cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis on adolescent cognition of unintentional injury and related factors in Jiangsu Province

Objective To investigate the cognitive situation of unintentional injury prevention knowledge in adolescents and to provide the intervention foundation of unintentional injury health education for students.Methods A total of 5 517primary and middle school students were chosen to participate in a self-administered questionnaire survey by stratified cluster sampling method.Results In the surveyed students,the cognitive rates of injury prevention knowledge≥85%included:warm-up activities prior to sports,knowing emergency phone numbers,putting non-slip mats in the bathtub,having ever heard of the unintentional injury,knowing it is the first leading cause of death and disability for children under 14years old in China.The cognitive rates40%included:forbidding children less than 18years carried by non-motorized vehicle,fences on windows or balcony can not prevent falling of children.The total children cognitive passing rate of injury prevention knowledge was 84.88%,of which 82.31% were male students and 87.58% were female students.The passing rates of primary school students,junior middle school students and senior middle school students were 84.45%,81.75%and 90.92%respectively.The passing rates of capital city,southern Jiangsu Province and northern Jiangsu Province were 82.14%,90.56% and 82.17%,respectively.There were significant associations with geographic differences,gender,age,father’s education level and household per capita monthly income on children’s cognitive passing rates by single factor analysis.Multiple regression analysis showed that children’s gender,age and household per capita monthly income were positively correlated with injury cognitive passing rate.Conclusion According to the characteristics of different ages of young people,health education and health promotion should be carried out in different ways to improve cognitive levels and reduce injuries.
239 SELF-REPORTED CULTURAL COMPETENCY TRAINING OF RESIDENT AND ATTENDING INTERNAL MEDICINE PHYSICIANS DURING MEDICAL SCHOOL AND RESIDENCY

Background In 2002, the Institute of Medicine9s report “Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare” recommended that all U.S. medical schools implement cultural competency training as one of the solutions to improving the quality of health care for ethnic minorities in the U.S. There are few data available that describe the formats, number of hours, or the timing of such training during medical school or residency. Methods The CCTOP Study (Cultural Competency Training and Outcomes in Patients) is an ongoing multi-center, cross-sectional study of patients and physicians regarding their opinions on culture and health. A 93-item survey was administered to internal medicine physicians. Physicians were asked open-ended questions regarding the format, duration, and timing of cultural competency training in medical school, residency, and postgraduate years (eg. lecture, small group workshops, cultural immersion). Physicians9 opinions about the relationship of training to their ability to care for culturally diverse patients were also measured. We also asked physicians if they had any interest in attending a course on cultural competency training if one were offered for CME credit. Results There were 130 physicians surveyed (83 residents and 47 attendings). During medical school, 84% received cultural competency training in the form of lectures, 58% in small groups, and 34% in a cultural immersion experience. During residency, 48% received training in the form of lectures, 26% in small groups, and 24% in a cultural immersion experience. The most commonly reported times for cultural competency training were: the 2nd year of medical school (63%), the 1st year of medical school (54%), and residency (40%). Cultural competency training improved the ability to care for culturally diverse patients in 68% of physicians surveyed, and 97% disagreed that cultural competency training was not important in medical school. Also, 71% of physicians surveyed would attend a CME course on cultural competency. Conclusion Inital data suggest that medical schools use multiple methods of cultural competency training for physicians during preclinical years and residency. Physicians surveyed benefited from their training and would be receptive to further training when available. Further research should identify the best methods and timing of cultural competency training coupled with hard outcomes showing patient benefit.
A single-center randomized, controlled trial investigating the efficacy of a mHealth ECG technology intervention to improve the detection of atrial fibrillation: the iHEART study protocol.

Background Atrial fibrillation is a major public health problem and is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, affecting an estimated 2.7 million Americans. The true prevalence of atrial fibrillation is likely underestimated because episodes are often sporadic; therefore, it is challenging to detect and record an occurrence in a “real world” setting. To date, mobile health tools that promote earlier detection and treatment of atrial fibrillation and improvement in self-management behaviors and knowledge have not been evaluated. This study will be the first to address the epidemic problem of atrial fibrillation with a novel approach utilizing advancements in mobile health electrocardiogram technology to empower patients to actively engage in their healthcare and to evaluate impact on quality of life and quality-adjusted life years. Furthermore, sending a daily electrocardiogram transmission, coupled with receiving educational and motivational text messages aimed at promoting self-management and a healthy lifestyle may improve the management of chronic cardiovascular conditions (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, etc.). Therefore, we are currently conducting a randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy of a mobile health intervention, iPhone® Helping Evaluate Atrial fibrillation Rhythm through Technology (iHEART) versus usual cardiac care.
Widening the Sphere of Discourse: Reflections on the Feminist Perspective in Religious Studies

This past February I spent a bracing weekend with two feminist pioneers in their own fields. Joan Huber is an old friend and early mentor, Dean of Social and Behavioral Sciences at Ohio State, and a well-published feminist sociologist. Susan Gubar, my best friend at Indiana University for more than a decade, is a distinguished literary critic and co-author of landmark books like The Madwoman in the Attic , and The Norton Anthology of Literature by Women . Both have changed the shape of their respective disciplines with their work on women and so carry impeccable feminist credentials. Susan and I went to Columbus to help Joan prepare for her March debate with Carol Gilligan. Since I grew up next to Joan as a teenager, weekends with her are always wonderful for me because they combine all the comforts of home with all the things I could never do while growing up. When I go to Joan's house I eat wonderful meals, drink too much, abandon all my resolutions about smoking, stay up too late, and engage in fabulous conversation. Adding Susan to this cluster of stimulants tripled the pleasure, and the fact that it took us hours to get there and forced us to reread Gilligan did not dampen the occasion. I looked forward to the visit and secretly hoped that the conversation would do something to renew my flagging feminist spirit.
Introduction — Global Casting Calls: Performing (Trans)National Identity on Festival Circuits

In September 1999, as a young, fresh-out-of-college Peace Corps volunteer, I sat in the auditorium of the Mindelo Cultural Center on Sao Vicente Island in Cape Verde, West Africa, eagerly awaiting the first performance of that year’s Mindelact International Theatre Festival. My intellectual curiosity about Cape Verde’s theatre festival was ignited on my first visit to the island, and five years later I began academic research on the topic. In 1997, the Mindelact festival had billed itself as the link between the Cape Verde Islands and theatre in the wider Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) world. Over the years that followed, its main-stage program highlighted theatre from Cape Verde, Brazil, Portugal, Angola, Guinea-Bissau, Sao Tome, and Mozambique, among other countries. Mindelact was staging a burgeoning Lusophone transnationalism.
Regulation of Glucokinase in Pancreatic Beta Cells

Glucokinase (GCK) is the main glucose sensor in pancreatic β cells and controls insulin secretion. Because of this, GCK is an important target for type 2 diabetes mellitus therapies. The mechanism of how GCK, a monomeric enzyme with a single binding site for glucose, exhibits cooperativity is still unknown although there are many proposed models. Our lab has shown that nitric oxide (NO) enhances GCK activity, but the underlying mechanism of activation and the relationship between GCK S-nitrosylation and cooperativity are unclear. To further investigate GCK regulation, we created a novel single-color GCK reporter. This Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor allows for more precise and quantitative measurements than traditional two-color FRET reporters. Here we show that our single-color GCK sensor accurately measures changes in GCK conformation in response to increasing concentrations of glucose. 7.5mM glucose is representative of post-prandial blood glucose levels and also corresponds to half-maximal GCK activation. We show that 7.5mM also has the highest degree of variability further highlighting the need to elucidate the mechanism of GCK activation. Introducing known activating and inactivating GCK point mutations into our GCK FRET sensor provide evidence for two conformations of GCK. We measured distinct FRET efficiencies for the both the active and inactive states that converged on precise anisotropy values. Addition of the NO donor, SNAP, stimulates formation of the more active GCK conformation. Together, these findings provide support for a two state GCK model with NO facilitating formation of the more active GCK state. Learning how GCK is regulated is important for understanding the pathology of diabetes.
Chloroquine triggers Epstein-Barr virus replication through phosphorylation of KAP1/TRIM28 in Burkitt lymphoma cells.

Trials to reintroduce chloroquine into regions of Africa where P. falciparum has regained susceptibility to chloroquine are underway. However, there are long-standing concerns about whether chloroquine increases lytic-replication of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), thereby contributing to the development of endemic Burkitt lymphoma. We report that chloroquine indeed drives EBV replication by linking the DNA repair machinery to chromatin remodeling-mediated transcriptional repression. Specifically, chloroquine utilizes ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) to phosphorylate the universal transcriptional corepressor Kruppel-associated Box-associated protein 1/tripartite motif-containing protein 28 (KAP1/TRIM28) at serine 824 -a mechanism that typically facilitates repair of double-strand breaks in heterochromatin, to instead activate EBV. Notably, activation of ATM occurs in the absence of detectable DNA damage. These findings i) clarify chloroquine's effect on EBV replication, ii) should energize field investigations into the connection between chloroquine and endemic Burkitt lymphoma and iii) provide a unique context in which ATM modifies KAP1 to regulate persistence of a herpesvirus in humans.
Robot/Machine-Tool Concurrency and Cooperation: A Petri Net Formulation

Abstract In designing a shop-floor controller for a flexible manufacturing cell the interaction between the different real-time, discrete-event functions must be established, and a computer structure capable of supporting these requirements must be identified In this paper, a distributed micro-processor based architecture is described, and a two level robot/machine-tool synchronization structure is presented. The highest level performs the coordination of part flow between machine-tools in the cell and the lowest level performs the coordination of a machine-tool and a robot (for part, tool and gripper handling) The specification of the machine-tools and robot functions working as a concurrent and cooperative system is given in terms of Petri nets: a graphical-mathematical technique suitable for representing process parallelism and asynchronism for flexible control of robots and machine-tools in a job-shop environment.
ECSIT links TLR and BMP signaling in FOP connective tissue progenitor cells

Clinical and laboratory observations strongly suggest that the innate immune system induces flare-ups in the setting of dysregulated bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP). In order to investigate the signaling substrates of this hypothesis, we examined toll-like receptor (TLR) activation and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in connective tissue progenitor cells (CTPCs) from FOP patients and unaffected individuals. We found that inflammatory stimuli broadly activate TLR expression in FOP CTPCs and that TLR3/TLR4 signaling amplifies BMP pathway signaling through both ligand dependent and independent mechanisms. Importantly, Evolutionarily Conserved Signaling Intermediate in the Toll Pathway (ECSIT) integrates TLR injury signaling with dysregulated BMP pathway signaling in FOP CTPCs. These findings provide novel insight into the cell autonomous integration of injury signals from the innate immune system with dysregulated response signals from the BMP signaling pathway and provide new exploratory targets for therapeutic approaches to blocking the induction and amplification of FOP lesions.
Complex network analysis of firefly algorithm population dynamics

This paper succeeds former work on complex networks formed by evolutionary algorithms dynamics, offering the insight into communication model of yet another type of swarm based algorithm, the Firefly Algorithm. FA's structure differs from that of Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm or Differential Evolution explored in preceding works, consequently also the population exhibits different communication patterns, posing a challenge to applying complex network analysis meaningfully. Three versions of Adaptive FA algorithm based on complex network analysis are presented, using the information obtained from vertex centralities to steer the population development in order to prevent premature convergence and stagnation. The experimentation conducted on 15 selected difficult multimodal optimisation problems shows that the FA benefits from utilization of complex network analysis derived information to augment the population dynamics.
Holding Bishops Accountable: How Lawsuits Helped the Catholic Church Confront Clergy Sexual Abuse

* Timeline of Events * Introduction * I. An Overview of Clergy Sexual Abuse Litigation *1. A Short History *2. Statistics *3. Legal Issues * II. Litigation and Policymaking *4. Framing Clergy Sexual Abuse as a Problem of Institutional Failure *5. Placing Clergy Sexual Abuse on Policy Agendas *6. Uncovering Concealed Information * III. Tort Litigation as a Policy Venue * Assessing the Results of Clergy Sexual Abuse Litigation * The Complementary Policymaking Role of Tort Litigation * Appendixes * Notes * Acknowledgments * Index
Importance of patient and family satisfaction in perioperative care

As healthcare systems increasingly shift focus toward providing high-quality and high-value care to patients, there has been a simultaneous growth in assessing the patient's experience through patient-reported outcomes. Along with well-known patient reported outcomes such as health-related quality of life and current health state, patient satisfaction can be a valuable assessment of quality. Patient and family satisfaction measures not only affect a patient's clinical course and influence overall patient compliance, but are increasingly used to gauge physician performance and guide reimbursement. The paucity of standardized measures and the subjective nature of patient and family satisfaction impairs a surgeon's ability to internalize this feedback and institute actions to optimize clinical care. This review seeks to identify areas to improve patient and family satisfaction with the perioperative experience.
Statistical power comparisons at 3T and 7T with a GO / NOGO task

The field of cognitive neuroscience is weighing evidence about whether to move from standard field strength to ultra-high field (UHF). The present study contributes to the evidence by comparing a cognitive neuroscience paradigm at 3 Tesla (3T) and 7 Tesla (7T). The goal was to test and demonstrate the practical effects of field strength on a standard GO/NOGO task using accessible preprocessing and analysis tools. Two independent matched healthy samples (N = 31 each) were analyzed at 3T and 7T. Results show gains at 7T in statistical strength, the detection of smaller effects and group-level power. With an increased availability of UHF scanners, these gains may be exploited by cognitive neuroscientists and other neuroimaging researchers to develop more efficient or comprehensive experimental designs and, given the same sample size, achieve greater statistical power at 7T.
Influences from Psychiatric Education on Subsequent Career Choice: With Special Reference to Work in State Mental Hospitals and the Shift to Private Practice

323 psychiatric residents and 883 graduated psychiatrists responded to a mail-return questionnaire which ascertained their anticipated or actual choice of jobs, their views on how training experiences affect initial job choice, and their views regarding quality of care provided by state mental hospitals. As expected, a psychiatrist typically works in more than one practice setting. A majority anticipated or took a first job which was primarily in a public setting. This is seen as consistent with a finding that clinical care experiences in public settings were rated as the most important training experiences affecting job choice. In the 10 years following graduation, about two-thirds of psychiatrists surveyed moved from a predominantly public to a predominantly private setting. The authors suggest this shift to private practice derives from dissatisfactions with public jobs, rather than from financial or other incentives of private practice.
Structural Analysis of Dynein Intermediate and Light Chains

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the structural and biochemical investigations of the light chains (LCs) and intermediate chains (ICs) of the dynein protein. It addresses the promiscuity of the dynein LCs LC8 and Tctex1, as well as their potential role in dynein function. Since much of the structural and biochemical efforts focus on cytoplasmic dynein, and in particular on dynein of animal origin (rat and drosophila), the study primarily concentrates on cytoplasmic dynein. It uses the information from other dynein complexes to illustrate potential structural differences among the different dynein family members. It provides an abbreviated background of LCs, also discussing the structure of the Apo light chains and the liganded light chains. Furthermore, it illustrates the molecular model of the light chain–intermediate chain structure and describes post-translational modifications in the dynein protein. Structural investigations of the LCs, initially performed to understand their role in the context of the cytoplasmic dynein, provide compelling evidence that the LCs do not bridge cargo to cytoplasmic dynein, but rather play important roles in the assembly of the dynein complex (e.g., LC7) and potentially in the regulation of the N-terminus of cytoplasmic dynein IC (e.g., LC8 and Tctex1).
The impact of disinfection Ct values on cytotoxicity of agricultural wastewaters: Ozonation vs. chlorination

Toxicity arising from toxic disinfection byproducts is an unintended result of disinfection during water reclamation. To ensure safe water reclamation treatment, it is important to develop a disinfection strategy with minimal formation of overall toxicity in the reclaimed water. The cumulative disinfectant concentration over time (Ct) is a useful concept for pathogen control during reuse water disinfection. We evaluated the toxicity impact of Ct values and different methods to achieve identical Ct values by ozonation or chlorination of wastewaters from four agricultural sources on mammalian cells. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reactivity of the wastewater organic extracts was determined to reveal their impact on the thiol-specific biological detoxification mechanism. The results demonstrated that for two sources and for both ozonation and chlorination, higher Ct values enhanced cytotoxicity. The ozonated waters were at least 10% less toxic and as much as 22.4 times less toxic than either the non-disinfected controls or the chlorinated waters. Chlorination consistently induced higher cytotoxicity than ozonation by between 2.2 and 22.4 fold, respectively, and induced similar or higher cytotoxicity than the non-disinfected controls, by at most 4.4 fold. Given the same Ct values, the combination of high disinfectant concentration and short contact time produced finished wastewaters with higher toxicity, than the combination of low disinfectant concentration and long contact time. NAC thiol reactivity was positively and significantly correlated with mammalian cell cytotoxicity, and agreed with 80% of the cytotoxicity rank order. This suggests that the induction of cytotoxicity involved reactions with agents that acted as thiol pool quenchers. The overall results indicate that the cytotoxicity of wastewaters may increase when higher Ct values are applied to inactivate recalcitrant pathogens. To counteract the potential increase in cytotoxicity at high Ct values, for both ozonation and chlorination, lower disinfectant dose and longer contact time may be adopted.
The sensitivity of land-atmosphere coupling to modern agriculture in the northern midlatitudes

AbstractModern agricultural land cover and management are important as regional climate forcings. Previous work has shown that land cover change can significantly impact key climate variables, incl...
A Historically Based Review of Empirical Work on Color and Psychological Functioning: Content, Methods, and Recommendations for Future Research:

Empirical work on color and psychological functioning has a long history, dating back to the 19th century. This early research focused on five different areas: Arousal, physical strength, preferenc...
Environmental Systems Biology Approach to Bioremediation

Pollution is everywhere. Microbes are also everywhere, and many have the ability to degrade environmental contaminants. Understanding how these microbial communities work to degrade environmental contaminants will enable us to use these microbes to clean up the pollution. Understanding, monitoring, and controlling the environment with biological processes, i.e., an environmental systems biology approach to bioremediation, answer the need which is everywhere. By using an environmental systems approach to bioremediation, we make sure we know of any “fatal flaws” in the approach, get a much better handle on life-cycle cost analysis, and can grade an engineered solution into a natural attenuation solution. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. By using an environmental systems biology approach to bioremediation and cross-linkage of systems at all levels providing multiple lines of evidence involving environmental observations, laboratory testing, microcosm simulations, hypothesis refinement, field testing and validation, and multiple iterations of this circle, we will be able to make new theories and paradigms for bioremediation of contaminated environments.
Optimizing the use of point of care testing devices for screening patients

Point of Care Testing (POCT) devices are regularly used to improve clinical workflows in the hospital setting despite generally having inferior performance when compared to standardized laboratory analyzers. We describe a method to improve the efficacy of using a POCT device as a screening test when the laboratory values occur over a continuum and applied this methodology to the process of International Normalized Ratios (INR) screening on day of surgery. Following IRB approval, laboratory INR values on the day of surgery were extracted from the University of Vermont Medical Center operating room’s electronic health record. Two separate theoretical POCT device values were simulated from the performance characterized by two prior publications (Jacobson and Hur). The sensitivities and specificities of the two theoretical devices were calculated over a range of values, in order detect an INR value greater or equal than 1.5 and 1.8. Subsequently, the percentage of the population with an INR value over each threshold was also calculated. Laboratory data from March 2008 to December 2016 were collected, and 9320 discrete INR values were compiled ranging from 0.8 to > 20. Two POCT devices were simulated using that dataset. The sensitivities and specificities over a range of values were determined, and the optimal cutoff values were identified for each device separately. Calculating the sensitivities and specificities over a range of values can optimize the clinical efficacy of a POCT device. By optimizing the use of POCT devices, hospitals may be able to improve clinical processes and reduce costs.
Mouse Models of Neuroaxonal Dystrophy Caused by PLA2G6 Gene Mutations

Mutations in PLA2G6 cause neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting movement, speech, and cognition. The hallmark pathologic feature of NAD is neuroaxonal spheroids, a term for the abnormal accumulation of tubulovesicular membrane material in distal neuronal processes. PLA2G6 encodes a phospholipase enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids and lysophospholipids to produce free fatty acids. Four independent mouse models of NAD have been reported, each arising from a mutation that profoundly alters the expression or function of PLA2G6 protein. All four models exhibit progressive neurologic impairment accompanied by neuroaxonal spheroid formation throughout the nervous system. However, two models display weakness and muscle atrophy indicative of spinal cord motor neuron degeneration beginning at 2–3 months of age, whereas the other two models develop neurologic deficits characterized primarily by impaired coordination at 12 months. Reasons for these phenotypic differences are unclear on the basis of current knowledge of PLA2G6 enzyme function and genotype–phenotype relationships in human NAD. Nevertheless, these models provide opportunities to further investigate disease mechanisms and test therapeutic approaches in NAD.
Range extension and state record for Melanoplus punctulatus (Scudder) (Acrididae) in northeastern Wyoming.

Melanoplus punctulatus (Scudder) is a woodland-associated grasshopper that has been mostly recorded from the eastern U.S. and adjacent Canada. Prior to the past decade, the known westernmost occurrence of this species extended into the eastern third of South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. In the past decade M. punctulatus has been found at several sites in the Pine Ridge area of northwestern Nebraska. In 2018, a specimen of M. punctulatus was found at Devils Tower in northeastern Wyoming, which extends the known range of this species by 250 km and represents a state record for Wyoming. This range extension supports the idea that this is a species that may be more widespread than is realized, but is often overlooked due to its arboreal habits and cryptic coloration.
Cystectomy for benign disease: readmission, morbidity, and complications.

Introduction We sought to elucidate outcomes and risks associated with cystectomy and urinary diversion for benign urological conditions compared to malignant conditions. Materials and methods We identified patients who underwent cystectomy and urinary diversion for benign and malignant diseases through the American College of Surgeons National Surgery Quality Improvement Program database for the period 2007-2015. Patients were selected for inclusion based upon their current procedure terminology and International Classification of Disease, Ninth revision codes. Primary outcome was 30 day morbidity including return to the operating room (OR); infectious, respiratory, and/or cardiovascular complications; readmission to the hospital; and mortality. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to identify associated factors. Results A total of 317 patients underwent cystectomy and urinary diversion for benign disease, and 5510 patients underwent radical cystectomy with urinary diversion for cancer. Rates of major morbidity (43.2% versus 38.6%), mortality (0.9% versus 1.9%), return to OR (5% versus 5.8%), readmission (19.7% versus 21.4%), postoperative sepsis (14.5% versus 12%), and wound complications (16.1% versus 14.2%) were similar among patients undergoing cystectomy for benign and malignant conditions. In the group with cystectomy for benign conditions, smoking (OR: 3.11) and longer operative duration (OR: 1.06) were significantly associated with increased overall morbidity. Wound complications were significantly higher in smokers (OR: 3.09) and with an ASA ≥ III (OR: 5.71) CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing cystectomy and urinary diversion for benign disease are at similar risk for 30 day morbidity and mortality as patients undergoing surgery for malignant conditions. Risk factors are identified that can potentially be targeted for morbidity reduction.
Improving Rider Safety Using QR Code & Fingerprint Biometrics

Transport Network companies (TNCs) have changed the way we travel in the last five years where a rider can book a ride using her smartphone. However, TNC doesn't provide any robust mechanism to validate the driver or the rider before the ride. This has led to many violent incidents ranging from assault, kidnap of the riders by fake ride-hailing drivers. The most recent one that shook the entire nation is the murder of a USC student when the rider got into the wrong car thinking that it is her Uber [1]. To address this problem, we have proposed a solution that adds an extra security layer in authenticating both rider and driver before initiating a ride. In this solution, both rider and driver will authenticate themselves using technologies like QR Code and fingerprint biometrics supported by modern smartphones before they take the ride.
Structural and Functional Neuroimaging Biomarkers of Antipsychotic Treatment Response in Early-Course and Chronic Schizophrenia

Response to antipsychotic drugs, the mainstay treatment for psychosis, is variable and cannot be predicted by quantitative measures. No existing biological predictors of response are available to guide the selection of efficacious antipsychotic treatment for an individual patient. At the same time, our knowledge of the mechanism underlying response remains limited, which contributes to our lack of newer treatments for psychotic disorders. Neuroimaging approaches have been used to examine response-related mechanisms underlying antipsychotic treatment, though a large disparity remains between this work and clinical practice. This chapter examines these studies while providing an overview of functional and structural neuroimaging studies that focus on treatment outcome in individuals both in early phase, and in chronic populations, of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Similarities in findings from both populations will be discussed as well as future directions.
Analysis of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances in sub-sampled water matrices with online solid phase extraction/isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry.

Abstract Sorption of PFASs onto surfaces of laboratory materials has been frequently reported. Due to the often complex and poorly understood nature of such sorption, workarounds have often included use of whole samples only, accompanied by sample vessel rinsing to desorb active surfaces. The resulting methods tend to require considerable sample preparation times and preclude typical activities such as aliquoting and dilution of water samples prior to extraction. This manuscript reports an approach for PFAS analysis which uses subsampling of water matrices from vessels including centrifuge tubes and autosampler vials, through the optimized use of solvent to reduce PFAS retention on subsampling vessels. Online solid phase extraction (SPE) using a weak anion exchange resin is then used to concentrate sample aliquots to improve sensitivity and allow for removal of matrix interferences. With the technique of ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry, statistically based quantitation limits ranged from sub ng/L to single digit ng/L for carboxylate, sulfonate, and sulfonamide PFASs analytes from C4 to C12. Linear calibration ranges were from 0.25 to 4000 ng/L. Matrix effects relevant for drinking water treatment studies, such as cations, organic carbon, and competing PFAS compounds, were evaluated and found to not impact method performance within QC criteria consistent with study data quality objectives.
Deterministic Learning with Probabilistic Analysis on Human-Robot Shared Contro

In this paper, we present a novel method for controlling an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) by using a new machine learning technique, Deterministic Learning (DL). With DL the robot is able to learn and recognize four specifically designed body gestures, which represent four corresponding moving directions (i.e., left, right, forward, and backward) of the controlled UGV. A Kinect camera is employed to collect human body skeleton data of a user. Eight specifically-designed features are extracted and utilized to train radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs). The dynamics of the human arm waving motion is guaranteed to be accurately identified, represented, and stored as an RBFNN model with converged constant NN weights, which facilitates rapid recognition in the online identification phase. However, learning time of and storage space of RBFNNs grow exponentially with the number of features. In order drastically reduce required computations and storage space, we propose to split the features in subgroups, and use each subgroup to learn a smaller independent. In the online identification phase, the trained RBFNNs are used to analyze and identify any new incoming gestures. The identification results of all RBFNNs are then fused together following a probabilistic approach, and the gestures of the user are interpreted as commands for the UGV.
Engaging Offline Communities Online Amid COVID-19: A Case Study of Independent Theaters

COVID-19 has been detrimental to small businesses like independent theaters that exist to engage with the public offline. Independent theaters across the US have temporarily closed their doors and turned to various technologies to increase their virtual presence and (re)connect with their communities online. We present an investigation into theaters' strategies of 1) attracting existing patrons, 2) encouraging commitment, and 3) fostering contribution in an unforeseen public health crisis where face-to-face interactions are no longer possible. Our results suggest that emphasizing shared identity and relying on technologies to facilitate new forms of interactions that were not available offline are critical to the migration of offline community to online settings.
Diverse Spirituality Revisited: Lessons Learned

Chapters included in this volume highlight the vibrancy of research into diverse spiritualities. As shown by many of the book’s chapters, culturally specific measures enhance our ability to explain and understand the complexities of spiritual phenomena and help us appreciate religious traditions other than our own and humanize “the other.” The book includes chapters describing measures of Eastern forms of meditation, spiritual Jihad, afterlife beliefs associated with the three main religious worldviews, spirituality among Latin American youth, and Muslim religiousness. The case for particularism is not in conflict with that for universalism as some of the measures have been used cross-culturally. The challenge is to productively fuse these two research traditions. A second set of chapters explores the complex spiritual terrain of the Western world in the post-1960s era. These chapters illuminate a common theme of spirituality decoupled from traditional religiousness—all measures reflect a belief in interconnectedness between the person and the world at large—and articulate differences dependent on socio-cultural and historic contexts (e.g., the U.S. versus Western Europe) and field of inquiry (e.g., the psychology of religion versus transpersonal psychology). Other chapters demonstrate the empirical utility of assessing spirituality related concepts including spiritual support, modeling, struggle, well-being, as well as, prayer coping, faith, and meaning making. The new tools described in this book expand the understanding of the role played by spirituality in our rapidly changing and interconnected world while, at the same time, highlighting the aspects of spirituality common among all peoples and cultures.
The Best Kind of High-School Training for Military Service

(1942). The Best Kind of High-School Training for Military Service. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 13, No. 7, pp. 390-432.
Hunt for Jews: Betrayal and Murder in German-Occupied Poland

Jan Grabowski's Hunt for the Jews builds on his previous study in Polish about the fate of rural Jews in occupied Poland. It also complements Jan Gross's recent works about the murder of Jews in Po...
Mycotoxin Contamination of Foods from around the World

This chapter focuses on the occurrence of the five mycotoxins in foods imported into the United States during the years 2000 to 2006: aflatoxins, patulin, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, and ochratoxin A. All of these mycotoxins have been found worldwide in foods and are of regulatory concern to the FDA. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified the naturally occurring aflatoxins as being carcinogenic to humans, group 1A; aflatoxin M1was classified as 2B, indicating limited evidence for carcinogenicity to humans. Patulin is a toxic metabolite produced by fungi of several genera, including Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssochylamys. These fungi can grow on a variety of foods, including fruits. Deoxynivalenol (DON), commonly known as vomitoxin, belongs to a class of sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins that are referred to as trichothecenes. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a naturally occurring toxic fungal metabolite produced by certain species of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. Data on OTA levels in imported foods from 2000 to 2006 are shown in this chapter. The FDA organized and cosponsored the International Workshop on Mycotoxins at College Park, Maryland, 22 to 26 July 2002. This workshop was an international outreach effort by the FDA to assist economically challenged nations worldwide in minimizing the problem of mycotoxin contamination of foodstuffs in their respective countries. The extent of mycotoxin contamination of foods is greatly influenced, in part, by uncontrollable environmental conditions that prevail during the growth, harvesting, and processing of crops that are used for the preparation of human food.
Improved survival in granulomatosis with polyangiitis: A general population-based study

Abstract Background Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is associated with an increased risk of mortality; however, recent mortality trends in GPA are unknown. We evaluated this issue in a general population context. Methods Using data collected between 1992 and 2013 by The Health Improvement Network in the United Kingdom, we identified individuals diagnosed as incident cases of GPA and up to 10 non-GPA controls matched on sex, age, year of birth, and year of GPA diagnosis. The cohort was divided into two based on the year of diagnosis (i.e., 1992–2002 and 2003–2013) to evaluate changes in mortality. We calculated hazard ratios for death using a Cox-proportional hazards model and the rate differences using an additive hazard model, while adjusting for potential confounders. Results We identified 465 cases of GPA (mean age: 60 years, 52% male). The early cohort (1992–2002) GPA patients had considerably higher mortality rates than the late cohort (2003–2013) (i.e., 72.0 vs. 35.7 cases per 1000 person-years), as compared with a moderate improvement in the comparison cohorts between the two periods (19.8 vs. 17.0 cases per 1000 person-years). The corresponding absolute mortality rate difference was 52.2 (95% CI: 25.1–79.2) cases and 18.7 (95% CI: 8.3–29.1) cases per 1000 person-years ( p for interaction=0.025). The resulting HRs for mortality were 4.34 (95% CI: 2.72–6.92) and 2.41 (95% CI: 1.74–3.34), respectively ( p for interaction=0.043). Conclusion This population-based study suggests that survival of GPA patients has improved considerably over the past 2 decades, affirming the benefits of recent trends in the management of GPA and its complications.
Vascular Access Outcomes and Medication Use: A USRDS Study

Several medications have been proposed to improve hemodialysis (HD) vascular access outcomes based on potentially favorable anticoagulant, antiplatelet, or pleiotropic properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between medication use and vascular access patency in a group of HD patients. We conducted a historical cohort study of the US Renal Data System Dialysis Mortality and Morbidity Wave II study to identify patients with an arteriovenous fistula (AVF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft, or a permanent catheter for vascular access. Cox regression analysis, adjusted for age, gender, race, history of coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, or coronary artery bypass graft, was used to model the hazard ratio (HR) of permanent vascular access failure. Of the 2001 HD patients in the Wave II study, 901 (45%) were included in the analysis. PTFE graft patency was greater for males (HR, 0.73; 95% CI 0.53-1.00, p = 0.05) and for older individuals (HR, 0.99; 95% CI 0.98-1.00, p = 0.02). Treatment with antiplatelet medications, ticlopidine and dipyridamole (HR, 3.54; 95% CI 1.07-11.76; p = 0.04), or aspirin (HR, 2.49; 95% CI 1.31-4.73; p = 0.005) was associated with significantly worse AVF patency. Antiplatelet agents had a significant negative association with access patency in this cohort. In contrast to other published data, it was difficult to identify any beneficial effect of specific medications on access patency.
Market Structure and Multiple Equilibria in the Airline Industry

We provide a practical method to estimate the payoff functions of players in complete information, static, discrete games. With respect to the empirical literature on entry games originated by Bresnahan and Reiss (1990) and Berry (1992), the main novelty of our framework is to allow for general forms of heterogeneity across players without making equilibrium selection assumptions. We allow the effects that the entry of each individual airline has on the profits of its competitors, its "competitive effects," to differ across airlines. The identified features of the model are sets of parameters (partial identification) such that the choice probabilities predicted by the econometric model are consistent with the empirical choice probabilities estimated from the data. We apply this methodology to investigate the empirical importance of firm heterogeneity as a determinant of market structure in the U.S. airline industry. We find evidence of heterogeneity across airlines in their profit functions. The competitive effects of large airlines (American, Delta, United) are different from those of low cost carriers and Southwest. Also, the competitive effect of an airline is increasing in its airport presence, which is an important measure of observable heterogeneity in the airline industry. Then we develop a policy experiment to estimate the effect of repealing the Wright Amendment on competition in markets out of the Dallas airports. We find that repealing theWright Amendment would increase the number of markets served out of Dallas Love.
Post-therapy Surveillance of Bone Tumors

Survival of patients with pediatric bone tumors have slowly improved, with more than half with localized disease staying alive 5 years after primary diagnosis. Post chemotherapy surveillance detects disease that can be managed by therapeutic options. The WHO and RECIST criteria utilize tumor response criteria as an endpoint for many clinical trials. International cooperative groups such as the Children’s Oncology Group Bone tumor committee have put forth consensus guidelines for surveillance. This chapter aims to discuss the rationale, utility and standard recommendations for surveillance post chemotherapy for those with pediatric bone tumors.
Embeds' Perceptions of Censorship: Can You Criticize a Soldier Then Have Breakfast With Him in the Morning?

This study examines a survey of embedded journalists worldwide to explore their opinions about press freedom and the degree to which they believe their reports were censored during the Iraq War. Our findings suggest most journalists took a social responsibility approach to freedom of the press during the war in Iraq, saying the needs of the media and the military need to be balanced. Overall, embeds reported that they experienced little censorship in Iraq and explained that they did not self-censor their stories.
Language Ideology, Gender, and Varieties of Belizean Kriol

This article reports on a study of attitudes, gender, and prestige with respect to Kriol, the Afro-Belizean language of Belize. We ask a fundamental question of whether genders in two Belizean comm...
Probiotic manipulation of the gastrointestinal microbiota

In a recent publication we examined whether high abundance of a probiotic species, Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus GG(LGG), impacted the overall composition of the gastrointestinal (GI) microb...
Salivary gland involvement in HIV-1 infection

Abstract After infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1, virus can be recovered from both whole saliva (the total fluid contents of the mouth) and individual major salivary gland secretions. The concentration of virus is low, and recovery is infrequent. Antibodies (primarily of the IgA class) to HIV-1 are found in saliva. Despite the presence of virus, the oral cavity does not appear to be a route of transmission for HIV-1. This may relate to protective properties of saliva. It has been reported that whole saliva and mixed submandibular / sublingual secretions inhibit the infectivity of the virus in vitro. HIV infection also induces alterations in salivary gland function. Both salivary output and composition may be affected.