cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calorimetric evaluation of phase change materials for use as thermal interface materials

Abstract The phase change behavior of organic and inorganic phase change materials, namely paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax, Na2SO4·10H2O and CaCl2·6H2O, with melting temperatures close to room temperature, was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry. The melting and solidification temperatures, supercooling, heat of fusion and thermal cycling stability of these materials, with and without additives, were determined. Paraffin wax, with or without α-Al2O3 or BN particles, are potentially good thermal interface materials, because of the negative supercooling (down to −7°C), large heat of fusion (up to 142 J/g) and excellent thermal cycling stability. Microcrystalline wax is not suitable, due to its unclear endothermic and exothermic peaks and wide melting temperature range. The addition of 20–60 wt.% α-Al2O3 to paraffin wax decreases the melting temperature by 7°C. Beyond 60 wt.% α-Al2O3, the melting temperature of paraffin wax increases toward the value without α-Al2O3. The heat of fusion of paraffin wax attains a minimum at 20 wt.% α-Al2O3. The addition of BN has little effect on the phase change behavior of paraffin wax. The inorganic materials Na2SO4·10H2O and CaCl2·6H2O, with and without nucleating additives, are not suitable for use as thermal interface materials, due to the incongruent melting and decomposition behavior, large supercooling (8°C or more) and thermal cycling instability.
Renal Cystic Disease as the Target of Research

Cystic diseases account for 10% of all end-stage kidney disease (Cleveland and Fellner, 1979). Through Medicaid and Medicare their treatments cost our society about $200 million annually. Federal support for research into these conditions—their cause(s), prevention, arrest, and detection—approximates $500,000 a year. That is to say, of every federal dollar spent on renal cystic disease, more than 99 cents goes for treatment; less than 1 cent goes for research. This pittance of $500,000 reflects not defective central management but rather a relative lack in the field of interested, qualified investigators who are competitive for federal research dollars.
Akute gastrointestinale Blutungen

Akute gastrointestinale Blutungen werden nach ihrer Lokalisation eingeteilt (Pennazio et al. 2004) in: obere (proximal der Papilla Vateri bzw. im mit dem Gastroskop einsehbaren Bereich), mittlere (distal der Papilla Vateri bzw. des mit dem Gastroskop einsehbaren Bereichs bis terminales Ileum), untere gastrointestinale Blutungen (terminales Ileum und distal davon). Eine obskure Blutung liegt vor, wenn bei einer gastrointestinalen Blutung keine Blutungsquelle in der Gastroskopie und Koloskopie nachgewiesen werden kann. Lokalisation Obere gastrointestinale Blutung Die obere gastrointestinale Blutung ist haufiger als die untere, wenn auch ihre Inzidenz abzunehmen und die der unteren zuzunehmen scheint (Lanas et al. 2009). Sie wird am haufigsten durch Schleimhauterosionen bzw. -ulzerationen sowie Varizen verursacht. Tab. 64.1 zeigt die Haufigkeitsverteilung der oberen gastrointestinalen Blutungen, die sich uber die Jahre nicht entscheidend geandert hat (Ell et al. 1995...
Prevention, treatment, and social action: a strategy of intervention in a disadvantaged urban area.

An effective community mental health program for urban disadvantaged areas requires techniques derived from social action as well as the more traditional services. The use of small group approaches and staffing of neighborhood storefront centers with nonprofessionals are examples of innovative programs designed to bring about substantial changes in the community's mental health status.
Modeling the influence of hypsometry, vegetation, and storm energy on snowmelt contributions to basins during rain‐on‐snow floods

Point observations and previous basin modeling efforts have suggested that snowmelt may be a significant input of water for runoff during extreme rain-on-snow floods within Western U.S. basins. Quantifying snowmelt input over entire basins is difficult given sparse observations of snowmelt. In order to provide a range of snowmelt contributions for water managers, a physically-based snow model coupled with an idealized basin representation was evaluated in point simulations and used to quantify the maximum basin-wide input from snowmelt volume during flood events. Maximum snowmelt basin contributions and uncertainty ranges were estimated as 29% (11-47%), 29% (8-37%), and 7% (2-24%) of total rain plus snowmelt input, within the Snoqualmie, East North Fork Feather, and Upper San Joaquin basins, respectively, during historic flooding events between 1980 and 2008. The idealized basin representation revealed that both hypsometry and forest cover of a basin had similar magnitude of impacts on the basin-wide snowmelt totals. However, the characteristics of a given storm (antecedent SWE and available energy for melt) controlled how much hypsometry and forest cover impacted basin-wide snowmelt. These results indicate that for watershed managers, flood forecasting efforts should prioritize rainfall prediction first, but cannot neglect snowmelt contributions in some cases. Efforts to reduce the uncertainty in the above snowmelt simulations should focus on improving the meteorological forcing data (especially air temperature and wind speed) in complex terrain. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Plant growth and phosphorus accumulation of wild type and two root hair mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae)

Arabidopsis thaliana root hairs grow longer and denser in response to low-phosphorus availability. We tested the hypothesis that wild-type Arabidopsis would acquire more phosphorus under phosphorus-limiting conditions than mutants that do not have the root hair response. The growth and phosphorus acquisition of wild-type Arabidopsis (WS) were compared to two root hair mutants (rhd6 and rhd2) under eight phosphorus treatments ranging from 0.4 mmol/m 3 to 54 mmol/m3 phosphorus. At the lowest phosphorus treatment, all plants were small and showed severe phosphorus stress symptoms. At 1.5 mmol/m 3 phosphorus, WS plants had greater shoot biomass, absolute growth rate, total phosphorus, and specific phosphorus absorption than the two root hair mutants. At the highest phosphorus treatment, there was no difference between genotypes in any of the parameters measured. We conclude that the response of increased root hair growth under low phosphorus availability in Arabidopsis is important in increasing phosphorus acquisition under phosphorus-limiting conditions.
Lower Bound Limit Load Determination: The mβ-Multiplier Method

The existing lower bound limit load determination methods that are based on linear elastic analysis such as the classical and mα -multiplier methods have a dependence on the maximum equivalent stress. These methods are therefore sensitive to localized plastic action, which occurs in components with thin or slender construction, or those containing notches and cracks. Sensitivity manifests itself as relatively poor lower bounds during the initial elastic iterations of the elastic modulus adjustment procedures, or oscillatory behavior of the multiplier during successive elastic iterations leading to limited accuracy. The mβ -multiplier method proposed in this paper starts out with Mura’s inequality that relates the upper bound to the exact multiplier by making use of the “integral mean of yield.” The formulation relies on a “reference parameter” that is obtained by considering a distribution of stress rather than a single maximum equivalent stress. As a result, good limit load estimates have been obtained for several pressure component configurations.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
On the Interaction between Thin Isolated Eddies and Longshore Currents

Abstract A simplified two-layer analytical model describing the interaction between a longshore current and a thin lenslike eddy is considered. The eddy is situated near a vertical wall and is embedded in a frictional boundary current which is flowing from one latitude to another. Attention is focused on the conditions under which the boundary current compensates for the tendency of the eddy is drift due to β so that the eddy is stationary. The model incorporates movements resulting from the circulation within the eddy, the longshore flow and β. Both the upper and lower layer are taken to be active; diffusion is neglected but bottom friction is included. Although our model is simplified, the movements within the eddy are not constrained to be quasi-geostrophic, in the sense that the Rossby number can be relatively large and the interface surfaces at a finite distance from the center. The desired solutions are constructed analytically. It is found that a thin lenslike eddy adjacent to a western boundary ca...
Low Profile, Broadside Radiating, Electrically Small Huygens Source Antennas

It is demonstrated numerically that a metamaterial-inspired, low profile (height approximately $\lambda $ /80), electrically small ( $\textrm {ka} = 0.45$ ) Huygens source antenna can be designed to radiate at 300 MHz in its broadside direction with a high radiation efficiency and a large front-to-back ratio. Two electrically small, near-field resonant parasitic (NFRP) antennas are first designed. Both are based on a coax-fed dipole antenna. An electric dipole response is obtained by combining it with a tunable Egyptian axe dipole (EAD) NFRP element. A magnetic dipole response is obtained by spatially loading the driven dipole with tunable, extruded capacitively loaded loop (CLL) NFRP elements. The driven dipole and the EAD and CLL NFRP elements are combined together and retuned to achieve a broadside radiating Huygens source antenna. Two different designs, one with two CLL elements and one with four, are obtained, and their performance characteristics are compared.
Differential diagnosis of dementia using FDG PET, amyloid PET, and dopamine SPECT: Cost-performance analysis of multi-modal imaging approach

1996 Objectives To investigate effective use of multi-modal imaging to differentially diagnose dementia based on cost-performance analysis. Methods Differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) was modeled for clinically demented patients. FDG PET, amyloid PET (AMY), and dopamine SPECT (DOPA) were used as sequential tests in differing order. Diagnostic performance and cost were based on literature evidence and Medicare reimbursement except for AMY. Two therapeutic questions were tested: effective use of acetylcholinesterace inhibitor (ChEI) (AD+DLB vs FTD) and detection of neuroleptics (NLP) hypersensitivity (DLB vs AD+FTD). Probabilistic modeling estimated cost-performance by varying 1) pretest probability; 2) AMY cost; and 3) interpreter modality confidence level. Results For a range of pretest probabilities (AD, DLB & FTD 10-50%), the sequential use of FDG PET then AMY (FDG->AMY) yielded best cost-performance for both ChEI and NLP ($1,442 and $1,482). AMY->DOPA achieved best performance for NLP, but was most expensive ($4,159, 2.8 times FDG->AMY). In a younger population with higher FTD incidence, AMY->DOPA yielded best performance for ChEI (95%), but for elderly population with higher DLB incidence, FDG->AMY outperformed (95%-97%). When AMY cost was set equal to FDG PET, AMY->FDG had best cost-performance for ChEI, but, when AMY cost was more than FDG PET, FDG->AMY was better. For NLP, FDG->AMY was best except, when AMY cost was set as high as DOPA, FDG->DOPA achieved the best cost. Modality confidence level influenced subsequent tests. When confidence of AMY was high (100% vs 80%) diagnostic performance decreased 4% in NLP and increased cost by 8%. Conclusions Multi-modal imaging improves differential diagnosis of dementia, but effectiveness varies in different clinical and cost settings. While costly AMY->DOPA can achieve high performance, FDG->AMY yielded best cost-performance over various pretest probabilities, interpreter confidence, and therapeutic scenarios
Introduction to Symposium, The New Federalism After United States v. Lopez

Introduction to Symposium, The New Federalism After United States v. Lopez, Cleveland, Ohio, 1996.
Overview of the Management of Other Infections

The paper by Schlaes et al. [ ] is disturbing and depressing in that the investigators clearly document the emergence of significant antimicrobial resistance among gram-positive pathogens. The authors are relatively pessimistic concerning the development of new agents for effectively treating infections caused by pathogens that have developed resistance to existing agents. To take a more optimistic view, perhaps in part to avert the feeling that an era of doom and gloom is upon us, there are several potentially bright notes in the story of the development of enterococcal resistance, as documented by Schlaes et al. [1]. It is true that microbes are developing resistance to aminoglycosides and to penicillin, the latter resistance occurring both by 3-lactamase production and changes in penicillin-binding proteins. Nonetheless, the oldest of the aminoglycosides, streptomycin, appears to be more active than other drugs of this class against certain enterococcal strains. Because of its efficacy against drug-resistant tuberculosis, streptomycin will again be available to clinicians for use. In addition, some in vitro and animal studies documented in the paper by Schlaes et al. [ I ] suggest that novel combinations of existing agents may be effective. For example, ampicillin/sulbactam appears to be more effective, at least in vitro, against certain strains of Staphylococcus because ampicillin binds avidly to the penicillin-binding protein and sulbactam protects it from destruction by f-lactamase. Combination therapy, such as that with ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and rifampin, has also been used for highly resistant organisms. Obviously, other combinations are possible and therapeutic innovation may have to take the place of the use of new agents. Another issue presented by Schlaes et al. [1] involves the development of resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin
Two-coordinate first row transition metal complexes with short unsupported metal-metal bonds.

A series of first row transition metal complexes with unsupported M−Fe bonds, (3,5-iPr2-Ar*)MFe(η5-C5H5)(CO)2 (M = Fe (1), Mn (2), Cr (3), 3,5-iPr2-Ar* = -C6H-2,6-(C6H2-2,4,6-iPr3)2-3,5-iPr2), was synthesized by salt metathesis. They were characterized by 1H NMR, UV−vis spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and SQUID magnetic measurements. Two distinct Fe atoms in 1 were confirmed by Mossbauer spectroscopy. All three compounds feature short metal−metal bond distances (Fe−Fe, 2.3931(8) A (1); Mn−Fe, 2.4512(5) A (2); Cr−Fe, 2.4887(5) A (3)). Their DFT computed structures were in excellent agreement with the experimental data and revealed a dative bonding interaction between the metals.
Substitution of β-Alanine, Nicotinic Acid, and Pimelic Acid for Meat Extract in Growth of Diphtheria Bacillus

ConclusionMinute amounts of nicotinic acid, β-alanine, and pimelic acid, present together, permit about two-thirds the maximal growth of the diphtheria bacillus obtained from whole tissue extracts when added to a suitable control medium. The pimelic acid appears to be the least essential of the three. Differences appear between strains, even of the Park 8 organism, which may well be multiplied when further strains are examined.
Degradation of Gardona on Standing and Stored Forage

Gardona® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl)vinyl dimethyl phosphate) was applied to field plots at 0.75, 0.50, and 0.25 lb active ingredient (AI) per acre. Residue samples were taken throughout the growing season. A field of hay treated at 0.75 lb AI/acre was cut, baled after suitable curing, and held in winter storage for degradation studies. The effect of 3 temperatures on the persistence of Gardona in stored hay was considered. Analyses were completed by gas chromatography. Forty-nine days after initial treatment Gardona residues in field treatments had disappeared. Forty-five percent of Gardona applied to hay that was immediately baled and stored was gone within 22 days. The decline thereafter was gradual. At 18 months residues were about 2.5 ppm. Gardona on hay stored at 72°F degraded faster than when stored at 45°F or at ambient temperatures.
Historical Perspectives of Urban Drainage

Historically, urban drainage systems have been viewed with various perspectives. During different time periods and in different locations, urban drainage has been considered a vital natural resource, a convenient cleansing mechanism, an efficient waste transport medium, a flooding concern, a nuisance wastewater, and a transmitter of disease. In general, climate, topography, geology, scientific knowledge, engineering and construction capabilities, societal values, religious beliefs, and other factors have influenced the local perspective of urban drainage. For as long as humans have been constructing cities these factors have guided and constrained the development of urban drainage solutions. Historical accounts provide glimpses of many interesting and unique urban drainage techniques. This paper will highlight several of these techniques dating from as early as 3000 BC to as recently as the twentieth century. For each example discussed, the overriding perspective of urban drainage for that particular time and place is identified. The presentation will follow a chronological path with the examples categorized into the following four time periods: (1) ancient civilizations, (2) Roman Empire, (3) Post-Roman era to the nineteenth century, and (4) modern day. The paper culminates with a brief summary of the present day perspective of urban drainage.
Simulation for Secondary Arc Caused by Single-phase Grounding in UHV AC Transmission Line

To compensate the shortcomings of arcing tests,the numerical modeling and simulation method has become the important feasible tool to investigate and predict the characters of secondary arc.The simulation model for secondary arc in transmission lines was established.Secondary arc caused by single-phase grounding fault in UHV AC demonstration project was taken as an example to simulate arc movement,arc current waveforms,and the duration time of secondary arc.The simulation results conform to the measured data in artificial test,which validates the simulation model of secondary arc fitting for the engineering application.
Study on Treatment for Dyeing Wastewater by Iron-carbon Micro-electrolysis and A/O Process

Iron-carbon micro-electrolysis and A/O process is used to treat the dyeing wastewater and the factors influencing the treatment efficiency of micro-electrolysis as well as the conditions of A/O are also studied.The results show that the optimal initial pH,flocculation pH and Fe/C ratio should be 3,7.5 and 1∶1.1 respectively,with reaction time 30 mins in the process,as a result,the ratio of BOD5/COD of the pretreated dyeing wastewater is raised from 0.19 to 0.37;Temperature is adjusted to 35-40℃,pH to 6.5-7 as well as the HRT is 8 hours and 20 hours in anaerobic and oxic reaction tanks respectively.The removal rate of COD and chromaticity can reach 90% and 95% respectively and the effluent can reach the national "Sewage Synthesis Emissions Standard"(GB8978-1996,grade 1).
Gangrene infection: new approaches to an old disease.

Physicians must be stimulated to be constantly aware of the threat of gas gangrene, not only to prevent future cases but also to permit earlier diagnosis and improved results with more successful methods of therapy now available.
Clay Swelling and Colloid Stability: Martin Smalley. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 2006, 272 pp. [ISBN 0-8493-8079-0] Price $139.95.

The DLVO (Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek) theory, formulated by Derjaguin and Landau (1941) and later independently by Vervey and Overbeek (1948), laid the foundations for our understanding of particle interactions in colloidal lyophobic dispersions and their kinetic stabilities. The configuration of the electrical double layers had been described previously by the Gouy-Chapman model with refinements later by many other investigators. In this model the counterions were reduced to point charges, liquid media were represented by a uniform dielectric constant, and colloidal particles by flat and uniformly charged large surfaces. The particle interactions in DLVO theory were assumed to be essentially controlled by two opposing forces, the screened Coulombic repulsion and by the London-van der Waals attraction. These oversimplifications have caused several problems in the application of the DLVO theory since its inception. For the last 50 years, various refinements and corrections were proposed to explain these discrepancies or to reconcile the theory with the observed data. This monograph calls an end to these corrections for the DLVO theory both on experimental and theoretical grounds. It is, therefore, a very important publication. It will be beneficial to the reader if I present this review in two parts: Part 1 presents the author’s own experimental data collected over the years that led him down the path for the formulation of a new theory for the stability of hydrophobic colloids. Chapters 1–7 are devoted to this section which is the essence of the monograph. Part 2 discusses the configurations of counterions and water molecules in the interfaces between macro-ions i.e. charged platy colloidal particles in Chapters 8–10. The effects of a special polymer, PEO, on the stability of n -C4H9NH+3-vermiculite dispersion, on its interlamellar separation, and the stacking order and crystallinity of the vermiculite layers are examined in Chapters …
Strain and rate-dependent neuronal injury in a 3D in vitro compression model of traumatic brain injury

In the United States over 1.7 million cases of traumatic brain injury are reported yearly, but predictive correlation of cellular injury to impact tissue strain is still lacking, particularly for neuronal injury resulting from compression. Given the prevalence of compressive deformations in most blunt head trauma, this information is critically important for the development of future mitigation and diagnosis strategies. Using a 3D in vitro neuronal compression model, we investigated the role of impact strain and strain rate on neuronal lifetime, viability, and pathomorphology. We find that strain magnitude and rate have profound, yet distinctively different effects on the injury pathology. While strain magnitude affects the time of neuronal death, strain rate influences the pathomorphology and extent of population injury. Cellular injury is not initiated through localized deformation of the cytoskeleton but rather driven by excess strain on the entire cell. Furthermore we find that, mechanoporation, one of the key pathological trigger mechanisms in stretch and shear neuronal injuries, was not observed under compression.
Angular momentum distribution in the transverse plane

We discuss several possibilities to relate the $t$ dependence of generalized parton distributions to the distribution of angular momentum in the transverse plane. Using a simple spectator model, we demonstrate that none of them correctly describes the orbital angular momentum distribution that for a longitudinally polarized nucleon is obtained directly from light-front wave functions.
Role of Neuroimaging in Recurrent Headaches

Researchers at multiple centers in Korea have retrospectively reviewed the records of all 1562 (male 724, female 838) new patients presenting with recurrent headaches in 9 Pediatric Neurology Clinics of tertiary hospitals.
Towards an Immanent Conception of Economic Agency: Or, A Speech on Metaphysics to its Cultured Despisers

When it comes to social criticism of the economy, Critical Theory has thus far failed to discover specific immanent norms in that sphere of activity. In response, we propose that what is needed is to double down on the idealism of Critical Theory by taking seriously the sophisticated structure of agency developed in Hegel’s own account of freedom as self-determination. When we do so, we will see that the anti-metaphysical gestures of recent Critical Theory work in opposition to its attempts to develop immanent critique. In this paper we first briefly reconsider Axel Honneth’s project as it concerns economic institutions and then respond by returning to the problem of freedom and articulating a view according to which the problem of individual self-determination and the problem of social production are the same problem seen from different angles. Then we present briefly Hegel’s own social theory from this perspective before moving on to trace the outlines of such a critical theory of contemporary capitalism.
THE INFLUENCE OF PARENTING STYLE, LEARNING STYLE, AND MOTIVATION ACHIEVEMENT TO MATHEMATIC LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT OF STUDENTS OF MTsN IN MAKASSAR

This research aimed to examine the direct influence and the interaction influence among the parenting style, learning style, and achievement motivation on students’ mathematics learning achievement. This research is ex-post facto research. The population of this research was the students of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri (MTsN) Makassar consisted of 2 schools. Sample was selected by employing purposive random sampling and obtained 4 classes. Technique of analysis which is used is mixed variables regression technique of analysis. The results of the research reveal that (1) the students’ mathematics learning achievement with authoritarian parenting style has no significant difference on the students’ mathematics learning achievement with authoritative parenting style; however, it is better than the student’ mathematics learning achievement with permissive/indulgent or rejecting/neglecting parenting styles. (2) the students’ mathematics learning achievement with visual learning style has no difference on the students’ mathematic learning achievement with auditory learning style; however it is better the students’ mathematics achievement with kinesthetic learning style. (3) the achievement motivation has positive influence on student mathematics learning achievement, (4) there is no interaction influence of parenting style and students’ learning style on mathematics learning achievement, (5) there is no interaction influence of parenting style and students’ motivation achievement on mathematics learning achievement, (6) there is no interaction influence on students’ learning style and achievement motivation on mathematics learning achievement, (7) there is no interaction influence of parenting style, learning style, and achievement motivation on mathematics learning achievement.
EPIC Spectral Observations of Variability in Earth's Global Reflectance.

NASA’s Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) onboard NOAA’s Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) satellite observes the entire sunlit Earth every 65 to 110 min from the Sun–Earth Lagrangian L1 point. This paper presents initial EPIC shortwave spectral observations of the sunlit Earth reflectance and analyses of its diurnal and seasonal variations. The results show that the reflectance depends mostly on (1) the ratio between land and ocean areas exposed to the Sun and (2) cloud spatial and temporal distributions over the sunlit side of Earth. In particular, the paper shows that (a) diurnal variations of the Earth’s reflectance are determined mostly by periodic changes in the land–ocean fraction of its the sunlit side; (b) the daily reflectance displays clear seasonal variations that are significant even without including the contributions from snow and ice in the polar regions (which can enhance daily mean reflectances by up to 2 to 6% in winter and up to 1 to 4% in summer); (c) the seasonal variations of the sunlit Earth reflectance are mostly determined by the latitudinal distribution of oceanic clouds.
Visual and semi-automatic non-invasive detection of interictal fast ripples: A potential biomarker of epilepsy in children with tuberous sclerosis complex.

Abstract Objectives We aim to establish that interictal fast ripples (FR; 250–500 Hz) are detectable on scalp EEG, and to investigate their association to epilepsy. Methods Scalp EEG recordings of a subset of children with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)-associated epilepsy from two large multicenter observational TSC studies were analyzed and compared to control children without epilepsy or any other brain-based diagnoses. FR were identified both by human visual review and compared with semi-automated review utilizing a deep learning-based FR detector. Results Seven out of 7 children with TSC-associated epilepsy had scalp FR compared to 0 out of 4 children in the control group (p = 0.003). The automatic detector has a sensitivity of 98% and false positive rate with average of 11.2 false positives per minute. Conclusions Non-invasive detection of interictal scalp FR was feasible, by both visual and semi-automatic detection. Interictal scalp FR occurred exclusively in children with TSC-associated epilepsy and were absent in controls without epilepsy. The proposed detector achieves high sensitivity of FR detection; however, expert review of the results to reduce false positives is advised. Significance Interictal FR are detectable on scalp EEG and may potentially serve as a biomarker of epilepsy in children with TSC.
Precordial Palpation and Auscultation

Cardiac auscultation should be preceded by inspection and palpation of the precordium. Schlant and Hurst (1990) identified seven areas for precordial examination. These are the sternoclavicular area, aortic area, pulmonic area, right ventricular area, cardiac apical area, epigastric area, and ectopic areas (Fig. 3.1).
FOOD TECHNOLOGY | Membrane Separations

Membrane technology is widely used in the food industry, including dairy (milk and whey), fruit juice (apple, cranberry, pear, grape, citrus), plant proteins (soy), and sugars (dextrose from corn and wheat, sucrose from cane and beet). Ultrafiltration, microfiltration and reverse osmosis are the dominant technologies.
Testing basic ecological, evolutionary, and biogeographical principles using invasive species

Sax et al. argue in Species Invasions: Insights into Ecology, Evolution, and Biogeography that species invasion is an on-going experiment and a research tool with which to test fundamental ecology, evolution, and biogeography tenets.
Magnetic properties of neptunium Laves phases: Np Al 2 , Np Os 2 , Np Ir 2 , and Np Ru 2

The magnetic properties of a series of neptunium cubic C-15-type Laves phases ($\mathrm{Np}{X}_{2}$, where $X=\mathrm{Al}, \mathrm{Os}, \mathrm{Ir}, or \mathrm{Ru}$) have been studied between 1.5 and 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K by means of magnetization and nuclear $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray resonance measurements. The properties show a systematic variation with neptunium-neptunium distance ${d}_{\mathrm{Np}}$. Thus, Np${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$ (${d}_{\mathrm{Np}}=3.37$ A\AA{}) is ferromagnetic with a transition temperature ${T}_{c}=56$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and an ordered moment of 1.5 ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathrm{B}}$/mole; Np${\mathrm{Os}}_{2}$ (${d}_{\mathrm{Np}}=3.26$ A\AA{}) is ferromagnetic with ${T}_{c}=7.5$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and an ordered moment of 0.4 ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathrm{B}}$/mole; Np${\mathrm{Ir}}_{2}$ (${d}_{\mathrm{Np}}=3.25$ A\AA{}) is antiferromagnetic with ${T}_{c}=7.5$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and an ordered moment of 0.6 ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathrm{B}}$/mole; and Np${\mathrm{Ru}}_{2}$ (${d}_{\mathrm{Np}}=3.23$ A\AA{}) does not order magnetically down to 1.5 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. This trend is interpreted in terms of an increase in the delocatlization of the neptunium magnetic moment and the magnetic $5f$ electrons, as ${d}_{\mathrm{Np}}$ decreases.
On the Formation of Snow Penitentes

An attempt is made to throw some light on the physical processes in the development of penitentes as a result of new observations in Peru and a study of the literature. This paper offers a variety of approaches to the problem rather than any final view or theory, and is therefore mostly suggestive and intended to be a program for further, more detailed research.
High Frequency SAW Resonator Design, Simulation, and Optimization with Applications to Chemical Gas Sensors

Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) resonators with high resonant frequency (in the GHz range) are described. In this work Interdigital Transducers (IDTs) of the SAW resonator are scaled down to 150nm. The resonant frequency of a SAW resonators is mainly limited by the width of IDTs and types of piezoelectric materials used. Hence, hundreds nanometer size of IDTs will increase the frequency up to several Gigahertz (GHz), which will improve the sensitivity to detect a small load mass change in real time and shows a promising potential for sensing fields.
Artefactual and Artisanship: James M. Buchanan and Vincent Ostrom at the Core and Beyond the Boundaries of Public Choice

Given the broader context of the Public Choice and Constitutional Political Economy scholarly community, James Buchanan and Vincent Ostrom assumed a rather distinctive shared position which has rarely, if ever, been explicitly and properly recognized as such in the literature. This chapter focuses on this problem arguing that the specific nature of the Buchanan-Ostrom perspective is fully revealed only if we focus on one key concept, which despite its lack of salience in the literature, captures best the gist of their position: The concept of “artefactual” and through it, an entire cluster of related notions such as “artefact”, “constructivism” and “artisanship”. The chapter uses the concept of the “artefactual” as the preeminent vehicle in developing a more nuanced understanding of the foundations of the Buchanan-Ostrom system of ideas, while trying to stay very close to the textual evidence which supports the thesis at the core of the chapter.
Systematic Review of Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement: The Importance of Labral Repair and Capsular Closure.

Purpose To evaluate the safety and efficacy of hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome by assessing complications, comprehensive procedure survivorship, and the influence of labral and capsular management on procedure survivorship. Methods A systematic review of multiple medical databases was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and checklist. All clinical outcome studies that reported on the presence or absence of reoperation after hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome were eligible for inclusion. Data pertaining to patient demographic characteristics, surgical technique (specifically labral and capsular management), patient-reported outcomes, complications, reoperation, and conversion to arthroplasty were extracted from each study. Results A total of 68 studies (7,241 hips) were included. Most were Level IV studies (63%). Complications occurred in 1.9% of cases. The most common complications were neurologic (53%), heterotopic ossification (24%), infection (15%), and thromboembolic (7%). Conversion to total hip arthroplasty (456 cases) was the most common reason for reoperation, followed by revision hip arthroscopy (226 cases) and periacetabular osteotomy (7 cases). The rate of arthroplasty conversion was lower than 10% in 43 of 59 studies reporting this outcome. The average interval to arthroplasty conversion was 58 months. Between 2009 and 2017, the performance of labral repair increased from 19% to 81% of cases and capsular closure increased from 7% to 58% of cases. Conclusions Arthroplasty conversion occurred in fewer than 10% of cases in the clear majority of series. Labral repair (compared with labral debridement) and capsular closure (compared with unrepaired capsulotomy) were associated with a lower risk of conversion to arthroplasty. Throughout the study interval, there were shifts in surgical technique favoring labral repair over debridement and capsular repair over unrepaired capsulotomy. The study is limited by selection bias because cases in which labral and capsular repair was performed may have had superior tissue that was more amenable to repair. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review.
Dimorphism as a Metaphor for Information-Seeking Behavior

Our increasingly hybridized information environment, in which both print and electronic resources are available and offer certain advantages, may be described as “dimorphic,” alluding to the dual modes of sustenance evident among certain semi-nomadic peoples in the Ancient Near East. In this session, reference and digital services librarian David Schmersal will draw upon amateur interest in the Ancient Near East to explain how dimorphic social structure may provide a useful heuristic device or metaphor for understanding the information-seeking behavior of students, faculty, and other researchers. Such insight into user behavior may be applied to collection development, instruction sessions, reference interviews, and other crossroads between libraries and our patrons’ information needs.
Methods of Attaching Unprotected Oligonucleotides to DNA-binding, Fluorescent, or Reactive Ligands for Synthesis of Antisense or Gene-directed Agents and Probes

The article describes the optimized methods for covalent attachment of unprotected oligonucleotides to functionally important ligands through their terminal phosphate or thiophosphate, including covalent attachment of one oligonucleotide to another. A comparative description of methods is presented for selective introduction of the phosphate, thiophosphate, amino, sulfhydryl, aldehyde, carboxylic, and other groups into the terminal nucleotide using chemical and enzymatic reactions both in aqueous and organic media. Depending on their chemical nature, these groups can then interact with electrophilic or nucleophilic ligands carrying aliphatic or aromatic amino groups, hydrazido, sulfhydryl, disulfide, carboxylic, hydroxyl, aldehyde, bromo- or iodoalkyl, isothiocyanate, and other functions. The available methods allow one to vary the size of the linker between the oligonucleotide and ligand, its hydrophobicity and stability in acidic or alkaline media. The use of the disulfide bond permits cleavage of the oligonucleotide–ligand linkage in mild conditions.
Quantum Chemical Rovibrational Characterization of CH2ClH+, a Low-Energy Isomer of Ionized Chloromethane

The astrophysical detection of chloromethane indicates that a low-energy form of the cation, the methyl chloronium cation (CH2ClH+), may also be found in similar regions. Quantum chemical computati...
Existence of unbiased estimation for the minimum, maximum, and median in finite population sampling

Abstract The minimum, maximum, and median are important parameters in finite population sampling. We prove that there are no unbiased estimators of the minimum, maximum, or median for finite population sampling under any sampling design except census.
Hydrogen–Deuterium Exchange in Basic Near-Critical and Supercritical Media: An Experimental and Theoretical Study

Treatment of homo- and heterocyclic aromatic substrates with basic deuterium oxide under near- or supercritical conditions results in rapid base-catalyzed hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDE) in aromatic and benzylic positions. It has been postulated that HDE follows a simple deprotonation-reprotonation mechanism, but little evidence has been provided to date. This study correlates experimentally observed proton exchanges in n-butylbenzene with ab initio calculations of the acidities and potential energy (PE) profiles. In addition to providing further support for carbanion intermediacy in HDE, these results offer new insights into substrate acidities in near- and supercritical aqueous media and the optimal conditions required for their isotope exchange.
Comparison of nanoemulsion and non-emollient artificial tears on tear lipid layer thickness and symptoms.

Purpose Dry eye disease (DED) is often managed with over-the-counter eye drops. This study evaluated the diurnal effects of a single drop of two ocular lubricants (nanoemulsion vs. non-emollient) on tear film lipid layer thickness (LLT) and symptoms of ocular dryness. Subjects were also assessed after 1 month of nanoemulsion eye drop use. Methods Part 1 was a cross-over comparison of a nanoemulsion and a non-emollient eye drop. LLT and dry eye symptoms were measured at baseline and at 15min, 1h, 2h, 4h and 6h after instillation of each drop. Part 2 was a 1-month observational study assessing LLT and symptoms after 30-day use of the nanoemulsion drop four times daily (qid). Results Total of 20 subjects completed the study (mean age=45.6±7.9, 15 female). Part 1 found a significant increase in average LLT 15min after nanoemulsion drop instillation in the overall and inferior third of the tear film for subjects with baseline LLT values <50nm. Average LLT values did not increase after use of the non-emollient. Symptoms of dryness improved up to 6h following instillation of both drops. Part 2 results found that using the nanoemulsion eye drop for 1 month improved symptoms reported on symptom surveys. Conclusion Nanoemulsion eye drop use increased average LLT in subjects with low baseline levels. Statistically and clinically significant improvement in symptoms were found on symptom surveys after qid-use (four times a day) of the nanoemulsion drop. Results suggest that a nanoemulsion eye drop can benefit subjects with dry eye symptoms.
Seabird bycatch loss rate variability in pelagic longline fisheries

Abstract The incidental mortality of seabirds from fisheries ranks as the greatest threat impacting seabirds globally. However, its impact on seabird populations may have been substantially underestimated due to lost, undetected bycatch. To estimate the full extent of the bycatch problem, knowledge about the magnitude and variability of lost bycatch is necessary. Based on a long-term dataset, this study aims to facilitate the loss-corrected bycatch estimates for pelagic longline fisheries that do not have a concurrent bycatch loss observation component. We analyze information from all types of fishery interactions of seabirds to improve the estimate of bycatch loss rate and also reveal its variability. Specifically, we analyze how environmental and ecological factors affect seabird bycatch loss rate using Bayesian state-space models. Results show strong species effects in the bycatch loss rate. Inclement weather and strong competition among seabird species also affect bycatch loss rate. Estimates of the species-specific bycatch loss rate indicate that, for some species, the loss can well exceed the average loss rate, suggesting that seabird bycatch loss cannot be further ignored in assessing the fishery impact on seabird populations. To gauge the full scale of seabird bycatch, it is critical to account for this lost bycatch in bycatch assessments, at minimum, using an average loss rate with the ultimate goal of species-specific loss-corrected assessments.
“Count it all joy”: black women’s interventions in the abolitionist tradition

In her introduction to Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Angela Davis notes that the abolitionist tradition often harboured a “gendered framework” that defined “black freedom” in terms o...
The economic impacts of harmful algal blooms on tourism: an examination of Southwest Florida using a spline regression approach

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) can be a natural hazard unlike anything else. Whereas a hurricane or tornado has a sudden and devastating impact to an area, an HAB can slowly impact people and the environment over the course of weeks, even months. Karenia brevis, more commonly known as red tide, can have this effect along the Gulf Coast of Florida, lasting for many weeks in a row, causing large-scale deaths in fish and other marine life, and respiratory issues in humans. These harmful effects can effect tourism, as visitors are not able to enjoy the coastlines Florida is famous for. We test a 6 county region, from Pinellas County, FL down to Collier County, FL, to determine the magnitude with which an additional day of red tide affects tourism-related revenues. Using a spline regression approach, we find that an additional day of red tide in a month with 17 days or more of red tide drives monthly lodging sector sales down by 1–2%, and restaurant sector sales down by 0.5–1%. As these blooms are increasing in frequency and persistency, it becomes of great importance to counties and effected businesses to control and mitigate red tide blooms as soon as possible. If not, losses and harmful effects will only continue to grow and become detrimental to the environment and economy.
Overview of Syncope

Syncope is one of a number of conditions that result in transient loss of consciousness (TLOC). Syncope is distinguished from other causes of TLOC in that syncope results from transient global cerebral hypoperfusion. In the majority of cases, global cerebral hypoperfusion is the result of a fall in mean arterial pressure (MAP) to such a degree that cerebral blood flow autoregulatory mechanisms fail. A fall in MAP leading to syncope can result from a variety of mechanisms, which are often classified into four broad categories: (1) reflex syncope, (2) orthostatic hypotension, (3) arrhythmia, and (4) structural etiologies. Of these, reflex syncope syndromes are the most common regardless of the patient population being studied. Within a given category, more than one pathophysiologic mechanism may be involved. Initial evaluation is focused on identification of the cause of syncope. The cause of a given patient’s syncope can often be determined with a careful history and physical examination. On occasion, ancillary testing may be needed. Determining the cause of syncope is critical in order to determine an individual patient’s risk of recurrence and risk of morbidity and mortality. The cause of syncope must be established to allow for an effective treatment strategy.
Random choices facilitate solutions to collective network coloring problems by artificial agents.

Summary Global coordination is required to solve a wide variety of challenging collective action problems from network colorings to the tragedy of the commons. Recent empirical study shows that the presence of a few noisy autonomous agents can greatly improve collective performance of humans in solving networked color coordination games. To provide analytical insights into the role of behavioral randomness, here we study myopic artificial agents attempting to solve similar network coloring problems using decision update rules that are only based on local information but allow random choices at various stages of their heuristic reasonings. We show that the resulting efficacy of resolving color conflicts is dependent on the implementation of random behavior of agents and specific population characteristics. Our work demonstrates that distributed greedy optimization algorithms exploiting local information should be deployed in combination with occasional exploration via random choices in order to overcome local minima and achieve global coordination.
Framing Creative Work: Helping Novices Frame Better Problems through Interactive Scaffolding

Problem framing—the process of defining a problem—has been described by many researchers and designers as the crux of the design process. However, novice designers struggle with problem framing. To better understand this process and the potential for scaffolding, we conducted two studies. In the first study, we analyzed 41 problem statements from an introductory design course and found that novices often omit key information, like the primary stakeholder or the obstacles they face. To get novices to reflect on and include necessary design information, we created a tool called ProbLib that cues novices to explicitly reflect on aspects of the problem such as the stakeholders. To evaluate this approach, we conducted a between-subjects study (N=73) to compare ProbLib with an unstructured open text form. We found that participants using ProbLib wrote higher quality statements, included more information, and were more confident about specifying design needs. We observed creative behaviors such as brainstorming and analogical reasoning.