cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Direct Expression of Metaphorical Content

According to a direct expression account of metaphor (Bezuidenhout, 2001), “what is said” by a metaphorical utterance of a sentence is different from what is said by a literal utterance of that same sentence. Thus, what is said by a metaphorical utterance of “Jesus was a carpenter” is different from what is said by a literal utterance of that same sentence. The linguistic contents of the two utterances are (in other words) different. Further, on a direct expression account of metaphor, what is said by a metaphorical utterance of a sentence is expressed directly; it is not inferred from some other, putatively more fundamental, content. Such a view is at odds with the semantic minimalism argued for by Cappelen and Lepore in their (2005) Insensitive Semantics. For it entails the view that (contra Cappelen and Lepore) the linguistic content of an utterance depends (inter alia) on how the uttered sentence is being used: literally or non-literally. In this paper, I do two things. First, I argue that certain arguments that Cappelen and Lepore would likely raise against a direct expression view of metaphor won't work. Second, appealing to considerations used in support of my first point, I argue that one of Cappelen and Lepore's central arguments against radical contextualism (the view of linguistic communication that motivates a direct expression account of metaphor) is based on an uncharitable interpretation of that view. The net result is, I hope, a better understanding of both the direct expression account of metaphor and the more general view of linguistic communication that underlies it.
Membrane Permeability of Terpenoids Explored with Molecular Simulation.

Terpenoids constitute a class of compounds with remarkable potential for pharmaceutical, fragrance, specialty chemical, and biofuel applications. However, their industrial production is limited by their rarity within their native plant hosts, creating considerable interest in microbial hosts capable of manufacturing terpenoids. To reduce production costs, nondestructive product recovery from these microbial hosts is preferred, and is achievable using a hydrophobic organic overlay. Our prior research has indicated that oxidized fatty acyl products may permeate faster through host membranes, increasing overall biorefinery productivity. To test this hypothesis for terpenoids, we computed membrane permeabilities of conventional terpenoid target products (e.g., limonene, bisabolene, farnesene) and related oxidized compounds through molecular dynamics simulations. These simulations indicate that terpenoid product permeabilities from cytosol to overlay are oxidation independent, as increases in membrane extracti...
Uso, omisión e interpretación del artículo definido en hispanohablantes de herencia

Why do heritage Spanish speakers exhibit variability in the use of the Spanish definite article? Previous studies have shown that definite nouns ( Las mesas grandes ) and bare nouns ( Mesas grandes ) differ in their interpretation and distribution in both English and Spanish (Chierchia, 1998; Gelman & Raman, 2003; Dayal, 2004; Montrul & Ionin, 2010, 2012; among others). This study aims to examine the transfer of syntactic (definite vs. bare nous) and semantic aspects (specific interpretation vs generic interpretation) in nominal phrases in the writing of heritage Spanish speakers. One hundred and sixty-six texts including count plurals and mass singulars were analyzed. Transfer from English into Spanish was observed at all four language proficiency levels, although it decreases as proficiency in the heritage language increases. Finally, the susceptibility of these two properties (syntactic and semantic) to cross-linguistic transfer is also discussed.
Improving Air-Side Heat Transfer Performance in Air-Cooled Power Plant Condensers

Abstract One method to reduce water consumption in cooling towers for steam condensation is to use dry-cooled technologies with air as the heat rejection medium. These air-cooled systems are beneficial where water is unavailable or uneconomical, but typically result in lower power plant efficiencies. The present study investigates the application of an A-frame air-cooled condenser (ACC) with various air-side enhancements to increase dry-cooled plant performance to levels approaching wet-cooled plants. A computational model was developed to predict the air-cooled condenser performance during the summer (inlet air at 30 °C and 25% relative humidity), when air-cooled systems typically perform the worst. Parametric studies were conducted to identify optimal condenser geometries with smooth, wavy, and louvered fins. The segmented condenser model was integrated into Rankine cycle and combined cycle power plant models to determine the impact of various condenser fin geometries on overall cycle performance. While ACC designs with wavy or louvered fins improved the overall cycle efficiencies over the baseline case, it was found that a reduction in fin spacing of the conventional, smooth fins resulted in the largest improvement in cycle efficiency (1.14% increase for the Rankine cycle, and a 0.84% increase for the Combined cycle).
Hearing the Connections in Children's Oral and Written Discourse.

This paper is a case study of two occasions of teacher response, shaping, and evaluation of students' texts. In one case, the text is oral — a “sharing time” contribution by a first grader. In the ...
Normal Cyclic Variation in CO2 Concentration in Indoor Chambers Decreases Leaf Gas Exchange and Plant Growth.

Attempts to identify crop genetic material with larger growth stimulation at projected elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations are becoming more common. The probability of reductions in photosynthesis and yield caused by short-term variation in CO2 concentration within elevated CO2 treatments in the free-air CO2 enrichment plots raises the question of whether similar effects occur in glasshouse or indoor chamber experiments. These experiments were designed to test whether even the normal, modest, cyclic variation in CO2 concentration typical of indoor exposure systems have persistent impacts on photosynthesis and growth, and to explore mechanisms underlying the responses observed. Wheat, cotton, soybeans, and rice were grown from seed in indoor chambers at a mean CO2 concentration of 560 μmol mol−1, with “triangular” cyclic variation with standard deviations of either 4.5 or 18.0 μmol mol−1 measured with 0.1 s sampling periods with an open path analyzer. Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and above ground biomass at 20 to 23 days were reduced in all four species by the larger variation in CO2 concentration. Tests of rates of stomatal opening and closing with step changes in light and CO2, and tests of responses to square-wave cycling of CO2 were also conducted on individual leaves of these and three other species, using a leaf gas exchange system. Reduced stomatal conductance due to larger amplitude cycling of CO2 during growth occurred even in soybeans and rice, which had equal rates of opening and closing in response to step changes in CO2. The gas exchange results further indicated that reduced mean stomatal conductance was not the only cause of reduced photosynthesis in variable CO2 conditions.
Therapeutic enhancement of blood-brain and blood-tumor barriers permeability by laser interstitial thermal therapy.

Background The blood-brain and blood-tumor barriers (BBB and BTB), which restrict the entry of most drugs into the brain and tumor, respectively, are a significant challenge in the treatment of glioblastoma. Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is a minimally invasive surgical technique increasingly used clinically for tumor cell ablation. Recent evidence suggests that LITT might locally disrupt BBB integrity, creating a potential therapeutic window of opportunity to deliver otherwise brain-impermeant agents. Methods We established a LITT mouse model to test if laser therapy can increase BBB/BTB permeability in vivo. Mice underwent orthotopic glioblastoma tumor implantation followed by LITT in combination with BBB tracers or the anticancer drug doxorubicin. BBB/BTB permeability was measured using fluorimetry, microscopy, and immunofluorescence. An in vitro endothelial cell model was also used to corroborate findings. Results LITT substantially disrupted the BBB and BTB locally, with increased permeability up to 30 days after the intervention. Remarkably, molecules as large as human immunoglobulin extravasated through blood vessels and permeated laser-treated brain tissue and tumors. Mechanistically, LITT decreased tight junction integrity and increased brain endothelial cell transcytosis. Treatment of mice bearing glioblastoma tumors with LITT and adjuvant doxorubicin, which is typically brain-impermeant, significantly increased animal survival. Conclusions Together, these results suggest that LITT can locally disrupt the BBB and BTB, enabling the targeted delivery of systemic therapies, including, potentially, antibody-based agents.
Indirect Structural Connectivity Identifies Changes in Brain Networks After Stroke.

Background/Purpose: The purpose of this study was (1) to identify changes in structural connectivity after stroke and (2) to relate changes in indirect connectivity to post-stroke impairment. Metho...
Carfentanil and the rise and fall of overdose deaths in the United States.

Background and aims It is widely believed that the 2018 decline in overdose deaths in the United States was attributable to a range of public health interventions, however, this decline also coincided with the regulation and decline in use of potent fentanyl analogs, especially carfentanil. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between overdose deaths and carfentanil availability in the United States. Design Secondary analysis of drug overdose deaths from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and carfentanil exhibit data from drug seizures submitted to drug crime labs and published by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). Trends in overdose deaths were compared in states with high carfentanil exhibits with states with low or no carfentanil exhibits. Setting United States. Participants A total of 1 035 923 drug overdose death records in the United States from 1979 through 2019 were studied. Measurements The outcomes studied were number of overdose deaths and mortality rates by state. Findings Drug overdose deaths have been closely tracked along an exponential curve. The years 2016 and 2017 witnessed a hyper-exponential surge with increases in overdose deaths of 11 228 (+21.4%) and 6605 (+10.4%), respectively. Subsequently in 2018, drug overdose deaths declined by -2870 (-4.1%). This rise and then fall coincided with a surge and then decline in carfentanil drug seizure exhibits during these same years: 0 (2015), 1292 (2016), 5857 (2017) and 804 (2018). The majority of carfentanil exhibits were localized to a few states. The 2018 decline in overdose deaths in the top five states with the greatest spike in carfentanil exhibits in 2017 (Ohio, Florida, Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Michigan) was 2848, which accounted for nearly all of the total US decline. Conclusions The 2016-2017 acceleration and then 2018 decline in drug overdose deaths in the United States was associated with the sudden rise and then fall of carfentanil availability. Given the regional variation, carfentanil's decreased availability may have contributed to the reduction in overdose deaths in 2018.
Siege Mentality in the 2020 Pandemic: Building Family Resilience

This literature-based article utilizes “siege” theory to describe the emotional pressures that families are facing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Applying an understanding of siege theory, counselor...
Data and HIT systems in primary care settings: an analysis of perceptions and use.

Purpose Electronic Health Records (EHRs) and other Health Information Technologies (HITs) pose significant challenges for clinicians, administrators and managers in the field of primary care. While there is an abundance of literature on the challenges of HIT systems in primary care, there are also practices where HITs are well-integrated and useful for care delivery. This study aims to (1) understand how exemplary primary care practices conceptualized data and HIT system use in their care delivery and (2) describe components that support and promote data and HIT system use in care delivery. Design/methodology/approach This paper is a sub-analysis of a larger qualitative data set on exemplary primary care in which data was collected using in-depth interviews, observations, field notes and primary source documents from week-long site visits at each organization. Using a combination of qualitative analysis methods including elements of thematic analysis, discourse analysis, and qualitative comparison analysis, we examined HIT-related data across six exemplary primary care organizations. Findings Three key components were identified that underlie engagement with data and HIT systems: data audience identification, defined data purpose and structures for participation in both data design and maintenance. Originality/value Within the context of primary care, these findings have implications for effective integration of HIT systems into primary care delivery.
An Investigation into Training of Elementary and Secondary Level Teachers Regarding Modern Teaching Skills

There are many functions of Human Resource Management. Human Resource Development works under the supervision of HRM. HRD is a structure that helps the employees to get their skills, enhance their ability, and to get knowledge. It is framework to help the employees. HRD is a set of system which helps the employees to get a better opportunity and to enhance their skills to meet the circumstances of the future. It is a set of systematic activities by HRM. It is a systematic and efficient activity. This research aimed to measure the drawbacks of in-Service training Design for teachers at elementary and secondary levels in Punjab. The main objective of the study was (1) To investigate whether skills for modern teachers were inculcated in the training of Elementary and Secondary Level Teachers. The population of the study consisted of all Trainers and Trainees (Teachers) at Elementary and Secondary level in Punjab. The sample of the study was comprised of 665 trainers and trainees and the sample for supplementary Questioners comprised of 621 trainers and trainees. Data was collected through Questioners. Two separate Questioners were developed for trainees and trainers and a supplementary Questionnaire was also prepared to address the remaining aspects related to disaster management, Computer skills, use of social media, and multigrade teaching. Three-Point scale was used for questionnaires and weightage was given as (1) Mostly (2) To Some Extent (3) Not at All. Chi-Square test was applied for Statistical analysis. The researcher personally visited the schools and distributed questionnaires among respondents. Data collected through research instruments were tabulated, analyzed, and was discussed. Rawalpindi and Gujranwala Divisions were selected for collection of data and the study was delimited to District Attock, Rawalpindi, and Gujranwala. This Research is fruitful for trainees and trainers as well as the administration of the Training Institutes. This study presents satisfactory results, but many aspects were being ignored in training which need attention and concentration accordingly.
California's food-energy-water system: An open source simulation model of adaptive surface and groundwater management in the Central Valley

Abstract This study introduces the California Food-Energy-Water System (CALFEWS) simulation model to describe the integrated, multi-sector dynamics that emerge from the coordinated management of surface and groundwater supplies throughout California's Central Valley. The CALFEWS simulation framework links the operation of state-wide, interbasin transfer projects (i.e., State Water Project, Central Valley Project) with coordinated water management strategies abstracted to the scale of irrigation/water districts. This study contributes a historic baseline (October 1996–September 2016) evaluation of the model's performance against observations, including reservoir storage, inter-basin transfers, environmental endpoints, and groundwater banking accounts. State-aware, rules-based representations of critical component systems enable CALFEWS to simulate adaptive management responses to alternative climate, infrastructure, and regulatory scenarios. Moreover, CALFEWS has been designed to maintain interoperability with electric power dispatch and agricultural production models. As such, CALFEWS provides a platform to evaluate internally consistent scenarios for the integrated management of water supply, energy generation, and food production.
Thermal Resistance for Au–Water and Ag–Water Interfaces: Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Thermal Resistance for gold (Au)–water and silver (Ag)–water interfaces are calculated using a reversed non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation. Temperature and heat flow dependence of Interfacial thermal resistance (ITR) based on a solid–liquid–solid nano channel system are explained. The results are compared with existing literature to investigate the effect of different force fields for both metal atoms and water molecules, and also to demonstrate the application of the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to different systems.
Longitudinal reproducibility of attenuation measurements on virtual unenhanced images: multivendor dual-energy CT evaluation

The accuracy of virtual unenhanced (VUE) images has been extensively investigated, yet data on their longitudinal reproducibility is limited. The study purpose was to evaluate the longitudinal reproducibility of VUE attenuation measurements on three different dual-energy CT (DECT) scanner types. A total of 137 patients with repeated abdominal DECT either on a rapid kV switching (rsDECT; n = 46), a dual-layer detector (dlDECT; n = 43), or a dual-source scanner (dsDECT; n = 48) were retrospectively included. Attenuation was measured on VUE and corresponding contrast-enhanced images in the liver, spleen, kidneys, aorta, portal vein, and fat. Longitudinal reproducibility was evaluated by calculating the absolute inter-scan differences (HU) and the inter-scan variation (%). Measurement pairs with differences ≤ 10 HU were considered reproducible. Influence of contrast-enhanced attenuation on VUE reproducibility was analyzed using linear regression. The scanner-specific cohorts showed similar age (p-range: 0.35–0.99), sex (p-range: 0.68–1), body weight (p-range: 0.26–0.87), body diameter (p-range: 0.34–0.76), and inter-scan time (p-range: 0.52–0.83). In total, 94.9% of VUE measurements were reproducible for rsDECT, 93.8% for dlDECT, and 90.6% for dsDECT. Overall inter-scan variation was lowest in fat (4.0 (1.7–8.2)%) and highest in tissues with high contrast enhancement: the aorta (13.3 (4.6–21.3)%), portal vein (10.8 (5.7–19.8)%), and kidneys (10.7 (3.9–18.0)%). Significant differences in inter-scan variation were found between the scanner types for the aorta, portal vein, kidneys, and spleen. Inter-scan differences in contrast-enhanced attenuation significantly influenced inter-scan differences in VUE attenuation (p < 0.001; t-ratio: 4.34). Longitudinal reproducibility of VUE attenuation was high for all scanners, yet inter-scan variation of VUE attenuation was influenced by contrast enhancement, showing greatest magnitude and discrepancy between scanner types in vessels and the kidneys. • We found that 94.9% of attenuation measurements on virtual unenhanced images were reproducible for rapid kV switching DECT, 93.8% for dual-layer detector DECT, and 90.6% for dual-source DECT. • Inter-scan variation of attenuation in virtual unenhanced images was comparable between the three scanner types in the liver and fat, whereas inter-scan variation in the spleen, kidneys, portal vein, and aorta showed significant differences between scanner types (p < 0.05). • Inter-scan attenuation differences in contrast-enhanced images significantly influenced inter-scan differences in virtual unenhanced attenuation (p < 0.001, t-ratio: 4.34), suggesting a residual impact of contrast enhancement differences between examinations.
Opportunities and Costs: A Self-Study of Coordinating Teacher Education Programs

Although there is substantial research documenting the impact of department heads in higher education, there is a significant gap in the literature examining the role of program coordinators. This ...
Biogenetic Diversity of Cyanobacterial Metabolites

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the biogenetic and chemical diversity of secondary metabolites produced by cyanobacteria. The ability of cyanobacteria to biosynthesize complex toxins underscores their innate ability to biosynthesize complex secondary metabolites in general, and more recently, the structural diversity of cyanobacterial metabolites has attracted the attention of scientists searching for new pharmaceutical leads. Today, cyanobacteria are recognized as an exciting resource of new compounds with pharmaceutical potential. In recent years, the biosynthesis of cyanobacterial metabolites has grown to include the identification of the appropriate biosynthetic genes and has even raised the possibility of engineering such genes to produce new “semibiosynthetic” compounds. The biosynthetic pathways of all cyanobacterial metabolites have not been elucidated and some groupings have been created based on comparison with other cyanobacterial compounds, as well as secondary metabolites from other organisms including bacteria, fungi, and microalgae.
Multiple mechanisms of immune suppression by B lymphocytes.

Suppression of the immune system after the resolution of infection or inflammation is an important process that limits immune-mediated pathogenesis and autoimmunity. Several mechanisms of immune suppression have received a great deal of attention in the past three decades. These include mechanisms related to suppressive cytokines, interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, produced by regulatory cells, and mechanisms related to apoptosis mediated by death ligands, Fas ligand (FasL) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), expressed by killer or cytotoxic cells. Despite many lines of evidence supporting an important role for B lymphocytes as both regulatory and killer cells in many inflammatory settings, relatively little attention has been given to understanding the biology of these cells, their relative importance or their usefulness as therapeutic targets. This review is intended to give an overview of the major mechanisms of immunosuppression used by B lymphocytes during both normal and inflammatory contexts. The more recent discoveries of expression of granzyme B, programmed death 1 ligand 2 (PD-L2) and regulatory antibody production by B cells as well as the interactions of regulatory and killer B cells with regulatory T cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells and other cell populations are discussed. In addition, new evidence on the basis of independent characterizations of regulatory and killer CD5+ B cells point toward the concept of a multipotent suppressor B cell with seemingly high therapeutic potential.
Toxin Production in Clostridium botulinum as Demonstrated by Electron Microscopy

Spheroplasts of Clostridium botulinum 62A were prepared with the use of lysozyme. These spheroplasts were then exposed to ferritin-labeled type A antitoxin. Ultrathin sections of these specimens revealed the ferritin-labeled antibody symmetrically arranged around the outer spore coats but not within the spore cortex. The ferritin-labeled antibody was also observed in the bacterial cytoplasm. Here it was arranged in aggregates and strands, although it was not associated with any identifiable cell structure. Controls included sections of C. botulinum spheroplasts treated with a 1.5% solution of ferritin as well as spheroplasts of C. roseum and Bacillus subtilis treated with conjugated type A antitoxin or a 1.5% solution of ferritin. No intracellular or extracellular ferritin was demonstrable in these specimens.
Elliptic Problems — Forming the Algebraic Equations

The form of the steady state PDE system solved by PDE/PROTRAN (Section 1.5), is: $$\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {0 = {A_x}(x,y,u,{u_x},{u_y}) + {B_y}(x,y,u,{u_x},{u_y}) + F(x,y,u,{u_x},{u_y})\,in\,R} \\ {u = FB(x,y)\,on\,\partial {R_1}} \\ {A{n_x} + B{n_y} = GB(x,y,u)\,on\,\partial {R_2}} \end{array}\,$$ (2.1.1) where R is a general two dimensional region and \(\partial {R_1}\,and\,\partial {R_2}\) are disjoint parts of the boundary. The time dependent and eigenvalue problems will be studied in Chapters 4–6.
Cellular sources and immune functions of interleukin-9

Interleukin-9 (IL-9) has recently entered the limelight owing to the discovery that it can be produced by multiple T helper cell subsets. This Progress article updates us on the cellular sources, targets and immune functions of IL-9.
Dynamic control slot scheduling algorithms for TDMA based Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In this paper we introduce two novel control slot scheduling approaches for creating dynamic contention free time division multiple access (TDMA) schedules. Our approaches are ideal for exchanging control information in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) and wireless mesh networks so that dynamic resource needs of participating nodes can be rapidly accommodated for quality of service (QoS) guarantees. The two algorithms, network entry based scheduling (NEBS) and virtual slot scheduling (VSLOT), described in this paper allow the exchange of control information in an efficient and contention free manner such that each participating node can, in real time, converge to a consistent TDMA schedule that is optimum for the topology and resource demand of a dynamic wireless network environment. The algorithms are topology independent and only require one and two hop information to create both fair and efficient TDMA schedules that dynamically adapt to changing wireless network topologies.
Molecular Dynamics of Covalently-Linked Multi-porphyrin Arrays

The molecular dynamics of a series of diphenylethyne- or diphenylbutadiyne-linked porphyrin arrays in solution at 296 K have been investigated using high-field proton NMR spectroscopy. Measurements of the direct dipolar interactions between vicinal proton pairs located on the pyrrole and phenylene moieties provide information about the flexibility of the para-substituted diphenylethyne linker. The magnitude of the 2-fold rotational barrier is about 3.3 kJ/mol, with the most stable form having coplanar phenylene moieties. This is in rough agreement with the behavior reported for diphenylacetylene. The diphenylethyne linker undergoes large bending motions, causing the phenylene proton−proton axis to be bent out of the plane of the more remote porphyrin ring by an average angle of 26°. This large bending motion presumably is distributed at sites over the entire linker, including bending at the ethyne and possible out-of-plane bending of the phenylene group relative to the attached porphyrin. The diphenylbuta...
Single and two dimensional echocardiographic features of the interatrial septum in normal subjects and patients with an atrial septal defect.

Abstract The interatrial septum is one of the least studied structures in M mode echocardiography. Two dimensional echocardiography has made it possible to record simultaneous M mode and two dimensional echocardiograms. Such studies were performed in 10 normal subjects and in 9 patients with a secundum atrial septal defect. In the short axis view of the base of the heart, the interatrial septum was visualized in the two dimensional studies as a linear echo running from the posterior aortic wall to the posterior atrial wall and in the M mode records as a series of dense echoes posterior to the aorta. The great variability in echo dropout of the interatrial septum made it impossible to distinguish the normal subjects from the patients with atrial septal defect. The dense echoes of the interatrial septum in the M mode records gave the false impression that they were filling the left atrium. These data indicate that (1) a secundum atrial septal defect cannot be reliably differentiated from a normal septum using these echocardiographic methods, and (2) the medial location of the interatrial septum should be appreciated so that it will not be confused with a left atrial mass.
Training Spatial Skills for Air-Traffic Control

Guidelines for microprocessor based skill trainers are presented. A training program for air traffic control (ATC) of rendezvous for inflight refueling is described. The program seeks to optimize practice for developing automatic component skills. The program sequences the trainee through 10 stages to develop spatial skills for ATC. The resulting training program can develop fast, accurate, and reliable performance on the individual components with only a few hours' training per component. The proposed approach is contrasted with current training methods. The general applicability of the guidelines to microprocessor based skill trainers is described. Language: en
The Immunohistochemical Localization of Lysozyme in Human Axillary Apocrine Glands

Lysozyme has been observed in intraluminal secretory products of apocrine glands in specimens of normal human axillary skin. Lysozyme was also observed in an occasional apocrine secretory cell, as well as in leukocytes within vascular lumina and dermal histiocytes. Lysozyme was not observed in sebaceous glands, eccrine glands, or cell of the epidermins. These observations support an epithelial origin of cutaneous lysozyme and suggest a means of further characterization of the origin and/or differentiation of tumors of appendageal origin.
Maximum detection range of low-intensity target edges as a function of variable albedo and precipitation using morphological and segmentation image processing techniques

One of the primary inhibitory factors for resolution of automatic target recognition (ATR) performance problems has been the inability to quantitatively characterize low signal-to-noise (SNR) target detection and classification algorithms, especially those which are challenged by high spatial frequency backgrounds. The preceding work addressed obtaining classification statistics and geometric pattern referencing characteristics with the target mean intensity distribution commensurate with the background intensities. The current effort maintains a similar approach; however, the ratio of target-to-background intensity is significantly reduced. This is achieved by increasing the obscurant's ratio of differential scattering cross section-to- total cross section (albedo). The objective is to establish 50 percent of the edgels (target edge pixels) on the target at maximum sensor-to-target range in the presence of high spatial background frequencies, including obscurants. In addition precipitation rate and range, as well as variation in obscurant albedo, are assessed. Since scenario dynamics is sought, no attempt is made to resolve target edgels as a function of a single variable, for example precipitation. All variables are allowed to vary independently. The synthetic smoke generated for these plates incorporates the combat obscuration model for battlefield induced contaminants (COMBIC). The target and background imagery is taken in the LWIR by a Keewenaw Research Center (KRC) TMI FLIR. The final images are morphologically processed, segmented, high SNR scenes. The findings are that the target set need not be of a higher intensity than the surrounding imagery, as required in many matched filter operations; the target need only possess a higher intensity gradient than the background clutter and obscurants. Smoke and obscurant intensities may be significantly reduced, or even removed, by this type of morphological image processing.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thermodynamic behavior of the discrete-spin three-state Potts model

We use the Kikuchi cluster variational method to determine the phase diagram of the discrete-spin three-state Potts model for a three-dimensional lattice. In zero field (no anisotropy) the model undergoes a fluctuation-dominated first order phase transition. The single-ion anisotropy necessary to drive the transition critical is small; 18% of that predicted by mean-field theory.
Effectiveness Study of Venlafaxine-XR Combined with Aripiprazole for Chronic or Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder

Objective: Although the second-generation antipsychotic, aripiprazole (ARI), has been approved as an adjunct for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD), neither ARI nor any second-generation antipsychotic has been assessed in combination with an antidepressant at the initiation of a treatment trial for non-treatment-resistant MDD. The aim of the present study was therefore to assess the safety, tolerability, and remission rate in the treatment of MDD using the specific combination of venlafaxine-XR (VEN-XR) and ARI in a generalizable, difficult-to-treat group with chronic or recurrent MDD.Methods: Self-declared participants in primary care or psychiatric settings who had chronic or recurrent MDD and a minimum score of 14 on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression were included. Up to 12 weeks of open treatment with the combination of VEN-XR and ARI was provided. Participants began with VEN-XR, and ARI was added at week 2. Maximum allowable doses were 300 mg day–1 for venlafaxine-XR a...
Microchip Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A Preliminary Feasibility Investigation:

A commercial, 7 μJ/pulse, 550 ps microchip laser is used to induce plasma on Pb, Si, Cu, Fe, Ni, Ti, Zn, Ta, and Mo foils and a Si wafer. The measured plasma lifetime is comparable with the duration of the laser pulse (a few ns). The plasma continuum radiation is low, while some of the strong resonance lines (e.g., Zn 213.86 nm) show self-reversal. Quantitative analysis is possible using non-gated detectors but analytical lines should be chosen with care to avoid reduction in the linear dynamic range. The mass removed (0.5–20 ng/pulse) is sufficient to yield spectra that are detectable with portable grating spectrometers equipped with non-gated, non-intensified detector arrays. The spectrum of Cd is detected with a broadband portable spectrometer (200–950 nm). The combination of the broadband spectrometer and the microchip laser is very promising for material identification, especially in field applications.
ALCO-GE gas-turbine electric locomotive

THE ALCO-GE gas-turbine electric locomotive, shown in Figure 1, is designed for freight service. It is an 8-axle 8-motor B-B-B-B locomotive weighing 253 tons (average) and rated at 4,500 horsepower for traction (at 80 degreees Fahrenheit and 1,500-feet elevation). The locomotive is 83 feet, 7 1/2 inches long, and 14 feet, 3 inches high over the roof sheets. It will negotiate curves of 288-feet radius.
HER/ErbB receptor interactions and signaling patterns in human mammary epithelial cells

Knowledge about signaling pathways is typically compiled based on data gathered using different cell lines. This approach implicitly assumes that the cell line dependence is not important. However, different cell lines do not always respond to a particular stimulus in the same way, and lack of coherent data collected from closely related cellular systems can be detrimental to the efforts to understand the regulation of biological processes. To address this issue, we created a clone library of human mammary epithelial (HME) cells that expresses different levels of HER2 and HER3 receptors in combination with endogenous EGFR/HER1. Using our clone library, we have quantified the receptor activation patterns and systematically tested the validity of the existing hypotheses about the interaction patterns between HER1-3 receptors. Our study identified HER2 as the dominant dimerization partner for both EGFR and HER3. Contrary to earlier suggestions, we find that lateral interactions with HER2 do not lead to strong transactivation between EGFR and HER3, i.e., EGFR activation and HER3 activation are only weakly linked in HME cells. We also find that observed weak transactivation is uni-directional where stimulation of EGFR leads to HER3 activation whereas HER3 stimulation does not activate the EGFR. Repeating our experiments at lower cell confluency established that cell confluency is not a major factor in the observed interaction patterns. We have also quantified the dependence of the kinetics of Erk and Akt activation on different HER receptors. We found that HER3 signaling makes the strongest contribution to Akt activation and that, stimulation of either EGFR or HER3 leads to significant Erk activation. Our study shows that clone cell libraries can be a powerful resource in systems biology research by making it possible to differentiate between various hypotheses in a consistent cellular background. Using our constructed clone library we profiled the cell signaling patterns to establish the role of HER2 in the crosstalk between EGFR and HER3 receptors in HME cells. Our results for HME cells show that the weak linkage between EGFR and HER3 pathways can lead to distinct downstream cellular signaling patterns in response to the ligands of these two receptors.
SCALAR AND ANISOTROPIC J INTERACTIONS IN UNDOPED INP : A TRIPLE-RESONANCE NMR STUDY

The heteronuclear J-coupling tensor between nearest neighbor ${}^{31}\mathrm{P}$ and ${}^{113}\mathrm{In}$ spins in undoped InP is investigated by means of ${}^{113}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{In}}}^{31}\mathrm{P}$ polarization transfer under rapid magic angle spinning (MAS). The scalar contribution can be measured directly and is found to have the value $|{J}^{\mathrm{iso}}{(}^{31}\mathrm{P}{\ensuremath{-}}^{113,115}\mathrm{In})|=(225\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10) \mathrm{Hz}.$ The principal value of the traceless anisotropic J-coupling tensor (pseudodipolar coupling) is determined to be ${J}^{\mathrm{aniso}}{(}^{31}\mathrm{P}{\ensuremath{-}}^{113,115}\mathrm{In})=2/3[{J}_{\ensuremath{\Vert}}{(}^{31}\mathrm{P}{\ensuremath{-}}^{113,115}\mathrm{In})\ensuremath{-}{J}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}{(}^{31}\mathrm{P}{\ensuremath{-}}^{113,115}\mathrm{In})]=(813\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}50) $ or $(1733\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}50) \mathrm{Hz},$ assuming axial symmetry with the principal axis parallel to the In-P bond. Our values deviate from those reported previously [M. Engelsberg and R. E. Norberg, Phys. Rev. B 5, 3395 (1972)] [based on a moment analysis of the ${}^{31}\mathrm{P}$ resonance $|{J}^{\mathrm{iso}}{(}^{31}\mathrm{P}{\ensuremath{-}}^{113,115}\mathrm{In})|=350 \mathrm{Hz}$ and ${J}^{\mathrm{aniso}}{(}^{31}\mathrm{P}{\ensuremath{-}}^{113,115}\mathrm{In})=1273 \mathrm{Hz}$], but confirm the postulate that the nearest neighbor ${}^{31}\mathrm{P}{\ensuremath{-}}^{113,115}\mathrm{In}$ magnetic dipolar and pseudodipolar interactions are of the same order of magnitude and partially cancel each other.
Cost of predation avoidance in young-of-year lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush): growth differential in sub-optimal habitats

Selection of habitat to avoid predation may affect the diet of young-of-year (YOY) lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). YOY lake trout may use inshore habitat to avoid predation; this habitat may be sub-optimal for growth. To test this, YOY lake trout were penned in nearshore and offshore pelagic areas of two arctic lakes. Toolik Lake had a lake trout population, the other lake, S6, did not. YOY lake trout in Toolik Lake lost weight, but those offshore lost less weight. The YOY lake trout in Lake S6 gained weight and those offshore gained more weight.
The evolution of agonistic behavior in amblyopsid fishes

Agonistic behavior observed in the Amblyopsidae was analyzed using Brillouin's diversity index. Agonistic behavior was not observed in Chologaster cornuta. Chologaster agassizi and Ambloypsis spelaea, the least cave adapted subterranean species in each subfamilial lineage, engaged in relatively intense, complex agonistic bouts. In contrast, the more highly cave adapted species, Typhlichthys subterraneus and Ambloypsis rosae, engaged in simpler, less intense bouts which were considerably shorter in length. Dominance appeared to be size related in C. agassizi and A. spelaea, dependent on prior residency in A. rosae and possibly a combination of size and prior residency in Typhlichthys. Regressive evolution resulting from reduced selective pressures is seen as the most probable explanation for the observed reduction in agonistic behavior.
Linear rank statistics in regression analysis with censored or truncated data

Abstract A class of generalized linear rank statistics is introduced for regression analysis in the presence of truncation or censoring on the response variable. Applications of these statistics to hypothesis testing and estimation are discussed. Martingale theory and stochastic integrals of multiparameter empirical processes are applied to analyze the test statistics and the rank estimates.
The Annual Pole Tide

THE annual variation in latitude1 causes a disturbance in the gravitational potential with an amplitude: U = a 2 Ω2 m sin θ cos θ = 880 sin θ cos θ cm.2 sec.−2 where a is the radius and Ω the angular velocity of the Earth, and where m is the angular displacement of the pole along the meridian of a station located at co-latitude θ . For the annual term, Jeffreys1 obtained m ≈ 0.084″ = 4.07 × 10−7 radians, and the numerical value 880 follows from this. In comparison, the equilibrium tide S a associated with the annual variation of the heliocentric distance has a potential2: 472( − cos2θ)cm.2 sec.−2 The mean square values, are equal to (321 cm.2 sec.−2)2 for the ‘pole tide’, and (141 cm.2 sec.−2)2 for the S a, so that the pole tide is larger. Yet it appears to have been overlooked. This simply means that there is a larger effect from a movement, north or south, by 10 ft. than from a variation by 2 per cent of the Sun's distance.
Pressure-transient analysis of arbitrarily shaped reservoirs with the boundary-element method

Two boundary-element-method (BEM) formulations are proposed for the solution of pressure-transient problems in homogeneous, anisotropic reservoirs. Pressure solutions in arbitrary reservoir shapes with multiple sources and/or sinks and a variety of constant and/or time-dependent boundary conditions can be generated. This technique is superior to numerical methods because it perserves the analytical nature of the solution and because numerical dispersion and grid-orientation effects are nonexistent. Procedures for the convolution and Laplace-domain solution procedures are compared, and problems illustrating the various aspects of the BEM are solved
Resonant absorber structures for multi spectral detection in the infrared

This paper presents the design and fabrication of narrowband resonant cavity absorbers in the long wave infrared. Absorption in multiple spectral bands is demonstrated with a structure whose thermal mass is compatible with thermal detectors.
The incorporation of oleic and linoleic acids and their desaturation products into the glycerolipids of maize leaves

Abstract [1-14C]Oleic and [1-14C]linoleic acids were rapidly desaturated when incubated with maize leaves from 8-day-old plants and the labeled fatty acids, and their desaturation products, were rapidly incorporated into glycerolipids. Oleic acid was desaturated to linoleate at the rate of 0.7 nmol/100 mg tissue/h and further desaturated to linolenate at about one-third this rate. The rates of linolenate formation were similar when either oleic acid or linoleic acid was the substrate although there was a 2-h lag period when oleic acid was substrate. When radioactive oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids were substrates, phosphatidylcholine was the most extensively labeled glycerolipid followed by monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. The relative rates of incorporation of label into individual glycerolipids are consistent with a movement of labeled fatty acids from phosphatidylcholine to monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and then to diagalactosyldiacylglycerol. The rates of labeling of phosphatidylcholine oleate and of phosphatidylcholine linoleate are consistent with a precursor-product relationship in that there was a delayed accumulation of phosphatidylcholine linoleate relative to that of phosphatidylcholine oleate and phosphatidylcholine linoleate continued to accumulate while phosphatidylcholine oleate declined. Linoleate formed from oleate was widely distributed in glycerolipids but neither phosphatidylcholine linolenate nor linolenate-containing diacylglycerol was detected at short and intermediate incubation times when either oleic or linoleic acid was substrate. The kinetics of incorporation of linoleate and linolenate into monogalactosyldiacylglycerol suggest a transfer of linoleate from phosphatidylcholine. The initial rate of accumulation of labeled linolenate in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol was very similar to the rate of desaturation of linoleate and it is suggested that desaturation of linoleate occurs while associated with monogalactosyl-diacylglycerol.
Photoplethysmograph quality estimation through multichannel filtering

Information about the quality of a recorded physiological waveform can be valuable for the detection of critical medical conditions. This work presents a new point-by-point signal quality index (SQI) based on adaptive multichannel prediction which does not rely on ad-hoc morphological feature extraction from the target waveform. An application of the SQI to photoplethysmograph waveforms showed that the SQI is monotonically related to SNR (simulated by adding white noise) and subjective human quality assessment of 1,313 waveform epochs. A receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, with the human “bad” quality label as negative and the human “good” quality label as positive, yielded an area under the ROC curve of 0.863. For photoplethysmograph waveforms, a SQI greater than 0.8 seems in general to be indicative of good signal quality.
The Relationship Between Academic Library Department Experience and Perceptions of Leadership Skill Development Relevant to Academic Library Directorship

Abstract Though research into academic library director leadership has established leadership skills and qualities required for success, little research has been done to establish in which library departments library directors were most likely to acquire those skills and qualities. This study surveyed academic library directors at Carnegie-designated Master's granting institutions about their previous academic library positions, and what skills and qualities they perceived to have exercised in those positions. The two research questions addressed by this portion of the research project were: (1) is the perception of library leadership skill and quality development equal across departmental experience? and (2) what are the leadership skills and qualities most commonly perceived to be used in each department? Findings revealed that respondents perceived that there were great opportunities to exercise leadership qualities in previous positions, but few opportunities to develop more empirically measurable leadership skills. In addition, respondents perceived those skill development opportunities to be available only once working in the position of library director or in the administration department of academic libraries.
Small-Signal Model for the Series Resonant Converter

The results of a previous discrete-time model of the series resonant dc-dc converter are reviewed and from these a small signal dynamic model is derived. This model is valid for low frequencies and is based on the modulation of the diode conduction angle for control. The basic converter is modeled separately from its output filter to facilitate the use of these results for design purposes. Experimental results are presented.