cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermomechanics of High-Pressure MEMS Sensors

Increasing demand for high performance, stable, and affordable sensors for applications in process control industry has led to development of a miniature pressure sensor. This development, made possible by recent advances in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication, utilizes polysilicon-sensing technology. The unique polysilicon piezoresistive sensor (PPS) measures differential pressure (DP) based on deformations of a multilayer/multimaterial diaphragm, which is about 2 μm thick. Deformations of a diaphragm, subjected to changes in pressure, are sensed by the piezoresistive bridge elements. Determination of the loading pressures from strains of the piezoresistors is based on computations relying on a number of material specific and process dependent coefficients that, because of their nature, can vary, which may lead to uncertainties in displayed results, especially when temperature changes also. To establish an independent means for measurements of the thermomechanical (TM) deformations of the PPS diaphragms and to validate the coefficients used, a hybrid methodology, based on measurements using optoelectronic laser interferometric microscope (OELIM) and finite element method (FEM) computations coupled with uncertainty analysis provided by unique closed form formulations, was developed. This methodology allows highly accurate and precise measurements of TM deformations of diaphragms, as well as their computational modeling/simulations, and is a basis for “design by analysis” approach to efficient and effective developments of new MEMS sensors. In this paper the hybrid approach is described and its use is illustrated by representative examples addressing high-pressure MEMS sensors.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Femtosecond lasers in biology: nanoscale surgery with ultrafast optics

Femtosecond lasers are emerging as a powerful tool in basic biological research. The high peak light intensity generated by a tightly focused, ultrashort, pulse of infrared laser light enables versatile submicron ablation deep within biological samples. Recent studies have begun to exploit these capabilities to conduct meticulous laser surgery experiments within single cells, as well as within intact organisms. This review will discuss the basic physical mechanisms behind femtosecond laser ablation in biological samples. It will then examine a series of prominent applications in biology and how they are opening new possibilities in a range of research fields. The interface between physics and biology has been exceptionally fruitful over recent years and femtosecond laser ablation is proving to be another prime example of this.
Intracardiac Echocardiographic Imaging in Guiding and Monitoring Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation at the Tricuspid Annulus

Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) with lower frequency is a new imaging modality. We present the case of a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy and recurrent supraventricular tachycardia due to a right posterolateral accessory pathway. ICE imaging was performed using a 9-MHz (9-Fr) catheter positioned in the right atrium and guided precise catheter localization at the lateral tri-cuspid annulus where the bypass tract was located, which facilitated successful radiofrequency ablation. In addition, ICE imaging detected anatomic abnormalities, including localized pericar-dial effusion and torn tricuspid chordae tendineae, which were all identified at the onset of the procedure. The effusions remained stable during imaging monitoring throughout the procedure, which helped reassure us that these abnormalities were not procedure related. In summary, ICE imaging may significantly improve procedural efficacy in selected catheter ablation procedure and help detect anatomic abnormalities, procedural complications, or both.
Slack-aware opportunistic monitoring for real-time systems

Recent studies have shown that run-time monitoring is a promising approach for improving the security and reliability of computer systems. In this paper, we present a framework and architecture for applying run-time monitoring to hard real-time systems. In this framework, monitoring is only performed when enough dynamic slack exists in order to ensure that the monitoring does not impact the timing guarantees of tasks. If the slack is insufficient, a dropping operation is run which minimizes the timing impact on the task while ensuring that no false positives occur. We present a novel hardware architecture that can perform this dropping operation in a single cycle, matching the throughput of the task being monitored. Thus, run-time monitoring is able to be applied opportunistically, with no impact on the worst-case execution time of tasks. Our experimental results for three different monitoring techniques verify that timing is never violated and that false positives never occur. In addition, on average, 15–66% of monitoring coverage is achieved with no impact on the worst-case execution times of tasks depending on the monitoring technique. With an FPGA-based monitor, this average coverage of monitoring ranged from 62–86% depending on the monitoring technique.
Complex Polymorphisms in an ∼330 kDa Protein Are Linked to Chloroquine-Resistant P. falciparum in Southeast Asia and Africa

Chloroquine resistance in a P. falciparum cross maps as a Mendelian trait to a 36 kb segment of chromosome 7. This segment harbors cg2, a gene encoding a unique approximately 330 kDa protein with complex polymorphisms. A specific set of polymorphisms in 20 chloroquine-resistant parasites from Asia and Africa, in contrast with numerous differences in 21 sensitive parasites, suggests selection of a cg2 allele originating in Indochina over 40 years ago. One chloroquine-sensitive clone exhibited this allele, suggesting another resistance component. South American parasites have cg2 polymorphisms consistent with a separate origin of resistance. CG2 protein is found at the parasite periphery, a site of chloroquine transport, and in association with hemozoin of the digestive vacuole, where chloroquine inhibits heme polymerization.
Hybridization of partial least squares and neural network models for quantifying lunar surface minerals

Abstract The goal of this study is to develop an efficient and accurate model for using visible–near infrared reflectance spectra to estimate the abundance of minerals on the lunar surface. Previous studies using partial least squares (PLS) and genetic algorithm–partial least squares (GA–PLS) models for this purpose revealed several drawbacks. PLS has two limitations: (1) redundant spectral bands cannot be removed effectively and (2) nonlinear spectral mixing (i.e., intimate mixtures) cannot be accommodated. Incorporating GA into the model is an effective way for selecting a set of spectral bands that are the most sensitive to variations in the presence/abundance of lunar minerals and to some extent overcomes the first limitation. Given the fact that GA–PLS is still subject to the effect of nonlinearity, here we develop and test a hybrid partial least squares–back propagation neural network (PLS–BPNN) model to determine the effectiveness of BPNN for overcoming the two limitations simultaneously. BPNN takes nonlinearity into account with sigmoid functions, and the weights of redundant spectral bands are significantly decreased through the back propagation learning process. PLS, GA–PLS and PLS–BPNN are tested with the Lunar Soil Characterization Consortium dataset (LSCC), which includes VIS–NIR reflectance spectra and mineralogy for various soil size fractions and the accuracy of the models are assessed based on R 2 and root mean square error values. The PLS–BPNN model is further tested with 12 additional Apollo soil samples. The results indicate that: (1) PLS–BPNN exhibits the best performance compared with PLS and GA–PLS for retrieving abundances of minerals that are dominant on the lunar surface; (2) PLS–BPNN can overcome the two limitations of PLS; (3) PLS–BPNN has the capability to accommodate spectral effects resulting from variations in particle size. By analyzing PLS beta coefficients, spectral bands selected by GA, and the loading curve of the latent variable with the largest weight in PLS–BPNN, we conclude that spectral information incorporated into the three models is directly derived from the diagnostic absorption bands associated with the individual minerals. It is concluded that the PLS–BPNN model should be applicable to both Clementine UV–VIS–NIRs and Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M 3 ) data.
Inhibición del receptor plaquetario P2Y12 de adenosina difosfato plaquetario: efectos beneficiosos y limitaciones de las estrategias terapéuticas actuales y perspectivas futuras

La inhibicion del receptor plaquetario P2Y12 con el empleo de clopidogrel ha representado un importante avance en el tratamiento farmacologico de los pacientes con enfermedad aterotrombotica, especialmente en los sindromes coronarios agudos y en el intervencionismo coronario percutaneo. A pesar de los efectos beneficiosos asociados al tratamiento con clopidogrel en estos contextos de alto riesgo, las experiencias clinicas y de laboratorio ha permitido identificar algunas de sus limitaciones, la mas relevante de las cuales es la amplia variabilidad existente en la respuesta inhibitoria plaquetaria. En esta variabilidad de la respuesta al clopidogrel se han involucrado diferentes factores clinicos, geneticos y celulares. Es importante senalar que los hallazgos farmacodinamicos han demostrado tener repercusiones pronosticas, lo cual subraya la necesidad de mejores estrategias de tratamiento antiagregante plaquetario. El objetivo de este articulo es aportar una vision general del estado actual y las perspectivas futuras sobre el antagonismo del receptor P2Y12, con especial referencia a la variabilidad interindividual en la respuesta a clopidogrel y a las estrategias destinadas a mejorar la inhibicion del receptor P2Y12, incluidos los farmacos antiagregantes plaquetarios mas recientes.
The Discrete Maximum Principle

ABSTRACT Recently there has been much discussion of the so–called discrete maximum principle. It is now known that this principle is misleading and incorrect in most non–linear examples. In this short note we show that the principle is merely a re–statement of a constrained static variational problem where the constraints represents a cascade of difference equations. In certain linear cases, the overall maximum condition decomposes into cascaded maximum conditions which generate the principle.
Targeting the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in breast cancer therapy.

The ubiquitin–proteasome pathway (UPP) is the major eukaryotic mechanism for regulated intracellular proteolysis. Targeting this pathway with proteasome inhibitors has been validated as a rational strategy against hematologic malignancies, but for most solid tumor populations, including breast cancer, such agents have not shown encouraging activity. However, there is an increasing body of evidence showing that UPP dysregulation plays an important role in mammary tumorigenesis. Moreover, modulation of ubiquitin–proteasome function is emerging as a rational strategy to enhance chemosensitivity and overcome chemoresistance. Taken together, these facts suggest that we are only beginning to appreciate the relevance of this pathway for the current and future therapy of patients with breast cancer. This review provides an overview of the biology of the UPP, its role in the malignant process, the current state of knowledge regarding clinical heat shock protein and proteasome inhibition, and some likely future dir...
Federalist No. 41: Does Polarization Inhibit Coordination?

Federalist Nos. 41–43 provide a unified justification for the powers granted to the national government by posing a series of questions about the four classes of responsibilities, such as declaring war. This essay examines the role of polarization in limiting the coordination of powers needed for effective administration and uses ideology estimates for four states to illustrate the difficulties embedded in shared power between national and state governments.
The effects of early education intervention on maternal employment, public assistance, and health insurance: the infant health and development program.

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this study was to test whether early education intervention influences maternal employment, education, fertility, and receipt of public assistance and health insurance. METHODS. The Infant Health and Development Program is a randomized trial of the efficacy of early education on the outcomes of 985 low-birthweight, premature children. Families in eight sites received either pediatric follow-up and referral (follow-up only group) or pediatric services plus early intervention services (intervention group) for the first 3 years of the child's life. RESULTS. Mothers in the intervention group were employed more months and returned to the work force earlier than those in the follow-up only group. Fertility and education were not associated with treatment. Mothers who had some college education received more months of public assistance in the intervention group compared with the follow-up only group. Mothers who were employed received more public assistance and public health insurance ...
Minimally invasive Ivor Lewis oesophagogastrectomy in a patient with situs inversus totalis

Situs inversus totalis (SIT) is a rare congenital condition in which the internal organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities experience a right-to-left reflection across the sagittal plane. We describe a case of locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus treated with minimally invasive oesophagectomy using a laparoscopic and left video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery approach in a patient with situs inversus totalis.
A One-Microsecond Adder Using One-Megacycle Circuitry

An analysis of the functional representation of the carry digits in the addition process shows that the one-megacycle circuitry of SEAC and DYSEAC can be organized logically to permit the formation of many successive carries simultaneously. The Boolean expression for any carry digit Ck can be expanded so as to be an explicit function of only the input digits of orders k to k-p+1 and of the carry digit Ck-p. Certain factorizations can then be made to simplify these expressions so that all of them fall within the limitations on the gating complexity imposed by the circuitry. A parallel adder utilizing this principle is developed which is capable of adding two 53-bit numbers in one microsecond, with relatively few additional components over those required in a parallel adder of more conventional design.
Low power GaAs current-mode 1.2 Gb/s interchip interconnections

A new GaAs current-mode (CM) chip-to-chip interconnection circuit is presented that provides high signal transfer speed with a 50 /spl Omega/ active termination and reduced input voltage swing. The power dissipation is shown to be 1/8 of an ECL I/O at the same data rate, 4 mW per pin, using a standard 2 V power supply. The driver-receiver operates with a current swing under 1 mA and provides a large noise margin.
Technology Assessment in Radiology: Putting the Evidence in Evidence-based Radiology

In this review, which is part of a larger series on evidence-based practice in radiology, the relationship between technology assessment (TA) and the practice of evidence-based radiology (EBR) is discussed. TA guides researchers in the methods required to be reliable providers of unbiased and relevant evidence. Meanwhile, EBR equips radiologists with the skills needed to be discerning consumers of that evidence. Both paradigms aim to improve the effectiveness of health care spending. In this review, it is argued that EBR can be only as good as the TA on which it is based. However, TA is particularly complex in regard to diagnostic radiology because of the many links in the chain between the interim objective (to make the correct diagnosis) and the ultimate goal (to improve patient health). In this article, the development of TA in medicine in general and, more specifically, the TA hierarchy for the evaluation of diagnostic imaging are described. Some of the improvements in the pool of evidence during the ...
Region resolvability versus noise level guidelines for dynamic ECT obtained via joint spatial and kinetic parameter estimation algorithm

For emission computed tomography (ECT) studies of temporally static source distributions, well-known guidelines exist for the number of resolution elements which may be acceptably resolved in a reconstructed image, at a given noise level. Owing to the incomplete angular-temporal sampling in such ECT modalities as rotating camera dynamic single photon ECT (SPECT), the acquired sinogram is not a consistent representation of a Radon transform, and consequently, no analogous bounds on the performance of dynamic reconstruction algorithms may be derived from Radon transform theory. Applying what the author believes to be the first spatiokinetic parameter estimation algorithm able to simultaneously estimate both the geometry and kinetics of multiple dynamic regions directly from inconsistent projections, the author establishes practical guidelines for the number of regions whose boundaries and time-activity curves (TAC's) may be simultaneously estimated to a specified degree of accuracy at a given signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). These results are hoped to represent useful guidelines for study design and the application and development of dynamic reconstruction algorithms.
Simple, inexpensive mass spectrometric analyzer for thermogravimetry

A low-cost mass spectrometer attachment for thermogravimetric analysis has been constructed from readily available commercial instruments and components. The benefits of this set-up include excellent mass-flow repeatability, simple design, and significantly lower adoption cost as opposed to ready-built commercial solutions. The inclusion of an open source software package allows semi-automated, highly simplified data analysis. The results from the instrument show excellent sensitivity for small volumes of evolved gas, as well as highly reproducible signal strengths. The GUI-based software package provides data analysis in a way that is very intuitive and that can be easily modified to work with a broad range of TG instruments.
A Probability Model for Evaluating the Bias and Precision of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Estimates from Case-Control Studies

As influenza vaccination is now widely recommended, randomized clinical trials are no longer ethical in many populations. Therefore, observational studies on patients seeking medical care for acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) are a popular option for estimating influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE). We developed a probability model for evaluating and comparing bias and precision of estimates of VE against symptomatic influenza from two commonly used case-control study designs: the test-negative design and the traditional case-control design. We show that when vaccination does not affect the probability of developing non-influenza ARI then VE estimates from test-negative design studies are unbiased even if vaccinees and non-vaccinees have different probabilities of seeking medical care against ARI, as long as the ratio of these probabilities is the same for illnesses resulting from influenza and non-influenza infections. Our numerical results suggest that in general, estimates from the test-negative design have smaller bias compared to estimates from the traditional case-control design as long as the probability of non-influenza ARI is similar among vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. We did not find consistent differences between the standard errors of the estimates from the two study designs.
Trajectory of white matter hyperintensity burden preceding mild cognitive impairment

Objective: To determine the time of acceleration in white matter hyperintensity (WMH) burden, a common indicator of cerebrovascular pathology, in relation to conversion to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in the elderly. Methods: A total of 181 cognitively intact elderly volunteers from the longitudinal, prospective, Oregon Brain Aging Study underwent yearly evaluations, including brain MRI, and cognitive testing. MRIs were analyzed for imaging markers of neurodegeneration: WMH and ventricular CSF (vCSF) volumes. The time before MCI, when the changes in WMH and vCSF burden accelerate, was assessed using a mixed-effects model with a change point for subjects who developed MCI during follow-up. Results: During a follow-up duration of up to 19.6 years, 134 subjects converted to MCI. Acceleration in %WMH volume increase occurred 10.6 years before MCI onset. On average, the annual rate of change in %WMH increased an additional 3.3% after the change point. Acceleration in %vCSF volume increase occurred 3.7 years before the onset of MCI. Out of 63 subjects who converted to MCI and had autopsy, only 28.5% had Alzheimer disease (AD) as the sole etiology of their dementia, while almost just as many (24%) had both AD and significant ischemic cerebrovascular disease present. Conclusions: Acceleration in WMH burden, a common indicator of cerebrovascular disease in the elderly, is a pathologic change that emerges early in the presymptomatic phase leading to MCI. Longitudinal changes in WMH may thus be useful in determining those at risk for cognitive impairment and for planning strategies for introducing disease-modifying therapies prior to dementia onset.
Particle Nature, Yeast Strain, and Temperature Interactions on the Fermentation Rates of Grape Juice

Yeast strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae behave differently to additions of finely sized particles added to clear grape juice. The type of material has a bearing on the effectiveness of increasing the rate of sugar conversion. In comparsion with a control sample, stirring and then adding grape solids back to the juice are most effective in maximizing sugar conversion, followed by addition of bentonite, talc, and diatomaceous earth. The improved fermentation efficiency is greater for all additions compared with unstirred controls. The formation of yeast flocs is enhanced by all additions. This fact can be used to partially explain the more effective fermentation rates. These additions appear to be equally effective over temperatures covering the normal fermentation temperature range.
cumA Multicopper Oxidase Genes from Diverse Mn(II)-Oxidizing and Non-Mn(II)-Oxidizing Pseudomonas Strains

A multicopper oxidase gene, cumA, required for Mn(II) oxidation was recently identified in Pseudomonas putida strain GB-1. In the present study, degenerate primers based on the putative copper-binding regions of the cumA gene product were used to PCR amplify cumA gene sequences from a variety of Pseudomonas strains, including both Mn(II)-oxidizing and non-Mn(II)-oxidizing strains. The presence of highly conserved cumA gene sequences in several apparently non-Mn(II)-oxidizing Pseudomonas strains suggests that this gene may not be expressed, may not be sufficient alone to confer the ability to oxidize Mn(II), or may have an alternative function in these organisms. Phylogenetic analysis of both CumA and 16S rRNA sequences revealed similar topologies between the respective trees, including the presence of several distinct phylogenetic clusters. Overall, our results indicate that both the cumA gene and the capacity to oxidize Mn(II) occur in phylogenetically diverse Pseudomonas strains.
Data Processing in Clinical Chemistry

The flow of data in the clinical chemistry laboratory has been studied with respect to the types of personnel handling it and the ultimate use of the data. In order to promote higher efficiency, a data processing system using punched cards has been devised and operated for a period of approximately 24 months. Forms, cards and general considerations useful in such a system are described in detail. Some of the problems associated with this type of operation are discussed, as are the economics of this system and its general applicability.
Interlaboratory agreement in a polymerase chain reaction-based human papillomavirus DNA assay.

Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda. Maryland 20892 LA. W. H., K-L L., M. 5.1; Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461 ER. D. B.1; Institute of Epidemiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei. Taiwan. Republic of China [C-J. C., S-L. Y.l; Roche Molecular Systems, Alameda, Califomia 94501 IT. Z.l; Chiron Corporation. Emeryville. California 94608 [C. E. Gb; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital IC-Y. HI; and Taipei Institute of Pathology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China IT. W. HI; The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 IT-C. W., M. M. MI; and Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000 IT. J. 0, J. D. S.]
Gender and the ‘cultural turn’ in the study of sport and physical cultures

The study of gender, as it pertains to sport and physical cultures, began with the study of female athletes in the 1960s. With the increased participation of women in sport, scholars in North Ameri...
Earthquake Seismographs for Volunteers to Operate in K-12 Classrooms

We have completed development of a seismograph system that is easy to operate and relatively inexpensive to purchase, one that is intended to be used for teaching Earth sciences to students K-12, using earthquakes recorded in the classroom from around the world. This seismograph is computer-based and self-contained, requiring no hook-ups to the Internet or to advanced timing devices, and can be operated in a classroom for two or three months at a time. Typically, this allows the recording of two to three very large earthquakes somewhere in the world that are used in the related activities. Our intention is to assist teachers and volunteers with bringing Earth science into the classroom by making it easier to obtain and operate seismographs. Several programs in existence today encourage schools to maintain and operate earthquake seismographs of research-level quality, such as MichSeis and its affiliates, through the University of Michigan (http://www.geo.Lsa.umich.edu/MichSeis/), and PEPP, the Princeton Earth Physics Project, through Princeton University (http://lasker.princeton.edu/). These are excellent programs, and we encourage schools and teachers to become involved with them. On the other hand, the continual operation and maintenance of a research-quality earthquake seismograph is a large obligation for most K-12 schools to consider. A highly dedicated teacher (or friend) must be prepared to devote considerable time to learning the system, maintaining the records, and communicating results back to a central reporting station. Most schools would like to be involved with a demonstration for some time but then not be saddled with a continuing commitment beyond the initial enthusiasm. The focus of our efforts was to create a turnkey system that is easy to operate and will maximize use by volunteers and teachers. With support from the SEG Foundation, we developed a user-friendly seismograph station that can be operated by volunteers with little or no …
Comprehensive First-trimester Prenatal Assessment

Comprehensive first-trimester pregnancy evaluation is a work in progress. The evolution of screening strategies has distilled a combination of maternal factors, early pregnancy analytes in maternal serum, and fetal sonographic parameters into carefully derived risk assessment algorithms. This integrated approach, almost continually supplemented by new information derived from large population-based studies, individualizes assessment to each mother-placenta-fetus triad. Early and accurate, this assessment potentiates informed decision-making and prenatal management. Invasive testing can be limited to those at high risk, decreasing procedure-related losses of unaffected fetuses. Advance warning of preeclampsia and other placenta-based disorders allows stratification of care and opens new windows to prevention therapy. Viewing of anomalies, even complex congenital heart disease, using the steadily advancing three- and four-dimensional capabilities now available, allows prenatal diagnosis and intrauterine surgical management. Comprehensive risk assessment in early pregnancy is transforming prenatal care.
How Useful Are 90-Day Purchase Probabilities?:

Forecasts of consumer buying trends are more frequently being based on surveys of consumers’ “subjective purchase probabilities,” rather than on their verbal “buying intentions.” However, a planning horizon of 6 months or longer is usually employed. What happens to the speed, accuracy, and usefulness of these forecasts when the horizon is shortened to 90-day probabilities?
"The Aggregate Level for Strategy Research: Industries, Ecosystems or Architectures?"

With sectors like telecommunications, media, entertainment but also financial services changing, there is an increasing appreciation of the role of “ecosystems”, sets of collaborating and competing...
HOMERIC CONCERNS: A METAPOETIC READING OF LUCRETIUS, DE RERUM NATURA 2.1–19 *

Suave, mari magno turbantibus aequora ventis e terra magnum alterius spectare laborem; non quia vexari quemquamst iucunda voluptas, sed quibus ipse malis careas quia cernere suave est. suave etiam belli certamina magna tueri 5 per campos instructa tua sine parte pericli. sed nil dulcius est, bene quam munita tenere edita doctrina sapientum templa serena, despicere unde queas alios passimque videre errare atque viam palantis quaerere vitae, 10 certare ingenio, contendere nobilitate, noctes atque dies niti praestante labore ad summas emergere opes rerumque potiri. o miseras hominum mentes, o pectora caeca! qualibus in tenebris vitae quantisque periclis 15 degitur hoc aevi quodcumquest! nonne videre nil aliud sibi naturam latrare, nisi utqui corpore seiunctus dolor absit, mensque fruatur iucundo sensu cura semota metuque? (Lucr. 2.1–19) It is pleasant, when the winds stir up the waters on the great sea, to watch the great struggle of another from land; not because it is a great pleasure that anyone be troubled, but because it is pleasant to observe the troubles you yourself lack. It is also pleasant to watch the great contests of war 5 spread out over the plains without taking any part in the danger. But nothing is more pleasing than to hold lofty yet calm temples that are well defended by the teachings of wise men, from which you can look down and see others everywhere go astray and wander while seeking the path of their life, 10 competing in wits and contending over their nobility; throughout nights and days they strive with outstanding labour to come out at the peak of riches and have power over everything. O wretched minds of men, O blind hearts! In what shadows of life and in how many dangers 15 is this bit of life, whatever it may be, being spent by you! Do you not see that nature barks for nothing other than this – that grief be separated from the body and far away, and that the mind enjoy pleasant feelings cut off from anxiety and fear? Epicurus' advice to his young friend Pythocles to ‘flee all education, raising up the top sail’ (παιδeίαν δὲ πᾶσαν, μακάριe, ϕeῦγe τἀκάτιον ἀράμeνος, Diog.Laert. 10.6 = Epicurus fr. 163 Us.) contains an allusion to Circe's advice to Odysseus in Odyssey 12.37–58. For much of the Greek (and Roman) world, education was based on the Homeric epics, and thus Epicurus' statement represents a complicated position towards Homer in particular and poetry in general. Epicurean philosophy rejects poetry because it is misleading about the gods and the nature of the soul, but Epicurus and his followers, most notably Philodemus and Lucretius, engage in poetic allusion and even the composition of poetry. Much work has been done on allusions to poetry in all three writers, but I hope here to bring out a heretofore unnoticed poetic allusion at the start of De rerum natura Book 2, in which Lucretius makes a programmatic statement about not only his philosophy, but also his poetry and its place in the poetic tradition.
Three cases of tuberculosis children who demonstrated paradoxical worsening during different stage of treatment

We report three tuberculosis children aged seven-month-old to 11-year-old who had paradoxical worsening of tuberculosis of lung and lymph nodes, lymph nodes, and intracranial tuberculoma at different treatment stages. In these children, paradoxical worsening occurred at about 14 days after start of anti-tuberculosis treatment, about six months after the start, and about three months after the completion of treatment. No alteration was done in the method of anti-tuberculosis treatment against expanding lesions, and predonisolone was prescribed in two subjects. Expanded lesions then improved one- to five-months later. The mechanisms of paradoxical worsening is unclear. However, these cases suggest that paradoxical worsening may occur at any time after starting anti-tuberculosis treatment based on interaction between the microbial factors and host immunological factors in lung, lymph nodes, intracranial tuberculosis lesions.
Application of ARM System in Design of Engineering Security Monitor

The characteristics of ARM system are described,including the ARM processor,memory devices,Ethernet device and soft development platform.The application of ARM system in engineering security monitor is mainly introduced,including the functions of engineering security monitor,the integrated architecture of the acquisition system and the low power consume design for engineering security monitor.
The use of computers by elementary school principals

This was an investigation of the use of computers by elementary school principals. The independent variables were socio-demographic characteristics, attitude toward computers, and beliefs about the outcomes of computer applications. The dependent variables were hardware and software proficiency, administrative proficiency, instructional proficiency, and overall proficiency. A random sample of 400 elementary school principals in the United States and the District of Columbia was drawn from a national database developed by Quality Education Data. The sample had 228 females and 172 males. Data were collected with a questionnaire that was mailed to the sample. Two hundred fifty-three questionnaires were returned. One survey was blank and unusable. Data were analyzed with correlation coefficients, t-tests, and one-way analyses of variance followed by Scheffe's post-hoc comparisons. Exploratory analyses with chi-square tests were used to determine if a profile of "high tech" elementary principals could be identified. Elementary principals used the computer on a daily basis for a variety of administrative and instructional tasks. The more proficient users had more favorable attitudes toward the use of computers, used the Internet more frequently and for more tasks, and believed that computers made a difference in the time spent on and the quality of their work. Formal training was related to all four types of proficiency. Socio-demographic variables not associated with proficiency in using computers were gender, ownership of a home computer, ethnicity, age, years of administrative experience, and highest degree held. Males and females, minorities and whites, and older and younger principals were equally proficient. Years of experience and degree did not distinguish more proficient from less proficient users. A socio-demographic profile of "high tech" principals was not found; however, "high tech" principals (personal digital assistant users) reported higher levels of Internet use, higher levels of all four types of proficiency at alpha = .10, and a more favorable attitude toward computers. The use of the latest technologies by principals appears to be a good predictor of the proficiency of principals in using technology generally.
The Index and Some Plane Topology

In this chapter we complete the preliminary investigations of Chapter I on the topology of the plane. The chief tools are the index and deformation and extension techniques. The former rests squarely on the theory of the exponential function developed in the last chapter.
A Mitochondrially Targeted Nitroxide JP4-039 Protects and Mitigates against Total Body Irradiation Induced Hematopoietic Syndrome

Nitroxides are efficient scavengers of free radicals and have been proposed for use as radioprotective agents. To circumvent the need for high concentrations for in vivo effects, and to target drugs to the mitochondria to prevent ionizing irradiation-induced apoptosis, we tested a family of compounds based on combining a hemi-gramicidin linker to a nitroxide. One small molecule (JP4-039) produced a 32-fold increased mitochondrial nitroxide localization in 32D cl 3 cells in vitro after one hour incubation at 37°C compared to the unlinked nitroxide tempo at 10uM. The cells were lyzed by rapidly freezing then thawing, followed by centrifugation to yield the nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial fractions. EPR was used to quantitate nitroxide in each JP4-039 or tempo treated cell fraction. There was a 32-fold increase in the nitroxide signal for JP4-039 accumulation in the mitochondria compared to the nitroxide tempo. Irradiation survival curves were performed by incubating 32D cl 3 murine hematopoietic progenitor cells in JP4-039 or tempo (1 μM) for one hour before irradiation or by addition immediately following irradiation. The cells were irradiated to doses ranging from 0 to 8 Gy, suspended in methylcellulose-containing media, incubated for seven days at 37°C and colonies of greater than 50 cells were scored. The data was analyzed using linear quadratic and single-hit, multi-target models. Incubation of 32D cl 3 cells in JP4-039 for one hour prior to irradiation resulted in a significant increase in Do to 2.25 ± 0.11 Gy compared to 1.19 ± 0.13 Gy for 32D cl 3 cells alone or 1.32 ± 0.09 Gy for 32D cl 3 cells incubated in tempo (p=0.0042 or 0.0073, respectively). Similar results were achieved giving JP4-039 after irradiation with a Do of 1.97 ± 0.01 Gy (p < 0.0001). To test effectiveness in vivo, C57BL/6NHsd female mice were injected intraperitoneally with JP4-039 or tempo (10 mg/kg) 10 minutes before (or four hours after) total body irradiation to the LD 75/30 dose of 9.75 Gy. Mice were monitored and those moribund from the hematopoietic syndrome were sacrificed. Mice injected with 10 mg/kg JP4-039 before irradiation had a significant increase in survival of 60% compared to 28% for control irradiated mice (p = 0.0005) or 44% for tempo treated mice (p = 0.2252). JP4-039 given after irradiation had a survival of 53% at 30 days after irradiation (p = 0.0474). Thus, JP4-039, a mitochondrial targeted nitroxide, is an effective radioprotector, and mitigator.
Antislavery and Abolition in Philadelphia: Emancipation and the Long Struggle for Racial Justice in the City of Brotherly Love

Philadelphia is known today as the city of brotherly love, but as the excellent compilation of essays edited by Newman and Mueller show, there was very little brotherly affection shown by whites to...
Origin and History of the Oils in the Lawton Oil Field, Southwestern Oklahoma

The Lawton oil field is located on the Wichita Mountain uplift in southwestern Oklahoma. This study focused on addressing three problems related to the Lawton oil field: (a) what is (are) the source(s) of the oils; (b) have the oils been subjected to alteration since emplacement; and (c) what is the filling history of the field? Eighteen oils and one seep sample were collected and characterized by a variety of geochemical techniques including bulk composition, biomarkers, and stable carbon isotopes in order to address these questions. Source rocks in this region are absent following the Pennsylvanian-age Wichita orogeny but biomarkers and stable isotopic data suggest the source of these oils is probably the Woodford Shale. Despite the fact that all of these oils were recovered from reservoirs at depths between 125 and 1,000 ft (38 and 305 m), none of them appeared to be extensively biodegraded as manifested by the abundance of the complete range of n-alkanes. However the presence of 25-norhopanes in all eighteen samples suggests that these oils are mixtures of various proportions of degraded and non-degraded (or slightly degraded) oils. The seep sample, and some oils, have a relatively high abundance of the C32 ββ 22R hopanoic acid, relative to the C31 ββ 22R hopanoic acid, with the presence of these ββ 22R hopanoic acids suggesting the oils have been degraded aerobically at some point in their history. It was also noted that the concentration of the C31 ββ 22R hopanoic acid is higher in the shallower reservoirs than in the deeper reservoirs possibly indicating slightly higher levels of degradation in the shallower reservoirs compared to the deeper reservoirs. A hydrocarbon accumulation model has been proposed for this field based on two main reservoir charging periods. The initial charge of crude oil was biodegraded, probably under anaerobic conditions. The second charging period took place after (or together with) the uplift of the Wichita Mountains and subsidence of the southern part of the Anadarko Basin leading to deeper burial of the source rock and production of higher maturity oil, which subsequently filled the reservoirs containing the degraded oil and may still be recharging these shallow reservoirs today.
Exploratory scaling of human-swarm hybrid systems to manage simultaneous scenarios

Humans and swarms have different problem-solving skillsets. Hybrid systems blending those skillsets in an effective manner can produce a solution that outperforms either separately. To be effective, this blending must be done in a scalable way. This investigation demonstrates that by limiting the human's interaction with the swarm to broad, high-level commands, the human's contribution can be scaled to multiple, simultaneous scenarios. The improved performance of the hybrid system of one human and one swarm solving one digital jigsaw puzzle, does not degrade when the same human forms a hybrid systems with up to four separate swarms at the same time.
Directional tip control technique for optimal stent graft alignment in angulated proximal aortic landing zones

Abstract Angulated anatomy in the aorta, such as tortuous infrarenal aortic necks or steep aortic arches, is a significant challenge for endovascular aortic repair because it often causes inadequate sealing and fixation, which may lead to treatment failure. We have developed a technique using off-the-shelf equipment to precisely control the deployment of stent grafts in challenging landing zones. The key of this technique is to create a through-and-through wire between two access sites and to use a guiding device over the wire. This technique is best used with stent grafts without nose cones. We present an endovascular aneurysm repair case and a thoracic endovascular aortic repair case with challenging proximal landing zones treated by this technique. In both cases, technical success was attained, and follow-up imaging demonstrated well-aligned stent grafts. Our directional tip control technique is easy and effective. It can be a good technical solution for endovascular aortic treatment in angulated anatomy.
Comparison of joint modeling and landmarking for dynamic prediction under an illness-death model

Dynamic prediction incorporates time-dependent marker information accrued during follow-up to improve personalized survival prediction probabilities. At any follow-up, or "landmark", time, the residual time distribution for an individual, conditional on their updated marker values, can be used to produce a dynamic prediction. To satisfy a consistency condition that links dynamic predictions at different time points, the residual time distribution must follow from a prediction function that models the joint distribution of the marker process and time to failure, such as a joint model. To circumvent the assumptions and computational burden associated with a joint model, approximate methods for dynamic prediction have been proposed. One such method is landmarking, which fits a Cox model at a sequence of landmark times, and thus is not a comprehensive probability model of the marker process and the event time. Considering an illness-death model, we derive the residual time distribution and demonstrate that the structure of the Cox model baseline hazard and covariate effects under the landmarking approach do not have simple form. We suggest some extensions of the landmark Cox model that should provide a better approximation. We compare the performance of the landmark models with joint models using simulation studies and cognitive aging data from the PAQUID study. We examine the predicted probabilities produced under both methods using data from a prostate cancer study, where metastatic clinical failure is a time-dependent covariate for predicting death following radiation therapy.
Examining a momentary mediation model of appearance-related stress, anxiety, and eating disorder behaviors in adult anorexia nervosa.

Appearance-related stress may result from appearance-focused events such as seeing one’s reflection, seeing media images, and shopping for clothes. The purpose of this study was to examine the prospective association between momentary appearance-related stress and eating disorder (ED) behaviors (i.e., binge eating and vomiting) among women with anorexia nervosa (AN) using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). We hypothesized that appearance-related stress at Time 1 would predict binge eating and vomiting at Time 2, and that this prospective association would be mediated by momentary anxiety at Time 2 (controlling for anxiety at Time 1). Women with AN completed a 2-week EMA protocol involving repeated daily assessments of experiences and behaviors. Momentary appearance-related stress preceded binge eating and vomiting, and momentary anxiety mediated the prospective association between appearance-related stress and ED behaviors. Targeted momentary interventions delivered in the natural environment that address appearance-related stress may have utility in the treatment of ED behaviors.
Religion, Education Pioneers, and Corporal Punishment

This chapter continues to highlight the interconnection between religion and corporal punishment. It does so by a brief synopsis of the work of five pioneers in the field of education: Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), Horace Mann (1796–1859), Johann Pestalozzi (1746–1823), Friedrich Froebel (1792–1852), and Maria Montessori (1870–1952). Each of these educational pioneers was against corporal punishment. Their stance caused great division among religious people at the time. Some religionists provided a counterargument to the teaching of the reformers, believing that humanity was born sinful. They concluded that to beat a child was a way to rid the child of sin and to break their will. Each of the educational reformers cited subscribed to the theory of tabula rasa, believing that a child was born a blank slate and environment and nurture determined their behavior.
Modifications of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cell envelope in the cystic fibrosis airway alters interactions with immune cells

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous environmental organism and an opportunistic pathogen that causes chronic lung infections in the airways of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients as well as other immune-compromised individuals. During infection, P. aeruginosa enters the terminal bronchioles and alveoli and comes into contact with alveolar lining fluid (ALF), which contains homeostatic and antimicrobial hydrolytic activities, termed hydrolases. These hydrolases comprise an array of lipases, glycosidases, and proteases and thus, they have the potential to modify lipids, carbohydrates and proteins on the surface of invading microbes. Here we show that hydrolase levels between human ALF from healthy and CF patients differ. CF-ALF influences the P. aeruginosa cell wall by reducing the content of one of its major polysaccharides, Psl. This CF-ALF induced Psl reduction does not alter initial bacterial attachment to surfaces but reduces biofilm formation. Importantly, exposure of P. aeruginosa to CF-ALF drives the activation of neutrophils and triggers their oxidative response; thus, defining human CF-ALF as a new innate defense mechanism to control P. aeruginosa infection, but at the same time potentially adding to the chronic inflammatory state of the lung in CF patients.