cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Promoting smoking cessation in adults.

In the past decade there has been an increase in public awareness of the dangers to one’s health from tobacco use because of the much-publicized multi-state tobacco lawsuit settlements. Even with the increase in publicity about the health-related problems associated with tobacco products, about 430,000 adults in the United States die annually from tobacco-related diseases [1]. The costs of providing medical care related to tobacco use are estimated at $50 billion per year [2]. Tobacco-related illnesses include diseases such as coronary heart disease (CHD), peripheral vascular disease (PVD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and many cancers including lung, larynx, esophageal, mouth, pharynx, and bladder. In addition, second-hand smoke exposure by non-smokers has been linked to over 3000 deaths annually from lung cancer, and is responsible for a variety of conditions in children including asthma and otitis media [2]. Over 4000 chemicals have been isolated from tobacco smoke, with at least 43 of the chemicals to be known carcinogens [2]. Given the heavy burden that tobacco use places on the health and welfare of adults and children, multiple governmental agencies and professional societies have banded together to emphasize prevention of tobacco initiation, to reduce the exposure of environmental tobacco smoke, and to increase the number of health care practitioners that provide smoking cessation services to their patients.
On the theory of trapping of excitation in the photosynthetic unit.

Abstract Current theories of the primary physical processes in the photosynthetic unit are based on a model in which excitations diffuse throughout a lattice and become trapped at a specialized centre. Despite the apparently well-defined nature of the problem, master equation and random walk calculations have given different answers for the average trapping time, and some doubts have been expressed about the equivalence of the methods. The equivalence is made explicit here, and the two-dimensional random walk solution by ten Bosch & Ruijgrok (1963) is found to be incorrect. The asymptotic dependence of trapping time on N , the number of sites per trap, found to be proportional to N ln N by Pearlstein (1966) and by Robinson (1967) in square networks, has been verified and extended to the triangular case. Some general kinetic considerations are presented and applications to the theory of photosynthesis are briefly discussed.
Mixing from different principal harmonic oscillator shells in Gd, Dy and Er nuclei

The intensity systematics of a series of states strongly populated in the (d,t) reaction in 91, 93, 95 and 97 neutron species in Gd, Dy and Er nuclei, as well as other information, requires considerable mixing of the 32+[651] and 32+[402] orbitals. In the case of 155Gd this ΔN = 2 mixing of states from different principal harmonic-oscillator shells results in a spliting of 162 keV between the two 32+ states. This splitting is much larger than that predicted by the Nilsson model.
A CCD vertex detector for measuring Higgs boson branching ratios at a linear collider

We have studied a CCD vertex detector design for a future linear collider and report methods under consideration for radiation damage remediation in the linear collider environment. Noting the rich physics program available with a precise vertex detector, we report the expected precision on the Standard Model Higgs boson branching ratios with the described design and the efforts towards improving the topological vertex reconstruction algorithms.
Constellation of competitive advantage: components and dynamics

To achieve persistent superior performance, a firm needs competitive advantages, a constellation of them. Superior firms typically do not do just one thing well, they often excel in multiple aspects. Nurturing an evolving constellation of multiple advantages and undertaking timely renewals help carry the firm through competition over time. To maintain healthy dynamics of a firm’s constellation of advantage, the following tasks should be carefully attended to: establishment of dominant advantage which defines the firm’s core purpose and identity; accumulation of supporting advantages to complete the constellation; amplification of complementary advantages for maximum performance; trade‐off among competing advantages for long‐term viability; and renewal of both dominant and supporting advantages, in adaptation to changes in the firm, competition, and the general environment. Knowledge of the relationship between and interaction of multiple advantages is essential for managing a firm’s advantage constellation, a critical challenge facing general managers.
Mixed quantum and classical processes in strong fields

When a quantum transition is followed by a classical process, as in strong-field rescattering events, it is essential to recognize the different time scales appropriate to each process. This establishes the sequential nature of the phenomena, and the necessity of satisfying quantum and classical conservation conditions independently. The term ``rescattering'' has been used in both quantum and classical senses, and the distinction is important. An example is examined where proper care has not been taken in distinguishing between quantum and classical conditions. The result is a major violation of angular momentum conservation that has apparently been unrecognized. An explanation for how this could happen is provided. Application of the principles presented here is important for current proposals to alter the parameters of laser focusing in efforts to overcome relativistic effects that degrade higher harmonic generation. In the (extreme ultraviolet) XUV and x-ray environments, the quantum-classical time distinction is blurred, leading to a loss of the simplifying features of classical behavior.
HH, CH, and CC NMR spin-spin coupling constants calculated by the FP-INDO method for aromatic hydrocarbons

The FP-INDO (finite perturbation-intermediate neglect of differential overlap) method is used to calculate the H-H, C-H, and C-C coupling constants in hertz for molecules of six different benzenoid hydrocarbons: benzene, naphthalene, biphenyl, anthracene, phenanthrene, and pyrene. The calculations are based on both the actual and the average molecular geometries. It is found that only the actual molecular geometries can always yield the correct relative order of values for the H-H coupling constants. For the calculated C-C coupling constants, as for the calculated C-H coupling constants, the signs are positive (negative) for an odd (even) number of bonds connecting the two nuclei. Agreements between the calculated and experimental values of the coupling constants for all six molecules are comparable to those reported previously for other molecules.
Finding My Phantom Father: A World War II Daughter's Quest

Embarking on this quest involved a multi-layered approach to mystery solving. This mystery involved my father, missing in action and then declared dead at the end of World War II in Europe. Without proof of his demise, my family accepted his fate and moved forward with all questions unanswered. A formal inquiry into the question, “What is the effect of father-loss on women whose fathers were killed in war?” (Taylor, 2001) was an effort to seek commonality or disprove it. Through this research, it was discovered that there is an entire population of war-orphans whose American fathers were killed in World War II. Based on that rich and meaningful discovery, I began a search for my father's missing crash site in Germany. This article illuminates this quest, the eventual outcome, and the impact this work has on grief and loss literature; the substantive reality of war loss, the component of disenfranchised grief, and how healing from this kind of loss is defined.
Improvement of epileptic seizure control with treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea.

Sleep deprivation increases the risk of recurrent seizures in epileptic patients. We identified 10 patients with recurrent seizures and sleep disruption related to obstructive sleep apnoea. Two patients were treated with positional therapy and the remaining eight patients were treated with continuous positive airway pressure. Three of the patients became seizure free and a fourth patient had a greater than 95% reduction in seizure frequency following only the initiation of therapy for the sleep apnoea. Three of these four patients responding to therapy, had a state-dependent seizure pattern. Two of the four responders did not exhibit the typical body habitus for obstructive steep apnoea. Three additional patients improved in seizure frequency with change in anticonvulsant medication and treatment of the obstructive sleep apnoea. The remaining three patients had less than 50% reduction in seizure frequency with treatment of the obstructive sleep apnoea. These results indicate sleep disruption caused by sleep apnoea may increase the seizure frequency in some epileptic patients. Regardless of body habitus, epilepsy patients should be questioned carefully for a history of sleep disturbance and state dependence to their seizures. Treatment of sleep disorders in this population may lower the frequency of recurrent seizures.
Gender and Risk Assessment: The Empirical Status of the LSI-R for Women

The developers of the Level of Service Inventory—Revised (LSI-R) argue that actuarial risk instruments, and the theoretical framework on which they are based, are “gender neutral” and apply to all offenders in a variety of correctional settings. Although there is empirical support for this perspective, recent research using more representative female offender samples suggests that the LSI-R “works” differently for various offender groups (e.g., women who follow “gendered” pathways to crime). The bulk of research used to support claims of gender neutrality is based on males. This research evaluates these claims by reviewing the empirical research on the LSI-R for female offenders published over a 20-year period (1986 — 2006). Based on the evidence, the authors identify directions for future research on gender and risk assessment and also discuss implications for correctional classification and treatment.
Time-resolved tryptophan emission study of cardiac troponin I.

We have carried out a time-resolved fluorescence study of the single tryptophanyl residue (Trp-192) of bovine cardiac Tnl (CTnl). With excitation at 300 nm, the intensity decay was resolved into three components by a nonlinear least-squares analysis with lifetimes of 0.60, 2.22, and 4.75 ns. The corresponding fractional amplitudes were 0.27, 0.50, and 0.23, respectively. These decay parameters were not sensitive to complexation of CTnl with cardiac troponin C (CTnC), and magnesium and calcium had no significant effect on the decay parameters. After incubation with 3':5'-cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, the intensity decay of CTnl required a fourth exponential term for satisfactory fitting with lifetimes of 0.11, 0.81, 1.95, and 6.63 ns and fractional amplitudes of 0.06, 0.37, 0.27, and 0.29, respectively. When bound to CTnC, the intensity decay of phosphorylated CTnl (p-CTnl) also required four exponential terms for satisfactory fitting, but the longest lifetime increased by a factor of 1.7. The decay parameters obtained from the complex formed between p-CTnl and CTnC were not sensitive to either magnesium or calcium. The anisotropy decay was resolved into two components with rotational correlation times of 0.90 and 23.48 ns. Phosphorylation resulted in a decrease of the long correlation time to 14.61 ns. The anisotropy values recovered at zero time suggest that the side chain of the Trp-192 had considerable subnanosecond motional freedom not resolved in these experiments. Within the CTnl.CTnC complex, the unresolved fast motions appeared sensitive to calcium binding to the calcium-specific site of CTnC. The observed emission heterogeneity is discussed in terms of possible excited-state interactions in conjunction with the predicted secondary structure of CTnl. The loss of molecular asymmetry of cardiac troponin I induced by phosphorylation as demonstrated in this work may be related to the known physiological effect of beta-agonists on cardiac contractility.
A PREDICTION AND DECISION METHOD FOR APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY, BASED PARTLY ON THE THEORY OF GAMES

Abstract With the aid of examples, a prediction and decision method is described for use in applied meteorology or climatology where economic consequences have been evaluated beforehand. The predictand, which may be a single variable or several variables in combination, is divided into a finite number of forecast classes. Confidence limits of the relative frequency of each predictand class are necessary. The mathematical theory of games of strategy is utilized, but elementary algebra suffices for all required computations. The method gives decisions and predictand frequency distributions that tend to minimize expenses (or maximize minimum gains) in ventures affected by weather or climate regardless of how uncertain either of the latter may be.
Conditioned Homodyne Measurements and Entanglement for a Two-Level Atom in an OPO

We consider entanglement between a two-level atom and a cavity mode inside an OPO, and find that a measure of entanglement is a homodyne measurement of the field conditioned on detection of a fluorescent photon.
Curative Radiation Therapy for Pancreatic Malignancies

Surgery is generally considered as the only curative therapy for pancreatic cancer; however, even with optimal surgery, long-term cure is achieved in very few patients, thus highlighting the need for adjuvant therapies. Radiation therapy, usually in combination with chemotherapy, plays a role in the setting of unresectable, nonmetastatic pancreatic cancer. Its role in the adjuvant setting remains controversial and as yet undefined. This article reviews the role of radiation therapy in the adjuvant and definitive settings, and describes recent improvements in the delivery of radiotherapy that allow for improved dose delivery with decreased toxicity.
Increased paclitaxel resistance in recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer: analysis of metachronous tumors

Whether or not ovarian cancer exhibits tumor heterogeneity before and after chemotherapy, demonstrated in an in vitro drug resistance assay, seems to remain controversial [1–4]. In the largest analysis of an unselected population with ovarian cancer, there was no significant difference in the proportion of extreme drug resistance (EDR) between primary and recurrent cases [1]. On the other hand, a taxane-free interval longer than 1 year among 34 cases of epithelial ovarian cancer receiving platinum and taxane combination chemotherapy showed significant increased risk of EDR to taxane: paclitaxel 89.7%, and docetaxel 82.8% [2]. Their results were supported by other investigators, and marked increased EDR ratio was seen for paclitaxel [3]. We previously demonstrated increased paclitaxel resistance after postoperative chemotherapy with platinum and taxane in epithelial ovarian, fallopian, and primary peritoneal cancers [4]. In our results, EDR to paclitaxel was more common in later recurrence, especially more than 5 years after the initial surgery [4]. However, most previous studies did not evaluate the factor of metachronous tumors, that is, tissues obtained from the same patient at diagnosis and at recurrence. Evaluation of metachronous tumors gives the most reliable answer to whether or not tumors exhibit heterogeneity between before and after chemotherapy exposure. The objective of the study was to compare in vitro drug resistance assays of primary and recurrent epithelial ovarian, fallopian, and primary peritoneal cancers exposed to platinum and taxane combination chemotherapy in the same patients. All patients who received postoperative chemotherapy with platinum and taxane after initial cytoreductive surgery between Jan 1995 and Jan 2009 were evaluated. Results from in vitro drug resistance assay (EDR Assay , Oncotech, Tustin, CA, USA) from the tumor tissues obtained at primary and recurrent surgery in the same patients were evaluated for extreme (EDR), intermediate (IDR), and low (LDR) drug resistance [5]. The proportion of assay results was compared between primary and recurrent tumor. Upgrade or down-grade of assay results was also compared. Up-grade of assay results included LDR to either IDR or EDR, and IDR to EDR. Down-grade of assay results included EDR to either IDR or LDR, and IDR to LDR. Fisher’s exact test was used for statistical evaluation. There were 29 cases identified for metachronous tumor; epithelial ovarian (93.1%), fallopian (0%), and primary peritoneal cancer (6.9%). Median time interval between initial diagnosis and recurrent surgery was 27.8 months (95% confidential interval, 6.6–58.4). All received platinum and taxane combination chemotherapy; however, only paclitaxel showed a statistical significance in the proportion of assay results demonstrating significant decrease in K. Matsuo (&) Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Unit 1362, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, 1151 Herman Pressler Street, P.O. Box 301439, Houston, TX 77230-1439, USA e-mail: koji.matsuo@gmail.com
Low-Temperature Interquinone Electron Transfer in Photosynthetic Reaction Centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Blastochloris viridis: Characterization of QB- States by High-Frequency Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and Electron−Nuclear Double Resonance (ENDOR)†

High-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance (HF EPR) techniques have been employed to look for localized light-induced conformational changes in the protein environments around the reduced secondary quinone acceptor (QB-) in Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Blastochloris viridis RCs. The QA- and QB- radical species in Fe-removed/Zn-replaced protonated RCs substituted with deuterated quinones are distinguishable with pulsed D-band (130 GHz) EPR and provide native probes of both the low-temperature QA-QB → QAQB- electron-transfer event and the structure of trapped conformational substates. We report here the first spectroscopic evidence that cryogenically trapped, light-induced changes enable low-temperature QA-QB → QAQB- electron transfer in the B. viridis RC and the first observation of an inactive, trapped P+QB- state in both R. sphaeroides and B. viridis RCs that does not recombine at 20 K. The high resolution and orientational selectivity of HF electron−nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) allows us to direc...
The Joint Commission's disease-specific care certification for destination therapy ventricular assist devices.

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services announced that all hospitals implanting ventricular assist devices are required to have certification from the The Joint Commission for disease-specific care destination therapy with a ventricular assist device effective March 27, 2009, in order to receive Medicare reimbursement for services rendered to patients who have devices implanted for destination therapy. On February 23, 2007, The Joint Commission released the certification requirements for ventricular assist devices implanted for destination therapy in an 8-page document so that hospitals could prepare to meet the 2009 certification deadline. The Artificial Heart Program of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center undertook a multidisciplinary project, under the guidance of the nurse coordinator, to prepare the hospital and program for a precertification survey by The Joint Commission for disease-specific destination therapy ventricular assist device certification. The Presbyterian Hospital Artifi...
Cost of care in the emergency department: impact of an emergency medicine residency program.

Study objective: To evaluate the impact of an emergency medicine residency training program on the cost of care in the emergency department. Design: A retrospective chart review was conducted of all ED encounters for a three-month period, six months before and six months after the introduction of an emergency medicine residency program into an urban community hospital. Physician staffing of this ED before the residency period was by nonemergency medicine residency-trained emergency physicians. Setting: A 27,000-visit-per-year urban community hospital ED. Type of patients: A consecutive sample of all patients discharged home from the emergency center with one of six diagnoses. The diagnoses studied were viral upper respiratory infection, pharyngitis, acute asthma, seizure, lumbosacral strain, and cervical strain. Main outcome measures: Frequency of laboratory test and radiograph ordering pertinent to the evaluation of each diagnostic category were used as a marker of cost of care. Results: The presence of the residency training program did not increase the cost of care as measured by test use and, for three of the six diagnoses, actually lowered the cost of care. This effect was most prominent in the evaluation of lumbosacral and cervical strain when the residency physicians ordered radiographs at a rate five and 2.3 times lower, respectively, than the previous group and in the approach to pharyngitis when they ordered throat cultures 2.8 times less frequently. Conclusion: As measured by selected test use for six common discharge diagnoses, the introduction of an emergency medicine residency program did not increase the cost of care in this urban community hospital ED.
An Eye-Roll Test for Hypnotizability

Abstract The ability to look upward on signal while closing the eyelids (Eye Roll Sign) correlates highly (73.9%) with hypnotic trance capacity as measured by the Hypnotic Induction Profile in 2000 consecutive psychotherapy cases. In practical clinical terms this implies that in about five seconds the Eye Roll (ER) sign predicts hypnotizability in three out of four cases. Further, the higher the roll (0–4 scale), the higher is the trance capacity. This offers a quick, subtle, clinical way to ascertain whether or not hypnosis can have a probable role as an adjunct in the various psychotherapeutic strategies. Technic and data are presented.
Conversational patterns of two-year-old twins in mother–twin–twin triads

This study investigated the general nature of conversational interaction in mother–twin–twin triads. Four sets of firstborn twins (2;3) were videotaped during 15 minutes of free play with their mothers. Analyses revealed that triadic conversations were approximately five times longer, and elicited more turns from all speakers, than dyadic conversations between a mother and a single twin. Twins also responded as often to comments and requests made to another person as to those directed to themselves, but responded more often to questions addressed directly to them than to others, indicating reliable monitoring of language not addressed to them. These results largely parallel those reported for mother–infant–sibling triads and indicate the unique effects of triadic exchanges are not due to the relative linguistic levels of the child partners.
A pathogenic 15-base pair deletion in mitochondrial DNA-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunit III results in the absence of functional cytochrome c oxidase.

A 15-base pair, in-frame, deletion (9480del15) in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded cytochromec oxidase subunit III (COX III) gene was identified previously in a patient with recurrent episodes of myoglobinuria and an isolated COX deficiency. Transmitochondrial cell lines harboring 0, 97, and 100% of the 9480del15 deletion were created by fusing human cells lacking mtDNA (ρ0 cells) with platelet and lymphocyte fractions isolated from the patient. The COX III gene mutation resulted in a severe respiratory chain defect in all mutant cell lines. Cells homoplasmic for the mutation had no detectable COX activity or respiratory ATP synthesis, and required uridine and pyruvate supplementation for growth, a phenotype similar to ρ0cells. The cells with 97% mutated mtDNA exhibited severe reductions in both COX activity (6% of wild-type levels) and rates of ATP synthesis (9% of wild-type). The COX III polypeptide in the mutant cells, although translated at rates similar to wild-type, had reduced stability. There was no evidence for assembly of COX I, COX II, or COX III subunits in a multisubunit complex in cells homoplasmic for the mutation, thus indicating that there was no stable assembly of COX I with COX II in the absence of wild-type COX III. In contrast, the COX I and COX II subunits were assembled in cells with 97% mutated mtDNA.
Photodegradation of Riboflavin to Lumichrome in Milk Exposed to Sunlight

Abstract A simple, qualitative procedure for detecting the photodegradation of riboflavin in milk exposed to sunlight is reported. Lumichrome (7,8-dimethylalloxazine) has been identified by mass spectrometry as the major product of the photodegradation.
Regioselective syntheses and some in vivo properties of “benzochlorin” analogues prepared from methyl 9-deoxymesopyropheophorbide

Abstract Starting from methyl 9-deoxymesopyropheophorbide-a 5 , regioselective synthesis of a series of benzochlorins was achieved. These compounds have long wavelength absorptions in the range of 710–756 nm. The in vivo spectroscopic properties as well as the uptake and clearance characteristics of some of these compounds (e.g. 13 ) were determined by use of in vivo reflection spectroscopy.
Personal Finances and Voting Behavior: A Reanalysis

Four major shortcomings of existing studies of the presumed linkage between personal economic circumstances and voting decisions are discerned. These shortcomings leave open the possibility that hypotheses premised on "rational economic man" which have received minimal empirical support to this point may nonetheless be valid. However, when these shortcomings are corrected and a wide range of different hypotheses concerning this linkage are tested, there is still negligible empirical support.
Optimization Model for a Thermochemical Biofuels Supply Network Design

This research focuses on the supply chain network design of a fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing production pathway by utilizing corn stover as feedstock to produce gasoline and diesel fuel. A mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model was formulated to optimize fast pyrolysis and hydroprocessing facility locations and capacities to minimize total system cost, including the feedstock collecting costs, capital costs of facilities, and transportation costs. The economic feasibility of building a new biorefinery in Iowa was analyzed based on the optimal supply chain configuration and savings in bio-oil logistic costs to the centralized upgrading facility.
Characterization of Marcellus Shale natural gas well drill cuttings

Abstract Drilling operations in preparation for natural gas extraction from the Marcellus Shale formation generate large amounts of rock cuttings, which return to the surface coated in drilling mud. Solids control is commonly implemented so that the mud can be recycled, but total removal of the cuttings is uneconomical, so any non-reclaimed cuttings are processed to reduce moisture and then deposited in landfills. Laboratory analyses were conducted to characterize two samples of drill cuttings and to present characterization methods that may be relevant in assessing the beneficial reuse potential of drill cuttings. A key aspect of this study was to evaluate several approaches for providing consistent size distribution data. In addition, degradation testing was performed by submitting cuttings to moderate forms of attrition and sonication. Analyses provided particle size distributions, ash values, moisture content, and total organic carbon content of the samples. Materials analyzed included cuttings from the vertical portion of a wellbore mixed with water-based mud as well as Marcellus Shale cuttings from the horizontal portion of the same wellbore, mixed with oil-based mud. It was found that the size distribution of the water-based cuttings was much broader and finer than that of the oil-based cuttings for the samples analyzed in this study. Size degradation by attrition was minimal. Attempts to disperse the material using sonication were successful but lead to significant particle degradation. On a dry basis, the ash values of the water-based cuttings ranged from 94% to 98% by weight compared to 85–89% by weight for the oil-based cuttings. Total organic carbon content of the oil-based cuttings was approximately 10.6%. Additional testing may be required to ensure compliance with applicable regulations for beneficial reuse of the cuttings.
Absorption spectroscopy of N 2 O with phase-diffusion-noise sidebands on a lead-salt tunable diode laser

The broad phase-diffusion-noise spectrum of a lead-salt tunable diode laser (TDL) has been exploited for the detection of absorbances produced from low-pressure N(2)O vapor in the 4.47-µm spectral region. This effect has previously been observed in the detection of electronic transitions in rubidium, cesium, and molecular oxygen with anAlGaAs TDL operating in the 0.700-0.800-µm region. For the first time to our knowledge, this paper presents evidence of this phenomenon when a midinfrared rovibrational absorption line is monitored. The technique is also compared with traditional TDL spectroscopic methods for its applicability to trace-vapor monitoring.
A novel compact volumetric metamaterial structure with asymmetric transmission and polarization conversion

Abstract The novel folded ring resonator (FRR) is uniaxial bi-anisotropic and possesses a strong resonant magnetic bandgap. Within the bandgap at 4.75 GHz, the cubic FRR is significantly subwavelength because it is λ /13 along any coordinate axis and λ /7 along the body diagonal. The bulk behavior of a cubic lattice of the novel structure demonstrates backward mode behavior centered near the frequency 4.5 GHz with a bandwidth of 12.2% as derived from the dispersion curve. Parametric sweeps of the critical dimensions are presented showing the tunability of the structure. The field nature of the backward mode is explained in terms of the realized simultaneous electric and magnetic dipole reponses. For finite thickness layers of the novel FRR, the transmitted phase is shown to indicate the presence of a backward mode in agreement with the bulk response. The novel structure also functions as a linear to circular polarizer for a single layer. Due to the asymmetry of the structure, asymmetric transmission occurs within the backward mode in the form of circular cross-polarization dichroism and direction dependent transmission. Although the backward mode occurs for any incident angle it is shown to be anisotropic in nature. A backward mode bandwidth as wide as 23.3% is achieved along the body diagonal of the cubic unit cell, which is the principal axis.
Economically valuable applications of repetitive pulsed power technologies

Repetitive pulsed power technologies are being developed and applied to problems of economic interest. An important enabling capability is the Repetitive High Energy Pulsed Power (RHEPP) module at Sandia National Laboratories. Applications include pulsed ion beams for materials modification, high-energy electron beams for deep-penetration welding, electron beams for destruction of toxic chemical wastes, and gamma-ray beams for food purification. This paper describes the status of the repetitive pulsed power technology and the technical bases for several of the applications.
Geochemistry of placer gold, Koyukuk-Chandalar mining district, Alaska

Abstract The Koyukuk-Chandalar mining district of the Brooks Range mineral belt in north-central Alaska contains numerous placer gold deposits but few known lode gold sources. Gold grains, collected from 46 placer localities and 6 lode gold sites in the district, were analyzed for Ag and 37 trace elements utilizing direct current-arc optical emission spectroscopy. When possible, several measurements were made on each sample and averaged. Gold content was calculated by the summation of the 38 elements determined and subtracting from 100. The objectives of our study were to characterize the deposits by defining the type and number of distinct geochemical characteristics for the Au, to determine relationships of Au in placer deposits to possible lode sources (placer and lode), to identify possible primary sources of placer gold, and to study processes of placer formation. Interpretation of results emphasize that the Au grains are almost invariably ternary (Au-Ag-Cu) alloys. The average Cu content is 0.040% and the average Ag content and fineness [(Au/Au+Ag)×1,000] are 10.5% and 893 parts per thousand, respectively, for the 46 placer localities. Six geochemically distinct types of placer gold can be identified in the Koyukuk-Chandalar mining district based on Ag and Cu values. One type with an average Ag content of 21.2%, an average Cu content of 0.007%, and 786 average fineness is found only in the eastern part of the district. Placer gold grains that have an average Ag content of 6.0%, an average Cu content of 0.276%, and 940 average fineness were found in the western part of the district. Four intermediate types generally occur in order across the district. Variations in the chemistry of the placer gold can be related to variable depositional environments at the primary gold sources. Placer gold geochemistry is important in determining the origin and depositional environment of the primary Au sources and could add to the knowledge of the thermal history of the southcentral Brooks Range.
The Methodology of Organizational Diagnosis

The purpose of organizational diagnosis is to establish the widely shared understanding of a system and, based on that understanding, to determine whether change is desirable. By stating and then maintaining that the initial work in the client system is diagnosis, consultants provide clients with bases against which they can be held accountable. Organizational diagnosis is considered as a recursive process. The topics considered in this article include entry, data collection, and feedback. The methods described here are self-correcting. For client systems who wish to learn, this methodology provides the opportunity, if it is employed by consultants who
137 STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESES Of CALCIFIC AORTIC VALUE DISEASE: THE ROLE OF THE CALCIUM BINDING AMINO ACID δ CARBOXYGLUTAMIC ACID

δ Carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) is a recently discovered calcium binding amino acid, which has been shown to be present in the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors and in a new bone protein, osteocalcin. In prothrombin Gla synthesis occurs in a post-trans lational and vitamin K dependent enzymatic carboxylation of specific glutamic acid (Glu) residues. This reaction is inhibited by Dicumarol and other vitamin K antagonists with a net effect on clotting of anticoagulation. Furthermore, Gla has been shown to be present in metastatic and dystrophic calcifications, occurring in calcified atherosclerotic plaque, kidney stones, and subcutaneous nodules in dermatomyositis and scleroderma. The purpose of the present study was to determine if Gla is present in calcified aortic valve tissue from patients with congenital aortic stenosis and in cases of calcified aortic valve homografts and xenografts. Pathologic aortic valve tissue was obtained at cardiac surgery from 5 patients. Normal aortic valves were obtained from 2 patients at autopsy, and the Truncal valve from a patient with a calcified aortic valve homograft was also studied. Valve specimens were rinsed with saline and dried. One calcified aortic valve was extracted with .5M EDTA (pH8). The tissue and the EDTA extract were next subjected to 2N KOH hydrolysis, Dowex-1 chromotography, and automated amino acid quantitation of Gla. Gla was detected in all calcified aortic valve tissues. No Gla was found in the normal aortic valve tissue or in the Truncal valve. We conclude that the specific calcium binding amino acid, Gla, may be linked to the pathologic calcification of aortic valves. If Gla containing proteins can be related to the pathogenesis of calcific aortic valve disease, then vitamin K antagonism with Dicumarol or related compounds might retard the calcification process.
Control Of Screen Glare

This paper describes the perceptual and physical ergonomic problems inherent in attempting to control glare created by reflections on computer display screens. Several commonly used techniques to control glare are described, including their advantages and disadvantages. Methods to solve this problem through environmental and display housing design are discussed. The effects of glare control treatments on visual discomfort, operator performance, image quality and operator preferences are presented. Finally, the requirements of special applications are listed to demonstrate the need for continued research to solve not only the current problems with glare, but those of the future as well.
Effects of flow and concentration of attractant on newly hatched oyster drills, Urosalinx cinerea (Say)

The gastropods Urosalpinx cinerea (Say) navigate through their habitat using chemical sensing to locate their prey. Major prey include barnacles, oysters, and mussels. This paper reports relationships of attractant concentration and flow as they affect snail discrimination of flow and chemical cues. Directionality, flow rate and concentration all affected snail responses to chemical attractant. Responses of snails to attractant alone or to flow alone were negligible. Responsiveness increased with increases in flow rate and attractant concentration until levels were reached above which responsiveness was constant. With equal flows, differences in concentration of attractants had to be 3‐fold or greater before drills would discriminate between them. Flow rates and attractant concentrations in the range where neither alone had elicited drill response did not elicit response when combined.
Cervical papanicolaou smear abnormalities and Chlamydia trachomatis in sexually active adolescent females.

Abstract Study Objective: To examine the effect of cervical Chlamydia trachomatis infection on the prevalence of Papanicolaou (Pap) smear abnormalities in adolescent females. Design: Retrospective study performed by examination of previously obtained cervical C. trachomatis cultures and Pap smear results. Setting: Urban adolescent health care clinic in the Bronx, New York. Participants: Sexually active females, aged 13 to 23 (mean age: 17.9 years), attending the clinic for evaluation of sexually transmitted diseases. Intervention: Patients who had undergone a gynecological examination with performance of cervical Pap smears and culture for C. trachomatis were enrolled in the study. Main Outcome Measure: Determine the prevalence of cervical C. trachomatis infection and compare cervical smear abnormalities in those with and without infection. Results: Of a study population of 257 females, 24 patients (9.3%) were culture positive for C. trachomatis and 58 patients (22.6%) had significant cervical smear abnormalities, i.e., atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LGSIL), or high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HGSIL). The 24 patients infected with C. trachomatis showed the following cervical smear abnormalities: within normal limits—37.5%, benign cellular changes—41.7%, ASCUS—12.5%, and LGSIL—8.3%. A total of 233 patients (90.7%) were culture negative for C. trachomatis and showed the following cervical smear abnormalities: within normal limits—37.3%, benign cellular changes—39.9%, ASCUS—13.3%, LGSIL—8.6%, and HGSIL—.9%. Statistical analysis suggested no significant differences between the two groups (P > .9 by the Kruskal-Wallace test). Conclusions: The isolation of C. trachomatis from the cervix of sexually active adolescent females at a single point in time does not impact on the prevalence of significant cervical smear abnormalities.
Rapamycin Delays Disease Onset and Prevents PrP Plaque Deposition in a Mouse Model of Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker Disease

Autophagy is a cell survival response to nutrient deprivation that delivers cellular components to lysosomes for digestion. In recent years, autophagy has also been shown to assist in the degradation of misfolded proteins linked to neurodegenerative disease (Ross and Poirier, 2004). In support of this, rapamycin, an autophagy inducer, improves the phenotype of several animal models of neurodegenerative disease. Our Tg(PrP-A116V) mice model Gerstmann–Straussler–Scheinker disease (GSS), a genetic prion disease characterized by prominent ataxia and extracellular PrP amyloid plaque deposits in brain (Yang et al., 2009). To determine whether autophagy induction can mitigate the development of GSS, Tg(PrP-A116V) mice were chronically treated with 10 or 20 mg/kg rapamycin intraperitoneally thrice weekly, beginning at 6 weeks of age. We observed a dose-related delay in disease onset, a reduction in symptom severity, and an extension of survival in rapamycin-treated Tg(PrP-A116V) mice. Coincident with this response was an increase in the autophagy-specific marker LC3II, a reduction in insoluble PrP-A116V, and a near-complete absence of PrP amyloid plaques in the brain. An increase in glial cell apoptosis of unclear significance was also detected. These findings suggest autophagy induction enhances elimination of misfolded PrP before its accumulation in plaques. Because ataxia persisted in these mice despite the absence of plaque deposits, our findings also suggest that PrP plaque pathology, a histopathological marker for the diagnosis of GSS, is not essential for the GSS phenotype.
Lower Cretaceous of Wyoming and Southern Rockies: ABSTRACT

Lower Cretaceous strata (essentially the Dakota Group) of Wyoming and the Southern Rockies are of considerable economic importance. To date recoverable reserves of about 450 million bbl of oil and 1½ trillion cu ft of gas have been discovered in these rocks. Lower Cretaceous sediments were deposited in the incipient Rocky Mountain geosyncline which seemingly began to subside in this region in Aptian time. The first sediments to be laid down were inland floodplain conglomerate, sandstone, and variegated mudstone (Cloverly, Lakota, Lytle, lower Cedar Mountain, etc.) transported into this depression by river systems from the Sioux uplift on the east and from the Mesocordilleran geanticline on the west. As the transgressing arboreal sea entered this part of the trough, and ultimately joined the southern sea, environmental relations became more complex. Marine shale and siltstone (Skull Creek, lower Thermopolis, and Kiowa) formed in the deeper part of the trough occupied by the sea and graded landward (eastward and westward) into sandstone, shale, and coal of the transitional littoral-marine-lagoonal, paludal, and deltaic environments (Fall River, upper Cedar Mountain, Plainview, upper Cheyenne, etc.). These, in turn, graded laterally into sandstone and variegated mudstone of the now restricted floodplain environment. Toward the end of Early Cretaceous time, a low arch rose in southern Kansas and southern Colorado, separating the trough into two parts. However, continuing subsidence allowed the sea to spread greatly both east and west. Floodplain deposits (now composed of sandstone and mudstone) continued to accumulate between the source areas and the arboreal sea and interfinger seaward with shale and sandstone of the transitional environments (Omadi, "Dakota," Naturita, etc.). These in turn interfinger with the marine upper Thermopolis and Mowry Shales. Tongues of these formations (Newcastle, Muddy, "J," etc.) project seaward into the marine shale and probably represent deltaic wedges formed during minor regressions of the sea. Petroleum has been produced from nearly all the units mentioned, representing deposits of marine, littoral, deltaic, paludal, lagoonal, and floodplain environments. Most production has come from Newcastle, "J," and Muddy sandstones which probably are deltaic and littoral marine complexes. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1907------------
An Image Frequency Rejection Filter for SAW-Less GPS Receivers

We have developed an on-chip RF filter in 130 nm BiCMOS for SAW-less GPS receivers. The filter is implemented as a cascode amplifier stage with reactive resonant tanks. The filter employs two Q-enhanced LC tanks to create a transfer function with steep roll-off characteristic and narrow passband. The image rejection filter achieves a 3 dB bandwidth of less than 12 MHz at the GPS L1 center frequency of 1575.42 MHz. The resulting magnitude response exhibits a notch at 1540 MHz and at 1610 MHz, attenuating noise and interference 30 MHz away from the center frequency by more than 30 dB. The NF of the RF filter is 4.0 dB. A competitive power consumption of only 5.7 mW is achieved.
Evidence for distinct 5'- and 3'-nucleotidase activities in the surface membrane fraction of Leishmania donovani promastigotes.

A surface membrane fraction isolated from Leishmania donovani promastigotes contained distinct 5′- and 3′-nucleotidase activities. These were distinguished from each other, and from a previously described surface membrane nonspecific acid phosphomonoesterase, on the basis of several properties. The 5′- and 3′-nucleotidases had pH optima of 6.5 and 8.5, respectively. In contrast to the 3′-nucleotidase, the 5′-nucleotidase was inhibited by both ammonium molybdate and fluoride ions; the latter inducing a biphasic response. Neither divalent cations nor chelators affected the 5′-enzyme activity whereas the 3′-enzyme was inactivated by EDTA. This inactivation was fully reversed following removal of the chelator, either by resuspension of the membranes in EDTA free medium or by addition of certain divalent cations in excess; Co2+ being the most effective. The 5′-nucleotidase had activity with both ribo- and deoxyribonucleotide substrates, whereas the 3′-nucleotidase did not hydrolyse deoxyribonucleotides.
Helicase Multitasking in Ribosome Assembly

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Bohnsack et al. (2009) identify multiple binding sites of the RNA helicase Prp43 on preribosomal RNA. The target regions suggest distinct functions of Prp43 in ribosome biogenesis.
Is therapy with calcium and vitamin D and parathyroid autotransplantation useful in total thyroidectomy for preventing hypocalcemia

Background Routine calcium and vitamin D administration and routine autotransplantation of parathyroid glands can prevent hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy. Methods Routine autotransplantation of 1 or more parathyroid glands and oral calcium and vitamin D supplementation was used in 252 patients. Results One, 2, or 3 parathyroid glands were autotransplanted in 223, 27, and 2 patients, respectively. Routine oral calcium and vitamin D was administered in postoperative period in all patients. Postoperative hypocalcemia occurred in 17%, of whom 1.6% had minor symptoms related to hypocalcemia. No patient developed permanent hypocalcemia during the follow-up period. The postoperative stay was 1 day in 93.6% of the cases. The incidence of postoperative hypocalcemia and hospital stay was higher in patients who underwent autotransplantation of more than 1 parathyroid gland. Conclusions Routine oral calcium and vitamin D supplementation and autotransplantation of at least 1 parathyroid gland effectively reduced symptomatic hypocalcemia and permanent hypoparathyroidism in total thyroidectomy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008