cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ionic order and defect conductivity in the one-dimensional superionic conductor hollandite

The effects of impurities and stoichiometry on the ionic ordering proposed by Beyeler for hollandite (${\mathrm{K}}_{1.54}$${\mathrm{Mg}}_{0.77}$${\mathrm{Ti}}_{7.23}$${\mathrm{O}}_{16}$) are studied. Even relatively strong impurities are found to have little qualitative effect on the predicted x-ray diffraction peaks for the ground state of this model. Deviation of the potassium concentration from the perfect stoichiometric concentration of 0.75 ions per available site introduces new peaks in the x-ray scattering by enlarging the size of the unit cell from 4 to 13 lattice sites. The activation energy for the conductivity due to thermally activated defects in the ordered phase is an order of magnitude smaller than that observed in actual conductivity measurements.
Reappraisal of the pharmacologic approach to treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Nearly 16 million adults in the United States have diabetes mellitus, and the incidence of type 2 diabetes, the most prevalent form of diabetes, has steadily increased during the past decade. Patients with diabetes are at increased risk for microvascular and macrovascular complications and experience significant morbidity and mortality. Diabetes is the leading cause of blindness, end-stage renal disease, and nontraumatic amputations in adults. Because diabetes is a progressive disorder, the importance of early and appropriate treatment cannot be overemphasized. Present therapeutic strategies for the management of type 2 diabetes are adequate but are not maximally effective. Clearly, reappraisal of the pharmacologic approach to the optimal management of patients with type 2 diabetes is needed. A number of oral hypoglycemic agents, including thiazolidinediones, biguanides, sulfonylureas, and α-glucosidase inhibitors, may be used to normalize glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Because insulin resistance is an underlying pathologic defect in patients with type 2 diabetes, agents that increase insulin sensitivity should be used early in the course of therapy. By using a multifaceted approach to target insulin resistance, many patients with type 2 diabetes may achieve normoglycemia and improved long-term outcomes.
Synthetic requirements of chloroplast development in Chlamydomonas reinhardi.

SYNOPSIS. The synthesis of chlorophyll by chlorotic cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardi is stimulated by a utilizable carbon source. This synthesis is almost completely inhibited by cycloheximide in concentrations as low as 0.50 μg/ml. The period of chloroplast development during which stimulation by carbon source and inhibition by cylcoheximide are most effective corresponds to a period of rapid formation of chloroplast lamellae.
Planetary loss from light ion escape on Venus

Using Pioneer Venus data, hydrogen and deuterium ions are shown to escape from the hydrogen bulge region in the nightside ionosphere. The polarization electric field propels these light ions upward through the ionosphere and into the ion-exosphere, where H(+) and D(+) continue to be accelerated away from Venus and move into the ionotail and beyond. The vertical flow speeds of H(+) and D(+) are found to be about the same; therefore, selective escape between H(+) and D(+) is negligible for this mechanism. Present day planetary loss rates of about 8.6 x 10(exp 25)/s and 3.2 X 10(exp 23)/s were obtained for H(+) and D(+), respectively. Such rates, persisting over a few billion years, should have significantly affected the planetary water budget.
Anthropology of Violence: Historical and Current Theories, Concepts, and Debates in Physical and Socio-cultural Anthropology

This literature review describes the theoretical contributions of physical and socio-cultural anthropology to an understanding of violence, based on the common themes expressed by founders of anthropology that are still visible in today's post-modern anthropological concepts and theories. The review focuses on three distinct eras: founding theories and concepts (1880s–1940s); modern theories and concepts (1950s–1970s); and post-modern theories and concepts (1980s to the present). Though anthropologists have been accused of maintaining or perpetrating violence themselves due to theoretical and methodological trends, new post-modern concepts have moved toward integrated theories of violence that encourage an activist anthropologist and incorporate concepts such as globalization and colonialism. The review concludes with a conceptual map.
PURIFICATION OF NUCLEOSIDE-5'-DIPHOSPHATES : A NEW ION-EXCHANGE METHOD

Abstract Inosine- and uridine-5′-diphosphates can be purified by ion-exchange chromatography utilizing a new ion-exchange method where Type 1 ion-exchange resins and the absorbed nucleoside polyphosphates are changed to the basic form by rinsing the column with dilute sodium hydroxide and subsequently eluting with dilute hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride.
On the problem of exit

Here w(t) is the «-dimensional Wiener process (Brownian motion), b(x) is a vector field, o(x) is the diffusion matrix and e ¥= 0 is a small real parameter. The cumulative effect of even very small random perturbations may be considerable after sufficiently long times, so that even if the deterministic dynamical system has an asymptotically stable equilibrium point, the trajectories of the system will leave any compact domain with probability one. The following problem was posed by Kolmogorov: determine the probability distribution of the points on the boundary where trajectories exit, at the first time of their exit from a compact domain, as well as the expected exit times. The random effect may be thought of as a slow diffusion of particles in the deterministic flow field given by b(x), and the results may differ according as particles are diffusing (a) with a flow, (b) across a flow, or (c) against a flow. Results on (a) were first obtained by Levinson [4] , and on (b) by Khasminskii [3] , both of whom used analytical techniques. Problem (c) seems to be the most difficult, and to date only partial results are available (cf. Ventsel and Freidlin [5] and Friedman [1] who used probabalistic methods). Using analytical techniques, we present a full solution of this problem for flows which are essentially gradients of a potential (as well as certain more general flows). Let f]l be a compact domain in R with a smooth boundary 3£2. Let a(j(x) = ie(o(x)a*(x))//-, be strictly positive definite in £2, b(x) = (bv b2,..., bn)9 and let u€(x) be the solution of the Dirichlet problem
Nucleosomal organization of macronuclear chromatin in oxytricha fallax

Abstract The spacing of nucleosomes in chromatin from the macronucleus of the protozoan, Oxytricha fallax, was examined by staphylococcal nuclease digestion and gel electrophoresis. Macronuclear chromatin is ofmparticular interest because macronuclear DNA is not organized into chromosomes but instead exists as small molecules a few thousand base pairs long. When macronuclear chromatin is partially digested with staphylococcal nuclease the resulting fragments form a series of sizes which are multiples of 198 base pairs. Further digestion produces a ‘core’ DNA fragment 139 base pairs long. When chromatin from metabolically inactive cysts was examined it also showed a nucleosomal organization, with spacing identical to that in active vegetative cell chromatin. The spacing of nucleosomes in chromatin containing rRNA genes was examined also. DNA from staphylococcal nuclease digested macronuclear chromatin was electrophoresed in agarose gels, transferred to nitrocellulose and hybridized to I125 labeled rRNA. The hybridization showed a series of rDNA fragments whose sizes were identical to the sizes of total DNA fragments. In the macronucleus of O. fallax, differences in chromatin function or activity do not seem to be reflected in differences in nucleosome spacing.
The effect of redundant stimulus elements on visual discrimination as a function of element heterogeneity, equal discriminability, and position uncertainty

Garner and Lee (1962) showed no gain in visual discrimination accuracy with addition of redundant stimulus elements. Eriksen and Lappin (1965) showed a substantial gain. One experiment reported here indicates that the discrepancy is not due to the fact that the earlier experiment used heterogeneous stimulus elements. A second experiment indicated that the gain in discrimination accuracy does occur when the additional stimulus elements have the same discriminability as the original elements. It also showed that position uncertainty itself has no effect on the gain with redundant elements, but is a convenient procedural device for maintaining fixation and thus equal element discriminability. Three models of perceptual independence fit the data.
Discursive Technologies and the Social Organization of Meaning

That texts play a constitutive role in social structuration is one of the fundamental claims of critical discourse analysis. This article develops a theoretical perspective to understand this claim in a material as well as a semiotic sense. Recent research on complex systems shows that they are typically organized on and across multiple timescales. Texts, as material-semiotic artifacts, play a key role in the organization of social systems across timescales and in the widest extension of social networks. I propose that contemporary changes in the organization of society, such as globalization, are associated with significant shifts in the dominance of particular discursive technologies, and that hypertext and other forms of meaning making organized around traversals across traditional institutional and genre boundaries index emergent new forms of social organization and control.
Application of treemaps to the analysis of competitively bid project cost overruns

Purpose – Competitively bid construction projects are often completed for amounts greater than the original low‐bid amount. Improved methods of predicting a projects potential to experience large cost overruns would be useful to government agencies for planning capital budgets. The purpose of this paper is to explore the application of treesmaps to the analysis of competitively bid project cost overruns.Design/methodology/approach – In this research a data visualization technique called treemaps was explored as a method of describing the nature of the bids for highway construction projects, and as a method of relating the characteristics of a projects bids to the observed increase in completed project cost. Ratios were calculated that measured bid characteristics for projects from Texas and California. Treemaps were constructed that related the level of the bidding ratios to the level of the difference between the completed project and the original low‐bid amountFindings – It was found that the treemaps i...
Hyperoxic lung injury in Fischer-344 and Sprague-Dawley rats in vivo.

Abstract Supplemental oxygen remains an important therapy for pulmonary insufficiency, despite the potential adverse, effects of hyperoxic exposure. Recently, He et al. reported that hyperoxic ventilation more readily damaged isolated perfused lungs from Fischer-344 rats than from Sprague-Hawley rats (Am. J. Physiol. 259:L451), which correlates with the previously reported strain differences in hepatic responses to diquat-induced oxidant stress in vivo (J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 235:172). We therefore examined the differences in hyperoxic lung injury in Fischer-344 and Sprague-Dawley rats in vivo. Adult male rats were exposed to > 95% O2 and were sacrificed after 24, 48, or 60 h. Control animals were maintained in room air. Dramatically greater increases in pleural effusions and bronchoalveolar lavage protein concentrations in response to hyperoxia were observed in the Fischer-344 rats than in the Sprague-Dawley rats (p 95% O2, but did not change in Sprague-Dawley rats. We conclude that the greater susceptibility of Fischer-344 than of Sprague-Dawley rats to hyperoxic lung injury in vitro reported previously also is observed in vivo and that this strain difference offers unique opportunities to study mechanisms of hyperoxic lung injury.
Subsurface Crack Propagation Due to Surface Traction in Sliding Wear

Etude par la methode des elements finis de la mecanique de la propagation d'une fissure sous la surface dans l'usure par glissement de solides elastoplastiques. Les fissures se propagent le long de la direction de contrainte de cisaillement maximum et croissent de maniere ductile du fait de la deformation plastique aux extremites des fissures. Prevision de la vitesse d'usure par delamination
Some characteristics of three porcine adenoviruses.

Three strains of cloned porcine adenoviruses (25RCl, 6618Cl and A47C1) were shown to be serologically distinct in cross neutralization tests with specific antisera prepared in rabbits. They were not neutralized by reference antisera against the known human adenoviruses. Neutralizing antibodies to each of the three serotypes were demonstrated in samples of pig serum. Guinea pig, human 0, rat, monkey and mouse red cells were haemagglutinated by strain 25RCl, but fowl, ox, pig, rabbit and sheep cells were not haemagglutinated. Strains 6618Cl and A47Cl did not haemagglutinate these cells. Specific rabbit antiserum and normal pig sera contained HI antibodies to strain 25RCl adenovirus. Each of the three strains was resistant to ether and pH 4.0 buffer and growth in PK cells was inhibited by FUDR. In infected PK cells stained with haemotoxylin and eosin, typical basophilic central nuclear masses were produced by each strain of porcine adenovirus. In PK cells infected with strain 6618Cl multiple eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in some cells were a prominent feature of the CPE. The provisional designation of strains 25RCl, 6618Cl and A47Cl as porcine adenovirus types 1, 2, and 3, respectively, is proposed.
Analysis of small-aspect-ratio lifting surfaces in ground effect

A lifting surface of small aspect ratio is analysed for motion with constant forward velocity, parallel and in close proximity to a rigid plane surface of infinite extent. The gap flow beneath the lifting surface is represented by a simple nonlinear solution in the cross-flow plane, and appropriate conditions are imposed at leading and trailing edges. The transition between these two conditions depends on the kinematics of the gap flow as well as the planform geometry. For steady-state motion of a delta wing with sufficiently large angle of attack, the transition point is upstream of the tail. For oscillatory heaving motion of a delta wing the transition point is cyclic if the heave velocity is sufficiently large. Illustrative computations of the lift force are presented.
Orientation and expression of the cloned hemolysin gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Abstract The structural gene for Pseudomonas aeruginosa hemolysin, carried on recombinant plasmid pSL2 and cloned in Escherichia coli, was analyzed by insertional and deletional mutagenesis. Expression of the hemolysin was blocked by insertion of transposon Tn5 into different locations. Two of the mutants allowed detectable synthesis of truncated hemolysin polypeptides of two different sizes and thus defined the structural gene. The location of the hemolysin gene in the recombinant plasmid, and the direction of transcription, were further established by nuclease BAL 31 digestion, and by construction of gene fusions between hemolysin and β-galactosidase. Evidently, the tet promoter contributed to the majority of the expression of cloned hemolysin gene, but the Pseudomonas promoter was present in the cloned DNA and was functional in E. coli since inactivation of the tet promoter either by Tn5 insertion or by deletion decreased synthesis of the 80-kDal hemolysin but did not fully abolish it.
Clinical and Angiographic Outcomes, with Treatment Data, for Patients with Cerebral Aneurysms Treated with Guglielmi Detachable Coils: A Single-Center Experience

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this report is to provide the most detailed treatment and outcome data currently available in the literature, to allow for the further evaluation of Guglielmi detachable coils (GDC) as an appropriate treatment option for patients with cerebral aneurysms. METHODS: During a period of 4.5 years, 74 patients with intracerebral aneurysms were treated with GDC in the Department of Neurosurgery at Oregon Health Sciences University. A comprehensive retrospective and prospective analysis of these patients was performed, to assess the overall angiographic and clinical outcomes for these patients. RESULTS: Seventy-seven aneurysms were treated, with an average angiographic follow-up period of 1.4 years. Initially, 40% of aneurysms exhibited complete (100%) occlusion, 52% near complete (90-99%) occlusion, and 8% incomplete (<90%) occlusion. The average clinical follow-up period was 2.2 years. For unruptured aneurysms, 85% of patients returned to independent status. Of patients of Hunt and Hess Grade I/II status, 81% were independent; of patients of Grade III status, 100% were independent; and, of patients of Grade IV/V status, 50% were independent. The procedure-related morbidity rate was 9.1%, with a 7.8% risk of death from aneurysm perforation, stroke, or delayed hemorrhage. No completely occluded aneurysm hemorrhaged after GDC treatment (follow-up period, 1.9 yr). Of near complete occlusions, 2.6% hemorrhaged after embolization, at a rate of 1.4%/yr (follow-up period, 1.9 yr). CONCLUSION: This study details long-term clinical outcomes after GDC treatment and describes factors affecting the need for retreatment. Although complete anatomic cure was not obtained in all cases and the long-term protection from subarachnoid hemorrhage remains to be determined, these data indicate that GDC are a safe and efficacious treatment for cerebral aneurysms.
THE ACCUMULATION OF IRON IN TUBERCULOUS AREAS : IV. THE EFFECT OF FERRIC CHLORIDE ON THE COURSE OF TUBERCULOSIS IN REINFECTED RABBITS.

Repeated intravenous injections of dilute ferric chloride solution in tuberculous rabbits markedly retard the development of the disease as evidenced both by a prolongation in the survival time and by comparison of lesions in control and experimental animals. Partial immunity induced by first infection combined with ferric chloride administration enhances in reinfected animals even more strikingly the favorable effects of the iron salt. Some of the experimental animals were still alive and apparently well about 6 months after the death of the last of the controls which succumbed about 4 months after reinfection with virulent tubercle bacilli. Factors that may perhaps account for the favorable effect of ferric chloride in experimental tuberculosis have been discussed.
Effects of chronic lithium, clorgyline, imipramine, fluphenazine and constant darkness on the α-melanotropin content and circadian rhythm in rat brain

Abstract The effects of constant darkness, chronic lithium, clorgyline, imipramine and fluphenazine treatment on the content and diurnal rhythm of α-MSH in rat forebrain were investigated. The persistence of the α-MSH rhythm in constant darkness demonstrated that the rhythm was circadian in nature. Constant darkness increased the 24 h mean α-MSH concentration in brain while lithium, fluphenazine and imipramine decreased it. In addition, imiparamine and clorgyline delayed the phase of the α-MSH circadian rhythm while lithium advanced it.
A Comparative Study of Food Intake Detection Using Artificial Neural Network and Support Vector Machine

In Machine Learning applications, the selection of the classification algorithm depends on the problem at hand. This paper provides a comparison of the performance of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) and the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for food intake detection. A combination of time domain (TD) and frequency domain (FD) features, extracted from signals captured using a jaw motion sensor, were used to train both types of classifiers. Data were collected from 12 subjects in free-living for a period of 24-hrs under unrestricted conditions. ANN with a different number of hidden layer neurons and SVMs with different kernels were trained using a leave one out cross validation scheme. ANN achieved an average accuracy of 86.86 ± 6.5 % whereas SVM (with linear kernel) achieved an average classification accuracy of 81.93 ± 9.22 %. Data collected from an independent subject in a separate study were used to evaluate the performance of these classifiers in-terms of the number of meals detected per day resulting in an accuracy of 72.72% for ANN and 63.63% for SVM. The results suggest that ANN may perform better than SVM for this specific problem.
Directionally solidified solar-grade silicon using carbon crucibles

Abstract Directional solidification of silicon, in carbon crucibles, was achieved by two variations of the Bridgman method. One is a static technique, wherein liquid silicon in a 5 cm diameter × 5 cm high carbon crucible was positioned in a temperature gradient of about 35°C/cm, with the temperature at the crucible top being hottest. Solidification was achieved by lowering the system temperature at a rate of 4–5°C/min. The second technique entailed lowering a 5 cm × 5 cm × 12 cm high carbon crucible, loaded with silicon, through a fixed RF-coil at a rate of 5.5 mm/min. Crack-free silicon was produced by both methods. The equilibrium grain structure was initiated by nucleation at the crucible walls, with surviving grains tending to grow in alignment with the temperature gradient to produce an axially columnar grain structure, of mainly 〈110〉 orientation. This behavior dominated attempts to seed the growth at the crucible bottom. The average grain diameter was 1.08 mm and the typical length was 7 mm. Transmission electron microscopy was used to assess crystal perfection. A solar cell efficiency of 11.5% (AM1) was achieved using this material.
Prenatal exposure to stressful life events is associated with masculinized anogenital distance (AGD) in female infants.

Abstract In animal models, prenatal stress programs reproductive development in the resulting offspring, however little is known about effects in humans. Anogenital distance (AGD) is a commonly used, sexually dimorphic biomarker of prenatal androgen exposure in many species. In rodents, prenatally stressed males have shorter AGD than controls (suggesting lower prenatal androgen exposure), whereas prenatally stressed females have longer AGD than controls (suggesting greater prenatal androgen exposure). Our objective was to investigate the relationship between stressful life events in pregnancy and infant AGD. In a prospective cohort study, pregnant women and their partners reported exposure to stressful life events during pregnancy. Pregnancies in which the couple reported 4 + life events were considered highly stressed. After birth (average 16.5 months), trained examiners measured AGD in the infants (137 males, 136 females). After adjusting for age, body size and other covariates, females born to couples reporting high stress had significantly longer (i.e. more masculine) AGD than females born to couples reporting low stress (p = 0.015). Among males, high stress was weakly, but not significantly, associated with shorter AGD. Our results suggest prenatal stress may masculinize some aspects of female reproductive development in humans. More sensitive measures of prenatal stress and additional measures of reproductive development are needed to better understand these relationships and clarify mechanisms.
Self-interaction-corrected pseudopotential scheme for magnetic and strongly-correlated systems

Local-spin-density-functional (LSDA) calculations may be affected by severe errors when applied to the study of magnetic and strongly correlated materials. Some of these faults can be traced back to the presence of the spurious self-interaction in the density functional. Since the application of a fully self-consistent self-interaction correction is highly demanding even for moderately large systems, we pursue a strategy of approximating the self-interaction-corrected potential with a nonlocal, pseudopotentiallike projector, first generated within the isolated atom and then updated during the self-consistent cycle in the crystal. This scheme, whose implementation is totally uncomplicated and particularly suited for the pseudopotental formalism, dramatically improves the LSDA results for a variety of compounds with a minimal increase of computing cost.
Ω-Theorems for the real part of the Riemann zeta function

Abstract For s = σ + it , σ > 1, and integer k ⩾ 1 ζ k (s) = ∑ d k (n) n 3 . In a previous paper, Ω results for ζ(c + it), 1 2 ⩽ c ⩽ 1 , where obtained in an elementary way by choosing N = N ( k , c ) so that the size of the single term d k ( N ) gave Ω results slightly better than existing ones. Here the method will be shown to give the same results for Re ζ ( c + it ).
The fleshy-fruited Galiums (Rubiaceae) of Mexico and Central America

The polygamous fleshy-fruited Galiums of Mexico and Central America are judged to be one undivided species, and four other names are reduced to synonymy underG. aschenbornii. A map, description, discussion, and illustrations are provided.
A general simulator for VLSI lithography and etching processes: Part II&#8212;Application to deposition and etching

The extension of the general process simulator SAMPLE to plasma etching and metallization is described. The etching algorithm is divided into isotropic, anisotropic, and direct milling components and is suitable for modeling wet etching, plasma etching, reactive ion etching, and ion milling. Separate deposition algorithms are used for CVD, sputtering, and planetary deposition. With the extension, it is possible to use a simple keyword repertoire to simulate a sequence of photolithography, etching, and deposition steps to obtain device cross sections at each stage of fabrication.
Consumers’ pro-environmental behavior and the underlying motivations: A comparison between household and hotel settings

Abstract The present study made a comparison of pro-environmental behavior and the underlying motivations between household and hotel settings. Results of a survey research among 1185 participants showed a behavioral inconsistency between the two settings – participants reported a significantly higher level of pro-environmental behavior in a household setting. Furthermore, the study revealed that while normative motives are the dominant determinant of pro-environmental behavior in a household setting, hedonic motives are the strongest predictor of such behavior in a hotel setting. Theoretical and managerial implications of the inconsistencies in pro-environmental behavior and underlying motivations between the two settings are discussed.
Proteomics/diagnosis of chorioamnionitis and of relationships with the fetal exposome

Proteomics, a relatively young science, originally emerged as a complement to genomics research. By definition, the goal of proteomics is to provide a snapshot of all the proteins within an organism, tissue or biological sample at a given moment. Proteomics has the ability to single out one or more proteins (biomarkers) that change consistently in affected subjects as compared to those disease-free. From a proteomics perspective, chorioamnionitis poses both challenges and opportunities. Challenges relate to the dynamic course of the inflammatory process, and compartmentalization of the gestational sac in relation to the maternal compartment. An inability to evaluate the amniotic fluid non-invasively and repeatedly for meaningful changes in its proteome, and lack of a true gold standard for diagnosis of inflammation and/or infection, represent additional challenges. On the other hand, the unbiased and holistic nature of proteomics offers a real opportunity to improve the current diagnostic and prognostic algorithms for chorioamnionitis. Even at this current stage there are reasons to believe that proteomic biomarkers will improve the understanding of how chorioamnionitis programs or affects the fetus in utero, thus defining its exposome (sum of interactions between genetic make-up of the fetus and the intrauterine environment) of pregnancies affected by infection and/or inflammation. This review summarizes the results of proteomics studies that have aimed or reached these goals.
Application of infrared optical projection systems in the cryogenic test environment using AEDC's 7V and 10V space sensor test chambers

The application of infrared scene projection systems in the cryovacuum ground-test environment is a very challenging process. Work performed at Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) in the past few years can offer lessons learned from its experience in projection technologies, optical system design, optical material characteristics and measurement (including cryodeposition), positioning systems, and pertinent analytical tools involved in performing ground testing of a sensor system under flight conditions. Such testing is fundamental to characterizing its performance, and should be accomplished early and often in order to manage operational uncertainty and reduce system life-cycle cost. AEDC provides a comprehensive capability that strives to ensure system performance evaluations that are not limited by test infrastructure. For over 30 years, the space chambers at AEDC have performed space sensor characterization, calibration, and mission simulation testing on space-based, interceptor, and airborne sensors. This paper describes recent efforts at AEDC to enhance this cryovacuum test capability.
Isolation and Characterization of Phenyl Viologen as a Radical Cation and Neutral Molecule

The chemical synthesis, isolation, and characterization of phenyl viologen (PV) as a dication, radical cation, and neutral species are described. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction of PV2+2Cl-·2H2O and PV•+PF6-·pyridine reveals the expected differences in bond lengths and also a structural change from two coplanar central rings in PV•+ to a twist of 36° between the two central rings in PV2+. The phenyl viologen radical cation exhibits behavior characteristic of many radical cations, including weak π-dimerization in the solid state and reversible π-dimerization in solution. Electrical conductivity measurements of neutral phenyl viologen, the first such measurements of a neutral viologen, reveal that it is a significantly better conductor than the radical cation. Differences in geometric relaxation during charge transfer offer a possible explanation for the higher conductivity of the neutral viologen.
Synthesis and biochemical studies of 7α-substituted androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-diones as enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitors of aromatase

Abstract Several 7α-thiosubstituted derivatives of androstenedione have demonstrated effective inhibition of aromatase, the cytochrome P450 enzyme complex responsible for the biosynthesis of estrogens. Introduction of an additional double bond in the A ring resulted in 7α-(4′-amino)phenylthioandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (7α-APTADD), a potent inhibitor that inactivated aromatase by an enzyme-catalyzed process. Additional 7α-thiosubstituted androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione derivatives were designed to further examine enzyme-catalyzed inactivation. Two halogenated and one unsubstituted 7α-phenylthioandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-diones were synthesized via an acid-catalyzed conjugate Michael addition of substituted thiophenols with androsta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione. Two 7α-naphthylthioandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-diones were synthesized via either acid-catalyzed or based-catalyzed conjugate Michael addition of substituted thionaphthols with androsta-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione. These agents were evaluated for aromatase inhibitory activity in the human placental microsomal preparation. Under initial velocity assay conditions of low product formation, the inhibitors demonstrated potent inhibition of aromatase, with apparent Ki's ranging from 12 to 27 nM. Furthermore, these compounds produced time-dependent, first-order inactivation of aromatase in the presence of NADPH, whereas no aromatase inactivation was observed in the absence of NADPH. This enzyme-activated irreversible inhibition, also referred to as mechanism-based inhibition, can be prevented by the substrate androstenedione. Thus, the apparent Ki values for these inhibitors are consistent with earlier studies on 7α-substituted competitive inhibitors that indicate bulky substituents can be accommodated at the 7α-position. On the other hand, differences in the inactivation half-times at infinite inhibitor concentration, in the kapp rates of inactivation, and in the apparent Kinact's were observed, suggesting that binding of 7α-substituted androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-diones can affect enzyme catalysis and enzyme-mediated inactivation.
Health, social status, and the life cycle☆

Abstract An attempt has been made, with the use of a graph showing social status as it correlates with age in the human life cycle, to consider life as a continual experience in which infancy, youth, adulthood, middle age and old age merge smoothly into one another as integrated parts rather than separate entities. 11 Man is not new on earth, but having 10 per cent of a population reaching 65 years is a phenomenon known only in modern times and then only in a few societies. This accomplishment should now stimulate the development of methods which will delay the tendency of individuals to fall back into the stages of life where they become dependent on others. It is necessary to stress what the aged may do for themselves along with what society may do for them. The principle that people age most successfully when they have discovered or created for themselves effective positions and roles in the very societies of which they are a part needs to be remembered. 10 Society may look abstract, but the core is still interaction between humans. The aging problem may seem difficult and elusive, but the essentials are still human behavior, beliefs, and ways of doing things, as well as the love, trust, and respect of one person for another.
The use of human patient simulators to enhance clinical decision-making of nursing students.

Introduction: One of the newest teaching modalities in health education is the use of human patient simulators (HPS). A simulation scenario creates a software program vignette in which nursing, medical, and other students interact with a manikin to practice caring for patients in a risk-free environment. Although used extensively in schools of nursing, there is little research that examines if these expensive simulators improve the clinical decision-making ability of nursing students. The purpose of this quasi-experimental differentiated treatment study was to assess if HPS technology leads to greater clinical decision-making ability and clinical performance compared to the teaching modality of a paper and pencil case study. Methods: Students (n = 133) learning about the care of a patient with a myocardial infarction at four licensed practical nursing programs (LPN) in Pennysylvania, USA were randomly assigned to one of two groups at each site: an HPS simulation group or a paper and pencil case study group. One-tailed, independent t-tests were used to compare learning gains measured by differences in pre- and postclinical decision-making exam scores and clinical performance. Results: Results indicated that students in the simulation groups were significantly more likely to score higher on the clinical decision-making exams and to respond clinically by performing CPR more quickly on the manikin than students in the case study groups. On the 100-point exam, the simulation groups had a 20-point gain, while the case study groups had a 12-point gain (P < 0.001). Students in the simulation groups provided CPR to a manikin 30 seconds faster, on an average (P < 0.001). Discussion: Results validate the use of HPS technology in nursing education. Ultimately patients may benefit from increased knowledge and speed of care from practical nurses whose training was improved through the use of HPS technology.
The consequences of engagement: The good, the bad, and the ugly

This commentary reflects on the nuanced nature of the consequences of engagement, focusing on the positive and negative impact of engagement on performance, family relationships, and job crafting. The goal of the commentary is to further stimulate research on these emerging topics.
Noncontingent reward magnitude effects on reaction time: A replication and extension

Stillings, Allen, & Estes (1968) have demonstrated a facilitating effect of reward magnitude upon reaction time even if the reward was not contingent upon the reaction time. Their study showed anomalous results for the control group, however. They suggested that these anomalous results were due to their experimental group having a cognitive task to perform while the control group did not. Our study added a control group which did have a cognitive task (remembering a number) to perform. We replicated Stillings et al’s noncontingent reward magnitude effect, but did not replicate the anomalous control group results. In addition, we found that the magnitude of a number to be remembered retards reaction time. Several explanations for this latter result are examined and discarded.
THE FANCONI ANEMIA POLYPEPTIDE, FAC, NORMALIZES p53 INDUCTION IN A TRANSFECTED HEMATOPOIETIC CELL LINE. • 930

Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disease marked by developmental defects, bone marrow failure, and cancer susceptibility. FA cells are hypersensitive to DNA crosslinking and alkylating agents and accumulate in the G2 phase of the cell cycle in response to these agents. FA cells also display genomic instability, suggesting a possible defect in the p53 pathway. To test the effect of heterologous expression of FAC cDNA upon drug-induced cytotoxicity, G2 accumulation, and p53 induction in FA cells, we compared two isogenic FA cells lines: HSC536N (mock), a FA type C cell line sensitive to MMC, and the same cell line transfected (corrected) with wild type FAC cDNA [HSC536N (+FAC)]. HSC536N (+FAC) cells showed a 30-fold increase in resistance to MMC concentration. Similarly, increases in resistance were observed following exposure to cisplatin, carboplatin and cyclophosphamide. In addition, HSC536N (+FAC) cells showed a two fold lower G2 accumulation following MMC treatment. To analyze the possible interaction of FAC with the p53 pathway, we analyzed p53 induction in mock and corrected cell lines following exposure to MMC. HSC536N (mock) cells induced p53 at lower MMC concentrations than HSC536N (corrected). Caffeine, a known G2 checkpoint inhibitor, not only inhibited G2 accumulation seen in both cell lines but also caused the resistant HSC536N (+FAC) to become as sensitive to MMC as HSC536N(mock) cell line. We conclude that the FAC protein has a specific cytoprotective effect and may function as a cell cycle related protein of G2 phase of the cell cycle.
Persistent enterocutaneous fistula associated with intraperitoneal metallic mercury.

The case of a patient in whom the formation of a chronic recurrent enterocutaneous fistula possibly related to metallic mercury free in the peritoneal cavity has been reported. The mercury originated from a ruptured Cantor tube. This is a rarely reported phenomenon and the first in which the diagnosis was suggested by finding elemental mercury at the time of biopsy via a sigmoidoscope. The mercury was also grossly visible on histological sections. This report emphasizes the adverse effects of metallic mercury when it gains entrance to the peritoneal cavity through a break in the mucosa of the intestinal tract.
Design of Appliance Control Systems Using Computer Simulation

The availability of computers and the advancement of control techniques have provided the necessary prerequisites for efficient investigation of appliance control systems by computer simulation. This paper discusses the general approach to simulation of appliance control systems, including discussions of determination of performance specifications, mathematic modeling of the appliance, simulation of the various control strategies, computer implementation, and evaluation of the results. Advantages and limitations of computer simulation are discussed. A specific application of a range temperature control system is utilized throughout the paper to demonstrate the application of the techniques and to show the value of computer simulation.
Monoclonal antibody neutralization of unmanipulated Chlamydia trachomatis serovar A infection of human epithelioid cells (A-431).

A human epithelioid cell line (A-431) was tested in parallel with McCoy fibroblast cells for the growth of trachoma-related serovar A Chlamydia trachomatis without centrifugation or cycloheximide addition. A-431 cells were 4–7 times more susceptible to infection with serovar A than McCoy cells in such unmanipulated cultures. Murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) developed against serovar A were then evaluated for their ability to inhibit unmanipulated serovar A infectivity of A-431 cells. Two of seven MAbs tested neutralized infectivity by more than 50%. An IgG2a MAb (2C8) that is specific for serovar A, and another IgG2a MAb (4E3) that reacts equally with serovars A and L2 neutralized infectivity of serovar A by 72.2 ± 3.7% and 56.0 ± 5.8% (mean ± SEM of 7 experiments) respectively. Mouse immune serum (MIS) raised against serovar A elementary bodies (EB) neutralized infectivity of serovar A by 76.0 ± 4.9% (mean ± SEM of 7 experiments). Immunoblot detection of serovar A EB polypeptides separated by SDS-PAGE indicated that 2C8 reacted with a 16 kD and 4E3 reacted with a 12 kD polypeptide while MIS reacted with several polypeptides including the major outer membrane protein (MOMP). These studies show that the human epithelioid cell line A-431 is a more susceptible host than McCoy cells in unmanipulated cultures, and that 2 MAbs neutralize serovar A infectivity of A-431 cells. Identification of antigenic moieties of importance in unmanipulated chlamydial infections may help in the development of potential vaccines against trachoma.
Multidimensional Optical Spectroscopy Of Proteins Out Of Thermal Equilibrium

In recent years, nonlinear multidimensional optical spectroscopy has been used as a highly sensitive probe of molecular dynamics in the condensed phase. Multidimensional optical spectroscopy builds upon the methodology of two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and applies the same principles to vibrational and electronic resonances such that these techniques may be used as an ultrafast probe of molecular dynamics. In particular, these techniques have been used to study the thermal unfolding of proteins following a nanosecond temperature jump. In this study, we examine the multidimensional optical spectra of several biological systems of interest out of thermal equilibrium by using molecular dynamics to develop snapshots of the systems and the SPECTRON software package to calculate the spectroscopic signals. In order to enhance conformational sampling, an artificial temperature is used; the exact correlation functions of the system contributing to the material response are recovered using an action-reweighting scheme based on a stochastic path-integral formalism. The calculated spectra provide information on the states sampled by the system during the course of thermal unfolding.
Fourier transform infrared spectra of drying oils treated by irradiation

Drying oils, such as linseed oil and tung oil, have the potential as coating materials to improve barrier properties of biobased packaging films. Oil drying is a chemical reaction in which polyunsaturated fatty acids undergo autoxidation. During drying, oils polymerize and form water-resistant films. However, drying rates tend to be too slow for practical applications. Metal driers are used in the paint industry to accelerate drying, but often driers are not safe for food contact. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of ionizing radiation on the oxidation or drying rate of drying oils. The effect of irradiation dose on the drying rate of linseed and tung oils was monitored by FTIR spectroscopy. The peak at 3010 cm−1 was found to be a useful index of oxidation rate. The decrease in peak intensity with time was fitted with exponential functions of the form Abs = Abs0 exp (−t/k), where Abs0 is the initial absorbance and 1/k is the rate constant for the oxidation process. Values for k were...
Behavioral family management for serious psychiatric illness

A description of the various elements that characterize a behavioral family management approach is presented in this chapter. The goal is to teach techniques to families for reducing the stress that their vulnerable relative might face.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver disease

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated upon the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that are sensed by the binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP)/glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78). The accumulation of unfolded proteins sequesters BiP so it dissociates from three ER-transmembrane transducers leading to their activation. These transducers are inositol requiring (IRE) 1α, PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor (ATF) 6α. PERK phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) resulting in global mRNA translation attenuation, and concurrently selectively increases the translation of several mRNAs, including the transcription factor ATF4, and its downstream target CHOP. IRE1α has kinase and endoribonuclease (RNase) activities. IRE1α autophosphorylation activates the RNase activity to splice XBP1 mRNA, to produce the active transcription factor sXBP1. IRE1α activation also recruits and activates the stress kinase JNK. ATF6α transits to the Golgi compartment where it is cleaved by intramembrane proteolysis to generate a soluble active transcription factor. These UPR pathways act in concert to increase ER content, expand the ER protein folding capacity, degrade misfolded proteins, and reduce the load of new proteins entering the ER. All of these are geared toward adaptation to resolve the protein folding defect. Faced with persistent ER stress, adaptation starts to fail and apoptosis occurs, possibly mediated through calcium perturbations, reactive oxygen species, and the proapoptotic transcription factor CHOP. The UPR is activated in several liver diseases; including obesity associated fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis, and alcohol-induced liver injury, all of which are associated with steatosis, raising the possibility that ER stress-dependent alteration in lipid homeostasis is the mechanism that underlies the steatosis. Hepatocyte apoptosis is a pathogenic event in several liver diseases, and may be linked to unresolved ER stress. If this is true, restoration of ER homeostasis prior to ER stress-induced cell death may provide a therapeutic rationale in these diseases. Herein we discuss each branch of the UPR and how they may impact hepatocyte function in different pathologic states.
Rapid viscoelastic switching of an ambient temperature range photo-responsive azobenzene side chain liquid crystal polymer

Abstract We report the rheological properties of a new azobenzene side chain liquid crystal polymer (SCLCP) with photo-responsive behavior in the range of 0 °C to 50 °C as probed by small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) rheometry with in situ UV irradiation. In the linear viscoelastic (LVE) strain regime, temperature sweeps measured G′ and G″ from 80 °C to −5 °C and identified glass transition temperatures (Tg) at 2.2 °C and 0.3 °C for UV-off and UV-on, respectively. Also in the LVE strain regime, frequency sweeps identified G′ and G″ cross-over frequencies at 5 °C and 0 °C. Most importantly, rapid shear modulus changes of between 7 and 35% were demonstrated at 50 °C, 25 °C, 5 °C, and 0 °C by successively turning the UV light on and off during time sweeps in the LVE strain regime. The elastic (G′) and viscous (G″) shear moduli reversibly decreased by a maximum of 35% and 21%, respectively, with time constants (τ) from 6 s to 18 s as fit by a stretched exponential model. This significant, rapid, and reversible UV-triggered modulus switching at temperatures as low as 0 °C and up to 50 °C is noteworthy because it represents a bulk property change at temperatures that are in the ambient range for several geographic regions and has reasonable time constants across the range.