cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preoperative use of incentive spirometry does not affect postoperative lung function in bariatric surgery.

Morbidly obese patients undergoing general anesthesia for laparoscopic bariatric surgery are considered at increased risk of a postoperative decrease in lung function. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a systematic use of incentive spirometry (IS) prior to surgery could help patients to preserve their respiratory function better in the postoperative period. Forty-one morbidly obese (body mass index [BMI] > 40 kg/m 2 ) candidates for laparoscopic bariatric surgery were consented in the study. All patients were taught how to use an incentive spirometer but then were randomized blindly into 2 groups. The control group was instructed to use the incentive spirometer for 3 breaths, once per day. The treatment group was requested to use the incentive spirometer for 10 breaths, 5 times per day. Twenty experimental (mean BMI of 48.9 ± 5.67 kg/m 2 ) and 21 control patients (mean BMI of 48.3 ± 6.96 kg/m 2 ) were studied. The initial mean inspiratory capacity (IC) was 2155 ± 650.08 (SD) cc and 2171 ± 762.98 cc in the experimental and control groups, respectively. On the day of surgery, the mean IC was 2275 ± 777.56 cc versus 2254.76 ± 808.84 cc, respectively. On postoperative day 1, both groups experienced a significant drop of their IC, with volumes of 1458 ± 613.87 cc ( t test P t test P
Altered NGF protein levels in different brain areas after immunolesion

Nerve growth factor (NGF) provides critical trophic support to the cholinergic basal forebrain neurons that express high levels of the low-affinity NGF receptor (p75NGFR) in the adult rat brain. Intraventricular injection of 192 IgG-saporin, made by coupling the monoclonal antibody to p75NGFR 192 IgG to the cytotoxin saporin, selectively destroys the p75NGFR-bearing neurons in the basal forebrain and was used here to examine the effects of selective cholinergic lesions on brain NGF protein levels. We showed that 192 IgG-saporin produced significant long-lasting elevation of NGF protein levels in the hippocampus, cortex, and olfactory bulb, with profound reductions of ChAT activities representing complete cholinergic deafferentations of these areas. NGF level was maintained in the basal forebrain, even though there was almost complete loss of p75NGFR-immunoreactive cells and significant decrease of ChAT activity. In addition, a mild glial response was observed in the basal forebrain, and most of the activated astroglia expressed NGF-like immunoreactivity there. The increases in NGF protein levels in the target areas of the basal forebrain were most likely due to loss of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons and retrograde transport of NGF from these areas. Glial-derived NGF is partially responsible for the maintained level of NGF in the basal forebrain after the loss of cholinergic neurons. The accumulation of NGF protein in the target areas may have some effects on synaptic rearrangement in denervated tissues.
Stress-induced behavioral depression in the rat is associated with a decrease in GABA receptor-mediated chloride ion flux and brain benzodiazepine receptor occupancy

Abstract Rats exposed to inescapable tailshock exhibit deficits in learning a simple shuttle☐ escape task 24 h later. This syndrome has been termed ‘behavioral depression’ or ‘learned helplessness’, and is a model of stress-induced depression. In the present study a significant (25%) decrease in GABA receptor-mediated chloride ion flux as measured by muscimol-stimulated36Cl− uptake in synaptoneurosomes was found in the cerebral cortices of rats that failed the shuttle☐ task as compared to naive control rats. Rats which were exposed to tailshock and subsequently learned the escape task did not show a significant difference in muscimol-stimulated36Cl− uptake as compared to naive control rats. Similarly, rats that failed to learn the shuttle☐ escape task had significantly lower in vivo [3H]Ro15-1788 specific binding in cerebral cortex (43%), hippocampus (35%) and striatum (33%) as compared to naive control rats. In cerebellum and hypothalamus, there were significant reductions in specific [3H]Ro15-1788 binding in both animals that failed and animals that learned the shuttle☐ escape task as compared to naive controls. To control the stress of the footshock associated with the shuttle☐ escape task, we investigated the effect of gridshock in which total footshock received was equivalent to that received by rats who failed the shuttle☐ task. There were no differences in muscimol-stimulated36Cl− uptake or in vivo [3H]Ro15-1788 specific binding between naive controls and rats administered footshock independent of a learning task. These data suggest that the development of stress-induced behavioral depression may be associated with a decrease in GABA receptor-mediated chloride channel function.
Reye's syndrome in twins.

Acute encephalopathy with visceral fatty infiltration (Reye's syndrome) in twins, one of whom survived, afforded the opportunity to study the condition in vivo. Electron microscopic findings suggested that a reversible hepatic lesion was insolved in the pathogenesis; infection with herpes simplex may have been the immediate cause of the disease. An unusual enzyme profiel facilitated the diagnosis.
Characterization of the Chromosome 1q41q42.12 region, and the Candidate Gene DISP1, in Patients with CDH

Cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic studies demonstrate association between congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and chromosome 1q41q42 deletions. In this study, we screened a large CDH cohort (N=179) for microdeletions in this interval by the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) technique, and also sequenced two candidate genes located therein, dispatched 1 (DISP1) and homo sapiens H2.0-like homeobox (HLX). MLPA analysis verified deletions of this region in two cases, an unreported patient with a 46,XY,del(1)(q41q42.13) karyotype and a previously reported patient with a Fryns syndrome phenotype [Kantarci et al., 2006]. HLX sequencing showed a novel but maternally inherited single nucleotide variant (c.27C>G) in a patient with isolated CDH, while DISP1 sequencing revealed a mosaic de novo heterozygous substitution (c.4412C>G; p.Ala1471Gly) in a male with a left-sided Bochdalek hernia plus multiple other anomalies. Pyrosequencing demonstrated the mutant allele was present in 43%, 12%, and 4.5% of the patient's lymphoblastoid, peripheral blood lymphocytes, and saliva cells, respectively. We examined Disp1 expression at day E11.5 of mouse diaphragm formation and confirmed its presence in the pleuroperitoneal fold, as well as the nearby lung which also expresses Sonic hedgehog (Shh). Our report describes the first de novo DISP1 point mutation in a patient with complex CDH. Combining this finding with Disp1 embryonic mouse diaphragm and lung tissue expression, as well as previously reported human chromosome 1q41q42 aberrations in patients with CDH, suggests that DISP1 may warrant further consideration as a CDH candidate gene.
Shaping a corporate competitive intelligence function at IBM

Losing more than $14 billion during the period 1991–93, combined with the arrival of new CEO Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., changed the way IBM thought about customers and competition. As IBM began to reshape itself in the 1990s, its traditional emphasis on customer satisfaction broadened to include a renewed focus on competition. In 1993, IBM revised its approach to competitive intelligence, which had previously been isolated within business units. This article summarizes experiences in shaping a corporate competitive intelligence operation at a large multinational company. Under a pilot project, rival information technology vendors with whom IBM's customers planned to do more business were identified. For each of these competitors, a senior IBM executive was assigned as the resident “expert,” responsible for ensuring that strategies throughout IBM addressed the competitor and led to appropriate actions in the marketplace. “Virtual” CI teams were established, consisting of the assigned executive, peer executives representing various IBM business units, a small core of CI professionals, and representatives from functional areas such as manufacturing, development, marketing, and sales. A small corporate team was formed to manage the overall program, while day-to-day competitive analysis was performed by teams located throughout the company. Lotus Notes-based systems provided teams with online discussion databases, and provided executives and analysts with global access to CI databases and updated competitive assessments. The teams also used IBM Internet technology to access sources outside of IBM, and IBM intranet technology to post updates within IBM. Lessons learned from the pilot project were assessed and the program refined, as competitive intelligence became ingrained in IBM's corporate culture. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes from pregnant mice on cultivated tumor cells. II. Blocking and unblocking of cytotoxicity.

Sera from BALB/c mice transplanted with either of two syngeneic, methylchol-anthrene-induced sarcomas (1315 and 1321) were found to block (i.e. abrogate) the cytotoxic effect of lymph-node cells (LNC) from multiparous mice on cultivated tumor cells. The blocking activity was seen even at high serum dilutions (up to 1:320). It was found to persist in mice whose tumors had been removed 8–11 days previously. These mice had transplantation resistance against individually unique antigens of the respective sarcoma to which they had been immunized, but not against any common, putatively embryonic ones. In keeping with this finding, their sera did not block LNC-mediated cytotoxicity to the unique transplantation antigens, when tested 8–11 days after removal of the immunizing tumor. Sera from rabbits immunized with BALB/c embryonic tissues and subsequently absorbed with normal adult BALB/c cells, were found to cancel („unblock”) the blocking activity of serum from multiparous mice. The specificity of this unblocking effect and its potential usefulness as a tool to study immune reactions to embryonic tumor antigens need to be established.
Metamorphic evolution of exhumed middle to lower crustal rocks in the Mojave Extensional Belt, southern California, USA

The Waterman Metamorphic Complex of the central Mojave Desert was exposed as a consequence of early Miocene detachment-dominated extension. However, it has evidence consistent with a more extensive geological history that involves collision of a crustal fragment(s), tectonic thickening by overthrusting and two periods of extension. The metamorphic complex contains granitoid intrusives and felsic mylonitic gneisses as well as polymetamorphic rocks that include marble, calc-silicate, quartzite. mafic granulite, pyribolite, amphibolite, migmatite and biotite schist. The latter group of rocks was affected by an initial series of high-grade metamorphic events (M1 and M2) and a localized lower grade overprint (M3). The initial metamorphism (M1) can be separated into two stages along its high-grade P–T path: M1a, a granulite facies metamorphism at 800–850° C and 7.5–9 kbar and Mlb, an upper amphibolite facies overprint at 750–800° C and 10–12 kbar. M1a developed mineral assemblages and textures consistent with granulite facies conditions at a reduced activity of H2O and is associated with intense ductile deformation (D1) and minor local partial melting. M1b overprinted the granulite assemblages with a series of hydrous phases under conditions of increasing pressure and H2O activity and is accompanied by little or no deformation. M2 developed at lower pressures and temperatures (650–750° C, 4.5–5.5 kbar) and is distinguished by a second local overprint of hydrous phases that reflects an input of aqueous fluids probably associated with the intrusion of a series of granitic dykes and veins. Effects of M3 are confined to the Mitchel detachment zone, an anastomosing early Miocene detachment fault, and are characterized by local ductile/brittle deformation (D2) of the pre-existing high-grade rocks and granitoid intrusives and by the production of mylonites and mylonitic gneisses under greenschist facies conditions (300–350° C, 3–5 kbar). The initial overprint (M1a) represents metamorphism, devolatilization and minor partial melting of supracrustal rocks under granulite facies conditions as a consequence of tectonic and, possibly, magmatic thickening. The increasing pressure transition of M1a to M1b reflects a period of continued compressional tectonism, thrusting and influx of H2O, in part, locally related to crystallization of partial melts. The near isothermal decompression between M1b and M2 probably represents a pre-112-Ma extensional episode that may have been the result of a decompressional readjustment of a thickened crust. Following the initial extensional event, the metamorphic complex remained at depths of 10–17 km for at least 90 Ma until it was uplifted following Miocene extension. M3 develops locally in response to this second extensional period resulting from the early Miocene detachment faulting.
Growth and weight status of rural Texas school youth

Context: Evidence indicates higher prevalence of obesity in rural American youth. The present study evaluates the growth status and estimates the prevalence of overweight and obesity among rural school children in Texas. Methods: Heights and weights were measured in a sample of 1,084 school youth (545 males, 539 females) 5–19 years of age, in rural north central Texas in 2010. body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Growth status was plotted relative to US reference data. Weight status (underweight/thin, overweight, and obesity) was classified relative to age- and sex-specific Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) criteria. Concordance of classifications was evaluated. Results: Mean heights of the rural children approximated reference medians, while median weights exceeded reference medians and approximated 75th percentiles with increasing age. Median BMIs of boys and girls were below the 75th percentiles except among late adolescent girls. Prevalence of underweight/thinness was low (<4%). Overweight approximated 20% among boys 6–11 years and 16% among boys 12–19 years with CDC criteria; the opposite was apparent for obesity, 6–11 years, 16%, and 12–19 years, 20%. Approximately, equal percentages of boys in both age groups were classified overweight (∼21–22%) with IOTF criteria, but almost twice as many older (15%) than younger (8%) boys were classified obese. Overweight was less prevalent (∼5%) but obesity more prevalent (∼5%) with CDC compared to IOTF criteria, but both were less prevalent among younger than older girls. Conclusion: Prevalence of overweight and obesity among rural Texas school youth was comparable to national estimates for 2007–2008. The results highlight a need for programs aimed at preventing unhealthy weight gain and/or weight reduction given the tendency of obesity to track from childhood into adulthood and potentially negative health consequences of obesity. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strength vs Stressing Rate and Indentation Crack Growth Behavior of Indium(III) Phosphide

Susceptibility of InP to environmentally enhanced crack growth behavior was investigated in water and in 50% relative humidity by strength vs stressing rate and indentation crack length measurements. Statistical analysis indicated that, at the 95% confidence level, no environmentally enhanced fracture was detected for InP in liquid or gaseous water.
Teaching Management Skills Using Team Building in Quantity Foods

Abstract Quantity foods courses provide an excellent environment in which to teach management traits via team-building and group dynamics. A dicussion of variables that affect the team-building process, including, the selection of individuals, how roles are perceived by group members, and how evaluative powers within the group can change behavior, is provided. Implications for hospitality educators are detailed and conclusions are stated to support the integration of theory and experience in an academic environment.
A chemical diagnostic for failure prediction of solid lubricated systems

Abstract MoS 2 and i -silicone coatings on metal and ceramic substrates were worn by low speed sliding, and the coefficient of friction was monitored throughout. Optical microscopy plus micro-Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy were used to evaluate the physical and chemical changes in the tracks as sliding progressed. In general, no bulk-chemical changes to the coating were observed. However, as the coating was worn, chemical contributions from the substrate could be observed by Raman, photoluminescence, or both. In some cases, these chemical changes occurred prior to any significant change in friction coefficient. The potential of a Raman/photoluminescence chemical diagnostic for predicting lubricant failure is discussed.
Context-dependent Dysregulation of Transcription by Mutant Huntingtin

Huntington disease (HD) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disease caused by expansion of a polyglutamine (poly(Q) tract in the N-terminal region of huntingtin (htt). Although the precise mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration in HD have not been fully elucidated, transcriptional dysregulation has been implicated in disease pathogenesis. In HD, multiple N-terminal mutant htt fragments smaller than the first 500 amino acids have been found to accumulate in the nucleus and adversely affect gene transcription. It is unknown whether different htt fragments in the nucleus can differentially bind transcription factors and affect transcription. Here, we report that shorter N-terminal htt fragments, which are more prone to misfolding and aggregation, are more competent to bind Sp1 and inhibit its activity. These effects can be reversed by Hsp40, a molecular chaperone that reduces the misfolding of mutant htt. Our results provide insight into the beneficial effects of molecular chaperones and suggest that context dependent transcriptional dysregulation may contribute to differential toxicity of various N-terminal htt fragments.
Syphilitic Optic Perineuritis

We examined a patient who had syphilitic perioptic neuritis, a rarely diagnosed inflammation of the sheaths of the optic nerves that may be confused with papilledema caused by brain tumor or pseudotumor cerebri. The visual acuity was typically normal, and the only visual-field abnormality was enlargement of the blind spots. After we excluded an intracranial mass lesion, the diagnosis was confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid serologic findings positive for syphilis and normal intracranial pressure. Anti-inflammatory and antisyphilitic therapy resolved all the symptoms in our patient.
Transient heat transport in He II

Abstract Experimental and theoretical investigations of time dependent heat transport in He II have identified several new phenomena not previously reported. For heat fluxes greater than the steady state peak value, there is an observed time delay between the initiation of heating and the onset of film boiling. The time delay is seen to be nearly equal to the enthalpy rise in the helium divided by the applied heat flux. A well defined relationship is shown to exist between the time delay and the applied heat flux. Simple theoretical analysis of heat conductivity in He II is shown to predict the functional dependence and give approximately the correct proportionality factor. Experimental results are reported over a range of temperatures, 1.6 K to 2.1 K and for two external pressures, near saturated vapour pressure and at 0.125 MPa.
Conducting a Successful National Girls and Women in Sports Day Event

(2010). Conducting a Successful National Girls and Women in Sports Day Event. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 81, No. 2, pp. 34-39.
Computerized videokeratographic analysis of corneal topographic changes induced by sutured and unsutured 4 mm scleral pocket incisions

Abstract We used computerized videokeratography to analyze corneal topographical changes in 39 eyes of 39 patients who had phacoemulsification and posterior chamber lens implantation through 4 mm incisions. In one group of patients, the incisions were closed with a single vertical mattress suture; in the other group, no sutures were used. Computerized videokeratography was performed preoperatively and at one and five to six weeks postoperatively; corneal curvatures were assessed at radial distances of 0.75, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 mm along the 0-, 90-,180-, and 270-degree semimeridians. At one week postoperatively, there was slightly more steepening along the 90- and 270-degree semimeridians (up to 0.9 diopters [D]) and slightly more flattening along the 0- and 180-degree semimeridians (up to 0.6 D) in the sutured group. At six weeks postoperatively, all mean semimeridional changes were less than 0.5 D. Computerized videokeratography demonstrated that sutured and unsutured 4 mm incisions induced clinically small corneal topographic changes and detected local variations in corneal curvature that may be due to sutures, cautery, and other operative factors.
E4Orf6-E1B-55k-Dependent Degradation of De Novo-Generated Adeno-Associated Virus Type 5 Rep52 and Capsid Proteins Employs a Cullin 5-Containing E3 Ligase Complex

Degradation of de novo-generated adeno-associated virus type 5 (AAV5) Rep52 and capsid proteins is part of the limited target specificity displayed by adenovirus type 5 E4Orf6-E1B-55k as part of a cullin 5-containing E3 ligase complex. Both Rep and capsid proteins can be found in the ligase complex, and their presence is dependent on interaction between E4Orf6 and elongins B and C. Degradation of AAV5 proteins can be inhibited by a dominant-negative ubiquitin that prevents chain elongation or by small interfering RNA directed against cullin 5.
Psychology Guides and Information Literacy: The Current Landscape and a Proposed Framework for Standards-Based Development

Purpose – This study aims to provide an understanding of current practice and informs the further development of guides as key instructional tools. To assess the existing landscape of research guides as instructional tools, researchers examined the instructional content and associated media formats of online psychology research guides. Design/methodology/approach – Researchers devised an instrument utilizing Standard Two of the Association of College and Research Libraries’ (ACRL’s) Psychology Information Literacy Standards and inventoried the instructional content and associated media formats of a sample set of 36 psychology research guides. Findings – Although online research guides offer a platform for presenting instructional content in myriad formats, it was found that the sample set of psychology research guides rarely incorporated instructional content. Research limitations/implications – Psychology course guides were not part of the sample set; it is possible that guide authors approach the additi...
Leukemogenesis by Gross passage A murine leukemia virus: expression of viruses with recombinant env genes in transformed cells.

Abstract Gross passage A murine leukemia virus (MuLV) derived from extracts of C3Hf/Bi mouse leukemias has been shown to be a virus complex consisting of ecotropic, xenotropic, and recombinant, dualtropic MuLV components. The three virus components were distinguished biochemically by differences in the molecular weights and peptide maps of their primary env gene products synthesized in infected cells in vivo and in vitro. Virus expression was studied in primary leukemias induced in C3Hf/Bi mice by Gross passage A virus extracts and by the individual ecotropic and recombinant MuLV components that were isolated in vitro. Our findings suggest that expression of the recombinant MuLV component of the Gross passage A virus complex is necessary and sufficient for the induction of leukemias in C3Hf/Bi mice. In contrast, induction of leukemias by the ecotropic virus component appears to involve generation of a second virus with characteristics of recombinant, dualtropic MuLV.
Brief Simultaneously stabilizing controller design for a class of MIMO systems

It is shown that a class of linear, time-invariant, multi-input multi-output plants can be simultaneously stabilized. This class of plants all have the same number of zeros at infinity, at zero, or both, but no other zeros in the unstable region. If they have zeros at zero or infinity, then their gain matrices at zero and infinity also satisfy a positive-definiteness condition. There is no restriction on the poles of the plants considered in this class. An explicit design procedure is proposed to achieve simultaneously stabilizing controllers. All simultaneously stabilizing controllers for this class of plants are also characterized in terms of a parameter matrix that satisfies a unimodularity condition.
A Reading on Money and Money Creation

A difficulty in teaching undergraduate courses from a non-orthodox perspective is the lack of written material to draw upon. This reading, written for an introductory macroeconomics course, is an attempt to fill a small part of that void by providing a discussion of money creation from an endogenous money perspective. By focusing on the ability of banks to engage in asset and liability management, the reading makes it easy for students to comprehend why investment is never constrained by a lack of saving. For those who are compelled to also present the orthodox perspective, the question is which view to discuss first. Based on readings in cognitive science, unveiling the non-orthodox material first will greatly increase the chances students will analyze social problems from a non-orthodox perspective. Consequently, this reading is designed to be the student's first encounter with the subject of money and money creation. Orthodox textbooks usually omit from their balance sheets the two items that allow ban...
L-Ascorbic-acid biosynthesis in the euryhaline diatom Cyclotella cryptica.

l-Ascorbic acid (AA) production in cells of Cyclotella cryptica Reimann, Lewin, Guillard (Bacillariophyceae) is enhanced when darkadapted cells are exposed to light.Heterotrophically grown cells incubated with d-[6-3H,6-14C]glucose and d-[1-3H,6-14C]glucose (2 h in dark followed by 15 h light) produced labeled AA with significantly different ratios of 3H and 14C. Comparisons of labeling patterns in AA and chitin-derived d-glucosamine support a path of conversion in Cyclotella from d-glucose to AA that “inverts” the carbon chain of the sugar. This process resembles similar conversions found in AA-synthesizing animals and species from two other algal classes.
Elastic Properties of Stabilized HfO2 Compositions

Elastic moduli of several stabilized HfO/sub 2/ compositions were studied as functions of porosity and temperature. Thermal expansion was also measured for one of the compositions. The modulus vs porosity and thermal-expansion measurements yielded typical relations. The modulus vs temperature measurements revealed an anomalous nonlinear relation between room temperature and 500/sup 0/C. Varying microstructural and testing conditions had no effect on the nonlinearity. Only the percent of stabilizer additive caused any change in this behavior. It is proposed that oxygen-vacancy motion is the probable cause of this behavior.
Optimal trajectories of high-thrust aircraft

Future fighter aircraft may have sufficient thrust to sustain maximum-turn-rate flight at the corner velocity where the limits on the maximum lift coefficient and maximum normal-acceleration load factor are met simultaneously. Unfortunately, the usual necessary optimal control conditions break down on these cornervelocity arcs. This paper presents a set of necessary optimally conditions which must hold when corner velocity arcs are part of an optimal aircraft trajectory. First, these necessary conditions are obtained for a general class of problems with two state-dependent control variable inequality constraints. The resulting conditions are identical to those for optimal control problems with state variable inequality constraints. These necessary conditions then are applied to optimal trajectory problems with high-thrust aircraft. Two sample solutions to the problem of minimum time-to-turn through a specified heading angle are presented to illustrate some of the features of optimal trajectories with sustained maximum-turn-rate corner velocity arcs.
Problem-Focused Coping in HIV-Infected Mothers in Relation to Self-Efficacy, Uncertainty, Social Support, and Psychological Distress

A preliminary investigation of relationships among perceived self-efficacy, uncertainty, social support, psychological distress, and problem-focused coping was conducted in a convenience sample of 41 HIV-infected mothers. The mothers represented 93% of the clients in a large HIV clinic in 1992 who met the study criteria. Support was found for using Lazarus and Folkman's stress, appraisal, and coping framework to understand the health-related needs of HIV-infected mothers. Maternal coping was related to living with one's children and their HIV-status. The feasibility of studying this population of women was demonstrated. Findings suggest the need for exploration of family-focused interventions.
Density matrix approach to the Heisenberg-limited interferometry: an example

It has been known for a while that, provided by the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, certain types of quantum correlated light should yield a better scaling law than the one with ordinary laser light. Hitherto, however, there is no such device practically used outside laboratories. The fact that quantum correlations are easy to be destroyed under decoherence essentially makes their utilities problematic for real world applications. For the optical interferometers, the most significant decoherence phenomenon is the photon loss. And yet, there has been no real-world device for quantum-enhanced sensing that overcomes the photon loss effects. In order to analyze the photon loss effects the description of the quantum states of light calls for a density matrix formalism, rather than the usual pure state approach. Here we take an example of the input states for the Heisenberg-limited interferometry, namely the optimal state, and show the description of the quantum state of light based on the reduced density matrix.
Childhood odontoid fractures evaluated with computerized tomography. Case report.

✓ A case is presented that illustrates the use of computerized tomography for the evaluation of an odontoid fracture in a child. Such a “fracture” may actually represent a “synchondrotic slip” of the odontoid and C-2 vertebral body between the neural arches of C-2. Treatment should almost always be conservative. Complete healing of the injury is expected.
High-pressure injection injury with river water

A case of high pressure injection and laceration of the calf with river water is reported, the first such case appearing in the literature. As with high pressure injection of grease, paint, paint thinner, mineral spirits, diesel oil, gasoline, and turpentine, this injury is a surgical emergency. All patients must be admitted for surgical debridement, irrigation, parenteral antibiotics, and observation. River water, contaminated by sewage and industrial wastes, has great irritative and infective potential.
Continuous creep cavity nucleation by stochastic grain-boundary sliding

Creep cavitation in metals and ceramics is generally considered to occur by the nucleation, growth, and coalescence of grain-boundary cavities. By considering grain-boundary slidings as the process driving force, a stochastic model is proposed for continuous cavity nucleation in metals and ceramics subjected to creep loading. The nucleation rate is shown to be directly proportional to the number of grain-boundary sliding events. The dependence of the number of cavities on grain boundary sliding displacement, creep strain, and time are established and compared with available experimental data of alumina, copper, and copper alloys. This comparison supports the contention that creep cavity nucleation in metals and ceramics does originate from stochastic grain-boundary sliding.
Goal orientation, learning self-efficacy, and climate perceptions in a post-acquisition corporate context

This article reports on a study which examined the extent to which goal orientation and learning self-efficacy relate to job performance in an uncertain work environment. Employees may be motivated to learn new skills and adapt to changing work conditions, but they feel they need the support of supervisors and policy that supports them in their learning efforts and their performance in a new work context. In this study, the author suggest that there may be some insight for human resource development (HRD) professionals who are focused on helping employees with learning goals in an environment of organisational change. The article begins with a review of research on goal orientation and self-efficacy. These concepts are then discussed in relation to organisational change. The results suggest that characteristics such as goal orientation and learning self-efficacy are most helpful when employees view the organisation as supporting these through innovative policy and supervisory encouragement of skill updating.
Chemistry: The Study of Matter and Its Changes, Second Edition (Brady, James E.; Holum, John R.)

Although this is only the second edition, this book has its roots in the textbooks by Brady and by Brady and Gerald Humiston that first appeared over twenty years ago. It remains largely in the tradition of the major textbooks of that era in its order and style of presentation.
Speciation of elements in NIST particulate matter SRMs 1648 and 1650

X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra for S, Cl, V, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Br, Cd and Pb and Mossbauer spectra for Fe have been obtained for two National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) particulate matter (PM) standard reference materials (SRMs): urban PM (SRM 1648) and diesel PM (SRM 1650). The spectral data, complemented by information on elemental concentrations from proton-induced X-ray-emission (PIXE) spectroscopy, were used to interpret the speciation of these elements in these complex materials. It appears that all the metallic elements investigated occur in oxidized forms, principally as sulfates in the diesel PM SRM and as sulfates, oxides, and possibly other forms (e.g. clays?) in the urban PM. A minor fraction of the sulfur and major fractions of the halogens, Cl and Br, occur as organosulfide (thiophene) and organohalide occurrences, respectively, that must be associated with the abundant carbonaceous matter that constitutes the major component of the two PM SRMs. Most of the sulfur, however, occurs as sulfate in the urban PM and as bisulfate in the diesel PM. In addition, elemental oxidation states have been determined directly by the spectroscopic techniques. Such information is often the key parameter in determining the toxicity and solubility of specific elements in PM, both of which are important in understanding the threat that such elements may pose to human health. For the two HAP elements, Cr and As, for which the toxicity depends greatly on oxidation state, the XAFS data showed that both elements are present in both SRMs predominantly in the less toxic oxidation states, Cr(III) and As(V). The potential of the XAFS spectra for use as source apportionment signatures is illustrated by reference to chromium, which exists in these two PM SRMs in very different forms.
Capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of histamine in tuna fish causing scombroid poisoning.

Abstract A documented case of “scombroid poisoning” is reported by confirming the presence of high histamine levels in fresh tuna fish tissues by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Histamine is confirmed by in situ trimethylsilylation of the tissue extract on a 12-m SP-2100 fused-silica capillary column connected directly to a mass spectrometer ion source operated in the positive ion chemical ionization mode using methane as reactant gas. The trimethylsilyl derivative of histamine is readily resolved by the high-resolution fused-silica capillary column and confirmed in the complex tissue extract by this very simple but specific procedure.
Office pediatrics: current perspectives on the outpatient evaluation and management of lower respiratory infections in children.

Purpose of review The outpatient evaluation and management of a child with lower respiratory infection (LRI) remain a challenge to clinicians worldwide. This update will discuss current problems and new developments in the outpatient evaluation and treatment of pediatric LRIs. Recent findings The cause of pediatric LRIs remains partially defined. Mixed infections and ‘unknown’ organisms may be important sources of clinical illness. A wider incidence of atypical bacteria LRIs (notably Mycoplasma pneumoniae) in children is now recognized. Viral LRIs from rhinoviruses and human metapneumovirus are increasingly detected in children. Human metapneumovirus may compound the clinical severity of pediatric LRIs, specifically in combination with respiratory syncytial virus. Innovations in testing for viral LRIs offer a promising tool for the outpatient evaluation and management of pediatric LRIs. Summary Neither clinical symptoms nor findings on chest radiographs can reliably distinguish children with bacterial LRIs from those with viral or atypical pathogens. The efficacy of outpatient antibiotic treatment of atypical bacteria LRIs remains unproven. Multiplex rapid viral testing may ultimately help to refine strategies for outpatient management. The outpatient treatment of viral LRIs remains limited to supportive care; the ‘value’ of bronchodilators, epinephrine, or corticosteroids for treatment of bronchiolitis is unconfirmed.
Spectroscopic evidence for defect structure in irradiated PbWO4 single crystal

Abstract PbWO 4 has recently attracted much attention because of its scintillation applications. We have measured its dielectric response subsequent to Ar + and UV irradiation, respectively. Dielectric relaxation was observed, which we attribute to a complex color center in the WO 4 −2 tetrahedron. The complex color center in turn led to the distortion of the WO 4 −2 tetrahedron, which was verified by FTIR spectra showing that the v 3 and v 4 degeneracies were removed.
Escape From Los Angeles White Flight from Los Angeles and Its Schools, 1960-1980

In 1960, Los Angeles was still a decidedly white city. By 1980, it no longer was. What happened in Los Angeles was not uncommon elsewhere, as white residents fled city centers in the latter half of the twentieth century to pursue visions of the suburban good life. Whites abandoned central cities, and as a consequence, the school systems of those urban areas began to reflect their populations—struggling, under-resourced, and non-white. But in Los Angeles, this phenomenon seems to have happened in reverse. Whites with school-age children fled the public school system at even greater rates than those at which they left the city, and at much greater rates than other white residents. Driving families out of Los Angeles public schools was the specter of school desegregation, which threatened to bring populations associated with violence and low academic performance into neighborhood schools. The threat desegregation posed to public schools caused parents to choose private schools, if they could, and reevaluate ...
Optical and Photochemical Properties of Nonstoichiometric Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles: Surface Modification with Copper(II) Ions

Nonstoichiometric cadmium sulfide nanoparticles ([Cd2+]/[S2-] = 3) in 2-propanol were surface-modified with Cu2+ ions. Addition of copper(II) perchlorate to CdS nanoparticles leads to binding of copper ions onto the surface of the semiconductor, accompanied by rapid reduction of Cu2+ to Cu+, as confirmed by EPR and absorption spectra. Copper(II) perchlorate also quenches the recombination luminescence of CdS nanoparticles effectively. The quenching data obey a static interaction model, which confirms the binding of copper ions onto CdS. The latter was confirmed also by ultrafiltration and ICP spectroscopy. Copper ions bound onto the surface of CdS lead to formation of a new, red-shifted, luminescence band. The maximum of the new band is at 14 700 cm-1 compared to that of the original band at 17 900 cm-1. It is suggested that, at low copper ion concentrations, copper ions bound onto the surface of CdS nanoparticles exist as isolated Cu+ ions. They create a new energy level in the bandgap at about 1.2 eV be...
Effect of ethnicity and insurance type on the outcome of open thoracic aortic aneurysm repair.

Objectives Mortality and complication rates for open thoracic aortic aneurysm repair have declined but remain high. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of ethnicity and insurance type on procedure selection and outcome after open thoracic aneurysm repair. Methods Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database, ethnicity and insurance type were evaluated against the outcome variables of mortality and major complications associated with open thoracic aneurysm repair. The potential cofounders of age, gender, urgency of operation, and Deyo index of comorbidities were controlled. Results Between 2001 and 2005, a total of 10,557 patients were identified who underwent elective open thoracic aneurysm repair, with a significantly greater proportion of white patients (n = 8524) compared with black patients (n = 819), Hispanic patients (n = 556), and patients categorized as other (n = 658). Most patients (67%) were male. Almost half (45%) of the procedures were performed for urgent/emergent indications. Overall mortality was 10.7% (n = 1126) and the rate of spinal cord ischemia was 0.4% (n = 43). Univariate analysis revealed significant differences among race with regard to surgery type, income, hospital region, hospital bed size, and insurance type (P Conclusions A high percentage of open thoracic procedures (45%) are performed urgently or emergently in the United States, which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Both ethnicity and payer status were associated with significant differences in surgical outcomes, including mortality and frequency of complications after open thoracic aortic aneurysm repair.
Quantitative analysis of texture evolution in cold-rolled, continuous-cast AA 5xxx-series aluminum alloys

The texture evolution of continuous-cast AA 5xxx-series aluminum alloys during cold rolling was investigated by X-ray diffraction. Texture volume fractions were calculated by an improved integration method. The results show that the relationship between the texture volume fractions and true strain can be quantified by mathematical formulae. The effect of alloy composition as well as initial microstructure and texture on rolling-texture evolution can be evaluated by the ki and ni values in the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) equation. The ki value reflects the rate of formation or disappearance of the texture components. The high-Fe AA 5754 aluminum alloy exhibits the lowest formation rate of the β fiber among the AA 5005, 5052, 5754, 5182, and high-Fe 5754 aluminum alloys.
The Good Lessons of Bad Experience: Rethinking the Future of Commercial Nuclear Power

New scientific and political realities make it necessary for the United States to continue research and development (R & D) in commercial nuclear power. However, this approach must be based upon a new institutional management structure that recognizes commercial nuclear power as a “Faustian technology,” the management of which requires new forms of institutional controls. This new institutional design should involve a government-private consortium that is aimed at correcting past mistakes made by the institutional management of the commercial nuclear power industry from 1950 to 1975. The new institutional design must (a) involve a multiple partnership between government, industry, environmental interests, and other significant stakeholders; (b) begin with small-scale start-up technologies; (c) include an open public involvement process throughout its duration; (d) aspire to a new standard of institutional constancy; and (e) explicitly socialize management to the political aspects of risk communication as ...
Nutritional management of dumping syndrome associated with antireflux surgery

Eight children were identified as having dumping syndrome by a glucose tolerance test and evidence of rapid gastric emptying. All had undergone a fundoplication with concomitant feeding gastrostomy placement at 18.4 +/- 17.4 months of age (range, 3 to 54 months). Symptoms suggestive of dumping syndrome occurred 1 to 4 months after surgery. There was considerable delay in diagnosis (3 to 8 months). These children were successfully managed with nutritional manipulation alone, using a combination of a complex carbohydrate and a fat emulsion. Complete resolution of symptoms and normoglycemia was achieved in all the children, without any complications.
Victims and Heroes: Racial Violence in the African American Novel

In fiction written by African Americans, racial violence has been a persistent and conspicuous theme. From whippings, lynchings, and episodes of police brutality to slave rebellions, race riots, and other forms of retaliatory action, black writers have documented the effects of racial violence on the African American community.Victims and Heroes is the first book to focus exclusively on this topic. Discussing eighty-three novels by sixty-four writers, Jerry H. Bryant proceeds chronologically from the antebellum novels of William Wells Brown and Martin Delany to the contemporary fiction of John Edgar Wideman and Toni Morrison. He explores how changes in the social and political climate have helped to shape various authors' attitudes toward violence, and he charts the profound moral issues that these writers have faced.Although the viciousness of white violence against blacks would seem to make heroes of those who retaliate in kind, many writers have viewed such actions with ambivalence. If violence is wrong when whites visit it upon blacks, some would argue it cannot be right for blacks to use it against whites, no matter what the provocation. Yet others would respond that to reject retaliation and self-defense is to surrender self-respect. This is the moral quandary at the heart of Victims and Heroes.