduced cover of both native and African grasses for two post-fire growing seasons. Herb cover as a whole increased after the fire for 2 yr, although there were important differences among species. One of two dominant shrubs (Haplopappus tenuisectus) was killed by the fire, while the other (Baccharis pteronioides) was little affected. Mesquite trees (Prosopis juliflora) were killed to the ground by the fire, but 62 of 66 trees had re-sprouted to an average 48% of pre-burn height by 1990. Native and exotic grasses appeared equally tolerant of fire, probably because both evolved in fire-type ecosystems. There was no evidence that fire can be used to permanently restore the diverse native flora to species-poor plantations of the South African exotics.
Inhibition of neural crest formation by Kctd15 involves regulation of transcription factor AP-2

The neural crest develops in vertebrate embryos within a discrete domain at the neural plate boundary and eventually gives rise to a migrating population of cells that differentiate into a multitude of derivatives. We have shown that the broad-complex, tramtrack and bric a brac (BTB) domain-containing factor potassium channel tetramerization domain containing 15 (Kctd15) inhibits neural crest formation, and we proposed that its function is to delimit the neural crest domain. Here we report that Kctd15 is a highly effective inhibitor of transcription factor activating enhancer binding protein 2 (AP-2) in zebrafish embryos and in human cells; AP-2 is known to be critical for several steps of neural crest development. Kctd15 interacts with AP-2α but does not interfere with its nuclear localization or binding to cognate sites in the genome. Kctd15 binds specifically to the activation domain of AP-2α and efficiently inhibits transcriptional activation by a hybrid protein composed of the regulatory protein Gal4 DNA binding and AP-2α activation domains. Mutation of one proline residue in the activation domain to an alanine (P59A) yields a protein that is highly active but largely insensitive to Kctd15. These results indicate that Kctd15 acts in the embryo at least in part by specifically binding to the activation domain of AP-2α, thereby blocking the function of this critical factor in the neural crest induction hierarchy.
Measurement and Interpretation of Electron Angle at MABE Beam Stop

This analysis shows that radiation measurements combined with a sophisticated simulation provides a simple but powerful tool for estimating beam temperature in intense pulsed annular electron-beam accelerators. Specifically, the mean angle of incidence of a 60 kA, 7 MeV annular electron-beam at the beam stop of the MABE accelerator and the transverse beam temperature are determined. The angle is extracted by comparing dose profiles measured downstream of the stop with that expected from a simulation of the electron/photon transport in the stop. By calculating and removing the effect on the trajectories due to the change in electric field near the stop, the beam temperature is determined. Such measurements help give insight to beam generation and propagation within the accelerator.
Ecodevelopmental × Intrapersonal Risk Substance Use and Sexual Behavior in Hispanic Adolescents

Hispanic adolescents are a rapidly growing population and are highly vulnerable to substance abuse and HIV infection. Many interventions implemented thus far have been “one size fits all” models that deliver the same dosage and sequence of modules to all participants. To more effectively prevent substance use and HIV in Hispanic adolescents, different risk profiles must be considered. This study’s purpose is to use intrapersonal and ecodevelopmental risk processes to identify Hispanic adolescent subgroups and to compare substance use rates and sexual behavior by risk subgroup. The results indicate that a larger proportion with high ecodevelopmental risk (irrespective of the intrapersonal risk for substance use) report lifetime and past 90-day cigarette and illicit drug use. In contrast, a larger proportion with high intrapersonal risk for unsafe sex (irrespective of ecodevelopmental risk) report early sex initiation and sexually transmitted disease incidence. Implications for intervention development are discussed in terms of these Hispanic adolescent subgroups.
Trace element indicators of crystal accumulation in silicic igneous rocks

Abstract If fractional crystallization coupled with some crustal assimilation (AFC) is the dominant process for generating evolved magmas in the Earth's crust, large quantities of igneous cumulates must be present in the rock record. However, despite some reported occurrences, intermediate to silicic rocks characterized by an unambiguous crystal accumulation signature have remained elusive. The signature is expected to be subtle in viscous silicic magmas, and sensitive criteria need to be developed to test whether these cumulates are truly rare or simply difficult to discern. We propose models that use specific trace element concentrations and ratios (Zr, Ba, Eu/Eu*, and Zr/Hf) within a well-constrained framework for the physical extraction of liquid from crystals (mostly occurring between 50 and 70 vol.% crystals) to identify silicic cumulates. The results of these models indicate that crystal accumulation (or melt extraction) has occurred in multiple natural examples around the world (both in plutonic and volcanic realms). However, these examples were selected because they represent conditions that are most favorable (high amount of melt extraction, well-constrained initial liquid compositions) for unambiguously identifying cumulate residue; in many cases, we show that the trace element signature for crystal accumulation will remain largely concealed. In addition, the different liquid lines of descent related to the various tectonic settings on Earth (dry-reduced in hot spots-divergent margins and wetter-more oxidizing in arc environments) will lead to different trace element evolution and each criterion must be applied on a case-by-case basis. Despite these limitations, the undeniable but subtle presence of silicic cumulates in the mid- to upper-crust lends support to the idea that igneous differentiation is dominantly driven by melt extraction from partially crystalline reservoirs.
APOE, MAPT, and SNCA genes and cognitive performance in Parkinson disease

Importance Cognitive impairment is a common and disabling problem in Parkinson disease (PD) that is not well understood and is difficult to treat. Identification of genetic variants that influence the rate of cognitive decline or pattern of early cognitive deficits in PD might provide a clearer understanding of the etiopathogenesis of this important nonmotor feature. Objective To determine whether common variation in the APOE , MAPT , and SNCA genes is associated with cognitive performance in patients with PD. Design, Setting, and Participants We studied 1079 PD patients from 6 academic centers in the United States who underwent assessments of memory (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised [HVLT-R]), attention and executive function (Letter-Number Sequencing Test and Trail Making Test), language processing (semantic and phonemic verbal fluency tests), visuospatial skills (Benton Judgment of Line Orientation test), and global cognitive function (Montreal Cognitive Assessment). Participants underwent genotyping for the APOE e2/e3/e4 alleles, MAPT H1/H2 haplotypes, and SNCA rs356219. We used linear regression to test for association between genotype and baseline cognitive performance with adjustment for age, sex, years of education, disease duration, and site. We used a Bonferroni correction to adjust for the 9 comparisons that were performed for each gene. Main Outcomes and Measures Nine variables derived from 7 psychometric tests. Results The APOE e4 allele was associated with lower performance on the HVLT-R Total Recall ( P = 6.7 × 10 −6 ; corrected P [ Pc ] = 6.0 × 10 −5 ), Delayed Recall ( P = .001; Pc = .009), and Recognition Discrimination Index ( P = .004; Pc = .04); a semantic verbal fluency test ( P = .002; Pc = .02); the Letter-Number Sequencing Test ( P = 1 × 10 −5 ; Pc = 9 × 10 −5 ); and Trail Making Test B minus Trail Making Test A ( P = .002; Pc = .02). In a subset of 645 patients without dementia, the APOE e4 allele was associated with lower scores on the HVLT-R Total Recall ( P = .005; Pc = .045) and the semantic verbal fluency ( P = .005; Pc = .045) measures. Variants of MAPT and SNCA were not associated with scores on any tests. Conclusions and Relevance Our data indicate that the APOE e4 allele is an important predictor of cognitive function in PD across multiple domains. Among PD patients without dementia, the APOE e4 allele was only associated with lower performance on word list learning and semantic verbal fluency, a pattern more typical of the cognitive deficits seen in early Alzheimer disease than PD.
Solution approaches for facility location of medical supplies for large-scale emergencies

In this paper, we propose models and solution approaches for determining the facility locations of medical supplies in response to large-scale emergencies. We address the demand uncertainty and medical supply insufficiency by providing each demand point with services from a multiple quantity of facilities that are located at different quality levels (distances). The problem is formulated as a maximal covering problem with multiple facility quantity-of-coverage and quality-of-coverage requirements. Three heuristics are developed to solve the location problem: a genetic algorithm heuristic, a locate-allocate heuristic, and a Lagrangean relaxation heuristic. We evaluate the performance of the model and the heuristics by using illustrative emergency examples. We show that the model provides an effective method to address uncertainties with little added cost in demand point coverage. We also show that the heuristics are able to generate good facility location solutions in an efficient manner. Moreover, we give suggestions on how to select the most appropriate heuristic to solve different location problem instances.
Evaluation of near field atmospheric dispersion around nuclear facilities using a Lorentzian distribution methodology.

Atmospheric dispersion modeling within the near field of a nuclear facility typically applies a building wake correction to the Gaussian plume model, whereby a point source is modeled as a plane source. The plane source results in greater near field dilution and reduces the far field effluent concentration. However, the correction does not account for the concentration profile within the near field. Receptors of interest, such as the maximally exposed individual, may exist within the near field and thus the realm of building wake effects. Furthermore, release parameters and displacement characteristics may be unknown, particularly during upset conditions. Therefore, emphasis is placed upon the need to analyze and estimate an enveloping concentration profile within the near field of a release. This investigation included the analysis of 64 air samples collected over 128 wk. Variables of importance were then derived from the measurement data, and a methodology was developed that allowed for the estimation of Lorentzian-based dispersion coefficients along the lateral axis of the near field recirculation cavity; the development of recirculation cavity boundaries; and conservative evaluation of the associated concentration profile. The results evaluated the effectiveness of the Lorentzian distribution methodology for estimating near field releases and emphasized the needmore » to place air-monitoring stations appropriately for complete concentration characterization. Additionally, the importance of the sampling period and operational conditions were discussed to balance operational feedback and the reporting of public dose.« less