cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Article 11 [Situations of Risk and Humanitarian Emergencies]

International human rights and humanitarian law provide a solid normative framework for the protection of individuals and groups adversely affected by armed conflicts and other situations of violence, as well as by natural and man-made disasters.
The remarkable multivalency of the Hsp70 chaperones

Hsp70 proteins are key to maintaining intracellular protein homeostasis. To carry out this task, they employ a large number of cochaperones and adapter proteins. Here, we review what is known about the interaction between the chaperones and partners, with a strong slant toward structural biology. Hsp70s in general, and Hsc70 (HSPA8) in particular, display an amazing array of interfaces with their protein cofactors. We also review the known interactions between Hsp70s with lipids and with active compounds that may become leads toward Hsp70 modulation for treatment of a variety of diseases.
Clinical Assessment of the Dynamic Labral Shear Test for Superior Labrum Anterior and Posterior Lesions.

Background:Diagnosing superior labrum anterior and posterior (SLAP) lesions through physical examination remains challenging. The dynamic labral shear test (DLST) has been shown to have likelihood ...
Knock Knock to Unlock: A Human-centered Novel Authentication Method for Secure System Fluidity

When a person gets to a door and wants to get in, what do they do? They knock. In our system, the user's specific knock pattern authenticates their identity, and opens the door for them. The system empowers people's intuitive actions and responses to affect the world around them in a new way. We leverage IOT, and physical computing to make more technology feel like less. From there, the system of a knock based entrance creates affordances in social interaction for shared spaces wherein ownership fluidity and accessibility needs to be balanced with security
State Feedback Control to Damp Output LC Filter Resonance for Field Oriented Control of VSI Fed Induction Motor Drives

To achieve longer life for ac machine drives it is desirable to supply them with pure sinusoidal voltages. This reduces the stress on the windings mechanical structure. This can be accomplished by connecting an additional L-C filter at the terminals of the machine. However such filter will induce resonance effect at the motor terminals due to sidebands of switching frequency in the voltage spectrum. A series resistance to damp out the resonance oscillation can be a solution to this problem. But such a solution is lossy and drastically reduces the overall drive efficiency. In this paper an active damping based on state feedback control technique is employed to damp out the resonance oscillation at the motor terminals. The values of L-C are chosen such that it does not affect the dynamic response nor the vector control loop gains. The proposed technique is verified via simulation and the results are presented.
Homer binds to Orai1 and TRPC channels in the neointima and regulates vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation

The molecular components of store-operated Ca2+ influx channels (SOCs) in proliferative and migratory vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are quite intricate with many channels contributing to SOCs. They include the Ca2+-selective Orai1 and members of the transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels, which are activated by the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ sensor STIM1. The scaffolding protein Homer assembles SOC complexes, but its role in VSMCs is not well understood. Here, we asked whether these SOC components and Homer1 are present in the same complex in VSMCs and how Homer1 contributes to VSMC SOCs, proliferation, and migration leading to neointima formation. Homer1 expression levels are upregulated in balloon-injured vs. uninjured VSMCs. Coimmunoprecipitation assays revealed the presence and interaction of all SOC components in the injured VSMCs, where Homer1 interacts with Orai1 and various TRPC channels. Accordingly, knockdown of Homer1 in cultured VSMCs partially inhibited SOCs, VSMC migration, and VSMC proliferation. Neointimal area was reduced after treatment with an adeno-associated viral vector expressing a short hairpin RNA against Homer1 mRNA (AAV-shHomer1). These findings stress the role of multiple Ca2+ influx channels in VSMCs and are the first to show the role of Homer proteins in VSMCs and its importance in neointima formation.
DIFFERENCES IN PENETRATION AND EFFICACY OF INSECTICIDE SPRAYS APPLIED BY AERIAL AND GROUND EQUIPMENT TO SOYBEAN

Insecticide sprays were applied to conventionally spaced (76.2 cm) soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, by aerial and ground equipment. Drop penetration (no. drops/cm2 and mean percent coverage) and ...
Nanoscale dislocation shear loops at static equilibrium and finite temperature

Atomistic simulations are used to determine the resolved shear stress necessary for equilibrium and the resulting geometry of nanoscale dislocation shear loops in Al. Dislocation loops with different sizes and shapes are created via superposition of elemental triangular dislocation displacement fields in the presence of an externally imposed shear stress. First, a bisection algorithm is developed to determine systematically the resolved shear stress necessary for equilibrium at 0 K. This approach allows for the identification of dislocation core structure and a correlation between dislocation loop size, shape and the computed shear stress for equilibrium. It is found, in agreement with predictions made by Scattergood and Bacon, that the equilibrium shape of a dislocation loop becomes more circular with increasing loop size. Second, the bisection algorithm is extended to study the influence of temperature on the resolved shear stress necessary for stability. An approach is presented to compute the effective lattice friction stress, including temperature dependence, for dislocation loops in Al. The temperature dependence of the effective lattice friction stress can be reliably computed for dislocation loops larger than 16.2 nm. However, for dislocation loops smaller than this threshold, the effective lattice friction stress shows a dislocation loop size dependence caused by significant overlap of the stress fields on the interior of the dislocation loops. Combined, static and finite temperature atomistic simulations provide essential data to parameterize discrete dislocation dynamics simulations.
Optimal Global Land Use, Cultivation, Transportation, and Production Strategies to Minimise Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Ethanol

Abstract Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions throughout the biofuels life cycle stem from many sources, such as feedstock cultivation, transportation, production, and land use change (LUC). No work has identified biomass sourcing and ethanol productions strategies with state-of-the-art LUC models to minimise life cycle GHG emissions of biofuels including emissions from LUC. We integrate state-of-the-art land use modelling methodology with mathematical programming techniques to identify optimal global biomass sourcing, transportation, and ethanol production strategies that minimise life cycle GHG emissions. We consider a case study where the US demands 189 GL/y of ethanol. Switchgrass is the most chosen feedstock by far (89%), followed by corn stover (8%) and a small amount of corn (3%). The US produces most of the required ethanol (156 GL/y) with switchgrass grown on marginal land in the central and western US. China (16.3 GL/y), Brazil (8.18 GL/y), the EU (5.22 GL/y), Central America (3.10 GL/y), and India (0.64 GL/y) also produce ethanol and ship it to the US. Total life cycle emissions are 43.2 g CO2-eq/MJ, and LUC emissions account for only 1.1 g CO2-eq/MJ. Most life cycle emissions stem from direct processing (32.8 g CO2-eq/MJ).
What are the most influencing factors in reconstructing a reliable transcriptome assembly

Reconstructing the genome and transcriptome for a new or extant species are essential steps in expanding our understanding of the organism's active RNA landscape and gene regulatory dynamics, as well as for developing therapeutic targets to fight disease. The advancement of sequencing technologies has paved the way to generate high-quality draft transcriptomes. With many possible approaches available to accomplish this task, there is a need for a closer investigation of the factors that influence the quality of the results. We carried out an extensive survey of variety of elements that are important in transcriptome assembly. We utilized the human RNA-Seq data from the Sequencing Quality Control Consortium (SEQC) as a well-characterized and comprehensive resource with an available, well-studied human reference genome. Our results indicate that the quality of the library construction significantly impacts the quality of the assembly. Higher coverage of the genome is not as important as the quality of the input RNA-Seq data. Thus, once a certain coverage is attained, the quality of the assembly is mainly dependent on the base-calling accuracy of the input sequencing reads; and it is important to avoid saturating the assembler with extra coverage.
Mohs Micrographic Surgery for Treatment of Non-melanoma Skin Cancer

The aims of this report are to review literature supporting the use of Mohs micrographic surgery for treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer and to address indications and potential limitations of this form of therapy for non-melanoma skin cancer. The first randomized controlled trial comparing standard excision to Mohs micrographic surgery for treatment of facial basal cell carcinoma has recently been published, demonstrating a lower recurrence rate after Mohs surgery compared to standard excision after a 5-year and 10-year follow-up period, supporting its use in the treatment of high-risk basal cell skin cancer. Mohs micrographic surgery is indicated for treatment of basal cell carcinomas and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas at high risk of recurrence and for tumors located in areas where tissue conservation and/or functional preservation is desired.
Cocaine Effects on Brain Function

Publisher Summary Recently, important advances in the understanding of the basic pharmacological mechanism of cocaine's effect on the Central Nervous System (CNS) have occurred because of the use of various brain imaging techniques that can assess different components of brain activity/function in a living organism. Cocaine stimulates the CNS and elevates the mood in a dose-related manner. After a generalized “alerting” effect, subjects report a profound sense of increased well being that often includes increases in self-confidence, emotional state, and sexual feelings. This chapter elucidates that Electroencephalography (EEG) is a technique for measuring the electrical activity of neurons located in both the cerebral cortex and subcortical nuclei. When measuring the pharmacological effects of a drug it is desirable to reduce or eliminate as many confounding variables as possible. This is particularly important in studies that are designed to detect subtle, but important, changes in brain function that are associated with specific mood states. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and spectroscopy are both maturing very rapidly, and their use in drug abuse research in the very near future will help solve some of the mysteries associated with cocaine's acute and chronic effects.
Cortical cells ; Bar and edge detectors, or spatial frequency filters

Until the pioneering work of HUBEL and WIESEL (1, 2, 3), visual scientists could do little more than guess about the functions of cells in visual cortex and the manner in which complex patterns were analyzed. Their initial reports, however, established that cells in Area 17 of cat (and also monkey) were quite unresponsive to full-field illumination, requiring more specific patterns to elicit a response. Their receptive field (RF) maps of simple cells showed an elongated excitatory center and inhibitory flanks, or vice versa; or two adjacent excitatory and inhibitory areas. Initially HUBEL and WIESEL (2) reported that there was summation within the excitatory and inhibitory regions and an antagonism between them. As we shall see, such summation, if true, would have implications not at all foreseen at the time, and would lead one, in fact, to a quite different model of what such cells do from the one which they actually proposed.
Berthold Lubetkin's Highpoint II and the Jewish Contribution to Modern English Architecture

In 1935, the Russian-born Jewish architect Berthold Lubetkin and his firm Tecton designed Highpoint, a block of flats in London, which Le Corbusier called ‘revolutionary’. Three years later, Lubetkin completed a companion design. Yet Highpoint II felt very different, and the sense that the ideals of modernism had been abandoned seemed hard to dispute. Had modern architecture failed to take root in England? This book challenges the belief that English architecture was on hiatus during the 1930s. Using Highpoint II as a springboard, Deborah Lewittes takes us on a journey through the defining moments of modern English architecture – the ‘high points’ of the period surrounding Highpoint II. Drawing on Lubetkin’s work and his writings, the book argues that he advanced influential, lasting theories which were rooted in his design for Highpoint II. Lubetkin’s work is explored within the context of wider Jewish emigration to London during the interwar years as well as the anti-Semitism that pervaded Britain during the 1930s. As Lewittes demonstrates, this decade was anything but quiet. Providing a new perspective on twentieth-century English architecture, this book is of interest to students and scholars in architectural history, urban studies, Jewish studies, and related fields.
Perspectives on a Local Food Access and Nutrition Education Program from Cooperative Extension Nutrition Educators

Innovative programming is needed to improve diets among low-income individuals. Incorporating a healthy food access program within existing Extension community nutrition education programming at the local government level may be an effective approach to improve access and eating behaviors. Program development should be informed by the community nutrition program educators (herein educators) who would implement this type of program. We sought to understand educators’ perspectives as part of a formative evaluation to guide the development of a program pairing reduced price community supported agriculture (CSA) membership with tailored educational programming. Educators from four U.S. states (one southeastern, two northeastern, and one northwestern) participated in in-depth interviews and focus groups. These were audio-recorded with detailed hand-written notes, transcribed verbatim, independently double-coded using a detailed code­book, and analyzed for themes and salient quotes. Feedback was linked with the Diffusion of Innova­tions model and RE-AIM framework. Educators had mostly positive initial thoughts of the pro­posed food access program, suggesting that it would complement current education program­ming. Educators suggested making the CSA shares reasonably priced. They also suggested offering pickup and education classes at a convenient loca­tion. Educators wanted additional training and resources in order to facilitate the program, but thought the existing infrastructure and resources of Extension and local government would help in implementation and sustainability. Local govern­ment priorities should seek to meet educator interests and needs given the potential for more successful program outcomes. These findings could be used to inform the development of food access programming within community nutrition education programs.
Detection of Infantile Batten Disease by Tandem Mass Spectrometry Assay of PPT1 Enzyme Activity in Dried Blood Spots

A new tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based approach for measurement of the enzymatic activity of palmitoyl protein thioesterase I (PPT1) in dried blood spots (DBS) is presented. Deficiency in this enzyme leads to infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL, Infantile Batten disease, CLN1). The assay could distinguish between 80 healthy newborns and three previously diagnosed INCL patients. Unlike the fluorimetric PPT1 assay, the MS/MS assay does not require recombinant β-glucosidase. Furthermore, the assay could be easily combined with a TPP1 enzyme assay (for CLN2 disease) and can be potentially multiplexed with a large panel of additional lysosomal enzyme assays by MS/MS for newborn screening and postscreening analysis.
Linear Stochastic Modeling and Control of Diluted Combustion for SI Engines

Abstract The combustion process in spark-ignition (SI) engines exhibits cycle-to-cycle variability, which imposes limits on engine operation. When exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is used to increase engine efficiency, the combustion variability (CV) increases and spark advance (SA) must be re-tuned to achieve maximum brake torque. In order to maximize EGR benefits without excessive cyclic CV, feedback control can be applied to modify EGR and SA accordingly. This paper presents a control-oriented combustion model that captures the stochastic properties of combustion features. A linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller is used to modify SA and EGR to achieve a particular combustion shape, characterized by the initiation and duration angles. Using stochastic control theory for linear Gaussian systems, analytical solutions for the cyclic variability of the combustion process and the control commands under closed-loop operation are derived. This methodology is validated against experimental engine data and results at transient and steady state operation are presented.
Aluminum partitioning between zircon and haplogranitic melts: The influence of temperature and melt composition

Abstract We present measurements of Al concentrations in zircon (XAlZrc, in ppm) grown from one peralkaline, one metaluminous, and two peraluminous melts in the Na2O-K2O-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system (with ~10 wt% H2O). Twenty experiments were conducted at 1 GPa from 1100 to 1400 °C and we infer two main conclusions. First, XAlZrc is strongly dependent on melt aluminum saturation index (ASI = molar ratio of Al2O3 / [CaO + Na2O + K2O]) and M (molar ratio of [K + Na + 2Ca]/[Si × Al]). That is, as melt ASI values increase from 0.50 to 1.38 – or M values decrease from 3.25 to 1.17 − XAlZrc increase correspondingly. Second, for similar melt compositions, XAlZrc is positively related to temperature. Our data confirm that the melt parameter ASI or M are appropriate compositional proxies that describe Al concentration in zircon. Our preferred model which relates melt ASI composition (ASImelt) and temperature (T, in K) to Al-in-zircon (XAlZrc,in ppm) is given by: log X Al Zrc in ppm = 0.98 ± 0.07 × ASI melt − 4334 ± 459 / T K + 4.09 ± 0.31 This model lays the groundwork to define natural zircon parent melt composition(s), including changes in melt composition, during zircon crystallization. We extrapolate our experimental results to previously measured XAlZrc data from rocks of known parentage. When using whole rock as a proxy for the melt composition, Al concentrations in peraluminous zircon are in broad agreement with the empirical model. However, the model predicts lower ASI values when applied to metaluminous natural zircons. The model presented here is derived from high temperature and high H2O content experiments (1100–1400 °C; H2O = ~10 wt%) and a compositionally limited suite of melt compositions and will therefore require further development for more accurate extrapolation to lower temperatures. These results demonstrate feasibility of this approach to reveal zircon parent melt composition.
Review of the structure and processing-defect-property relationships of potassium titanyl phosphate : a strategy for novel thin-film photonic devices

Potassium titanyl phosphate (KTiOPO{sub 4} or KTP) is a premier nonlinear optical (NLO) material. KTP has a waveguide figure-of-merit which is twice that of other mixed metal oxides and is unparalleled at the doubling of Nd laser radiation near 1 {mu}m. It has a complex high-temperature chemistry that produces a dramatic effect upon the observed nonlinear optical behavior. A summary is provided of the current knowledge of the single-crystal KTiOPO{sub 4} structure field with specific focus on defect chemistry, structure, and processing-defect-property relationships and waveguide technology. On the basis of this summary, a strategy is proposed for the development of novel electrooptical and nonlinear optical devices based on thin-film fabrication.
Examining associations between two different jumping to conclusions scores with positive schizotypy and recent distress.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Jumping to conclusions is associated with delusions. It is unclear whether positive schizotypy, which refers to delusion-like and hallucination-like symptoms, is associated wi...
Accuracy of genomic selection for grain yield and agronomic traits in soft red winter wheat

Genomic selection has the potential to increase genetic gains by using molecular markers as predictors of breeding values of individuals. This study evaluated the accuracy of predictions for grain yield, heading date, plant height, and yield components in soft red winter wheat under different prediction scenarios. Response to selection for grain yield was also compared across different selection strategies- phenotypic, marker-based, genomic, combination of phenotypic and genomic, and random selections. Genomic selection was implemented through a ridge regression best linear unbiased prediction model in two scenarios- cross-validations and independent predictions. Accuracy for cross-validations was assessed using a diverse panel under different marker number, training population size, relatedness between training and validation populations, and inclusion of fixed effect in the model. The population in the first scenario was then trained and used to predict grain yield of biparental populations for independent validations. Using subsets of significant markers from association mapping increased accuracy by 64–70% for grain yield but resulted in lower accuracy for traits with high heritability such as plant height. Increasing size of training population resulted in an increase in accuracy, with maximum values reached when ~ 60% of the lines were used as a training panel. Predictions using related subpopulations also resulted in higher accuracies. Inclusion of major growth habit genes as fixed effect in the model caused increase in grain yield accuracy under a cross-validation procedure. Independent predictions resulted in accuracy ranging between − 0.14 and 0.43, dependent on the grouping of site-year data for the training and validation populations. Genomic selection was “superior” to marker-based selection in terms of response to selection for yield. Supplementing phenotypic with genomic selection resulted in approximately 10% gain in response compared to using phenotypic selection alone. Our results showed the effects of different factors on accuracy for yield and agronomic traits. Among the factors studied, training population size and relatedness between training and validation population had the greatest impact on accuracy. Ultimately, combining phenotypic with genomic selection would be relevant for accelerating genetic gains for yield in winter wheat.
In defense of exclusionary reasons

Exclusionary defeat is Joseph Raz’s proposal for understanding the more complex, layered structure of practical reasoning. Exclusionary reasons are widely appealed to in legal theory and consistently arise in many other areas of philosophy. They have also been subject to a variety of challenges. I propose a new account of exclusionary reasons based on their justificatory role, rejecting Raz’s motivational account and especially contrasting exclusion with undercutting defeat. I explain the appeal and coherence of exclusionary reasons by appeal to commonsense value pluralism and the intermediate space of public policies, social roles, and organizations. We often want our choices to have a certain character or instantiate a certain value and in order to do so, that choice can only be based on a restricted set of reasons. Exclusion explains how pro tanto practical reasons can be disqualified from counting towards a choice of a particular kind without being outweighed or undercut.
Diversionary Peace: International Peacekeeping and Domestic Civil-Military Relations

What is the impact of international peacekeeping missions for civil-military relations at home? This article unpacks the conditions that produce positive effects of peacekeeping participation on th...
Multilevel CFA with Ordered Categorical Data: A Simulation Study Comparing Fit Indices Across Robust Estimation Methods

Within a multilevel confirmatory factor analysis framework, we investigated the ability of commonly used fit indices to discriminate between correctly specified models and misspecified models. Rece...
Accounting for Temporal Variability of Streamflow in Estimates of Travel Time

Retention, processing, and transport of solutes and particulates in stream corridors are influenced by the travel time of streamflow through stream channels, which varies dynamically with discharge. The effects of streamflow variability across sites and over time cannot be addressed by time-averaged models if parameters are based solely on the characteristics of mean streamflow. We develop methods to that account for the effects of streamflow variability on travel time and compare our estimates with to flow-weighted (“effective”) travel time at 100 streams in the southeastern United States. Velocity time series were generated for each stream from multiple-year (median 15.5 years), high-frequency (15-minute interval) records of instantaneous streamflow and field measurements of velocity and inverted to produce time series of specific travel time [T/L]. The effective travel times for streams are 60 to 90% of the specific travel time of mean streamflow because a large fraction of the total streamflow volume is discharged during higher flows with higher velocities. We find that adjusting the specific travel time of mean streamflow at a site by a factor of 0.81 generally accounts for the effect of a skewed streamflow distribution, but at-site estimates of the coefficient of variation of streamflow are necessary to resolve differences in streamflow variability between streams or changes in variability over time. For example, the effective travel time of urban streams is less than the effective travel of forested streams in the southeastern United States as a result of increased streamflow variability in urban streams. Effective travel time accounts for both the variation in velocity with streamflow and the large fraction of streamflow discharged during high flows in most streams and provides time-averaged models with limited capability to account for effects of streamflow variability that otherwise they lack. This capability is needed for continental-scale modeling where streamflow variability is not uniform because heterogeneous surficial geology, hydro-climatology, and vegetation and applications where streamflow variability is not stationary as a response to climate change or hydrologic alteration.
Characteristics of High-Titer Convalescent Plasma and Antibody Dynamics After Administration in Patients With Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019

We characterized the antibody composition of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent plasma (CCP) and the immunologic responses of hospitalized COVID-19 patients after receiving CCP or nonimmune fresh frozen plasma. Despite selection of CCP with significantly higher total immunoglobulin G than recipients, neutralizing antibody levels did not differ between donor plasma and CCP recipients.
Fast Monte Carlo simulation of segmented U/Cu/scint calorimeters: A comparison with test beam data

Abstract Construction and performance of a segmented U/Cu scintillator calorimeter is described in this paper. On the basis of extensive beam tests with 12 GeV pion and muon beams, we have constructed a fast Monte Carlo simulation of the lateral spread of a shower, including both the average shower profile and shower fluctuations. The structure of the Monte Carlo simulation is described, and its results are compared to test beam data.
Muscle-specific regulation of a transfected rabbit myosin heavy chain beta gene promoter.

Abstract We have examined the transcriptional regulation of the rabbit myosin heavy chain (HC) beta gene by using DNA-mediated transfection experiments. To analyze the activity of the myosin HC beta promoter in a myogenic background, cultured myoblasts from 12-day-old chick embryonic breast muscle were transfected with a chimeric gene containing 781 base pairs of the promoter region fused to the gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). As indicated by the transient expression of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, the activity of the promoter in myoblast cultures increased at least 32-fold following differentiation and was selectively inhibited when myogenesis was blocked with 5-bromodeoxyuridine. Furthermore, RNase protection experiments showed that the in vivo myosin HC beta transcriptional initiation (or cap) site was utilized in the transfected skeletal muscle cells and also that the regulation of the exogenous promoter was similar to the induction of the endogenous skeletal alpha-actin gene. The results indicated that the exogenous promoter is regulated in a tissue- and stage-specific manner. By creating progressive 5' deletions of the promoter, we showed that only the region extending -294 base pairs upstream from the cap site is necessary for the muscle-specific expression. Linker-scanner mutagenesis of this region indicated that the positive regulation in differentiated skeletal muscle is mediated by at least two distinct elements within the 5'-flanking region of the myosin HC beta gene.
Early Germanic changes in unstressed word-final syllables:: Problems and ramifications

Abstract An unresolved problem of historical Germanic linguistics is the development of the unstressed word-final syllables from Indo-European. We posit for this task four changes of common occurrence. These changes, when located within the larger context of the nature and the eventual development of the IE stress rule into that of Germanic as well as the context of the other early Germanic changes, suffice to account for the development of the unstressed word-final syllables from Indo-European into Germanic.
Patents in Drug Discovery: Case Studies, Examples, and Simple Steps Medicinal Chemists Can Take to Protect Hard-Won Intellectual Property

Publisher Summary Patents are of paramount importance to the pharmaceutical industry. This chapter assumes and builds upon this basic knowledge by analyzing court cases where patent owners took suspected infringers to court. It highlights a variety of defenses employed by the suspected infringers to operate outside the scope of, invalidate, or render unenforceable, the asserted patents. The fortunes of pharmaceutical companies and the careers of their employees depend on holding patents covering key molecules, their formulations, and the methods of making and using them. Moreover, Patents can be challenging to obtain, and once held are subject to challenge and defeat by a variety of mechanisms in the Patent Office, the Federal Courts, and before the U.S. International Trade Commission. The chapter outlines a variety of actions that chemists can take to increase the likelihood of obtaining a strong patent.
Treatment of vaginal carcinoma in situ with the carbon dioxide laser

Thirty-six patients with vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia were treated with the carbon dioxide laser. More than half of the patients had grade 3 vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (carcinoma in situ). The majority of patients were treated in a single session; six patients were treated twice, and two patients were treated three times. In 92% of the patients, the lesions were completely removed by the laser without significant side effects.
Assessing Origins of Quality Gaps in Discharge Summaries: A Survey of Resident Physician Attitudes

Because little is known about attitudes of primary authors of discharge summaries in academic institutions, namely trainees and physician assistants (PAs), we sought to explore values, possible areas for improvement, and interest in formal discharge summary education. A survey composed of Likert scale analyses, dichotomous relationships, and open-ended questions was designed using focus groups and validated via expert committee review. Of 135 total residents (PGY 1-3), 79 residents and 10 PAs in a large academic hospital in New York City completed it. Of surveyed trainees, 77.2% reported that quality discharge summaries are useful in primary care. Interns had less outpatient experience with discharge summaries compared to PGY 2&3s (23.7% vs. 63.4%, p< 0.001) and were less comfortable authoring discharge summaries for patients who were not as familiar to them (47.4% vs. 24.4%, p=0.04). The majority (54.8%) of interns as well as all PAs reported never receiving feedback on discharge summaries. Finally, 63.2% of interns and 90% of PAs responded that formal teaching would be helpful. Interns' greater discomfort may speak to their poor understanding of core components of a useful discharge summary, which teaching sessions may improve. Alternatively, shifting the authorship responsibility from interns to seniors could be explored as a quality improvement initiative.
A PROOF OF THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF COMPLETING INFINITELY MANY TASKS

In this article, I argue that it is impossible to complete infinitely many tasks in a finite time. A key premise in my argument is that the only way to get to 0 tasks remaining is from 1 task remaining, when tasks are done 1-by-1. I suggest that the only way to deny this premise is by begging the question, that is, by assuming that supertasks are possible. I go on to present one reason why this conclusion (that supertasks are impossible) is important, namely that it implies a new verdict on a decision puzzle propounded by Jeffrey Barrett and Frank Arntzenius.
Biochemical and Cellular Assessment of Acetabular Chondral Flaps Identified During Hip Arthroscopy

Purpose To analyze chondral flaps debrided during hip arthroscopy to determine their biochemical and cellular composition. Methods Thirty-one full-thickness acetabular chondral flaps were collected during hip arthroscopy. Biochemical analysis was undertaken in 21 flaps from 20 patients, and cellular viability was determined in 10 flaps from 10 patients. Biochemical analysis included concentrations of (1) DNA (an indicator of chondrocyte content), (2) hydroxyproline (an indicator of collagen content), and (3) glycosaminoglycan (an indicator of chondrocyte biosynthesis). Higher values for these parameters indicated more healthy tissue. The flaps were examined to determine the percentage of viable chondrocytes. Results The percentage of acetabular chondral flap specimens that had concentrations within 1 SD of the mean values reported in previous normal cartilage studies was 38% for DNA, 0% for glycosaminoglycan, and 43% for hydroxyproline. The average cellular viability of our acetabular chondral flap specimens was 39% (SD, 14%). Only 2 of the 10 specimens had more than half the cells still viable. There was no correlation between (1) the gross examination of the joint or knowledge of the patient's demographic characteristics and symptoms and (2) biochemical properties and cell viability of the flap, with one exception: a degenerative appearance of the surrounding cartilage correlated with a higher hydroxyproline concentration. Conclusions Although full-thickness acetabular chondral flaps can appear normal grossly, the biochemical properties and percentage of live chondrocytes in full-thickness chondral flaps encountered in hip arthroscopy show that this tissue is not normal. Clinical Relevance There has been recent interest in repairing chondral flaps encountered during hip arthroscopy. These data suggest that acetabular chondral flaps are not biochemically and cellularly normal. Although these flaps may still be valuable mechanically and/or as a scaffold in some conductive or inductive capacity, further study is required to assess the clinical benefit of repair.
Self-assembly of supramolecular nanostructures from phenylalanine derived bolaamphiphiles

The growth and self-assembly of phenylalanine derived bolaamphiphiles was investigated. The self-assembly process was studied at hydrophobic–hydrophilic interfaces and under aqueous conditions at different pH. The formation of various structures in microscale and nanoscale was examined using atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. It was observed that the types of structures formed were dependent on both the growth conditions and the chain lengths of the hydrocarbons linking the head groups. At lower pH, tubular formations were observed in high yield for all bolaamphiphiles synthesized compared to higher pH. As the size of the hydrophobic chain length connecting the amino acid head groups increased, the nanotubes were formed in higher yield and were observed to be more elongated and well-defined. In some cases, nanofibers, spheres and rod-like structures were also obtained at aqueous/organic interfaces and in different pH. The investigation of the self-assembly process of such peptide bolaamphiphiles can give further insight into the dynamics of formation of various supramolecular structures. The materials formed were found to be highly stable and can be potentially used as scaffolds for biomaterials and fabrication of nanodevices.
Deep knowledge: learning to teach science for understanding and equity

With the changing demographics of the average classroom in the United States, there is increasing urgency that teachers be prepared to not only teach content rigorously, but to do so in culturally ...
Photolysis of 2-Chlorophenol Dissolved in Surfactant Solutions

The photochemical degradation and dechlorination of 2-chlorophenol (2CP) (0.1 g/L) dissolved in surfactant solutions has been studied. The initial degradation and dechlorination of 2CP followed apparent first-order kinetics in nearly all the test solutions. The quantum yields of 2CP degradation and dechlorination were enhanced in the presence of nonionic surfactant Brij 35 and anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). A larger enhancement was observed at surfactant concentrations greater than the critical micelle concentration (cmc) and was attributed to partitioning of 2CP into the micelles. Furthermore, the study of 2CP photolysis in hexane, methanol, and dimethoxyethane sug gested that the surfactant can serve as a hydrogen atom source in promoting 2CP degradation. Two 2CP phototransformation pathways in surfactant solutions were identified. The electronically excited anionic form of 2CP led to cyclopentadienecarboxylic acid formation through a ring contraction via the Wolff rearrangement. Elect...
Electrowetting-Based Microfluidics for Analysis of Peptides and Proteins by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

A new technique for preparing samples for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is reported. The technique relies on electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) to move droplets containing proteins or peptides and matrix to specific locations on an array of electrodes for analysis. Standard MALDI-MS reagents, analytes, concentrations, and recipes are demonstrated to be compatible with the technique. Mass spectra are comparable to those collected by conventional methods. Nonspecific adsorption of analytes to device surfaces is demonstrated to be negligible. The results suggest that EWOD may be a useful tool for automating sample preparation for high-throughput proteomics and other applications of MALDI-MS.
Effect of Starvation on Traction and Film Thickness in Thermo-EHL Line Contacts with Shear-Thinning Lubricants

The effect of starvation on traction and film thickness behavior in thermo-EHL rolling/sliding line contacts has been studied using full EHL simulations. The simulations employed the free volume equation for viscosity–pressure–temperature relationship and Carreau viscosity model to describe the shear-thinning behavior of the EHL lubricant. The simulation results were used to develop equations for estimating the factors by which the traction coefficient increases and film thickness decreases as a function of the degree of starvation. For the situations involving inadequate lubricant supply at the inlet, these factors can be used to correct the traction coefficient and central film thickness predicted with the assumption of fully flooded condition.
Changes in the biochemical composition of Euphausia superba Dana embryos during early development

The biochemical composition of developing Euphausia superba Dana embryos has been examined at three stages: fresh spawned, gastrula, and limb bud. Fresh spawn embryos had 31% lipid, 1.0% carbohydrate, and 57% protein on a gram dry weight basis. Throughout development lipids were utilized more slowly than in other crustacean embryos for a total utilization of 37.5%. Overall, 35.6% of the starting protein was utilized. On a weight basis, twice as much protein than lipid was used during development, and it appeared that, energetically, protein and lipid contributed equally to the energetics of the developing embryo. Carbohydrate was evidently a minor substrate in early development, although the level increased 38% during development. Average water content was 86% in fresh spawned embryos and 88% in the gastrula stage. The average dry weight of the embryos throughout development was 30 μg. The features of planktonic embryos are contrasted with demersal embryos and the atypical metabolic pattern of krill embryos is discussed.
Precision of age estimation in red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus)

The validation of aging methods is an important step in estimating growth and longevity and has been accomplished for red snapper. However, routine age interpretation remains largely subjective. A reference collection of 300 red snapper otoliths was circulated among seven external laboratories in the Gulf of Mexico region to compare ages against our internal laboratory determinations. A precision benchmark of average percent error (APE; estimate of precision) ≤5% has been suggested for moderately long-lived species such as red snapper. APE ranged from 2.5 to 6.0% for six facilities with no apparent bias in estimates as age increased. One initial estimate was notably higher with an APE of 11.6% and bias was evident. Beyond the need for initial training to recognize annulus patterns in decades-old fish, common differences between readers were related to interpretation of the otolith edge type and to interpretation of the first annulus. Precise measurement of annulus distances and identification of otolith edge patterns aided by light reflectivity measurements indicated that annual rates of transition from translucence to opacity were consistent. However, annual differences in the seasonal timing of otolith zone transition occurred on the order of a few months (this study and others). The degree of opacity varied in the first annulus, but the distance from the core to the distal edge of the first annulus was consistently around 1 mm (mean = 1.05 mm; S.D. = 0.11). By recognizing possible variations in these patterns and with use of periodic reader training and a reference collection, our expectation is that a 5% APE precision target can be readily achieved and improved upon.
Conflicts and Negotiation in Single Function Agent Based Design Systems

A basic ingredient of Concurrent Engineering (CE) is that all aspects of the product's life cycle should be considered as early as possi ble during design A key idea that has been adopted for the implementation of CE is the use of a team, in which each member is an expert on some aspect of the product in a phase of its life cycle in our work, we use a team of software agents Our goal is to study in detail the interactions, conflicts, and conflict resolution that is possible with such a multiagent system The approach is to use Single Function Agents (SiFAs), each of which can perform a very specialized task, from a single point of view The ability to represent expertise with different points of view is very impor tant in design These different points of view usually cause conflicts among agents, and these conflicts need to be resolved in order for the design process to be successful Therefore, agents need to be capable of detecting and resolving these conflicts This paper presents a model of con flicts and...
A cross-disciplinary analysis of the supreme court's decision in the city of Richmond Vs. J. A. Croson Co.

Abstract This analysis of the landmark civil rights decision is organized in two sections. The first part presents (a) the demographic and economic backdrop of the City of Richmond minority business enterprise program, (b) an analysis of the legal theory embodied in the City of Richmond v. Croson (1983) (hereinafter referred to as “City of Richmond”) decision in the context of the relevant precedents and (c) an outline of economic assumptions ofthat decision. The second section extends the economic model and delineates the probable consequences of Croson on the potential for economic development in the black community.
Application of a kinematic-cyclic plasticity model in simulating sand liquefaction

The mechanical behavior of saturated soil is mainly governed by the interaction between the soil skeleton and the pore fluid, and this interaction may lead to significant loss of strength known as liquefaction under seismic loading conditions. The main objective of this paper is to implement a cyclic constitutive model based on fuzzy set plasticity theory, which is capable of modeling soil dilatancy during earthquake excitation. A numerical study of sand liquefaction was performed and compared with centrifuge-based experimental results. The proposed formulation is capable of capturing the features of pore water pressure buildup and strength loss in granular soil deposit under cyclic loading. The numerical model was verified by the centrifuge tests. The good match of the numerical results and the centrifuge experimental data shows that the fuzzy set model is an effective tool for assessing liquefaction potential and liquefaction-related motions.
Sensitivity and specificity of clinical/bedside examination signs for detecting aspiration in adults subsequent to stroke

While detecting the presence of aspiration is only one aspect of a noninstrumented examination of swallowing function, it is an important component due to its potential health status consequences. The purpose of this investigation was to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of clinical/bedside examination signs for predicting aspiration on videofluoroscopic examination of swallowing. Sixty consecutive, acute stroke patients were investigated with clinical/bedside and videofluoroscopic exams. Clinical signs consisted of history, oral motor/speech praxis, voice, and trial swallow ratings. Results confirm that more work needs to be done if data collected from noninstrumented examinations are to be strongly predictive of aspiration on VFSE. However, comparisons of the current results with previous investigations provides a promising framework for future research. Educational objectives: (1) To understand the use of sensitivity and specificity in detecting disease; (2) To understand the current evidence regarding clinical signs of aspiration.