cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface neutralization/surface reionization (Ping–Pong) mass spectrometry

Abstract Experiments are reported that utilize surface neutralization of hyperthermal organic ions to obtain hyperthermal neutral species that are reionized on oxygen-activated rhenium surface and detected by mass spectrometry. A special Ping–Pong mass spectrometer was designed and coupled to a double-focusing mass spectrometer to allow energy and angle-resolved measurements. Neutralization of pyridine and benzene ions on gold, copper, and aluminum surfaces generated substantial ion currents into the collecting plate. The ion currents obtained on gold surfaces were found to depend on the recombination energy of the ion projectile. Hyperthermal neutrals coming off the first surface were found to mainly originate from hydrocarbon adsorbates.
Metabolic Fuel Privation in Hibernating and Awake Ground Squirrels

Abstract DARK, J. AND D. R. MILLER. Metabolic fuel privation in hibernating and awake ground squirrels. PHYSIOL BEHAV 63(1) 59–65, 1998.—The nature of metabolic fuel utilization during hibernation and periodic arousal is not completely understood. 2-Deoxy- d -glucose (2DG) and mercaptoacetate (MA) were administered to hibernating ground squirrels. These drugs disrupt glucose and fatty acid oxidation, respectively. Telemetrically recorded body temperature (Tb) was analyzed to determine rate of rewarming from hibernation, duration of euthermia during periodic arousal, and proportion of animals arousing after treatments. 2DG given during hibernation significantly increased latency to regain euthermia, especially during the initial phase of rewarming (from first Tb > 10°C to first Tb > 15°C), without affecting the duration or other features of the ensuing euthermic period; MA did not affect rate of rewarming. MA treatment during hibernation affected thermoregulation after the animals aroused, including an increased duration of euthermia and maintenance of erratic patterns of Tb. The percentage of animals that aroused from hibernation was increased in a dose-dependent fashion by each drug. 2DG and MA treatments had little or no impact on nonhibernating ground squirrels in the cold. We suggest that glucose oxidation is important for rewarming from deep torpor; limited glucose availability cannot, however, support normal levels of euthermia when fatty acid oxidation is compromised. On the other hand, fatty acid oxidation may be less necessary for normal arousal from torpor, but critical for the maintenance of euthermia during the arousal phase.
Trabecular bone structure in the mandibular condyles of gouging and nongouging platyrrhine primates.

The relationship between mandibular form and biomechanical function is a topic of significant interest to morphologists and paleontologists alike. Several previous studies have examined the morphology of the mandible in gouging and nongouging primates as a means of understanding the anatomical correlates of this feeding behavior. The goal of the current study was to quantify the trabecular bone structure of the mandibular condyle of gouging and nongouging primates to assess the functional morphology of the jaw in these animals. High-resolution computed tomography scan data were collected from the mandibles of five adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), saddle-back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis), and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), respectively, and various three-dimensional morphometric parameters were measured from the condylar trabecular bone. No significant differences were found among the taxa for most trabecular bone structural features. Importantly, no mechanically significant parameters, such as bone volume fraction and degree of anisotropy, were found to vary significantly between gouging and nongouging primates. The lack of significant differences in mechanically relevant structural parameters among these three platyrrhine taxa may suggest that gouging as a habitual dietary behavior does not involve significantly higher loads on the mandibular condyle than other masticatory behaviors. Alternatively, the similarities in trabecular architecture across these three taxa may indicate that trabecular bone is relatively unimportant mechanically in the condyle of these primates and therefore is functionally uninformative. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
SOLID-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER STUDY OF THE OZONATION OF PHENANTHRENE

Phenanthrene, a priority, hazardous pollutant, is found in the vapor and paniculate phase in the atmosphere as well as in aquatic ecosystems. Water droplets can form around the particulates and dissolve the phenanthrene. Subsequent oxidation of the phenanthrene by ozone can result in the formation of secondary pollutants. Thus the mass transfer of solid phenanthrene with and without ozonation reactions in water is investigated and a simple mathematical model based on film theory is formulated to predict the changes in bulk ozone concentrations and enhancement factors. Physical mass transfer coefficients for phenanthrene in water measured at room temperature in an agitated vessel increased from 1·174 ×10−5 to 2·932 × 10−5 m/s as the agitation speed increased from 65 to 315 RPM. The ozonation of phenanthrene significantly increases the mass transfer rates of phenanthrene into water as indicated by enhancement factors which range from 2 to 7·8. At low agitation speeds, the film model agreed well with the exp...
Robert A. Good, the March of Dimes, and immunodeficiency: An historical perspective

Dr. Robert A. Good and the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation maintained a close association for a quarter century in the fight against immunodeficiency diseases. The March of Dimes, whose mission is to prevent birth defects, premature birth, and infant mortality, awarded an initial grant to Dr. Good in 1960 to conduct basic clinical and experimental studies on arthritis and collagen diseases. By 1966, this support broadened to include Dr. Good's research on agammaglobulinemia, ataxia telangiectasia, Chediak-Higashi disease, and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Dr. Good led three historic March of Dimes conferences on immunodeficiency and, in 1968, conducted the first bone marrow transplant to correct an immunological birth defect, memorialized by the March of Dimes in its educational film, Decision (1970). March of Dimes grants to Dr. Good for his research in cellular engineering to genetically correct the defined birth defects approached $1 million for the period 1960-1985.
Evaluation of memory, learning ability, and clinical neurologic function in pathogen‐free mice with systemic lupus erythematosus

Objective. To determine if neurologic impairment is related to progressive autoimmune disease in 3 murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): MRL/lpr, NZB, and NZB/WF1 Methods. Sensorimotor function, learning, and memory were tested within strains at specific ages, before and after the appearance of SLE. These parameters were also compared between strains for young and older lupus mice and their congenic controls with reduced autoimmune disease (MRL/lpr versus MRL/+; NZB versus NZB/xid). Results. Abnormal neurologic features were present at a much higher frequency in MRL/lpr mice than in age-matched MRL/+ control mice, and sensorimotor function deficits were also seen in NZB/WF1 mice. Strains that develop lupus showed deficits on a water-escape, distal cue discrimination task and on a food-rewarded, proximal cue discrimination task, but the cognitive impairments were not global. Conclusion. MRL/lpr, NZB, and NZB/WF1 mice differed in terms of which behaviors were impaired as well as when those impairments appeared.
Preventing post-exercise nocturnal hypoglycemia in children with type 1 diabetes

Objective To determine the effects of reducing overnight basal insulin or a bedtime dose of terbutaline on nocturnal blood glucose (BG) nadir and hypoglycemia after exercise in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Study design Sixteen youth (mean age 13.3 years) on insulin pumps were studied overnight on 3 occasions after a 60-minute exercise session with BG measurements every 30 minutes. Admissions were randomized to bedtime treatment with oral terbutaline 2.5 mg, 20% basal rate insulin reduction for 6 hours, or no treatment. Results Mean overnight nadir BG was 188 mg/dL after terbutaline and 172 mg/dL with basal rate reduction compared with 127 mg/dL on the control night ( P = .002 and .042, respectively). Terbutaline eliminated nocturnal hypoglycemia but resulted in significantly more hyperglycemia (≥250 mg/dL) when compared with the control visit ( P Conclusions A basal insulin rate reduction was safe and effective in raising post-exercise nocturnal BG nadir and in reducing hypoglycemia in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Although effective at preventing hypoglycemia, a 2.5-mg dose of terbutaline was associated with hyperglycemia.
Bone Gains and Losses Follow Seasonal Training and Detraining in Gymnasts

The response of the human skeleton to high mag- nitude loading and unloading is poorly understood. Our aim was to evaluate changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in a group of intercollegiate gymnasts (n 4 8, age 4 18.6 ± 0.8 years) over 24 months that included two 8-month com- petitive seasons and two 4-month offseasons. BMD of the hip, spine, and whole body was evaluated by DXA (Hologic QDR-1000/W) at baseline, 8, 12, 20, and 24 months. Re- sults indicated significant seasonal trends in BMD of the femoral neck, trochanter, total hip, lumbar spine, and whole body. Specifically, there was a strikingly consistent pattern of bone density increases over the training seasons followed by clear declines in the offseasons. Increases at the spine were 3.5% and 3.7% followed by declines of 1.5% and 1.3% in the offseasons. Total hip BMD increased 2.3% and 1.9% during the competitive seasons followed by decreases of 1.5% and 1.2% in the offseasons. We observed a signifi- cant 24-month increase of 4.3% in spine BMD but no sig- nificant overall change at the hip. In conclusion, the human skeleton demonstrated a measurable response to high mag- nitude loading and unloading that was consistent across bone sites over 24 months of observation.
Cobalt stearate-aluminum alkyl catalyzed hydrogenation of substituted quinolines, isoquinoline and naphthalene

Abstract Naphthalene (II), quinoline (III), isoquinoline (IV), 6-methylquinoline (V) and 2-methylquinoline (VI) can be hydrogenated selectively to form 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (VII) (100% yield at 22 °C), 1,2,3,4-tetra-hydroquinoline (VIII) (73% yield at 22 °C), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (IX) (70% yield at 90 °C), 6-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (X) (100% at 90 °C) and 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (XI) (76% at 90 °C) by use of the Ziegler-type catalyst Co(stearate) 2 -AlEt 3 (I) in a hexane solvent at a hydrogen pressure of 700 psi. Catalyst (I) does not hydrogenate dibenzothiophene, nitroquinolines or 4-chloro-2-methylquinoline.
Growth Mechanisms and Kinetics of Trypsin Crystallization

The surface morphologies of orthorhombic and trigonal trypsin crystals grown from solution were investigated by in situ atomic force microscopy. {001} and {100} faces of trigonal and {110} faces of orthorhombic crystals grew strictly by two-dimensional (2D) nucleation. For {101} faces, no 2D nucleation was observed even at relatively high supersaturations. For the {101} face, from the supersaturation dependency of the slope of dislocation hillocks and tangential step rates the surface free energy of step edges α and the tangential kinetic coefficient β were calculated to be 5 ± 1 erg/cm2 and (1.1 ± 0.2) 10-4 cm/s, respectively. The high value of α is thought to be the cause for the absence of 2D nucleation on this face. It was also found that growth of the trigonal {001} face proceeds by alternating deposition of three symmetry-related growth layers with a height equal to one-third of the unit cell parameter c. Using periodic bond chain (PBC) analysis it was demonstrated that the observed morphology as we...
Immune-mediated adherence of eosinophils to Toxocara canis infective larvae: the role of excretory-secretory antigens.

Summary The participation of Toxocara canis larval excretory-secretory antigens in immune-mediated adherence was determined in vitro. Adsorption of immune sera with excretory-secretory antigens removed some complement components, removed IgG antibody directed against larval surfaces, and abrogated all adherence observed with untreated immune serum. At least four antigens could be implicated in adherence, by Western blot analysis of adherence mediating sera. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic examination of larvaleosinophil interactions revealed that eosinophils adhered to a membranous sheath-like layer that was frequently detached from the larval epicuticle. The layers appeared to be composed of surface antigens and antibody, and may provide larvae with protection against antibody and eosinophil toxins by preventing their contact with the epicuticle. The release of surface antigens also may be important in allowing larvae to evade the host's immune response by facilitating the removal of antibody and eosinophils from the larval surface.
Patients admitted through the emergency department are more profitable than patients admitted electively

Study objectives: We examine the association between financial performance and hospital length of stay between patients admitted through the emergency department (ED) compared with patients admitted electively. Methods: This was a retrospective review of all admissions to all services in the fiscal years beginning July 2000 and ending June 2003 in an academic inner-city tertiary referral center. Data collected included service volume, net revenue, cost (direct fixed and variable and indirect), direct margin, and net profit. Direct costs are expenses that pertain to the provision of patient care. Indirect costs are defined as costs not associated with provision of patient care (examples include administration, engineering, and finance). Direct margin is defined as the amount by which net revenue exceeds the sum of direct fixed and variable components. Net profit is the amount by which net revenue exceeds the sum of all costs, direct and indirect. Financial data for the ED group includes all costs generated in the ED, as well as hospital costs. Elective admissions included direct admissions and transfers into the hospital not involving the ED. For one fiscal year, case mix index (a measure for case severity in which higher case mix index represents higher severity of illness) and length of stay were also captured. Results: Of the 89,757 discharges during the study period, 66,118 (73.7%) patients were admitted electively and 23,639 (26.3%) were admitted through the ED. There were also 21,223 admissions to the trauma center included in the 89,757 patients that were not included in the ED group. Total net revenue, costs, direct margin, and profit amounts were all higher in the elective group than in the ED group. Higher totals were due to the higher overall number of admissions in the elective group. However, when the direct margin is expressed as a percentage of net revenue, the ED group was higher (40.3% versus 36.6%). Patients admitted through the ED did generate a profit despite inclusion of ED costs. This profit was also 27% of total hospital profits generated from admissions. In addition net profit as a percentage of net revenues was higher in the ED group by more than double (9.8% versus 4.7%). In the year during which case mix and length of stay data were captured in fiscal year 2002, there were 22,183 elective admissions and 8,032 ED admissions. Overall average length of stay was similar in the ED group (5.8 days for ED group versus 6.0 days for elective group), and case mix index was lower (1.10 for the ED group and 1.28 for the elective group). Conclusion: Conventional wisdom views the ED as a cost center, a loss leader. In this study of 3 years and nearly 90,000 admissions, patients admitted through the ED generated a profit. ED patients generated a profit despite lower case mix index, which is usually associated with lower revenues. In addition, the higher direct margin and profit as a percentage of net revenue shows the ED to be more efficient when involved in the care of admitted patients.
The kinetics of blood coagulation.

The kinetics of the blood coagulation system have been formulated and an expression obtained for the “prothrombin time” in terms of the concentrations of the components of the system. A linear plot of data obtained from plasma dilution curves gives the values of the parameters of the system, and yields a mathematical method of comparing relative thromboplastin potencies. The analytical expressions given lead to the proper choice of thromboplastin potency and plasma dilution for minimum error in the clinical determination of prothrombin.
Unsteady transonic aerodynamics and aeroelasticity

In recent years substantial progress has been made in the development of an improved understanding of unsteady aerodynamics and aeroelasticity in the transonic flow regime. This flow regime is often the most critical for aeroelastic phenomena yet it has proven the most difficult to master in terms of basic understanding of physical phenomena and the development of predictive mathematical models. The difficulty is primarily a result of the nonlinearities which may be important in transonic flow. The emerging mathematical models have relied principally on finite difference solutions to the governing nonlinear partial differential equations of fluid mechanics. Here are addressed fundamental questions of current interest which will provide the reader with a basis for understanding the recent and current literature in the field.
Some comments on two-valued logic

it seems to be the case that the more highly iconic a sign, the less the need for conventions of interpretation: witness the deceptive "ease" of folk art, and the equally deceptive "difficulty" of nonobjectivist painting.6 It appears, finally, to be the case that both verbal and nonverbal icons, as they lose in universality of interpretation by becoming more conventional, may gain in flexibility and range of signific function. Chinese ideographs present interesting examples.
Opposing Dopaminergic and GABAergic Neurons Control the Duration and Persistence of Copulation in Drosophila

Behavioral persistence is a major factor in determining when and under which circumstances animals will terminate their current activity and transition into more profitable, appropriate, or urgent behavior. We show that, for the first 5 min of copulation in Drosophila, stressful stimuli do not interrupt mating, whereas 10 min later, even minor perturbations are sufficient to terminate copulation. This decline in persistence occurs as the probability of successful mating increases and is promoted by approximately eight sexually dimorphic, GABAergic interneurons of the male abdominal ganglion. When these interneurons were silenced, persistence increased and males copulated far longer than required for successful mating. When these interneurons were stimulated, persistence decreased and copulations were shortened. In contrast, dopaminergic neurons of the ventral nerve cord promote copulation persistence and extend copulation duration. Thus, copulation duration in Drosophila is a product of gradually declining persistence controlled by opposing neuronal populations using conserved neurotransmission systems.
Results of genome-wide analyses on neurodevelopmental phenotypes at four-year follow-up following cardiac surgery in infancy.

Background Adverse neurodevelopmental sequelae are reported among children who undergo early cardiac surgery to repair congenital heart defects (CHD). APOE genotype has previously been determined to contribute to the prediction of these outcomes. Understanding further genetic causes for the development of poor neurobehavioral outcomes should enhance patient risk stratification and improve both prevention and treatment strategies.
Sources, transport, energization, and loss of magnetospheric plasma

Sources, transport, energization, and loss of magnetospheric plasma was the theme of the third Huntsville Workshop on Magnetospheric Plasma Models, which was held in Guntersville, Ala., from October 4 to 8, 1992. Approximately ninety researchers attended the workshop, which was supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation. The first topical session summarized our knowledge of plasma distributions and set the stage for the later sessions. Dennis Gallagher reviewed the distributions of bulk parameters and reported on the new results of his empirical model of the plasmasphere. Ed Shelley traced the origins of the plasma sheet, concluding that medium-energy magnetospheric plasma is of between 5 and 50% ionospheric origin. Tony Lui addressed the distribution of energetic particles and noted that the observed pressure gradients account for the field-aligned currents in the inner magnetosphere. Dan Baker pointed out the glaring problem of how electrons gain relativistic energies during substorms.
Impacts of balancing valves on pump energy and control performance in variable water flow systems

There is no common agreement on the use of balance valves in the most popular variable water flow systems. A comprehensive theoretical analysis has been conducted to investigate the impacts of balance valves on initial cost, pump operation power, and system control performance. The investigation finds that eliminating balance valves can (i) reduce by 20-40% pump energy consumption in a typical variable flow water system, (ii) reduce the maximum pressure drop across control valves, and (iii) improve pump efficiency at most partial load conditions. The reduced pressure drops across control valves improve system control performance and may allow selecting some control valves at lower close-off pressures. Consequently, eliminating balancing valves can also potentially reduce system initial cost.
Design and manipulation of polygonal models in a haptic, stereoscopic virtual environment

This paper presents a flexible, scalable framework for interactive hands-on shape design in a haptic, stereoscopic virtual environment. The framework is founded upon the concept of PDE-based geometric surface flow. Given an input polygonal mesh, a user can interactively define implicit functions around regions of interest of the mesh model, and the locally or globally affected regions of the model will automatically deform according to the underlying partial differential equations and reconstruct the implicitly defined shape. During the model deformation process, the model can always maintain its regularity and can properly modify its topology when collisions between different parts of the model occur. With augmented haptics functionality and stereoscopic display, our system provides a more intuitive interface, which allows users to directly manipulate 3D polygonal objects with hands.
Enhancing lifetime and security of PCM-based main memory with start-gap wear leveling

Phase Change Memory (PCM) is an emerging memory technology that can increase main memory capacity in a cost-effective and power-efficient manner. However, PCM cells can endure only a maximum of 107 - 108 writes, making a PCM based system have a lifetime of only a few years under ideal conditions. Furthermore, we show that non-uniformity in writes to different cells reduces the achievable lifetime of PCM system by 20x. Writes to PCM cells can be made uniform with Wear-Leveling. Unfortunately, existing wear-leveling techniques require large storage tables and indirection, resulting in significant area and latency overheads. We propose Start-Gap, a simple, novel, and effective wear-leveling technique that uses only two registers. By combining Start-Gap with simple address-space randomization techniques we show that the achievable lifetime of the baseline 16GB PCM-based system is boosted from 5% (with no wear-leveling) to 97% of the theoretical maximum, while incurring a total storage overhead of less than 13 bytes and obviating the latency overhead of accessing large tables. We also analyze the security vulnerabilities for memory systems that have limited write endurance, showing that under adversarial settings, a PCM-based system can fail in less than one minute. We provide a simple extension to Start-Gap that makes PCM-based systems robust to such malicious attacks.
Echocardiography in duchenne muscular dystrophy

The cardiac function of 36 males with Duchenne muscular dystrophy was evaluated by echocardiography, and the results were compared with the results of other tests of cardiac involvement, including serum creatine kinase isoenzyme evaluation, electrocardiography, chest x-ray, and physical examination of the heart and lungs. Although correlation between the various methods of assessment was not impressive, the echocardiographic technique appeared to be useful in evaluating and following the cardiomyopathy in these patients. Several aspects of left ventricular function were abnormal in most patients, and only two of the 36 had normal left ventricular size and function. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were also apparent in all patients, although the changes were mild in four of the 36. Clinical evaluation, isoenzyme determinations, and chest x-rays have not been useful in assessing cardiac function. The echocardiographic data on these 36 patients are presented in detail and the patients will now be followed sequentially to attempt evaluation of ongoing changes.
Current treatments for acute heart failure: focus on serelaxin

Acute heart failure remains an enormous health concern worldwide, and is a major cause of death and hospitalization. In spite of this, the treatment strategies for acute heart failure have remained largely unchanged for the past 2 decades. Several large randomized, placebo- controlled clinical trials have recently been conducted to attempt to improve the treatment and outcomes of acute decompensated heart failure. Some studies, including the EVEREST (tolvaptan) and ASCEND (nesiritide) showed efficacy at relieving early symptoms, but failed to improve long-term outcomes. Others, including PROTECT (rolofylline) and ASTRONAUT (aliskiren) showed little benefit in the relief of early symptoms or long-term outcomes. The recent RELAX-AHF studies using serelaxin, a recombinant form of relaxin, have shown considerable promise. Importantly, serelaxin improved congestion (dyspnea) and other early targets of acute decompensated heart failure treatment, but also improved mortality at 180 days. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of current treatment strategies for acute decompensated heart failure, and a discussion of the recent clinical trials, with an emphasis on
Relationships between larval nutritional experience, larval growth rates, juvenile growth rates, and juvenile feeding rates in the prosobranch gastropod Crepidula fornicata

Planktonic larvae experiencing short periods of starvation or reduced food supply often grow and develop more slowly, have poor survival, fail to metamorphose, metamorphose at smaller sizes, or grow slowly as juveniles. In this study, we examined the impact of short periods of food limitation at various stages of larval development on larval and juvenile growth in Crepidula fornicata. In addition, we considered whether juveniles that were stressed as larvae grew poorly because of reduced rates of food collection due to impaired gill function. For 5 experiments, larvae were either starved for several days beginning within 12 h of hatching or were starved for the same number of days following 1 or more days of feeding at full ration (cells of the naked flagellate Isochrysis galbana, clone T-ISO, at 18×104 cells ml−1). In one experiment, larvae were transferred for 2 or 4 days to seawater with extremely low phytoplankton concentration (1×104 cells ml−1). In all experiments, larvae were returned to full ration following treatment. Control larvae were fed full ration from hatching to metamorphosis. When larvae reached shell lengths of about 900 μm they were induced to metamorphose and then reared individually at full ration in glass bowls, with phytoplankton suspension replenished daily. Larval and juvenile growth rates were determined by measuring changes in shell length (longest dimension) over time. Juvenile feeding rates were determined by monitoring changes in phytoplankton concentration over 2–3 h at the end of the growth rate determinations. In general, larval growth rates for the first 2 days after the resumption of feeding were inversely proportional to the length of time that larvae were starved. However, larval growth rates ultimately recovered to control levels in most treatments. Starving the larvae caused a significant reduction in initial juvenile growth rates (first 3–4 days post-metamorphosis) in most experiments even when larval growth rates had recovered to control levels prior to metamorphosis. Juvenile growth rates were not significantly reduced when larvae were subjected to reduced food availability (1×104 cells ml−1), even for treatments in which larval growth rates were compromised. Mean weight-specific filtration rates for juveniles were significantly reduced (p<0.05) following larval feeding experience in only one or possibly 2 of the 4 experiments conducted. Our data suggest that although larvae of C. fornicata may fully recover from early nutritional stress, the resulting juveniles may exhibit poor initial growth due to impaired gill function, reduced digestive capability, or reduced assimilation efficiency.
Tailored medical and interventional therapy against recurrent stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stenting.

Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and a thienopyridine (ticlopidine or clopidogrel) has strikingly improved the results of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) through a marked reduction i...
Paramagnetic iron (III) MRI contrast agents.

The advantages and disadvantages of a number of paramagnetic Fe(III)-containing MRI contrast agents are discussed. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.
Effect of Snacking Frequency on Adolescents' Dietary Intakes and Meeting National Recommendations

Purpose: To determine how snacking level impacts intake of nutrients and food groups and assists in meeting recommendations outlined in the U.S. Department of Agriculture's MyPyramid Food Guidance System. Methods: Dietary data based on 24-hour recall from 4357 adolescents 12-19 years of age participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2004 (NHANES) were analyzed. Regression analyses were applied to examine the effect of snacking on nutrient and food group intake and to determine its effect on the likelihood of meeting MyPyramid recommendations. Results: Food energy, carbohydrate, total sugars, and vitamin C intake were positively associated, whereas protein and fat intake were negatively associated, with snacking frequency. Fruit intake increased, whereas solid fat intake decreased, as snacking incidence rose. Increasing snacking frequency was also associated with a greater likelihood of meeting milk and oil recommendations for boys and meeting fruit recommendations for both genders. Non-Hispanic black adolescents were less likely to meet their milk recommendations at low and high snacking levels and more likely to meet their fruit recommendations at high levels only. Foods consumed as snacks provided 12-39% of the day's total number of portions of the five MyPyramid food groups, 35% of total discretionary calorie intake, and 43% of total added sugar intake. Conclusions: Snacking frequency affects intake of macronutrients and a few micronutrients and promotes consumption of fruits. Top food choices for snacks provide an excess of discretionary calories in the form of added sugars and fats. Modification of these choices would assist adolescents in consuming diets more consistent with national recommendations. © 2008 Society for Adolescent Medicine. All rights reserved.
N‐(9H‐Fluoren‐9‐yl­idene)‐N‐(‐2‐methoxy­phenyl)­amine

The title compound, alternatively called N-(9H-fluoren-9-yl­idene)-2-methoxy­aniline, C20H15NO, was synthesized by the p-toluene­sulfonic acid-assisted Schiff base reaction between 9-fluorenone and 2-methoxy­aniline. The crystal structure of the title compound has been determined at 100 K.
Pediatric Botulinum Toxin Applications

Children with detrusor overactivity, especially spina bifida and cerebral palsy kids, may also be good candidates for bladder botulinum toxin therapy. Effects on detrusor compliance, resolution of vesicoureteral reflux and/or hydronephrosis are some key questions raised when considering a child for bladder botulinum toxin injection (Schurch and Corcos 2005). This chapter focus on issues important for the use of botulinum toxin in pediatric population. We recommend the practitioner, especially those new to using botulinum toxin to read the (Chap. 3) neurogenic and (Chap. 4) idiopathic bladder chapters first. Consideration should be given to the appropriate dose of toxin in children, patient preparation and injection technique.
Structure-Activity Analysis of Microcin J25: Distinct Parts of the Threaded Lasso Molecule Are Responsible for Interaction with Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Peptide microcin J25 (MccJ25) inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase. We show that thermolysin-cleaved MccJ25 and MccJ25 lacking amino acids 13 to 17 also inhibit transcription. Our data and structural analysis of intact and thermolysin-digested MccJ25 suggest that distinct regions of MccJ25 are involved in transcription inhibition and cell entry.
Predictive value of linear-quadratic model in the treatment of cervical cancer using high-dose-rate brachytherapy

Abstract Purpose: To determine whether a dose-response relationship exists between the biologic effective dose (BED) at Point A and the bladder and rectum and the clinical outcomes in our experience with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and high-dose-rate brachytherapy in the treatment of cervical carcinoma. Methods and Materials: This was a retrospective study. A total of 49 patients with cervical cancer were treated with a combination of EBRT (median 45 Gy, range 41.4–50.4) and high-dose-rate brachytherapy (median 18 Gy; range 18–19, in two fractions). Twenty-three patients received concomitant cisplatin-based chemotherapy. The cumulative BEDs were calculated at Point A (BED 10 ) and at bladder and rectal reference points (BED 3 ) using the linear-quadratic equation. The BED 10 values, after incorporating a time factor (BED 10 tf) in the formula, were also calculated. Results: In patients treated with RT alone, the local failure rate was 10% (1 of 10) and 19% (3 of 16) in patients receiving a BED 10 >89 Gy 10 or 10 to Point A, respectively ( p = 0.2). The corresponding local failure rates were 20% (3 of 15) and 0% (0 of 8) in patients treated with concomitant chemotherapy ( p = 0.3). In patients treated with RT alone, the local failure rate was 7.7% (1 of 13) and 23% (3 of 13) in patients with a BED 10 tf >64 Gy 10 or 10 ( p = 0.1), respectively. The median BED 3 values at the rectal and bladder point was 95.5 Gy 3 and 103.6 Gy 3, respectively. Only 1 case of Grade 2 late rectal toxicity (2%) and no late bladder toxicity occurred. Conclusion: In patients treated with RT alone, a BED 10 >89 Gy and a BED 10 tf >64 Gy indicated a trend toward a better local control rate. This difference was not observed in patients receiving chemotherapy. A BED 3 3 was associated with negligible late toxicity. Although the BED 10 in our study was about 10–15 Gy 10 less than that in the published data, the 4-year local control rate of 80% and 83% and disease-free survival rate of 75% and 70% with and without chemotherapy, respectively, compare well with the rates in other studies in the literature.
Comparative Analysis Of Production Control Systems Through Simulation

This paper presents a comparative analysis of seven different production control systems in a complex factory setup through computer simulation. Batch size, arrival rate, inter-arrival time, and maintenance type are the input parameters to the model. Work-in-process (WIP) and throughput (TH) are the system performance measurement output parameters. The study shows that a pull-based system does not outperform a push-based system with respect to WIP under all conditions. Pull-based systems prefer a smaller batch size to better control WIP. Each of the seven production control systems performs best at a specific inter-arrival time, although it is different for each system. Preventive maintenance is preferred over repair maintenance in a pull system and in a just-in-time (JIT) system. The computer simulation confirms that no single production control system is best under all conditions. The performance of a production control system depends not only on the type of manufacturing strategy chosen, but also on the values of the input parameters. This research shows that it makes no sense to comment on the superiority of one strategy over another without regard to the value of input parameters and the type of factory setup.
The CNS Depressants

The central nervous system (CNS) depressant drugs include a variety of medications, such as hypnotics, antianxiety drugs (also called minor tranquilizers), and alcohol. The general anesthetics will not be discussed here, as time and space constraints force me to limit the discussion to the substances most clinically important in drug abuse. One anesthetic agent, phencyclidine (PCP), is abused as a hallucinogen and is discussed in Chapter 9.
Toxicity of DNA-Incorporated Iodine-125: Quantifying the Direct and Indirect Effects

To understand the biophysical mechanism(s) underlying the induction of cell death by the decay of the Auger electron emitter iodine-125 in DNA, Chinese hamster V79 lung fibroblasts were labeled with 5-[(125)I]iodo-2'-deoxyuridine ((125)IdU) for two doubling times and frozen and stored at -135 degrees C in the presence of 0.26-3.0 M dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which acts simultaneously as a cryoprotector and a hydroxyl radical scavenger. After the accumulation of (125)I decays, the cells were defrosted and their survival was determined. Within the range of the number of decays examined (up to 470 disintegrations per cell), the survival curves are exponential. The dependence of the D(37) on DMSO concentration is triphasic and seems to reach a plateau at approximately 1.3 M. By extrapolating to infinite DMSO concentration, we estimate the D(37) for maximal hydroxyl radical scavenging to be 411 +/- 36 disintegrations per cell. To determine the D(37) in the absence of DMSO, we extrapolate the D(37) curve to zero concentration, and a D(37) of 54 +/- 5 disintegrations per cell is obtained. The maximal dose modification factor, calculated as the ratio of the D(37) at infinite DMSO concentration (i.e. direct effects only) to the D(37) at zero DMSO concentration (i.e. direct and indirect effects), is 7.6 +/- 1.0. By inference, approximately 90% of the radiotoxic effects of DNA-incorporated (125)I are due to indirect mechanisms.
Studies concerning a radioimmunoassay for oxytocin.

The relationship of endogenous oxytocin to normal labor or to certain abnormalities of parturition is not clear, due in part to the lack of a specific, sensitive, and reproducible assay for oxytocin. Radioimmunoassay has proved useful in the evaluation of several peptide hormones. The following report describes preliminary studies which are necessary for the eventual application of radioimmunoassay to the measurement of plasma oxytocin. These studies include radioiodination of oxytocin, assessment of labeled oxytocin and oxytocin antiserum, extraction and concentration of plasma, standard curves for oxytocin in buffer and plasma, and recovery of oxytocin added to normal and late pregnancy plasma.
We Can Serve the Students with Disabilities

Abstract Here's how one university worked out a successful plan for involving handicapped students in activities programs…
Th2 Cell Responses in Immunity and Inflammation Following Helminth Infection

Helminth parasites infect billions of people, primarily in the poorest countries, where they are a major cause of morbidity. Despite extensive organismal diversity within the helminth parasite grouping, these pathogens are united in inducing type 2 immune responses. Type 2 immunity, in which innate cells such as basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and type 2 innate lymphoid cells are engaged, and adaptive immune responses that include T helper 2 (Th2) cells, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, and B cells, are essential for resistance to, or survival with, helminth infections. The core cytokines made during these responses are IL-4 and IL-13, and through their effects on other cells such as macrophages and goblet cells, they together or separately orchestrate effector functions that mediate parasite expulsion or killing, as well as the healing of tissue damage caused by the parasites. Detrimental side effects of type 2 immunity, such as tissue fibrosis, develop during chronic helminth infections but are rarely fatal since hosts and parasites have evolved mechanisms to regulate these processes to favor survival of both parties.
Recent Advances in the High‐Temperature Chemical Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles

One of the most active research areas in functional materials is the chemical synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles. Their potential in biomedical and technological applications has motivated the search for new forms of magnetic nanoparticles with additional chemical and physical functionalities. This review highlights recent advances in the high temperature solution-phase synthesis of monodisperse, multicomponent magnetic nanoparticles. Particular emphasis is put on iron-based metal, oxide, alloy and composite nanoparticles and their biomedical applications.
The Renormalization of Smoking? E-Cigarettes and the Tobacco “Endgame”

Whereas some experts welcome e-cigarettes as a pathway to reducing tobacco use, others characterize them as dangerous products that could undermine efforts to denormalize smoking. But the goal of eliminating the risks of smoking is not incompatible with e-cigarette use.
A Molecular Beam Study of the Reaction of Molecular Chlorine with Gallium Arsenide

Molecular chlorine is scattered from a GaAs(100) surface and the reaction products detected by a mass spectrometer. A careful analysis of the velocity and angular distributions of the reaction products as well as the vibrational energy dependence of the daughter ion fragmentation pattern shows that the steady state reaction is stoichiometric in the removal of Ga and As until the incongruent evaporation rate exceeds the etch rate induced by the incident chlorine flux. The depletion of the nonreactive molecular chlorine signal is accounted for by the flux of chlorinated reaction products. The absolute etch rates as well as the incident chlorine flux are determined from the known evaporation rate of GaAs at the incongruent evaporation temperature. Modulated molecular beam scattering is used to establish some necessary reaction steps.
Critical Perspectives on Disability Identity

The authors examine the social construction of language, labels, and knowledge associated with disabilities, arguing in favor of critical and intersectional perspectives on disability identity.
What is your science classroom environment like

Previous research has found that the learning environment (LE) in science classrooms can have a large impact on learning and interest beyond the effects of the curriculum per se. This study dealt with a science-technology LE at the middle school level, with and without project-based learning. In order to investigate the perceptions of pupils and teachers of the LE, a questionnaire was developed. There were four groups of participants in the study. Project Teachers (PT) were twenty-one teachers who taught science-technology in the 9th grade using a project-based learning approach, as part of an intervention program which included three years of in-service training workshop, 224 hours each year. Non-project Teachers (NPT) were nineteen teachers from similar schools use more traditional approaches to teaching. Project pupils (PP) were 98 pupils from a randomly selected subset of the classrooms taught by the Project Teachers. Non-project Pupils (NPP) were 364 pupils from similar schools using more traditional approaches. All pupils had studied science-technology 6 periods per week during their 7th -- 9th grades. The pupils completed the questionnaire while they were in the second semester of grade nine (15 years old).
Targeting epigenetic pathways in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome: a systematic review of hypomethylating agents trials.

Background Aberrant DNA methylation has been identified as a key molecular event regulating the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS); myeloid neoplasms with an inherent risk of transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Based on the above findings, DNA hypomethylating agents (HMA) have been widely used to treat AML and MDS, especially in elderly patients and in those who are not eligible for allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Our goal was to determine if there is any therapeutic advantage of HMA vs. conventional care regimens (CCR) and indirectly compare the efficacy of azacitidine and decitabine in this patient population.
Los inicios de la salud pública en Baja California, México, y California, Estados Unidos, siglos xix y xx

En el presente trabajo se dibuja un panorama de la frontera y de sus problematicas sanitarias, a partir de elementos habituales de la sociedad, como el comercio y el flujo de personas. Ademas, permite adentrarse en el proceso de deconstruccion de la frontera entre California y el Distrito Norte de la Baja California (actual Baja California) desde las reglamentaciones sanitarias en la zona, a traves de la modernizacion de las ciudades colindantes que se formaron en ella
Advanced multi-physics simulation for high performance power electronic packaging design

Power electronics packaging is required by almost all areas of power electronics applications, such as consumer electronics, automotive, aircraft, and military applications. Due to the significant heat dissipation from the switching behavior of power semiconductor devices, the interactions between thermal, electrical and mechanical aspects become very important to not only power electronics packaging design, but also long-term reliability of power modules. The interactions become more and more significant as the development of wideband gap power semiconductor devices has pushed the power modules to be able to operate at higher voltage levels, higher ambient temperature and higher switching frequencies. Power module development relies more and more on Finite Element Method (FEM) based multiphysics simulations, reducing design cycles, to couple the electrical, thermal and mechanical fields in simulations of different processes such as power module assembly, operations and reliability assessments. In this paper, several cases were introduced to demonstrate how multiphysics simulation worked in power module development. The first case was the simulation of the fringing effects to estimate the difference between practical parasitic capacitance value and theoretical parasitic capacitance value of double-side metallized ultra-thin ceramic. The second case was the pre-stress analysis of power module substrate made of a specific ultra-thin ceramic. The third case was the study of electrical field distribution and temperature distribution in a high voltage and high temperature Silicon Carbide power module. The last case was parasitics extraction of a PCB busbar for 50 kW Electric Vehicle Motor Drive Applications.