cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
US climate policy needs behavioural science

State implementation of new Environmental Protection Agency climate regulation may shift behavioural strategies from sidelines to forefront of US climate policy.
Formation technique for macroporous morphology superlattice

In this work, the investigators studied etching conditions for generating macro porous silicon with different morphologies in p-type (111) substrates. Both crystal orientation dependent growth of macropores and electric current direction dependent growth of macropores have been achieved. A superlattice structure, which consists of several layers of macroporous silicon with different morphologies, has been demonstrated by modulating the etch conditions during the anodization process. The morphology superlattice structure is developed for an inlet particle filter of a micro gas chromatograph (μGC). It may offer a number of other new MEMS applications.
To tell or not to tell: HIV disclosure to family members in China

Laws in China relating to HIV disclosure are inconsistent. After a patient has tested HIV-positive, service providers struggle to decide who should be informed first: patients, family members, or both. To understand service providers' attitudes and practices regarding the HIV notification process in China, 1101 service providers from a southwestern province of China were surveyed. Opinions were gathered from providers at five different levels of health care facilities (provincial, city, county, township and village). A mixed methods approach was used to analyze perceptions of informing family members of a patient's HIV status. Quantitative analysis was used to examine whether providers held a favorable attitude toward notifying family members first and qualitative analysis was used to explore the reasons and consequences of notifying family members first. Nearly half of service providers felt family members should be informed of a patient's HIV status first. Providers who were older, had contact with HIV patients, or had less medical education were more likely to agree with a family-first notification practice. Psychological pressure, concern about protecting family members, the need for family support, and consideration for local regulations were cited as the main reasons for this practice. There is an immediate need to re-examine HIV notification policies so that there are consistent guidelines and procedures for providers throughout China.
Mining the bitter melon ( momordica charantia l.) seed transcriptome by 454 analysis of non-normalized and normalized cDNA populations for conjugated fatty acid metabolism-related genes

Seeds of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) produce high levels of eleostearic acid, an unusual conjugated fatty acid with industrial value. Deep sequencing of non-normalized and normalized cDNAs from developing bitter melon seeds was conducted to uncover key genes required for biotechnological transfer of conjugated fatty acid production to existing oilseed crops. It is expected that these studies will also provide basic information regarding the metabolism of other high-value novel fatty acids. Deep sequencing using 454 technology with non-normalized and normalized cDNA libraries prepared from bitter melon seeds at 18 DAP resulted in the identification of transcripts for the vast majority of known genes involved in fatty acid and triacylglycerol biosynthesis. The non-normalized library provided a transcriptome profile of the early stage in seed development that highlighted the abundance of transcripts for genes encoding seed storage proteins as well as for a number of genes for lipid metabolism-associated polypeptides, including Δ12 oleic acid desaturases and fatty acid conjugases, class 3 lipases, acyl-carrier protein, and acyl-CoA binding protein. Normalization of cDNA by use of a duplex-specific nuclease method not only increased the overall discovery of genes from developing bitter melon seeds, but also resulted in the identification of 345 contigs with homology to 189 known lipid genes in Arabidopsis. These included candidate genes for eleostearic acid metabolism such as diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 and 2, and a phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1-related enzyme. Transcripts were also identified for a novel FAD2 gene encoding a functional Δ12 oleic acid desaturase with potential implications for eleostearic acid biosynthesis. 454 deep sequencing, particularly with normalized cDNA populations, was an effective method for mining of genes associated with eleostearic acid metabolism in developing bitter melon seeds. The transcriptomic data presented provide a resource for the study of novel fatty acid metabolism and for the biotechnological production of conjugated fatty acids and possibly other novel fatty acids in established oilseed crops.
Reuse Limits and Regeneration of Solutions for Cleaning Dairy Equipment

Abstract Usable life of cleaning solutions in a model heat processing unit was studied by evaluation of the nature and quantity of residue remaining on the surface of the equipment after cleaning. Lipoidal residue was recovered from equipment surfaces by ether rinsing. A surface displacement technique was used to quantify the lipoidal material, which was characterized by gas-liquid chromatographic analyses of triglycerides and fatty acid methyl esters. Effects of factors, such as water hardness, rinse water temperature, cleaning solution additives and acid versus alkaline cleaners also were investigated in relation to overall cleaning efficiency. After evaluating limits of reuse of cleaning solutions, used solutions were regenerated by sorption of lipoidal residue on Celite, resulting in restored cleaning effectiveness. When spent-cleaning solutions were circulated in previously cleaned equipment, there was redeposition of lipoidal material onto the equipment surfaces.
The Expression and Function of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides in Normal Tissues and in Cancer

Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are members of the SLCO gene superfamily of proteins. The 11 human OATPs are classified into 6 families and subfamilies on the basis of their amino acid sequence similarities. OATPs are expressed in several epithelial tissues throughout the body and transport mainly amphipathic molecules with molecular weights of more than 300 kDa. Members of the OATP1 and OATP2 families are functionally the best-characterized OATPs. Among these are the multispecific OATP1A2, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1. They transport various endo- and xenobiotics, including hormones and their conjugates as well as numerous drugs such as several anticancer agents. Recent reports demonstrate that some OATPs are up- or downregulated in several cancers and that OATP expression might affect cancer development. On the basis of the findings summarized in this review, we propose that OATPs could be valuable targets for anticancer therapy.
Activation of H-ras oncogenes in male B6C3F1 mouse liver tumors induced by vinthionine or 2-chloroethyl-methyl sulfide

Vinthionine (S-vinyl-DL-homocysteine) is hepatocarcinogenic in rats and mice. [Vinyl-14C]vinthionine binds covalently to rat liver DNA, RNA and protein in vivo, but not in vitro. This amino acid is directly mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA1535; the mechanism of its metabolic activation in vivo in bacteria and liver is under study. In the present study liver tumors were induced in 12-day-old male B6C3F1 mice by single i.p. injections of vinthionine or the alkylating agent 2-chloroethyl methyl sulfide (CEMS). At 10 months the gross tumors were examined for the presence of activated H-ras oncogenes. DNA was isolated from single tumors per mouse from 37 mice treated with vinthionine and from 31 mice treated with CEMS. These DNAs were screened for codon 61 mutations by restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR-amplified H-ras gene fragments. Thirty seven of 37 vinthionine-induced hepatomas had H-ras mutations in this codon, which consisted of seven C-->A transversions in the first base, with 29 A-->T transversions and one A-->G transition in the second base. Twenty five of 31 CEMS-induced hepatomas had mutations in the same codon, which consisted of seven C-->A transversions in the first base, with eight A-->T transversions and 10 A-->G transitions in the second base. These mutation spectra are quite different to that noted by others in spontaneous hepatomas in untreated B6C3F1 mice. These data appear to result from the covalent binding of these carcinogens to the liver DNA.
A feature-oriented alternative to implementing reliability connector wrappers

Connectors and connector wrappers explicitly specify the protocol of interaction among components and afford the reusable application of extra-functional behaviors, such as reliability policies. Ideally, these specifications can be used for more than just modeling and analysis. We are investigating how to use them in the design and implementation of the middleware substrate of a distributed system. This paper reports our experience elaborating connectors and connector wrappers as instantiations of a feature-oriented middleware framework called Theseus, which supports the design of asynchronous distributed applications. The results of this case study indicate that the relationship between specification features and implementation-level features is not one-to-one and that some specification features have complex, often subtle, manifestations in Theseus’ design. This work reports the lessons learned designing these strategies and suggests techniques for designing middleware frameworks and composition tools that more explicitly reify and expose the features specified by connectors and connector wrappers.
Relationship as an Inherent Component in Healthy Women’s Fatigue

The notion of fatigue has remained ambiguous despite more than 100 years of study. Fatigue is recognized as subjective in nature, and it is studied and clinically managed as primarily intrapersonal in scope, with treatment approaches often based in an established, if unfounded, hierarchy of assumptions. When a physiologic cause for fatigue is not identifiable, fatigue complaints often are considered illegitimate. This article builds on data from the literature and from the author’s previous work in women’s fatigue and relatedness to suggest that interpersonal relationships may serve to exacerbate healthy women’s fatigue experiences. The importance of relationship to women’s life experience and the inherently relational character of women’s fatigue are discussed. The author proposes the importance of including interpersonal experiences as a component of the definition of fatigue for healthy women.
It’s Complicated Defining Workplace Bullying From the Human Resource Professional’s Perspective

Human resource (HR) departments are typically tasked with hiring, firing, training, managing, and handling other personnel issues. HR professionals carry out many important organizational initiativ...
Institutional Digital Repositories for Science and Technology: A View from the Laboratory

ABSTRACT Institutions across the United States are actively creating institutional repositories (IRs) and an array of field-specific online collections, especially in the biological sciences. The 20 earth and biological scientists interviewed for this article embrace online resources for use in their research, teaching, and creative activities and, although previously unaware of the functions of an IR, unanimously support the development of one at the University of Oklahoma. The ability to share scholarly information across campus and to securely archive data are seen as valuable attributes of an IR. Despite their endorsement, participants have little interest in spending time and effort in creating an IR beyond voluntarily submitting their published works.
Detection of viral agents of gastroenteritis: Norovirus, Sapovirus and Astrovirus

Norovirus, Sapovirus and Astrovirus are causative agents of viral gastroenteritis affecting all age groups, but most frequently the young, the elderly and persons in semi-closed communities such as hospitals, nursing homes, military bases and cruise ships. The sensitive and rapid detection of causative agents of viral gastroenteritis is key to the effective implementation of infection control systems. Traditional detection methods such as electron microscopy and antigen detection assays lack sensitivity. The detection of gastrointestinal viruses by molecular methods has resulted in increased levels of detection, and enables the epidemiological investigation of viral strains. The significant diversity of gastrointestinal viruses, in particular Norovirus and Sapovirus, are compounded by increasing reports of virus recombination, and pose an ongoing challenge to the development of sensitive and specific molecular detection assays.
Large-Scale Coherence of Sea Level at Very Low Frequencies

Abstract The coherence of sea level is examined between a number of widely distributed stations chosen from those with the longest datasets, such as at San Francisco, where the data has been recorded since 1855. The sea-level signals in the eastern Pacific appear to be dominated by propagating Rossby waves, so that the variability, which has periods of 5–8 years, (e.g., between San Francisco and Honolulu), is coherent, but out of phase by several years. A surprising finding is that sea level is coherent on opposite sides of the Atlantic at periods near 6 years, but this is suspected to be the result of direct atmospheric forcing rather than of wave propagation. At the longest periods detectable—40–50 years—the sea-level signals have amplitudes of 5–15 cm and are “visually coherent" between the west coasts of the United States and Europe. The amplitude of these extremely long-period signals is the same as the apparent “rise of sea level over the the past century," although the rate of rise from these fluct...
Using ratings by students to predict high and low achievers in a PSI course: A discriminant analysis

One perplexing issue for teachers is how to increase the impact they have on student learning (Coates & Thoreson, 1976). One response to this concernmhas been to employ the Personalized System of Instruction (PSI) in which the reinforcements for learning are systematically controlled by the instructor (Keller, 1968). Research has consistently shown that students in PSI courses learn more and find the courses
Nonprofit Versus For-Profit Organizations: A European Overview of Employees’ Work Conditions

ABSTRACTDespite the emergence of nonprofit entities, not much is known about the working conditions of employees in the sector. This study compares the working conditions of employees in for-profit and nonprofit sectors using a sample obtained from the V European Survey on Working Conditions 2010. The results derived from a logistic regression model suggest that elements of intrinsic retribution hold more weight and offset more-precarious extrinsic working conditions among employees in the third sector, all of which leads to the development of positive attitudes toward employees’ work and the organization itself.
NON-COMPETITIVE NON-INHIBITORY INTERACTION BETWEEN HIPPURATE AND CREATININE IN THE KIDNEY.

SummaryIn slices of rabbit kidney cortex, active transport of 4-aminohippurate was uninfluenced by creatinine even when the concentration of creatinine was 60 times greater than that of hippurate. Previously published claims that creatinine and 4-aminohippurate compete for a single transport mechanism are thereby refuted. A small but significant rate of synthesis of creatinine chromogen by renal tissue conceivably can serve as a renal source of creatinine during clearance measurements.
A Study of the Identification of the Imitation of One's Own Handwriting

The copying of one's own handwriting is a new form of copying, which usually results in the identifier'smistakes due to its self-copying peculiarities. The solution to the problem lies in the establishment of mechanisms for hand-writing copying, the improvement of identification methods and the perfection of identification standards.
Effect of SPNE on yield and epigenetic inheritance of super rice

SPNE(Special plant nutritional element)was treated intensely and appropriately to Yuxiangyou zhan of super conventional rice.Extent of increasing yield is higher and effect of unborn epigenetic is better that latter compared with former.The latter cost and manpower were saved more too.
Can ecstasy treat the agony of PTSD

Introduction Two serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have received FDA indication for treatment of PTSD, however the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for PTSD is limited. Psychotherapy, including several well established evidence based methods, is the mainstay of PTSD treatment. Despite advances in this area, a significant percentage of PTSD patients are refractory to existing treatments. Recent research has explored the possibility that certain drugs could increase the effectiveness of psychotherapy when administered intermittently in conjunction with psychotherapy sessions. The most robust published. Results to date using this approach have been in early clinical trials of ± 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy. These studies primarily involved civilians with treatment-resistant, crime-related PTSD. A more recent phase 2 trial, completed in 2015 yielded equally promising. Results in a cohort of military veterans, police officers and firefighters, mostly veterans from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Methodology In these double blind controlled trials subjects with PTSD refractory to prior treatment are randomized to an active dose of MDMA or an active or inactive placebo administered to each individual on only two or three occasions during eight-hour psychotherapy sessions one month apart, in conjunction with preparatory and follow-up psychotherapy sessions. Outcome measures are repeated one or two months after the second MDMA-assisted session before the blind is broken. Subjects who were randomized to full dose MDMA are then eligible for one additional, open label, MDMA-assisted session. Those randomized to placebo or a lower dose of MDMA are eligible for three open-label full dose sessions. Outcome measures are repeated two months following the third MDMA-assisted session. The primary outcome measure is the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Additional measures include the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). Results In the original study comparing MDMA with inactive placebo along with the same psychotherapy PTSD was resolved in 83% of the MDMA group vs. 25% of the placebo group receiving the same therapy. Improvement was maintained for at least 74% of subjects at long-term follow-up a mean of 45 months later. In a more recent, unpublished, study both the high dose and the medium dose of MDMA showed large effect sizes in reducing CAPS scores, and improvements in secondary measures: and BDI-II, PSQI, GAF and PTGI. Conclusion Evidence in phase II trials suggest that MDMA-assisted psychotherapy is effective in treating PTSD in both civilians and veterans who have not responded to established treatments. Phase III trials are necessary to definitively establish safety and efficacy of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD.
Does Monitoring Local Government Fiscal Conditions Affect Outcomes? Evidence from Michigan

The goal of this article is to assess whether state monitoring and reporting of local government fiscal condition causes improvement in the financial situation of local governments. From 2006 to 20...
The development of a low energy Compton imager for GRB polarization studies

Theoretical models show that a more complete understanding of the inner structure of -ray bursts (GRBs), including the geometry and physical processes close to the central engine, requires the exploitation of -ray polarimetry. Over the past several years, we have developed the Gamma Ray Polarization Experiment (GRAPE) to measure the polarization of -rays from GRBs over the energy range of 50 to 500 keV. GRAPE is a large FoV instrument with a sensitive energy range covering the peak energy distribution of GRBs. The design is based on an array of independent modules, each of which consists of an array of (high-Z and low-Z) scintillator elements read out by a multi-anode PMT (MAPMT). Our eventual goal is to y GRAPE on a long duration balloon (LDB) platform to collect data on a significant sample of GRBs. Our experience with two balloon flights (in 2011 and 2014), coupled with further design efforts focused on orbital payloads, has led to an improved polarimeter concept that represents a natural evolution of the current design. The new concept employs a large number of optically-isolated scintillator elements, each of which is designed to provide a depth-of-interaction (DOI) using two (or perhaps more) readout sensors. The resulting three-dimensional location data provides a moderate level of Compton imaging capability (1 angular resolution of ~ 10 - 15°. Even this level of imaging can be used to significantly reduce the instrumental background by limiting the impact of the cosmic diffuse flux, dramatically improving the polarization sensitivity. Here we shall describe this concept and the expected performance for GRB polarization measurements.
ON SLOW-FLOW APPROXIMATIONS TO FLUIDS WITH FADING MEMORY

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the hypotheses and some of the conclusions of the theory of fading memory to make clear the way Navier–Stokes and second-order fluids approximate fluids with memory and to show how those approximations are related to others, such as that behind the Boltzmann–Volterra theory of linear viscoelasticity. Navier–Stokes theory can be viewed either as an approximation to the theory of fluids with fading memory, valid for sufficiently slow flows or as it is usually considered, a special theory of interest in its own right. The second viewpoint is acceptable for Navier–Stokes fluids because the theory of such fluids has not yet been shown to give rise to unphysical behavior when applied outside the range of slow flows. The Navier–Stokes theory is free from some of the difficulties that arise when the theory of second-order fluids is applied outside of the asymptotic limit for which it is been derived.
Rhodium-Catalyzed Regiodivergent Hydrothiolation of Allyl Amines and Imines

The regiodivergent Rh-catalyzed hydrothiolation of allyl amines and imines is presented. Bidentate phosphine ligands with larger natural bite angles (βn ≥ 99°), for example, DPEphos, dpph, or L1, promote a Markovnikov-selective hydrothiolation in up to 88% yield and >20:1 regioselectivity. Conversely, when smaller bite angle ligands (βn ≤ 86°), for example, dppbz or dppp, are employed, the anti-Markovnikov product is formed in up to 74% yield and >20:1 regioselectivity. Initial mechanistic investigations are performed and are consistent with an oxidative addition/olefin insertion/reductive elimination mechanism for each regioisomeric pathway. We hypothesize that the change in regioselectivity is an effect of diverging coordination spheres to favor either Rh–S or Rh–H insertion to form the branched or linear isomer, respectively.
Party Voting in the U.S. Senate, 1877-1990: An Assessment of Long- and Short-Term Effects

Although party voting in the U.S. Senate has been affected by long-term and short-term factors, models in previous research have ignored this distinction. The author employs a relatively new tool, error correction modeling, to measure the long- and short-term effects of internal and external factors on party voting in the U.S. Senate. The results show that party voting for both major parties is a long-term equilibrium relationship with ratification of the 17th Amendment and that external factors are much more important than internal ones for explaining changes in levels of party voting.
Redox Active Polymers as Soluble Nanomaterials for Energy Storage

ConspectusIt is an exciting time for exploring the synergism between the chemical and dimensional properties of redox nanomaterials for addressing the manifold performance demands faced by energy storage technologies. The call for widespread adoption of alternative energy sources requires the combination of emerging chemical concepts with redesigned battery formats. Our groups are interested in the development and implementation of a new strategy for nonaqueous flow batteries (NRFBs) for grid energy storage. Our motivation is to solve major challenges in NRFBs, such as the lack of membranes that simultaneously allow fast ion transport while minimizing redox active species crossover between anolyte (negative electrolyte) and catholyte (positive electrolyte) compartments. This pervasive crossover leads to deleterious capacity fade and materials underutilization.In this Account, we highlight redox active polymers (RAPs) and related polymer colloids as soluble nanoscopic energy storing units that enable the s...
Enabling high-performance heterogeneous TFET/CMOS logic with novel circuits using TFET unidirectionality and low-V DD operation

Tunneling FETs (TFETs) offer better low-V DD performance than CMOS but lack performance above 0.5V V DD due to low drive current and V DD -dependent parasitic leakages. At low-V DD , TFET's higher energy efficiency enables 2X parallel performance for power constrained systems. For applications less amenable to parallelization, newly proposed circuits improve energy/op, performance and area by not only using TFET's steep sub-threshold swing, but also utilizing its asymmetric I DS -V DS characteristic. Design synthesis with sub-5nm node TFETs, MOSFETs and interconnects is used to assess trade-offs in industry logic blocks. In addition to a 44% energy reduction over CMOS circuits, novel TFET circuits improve dynamic energy by 32% and performance by 13% at logic cell level (4% and 10% respectively at synthesized logic block). Even with these benefits, single-threaded CPUs require CMOS logic's high performance. In this case, heterogeneous TFET/CMOS logic with low-overhead level-shifters improves performance 50% while reducing energy 42% for non-critical performance logic.
Reply to Span et al.: Rational design of oxygen microparticles for radiation therapy.

In their letter, Span et al. (1) suggest that our oxygen-loaded polymer hollow microparticles (PHMs) may be used to radiosensitize hypoxic tumors. It has been long appreciated that tumor sensitivity to radiotherapy is oxygen-dependent (2), and that this is mediated at least in part through mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (3). Span et al. (1) highlight that current clinical approaches for the resensitization of tumors have failed to improve the efficacy of radiotherapy, including attempts to augment oxygen delivery in anemic patients. They (1) and others (4) posit that failure of these clinical approaches is … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: brian.polizzotti{at}cardio.chboston.org. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease

![Figure][1] A 20-year-old man presented with a 3-week history of fevers, night sweats, weight loss, and increasing cervical adenopathy. A comprehensive infectious disease workup was negative. Complete blood count demonstrated a white blood cell count of 2.1 × 109/L with 48% neutrophils, 39
A Lagrangian decomposition approach to computing feasible solutions for quadratic binary programs

In this paper, we develop a Lagrangian decomposition based heuristic method for general quadratic binary programs (QBPs) with linear constraints. We extend the idea of Lagrangian decomposition by Chardaire and Sutter (Manag Sci 41(4):704–712, 1995) and Billionnet and Soutif (Eur J Oper Res 157(3):565–575, 2004a, Inf J Comput 16(2):188–197, 2004b) in which the quadratic objective is converted to a bilinear function by introducing auxiliary variables to duplicate the original complicating variables in the problem. Instead of using linear constraints to assure the equity between the two types of decision variables, we introduce generalized quadratic constraints and relax them with Lagrangian multipliers. Instead of computing an upper bound for a maximization problem, we focus on lower bounding with Lagrangian decomposition based heuristic. We take advantage of the decomposability presented in the Lagrangian subproblems to speed up the heuristic and identify one feasible solution at each iteration of the subgradient optimization procedure. With numerical studies on several classes of representative QBPs, we investigate the sensitivity of lower-bounding performance on parameters of the additional quadratic constraints. We also demonstrate the potentially improved quality of preprocessing in comparison with the use of a QBP solver.
Investigating the applicability of ADAPTS activity-based model in air quality analysis

Abstract The growing recognition of negative impacts of vehicular emissions on global warming and public health is one of the main factors that led transportation policymakers to devise congestion/pollution mitigation strategies. However, in order to attain the best perception of potential results of implementing these policies, it would be essential to understand the response of people in terms of changing their travel behaviors. Activity-based travel demand models provide comprehensive platforms to simulate individuals’ travel behavior at very fine scale and examine the impact of various policies on population. This paper explores the applicability of activity-based models in evaluating the small- and large-scale environmental consequences of transportation policies. To provide a holistic and policy sensitive platform for estimating mobile source emissions, we integrate an activity-based travel demand model with a mesoscopic dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) module and a microscopic emission simulator. Accordingly, the ADAPTS model is extended with an agent-based DTA component, which allows for dynamic interaction between the demand model and network simulator. Then, the US EPA’s mobile source emission model, MOVES, is leveraged to estimate emissions produced by passenger cars. The main challenge in developing such an integrated framework is compatibility of the data among its different components. The performance of this framework is analyzed through two county- and project-level case studies in Chicago metropolitan area. In the county-level analysis, the base-year replication results show a drastic rise in emissions during peak periods, that is, around 14.8% and 27.2% of total daily NOx emission are produced during morning and evening rush hours, respectively. Further, as the project-level analysis, a capacity improvement in a critical ramp in the network is implemented in the DTA model. The simulation results show 24% reduction in VHT and 2.3% increase in VMT in 10-h simulation period in that link.
Immunometabolic Phenotype Alterations Associated with the Induction of Disease Tolerance and Persistent Asymptomatic Infection of Salmonella in the Chicken Intestine

The adaptation of Salmonella enterica to the eukaryotic host is a key process that enables the bacterium to survive in a hostile environment. Salmonella have evolved an intimate relationship with its host that extends to their cellular and molecular levels. Colonization, invasion, and replication of the bacteria in an appropriate host suggest that modification of host functions is central to pathogenesis. Intuitively, this subversion of the cell must be a complex process, since hosts are not inherently programmed to provide an environment conducive to pathogens. Hosts have evolved countermeasures to pathogen invasion, establishment, and replication through two types of defenses: resistance and tolerance. Resistance functions to control pathogen invasion and reduce or eliminate the invading pathogen. Research has primarily concentrated on resistance mechanisms that are mediated by the immune system. On the other hand, tolerance is mediated by different mechanisms that limit the damage caused by a pathogen’s growth without affecting or reducing pathogen numbers or loads. The mechanisms of tolerance appear to be separated into those that protect host tissues from the virulence factors of a pathogen and those that limit or reduce the damage caused by the host immune and inflammatory responses to the pathogen. Some pathogens, such as Salmonella, have evolved the capacity to survive the initial robust immune response and persist. The persistent phase of a Salmonella infection in the avian host usually involves a complex balance of protective immunity and immunopathology. Salmonella is able to stay in the avian ceca for months without triggering clinical signs. Chronic colonization of the intestinal tract is an important aspect of persistent Salmonella infection because results in a silent propagation of bacteria in poultry stocks due to the impossibility to isolate contaminated animals. Data from our lab promotes the hypothesis that Salmonella have evolved a unique survival strategy in poultry that minimizes host defenses (disease resistance) during the initial infection and then exploits and/or induces a dramatic immunometabolic reprogramming in the cecum that alters the host defense to disease tolerance. Unfortunately, this disease tolerance results in the ongoing human food safety dilemma.
Biocompatibility and degradation properties of WE43 Mg alloys with and without heat treatment: In vivo evaluation and comparison in a cranial bone sheep model

Abstract Purpose Orthopedic and maxillofacial bone fractures are routinely treated by titanium internal fixation, which may be prone to exposure, infection or intolerance. Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys represent promising alternatives to produce biodegradable osteosynthesis devices, with biocompatibility and, specifically, hydrogen gas production during the degradation process, being the main drawback. Aim of this study is to test and compare biocompatibility, degradation rate and physiscochemical properties of two Mg-alloys to identify which one possesses the most suitable characteristics to be used as resorbable hardware in load-bearing fracture sites. Materials and methods As-cast (WE43) and T5 Mg-alloys were tested for biocompatibility, physical, mechanical and degradation properties. Microstructure was assessed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS); mechanical properties were tested utilizing quasi-static compression and failure analysis. Locoregional biocompatibility was tested by sub-periosteal implantation on the fronto-nasal region of large-animal model (sheep): regional immunoreaction and metal accumulation was analyzed by LA-ICP of tributary lymph-nodes, local reactions were analyzed through histological preparation including bone, implant and surrounding soft tissue. Results Mechanically, T5 alloy showed improvement in strength compared to the as-cast. Lymph-node Mg accumulation depicted no differences between control (no implant) and study animals. Both alloys showed good biocompatibility and osteogenesis-promoting properties. Conclusion This study demonstrated excellent biocompatibility and osteogenesis-promoting capabilities of the tested alloys, providing a platform for further studies to test them in a maxillofacial fracture setting. T-5 alloy displayed more stability and decreased degradation rate than the as-cast.
Development of a psychometrically valid gun attitude scale

Studies that consider attitudes towards guns have unilaterally relied on scales that treat guns as autonomous objects. The Gun Attitude Scale (GAS), development and replication results reported herein, takes into account one’s comfort with gun use. Exploratory factor analysis results indicated and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed, χ2 = 96.64, df = 26, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.95, SRMR = 0.05, the presence of one subscale, the General GAS (9 items, explaining 52.97% of the total variance). Analyses of the psychometric properties of the scale indicated that the GAS is a valid and reliable measure of gun attitudes (i.e., test-retest r’s greater than 0.80). The GAS is the first scale that adequately addresses an individual’s believed ability to use a gun. Researchers wishing to understand the role of attitude towards guns in multivariate models would benefit from using the GAS in their studies.
What the subsistence marketplaces stream is really about: Beginning with micro-level understanding and being bottom-up

This commentary reiterates the essence of the subsistence marketplaces stream in light of the focal paper. The subsistence marketplaces stream provides a granular, micro-level understanding of the ...
Bifurcation of avoided crossing at an exceptional point in the dispersion of sound and light in locally resonant media

The avoided crossing behavior in the interaction of propagating sound or light waves with resonant inclusions is analyzed using a simple model of an acoustic medium containing damped mass-spring oscillators, which is shown to be equivalent to the Lorentz oscillator model in the elementary dispersion theory in optics. Two classes of experimental situations dictating the choice in the analysis of the dispersion relation are identified. If the wavevector is regarded as the independent variable and frequency as a complex function of the wavevector, then the avoided crossing bifurcates at an exceptional point at a certain value of the parameter γβ−1/2, where γ and β characterize the oscillator damping and interaction strength, respectively. This behavior is not observed if the wavevector is regarded as a complex function of frequency.
Comparison of stimulus-evoked BOLD responses in human and monkey visual cortex

We characterized the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal in humans and macaque monkeys by comparing the response in visual cortex to a single checkerboard or two checkerboards, spaced 1.5, 3.0, or 4.5 s apart. We found that the magnitude and shape of the BOLD response to a single checkerboard was similar in the two species. In addition, we found that the BOLD responses summed similarly, and that at an inter-stimulus interval (ISI) of 4.5 sec BOLD summation was nearly linear in both species. When comparing the ratio of the amplitude of the response to the second checkerboard at the 4.5 sec ISI with that of the single checkerboard between subjects in both species, the results from both monkey subjects fell within one standard deviation of the mean human results (human mean (n=12): .95 +/- .31 second/single response amplitude; monkey 1: 1.16; monkey 2: .86). At the shorter ISIs, both species demonstrated increased suppression of the BOLD response to the second checkerboard. These findings indicate that the magnitude of the BOLD response to events separated by 4.5 seconds can be accurately measured in and compared between human and monkey visual cortex.
Search Light: Tracking Device Mobility using Indoor Luminaries to Adapt 60 GHz Beams

We present SearchLight, a system that enables adaptive steering of highly directional 60 GHz beams via passive sensing of visible light from existing illumination sources. The key idea is to simultaneously track a mobile device's position and orientation using intensity measurements from lighting infrastructure, and to adapt client and AP beams to maintain beam alignment, without training overhead or outages in the 60 GHz band. Our implementation on custom dual-band hardware with 2 GHz wide channels and 24-element, electronically steerable phased array antennas shows that SearchLight successfully tracks client mobility and achieves up to 3× throughput gains compared to an in-band training strategy, and eliminates millisecond-scale in-band training epochs.
Structure and function of the CRYSALIS system

CRYSALIS is a knowledge-based system whose goal is to infer the three-dimensional structures of proteins from x-ray crystallographic data. The system uses both formal and Judgmental knowledge from experts to select appropriate procedures and to constrain the space of plausible protein structures. The hypothesis generating and testing procedures operate upon a variety of representations of the data, and work with several different descriptions of the structure being inferred. This paper focuses on the architecture of the system, and points out some of its Interesting features. An example of the system's performance is given.
A forward incremental displacement semi-explicit unconditionally stable dynamic frictional contact-impact formulation

Publisher Summary This paper deals with the two issues concerning a new forward incremental displacement based nonlinearly explicit second-order accurate L-stable formulation for handling nonlinear dynamic systems with frictional contact boundary and a new contact algorithm to enforce normal contact constraints and the tangential contact constraints involving the kinetic friction model on the frictional contact boundary. The dynamic contact-impact problems include three major computational aspects, including time integration for the nonlinear dynamic system equations, nonlinear constitutive equation formulation and algorithms, and the frictional contact model and algorithms for the computation of the frictional contact forces involving the surface mesh search. A unique and new nonlinearly explicit second-order accurate L-stable formulation has been modified into the forward incremental displacement based form for the applications to frictional dynamic contact-impact problems. A new model of decoupling the normal contact constraint and the frictional contact constraint is proposed for frictional dynamic contact-impact problems. The solutions for the frictional dynamic contact boundary constraints guarantee convergence while employing the proposed model and the present overall developments.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Liquid Assisted Air Cooling Solution

Thermal Design Power (TDP) of Intel Xeon and Intel Xeon Phi Processor is getting higher and higher from generation to generation as High Performance Computing (HPC) industry continuously pursues extreme performance target. It is challenging to cool such high TDP processors with solely passive air cooling solution under the same form factor and boundary conditions. Hence advanced air cooling solution, the Liquid Assisted Air Cooling (LAAC), is introduced to fix such thermal challenges. Experimental results from a case study with Intel® Server Board S7200AP are presented in this paper to demonstrate LAAC’s cooling capability and this paper also proposes a new methodology of numerical simulation modelling with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool as FloTHERM to predict LAAC’s cooling capability.
CDK8 Selectively Promotes the Growth of Colon Cancer Metastases in the Liver by Regulating Gene Expression of TIMP3 and Matrix Metalloproteinases

: Unresectable hepatic metastases of colon cancer respond poorly to existing therapies and are a major cause of colon cancer lethality. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic viability of targeting the mediator kinase CDK8, an early clinical stage drug target, as a means to suppress metastasis of colon cancer. CDK8 was amplified or overexpressed in many colon cancers and CDK8 expression correlated with shorter patient survival. Knockdown or inhibition of CDK8 had little effect on colon cancer cell growth but suppressed metastatic growth of mouse and human colon cancer cells in the liver. This effect was due in part to inhibition of already established hepatic metastases, indicating therapeutic potential of CDK8 inhibitors in the metastatic setting. In contrast, knockdown or inhibition of CDK8 had no significant effect on the growth of tumors implanted subcutaneously, intrasplenically, or orthotopically in the cecum. CDK8 mediated colon cancer growth in the liver through downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor TIMP3 via TGFβ/SMAD-driven expression of a TIMP3-targeting microRNA, miR-181b, along with induction of Mmp3 in murine or MMP9 in human colon cancer cells via Wnt/β-catenin-driven transcription. These findings reveal a new mechanism for negative regulation of gene expression by CDK8 and a site-specific role for CDK8 in colon cancer hepatic metastasis. Our results indicate the utility of CDK8 inhibitors for the treatment of colon cancer metastases in the liver and suggest that CDK8 inhibitors may be considered in other therapeutic settings involving TGFβ/SMAD or Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate that inhibition of the transcription-regulating kinase CDK8 exerts a site-specific tumor-suppressive effect on colon cancer growth in the liver, representing a unique therapeutic opportunity for the treatment of advanced colon cancer.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/23/6594/F1.large.jpg.
Strategic Service Logistics Games with Customer-Induced Competition

We study Emergency Medical Services (EMS) in emerging economies, which are mostly still decentralized. Randomly arriving customers can request service from multiple service providers (duplicate orders) and choose the one that provides quicker service. Such customer behavior plays off providers deliberately against each other; and they, in turn, strategically define their service regions. To our knowledge, this setting, where customers pit service providers against each other dynamically and temporally, has not been studied before, and we present the first paper on this topic. We consider a stylized non-cooperative game with two service providers, each with one server, located at either end of a Hoteling line. Demand is temporally Poisson and spatially uniform. Providers' strategically choose service regions to maximize their utility accounting for stochasticity and associated opportunity costs. %This simplified model is quite complex with interesting and novel properties. We observe that provider behaviors are coupled, that is, the joint idle probability component is {\em not independent}. We analyze this using renewal theory, and find that the dependence between the servers is `limited'. This leads us to a significantly more tractable approximation of the joint idle probability, which is close to the exact joint probability. We then show that the approximate utility functions of a provider, given a fixed strategy of the competitor, are unimodal. We prove this game admits a symmetric \emph{pure strategy} Nash Equilibrium, and that this approximate equilibrium is an $\epsilon-$Nash equilibrium of the exact system. Providers, thus, can choose service regions that overlap and compete for customers, as is seen in reality. We compare this setting with two single order systems. We benchmark this system against a fully centralized EMS, and compute the Price of Anarchy (PoA), and show it is bounded by a small constant depending on the game parameters. As centralization is not achievable, we next compare with a decentralized single-order system (where EMSs still compete). Providers in aggregate are worse off under duplicate orders, in terms of utilities and number of customers served. Customers being strategic leads to similarly strategic decisions on the part of providers, whose service ranges (mostly) turn out to be shorter under duplicate orders. The customer perspective is more nuanced -- customers if served may experience shorter response times under duplicate orders; but ultimately, they have fewer provider options; and because of some placing duplicate orders, many others are dropped. Duplicate orders often deteriorate service equity along the line, with some regimes as exceptions. Policymakers should carefuly consider equity vs access tradeoffs for these exceptions. We also show that the gap between the duplicate order and single order systems can (only) be partially bridged using bargaining mechanisms that improve both provider and customer performance metrics.
Multi-source Transfer Learning

Nowadays, it is common to see multiple sources available for knowledge transfer, each of which, however, may not include complete classes information of the target domain. Naively merging multiple sources together would lead to inferior results due to the large divergence among multiple sources. In this chapter, we attempt to utilize incomplete multiple sources for effective knowledge transfer to facilitate the learning task in target domain.