cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of Zn(II) on the folding of bovine carbonic anhydrase B

Abstract The role of Zn(II) on the folding of bovine carbonic anhydrase B has been investigated by various physicochemical methods in order to understand how metal ions participate in the folding of metalloenzymes. Comparative studies of the native holoenzyme, the apoenzyme and the regenerated holoenzyme suggest no significant conformational differences. However, removal of zinc from the native holoenzyme decreases its conformational stability toward denaturation by acid and by guanidine hydrochloride. A biphasic profile was observed in guanidine hydrochloride denaturation of the apoenzyme instead of a single step transition observed with the holoenzyme. Moreover, the refolding of the random coiled polypeptide in the absence of zinc proceeds at a much slower rate than the folding with zinc. The role of zinc appears to stabilize part of the molecule and enable the whole protein to act as a more cooperative unit. It increases the rate of folding, but does not appear to be a necessary part of the information required for the folding process.
Methods for analyzing data from computer simulation experiments

This paper addresses itself to the problem of analyzing data generated by computer simulations of economic systems. We first turn to a hypothetical firm, whose operation is represented by a single-channel, multistation queueing model. The firm seeks to maximize total expected profit for the coming period by selecting one of five operating plans, where each plan incorporates a certain marketing strategy, an allocation of productive inputs, and a total cost.The results of the simulated activity under each plan are subjected to an F-test, two multiple comparison methods, and a multiple ranking method. We illustrate, compare, and evaluate these techniques. The paper adopts the position that the particular technique of analysis (possibly not any one of the above) chosen by the experimenter should be an expression of his experimental objective: The F-test tests the homogeneity of the plans; multiple comparison methods quantify their differences; and multiple ranking methods directly identify the one best plan or best plans.
Derivate des D‐Glucosamins, II. Die Reindarstellung des α‐Pentabenzoyl‐D‐glucosamins

Die bereits aus der Literatur bekannte, als α-1.3.4.6-Tetrabenzoyl-N-benzoyl-D-glucosamin bezeichnete Verbindung ist in Wirklichkeit ein Anomerengemisch, das hauptsachlich aus dem β-Isomeren besteht. Seine Reaktion mit Eisessig/Bromwasserstoff fuhrt zum 1-α-Brom-3.4.6-tribenzoyl-N-benzoyl-D-glucosamin, das mit Alkoholen und mit Thiolen sehr leicht zu β-Glucosaminiden bzw. β-Thioglucosaminiden reagiert. In feuchtem Ather erfolgt Umlagerung zum 1.3.4.6-Tetrabenzoyl-α-D-glucosamin-hydrobromid, dessen freie Base sich glatt zum gewunschten α-Pentabenzoyl-D-glucosamin benzoylieren last.
Safety implications of a large LNG tanker spill over water

The increasing demand for natural gas in the United States could significantly increase the number and frequency of marine LNG (liquefied natural gas) imports. Although many studies have been conducted to assess the consequences and risks of potential LNG spills, the increasing importance of LNG imports suggests that consistent methods and approaches be identified and implemented to help ensure protection of public safety and property from a potential LNG spill. For that reason the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Fossil Energy, requested that Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) develop guidance on a risk-based analysis approach to assess and quantify potential threats to an LNG ship, the potential hazards and consequences of a large spill from an LNG ship, and review prevention and mitigation strategies that could be implemented to reduce both the potential and the risks of an LNG spill over water. Specifically, DOE requested: (1) An in-depth literature search of the experimental and technical studies associated with evaluating the safety and hazards of an LNG spill from an LNG ship; (2) A detailed review of four recent spill modeling studies related to the safety implications of a large-scale LNG spill over water; (3) Evaluation of the potential formore » breaching an LNG ship cargo tank, both accidentally and intentionally, identification of the potential for such breaches and the potential size of an LNG spill for each breach scenario, and an assessment of the potential range of hazards involved in an LNG spill; (4) Development of guidance on the use of modern, performance-based, risk management approaches to analyze and manage the threats, hazards, and consequences of an LNG spill over water to reduce the overall risks of an LNG spill to levels that are protective of public safety and property.« less
Dual-Modality Disclaimers, Emotional Appeals, and Production Techniques in Food Advertising Airing During Programs Rated for Children

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) directed advertisers to present disclaimers in the dual-modality format more easily understood by children. A content analysis of the emotional appeals, production techniques, and types of disclaimers appearing in over 3,800 food television advertisements was conducted. Ads appearing in child-rated programs present significantly more of the emotional appeals and production techniques that research suggests capture the attention of younger children. Most disclaimers in child-rated programs were not dual modality. Future research should examine whether food advertising presents a potentially distracting mix of production techniques and emotional appeals that may divert children's attention from disclaimers.
1998 SSA Meeting--Presidential Address: Science, Geologic Hazards, and the Public in a Large, Restless Caldera

I've had the privilege of serving as Chief Scientist for U.S. Geological Surveys (USGS) monitoring effort in Long Valley caldera since December 1982. To some, sixteen plus years may seem like a long time to focus on a single area. I can assure you, however, that the experience has seldom provided a dull moment. Indeed, the position involves a fascinating relation between (1) scientific studies of active tectonic and magmatic processes, (2) the implications of these processes for geologic hazards, and (3) the challenges in communicating the significance of the hazards to the public and civil authorities in the area. In many ways, attempting to understand the ongoing unrest in Long Valley caldera and communicate its significance to the public represents a microcosm of the challenges that much of science faces today as we grapple with the societal relevance of our work. SCIENCE AND HAZARDS Long Valley caldera is a 15 km by 30 km oval-shaped topographic depression located midway between Mono Lake and...
HOUSE FLY ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASES AND THEIR INHIBITION BY INSECTICIDAL ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS.

Adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) in the female house fly, Musca domestica L., have been investigated in relation to their inhibition by organotins and other compounds. The potency of these materials as ATPase inhibitors and house fly toxicants has been compared. The thorax paniculate fraction was used as the ATPase source in most studies. Based on Lineweaver-Burk plots, triethyland triphenyltin and their mono- and disubstituted analogs as well as oligomycin appeared to act as uncompetitive ATPase inhibitors. Competitive inhibition resulted with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and pyrophosphate. Experiments with organotins, oligomycin, and pyrophosphate as inhibitors and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and ADP as substrates indicated that two phosphate groups could be removed from ATP by the combined action of ATPase and adenylate kinase. Trisubstituted organotins were the most active tin compounds both as ATPase inhibitors and as toxicants. A good correlation was noted for most trialkyltins between potency for in vitro ATPase inhibition and toxicity to the house fly This correlation was not so clear with trisubstituted organolead and -germanium compounds and was not evident for mono- and disubstituted organotins. Oligomycin, the most potent toxicant by injection, was also the most potent ATPase inhibitor. The insecticidal action of trialkyltins and oligomycin may result from interference with ATPase activity or related processes associated with oxidative phosphorylation.
Performance of a combined manual and decision task with discrete uncertainty

Abstract A combined manual and decision task may be viewed as an arrangement of manual components, one or more of which involves uncertainty due to some input random process. An experiment was run involving a task containing a 4-alteniative choice element for the decision component. The other components involved motions that have been found to be typical of many operational environments. The probabilistic conditions that were varied over the choice element consisted of 6 discrete probability functions for each of independent (random sequences) and Markov dependent structures. The component performance times were found to be gamma distributed, but tended to independent normals as subjects progressed toward fully-learned states. For fully-learned subjects, only the decision component was affected by the uncertainty, and these effects did not vary significantly between the independent and Markov structures. Subjects employed a motion strategy at the decision component that was a function of the most probable...
The relationship between stress protein induction and the oxidative defense system in the rat hippocampus following kainic acid administration

Abstract The time and dose-dependent effects of kainic acid (KA) induced excitotoxicity on the oxidative defense system and the relationship to the induction of stress proteins were investigated in the rat hippocampus. Male Long–Evans rats were injected subcutaneously with 5.0, 7.5, or 10 mg KA/kg. Rats were sacrificed and the hippocampus removed and processed for biochemical and electrophoretic analysis. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) increased significantly at the 5 mg KA/kg dose, while malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly increased at 7.5 mg KA/kg when measured at 24 h. A dose of 10 mg KA/kg depleted significantly hippocampal glutathione (GSH) levels at 8, 16 and 24 h post-treatment while GPx activity was increased significantly at 2, 4, 8 and 16 hr post-treatment. The 10 mg KA/kg increased significantly hippocampal MDA levels at 2 h post-treatment and decreased significantly thereafter. The induction of stress proteins increased in a dose and time dependent manner. The expression of Hp72 and Hsp32 increased significantly at 16 h with a maximum induction observed at 24 h post-treatment. The data suggests that KA toxicity is mediated through the formation of reactive oxygen species resulting in alterations in the oxidative defense system. The expression of stress proteins following KA administration may reflect a concomitant but alternate response to excitotoxic events.
Molecular evolution of two actin genes from carrot.

We have isolated and sequenced two full-length cDNA clones encoding actin from carrot. The two carrot clones are almost identical at the nucleotide level, and are quite homologous to each other and to other plant actins at the amino acid level. In those regions where amino acid variation exists between the two genes from carrot, the differences have arisen from very simple changes at the nucleotide level. The most common changes are nucleotide insertion(s) coupled to the deletion of a different nucleotide(s) nearby in the DNA sequence, resulting in the restoration of the proper reading frame for the protein; thus, these changes can be viewed as multiple or coupled frameshift mutations. There are almost no base substitutions between the two carrot genes. In contrast to this, when the carrot actin nucleotide sequences are compared to those of a soybean actin gene or a maize actin gene, many base substitutions are observed (ca. 21.8% and 23.5%), more than half of which are third base changes which do not alter the protein sequence. At the amino acid level, both carrot genes show greater similarity to maize actin than they do to soybean actin, thus reinforcing the idea that plant actin genes diverged from a single common ancestral actin gene prior to the divergence of monocots and dicots.
Patterns of connectivity among populations of a coral reef fish

Knowledge of the patterns and scale of connectivity among populations is essential for the effective management of species, but our understanding is still poor for marine species. We used otolith microchemistry of newly settled bicolor damselfish (Stegastes partitus) in the Mesoamerican Reef System (MRS), Western Caribbean, to investigate patterns of connectivity among populations over 2 years. First, we assessed spatial and temporal variability in trace elemental concentrations from the otolith edge to make a ‘chemical map’ of potential source reef(s) in the region. Significant otolith chemical differences were detected at three spatial scales (within-atoll, between-atolls, and region-wide), such that individuals were classified to locations with moderate (52 % jackknife classification) to high (99 %) accuracy. Most sites at Turneffe Atoll, Belize showed significant temporal variability in otolith concentrations on the scale of 1–2 months. Using a maximum likelihood approach, we estimated the natal source of larvae recruiting to reefs across the MRS by comparing ‘natal’ chemical signatures from the otolith of recruits to the ‘chemical map’ of potential source reef(s). Our results indicated that populations at both Turneffe Atoll and Banco Chinchorro supply a substantial amount of individuals to their own reefs (i.e., self-recruitment) and thus emphasize that marine conservation and management in the MRS region would benefit from localized management efforts as well as international cooperation.
G-band (140-220-GHz) InP-based HBT amplifiers

We report tuned amplifiers designed for the 140-220-GHz frequency band. The amplifiers were designed in a transferred-substrate InP-based heterojunction bipolar transistor technology that enables efficient scaling of the parasitic collector-base junction capacitance. A single-stage amplifier exhibited 6.3-dB small-signal gain at 175 GHz. Three-stage amplifiers were subsequently fabricated with one design demonstrating 12.0-dB gain at 170 GHz and a second design exhibiting 8.5-dB gain at 195 GHz.
Alterations in Regional Pulmonary Blood Flow in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease Studied by Radioisotope Scanning

External scintillation scanning of intravenously administered 131I-labeled macro-aggregates of human serum albumin (131I-MAA) was employed to evaluate the distribution of pulmonary arterial blood flow in 61 normal subjects and in 100 patients with various congenital cardiovascular malformations. Intra-aortic administration of 131I-MAA demonstrated that blood flow through subclavian-pulmonary artery anastomoses is directed principally to the lung on the side of the anastomosis; the relative concentration of 131I-MAA in each lung after intravenous injection provided an index of the patency of the anastomosis or of the development of pulmonary atresia or pulmonary hypertension. In contrast to the findings in patients with a patent subclavian-pulmonary shunt, scans obtained from patients with a patent ductus arteriosus did not reveal a separation of the systemic arterial and systemic venous inflows to the lungs. The patency of superior vena caval-right pulmonary arterial anastomosis could be assessed after in...
Containment of dioxin emissions from refuse fired thermal processing units - prospects and technical issues

Abstract There are reports (ref.1–5) that dioxins (“dioxins” means any of the chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins) and related compounds, e.g., furans (“furans” means any of the chlorinated dibenzofurans) are emitted from some refuse-fired thermal processing units (“thermal processing units” means incinerators and incinerators equipped for energy recovery, i.e., boilers). The extent to which such emissions occur and the conditions that lead to such emissions have not been clearly defined at the present time. If it is determined that dioxin or furan emissions from refuse-fire thermal processing units should be contained or minimized, then it will be necessary to examine strategies for achieving goals of containment or minimization of these emissions. This report addresses the prospects for and technical issues concerned with the utilization of chemisorption as a technique for containment of dioxin or furan emissions from refuse-fired thermal processing units.
Jewish resistance in wartime Greece

Steven Bowman, Professor of Judaic Studies at the University of Cincinnati, in his Jewish Resistance in Wartime Greece, provides a welcome corrective to a serious omission in World War II and Greek...
Fine-needle aspiration cytology and differential diagnoses of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma metastatic to the mediastinum: Case report

We report a case of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FL-HCC) that metastasized to the posterior mediastinum. The diagnosis was made on fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). The cytologic features were characterized by the presence of large, dishesive, polygonal cells with granular cytoplasm and well-defined cell outlines resembling oncocytes. Groups of neoplastic hepatocytes containing bile pigment were also noted. The diagnosis of FL-HCC in a metastatic site can pose diagnostic challenges on FNAB. The cytologic features overlap with a variety of tumors that have oncocytic features and also with melanoma and paraganglioma. Recognition of specific cytologic features of FL-HCC can facilitate accurate diagnosis in a metastatic site. The cytologic findings and differential diagnoses of FL-HCC that metastasized to the posterior mediastinum are discussed.
Bulk nuclear polarization of solid3He

Measurements are given on the bulk nuclear spin polarization in a liquid-solid3He mixture cooled by compressional cooling to below 5 mK in a magnetic field of 54.5 kG. Owing to the low Pauli spin susceptibility of liquid3He, the observed polarization is primarily due to solid3He. A maximum average nuclear polarization of 47% was observed, although the corresponding solid3He polarization is believed to be higher. Our novel detection system, using a dual directional coupler for cw NMR, is a simple and versatile means of working in the awkward frequency range around 180 MHz. We also report transient heating measurements in the3He system which indicate that the internal thermal equilibrium time in bulk solid3He on the3He melting curve appears to be quite short (less than 5 min) at these temperatures. One type of transient measurement is complicated by the dramatic effect of the contribution of the3He nuclear magnetization to the total local magnetic field. This contribution is considered via a simple model.
Schumpeter, the New Deal, and Democracy

Joseph Schumpeter is known to American political scientists as the originator of an elite conception of democracy as a political “method,” a conception found in his Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1942). But I show in this paper that in Schumpeter's study of the development of liberal capitalist societies, he also treated democracy as a socially transformative historical tendency, one of several that he thought were propelling such societies toward a form of “democratic” socialism. Schumpeter regarded the politics of labor and the reorientation of state policy in the New Deal era as evidence of these tendencies—especially of a tendency toward the democratic reconstruction of workplace hierarchy, which he deplored. In his later work, Schumpeter sketched the outlines of a “democratic” socialist society in which the most harmful of these tendencies, in his estimation, would be curbed.
Psychiatric education of the internist: A teaching conference approach

Abstract Communication with the nonpsychiatric physician is of major concern to the consultation-liaison psychiatrist. Fundamental differences in the language, literature, and teaching methods of psychiatrists and of nonpsychiatric physicians frequently impede effective collaboration and, more important, interfere with excellent patient care. With this difficulty in mind, the authors redesigned a pre-existing “patient care conference” to more closely follow the format of a traditional medical teaching conference. This article discusses the new format and the problems it has uncovered, and describes references that have proven useful in the program.
Item-specific retroactive inhibition in mixed-list comparisons of the A-B, A-C, and A-B, D-C paradigms

Two studies are reported in which cued recall of first-list responses was poorer for items followed by A-C than by D-C pairs in a mixed-list comparison of the A-B, A-C and A-B, D-C paradigms. An uncued retention test showed either no difference between the two paradigms or a difference in the opposite direction. In a third experiment it was shown that uncued response recall is confounded with differences in stimulus availability for the two paradigms. The results from the cued recall tests suggested that differential retroactive inhibition in the paradigms tested was determined, in part, by item-specific influences on first-list response recall. A comparison of multiple-choice and recall test trials during interpolated learning failed to provide evidence that response elicitation or interference is the basis for item-specific retroactive inhibition effects.
Effects of potassium on oxidative metabolism and seizures.

Abstract Tissue level of NADH monitored fluoremetrically in cat hippocampus decreased with increased concentrations of potassium in an isosmolar physiological bathing solution. Maximum decrease of NADH and often seizure activity occurred at 20–30 mequiv. K + /l and further increases in K + were often accompanied by a rising NADH level. Epileptic foci produced by 7000 U/ml penicillin showed similar changes.
Exploring the Influence of Urban Form on Work Travel Behavior with Agent-Based Modeling

This paper examines the effect of land use regulations on travel behavior by using agent-based modeling. A simulation model for a hypothetical urban area loosely based on the Chicago, Illinois, metropolitan area was used to study the impact of six land use regulation scenarios on transit use and urban form. The key features and techniques of the model development and the scenarios tested are described. The results from the simulations showed that although the land use regulations that were designed to increase the density near the transit station or in and near the urban core were able to achieve the intended land use patterns, they did not increase the transit mode share for the region in a significant manner. More detailed examination of the output revealed that as long as the rules for mode choice, the distribution of employment, and the transit network remained unchanged, land use regulations that affect residential locations produced limited effects on transit use.
The effects of the novel DA D3 receptor antagonist SR 21502 on cocaine reward, cocaine seeking and cocaine-induced locomotor activity in rats

There is a focus on developing D3 receptor antagonists as cocaine addiction treatments. We investigated the effects of a novel selective D3 receptor antagonist, SR 21502, on cocaine reward, cocaine-seeking, food reward, spontaneous locomotor activity and cocaine-induced locomotor activity in rats. In Experiment 1, rats were trained to self-administer cocaine under a progressive ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement and tested with vehicle or one of three doses of SR 21502. In Experiment 2, animals were trained to self-administer cocaine under a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement followed by extinction of the response. Then, animals were tested with vehicle or one of the SR 21502 doses on cue-induced reinstatement of responding. In Experiment 3, animals were trained to lever press for food under a PR schedule and tested with vehicle or one dose of the compound. In Experiments 4 and 5, in separate groups of animals, the vehicle and three doses of SR 21502 were tested on spontaneous or cocaine (10 mg/kg, IP)-induced locomotor activity, respectively. SR 21502 produced significant, dose-related (3.75, 7.5 and 15 mg/kg) reductions in breakpoint for cocaine self-administration, cue-induced reinstatement (3.75, 7.5 and 15 mg/kg) and cocaine-induced locomotor activity (3.75, 7.5 and 15 mg/kg) but failed to reduce food self-administration and spontaneous locomotor activity. SR 21502 decreases cocaine reward, cocaine-seeking and locomotor activity at doses that have no effect on food reward or spontaneous locomotor activity. These data suggest SR 21502 may selectively inhibit cocaine’s rewarding, incentive motivational and stimulant effects.
Source-wave angular-momentum effects on electron-diffraction patterns.

We use a simple model to predict when electron-emission diffraction patterns from surfaces will have peaks or dips along internuclear axes. A high angular-momentum electron wave emitted from an atom acts like an {ital s} wave ({ital l}=0) in an extra centrifugal potential. This extra potential changes the electron's effective wave number and phase shift, altering the conditions for constructive interference when this wave scatters from nearby atoms. We demonstrate that the difference in source-wave angular momentum between Cu {ital M}{sub 2,3}{ital M4,5}{ital M4,5} Auger and Cu 3{ital p} photoelectrons explains the difference between their emission angular distributions from surfaces: the Auger-electron emission has a predominantly {ital f}-like source wave ({ital l}=3) and destructive interference in the forward electron-scattering direction ( silhouette'') while the photoelectron has lower angular momentum and constructive interference ( peak''). As long as this effect is considered, Auger-electron emission patterns can be used to determine surface structures. The unusual Auger-electron emission patterns observed by Frank {ital et} {ital al}. (Science 247, 182 (1990)) can be explained as due to high source-wave angular momentum and low electron energy.
Evidence for quarks from baryon resonances

Data on baryon resonances appear to indicate a systematic ordering of the states. Baryon states given by R O S ~ F ~ D et al. (~) are shown in an energy level diagram in Fig. 1. When tl~e states are regarded entirely in terms of their assigned angular momenta and parities, there is a strong suggestion of an arrangement similar to the levels of a potential well system. This is shown for the nucleon (Y ~ 1) states in Fig. 2, where the same states as in Fig. 1 have been assigned spectroscopic terms consistent with their angular momentum and parity values. [Some of these assignments may appear to be inconsistent with the usage of pion-nucleon physics. For instance, the ld3i ~ state of Fig. 2 is usually described as a P~/2 state of the pion-nucleon system. This state, however, because of the negative intrinsic pari ty of the pion, has positive parity. If one were to disregard the pion model of this state and instead were to assume it to be some type of homogeneous system of particles such as G]~ILMANN'S (2) 3-particle quark model, then one could conclude equally well that this state is a da/2 state. I t is evident from Fig. 2 that not all of the levels of a potential well system have been observed in the known nucleon states. However, this again might be due to the fact that the states have been observed through pion interactions and not due specifically to the fact that the states do not exist.] Some consequences of interpreting the nucleon ( y z _ 1) states in terms of a 3-quark system of interacting particles in a simple potential well will be discussed. In the simplest possible approach, it will be assumed that a system of 3 equalmass quarks can be described, like a nuclear system, in terms of an independent particle model in which each quark moves ia the same potential well. However, since the excitations of tt~e nucleon states are relativistic, it is more difficult to consider the problem of a potential well for which solutions of the correct level positions might be obtained. In the present analysis, a constant potential (4th com-
Retention of First-Year Community College Students

Close to half of all community college students leave before obtaining their stated goals. In order to determine what student characteristics increase community college student retention, with a heightened interest on the predictive nature of taking a student success course, a post-facto quasi-experimental study was conducted to determine whether or not participation in a study skills course affects retention at a Southeast community college. Results indicate that successful completion of a study skills course increases fall-to-fall retention for students who enroll in the institution with an ACT COMPASS® (American College Test, 2006) score over those who do not participate in a study skills course. Results also show that while ethnicity/race and socioeconomic status were not significant, factors of retention, gender, age, and ACT COMPASS® Reading score significantly predict student retention. Recommendations for researchers and community college administrators and counselors are discussed.
The Persistence of Geographic Myth in a Convergent Media Era

Abstract This article examines television's continuing role in delineating the relationship between regional identity and national values. It unpacks the geographically inflected industrial-promotional and popular-critical discourses surrounding Friday Night Lights (NBC, 2006–present) to argue that NBC's apparent inability to market the show in its first season and critics' general befuddlement at the series' quality during the same season were rooted in the series' counterintuitive reworking of “official” cultural mythologies regarding quality TV and capital relations presumed to be at home in the flyover U.S. heartland. The article interrogates the resiliency of regional mythology as a national, cultural “common sense” that has been significantly reenergized in the transition from a network era to a postnetwork era.
Locus control regions of mammalian β-globin gene clusters: combining phylogenetic analyses and experimental results to gain functional insights

Locus control regions (LCRs) are cis-acting DNA segments needed for activation of an entire locus or gene cluster. They are operationally defined as DNA sequences needed to achieve a high level of gene expression regardless of the position of integration in transgenic mice or stably transfected cells. This review brings together the large amount of DNA sequence data from the beta-globin LCR with the vast amount of functional data obtained through the use of biochemical, cellular and transgenic experimental systems. Alignment of orthologous LCR sequences from five mammalian species locates numerous conserved regions, including previously identified cis-acting elements within the cores of nuclease hypersensitive sites (HSs) as well as conserved regions located between the HS cores. The distribution of these conserved sequences, combined with the effects of LCR fragments utilized in expression studies, shows that important sites are more widely distributed in the LCR than previously anticipated, especially in and around HS2 and HS3. We propose that the HS cores plus HS flanking DNAs comprise a 'unit' to which proteins bind and form an optimally functional structure. Multiple HS units (at least three: HS2, HS3 and HS4 cores plus flanking DNAs) together establish a chromatin structure that allows the proper developmental regulation of genes within the cluster.
Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Superantigen Expression in B Cells Is Regulated by a Central Enhancer within the pol Gene

Expression of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-encoded superantigens in B lymphocytes is required for viral transmission and pathogenesis. The mechanism of superantigen expression from the viral sag gene in B cells is largely unknown, due to problems with detection and quantification of these low-abundance proteins. We have established a sensitive superantigen-luciferase reporter assay to study the expression and regulation of the MMTV sag gene in B-cell lymphomas. The regulatory elements for retroviral gene expression are generally located in the 5′ long terminal repeat (LTR) of the provirus. However, we found that neither promoters nor enhancers in the MMTV 5′ LTR play a significant role in superantigen expression in these cells. Instead, the essential regulatory regions are located in the pol and env genes of MMTV. We report here that maximal sag expression in B-cell lines depends on an enhancer within the viral pol gene which can be localized to a minimal 183-bp region. Regulation of sag gene expression differs between B-cell lymphomas and pro-B cells, where an enhancer within the viral LTRs is involved. Thus, MMTV sag expression during B-cell development is achieved through the use of two separate enhancer elements.
Safety, feasibility, and efficacy of negative work exercise via eccentric muscle activity following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Study Design Randomized, matched design. Background Optimal rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) requires safe and effective interventions. Negative work exerc...
English in Macedonian television commercials

: Code-switching to English in non-English commercials has become a popular practice because it is associated with power, prestige, and modernism. For that reason, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the creativity of English use in Macedonian TV advertising as a site for active linguistic contact. Based on four commercials, the study explores how the narrative, musical, and visual aspects of TV commercials enhance the imaginative function of English in the Macedonian advertizing context. Findings suggest that commercials’ intermediality allows for parallel and complementary usage of Macedonian and English to complete the message of the commercial. In some cases, Macedonian narration disambiguates the English name of the product, and in other, English song lyrics support the visual representation of the local context. Furthermore, English borrowing is also inter-generic, which means the choice of English is due to its identification with the genre to which the advertisement refers. Finally, English is not simply inserted into commercials to attract attention or address international consumers. Instead, it becomes a resource for lexical and semantic creativity and a tool for molding products’ and consumers’ identities. In the process of this identity development, English itself is changed to reflect local characteristics.
Electronic health record usability: analysis of the user-centered design processes of eleven electronic health record vendors

The usability of electronic health records (EHRs) continues to be a point of dissatisfaction for providers, despite certification requirements from the Office of the National Coordinator that require EHR vendors to employ a user-centered design (UCD) process. To better understand factors that contribute to poor usability, a research team visited 11 different EHR vendors in order to analyze their UCD processes and discover the specific challenges that vendors faced as they sought to integrate UCD with their EHR development. Our analysis demonstrates a diverse range of vendors' UCD practices that fall into 3 categories: well-developed UCD, basic UCD, and misconceptions of UCD. Specific challenges to practicing UCD include conducting contextually rich studies of clinical workflow, recruiting participants for usability studies, and having support from leadership within the vendor organization. The results of the study provide novel insights for how to improve usability practices of EHR vendors.
Panmyelophthisis with hemorrhagic manifestations in rats on a nutritional basis.

During the 12 months ending May, 1937, 72 rats were observed that manifested typical symptoms of panmyelophthisis. The disease may start as agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia or pure red cell anemia, leading progressively, often rapidly, to aleukia hemorrhagica with its typical manifestations (epistaxis, melena, hematuria, purpura). Blood examinations revealed correspondingly low white cell, red cell and platelet counts with very pronounced granulocytopenia (0 to 4 per cent). Bone marrow smears and histological findings were consistent with the diagnosis of panmyelophthisis. Suprarenal hemorrhage was a frequent postmortem finding. The pathogenesis of this experimental panmyelophthisis and this hemorrhagic diathesis is confined to special nutritional conditions. These diseases have been observed by us in rats kept on a diet deficient in vitamin B(6), containing cane sugar and supplemented with vitamin B(1) and crystalline natural or synthetic lactoflavin. Lack of vitamin B(6), however, is not a necessary condition, since the disease was encountered in the majority of the animals after the specific deficiency disease which became apparent in rats kept on the B(6) free diet was successfully treated with purified B(6) preparations. Even in the untreated animals kept on the B(6) deficient diet acrodynia was, as a rule, in distinct remission before symptoms of panmyelophthisis and hemorrhagic diathesis became manifest. By means of the addition of Peters' eluate to the basal diet, panmyelophthisis could be prevented and, in animals where it was recognized in an early stage, cured. In view of these facts it is suggested that Peters' eluate contains a specific maturation factor for the primary blood-producing tissue, the reticulo-endothelium, a factor which, being different from lactoflavin, vitamin B(6) and probably also from the so called filtrate factor, constitutes another distinct component of the vitamin B(2) group. Bacteriological studies brought forward no conclusive positive evidence for the infectious etiology of the experimental panmyelophthisis in our rats. The possible relation of this new disease in rats to aleukia hemorrhagica and its partial manifestations in man, as well as to the so called Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, is discussed. Administration of amidopyrine, at least under the conditions chosen, failed to provoke panmyelophthisis in rats kept on the same diet as that given to rats in which the disease spontaneously developed.
Association-Based Bilingual Word Alignment

Bilingual word alignment forms the foundation of current work on statistical machine translation. Standard word-alignment methods involve the use of probabilistic generative models that are complex to implement and slow to train. In this paper we show that it is possible to approach the alignment accuracy of the standard models using algorithms that are much faster, and in some ways simpler, based on basic word-association statistics.
Health Communication Campaigns and Their Impact on Behavior

The objective is to review the evidence for the effectiveness of health communication campaigns to inform future nutrition campaigns. The review drew on existing meta-analyses and other literature. The average health campaign affects the intervention community by about 5 percentage points, and nutrition campaigns for fruit and vegetable consumption, fat intake, and breastfeeding, have been slightly more successful on average than for other health topics. The factors affecting success rates are discussed. The conclusion is that nutrition campaigns that pay attention to the specific behavioral goals of the intervention, target populations, communication activities and channels, message content and presentation, and techniques for feedback and evaluation should be able to change nutrition behaviors.
Rectal Optical Markers for In Vivo Risk Stratification of Premalignant Colorectal Lesions

Purpose: Colorectal cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States despite being eminently preventable by colonoscopy via removal of premalignant adenomas. In order to more effectively reduce colorectal cancer mortality, improved screening paradigms are needed. Our group pioneered the use of low-coherence enhanced backscattering (LEBS) spectroscopy to detect the presence of adenomas throughout the colon via optical interrogation of the rectal mucosa. In a previous ex vivo biopsy study of 219 patients, LEBS demonstrated excellent diagnostic potential with 89.5% accuracy for advanced adenomas. The objective of the current cross-sectional study is to assess the viability of rectal LEBS in vivo . Experimental Design: Measurements from 619 patients were taken using a minimally invasive 3.4-mm diameter LEBS probe introduced into the rectum via anoscope or direct insertion, requiring approximately 1 minute from probe insertion to withdrawal. The diagnostic LEBS marker was formed as a logistic regression of the optical reduced scattering coefficient \( \mu_s^* \) and mass density distribution factor D . Results: The rectal LEBS marker was significantly altered in patients harboring advanced adenomas and multiple non-advanced adenomas throughout the colon. Blinded and cross-validated test performance characteristics showed 88% sensitivity to advanced adenomas, 71% sensitivity to multiple non-advanced adenomas, and 72% specificity in the validation set. Conclusions: We demonstrate the viability of in vivo LEBS measurement of histologically normal rectal mucosa to predict the presence of clinically relevant adenomas throughout the colon. The current work represents the next step in the development of rectal LEBS as a tool for colorectal cancer risk stratification. Clin Cancer Res; 21(19); 4347–55. ©2015 AACR .
Food Allergy Herbal Formula -2 protection against peanut anaphylactic reaction is via inhibition of mast cells and basophils

Background Mast cells and basophils are key effector cells of IgE-mediated anaphylactic reactions. The Chinese herbal formula, food allergy herbal formula 2 (FAHF-2), protects against peanut anaphylaxis in mice. However, the mechanisms underlying this effect are not fully elucidated. Objective To investigate whether FAHF-2 inhibits mast cell/basophil numbers and IgE-mediated activation. Methods Mice with peanut allergy (PNA mice) were treated with FAHF-2 intragastrically for 7 weeks and challenged intragastrically with peanut 1 day and 4 weeks posttreatment. Peripheral blood basophil numbers and peritoneal mast cell numbers and FceRI expression were determined. Direct effects of FAHF-2 on the murine mast cell line MC/9, and effects of 4 fractions and 3 compounds isolated from FAHF-2 on rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-2H3) and human skin mast cells degranulation and on the IgE-mediated spleen tyrosine kinase signaling pathway, were determined. Results Although all sham-treated PNA mice developed anaphylaxis, FAHF-2–treated PNA mice were protected against anaphylaxis after peanut challenge at 1 day and 4 weeks posttherapy. Reduction of peripheral blood basophils began after 1 week of treatment and continued for at least 4 weeks posttherapy. The number and Fc e RI expression of peritoneal mast cells were also significantly decreased 4 weeks posttherapy. FAHF-2–treated MC/9 cells showed significantly reduced IgE-induced Fc e RI expression, Fc e RI γ mRNA subunit expression, proliferation, and histamine release on challenge. Fraction 2 from FAHF-2 inhibited RBL-2H3 cell and human mast cell degranulation. Three compounds from fraction 2—berberine, palmatine, and jatrorrhizine—inhibited RBL-2H3 cell degranulation via suppressing spleen tyrosine kinase phosphorylation. Conclusion Food allergy herbal formula 2 reduction of basophils and mast cell numbers as well as suppression of IgE-mediated mast cell activation may contribute to FAHF-2's persistent protection against peanut anaphylaxis.
Multiple Optimum Size/Shape/Topology Designs for Skeletal Structures using a Genetic Algorithm

A genetic algorithm is presented that can simultaneously optimize size, shape, and topology of skeletal structures, including both trusses and frames. The algorithm is unique because it finds multiple optimum and near-optimum topologies in a single run. The algorithm was executed on a bridge example where it found both traditionally recognized bridge topologies as well as less familiar topologies. It was also executed on two standard test problems as well as on a plane frame example. This algorithm presents the designer with more choices and more information than algorithms that converge to a single optimum design.
Effect of a high-salt diet on oxidant enzyme activity in skeletal muscle microcirculation

Increased salt intake attenuates the endothelium-dependent dilation of skeletal muscle arterioles by abolishing local nitric oxide (NO) activity. There is evidence of oxidative stress in arteriolar and venular walls of rats fed a high-salt diet, and depressed arteriolar responses to acetylcholine (ACh) in these rats are reversed by scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that this salt-dependent increase in microvascular ROS and the resulting attenuation of endothelium-dependent dilation are due to increased expression and/or activity of oxidant enzymes in the microvascular wall. Resting arteriolar and venular wall oxidant activity, as assessed by tetranitroblue tetrazolium reduction, was consistently higher in the spinotrapezius muscle of rats fed a high-salt diet (7% NaCl, HS) for 4-5 wk than in those fed a normal diet (0.45% NaCl, NS) for the same duration. Western analysis of protein from isolated microvessels showed no difference between HS and NS rats in the expression of NAD(P)H oxidase or xanthine oxidase. Inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase and/or xanthine oxidase with diphenyleneiodonium chloride and oxypurinol, respectively, reduced resting arteriolar wall oxidant activity to normal levels in HS rats but had no effect in NS rats, suggesting that the basal activities of NAD(P)H oxidase and xanthine oxidase are increased in HS microvessels. However, inhibition of these enzymes in HS rats did not restore normal arteriolar responses to ACh, suggesting that this stimulus activates an alternate source of ROS that eliminates the role of NO in the subsequent dilation.
DNA Packaging Motor Assembly Intermediate of Bacteriophage ϕ29

Abstract Unraveling the structure and assembly of the DNA packaging ATPases of the tailed double-stranded DNA bacteriophages is integral to understanding the mechanism of DNA translocation. Here, the bacteriophage ϕ29 packaging ATPase gene product 16 (gp16) was overexpressed in soluble form in Bacillus subtilis (pSAC), purified to near homogeneity, and assembled to the ϕ29 precursor capsid (prohead) to produce a packaging motor intermediate that was fully active in in vitro DNA packaging. The formation of higher oligomers of the gp16 from monomers was concentration dependent and was characterized by analytical ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, and electron microscopy. The binding of multiple copies of gp16 to the prohead was dependent on the presence of an oligomer of 174- or 120-base prohead RNA (pRNA) fixed to the head–tail connector at the unique portal vertex of the prohead. The use of mutant pRNAs demonstrated that gp16 bound specifically to the A-helix of pRNA, and ribonuclease footprinting of gp16 on pRNA showed that gp16 protected the CC residues of the CCA bulge (residues 18–20) of the A-helix. The binding of gp16 to the prohead/pRNA to constitute the complete and active packaging motor was confirmed by cryo-electron microscopy three-dimensional reconstruction of the prohead/pRNA/gp16 complex. The complex was capable of supercoiling DNA–gp3 as observed previously for gp16 alone; therefore, the binding of gp16 to the prohead, rather than first to DNA–gp3, represents an alternative packaging motor assembly pathway.