cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peroxide resistance in Escherichia coli serotype O157 : H7 biofilms is regulated by both RpoS-dependent and -independent mechanisms.

In many Escherichia coli serotype O157 : H7 strains, defences against peroxide damage include the peroxiredoxin AhpCF and three catalases: KatG (catalase/peroxidase), KatE (catalase) and the plasmid-encoded KatP (catalase/peroxidase). AhpC and KatG basal expression is maintained by RpoS, and AhpC, KatG and KatP are all induced by OxyR/σ70 in exponential phase. KatE is regulated by RpoS during stationary growth and is independent of OxyR. In a previous study we used mutant strains of ATCC 43895 (EDL933) with deletions of katG, ahpC, katE and katP in all possible combinations to characterize peroxide resistance during both exponential and 18–24 h growth in Luria–Bertani broth at 37 °C. In this study, we used triple deletion strains that isolated each catalase/peroxidase gene to investigate their role in the peroxide resistance of biofilm-forming variant 43895OR in 48 and 72 h biofilms. We also used quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR and translational lacZ fusions to study gene expression. Peroxide resistance was greater (P<0.05) in biofilm cells than in planktonic cells, and full resistance required rpoS but not oxyR. In 72 h biofilms, katG and katE were the major protective genes. katG, ahpC and katE peroxide protection had both rpoS-dependent and rpoS-independent components, but katP protection was independent of rpoS. H2O2 challenge induced (P<0.05) katG, ahpC and katP expression in biofilm cells, suggesting that peroxide induction of the OxyR-dependent resistance genes may contribute to the RpoS-independent protection in Shiga toxin-producing E. coli biofilms.
Technical note: Therapeutic cessation of lactation of Staphylococcus aureus-infected mammary quarters.

The objective of the present study was to compare the ability of chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine to cause cessation of lactation in Staphylococcus aureus-infected mammary quarters, assess milk production in the treated quarter in the subsequent lactation, and evaluate whether microbiological cure was obtained. Fourteen mid- to late-lactation Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle from the Washington State University dairy herd with single mammary quarter S. aureus intramammary infections were studied. Cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups, povidone-iodine or chlorhexidine. Cows in the povidone-iodine group were infused with 120 ml of 5% povidone-iodine solution (0.5% iodine) after complete milk-out. Chlorhexidine-treated cows were infused with a proprietary chlorhexidine suspension after two milkings 24 h apart. Treated mammary quarters were not milked for the rest of the lactation. Milk production from each mammary quarter (kg of milk/quarter) was measured using in-line volume flow meters for 5 consecutive days before treatment and again at the start of the subsequent lactation. Povidone-iodine caused permanent cessation of lactation in the treated quarter, whereas 71% of the chlorhexidine-treated mammary quarters returned to function in the subsequent lactation. Hence, if the primary objective is to eliminate the mammary quarter from lactation, and thereby presumably lower the risk of herdmates acquiring new S. aureus intramammary infection, then povidone-iodine appears to be the best of the two methods. No difference in total milk production between lactation one and two in either group was found, suggesting that permanent loss of a quarter was not detrimental to overall milk production.
Evaluating Item Fit for Multidimensional Item Response Models.

This research examines the utility of the s - χ2 statistic proposed by Orlando and Thissen (2000) in evaluating item fit for multidimensional item response models. Monte Carlo simulation was conduc...
Intermediate Migration Yields Optimal Adaptation in Structured, Asexual Populations

Most evolving populations are subdivided into multiple subpopulations connected to each other by varying levels of gene flow. However, how population structure and gene flow (i.e., migration) affect adaptive evolution is not well understood. Here, we studied the impact of migration on asexually reproducing evolving computer programs (digital organisms). We found that digital organisms evolve the highest fitness values at intermediate migration rates, and we tested three hypotheses that could potentially explain this observation: (i) migration promotes passage through fitness valleys, (ii) migration increases genetic variation, and (iii) migration reduces clonal interference through a process called leapfrogging. We found that migration had no appreciable effect on the number of fitness valleys crossed and that genetic variation declined monotonously with increasing migration rates, instead of peaking at the optimal migration rate. However, the number of leapfrogging events, in which a superior beneficial mutation emerges on a genetic background that predates the previously best genotype in the population, did peak at the optimal migration rate. We thus conclude that in structured, asexual populations intermediate migration rates allow for optimal exploration of multiple, distinct fitness peaks, and thus yield the highest long-term adaptive success.
Histological and biomechanical changes in a mouse model of venous thrombus remodeling.

Background Deep vein thrombosis and the risk of pulmonary embolism are significant causes of morbidity and mortality. Much remains unclear, however, about the mechanisms by which a venous thrombus initiates, progresses, or resolves. In particular, there is a pressing need to characterize the evolving mechanical properties of a venous thrombus for its mechanical integrity is fundamental to many disease sequelae. Objective The primary goal of the present study was to initiate a correlation between evolving histological changes and biomechanical properties of venous thrombus. Methods We employed an inferior vena cava ligation model in mice to obtain cylindrical samples of thrombus that were well suited for mechanical testing and that could be explanted at multiple times following surgery. Using uniaxial micro-mechanical testing, we collected stress-stretch data that were then fit with a microstructurally-inspired material model before submitting the samples to immunohistological examination. Results We found that venous thrombus underwent a radially inward directed replacement of fibrin with collagen between 2 weeks and 4 weeks of development, which was accompanied by the infiltration of inflammatory and mesenchymal cells. These histological changes correlated with a marked increase in material stiffness. Conclusions We demonstrated that 2 to 4 week old venous thrombus undergoes drastic remodeling from a fibrin-dominated mesh to a collagen-dominated microstructure and that these changes are accompanied by dramatic changes in biomechanical behavior.
An Unusual Morphotype of Caenodelphax teapae (Fowler) (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Delphacidae)

Caenodelphax teapae (Fowler) is a common, widespread Neotropical species. This species is potentially pestiferous as it has been reported on carrots, sugar cane, kidney beans and other crops, and is a vector of Urochloa hoja blanca tenuivirus in plantain signalgrass ( Urochloa plantaginea (Link) R. Webster) (Lapierra and Signoret 2004, Wilson 2005, Kennedy and Bartlett 2014). The species was first described from Teapa, Mexico in 1905 (in Liburnia Stal), and subsequently established as the type species of Caenodelphax Fennah, 1965 (by original designation). Caenodelphax was recently revised and is now monotypic (Kennedy and Bartlett 2014). Here we report the unusual retention of juvenile features (i.e., paedomorphosis) in adult C. teapae . Ceanodelphax teapae exhibits a predictable level of geographical variation in coloration and morphology. Individuals are usually macropterous and between approximately 2.0-3.5 mm in length, dark brown to black in body color, with concolorous carinae and paler (yellow) antennae, beak and legs (Figs. 1A-C). Females are usually larger and paler than males. Brachypters are uncommon (and usually female) and much paler than macropters, but bear a comparable color pattern.
On compressing massive streaming graphs with Quadtrees

Social networks are constantly changing as new members join, existing members leave, and ‘followers’ or ‘friends’ are formed and disappear. The model that captures this constantly changing graph is the streaming graph model. Given a massive graph data stream wherein the number of nodes is in the order of millions and the number of edges is the tens of millions, we propose a simple algorithm to compress this graph without having read in the entire graph into the main memory. Our algorithm uses the quadtree data structure that is implicitly constructed to produce the compressed graph output. As a result of this implicit construction, our algorithm allows for node and edge additions/deletions that directly modifies the output compressed graph. We further develop algorithms to solve edge queries (is there any between two nodes?) and node queries (for a given node, list all its neighbors) that directly operates on the compressed graph. We have performed extensive empirical evaluations of our algorithms using publicly available, large social networks such as LiveJournal, Pokec, Twitter, and others. Our empirical evaluation is based on several parameters including time to compress, memory required by the compression algorithm, size of compressed graph, and time and memory size required to execute queries. We have also presented extensions to the compression algorithm that we have developed.
Resilience of Islamic Financial System

The paper is about strength of Islamic financial system. It is based on real study of some failed Islamic financial institutions. The study of causes of the failure reveals the real problem behind the failure. It suggests the areas to overcome to save failures.
Effects of 30-day diet cycling on weight loss and resting energy expenditure in women participating in the Curves® fitness program: a preliminary long-term analysis

25 women (34±7 yrs, 89±19 kg; 43±5% body fat) were assigned to a high carbohydrate (HC, n=13) or high protein (HP, n=12) diet group. Subjects consumed 1,200 kcals/d for 1-wk and 1,500 kcals/d for 3...
Erratum to: Raltegravir, elvitegravir, and metoogravir: the birth of "me-too" HIV-1 integrase inhibitors

Correction to Erik Serrao, Srinivas Odde, Kavya Ramkumar and Nouri Neamati: Raltegravir, elvitegravir, and metoogravir: the birth of "me-too" HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Retrovirology 2009, 6:25. Since the recent publication of our article (Neamati, Retrovirology 2009, 6:25), we have noticed an error which we would like to correct and we would like to apologise to the readers for this mistake.
Anatomy of Cnemidocoptes Mutans (R. and L.), the Scaly-Leg Mite of Poultry

The scaly-leg mite of poultry has been studied under various names. The principal ones are: Sarcopies mutans by Robin and Lanquetin (1859); Sarcoptes anacanthes by Delafond and Bourguignon (1862); Sarcoptes changeant by Reynal and Lanquetin (1863); Knemidocoptes viviparous by Fiirstenburg (1870); Dermatoryctes mutans by Ehlers (1873); Cnemidocoptes mutans by Canestrini (1894).
Growth recovery lines are more common in infants at high vs. low risk for abuse

Growth recovery lines, also known as growth arrest lines, are transverse radiodense metaphyseal bands that develop due to a temporary arrest of endochondral ossification caused by local or systemic insults. To determine if growth recovery lines are more common in infants at high risk versus low risk for abuse. Reports of American College of Radiology compliant skeletal surveys (1999-2013) were reviewed with clinical records. Infants at low risk for abuse had a skull fracture without significant intracranial injury, history of a fall and clinical determination of low risk (child protection team/social work assessment). Infants at high risk had significant intracranial injury, retinal hemorrhages, other skeletal injuries and clinical determination of high risk. There were 52 low-risk infants (mean: 4.7 months, range: 0.4–12 months) and 21 high-risk infants (mean: 4.2 months, range: 0.8–9.1 months). Two blinded radiologists independently evaluated the skeletal survey radiographs of the knees/lower legs for the presence of at least one growth recovery line. When growth recovery lines are scored as probably present or definitely present, their prevalence in the low-risk group was 38% (standard deviation [SD] = 8%; reader 1 = 17/52, reader 2 = 23/52) vs. 71% (SD = 7%; reader 1 = 16/21, reader 2 = 14/21) in the high-risk group (P < 0.001; odds ratio 4.0, 95% CI: 1.7-9.5). Growth recovery lines are encountered at a significantly higher rate in infants at high risk vs. low risk for abuse. This suggests that abused infants are prone to a temporary disturbance in endochondral ossification as a result of episodic physiological stresses.
STUDIES ON FUSED RING SYSTEMS III.REFORMATSKY REACTIONO OF 1-KETO-2-METHYL-7-METHOXY-1,2,3,4,9,10,11,12-OCTAHYDROPHENANTHRENE WITH METHYL γ-BROMOCROTONATE

1-Keto-2-methyl-7-methoxy-1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12-octahydrophenanthrene, whose BC ring has the same configuration as dl-estrone's, was readily obtained from Miescher's ketoester A by alkali hydrolysis. By means of the Reformatsky reaction this ketone reacted with methyl γ-bromocrotonate, forming methyl γ-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-7-methoxy-1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12-octahydrophenanthrene-1-crotonate. This unsaturated ester, after being hydrogenated in the presence of 5% Pd-C, was hydrolyzed with dilute KOH in CH_3OH solution, giving the sodium salt of the hydroxy acid. Upon acidification of the sodium salt solution, γ-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-7-methoxy-1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12 -octahydrophenanthrene-1-butyric acid was obtained with excellent yield. This acid was recrystallized from benzene, mel- ting at 168-169°. Preliminary experiments on the cyclization of this hydroxy acid indicated the formation of a ketone.
Family physician management of HIV and AIDS: A vermont study

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to survey family physicians regarding the barriers to providing primary care for persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in a small, rural state with a low incidence of infection. The study focused on issues facing family physicians, such as lack of training and experience, skill in managing the complications of HIV and AIDS, fears about transmission, patients' fears about seeing a physician who treats patients with HIV or AIDS, and lack of community consultative and ancillary services. METHODS All 132 members of the Vermont Academy of Family Physicians were mailed a 33-item survey questionnaire; 106 (80%) responded. RESULTS Fifty-seven percent of family physicians currently provide medical care for HIV-positive asymptomatic patients, and 45% provide care for symptomatic patients. Seventy-three percent of family physicians either currently manage or are willing to be trained to manage HIV complications. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that a majority of physicians are willing to provide a wide spectrum of medical treatment and services to patients with HIV or AIDS.
Eco-Marketing: A Waste Management Perspective

Pollution caused by solid waste has raised concerns about eroding ecosystem quality and the ability to maintain sustainable development. In order to directly link the marketing discipline with this issue, an approach called "eco-marketing" has been developed. In addition to satisfying customers and meeting organizational goals, eco-marketing specifies that marketing strategy must also be designed to minimize pollution of the ecosystem. Eco-marketing suggests that the ecosystem now acts as a non-negotiable limiting factor on strategic marketing decisions, and that this factor can be properly addressed only through the management and control of waste associated with consumption.
Role of topical tranexamic acid in the management of idiopathic anterior epistaxis in adult patients in the emergency department

Purpose The role of topical tranexamic acid in the management of anterior epistaxis in adult patients in the emergency department (ED) is examined. Summary The use of alternative agents for the treatment of epistaxis before the use of nasal packing may be reasonable due to patient discomfort, potential complications, and the need for follow-up with a healthcare provider for packing removal. One such agent is tranexamic acid. Two published studies evaluated the off-label use of topical tranexamic acid for the treatment of epistaxis. The first trial compared the efficacy of a topical gel containing 10% tranexamic acid with a placebo gel containing glycerin for the treatment of epistaxis. The percentage of patients whose bleeding ceased within 30 minutes of the intervention did not significantly differ between the tranexamic acid and placebo groups ( p = 0.16). The second trial compared the efficacy of cotton pledgets soaked in the i.v. formulation of tranexamic acid inserted into the bleeding naris with standard nasal packing therapy. Bleeding cessation occurred within 10 minutes in 71% of the tranexamic acid group versus 31.2% of the standard treatment group (odds ratio, 2.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.68–3.09; p < 0.001). Additional information is necessary to fully evaluate the role of topical tranexamic acid in treatment algorithms; however, the use of topical tranexamic acid may be beneficial in select populations. Conclusion Topical tranexamic acid may have a role in the treatment of anterior epistaxis in select ED patients, though additional studies are needed to confirm its role in treatment algorithms.
Low-Mass RF Power Inverter for CubeSat Applications Using 3-D Printed Inductors

This paper presents the design of a low-mass RF power inverter at moderate to high power levels (e.g., tens of watts and above) for weight critical applications such as CubeSat plasma thrusters. Our approach for mass reduction includes resonant switching operation at tens of MHz, and the 3-D printing of lightweight scaffolds that form air core inductors after plating with a thin layer of copper. Specifically, we present a 14.2-MHz 50-W resonant dc-RF power inverter implemented with 3-D printed and copper plated air core toroidal inductors. As a demonstration of design flexibility of the 3-D printing process, these toroidal inductors are designed and implemented with optimal cross sections [1] to improve quality factors. The weight of the proposed inverter is reduced by 50% when compared to a 40-W state-of-the-art counterpart in which all the inductors were implemented within the printed circuit board. The inverter achieves 91% electrical efficiency when operated on a 50- $\Omega $ resistive load at an input voltage of 50 V. To prove its capability of driving plasma loads, the inverter was first tested with a matching network running an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) in a low-pressure argon ampoule outside vacuum environment. The inverter drew 50 W to run the ICP at an input voltage of 20 V. Then as an example application, the inverter was tested with another specifically tuned matching network to drive a helicon double layer (HDL) plasma intended for CubeSat thruster applications. The HDL plasma was formed in a vacuum chamber and was fed with argon. The combined inverter and matching network outputs 40 W and achieves 86% dc input to plasma efficiency at an input voltage of 40 V.
Celebrity Advertising: A Review and Synthesis

This paper reviews the current boom in celebrity advertising. More specifically, the objectives of this paper are fivefold: (1)to provide a historical overview of celebrities in advertising, and to...
Calculation of population level fishing mortality for single- versus multi-area models: Application to models with spatial structure

Spatial considerations in stock assessment models can be used to account for differences in fish population dynamics and fleet distributions, which, if otherwise unaccounted for, could result in model misspecification leading to bias in model results. Calculating an overall fishing mortality rate (F) across spatial components is not straightforward but is often required for harvest management. We examined effects of spatial assumptions on model results under different approaches for calculating F. We show that (i) F can differ by as much as 50% depending on the spatial structure of the model; (ii) for multi-area models, F changes with size of area for all but one approach; and (iii) results are sensitive to model assumptions about catchability between areas and the spatial distribution of effort and abundance. Findings suggest caution be taken when interpreting results between models with different spatial structures. When comparing single- with multi-area models, we recommend adding F across areas when c...
Her-Story: Willystine Goodsell

Willystine Goodsell, for whom the AERA Women in Education SIG Award is named, was a nineteenth century activist teacher and faculty member at Teachers College, Columbia University. Goodsell dedicated her life to advancing opportunities and equal education for women. Since 1981 this award has been given to women with outstanding scholarship, activism, and community building on behalf of women, girls, and education. Among her voluminous number of books and articles written in the first half of the twentieth century (Goodsell 1923, 1928, 1934), the greatest impact beyond her is the irony of what and where women are today.
Constraints on Stance-Phase Force Production during Overground Walking in Persons with Chronic Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury.

Abstract Persons with incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) face ongoing struggles with walking, including reduced speed and increased reliance on assistive devices (ADs). The forces underlying body weight support and gait, as measured by ground reaction forces (GRFs), are likely altered after iSCI because of weakness and AD dependence but have not been studied. The purpose of this study was to examine GRF production during overground walking after iSCI, because greater insight into GRF constraints is important for refining therapeutic interventions. Because of reduced and discoordinated motor output after iSCI, we hypothesized that persons with iSCI would exert smaller GRFs and altered GRF modifications to increased cadence compared with able-bodied (AB) persons, especially when using an AD. Fifteen persons with chronic iSCI, stratified into no AD (n = 7) and AD (n = 8) groups, walked across an instrumented walkway at self-selected and fast (115% self-selected) cadences. Fifteen age-matched AB controls wa...
Movement Integration: What Is It and Why Should We Do It?

This chapter offers an introduction to movement integration, including a definition of movement integration, reasons for integrating movement into the classroom, benefits of physical activity in the classroom, and the importance of movement to the whole child. Knowing more about movement integration will provide classroom teachers with the confidence to begin using activities and lessons that will benefit both the teacher and the students.
An American View of State Aid

In this fifth part in a series of reports on state aid, Mason explains that tax reductions violate Article 107 TFEU when they are selective rather than generally available to all taxpayers. Although selectivity doctrine is in flux, Mason describes the status quo and attempts to classify types of selectivity that the European Commission and EU courts have identified in prior cases. She analogizes judicial review of state aid by the EU courts to equal protection review by US courts, arguing that the EU courts implicitly use a tiers-of-scrutiny approach to analyzing state-aid cases. Under this approach, the courts' degree of scrutiny varies with kind of classification the state made in its aid measure, Suspect classifications--including those based on sector, region, size, residence, and engagement in cross-border commerce--receive strict scrutiny, whereas non-suspect classifications receive the EU-equivalent of only rational-basis review.
Cryptic east-west divergence and molecular diagnostics for two species of silver flies (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae: Leucopis ) from North America being evaluated for biological control of hemlock woolly adelgid

Abstract Exploring genetic diversity within species of biological control agents can expose previously overlooked beneficial genotypes. This may be the case for two species of silver flies, Leucopis argenticollis and L. piniperda, predators of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) in the Pacific Northwest of North America. The same Leucopis species occur in eastern North America, where they feed on other adelgid species, but not on hemlock woolly adelgid, which became a pest in the region after its introduction from Japan earlier this century. We collected DNA sequence data from one mitochondrial and two nuclear genes for 606 Leucopis individuals to examine variation correlated with geographic origin and prey association. Specimens of L. argenticollis and L. piniperda collected from adelgids on hemlock and spruce in the West are phylogenetically divergent from conspecifics collected from adelgids on pine and spruce in the East. These results suggest that within each species, there are distinct lineages that specialize on different adelgid prey on different hosts in western versus eastern North America. The western lineages appear to be strong candidates for enhancing biological control of Japanese hemlock woolly adelgid in the eastern United States, given their widespread occurrence on western hemlock woolly adelgid in the Pacific Northwest, and the absence of these genotypes in the East. We also developed a PCR-RFLP assay based on the mitochondrial COI gene as an inexpensive and reliable way to distinguish the four genetic groups to document establishment and impact following release.
Mood instability as a predictor of clinical and functional outcomes in adolescents with bipolar I and bipolar II disorder.

Abstract Background Traditional assessment and treatment of bipolar disorder (BD) often overlooks an important feature of the illness, mood instability (MI). MI - the presence of intense, rapidly shifting emotional states - is associated with a number of poor prognostic outcomes. This study examined whether MI among adolescents with BD was cross-sectionally related to bipolar subtype (I vs. II) and prognostically associated with symptoms and functioning over 3 months. Methods Participants included 145 adolescents (mean age: 15.6 years ± 1.4) with BD I or II with a mood episode in the previous 3 months. Depression and (hypo)mania instability were computed using the root mean square successive difference (rMSSD) score, reflecting both the size and temporal order of changes in weekly depression and (hypo)mania scores (over 12 weeks) from the Adolescent Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation. Results Greater depression instability was associated with BD II, whereas greater (hypo)mania instability was associated with BD I. Baseline MI, particularly depression, predicted more instability, a higher percentage of weeks in a clinical mood state, and poorer global functioning over 3 months, even when covarying concurrent mood severity scores. Limitations The clinical measure of symptoms used retrospective reports of clinically significant symptoms only. We were unable to standardize medication use or adherence. Conclusions MI differs by diagnostic subtype, is relatively stable over time, and predicts clinical and functional outcomes. Targeting MI should be considered a clinical focus to augment traditional methods of assessing and treating BD during adolescence to enhance clinical and functional outcomes.
Data Assimilation: Fundamentals, Global and Mediterranean Examples

The new field of data assimilation is rapidly growing in physical oceanography, thanks to the forthcoming availability of synoptic datasets on the global scale, such as satellite altimetry. Different types of assimilation strategies and techniques are discussed connected with the different types of available datasets. Examples are presented of assimilation of oceanographic data in different regions of the world ocean, with special emphasis to applications in the Mediterranean Sea.
Electron microscope studies on the mast cells and blood and lymphatic capillaries of the human corneal limbus

Presumably normal human corneal limbal tissue from five eyes, enucleated because of malignant tumors, was used in this study. The anterior area of the limbus, the only place where blood and lymphatic vessels and mast cells were found in the normal cornea, was studied toith the electron microscope, and the fine structure described and discussed. The majority of the mast cells found in this area contained granules with a variable fine structure. Their constituents could be resolved into several main components: a finely particulate, a round, and a rodshaped component. It is thought that the round and rod-shaped sections are the same structure cut in different planes. Only a few mast cells contained granules of uniform structure, in xohich case they were composed mainly of the fine particulate material, the particles of which were sometimes arranged in an orderly fashion, giving a quasilamellar appearance. Most of the limbal blood capillaries had a thick-walled endothelium. Some, however, possessed localized thin-walled areas with or without fenestrations. Such fenestrations were not patent pores, but toere closed by a thin membranous diaphragm. The basement lamina, variable in thickness, generally consisted of one to several layers of alternating dense and less dense material. The lymphatic capillaries tuere characterized by their poorly developed basement membrane, thin endothelial cells, except near nuclei, absence of fenestrations, corpuscles within the lumen, and pericytes.
Strategies for Two Sided Markets

When markets have different types of users that attract one another, more demand from one group can spur additional demand from the matched group in a virtuous cycle. These effects are often present in platform markets. Examples include application developers/users, credit card merchants/cardholders, and dating sites for men/women. Network effects in these two-sided markets significantly affect prices, competition, and industry concentration. Prices generally fall for the group that is the stronger attractor. Winner-take-all markets can arise depending on the strength of these network effects, economies of supply, specialization, and multihoming. Finally, when users of one platform overlap users of another, there is an opportunity for "platform envelopment" where one platform swallows a competitor. Bundling features that attract one group of the competitor's users can bring along the matching group.
Abstract 4294: SUMOylation promotes nuclear import and stabilization of polo-like kinase 1 to support its mitotic function

As a pivotal mitotic regulator, polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is under highly coordinated and multi-layered regulation. However, the regulatory pathways that control PLK19s activity and function have just begun to be elucidated. PLK1 has recently been shown to be functionally modulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Herein, we report for the first time that a novel PTM, SUMOylation, plays an essential role in regulating PLK19s mitotic function. We found that Ubc9 was recruited to PLK1, upon initial phosphorylation and activation by CDK1/cyclin B. By in vivo and in vitro SUMOylation assays, PLK1 was identified as a physiologically relevant SUMO-targeted protein, preferentially modified by SUMO-1. We further showed that K492 on PLK1 was the lysine residue essential for SUMOylation. SUMOylation not only led to PLK19s nuclear import, but also significantly increased its protein stability by preventing the recruitment of APC/Ccdh1, the ubiquitin E3-ligase of PLK1. Resembling Ubc9 deficiency, cells expressing PLK1-K492R mutant exhibited mitotic aberrations characterized by prolonged mitotic progression, and misaligned and/or mis-segregated chromosomes, which could be rescued by reintroducing SUMOylation modification to PLK1. Collectively, our findings suggest that SUMOylation is another important regulatory mechanism governing PLK19s mitotic function to ensure normal mitotic progression and genomic integrity. Citation Format: Donghua Wen, Jianguo Wu, Lei Wang, Zheng Fu. SUMOylation promotes nuclear import and stabilization of polo-like kinase 1 to support its mitotic function [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4294.
The Role of the Federal Government in the Improvement of Healthcare Quality and Reduction of Costs in the United States

Improving both the quality and costs of healthcare has become a major focus for the US Federal Government in its role both as a payor and as the source of healthcare policy. A series of initiatives have been undertaken since the mid-1990s culminating in the Accountable Care Act. There is a continued need to engage the medical profession in both quality improvement and wise allocation of society’s healthcare resources, and the profession must advocate for this role in its interactions with the Federal Government.
In situ acousto-optic 3D beam shaping

We demonstrate a novel technique for in situ 3D spatial light patterning using ultrasound. By employing a customdesigned ultrasonic phased array, we form standing pressure waves that modulate the refractive index of the target medium in which light patterns are to be formed. Ultrasound pressure waves change the density of the medium locally and as a result, the refractive index is changed. Therefore, the phase front of the traveling optical waves in the medium is modulated. The interaction of light and ultrasound through the medium can be designed such that a collimated beam of light is gradually focused to multiple points deep into the medium to form arbitrary patterns of light illumination, as well as multipoint parallel imaging. These patterns can be reconfigured by changing the ultrasound interference patterns by controlling the frequency and phase of the ultrasound array elements. In this work, we demonstrate experimentally that this technique can be used to perform multi-point imaging in turbid media.
The Light-Front Vacuum

We discuss the relation between the trivial light-front vacuum and the non-trivial Heisenberg vacuum.
A rescue dog program in two maximum-security prisons: A qualitative study

Dog programs occurring in prison are popular though they lack empirical testing. This study is the first to assess rescue dog programs in two maximum- security prisons, with a sample of male inmate...
China’s Agriculture in the 1930s: An Overview

This introductory chapter was prepared to place Buck’s Land Utilization in China study within a broader economic framework. The chapter provides an overview of the peasant economy and the conditions prevalent at the time. It explores the notion of “involution” and frames the economic issues in 1930s agriculture in the context of low- and high-level equilibrium poverty traps.
Increased conditional risk of recurring complications with contralateral total hip arthroplasty surgery

Aims Increasingly, patients with bilateral hip arthritis wish to undergo staged total hip arthroplasty (THA). With the rise in demand for arthroplasty, perioperative risk assessment and counselling...
Exploring the contribution of exercise dependence to eating disorder symptoms.

Objective Exercise dependence is a set of cognitive and behavioral symptoms that constitute a reliance on exercise and is related to eating disorder (ED) symptoms. There are seven components of exercise dependence: tolerance, withdrawal, continuance, lack of control, reduction in other activities, time, and intention effects. Exercising in response to negative affect (NA) is a key feature of dysfunctional exercise in the EDs. However, it is unknown which specific components of exercise dependence relate to ED symptoms, above and beyond NA. Method The current study (N = 168 individuals with EDs) investigated which components of exercise dependence relate to ED symptoms both cross-sectionally and prospectively. Results In cross-sectional data, we found that withdrawal, tolerance, and time were associated with ED symptoms, above and beyond NA. Prospectively over 1 month, when adjusting for baseline ED symptoms and NA, we found that lack of control, withdrawal, and time positively predicted ED symptoms. Discussion These findings inform future research on how exercise dependence relates to ED symptoms, showing that withdrawal and time are uniquely associated with ED symptoms both cross-sectionally and over time.
Role of sex steroid hormones in pelvic organ prolapse.

Objective Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) affects a significant percentage of women and contributes to major healthcare costs both in the United States and worldwide. This review examines the current understanding of the role of sex steroid hormones (estrogens, androgens, and progesterone) in POP in premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal women. Methods We reviewed the relevant studies on POP related to estrogens, androgens, and progesterone in both animal models and humans. Results Estrogen has a profound influence on the synthesis and metabolism of pelvic connective tissues, and may have the ability to both prevent POP and improve prognosis if used therapeutically. There is limited research regarding the role of androgens and progesterone and their receptors in POP and results so far have been contradictory, warranting further study to determine whether changes in androgen and progesterone receptor expression are a cause or effect of POP. Conclusions Because of the role that estrogen plays in maintaining the integrity of pelvic floor connective tissues, we propose that rigorous and well-controlled studies are needed on the role of exogenous estrogen administration as a form of POP prevention. : Video Summary:http://links.lww.com/MENO/A583.
Automated Evaluation of Writing - 50 Years and Counting.

In this theme paper, we focus on Automated Writing Evaluation (AWE), using Ellis Page’s seminal 1966 paper to frame the presentation. We discuss some of the current frontiers in the field and offer some thoughts on the emergent uses of this technology.
Short- and long-term associations of atrial fibrillation catheter ablation with left atrial structure and function: A cardiac magnetic resonance study.

Background The effects of atrial fibrillation (AF) catheter ablation on the left atrium (LA) are poorly understood. Objectives To examine short and long-term associations of AF catheter ablation with LA function using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Methods Fifty-one AF patients (mean age 56±8 years) underwent CMR at baseline, 1 day (n=17) and 11±2 months after ablation (n=38). LA phasic volumes, emptying fractions (LAEF), and longitudinal strain were measured using feature-tracking CMR. LA fibrosis was quantified using late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). Results There were no acute changes in volume, however, active, total LAEF, and peak LA strain decreased significantly compared to the baseline. During long-term follow-up, there was a decrease in maximum but not minimum LA volume (from 99±5.2ml to 89±4.7ml, p=0.009) and a decrease in total LAEF (from 43±1.8% to 39±2.0%, p=0.001). In patients with AF recurrence, LA volumes were unchanged. However, total LAEF decreased from 38±3% to 33±3%; p=0.015. Patients without AF recurrence had no changes in LA functional parameters during follow-up. The amount of LA LGE at long term follow-up was higher compared to the baseline, however was significantly less compared to immediately post procedure (37±1.9 % vs. 47±2.8%, p=0.015). A higher increase in LA LGE extent compared to the baseline was associated with a greater decrease in total LAEF (r=-0.59, p Conclusions LA function is impaired acutely following AF catheter ablation. However, long-term changes of LA function are associated positively with successful restoration of sinus rhythm and inversely with increased LA LGE. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Gun Laws and Youth Gun Carrying: Results from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 2005-2017.

Youth who carry guns are at increased risk of violence and premature death—but what impact firearm legislation plays in deterring this behavior is less known. The present study aims to fill this gap by exploring the associations between state gun laws and youth gun carrying behavior using the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS). This work builds on previous research but expands it by considering a greater number of years than previous work and using an academic, as opposed to an advocacy-based, gun law coding system. Two models were assessed using generalized estimating equations (GEE): (1) youth gun carrying, (2) youth weapon carrying at school (e.g., guns, knives, clubs). The sample for Model 1 included data for 20 of the 50 U.S. states with 1 state from the northeast, 4 from the midwest, 10 from the south, and 5 from the west. The sample for Model 2 included 33 of the 50 U.S. states with 3 states from the northeast, 9 from the midwest, 12 from the south, and 9 from the west. Data for each state across the 2005-2017 YRBSS biennial surveys were included in the analysis. For youth gun carrying and overall weapon carrying, the total gun regulation index was a significant predictor with lower gun regulation index scores associated with greater youth gun and weapon carrying behavior. The present study points to the potential of gun laws in reducing youth gun carrying behavior. States with more gun laws had fewer youth reporting gun-carrying behavior.
Psychiatry Residents as Medical Student Educators: a Review of the Literature.

Professional organizations and medical schools need trainees as medical student educators. There are limited data describing the training of residents and fellows as educators. There are also limited data describing the impact of trainee educators on medical student performance and clerkship experience. A narrative literature search was done in PubMed, Embase, and PsychINFO from inception to January 1, 2021, to explore the approaches, methods, and outcomes (e.g., potential benefits) of psychiatric trainees as medical student educators. A total of 630 papers were screened using title and abstract, of which 20 met inclusion criteria. Studies were categorized into four quality tiers based on methodology. Studies described how training programs utilized trainees as student educators, and various methods of teaching instruction. Residents and fellows valued being educators and reported these experiences increased teaching abilities. Medical students rated trainee educators well. Resident-led teaching initiatives were associated with increased exam scores in one study. Data were limited by low survey response rates, qualitative (i.e., subjective) inquiry, and heterogeneity in teaching and training modalities. Due to a lack of high-quality studies, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn about the effectiveness of psychiatry trainees as medical educators nor about how to best train them as educators. Nevertheless, literature suggests that incorporating trainees as educators both augments resident and fellow training and enhances medical student experience and performance. Future research should assess needs and standardize methods, curricula, and outcome measures more systematically.
Scalable and Flexible Two-Phase Ensemble Algorithms for Causality Discovery

Abstract Causality study investigates cause-effect relationships among different variables of a system and has been widely used in many disciplines including climatology and neuroscience. To discover causal relationships, many data-driven causality discovery methods, e.g., Granger causality, PCMCI and Dynamic Bayesian Network, have been proposed. Many of these causality discovery approaches mine time-series data and generate a directed causality graph where each graph edge denotes a cause-effect relationship between the two connected graph nodes. Our benchmarking of different causality discovery approaches with real-world climate data show these approaches often generate quite different causality results with the same input dataset due to their internal learning mechanism differences. Meanwhile, there are ever-increasing available data in virtually every discipline, which makes it more and more difficult to use existing causality discovery algorithms to produce causality results within reasonable time. To address these two challenges, this paper utilizes data partitioning and ensemble techniques, and proposes a flexible two-phase causality ensemble framework. The framework first conducts phase 1 ensemble for partitioned data and then conducts phase 2 ensemble from phase 1 ensemble results. Based on the framework, we develop two ensemble approaches: i) data ensemble at phase 1 and algorithm ensemble at phase 2, and ii) algorithm ensemble at phase 1 and data ensemble at phase 2. To achieve scalability, we further parallelize the ensemble approaches via the Spark big data analytics engine. The proposed ensemble approaches are evaluated by synthetic and real-world datasets. Our experiments show that the proposed approaches achieve good accuracy through ensemble and high scalability through data-parallelization in distributed computing environments.
Sourcebook of parallel computing

I. Parallelism 1. Introduction 2. Parallel Computer Architectures 3. Parallel Programming Considerations II. Applications 4. General Application Issues 5. Parallel Computing in CFD 6. Parallel Computing in Environment and Energy 7. Parallel Computational Chemistry 8. Application Overviews III. Software technologies 9. Software Technologies 10. Message Passing and Threads 11. Parallel I/O 12. Languages and Compilers 13. Parallel Object-Oriented Libraries 14. Problem-Solving Environments 15. Tools for Performance Tuning and Debugging 16. The 2-D Poisson Problem IV. Enabling Technologies and Algorithms 17. Reusable Software and Algorithms 18. Graph Partitioning for Scientific Simulations 19. Mesh Generation 20. Templates and Numerical Linear Algebra 21. Software for the Scalable Solutions of PDEs 22. Parallel Continuous Optimization 23. Path Following in Scientific Computing 24. Automatic Differentiation V. Conclusion 25. Wrap-up and Features
The Act of Watching with One's Own Eyes

Contemporary cultural productions from India's northeastern borderlands, both in English and languages like Assamese and Meitelon, powerfully illustrate how subjects who inhabit states of dispossession continue to imagine potential forms of action and collectivity beyond the forms of ‘death’ and non-being that states of exception supposedly engender. Moreover, such works also show how relational forms of subjectivity herald renewed possibilities of being and existing in postcolonial ‘death-worlds.’ A good illustration is Siddhartha Deb's English novel An Outline of the Republic (2006), which shows how the psychological investments of a male mainland Indian narrator in the discourses of sovereignty are gradually rent asunder as he begins to identify with the existential predicament of a subject in a state of dispossession: a woman from the northeastern Indian state of Manipur who becomes a sacrificial pawn in the political endgames played between statist and non-statist authorities. I argue that the narrat...