cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Untreated syphilis in the male Negro; pathologic findings in syphilitic and nonsyphilitic patients.

Abstract 1. 1. A study of the comparative incidence of the morphologic lesions found among ninety-two untreated syphilitic patients and thirty-two control patients examined at autopsy is presented. 2. 2. The gross and microscopic findings on the individuals included in this study indicate that the lesions characteristic of syphilitic involvement in the Negro male are to be found for the most part in the cardiovascular system. For this reason, a detailed analysis of the cardiovascular abnormalities, including the relationship of clinical and autopsy findings, is included. 3. 3. Linear striation of the thoracic aorta was found to be the most reliable gross sign of syphilitic aortitis, while thickening of the aorta wall and necrosis of the media were found to be pathognomonic of syphilitic aortitis in the microscopic examination. 4. 4. In thirty-seven (41.6 per cent) of the eighty-seven syphilitic patients in whom the aorta was examined grossly and microscopically, there was no evidence of syphilitic aortitis by either examination, and in twenty-five (28.1 per cent) of the patients, aortitis was diagnosed by both gross and microscopic findings. 5. 5. On the basis of the findings in this study, it is estimated that a Negro male with syphilis of more than ten years' duration for which he had received no treatment (or less than 12 units of routine treatment) and with sustained seropositivity prior to death would have, roughly, a 50-50 chance of demonstrating syphilitic cardiovascular involvement at autopsy. 6. 6. The unusually high prevalence of cardiac hypertrophy in this study group is believed to be due to the presence of compensatory hypertrophy caused by hypertension and/or myocardial degeneration. 7. 7. The similarity of the clinical signs and symptoms of syphilitic and arteriosclerotic aortitis reduces the efficiency of clinical methods in the detection of syphilitic aortitis. 8. 8. The brain was examined in forty-six of the ninety-two syphilitic patients autopsied. The two patients showing clinical symptoms of central nervous system involvement (paresis and meningovascular syphilis) were among the group examined. The patient diagnosed with meningovascular syphilis showed microscopic cortical atrophy at autopsy, and both patients were found to have opacity of the pia-arachnoid and perivascular and meningeal cellular infiltration. 9. 9. In the respiratory, digestive, hematopoietic, endocrine, urinary, and reproductive systems of the human body, the incidence of abnormalities among syphilitic patients was not significantly different from that among the control patients. 10. 10. In twenty-eight (30.4 per cent) of the ninety-two syphilitic patients examined at autopsy, syphilitic involvement of the cardiovascular or the central nervous system was established as the primary cause of death. The distribution of the causes of death among the syphilitic patients, aside from syphilis itself, was not different from that in the nonsyphilitic group.
Plantinga and Favorable Mini-Environments

In response to a collection of essays in Jonathan Kvanvig's (1996) Warrant in Contemporary Epistemology: Essays in Honor of Plantinga's Theory of Knowledge, Alvin Plantinga notices that certain Gettier-style examples undermine his (1993b) canonical account of epistemic warrant as delineated in Warrant and Proper Function. In hopes to clarify how his account survives Gettier's purchase, he (1996; 2000) argues that a belief has warrant sufficient for knowledge only when produced in a favorable cognitive mini-environment. In Warranted Christian Belief Plantinga (2000) specifies a condition required for a cognitive mini-environment's favorability. I argue that this condition falls prey to counterexample. Then I investigate a possible solution, which I reason fails as well.
Magnetic Resonance as a Probe of Nonlinearity in Condensed Matter Physics

The various forms of magnetic resonance have become ubiquitous tools for many kinds of scientific investigations. In this paper, I will review some of the basic ideas that govern the main applications of magnetic resonance, and present examples of their use in problems of current interest to the field of nonlinearities in condensed matter physics. At the end, prospects for future developments in magnetic resonance techniques and applications will be presented.
NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES TOWARDS A BABY-FRIENDLY HOSPITAL INITIATIVE IN A NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT: THE EXPERIENCE OF BAMBINO GESù CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL

Objective Breastfeeding initiation and duration encounters obstacles for hospitalised newborns in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). Although referred to healthy full term infants, the baby-friendly hospital initiative appears to contribute to increasing breastfeeding practice among infants in NICU. In this contest the nurse has many responsibilities in order to help mother/infant couples breastfeed. Aim To describe the experience of the nursing staff at the NICU of Bambino Gesu Childrens’ Hospital in supporting the mothers to initiate and maintain breastfeeding over time. Materials and Methods A specific education about breastfeeding for high-risk infants was planned. The nurses were involved in defining the most important procedures regarding breastfeeding promotion and support in the NICU setting and nursing responsibilities. Results Three courses have been performed in 2007/8, 40% of the team has been trained. Five procedures were performed: family information about milk collection; management of the milk collection room and of own mother’s milk (OMM); management of meal requests in order to prevent OMM waste; kangaroo mother’s care; oral stimulation and feeding in order to protect breastfeeding. The main nursing responsibilities are: family information and education, individual counselling and practice support for the mothers in the different stages of breastfeeding, management of room and materials for milk collection, documentation regarding feeding. Conclusions We suggest that an adapted version of the “10 steps” to the NICU setting, relating the characteristics of such high-risk infants and their families could guide new changes. Meantime nurses have many responsibilities that can and must be applied.
The Cardiorenal Axis: Myocardial Perfusion, Metabolism, and Innervation.

Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS), defined as concomitant heart and kidney disease, has been a focus of attention for nearly a decade. As more patients survive severe acute and chronic heart and kidney diseases, CRS has emerged as an “epidemic” of modern medicine. Significant advances have been made in unraveling the complex mechanisms that underlie CRS based on classification of the condition into five pathophysiologic subtypes. In types 1 and 2, acute or chronic heart disease results in renal dysfunction, while in types 3 and 4, acute or chronic kidney diseases are the inciting factors for heart disease. Type 5 CRS is defined as concomitant heart and kidney dysfunction as part of a systemic condition such as sepsis or autoimmune disease. There are ongoing efforts to better define subtypes of CRS based on historical information, clinical manifestations, laboratory data (including biomarkers), and imaging characteristics. Systematic evaluation of CRS by advanced cardiac imaging, however, has been limited in scope and mostly focused on type 4 CRS. This is in part related to lack of clinical trials applying advanced cardiac imaging in the acute setting and exclusion of patients with significant renal disease from studies of such techniques in chronic HF. Advanced cardiac nuclear imaging is well poised for assessment of the pathophysiology of CRS by offering a myriad of molecular probes without the need for nephrotoxic contrast agents. In this review, we examine the current or potential future application of advanced cardiac imaging to evaluation of myocardial perfusion, metabolism, and innervation in patients with CRS.
Enhanced triacylglycerol (TAG) and protein accumulation in transgenic diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana with altered photosynthetic pigmentation

ABSTRACT Microalgal productivity in mass cultures is limited by the inefficiency with which available light energy is utilized. In dense cultures, cells closest to the light source absorb more light energy than they can use and dissipate the excess, while light penetrance into the culture is steeply attenuated. Reducing microalgal light harvesting and/or dissipating capacity per cell may improve total light utilization efficiency in mass cultures. In this study, two transgenic lines of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana with altered photosynthetic pigment content are evaluated with respect to photosynthetic parameters, growth, and macromolecule accumulation. In one line, violaxanthin de-epoxidase-like 2 (VDL2) is overexpressed (OE), resulting in a reduction of the diadinoxanthin cycle pigments, which are involved in light energy dissipation (non-photochemical quenching, NPQ), accompanied by a stoichiometric increase in the light-harvesting pigment fucoxanthin. No differences in the maximum potential quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) or light-limited photosynthetic rate (α) were found. However, when adapted to 30 µmol photons m−2 sec−1, the VDL2 OE maximum relative electron transport rate (rETRmax) upon exposure to saturating light intensities was 86-95% of wild type (WT). When adapted to 300 µmol photons m−2 sec−1, VDL2 OE saturated photosynthesis at 62-71% of the light intensity needed to saturate WT (Ek). NPQ was substantially lower at and below 300 µmol photons m−2 sec−1. VDL2 OE accumulated up to 3.4 times as much triacylglycerol (TAG) as WT during exponential growth, and up to twice as much protein. Growth in terms of culture density was up to 7% slower. TAG and protein accumulation inversely correlated with NPQ. The second line evaluated was obtained by using antisense RNA to simultaneously silence or knock down (KD) both LUT1-like (LTL) genes, hypothesized to catalyze an intermediate carotenoid biosynthesis step of converting β-carotene to zeaxanthin. Overall reduction of photosynthetic pigment content without altering the relative abundance of individual pigments resulted. No significant differences in photosynthetic parameters compared to WT were found. LTL KD grew at a rate comparable to WT and accumulated up to 40% more TAG during exponential growth, while protein content was reduced by 11-19%. LTL KD cells were elongated and 5-10% smaller than WT, and cultures contained auxospores, indicating stress that may relate to a cell cycle progression defect.
Ethical dilemmas posed by mobile health and machine learning in psychiatry research.

The application of digital technology to psychiatry research is rapidly leading to new discoveries and capabilities in the field of mobile health. However, the increase in opportunities to passively collect vast amounts of detailed information on study participants coupled with advances in statistical techniques that enable machine learning models to process such information has raised novel ethical dilemmas regarding researchers' duties to: (i) monitor adverse events and intervene accordingly; (ii) obtain fully informed, voluntary consent; (iii) protect the privacy of participants; and (iv) increase the transparency of powerful, machine learning models to ensure they can be applied ethically and fairly in psychiatric care. This review highlights emerging ethical challenges and unresolved ethical questions in mobile health research and provides recommendations on how mobile health researchers can address these issues in practice. Ultimately, the hope is that this review will facilitate continued discussion on how to achieve best practice in mobile health research within psychiatry.
Enduring Positivity: Children Of Incarcerated Parents Report More Positive Than Negative Emotions When Thinking about Close Others

Millions of children in the United States experience parental incarceration, yet it is unclear how this experience might shape social cognition. We asked children of incarcerated parents (N = 24) a...
A Mutant of Vibrio parahaemolyticus pirABVP (+) That Carries Binary Toxin Genes but Does Not Cause Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease

Vibrio parahaemolyticus carrying binary toxin genes, pirAB, is one of the etiological agents causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimp. This disease has emerged recently as a major threat to shrimp aquaculture worldwide. During a routine PCR screening of AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus strains, an isolate tested PCR positive for pirB (R13) and another isolate tested positive for both the pirA and pirB (R14) genes. To evaluate the pathogenicity of these isolates, specific pathogen-free (SPF) Penaeus vannamei were experimentally challenged. For both R13 and R14 isolates, the final survival rate was 100% at termination of the challenge, whereas the final survival with the AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus was 0%. The nucleotide sequence of the plasmid DNA carrying the binary toxin genes revealed that R13 contains a deletion of the entire pirA gene whereas R14 contains the entire coding regions of both pirA and pirB genes. However, R14 possesses an insertion upstream of the pirA gene. In R14, mRNA for both pirA and pirB genes could be detected but no cognate proteins. This shows that the genome of AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus is highly plastic and, therefore, detection of the pirA and pirB genes alone by DNA-PCR is insufficient as a diagnostic test for AHPND.
Development and Validation of a Model to Predict Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome.

Objectives To develop and validate clinical risk prediction tools for neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Study design We developed prediction models for NAS based on a set of 30 demographic and antenatal exposure covariates collected during pregnancy. Data (outpatient prescription, vital, and administrative records), were obtained from enrollees in the Tennessee Medicaid Program from 2009 to 2014. Models were created using logistic regression and backward selection based on improvement in the Akaike information criterion, and internally validated using bootstrap cross-validation. Results A total of 218 020 maternal and infant dyads met inclusion criteria, of whom 3208 infants were diagnosed with NAS. The general population model included age, hepatitis C virus infection, days of opioid used by type, number of cigarettes used daily, and the following medications used in the last 30 day of pregnancy: bupropion, antinausea medicines, benzodiazepines, antipsychotics, and gabapentin. Infant characteristics included birthweight, small for gestational age, and infant sex. A high-risk model used a smaller number of predictive variables. Both models discriminated well with an area under the curve of 0.89 and were well-calibrated for low-risk infants. Conclusions We developed 2 predictive models for NAS based on demographics and antenatal exposure during the last 30 days of pregnancy that were able to risk stratify infants at risk of developing the syndrome.
Callyspongiolide Is a Potent Inhibitor of the Vacuolar ATPase

Callyspongiolide is a marine-derived macrolide that kills cells in a caspase-independent manner. NCI COMPARE analysis of human tumor cell line toxicity data for synthetic callyspongiolide indicated that its pattern of cytotoxicity correlated with that seen for concanamycin A, an inhibitor of the vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase). Using yeast as a model system, we report that treatment with synthetic callyspongiolide phenocopied a loss of V-ATPase activity including (1) inability to grow on a nonfermentable carbon source, (2) rescue of cell growth via supplementation with Fe2+, (3) pH-sensitive growth, and (4) a vacuolar acidification defect visualized using the fluorescent dye quinacrine. Crucially, in an in vitro assay, callyspongiolide was found to dose-dependently inhibit yeast V-ATPase (IC50 = 10 nM). Together, these data identify callyspongiolide as a new and highly potent V-ATPase inhibitor. Notably, callyspongiolide is the first V-ATPase inhibitor known to be expelled by Pdr5p.
The Effect of Star Formation History on the Inferred Initial Stellar Mass Function

Peaks and lulls in the star formation rate (SFR) over the history of the Galaxy produce plateaux and declines in the present day mass function (PDMF) where the main-sequence lifetime overlaps the age and duration of the SFR variation. These PDMF features can be misinterpreted as the form of the intrinsic stellar initial mass function (IMF) if the star formation rate is assumed to be constant or slowly varying with time. This effect applies to all regions that have formed stars for longer than the age of the most massive stars, including OB associations, star complexes, and especially galactic field stars. Related problems may apply to embedded clusters. Evidence is summarized for temporal SFR variations from parsec scales to entire galaxies, all of which should contribute to inferred IMF distortions. We give examples of various star formation histories to demonstrate the types of false IMF structures that might be seen. These include short-duration bursts, stochastic histories with log-normal amplitude distributions, and oscillating histories with various periods and phases. The inferred IMF should appear steeper than the intrinsic IMF over mass ranges where the stellar lifetimes correspond to times of decreasing SFRs; shallow portions of the inferred IMF correspond to times of increasing SFRs. If field regions are populated by dispersed clusters and defined by their low current SFRs, then they should have steeper inferred IMFs than the clusters. The SFRs required to give the steep field IMFs in the LMC and SMC are determined. Structure observed in several determinations of the Milky Way field star IMF can be accounted for by a stochastic and bursty star formation history.
Methodologies of e-waste recycling and its major impacts on human health and the environment

Each year, hundreds of thousands of consumer electronics, computers, monitors, phones, printers, televisions and other portable devices become outdated and were mainly dumped to the landfills or poorly recycled. Recent technological development and growing demands for new and better functioning electronics accelerate the amount of electronic waste (e-waste) worldwide, making it to be one of the fastest growing streams in many countries. The estimated lifespan of electronics is about three to five years because of the increasing rates of consumption, new developments and urbanisation. E-waste contains many hazardous substances, such as halogenated compounds, heavy metals, radioactive substances and micro and nano-size dusts all of which require proper handling during the storage, collection, recycling and disposal stages. This paper highlights the latest developments on e-waste generation and streams, current recycling technologies, as well as human health and environmental impacts of recycling materials and processes.
Causes of death among U.S. Veterans with a prior nonfatal opioid overdose.

Abstract Background For over a decade, there has been a surge in opioid-related morbidity and mortality among Veterans. To better understand the impact of the growing epidemic, it is important to identify the cause-specific mortality rates among Veterans with a prior nonfatal opioid overdose. Methods We followed 8370 Veterans who received medical care for a nonfatal opioid overdose between 2011 through 2015.Mortality records were linked to clinical records from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). We compared the mortality rates among those with a nonfatal opioid overdose to a 5 % stratified random sample of patients accessing services during the same time period. SMRs were calculated using age-adjusted cause-specific mortality rates for the l U.S. population obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (CDC WONDER). Results The crude mortality for Veterans with a history of a nonfatal overdose was 370.6 per 10,000 person years. Those with a prior nonfatal overdose had a higher risk of substance-related mortality (aHR [adjusted Hazard Ratio] 5.0), including a higher risk of death from drugs (aHR 6.9) and alcohol (aHR 2.7). Similarly, cause-specific mortalities assessed between Veterans and the U.S. population, SMRs were also highest for deaths associated with substances (114.0). Conclusion Veterans with a prior nonfatal overdose experienced substantially higher mortality rates compared to other Veterans or the general U.S. population. Causes of death related to substance use and mental health were significantly higher than other causes of death, highlighting the importance of integrated treatment and substance use services.
Oncologic Equipoise Between Robotic and Open Radical Cystectomy.

Purpose: Our objective was to establish the incidence of positive surgical margins, recurrence patterns, and recurrence-free (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in a large cohort of patients undergoing...
Die Evidenz der Erfahrung

Starting from the historical and epistemological problem of “visibility”, this article discusses the role and authority of “experience” in the field of (feminist) history and historiography. The article criticizes the foundational function of “experience” in the works of traditional historians such as R. G. Collingwood or E. P. Thompson and points out that experience has to be seen as a part of the history of the production of knowledge. In fact, there is no pre-discursive or non-historical experience because all experience has a discursive history. Therefore experience itself has to be historicized in order to understand its active role in the construction of identities and the constitution of societies. Hence, the experience of women, homosexuals or opposition groups does not represent any order of things and is no mimetic visualization, but allows us to reflect on the discursive productivity of experience. The article concludes that historians should not naturalize experience, but analyze its operations and redefine its meaning. Experience should not be the starting point of historical explanation, but that which historians want to explain.
Sentiment Analysis on Substance Use Disorder (SUD) Tweets Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic

This research aims to explore sentiment patterns on substance use disorder (SUD) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, which has significantly challenged global healthcare systems and resulted in 2.78 million deaths based on CDC news as of March 2021. Because of social isolation, economic hardships, and fear caused by the lockdown orders, substance use has been strikingly increased including the youth. This is alarming because SUD causes long-lasting and permanent damages to human body and brains as significant health consequences. In this project, we extracted ten-month Tweet samples from May 2019 to December 2020 on Twitter related to SUD mentioning substance and consequences before and during the COVID-19, and then identified the sentiment patterns of the tweets mentioning the SUD. We found that the sentiment trends remained negative except in March and April of 2020, when the social restrictions were imposed, much more positive sentiment appeared in SUD-related tweets.
Towards quantification of redox reactions at perovskite interfaces for enhanced stability in photovoltaics

Metal halide perovskites have mixed electronic-ionic conductivity that contributes to intrinsic instabilities under operating conditions of voltage, light and temperature, exacerbated in environmental conditions involving oxygen and moisture. A lack of operando characterization, particularly of buried interfaces, limits rational improvement of perovskite solar cells. This talk will focus on measurement and quantification of relevant charge transfer processes at perovskite interfaces. We employ a new metrology approach to evaluate the electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical behaviors of perovskite interfaces, complemented with a combination of photoelectron spectroscopies and operando x-ray diffraction measurements.
Environmental Health Impact Assessment

Environmental health impact assessment is described as an integral part of environmental impact studies. As such, it must be included in the planning of engineering projects. A methodological approach is presented which involves four steps: (1) Identification of the initial perturbations in the environment; (2) tracing perturbations through the environment to determine the magnitude and duration of the exposure to the receptor population; (3) identification of the receptor population and its high risk subgroups; and (4) estimation of these impacts by applying derived exposure-response functions.
Transformation and DNA size: I. Activity of fragments of defined size and a fit to a random double cross-over model☆

Abstract In Diplococcus pneumoniae, the probability of transformation by an individual DNA fragment is a size-dependent variable, declining by a factor of 104 over the size-range 107 to 0.3 × 106 daltons. The data for single markers are inconsistent with the existence of a qualitative “all-or-nothing” critical size, but are very consistent with a length-dependent random switching model derived on purely genetic grounds, provided we assume that the effective length of the recombining DNA strand is 450 nucleotides less than it was in solution. This size, equal to 300,000 molecular weight double strand, represents a minimum active fragment in this system, therefore, but not a “critical” size above which activity would be unity. The results were obtained by determining transforming activity per gram DNA as a function of S20,w0, using repeated sedimentation in sucrose gradients to ensure that the activities observed were characteristic of the observed S20,w0, Weight fixation of DNA by the cells measured at the plateau declines with size but approaches a non-zero value at low molecular weight. The affinity constant of the adsorption isotherm, in terms of weight, rises four to fivefold as the molecular weight falls and is reflected in higher relative activity in the linear region of the response curve than at the plateau. The latter two phenomena may be analyzed to show that size has little effect on the fixation of helical DNA by cells when DNA is limiting, although it has an effect when DNA is in excess.
Wind-Driven Flow of Water Influenced by a Canopy

A time-dependent numerical model, which treats fully evolved wind-driven canopy flow as a coupled two-layer system, is developed. The interfacial stress is formulated in terms of a coupling coefficient and the flow differential. The resistance afforded by a vegetative canopy is parameterized in terms of a drag coefficient and dimensional properties of the canopy elements. With flow confined strictly to the canopy, the calming effect of the canopy is introduced through a sheltering coefficient. The canopy is modeled as a set of rigid uniform structures orientated normal to the flow and evenly distributed with specified density over the bottom. The algorithm is tested by simulating the steady-state water-surface profiles observed in a laboratory channel containing wire screen obstructions. The model is applied next to a wind-driven rectangular basin with simulated vegetation specified over half the bottom.
On Weldon's Watch: Recalls at Johnson & Johnson from 2009 to 2010 (TN)

In October of 2010, Johnson & Johnson (J&J) was unable to extricate itself from a year long recall crisis that had subjected the firm to criticism from Congress and regulators, resulted in the resignation of one of the firm's most senior officers, and cost hundreds of millions of dollars from lost sales of J&J brands. This case examines the series of recalls, and the strategic and cultural changes at the company that may have led to the recalls. It allows for an exploration of the reality of the iconic J&J "Credo" - its long standing set of corporate values.Learning Objective: Allow for discussion of the handling of an internally created crisis, and the linkage among strategic decisions, culture and corporate values. Can be paired with "James Burke: A Career in American Business" (A) and (B), HBS Nos. 389-177 and 390-030.
Observations of the Celestial Ephemeris Pole

Space-geodetic measurement systems are capable of determining: (1) a terrestrial, body-fixed reference frame defined in practice by the stated positions and secular motions of a set of observing stations, (2) a celestial, space-fixed reference frame defined in practice by the stated locations of celestial objects, and (3) the rotation parameters linking these two frames together.
On the computation of steady Hopper flows II: von Mises materials in various geometries

Similarity solutions are constructed for the flow of granular materials through hoppers. Unlike previous work, the present approach applies to nonaxisymmetric containers. The model involves ten unknowns (stresses, velocity, and plasticity function) determined by nine nonlinear first order partial differential equations together with a quadratic algebraic constraint (yield condition). A pseudospectral discretization is applied; the resulting problem is solved with a trust region method. The important role of the hopper geometry on the flow is illustrated by several numerical experiments of industrial relevance.
A Subcritical, Helium-Cooled Fast Reactor for the Transmutation of Spent Nuclear Fuel

A design concept and supporting analysis are presented for a He-cooled fast reactor for the transmutation of spent nuclear fuel. Coated transuranic (TRU) fuel particles in a SiC matrix are used. The reactor operates subcritical (k ≤ 0.95), with a tokamak D-T fusion neutron source, to achieve >90% TRU burnup in repeated five-batch fuel cycles, fissions 1.1 tonnes/full-power year, and produces 700 MW(electric) net electrical power. The reactor design is based on nuclear, fuels, materials, and separations technologies being developed in the Generation-IV, Next Generation Nuclear Plant, and Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative programs and similar international programs, and the fusion neutron source is based on the physics and technology supporting the ITER design.
Multiple-network classification of childhood autism using functional connectivity dynamics.

Characterization of disease using stationary resting-state functional connectivity (FC) has provided important hallmarks of abnormal brain activation in many domains. Recent studies of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), however, suggest there is a considerable amount of additional knowledge to be gained by investigating the variability in FC over the course of a scan. While a few studies have begun to explore the properties of dynamic FC for characterizing disease, the analysis of dynamic FC over multiple networks at multiple time scales has yet to be fully examined. In this study, we combine dynamic connectivity features in a multi-network, multi-scale approach to evaluate the method’s potential in better classifying childhood autism. Specifically, from a set of group-level intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs), we use sliding window correlations to compute intra-network connectivity on the subject level. We derive dynamic FC features for all ICNs over a large range of window sizes and then use a multiple kernel support vector machine (MK-SVM) model to combine a subset of these features for classification. We compare the performance our multi-network, dynamic approach to the best results obtained from single-network dynamic FC features and those obtained from both single- and multi-network static FC features. Our experiments show that integrating multiple networks on different dynamic scales has a clear superiority over these existing methods.
The Role of Nutrition in the Development and Use of a Clinical Care Pathway for the Treatment of Hyperemesis

Abstract Hyperemesis was identified as a diagnosis that could benefit by being developed into a clinical care pathway at our facility. The nutrition paramenters developed for admission include any of the following: no retention of solids and/or liquids times three days, no retention of solids times five days, thirteen pound weight loss or ten percent of total weight loss from pre-pregnant weight, not responding to intravenous hydration. A nutrition consult is obtained within the twenty-four observation period and the patient is counseled on a six small meal hyperemesis prevention diet. Patients that tolerate six small meals are discharged within forty-eight hours of the twenty-four hour observation status. For enteral tube feeding/parenteral nutrition candidates, the dietitian writes the formula with physician approval. In all cases, the dietitian provides follow-up phone calls every seventy-two hours or until food consumption has met seventy-five percent of pregnancy needs over a seventy-two hour time frame. In a one year post-pathway follow-up, total admissions decreased fifty-four percent and in-patient days decreased sixty-four percent. Clinical outcomes have also been positive with the mean gestational age at delivery thirty-nine weeks and the mean birthweight three thousand four hundred eighty four grains.
FOOD PRODUCTS FROM CORN GERM: EVALUATION AS A FOOD SUPPLEMENT AFTER ROLL-COOKING

SUMMARY The composition of corn germ indicates that it may have value as a nutritious food supplement. Heated rolls were used to cook a full-fat flake to products with varying pasting qualities depending upon the temperature of the rolls and the temper moisture of the germ before rolling. A germ flake with improved taste was produced if the temperature of the rolls was held above 124°C. The flavor of the flakes was unchanged after 120 days' storage at 37°C and 7% moisture levels. Oil extracted from the 120-day stored flakes had low peroxide values (low, 1.6 meq/kg oil; high, 17.8 meq/kg oil). The peroxide values were especially low in oil from uncooked germ and germ cooked at a low temperature (99°C). When flakes were stored at 13.5% moisture, mold developed on them within 30 days.
A Markovian approach to determining optimum process means with inspection sampling plan in serial production systems

This paper develops Markovian-based models for determining the optimum process means with the consideration of an acceptance sampling plan in a serial production system. This paper studies a production system where products are produced continuously with specified lower and upper specification limits for each stage in the production system for quality assurance purposes. Considering the inherent variability in production processes, the quality characteristic(s) of a product might fall below the lower specification limit, resulting in scrap cost, or above the upper specification limit, resulting in rework costs. To study the dynamics of this problem, this paper first develops a Markovian-based model for the optimum process target level for a single quality characteristic assuming a single sampling inspection plan for both a single- and a two-stage production system. Then, the proposed model is extended for dual quality characteristics that are dependent for single- and two-stage production systems. Numerical examples and sensitivity analysis are performed to investigate the effect of different system parameters on the expected profit and optimum process means. The results showed that both single- and two-stage production systems have convex function for the expected profit. In addition, the results showed that the optimum process means are slightly larger than the average of the specification limits. Finally, the correlation between the quality characteristics affects the expected profit significantly.
Stakeholder perceptions of the northern Gulf of Mexico grouper and tilefish individual fishing quota program

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida St. Petersburg
Comparison of single- and split-dose insulin regimens with 24-hour monitoring.

It has been asserted that twice daily injections of mixed insulin provide better blood glucose control thanone. To compare the two regimens we conducted a random-order, double-crossover trial in ten diabetic children. Each regimen lasted for six weeks, concluding with a hospital evaluation. Control at home was assessed by a urine log and determination of glycosylated hemoglobin. Control in the hospital was assessed with measurements of quantitative urinary glucose, serum lipids, and by 24-hour blood sampling for glucose, C-peptide, and counterregulatory hormones. For the group as a whole, none of the indices of control demonstrated a significant advantage for either regimen. Individually, several children did appear to achieve better control on one regimen than the other. Indices of control at home did not consistently predict control in the hospital. In the hospital, the largest increases in glucose concentration followed breakfast (mean rise 148 mg/dl), and standardized exercise invariably reduced plasma glucose values (mean decrement 60 mg/dl). C-Peptide concentrations were low, but higher values were associated with better control. Although a split insulin regimen may improve metabolic control in some patients, this study did not demonstrate a substantial advantage for the majority of subjects over the short period of the trials.
Understanding entanglement as resource: locally distinguishing unextendible product bases

It is known that the states in an unextendible product basis (UPB) cannot be distinguished perfectly when the parties are restricted to local operations and classical communication (LOCC). Previous discussions of such bases have left open the following question: What entanglement resources are necessary and/or sufficient for this task to be possible with LOCC? In this paper, I present protocols which use entanglement more efficiently than teleportation to distinguish certain classes of UPB's. The ideas underlying my approach to this problem offer rather general insight into why entanglement is useful for such tasks.
Antibodies to a synthetic peptide from the preS 120–145 region of the hepatitis B virus envelope are virus-neutralizing

Studies with synthetic peptides have provided evidence for the presence of preS coded sequences in the envelope (env) proteins of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and indicated that these sequences are involved in the specific attachment of HBV to liver cells. Scanning of the preS sequence for immunodominant continuous epitopes identifies the sequence within residues preS (120–145) as the most immunogenic in eliciting antibodies recognizing HBV and as the most efficiently binding antibodies from sera of rabbits and humans immunized with HBV env proteins. To assess the potential of preS (120–145) as a synthetic vaccine against hepatitis B, in vitro neutralization of the virus by rabbit antiserum to the peptide was assayed hi chimpanzees. The anhnals, subsequently proven to be susceptible to HBV infection, did not develop hepatitis B as judged by negative serological tests for HBV-associated antigens and antibodies and by normal serum alanine aminotransferase levels and normal liver biopsies. These results establish the role of preS domains in the process of virus neutralization and the potential of synthetic preS analogues for hepatitis B vaccination.
A Monte Carlo simulation study of the two‐dimensional melting mechanism

We report here a Monte Carlo study of the thermodynamic and structural properties of a two‐dimensional system of 2500 particles interacting by a repulsive inverse sixth power potential. Particular effort was made in the melting region, both to identify the defect structures and to ascertain the thermodynamic changes associated with the transition. Significant precursor fluctuations occurred on both the solid and fluid sides, and the unbinding of dislocation pairs was observed on melting. More complex defect patterns, including grain boundary loops, were also generated near melting. The Kosterlitz–Thouless, Halperin–Nelson, and Young dimensionless elastic constant approached the universal value 16π in the solid, and the orientational correlation range tended to diverge in the fluid near freezing. However, we were unable to distinguish between a very weak (ΔV/V≂0.7%) first order and a continuous transition, since both spatial structures and temporal relaxations became exceedingly long.
Fractal dimension in radiographic analysis of alveolar process bone

Objectives. This in vitro study examined radiographic fractal dimension changes in alveolar process bone during simulated osteoporosis. Study design. Ten specimens of human maxillary alveolar process bone were progressively decalcified, and the percentage of calcium lost at each decalcification stage was quantified. Four radiographs of each specimen, together with an aluminum step-wedge, were exposed at 70 kVp at each stage. The test set of 560 radiographs was digitized, identical bony regions of interest were selected from the density-corrected images of each specimen, the regions were digitally filtered to reduce film-grain noise, and fractal dimension was computed on a line-to-line basis. Correlation analysis quantified the relationship between calcium loss and fractal dimension change. Analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test determined whether a difference existed in fractal dimension computed from images at x-ray beam angulations of −5, 0, and +5 degrees. Results. A strong correlation (average r=−0.94, p≤0.0037) was found between generalized demineralization and decreasing fractal dimension. In every bone sample fractal dimension changed significantly (p≤0.0189) with angular change. Conclusions. Radiographic fractal dimension holds promise for detecting simulated osteoporosis in the maxilla under ideal conditions, but the sensitivity of fractal dimension to small x-ray beam angular change renders its clinical application questionable.
Severe asthma: future treatments

SummaryBackground Patients with severe refractory asthma have not achieved asthma control, even with high doses of ICS, usually in combination with LABAs and other maintenance treatments. Objective The most promising approaches currently under investigation are those which reduce airway eosinophils in patients with severe refractory asthma and a persisting airway eosinophilia. Results Monoclonal antibodies against IL-5 have been shown to improve lung function, improve asthma control, reduce exacerbation risk and allow reduction or elimination of maintenance oral corticosteroids in this subset of patients. Bronchial thermoplasty may provide benefit in improving control and reducing exacerbations in selected patients. The addition of the muscarinic antagonist, tiotropium also improves airflow obstruction, but its benefit on exacerbation risk is not yet established. Other developments being evaluated in severe refractory asthma are CXCR2 antagonists in patients with a persisting neutrophilic airway inflammation, and CRTh2 antagonists, both of which are small molecule antagonists, and hMabs against IL4 and IL-13. Finally, other approaches to reduce receptor numbers, using inhaled anti-sense, has shown to reduce allergen-induced airway eosinophilia, and combining different anti-sense against different targets may become a feasible treatment option. Conclusions A variety of new treatment options are being investigated to help improve overall asthma control in patients with severe refractory asthma. These include medications to optimize lung function; bronchial thermoplasty to reduce airway smooth muscle in central airways; and those which target specific inflammatory cells or receptors of inflammatory mediators. Clinical Relevance Patients with severe refractory asthma have the greatest unmet treatment needs to improve asthma control and reduce exacerbation risk. New treatment approaches have been identified which will benefit subsets of these patients. Phenotyping patients is necessary to select those likely to benefit.
Phylogenetic studies of the Leptosphaeriaceae, Pleosporaceae and some other Loculoascomycetes based on nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences

Eleven cultures representing eight genera of five families of Loculoascomycetes were obtained from ATCC and IMI. Partial 18S and 28S nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were amplified using PCR and sequenced. About 1100 bps of 18S rDNA (NS1/NS4 region) and 459 bps of 28S rDNA (F63/R635 region) for each taxon were subject to phylogenetic analysis using parsimony. The reconstructed phylogenetic trees supported the separation of two monophyletic groups, containing the type genera of the Leptosphaeriaceae and the Pleosporaceae, respectively. The members of the Leptosphaeriaceae ( sensu Barr) consisted of the paraphyletic clade in the phylogenetic trees. The members of the Pleosporaceae ( sensu Barr) plus Pyrenophora Trichostoma formed a monophyletic clade. The results generally supported the separation of the Leptosphaeriaceae from Pleosporaceae and the placement of P. Trichostoma , and Comoclathris baccata in the Pleosporaceae. The taxonomic position of Pleospora betae , whose coelomycetous anamorph is more closely related to Leptosphaeriaceae, was not well resolved because of low bootstrap values and decay indices. Leptosphaeria bicolor , whose ascospore morphology is not congeneric with the type of the genus, L. doliolum , does not belong to Leptosphaeria based on the 18S sequence data. The taxonomic disposition of Lewia, Pyrenophora , and Comoclathris based on the phylogenetic analyses are discussed.
binding constants of levans and D-fructo-oligosaccharides to BALB/c and NZB D-fructan-specific, myeloma proteins, determined by affinity electrophoresis.

Abstract The association constants for the interaction of BALB/c (UPC 10, Y5476, W3082, and UPC 61) and NZB (PC 3660) myeloma anti- D -fructans in pure form, or in ascitic fluids, with high-molecular-weight levans (K a ) and with such low-molecular-weight compounds as rye-grass levan, inulin, sucrose, and D -fructo-oligosaccharides were determined by affinity electrophoresis, measuring the extent of retardation of the D -fructan-specific band by levan and its restoration by the low-molecular-weight compounds and oligosaccharide haptens. With different levans, K a values ranged from 1.14 x 10 5 to 1.52 x 10 6 mL/g for PC 3660, 1.35 x 10 5 to 6.45 x 10 5 mL/g for UPC 10, 1.0 x 10 4 to 7.9 x 10 4 mL/g for Y5476, 7.63 x 10 3 to 6.38 x 10 4 mL/g for W3082, and 3.35 x 10 3 to 1.54 x 10 4 mL/g for UPC 61. The retarded, D -fructan-specific bands of W3082 and UPC 61 were restored by inulin, having β- D -(2→1)-linkages, and rye-grass levan, having β- D -(2→6)-linkages, and those of PC 3660, UPC 10, and Y5476 by rye-grass levan. The values of inulin with W3082 and UPC 61 were 10 times those of rye-grass levan. The values of inulin (3.65 x 10 5 M -1 for W3082, and 4.44 x l0 5 M -1 for UPC 61) were very similar to those of [β- D -Fru f -(2→1)] 2 -β- D -Fru f -(2→6)- D -Glc ( 3 ) (3.95 x 10 5 M -1 for W3082, and 4.5 x 10 5 M -1 for UPC 61). With sucrose and the D -fructo-oligosaccharides, the order of values of W3082 and UPC 61 was 3 > β- D -Fru f -(2→1)-β- D -Fru f -(2→6)- D -Glc > sucrose > β- D -Fru f -(2→6)- D -Glc. With rye-grass levan, values were 4.25 x 10 5 M -1 for PC 3660, 2.7 x 10 5 M -1 for UPC 10, and 8.77 x 10 4 M -1 for Y5476. These results confirm earlier findings that W3082 and UPC 61 have dual specificity for β-(2→1) and β(2→6) D -fructofuranosyl linkages, that PC 3660, Y 5476, and UPC 10 have specificity for β-(2→6) D -fructofuranosyl linkages, and that the combining sites of W3082 and UPC 61 are most complementary to the tetrasaccharide 3 . That W3082 and Y5476 share the same, cross-reacting idiotype, although their combining sites differ in specificity, provides further evidence that these two properties do not run parallel.
Anger: A Neglected Group Treatment Issue With Cardiac Transplantation Recipients and Their Families

Abstract This article describes the group process, specifically as it evolved with respect to anger in cardiac transplantation recipients and their families.