cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy Efficiency in Multiuser Transmission Over Parallel Frequency Channels

Energy efficiency is an important design criterion for wireless communications. As parallel frequency channels are used for multiuser transmission, different channel bandwidth and power can be applied to transmit signals to different users. Channel bandwidth assignment and transmit power allocation are optimized to maximize the sum information rate with the total bandwidth budget, the total transmit power budget, and the user-specific rate requirements. Moreover, with variable total transmit power, the energy efficiency is measured as the maximum sum rate per unit of power used. In this paper, with fixed or flexible bandwidths of the user frequency channels, effective methods are developed to find the total transmit power along with the resource (bandwidth and power) allocation for maximum energy efficiency. This resource allocation ensures that, while each user’s minimum rate requirement is satisfied, all of the excess resource of spectrum and transmit power is dedicated to the one user with the best channel quality. Simulation and experimental results validate the optimal solution of total transmit power along with resource allocation that supports the energy-efficient multiuser transmission.
The Transport of Pollutants

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the transport of pollutants. Most of the air pollutants and their subsequent transport and dispersion occur in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The chapter describes the structure of wind, temperature, and turbulence through the PBL. The techniques that are used to model particulate settling and removal include: (1) source depletion, (2) surface depletion, (3) partial reflection, and (4) gradient transfer. To meet air quality standards for particulate matter, it is necessary to determine the origin of the pollutants and the contribution from each source, so that appropriate control strategies could be formulated and implemented. Considerable information about the sources that contribute to particulate matter at a receptor could be learned through chemical analysis of the particulate matter. Specific elements predominate in specific types of sources, such as lead and bromine in auto exhaust and sulfur, nickel, vanadium, and iron in combustion of residual oil.
Excitation and characterization of image potential state electrons on quasi-free-standing graphene

We investigate the band structure of image potential states in quasi-free-standing graphene (QFG) monolayer islands using angle-resolved two-photon-photoemission spectroscopy. Direct probing by low-energy electron diffraction shows that QFG is formed following oxygen intercalation into the graphene-Ir(111) interface. Despite the apparent decoupling of the monolayer graphene from the Ir substrate, we find that the binding energy of the $\mathit{n}=1$ image potential state on these QFG islands increases by 0.17 eV, as compared to the original Gr/Ir(111) interface. We use calculations based on density-functional theory to construct an empirical, one-dimensional potential that quantitatively reproduces the image potential state binding energy and links the changes in the interface structure to the shift in energy. Specifically, two factors contribute comparably to this energy shift: a deeper potential well arising from the presence of intercalated oxygen adatoms and a wider potential well associated with the increase in the graphene-Ir distance. While image potential states have not been observed previously on QFG by photoemission, our paper now demonstrates that they may be strongly excited in a well-defined QFG system produced by oxygen intercalation. This opens an opportunity for studying the surface electron dynamics in QFG systems, beyond those found in typical nonintercalated graphene-on-substrate systems.
Measured Densities in UF6 Free Jets

Measurements of gas densities in UF6 free jets expanding from converging nozzles into a vacuum are described. These densities are deduced from measured intensities of laser photons Rayleigh scattered by the gas. The nozzle Reynolds number Ren= ρoaodt/μo, where dt is the nozzle throat diameter, ranges from ft. 1150 to 9200. Axial distances from the nozzle as large as 25 throat diameters and radial distances as large as 8 throat diameters are covered. Measured densities are in good agreement with those predicted on the basis of inviscid-flow method of characteristics calculations.
Technologies and Clinical Videoconferencing Infrastructures: A Guide to Selecting Appropriate Systems

This chapter provides basic and intermediate-level key concepts related to clinical videoconferencing (CV) technologies for the purposes of assisting clinical administrators in choosing a CV system. It defines the common types of CV systems and considers the strengths and limitations of hardware-based versus software-based platforms, as well as web-based vs. cellular-based signal transmission. Specific products are considered and a clear pragmatic discussion of encryption security in relation to HIPAA compliance is provided. The chapter also highlights the importance of defining the specific needs of a clinical ecology on a hierarchy to help achieve a balance between optimizing clinical utility and available budget when choosing CV systems.
The chemical composition of normal human red blood cells, including variability among centrifuged cells.

1. Red cells from different layers of centrifuged cells vary in composition. Cells obtained from the upper layer, which is relatively richer in reticulocytes, contain more water, sodium, potassium, chloride and phosphorus than the remaining cells. 2. The direct method of analysis of red blood cells using a constricted type centrifuge tube to separate the entire red cells sample from buffy layer cells and from plasma avoids the errors in direct analysis caused by different cell population in upper and lower layers of centrifuged cells and the cumulative errors inherent in indirect analysis. 3. Using the direct method and a constricted type centrifuge tube, the means and standard deviations of the water and mineral content of the erythrocytes and plasma of 11 normal males and 11 normal females were determined. Males were found to have a higher sodium content of red cells and plasma. 4. The sum of the molal concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride and phosphorus in red cells is not always equal to the sum of the molal concentrations of these minerals in the plasma.
Synchronization of an Active-Passive Mode-Locked Nd:YAG Laser and a Mode-Locked Argon Ion Laser

We report on the synchronization of pulses from an active-passive mode-1ocked Nd:YAG laser [1] to pulses from a mode-locked Ar ion laser. The jitter between the laser pulses was 18 ps (root mean square) with maximum deviations of ±30 ps over 18 shots. The addition of a synchronously pumped dye laser [2] to the YAG-Ar system would offer a picosecond tunable laser well synchronized to a high-power, high-energy laser. The low-energy dye pulses could also be amplified in dye cells pumped by the synchronous pulses from the mode-locked YAG laser. Applications include picosecond chemistry and laser fusion experiments.
SOURCES OF THE POSITIVE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE ACROSS THE IN VITRO FROG STOMACH IN CI-FREE MEDIA

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the sources of the positive potential difference across the in vitro frog stomach in Cl-free media. The study described in the chapter investigated active ion transport such as that of Na and K from the secretory to the nutrient side and for active ion transport such as that of SO4 and HCO3 in the reverse direction. The study also aimed at identifying any contribution from ion gradients between the bathing solutions and also between the cell and the bathing solutions. There are primarily two methods to determine active transport: (1) radioisotopic fluxes, which are usually insensitive to the small changes observed in the present case, and (2) ion replacement. In the study, the frog gastric mucosa was mounted between two cylindrical chambers. The parameters measured were the transmembrane resistance, the transmembrane PD, the H+ secretory rate, and sometimes the base’ secretory rate. Cimetidine was used to inhibit acid secretion. In the first experiment, it was found that as with DNP, methoxyflurane, etc., the addition of cimetidine to a concentration of 10−5 to 10−3 M in the nutrient solution resulted in an increase in resistance, an increase in the PD toward zero and a decrease in the H+ secretory rate.
National trends in bowel and upper abdominal procedures in ovarian cancer surgery.

Objectives In the United States, trends in the initial treatment approach for ovarian cancer reflect a shift in paradigm toward the increased use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and interval cytoreductive surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the trends in surgical cytoreductive procedures in ovarian cancer patients who underwent either primary or interval cytoreductive surgery. Methods This retrospective, population-based study examined patients with stage III/IV ovarian cancer diagnosed between January 2000 and December 2013 identified using SEER-Medicare. Small or large bowel resection, ostomy creation, and upper abdominal procedures were identified using relevant billing codes and compared over time. A 1:1 primary and interval cytoreductive propensity matched cohort was created using demographic and clinical variables. 30-day complications and the use of acute care services were compared. Results A total of 5417 women were identified. 34% underwent bowel resections, 16% ostomy creation, and 8% upper abdominal procedures. There was an increase in bowel resections and upper abdominal procedures from 2000 to 2013 in patients who underwent primary cytoreductive surgery. Compared with patients who received primary cytoreduction, patients who underwent interval cytoreductive surgery were less likely to undergo bowel resection (OR=0.50; 95% CI [0.41, 0.61]) or ostomy creation (OR=0.48; 95% CI [0.42, 0.56]). Upper abdominal procedures did not differ between groups. For patients who underwent primary cytoreductive surgery, these procedures were associated with intensive care unit stay (4.6% vs Conclusions The performance of upper abdominal procedures in ovarian cancer patients increased from 2000 to 2013. Interval cytoreductive surgery was associated with decreased likelihood of bowel surgery. In matched primary and interval cytoreductive surgery cohorts, the receipt of these procedures were associated with the increased likelihood of postoperative complications and use of acute care services.
Measuring Realistic and Symbolic Threats of COVID-19 and Their Unique Impacts on Well-Being and Adherence to Public Health Behaviors

COVID-19 threatens lives, livelihoods, and civic institutions. Although restrictive public health behaviors such as social distancing help manage its impact, these behaviors can further sever our c...
Counterfactual thinking and recency effects in causal judgment

Abstract People tend to judge more recent events, relative to earlier ones, as the cause of some particular outcome. For instance, people are more inclined to judge that the last basket, rather than the first, caused the team to win the basketball game. This recency effect, however, reverses in cases of overdetermination: people judge that earlier events, rather than more recent ones, caused the outcome when the event is individually sufficient but not individually necessary for the outcome. In five experiments (N = 5507), we find evidence for the recency effect and the primacy effect for causal judgment. Traditionally, these effects have been a problem for counterfactual views of causal judgment. However, we argue that an extension of a recent counterfactual model of causal judgment explains both the recency and the primacy effect. In line with the predictions of our extended counterfactual model, we also find that, regardless of causal structure, people tend to imagine the counterfactual alternative to the more recent event rather than to the earlier one. Moreover, manipulating this tendency affects causal judgments in the ways predicted by this extended model: asking participants to imagine the counterfactual alternative to the earlier event weakens the interaction between recency and causal structure, and asking participants to imagine the counterfactual alternative to the more recent event strengthens the interaction between recency and causal structure. We discuss these results in relation to work on counterfactual thinking, causal modeling, and late-preemption.
Mortality Benefit From the Passive Leg Raise Maneuver in Guiding Resuscitation of Septic Shock Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.

Background:Fluid therapy plays a major role in the management of critically ill patients. Yet assessment of intravascular volume in these patients is challenging. Different invasive and non-invasiv...
Packaging and transport of unirradiated uranium dioxide fuel and nonirradiated mixed oxide fuel

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the unirradiated UO2 fuel market and the logistics scheme for its transportation. It includes illustrations based on current experience, as well as a description of French and US examples in regard to UO2 unirradiated fuel transports. This chapter also provides an overview of mixed oxide (MOX) fuel and a main framework scheme for its transportation. It includes illustrations based on current experience. Finally, it concludes with a description of the US situation in regard to MOX fuel transports.
Proceedings of the 2nd international workshop on Mobile commerce

Welcome to the Second ACM International Workshop on Mobile Commerce, held in conjunction with the Eighth Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 2002). The workshop provides a forum for researchers and technologists in the field to discuss all aspects of mobile commerce. Its goal is to connect the electronic commerce and the pervasive computing communities, to foster interaction among the participants, and to promote cross-fertilization of ideas.Our call for papers attracted 26 paper submissions from 11 countries. These papers addressed a wide range of topics in mobile commerce, describing vision and issues, exploratory research, as well as industrial efforts and experiences. An outstanding collection of 9 submissions was accepted as full papers, and 6 other strong submissions were accepted as short papers. The resulting program offers an excellent reflection of the field, with sessions covering service discovery and advertising, location- and context-awareness, management of data and content, and commerce and business applications. Each session consists of presentations of the corresponding papers and a discussion forum for clarifying and comparing the papers.
A neural network model for learning rule-based systems

Knowledgetron, a novel intelligent system which derives rule-based expert systems from neural networks trained by a special computational model, is described. The knowledge of such neural networks is extracted and represented as production rules. The main consideration is that the generated rule-based system perform as well as the original neural network. The system consists of two coupled components. One is the KTBP trainer, which is applied to a multilayer neural network for learning from the data. The trained neural network is translated into a rule-based system by the second component, the KT translator. The feasibility and validity of Knowledgetron have been demonstrated on both small and large neural networks for practical applications. >
Thoracic transillumination: aid in the diagnosis and treatment of pneumopericardium.

A frequent complication of continuous positive airway pressure and mechanical ventilation used to treat neonates who have hyaline membrane disease and other forms of respiratory distress is an air leak from alveolar rupture. Pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum are common. Pneumopericardium does not occur often, but it can be life-threatening if it produces acute cardiac tamponade. In a review of the literature, Brans and associates1 found that pneumopericardium in neonates was treated by pericardiocentesis in one half of the published cases; 79% of them survived or they ultimately died of complications unrelated to pericardial tamponade. However, only 32% of the infants treated conservatively survived.
In vivo pharmacological interactions between a type II positive allosteric modulator of α7 nicotinic ACh receptors and nicotinic agonists in a murine tonic pain model

Background and Purpose The α7 nicotinic ACh receptor subtype is abundantly expressed in the CNS and in the periphery. Recent evidence suggests that α7 nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) subtypes, which can be activated by an endogenous cholinergic tone comprising ACh and the α7 agonist choline, play an important role in chronic pain and inflammation. In this study, we evaluated whether type II α7 positive allosteric modulator PNU-120596 induces antinociception on its own and in combination with choline in the formalin pain model. Experimental Approach We assessed the effects of PNU-120596 and choline and the nature of their interactions in the formalin test using an isobolographic analysis. In addition, we evaluated the interaction of PNU-120596 with PHA-54613, an exogenous selective α7 nAChR agonist, in the formalin test. Finally, we assessed the interaction between PNU-120596 and nicotine using acute thermal pain, locomotor activity, body temperature and convulsing activity tests in mice. Key Results We found that PNU-120596 dose-dependently attenuated nociceptive behaviour in the formalin test after systemic administration in mice. In addition, mixtures of PNU-120596 and choline synergistically reduced formalin-induced pain. PNU-120596 enhanced the effects of nicotine and α7 agonist PHA-543613 in the same test. In contrast, PNU-120596 failed to enhance nicotine-induced convulsions, hypomotility and antinociception in acute pain models. Surprisingly, it enhanced nicotine-induced hypothermia via activation of α7 nAChRs. Conclusions and Implications Our results demonstrate that type II α7 positive allosteric modulators produce antinociceptive effects in the formalin test through a synergistic interaction with the endogenous α7 agonist choline.
Further Studies on the Properties of the Pigeon Liver Fatty Acid Synthetase

Abstract Purified pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase was stabilized for at least 4 days in the presence of the reducing agent dithiothreitol. After reduction this purified enzyme system migrated as a single band on starch gel electrophoresis, and it retained the capacity to synthesize fatty acids when eluted from the gel. Molecular weight determination of the stabilized fatty acid synthetase complex by equilibrium centrifugation yielded a value (4.5 x 105) slightly lower than previously reported. NH2-terminal amino acid analysis and electrophoresis of acetic acid-phenol-urea-dissociated fatty acid synthetase on polyacrylamide gel indicated the presence of 5 to 8 peptides in the complex.
Fas and Fas Ligand Mutations Inhibit Autoantibody Production in Pristane-Induced Lupus

Mutations of Fas (lpr) or Fas ligand (gld) cause a limited lupus-like syndrome in B6 mice by interfering with the deletion of autoreactive B and/or T cells. A more generalized lupus syndrome reminiscent of that of MRL mice can be induced in nonautoimmune strains by pristane, which causes a nonspecific inflammatory response in the peritoneal cavity. We hypothesized that, as in MRL mice, the lpr and gld mutations might accelerate lupus in pristane-treated mice. Pristane-treated B6 mice developed anti-nRNP/Sm, Su, and ribosomal P Abs, but little anti-ssDNA or chromatin. In contrast, B6/lpr and B6/gld mice spontaneously developed anti-ssDNA/chromatin Abs, but not anti-nRNP/Sm/Su/ribosomal P. Unexpectedly, B6/lpr and B6/gld mice were highly resistant to the induction by pristane of IgM anti-ssDNA (2 wk) and IgG anti-nRNP/Sm/Su/ribosomal P autoantibodies (6 mo), suggesting that intact Fas signaling is necessary. Interestingly, pristane did not enhance IgG chromatin Ab production in B6/lpr or B6/gld mice, suggesting that it did not influence the production of autoantibodies that develop spontaneously in the setting of Fas deficiency. Pristane treatment also decreased lymphoproliferation in B6/lpr mice. Increased production of IL-12 was associated consistently with the production of anti-nRNP/Sm/Su/ribosomal P as well as anti-DNA/chromatin. In contrast, production of anti-DNA/chromatin Abs was associated with IL-6 overproduction in pristane-treated mice, but not in lpr mice. The data strongly support the idea that different subsets of autoantibodies are regulated differentially by cytokine stimulation and/or Fas signaling.
Gregory Ferrell Lowe & Christian S. Nissen (Eds.), Small Among Giants: Television Broadcasting in Smaller Countries

Gregory Lowe and Christian Nissen’s edited volume, Small Among Giants: Television Broadcasting in Smaller Countries, focuses on the limitations and challenges associated with television broadcasting in small European countries. Their research project and this book evolved from a BBC panel discussion on what television broadcasters in smaller countries could learn from their colleagues in larger countries. Lowe and Nissen argue that smaller countries should not try to duplicate broadcasting industry methods of larger countries because circumstances differ in small and large markets.
3D characterization of coal strains induced by compression, carbon dioxide sorption, and desorption at in-situ stress conditions

Abstract Sequestration of carbon dioxide in unmineable coal seams is an option to combat climate change and an opportunity to enhance coalbed methane production. Prediction of sequestration potential in coal requires characterization of porosity, permeability, sorption capacity and the magnitude of swelling due to carbon dioxide uptake or shrinkage due to methane and water loss. Unfortunately, the majority of data characterizing coal–gas systems have been obtained from powdered, unconfined coal samples. Little is known about confined coal behavior during carbon dioxide uptake and methane desorption. The present work focuses on the characterization of lithotype specific deformation, and strain behavior during CO 2 uptake at simulated in-situ stress conditions. It includes the evaluation of three-dimensional strain induced by the confining stress, the sorption, and the desorption of carbon dioxide. X-ray computed tomography allowed three-dimensional characterization of the bituminous coal deformation samples under hydrostatic stress. The application of 6.9 MPa of confining stress contributes an average of − 0.34% volumetric strain. Normal strains due to confining stress were − 0.08%, − 0.15% and − 0.11% along the x , y and z axes respectively. Gas injection pressure was 3.1 MPa and the excess sorption was 0.85 mmol/g. Confined coal exposed to CO 2 for 26 days displays an average volumetric expansion of 0.4%. Normal strains due to CO 2 sorption were 0.11%, 0.22% and 0.11% along x , y and z axes. Drainage of the CO 2 induced an average of − 0.33% volumetric shrinkage. Normal strains due to CO 2 desorption were − 0.23%, − 0.08% and − 0.02% along x , y and z axes. Alternating positive and negative strain values observed along the sample length during compression, sorption and desorption respectively emphasized that both localized compression/compaction and expansion of coal will occur during CO 2 sequestration.
Regularized parameter estimation of high dimensional t distribution

We propose penalized-likelihood methods for parameter estimation of high dimensional t distribution. First, we show that a general class of commonly used shrinkage covariance matrix estimators for multivariate normal can be obtained as penalized-likelihood estimator with a penalty that is proportional to the entropy loss between the estimate and an appropriately chosen shrinkage target. Motivated by this fact, we then consider applying this penalty to multivariate t distribution. The penalized estimate can be computed efficiently using EM algorithm for given tuning parameters. It can also be viewed as an empirical Bayes estimator. Taking advantage of its Bayesian interpretation, we propose a variant of the method of moments to effectively elicit the tuning parameters. Simulations and real data analysis demonstrate the competitive performance of the new methods.
Three-dimensional instability of a plane free shear layer: an experimental study of the formation and evolution of streamwise vortices

The three-dimensional development of a plane free shear layer subjected to small sinusoidal perturbations periodically placed along the span is experimentally studied. Both laser induced fluorescence and direct interface visualization are used to monitor the interface between the two fluids. The development of the different flow stabilities is obtained through analysis of the temporal and spatial evolution of the interface separating the two streams. It is shown that the characteristic time of growth of the two-dimensional shear instability is much shorter than that of the three-dimensional instability. The primary Kelvin-Helmholtz instability develops first, leading to the formation of an almost two-dimensional array of spanwise vortex tubes. Under the effect of the strain field created by the evolving spanwise vortices, the perturbed vorticity existing on the braids undergoes axial stretching, resulting in the formation of vortex tubes whose axes are aligned with the principal direction of the positive strain field. During the formation of these streamwise vortex tubes, the spanwise vortices maintain, to a great extent, their two-dimensionality, suggesting an almost uncoupled development of both instabilities. The vortex tubes formed through the three-dimensional instability of the braids further undergo nonlinear interactions with the spanwise vortices inducing on their cores a wavy undulation of the same wavelength, but 180° phase shifted with respect to the perturbation. In addition, it is shown that owing to the nature of the three-dimensional instability, the effect of vertical and axial perturbations are coupled. Finally, the influence of the amplitude and wavelength of the perturbation on the development of the two- and three-dimensional instabilities is described.
Return of atrial mechanical function following electrical conversion of atrial dysrhythmias

Abstract The return of atrial mechanical function and its relationship to embolic events following cardioversion of atrial arrhythmias is controversial. Fourteen patients with atrial arrhythmias were evaluated with pulsed Doppler echocardiography before and after direct current (DC) cardioversion. The atrial filling fraction increased significantly: 1.14 ± 4.3% at baseline versus 14.9 ± 13.3%, 13.4 ± 11.4%, and 21.9 ± 13.5% at 5 minutes, 30 minutes, and 24 hours, respectively, following cardioversion. Absent atrial mechanical activity was noted in four patients immediately after cardioversion. Mechanical activity resumed by 30 minutes in one patient and at 24 hours in two others. Those with delayed atrial function had lower stroke volumes and atrial filling fractions following cardioversion. An embolic event occurred in one patient who had immediate return of atrial mechanical activity. This patient also had the largest atrial filling fraction of any patient at 24 hours (41%). These data suggest that the degree of atrial mechanical activity following cardioversion is variable and that embolic episodes are not necessarily related to delayed return of atrial mechanical activity following cardioversion.
On teaching computer science using the three basic processes from the Denning report

The recently-published final report of the ACM Task Force on the Core of Computer Science, commonly called the Denning Report, describes three processes which are inherent in all areas of computer science: theory, abstraction and design. This paper describes how this concept was used to teach the quicksort to high school computer science students.
Overlayers of Long-Chain Organic Molecules Physisorbed on the Surface of Self-Assembled Monolayers of Alkylthiols on Au(111)

We have been able to grow well-ordered crystalline overlayers of either alkylthiols or dodecane on the surface of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkylthiols on Au(111) by exposing the surface ...
Snoring may be linked to culture.

Abstract The estimates of the incidence of snoring in adults that have been provided by four epidemiological studies vary from 16–89% of the population. Collectively, these data are completely confounded by country of origin and thus may reflect cultural differences that contribute to snoring. While the etiology of snoring is not fully known, speculation has focused on gender and age as primary factors that contribute to this behavior. Within the limitations imposed by the designs of these four studies, we compared the relative strength of the relationships between snoring and gender, age, and culture. These analyses suggest that certain variables associated with cultures appear to be more salient than both gender and age, as determinants of snoring.
GASTROINTESTINAL GAS FORMATION AND INFANTILE COLIC

Gastrointestinal gas causes distress in many patients and their parents. Most often, patients do not have an actual increase in gastrointestinal gas volume, but rather their complaints derive from a misunderstanding of normal physiology, a misinterpretation of symptoms (colic), or an increase in intestinal sensitivity (irritable bowel syndrome). Symptoms from actual increases in intestinal gas volume are seen most frequently in children who swallow excessive amounts of air, have a dysmotility syndrome, or consume foods containing poorly absorbed carbohydrates. Although many therapies are used in the treatment of gas-related symptoms, under close scrutiny, the commonly recommended agents (e.g. simethicone) do not have proven efficacy. An understanding of the physiology of gas production and disposal is of practical use to pediatricians in determining the appropriate method of intervention for patients with these complaints.
Construction and Expression of an Enzymatically Active Human–Mouse Chimeric Double-Stranded RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase

ABSTRACT The interferon (IFN)-inducible double-stranded (ds) RNA-activated protein kinase (p68 kinase) is a physiologically important enzyme that regulates the rate of cellular and viral protein synthesis by phosphorylating and thereby inactivating the peptide chain initiation factor 2. We have generated a partial cDNA clone, which probably represents the murine p68 kinsae, by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using sequence information of the human p68 kinase. The 725-bp cDNA clone encoded the carboxyl-terminal 238 amino acid residues of the mouse kinase. It has 67% overall identity with the corresponding region of the human kinase. All the protein kinase catalytic domains are conserved in the mouse protein. Moreover, there are additional stretches of residues that are totally conserved between the two proteins. The functional equivalence of the two proteins was tested by constructing a chimeric cDNA that encoded a protein whose amino-terminal 364 residues were of human origin and ...
Covalent Binding to Tubulin by Isothiocyanates A MECHANISM OF CELL GROWTH ARREST AND APOPTOSIS

Isothiocyanates (ITCs) found in cruciferous vegetables, including benzyl-ITC (BITC), phenethyl-ITC (PEITC), and sulforaphane (SFN), inhibit carcinogenesis in animal models and induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in various cell types. The biochemical mechanisms of cell growth inhibition by ITCs are not fully understood. Our recent study showed that ITC binding to intracellular proteins may be an important initiating event for the induction of apoptosis. However, the specific protein target(s) and molecular mechanisms were not identified. In this study, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of human lung cancer A549 cells treated with radiolabeled PEITC and SFN revealed that tubulin may be a major in vivo binding target for ITC. We examined whether binding to tubulin by ITCs could lead to cell growth arrest. The proliferation of A549 cells was significantly reduced by ITCs, with relative activities of BITC > PEITC > SFN. All three ITCs also induced mitotic arrest and apoptosis with the same order of activity. We found that ITCs disrupted microtubule polymerization in vitro and in vivo with the same order of potency. Mass spectrometry demonstrated that cysteines in tubulin were covalently modified by ITCs. Ellman assay results indicated that the modification levels follow the same order, BITC > PEITC > SFN. Together, these results support the notion that tubulin is a target of ITCs and that ITC-tubulin interaction can lead to downstream growth inhibition. This is the first study directly linking tubulin-ITC adduct formation to cell growth inhibition.
Soluble cytokine receptors: basic immunology and clinical applications.

Cytokine activity is tightly regulated at multiple levels. Soluble cytokine receptors (sCR) contribute to the regulation of cytokine activity by modulating the ability of cytokines to bind their membrane receptors and generating a response. Endogenous sCR are generated by proteolytic cleavage or “shedding” of the membrane receptor and/or by translation from alternatively spliced messages different from those encoding the membrane forms. The resulting soluble receptors retain their ligand-binding ability and with some exceptions act as competitive inhibitors of the binding and biologic activity of their ligand, both in vitro and in vivo. However, sCR can also have certain effects on cytokines, such as structural stabilization, protection from proteolysis, and prolonged in vivo half-life, which are consistent with an added role as carrier proteins, and which may under some conditions result in potentiation of cytokine activity in vivo. The exact contribution of endogenous sCR to the regulation of immune or ...
Optimal Selection of Artificial Boundary Conditions for Model Update and Damage Detection – Part 2: Experiment

Sensitivity-based model error localization and damage detection is hindered by the relative differences in modal sensitivity magnitude among updating parameters. The method of artificial boundary conditions is shown to directly address this limitation, resulting in the increase of the number of updating parameters at which errors can be accurately localized. Using a single set of FRF data collected from a modal test, the artificial boundary conditions (ABC) method identifies experimentally the natural frequencies of a structure under test for a variety of different boundary conditions, without having to physically apply the boundary conditions, hence the term “artificial.” The parameter-specific optimal ABC sets applied to the finite element model will produce increased sensitivities in the updating parameter, yielding accurate error localization and damage detection solutions. A method is developed for identifying the parameter-specific optimal ABC sets for updating or damage detection, and is based on the QR decomposition with column pivoting. Frequency response data collected from a simple laboratory experiment is used, along with the corresponding finite element-generated data, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the ABC-QR method.
The Impact of Spain's 1863 Educational Decree on the Spread of Philippine Public Schools and Language Acquisition.

The Educational Decree of 1863 was an effort by Spain to reform the Philippine colonial education system. The Decree established a complete system of education in the archipelago—it required two elementary schools in each municipality (one for girls and one for boys), standardized the curriculum, and established normal schools, thus making systematized education available to the masses. In the nineteenth century, educational opportunities opened to a segment of society previously kept under control by the religious orders through a selective curriculum of rudimentary academics and a heavy dose of catechism. The colonial logic was to create a cadre of clerks and officials in service of the new, liberal colonial state, but the Educational Decree of 1863 had an impact that was the reverse of what Spain intended. The formal system of education created in the Philippines under Spain, even when unevenly implemented, provided Filipinos with the tools to function outside of colonial rule.
Weight change among participants in a large sample minimal contact smoking relapse prevention trial.

Weight at baseline and posttreatment was measured for 1096 participants in a smoking relapse prevention trial: 42.1% maintained their weight, 42.5% gained more than 1 kg and 15.4% lost more than 1 kg during the eight-week treatment program. Abstainers (n = 383) gained more than four times the weight gained by relapsers (n = 713) (Abstainers: 1.6 kg, Relapsers: 0.4 kg, p < .0001). In order to examine the anorexic properties of nicotine gum, Abstainers were classified into nicotine gum user and non-user categories. Users gained significantly less weight than non-users although the difference was small (Users: 1.1 kg, Non-users: 1.8 kg, p < .004). A dose-response relationship was observed between number of cigarettes smoked per day at baseline and weight gain. Higher cigarette consumption was associated with increased weight gain in both gum user (p < .004), and non-user groups (p < .02). There was no significant difference in weight gain between Abstainers who later relapsed at 6 months and those who maintained abstinence (p < .29). Although the impact of nicotine gum on weight gain was small, this apparent property of the substance may be useful in encouraging cessation among smokers who perceive weight gain as a potential stumbling block to success.
Minimally invasive parathyroid surgery in 103 patients with local/regional anesthesia, without exclusion criteria

Abstract Background. Parathyroid surgery for sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) can be accomplished with local/regional anesthesia and intraoperative monitoring of intact parathyroid hormone without exclusion criteria through a 1.0- to 1.25-inch (2.5- to 3.2-cm) incision (MIPL) in a high proportion of patients. Methods. One hundred thirty-one consecutive patients with pHPT were offered MIPL. One hundred three patients elected to have this procedure. Patients were not excluded because of inadequate localization, previous parathyroid surgery, or need for concomitant thyroid surgery. Preoperative localization with ultrasound and/or sestamibi-single photon emission computed tomography scan was done in all patients. Almost all patients had intraoperative monitoring of intact parathyroid hormone (IMPTH). Results. MIPL was accomplished in 89 of these 103 patients (86.4%), but 14 required conversion to general anesthesia. The main reasons for conversion were concomitant thyroid surgery, no positive preoperative localization, and previous parathyroid surgery. This procedure was accomplished in 13 patients requiring a bilateral procedure, 5 patients requiring thyroid surgery, 4 patients with no positive preoperative localization, and in 3 patients with previous parathyroid surgery. The complications of MIPL were comparable to the traditional bilateral exploration with general anesthesia. No patient experienced permanent hypoparathyroidism or postoperative bleeding. Two patients had transient recurrent laryngeal nerve paresis, and surgery failed to correct hypercalcemia in 5 (4.9%) of the patients. There appears to be less need for antiemetic medication in the MIPL patients compared with patients who had general anesthesia. Conclusions. Parathyroid surgery for sporadic pHPT can be accomplished through a 1.0- to 1.25-inch (2.5- to 3.2-cm) incision with local/regional anesthesia, without exclusion criteria. Accurate preoperative localization, particularly localization to the same site by both ultrasound and 99mTc-sestamibi scan, and IMPTH can limit the surgery to a unilateral approach. One should be cautious in proceeding with MIPL in patients with need for concomitant thyroid surgery, no preoperative localization, or previous parathyroid surgery. (Surgery 2002;131:502-8.)
Demo: SaveAlert: design for a sensor-driven CrowdWatch danger detection system

SaveAlert is an adaptive framework for danger-detection using existing devices such as off-the-shelf smartphones and smartwatches. The framework can be extended to different sensors that could trigger distress signals to notify nearby users of potentially dangerous situations.
Transmembrane-Peptide-Induced Clustering of Phospholipids

Experimental evidence has been obtained for the transmembrane-peptide-induced clustering of phospholipids in the fluid bilayer state by use of the nearest-neighbor recognition method. Specifically, the exchangeable phospholipid monomers of 1a and 1b were found to mix, apparently, nonideally and cooperatively in liposomal membranes containing 9 mol % of the nonchannel form of gramicidin A. Equilibrium dimer distributions that were measured as a function of the initial ratio of 1a/1b support a model in which discrete clusters are formed that contain two molecules of 1b.
Neither Honor nor Compensation: Faculty and Public Service.

Land-grant institutions that are also research extensive may face the unique position of asking faculty to fulfill a historical mission with low consideration of public service in the reward structure. This paradox between mission and reward results in the socialization of many faculty away from participation in public service. This article discusses a study of faculty perception of values regarding public service at a large, land-grant, and research extensive institution. Results from the study support the notion that both tenure and pay rewards may be inaccessible to faculty who perform public service at land-grant institutions with research emphases.
Initial fiber alignment pattern alters extracellular matrix synthesis in fibroblast-populated fibrin gel cruciforms and correlates with predicted tension

Human dermal fibroblasts entrapped in fibrin gels cast in cross-shaped (cruciform) geometries with 1:1 and 1:0.5 ratios of arm widths were studied to assess whether tension and alignment of the cells and fibrils affected ECM deposition. The cruciforms of contrasting geometry (symmetric vs. asymmetric), which developed different fiber alignment patterns, were harvested at 2, 5, and 10 weeks of culture. Cruciforms were subjected to planar biaxial testing, polarimetric imaging, DNA and biochemical analyses, histological staining, and SEM imaging. As the cruciforms compacted and developed fiber alignment, fibrin was degraded, and elastin and collagen were produced in a geometry-dependent manner. Using a continuum mechanical model that accounts for direction-dependent stress due to cell traction forces and cell contact guidance with aligned fibers that occurs in the cruciforms, the mechanical stress environment was concluded to influence collagen deposition, with deposition being the greatest in the narrow arms of the asymmetric cruciform where stress was predicted to be the largest.
C.T. Jackson’s Sealed 13 November 1846 Letter to J.B.A.L.L. Élie de Beaumont: Translated (1847), Back-Translated (1861), and Accurately Transcribed for the First Time (2014)

Besides the famous London-bound Bigelow-to-Boot letter dated November 28, 1846, the mail bags of the steam paddler Acadia also carried, from Boston to Liverpool, additional correspondence reporting W.T.G. Morton's public demonstration of surgical etherization. Paramount among these other letters was the wax-sealed English language missive of Charles T. Jackson to the French Academy of Science's J.B.A.L.L. Elie de Beaumont, which was dated November 13, 1846. Unfortunately, Jackson made no copy of this original letter. In 1847, Elie de Beaumont published portions of the letter in the French language, extracts that Jackson back-translated to English by 1861. The original Jackson-to-Elie de Beaumont letter resurfaced in a Parisian auction (2005) and then a New York sale (2006). Remarkably, this original 13 November 1846 Charles T. Jackson-to-Elie de Beaumont missive-a landmark letter staking Charles T. Jackson's claims over W.T.G. Morton's to discovering etherization-was not transcribed completely and accurately, for publication, until this past year (2014).
Eleven aids for better complete dentures

Abstract Several important aids in the construction of successful complete dentures have been discussed. These aids include a thorough examination, accurate impressions, a tissue recovery period, accurately adapted trial bases, a physiologic vertical dimension of occlusion, the needle point tracing, esthetic appearance, a free and cuspless occlusion, correction of the occlusion, proper postinsertion care of the patient, and patient education. If such aids are faithfully employed, a technique that favors simplicity over complexity 12 will produce superior results.
Comparison of retinal vasodilator and constrictor responses in type 2 diabetes

Purpose: The retinal blood vessels provide a unique way to directly examine the human microvasculature, which is frequently damaged in individuals with diabetes. Previous studies have demonstrated that retinal flickering light-induced vasodilation and hyperoxia-induced vasoconstriction may operate by enhancing or reducing similar vasoregulatory factor(s), but a comparison between these two provocative stimuli in individuals with diabetes has not been studied. The purpose of the study was to examine the association between retinal flickering light-induced vasodilation and retinal hyperoxia-induced vasoconstriction in type 2 diabetic subjects and in healthy controls. Methods: Twenty men and women with type 2 diabetes and 10 men and women without diabetes between 21 and 75 years of age were recruited. Changes in retinal artery and vein diameters to flickering light and during hyperoxia (100% oxygen) stimuli were measured on the same visit using a noninvasive retinal imaging device (Dynamic Vessel Analyzer, Imedos Inc., Germany). Results: Compared with controls, diabetic subjects had impaired arterial vasodilator and vasoconstrictor responses to both flickering light and hyperoxia, respectively (both p < 0.001). Merging both groups, an inverse correlation (r = )0.56; p = 0.003) between the retinal artery’s responses to flickering light-induced vasodilation and hyperoxia-induced vasoconstriction was demonstrated independent of glucose or insulin levels. Conclusion: This suggests that both responses are attenuated to a similar degree in diabetic subjects and that the attenuation to both stimuli can be observed in retinal arteries and veins. This would suggest that similar vasoregulatory factor(s) might in part help to explain the retinal diameter responses between the two stimuli. One suggested common vasoregulator of vascular tone is nitric oxide; however, other factor(s) may be involved, which contribute to this association and require further research.