cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Holistic processing does not require configural variability

Using the Garner speeded classification task, Amishav and Kimchi (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17, 743–748, 2010) found that participants could selectively attend to face features: Classifying faces based on the shape of the eyes was not influenced by task-irrelevant variation in the shape of the mouth, and vice versa. This result contrasts with a large body of work using another selective attention task, the composite task, in which participants are unable to selectively attend to face parts: Same/different judgments for one-half of a composite face are influenced by the same/different status of the task-irrelevant half of that composite face. In Amishav and Kimchi, faces all shared a common configuration of face features. By contrast, configuration is typically never controlled in the composite task. We asked whether failures of selective attention observed in the composite task are caused by faces varying in both features and configuration. In two experiments, we found that participants exhibited failures of selective attention to face parts in the composite task even when configuration was held constant, which is inconsistent with Amishav and Kimchi’s conclusion that face features can be processed independently unless configuration varies. Although both measure failures of selective attention, the Garner task and composite task appear to measure different mechanisms involved in holistic face perception.
Free vibration and flutter of damaged composite panels

A finite element method is investigated for studying the free vibration and supersonic flutter analysis of arbitrary damaged composite panels. The finite element method employs a 48 degrees of freedom (DOF) general plate element and uses the classical lamination theory, microstructural continuum damage theory and linearized piston theory. Two different damage models were investigated. Finite element results are obtained to illustrate the effect of damage on the eigenvalues and flutter boundaries. The results obtained indicate that between the two models considered, damage model 1 has a strong influence on both free vibration and flutter boundaries.
Interaction between classical and quantum systems: A new approach to quantum measurement. III. Illustration

Following the approach to quantum measurement, proposed in an earlier paper, in which the apparatus is treated as a purely classical instrument to be described by the laws of classical mechanics we examine some simple experiments for the purpose of illustration. The Stern-Gerlach experiment is examined in detail, within our approach, and we see explicitly how the relevant information is transferred to the apparatus variables. We also examine a magnetic interferometer arrangement and a crossed-field arrangement. Consideration of these experiments leads us to the inclusion of an extra procedural step in our approach. This extra step is necessary so that an observer may measure the classical apparatus variables at will after the interaction is completed.
Strategies for primary and secondary stroke prevention

Of the 55 million deaths that occur annually, 1 in 10 is attributable to stroke. As a consequence, cerebrovascular disease is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and stroke is among the most devastating consequences of vascular disease, causing long-term disability and incurring high personal, societal, and financial costs. However, stroke is a highly preventable disease in the majority of patients. The goal of stroke prevention strategies is to identify high-risk patients through the presence of modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors and to target these modifiable risk factors through the use of appropriate pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions. Clinical and epidemiologic studies point toward three major risk-reducing pharmacologic therapies that together may dramatically reduce stroke risk. First, landmark clinical trials have demonstrated that the reduction of blood pressure in persons at risk for cerebrovascular disease significantly reduces stroke risk. Second, ample evidence supports the use of antiplatelet therapy, such as aspirin, in patients at high risk for a cerebrovascular event. Third, an abundance of data suggests that lipid-lowering therapy with a statin reduces stroke risk in most moderate- to high-risk patients regardless of baseline cholesterol levels. Together, these data suggest that intensive therapy with agents from multiple drug classes that target two or more risk factors for cerebrovascular disease may provide additive-or even synergistic-reductions in stroke risk.
THE BENEFITS OF SUMMER BRIDGE PROGRAMS FOR UNDERREPRESENTED AND LOW‐INCOME TRANSFER STUDENTS

University summer bridge programs or transitional programs for low‐income and minority transfer students are becoming an established part of the effort to recruit, retain, and graduate a population of students underrepresented in higher education. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a summer bridge program on the academic, personal, and social development of underrepresented and low‐income transfer students during their first year at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). The 1988 entering cohort of Transfer Summer Program (TSP) students was tracked through their first two quarters at UCLA, collecting both attitudinal and academic data. The results of the study clearly suggest that summer bridge programs for underrepresented and low‐income students can help facilitate their transition and adjustment to university life and improve their academic performance and persistence rates. This is accomplished by increasing transfer students' control over their academic future by pre...
A Plastid Mutation in Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is Associated with Reduced Levels of Mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase and Glycine Decarboxylase

Summary Plant cells which have severely damaged chloroplasts do not produce specific nuclear-encoded proteins which function in other compartments. Many of these proteins are involved in the photorespiration pathway and are found in peroxisomes and mitochondria, while others are unrelated to photorespiration. We examined a chloroplast-inherited mutation (Vir-c) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in which chloroplast development proceeds much more slowly than in the wild type, spreading out the period when chloroplast-dependent events occur. We assayed for mitochondrial proteins known to be linked with chloroplast development or function, or assessed their amounts using western blots. We found that the appearance of the photorespiratory protein glycine decarboxylase (EC 2.1.2.10) closely followed the onset of greening in mutant seedlings. In contrast, the activity of cytochrome oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1), a non-photorespiratory enzyme, did not increase as chlorophyll accumulated and remained well below activity levels of wild-type seedlings. We discuss our findings and relate them to the appearance of chloroplast-dependent proteins which function in the peroxisome.
Sensory neuron specification in the neural crest lineage

loops acting within and between adjacent cells are important in establishing the cell type pattern. Specifically, the WER MYB-type protein, the GL3/EGL3 bHLH-type proteins, and the TTG WD-protein appear to interact in a transcriptional complex to positively regulate the GL2, CPC, TRY, and ETC1 genes. The GL2 homeodomain transcription factor is involved in regulating genes that generate the non-hair cell type. The CPC, TRY, and ETC1 proteins are structurally-related small MYB transcription factors that appear to move between cells and inhibit the formation of the WER-GL3/EGL3TTG complex; this negative regulation represents a type of lateral inhibition mechanism. The position-dependent pattern relies on a leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like kinase (SCRAMBLED (SCM)), that appears to influence WER gene expression causing an unequal distribution of the transcriptional regulators in the N and H cell positions. Current research is focused on using genomics, bioinformatics, and math modeling to further dissect the regulatory network. These studies are likely to provide new insights into the basic mechanisms of regulatory gene networks and cell-type specification during development.
10-Gbytes/s, three-dimensional parallel optical interconnects using a novel conductive polymer flip-chip process

Micro-optics offers the ability to realize massively parallel, surface-normal interconnects at the chip scale. In this context, we investigate the integration of a 10-Gbytes/s, 850-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) with a 2×2 array of continuous surface profile, diffractive optical elements to demonstrate a prototype system that incorporates 3-D, highly dense, parallel optical interconnects. The integration is achieved using a novel conductive polymer-based flip-chip process, which is implemented using conventional fabrication techniques. We present experimental results from the design, fabrication, integration, and characterization of the prototype system.
Research Article: Zooplankton diel vertical migrations in lakes of contrasting food webs

Abstract. Zooplankton diel vertical migration (DVM) is a defense mechanism used in planktivory avoidance. We evaluated zooplankton DVM in two lakes of contrasting food webs in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, USA to test the hypothesis that zooplankton follow normal DVM in the presence of a vertebrate zooplanktivore: Pumpkinseed sunfish, Lepomis gibbosus, and reverse DVM in the presence of an invertebrate predator; Chaoborus spp. We found normal DVM in Daphnia spp., cyclopoid copepods, and copepod nauplii populations in the vertebrate zooplanktivore dominated lake. In contrast, cyclopoid copepods and calanoid copepods exhibited reverse DVM in an invertebrate predator dominated lake. Although the magnitude of DVM was minimal in both lakes, our analysis demonstrated that large cladoceran zooplankton are more responsive to vertebrate predation while small size copepod zooplankton are more responsive to invertebrate predation.
Formation and stability of dodecahedral and fcc structures in metal—carbon clusters

Abstract The electronic structure and stability of the met—cars and the fcc TiC fragments has been investigated using the self-consistent molecular orbital calculations within the density functional theory. The fcc fragments are shown to be more stable than the dodecahedral met—cars. The formation of met—cars or the fcc clusters in beams is shown to be governed by the relative composition of Ti and C atoms. The stability of met—cars formed from elements across the transition metal series is proposed to be related to the transition metal ionization potential.
Effects of stage in incubation, time in season, and proportion of original clutch remaining on nest desertion by house sparrows, Passer domesticus

Life history theory predicts that individuals should maximize their fitness by balancing current investment in offspring versus future prospects for reproduction. Faced with reduction of their current clutch, birds should desert if the prospective opportunity would increase inclusive fitness more than continued investment in the reduced clutch. I studied nest desertion in response to clutch reduction by house sparrows (Passer domesticus) to determine if continuing investment in a reduced clutch differs based on proportion of original clutch remaining, stage in incubation, and ordinal date. Nests were reduced to two eggs early or late in incubation over two complete breeding seasons. Of 150 nests manipulated, 36 were deserted. Nests were more likely to be deserted when reduction occurred earlier in incubation, earlier in the season, and with a smaller proportion of original clutch remaining. This suggests that both time and brood size are used to assess the tradeoffs between current and future investment. However, near the end of the breeding season, the proportion of original clutch remaining and stage in incubation were less important, and low desertion was likely associated with a lack of re-nesting opportunities in the current season. Therefore, whether to desert or continue investing in a reduced clutch is a function of offspring reproductive value (RV) when there is opportunity for re-nesting in the same season. However, near the end of the season the decision is based on the residual reproductive value (RRV) of parents.
Interaction between a peat carrier and bacterial seed treatments evaluated for biological control of the take-all diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Field plots were established in Indiana, Oregon, and Montana to evaluate the potential for biological control of various strains of bacteria as seed treatments to reduce the severity of take-all root, crown, and foot rot of wheat. The bacteria were grown in liquid broth Cas-amino acid broth media, mixed with finely ground peat, and applied to seed with methyl cellulose as a glue just before planting in field soils conducive for severe take-all. Autoclave-sterilized peat (minus bacteria) seed treatments increased take-all, immobilized Mn, and reduced plant vigor and grain yields. These effects were intensified when the pH of the natural peat was adjusted from 5.2 to 7.0 with CaCO3. The ability of the bacterial strains to counteract this peat-induced predisposition to take-all varied, and was influenced by planting site, genetic tolerance of the cultivar, and N treatment. Although the strains differed in their ability to suppress the peat-induced take-all, none of the isolates fully nullified the deleterious effects of the peat carrier. It is clear from this study that the carrier used with potential biological-contol agents may have a greater influence on disease than the biological agent.
Interconnected reproductive and vegetative remains of Populus (Salicaceae) from the middle Eocene Green River Formation, northeastern Utah

A new specimen from the Middle Eocene Evacuation Creek Member of the Green River Formation in northeastem Utah shows a twig with several leaves of Populus wilmattae Cockrell and a fruiting raceme attached. This specimen establishes for the first time the type of fruits bome by P. wilmattae and provides additional characters with which to assess its taxonomic and evolutionary status. An associated seed shows attached placental hairs like those of extant species of Populus. The Green River fossil differs from extant Populus species in having basically palmate leaf venation and in bearing its fruiting axis on a young twig. In other aspects, the fossil species is remarkably similar to the extant species Populus mexicana. FOSSILS SHOWING actual attachment between leaves, stems, and reproductive organs are exceedingly rare but are the only source of unequivocal proof for "whole plant" reconstructions of fossil species. In this paper we describe a specimen of Populus showing leaves and fruits attached to the same twig preserved in shale
Author retrospective for PYRROS: static task scheduling and code generation for message passing multiprocessors

Given a program with annotated task parallelism represented as a directed acyclic graph (DAG), the PYRROS project was focused on fast DAG scheduling, code generation and runtime execution on distributed memory architectures. PYRROS scheduling goes through several processing stages including clustering of tasks, cluster mapping, and task execution ordering. Since the publication of the PYRROS project, there have been new advancements in the area of DAG scheduling algorithms, the use of DAG scheduling for irregular and large-scale computation, and software system development with annotated task parallelism on modern parallel and cloud architectures. This retrospective describes our experience from this project and the follow-up work, and reviews representative papers related to DAG scheduling published in the last decade.
The Development of Men of Science

Resume C'est une etude statistique des facteurs qui influent sur le developpement des hommes de science. On a obtenu des donnees biographiques dans les quatre editions des “Hommes de Science Americains,” surtout la derniere edition qui contient les biographies d'environ 15.000 personnes. On a compare les donnees des hommes les plus eminents de dix sciences a celles de quelques—uns choisis au hasard dans le livre. On a etudie les choses suivantes: endroit de naissance (etat), population de la ville de naissance, college, universite, ǎge ou les divers grades ont ete obtenus, ǎge ou le nom a paru pour la premiere fois dans les “Hommes de Science Americains,” changement d'occupation, et occupation actuelle. On n'a trouve aucunes differences significatives entre les deux groupes excepte a l'egard de l'ǎge, les membres du groupe “eminent” ayant obtenu leurs divers grades et ayant paru dans le livre a un ǎge moins avance que celui des hommes choisis au hasard. On a fait aussi des comparaisons entre le groupe “em...
Positive contrast staining and protected drying of surface spreads: electron microscopy of the synaptonemal complex by a new method.

A new procedure, protected drying, provides a simple rapid means for maintaining three-dimensional structural fidelity in whole mount preparations during drying. As demonstrated on surface spread meiotic chromosomes after fixation and positive staining, the preparation is air-dried in a protective matrix consisting of an inert, water-soluble, biologically compatible, organic compound, such as ficoll, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, or dextran, which dries as a homogeneous electron-lucent film that supports the structure in three dimensions and protects it from damage during drying. Details of synaptonemal complex structure are comparable to those established in thin sections.
Probabilistic Characterization of Live Load Using Visual Counts and In-Service Strain Monitoring

It has been argued that the AASHTO LRFD design code for maximum live loads on highway bridges is overly conservative. In an attempt to determine the level of conservativeness, if any, the writers developed a methodology incorporating real-time visual data collection from traffic cameras coupled with structural strain response of girder bridges. Average daily truck traffic along with frequency of multiple presences (same lane as well as adjacent lanes) and lane-wise truck traffic distribution were estimated for a steel-girder highway bridge on I-95 in Delaware. These data compared well with predictions from a Poisson process based model developed for this study. Statistical properties of girder moments in single and multiple presence conditions were determined as well. In this particular example, the girder design moment on the 24.6 foot approach span according to AASHTO specifications was found to be about 3.5 times higher than that estimated from the in-service data.
The effect of coiling versus clipping of ruptured and unruptured cerebral aneurysms on length of stay, hospital cost, hospital reimbursement, and surgeon reimbursement at the university of Florida.

RESULTS: There were 565 patients with cerebral aneurysms treated either surgically (306 patients, 54%) or endovascularly (259 patients, 46%). In patients without subarachnoid hemorrhage (unruptured aneurysms) (n 367), surgery, compared with endovascular treatment, was associated with longer hospitalization (P 0.001), but lower hospital costs (P 0.001), higher surgeon collections (P 0.003), and similar hospital collections. In patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (ruptured aneurysms) (n 198), surgery was associated with lower hospital costs (P 0.011), but similar length of stay, surgeon collections, and hospital collections. Larger aneurysm size was significantly associated with longer hospitalization in the patients with unruptured aneurysms (P 0.001) and higher hospital costs for both patients with unruptured (P 0.001) and ruptured (P 0.015) aneurysms. The payor was significantly associated with hospital costs in patients with ruptured aneurysms (P 0.034) and length of stay (unruptured aneurysms, P 0.001; ruptured aneurysms, P 0.001), hospital collections (unruptured aneurysms, P 0.001; ruptured aneurysms, P 0.001), and surgeon collections (unruptured aneurysms, P 0.001; ruptured aneurysms, P 0.001) in both patients with unruptured and ruptured aneurysms. A worse clinical grade was significantly associated with higher hospital costs (P 0.001). CONCLUSION: Despite a shorter length of hospitalization in patients with unruptured aneurysms, coiling was associated with higher hospital costs in both patients with unruptured and ruptured aneurysms. This is likely attributable to the higher device cost of coils than clips. The advantages of coiling over clipping would be better realized if the cost of coils could be comparably reduced to that of clips.
Knowing the How and Why of History: Expectations for Secondary Students with and without Learning Disabilities

This article reviews instructional approaches for students with mild disabilities in the domain of social studies with an emphasis on methods that provide meaningful access to the general education...
Cytogenetic mechanisms in the selective toxicity of cyclophosphamide analogs and metabolites towards avian embryonic B lymphocytes in vivo

Abstract Cyclophosphamide (CP) is selectively toxic to avian and mammalian B lymphocytes, but the mechanisms of action are incompletely understood. We used a structure-activity approach to determine the cytogenetic mechanisms underlying the selective lymphoid toxicity in chicken embryos at 18–19 days of incubation. Two doses of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU; 3 mg/200 μ l × 2) were pipetted onto the inner shell membrane to label lymphocyte DNA over 20 h. A single dose of the CP analogs or metabolites was given 1 h after the initial BrdU application. After a terminal 3-h exposure to demecolcine to block cells in metaphase, the embryos were sacrificed at hour 20, and their bursae and thymi were removed for cytogenetic processing. Microscope slide preparations of metaphases were stained by the fluorescence-plus-Giemsa technique to differentiate the sister chromatids for an assessment of sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) induction and cell cycle progression based on replication cycle-specific staining patterns. Isophosphamide (1.25–40 mg/kg), phosphoramide mustard (0.7–45.7 mg/kg), and 4-methylcyclophosphamide (1.3–42.1 mg/kg) selectively damaged B cells as shown by dose-related reductions in the mitotic activity, inhibition of cell cycle kinetics, and ∼ 9–15-fold increases in the SCE frequency above control. B cells were up to 392 times more susceptible to the toxicity of these three bifunctional alkylating agents compared to T cells based on reductions in the mitotic activity. At most of the drug doses tested, the T-cell mitotic index was not depressed significantly and was usually higher than the control value by as much as 50–60%. Importantly, monochloroethylcyclophosphamide (70–245 mg/kg; monofunctional alkylation) did not induce differential lymphoid toxicity, although a
Topographic and age-dependent expression of heme oxygenase-1 and catalase in the human retinal pigment epithelium.

PURPOSE. To investigate the hypothesis that there are topographic and age-related changes in the expression of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 and catalase in the RPE. METHODS. Cryosections of the macula and periphery of human eyes (n = 18; aged 27-87 years) were subjected to a high-sensitivity digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled cRNA in situ hybridization protocol to determine the expression of HO-1 and catalase. The immunoreactivity of HO-1 and catalase were also investigated in the same sample set. Specimens were examined by light microscopy, and images were captured with a digital camera. The total number of RPE cells and HO-1- and catalase-labeled RPE cells was counted in each section, and the ratio of labeled RPE cells to total RPE cells was calculated in both the macular and the peripheral regions of each donor eye. RESULTS. There was a mosaic pattern of mRNA and protein expression of HO-1 and catalase in macular and peripheral RPE. Topographical differences in the expression of HO-1 at the mRNA level and catalase at both the mRNA and protein levels was also observed. The topographical differences between the expression of HO-1 in the macula and periphery protein were not statistically significant but showed similar trends. For HO-1, the only significant age-related decline in expression was observed in the macula and periphery. Expression of HO-1 at the protein level and that of catalase at both the mRNA and protein levels showed no significant decline with age. CONCLUSIONS. There is a possible age-related decline in HO-1 expression, whereas catalase expression remains unchanged with aging. Both exhibit mosaic patterns in the RPE monolayer.
Evaluation of strategies for segmentation of blue-dyed pores in thin sections of reservoir rocks

Abstract Petrographic image analysis concerns segmentation and analysis of a rock fabric in the format of a 30 μ thick “thin section.” A major objective of such analysis is to segment pores (voids) from the rock material inasmuch as pore size and geometry control fluid flow. Conventionally, prior to sectioning, the rock is impregnated with blue dyed epoxy. Since few, if any naturally occurring components of reservoir rocks are blue, a segmentation process based upon color is appropriate. Segmentation in this case must accomplish both the correct identification of a pore and the precise definition of its edge. Most of the conventional segmentation techniques, which employ thresholding on histograms, failed in this because of problems associated with high light intensities required for petrographic microscopy and because of gradational boundaries caused by shelving effects. Successful segmentation was accomplished by modeling the digital filters on the human perception of the color of pore pixels. It has been shown that both of the filters developed clearly distinguish pore from nonpore and locate edges with high precision. However, a histogram of hue is still employed to identify the nature of pore boundaries (vertical, shelving, etc.).
Ultra-deep hydrodesulfurization on MoS2 and Co0.1MoS2: Intrinsic vs. environmental factors

Abstract A hydrogenation index (HI), measured in the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of dibenzothiophene (DBT), is used to estimate the intrinsic hydrogenation selectivities of MoS 2 , Co 0.1 MoS 2 , and two supported HDS catalysts. The HI and catalyst activity for desulfurizing 4,6-diethyl-DBT follow the same trend: MoS 2 ≫ Co 0.1 MoS 2 ≫ supported catalysts. For desulfurizing a petroleum fraction rich in 4,6-alkyl-DBTs and 4-alkyl-DBTs, the activity decreases as follows: Co 0.1 MoS 2 > supported catalysts ≫ MoS 2 . These results introduce an apparent conundrum: MoS 2 has such a high hydrogenation power and activity for desulfurizing 4,6-diethyl-DBT, why does it perform poorly in real-feed tests? This conundrum is resolved by showing that an ultra-deep HDS catalyst requires an optimum balance between an intrinsic factor (hydrogenation function) and an environmental factor (tolerance of organonitrogen). Incorporating Co into MoS 2 lowers the hydrogenation function of MoS 2 and hence improves tolerance of organonitrogen. This conclusion corroborates the prediction of an early modeling study.
An Introduction to the Use of Epidemiologic Research Methods in Dairy Science

Abstract Many dairy scientists are not familiar with epidemiologic study designs and measures. The various designs (cross-sectional, case-control, cohort) are reviewed with special reference to their strengths and weaknesses. Epidemiologic measures (incidence and prevalence rates, relative risk, odds ratio, attributable fraction, and population attributable fraction) are defined, and their validity in the contexts of the different study designs is discussed. Incidence rate (risk of disease) is the number of new cases of a disease divided by the population at risk during a specified time period. Prevalence rate is the frequency of both new and old cases in a population at a specified point or period in time divided by the average population during that same period. Both incidence and duration of disease contribute to prevalence. Odds ratios and relative risks are measures of association (how much disease the exposed group experienced relative to the nonexposed group) and are used to assess the relative importance of risk factors. Attributable fraction is the proportion of the incidence in the exposed group that can be attributed to the specific exposure. Population attributuable fraction is the expected reduction in incidence in the whole population if the specific exposure were prevented. The attributable fractions are useful in planning preventive and herd health programs.
Experimental infections of Ostertagia ostertagi in goats.

Abstract In order to determine the usefulness of the goat as a model host for Ostertagia ostertagi , a series of experiments was conducted in which young goats and calves were experimentally infected with L 3 of calf-source and goat-source isolates. The goat-source isolate was derived from a continuous passage of the bovine parasite in goats. Patent infections resulted in 73 out of 86 inoculated goats (85%). The largest number of patent infections was observed when inoculation consisted of a single dose of goat-source larvae. Percentage establishment of infection was generally low in goats inoculated with either larval source. Time taken to achieve patency in goats was frequently within the range normal for cattle infections, but was often extended (21–67 days). With the exception of the generally higher level of establishment of goat- or calf-source isolates in calves and the low frequency of the vulval flap in adult female worms established in goats, little difference was observed in percentage establishment or worm population characteristics of the two isolates in goats.
Context-Specific Motivations to Read for Adolescent Struggling Readers: Does the Motivation for Reading Questionnaire Tell the Full Story?.

Commonly used literacy motivation assessments do not specifically explore literacy motivation in school. These context-general assessments may be problematic for struggling adolescent readers, as qualitative research documents that these adolescents exhibit different levels of cross-context motivation. The present study explores whether an in-school measure predicts additional variance in reading performance beyond a non-context-specific measure. One hundred and fifteen fifth graders were administered the Motivation for Reading Questionnaire, an in-school reading motivation daily log, a demographic survey, and standardized reading assessments. Findings indicate that the in-school reading motivation measure predicted performance for struggling readers and the non-context-specific measure did not.
Simple technique for spectral and temporal control of a mode-locked Ti:sapphire oscillator

We demonstrate a simple method to control the spectrum and to generate synchronized dual-wavelength pulses in a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser by adjusting the cavity dispersion, without involving more complicated coupled cavities or two-slit systems. We explore the tunability range of our system, and demonstrate the possibility of obtaining pairs of synchronized pulses with adjustable frequency difference. Furthermore, we use this laser to obtain tri-wavelength pulses in the blue range of the spectrum, via second-order nonlinear processes in an LBO crystal. This system may become a useful tool for femtosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, and other applications as well.
Wireless electro-optic switching network for optical fiber sensor array using MEMS-IDT devices

Optical fiber arrays have been proposed for signal paths in various civilian and military controls as a means of offering advanced sensing functions not available in electronic systems. To implement optic fiber sensors on various control systems, a proper electro-optic architecture (EOA) with a bar- coded electro-optical switch needs to be studied. In this paper, a design of such EO switch is proposed which can be operated remotely. Lithium Niobate is chosen as the EO material. The MEMS-IDT device is designed with Lithium Niobate as a substrate with IDT and a set of floating reflectors. The reflectors can be programmable and thus a bar-coded switch can be fabricated. The electrostatic field between the reflectors and the Lithium Niobate serves as the fast acting switch in this application.
Unacknowledged knowledge growth: A re-examination of the effects of teacher education☆

Abstract Researchers on teacher education have faced two dilemmas. The first concerns the knowledge base for teachers. Although education coursework provides the potential to transmit formally the knowledge base of the profession, the knowledge base required for teaching has never been systematically defined. The second dilemma concerns the distinction between the coursework and fieldwork in teacher preparation and how experiences in each contribute to knowledge acquisition and growth. Using the model of the components of the knowledge base in teaching emerging from the “Knowledge Growth in a Profession” project at Stanford University, this research looks at the self-reports of knowledge acquisition of six novice teachers during their teacher preparation year. The results suggest that coursework and fieldwork offer distinct opportunities for learning. From the field experiences teachers reported they acquire general pedagogical knowledge including classroom management and organization. They also learn about students' understanding and misunderstanding of their subject matter. From their coursework the novices reported acquiring their conceptions of their subject matter for teaching as well as their sense of pedagogical ideals.
Dependency and self‐criticism in bipolar and unipolar depressed women

Objectives. The dependency and self-criticism scores of women with histories of either unipolar disorder (N = 74) or bipolar disorder (N = 20) or no psychiatric history (N = 24) were compared to determine the influence of state depression on these personality dimensions. Design. All women completed the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory. Patients were divided into currently depressed and remitted groups. Results. Currently depressed women with unipolar disorder were more self-critical and dependent than non-psychiatric controls; women with unipolar disorder whose depression remitted were more self-critical only. Women in both the depressed and remitted bipolar groups were more self-critical than controls. Depressed bipolar patients did not differ from the controls in their level of dependency; remitted bipolar patients were significantly less dependent than controls. Conclusions. Dependency needs in depressed women are heavily influenced by mood state. Self-criticism appears to be a characterological trait in both major depression and bipolar disorder. Women with bipolar disorder in remission report fewer dependency needs than women with no history of psychiatric disorder. The data provide partial support for Blatt's (1974) hypothesis that dependency and self-criticism reflect relatively stable personality dimensions in patients with a mood disorder.
Unipolar neural network using redundant interconnections

A method to construct a unipolar interpattern association (IPA) interconnection weight matrix (IWM) is presented. By searching the redundant interconnection links, a method that removes all negative links is introduced. Computer simulation as well as experimental results have shown that the unipolar IWM IPA neural network performs better than that of the bipolar IWM IPA model.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Travelling wave solutions of generalized forms of Burgers, Burgers-KdV and Burgers-Huxley equations

In this work, exact travelling wave solutions of generalized forms of Burgers, Burgers-KdV and Burgers-Huxley equations are obtained. The analysis rests mainly on the standard tanh method. The work emphasizes the need for a transformation formula for the case where the parameter M is non-integer. The approach can be used in a variety of many types of nonlinearity.
Adjustment of Unsupervised Children in a Rural Setting

Abstract Despite widespread and growing public and professional concern for children who are unsupervised before or after school, only a few empirical studies of such “latchkey” children are available. This study compared the school adjustment, intrinsic versus extrinsic orientation in the classroom, academic achievement, and fear levels of fifth- and seventh-grade supervised and unsupervised children (N = 77) living in a rural community. A multivariate analysis of variance performed on the dependent measures revealed that unsupervised children did not differ significantly from supervised children. These results from a “safe” rural environment contrast significantly with data from “dangerous” urban environments and suggest that future research should examine community settings as mediators in determining potential risks to latchkey children.
Challenges in teaching modern manufacturing technologies

Teaching of manufacturing courses for undergraduate engineering students has become a challenge due to industrial globalisation coupled with influx of new innovations, technologies, customer-driven products. This paper discusses development of a modern manufacturing course taught concurrently in three institutions where students collaborate in executing various projects. Lectures are developed to contain materials featuring advanced manufacturing technologies, RD increase students’ preparedness and confidence in effective communication and; increase students’ interest in pursuing additional academic studies and/or a career path in manufacturing and high technology. The surveyed data indicate that the students perceived significant gains in manufacturing knowledge and preparedness in effective communication. The study also shows that...
Map-passage structural hierarchy and passage recall

Abstract To improve our understanding of the functional relations underlying map-passage learning, the effects of structural hierarchy on recall were examined. Specifically, two types of content were alternated within the structural framework of both a map and a passage in order to examine the effects of structurally congruent or incongruent hierarchies on passage recall. Although passage structure increased passage recall as expected, our findings revealed that recall for passage content was greatest when learners received the content in the top of both the map and passage structures. We reasoned that conjoint processing is facilitated when content is atop each referent's structural hierarchy, mainly because learners' verbal and spatial coding systems are tacitly guided to conspicuously placed information.
Low temperature constrains growth rates but not short-term ingestion rates of Antarctic ciliates

Low environmental temperature is a major factor affecting the feeding activities, growth rates, and growth efficiencies of metazooplankton, but these features are poorly characterized for most protistan species. Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the growth and ingestion rates of cultured herbivorous Antarctic ciliates. Three ciliates fed several algal species individually at 0 °C exhibited uniformly low growth rates (<0.26 day−1), but the algae varied substantially in their ability to support ciliate growth. Specific ingestion rate (prey biomass consumed per unit ciliate biomass per unit time) was strongly affected by ciliate physiological state (starved vs. actively growing). Starved cells ingested many more prey than cells in balanced growth during short-term (minutes-to-hours) experiment but did not grow faster, indicating temperature compensation of ingestion rate but not growth rate. Field experiments were also conducted in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, to characterize the feeding rates of ciliates in natural plankton assemblages. Specific ingestion rates of two dominant ciliates were an order of magnitude lower than rates reported for temperate ciliates, but estimated rates were strongly affected by prey abundance. Our data indicate that short-term ingestion rates of Antarctic ciliates were not constrained by low environmental temperature although overall growth rates were, indicating the need for caution when designing experiments to measure the ingestion rates of these species at low environmental temperature. We present evidence that artifacts arising from estimating ingestion in short-term experiments may lead to errors in estimating feeding impact and growth efficiencies that are particularly large for polar protists.
Looking behavior in monkeys raised with mobile and stationary artificial mothers

Rhesus monkeys raised with mechanically driven mobile artificial mothers for the first 10 months of life looked more at other animals and were more sensitive to stimulus differences than monkeys raised on stationary surrogates. Both groups looked less and were not as discriminating as wild-born monkeys. The results are consistent with other evidence suggesting that one of the long-range consequences of maternal mobility is to reduce emotional responsiveness to novel situations.
Long-term followup of the modified Bristow procedure

A total of 86 modified Bristow procedures were performed for anterior shoulder instability between 1975 and 1987. Followup on 79 shoulders (92%) was obtained at an average postoperative time of 8.6 years. The redislocation rate was 4%. Average motion loss was 5 degrees of internal rotation and 9 degrees of external rotation. Fifteen percent of the patients examined expressed mild apprehension with the shoulder abducted and externally rotated. Radiographic bone union of the coracoid transplant was noted in 82% of patients. Additional surgical procedures were required in 14% of patients. Seventy-three percent of the reoperations were for screw removal because of persistent shoulder pain. The average subjective shoulder function was rated at 86% of preinjury level. All throwing athletes were able to return to throwing, although 54% of the patients with dominant shoulder involvement noted a decrease in throwing velocity. Ninety-seven percent of the patients rated their results as good or excellent.
Precursors, mediators and problem drinking : Path analytic models for men and women

Direct and mediating effects of mechanisms hypothesized to account for the association between parental problem drinking and later problem drinking by offspring were investigated. Specifically, a "negative affect" submodel was proposed in which family environment, self-esteem, alienation, likelihood of attaining valued goals, psychopathology, and drinking motives would all mediate the parental-problem-drinking to offspring-problem-drinking relationship. Subjects were 350 female and 300 male, eighteen to twenty-three year-old undergraduates. Multivariate analyses of variance revealed differences in a majority of study variables between subjects with and without a family history of parental problem drinking. Structural equation modeling identified associations separately for paternal and maternal problem drinking and offspring alcohol use. Direct and mediating effects were tested with path analysis separately for male and female respondents. Both parents' drinking affected later problematic alcohol use by offspring. The opposite-sexed parents' drinking had a more negative influence on subjects' self-perception. For both men and women, parental problem drinking reduced adaptive family functioning, which was subsequently linked to problem personality characteristics, more personal drinking motives, and greater alcohol involvement. Specific mediating mechanisms varied between models for each sex. Implications regarding these models are discussed.
Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for trace detection of muramic acid, a peptidoglycan chemical marker, in organic dust

Abstract Muramic acid (MA) is a chemical marker for bacterial peptidoglycan. MA was analyzed (as its alditol acetate) at trace levels in organic dust using electron impact gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-MS-MS in the multiple ion reaction mode (MRM) was demonstrated to exhibit considerably decreased background over GC-MS in the selected ion mode (SIM). MA was readily detected in air conditioning and house dust and extraneous peaks were not observed in chromatograms of plants or fungi in the MA region. GC-MS-MS has considerable potential as a tool for trace detection of muramic acid in organic dust and other complex matrices.
The Impact of Aesthetic Design on Bus Shelter Usability

Public transportation is an important tool for any city with the population to support it. According to the American Public Transportation Association (APTA) (2012), between 1995 and 2011, public transportation ridership increased by 34%—a growth rate higher than the 17% increase in U.S. population and higher than the 22% growth in the use of the nation’s highways over the same period. However, even a city with the population to support public transportation will not receive all of its benefits if the implementation is not handled successfully. One requirement for bus transit is that the system be equipped with shelters having minimally the following features: support, visibility, security and information access (Ely, 1998). A field study was conducted to ascertain the impact of these design elements as well as aesthetic pleasantness on users’ perceptions of the shelters. Ultimately, our goal is to implement future results in the creation of a needs-based heuristic framework which will aid designers in th...
Weed control and autumn-olive affect early growth and survival of black walnut in a hardwood clearcut

Eight years after planting in a hardwood clearcut, black walnut trees in plots with weed control had significantly better survival and were taller and larger in diameter than those in plots without weed control. Planting autumn-olive with walnut also significantly increased height and diameter of the walnuts but did not affect their survival.
Women's Religious Activity in the Roman Republic – By Celia E. Schultz

The author of this book presents its central claim forthrightly in the introduction: “Roman women were more fully engaged in the religious life of their communities and of their families than appea...
Arthroscopic posteromedial capsular release for knee flexion contractures

Extension deficits of the knee can cause functional limitations in patients after knee surgery or injury. Most frequently, they are treated with manipulations, arthroscopic anterior compartment debridements, or open posterior capsular releases once nonoperative treatment fails. However, an arthroscopic posteromedial capsular release to manage flexion deficits has yet to be studied comprehensively. Arthroscopic posteromedial capsular releases of the knee can result in improved knee motion postoperatively. An arthroscopic posteromedial capsular release involves sectioning the posteromedial capsule at its meniscofemoral portion, midway between its femoral attachment and its posterior horn medial meniscus junction. A review of 15 patients who underwent this operation was performed. Passive knee extension and flexion was measured in patients in the supine position using a goniometer at preoperative evaluations, under anesthesia prior to and immediately after the posteromedial capsular release, and at postoperative follow-up evaluations. The average time from the arthroscopic posteromedial capsular release to the final postoperative follow-up was 24.1 months. Preoperative knee extension averaged 14.7° in 15 patients. The average immediate postoperative knee extension averaged −0.9°. At the final postoperative follow-up, knee extension averaged 0.7°. Overall knee motion improved from an average arc of motion of 101.6°–129.4°. Arthroscopic posteromedial capsular releases and the concurrent postoperative rehabilitation program were effective in the treatment of knee extension deficits. The encouraging results of this study compare well to data presented in open posterior capsular release studies. We believe that arthroscopic posteromedial capsular releases are an effective means to address symptomatic knee extension deficits.