cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ideals of justice: goals vs. constraints

Amartya Sen describes John Rawls’s ‘justice as fairness’ as ‘transcendental institutionalism’ and develops his realization-focused approach in contrast. But Rawls is no transcendental institutionalist, and Sen’s construal of their opposition occludes a third, relation-based position and a valuable and practical form of ideal theory. What Sen calls transcendental institutionalism and realization-focused comparative theory each treat justice as something to bring about, a problem for experts. A third position treats justice in terms of how we relate to one another rather than of achievement. This position, called ‘justice as reciprocity,’ is consistent with Rawls’s ‘justice as fairness’ and Sen’s normative aspirations, and might form the basis of new and fruitful dialogue between them. By treating justice as a question of how we relate to one another, and treating relation-based ideals as the basis of respectful behavioral constraints (rather than of ends to pursue), ‘justice as reciprocity’ grounds an ever...
Origin of ultramafic xenoliths containing exsolved pyroxenes from Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii

Hualalai Volcano, Hawaii, is best known for the abundant and varied xenoliths included in the historic 1800 Kaupulehu alkalic basalt flow. Xenoliths, which range in composition from dunite to anorthosite, are concentrated at 915-m elevation in the flow. Rare cumulate ultramafic xenoliths, which include websterite, olivine websterite, wehrlite, and clinopyroxenite, display complex pyroxene exsolution textures that indicate slow cooling. Websterite, olivine websterite, and one wehrlite are spinel-bearing orthopyroxene +olivine cumulates with intercumulus clinopyroxene +plagioclase. Two wehrlite samples and clinopyroxenite are spinel-bearing olivine cumulates with intercumulus clinopyroxene+orthopyroxene + plagioclase. Two-pyroxene geothermometry calculations, based on reconstructed pyroxene compositions, indicate that crystallization temperatures range from 1225° to 1350° C. Migration or unmixing of clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene stopped between 1045° and 1090° C. Comparisons of the abundance of K2O in plagioclase and the abundances of TiO2 and Fe2O3in spinel of xenoliths and mid-ocean ridge basalt, and a single 87Sr/ 86Sr determination, indicate that these Hualalai xenoliths are unrelated to mid-ocean ridge basalt. Similarity between the crystallization sequence of these xenoliths and the experimental crystallization sequence of a Hawaiian olivine tholeiite suggest that the parental magma of the xenoliths is Hualalai tholeiitic basalt. Xenoliths probably crystallized between about 4.5 and 9 kb. The 155°–230° C of cooling which took place over about 120 ka — the age of the youngest Hualalai tholeiitic basalt — yield maximum cooling rates of 1.3×10−3–1.91×10−3 °C/yr. Hualalai ultramafic xenoliths with exsolved pyroxenes crystallized from Hualalai tholeiitic basalt and accumulated in a magma reservoir located between 13 and 28 km below sealevel. We suspect that this reservoir occurs just below the base of the oceanic crust at about 19 km below sealevel.
Ultrastructural studies on monocytic leukaemia.

Summary. Bone marrdw specimens from four cases of pure monocytic leukaemia. (Schilling type) and three cases of myelo-monocytic leukaemia (Naegeli type) were examined by electron microscopy. The hallmark of the monoblasts and more mature monocytoid forms was the extreme nuclear irregularity with frequent nuclear bridges and blebs. Abundant cytoplasm with a serrated margin, dense granules, numerous pinocytic vesicles and vacuoles, frequent peri-nuclear fibrillar bands and a well-developed Golgi zone served as additional criteria for identifying monoblasts. Various stages in the maturation of monoblasts were observed. Stem cells possessed a large round nucleus which became extremely folded with increasing maturity. The graduai appearance of condensed chromatin paralleled this nuclear polymorphism. The fine structure of these monoblasts was compared with that of myeloblasts to point out distinguishing features. It is felt that ultrastructural analysis can be of value in separating pure monocytic leukaemia from myelo-monocytic leukaemia.
Advanced supersonic transport design developments

Advanced technology studies have indicated a major payload/range improvement for the next generation supersonic transport while meeting stringent environmental requirements. The major technology advance is the variable-cycle engine. When integrated with efficient aerodynamic and structural concepts, the variable-cycle engine airplane will attain a design range of 5500 nautical miles with no penalty for take-off noise or subsonic missions. The goal - not achievable in past programs - will allow one airplane to compete subsonic in over-land sonic boom prohibited areas as well as over-water supersonic routes. This goal will not be achieved without an aggressive technology development program.
Construction and filling of a uranium tetramethyl-pentane calorimeter

Abstract the process of building the UA1 U-TMP calorimeter is followed from the assembly and cleaning of individual calorimeter chambers to the final filling of calorimeter modules with TMP. Also described is the TMP purification system, which is capable of providing the large amounts of ultra-pure TMP (electro-negative impurity concentrations in the ppb range) necessary for the entire calorimeter. Special attention is paid to problems encountered by the UA1 collaboration in this construction process and their solutions.
MEASUREMENT OF FEEDTHROUGH AND INSTABILITY GROWTH IN RADIATION-DRIVEN CYLINDRICAL IMPLOSIONS

We have performed the first radiation-driven implosions in a convergent geometry where feedthrough of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability and Bell-Plesset growth are observed. A perturbation in a dodecagon shape was machined on the outer surface of a cylindrical polystyrene shell. The shell was imploded by radiation ablation in a hohlraum at the Nova laser. Growth of the perturbation was observed at the inner surface of the shell via x-ray backlighter imaging. This method shows promise for the study of instability growth and feedthrough in converging flows. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Atom shifts, polarization levels, and curie temperatures in ferroelectric PbZrO3:PbTiO3 solid solutions

Abstract New data concerning the atomic shifts and polarization levels in some solid solutions in the Lead Zirconate: Lead Titanate system have been used to re-examine the empirical relations of Abrahams et al. for displacive ferroelectrics. It is shown that the relation between P s and the homopolar atom shift δz is well followed, with a correlation coefficient of 2.51(7) C/m 2 − A. The second relation between T c and δz, which is explicable on the Landau-Ginsburg-Devonshire theory if the transitions are near second order appears, however, to require different values of the correlation coefficient in the different ferroelectric structures.
Noninvasive ventilation for COPD: volume assurance not very reassuring.

Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) to treat severe COPD was first proposed over 50 years ago as a way of stabilizing PaCO2 in hypercapnic patients using either positive pressure (1), negative pressure (...
Gene therapy: Targeting β-thalassaemia

Patients with disorders of the blood protein haemoglobin often depend on lifelong blood transfusions. That could change, given the success of gene therapy in a patient with one such disorder.
Observation of Lower-Hybrid Current Drive at High Densities in the Alcator C Tokamak

A quasi-steady-state lower-hybrid current-drive operation is demonstrated in the Alcator $C$ tokamak at densities up to ${\stackrel{-}{n}}_{e}\ensuremath{\simeq}1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The current-drive efficiency is measured experimentally over a wide range of densities and magnetic fields. The radial distribution of high-energy x rays indicates that the current-carrying electrons peak near the plasma axis.
Averaging double-exposure speckle interferograms

Speckle-fringe quality can be improved by averaging many statistically independent interferograms together, which are generated by shifting the object’s illumination angle. A technique applicable to double-exposure speckle interferograms obtained from processing two speckle patterns is described. It utilizes a computer-controlled stepping motor to tilt the object illumination, which is repeatable to λ/100. Results are shown for double-exposure interferograms corresponding to mechanical deformations and vibrations. A significant increase in the fringe visibility is gained.
Catalysis of the isomerisation and polymerisation of olefins on carbon blacks

Abstract The catalysis of the polymerisation and/or isomerisation of C 4 , C 5 , and C 6 α-methyl mono-olefins on some commercial carbon blacks has been studied. Catalysis was observed only after the blacks had been heated at 100 to 115°C in vacuum for 20 to 40 hr. When 2. l g of an oxidised channel black (Black Pearls 2) was held at 120°C in an atmosphere of isobutene, 5.2 g of clear liquid oligomers collected in a cooled side arm in about 4 days. The predominant oligomers were dimers, and more than 90 per cent of the dimeric fraction was 2,4,4,-trimethyl-1-pentene. Under similar conditions 2-methyl--butene produced a dimeric fraction containing at least eleven C 10 isomers; however, the isomerisation to 2-methyl-2-butene was more rapid than the polymerisation. At lower temperatures (40–60°C) the rate of polymerisation of 2-methyl-1-pentene in a slurry with carbon blacks is negligible compared to the rate of isomerisation to 2-methyl-2-pentene. Reversible first order kinetics, with respect to olefin, were found for this isomerisation. The rate constants at 52.5°C for four carbon blacks have been compared for slurries having the same ratio of olefin to black by weight. For these blacks the rate constants increase with the acidities. A thermochemical titration apparatus, designed for non-aqueous solvents, was built and used for the determination of acidities.
Demonstration of Treponema pallidum in a cutaneous gumma by indirect immunofluorescence

Treponema pallidum was demonstrated in a cutaneous, tertiary syphilitic lesion by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, but not by darkfield microscopy illumination or silver stain. The numerous organisms observed by this method may help explain the histologically vigorous tissue reaction in tertiary syphilis, despite the scarcity of organisms demonstrable by other methods.
Applying naturalized interactions to mobile devices

Mobile phones are increasingly becoming pervasive in India. Every month approximately 5 millions new users are added to the ever growing mobile population.However, in India, for a large group of people mobile phones are the first and only interactive digital media they directly operate and experience. A majority of these phones are based on an interaction paradigm that is directly adopted from the realm of computers.We believe, because of this there is huge gap between user's interaction with the real world and the interaction model of mobile phones. This gap gave us an opportunity to explore design alternatives that are more natural and real world like.In this paper we present a vision for Natural Interactions and their application on mobile phones as a Generative User Interface. We also discuss variables that affect mobile user experience through comparisons between real world and Mobile based digital interactions.
On Approximating Fermion Masses in Terms of Stationary Super-String States

AdS/CFT correspondence is adopted and fermion masses are modeled as analogues of Weyl curvature states, which occur by hypothesis when closed spin-2 strings sweep out closed world tubes. Admissible curvature states are established by gauge invariance and fundamental mass is attributed to admissible curvature. A consequent spectrum of masses forms an SU(3) symmetry that is invariant under appropriate realizations of the SUGRA GUT interaction. Finally the spin-h/2 nature of the masses that are attributed to curvature emerges as a necessary condition for the relevant SUGRA GUT realizations. Calibration of the proposed model reveals a spectrum of fermion masses that corresponds approximately to observation. Moreover, the proposed model predicts a new quark that is characterized by I3 = -1/2 and by a mass of about 30 GeV/c2.
Oxide chemistry and local structure of PbZr x Ti 1 − x O 3 studied by density-functional theory supercell calculations

The ${\mathrm{PbZr}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (PZT) disordered solid solution is widely used in piezoelectric applications due to its excellent electromechanical properties. The disorder is caused by the random arrangement of B cations. To understand the relationship between properties of constituent atoms, local structure, and compositional phase transitions, we examine the response of the individual Pb atoms, B cations, and oxygen cages to the variation in the Zr/Ti arrangement and composition through first-principles density-functional-theory (DFT) calculations on a variety of PZT supercells. We use a statistical analysis of the relaxed DFT structures to identify crystal chemical structural motifs present in the Zr-rich rhombohedral, 50/50 monoclinic, and Ti-rich tetragonal phases of PZT and to examine the influence of composition variation on the motifs. We find that the distortions of the structure away from the ideal perovskite structure are governed by an interplay of bonding, electrostatic, and short-range repulsive interactions that depends on the B-cation arrangement. For Pb-atom displacements, there is a competition between electrostatic and bonding interactions that favor ordered collinear displacements, and local repulsive interactions that favor disorder. This competition is strongly affected by the changes in Zr/Ti composition and leads to compositional phase boundaries in PZT.
A Survey of Pharmacists in Academia on the Current Practice of Estimation of Kidney Function for Antimicrobial Dosing in Adults.

Purpose:To determine the methods used by pharmacists in academia to estimate kidney function for antimicrobial dosing.Methods:Stratified by region, a random sample of Accreditation Council for Phar...
Constant Surface Charge Model in Floc Foam Flotation. The Flotation of Copper(II)

Abstract Cu(II) is effectively floated from synthetic mixtures and industrial waste samples by floc foam floatation using Fe(OH)3 and sodium lauryl sulfate at pH's of approximately 6.5. The separation becomes marginal at ionic strengths above 0.25 [residual Cu(II) concentrations greater than 1 ppm]. A constant surface charge model for floc foam flotation is found to result in less effective binding than the constant surface potential model.
Cytochrome P450BM-3 reduces aldehydes to alcohols through a direct hydride transfer.

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Cytochrome P450BM-3 reduced aldehydes to alcohols efficiently (k{sub cat} {approx} 25 min{sup -1}). Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Reduction is a direct hydride transfer from R-NADP{sup 2}H to the carbonyl moiety. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer P450 domain variants enhance reduction through potential allosteric/redox interactions. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Novel reaction will have implications for metabolism of xenobiotics. -- Abstract: Cytochrome P450BM-3 catalyzed the reduction of lipophilic aldehydes to alcohols efficiently. A k{sub cat} of {approx}25 min{sup -1} was obtained for the reduction of methoxy benzaldehyde with wild type P450BM-3 protein which was higher than in the isolated reductase domain (BMR) alone and increased in specific P450-domain variants. The reduction was caused by a direct hydride transfer from preferentially R-NADP{sup 2}H to the carbonyl moiety of the substrate. Weak substrate-P450-binding of the aldehyde, turnover with the reductase domain alone, a deuterium incorporation in the product from NADP{sup 2}H but not D{sub 2}O, and no inhibition by imidazole suggests the reductase domain of P450BM-3 as the potential catalytic site. However, increased aldehyde reduction by P450 domain variants (P450BM-3 F87A T268A) may involve allosteric or redox mechanistic interactions between heme and reductase domains. This is a novel reduction of aldehydes by P450BM-3 involving a direct hydride transfer and could have implicationsmore » for the metabolism of endogenous substrates or xenobiotics.« less
P01-124 Riluzole for affective and behavioral disturbance in autism

Objective This paper reviews the novel usage of riluzole, an antiglutamatergic and neuroprotective agent, for affective and behavioral stabilization in autism. Method A review of the English-language literature on riluzole usage for pediatric and adult psychopathology, combined with the author's experience with two autistic patients who demonstrated prominent affective stabilization and reduction in self-injury with riluzole. Results Riluzole was developed for usage in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and is the only drug to slow the progression of this devastating neurological disease. Riluzole inhibits release of glutamate, the primary excitatory amino acid in the brain, and enhances GABA-A receptor function. Riluzole has demonstrated efficacy in open-label trials of adult unipolar and bipolar depression as well as pediatric and adult obsessive-compulsive disorder. Case reports have additionally documented benefit in trichotillomania and self-injury. There is not yet published literature on riluzole usage in autism, but the following cases are presented: Pt 1: A 20 year-old male with autism, depression with suicidality and self-injury who demonstrated a partial response to electroconvulsive therapy and traditional adjunctive psychopharmacology. Riluzole addition provided sustained remission of residual symptoms. Pt 2: A 9 year-old male with autism, cyclical mood disturbance and extreme self-injury towards the head requiring extensive protective equipment for safety. Riluzole conferred both affective stabilization and prominent reduction in self-injury. Conclusion Riluzole is a new psychopharmacological agent. Efficacy has been demonstrated for mood and anxiety disorders in the typically-developing population. Similar positive benefit may be seen for psychopathology in autism, and merits further investigation.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE ENERGY METABOLISM OF HUMAN PLACENTA

Summary Oxygen consumption of histologically abnormal placentae was reduced but the effect on the fetus probably depends on the timing of the abnormality. A reduced placental respiratory rate, whether accompanied by no obvious histological change, or with the “senescent” changes of postmaturity, or by damage due to rehsus isoimmunization was associated with an adverse effect on fetal growth or wellbeing. Rotenone, antimycin A and cyanide, all inhibitors of mitochondrial electron transfer, markedly decreased the endogenous respiration of both normal and pathological placentae. Respiration was also reduced by from 35 per cent to 60 per cent by oligomycin, whereas it was increased by as much as 70 per cent by 2,4-dinitrophenol. Oligomycin inhibition of endogenous respiration was largely offset by 2,4-dinitrophenol. The results obtained showed that: (i) placental respiration was decreased in all the pathological conditions studied, (ii) the organization of the mitochondrial respiratory chain of placental cells might be similar to that of other normal tissues and (iii) placental respiration was coupled to energy conservation reactions both in normal and pathological conditions.
On Modules of Finite Complexity Over Selfinjective Artin Algebras

In this paper we study Auslander-Reiten sequences of modules with finite complexity over selfinjective artin algebras. In particular, we show that for all eventually Ω-perfect modules of finite complexity, the number of indecomposable non projective summands of the middle term of such sequences is bounded by 4. We also describe situations in which all non projective modules in a connected component of the Auslander-Reiten quiver are eventually Ω-perfect.
Multiple Comparisons of Means When Variance is not Homogeneous

Abstract Some theorems by Tamhane are adapted for practical use via a nomogram. The procedure is applicable to two situations for experiments with heterogeneous variances: 1. Comparison of each of several means with a control (Dunnett-type), and 2. Comparisons of all possible pairs of means (Tukey-type). The nomogram provides for 5% experimentwise error and involves Student's t-distribution, with approximate degrees of freedom based upon individual variances within groups and error rate conditional upon the number of means in the experiment (k=3,4, …,10). An example is given, and typical biases of the standard procedures are computed.
β-Elimination Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Identification of in Vivo and in Vitro Phosphorylation Sites in Maize Dehydrin DHN1 Protein

Dehydrins are a group of proteins that are accumulated during environmental stress such as drought and low temperature or during late embryogenesis. In the present study, we isolated dehydrin DHN1, also known as Rab17 protein, from maize kernel by an acid extraction method, removed the phosphoric acid groups from phosphorylated residues by β-elimination via treating the protein with barium hydroxide, and identified the sites of phosphorylation by tandem mass spectrometry. Our results showed that each of the seven contiguous serine residues (Ser78−Ser84) in the serine tract could be phosphorylated. The β-elimination procedure was shown to be essential for the detection and subsequent site mapping of the heavily phosphorylated peptide by mass spectrometry. We also found that protein kinase CK2 could catalyze the phosphorylation of the DHN1 protein in vitro and the level of phosphorylation was comparable to that of the DHN1 isolated from maize seeds. Moreover, the in vitro phosphorylation also occurred on th...
Future challenges for hematopoietic stem cell research

This perspective summarizes several important advances in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) biology in the past few years and places these advances in the context of future directions in stem cell research. The potential utility of stem cells for gene therapy, tissue engineering, and the treatment of neurological and other forms of disease is simply too significant to ignore, and yet our knowledge and ability to deliver these forms of therapy in a safe and efficacious manner will require additional advances in the understanding of the basic biology of stem cells.
Development of an instrument to assess nurse practitioner attitudes and beliefs about obesity.

Background and Purpose Obesity has been identified as the number one health problem in the United States. Estimates are that almost 70% of adults are overweight or obese. The care received by these individuals may be influenced by their weight status. The purpose of this study was to describe the self-reported attitudes and beliefs of nurse practitioners (NPs) toward this population. Methods Data were obtained from 358 NPs who were attending a national conference. Each participant completed the investigator-developed survey, which assessed attitudes and beliefs, and provided limited demographic information so that the study population could be described. Conclusions Scores indicate that these NPs perceived overweight and obese persons to be (1) not as good as others, (2) not as successful as others, (3) not suitable for marriage, (4) untidy, and (5) not as healthy. Implications for practice While bias exists with respect to overweight and obese persons, awareness and knowledge of one's personal bias is the first step in preventing this perception to influence care. Educational forums should include a personal assessment and interventions aimed at minimizing the effect one's attitude and belief has on the delivery of respectful care.
Aboriginal social organization, contemporary experience and American Indian adolescent alcohol use.

Objective: Anthropologists with an interest in American Indian alcohol use have long held that how native people drink has been conditioned by aspects of the social organization of their societies prior to the disruptive influences of European colonialism. Our goal in this article was to explicitly test the importance of these factors in four contemporary American Indian cultural groups. Method: Using data on adolescent alcohol use drawn from the first full wave of the longitudinal Voices of Indian Teens Project (N = 1,651, 51% female), we tested whether patterns of quantity-frequency of alcohol use and the negative consequences of alcohol use predicted by social organzational variables were found among contemporary adolescents and, subsequently, whether these differences persisted when other, more proximal, variables were included. Results: Cultural differences appeared to account for a small percentage of the variance in both quantity-frequency of alcohol use and negative consequences in the initial ste...
A multiscanner evaluation of PET image quality using phantom studies

We present preliminary results from an investigation of the impact of phantom diameter on sinogram and image quality for two PET scanners, the Allegro and ECAT HR/sup +/, both operated in fully-3D acquisition mode. Here, we evaluate the global sinogram NEC measurement and in subsequent studies will be looking at a local image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) estimate derived from a nonprewhitening matched filter observer (SNR/sub NPW/). We evaluate two different metrics, the global sinogram NEC measurement and a local image signal-to-noise (SNR) estimate derived from nonprewhitening matched filter observer (SNR/sub NPW/). There is a significant decrease in the NEC rates when going from small to large diameter phantoms. As the diameter of the tissue-equivalent attenuating cylinder increases from 20 cm to 35 cm, the peak NEC rate drops by a factor of six for the Allegro scanner. If /spl radic/NEC is an accurate measure of image quality, we expect to see a corresponding degradation in detection specific tasks, such as the SNR/sub NPW/ for a nonprewhitening matched filter.
Potential of a simple lab-on-a-tube for point-of-care measurements of multiple analytes

This technical note presents a simple and disposable lab-on-a-tube (LOT) for point-of-care measurements of multiple analytes. LOT is a one-step device that can perform both sample collection and multi-sensing on-site. Sample collection is conducted by taking advantage of its inherent micro/macro channel structure while multi-sensing is conducted by integrated microsensors. This approach ensures reliable transportation of various samples into the testing area by either passive capillary force or active suction force, thus avoiding the need for a pump or injection components as used in lab-on-a-chip systems. The developed LOT (Diameter = 1 mm, Sensing length = 4.5 mm, Required sample volume = 3.5 μl) is capable of simultaneously quantifying the concentrations of glucose, lactate and oxygen in human serum samples. The result suggests the LOT hold great potential for many point-of-care applications.
Clinical and Radiologic Review of the Normal and Abnormal Thymus: Pearls and Pitfalls

At imaging, the thymus appears in a variety of shapes and sizes, even in the same individual. It gradually involutes with age and may acutely shrink during periods of bodily stress. During the recovery period, it grows back to its original size or even larger, a phenomenon known as thymic rebound hyperplasia. These anatomic variations and dynamic changes appear to be the main source of confusion with pathologic conditions. In turn, these misinterpretations may lead to prolongation or alteration of the chemotherapy regimen or to unnecessary radiation therapy, biopsy, or thymectomy. Familiarity with the embryology, anatomy, and dynamic physiology of the thymus is essential to avoid unnecessary imaging or invasive procedures. Radiologists play a major role in differentiating normal thymic variants, ectopic thymic tissue, and nonneoplastic thymic conditions such as rebound hyperplasia from neoplastic conditions. Knowledge of the imaging findings of thymic tumors and their mimics may help radiologists arrive at the correct diagnosis.
Order-Tuned Vibration Absorbers for Cyclic Rotating Flexible Structures

This paper investigates the use of order-tuned absorbers to attenuate vibrations of flexible blades in a bladed disk assembly subjected to engine order excitation. The blades are modeled by a cyclic chain of N oscillators, and a single vibration absorber is fitted to each blade. These absorbers exploit the centrifugal field arising from rotation so that they are tuned to a given order of rotation, rather than to a fixed frequency. A standard change of coordinates based on the cyclic symmetry of the system essentially decouples the governing equations of motion, yielding a closed form solution for the steady-state response of the overall system. These results show that optimal reduction of blade vibrations is achieved by tuning the absorbers to the excitation order n, but that the resulting system is highly sensitive to small perturbations. Intentional detuning (meaning that the absorbers are slightly over- or under-tuned relative to n) can be implemented to improve the robustness of the design. It is shown that by slightly undertuning the absorbers there are no system resonances near the excitation order of interest and that the resulting system is robust to mistuning (i.e., small random uncertainties in the system parameters) of the absorbers and/or blades. These results offer a basic understanding of the dynamics of a bladed disk assembly fitted with order-tuned vibration absorbers, and serve as a first step to the investigation of more realistic models, where, for example, imperfections and nonlinear effects are considered, and multi-DOF and general-path absorbers are employed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Biological and environmental media control oxide nanoparticle surface composition: the roles of biological components (proteins and amino acids), inorganic oxyanions and humic acid

Current practices of initial nanoparticle characterization with respect to particle size, shape, surface and bulk composition prior to experiments to test, for example, cellular interaction or toxicity, will not accurately describe nanomaterials in a given medium. The use of initial characterization data in subsequent analyses inherently assumes that nanoparticles are static entities. However, nanoparticle characterization, which is crucial in all studies related to their applications and implications, should also include information about the dynamics of the interfacial region between the nanomaterial surface and the surrounding medium. The objective of this tutorial review is to highlight the importance of in situ characterization of metal oxide nanoparticle surfaces in complex media. In particular, several examples of TiO2 (5 nm) and α-Fe2O3 (2 nm) nanoparticles, in different environmental and biological media, are presented so as to show the importance of the milieu to oxide surface composition. The surface composition is shown to be controlled by the adsorption of biological components (proteins and amino acids), inorganic oxyanions (phosphates and carbonates) and environmental ligands (humic acid). The extent of surface adsorption depends on the solution phase composition and the affinity of different components to adsorb to the nanoparticle surface. The examples presented here show that there is a range of possible surface interactions, adsorption energetics and adsorption modes including reversible adsorption, irreversible adsorption and co-adsorption.
Establishment of pregnancy in the pig: II. Cellular remodeling of the porcine blastocyst during elongation on day 12 of pregnancy.

The morphology of pig blastocysts changes dramatically just preceding initial attachment of the trophoblast to the uterine epitheliuin. Blastocysts undergo a rapid transition from spherical to tubular and elongated filamentous forms between Days 10 to 12 of pregnancy. The present study investigated rates of blastocyst development and possible mechanism(s) involved with changes in blastocyst morphology. Estimates of blastocyst growth were determined by removing the uterine horns from each animal at different intervals. Estimates of blastocyst growth were 0.25 mm/h for development of spherical blastocysts from 4 to 9 mm in diameter; however, blastocysts elongated at a rate of 30 to 45 mm/h after reaching a diameter of 10 mm. Although elongation from 10 to 150 mm occurred within a few hours, an increase in cellular hyperpiasia (mitosis) was not detected.
Impact of Metabolic Syndrome on Perioperative Complication Rates After Total Joint Arthroplasty Surgery

This study investigated the impact of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on perioperative and postoperative complication rates: the results of a cohort of 168 total hip and knee arthroplasties, 63 of normal weight, 105 with obesity without risk factors for metabolic syndrome and 39 with obesity and other factors that classify them with metabolic syndrome. Patients with metabolic syndrome were more likely to have complications than those without metabolic syndrome (P=0.0156). Perioperative and postoperative complication rates for the MetS and control groups were 35.9% and 16.3%, respectively. Elevated BMI was the element of MetS that had the largest impact on post-surgical complication rates, and this was statistically significant (P=0.0028). The presence of MetS in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty has a significant impact on surgical complication rates. This cannot be attributed to the BMI component alone, and may help guide efforts of patient optimization prior to total joint arthroplasty.
The Ag-Sr (Silver-Strontium) system

The Ag-Sr diagram was investigated by [30Wei] using a thermal analysis technique and by [70Heu] using thermal analysis, microstructural examination, X-ray diffraction, electrical resistivitz and magnetic sensitivity measurements. [30Wei] investigated the entire composition range, whereas [70Heu] studied alloy compositions between 0 and 30 at.% St. In the Ag-rich region there were serious differences between the diagram proposed by [30Wei] and the data of [70Heu]. In addition, later crystal structure determinations by [65Kos] and [84Mer] placed other regions of the diagram of [30Wei] in question.
Species co-occurrence patterns and dietary resource competition in primates.

Diamond (Assembly of species commun- ities. In: Cody ML, Diamond JM, editors. Ecology and evolution of communities. Cambridge: Belknap. p 342- 444 (1975)) argued that interspecific competition between species occupying similar niches results in a nonrandom pattern of species distributions. In particu- lar, some species pairs may never be found in the same community due to competitive exclusion. Rigorous ana- lytical methods have been developed to investigate the possible role that interspecific competition has on the evolution of communities. Many studies that have implemented these methods have shown support for Diamond's assembly rules, yet there are numerous exceptions. We build on this previous research by exam- ining the co-occurrence patterns of primate species in 109 communities from across the world. We used Eco- Sim to calculate a checkerboard (C) score for each region. The C score provides a measure of the propor- tion of species pairs that do not co-occur in a set of communities. High C scores indicate that species are nonrandomly distributed throughout a region, and interspecific competition may be driving patterns of competitive exclusion. We conducted two sets of analy- ses. One included all primate species per region, and the second analysis assigned each species to one of four dietary guilds: frugivores, folivores, insectivores, and frugivore-insectivores. Using all species per region, we found significantly high C scores in 9 of 10 regions examined. For frugivores, we found significantly high-C scores in more than 50% of regions. In contrast, only 23% of regions exhibited significantly high-C scores for folivores. Our results suggest that communities are nonrandomly structured and may be the result of greater levels of interspecific competition between frugi- vores compared to folivores. Am J Phys Anthropol
Integrating and querying source code of programs working on a database

Programs and a database's schema contain complex data and control dependencies that make modifying the schema along with multiple portions of the source code difficult to change. In this paper, we address the problem of exploring and analyzing those dependencies that exist between a program and a database's schema using keyword search techniques inside a database management system (DBMS). As a result, we present QDPC, a novel system that allows the integration and flexible querying within a DBMS of source code and a database's schema. The integration focuses on obtaining the approximate matches that exist between source files (classes, function and variable names) and the database's schema (table names and column names), and then storing them in summarization tables inside a DBMS. These summarization tables are then analyzed with SQL queries to find matches that are related to a set of keywords provided by the user. It is possible to perform additional analysis of the discovered matches by computing aggregations over the obtained matches, and to perform sophisticated analysis by computing OLAP cubes. In our experiments, we show that we obtain an efficient integration and allow complex analysis of the dependencies inside the DBMS. Furthermore, we show that searching for data dependencies and building OLAP cubes can be obtained in an efficient manner. Our system opens up the possibility of using the keyword search for software engineering applications.
Signal processing methods for melt pump outlet pressure analysis

This paper presents the development of an on-line monitoring system for a textile quality control application. The feature analyzed is the pack pressure associated with the melt spinning process. Any variations in the pack pressure will affect the rate of flow of melt through the spinnerette and this in turn will result in non-uniform diameter along the filament length. This paper focusses on variations caused by misalignment between the motor and melt pump shaft, and the meshing action of the gear teeth in the melt pump. A new method which uses the autocovariance of the pack pressure data to detect misalignment is proposed. Signal processing methods using median filtering and M-point averaging are presented which can be used to obtain useful information on the gear teeth structure.
Anesthetic and postoperative protocols for a canine model of reversible left ventricular volume overload.

The purpose of this study was to develop anesthetic and postoperative methods that could be used in a canine model of reversible left ventricular volume overload (LVVO). LVVO was created by inducin...
Adenosine metabolism and cancer. Focus on "Adenosine downregulates DPPIV on HT-29 colon cancer cells by stimulating protein tyrosine phosphatases and reducing ERK1/2 activity via a novel pathway".

adenosine facilitates tumor survival by a variety of mechanisms. In this issue, Tan et al. (Ref. [16][1]; see p. C433 of this issue) describe a signaling cascade by which adenosine downregulates the cell surface protein CD26 on HT-20 colorectal carcinoma cells. Because CD26 binds extracellular
Expression Evolution Facilitated the Convergent Neofunctionalization of a Sodium Channel Gene

Ion channels have played a substantial role in the evolution of novel traits across all of the domains of life. A fascinating example of a novel adaptation is the convergent evolution of electric organs in the Mormyroid and Gymnotiform electric fishes. The regulated currents that flow through ion channels directly generate the electrical signals which have evolved in these fish. Here, we investigated how the expression evolution of two sodium channel paralogs (Scn4aa and Scn4ab) influenced their convergent molecular evolution following the teleost-specific whole-genome duplication. We developed a reliable assay to accurately measure the expression stoichiometry of these genes and used this technique to analyze relative expression of the duplicate genes in a phylogenetic context. We found that before a major shift in expression from skeletal muscle and neofunctionalization in the muscle-derived electric organ, Scn4aa was first downregulated in the ancestors of both electric lineages. This indicates that underlying the convergent evolution of this gene, there was a greater propensity toward neofunctionalization due to its decreased expression relative to its paralog Scn4ab. We investigated another derived muscle tissue, the sonic organ of Porichthys notatus, and show that, as in the electric fishes, Scn4aa again shows a radical shift in expression away from the ancestral muscle cells into the evolutionarily novel muscle-derived tissue. This study presents evidence that expression downregulation facilitates neofunctionalization after gene duplication, a pattern that may often set the stage for novel trait evolution after gene duplication.
The permeation of lipid substances through porous membranes

Abstract In aqueous systems, fatty acid salts below their critical micelle concentration (CMC) diffuse through collodion membranes of graded porosity at a rate which varies indirectly as the chain length of the fatty acids and directly as the porosity of the membranes. For a given salt the rate is somewhat less than for a nonelectrolyte of the same molecular weight. When the concentration of the fatty acid salt is above the CMC, the rate is dependent on the size of the micelles relative to the pore size. Phospholipids, which exist in solution as very large micelles, are virtually impermeable even in very porous membranes. Cholesterol or benzene solubilized in lipid micelles can be transported through porous membranes, but the pores must be large enough to accommodate the micelles.
Mixtures of CO2-SF6 as Working Fluids for Geothermal Plants

In this paper, mixtures of CO2 and SF6 were evaluated as working fluids for geothermal plants based on property measurements, molecular dynamics modeling, thermodynamic cycle analysis, and materials compatibility assessment. The CO2 - SF6 was evaluated for a reservoir temperature of 160°C. Increasing the efficiency for these low reservoir sources will increase the options available for geothermal energy utilization in more sites across the country. The properties for the mixtures were obtained either from thermodynamic property measurements and molecular dynamics simulations. Optimum compositions of the CO2 - SF6 were identified for a well reservoir temperature and a given water-cooling condition. Concerning the global warming potential, it was estimated that the equivalent CO2 emissions per 1kWh for a Rankine cycle operating with 100% SF6 would be approximately of 7.6% than those for a coal-fired power plant.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Multi-robot, multi-target Particle Swarm Optimization search in noisy wireless environments

Multiple small robots (swarms) can work together using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to perform tasks that are difficult or impossible for a single robot to accomplish. The problem considered in this paper is exploration of an unknown environment with the goal of finding a target(s) at an unknown location(s) using multiple small mobile robots. This work demonstrates the use of a distributed PSO algorithm with a novel adaptive RSS weighting factor to guide robots for locating target(s) in high risk environments. The approach was developed and analyzed on multiple robot single and multiple target search. The approach was further enhanced by the multi-robot-multi-target search in noisy environments. The experimental results demonstrated how the availability of radio frequency signal can significantly affect robot search time to reach a target.
Full-wave analysis of packaged microwave circuits with active and nonlinear devices: an FDTD approach

This paper presents a comprehensive full-wave analysis of packaged nonlinear active microwave circuits by applying the extended finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Based on the approach of using equivalent sources, the device-wave interaction is characterized and incorporated into the FDTD time-marching scheme. As a consequence, analysis of linear and nonlinear properties, including harmonic generation and intermodulation, can be accomplished by employing a large-signal device circuit model. The implementation is first validated by comparing results of FDTD and HP MDS simulation of the circuit without the packaging structure. The analysis then goes beyond the capability of the circuit simulator to include the packaging effect. This analysis is useful in circuit design involving electromagnetic compatibility/electromagnetic interference (EMC/EMI) problems.
Electrode impedance analysis of chronic tungsten microwire neural implants: understanding abiotic vs. biotic contributions

Changes in biotic and abiotic factors can be reflected in the complex impedance spectrum of the microelectrodes chronically implanted into the neural tissue. The recording surface of the tungsten electrode in vivo undergoes abiotic changes due to recording site corrosion and insulation delamination as well as biotic changes due to tissue encapsulation as a result of the foreign body immune response. We reported earlier that large changes in electrode impedance measured at 1 kHz were correlated with poor electrode functional performance, quantified through electrophysiological recordings during the chronic lifetime of the electrode. There is a need to identity the factors that contribute to the chronic impedance variation. In this work, we use numerical simulation and regression to equivalent circuit models to evaluate both the abiotic and biotic contributions to the impedance response over chronic implant duration. COMSOL® simulation of abiotic electrode morphology changes provide a possible explanation for the decrease in the electrode impedance at long implant duration while biotic changes play an important role in the large increase in impedance observed initially.
Trust and legitimacy: Policing in the USA and Europe

This paper argues for the value of new approaches to policing in the United States and Europe. These new approaches focus upon building police legitimacy among members of the public with the goal of encouraging widespread voluntary compliance with the law, acceptance of police authority and deference to police decisions, as well as a general willingness to cooperate with the police to fight crime.
PARTIAL PRIVATIZATION IN A MIXED DUOPOLY WITH AN R&D RIVALRY

This paper is the first to examine the incentive for partial privatization in a mixed duopoly with R&D rivalry. We show that because mixed duopolies engage in more R&D, the optimal extent of privatization is unambiguously reduced. Yet, this reduction is often very modest. Adopting the extent of privatization that would be optimal if one ignored the R&D rivalry routinely results in greater welfare than retaining a fully public firm and ignoring partial privatization. Only when R&D has an extremely low cost would it be preferable to ignore partial privatization.
Leveraging Brand Equity: A Life Cycle Approach To Sharing Economic Rents

Traditionally the owner of an asset collects the economic rents generated by that asset. However, in this paper we recognize that there are situations where it is optimal for the owner of the asset to share the rents with others. Specifically we consider brands and identify situations where it is optimal for brand owners to share rents with the distribution channel (intermediaries). The basic notion is that the intermediaries frequently can take action that enhance or maintain brand equity or sales, and consequently increase the rent generated. Sharing rents can be used to influence intermediaries behavior, and as such rents subsidize promotional strategies. In this paper we use a brand life cycle perspective to examine when the use of rents is useful to enact the optimal mix and intensity of 'pull' (manufacturer) and 'push' (distribution channel) promotional strategies.