cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the seismic response of electrical equipment subjected to high–frequency ground motions

Abstract Ground motion studies in Central and Eastern United States (CEUS) show that the ground motion response spectra exceeds design spectrum of nuclear power plants in high–frequency range. To ensure safe shutdown of nuclear power plants in events where design spectrum is exceeded, the safety–related digital control systems and electrical equipment such as relays must be seismically qualified for high–frequency ground motions. Conventionally, uncoupled linear analysis of building and electrical cabinet is conducted and then seismic demands on equipment are evaluated. The conventional analysis ignores effects of various factors such as geometric nonlinearities, mass interaction between primary (building) and secondary (electrical cabinet) systems, etc. Ignoring such factors leads to unnecessarily high seismic demands on equipment. In this study, the seismic demands on equipment are evaluated by conducting both coupled and uncoupled analysis of linear primary system and linear as well as nonlinear secondary system. Various cases are analyzed where at least one mode of primary system is tuned with one mode of secondary systems. Each case is subjected to both low–frequency and high–frequency ground motions to compare the difference in response to each ground motion. The seismic demands on equipment are compared for coupled and uncoupled analysis as well as for linear and nonlinear systems. The results show reduction in seismic demands on electrical equipment for various nonlinear coupled analysis cases. The high seismic demands evaluated from linear uncoupled analysis may lead to exclusion of some electrical equipment which can be avoided by conducting coupled nonlinear analysis of primary–secondary systems and obtaining the realistic seismic demands on equipment.
What Is Pseudolymphoma

Pseudolymphoma, cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia, reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, lymphocytoma cutis, Spiegler-Fendt sarcoid, pseudolymphoma of Spiegler-Fendt, lymphadenosis benigna cutis are all terms that describe lesions in which there is usually a dense proliferation of lymphocytes which is not malignant.
MOTOR VEHICLES AND TRAFFIC Suspension of Drivers' Licenses: Change Legal Requirements

The Act amends the Code relating to motor vehicles by providing for notice of suspension of drivers' licenses by the court, changes in the definition of a habitual violator, suspension of the driver's license of a habitual violator by the court or the prosecutor, change in the period of time within which a habitual violator may apply for a probationary driver's license, change in the period for suspension of a driver's license for a person charged with or convicted of causing serious injury by a motor vehicle, and change in the number and method of point reductions for attending certain courses as well as designating additional courses for which point reductions will be awarded. July 1, 1987
Pulseless Electrical Activity

In the early resuscitation guidelines, electrical mechanical dissociation (EMD) referred to the prescence of organized electrical activity in the absence of synchronous myocardial contraction (1, 2, 3). As such, electrical activity was detected on the surface electrocardiogram but no effective cardiac output was present owing to the absence of coupled mechanical activity. The clinical result was the absence of pulse, blood pressure, and heart tones. EMD was observed in a variety of resuscitation situations and was felt to be secondary to prolonged global cardiac ischemia. The organized rhythm varied from sinus tachycardia with a normal duration QRS complex to brady-dysrhythmias with wide aberrant or idioventricular ventricular morphologies. A poor resuscitation outcome and dismal prognosis was a common shared observation. Collectively, this ominous rhythm was found to have a resuscitation rate of only about 20% and a hospital discharge rate of 4 to 5% (4,5).
Reconstitution of a functional membrane enzyme system in a monomolecular film. II. Formation of a functional ternary film of lipopolysaccharide, phospholipid and transferase enzyme.

The galactosyl transferase system of Salmonella typhimurium is a membrane-bound enzyme system which can be reconstituted in vitro from purified lipopolysaccharide, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and enzyme protein (UDP-galactose-lipopolysaccharide-α, 3-galactosyl transferase). Restoration of function requires all three components of the system. This report describes the final step in the reconstitution of the active transferase system in a monomolecular film at an air-water interface. A mixed monolayer of lipopolysaccharide and phosphatidyl ethanolamine was first formed on the surface of an aqueous subphase and enzyme was injected beneath the surface. Formation of a ternary film of lipopolysaccharide, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and enzyme protein was indicated by an increase in surface pressure and was confirmed by direct measurement of the components in the film. Reconstitution of function was demonstrated by injecting UDP-[3H]galactose beneath the ternary monolayer and measuring the transfer of [3H]-galactosyl residues into the lipopolysaccharide component of the film.
ANTIBIOTIC ACTION OF GRISEOFULVIN ON DERMATOPHYTES.

El-Nakeeb, Moustafa A. (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N.J.), W. L. McLellan, Jr., and J. O. Lampen. Antibiotic action of griseofulvin on dermatophytes. J. Bacteriol. 89:557–563. 1965.—The concentrations of griseofulvin required to inhibit growth and to produce the characteristic morphological distortions were determined for dermatophytes (highly sensitive), fungal plant pathogens (moderately sensitive), filamentous nonpathogenic fungi (poorly sensitive), and for yeasts and Escherichia coli (insensitive). Addition of griseofulvin to small inocula of the dermatophytes Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes produced complete and apparently permanent growth inhibition. If the antibiotic was added to actively growing cultures, the inhibition was only temporary, even with the most sensitive dermatophytes. During growth inhibition, griseofulvin temporarily halted the net synthesis of protein and nucleic acids, and of the amino acid and nucleotide pools. It decreased substantially the incorporation of C14-uridine or C14-thymidine into nucleic acids of M. gypseum, but not that of C14-leucine or C14-valine into protein. With a less sensitive culture, T. mentagrophytes x8, the uptake of uridine was inhibited only to a slight extent; the incorporation of leucine was unaffected. A partial protective effect of pruine nucleotides against growth inhibition by griseofulvin was observed with one strain of T. mentagrophytes, but not with another strain or with M. gypseum.
Hydrogenation of unsaturated polymers with diimide

We have studied the homogeneous hydrogenation of a series of unsaturated polymeric substrates with diimide formed from the thermal decomposition of p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide (TSH) at elevated temperatures (110 to 160°C) and in aromatic solvents. At a TSH/olefin ratio of 2.0, homopolymers of butadiene, polycyclohexadiene, and polyisoprene were quantitatively hydrogenated as were two styrene/butadiene copolymers. Alkyl branching at or near the residual polymer double bond, as in methyl rubber and poly-2.5-dimethyl-2.4-hexadiene, gave less than 50% hydrogenation. Polychloroprene was not hydrogenated by diimide (conversions less than 10%) which is in agreement with the behavior previously observed for low molecular weight olefins. The unsaturated polymers which were successfully hydrogenated were soluble and, hence, showed no excessive crosslinking. Polycyclohexadiene and polyisoprene, the only samples evaluated for molecular weight changes, exhibited no chain degradation. Some qualitative kinetic data were obtained using per cent conversion vs. time data. Under the conditions of toluene reflux and TSH/olefin ratios of 1.5, the relative rates of hydrogenation for cis, trans and vinyl butadiene units was kcis ≃ ktrans < kvinyl. Byproducts from the diimide generation resulted in the introduction of 0.2 to 1.0% of p-CH3C6H4SO2-groups into the polymer based upon 100% of the double bonds originally present. Die homogene Hydrierung einer Serie ungesattigter polymerer Substrate mit Diimid, dargestellt durch Thermolyse von p-Toluolsulfonylhydrazid (THS) bei 110–160°C, wurde in aromatischen Losungsmitteln untersucht. Bei einem TSH/Olefin-Verhaltnis von 2,0 wurden sowohl die Homopolymeren des Butadiens, das Polycyclohexadien und das Polyisopren, als auch zwei Styrol/Butadien-Copolymere quantitativ hydriert. Bei Alkylverzweigung an oder in Nachbarschaft der Doppelbindung des Polymeren, wie im Poly-2.5-dimethyl-2.4-hexadien, verlief die Hydrierung zu weniger als 50%. Polychloropren wurde in Ubereinstimmung mit fruheren Beobachtungen an niedermolekularen Olefinen durch Diimid (Umsetzung weniger als 10%) nicht hydriert. Die mit Erfolg hydrierten ungesattigten Polymeren waren loslich und zeigten daher keine ubermasig hohe Vernetzung. Polycyclohexadien und Polyisopren, die auf eine Ver-anderung des Molekulargewichtes hin untersucht wurden, zeigten keinen Kettenabbau. Qualitative kinetische Daten wurden aus Umsatz (%)/Zeit-Kurven ermittelt. Beim Siedepunkt des Toluols und bei einem TSH/Olefin-Verhdtnis von 1,s resultierte fur die relativen Hydrierungsgeschwindigkeiten der cis-, trans- und Vinylbutadieneinheiten: -CH3C6H4SO2-Gruppen, die aus den Nebenprodukten der Diimid-Darstellung stammen, wurden zu 0,2–1,0 % (bezogen auf 100% der urspriinglich vorhandenen Doppelbindungen) in das Polymere eingefuhrt.
A first-principles study of cementite (Fe3C) and its alloyed counterparts: Elastic constants, elastic anisotropies, and isotropic elastic moduli

A comprehensive computational study of elastic properties of cementite (Fe3C) and its alloyed counterparts (M3C (M = Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hf, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Si, Ta, Ti, V, W, Zr, Cr2FeC and CrFe2C) having the crystal structure of Fe3C is carried out employing electronic density-functional theory (DFT), all-electron PAW pseudopotentials and the generalized gradient approximation for the exchange-correlation energy (GGA). Specifically, as a part of our systematic study of cohesive properties of solids and in the spirit of materials genome, following properties are calculated: (i) single-crystal elastic constants, Cij, of above M3Cs; (ii) anisotropies of bulk, Young’s and shear moduli, and Poisson’s ratio based on calculated Cijs, demonstrating their extreme anisotropies; (iii) isotropic (polycrystalline) elastic moduli (bulk, shear, Young’s moduli and Poisson’s ratio) of M3Cs by homogenization of calculated Cijs; and (iv) acoustic Debye temperature, θD, of M3Cs based on calculated Cijs. We provide a critica...
Maternal Dysphoria, Maternal Attitudes Toward Parenting, and Childhood Externalizing Behavior as Predictors of Physical Aggression

The purpose of this study was to test for reciprocity and chaining in 4,897 children (2,568 boys, 2,329 girls) from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS). Cross-lagged correlations between maternal dysphoria and attitude at Waves 2 and 3 of the FFCWS revealed that maternal dysphoria and negative maternal attitudes toward parenting were reciprocally related. Regarding chaining, the direct effects of Wave 2 maternal dysphoria and attitudes on Wave 5 offspring physical aggression were nonsignificant, although both variables predicted Wave 5 physical aggression via their cross-lagged correlations with each other at Wave 3 and offspring externalizing behavior at Wave 4. These results indicate that dysphoria and negative maternal attitudes toward parenting are equally important in predicting offspring physical aggression.
Magnetic properties of the RPO4(MoO3)12 × 30H2O compounds, R = Ce, Pr, Nd, Tb, Ho, Tm, and Yb

Abstract Magnetic susceptibilities of a number of the rare earth (R) phosphomolybdates, RPO4(MoO3)12 × 30H2O, have been measured from 300 K down to ∼ 10 mK. These materials are cubic, with space group Fd 3 , and are characterized by weak crystalline field splittings. Most can be explained in terms of a lowest order theory for a crystal field with T d ( 4 3 m ) symmetry, but those of Tb, Ho, and Tm disagree. The discrepancy appears to be due to disorder in the position of the cations about the 8 a sites.
Of innocence, exclusion, and the burning of flags: The romantic realism of the law

This essay continues the challenge to the image of law as neutral adjudication by arguing that, while authoritative judicial discourse in the modern liberal state has presented itself as realistic discourse that argues to singular conclusions, it is better to see it as a profoundly rhetorical enterprise that writes legal decisions as romances in which Law is the heroic central character. Focusing on the first flag burning case Texas v. Johnson, the essay examines the decision as argument and as romance. It concludes by suggesting that the case (and legal decisions in general) would benefit from a sense of law at once more rhetorically sensitive, communal, and tragic.
Efficient selective encryption for JPEG 2000 images using private initial table

In this paper, we propose an efficient selective encryption scheme for encrypting JPEG 2000 images. The proposed scheme uses a secret key and a mapping function to generate a private initial table to encrypt the selected DWT codeblocks in the entropy coding stage of JPEG 2000 coding scheme. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed scheme can achieve various purposes of selective encryption and is computationally secure. Moreover, the proposed scheme does not decrease the compressibility of the standard JPEG 2000 coding scheme. The proposed selective encryption scheme is practical for applications of JPEG 2000 image protection.
Studies on Starter Metabolism. I. The Relationship between Starter Activity and the Predrying Heat History of Reconstituted Nonfat Dry Milk Solids

Summary The predrying heat history of nonfat dry milk solids was shown to have a marked influence on the subsequent activity of starters propagated in that milk after reconstitution. In general, commercial high-heat powders supported starter activity more favorably than did low-heat powders, and this effect could be illustrated both by acid production and speed of dye reduction. However, NDMS samples with an excessively severe heat history exerted a deleterious effect on starter activity. It was possible to establish that the response of cultures to the heat history of milk-powder samples was not an isolated occurrence, but rather was a general phenomenon for a wide variety of starters. Furthermore, the response of starters could be related rather closely to the heat treatment of the milk before condensing and drying. The practical implications of these results are discussed.
The satellite altimeter data derived mean sea surface GSFC98

The GSFC98 mean sea surface (MSS) was computed on a 2' oceanwide grid for latitudes below 80°. The data used included 3-years of TOPEX data (Cycles 9 to 119), 1.5-years of ERS-1 35-day repeat cycle (Cycles 1 to 18), 2-years of Geosat ERM data (Cycles 1 to 42), 2 ERS-1 168-day repeat cycles, and 18 months of the Geosat Geodetic Mission data. All non-TOPEX satellite altimeter data were adjusted to the mean of TOPEX data in 2° × 30° blocks. After the adjustment, the mean sea surface height was gridded into 2' nodes using least squares collocation and an iteration procedure to reduce the ocean variability. To validate the mean sea surfaces, three comparisons were made. The GSFC98 MSS, along with OSU95 [Yi, 1995] and CSR95 [Kim et al., 1995], were compared with 6-years of TOPEX and 3-years of ERS-2 mean tracks which were not used in the MSS computations. Finally, the marine gravity anomalies were computed from the three MSS implied geoid undulations using the inverse Stokes integral. The marine gravity anomalies were compared with ship gravity data in selected areas. The ship gravity comparison is an independent assessment of the quality of the MSSs, especially at intermediate and short wavelengths. Finally, the inter-comparisons between the mean sea surfaces were made. The root mean square values of the differences were 6.8, 6.8, and 7.2 cm between GSFC98/OSU95, GSFC98/CSR95, and OSU95/CSR95. The differences agree well with the error estimation of GSFC98 MSS.
The Conflict Between Quality and Expert System Technology

The conflict between quality and expert system technology is becoming increasingly important in industry. This paper describes the dichotomy between the concept of quality and the application of expert system technology in an industrial environment. The paper also demonstrates how the conflict arose and offers suggestions for the management of this conflict, in order to encourage the growth of technology and benefit the careers of the people involved. Sample projects are included to provide practical illustrations of the conflict.
Genome-Scale Thermodynamic Analysis of Escherichia coli Metabolism

Genome-scale metabolic models are an invaluable tool for analyzing metabolic systems as they provide a more complete picture of the processes of metabolism. We have constructed a genome-scale metabolic model of Escherichia coli based on the iJR904 model developed by the Palsson Laboratory at the University of California at San Diego. Group contribution methods were utilized to estimate the standard Gibbs free energy change of every reaction in the constructed model. Reactions in the model were classified based on the activity of the reactions during optimal growth on glucose in aerobic media. The most thermodynamically unfavorable reactions involved in the production of biomass in E. coli were identified as ATP phosphoribosyltransferase, ATP synthase, methylene-tetra-hydrofolate dehydrogenase, and tryptophanase. The effect of a knockout of these reactions on the production of biomass and the production of individual biomass precursors was analyzed. Changes in the distribution of fluxes in the cell after knockout of these unfavorable reactions were also studied. The methodologies and results discussed can be used to facilitate the refinement of the feasible ranges for cellular parameters such as species concentrations and reaction rate constants.
Mandatory Court Review and Batterer Program Compliance

A naturalistic pre-experiment/postexperiment was conducted to examine the impact of periodic court review on compliance to 12 weeks of court-referred batterer counseling. To determine compliance, court dockets and clinical records were reviewed for the year prior to implementation, immediately after implementation, and 2 years after implementation. Background questionnaires were administered to test for any changes in case characteristics (n = 321), and court procedures were observed to identify external influences on compliance. Compliance to program intake increased from 64% of those who were referred by the court in 1994 to 94% in 1997. Program completion by those who appeared for program intake remained approximately 70%. The percentage of court referrals that completed the program rose from 48% in 1994 to 65% in 1997. The findings suggest the utility of court review with pretrial referrals in improving compliance and the importance of considering court procedures in assessing program outcomes.
Entrance and Exit Losses for Developing Flow in Plain Fin Heat Sinks

Prediction of pressure drop for duct flow through heat sinks involves calculation of inlet and exit losses. These predictions are typically done using Kc and Ke for “parallel plate channels” from the Kays and London book, Compact Heat Exchangers. However, these equations assume fully developed flow at the exit and thus include the effect of full velocity profile development. Electronic heat sinks operate in the “developing flow” region. So, use of the published Kc and Ke from the Kays and London book will result in over-estimate of the actual Kc and Ke values. The authors have performed analysis that allows accurate calculation of Kc and Ke values with parallel plate channels for operation in the “developing flow” region. The results are presented in graphical form as a function of contraction ratio and x+ (= x/Dh Re). These results will allow accurate estimate of Kc and Ke values for developing flow. Entrance and exit losses can account for as much as 30% of the total pressure drop in electronic heat sinks having short flow lengths. However, the error associated with evaluation of Kc and Ke based on fully developed flow for parallel plates is small.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Infrared Spectroscopy of Silica Sols–Effects of Water Concentration, Catalyst, and Aging

Abstract Silica sols were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The influences of water content, pH, and aging were studied. It was observed that the silica network gradually formed during aging and a more linear structure was present in the sol with low water content while high-water content sol possessed a more branched structure. The hydrolysis reaction was very fast in the sols with low pH compared with that in the high pH sols. Additionally, the sols with low pH had a greater concentration of silanol groups remaining after aging when compared with those with high pH. The IR spectra provide supplementary information about the sol to gel transformation and structure evolution.
Aging and Structure/Activity Characteristics of CR–ZSM-5 Catalysts during Exposure to Chlorinated VOCs

This study investigates the aging and partial deactivation process for four chromium exchanged ZSM-5 catalysts during oxidative destruction of 1% vinyl chloride or trichloroethylene, each in humid (1.35% water) air at 500 C. After 51 h on stream under these harsh conditions, all catalysts are found to undergo partial loss of exchanged chromium, which correlates with the chlorine content of the chlorinated VOC (CVOC) feed molecule. Conversely, changes in catalytic activity are not entirely correlated with residual chromium levels in the zeolite, suggesting that the chromium cation location is also important. A deactivation pathway is proposed involving slow generation of volatile CrO{sub 2}Cl{sub 2} to explain the process of cation migration and loss. These results are utilized to derive relationships between catalyst structure (cation site locations, accessibilities, and framework bond strengths) and catalytic properties (activity, selectivity, and site stability). The analysis shows that Cr cations, which are closely associated with a maximum number of zeolite framework oxygen atoms, are most resistant to migration or loss from the catalyst during CVOC oxidation. Chromium sites (S{sub II}, S{sub III}) within the straight channels or near channel intersections are found to be most active, but are also most prone to migration and/or loss.more » This enhanced activity is believed to occur because of the high accessibility of S{sub II} and S{sub III} sites to incoming CVOC molecules. Rapid loss of chromium from these sites is believed to be due to their weak association with the zeolite framework. Conversely, chromium sites (S{sub I}, S{sub IV}) located in the sinusoidal channels are determined to be less active, but more persistent during deactivation because of their increased coordination with zeolite framework atoms and reduced accessibility to incoming CVOC molecules.« less
Genetics of Brain Structure: Contributions From the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging

Understanding the genetics of neuropsychiatric disorders requires an understanding of the genetics of brain structure and function. The Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA) is a longitudinal behavioral genetic study focused on cognitive and brain aging. Here, we describe basic science work carried out within the VETSA MRI study that provides meaningful contributions toward the study of neuropsychiatric disorders. VETSA produced the first comprehensive assessment of the heritability of cortical and subcortical brain structure sizes, all within the same individuals. We showed that neocortical thickness and surface area are largely genetically distinct. With continuous neocortical thickness maps, we demonstrated regional specificity of genetic influences, and that genetic factors did not conform to traditional regions of interest (ROIs). However, there was some evidence for different genetic factors accounting for different types of cortex, and for genetic relationships across cortical regions corresponding to anatomical and functional connectivity and brain maturation patterns. With continuous neocortical surface area maps, we confirmed the anterior-posterior gradient of genetic influences on cortical area patterning demonstrated in animal models. Finally, we used twin methods to create the first map of cortical ROIs based entirely on genetically informative data. We conclude that these genetically based cortical phenotypes may be more appropriate for genetic studies than traditional ROIs based on structure or function. Our results also suggest that cortical volume-the product of thickness and surface area-is a problematic phenotype for genetic studies because two independent sets of genes may be obscured. Examples supporting the validity of these conclusions are provided.
Physical Symptoms of Discomfort Associated with Worry about Giving a Public Speech

While reports of anxiety about public speaking are common, the specific ways in which individual speakers are impacted varies considerably. Researchers of public speaking state anxiety have found support for the operation of Gray’s (1995a) comparator theory of emotion. The present study extends this perspective by examining the association of higher mental processes (worry) and body sensations. In the present study, conscious rumination and uncomfortable physical sensations were found to coincide during the anticipation milestone, i.e., approximately 1 minute before presenting a public speech. This finding supports the operation of Gray’s comparator theory. Recommendations for future research that focus on recursive patterns of body sensations and worry are advanced.
Southern Cross: The Beginnings of the Bible Belt

Revealing a surprising paradox at the heart of America's "Bible Belt," Christine Leigh Heyrman examines how the conservative religious traditions so strongly associated with the South evolved out of an evangelical Protestantism that began with very different social and political attitudes. Although the American Revolution swept away the institutional structures of the Anglican Church in the South, the itinerant evangelical preachers who subsequently flooded the region at first encountered resistance from southern whites, who were affronted by their opposition to slaveholding and traditional ideals of masculinity, their lack of respect for generational hierarchy, their encouragement of women's public involvement in church affairs, and their allowance for spiritual intimacy with blacks. As Heyrman shows, these evangelicals achieved dominance in the region over the course of a century by deliberately changing their own "traditional values" and assimilating the conventional southern understandings of family relationships, masculine prerogatives, classic patriotism, and martial honor. In so doing, religious groups earlier associated with nonviolence and antislavery activity came to the defense of slavery and secession and the holy cause of upholding both by force of arms--and adopted the values we now associate with the "Bible Belt." |Examines the evolution of the conservative religious tradition of the South's Bible Belt. Heyrman shows that preachers from the Anglican Church achieved dominance in the South by assimilating the values already held there.
Are low achievers disliked in a cooperative situation? A test of rival theories in a mixed ethnic situation

Abstract The effect of cooperative and individualistic learning experiences within which majority students worked with lower-achieving minority peers were compared. A number of theories predict that when white students collaborate with lower-achieving minority students prejudice and rejection will increase. These theories were tested against a counter position that working collaboratively promotes liking regardless of differences in achievement. Forty-eight students (20 minority and 28 white) were assigned to conditions on a stratified random basis controlling for ethnic membership, sex, social class, and ability level. They participated in the study for 55 min a day for 15 instructional days. The results indicate that cooperative learning experiences, compared with individualistic ones, promoted higher achievement for minority students, more cross-ethnic interaction aimed at supporting and regulating efforts to learn and ensuring the active involvement of all students, and greater cross-ethnic interpersonal attraction. The results do not support the theories that posit equal achievement levels are necessary for successful integration and do support the position that cooperative experiences result in liking regardless of the ethnic membership or achievement level of collaborators.
Effects of packaging and interconnect technology on testability of printed wiring boards

Continuing improvements in packaging and interconnect technology have made it increasingly difficult to adequately test printed wiring board (PWB) assemblies. Traditional PWB test methods depend on both the relatively small number of components on the board and easy access to the interconnection signal paths. This paper surveys options for verifying correct logical behavior (i. e. ''functional" or " digital'' testing) of state-of-the-art PWBs. Design for Testability (DFT) methods for enhancing circuit observability and controllability are described along with extensions of these methods for board-level testing (such as Built-In Self-Test and the IEEE/JTAG Boundary Scan standard). Testability problems are likely to increase as new packaging and interconnect technologies using ceramics and polyimides further increase circuit density and complexity. This paper considers the impact of these technology advances on current testing strategies and potential alternative methodologies.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Multicolored protein conformation states in the photocycle of transducer-free sensory rhodopsin-I.

Abstract Sensory rhodopsin-I (SRI), a phototaxis receptor of archaebacteria, is a retinal-binding protein that exists in the cell membrane intimately associated with a signal-transducing protein (HtrI) homologous to eubacterial chemotaxis receptors. Transducer-free sensory rhodopsin-I (fSRI), from cells devoid of HtrI, undergoes a photochemical cycle kinetically different from that of native SRI. We report here on the measurement and analysis of the photochemical kinetics of fSRI reactions in the 350–750-nm spectral range and in a 10 −7 s to 1s time window. The lack of specific intermolecular interactions between SRI and HtrI results in early return of the ground form via distinct branching reactions in fSRI, not evident in the photocycle of native SRI. The chromophore transitions are loosely coupled to protein structural transitions. The coexistence of multiple spectral forms within kinetic intermediates is interpreted within the concept of multicolored protein conformational states.
On bacterial tactic response times and latencies.

In our recent paper on “Chemotactic responses of Escherichia coli to small jumps of photoreleased l-aspartate” measured by computer-assisted motion analysis, we found that the responses were initiated without measurable latency upon photolysis of a photolabile (caged) precursor (Jasuja et al. 1999). Measurement of a latent or lag phase before initiation of a biochemical or physiological process provides important clues regarding the number of steps and their rate in a sequential chain of reactions (see Guttfreund, 1995, for examples).
INTEGRATIVE NETWORK ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY ABERRANT PATHWAY NETWORKS IN OVARIAN CANCER

Ovarian cancer is often called the 'silent killer' since it is difficult to have early detection and prognosis. Understanding the biological mechanism related to ovarian cancer becomes extremely important for the purpose of treatment. We propose an integrative framework to identify pathway related networks based on large-scale TCGA copy number data and gene expression profiles. The integrative approach first detects highly conserved copy number altered genes and regards them as seed genes, and then applies a network-based method to identify subnetworks that can differentiate gene expression patterns between different phenotypes of ovarian cancer patients. The identified subnetworks are further validated on an independent gene expression data set using a network-based classification method. The experimental results show that our approach can not only achieve good prediction performance across different data sets but also identify biological meaningful subnetworks involved in many signaling pathways related to ovarian cancer.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF NOZZLE ASPECT RATIO EFFECTS ON UNDEREXPANDED HYDROGEN JET RELEASE CHARACTERISTICS.

Abstract Most experimental investigations of underexpanded hydrogen jets have been limited to circular nozzles in an attempt to better understand the fundamental jet-exit flow physics and model this behaviour with pseudo source models. However, realistic compressed storage leak exit geometries are not always expected to be circular. In the present study, jet dispersion characteristics from rectangular slot nozzles with aspect ratios from 2 to 8 were investigated and compared with an equivalent circular nozzle. Schlieren imaging was used to observe the jet-exit shock structure while quantitative Planar Laser Rayleigh Scattering was used to measure downstream dispersion characteristics. These results provide physical insight and much needed model validation data for model development.
The relation of Lorenzen calculus to formal language theory

In a number of books and articles [1,2], Lorenzen has developed a general kind of calculus for deriving character strings inductively, using finite systems of clauses, reminiscent of those that appear in logic programming. At the same time, these clauses are remarkably similar to the productions that appear in the multiple antecedent canonical systems of Post [3], as used originally to derive a computational basis for the formal notion of an algorithm. However, the interpretation is quite different in the case of the Lorenzen Calculus, where each successively derived word is a member of the theory, rather than (as in the case of Post, Turing [4], or Chomsky [5] productions) simply a "way station" on the route to a single generated "terminal" word. We intend to make a clear distinction between these two approaches at an appropriate point in the development, but it is well that a tentative appreciation of this fundamental difference be understood at the outset.
An Analysis of Transaction Logs to Evaluate the Educational Needs of End Users

End users at the University of Southern California (USC) have free access to the last ten years of MEDLINE through a local online system known as USCInfo. Librarians at USC Norris Medical Library provide documentation and offer formal and informal training on the use of the system to search MEDLlNE. To assess the educational needs of the end users, 643 searches were analyzed. Although a high proportion (84%) of the searches were judged to be successful, the use of medical subject headings (MeSH) to obtain optimal results was low; only 20% of all successful subject searches employed MeSH. Also, the advanced features of the system were underutilized. While it is promising to learn that many end users are obtaining positive results, methods which will encourage end users improve their retrievals need to be developed.
Delayed adverse vascular events after splenectomy in hereditary spherocytosis.

Summary. Background: It is probable that the variety and frequency of delayed adverse vascular events after splenectomy are underappreciated. Splenectomy is performed for a wide variety of conditions, and delayed postsplenectomy hazards are not often studied. Objective: To estimate the relative risk of adverse vascular events in members of hereditary spherocytosis families who have or have not had a splenectomy. Methods: Members of families in which hereditary spherocytosis exists were systematically questioned about adverse vascular events. Results: The cumulative incidence of arterial and venous events at age 70 years was greater in persons who had undergone a splenectomy for spherocytosis (arterial, 22% females, 32% males; venous, 20% females, 19% males) than in affected persons who did not undergo splenectomy (arterial, 3% females, 2% males; venous, 6% females, 4% males) or non-affected family members (arterial, 10% females, 17% males; venous, 4% females, 12% males). Affected subjects who undergo splenectomy are at greatly increased risk of arterial events as compared to affected subjects who do not undergo splenectomy [arterial, hazard ratio (HR) 7.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.8–17.2; venous, HR 3.3, 95% CI 1.1–9.8]. Conclusion: There is a significant, long-lasting, increased risk of adverse arterial and venous thromboembolic events after splenectomy performed for hereditary spherocytosis. A review of the literature indicates that this is also true when splenectomy is performed for several other indications.
Massage improves growth quality by decreasing body fat deposition in male preterm infants.

Objectives To assess the effect of massage on weight gain and body fat deposition in preterm infants. Study design Preterm infants (29-32 weeks) were randomized to the massage group (n = 22, 12 girls, 10 boys) or the control group (n = 22, 12 girls, 10 boys). Treatment was masked with massage or control care administered twice-daily by licensed massage therapists (6 d/wk for 4 weeks). Body weight, length, Ponderal Index (PI), body circumferences, and skinfold thickness (triceps, mid-thigh, and subscapular [SSF]) were measured. Circulating insulin-like growth factor I, leptin, and adiponectin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Daily dietary intake was collected. Results Energy and protein intake as well as increase in weight, length, and body circumferences were similar. Male infants in the massage group had smaller PI, triceps skinfold thickness, mid-thigh skinfold thickness, and SSF and increases over time compared with control male infants (P Conclusions Twice-daily massage did not promote greater weight gain in preterm infants. Massage did, however, limit body fat deposition in male preterm infants. Massage decreased circulating adiponectin over time in male infants with higher adiponectin concentrations associated with increased body fat. These findings suggest that massage may improve body fat deposition and, in turn, growth quality of preterm infants in a sex-specific manner.
What predicts long-term survival after heart transplantation? An analysis of 9,400 ten-year survivors.

Background This case-control study was conducted to identify factors predictive of 10-year survival after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). Methods Prospectively collected data from the United Network for Organ Sharing registry were reviewed to identify adult patients undergoing OHT between 1987 and 1999 (N = 22,385) who had survived 10 years. Controls were those who had died within 10 years of OHT. Factors associated with 10-year survival were identified with multivariate logistic regression analysis. Lowess smoothing plots were used to identify linear breakpoints in continuous variables, and splines were incorporated when appropriate. Results There were 9,404 ten-year survivors (42%; mean follow-up, 14.0 ± 3.0 years) and 10,373 controls (46%) with a mean survival of 3.7 ± 3.3 years post-OHT. Predictors of 10-year survival in the optimal multivariate model were age younger than 55 (odds ratio [OR], 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10 to 1.38; p p p p p p = 0.001), and diabetes (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.57 to 0.78; p Conclusions Age younger than 55 years, annual center volume of 9 or more, white race, shorter ischemic time, and younger donor age improved the likelihood of 10-year survival after OHT. Mechanical ventilation and diabetes reduced this likelihood. These data should serve as a useful guide to long-term prognostication in adult OHT.
Calcineurin Aβ Regulates NADPH Oxidase (Nox) Expression and Activity via Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells (NFAT) in Response to High Glucose

Hypertrophy is an adaptive response that enables organs to appropriately meet increased functional demands. Previously, we reported that calcineurin (Cn) is required for glomerular and whole kidney hypertrophy in diabetic rodents (Gooch, J. L., Barnes, J. L., Garcia, S., and Abboud, H. E. (2003). Calcineurin is activated in diabetes and is required for glomerular hypertrophy and ECM accumulation. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 284, F144–F154; Reddy, R. N., Knotts, T. L., Roberts, B. R., Molkentin, J. D., Price, S. R., and Gooch, J. L. (2011). Calcineurin Aβ is required for hypertrophy but not matrix expansion in the diabetic kidney. J. Cell Mol. Med. 15, 414–422). Because studies have also implicated the reactive oxygen species-generating enzymes NADPH oxidases (Nox) in diabetic kidney responses, we tested the hypothesis that Nox and Cn cooperate in a common signaling pathway. First, we examined the role of the two main isoforms of Cn in hypertrophic signaling. Using primary kidney cells lacking a catalytic subunit of Cn (CnAα−/− or CnAβ−/−), we found that high glucose selectively activates CnAβ, whereas CnAα is constitutively active. Furthermore, CnAβ but not CnAα mediates hypertrophy. Next, we found that chronic reactive oxygen species generation in response to high glucose is attenuated in CnAβ−/− cells, suggesting that Cn is upstream of Nox. Consistent with this, loss of CnAβ reduces basal expression and blocks high glucose induction of Nox2 and Nox4. Inhibition of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), a CnAβ-regulated transcription factor, decreases Nox2 and Nox4 expression, whereas NFAT overexpression increases Nox2 and Nox4, indicating that the CnAβ/NFAT pathway modulates Nox. These data reveal that the CnAβ/NFAT pathway regulates Nox and plays an important role in high glucose-mediated hypertrophic responses in the kidney.
Case choice in Russian genitive/nominative absence constructions

Negated be sentences with an animate referential subject have two morphological realizations in Modern Russian. The more statistically frequent construction has a referential subject of the negated clause in the genitive case: SUBJgen + не было -flocus: Мамы не было на работе. In the less common construction the subject of the negated clause appears in the nominative case: SUBJnOm + не был/а -f locus: Мама не была на работе. A question to ask then is, how does the speaker make the choice between these two constructions, and what are the factors influencing the choice. First of all, this choice is only possible for an animated referential subject; non-animated subjects in negated be clauses are always marked genitive: Дома не было молока. Thus, the discussion of choice in negated be clauses will necessarily involve at least one individual. I label the negated be clauses with an animated subject ABSENCE clauses, to distinguish them from other negated be clauses that do not allow the choice of case. The choice between the genitive/nominative absence clauses is usually discussed in the larger context of verbs that allow a choice between genitive and nominative marking for the referential subject under negation. There exists a large body of literature debating the differences between the choice of genitive and the nominative, and the terminology in which to discuss them.1 In some studies, primary importance is assigned to distinguishing existential negated clauses versus other types of negated clauses. Babby (1980), for example, introduced the terms "negated declarative sentences" for the nominative construction, and "negated existential sentences" for the genitive construction. Babby proposed that the scope of negation is different for declarative versus existential constructions: in existential sentences, both the subject and the verb fall under the scope of negation; in declarative constructions, the subject is outside the scope of negation. Babby describes sentences of the type Мамы не было на работе as "locative", a subtype of a negated declarative sentence, and not "existential", since, unlike the negated existential sentences, this type of sentence allows for a definite subject.
Joint MMSE precoder and decoder design for downlink multiuser MIMO systems with arbitrary transmit power constraints

A novel unified approach to deal with arbitrary transmitted power constraints for designing jointly the MMSE precoders and decoders in downlink multiuser MIMO systems is developed. This work is an extension of the iterative approach developed in [1] for the total power constraint. An explicit expression relating Lagrange multipliers with the per-user constraint can be obtained using the proposed approach to mitigate the time consuming root searching for the Lagrange multipliers in [1]. Moreover, the explicit expression allows the MMSE solution subject to arbitrary transmit power constraints. In this paper, total, per-user, per-antenna, and peak power constraints are formulated in under the same format and solved using the proposed approach. It is shown in some two-user numerical examples that the raw BER performance obtained from the practical per-antenna power constraint is similar to those of the per-user and total power constraints and is 1–1.5 dB better than that of the peak power constraint.
Estimating risk of C. difficile transmission from PCR positive but cytotoxin negative cases

Background: The use of molecular methods to diagnose Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has improved diagnostic yield compared to conventional methods. However, PCR testing can detect colonization and has introduced several practical challenges pertaining to need for treatment and isolation of cases. Methods: For all new cases detected by real-time PCR, concurrent cytotoxin assay was performed and genetic characterization with MLVA (multi-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis) was done to determine relatedness. We used PCR cycle threshold (Ct) of detection as surrogate marker for bacterial burden in stool. Results: Overall, 54 cases of CDI were detected during the study period. 42 were concurrently tested by CYT and characterized by MLVA. MLVA analysis revealed marked genetic diversity with no ongoing outbreaks; four cases were due to NAP1 strain. CYT-/PCR + cases had a higher median Ct value of detection compared to CYT+/PCR + cases (28.2 vs 22.5; p = 0.01). Among 25 strains that were genetically related, 9/11 isolates in this dominant cluster were positive by CYT compared to 4/14 in non-dominant clusters (p = 0.02). Conclusion: CYT-/PCR+ cases contribute to hospital based transmission. However, the risk of transmission of C. difficile from CYT +/PCR+ cases may be higher than those that are CYT-/PCR+. © 2014 Kamboj et al.
Computed tomographic appearance of pseudocarcinomas of the esophagus

Abstract The introduction of any new technique in medicine requires verification of variations of the normal appearance that may simulate disease. The subsequent case of CT of the chest demonstrates a patient with known carcinoma of the esophagus treated with external radiation therapy. A CT chest examination for evaluation of possible recurrent disease was performed 1.5 years after the therapy. This report demonstrates a spurious interpretation of CT of the chest for recurrent esophageal carcinoma.