cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renegotiation in the Common Law Mortgage and the Impact of Equitable Redemption

This paper seeks to fill a gap in the real estate finance literature by linking the well-known history of the Anglo–American mortgage recorded by legal scholars with the recent literature on security design and incomplete contracting in order to explain and evaluate several unique features of the mortgage. In particular, we investigate how a conditional transfer of ownership to a lender and the institution called the equity of redemption affect mortgage renegotiation and therefore the value of mortgaged real estate. Given the governance of the common law mortgage, we show that a mortgagor may not be able to renegotiate his mortgage debt in order delay repayment when faced with a re-investment opportunity during the life of the mortgage. The failure to optimally renegotiate the mortgage does not necessarily result in foreclosure but may result in underinvestment. Therefore, an additional period of time between default and foreclosure, known as a period of equitable redemption, may allow the mortgagor to accrue sufficient cash flow to not only avoid foreclosure but to mitigate underinvestment in non-default states. Since this extra period of time may not be achievable ex post due to a hold-up problem, its inclusion ex ante may be welfare improving.
Protease-Dead Separase Is Dominant Negative in the C. elegans Embryo

Separase is a protease that promotes chromosome segregation at anaphase by cleaving cohesin. Several non-proteolytic functions of separase have been identified in other organisms. We created a transgenic C. elegans line that expresses protease-dead separase in embryos to further characterize separase function. We find that expression of protease-dead separase is dominant-negative in C. elegans embryos, not previously reported in other systems. The C. elegans embryo is an ideal system to study developmental processes in a genetically tractable system. However, a major limitation is the lack of an inducible gene expression system for the embryo. We have developed two methods that allow for the propagation of lines carrying dominant-negative transgenes and have applied them to characterize expression of protease-dead separase in embryos. Using these methods, we show that protease-dead separase causes embryo lethality, and that protease-dead separase cannot rescue separase mutants. These data suggest that protease-dead separase interferes with endogenous separase function, possibly by binding substrates and protecting them from cleavage.
L^2 estimates for the \bar{\partial } operator

We present the theory of twisted \(L^2\) estimates for the Cauchy–Riemann operator and give a number of recent applications of these estimates. Among the applications: extension theorem of Ohsawa–Takegoshi type, size estimates on the Bergman kernel, quantitative information on the classical invariant metrics of Kobayshi, Caratheodory, and Bergman, and sub elliptic estimates on the \(\bar{\partial }\)-Neumann problem. We endeavor to explain the flexibility inherent to the twisted method, through examples and new computations, in order to suggest further applications.
Sacrifice Ratios with Long-Lived Effects*

This paper is a theoretical and empirical study of sacrifice ratios—that is, the cost of reducing inflation during periods when disinflation produces long-lived effects on output or unemployment. New methods are developed for measuring sacrifice ratios. Sacrifice ratios that take into account long-lived effects are larger than sacrifice ratios calculated using Ball's (1994) ‘standard method’. The ‘standard method’ also has a larger downward bias for countries experiencing larger long-lived effects. The sacrifice ratio for the United States falls somewhere in the middle of those for G-7 countries when long-lived effects are taken into account, while it is at the top when calculated using the ‘standard method’. Finally, there is a negative relationship between sacrifice ratios and initial inflation rates, and the cost of reducing inflation is generally lower when the speed of disinflation is faster.
Lower bounds on Ricci curvature and quantitative behavior of singular sets

Let Yn denote the Gromov-Hausdorff limit \(M^{n}_{i}\stackrel{d_{\mathrm{GH}}}{\longrightarrow} Y^{n}\) of v-noncollapsed Riemannian manifolds with \({\mathrm{Ric}}_{M^{n}_{i}}\geq-(n-1)\). The singular set \(\mathcal {S}\subset Y\) has a stratification \(\mathcal {S}^{0}\subset \mathcal {S}^{1}\subset\cdots\subset \mathcal {S}\), where \(y\in \mathcal {S}^{k}\) if no tangent cone at y splits off a factor ℝk+1 isometrically. Here, we define for all η>0, 0<r≤1, the k-th effective singular stratum\(\mathcal {S}^{k}_{\eta,r}\) satisfying \(\bigcup_{\eta}\bigcap_{r} \,\mathcal {S}^{k}_{\eta,r}= \mathcal {S}^{k}\). Sharpening the known Hausdorff dimension bound \(\dim\, \mathcal {S}^{k}\leq k\), we prove that for all y, the volume of the r-tubular neighborhood of \(\mathcal {S}^{k}_{\eta,r}\) satisfies \({\mathrm {Vol}}(T_{r}(\mathcal {S}^{k}_{\eta,r})\cap B_{\frac{1}{2}}(y))\leq c(n,{\mathrm {v}},\eta)r^{n-k-\eta}\). The proof involves a quantitative differentiation argument. This result has applications to Einstein manifolds. Let \(\mathcal {B}_{r}\) denote the set of points at which the C2-harmonic radius is ≤r. If also the \(M^{n}_{i}\) are Kahler-Einstein with L2 curvature bound, \(\| Rm\|_{L_{2}}\leq C\), then \({\mathrm {Vol}}( \mathcal {B}_{r}\cap B_{\frac{1}{2}}(y))\leq c(n,{\mathrm {v}},C)r^{4}\) for all y. In the Kahler-Einstein case, without assuming any integral curvature bound on the \(M^{n}_{i}\), we obtain a slightly weaker volume bound on \(\mathcal {B}_{r}\) which yields an a priori Lp curvature bound for all p<2. The methodology developed in this paper is new and is applicable in many other contexts. These include harmonic maps, minimal hypersurfaces, mean curvature flow and critical sets of solutions to elliptic equations.
CONCISE SYNTHESIS OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE RING-A SUBSTITUTED TRYPTOPHANS

A concise synthesis of optically active trytophan derivatives was developed via diastereoselective alkylation of the Schollkopf chiral auxiliary 4 to provide alkyne 2 which underwent palladium-catalyzed heteroannulation with iodoanilines 1 to furnish protected tryptophans 3. Hydrolysis and subsequent saponification of 3 provided the desired tryptophans 12 in good yields.
Interband phase modes and nonequilibrium soliton structures in two-gap superconductors.

We predict a new dynamic state in current-carrying superconductors with a multicomponent order parameter. If the current density $J$ exceeds a critical value ${J}_{t}$, an interband breakdown caused by charge imbalance of nonequilibrium quasiparticles occurs. For $Jg{J}_{t}$, the electric field penetrating from current leads gives rise to various static and dynamic soliton phase textures, and voltage oscillations similar to the nonstationary Josephson effect. We propose experiments to observe these effects which would probe the multicomponent nature of the superconducting order parameter.
Baryon oscillations in galaxy and matter power-spectrum covariance matrices

We investigate large-amplitude baryon acoustic oscillations (BAOs) in off-diagonal entries of cosmological power-spectrum covariance matrices. These covariance-matrix BAOs describe the increased attenuation of power-spectrum BAOs caused by upward fluctuations in large-scale power. We derive an analytic approximation to covariance-matrix entries in the BAO regime, and check the analytical predictions using N-body simulations. These BAOs look much stronger than the BAOs in the power spectrum, but seem detectable only at about a 1σ level in gigaparsec-scale galaxy surveys. In estimating cosmological parameters using matter or galaxy power spectra, including the covariance-matrix BAOs can have a several per cent effect on error bar widths for some parameters directly related to the BAOs, such as the baryon fraction. Also, we find that including the numerous galaxies in small haloes in a survey can reduce error bars in these cosmological parameters more than the simple reduction in shot noise might suggest.
Oxide Reduction in NiO‐Containing Solid‐Solution Systems During Transmission Electron Microscopy

The effects of electron irradiation on NiO-containing solid solution systems are described. Partially hydrated NiO solid solutions, e.g., NiO-MgO, undergo surface reduction to Ni metal after examination by TEM. This surface layer results in the formation of moire interference patterns.
Chemical Bond-Making, Bond-Breaking, and Electron Transfer in Solution

A method is described for determining heats of heterolysis, ΔHhet, from the heats of reaction of resonancestabilized carbenium ions with carbanions in solution. These results can be converted into heats of homolysis, ΔHhomo, for the same bonds by combining ΔHhet values with electron transfer energies, δGET (δGET ≈ δHET), obtained from redox potentials of the reacting ions. The results provide a comprehensive tabulation of ΔHhet, ΔHhomo, and ΔGET values for an extended series of organic compounds and are examined in terms of their interrelationships and a number of related properties of the ions and radicals.
Antibiotic-resistant gram-positive cocci: implications for surgical practice.

Gram-positive infections are causing more serious infections than ever before in surgical patients, who are increasingly aged, ill, and debilitated. Invasive procedures disrupt natural barriers to bacterial invasion, and indwelling catheters may act as conduits for infection. The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics selects for the emergence of resistant pathogens. Potential sites of nosocomial gram-positive infections include the urinary tract, surgical site (including prosthetic devices), intravascular loci, lung and pleural space, facial sinuses, and peritoneal cavity. Responsible organisms include species from the genera Enterococcus and Staphylococcus. Methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) emerged during the 1970s, leading to a marked increase in the use of vancomycin as the treatment of choice. Vancomycin use, in turn, has been implicated (along with widespread cephalosporin use) in the emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) during the 1990s. Of great concern is the likely emergence of vancomycin-resistant staphylococci, which would constitute a public health emergency. Vancomycin remains the treatment of choice for infections caused by MRSA/MRSE, but rampant inappropriate use (e.g., prophylaxis in non-penicillin-allergic patients, treatment of methicillin-sensitive strains) must be curtailed. Chloramphenicol is increasingly the treatment of choice for serious VRE infections. Infection control policy must also minimize the possibility of transmission. All infected or colonized patients should be isolated and all environmental surfaces considered contaminated. Disposable gloves are mandatory for all patient contact, even incidental contact, and must be disposed of after each patient encounter. Hand-washing (the single most effective infection control measure) is mandatory after glove disposal. Gowns should be worn for direct contact with infected patients and masks used when aerosolization or splashing of secretions is likely.
Palladium catalyzed enantioselective rearrangement of allylic imidates to allylic amides

Abstract Recent progress in developing asymmetric Pd(II) catalysts for the [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of allylic imidates to form enantioenriched allylic amides is reviewed. The best catalysts developed to date generate allylic amides in >90% enantiomeric excess (ee) from some allylic imidate substrates. The most recent catalysts developed in our laboratories are based on cyclopalladated ferrocenes having elements of planar chirality. A mechanistic proposal that enantioselection in Pd(II)-catalyzed allylic imidate rearrangements might derive from axial approach of the alkene to the chiral Pd(II) catalyst has guided our design of improved ligands.
Analytical Studies of Quasi Steady-State Model in Power System Long-Term Stability Analysis

In this paper, a theoretical foundation for the Quasi Steady-State (QSS) model in power system long-term stability analysis is developed. Sufficient conditions under which the QSS model gives accurate approximations of the long-term stability model in terms of trajectory and ω-limit set are derived. These sufficient conditions provide some physical insights regarding the reason for the failure of the QSS model. Additionally, several numerical examples are presented to illustrate the analytical results derived.
Synthesis of a heterocyclic aza-enediyne and its DNA-cleavage properties

Abstract The benzimidazolium salt 2 , incorporating an aza-enediyne moiety, has been prepared and is shown to be a very effective DNA-cleavage agent under mild physiological conditions. Its mechanism of action is currently under investigation but may involve the generation of a diradical intermediate, DNA alkylation, or both.
Mixing Processes in a Coaxial Geometry with a Central Lobed Mixer-Nozzle

An experimental investigation was undertaken to study mixing processes in a coaxial jet, where the inner jet geometry is a lobed mixer. Various inner jet nozzle geometries were explored at three velocity ratios (3:1, 1:1, and 1:3, inner:outer). Detailed flow visualizations were performed and have been reported elsewhere. Results of velocity measurements of one of the nozzles that generates strong streamwise vortices are presented. Three components of velocity were measured using the laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) technique. The LDV data, when taken in combination with flow visualizations, revealed different mixing mechanisms for each velocity ratio. The 3:1 ratio behaved similarly to a single jet, with the structures due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and the streamwise vortices interacting together to substantially enhance mixing. The 1:1 velocity ratio, which minimizes the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, relied mainly on the streamwise vortices to also substantially increase mixing. The 1:3 case behaved like a wake flow, with the LDV data showing the streamwise vortices much more confined radially and dissipating quickly. The inner stream, for this case, was greatly influenced by the outer stream and its interaction with the ambient air.
Surface roughness and correlation length determined from x-ray-diffraction line-shape analysis on germanium (111).

Une diffraction RX realisee sur un cristal de germanium (111, revele deux types de diffusion. Ces contributions de diffusion sont expliquees a l'aide de la theorie existante sur la rugosite des surfaces. Deux traitements des surfaces de Ge(111) ont ete utilises pour fournir des exemples de differentes caracteristiques de rugosite. L'ordre de la rugosite et l'echelle laterale de regions plates de la surface sont obtenus dans les deux cas
Hydrodynamical Simulations of the Jet in the Symbiotic Star MWC 560. III. Application to X-Ray Jets in Symbiotic Stars

In Papers I and II in this series, we presented hydrodynamical simulations of jet models with parameters representative of the symbiotic system MWC 560. These were simulations of a pulsed, initially underdense jet in a high-density ambient medium. Since the pulsed emission of the jet creates internal shocks and since the jet velocity is very high, the jet bow shock and the internal shocks are heated to high temperatures and should therefore emit X-ray radiation. In this paper, we investigate in detail the X-ray properties of the jets in our models. We have focused our study on the total X-ray luminosity and its temporal variability, the resulting spectra, and the spatial distribution of the emission. Temperature and density maps from our hydrodynamical simulations with radiative cooling presented in the second paper are used, together with emissivities calculated with the atomic database ATOMDB. The jets in our models show extended and variable X-ray emission, which can be characterized as a sum of hot and warm components with temperatures that are consistent with observations of CH Cyg and R Aqr. The X-ray spectra of our model jets show emission-line features that correspond to observed features in the spectra of CH Cyg. The innermost parts of our pulsed jets show iron line emission in the 6.4-6.7 keV range, which may explain such emission from the central source in R Aqr. We conclude that MWC 560 should be detectable with Chandra or XMM-Newton, and such X-ray observations will prove crucial for understanding jets in symbiotic stars.
Restorative justice, Navajo Peacemaking and domestic violence

I argue that RJ processes may be beneficial for some women who experience domestic violence, but only if those processes meet five criteria: prioritize victim safety over batterer rehabilitation; offer material as well as social supports for victims; work as part of a coordinated community response; engage normative judgments that oppose gendered domination as well as violence; and do not make forgiveness a goal of the process. I review my earlier study of Navajo Peacemaking in light of these criteria. I also explore the significant differences between Peacemaking and other processes that are said to be derived from Indigenous justice models, noting in particular that the process is completely controlled by the Navajo Nation.
Combined C–H Functionalization/Cope Rearrangement with Vinyl Ethers as a Surrogate for the Vinylogous Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction

Vinyl ethers selectively undergo the combined C–H functionalization/Cope rearrangement reaction via an s-cis/boat transition state. With chiral dirhodium catalysts, products are generated in a highly diastereoselective and enantioselective fashion. This reaction can be considered as a surrogate to the traditional vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction. Effective kinetic resolution has been achieved, leading to the recovery of a cyclic vinyl ether with axial chirality of high enantiomeric purity.
GAS SLOSHING AND BUBBLES IN THE GALAXY GROUP NGC 5098

We present results from Chandra observations of the galaxy pair and associated galaxy group NGC 5098, and find evidence for both gas sloshing and active galactic nucleus (AGN) heating. The X-ray brightness images show diffuse emission with a spiral structure, centered on NGC 5098a, and a sharp edge in the diffuse emission surrounding much of the galaxy at about 30 kpc. The spiral structure in the X-ray surface brightness and temperature maps, the offset between the peak of the cool gas and the central AGN, and the structure of the cold front edges all suggest gas sloshing in the core. The most likely perturber is the nearby galaxy NGC 5098b, which has been stripped of its gaseous atmosphere. Detailed images of the core reveal several X-ray cavities, two of which, just north and southeast of the central AGN, correlate with radio emission and have bright X-ray rims, similar to buoyant bubbles seen in the intracluster medium of other systems. We estimate the pressures in the bubbles and rims and show that they are roughly equal, consistent with these being young features, as suggested by their close proximity to the central AGN. We assume that the other X-ray cavities in themore » core, which show no correlation with existing radio observations, are ghost cavities from previous AGN outbursts. An estimate of the mechanical energy required to inflate the cavities indicates that it is sufficient to offset radiative cooling of the gas for 15 Myr. Therefore, for a typical cycle time of 10{sup 7} yr, the central AGN energy output is enough to balance cooling over long timescales.« less
ADSORPTION OF PROTEINS, ENZYMES AND ANTIBIOTICS BY MONTMORILLONITE

Proteins interact with montmorillonite forming mono- and poly-layer complexes. About 20 percent of the protein in a monolayer complex undergoes microbial decomposition and the X-ray pattern remains unchanged, whereas in polylayer complexes the protein undergoes extensive decomposition and the c-spacings of these complexes shrink from approximately 30 A to 12 A+. Urease is adsorbed completely by H-montmorillonite and only partially by basic montmorillonite. Initial release of urease from the clay is attributed to urea acting as a cation. Subsequently the ammonia evolved by the hydrolysis of urea becomes the active cation. Antibiotic-montmorillonite complexes are classified into three groups. Group I contains strongly basic antibiotics, II amphoteric, and III acid or neutral. The average adsorption of antibiotic in mg per g of clay for each group is: I, 186; II, 307; and III, 9. X-ray diffraction data for groups I and II showed expansion of the c-spacing of 4.4 and 7.6 A, respectively. Bioassays showed no activity for I and appreciable activity for II. The complexes are incapable of diffusing through agar, but the antibiotics must be released first by cationic exchange and then diffuse through the agar.
A set-theoretic approach for compensated signature embedding using projections onto convex sets

In this paper, we use a set-theoretic approach to provide an efficient and deterministic iterative solution for the compensated signature embedding (CSE) scheme introduced in an earlier work.4 In CSE, a fragile signature is derived and embedded into the media using a robust watermarking technique. Since the embedding process leads to altering the media, the media samples are iteratively adjusted to compensate for the embedding distortion. Projections Onto Convex Sets (POCS) is an iterative set-theoretic approach known to be deterministic, effective and has been used in many image processing applications. We propose to use POCS for providing a compensation mechanism to address the CSE problem. We identify two convex constraint sets defined according to image fidelity and signature-generation criteria, and use them in a POCS-based CSE image authentication system. The system utilizes the wavelet transform domain for embedding and compensation. Simulation results are presented to show that the proposed scheme is efficient and accurate in terms of both achieving high convergence speed and maintaining image fidelity.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The price effects of index additions: A new explanation

Abstract We further explore a new volatility explanation for the permanent price effect of index additions, using a sample of changes in the Nikkei 225. Additions to the index elicit significant price hikes, which tend to be permanent despite temporary price reversals. Meanwhile, investor awareness and demand increase, while price volatility decreases for the added stocks, contrary to the higher price volatility for stocks added to the SP so does the higher investor awareness, consistent with the prior literature.
Credit Access, the Costs of Credit and Credit Market Discrimination

Since the early 1990s, credit expanded relative to income, especially after 2001. It is hypothesized that traditionally uneven credit access and gaps in the costs of credit by demographic characteristics shrank during this period. Relying on data from the Federal Reserve’s Survey of Consumer Finance, this study looks at financial constraints, the costs of credit and a number of contributions to the costs of credit, including sources and types of loans. The results indicate that taste-based discrimination and structural discrimination may have persisted and possibly increased over time. Gaps in credit access and costs of credit have widened by race, remained high by income, but shrank by ethnicity. Part of the overall differences in credit access was a varying reliance on professional information when making decisions on debt.
String junction transitions in the moduli space of N=2 SYM

The string theory description of BPS states in D-brane world-volume field theories may undergo transitions from open strings to string webs, as well as between different string webs, as one moves in the field theory moduli space. These transitions are driven by the string creation phenomenon. We demonstrate such transitions in the D3-brane realization of N = 2 SU(2) Super-Yang-Mills theory.
Evolution and exact eigenstates of a resonant quantum system

We consider the generalized quantum Chirikov map under a resonance condition 2\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\Elzxh}=M/N. This is the quantum-resonance condition discovered by Casati et al. At the resonance, the quantum system reduces to a set of independent N\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}N unitary matrix eigenequations. We can reduce the evolution operator of the original system as a direct sum of these N\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}N unitary matrices. We then obtain the eigenstates and eigenenergies (the pseudoenergies) of the quantum map and illustrate their dependences on a number of parameters. We plot these eigenstates in the coherent-state representation and show that they follow closely the Kolmogorov-Arnol'd-Moser curves and other classical orbits.
MAGNETO-OPTIC CHARACTERIZATIONS OF SUPERLATTICES AND WEDGED SANDWICHES WITH OSCILLATORY INTERLAYER MAGNETIC COUPLING

Three examples of magnetic coupling across metallic spacer layers are considered. Fe/Nb sputtered superlattices are observed to have as many as five antiferromagnetic oscillations, but a weak magnetoresistive anomaly. Epitaxial trilayers of Fe/Mo/Fe grown on Mo(100) and Co/Cu/Co grown on Cu(100) are observed to have short- and long-period oscillations, respectively. The trilayers are grown with wedged spacer layers and characterized in-situ by means of the magneto-optic Kerr effect.
A Customer-active Paradigm for Industrial Product Idea Generation

It has long been a source of concern to students of marketing research that some of the more sophisticated marketing research techniques, such as multidimensional scaling, routinely used in the generation of ideas for new consumer products, have not been extensively applied to the generation of ideas for new industrial products. Under the well-founded assumption that there is at least latent demand for improved need search and idea generation methodologies in the industrial sector,2 research is being conducted by many to explore differences in the consumer and industrial buying situations, differences that might be preventing straightforward transfer of consumer marketing research tools to that sector.
Summary of contributions to GAW Group 12: multivariate methods.

Here we summarize the contributions to Group 12 of Genetic Analysis Workshop (GAW) 14, held in Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands. The theme of this group, multivariate methods, covered a broad range of statistical applications. Most of the contributors considered Problem 1 of the GAW. However, one paper considered the bivariate analysis of two binary phenotypes generated by the simulated data in Problem 2. Some contributors focused on statistical issues involved in considering multiple variables, and others on extensions to the variance-components methodology for analysis of quantitative traits. Applications to the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism data identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on chromosome 4 associated with the ttth1–ttth4 phenotypes, and replicated previous findings of linkage on chromosome 4 for alcohol consumption, using microsatellite and SNP data. Genet. Epidemiol. 29(Suppl. 1): S91–S95, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Muons produced by atmospheric neutrinos: Analysis

The experimental rate of muons produced deep underground by neutrinos is used together with neutrino cross sections from experiments at CERN and the atmospheric-neutrino spectrum as determined from cosmic-ray-muon data, to deduce the high-energy (g 10 GeV) bahavior of neutrino cross sections. We use a cutoff parameter ${M}_{W}$ to limit the linear increase of the inverse-$\ensuremath{\beta}$-reaction cross section with energy which would otherwise result from scale invariance. A comparison (neglecting uncertainties) of the calculated and the experimentally determined muon rates shows a deviation from linearity that would be observable at a neutrino lab energy of \ensuremath{\sim}50 GeV. If the hypothetical $W$ boson of weak interactions provides the mechanism for this saturation, then a (weak) upper limit can be set on its mass. At 1 standard deviation, this limit is ${M}_{W}\ensuremath{\le}45 \frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{{c}^{2}}$. Should the $W$ boson exist, it can also be produced copiously if it has sufficiently small mass. Thus a lower limit on its mass can also be set. At 1 standard deviation, this limit is ${M}_{W}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}2.9 \frac{\mathrm{Gev}}{{c}^{2}}$, where this limit is independent of $W$ decay modes. More accurate accelerator-neutrino (antineutrino) experiments at energies up to 10 GeV and an improvement in our knowledge of the underground muon rate could reduce significantly the spread between the upper and lower limits on ${M}_{W}$. The underground results are also used to set limits on neutrino fluxes from extraterrestrial sources, e.g., for a saturation energy of \ensuremath{\sim}60 GeV, the 1-standard-deviation upper limit on an extraterrestrial-neutrino flux is \ensuremath{\sim}\textonehalf{} of the atmospheric-neutrino flux.
The brain drain: A tax analysis of the Bhagwati proposal

Abstract To alleviate the problems caused by the brain drain, Professor Bhagwati proposes that professional, technical, and kindred persons who emigrate from less developed countries be subjected to a special tax on the income they earn in developed countries. This paper highlights the political and legal issues raised by his proposal and examines three approaches to implementation: a tax levied by the less developed country, a tax levied by the developed country, and a tax levied by the United Nations. Specific aspects of the proposal which require further study and refinement, such as administrative feasibility, are outlined.
Simulation Of Signal Transduction In Model Multiprotein Systems

To simulate the dynamics of multiprotein machines, I have developed a method called multiconformer Brownian dynamics (mcBD). In this method, proteins rotate and translate via Brownian motion while their conformations are varied among a prestored set of structures on a simplified energy landscape, taking into account inter-protein interactions. As an example, I build a simple model of a G-protein coupled receptor/G-protein complex, and show that ligand binding causes conformational shifts, which induce GDP to leave, GTP to bind, and the complex to dissociate (Figure 1). The two proteins couple their fast fluctuations together into large-scale coordinated functional motions, resulting in signal transduction. I vary the shapes, electrostatics, and energy landscapes of the proteins independently and examine the impact this has on the system's function. In one result, increasing the binding between proteins improves the fidelity of communication, but at the expense of overall switching frequency.Figure 1Ligand binding causes the receptor to switch (A), which induces the G-protein to adopt an open conformation (B), which causes GDP to be released (C). Then (not shown) GTP binds, reversing the conformational shift and causing the G-protein and receptor to separate from each other.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
An adhesive wear model of fractal surfaces in normal contact

Abstract A generalized adhesive wear analysis that takes into account the effect of interfacial adhesion on the total load was developed for three-dimensional fractal surfaces in normal contact. A wear criterion based on the critical contact area for fully-plastic deformation of the asperity contacts was used to model the removal of material from the contact interface. The fraction of fully-plastic asperity contacts, wear rate, and wear coefficient are expressed in terms of the total normal load (global interference), fractal (topography) parameters, elastic–plastic material properties, surface energy, material compatibility, and interfacial adhesion characteristics controlled by the environment of the interacting surfaces. Numerical results are presented for representative ceramic–ceramic, ceramic–metallic, and metal–metal contact systems to illustrate the dependence of asperity plastic deformation, wear rate, and wear coefficient on global interference, surface roughness, material properties, and work of adhesion (affected by the material compatibility and the environment of the contacting surfaces). The analysis yields insight into the effects of surface material properties and interfacial adhesion on the adhesive wear of rough surfaces in normal contact.
Combustion Behavior of Solid Oxidizer/Gaseous Fuel Diffusion Flames

The diffusion flame combustion behavior of several solid oxidizers (ammonium nitrate, phase-stabilized ammonium nitrate, ammonium perchlorate, and ammonium dinitramide) in combination with a hydrocarbon fuel (ethylene) was examined. The oxidizers were first analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, and evolved gas analysis to gain an understanding of their basic decomposition characteristics. Next, an opposed flow burner was used to establish a diffusion flame between the decomposition products of the oxidizer(s) and the fuel. Regression rates of the solid oxidizer were measured by a linear variable displacement transducer as a function of fuel flow rate. Ammonium dinitramide demonstrated the highest linear regression rate characteristics by up to two orders of magnitude, followed by ammonium perchlorate, phase-stabilized ammonium nitrate, and finally ammonium nitrate. When comparing mass burning rates, ammonium perchlorate compares favorably to solid fuels such as hydro...
Isobar Rescattering Model and Light Scalar Mesons

We use a toy model to discuss the problem of parameterizing the possible contribution of a light scalar meson, sigma, to the final state interactions in the non leptonic decays of heavy mesons.
Random polarization dynamics in a resonant optical medium

Random optical-pulse polarization switching along an active optical medium in the �-configuration with spatially disordered occupation numbers of its lower energy sub-level pair is described using the idealized integrable Maxwell-Bloch model. Analytical results describing the light polarization-switching statistics for the single self-induced transparency pulse are compared with statistics obtained from direct Monte-Carlo numerical simulations. c 2013 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 190.5530, 190.7110, 250.6715 The model of light interacting with a material sample composed of three-level active atoms has made possible the descriptions of several nontrivial optical phenomena, including lasing without inversion [1], slow light [2], and electric-field polarization of solitons in self-induced transparency [3]. Its simplest version including a nondegenerate upper and two degenerate lower working
Total Syntheses of (+)- and (−)-Cacospongionolide B: New Insight into Structural Requirements for Phospholipase A2 Inhibition

The first total synthesis of the antiinflammatory marine sponge metabolite (+)-cacospongionolide B has been accomplished in 12 linear steps. The pivotal transformations include a three-step sequence coupling the two main regions of the natural product as well as generating the side chain dihydropyran ring. The activity of the synthetic analogues against bee venom phospholipase A2 suggests that cacospongionolide B has an enantiospecific interaction with the enzyme that is independent of the γ-hydroxybutenolide moiety.
Asymptotic behavior and zero distribution of Carleman orthogonal polynomials

Let L be an analytic Jordan curve and let {p"n(z)}"n"="0^~ be the sequence of polynomials that are orthonormal with respect to the area measure over the interior of L. A well-known result of Carleman states that(1)limn->~p"n(z)(n+1)/@p[@f(z)]^[email protected]^'(z) locally uniformly on a certain open neighborhood of the closed exterior of L, where @f is the canonical conformal map of the exterior of L onto the exterior of the unit circle. In this paper we extend the validity of (1) to a maximal open set, every boundary point of which is an accumulation point of the zeros of the p"n's. Some consequences on the limiting distribution of the zeros are discussed, and the results are illustrated with two concrete examples and numerical computations.
DID CUTS IN STATE AID DURING THE GREAT RECESSION LEAD TO CHANGES IN LOCAL PROPERTY TAXES

The Great Recession led to marked declines in state revenue. In this paper we investigate whether (and how) local school districts modified their funding and taxing decisions in response to state aid declines in the post-recession period. Our results reveal school districts responded to state aid cuts in the post-recession period by countering these cuts. Relative to the pre-recession period, a unit decrease in state aid was associated with a relative increase in local funding. To further probe the school district role, we explore whether the property tax rate, which reflects decisions of districts facing budgetary needs, responded to state aid cuts. We find, relative to the pre-recession period, the post-recession period was characterized by a strong negative relationshipbetweenpropertytaxrateandstateaidperpupil.We also find important heterogeneities in these responses by region, property wealth, and importance of School Tax Relief Program revenue in district budgets.
Quantitative analysis of supported membrane composition using the NanoSIMS

We have improved methods reported earlier [1] for sample preparation, imaging and quantifying components in supported lipid bilayers using high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry performed with the NanoSIMS 50. By selectively incorporating a unique stable isotope into each component of interest, a component-specific image is generated from the location and intensity of the unique secondary ion signals exclusively produced by each molecule. Up to five species can be simultaneously analyzed. Homogeneous supported lipid bilayers that systematically varied in their isotopic enrichment levels were freeze-dried and analyzed with the NanoSIMS 50. The molecule-specific secondary ion signal intensities had an excellent linear correlation to the isotopically labeled lipid content. Statistically indistinguishable calibration curves were obtained using different sample sets analyzed months apart. Fluid bilayers can be patterned using lithographic methods and the composition of each corralled region varied systematically by simple microfluidic methods. The resulting composition variations can be imaged and quantified. This approach opens the possibility of imaging and quantifying the composition of microdomains within membranes, including protein components, without using bulky labels and with very high lateral resolution and sensitivity.
HEAVY ION PHYSICS AT RHIC

The status of the physics of heavy ion collisions is reviewed based on measurements over the past 6 years from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The dense nuclear matter produced in Au+Au collisions with nucleon-nucleon c.m. energy at RHIC corresponds roughly to the density and temperature of the universe a few microseconds after the ‘big-bang’ and has been described as “a perfect liquid” of quarks and gluons, rather than the gas of free quarks and gluons, “the quark-gluon plasma” as originally envisaged. The measurements and arguments leading to this description will be presented.
A compartmentalized approach to the assembly of physical maps.

Physical maps have been historically one of the cornerstones of genome sequencing and map-based cloning strategies. They also support marker assisted breeding and EST mapping. The problem of building a high quality physical map is computationally challenging due to unavoidable noise in the input fingerprint data. We propose a novel compartmentalized method for the assembly of high quality physical maps from fingerprinted clones. The knowledge of genetic markers enables us to group clones into clusters so that clones in the same cluster are more likely to overlap. For each cluster of clones, a local physical map is first constructed using FingerPrinted Contigs (FPC). Then, all the individual maps are carefully merged into the final physical map. Experimental results on the genomes of rice and barley demonstrate that the compartmentalized assembly produces significantly more accurate maps, and that it can detect and isolate clones that would induce "chimeric" contigs if used in the final assembly. The software is available for download at http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~sbozdag/assembler/
Pulsar signal of deconfinement

Abstract A solitary millisecond pulsar, if near the mass limit, and undergoing a phase transition, either first or second order, provided the transition is to a substantially more compressible phase, will emit a blatantly obvious signal—spontaneous spin-up. Normally a pulsar spins down by angular momentum loss to radiation. The signal is trivial to detect and is estimated to be “on” for 1/50 of the spin-down era of millisecond pulsars. Presently about 25 solitary millisecond pulsars are known. The phenomenon is analogous to “backbending” observed in high spin nuclei in the 1970's.
A rate-efficient approach for establishing visual correspondences via distributed source coding

We consider the problem of communicating compact descriptors for the purpose of establishing visual correspondences between two cameras operating under rate constraints. Establishing visual correspondences is a critical step before other tasks such as camera calibration or object recognition can be performed in a network of cameras. We verify that descriptors of regions which are in correspondence are highly correlated , and propose the use of distributed source coding to reduce the bandwidth needed for transmitting descriptors required to establish correspondence. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed scheme is able to provide compression gains of 57% with minimal loss in the number of correctly established correspondences compared to a scheme that communicates the entire image of the scene losslessly in compressed form. Over a wide range of rates, the proposed scheme also provides superior performance when compared to simply transmitting all the feature descriptors.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Modeling Multiple Response Processes in Judgment and Choice

In this article, I show how item response models can be used to capture multiple response processes in psychological applications. Intuitive and analytical responses, agree-disagree answers, response refusals, socially desirable responding, differential item functioning, and choices among multiple options are considered. In each of these cases, I show that the response processes can be measured via pseudoitems derived from the observed responses. The estimation of these models via standard software programs that allow for missing data is also discussed. The article concludes with two detailed applications that illustrate the prevalence of multiple response processes.
Voyager 1 imaging and IRIS observations of Jovian methane absorption and thermal emission - Implications for cloud structure

Images from three filters of the Voyager 1 wide angle camera are used to measure the continuum reflectivity and spectral gradient near 6000 A and the 6190 A band methane/continuum ratio for a variety of cloud features in Jupiter's atmosphere. The dark barge features in the North Equatorial Belt have anomalously strong positive continuum spectral gradients suggesting unique composition. Methane absorption is shown at unprecedented spatial scales for the Great Red Spot and its immediate environment, for a dark barge feature in the North Equatorial Belt, and for two hot spot and plume regions in the North Equatorial Belt. Methane absorption and five micrometer emission are correlated in the vicinity of the Great Red Spot but are anticorrelated in one of the plume hot spot regions. Methane absorption and simultaneous maps of five micrometer brightness temperature is quantitatively compared to realistic cloud structure models which include multiple scattering at five micrometer as well as in the visible. Variability in H2 quadrupole lines are also investigated.
Manypedia: Comparing language points of view of Wikipedia communities

The three million articles of the English Wikipedia have been written in a collaborative fashion by more than 14 million volunteer editors. In each article, a community of editors strive to reach a neutral point of view, representing all significant views fairly, proportionately, and without biases. However, beside the English one, there are more than 270 editions of Wikipedia in different languages and their relatively isolated communities of editors are not forced by the platform to discuss and negotiate their points of view. So the empirical question is: Do communities on different language Wikipedias develop their own diverse Linguistic Points of View (LPOV)? To answer this question we created and released as open source Manypedia, a Web tool whose aim is to facilitate cross–cultural analysis of Wikipedia language communities by providing an easy way to compare automatically translated versions of their different representations of the same topic.
Holographic and Wilsonian renormalization groups

We develop parallels between the holographic renormalization group in the bulk and the Wilsonian renormalization group in the dual field theory. Our philosophy differs from most previous work on the holographic RG; the most notable feature is the key role of multi-trace operators. We work out the forms of various single-and double-trace flows. The key question, ‘what cutoff on the field theory corresponds to a radial cutoff in the bulk?’ is left unanswered, but by sharpening the analogy between the two sides we identify possible directions.
DISCOVERY OF AN EXTENDED DUST EMISSION AROUND IRAS 18576)0341 (AFGL 2298) AT 10.3 AND 18.0 MICRONS: A NEW LUMINOUS BLUE VARIABLE CANDIDATE?

We report the detection of extended mid-infrared emission from IRAS 18576+0341 (AFGL 2298). The object shows a dusty circumstellar shell that has diameter of 7'' at 10.3 and 18.0 μm. The dust nebula shows two emission peaks concentrically elongated and symmetrically oriented on the opposite sides of the third, central peak, which appears to be the central star of the system. The observed mid-infrared morphology indicates that the circumstellar dust shell has an equatorially enhanced material distribution, which is a common signature of stellar objects that have experienced mass loss. Radiative transfer model calculations suggest that the central star is an extremely bright (L* = 106.4 L☉) star at a distance of about 10 kpc: this object is best described as a new luminous blue variable candidate. The circumstellar dust shell seems to have been generated by an equatorially-enhanced mass loss process with ≥ 6.8 × 10-6 M☉ yr-1 and pole/eq ~ 0.5.
Cu(I)-Catalyzed Regioselective Diamination of Conjugated Dienes via Dual Mechanistic Pathways

This paper describes the Cu(I)-catalyzed regioselective diamination of conjugated dienes using di-tert-butyldiaziridinone as nitrogen source. The internal diamination and terminal diamination likely proceed via two mechanistic pathways. Various dienes can be efficiently diaminated at the internal double bonds with high regio- and diasteroselectivity in good yield using inexpensive CuBr as catalyst.
Transversity Single Spin Asymmetries.

The theoretical aspects of two leading twist transversity single spin asymmetries, one arising from the Collins effect and one from the interference fragmentation functions, are reviewed. Issues of factorization, evolution and Sudakov factors for the relevant observables are discussed. These theoretical considerations pinpoint the most realistic scenarios towards measurements of transversity.