cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of saturated and polyunsaturated fat diets on the composition and structure of human low density lipoproteins

Abstract We have studied the effect of diets of saturated and polyunsaturated fat on the composition, structure and thermal behavior of human plasma low density lipoproteins (LDL). We find that relative to a saturated fat diet one of polyunsaturated fat produces: 1. (1) An increase. in the unsaturated acyl content of all lipid classes of LDL. 2. (2) An increase in the triglyceride content of LDL. 3. (3) A decrease in the temperature of the thermotropic liquid crystal to isotropic liquid phase transition of LDL. 4. (4) No effect on the temperature of LDL denaturation. In spite of major changes in the fatty acid composition of the major lipid of LDL, cholesteryl esters, the thermal properties of LDL are dominated by their triglyceride content. Since a polyunsaturated fat diet raised LDL triglyceride levels, our calorimetric and spectroscopic results suggest that the thermal properties and the structure of LDL at 37°C are sensitive to the composition of dietary fat.
P09-13. Structure of HIV-1 gp41 interactive region: layered architecture and basis of conformational mobility

Background Crystal structures of unliganded, CD4-bound, and antibody-bound gp120 core show large conformational rearrangements upon ligand binding. Moreover, cryo-EM tomograms of the HIV-1 viral spike (gp120/gp41) also show large ligand-induced shifts in gp120 orientation. Conformational change is one mechanism that HIV-1 has developed to evade the host immune response. We hypothesized that the key to understanding this mobility resided in the critical gp41-interactive region of gp120. However, previously determined core structures all contained deletions of the gp41-interactive region.
VARIATION IN THE OS PALATINUM AND ITS STRUCTURAL RELATION TO THE PALATUM OSSEUM OF BIRDS (AVES)

Morphological variation in the avian palatal skeleton (palatum osseum) was publicized by Huxley (1867) and expanded upon subsequently by many authors, but variation in the included nominal element, the palatinum (os palatinum), is less well known. Here we describe, illustrate, and name variable features of the avian palatinum that we judge to be potentially important for phylogenetic inference. To standardize anatomical nomenclature, we introduce formal names (per ICAAN) and revise others for palatal features provisionally considered to be homologous among modern birds (Neornithes). The palatinum can be divided topographically into four parts—pars maxillaris, pars choanalis, pars lateralis, and pars pterygoideus—each having variation in organization, function, and phylogenetic corollaries that facilitate comparisons within Neornithes and with Mesozoic allies. Emphasis on study of juvenile specimens of modern birds in which intact sutures are discernible revealed details in the structure of arcus pterygopalatinus and arcus pterygovomeralis that facilitated diagnosis of both palaeognathous and neognathous birds, and (within the latter) the Galloanserae and its sister-group, Neoaves. Articulatio vomeroparasphenoidalis may represent a synapomorphy of palaeognathous birds (ratites and tinamous). Although articulatio intrapterygoidea commonly is thought to provide the flexibility within arcus ptery-gopalatinus required for cranial kinesis in neognathous birds, we found that six patterns of articulations and flexible zones (zonae flexoriae) serve that function; these patterns are probably apomorphous, sometimes convergently, within Aves. Hesperornis apparently displays homoplasious flexibility within arcus pterygopalatinus. We found developmental evidence against paedomorphosis (“neoteny”) as an explanation of certain distinguishing features of palaeognathous palates, and comparison with palatal remnants of Archaeopteryx, Gobipteryx, Hesperornis, and several nonavian theropods suggest plesiomorphy of other palaeognathous features. Reconsideration of “palaeognathous” characters found in adults of some neognathous taxa, previously explained as evolutionary reversals, led us to a variety of alternative hypotheses. We believe that analysis of individual characters within the avian palatinum and palatal skeleton holds significantly greater promise for phylogenetic and functional inferences than the continued use of the classical, composite palatal types—palaeognathous, schizognathous, desmognathous, and aegithognathous—for phylogenetic reconstructions.
The Two Nucleotide-binding Domains of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Have Distinct Functions in Controlling Channel Activity

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl- channel contains two cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). After phosphorylation of the R domain, ATP interacts with the NBDs to regulate channel activity. To learn how the NBDs regulate channel function, we used the patch-clamp technique to study CFTR and variants which contained site-directed mutations in the conserved Walker A motif lysine residues in either NBD1 (K464A), NBD2 (K1250A and K1250M), or both NBDs simultaneously (K464A/K1250A). Studies in related proteins suggest that such mutations slow the rate of ATP hydrolysis. These mutations did not alter the conductive properties of the channel or the requirement for phosphorylation and ATP to open the channel. However, all mutations decreased open state probability. Mutations in NBD1 decreased the frequency of bursts of activity, whereas mutations in NBD2 and mutations in both NBDs simultaneously prolonged bursts of activity, as well as decreased the frequency of bursts. These results could not be attributed to altered binding of nucleotide because none of the mutants studied had reduced 8-N3ATP binding. These data suggest that the two NBDs have distinct functions in channel gating; ATP hydrolysis at NBD1 initiates a burst of activity, and hydrolysis at NBD2 terminates a burst.
Toward minimum ionizing particle detection using scintillating fibers and avalanche photodiodes

Scintillating fibers are potentially competitive with silicon microstrip detectors for moderately high resolution ( approximately 100 mu m) particle tracking in high-energy physics experiments. Realizing this potential requires the development of a compact, efficient, and high-speed readout. The feasibility of using avalanche photodiodes (APD) for the detection of minimum-ionizing particles in submillimeter scintillating fibers is assessed. In tests to date, the expected small signal has been overwhelmed by amplifier noise. The fact that APD noise was a negligible contribution, even at an APD gain of 300, was verified by observing that the pulse-height spectrum with and without APD bias voltage showed no difference, and the RMS width of the distribution was consistent with the amplifier noise. Contemplated improvements to the apparatus include using veto counters to restrict the qVt triggers to beta rays definitely passing through the fiber (which should improve the signal-to-noise by a factor not more than approximately=(6 mm/1 mm)=6), and constructing an adjustable mount to allow optimal centering of the fiber relative to the APD's sensitive area. >
Metrics for effectiveness of e-learning objects in software engineering education

In this paper we present the rationale and beginning of work on improving e-learning objects through the use of analytics modeled after Google Analytics. Prior work on the use of metrics in e-learning has focused on user satisfaction, and the ranking and selection of learning objects from a set of available choices. This work differs in its focus on the kinds of metrics needed to improve an existing object, or even more specifically to make improvements to specific pages within an object. This work is based on the now well established track record of using Google Analytics for Web site optimization in e-commerce. We discuss adaptations needed to apply similar metrics in the context of e-learning and more specifically e-learning objects.
Cleavage of epidermal growth factor receptor by caspase during apoptosis is independent of its internalization

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a critical role in cell proliferation, differentiation, and transformation. EGFR downregulation attenuates its signaling intensity and duration to maintain cellular homeostasis. Here, we report that during apoptosis EGFR is cleaved by activated caspase-3 or related proteases at its C-terminus domain. EGFR downregulation by activation of caspases is neither stimulus- nor cell type-specific. EGFR internalization during apoptosis required dynamin and cholesterol since dominant-negative dynamin (K44A) or cholesterol depletion by methyl-β-cyclodextrin prevented EGFR internalization. However, EGFR downregulation did not require its internalization. The EGFR cleavage fragment was detected in the membrane blebs in addition to the cell pellets. Mutations at the consensus sequence (DXXD) at the C-terminus domain revealed that DVVD1012 and to a lesser extent DNPD1172 may be target sites for active recombinant caspase-3 in vitro and activated caspase-3 or related proteases in vivo. We have detected the N-terminus and C-terminus fragments in vitro and in vivo. A cleavage-deficient EGFR mutant delayed apoptosis process. We conclude that the evolutionarily conserved C-terminus domain of EGFR is the target of caspases and subjected to degradation during apoptosis to shut down its signaling.
Sediment entrainment and suspension in a turbulent tidal flow

Abstract Direct measurements of Reynolds stress and turbulent kinetic energy have been made in a natural, tidal, boundary layer. The results show that for the same mean flow both these quantities increase by at least a factor of two when the longitudinal pressure gradient changes from favorable to adverse. Since bottom stress and turbulent intensity are directly related to sediment movement, decelerating tidal phases would be expected to transport more sediment than accelerating phases. A qualitative description is proposed that relates sediment movement, intermittent high bottom stress and the degree of turbulence through the unifying mechanism of the burst—sweep cycle.
LATERAL DIFFUSION OF AN ADSORBATE AT CHROMATOGRAPHIC OCTADECYLSILOXANE/WATER INTERFACES OF VARYING HYDROCARBON DENSITY

The lateral diffusion of acridine orange was investigated at the interface of water and octadecylsiloxane (C18) monolayers of varying hydrocarbon density. The surfaces examined ranged from 24% to 1...
A framework for estimating the consequences of alternative carrying capacity levels in Yosemite Valley

Abstract In the total process of developing a master plan for Yosemite National Park, the determination of appropriate visitor uses and use levels within Yosemite Valley is of great significance. The valley is a relatively self-contained component of the park, it has unique, nationally significant resources, and is the primary destination for a large number of park visitors. Changes in use types or levels in the valley could significantly affect the basic values of the area by either improving or impairing their preservation. The ability to assess the relative consequences of such changes is a critical decisionmaking tool in management planning. A scheme for making these assessments is presented in this paper. Evaluation of park history, legislation, and management policies identified scenery and natural biotic communities as the primary resource values in Yosemite Valley. The lands within the valley were classified and mapped according to three “quality” levels of each resource value producing a summary of area within each of nine scenic/ biotic resource catagories. Existing use patterns were evaluated relative to criteria for “acceptable uses” within each scenic/biotic type. Areas violating these criteria were subtracted from the “existing conditions” data to produce a corrected set of “baseline” data. All proposed alternatives for use allocation can be assessed against these baseline data to determine if conditions for the preservation of scenic and biotic resource of the Valley would be improved or impaired by the new use pattern. Possible uses of the assessment approach in other parks are discussed.
Extended flexible sigmoidoscopy performed by colonoscopists for colorectal cancer screening: a pilot study.

Summary Background Caecal intubation can be achieved by extended flexible sigmoidoscopy in 32% of patients. Aim To assess the feasibility of extended flexible sigmoidoscopy performed by colonoscopists for colorectal cancer screening. Methods We enrolled 41 patients referred for screening flexible sigmoidoscopy. After purging, examination was performed with a colonoscope. All patients completed sigmoidoscopy (success in meeting referral goal); 93% and 71% had examination to the transverse or ascending colon, and caecum, respectively. Overall yield and right-sided polyps was 56% and 27%, respectively. Caecal intubation and complete examination with polypectomy took 6.0 ± 2.5 and 18.3 ± 5.1 min, respectively; with no complications. Twelve patients requested colonoscope withdrawal because of discomfort. Although 46% reported moderate to severe discomfort, 39% and 36%, respectively, were definitely or probably willing to repeat flexible sigmoidoscopy. Results Unsedated colonoscopy introduced as extended flexible sigmoidoscopy emphasizes the benefits of added yield rather than the negative image of withholding of discomfort relief. The patient can choose to accept the equivalent of an unsedated colonoscopy or reject the option based on perceived discomfort during extended flexible sigmoidoscopy performed by the colonoscopist. Conclusion Extended flexible sigmoidoscopy is a feasible option in carefully selected patients, fully prepared and by an experienced colonoscopist.
Overexpression of a homeodomain protein confers axis-forming activity to uncommitted xenopus embryonic cells

The anteroposterior character of mesoderm induced by a peptide growth factor (XTC-MIF) was tested by transplantation into host Xenopus gastrulae. Both retinoic acid and a homeodomain protein were able to override the anteriorizing effect of the growth factor. Microinjection of a posteriorly expressed homeobox mRNA can respecify anteroposterior identity, transforming head mesoderm into tail-inducing mesoderm. Unexpectedly, overexpression of XIHbox 6 protein in the transplanted cells, without addition of growth factors, caused the formation of tail-like structures. The cells overexpressing XIHbox 6 were able to recruit cells from the host into the secondary axis. The results suggest that vertebrate homeodomain proteins are part of the biochemical pathway leading to the generation of the body axis.
Development of a prediction model for residual disease in newly diagnosed advanced ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objectives To construct a tool, using computed tomography (CT) imaging and preoperative clinical variables, to estimate successful primary cytoreduction for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Methods Women who underwent primary cytoreductive surgery for stage IIIC/IV EOC at Mayo Clinic between 1/2/2003 and 12/30/2011 and had preoperative CT images of the abdomen and pelvis within 90days prior to their surgery available for review were included. CT images were reviewed for large-volume ascites, diffuse peritoneal thickening (DPT), omental cake, lymphadenopathy (LP), and spleen or liver involvement. Preoperative factors included age, body mass index (BMI), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, albumin, CA-125, and thrombocytosis. Two prediction models were developed to estimate the probability of (i) complete and (ii) suboptimal cytoreduction (residual disease (RD) >1cm) using multivariable logistic analysis with backward and stepwise variable selection methods. Internal validation was assessed using bootstrap resampling to derive an optimism-corrected estimate of the c-index. Results 279 patients met inclusion criteria: 143 had complete cytoreduction, 26 had suboptimal cytoreduction (RD>1cm), and 110 had measurable RD ≤1cm. On multivariable analysis, age, absence of ascites, omental cake, and DPT on CT imaging independently predicted complete cytoreduction (c-index=0.748). Conversely, predictors of suboptimal cytoreduction were ECOG PS, DPT, and LP on preoperative CT imaging (c-index=0.685). Conclusions The generated models serve as preoperative evaluation tools that may improve counseling and selection for primary surgery, but need to be externally validated.
Measuring the components of parents' potential for child abuse and neglect

Abstract The purpose of the study was to develop a battery of tests with which to identify parents who have potential for abuse and/or neglect of children. The samples were composed of abusive men and women parents or parent figures matched with controls. The variables, parents' background, personality, child rearing attitudes, social networks and parent-child interactions, were tested by interview questionnaire, videotaped behavioral observation, and physiologic response. Both bivariate and multivariate data analysis were utilized including zero order correlations, factor analysis, path analysis, and discriminant analysis. The tests sharpley differentiated between groups on background, empathy, antecedents to early attachment, ways of handling irritating child behaviors, child rearing attitudes, parent-child communication, reference persons, and physiologic response. Abusive parents maintained higher heart rates, had less heart rate variability, higher electrodermal magnitude response and lower recovery times.
The role of DNA-mediated transfer of TFIIIA in the concerted gyration and differential activation of the Xenopus 5S RNA genes

The transcription factor of the 5S RNA gene, TFIIIA, induces gyration of oocyte- and somatic-type 5S DNA plasmids in Xenopus oocyte extracts, but oocyte 5S gyration requires a 5-fold higher TFIIIA concentration than somatic 5S gyration. Concomitant with the differential gyration at intermediate TFIIIA concentrations, the oocyte genes are repressed and the somatic genes become activated, a situation that mimics the one seen in Xenopus somatic cells. Data obtained with plasmids immobilized in agarose indicate that TFIIIA finds its site via a DNA-mediated transfer mechanism, and that all-or-none gyration is a consequence of TFIIIA transfer between 5S DNA sites. Based on these results, we present a model that explains the differential all-or-none activation of the 5S RNA genes.
Driver's Use Of Indirect Visibility Systems

The determination of the recognition of visual targets in a driver's forward field of view which is primarily foveal vision is rather straight forward. The driver sights an object, recognizes it as an obstacle to be avoided, a passive object, or something which provides information. A number of studies have determined the scan patterns of drivers, how he sights objects during the day and night and how effectively he can use the visual input to help him avoid obstacles and remain in his lane. SAE Recommended Practices and Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards are considered when determining the area of forward visibility to be kept unobstructed in order for the driver to view important forward targets.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Balanced and 1-balanced graph constructions

There are several density functions for graphs which have found use in various applications. In this paper, we examine two of them, the first being given by b(G)=|E(G)|/|V(G)|, and the other being given by g(G)=|E(G)|/(|V(G)|-@w(G)), where @w(G) denotes the number of components of G. Graphs for which b(H)@?b(G) for all subgraphs H of G are called balanced graphs, and graphs for which g(H)@?g(G) for all subgraphs H of G are called 1-balanced graphs (also sometimes called strongly balanced or uniformly dense in the literature). Although the functions b and g are very similar, they distinguish classes of graphs sufficiently differently that b(G) is useful in studying random graphs, g(G) has been useful in designing networks with reduced vulnerability to attack and in studying the World Wide Web, and a similar function is useful in the study of rigidity. First we give a new characterization of balanced graphs. Then we introduce a graph construction which generalizes the Cartesian product of graphs to produce what we call a generalized Cartesian product. We show that generalized Cartesian product derived from a tree and 1-balanced graphs are 1-balanced, and we use this to prove that the generalized Cartesian products derived from 1-balanced graphs are 1-balanced.
Composition and morphology of SiGe alloys grown on Si(1 0 0) using an Sb surfactant

Abstract The effect of using a surfactant during SiGe alloy growth was investigated. Previous studies of surfactant-assisted growth have focused on the properties of pure Ge films grown on Si or on pure Si grown after Ge. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we have studied the Ge compositional profile and morphology of SiGe alloys grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on Si (1 0 0) with an Sb surfactant. Using XPS, we have found that Ge segregation occurs at the start of alloy growth in the presence of up to 1 monolayer (ML) of Sb surface coverage but that the amount of Ge segregation is less than without Sb. We did find, however, that 0.75 ML of Sb after alloy growth can completely suppresses Ge segregation into a subsequent Si capping layer. Using XRD and TEM, we have found that SiGe films grown with 0.8 ML of Sb did not relax appreciably but did produce a non-planar surface morphology having an abrupt chemical interface between the alloy layer and the capping layer. We also found that the use of 0.8 ML of Sb resulted in compositional fluctuations within the alloy. We propose that the use of the Sb surfactant resulted in a separation of Si and Ge during the growth of the alloy layer producing the observed Ge segregation, surface morphology and compositional fluctuations.
Nutrition: D-iabetes and D-eath D-efying vitamin D

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity and vitamin D deficiency are pandemic. Two new studies confirm the diabetes–vitamin D connection by demonstrating a >1.4-fold increase in risk of the metabolic syndrome in vitamin-D-deficient Australians and a 62% reduction in progression of prediabetes to T2DM with vitamin D sufficiency.
Perennial allergic rhinitis: Clinical efficacy of a new antihistamine

Nasal itching, sneezing, and rhinorrhea are troublesome symptoms in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Most first-generation H 1 -receptor agonists achieve a 50% reduction in these symptoms, but their benefits are frequently offset by annoying anticholinergic and sedative side effects. Cetirizine is a major metabolite of hydroxyzine that has little anticholinergic activity and causes significantly less sedation. In addition, it can be given once a day. In placebo-controlled comparisons with terfenadine, both active drugs were comparably effective and significantly better than placebo in relieving sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal itching. In a multicenter, double-blind comparison with placebo, both cetirizine, 10 and 20 mg given once daily, were similarly effective and superior to placebo in reducing the overall symptoms of rhinitis. In another multicenter, double-blind study, cetirizine was comparable with diphenhydramine and significantly superior to placebo in reducing total symptom severity, sneezing, rhinorrhea, and ocular itching. The safety of cetirizine was demonstrated in all studies. Cetirizine tended to be less sedating than diphenhydramine.
Childhood abuse and stress generation: The mediational effect of depressogenic cognitive styles

According to the stress generation hypothesis (Hammen, 1991), depressed and depression-prone individuals experience higher rates of negative life events influenced by their own behaviors and characteristics (i.e., dependent events), which in part may account for the often recurrent nature of depression. Relatively little is known about the interrelation between stress generation predictors, and distal risk factors for this phenomenon. This study examined whether childhood emotional, sexual, and physical abuse, each uniquely predicted negative dependent events in individuals with a history of depression. The role of negative inferential styles as a potential mediator was also assessed. A sample of 66 adults with a history of depression completed self-report measures of childhood abuse history and negative inferential styles at baseline. The “contextual threat” method was used to assess the occurrence of negative life events over a 4-month prospective follow-up period. Childhood emotional abuse, but not sexual or physical abuse, prospectively predicted greater stress generation. Negative inferential styles mediated this relation. These findings suggest that targeting negative cognitive styles in clinical settings, especially in patients with a history of childhood emotional abuse, may be important for reducing the occurrence of negative life events, thereby possibly decreasing risk for depression recurrence.
Erythrosin B Phosphorescence Monitors Molecular Mobility and Dynamic Site Heterogeneity in Amorphous Sucrose

Molecular mobility modulates the chemical and physical stability of amorphous biomaterials. This study used steady-state and time-resolved phosphorescence of erythrosin B to monitor mobility in thin films of amorphous solid sucrose as a function of temperature. The phosphorescence intensity (lifetime), emission energy, and red-edge excitation effect were all sensitive to localized molecular mobility on the microsecond timescale in the glass and to more global modes of mobility activated at the glass transition. Blue shifts in the emission spectrum with time after excitation and systematic variations in the phosphorescence lifetime with wavelength indicated that emission originates from multiple sites ranging from short lifetime species with red-shifted emission spectrum to long lifetime species with blue-shifted emission spectrum; the activation energy for nonradiative decay of the triplet state was considerably larger for the blue-emitting species in both the glass and the melt. This study illustrates that phosphorescence from erythrosin B is sensitive both to local dipolar relaxations in the glass as well as more global relaxations in the sucrose melt and provides evidence of the value of phosphorescence as a probe of dynamic site heterogeneity as well as overall molecular mobility in amorphous biomaterials.
Microspectrophotometer Cells of Fused Construction

Microspectrophotometer cells find application in a wide variety of chemical studies. In many they are required by virtue of the limited amount of material available for spectral examination. However, they may also be viewed as a convenience; an extremely small sample may be expendable.
Defining the Disulfide Bonds of Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Protein-5 by Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Electron Transfer Dissociation and Collision-induced Dissociation

The six high-affinity insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) comprise a conserved family of secreted molecules that modulate IGF actions by regulating their half-life and access to signaling receptors, and also exert biological effects that are independent of IGF binding. IGFBPs are composed of cysteine-rich amino- (N-) and carboxyl- (C-) terminal domains, along with a cysteine-poor central linker segment. IGFBP-5 is the most conserved IGFBP, and contains 18 cysteines, but only 2 of 9 putative disulfide bonds have been mapped to date. Using a mass spectrometry (MS)-based strategy combining sequential electron transfer dissociation (ETD) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) steps, in which ETD fragmentation preferentially induces cleavage of disulfide bonds, and CID provides exact disulfide linkage assignments between liberated peptides, we now have definitively mapped 5 disulfide bonds in IGFBP-5. In addition, in conjunction with ab initio molecular modeling we are able to assign the other 4 disulfide linkages to within a GCGCCXXC motif that is conserved in five IGFBPs. Because of the nature of ETD fragmentation MS experiments were performed without chemical reduction of IGFBP-5. Our results not only establish a disulfide bond map of IGFBP-5 but also define a general approach that takes advantage of the specificity of ETD and the scalability of tandem MS, and the predictive power of ab initio molecular modeling to characterize unknown disulfide linkages in proteins.
Goethite in Radular Teeth of Recent Marine Gastropods

The x-ray diffraction patterns of the denticle material from several species show that the material consists of the mineral goethite. This is the first indication that goethite is precipitated by marine invertebrates. The mineralogy of the denticle caps has biologic and geologic implications.
Dysplastic nevi as a melanoma risk factor in patients with familial melanoma

Background. Familial melanoma has been associated with “clinically atypical moles” or “dysplastic nevi,” (DN) which are markers for increased melanoma risk. In addition, melanomas in these kindreds present at a younger age, and tend to be multiple. Methods. Melanoma incidence rates were determined for 710 members of 311 melanoma families, defined as kindreds in which melanoma had occurred in two or more blood relatives. Patients were classified either clinically or histologically as expressing DN. Melanomas that occurred before the first examination were recorded, and patients were followed prospectively for new melanomas. Results. In prospective follow-up, the age-adjusted melanoma incidence rate was 1710/100,000 patient-years in family members with DN. In contrast, the rate was zero (no melanomas occurred) in family members without DN. For family members with DN, but without a history of melanoma, the age-adjusted incidence rate of melanoma was 413/100,000 patient-years, whereas the rate was 2779/100,000 patient-years in family members with DN and a history of melanoma. Conclusions. Dysplastic nevi and a history of melanoma are strong risk factors for subsequent melanoma. Prognostic factors are greatly improved for patients with melanomas diagnosed in follow-up compared with the first two melanomas in each kindred. These findings warrant surveillance of individuals with DN who are members of familial melanoma kindreds.
Importance of totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection and postoperative pulmonary vein stenosis in outcomes of heterotaxy syndrome.

Historically, outcomes of patients with heterotaxy syndrome and congenital heart disease have been poor. Published series include patients treated over many decades or focus on specific patient/operative subgroups. This study was performed to evaluate midterm outcomes and determine anatomic risk factors for death in patients with all types of heterotaxy syndrome treated after 1985. We reviewed all infants with heterotaxy born between 1985 and 1997, presenting to one institution at or =5 years. Of 102 study patients (46 with asplenia phenotype, 56 with polysplenia phenotype), 48 (47%) died at a median age of 0.6 months, 12 without intervention. Survivors were followed for a median of 12.8 years (5-21.7 years). Independent predictors of mortality included obstructed totally anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) (OR, 7.8; 95% CI, 1.9-32.9; p = 0.005), mild or greater atrioventricular (AV) valve regurgitation at presentation (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.0-12.1; p = 0.03), and common AV canal (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.1-8.5; p = 0.03). Sixteen patients developed pulmonary vein stenosis at a median age of 2 months, with 5 (31%) alive at follow-up. In patients with TAPVC, the mean indexed sum of pulmonary vein diameters was lower among patients who died than in survivors (42.3 +/- 8.3 vs 49.5 +/- 10.1 mm/m2; p = 0.02). Mortality remains high among patients with heterotaxy treated in the modern surgical era, particularly those with obstructed TAPVC. Pulmonary vein stenosis is common after repair of TAPVC in patients with heterotaxy, may be diagnosed beyond infancy, and is associated with poor outcomes.
Oscillatory Excitation of Unsteady Compressible Flows over Airfoils at Flight Reynolds Numbers

An experimental investigation, aimed at delaying flow separation due to the occurrence of a shock-wave-boundary-layer interaction, is reported. The experiment was performed using a NACA 0012 airfoil and a NACA 0015 airfoil at high Reynolds number incompressible and compressible flow conditions. The effects of Mach and Reynolds numbers were identified, using the capabilities of the cryogenic-pressurized facility to maintain one parameter fixed and change the other. Significant Reynolds number effects were identified in the baseline compressible flow conditions even at Reynolds number of 10 and 20 million. The main objectives of the experiment were to study the effects of periodic excitation on airfoil drag-divergence and to alleviate the severe unsteadiness associated with shock-induced separation (known as "buffeting"). Zero-mass-flux oscillatory blowing was introduced through a downstream directed slot located at 10% chord on the upper surface of the NACA 0015 airfoil. The effective frequencies generated 2-4 vortices over the separated region, regardless of the Mach number. Even though the excitation was introduced upstream of the shock-wave, due to experimental limitations, it had pronounced effects downstream of it. Wake deficit (associated with drag) and unsteadiness (associated with buffeting) were significantly reduced. The spectral content of the wake pressure fluctuations indicates of steadier flow throughout the frequency range when excitation was applied. This is especially important at low frequencies which are more likely to interact with the airframe.
Simulation of Mechanically Assembled Monolayers and Polymers in Good Solvent Using Discontinuous Molecular Dynamics

We present the results of discontinuous molecular dynamics simulations of mechanically assembled monolayers in good solvent. Polymers of chain lengths 5−100 were end-grafted to surfaces at low density and then compressed laterally at varying rates. Data for brush thickness and end-monomer density were collected as a function of surface density; they were shown to correspond well with theoretical predictions and simulation results performed at constant surface density. Brush thickness for all chain lengths could be controlled by judicious choice of the compression rate. Defects in the brush layer were dependent on chain length; it was shown that quick compression for relatively short chains allowed the layer no time to relax into coil form. Quick compression on long chain systems led to entanglement in the brush layer since the longer-chained system was not being afforded the long relaxation time required to form a fully relaxed brush. Hysteresis effects were examined by allowing the brush to relax to a lo...
Synthetic Inhibitors of Elastase

For more than two decades investigators around the world, in both academic and industrial institutions, have been developing inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase. A number of very elegant and insightful strategies have been reported. In the case of reversible peptidic inhibitors, this has resulted in the identification of some extremely potent compounds with dissociation constants in the 10(-11) M range. This is quite an accomplishment considering that these low molecular-weight inhibitors are only tri- and tetrapeptides. In the case of the heterocyclic-based inhibitors, the challenge of balancing the heterocycle's inherent reactivity and aqueous stability with the stability of the enzyme-inhibitor adduct has been meet by either using a latent, reactive functionality which is only activated within the enzyme, or by incorporating features which selectively obstruct deacylation but have little effect on the enzyme acylation step. The underlying goal of this research has been the identification of agents to treat diseases associated with HNE. Several animal models have been developed for evaluating the in vivo activity of elastase inhibitors, and compounds have been shown to be effective in all of these models by the intravenous, intratrachael or oral routes of administration. However, only a very small percentage of compounds have possessed all the necessary properties, including lack of toxicity, for progression into the clinic. The peptidyl TFMK ICI 200,880 (25-12) has many of the desired characteristics of a drug to treat the diseases associated with HNE: chemical stability, in vitro and in vivo activity, a long duration of action, and adequate metabolic stability. Currently ICI 200,880 is the only low molecular-weight HNE inhibitor known to be undergoing clinical trials, and may be the compound which finally demonstrates the clinical utility of a synthetic HNE inhibitor.
Electromigration in advanced Bond Pad structures

VIATOP (VT), Aluminum Via connecting the bond pad and the Top Copper level, is the critical component for Bond Pad (BP) Electromigration (EM) in advanced technology nodes, where a smaller VT or its array is employed for maximum chip-scaling. In this study, we evaluated BP EM using various dimensions of VT, investigated the scaling effect, and proposed a BP EM model for current crowding & reservoir effect in the VT.
Terrorism and changes in political party systems

The subject to which this essay is devoted concerns the relationship between conventional party politics and the formation of terrorist groups. Using several collections of aggregate data, this study examines the effect of changes in party politics from the 1960s to the 1970s on the appearances of terrorist groups in many nations. Changes in the number of parties in the system, fluctuations in their electoral performances and in their parliamentary representation from one decade to the other are linked to the number of terrorist groups active in different nations. A principal finding is that nations with many leftist parties have also tended to have many terrorist groups, irrespective of the latter's ideology or political outlook. The study maintains that understanding the dynamics of political party change in different nations provides insight into the origins of terrorist activity.
The Dualism of Paul Elmer More

Paul Elmer More's philosophy was self-styled ‘dualism’, and because developed initially from a student's enthusiasm instigated by a book on Manicheism, has often been misinterpreted. In this paper, on the basis of More's long development, I shall try to survey the nuances of his ‘dualism’ or ‘dualisms’, the various aspects of ‘dualism’ which he developed largely through case studies of thinkers of the past. In a significant way, to parody William James, the Shelburne Essays might well be called ‘The Varieties of Dualistic Experience’, and of course for More ‘dualistic’ was virtually a synonym for ‘religious’. Out of these studies issued a Christian Platonism, or more precisely, a philosophy of the Incarnation, particularly in Christ the Word. The subsequent volume in a series called ‘The Greek Tradition: From the Death of Socrates to the Council of Chalcedon’ is The Catholic Faith. Although More called his dualism ‘absolute’, and it is sometimes presented as ‘absolute dualism’, the ‘sacramental idea’ at the heart of Christianity is said to rest ‘ultimately upon a dualistic conception of the world, in accordance with which matter and spirit are essentially distinct yet mutually interdependent. It implies on the one side that matter can be indefinitely adapted to spiritual uses, and on the other side that spirit requires now, and, so far as our knowledge and imagination reach, will always require the aid of some sort of corporeal instruments. It points to a divine purpose unfolding itself in a continuous process wherein the stuff of existence is…transmuted into an ever finer medium of order and beauty and righteousness and joy.
How Do We Get from Cell and Animal Data to Risks for Humans from Space Radiations

After four decades of human exploration in space, many scientists consider the medical consequences from radiation exposures to be the major biological risk associated with long-term missions. This conclusion is based upon results from a research program that has evolved over the past thirty years. Despite the diversity in both opinions and approaches that necessarily arise in research endeavors such as this, a commonality has emerged from our community. We need epidemiological data for humans, animal data in areas where no human data exist, and data on mechanisms to get from animal to humans. We need a programmatic infrastructure that addresses specific goals as well as basic research. These concepts might be deemed overly simplistic and even tautologous were it not for the fact that they are frequently underutilized and even ignored. This article examines the goals, premises, and infrastructures proposed by expert panels and agencies to address radiation risks in space. It is proposed that the required level of effort and the resources available demand a unified, focused international effort that is, at the same time, subjected to rigorous peer review if it is to be successful. There is a plan; let us implement it.
Non-isolated Half Bridge Buck Based Converter for VRM Application

High efficiency and fast transient response are very critical to voltage regulator module (VRM) and they are contradicted to each other. Continuous output voltage drop with increased current and power densities force small duty cycle operation, resulting in lower efficiency and worse transient response. This paper presents a new, transformer based, nonisolated, buck derived, half bridge converter for VRM application. The transformer in the presented topology helps in decreasing the top switch current as well as the bottom switch voltage stresses, it also extends the duty cycle to a favorable range enhancing the efficiency and transient response by optimizing MOSFET selections. The proposed converter is designed, analyzed and the experimental results are presented.
Molecular cloning of the chicken growth hormone receptor complementary deoxyribonucleic acid: mutation of the gene in sex-linked dwarf chickens.

A novel complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding the chicken GH receptor was isolated from a chicken liver cDNA library, using polymerase chain reaction with primers derived from highly conserved sequences of the mammalian GH receptor. The nucleotide sequence predicts a mature protein of 592 amino acids and a 16 amino acid signal peptide that are partially homologous to the sequence reported for the rabbit (53%), rat (58%), and human (50%) GH receptors. Despite this low level of homology, a number of structural features of the GH receptor are conserved, including 7 cysteine residues in the extracellular domain and 5 in the intracellular region. Three transcripts of approximately 4.7,4.0, and 1.0 kilobases are present on Northern blots of total RNA prepared from the livers of 35-week-old male chickens. Expression of the GH receptor was also detected in a wide range of tissues. The chicken GH receptor cDNA was then used as a probe in Southern and Northern blot analyses of DNA and RNA prepared from livers of sex-li...
What Shall We Do with Psychological Processes

The idea that learning disabilities are the result of deficiencies in one or more of the basic psychological processes required for learning is a core concept that needs to be maintained. However, problems in the application of traditional process-oriented approaches to diagnosis and treatment of learning disabilities suggest a need to alter the manner in which these basic processes are conceptualized and measured. Evidence from research in cognitive development indicates the need to change from child-centered process assessment to measurement of processes required for the performance of specific academic tasks in specific settings. This report suggests that such a change not only will encourage the search for the processing deficiencies underlying different kinds of learning disabilities but also will make the assessment of processes more relevant to education.
An Agent-Based Framework for Matching Buyers and Sellers

This paper explores issues of electronic commerce as a key enabler to promote trade between buyers and sellers. The broker is processed to match buyers and sellers, which is significant in prompting the transactions between the two sides. This paper proposes an agent-based framework for matching buyers and sellers and uses the multi-objective optimization model to match sellers and buyers. The framework is processed in three layers: the interface layer, the matching layer and the database layer. The interface layer consists of buyer agents, seller agents and a broker agent. The matching layer is mainly to find the appropriate sellers to buyers. Based on the framework, a prototype system has been designed to illustrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Could dopamine agonists aid in drug development for anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is a severe psychiatric disorder most commonly starting during the teenage-years and associated with food refusal and low body weight. Typically there is a loss of menses, intense fear of gaining weight, and an often delusional quality of altered body perception. Anorexia nervosa is also associated with a pattern of high cognitive rigidity, which may contribute to treatment resistance and relapse. The complex interplay of state and trait biological, psychological, and social factors has complicated identifying neurobiological mechanisms that contribute to the illness. The dopamine D1 and D2 neurotransmitter receptors are involved in motivational aspects of food approach, fear extinction, and cognitive flexibility. They could therefore be important targets to improve core and associated behaviors in anorexia nervosa. Treatment with dopamine antagonists has shown little benefit, and it is possible that antagonists over time increase an already hypersensitive dopamine pathway activity in anorexia nervosa. On the contrary, application of dopamine receptor agonists could reduce circuit responsiveness, facilitate fear extinction, and improve cognitive flexibility in anorexia nervosa, as they may be particularly effective during underweight and low gonadal hormone states. This article provides evidence that the dopamine receptor system could be a key factor in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa and dopamine agonists could be helpful in reducing core symptoms of the disorder. This review is a theoretical approach that primarily focuses on dopamine receptor function as this system has been mechanistically better described than other neurotransmitters that are altered in anorexia nervosa. However, those proposed dopamine mechanisms in anorexia nervosa also warrant further study with respect to their interaction with other neurotransmitter systems, such as serotonin pathways.
The structure of women's employment in comparative perspective

In this paper we analyze social survey data from 19 countries using multi-level modeling methods in an effort to synthesize structural and institutional accounts for variation in women's employment. Observed demographic characteristics show much consistency in their relationship to women's employment across countries, yet there is significant variation in the effect of demographic characteristics on women's employment across countries. Disentangling specific policy conditions from overall policy generosity leads us to discover important non-linearities in the effects of parental leave on the employment of women with young children, and that federally supported childcare is positively related to the probability of employment of married women and women with young children.