cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paleomagnetic dating of the smectite‐to‐illite conversion: Testing the hypothesis in Jurassic sedimentary rocks, Skye, Scotland

[1] A hypothesized connection between clay diagenesis and magnetite authigenesis is supported by the results of paleomagnetic, rock magnetic, geochemical, and petrographic studies on Jurassic sedimentary rock of Skye, Scotland. The results have implications for understanding remagnetization mechanisms and for the development of a paleomagnetic method to date clay diagenesis. Previous diagenetic studies indicate that rock in north Skye contains abundant detrital smectite, whereas the clays in the same age rock in south Skye have altered to illite because of Tertiary igneous activity. Geochemical (87Sr/86Sr, δ13C, δ18O) studies confirm that sedimentary rocks in south Skye are altered. The magnetization in the rocks in north Skye is weak and unstable. In contrast, the rocks in south Skye contain a multicomponent magnetization. At intermediate temperatures (225°–450°C) a magnetization with southerly declinations and negative inclinations or its antipodal equivalent is present. At higher temperatures (450°–580°C) a magnetization with northerly declinations and positive inclinations or its antipodal equivalent is removed. Both magnetizations have directions similar to Tertiary igneous rocks on Skye. Rock magnetic studies indicate the presence of pyrrhotite and magnetite. The intermediate-temperature component resides in pyrrhotite and/or magnetite and is interpreted as a thermoviscous remanent magnetization or a thermochemical remanent magnetization related to the heat and/or hydrothermal activity associated with the igneous activity. The high-temperature component resides in magnetite and is a chemical remanent magnetization (CRM). The presence-absence test and the timing of acquisition for this CRM suggest that magnetite authigenesis is related to the smectite-to-illite conversion and that clay diagenesis is a viable remagnetization mechanism.
Virulence of Septoria nodorum as affected by passage through detached leaves of wheat and barley cultivars.

Three genetically marked, single–spore isolates of Septoria nodorum from wheat were passed through detached leaves of wheat cvs Blueboy and Coker 747 and the barley cv. Boone to produce three sub–isolates per original isolate. Each sub–isolate was cultured for three pycnidiospore generations on its respective host. Virulence of each sub–isolate on detached leaves of Blueboy, Caldwell, Coker 747, and NK81W701 wheat, and Boone and Surry barley was compared with that of the original single–spore isolate from which it was derived. In most cases, sub–isolates passed through wheat were significantly more virulent than the originals on wheat cultivars. They also were more virulent to barley than the original isolates but they were less virulent to barley than to wheat cultivars. Isolate × cultivar interactions were statistically significant (P < .0001) for isolates passed through wheat or barley and were greater than isolate × cultivar interactions among the original isolates. In seven of eight isolates passed through wheat or barley, only the original genetic marker was recovered after three generations, indicating that cross–contamination could not account for the observed change of virulence. In the single case of apparent contamination, of a sub–isolate, virulence declined. ZusammenfassungDer Einflus von Passagen durch abgetrennte Weizen- bzw. Gerstenblatter auf die Virulenz von Septoria nodorum Drei genetisch markierte Einzelsporisolate von Septoria nodorum von Weizen wurden nacheiner kiunstiichen Inokulation an abgetrennten Blattern der Weizensorten Blueboy und Coker 747 sowie der Gerstensorte Boone aus den Blattern reisoliert, um drei Sub-Isolate je urspriunglichenIsolats zu produzieren. Jedes Isolat wurde uber drei Pyknidiosporgenerationen auf seinem Wirtvermehrt. Danach wurde die Virulenz der Sub-Isolate an abgetrennten Blattern der WeizensortenBlueboy, Caldwell, Coker 747 und NK81W701 bzw. der Gerstensorten Boone und Surry mit denursprunghchen Isolaten verghchen. In den meisten Fallen war die Virulenz der Sub-Isolate, die durchWeizenblatter vermehrt wurden, hoher als die der ursprunglichen Isolate an Weizensorten. Gegenuber Gerste hatten die Sub-Isolate eine hobere Virulenz als die ursprunglichen Isolate, jedochwar ihre Virulenz gegenuber Gerste weniger als gegenuber den Weizensorten, Wechselwirkungenzwischen Isolaten und Sorten waren fur die Isolate, die in Weizen- oder Gerstenblattern vermehrtwurden, statistisch signifikant (P < 0,0001), sie waren auch grbser als die fur die ursprunghchenIsolate. Bei sieben von acht Isolaten, die durch Weizen- oder Gerstenblatter vermehrt wurden. konntenach drei Generationen nur die ursprlungliche genetische Markierung reisoliert werden. Dies deutetedarauf hin, das eine Kreuzkontaminierung fur den beobachteten Wechsel in der Virulenz nichtverantwortlich gemacht werden konnte. Bei dem einzelnen Fall, wo eine Kontamination des Sub-Isolates scheinbar stattgefunden hat, ist die Virulenzstarke zuruckgegangen.
Avalanches and self-organized criticality in simulations of particle piles

Abstract Simulations are carried out for an athermal pile of particles in the presence of a gravity-like force. As the force increases, the pile structure rearranges through discrete avalanche events. The sizes of the avalanche events are characterized by the change in energy, and it is found that the avalanche size follows a power-law probability distribution with a power-law exponent of −0.96. These results suggest that the particle pile is in a self-organized critical state.
Metabolic acclimation to temperature in a terrestrial snail

Abstract 1. 1. Oxygen consumption ( V O 2 ) was higher at each successive temperature from T e = 5–35°C in all acclimation groups of Stenotrema leai (Pilsbry) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). 2. 2. The M:T curve of fed snails acclimated ( T a ) at 5°C was translated with respect to all other acclimation groups ( T a = 15, 25, 5–25°C). 3. 3. The M:T curves of starved snails evidenced various patterns of translation, clockwise rotation with translation, and counterclockwise rotation with translation among the various T a groups. 4. 4. There was a pattern of increased metabolism of starved animals with respect to fed snails from low to high T a . 5. 5. Q 10 was highest at low T c in all 77, groups. Q 10 between T c = T a for the three constant T a ranged from 1.5 to 1.7 indicating a Precht Type 3 compensation. 6. 6. Low Q 10 at high T c at all T a suggests rapid metabolic compensation. 7. 7. The pattern of acclimation suggests snails are either warm- or cold-acclimated. 8. 8. A comparison of M:T curves of laboratory-acclimated snails with field acclimatized suggests feeding interacts with temperature in the temperature compensation process.
First Case of Small Bowel Sarcomatoid Carcinoma Found by Video Capsule Endoscopy

Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the small bowel is extremely rare. We report the first case of sarcomatoid carcinoma identified by video capsule endoscopy in a patient referred for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Computed tomography and small bowel follow through failed to identify the tumor. The tumor was visualized initially on video capsule endoscopy examination and a 6 x 3 cm polypoid, fungating mass with irregular borders was retrieved on surgical resection. Microscopic examination showed sheets of pleomorphic spindled to epitheliod cells staining positive for cytokeritin and vimentin, indicative of sarcomatoid carcinoma. Forty-one months after surgical resection the patient continued to be free of metastatic disease.
Targeted disruption of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene

By homologous recombination, we have generated mice that lack the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) gene. Neuronal NOS expression and NADPH-diaphorase (NDP) staining are absent in the mutant mice. Very low level residual catalytic activity suggests that other enzymes in the brain may generate nitric oxide. The neurons normally expressing NOS appear intact, and the mutant NOS mice are viable, fertile, and without evident histopathological abnormalities in the central nervous system. The most evident effect of disrupting the neuronal NOS gene is the development of grossly enlarged stomachs, with hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter and the circular muscle layer. This phenotype resembles the human disorder infantile pyloric stenosis, in which gastric outlet obstruction is associated with the lack of NDP neurons in the pylorus.
Fatigue growth of surface cracks in bending

Abstract A simple procedure for calculating the fatigue crack propagation lifetimes of surface-initiated part-through cracks in bending is discussed and agreement is obtained with previously reported experimental data. It is shown that a realistic fatigue analysis of these cracks must include an explicit determination of crack depth as a function of surface length and that, in general, the depth-to-length ratio varies with crack length, crack nucleus geometry and with the stress intensity factor exponent in the Paris growth rate relationship. Numerical results are presented for some typical situations.
Favorable outcomes with machine perfusion and longer pump times in kidney transplantation: a single-center, observational study.

Background. Hypothermic machine perfusion (MP) preservation is used for all deceased donor kidney transplants at our center. Kidneys are placed in cold storage at retrieval, then transferred to MP on arrival. Because a lack of consensus regarding optimal use of MP still exists, we evaluated the overall impact of using MP at our center and the prognostic value of MP (Pump) time. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed 339 adult, primary deceased donor kidney transplant recipients who were pooled across three prospective, randomized immunosuppression trials (since 2000) at our center. In addition to providing overall results for delayed graft function (DGF) (requirement for dialysis in the first week), slow graft function (SGF), first biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR), and graft failure, stepwise logistic and Cox regression analyses were used to determine the prognostic value of pump time, particularly after controlling for other significant prognosticators. Results. Mean cold storage and pump times were 6.6 and 26.7 hr, consistent across immunosuppression protocols. Overall DGF and SGF rates were 4.4% (15/339) and 12.1% (41/339). DGF was equally low for pump time less than 24 vs. more than or equal to 24 hr, 5.2% (6/116) vs. 4.0% (9/223) (P=0.63), with similar results after adjusting for known DGF predictors. A significantly lower first BPAR rate was observed for longer pump time (as a continuous variable) among more immunologically active recipients (those having more risk factors: DGF, age <50 yr, and non-white) (univariable P=0.005; multivariable P=0.009), with an estimated hazard ratio of 0.43 (P=0.006) favoring pump time more than or equal to 24 hr among those with more than or equal to two risk factors. Conclusions. In this single-center, observational study, MP with prolonged pump times was associated with low DGF/SGF and first BPAR rates, supporting continued use of MP.
Optimal timing of congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair in infants on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a vital pre-operative adjunct for the stabilization of patients with severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) that develop cardiorespiratory failure. The optimal timing of diaphragmatic repair in patients with CDH that require ECMO remains controversial. This article offers a review of the data available addressing the risks and outcomes of patients who require ECMO support with regard to timing of repair.
CONSTRAINTS ON HETEROGENEOUS GALACTIC CHEMICAL EVOLUTION FROM METEORITIC STARDUST

Meteorites contain presolar grains that formed in stars prior to solar system formation and preserve a record of stellar and galactic evolutionary processes. We consider a stochastic model of heterogeneous mixing of supernova ejecta into a homogeneous interstellar medium (ISM), first presented by Lugaro et al. The predictions of the model for Si, Ti, and O isotopic ratios are compared with the compositions of presolar SiC, Al2O3, and MgAl2O4 grains. Model parameters that reproduce the range of Si isotopic ratios in SiC grains fail to reproduce the strong observed correlation between SiC Si and Ti isotopic ratios and the range of 18O/16O ratios in the oxide phases. The Si-Ti correlation in SiC implies that heterogeneous mixing of SNe ejecta can account for at most 40% of the range of grain isotopic compositions. This result further implies that the ejecta from diverse SNe are well mixed to the percent level in the ISM, consistent with recent results based on stellar and interstellar abundance measurements. However, the presolar grain data provide much more stringent limits on the range of relative element ratios (e.g., Mg/Fe) than can be derived from astronomical observations. The large scatter in metallicity observed for disk stars of a given age cannot be explained by heterogeneous mixing of stellar ejecta. The range of 18O/16O ratios measured in presolar oxide grains implies either that they formed in stars with a wider range of metallicities than the SiC progenitor stars or that their parent stars experienced moderate amounts of cool bottom processing.
L-Asparaginase-Induced Immunosuppression: Effects on Antibody-Forming Cells and Serum Titers

Treatment of mice with L-asparaginase from Escherichia coli resulted in a marked suppression of the immune response, as assessed both cellularly and humorally. Suppression occurred only when the enzyme was injected together with the sheep erythrocytes used as antigen. There was little or no effect when the enzyme was injected before the antigen. Simultaneous injection of asparagine prevented suppression, an indication that the effect of the enzyme was due to depletion of an amino acid probably essential for normal lymphoid cell function during antibody production.
Spatial structure and landscape associations of SRTM error

Abstract This paper evaluates the spatial structure of Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) error and its associations with globally available topographic and land cover variables across a wide range of landscapes. Two continental-scale SRTM elevation data samples were extracted, along with collocated National Elevation Dataset (NED) elevations, MODIS composite forest cover percentage, and global ecoregion major habitat type codes. The larger punctual sample contained nearly 247,000 sites on a regular grid across the conterminous United States, while the smaller areal sample consisted of 37,500 45″ × 45″ rectangular regions on a regular grid. Sub-pixel positional mismatch was accounted for by finding and using the best local fit between the 1 arc sec horizontal resolution NED product and the 3 arc sec (3″) horizontal resolution SRTM product. Slope and aspect were calculated for all samples. Using the larger point sample, we identified associations between SRTM error, defined as NED–SRTM 3″ differences, with these land cover and terrain derivative variables. Using the areal sample, we developed semivariograms of elevation error for tens of thousands of small regions across the United States, as well as for sets of these regions with common slope and landcover properties. This facilitated a more comprehensive evaluation of the spatial structure of SRTM error than has previously been done. The punctual sample RMSE was 8.6 m, conforming to previous estimates of SRTM error, but many errors in excess of 50 m were identified. Nearly 90% of these large errors were positive and correlated with high forest cover percentage. Overall, SRTM elevations consistently overestimated the surface. Forest cover and slope were positively correlated with positive bias. A strong association of aspect with SRTM error was noted, with positive error magnitudes peaking for aspects oriented to the northwest and negative error magnitudes peaking for slopes facing southeast. Error bias, standard deviation, and semivariograms differed substantially across ecoregion types. These variables were incorporated in a regression model to predict SRTM error: this model explained nearly 60% of the total error variation and has the potential to substantially improve the SRTM data product worldwide using globally available datasets.
Role of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y in feeding and obesity

The 36-amino-acid peptide, neuropeptide Y (NPY), is the most abundant peptide in the rat brain. When administered into the brain, NPY produces a variety of physiological actions including a pronounced stimulation of feeding in satiated rats. Elevations in hypothalamic NPY have been reported after food deprivation and in genetically obese rodents. NPY is believed to produce its actions through a portfolio of G-protein coupled receptors, Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5. Studies using peptide analogs, receptor knockout animals and specific receptor antagonists suggest the Y1 and Y5 receptors are important in mediating the effects of NPY on food intake in rats. Development of specific receptor antagonists with improved pharmacokinetic properties will be required to determine the importance of NPY in human obesity and appetite disorders.
Electrochemistry of (CH)x: Lightweight rechargeable batteries using (CH)x as the Cathode- and anode-active materials

Abstract Polyacetylene, (CH)x, can be controllably doped p-type (oxidized) or n-type (reduced) by simple electrochemical procedures. Cyclic voltammetry studies on freestanding films of cis-(CH)x show that (CH)x can be reversibly oxidized at ~+3.6V vs. Li and reversibly reduced at ~+1.4V vs. Li. The spontaneous electrochemical “undoping” of p- and/or n-doped (CH)x, which occurs when appropriate combinations and configurations of (CH)x are employed, permits (CH)x to be used in the fabrication of lightweight rechargeable batteries having large energy and large power densities. Cis-(CH)x can be readily isomerized to the trans-isomer by electrochemical p-doping followed by electrochemical reduction to (CH)x.
'Killed by its Mother': Infanticide in Providence County, Rhode Island, 1870 to 1938

This article analyzes infanticide based on the Coroners' Records for Providence County, Rhode Island, from the 1870s to 1938 to determine doctors' and coroners' attitudes toward mothers who killed. The nineteenth century witnessed a medical discourse on the possibility of postpartum insanity as a cause of infanticide. While some women claimed temporary insanity, and some doctors and coroners legitimated this defense, its application to mothers who killed was arbitrary. They determined who deserved this diagnosis based on the woman's character, her forthrightness, and extenuating circumstances. Infanticide divided the profession nationally and at the local level and prevented doctors or coroners from speaking in a united voice on the issue. This article does not attempt to follow cases of infanticide through to jury verdicts. Instead, it provides an opportunity to analyze the circumstances women faced that led them to kill their newborns, and to analyze the responses of doctors and coroners to these mothers who killed. Unlike the findings of other studies, neither physicians nor coroners in Rhode Island were united in a claim of ignorance to save these women from guilty verdicts.
Efficiency of Energy Utilization by Mixed Rumen Bacteria in Continuous Culture

Abstract Mixed bacterial cultures derived from the rumen were grown in a rumen fluid medium in a chemostat at three dilution rates (.02, .06, and .12 per h), each at four growth-limiting glucose concentrations (5.8, 9.9, 12.7, and 25.0mM). Microscopic observations indicated that a relatively complex mixture of bacterial species was maintained and proportions of fermentations products were similar to those of the rumen except for elevated proportions of methane and acetate. Cell concentration increased linearly with increases in glucose concentration. The range of glucose concentrations had little effect on yields of cells or products produced per mole of glucose fermented. With increases in dilution rates, the amount of butyrate and methane produced per mole of glucose fermented decreased and the amount of propionate increased. Yield glucose (grams cells produced per mole of glucose fermented) increased from 42 at a dilution rate of .02 to 84 at a dilution rate of .12. These large increases are discussed in relationship to the energy requirements for maintenance of bacteria. A theoretical maximum yield glucose of 89.3 and a maintenance requirement of .26 mmol glucose per g cells per h were calculated. Moles of adenosine triphosphate produced per mole of glucose fermented and yield of cells produced per mole of adenosine triphosphate are discussed.
Response of a Doppler canceling system to plane gravitational waves

This paper discusses the interaction of long periodic gravitational waves with a three-link microwave system known as the Doppler canceling system. This system, which was developed for a gravitational red-shift experiment, uses one-way and two-way Doppler information to construct the beat signal of two reference oscillators moving with respect to each other. The geometric-optics approximation is used to derive the frequency shift produced on a light signal propagating in a gravitational-wave space-time. The signature left on the Doppler-cancelled beat by bursts and continuous gravitational waves is analyzed. A comparison is made between the response to gravitational waves of the Doppler canceling system and that of a (NASA) Doppler tracking system which employs two-way, round-trip radio waves. A threefold repetition of the gravitational wave form is found to be a common feature of the response functions of both systems. These two functions otherwise exhibit interesting differences.
Update on the diagnosis and management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia/chronic lung disease of infancy: what the radiologist should know

Pediatric radiologists are frequently called upon to render interpretations of chest radiographs performed on premature infants with chronic respiratory problems. After the acute phase of surfactant deficiency (respiratory distress syndrome), infants with persistent respiratory problems are loosely categorized by clinicians as evolving toward a broad, rather vague entity called bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) or chronic lung disease (CLD). This review aims to update the radiologist on how the characteristics of the disease have shifted and how management, diagnosis and pathology have changed since the disorder was first described more than 40 years ago. The radiologist armed with this information might be better prepared to provide insightful reporting and address the needs of the neonatologist.
Effect of Chemical Composition on Adhesion of Directly Electrodeposited Copper Film on TiN

Copper citrate (Cu-Cit) baths are effective mediums for seedless electrochemical deposition (ECD) of copper with strong adhesion property on TiN. The chemical equilibrium diagrams of chemical fraction vs pH were used to explain the cause of good adhesion of copper deposits on TiN. The kind and the amount of Cu-Cit complexes in a bath were determined according to pH and the concentration ratio of copper and citrate, [Cu 2+ ]/[Cit -3 ]. It was found that CuCir among various Cu-Cit complexes participated in adherent copper reduction on TiN. When more Cu 2 (Cit)OH than CuCir was contained in a bath, the reduction of CuCir was hindered and the adhesion property of copper on TiN became degraded. Resultant ECD copper films on TiN, which were deposited in baths of [Cu 2+ ]/[Cit 3- ] = 1 in the existence of CuCit - passed the ASTM D 3359 adhesion test showing strong adhesion.
Specificity of mammalian transferase II binding to ribosomes.

Transferase II from rat liver binds specifically at the ribosome receptor site. Sulphydryl groups on both ribosome and enzyme must be in the reduced state before binding is feasible.
Vitronectin is a critical protein adhesion substrate for IL-4-induced foreign body giant cell formation.

An in vitro system of interleukin (IL)-4-induced foreign body giant cell (FBGC) formation was utilized to define the adhesion protein substrate(s) that promotes this aspect of the foreign body reaction on biomedical polymers. Human monocytes were cultured on cell culture polystyrene surfaces that had been pre-adsorbed with a synthetic arginine-glycine-aspartate peptide previously found to support optimal FBGC formation, or with various concentrations of potential physiological protein substrates, i.e. complement C3bi, collagen types I or IV, fibrinogen, plasma fibronectin, fibroblast fibronectin, laminin, thrombospondin, vitronectin, or von Willebrand factor. Cultures were evaluated on days 0 (1.5 h), 3, and 7 by May-Grunwald/Giemsa staining. Initial monocyte adhesion occurred on all adsorbed proteins. However, by day 7 of culture, only vitronectin was striking in its ability to support significant macrophage adhesion, development, and fusion leading to FBGC formation. Vitronectin supported high degrees of FBGC formation at an absorption concentration between 5 and 25 microg/mL. These findings suggest that adsorbed vitronectin is critical in the collective events that support and promote FBGC formation on biomedical polymers, and that the propensity for vitronectin adsorption may underlie the material surface chemistry dependency of FBGC formation.
Global information infrastructure

The High Performance Computing and Communications Program (HPCC) is a multiagency federal initiative under the leadership of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, established by the High Performance Computing Act of 1991. It has been assigned a critical role in supporting the international collaboration essential to science and to health care. Goals of the HPCC are to extend USA leadership in high performance computing and networking technologies; to improve technology transfer for economic competitiveness, education, and national security; and to provide a key part of the foundation for the National Information Infrastructure. The first component of the National Institutes of Health to participate in the HPCC, the National Library of Medicine (NLM), recently issued a solicitation for proposals to address a range of issues, from privacy to 'testbed' networks, 'virtual reality,' and more. These efforts will build upon the NLM's extensive outreach program and other initiatives, including the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), MEDLARS, and Grateful Med. New Internet search tools are emerging, such as Gopher and 'Knowbots'. Medicine will succeed in developing future intelligent agents to assist in utilizing computer networks. Our ability to serve patients is so often restricted by lack of information and knowledge at the time and place of medical decision-making. The new technologies, properly employed, will also greatly enhance our ability to serve the patient.
Biphasic retention of one-trial learning in a clonal fish (Poecilia formosa).

Most species used for behavioural studies are bisexual. Sexual dimorphism determines genotypic diversity and behavioural variation within a species. The relative contribution of a genome to a specific behaviour is for the most part indiscernible, but gene changes can alter behaviour in many different ways1. Within a species, strain differences can contribute to behavioural differences and many less clearly systematic behaviours, such as the aptitude to learn or to recall, may be genetically determined2. Genotypic diversity, on the other hand, obscures gene correlates of behaviour because each organism brings a unique repertoire of behaviours to the experimental situation. Against this, learning research has found basic phenomena of learning and memory to be valid across many vertebrate species. In an effort to reduce genotypic and behavioural variability in studying memory processing, we have used a unisexual clonal fish, Poecilia formosa, as suggested by Agranoff and Davis3.
The use of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) in clinical in vitro fertilization: the role of Georgeanna Seegar Jones

The use of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) to recruit multiple oocytes is now common practice worldwide in most clinical programs of in vitro fertilization (IVF). It was not always so. This is the story of the first successful use of exogenous gonadotropins in a clinical program of IVF.
Convergence Estimates for the Distribution of Trailing Digits

This paper analyzes the distribution of trailing digits (tail end digits) of positive real floating-point numbers represented in arbitrary base b and randomly chosen from a logarithmic distribution. The analysis shows that the nth digit for n ≥ 2 is actually approximately uniformly distributed. The approximation depends upon both n and the baseb. It becomes better as n increases, and it is exact in the limit as n ⇒ ∞. A table of this distribution is presented for various b and n, along with a table of the maximum digit by digit deviation D of the logarithmic distribution from the uniform distribution. Various asymptotic results for D are included. These results have application in resolving open questions of Henrici, of Kaneko and Liu, and of Tsao.
Extraction and Partial Characterization of Enkephalin-Like Peptides from Splanchnic Nerve

: A method is described for the extraction of enkephalin-like peptides from peripheral nerve using chloroform and acidic methanol to facilitate a differential extraction of peptides and lipid. Porcine splanchnic nerve contains enkephalin-like peptides in low amounts compared to porcine adrenal medulla and striatum. Gel filtration chromatography reveals the presence of enkephalinlike peptides in both processed and cryptic forms. This is the first reported isolation and partial characterization of these peptides in splanchnic nerve. The presence of these peptides in this nerve provides support for the contention that the splanchnic nerve can modulate catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla through an effect on opiate receptors located on chromaffin cells.
Prolactin or dopamine mediates the induction of puberty by long days in female ferrets.

Abstract The role of PRL in sexual maturation of female ferrets was examined in these studies. Longitudinal profiles of PRL secretion were obtained by thrice weekly blood sampling of intact female ferrets undergoing photoperiod-stimulated development as well as age-matched control females which remained in nonstimulatory short days. Two additional groups of intact females, one in each photocycle, were treated with the dopamine agonist drug bromocryptine throughout the study. The relationship between developmental changes in PRL secretion and the critical pubertal decrease in the efficacy of estradiol (E2) inhibitory feedback on LH secretion was studied by using additional groups of females which were ovariectomized and treated with E2 implants (OVX + E2). These latter females were housed in either long or short day photoperiods; some were treated with bromocryptine, the remainder were treated with the vehicle only. Results of this study revealed that PRL secretion in ferrets does not change acutely with a...
Allogeneic Immunotherapy to Optimize the Graft-versus-Tumor Effect: Concepts and Controversies

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) can be considered the most successful method of adoptive immunotherapy of cancer. It is successful in part because of the potent graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effects of the donor graft, which are independent of the conditioning regimen. This potent GVT reaction can be harnessed in some cases to treat patients who relapse after allogeneic SCT with the use of donor leukocyte infusions (DLIs). This has led to the rapid development of reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens for allogeneic SCT, an approach that relies primarily on GVT activity. However, the effects of GVT have clear disease specificity and remain associated with significant GVHD. Optimization of GVT induction will require a better understanding of the important target antigens and effector cells, as well as the development of methods that enhance GVT reactivity without excessive GVHD. The appropriate clinical setting and timing for GVT induction need to be defined more clearly, but ultimately, the immunologic control of cancer through allogeneic adoptive immunotherapy represents one of the most potent and promising therapeutic strategies for patients with hematologic malignancies.
Ocular hypertelorism, facial basal cell carcinomas, and multiple odontogenic keratocysts of the jaws

Dentists should be aware of the multiple jaw cysts of NBCS that may develop in patients as young as 7 to 8 years. As the jaw cysts frequently are the initial symptom, dentists have the opportunity to detect the syndrome early, before the patients seek medical treatment. Any young patient with multiple odontogenic keratocysts in the jaws can develop other conditions characteristic of the disease. A careful family history should be taken, and the patient should be monitored closely for subsequent clinical manifestations of the disease.
Coding scheme for wireless video transport with reduced frame skipping

We investigate the scenario of using the Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) retransmission scheme for two-way low bit-rate video communications over wireless Rayleigh fading channels. We show that during the retransmissions of error packets, due to the reduced channel throughput, the video encoder buffer may fill-up quickly and cause the TMN8 rate-control algorithm to significantly reduce the bits allocated to each video frame. This results in Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) degradation and many skipped frames. To reduce the number of frames skipped, in this paper we propose a coding scheme which takes into consideration the effects of the video buffer fill-up, an a priori channel model, the channel feedback information, and hybrid ARQ/FEC. The simulation results indicate that our proposed scheme encode the video sequences with much fewer frame skipping and with higher PSNR compared to H.263 TMN8.
Responses of soil bacterial and fungal communities to reciprocal transfers of soil between adjacent coniferous forest and meadow vegetation in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon

Little information exists on the re- sponses of soil fungal and bacterial communities in high elevation coniferous forest/open meadow ecosystems of the northwest United States of America to treatments that impact vegetation and soil conditions. An experiment was conducted in which soil cores were reciprocally transplanted between immediately adjacent forests and mead- ows at two high elevation (~1,600 m) sites (Car- penter and Lookout) in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest located in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Half of the cores were placed in PVC pipe (closed) to prevent new root colonization, whereas the other cores were placed in mesh bags (open) to allow recolonization by fine roots. A duplicate set of open and closed soil cores was not transferred between sites and was incu- bated in place. After 2 year, soil cores were removed and changes in fungal and bacterial bio- masses determined using light microscopy, and changes in microbial community composition determined by PLFA analysis, and by length het- erogeneity PCR of the internal transcribed spacer region of fungal ribosomal DNA. At both sites soil microbial community structures had responded to treatments after 2 year of incubation. At Carpen- ter, both fungal and bacterial community struc- tures of forest soil changed significantly in response to transfer from forest to meadow, with the shift in fungal community structure being accompanied by a significant decrease in the PLFA biomarker of fungal biomass,18:2x6,9. At Lookout, both fungal and bacterial community structures of forest soil changed significantly in response to open versus closed core treatments, with the shift in the fungal community being accompanied by a significant decrease in the 18:2x6,9 content of closed cores, and the shift in the bacterial community structure being accompanied by a significant increase in bacterial biomass of closed cores. At both sites, fungal community structures of meadow soils changed differently between open and closed cores in response to transfer to forest, and were accom- panied by increases in the18:2x6,9 content of open cores. Although there were no significant treat- ment effects on the bacterial community structure of meadow soil at either site, bacterial biomass was significantly higher in closed versus open cores regardless of transfer.
Corneal injuries from liquid detergent pods

Laundry and dishwasher detergent "pods" were introduced to the United States market in 2010 and are sold by several manufacturers. They represent a high percentage of household cleaning product exposure in the United Kingdom. We present a consecutive case series of 10 children seen in a 9-month period with corneal injuries from exposure to liquid detergent pods.
Miniaturized low noise variable MMIC amplifiers with low power consumption for L-band portable communication applications

Miniaturized L-band low-noise variable gain amplifiers for portable mobile communication equipment applications are discussed. The fabricated monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) use D-mode GaAs MESFETs and need only positive bias. The amplifier has a noise figure of 3 dB and a gain of 14 dB. The chip size is approximately 1 mm*1 mm and the current dissipation is only 1.8 mA. >
Electron relaxation dynamics in semicontinuous metal films on nanoparticle surfaces

Abstract We have grown semicontinuous and continuous metal films on silica nanoparticles. These nanostructures exhibit distinct spectral and dynamical optical signatures of the percolation threshold. Using time-resolved pump-probe measurements, we have investigated the electron dynamics in the semicontinuous metal layers. The observed electron dynamics are dramatically different than in continuous metals, exhibiting an initial rapid relaxation which we attribute to the equilibration of electrons in localized surface plasmons or `hot spots' with electrons throughout the film.
A high pressure liquid chromatography-based assay for glutathione-S-transferase class distinction assay

Abstract In order to expedite the process of classification of the members of the family of glutathione- S -transferases (GSTs) high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) was used as a means for measuring enzymatic activity. The GST chosen for the development of the HPLC-PDA technique was from equine liver (E-GST). The characterizing substrates, ethacrynic acid (EA) and bromosulfophthalein (BSP), along with previously gathered characterization data allowed for the distinction of α, μ or π-class enzymes. In an initial characterization of the previously unclassified E-GST it was determined that the enzyme was of the π-class with specific activities of 0.062, ± 0.0015 μmol min − 1 mg − 1 and 0.0019, ± 0.00064 μmol min − 1 mg − 1 for EA and BSP, respectively. Finally, the activity of the E-GST with the EA and BSP substrates, was measured by HPLC-PDA, and was found to be 0.027, ± 0.003 μmol min − 1 mg − 1 and 0.002, ± 0.0005 μmol min − 1 mg − 1 , respectively. While the HPLC-PDA data do not mirror the spectrophotometric results quantitatively the overall response by the E-GST was the same. In general, the E-GSTs were shown to belong to the π-class when characterized by HPLC-PDA due to an EA specific activity greater than 0.01 μmol min − 1 mg − 1 and a negligible BSP activity (≤ 0.002 μmol min − 1 mg − 1 ).
Assessing Teachers’ Beliefs About Social and Emotional Learning

Teachers are the primary implementers of social and emotional learning (SEL) programs. Their beliefs about SEL likely influence program delivery, evaluation, and outcomes. A simple tool for measuring these beliefs could be used by school administrators to determine school readiness for SEL programming and by researchers to better understand teacher variables that impact implementation fidelity and program outcomes. In a two-phase study, we developed and then validated a parsimonious measure of teachers’ beliefs about SEL. In Phase 1, survey items were administered to 935 teachers and subjected to both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, resulting in three reliable scales pertaining to teachers’ comfort with teaching SEL, commitment to learning about SEL, and perceptions about whether their school culture supports SEL. Phase 2 provided evidence for the concurrent and predictive validity of the scales with a subsample of teachers implementing an SEL program as part of a randomized controlled trial...
Optimization of Rocket Propulsion Systems for Advanced Earth-to-Orbit Shuttles

A computerized preliminary design system is used to evaluate potential main liquid-rocket propulsion systems for advanced technology winged single-state-to-orbit launch vehicles. Evaluated are tradeoffs between ascent flight trajectory performance and flight vehicle sizing driven by engine mass and propellant requirements. Numerous mission, flight, and vehicle-related requirements and constraints are satisfied in the design process. With the design system, five dual-mode propulsion system concepts are compared to a baseline hydrogen and oxygen system in terms of the changes in vehicle dry mass and gross mass.
Argentinas Crises and the Poor, 1995-2002

This paper documents the impact of Argentina&apos's recent economic crises on different aspects of poverty, with a special focus on the economic collapse of 2002. We discuss the methodology of poverty measurement in Argentina and we use a simple rule to compensate for the lack of regional poverty figures until 2001, providing consistent series of urban poverty estimates at the national and regional levels. We then present series of short term dynamics of poverty, decomposing the changes in every period of time with panel data. Finally, we analyse the determinants of poverty, with a focus on accounting for observed differences in income (and thereby poverty) between October 2001 and May 2002. Among other conclusions, we find in our decomposition analysis that households without the means to diversify their income sources suffered more than others from the crisis of 2002.
Emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder: behavioral and neural responses to three socio-emotional tasks

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is thought to involve deficits in emotion regulation, and more specifically, deficits in cognitive reappraisal. However, evidence for such deficits is mixed. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of blood oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal, we examined reappraisal-related behavioral and neural responses in 27 participants with generalized SAD and 27 healthy controls (HC) during three socio-emotional tasks: (1) looming harsh faces (Faces); (2) videotaped actors delivering social criticism (Criticism); and (3) written autobiographical negative self-beliefs (Beliefs). Behaviorally, compared to HC, participants with SAD had lesser reappraisal-related reduction in negative emotion in the Beliefs task. Neurally, compared to HC, participants with SAD had lesser BOLD responses in reappraisal-related brain regions when reappraising faces, in visual and attention related regions when reappraising criticism, and in the left superior temporal gyrus when reappraising beliefs. Examination of the temporal dynamics of BOLD responses revealed late reappraisal-related increased responses in HC, compared to SAD. In addition, the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), which showed reappraisal-related increased activity in both groups, had similar temporal dynamics in SAD and HC during the Faces and Criticism tasks, but greater late response increases in HC, compared to SAD, during the Beliefs task. Reappraisal-related greater late DMPFC responses were associated with greater percent reduction in negative emotion ratings in SAD patients. These results suggest a dysfunction of cognitive reappraisal in SAD patients, with overall reduced late brain responses in prefrontal regions, particularly when reappraising faces. Decreased late activity in the DMPFC might be associated with deficient reappraisal and greater negative reactivity. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00380731
A comprehensive proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of yeast deletion mutants of 14-3-3 orthologs and associated effects of rapamycin.

We applied a multiplexed, mass spectrometry-based strategy to interrogate the proteome and phosphoproteome of three yeast strains under two growth conditions. The yeast proteins Bmh1 and Bmh2, analogs to the 14-3-3 protein family, have a wide-array of cellular functions including the regulation of phosphorylation events. Similarly, rapamycin is a drug that can regulate phosphorylation events. By performing a series of TMT10-plex experiments, we investigated the alterations in the proteome and phosphoproteome of wildtype and two deletion strains (bmh1Δ and bmh2Δ) of S. cerevisiae treated with rapamycin and DMSO as a control. Our 3×3+1 strategy allowed for triplicate analysis of each of the three strains, plus an additional sample consisting of an equal mix of all samples. We quantified over 4000 proteins and 20,000 phosphorylation events. Of these, we quantified over 3700 proteins across all 20 samples and over 14,300 phosphorylation events within each drug treatment. In total, data collected from four TMT10-plex experiments required approximately one week of data collection on the mass spectrometer. This study underscores the complex cellular roles of Bmh1 and Bmh2 coupled with response to rapamycin treatment and emphasizes the utility of multiplexed proteomic techniques to elucidate comprehensive proteomes and phosphoproteomes.
Verofylline pharmacokinetics in dietary-induced obese rats: role of fat mass and protein binding in determining volume of distribution

1. Verofylline, a lipophilic polysubstituted methylxanthine, was utilized to examine how severely altered body composition in obesity affects drug disposition; the role of fat-free mass, fat mass and protein binding in determining the volume of distribution (Vss) was investigated. Obesity was induced by feeding Sprague-Dawley rats for 8 months with a calorie-dense diet; the obese rats showed increases of 50% in total body mass and 150% in body fat. 2. Both the absolute Vss and the clearance (Cl) in the obese rats increased 2-fold over control. Since Cl and Vss increased similarly, the half-life of verofylline in obese rats did not change. 3. The increase of Cl in obese rats can be accounted for by metabolic function related to fat-free mass and decreased serum binding. Similarly, an increase in fraction unbound and in total body mass accounted for the increase in Vss. 4. Based on in vitro measurements of muscle and fat tissue uptake of verofylline, and the assumed body space (from tritium dilution method), the predicted values for Vss closely approximated those of observed values. The semi-physiological model proposed here appears adequate to relate changes of body composition and serum protein binding in obesity to Vss.
The relative influence of nutrients and habitat on stream metabolism in agricultural streams

Stream metabolism was measured in 33 streams across a gradient of nutrient concentrations in four agricultural areas of the USA to determine the relative influence of nutrient concentrations and habitat on primary production (GPP) and respiration (CR-24). In conjunction with the stream metabolism estimates, water quality and algal biomass samples were collected, as was an assessment of habitat in the sampling reach. When data for all study areas were combined, there were no statistically significant relations between gross primary production or community respiration and any of the independent variables. However, significant regression models were developed for three study areas for GPP (r(2) = 0.79-0.91) and CR-24 (r(2) = 0.76-0.77). Various forms of nutrients (total phosphorus and area-weighted total nitrogen loading) were significant for predicting GPP in two study areas, with habitat variables important in seven significant models. Important physical variables included light availability, precipitation, basin area, and in-stream habitat cover. Both benthic and seston chlorophyll were not found to be important explanatory variables in any of the models; however, benthic ash-free dry weight was important in two models for GPP.