cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Area Recovery by Abutted Cell Placement: Can Fillers be Killers? An Eye-opening Viewpoint!

As the world is moving towards the UDSM era, designs are becoming more and more complex in terms of power, performance, area and time to market. Market demands and business competition is putting extreme pressure to devise unconventional methods for coming up with cost effective solutions without compromising on the needs. The need of the hour is to look at all the possible avenues to save cost and design time. The proposed approach is one step towards minimizing chip area wastage minimization due to inefficient placement algorithms. Contemporary placement algorithms often leave small gaps between standard cells in an attempt to limit density and ensure routability. In many cases these gaps can be consolidated by abutting the standard cells, creating additional useful area. We have found on many highly timing critical, congested and high cell row utilized designs (Row utilizations ~ 85%) the congested areas have small gaps between adjacent standard cells which gets eventually filled with small filler cells (FILLER1 and FILLER2) during filler insertion. These small filler cells serve no logical function whereas bigger FILLER cells can still be used later for the ECO/Metal ECO purposes. We have come up with the placement flows and scripts which minimize this area wastage due to small gaps between adjacent standard cells. This is achieved by removing the small fillers and then abutting standard cells to make bigger usable areas out of the small unusable areas. This bigger usable area is a boon to the designers during the design ECOs in the congested area. These bigger spaces are not only good for ECOs but also serve as a constructive area for reducing dynamic IR drops by filling with DECAP (decoupling capacitor) cells. This helps timing and power optimization in the congested area by serving as reinforcement to the power supply (Zhao et al., 2001). We found that designers could minimize the area wastage by more than 75-80% without significantly hurting the design timing or congestion statistics. Using the proposed, abutted standard cell placement flow helped in reducing the "Filler1-2/Total Filler" percentage by more than 75-80%. A few small filler cells are still used since they are under the metal 1-2 power route, where standard cells cannot be placed due the pin blockage issue for router access
SEM Evaluation of Metallization on Semiconductors

A test method for the evaluation of metallization on semiconductors is presented and discussed. The method has been prepared in MIL-STD format for submittal as a proposed addition to MIL-STD-883. It is applicable to discrete devices and to integrated circuits and specifically addresses batch-process oriented defects. Quantitative accept/reject criteria are given for contact windows, other oxide steps, and general interconnecting metallization. Figures are provided that illustrate typical types of defects. Apparatus specifications, sampling plans, and specimen preparation and examination requirements are described. Procedures for glassivated devic es and for multi-metal interconnection systems are included.
The Chromodomain of Tf1 Integrase Promotes Binding to cDNA and Mediates Target Site Selection

The long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon Tf1 of Schizosaccharomyces pombe integrates specifically into the promoters of pol II-transcribed genes. Its integrase (IN) contains a C-terminal chromodomain related to the chromodomains that bind to the N-terminal tail of histone H3. Although we have been unable to detect an interaction between histone tails and the chromodomain of Tf1 IN, it is possible that the chromodomain plays a role in directing IN to its target sites. To test this idea, we generated transposons with single amino acid substitutions in highly conserved residues of the chromodomain and created a chromodomain-deleted mutant. The mutations, V1290A, Y1292A, W1305A, and CHDΔ, substantially reduced transposition activity in vivo. Blotting assays showed that there was little or no reduction in the levels of IN or cDNA. By measuring the homologous recombination between cDNA and the plasmid copy of Tf1, we found that two of the mutations did not reduce the import of cDNA into the nucleus, while another caused a 33% reduction. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that CHDΔ caused an approximately threefold reduction in the binding of IN to the downstream LTR of the cDNA. These data indicate that the chromodomain contributed directly to integration. We therefore tested whether the chromodomain contributed to selecting insertion sites. Results of a target plasmid assay showed that the deletion of the chromodomain resulted in a drastic reduction in the preference for pol II promoters. Collectively, these data indicate that the chromodomain promotes binding of cDNA and plays a key role in efficient targeting.
Characterizations of NWP, ETGR and TWL Distributions

Utilizing a simple relationship between two truncated moments as well as certain functions of the and of the order statistics, we characterize three extended classes of distributions proposed in (2015).
The Non-Avallability of Advertised Specials: Grocery Shopper Attitudes vs. Food Chains Executive Opinions

This study is a continuation of an earlier effort which examined grocery shopper reactions to situations where advertised specials were not available. Perceptions and opinions of consumers and food chain executives are compared with emphasis placed on shopper reactions when advertised specials are unavailable and experiences concerning rainchecks. On the basis of chi-square results, significant differences occurred between food chain management and consumers.
High-risk coronary intervention:. a selective literature review of high-risk subsets

In August 1985, the Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty Registry of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute reopened at its previous sites to document changes in angioplasty strategy and outcome over time. The new registry entered 1802 consecutive patients who had not had a myocardial infarction in the 10 days before angioplasty. Patient selection, technical outcome, and short-term major complications were compared with those of the 1977 to 1981 registry cohort. The new-registry patients were older and had a significantly higher proportion of multivessel disease (53% versus 25%, p 0.001), poor left ventricular function (19% versus 8%, p 0.001), previous myocardial infarction (37% versus 21%, p 0.001), and previous coronary bypass surgery (13% versus 9%, p 0.01). The new-registry cohort also had more complex coronary lesions, and angioplasty attempts in these patients involved more multivessel procedures. Despite these differences, the in-hospital outcome in the new cohort was better. Angiographic success rates according to lesion increased from 67% to 88% ( p 0.001), and overall success rates (measured as a reduction of at least 20% in all lesions attempted, without death, myocardial infarction, or coronary bypass surgery) increased from 61% to 78% ( p 0.001). In-hospital mortality for the new cohort was 1%, and the nonfatal myocardial infarction rate was 4.3%. Both rates are similar to those for the old registry.
Robotic Level III IVC Tumor Thrombectomy: Duplicating the Open Approach.

Objectives To describe our surgical technique for robotic radical nephrectomy and thrombectomy for renal cell carcinoma and associated level III inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombus with retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Methods The patient is a 75-year-old Caucasian man with a 10-cm right renal neoplasm and associated level III tumor thrombus. After preoperative imaging was reviewed, a robotic approach was planned. Real-time intraoperative transesophageal ultrasonography was performed to assess the cranial extent of tumor thrombus. The major steps of our technique include early inter-aortocaval control of the right renal artery, circumferential mobilization of the IVC, contralateral renal vein control, cavotomy, thrombectomy, and reconstruction of the IVC. Results Operative time was 5 hours and 53 minutes (353 minutes) with 150 mL estimated blood loss. The patient was allowed to have a clear liquid diet immediately after surgery and was discharged home on postoperative day 3. Final pathology demonstrated a 9.8-cm clear cell renal cell carcinoma, nuclear grade 3 with a pT3bN1 stage. Conclusions With adequate team experience and preparation, robotic radical nephrectomy and IVC tumor thrombectomy for level III tumor thrombus is challenging but feasible in select patients. Herein we describe our robotic technique which duplicates the open approach. This minimally invasive approach may offer lower estimated blood loss, improved pain control, and expedited recovery.
Comments on “Attribution Theory and Advertiser Credibility”:

A recent JMR article summarized attribution theory and presented data from an experiment predicated on this theoretical framework. Several conceptual and methodological issues in this original arti...
Planetary Laser Communications

Status of planetary high-rate laser communications and precision laser ranging is reviewed. Orders of magnitude improvement over the state-of-the-art is anticipated.
Correlation Studies of Basophilic Aggregation and Reticulocytes in Various Clinical Conditions

Since Askanazy'sinitial studies on reticulated red cells, others (Keyes,' Cunningham, Seyfarth, Pappenheim, Isaacs, and Ferrata) have contributed findings which have somewhat clarified the significance, properties and characteristics of reticulocytes in the peripheral blood stream. The result is today's widely accepted concept that young erythrocytes manifest themselves on the stained slide as polychromatophilic, stippled, or reticulated forms depending on the amount, distribution, and state of the basophilic reticulum within the cell. The duration of contact between the stain and the basophilic material is important for the demonstration of these immature cells, as is seen by the invariably higher reticulocyte counts which are secured when a "wet" method of staining them is used (the blood being held in longer contact with the stain as a solution), as compared with "dry" methods. This doubtless accounts for the varying normal values of reticulocytes (0 to 4.0 per cent) in the literature. The nature of the basophilic reticulum in the red cell which may assume a polychromatophilic, stippled, or reticulated appearance is not proven. It occurs in the normal process of maturation of the erythrocyte. Three origins have been suggested. One proposed by Naegeli and Seyfarth considers the material a product of nuclear decomposition. Keys and Dawson recently considered a genetic relation of the reticulum network to mitochrondia. The most widely accepted concept today considers the basophilic reticulum as "retained undifferentiated cytoplasmic
Modeling of inertial deposition in scaled models of rat and human nasal airways: Towards in vitro regional dosimetry in small animals

Abstract Rodents are routinely used in inhalation toxicology tests as human surrogates. However, in vitro dosimetry tests in rodent casts are still scarce due to small rodent airways and in vitro tests to quantify sub-regional dosimetry are still impractical. We hypothesized that for inertial particles whose deposition is dominated by airflow convection (Reynolds number) and particle inertia (Stokes number), the deposition should be similar among airway replicas of different scales if their Reynolds and Stokes numbers are kept the same. In this study, we aimed to (1) numerically test the hypothesis in three airway geometries: a USP induction port, a human nose model, and a Sprague-Dawley rat nose model, and (2) find the range of applicability of this hypothesis. Five variants of the USP and human nose models and three variants of the rat nose model were tested. Inhalation rates and particle sizes were scaled to match the Reynolds number and Stokes numbers. A low-Reynolds-number k–ω model was used to resolve the airflow and a Lagrangian tracking algorithm was used to simulate the particle transport and deposition. Statistical analysis of predicted doses was conducted using ANOVA. For normal inhalation rates and particle diameters ranging from 0.5 to 24 µm, the deposition differences between the life-size and scaled models are insignificant for all airway geometries considered (i.e., human nose, USP, and rat nose). Furthermore, the deposition patterns and exit particle profiles also look similar among scaled models. However, deposition rates and patterns start to deviate if inhalation rates are too low, or particle sizes are too large. For the rat nose, the threshold velocity was found to be 0.71 m/s and the threshold Froude number to be 50. Results of this study provide a theoretical foundation for sub-regional in vitro dosimetry tests in small animals and for interpretation of data from inter-species or intra-species with varying body sizes.
Research on Shenyang' s Industrial Real Estate: Based on the System Dynamics Model

A simulation analysis was given on the current situation of Shenyang 's industrial real estate. Taking the influencing factors of industrial real estate as a whole,an integration analysis was made with the system dynamics model. In terms of the problems of land,capital,approving and property existing in Shenyang 's industrial real estate,several solutions were put forward so as to provide the theoretical basis for Shenyang municipal government to take macro-control over industrial real estate——establishing a unified market for urban and rural construction land,adjusting the structure of land supply,continuing to implement the intensive utilization of land;trying to explore the "several in one"regulatory mechanism,improve the service work and create a good soft environment; seeking a diversified financing approach by the government and the developers; and striving to increase the intensity of investment,perfecting the planning and designing,and clarifying the industry positioning.
Babesia divergens in splenectomised calves: titration of the infective dose

Two experiments were carried out in which Babesia divergens was titrated in splenectomised calves. In the first experiment, a linear relationship was observed between infective dose (105–109) parasites) and onset of disease. In the second experiment, a similar trend was observed for infective doses of 102–106 parasites, but 103 parasites appeared to be the minimum dose required to produce overt disease or resistance to homologous challenge in inoculated animals.
The testosterone conundrum: The putative relationship between testosterone levels and prostate cancer.

Abstract Background The controversy surrounding the relationship between testosterone and prostate cancer has existed for decades. The literature surrounding this topic is confusing and at times contradictory. There is no level-one quality evidence that confirms or refutes the relationship between either high or low serum testosterone levels and the subsequent development of prostate cancer. This commentary aims to review the issues involved and to provide an interpretation as to the causes of the confusion and to provide a framework for ongoing discussion and investigation. Materials and methods A Medline and PubMed search was conducted using search terms: testosterone levels and prostate cancer to identify pertinent literature. Results There is no consistent evidence that a single testosterone level is predictive of prostate cancer risk. Conclusion The development of prostate cancer is a complex biologic process potentially involving genetics,dietary, life style and hormonal factors. Serum testosterone levels do not accurately reflect the internal prostatic milieu. Finally, if testosterone levels are to be considered in the etiology of prostate cancer they should be measured and interpreted on a chronic basis with multiple measurements over a period of years.
Taking Brief Strategic Family Therapy from Bench to Trench: Evidence Generation Across Translational Phases

In this article, we review the research evidence generated over 40 years on Brief Strategic Family Therapy illustrating the NIH stages of intervention development and highlighting the translational process. Basic research (Stage 0) led to the discovery of the characteristics of the population and the nature of the problems that needed to be addressed. This step informed the selection of an intervention model that addressed the problems presented by the population, but in a fashion that was congruent with the population's culture, defined in terms of its value orientations. From this basic research, an intervention that integrated structural and strategic elements was selected and refined through testing (Stage I). The second stage of translation (Stage II) included efficacy trials of a specialized engagement module that responded to challenges to the provision of services. It also included several other efficacy trials that documented the effects of the intervention, mostly in research settings or with research therapists. Stages III/IV in the translational process led to the testing of the effectiveness of the intervention in real-world settings with community therapists and some oversight from the developer. This work revealed that an implementation/organizational intervention was required to achieve fidelity and sustainability of the intervention in real-world settings. The work is currently in Stage V in which new model development led to an implementation intervention that can ensure fidelity and sustainability. Future research will evaluate the effectiveness of the current implementation model in increasing adoption, fidelity, and long-term sustainability in real-world settings.
CHAPTER 3 – Distributions and Sufficient Statistics

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on distributions and sufficient statistics. It reviews some of the material in a probability and statistics course. The binomial distribution represents the distribution of the total number of successes in n independent trials when p is the probability of success at each individual trial. The mean of this distribution is np and the variance is np(l-p). If independent trials, each with probability p of success, are performed until the rth failure occurs, the number of observed successes follows the negative binomial distribution with probability mass function. The chapter discusses Poisson distribution. This distribution arises naturally as the distribution of the number of events that occur in the time interval (0, 1), when the events are occurring in a Poisson process at rate λ per unit time. The importance of normal distributions is because of the central limit theorem, although many other properties of the normal distribution also distinguish it.
Cloud payment processing without ritualistic sacrifices reducing PCI-DSS risk surface with thin clients

The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI-DSS, or simply PCI) governs the many security standards associated with payment card transactions. Point of sale systems in today's brick-and-mortar storefronts fall woefully short of these standards at every step of the work flow. They commonly use outdated desktop computers and store card data locally, oftentimes in plaintext. Backups of these systems, if kept at all, are often stored on unsecured, removable media. If we can move some of the payment infrastructure away from the merchant to a central web service, then we can reduce the responsibility of the merchant and provide a more secure environment for the consumer.
Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Partial Prostatectomy: A Real-time Image-guided Focal Extirpative Feasibility Study.

Objective To assess the feasibility of focal endoscopic excision of prostate cancer (PCa) under guidance of real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or magnetic ultrasound fusion (MUF). Materials and Methods Using a cadaveric model, multifocal PCa was simulated using 2 MRI-compatible fiducial markers. These were inserted transrectally and used to generate regions of interests (ROIs) on a 1.5-T surface-coil MRI. The first marker was placed in the right mid-peripheral zone (ROI 1), and the second marker was placed in the left seminal vesicle as a referent lesion for subsequent imaging. MRI of the specimen was then obtained. The radiologist created ROIs using fusion biopsy system at each marker. Two additional incidental ROIs were identified in the left transitional zone (ROI 2-suspicious for benign prostatic hyperplasia nodule) and in the right anterior peripheral zone (ROI 3-suspicious for PCa). Holmium laser enucleation of the transitional zone of the prostate was performed to gain access to the peripheral zone lesions. MUF was used during endoscopic laser excision to convey targeting accuracy. The cadaver was then reimaged to determine the adequacy of resection and examined for histopathologic correlation. Results Real-time MUF imaging identified the target lesions consistently at the locations designated as ROIs. Complete endoscopic resection of ROIs was possible. Repeated MUF imaging and the postprocedure MRI confirmed the completeness of resection. Pathologic examination demonstrated complete excision, intact neurovascular bundles, and posterior prostatic capsule. Conclusion This approach may represent a new minimally invasive frontier for focal surgical resection of PCa, making histopathologic margin status determination possible.
Importance Sampling for Metastable and Multiscale Dynamical Systems

In this article, we address the issues that come up in the design of importance sampling schemes for rare events associated to stochastic dynamical systems. We focus on the issue of metastability and on the effect of multiple scales. We discuss why seemingly reasonable schemes that follow large deviations optimal paths may perform poorly in practice, even though they are asymptotically optimal. Pre-asymptotic optimality is important when one deals with metastable dynamics and we discuss possible ways as to how to address this issue. Moreover, we discuss how the effect of the multiple scales (either in periodic or random environments) on the efficient design of importance sampling should be addressed. We discuss the mathematical and practical issues that come up, how to overcome some of the issues and discuss future challenges.
The influence of transnationality on consumers boycotting behaviour

A considerable percentage of business organisations are boycotted by consumers. Boycotting has a long term impact on brand loyalty. Increasing mobility and connectedness across borders are markers of the globalisation today. Similar to organisations exploring business prospects overseas, a growing number of consumers are pursuing a life outside their native lands too. These are what we call transnational consumers. This study focuses on boycotting behaviour and the impact of transnationality among Arab consumers in London. Consumer boycotts create turbulence times for targeted firms. This study involves a questionnaire survey with 537 individuals carried out in London. It takes the 2006 Danish products boycott as a reference point to measure the participation and reaction to it. Boycotting behaviour is characterised by consumer's demographic, religiosity, and social capital as indicated in the literature. However, by using factor analysis we have also found that transnationality impacted on boycotting behaviour.
Difficulties in Interpersonal Emotion Regulation: Initial Development and Validation of a Self-Report Measure

Recent attention has focused on the role of interpersonal emotion regulation (IER) in the development and maintenance of a range of forms of psychopathology, including anxiety, depression, and borderline personality disorder (BPD). Despite the relevance of IER in psychopathology, few measures exist to characterize patterns of maladaptive IER. Our aim was to (1) develop a measure of maladaptive IER, (2) begin to explore the factor structure of this new measure, the difficulties in interpersonal regulation of emotions (DIRE), and (3) examine its association with symptoms of psychopathology. In Study 1, 853 Mechanical Turk workers completed the DIRE and measures of psychopathology symptoms. We identified two factors each in the IER and intrapersonal emotion regulation scales. In Study 2, 142 undergraduate students completed the DIRE and daily measures of emotion regulation and coping for 14 days. Preliminary findings suggest that the DIRE has adequate internal consistency and construct and predictive validity. This measure has the potential to supplement future efforts in assessing IER in psychopathology.
Recurrence of Rectal Prolapse After Surgical Repair in Women With Pelvic Organ Prolapse.

BACKGROUND Pelvic organ prolapse is prevalent among women with rectal prolapse. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine whether clinically significant pelvic organ prolapse impacts rectal prolapse recurrence after surgical repair. DESIGN A retrospective cohort. SETTING This study was performed at a single managed-care institution. PATIENTS Consecutive women undergoing rectal prolapse repair between 2008 and 2016 were included. INTERVENTIONS There were no interventions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Full-thickness rectal prolapse recurrence was compared between 4 groups: abdominal repair without pelvic organ prolapse (AR-POP); abdominal repair with pelvic organ prolapse (AR+POP); perineal repair without pelvic organ prolapse PR-POP; and perineal repair with pelvic organ prolapse (PR+POP). Recurrence-free period and hazard of recurrence were compared using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards methods. To identify potential confounding risk factors for rectal prolapse recurrence, the characteristics of subjects with/without recurrence were compared with univariable and multivariable analyses. RESULTS Overall, pelvic organ prolapse was present in 33% of 112 women and was more prevalent among subjects with rectal prolapse recurrence (52.4% vs 28.6%, p = 0.04). Median follow-up was 42.5 months; rectal prolapse recurrence occurred in 18.8% at a median of 9 months. The rate of recurrence and the recurrence-free period differed significantly between groups: AR-POP 3.8%, 95.7 months; AR+POP 13.0%, 86.9 months; PR-POP 34.8%, 42.1 months; PR+POP 57.1%, 23.7 months (p < 0.001). Compared with AR-POP the HR (95% CI) of rectal prolapse recurrence was 3.1 (0.5-18.5) for AR+POP; 14.7 (3.0-72.9) for PR-POP and 31.1 (6.2-154.5) for PR+POP. Compared with AR+POP, PR+POP had a shorter recurrence-free period (p < 0.001) and a higher hazard of recurrence (HR, 10.2; 95% CI, 2.1-49.3). LIMITATIONS The retrospective design was a limitation of this study. CONCLUSIONS Pelvic organ prolapse was associated with a higher rectal prolapse recurrence rate and earlier recurrence in women undergoing perineal, but not abdominal, repairs. Multidisciplinary evaluation can facilitate individualized management of women with rectal prolapse. Abdominal repair should be considered in women with concomitant rectal and pelvic organ prolapse. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A513.
Influence of English proficiency on patient-provider communication and shared decision-making

Abstract Background The number of patients in the United States (US) who speak a language other than English is increasing. We evaluated the impact of English proficiency on self-reported patient-provider communication and shared decision-making. Methods The 2013–2014 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey database was utilized to identify respondents who spoke a language other than English. Patient–provider communication (PPC) and shared decision-making (SDM) scores from 4-12 were categorized as “poor” (4–7), “average” (8–11), and “optimal.” The relationship between PPC, SDM, and English proficiency was analyzed. Results Among 13,880 respondents, most were white (n = 10,281, 75%), age 18–39 (n = 6,677, 48%), male (n = 7,275, 52%), middle income (n = 4,125, 30%), and born outside of the US (n = 9,125, 65%). English proficiency was rated as “very well” (n = 7,221, 52%), “well” (n = 2,378, 17%), “not well” (n = 2,820, 20%), or “not at all” (n = 1,463, 10%). On multivariable analysis, patients who rated their English as “well” (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.37–2.18) or “not well” (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.10–2.14) were more likely to report “poor” PPC (both P Conclusion Decreased English proficiency was associated with worse self-reported patient–provider communication and shared decision-making. Attention to patients' language needs is critical to patient satisfaction and improved perception of care.
Techniques and Instruments for X-Ray Nanochemistry

Techniques and Instruments used in the measurements of enhancement of X-ray effects by nanomaterials are described in this chapter. These measurements usually involve chemical and biological reactions because direct measurements of the yield of electrons in solutions using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are not yet available. These reactions are discussed in Chapters 2 to 5 as well as in Chapters 8 to 11, and will only be cursorily discussed here.
Structure and Modulation of Fc and Complement Receptors

A striking feature of the professional phagocytes first observed by Metchnikoff (1887) is their ability to bind and ingest foreign particles. In carrying out this vital task, the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) or macrophage must first recognize the intruder. The mechanism by which cells accomplish this recognition is, for many particles such as Latex or carbon, not well understood, and may not proceed through interaction of the particle with a receptor. On the other hand, many highly dangerous particles, such as bacteria and yeast, are recognized with the aid of opsonins—proteins that bind specifically to the intruder as a signal for phagocytosis (Griffin, 1977). Ingestion of these opsonin-coated particles is triggered by interaction with specific glycoprotein receptors on the cell plasma membrane. This chapter addresses exclusively receptor-mediated phagocytosis.
Geriatric assessment (GA) reporting in real time in non-elective hospitalized older cancer patients.

e22045Background: Older cancer patients (pts) have a high burden of potentially modifiable baseline functional deficits and can accumulate new deficits while hospitalized. This may lead to disabili...
How Users Choose a Face Lens on Snapchat

Snapchat has quickly brought innovative features to the area of social media interactions, one being their Face Lenses, which are digital masks that add a different form of interaction to everyday pictures and videos using augmented reality. In this study, we interviewed 18 Snapchat users to understand their behavior with these Face Lenses, specifically, how they decide on one. We found that participants chose based on goals, personality, and a scroll-first mindset. We contribute one of the first studies on this new feature that has quickly expanded to various other social media applications.
Number, time, and space are not singularly represented: Evidence against a common magnitude system beyond early childhood

Our ability to represent temporal, spatial, and numerical information is critical for understanding the world around us. Given the prominence of quantitative representations in the natural world, numerous cognitive, neurobiological, and developmental models have been proposed as a means of describing how we track quantity. One prominent theory posits that time, space, and number are represented by a common magnitude system, or a common neural locus (i.e., Bonn & Cantlon in Cognitive Neuropsychology, 29(1/2), 149-173, 2012; Cantlon, Platt, & Brannon in Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(2), 83-91, 2009; Meck & Church in Animal Behavior Processes, 9(3), 320, 1983; Walsh in Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(11), 483-488, 2003). Despite numerous similarities in representations of time, space, and number, an increasing body of literature reveals striking dissociations in how each quantity is processed, particularly later in development. These findings have led many researchers to consider the possibility that separate systems may be responsible for processing each quantity. This review will analyze evidence in favor of a common magnitude system, particularly in infancy, which will be tempered by counter evidence, the majority of which comes from experiments with children and adult participants. After reviewing the current data, we argue that although the common magnitude system may account for quantity representations in infancy, the data do not provide support for this system throughout the life span. We also identify future directions for the field and discuss the likelihood of the developmental divergence model of quantity representation, like that of Newcombe (Ecological Psychology, 2, 147-157, 2014), as a more plausible account of quantity development.
Robust Multi-object Tracking for Wide Area Motion Imagery

Multi-object tracking implemented on airborne wide area motion imagery (WAMI) is still challenging problem in computer vision applications. Extremely camera motion, low frame rate, rapid appearance changes, and occlusion by different objects are the most challenges. Data association, link detected object in the current frame with the existing tracked objects, is the most challenging part for multi-object tracking algorithms. The ambiguity of data association increases in WAMI datasets because objects in the scenes suffer form the lack of rich feature descriptions beside the closeness to each other, and inaccurate object movement displacement. In this paper, detection-based multi-object tracking system that uses a two-step data association scheme to ensure high tracking accuracy and continuity. The first step ensures having reliable short-term tracklets using only spatial information. The second step links tracklets globally and reduces matching hypotheses using discriminative features and tracklets history. Our proposed tracker tested on wide area imagery ABQ dataset [1]. MOTChallage [2] evaluation metrics have been used to evaluate the performance compared to some multi-object-tracking baselines for IWTS42018 [3] and VisDrone2018 [4] challenges. Our tracker shows promising results compared to those trackers.
A Prototype MATLAB Code Critiquer

This poster presents MATLAB Critiquer, a system that examines code submissions and provides feedback to first year engineering students who are learning to program in MATLAB. Code Critiquers act as substitute mentors, when instructors are not available, and give students experience with interactive, test-driven development. Students using our critiquer are engaged in communication by proxy with the instructor. This communication does not replace instructor feedback; rather, it codifies common feedback scenarios to assist the instructor in reaching students just when the student is engaged in problem solving and learning. Our critiquer uses the MATLAB Java API; connecting to the MATLAB Engine that parses and executes student code submissions. We process error messages that are returned using regular expressions, then use these results to craft feedback for the students. Static code analysis is used to provide feedback on style. The critique covers code structure, shakedown test results, and programming style in a manner appropriate for novice coders.
Witnessing the American Century via Berlin, Pearl Harbor, Vietnam, and the Straits of Florida

Captain Allen Colby Brady, a former naval officer, has, along with Dawn Quarles, written a memoir that provides its readers with a window into the life of a participant in several defining events o...
N-Acyl-5,5-Dimethylhydantoins: Mild Acyl-Transfer Reagents for the Synthesis of Ketones Using Pd–PEPPSI or Pd/Phosphine Catalysts

N-Acyl-hydantoins have emerged as novel acyl-transfer reagents for the synthesis of ketones via selective N–C(O) cleavage. Herein, we report two new protocols for the cross-coupling of N-acyl-5,5-d...
Biophysical methods to quantify bacterial behaviors at oil–water interfaces

Motivated by the need for improved understanding of physical processes involved in bacterial biodegradation of catastrophic oil spills, we review biophysical methods to probe bacterial motility and adhesion at oil-water interfaces. This review summarizes methods that probe bulk, average behaviors as well as local, microscopic behaviors, and highlights opportunities for future work to bridge the gap between biodegradation and biophysics.
When thinking you are better leads to feeling worse: Self-other asymmetries in prosocial behavior and increased anxiety during the Covid-19 pandemic

Thinking one is better than peers is generally associated with positive psychological outcomes like increased self-esteem and resilience. However, this tendency may be problematic in the context of collective action problems, wherein individuals are reliant on others prosocial behaviors to achieve larger goals. We examined this question in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, and recruited participants (n = 1022) from a university community in Spring 2020. We found evidence for a self-peer asymmetry, such that participants reported that they were doing more to stop the spread of the disease and were more prosocially motivated than peers. Actual peer reports indicated that these were overestimations. This self-enhancement tendency comes with a cost: the perceived self-peer asymmetry mediated the relationship between Covid-specific worry and general anxiety during the early lockdown period. This indicates that while believing one is doing more than others may be maladaptive in collective action problems.
The diverse functions of hearing voices peer-support groups: findings and case examples from a US national study

Hearing voices peer-support groups (HVGs) enable people coping with voices, visions, or other unshared perceptual experiences to explore the particularities and potential meanings of their experien...
Evolution of Infantile Spasms to Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: What Is There to Know?

Objective:Children with infantile spasms may develop Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. The diagnostic criteria for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome are vague, and many experts use varying combinations of the followi...
Protest Privacy Recommendations: An Analysis of Digital Surveillance Circumvention Advice During Black Lives Matter Protests

This paper describes a qualitative study of media and advocacy publications about digital surveillance in the context of Black Lives Matter protests, including recommendations for techniques on how to circumvent such surveillance. We conducted a content analysis of the recommendations given for circumventing surveillance provided by media, news, activist, and commercial outlets. We describe the recommendations provided and identify common fears and implications of protest surveillance as expressed by these sources. We identified thematic categories of surveillance fears and implications, including ruined reputations, online harassment, arrest, lack of transparency, and the chilling of free speech and protest. Finally, we describe what we see as challenges protesters will have implementing the recommendations (for example, due to availability and accessibility of technology and certain types of expertise required), complicating the creation of the kind of security culture protesters need.
Discovery of Novel Delta Opioid Receptor (DOR) Inverse Agonist and Irreversible (Non-Competitive) Antagonists

The delta opioid receptor (DOR) is a crucial receptor system that regulates pain, mood, anxiety, and similar mental states. DOR agonists, such as SNC80, and DOR-neutral antagonists, such as naltrindole, have been developed to investigate the DOR in vivo and as potential therapeutics for pain and depression. However, few inverse agonists and non-competitive/irreversible antagonists have been developed, and none are widely available. This leaves a gap in our pharmacological toolbox and limits our ability to investigate the biology of this receptor. Thus, we designed and synthesized the novel compounds SRI-9342 as an irreversible antagonist and SRI-45127/SRI-45128 as inverse agonists. Then, these compounds were evaluated in vitro for their binding affinity by radioligand binding and functional activity by 35S-GTPγS coupling and cAMP accumulation in cells expressing the human DOR. All three compounds demonstrated high binding affinity and selectivity at the DOR, and all three displayed their hypothesized molecular pharmacology of irreversible antagonism (SRI-9342) or inverse agonism (SRI-45127/SRI-45128). Together, these results demonstrate that we have designed new inverse agonists and irreversible antagonists of the DOR based on a novel chemical scaffold. These new compounds will provide new tools to investigate the biology of the DOR or even new potential therapeutics.
Integrating Programming, Properties, and Validation

Current program development environments provide excellent support for many desirable aspects of modern software applications such as performance and interoperability, but almost no support for features that could directly enhance correctness and reliability. In this talk, I will describe the first steps that we are making in a project to develop a new kind of program development environment. Our goal is to produce a tool that actively supports and encourages its users in thinking about, stating, and validating key properties of software as an integral part of the programming process.
Movement of components in reversed-phase chromatography : II. Eigenpeaks in reversed-phase chromatography with silica-bound hydrocarbonaceous stationary phases: effect of the eluite structure

Abstract Eigenpeaks of the eluent appear in the column effluent upon perturbing the equilibrium composition of the eluent at the column inlet, e.g., by sample introduction. Eigenpeaks move down the column with concentration velocities which are the eigenvectors given by the characteristic solutions of the mass balance equations for the system. The eigenpeak height, as obtained by monitoring the refractive index of the effluent, is related to both the mobile phase composition and chemical structure of the eluite. Eigenpeaks obtained experimentally with eluites of different chemical structure and eluents commonly used in reversed-phase chromatography were examined in order to relate their height to salvation phenomena which occur in the column: (i) solvation of eluite by mobile phase components and (ii) change in solvation of stationary phase and eluite upon eluite binding. The eluite was dissolved in the eluent proper, and the eigenpeak height was found to be proportional to the mass of eluite over the range of sample loads investigated. The relationship observed between the molecular structure of eluite and the height of the attendant eigenpeaks is explained on the basis of the solvation model that takes into account the predominant different solvation effects by using slightly or strongly retained eluites. The results obtained with both binary and ternary eluents could be accounted for by the solvation model. Isomeric eluites which were eluted together in the chromatographic system under study showed significantly different eigenpeak patterns that could be used for identification. The results of this study show that solvation phenomena involving the eluite manifest themselves by the magnitude of the eigenpeak signals that convey a novel type of chromatographic information for possible use in the evaluation of solvation processes as well as for identification of components of elute pairs that are refractory to separation.
Adsorption of Pesticides by Clay Minerals

The rate and equilibrium of adsorptions of DDT, dieldrin, and heptachlor by illite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite from aqueous pesticidal solutions are evaluated using the batch technique under laboratory conditions. The adsorption of each of these three pesticides at an initial concentration of 100 μg/l by kaolinite and illite is nearly instantaneous, with the molecules of pesticides being deposited on the clays' surfaces. As montmorillonite is an expansible clay, DDT and heptachlor are not only able to concentrate on the clay's surface but can diffuse gradually into the clay's interlamellar spaces. The adsorptive capacity of each clay is not related to its ion exchange capacities or specific surface area, yet dependent upon a specific pesticide-clay combination. The adsorption of DDT and heptachlor is relatively irreversible; however, a certain extent of dieldrin desorption occurs. It is concluded that the primary mechanisms of the adsorption of these pesticides by clays are through the formation of hydrogen bondings and some other strong forces of interaction. Only in the case of dieldrin do the van der Waals forces contribute to a significant extent to the overall adsorption reaction.
Release of Zinc from Maternal Tissues during Zinc Deficiency or Simultaneous Zinc and Calcium Deficiency in the Pregnant Rat

Earlier studies have shown that diets that increase tissue catabolism reduce the teratogenic effects of zinc deficiency. The hypothesis that zinc may be released from body tissues when the metabolic state is altered was further tested. Nonpregnant Sprague-Dawley females were injected with 65Zn; after equilibration, the two major pools of zinc, bone and muscle had different specific activities, muscle being much higher. Females were mated and fed diets adequate in zinc and calcium, deficient in zinc alone or deficient in both zinc and calcium. Calculations using weight loss, zinc content of maternal bone and muscle and total zinc content of the fetus at term indicated that most of the zinc in the fetus at term in both the zinc-deficient and zinc-calcium-deficient groups came from breakdown of maternal muscle in the last 3 d of pregnancy. The relatively small amount of additional zinc released from bone in the zinc-calcium-deficient rats early in pregnancy was sufficient to prevent abnormal organogenesis. Specific activity of zinc in the zinc-deficient and zinc-calcium-deficient fetuses was equal and high, indicating that most zinc in these fetuses came from maternal tissues and from the same maternal sources in both groups. In contrast, specific activity of zinc in the fetuses from rats fed adequate zinc and calcium was less than 30% of that in either of the deficient groups; this is consistent with the hypothesis that most zinc accrued by these fetuses came directly from the diet.
Toward an Understanding of Loneliness

with themes of people in the grips of emotional turmoil. Sartre carved the image of the alienated individual who must struggle with the essential meaninglessness of ex istence—alone and with delibera tion.1 One reads of the "marginal man" displaced, suspended from the fringes of the system, struggling not merely for survival but for fundamen tal personal and social meaning.2 Romeo and Juliet eagerly offered their lives rather than be separated from each other, and Oedipus punished himself severely for a mistake he could hardly have avoided making. The emptiness of Willy Loman, the curiosity of Huck Finn, the spon taneity of Marie Antoinette, the vanity of Dorian Gray, the misery of Oliver Twist, the persistence of Dorothy in Oz are but a few of the literary exam ples of the human element coming to terms with life, whether the charac ters are fictional or real. No matter how it is described, there is a com mon theme of people attempting to bring emotion under rational control and to eke from their lives some good feeling about themselves and those with whom they interact. Loneliness is an emotional condi tion that affects virtually all people from time to time and which is ac
The sexual cycle and intercrossing in the genus Astrephomene.

SYNOPSIS. The structure and certain aspects of the physiology of the sexual cycle, including mating and zygote germination, were studied in strains of the colonial green flagellate Astrephomene gubernaculifera. Mating type inheritance was analyzed in 4 crosses among strains with 7 chromosomes and 1 cross between strains with 4 chromosomes. Results in all cases indicated that mating type was under the control of a single pair of alleles. Twenty-six morphologically identical clones from separate geographic areas were studied with regard to sexual compatibility. On the basis of intercrossing, 6 sexually isolated groups were recognized. Complete gene flow (genetic compatibility) was found among the strains comprising intercrossing Group I.