cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphology of the presoma of Corynosoma hamanni (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae)

Morphological study of Corynosoma hamanni (Linstow, 1892) was continued with the intention of presenting a morphological description of a single, well defined species. Sexual dimorphism is exhibited in body size, males being larger, and in body spination. Trunk spines are arranged in a pattern similar to that of Corynosoma semerme and do not extend onto the bursa as reported in the original description of C. hamanni. Two testes, located side by side, are followed by six cement glands arranged in two groups of three glands each. One group is behind each testis. Cement ducts from glands on the right side cross over Saefftigen's pouch and join to form a reservoir on the left side; ducts from cement glands on the left side fuse forming a second reservoir. The two cement reservoirs unite before emptying into the ejaculatory duct. The bursa possesses rays on its outer wall and numerous, well-developed papillae in the muscular cap. In females, a ruptured genital ligament sac is attached partially on the dorsal wall of the uterine bell and partially on a column of six cells projecting from the bell's base into its lumen. Postericrly the dorsal wall of the bell has two protruding pockets behind which occur ten cells composing the selector apparatus. Dorsal openings into the pseudocoelom occur on either side of the uterine bell. Two muscular tubes conduct eggs into the uterus. Female C. hamanni frequently form genital vestibules in which the genital pore occurs along the dorsal wall and not, as reported for some species, at the anterior tip. Eggs of C. hamanni possess four membranes rather than the previously reported three.
Characterization of solutions and aqueous dispersions of epoxy/amidoamine resins

Molecular weight advancement and epoxy conversion in epoxy-amidoamine resins have been characterized in solutions and in aqueous dispersions using viscosity, light scattering, and near-infrared spectroscopy. By measuring the intensity of the 4532 cm−1 band in the near infrared, it is possible to determine the concentration of epoxy groups in these resins at low levels in the presence of amine and acid groups as well as solvents and other species. The epoxy-amine reaction in these resins is found to be second order with an activation energy of around 13 kcal/mole. The addition of one mole of carboxylic acid per mole of amine functionality was sufficient to quench the epoxy-amine reaction. Preparation of aqueous dispersions suitable for electrocoat formulation required that the extent of epoxy reaction be within a given range. Although the addition of acid completely quenched the epoxy-amine reaction, a slow side reaction was discovered which consumes epoxy groups and ultimately changes the physical properties of coatings made from these dispersions.
Objective measurement of accommodative biometric changes using ultrasound biomicroscopy.

Purpose To demonstrate that ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) can be used for objective quantitative measurements of anterior segment accommodative changes. Setting College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Design Prospective cross-sectional study. Methods Anterior segment biometric changes in response to 0 to 6.0 diopters (D) of accommodative stimuli in 1.0 D steps were measured in eyes of human subjects aged 21 to 36 years. Imaging was performed in the left eye using a 35 MHz UBM (Vumax) and an A-scan ultrasound (A-5500) while the right eye viewed the accommodative stimuli. An automated Matlab image-analysis program was developed to measure the biometry parameters from the UBM images. Results The UBM-measured accommodative changes in anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness, anterior lens radius of curvature, posterior lens radius of curvature, and anterior segment length were statistically significantly linearly correlated with accommodative stimulus demands. Standard deviations of the UBM-measured parameters were independent of the accommodative stimulus demands (ACD: 0.0176 mm; lens thickness: 0.0294 mm; anterior lens radius of curvature: 0.3350 mm; posterior lens radius of curvature: 0.1580 mm; and anterior segment length: 0.0340 mm). The mean difference between the A-scan and UBM measurements was −0.070 mm for ACD and 0.166 mm for lens thickness. Conclusions Accommodating phakic eyes imaged using UBM allowed visualization of the accommodative response, and automated image analysis of the UBM images allowed reliable, objective, quantitative measurements of the accommodative intraocular biometric changes. Financial Disclosure Neither author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
A magnetic resonance (MR) compatible selective brain temperature manipulation system for preclinical study

There is overwhelming evidence that hypothermia can improve the outcome of an ischemic stroke. However, the most widely used systemic cooling method could lead to multiple side effects, while the incompatibility with magnetic resonance imaging of the present selective cooling methods highly limit their application in preclinical studies. In this study, we developed a magnetic resonance compatible selective brain temperature manipulation system for small animals, which can regulate brain temperature quickly and accurately for a desired period of time, while maintaining the normal body physiological conditions. This device was utilized to examine the relationship between T1 relaxation, cerebral blood flow, and temperature in brain tissue during magnetic resonance imaging of ischemic stroke. The results showed that this device can be an efficient brain temperature manipulation tool for preclinical studies needing local hypothermic or hyperthermic conditions.
Egg-Based Media for Delayed Processing of Nasopharyngeal Swabs in Colonization Studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae

This report describes the development and evaluation of a selective egg-based medium for ambient-temperature storage and transport of nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs in colonization studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Egg-thioglycolate-antibiotic (ETA) medium is based on Dorset's egg medium but made with thioglycolate broth and the addition of gentamicin (3 mg/l), nalidixic acid (15 mg/l), and amphotericin B (2.5 mg/l). Laboratory studies were conducted using mock swabs from 34 NP samples with known colony counts of pneumococci, which had previously been frozen in STGG (skim milk, tryptone, glucose, glycerol) broth. ETA facilitated better recovery of pneumococci than did either Stuart's or Amies' transport media. In a field study of 117 children, NP swabs were placed in ETA, after being vortexed in STGG and direct-plated for colony counts. Of 52 swabs that were culture positive for pneumococci, all 52 grew pneumococci after 4 days of storage in ETA, and 49 isolates were recovered after 7 days. Transport media such as Stuart's and Amies' require the processing of swabs within about 24 h, and storage in STGG broth requires freezing at –70°C. ETA should be a useful addition to the storage media available for use in epidemiological studies of pneumococcal colonization, especially in situations where prompt processing, rapid transport, or low-temperature storage are not possible.
A General Purpose Phenotype Algorithm for Venous Thromboembolism Using Billing Codes and Natural Language Processing

Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are diseases associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Well described risk factors for venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) include immobility, trauma and genetic hypercoagulabilty states, still many cases have no known associated antecedent risks. Studies to potentially define the missing risk factors preferably identify all cases of VTE. Defining VTE in the electronic health record is more challenging due to the variable duration of VTE treatment, crossover of therapeutic modalities to other chronic diseases and prevention treatment related to hospitalizations. We designed a general purpose Natural Language (NLP) algorithm to capture acute and historical cases of thromboembolic disease retrospectively in a de-identified electronic health record. Applying the NLP algorithm to a separate evaluation set found a positive predictive value of 84.7% and sensitivity of 95.3% for an F-measure of 0.897, which was similar to the training set of 0.925. Use of the same algorithm on problem lists in patients without VTE ICD-9s resulted in a PPV of 83%. NLP of VTE ICD-9 positive cases and non-ICD-9 positive problem lists provides an effective means for capture of both acute and historical cases of venous thromboembolic disease.
Behavioral interactions in cocaine-treated rats

Abstract Effects of a single dose of cocaine (10 mg/kg,i.p.) were studied on spontaneous motor activity (SMA), stereotypy. self-stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus or area ventralis tegmentum (A10 area) and nonreinforced bar-pressing in rats. Interactions among these behaviors were investigated under different experimental designs. Cocaine caused an initial increase of SMA, which was later decreased significantly, as stereotypy became more prominent. Cocaine also caused facilitation of self-stimulation responding that further increased SMA. In both groups of self-stimulating rats, stereotypy disappeared completely during self-stimulation. Following cessation of self-stimulation, SMA and bar-pressing (that became nonreinforced) decreased, and stereotypy reappeared in both groups of rats.
Open chest cardiac massage: An overview

Open-chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation has been shown to produce better blood flow in man than closed-chest massage. It therefore should be taught as part of the protocol for all hospital CPR teams.
An electron microscope study of changes in mitochondria of flight muscle of ageing houseflies (Musca domestica).

Abstract The fine structure of flight muscle of adult houseflies (Musca domestica L.) has been investigated in order to study the changes in mitochondria and muscle cell structure with ageing. In all the specimens examined, two kinds of mitochondria are recognized: type A with simple folded cristae and a light matrix, and type B with complex multicristae surrounded by a dense matrix. However, the relative proportions of A and B, the extent of complexity of the cristae, the arrangement within the muscle fibres, and the degree to which they are surrounded with glycogen varies with age. In newly emerged flies A and B types are equally represented and are loosely arranged in between the muscle fibres and surrounded with large quantities of glycogen. About 12 days after emergence, the population of type B mitochondria increases; in some individuals the multicristae develop fenestrations and in others they become arranged as whorls resembling myelin figures. The amount of glycogen is reduced and the mitochondria are more closely packed between the muscle fibres. After 20 days the structural complexity of the mitochondria begins to decrease and degeneration starts. Type A degenerate by swelling due to non-uniform increase of their intracristal spaces, whereas type B degenerate by developing structureless areas in place of a dense matrix. The outer membrane in both types of mitochondria loosens up and acquires a fuzzy appearance. Along with a decline in mitochondrial number, the muscle substance also decreases in old flies. The relationship between the fine structure of mitochondria and biochemical changes recorded during the senescence of houseflies is discussed.
Substitution of mechanical corn pickers by field shelling technology— An econometric analysis

Abstract Existing models of technological substitution, including those of the Blackman-Mansfield type, are the point of departure of this study. An illustrative case of substitution of mechanical corn pickers by field shelling technology (currently in progress) is studied. The results of this study suggest that technological substitution is best considered as an economic phenomena. The assumption that the diffusion of innovation follows an S-shaped curve does not seem to be crucial. The production scale (e.g., farm size) is concluded to be the most important determinant of technological substitution.
Non-linear behavior in a discretely forced oscillator

Abstract The simulated and experimental responses of a rigid-arm pendulum driven by an external impactor are considered. Here, impact occurs if the trajectory of a rotating impactor intersects that of the pendulum. Using the rotation rate of the impactor as the control parameter, experimental trials have demonstrated much of the dynamic behavior predicted by numerical simulations. The system exhibits chatter (i.e., multiple impacts within a single forcing period), sticking (i.e., contact between the pendulum and the impactor for non-negligible amounts of time), high-order periodicity, and behavior suggestive of chaos. A new convention for classifying periodic motions as well as insights regarding the nature of the coefficient of restitution (COR) in an experimental impacting system are also presented.
Impact of left ventricular function on immediate and long-term outcomes after pericardiectomy in constrictive pericarditis

Objective Most patients with constrictive pericarditis have normal measures of left ventricular function when assessed by the ejection phase index of ejection fraction, yet there is a wide spectrum of outcome after pericardiectomy. We hypothesized that parameters of non-ejection indexes of cardiac function (+dP/dt and tau) may predict postoperative prognosis. Methods The immediate and long-term outcomes of pericardiectomy were analyzed in 40 patients (30 male, mean age 62 years) with surgically confirmed constrictive pericarditis who underwent preoperative cardiac catheterization using high-fidelity micromanometer pressures. Left ventricular pressures were digitized at 5-msec intervals during end expiration, from which peak positive dp/dt and tau measurements were obtained. Patients were classified into 3 groups: Group 1 (n = 13) included those with abnormal +dP/dt and tau (defined as +dP/dt 50 msec); group 2 (n = 11) included those with either abnormal +dP/dt or tau; and group 3 (n = 16) included those with normal +dP/dt and tau. Results There were no significant differences of gender, New York Heart Association class, duration of symptoms, and underlying cause among the 3 groups. Group 1 patients had lower preoperative ejection fraction and higher left and right ventricular end-diastolic pressures. Postoperative inotropic support was more frequently needed in group 1, and postoperative mortality was higher in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3. All postoperative deaths but 1 were in group 1. The median postoperative follow-up was 2.4 years. The postoperative long-term survival of group 1 was significantly lower compared with that of groups 2 and 3. Conclusion In patients with constrictive pericarditis undergoing pericardiectomy, those with abnormal left ventricular contractility and relaxation properties assessed by cardiac catheterization before surgery incur higher operative mortality and poor long-term outcome after surgery.
Feature competition and domain of attraction in artificial-perceptron pattern recognizer

As we reported previously, learning of a multi-layered hard-limited perceptron can be formulated into a set of simultaneous linear inequalities. Solving these inequalities under a given training set would then allow us to achieve the goal of learning in this system. If the dimension N of the input vector is much larger than the number M of different patterns to be learned, then there is considerable freedom for the system to select a proper solution of the connection matrix. In most cases, even a single layer perceptron will do the learning satisfactorily. This paper reports the results of some theoretical and experimental studies of this one-layered, hard-limited perceptron trained under the novel, one-step, noniterative learning scheme. Particularly, the analysis of some important properties of this novel learning system, such as automatic feature competition, domain of convergence, and robustness of recognition, are discussed in detail.
Soot in the Arctic

Abstract Substantial concentrations of graphitic carbon and its associated large optical absorption coefficient are observed in the Arctic. The graphitic content shows a dramatic increase from late fall to early spring, reaching levels that are comparable to those found in urban environments (i.e., the peak values in February are only about a factor of 10 less than the average levels found in New York City and a factor of three less than those found in Berkeley, California, and Denver, Colorado). If one ignores the possible contribution of natural burning processes which are expected to be small during this time of the year in the northern hemisphere, this graphitic component can be attributed directly to anthropogenic activity.
Infinitary self-reference in learning theory

Abstract Kleene's second recursion theorem provides a means for transforming any program p into a program e(p) which first creates a quiescent self-copy and then runs p on that self-copy together with any externally given input. e(p), in effect, has complete (low level), self-knowledge, and p represents how e(p) uses its self-knowledge (and its knowledge of the external world). Infinite regress is not required since e(p) creates its self-copy outside of itself. One mechanism to achieve this creation is a self-replication trick isomorphic to that employed by single-celled organisms. Another is for e(p) to look in a mirror to see which program it is. In 1974 the author published an infinitary generalization of Kleene's theorem which he called the operator recursion theorem. It provides a means for obtaining an (algorithmically) growing collection of programs which, in effect, share a common (also growing) mirror from which they can obtain complete low-level models of themselves and the other programs in the...
Who are the eligible non-recipients of child care subsidies?

Abstract Given the highly devolved nature of the U.S. child care subsidy system, recent studies have devoted considerable attention to exploring family-level correlates of subsidy receipt. However, most studies in this literature are limited in two respects. First, by focusing exclusively on the characteristics of recipients, previous research has neglected a group with important policy implications: eligible non-recipients of child care subsidies. Second, previous work compares recipient households to a heterogeneous population of non-recipients, many of whom are ineligible for child care assistance. This paper provides the first detailed examination of eligible non-recipients of child care subsidies, and uses this group to make more appropriate comparisons to those receiving benefits. Using data from the 2002 National Survey of America's Families, I begin by simulating states' eligibility rules for 2001. Although many of the differences between recipients and non-recipients disappear when the analysis is limited to eligible households, a number of key differences persist. With eligibility status serving as a de facto control for financial need and preferences for work, I argue that many of the remaining differences between recipients and non-recipients are due to rationing by states, low parental awareness of benefits, and difficulties navigating the subsidy system.
Clostridium methylpentosum sp. nov.: a ring-shaped intestinal bacterium that ferments only methylpentoses and pentoses.

An intestinal bacterium isolated from a human subject utilized only two methylpentoses (L-rhamnose and L-fucose) and two pentoses (L-lyxose and D-arabinose) as fermentable substrates, among many compounds tested. The isolate was obligately anaerobic and had a distinctive morphology, its cells being rods bent in the shape of rings with the ends slightly overlapping. Single ring-shaped cells and left-handed helical chains of cells were present in cultures. The cells were surrounded by large capsules which appeared as thick, fibrous masses when examined by electron microscopy. Capsules were formed by cells growing in media containing any one of the four fermentable substrates. Terminally located, heat-resistant endospores were formed on plates of an enriched agar medium supplemented with L-rhamnose. End products of L-rhamnose or L-fucose fermentation included acetate, propionate, n-propanol, CO2, and H2. The isolate represented a new species of Clostridium for which the name Clostridium methylpentosum (type strain R2. ATCC 43829) is proposed. This organism may participate in intestinal digestive processes by metabolizing rhamnose released via the enzymatic depolymerization of dietary pectin.
Magnetization of Superconducting Ba (Y, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy., Er, Yb) CuO Systems

The recently discovered superconductors of Tc in 90K range have been drawing great attention in scientific as well as social communities. The long dream of room temperature superconductors is becoming a reality.
Methods to pattern liquid metals

This highlight describes emerging methods to pattern metals that are liquid at room temperature. The ability to pattern liquid metals is important for fabricating metallic components that are soft, stretchable, conformal, and in some cases, shape-reconfigurable. Applications include electrodes, antennas, micro-mirrors, plasmonic structures, sensors, switches, and interconnects. Gallium (Ga) and its liquid metal alloys are attractive alternatives to toxic mercury. This family of alloys spontaneously forms a surface oxide that dominates the rheological and wetting properties of the metal. These properties pose challenges using conventional fabrication methods, but present new opportunities for patterning innovations. For example, Ga-based liquid metals may be injected, imprinted, or 3D printed on either soft or hard substrates. The use of a liquid metal also enables rapid and facile room temperature processing. The patterning techniques organize into four categories: (i) patterning enabled by lithography, (ii) injection, (iii) subtractive techniques, and (iv) additive techniques. Although many of these approaches take advantage of the surface oxide that forms on Ga and its alloys, some of the approaches may also be suitable for patterning other soft-conductors (e.g., conductive inks, pastes, elastomeric composites).
Epidemiologic study of necrotizing enterocolitis among low-birth-weight infants: Absence of identifiable risk factors*

Necrotizing enterocolitis has been associated with a variety of perinatal problems which have been purported to be risk factors predisposing the neonate to NEC. The present investigation compares the perinatal histories of 48 low-birth-weight infants (
OFF-SHELL BEHAVIOR IN PERIPHERAL DYNAMICS AND INCLUSIVE SUM RULES.

Abstract We illustrate, by a specific example, the usefulness of inclusive unitary for constraining dynamical models. Using inclusive sum rules together with measurable inclusive processes, an estimate is given for a parameter which determines the scale for the off-shell extrapolation in the ABFST model.
6-hydroxydopamine in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma

We evaluated the effectiveness of subconjunctival injections of 6-hydroxydopamine in conjunction with epinephrine in lowering ocular tension in 63 eyes of 61 patients with open-angle glaucoma. A single injection caused a peak median reduction in ocular tension of 6 mm Hg four weeks after the injection. Ten eyes (16%) showed no significant decrease in ocular tension. A single injection significantly decreased the ocular tension for 12 weeks in 40 (63%) and for 20 weeks in 21 (33%) of the eyes. The fellow control eyes showed a slight but not significant decrease in ocular tension.
Analysis of activator-binding sites on the APC/C supports a cooperative substrate-binding mechanism

The anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) is a ubiquitin ligase essential for the completion of mitosis in all eukaryotic cells. Substrates are recruited to the APC/C by activator proteins (Cdc20 or Cdh1), but it is not known where substrates are bound during catalysis. We explored this problem by analyzing mutations in the tetratricopeptide-repeat-containing APC/C subunits. We identified residues in Cdc23 and Cdc27 that are required for APC/C binding to Cdc20 and Cdh1 and for APC/C function in vivo. Mutation of these sites increased the rate of activator dissociation from the APC/C but did not affect reaction processivity, suggesting that the mutations have little effect on substrate dissociation from the active site. Further studies revealed that activator dissociation from the APC/C is inhibited by substrate, and that substrates are not bound solely to activator during catalysis but interact bivalently with an additional binding site on the APC/C core.
Histology of herniations through the body wall and cuticle of zooplankton from the Laurentian Great Lakes.

Zooplankton of the Laurentian Great Lakes developed hernial protrusions whose gross appearance matches those on zooplankton described elsewhere in the world. We have carried out a histologic and cytologic analysis of the protrusions and found that they are composed of apparently degenerating or necrotic tissue(s) that has been expressed from the organism through the process of herniation. At their base the protrusions are continuous with viable tissue(s) within the organism through a fissure in the exoskeleton. Our observations lead us to suspect that these hernial protrusions are lethal. The development of such protrusions in zooplankton may be a worldwide phenomenon, but the cause of the herniation remains a mystery.
Heme oxygenase-1 upregulation modulates tone and fibroelastic properties of internal anal sphincter

A compromise in the internal anal sphincter (IAS) tone and fibroelastic properties (FEP) plays an important role in rectoanal incontinence. Herein, we examined the effects of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 ...
Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production in young and old F344 rats.

Abstract The steroid hormone intermediate, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), has been proposed as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of immunosenescence in mouse model. In the present study, the in vitro effect of DHEA on mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production was evaluated in a rat model. Spleen lymphocytes were isolated from young (4–6 months) and old (24–26 months) F344 rats and were incubated with DHEA for 30 min. The induction of lymphocyte proliferation, interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production by concanavalin A (Con A) was measured in a culture medium supplemented with either fetal calf serum (FCS) or with serum-free medium (Nutridoma-SR, N-SR). The induction of lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 production by Con A decreased significantly with age, whereas induction of IFN-γ increased with age. Treatment of lymphocytes with DHEA did not significantly alter Con A-induced proliferation or the production of IL-2 or IFN-γ by spleen lymphocytes isolated from either young or old rats. These data indicate that in vitro DHEA treatment appears to have no immunomodulatory effect on the age-related changes in mitogen-induced proliferation or cytokine production in rat lymphocytes.
Familial co-segregation of the elastin phenotype in skin fibroblasts from Hutchinson-Gilford progeria.

Abstract Elastin and type IV collagen production are markedly elevated in fibroblasts derived from the skin of patients with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria (HGP). Fibroblasts from three affected children and their parents were compared to normal human skin fibroblasts with respect to elastin production as a function of different concentrations of calf serum and the cytokines, transforming growth factor-beta and basic fibroblast growth factor (TGF-β1, bFGF). In cultured fibroblasts from the parents of probands that were very high elastin producers (> 105 molecular equivalents/cell per h), at least one parent (mother) presented the same phenotype. Overproduction of elastin in culture could have been due to increased sensitivity of HGP strains to stimuli present in serum; however, relative stimulation of elastin production by calf serum in cell strains from HGP elastin over-producers was less than half the control strain. In most of the culture examined, the responsiveness of elastin production to TGF-β1 was almost absent when compared to the response of normal fibroblasts. HGP strains with high elastin production modified conditioned medium to enhance elastin production in normal cells. These results suggest the presence, in HGP skin fibroblasts, of inheritance of high elastin production that is associated with accelerated aging.
Care meanings, expressions, and experiences of those with chronic mental illness

The care meanings, expressions, and experiences of those with a chronic mental illness living in the community were explored with use of Leininger's Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality and the Sunrise Model. Results indicate that people with chronic mental illness have identifiable values, norms, and lifeways that set them apart from the dominant culture. Cultural and social structure factors, ethnohistory, and environmental context influence their desired care. Nurses can use this knowledge to provide culturally congruent care in new ways to enhance the quality of life, productivity, and well-being of this subculture.
Genetic drift and the population history of the Irish travellers.

The Irish Travellers are an itinerant group in Ireland that has been socially isolated. Two hypotheses have been proposed concerning the genetic origin of the Travellers: (1) they are genetically related to Roma populations in Europe that share a nomadic lifestyle or (2) they are of Irish origin, and genetic differences from the rest of Ireland reflect genetic drift. These hypotheses were tested using data on 33 alleles from 12 red blood cell polymorphism loci. Comparison with other European, Roma, and Indian populations shows that the Travellers are genetically distinct from the Roma and Indian populations and most genetically similar to Ireland, in agreement with earlier genetic analyses of the Travellers. However, the Travellers are still genetically distinct from other Irish populations, which could reflect some external gene flow and/or the action of genetic drift in a small group that was descended from a small number of founders. In order to test the drift hypothesis, we analyzed genetic distances comparing the Travellers to four geographic regions in Ireland. These distances were then compared with adjusted distances that account for differential genetic drift using a method developed by Relethford (Hum Biol 68 (1996) 29–44). The unadjusted distances show the genetic distinctiveness of the Travellers. After adjustment for the expected effects of genetic drift, the Travellers are equidistant from the other Irish samples, showing their Irish origins and population history. The observed genetic differences are thus a reflection of genetic drift, and there is no evidence of any external gene flow. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Latchup-free fully-protected ESD protection circuit for input pad of submicron CMOS ICs

Abstract A latchup-free on-chip input ESD protection circuit with a concept of full protection against ESD damage is proposed. The four modes of ESD stresses on an input pad are one-by-one protected by four effective ESD discharging paths in this proposed ESD protection circuit to avoid unexpected ESD damage. This ESD protection circuit was included in a 0.8 μm cell library to successfully provide high ESD reliability for input pads of CMOS ASICs within a small layout area.
Fear of Crime and Fear of the Police

Based on a nationwide random sample survey, the relationship among fear of crime, fear of the police, support for the police, and support for civil liberties is examined. It is found, contrary to expectations, that fear of crime is only weakly related to either support for the police or protection from them. Fear of the police, however, is strongly related to both.
The gas and liquid solubility relations in hydrocarbon‐water systems

The typical solubility boundaries of binary simple hydrocarbon-water systems are outlined for temperatures and pressures ranging into the neighborhood of the critical point for pure water. These systems are characterized by two unique states, a critical vaporization end point and a critical solution end point. The former defines the limit of mutual solubility of two liquid phases, and the latter defines a point of complete solubility at a minimum pressure. Experimental P-T-x data for cyclohexane-water and n-hexane–water mixtures are presented.
A new analytical method for the heat conduction across a bent plate

Abstract Due to the complicated geometry, the heat conduction across a bent plate has never been treated analytically before. In this paper we utilize an intrinsic coordinate system in order to obtain the temperature profile by perturbations. The curvature of the plate tends to decrease the local temperature in the vicinity of the bend.
Let-7 Prevents Early Cancer Progression by Suppressing Expression of the Embryonic Gene HMGA2

The microRNA let-7 regulates late embryonic development by suppressing expression of a number of genes such as c-myc and RAS as well as the embryonic gene high mobility group, A2 (HMGA2). We now demonstrate that HMGA2 is more efficiently targeted by let-7 than RAS. Its expression inversely correlates with the expression of let-7 in the NCI60 cells lines, and the expression of RAS does not change when amounts of let-7 that efficiently silence expression of HMGA2 are introduced into tumor cells. We did not find a difference in the expression of HMGA2 between primary ovarian cancer samples and matching metastases, suggesting that the expression of HMGA2 represents an early event during cancer progression. The late repression of HMGA2 by let-7 during embryonic development, and the early reexpression of HMGA2 during cancer development, is in line with the hypothesis that cancer development represents a case of reverse embryogenesis.
Plasminogen activator in human periodontal health and disease

Plasminogen activators, proteases associated with the fibrinolytic system, also play a major part in extravascular processes such as tissue remodelling, cell migration and activation of prohormones, growth factors and other proteases. It is likely that plasminogen activators participate in the pathophysiology of periodontal disease. Plasminogen activator has been identified in human gingival crevicular fluid in a concentration 100-fold greater than in plasma. The local activity of plasminogen activator in gingival tissues was examined and changes detected in its distribution in relation to the extent of disease. Frozen sections from human gingival biopsies were overlaid on fibrin-coated slides; tissue-type plasminogen activator activity was found in all samples. Focal activity was observed in healthy tissue, originating from the most superficial cells of the junctional epithelium. Biopsies of clinically healthy sites obtained 6 weeks after treatment for periodontitis also showed epithelial plasminogen activator activity localized to this area. In contrast, in diseased tissue the entire epithelium lining the periodontal pocket showed activity. This differential pattern of activity in health and disease is consistent with the hypothesis that plasminogen activator is a modulator of periodontal homeostasis.
Duress detection for authentication attacks against multiple administrators

An authentication system is duress-resistant if it allows a user or system administrator to covertly send a silent alarm during the login process, indicating that they are being forced to authenticate against their will. The adversary knows that the system has this feature, e.g., if two passwords are used (one normal and one duress) then the adversary will demand from a victim both passwords. We require that the adversary is not able to distinguish a non-cooperating victim from a cooperating victim, even if there are multiple victims some of whom cooperate while others do not. To avoid a false alarm, we also require that the probability of a user accidentally sending a duress signal (e.g., through typos) is small. After arguing that existing techniques are inadequate for such requirements, we present our design and implementation of a duress-resistant authentication system that can be used by any number of administrators and users. Our system is compatible with existing authentication systems, and can be implemented as an augmentation of their capabilities that does not require modification of their internals.
Concurrent Medical and Psychiatric Disorders among Schizophrenic and Neurotic Outpatients.

The records of two groups of patients (358 schizophrenics and 69 neurotics), attending the community mental health center of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, were reviewed to assess the extent and severity of reported medical problems. Results indicate that 38% of the schizophrenics and 53% of the neurotics report medical problems, but schizophrenics present with serious medical problems more often than do the neurotics. The authors draw attention to the need for properly assessing the severity of these medial problems and for adequately coordinating psychiatric and medical care. Strategies to overcome these difficulties are suggested.
Ovarian steroids and premenstrual symptoms: A comparison of group differences and intra-individual patterns

To examine the relationship of gonadal hormone and symptom patterns across the menstrual cycle, women screened for 2-3 cycles completed an intensive study cycle; 26 had a low-severity symptoms (LS), 20, a premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and 26, a premenstrual magnification pattern (PMM). All completed daily symptom diaries and collected late afternoon urine samples which were assayed for pregnanediol and estradiol for that cycle. The PMS and PMM groups had significantly more positive cross-correlations of pregnanediol and symptoms than the LS group. Women in all groups had similar levels of estradiol and pregnanediol. Women with PMS and PMM patterns responded to progesterone differently than women with LS patterns: thus the former groups may not benefit from hormone therapies.
Effects of Oxytocin upon the Reproductive Tract of the Lactating Bovine

Summary Twenty-four lactating, multiparous Holstein and Jersey cows were used in the study. Twelve cows were injected with 200 and 150 USP units, respectively, of oxytocin (P.O.P.) for 42 days; the other 12 cows received nothing and served as controls. Average intervals from parturition to uterine involution were 41.0 and 42.7 days; to ovulation, 27.5 and 24.7 days; to first estrus, 41.3 and 40.9 days, for the treated and untreated groups, respectively. Daily injections of 400 USP units of P.O.P. from Day 0–4, inclusive, of the estrous cycle had no effect upon the langth of diestrus in 13 multiparous, lactating Holstein cows. Conception rates were not affected by treatments.
Revisiting the Relationship between Economic Growth and Government Size

The purpose of this paper is to explore the association between government size and economic growth in the United States using time-series data over the period 1950–2007. In particular, this paper examines the effects of two key components of government expenditure, namely, government consumption and government investment, on US economic growth. A simultaneous-equation model is used to deal with the problem of bi-directional relationship between government size and economic growth. The results suggest that an increase in government consumption slows economic growth, while a rise in government investment enhances economic growth. Furthermore, the results also show that government investment crowds out private investment. Therefore, the overall effect of total government expenditure on economic growth is ambiguous.
Interplay of topological surface and bulk electronic states in Bi 2Se3

In this paper we present scanning tunneling microscopy density-of-states measurements and electronic structure calculations of the topological insulator Bi${}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$. The measurements show significant background states in addition to the expected Dirac cone. Density-functional calculations using a slab model and analysis of the partial density of states show that the background is consistent with bulklike states with small amplitudes at the surface. The topological surface states coexist with bulklike states in the valence band, appearing as a shoulder in the projected band structure. These results strongly support the picture suggested by recent scattering experiments of the quantum interference of topological and bulklike surface states.
Notch Strengthening and Its Impact on the Deformation and Fracture of 316L Stainless Steel

316L stainless steel has been widely used for structural component applications in irradiation environments. The impact of manufacturing or service-induced defects on material tensile response and fracture behavior has been a longstanding concern. In this study, electron backscattering diffraction and finite element methods have been utilized to examine and model the tensile response of 316L stainless steel with different notch geometries. The tensile response is influenced by twinning at room temperature, while it is completely absent at temperatures higher than 200°C. In addition, irradiation exposure increases the yield point of the material and reduces the ductility. It is found that the larger plastic deformation area and severe tip blunting in ductile, unirradiated material promote uniformly distributed post-yield strain hardening processes. In this case, fracture initiates internally for tensile and C-notched specimen geometries, but from the notch tip for sharp V-notched specimen geometries. When irradiation-induced hardening is considered, similar fracture modes are found, however, strains to fracture are significantly reduced.
Observations of Atmospheric Structure and Dynamics in the Owens Valley of California with a Ground-Based, Eye-Safe, Scanning Aerosol Lidar*

Abstract First results are presented from the deployment of the NCAR Raman-Shifted Eye-Safe Aerosol Lidar (REAL) in the Owens Valley of California during the Terrain-Induced Rotor Experiment (T-REX) in March and April 2006. REAL operated in range–height indicator (RHI) and plan position indicator (PPI) scanning modes to observe the vertical and horizontal structures of the aerosol and cloud distribution in a broad valley in the lee of a tall mountain range. The scans produce two-dimensional cross sections that when animated produce time-lapse visualizations of the microscale and mesoscale atmospheric structures and dynamics. The 2-month dataset includes a wide variety of interesting atmospheric phenomena. When the synoptic-scale flow is strong and westerly, the lidar data reveal mountain-induced waves, hydraulic jumps, and rotorlike circulations that lift aerosols to altitudes of more than 2 km above the valley. Shear instabilities occasionally leading to breaking waves were observed in cloud and aerosol ...
‘Nice cape, super faggot!’ Male adolescent identity crises in young adult graphic novels

In recent years, a focus has arisen on the difficulty young men experience during adolescence and the pressures they encounter from both institutional and cultural sources. Authors of graphic novels for young adults have engaged the topic with works that detail the experiences of adolescent males struggling with the demands of what Connell has identified as hegemonic masculinity practices. The novels we examine each feature an adolescent male protagonist who occupies a marginalized position within larger hegemonic masculine frameworks and over the course of the novel gains a more acute awareness of this marginalization. This awareness instigates a move by the character towards a more developed gender identity position. In this article, we will examine these notable contemporary graphic novels in relation to broader cultural and gendered forces, which provide a fascinating lens into current gender discourses as well as insight into the difficult choices many adolescent males face.
Energetically optimal stride frequency in running: the effects of incline and decline

SUMMARY At a given running speed, humans strongly prefer to use a stride frequency near their ‘optimal’ stride frequency that minimizes metabolic cost. Although there is no definitive explanation for why an optimal stride frequency exists, elastic energy usage has been implicated. Because the possibility for elastic energy storage and return may be impaired on slopes, we investigated whether and how the optimal stride frequency changes during uphill and downhill running. Presuming a smaller role of elastic energy, we hypothesized that altering stride frequency would change metabolic cost less during uphill and downhill running than during level running. To test this hypothesis, we collected force and metabolic data as nine male subjects ran at 2.8 m s –1 on the level, 3 deg uphill and 3 deg downhill. Stride frequency was systematically varied above and below preferred stride frequency (PSF ±8% and ±15%). Ground reaction force data were used to calculate potential, kinetic and total mechanical energy, and to calculate the theoretical maximum possible and estimated actual elastic energy storage and return. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that neither the overall relationship between metabolic cost and stride frequency nor the energetically optimal stride frequency changed substantially with slope. However, estimated actual elastic energy storage as a percentage of total positive power increased with increasing stride frequency on all slopes, indicating that muscle power decreases with increasing stride frequency. Combined with the increased cost of force production and internal work with increasing stride frequency, this leads to an intermediate optimal stride frequency and overall U-shaped curve.
Changes in the Nutrient Content of American Diets

As obesity and being overweight continue to increase in the United States, public concern is growing about the quality of American diets. We compare the changes in nutrients contributed by major food groups in the periods 1953-1980 and 1981-2008 and find that there is reduced cholesterol intake and increased calcium intake, but the levels of food energy and total fats increase substantially. To understand how economic factors affect the overall nutritional quality of American diets, we estimate a complete food demand system and conduct a nutrient demand analysis. Among our findings, we conclude that some price manipulations such as subsidizing fruits and vegetables could be effective to increase produce consumption, but the effects of taxing fats to reduce the consumption of fats could be limited. Increasing income would improve intakes of nutrients such as calcium and various vitamins (likely now insufficient), but intakes of nutrients such as energy, saturated fats, and cholesterol (likely now excessive) would also rise with increased income.
The influence of estrogens on thyroid function as measured by uptake of radio-active iodine.

SummaryUptake of tracer doses of I131 by rats' thyroids was not influenced by ovariectomy or by administration of estrogenic hormone.
Optimization of the piston geometry of a diesel engine using a two-spray-angle nozzle:

The objective of this research was to optimize a light-duty diesel engine in order to minimize the soot, nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and unburned hydrocarbon emissions, and the peak pressure rise rate while minimizing the gross indicated specific fuel consumption (GISFC) in a low-oxygen low-temperature environment. The variables considered were the injection timings, the fractional amount of fuel per injection, the swirl, and the piston geometry. The KIVA-CHEMKIN code (a multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics program with detailed chemistry) was used and was coupled to a multi-objective genetic algorithm, together with an automated grid generator.A unique two-spray-angle nozzle (2SAN) was explored. This nozzle allows both the lower and the upper portions of the bowl to be targeted simultaneously. With the 2SAN, stepped-bowl piston, and split-injection strategy, the NOx and soot emissions and the GISFC were further reduced in comparison with well-performing cases that used a single-...