cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sleep-disordered breathing and the patient undergoing endoscopy: Considerations for optimization of periprocedural care☆

Abstract A significant proportion of patients undergoing ambulatory procedures is at risk for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Obstructive sleep apnea is the most common diagnosis, but other types such as opioid-related central apnea are important variants. Long-term cardiovascular, neurologic, and related sequelae of untreated SDB are significant such that screening at-risk patients with low-tech bedside tools such as STOP-BANG is warranted. Patients with presumptive SDB should be educated about the disease and referred for specialty evaluation and formal diagnosis. Those with known or presumptive moderate-to-severe disease warrant a special clinical pathway that may include sedation by an anesthesia provider with airway rescue experience and familiarity with a broader range of sedative-hypnotic medications, the availability of respiratory therapy support for periprocedural use of continuous positive airway pressure devices, and heightened vigilance and monitoring in the recovery suite.
The Impact of Communicative Constraints on the Emergence of a Graphical Communication System

We investigated the behavior of participants tasked with communicating in a novel environment. Participants had to use their mouse to draw graphical representations (termed squiggles in the game) of human faces in order to communicate with fellow players. Experiment 1 investigated the effect of varying features of the input images on the resulting drawings. Experiment 2 introduced varying comprehension conditions that were predicted to produce differences in how features of faces would be graphically represented. In experiment 1, the features of the different faces significantly shaped the structure of the resulting squiggles. In experiment 2, the structure of the squiggles was influenced by the environment in which they were interpreted.
Gel Scramble: An E-Tool for Teaching Molecular Neuroscience

In this completely digital teaching module, students interpret the results of two separate procedures: a restriction endonuclease digestion, and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The first consists of matching restriction endonuclease digest protocols with images obtained from stained agarose gels. Students are given the sequence of six plasmid cDNAs, characteristics of the plasmid vector, and the endonuclease digest protocols, which specify the enzyme(s) used. Students calculate the expected lengths of digestion products using this information and free tools available on the web. Students learn how to read gels and then match their predicted fragment lengths to the digital images obtained from the gel electrophoresis of the cDNA digest. In the PCR experiment, students are given six cDNA sequences and six sets of primers. By querying NCBI BLAST, students can match the PCR fragments to the lengths of the predicted in silico PCR products. The ruse posed to students is that the gels were inadvertently mislabeled during processing. Although students know the experimental details, they do not know which gel goes with a given restriction endonuclease digest or PCR—they must deduce the answers. Because the gel images are from actual students’ experiments, the data sometimes result from mishandling/mislabeling or faulty protocol execution. The most challenging part of the exercise is to explain these errors. This latter aspect requires students to use critical thinking skills to explain aberrant outcomes. This entire exercise is available in a digital format and downloadable for free at http://mdcune.psych.ucla.edu/modules/gel.
The Second Transition: Democratization (1988–90)

The preceding three chapters analyzed civil-military relations in Hungary from 1945 to 1988. We have seen that although the HPA was robbed of virtually all of its national characteristics during the period of ‘sovietization’, following the 1956 Revolution a very slow process of ‘nativization’ commenced, marked by such factors as the renewed emphasis on Hungarian military traditions in education and training and the restructuring of the HPA’s organization. Although the basic patterns of civil-military relations showed few signs of change, the steady albeit slow movement toward the ‘nationalization’ and democratization of the military establishment began. By the mid-1980s, Hungary’s reluctance to follow unconditionally Soviet directions became evident.
Guilty by Association: Product-Level Category Stigma and Audience Expectations in the U.S. Craft Beer Industry:

While researchers have been increasingly interested in the notion of category stigma, they have largely focused on stigmatized industry categories. Because products serve as a key interface between producers and consumers, we suggest that product categories should play a prominent role in the stigmatization process. Product category stigma occurs when a product category is seen as violating the expectations of its audience members. We argue that when an organization offers a product from a stigmatized category, it is subject to lower evaluations and higher penalties from the stigmatizing audience, regardless of its true underlying quality. Further, when an organization is perceived as increasing its engagement in a stigmatized category, the lower evaluations transfer to the organization’s other products. Finally, we argue that an organization’s reputation for quality actually amplifies this stigma penalty. We find support for our hypotheses in a sample of online reviews for the U.S. craft brewing industry.
Comorbidities Impact Survival in Multiple Myeloma: Analysis of the Veterans Health Administration National Database

Abstract Abstract 760 Introduction: The incidence of multiple myeloma (MM) increases with age, and the prognosis worsens. Comorbidities increase in prevalence with age, yet little is known about the impact of comorbid medical conditions on outcomes in MM. Methods: In a retrospectively-assembled cohort study, all patients with MM diagnosed between 1998 and 2009 at a Veterans' Administration (VA) hospital were identified in the VA central cancer registry. Patients who received no treatment within 6 months of diagnosis were excluded, eliminating those with smoldering myeloma or who received supportive care only. Comorbidities were ascertained from ICD-9 codes present prior to the diagnosis of MM, and categorized using the Romano adaptation of the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). The independent effects of age, race and comorbidities were examined using Cox proportional hazards modeling. The impact of individual comorbidities on survival was also examined, controlling for age and race. Results: A total of 2,968 patients were identified. The median age was 69 (range 27–92). The vast majority of patients (98%) were male; 28.6% of the patients were black. The median Charlson Comorbidity Index score was 2 (range 0–13). The frequencies of selected comorbidities were: diabetes (31%), renal impairment (23.8%), cardiovascular comorbidities (38.8%) and pulmonary (26.6%). The median overall survival (OS) for the entire cohort was 28.6 months at a median follow up of 26.8 months (range 0–137 months). On multivariate analysis, age was significantly associated with mortality [Hazard Ratio (HR) 1.03 per year (95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.03–1.04), p Conclusion: Age and comorbidities are independently associated with increased risk of mortality in MM. The influence of comorbidities varies over time, with the greatest impact noted in the first year after diagnosis of MM among those with a CCI score ≥3 and with cardiovascular disease. Further study is needed to determine whether this increased early mortality is related to increased risk of toxicity of therapy, inadequate MM therapy or both. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Amor, Miedo, Ira: El Arco Emocional de la RetÃ³rica Populista (Resumen)

Â?Por quA©, en este momento histA³rico, las narrativas nacionalistas separatistas son mAis ponderosas que aquellas inclusivas que favorecen la integraciA³n transnacional? Este ensayo examina cuatro casos de ârelatos nacionalistasâ: la retA³rica del Partido Independiente del Reino Unido (UKIP) de Nigel Farage durante la campaA±a de âsepararseâ (de la UE) en Gran BretaA±a, de la campaA±a presidencial de Donald Trump en los Estados Unidos en 2016, de la campaA±a del Partido de la Libertad de Geert Wilders en Holanda en 2017, y de la campaA±a del Frente Nacional de Marine Le Pen en Francia en 2017. En cada uno de esos paA­ses los lA­deres populistas han desplegado retoricas que trazan un arco emocional en tres partes, enfatizando el amor a la patria, el miedo a los extranjeros, y la indignaciA³n moralista en contra de las elites corruptas que han puesto en peligro el bienestar de la naciA³n. La poderosa respuesta emocional que engendra esa retA³rica ha sido un factor central en los A©xitos electorales recientes de esos movimientos.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of episodic hypothermia in multiple sclerosis.

Background:Episodic hypothermia (EH) can occur in multiple sclerosis (MS). The putative mechanism is impairment of thermoregulation due to a presumed demyelinating hypothalamic lesion.Objective:To ...
Central Venous Catheters: An Overview of Food and Drug Administration Activities

This article presents an overview of recent Food and Drug Administration issues pertaining to central venous catheters (CVCs) with emphasis on the CVC working group. Caveats for practitioners concerning CVC use are offered.
D. B. Brace’s Measurement of Double Refraction Due to Ether Drift

In 1887 DeWitt Bristol Brace, a young physicist who had studied under Rowland and Kirchoff and obtained his Ph.D. in Berlin under Helmholtz, came to the University of Nebraska as an instructor in physics and astronomy.
Miniature Sensing System With FBAR-Based Oscillators and Frequency Shift Detector

This paper describes a highly sensitive sensing system for remote sensing applications. Typically, a resonant sensor based on film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) requires a frequency counter, impedance analyzer, or network analyzer to measure the shift of the resonant frequency. This paper presents a hand-held, low-cost but highly sensitive sensing system built with an FBAR-based oscillator and a phase-locked-loop for ppm-level detection of frequency shift as well as signal processing. The achieved voltage-frequency sensitivity is 1.035 V/kHz with the minimum detectable frequency shift of 4.81 ppm (5.21 kHz) and the dynamic range of 134 ppm (145 kHz). Also, the output of the sensing system is purposely designed to be a DC voltage that is linearly related to the frequency shift. To our knowledge, it is the first FBAR-based sensing system that converts the frequency shift to DC voltage.
Ocular Toxicity of Chemical Warfare Agents

The eye and the accessory visual structures (e.g., the conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, and eyelids) are arguably the most important sensory organ of the body. It is estimated that 75% of perception and cognition incorporates visual information. The ocular structure is highly complex, containing a variety of tissues with distinct functions that are critically dependent on the structural and cellular environment for proper function. Consequently, any injury that interferes with vision can be extremely disruptive, incapacitatiing or even life-threatening. Due in large part to its exposed location and intricate internal structure of the eye, it is highly sensitive to injury by a wide array of chemical warfare agents (CWAs). Ocular manifestations caused by exposure to CWAs can range from mild conjunctivitis to corneal ulceration and loss of vision. The severity of response is highly dependent on a combination of dose, agent, and environmental conditions and is mediated through the specific interactions of each agent with the physiological and biochemical environment of the eye. In some cases, the recovery from intoxication may be significantly influenced by the regenerative capacity of individual ocular tissues. This chapter discusses what is known about the toxicological and toxicokinetic effects of ocular exposure to a wide array of traditional CWAs, including several biological toxins.
Preparation and selective cleavage reactions of boron-zirconium 1,1-bimetalloalkanes

Abstract Hydrozirconation of various vinyl-9-BBN derivatives with Schwartz's reagent, H(Cl)ZrCp2, provides 1,1-dimetalloalkanes of boron and zirconium. By selective cleavage of carbon-zirconium bond in these 1,1-dimetallics with bromine, a convenient method for preparation of α-bromoboranes was achieved.
Chemokines in rheumatic diseases: pathogenic role and therapeutic implications.

Chemokines, a family of small secreted chemotactic cytokines, and their G protein-coupled seven transmembrane spanning receptors control the migratory patterns, positioning and cellular interactions of immune cells. The levels of chemokines and their receptors are increased in the blood and within inflamed tissue of patients with rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, vasculitis or idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Chemokine ligand–receptor interactions control the recruitment of leukocytes into tissue, which are central to the pathogenesis of these rheumatic diseases. Although the blockade of various chemokines and chemokine receptors has yielded promising results in preclinical animal models of rheumatic diseases, human clinical trials have, in general, been disappointing. However, there have been glimmers of hope from several early-phase clinical trials that suggest that sufficiently blocking the relevant chemokine pathway might in fact have clinical benefits in rheumatic diseases. Hence, the chemokine system remains a promising therapeutic target for rheumatic diseases and requires further study. Chemokines have an important function in the recruitment and positioning of immune cells, and multiple chemokines are implicated in various rheumatic diseases. Blocking the chemokine system has therapeutic promise for the treatment of these diseases but requires further optimization.
Preventing Students who are At Risk from Dropping out of School

Preventing Students who are At Risk from Dropping out of School. Over the course I have spent at Dominican, I have experienced a shift in the way I think. The academic journey I have traveled has brought me a point of rediscovery of who I am. With my degree I will obtain in the near future, I plan on teaching at-risk students, regardless of their age or placement in school. This paper allows me to explore the overall theme of students whom are at risk of dropping out of school. Various topics throughout my paper are discussed: the correlation between poverty and the impact it has on students’ performance in school, substance abuse, crime, refugees, and bullying. I provide possible and realistic solutions with every topic. I also include experiences from my life in order to make connections between my education I have received, and why I want to teach.
The Prokaryotic Species Concept and Challenges

Species constitute the fundamental units of taxonomy and an ideal species definition would embody groups of genetically cohesive organisms reflecting their shared history, traits, and ecology. In contrast to animals and plants, where genetic cohesion can essentially be characterized by sexual compatibility and population structure, building a biologically relevant species definition remains a challenging endeavor in prokaryotes. Indeed, the structure, ecology, and dynamics of microbial populations are still largely enigmatic, and many aspects of prokaryotic genomics deviate from sexual organisms. In this chapter, I present the main concepts and operational definitions commonly used to designate microbial species. I further emphasize how these different concepts accommodate the idiosyncrasies of prokaryotic genomics, in particular, the existence of a core- and a pangenome. Although prokaryote genomics is undoubtedly different from animals and plants, there is growing evidence that gene flow—similar to sexual reproduction—plays a significant role in shaping the genomic cohesiveness of microbial populations, suggesting that, to some extent, a species definition based on the Biological Species Concept is applicable to prokaryotes. Building a satisfying species definition remains to be accomplished, but the integration of genomic data, ecology, and bioinformatics tools has expanded our comprehension of prokaryotic populations and their dynamics.
Augmented and Virtual Reality

Wearable computing, i.e. virtual and augmented reality, is a new medium that provides unprecedented user experiences. Eventually, wearable computing systems will redefine communication, entertainment, education, collaborative work, simulation, training, telesurgery, and basic vision research. Before these systems become practical for the consumer, two major challenges have to be solved: (i) the hardware systems have to be miniaturized into a socially-acceptable, i.e. eyeglasses-like, device form factor while providing sufficient battery life and (ii) the user experiences offered by these systems have to surpass those of existing system, such as phones, tablets, television, etc. This chapter outlines technical challenges to achieving these goals and summarizes the state of the art of related algorithms, optics, and electronics.
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor versus metformin as first-line therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a multi-institution database study.

Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) has shown evidence of cardiovascular benefit in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Currently metformin is the guideline-recommended first-line treatment. We aimed to investigate the benefit of SGLT2i vs metformin as first-line therapy. Electronic medical records from Chang Gung Research Database during 2016–2019 were retrieved for patients with T2DM. Patients aged < 20, not receiving anti-diabetic medication, first-line treatment neither metformin nor SGLT2i were excluded. Primary outcomes were heart failure hospitalization, acute coronary syndrome, ischemic stroke, and all-cause mortality. Patients were followed up for events or December 31, 2019, whichever comes first. After exclusion criteria, a total of 41,020 patients with T2DM were eligible for analysis. There were 1100 patients with SGLT2i as first-line and 39,920 patients with metformin as first-line treatment. IPTW was used for propensity score matching. During one year follow-up, the hazard ratio (HR) of patients on SGLT2i as first-line treatment to patients on metformin as first-line treatment were HR 0.47 (95% CI 0.41–0.54, p < 0.0001) in heart failure hospitalization, HR 0.50 (95% CI 0.41–0.61, p < 0.0001) in acute coronary syndrome, HR 1.21 (95% CI 1.10–1.32, p < 0.0001) in ischemic stroke, and HR 0.49 (95% CI 0.44–0.55, p < 0.0001) in all-cause mortality. In patients with T2DM, SGLT2i as first-line treatment may be associated with decreased events of heart failure hospitalization, acute coronary syndrome, and all-cause mortality, compared with metformin as first-line treatment. However, there may be an increased events of ischemic stroke using SGLT2i compared to metformin.
Two-atom interferometer

This Letter presents a nonclassical mechanism of two-atom interferometry. The two-atom interferometer introduces two different yet indistinguishable alternatives for randomly paired atoms to create a joint atom-detection event. The superposition of two-atom amplitudes yields two-atom interference with peculiar features which outshine the classic atom interferometer: (1) two-atom interference is still observable when the time delay of the interferometer is greater than the coherence time of the atom beam and (2) two-atom interference may eliminate phase noises, including background, variation, turbulence, and Raman laser induced phase noises, thereby allowing for higher sensitivity and stability sensing than is achievable by classic atom interferometers. These features are crucial in high sensitivity-accuracy acceleration and rotation measurements. The presented concept and mechanism of two-atom interference can be adapted to other matter-wave interferometers, such as two-neutron interferometer and two-electron interferometer.
"Smart Exosomes": A Smart Approach for Tendon Regeneration.

Shoulder tendon injuries are the common musculoskeletal disorder resulting in significant pain and disability. These injuries are characterized by chronic inflammation and tissue degeneration. Tend...
ToFi: An Algorithm to Defend Against Byzantine Attacks in Federated Learning

In distributed gradient descent based machine learning model training, workers periodically upload locally computed gradients or weights to the parameter server (PS). Byzantine attacks take place when some workers upload wrong gradients or weights, i.e., the information received by the PS is not always the true values computed by workers. Approaches such as score-based, median-based, and distance-based defense algorithms were proposed previously, but all of them made the asumptions: (1) the dataset on each worker is independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.), and (2) the majority of all participating workers are honest. These assumptions are not realistic in federated learning where each worker may keep its non-i.i.d. private dataset and malicious workers may take over the majority in some iterations. In this paper, we propose a novel reference dataset based algorithm along with a practical Two-Filter algorithm (ToFi) to defend against Byzantine attacks in federated learning. Our experiments highlight the effectiveness of our algorithm compared with previous algorithms in different settings.
The reconceptualization of agency through ambiguity and contradiction: Salvadoran women narrating unauthorized migration

Synopsis This article examines women's understandings of their agency under conditions of extreme oppression, exploring narratives told by Salvadoran migrant women about their hazardous unauthorized journeys to the United States across 2000 miles and three international borders. The analysis focuses on the specific speech practices these women use in creating meaning from their experiences, suggesting that this careful attention elucidates the conceptualizations of agency that undergird the narratives. In telling their stories, the women take up two dominant discourses about migrant agency, weaving these discursive formations together through the use of collective and individual framings. These narrative frameworks constitute and juxtapose overlapping subjectivities, both shared and personal, with differing levels of agentivity and victimization, thereby drawing out the points of conflict between dominant discourses of migrant agency. Through these contradictory and highly particular accounts, the hegemony of dominant discursive formulations is momentarily disrupted, and new conceptualizations of agency are made possible.
Bone-Marrow-Derived Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells

Publisher Summary Hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) contain all cellular components that are normally present in bone marrow (BM). Mature and immature red blood cells (RBCs), lymphocytes, myeloid cells, and platelets are present in BM-derived cell collections. Traditionally, the quantity of useful cells in a BM-HPC product is determined by measuring the number of mononuclear cells. The number of mononuclear cells may roughly correlate with the number of HPCs and stem cells. BMHPC contains plasma, anticoagulant, and additional buffered solution. The anticoagulant may be heparin, acid-citrate-dextrose, citratephosphate-dextrose, or citratephosphate-dextrose (CPD)-adenine. Acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) should be used if the marrow is kept in liquid form for an extended period of time. BM-HPCs collected at some institutions contain tissue culture media that contain electrolytes and buffers and may contain vitamins and minerals. While considering an allogeneic BM-HPC transplant, a donor with a compatible human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type must be identified. Family members—especially siblings—are usually the best potential donors and their HLA types are the first to be determined. If no donor is identified in the patient's family, search for potential donors can be made through national and international BM transplant (BMT) registries. High-resolution HLA types of potential donors are determined for identifying histocompatible donors. Prior to administration of the BM-HPCs, proper identification of the patient and product is critical to ensure that the patient is receiving the correct BMHPCs. BM-HPCs are usually infused at least 24 hours after completion of chemotherapy to prevent the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy from damaging the infused cells.
Crashworthy Design Considerations for General Aviation Seats

This report summarizes the experimental research conducted at the NASA Langley Research Center on general aviation seat and occupant crash response and discusses seat design considerations. Included are typical floor acceleration pulses from general aviation airplane crash tests, the performance of typical general aviation seats in a simulated crash environment, and the performance of prototype energy absorbing (EA) seat designs. Static and dynamic seat testing procedures and test facilities are discussed. Also presented are results from a series of dynamic tests of typical general aviation seats and prototype EA seats.
Socialization comparisons of adolescent female athletes and musicians.

Abstract The purpose of this paper was to compare the social background characteristics and psychological attributes of high school girls who were participating in interscholastic athletics and music (band or orchestra). The findings showed a clear correlation between selective parental encouragement and participation in these two extracurricular activities. Moreover, the findings showed no evidence of psychological stress among the female athletes in comparison to the musicians.
Virus-Induced Inhibition of CD1d1-Mediated Antigen Presentation: Reciprocal Regulation by p38 and ERK

A critical component of the host’s innate immune response involves lipid Ag presentation by CD1d molecules to NK T cells. In this study we used murine CD1d1-transfected L (L-CD1) cells to study the effect of viruses on CD1d-mediated Ag presentation to NKT cells and found that an infection with vesicular stomatitis and vaccinia (but not lymphocytic choriomeningitis) virus inhibited murine CD1d1-mediated Ag presentation. This was under the reciprocal control of the MAPKs, p38 and ERK, and was due to changes in the intracellular trafficking of CD1d1. The reciprocal regulation of CD1d1-mediated Ag presentation by MAPK suggests that the targeting of these pathways is a novel means of immune evasion by viruses.
Is this Training? A Unique Approach to Software Process Training in Industry

This paper describes our just-in-time approach to software process training. We explain how our project-specific, software-process workshops are custom tailored and conducted for individual software development projects. We also explain why the workshops succeed at assisting projects to define the detailed plans and procedures that form their software process. We conclude by describing how we deal with some of the unique challenges we face in developing and conducting the workshops.
GERMINATION OF PINUS RIGIDA SEEDS AFTER GAMMA IRRADIATION. EFFECTS OF POST- IRRADIATION TREATMENTS, MOISTURE CONTENT AND INDIVIDUAL TREES

Abstract The effects of environmental factors, particularly moisture content and storage treatment, on responses to gamma irradiation were studied in seeds of Pinus rigida Mill. The variable germination results obtained with commercially purchased seed indicated a need for close control of conditions before and during experiments. Techniques were developed for uniform collection and treatment of seeds from trees growing in the natural pitch pine-oak forest at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York. To study the effect of exposure rate and post-irradiation treatment on germination, samples of seeds were exposed to ten total exposures (0–48 kr) at two exposure periods (16 and 80 hr). After irradiation, seeds were either sown immediately or stored for four weeks at 4 °G under dry or moist conditions. Moist stratification caused an increase in germination that was paralleled by a decrease in cytological damage at all exposure levels, but there was no difference between the exposure periods within any post-irradiation treatment. The nature of recovery after irradiation was studied using a 16-hr exposure period, five total exposures (0–24 kr) and six stratification periods (0–6 weeks). Stratification decreased the radiation effect, and the recovery period at lower levels of radiation was shorter than at higher levels. Stratification increased germination at all radiation levels but not the rate of seedling development. Samples were equilibrated for eight days at six moisture contents (2·4–16·1%) and exposed for 16 hr to five exposures (4·36 kr). Increased moisture content up to 8·9% decreased the radiosensitivity, and between 10·9 and 16·1%, LD 60 values for germination were similar (20–21 kr). In this range there was no loss of germination capacity up to 12 kr, although seedling development was retarded. Recovery increased with increasing stratification period and moisture content. Using a 16-hr exposure period and a total exposure of 5 kr, there were significant differences in seed germination between ten trees and within individual trees. Seeds from the upper crown were generally more sensitive to gamma rays than those from lower positions. The variation in radiosensitivity was not related to differences in seed size. Throughout the paper, the LD 50 values that are reported deal with germination percentages.
Analysis of J / ψ π + π − and D 0 D ¯ 0 π 0 decays of the X ( 3872 )

We analyze recent data from the BABAR and Belle Collaborations on the X(3872) resonance in the J/{psi}{pi}{sup +{pi}-} and D{sup 0}D{sup 0{pi}0} decay channels, taking careful account of the universal features of an S-wave threshold resonance. Because the line shapes for such a resonance are not integrable functions of the energy, the resonance parameters depend on the prescriptions used to define them. In recent experimental analyses of the D{sup 0}D{sup 0{pi}0} channel, an event near the D*{sup 0}D{sup 0} threshold was assumed to come from D*{sup 0}D{sup 0} or D{sup 0}D*{sup 0} and was therefore assigned an energy above the threshold. Taking this effect into account, our analysis of the D{sup 0}D{sup 0{pi}0} data gives a mass for the X(3872) that is below the D*{sup 0}D{sup 0} threshold. Our analyses in both the J/{psi}{pi}{sup +{pi}-} and D{sup 0}D{sup 0{pi}0} channels are consistent with the identification of the X(3872) as an extremely weakly bound charm meson molecule.
Workplace mental health consultation : a primer of organizational and occupational psychiatry

Though there are only a few hundred psychiatrists who identify themselves as specialists in organizational and occupational issues, the need for psychiatric skills in the workplace has increased dramatically in recent years. Crucial issues include distressed employees, the effects of organizational structure and change, job stress, psychiatric disability, substance abuse, and violence in the workplace. It is important for general psychiatrists to become more conversant in work and workplace-related mental health issues. Use of an occupational history with all patients, and knowledge of organizational structures and function, are just two ways to become more aware of these matters. With business and government increasingly attentive to mental health benefits and systems, appropriate psychiatric focus on organizational and occupational concerns becomes ever more important.
An abstract approach to dissipation

We suggest that a very natural mathematical framework for the study of dissipation-in the sense of Willems (1976), Moylan and Hill, and others-is that of indefinite quasimetric spaces. Several basic facts about dissipative systems are seen to be simple consequences of the properties of such spaces. Quasimetric spaces provide also one natural context for optimal control problems, and even for "gap" formulations of robustness.
PANTETHINE-REQUIRING BACTEROIDES.

Reeves, Richard E. (Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans). Pantethine-requiring Bacteroides. J. Bacteriol. 85:1197–1201. 1963.—Growth of a culture of gram-negative streptobacilli, provisionally designated Bacteroides symbiosus, required a preformed source of pantetheine (pantethine or coenzyme A). Five types of organisms were isolated from the parent culture, and all exhibited a pantethine requirement. Pantothenate neither replaced nor spared the pantethine requirement of these organisms. Of the five isolated bacterial types, three were characterized by producing low, medium, and high optical densities, respectively, in a thiomalate medium. A fourth type was distinguished by cells which would not pack upon centrifugation, and a fifth by its high content of stored carbohydrate. Two of the five types seem well-suited to the growth of Entamoeba histolytica in the MS-F ameba-culture system. In addition to pantethine, these organisms required biotin, folic acid, pyridoxine, thiamine, and choline. A minimal defined medium was elaborated for one of the isolated bacterial types. B. symbiosus ATCC 12829 is proposed as a test organism for pantetheine in the presence of pantothenate.
Method development and validation for estimation of Felodipine in human plasma by LCMS/MS

After extraction from plasma by liquid – liquid extraction method, Felodipine and FelodipineD5, (IS), were separated on a Reverse phase chromatography using the mobile phase mixture of ammonium acetate and methanol at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The analytes were detected in API 4000 Mass spectrometer in the positive atmospheric pressure chemical Ionization (APCI) mode with multiple reactions monitoring (MRM). The MRM transitions were monitored by following m/z for parent ion 384.0 & daughter ion 338.0 (Felodipine), and m/z 389.1 & daughter 338.1 (Felodipine D5, IS). A linear calibration plot of Felodipine was achieved in the concentration ranges of 0.105 ng/ml to 20.000 ng/ml. Mean recovery was 69.4%.This method was fully validated for specificity, precision, accuracy, reproducibility and other criteria as per regulations.
Surge capacity mechanical ventilation.

Mechanical ventilation in a situation of mass casualty respiratory failure will require a substantial increase in the capacity for mechanical ventilation, to prevent unnecessary mortality. Concern over the difficulties of treating large numbers of patients with respiratory failure is exceeded only by our lack of experience on which to base decisions. This review evaluates the likely scenarios that could lead to mass casualty respiratory failure and the types of respiratory failure anticipated. A literature review was conducted, using the National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings terms “mass casualty respiratory failure,” “pandemic flu,” “disaster preparedness,” and “mass casualty care.” Papers were reviewed for relevance to the topic. There is little historical or empirical evidence upon which to base decisions regarding mass casualty respiratory failure and augmenting positive-pressure ventilation capacity. Matching the degree of respiratory impairment anticipated from the most likely mass casualty scenarios allows conclusions to be drawn regarding the performance characteristics of ventilators required for these situations. Little is known about the success of mechanical-ventilator stockpiling for mass casualty respiratory failure. Careful planning with an emphasis on matching ventilator performance to patient need and caregiver skill is critical to appropriate stockpile choices.
Image-Seeking Preferences Among Undergraduate Novice Researchers

Objective – This study investigated the image-seeking preferences of university freshmen to gain a better understanding of how they search for pictures for assignments. Methods – A survey was emailed to a random sample of 1,000 freshmen enrolled at Oregon State University in the fall of 2009. A total of 63 surveys were returned. Results – The majority of students indicated they would use Google to find a picture. Nineteen respondents said they would use a library, librarians, and/or archives. Conclusions – The results indicate the majority of students in our study would use Google to find an image for coursework purposes; yet the students who suggested they would use Google did not mention evaluating the images they might find or have concerns about copyright issues. Undergraduate students would benefit from having visual literacy integrated into standard information literacy instruction to help them locate, evaluate, and legally use the images they find online. In addition, libraries, librarians, archivists, and library computer programmers should work to raise the rankings of library digital photo collections in online search engines like Google.
Advance in thermo-optical switches: principles, materials, design, and device structure

All-optical networking can be the sole approach to provide the huge bandwidth required for future networks. The essential elements in such an optical network are optical switches. A number of options have been proposed in order to implement them efficiently. We focus on thermo-optical switches. First, the physical principles of the thermo-optic effect are briefly introduced. A description of the most common technologies used for the fabrication of thermo-optic switches is provided along with the values of thermo-optic coefficient for a number of materials. The main steps useful in order to design thermo-optical switches are also briefly introduced. Finally, a bird's-eye view of the main and recent proposals of switches based on the thermo-optic effect is reported and their performances compared.
Concepts for bridged cracks in fracture and fatigue

Some recent work on length scales in bridged crack problems is reviewed and enlarged upon. Fundamental differences are highlighted between the solutions obtainable from bridged crack models (nonvanishing crack tip stress intensity factor, Ktip) and traditional cohesive zone models (vanishing Ktip); and from models for which the bridging tractions are nonincreasing (softening) and increasing (hardening) functions of the crack opening displacement. The roles of length scales in determining ductility, notch sensitivity, and whether failure is catastrophic or noncatastrophic are discussed. Length scales for monotonic loading are extended to cyclic loading.
Enhanced Machinability of Silicon Carbide via Microstructural Design

The machinability of a heterogeneous silicon carbide with weak interphase boundaries, elongated grains, and high internal stresses is evaluated relative to a homogeneous control material with a well-bonded, equiaxed, and unstressed grain structure. Drilling and grinding rates for the silicon carbide are substantially enhanced by the microstructural heterogeneity—the weak boundaries enable easy grain-scale dislodgement in place of the more conventional macrofracture chipping mode of removal. At the same time, the residual machining damage in the machined surfaces is significantly less strength degrading in the heterogeneous material. Implications concerning the microstructural design of flaw-tolerant ceramics for enhanced machinability are considered.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptors

There are two types of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptors. The type I receptor generally binds IGF-I more tightly than IGF-II and also interacts weakly with insulin. The type II receptor prefers IGF-II over IGF-I and does not recognize insulin. The type I receptor is made up of an alpha binding subunit (Mr 130 000) and a beta subunit (Mr 95 000) probably organized as a heterotetramer (alpha 2 beta 2). The type II receptor consists of a single binding unit (Mr 250 000). IGF stimulates phosphorylation of the beta subunit of the type I receptor in whole cells and solubilized receptor preparations. Tyrosine kinase activity is associated with the type I receptor, resulting in autophosphorylation of the beta subunit and phosphorylation of exogenous substrates. In contrast, phosphorylation of the type II receptor in whole cells is less IGF-dependent, solubilized receptor preparations are not phosphorylated, and purified type II receptors do not exhibit tyrosine kinase activity toward the artificial substrate poly(Glu, Tyr)4:1. There are many similarities between the type I IGF receptor and the insulin receptor; however, different ligand-binding properties, subtle differences in the size of alpha and beta subunits, and immunoreactivity toward anti-receptor antibodies allow us to distinguish between these two receptors. The presence of both IGF receptors as well as insulin receptors on most cells and cross-reactivity of ligands for binding to these receptors present difficulties in assigning a particular biological response to a specific receptor. The type I receptor is down-regulated by ligand while in several cell types the type II receptor is rapidly up-regulated by insulin; the mechanism of up-regulation appears to be a translocation of type II receptors to the cell surface. There are two classes of serum binding proteins for IGF, a Mr 150 000 species found in adult blood and a Mr 40 000 species, which predominates in foetal blood. Like the type II receptor, IGF binding proteins do not bind insulin. The binding site on the type II receptor can be distinguished from the binding protein sites by a hybrid molecule Ainsulin-BIGF-I, which recognizes the binding protein but not the type II receptor. Binding proteins produced by cells in culture may cause confusion in the interpretation of experiments that are designed to study the binding of radiolabelled IGF to cell surface receptors in monolayer culture.
Theoretical and experimental aspects of the energy loss of relativistic heavily ionizing particles

We review the theory of the electromagnetic interactions between rapidly moving charged particles and the matter through which they pass. The emphasis will be on very massive electric ($\ensuremath{-}100\ensuremath{\le}{Z}_{1}100$) and magnetic ($|g|=137e \mathrm{and} \frac{137e}{2}$) particles moving with relativistic velocities ($\ensuremath{\beta}g0.2$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}l100$). Consideration will be given to both the stopping power of the projectile and to the response of the absorbing medium to the excitation caused by the projectile.
The best way to manage hypertension after renal transplantation

Hypertension in renal allograft recipients is a common problem arising from multiple factors, including peripheral vascular damage caused by pretransplant hypertension, side effects of immunosuppressive medications, allograft dysfunction, renal artery stenosis, recurrent glomerulonephritis, synthesis of vasoconstrictive hormones by the native kidneys, and excessive dietary salt intake. Identification of modifiable factors causing hypertension and concurrent medical conditions, and measurement of glomerular filtration rate, cyclosporine/tacrolimus blood levels, and magnitude of proteinuria are essential to tailor treatment for an individual patient. Lifestyles that exacerbate hypertension should be modified. For pharmacological therapy, diuretics and calcium channel blockers are first-line agents in patients on cyclosporine shortly after transplant. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are good choices for patients with significant proteinuria. Reduction of immunosuppression will improve hypertension in some patients, but entails a potential risk of rejection or graft loss. Angioplasty is necessary in patients with a functionally significant stenosis of the allograft renal artery. Other patients on maximal medical therapy may benefit from native nephrectomy.
Near-infrared semiconductor subwavelength-wire lasers

We report near-infrared lasing in the telecommunications band in gallium antimonide semiconductor subwavelength wires. Our results open the possibility of the use of semiconductor subwavelength-wire lasers in future photonic integrated circuits for telecommunications applications.
Okadaic acid induces sustained activation of NFκB and degradation of the nuclear IκBα in human neutrophils

Abstract Human neutrophils differ from other cells by containing high amount of IκBα in the nucleus, and this increased nuclear IκBα accumulation is associated with the inhibition of NFκB activity and increased apoptosis. However, the mechanisms regulating NFκB activation and IκBα degradation in human neutrophils are little understood. The objective of this study was to provide a further insight into the mechanisms regulating NFκB activity and IκBα degradation in human neutrophils. We show that okadaic acid (OA), an inhibitor of protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A, induces sustained activation of NFκB and degradation of the nuclear IκBα, and increases interleukin-8 expression in the neutrophils. Furthermore, inhibitors of protein kinase C-δ (PKCδ) and IκB kinase (IKK) inhibit the OA-induced activation of NFκB. Collectively, our results indicate that in human neutrophils, the sustained activation of NFκB is regulated by a continuous phosphorylation and degradation of the nuclear IκBα.
Supersaturated designs: Are our results significant?

Two-level supersaturated designs (SSDs) are designs that examine more than n-1 factors in n runs. Although SSD literature for both construction and analysis is plentiful, the dearth of actual applications suggests that SSDs are still an unproven tool. Whether using forward selection or all-subsets regression, it is easy to select simple models from SSDs that explain a very large percentage of the total variation. Hence, naive p-values can persuade the user that included factors are indeed active. We propose the use of a global model randomization test in conjunction with all-subsets (or a shrinkage method) to more appropriately select candidate models of interest. For settings where the large number of factors makes repeated use of all-subsets expensive, we propose a short-cut approximation for the p-values. Two state-of-the-art model selection methods that have received considerable attention in recent years, Least Angle Regression and the Dantzig Selector, were likewise supplemented with the global randomization test. Finally, we propose a randomization test for reducing the number of terms in candidate models with small global p-values. Randomization tests effectively emphasize the limitations of SSDs, especially those with a large factor to run size ratio.
The Unsteady March: The Rise and Decline of Racial Equality in America

Acknowledgments Introduction: The Unsteady March One: "Bolted with the Lock of a Hundred Keys" The Era of Slavery, 1619-1860 Two: "Thenceforward, and Forever Free" The Civil War, 1860-1865 Three: "The Negro Has Got as Much as He Ought to Have" Reconstruction and the Second Retreat, 1865-1908 Four: "The Color Line" Jim Crow America, 1908-1938 Five: "Deutschland and Dixieland" Antifascism and the Emergence of Civil Rights, 1938-1941 Six: "Double V: Victory Abroad, Victory at Home" World War II Seven: "Hearts and Minds" The Cold War and Civil Rights, 1946-1954 Eight: "There Comes a Time" The Civil Rights Revolution, 1954-1968 Nine: "Benign Neglect?" Post-Civil Rights America, 1968-1998 Conclusion: Shall We Overcome? Notes Index