cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical studies on Waf1p21, p16, pRb and p53 in human esophageal carcinomas and neighboring epithelia from a high‐risk area in northern China

To better understand the roles of p53 and cell cycle–regulating protein alterations in human esophageal carcinogenesis, we investigated immunohistochemically the distribution patterns of Waf1p21, pRb, p16 and p53 in 22 cases of surgically resected esophageal cancer as well as in the neighboring non-cancerous squamous epithelia. Waf1p21 protein was detected in 13 of the 20 cases of well-differentiated squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC), where the Waf1p21-positive cells were located mainly in the interior layers of the cancer nests. Conversely, p53-positive cells were found mostly in the peripheral layers. Cells containing both Waf1p21- and p53-positive immunostaining were not observed in a double-immunostaining experiment. p16 was detected in both the nucleus and cytoplasm in 3 of the 22 cases of SCC. All of these p16-positive cancers showed an absence of pRb immunostaining; this result is consistent with the idea that expression of p16 is regulated negatively by pRb. Eleven of the 22 esophageal SCCs (50%) showed extensive pRb immunostaining cells, and the remaining 11 cases displayed a few pRb-positive cells or an absence of pRb immunostaining. In a majority of the morphologically normal squamous-cell epithelia samples, immunostaining of Waf1p21 and pRb was found in most of the cells in the parabasal layers (proliferation compartment), where PCNA-positive cells also resided. In the pre-cancerous lesions, Waf1p21 and pRb were detected in cells surrounding the top of the lesioned region, p16-positive cells were scattered in the basal cell hyperplastic and dysplastic lesions and p53-positive cells existed in 2 distinct patterns: “scattered” and “focal”. Int. J. Cancer 72:746–751, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nuclear Spin Diffusion and Its Thermodynamic Quenching in the Field Gradients of a Type-II Superconductor

We have observed anomalously rapid relaxation of dipole-dipole energy in mixed-state superconducting vanadium. We show that spin diffusion driven by an inhomogeneous magnetic field uses spin-spin energy as a heat sink. Coupled differential equations are proposed for magnetization and spin-spin energy, and the diffusion coefficient is inferred from our measurements. It is concluded that spin diffusion cannot be a relaxation mechanism for magnetization in the mixed state, as previously assumed.
Numerical experiments with a one-dimensional higher order turbulence model: Simulation of the Wangara Day 33 case

A one-dimensional stratocumulus model is developed and incorporated into a cloud/mesoscale model to simulate the evolution of the marine stratocumulus-capped mixed layer.
Warm temperatures or drought during seed maturation increase free α-tocopherol in seeds of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)

Soybean seeds are an important source of dietary tocopherols, but like seeds of other dicotyledonous plants, they contain relatively little alpha-tocopherol, the form with the greatest vitamin E activity. To evaluate potential effects of environmental stress during seed maturation on tocopherols, soybeans were raised in greenhouses at nominal average temperatures of 23 degrees C or 28 degrees C during seed fill, with or without simultaneous drought (soil moisture at 10-25% of capacity), during normal growing seasons in 1999 (cvs. Essex and Forrest) and 2000 (cvs. Essex, Forrest, and Williams). Total free (nonesterified) tocopherols increased slightly in response to drought in Essex and Forrest. All three lines responded to elevated temperature and, to a lesser extent, drought with large (2-3-fold) increases in alpha-tocopherol and corresponding decreases in delta-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol. The results suggest that weather or climate can significantly affect seed tocopherols. It may be possible to breed for elevated alpha-tocopherols by selecting for altered plant response to temperature.
Potential biodiesel markets and their economic effects on the agricultural sector of the United States.

Abstract This analysis estimates potential US biodiesel demand in three specific markets that the US biodiesel industry has identified as likely candidates for commercialization: federal fleets, mining, and marine/estuary areas. If a 20% biodiesel blend becomes a competitive alternative fuel in the future, these markets could demand as much as 379 Ml of biodiesel. The Food and Agricultural Policy Simulator, an econometric model of US agriculture, was used to estimate the impacts of 76, 189, and 379 Ml of soybean-oil-based biodiesel production on the agricultural sector of the United States. The results indicate that the increased demand for soybean oil would increase US soybean oil price by as much as 14.1%. Corresponding to this price change, US soybean price would rise 2.0% and soybean meal price would fall by 3.3%. US net farm income would increase by as much as 0.3%.
Is heart failure different on the two continents (North America and Europe)

Heart failure is increasing in both North America and Europe. Although many similarities in the disease are apparent between the two continents, differences do exist. Heart failure with preserved systolic function appears to be increasingly important on both continents, and is associated more frequently with hypertension, aging, and female sex. Treatment guidelines from the two continents show more similarities than differences, though different treatment patterns emerge. Because more patients with heart failure will be older in the future, clinical trials that include greater numbers of these patients are needed to demonstrate that therapies are as effective and safe in this population.
Cognitive problems in patients on androgen deprivation therapy: a qualitative pilot study

Abstract Objectives Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT; also known as hormone therapy) is a well-established treatment for prostate cancer patients with rising prostate-specific antigen levels after localized treatment, and for those with metastatic disease. The neurological impact of ADT has been likened to that of aging and is therefore theorized to impair cognitive functioning in prostate cancer patients. We briefly summarize the research that has examined cognitive functioning of ADT patients primarily through neuropsychological assessment. A qualitative pilot study is presented with the aim of describing ADT patients' experiences of cognitive changes since starting ADT. Materials and methods Semistructured telephone interviews were undertaken with 11 community-dwelling prostate cancer patients undergoing ADT following definitive localized treatment. Participants were recruited via online prostate cancer support forums. Content analyses were conducted to establish relevant themes, which in this case were the cognitive domains of impairment. Results Eight of the 11 participants reported impairments in the domains of concentration, information processing, verbal fluency, visual information processing/visuospatial function, memory, and executive dysfunction. Neurobehavioral problems, including neurofatigue and apathy were also reported. Conclusions The interviews illustrate the potential negative effects of ADT on cognitive and neurobehavioral functions, and their impact on patients' work and in their daily lives. We describe how the field of cognitive rehabilitation offers promising tools to assist ADT patients with cognitive problems.
Modelling the channel-length modulation coefficient for junction field-effect transistors

Abstract The saturation current-voltage characteristics of a junction field-effect transistor (JFET) are influenced by the effective conducting channel length of the device. The effective channel length is modulated by the gate voltage and the drain voltage due to the variation of the thicknesses of the depletion layers associated with the top-and bottom-gate of the JFET. For a given gate voltage, the effective channel length will shrink if the drain voltage is increased, a mechanism normally described by the channel-length modulation coefficient k. This paper develops a model for calculating λ, when combined with a recently developed JFET static model, this λ model can be used to predict the saturation behaviour of JFETs. Experimental data are included in support of the model.
Elevation of brain glutathione by gamma-glutamylcysteine ethyl ester protects against peroxynitrite-induced oxidative stress.

Elevation of glutathione (GSH) has been recognized as an important method for modulating levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain. We investigated the antioxidant properties of gamma-glu-cys-ethyl ester (GCEE) in vitro and its ability to increase GSH levels upon in vivo i.p. injection. GCEE displays antioxidant activity similar to GSH as assessed by various in vitro indices such as hydroxyl radical scavenging, dichlorofluorescein fluorescence (DCF), protein specific spin labeling, glutamine synthetase (GS) activity, and protein carbonyls. Intraperitoneal injection of GCEE to gerbils resulted in a 41% increase in brain total GSH levels in vivo as determined by the DTNB-GSH reductase recycling method. Gerbils injected with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, had 40% less total brain glutathione. Gerbils injected with BSO followed by a GCEE injection had GSH levels similar to vehicle-injected controls, suggesting that GCEE upregulates GSH biosynthesis by providing gamma-glutamylcysteine and not cysteine. Cortical synaptosomes from GCEE-injected animals were less susceptible to peroxynitrite-induced oxidative damage as assessed by DCF fluorescence, protein-specific spin labeling, and GS activity. These experiments suggest that GCEE is effective in increasing brain GSH levels and may potentially play an important therapeutic role in attenuating oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases associated with oxidative stress such as Alzheimer disease.
Succession of planktonic rotifer populations in some lakes of the Eastern Rift Valley, Kenya

The quantitative succession of the spring and summer rotifer plankton and its biomass in six lakes of the Eastern Rift Valley of Kenya is discussed. The lakes can be divided into two groups: the low conductivity slightly alkaline lakes Naivasha, Oloidien and the Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria; and the high conductivity, highly alkaline-saline lakes Nakuru, Elmenteita and Bogoria. The former three show a qualitatively rich, typical warmwater rotifer association dominated by Brachionids and Filinia. The saline soda lakes are dominated by several populations of Brachionus dimidiatus, which can reach enormous numbers. The taxonomy and biometry of this species was subjected to statistical analysis. Some interesting and rare species are described: Anuraeopsis coelata, Lepadella triptera f. deconincki, Trichocerca gracilis and T. mus. The chemical limnology of the lakes is discussed and compared with other soda lakes in Central Africa, Europe and North America.
Dihydrofolate reductases as targets for inhibitors.

Abstract Species differences among dihydrofolate reductases were first detected and most strikingly illustrated by the selective binding of small molecule inhibitors. This led on the one hand to practical applications in the chemotherapy of microbial infections, and on the other hand to stimuli for sequence and conformation studies of representative enzymes. The recent availability of the requisite tools has amply confirmed the existence of large differences in sequence among bacterial enzymes and between bacterial and mammalian enzymes. The latter, although more homogeneous than bacterial enzymes, still exhibit many sequence differences. Current work has provided x-ray conformations of two bacterial enzyme complexes, but similar studies of a mammalian enzyme are not yet available. Consequently, the site and mode of binding of the selective inhibitors are still speculative sequence and conformation studies are potentially valuable for the design of selective inhibitors, but their employment in this fashion awaits further developments.
Steroid hormones, anti-inflammatory steroids and prostaglandins.

Abstract Hydrocortisone and synthetic anti-inflammatory steroids inhibit the release of prostaglandins from intact cells, tissues and organs, but do not inhibit conversion of arachidonic acid by microsomal cyclooxygenase to prostaglandins. This type of activity implies the possibility of a direct interaction of corticosteroids with biomembranes, which might either impair the supply of endogenous substrates for prostaglandin biosynthesis or inhibit transmembrane transport of prostaglandins.
Trust, risk, and the social contract

The problem of trust is discussed in terms of David Hume’s meadow-draining example. This is analyzed in terms of rational choice, evolutionary game theory and a dynamic model of social network formation. The kind of explanation that postulates an innate predisposition to trust is seen to be unnecessary when social network dynamics is taken into account.
A quote a day educates

I often ponder on my duties as a teacher of the subject I love. I feel I am responsible for more than simply transmitting knowledge. I wish I could help my students see mathematics from various vantage points. One of these should be from a point high enough to afford a full, sweeping view of the mathematical valley below—maybe missing the details we strive to convey in class-but seeing thelandscape of mathematics. Claude Bragdon said, “Mathematics is the handwriting on the human consciousness of the very Spirit of Life itself.” I want my students to consider that such a bold statement might actually be true.
Formation and hydrogenation of ethylidene on the Pt(1 1 1) surface

Abstract Hydrocarbon intermediates formed in the course of ethylene adsorption and decomposition on Pt(1 1 1) were investigated using reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and mass spectrometry. The ethylidene (CHCH3) species is identified on the basis of RAIRS peaks at 2960 and 1387 cm−1 that are assigned to the CH3 asymmetric stretch and the CH3 symmetric bend, respectively. It is found that the highest ethylidene coverage can be produced by ethylene exposure to the surface at temperatures around 280 K. Ethylidene undergoes rapid hydrogenation upon exposure to 2 × 10−7 Torr of H2 at 250 K to produce gas-phase ethane, as detected by a mass spectrometer. The results indicate that ethylidene could be an intermediate in ethylene hydrogenation on transition metal surfaces near room temperature.
High-resolution wide-angle X-ray scattering of protein solutions: effect of beam dose on protein integrity.

Wide-angle X-ray scattering patterns from proteins in solution contain information relevant to the determination of protein fold. At relevant scattering angles, however, these data are weak, and the degree to which they might be used to categorize the fold of a protein is unknown. Preliminary work has been performed at the BioCAT insertion-device beamline at the Advanced Photon Source which demonstrates that one can collect X-ray scattering data from proteins in solution to spacings of at least 2.2 A (q = 2.8 A−1). These data are sensitive to protein conformational states, and are in good agreement with the scattering predicted by the program CRYSOL using the known three-dimensional atomic coordinates of the protein. An important issue in the exploitation of this technique as a tool for structural genomics is the extent to which the high intensity of X-rays available at third-generation synchrotron sources chemically or structurally damage proteins. Various data-collection protocols have been investigated demonstrating conditions under which structural degradation of even sensitive proteins can be minimized, making this technique a viable tool for protein fold categorization, the study of protein folding, unfolding, protein–ligand interactions and domain movement.
On the bias dependence of time exponent in NBTI and CHC effects

NBTI and CHC are two leading reliability concerns. Their degradation rate, which is represented by the time exponent (n), varies with multiple factors, such as the measurement method and bias voltages (i.e., different n for sub-threshold or linear current). Such a variation significantly affects the long-term prediction of circuit lifetime. By investigating the underlying mechanisms and silicon data, we conclude that the bias dependence is due to intrinsic device non-linearity. With a unified aging model of threshold voltage (V th ) shift, different time exponents in different operation regions are consistently explained. The proposed solution captures the change of n under various supply voltages (V dd ), as validated with silicon data from transistors and RO measurement. It helps improve the accuracy in reliability prediction, reducing unnecessary design margins. Based on the result, the device and circuit lifetime is expected to be enhanced operating at lower V dd due to the reduction in the time exponent.
Geographic distribution of Gnamptogenys hartmani (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), an agro-predator that attacks fungus-growing ants

Gnamptogenys hartmani is a specialist predator that attacks colonies of fungus-growing ants. To examine the biogeography of G. hartmani, I compiled specimen records of G. hartmani from 36 sites, and records of Gnamptogenys bruchi (a possible junior synonym) from seven sites. Records of Gnamptogenys hartmani ranged from Lucky, Louisiana (32.2°N) in the north to Villa Nougues, Argentina (26.9°S) in the south. If G. bruchi proves to be a synonym of G. hartmani, this would extend the known range as far south as Alta Gracia, Argentina (31.7°S). In the US, G. hartmani populations are known only from Texas and Louisiana, yet there is much apparently suitable habitat along the Gulf coast of Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. Given the remarkable scarcity of G. hartmani records throughout its known range, it remains possible that G. hartmani populations occur all along the Gulf coast of the US, but have been overlooked.
Tropospheric ozone variations governed by changes in stratospheric circulation

The downward transport of stratospheric air can deliver significant quantities of ozone to the upper troposphere. An analysis of satellite data suggests that year-to-year variations in stratospheric circulation can account for around half of the interannual variability in tropospheric ozone levels in the northern mid-latitudes. The downward transport of stratospheric ozone is an important natural source of tropospheric ozone, particularly in the upper troposphere, where changes in ozone have their largest radiative effect1. Stratospheric circulation is projected to intensify over the coming century, which could lead to an increase in the flux of ozone from the stratosphere to the troposphere2,3,4. However, large uncertainties in the stratospheric contribution to trends and variability in tropospheric ozone levels5,6,7 make it difficult to reliably project future changes in tropospheric ozone8. Here, we use satellite measurements of stratospheric water vapour and tropospheric ozone levels collected between 2005 and 2010 to assess the effect of changes in stratospheric circulation, driven by El Nino/Southern Oscillation and the stratospheric Quasi-Biennial Oscillation, on tropospheric ozone levels. We find that interannual variations in the strength of the stratospheric circulation of around 40%—comparable to the mean change in stratospheric circulation projected this century2—lead to changes in tropospheric ozone levels in the northern mid-latitudes of around 2%, approximately half of the interannual variability. Assuming that the observed response of tropospheric ozone levels to interannual variations in circulation is a good predictor of its equilibrium response, we suggest that the projected intensification of the stratospheric circulation over the coming century could lead to small but important increases in tropospheric ozone levels.
Variations in the Coagulation and Proteolysis of Milk by Streptococcus Lactis

The variations occurring among the organisms that are included in a species and also among the cultures secured by plating what is believed to be a pure culture greatly complicate the classificaton of the bacteria. Variety and type designations have been introduced with some species to point out differences that appear to be important without over-emphasizing them, but the significance to be attached to variations is often difficult to determine. The streptococci found in dairy products present a classification problem that is of special importance because of their extensive development in these materials, the variety of changes which they produce and the lack of well defined boundaries between the types. Even with the streptococci that produce considerable quantities of lactic acid in milk, variations in the type and rate of the changes produced, as well as in the morphology, make the development of a logical scheme of grouping very difficult. When a supposedly pure culture of Streptococcus lactis is plated and colonies picked into litmus milk the cultures secured sometimes show a wide variation in their rates of coagulation. A similar variation may occur among the cultures other than the citrate fermenters that are secured when a butter culture developed by combining a S./avt/s culture with a citrate fermenter is plated and colonies picked into litmus milk. This variation among organisms which presumably came from the same original culture but which differ so widely in the rates at which they produce changes in milk brings up the question of the relationship of these types.
CO chemisorption and hydrogenation of surface carbon species formed after CO/He reaction on Rh/MgO: A transient kinetic study using FTIR and mass spectroscopy

The chemisorption of CO and hydrogenation of surface adsorbed carbon species formed after reaction of CO/He with Rh/MgO catalyst in the range 300-573 K were studied by transient methods employing both FTIR and mass spectroscopy in separate flow and reactor systems. Exposure of Rh/MgO to CO/He at 523 K results in a rapid formation of linear and bridged CO species. It was found that formation of gem-dicarbonyl CO species during CO chemisorption at 300 K is strongly affected by CO/He treatment at 523 K and H2 reduction conditions. Experiments with labelled CO (13CO and 18CO) indicate that linear and bridged CO species readily exchange with gaseous CO species. Transient hydrogenation results for adsorbed carbon-containing species formed after CO/He reaction at 523 K provide evidence that H2 chemisorption decreases after cycles of reaction in CO/He at 523 K followed by H2 reduction at 673 K. However, the surface coverages of adsorbed CO species are not affected by such treatments. Oxygen pretreatment of the catalyst at 623 K followed by H2 reduction, after CO/He reaction at 523 K, greatly affects the transient kinetics of hydrogenation of adsorbed CO species at 523 K but not their respective surface coverages. This result is related to a change in the hydrogen chemisorption sites by oxygen treatment which resulted in the removal of inactive carbon not hydrogenated at 723 K. A kinetic model for the hydrogenation of the various adsorbed carbon-containing species is proposed which accounts for the interpretation of the CH4 transient responses obtained.
Mixing and chemical reaction in an idealied swirl chamber

A vorticity-based, low-Mach-number model for the simulation of combustion in closed chambers is constructed. The numerical scheme is based on a mixed finite-difference pseudo-spectral discretization of the governing equations. Discrete evolution equations are integrated in time using a predictor-corrector scheme, whereas discrete elliptic systems are inverted with the help of a fast-Poisson solver. The model is applied to analyze mixing and combustion in an idealized swirl cavity, which consists of the annular space between a spinning inner cylinder and a stationary outer cylinder. Attention is focused on the effect of partial mixing on the development of the reaction. To this end, we assume that the oxidizer and fuel are initially separated by a thin mixed region and carefully control mixing levels by varying the duration of the swirl-driven mixing period. The mixture is then ignited along the boundary of the inner cylinder. When premixing is complete, an axisymmetric flame front is established, and the reactants are consumed as the front propagates radially outward. When the charge is partially mixed, combustion in the early stages predominantly occurs within a nonuniform premixed front. As this nonuniform front approaches the outer cylinder, a transition to a distributed combustion regime occurs. Following the transition, the remaining fuel burns at a slow rate within nonpremixed flames that wrap around the inner cylinder. Results show that the mixing time has substantial effects on the pressure rise within the cavity and on the evolution of the burnt fraction and that these effects become more pronounced as the Damkohler number increases.
Ascending and descending projections from the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract originate from separate neuronal populations

Anterograde studies have shown that neurons within the rostral (gustatory) nucleus of the solitary tract project to the parabrachial nucleus, as well as to sites within the medulla including the reticular formation and caudal nucleus of the solitary tract. In order to determine the degree to which the same neurons contribute to both projections, injections of retrograde tracers were made simultaneously into both the parabrachial nuclei and medullary reticular formation of the rat. Only a small proportion of neurons were double labeled. Consistent with studies in hamster, labeled neurons projecting to the parabrachial nuclei in rat consisted of both stellate and elongate neurons, concentrated within the central subdivision of the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract. Injections into the medullary reticular formation also labeled both stellate and elongate neurons but these were concentrated in the ventral subdivision of the nucleus. The results of the present study demonstrate that different populations of neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract contribute to ascending and descending pathways. This suggest a possible functional specialization within the nucleus of the solitary tract for those neurons whose output eventually reaches the forebrain compared to those neurons with local connections.
Progress in n.m.r. zeugmatography imaging.

Applications of nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) zeugmatographic imaging to medical diagnosis and to medical, physiological, and biological research require the development of appropriate imaging instrumentation and ancillary techniques, as well as an understanding of the biological significance of the imaging results. A whole body imaging system, relying primarily upon reconstruction from projections, is under development in the expectation that the reconstruction approach will be the most practical one for many purposes. In addition, injectable magnetic reagents that can selectively change tissue water relaxation times and image contrast are under development so as to increase the specificity and versatility of the measurements. If very high magnetic fields are employed, 31P n.m.r. zeugmatography may be practical at very low resolution for human diagnostic studies and for experiments on perfused organs and small animals. Preliminary images, showing the spatial distributions of different phosphorus metabolites in the compartments of test objects, have been obtained at 146 MHz by reconstruction techniques.
Reproducible and reliable microarray results through quality control: good laboratory proficiency and appropriate data analysis practices are essential

Over a few short years, microarray gene expression profiling has permeated most areas of biomedical research. Microarrays are now poised to enter the more demanding realm of clinical applications. The prospect of using microarray data to derive biomarkers of disease or toxicity, predict prognosis, or select treatments raises the validity and reliability bar substantially higher. The potential future payoffs are huge in terms of faster approval of more efficacious and safer medical interventions, and a more personalized implementation of them. Arriving at the future sooner rather than later is the motivation for the FDA-led MicroArray Quality Control (MAQC) project. The widespread collaboration aims to assess achievable technical performance of microarrays and capabilities and limitations of methods for microarray data analysis.
Finding a niche

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to spotlight the numerous ways librarians publish in the electronic environment.Design/methodology/approach – The paper surveys several web sites written by or about librarians or libraries.Findings – The study finds that while librarians still publish in traditional print formats, the narrow scope of many of their topics lend themselves to web‐based publishing better.Originality/value – Even when an author's efforts may result in a book, the narrow focus of a topic, coupled with the stagnate nature of a printed work, are barriers to new or updated information. Web‐based publications, both in tandem and independent of print, provide a dynamic environment to keep information up‐to‐date and current. The web also provides an opportunity to publish material that otherwise would not be published.
Determining local residual strains of polydimethylsiloxane using ink dots, and stiffening polydimethylsiloxane using SU-8 particles

We have developed two methods to characterize and reduce the deformation of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) during its planar molding process. The first method was to determine the local residual strain of PDMS using ink dots. The information of the local residual strain was used to optimize the processing. The second method was to increase the stiffness of PDMS using SU-8 particles. The two methods were applied to a PDMS planar process. With the aid of the methods, the maximum local strain in the released PDMS has been reduced to meet the requirement of misalignment tolerance.
A long-term Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent data record for climate studies and monitoring

Abstract. This paper describes the long-term, satellite-based visible snow cover extent National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) climate data record (CDR) currently available for climate studies, monitoring, and model validation. This environmental data product is developed from weekly Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent data that have been digitized from snow cover maps onto a Cartesian grid draped over a polar stereographic projection. The data have a spatial resolution of 190.6 km at 60° latitude, are updated monthly, and span the period from 4 October 1966 to the present. The data comprise the longest satellite-based CDR of any environmental variable. Access to the data is provided in Network Common Data Form (netCDF) and archived by NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) under the satellite Climate Data Record Program ( doi:10.7289/V5N014G9 ). The basic characteristics, history, and evolution of the data set are presented herein. In general, the CDR provides similar spatial and temporal variability to its widely used predecessor product. Key refinements included in the CDR improve the product's grid accuracy and documentation and bring metadata into compliance with current standards for climate data records.
Correlation-induced electron-lattice interaction in the Hubbard model: Its effects on the spectral distribution

Abstract The photoemission spectrum of the Hubbard model with a correlation-induced electron-lattice interaction is examined using exact diagonalization techniques. By adjusting the strength of the electron-lattice interaction, its effects on the spectral distribution are systematically investigated. This interaction, which was found in an earlier work to enhance the superconducting pairing in the system, causes non-trivial transfer of spectral weight accompanied by a change in the energy range of the spectral distribution. The calculated results are analyzed in a many-body picture to gain physical insights into the role of the electron-lattice interaction in determining the spectroscopic behavior of the system. It is found that both the single-particle and many-body effects manifest themselves in the spectrum and both must be considered to understand the observed phenomena.
THE RENAL LESIONS OF ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE III. THE EFFECT OF ACUTE CHLORIDE DEPLETION AND ALKALOSIS ON THE RENAL CORTEX

Acute chloride depletion in rats is associated with the occurrence of an extensive cell damage in the mid-portion of the proximal convolutions which is followed by an excessive hyperplastic reaction of the renal epithelium; no other significant lesions were found by microdissection in either the tubules of the nephrons or the collecting system. Potassium deficiency is not essential to the development of this lesion but does increase the severity of the reaction. As in the case of potassium deficiency, chloride depletion predisposes to or exaggerates the structural alterations that accompany excess phosphate intake. The relations of the different structural changes in renal architecture that occur in various states of electrolyte imbalance are discussed as well as the relation of the lesions seen experimentally in the rat and monkey and clinically in man.
Mass flux coupling by confined equilibrium reaction

Various physical systems with either phase boundaries or semi-permeable membranes can give rise to a confined chemical reaction. An analysis was performed to show the strong and potentially important effect of this confined reaction on chemical species diffusion through the region of reaction. The reaction was treated as one near equilibrium in order to obtain an analytical solution and to illustrate the strong coupling of fluxes caused by the reaction. Some generalities, e. g., facilitated diffusion of a single species transferring, were deduced using the above conditions and assumptions. These generalities are necessarily valid only for a single near equilibrium reaction with constant diffusivity of non-diffusing species. Three examples were solved to illustrate the strong coupling of mass fluxes. Divers systemes physiques avec des limites de phase ou des membranes semi-permeables peuvent produire une reaction chimique confinee. On a fait une analyse pour demontrer l'effet puissant et potentiellement important de cette reaction confinee sur la diffusion de composes chimiques par la zone de reaction. On a considere que la reaction etait voisine de l'equilibre, en vue d'obtenir une solution analytique et d'illustrer la forte association des flux produits par la reaction. En employant les conditions et les suppositions precitees, on a deduit certaines generalites, telles qu'une diffusion facilitee d'un seul compose chimique, qui ne sont valides que pour une reaction simple et voisine de l'equilibre, ou la diffusivite des composes chimiques non-diffusants est constante. On presente trois exemples et leurs solutions qui illustrent la forte association des flux de masse.
The Emotional Impact of Caring for the Chronically Ill

Thirty-two family caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease and 30 caregivers of persons with cancer were compared cross-sectionally to determine whether the type of illness cared for affected the emotional state of the caregiver and to identify correlates of both undesirable and desirable emotional outcomes. No prominent differences in negative or positive emotional states were found between the two groups. Correlates of negative and positive emotional status were identified. They include caregiver personality variables, the feeling that one is supported by one's religious faith, and the number of social supports.
Functional connectivity mapping of the human precuneus by resting state fMRI.

Abstract Precuneus responds to a wide range of cognitive processes. Here, we examined how the patterns of resting state connectivity may define functional subregions in the precuneus. Using a K-means algorithm to cluster the whole-brain “correlograms” of the precuneus in 225 adult individuals, we corroborated the dorsal-anterior, dorsal-posterior, and ventral subregions, each involved in spatially guided behaviors, mental imagery, and episodic memory as well as self-related processing, with the ventral precuneus being part of the default mode network, as described extensively in earlier work. Furthermore, we showed that the lateral/medial volumes of dorsal anterior and dorsal posterior precuneus are each connected with areas of motor execution/attention and motor/visual imagery, respectively. Compared to the ventral precuneus, the dorsal precuneus showed greater connectivity with occipital and posterior parietal cortices, but less connectivity with the medial superior frontal and orbitofrontal gyri, anterior cingulate cortex as well as the parahippocampus. Compared to dorsal-posterior and ventral precuneus, the dorsal-anterior precuneus showed greater connectivity with the somatomotor cortex, as well as the insula, supramarginal, Heschl's, and superior temporal gyri, but less connectivity with the angular gyrus. Compared to ventral and dorsal-anterior precuneus, dorsal-posterior precuneus showed greater connectivity with the middle frontal gyrus. Notably, the precuneus as a whole has negative connectivity with the amygdala and the lateral and inferior orbital frontal gyri. Finally, men and women differed in the connectivity of precuneus. Men and women each showed greater connectivity with the dorsal precuneus in the cuneus and medial thalamus, respectively. Women also showed greater connectivity with ventral precuneus in the hippocampus/parahippocampus, middle/anterior cingulate gyrus, and middle occipital gyrus, compared to men. Taken together, these new findings may provide a useful platform upon which to further investigate sex-specific functional neuroanatomy of the precuneus and to elucidate the pathology of many neurological illnesses.
Effect of forage cell wall phenolic acids and derivatives on rumen microflora

The trans isomers of methyl and t-butyl esters of p-coumaric acid and 4,4′- dihydroxy-α-truxillic acid were compared with trans-p-coumaric acid in relation to their toxicity against rumen microorganisms. Toxicity was evaluated by the effect on growth of pure cultures of Bacteroides ruminicola and Ruminococcus flavefaciens and by the effect on dry matter loss in in-vitro digestion studies using rumen fluid. Growth of the pure cultures of rumen bacteria was reduced by the methyl and t-butyl esters as much as or more than by p-coumaric acid. In contrast, 4,4′-dihydroxy-α-truxillic acid, a photodimer of p-coumaric acid, was only marginally inhibitory to growth of these bacteria. At 5 mM concentration in rumen fluid, the esters inhibited dry matter digestion of bermudagrass by rumen bacteria and by fungi, but results for 4,4′-dihydroxy-α-truxillic acid were similar to the control treatment in which no phenolic compound was added.
Pheochromocytoma, neurofibromatosis and thyroid carcinoma.

Abstract This is the first case report of the simultaneous occurrence of pheochromocytoma, neurofibromatosis and carcinoma of the thyroid. A 25 year old white female with a 4 year history of intermittent hypertension died in irreversible shock. The autopsy findings confirmed the presence of neurofibromatosis, pheochromocytoma and carcinoma of the thyroid with multiple metastases. The association of neurofibromatosis and pheochromocytoma is explained on an embryologic basis. The relationship of carcinoma of the thyroid is postulated to be caused by the intermittent stimulation of the thyroid tissue by the catecholamines.
Plasma Flows Observed in Magnetic Flux Concentrations and Sunspot Fine Structure Using Adaptive Optics

We present diffraction-limited observations of magnetic flux concentrations and penumbral and umbral fine structure within an active region observed at disk center. We recorded G-band images, magnetograms, Dopplergrams, and narrowband filtergrams, using the Universal Birefringent Filter (UBF) at the Dunn Solar Telescope (DST). The National Solar Observatory (NSO) adaptive optics system at the DST was used to achieve diffraction-limited long-exposure imaging with a high signal-to-noise ratio. The main results can be summarized as follows: Strong and spatially narrow downflows are observed at the edge of magnetic structures, such as small flux concentrations (sometimes also referred to as flux tubes), pores, a light bridge, and the sunspot umbrae. For the particular sunspot observed, we find strong evidence for what appear to be vigorous, small-scale convection patterns in a light bridge. We observe extremely narrow (<02) channels or sheets of downflowing plasma. Flux concentrations as seen in intensity expand from a height close to where the continuum is formed to the height of formation for the G band. These observations indicate that the G band forms in the mid-photosphere. We are able to identify individual penumbral fibrils in our data and find a bright (hot) upflow and a more vertical field structure at the filament footpoint near the umbral boundary. The observations are consistent with a filament geometry in which the field and flow turn to a nearly horizontal, dark structure over a distance of about 02. In the deep photosphere we observe strong upflows of the order of 1 km s-1 in umbral dots. We compare our results with theoretical model predictions.
The diffusion battery method for aerosol particle size determination

Abstract The diffusion battery consists of a number of long, narrow, parallel channels through which the fluid moves in streamline flow. Measurement of the fractional penetration of a homogeneous, sub-micron aerosol through the battery allows the determination of its diffusion constant and particle size. The object of this work was to investigate the validity of the diffusion method. Circular tube batteries were used to determine diffusion coefficients of gaseous molecules; satisfactory agreement with previous values was obtained. Two parallel plate batteries were used for aerosol particle size measurement in the 0.15- to 0.40-μ radius range; data were extrapolated to zero flow rate through the battery. Results checked those obtained by the gravity settling method and standard optical methods in the 0.15- to 0.30-μ radius range. Above 0.30-μ radius, the batteries gave low results. The diffusion battery is applicable for determining particle size from atomic dimensions to radii of about 0.3μ. Battery construction difficulties, however, essentially limit the method to particles under 0.1-μ radius.
Fish Diversion and Transportation System for Power Plant Application

Abstract An angled, flush-mounted traveling screen has been tested in order to determine its potential for alleviating fish impingement at the cooling water intakes of electric power plants. Laboratory studies have shown that an angled screen is 100% effective in diverting alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) to a bypass and that these fish can be transported safely through a pipe and jet pump system with low resultant mortality. Such systems are presently incorporated in the design of two new large power plants being constructed on Lake Ontario.
The Lymph Node as a New Site for Kidney Organogenesis

The shortage of organs for kidney transplantation has created the need to develop new strategies to restorerenalstructureandfunction.Givenourrecentfindingthatthelymphnode(LN)canserveasan in vivo factory to generate or sustain complex structures like liver, pancreas, and thymus, we investigated whether it could also support kidney organogenesis from mouse renal embryonic tissue (metanephroi). Here we provide the first evidence that metanephroi acquired a mature phenotype upon injection into LN, and host cells likely contributed to this process. Urine-like fluid-containing cysts were observed in several grafts 12 weeks post-transplantation, indicating metanephroi transplants’ ability to excrete products filtered from the blood. Importantly, the kidney graft adapted to alossofhostrenalmass,speedingitsdevelopment.Thus,theLNmightprovideauniquetoolforstudying the mechanisms of renal maturation, cell proliferation, and fluid secretion during cyst development. Moreover, we provide evidence that inside the LN, short-term cultured embryonic kidney cells stimulated with the Wnt agonist R-Spondin 2 gave rise to a monomorphic neuron-like cell populationexpressingtheneuronal200-kDaneurofilamentheavymarker. Thisfinding indicatesthat the LN might be used to validate the differentiation potential of candidate stem cells in regenerative nephrology. STEM CELLS TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015;4:1–13
Characterisation of lubricants on ball bearings by FT‐IR using an integrating sphere

Fourier Transform-Infrared reflectance microspectroscopy has been used extensively for the examination of coatings on nonplanar surfaces such as ball bearings. While this technique offers considerable advantages, practical application has many drawbacks, some of which are easily overcome by the use of integrating sphere technology. This paper describes the use of an integrating sphere for the quantification of thin layers of lubricant on the surface of ball bearings and the parameters which require optimization in order to obtain reliable data. Several applications of the technique are discussed including determination of lubricant load on 12.7 mm steel ball bearings and the examination of degraded lubricant on post mortem specimens.
Reoperative parathyroid surgery

Reoperative parathyroid surgery can be technically challenging and exposes the patient to a higher risk of complications than initial parathyroidectomy. Initial surgical failure can be avoided by thorough, bilateral exploration by an experienced parathyroid surgeon or by the use of intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) monitoring if a limited exploration is planned. Before undertaking a reoperation for hyperparathyroidism the patient must be fully reevaluated including a reassessment of the need for surgery, a review of all previous surgical and pathology reports, and the performance of imaging studies to identify the location of the missing gland. An understanding of parathyroid embryology and anatomy helps identify possible locations of missing glands. The specific surgical approach is dictated by the anticipated location of the abnormal gland. Intraoperative PTH monitoring can limit the extent of reoperative surgery. Recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring can help decrease the risk of complications.
Hypothyroidism and seminoma in association with Down's syndrome

T H E S I M U L T A N E O U S O C C U R R E N C E Of Down's syndrome and hypothyroidism is infrequent. As far as we know, only five welldocumented instances have been recorded? Although patients with Down's syndrome have an increased susceptibility to acute leukemia, 2 we are aware of no evidence that they may be predisposed to other mal ignancies. We have recently seen a boy with Down's syndrome, hypothyroidism, and seminoma, the first recorded instance in which all three diagnoses have been established.
58.5L: Late-News Paper: Engineering a Retinal Scanning Laser Display with Integrated Accommodative Depth Cues

membrane mirror (DMM) dynamically varies image focus in a retinal scanning laser display. The display presents variable accommodation cues with the goal of matching the vergence cues generated by stereo images. This study examines the effects of the DMM on beam diameter and power at the exit pupil of the display. 1. Objective and Background The human visual system uses various depth cues to infer 3-D structure from the 2-D retinal images presented to each eye. One of these depth cues is vergence, the extent to which the lines of sight of the eyes are rotated inwards to fixate on a near object, or are nearly parallel to fixate upon a distant object. The muscles that control the vergence angle of the eyes provide direct feedback to the visual system, which serves as a cue for the accurate interpretation of depth. Since eyes are separated by about 6 cm, they sample the same scene from slightly different viewpoints, and thus capture different images. Another depth cue, stereopsis, refers to the process by which disparities between the retinal