cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paucity of Pericytes in Germinal Matrix Vasculature of Premature Infants

Germinal matrix (GM) is a richly vascularized collection of neuronal–glial precursor cells in the developing brain, which is selectively vulnerable to hemorrhage in premature infants. It has rapid angiogenesis associated with high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Because pericytes provide structural stability to blood vessels, we asked whether pericytes were fewer in the GM than in the subjacent white matter and neocortex and, if so, whether angiogenic inhibition could increase the pericyte density in the GM. We found pericyte coverage and density less in the GM vasculature than in the cortex or white matter in human fetuses, premature infants, and premature rabbit pups. Notably, although VEGF suppression significantly enhanced pericyte coverage in the GM, it remained less than in other brain regions. Therefore, to further elucidate the basis of fewer pericytes in the GM vasculature, we examined expression of ligand–receptor systems responsible for pericyte recruitment. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) protein expression was lower, whereas sphingosine-1-phosphate1 (S1P1) and N-cadherin levels were higher in the GM than in the cortex or white matter. Low TGF-β1 may be involved in promoting endothelial proliferation, whereas elevated S1P1 with N-cadherin may assist vascular maturation. Hence, a paucity of pericytes in the GM vasculature may contribute to its propensity to hemorrhage, and a lower expression of TGF-β1 could be a basis of reduced pericyte density in its vasculature.
TRANSITIONS BETWEEN FRACTIONAL QUANTUM HALL STATES

We have studied transitions between adjacent incompressible states by measuring the positions of the longitudinal resistance peaks in the fractional quantum Hall regime and comparing results with the theoretical predictions. We have found that the peak positions agree well with those predicted by theory in which quantum effects are crucial to the existence of extended states.
A Complexity Model for Assembly Supply Chains and Its Application to Configuration Design

A complexity measure for assembly supply chains has been proposed based on Shannon’s information entropy. This paper extends the definition of such a measure by incorporating the detailed information of the supply chain structure, the number of variants offered by each node in the supply chain, and the mix ratios of the variants at each node. The complexity measure is then applied to finding the optimal assembly supply chain configuration given the number of variants offered at the final assembler and the mix ratios of these variants. The optimal assembly supply chain configuration is theoretically studied in two special scenarios: (1) there is only one dominant variant among all the variants offered by the final assembler, and (2) demand shares are equal across all variants at the final assembler. It is shown that in the first scenario where one variant dominates the demand, the optimal assembly supply chain should be nonmodular; but in the scenario of equal demand shares, a modular supply chain is better than nonmodular one when the product variety is high. Finally a methodology is developed to find the optimal supply chain with/without assembly sequence constraints for general demands.
Ion-implanted Ge:B far-infrared blocked-impurity-band detectors

Ge Blocked Impurity Band (BIB) photoconductors have the potential to replace stressed Ge:Ga photoconductors for far-infrared astronomical observations. A novel planar BIB device has been fabricated in which ion-implanted boron is used to form the blocking and absorbing layers of necessary purity and compensation. The effect of doping in the infrared active layer on the far-infrared photoconductive response has been studied, and the optimum doping concentration is found to be {approx} 4 x 10{sup 16} cm{sup -3}. Devices doped near this concentration show good blocking characteristics with low dark currents. The spectral response extends to {approx} 45 cm{sup -1}, clearly showing the formation of an impurity band. Under low background testing conditions these devices attain a responsivity of 0.12 A/W and NEP of 5.23 x 10{sup -15} W/Hz{sup -1/2}.
Selective immunocytochemical staining of mitral cells in rat olfactory bulb with affinity purified antibodies against N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate.

Abstract Polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits against N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) with carbodiimide and were purified by affinity chromatography sequentially over BSA-agarose and NAAG-agarose resins. Solid-phase RIA revealed a distinct pattern of specificity of the antibodies for N-acetylated acidic peptides, with highest signal obtained for NAAG, and essentially no immunoreactivity demonstrable for aspartate or glutamate. Coronal sections through carbodiimide-fixed rat olfactory bulb were incubated with the purified antiserum and antigen localization visualized by the avidin-biotin peroxidase techniques. Immunoreactivity was restricted to the mitral cells, the major excitatory projection neurons of the lateral olfactory tract, a putative glutamatergic pathway. Immunoreactivity was selectively blocked by preincubation of the antibody with 1 μg/ml of NAAG-BSA. These results demonstrate a specific neuronal localization of NAAG-like immunoreactivity and support the candidacy of NAAG as a neurotransmitter of the lateral olfactory tract.
Dosimetry and dose–response relationships in newly diagnosed patients with malignant gliomas treated with Iodine-131-Labeled anti-tenascin monoclonal antibody 81C6 therapy

Abstract Purpose: The objective of this study was to perform the dosimetry and evaluate the dose–response relationships in newly diagnosed patients with malignant brain tumors treated by direct injections of 131 I-labeled 81C6 monoclonal antibody (MAb) into surgically created resection cavities (SCRCs). Methods and Materials: Absorbed doses to the 2-cm-thick shell as measured from the margins of the resection cavity interface were estimated for 42 patients with primary brain tumors. MR images were used to assess the enhanced-rim volume as a function of time after radiolabeled MAb therapy. Biopsy samples were obtained from 15 patients and 1 autopsy. Results: The average absorbed dose [range] to the 2-cm shell region was 32 [3–59] Gy. For the endpoint of minimal time to MR contrast enhancement, the optimal absorbed dose and initial dose-rate were 43 ± 16 Gy and 0.41 ± 0.10 Gy/h, respectively. There was a correlation between the absorbed dose and dose rate to the shell region and biopsy outcome (tumor recurrence, radionecrosis, and tumor recurrence and/or radionecrosis). In this Phase I study, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was 120 mCi. At this MTD, the estimated average absorbed dose and initial dose rate to the 2-cm shell were 41 [9–89] Gy and 0.51 [0.24–1.13] Gy/h, respectively. These values are in agreement with the optimal values based on the time to MR lesion rim enhancement. Conclusions: The average absorbed dose to the 2-cm shell region varied considerably and mainly depended on cavity volume. In future clinical trials, the administered activity of 131 I-labeled 81C6 MAb may be adjusted based on cavity volume in order to deliver the optimal absorbed dose of 43 Gy rather than giving a fixed administered activity.
Reaction of alkenes with trans-MeOIr(CO)(PPh3)2. Crystal and molecular structure of the pentacoordinate alkoxy-alkene iridium(I) complex, MeOIr(CO)(PPh3)2(TCNE)

Abstract The reaction of trans -MeOIr(CO)(PPh 3 ) 2 with TCNE (tetracyanoethylene) gives rise to the stable adduct MeOIr(CO)(PPh 3 ) 2 (TCNE), the structure of which has been determined via a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. This complex crystallizes in the centrosymmetric orthorhombic space group Pbca ( D 15 2 h ; No. 61) with a 17.806(4), b 20.769(4), c 20.589(6) A, V 7614(3) A 3 and Z = 8. Diffraction data (Mo- K α , 2θ = 5–45°) were collected on a Syntex P2 1 automated four-circle diffractometer and the structure was solved and refined to R F 6.2% for 3502 data with | F 0 | > 3σ(| F 0 |) ( R F 4.3% for those 2775 data with | F 0 | > 6 σ(| F 0 |)). The central iridium atom has a distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination geometry in which the methoxy group (Ir-OMe 2.057(8) A) and carbonyl ligand (Ir-CO 1.897(14) A) occupy axial sites with ∠MeOIrCO 174.7(4)°. The two triphenylphosphine ligands occupy equatorial sites (IrP(1) 2.399(3), IrP(2) 2.390(3) A, ∠P(1)IrP(2) 110.32(11)° and the TCNE ligand is linked in an η 2 “face-on” fashion with the olefinic bond parallel to the equatorial coordination plane (IrC(4) 2.176(10), IrC(7) 2.160(12) A) and lengthened substantially from its value in the free olefin (C(4)C(7) 1.539(17) A).
Efficacious Surroundings: Temple Space and Buddhist Well-being

This essay argues that the prospect of health and well-being from a Buddhist perspective must take into account an understanding of religiosity as a process of becoming, a culturally and contextually defined praxis of what and who it is we are and would like to become. It is in this process of becoming that a space of healing is made possible. It is not simply that Buddhist temple space is ‘good’ in some sort of clinical manner, but rather that it is active in its will to achieve a space of becoming healthy and whole.
Surface electrocardiographic patterns and electrophysiologic characteristics of atrial flutter following modified radiofrequency MAZE procedures.

Introduction: The radiofrequency MAZE is becoming a common adjunct to cardiac surgery in patients with atrial fibrillation. While a variety of postoperative arrhythmias have been described following the original Cox-MAZE III procedure, the electrophysiological characteristics and surgical substrate of post-radiofrequency MAZE flutter have not been correlated. We sought to determine the location, ECG patterns, and electrophysiological characteristics of post-radiofrequency MAZE atrial flutter. Methods: Nine consecutive patients with post-radiofrequency MAZE flutter presented for catheter ablation 9 ± 10 months after surgery. Results: Only one patient (11%) had an ECG appearance consistent with typical isthmus-dependent right atrial (RA) flutter. However, on electrophysiological study, 3/9 patients (33%) had typical right counter-clockwise flutter entrained from the cavo-tricuspid isthmus, despite description of surgical isthmus ablation. Six patients (67%) had left atrial (LA) circuits. These involved the mitral annulus in 5/6 cases (83%) despite description of surgical mitral isthmus ablation in the majority (60%). LA flutters had a shorter cycle length compared with RA flutters (253 ± 39 msec and 332 ± 63 msec respectively, P < 0.05). After a mean of 8 ± 4 months following ablation, 8/9 patients (89%) were in sinus rhythm. Conclusion: Up to one-third of post-radiofrequency MAZE circuits are typical isthmus-dependent RA flutters, despite a highly atypical surface ECG morphology. Therefore, diagnostic electrophysiological studies should commence with entrainment at the cavo-tricuspid isthmus in order to exclude typical flutter, regardless of the surface ECG appearance. Incomplete surgical lesions at the mitral and cavo-tricuspid isthmus likely predispose to the development of post-radiofrequency MAZE flutter.
Meiotic exchange without the synaptinemal complex.

THE synaptinemal complex is a ribbonlike tripartite structure, normally restricted to the nucleus of meiocytes and located along the longitudinal axis of bivalent chromosomes1. It consists of two dense lateral elements (about 400 A in width) separated from the central element (about 250 A in width) by spaces of about 400 A (Fig. 1). Various functions have been proposed for it, primarily that it is intimately involved in meiotic exchange, either directly by promoting effective pairing between complementary nucleotide strands of homologous chromosomes1–3 or indirectly by providing for the rough alignment of homologues before their more intimate association4,5. In this view, the complex is an essential feature of the regular and extensive exchange process typical of meiosis. The firmest evidence in support of its role in exchange has been its concomitant presence in primary meiocytes whenever genetic or cytological evidence indicates that crossing-over is occurring1. The presence of the complex in meiocytes which lack exchange and/or chiasmata, for example, the female of Bombyx mori6, intergeneric hybrids, haploid genomes and certain achiasmate male insects, as well as its presence in univalent X chromosomes of primary spermatocytes and in postmeiotic spermatids, has been interpreted as “the exceptions that prove, or at least refine, the rule1.” Here, for the first time, we describe the converse situation, one in which high frequencies of meiotic exchange, as determined by genetic tests, are not accompanied by a detectable synaptinemal complex. This means that both pairing of homologues, which must precede exchange and the exchange process itself can occur in the meiocyte without the aid of the synaptinemal complex.
Localization of the CAMKG gene encoding γ isoforms of multifunctional calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) to human chromosome 10 band q22 and mouse chromosome 14

Multifunctional calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) is an enzyme mediating calcium-dependent signal transduction pathways. CaM kinase exists in a variety of isoforms, each with a distinct tissue-specific expression pattern, that enables the kinase to regulate multiple functions in mammalian systems. Here we report the chromosomal localization of the previously cloned human γ-CaM kinase gene (CAMKG). By using a mapping panel of human × Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrid lines and fluorescence in situ hybridization, we have assigned human CAMKG to chromosome 10q22. We have partially cloned the murine γ-CaM kinase gene and mapped it Camkg to mouse chromosome 14 by analyzing a panel of mouse × rodent somatic cell hybrid lines. A recessive gene, asa, implicated in the control of autoimmune response, is located within the predicted region for Camkg.
Prediction and Control of Internal Condensing Flows in the Experimental Context of their Inlet Condition Sensitivities

The reported experimental results involve fully condensing flows of pure FC-72 vapor on a horizontal condensing surface (316 stainless steel) which is the bottom surface (wall) of a rectangular cross-section duct of 2 mm height, 15 mm width, and 1 m length. The sides and top of the duct are made of clear plastic. The experimental system in which this condenser is used is able to control steady-in-the-mean (termed quasi-steady) mass flow rate, exit pressure, and wall cooling conditions. It has been found that, with the condenser mean (time averaged) inlet mass flow rate, exit pressure, and wall cooling condition held fixed at steady values, there is a very strong sensitivity to high amplitude pressure fluctuations and flow rate pulsations at the condenser inlet. This sensitivity often significantly alters the condenser mean inlet pressure, pressure drop, local heat transfer rates (>200% increase at certain locations), and the condensing flow morphology. These effects are representative of fluctuations/pulsations that are typically encountered in applications but are either not accounted for or are not detected. The effects of imposed fluctuations/pulsations, as opposed to cases involving negligible imposed fluctuations/pulsations, are dependent on the amplitude and the frequency content of the imposed fluctuations and this is discussed in a separate paper. A significant upstream annular regime portion of the reported shear/pressure driven fully condensing flows operate under conditions where the laboratory’s transverse gravity effects are negligible and, therefore, the identified sensitivity phenomenon is highly relevant to zero- or micro-gravity conditions. The micro-gravity relevance of this sensitivity for the annular regime phenomenon is currently also being demonstrated with the help of computations and simulations.
Antibodies to reduced S-carboxymethylated alpha subunit of bovine luteinizing hormone and their application to study of the purification of gonadotropin from salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) pituitary glands.

Abstract Although antisera raised against either the β (hormone specific) subunits or the α (common) subunit of bovine thyrotropin (TSH) or luteinizing hormone (LH) show no cross reaction with partially purified salmon gonadotropin, cross reactivity is found between reduced S -carboxymethylated (RCM) salmon preparations and antisera against RCM bovine LH-α. Corresponding antisera against derivatized bovine β subunits do not cross react significantly. Further purification of salmon gonadotropin preparations by chromatography was evaluated, after their derivatization, by immunodiffusion against the anti-RCM bovine LH-α. Based on absorption to concanavalin A-Sepharose columns and subsequent elution with methyl mannoside, both the gonadotropic activity and the immunoreactivity are associated with glycoprotein(s). Successive chromatography on CM-cellulose and DEAE-cellulose resulted in three distinct fractions, two of which exhibited very weak gonadotropic activity when tested in chicks but which, after derivatization, had identical cross reactivity against anti-RCM LH-α. Both these fractions show two components on gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Their reduced S -carboxymethylated derivatives yield quite similar peptide maps in which the areas occupied by glycopeptides show staining properties very similar to those of bovine LH-α. The results demonstrate the usefulness of antisera against unfolded mammalian α subunits in the investigation of the glycoprotein hormones of lower vertebrates and strongly indicate that a peptide chain with a sequence related to the common subunit of mammalian glycoprotein hormones is also present in fish gonadotropin(s).
THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE BACTERICIDAL/PERMEABILITY-INCREASING PROTEIN ON THE LIPID-TRANSFER FUNCTION OF THE CHOLESTERYL ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN

The cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is evolutionarily related to the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI). The recently solved structure of BPI shows an elongated, boomerang-shaped molecule, with two hydrophobic pockets opening to its concave side. These pockets each contain a phospholipid molecule. A model of CETP, based on the recently solved crystal structure of BPI, provides the basis for interpreting functional studies on CETP. In this model, C-terminal residues 461-476, which were shown to be required for neutral lipid transfer between plasma lipoproteins, from an amphipathic helix covering the opening of the N-terminal pocket. A possible lipid-transfer mechanism for CETP, with the initial step involving the disordering of lipids in the lipoprotein surface, followed by the flipping and entry of a lipid molecule into the hydrophobic lipid-binding pocket, is hypothesized in light of structural evidence and recent studies.
The reactions of platinum(0) and palladium(0) tertiary phosphine complexes with phenyl dicyanooxiranes

Abstract The phenyldicyanooxiranes, trans -2,3-dicyano-2,3-diphenyloxirane, 2,2-dicyano-3,3-diphenyloxirane, and 2,2-dicyano-3-phenyloxirane, are cleaved by platinum(O) tertiary phosphine complexes to afford zerovalent metal—olefin complexes and phosphine oxides. The π-olefin products were characterized by 1 H and 31 P 1 H NMR spectroscopy and by an X-ray structure determination of Pt[ trans -Ph(CN)CC(CN)Ph](PPh 3 ) 2 ·CH 3 OH. Deoxygenation of the ring proceeds with retention of configuration in the final two-carbon olefin fragment. The π-complex Pt[Ph 2 CC(CN) 2 ](PPh 3 ) 2 is isolable, but the olefin dissociates in the presence of alternative ligands. While Pd[Ph(H)CC(CN) 2 ](PPh 3 ) 2 may be isolated, the analogous complex with Ph 2 CC(CN) 2 cannot be.
Exploratory simulation of English sole recruitment mechanisms

Abstract We constructed a computer simulation model to test several hypotheses about year-class formation of English sole Parophrys vetulus off the coast of Oregon. Rather than use the model to generate best-fit estimators of future recruitment, we sought to construct a model that can serve as a framework for studying mechanisms that may not always be dominant in their effect. The model was constructed from available information on the species' life history and coastal ocean environment. We investigated effects on year-class strength of relationships between (1) fecundity and temperature, (2) egg-hatch success and temperature, and (3) advective loss of larvae and wind. Hypotheses were translated into functional relationships and evaluated based on the correspondence between year-class strength estimated by cohort analysis and simulated with the model. The model was driven by time series of fishery and physical data. The final model accounted for 53% of the variance during 1960–1970 and emphasized the inte...
Multi-area power systems economic dispatch using nonlinear convex network flow programming

Abstract This paper presents a new nonlinear convex network flow programming (NLCNFP) model and algorithm for solving the security-constrained multi-area economic dispatch (MAED) problem. The tie-line security and transfer constraints in each area are considered in the MAED model. A simple analysis of a buying and selling contract in a multi-area environment is also made. The NLCNFP model of security-constrained multi-area economic dispatch was set up and solved by using a combined method of quadratic programming (QP) and network flow programming (NFP). The concept of maximum basis in the network flow graph was introduced to change the constrained model into an unconstrained QP model, which was easily solved by the reduced gradient method. The proposed approach is tested on a system of four interconnected areas with satisfactory results.
Evolutionary relationships among G protein-coupled receptors using a clustered database approach

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteincoupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise large and diverse gene families in fungi, plants, and the animal kingdom. GPCRs appear to share a common structure with 7 transmembrane segments, but sequence similarity is minimal among the most distant GPCRs. To reevaluate the question of evolutionary relationships among the disparate GPCR families, this study takes advantage of the dramatically increased number of cloned GPCRs. Sequences were selected from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) nonredundant peptide database using iterative BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) searches to yield a database of ∼1700 GPCRs and unrelated membrane proteins as controls, divided into 34 distinet clusters. For each cluster, separate position-specific matrices were established to optimize sequence comparisons among GPCRs. This approach resulted in significant alignments between distant GPCR families, including receptors for the biogenic amine/peptide, VIP/secretin, cAMP, STE3/MAP3 fungal pheromones, latrophilin, developmental receptors frizzled and smoothened, as well as the more distant metabotrobic glutamate receptors, the STE2/MAM2 fungal pheromone receptors, and GPR1, a fungal glucose receptor. On the other hand, alignment scores between these recognized GPCR clades with p40 (putative GPCR) and pml (putative GPCR), as well as bacteriorhodopsins, failed to support a finding of homology. This study provides a refined view of GPCR ancestry and serves as a reference database with hyperlinks to other sources. Moreover, it may facilitate database annotation and the assignment of orphan receptors to GPCR families.
Personality and Organizational Citizenship Behavior

The same logic that suggests an effect of job attitudes on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) would also argue for an effect due to personality. It is also plausible that personality could explain the correlation between job attitudes and OCB. A review of the research on personality measures and OCB does not support the case for dispositional affectivity as an important determinant of OCB. A stronger case emerges for the role of some variant of Conscientiousness, although results indicate that the best predictor of OCB is not a ‘factorially pure” dimension of the Big Five, but a constellation or profile of personality facets drawn from different factors of the Big Five.
Comparative characteristics of compression ignited engines operating on biodiesel produced from waste vegetable oil

Abstract Performance and emission characteristics of two compression ignited engines of different compression ratios, number of cylinders, cooling system, and power output are studied. Waste vegetable oil-derived biofuel is used. Engines are fueled with B0, B20 and B100 mixtures. Thermal efficiency, brake specific consumption and engine emissions (CO, Unburned HC, O 2 and NO) are reported and comparisons are made for fuel mixtures running on both engines. Trends of emissions and performance curves are compared to the literature of the available data. It is noted that the biofuel certainly affects unburned HC emissions regardless of engine specifications and/or operating conditions. However, the type of fuel or adding biofuel to diesel may not affect parameters such as exhaust gas temperature and emissions (CO, Unburned HC, O 2 , NO). These parameters may change as functions of engine specifications and operating conditions regardless of biofuel or diesel being used. These findings are supported by separate investigations using different biofuels in literature.
Postglacial fire, vegetation, and climate history across an elevational gradient in the Northern Rocky Mountains, USA and Canada

Abstract A 13,100-year-long high-resolution pollen and charcoal record from Foy Lake in western Montana is compared with a network of vegetation and fire-history records from the Northern Rocky Mountains. New and previously published results were stratified by elevation into upper and lower and tree line to explore the role of Holocene climate variability on vegetation dynamics and fire regimes. During the cooler and drier Lateglacial period, ca 13,000 cal yr BP, sparsely vegetated Picea parkland occupied Foy Lake as well as other low- and high-elevations with a low incidence of fire. During the warmer early Holocene, from ca 11,000–7500 cal yr BP, low-elevation records, including Foy, indicate significant restructuring of regional vegetation as Lateglacial Picea parkland gave way to a mixed forest of Pinus-Pseudotsuga-Larix . In contrast, upper tree line sites (ca >2000 m) supported Pinus albicaulis and/or P. monticola-Abies-Picea forests in the Lateglacial and early Holocene. Regionally, biomass burning gradually increased from the Lateglacial times through the middle Holocene. However, upper tree line fire-history records suggest several climate-driven decreases in biomass burning centered at 11,500, 8500, 4000, 1600 and 500 cal yr BP. In contrast, lower tree line records generally experienced a gradual increase in biomass burning from the Lateglacial to ca 8000 cal yr BP, then reduced fire activity until a late Holocene maximum at 1800 cal yr BP, as structurally complex mesophytic forests at Foy Lake and other sites supported mixed-severity fire regimes. During the last two millennia, fire activity decreased at low elevations as modern forests developed and the climate became cooler and wetter than before. Embedded within these long-term trends are high amplitude variations in both vegetation dynamics and biomass burning. High-elevation paleoecological reconstructions tend to be more responsive to long-term changes in climate forcing related to growing-season temperature. Low-elevation records in the NRM have responded more abruptly to changes in effective precipitation during the late Holocene. Prolonged droughts, including those between 1200 and 800 cal yr BP, and climatic cooling during the last few centuries continues to influence vegetation and fire regimes at low elevation while increasing temperature has increased biomass burning in high elevations.
Induction of glutathione synthesis by oxidized low-density lipoprotein and 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl phosphatidylcholine: protection against quinone-mediated oxidative stress

Exposure of endothelial cells to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) leads to diverse cellular effects, including induction of the intracellular antioxidant GSH. It is not known whether lipid-or protein-derived oxidation products cause GSH induction and whether this involves increased activity of the key enzyme in its synthesis, glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL). Furthermore, the effect of oxLDL exposure on the cell's ability to combat oxidative stress has not been previously examined. In the present study we found that, in bovine aortic endothelial cells, LDL or 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl phosphatidylcholine oxidized by different reactive oxygen and nitrogen species induced GSH synthesis. However, prevention of GSH synthesis during exposure to oxLDL caused extensive cell death. The mediator causing GSH induction was shown to be a polar lipid and resulted in the increased activity of GCL as well as increased protein levels of the regulatory subunit of GCL. Pretreatment with both oxLDL and the polar lipid subfraction of the oxLDL protected cells against the toxicity of 2,3-dimethoxynaphthoquinone (DMNQ), a superoxide- and H(2)O(2)-forming compound. The potential of a low level of lipid peroxidation products to initiate cytoprotective pathways are discussed.
The scarcity of Spanish-based creoles explained

Most explanations for the scarcity of Spanish-based creoles have appealed to sociological factors. This article shows that, on the contrary, three historical factors determined the current distribution. First, the Spanish only began cultivating sugar after a century of concentrating on crops requiring smaller plantations; this allowed fuller acquisition of Spanish by the slaves, who then served as models for later arrivals. Second, the Spanish often took over areas formerly occupied by the Portuguese, thus encountering a previously existent pidgin. Third, the Spanish did not establish trade settlements in West Africa, where a Spanish pidgin could have emerged and been transported to the New World. These factors together manifested Spain's low commitment to establishing vigorously capitalistic enterprises in its possessions until the 19th century, which can be seen as the ultimate impediment to the pidginization of Spanish. (Pidgins and creoles, Spanish, Spain, diachronic linguistics, lexical diffusion, language transmission)
Intersectionality, Power, and Relational Safety in Context: Key Concepts in Clinical Supervision

In this paper, we articulate foundational concepts for a supervision framework from a critical postcolonial perspective: intersectionality, power, and relational safety in context. We identify opportunities, challenges, and dilemmas encountered when engaging with students and colleagues in examining dimensions of privilege and oppression in supervision-of-supervision and supervision of clinical work conducted by clinicians in training. We highlight experiences of supervisees and supervisors of color throughout the paper, bringing together our own voices as a supervisor of color and White supervisor via our shared postcolonial lens to advance dialogue among scholars of all ethnicities. We also differentiate our experiences, purposefully centering the voices of supervisors of color to further a critical postcolonial agenda.
REGULATION OF ECDYSIS-TRIGGERING HORMONE RELEASE BY ECLOSION HORMONE

Ecdysis behavior in the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) is triggered through reciprocal peptide signaling between the central nervous system and the epitracheal endocrine system. Recent evidence indicates that eclosion hormone may initiate endocrine events leading to ecdysis through its action on epitracheal glands to cause the release of ecdysis-triggering hormone (ETH). Here, we report that direct exposure of epitracheal glands to eclosion hormone in vitro leads to secretion of ETH. The threshold concentration of eclosion hormone needed to evoke release of ETH is approximately 3 pmol l-1. Eclosion hormone also induces elevation of cyclic GMP, but not cAMP, concentration in epitracheal glands at concentrations similar to those causing release of ETH. Both cGMP and 8-Br-cGMP mimic the secretory action of eclosion hormone. The sensitivity of the secretory response to eclosion hormone occurs during a narrow window of development, beginning approximately 8 h prior to pupal ecdysis. However, eclosion hormone can cause elevation of cGMP levels in epitracheal glands long before they acquire competence to release ETH, showing that the initial portion of the signal transduction cascade is in place early in development, but that the absence of a downstream step in the cascade prevents secretion. Measurements of cGMP levels in epitracheal glands during the ecdysis sequence show a sudden elevation some 30 min after the onset of pre-ecdysis, well after ETH secretion has been initiated. ETH secretion can therefore be viewed as a two-step process, beginning at pre-ecdysis when cGMP levels are relatively low, followed by a massive release resulting from a logarithmic elevation of cGMP levels.
Feeling Lonely: Theoretical Perspectives

Much has been written about the phenomenon of loneliness. Despite the plethora of theoretical information concerning loneliness, the phenomenon lacks a clear, consensual definition. Nurses often work with persons who feel lonely. Feeling lonely is a phenomenon that is a universal lived experience that is significant to health and quality of life. In this column, the author examines the existing body of theoretical knowledge regarding the phenomenon of feeling lonely. The author's perspective is the human becoming theory, in which health is viewed as the way individuals live what is important to them.
Implementing Pfairness on a symmetric multiprocessor

We consider the implementation of a Pfair scheduler on a symmetric multiprocessor (SMP). Simulations presented herein suggest that bus contention resulting from simultaneous scheduling decisions can substantially degrade performance. To correct this problem, we propose a staggered model for Pfair scheduling under which scheduling points are uniformly distributed over time.
Infrasound Emission from Wind Turbines

A critical survey of all known published measurement results of infrasound from wind turbines has been made. The survey indicates that wind turbines of contemporary design with an upwind rotor generate very faint infrasound with a level far below the threshold of perception even at a rather short distance. From considerations on propagation and transmission of infrasound it is concluded that infrasound from such upwind turbines can be neglected when evaluating the environment effects of wind turbines. Turbines with downwind rotors produce 10 – 30 dB higher infrasound levels, and these may exceed relevant assessment criteria for dwellings in the immediate neighbourhood. When longer distances are considered, neither downwind nor upwind turbines are capable of violating assessment criteria for infrasound. This paper considers whether other aspects of the noise than the infrasound can explain the indicated adverse public reactions to large downwind turbines.
A new method for determining the population with walking access to transit

The use of geographic information systems in determining transit service areas has not progressed far beyond simple buffering operations even though there is widespread capability to analyze network walking distances in conjunction with demographic, cadastral, and land-use data sets. This article presents a method for determining the population with walking access to bus stop locations using the spatial and aspatial attributes of parcels and the network distances from parcels to bus stop locations. This parcel-network method avoids the well-known and unrealistic assumptions associated with the existing methods and reduces overestimation of the population with access to transit, resulting in improved spatial precision and superior inputs to transit service decision-making processes. Comparisons of the parcel-network method, the buffer method, and the network-ratio method are made in a study area within the Dallas metropolitan area. The novel integration of cadastral data with network analysis in our method holds promise for research in many areas of geographic information science.
Surface Related Phenomena in Integrated PECVD/Ozone‐TEOS SACVD Processes for Sub‐Half Micron Gap Fill: Electrostatic Effects

Surface related phenomena of subatmospheric chemical vapor deposition (SACVD) films were systematically studied on different types of plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD) oxides. The PECVD oxides are part of a new and in situ2 step gap fill process consisting of a thin PECVD underlayer and a thick SACVD oxide being proposed for advanced ULSI devices. Differences in deposition rates, wet etch rate, surface morphology, and stress‐temperature behavior of SACVD films deposited on PECVD oxide underlayers and bare silicon substrates were evaluated. For the PECVD underlayers which render surface dependence for the SACVD film, various plasma treatments of the underlayer was used to eliminate the effect. An extensive analysis of the surface and bulk properties of these PECVD oxide underlayers suggests that the occurrence of the surface dependence effects can be attributed to the presence of electronegative species such as fluorine on the surface of the PECVD oxide underlayer.
Application of an iterative Bayesian variable selection method in a genome-wide association study of rheumatoid arthritis.

Genome-wide association studies usually involve several hundred thousand of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Conventional approaches face challenges when there are enormous number of SNPs but a relatively small number of samples and, in some cases, are not feasible. We introduce here an iterative Bayesian variable selection method that provides a unique tool for association studies with a large number of SNPs (p) but a relatively small sample size (n). We applied this method to the simulated case-control sample provided by the Genetic Analysis Workshop 15 and compared its performance with stepwise variable selection method. We demonstrated that the results of iterative Bayesian variable selection applied to when p » n are as comparable as those of stepwise variable selection implemented to when n » p. When n > p, the iterative Bayesian variable selection performs better than stepwise variable selection does.
Analysis and Instrumentation of a Steel Bridge for Investigation of Superload Effects

The number of superload trucks, which often carry loads three to 15 times those of common design vehicles, has increased in recent years. The increased frequency of occurrence has prompted concerns about the ability of highway bridges to accommodate such loads and remain in serviceable condition. To address these concerns, an analysis of effects of superloads has been conducted for a case study bridge. A detailed finite element (FE) model of the bridge, including all primary and secondary members, was created to evaluate the behavior. The FE analysis results were compared with results from a controlled load test of the bridge. The girder distribution factors determined experimentally and analytically were found to be significantly lower than comparable design values. Furthermore, from the load tests, the rotational restraint at the girder ends due to the abutments was determined to be as high as a fixed support. The FE model was then used to predict the effects of various superload trucks. The analysis results and field data suggest that some of the stiffener plates and cross-frame members of the analyzed bridge would be overstressed by certain superload truck configurations.
Passivation of Amorphous Oxide Semiconductors Utilizing a Zinc–Tin–Silicon–Oxide Barrier Layer

Sputter-deposited amorphous zinc-tin-silicon-oxide (ZTSO) is demonstrated to be a viable electronic passivation layer for bottom-gate thin-film transistors (TFTs) with amorphous zinc-tin-oxide and indium-gallium-zinc-oxide channels. ZTSO allows for successful passivation of these semiconductors without significant changes in turn-on voltage, hysteresis, or channel mobility that is commonly associated with unsuccessful passivation of amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOSs). Passivation of AOS TFTs using ZTSO significantly increases electrical stability under negative-bias illumination stress testing conditions compared with unpassivated AOS TFTs. ZTSO also acts as a barrier layer allowing for additional postprocessing (e.g., plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition processes) that in some cases can negatively effect an unprotected AOS layer.
ELECTROMECHANICAL MODELING OF A PIEZOELECTRIC ACTUATOR FOR MODULATED/VECTORED BLOWING

A nonlinear analysis was accomplished in order to establish the dynamic response of a piezoelectric actuation system used to vector and modulate the intensity of a positive mass flow rate jet blowing. The steady state response of the electromechanical system to a sinusoidal applied voltage signal was analytically developed for the linearized model. Numerical solutions were performed for the nonlinear case, the influence of the frequency and amplitude of the excitation input signals being investigated.
Learning Styles: From History to Future Reasearch Implications for Distance Learning

The literature on learning styles offers a wide and confusing array of concepts. Despite that, experimental studies confirm their influence on learners’ attitudes, values, degree of social interaction, and way of processing information, affecting academic performance. In consequence, learning styles research has, increasingly, been used as the theoretical foundation for the development of learning materials and Distance Learning Environments. The field, however, would benefit from both the systematization of the concepts available, and from their further investigation, since, from the plethora of models available for categorizing learning styles, only a few have been well validated. This paper reviews the literature on learning styles, systematizing the findings, pointing at the major unsolved problems and giving suggestions for future research.
Design, construction, and procurement methodology of magnets for the 7-GeV Advanced Photon Source

All major magnets of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) have now been measured and installed in the facility. This paper describes the mechanical design, construction, procurement philosophy and methodology, and lessons learned from the construction and procurement of more than 1500 magnets for the APS storage ring, injector synchrotron ring, and positron accumulator ring.
Black Polyethylene Mulch Does Not Reduce Yield of Cucumbers Double-cropped with Tomatoes under Heat Stress

Black polyethylene mulch is preferred for producing early spring tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) because of its warming effect on the soil around the roots. However, using the same mulch for double-cropping cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) with tomatoes is considered by some growers to be undesirable because of the belief that heat accumulation under the mulch in midsummer or early fall is detrimental to cucumber yield. Eight studies were conducted from July to September in 1994, 1995, and 1996 to determine the effects of mulching spring tomatoes with black vs. white polyethylene mulch on the growth and yield of subsequent cucumber crops. Soil temperature recorded after planting cucumbers ≈4:00 PM for 3 weeks was higher under black mulch than under white mulch. Color of the mulch did not affect leaf length, leaf width, and plant dry weight of cucumbers in six of the eight studies. Cucumbers grown on black mulch produced longer leaves in one study and wider leaves in two studies, and plant dry weight was lower in two studies. Mulch color had no significant effect on the premium or total yields of cucumbers in all but one study. Cucumbers grown on black mulch produced lower percentages of culls in two studies.
Valproic Acid Activates Notch-1 Signaling and Regulates the Neuroendocrine Phenotype in Carcinoid Cancer Cells

Carcinoid tumors are neuroendocrine malignancies that frequently metastasize and secrete hormones that cause debilitating symptoms in patients. In this study we report the effects of valproic acid (VPA), a drug long used for the treatment of epilepsy, on the growth and neuroendocrine phenotype of human carcinoid cancer cells. VPA treatment of gastrointestinal and pulmonary carcinoid cells resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cancer cell growth. Western blot analysis revealed degradation of cyclin D1 and an increase in cyclin-dependent kinases p21 and p27 with VPA treatment. Flow cytometry confirmed that the mechanism of VPA-induced growth inhibition is G(1) phase cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, VPA suppressed expression of the neuroendocrine tumor marker chromogranin A. In addition to these effects, VPA also increased levels of full-length Notch-1 and the active Notch-1 intracellular domain. Luciferase reporter assays incorporating the centromere-binding factor 1 (CBF-1) binding site and the achaete-scute complex-like 1 (ASCL-1) promoter confirmed the functional activity of VPA-induced Notch-1. Transfection of Notch-1 small-interfering RNA into carcinoid tumor cells blocked the effects of VPA on Notch-1 activation, ASCL-1 suppression, p21 induction, and cell growth inhibition. VPA also suppressed growth of carcinoid tumors in vivo in a mouse tumor xenograft experiment. These findings confirm the important role of Notch-1 in regulating the growth and neuroendocrine phenotype of carcinoid tumor cells. On the basis of this study, a clinical trial of VPA for patients with advanced carcinoid cancer will be conducted. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
ACARIASIS OF THE WHITE RAT (RATTUS NORVEGICUS FORM ALBINUS)

In August 1929 the writer examined a colony of white rats which were being used in a nutrition experiment. These rats were scratching themselves about the head, nose and neck. Many had small dry scabs on the head, about the ears, and upper sides of the neck. Some had bloody scabs due to bleeding caused by severe scratching. Parasitic infestation was suspected and microscopic examination showed the presence of mites.
The dynamic collapse of a column impacting a rigid surface

An analytical investigation has been made of the dynamic collapse of an elastic periodically supported column having an attached mass at one end and impacting a rigid surface at the other end with prescribed velocity and angle of incidence. The investigation has been carried out using a first-order approximate nonlinear solution and a nonlinear finite element solution. The first-order approximate solution has led to the determination of four basic nondimensional parameters which govern the response. These parameters include mass, impact velocity, initial imperfection, and impact angle parameters. Three regions of these parameters have been identified in which the character of the column's response is markedly different. These regions have been designated as the linear, transition, and dynamic collapse regions. Threshold values of the parameters which separate these regions have been defined. Results obtained reveal that responses in the linear region are dominated by axial motion, those in the transition region exhibit some axial-flexural coupling, and those in the collapse region are dominated by flexure. The rebound velocity in the transition and dynamic collapse regions is shown to be less than that predicted by the linear dynamic solution. The dynamic peak axial compressive load in the transition region is shown to be the same as that predicted by the linear dynamic solution. In the collapse region, the peak load decreases to a value less than the linear dynamic value, but greater than the static Euler buckling load. Moreover, it is shown that whereas the peak axial compressive load predicted by the linear solution grows unbounded with increasing values of the mass parameter, an ultimate dynamic load value is approached in the collapse region.