cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of Hageman factor, prekallikrein activator and plasmin

Abstract When plasmin was incubated with active Hageman factor prepared from acetone-activated human plasma by adsorption and elution from pre-treated supercel, no change in prekallikrein activator (PKA) activity was found, even though by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by supercel adsorption it was shown that the active Hageman factor had been converted to the 30, 000 molecular weight fragment. These data are in agreement with the concept that PKA is derived from Hageman factor, but do not support the concept that the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin is necessary for maximal generation of PKA activity in human plasma. Also reported is a radiochemical method for the measurement of PKA (active Hageman factor) activity which is 300 times more sensitive than the guinea pig ileum bioassay and 10 times more sensitive than the clotting tests.
A Covalent Organic Framework that Exceeds the DOE 2015 Volumetric Target for H2 Uptake at 298 K.

Physisorption in porous materials is a promising approach for meeting H2 storage requirements for the transportation industry, because it is both fully reversible and fast at mild conditions. However, most current candidates lead to H2 binding energies that are too weak (leading to volumetric capacity at 298 K of <10 g/L compared to the DOE 2015 Target of 40 g/L). Using accurate quantum mechanical (QM) methods, we studied the H2 binding energy to 48 compounds based on various metalated analogues of five common linkers for covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Considering the first transition row metals (Sc though Cu) plus Pd and Pt, we find that the new COF-301-PdCl2 reaches 60 g total H2/L at 100 bar, which is 1.5 times the DOE 2015 target of 40 g/L and close to the ultimate (2050) target of 70 g/L. The best current materials, MOF-200 and MOF-177, are predicted to store 7.6 g/L (0.54 wt % excess) and 9.6 g/L (0.87 wt % excess), respectively, at 298 K and 100 bar compared with 60 g/L (4.2 wt % excess) for C...
Stability of heat pipes in vapor-dominated systems

Abstract We study the linear stability of a two-phase heat pipe zone (vapor–liquid counterflow) in a porous medium, either overlying a superheated vapor zone or underlying a subcooled liquid zone. The effects of gravity, condensation and heat transfer on the stability of a planar base state are analyzed in the linear stability limit. The rate of growth of unstable disturbances is expressed in terms of the wave number of the disturbance, and dimensionless numbers, such as the Rayleigh number and a dimensionless heat flux. As in natural convection under single-phase conditions, a critical Rayleigh number exists, above which the system is conditionally unstable. The critical number takes values different than under single-phase conditions and also depends on the applied heat flux. The results find applications to geothermal systems, to enhanced oil recovery using steam injection, as well as to the conditions of the proposed Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository. This study complements work of the stability of boiling by Ramesh and Torrance [J. Fluid Mech. 257 (1993) 289].
The Soviet Communist Party and the Other Spirit of Capitalism

Based on qualitative analysis of the Soviet press and official state documents, this article argues that the Communist Party was, counterintuitively, an agent of capitalist dispositions in the Soviet Union during 1970s–1980s. Understanding the spirit of capitalism not simply as an ascetic ethos but in broader terms of the cult of individualism, I demonstrate that the Soviet party-state promoted ideas and values of individuality, self-expression, and pleasure seeking in the areas of work and consumption. By broadening our conception of the spirit of capitalism, tracing the formation of capitalist dispositions as well as institutions, and showing that the culture of capitalism can come from within the old regime, I further the agenda of neoclassical sociology of studying varieties of origins, paths, and destinations of modern capitalisms.
Pemphigus vulgaris treated with photopheresis.

A 31-year-old man had a 4-year history of severe pemphigus vulgaris confirmed by histologic examination and direct and indirect immunofluorescence. His disease had been resistant to maximal doses and varying combinations of prednisone, oral gold, cyclosporine,methotrexate, azathioprine, pulse steroids, and pulse cyclophosphamide with methylprednisolone. Many adverse effects complicated his medical therapy, including renal insufficiency, hypertension, and a cushingoid appearance. At the time of initiation of photopheresis the patient had pemphigus lesions on 70% of his body surface (Fig. I). His treatment regimen included intramuscular methotrexate 20 mg weekly, azathioprine 100 mg daily, and oral prednisone 240 mg daily. He had been taking these medications for I month after failing to respond to monthly (eight) pulses of cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone. Photopheresis was started with treatments on two consecutive days every 2 weeks. By the seventh cycle new blister formation had ceased and treatment frequency was reduced to every 3 weeks. His medications were slowly tapered with a greater than 80% reduction in his daily prednisone, discontinuation of methotrexate, and maintenance of azathioprine and gold at pretreatment doses. The patient tolerated photopheresis without complications and eventually all skin lesions healed with the exception of a few crusted erosionson his face (Fig. 2). Although the patient had one episode of a disseminated cutaneous herpetic infection that required intravenous acyclovir, he had had
Daniel Sennert, The Philosophical Hen, and The Epistolary Quest for a (Nearly-)Universal Medicine

AbstractThis article explores the Wittenberg Professor Daniel Sennert's (1572–1637) pursuit of nearly universal medicines made from noble metals, which he described in his published works and in private correspondence with his brother-in-law, Michael Doring. Of the medicaments that Sennert sought, one called the Philosophical Hen was especially interesting, and involved feeding a hen silver or gold during propitious astrological conjunctions. Sennert's support of this experiment was rooted in his obsession with experience and can be partially explained by looking to an extensive tradition of natural philosophy and natural history. Sennert explained such nearlyuniversal medicines according to the rational principles of academic medicine, arguing that they strengthened the body's innate heat or acted as universal purgatives. From Sennert's candid epistles, we receive a more historicised portrait of the collaborative experimental process by which chymical medicines were conceptualised and tested, and how the...
The rise of global warming skepticism: exploring affective image associations in the United States over time.

This article explores how affective image associations to global warming have changed over time. Four nationally representative surveys of the American public were conducted between 2002 and 2010 to assess public global warming risk perceptions, policy preferences, and behavior. Affective images (positive or negative feelings and cognitive representations) were collected and content analyzed. The results demonstrate a large increase in “naysayer” associations, indicating extreme skepticism about the issue of climate change. Multiple regression analyses found that holistic affect and “naysayer” associations were more significant predictors of global warming risk perceptions than cultural worldviews or sociodemographic variables, including political party and ideology. The results demonstrate the important role affective imagery plays in judgment and decision-making processes, how these variables change over time, and how global warming is currently perceived by the American public.
A technique for the rapid removal of proteins from cell extracts containing polysaccharides

The contaminating proteins in microbial cell extracts containing desired polysaccharides, can be rapidly precipitated by adjusting the pH of the solution. In the present research, 90% of the contaminating proteins in the alkali extract of Mucor rouxii were eliminated by lowering the pH, through addition of an organic acid. The acid for pH adjustment was chosen so that it formed a readymade buffer for use in subsequent chromatographic steps for recovery of the polysaccharide. The pH adjustment procedure thus offers a rapid and easily scaleable method for protein removal from cell extracts containing polysaccharides.
The ‘Emerging Church’ in America: Notes on the interaction of Christianities

Abstract The ‘Emerging Church’ is an American-born movement that dates to the late 1990s. It is fundamentally a movement of cultural critique in which the primary interlocutor is the dominant tradition in the United States, conservative Evangelicalism. In this article I address the phenomenon of Emerging Christianity based on historical, literary, and ethnographic analyses of Emerging Church advocates and critics. In particular, I argue that four points of dialogue characterize the status of Emerging in the United States: ‘post-foundational’ theology, ‘ancient-future’ worship, ‘missional’ evangelism, and a general posture of ‘deconversion.’ Ultimately, I present the story of the Emerging Church for its significance to two broad theoretical questions. First, how do new forms of religious identity come into being? And, second, for those working in the ‘anthropology of Christianity’: what happens when Christianities interact? In response to these questions, I stress the Janus-faced quality of Emerging Christ...
Occultatio: The Bush Administration's Rhetorical War

Debate roiled in the early months of Barack Obama's presidency surrounding the use of “enhanced interrogation” techniques and their relation to torture. In this essay we argue that the Bush White House bequeathed to the incoming administration a citizenry haunted by the paradox of torture enacted in the name of freedom. To account for this legacy, we introduce the trope of occultatio, a device of imperial mystification. Through key examples of legalese, signing statements, redaction, and stonewalling, we show how the Bush administration's occultic political style actively exploited the gaps of which democracy is made.
Sedation and analgesia in the pediatric patient

The administration of sedation and analgesia for pediatric gastrointestinal procedures has become routine but is not standardized. For the most part, pediatric endoscopists are encouraged to use their clinical judgment to select between using intravenous (IV) sedation or general anesthesia on an individual patient basis. Commonly administered IV sedation regimens in children combine benzodiazepines with narcotics, but anesthesiologist administered propofol sedation is gaining acceptance among pediatric gastroenterologists. Guidelines for patient monitoring and new technologic advances may help to ensure patient safety for children undergoing endoscopic procedures, no matter what sedation regimen is used.
The Parallel Type Absorption Bands of Ammonia

The form of the ammonia molecule is discussed together with the theory that all of the vibrational levels of the molecule should be double due to the two equivalent positions of equilibrium of the nitrogen atom. This theory serves to explain the doubling of the \ensuremath{\parallel} band at 10.5\ensuremath{\mu} and further predicts that the lines of the 3.0\ensuremath{\mu} band should also appear as doublets although with a much finer separation. An experimental search is made for the doubling of the 3.0\ensuremath{\mu} band using an infrared spectrometer of high resolving power. The effect is found, each fine structure line appearing as a doublet with a mean separation of about 1.6 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The theoretical intensities of the \ensuremath{\parallel} type ammonia bands are computed assuming that the hydrogen nucleus possesses a spin of $\frac{1}{2}(\frac{h}{2\ensuremath{\pi}})$. When these values are compared with the observed lines of the 3.0\ensuremath{\mu} and the 10.5\ensuremath{\mu} bands, a very satisfactory agreement is obtained. This agreement furnishes a strong argument for the theory of the doubling of the ammonia bands. It further proves that those states of ammonia existing in nature have vibration---rotation---nuclear spin wave functions which are antisymmetrical for an interchange of two of the hydrogen atoms.
Extracerebral detection of seizures: A new era in epileptology?

Abstract The medical and psycho-socio-economic burden imposed on patients, caregivers, and health systems by pharmacoresistant epilepsies is enormous. Intracranial devices for automated detection, warning, and delivery of therapy, the presently preferred “line of attack” for an abundance of weighty reasons, would be insufficient to adequately address said burden on a global scale. Reliance on signals that, although extracerebral, are under cortical modulation or control and are altered by seizures, such as cardiac or motor signals, emerges as a viable research direction with potentially fruitful clinical applications. The greater ease of implementation and lower cost of automated real-time detection, warning, and therapy systems based on extracerebral signals, compared with those requiring intracranial placement, make them worthy of investigation. This article is part of a Supplemental Special Issue entitled The Future of Automated Seizure Detection and Prediction.
Force coordination in static manipulation tasks performed using standard and non-standard grasping techniques

We evaluated coordination of the hand grip force (GF; normal component of the force acting at the hand-object contact area) and load force (LF; the tangen- tial component) in a variety of grasping techniques and two LF directions. Thirteen participants exerted a continuous sinusoidal LF pattern against externally fixed handles applying both standard (i.e., using either the tips of the digits or the palms; the precision and palm grasps, respectively) and non-standard grasping techniques (using wrists and the dorsal finger areas; the wrist and fist grasp). We hypothesized (1) that the non-standard grasping tech- niques would provide deteriorated indices of force coordination when compared with the standard ones, and (2) that the nervous system would be able to adjust GF to the differences in friction coefficients of various skin areas used for grasping. However, most of the indices of force coordination remained similar across the tested grasping techniques, while the GF adjustments for the differences in friction coefficients (highest in the palm and the lowest in the fist and wrist grasp) provided inconclusive results. As hypothesized, GF relative to the skin friction was lowest in the precision grasp, but highest in the palm grasp. There- fore, we conclude that (1) the elaborate coordination of GF and LF consistently seen across the standard grasping techniques could be generalized to the non-standard ones, while (2) the ability to adjust GF using the same grasping technique to the differences in friction of various objects cannot be fully generalized to the GF adjustment when different grasps (i.e., hand segments) are used to manipulate the same object. Due to the importance of the studied phenomena for understanding both the functional and neural control aspects of manipulation, future studies should extend the current research to the transient and dynamic tasks, as well as to the general role of friction in our mechanical interactions with the environment.
Attitudes in the Provision of Public Sector Health and Mental Health Care

The development of comprehensive health and mental health services depends on a number of factors. One overlooked factor, especially for the public sector, seems to be the attitudes of the health care providers. In an attempt to address this and related issues, the Houston Consortium was designed as a prototype training model. As part of that endeavor, the attitudes of mental health trainees toward the poor, interdisciplinary interaction, and community mental health were assessed. While the ethnic identity of the students had some influence, the major findings concerned the discpline of the students. Social work students, in particular, seemed to possess or be able to develop attitudes relevant to a prominant role in primary health care.
Effects of manipulated status on performance, goal setting, achievement motivation, anxiety, and fear of success.

Summary One hundred twenty college students were tested under same- and mixed-sex competition conditions to determine the effects of manipulated status on reaction time performance, goal setting, achievement motivation, achievement anxiety, and fear of success. In same-sex competition, males and females randomly assigned to high status improved in reaction time performance, while Ss randomly assigned to low status suffered a decrement. Contrary to expectations, in mixed-sex competition (fear of success arousal condition) Ss in both high and low statuses improved in performance. Feedback was not necessary for these effects but may be necessary for goal setting that is commensurate with ability. Criterion performance was significantly correlated with both personal and group goals (with performance exceeding goals). Group goals were significantly higher than, and correlated with, personal goals. Males had significantly faster reaction times and set higher goals than females. Status did not significantly affe...
Characteristics of pools used by adult summer steelhead oversummering in the New River, California

Abstract I assessed characteristics of pools used by oversummering adults of summer steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss between July and October 1991 in the New River, northwestern California. Most fish occupied channel confluence pools and other pools of moderate size (200–1,200 m2); these pools had less than 35% substrate embeddedness and mean water depths of about 1.0–1.4 m. Microhabitat occupied during daylight hours included cover provided by bedrock ledges and boulders where water velocity averaged 9.3 cm/s (range, 1–34 cm/s); steelhead densities under this cover were highest at the higher velocities. Fish also occupied areas with riparian shading and waters deeper than 1 m. I observed localized areas of cool water in some of the study pools. The availability of coolwater areas in pools did not increase adult fish use of those pools. The results of this study indicate that the distribution of summer steelhead in the New River during July–October is more strongly controlled by physical habitat characterist...
Contextually-based data-derived pronunciation networks for automatic speech recognition

The context in which a phoneme occurs leads to consistent differences in how it is pronounced. Phonologists employ a variety of contextual descriptors, based on factors such as stress and syllable boundaries, to explain phonological variation. However, in developing pronunciation networks for speech recognition systems, little explicit use is made of context other than the use of whole word models and use of triphone models.This paper describes the creation of pronunciation networks using a wide variety of contextual factors which allow better prediction of pronunciation variation. We use a phoneme level representation which permits easy addition of new words to the vocabulary, with a flexible context representation which allows modeling of long-range effects, extending over syllables and across word-boundaries. In order to incorporate a wide variety of factors in the creation of pronunciation networks, we used data-derived context trees, which possess properties useful for pronunciation network creation.
Potentiating role of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-1β type 1 receptors in the medial hypothalamus in defensive rage behavior in the cat

Recently, this laboratory provided evidence that interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), an immune and brain-derived cytokine, microinjected into the medial hypothalamus, potentiates defensive rage behavior in the cat elicited from the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), and that such effects are blocked by a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist. Since this finding represents the first time that a brain cytokine has been shown to affect defensive rage behavior, the present study replicated and extended these findings by documenting the specific potentiating role played by IL-1beta Type 1 receptor (IL-1RI), and the anatomical relationship between IL-1beta and 5-HT2 receptors in the medial hypothalamus. IL-1beta (10 ng) microinjected into the medial hypothalamus induced two separate phases of facilitation, one at 60 min and another at 180 min, post-injection. In turn, these effects were blocked with pretreatment of the selective IL-1 Type I receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) (10 ng), demonstrating the selectivity of the effects of IL-1beta on medial hypothalamic neurons upon PAG-elicited defensive rage behavior. The next stage of the study utilized immunohistochemical methods to demonstrate that IL-1beta and 5-HT2 receptors were present on the same neurons within regions of the medial hypothalamus where IL-1beta and the IL-1beta receptor antagonists were administered. This provided anatomical evidence suggesting a relationship between IL-1RI and 5-HT2 receptors in the medial hypothalamus that is consistent with the previous pharmacological observations in our laboratory. The overall findings show that activation of IL-1RI in the medial hypothalamus potentiates defensive rage behavior in the cat and that these effects may also be linked to the presence of 5-HT2 receptors on the same groups of neurons in this region of hypothalamus.
Performance of interleukin-27 as a sepsis diagnostic biomarker in critically ill adults

Abstract Purpose We recently identified interleukin-27 (IL-27) as a sepsis diagnostic biomarker in children. Here we assess IL-27 as a sepsis diagnostic biomarker in critically ill adults with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis. Methods IL-27 and procalcitonin (PCT) were measured from plasma samples in three groups: no sepsis (n = 78), pulmonary source of sepsis (n = 66), and non-pulmonary source of sepsis (n = 43). Receiver operating characteristic curves and classification and regression tree methodology were used to evaluate biomarker performance. Results IL-27 did not discriminate effectively between sepsis and sterile systemic inflammatory response syndrome in unselected patients. The highest area under the curve (AUC) was 0.70 (95% C.I. 0.60 – 0.80) for IL-27 in subjects with a non-pulmonary source of sepsis. A decision tree incorporating IL-27, PCT, and age had an AUC of 0.79 (0.71–0.87) in subjects with a non-pulmonary source of sepsis. Compared to children with sepsis, adults with sepsis express less IL-27. Conclusions IL-27 performed overall poorly in this cohort as a sepsis diagnostic biomarker. Combining IL-27, PCT, and age reasonably estimated the risk of sepsis in subjects with a non-pulmonary source of sepsis. IL-27 may be a more reliable sepsis diagnostic biomarker in children than in adults.
REACTIVE FLOW PHENOMENA IN PULSE DETONATION ENGINES

This paper describes one- and two-dimensional numerical simulations, with simplified as well as full reaction kinetics, of a single cycle pulse detonation engine (PDE). Focus of the present studies is on 1) the presence of a nozzle extension at the end of the tube, and its effect on performance parameters as well as noise characteristics, 2) critical “spark ignition” energies associated with the initiation of a detonation in the PDE tube, and 3) quantification of performance parameters associated with full kinetics simulations of the PDE and comparison of these data sets with available experimental data. The present simulations demonstrate the ability to predict PDE reactive flow phenomena and associated performance and noise characteristics, and hence have promise as a predictive tool for the evolution of future PDE designs.
Real-time multispectral color video synthesis using an array of commodity cameras

For consumer imaging applications, multi-spectral color refers to capturing and displaying images in more than three primary colors in order to achieve color gamuts significantly larger than those produced by RGB capture and display devices. In this paper, we describe the building of a multi-camera recording system using off-the-shelf video cameras that, unlike existing multi-camera systems which rely on expensive and time consuming optical alignment of camera views, relies upon the virtual alignment of cameras performed in software and in real-time. Once images are properly aligned, the described camera system represents a recording platform that scales linearly in cost with the number of color primaries where new colors are added by simply attaching more cameras, and in this paper, we illustrate frames of the color video produced using a five camera system. The real-time aspects of this work are to both (1) collect an arbitrary number of colors simultaneously recording video at video rate and (2) synthesize and display the aligned channels on the computer screen on-line and in real time.
A randomized trial of misoprostol versus extra-amniotic sodium chloride infusion with oxytocin for induction of labor

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to compare the efficacy and safety of misoprostol and extra-amniotic sodium chloride infusion with oxytocin for induction of labor. Study Design: This randomized trial compared two methods of labor induction in women requiring cervical ripening. One hundred twenty-three women undergoing labor induction with a Bishop score ≤5 were randomly selected to receive either misoprostol, 50 μg intravaginally every 4 hours, or extra-amniotic sodium chloride infusion. The primary outcome variable was the time interval from induction to vaginal delivery. Results: Sixty-one women received extra-amniotic sodium chloride infusion and 62 women received misoprostol. The mean time interval from the start of induction to vaginal delivery was 15.0 ± 5.0 hours and 16.5 ± 7.2 hours for the extra-amniotic infusion and misoprostol groups, respectively ( P , not significant). The cesarean delivery rate was not significantly different between the 2 groups (32.8% for the extra-amniotic infusion group; 19.4% for the misoprostol group). Maternal and neonatal outcomes were similar between the 2 groups. Conclusions: Both methods of induction are equally efficacious and result in similar maternal and neonatal outcomes. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1039-44.)
Effects of trace metals on growth of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) as measured by RNA-DNA ratios

Relationships between sublethal concentrations of cadmium and zinc in natural water and metal uptake by and growth of fish were investigated. RNA-DNA ratios and weight gain were used to assess seasonal growth differences between yellow perch populations from contaminated and control sites. Whole-body concentrations of cadmium and zinc in young-of-the-year perch (Perca flavescens) were significantly different between sites. Measurable growth differences did occur and were significantly correlated with cadmium levels. Growth differences that were prominent during mid-summer were reduced by late summer. RNA-DNA ratios were sensitive indicators of fish growth.
The Last Days of the Incas – By Kim MacQuarrie

The Inca Empire was the largest empire to develop in the precontact Americas. Last in a series of states to develop in the Andes of South America, the Inca controlled a territory that stretched fro...
Non-contact small animal fluorescence imaging system for simultaneous multi-directional angular-dependent data acquisition

We present a novel non-contact small animal fluorescent molecular tomography (FMT) imaging system. At the heart of the system is a new mirror-based imaging head that was designed to provide 360-degree measurement data from an entire animal surface in one step. This imaging head consists of two conical mirrors, which considerably reduce multiple back reflections between the animal and mirror surfaces. These back reflections are common in existing mirror-based imaging heads and tend to degrade the quality of raw measurement data. In addition, the introduction of a novel ray-transfer operator allows for the inclusion of the angular dependent data in the image reconstruction process, which results in higher image resolution. We describe in detail the system design and implementation of the hardware components as well as the transport-theory-based image reconstruction algorithm. Using numerical simulations, measurements on a well-defined phantom and a live animal, we evaluate the system performance and show the advantages of our approach.
Biomarkers in epilepsy: introduction.

Epilepsy is the most common serious primary disease of the brain, accounting for 1% of the global burden of disease. Diagnosis and treatment suffer from a lack of reliable biomarkers for either epileptogenicity, the presence and severity of an epilepsy condition, or epileptogenesis, the development and progression of an epilepsy condition. The identification of reliable biomarkers would greatly facilitate differential diagnosis, eliminate the current trial-and-error approach to pharmacotherapy, facilitate presurgical evaluation, and greatly improve the cost–effectiveness of drug discovery and clinical trials of agents designed to treat, prevent and cure epilepsy. Identification of reliable biomarkers of epileptogenicity and epileptogenesis for research and clinical applications is a high-priority goal for the epilepsy community. Recent advances in electrophysiology, neuroimaging, molecular biology and genetics promise to reveal clinically useful biomarkers for epilepsy in the near future.
Mate choice preferences in an intergroup context: evidence for a sexual coercion threat-management system among women

Abstract Given the importance of reproductive choice in female mating strategies, women may be equipped with a threat-management system that functions to protect reproductive choice by avoiding individuals and situations that have historically posed an increased threat of sexual coercion. Previous research suggests that bias against outgroup men may be one consequence of such a system, resulting from an evolutionary history of intergroup conflict in which women were often at increased risk of sexual assault from outgroup men. We provide a critical extension to this literature by demonstrating that the output of this system is not limited to attitudinal biases, but extends to behavioral decisions regarding dating, particularly among women for whom threats to reproductive choice are most costly and perceived to be most likely. Participants received an unsolicited dating request made by an ingroup or outgroup member, with group boundaries manipulated in a minimal-group paradigm. Consistent with predictions, women self-appraised as vulnerable to sexual coercion were less likely to agree to date requests from outgroup members, but not ingroup members, during the fertile period of the menstrual cycle. Our findings are consistent with the notion that women possess a psychological system that functions to protect reproductive choice by avoiding individuals that historically posed an increased threat of sexual coercion, and that this system may be calibrated to be most strongly activated among women who both appraise themselves as vulnerable and for whom threats to reproductive choice are most costly.
The Queued-Code in Finite-State Markov Fading Channels with Large Delay Bounds

A `queued-code' is a novel channel code, whose input rate is instantaneously adapted to the channel state information, assumed to be known to the transmitter. Previously, a queued-code was demonstrated for i.i.d. block fading channels, demonstrating significant gains, in terms of error exponent, over a fixed rate code. This paper demonstrates the performance gain of the queued-code in the more realistic case of a Finite-State Markov fading channel. Similar to the block-fading result, the analysis required combines the concept of random coding bounds from information theory, and the concept of effective capacity, arising from large deviation theory analysis of queues. However, a result on the limiting moment generating function of Markov chains is the additional tool required for the analysis.
New Concepts of Obstetric and Gynecologic Infection

• Multiple organisms are usually recovered from patients with acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). The sexually transmitted organisms Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis , and genital mycoplasmas frequently initiate infection. Although aerobic and anaerobic bacteria that constitute the normal vaginal flora are frequent secondary invaders following an initial sexually transmitted infection, these bacteria can also primarily cause PID. Early postpartum endometritis, the most common postpartum infection, amniotic fluid infection, and infection following hysterectomy are usually caused by the aerobic and anaerobic bacteria that constitute the normal vaginal flora. Because the organisms that cause the various obstetric-gynecologic infections are often found in combination, it is necessary to begin therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Many of these infections are caused by anaerobic bacteria and it is often necessary to select antibiotics that inhibit anaerobes. ( Arch Intern Med 1982;142:2039-2044)
By the Numbers: A Visual Chronicle of Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-eq.) emissions are now considered a de facto indicator of environmental impact. Through a series of visuals, this chapter highlights the size and scope of carbon emissions at multiple levels—countries, cities, industrial sectors and products.
Multidimensional Scaling by Deterministic Annealing with Iterative Majorization Algorithm

Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) is a dimension reduction method for information visualization, which is set up as a non-linear optimization problem. It is applicable to many data intensive scientific problems including studies of DNA sequences but tends to get trapped in local minima. Deterministic Annealing (DA) has been applied to many optimization problems to avoid local minima. We apply DA approach to MDS problem in this paper and show that our proposed DA approach improves the mapping quality and shows high reliability in a variety of experimental results. Further its execution time is similar to that of the un-annealed approach. We use different data sets for comparing the proposed DA approach with both a well known algorithm called SMACOF and a MDS with distance smoothing method which aims to avoid local optima. Our proposed DA method outperforms SMACOF algorithm and the distance smoothing MDS algorithm in terms of the mapping quality and shows much less sensitivity with respect to initial configurations and stopping condition. We also investigate various temperature cooling parameters for our deterministic annealing method within an exponential cooling scheme.
Genomic Profiling of Collaborative Cross Founder Mice Infected with Respiratory Viruses Reveals Novel Transcripts and Infection-Related Strain-Specific Gene and Isoform Expression

Genetic variation between diverse mouse species is well-characterized, yet existing knowledge of the mouse transcriptome comes largely from one mouse strain (C57BL/6J). As such, it is unlikely to reflect the transcriptional complexity of the mouse species. Gene transcription is dynamic and condition-specific; therefore, to better understand the mouse transcriptional response to respiratory virus infection, we infected the eight founder strains of the Collaborative Cross with either influenza A virus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and sequenced lung RNA samples at 2 and 4 days after infection. We found numerous instances of transcripts that were not present in the C57BL/6J reference annotation, indicating that a nontrivial proportion of the mouse genome is transcribed but poorly annotated. Of these novel transcripts, 2150 could be aligned to human or rat genomes, but not to existing mouse genomes, suggesting functionally conserved sequences not yet recorded in mouse genomes. We also found that respiratory virus infection induced differential expression of 4287 splicing junctions, resulting in strain-specific isoform expression. Of these, 59 were influenced by strain-specific mutations within 2 base pairs of key intron–exon boundaries, suggesting cis-regulated expression. Our results reveal the complexity of the transcriptional response to viral infection, previously undocumented genomic elements, and extensive diversity in the response across mouse strains. These findings identify hitherto unexplored transcriptional patterns and undocumented transcripts in genetically diverse mice. Host genetic variation drives the complexity and diversity of the host response by eliciting starkly different transcriptional profiles in response to a viral infection.
Effects of the 1997 98 El Niño on seasonal variations in suspended and sinking particles in the Santa Barbara basin

The relationship between water column processes and sedimentation was investigated using a five year time series of bi-weekly water column measurements and continuous sediment trap collections in the Santa Barbara Basin, California. Conditions during the strong El Nino period of 1997-98 were compared to those during the previous years and the post El Nino period. Suspended particulate concentrations of chlorophyll a (chl a), particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate organic nitrogen (PON) and biogenic silica (bSi) normally underwent a seasonal cycle characterized by high phytoplankton abundance in the spring, dominated by diatoms, followed by lower concentrations of biogenic particles throughout the rest of the year. Maxima in sinking fluxes of POC, PON, bSi and lithogenic silica (lSi) generally occurred during the summer. Prior to the El Nino period, molar ratios of C/N, Si/C and Si/N were all higher in sinking particulate material relative to particulate material suspended in the upper 75 m. Si/N and Si/C ratios were highest in the spring and summer in both surface and sinking pools. During the 1997-98 El Nino, the seasonal evolution of the density structure of surface waters was altered by the presence of a water mass high in temperature and low in salinity. The depression of the thermocline resulted in concen- trations of nitrate, phosphate and dissolved silicon in the upper 75 m becoming lower that those measured in other years. Mean chl a and bSi concentrations integrated from the surface to 75 m were low on an annual basis, but there were no clear changes in the seasonality of suspended particle concentrations. Perhaps unexpectedly, fluxes of POC, PON and lSi at 470 m increased during the El Nino period. Lower C/N ratios and shorter turnover times suggest increases in the export ratios of POC and PON at that time. We hypothesize that the increase in lSi flux, despite the absence of elevated concentrations of lSi in the upper 75 m, resulted from the lateral advection of particles into the region from the increased riverine discharges at the margins of the basin and subsequent scavenging of the small particles by organic material. Decreases in ratios of C/N, Si/C and Si/N in sinking particles that occurred during the El Nino were sustained until the end of the time series in June 1999, and may have resulted from a shift toward a less diatom dominated pool of sinking particles.  2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Relation between kidney function, proteinuria, and adverse outcomes—a critical look at the application of medical statistics in the Nephrology literature

In a recent publication in the Journal of the American Medical Association , Hemmelgarn et al. 1 studied an impressively large cohort, over a million participants, and concluded that the risk of mortality, myocardial infarction and progression to kidney failure associated with a given level of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are independently increased in patients with higher levels of proteinuria. Their use of extensive and elaborate statistical analyses is highly commendable. Limitations noted include its observational nature, the cross-sectional nature of the data and the limited number of individual participant data as compared to the group-level patient data.1 While agreeing with the general trend of the article, other limitations must be acknowledged. First and foremost, …
Precocial development of locomotor performance in a ground-dwelling bird (Alectoris chukar): negotiating a three-dimensional terrestrial environment

Developing animals are particularly vulnerable to predation. Hence, precocial young of many taxa develop predator escape performance that rivals that of adults. Ontogenetically unique among vertebrates, birds transition from hind limb to forelimb dependence for escape behaviours, so developmental investment for immediate gains in running performance may impair flight performance later. Here, in a three-dimensional kinematic study of developing birds performing pre-flight flapping locomotor behaviours, wing-assisted incline running (WAIR) and a newly described behaviour, controlled flapping descent (CFD), we define three stages of locomotor ontogeny in a model gallinaceous bird ( Alectoris chukar ). In stage I (1–7 days post-hatching (dph)) birds crawl quadrupedally during ascents, and their flapping fails to reduce their acceleration during aerial descents. Stage II (8–19 dph) birds use symmetric wing beats during WAIR, and in CFD significantly reduce acceleration while controlling body pitch to land on their feet. In stage III (20 dph to adults), birds are capable of vertical WAIR and level-powered flight. In contrast to altricial species, which first fly when nearly at adult mass, we show that in a precocial bird the major requirements for flight (i.e. high power output, wing control and wing size) convene by around 8 dph (at ca 5% of adult mass) and yield significant gains in escape performance: immature chukars can fly by 20 dph, at only about 12 per cent of adult mass.
The successful use of simple tube duodenostomy in large duodenal perforations from varied etiologies.

Abstract INTRODUCTION Tube decompression of the duodenum is an old but underutilized technique known to decrease morbidity and mortality in patients with difficult to manage duodenal injuries. Broad arrays of techniques have been described in the literature and are reviewed, but most are complex procedures not appropriate for the management of an unstable patient. PRESENTATION OF CASE In this paper we describe the technique of tube duodenostomy and the successful application in three cases of large defects (>3 cm) which two of these cases had failed previous repair attempts. The defects were caused by very different etiologies, including blunt trauma, peptic ulcer disease and erosion from cancer. All were finally managed by application of tube duodenostomy with success. DISCUSSION Patients with “difficult to manage duodenum” usually present with hemodynamic instability with hostile abdomen. Complex procedures in an unstable patient are associated with adverse outcomes. In patients with significant comorbidities and instability the damage control principle of trauma surgery is gaining popularity. Tube duodenostomy technique described in this paper fits in well with that principle. CONCLUSION Application of tube duodenostomy instead of a complex procedure in an unstable patient provides an opportunity to stabilize the patient, converting an impending catastrophe to a future scheduled surgery.
Effects of reduced-fat modified wet distillers grains with solubles on beef steer performance and carcass composition

Two experiments were conducted to examine feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of beef steers fed reduced-fat, modified wet distillers grains with solubles (RMDGS). Angus cross steers were stratified by BW in each experiment and assigned to 20 pens containing either 6 or 7 steers per pen. In Exp. 1, pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 diets containing 15% corn silage and 1) 25.0% RMDGS and 57.04% whole shelled corn (25 RMDGS); 2) 40.0% RMDGS and 42.69% whole shelled corn (40 RMDGS); 3) 70.0% RMDGS and 12.49% whole shelled corn, fed 84 d, then switched to 40 RMDGS (70/40 RMDGS); 4) 70.0% RMDGS and 12.49% whole shelled corn (70 RMDGS). In Exp. 2, the same diets were fed except 70/40 RMDGS was replaced with a diet containing 73.16% whole shelled corn and 9.60% soybean meal (0 RMDGS). In Exp. 1, no significant differences in DMI, ADG, G:F, or carcass characteristics were found. In Exp. 2, DMI increased (P = 0.003) with increasing RMDGS. In Exp. 2, LM samples from 2 steers in each pen at each slaughter date were analyzed. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in percentage of moisture, fat, or cooking loss in shear force of rib steaks among treatments. Steers fed the 70 RMDGS diet produced rib steaks with lower a* (P < 0.05) following 7 d of chilled storage. Fatty acid analysis showed an increase (P < 0.05) in SFA at the expense of MUFA because of RMDGS supplementation. Increases were observed in PUFA, PUFA/SFA, conjugated linoleic acid, and omega-6 fats, with increasing RMDGS. Steers fed 70 RMDGS had inconsistent feedlot performance with a trend for lighter HCW, lower QG, and reduced meat quality.
Comparison of secondhand smoke exposure in minority and nonminority children with asthma.

OBJECTIVE This study determined if secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is related to asthma-related functional morbidity by examining racial/ethnic differences in non-Latino White (NLW), African American, and Latino families and whether racial/ethnic SHS exposure differences across families persist when accounting for smoking factors. METHODS Participants were 305 caregiver smokers of children with asthma. Two passive dosimeters measured secondhand smoke: one in the home and one worn by the child. RESULTS Higher SHS exposure was related to greater asthma-related functional morbidity. African Americans had higher levels of home SHS exposure than did Latinos (p = .003) or NLWs (p = .021). SHS exposure as assessed by the child-worn dosimeter did not differ across race/ethnicity. African American families were less likely to report a household smoking ban (46.4%) compared to Latinos (79.2%) and NLWs (67.9%; p < .05). African Americans were less likely to report having two or more smokers in the home (37.2%) compared to NLWs (53.6%; p < .05). NLWs reported the highest number of cigarettes smoked daily (Mdn = 15.00) compared to Latinos (Mdn = 10.00; p = .001) and African Americans (Mdn = 10.00; p < .001). SHS home exposure levels were regressed on race/ethnicity and relevant covariates. Household smoking ban (p < .001) and only one smoker in the home (p = .005) were associated with lower levels of SHS in the home; race/ethnicity was not significant. CONCLUSIONS Differences in SHS exposure across race/ethnicity exist among children with asthma, possibly due to differential presence of a household smoking ban and number of smokers in the home.
Chemical and organoleptic changes in poultry meat resulting from the growth of psychrophylic spoilage bacteria at 1 degree C. I. Introduction and changes in free amino acids.

Synopsis Changes in pH and in the free amino acid content of chicken breast and leg muscle inoculated with micro‐organisms in pure or mixed culture and stored at 1° C have been measured. Control experiments with aseptically prepared antibiotic‐treated samples separated the effects of autolysis from those attributable to the bacteria. A pigmented strain of Pseudomonas and Pseudomonas putrefaciens at counts up to 108 organisms/g produced smaller effects than autolysis, but somewhat larger changes resulted from the growth to 109/g of the pigmented Pseudomonas and, particularly, of a mixed culture of the two bacteria with three others normally present on chill‐stored chicken. The possible effects of these changes on flavour are discussed.