cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contribution of the mitochondrial compartment to the optical properties of the rat liver: a theoretical and practical approach

The purpose of this work was to analyze the contribution of the mitochondria to the optical properties, i.e., light absorption and scattering, of the blood-free rat liver. Firstly, a theoretical model of the reduced scattering coefficient of the liver was performed by using the Mie theory, the Rayleigh-Debye-Gans approximation, and the electron microscopy descriptions of the liver ultrastructure. Compared with the hepatocyte volume, the nucleus and the peroxisomes, the mitochondria compartment, accounting for 22% of the liver cell volume, seemed to be the predominant factor for the light scattering of the liver. Second, by using time-resolved spectroscopy and a sample substitution method, we have measured the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of blood-free perfused rat livers, isolated hepatocyte suspensions, and isolated mitochondria suspensions. A subsequent extrapolation of the isolated mitochondria data to the in vivo mitochondrial content and a comparison with the whole liver measurements lead to the following conclusions: 1) the mitochondria account for about 50% of the liver absorption coefficient at 780 nm (mu a = 0.25 cm-1 extrapolated from isolated mitochondria vs. 0.53 +/- 0.05 cm-1 measured for the liver); and 2) the mitochondrial compartment is the primary factor for the light scattering in the rat liver (mu s' = 15.5 cm-1 extrapolated from the isolated mitochondria versus 15.9 +/- 2.4 cm-1 measured for the liver), demonstrating the relevancy of our preliminary theoretical study.
Optimal centroid position estimation

The alignment of high energy laser beams for potential fusion experiments demand high precision and accuracy by the underlying positioning algorithms. This paper discusses the feasibility of employing on-line optimal position estimators in the form of model-based processors to achieve the desired results. Here we discuss the modeling, development, implementation and processing of model-based processors applied to both simulated and actual beam line data.
Faculty attitudes toward screening IA students for criminal backgrounds

Teaching Information Assurance skills carries a strong ethical component. There is a potential for these skills to be misused to commit criminal or terrorist acts. Schools are beginning to consider the financial and ethical liabilities of admitting students with criminal backgrounds into their IA programs. The dilemma facing educators is will a student or graduate with a criminal background revert to criminal behavior and use their newly acquired Information Assurance skills for illegitimate purposes. Having criminals with the same knowledge and skills that the professionals investigating their illicit activities have that will seriously complicate solving their crimes [1]. Universities cannot assume that their students are capable and experienced enough to make sound ethical judgments.
Explaining a Paradox of Mediation

Parties in conflict do not often seek out mediation spontaneously or even volun­ tarily. Instead, larger "communities" to which the parties belong - villages, cities, states, or local jurisdictions through their village elders, legislators, or courts; or the United Nations or regional groupings of nation-states - frequently encourage or pressure them to undertake mediation. Nevertheless, reluctant par­ ties often use mediation effectively and evaluate their mediation experiences positively. This paradox of the hesitant but satisfied mediation participant appears to be as true for international disputes as for interpersonal disputes. Understanding the paradox is central to mediation practice and policy, but typical explanations fail to recognize some of the fundamental attributes of con­ flicts that make them appear to many disputants - but not to outsiders - as incompatible with the mediation process.
Synthesis of Possible Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents Based on Enzyme Rationale VI: Allylamine Derivatives

The participation of electron pair on the nitrogen atom with the olefinic π electron in allylamines makes possible the formation of an ethylenimonium-carbanion pair (I), a reactive intermediate analogous to the ethylenimonium ions that are formed in nitrogen mustards. The opportunity of such participation decreases as the electron density of the nitrogen is suppressed by the formation of an amide. This interesting participation reaction suggested the evaluation of a number of allylamine amides so that they could be mediated by the difference in amidase activity between normal and neoplastic tissues. Physical data support this novel participation, and preliminary antitumor screening data of several compounds are reported. N, N′ -Diallyl β -aziridino propionamide was found to be an effective agent against Dunning leukemia in both solid and ascites forms.
[125I]LSD binding to serotonin and dopamine receptors in bovine caudate membranes☆

Abstract [125I]LSD (labeled at the 2 position) has been introduced as the first 125I-labeled ligand for serotonin 5-HT2 (S2) receptors. In the present study we examined the binding of [125I]LSD and its non-radioactive homologue, 2I-LSD, to bovine caudate homogenates. The binding of [125I]LSD is saturable, reversible, stereospecific and is destroyed by boiling the membranes. The specific to total binding ratio in this tissue is 75–80% and Scatchard plots of the binding data reveal Kd = 1.1 nM, Bmax = 9.6 fmol/mg wet weight tissue. The association and dissociation rate constants are highly temperature dependent. At 0°C the net dissociation is less than 5% after 1 h and the association rate is proportionately slow. IC50 values for a variety of compounds show a clear 5-HT2 (S2) serotonergic pattern at this [125I]LSD site. Blockage of this primary 5-HT2 (S2) caudate binding site by 0.3 μM mianserin reveals the presence of a weaker [125I]LSD binding site with a Kd = 9.1 nM, Bmax = 7.6 fmol/mg tissue. This secondary site is a D3 dopaminergic receptor site, as shown by the relative abilities of various displacers to inhibit this binding. Binding studies with nonradioactive 2I-LSD reveal a clear preference for D2 over D3 dopamine receptor sites. [125I]LSD is a sensitive and selective label for 5-HT2 (S2) serotonin receptor sites in both rat frontal cortex and bovine caudate membranes. Blockage of the primary bovine caudate [125I]LSD binding site with mianserin allows the high sensitivity of [125I]LSD to be applied to D2 dopamine receptor studies as well.
Management of synchronous renal neoplasm and abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Abstract Objectives: Renal neoplasm (RN) and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) are occasionally discovered concurrently. The approach to synchronous malignancy and aortic aneurysm is controversial. Methods: Between 1981 and 1999, concurrent RN and AAA were diagnosed in 50 patients at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Twenty-three patients were managed conservatively because of small asymptomatic AAA or metastatic disease; these patients were excluded from the study. The remaining 27 patients underwent operative management of both entities with a staged or simultaneous approach, and they form the basis of this article. Results: AAA diameter ranged from 4.8 to 13 cm (mean, 6.0 ± 1.8 cm). RNs were managed with radical nephrectomy in 11 patients (41%), partial nephrectomy in 10 patients (37%), or both in 6 patients with bilateral renal tumors (22%). The AAA repair was performed at the time of the urologic procedure in 11 patients (41%), before the urologic procedure in 13 patients (48%), or after the urologic procedure in 3 patients (11%). The AAA was addressed with open surgical repair in 24 patients (89%); recently, three patients (11%) underwent endovascular repair of the aneurysm and staged partial nephrectomy. The incidence of major perioperative complications was 23% (6 patients). Acute renal failure was the most common complication (3 [11%]) followed by acute respiratory failure (2 [7.4%]), pulmonary embolism (1 [3.7%]), and stroke (1 [3.7%]). At the mean follow-up of 57 months, there were no graft infections reported. The 5-year overall and cancer-specific survival rates were 62% and 81%, respectively. There was a significant difference in 5-year cancer-specific survival when comparing patients managed simultaneously versus staged (80% versus 35%, P =.007). Conclusions: The concurrent presentation of RN and AAA should not discourage one from treating both entities simultaneously because long-term survival is common. Endovascular repair of AAA holds promise as an attractive strategy in these complex patients. (J Vasc Surg 2000;32:1102-10.)
Functionally significant insulin-like growth factor I receptor mutations in centenarians

Rather than being a passive, haphazard process of wear and tear, lifespan can be modulated actively by components of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor I (IGFI) pathway in laboratory animals. Complete or partial loss-of-function mutations in genes encoding components of the insulin/IGFI pathway result in extension of life span in yeasts, worms, flies, and mice. This remarkable conservation throughout evolution suggests that altered signaling in this pathway may also influence human lifespan. On the other hand, evolutionary tradeoffs predict that the laboratory findings may not be relevant to human populations, because of the high fitness cost during early life. Here, we studied the biochemical, phenotypic, and genetic variations in a cohort of Ashkenazi Jewish centenarians, their offspring, and offspring-matched controls and demonstrated a gender-specific increase in serum IGFI associated with a smaller stature in female offspring of centenarians. Sequence analysis of the IGF1 and IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) genes of female centenarians showed overrepresentation of heterozygous mutations in the IGF1R gene among centenarians relative to controls that are associated with high serum IGFI levels and reduced activity of the IGFIR as measured in transformed lymphocytes. Thus, genetic alterations in the human IGF1R that result in altered IGF signaling pathway confer an increase in susceptibility to human longevity, suggesting a role of this pathway in modulation of human lifespan.
Reactive Attachment Disorder: what we know about the disorder and implications for treatment.

In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of children diagnosed with Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD). There is considerable disagreement about what this entity actually entails and, in particular, what types of assessments and interventions to use with these children and families. Children with a history of maltreatment (i.e., physical, sexual, emotional abuse, and/or severe neglect) are particularly likely to receive this diagnosis, because the behavior problems often seen in these children are presumed to stem from the maladaptive relationships they have had with abusive caregivers. However, many children are receiving this diagnosis because of behavior problems that clearly extend beyond the DSM-IV criteria for RAD. Perhaps the most concerning consequence of the RAD diagnosis is the emergence of novel treatments that lack a sound theoretical basis or empirical support, and may potentially be traumatizing and dangerous to the child. Thus, the purpose of this article is to review and synthesize what is known about RAD and attachment disorders and to discuss implications for treatment.
Prenatal diagnosis of fatal infantile olivopontocerebellar hypoplasia syndrome

We report the first case of prenatal diagnosis of fatal infantile olivopontocerebellar hypoplasia syndrome, OMIM 225753. Ultrasound findings noted at 28 weeks' gestation included polyhydramnios, a small stomach bubble, a small but morphologically normal cerebellum, dilatation of the fourth ventricle, and long periods of normal fetal movement punctuated by sudden bursts of violent seizure-like activity of the fetal extremities. At birth, the child was noted to be hypertonic, myoclonic, hyper-reflexic, demonstrated poor gastrointestinal motility, and had severe apneic episodes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated marked hypoplasia or atrophy of the cerebellum, pons and medulla, mild atrophy of the cerebral cortex, and mild ex vacuo venticulomegaly of the fourth, third and lateral ventricles. This child died from respiratory insufficiency at 14 days of age. The parents of this child had previously lost a child with similar clinical and anatomical findings. Prenatal sonographers should be aware of the existence of this rare syndrome and should look carefully at the size of the cerebellum in cases of polyhydramnios or when in utero 'seizure-like' activity is seen. The importance of establishing this diagnosis lies in the fact that it appears to have a very poor postnatal prognosis and is likely to be inherited as an autosomal recessive disease.
The use of time lapse video recording of sleep-wake behavior in human infants.

The present study describes the use of time lapse video recording or sleep-wake states in human infants. Polygraphic studies were carried out simultaneously to evaluate validity. Six normal, full-term infants were each recorded twice: first at 2 weeks and again at K weeks of age. Behavioral and physiologic states were scored from the video and polygraphic records, respectively, according to standard criteria. Interrater reliability for the video tapes was .92. In comparing the polygraphically determined states with the video scoring, a significant overall product-moment correlation of .79 was obtained for all states and ages. Similarly, the individual state correlations at both ages were statistically significant between the systems. Wakefulness was the most highly correlated state. Active-REM sleep was more highly correlated in the younger age group, while quiet-NRKM was more highly correlated in the older age group.
In vitro maturation (IVM) of murine and human germinal vesicle (GV)–stage oocytes by coculture with immortalized human fallopian tube epithelial cells

Objective To improve the maturation rate of murine and human germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes using human tubal epithelial cells (hTECs). Design Murine and human GV oocytes were randomized to human tubal fluid (HTF) media alone or cocultured with mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or primary hTECs or immortalized hTECS (ihTECs) for various times. Rates of maturation to meiosis II (MII) were compared between groups. Intervention(s) TECs were isolated from discarded salpingectomy specimens. One batch was immortalized with TERT and SV40 large T-antigen. GV oocytes (n = 710) were isolated from 8-week-old-mice at 40 hours after pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin stimulation. Discarded human GV oocytes (n = 62) were obtained from intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycle IVF center patients. Oocytes were cultured in HTF media alone or with MEFs, hTECs, or ihTECs. Main Outcome Measure(s) Maturation rates were assessed by standard morphological criteria and compared. Result(s) The maturation rate of murine GV oocytes to MII at 12 and 24 hours increased significantly in coculture with hTECS and ihTECS compared with MEF and HTF media alone. In addition, the development rate after IVF was significantly higher with hTECS and ihTECS than in MEF and HTF media alone. Maturation of human GV oocytes to MII at 24 and 48 hours was significantly higher in hTECS and ihTECS compared with HTF media alone. Conclusion(s) Coculture with either primary or immortalized TECs might improve oocyte quality and significantly raise in vitro maturation rates for GV oocytes.
Web coordination bonds: a simple enhancement to Web services infrastructure for effective collaboration

The Web services need to extend beyond the basic service architecture (invoke and respond) to self-coordinating Web processes collaborating among themselves in the desired configuration as per user's application (transient to long lasting). A core set of artifacts are needed to allow these Web processes to hook together in a desired structure to enforce automatic information flow, group constraint satisfaction, and data and control dependencies, all without any central coordinating authority. We propose Web coordination bonds, analogous to the chemical bonds, as a set of such core artifacts for effective collaboration among Web services. There are two types of Web bonds: subscription bonds allow information, control and event flows whereas negotiation bonds enforce dependencies and contracts. Web bonds are simple yet powerful, and we demonstrate how they can be employed to create (model) and enforce (deploy and execute) producer-consumer and shared-resource relationships, workflow scenarios, and atomic transactions. We have developed and prototyped a middleware called system on devices (SyD) incorporating Web bonds, and have employed it to prototype a few distributed applications which bond existing Web services together to collaborate. Much remains to be done, including theoretical treatment of Web coordination bonds.
High speed digital filter design using minimal signed digit representation

This paper presents the design and implementation of novel decimation filter structure for high speed asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL). Existing ADSL circuits use comb-FIR-FIR decimation filter structures, which have low throughput, more hardware and high power consumption. Unlike existing ADSL circuits, we design a novel high speed filter architecture and implement it using the minimal signed digit (MSD) representation. The MSD representation is suitable for common subexpression elimination, and it significantly reduces the number of adders required for the filter synthesis. Each digital-filter structure is simulated using Matlab, and its complete architecture is captured using DSP Blockset and Simulink. The resulting filter architecture has higher throughput, less hardware and consumes less power than the comb-FIR-FIR and comb-IIR-FIR architectures. The filter has been implemented on Xilinx FPGA using Virtex-2 technology. Compared to the comb-FIR-FIR and the comb-IIR-FIR architectures, the designed decimation filter architecture contributes to a hardware saving of 82% and 74%, respectively; in addition, it reduces the power dissipation by 91% and 79%, respectively.
Pituitary adenomas: clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study.

The results of conventional histological staining, ultrastructural studies, and immunoperoxidase methods were compared in a study of 50 pituitary adenomas and correlated with clinical features. Final diagnosis was based on immunoperoxidase reactions and ultrastructural characteristics. There were 25 prolactin (lactotrophic) cell adenomas, 4 growth hormone (somatotrophic) cell types, 1 mixed growth hormone-prolactin cell tumor, 3 adrenocorticotropic cell tumors, and 17 undifferentiated cell adenomas. While serum hormone levels, immunoperoxidase reactions, and electron microscopic features generally correlated well with the clinical features, discrepancies emerged in several cases. Among the responsible factors were: (1) the small sample of tumor removed by transsphenoidal hypophysectomy; (2) uncertainty that the tumor was totally removed or that representative samples were furnished to the pathologist; (3) artifacts produced by electrocoagulation and surgical trauma; (4) inclusion in the biopsy of fragments of altered nonneoplastic adenohypophysis; (5) difficulty in distinguishing hyperplasia from adenoma in small fragments; (6) patchy or scattered immunoreactive cells within an adenoma; (7) the presence of a few cells immunoreactive for hormones other than the predominant one within an adenoma (e.g., cells immunoreactive for growth hormone within a prolactin cell adenoma); and (8) paradoxical serum hormone level abnormalities, especially prolactinemia in patients with undifferentiated cell adenomas and no endocrine symptoms. Biological complexity and technical problems associated with surgery for human adenohypophyseal disease result in continued failure to achieve precise diagnostic correlations with pituitary adenomas.
An interactive tool for individualized estimation of conditional survival in rectal cancer

Background For rectal cancer patients who have already survived a period of time after diagnosis, survival probability changes and is more accurately depicted by conditional survival. The specific aim of this study was to develop an interactive tool for individualized estimation of changing prognosis for rectal cancer patients.
Advances in synthetic biology: on the path from prototypes to applications

Synthetic biology combines knowledge from various disciplines including molecular biology, engineering, mathematics and physics to design and build novel proteins, genetic circuits and metabolic networks. Early efforts aimed at altering the behavior of individual elements have now evolved to focus on the construction of complex networks in single-cell and multicellular systems. Recent achievements include the development of sophisticated non-native behaviors such as bi-stability, oscillations, proteins customized for biosensing, optimized drug synthesis and programmed spatial pattern formation. The de novo construction of such systems offers valuable quantitative insight into naturally occurring information processing activities. Furthermore, as the techniques for system design, synthesis and optimization mature, we will witness a rapid growth in the capabilities of synthetic systems with a wide-range of applications.
A Five-Step Guide to Conducting SEM Analysis in Counseling Research:

The use of structural equation modeling (SEM), a second-generation multivariate analysis technique that determines the degree to which a theoretical model is supported by the sample data, is becoming increasingly popular in counseling research. SEM tests models that include both observed and latent variables, allowing the counseling researcher to confirm the factor structure of a newly developed or existing psychological instruments and to examine the plausibility of complex, theoretical counseling models. This article provides counseling researchers and practitioners with an overview of SEM and presents five steps for conducting SEM analysis in counseling research.
Concurrent and Longitudinal Assessment of Risk for Alcohol Use among Seventh Graders

This study examined the relationship between risk factors and alcohol use among seventh graders concurrently and over a 15-month period. Subjects were classified as abstainers, experimenters and users based on a quantity-frequency index of usage. A discriminant analysis predicting alcohol usage using concurrent risk factors generated two functions. The first was composed of measures associated with deviance and peer-related measures. Family-related risk factors and grade average comprised the second function. These functions correctly classified 68% of subjects. A second analysis used Time 1 risk factors to predict alcohol usage 15 months later. The first function was composed of factors related to deviance, family factors, and peer approval. Only peer use loaded on the second function. These functions were able to correctly classify 58% of subjects. Results are discussed in terms of implications of these findings for use in targeting prevention programs relative to adolescents' risk level, and the relati...
A New Understanding of "Followers" as Leaders: Emerging Theory of Civic Leadership:

Critical events in society are responsible for the emergence of a new leadership group once referred to as the "followership." A new theory of civic leadership provides insight into not only how a group of followers transformed the shape of leadership from a old world view, but how they also democratized society. This theory is based on civic learning that is capable of facilitating a critical review of democracy in action, and identifying effective mechanisms for improving the quality of life for all citizens.Those who often describe themselves as followers are indeed leaders who monitor the affairs of society.This article identifies how and why this leadership role and theory emerged, and how it continues to have prominence in the world at large. While most leadership research studies have focused on behaviors, skills, and roles, this article enhances the development of leadership.
Hyperacusis as the initial presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare and invariably fatal neurologic disorder caused by an abnormal prion protein. Perceptual disturbances, including visual and auditory agnosias, have been reported in the course of CJD but are not typically the initial complaint. We report a case of hyperacusis as the initial presentation of sporadic CJD.
On the Prediction of Dynamic Stall Onset on Airfoils in Low Speed Flow

A computational approach is described for the rapid and systematic prediction and evaluation of the onset of dynamic stall due to rapid incidence changes or unsteady pitch or plunge motions. The method combines an unsteady, two-dimensional panel code with a two-dimensional boundary-layer code. The panel code provides incompressible, inviscid flowfields about arbitrary airfoils undergoing prescribed motions. The boundary-layer code computes laminar, transitional and turbulent regimes.
Improving the Standard of Living Through Investments in Intangible Capital

When mentioning the sources of an economy’s productivity, economists' list typically includes tangible capital and human capital, at least standard human capital, the kind largely associated with education and training. But economists do not usually mention the more intangible forms of human capital. Generally, economists have been very slow to grasp the significance of the intangibles. It should be noted that in this paper the term intangible capital is an umbrella term used to denote all the human capacities embodied either in individuals or in human relationships. These individual capacities may be cognitive or noncognitive, and the relationships may be in organizations or outside organizations. This paper focuses on the more intangible of these capacities, the ones that have tended to be neglected by economists.This neglect of intangible capital has hampered economists ability to understand the key causes of important social problems. This paper explains how low or poor intangible capital is related to four social problems: 1) obesity, 2) chronic health problems, 3) addiction, and 4) poverty and inequality. It is argued that the solution to these social problems lies in part in investing in appropriate intangible capital. In sum, several types of targeted investments in intangible capital can be a very important way to resolve social problems, thereby raising the nation’s standard of living.
Search Without Replacement

This note analyzes settings in which there is McCall-type search, but when searchers accept a job, the job is removed from the distribution of jobs as well as the searcher being removed. The basic intuition is that the best jobs get taken first, a kind of cream-skimming. This leaves a pool of worse jobs on subsequent rounds, adding to the pressure to accept lower-payoff jobs sooner rather that later. In its most extreme form, the number of initial jobs matches the number of workers and all jobs are accepted on the first round.
A New Method for Uniform Subset Inference of Linear Instrumental Variables Models

We propose a procedure for testing simple hypotheses on a subset of the structural parameters in linear instrumental variables models. Our test is valid uniformly over a large class of distributions allowing for identification failure and heteroskedasticity. The large-sample distribution of our test statistic is shown to depend on a key quantity that cannot be consistently estimated. Under our proposed procedure, we construct a confidence set for this key quantity and then maximize, over this confidence set, the appropriate quantile of the large-sample distribution of the test statistic. This maximum is used as the critical value and Bonferroni correction is used to control the overall size of the test. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate the advantage of our test over the projection method in finite samples.
Introduction to Chinese Torts Law

The book provides comprehensive and in-depth study and analysis of Chinese torts law and system. It is primarily based on the 2009 Tort Liability Law of China, and examines the basic principles and rules in Chinese torts regime. It is intended to offer concise and analytical review of tort theories and practices in China and to help better understand Chinese law of torts as well as Chinese legal system in general. It also contains comparison between China and other countries in the rules of torts.
Genetic determinants of differential oral infection phenotypes of West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis viruses in Culex spp. mosquitoes.

Abstract. St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) has shown greater susceptibility to oral infectivity than West Nile virus (WNV) in Culex mosquitoes. To identify the viral genetic elements that modulate these disparate phenotypes, structural chimeras (WNV–pre-membrane [prM] and envelope [E] proteins [prME]/SLEV.IC (infectious clone) and SLEV-prME/WNV.IC) were constructed in which two of the structural proteins, the prM and E, were interchanged between viruses. Oral dose–response assessment with the chimeric/parental WNV and SLEV was performed to characterize the infection phenotypes in Culex mosquitoes by artificial blood meals. The median infectious dose required to infect 50% of Cx. quinquefasciatus with WNV was indistinguishable from that of the SLEV-prME/WNV.IC chimeric virus. Similarly, SLEV and WNV-prME/SLEV.IC virus exhibited an indistinguishable oral dose–response relationship in Cx. quinquefasciatus. Infection rates for WNV.IC and SLEV-prME/WNV.IC were significantly lower than SLEV.IC and WNV-prME/SLEV.IC infection rates. These results indicated that WNV and SLEV oral infectivities are not mediated by genetic differences within the prM and E proteins.
Stress and Drug Dependence Differentially Modulate Norepinephrine Signaling in Animals with Varied HPA Axis Function

Previous work has demonstrated the importance of genetic factors and stress-sensitive circuits in the development of affective disorders. Anxiety and numerous psychological disorders are comorbid with substance abuse, and noradrenergic signaling in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is thought to be a source of this convergence. Here, we examined the effects of different stressors on behavior and norepinephrine dynamics in the BNST of rat strains known to differ in their HPA-axis function. We compared the effects of acute morphine dependence and social isolation in non-anxious Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, and a depression model, Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. We found a shared phenotype in drug-dependent and singly housed SD rats, characterized by slowed norepinephrine clearance, decreased autoreceptor function, and elevated anxiety. WKY rats exhibited changes in anxiety and autoreceptor function only following morphine dependence. To ascertain the influence of LC inhibition on this plasticity, we administered the LC-terminal-selective toxin DSP-4 to SD and WKY rats. DSP-4-treated SD rats demonstrated a dependence-like phenotype, whereas WKY rats were unchanged. Overall, our findings suggest that individuals with varying stress susceptibilities have different noradrenergic signaling changes in response to stress. These changes may establish conditions that favor stress-induced reinstatement and increase the risk for addiction.
Periodic Metallic Structures used as Infrared Polarizing Elements

Periodic array of metallic structures can be used to alter the polarization state of an incident wave. Using FDTD modeling, we investigate the use of these structures as polarization modifying elements in the infrared region.
Exogenous Fatty Acids Are the Preferred Source of Membrane Lipids in Proliferating Fibroblasts

Cellular proliferation requires the formation of new membranes. It is often assumed that the lipids needed for these membranes are synthesized mostly de novo. Here, we show that proliferating fibroblasts prefer to take up palmitate from the extracellular environment over synthesizing it de novo. Relative to quiescent fibroblasts, proliferating fibroblasts increase their uptake of palmitate, decrease fatty acid degradation, and instead direct more palmitate to membrane lipids. When exogenous palmitate is provided in the culture media at physiological concentrations, de novo synthesis accounts for only a minor fraction of intracellular palmitate in proliferating fibroblasts as well as proliferating HeLa and H460 cells. Blocking fatty acid uptake decreased the proliferation rate of fibroblasts, HeLa, and H460 cells, while supplementing media with exogenous palmitate resulted in decreased glucose uptake and rendered cells less sensitive to glycolytic inhibition. Our results suggest that cells scavenging exogenous lipids may be less susceptible to drugs targeting glycolysis and de novo lipid synthesis.
Drug prescribing for the elderly outpatient and for those confined to convalescent hospitals : how the new OBRA laws will change some established habits

Families as well as state and federal inspectors have long complained of unnecessary drugs prescribed by physicians, especially antipsychotic drugs, used as chemical restraints in skilled nursing facilities. The US Congress passed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA), also commonly referred to as the Nursing Home Reform Act, to prevent inappropriate prescribing of medications in long-term care facilities that receive funds from Medicare and Medicaid. The regulations became effective October 1, 1990 and were enforced starting in 1991. Future regulations regarding drug labeling of all prescriptions, including biologics, are being proposed by the Food and Drug Administration for the protection of the elderly from adverse drug reactions in the community. A survey was performed in a 132-bed convalescent hospital in Los Angeles to assess the most frequent types of drugs ordered and the most frequent diseases found in this facility. The study revealed the most frequent diagnosis and drugs ordered on admission to the facility from acute facilities, home, and board and care facilities. The diagnosis differed, and the drugs the patients were taking differed markedly at the time of admission. Attending physicians in the convalescent hospital changed many of the drugs to meet the needs of the convalescent hospitals as well as the new OBRA regulations. Future prescribing habits of physicians will be modified in convalescent hospitals, and the results will need further studies to assess its effect on patient care.
Dialyzable Cofactor in Nerve Growth Promoting Protein from Mouse Salivary Glands

Cohen's method for preparing the nerve growth factor from mouse submaxillary glands was followed to the last ammonium sulfate fraction. Further purification was accomplished with carboxymethyl- and diethylaminoethyl- column chromatography. Three peaks were obtained for each column; the third peak obtained with diethylaminoethyl cellulose was the most active. Electrophoresis of this active fraction produced one anodal and two cathodal bands. Each band was inactive for nerve outgrowth. However combinations of the cathodal bands produced 3+ growth. One cathodal band was not dialyzable; the other was dialyzable and negative for ultraviolet absorption at 280 millimicrons.
UNIXvisual: A Visualization Tool for Teaching the UNIX Permission Model

This paper describes UNIXvisual, which helps students learn access control in UNIX. UNIXvisual is aimed both at novice users, who need only to control access to their own files, and students of computer security, who need a deeper and more comprehensive understanding. UNIXvisual allows students to analyze permission settings without the need for a special environment. It allows a student to trace the value and effect of credentials within an executing process. It also provides a mechanism for instructors to give quizzes UNIXvisual gives instructors flexibility in covering the material by supporting self-study, lowers the overhead required for teaching access control by running under an ordinary user account, and enhances learning by leveraging visualization. UNIXvisual is available for download and runs on the Linux and MacOS platforms.
Tissue engineering of the heart: An evolving paradigm.

Abstract Tissue-engineered regeneration of a failing human heart remains a major challenge, while cardiovascular disease continues to take more lives than all cancers combined. Much has been learned from the basic and clinical studies, with the most interesting developments happening at the interfaces of disciplines. This seems to be the right time to step back and rethink the evolving paradigm of tissue engineering, and to reflect about the most promising directions to take. We clearly need new therapeutic modalities that are effective and yet simple enough to be practical, and the field is looking into the therapeutic potential of stem-progenitor cells, cardiac and vascular, that are enabled by bioactive factors and functionalized biomaterials.
Intraoperative radiation safety in orthopaedics: a review of the ALARA (As low as reasonably achievable) principle

The use of fluoroscopy has become commonplace in many orthopaedic surgery procedures. The benefits of fluoroscopy are not without risk of radiation to patient, surgeon, and operating room staff. There is a paucity of knowledge by the average orthopaedic resident in terms proper usage and safety. Personal protective equipment, proper positioning, effective communication with the radiology technician are just of few of the ways outlined in this article to decrease the amount of radiation exposure in the operating room. This knowledge ensures that the amount of radiation exposure is as low as reasonably achievable. Currently, in the United States, guidelines for teaching radiation safety in orthopaedic surgery residency training is non-existent. In Europe, studies have also exhibited a lack of standardized teaching on the basics of radiation safety in the operating room. This review article will outline the basics of fluoroscopy and educate the reader on how to safe fluoroscopic image utilization.
Improved shielding design with an accelerated Monte Carlo simulation for a neutron generator at Missouri S&T

Abstract Currently, Missouri University of Science and Technology (Missouri ST accordingly, this study was conducted to optimize the additional shielding design for the neutron generator at Missouri S&T to enable long-term usage. Dose analysis was performed using Monte Carlo simulation. Moreover, an automatic weight window generator - ADVANTG was employed to reduce the necessary computation time of the Monte Carlo simulation. The effectiveness of the proposed design is compared with previous work. Additional shielding offered significant dose reductions to 1.018, 1.127, 0.680, 1.243, and 1.400 mRem/h representing a decrease of 55.7%, 48.5%, 59.0%, 90.8%, and 70.5% for the north, south, west, east, and floor, respectively compared to similar values reported in previous studies. Additional shielding, from 5 cm to 20 cm in thickness, was suggested, depending on the current shielding. The neutron generator is projected to maintain a 300-hour operation time per year with the suggested shielding design.
Options for emergency control of power grids with high penetration of renewables

Power systems are experiencing a historical transformation in their paradigm and architecture. As such, the classical methods ensuring secure operation of power grids, which are largely developed several decades ago, need to be reassessed. At the same time, new generations of smart electronic devices provide fast actuation to smart power grids. Also, transmission resources are continuously installed into the system and will be ubiquitously available in the future. These assets provide new opportunities for power grids' operation controls. In this paper, we sketches the ideas of viable alternatives for traditional remedial actions of power grids with high penetration of renewables, in which the renewables are integrated with synchronverters to mimic the dynamics of conventional generators and transmission lines are equipped with FACTS devices. In these novel emergency control schemes, the power electronics resources are exploited to control the inertia/damping of the imitated generators as well as the susceptances of transmission lines in order to quickly stabilize the power system under emergency situations. The proposed controls are designed by solving convex optimization problems, making them scalable to large scale power grids. Also, these emergency control schemes can be implemented with minor investment by exploiting the plentiful transmission facilities ubiquitously available on the existing power grids.
Contemporary Evaluation of the Pediatric Liver Biopsy

Liver disease in the neonate, infant, child, and adolescent may manifest differently depending on the type of disorder. These disorders show marked overlap clinically and on light microscopy. Histology and ultrastructural examination are used in tandem for the diagnosis of most disorders. A final diagnosis or interpretation of the pediatric liver biopsy depends on appropriate and adequate clinical history, laboratory test results, biochemical assays, and molecular analyses, as indicated by the light microscopic and ultrastructural examination.
Bubble induced flow field modulation for pool boiling enhancement over a tubular surface

We demonstrate the efficacy of using a strategically placed enhancement feature to modify the trajectory of bubbles nucleating on a horizontal tubular surface to increase both the critical heat flux (CHF) and the heat transfer coefficient (HTC). The CHF on a plain tube is shown to be triggered by a local dryout at the bottom of the tube due to vapor agglomeration. To mitigate this effect and delay CHF, the nucleating bubble trajectory is modified by incorporating a bubble diverter placed axially at the bottom of the tube. The nucleating bubble at the base of the diverter experiences a tangential evaporation momentum force (EMF) which causes the bubble to grow sideways away from the tube and avoid localized bubble patches that are responsible for CHF initiation. High speed imaging confirmed the lateral displacement of the bubbles away from the diverter closely matched with the theoretical predictions using EMF and buoyancy forces. Since the EMF is stronger at higher heat fluxes, bubble displacement increas...
Educational Attainments of U.S. Black Males and Females: 1971 to 2003

Female enrolment exceeds male in U.S. higher education, especially among African Americans and Hispanics, where 66% and 60% of students are female. The gap is often presented as yet another measure on which Black males fare poorly. Our study instead shows that about half of the 1.8 to 1 female to male college enrollment ratio reflects the enrollment of black women over age 25, and that ratios are even lower (in the 1.2 to 1 range) among 14–24 and 25–29-year-old high school graduates. Our analysis suggests that the gender gaps in the stock of black females and males enrolled at any time in part reflects differences in their flows into and out of degree-granting institutions.
Observation of an Unusual Uranyl Cation-Cation Interaction in the Strongly Fluorescent Layered Uranyl Phosphates Rb6[(UO2)7O4(PO4)4] and Cs6[(UO2)7O4(PO4)4].

Single crystals of two new uranyl phosphates, A6[(UO2)7O4(PO4)4] (A = Cs, Rb), featuring cation–cation interactions (CCIs) rarely observed in uranium(VI) compounds were synthesized by molten flux methods. This structure crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with lattice parameters, a = 9.2092(4) A, b = 9.8405(4) A, c = 10.1856(5) A, α = 92.876(2)°, β = 95.675(2)°, and γ = 93.139(2)° for A = Cs and a = 9.2166(9) A, b = 9.3771(10) A, c = 10.1210(11) A, α = 89.981(4)°, β = 96.136(4)°, and γ = 92.790(4)° for A = Rb. The optical properties are reported for both compounds and compared to a layered uranyl phosphate, K4[(UO2)3O2(PO4)2], having a similar phosphuranylite-based structure but no CCIs. Partial ion exchange of Cs and Rb cations into the Rb6[(UO2)7O4(PO4)4] and Cs6[(UO2)7O4(PO4)4] structures, respectively, was achieved.
Microresonator-based electro-optic full adder for optical computing in integrated photonics (Conference Presentation)

Due to the bottleneck in the continuation of Moore’s law as well as the drastically increasing trend of bandwidth, silicon photonics has emerged as the most promising candidate for implementing next-generation communication networks with ultralow power and ultrahigh speed. Recently, optical computing in integrated photonics, which outperforms electrical counterparts both in power consumption and bandwidth, has attracted a renewed interest due to the accessibility and maturity of ultracompact passive and active integrated components. However, up to now, most of relevant research about optical computing still focus on the realization of fundamental logic gates, not even close to feasible large-scale computing system. In this paper, we demonstrate a high-speed ripple-carry electro-optic full adder using micro-resonators. This approach adopts photons instead of electrons to realize logic operations as well as transfer carry signals from one bit to the next, while all the control signals of operands are applied simultaneously at and within every clock cycle. Thus, the severe latency issue that accumulates as the size of full adder increases can be circumvented, allowing for the improvement in computing speed. This approach also outperforms the conventional electrical counterpart in terms of power consumption due to the relatively smaller propagation loss and switching energy.
Computational Methods for Product Form Queueing Networks

A major objective of computing systems (including computer communication systems) development in the last two decades has been to promote sharing of system resources. Sharing of resources necessarily leads to contention, i.e., queueing, for resources. Contention and queueing for resources are typically quite difficult to quantify when estimating system performance. A major research topic in computing systems performance in the last two decades has been solution and application of queueing models. These models are usually networks of queues because of the interactions of system resources. For general discussion of queueing network models of computing systems, see Sauer and Chandy [SAUE81a] and recent special issues of Computing Surveys (September 1978) and Computer (April 1980).
A psychometric study of the decisional conflict scale in surrogate decision makers.

Abstract Objective To assess the psychometric properties of the 16-item Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS) in surrogate decision makers. Methods With a sample of 472 surrogates from intensive care units in five academic medical centers across the United States, we performed the analysis in five phases to 1) model the congeneric structure with confirmatory factor analysis and assess 2) internal consistency reliability, 3) the unidimensional or global assessment, 4) factorial invariance across surrogate gender, and 5) individual item influence on the domains. Results The congeneric model fit the data, with all factor loadings (0.577–0.955) statistically significant at p Conclusions Overall, the DCS demonstrated good fit, and can be considered a valid and reliable tool to use with the surrogate population. Practice Implications Measuring surrogate decisional conflict could be especially useful to determine how to improve the decision-making process.