cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-plane scatterometry of small caliber blood column

The scattering of He-Ne laser light incident on a flowing column of whole human blood has been measured and analyzed. An automated scatterometer whose sample chamber simulates a small caliber blood vessel was used to perform the measurements and is described. Angular scattered light distributions due to flowing blood columns for two independently varied parameters, blood oxygenation and hemoglobin concentration, are presented. It is found that the dependence of the scattering distribution on blood oxygenation is minimal while the dependence on hemoglobin concentration is strong. A nominally transparent sample of human plasma has also been investigated to quantify its scattering characteristics. The whole blood scattering results are compared to theoretical predictions obtained using a Monte Carlo simulation employing the Mie single particle phase function and macroscopic transport coefficients obtained from published literature. The best correlation was found when the largest published scattering coefficient was employed in the simulation. However, a strong correlation between the measured and predicted scattering distributions was only obtained when unphysically high values of the scattering coefficient were used in the simulation.
AN EXPLORATION OF POTENTIALLY PROBLEMATIC ADAPTIVE TESTS

For mass administration of linear paper-and-pencil tests, subsequent to each administration it is routine to evaluate the test forms delivered. With computerized adaptive tests, in which the number of test-takers receiving a given set of items is kept intentionally small, methods of post-administration evaluation are less obvious. Sets of rules (flags) for screening large numbers of adaptive test records were developed in an attempt to identify potentially problematic adaptive tests. Experiments were performed that involved modifications of adaptive test design variables, as well as the exploration of improvements to the item resources available, in order to attempt to reduce the number of flagged test-taker records. The most successful of these experiments indicated that improving item resources is the most effective means of enhancing the functioning of adaptive tests.
Low-Order Aberration Sensitivity of Eighth-Order Coronagraph Masks

In a recent paper, Kuchner, Crepp, and Ge describe new image-plane coronagraph mask designs that reject to eighth order the leakage of starlight caused by image motion at the mask, resulting in a substantial relaxation of image centroiding requirements compared to previous fourth-order and second-order masks. They also suggest that the new masks are effective at rejecting leakage caused by low-order aberrations (e.g., focus, coma, and astigmatism). In this paper, we derive the sensitivity of eighth-order masks to aberrations of any order and provide simulations of coronagraph behavior in the presence of optical aberrations.We find that the masks leak light as the fourth power of focus, astigmatism, coma, and trefoil. This has tremendous performance advantages for the Terrestrial Planet Finder Coronagraph.
Stability of interfaces in solar energy materials

Abstract This paper is a review of various methods for interface analysis and how they are or could be used for studying the stability of interfaces in solar energy materials. First, a brief overview is given that explains why interfaces are crucially important for developing long-life, cost-effective, multilayer, polycrystalline-thin-film stacks for solar energy conversion systems (SECS). Second, broad categories of characterization methods, approaches and processes in interface science are reviewed and related to studies required for components in SECS, in which the importance of compositional analysis of interfaces is emphasized. These include surface area, real and clean surfaces, structure and topography, interface composition or purity, surface thermodynamics, equilibrium shape, diffusion, amount adsorbed and nature of adsorbate/solid interactions. Third, an overview is given for the solar-related research needs and opportunities in various topical areas in interface science. These topics include thin films; grain, phase and interface boundaries; oxidation and corrosion; adhesion; chemisorption, catalysis and surface processes; abrasion and erosion; photon-assisted surface reactions and photoelectrochemistry; and interface characterization methods. Finally, a brief review will be given concerning interface methods being used to approach typical current problems with reflector, polymeric, absorber and PV cell interfaces.
Growth and characterization of hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin films from SiH2 radical precursor: Atomic-scale analysis

Molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) film growth on an initially H-terminated Si(001)-(2×1) substrate at T=500 K was studied through repeated impingement of SiH2 radicals to elucidate the effects of this species on the structural quality of the deposited films. A detailed analysis of the radical–surface interaction trajectories revealed the important reactions contributing to film growth. These reactions include (i) adsorption of SiH2 onto the deposition surface, (ii) insertion of SiH2 into surface Si–Si bonds, (iii) surface dimerization of adsorbed SiH2 groups, (iv) formation of polysilane chains and islands, (SiH2)n, n⩾2, on the surface, (v) formation of higher surface hydrides through the exchange of hydrogen, and (vi) dangling-bond-mediated dissociation of surface hydrides. The MD simulations of a-Si:H film growth predict an overall surface reaction probability of 39% for the SiH2 radical. Structural and chemical characterization of the deposited films was car...
Comparing Linear Free Energy Relationships for Organic Chemicals in Soils: Effects of Soil and Solute Properties

Sorption isotherm data were determined for a set of 8 aromatic organic compounds with varying physical chemical properties in three soils with organic matter of differing quantity and composition. ...
Polarization and Legitimacy in Latin America

This article examines the trends of democratic transformation in Latin America, focusing on the notion that transitions there occurred despite the absence of the accepted cultural and economic preconditions for democracy. Radical leftist guerrilla movements historically inspired by Castro and the Dependencia politics that infiltrated the continent in the 1950s and 1960s were challenged by rightist military doctrines based on the national duty to protect the country and install order. This ideological polarization served as the ultimate impetus for moderation in policies on the continent. Sigmund is optimistic that the new consensus of conservatives, liberals, Catholics, and Marxists has made prospects for democracy in the region more positive now than at any time in history.
Changes in functional bladder capacity and bed-wetting during and after retention control training: a case study

Changes in functional bladder capacity and frequency of bed-wetting were recorded during retention control training with a 42 month old girl. Bladder capacity increased and remained above baseline levels. Bed-wetting decreased and did not occur during the last eight weeks of a 14 week follow-up period.
A Synthetic Document Image Dataset for Developing and Evaluating Historical Document Processing Methods

Document images accompanied by OCR output text and ground truth transcriptions are useful for developing and evaluating document recognition and processing methods, especially for historical document images. Additionally, research into improving the performance of such methods often requires further annotation of training and test data (e.g., topical document labels). However, transcribing and labeling historical documents is expensive. As a result, existing real-world document image datasets with such accompanying resources are rare and often relatively small. We introduce synthetic document image datasets of varying levels of noise that have been created from standard (English) text corpora using an existing document degradation model applied in a novel way. Included in the datasets is the OCR output from real OCR engines including the commercial ABBYY FineReader and the open-source Tesseract engines. These synthetic datasets are designed to exhibit some of the characteristics of an example real-world document image dataset, the Eisenhower Communiqu´es. The new datasets also benefit from additional metadata that exist due to the nature of their collection and prior labeling efforts. We demonstrate the usefulness of the synthetic datasets by training an existing multi-engine OCR correction method on the synthetic data and then applying the model to reduce word error rates on the historical document dataset. The synthetic datasets will be made available for use by other researchers.
Reconstruction of Ross' linear-mixing model for the equation of state of deuterium

Abstract The linear mixing (LM) model proposed by Ross [Phys. Rev. B 58 (1998) 669] can accurately reproduce experimental Hugoniot data for shocked liquid deuterium at pressures up to 6 Mbar. Using a simple dissociation scheme, the model smoothly interpolates between (or linearly “mixes”) a molecular fluid equation of state (EOS) applicable at low pressures, and a metallic-like description valid under more extreme conditions, with the relative composition of the mixture determined by minimizing the total Helmholtz free energy of the system. Although the formulation of the LM model is straightforward, it nevertheless involves a series of nontrivial computations and results whose details are fragmented in the published literature. We present an explicit and self-contained reconstruction of the LM model, and correct minor typographical errors that appeared in the original publications. Limitations of Ross' approach and comparisons with popular alternate theories are also discussed, although no attempt is made to conduct a thorough survey of existing EOS models for deuterium. Listings of the Mathematica codes used to compute the principal Hugoniot curve, and equilibrium thermodynamic quantities such as the specific heat, Gruneisen coefficient, and sound speed, are provided in the appendices.
Continuous intravenous epoprostenol therapy for pulmonary hypertension in Gaucher's disease.

Gaucher's disease is a rare disorder characterized by a deficiency of lysosomal β-glucosidase. Pulmonary hypertension, the etiology of which is unclear, has been reported to occur in association with Gaucher's disease. We report the use of continuous intravenous epoprostenol (prostacyclin), which has been used to treat other forms of pulmonary hypertension, in a patient with pulmonary hypertension associated with Gaucher's disease. Although its mechanism of action remains unknown, epoprostenol may be an effective form of therapy for chronic pulmonary hypertension due to a variety of conditions, one of which is Gaucher's disease.
Magnetic properties of transition-metal multilayers studied with x-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy

The detailed understanding of the magnetic properties of transition-metal multilayers requires the use of state-of-the-art experimental techniques. Over the last few years, the X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) technique has evolved into an important magnetometry tool. This paper is an overview of the principles and unique strengths of the technique. Aspects covered include the quantitative determination of element-specific spin and orbital magnetic moments and their anisotropies through sumrule analyses of experimental spectra. A discussion is presented on how the spin and orbital magnetic moments in transition-metal thin films and sandwiches are modified relative to the bulk. We show that a thin film of a nonmagnetic metal such as Cu may become magnetically active when adjacent to a magnetic layer, and a thin film of a ferromagnetic metal such as Fe may become magnetically inactive. The orbital moment is found to become anisotropic in thin films; it can be regarded as the microscopic origin of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy.
Radio iodine; its use as a tool in the study of thyroid physiology.

WITH the discovery of artificial radioactivity by Joliot and Curie (1), the building of the cyclotron by Lawrence and his associates (2, 3), and the development of the uranium chain reacting pile (4), the physicists have offered to biologists and physicians valuable tools for the study of intermediary metabolism. Indeed, the discovery of radioactive tracer techniques has been likened in importance (5, 6) to the invention of the microscope. The particular advantage of studies with these techniques lies in their applicability to the investigation of metabolic processes in physiologic equilibrium. As Marine (7, 8, 9, 10) and his associates demonstrated in 1915 and 1916, the thyroid gland is unique in that it has the ability to collect iodine selectively in relatively large quantities. It is, therefore, not surprising that studies with the radioactive isotopes of iodine have proved readily applicable and illuminating in the study of thyroid physiology.
Modeling Determinants of White Racial Identity: Results from a New National Survey

White racial identity is central to whiteness studies. In order to further explore this key concept, this research uses new national survey data to model determinants of white racial identity. This article analyzes how prejudice, views on diversity and beliefs about America impact the importance of racial identity for whites. The data I use come from the American Mosaic Project Survey, a nationally representative, telephone survey (N = 2,081). This research adds to previous work in whiteness studies by using national survey data to measure and analyze white racial identity. This research also makes an important methodological contribution to race relations research by bringing concepts from whiteness directly into the arena of large-scale survey research. Finally, I discuss the duality of white racial identity in terms of its defensive and progressive components and the implications of this duality for future research.
Percutaneous delivery of low-level laser energy reverses histamine-induced spasm in atherosclerotic Yucatan microswine.

BACKGROUNDPrevious in vitro experiments performed in our laboratory have shown that low-level laser energy may produce prompt reduction in isometric tension of vascular smooth muscle. The present study was designed to extend these previous in vitro findings to an in vivo model and thereby investigate the hypothesis that laser light delivered percutaneously in vivo could successfully reverse arterial spasm.METHODS AND RESULTSSpasm defined as greater than 50% reversible reduction in luminal diameter persisting for greater than or equal to 5 minutes was successfully provoked by injection of histamine (100-400 micrograms/kg) in 13 arteries among 10 atherosclerotic Yucatan microswine; the magnitude of histamine-induced vasoconstriction was then documented angiographically by repeated injections of contrast media for as long as 30 minutes (controls). After return of angiographic luminal diameter to baseline, spasm was reproduced with a second injection of histamine into the same artery. Representative wavelengt...
Sampling challenges posed by continental-scale soil landscape modeling

Limited research exists to guide the development of continental-scale field sampling approaches. We developed a method to compare different sampling schemes designed for continental-scale environmental analysis. Using simulated annealing, we produced hypothetical soil property surfaces for the conterminous United States. The surfaces exhibited varying degrees of polygonality and conditioning by existing soil datasets. Differences in mean between a gridded sample and a polygon-centered sample were evaluated using randomization and other statistical tests. We saw a weak evidence in support of the hypothesis that if a polygonal structure exists in a surface being sampled, then it should be utilized during the actual sampling routine. We saw a somewhat stronger evidence for the hypothesis that differences in local sample density across a continental trend surface can lead to significant sampling bias. Ultimately, the success of different sampling strategies designed for use in continental-scale environmental analysis will largely depend on the ability to anticipate the spatial variability of the variable being measured.
Delineation of the role of metabolism in the hepatotoxicity of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene: a dose-effect study.

Abstract The relationships among dose, metabolism and hepatotoxicity in mice which resulted from subchronic exposure to the chlorinated solvents trichloroethylene (TRI) and perchloroethylene (PER) were examined. Male Swiss-Cox mice received either TRI (0 to 3200 mg/kg/day) or PER (0 to 2000 mg/kg/day) in corn oil by gavage for 6 weeks. Urinary metabolites from individual mice were quantified to estimate the extent to which each compound was metabolized. Four parameters of hepatotoxicity were assessed: liver weight, triglycerides, glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) activity, and SGPT activity, TRI significantly affected liver weight and G6P activity; PER affected all four parameters. The metabolism of TRI was linearly related to dose through 1600 mg/kg, but then became saturated. The metabolism of PER was saturable. The dose-effect curves of the affected hepatotoxicity parameters of both compounds were nonlinear and resembled the dose-metabolism graph of the corresponding solvent. Plots of the hepatotoxicity data of each compound against total urinary metabolites were linear in all cases, suggesting that the hepatotoxicity of both PER and TRI in mice is directly related to the extent of their metabolism. This pattern is consistent with formation of the toxic intermediate in the primary metabolic pathway of each compound.
Regulation of oxysterol 7α‐hydroxylase (CYP7B1) in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes

Conversion of cholesterol into 7alpha-hydroxylated bile acids is a principal pathway of cholesterol disposal. Cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) is the initial and rate-determining enzyme in the "classic" pathway of bile acid synthesis. An "alternative" pathway of bile acid synthesis is initiated by sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27) with subsequent 7alpha-hydroxylation of 27-hydroxycholesterol by oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7B1). The regulation of CYP7B1, possibly a rate-determining enzyme in the alternative pathway, has not been thoroughly studied. The aims of this study were to (1) study the regulation of liver CYP7B1 by bile acids, cholesterol, adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) in primary rat hepatocytes and (2) determine the effect of CYP7B1 overexpression on rates of bile acid synthesis. The effects of different bile acids (3-150 micromol/L), cAMP (50 micromol/L), PMA (100 nmol/L; protein kinase C stimulator), cholesterol (200 micromol/L), and squalestatin (1 micromol/L; cholesterol synthesis inhibitor) on CYP7B1 expression in primary rat hepatocytes were studied. Taurocholic acid and taurodeoxycholic acid decreased CYP7B1 activity by 45% +/- 10% and 36% +/- 7%, respectively. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid did not alter CYP7B1 activity. Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis with squalestatin decreased CYP7B1 activity by 35%, whereas addition of cholesterol increased activity by 39%. Both PMA and cAMP decreased CYP7B1 activity by 60% and 34%, respectively, in a time-dependent fashion. Changes in CYP7B1 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels correlated with changes in specific activities. Overexpression of CYP7B1 led to a marked increase in CYP7B1 mRNA levels and specific activity but no change in rates of bile acid synthesis. In conclusion, in the rat, CYP7B1 specific activity is highly regulated but does not seem to be rate limiting for bile acid synthesis.
Monte Carlo studies of the internal energy and specific heat of a classical Heisenberg spin glass

Abstract We present data obtained from Monte Carlo studies of the Edwards-Anderson model of a classical Heisenberg spin glass. The internal energy is calculated for a 10 × 10 × 10 array. The specific heat, obtained from the temperature derivative of the internal energy, has a rounded peak at slightly less than one half the mean field transition temperature.
Morphological and histological differences in the development of dwarf mutants of sexual and somatic origin in diverse woody taxa

Morphological and histological observations were made on eight dwarf mutants arising either as seedlings from sexual reproduction or from somatic bud mutations (witches'-brooms in the crowns of normal trees). The most predominate morphological trait contributing to the expression of dwarfism in all taxa was the reduction of final internode lengths along the shoot axis. In taxa of sexual origin, with the exception of Prunus, there was a consistent reduction in the number of preformed leaves contained in the winter buds. In addition, in two taxa (Liquidambar and Tsuga) there was an almost complete absence of neoformed leaves and sylleptic branches on current year shoots. Conversely, in mutants of somatic origin there was no apparent reduction in the number of preformed leaves. Genetic dwarfness in this group resulted solely from decreases in final internode length. Significant differences in the cellular basis of dwarfism between mutants of different genetic origins are clearly evident. In dwarf trees arising from sexual reproduction, reduction in final internode length is attributed predominately to inhibition of mitotic activity in developing internodes resulting in highly significant decreases in final cell number, and not cell length. In mutants of somatic origin, the reduction in length of mature internodes results from a decrease in final cell length, rather than a decrease in cell number. Physiological mechanisms associated with the genetic expression of these morphogenetic differences are suggested.
Vibrational correction to the calculation of the Compton profile of H2

Abstract The Compton profile of H 2 is calculated, with and without a vibrational effect included, using a Wang wavefunction. It is found that the anharmonicity of the H 2 potential energy curve causes a 1% increase in J ( q ) at low electron momentum.
A cobaloxime-mediated synthesis of the ras farnesyl-protein transferase inhibitor chaetomellic acid A

Abstract A short and efficient synthesis of chaetomellic acid A anhydride ( 2 ) is reported utilizing a doubly chemoselective cross coupling of myristyl cobaloxime with citraconic anhydride and diphenyl disulfide as the key step. Sulfide oxidation followed by syn elimination provides 2 in 64% overall yield starting from myristyl bromide. Basic hydrolysis of 2 is known to provide chaetomellic acid A dianion ( 3 ), the biologically active form.
The Efficacy of Antioxidants Administered during Low Temperature Storage of Warm Ischemic Kidney Tissue Slices

Accumulation of products of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, conjugated dienes, lipid peroxides, and Schiff bases) was evaluated in rabbit kidney cortex slices made ischemic for 60 min followed by 18 h storage at 5 degrees C in UW Na gluconate solution and 210 min normothermic reoxygenated incubation. In addition, the effect of adding Trolox (1 mM), deferoxamine (1 mM), and ascorbate (1 mM) as supplemental antioxidants to the UW gluconate solution was evaluated. Lipid peroxidation was slightly increased after hypothermic storage compared to slices subjected to ischemia alone but was not significantly different than ischemic slices during subsequent incubation at normothermia. The addition of either deferoxamine or Trolox to the storage solution substantially reduced lipid peroxidation both during hypothermic storage and subsequent to normothermic incubation. Ascorbate had a mild prooxidant effect as a sole additive to the UW gluconate solution but was clearly prooxidant when combined with either deferoxamine or Trolox. These results suggest that supplemental antioxidants added to the UW gluconate solution under conditions analogous to machine perfusion preservation have a potential role in reducing oxidative stress in kidney tissues harvested after warm ischemia and that hypothermia may be a valuable adjunct to resuscitative therapeutic regimens developed for salvage of ischemic kidneys for transplantation.
Digital up conversion VS IQ modulation using a wideband arbitrary waveform generator

In many applications, including radar, EW and SIGINT, the modulation bandwidth requirements are constantly increasing, but at the same time excellent signal fidelity is necessary and distortions have to be kept at a minimum.
Lateral migration of spherical particles in porous flow channels: application to membrane filtration

Abstract Lateral migration of spherical rigid neutrally buoyant particles moving in a laminar flow field in a porous channel is induced by an inertial lift force (tubular-pinch effect) and by a permeation drag force due to convection into the porous walls. The analysis of Cox and Brenner [7], for the particle motion in a nonporous duct is extended to include the effect of the wall porosity. Criteria are established under which the inertial and permeation drag force in the lateral direction can be vectorially added. Particle trajectories and concentrations profiles are calculated for a plane Poiseuille flow with one porous wall. For particles with radius of 1 μm, inertial and permeation drag forces are of comparable size under flow conditions often met in ultra- and hyperfiltration of dilute suspensions. For smaller particles the permeation drag force dominates.
Noninvasive brain stimulation: the potential for use in the rehabilitation of pediatric acquired brain injury

Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) offers the potential to modulate neural activity and recovery after acquired brain injury. There are few studies of NIBS in children, but a survey of those studies might provide insight into the potential for NIBS to modulate motor rehabilitation, seizures, and behavior in children. We surveyed the published literature prior to July 2014 for articles pertaining to children and NIBS with a focus on case series or trials. We also reviewed selected articles involving adults to illustrate specific points where the literature in children is lacking. A limited number of articles suggest that NIBS can transiently improve motor function. The evidence for an effect on seizures is mixed. Two open-label studies reported improvement of mood in adolescents with depression. NIBS may serve as a tool for pediatric neurorehabilitation, but many gaps in our knowledge must be filled before NIBS can be adopted as a clinical intervention. To move forward, the field needs adequately powered trials that can answer these questions. Such trials will be challenging to perform, will likely require multicenter collaboration, and may need to adopt novel trial designs that have been used with rare disorders.
An estimation of the decision models of senior IS managers when evaluating the external quality of organizational software

The increased usage of software in large corporations, coupled with the explosion in software availability has made it important to evaluate software quality (SQ) from the point of view of its consumers. In this study, we focus on the external quality (quality from the point of view of the consumer) of off-the-shelf software used in large corporations. We refine external software quality into four factors. Next, we utilize conjoint analysis (CA) to study the relative values of these factors in the decision models of senior IS managers, when evaluating software for use by their organization. Our results indicate that software used in large corporations today has evolved, so that, contrary to earlier studies that indicate learnability and features as important, it is now the reliability of the software that is the primary factor in IS managers' decision models. The findings have implications for IS theory, and provide guidelines for resource allocation for software developers, IS managers, researchers in the area of software reliability and designers of IS curricula.
Vortex motion in wall-bounded viscous flow

A factor of general interest in a broad class of wall-bounded flows is the dynamic evolution of vortical structures through the flow. The structures are three-dimensional, and an overall mathematical description of such entities has not yet been formulated. One of the objectives of the present investigation is concerned with the establishment of a framework, based on first principles, which may form a basis for more detailed analytical studies. Another aim is related to the establishment of boundary and initial conditions in numerical experiments. The mathematical framework employed involves the method of matched asymptotic expansions, and an inner solution field is constructed which consists of a two-dimensional vortical structure. The outer solution field is taken to be an otherwise undisturbed laminar two-dimensional parallel or self-similar viscous flowfield.
Lensfree on-chip microscopy over a wide field-of-view using pixel super-resolution

We demonstrate lensfree holographic microscopy on a chip to achieve approximately 0.6 microm spatial resolution corresponding to a numerical aperture of approximately 0.5 over a large field-of-view of approximately 24 mm2. By using partially coherent illumination from a large aperture (approximately 50 microm), we acquire lower resolution lensfree in-line holograms of the objects with unit fringe magnification. For each lensfree hologram, the pixel size at the sensor chip limits the spatial resolution of the reconstructed image. To circumvent this limitation, we implement a sub-pixel shifting based super-resolution algorithm to effectively recover much higher resolution digital holograms of the objects, permitting sub-micron spatial resolution to be achieved across the entire sensor chip active area, which is also equivalent to the imaging field-of-view (24 mm2) due to unit magnification. We demonstrate the success of this pixel super-resolution approach by imaging patterned transparent substrates, blood smear samples, as well as Caenoharbditis Elegans.
Verification of the Solar Dynamics Observatory High Gain Antenna Pointing Algorithm Using Flight Data

The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), launched in 2010, is a NASA-designed spacecraft built to study the Sun. SDO has tight pointing requirements and instruments that are sensitive to spacecraft jitter. Two High Gain Antennas (HGAs) are used to continuously send science data to a dedicated ground station. Preflight analysis showed that jitter resulting from motion of the HGAs was a cause for concern. Three jitter mitigation techniques were developed and implemented to overcome effects of jitter from different sources. These mitigation techniques include: the random step delay, stagger stepping, and the No Step Request (NSR). During the commissioning phase of the mission, a jitter test was performed onboard the spacecraft, in which various sources of jitter were examined to determine their level of effect on the instruments. During the HGA portion of the test, the jitter amplitudes from the single step of a gimbal were examined, as well as the amplitudes due to the execution of various gimbal rates. The jitter levels were compared with the gimbal jitter allocations for each instrument. The decision was made to consider implementing two of the jitter mitigating techniques on board the spacecraft: stagger stepping and the NSR. Flight data with and without jitter mitigation enabled was examined, and it is shown in this paper that HGA tracking is not negatively impacted with the addition of the jitter mitigation techniques. Additionally, the individual gimbal steps were examined, and it was confirmed that the stagger stepping and NSRs worked as designed. An Image Quality Test was performed to determine the amount of cumulative jitter from the reaction wheels, HGAs, and instruments during various combinations of typical operations. The HGA-induced jitter on the instruments is well within the jitter requirement when the stagger step and NSR mitigation options are enabled.
CO2 induced climatic change and spectral variations in the outgoing terrestrial infrared radiation

The published temperature changes produced in general circulation model simulations of CO 2 induced climate modification are used to compute the top of the atmosphere, clear sky outgoing infrared radiance changes expected for doubled CO 2 . A significant wavenumber shift is produced, with less radiance emerging in the 500-800 cm (20.0-12.5 μm) CO 2 band and with more emerging in the 800-1200 cm (12.5-8.3 μm) window. The effect varies greatly with latitude. The radiance shift in the 2300 cm (4.3 μm) region is of the order of 10-30% for doubled CO 2 . It is suggested that the 2300 cm region be carefully monitored as an aid in detecting the climatic effects of increasing CO 2 . The change in the wavenumber-integrated radiant exitance is at most a few %. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1984.tb00236.x
A METHOD OF SERUM TREATMENT OF PNEUMOCOCCIC SEPTICEMIA IN RABBITS

The treatment of pneumococcic septicemia in the rabbits by large doses of immune serum is detrimental, since the serum causes the formation of large clumps of bacteria in the blood which are taken out chiefly by the vessels of the lungs in which they accumulate and impede the circulation. The large doses of serum are also detrimental when they follow upon small ones through which the small clumps formed are deposited in the spleen, liver, and other organs. In this instance, the large amount of serum leads to the destruction of the pneumococci under conditions which promote an intoxication. The precise mechanism of this action is not known. The treatment of pneumococcic septicemia in rabbits by small repeated doses of immune serum can be successfully carried out. The number of pneumococci capable of being brought to destruction through phagocytosis in the organs in this way is very great. Not all the rabbits treated with small repeated doses of the serum survive. Those that succumb do so not to a general infection but to a pneumococcus meningitis. The explanation of this phenomenon is simple. When the number of pneumococci originally inoculated is very great a small number penetrate into the subdural space. Those in this space do not come under the influence of the serum, hence they are not agglutinated and prepared for phagocytosis, whence they multiply and set up a fatal meningitis. The activity of the immune serum administered in this way against virulent pneumococci is so great that a revision of our notions in the limit of powers of the anti-infectious sera seems necessary. It is patent that the problem is not simply a relation between quantity of immune bodies and number of bacteria. It is more complex than that conception indicates. The factor of the leucocytes and the degree of their possible activities under the conditions of the experiment come into play. Hereafter, in defining the mode and power of action of anti-infectious sera the condition of cooperation of the body-forces will have to be more strictly considered.
Using soil temperature and moisture to predict forest soil nitrogen mineralization

Due to the importance of N in forest productivity ecosystem and nutrient cycling research often includes measurement of soil N transformation rates as indices of potential availability and ecosystem losses of N. We examined the feasibility of using soil temperature and moisture content to predict soil N mineralization rates (Nmin) at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in the southern Appalachians. We conducted seasonal laboratory incubations of A and AB horizon soils from three sites with mixed-oak vegetation using temperature and moisture levels characteristic of the season in which the soils were collected. The incubations showed that temperature and temperature-moisture interactions significantly affected net soil Nmin. We used the laboratory data to generate equations relating net Nmin to soil temperature and moisture data. Using field-collected temperature and moisture data we then calculated Nmin on similar forest sites and compared predicted rates with in situ, closed-core Nmin measurements. The comparison showed that the in situ Nmin was greater than rates predicted from laboratory generated equations (slope =3.22; r2=0.89). Our study suggests that while climatic factors have a significant effect on soil Nmin, other factors also influence rates measured in the laboratory and in situ.
Generalized Mathematical Homogenization of Atomistic Media at Finite Temperatures

In this manuscript, we derive thermo-mechanical continuum equations directly from molecular dynamics using the Generalized Mathematical Homogenization (GMH) theory. GMH is a space-time multiple scale asymptotic expansion method, which constructs coupled atomistic unit cell problem and the coarse scale (continuum) problem. The fine scale problem derived can be interpreted as a molecular dynamics problem on a unit cell, subjected to the coarse scale fields including macroscopic deformation gradient and temperature. The coarse scale problem derived is a constitutive law-free continuum thermo-mechanical equation, which calculates the overall stress and thermal flux vector directly from atomistics. Numerical experiments have been conducted to verify the formulation against the reference molecular dynamics solution. Attention is restricted to one-dimensional problems.
Neonatal Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Summarize the impact of gestational age, postnatal age, and disease state on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. 2. Describe first-order, one-compartment pharmacokinetics and calculate kinetic parameters. 3. Describe zero-order or saturation kinetics. 4. Characterize common pharmacodynamic models. There are important differences among the preterm neonate, term neonate, and young infant in terms of drug disposition (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination). Variables such as gestational age, body composition, postnatal age, concomitant drug therapy, acidemia/hypoxemia, and end-organ perfusion may affect and complicate drug therapy. Additionally, developmental issues pertain to drug-receptor interactions, receptor number, receptor affinity, and receptor regulation and modulation. The neonate is in a rapid and continuous state of maturation, which can influence significantly the therapeutic and toxic effects of drug therapy. Our understanding of the age- and disease-related differences in the preterm neonate continues to advance through detailed clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations. The purpose of this article is to: 1) explore the differences in drug disposition for the preterm infant and consider how these differences affect drug therapy regimens, 2) review common pharmacokinetic principles as they relate to clinical therapeutic drug monitoring, and 3) examine common pharmacodynamic models. ### Drug Absorption Absorption, the first of four major steps involved with drug disposition, refers to the translocation of drug from the site of administration into the systemic circulation. Drugs administered intravascularly (intravenous or intra-arterial) have rapid and complete bioavailability. Drugs administered extravascularly (oral, rectal, inhalation, topical, intramuscular) must cross multiple membranes to reach the target site of action. This translocation process can be affected by a variety of age-dependent factors. The primary mechanism of drug absorption is passive diffusion of neutral (unionized) molecules through lipophilic membranes into the systemic circulation. Therefore, the environmental pH at the site of absorption is important. For orally administered drugs, bioavailability …
The question of faculty status for academic librarians

Purpose – Faculty status for academic librarians is an issue that has been the subject of much debate in recent decades. The purpose of this paper is to examine the key points raised during this debate, in the hope of achieving a suitable resolution.Design/methodology/approach – This paper begins with an overview of the issue of faculty status for academic librarians from an historical perspective and then continues with a review of literature from the past three decades. The pros and cons of granting faculty status are examined, as well as alternate models, followed by a proposed recommendation.Findings – While there are a number of concerns regarding the value of faculty status for academic librarians, such as disagreement with the basic tenet that librarians are primarily teachers, the weight of the evidence seems to support the granting of faculty status to academic librarians. This status provides academic freedom, recognition of librarians in their role as educators, and financial benefits and job s...
Sexual Dimorphism and Differential Niche Utilization in Birds

Adaptive radiation has been defined as the evolutionary divergence of members of a phyletic line into different niches or adaptive zones (Mayr, 1963:633). Although it has been customary to think of adaptive radiation solely in terms of species or races, a growing body of evidence indicates that some degree of radiation occurs also within populations, as individuals come to occupy different subniches or adaptive subzones, subdividing and, perhaps, expanding the total niche or zone utilized by the population. Probably all species show some degree of ecological variation, either polymorphic or continuous. But this phenomenon is being studied in only a few groups of organisms, notably in Drosophila, in which chromosomal polymorphism has been interpreted as a. means of adaptation of populations to heterogeneous environments (Dobzhansky, * 1961, 1963, 1965). Theoretical bases for research on ecological variation in animal populations have been provided by Ludwig (1950), Levene (1953)) da Cunha and Dobzhansky (1954), Dempster (1955), Li (1955), Carson (1959), and Levins (1962, 1963). In birds, as in other vertebrates, the sexes usually differ in size if not also in proportions of body parts, including those used in feeding (Amadon, 1959) ; and, especially where the degree of sexual dimorphism, which is a form of polymorphism (Ford, 1961: 12), is marked, it seems probable that the morphological divergence has ecological significance in adapting the sexes to different subniches. However, there is only an occasional reference in the literature to sexual dimorphism in relation to niche utilization (e.g., Pitelka, 1950; Rand, 19.52), and, in general, the whole problem of ecological variation in populations has been neglected by vertebrate ecologists. The primary purpose of this report is to present evidence of an adaptive function of sexual dimorphism in size in woodpeckers by relating degrees of morphological dimorphism and sexual divergence in foraging behavior in two melanerpine species, the strongly dimorphic Hispaniolan Woodpecker (Centurus striatus) of Haiti and the Dominican Republic and the moderately dimorphic Golden-fronted Woodpecker (Ce&zmus awifrons) of continental North and Central America. In addition, the paper surveys other evidence that sexual dimorphism in birds is related to differential niche utilization. Finally, some evolutionary aspects of sexual dimorphism and ecological variation are considered.
A bibliographical essay on the territory of Hawaii, 1900–1959

Hawaii's bibliographic history dates from 11 January 1780 when the London Gazette took note of Captain James Cook's death 'At the Ifland of O'why'ee, One of a group of new difcovered Iflands ... in an affray with a numerous and tu multuous Body of the Natives'. Ever since the Islands have inspired reams of copy resulting in publicity far out of proportion to Hawaii's size, political significance, economic value, and literate history. The Hawaiian image is so powerfully ingrained that the word 'Hawaii' alone evokes a romantic South Seas Utopia. At least 50 books capitalize on this appeal by being entitled simply Hawaii. Although Hawaiian fiction and travel books are the most popular Island reading fare, there is a considerable body of literature dealing with nearly two centuries of recorded Island history. Oral genealogies and archaeological re search necessarily form the basis of our knowledge of pre-discovery Hawaii since the early Hawaiians had evolved no system of writing. The foundation for earliest Hawaiian history therefore lies in the accounts of early explorers and traders who visited the Islands.
A Liquid Crystalline Elastomer with a p‐Pentaphenyl Transverse Rod Laterally Attached to the Main Chain

An LCE with a p-pentaphenyl transverse rod in the main chain was synthesized, in which the rod can be oriented parallel or normal to the main chain under uniaxial tension. DSC and WAXD studies indicate a highly ordered lamellar structure typical of a smectic A phase. Stress-strain curves showed a large Young modulus at small strains, followed by a yield point, at which necking occurred and the specimen became transparent. An interesting rigid-soft-rigid phenomenon was observed in the yield section, which is likely to indicate a self-assembly-driven reconstruction process. Two possible arrangements of transverse rods and chain extenders are proposed for the network structure.
A model for prediction of the structural characteristics of egdma-crosslinked phema microparticles produced by suspension copolymerization/crosslinking

Abstract A new kinetic model is developed for free radical monomethacryl-dimethacryl monomer copolymerization/crosslinking reactions. The steps of initiation, propagation, crosslinking and termination have been included in the kinetic description of the model. The kinetics is described in terms of the concentrations of three species: the monomethacryl, the dimethacryl and the pendent methacryl entities. The gel point, the average number of effective crosslinks per linear chain and the number-average molecular weight between crosslinks of the polymer network are calculated from the moments of the molecular weight distribution of the crosslinked copolymer.
Firm orientations, innovativeness, and business performance: Advancing a system dynamics view following a comment on Hult, Hurley, and Knight's 2004 study

Abstract Hult, Hurley, and Knight's [Ind. Mark. Manage. 33 (2004) 429.] study reports correlations for each of the three subfactors of market orientation (competitor orientation, customer orientation, and interfunctional coordination) and innovativenss. However, their report fails to discuss the nature of these relationships. Such findings are worthy of discussion because they support prior evidence demonstrating the centrality of customer orientation in linking competitor orientation and interfunctional coordination with both innovativeness and business performance. Also, the finding that interfunctional coordination relates strongly with innovativeness supports the paradigm shift toward relationship marketing. The point needs mentioning that several different (more than one) standardized effects, structural equation models explain similar amounts of variance of business performance besides the models that Hult et al. examine. Thus, the implication by Hult et al. (p. 436) that “…learning orientation has no significant direct effect on performance” is accurate only for the model tested (shown in their Fig. 2). Applying the “quick clustering” method helps to inform interpretation when nearly all relationships among variables are statistically significant. The present article includes a proposal for advancing from one-directional structural equation modeling of innovativeness and business performance to system dynamics modeling that includes real-world feedback loops.