cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Biology, Molecular Phylogeny, and Molecular Diagnostic Approaches to the Microsporidia

The recognition of microsporidia as opportunistic pathogens in humans has led to increased interest in their molecular biology. Much of the recent work has focused on determination of the nucleotide sequences for rRNA genes. These sequences have been used in the development of diagnostic tools for species identification. In addition, such rRNA gene sequences have facilitated the development of a molecular phylogeny of these organisms. Given the increasing evidence of the importance of the microsporidia as both human and agricultural pathogens, recent work has focused on the identification of microsporidial genes that could serve as potential therapeutic targets. Prior to the advent of comparative analysis of molecular data, the classification of eukaryotes was based on morphological, ecological, and physiological characteristics. Speculation based on this information is problematic because the homology among such characters is often not discernible and characters that could be considered were thought to be either shared or derived depending on the underlying hypothesis used in construction of the phylogeny. A much different view of the phylogenetic placement of the Microspora has been suggested based on analysis of β-tubulin genes. The molecular data present an excellent means of identifying a species and provide an excellent data set for proposing evolutionary relatedness through phylogenetic analysis. Molecular techniques for the diagnosis of microsporidiosis appear to have high sensitivity and specificity. These methods have proven extremely useful both in the identification of animal models as well as in investigations of the epidemiology of microsporidia pathogenic to humans.
Methods for collecting and analyzing attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectra of proteins in solution

Publisher Summary Attenuated Total Reflectance FTIR (ATR-FTIR) is a method that has been applied for the study of protein conformation. This chapter demonstrates that ATR-FTIR spectra of proteins in solution can be collected and used successfully for secondary structural analysis. ATR has been used for monitoring adsorption of proteins or blood components to surfaces, and for the structural analysis of proteins dried onto an IRE (thin fihn). It has also been used for exploring the effects of solution conditions on the structure of proteins irreversibly adsorbed to an IRE, and has been shown to be useful for studying the secondary structure and ligand binding properties of membrane proteins. Structural analysis using both curve-fitting and multivariate statistical methods can be employed to ATR-FTIR spectra. However, because disordered and helix bands may not be well resolved, band assignments in curve-fitting analysis can be difficult. Partial least-squares analysis (PLS) analysis, on the other hand, can determine the secondary structure of proteins from H 2 O ATR-FTIR spectra with higher accuracy, because it is not necessary to assign bands using this method.
Mathematical Problems in Microwave Medical Imaging

The change in tissue structure due to cancer causes the index of refraction of the tissue to change. Hence the question is posed if it is possible to detect the presence of cancer by microwave imagining. In this paper we survey recent results we have obtained on the use of microwaves to detect leukemia in the bone marrow of the leg that suggest that this is possible. Our emphasis in this paper is on the mathematical problems that arise in this investigation.
Modulation of recombinant, α2*, α3* or α4*-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) function by nAChR β3 subunits

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) β3 subunit is thought to serve an accessory role in nAChR subtypes expressed in dopaminergic regions implicated in drug dependence and reward. When β3 subunits are expressed in excess, they have a dominant-negative effect on function of selected nAChR subtypes. In this study, we show, in Xenopus oocytes expressing α2, α3 or α4 plus either β2 or β4 subunits, that in the presumed presence of similar amounts of each nAChR subunit, co-expression with wild-type β3 subunits generally (except for α3*-nAChR) lowers amplitudes of agonist-evoked, inward peak currents by 20-50% without having dramatic effects (≤ 2-fold) on agonist potencies. By contrast, co-expression with mutant β3(V9'S) subunits generally (except for α4β2*-nAChR) increases agonist potencies, consistent with an expected gain-of-function effect. This most dramatically demonstrates formation of complexes containing three kinds of subunit. Moreover, for oocytes expressing nAChR containing any α subunit plus β4 and β3(V9'S) subunits, there is spontaneous channel opening sensitive to blockade by the open channel blocker, atropine. Collectively, the results indicate that β3 subunits integrate into all of the studied receptor assemblies and suggest that natural co-expression with β3 subunits can influence levels of expression and agonist sensitivities of several nAChR subtypes.
Measurement Error and Nonlinearity in the Earnings-Returns Relation

There is a long history of research which examines the relation between unexpected earnings and unexpected returns on common stock. Early literature used simple linear regression models to describe this relation. Recently, a number of authors have proposed nonlinear models. These authors find that the earnings-returns relation is approximately linear for small changes but is 'S'-shaped globally. However, unexpected earnings are generated by the sum of a measurement error and a true earnings innovation, so the apparent nonlinearity could be an artifact of nonlinearity in the measurement errors. Using a research design that minimizes the presence of measurement errors, we provide evidence consistent with the hypothesis that measurement errors contribute to the nonlinearities in the earnings-returns relation. While we are not suggesting that the earnings-returns relation is linear, our evidence suggests that there is no advantage to using a nonlinear model for large firms that are widely followed by analysts.
Potential Role of PYY in Skeletal Muscle Cells

PYY is characteristically considered an appetite hormone with identified roles in metabolism, inflammation, and proliferation. The expression of PYY and its receptors has been demonstrated in the skeletal muscle; however, the role of PYY in the skeletal muscle is unknown. Objective: To investigate the role of PYY on proliferating and differentiating/differentiated skeletal myoblasts and to determine the effect of PYY on inflammatory and metabolic signaling pathways. Methods: Expression of the PYY gene was determined in cultured murine C2C12 cells incubated in growth or differentiation media (GM and DM, respectively) using quantitative PCR. Additionally, changes in proteins of interest were determined from C2C12 cells that were cultured in DM for 96 h then switched to DM containing 0.1 mM palmitate for 72 h, followed by exposure to 500 pM murine PYY3-36 for 6 h prior to lysis. Results: PYY gene expression, which was identified in proliferating C2C12 cells, decreased in differentiating cells. Relative to my...
Judicial Takings: Musings on Stop the Beach

This brief paper is a primer on and critique of judicial takings after Stop the Beach.Judicial takings weren’t much talked about until a few years ago, when the Stop the Beach case made them suddenly salient. The case arose from a Florida statute, enacted in 1961, that authorizes public restoration of eroded beaches by adding sand to widen them seaward. Under the statute, the state has title to any new dry land resulting from restored beaches, meaning that waterfront owners whose land had previously extended to the mean high-tide line end up with public beaches between their land and the water. This, the owners claimed, resulted in a taking of their property, more particularly their rights under Florida common law to receive accretions to their frontage on the water, and to have their property remain in contact with the water. The state supreme court disagreed, concluding that the owners never had the rights they claimed. The owners then sought (and were granted) review by the Supreme Court, the question now being whether the state supreme court’s decision worked a judicial taking because it was contrary to Florida common law. They lost, all of the participating justices concurring in the view that the Florida court’s decision did not contravene any established property rights.
Putting Organizational Transformation and Workplace Dynamics in Global Context

We Are in This Dance Together is first and foremost a powerful workplace ethnography that captures the challenges confronting employees in a Mexican garment firm called Moctezuma. But readers who approach it from a world-system perspective are likely to be impressed by another dimension of the book, which is the effort its author makes to connect changes experienced on a local shopfloor with broader geographical shifts and organizational transformations occurring in the global apparel industry. While Plankey-Videla’s main achievement is to provide a richly textured account of working life at Moctezuma, she also provides a sense of the macro context in which her site is nested. At one level, We Are in This Dance Together belongs among the many excellent volumes that have explored the incorporation of women’s labor into the global assembly line, as industrial production has shifted from the global North to the global South. As the quintessential laborintensive, “starter” industry, garment manufacturing has figured prominently in studies of economic restructuring in developing countries. The first generation of such studies sought either to underscore the gendered dimension of the new international division of labor (Elson and ISSN: 1076-156X | Vol. # 21 No. 2 | http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2015.31 | jwsr.org
On the applicability of 2-D damped exponential models to synthetic aperture radar

This paper examines the modeling of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) phase histories with 2-D damped exponential models of low order. The use of a low order model is warranted when the radar returns are attributable to a small number of point scatterers. We show that the fit of the widely used damped exponential model is highly dependent on the image scene. Specifically, current high resolution methods have limited applicability due to mismatch between the assumed model and observed data.
CORPS-a pipelined fair packet scheduler for high speed switches

Input queues have become an attractive switch architecture, since it was shown that a throughput of up to 100% is achievable when a virtual output queue (VOQ) is used. Although schedulers for VOQ switches have been proposed, pipelined schedulers, whose processing requirements increase at most linearly with line speeds, have not yet matured. We introduce CORPS, a pipelined scheduler which allows fair scheduling among input lines of a crossbar high speed switch fabric. By means of a round-robin communication scheme, CORPS achieves scalability to a large number of ports. Moreover, CORPS achieves one scheduling decision per line per slot, by scheduling packets into future slots. The tradeoffs involved are packet delay and utilization.
So is There an Infrastructure Crisis or What

Even though the issue of infrastructure investment is on the political back burner right now, a steady stream of reports continues to appear on the topic. This article reviews three of the latest offerings: one by the U.S. Congress, the second by a national economic policy think tank, and the third by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The author contends that, although the three reports take different approaches to the study, all three of the worldviews presented are important to understanding the full complexity of the infrastructure investment question and need to be carried forward in an effort to achieve a consensus on a national infrastructure investment strategy.
Postmarketing surveillance of potentially fatal reactions to oncology drugs: potential utility of two signal-detection algorithms

Purpose Several data mining algorithms (DMAs) are being studied in hopes of enhancing screening of large post-marketing safety databases for signals of novel adverse events (AEs). The objective of this study was to apply two DMAs to the United States FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) database to see whether signals of potentially fatal AEs with cancer drugs might have been identified earlier than with traditional methods.
Construction and characterisation of a hybrid-hybrid monoclonal antibody recognising both carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and vinca alkaloids.

Recent developments of hybridoma technology have allowed us to prepare a bispecific monoclonal antibody recognising both the tumour-associated antigen carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and the cytostatic vinca alkaloids. The yields of the hybrid-hybrid 28.19.8 monclonal after affinity chromatography purification are close to 50% of the total Ig produced.
The 70th anniversary of the distribution of random matrices: A survey

Although distribution theory dates back over a century, the distributions derived were essentially univariate. The distribution of the sample covariance matrix was perhaps the beginning of a theory of distributions of random matrices. When the underlying distribution is multivariate normal, the distribution of the sample covariance matrix is the Wishart distribution. We here provide a review of the distribution of a variety of matrices as they arise from matrix factorizations.
The Stanford Hypnotic Clinic Scale and a group of obstetrical patients

Abstract Theories of hypnosis differ on the importance of subject motivation. Whereas previous studies have attempted to manipulate subject motivation in the laboratory, the present study attempted to utilize motivation inherent in the subjects' life circumstances. The Stanford Hypnotic Clinical Scale (SHCS) was administered to 64 pregnant women enrolled in a hypnosis program to control pain during childbirth. These scores were compared with their postpartum scores, and with SHCS scores from two groups of women in relatively unmotivating life circumstances studied by other authors. SHCS scores did not differ significantly between groups. This finding does not support the hypothesis that hypnotizability is greatly influenced by transient motivational states. However, methodological limitations of the present study are discussed, and rival interpretations are presented. In addition, data were collected to see if low-scoring subjects were more likely to drop out of hypnotic preparation for childbirth; no suc...
Probes for narcotic receptor mediated phenomena. 47.1 Novel C4a- and N-substituted-1,2,3,4,4a,9a-hexahydrobenzofuro[2,3-c]pyridin-6-ols

A series of N-methyl rac-cis-4a-aralkyl- and alkyl-substituted-1,2,3,4,4a,9a-hexahydrobenzofuro[2,3-c]pyridin-6-ols have been prepared (2a–l) using a simple previously designed synthetic route, in order to find a ligand that would interact with both μ- and δ-opioid receptors. A C4a-phenethyl derivative 2a, was found to have modest receptor affinity both at μ- (Ki = 60 nM) and δ-opioid receptors (Ki = 64 nM). The N-methyl substituent of 2a and that of other ligands in the series was then modified to obtain compounds with different N-substituents that might provide higher affinity at both receptors. A number of compounds differently substituted at C4a and N were synthesized and evaluated. Binding studies and functional assays revealed a moderately selective δ-antagonist (2l), selective μ–δ antagonists (3d, 3g), and a μ–κ antagonist (3f).
Bacteriophage Tubulins: Carrying Their Own Cytoskeleton Key

Cytoskeletal elements are well known to be widespread in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, providing important, diverse functions for cells large and small. Two new studies report that some bacteriophages encode their own tubulin homologs to facilitate phage reproduction within the host cell.
A Filterable Agent in Throat Washings of Patients with Infectious Mononucleosis

A viral etiology for infectious mononucleosis (IM) has been suspected for many years. There is recent evidence that the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is implicated in this disease [1-3]. As yet, no one has successfully transmitted EBV from patients with IM to cell cultures [2]. As a result, epidemiologic and clinical investigations have been limited mainly to serologic studies. This paper reports studies in which throat washings from IM patients converted an indicator lymphoid cell from negative to positive for EBV antigen.
Ordinary and extraordinary people: Children's understanding of television and real life models

Television presents a wide range of characters who potentially serve as powerful role models for the young viewer. Children's cognitive conceptions as well as their affective identifications are examined in a developmental study regarding real people and television characters, including the superhero.
The effect of non-equilibrium adsorption at the solid—vapor interface on the recedence of aqueous films and dewetting of solid surfaces

Abstract Phenomena involving the recedence of relatively thick films were investigated in the paraffin—water and Pyrex—dodecylammoniumacetate—water systems. Non-equilibrium adsorption was found to enhance the dewetting or recedence velocity of aqueous films from the surface of Pyrex glass. An explanation, based on the enhanced zipper-like adsorption at the solid—vapor interface as the liquid—vapor interface is destroyed, is presented to explain the existence of a maximum recedence velocity. These effects are absent in the paraffin—water system. This work reflects recedence behavior in practical non-quiescent systems.
Carbon‐13 variations in the dissolved inorganic carbon in estuarine waters

The stable carbon isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon [DIC] was measured in Tampa Bay and Florida Bay. The dependence of isotopic composition was evaluated in terms of atmospheric CO2 exchange, carbon exchange between fresh water and seawater (i.e. salinity) and DIC derived from the reaction between calcium carbonate and organically derived CO2. The extent of organic carbon oxidation and the magnitude of organic carbon loading [pollution] in an estuary have implications for variations in the δ13C of DIC and its use as an indicator of the relative amounts of land and marine derived organic and inorganic carbon in paleogeographic studies.
Alphabet soup: assessment of dyspnea.

VAS, UCSD SOB, SGRQ, CRDQ, TDI/BDI and now SAC BDI/TDI! What is one to make of this alphabet soup of these acronyms for the multiple different tools to measure shortness of breath? Are they importa...
Effect of intraocular lens size on posterior capsule opacification after phacoemulsification

Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) is one of the most common complications of phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. This retrospective study evaluated the incidence of neodymium: YAG (Nd:YAG) laser capsulotomies for PCO in two groups of patients with different sizes of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), capsular bag-fixated IOLs. We evaluated 437 eyes that had phacoemulsification with continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis over a four-year period. Patients were placed in one of two groups, based on IOL size: large IOL (lens length 13.5 mm or greater) and small IOL (lens length less than 13.5 mm). In the large IOL group, 106 of 280 patients (38%) required YAG laser posterior capsulotomy; in the small IOL group, 25 of 157 patients (16%) did. This difference was statistically significant even though the average follow-up was 84.1 weeks in the large IOL group and 54.1 weeks in the small IOL group.
Giant floating aortic thrombus: a rare finding on transesophageal echocardiography.

Transesophageal echocardiography is highly sensitive for diagnosing aortic injury. We report the case of a woman presenting after a motor vehicle accident in whom large aortic thrombi were identified at the aortic isthmus by transesophageal echocardiography. Aortic injury is a known cause of morbidity and mortality following chest trauma. Aortic thrombosus is a rare and life-threatening consequence of aortic trauma. In conlcusion, transesophageal echocardiography should be considered in patients who have sustained blunt aortic trauma.
TGFβ1 Modulates the Phenotype of Schwann Cells at the Transcriptional Level

We have examined the effects of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) on gene expression in cultured rat Schwann cells (SCs). TGFbeta1 decreased the steady-state mRNA levels of several genes that are expressed by myelinating SCs but had varied effects on the mRNA levels of NCAM, L1, GAP-43, and p75-genes that are expressed by denervated and nonmyelinating SCs. TGFbeta1 antagonized the effects of forskolin on the mRNA levels of the transcription factors Oct-6/tst-1/SCIP and Krox20. Transcriptional run-off analysis demonstrated that the effects of TGFbeta1 on gene expression occur at least in part at the level of transcription. Thus, TGFbeta1 suppresses the expression of genes that characterize the different phenotypes of SCs, and these changes occur at least in part at a transcriptional level.
Tissue distribution of radioactivity from ochratoxin A-14C in rats.

Examination of the distribution of radioactivity in rat tissues during the first 24 hr after administration of ochratoxin A-14C demonstrated maximum accumulation in stomach and kidney. The highest counts were observed in stomach, lung, kidney, thymus, spleen and heart during the first 6 hr after treatment, whereas the brain, liver muscle, duodenum, jejenum, ileum, and cecum exhibited the greatest counts at 18 hr after toxin exposure.
Owning up to our Agendas: On the Role and Limits of Science in Debates about Embryos and Brain Death

”Merely fact-minded sciences make merely factminded people.” “ …the positivistic concept of science in our time is, historically speaking, a residual concept. It has dropped all the questions which had been considered under the now narrower, now broader concepts of metaphysics….all these ‘metaphysical’ questions, taken broadly – commonly called specifically philosophical questions – surpass the world understood as the universe of mere facts. They surpass it precisely as being questions with the idea of reason in mind. And they all claim a higher dignity than questions of fact, which are subordinated to them even in the order of inquiry. Positivism, in a manner of speaking, decapitates philosophy.”Edmund Husserl In ethical literature associated with controversies at the beginning and end of human life, there is often a two-part structure: first, basic facts about the topic are presented in a more or less descriptive format, then there is the ethics or policy.
OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS, THE RATE OF INTEREST, AND THE PRICE LEVEL: AN ESSAY IN THE PURE THEORY OF INTEREST AND MONEY*

s of Doctoral Dissertations 509 Later, the rise in commodity prices, due to the increase in active money, lowers the real value of the cash portion of wealth. Since aggregate asset demand is derived from wealth, the demand for cash and/or securities must drop. If the demand for money does not fall by the full loss of real balances, we have a net movement out of securities into cash, and another upward tendency in the interest rate. This is the "wealth effect." At all stages of the dynamic process, the analysis is seriously concerned with the necessary dependence of asset demand on wealth. Some unexpected results for interest and price-level theory emerge through this much neglected relationship. The paper also demonstrates the necessity of forced saving as a consequence of an expansion of bank credit or investment. The main general points of emphasis are (1) the overwhelming importance of the quantity of money in any income theory; and (2) the direct impact of saving and investment on the rate of interest -even in a money market containing a substantial stock of old securities. Both of these propositions are overlooked or denied by Keynesians to the detriment of their income and interest theory. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.53 on Thu, 01 Sep 2016 04:33:09 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Psychological reactions to redress: diversity among Japanese Americans interned during World War II.

The psychological reactions of 2nd-generation (Nisei) Japanese Americans to receiving redress from the U.S. government for the injustices of their World War II internment were investigated. The respondents, all of whom had been interned during the war, rated the degree to which the receipt of redress nearly 50 years after their incarceration was associated with 8 different areas of personal impact. Results indicated that redress was reported to be most effective in increasing faith in the government and least effective in reducing physical suffering from the internment. Women and older respondents reported more positive redress effects. In addition, lower levels of current income, an attitudinal preference for Japanese Americans, and preredress support for seeking monetary compensation each increased the prediction of positive redress effects. Findings are discussed in relation to theories of social and retributive justice.
General trends in trace element utilization revealed by comparative genomic analyses of Co, Cu, Mo, Ni and Se

Trace elements are used by all organisms and provide proteins with unique coordination and catalytic and electron transfer properties. Although many trace element-containing proteins are well characterized, little is known about the general trends in trace element utilization. We carried out comparative genomic analyses of copper, molybdenum, nickel, cobalt (in the form of vitamin B12), and selenium (in the form of selenocysteine) in 747 sequenced organisms at the following levels: (i) transporters and transport-related proteins, (ii) cofactor biosynthesis traits, and (iii) trace element-dependent proteins. Few organisms were found to utilize all five trace elements, whereas many symbionts, parasites, and yeasts used only one or none of these elements. Investigation of metalloproteomes and selenoproteomes revealed examples of increased utilization of proteins that use copper in land plants, cobalt in Dehalococcoides and Dictyostelium, and selenium in fish and algae, whereas nematodes were found to have great diversity of copper transporters. These analyses also characterized trace element metabolism in common model organisms and suggested new model organisms for experimental studies of individual trace elements. Mismatches in the occurrence of user proteins and corresponding transport systems revealed deficiencies in our understanding of trace element biology. Biological interactions among some trace elements were observed; however, such links were limited, and trace elements generally had unique utilization patterns. Finally, environmental factors, such as oxygen requirement and habitat, correlated with the utilization of certain trace elements. These data provide insights into the general features of utilization and evolution of trace elements in the three domains of life.
Potentiated startle as a measure of the negative affective consequences of repeated exposure to nicotine in rats

Rationale Elevated acoustic startle amplitude has been used to measure anxiety-like effects of drug withdrawal in humans and animals. Withdrawal from a single opiate administration has been shown to produce robust elevations in startle amplitude (“withdrawal-potentiated startle”) that escalate in severity with repeated exposure. Although anxiety is a clinical symptom of nicotine dependence, it is currently unknown whether anxiety-like behavior is elicited during the early stages of nicotine dependence in rodents.
Regional distribution of lipids and phospholipase A2 activity in normal and cataractous rat lens

The objectives of this study were to investigate the cause of the great difference in the concentration of phospholipids between the cortex and nucleus of the ocular lens and to further investigate the mechanism of cataract induction by the sterol synthesis-inhibitor U18666A. The nucleus of the young rat lens was found to contain less than one-third the concentration (µg/mg lens region, dry wt) of total phospholipid present in the cortex. The sterol to phospholipid molar ratio in the nucleus was more than double that in the cortex. Phosphatidylcholine plus phosphatidyl-ethanolamine were the principal phospholipids in both the lens cortex and nucleus. The activity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), an enzyme important for turnover of cellular phospholipids, was measured in the total water-insoluble fraction from whole lenses and from isolated lens regions by the release of 1-14C-linoleic acid from the number two position of a synthetic phosphatidylcholine. The cortex was found to possess about 75% of the total PL...
Corticotropin-releasing Factor in the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus: Linking Stress Coping and Addiction

Addiction and stress are linked at multiple levels. Drug abuse is often initiated as a maladaptive mechanism for coping with stress. It is maintained in part by negative reinforcement to prevent the aversive consequences of stress associated with abstinence. Finally, stress is a major factor leading to relapse in subjects in which drug seeking behavior has extinguished. These associations imply overlapping or converging neural circuits and substrates that underlie the processes of addiction and the expression of the stress response. Here we discuss the major brain serotonin (5-HT) system, the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN)-5-HT system as a point of convergence that links these processes and how the stress-related neuropeptide, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) directs this by a bimodal regulation of DRN neuronal activity. The review begins by describing a structural basis for CRF regulation of the DRN-5-HT system. This is followed by a review of the effects of CRF and stress on DRN function based on electrophysiological and microdialysis studies. The concept that multiple CRF receptor subtypes in the DRN facilitate distinct coping behaviors is reviewed with recent evidence for a unique cellular mechanism by which stress history can determine the type of coping behavior. Finally, work on CRF regulation of the DRN-5-HT system is integrated with literature on the role of 5-HT-dopamine interactions in addiction.
Electric field induced in cells in the human body when this is exposed to low-frequency electric fields

A detailed analysis is carried out of the electric field induced in a cell when the body is exposed to an incident axial electric field at 50--60 Hz. It is shown that the field in a spherical cell is effectively shielded by the membrane so that the induced field in its interior is negligibly small. It is also shown that the induced electric field in a cylindrical cell (which is long compared to its radius) is the same as the axial field outside the cell. In this case, the cell membrane has no shielding effect.
End of Third-Year Objective Structured Clinical Examination: Boon or Bane?

Thus, by encouraging students to hasten the task of arriving at a psychiatric diagnosis in 10–15 minute long, contrived, integrative Objective Structured Clinical Examination exercises, the process of learning might itself be short-circuited. Groopman (20) has eloquently pointed out the “representativeness” and “availability” type errors based upon thinking that is overly influenced by what is typically true, and, upon the ease with which relevant examples come to mind, respectively. The resulting failure to consider possibilities that contradict existing mental templates may well be reinforced by representative standardized patients. The consequences of learning promoted by such mechanistic exercises are dubious enough for the acquisition of general medical skills but may be disastrous for the fostering of psychiatric problem-solving skills in the medical context.
Novel Approach in Pipe Condition Scoring

A major challenge in sewer and water pipe infrastructure management is determining structural condition scores for pipe assets. The methodology used to determine the condition of pipes should be relevant, repeatable, and validated. Additionally, to be appropriate for use in risk-analysis models, the scale selected to represent the structural condition should be linear. The methodology developed in this paper enables previously developed pipe statistical failure models to be translated into a mean time to failure (MTF) for individual pipes. By using the economic concept of discounting, the MTF is then used to score the structural condition of the pipe, providing an appropriate structural condition score for use in risk-based asset management models. This methodology for determining the structural condition score has several advantages over previously developed models: the results can be easily interpreted and validated, and the resulting scale is linear. Additionally, the system can be implemented for pipes with differing levels of available data, such as for pipes with and without inspection results.
Classroom Climate and Civic Education in Secondary Social Studies Research: Antecedents and Findings.

A broad range of researchers probing complex learning processes have mounted sustained investigations of teaching focused on descriptions of classroom climate. This review presents an overview of the theoretical grounding and instrumentation used in traditional studies of classroom climate; explores the development of social studies classroom climate research; critically examines how classroom climate has been defined and measured in research on the climate of secondary social studies classes; and provides suggestions to improve classroom climate constructs through an integration of social studies literature and the traditional approaches to the study of classrooms. Suggestions for improving future research are presented.
Automatic subject heading assignment for online government publications using a semi-supervised machine learning approach

As the dramatic expansion of online publications continues, state libraries urgently need effective tools to organize and archive the huge number of government documents published online. Automatic text categorization techniques can be applied to classify documents approximately, given a sufficient number of labeled training examples. However, obtaining training labels is very expensive, requiring a lot of manual labor. We present a real world online government information preservation project (PEP1) in the State of Illinois, and a semi-supervised machine learning approach, an Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm-based text classifier, which is applied to automatically assign subject headings to documents harvested in the PEP project. The EM classifier makes use of easily obtained unlabeled documents and thus reduces the demand for labeled training examples. This paper describes both the context and the procedure of such an application. Experiment results are reported and other alternative approaches are also discussed.
Development and Initial Validation of the Multicultural Personality Inventory (MPI)

Two studies summarize the development and initial validation of the Multicultural Personality Inventory (MPI). In Study 1, the 115-item prototype MPI was administered to 415 university students where exploratory factor analysis resulted in a 70-item, 7-factor model. In Study 2, the 70-item MPI and theoretically related companion instruments were administered to a multisite sample of 576 university students. Confirmatory factory analysis found the 7-factor structure to be a relatively good fit to the data (Comparative Fit Index =.954; root mean square error of approximation =.057), and MPI factors predicted variance in criterion variables above and beyond the variance accounted for by broad personality traits (i.e., Big Five). Study limitations and directions for further validation research are specified.
Interactive editing of motion style using drives and correlations

Animation data, from motion capture or other sources, is becoming increasingly available and provides high quality motion, but is difficult to customize for the needs of a particular application. This is especially true when stylistic changes are needed, for example, to reflect a character's changing mood, differentiate one character from another or meet the precise desires of an animator. We introduce a system for editing animation data that is particularly well suited to making stylistic changes. Our approach transforms the joint angle representation of animation data into a set of pose parameters more suitable for editing. These motion drives include position data for the wrists, ankles and center of mass, as well as the rotation of the pelvis. We also extract correlations between drives and body movement, specifically between wrist position and the torso angles. The system solves for the pose at each frame based on the current values of these drives and correlations using an efficient set of inverse kinematics and balance algorithms. An animator can interactively edit the motion by performing linear operations on the motion drives or extracted correlations, or by layering additional correlations. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach with various examples of gesture and locomotion.
Stability analysis of BWR nuclear-coupled thermal-hydraulics using a simple model

Abstract A simple mathematical model is developed to describe the dynamics of the nuclear-coupled thermal-hydraulics in a boiling water reactor (BWR) core. The model, which incorporates the essential features of neutron kinetics and single-phase and two-phase thermal-hydraulics, leads to a simple dynamical system comprised of a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The stability boundary is determined and plotted in the inlet-subcooling-number (enthalpy)/external-reactivity operating parameter plane. The eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix of the dynamical system also are calculated at various steady-states (fixed points); the results are consistent with those of the direct stability analysis and indicate that a Hopf bifurcation occurs as the stability boundary in the operating parameter plane is crossed. Numerical simulations of the time-dependent, nonlinear ODEs are carried out for selected points in the operating parameter plane to obtain the actual damped and growing oscillations in the neutron number density, the channel inlet flow velocity, and the other phase variables. These indicate that the Hopf bifurcation is subcritical, hence, density wave oscillations with growing amplitude could result from a finite perturbation of the system even when it is being operated in the parameter region thought to be safe, i.e. where the steady-state is stable. Finally, the power-flow map, frequently used by reactor operators during start-up and shut-down operation of a BWR, is mapped to the inlet-subcooling-number/neutron-density (operating-parameter/phase-variable) plane, and then related to the stability boundaries for different fixed inlet velocities corresponding to selected points on the flow-control line. Also, the stability boundaries for different fixed inlet subcooling numbers corresponding to those selected points, are plotted in the neutron-density/inlet-velocity phase variable plane and then the points on the flow-control line are related to their respective stability boundaries in this plane. The relationship of the operating points on the flow-control line to their respective stability boundaries in these two planes provides insight into the instability observed in BWRs during low-flow/high-power operating conditions. It also shows that the normal operating point of a BWR is very stable in comparison with other possible operating points on the power-flow map.
The content and nature of the carbohydrate components of the organic matrix of embryonic bovine enamel.

Abstract 1. 1. The carbohydrate content of the organic matrix of developing, embryonic bovine enamel has been investigated. The carbohydrates accounted for slightly more than 1% of the total weight of the organic matrix and of the fractions soluble at neutral pH. Hexose and hexosamine were present in approximately equal amounts. Galactose and galactosamine were the principal sugars identified, although mannose and trace amounts of glucose were consistently found. The neutral-insoluble, but acid-soluble fraction of the organic matrix contained slightly greater amounts of carbohydrates. These were identified as galactose and galactosamine in equimolar quantities. 2. 2. Acid mucopolysaccharides and glycopeptides were isolated after papain digestion of the neutral-soluble fraction. From uronic acid vaues of the fraction of the enamel matrix soluble at neutral pH, the acid mucopolysaccharide content of the organic matrix was estimated to be 0.20%. Glycopeptides containing as much as 20% carbohydrate were isolated by preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. From the carbohydrate analyses of these glycopeptides, it was suggested that the major oligosaccharide moiety of the glycopeptides contains galactosamine, galactose, and mannose in a ratio of 4:3:1. 3. 3. Aldehydes and hydroxylamine-sensitive, ester-like bonds were not identified in any significant quantity in the organic matrix of embryonic bovine enamel.
Gastroesophageal Reflux and Asthma

Abstract The medical literature has been deluged with articles on the relation between gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) and asthma. In an effort to piece together the complex puzzle, investigators from all disciplines have gathered their patients with wheezing and heartburn and studied the epidemiology, the possible cause or effect mechanisms and the therapeutic response to GER treatment. Indeed, since humans first began to hunker down and work together to discuss interesting observations, the world has begun to breathe easier. Epidemiological evidence for a GER/asthma association suggests that about three-fourths of asthmatics, independent of the use of bronchodilators, have acid GER, increased frequency of reflux episodes, or heartburn; and 40% have reflux esophagitis. Physiological studies suggest that 2 separate mechanisms are involved in the GER/asthma relationship: (1) a vagally mediated pathway and (2) microaspiration. In any given patient, however, there is no acceptable diagnostic method available to confirm the presence or absence of GER-induced asthma. Clinical trials, using antireflux medical therapy and antireflux surgery have begun to provide some clues about GER-related pulmonary symptoms. The trials of medical therapy using acid suppressing drugs (e.g. histamine-2 receptor antagonists) have ranged from no benefit to modest improvement of only nocturnal asthma symptoms. Studies with proton-pump inhibitors are underway. In uncontrolled surgical studies, antireflux surgery has resulted in partial or complete remission of asthma symptoms in a large proportion of patients. Despite the uncontrolled nature of these studies, many patients have had dramatic subjective improvement in pulmonary symptoms. It appears for now that clinical trials are the only available means to assess whether medical or surgical treatment of GER in patients with both GER and asthma improves the symptoms of asthma and decreases the need for pulmonary medications. One conclusion is certain: We no longer can ignore the important co-existent nature of these 2 afflictions.
The Value of Keratometry and Central Corneal Thickness Measurements in the Clinical Diagnosis of Marfan Syndrome

Purpose To explore the utility of keratometry and central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements in diagnosis of Marfan syndrome. Design Retrospective chart review of 211 patients referred for ocular examination to rule out Marfan syndrome. Methods Patients were categorized into Marfan or control groups using current clinical diagnostic criteria. Patients in whom Marfan syndrome could be neither diagnosed nor ruled out were categorized as inconclusive. Those with other connective tissue diseases were excluded from the study. T tests were performed on keratometry and CCT values, and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. Results Sixty-two patients were in the Marfan group and 98 patients were in the control group. Mean age of the Marfan group was 22.3 years vs 19.3 years in the control group ( P = .23). Marfan patients had significantly lower keratometry and CCT values than controls (40.8 diopters (D) [Marfan] vs 43.3 D [control], P = 4.0 × 10 −19 ; and 543.5 μm [Marfan] vs 564.2 μm [control], P = 9.1 × 10 −6 ). The maximum OR for keratometry (17.6) was calculated at 42 D. In Marfan syndrome patients without ectopia lentis, these values were 41.5 D ( P = .00026 vs control) and 542.0 μm ( P = .0011 vs control). Conclusion There was a highly significant difference in keratometry values between Marfan and control patients, and values less than 42 D could be used as a clinical diagnostic criterion for Marfan syndrome. Significant overlap in CCT values between Marfan and control patients suggests that further investigation is necessary to determine the clinical utility of CCT measurements.
In Sensors We Trust -- A Realistic Possibility?

Sensors of diverse capabilities and modalities, carried by us or deeply embedded in the physical world, have invaded our personal, social, work, and urban spaces. Our relationship with these sensors is a complicated one. On the one hand, these sensors collect rich data that are shared and disseminated, often initiated by us, with a broad array of service providers, interest groups, friends, and family. Embedded in this data is information that can be used to algorithmically construct a virtual biography of our activities, revealing intimate behaviors and lifestyle patterns. On the other hand, we and the services we use, increasingly depend directly and indirectly on information originating from these sensors for making a variety of decisions, both routine and critical, in our lives. The quality of these decisions and our confidence in them depend directly on the quality of the sensory information and our trust in the sources. Sophisticated adversaries, benefiting from the same technology advances as the sensing systems, can manipulate sensory sources and analyze data in subtle ways to extract sensitive knowledge, cause erroneous inferences, and subvert decisions. The consequences of these compromises will only amplify as our society increasingly complex human-cyber-physical systems with increased reliance on sensory information and real-time decision cycles.Drawing upon examples of this two-faceted relationship with sensors in applications such as mobile health and sustainable buildings, this talk will discuss the challenges inherent in designing a sensor information flow and processing architecture that is sensitive to the concerns of both producers and consumer. For the pervasive sensing infrastructure to be trusted by both, it must be robust to active adversaries who are deceptively extracting private information, manipulating beliefs and subverting decisions. While completely solving these challenges would require a new science of resilient, secure and trustworthy networked sensing and decision systems that would combine hitherto disciplines of distributed embedded systems, network science, control theory, security, behavioral science, and game theory, this talk will provide some initial ideas. These include an approach to enabling privacy-utility trade-offs that balance the tension between risk of information sharing to the producer and the value of information sharing to the consumer, and method to secure systems against physical manipulation of sensed information.
Proteomic analysis of ductal carcinoma of the breast using laser capture microdissection, LC-MS, and 16O/18O isotopic labeling.

The goal of this study was the development of a method for quantitative expression proteomics on the limited sample amounts obtained through laser capture microdissection (LCM) of tissues, e.g., ∼1...