cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Material Coupling on Wave Vibration of Composite Timoshenko Beams

This paper presents the effect of coupling between bending and torsional deformations on vibrations of composite Timoshenko beams from the wave standpoint. The dispersion characteristics and the modes of vibrations are in general affected by material coupling, except those of the torsional modes at low frequencies; and higher-frequency modes are normally more sensitive to material coupling. The wave mode transition phenomenon is also investigated. It is found that like their metallic counterparts, composite Timoshenko beams also exhibit wave mode transition. Furthermore, the transition frequency is found to be unaffected by material coupling. Numerical examples for which comparative results are available in the literature are presented.
Protecting users of the cyber commons

Establish a global cyber "neighborhood watch" enabling users to take defensive action to protect their operations.
Salt Taste Perceptions and Preferences are Unrelated to Sodium Consumption in Healthy Older Adults

Abstract Objective age-related deficits in salt taste perception are said to increase preferences for salty foods, thereby leading potentially to greater sodium consumption. This study examined the link between salt taste perceptions and preferences and sodium intakes as a function of age and gender. Design We studied 24 young adults (aged 20 to 30 years) and 24 healthy older adults (aged 60 to 75 years). The subjects tasted and rated five sodium chloride solutions and eight samples of salted chicken broth containing from 0.04 to 0.64mol/L sodium. Food intakes were assessed using a 24-hour food recall and 14 consecutive days of diet records. Results Older and younger subjects did not differ in their sensory evaluations of chicken broth, including ratings of the intensity of saltiness. Older subjects preferred less salty soups than did young adults. Hedonic response profiles for salt in soup were not related to daily sodium intakes as assessed by diet records. Applications Salt taste perceptions and preferences were unrelated to sodium intakes in young adults and in older respondents. Factors other than taste may influence dietary sodium consumption. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996; 96:471-474.
Modelling active transport in Drosophila unipolar motor neurons

This paper develops a model for simulating organelle transport in Drosophila unipolar motor neurons. The paper is motivated by a recent experimental investigation by Stone et al. (Microtubules have opposite orientation in axons and dendrites of Drosophila neurons. Mol Biol Cell.19:4122-4129) who proposed a map of microtubule (MT) orientation in Drosophila neurons, and explained why dynein mutations selectively impede dendritic growth without having much effect on axonal growth. Two different approaches to modelling the effect of dynein mutations are utilised: one through assuming a reduced average velocity of a dynein mutant motor and the other through assuming its decreased processivity (an increased detachment rate from MTs). Modified Smith-Simmons equations are used for developing a continuum model of the process. Distributions of organelle concentrations as well as distributions of diffusion, motor-driven and total organelle fluxes are simulated.
Theoretical confirmation of a high-pressure rhombohedral phase in vanadium metal

Recent diamond-anvil-cell (DAC) experiments revealed a new phase in vanadium metal at high pressure. Here we present results from first-principles electronic-structure calculations confirming the existence of such phase. The new phase is due to a rhombohedral distortion of the body-centered-cubic (bcc) ambient-pressure phase. The calculated transition pressure of 0.84 Mbar and density compare favorably with the measured data. Interestingly, a re-entrant bcc phase is discovered at an ultra high pressure, close to the limit of DAC experimental capabilities, of about 2.8 Mbar. We show, extending prior work, that the phase transitions in vanadium are driven by subtle electronic-structure effects.
LEED and Auger investigations of Cu (111) surface

Abstract After ultrahigh vacuum bake-out, electropolished Cu (111) surfaces were shown by Auger analysis to be contaminated by C, N, O, S and Cl. Other than C and S, which were contained in the bulk, the impurities were introduced by surface preparation; but all were easily removed by light Ar ion bombardment. Heating to ≈ 750°C caused diffusion of C and S from the bulk to the extent that a clear diffraction pattern corresponding to a √7 × √7 structure was produced by S on the surface. At ≈ b 900°C evaporation of Cu occurred to an observable degree, and S and C could no longer be detected on the surface. Auger analysis of clean Cu surfaces showed many details of the LMM and MMM types of transitions. Kinetic energies of all observed Auger electrons were in excellent agreement with calculated values. Also, the ≈ 62 eV MMM peak was resolved into two components related to the small differences in the M2 and M3 energy levels. The LMM transitions were classified according to their intensities, which could be rationalized on the basis of Coster-Kronig transitions and transition probabilities, as L3MM > L2MM > L1MM.
THE THEORY OF INVESTMENT PROGRAMING A SUGGESTED ECONOMETRIC MODEL

IT IS A SUPPORTED conjecture that investment, at both macroand macroeconomic levels, generates income and expands capital capacity. Therefore, the desire to augment wealth is coterminous with a propensity to invest in the short run. According to Keynes's theory of investment, the rate of interest is the only variate that governs the decision to invest. The postulate of Keynes's theory of investment is the "maximum-value criterion," which implies that, given technical knowledge, an entrepreneur is actuated only by the profit-maximization objective in investment planning, if he is acting in isolation. The consequences of such an assumption are not satisfying, because it leaves unexplained some frequently noted features of the behavior of firms and their objectives in capital budgeting. Because of these goals of American enterprise, changes in the rate of interest often have very little effect on the motive to invest; and investment demand may well continue high as long as it yields any positive return, however small. Thus, on the balance of these institutional considerations, the investment decision is geared to business behavior and business objectives in the American economy rather than to the rate of interest. In investment programing, management today is confronted with a host of factors which influence investment decisions. Some of these factors which make for growth in the American economy lie deep in the American institutional structure-the characteristics of corporate enterprise and financing, business goals, and the competitive process. Empirical evidence has shown that the American economy has provided strong pressures which drive constantly for increased investment and consequently output and profits. In this study these factors were submitted to statistical test. It was found that when management and businessmen plan future investment outlays, they are moved generally by (1) sales expectations, (2) financial considerations, and (3) the size of the firm. To put the matter more
Electron microscopy of endothelial cells in culture: III. Freeze-fracturing

Endothelial cells can be examined by freeze-fracturing and replication techniques performed on pellets of endothelial cells scraped off their culture substratum or, alternatively, cells grown on pieces of cover glass can be fractured as monolayers. Deep etching can be performed on either preparation provided that the cryoprotectant glycerol is omitted and water, which sublimes away during the etching process, is substituted.
Improved Development Cycle of a Compliant Manipulator

Application of the compliant design methodology to manipulators has held the promise of delivering manipulators with many significant advantages, including low cost, small size, low backlash and friction, and high positioning accuracy. This approach has been demonstrated in part by Canfield et. al., [1] to a class of three-degree-of-freedom manipulators based on a specific parallel architecture topology. In [1], the authors’ intent was to develop two compliant manipulators that exhibit several of the features associated with compliant devices. However, upon review of the manipulators resulting from this work it is observed that many of the benefits that were expected were lost at some point in the design process, resulting in manipulators that were large, expensive and suffered significantly from required assembly and inaccuracies in manufacture. This paper will revisit the problem addressed in [1], using the modeling tools demonstrated in that paper but will present several improved development measures that will result in manipulators that exhibit multiple features promised by compliant devices. The resulting manipulators will then be compared against the manipulators from [1] with a summary of the performance and characteristics of each given and evaluated.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Thermoplastic resin used to modify an alveolar orthopedic prosthesis in a patient with cleft lip before cheiloplasty: A clinical report☆☆☆★★★

Correction of cleft lip and cleft palate is a multidisciplinary team effort. Severe bilateral clefts with protruded and rotated premaxillae may complicate surgical correction. Prosthetic intervention to reposition segments before surgical correction may improve the bony base for tissue molding and avoid excess tension at the surgical site. A conventional bulb prosthesis with bonnet and straps is often used as an extraoral device to retract a protruded premaxilla for severe cleft patients before cheiloplasty. Sometimes, because of lack of retention, stability, patient compliance, and controllable forces from a bonnet and straps, movement of the premaxillae to a desirable position is difficult to achieve. The use of thermoplastic resin to modify a bulb prosthesis as described in this clinical report is a simple method to provide good retention for the bulb prosthesis and to move a laterally displaced premaxillae to the facial midline. The wedging effect created by the thermoplastic resin generated "compressive forces" to the premaxilla that was more controllable than the pulling forces created by the bonnet and straps therapy. Thermoplastic resin is also a better material than a conventional chemically polymerized acrylic resin in dealing with an infant's delicate mucosa before cheiloplasty.
Pharmacologic blockade of vascular adhesion protein-1 lessens neurologic dysfunction in rats subjected to subarachnoid hemorrhage

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a potentially devastating clinical problem. Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment of SAH, outcome remains unfavorable. An increased inflammatory state, one that is characterized by enhanced leukocyte trafficking has been reported to contribute to neuronal injury in association with multiple brain insults, including hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. This study was designed to investigate, in rats, the neuropathologic consequences of heightened leukocyte trafficking following SAH, induced via endovascular perforation of the anterior cerebral artery. Experiments focused on the initial 48 h post-SAH and sought to establish whether blockade of vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), with LJP-1586, was able to provide dose-dependent neuroprotection. Treatment with LJP-1586 was initiated at 6h post-SAH. An intravital microscopy and closed cranial window system, that permitted examination of temporal patterns of rhodamine-6G-labeled leukocyte adhesion/extravasation, was used. Effects of LJP-1586 on neurologic outcomes and leukocyte trafficking at 24 h and 48 h post-SAH were examined. In VAP-1-inhibited vs control rats, results revealed a significant attenuation in leukocyte trafficking at both 24 h and 48 h after SAH, along with an improvement in neurologic outcome. In conclusion, our findings support the involvement of an amplified inflammatory state, characterized by enhanced leukocyte trafficking, during the first 48 h after SAH. VAP-1 blockade yielded neuroprotection that was associated with an attenuation of leukocyte trafficking and improved neurologic outcome.
Multiagent simulation of learning environments

One of the key issues in designing appropriate and effective learning environments is understanding how learners advance and what factors contribute to their progress. This holds true for both human and machine learning environments. In Artificial Intelligence, there is a long tradition of studying human skill acquisition in order to design intelligent agents that learn. Using insight gained from analyzing co-evolutionary machine learners, we have been experimenting with human learning environments by simulating the interactions in a classroom. Here we detail our classroom model, formulated as an electronic institution. We describe the types of interactions that can occur between agents bearing one of two roles -- TEACHER or STUDENT - and define a dialogic framework and a performative structure for these agents. We share the results of simulation experiments, demonstrating how particular sets of interaction rules can correspond to certain styles of human teaching and learning.
What we know.

Research is by definition an attempt to systematically investigate an issue so as to add to our understanding. It is a structured expression of our curiosity. Three papers in this issue sit at the limits of our search for knowledge—what we should know, what we can know and—maybe—how to know a little bit more. Colleges, understandably, are curious about the students they plan to enrol. I wasn't aware, however, that over 50% of colleges in the USA specifically ask prospective students about their criminal background.1 As Runyan and colleagues have noted, this is driven in part by the belief that a substantial proportion of crime on college campuses is perpetrated by students themselves. If one could predict which students are likely to be perpetrators, this could influence admission decisions or trigger some form of oversight, supervision or remediation. The authors report a strong positive association between precollege criminal activity and college misconduct.2 However, and to their great credit, the authors look beyond the epidemiologic association …
Amphiphilic poly(acrylic acid-b-styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene-b-acrylic acid) pentablock copolymers from a combination of quasiliving carbocationic and atom transfer radical polymerization

Abstract Amphiphilic poly(acrylic acid- b -styrene- b -isobutylene- b -styrene- b -acrylic acid) (PAA-PS-PIB-PS-PAA) block copolymers were prepared using a combination of quasiliving carbocationic and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) techniques. Poly(styrene- b -isobutylene- b -styrene) (PS-PIB-PS) block copolymer macroinitiators with targeted molecular weights and high degrees of chain end functionality ( F n >1.7) were prepared by quasiliving carbocationic polymerization of isobutylene followed by sequential addition of styrene. Poly( tert -butyl acrylate- b -styrene- b -isobutylene- b -styrene- b - tert -butyl acrylate) (PtBA-PS-PIB-PS-PtBA) pentablock terpolymers with targeted molecular weights and low polydispersities (PDIs) were synthesized from the PS-PIB-PS macroinitiators via ATRP of tBA using either a Cu(I)Cl/1,1,4,7,7-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) or Cu(I)Cl/tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine (Me 6 TREN) catalyst system. Deprotection of the tert -butyl groups using trifluoroacetic acid at 25 °C resulted in the formation of PAA-PS-PIB-PS-PAA pentablock terpolymers. Comonomer composition of the final terpolymers, determined by 1 H-NMR spectroscopy, was very close to theoretical.
Real-Time Particle Size Measurements in Laser-Generated Plumes by Mie Scattering:

We report the application of a light scattering technique for the determination of particle sizes in a laser-generated plume. This procedure is based on the dissymmetry ratio obtained for observation at different angles relative to the excitation source. Good spatial and temporal resolution is achieved. The plume can be probed repeatedly during its lifetime. Large carbon particles, on the order of 85 nm and larger, are observed in a plume generated from pyrolytic carbon.
Trajectory options for the Mariner Mark II Tempel 2 rendezvous mission

Recent schedule changes have motivated a reassessment of the mission options for the Mariner Mark II Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby. A new baseline mission has been selected, which will launch in September 1992 and arrive at comet Tempel 2 in December 1996. The geometry of the comet's orbit imposes on the mission total delta-V requirements that can best be met by selection of a delta-V-EGA trajectory, during which an earth gravity assist is used to improve mission performance. There is considerable freedom in the choice of comet arrival date and asteroid flyby targets; associated with each potential asteroid flyby is a different penalty in terms of delta-V and comet arrival data. Analysis of the trajectory and the asteroid flyby options will continue throughout the early phases of the Project.
Overdamped and Underdamped Linear Dynamical Systems

Abstract Conditions are given for underdamped or overdamped linear dynamical systems in terms of loop matrix parameters, (√(C)R√(C)g,g)2 ≷ 4(√(C)L√(C)g,g) for all [boxV]g[boxV] = 1, g ∈ H. These criteria are looked upon as natural generalizations of the elementary one-loop RLC series scalar criteria (R/2L)2 ≷ 1/LC, when written in the more suggestive form: (√(C)R√(C))2 ≷ 4√(C)L√(C). A simplified test for determining dynamical systems with all complex natural modes or all real modes are presented with additional comments.
Optimization of Apolipoprotein E Genotyping.

Background : Three common alleles of apolipoprotein E (apoE) have been identified and are expressed codominantly to generate six genotypes. Different apoE genotypes are implicated in several cardiovascular and neurologic disorders. Testing for apoE genotypes has increasing diagnostic importance, particularly in the risk assessment of coronary artery disease. A reproducible and cost-effective assay was developed. Methods and Results : Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the fourth exon of the apoE gene is performed in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide using two-step thermal cycling. The PCR products are digested with Hha I restriction enzyme and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis to determine apoE genotypes. Effects of several factors, including dimethyl sulfoxide, DNA concentration, and PCR cycling conditions, on PCR specificity and efficiency have been determined and optimized. Conclusions : Apolipoprotein E genotyping by a PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis has been optimized for use in a clinical diagnostic laboratory, allowing evaluation of up to 52 samples by one technician in one day.
Hospital do-not-resuscitate orders: why they have failed and how to fix them.

Do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders have been in use in hospitals nationwide for over 20 years. Nonetheless, as currently implemented, they fail to adequately fulfill their two intended purposes—to support patient autonomy and to prevent non-beneficial interventions. These failures lead to serious consequences. Patients are deprived of the opportunity to make informed decisions regarding resuscitation, and CPR is performed on patients who would have wanted it withheld or are harmed by the procedure. This article highlights the persistent problems with today’s use of inpatient DNR orders, i.e., DNR discussions do not occur frequently enough and occur too late in the course of patients’ illnesses to allow their participation in resuscitation decisions. Furthermore, many physicians fail to provide adequate information to allow patients or surrogates to make informed decisions and inappropriately extrapolate DNR orders to limit other treatments. Because these failings are primarily due to systemic factors that result in deficient physician behaviors, we propose strategies to target these factors including changing the hospital culture, reforming hospital policies on DNR discussions, mandating provider communication skills training, and using financial incentives. These strategies could help overcome existing barriers to proper DNR discussions and align the use of DNR orders closer to their intended purposes of supporting patient self-determination and avoiding non-beneficial interventions at the end of life.
Evaluation of the separation of triploid and diploid grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes), by external morphology

The external morphology of diploid and triploid grass carp was studied to determine whether the two types could be separated by differences in external characteristics. In a comparison of 27 measurements, six scale counts and five fin formulae from two stocks of diploid and triploid fish obtained from commercial producers, analysis of covariance and discriminant analysis indicated a classification accuracy of only 65–85%. Clearly, triploid grass carp differentiated by external morphology alone should not be stocked into waters where diploid fish are illegal or would cause management problems.
Index scans using a finite LRU buffer: a validated I/O model

Indexes are commonly employed to retrieve a portion of a file or to retrieve its records in a particular order. An accurate performance model of indexes is essential to the design, analysis, and tuning of file management and database systems, and particularly to database query optimization. Many previous studies have addressed the problem of estimating the number of disk page fetches when randomly accessing k records out of N given records stored on T disk pages. This paper generalizes these results, relaxing two assumptions that usually do not hold in practice: unlimited buffer and unique records for each key value. Experiments show that the performance of an index scan is very sensitive to buffer size limitations and multiple records per key value. A model for these more practical situations is presented and a formula derived for estimating the performance of an index scan. We also give a closed-form approximation that is easy to compute. The theoretical results are validated using the R* distributed relational database system. Although we use database terminology throughout the paper, the model is more generally applicable whenever random accesses are made using keys.
Submicron-gate-length GaAs MESFETs

It is well known that reducing gate length is a powerful means to increase the transconductance and transit frequency of GaAs MESFET devices. However, by reducing the gate length without scaling channel doping and thickness, the performance obtained is limited by short-channel effects and parasitics. In this paper we present an overview of our work on two different MESFET structures, illustrating how device performance can be increased by decreasing the gate length, with the result that appropriately scaled MESFETs compare favorably with GaAs-AlGaAs heterojunction FETs. From our work—including some recent results on 0.15-µm-gate-length implantation-self-aligned MESFETs—we conclude that it should be possible to increase the speed of high-speed GaAs MESFET (logic, analog, and microwave) circuits through the use of devices having gate lengths less than 0.5 µm.
Synthesis and modification of materials by shock waves: real-time measurements and mechanisms of reaction

Abstract The formation of AB-type compounds under isothermal conditions is accompanied by a volume decrease. However, as a result of the heat release, there is a net increase in volume, when the reaction exothermicity is high. Exothermic reactions under high pressure lead to a volume increase of approximately 80% (alkali halogenides) to 20% (other compounds). The kinematic measurements allow the determination of the volume changes for the latter cases if the conversion degree is more than 30% because the experimental error of the volume measurements is usually 3–6%. In this article, a review of the kinematic (shock and particle velocities) shock-wave measurements of reactions in the condensed state is presented. The temperature measurements have an accuracy and time resolution of one order better than the kinematic ones. The mechanism of superfast diffusion based on a difference of the particle velocities of compounds is discussed and it is suggested that the penetration of particles through each other follows their crushing. Taking into consideration that spalling in shock waves leads to domains of 10 nm in size and assuming that chemical reactions occur on surfaces of such domains, a degree of conversion is obtained that correlates well with the experiment.
A new calorimetric standard: 4-aminopyridine

Abstract The need for a new solution calorimetric standard is discussed. The standard proposed is 4-aminopyridine which is shown to be more satisfactory than the previously accepted standards of sodium hydroxide or trishydroxyaminomethane. The reaction is HClO 4 (aq) + 4–AP(aq)→4–APH + ClO − 4 (aq) with Δ H ° N (298.15 K) =11.164±0.011 kcal mol −1 .
Cortical asymmetry—A preliminary study: Neurons-glia, female-male

Abstract Previous studies on human cortical area 39 suggested that neuron:glial ratios differed between the sexes. These findings were the inspiration for the present investigation which dealt with neuronal and glial counts in area 39 in the male and female rat cerebral cortex. Transverse, celloidin or frozen sections, were cut from male and female brains (respectively) from 90-day-old Long-Evans rats. Neurons and glia were counted on enlarged photographs of stained sections, including area 39, with 35-mm Kodak Panatomic-X film using a Zeiss photomicroscope (×400). Five-by-three-inch prints were taped together in sequence to yield a 640× enlarged “montage” of area 39. Five cell types were differentiated with reference to a standard: neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, “dark astrocytes”, and unidentified glia. The data were analyzed with a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA: five cell types by two hemispheres). Student's t test and a paired t test were used when appropriate. The neuron:glial ratios in the male rats were consistently higher than those in the females in both hemispheres. The male right side had 12% (P
Serum sclerostin levels negatively correlate with parathyroid hormone levels and free estrogen index in postmenopausal women.

Context: Sclerostin is a negative regulator of bone formation. Objective: The aim of the study was to compare serum sclerostin levels in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and evaluate its relationship to estrogen, TH, bone turnover, and bone mass. Design, Setting, and Participants: We conducted a cross-sectional observational study of healthy community-dwelling pre- and postmenopausal women. Intervention(s): There were no interventions. Main Outcome Measure(s): We compared serum sclerostin levels in pre- and postmenopausal women and correlated sclerostin levels with female sex hormones, calciotropic hormones, bone turnover markers, and bone mineral density. Results: Premenopausal women were 26.8 yr old, and postmenopausal women were 56.8 yr old. Postmenopausal women had lower values for estradiol (30 ± 23 vs. 10 ± 4 pg/ml; P < 0.001), estrone (61 ± 24 vs. 29 ± 10 pg/ml; P <0.001), and free estrogen index (FEI) (6 ± 4 vs. 3 ± 2 pmol/nmol; P = 0.008) and significantly lower bone mineral density at all ...
Feature extraction and fusion of acoustic and seismic sensors for target identification

The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is developing an acoustic target classifier using a backpropagation neural network algorithm. Various techniques for extracting features have been evaluated to improve the confidence level and probability of correct identification. Some techniques used in the past include simple power spectral estimates (PSEs), split-window peak-picking, harmonic line association (HLA), principal component analysis, wavelet packet analysis, and others. In addition, improved results have been obtained when data are combined from other sensors co- located with the acoustic sensor. A three-axis seismic sensor has been configured as part of an acoustic sensor array that ARL uses on typical field experiments, with data collected and sampled simultaneously. The PSE, HLA, and shape statistic feature data are extracted from a group of vehicles and then split into testing and training files. The training file typically consists of 75 percent of the data set, and the performance of the trained neural network is evaluated with the remaining test data. Cross-validation is performed with vehicle data collected at different times of delay and under various conditions. Results of the neural network from a few of the feature extraction algorithms under evaluation and from the fusion of the acoustic and seismic sensor data are presented.
A Comparison of Two Discriminant Functions for Classifying Binary Infrared Data

Some form of information compression is essential if one is to be able to utilize effectively the increasingly large data compilations. One approach is to eliminate the intensity information, leaving spectra packed in a peak/no peak format. This paper reports the comparison of two simple discriminant functions for classifying binary infrared data. For the multicategory problem of 13 classes used in this investigation, random guessing would achieve about 8% correct classification. A dot product calculation produces 49.1% correct classification, while a distance measurement produces 58.7%. The results from this investigation are also qualitatively compared to previous work using infrared data which retained some intensity information. It is found that the binary packing of spectral data shows great promise in the area of infrared analysis.
FAR: fixed-points addition & relaxation based placement

In this paper we describe the Fixed-points Addition and Relaxation(FAR) based placement technique. Fixed point is a pseudo cellconnected to a movable cell. By introducing fixed points, theplacement can be maintained in a force equilibrium state andfurther transformed into another equilibrium state. By relaxingsome of the previously introduced fixed points, we can partially orcompletely collapse the current placement in order to repositionthe cells, or incrementally perturb the existing good solution tofulfill additional requirements. We apply the FAR-based approach toglobal placement for total wire length minimization, and toincremental placement for Buffer Site Generation (BSG). For globalplacement, our experimental results show that the FAR methodachieves 54.4% CPU speedup and total wire length comparable to thatachieved by the constant force based approach [1]. Experimentalresults indicate that to accommodate buffers in specific regions,FAR is able to perturb incrementally a given solution in awell-controlled way.
Sound-wave velocities in liquid alkali metals studied at temperatures up to 150 ° C and pressures up to 0.7 GPa

We have measured compressional sound-wave velocities in liquid sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium at pressures up to 0.7 GPa and temperatures up to 150 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, by ultrasonic pulse transmission. The alkali metals are among the simplest of liquids and accurate data on the sound speeds allow the calculation of thermodynamic properties which may be used in the development of the theory of the liquid state. Most previous data are from P-V-T measurements, which are inherently less accurate than ultrasonic measurements.Comparison of the present data with previous room-pressure ultrasonic data shows very good agreement. The present data may also be compared, through calculation of equation-of-state parameters and compressions, with previous piezometric data, some of which extend to pressures higher than those reached in the present experiments. Again the agreement is quite good. The present data show the expected decrease in sound velocity with increasing temperature at all temperatures, with some suggestion that the temperature coefficient may decrease at higher pressures. The calculated values of the bulk modulus (either adiabatic or isothermal) at zero pressure decrease with increasing temperature, and decrease going from sodium to cesium, as expected.The pressure derivative of the bulk modulus at zero pressure (${K}_{0}^{\mathcal{'}}$) is close to 4 in all cases, and the isothermal value is greater than the adiabatic value, though not by much. More accurate data will be needed to determine whether ${K}_{0}^{\mathcal{'}}$ increases or decreases with increasing temperature. The values for the second pressure derivative of the bulk modulus (${K}_{0}^{2\mathrm{sprime}}$) are not well determined; only the data for the highest-pressure runs give any meaningful results. It appears that ${K}_{0}^{2\mathrm{sprime}}$ is negative and has a value around -0.01 to -0.03 ${\mathrm{GPa}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$.The value of ${K}_{0}^{2\mathrm{sprime}}$ for the highest-temperature run on cesium is the highest measured, at -0.044 ${\mathrm{GPa}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. This value may indicate the onset of the electronic transition in cesium in the liquid state at pressures well below the transition pressure in the solid. Such a large negative value of ${K}_{0}^{2\mathrm{sprime}}$ will produce a marked curvature in the velocity-pressure curve at higher pressures, and possibly a reversal in the pressure derivative of the sound velocity.
To PE or not to PE: the Sequel

Many engineers practice in areas that affect the public health, safety, and welfare, and each US jurisdiction (states and territories) has licensing laws to ensure that these engineers meet some level of minimal competence. Such competence might be defined as the minimum threshold of knowledge to ensure protection of the public. This licensing process wasn't designed to grade a candidate's ability, but rather to determine if the candidate exceeds the threshold of minimal competence.
Mammalian RNA polymerases and their selective inhibition by amanitin

Summary 1. RNA polymerase activities of rat liver nuclei have been separated by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. In addition to the major three peaks of enzyme activities reported by other investigators in whole nuclear extracts, at least one more activity has been resolved by chromatography of the enzyme extract prepared by a comparatively mild procedure. A homogeneous assay system was employed throughout using liver nuclear DNA instead of calf thymus DNA as the template. In some experiments, additional enzyme activities were found after enzyme C was eluted. 2. α -Amanitin inhibits the enzyme activity solubilized from nucleoplasm whereas the enzyme extracted from isolated nucleoli remains unaffected even at a very high concentration of the toxin. 3. α -Amanitin has been shown to inhibit RNA synthesis by binding to the enzyme and it acts at a step after the initiation of the RNA synthesis. 4. Administration of α -amanitin in vivo to rats (30 μ g/100 g body weight), however, inhibits the incorporation of 14 C-orotic acid into both nucleolar and nucleoplasmic (extranucleolar) RNA synthesis within 1 hr. However, the inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis in the nucleolus is reversed after 3 hr whereas the synthesis of non-ribosomal RNA in the nucleoplasm remains inhibited at this time. Correspondingly, the 45S optical density peak disappears within 1 hr of treatment with the toxin and reappears dramatically to the control level within 3 hr. In agreement with the in vivo observations, RNA polymerase activities solubilized from the nucleolar and nucleoplasmic fractions were both inhibited within 1 hr. However, the recovery of the nucleolar polymerase activity is not as fast as that of the labeling of nucleolar RNA in vivo . 5. The enzyme activities of the control and α -amanitin-treated samples were also resolved by column chromatography of the nuclear extracts. The enzyme activity in the void volume of the eluent and the activity of enzyme B (nucleoplasmic polymerase) show extensive loss of activity after amanitin treatment, whereas enzyme A (nucleolar polymerase) shows some inhibition. The remaining peaks of activity were essentially unaffected. The complicating factors involved in in vivo experiments have been discussed. The experiments suggest that amanitin inhibits ribosomal RNA synthesis in vivo through some extranucleolar mechanism.
Transient analysis of Kerr-like phase conjugators using frequency-domain techniques

In this paper we develop the interrelationships between the steady-state and transient behavior for cw-pumped Kerr-like conjugators in which the optical Kerr effect is considered to respond instantaneously. We use Laplace-transform techniques to develop an expression for the conjugate response to input pulses of arbitrary form. For stable conjugator operation (in which the cw conjugate reflectivity is finite for all input frequencies), the expression reduces to an antilinear Fourier-transform relationship, which is readily adaptable to computer simulation. The cw filter function of Pepper and Abrams (Opt. Lett. 3, 312 (1978)) is found to play a central role. We show, both numerically and analytically, that our calculated delta-function response agrees with that previously published. We numerically demonstrate temporal spreading and reshaping when the conjugator transit time becomes equal to or longer than the duration of the input pulse, and we show numerically the perfect chirp reversal for sufficiently thin conjugators and the deviations from perfect chirp reversal upon increasing the thickness of the conjugator. These numerical results can be understood in terms of the bandwidth of the associated cw filter function.
Two-dimensional deuterium double-quantum NMR in partially ordered systems

Presentation d'une technique RMN bidimensionnelle avec des mesures simples de decomposition dipolaires et quadripolaires dans des systemes partiellement deuteries, tels que CD 2 HI
Downregulation of a unique photoreceptor protein correlates with improper outer segment assembly

A unique photoreceptor protein has been characterized. This protein, termed XAP-1 antigen, is expressed by photoreceptors exclusively under conditions in which the outer segment membranes are properly assembled. When the retinal pigment epithelium is adherent to the underlying neural retina, the XAP-1 antigen is localized to the plasma membrane that surrounds the inner and outer segments in the areas juxtaposed to the subretinal space. A similar labeling pattern is detected in retinal pigment epithelium-deprived retinas in which assembly of nascent outer segments is supported by lactose. In retinas that undergo degeneration subsequent to the removal of the retinal pigment epithelium, the expression of this protein is completely downregulated. Immunohistochemical analyses and subcellular fractionation along with Western blot analysis, indicate that the XAP-1 antigen is a membrane-associated soluble protein. Mass spectrometric analysis indicates that the XAP-1 antigen shares homology via 12 tryptic peptide masses with the gamma-crystallin (lens structural protein) subclasses, although it does not immunolocalize to the same ocular structures as reported for the gamma-crystallins. We propose that XAP-1 antigen is a unique protein that is expressed extensively by healthy photoreceptor cells; the expression of the XAP-1 antigen exclusively by photoreceptors with organized outer segments suggests that this protein may play a critical role in outer segment assembly.
Private versus public financing of higher education: U.S. policy in comparative perspective

Funding policies for higher education differ greatly from nation to nation and one of the major debates concerns the private-public mix. Five principal patterns emerge from the following variables: whether the system is comprised of just one sector or dual private-public sectors, the size of each sector (if there are dual sectors), the contribution of private funds to each sector, and the contribution of public funds to each sector. Beyond their defining empirical characteristics, each pattern is based on distinctive historical and normative rationales. Each therefore faces different policy choices within the more general private-public debate, although certain basic value questions commonly arise. Seen in comparative perspective, the United States continues to stand out for its significant dependence on private finance. This is because, compared to other developed nations, the United States still has an exceptionally large private sector with relatively great private finance and because, compared to almost all countries, the U.S. public sector also attracts substantial private income. There is great variation, however, and individual U.S. state systems may find useful counterparts to their empirical realities and policy dilemmas in certain foreign (national) systems.
Vector processing in simplex and interior methods for linear programming

We discuss the application of vector processing to various phases of simplex and interior point methods for linear programming. Preliminary computational results of experiments on the IBM 3090 vector facility will be presented.
Arthritis and Complementary Alternative Medicine for Seniors

This column is intended to be a guide to Internet resources dealing with alternative and complementary therapies, also known as unconventional or unorthodox therapies. According to a landmark study...
Photophysical and electron attachment properties of ArF-excimer-laser irradiated H 2

Detailed electron attachment and spectroscopic measurements are reported on ArF-excimer-laser irradiated ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$. These studies indicate that previously reported efficient ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ formation in ArF-laser irradiated ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ is due to electron attachment to high-lying Rydberg (HR) states indirectly populated by the laser irradiation. Electron attachment studies indicate a lifetime of \ensuremath{\geqslant}40 ns for the electron attaching state(s). The spectroscopic studies show that vacuum ultraviolet emission due to the B${\mathrm{}}^{1}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{\mathrm{u}}^{+}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}X${\mathrm{}}^{1}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{\mathrm{g}}^{+}$ transitions continues for up to \ensuremath{\sim}100 ns after the termination of the laser pulse and thus that the B state is populated by cascades from higher-lying states with longer lifetimes. The temporal profile of Lyman-\ensuremath{\alpha} emission due to the H(n=2) to H(n=1) transitions is consistent with the production of H(n=2) states by electron attachment to HR states.
Faulting in Triassic Gettysburg Basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland: ABSTRACT

End_Page 1446------------------------------The structural framework of the Gettysburg basin is defined by three parallel, northeast-southwest-trending, southeast-dipping, postdepositional (Sinemurian?) normal faults into which originally horizontal Triassic strata now dip 20°-30° northwest. The faults are controlled by the earlier Alleghanian structural grain. The main portion of the Gettysburg basin extends 120 km from its termination near Frederick, Maryland, to an arbitrary cutoff near Palmyra, Pennsylvania. The basin is bounded on the northwest by a normal fault with a probable maximum displacement of several thousand meters. Inliers of basement, surrounded by Triassic strata, occur adjacent to the border fault, indicating that the deepest part of the basin is not necessarily at the border fault as in a simple ha f-graben model. At York Springs, Pennsylvania, basement and Triassic strata occur in a fault sliver on the major east-west, older Transylvania fault, which was reactivated with 3.5 km of right-lateral wrenching. Extensive normal faults in the Blue Ridge and Great Valley are associated with development of the Gettysburg basin. Southeast, near Keymar, Maryland, two normal faults with an aggregate displacement of 1,350 m partially separate a subbasin 20 × 5 km from the main basin. These faults extend 40 km south along the Martic Line into the Triassic Culpeper basin. Farther southeast, near Tyrone, Maryland, a normal fault with 800 m of displacement totally separates a small (4 × 0.6 km) Triassic basin from the main basin on the northwest. Dip reversals are rare and develop on a minor scale only adjacent to faults. Therefore, petroleum plays based on surface structural closure are not viable. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1447------------
Novel factors to improve prediction of nodal positivity in patients with clinical T1/T2 breast cancers

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) and MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) have established nomograms to predict sentinel node positivity. We propose the addition of two novel variables—distance of tumor from the nipple and from the skin—can improve their performance. Ultrasounds of clinical T1/T2 tumors were reviewed. Distances of the tumor from the skin and from the nipple were measured. MSKCC and MDACC nomogram predictions and the AUC–ROC for each model were calculated. The added utility of the two variables was then examined using multiple logistic regression. Of 401 cancers studied, 79 (19.7 %) were node positive. The mean distance of tumors from the nipple in node-positive patients was 4.9 cm compared with 6.0 cm in node-negative patients (p = 0.0007). The mean distance of tumors from the skin was closer in node-positive cases (0.8 cm) versus node-negative cases (1.0 cm, p = 0.0007). The MSKCC and MDACC nomograms AUC–ROC values were 0.71 (95 % CI 0.64–0.77) and 0.74 (95 % CI 0.68–0.81). When adjusted for the MSKCC predicted probability, addition of both distance from nipple (p = 0.008) and distance from skin (p = 0.02) contributed significantly to prediction of nodal positivity and improved the AUC–ROC to 0.75 (95 % CI 0.70–0.81). Similarly, distance from nipple (p = 0.002), but not distance from skin (p = 0.09), added modestly to the MDACC nomogram performance (AUC 0.77; 95 % CI 0.71–0.83). Distance of tumor from the nipple and from the skin are important variables associated with nodal positivity. Adding these to established nomograms improves prediction of nodal positivity.
From Calvin to Gillespie on Covenant: Mythological Excess or an Exercise in Doctrinal Development?

Much of the discussion about the development of Reformed theology in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries has focused on the elaboration of the covenantal understanding of theology. While the covenant of works has received much attention, the covenant of redemption, a term which emerges in the middle of the seventeenth century, has been comparatively neglected and, when referenced at all, has tended to be dismissed as a highly speculative addition to Reformed theology, a piece of mythology, as Barth famously quipped. In fact, a close examination of the concerns underlying the doctrine, particularly those touching on the Reformed emphasis on Christ as Mediator according to his person (and thus both natures) indicates that this later development stands in positive relation to the earlier work of Calvin and company; and a close examination of the work of its major exponent, Patrick Gillespie, also indicates that it is a great example of how later Reformed theology did not abandon the earlier Protestant concern for connecting exegesis to doctrinal synthesis.