cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Assessment of the Southern Ocean Mixed Layer Heat Budget

The mixed layer heat balance in the Southern Ocean is examined by combining remotely sensed measurements and in situ observations from 1 June 2002 to 31 May 2006, coinciding with the period during which Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (EOS) (AMSR-E) sea surface temperature measurements are available. Temperature/salinity profiles from Argo floats are used to derive the mixed layer depth. All terms in the heat budget are estimated directly from available data. The domain-averaged terms of oceanic heat advection, entrainment, diffusion, and air–sea flux are largely consistent with the evolution of the mixed layer temperature. The mixed layer temperature undergoes a strong seasonal cycle, which is largely attributed to the air–sea heat fluxes. Entrainment plays a secondary role. Oceanic advection also experiences a seasonal cycle, although it is relatively weak. Most of the seasonal variations in the advection term come from the Ekman advection, in contrast with western boundary current regions where geostrophic advection controls the total advection. Substantial imbalances exist in the regional heat budgets, especially near the northern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The biggest contributor to the surface heat budget error is thought to be the air–sea heat fluxes, because only limited Southern Hemisphere data are available for the reanalysis products, and hence these fluxes have large uncertainties. In particular, the lack of in situ measurements during winter is of fundamental concern. Sensitivity tests suggest that a proper representation of the mixed layer depth is important to close the budget. Salinity influences the stratification in the Southern Ocean; temperature alone provides an imperfect estimate of mixed layer depth and, because of this, also an imperfect estimate of the temperature of water entrained into the mixed layer from below.
Iterative turbo decoder analysis based on density evolution

We track the density of extrinsic information in iterative turbo decoders by actual density evolution, and also approximate it by symmetric Gaussian density functions. The approximate model is verified by experimental measurements. We view the evolution of these density functions through an iterative decoder as a nonlinear dynamical system with feedback. Iterative decoding of turbo codes and of serially concatenated codes is analyzed by examining whether a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the extrinsic information keeps growing with iterations. We define a "noise figure" for the iterative decoder, such that the turbo decoder will converge to the correct codeword if the noise figure is bounded by a number below zero dB. By decomposing the code's noise figure into individual curves of output SNR versus input SNR corresponding to the individual constituent codes, we gain many new insights into the performance of the iterative decoder for different constituents. Many mysteries of turbo codes are explained based on this analysis. For example, we show why certain codes converge better with iterative decoding than more powerful codes which are only suitable for maximum likelihood decoding. The roles of systematic bits and of recursive convolutional codes as constituents of turbo codes are crystallized. The analysis is generalized to serial concatenations of mixtures of complementary outer and inner constituent codes. Design examples are given to optimize mixture codes to achieve low iterative decoding thresholds on the signal-to-noise ratio of the channel.
Rule writing or annotation: cost-efficient resource usage for base noun phrase chunking

This paper presents a comprehensive empirical comparison between two approaches for developing a base noun phrase chunker: human rule writing and active learning using interactive real-time human annotation. Several novel variations on active learning are investigated, and underlying cost models for cross-modal machine learning comparison are presented and explored. Results show that it is more efficient and more successful by several measures to train a system using active learning annotation rather than hand-crafted rule writing at a comparable level of human labor investment.
Syntheses of (−)-TAN-2483A, (−)-Massarilactone B, and the Fusidilactone B Ring System. Revision of the Structures of and Syntheses of (±)-Waol A (FD-211) and (±)-Waol B (FD-212)

The structure of waol A has been revised from 1 to 6, the vinylogue of TAN-2483A (5). Aldol reaction of hydroxybutanolides 13b,c with 2,4-hexadienal affords 12b,c, which are subjected to iodoetherification with bis(sym-collidine)IPF6 to provide 11b(c). Treatment with Et3N in CH2Cl2 completes the three-step syntheses of TAN-2483A (5) and waol A (6). Aldol reaction of hydroxybutanolide 31 with 2,4-hexadienal affords 32, which is subjected to iodoetherification to provide 34, which in turn is treated with Bu3SnCl, NaBH3CN, and oxygen to provide diol 60. Further elaboration completes the first syntheses of massarilactone B (7) and the fusidilactone B (9) ring system.
Similarity renormalization group for few-body systems

Internucleon interactions evolved via flow equations yield soft potentials that lead to rapid variational convergence in few-body systems.
Proton affinity distributions: A scientific basis for the design and construction of supported metal catalysts

Summary We present a method for characterization of the proton affinity distribution (PAD) for binding sites at the oxide/aqueous solution interface. When applied to alumina, a commonly used catalyst support, the results revealed the heterogeneous distribution of acidic/basic surface hydroxyls and possible correlations with their structure. The pH-dependent charging behavior of alumina and the resulting adsorption properties for anions or cations are discussed in relation to the measured proton affinity distribution. Finally, we propose that previous reports on anomolous ion adsorption can be explained on the basis of the existing heterogeneity of proton binding sites at the oxide/solution surface.
Examining rhythmic and metric practices in Led Zeppelin's musical style

In this essay, I examine how aspects of rhythm and metre play a fundamental role in shaping and defining Led Zeppelin’s musical style. At the same time, I will show how Led Zeppelin was able to modify, manipulate, and develop pre-existing musical models and forms through various rhythmic and metric strategies. Comparative analyses will be used in an effort to show how Led Zeppelin’s flexible conception of rhythm and metre enabled the band to put their own stylistic ‘stamp’ on (i) specific musical genres (‘The Crunge’ and the song’s relation to James Brown-style funk), (ii) their riff constructions (‘Black Dog’ in relation to Fleetwood Mac’s ‘Oh Well’), and (iii) their cover versions (‘Dazed and Confused’). Drawing upon my analytical points, I re-visit the complex issues that persist regarding the possibility that Led Zeppelin even has an ‘original’ or ‘unique’ style given their often overt reliance upon earlier musical models and forms. Therefore, in my conclusion, I argue that the development of any artist or group’s individual style necessarily involves the ability to assimilate and transform pre-existing musical features – features such as rhythm and metre – in novel ways and where issues relating to musical style intersect with influence.
Suicide and alcoholism.

(1987). Suicide and Alcoholism. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 327-341.
Braiding operators are universal quantum gates

This paper explores the role of unitary braiding operators in quantum computing. We show that a single specific solution R (the Bell basis change matrix)oftheYang-Baxterequationisauniversalgateforquantumcomputing,in thepresenceoflocalunitarytransformations.Weshowthatthissame Rgeneratesa new non-trivial invariant of braids, knots and links. Other solutions of theYang- Baxter equation are also shown to be universal for quantum computation. The paperdiscussestheseresultsinthecontextofcomparingquantumandtopological points of view. In particular, we discuss quantum computation of link invariants, the relationship between quantum entanglement and topological entanglement, and the structure of braiding in a topological quantum field theory.
Insecure Alliances: Risk, Inequality, and Support for the Welfare State

Popular support for the welfare state varies greatly across nations and policy domains. We argue that these variations—vital to understanding the politics of the welfare state—reflect in part the degree to which economic disadvantage (low income) and economic insecurity (high risk) are correlated. When the disadvantaged and insecure are mostly one and the same, the base of popular support for the welfare state is narrow. When the disadvantaged and insecure represent two distinct groups, popular support is broader and opinion less polarized. We test these predictions both across nations within a single policy area (unemployment insurance) and across policy domains within a single polity (the United States, using a new survey). Results are consistent with our predictions and are robust to myriad controls and specifications. When disadvantage and insecurity are more correlated, the welfare state is more contested.
FOUND: THE MISSING BLUE OPACITY IN ATMOSPHERE MODELS OF COOL HYDROGEN WHITE DWARFS

We investigate the importance of the far red wing of the Lyα line of hydrogen in the atmospheres of cool white dwarfs of pure hydrogen composition. We find that this absorption process dominates all important sources of opacity in the blue part of the optical spectrum of these stars. Our successful fits to the spectra of cool DA/DC white dwarfs indicate that the far red wing of the Lyα line is the source of opacity that had been missing in the models. The observed sequence of cool white dwarfs in color-color diagrams is very well reproduced by our new pure hydrogen atmosphere models, suggesting that the atmospheric composition of the coolest DC white dwarfs must be revisited.
Copper catalyzed arylation with boronic acids for the synthesis of N1-aryl purine nucleosides

The synthesis of a series of N1-aryl inosine and guanosine derivatives is described. The procedure for chemoselective N1-arylation involves the mild oxidative copper(II) mediated coupling with boronic acids. This approach provides access to substituted N1-aryl purines with interesting structural characteristics and novel scaffolds for drug discovery.
Imaging in Nuclear Medicine with Incoherent Holography

One of the principal concerns in nuclear medicine is imaging the spatial distribution of tracer amounts of gamma emitting radiopharmaceuticals which have been intravenously administered to patients. These images are customarily formed on a gamma ray detector by means of lead pinholes or multichannel collimators. In practice these apertures yield only 1 cm spatial resolution and geometric efficiencies of 10-4. This paper describes the use of a lead Fresnel zone plate aperture in conjunction with an image intensifier camera to produce coded images of gamma sources. These images possess properties similar to holograms. This method shows promise of a factor of 4 or 5 improvement in resolution, a factor of 10 improvement in efficiency and gives 3 dimensional information about the object.
The Knoevenagel reaction: analysis and recycling of the ionic liquid medium

Abstract A study involving the scope of substrate in the Knoevenagel reaction in an IL medium has been conducted. Reactivity trends favor formation of the condensation product using electron deficient aryl aldehydes. Use of electron rich aldehydes and ketones lead to lower levels of conversion and no measurable amounts of condensation products, respectively. A recycling study confirmed that the reaction medium could be used multiple times affording, with each run, the desired condensation product 1a in excess of 90% conversion. Post-run analyses of the IL documented that the IL medium was unaltered upon reuse.
Transition Systems for Model Generators — A Unifying Approach

A fundamental task for propositional logic is to compute models of propositional formulas. Programs developed for this task are called satisfiability solvers. We show that transition systems introduced by Nieuwenhuis, Oliveras, and Tinelli to model and analyze satisfiability solvers can be adapted for solvers developed for two other propositional formalisms: logic programming under the answerset semantics, and the logic PC(ID). We show that in each case the task of computing models can be seen as “satisfiability modulo answer-set programming,” where the goal is to find a model of a theory that also is an answer set of a certain program. The unifying perspective we develop shows, in particular, that solvers CLASP and MINISAT(ID) are closely related despite being developed for different formalisms, one for answer-set programming and the latter for the logic PC(ID).
Effects of Very High Free-Stream Turbulence on the Jet–Mainstream Interaction in a Film Cooling Flow

Dispersion of coolant jets in a film cooling flow field is the result of a highly complex interaction between the film cooling jets and the mainstream. Understanding this complex interaction, particularly near the injection location, is critical for improving the predictive capabilities of existing film cooling models, especially when very high free-stream turbulence levels exist. This study uses a high-frequency-response temperature sensor to investigate the mean and fluctuating thermal field of a film cooling flow for two vastly different free-stream turbulence levels (0.5 and 20 percent). The high-frequency-response temperature sensor provides new information about the film cooling flow in terms of actual rms levels (Θ'), probability density functions (pdf 's), and frequency spectra of the thermal field. Results are presented for both free-stream conditions using round holes inclined at 35 deg, at a momentum flux ratio of I = 0.156 and density ratio of DR = 1.05. The mean thermal field results show severe degradation of the film cooling jet occurs with very high free-stream turbulence levels. Temperature rms results indicate levels as high as Θ' = 0.25 exist at the jet-mainstream interface. More information is provided by the temperature pdf's, which are able to identify differences in the jet-mainstream interaction for the two free-stream conditions. With small free-stream turbulence, strong intermittent flow structures generated at the jet-mainstream interface disperse the jet by moving hot mainstream fluid into the coolant core, and ejecting coolant fluid into the mainstream. When the free stream has large scales and very high turbulence levels, the jet-mainstream interface is obliterated by large-scale turbulent structures originating from the free stream, which completely penetrate the coolant jet, causing very rapid dispersion of the film cooling jet.
Distributed path reservation algorithms for multiplexed all-optical interconnection networks

In this paper, we study distributed path reservation protocols for multiplexed all-optical interconnection networks. The path reservation protocols negotiate the reservation and establishment of connections that arrive dynamically to the network. These protocols can be applied to both wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and time division multiplexing (TDM) networks. Two classes of protocols are discussed: forward reservation protocols and backward reservation protocols. Simulations of multiplexed two-dimensional torus interconnection networks are used to evaluate and compare the performance of the protocols and to study the impact of system parameters, such as the multiplexing degree and the network size, speed, and load, on both network throughput and communication delay. The simulation results show that, in most cases, the backward reservation schemes provide better performance than their forward reservation counterparts.
Linear-Nonlinear-Poisson Neurons Can Do Inference On Deep Boltzmann Machines

One conjecture in both deep learning and classical connectionist viewpoint is that the biological brain implements certain kinds of deep networks as its backend. However, to our knowledge, a detailed correspondence has not yet been set up, which is important if we want to bridge between neuroscience and machine learning. Recent researches emphasized the biological plausibility of LinearNonlinear-Poisson (LNP) neuron model. We show that with neurally plausible choices of parameters, the whole neural network is capable of representing any Boltzmann machine and performing a semi-stochastic Bayesian inference algorithm lying between Gibbs sampling and variational inference.
Computer Generated Holograms In Pattern Recognition: A Review

Holographic optical elements and computer-generated holograms (CGHs) offer many attractive properties and uses. In this review, we consider the use of holography in pattern recognition, with specific attention to recent work with CGH elements.
The Effect of Inlet Swirl on the Rotordynamic Shroud Forces in a Centrifugal Pump

The role played by fluid forces in determining the rotordynamic stability of a centrifugal pump is gaining increasing attention. The present research investigates the contributions to the rotordynamic forces from the discharge-to-suction leakage flows between the front shroud of the rotating impeller and the stationary pump casing. In particular, the dependency of the rotordynamic characteristics of leakage flows on the swirl at the inlet to the leakage path was examined. An inlet guide vane was designed for the experiment so that swirl could be introduced at the leakage flow inlet. The data demonstrate substantial rotordynamic effects and a destabilizing tangential force for small positive whirl ratios; this force decreased with increasing flow rate. The effect of swirl on the rotordynamic forces was found to be destabilizing.
Measurement of neutral hydrogen density in a helicon plasma

Summary form only given. A new laser based diagnostic system has been developed at West Virginia University to measure neutral hydrogen density in the edge of high temperature plasmas. The diagnostic is based on the principle of two photon absorption laser induced fluorescence (TALIF). 205 nm photons from a frequency tripled dye laser are injected co-propagating into the plasma chamber where they excite the 1s-3d transition in neutral hydrogen. The 3D state then decays back to the 2s state emitting light at 656 nm. Emission is collected perpendicular to the injected light using a high-speed gated photomultiplier tube detector. The emission signal intensity is directly proportional to the ground state hydrogen density. Absolute calibration is obtained by performing TALIF measurements on neutral krypton using the same laser, light collection, and detector. With the tabulated atomic absorption rates of the hydrogen and krypton, as well as knowledge of the wavelength response of the detector, TALIF measurements of krypton provide an absolute calibration of the entire system. We present initial results from the TALIF system obtained using a target hydrogen plasma created in a helicon plasma source.
Approximate Dynamic Programming via a Smoothed Linear Program

We present a novel linear program for the approximation of the dynamic programming cost-to-go function in high-dimensional stochastic control problems. LP approaches to approximate DP have typically relied on a natural “projection” of a well-studied linear program for exact dynamic programming. Such programs restrict attention to approximations that are lower bounds to the optimal cost-to-go function. Our program---the “smoothed approximate linear program”---is distinct from such approaches and relaxes the restriction to lower bounding approximations in an appropriate fashion while remaining computationally tractable. Doing so appears to have several advantages: First, we demonstrate bounds on the quality of approximation to the optimal cost-to-go function afforded by our approach. These bounds are, in general, no worse than those available for extant LP approaches and for specific problem instances can be shown to be arbitrarily stronger. Second, experiments with our approach on a pair of challenging problems (the game of Tetris and a queueing network control problem) show that the approach outperforms the existing LP approach (which has previously been shown to be competitive with several ADP algorithms) by a substantial margin.
Family Conflict and Farm Profitability: Not Always a Negative Relationship

This article analyzes the effects of conflict using a non-linear model and relies heavily on economic theory to define the relationship between conflict and profitability. This research builds on the model of Kretchmer and Puranam (2008), an effort-based model that captures the effects of employee collaboration. We expand upon this model and derive and test two main hypotheses. The first deals with the convexity of the relationship between conflict and profitability. The second analyzes the effect family business structure has on conflict and profitability.
Pebble Motion on Graphs with Rotations: Efficient Feasibility Tests and Planning Algorithms

We study the problem of planning paths for \(p\) distinguishable pebbles (robots) residing on the vertices of an \(n\)-vertex connected graph with \(p \le n\). A pebble may move from a vertex to an adjacent one in a time step provided that it does not collide with other pebbles. When \(p = n\), the only collision free moves are synchronous rotations of pebbles on disjoint cycles of the graph. We show that the feasibility of such problems is intrinsically determined by the diameter of a (unique) permutation group induced by the underlying graph. Roughly speaking, the diameter of a group \(\mathbf G\) is the minimum length of the generator product required to reach an arbitrary element of \(\mathbf G\) from the identity element. Through bounding the diameter of this associated permutation group, which assumes a maximum value of \(O(n^2)\), we establish a linear time algorithm for deciding the feasibility of such problems and an \(O(n^3)\) algorithm for planning complete paths.
Panel Data Forecasting

Abstract This chapter reviews the panel data forecasting literature. Starting with simple forecasts based on fixed and random effects panel data models. Next, these forecasts are extended to allow for various ARMA type structure on the disturbances, as well as spatial autoregressive and moving average type disturbances. These forecasting methods are then studied in the context of seemingly unrelated regressions. We highlight several forecasting empirical applications using panel data, as well as several Monte Carlo studies that compare various forecasting methods using panel data. The chapter concludes with suggestions for further work in this area.
Investment risk in bioenergy crops

Perennial, cellulosic bioenergy crops represent a risky investment. The potential for adoption of these crops depends not only on mean net returns, but also on the associated probability distributions and on the risk preferences of farmers. Using 6-year observed crop yield data from highly productive and marginally productive sites in the southern Great Lakes region and assuming risk neutrality, we calculate expected breakeven biomass yields and prices compared to corn (Zea mays L.) as a benchmark. Next we develop Monte Carlo budget simulations based on stochastic crop prices and yields. The crop yield simulations decompose yield risk into three components: crop establishment survival, time to maturity, and mature yield variability. Results reveal that corn with harvest of grain and 38% of stover (as cellulosic bioenergy feedstock) is both the most profitable and the least risky investment option. It dominates all perennial systems considered across a wide range of farmer risk preferences. Although not currently attractive for profit-oriented farmers who are risk neutral or risk averse, perennial bioenergy crops have a higher potential to successfully compete with corn under marginal crop production conditions.
A Comparison of Two Quantile Models With Endogeneity

This article studies the relationship between the two most-used quantile models with endogeneity: the instrumental variable quantile regression (IVQR) model (Chernozhukov and Hansen 2005) and the l...
Beat Discovery from Dimensionality Reduced Perspective Streams of Electrocardiogram Signal Data

Spectral characteristics of ECG traces have identified a stochastic component in the inter-beat interval for triggering a new cardiac cycle. Yet the stream consistently shows impressive reproducibility of the inherent core waveform. Respectively, the presence of close to deterministic structures firmly contends for representing a single cycle ECG wave by a state vector in a low dimensional embedding space. Rather than performing arrhythmia clustering directly on the high dimensional state space, our work first reduces the dimensionality of the extracted raw features. Analysis of heartbeat irregularities becomes then more tractable computationally, and thus claims more relevance to run on emerging wearable and IoT devices that are severely resource and power constraint. In contrast to prior work that searches for a two dimensional embedding space, we project feature vectors onto a three dimensional coordinate frame. This merits an essential depth perception facet to a specialist that qualifies cluster memberships, and furthermore, by removing stream noise, we managed to retain a high percentile level of source energy. We performed extensive analysis and classification experiments on a large arrhythmia dataset, and report robust results to support the intuition of expert neutral similarity.
Band alignment at epitaxial BaSnO3/SrTiO3(001) and BaSnO3/LaAlO3(001) heterojunctions

We have spectroscopically determined the optical bandgaps and band offsets at epitaxial interfaces of BaSnO3 with SrTiO3(001) and LaAlO3(001). 28 u.c. BaSnO3 epitaxial films exhibit direct and indirect bandgaps of 3.56 ± 0.05 eV and 2.93 ± 0.05 eV, respectively. The lack of a significant Burstein-Moss shift corroborates the highly insulating, defect-free nature of the BaSnO3 films. The conduction band minimum is lower in electron energy in 5 u.c. films of BaSnO3 than in SrTiO3 and LaAlO3 by 0.4 ± 0.2 eV and 3.7 ± 0.2 eV, respectively. This result bodes well for the realization of oxide-based, high-mobility, two-dimensional electron systems that can operate at ambient temperature, since electrons generated in the SrTiO3 by modulation doping, or at the BaSnO3/LaAlO3 interface by polarization doping, can be transferred to and at least partially confined in the BaSnO3 film.
Aerodynamic Parameter Identification and Uncertainty Quantification for Small Unmanned Aircraft

The paper presents a method to identify aerodynamic parameters from flight-test data, determine the uncertainty in the identified parameters, and estimate the model-form uncertainties in the aerody...
The Inter-Organizational Summit on Education and Training (ISET) 2010 Survey on the Influence of the Houston Conference Training Guidelines

A conference specific to the education and training of clinical neuropsychology was held in 1997, which led to a report published in the Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology (Hannay, J., Bieliauskas, L., Crosson, B., Hammeke, T., Hamsher, K., & Koffler, S. (1998). Proceedings of the Houston Conference on Specialty Education and Training in Clinical Neuropsychology. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 13, 157-250.). The guidelines produced by this conference have been referred to as the Houston Conference (HC) guidelines. Since that time, there has been considerable discussion, and some disagreement, about whether the HC guidelines produced a positive outcome in the training of neuropsychologists. To explore this question and determine how widely the HC guidelines were implemented, a meeting was held in 2006. Present and past leaders of the American Psychological Association Division 40 (Clinical Neuropsychology), the National Academy of Neuropsychology, and the Association of Postdoctoral Programs in Clinical Neuropsychology met to discuss the possible need for an Inter-Organizational Summit on Education and Training (ISET). A decision was reached to have the ISET Steering Committee conduct a survey of clinical neuropsychologists that could address the extent to which HC guidelines were present in the specialty and whether the influence of the HC guidelines was positive. An online survey was constructed, with data gathered in 2010. The current paper presents and discusses the ISET survey results. Specific findings need to be viewed cautiously due to the relatively low response rate. However, with some direct parallels to a larger recent survey of clinical neuropsychologists, the following general conclusions appear well founded: (a) the demographics of respondents in the ISET survey are comparable with a recent larger professional practice survey and thus may reasonably represent the specialty; (b) the HC guidelines appear to have been widely adopted by training programs, in that a large proportion of younger practitioners endorsed having had HC-adherent training; and (c) HC-adherent training is associated with a higher frequency endorsement of being well prepared to engage in key professional activities subsequent to the completion of training when compared with those not having HC-adherent training. Overall, the ISET Steering Committee has concluded that the HC guidelines have been widely adopted and that trainees associate participation in HC-adherent training as advantageous. A potential revision based on unfavorable outcomes is deemed unnecessary. Nonetheless, the ISET Steering Committee recognizes that training needs change as a function of the broadening of our field and the introduction of related new technologies, which may prompt updates. The ISET Steering Committee supports the idea that periodic review and updating of training models is prudent.
Steel safeguards and the welfare of U.S. steel firms and downstream consumers of steel: a shareholder wealth perspective

. This paper analyses the steel safeguards applied during 2001–3. Results reveal that for shareholders of U.S. steel companies safeguards generated positive ‘abnormal’ returns of approximately 6%. The cancellation of the safeguards resulted in wealth gains of about 5%. Steel shareholders experienced negative abnormal returns of −5% in response to the WTO ruling that the U.S. had violated WTO law. Our results are consistent with the neoclassical view that producers gain at the expense of consumers. Also, findings indicate that downstream-consuming firms that diversify production in NAFTA countries avert some trade policy risk associated with higher steel costs caused by safeguard protection. Ce texte analyse l'effet de la protection des acieries americaines au cours de la periode 2001–03. Les resultats montrent que, pour les actionnaires des societes americaines, cette protection a engendre des profits anormaux de l'ordre de 6%. L'annulation de cette protection a resulte en des gains de richesse d'environ 5%. Les actionnaires des acieries ont subi des rendements anormaux negatifs de l'ordre de 5%a la suite de la decision de l'OMC a savoir que les Etats-Unis avaient enfreint la loi. Ces resultats sont consistants avec le point de vue neo-classique qui suggere que les producteurs gagnent au detriment des consommateurs. De plus, les resultats indiquent que les entreprises consommatrices d'acier en aval qui ont diversifie leur production dans les pays de l'ALENA se sont premunies contre certains risques associes a la politique commerciale et aux hauts couts de l'acier engendres par la protection.
A View of Computer Science Education

(1972). A View of Computer Science Education. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 79, No. 2, pp. 168-179.
Historical Trends in Perceptions and Uses of Animals in 20th Century America

Most analyses of this country's environmental history presume that Americans are increasingly concerned about animals and nature.' The period since World War II is especially regarded as a period of rapid ex- pansion in animal-related awareness, particularly following "Earth Day" (1970).2 Do we presume too much? Is this age truly distinctive in its degree of environmental and animal-related awareness? Do the legislative changes since World War II reflect substantive shifts in the average person's percep- tions of animals? The passage of laws is often more representative of the ability of special interest groups to influence policy than the actual con- cerns of the general public. It should be emphasized that this study does not dispute the radical changes which have occurred in animal-related uses and perceptions in America prior to the 20th century, particularly from 1860-1900.3 A cur- sory description of this period indicates a profound shift in practical dependencies on animals, as well as a remarkably destructive exploitation of wildlife leading to the development of an American conservation move- ment and an associated governmental regulatory structure.4 What is uncer- tain is the nature and extent of changes which have occurred in animal use and perception since 1900
Earp: principled storage, sharing, and protection for mobile apps

Modern mobile apps need to store and share structured data, but the coarse-grained access-control mechanisms in existing mobile operating systems are inadequate to help apps express and enforce their protection requirements. We design, implement, and evaluate a prototype of Earp, a new mobile platform that uses the relational model as the unified OS-level abstraction for both storage and inter-app services. Earp provides apps with structure-aware, OS-enforced access control, bringing order and protection to the Wild West of mobile data management.
Inconsistent Venous Opacification: A Pitfall of Epidural Venography

The lumbar epidural venograms of 45 consecutive patients with prior normal or equivocal myelographic examinations were reviewed. Each venographic injection was performed using transfemoral double-catheter technique, abdominal compression, Valsalva maneuver, and serial filming for 12 sec. There was a 30% incidence of false “occlusions” of epidural veins suggestive of compression by a herniated intervertebral disk. These false venous occlusions were demonstrated to be such by both subsequent opacification of previously nonopacified veins and lack of opacification of previously opacified veins during repeat venography. In view of the significant incidence of spurious venous occlusions in this series, it is recommended that epidural venography with single injection should be interpreted with caution except for normal studies.
Nighttime delivery and risk of neonatal encephalopathy

Objective The objective of the study was to determine the relationship between nighttime delivery and neonatal encephalopathy (NE). Study Design The design of the study was a retrospective population-based cohort of 1,864,766 newborns at a gestation of 36 weeks or longer in California, 1999-2002. We determined the risk of NE associated with nighttime delivery (7:00 pm to 6:59 am ). Results Two thousand one hundred thirty-one patients had NE (incidence 1.1 per 1000 births). Nighttime delivery was associated with increased NE (odds ratio [OR], 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–1.20), birth asphyxia (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.08–1.29), and neonatal seizures (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.07–1.28). In adjusted analyses, nighttime delivery was an independent risk factor for NE (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.01–1.21), as were severe intrauterine growth retardation (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 3.1–4.8); no prenatal care (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.4–2.9); primiparity (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.4–1.7); advanced maternal age (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.16–1.45); and infant male sex (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2–1.4). Conclusion Future studies of time of delivery may generate new strategies to reduce the burden of NE.
CsHgInS3: a New Quaternary Semiconductor for γ-ray Detection

The new layered compound CsHgInS3 was synthesized using solid state and flux synthesis techniques. The compound is a semiconductor and shows promising properties for X-ray and γ-ray detection. It features a layered structure that crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with cell parameters: a = 11.2499(7) Ǻ, b = 11.2565(6) Ǻ, c = 22.146(1) Ǻ, β = 97.30(5)°, V = 2781.8(4) Ǻ3, and Z = 8. CsHgInS3 is isostructural to Rb2Cu2Sn2S6, where the Hg, In, and Cs atoms occupy the Cu, Sn, and Rb sites, respectively. Large single crystals with dimension up to 5 mm were grown with a vertical Bridgman method as well as a horizontal traveling heater method. CsHgInS3 has a γ-ray attenuation length comparable to commercial Cd1–xZnxTe and a band gap value of 2.30 eV. The electrical resistivity of CsHgInS3 is anisotropic with values of 98 GΩ cm and 0.33 GΩ cm perpendicular and parallel to the (001) plane, respectively. The mobility-lifetime product (μτ) of electrons and holes estimated from photoconductivity measureme...
Factorization for groomed jet substructure beyond the next-to-leading logarithm

Jet grooming algorithms are widely used in experimental analyses at hadron colliders to remove contaminating radiation from within jets. While the algorithms perform a great service to the experiments, their intricate algorithmic structure and multiple parameters has frustrated precision theoretic understanding. In this paper, we demonstrate that one particular groomer called soft drop actually makes precision jet substructure easier. In particular, we derive a factorization formula for a large class of soft drop jet substructure observables, including jet mass. The essential observation that allows for this factorization is that, without the soft wide-angle radiation groomed by soft drop, all singular contributions are collinear. The simplicity and universality of the collinear limit in QCD allows us to show that to all orders, the normalized differential cross section has no contributions from non-global logarithms. It is also independent of process, up to the relative fraction of quark and gluon jets. In fact, soft drop allows us to define this fraction precisely. The factorization theorem also explains why soft drop observables are less sensitive to hadronization than their ungroomed counterparts. Using the factorization theorem, we resum the soft drop jet mass to next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy. This requires calculating some clustering effects that are closely related to corresponding effects found in jet veto calculations. We match our resummed calculation to fixed order results for both e + e − → dijets and pp → Z + j events, producing the first jet substructure predictions (groomed or ungroomed) to this accuracy for the LHC.
Three-dimensional stability of elliptical vortex columns in external strain flows

The Kirchhoff-Kida family of elliptical vortex columns in flows with uniform strain and rotation displays a rich variety of dynamical behaviours, even in a purely two-dimensional setting. In this paper, we address the stability of these columns with respect to three-dimensional perturbations via the geometrical optics method. In the case when the external strain is equal to zero, the analysis reduces to the stability of a steady elliptical vortex in a rotating frame. When the external strain is non-zero, the stability analysis reduces to the theory of a Schrodinger equation with quasi-periodic potential. We present stability results for a variety of different Kirchhoff-Kida flows. The vortex columns are typically unstable except when the interior vorticity is approximately the negative of the background vorticity, so that the flow in the inertial frame is nearly a potential flow.
Phonon anomalies in α -uranium

The phonon spectrum of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-uranium has been measured by Manley et al. in a series of experiments using inelastic neutron and x-ray scattering. The 2001 results showed that the optic modes soften by a few millielectron volts as the temperature is increased between room temperature and 450 K. In 2006, a new dynamical mode was observed to form above 450 K which the authors attribute to an intrinsically localized mode, which is stabilized by anharmonic interactions. We propose a possible alternate cause for the formation of the mode and the softening which is based on the existence of strong electron-phonon interaction together with a low excitation energy for transitions between states with $f$ and conduction-electron characters. The model allows for a resonant interaction between the optic phonons and the electronic excitations, which may lead to the high-energy peaks in the phonon spectra splitting and acquiring mixed electronic and phonon characters.
Mobility of nanometer-size solutes in water driven by electric field

Abstract We investigate the mobility of nanometer-size solutes in water in a uniform external electric field. General arguments are presented to show that a closed surface cutting a volume from a polar liquid will carry an effective non-zero surface charge density when preferential orientation of dipoles exists in the interface. This effective charge will experience a non-vanishing drag in an external electric field even in the absence of free charge carriers. Numerical simulations of model solutes are used to estimate the magnitude of the surface charge density. We find it to be comparable to the values typically reported from the mobility measurements. Hydrated ions can potentially carry a significant excess of the effective charge due to over-polarization of the interface. As a result, the electrokinetic charge can significantly deviate from the physical charge of free charge carriers. We propose to test the model by manipulating the polarizability of hydrated semiconductor nanoparticles with light. The inversion of the mobility direction can be achieved by photoexcitation, which increases the nanoparticle polarizability and leads to an inversion of the dipolar orientations of water molecules in the interface.
Particle-in-cell study of the ion-to-electron sheath transition

The form of a sheath near a small electrode, with bias changing from below to above the plasma potential, is studied using 2D particle-in-cell simulations. When the electrode is biased within Te/2e below the plasma potential, the electron velocity distribution functions (EVDFs) exhibit a loss-cone type truncation due to fast electrons overcoming the small potential difference between the electrode and plasma. No sheath is present in this regime, and the plasma remains quasineutral up to the electrode. The EVDF truncation leads to a presheath-like density and flow velocity gradients. Once the bias exceeds the plasma potential, an electron sheath is present. In this case, the truncation driven behavior persists, but is accompanied by a shift in the maximum value of the EVDF that is not present in the negative bias cases. The flow moment has significant contributions from both the flow shift of the EVDF maximum, and the loss-cone truncation.
Stat3 Is Important for Follicular Regulatory T Cell Differentiation

The production of antibody is precisely controlled during the germinal center (GC) reaction. This process is dependent on the help from follicular T helper (Tfh) cells to germinal center (GC) B cells and is regulated by regulatory follicular T helper (Tfr) cells. How Tfr cells develop and how their suppressive activity functions are not well understood. Here, we found that Stat3 is indispensible for Tfr cell differentiation. After immunization with Sheep Red Blood Cells (SRBC), the loss of Tfr cells caused by deletion of Stat3 in Treg cells does not affect the size of Tfh or GC B cell population, but rather leads to strongly enhanced production of antigen-specific IgG1 and IgG2b. In Peyer’s patches (PPs) in the gut, we found that Stat3 expression in Treg cells is also required for Tfr cell formation to commensal organisms. However, loss of Tfr cells in the gut did not affect the numbers of Tfh cells and GC B cells, nor affect IgG1 or IgA switching by GC B cells. Overall, our study has uncovered unique roles of Stat3 in Tfr cell differentiation and the regulation of the antibody response.
Socioeconomic gradients in early childhood health: evidence from Bangladesh and Nepal

A large literature has developed researching the origins of socioeconomic gradients in child health in developed countries. Particularly, this research examines the age at which these gradient effects emerge and how they change across different stages of childhood. However, similar research on developing countries is limited. This paper examines the socioeconomic gradients in early childhood health in two developing countries, Bangladesh and Nepal using the 2011 Demographic and Health Surveys. The paper separately studies two measures of household socioeconomic status: household wealth and maternal educational attainment. Two anthropometric measures of early childhood health, height-for-age and weight-for-age Z scores for 0–59 months of children, are used for our empirical exercise. The paper uses both non-parametric and multivariate ordinary least squares approaches to examine at what age socioeconomic disparities in health emerge, and investigates if these disparities increase with age in early childhood. The paper provides significant evidence of age-specific socioeconomic gradients in early childhood health in both countries. Health disparities in household wealth exist in both countries. This disparity emerges in the first 11 months of life, and is particularly severe for children from the poorest quintile. On the other hand, while the emergence of maternal education gradients during the first 11 months is sensitive to the choice of childhood health measure, the study finds the children of mothers with higher education to enjoy significantly higher health outcomes in comparison to those with lower education. However, controlling for father’s education weakens the effects of maternal education on child health in both countries. Further, the paper does not find statistically significant evidence where socioeconomic gradients in health increase with age in early childhood. Our study concludes that socioeconomic disparities in health outcomes exist even in very early childhood in Bangladesh and Nepal. This has important implications for targeted policy interventions in the form of food security and nutrition supplement programs, free provision of health care, and maternal education in both countries.
National Trends In Off-Label Use Of Atypical Antipsychotics In Children And Adolescents In The United States

The objectives of the study were as follows: to examine the national trend of pediatric atypical antipsychotic (AAP) use in the United States; to identify primary mental disorders associated with AAPs; to estimate the strength of independent associations between patient/provider characteristics and AAP use. Data are from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. First, average AAP prescription rates among 4 and 18-year-old patients between 1993 and 2010 were estimated. Second, data from 2007 to 2010 were combined and analyzed to identify primary mental disorders related to AAP prescription. Third, a multivariate logistic regression model was developed having the presence of AAP prescription as the dependent variable and patient/provider characteristics as explanatory variables. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. Outpatient visits including an AAP prescription among 4 to 18-year-old patients significantly increased between 1993 and 2010 in the United States, and over 65% of those visits did not have diagnoses for US Food and Drug Administration-approved AAP indications. During 2007 to 2010, the most common mental disorder was attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, accounting for 24% of total pediatric AAP visits. Among visits with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnosis, those with Medicaid as payer (AOR 1.66, 95% CI 1.01-2.75), comorbid mental disorders (e.g., psychoses AOR 3.34, 95% CI 1.35-8.26), and multiple prescriptions (4 or more prescriptions AOR 4.48, 95% CI 2.08-9.64) were more likely to have an AAP prescription. The off-label use of AAPs in children and adolescents is prevalent in the United States. Our study raises questions about the potential misuse of AAPs in the population.