cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What controls levels of dissolved phosphate and ammonium in surface waters

Dissolved inorganic nutrient pools are small relative to particulate pools, and dissolved pools turnover rapidly. It has been observed that pools change little from day to day on the sampling scales usually employed. A simple model is presented where uptake and regeneration rates balance to cause a local steady state concentration for dissolved inorganic nutrients. Enrichment and dilution perturbation experiments with lake water support the idea of steady state nutrient concentrations. Although inorganic nutrient concentrations are often controlled by biota, the absolute concentrations present tell little about the activity of that biota.
An Evolution of Communication Modalities: Very Young Cochlear Implant Users who Transitioned from Sign to Speech During the First Years of Use.

Abstract The communication modalities used and the articulation and aural-only receptive vocabulary skills were investigated in 19 prelingually profoundly deaf infants who initially utilized Total Communication (TC) and who were implanted between the ages of 12 and 29 months of age. Results revealed the children overwhelmingly used voice-only modality for an expressive task. Additionally, articulation and receptive vocabulary skills approached those of normal hearing peers. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future studies are provided.
The Relationship Between School Absence, Academic Performance, and Asthma Status

Background: Children with asthma experience more absenteeism from school compared with their nonasthma peers. Excessive absenteeism is related to lower student grades, psychological, social, and educational adjustment. Less is known about the relationship between the presence of asthma and the academic achievement in school-aged children. Since students with asthma miss more days from school, this may negatively impact their academic achievement. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationships between absenteeism, presence of asthma, and asthma severity level with standardized test level performance in a predominantly African American urban school district. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted of 3812 students (aged 8-17 years) who took the Missouri Assessment Program (MAP) standardized test during the 2002-2003 academic year. Results: After adjustment for covariates, a significant inverse relationship was found between absenteeism and test level performance on the MAP standardized test in all children (F = 203.9, p < .001). There was no overall difference in test level achievement between those with and without asthma (p = .12). Though not statistically different, those with persistent asthma showed a modestly increased likelihood of scoring below Nearing Proficient compared with those with mild intermittent asthma (adjusted odds ratio = 1.93, 95% confidence intervals = 0.93-4.01, p = .08). Conclusions: A negative impact of absenteeism on standardized test level achievement was demonstrated in children from an urban African American school district. Children with asthma perform the same academically as their nonasthma peers. However, those with persistent asthma show a trend of performing worse on MAP standardized test scores and have more absence days compared with other students. More research is warranted on the effects of persistent asthma on academic achievement.
National heart, lung, and blood institute type II coronary intervention study: Design, methods, and baseline characteristics☆

The Type II Coronary Intervention Study (Type II Study) is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted by the Division of Intramural Research of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of Bethesda, Maryland. The study was designed to evaluate the 5-year treatment effect of cholestyramine on low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and on lesions in the coronary arteries. One hundred forty-three patients with Type II hyperlipoproteinemia (elevated LDL cholesterol) and coronary artery disease (CAD) were entered into the study between 1972 and 1976. Patients were stratified by sex and extent of coronary disease as defined angiographically and were randomly allocated to a daily dosage of 24 g cholestyramine and diet (treatment group) or placebo and diet (control group). Changes in the coronary arteries were evaluated by sequential coronary angiography carried out before and after five years of treatment. This report describes the trial design and baseline characteristics of the study patients.
Strategy I and strategy II mechanisms affecting iron availability to plants may be established too narrow or limited

Abstract In order to denote differences in mechanisms for iron uptake, two very different strategies have been suggested for the acquisition of iron in the plant kingdom. In Strategy I (in most non‐graminaceous species), it has been suggested that reduction of Fe(III) is an obligatory step in making iron available to the plant. Whereas in Strategy II (in grasses) the reduction of Fe(III) is not involved in uptake of Fe phytosiderophores. For Strategy I plants, emphasis has been placed on an inducible plasma‐membrane‐bound reductase with hydrogen ion release from roots; very little emphasis is given to release of reductants by roots or a role for citrate in transporting Fe as Fe‐citrate to plant tops. Factors initiated in response to Fe‐deficiency stress for K‐deficient tomatoes and soybeans and plants grown under two different light sources will be discussed indicating release of reductants by roots may be an important factor essential to uptake of iron in Strategy I plants. Both Fe‐inefficient and Fe‐eff...
Shope Papilloma Virus: A Passenger in Man and its Significance to the Potential Control of the Host Genome

Shope Papilloma Virus: A Passenger in Man and its Significance to the Potential Control of the Host Genome
Determination of Minimal Clinically Important Change in Early and Advanced Parkinson's Disease

Two common primary efficacy outcome measures in Parkinson's disease (PD) are change in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores in early PD and change in "off" time in patients with motor fluctuations. Defining the minimal clinically important change (MCIC) in these outcome measures is important to interpret the clinical relevance of changes observed in clinical trials and other situations. We analyzed data from 2 multicenter, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials of rasagiline; TEMPO studied 404 early PD subjects, and PRESTO studied 472 levodopa-treated subjects with motor fluctuations. An anchor-based approach using clinical global impression of improvement (CGI-I) was used to determine MCIC for UPDRS scores and daily "off" time. MCIC was defined as mean change in actively treated subjects rated minimally improved on CGI-I. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves defined optimal cutoffs discriminating between changed and unchanged subjects. MCIC for improvement in total UPDRS score (parts I-III) in early PD was determined to be -3.5 points based on mean scores and -3.0 points based on ROC curves. In addition, we found an MCIC for reduction in "off" time of 1.0 hours as defined by mean reduction in "off" time in active treated subjects self-rated as minimally improved on CGI-I minus mean reduction in "off" time in placebo-treated subjects self-rated as unchanged (1.9-0.9 hours). We hypothesize that many methodological factors can influence determination of the MCIC, and a range of values is likely to emerge from multiple studies.
Energy Landscape of Adenylate Kinase: Phosphoryl Transfer and Conformational Transitions

Catalytic function of many enzymes is comprised of a number of microscopic steps including enzyme structural rearrangements and the chemical steps, in which bonds of the substrate(s) are broken/made to synthesize the product(s). Separation of these processes is a challenging task that hinders our understanding of enzyme catalysis. We have used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and rapid-quenching techniques to independently study these processes in adenylate kinase (ADK) and to characterize their energetic contribution at atomic resolution. Adenylate kinase is an important enzyme that catalyzes a reversible reaction: 2ADP ↔ ATP +AMP, and is involved in maintaining energy homeostasis in a cell. Two binding sites of ADK and three different ligands result in a variety of biochemical states (determined by the bound ligands). Each of these states has different dynamic properties making the overall structural dynamics of ADK complex. We have tackled this problem by engineering a loss-of-function ADK mutant (with greatly reduced rate of turnover), which allowed us to “trap” the enzyme in well-defined biochemical states. Our results lead to a detailed energy profile of ADK, providing insights into the molecular mechanism of its functioning. This work reveals fundamental principles of enzyme catalysis and highlights the role of protein's intrinsic dynamics.
Influence of temperature on yolk utilization by the white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus

The utilization of yolk nutrients by the white sturgeon was investigated at incubation temperatures of 11, 14, 17, and 20° C. The rates of development and dry matter loss are temperature dependent, with an upper critical temperature between 17 and 20° C above which survival is reduced (the temperature range investigated was not sufficient to allow determination of a lower critical temperature). The patterns of yolk utilization are similar to those of other fish. Protein depletion occurs at relatively constant rates throughout yolk nutrition, with the highest rate observed at 20° C. More than 95% of the original lipid levels were still present at hatch, except at 20° C (88%). After hatch, lipid content rapidly decreased at all temperatures, with fish incubated at 11° C possessing higher lipid levels at yolk depletion. The question of why the temperature tolerances of early life stages are more limited than those of older fish is discussed.
GRIP STRENGTH AS A FUNCTION OF EXPOSURE TO RED OR GREEN VISUAL STIMULATION

40 male college students exhibited greater grip strength in the presence of red visual stimulation than they did when exposed to green. Several confounding factors present in previous tests of the color-strength hypothesis were carefully controlled.
An accessory protein of DNA polymerase α declines in function with increasing age

Isoforms of DNA polymerase alpha (pol alpha/primase; pol alpha) were isolated from the livers of C57BL/6 mice either 3 months old (young) or 13 months old (mature). The 13-month-old mice were from two groups, one in which food was available ad libitum (AL), and one in which calories had been restricted to 60% of the AL intake (CR). The polymerases from young vs. mature and CR vs. AL mice differed in total and specific pol alpha activity, with the highest values exhibited by enzymes from 3-month-old mice. A more active isoform of pol alpha was typically isolated from CR animals than from AL animals. Differences in charge were used to chromatographically separate pol alpha into elution peaks exhibiting differing degrees of enzyme activity. DNA pol alpha isolated from tissues of mature mice exhibited a decline in activity which was not associated with decreased recoverable levels of pol alpha protein, but with a decline in the tendency of pol alpha to co-purify with an accessory protein, alpha AP, that binds double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Low activity pol alpha isoforms which did not co-purify with alpha AP were stimulated by interaction with exogenous alpha AP. Pol alpha isoforms which co-purified with the dsDNA-binding accessory protein exhibited higher specific activity and less enhancement of activity upon interaction with exogenous alpha AP. Calorie restricted animals exhibited a pol alpha isoform that was more like pol alpha from younger animals in that it typically copurified with alpha AP, the DNA-binding accessory protein.
Free diffusion measured by biological assay in multilayered cells. I. Tables of the average concentration in successive layers and the effect of assay errors.

Abstract The expressions for free diffusion from an initial infinitely sharp boundary were considered in terms of the type of concentration measurement made and its error. The percentage error in the computed diffusion coefficient D will be less than the percentage concentration error if c c o h / (2 Dt ) > 0.8 . Here co is the initial concentration below the boundary, t the time and h the height of the measurement plane above the boundary. If the concentration can be measured where c c o ≈ 10 −5 , then a 100% error in c c o causes only a 10% error in D. A table is given of the integral of the error function complement (ierfc x) to seven figures for 0.05 increments in the argument to 2.55 and six figures to 5.40. The average relative concentration c c o of successive, finite volume fractions was computed from ierfc x for a multilayered, double-infinite cell intended for nonoptical diffusion measurements. Using this table and the method of reflection, an appropriate table can be constructed for any finite cell. A special case of such restricted diffusion is presented for a five-layer cell in which the initial solution occupies the lowest layer. For both the double-infinite and the five-layer cells the weighting factor for each entry in the table of c c o is given for use in obtaining a weighted mean diffusion coefficient from all the data from several fractions in one experiment or replicate experiments.
SU‐GG‐I‐131: Assessment of Transducer Artifacts Using a Novel, Low Cost Ultrasound Phantom

Purpose:Ultrasound artifacts are often identified by scanning a uniform region of a rigid tissue‐mimicking phantom while moving the transducer across the scan surface, and identifying any deviations from the expected smooth echotexture. Due to the rigid nature of commercial phantoms it is difficult to simultaneously couple the entire face of curved array transducers. We have proposed a novel low cost liquid phantom with a flexible scan surface. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the proof of concept of this unique phantom. Method and Materials: The phantom consisted of a water/cornstarch solution enclosed in a thin latex balloon (thickness 0.24 mm). When shaken, the cornstarch provides a dynamic speckle pattern. Initial experiments were conducted to establish the basic effectiveness of this innovative phantom to demonstrate artifacts, to assess reproducibility of image acquisition, and inter‐operator variability. The phantom was imaged using an Acuson Sequoia US scanner and 4 transducer models (9L4, 6C2, 4V1 and EC‐10C5), and dynamic clips of the changing speckle field were recorded. Two transducers with independently‐confirmed artifacts were also tested. Results: The flexible scanning surface allowed excellent acoustic coupling of the entire face of all transducer models with the phantom, including tightly curved arrays. Little manual transducer motion was required with the liquid phantom as a result of the dynamic speckle field. Artifacts due to inactive elements were detected, including a single crystal dropout. Using a defined scan protocol, reproducible clips exhibiting low inter‐ and intra‐ operator dependency were obtained by 5 operators with minimal training, for transducers with and without artifacts. Conclusion: Due to its ease of operation, low cost, and sensitivity, this phantom may be superior to current methods of detecting ultrasound artifacts, and has the potential to promote better acceptance and compliance of ultrasound quality control.
Yorkie: the final destination of Hippo signaling

The Hippo signaling pathway is a key regulator of growth during animal development, whereas loss of normal Hippo pathway activity is associated with a wide range of cancers. Hippo signaling represses growth by inhibiting the activity of a transcriptional co-activator protein, known as Yorkie in Drosophila and Yap in vertebrates. In the 5 years since the first report linking Yorkie to Hippo signaling, intense interest in this pathway has led to rapid increases in our understanding of the action and regulation of Yorkie/Yap, which we review here. These studies have also emphasized the complexity of Yorkie/Yap regulation, including multiple, distinct mechanisms for repressing its transcriptional activity, and multiple DNA-binding partner proteins that can direct Yorkie to distinct downstream target genes.
Nouvelles aventures de Gulliver à Blefuscu : traductions, retraductions et rééditions des Voyages de Gulliver sous la monarchie de Juillet

Les Voyages de Gulliver (Swift, 1726) connaissent un grand succes au xixe siecle en France. Les quelque cent editions parues entre 1815 et 1898 presentent une quinzaine de revisions distinctes, de versions abregees ou expurgees et de retraductions, quoique la traduction realisee par Pierre-Francois Guyot, abbe Desfontaines, en 1727 reste predominante. L’analyse de trois versions publiees entre 1832 et 1843 (une reedition du texte de Desfontaines, une retraduction et une version expurgee pour la jeunesse), revele comment la notion de traduction a evolue en un siecle et demi. L’etude du discours paratextuel et d’exemples tires des passages les plus problematiques – s’agissant du « bon gout » ou des convenances – montre que des positions divergentes en matiere de traduction cohabitent tout au cours du xixe siecle, cependant que les editeurs semblent s’entendre pour proposer au lectorat francais des textes retravailles, qui ont transforme notre lecture de Gulliver en le vidant de son essence et en l’infantilisant.
Earth's neodymium budget and structure and evolution of the mantle

Neodymium and strontium isotopic data from rocks can be satisfied by a model in which the mantle contains chemical heterogeneities of many sizes which are less depleted in incompatible elements than the surrounding mantle, and in which the entire mantle is slowly mixed by convection.
Evaluating the Potential of Interactive Media through a New Lens: Search versus Experience Goods

Abstract The burgeoning growth of interactive media, and more specifically the Internet, as communication vehicles has inspired a flurry of market research that attempts to measure the impact of advertising in the new media, utilizing traditional advertising measurement methods. However, the full impact of these new media will not be realized unless we engage in more thorough research into how to evaluate their potential in terms of their influence on information search behavior. This article seeks to provide direction for such exploration by proposing a new model of consumer information search that integrates the principles of information economics and a goods classification model based on the search/experience/credence paradigm. This model will facilitate a greater understanding by marketers and academics of how a medium can influence consumer information search through its impact on the critical information consumers have access to prior to product usage.
Morphological evolution of growing crystals: A Monte Carlo simulation

A Monte Carlo model is used to simulate the morphological evolution of crystals growing from a vapor phase. The model combines nutrient diffusion, based on a modified diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) process, with anisotropic surface-attachment kinetics and surface diffusion. First- and second-nearest-neighbor interactions are taken into account. Through a systematic variation of the simulation (growth) parameters, the whole range of growth morphologies observed in nature is recovered. Depending on the imposed temperature, supersaturation, and bond energies, the model crystals are found to grow either fully faceted or with (dendritic) protrusions which, in turn, can either be branchless or develop side branches with smooth or split tips. The successive transitions from compact faceted to open dendritic morphologies are seen to arise as a collective result of nutrient diffusion and interface kinetics. The scale invariance exhibited by DLA does not generally hold in (dendritic) crystal growth. Thus, this work is not only an extension of previous DLA-type simulations, but affords physical insight into the nature of the interaction of crystal morphology with surface and volume processes.
Sensitivity of electron stimulated desorption to surface oxygen on Rh(111) and Pt(111)

Surface oxygen on Rh(111) and Pt(111) has been investigated using Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron stimulated desorption (ESD). Pt(111) surfaces have been investigated with temperature programmed desorption as well. ESD kinetic energy distributions (KEDs) for positive and negative ions indicate the presence of multiple bonding states for oxygen on both surfaces. ESD KEDs from surfaces judged clean with AES and XPS show the persistence of one oxygen state after cleaning. This ESD peak remains after repeated high temperature anneals, suggesting that it arises from oxygen bonded to impurities or as near-surface metal oxides. This persistent signal makes ESD a much more sensitive probe for this low-coverage oxygen state on the Rh(111) and Pt(111) surfaces than common surface spectroscopies such as AES and XPS.
Importance of submarine valleys in funneling sediments to the deep sea

Abstract The origin of submarine canyons has long been a source of disagreement among geologists. It is now becoming evident that whatever their origin, the canyons are of great importance to sedimentation. Much or perhaps most of the coarse sediment moves along their axes in order to build up thick sediment masses, which are found along the base of the continental slopes and in basins of intermediate depth like those off southern California. The canyons and other types of submarine valleys are particularly important because so many of them penetrate the continental shelves, having heads right next to the coasts. As a result, sediments drifted along the shore or introduced directly into the canyons by streams, build up very rapidly and form unstable masses subject to slump, sand flows, and turbidity currents. Virtually all cores in canyon floors contain sand. The sediments on the broad fans beyond the submarine canyons include many sand layers, even where very low angles of slope exist. On the other hand, sand layers are apparently rare in basins beyond slopes that lack canyons. We have no reason to believe that canyons are a Pleistocene development. There is now ample evidence of the existence of paleo canyons in the stratigraphic column, and it can be assumed that these canyons supplied much of the sediment to ancient basins.
Application of an irreversible opiate antagonist (β-FNA, β-funal-trexamine) to demonstrate dynorphin selectivity for K-opioid sites

Application of 100 nM beta-FNA for 60 minutes to isolated longitudinal muscles-myenteric plexus preparations from the guinea pig ileum caused a marked antagonism of the inhibitory action of normorphine and leucine enkephalin without greatly affecting the inhibitory potency of dynorphin or ethylketocyclazocine. The interaction of beta-FNA with the normorphine (mu-opiate receptors) appears to be non-equilibrium. Pretreatment with beta-FNA caused a significant increase in the apparent naloxone dissociation constant for normorphine and leucine enkephalin but not for dynorphin or ethylketocyclazocine. The results lend further support to the hypothesis that normorphine and the enkephalins activate preferentially mu-opiate receptors on the ileum, whereas dynorphin interacts predominantly at k-opiate sites.
Roman Catholic Social Thought and Economic Theory: An Agenda for the Future

The futures of both economic theory and Catholic Social Thought (CST) hold much promise. Recent developments in microeconomic theory and game theory demonstrate that in a world of interdependence and imperfect information, individual self-interest frequently results in socially irrational outcomes. As a result, cooperative behavior is needed to complement self-interested behavior to yield efficient economic outcomes. These developments are in harmony with the communitarian foundations of CST. Theologians could use this work to provide a stronger foundation for CST. Social economists could interpret and apply these developments in economic theory in ways that would show how CST can be important for economic policy. This article is a first attempt to look at some of the possibilities and to suggest future work for social economists. I. A Comparison of First Principles Possibly the most important difference between traditional micro economic theory and CST is that the former is based on an individualist conception of society and the latter on a communitarian vision. That difference is based, in turn, on different assumptions of how morally and factually independent or interdependent individuals are in society. If individual members of society are independent of each other, microeconomic theory argues that pursuit of self-interest can lead to the common good. However, if interdependencies are the rule, not the exception, market failures make it impossible to attain the common good without collective intervention. Public sponsorship of cooperation as a complement to market competition is a possible means to attain the common good. Catholic social thought ? from Pope Leo XIII's Rerum Novarum (NCCB, 1985) in 1891 to the U.S. Bishops' Economic Justice for All: Pastoral Letter on Catholic Social Teaching and the U.S. Economy (NCBB, *0034-6764/91 /1201 -566/$ 1.50/0.
Laser communication component technologies: database, status, and trends

A database of component and subsystem technologies for free-space laser communications has been compiled. This document discusses technology assessment for free-space lasercomm components, and contains a collection of characteristics of commercially available and one-of- a-kind components that were made for laser communication and other relevant applications. The document also includes quantitative data on laser communication systems that were constructed in the past, along with plots of development trends for specific component technologies as a function of time. We intend to continually update this information with the assistance of lasercomm community and industries involved. First draft of the document will be distributed by mid 1996 for comments and corrections. It is expected that this collection of data will serve as a handbook to lasercomm system engineers and designers.
Participation of Ca2+/calmodulin during activation of rat neutrophils by polychlorinated biphenyls.

The effects of Ca2+ and Ca2+/calmodulin on the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-induced activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in rat neutrophils were examined. The commercial PCB mixture Aroclor 1242 induced activation of PLA2 and promoted an increase in the intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). Bromoenol lactone (BEL), an inhibitor of the Ca2+-independent PLA2 isoform (iPLA2) activated by PCBs, did not abrogate the increase in [Ca2+]i, suggesting that this change in Ca2+ concentration is not downstream from the activation of iPLA2. TMB-8 [8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate], a blocker of the release of intracellular Ca2+, decreased Aroclor 1242-induced stimulation of PLA2 with a maximal inhibition of 17% at 50 μM. These two results suggest little direct dependence between the PCB-induced activation of iPLA2 and increase in [Ca2+]i. Calmidazolium and W7 [N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide], two chemically distinct calmodulin inhibitors, inhibited Aroclor 1242-induced PLA2 activity, whereas trifluoperazine (TFP), another inhibitor of calmodulin, had no effect at noncytotoxic concentrations. Thus, activation of PLA2 is dependent, in part, on calmodulin. Furthermore, both TFP and Aroclor 1242 inhibited neutrophil degranulation stimulated by the bacterial peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. These results raise the possibility that some of the effects of PCBs on neutrophil function can be explained by effects on Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent processes.
Electrochemical oxidation of barbituric acids at low pH in the presence of chloride ion.

Barbituric acid, 1-methylbarbituric acid and 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid are electrochemically oxidized at the pyrolytic graphite electrode by way of a single voltammetric peak at pH 1 in the presence of chloride ion. At least four products are formed as a result of the reaction, the three major products, accounting for more than 80–90% of the oxidized barbituric acid, are the appropriately N-methylated 5,5′-dichlorohydurilic acids, 5,5-dichlorobarbituric acids and alloxans. The mechanism appears to proceed by an initial potential-controlling 1e/1H+ oxidation of the barbituric acids to give a barbituric acid radical. This can dimerize to hydurilic acid, which is then further electrochemically oxidized. However, this appears to be a minor route. The barbituric acid radical appears to be mainly further electrooxidized (1e) to a carbonium ion which further reacts with nucleophiles such as chloride ion to give 5-chlorobarbituric acid, or with water to give dialuric acid. Further electrochemical oxidation and chemical reactions of the latter species results in formation of the ultimate products.
Hydrogen for X-group exchange in CH3X, X = Cl, Br, I, OMe and NMe2 byMonomeric [1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2]2CeH: Experimental and Computational Support for a Carbenoid Mechanism

The reactions between [1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2]2CeH, referred to as Cp′2CeH, and CH3X, where X is Cl, Br, I, OMe, and NMe2, are described. The reactions fall into three distinct classes. Class a, where X = Cl, Br, and I, rapidly form Cp′2CeX and CH4 without formation of identifiable intermediates in the 1H NMR spectra. Class b, where X = OMe, proceeds rapidly to Cp′2Ce(η2-CH2OMe) and H2 and then to Cp′2CeOMe and CH4. The methoxymethyl derivative is sufficiently stable to be isolated and characterized, and it is rapidly converted to Cp′2CeOMe in the presence of BPh3. Class c, where X = NMe2, does not result in formation of Cp′2CeNMe2, but deuterium labeling experiments show that H for D exchange occurs in NMe3. Density functional calculations DFT(B3PW91) on the reaction of (C5H5)2CeH, referred to as Cp2CeH, and CH3X show that the barrier for α-CH activation, resulting in formation of Cp2Ce(η2-CH2X), proceeds with a relatively low activation barrier (ΔG⧧), but the subsequent ejection of CH2 and trapping by H2 has...
Filtration, loading and faceseal leakage characteristics of filtering facepieces

Abstract The filtration and loading characteristics of filtering facepieces have been measured and analyzed, and a new fit testing technique has been developed that measures the aerosol penetration at high and low flowrates and derives from that the size of the leak.
Detecting bacterial lung infections: in vivo evaluation of in vitro volatile fingerprints

The identification of bacteria by their volatilomes is of interest to many scientists and clinicians as it holds the promise of diagnosing infections in situ, particularly lung infections via breath analysis. While there are many studies reporting various bacterial volatile biomarkers or fingerprints using in vitro experiments, it has proven difficult to translate these data to in vivo breath analyses. Therefore, we aimed to create secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) pathogen fingerprints directly from the breath of mice with lung infections. In this study we demonstrated that SESI-MS is capable of differentiating infected versus uninfected mice, P. aeruginosa-infected versus S. aureus-infected mice, as well as distinguish between infections caused by P. aeruginosa strains PAO1 versus FRD1, with statistical significance (p < 0.05). In addition, we compared in vitro and in vivo volatiles and observed that only 25?34% of peaks are shared between the in vitro and in vivo SESI-MS fingerprints. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first breath volatiles measured for P. aeruginosa PAO1, FRD1, and S. aureus RN450, and the first comparison of in vivo and in?vitro volatile profiles from the same strains using the murine infection model.
Field Experiments On the Adaptive Significance of Avian Eggshell Pigmentation

A series of four field experiments which tested the camouflage properties of different eggshell pigmentation and marking patterns was conducted. Neither natural (Laughing Gull, Larus atricilla, eggs) nor artificial (khaki, khaki-randomly spotted, and black painted eggs) camouflage patterns conferred any selective advantage, when crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos and C. ossifragus) were allowed extended periods (over 2 hours) to hunt for the eggs. However, a natural eggshell pattern (Japanese Quail, Coturnix c. japonica, eggs) conferred a very strong survival advantage during field tests which were terminated either after half the eggs were discovered or after I hour, whichever came first. The selection index (SI) obtained for the quail eggs was higher than those yielded from other experimental investigations of the survival value of camouflage. The results of these experiments were discussed in view of the different test procedures employed, and the extent to which such procedures are reflective of naturally occuring patterns of crow predation, such as in a gull or a tern colony. A fifth experiment which tested the capacity of pigmented and unpigmented eggshells to shield egg contents from solar radiation was also conducted. Pigmented eggshells provided far less effective solar shielding than did unpigmented ones, and this effect appears to hold over a wide range of eggshell thicknesses. In view of these findings, the dark eggshell pigmentation patterns of open ground nesting birds are seen as an "adaptive compromise." That is, under different circumstances dark eggshell pigmentation may be either advantageous or disadvantageous to species and individuals which possess them. Based upon functional considerations an hypothesis was generated which predicts that natural selection should favor darker eggshell pigmentation patterns among certain avian species with particular types of reproductive strategies nesting in particular types of breeding habitat. Some general evidence in support of this hypothesis was offered, and some suggestions for further comparative tests of this hypothesis are suggested.
On optimum chopping

Abstract The optimum value of the open aperture fraction for a chopper is derived. The penalty for use of a non-optimum value is assessed.
Association between body mass index and mortality in patients with glioblastoma mutliforme

Purpose To examine the association between obesity and survival in patients with glioblastoma mutliforme (GBM)
The time and place for political ecology: An introduction to the articles honoring the life-work of Piers Blaikie

Abstract Political ecology (PE) is experiencing a renaissance and embrace similar to that of Geography itself. Just as there is a rediscovery of the importance of place and thus Geography, Geographers and others are discovering that this critical approach to the human-environment dialectic provides unique theoretical, methodological, and practical insights for unravelling the complexities of this contentious nexus. The host of new volumes that introduce students and the larger academic community to PE each emphasize different theoretical and thematic confluences. This volume is organized around the life-long work and intellectual history of a leading political ecologist, Piers Blaikie, and as such it is both a tribute to that work, and an alternative means to discover what PE is today. Piers Blaikie’s life-work also encompasses research and writing on natural disasters and risk, development policy and practice, international environmental policy, conservation and biodiversity, AIDS in Africa, livelihoods, and books on India and Nepal. By assessing Blaikie’s long and productive career, from pioneering foundational texts, through transdisciplinary exchanges in the fields of Geography, Development Studies, and policy, to constructive and critical engagement with the post-modern turn, and questions of epistemology and methodology, the contributions to this themed issue provide a diverse yet coherent set of insights. The three sessions of the Association of American Geographers (AAG) Conference in Denver in 2005 and group of articles that emerged from them to form this collection serve to clarify the major convergences and dissonances in the field and its ongoing vitality. In Piers Blaikie’s case, as a central actor in both the theory and practice of PE, a collection based upon a critical overview of his contributions to PE provides a new window into seeing and understanding the past, present, and future of the field.
Effect of Accelerated Weathering on Biocomposites Processed by SMC and Compression Molding

The durability of biocomposites utilized for building components has been a subject of recent concern and questioning. To address these concerns, the long-term effects of weathering on biocomposites used as building components were evaluated using an accelerated weatherometer. The biocomposite samples were processed by sheet molding compounding (SMC) panel processing and/or compression molding. The accelerated weatherometer served to expose the samples to ultraviolet radiation (UV), condensation, and water spray at levels pertinent to actual conditions: 48 cycles of UV (340 nm) treatment at 60 °C for 2.5 h was followed by water spray for 0.5 h, and then condensation at 45 °C for 24 h. Twelve cycles were repeated in each test, and the total duration for the complete test was 2016 h. Measurements for color, surface roughness test weight change, and dynamical mechanical analysis were taken at regular intervals of time. It was found that the surface roughness increased, as the color changed, and storage modulus decreased with increases in the exposure time of the samples to accelerated weathering conditions, compared to their properties at the beginning of the test.
Studies on phosphatidylcholine model membranes. I. Size-heterogeneity effect on permeability measurements.

Abstract The osmotic shrinking rate of unsonicated egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes in hypertonic NaCl was studied by determining the initial time rate of change of the reciprocal of the optical density, d(OD) −1 d t , in a stopped-flow kinetics apparatus, d(OD) −1 dt was found to be a linear function of reciprocal OD and reciprocal PC concentration, where the linear parameters were quite different depending on the size distribution of liposomes in the dispersion. An approximate theoretical calculation of relative shrinking rates suggests that the larger liposomes mask the osmotic activity of smaller liposomes in the same dispersion. It is concluded that this method should only be used for comparing osmotic permeabilities of liposomes dispersions when both the OD and liposome size distribution of the dispersions are the same.
Teaching as a Moral Craft: A Metaphor for Teaching and Teacher Education

(1980). Teaching as a Moral Craft: A Metaphor for Teaching and Teacher Education. Curriculum Inquiry: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 317-323.
Transformation of internal extracellular bacteria isolated from Rhagoletis completa cresson gut with enhanced green fluorescent protein.

We discovered Zeocin™ is an effective antibiotic against Enterobacter agglomerans and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from the walnut husk fly (Rhagoletis completa Cresson: Family Tephritidae) and that bleomycin resistance can be used as a selective marker in transforming plasmids. We transformed Ent. agglomerans and K. pneumoniae strains originally isolated from their close association with R. completa gut to produce enhanced green fluorescent protein, a variant of green fluorescent protein in the first demonstration of genetic transformation of internal extracellular bacteria isolated from a tephritid pest. We report methods for plasmid-mediated transformation of these bacteria, the expression of fluorescent marker protein from the transforming plasmids, and the stability of the transforming plasmid in the bacteria. We also discuss applications of this technology in the study of pest biology and control implementation.
The effect of type of claim, gender, and buying history on the drawing of pragmatic inferences from advertising claims

Research in cognition has shown that people frequently draw pragmatic inferences that go beyond what is stated directly in the text (e.g., understanding that Sparkle fights cavities implies that it prevents cavities). This study examines the effects of directly asserted claims and five different types of implied claims (hedge words, deleted comparatives, juxtaposed imperatives implying causality, statistical abuses, and negative questions) on the ratings of the truth value of a related claim and on the rated likelihood of purchasing that product. The different types of implied claims that produced the highest truth rating were not the most convincing in the sense of purchase likelihood. Directly asserted claims were no more true or convincing than many of their weaker implied counterparts. Overall, women rated test claims more true than men, regardless of which type of claim they had read. Subjects who were frequent users of a particular product class tended to rate both truth and purchase likelihood higher than nonusers but the effect was significant only for some products. Results are discussed in terms of methodological concerns and general applications.
GaInAs/GaAs multiple quantum well reflection modulators

We demonstrate a pin reflection modulator consisting of a 50-period strained layer Ga0.85In0.15As/GaAs multiple quantum well and a 5-period AlAs/GaAs quarter-wave stack dielectric mirror, grown on a GaAs substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. We observed a relative change in the reflectivity of the modulator of 12% with 4.5 V reverse bias voltage and at 0.996 μm wavelength.
The Galerkin approximation of the iris problem: Conservation of power

Abstract An n -term Galerkin approximation of the iris scattering problem produces approximate reflection and transmission coefficients. A simple proof is presented to show that these coefficients satisfy the same conservation law as the original continuous problem. This result is true, regardless of the chosen basis functions and n .
Characterization of the promoter for the human antisense fibroblast growth factor‐2 gene; Regulation by Ets in Jurkat T cells

Human lymphoid cells were found to synthesize predominantly antisense, and not sense, fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) mRNA. Two cDNAs corresponding to human 1069- and 1173-nucleotide antisense FGF-2 mRNAs were cloned from Jurkat T cells. The two cDNAs each possess a unique exon 1 and common exon 2, 3, 4, and 5 sequences. Exon 4 and 5 sequences overlap in the 3' untranslated region of FGF-2 cDNA, but not in the FGF-2 open reading frame. This is unlike the Xenopus antisense FGF-2 homologue, which overlaps with parts of both the FGF-2 3' untranslated region and its open reading frame. To investigate the regulation of human antisense FGF-2 gene expression, a 2.5-kilobase (kb) promoter region was isolated and characterized. Transient transfection of promoter-luciferase constructs demonstrated the antisense FGF-2 promoter to be active in Jurkat cells. Using transient transfection and in vitro binding assays, specific mutations within the promoter sequence have implicated that Ets-like transcription factors are significant in regulating the human antisense FGF-2 gene in Jurkat cells.
Use of curettage and shave excision in office practice Microscopic confirmation of removal

The technic of curettage and shave excision can be learned by the general dermatologist as a useful office procedure. With its roots in Mobs' surgery, its chief characteristic is that it provides microscopic confirmation of complete removal. The procedure appears to have certain indications and definite limitations. An effort has been made to define these. In general, curettage and shave excision will be most useful as a substitute for curettage and electrodesiccation in locations and for skin cancers for which the curettage and electrodesiccation procedure is being considered but is not quite adequate. Nineteen cases are presented. They fall into two groups, according to the timing of the procedure. Although the technic is not difficult, it is more time consuming than curettage and electrodesiccation, and it requires much more attention to detail. The interpretation of horizontal sections presents certain pitfalls that must be recognized.
A financial analysis of maxillomandibular fixation versus rigid internal fixation for treatment of mandibular fractures

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of mandibular fracture treatment by closed reduction with maxillomandibular fixation (CRF) with open reduction and rigid internal fixation (ORIF). Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective study of 85 patients admitted to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service at San Francisco General Hospital and treated for mandibular fractures from January 1 to December 31, 1993. The patients were divided into 2 groups: 1) those treated with CRF and 2) those treated with ORIF. The outcome variables were length of hospital stay, duration of anesthesia, and time in operating room. The charge for primary fracture treatment included the fees for the operation and hospitalization without any complications. Within the group of 85 patients treated for mandibular fractures in 1993, 10 patients treated with CRF and 10 patients treated with ORIF were randomly selected, and hospital billing statements were used to estimate the average charge of primary treatment. The average charge to manage a major postoperative infection also was estimated based on the billing statements of 10 randomly selected patients treated in 1992 (5 treated with CRF, 5 with ORIF) who required hospital admission for the management of a complication. The average total charge was computed by using the average charge for primary treatment plus the incidence of postoperative infection multiplied by the average charge for management of that complication. Results: Eighty-five patients were included in the study. The average charge for primary treatment was $10,100 for the CRF group and $28,362 for the ORIF group. The average charge for the inpatient management of a major postoperative infection was $26,671 for the CRF group and $39,213 for the ORIF group. The average total charge for management of a mandible fracture with CRF was $10,927; the total charge for the ORIF group was $34,636. Conclusion: The results of this retrospective study suggest that the use of CRF in the management of mandibular fractures at our institution provides considerable savings over treatment by using ORIF. The use of ORIF should be reserved for patients and fracture types with specific indications. © 2000 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Estimating Moments of the Effective Lead Time for a Stock Control Model with Independent Normal Lead Times

In multiple sourcing, replenishment orders for one stock item may be placed at the same time with several suppliers. In order to determine the re-order level and the size of the buffer stock, we then need to estimate the mean and variance of the effective lead time, i.e. the smallest of the lead times. Previous work on this topic has assumed that the mean and variance are either known or may be estimated from large samples, but the number of observations typically available is small. This paper presents a Bayesian approach to the problem when the lead times are independent and normally distributed, although it is shown that the method may be used in more general circumstances. The computational procedures are described and illustrated with an example.