cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incidence of Intermediate-stage Age-related Macular Degeneration in Patients With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Purpose To evaluate the incidence of intermediate-stage age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Design Cohort study. Methods Patients enrolled in the Longitudinal Study of the Ocular Complications of AIDS (LSOCA) underwent 5- and 10-year follow-up retinal photographs. Intermediate-stage AMD (AREDS stage 3) was determined from these photographs by graders at a centralized Reading Center, using the Age-Related Eye Disease Study-2 grading system. The incidence of AMD in LSOCA was compared with that in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-uninfected cohort, which used a similar photographic methodology. Results The incidence of AMD in LSOCA was 0.65/100 person-years (PY). In a multivariate analysis the only significant risk factor for AMD in LSOCA was smoking; the relative risk vs never-smokers was 3.4 for former smokers (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3, 9.5; P = .02) and 3.3 for current smokers (95% CI 1.1, 9.7; P = .03). Compared with the MESA cohort, the race/ethnicity- and sex-adjusted risk of AMD in LSOCA was 1.75 (95% CI 1.16, 2.64; P = .008), despite the fact that the mean age of the MESA cohort was 17 years greater than the LSOCA cohort (61 ± 9 years vs 44 ± 8 years). Conclusions Patients with AIDS have a 1.75-fold increased race- and sex-adjusted incidence of intermediate-stage AMD compared with that found in an HIV-uninfected cohort. This increased incidence is consistent with the increased incidence of other age-related diseases in antiretroviral-treated, immune-restored, HIV-infected persons when compared with HIV-uninfected persons.
Public policy and criminology: An historical and philosophical reassessment

This article briefly reviews the history of the relationship between criminological research and public policy in order to explore more fully the nature of the links between social science and policy. A postpostivist critique leads to the conclusion that the distinction between science and policy, fact and value has been overdrawn. This article presents a methodology for accommodating postpostivist thought, thereby linking policy with criminology more effectively. Viewing criminology as part of a policy hermeneutic provides a way of managing the tension involved in a science/policy link that moves beyond the debate among policy pragmatists (Wilson), scientific purists (Cressey), and methodological incrementalists (Gottfredson).
Selective CD4+ T cell lymphocytopenia and recalcitrant warts in an 8-year-old child

HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS A previously healthy 8-year-old female child presented with a 2-year history of chronic and progressive warts. The warts were easily noticeable and widespread, covering most of her hands, knees, and face. She had undergone treatment of her warts with cryotherapy, keratolytics, and podophyllotoxin with no success. She also attempted surgical removal by a plastic surgeon but her lesions continued to progress and recur despite this treatment. Because of the failure of conventional topical and surgical therapies, an initial laboratory evaluation was performed, revealing a negative human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) test by ELISA and an absolute CD4 T-lymphocyte count of 153/mm3 (520 to 1,440 is normal for age). Because of this abnormality, she was referred to the Division of Allergy and Immunology for further evaluation. At the time of her evaluation, she was not taking any medicines topically or orally to control her warts and there was no history of use of any other immunosuppressant or immune-modifying medications. Her past medical history revealed no significant problems other than recurrent otitis media, which resolved after the insertion of pressure equalization tubes at the age of 2 years. Also at the age of 2 years, she had an uneventful course of chicken pox. Since that time, the patient has had no other chronic infections except for her warts, which began at the age of 6. Her vaccinations were up to date with no adverse reactions noted. Her birth history was unremarkable. Her growth and developmental history was normal for age. Family history was negative for any immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases, or allergic diseases. The patient lived with her mother and father in a home in Dallas, Texas. No foreign travel had occurred. The family owns no pets. Review of symptoms was otherwise negative, with no significant difficulty with sinusitis, pneumonia or meningitis. In addition, she had never received any blood or blood products, and her parents had no risk factors for HIV.
An Association between Increased Concentrations of Cerebrospinal Fluid Dopamine Sulfate and Higher Negative Symptom Scores in Patients with Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder

There has been much speculation as to the role of dopamine in the etiology and/or manifestation of positive and negative symptoms. Traditionally, cerebrospinal fluid (CSP) concentrations of homovanillic acid (HVA) has been used as an index of central dopaminergic activity. Relea~l dopamine is metabolized to HVA, by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) (Cooper et al 1991). A review of the CSF HVA literature, however, reveals no consistent correlations between HVA and schizophrenic symptomatoiogy (reviewed by Pickax et al ! 9907. Yet there is sufficient data to suggest that dopamine activity is abnormal in schizophrenia (Davis et al 19917. Therefore the evaluation of other putative measures of dopamine release or metabolism seems warranted. Released dopamine is also converted to dopamine sulfate (DASO47 by the enzyme phenolsulphotransferase (PST7 (Jenner and Rose, 1973). in the brain, it appears that the sulfoconjugation of dopamine occurs primarily outside of dopaminergic neurons (Tyce et al 1988). Therefore CSF DASO~ concentrations may reflect an important alternate route of dopamine metabolism. Assessment of PST-dependent DASO4 independently, or in re-
A method of computing bivariate normal probabilities with an application to handling errors in testing and measuring

Charts and formulas are presented from which bivariate normal probabilities may be computed. Formulas involving the bivariate normal are given for the solution of a problem of handling errors in testing and measuring. These formulas include, in addition to previously published cases, two new cases. In one, the product is not necessarily centered relative to two-sided specification limits; in the other, one-sided specification limits are considered.
The Lipid Requirement of the Ciliated Protozoon Tetrahymena patula

. The ciliated protozoon Tetrahymena patula can be grown in a chemically defined medium supplemented with a suitable lipid. High purity natural phosphoiipids; mono-, di-, and triglycerides: and free fatty acids are suitable lipids. The more complete lipids appear to serve simply as nutritionally convenient sources of fatty acids. T. patula can also be grown in the synthetic medium supplemented with cholesterol or other sterols in lieu of fatty acid containing lipids. Supplementation with either ethanolamine or choline permits suboptimal growth of the ciliate in a lipid-free synthetic medium. No other water soluble compound, of a variety that were tested, permitted growth of the ciliate in the lipid-free medium.
Muscarinic agonists block a late-afterhyperpolarization in medial septum/diagonal band neurons in vitro.

Abstract Intracellular recordings were made from neurons located in the medial septum (MS), and nucleus of the diagonal band (nDB) from slices of guinea pig brain. These forebrain nuclei contain both cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons that project to the cortex and hippocampus and are involved in many cortical functions. Muscarinic agonists (bethanechol, 2–30 μM; muscarine, 10 μM) had the specific action to reduce a long-duration afterhyperpolarization (long-AHP) while leaving other shorter duration AHPs intact. Since the long-AHP was observed in both cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons, muscarinic agonists were not selective for any one cell type. Block of a long-AHP was not associated with a consistant increase in cell excitability and therefore can not fully explain the excitatory actions of acetylcholine (ACh) observed in vivo within the MS/nDB.
Magnetically inflatable SPS with energy storage capability

A new approach to superconductive magnetic energy storage (SMES) for solar power satellite (SPS) with inherent rigidity is introduced in this paper. The rigidity of this SMES originating from the electromagnetic forces within it, can eliminate the need for mechanical building blocks for support structure. This force can also be used for the deployment of the system in space. In addition, the storage capability of the system allows its use in low Earth orbit (LEO) which reduces the launching and transmission costs. The paper also discusses the basic design and the operation of the proposed SPS system. >
Optimization of relational database usage involving Big Data a model architecture for Big Data applications

Effective Big Data applications dynamically handle the retrieval of decisioned results based on stored large datasets efficiently. One effective method of requesting decisioned results, or querying, large datasets is the use of SQL and database management systems such as MySQL. But a problem with using relational databases to store huge datasets is the decisioned result retrieval time, which is often slow largely due to poorly written queries / decision requests. This work presents a model to re-architect Big Data applications in order to efficiently present decisioned results: lowering the volume of data being handled by the application itself, and significantly decreasing response wait times while allowing the flexibility and permanence of a standard relational SQL database, supplying optimal user satisfaction in today's Data Analytics world. We experimentally demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
The response of male dogs to urine from other males

Male dogs were given two simultaneous choice olfactory discrimination tests: the first was with their own urine vs urine from another male that lived in the same colony; and the second was with their own urine vs urine from a strange male that they had never before encountered. The animals spent nearly twice as much time investigating urine from other males in the colony and over four times longer investigating urine from a stranger as they did investigating their own urine. Times decreased with successive exposure to urine samples. In addition, males urinated more often on the colony-male and strange-male urine samples.
Intentionality and the theory of signs

FgANZ BREWrANO wrote, in a well-known passage, that intentionality is peculiar to psychical phenomena. No physical phenomenon, he said, shows anything like it; hence intentionality affords us a criterion of the mental or psychical? Let us refer to this view as "Brentano's thesis." Among the phenomena which he would have called "intentional" is the interpretation of signs. One may ask, is it possible to provide an adequate theory of signs which will show Brentano's thesis to be mistaken? In the present paper I shall make certain general points which, I believe, must be considered in any attempt to answer this question, I shall first attempt to state Brentano's thesis somewhat more exactly; then I shall turn to the analysis of the concept sign.
Generalized low-frequency approximation for scattering in a laser field. II

The time-independent approach to scattering in a laser field is used as the basis for a derivation of a low-frequency approximation, in which field-free scattering amplitudes enter into the determination of transition amplitudes in the presence of an intense radiation field. The scatterer is here represented by a local, short-range potential. For the case of a linearly polarized single-mode field, the result reproduces that obtained earlier by Kroll and Watson, who based their analysis on a semiclassical description. In the present derivation a plane-wave field of arbitrary polarization is treated; the field may consist of a superposition of low-frequency modes, the propagation direction being the same for each mode. In preparation for the derivation of the low-frequency approximation, a general analysis is given of the properties of the asymptotic states which describe the propagation of a charged particle in the field. This analysis should also be useful in other applications of the scattering formalism.
Clinical manifestations of obstructive sleep apnoea in pregnancy: More than snoring and witnessed apnoeas

Sleep disordered breathing and its symptoms have been associated with a multitude of fetal and maternal complications including gestational hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes and possibly pre-term labour and other markers of alterations in fetal wellbeing. The disease remains underdiagnosed in the general population but likely also in pregnancy, mostly because providers do not appropriately screen for the disorder. Sleep disordered breathing may manifest differently in women, since women report more fatigue and less snoring than men do. This paper discusses typical presentations of sleep disordered breathing but also reports some less obvious presentations to help providers recognise those manifestations and screen for the disorder when warranted. Our case series describes patients with diagnoses such as chronic hypertension, pre-eclampsia, pulmonary hypertension, nocturnal asthma and panic attacks, who were diagnosed with sleep disordered breathing and offered treatment with CPAP during pregnancy.
Dynamics of Electroporation of Synthetic Liposomes Studied Using a Pore-Mediated Reaction, Ag+ + Br- → AgBr

The dynamics of electric field-induced transient pore formation (electroporation) is studied in 178 nm diameter synthetic unilamellar bilayer liposomes, prepared from the surfactant dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC). With Ag+ ions entrapped in the interior compartment of the vesicle and Br- ions placed in the bulk medium, details of the poration process are revealed through the pore-mediated production of (AgBr)n clusters which are detected spectrophotometrically in the UV. The field-induced elongation of the spherical bilayer shells to prolate ellipsoids is monitored through the transient birefringence of the system. Effects of the field strength E, pulse length, and number of the high-voltage square pulses applied are investigated, and threshold values of these parameters necessary for electroporation are established. It is found that polarization and elongation of the liposomes precede pore opening by 30 μs, and that 75% of the entrapped Ag+ ions are ejected during a single pulse into the bulk solutio...
Contributions of Medical Family Therapy to the Changing Health Care System

Medical family therapy is a form of professional practice that uses a biopsychosocial approach and systemic family therapy principles in the collaborative treatment of individuals and families dealing with medical problems. It emerged out of the experience of family therapists working in primary medical care settings in the 1980s and 1990s. This article describes how contemporary medical family therapy can contribute to a transformed health care system in four areas: the patient experience of health care, the health of the population, the containment of health care costs, and enhanced practice environments.
Mass transfer across a deformable interface with instantaneous reversible reaction

Abstract A boundary-layer analysis is presented for oxygen transfer to blood across a deformable gas-liquid interface. This analysis, applicable to all direct-contact oxygenators used by clinicians, requires only fluid-mechanic data for calculation of mass-transfer coefficients. Exact numerical solutions of the boundary-layer equations are presented both forphysiological and heart-lung bypass conditions. These solutions are useful for the rating of oxygenators, where a high degree of accuracy is required. Closed-form upper- and lower-bounding solutions are also presented which differ from their mean by no more than 20 per cent. These bounding solutions permit generalization of the penetration theory to all situations of diffusion with instanteous chemical reaction by considering atretching and shrinking to all situations of diffusions with instantaneous chemical reaction across a deformable interface. This paper extends previous work on blood oxygenation by considering stretching and shrinking of the interface, by providing upper- and lower-bounding solutions, and by extending the range of available numerical calculations.
Polyamino Acids: Preparation from Reported Proportions of "Prebiotic" and Extraterrestrial Amino Acids

Polyamino acids were thermally prepared from the proportions of amino acids identified (sometimes after hydrolysis) among the products of simulated prebiotic syntheses and (after hydrolysis) in lunar and meteoritic samples. Inferences are made concerning the composition of prebiotic protein and the possible extraterrestrial existence of protein-like polymers.
Characterization of recombinant and endogenous ADP-ribosylation factors synthesized in Sf9 insect cells

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) are a family of highly conserved, 20-kDa guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that participate in protein trafficking and enhance cholera toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation. ARF 2 from bovine retinal cDNA was expressed in Sf9 insect cells using recombinant baculovirus and compared to the major insect cell ARF (Sf9 ARF) and to recombinant ARF 2 expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli rARF 2). The 150000g supernatant and particulate fractions of freeze-thawed, recombinant ARF 2 baculovirus-infected cells contained immunoreactive proteins of 20 and 21 kDa at significantly higher levels than were found in uninfected cells. Infected Sf9 cells incorporated [3H]myristate only into the 20-kDa protein. Sf9 cell recombinant ARF 2 (Sf9 rARF 2) and Sf9 ARF were separated by isoelectric focusing or ion-exchange chromatography and identified by microsequencing of HPLC-purified tryptic peptides. Sf9 ARF displayed considerable sequence identity to mammalian class I ARFs. Both Sf9 ARF and Sf9 rARF 2 stimulated in a GTP-dependent manner cholera toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation. The Ka for GTP of Sf9 ARF was, however, significantly lower than that of Sf9 rARF 2 or E. coli rARF 2. Myristoylation did not significantly affect the ability of ARF 2 to enhance cholera toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation or the Ka for GTP. Despite the sequence identities and the fact that both were synthesized in insect cells, the endogenous Sf9 ARF was functionally different from Sf9 rARF 2.
Ischemic brain edema

Abstract Brain edema is a life-threatening complication of cerebral infarction. The molecular cascade initiated by cerebral ischemia includes the loss of membrane ionic pumps and cell swelling. Secondary formation of free radicals and proteases disrupts brain-cell membranes, causing irreversible damage. New diagnostic methods based on magnetic resonance imaging have markedly improved diagnostic accuracy. Cytotoxic and vasogenic edema is maximal by 24 to 72 hours after the ischemic event. Thrombolytics reperfuse tissue and improve outcome; when treatment is delayed, they can increase edema and blood-brain barrier opening. Although osmotherapy reduces brain water, and is used to treat ischemic edema, its efficacy remains to be proven. As the molecular events become clearer, novel treatments that block different stages of the injury cascade will be available for clinical testing. Copyright © 1999 by W.B. Saunders Company Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, Vol. 42, No. 3 (November/December), 1999: pp 209-216
The lipolytic activity of pancreatin U. S. P

A method of analysis which can be used successfully to determine the lipolytic activity of Pancreatin, U. S. P., is presented.
Enhancement of Natural Convection Heat Transfer From A Horizontal Cylinder Due to Vertical Shrouding Surfaces

Etude experimentale des caracteristiques de transfert de chaleur en convection naturelle d'un cylindre horizontal chauffe place dans un canal vertical et dans l'air. Utilisation de 15 configurations differentes de canal, les parois ayant egalement des caracteristiques thermiques differentes. Pour chaque configuration, variation du nombre de Rayleigh du cylindre de 1,5×10 4 a 2×10 5 . Resultats mettant en evidence un accroissement du transfert de chaleur par rapport a un cylindre place dans un espace non limite, cet accroissement pouvant aller jusqu'a 40%
Coaxial and Printed Circuit Delay Lines for Multi Wire Proportional Chamber Readout

Delay lines have been shown to offer many advantages for multi-wire proportional chamber readout, particularly in applications involving single event counting. It is desirable to optimize the delay line with respect to cost, mechanical convenience, linearity, and risetime. We have constructed several types of tapped delay lines and have tested them with a 20 × 20 cm proportional chamber. A delay line constructed of 100 1 meter lengths of RG-316/U miniature coaxial cable offers excellent linearity (< .2%), a rise time of 30 nsec, and total delay of 500 nsec. Printed circuit delay lines, with characteristics similar to the coaxial lines were constructed, and offer greatly improved packaging properties at a cost of less than $ 1 per wire.
Backbending and rotation alignment

Abstract We have examined the Z and N dependence of backbending in the rare-earth region as given by a model based on the rotation alignment of two i 13 2 neutrons. The important parameters in this model are the rotational moment of inertia, the position of the Fermi surface, and the deformation (both quadrupole and hexadecapole). To fix these (and other) parameters most reliably, we propose a comparison with the observed rotation alignment of a single i 13 2 neutron in the adjacent odd-A nuclei. This comparison is made qualitatively throughout the rare-earth region, and then quantitatively for the two pairs, 161Er, 162Er and 171Hf, 172Hf. Based on these comparisons it seems plausible that all the backbending so far observed in the rare-earth region could be due to such rotation alignment.
Total Electron-Atom Collision Cross Sections at Low Energies-A Critical Review

Experiments relating to measurements of total and momentum-transfer cross sections for the scattering of low-energy electrons by atoms and diatomic molecules are critically reviewed. Principal emphasis is placed upon the Ramsauer method, dc swarms, and crossed-beams experiments, which account for the bulk of the reliable data in the literature although other techniques including differential measurements are also discussed. The theories of the various methods and possible sources of error are discussed. The case of low-energy electron scattering by helium is exhaustively reviewed since this system has been most intensively studied experimentally and is particularly amenable as well to theoretical calculations. The best available cross section values, along with comments on individual experiments, are presented in several tables.
A new species of chigger, Blankaartia pauli (Acarina: Trombiculidae), from the southeastern United States.

Blankaartia pauli, new species, is described from nasal cavities of clapper rails ( Rallus longirostris ) collected at Dolphin Island, Alabama; Vero Beach and St. Petersburg, Florida; and the Florida keys. This is the second species of Blankaartia reported from the United States and the second record of an intranasal species in the genus.
The future of transport networks

Optics and electronics provide largely complementary capabilities for fundamental physical reasons: optics is good for communicating information over long distances and for limited forms of switching; electronics is good for processing and storing information and therefore for sophisticated forms of switching, including packet switching and routing.
Profiles of minimum stress concentration for antiplane deformation of an elastic solid

A major application of the linear theory of elasticity is the description of stress concentration. Typically, the objective is to predict the maximum stress as measured by a suitable norm and to determine ways of reducing this maximum through variations in the loading and geometry. When loading is specified, the traditional approach is a trial method in which the shape is remodelled iteratively until the stress is reduced to an acceptable level. This process suggests a variational problem in which we seek minimal stress concentration, a variational problem which is unconventional because of the form assumed by the functional whose minimum is sought. For this reason, the problem does not fall within the framework of the classical calculus of variations for functionals represented by integrals. Despite the unconventional nature of the variational problem of minimum stress concentration, a degree of success has been obtained indirectly by reducing it to a kind of inverse problem which, for instance, in the case of the antiplane theory is the mathematical analogue of the two-dimensional free streamline problem of classical hydrodynamics. The intuitive idea behind this reduction is natural for stress concentration associated with a geometrical intrusion (notch, hole, inclusion, etc.). One seeks a profile which renders the stress norm uniform over the intrusion. This idea was exploited for plane deformation problems in [1-4], which serve to describe the associated inverse problem and contain interesting solutions to particular problems. None of these references offer a rigorous justification that the inverse problem solves the optimization problem. In [5], a rigorous verification is given that the inverse problem furnishes the solution to the optimization problem in the case of a void in an infinite medium subjected to plane deformation. Essentially the same analysis is used in [6] with more general stress norms, and in [7] for more general geometries. In [8], the problem of optimization of the shape of a rigid inclusion is rigorously reduced to an inverse problem whose solution is easily inferred from results in [1] or [4] (See also [9]). The three-dimensional problem of a void of optimum shape is solved in [10].
Lidocaine Effects on Immunocompetent Cells: Implications for Studies of Cells Obtained by Bronchoalveolar Lavage

Immunologic data obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is useful for both clinical and investigative purposes. Although lidocaine, used for local anesthesia, is present in BAL in up to 12 mmol concentration, its effects on immunologic tests are unclear. The results of our study show that lidocaine has profound effects on the results of functional studies of immunocompetent cells. Care should be taken to quantify, standardize, and limit the exposure of alveolar cells to lidocaine during bronchoscopy if such studies are to be performed. However, exposure of cells for 25 minutes or less to lidocaine solutions up to 12mmol in concentration does not affect a variety of immunologic tests of interest At the same time, carefully controlled use of lidocaine in lavage solutions significantly increases the number of cells obtained for study.
No reference color image quality measures

Color image quality assessment is essential in evaluating the performance of color image enhancement and retrieval algorithms. Much effort has been made in recent years to develop objective image quality metrics that correlate with perceived quality measurements. Unfortunately, only limited success has been achieved [1]. In this paper we present: a) a new contrast based grayscale image quality measure: Root Mean Enhancement (RME); b) a color RME contrast measure CRME which explores the three dimensional contrast relationships of the RGB color channels; c) a color measure Color Qiality Enhancement (CQE) which is based on the linear combination of colorfulness, sharpness and contrast. Computer simulations show that the new measures may help to evaluate color image quality and choose the optimal operating parameters in color image processing systems. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented measures by using the TID2008 database. We also compare the presented measures with subjective evaluation Mean Opinion Score (MOS). Experimental results show good correlations between the presented measures and MOS.
Spatiotemporal and spatial threshold models for relating UV exposures and skin cancer in the central United States

The exact mechanisms relating exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and elevated risk of skin cancer remain the subject of debate. For example, there is disagreement on whether the main risk factor is duration of the exposure, its intensity, or some combination of both. There is also uncertainty regarding the form of the dose-response curve, with many authors believing only exposures exceeding a given (but unknown) threshold are important. This paper explores methods to estimate such thresholds using hierarchical spatial logistic models based on a sample of a cohort of x-ray technologists for whom self-reports of time spent in the sun and numbers of blistering sunburns in childhood are available. A preliminary goal is to explore the temporal pattern of UV exposure and its gradient. Changes would imply that identical exposure self-reports from different calendar years may correspond to differing cancer risks.
Organoetallic chemistry of the transition metals XXVII. Some new rhodium complexes of allene pentamer (1,2,5,6,8-pentamethyenecyclodecane)

Abstract Several reactions of rhodium(I) complexes of 1,2,5,6,8-pentamethylenecyclodecane (allene pentamer, C 15 H 20 ) are described. Reaction of the chloride C 15 H 20 RhCl with (pentafluorophenyl)lithium in diethyl ether gives the yellow crystalline σ-pentafluorophenyl derivative C 15 H 20 RhC 6 F 5 , apparently the first known example of a derivative with a transition metalcarbon σ-bond where all of the other ligands are coordinated carboncarbon double bonds. Reaction of C 15 H 20 RhCl with sodium cyclopentadienide in tetrahydrofuran solution gives yellow waxy C 15 H 20 RhC 5 H 5 shown by its NMR spectrum to have a tetrahapto -1,2,5,6,8-pentamethylenecyclodecane ligand and a pentahapto -cyclopentadienyl ligand. The predominant ion in the mass spectrum of C 15 H 20 RhC 5 H 5 is C 15 H 20 Rh + which is formed by loss of C 5 H 5 from the molecular ion. Reaction of C 15 H 20 RhCl with stannous chloride in diethyl ether gives yellow C 15 H 20 RhSnCl 3 . Reaction of C 15 H 20 RhCl with silver hexafluorophosphate in acetone solution gives the yellow salt [C 15 H 20 Rh][PF 6 ]. This salt reacts with carbon monoxide at atmospheric pressure to give the yellow monocarbonyl [C 15 H 20 RhCO][PF 6 ], which can also be obtained by reaction of C 15 H 20 RhCl with carbon monoxide in boiling ethanol followed by reaction with ammonium hexafuorophosphate in aqueous acetone.
Waves of adipose tissue growth in the genetically obese Zucker fatty rat.

Background In mammals, calories ingested in excess of those used are stored primarily as fat in adipose tissue; consistent ingestion of excess calories requires an enlargement of the adipose tissue mass. Thus, a dysfunction in adipose tissue growth may be a key factor in insulin resistance due to imbalanced fat storage and disrupted insulin action. Adipose tissue growth requires the recruitment and then the development of adipose precursor cells, but little is known about these processes in vivo. Methodology In this study, adipose cell-size probability distributions were measured in two Zucker fa/fa rats over a period of 151 and 163 days, from four weeks of age, using micro-biopsies to obtain subcutaneous (inguinal) fat tissue from the animals. These longitudinal probability distributions were analyzed to assess the probability of periodic phenomena. Conclusions Adipose tissue growth in this strain of rat exhibits a striking temporal periodicity of approximately days. A simple model is proposed for the periodicity, with PPAR signaling driven by a deficit in lipid uptake capacity leading to the periodic recruitment of new adipocytes. This model predicts that the observed period will be diet-dependent.
Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in patients with rhinosinusitis.

Toxic shock syndrome has been associated with rhinologic surgery and medical devices, and it has been linked to a circulating exotoxin of a toxogenic strain of Staphylococcus aureus. One hundred forty patients with rhinosinusitis were studied. Nasal cultures were obtained. The microbiological characteristics are described. The carrier rate for Staphylococcus aureus was 35%. Thirty percent of patients selected for surgery were Staphylococcus aureus carriers. Toxin-capable isolates were identified in 40% of those tested. Users of cocaine, topical decongestants, and steroid sprays had a statistically higher rate of Staphylococcus aureus carriage compared to non-users. It is hoped that by identifying the population at risk and defining the factors associated with the development of toxic shock syndrome, a cogent policy of prevention can be established.
New Observations of Precipitation Initiation in Warm Cumulus Clouds

Abstract The mechanism responsible for formation of rain in warm clouds has been debated for over six decades. Here, the authors analyze new measurements of shallow cumulus made with a phase Doppler interferometer during the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) experiment. These observations show that drops sufficiently large (>55-μm diameter) to initiate precipitation (termed collision–coalescence initiators or CCIs) are found preferentially at cloud top, tend to cluster with each other, and are found in environments that are thermodynamically, dynamically, and microphysically distinct from those of smaller drops. The CCI environments exhibit cloud spectra that are shifted to larger sizes, with enhanced broadening toward larger drop sizes. Increased entrainment is also associated with CCIs, suggesting that it is an important process in CCI production. A simple model combining inhomogeneous mixing and condensation is inadequate to explain these observations. It is hypothesized that CCIs are produced in c...
Regulation of Phenylalanine (Phe) and Tyrosine (Tyr) Kinetics in Fetal Sheep† 1399

Amino acid solutions for premature infants contain little tyrosine; Tyr must be made available by in vivo synthesis from phenylalanine. To study the regulation of Phe to Tyr conversion, we used the chronically catheterized fetal sheep at 120 days gestation (term = 150); Phe and Tyr kinetics were characterized using isotopic tracers. Each animal was studied twice: Study 1 - Basal Phe/Tyr kinetics, followed by fetal amino acid supplementation with Aminosyn PF™ (Phe, 3.9 μmols/min, Tyr, 0.38μmols/min). Study II - Basal Phe/Tyr kinetics, followed by fetal amino acid supplementation + glycyl-tyrosine (Phe, 3.9 μmols/min, Tyr, 6.0μmols/min).
Dispersion Modeling of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Combustion of Biomass and Fossil Fuels and Production of Coke in Tianjin, China

A USEPA, procedure, ISCLT3 (Industrial Source Complex Long-Term), was applied to model the spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from various sources including coal, petroleum, natural gas, and biomass into the atmosphere of Tianjin, China. Benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentrations (BaPeq) were calculated for risk assessment. Model results were provisionally validated for concentrations and profiles based on the observed data at two monitoring stations. The dominant emission sources in the area were domestic coal combustion, coke production, and biomass burning. Mainly because of the difference in the emission heights, the contributions of various sources to the average concentrations at receptors differ from proportions emitted. The shares of domestic coal increased from approximately 43% at the sources to 56% at the receptors, while the contributions of coking industry decreased from approximately 23% at the sources to 7% at the receptors. The spatial distributions of gaseous and particulate PAHs were similar, with higher concentrations occurring within urban districts because of domestic coal combustion. With relatively smaller contributions, the other minor sources had limited influences on the overall spatial distribution. The calculated average BaPeq value in air was 2.54 +/- 2.87 ng/m3 on an annual basis. Although only 2.3% of the area in Tianjin exceeded the national standard of 10 ng/m3, 41% of the entire population lives within this area.
Birth, death, and legacy: Chemical evolution and star formation and death in galaxies

Abstract The interplay of star formation and the return of nuclear processed matter by stars to the interstellar medium lies at the heart of models for the development of galactic elemental abundances. This review deals with recent developments for modeling nonlinear processes connected with stellar evolution, chemo-hydrodynamic models for the formation of stars and large scale galactic evolution, the interaction of galaxies with their companions and enveloping cluster environments, and the dispersal processes for the expelled gas 1 .
High-frequency ultrasound quantitative analyses of corneal scarring following excimer laser keratectomy.

Objective: To report objective grading and analysis of excimer laser—induced scarring using high-frequency ultrasound. Methods: High-frequency ultrasound (50 MHz) corneal examination was performed on eight New Zealand white rabbits at different time points (10, 17, 24, and 74 days following phototherapeutic keratectomy). We used biometry and signal-processing techniques to determine corneal, epithelial, and scar thicknesses and to quantify the acoustic backscatter. Results: Excimer laser—induced scarring showed an irregularly distributed acoustic hyperreflectivity that decreased through day 74. Corneal thickness remained reduced after ablation (mean, 318 μm compared with 419 μm for controls). Epithelial thickness averaged 62 μm and scar thickness, 87 μm. Scar peak and average anterior stroma acoustic backscatter ratios decreased from day 10 to day 74 (19.65 to 2.76, and 6.42 to 1.32, respectively). Histopathologic study showed increased keratocyte activity at early time points that correlated with acoustic backscatter ratios and imaging pattern. Conclusions: High-frequency ultrasound signal processing is a noninvasive method that quantitatively grades excimer laser—induced corneal scarring.
Oxygen Consumption of Regenerating Skeletal Muscle.

ConclusionsAlthough in some instances statistical interpretation of the data was limited by the smallness of the sample size in relation to size of the mean differences and standard deviations, it may be concluded with reasonable certainty that regenerating muscle exhibits a slightly increased rate of oxygen consumption in vitro per gram of tissue, but that the rate of oxygen consumption of regenerating muscle does not differ significantly from that of completely denervated muscle which has undergone a similar degree of weight loss.
The role of thermography in the management of equine lameness.

Equine thermography has increased in popularity recently because of improvements in thermal cameras and advances in image-processing software. The basic principle of thermography involves the transformation of surface heat from an object into a pictorial representation. The colour gradients generated reflect differences in the emitted heat. Variations from normal can be used to detect lameness or regions of inflammation in horses. Units can be so sensitive that flexor tendon injuries can be detected before the horse develops clinical lameness. Thermography has been used to evaluate several different clinical syndromes not only in the diagnosis of inflammation but also to monitor the progression of healing. Thermography has important applications in research for the detection of illegal performance-enhancing procedures at athletic events.
Conversion of cholesterol to 7-dehydrocholesterol in aseptically reared german cockroaches

Abstract The previously reported conversion of cholesterol to 7-dehydrocholesterol by nonaseptically reared German cockroaches has been confirmed using aseptically reared insects. The identity of the 7-dehydrocholesterol was established by UV and infrared spectroscopy and gas-liquid Chromatographie analyses of the free sterol and/or derivatives. This metabolic pathway for cholesterol in the German cockroach is discussed.
Bringing chemistry to life

Bioorthogonal chemistry allows a wide variety of biomolecules to be specifically labeled and probed in living cells and whole organisms. Here we discuss the history of bioorthogonal reactions and some of the most interesting and important advances in the field.
Work roles and news selection in local TV: Examining the business‐journalism dialectic

Local television news is frequently shaped by tradeoffs between journalistic judgment and the imperatives from the business side of a media organization. This study, based on a survey of local television journalists at 12 stations, offers a test of a common assumption: that work roles are a major influence on journalistic values and orientations. Data suggest that work roles have some relationship to values and orientations, but socialization and professionalism produce much more striking contrasts in the views of local TV journalists.
Effects of Deformation (Strain) and Heat Treatment on Grain Boundary Sensitization and Precipitation in Austenitic Stainless Steels

Sensitization, particularly the degree of sensitization (DOS) in type 316 stainless steel pipe is critically dependent upon the solution anneal of the mill-annealed or commercial material, and is particularly sensitive to low-temperature aging when the starting material is solution annealed between about 1,000°C and 1,100°C. It is observed that when the DOS is above about 10 C/cm2 (quantitative electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation units in Coulombs/cm2), noticeable carbide precipitation occurs in the grain boundaries and increases with increasing DOS. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination of precipitation occurring in type 316 stainless steel pipe grain boundaries has shown them to exhibit many microstructural features that seem to be coincident with grain boundary microstructures, particularly ledges. Uniaxial, tensile strain prior to aging of solution annealed pipe was observed to have a dramatic effect on DOS of type 316 stainless steel pipe; DOS increases with increasing strain. This effect appears to be correlated with the propensity of dislocations to be generated near grain boundaries, and for grain boundary microstructural changes to be related with strain, as observed in type 304 stainless steel. The effects of strain on DOS, combined with instabilities connected with annealing of type 316 stainless steel, indicate that in the practical utilization of pipe, it is imperative to reduce deformation prior to service and during service applications, to avoid sensitization and, thus, minimize the probability of grain boundary cracking.
Existence and uniqueness of solutions to a mathematical model of the urine concentrating mechanism

Abstract This paper establishes some results for the existence and uniqueness of solutions to a previously published mathematical model of the mammalian urine concentrating mechanism [H.E. Layton, Distribution of Henle's loops may enhance urine concentrating capability, Biophys. J. 49:1033-1040 (1986)]. In particular, the contraction mapping principle is used to show that for sufficiently small and sufficiently large values of a positive parameter β there exist unique solutions to the model, whether it be endowed with first-order kinetics or Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Large or small β corresponds to large or small rates of active transport of NaCl from the ascending limbs. The Schauder principle is used to show that there exist solutions to the model for physiologically reasonable reabsorption kinetics, including first-order and Michaelis-Menten kinetics for all values of β.
Resting echocardiographic features of latent left ventricular outflow obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

We determined resting echocardiographic features predictive of latent left ventricular (LV) outflow obstruction in 50 consecutive patients with nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (26 provocable, 24 nonprovocable with amyl nitrite inhalation) to have a better understanding of the pathophysiology of this condition and to identify such patients without pharmacologic provocation. Measurements included wall thickness, type of hypertrophy, LV outflow tract diameter, degree of mitral systolic anterior motion, outflow pressure gradient, and ventricular volume. The direction of the ejection streamline was measured to assess the magnitude of the drag force acting on the mitral valve. Thirteen of 16 patients (81%) with proximal septal bulge were provocable, whereas only 3 of 8 patients (38%) with asymmetric septal hypertrophy and 10 of 26 (38%) with concentric hypertrophy were provocable (p or = 35 degrees) was 65%, with a specificity of 80% and a positive predictive value of 79%. When these criteria were combined with the presence of septal bulge, the sensitivity was 35%, but the specificity and the positive predictive value were both 100%. Patients with nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with proximal septal bulge, a narrow LV outflow tract, and an oblique angle between the ejection flow and the mitral valve appeared to be predisposed for latent outflow obstruction. These features are consistent with the presence of the large Venturi and drag forces. Thus, the left ventricle, which is capable of increasing both the Venturi and the drog forces on the basis of the morphologic change, contributes to the development of outflow obstruction with amyl nitrite inhalation.
Molecular mechanisms in synaptic vesicle recycling

Synaptic vesicles are specialized secretory organelles which are involved in the fast, point-to-point signaling typical of synapses. They store and secrete non-peptide neurotransmitters and are continuously regenerated in nerve terminals by exoendocytotic recycling. This recycling represents a highly specialized form of the recycling pathway which occurs at the surface of all cells. Several unique properties make synaptic vesicles a powerful experimental model for studies of vesicular traffic. These unique properties include their abundance in brain, the high specialization of nerve terminals for synaptic vesicle recycling, the possibility of studying their exocytosis at the level of single events by electrophysiology and the availability of toxins which block their recycling. This lecture will summarize current information of molecular mechanisms in synaptic vesicle recycling with emphasis on recent studies carried out in my laboratory on mechanisms of vesicle reformation after exocytosis.