cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innovative versus incremental new business services: different keys for achieving success

Abstract In companies where new product development plays an important strategic role, managers necessarily contend with a portfolio of projects that range from high technology, new-to-the-world, innovations to relatively simple improvements, adaptations, line extensions, or imitations of competitive offerings. Recent studies indicate that achieving successful outcomes for projects that differ radically in terms of innovativeness requires that firms adjust their NPD practices in line with the type of new product project they are developing. Based on a large-scale survey of managers knowledgeable about new product development in their firm, this study focuses on new business-to-business service projects in an attempt to gain insights about the influence of product innovativeness on the factors that are linked to new service success and failure. The research results indicate that there are a small number of “global” success factors which appear to govern the outcome of new service ventures, regardless of their degree of newness. These include: ensuring an excellent customer/need fit, involving expert front line personnel in creating the new service and in helping customers appreciate its distinctiveness and benefits, and implementing a formal and planned launch program for the new service offering. Several other factors, however, were found to play a more distinctive role in the outcome of new service ventures, depending on how really new or innovative the new service was. For low innovativeness new business services, the results suggest that managers can enhance performance by: leveraging the firm’s unique competencies, experiences and reputation through the introduction of new services that have a strong corporate fit; installing a formal “stage-gate” new service development system, particularly at the front-end and during the design stage of the development process; and ensuring that efforts to differentiate services from competitive or past offerings do not lead to high cost or unnecessarily complex service offerings. For new-to-the-world business services, the primary distinguishing feature impacting performance is the corporate culture of the firm: one that encourages entrepreneurship and creativity, and that actively involves senior managers in the role of visionary and mentor for new service development. In addition, good market potential and marketing tactics that offset the intangibility of “really new” service concepts appear to have a positive performance effect.
Mitral annular calcium causing mitral stenosis.

Mitral annular calcium (MAC) is a common finding at echocardiography, although it is an unusual cause of severe mitral stenosis. Although MAC is known to be associated with atherosclerosis and chronic kidney disease, little is known about its natural history as affects mitral valve function. This report describes a cohort of 37 outpatients with severe MAC (>5 mm) of whom 32 were followed longitudinally with echocardiography (mean follow-up 2.6 ± 1.6 years). Progression of the mitral valve gradient occurred in 16 of 32 (50%). There was wide variation in rate of progression with a few subjects demonstrating a rapid increase in gradient, up to 9 mm Hg/year. Progression of mitral valve gradient correlated with baseline gradient at rest and with severity of overall cardiac calcification as measured by a semiquantitative echocardiographic score. Age at index echocardiogram was inversely related to mitral valve gradient after baseline, suggesting that calcification may proceed at a greater rate in younger patients. In conclusion, although severe mitral stenosis is uncommon in patients with MAC, those with a pre-existing gradient at rest and severe overall cardiac calcification appear to be at greater risk for development of this disease state.
The Rising Incumbent Reelection Rate: What's Gerrymandering Got to Do With It?

The probability that an incumbent in the U.S. House of Representatives is reelected has risen dramatically over the last half-century; it now stands at nearly 95%. A number of authors and commentators claim that this rise is due to an increase in bipartisan gerrymandering in favor of incumbents. Using a regression discontinuity approach, we find evidence of the opposite Effect. All else equal, changes in redistricting have reduced the probability of incumbent reelection over time. The timing of this effect is consistent with the hypothesis that legal constraints on gerrymandering, such as the Voting Rights Act, have become tighter over time. Incumbent gerrymandering may well be a contributor to incumbent reelection rates, but it is less so than in the past.
Modeling and taming parallel TCP on the wide area network

Parallel TCP flows are broadly used in the high performance distributed computing community to enhance network throughput, particularly for large data transfers. Previous research has studied the mechanism by which parallel TCP improves aggregate throughput, but there doesn't exist any practical mechanism to predict its throughput and its impact on the background traffic. In this work, we address how to predict parallel TCP throughput as a function of the number of flows, as well as how to predict the corresponding impact on cross traffic. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to answer the following question on behalf of a user: what number of parallel flows will give the highest throughput with less than a p% impact on cross traffic? We term this the maximum nondisruptive throughput. We begin by studying the behavior of parallel TCP in simulation to help derive a model for predicting parallel TCP throughput and its impact on cross traffic. Combining this model with some previous findings we derive a simple, yet effective, online advisor. We evaluate our advisor through extensive simulations and wide-area experimentation.
Elevated Plasma Inflammatory Markers in Individuals With Intermittent Explosive Disorder and Correlation With Aggression in Humans

Importance Neurochemical studies in human aggression point to a modulatory role for a variety of central neurotransmitters. Some of these neurotransmitters play an inhibitory role, while others play a facilitatory role modulating aggression. Preclinical studies suggest a facilitatory role for inflammatory markers in aggression. Despite this, to our knowledge, no studies of aggression and inflammatory markers have been reported in psychiatric patients or in individuals with recurrent, problematic, impulsive aggressive behavior. Objective To test the hypothesis that plasma inflammatory markers will correlate directly with aggression and will be elevated in individuals with recurrent, problematic, impulsive aggressive behavior. Design, Setting, and Participants Case-control study in a clinical research program in impulsive aggressive behavior at an academic medical center. Participants were physically healthy individuals with intermittent explosive disorder (n = 69), nonaggressive individuals with Axis I and/or II disorders (n = 61), and nonaggressive individuals without history of an Axis I or II disorder (n = 67). Main Outcomes and Measures Plasma levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin 6 were examined in the context of measures of aggression and impulsivity and as a function of intermittent explosive disorder. Results Both plasma C-reactive protein and interleukin 6 levels were significantly higher in participants with intermittent explosive disorder compared with psychiatric or normal controls. In addition, both inflammatory markers were directly correlated with a composite measure of aggression and, more specifically, with measures reflecting history of actual aggressive behavior in all participants. Conclusions and Relevance These data suggest a direct relationship between plasma inflammatory processes and aggression in humans. This finding adds to the complex picture of the central neuromodulatory role of aggression in humans.
fw 2.2:a major QTL controlling fruit weight is common to both red- and green-fruited tomato species

We have shown that a major QTL for fruit weight (fw2.2) maps to the same position on chromosome 2 in the green-fruited wild tomato species, Lycopersicon pennellii and in the red-fruited wild tomato species, L. pimpinellifolium. An introgression line F2 derived from L. esculentum (tomato) x L. pennellii and a backcross 1 (BC1) population derived from L. esculentum x L. pimpinellifolium both place fw2.2 near TG91 and TG167 on chromosome 2 of the tomato highdensity linkage map. fw2.2 accounts for 30% and 47% of the total phenotypic variance in the L. pimpinellifolium and L. pennellii populations, respectively, indicating that this is a major QTL controlling fruit weight in both species. Partial dominance (d/a of 0.44) was observed for the L. pennellii allele of fw 2.2 as compared with the L. esculentum allele. A QTL with very similar phenotypic affects and gene action has also been identified and mapped to the same chromosomal region in other wild tomato accessions: L. cheesmanii and L. pimpinellifolium. Together, these data suggest that fw2.2 represents an orthologous QTL (i.e., derived by speciation as opposed to duplication) common to most, if not all, wild tomato species. High-resolution mapping may ultimately lead to the cloning of this key locus controlling fruit development in tomato.
Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis to assess the expression levels of multiple transcripts from the same sample.

We describe a semiquantitative RT-PCR protocol optimized in our laboratory to extract RNA from as little as 10,000 cells and to measure the expression levels of several target mRNAs from each sample. This procedure was optimized on the human erythroleukemia cell line TF-1 but was successfully used on primary cells and on different cell lines. We describe the detailed procedure for the analysis of Bcl-2 levels. Aldolase A was used as an internal control to normalize for sample to sample variations in total RNA amounts and for reaction efficiency. As for all quantitative techniques, great care must be taken in all optimization steps: the necessary controls to ensure a rough quantitative (semi-quantitative) analysis are described here, together with an example from a study on the effects of TGF-β1 in TF-1 cells.
Statistical Analyses of Fracture Toughness Results for Two Irradiated High-Copper Welds

The objectives of the Heavy-Section Steel Irradiation Program Fifth Irradiation Series were to determine the effects of neutron irradiation on the transition temperature shift and the shape of the K{sub Ic} curve described in Sect. 6 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Two submerged-arc welds with copper contents of 0.23 and 0.31% were commercially fabricated in 215-mm-thick plates. Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact, tensile, drop-weight, and compact specimens up to 203.2 mm thick (1T, 2T, 4T, 6T, and 8T C(T)) were tested to provide a large data base for unirradiated material. Similar specimens with compacts up to 4T were irradiated at about 288{degrees}C to a mean fluence of about 1.5 {times} 10{sup 19} neutrons/cm{sup 2} (>1 MeV) in the Oak Ridge Research Reactor. Both linear-elastic and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics methods were used to analyze all cleavage fracture results and local cleavage instabilities (pop-ins). Evaluation of the results showed that the cleavage fracture toughness values determined at initial pop-ins fall within the same scatter band as the values from failed specimens; thus, they were included in the data base for analysis (all data are designated K{sub Jc}).
What Investors Really Want: Know What Drives Investor Behavior and Make Smarter Financial Decisions

This is the introduction to the book, “What Investors Really Want.” The book centers on behavioral finance, drawing from research in finance, psychology and marketing, and combining systematic studies with anecdotes and recent events. The book presents the cognitive errors that bedevil investors, such as framing and hindsight errors, and the emotions which mislead them, such as fear, exuberance, and unrealistic optimism. Yet the book goes much further in describing investors as “normal,” neither rational nor irrational. We are “normal smart” at times and “normal stupid” at other times. We commit cognitive errors and are misled by emotions on our way to what we want. We want three kinds of benefits in all products and services, whether watches, restaurant meals, or investments. High returns and low risks are the utilitarian benefit of investments, as calories are the utilitarian benefits of restaurant meals and time-telling is the utilitarian benefit of watches. But we also want expressive and emotional benefits, such as the ambiance of a restaurant, the prestige of an expensive watch, or the hope of winning with a well-chosen stock. Moreover, we want to feel pride when our investments bring gains and avoid the regret that comes with losses. We want the status of hedge funds and the warm glow of socially responsible funds. You might wish to consider the book for courses in finance. Students will recognize themselves in the book and it will help them make better decisions.
Stifled sex in sympatry: patterns of sexual incompatibility among desmognathine salamanders

Sexual incompatibility due to differences in mate-recognition systems can be an important factor in preventing hybridization and gene flow between animal populations in sympatry. We tested in the laboratory for sexual incompatibility between populations of two species of desmognathine salamanders that occur in sympatry in south-eastern Kentucky, North America, Desmognathus monticola and D. welteri (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Desmognathinae). Spermatophore deposition and insemination (two related measures of sexual success) were frequent in intraspecific encounters, but interspecific encounters never resulted in the deposition of spermatophores by males (Experiment 1). The sexual behaviour patterns of these two species are similar qualitatively, but all encounters staged between them failed to progress beyond the most preliminary of courtship interactions (Experiment 2), perhaps due to species differences in chemosensory communication. Our data on sexual incompatibility between D. monticola and D. welteri are similar to those available for other desmognathine taxa that occur in sympatry. Review of a broader data-set on patterns of sexual incompatibility both within and between species, and in allopatry and in sympatry, provides evidence for both divergence of mate-recognition systems in allopatry and enhancement of sexual incompatibility in sympatry for desmognathine salamanders. We hypothesize that diversification in allopatry may be a consequence of natural and/or sexual selection acting to promote sexual success within populations. Enhancement in sympatry may be a consequence of subsequent selection for accurate species recognition under the threat of hybridization or gene flow between species.
P-glycoprotein is fully active after multiple tryptophan substitutions

P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is an important contributor to multidrug resistance of cancer. Pgp contains eleven native tryptophans (Trps) that are highly conserved among orthologs. We replaced each Trp by a conservative substitution to determine which Trps are important for function. Individual Trp mutants W44R, W208Y, W132Y, W704Y and W851Y, situated at the membrane surface, revealed significantly reduced Pgp induced drug resistance against one or more fungicides and/or reduced mating efficiencies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. W158F and W799F, located in the intracellular coupling helices, abolished mating but retained resistance against most drugs. In contrast, W228F and W311Y, located within the membrane, W694L, at the cytoplasmic membrane interface, and W1104Y in NBD2 retained high levels of drug resistance and mating efficiencies similar to wild-type Pgp. Those were combined into pair (W228F/W311Y and W694L/W1104Y) and quadruple (W228F/W311Y/W694L/W1104Y) mutants that were fully active in yeast, and could be purified to homogeneity. Purified pair and quad mutants exhibited drug-stimulated ATPase activity with binding affinities very similar to wild-type Pgp. The combined mutations reduced Trp fluorescence by 35%, but drug induced fluorescence quenching was unchanged from wild-type Pgp suggesting that several membrane-bound Trps are sensitive to drug binding. Overall, we conclude that Trps at the membrane surface are critical for maintaining the integrity of the drug binding sites, while Trps in the coupling helices are important for proper interdomain communication. We also demonstrate that functional single Trp mutants can be combined to form a fully active Pgp that maintains drug polyspecificity, while significantly reducing intrinsic fluorescence.
Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1993

Abstract A total of 70 tropical waves (also known as African or easterly waves) were counted in the Atlantic basin during the 1993 hurricane season. These waves led to the formation of 9 of the 10 total number of tropical cyclones in the Atlantic hurricane basin. It appears that tropical waves led to the formation of practically all of the eastern Pacific tropical cyclones in 1993.
Effects of selected endothelium-dependent vasodilators on fetoplacental vasculature: physiological implications

The endothelium-dependent vasodilators ACh, histamine, and bradykinin were studied in the isolated, perfused human placental cotyledon. Histamine caused a decrease in perfusion pressure that was at...
Tupaiid and Archonta Phylogeny: The Macromolecular Evidence

The evolutionary affinities of the tree shrews, family Tupaiidae, have long been debated by mammalian systematists. Various hypotheses as to their evolutionary origin have been proposed since the initial description of the tree shrew in the 18th century (see Luckett, Chapter 1, this volume). In general, discussion of the affinities of this complex of “primitive” scansorial mammals has centered around postulated associations with (1) the Insectivora, specifically Macroscelididae, creating a group Menotyphla (see Luckett, Chapter 1, this volume); (2) Leptictidae (Van Valen, 1965; McKenna, 1966); (3) Mixodectidae (Szalay, 1977); and (4) Primates (Simpson, 1945; Le Gros Clark, 1971). Recently, McKenna (1975) has grouped the tree shrews with Primates, Dermoptera, and Chiroptera into the grandorder Archonta, with the tupaiids given an ordinal ranking as Scandentia (Butler, 1972). For primatologists, tree shrews take on special interest as they have been seen as a model for the basal primate morphotype (Le Gros Clark, 1971), although this model has been challenged on numerous grounds (Cartmill, 1972; Luckett, Chapter 1, this volume). Clearly, knowledge of the phylogenetic affinities of the tree shrews is crucial in fully testing this model and in dealing with the alternative proposals.
The Power of the Ecotone: Bison, Slavery, and the Rise and Fall of the Grand Village of the Kaskaskia

Among the largest population centers in North America toward the end of the seventeenth century was the Grand Village of the Kaskaskia, which, combined with surrounding settlements, enveloped as many as twenty thousand people for approximately two decades. Located at the top of the Illinois River valley, the village is not normally considered a significant part of American history, so it has remained relatively unknown. In many accounts, the location is discussed merely as a refugee center to which desperate, beleaguered Algonquians fled ahead of a series of mid-seventeenth-century Iroquois conquests that were part of the violence known as the Beaver Wars. Reeling from violence and constrained by necessity, the Illinois speakers who predominated in the place belonged to a “fragile, disordered world,” “made of fragments” and dependent on French support. The size of the settlement did not reflect a particular level of native power but was simply proportional to the devastation, suffering, and urgency felt by the people of the pays d’en haut (the Great Lakes area)—and particularly by the Illinois—at the start of the colonial period.1
HIV seroprevalence among homeless patients admitted to a psychiatric inpatient unit

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of HIV-1 antibodies among hospitalized homeless mentally ill patients. METHOD: From December 1989 through May 1991 the authors collected discard blood samples from patients consecutively admitted to a psychiatric unit designated for the care of severely mentally ill persons removed from the streets of New York City. The blood samples were tested for HIV-1 antibodies, and the results were analyzed for associations with age, gender, ethnicity, male homosexual activity, and use of injected drugs. RESULTS: The HIV seroprevalence was 6.4% (13 of 203 samples). Patients between ages 18 and 39 accounted for 51.2% of the admissions and 84.6% of the 13 positive results, a seroprevalence of 10.6% for this subsample. Patients under age 40 were more than six times as likely to test positive for HIV antibodies as those 40 or over. Ethnicity did not predict seropositivity. Women were as likely as men to be infected. Although clinicians had noted high-risk behavior on the charts for only three (23.1%) of the 13 positive cases, a recorded history of use of injected drugs was associated with a 6.5-fold greater risk of HIV seropositivity. CONCLUSIONS: One in every 16 patients admitted to the special unit was HIV positive. Age under 40 and use of injected drugs were strongly associated with seropositivity. Because information on high-risk behavior was infrequent, the reasons for younger patients' greater risk are unclear. The homeless mentally ill require outreach efforts to reduce the risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV.
Thermophysical Properties of Lithium Nitrate Trihydrate from (253 to 353) K

Lithium nitrate trihydrate is of interest as a thermal energy storage material, due to its large specific and volumetric enthalpy of fusion and its low melting temperature. Here, we report the thermophysical properties of solid and liquid lithium nitrate trihydrate at temperatures from (253 to 353) K and compare this compound to water and octadecane, two other potential thermal energy storage materials. Furthermore, we examine the lithium nitrate–water phase diagram and accurately determine the enthalpies of fusion and melting temperatures for lithium nitrate trihydrate, ΔHfus = (287 ± 7) J·g–1 and Tfus = 303.3 K, and the lithium nitrate trihydrate–lithium nitrate eutectic, ΔHfus = (264 ± 2) J·g–1 and Tfus = 301.4 K.
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Attention: Different Processes and Overlapping Neural Systems

The brain is limited in its capacity to process all sensory stimuli present in the physical world at any point in time and relies instead on the cognitive process of attention to focus neural resources according to the contingencies of the moment. Attention can be categorized into two distinct functions: bottom-up attention, referring to attentional guidance purely by externally driven factors to stimuli that are salient because of their inherent properties relative to the background; and top-down attention, referring to internal guidance of attention based on prior knowledge, willful plans, and current goals. Over the past few years, insights on the neural circuits and mechanisms of bottom-up and top-down attention have been gained through neurophysiological experiments. Attention affects the mean neuronal firing rate as well as its variability and correlation across neurons. Although distinct processes mediate the guidance of attention based on bottom-up and top-down factors, a common neural apparatus, the frontoparietal network, is essential in both types of attentional processes.
(Dis)ability in the Elementary School Classroom: Embracing an Inclusive Mindset

Children can learn about diversity and disability by harnessing their natural curiosity. They can become agents of change for the adults who surround them. We must go beyond accessibility and move into an inclusive mentality. Teachers need an inclusive mindset that shapes how they approach all students in the classroom. Thinking about learners rather than impairments is where Universal Design for Learning (UDL) plays a pivotal role in making classrooms more accessible to all. We can teach our students about ableism and ways of viewing the world through the lens of another. Teachers must ensure that the classroom library is representative of all students in the classroom and beyond. Literature has the unique ability to build empathy and nurture social acceptance by allowing students to imagine themselves in the shoes of the character in the story. A teacher can transform their classroom by shifting to an inclusive mindset, helping students develop deep and meaningful relationships with diverse students, implementing UDL effectively, and creating a classroom community where curiosity is encouraged. All students will develop deeper relationships with one another, become empathetic and appreciative of diversity, and will become agents of social change in their communities.
A Comparison of Thallium-201 Spect and F-18 Deoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography in Assessing Myocardial Viability

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5915/30-2-16360 Assessment of myocardial viability prior to revascularization procedures is an important clinical consideration for improved functional recovery of regional left ventricular dysfunction. In chronic coronary artery disease, impaired left ventricular function, at least in part, is due to ischemic or hibernating myocardium rather than just myocardial fibrosis. Functional recovery of the left ventricular dysfunction is dependent on a timely revascularization of the ischemic and/or hibernating myocardium. The assessment of myocardial viability by regional ventricular function measurements by various other modalities is imprecise. Myocardial viability in chronic ischemia, hibernating, or stunned myocardium can be assessed by Thallium-201 single photon emission tomography (SPECT) in a majority of the cases. The positron emission tomography (PET) F- 18 Deoxyglucose (FDG) imaging is considered to be an accurate marker for differentiating hibernating, but viable, myocardium from infarction in a subset of patients not resolved with thallium-201 imaging. In our experience, overall sensitivity for Thallium-201 SPECT imaging for viability was 60% with a negative predictive value of 69.9% and accuracy greater than 79%.
The role and regulation of Rab40b–Tks5 complex during invadopodia formation and cancer cell invasion

Invadopodia formation and extracellular matrix degradation are key events during cancer cell invasion, yet little is known about mechanisms mediating these processes. Here, we report that Rab40b plays a key role in mediating invadopodia function during breast cancer cell invasion. We also identify Tks5 (also known as SH3PXD2A), a known Src kinase substrate, as a new Rab40b effector protein and show that Tks5 functions as a tether that mediates Rab40b-dependent targeting of transport vesicles containing MMP2 and MMP9 to the extending invadopodia. Importantly, we also demonstrate that Rab40b and Tks5 levels are regulated by known tumor suppressor microRNA miR-204. This is the first study that identifies a new Rab40b-Tks5- and miR-204-dependent invadopodia transport pathway that regulates MMP2 and MMP9 secretion, and extracellular matrix remodeling during cancer progression.
Strategien für die Entwicklung gegen RNA und RNA-Protein-Komplexe gerichteter pharmakologischer Wirkstoffe

RNA-Molekule spielen eine zentrale Rolle bei vielen Schritten der Genreplikation und -expression. Sie sind daher attraktive Ziele fur pharmakologische Wirkstoffe. Die Funktion von Nucleinsauren als Trager der Erbinformation wird von der Nucleotidsequenz bestimmt. Dagegen erfordern viele zellulare Prozesse eine definierte dreidimensionale Struktur der beteiligten RNA-Molekule, die, ahnlich wie Proteine, komplexe Tertiarstrukturen einnehmen konnen. Die Entwicklung spezifisch auf RNA-Molekule zielender Wirkstoffe eroffnet vielversprechende neue Wege, um das vorhandene Repertoire gegen Proteine gerichteter Therapeutika bedeutend zu erweitern. Fur die meisten Funktionen von RNA-Molekulen sind Wechselwirkungen mit RNA-bindenden Proteinen erforderlich. Gegen RNA gerichtete Wirkstoffe konnen die funktionale dreidimensionale Struktur der Nucleinsaure verandern und damit deren Wechselwirkung mit Proteinen verhindern oder verstarken. Alternativ kann die Bildung von funktionsfahigen RNA-Protein-Komplexen durch Inhibitoren, die an der Kontaktflache binden, direkt verhindert werden. Fur die Entwicklung von gegen Nucleinsauren gerichteten Wirkstoffen konnen dieselben theoretischen Werkzeuge verwendet werden, die auch fur die Entwicklung von auf Proteine abzielenden Therapeutika zum Einsatz kommen. Die unterschiedlichen Beitrage der molekularen Wechselwirkungen in den dreidimensionalen Strukturen von Proteinen und RNA-Molekulen erfordern jedoch neuartige Strategien der Wirkstoffentwicklung. Der vorliegende Ubersichtsartikel fasst zusammen, wie die rasch zunehmende Kenntnis der dreidimensionalen Struktur und Funktion von RNA-Molekulen die Grundlage fur rationale Ansatze zur Entwicklung von RNA-bindenden Wirkstoffen bildet. Neben der Besprechung von RNA-Molekulen, die als Ziele von Therapeutika geeignet sind, werden Fortschritte im Verstandnis der Wechselwirkungen von RNA mit niedermolekularen Verbindungen und Proteinen diskutiert.
Down-to-earth supercomputing at NASA Ames

The requirements for computers for aerospace vehicle design problems, in particular fluid dynamics, are examined. The levels of approximation to Navier-Stokes equations are: (1) linearized inviscid form, (2) nonlinear inviscid equation, (3) Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation, (4) large eddy simulation with models for subgrid scale turbulence, and (5) full Navier-Stokes equations to calculate laminar/turbulent transition and turbulence dissipation. The Cray 2 with 256 megaword memory and 4.1 nsec clock and the Cray X-MP/48 with a 128 megaword memory and a 9.5 nsec clock of the Ames facility are described, and an example revealing their applicability is presented. The use of zonal methods to simulate aerodynamic flow fields numerically is discussed. Consideration is given to the development of a program for simulation of aerodynamic flow fields, the compilers, symbolic debuggers, the scheduling of multiple CPUs, and the analysis and storage of the data.
Mobility, hydrocephalus and quality of erections in men with spina bifida

Summary Introduction Little is known about erectile dysfunction (ED) among men with spina bifida (SB). The goal of this study was to determine quality of erections and possible factors affecting erections in this population. It was hypothesized that men who ambulate and do not have a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) are more likely to have erections sufficient for intercourse. Methods An online survey was administered over an 18-month period to men aged ≥18 years and with SB. Participants were recruited through local, national and international SB organizations via social media. Exclusion criteria were: poor English proficiency, not completing the questionnaire or missing information regarding erections, VPS or ambulation. Data were collected on demographics, previous surgeries and function. Ambulatory status was classified using the Hoffer classification (Hoffer et al., 1973). Those able to walk at least at home, with or without crutches/braces, were classified as “ambulators.” Erections were assessed using a single question from the validated Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite questionnaire (e.g. normal: “firm enough for intercourse”). Logistic regression was used for statistical analysis. Results The median age of 122 participants was 33 years, 53.3% were ambulators and 70.5% had a VPS. Overall, 41.0% reported normal erections. Ambulators were more likely to report normal erections than non-ambulators (63.1% vs 15.8%, P Discussion Approximately 59% of men with SB reported ED, with ambulators being far more likely to have normal erections. This suggests that ambulatory status, similar to neurological lesion level, is a confounder of erectile function in the SB population. A limitation of the study was that a single item was used to assess erectile function. Rather than performing a comprehensive analysis of sexual health, the study aimed to gauge the prevalence of normal erections and assess possible risk factors. It did not assess sexual activity, erection duration or ED treatments. However, this is the largest study, to date, on SB and erectile quality with international participants. Conclusion About 40% of men with SB reported normal erections. Ambulatory status, rather than hydrocephalus, appeared to be the primary factor associated with erectile function. Approximately 2/3 of ambulators and 1/6 of non-ambulators reported normal erections. Summary table . Self-reported erection quality stratified by ambulatory status. Erection quality Ambulatory status None (n = 53) Non-functional (n = 4) Household (n = 11) Community (n = 33) Normal (n = 21) Firm enough for intercourse 8 (16.0%) 1 (25.0%) 8 (72.7%) 20 (60.6%) 13 (61.9%)
The Is-Ought Correlation in Neo-Confucian Qi-Realism: How Normative Facts Exist in Natural States of Qi

(2011). The Is-Ought Correlation in Neo-Confucian Qi-Realism. Contemporary Chinese Thought: Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 60-77.
Proceedings of the 17th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining

It is my great honor and pleasure to welcome you to ACM SIGKDD's 17th Annual Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, KDD2011, being held in San Diego, California, from August 21 through August 24, 2011. This year's KDD Conference continues its tradition of being the premier forum for the sharing of leading edge research results and industrial experiences of KDD theory, technology, and applications, among it's multi-disciplinary participants from academia, government, and industry. The KDD2011 organization committee has worked hard to help organize this year's conference, and to ensure that it maintains its pre-eminent position as the top worldwide conference for dissemination of cutting edge technical progress of this community. The science and business of extracting actionable insights from data has never been more important. We are experiencing an explosion of data, and the consequent interest in analyzing this information in a timely and rigorous fashion. Data and content volumes are expected to grow exponentially in the next decade. Much of the new growth is expected to dominantly come from unstructured content; documents, images, audio and video. These trends are setting up the stage for a fascinating set of new research challenges, and simultaneously driving the need for accelerated deployment of our research advances, ranging from algorithmic advances in core modeling and learning techniques, to scalable methods for parallel and distributed mining of massive scale data, to new paradigms for consumption and delivery of the analytic insights. It is my hope that attendees at this conference will be able to sense and appreciate the impressive progress our community is making in addressing these challenges. We have made a few changes this year to the traditional KDD conference format, to address the growing interest in this technology. The conference will begin as always with workshops and tutorials on Sunday, and then we have a full 3-day program for the main body of the conference. The extended 3-day main program has allowed us to include additional keynote plenary talks and make space for some exciting new content. We are launching a new track this year, called the Industry Practice Expo. The aim of the IPE track is to bring in eminent practitioners of KDD from industry to share with the participants their in depth experiences on what it means to successfully deploy working instances of high impacting KDD solutions.
Night Fever: Designing Club Culture, 1960 — Today

In the late 1970s, the men’s fashion magazine Vogue Hommes commissioned the semiotician Roland Barthes to write a critique of Le Palace, a former Parisian theatre that had been converted into the c...
Alterations in DNA damage repair (DDR) genes and outcomes to systemic therapy in 225 immune-oncology (IO) versus tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treated metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC) patients (pts).

551Background: Loss of function alterations in DDR genes including core components of mismatch repair and homologous recombination deficiency pathways are associated with tumorigenesis and may dete...
Cell-type-specific transactivation of the parathyroid hormone-related protein gene promoter by the human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) tax and HTLV-II tax proteins.

The human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) and HTLV-II Tax proteins are potent transactivators of viral and cellular gene expression. Using deletion mutants, the downstream parathyroid hormone- related protein (PTHrP) promoter is shown to be responsive to both HTLV- I and HTLV-II Tax as well as the AP1/c-jun proto-oncogene. Transactivation of PTHrP by Tax was seen in T cells but not in B-cell lines or fibroblasts. A carboxy terminal Tax deletion mutant was deficient in transactivation of both the PTHrP and IL2R alpha promoters but not the HTLV-I long terminal repeat (LTR). Exogenous provision of NFkB rescued IL2R alpha expression but not the PTHrP promoter. Thus, HTLV-I Tax, HTLV-II Tax, and c-jun transactivate PTHrP and may contribute to the pathogenesis of hypercalcemia in adult T-cell leukemia.
Development and Refinement of the RELAX Intervention, an Intervention Targeting Emotion Dysregulation and Interpersonal Conflict in Adolescents with ADHD: Results from a Pilot Study

The purpose of this study was to refine and conduct a pilot evaluation of the RELAX (Regulating Emotions Like An eXpert) intervention for families of adolescents with ADHD. RELAX was refined based ...
Vital signs monitoring enabled by flexible organic array of printed devices

The optical method to determine oxygen saturation in blood is limited to only tissues that can be transilluminated. With COVID-19 conventional finger pulse oximeters have surged in popularity; however, most studies of patient in-home oxygenation monitoring are conducted using only a few discrete measurement points per day. The status quo provides a single-point measurement and lacks 2D oxygenation mapping capability. We have demonstrated a flexible and printed sensor array composed of organic light-emitting diodes and organic photodiodes, which senses reflected light from tissue to determine the oxygen saturation. We use the reflectance oximeter array beyond the conventional sensing locations. The sensor is implemented to measure oxygen saturation on the forehead with 1.1% mean error and to create 2D oxygenation maps of adult forearms under pressure-cuff–induced ischemia. In addition, we present mathematical models to determine oxygenation in the presence and absence of a pulsatile arterial blood signal. The mechanical flexibility, 2D oxygenation mapping capability, and the ability to place the sensor in various locations make the reflectance oximeter array promising for medical sensing applications such as monitoring of real-time chronic medical conditions as well as postsurgery recovery management of tissues, organs, and wounds.
Active space approaches combining coupled-cluster and perturbation theory for ground states and excited states.

We evaluate the performance of approaches that combine coupled-cluster and perturbation theory based on a predefined active space of orbitals. Coupled-cluster theory is used to treat excitations th...
Female Copycat Crime: An Exploratory Analysis

Although much has been written concerning female delinquency and criminality, little has been forwarded about female copycat crime. Utilizing four data sets from surveys collected over the past dec...
Relationship Between Messenger Ribonucleic Acid and Enzyme Levels Specified by the Leucine Operon of Escherichia coli K-12

The levels of leucine-forming enzymes in Escherichia coli K-12 varied over a several thousand-fold range, depending upon conditions of growth. The highest levels were achieved by growing auxotrophs in a chemostat under conditions of leucine limitation. Under such conditions, enzyme levels were increased 45- to 90-fold relative to cells grown in minimal medium containing leucine (the latter values arbitrarily called 1). Leucine operon-specific messenger ribonucleic acid levels were elevated to about the same extent as enzyme levels in cells grown in a chemostat. Growth in media of greater complexity resulted in progressively lower levels of leucine-forming enzymes, reaching a value of less than 0.02 for growth in a medium containing tryptone broth and yeast extract. The levels of leucine operon-specified enzymes and messenger ribonucleic acid were also measured in strains containing about 25 copies of plasmid pCV1(ColE1-leu) per chromosome. For such strains grown in minimal medium, enzyme levels were proportional to the number of plasmids per cell. Furthermore, they followed the same trends as those described above upon derepression in a chemostat or upon repression following growth in rich media. Leucine messenger ribonucleic acid, measured both by pulse-labeling and hybridization-competition experiments, was roughly proportional to enzyme levels over this entire range. For a plasmid-containing strain grown in a chemostat under conditions of leucine limitation (about 100 plasmids per chromosome), about 27% of pulse-labeled ribonucleic acid was coded for by genes in or adjacent to the leucine operon, and 10% of the total protein was beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase.
Micrococcal Nuclease Treatment of Bacteriophage Heads Alters the Right-Hand Cohesive End of Lambda Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Isolated bacteriophage lambda heads were exposed to micrococcal nuclease prior to addition of the phage tail. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from the heads and sheared to half-molecules whose cohesive ends were annealed to normal lambda DNA half-molecules. Melting curves of each of the cohered halves indicated that only the right-hand termini are altered by nuclease treatment.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Polymer Films

Chemical vapor deposition of polymer films eliminates the need for organic solvents and thereby offers a safer and cleaner alternative to liquid-phase processing. This article discusses the mechanism, benefits, and capabilities associated with several types of vapor-phase polymerization methods with a particular emphasis on initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) and oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD). The iCVD technique can be used to produce films that exhibit a wide range of properties such as hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and responsiveness to heat, pH, and light, whereas the oCVD method can be used to make conductive films. These deposition techniques allow for the controlled fabrication of high molecular weight polymer films with deposition rates as fast as several hundred nanometers per minute and can be used to modify the surfaces of three-dimensional curved, pillared, and porous substrates since there are no solvent tension effects such as clogging or wetting. Keywords: chemical vapor deposition; thin films; coatings; functional polymers
Effect of flow-stimulated vascular endothelial cell extracellular matrix on neural progenitor cell fate

Damage to the central nervous system caused by injury or disease effects millions of people yearly. Neural stem and progenitor cell mediated therapies are a promising method of treatment for this damage. Before these therapies can be considered for clinical use, however, a deeper understanding of direction of in vivo neural progenitor cell (NPC) fate must be gained. In this study, a model of one site of active neurogenesis in the adult brain, the subventricular zone, is created utilizing flow and static stimulated conditioned media and extracellular matrix from microvascular endothelial cells in combination with primary NPCs. With this model we have demonstrated that flow and static EC-ECM has differential effects on NPC survival and differentiation.
Evolutionary play on maternal behaviour

This big book is about the complex trade-offs of motherhood, the ways those trade-offs have driven the evolution of our species, propelled cultural diversity and continue to shape our lives. Among other things, Sarah Hrdy considers the evolution of mammalian physiology, primate and non-primate female reproductive strategies and variation in human maternal behaviour as revealed in ethnography, history, psychology, sociology, journalism and fiction. Her startling and persuasive thesis, synthesizing a wide range of recent work, including her own, is that maternal strategies have played the star role in the evolution of our humanity.
Lungs Under Cyclic Compression and Expansion

The pressure-volume relationship of lungs subjected to repeated compression and expansion is studied in detail. The investigation was motivated by an attempt to understand why lungs are frequently injured by compression waves; hence the lung was compressed to a degree greater than normally encountered in physiological conditions. Attention was focused on the collapse of the lung at a critical strain and the reopening of the trap at a critical stress. We found that when a rabbit lung is compressed, about one-half to one-quarter of its gas may be trapped in the alveoli because of the closure of airways. Reopening of the trap occurs at a pressure higher than the critical pressure for collapsing. The difference of the critical pressures of collapsing and reopening is influenced by the rate of strain and the strain history, especially by the maximum compressive stress imposed on the lung. The stress-strain relationship of the lung tissue, which resembles the PV curves, depends strongly on the strain history.
How can (-)-epigallocatechin gallate from green tea prevent HIV-1 infection? Mechanistic insights from computational modeling and the implication for rational design of anti-HIV-1 entry inhibitors.

Possible inhibitors preventing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry into the cells are recognized as hopeful next-generation anti-HIV-1 drugs. It is highly desirable to develop a potent inhibitor blocking binding of glycoprotein CD4 of the cell with glycoprotein gp120 of HIV-1, because the gp120−CD4 binding is the initial step of HIV-1 entry into the cells. It has been recently reported that (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) from green tea is an inhibitor blocking gp120−CD4 binding. But the inhibitory mechanism remains unknown. For understanding the inhibitory mechanism, extensive molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free-energy calculations have been performed in this study to predict the most favorable structures of CD4−EGCG, gp120−CD4, and gp120−CD4−EGCG binding complexes in water. The results reveal that EGCG binds with CD4 in such a way that the calculated binding affinity of gp120 with the CD4−EGCG complex is negligible. So, the favorable binding of EGCG with...
CLINICAL REVIEW 14 Pathophysiology and Treatment of Sexual Precocity

The complex maturational changes in both organization and activation of the hypothalamic GnRH-pituitary gonadotropin-gonadal system can be viewed as a continuum extending from its ontogeny in the fetus, through puberty, to the attainment of full sexual maturation and fertility. Restraint of the onset of puberty resides in the central nervous system (1, 2). All of the other components which include the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator, pituitary gland, gonads, and sex steroid target organs can be activated by the appropriate stimulus at any stage between infancy and the normal age of puberty. Reactivation of the GnRH pulse generator induces increased GnRH secretion, stimulation of the pituitary gonadotropes, and subsequently increased secretion of gonadal steroids. Increased nighttime pulsatile release of LH both in frequency and amplitude and increased LH response to administration of GnRH occur with the onset of puberty. An independent process regulated by a different mechanism results in the increase i...