cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Let’s Go! 5-2-1-0: A Community-Based, Multisetting Childhood Obesity Prevention Program

Objective Document the impact of Let’s Go!, a multisetting community-based childhood obesity prevention program on participants in 12 communities in Maine. Methods The study used repeated random telephone surveys with 800 parents of children to measure awareness of messages and child behaviors. Surveys were conducted in schools, child care programs, and afterschool programs to track changes in policies and environments. Results Findings show improvements from 2007 to 2011: Children consuming fruits and vegetables increased from 18%, 95% CI [15, 21], to 26% [23, 30] (p<.001); children limiting sugary drinks increased from 63% [59, 67] to 69% [65, 73] (p ¼ .011); and parent awareness of the program grew from 10% [7, 12] to 47% [43, 51] (p < .001). Participating sites implemented widespread changes to promote healthy behaviors. Conclusions A multisetting, community-based intervention with a consistent message can positively impact behaviors that lead to childhood obesity.
Bremmstrahlung target optimization for reflex triodes

Coupled particle-in-cell (PIC) and Monte Carlo simulations of the reflex triode have been performed with tantalum foil thicknesses varying between 2.5 mum (0.0056 times the CSDA range at 1 MeV) to 250 mum (0.56 the CSDA range at 1 MeV). The PIC/Monte Carlo simulations are in good agreement with reflex triode experiments on Gamble II at 1 MV, 1 MA. Experimental measurements and simulations both show that the dose is maximized for a foil thickness of about 20 mum. For foils thicker than 20 mum, the analysis shows that fewer of the 10-100 keV photons escape the foil reducing the dose. For foils thinner than 20 mum, the dose decrease is due to a loss of electron confinement to the foil allowing electrons to drift radially outward and strike a low-atomic-number foil holder which causes the dose to decrease. An examination of the electron orbits shows that for all foil thicknesses electrons initially flow radially inward under the influence of the strong self-magnetic field. If the foil is thick, then electrons lose a significant amount of energy with each interaction with the foil and are absorbed close to the point where they initially interact with the foil. If the foil is thin, electrons lose very little energy with each pass. For very thin foils, the simulations show that, with each pass, the electrons move outward in radius a distance of approximately twice the Larmor radius. Therefore, for thin foils, there are a limited number of passes the electrons can make before moving out of the diode where they strike the foil holder. Based on these results, a formula is derived that is able to predict fairly well the anode thickness that optimizes the dose.
Pharmacodynamics of mivacurium in infants

A computerized infusion system was used to determine mivacurium infusion requirements to maintain 95% and 50% neuromuscular block in 15 infants less than 1 yr of age. Neuromuscular block was measured by adductor pollicis EMG and anaesthesia maintained with 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen and alfentanil 50–100 μg kg−1 h−1. Neuromuscular block was produced by repeated bolus doses of mivacurium 0.1 mg kg−1; subsequently the target neuromuscular block was maintained by a closed loop infusion. Dose potency of mivacurium was similar to that previously published in children with a similar anaesthetic technique. Mean mivacurium requirement for 95% neuromuscular block was 820 (SD 300) μg kg−1 h−1, which represented an hourly requirement of 6.6 (1.5) individual ED95 doses. Infusion requirement for 50% neuromuscular block was 320 (150) μg kg−1 h−1. These infusion rates were similar to those in children. No side effects of mivacurium were noticed.
Patellofemoral Contact Area and Pressure After Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction

Background:It is not known whether nonisometric femoral graft attachment diminishes the effectiveness of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction.Purpose:To determine whether a nonisometric femoral attachment point is associated with differences in contact area and pressure in the patellofemoral joint as compared with an isometric attachment point.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Eleven cadaveric knees were amputated and secured in a loading fixture. The quadriceps tendon was clamped 5 cm above the proximal pole of the patella and fixed to a plate. Colinear compressive forces were applied. Forces were set to achieve isometric quadriceps moments at 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion. Contact areas and pressures were measured using a sensor system. Initially, isometric reconstruction was done using the known isometric femoral attachment point of the posterior medial epicondyle. The attachment was then revised in each specimen to the known nonisometric femoral attachment of the adduc...
Stacking Faults in Smaller Grain Size Perpendicular Media

The effect of stacking faults (SFs) on the uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy (Ku) of perpendicular magnetic recording media is an important factor when the media grain size becomes smaller. In this study, the relationship between grain size, SFs, and the magnetic properties of the media has been evaluated. It was found that when the SiO2 content in the Co-alloy granular thin film increases, the grain size and Ku decrease, and the amount of SFs increases. Keeping the same oxide volume fraction and decreasing the magnetic grain size does not further increase the amount of SFs much; however, the Ku value further decreases. This is likely due to the larger volume content of the possible presence of a deadlayer in the outermost shell of the smaller magnetic grains. The measured thermal energy barrier (EB) and intrinsic switching field (H 0) decrease for smaller grain size media, determined by fitting the DC demagnetization (DCD) measurements with Sharrock's formula. Improving the structure and microstructure characteristics of the smaller grain size media will be important to obtain good magnetic and thermal properties.
Analytical structure of fuzzy controllers using arbitrary input fuzzy sets and Zadeh fuzzy AND operator

We have developed a general technique for deriving analytical input-output relation for the fuzzy controllers that use Zadeh AND operator and arbitrary input fuzzy sets. This technique is applicable to any type of fuzzy controllers (e.g., Mamdani type or Takagi-Sugeno type). The analytical structures that we have derived provide an unprecedented opportunity to insightfully and rigorously understand how fuzzy control works and examine the advantages and shortcomings of different design choices available for various components of the fuzzy controllers.
Commentary: Brand Marketing the First Private National Commercial TV Station in Central Europel

Describes how, three years after the fall of the communist government in Czechoslovakia, NOVA, the first privately owned commercial television station in Central Europe began broadcasting throughout the recently formed Czech Republic. The primary challenge was to position the new station successfully as a clearly differentiated brand in a market which had never previously experienced television as anything other than a government‐controlled commodity. The station′s management sought to establish itself with the Czech television audience as the nation′s broadcast brand of choice by utilizing substantial numbers of Hollywood hit motion pictures and popular US television series, as well as presenting news shows which were significantly more irreverent and independent than the competing government‐sponsored stations. Prior to launch, the station management executed the most intense national advertising and promotion campaign ever utilized to promote a media product in the Czech Republic.
PCDD/F and PCB water column partitioning examination using natural organic matter and black carbon partition coefficient models

A 9-year water dataset from the Houston Ship Channel (HSC) was analyzed to understand partitioning in polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Total PCBs had more mass as dissolved (74%) whereas total PCDD/Fs did not (11%). Generally, the limited number of PCDD/Fs (only 2378 substituted) explained these differences though differences in chemical behavior beyond log K ow also likely influence partitioning. The particular fractionation seen in the HSC also seemed related to a wide variation in particulate organic carbon (POC)/dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ratio (0.42-180%). Published and unaltered linear free energy and linear solvation energy relationships for DOC, POC, and particulate black carbon (BC) resulted in predictions that were at best 27% (PCB) and 25% root-mean-square error (RMSE) (PCDD/F) partition fraction compared to observed (using estimated BC/POC fractions of 10 and 25%, respectively). These results show, at least in light of the uncertainties in this data (e.g., precise fraction of BC), that a 25% accuracy in model prediction of operationally dissolved or suspended fraction for any one PCB or PCDD/F congener is the best prediction that may be expected. It is therefore recommended that site-specific data be used to calibrate most any water column-partitioning model if it is to be expected to describe what actually occurs in field conditions.
The 'Electoral Connection' Of Felon Disenfranchisement Reform

Currently forty-eight states enforce felon disenfranchisement laws, which prohibit individuals from voting based upon prior felony convictions. An estimated 5.3 million Americans are prevented from voting due to these restrictions. While in apparent contradiction with fundamental democratic values, the historical roots of felon disenfranchisement can be traced back to the Civil War. Over forty-five years after the passage of the Voting Rights Act, the continued presence of these policies demonstrate their resilience. In part, the “tough on crime” rhetoric, which has dominated politics since the late 1980s, has provided a political cover for disenfranchisement laws. Representatives supporting the easing of felon voting restrictions leave themselves vulnerable to being labeled as “soft on crime.” Furthermore, since those who are directly affected by felon disenfranchisement laws are stripped of voting rights, representatives generally avoid direct pressure from these groups to ease felon voting restrictions. Despite this, between 1997 and 2008, there was an increase in the number of state reforms easing felon voting restrictions. In each instance, reform was passed through the state legislature. This paper examines why some states eased felon voting restrictions during this time period while others did not. In particular, I examine the motivations of state representatives to ease felon voting restrictions. I find that states under Democratic control were more likely to ease voting restrictions for felons as the size of their African-American and Hispanic populations increased. Suggesting, I contend, that under certain circumstances Democrats incentives to ease felon disenfranchisement laws.
Uptake of Three Antibiotics and an Antiepileptic Drug by Wheat Crops Spray Irrigated with Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent

With rising demands on water supplies necessitating water reuse, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent is often used to irrigate agricultural lands. Emerging contaminants, like pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), are frequently found in effluent due to limited removal during WWTP processes. Concern has arisen about the environmental fate of PPCPs, especially regarding plant uptake. The aim of this study was to analyze uptake of sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, ofloxacin, and carbamazepine in wheat ( L.) plants that were spray-irrigated with WWTP effluent. Wheat was collected before and during harvest, and plants were divided into grain and straw. Subsamples were rinsed with methanol to remove compounds adhering to surfaces. All plant tissues underwent liquid-solid extraction, solid-phase extraction cleanup, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Residues of each compound were present on most plant surfaces. Ofloxacin was found throughout the plant, with higher concentrations in the straw (10.2 ± 7.05 ng g) and lower concentrations in the grain (2.28 ± 0.89 ng g). Trimethoprim was found only on grain or straw surfaces, whereas carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole were concentrated within the grain (1.88 ± 2.11 and 0.64 ± 0.37 ng g, respectively). These findings demonstrate that PPCPs can be taken up into wheat plants and adhere to plant surfaces when WWTP effluent is spray-irrigated. The presence of PPCPs within and on the surfaces of plants used as food sources raises the question of potential health risks for humans and animals.
Literacy practices among different ethnic groups: The role of socioeconomic and cultural factors

Abstract This study investigated socioeconomic and cultural factors that interplay with racial differences in adult literacy. African‐American adults were shown to have statistically significantly higher book and periodical reading practices than European‐Americans when income was controlled, demonstrating the important relationship between socioeconomic factors and African‐Americans’ literacy. African‐Americans and other racial minorities obtained more information from television, magazines, and books than European‐Americans, but these activities were not sufficient to overcome the gap in literacy skills between minority and majority groups. Results are discussed from Ogbu's (1990) cultural identity perspective.
Assessment of tissue anoxemia in chronic anemia by the arterial lactate/pyruvate ratio and excess lactate formation.

Abstract The level of hemoglobin at which tissue hypoxia develops was determined by plasma lactic and pyruvic acid levels in 12 subjects who had anemia and after treatment had complete or partial correction of the anemia. Significant excess lactate and a significant change in the lactic to pyruvic acid ratio occurred when the hemoglobin concentration fell below 6 Gm. per 100 ml. There was no evidence of tissue hypoxia as determined by the plasma lactic to pyruvic acid ratio in patients at bed rest with 6 Gm. per 100 ml. or more of circulating hemoglobin.
Design, Teach and Manage: Ensuring Educational Integrity in Field Placement Courses

Field placements are becoming increasingly important as law schools respond to demands for educational reform along with demands from students, practitioners, clients and other constituents to graduate “practice ready” lawyers who understand the values of the profession. At the same time, decreasing enrollments, ballooning law student debt, and a weak economy are creating internal pressures to cut the costs of providing legal education. As law schools react to competing demands to increase experiential learning while cutting costs, the ABA has relaxed accreditation standards governing study outside of the classroom. The result is that those who design, teach and manage field placement courses are expected to do more with less. In many instances, full-time field placement faculty members are being replaced with instructors or administrators who have limited teaching experience and no job security. The lack of experience, faculty status and job security makes it more difficult for those re- sponsible for field placement experiences to participate completely in discussions of the proper role of these courses in legal education. We argue that it is precisely during these challenging times that law schools most need experienced faculty to be in charge of field place- ment programs, not only to design and teach these courses, but also to be part of faculty and administration discussions of law school mission, purpose, budget and curriculum. We describe how a faculty- designed and faculty-taught field placement course can allow law schools to offer robust experiential learning opportunities at reasonable cost.
Populism and the Future of Democracy

Why turn to populism as a resource for understanding the challenges and possibilities of democracy, when we live amidst social, economic, and political constellations that pervert both the populist foundations of democracy and the democratic aspirations of populism? Contemporary theories of populism provide reductive lenses for analyzing the democratic and antidemocratic qualities of populism: they either privilege populist discourse and critique, at the expense of ignoring the broad range of affective and body practices that comprise populist cultural formation (e.g., Laclau, Kazin); or they highlight the everyday cultural politics of populism at the expense of bypassing deeper critiques of the antidemocratic powers that shape political subjectivity and discourse in everyday life (e.g., Boyte, Goodwyn). Engaging contemporary populist emergences in the United States, through the lens of systemic critique and everyday cultural formation, I analyze which imaginations of politics and democracy are generated by left and right forms of populism, in what ways they reinforce existing configurations of power and powerlessness, in which directions they challenge those configurations, and what alternative forms of politics and democracy they enact and anticipate, for better and worse. My aim is to detect not only dissonances between left and right populisms, but also potential resonances that clarify the dangers and possibilities of imagining and enacting new forms of democracy today.
Drivers Advancing Oral Health in a Large Group Dental Practice Organization.

Abstract Three change drivers are being implemented to high standards of patient centric and evidence-based oral health care within the context of a large multispecialty dental group practice organization based on the commitment of the dental hygienist chief operating officer and her team. Background and purpose A recent environmental scan elucidated 6 change drivers that can impact the provision of oral health care. Practitioners who can embrace and maximize aspects of these change drivers will move dentistry forward and create future opportunities. This article explains how 3 of these change drivers are being applied in a privately held, accountable risk-bearing entity that provides individualized treatment programs for more than 417,000 members. To facilitate integration of the conceptual changes related to the drivers, a multi-institutional, multidisciplinary, highly functioning collaborative work group was formed. Methods and approach The document Dental Hygiene at a Crossroads for Change 1 inspired the first author, a dental hygienist in a unique position as chief operating officer of a large group practice, to pursue evidence-based organizational change and to impact the quality of patient care. This was accomplished by implementing technological advances including dental diagnosis terminology in the electronic health record, clinical decision support, standardized treatment guidelines, quality metrics, and patient engagement to improve oral health outcomes at the patient and population levels. The systems and processes used to implement 3 change drivers into a large multi-practice dental setting is presented to inform and inspire others to implement change drivers with the potential for advancing oral health. Conclusions Technology implementing best practices and improving patient engagement are excellent drivers to advance oral health and are an effective use of oral health care dollars. Improved oral health can be leveraged through technological advances to improve clinical practice.
Under the Dome: “Chinese” smog as a viral media event

ABSTRACTUnder the Dome, a video about smog in China produced by author and former television anchor Chai Jing, garnered 200 million views within 48 hours before disappearing from major Chinese websites. This essay examines the video’s aesthetics, distribution and reception with a particular attention to its relation to time. I argue that a focus on temporality allows us to discern the ideological conditions that delimit how we talk about Under the Dome and indeed China’s pollution in the context of neoliberal globalization. The celebration of the video’s digitally enabled instantaneity not only privileges technological solutions and consumer agency but also obscures the unequal relation of power to which the Chinese state and the workers within the global electronics supply chain have long been subject. What these discourses eclipse is an opportunity to rethink the accidental event as opening an alternative dialogue about the geological deep time of media culture.
From the RSNA refresher courses: MR imaging in hyperthermia.

There is growing clinical evidence that the combination of radiation therapy and hyperthermia, when delivered at moderate temperatures (40°–45°C) for sustained times (30–90 minutes), is of benefit with regard to palliative relief of cancer, tumor response, local control, and survival. Adequate measurement of the temperature distribution achieved with the hyperthermia is a key element in successful therapy. Thermal dosimetry, even invasive dosimetry, is a complex topic when applied to the heterogeneous tissue of a tumor and associated organ systems. Imaging in hyperthermia therapy is performed primarily for estimation and control of temperature. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has unique parameter dependences that make it possible to monitor hyperthermia therapy by detection of proton resonant frequency changes or diffusion coefficient changes. In addition, MR imaging can be used to assess vascular parameters that not only allow selection of suitable patients for therapy but may also allow demonstration of...
Automatic feature design for regression

As discussed in the end of Section 3.2, rarely can we design perfect or even strongly performing features for the general regression problem by completely relying on our understanding of a given dataset. In this chapter we describe tools for automatically designing proper features for the general regression problem, without the explicit incorporation of human knowledge gained from e.g., visualization of the data, philosophical reflection, or domain expertise. We begin by introducing the tools used to perform regression in the ideal but extremely unrealistic scenario where we have complete and noiseless access to all possible input feature/output pairs of a regression phenomenon, i.e., a continuous function (as first discussed in Section 3.2). Here we will see how, in the case where we have such unfettered access to regression data, perfect features can be designed automatically by combining elements from a set of basic feature transformations. We then see how this process for building features translates, albeit imperfectly, to the general instance of regression where we have access to only noisy samples of a regression relationship. Following this we describe cross-validation , a crucial procedure to employing automatic feature design in practice. Finally we discuss several issues pertaining to the best choice of primary features for automatic feature design in practice. Automatic feature design for the ideal regression scenario In Fig. 5.1 we illustrate a prototypical dataset on which we perform regression, where our input feature and output have some sort of clear nonlinear relationship. Recall from Section 3.2 that at the heart of feature design for regression is the tacit assumption that the data we receive are in fact noisy samples of some underlying continuous function (shown in dashed black in Fig. 5.1). Our goal in solving the general regression problem is then, using the data at our disposal (which we may think of as noisy glimpses of the underlying function), to approximate this data-generating function as well as we can. In this section we will assume the impossible: that we have complete access to a clean version of every input feature/output pair of a regression phenomenon, or in other words that our data completely traces out a continuous function y ( x ).
Obese women experience multiple challenges with breastfeeding that are either unique or exacerbated by their obesity: discoveries from a longitudinal, qualitative study.

Obese women are at risk for shorter breastfeeding duration, but little is known about how obese women experience breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to understand obese women's breastfeeding experiences. We enrolled pregnant women in upstate New York, who were either obese [n = 13; body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 ] or normal weight (n = 9; BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 ) before conception and intended to breastfeed. A longitudinal, qualitative study was conducted from February 2013 through August 2014 with semi-structured interviews during pregnancy and at specific times post-partum through 3 months. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analyzed using content analysis. Themes that emerged in analysis were compared between obese and normal-weight women. Differences were identified and described. Prenatally, obese women expressed less confidence about breastfeeding than normal-weight women. Post-partum, obese women and their infants had more health issues that affected breastfeeding, such as low infant blood glucose. Compared with normal-weight women, they also experienced more challenges with latching and positioning their infants. Breastfeeding required more time, props and pillows, which limited where obese women could breastfeed. Obese women also experienced more difficulty finding nursing bras and required more tangible social support than normal-weight women. In conclusion, obese women experienced more challenges than women of normal weight; some challenges were similar to those of normal-weight women but were experienced to a greater degree or a longer duration. Other challenges were unique. Obese women could benefit from targeted care prenatally and during the hospital stay as well as continued support post-partum to improve breastfeeding outcomes. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Skin Ulcerations in a Preterm Newborn

A preterm female infant has had skin ulcerations since birth ### Prenatal History: ### Birth History and Presentation: ### Vital Signs: ### Physical Examination:
Future therapies for primary sclerosing cholangitis

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts leading to biliary strictures, parenchymal fibrosis, and subsequent progression to cirrhosis and liver failure. The disease is often associated with concomitant inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and has varied phenotype and disease progression. PSC is an orphan disease, and currently there is no effective treatment other than liver transplantation. Fortunately, recent breakthroughs in the understanding of the pathogenesis of liver diseases have unraveled several new targets for treatment of PSC. In this chapter, we review the current understanding of the pathogenesis of PSC and the rationale behind the novel therapeutic interventions. The launch of additional trials will bring us a step closer to new treatments and an eventual cure for PSC.
An exploratory study of exclusively heterosexual, primarily heterosexual, and mostly heterosexual young men:

Kinsey argued that sexuality exists along a continuum from exclusive attraction to one sex or the other, with degrees of gradations of nonexclusivity in-between. Other than bisexuality and, recentl...
The Practices, Policies, and Legal Boundaries Framework in Assessment and Institutional Research

After examining typical legal contexts for IR practice, this chapter offers the Practices, Policies, and Legal Boundaries (PPLB) framework for using laws as guidelines for policy and practice.
Microscopic Models for the Effects of Hydrogen on Physical and Chemical Properties of Earth Materials

Atomistic models of interaction of hydrogen with silicates are reviewed. The most important mechanism of hydrogen dissolution in Mg (Fe)-bearing silicates is the replacement of Mg (Fe) with two protons (a vacancy at M-site trapping two protons ((2H ) × )). Influence of hydrogen on phase diagrams can be understood from this model. In addition to this fully charge-compensated defect, charged defects are also created by the ionization of a neutral defect, (2H ) × . Electrical conductivity is due to ionized defect, i.e., free proton. When the concentration of ionized, charged defects exceeds the concentration of charged defects under hydrogen-free environment, then the concentrations of defects at other sub-lattices is also modified leading to the enhancement of a range of properties that are controlled by the motion of defects at silicon or oxygen sub-lattice. The parameterization of creep law in terms of hydrogen content is summarized and applied to the estimation of upper mantle viscosity and fabric transitions. Current knowledge of influence of hydrogen on the rheological properties of deep mantle minerals is reviewed. The role of hydrogen in each mineral in the deep mantle is mineral-specific: solubility of hydrogen and its role in plastic deformation are quite different among the various minerals in the transition zone and the lower mantle. Possible roles of hydrogen in deep Earth dynamics are discussed including the effects of hydrogen on the structure of plumes.
Synthesis and Properties of Quinoidal Fluorenofluorenes

The synthesis and optoelectronic properties of 24 π-electron, formally antiaromatic fluoreno[3,2-b]fluorene and fluoreno[4,3-c]fluorene (FF), are presented. The solid-state structure of [4,3-c]FF along with computationally analogous molecules shows that the outer rings are aromatic while the central four rings possess a bond-localized 2,6-naphthoquinodimethane motif. The antiaromaticity and biradical character of the FFs is assessed computationally, the results of which indicate the dominance of the closed-shell ground state for these molecules.
Trace-Humidity Calibration and Testing Services at the National Institute of Standards and Technology

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides low-humidity calibration and testing services for hygrometers and humidity generators over a humidity range between 3 nanomole per...
Draft Genome Sequence of a Propanotroph, Rhodococcus sp. Strain ENV425, Capable of Degrading Methyl tert-Butyl Ether and N-Nitrosodimethylamine

ABSTRACT In this study, the draft genome of Rhodococcus sp. strain ENV425 was determined. The propane-grown strain ENV425 cometabolically degrades environmental contaminants such as methyl tert-butyl ether and N-nitrosodimethylamine. The sequence revealed the presence of multiple hydrocarbon metabolic genes that could play pivotal roles in the biodegradation of pollutants.
Fifteen best practice recommendations for bar-code medication administration in the Veterans Health Administration.

Article-at-a-Glance Background Since 2000, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has pioneered the development and deployment of a bar-code medication administration (BCMA) system. Based on VHA experience, 15 "best practices" for BCMA implementation, integration, and maintenance are recommended. Methods Data were collected on potential barriers to the effectiveness of BCMA to improve patient safety by direct observation of medication administration, simulated BCMA use in a laboratory setting, a survey of nursing informatics specialists regarding policies and procedures, and 30 unstructured interviews with diverse stakeholders. Recommendations Fifteen practices were proposed, categorized by implementation and continuous improvement, training, troubleshooting, contingency planning, equipment maintenance, medication administration, and maintenance of paper patient wristbands. For example, Recommendation 15 ("Periodic replacement of wristbands") advises weekly bar-coded wristband replacement in long term care settings to improve the scanning reliability. Discussion Lessons learned about best practices to address challenges may offer insight to others considering implementation of bar-code technology.
The occurrence of disporous Bacillus thuringiensis cells.

Ultrathin sections of sporulatingBacillus thuringiensis were examined in a transmission electron microscope. Less than 1% of the about 2,000 approximately sagittal sections of the bacterial cells examined contained two endospores per cell. This finding clarifies the majority of textbook and research reports (which tend to be ambiguous), contradicts several of the most recent textbook reports, and confirms three unillustrated textbook reports, in relation to the occurrence of disporous bacilli. Electron microscopic evidence of the observation is presented, apparently for the first time.
Financial Machinations and Ethical Perspectives

The first part considers business greed and the case of Enron collapse in 2001. Since greed often involves manipulation infringing on human rights, discussions involve films provoking thoughts on manipulating people, including Equity (2016), Arbitrage (2012), Trading Places (1983), and Hudsucker Proxy (1994). In relation to business fraud, we look at the RJR Nabisco 1988 Leveraged Buyout (LBO) which was adopted for the screen in Barbarians at the Gate (1993). We also look at the 1995 collapse of Barings Bank, adapted for the screen in Rogue Trader (1999). Other films discussed include Wall Street (1987) and Other People’s Money (1991). Greedy view of profit comes in contrast with social responsibility and led to the subprime mortgage crisis of 2007–2008. Case discussion considers the Lehman Brothers 2008 collapse. Financial practices widening the gap between profit and responsibility are illustrated through films Margin Call (2011) and The Big Short (2015).
Dietary Supplement Use among U.S. Children by Family Income, Food Security Level, and Nutrition Assistance Program Participation Status in 2011⁻2014.

This analysis characterizes use of dietary supplements (DS) and motivations for DS use among U.S. children (≤18 years) by family income level, food security status, and federal nutrition assistance program participation using the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. About one-third (32%) of children used DS, mostly multivitamin-minerals (MVM; 24%). DS and MVM use were associated with higher family income and higher household food security level. DS use was lowest among children in households participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP; 20%) and those participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC; 26%) compared to both income-eligible and income-ineligible nonparticipants. Most children who used DS took only one (83%) or two (12%) products; although children in low-income families took fewer products than those in higher income families. The most common motivations for DS and MVM use were to “improve (42% or 46%)” or “maintain (34 or 38%)” health, followed by “to supplement the diet (23 or 24%)” for DS or MVM, respectively. High-income children were more likely to use DS and MVM “to supplement the diet” than middle- or low-income children. Only 18% of child DS users took DS based on a health practitioner’s recommendation. In conclusion, DS use was lower among children who were in low-income or food-insecure families, or families participating in nutrition assistance programs.
Nanoscale and Macroscale Characterization of the Influence of RAP and RAS on Cracking Resistance of Asphalt Mixes

AbstractThis paper summarizes the results of laboratory tests that were performed to characterize the blending of recycled asphalt binders [recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) and reclaimed asphalt pav...
Commentary: Changing the Social Norm about Corporal Punishment

Evidence for the detrimental effects of corporal punishment (CP) on children has been borne out by more than 50 years of empirical research. However, in the United States, many parents continue to use and have favorable attitudes toward CP, reflecting an entrenched social norm. This commentary provides a review of the findings from two studies on how parents’ perceptions of CP are influenced by social norms (Fleckman, Taylor, Theall, & Andrinopoulous, Child Adol Soc Work J. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-018-0581-1 , 2019; Klevens, Kollar, Rizzo, O’Shea, Nguyen, & Roby, Child Adol Soc Work J, 2019). We briefly describe how these articles fit into the considerable body of CP literature. We then examine some of the findings and strengths of the studies, as well as suggest future research inquiries. Next, we describe the current efforts to change the social norms regarding the reliance on CP in the United States, including the recent statement by the American Academy of Pediatrics opposing CP. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of an emerging, yet promising practice towards changing beliefs and behaviors—the establishment of No Hit Zones (NHZs).
Estimation of the Readily Releasable Synaptic Vesicle Pool at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Presynaptic boutons at nerve terminals are densely packed with synaptic vesicles, specialized organelles for rapid and regulated neurotransmitter secretion. Upon depolarization of the nerve terminal, synaptic vesicles fuse at specializations called active zones that are localized at discrete compartments in the plasma membrane to initiate synaptic transmission. A small proportion of synaptic vesicles are docked and primed for immediate fusion upon synaptic stimulation, which together comprise the readily releasable pool. The size of the readily releasable pool is an important property of synapses, which influences release probability and can dynamically change during various forms of plasticity. Here we describe a detailed protocol for estimating the readily releasable pool at a model glutamatergic synapse, the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. This synapse is experimentally robust and amenable to sophisticated genetic, imaging, electrophysiological, and pharmacological approaches. We detail the experimental design, electrophysiological recording procedure, and quantitative analysis necessary to determine the readily releasable pool size. This technique requires the use of a two-electrode voltage-clamp recording configuration in elevated external Ca2+ with high frequency stimulation. We have used this assay to measure the readily releasable pool size and reveal that a form of homeostatic plasticity modulates this pool with synapse-specific and compartmentalized precision. This powerful approach can be utilized to illuminate the dynamics of synaptic vesicle trafficking and plasticity and determine how synaptic function adapts and deteriorates during states of altered development, stress and neuromuscular disease.
Hypertension Treatment Rates and Health Care Worker Density.

Elevated blood pressure is the leading cause of death worldwide; however, treatment and control rates for hypertension are low. Here, we analyze the relationship between physician and nurse density...
Why and How to Teach Surgical Ethics

Although ethics may seem trivial compared with the acuity of surgical care that one encounters as a surgeon, ethics plays an important role in the care of patients. Ethics has been taught traditionally throughout medical school; however, there appears to be less emphasis during residency. A lack of emphasis in surgical ethics may translate to less knowledge in these matters when one is in practice. This chapter focuses on why and how to teach surgical ethics. With respect to the “why,” we argue that although there may be a “hidden curriculum” embedded in surgical practice, if there is not a formal presence of surgical ethics throughout training, principles in ethics may well easily be altered. We touch on the topic of moral disengagement, define what is a moral emergency, and stress on the importance of being well-informed and prepared for future ethical dilemmas, especially in a world where new technology is constantly making itself more and more present in medicine. This chapter also highlights different ways in which that surgical ethics may be taught, such as a case-based format of teaching, where the concept of casuistry is emphasized. Other ways of teaching surgical ethics include creating a formal curriculum and incorporating it into morbidity and mortality conference. In conclusion, ethics in surgery plays a vital role in the global care of patients and should be taught throughout surgical training and extending past residency. Although there may not be a “best” way to teach surgical ethics, many options are available to be able to easily incorporate it into practice.
Lasting safe interruption of endarterectomy thrombosis by transiently infused antithrombin peptide D-Phe-Pro-ArgCH2Cl in baboons

To evaluate the relative antithrombotic efficacy and hemostatic safety of antithrombin therapy for vascular thrombus formation at sites of mechanical vascular injury, we administered the potent and specific irreversible synthetic antithrombin D-PHE-PRO-ARG chloromethyl ketone (D-FPRCH2Cl) after performing carotid endarterectomies in baboons. The continuous intravenous infusion of D-FPRCH2Cl, 100 nmol/kg per minute for 1 hour, abolished acute carotid endarterectomy thrombosis for at least 48 hours. The plasma level of D-FPRCH2Cl during the infusion was maintained steady at 7.2 +/- 0.9 mumol/L, but decreased rapidly after discontinuing its infusion (T50 17 minutes). Platelet deposition, measured in real time using autologous 111In-platelet scintillation camera imaging, was 1.51 +/- 0.40 x 10(8) platelet/cm in the 14 treated animals 90 minutes postoperatively, compared with 11.7 +/- 1.16 x 10(8) platelet/cm in 14 heparin-treated controls (P .5. Endarterectomy thrombosis remained decreased for at least 48 hours postoperatively, as determined by the ratio between net 111In-platelet radioactivity at the endarterectomized site versus whole blood (ratio 0.82 +/- 0.25 in the treatment group v 3.03 +/- 0.51 in heparin controls at 90 minutes, P 30 minutes, APTT > 150 seconds, PT > 50 seconds); BT, APTT, and PT values were normal 30 minutes after discontinuing the infusions. As expected, blood loss into the surgical wound was substantial in nine animals receiving therapy initiated before restoring flow in the operated vessel (mean 95 mL, range 45 to 130 mL). By contrast, beginning D-FPRCH2Cl therapy in five animals 15 minutes after restoring arterial flow, a time when surgical hemostasis had been achieved, prevented excessive blood loss (mean 15 mL, range 10 to 35 mL; P < .01 compared with earlier treatment) without compromising the antithrombotic effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Abstract PR08: Intratumoral T-cell distribution in murine and patient pancreatic cancer correlates with tissue heterogeneity and survival

The complex microenvironment characteristic of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has been implicated as a critical mediator of tumor progression and therapeutic response. Spatial relationships of individual cellular and acellular components within tumors may offer novel insights into the dynamic and complex functions of PDAC. Using eight-color multiplex immunohistochemistry and novel spatial analysis algorithms, we report a heterogeneous and increased population of infiltrating T lymphocytes in the tumors compared to uninvolved pancreatic tissues of treatment-naive PDAC patients. Spatial distribution of cytotoxic T cells in proximity to cancer cells independently correlates with increased overall patient survival. Collagen-I and aSMA-positive fibroblasts do not correlate with a paucity of T-cell accumulation around cancer cells, suggesting that PDAC desmoplasia may not be a simple physical barrier. However, T-cell infiltration was reduced in proximity to specific cancer cell subpopulations, supporting cancer-cell intrinsic mechanisms for immune avoidance. Further expansion of this technology using early and late primary tumors and metastatic tissue of genetically engineered mouse models (KrasLSL-G12D; p53R172H; PDX1-Cre; EYFPLSL) demonstrates similar T-cell heterogeneity and spatial associations. These data support the validity of multiplex and spatial analysis platforms for exploring the structure-function relationships in the PDAC microenvironment and suggest differential spatial relationships between cancer subtypes and the surrounding microenvironment may be a determining factor in PDAC progression. This abstract is also being presented as Poster A04. Citation Format: Julienne L. Carstens, Pedro Correa de Sampaio, Soutik Barua, Huamin Wang, Jared K. Burks, Arvind Rao, Valerie S. LeBleu, Raghu Kalluri. Intratumoral T-cell distribution in murine and patient pancreatic cancer correlates with tissue heterogeneity and survival [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Advances in Science and Clinical Care; 2019 Sept 6-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(24 Suppl):Abstract nr PR08.
Urine Testing in Children: Little People, Big Challenges

It is estimated that at least 2% of boys and 7% of girls will be diagnosed with a urinary tract infection (UTI) by 6 years of life. Primary care physicians obtain urine testing in children not only to diagnose UTI, but to investigate symptoms like hematuria, dysuria, and urinary incontinence, similar to the adult population. However, collection of urine in children presents unique challenges and pitfalls, especially in the child who is not toilet-trained. Additionally, the differential diagnosis, evaluation, and management for UTI and other common pediatric urinary abnormalities like hematuria and proteinuria differ significantly from adults. In this chapter, strategies for successful urine collection in a child will be discussed. Common urinary abnormalities in children will also be explained, focusing on the differences in testing thresholds for positive results in children compared to adults, as well as generation of pediatric-specific differential diagnoses.
Damping and cushioning characteristics of Polyjet 3D printed photopolymer with Kelvin model

This study extends previous research on the measurement of a 3D printed photopolymer’s quasi-static cushion properties, to include cushion and damping properties due to impact loading. In order to ...
Outcomes after In Utero Myelomeningocele Repair Based on Delivery Location.

Maternal and pediatric delivery outcomes may vary in patients who underwent open fetal myelomeningocele repair and elected to deliver at the fetal center where their fetal intervention was performed versus at the referring physician’s hospital. A prospective cohort study of 88 patients were evaluated following in utero open fetal myelomeningocele repair at a single fetal center between the years 2011–2019. Exclusion criteria included patients that delivered within two weeks of the procedure (n = 6), or if a patient was lost to follow-up (n = 1). Of 82 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 36 (44%) patients were delivered at the fetal center that performed fetal intervention, and 46 (56%) were delivered locally. Comparative statistics found that with the exception of parity, baseline characteristics and pre-operative variables did not differ between the groups. No differences in oligohydramnios incidence, preterm rupture of membranes, gestational age at delivery or delivery indications were found. Patients who delivered with a referring physician were more likely to be multiparous (p = 0.015). With the exception of a longer neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay in the fetal center group (median 30.0 vs. 11.0 days, p = 0.004), there were no differences in neonatal outcomes, including wound dehiscence, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, patch management, ventricular diversion, or prematurity complications. Therefore, we conclude that it is safe to allow patients to travel home for obstetric and neonatal management after open fetal myelomeningocele repair.
Aerosol Jet Deposition for Structured Materials

The roots of Aerosol Jet Printing (AJP) materials trace back to the development of digital inkjet printing. Pressure driven, continuous flow methods for inkjet printing were first developed at Stanford University by R. Sweet in the 1960s and led to a number of continuous flow printing technologies by the 1970s. Electrostatic control was used to guide the trajectory of continuously flowing ink drops. The drops were either directed to the print media or deflected into a gutter. These systems required the recirculation of the unused ink, adding considerable system complexity.