cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of pre-fibrillation via planetary ball milling on the extraction and properties of chitin nanofibers

A planetary ball milling was applied as a pretreatment of chitin powder to prepare precursors for chitin nanofiber (ChNF) production. The study aims to examine the effects of ball milling conditions (dry milling, and wet milling in neutral and acidic aqueous medium) on the degree of pre-fibrillation of the ChNF precursors and the characteristics of the resulting nanofibers. The results showed that no fibrous-morphology ChNFs were obtained using dry ball milling followed by high-pressure homogenization (HPH), but fibrous-morphology ChNFs were successfully prepared using wet ball milling as a pretreatment. Ball milling in a mildly acidic aqueous medium was found to most effectively pre-fibrillate chitin, thus facilitating fibrillation in the subsequent HPH treatment to generate the finest ChNFs with an average diameter of around 12 nm and the narrowest size distribution. The resultant chitin products from wet milling pretreatment exhibited much higher crystallinity and thermal stability than those from dry milling. The results suggest that pre-fibrillation of chitin via ball milling in this study plays a crucial role in the successful procuration of the ChNFs in a subsequent mechanical disintegration process, while wet ball milling, especially under mildly acidic conditions, is a promising green approach to produce efficient precursors for ChNF production.
Carotid Endarterectomy with Mandibular Subluxation

A 69-year-old male underwent carotid endarterectomy with cephalad end of plaque extending to the junction of C1 and C2 vertebral body. Mandibular subluxation was required to gain adequate distal exposure.
Gewebsveränderungen im Bereiche metallischer Hüftgelenke; mikroanalytische Untersuchungen mittels Spektralphotometrie, Elektronenmikroskopie und der Elektronenstrahl-Mikrosonde

Abriebeinlagerungen von Fluorosint (glimmerverstarktes Teflon) und kleine Mengen Metall wurden bei mikroanalytischen Untersuchungen des Bindegewebes aus der Umgebung metallischer Huftgelenkprothesen mit Gelenkpfannen aus Fluorosint gefunden. Bei diesen Untersuchungen gewonnene Erfahrungen fuhrten zu einer Reihe von Verbesserungen solcher Prothesen hinsichtlich ihrer Konstruktion (Rotations-Totalendoprothese) und hinsichtlich ihres Materials (Chrom-Kobalt-Legierung PROTASUL sowie ein hartzaher, korpervertraglicher, gegenuber Metall abriebfester Kunststoff).
Local rebels: How local governments get around federal and state laws to resist new mosques

Counties and municipalities are de jure subservient to higher-level governments. However, local governments often exercise powers reserved for state or federal governments and even engage in illega...
LRRK2 inhibition potentiates PARP inhibitor cytotoxicity through inhibiting homologous recombination-mediated DNA double strand break repair

PARP inhibitors induce DNA lesions, the repair of which are highly dependent on homologous recombination (HR), and preferentially kill HR- deficient cancers. However, cancer cells have developed several mechanisms to transform HR and confer drug resistance to PARP inhibition. Therefore, there is a great clinical interest in exploring new therapies that induce HR deficiency (HRD), thereby sensitizing cancer cells to PARP inhibitors. Here, we found that GSK2578215A, a high-selective and effective leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor, or LRRK2 depletion suppresses HR preventing the recruitment of RAD51 to DNA damage sites through disruption of the interaction of RAD51 and BRCA2. Moreover, LRRK2 inhibition or depletion increases the susceptibility of ovarian cancer cells to Olaparib in vitro and in vivo. In clinical specimens, LRRK2 high expression is high related with advanced clinical characteristics and poor survival of ovarian cancer patients. All these findings indicate ovarian cancers expressing high levels of LRRK2 are more resistant to treatment potentially through promoting HR. Furthermore, combination treatment with an LRRK2 and PARP inhibitor may be a novel strategy to improve the effectiveness of LRRK2 expression ovarian cancers.
Examining Patterns of Mexican Immigrant Spouses’ Contextual Pressures and Links with Marital Satisfaction and Negativity

Previous research examined links from economic and cultural adaptation pressures to marital satisfaction and marital behavior. Results generally suggested a negative association between these sourc...
Reconsidering Equity Issue Performance: A Focused Criticism of the Fama-French Factor Models

The Fama and French (2015) 5-factor model is commonly used to measure the performance of stock return portfolios. Importantly, we find that three of the Fama and French (2015) firm-level characteristics (i.e., size, BV/MV, and profitability) have no significant explanatory power in the cross-section of returns for companies above the median NYSE capitalization during 1963-2020. Small firms comprising less than 8% of the total market capitalization drive the patterns of the 5-factor model. This paper also reexamines equity issuer performance in the context of the 5-factor firm level characteristics and finds that small and large issuers have similar underperformance.
The vibrational spectra and structure of organogermanes—VI1: Low wavenumber vibrations of (C6H5)4Ge and (C6D5)4Ge

Abstract The infrared spectra of tetraphenylgermane and pentadeuterotetraphenylgermane have been recorded from 4000 to 33 cm−1. The Raman spectra have also been recorded of the samples as solids. The phenyl vibrations have been assigned assuming C2v local symmetry. The spectrum of the completely deuterated molecule is found to be very similar to those observed for the corresponding completely deuterated monophenylgermanes. The proposed assignments are consistent with previous assignments given for other phenyl- and pentadeuterophenylgermanes.
Research Productivity and Student Evaluation of Teaching in Social Science Classes: A Research Note

Research on the relationship between research productivity and student evaluations of teaching (SETs) has been marked by several shortcomings. First, research typically fails to check and adjust for nonlinear distributions in research productivity. Since approximately 15% of researchers account for most articles and citations (e.g., Zuckerman, H., Handbook of Sociology, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 511–574, 1988), this failure might explain weak or nonsignificant findings in some of the past research. Second, the unit of analysis is typically the instructor, not the class. Since top researchers might disproportionately teach small classes at the graduate level, and that SETs are usually higher in such classes, the small relationships between research excellence and SETS found in previous research may be spurious. The present study corrects for each of these issues. It analyzes data from 167 classes in the social sciences and on 65 faculty. The quality of research productivity (raw citations/post-PhD year) is not related to SETs. However, when the distribution of citations is corrected for skewness, a significant positive relationship between research productivity and SETs emerges. This relationship survives controls for course and instructor characteristics, and holds for both the faculty member and the class as units of analysis. This is the first systematic investigation to demonstrate a significant relationship between the quality of research (citations) and SETs.
The major facilitator superfamily (MFS) revisited

The major facilitator superfamily (MFS) is the largest known superfamily of secondary carriers found in the biosphere. It is ubiquitously distributed throughout virtually all currently recognized organismal phyla. This superfamily currently (2012) consists of 74 families, each of which is usually concerned with the transport of a certain type of substrate. Many of these families, defined phylogenetically, do not include even a single member that is functionally characterized. In this article, we probe the evolutionary origins of these transporters, providing evidence that they arose from a single 2-transmembrane segment (TMS) hairpin structure that triplicated to give a 6-TMS unit that duplicated to a 12-TMS protein, the most frequent topological type of these permeases. We globally examine MFS protein topologies, focusing on exceptional proteins that deviate from the norm. Nine distantly related families appear to have members with 14 TMSs in which the extra two are usually centrally localized between the two 6-TMS repeat units. They probably have arisen by intragenic duplication of an adjacent hairpin. This alternative topology probably arose multiple times during MFS evolution. Convincing evidence for MFS permeases with fewer than 12 TMSs was not forthcoming, leading to the suggestion that all 12 TMSs are required for optimal function. Some homologs appear to have 13, 14, 15 or 16 TMSs, and the probable locations of the extra TMSs were identified. A few MFS permeases are fused to other functional domains or are fully duplicated to give 24-TMS proteins with dual functions. Finally, the MFS families with no known function were subjected to genomic context analyses leading to functional predictions.
Density of Primes and Tauberian Theorem

We shall give a proof of Ikehara’s Tauberian theorem (cf. also Widder’s book on Laplace Transforms), and prove the density theorem of primes in generalized arithmetic progressions determined by Hecke characters. In addition to giving a density for primes in given ideal classes, it also gives densities for primes distributed suitably in Euclidean N-space.
Finite Element Analysis Modeling of Pulse‐Laser Excited Photothermal Deflection (Mirage Effect)from Aerosols

A finite element analysis method for numerical modeling of the photothermal deflection spectroscopy of aerosols is presented. The models simulate pulse-laser excited photothermal deflection from aerosols collected on a plane surface substrate in air medium. The influence of the aerosol and substrate properties on the transient photothermal deflection signal is examined. We have previously obtained experimental results for photothermal deflection spectrometry of aerosols deposited onto a plate from an impactor system (O. O. Dada and S. E. Bialkowski, Appl. Spectrosc. 62, 1336 (2008)). This paper supports the validity of the experimental results presented in that paper and helps in answering some of the questions raised. The modeling results presented here demonstrate that the (peak) normalized transient temperature change profile and (peak) normalized transient photothermal deflection profile are a good approximation and invariant with number of particles, inter-particle distance, and particulate shape, which suggests that the photothermal deflection signal amplitude may be calibrated linearly with total mass of aerosols and the method could be applied to analysis of complex aerosols.
The View from the Verandah: Levuka Bungalows and the Transformation of Settler Identities in Later Colonialism

The residential architecture of Levuka, Fiji, contains a diverse and well-preserved sample of what architectural historians have called the “British tropical bungalow.” Dating to the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, these small frame structures bear witness to the in situ development of a descendant colonialist identity amongst the European settlers of the port town. Analysis of the degree to which these houses conform to, and diverge from, the normative traits of the global bungalow style provides insight into the material processes of later colonialist communities and their increasingly complex cultural and social identities.
Index-shifted Bragg gratings

We present an analysis of the transmission properties of index-shifted Bragg gratings. Theoretical predictions of the transmission properties of these gratings are obtained using a generalized transfer matrix method. The predictions show that a precise modification of the refractive index profile of Bragg gratings can lead to the generation of narrowband transmission windows within a low transmission band.
Energy Budgets and Temperatures of Nyctinastic Leaves on Freezing Nights

Temperatures of exposed horizontal and vertical soybean leaves (Glycine max [L.] Merr. var. Chippewa) were measured on calm, clear nights with temperatures near freezing. Average leaf-air temperature differences for 5 nights were −1.5 C and −1.0 C for horizontal and vertical leaves respectively. The horizontal leaves were cooler than the vertical leaves. The mean of all observed horizontal-vertical leaf temperature differences was −0.5 C with a maximum average for 1 night of −0.8 C, while maximum differences theoretically attainable in similar leaves were calculated to be −1.7 C. No differences were observed in the extent of frost damage in horizontal and vertical leaves. The apparent reduction in frost damage in vertical leaves observed by Charles Darwin was probably caused by his method of using corks to hold the horizontal leaves and not by leaf orientation. Theoretical considerations and the experimental results indicate that nyctinastic leaf movements probably do not provide significant protection from frost for any plants.
The combined effect of inhibiting both ACAT and HMG-CoA reductase may directly induce atherosclerotic lesion regression

We hypothesized that coadministration of avasimibe and simvastatin would limit size, composition and extent of atherosclerotic lesions and potentially promote lesion regression, since bioavailable ACAT inhibitors decrease monocyte-macrophage enrichment and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors limit smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. Male New Zealand white rabbits were sequentially fed a 0.5% cholesterol, 3% peanut oil, 3% coconut oil diet for 9 weeks and a chow-fat diet for 6 weeks prior to drug administration. A time zero control group was necropsied prior to drug administration and the progression control was fed various diets but untreated. Avasimibe (10 mg/kg), simvastatin (2.5 mg/kg) or combination of avasimibe (10 mg/kg) with simvastatin (2.5 mg/kg) were administered in the chow-fat diet for 8 weeks. Plasma total cholesterol exposure was unchanged by avasimibe but was reduced 21% by both simvastatin alone and in combination with avasimibe. Combination of avasimibe and simvastatin decreased VLDL-cholesterol exposure by 56%. VLDL+IDL lipid composition was similar in the progression control and simvastatin-treated animals. Administration of avasimibe alone or in combination with simvastatin reduced the cholesteryl ester fraction and increased the triglyceride fraction to comparable extents. Relative to the progression control, avasimibe plus simvastatin markedly decreased thoracic aortic cholesteryl ester content and lesion coverage by 50% and aortic arch lesion size and macrophage area by 75 and 73%, respectively. With respect to lesion regression, avasimibe+simvastatin decreased aortic arch lesion size by 64% and monocyte-macrophage area by 73% when compared to time zero. Based on these data, we conclude that despite changes in plasma total and lipoprotein cholesterol exposure and lipoprotein composition comparable to monotherapy, inhibition of both ACAT and HMG-CoA reductase may not only directly blunt lesion progression but also promote regression of pre-established atherosclerotic lesions.
Varying patterns of verbal recall, recognition, and response bias with progression of Alzheimer's disease

Aspects of performance on verbal list learning tasks, such as recall, recognition, and response bias, may vary with severity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We administered a 10-item, single-category word list learning test using selective reminding procedures to 188 patients with probable AD and 36 healthy normal controls with equivalent age and education. We analyzed the total number of words recalled as well as discrimination and response bias indexes derived from signal detection theory. Recall and discrimination were impaired in patients with probable AD compared to controls, and recall scores were more sensitive to dementia severity than discrimination. While many AD patients showed a liberal response bias, their response bias varied considerably within patient groups and did not correlate with disease severity.
Gynoid and android fat patterning in Japanese-American men: Body build and glucose metabolism.

Subcutaneous fat patterning was investigated in a sample of 229 second generation (Nisei) Japanese-American men enrolled in an epidemiological study of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The study sample consisted of 78 men with diabetes, 72 with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and 79 with normal glucose tolerance, classified by a 75 gm oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT) and world Health Organization criteria. A combination of hierarchal cluster analysis and logarithmic regression analysis using skinfold thickness at seven anatomical sites yielded two distinctive fat pattern groups, viz, a gynoid fat pattern group (n = 16), with a significantly greater percentage of fat on the extremities; and an exaggerated android group (n = 34), with proportionately more fat on the trunk than predicted from total skinfold fat thickness. The two fat pattern groups and a sample of men of normal glucose tolerance (n = 53) were compared by analysis of variance with respect to 12 somatometric variables and indices encompassing length, breadth and muscle mass parameters. The three groups did not differ in age or height. In weight and body mass index, the gynoid fat pattern group was lowest, although there were no significant intergroup differences in total skinfold fat (seven sites summed). The gynoid group was also significantly less robust in body build than the android group, as judged by a lower intermembral index, lower ratios of bony chest breadth and biacromial diameter to sitting height, and reduced arm muscle mass. The prevalence of diabetes within each fat pattern group was slightly less than expected on the basis of the prevalence of IGT (44%) was found within the gynoid group; none of the differences were statistically significant. During the OGTT, the gynoid and android groups, minus diabetic men, differed significantly from men with normal glucose tolerance in serum glucose levels at 1.5 and 2 hr but not from one another. The limitations of cross-sectional data of this nature for determining a differential risk fordisorders of glucose metabolism associated with type of fat deposition are discussed.
Aqueous Organometallic Chemistry of the Electrophilic [(η-C5(CH3)5)Ru(NO)]2+ Fragment

Treatment of Cp‘Ru(NO)(CH3)2 with 2 equiv of HOSO2CF3 (HOTf) leads to the formation of the ditriflate complexes Cp‘Ru(NO)(OTf)2 (1a,b) (Cp‘ = η-C5(CH3)5, Cp* (1a), η-C5(CH3)4(CH2CH3), Cp† (1b)). The complex salts [Cp†Ru(NO)(OTf)(OH2)][OTf] (2b) and [Cp†Ru(NO)(OH2)2][OTf]2 (3b) can be isolated from the hydration of 1b. The structures of 1b, 2b, and 3b are determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. In 0.1 M H2O/CH2Cl2 the equilibria 1a 2a+ + OTf- 3a2+ + 2OTf- exist, with 1a being the predominant complex and ΔH1 = −15(3) kcal/mol and ΔS1 = −60(30) eu (for K1) and ΔH2 = −9(1) kcal/mol and ΔS2 = −40(25) eu (for K2). For comparison, the equilibria 1a [Cp*Ru(NO)(OTf)(THF)]+ + OTf- [Cp*Ru(NO)(THF)2]2+ + 2OTf- exist in neat THF with ΔH1 = −4.5(3) kcal/mol and ΔS1 = −30(10) eu (for K1) and ΔH2 = −4.1(1) kcal/mol and ΔS2 = −20(10) eu (for K2). The anion exchange equilibria in CH2Cl2 1a + 2Cl- [Cp*Ru(NO)(OTf)(Cl) + OTf- + Cl- [Cp*Ru(NO)Cl2] + 2OTf- has ΔH1 = −9(1) kcal/mol and ΔS1 = −30(10) eu (for K...
Considering Perception and Cognition in the Design of an Instructional Software Package

An instructional multimedia software package was developed for use by students taking introductory physics courses. Studies have indicated that many of these students possess a set of common misunderstandings of graphs describing the motion of objects. The software described here was constructed as a student tool which would specifically address these difficulties. The impact of educational psychology, cognitive science, and human factors research on software design and user interface development are described. This work was supported by NSF grant MDR-9154127 with additional support from the RasterOps Corporation, Sony Corporation of America, and Apple Computer, Inc.
Desymmetrization of Glycerol Derivatives with Peptide-Based Acylation Catalysts

Nucleophile-loaded peptides have been evaluated as catalysts for the desymmetrization of glycerol derivatives through an enantioselective acylation process. Enantiomeric excesses of up to 97% have been obtained for the monoacylated products. A range of other substrates have been examined that shed light on the mechanistic basis of the desymmetrizations.
Sulfonated polyphosphazene ion-exchange membranes

Abstract Four phosphazene polymers: poly[(3-methylphenoxy)(phenoxy)phosphazene], poly[(4-methylphenoxy)(phenoxy)phosphazene], poly[(3-ethylphenoxy)(phenoxy)phosphazene] and poly[(4-ethylphenoxy)(phenoxy)phosphazene] were sulfonated in solution with SO3 and cast into membranes from N,N-dimethylacetamide or 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone solvents at a temperature of 80°C. Methylphenoxy polymers were resistant to degradation and the sulfonation degree was easily controlled. The ethylphenoxy polymers underwent severe degradation during sulfonation and were unusable as membranes. Depending on the molar ratio of SO3 to the polymer mer, water insoluble membranes from the poly[(methylphenoxy)(phenoxy)phosphazenes] had an ion-exchange capacity ranging from near 0 to 2.3 mmol/g, an ac impedance in 0.1 N NaCl between 48 kohm m and 0.04 ohm m, and swelling in water (SO3H-form) from 0.1 to 0.9 g/g. Poly[(3-methylphenoxy)(phenoxy)phosphazene] was found to be the best starting material, in terms of the ease in controlling the degree of sulfonation and the highest polymer ion-exchange capacity for a water insoluble membrane.
The Cost of Accessing an Object's Feature Stored in Visual Working Memory.

The effects of accessing or retrieving information held in working memory are poorly understood compared to what we know about the nature of information storage in this limited-capacity memory system. Previous studies of object-based attention have often relied upon memory-demanding tasks, and this work could indicate that accessing a piece of information in visual working memory may have deleterious effects upon the other representations being maintained. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that accessing a feature of an object represented in visual working memory degrades the representations of the other stored objects’ features. Our findings support this hypothesis and point to important new questions about the nature of effects resulting from accessing information stored in visual working memory.
534. Reduction of psychotic symptoms in patients with Lewy body-like symptoms treated with olanzapine

A double-blind 6-week study of nursing home patients (n 5 206) with moderate to severe dementia indicated that 5 mg/day olanzapine provided superior efficacy compared to placebo in reducing psychosis and behavioral disturbances associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Additional analyses assessed the effect of 5 mg/day olanzapine relative to placebo on psychosis and EPS in patients who had possible dementia with Lewy bodies (n 5 29) determined by a nonzero score on the Simpson-Angus Scale, a nonzero score on the Hallucinations item of the NPI/NH and no reported neuroleptic use prior to study entry. Patients treated with olanzapine had a 82.9% mean improvement in the NPI/NH Delusions and Hallucinations combined score compared to a 17.4% mean improvement for placebo (p 5 .015). On the NPI/NH Delusions item, olanzapine-treated patients had a 77.8% mean improvement, compared to a 29.0% mean improvement for placebo (p 5 .012). For all psychiatricrelated NPI/NH items, olanzapine produced at least a 3-fold improvement in scores relative to placebo. In addition, the olanzapine-treated group had an 85.7% improvement in Occupational Disruptiveness related to the NPI/NH Delusions and Hallucinations combined items while the placebo-treated group had only a 14.0% improvement (p 5 .002). Significant improvement (p 5 .042) was also found on the Mini-Mental State Exam for patients treated with olanzapine (2.4-point mean improvement) compared to placebo (0.1-point mean worsening). Changes in EPS were not clinically significantly different for patients treated with olanzapine compared to placebo.
Fault-Tolerant Techniques for Radiation Environments

This paper reports on a study made on the use of fault-tolerant systems in radiation environments for radiation hardening and hardness assurance purposes. The fault-tolerant systems studied in depthare TMR, TMR/Simplex, Switching Redundancy, Self-Purging Redundancy, and Radial Logic. Failure distributions were obtained for a number of components and for various radiation environments. These were used to graph radiation related indicators as a function of radiation level. One indicator relates to radiation hardness and a second relates to hardness assurance. The effects of imperfect switches and voters and of system size and system sectioning were considered. Finally, the chosen systems were ranked with respect to radiation hardness and hardness assurance.
Adapting Web-based Instruction to Residents’ Knowledge Improves Learning Efficiency: A Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND Increased clinical demands and decreased available time accentuate the need for efficient learning in postgraduate medical training. Adapting Web-based learning (WBL) to learners’ prior knowledge may improve efficiency.
Fusion of conflicting information for improving representativeness of data used in LCAs

Employing representative data is necessary for producing a credible LCA informing decision making process. When the data is available from multiple sources, and in incompatible formats such as point estimates, intervals, approximations, and may even be conflicting in nature, it is important to synthesize it with minimal loss of information to enhance the credibility of LCA. This article introduces a framework for information fusion that can serve this purpose within the current operational procedure of LCA. The character of information gathered from multiple sources is inherently different than that exhibited by the information generated by a single random source. The framework of possibility theory can be used to merge such heterogeneous information as demonstrated by its application in the diverse fields such as engineering, finance, and social sciences. This article introduces this methodology for LCAs by first introducing the theory behind data modeling and data fusion with possibility theory. Then, this framework is applied to the disparate data from literature on the manufacturing energy requirements for semiconductor device fabrication, and also to a hypothetical example of linguistic inputs from experts in order to demonstrate the operationalization of the theory. A flowchart is provided to recap the framework and for easy navigation through the steps of merging procedure. The framework for fusion of information applied the numerical and linguistic heterogeneous data in the LCA context illustrates that this methodology can be implemented relatively easily to increase the data quality and credibility of LCA. This can be done without making any changes in the usual preferred way of conducting an LCA. Information fusion may be performed either after the sensitivity analysis identifies the most impactful categories that need further investigation, or it can be performed upfront to the select input categories of interest. The article introduces a well-established framework of information fusion to the field of LCA where disparate data may need to be fused to perform the assessment under certain conditions. This framework can be easily implemented, and will enhance data quality and LCA credibility. We also hope that data entry software such as ecoEditor make provision for the data entry mechanism necessary to enter fused data.
Neural correlates of temperature coupling in the vocal communication system of the gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor)

The central nervous system of the gray treefrog includes a class of auditory neurons which respond selectively to particular rates of amplitude modulation. When body temperature is increased, the temporal tuning of these neurons shifts to higher rates of modulation. This shift in tuning parallels the temperature-dependent shift in the trill rate in the male's mating call, thus constituting the neural correlate of temperature coupling between the female's behavioral selectivity and the temporal signal characteristics in the male's call.
Epinephrine fails to enhance performance of food-deprived rats on a delayed spontaneous alternation task.

Increases in blood glucose levels after epinephrine injection appear to contribute to the hormone's effects on learning and memory. The present experiment evaluated whether epinephrine-induced enhancement of spontaneous alternation performance would be attenuated in fasted rats that had blunted increases in circulating glucose levels after injections of epinephrine. Rats deprived of food for 24 h prior to injection of epinephrine exhibited significant attenuation of the increase in blood glucose levels seen in fed rats. When the rats were tested on a delayed spontaneous alternation task, epinephrine enhanced performance in fed rats but not in rats deprived of food for 24 h. These findings are consistent with the view that hyperglycemia subsequent to epinephrine injections contributes to the memory-enhancing effects of epinephrine.
Herd-level risk factors for lameness in high-producing holstein cows housed in freestall barns.

The objective of this study was to investigate the association of some herd-level factors with the prevalence of lameness in 53 high-production groups of Holstein cows housed on 50 commercial dairy farms having freestall barns in Minnesota. Cows in the high-production group (n = 5,626) were scored for locomotion (score of 1 to 5, where 1 = normal and 5 = severely lame) to estimate prevalence of lameness (locomotion score ≥3) in the group. Herd-level variables were used to explain the variation in prevalence among groups. Among the variables tested, herd size, pen space per cow, type and size of milking parlor, total mixed ration content of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, feeding frequency, linear feedbunk space per cow, type of feed barrier, and use of footbath did not show any association with the prevalence of lameness in the univariate analysis screening test and were not included in the multivariate model. Pen stocking density (cows per 100 stalls), total daily distance between pen and milking parlor, number of cows per full-time employee equivalent, cud chewing index, and pen type were eliminated from the multivariate model in the backwards stepwise procedure. Daily time away from the pen for milking was positively associated with the prevalence of lameness, whereas cow comfort quotient was negatively associated with prevalence of lameness. Prevalence of lameness was greater when farms performed hoof trimming only when the manager decided cows needed it because of hoof overgrowth or lameness compared with farms on which the feet of all cows were trimmed on a maintenance schedule once or twice annually. Brisket board height of more than 15.24 cm and presence of the area behind the brisket board filled with concrete were associated with greater prevalence of lameness. Most of these herd-level factors could be managed to reduce lameness prevalence in commercial dairy farms.
Lipogenesis in the developing brain: Utilization of radioactive leucine, isoleucine, octanoic acid and β-hydroxybutyric acid

Incorporation of radioactivity from intracranially injected radioactive leucine, isoleucine (ketogenic amino acids), octanoic acid and β-hydroxybutyric acid into the brain lipids of 15 to 16 day-old rats was examined. The results showed that radioactivity from all the above precursors was incorporated into brain lipids. Radioactivity from injected isoleucine was incorporated into odd numbered fatty acids indicating an alternate pathway to α-oxidation for the biosynthesis of these fatty acids in the brain. For some as yet unclear reasons, a substantial portion of the radioactivity from injected octanoic acid was incorporated into free fatty acids. Utilization of these compounds for providing carbon for lipogenesis during development under unstressed normal conditions is discussed.
Reflections from the Classroom: Teacher Perspectives on the Implementation of Proposition 227

Abstract This study provides a cross-sectional analysis of 77 teachers' perspectives on the second-year implementation of Proposition 227. The paper considers three instructional settings: (a) teachers who continued teaching bilingual education, (b) teachers who switched from bilingual education to structured English immersion, and (c) teachers who remained in a structured English immersion or English-only setting. Within these three scenarios, we identify four key areas of concern related to the implementation of Proposition 227. This study reveals that teacher response to and implementation of Proposition 227 was mediated by multiple factors including high stakes testing and increased accountability.
Lymphocyte Adhesion to Psoriatic Dermal Endothelium: Mechanism and Modulation

Psoriasis is characterized by the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes in the epidermis and the accumulation of activated CD4+ T lymphocytes in the upper dermis. We have recently rested the hypothesis that the abnormal endothelial proliferation in the dermal papillae of psoriaric lesions may be mechanistically linked to the expression of endothelial ligands capable of promoting lymphocytes binding and extravasation. The results indicated that specialized endothelial cells lining the post-capillary venules of psoriatic lesions are capable of promoting the selective adherence of human CD4+ T cells and its memory subset. In contrast, B cells, CD8+ T cells, and CD45RA+ T cells are deficient in their capacities to bind. The adhesion process is energy and calcium dependent and involves tissue-specific lymphocyte receptors, with LFA-1 molecules playing an accessory role. We concluded that transformation of the dermal endothelium into a lymphocyte-receptive phenotype by defined growth factors or cytokines may represent a positive feedback mechanism promoting lymphocyte migration into the diseased sites.
Supporting and Accelerating Reproducible Research in Software Maintenance Using TraceLab Component Library

Research studies in software maintenance are notoriously hard to reproduce due to lack of datasets, tools, implementation details (e.g., parameter values, environmental settings) and other factors. The progress in the field is hindered by the challenge of comparing new techniques against existing ones, as researchers have to devote a lot of their resources to the tedious and error-prone process of reproducing previously introduced approaches. In this paper, we address the problem of experiment reproducibility in software maintenance and provide a long term solution towards ensuring that future experiments will be reproducible and extensible. We conducted a mapping study of a number of representative maintenance techniques and approaches and implemented them as a library of experiments and components that we make publicly available with TraceLab, called the Component Library. The goal of these experiments and components is to create a body of actionable knowledge that would (i) facilitate future research and would (ii) allow the research community to contribute to it as well. In addition, to illustrate the process of using and adapting these techniques, we present an example of creating new techniques based on existing ones, which produce improved results.
Sugar radical formation by a proton coupled hole transfer in 2'-deoxyguanosine radical cation (2'-dG*+): a theoretical treatment

Previous experimental and theoretical work has established that electronic excitation of a guanine cation radical in nucleosides or in DNA itself leads to sugar radical formation by deprotonation from the dexoxyribose sugar. In this work, we investigate a ground electronic state pathway for such sugar radical formation in a hydrated one electron oxidized 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG(*+) + 7H(2)O), using density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP functional and the 6-31G* basis set. We follow the stretching of the C(5')-H bond in dG(*+) to gain an understanding of the energy requirements to transfer the hole from the base to sugar ring and then to deprotonate to proton acceptor sites in solution and on the guanine ring. The geometries of reactant (dG(*+) + 7H(2)O), transition state (TS) for deprotonation of the C(5') site, and product (dG((*)C(5'), N(7)-H(+)) + 7H(2)O) were fully optimized. The zero point energy (ZPE) corrected activation energy (TS) for the proton transfer (PT) from C(5') is calculated to be 9.0 kcal/mol and is achieved by stretching the C(5')-H bond by 0.13 A from its equilibrium bond distance (1.099 A). Remarkably, this small bond stretch is sufficient to transfer the "hole" (positive charge and spin) from guanine to the C(5') site on the deoxyribose group. Beyond the TS, the proton (H(+)) spontaneously adds to water to form a hydronium ion (H(3)O(+)) as an intermediate. The proton subsequently transfers to the N(7) site of the guanine (product). The 9 kcal/mol barrier suggests slow thermal conversion of the cation radical to the sugar radical but also suggests that localized vibrational excitations would be sufficient to induce rapid sugar radical formation in DNA base cation radicals.
Fragmentation of carbon ions at 250 MeV/nucleon

The single particle inclusive reactions $^{12}\mathrm{C}$${+}^{12}$C\ensuremath{\rightarrow}x+anything (3\ensuremath{\le}Z\ensuremath{\le}6) have been studied at 250 MeV/nucleon at nine production angles from 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Production cross sections for most isotopes (Zg2) were determined. The longitudinal and transverse momentum distributions were constructed. The results at this energy are compared to the data at other energies and to the model of Friedman. It appears that, after the Coulomb effects are separated, there is very little energy dependence in the fragmentation process.
Unitary ranking in the automated detection of mammographic masses

We are investigating the utility of a unitary ranking method for the classification of masses and false-positives (FPs) in an automated detection algorithm. In unitary ranking, the scores within individual images are ordered from maximum to minimum. A threshold is then applied to this ordering, or ranking, to determine a final set of potential mass regions. A more commonly used approach is to rank the scores from all the images together and then apply a single threshold to the entire group. This method will be referred to as group ranking. In this study, we compared the free-response receiver operating characteristic (FROC) performance of unitary ranking with group ranking. The results are based on the classification of mammographic regions automatically extracted from 255 digitized mammograms. They indicate that unitary ranking reduces the number of false positive (FP) detections over the group ranking method. In particular, unitary ranking for a 95% true positive detection fraction reduced the FPs by 1% (from 10.1 FPs per image to 10.0), 11% (from 6.3 to 5.6) and 26% (from 3.1 to 2.3) for sets of regions having FP to true positive (TP) ratios of 24:1, 16:1 and 8:1, respectively. This preliminary study indicates that the unitary ranking may be a useful scoring technique in the classification of regions on digital mammograms.
WILL PREFERENTIAL AGREEMENTS UNDERMINE THE MULTILATERAL TRADING SYSTEM

Is bilateralism bad? This question was the title of Paul Krugman's provocative paper on regionalism (Krugman, 1991 a), and the pursuit of an answer has spawned the regionalism versus multilateralism debate. The answer to this question turns largely on how one answers the related question posed by Jagdish Bhagwati (Bhagwati, 1991): will regional agreements or more accurately, preferential agreements undermine the multilateral trading system? On one side of the debate are those who argue that preferential agreements can complement existing multilateral efforts to foster greater economic integration among countries, and should therefore be encouraged. On the other side are those who see such agreements as a threat to the multilateral system. But what is 'the multilateral system' that may or may not be threatened by preferential agreements? Much of the literature treats it as a 'black box' synonymous with the goal of 'multilateral free trade', and proceeds to ask whether preferential agreements contribute to or interfere with the attainment of this goal. Introductory references are typically made to the GATT/ WTO, but the analysis is often carried out with little or no reference to the structure of this multilateral institution. In this paper we argue that understanding GATT's structure is vital to the debate over regionalism versus multilateralism. There are three components that together comprise the cornerstones of the GATT system: the principles of reciprocity and non-discrimination, which are regularly identified as the 'pillars' of the GATT architecture, and the enforcement mechanisms, which Dam (1970, p. 81) calls the 'heart' of the GATT system. Below we describe how preferential agreements may be expected to interact with the multilateral system in light of each of its three principle components. We approach the question posed at the outset in two parts. We first ask, will preferential agreements undermine a multilateral trading system that is built on the pillars of reciprocity and non-discrimination? A remaining question is then, how do preferential agreements affect the enforcement provisions of the GATT? To lay the foundation for an answer to the first question, we describe a framework within which the pillars of reciprocity and non-discrimination can themselves be interpreted and understood. From this perspective, we then
Multi-layer hierarchical approach to double sided jamming games among teams of mobile agents

In this paper, we study the trade off in resource allocation between malicious intrusion (jamming) and communication/ coordination by two teams of mobile agents. Agents belonging to the same team communicate over wireless ad hoc networks, and they distribute their available power between the tasks of communication and jamming the communication network nodes of the other team. This is a generalization of our earlier work in [7] which considered the special case when each team consists of only two agents. Here we consider the nontrivial extension to multiple agents (in each team). The agents have constraints on their total energy and instantaneous power usage. The cost function adopted is the difference between the rates of erroneously transmitted bits of each team. We model the problem as a zero-sum differential game between the two teams (where the teams are the actual players in the zero-sum game) and use Isaacs' approach to obtain necessary conditions for the corresponding trajectories. The solution to the optimal control problem for each team in turn depends on the solution to the power allocation problem for each agent. The power allocation problem is a non-zero sum game between the two teams, and we present sufficient conditions for the existence of a pure strategy Nash equilibrium. Finally, we provide some simulation results to validate the approach taken.
INCREMENTAL PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF STRAIN ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY FOR PREDICTION OF MORTALITY IN CANCER PATIENTS

Global longitudinal strain (GLS) has been shown to be a significant predictor of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity and cardiac dysfunction as well as a predictor of all-cause mortality in patients with cardiac disease, but it has not been studied as a predictor of all-cause mortality in patients
Cognitive maturity and self-management among adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

The ability of adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) to assume responsibility for self-management is complicated by normal psychosocial developmental tasks, including establishing independence from authority. We evaluated self-managerial behavior and its relation to cognitive maturity. Forty-one adolescents with IDDM (age range 12 to 21 years) and their parents, who were trained to self-adjust insulin on compensatory and anticipatory bases, participated. The data indicated that parents withdrew from the insulin adjustment process as their adolescents grew older. Parental participation had virtually ceased by the time the child reached age 15 years. Parental withdrawal, however, was not always balanced by the adolescent's assumption of responsibility for insulin adjustments. Older adolescents were statistically no more likely than younger adolescents to self-adjust insulin doses. Both self-adjustment and metabolic control (HbA, values) among adolescents were, however, related to cognitive maturity. More cognitively mature adolescents were also more likely to perceive themselves as being in control of their illiness. Thus, older adolescents who are less cognitively mature than their peers are sometimes given responsiblility for self-managerial behaviors that they are unable to assume.
Cognitive Praxis in Today's "International Education" Movement: A Case Study of Intents and Affinities

We report a qualitative case study of interpretive activity inside the current wave of the “international education” movement in U.S. schools. We used a sociological framework to examine how competing interpretations are mobilized in relation to one another and to the urgent discourses of Globalization and Terror. Data were gathered in interviews of a sample of movement intellectuals—activists positioned between powerbrokers and school practitioners. We found a diverse set of interpretations that were spread across a two-dimensional framework with four quadrants: intent (civic and enterprise) and affinity (national and global). We conclude that the cognitive praxis of this sample extends prior patterns—it is plural and contentious, and national security plays a central role. Within these tendencies, however, are features unique to the current wave. We end with implications for the social studies field.