cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perturbation theory and excursion set estimates of the probability distribution function of dark matter, and a method for reconstructing the initial distribution function

Non-linear evolution is sometimes modelled by assuming there is a deterministic mapping from initial to final values of the locally smoothed overdensity. However, if an underdense region is embedded in a denser one, then it is possible that its evolution is determined by its surroundings, so the mapping between initial and final overdensities is not as ‘local’ as one might have assumed. If this source of non-locality is not accounted for, then it appears as stochasticity in the mapping between initial and final densities. Perturbation theory methods ignore this ‘cloud-in-cloud’ effect, whereas methods based on the excursion set approach do account for it; as a result, one may expect the two approaches to provide different estimates of the shape of the non-linear counts in cells distribution. We show that, on scales where the rms fluctuation is small, this source of non-locality has only a small effect, so the predictions of the two approaches differ only on the small scales on which perturbation theory is no longer expected to be valid anyway. We illustrate our results by comparing the predictions of these approaches when the initial–final mapping is given by the spherical collapse model. Both are in reasonably good agreement with measurements in numerical simulations on scales where the rms fluctuation is of the order of unity or smaller. If the deterministic mapping from initial conditions to final density depends on quantities other than the initial density, then this will also manifest as stochasticity in the mapping from initial density to final. For example, the Zeldovich approximation and the ellipsoidal collapse model both assume that the initial shear field plays an important role in determining the evolution. We compare the predictions of these approximations with simulations, both before and after accounting for the ‘cloud-in-cloud’ effect. Our analysis accounts approximately for the fact that the shape of a cell at the present time is different from its initial shape; ignoring this makes a noticeable difference on scales where the rms fluctuation in a cell is of the order of unity or larger. On scales where the rms fluctuation is 2 or less, methods based on the spherical model are sufficiently accurate to permit a rather accurate reconstruction of the shape of the initial distribution from the non-linear one. This can be used as the basis for a method for constraining the statistical properties of the initial fluctuation field from the present-day field, under the hypothesis that the evolution was purely gravitational. We illustrate by showing how the highly non-Gaussian non-linear density field in a numerical simulation can be transformed to provide an accurate estimate of the initial Gaussian distribution from which it evolved.
Crystal Structure of Anhydrous NH4+-Exchanged Zeolite X Partially Reacted with HgCl2 Vapor. Cationic Chloromercuric Clusters, Regular Octahedral Hg(II), and Regular Trigonal Hg(II)

The product of the reaction of HgCl2 vapor with fully dehydrated fully NH4+-exchanged zeolite X at 115 °C, ca. Hg44Cl64(NH4)68−Si100Al92O384 per unit cell, was studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques at 23 °C (R1 = 0.121) in the cubic space group Fd3 (a0 = 25.094(8) A). Hg2+ ions are found at seven nonequivalent sites, a surprisingly large number. Hg2+ ions at sites I and II each coordinate only to framework oxygens; this is the first observation of Hg2+ ions at conventional ionic sites in a zeolite, and of very nearly regular octahedral Hg(II), and of three-coordinate trigonal Hg(II). Hg2+ ions at two general site III‘ positions form (HgCl2)3(NH4+)2 and (HgCl2)3(NH4+) clusters, respectively, in 12-rings with each Hg2+ ion bonding to one framework oxygen. The Hg2+ ions at another two general site III‘ positions form (HgCl2)6(NH4+)2 clusters, also in 12-rings with each Hg2+ ion bonding to two framework oxygens. These two clusters could bridge through Cl- ions to form a supercluster that con...
Some results on Gaussian Besov-Lipschitz spaces and Gaussian Triebel-Lizorkin spaces

In this paper we define Besov-Lipschitz and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces in the context of Gaussian harmonic analysis, the harmonic analysis of Hermite polynomial expansions. We study inclusion relations among them, some interpolation results and continuity results of some important operators (the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck and the Poisson-Hermite semigroups and the Bessel potentials) on them. We also prove that the Gaussian Sobolev spaces L"@a^p(@c"d) are contained in them. The proofs are general enough to allow extensions of these results to the case of Laguerre or Jacobi expansions and even further in the general framework of diffusion semigroups.
The Labor Market Effects of Employer Recruitment Choice

Abstract I analyze employer recruitment decisions using a dynamic, discrete-choice structural model that I estimate on a sample of clerical workers from the MCSUI, a large cross section of establishments in four metropolitan areas of the US. In the model, employers choose either informal recruitment methods (which generate a small but select applicant pool from which the employer can hire quickly) or formal methods (which create a large but less select applicant pool which the employer must screen intensively, delaying hiring times). I study the effects of three counterfactual simulations on recruitment strategies, starting wages, and vacancy durations: A wage subsidy, a policy designed to improve information about prospective matches, and an increase in the heterogeneity of prospective matches. I show that the effects of exogenous policy or environmental changes can be decomposed into “pure wage effects” that affect the wage offers employers post, holding constant their recruitment strategies, and “recruitment-wage effects” that involve changes in recruitment methods. The results show that changes in recruitment strategies represent an important channel through which changes in the economic environment affect the starting wages and vacancy duration for new hires.
Institutions, arrangements and preferences for inflation stability: Evidence and lessons from a panel data analysis

Abstract We study how monetary, exchange-rate and other institutional arrangements are associated with policy makers’ preferences for inflation stability. We argue that focusing on policy intentions, represented by these preferences, constitutes a better way of evaluating policy behavior, instead of looking at inflation outcomes that may be unavoidable at times. Using a panel of 34 countries over a period of 24 years we find that a high degree of preference for inflation stability is significantly correlated only with central bank independence and membership to the European Economic and Monetary Union for low inflation countries, whereas for high inflation countries only strict inflation targeting and, to some extent, central bank independence, are relevant for inflation stabilizing policies. Finally, we find no robust evidence suggesting that either adopting an exchange rate anchor or employing fiscal policy are associated with an inflation averse behavior.
ALL SIX PLANETS KNOWN TO ORBIT KEPLER-11 HAVE LOW DENSITIES

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Kepler Participating Scientist Program, NASA grant NNX12AD23G)
Transverse shear effects on buckling and postbuckling of laminated and delaminated plates

The one-dimensional buckling and postbuckling solutions of unsymmetric laminates with clamped edges subjected to constant membrane strain loads are obtained based on the large deflection shear deformation theory. Closed-form expressions of the critical buckling load and postbuckling deflection have been derived. These solutions are used to study the behavior of a thin-film strip delamination in a base laminate
Ideal stars and General Relativity

We study a system of differential equations that governs the distribution of matter in the theory of General Relativity. The new element in this paper is the use of a dynamical action principle that includes all the degrees of freedom, matter as well as metric. The matter lagrangian defines a relativistic version of non-viscous, isentropic hydrodynamics. The matter fields are a scalar density and a velocity potential; the conventional, four-vector velocity field is replaced by the gradient of the potential and its scale is fixed by one of the Eulerian equations of motion, an innovation that significantly affects the imposition of boundary conditions. If the density is integrable at infinity, then the metric approaches the Schwarzschild metric at large distances. There are stars without boundary and with finite total mass; the metric shows rapid variation in the neighbourhood of the Schwarzschild radius and there is a very small core where a singularity indicates that the gas laws break down. For stars with boundary there emerges a new, critical relation between the radius and the gravitational mass, a consequence of the stronger boundary conditions. Tentative applications are suggested, to certain Red Giants, and to neutron stars, but the investigation reported here was limited to homogeneous polytropes. Comparison with the results of Oppenheimer and Volkoff on neutron cores shows a close agreement of numerical results. However, in the model the boundary of the star is fixed uniquely by the required matching of the interior metric to the external Schwarzschild metric, which is not the case in the traditional approach. There are solutions for which the metric is very close to the Schwarzshild metric everywhere outside the horizon, where the source is concentrated. The Schwarzschild metric is interpreted as the metric of an ideal, limiting configuration of matter, not as the metric of empty space.
Design and synthesis of β-carboxamido phosphonates as potent inhibitors of imidazole glycerol phosphate dehydratase

We describe the synthesis and enzymatic activity of a library of β-carboxamido phosphonates as inhibitors of imidazole glycerol phosphate dehydratase (IGPD). Biological results suggest the presence of an enzymatic interaction site not previously observed for other inhibitors of IGPD.
X-43A Flight-Test-Determined Aerodynamic Force and Moment Characteristics at Mach 7.0

The second flight of the Hyper-X program afforded a unique opportunity to determine the aerodynamic force and moment characteristics of an airframe-integrated scramjet-powered aircraft in hypersonic flight. These data were gathered via a repeated series of pitch, yaw, and roll doublets, frequency sweeps, and pushover-pullup maneuvers performed throughout the X-43A cowl-closed descent. Maneuvers were conducted at Mach numbers of 6.80-0.95 and at altitudes from 92,000 ft mean sea level to sea level. The dynamic pressure varied from 1300 to 400 psf with the angle of attack ranging from 0 to 14 deg. The flight-extracted aerodynamics were compared with preflight predictions based on wind-tunnel test data. The X-43A flight-derived axial force was found to be 10-15%higher than prediction. Underpredictions of similar magnitude were observed for the normal force. For Mach numbers above 4.0, the flight-derived stability and control characteristics resulted in larger-than-predicted static margins, with the largest discrepancy approximately 5 in. forward along the x-axis center of gravity at Mach 6.0. This condition would result in less static margin in pitch. The predicted lateral-directional stability and control characteristics matched well with flight data when allowance was made for the high uncertainty in angle of sideslip.
The human platelet as a model for the dopaminergic neuron: kinetic and pharmacologic properties and the role of amine storage granules.

Abstract It was recently proposed that the human platelet might serve as a pharmacologic model for the study of central nervous system dopaminergic neurons in patients with diseases such as parkinsonism, Huntington's chorea, and schizophrenia. To investigate this proposal, the characteristics of dopamine accumulation by human platelets were determined and compared to those of dopamine accumulation by central nervous system dopaminergic neurons as well as by isolated platelet amine storage granules. The accumulation of dopamine by human platelets was not kinetically saturable, and was not significantly inhibited by ouabain, metabolic inhibitors, or tricyclic antidepressant drugs. Serotonin did not compete for the accumulation of dopamine by platelets, but reserpine, tetrabenazine, and N -ethylmaleimide each inhibited platelet dopamine accumulation. The accumulation of dopamine by isolated platelet amine storage granules was similarly not saturable, was not diminished by ouabain, metabolic inhibitors, or tricyclic antidepressants, yet was inhibited by reserpine, tetrabenazine, or N -ethylmaleimide. The accumulation of dopamine by human platelets does not meet the requirements of a model for the high-affinity, kinetically saturable uptake of dopamine by central nervous system dopaminergic neurons which is inhibited by ouabain and metabolic inhibitors. The data suggest that dopamine accumulation by human platelets is mediated via passive diffusion of dopamine into the platelet followed by binding of dopamine by the amine storage granules. These findings have relevance to studies of platelet dopamine uptake in parkinsonism and Huntington's chorea.
On the degree growth of birational mappings in higher dimension

Let ƒ be a birational map of Cd,and consider the degree complexity or asymptotic degree growth rate δ(ƒ) = limn → ∞ (deg(ƒn))1/n.We introduce a family of elementary maps, which have the form ƒ = L o J, where L is (invertible) linear, and J(x1−1,..., xd) = (x1−1,...,xd−1.We develop a method of regularization and show how it can be used to compute δ for an elementary map.
Study of a Kindred With Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Diagnostic Challenge Due to Phenotypic Variance

We sought to determine the concordance of the phenotype and genotype in a kindred with classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. The variation in phenotypic expression within this family underscores the difficulty of establishing the diagnosis in the absence of newborn screening, even with a heightened index of suspicion. Steroidogenic profiles were obtained for the three affected siblings. The available clinical history of the two affected aunts was retrieved. Genotyping was performed on several members of the kindred. Detailed sequencing of the entire CYP21 gene of two clinically dissimilar subjects in this family was undertaken to explore the possibility of other mutations or polymorphisms. PCR with ligase detection reaction analysis of CYP21 revealed that the affected family members III-2, III-3, III-4, II-3, and II-4, all were compound heterozygotes carrying the intron 2 point mutation known to interfere with splicing (nucleotide 656 A to G) and the exon 4 point mutatio...
Nonlinear Friction-Induced Vibration in Water-Lubricated Bearings:

The problem of friction-induced vibration and squeal in water-lubricated shipboard bearings has received extensive studies during the 1970s. These studies were dominated by experimental tests of section models that emulated the actual bearing dynamics. Linear analytical models were analyzed to predict stability boundaries of the equilibrium position. The role of nonlinearity due to the friction-speed curve as well as the time variation of the friction coefficient was not considered. The purpose of the present study is to develop and analyze a nonlinear two-degree-of-freedom model that emulates the dynamics of water-lubricated bearings. Different dynamic characteristics are predicted from the numerical simulation of the equations of motion. A bifurcation diagram is constructed and exhibits different regimes. These regimes include modulated response signals characterized by two frequency responses, on-off intermittent motion representing the incipient of squeal behavior, and limit cycles accompanied with hi...
Distribution of institutional ownership and corporate firm performance.

Abstract We investigate the association between corporate firm performance and the level and stability of institutional ownership within a simultaneous equation model. Our main ownership stability measures include ownership persistence and the time-lengths over which investors hold non-zero shares or maintain their shareholding. We find that there is a positive relationship between firm performance and institutional ownership stability, accounting for the shareholding proportion. This relationship is robust to the employment of ownership turnover measures used in the literature and consistent with the view that stable institutional investors play an effective role in monitoring. When we disaggregate institutional investors into pressure-insensitive and pressure-sensitive categories, we find that stable shareholding of each group has a positive impact on performance, with the first group exerting a larger effect. The channels of the effect include, but are not limited to, decreased information asymmetry and increased incentive-based compensation.
MASSIVE LOOP AMPLITUDES FROM UNITARITY

We show, for previously uncalculated examples containing a uniform mass in the loop, that it is possible to obtain complete massive one-loop gauge theory amplitudes solely from unitarity and known ultraviolet or infrared mass singularities. In particular, we calculate four-gluon scattering via massive quark loops in QCD. The contribution of a heavy quark to five-gluon scattering with identical helicities is also presented.
Energetic Bicyclic Azolium Salts

Bicyclic azoles, 2-methyl-5-(imidazol-1-yl)-2H-tetrazole (1), 2-methyl-5-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2H-tetrazole (4), 1-methyl-5-(imidazol-1-yl)-1H-tetrazole (7), 1-methyl-5-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1H-tetrazole (10), 1-methyl-4-nitro-2-(imidazol-1-yl)-1H-imidazole (13), and 1-methyl-4-nitro-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1H-imidazole (16) were prepared. Their thermally stable azolium salts, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18-21, with densities ranging between 1.519-1.674 g cm-3, were synthesized by quaternization with nitric or perchloric acid or with iodomethane followed by metathesis reactions with silver nitrate and silver perchlorate. The structures of 12 b and 21 b were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The standard enthalpies of formation for some of the new salts were calculated by using the computationally feasible DFT(B3LYP) and MP2 methods in conjunction with an empirical approach based on densities of salts. The calculated values range from DeltaHdegreef=209.9 (21 a) to 412.3 (12 b) kJ mol-1 in which the experimental densities are >1.515 g cm-3.
METAL-METAL MULTIPLE BONDS IN EARLY/LATE HETEROBIMETALLIC COMPLEXES: APPLICATIONS TOWARD SMALL MOLECULE ACTIVATION AND CATALYSIS

A versatile phosphinoamide ligand scaffold that supports the combination of early and late transition metals into a single framework has been utilized to better understand the fundamental nature of metal-metal interactions in early/late heterobimetallic complexes using both experimental and theoretical (DFT) methods. Through these metal-metal interactions the redox potential and ability to activate small molecule substrates can be tuned. The key feature of these complexes in comparison to previously reported early/late heterobimetallics is the hemilability of the phosphino(amide) linkers that allow substrates to access the highly polar metal-metal bond.
Diffusion of gases in polymeric foams

Gaseous diffusion in polymeric foam and experimental results, using closed cell polyurethane foam
The geochemistry of iron in puget sound

Abstract The distribution of dissolved iron, ferrous iron and acid-reducing agent soluble iron has been investigated in the main basin of Puget Sound and its tributaries. Essentially all measurable iron in Puget Sound can be removed by filtration through 0.8 μm membrane filters, thus dissolved iron must be less than about 20 nM (our limit of detection). We could also detect no ferrous iron in Puget Sound. This is due to the rapid kinetics of oxidation of Fe(II). Our measured rate constant for the kinetics of oxidation suggests that strong ferrous-organic matter complexes do not exist in Puget Sound pore waters. The distribution of acid-soluble iron is low at mid-depth and increases toward the air-water and sediment-water interface and appears to be controlled by inputs from the rivers and the sediments. Only a small fraction of the river load appears to make it through the estuaries because the magnitude of the surface concentrations is smaller than predicted based on the calculated river flux. The “dissolved” iron in the rivers appears to be actually fine colloidal particles that coagulate before the salinity exceeds 5%. The increase towards the sediments is probably due to resuspension of botton sediments perhaps augmented by iron diffusing out of the sediments to form new iron oxide particles.
A convergent, modular approach to functionalized 2,1-borazaronaphthalenes from 2-aminostyrenes and potassium organotrifluoroborates.

Azaborines are an important class of compounds with applications in both medicinal chemistry and materials science. The first borazaronaphthalene, 2-chloro-2,1-borazaronaphthalene, was reported in 1959; however, access to more highly functionalized substructures has been limited because of the harsh reaction conditions required to displace the chloride on boron. A convergent approach has been developed to synthesize disubstituted 2,1-borazaronaphthalenes from N-substituted 2-aminostyrenes and potassium organotrifluoroborates, where the potassium organotrifluoroborate is converted to the active R–BX2 species (X = Cl or F) in situ by addition of a fluorophile. Starting from aryl-, heteroaryl-, alkynyl-, alkenyl-, and alkyltrifluoroborates, a library of highly functionalized 2,1-borazaronaphthalenes were synthesized in one step under mild, transition-metal-free conditions.
Linking prefunding factors and high-technology venture success: An exploratory study☆

Abstract This study reports on the exploratory phase of a research project on prefunding factors influencing the success of high-technology start-up companies. The study was done in collaboration with two major West Coast venture capital firms that allowed the authors full access to the due diligence files, investment proposals, and closing documents associated with eight ventures. Half of the eight ventures studied are currently public companies with sales that range from $65 million to $500 million and with an after-tax profit of about 10% of sales. The other half have either been dissolved or did not reach $3 million in sales within the five years following their funding. Information was obtained on those prefunding factors that were available for investor review prior to funding, such as the founders track records, the characteristics of the founding team, the nature of the target market, the technological strategy of the firm, the proposed composition of the board, and the deal structure. In spite of the small sample size, findings of this research revealed discernible differences between successful and unsuccessful firms. The founders of the successful ventures had more prior experience working together; tended to form larger, more complete teams; and had more extensive experience in the function they performed in the new venture. Successful founders also had experience in rapid growth firms that competed in the same industry as the start-up. The successful ventures targeted product-market segments with high buyer concentration in which, through technological advantage, their products could attain and sustain a competitive edge. Often this advantage was achieved by careful management of the product-development process, which resulted in early market entry and its corollary, reduced competition. On the other hand, some factors that the authors had predicted would allow them to distinguish between success and failure were not found to do so. Both successful and unsuccessful ventures targeted high growth markets, anticipated high gross margins, had founders with over five years of relevant experience, had experienced venture capitalists on their boards, and were characterized by a wide range of founder equity shares.
The Chandra Deep Field North Survey. X. X-Ray Emission from Very Red Objects

The multiwavelength properties of very red objects [VROs; (I-K) ≥ 4] are largely unknown since many of these sources are optically faint (I ≥ 24) and undetected at most wavelengths. Here we provide constraints on the X-ray (0.5–8.0 keV) properties of VROs using the 1 Ms Chandra exposure of an 84 × 84 region within the Hawaii flanking-field area containing the Hubble Deep Field North (HDF-N). We find that VROs detected in the hard band (2.0–8.0 keV) have flat X-ray spectral slopes (Γ ≈ 0.9) and X-ray properties consistent with those expected from luminous obscured AGNs. The fraction of such sources in the K ≤ 20.1 VRO population is 14%. Conversely, the average X-ray spectral slope of VROs detected in the soft band (0.5–2.0 keV) but not in the hard band is comparatively steep (Γ > 1.4), and the X-ray emission from these sources is consistent with that expected from less energetic processes (i.e., star formation, low-luminosity AGN activity, normal elliptical galaxy emission); star formation and low-luminosity AGN activity scenarios are favored in those sources with irregular optical morphologies. Stacking analyses of the X-ray emission from VROs not individually detected at X-ray energies yield significant detections (≥99% confidence level) in the soft band and in the full band (0.5–8.0 keV). We find this X-ray emission is produced predominantly by the optically brightest VROs. The simplest explanation of this result is that we have detected the average X-ray emission from nonactive VROs with low X-ray–to–optical flux ratios [log (fx/fI) ≈ -2]; this is consistent with that expected if the majority of these VROs are ≈M elliptical galaxies. A number of VROs are also detected with mid-infrared (15 μm) and radio emission, and we provide constraints on the nature of this emission.
Polarization independent guided-wave optical modulators and switches

New low-voltage designs for polarization-independent interferometric optical modulators and coupled waveguide switches are described. Operation of these devices is based on TE-TM mode coupling via off-diagonal elements of the electrooptic tensor. Using a coupled mode analysis, it is shown that the refractive index change-length product is the same as for single-polarization modulators and switches which utilize diagonal electrooptic tensor elements. It is estimated that the use of TE-TM coupling can reduce the voltage-length product for polarization independent operation by a factor of 2 in LiNbO 3 and a factor of 2.9 in LiTaO 3 .
Enantioselective TADMAP-Catalyzed Carboxyl Migration Reactions for the Synthesis of Stereogenic Quaternary Carbon

The chiral, nucleophilic catalyst TADMAP [1, 3-(2,2,2-triphenyl-1-acetoxyethyl)-4-(dimethylamino)pyridine] has been prepared from 3-lithio-4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (5) and triphenylacetaldehyde (3), followed by acylation and resolution. TADMAP catalyzes the carboxyl migration of oxazolyl, furanyl, and benzofuranyl enol carbonates with good to excellent levels of enantioselection. The oxazole reactions are especially efficient and are used to prepare chiral lactams (23) and lactones (30) containing a quaternary asymmetric carbon. TADMAP-catalyzed carboxyl migrations in the indole series are relatively slow and proceed with inconsistent enantioselectivity. Modeling studies (B3LYP/6-31G*) have been used in qualitative correlations of catalyst conformation, reactivity, and enantioselectivity.
Alkyl−Alkyl Suzuki Cross-Couplings of Unactivated Secondary Alkyl Halides at Room Temperature

A commercially available 1,2-diamine serves as an effective ligand for metal-catalyzed cross-couplings of unactivated alkyl electrophiles at room temperature. In particular, Ni/trans-N,N‘-dimethyl-1,2-cyclohexanediamine provides the first method for achieving alkyl−alkyl Suzuki reactions of unactivated secondary alkyl halides with alkylboranes; earlier success in Suzuki couplings of such electrophiles had been restricted to reactions with aryl- and vinylboron reagents at elevated temperature.
Soliton masses in supersymmetric theories

Abstract The semiclassical approximation, the familiar sum of frequencies, to the quantum- mechanical masses of solitons is ambiguous in theories with supersymmetric couplings: the approximation is unacceptably sensitive to the definition of the infinite-volume limit. The ambiguity can be resolved by means of a systematic mass-calculation procedure derived from the supersymmetry algebra. We apply this method to a large class of two- dimensional models, and find that in O(ħ) the quantum-mechanical mass of a kink differs from its classical mass by a universal expression that has no dependence on the details of the interaction. The difference contains an ultraviolet divergence that exactly cancels the divergence in the classical mass. This contradicts recent claims that the difference must be zero. This result can also be checked using a number of other techniques but we argue that in spacetimes of dimension greater than two only the procedure derived from the supersymmetry algebra is likely to have any practical value. In two dimension the difference between the quantum and classical masses can be related to properties of the amplitudes with which elementary bosons and fermions are scattered by a kink-antikink pair. Contrary to naive expectations these amplitudes are not identical; they nevertheless satisfy a supersymmetry Ward identity.
The Lunar Laser OCTL Terminal (LLOT) Optical Systems

The Lunar Laser OCTL Terminal is an auxiliary ground station terminal for the Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration (LLCD). The LLOT optical systems exercise modulation and beam divergence control over six 10-W fiber-based laser transmitters at 1568 nm, which act as beacons for pointing of the space-based terminal. The LLOT design transmits these beams from distinct sub-apertures of the F/76 OCTL telescope at divergences ranging from 110 μrad to 40 μrad. LLOT also uses the same telescope aperture to receive the downlink signal at 1550 nm from the spacecraft terminal. Characteristics and control of the beacon lasers, methods of establishing and maintaining beam alignment, beam zoom system design, co-registration of the transmitted beams and the receive field of view, transmit/receive isolation, and downlink signal manipulation and control are discussed.
Emission-Line Galaxies in the STIS Parallel Survey. II. Star Formation Density*

We present the luminosity function of [OII]-emitting galaxies at a median redshift of z = 0.9, as measured in the deep spectroscopic data in the STIS Parallel Survey (SPS). The luminosity function shows strong evolution from the local value, as expected. By using random lines of sight, the SPS measurement complements previous deep single field studies. We calculate the density of inferred star formation at this redshift by converting from [OII] to H(alpha) line flux as a function of absolute magnitude and find rho = 0.052 +/- 0.017 Solar mass/yr Mpc(sup -3) at a median redshift z approx. 0.9 within the range 0.46 less than z less than 1.415 (H(sub 0) = 50 km/s Mpc(sup -l), Omega(sub M) = 1.0, Omega(sub lambda) = 0.0). This density is consistent with a (1 + z)(sup )4 evolution in global star formation since z approx. 1. To reconcile the density with similar measurements made by surveys targeting H(alpha) may require substantial extinction correction.
RADIATIVE TRANSFER WITH PARTIALLY COHERENT SCATTERING.

Abstract The Boltzmann equation for a gas in a plane-parallel atmosphere which scatters radiation partially coherently and partially by total redistribution is treated. The eigenfunctions are found and full-range completeness is proved. A method for solving half-range problems is also given, and numerical results for an isothermal semi-infinite atmosphere are presented.
Design for Active Flutter Suppression and Gust Alleviation Using State-Space Aeroelastic Modeling

An analytical design technique for an active flutter-suppression and gust-alleviation control system is presented. It is based on a rational approximation of the unsteady aerodynamic loads in the entire Laplace domain, which yields matrix equations of motion with constant coefficients. Some existing rational approximation schemes are reviewed, and a new technique which yields a minimal number of augmented states for a desired accuracy is presented. The state-space aeroelastic model is used to design a constant gain, partial-feedback control system, which simultaneously assures stability and optimizes any desired combination of gust response parameters throughout the entire flight envelope.
Classical and quantum aspects of 4 dimensional black holes

In this talk I address some aspects in the recent developments for N = 2 black holes in 4 dimensions. I restrict myself on axion-free solutions that can classically be related to intersections of isotropic D- or M-branes. After reviewing of some classical properties I include corrections coming from a general cubic prepotential. On the heterotic side these are quantum corrections for these black hole solutions. Finally, I discuss a microscopic interpretation of the entropy for the extremal as well as near-extremal black hole.
Characterization of Particle Translocation through Mucin Hydrogels

Biological functional entities surround themselves with selective barriers that control the passage of certain classes of macromolecules while rejecting others. A prominent example of such a selective permeability barrier is given by mucus. Mucus is a biopolymer-based hydrogel that lines all wet epithelial surfaces of the human body. It regulates the uptake of nutrients from our gastrointestinal system, adjusts itself with the menstrual cycle to control the passage of sperm, and shields the underlying cells from pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. In the case of drug delivery, the mucus barrier needs to be overcome for successful medical treatment. Despite its importance for both physiology and medical applications, the underlying principles which regulate the permeability of mucus remain enigmatic. Here, we analyze the mobility of microscopic particles in reconstituted mucin hydrogels. We show that electrostatic interactions between diffusing particles and mucin polymers regulate the permeability properties of reconstituted mucin hydrogels. As a consequence, various parameters such as particle surface charge and mucin density, and buffer conditions such as pH and ionic strength, can modulate the microscopic barrier function of the mucin hydrogel. Our findings suggest that the permeability of a biopolymer-based hydrogel such as native mucus can be tuned to a wide range of settings in different compartments of our bodies.
Estimating the validity of the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale: The CERAD experience

The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale is broadly accepted by clinicians as a staging measure for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Extensive assessment of its validity is, however, lacking. We examined the concurrent and predictive validity of both summary CDR scores (global CDR, Sum of Boxes [sum of scores on the individual components]) and scores on two (Memory and Orientation) of the CDR's six components (the other four components are judgement and problem-solving, community affairs, home and hobbies, personal care) using cross-sectional, longitudinal and survival information on 434 community-resident probable AD patients. Cross-sectionally the Orientation box score correlated substantially with an independent neuropsychology measure of orientation, but the Memory box score correlated more poorly with an independent measure of memory than with any other neuropsychology measure. The relationship of the global CDR score and the Sum of Boxes score to scores on neuropsychology measures was comparable to that of the Orientation and Memory box scores. Longitudinally, Memory box score a year later was predicted equally well by the other box scores (personal care excepted). The individual components were comparable to both summary CDR scores in predicting time to death. The CDR has content and criterion validity. However, since intentionally all components measure aspects of cognitive functioning, they are closely related. Nevertheless, sufficient distinctions remain that assessment in each area is still warranted.
UNCOUPLING OF MYELIN ASSEMBLY AND SCHWANN CELL DIFFERENTIATION BY TRANSGENIC OVEREXPRESSION OF PERIPHERAL MYELIN PROTEIN 22

We have generated previously transgenic rats that overexpress peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) in Schwann cells. In the nerves of these animals, Schwann cells have segregated with axons to the normal 1:1 ratio but remain arrested at the promyelinating stage, apparently unable to elaborate myelin sheaths. We have examined gene expression of these dysmyelinating Schwann cells using semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR and immunofluorescence analysis. Unexpectedly, Schwann cell differentiation appears to proceed normally at the molecular level when monitored by the expression of mRNAs encoding major structural proteins of myelin. Furthermore, an aberrant coexpression of early and late Schwann cell markers was observed. PMP22 itself acquires complex glycosylation, suggesting that trafficking of the myelin protein through the endoplasmic reticulum is not significantly impaired. We suggest that PMP22, when overexpressed, accumulates in a late Golgi-cell membrane compartment and uncouples myelin assembly from the underlying program of Schwann cell differentiation.
Daily Changes in Fed Funds Futures Prices

This paper explores the properties of daily changes in the prices for near-term fed funds futures contracts. The paper finds these contracts to be excellent predictors of the fed funds rate, and shows that the claim of a nonzero term premium in the short-horizon contracts is more sensitive to outliers than previous research appears to have recognized. I find some statistically significant evidence of serial correlation in the daily changes, but this accounts for only a tiny part of the 1-day movements and there is essentially zero predictability for horizons longer than 1 day. Settlement futures prices for each day appear to incorporate the information embodied in that day's term structure of longer-horizon Treasury securities. Previous employment growth makes a statistically significant contribution to predicting futures price changes, though again this could only account for a tiny part of the daily variance. The paper concludes that futures prices provide a very useful measure of the daily changes in the market's expectation of near-term changes in Fed policy.
Efficient synthesis of N-substituted lactams from (N-arylsulfonyloxy) amines and cyclic ketones

Abstract A new method is reported for the direct preparation of N-substituted lactams from cycloalkanones. N-(p-nitrobenzenesulfonoxyl) methylamine 1a (CH3NH-OSO2C6H4NO2) was reacted with a series of cycloalkanones to give good yields of N-methyl lactams. An addition-rearrangement pathway accounts for the ring-expanded lactam products. A series of N-alkyl-N-arylsulfonoxyl amines were generated in situ and reacted with cyclobutanone to give N-alkyl pyrrolidinones in high yields.
Recent Advances in High-Resolution Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy.

Diverse complex systems may be studied by the new methods in solid-state NMR spectroscopy described herein. These methods use magic-angle spinning (MAS) on samples in oriented bilayers (right picture) and in orientationally disordered samples (left picture). Systems as diverse as uniformly 13 C,15 N-labeled proteins, model membrane systems, and silk, as produced by the silkworm, can be structurally characterized.
Foraging society organization: A simple model of a complex transition

Abstract The evolutionary development of the hominids that culminated in the appearance of Homo sapiens included the subdivision of the species into societies on the basis of culturally, instead of biologically, constructed differentiation. It is argued that this change must have occurred after the mental ability to formulate and culturally express conceptual structures of extended relationships had been been biologically introduced, and that intergroup competition within a species provided the selective impetus for this more complex form of organization. The combination of conceptual structures for organization at a more extensive scale and the effects of intergroup competition would lead to a restructuring of the whole species into society like groups.
Palladium-catalyzed asymmetric conjugate addition of arylboronic acids to heterocyclic acceptors.

Flava Flavanone: Asymmetric conjugate additions to chromones and 4-quinolones are reported utilizing a single catalyst system formed in situ from Pd(OCOCF_3)_2 and (S)-tBuPyOX. Notably, these reactions are performed in wet solvent under ambient atmosphere, and employ readily available arylboronic acids as the nucleophile, thus providing ready access to these asymmetric heterocycles.
Copper(I)-only catalyzed reactions of (E)-2,3-difluoro-3-stannylacrylic ester with acid chlorides and mechanistic studies of the "copper effect" in stille coupling reactions.

The reactions of (E)-2,3-difluoro-3-stannylacrylic ester with acid chlorides under catalysis of CuI stereospecifically afforded ethyl (2Z)-2,3-difluoro-4-oxo-substituted 2-butenoates in good yields. Moreover, direct spectroscopic observation of the corresponding organocopper reagent was observed for the first time in Stille coupling reactions of organostannanes.
TouchLight: an imaging touch screen and display for gesture-based interaction

A novel touch screen technology is presented. TouchLight uses simple image processing techniques to combine the output of two video cameras placed behind a semi-transparent plane in front of the user. The resulting image shows objects that are on the plane. This technique is well suited for application with a commercially available projection screen material (DNP HoloScreen) which permits projection onto a transparent sheet of acrylic plastic in normal indoor lighting conditions. The resulting touch screen display system transforms an otherwise normal sheet of acrylic plastic into a high bandwidth input/output surface suitable for gesture-based interaction. Image processing techniques are detailed, and several novel capabilities of the system are outlined.
The myth of post-reform income stagnation: Evidence from Brazil and Mexico

Economic policies are often judged by a handful of statistics, some of which may be biased during periods of change. We estimate the income growth implied by the evolution of food demand and durable good ownership in post-reform Brazil and Mexico, and find that changes in consumption patterns are inconsistent with official estimates of near stagnant incomes. That is attributed to biases in the price deflator. The estimated unmeasured income gains are higher for poorer households, implying marked reductions in “real” inequality. These findings challenge the conventional wisdom that post-reform income growth was low and did not benefit the poor.
Mid-Infrared Emission from E+A Galaxies in the Coma Cluster

We have used ISO to observe at 12 μm seven E+A galaxies plus an additional emission-line galaxy, all in the Coma Cluster. E+A galaxies lacking narrow emission lines have 2.2-12 μm flux density ratios or limits similar to old stellar populations (typical of early-type galaxies). Only galaxies with emission lines have enhanced 12 μm flux density. Excess 12 μm emission is therefore correlated with the presence of ongoing star formation or an active galactic nucleus (AGN). From the mid- and far-infrared colors of the brightest galaxy in our sample, which was detected at longer wavelengths with IRAS, we estimate the far-infrared luminosity of these galaxies. By comparing the current star formation rates with previous rates estimated from the Balmer absorption features, we divide the galaxies into two groups: those for which star formation has declined significantly following a dramatic peak ~1 Gyr ago; and those with a significant level of ongoing star formation or/and an AGN. There is no strong difference in the spatial distribution on the sky between these two groups. However, the first group has systemic velocities above the mean cluster value and the second group has systemic velocities below that value. This suggests that the two groups differ kinematically. Based on surveys of the Coma Cluster in the radio, the IRAS sources, and galaxies detected in Hα emission, we sum the far-infrared luminosity function of galaxies in the cluster. We find that star formation in late-type galaxies is probably the dominant component of the Coma Cluster far-infrared luminosity. The presence of significant emission from intracluster dust is not yet firmly established. The member galaxies also account for most of the far-infrared output from nearby rich clusters in general. We update estimates of the far-infrared luminosities of nearby, rich clusters and show that such clusters are likely to undergo luminosity evolution from z=0.4 at a rate similar to, or faster than, field galaxies.
Synthesis of macrocyclic trypanosomal cysteine protease inhibitors

The importance of cysteine proteases in parasites, compounded with the lack of redundancy compared to their mammalian hosts makes proteases attractive targets for the development of new therapeutic agents. The binding mode of K11002 to cruzain, the major cysteine protease of Trypanosoma cruzi was used in the design of conformationally constrained inhibitors. Vinyl sulfone-containing macrocycles were synthesized via olefin ring-closing metathesis and evaluated against cruzain and the closely related cysteine protease, rhodesain.
The gluon propagator in momentum space

We consider quenched QCD on a 16[sup 3][times]40 lattice at [beta]=6.0. We give preliminary numerical results for the lattice gluon propagator evaluated both in coordinate and momentum space. Our findings are compared with earlier results in the literature at zero momentum. In addition, by considering nonzero momenta we attempt to extract the form of the propagator and compare it to continuum predictions formulated by Gribov and others.
Enantioselective nucleophilic catalysis with "Planar-Chiral" heterocycles.

Although Lewis bases (e.g., tertiary phosphines, tertiary amines, and pyridines) serve as nucleophilic catalysts for a wide array of reactions, there have been relatively few reports of enantioselective nucleophilic catalysts. In this Account, we describe the design and synthesis of a new family of chiral nucleophilic catalysts, specifically, planar-chiral heterocycles. These complexes provide good levels of enantiomeric excess in the addition of alcohols to ketenes, the rearrangement of O-acylated azlactones, and the kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols.
An analytical least squares solution applied to spectral series limit determinations

Abstract A method is derived to determine spectral series limits analytically. It is assumed that the graphical quantum defect solution (n−n* vs νlim−ν) is approximately linear (for the correct νlim) so that a least-squares fit may be obtained. The problem reduces to a non-linear system of three equations in three unknowns (two least-squares coefficients and the series limit) with a unique solution found numerically. Least-squares errors are also obtained for each variable. Results using this method agree well with published values obtained by the traditional graphical method. This procedure provides an operational method for series-limit determinations, independent of the subjective problems involved with the graphical method.