cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Positron Annihilation in Liquid and Solid Mercury

tion of photons from the annihilation of positrons with electrons in solid and liquid mercury. The angular distribution of photon coincidences can be separated into contributions arising from annihilations with the ionic-core electrons and with the conduction electrons. The angular variation of the former does not appear to change at the solid-liquid transition, but the distribution for the conduction electrons is considerably modified. The plot of the number of coincidences against angle for the conduction electrons in the solid can be fitted very well by a parabola corresponding to two free electrons per atom, which indicates that the Fermi surface in extended k space does not depart very significantly from a sphere. The relative number of annihilations from the conduction electrons in the liquid is considerably greater and the distribution departs from the free electron parabola at large angles. These effects are interpreted in terms of the distortion of the wave functions and the broadening of the electronic energy levels by the disorder in the liquid. It is concluded that the uncertainty in the wave vector of an electron at the Fermi surface in the liquid is about 20% of the Fermi wave vector. (auth)
Differences in Factor Structures between U.S. Multinational and Domestic Corporations: Evidence from Bilinear Paradigm Tests

This research investigates the differences in factor structure between U.S. multinational and domestic corporations. We use a multifactor return generating process and investigate whether the constraints imposed by the arbitrage pricing theory are upheld. Our results indicate and domestic corporations are not significantly different. It does appear, however, that there are different prices attached to the risk of U.S. multinational and domestic firms.
Levels of manganese superoxide dismutase activity are increased in tears from patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

Oxygen free radicals and their derivatives are second messengers of various traumatic, inflammatory and autoimmune processes and play a role in the tissue damage of autoimmune disorders. As free radicals are produced in the course of tissue inflammation scavenger enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), are activated. The lacrimal gland may play a role in the autoimmune reactions of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). The tears, which are produced mainly by the lacrimal gland, contain specific IgA class antibodies and oxygen free radical scavenger enzymes, in particular SOD, and may provide information about the orbital inflammatory process. The authors have measured total and manganese SOD activities in tears from patients with TAO, and control patients and subjects, correlating with clinical parameters of the ophthalmopathy. Levels of total SOD activity were increased in 40% of patients with TAO, 35.7% with Graves' hyperthyroidism without ophthalmopathy, 38.5% with other ocular disorders, 45.5% ...
The guidance of eye movements during active visual search.

Abstract An analysis of monkey eye movements in classic conjunction and feature search tasks was made. The task was to find and fixate a target in an array of stimuli. Saccades targeted stimuli accurately (red and green bars, 1.25×0.25°), landing most of the time within 1.0° of the stimulus center and rarely in blank areas far from any stimulus. Monkeys used target color, but not orientation, to selectively guide search. Saccades moved the point of fixation on the average just beyond the area that could be examined by focal attentive mechanisms during the current fixation, as described in a previous paper (Motter BC, Belky EJ. The zone of focal attention during active visual search. Vis Res 1998;38:1007–22). This distance scales with the density of relevant stimuli in the scene. The saccade targeting data suggest that the locations of items of a particular color, but apparently not of a particular orientation, are available outside the region of focal attention. Color feature selection can apparently block the distracting effects of color unique distractors during search.
Ultrastructural investigation of spicule formation in the gorgonian Leptogorgia virgulata (Lamarck) (Coelenterata: Gorgonacea).

Ultrastructural examination of original and regenerated branch tips of the gorgonianLeptogorgia virgulata reveals that spicule formation begins with the aggregation of scleroblasts in the mesoglea. Calcite crystal deposition occurs within a Golgi vacuole containing organic matrix. Vacuole size increases while matrix incorporation and subsequent crystal growth continue, filling the vacuole. At approximately this time, the scleroblasts dissociate and “wart” formation begins. Further spicule growth stretches the cell into a thin envelope. Fusion of vacuole and plasma membrane followed by breach formation during spicule growth, as well as scleroblast atrophy or migration from mature spicules, result in the transition of the spicule from the intracellular to the extracellular environment. The results also reveal aborted spicules and digestive bodies, implying possible relationships among calcification, detoxification, and waste management.
Natural and Human Influences on Fish Species Richness in Small North Temperate Lakes: Implications for Bioassessment

ABSTRACT We developed analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models to predict fish species richness as a function of two simple landscape-scale, binary variables (surface water connectivity to other aquatic systems and human riparian development), with lake surface area as the covariate. All three variables were significantly related to species richness and explained 61 % of the variance in a data set from 55 limnologically similar lakes in northern Wisconsin. We developed additional ANCOVA models to assess the relative effects of these three variables on four functional species groups, including gamefish, riverine, tolerant, and intolerant species. The number of gamefish species was greater in lakes with riparian development than in undeveloped lakes; this is probably related to introductions by management agencies and anglers. Connectivity increased the number of riverine species and intolerant species. Intolerant species may be more abundant because connecting streams provide colonization routes and decrease...
Comparative antirachitic effectiveness of viosterol, cod liver oil, and percomorph liver oil

Summary In order to determine the relative effectiveness of cod liver oil, viosterol and percomorph liver oil, unit for unit, 365 infants were given 135, 435, or 870 U.S.P. xi units daily of one of these antirachitic agents throughout the winter months. At the end of the winter the incidence of rickets among these infants was determined by roentgenologic examination of the wrists. The results of the prophylactic study did not indicate any significant difference in the effectiveness of these agents at the levels of units employed in this investigation. The degree of protection afforded by these antirachitics was extremely high, and only three infants among 146 receiving the lower unitage, 135 units daily, developed roentgenologic evidences of rickets. A comparison of the curative response to cod liver oil, viosterol, percomorph liver oil and irradiated cholesterol was made on fourteen rachitic infants. These tests revealed that the daily administration of 435 units of cod liver oil, percomorph liver oil, and irradiated cholesterol brought about good healing in two, four, and three rachitic infants, respectively, whereas the same number of units of viosterol failed to bring about satisfactory healing in two rachitic infants. The results of the curative study, therefore, would seem to indicate that, rat unit for rat unit, vitamin D of animal source (cod liver oil, percomorph liver oil, and irradiated cholesterol) is more effective in the treatment of infantile rickets than is vitamin D of plant origin (viosterol).
Discovery of protein phosphatase 2C inhibitors by virtual screening.

Protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) is an archetype of the PPM Ser/Thr phosphatases, characterized by dependence on divalent magnesium or manganese cofactors, absence of known regulatory proteins, and resistance to all known Ser/Thr phosphatase inhibitors. We have used virtual ligand screening with the AutoDock method and the National Cancer Institute Diversity Set to identify small-molecule inhibitors of PP2Cα activity at a protein substrate. These inhibitors are active in the micromolar range and represent the first non-phosphate-based molecules found to inhibit a type 2C phosphatase. The compounds docked to three recurrent binding sites near the PP2Cα active site and displayed novel Ser/Thr phosphatase selectivity profiles. Common chemical features of these compounds may form the basis for development of a PP2C inhibitor pharmacophore and may facilitate investigation of PP2C control and cellular function.
The present status of computer technology and its application areas among psychophysiologists with five year projections.

PP-T0006-0-I A survey of computer utilization among PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY subscribers is reported. Of 170 respondents, 73% have present access to one or more computers, and 17% expect access in two to five years. Computer users are analyzed with respect to their primary fields of interest, the physiological variables they are measuring, their choice of equipment, and their software development resources including access to programmers. Attitudes of users regarding the importance of the computer for their work, and its impact on their choice of research problems are described. Five year projections are given, revealing the strong trend to real-time small computers and the growing software shortage among present users. Respondents generally favored a systematic exchange of programs among users.
Staging in doped polymers

Abstract We present phase diagrams for doped polymers based on a simple Ising Hamiltonian. Staging is specified by 2D triangular superlattices of 1D tunnels with variable filling. Staging transitions versus chemical potential at fixed T, and versus T at fixed concentration, are found. Analogies with layer intercalates are pointed out.
Unraveling the Ties Between Civic Institutions and Attitudes Toward Political Violence

Does a vibrant civil society lead to a more peaceful society? The notion that inclusive civic institutions can facilitate peaceful conflict resolution has become a cornerstone of economic development efforts, but little rigorous work tests this proposition. One obstacle to confirming this popular notion is the endogeneity of these institutions. It is difficult to tell whether civic institutions influence behavior or whether individuals who join civic institutions are a priori less likely to believe in using violence to achieve political goals. Cross-national quantitative analysis systematically examines this relationship, finding that many common demographic factors affect individuals’ participation in civic associations, but that membership in such associations plays little or no role in determining individual attitudes toward political violence. These results bear directly on debates in the scholarly and policy world about how best to create the conditions for a peaceful democratic society.
An evaluation of reversed phase partition for thin-layer chromatographic identification of chlorophylls and derivatives

Abstract Separation and identification of chlorophylides a and b, pheophorbides a and b, as well as chlorophylls a and b and pheophytins a and b by reversed-phase partition thin-layer chromatography, was shown to be effective. Pigment quantities in the order of 0.5 nmole could be identified. Criteria of evaluation were location, color and stability of pigment zone as viewed under white light and ultraviolet light. Investigations in which oil-impregnated thin-layers of powdered sugar, Kieselguhr G and a mixture of Kieselguhr G and Silica Gel G were used were reported. The formation of artifacts occurred when chromatographing purified pigments on inorganic thin-layers. The location of artifact formation is considered to be on the portion of the plate coating which was not oil-impregnated, Addition of an antioxidant such as butylated hydroxytoluene to pigment solutions prior to application on inorganic layers was shown to prevent artifact formation. Identification characteristics for allomerized chlorophylls a and b; methyl chlorophyllides a and b; and methyl pheophorbides a and b on oil-impregnated plates were indicated.
Photoreceptor damage and eye pigmentation: influence on the sensitivity of rat pineal N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin levels to light at night.

The threshold of light irradiance capable of inhibiting nighttime pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity and melatonin content, and the importance of intact photoreceptors and eye pigment
Status and Sacredness: A General Theory of Status Relations and an Analysis of Indian Culture

Status and Sacredness: A General Theory of Status Relations and an Analysis of Indian Culture. MURRAY MILNER JR. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. xii + 336 pp., glossary, notes, bibliography. Index.
Inflammatory Response Mechanisms Exacerbating Hypoxemia in Coexistent Pulmonary Fibrosis and Sleep Apnea

Mediators of inflammation, oxidative stress, and chemoattractants drive the hypoxemic mechanisms that accompany pulmonary fibrosis. Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis commonly have obstructive sleep apnea, which potentiates the hypoxic stimuli for oxidative stress, culminating in systemic inflammation and generalized vascular endothelial damage. Comorbidities like pulmonary hypertension, obesity, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction contribute to chronic hypoxemia leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines that may propagate clinical deterioration and alter the pulmonary fibrotic pathway. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1), interleukin- (IL-) 1α, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC-1, CINC-2α/β), lipopolysaccharide induced CXC chemokine (LIX), monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG-1), macrophage inflammatory protein- (MIP-) 1α, MIP-3α, and nuclear factor- (NF-) κB appear to mediate disease progression. Adipocytes may induce hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) 1α production; GERD is associated with increased levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α); pulmonary artery myocytes often exhibit increased cytosolic free Ca2+. Protein kinase C (PKC) mediated upregulation of TNF-α and IL-1β also occurs in the pulmonary arteries. Increased understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms driving hypoxemia in pulmonary fibrosis and obstructive sleep apnea may potentiate the identification of appropriate therapeutic targets for developing effective therapies.
TGF- β Signaling in Colon Cancer Cells

Transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-betas), cytokines expressed in the colon, play important roles as tumor suppressors and tumor promoters during colorectal carcinogenesis. TGF-beta signaling pathway involves activation of Smad2 and Smad3 by the type I receptor and formation of Smad2/3/4 heteromeric complexes that enter the nucleus to regulate transcription. Most human colorectal cancers are resistant to the tumor suppressor effects of TGF-beta, and a subset of human colorectal cancers have mutations in Smad2 and Smad4. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Smads are required for TGF-beta signaling in colon cancer cells. First, we selected a colon cancer cell line (MC-26) that has a functional TGF-beta signaling pathway. We found that MC-26 cells expressed Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4 mRNAs by reverse transeription-polymerase chain reaction and confirmed that the TGF-beta signaling pathway is functional using a transient transfection assay with 3TP-Lux reporter plasmid. TGF-beta also inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in MC-26 cells. When MC-26 cells were transiently transfected with dominant-negative carboxyl-terminal truncation mutants of Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4, TGF-beta-induced 3TP-Lux reporter activity was significantly reduced, suggesting that Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4 are attractive novel therapeutic targets for regulating TGF-beta signaling in colorectal cancers. Because MC-26 cells express TGF-beta activated Smads, have a functional TGF-beta signaling pathway, and are sensitive to the growth inhibitory and apoptotic effects of TGF-beta, they can serve as an excellent model to examine TGF-beta signaling in colorectal cancers.
Poster: near field communication based access control for wireless medical devices

Security of wireless medical devices is critical for patient safety because security attacks may directly hurt patients' health. In this paper, we design a novel access control scheme based on bi-channel and multi-factor authentication for wireless medical devices. Our scheme utilizes near field communication (NFC) to perform device pairing, which supports key exchange between a device and a reader in short communication range (
RELATIONSHIPS OF READING, MCAT, AND USMLE STEP 1 TEST RESULTS FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS

Students (N = 730) took the Nelson-Denny Reading Test (current forms G or H) during orientation to medical school. Stepwise regression analyses showed the Nelson-Denny Reading Vocabulary, Comprehension, and Rate were significant predictors of MCAT (taken prior to admission to medical school) verbal reasoning. Reading Vocabulary was a significant predictor of USMLE Step 1 score (taken at the end of the second year of medical school). Pearson correlation analyses demonstrated significant positive relationships among the various subtests of the three instruments. The significant positive relationships between reading test performance and the MCAT and USMLE for medical students have been shown across regions of the country and two decades of time. An extremely modest investment of financial and time resources in a reading test can yield disproportionate dividends for medical programs.
Developing an IT curriculum for the small, liberal arts college environment

This paper presents the process that was followed to develop an Information Technology (IT) curriculum for a small, liberal arts college. The development of such a curriculum presented its own unique challenges that had to be addressed. The vast majority of IT programs are offered at larger, more technically oriented post secondary institutions. There are few existing curriculum models that not only fit but take advantage of the unique benefits bestowed by a liberal arts education.This paper presents a description of the nature of the liberal arts education offered by a typical small liberal arts college - St. John Fisher College (SJFC). The benefits provided by this type of education with regard to the discipline of IT will be examined. Then, the process followed to develop the curriculum model for a new major in Applied Information Technology (AIT) at SJFC are discussed. This discussion includes the investigation done into the existence of other such similar majors at other institutions. The curriculum model and its incorporation of key liberal arts components are presented.Specific recommendations regarding IT curriculum for this type of post secondary institution are discussed. Observations in regard to the curriculum model currently being developed by the Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group in Information Technology Education (ACM SIGITE) Curriculum Committee and its applicability/adaptability to the small liberal arts college environment are offered.
VORTICITY, DIVERGENCE, AND VERTICAL VELOCITY IN A BAROCLINIC BOUNDARY LAYER WITH A LINEAR VARIATION OF THE GEOSTROPHIC WIND

The Ekman-Taylor problem for the planetary boundary layer is solved in the case of a thermal wind which varies linearly with height. The upper boundary condition is a vanishing a- geostrophic wind, while the lower boundary condition is continuity of the stress vector across the interface between the planetary boundary layer and the surface layer. The latter condition is used to determine the magnitude and the direction of the wind at the bottom of the Ekman layer. Theoretical hodographs are compared with observed hodographs based on five years of ohserva- tions from Ship N in the Pacific, giving fair agreement. The divergence, the vorticity, and the vertical velocity are calculated through the Ekman layer with emphasis on differences between the classical barotropic and the baroclinic cases; these differences are significant, especially in the vertical velocities as compared to the standard approximation. An extension of the present study to include thermal stratification is desirable.
Predictors of Referral to Supported Employment Among Consumers with Co-Occurring Mental and Substance Use Disorders

Clinical trials demonstrate that Supported Employment is effective in assisting persons with severe mental illness in obtaining competitive employment. However, little is known about the factors related to consumers’ decisions to pursue employment, especially for consumers with co-occurring substance and mental disorders. This study examines the demographic, socioeconomic and illness characteristics of consumers referred for Supported Employment services. Consumers were drawn from Integrated Dual Diagnosis Treatment programs in four community mental health agencies. Study participants included 113 consumers referred for Supported Employment services and 78 randomly selected non-referred consumers as the comparison group. Results suggest that consumers who have past work experience are more likely to be referred to Supported Employment, while consumers who perceive themselves as disabled or who are diagnosed as substance dependent are less likely to be referred to Supported Employment. Implications for agency practice and future research are discussed.
The Effects of Ration Complexity and Feeding Level on Broiler Breeder Performance

Abstract Two broiler breeder trials were conducted through 73 and 69 weeks of age, respectively, using 720 hens divided among 24 pens in each trial. Half the pullets and hens (Hubbard × Hubbard) in each trial were fed simple rations and half were fed rations containing sources of unidentified hatchability factors and other nutrients and ingredients purported to improve hatchability. Feed intake was adjusted throughout Trial 1 to keep body weight close to that recommended in the breeder's guide. In Trial 2, during the laying period, eight breeder pens were fed at a level adjusted to keep body weights close to the breeder's recommendations, eight at a level adjusted to maintain body weights about 200 g heavier, and eight at a level adjusted to maintain weights about 500 g heavier than the first group. During both trials, eggs were incubated every 2 weeks during the production period. Performance by all parameters measured was essentially the same for both treatments in Trial 1. Fertility and hatchability held up well with the final hatch averaging 75.5% of eggs set. There was no advantage in feeding the complex ration. In Trial 2, there were no significant differences in the production parameters due to type of diet. Egg production, and weights of eggs, day-old chicks, and breeder hens were significantly (P
Diffusional Separation of Gases and Solutes in Oscillatory Flow

Abstract We present a method for separating gases and solutes by oscillating the fluid column. The process is based on augmented diffusion and is akin to Taylor dispersion. The augmentation of the flux, as compared to simple molecular diffusion, is 3 orders of magnitude in the gaseous system and 6 orders of magnitude in the liquid system. Proper choice of experimental conditions (capillary radius, frequency, and fluid properties) is crucial for best results. In the gaseous system, the best separation factor achieved was 0.4; the expected separation under the conditions prevailing was 0.3. Highest diffusional flux was 850 mL/min in a system with a cross-sectional area of 8.62 cm2. The net energy consumption at these conditions was only 14 W. The separation in the liquid system was similar to that in the gaseous system. The method provides good separation at low energy cost.
Acquisition of type-specific antibodies to hemophilus influenzae type b

Seven of eight 2- to 3-year-old healthy children associated with a child with H. influenzae type b meningitis in a day care center had or developed type-specific antibody activity in high titer. These antibody responses were similar to those seen following invasive H. influenzae type b diseases in children of the same age but differed in titer and prevalence from those of children in the “general population.” The nature of the antigenic experience in the day care center children producing the antibodies to the capsule of H. influenzae type b appeared to be mild or asymptomatic infection, possibly independent of prolonged nasopharyngeal carriage.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 Transport in Saturated Porous Media: Role of Solution Chemistry and Surface Macromolecules

The transport and deposition behavior of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was investigated in saturated packed-bed columns and micromodel systems over a range of ionic strength (IS) (1, 10, and 100 mM) and pH (5.8, 8.4, and 9.2) conditions. At a given IS, elevated solution pH resulted in decreased deposition as a result of the increase in the measured zeta potential of the quartz sand. This deposition trend was consistent with predictions from classic Derjaguin−Landau−Verwey−Overbeek (DLVO) theory. Conversely, the E. coli O157:H7 deposition was inversely proportional to IS (1−100 mM) at high pH conditions (8.4 and 9.2), whereas no effect of IS was observed at pH 5.8. This deposition trend was not consistent with DLVO theory, but could be explained by pH-associated electrosteric stabilization. This phenomenon is driven by the pH-dependent protonated state of functional groups on E. coli O157:H7 surface macromolecules and the corresponding conformational state of the bacterial polymers. Results from this study de...
Apparent behavioral benefits of tau overexpression in P301L tau transgenic mice.

Transgenic mice expressing human tau containing the P301L tau mutation (JNPL3; tau mice) develop motor neuron loss, paralysis and death between 7 and 12 months. Surprisingly, at 5 and 7 months of age, tau transgenic mice were superior to other genotypes in the rotarod task, and had near perfect scores on the balance beam and coat hanger tests. One tau transgenic mouse was performing at a superior level in the rotarod one day prior to developing paralysis. Cognitive function was also normal in the tau mice evaluated in the radial arm water maze and the Y-maze tasks. We also crossed the tau transgenic mice with Tg2576 amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) transgenic mice. Although AβPP mice were deficient in the radial arm maze task, AβPP+tau mice were not impaired, implying a benefit of the tau transgene. Some mice were homozygous for the retinal degeneration mutation (rd/rd) and excluded from the genotype analysis. Only the water maze task discriminated the rd/rd mice from nontransgenic mice. In conclusion, it seems that the modest tau overexpression or the presence of mutant tau in the JNPL3 tau mice may provide some benefit with respect to motor and cognitive performance before the onset of paralysis.
Highway to Success: The Impact of the Golden Quadrilateral Project for the Location and Performance of Indian Manufacturing

We investigate the impact of the Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) highway project on the Indian organized manufacturing sector using enterprise data. The GQ project upgraded the quality and width of 5,846 km of roads in India. We use a difference-in-difference estimation strategy to compare non-nodal districts based upon their distance from the highway system. We find several positive effects for non-nodal districts located 0-10 km from GQ that are not present in districts 10-50 km away, most notably higher entry rates and increases in plant productivity. These results are not present for districts located on another major highway system, the North-South East-West corridor (NS-EW). Improvements for portions of the NS-EW system were planned to occur at the same time as GQ but were subsequently delayed. Additional tests show that the GQ project’s effect operates in part through a stronger sorting of land-intensive industries from nodal districts to non-nodal districts located on the GQ network. The GQ upgrades further helped spread economic activity to moderate-density districts and intermediate cities.
Comparative Analysis of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in a Syngeneic Mouse Model of Oral Cancer

ObjectiveTo perform a comparative analysis of infiltrating immune cells in a newly developed C57BL/6 background syngeneic transplantable mouse oral cancer (MOC) model.Study Design/SettingScientific study in an academic medical center.MethodsUse of carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis, tissue culture, cell line transplantation, and flow cytometric analysis techniques.ResultsPreviously, the authors established a series of cell line models that displayed dichotomous growth phenotypes when transplanted into immunocompetent mice. They now show that the indolent growth pattern of the MOC1-generated tumors is associated with increased baseline and inducible major histocompatibility complex class I expression and increased CD8+ T-cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment. Conversely, the aggressive and metastatic pattern of MOC2-generated tumors has decreased basal and inducible class I expression and is associated with FOXP3+CD4+ regulatory T-cell infiltration. Delayed primary tumor growth after targeted mon...
Evidence for Budding of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Selectively from Glycolipid-Enriched Membrane Lipid Rafts

A number of recent studies have demonstrated the significance of detergent-insoluble, glycolipid-enriched membrane domains or lipid rafts, especially in regard to activation and signaling in T lymphocytes. These domains can be viewed as floating rafts composed of sphingolipids and cholesterol which sequester glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked proteins, such as Thy-1 and CD59. CD45, a 200-kDa transmembrane phosphatase protein, is excluded from these domains. We have found that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles produced by infected T-cell lines acquire the GPI-linked proteins Thy-1 and CD59, as well as the ganglioside GM1, which is known to partition preferentially into lipid rafts. In contrast, despite its high expression on the cell surface, CD45 was poorly incorporated into virus particles. Confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed that HIV-1 proteins colocalized with Thy-1, CD59, GM1, and a lipid raft-specific fluorescent lipid, DiIC(16)(3), in uropods of infected Jurkat cells. CD45 did not colocalize with HIV-1 proteins and was excluded from uropods. Dot immunoassay of Triton X-100-extracted membrane fractions revealed that HIV-1 p17 matrix protein and gp41 were present in the detergent-resistant fractions and that [(3)H]myristic acid-labeled HIV Gag showed a nine-to-one enrichment in lipid rafts. We propose a model for the budding of HIV virions through lipid rafts whereby host cell cholesterol, sphingolipids, and GPI-linked proteins within these domains are incorporated into the viral envelope, perhaps as a result of preferential sorting of HIV Gag to lipid rafts.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are necessary for the induced response to herbivores by Cucumis sativus

Aims Although ecological interactions are often conceptualized and stud- ied in a pairwise framework, ecologists recognize that the outcomes of these interactions are influenced by other members of the com- munity. Interactions (i) between plants and insect herbivores and (ii) between plants and mycorrhizal fungi are ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems and may be linked via common host plants. Previous studies suggest that colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can modify plants' induced responses to herbivore attack, but these indirect effects of fungal symbionts are poorly understood. I investigated the role of AMF in induced plant response to a gen- eralist herbivore. Methods I manipulated AMF status and herbivory in Cucumis sativus L. (cucumber, Cucurbitaceae) in a greenhouse to investigate induced responses in the presence and absence of the mycorrhi- zal fungus Glomus intraradices (Glomeraceae). Spodoptera exigua Hubner (Noctuidae) were used to manipulate prior damage and later as assay caterpillars. I also measured G. intraradices and her - bivory effects on plant N and effects on plant growth. Important Findings AMF status affected the induced response of C. sativus, underscor - ing the importance of incorporating the roles of plant symbionts into plant defense theory. Assay caterpillars ate significantly more leaf tissue only on mycorrhizal plants that had experienced prior damage. Despite more consumption, biomass change in these cat- erpillars did not differ from those feeding on plants with other treat- ment combinations. Leaf N content was reduced by G. intraradices but unaffected by herbivory treatments, suggesting that the observed differences in assay caterpillar feeding were due to changes in defensive chemistry that depended on AMF.
Hepatic Stellate Cells Orchestrate Clearance of Necrotic Cells in a Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α–Dependent Manner by Modulating Macrophage Phenotype in Mice

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is activated in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) by hypoxia and regulates genes important for tissue repair. Whether HIF-1α is activated in HSCs after acute injury and contributes to liver regeneration, however, is not known. To investigate this, mice were generated with reduced levels of HIF-1α in HSCs by crossing HIF-1α floxed mice with mice that express Cre recombinase under control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter (i.e., HIF-1α-GFAP Cre+ mice). These mice and control mice (i.e., HIF-1α-GFAP Cre- mice) were treated with a single dose of carbon tetrachloride, and liver injury and repair were assessed. After carbon tetrachloride, HIF-1α was activated in HSCs. Although liver injury was not different between the two strains of mice, during resolution of injury, clearance of necrotic cells was decreased in HIF-1α-GFAP Cre+ mice. In these mice, the persistence of necrotic cells stimulated a fibrotic response characterized by extensive collagen deposition. Hepatic accumulation of macrophages, which clear necrotic cells from the liver after carbon tetrachloride, was not affected by HIF-1α deletion in HSCs. Conversion of macrophages to M1-like, proinflammatory macrophages, which have increased phagocytic activity, however, was reduced in HIF-1α-GFAP Cre+ mice as indicated by a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines and a decrease in the percentage of Gr1(hi) macrophages. Collectively, these studies have identified a novel function for HSCs and HIF-1α in orchestrating the clearance of necrotic cells from the liver and demonstrated a key role for HSCs in modulating macrophage phenotype during acute liver injury.
Observations of the air-coupled wave as a function of depth

The air‐coupled wave is the result of sound energy (typically from the seismic source) coupling with the Earth’s surface. This energy is not abated by shallow burial or insulating of the geophones because it is imparted into the ground rather than being imparted into the geophone on impact as it would be in a microphone (Mooney and Kaasa, 1962).
Treatment of symptomatic diabetic neuropathy by surgical decompression of multiple peripheral nerves.

Symptomatic diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy is considered progressive and irreversible. The hypothesis that symptoms of diabetic neuropathy may be due to entrapment of peripheral nerves was investigated in a prospective study from 1982 to 1988 in which diabetics (38 type I, 22 type II) had surg
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Catalase Is Not Required for Experimental Genital Tract Infection despite the Induction of a Localized Neutrophil Response

Neisseria gonorrhoeae produces several antioxidant defenses, including high levels of catalase, which may facilitate the persistence during an inflammatory response via neutralization of H2O2 produced by phagocytes. In vivo testing of the role of catalase in gonococcal survival is critical since several physiological factors impact interactions between N. gonorrhoeae and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Here we assessed the importance of gonococcal catalase in a surrogate model of female genital tract infection. Female BALB/c mice were treated with 17-β estradiol to promote susceptibility to N. gonorrhoeae and inoculated intravaginally with wild-type gonococci or a catalase (kat) deletion mutant. A localized PMN influx occurred in an average of 43 and 81% of mice infected with wild-type or kat mutant gonococci, respectively, and PMNs associated with numerous wild-type or catalase-deficient bacteria were observed in vaginal smears. The combined results of six experiments showed a significant difference in the number of days wild-type bacteria were recovered compared to the catalase-deficient gonococci. However, there was much variability between experiments, and we found no correlation between PMN influx, colonization load, and clearance of wild-type or kat mutant bacteria. Estradiol treatment did not impair bacterial uptake, the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence response, or the killing capacity of isolated murine PMNs against N. gonorrhoeae or Staphylococcus aureus. Our data suggest N. gonorrhoeae is not significantly challenged by H2O2 produced by PMNs in the murine lower genital tract; alternatively, redundant defense mechanisms may protect the gonococcus from reactive oxygen species during infection.
Forecasting the effect of land-use change on native and non-native mammalian predator distributions

Intensive land use can fragment continuous natural areas into smaller patches, which may be too small to support viable populations of native fauna and more susceptible to invasion by alien species. We demonstrate the utility of combining species occurrence models with land-use change models to identify areas where future development may differentially affect wildlife. Occurrence data for native (e.g., gray fox, coyote, bobcat, mountain lion, striped skunk, raccoon) and non-native (e.g., domestic dogs, domestic cats, opossums) mammalian predators were collected from 188 remotely triggered camera locations across an oak woodland and vineyard landscape in northern California. The occurrence data were used in combination with landscape variables extracted using a geographic information system to build explanatory models of predator occurrence. These statistical models were used to derive two surfaces showing relative probability of occurrence for non-native and native predators. Then, a spatially explicit land-use change model was used to examine potential future predator distributions given potential future vineyard expansion. The probability distribution models generated hypothesized low probabilities of occurrence for native predators within large vineyard blocks, but higher probabilities within isolated vineyards and also in oak woodlands. The models suggest the highest probabilities of non-native predator occurrence fell within large blocks of vineyard. Using one possible future vineyard development scenario, the distribution models illustrate areas where probability of native predator occurrence may be reduced and where non-native predators may expand due to vineyard development. This technique could be applied to prioritize acquisition of critical wildlife habitat and maintain habitat connectivity for wildlife populations.
A Correspondence-Theoretic Approach to Dynamic Optimization

This paper introduces a method of optimization in infinite-horizon economies based on the theory of correspondences. The proposed approach allow us to study time-separable and non-time-separable dynamic economic models without resorting to fixed point theorems or transversality conditions. When our technique is applied to the standard time-separable model it provides an alternative and straightforward way to derive the common recursive formulation of these models by means of Bellman equations.
Anterior-to-posterior circulation approach for mechanical thrombectomy of an acutely occluded basilar artery using the penumbra aspiration system.

Objective Prompt access to arterial occlusion is the key to successful endovascular revascularization in acute stroke. We present the first reported case utilizing anterior-to-posterior circulation approach for a successful mechanical thrombectomy and chemical thrombolysis of an acute basilar artery (BA) occlusion using the Penumbra Aspiration System. Methods A 39-year-old man with known left vertebral artery (VA) occlusion presented with a rapid progression of top of the basilar syndrome, resulting in a comatose status with flaccid motor exam and no corneal reflex. Navigation of a guide catheter into the right VA was unsuccessful because of an acute angle created by the previously placed right VA ostial stent that herniated into the subclavian artery. Left internal carotid artery–selective angiography revealed a prominent left posterior communicating artery. A Penumbra 026 reperfusion catheter was advanced into the thrombosed BA via the left internal carotid artery, the posterior communicating artery, and the P1 segment. Mechanical thrombectomy and chemical thrombolysis were successfully performed. Results TIMI-3 in the BA and TIMI-2 flows in posterior cerebral arteries were restored 8 hours 16 minutes after symptom onset. The patient had recovered full strength in all four extremities at 10 hours after the onset and had a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 2 at discharge. Conclusion In patients with unfavorable VA anatomy, anterior-to-posterior thrombectomy of the BA can be successfully achieved using the Penumbra catheter via an anatomically suitable posterior communicating artery.
Solar Activity and Mortality in the United States

Mortality from all causes, from coronary heart disease, and from stroke in the US was studied in relation to solar activity as measured by the geomagnetic index, Ap, on a daily basis for the years 1964-66 and on a monthly basis for the years 1964-71. The data did not support previous assertions by Soviet researchers of an association between solar activity and cardiovascular mortality.
Application of STATCOM for improved reliability of power grid containing a wind turbine

Larger wind farms when integrated to the power system pose stability and control issues. This paper investigates the use of a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) with wind farms for the purpose of stabilizing the grid voltage after a grid-side disturbance viz., a three phase short circuit fault and load changes. The strategy focuses on a fundamental grid operational requirement to maintain proper voltages at the point of common coupling by regulating the voltage at the collector bus of a wind farm. The DC voltage at individual wind turbine (WT) inverters is also stabilized which facilitates the continuous operation of each WT during disturbances.
Design of permanent-magnet field source for rotary-magnetic refrigeration systems

Magnetic refrigeration based on the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) is a prime candidate for the next generation of cooling systems because it is energy-efficient and environmentally safe. The essential components of magnetic refrigeration are the magnetic field generator and the magnetocaloric material. The cooling power of these devices generally increases as the strength of magnetic field and the MCE of magnetic refrigerant material increase. In order to generate sufficient magnetic field strength, a permanent-magnet array (PMA) can be used. This can be made in a compact form and does not require an external power supply. A PMA based on the Halbach rotation theorem has been designed and constructed for a rotary-magnetic refrigeration system. The magnetic field for a side-opening PMA was over 3 tesla with an air gap of 5.8 mm.
Spectroscopic Properties of Cubic SiC on Si

Spectroscopic studies are reported for cubic SiC grown on Si by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) manufacture technique. The UV excitation room temperature photoluminescence (PL)-Raman spectra exhibited 2.3 eV luminescence line due to RT recombination over the SiC indirect band gap. In addition to the optical phonons from cubic SiC we observed new Raman modes near 620 and 833 cm-1. A comprehensive analysis of the dynamical properties of defects using Green’s function theory has suggested isolated impurity vibrations to be the possible origin for the additional phonons observed by Raman spectroscopy.
Design and Implementation of the AEGIS Single-Chip Secure Processor Using Physical Random Functions

Secure processors enable new applications by ensuring private and authentic program execution even in the face of physical attack. In this paper we present the AEGIS secure processor architecture, and evaluate its RTL implementation on FPGAs. By using Physical Random Functions, we propose a new way of reliably protecting and sharing secrets that is more secure than existing solutions based on non-volatile memory. Our architecture gives applications the flexibility of trusting and protecting only a portion of a given process, unlike prior proposals which require a process to be protected in entirety. We also put forward a specific model of how secure applications can be programmed in a high-level language and compiled to run on our system. Finally, we evaluate a fully functional FPGA implementation of our processor, assess the implementation tradeoffs, compare performance, and demonstrate the benefits of partially protecting a program.
Performance Comparisons of Tcq with Difference Distortion Measures and Short Coding Delays

The design of trellis coded quantization (TCQ) to minimize the mean-squared error (MSE) has been generalized to minimize E{lz ylv} for positive integer U. Simulation results for memoryless uniform and Gaussian sources with v = 1 and 4 show that TCQ outperforms scalar quantization (SQ) in the same way as for v = 2. Entropy-constrained trellis coded quantization (ECTCQ) has also been studied for difference distortion measure p(z, y) = Iz-y(". Two ECTCQ realizations have been considered. One is to design the TCQ codebook subject to the output entropy of the source encoder. The other is to design the TCQ codebook independent of the output entropy while the followed entropy code is designed based on the probabilities of the (locally) optimized TCQ codewords for the source sequence. The latter is suboptimal but requires less computations. Simulations show that the performance of the TCQ system is generally improved by combining with an entropy encoder. ECTCQ outperforms entropy-constrained scalar quantization (ECSQ) in all cases considered. The performance difference between the two ECTCQ realizations at low output entropyincreases as v gets large, but vanishes as the output entropy increases. TCQ system with short coding delays and squared-error criterion has been studied. Simulations show that, with the same amount of coding delay, the performance of such designed TCQ is comparable to that of vector quantizers (VQ) for the memoryless uniform and Gaussian sources, while slightly inferior to VQ for the memoryless Laplacian source. However, TCQ requires much less computations than VQ, expecially for large vector dimensions or encoding rates. Summary Trellis coded quantization (TCQ) [l] is a low-complexity form of trellis coding [2] in which the trellis branches are labeled with reproduction subsets instead of individual reproduction levels. The idea of designing TCQ to minimize the mean-squared error (MSE) [l] is generalized to minimize the average distortion between the input and the output of the quantizrr, given a distortion measure p(2,y) = )z - yIu for positive integer v. Let the encoding rate be R 2 0. The TCQ codebook contains N = 2RtR" codewords partitioned into If = 2"'tR" subsets (according to the rules in [l]), each subset of L = 2R-R' codewords. 0 5 RI 5 R and 0 5 RI'. The N,-state encoding trellis is defined by a rate-R'/(R' + R") convolutional encoder with 2R' branches entering/leaving each state.