cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ore Deposits of Gold and Silver

Abstract As in the past, gold and, to a lesser extent, silver are attracting considerable attention from the mineral industry. Expenditure on gold exploration dominates exploration budgets worldwide. Gold is most common in the native form, but also occurs as tellurides. Although silver does occur as the native metal, it more often exists as sulfide minerals and sulfosalts, or as minor constituents of common sulfide minerals such as galena, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite. The inertness and high specific gravity of gold account for its concentration by mechanical processes as a heavy mineral in stream and beach environments (placers). Gold and silver are both mobilized by hydrothermal fluids as sulfide or chloride complexes, and precipitated in response to changes in solubility caused by decreasing temperature, or variations in fluid composition, pH, oxygen fugacity. or sulfur fugacity. Gold and silver occur in a diverse range of mineral deposits including recent placers and paleoplacers of gold, epithermal g...
Wordprocessors, Spelling Checkers, and Drill and Practice Programs: Effective Tools for Spelling Instruction?.

This experimental study examined the effects of combining word processors, spelling checkers, and spelling drill and practice programs to individualize spelling instruction for fifth and sixth grade students. The three treatment conditions considered included: 1) a wordprocessing, spelling checker, computer drill and practice combination; 2) a textbook pretest, computer drill and practice combination; and 3) a traditional textbook approach. A significant treatment effect in favor of the experimental conditions was found in the analysis of covariance. The vocabulary level of words identified and studied by students in the wordprocessing group was equivalent to the vocabulary level of the traditional spelling book. The 17 percent difference on the long-term measure in favor of the wordprocessing group suggests this approach may be an effective method of spelling instruction. Suggestions for software development which would make these methods a viable alternative for the classroom teacher are included.
Summary of the Sierra Rotors Project wave and rotor events

Summary of the Sierra Rotors Project wave and rotorevents Vanda Grubiˇsi ´c* and Brian J. Billings Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA*Correspondence to:Vanda Grubiˇsic, Desert Research´Institute, Reno, NV, USA.E-mail: Vanda.Grubisic@dri.edu Received: 1 May 2008Revised: 22 August 2008Accepted: 2 October 2008 Abstract This study summarizes wave and rotor events observed during the Sierra Rotors Project(SRP). This summary is on the basis of numerical model simulations of SRP events. Theevents are classiﬁed according to the lee-side maxima of vertical and horizontal velocities.Generally, the above classiﬁcation agrees with the classiﬁcation on the basis of the obstacle-perpendicular ridge-top winds. The updraft maxima are found to preferentially lie withinthe leading-edge updraft of a lee wave in the immediate lee and near the crest height ofthe Sierra Nevada. Simulated waves and lower turbulence zones are illustrated with thewave and rotor structures in two of the strongest SRP events. Copyright
Arthroscopic suture passers

An array of arthroscopic suture passers are currently available to assist in a variety of surgical procedures. Specific selection should be based on needs for a particular procedure, availability of equipment, and an individual physician’s skill and familiarity with the devices.
Reproductivity of time structure in motor activity of rats under nocturnal conditions

Computer pattern recognition systems for the study of spontaneous rat behavior have introduced a new analytical technique, the K functions, that expands the definition of experimentally induced changes in behavior. Such studies normally evaluate three measures, a measure of the number of initiations of specific behavioral acts, a measure of the total time of each act, and a measure of behavioral time structure, the K functions. Such measures have been shown to be very stable and reproducible among control rats observed under normal light conditions. This study examines the stability of results from these three measures as applied to nine different groups of control Sprague-Dawley male rats observed under red light during their normal nocturnal hours. All three measures provided stable and reproducible results, but the measure of time structure, the K function analysis, provided the greatest consistency, producing values that vary by only a few percent.
Stroke: Improving characterization of childhood cerebral arteriopathies.

There is notable variation in incidence, presentation, risk factors, and prognosis for strokes occurring in children. At present, there is no stroke classification system specifically tailored to the multiple risk factors and etiologies of pediatric stroke. The study by the International Pediatric Stroke Study investigators on predictors of cerebral arteriopathy in children with arterial ischemic stroke deserves special attention in planning secondary stroke prevention strategies in this population of patients.
The seasonal distribution of organic carbon in a Louisiana estuary

Abstract Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total organic carbon (TOC), and chlorophyll a (Chl a) were measured monthly from November 1972 to November 1973 at stations in the upper, middle, and lower areas of Caminada and Barataria bays, Louisiana, and the Gulf of Mexico. The results were used as measures of the concentration and distribution of organic detritus in the coastal waters. There was a clear gradient of organic carbon from the estuary to the Gulf of Mexico. DOC was highest in water bodies within the marshes fringing the bay, averaging 6·7 ± 0·2 mg l−1. It decreased towards the middle and lower bay where the average levels were 5·8 ± 0·2 mg l−1 and 4·7 ± 0·2 mg l−1, respectively. The average DOC for offshore Gulf water was 2·4 ± 0·1 mg l−1. Concentrations in the bay were highest in winter and lowest in the spring, while offshore concentrations were lowest in the winter increasing toward the fall. TOC closely followed DOC. The late winter-early spring peak probably represents the washing of dead organic matter from the marsh which accompanies heavy rains and high water levels. Chl a averaged 9·7 ± 0·98 μg l−1 in Caminada Bay, 9·3 ± 0·65 μg l−1 in Barataria Bay, and 7·6 ± 0·8 μg l−1 offshore. Seasonal peaks occurred in late January (20·6 μg l−1) and July (19·2 μg l−1) in the inshore waters. Low temperature and north and easterly winds of 8·16 km h−1 were positively correlated with DOC. The winds could have stirred up the bottom sediments, causing release of interstitial DOC into the water column. New organic carbon flux from Barataria Bay to offshore Gulf waters is calculated to lie between the extremes of 25 and 540 g C m−2 inshore water/ year, with most probable values around 150 g C m−2 year−1.
Mainframe consultants can be microliterate—without micros

Until recently, many of us in university computer centers had little to do with microcomputers on campus except to complain about them. But now that a few schools have announced with much public fanfare that all freshmen will buy, lease, or be given micros, and will be expected to use them, we are hearing our own universities begin to talk about “catching up in computers”. And many of us suspect that when university administrators think about computers, they usually think about the Computer Center. A computer is a computer, right? Thus we can expect that the services we are expected to provide will expand to include some type of consulting about microcomputers.For many years, the complaint we had about micros was that we had no “control”. Micros of numerous types were appearing, and only we computer professionals worried much about the problems of maintenance, compatibility, and appropriateness. Our attitude became, “You didn't consult me before you bought that thing, so don't expect to consult me now”. But we recognize that the time is fast approaching, if not here already, when that excuse will no longer work to keep us out of the micro business. At many computer centers, our concern is now with these two problems: (1) how can we expand our range of services without any increase in staff or facilities, and (2) how can we provide professional consulting assistance for equipment and software of which we have no real knowledge and which we probably have not even seen.
The Loss of Tuberin Promotes Cell Invasion through the β-Catenin Pathway

Mutations in the tumor suppressor tuberin (TSC2) are a common factor in the development of lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM). LAM is a cystic lung disease that is characterized by the infiltration of smooth muscle–like cells into the pulmonary parenchyma. The mechanism by which the loss of tuberin promotes the development of LAM has yet to be elucidated, although several lines of evidence suggest it is due to the metastasis of tuberin-deficient cells. Here we show that tuberin-null cells become nonadherent and invasive. These nonadherent cells express cleaved forms of β-catenin. In reporter assays, the β-catenin products are transcriptionally active and promote MMP7 expression. Invasion by the tuberin-null cells is mediated by MMP7. Examination of LAM tissues shows the expression of cleaved β-catenin products and MMP7 consistent with a model that tuberin-deficient cells acquire invasive properties through a β-catenin–dependent mechanism, which may underlie the development of LAM.
Biased intrachromosomal gene conversion in a chromosome lineage

A model for the evolution of a family of tandemly repeated genes in a single chromosome lineage under intrachromosomal gene conversion [43] is analyzed further and extended. Direct and diffusion approximations are derived for the exact fixation probabilities, mean time to fixation or loss, and mean conditional fixation time of Nagylaki and Petes [43]. The distribution of the number of variant repeats under the joint action of gene conversion and reversible mutation is investigated; exact and approximate expressions are derived for the stationary distribution. It is shown that conversional bias greatly increases the amount of sequence homogeneity at equilibrium. The diffusion processes studied here also apply to selection and mutation in a finite population, and some new results are established for that classical problem.
Changes in Background Risk and the Demand for Insurance

The demand for insurance against loss from a particular risky asset is likely to depend on other risks the decision-maker faces. For independently distributed other risks, referred to as background risk, Eeckhoudt and Kimball [1992] determine the effect on insurance demand of introducing background risk. Recently, Eeckhoudt, Gollier, and Schlesinger [1996] determine conditions on preferences such that first- and second-degree stochastic deteriorations in background risk lead to a decrease in the decision-maker's willingness to accept other risks. These results, although formulated in a general decision model, also apply to insurance demand. This article continues analysis of this question by determining the effect on insurance demand of several other general changes in background risk.
Measurement of the ambient lead concentration in the vicinity of Urbana-Champaign, Illinois

Atmospheric lead concentrations were measured as a function of both time and position in a rural area adjacent to Urbana-Champaign, Illinois during the period August 1973 to February 1974. The results were related to traffic and meteorological data with the use of a mathematical model for the transport of lead particulates from local sources. The mean rural concentration is 0.227 μg m−3 with a S.D. of 0.116 μg m−3. Most of the lead in the rural area is transported into the area from distant sources with the contribution of automobiles in Urbana-Champaign and local highways being minor. Measurements were also made of particle size distributions and deposition rates to the ground.
New spectra-structure correlations of ketones in the 700–750 cm−1 region

Abstract The spectra of forty-two ketones of varying structure have been recorded and analyzed in the range of 700–350 cm −1 . It has been found that structural configurations adjacent to the carbonyl group shift the typical ketone absorption in a specific manner. It is therefore possible to differentiate several classes of ketones by means of their infrared spectra in this region. Evidence is presented for the reversal of a previous assignment of two skeletal frequencies of acetone.
A simple example of an ill-conditioned matrix

The following example has been found useful in courses of Numerical Analysis, for illustrating the concept of ill-conditioning.
Altered Microsomal Phospholipid Composition in the Streptozotocin Diabetic Rat

Streptozotocin diabetes in the rat alters liver microsomal membrane fatty acid composition. The present study was undertaken to determine if such changes in fatty acid composition were due to changes in the amount of individual phosphoglycerides or to disproportionate changes in fatty acid composition in any of the individual phosphoglycerides. The diabetic animals showed a small increase in total microsomal phospholipid, which is due to a selective increase in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction. The changes in fatty acid composition in the total lipid extract (decreased palmitoleic, oleic and arachidonic acids and increased linoleic and docosahexaenoic acids) from the diabetic animals were present in both the major phosphoglycerides, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, with very little change in fatty acid composition in the phosphatidylserine and inositol fraction. Further studies are necessary to delineate the cause of the abnormal membrane phospholipid composition in the diabetic animal.
Taking Simulation to New Heights: Designing a Flight Simulation Center

Abstract Air medical transport requires that the practitioner develop clinical and diagnostic reasoning abilities and manage the dynamic needs of the patient in unstructured, uncertain, and often unforgiving environments. High-fidelity simulation can be instrumental in training interprofessional flight teams to improve competency through quality and safe patient care during medical transport that may otherwise take years to learn because of the inconsistency in real-life experience. Because of the particularly unfavorable conditions in critical care air transport, a helicopter simulator designed to replicate the phases of flight and train teams in critical care transport scenarios is being developed for the Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing in Cleveland, Ohio. The goal is to provide quality nursing and medical instruction in a simulated flight center while also presenting relevant clinical experiences for biomedical engineering students. These simulation experiences will prepare interdisciplinary teams of students for collaborative practice, research, and leadership.
Accidental dental occupational exposure to ionizing radiation

A case is reported of a 39-yr-old dentist who realized that his dental x- ray machine had been on for about 90 min. During this time he was near the machine constantly, with his back usually toward the source of radiation. The estimated dose to the back of his head and upper torso was 180 r. The dentist saffered some anxiety, but no acute symptoms of radiation sickness. Physical examination gave negative results. There was no evidence of acute radiation damage. Study of temporal scalp hair revealed an estimated maximum dose received by the hair follicles of approximates 50 to 75 r. The direct technical cause of the accident was a loose washer in the timer mechanism, making contact and completing the switching circuit, thereby causing the unit to go on. It is suggested that dentists and their assistants should wear radiation exposure badges at all times. In addition, equipment shouid be systcmatically and regularly checked so that maximum operating efficiency can be combined with minimum exposure. (P.C.H.)
Educating beyond the Borders of Schooling

In our recent interviews with 154 poor and working-class young adults, male and female, across racial and ethnic groups, we hear whispers of hope amid the narratives of despair. In both jersey City and Buffalo, we have wandered through communities that have been ravaged by deindustrialization and a withering of the public sphere. Here we turn our attention to what Boyte and Evans call ‘free spaces’—those spaces in which hope is nourished in spite of impoverished material circumstances. Offering a wider theoretical frame for understanding the social psychology of these spaces than has been offered in previous work, we provide two examples from ethnographic investigations (of an arts community and a spiritual community) as emblems of pluralistic sites. Our goal here is to deepen the theoretical lenses through which we assess such spaces as community-based educational sites, offering ethnographic data drawn from two sites situated in urban areas.
Thermal expansion anisotropy of ternary molybdenum silicides based on Mo 5 Si 3

The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the tetragonal silicide ${\mathrm{Mo}}_{5}{\mathrm{Si}}_{3}$ is highly anisotropic. The ratio of the CTE's in the c and a directions, $\mathrm{CTE}(c)/\mathrm{CTE}(a),$ is approximately 2. Partial substitution of the Mo in ${\mathrm{Mo}}_{5}{\mathrm{Si}}_{3}$ by ``larger'' Nb or ``smaller'' V atoms increases or reduces the lattice parameters, respectively. In both cases the CTE anisotropy $\mathrm{CTE}(c)/\mathrm{CTE}(a)$ decreases significantly and values as small as 1.25 are observed. Similar results have been reported previously for ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{5}{\mathrm{Si}}_{3}$ alloyed with ``large'' Zr atoms and for ${\mathrm{Zr}}_{5}{\mathrm{Si}}_{3}$ alloyed with ``small'' Ti atoms. These results are interpreted in terms of the site occupation of the ternary alloying additions and the resulting reductions in the anharmonicity along the c axis.
Cross-cultural medical ethics.

To the Editor:—We welcomed the recent contribution of Feldman, Zhang, and Cummings 1 to the growing literature about cross-cultural medical ethics. The authors surveyed Chinese and American internists and found significantly different beliefs about professional ethics. American internists were more likely to disclose to patients a cancer diagnosis; Chinese internists, to honor family wishes over patient wishes about care.
Solar wind induction in Mercury - Constraints on the formation of a magnetosphere

Abstract The discovery of Mercury's magnetosphere by Mariner 10 was surprising since the conventional view of regenerative planetary dynamos had been that the spin requirement would likely have been in excess of the observed spin rate of Mercury. Also internal fluid motions were not expected to be sufficiently large. This paper explores the alternative model of the formation of Mercury's magnetosphere via electromagnetic induction forced by the solar wind. It is shown, however, that the constraints are so severe as to limit severely the applicability of such a model. Although induction is easily observed on the Moon, the modification of the magnetic boundary condition associated with a plasma magnetosphere on Mercury rules out its formation via induction except for interplanetary driving fields which are decreasing in amplitude. That model is explored but retains the difficulty that induced magnetospheres tend to be of small radial and temporal extent compared to that inferred by Ness et al. for Mercury.
Visco-damage tension model for rocks in ground-shock applications

A simple rate-dependent tension model, tailored primarily for rocks in ground-shock calculations, has been constructed. It is formulated as an internal state variable theory with spherical void development taken to approximate the underlying dissipative micromechanism. This simplifying assumption of ductile, rather than brittle, damage growth has been made to enhance the practicality of the model for large-scale problems. The model has been restated within the fromework of (strain-softening) viscoplastcity to associate it with the desirable mathematical properties of the latter theory. The tension option, extended to include healing in the post-damage compressive phase, has been implemented in a standard cap constitutive routine and is referred to as the visco-damage tension model. Model parameters are selected for a shale-like material. Results of uniaxial shock-loading strain-rate calculations exhibit desired characteristics in tension. Damage-related hysteretic effects are illustrated through cyclic loading calculations. It is planned to develop more effecient computational procedures to facilitate adoption of the model into large-scale ground shock calculations. Anisotropic extensions of the model will then be considered.
Inescapable shock interferes with the acquisition of an appetitive operant

This article reports the reinforcer generality of the interference effect resulting from exposure to inescapable shock. In Experiment 1, rats that received inescapable shock showed weak interference with the acquisition of an appetitive operant compared to animals exposed either to escapable or no shock. In Experiment 2, the response-reinforcer contingency was degraded by introducing a 1-sec delay of reinforcement on the appetitive task. Inescapable shock produced much stronger interference with the acquisition of the operant response than in Experiment 1. The results demonstrate reinforcer generality of the debilitating effects produced by inescapable shock.
An improved molecular assay for Tritrichomonas foetus

Tritrichomonas foetus (T. foetus) is the causative agent of bovine trichomonosis, a sexually transmitted disease leading to abortion (from 1 to 8 months gestation), infertility, and occasional pyometra. The annual losses to the U.S. beef industry are estimated to be in the hundreds of millions of dollars. Currently, the "gold standard" diagnostic test for trichomonosis in most countries is the cultivation of live organisms from reproductive secretions. The cultured organisms can then be followed by PCR assays with primers that amplify T. foetus to the exclusion of all other trichomonad species. Thus, negative results present as null data, indistinguishable from failed PCR amplification during T. foetus specific amplification. Our newly developed assay improves previously developed PCR based techniques by using diagnostic size variants from within the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region that is between the 18S rRNA and 5.8S rRNA subunits. This new PCR assay amplifies trichomonad DNA from a variety of genera and positively identifies the causative agent in the bovine trichomonad infection. This approach eliminates false negatives found in some current assays as well as identifying the causative agent of trichomonad infection. Additionally, our assay incorporates a fluorescently labeled primer enabling high sensitivity and rapid assessment of the specific trichomonad species. Moreover, electrophoretic separation of amplified samples can be outsourced, thus eliminating the need for diagnostic laboratories to purchase expensive analysis equipment.
Addressing water contamination from concentrated animal feeding operations

Pollution from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) in the United States is impairing water quality. CAFOs have been designated as point sources of pollutants, so under the Clean Water Act, they need a permit before they discharge pollutants into federal waters. Federal regulations known as the CAFO Rule delineate particulars about which CAFOs need permits and details about how CAFOs must minimize discharges of pollutants. The provisions of the CAFO Rule have been controversial. Revisions in 2003 and 2008 were challenged by agricultural and environmental groups for not complying with the requirements set forth by federal law. Agricultural groups feel the rule imposes too many costs and that some of the regulatory provisions are invalid because they not pursuant to any statutory authority. Environmentalists feel that the rule does not provide sufficient requirements to prevent discharges of pollutants. The analysis of five major issues illuminates the challenges faced by governments as they make efforts to limit contamination of water resources.
Brain amyloid β protein and memory disruption in Alzheimer’s disease

The development of amyloid-containing neuritic plaques is an invariable characteristic of Alzheimer’s diseases (AD). The conversion from monomeric amyloid β protein (Aβ) to oligomeric Aβ and finally neuritic plaques is highly dynamic. The specific Aβ species that is correlated with disease severity remains to be discovered. Oligomeric Aβ has been detected in cultured cells, rodent and human brains, as well as human cerebrospinal fluid. Synthetic, cell, and brain derived Aβ oligomers have been found to inhibit hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and this effect can be suppressed by the blockage of Aβ oligomer formation. A large body of evidence suggests that Aβ oligomers inhibit N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor dependent LTP; additional receptors have also been found to elicit downstream pathways upon binding to Aβ oligomers. Amyloid antibodies and small molecular compounds that reduce brain Aβ levels and block Aβ oligomer formation are capable of reversing synaptic dysfunction and these approaches hold a promising therapeutic potential to rescue memory disruption.
The U.S. Max '91 program of flare research

Abstract The U.S. Max '91 program of flare research is now in full swing with one successful campaign completed in June 1989 and a second one planned for December 1990/January 1991. Two workshops have been held and their proceedings are available from the authors on request. A third workshop to discuss the observations made during the June 1989 campaign and during the intense period of solar activity in March 1989 was held in Estes Park, Colorado, in June, 1990. Proceedings from the third workshop will be to be distributed in 1991. Further campaigns and workshops will be held depending on solar activity and the dictates of launch schedules and observing opportunities.
Some Applications of the Method of Images-I.

Solution of Some Electrostatic Problems by the Method of Images. (a) Charged Wire between Two Parallel Plates.---In Part I. of this paper the authors obtain expressions for the potentials at any point between an infinitely long charged wire and two conducting infinite planes parallel to it, for the surface density of the induced charge at any point on the plates, and for the capacity per unit length of such a condenser. These expressions contain only circular and hyperbolic functions. (b) Charged Wire Inside an Infinite Rectangular Tube.---In Part II., the potential at any point inside of the tube is obtained by a single infinite summation of the potentials due to each of a singly infinite set of images as given by the expression in Part I. Thus, although the problem is essentially one of doubly periodic functions, the solution appears in circular and hyperbolic functions. Comparing a square tube with a circular tube of the same capacity, each with a small wire of a given size through its center, the square tube has the larger perimeter. Tables are given showing the variation of the capacity of a certain rectangular tube with the size of the wire at its center and with the position of a certain sized wire. (c) Two or Four Charged Wires Inside a Rectangular Tube.---In the case of certain symmetrical positions this problem can be solved immediately from the preceding results.
A model of smoking among inner-city adolescents: the role of personal competence and perceived social benefits of smoking.

Abstract Background: Based on current trends, smoking will remain a major public health problem in the 21st century. Effective smoking prevention approaches offer the best hope for decreasing the rise in adolescent smoking rates. Competence enhancement approaches to smoking prevention are among the most successful. Yet, there is not a full understanding of how effective prevention approaches work. This study tests whether a deficiency in competence (poor decision-making skills and low personal efficacy) is linked to acquiring beliefs in the perceived benefits of smoking and whether these perceived benefits are then related to subsequent smoking. Methods: A sample of 1459 students attending 22 middle and junior high schools in New York City participated. Students completed surveys at baseline, 1-year follow-up and 2-year follow-up during a regular class period. They self-reported smoking, decision-making skills, personal efficacy and beliefs in the perceived benefits of smoking. Results: The tested structural equation model had a good fit and was parsimonious and consistent with the theory underlying the competence approach to smoking prevention. Conclusions: This research highlights the importance of addressing decision-making skills, personal efficacy, and beliefs in the social benefits of smoking within adolescent smoking prevention programs.
QUANTUM MECHANICS OF LATTICE GAS AUTOMATA : ONE-PARTICLE PLANE WAVES AND POTENTIALS

Classical lattice gas automata effectively simulate physical processes, such as diffusion and fluid flow (in certain parameter regimes), despite their simplicity at the microscale. Motivated by current interest in quantum computation we recently defined quantum lattice gas automata; in this paper we initiate a project to analyze which physical processes these models can effectively simulate. Studying the single particle sector of a one-dimensional quantum lattice gas we find discrete analogs of plane waves and wave packets, and then investigate their behavior in the presence of inhomogeneous potentials.
Review of Asthma: Pathophysiology and Current Treatment Options

Asthma remains one of the leading chronic diseases in children and one of the leading reasons for emergency department visits. As our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology continues to improve, so does our armamentarium for the management of acute exacerbations. Combination therapy with multiple agents is showing promise especially for the child with a severe attack. In addition, there seems to be significant benefit in the implementation of inhaled corticosteroids at the time of emergency department discharge.
Second Language Task Complexity: Researching the Cognition Hypothesis of language learning and performance, by P. Robinson

As the field of task-based language teaching (TBLT) has grown during the past two decades, understanding the effects of task complexity on second language (L2) development has become more relevant ...
Tissue nitrogen and carbon variations in New England estuarineAscophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis populations (Fucales, Phaeophyta)

The seasonal patterns ofAscophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis tissue composition (N, C and ash) and ambient inorganic N were measured for 18 months at seven sites throughout the Great Bay Estuary System, New Hampshire-Maine, U.S.A. Overall, the seasonal cycle of tissue N coincided with ambient dissolved inorganic N, with low values in the late spring and summer and highest values in late fall and winter. even so, a pronounced lag occurred in the spring when ambient nutrients decreased, and the levels of tissue N remained high. The seasonal patterns of tissue N were very similar throughout the estuary, although the spring maxima were conspicuously greater at inner than outer estuarine sites. No conspicuous seasonal trend was apparent for tissue C, and the C/N ratios merely reflected variation in N. The percent ash values were extremely variable, and they did not reflect a simple salinity gradient within the Estuary. Two examples of the potential significance ofAscophyllum to the nitrogen pools in northern New England estuaries are discussed.
Localized defects in classical one-dimensional models

Several aspects of localized defects in the Frenkel-Kontorova, classicalXY chain and analogous models with a finite range of interactions are discussed from a general point of view. Precise definitions are given for defect phase shifts (charges) and for creation, pinning, and interaction energies. Corresponding definitions are also provided for interfaces (localized regions separating two phases). For the nearest-neighbor Frenkel-Kontorova model, the various defect energies are related to areas enclosed by contours joining heteroclinic points of the area-preserving map generated by the conditions of mechanical equilibrium.
Interpreting the real part of the dielectric permittivity contributed by mobile ions in ionically conducting materials

Electrical conductivity relaxation experimental data of ionically conducting glasses, crystals, and melts are most often discussed in the context of either the real part of the complex conductivity, $\mathrm{Re}[{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{*}(\ensuremath{\omega})],$ the imaginary part of the complex permittivity $\mathrm{Im}[{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}^{*}(\ensuremath{\omega})],$ or the complex electric modulus ${M}^{*}(\ensuremath{\omega}).$ In contrast, the real part of the complex permittivity, $\mathrm{Re}[{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}^{*}(\ensuremath{\omega})],$ and the contribution of mobile ions to it are seldom considered. One reason for the lack of attention to $\mathrm{Re}[{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}^{*}(\ensuremath{\omega})]$ is the complication caused by a large additional capacitive contribution to $\mathrm{Re}[{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}^{*}(\ensuremath{\omega})]$ from electrode surface polarization, making the task of separating the two contributions difficult. However, there are still many ionic conducting materials in which the electrode polarization effects can be isolated and the contribution from mobile ions, ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{\mathrm{ion}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(\ensuremath{\omega}),$ determined. The frequency dispersions of ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{\mathrm{ion}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ in several such ionic conductors are used to examine the different interpretations of the mechanism of ion conductivity.
Perceptions of the university climate among students in different academic majors at two colleges of arts and sciences

This study employed the semantic differential technique to investigate the consistency of differences in perceptions of the institutional climate among humanities, social science, and natural science majors in two colleges of arts and sciences. Significant differences were obtained on two of four factors. Humanities majors at one institution rated the institutional climate significantly higher on an Aestheticism/Idealism factor than their peers in the social sciences. A more significant finding was that social science majors at both universities rated the climate of their institution significantly higher on a Bureaucracy factor than either humanities or natural science majors. A possible explanation for this latter finding as the interaction of initial student dispositions and subsequent major field experiences is outlined.
Powder processing of intermetallic alloys and intermetallic matrix composites

Abstract This presentation covers the use of powder metallurgy for the formation of monolithic intermetallics and intermetallic matrix composites. A notable development has been the fabrication of homogeneous high density compacts from elemental powders by reactive sintering. A variant process involving simulataneous pressurization in a hot isostatic press, termed reactive hot isostatic pressing, is applicable to those compounds that prove difficult to consolidate by pressureless reactive sintering. This paper describes the effects of various processing factors on fabrication of compounds including Ni 3 Al, NiAl, TaAl 3 , MoSi 2 and their composites. A key concern is with processing effects on microstructure, selection of compatible ceramic reinforcing phases, and whisker alignment through injection molding.
The Occurrence of Crooked Keels Among Inbred Lines of White Leghorns

Abstract THIS study was prompted by the prevalence of crooked keels among the different inbred lines of adult chickens maintained at this Laboratory. An initial examination of the birds in the different lines during 1947 indicated that the crooked keel condition appeared more frequently in some lines than in others. Further, an examination of young chickens showed that the cartilage of the sternal crest was decidedly crooked even in chicks only eight days of age. Therefore, during 1948, a critical examination of the keels of all chickens in all lines was made at 30 days of age and again at 180 days of age. Probably the most exhaustive study of the crooked keel condition was conducted by Warren (1937). He reported that, in most instances, birds developing crooked keels will do so before maturity, or at about six months of age. Males showed both a slightly higher incidence of crooked keels . . .
Primary cardiac gastrinoma causing Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Primary cardiac tumors are rare, and there are no reports of patients with a functional gastroenteropancreatic tumor syndrome caused by such a tumor. This case report describes a patient with a cardiac gastrinoma causing Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Evidence is presented that this tumor represents a primary cardiac tumor. The exact identification of this gastrinoma in an extra-abdominal site was facilitated by the use of [111In-DTPA-DPhe1]octreotide scanning for somatostatin receptors, which these tumors characteristically possess in high numbers. The recent availability of this novel localization method may facilitate identification of extra-abdominal sites in an increasing proportion of patients with gastrinomas and related neuroendocrine functional tumors in which no intra-abdominal primary tumor is currently found.
Examining Late-Life Functional Limitation Trajectories and Their Associations With Underlying Onset, Recovery, and Mortality

Objectives Identify common trajectories of physical functional limitation and mortality among Taiwanese 50 and older as they age, link these to underlying transitions in onset, recovery, and mortality, and assess associations between trajectories and a set of risk factors. Method Longitudinal data from 4 waves of the Survey of Health and Living Status of the Middle-Aged and Elderly in Taiwan, collected between 1996 and 2007, are analyzed using a summary measure indicating difficulty with one or more of 7 physical functions. A group-based trajectory model identifies common trajectories. Shorter term transition probabilities that underlie multiperiod trajectories are examined. Multinomial regression associates risk factors with trajectory group membership. Results Best fitting the data is a model with 3 groups characterized as early, mid, and late onset of limitation. Roughly half the population follows the trajectory of mid onset and a quarter each of the other 2. Females and those least educated are most likely to belong to the early-onset group. Discussion The analysis advances understanding of late-life functioning by focusing on the heterogeneity of functional limitation experience, appropriately accounting for the relation between functional limitation and mortality and linking long-term patterns with short-term changes in functional limitation.
Arthroscopic biologic total shoulder resurfacing—Are you kidding?

Abstract The treatment of large, bipolar osteochondral lesions of the glenohumeral joint in young, active patients is challenging. When conservative treatment fails to provide acceptable results, restorative and reconstructive options are often considered. Despite its success in relieving pain and restoring function, total shoulder arthroplasty has significant drawbacks for young patients. One surgical option is an all-arthroscopic osteochondral total shoulder resurfacing using fresh osteochondral allografts. By using an arthroscopic approach, damage to surrounding structures, including the subscapularis, is minimized, resulting in decreased morbidity and rehabilitation required after surgery when compared to standard total shoulder arthroplasty.
Flutter Prediction of a Transonic Fan With Travelling Wave Using Fully Coupled Fluid/Structure Interaction

This paper uses a fully coupled fluid/structure interaction (FSI) to investigate the flutter mechanism of a modern transonic fan rotor with a forward travelling wave. To induce an initial travelling wave for the blade structure, an initial BC that can facilitate each blade to vibrate with a time lag by a given nodal diameter (ND) is implemented. Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations are solved with a system of structure modal equations in a fully coupled manner. The 5th order WENO scheme with a low diffusion E-CUSP Riemann solver is used for the inviscid fluxes and a 2nd order central differencing is used for the viscous terms. A half annulus sector is used for the flutter simulations with a time shifted phase lag boundary condition at the circumferential boundaries. The present FSI simulations show that the shock instability causes the flutter. When the detached normal shock moves further upstream in a direction normal to the blade chord, the interaction of the detached normal shock with tip leakage vortex creates more serious blockage to the blade passage that can introduce an aerodynamic instability to the blade structure due to the incomingflow disturbance, resulting influtter. Theflutter of the transonic fan observed in this study occurs at the 1st mode before the stall. The predicted flutter boundary agrees well with the experiment.
Atenolol in children with supraventricular tachycardia

Abstract Supraventricular tachycardia is the most common rhythm disturbance requiring treatment in children. Beta blockade is of value in the treatment of many of these children. Despite the introduction of longer-acting and more cardioselective β blockers, propranolol continues to be the most widely used β-blocking agent in pediatric patients. Atenolol, a cardioselective β-blocking agent, is commonly used in the adult population. The relative lack of significant side effects in adults and the advantage of once-daily dosing increase the appeal for its use in children. The use of atenolol in children with supraventricular tachycardia, however, has not been previously described. We retrospectively evaluated the use of oral atenolol as a single agent in the long-term treatment of children and adolescents with supraventricular tachycardia, with particular emphasis on tachycardia suppression, effective dosage range and incidence of significant adverse effects.
Differential tree mortality in response to severe drought: evidence for long‐term vegetation shifts

Summary 1 Although drought frequency and severity are predicted to increase across numerous continental interiors, the consequences of these changes for dominant plants are largely unknown. Over the last decade, the south-western US has experienced six drought years, including the extreme droughts of 1996 and 2002, which led to widespread tree mortality across northern Arizona. 2 We examined the impact of these droughts on the co-dominant tree species of the pinyon‐juniper woodland ( Pinus edulis and Juniperus monosperma ), a major vegetation type in the US. 3 Pinyon mortality following both droughts was 6.5-fold higher than juniper mortality. In addition, large pinyons suffered 2‐6-fold greater mortality than small pinyons, a pattern associated with higher mortality of reproductively mature trees and survival of smaller pinyons resulting from facilitation by established vegetation. Differential mortality of large pinyons resulted in a vegetation shift such that the pinyon‐juniper woodlands are becoming dominated by juniper, a species that is typical of lower elevations and more arid conditions. 4 Sites that experienced high pinyon mortality during the first drought suffered additional mortality during the second drought, so that reductions in tree densities and the resulting release from below-ground competition did not buffer surviving pinyons against additional mortality during the second drought. Such repeated mortality events also suggest that these stands may suffer chronic stress. 5 Reductions in biotic associations (e.g. avian seed dispersers, ectomycorrhizas and nurse plants) that will probably result from extreme mortality of large pinyons ensure that the observed vegetation shifts will be persistent. Because approximately 1000 species are associated with pinyon pine, the shift in the structure of these woodlands has large-scale community consequences.
The Evolution and Validity of Health-Related Fitness

This paper traces the evolution fitness testing from an athletic emphasis to one with a public health focus and examines the forces that brought about the change in an environment that was not totally receptive. An atmosphere for change was created during this era with the development of exercise physiology, exercise epidemiology, and measurement. The publication of a position paper of physical fitness by exercise scientists and the publication of state health-related fitness tests in the 1970s increased the pressure for change. Contemporary public health research clearly documents the positive role of physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition on health outcomes. During this era, exercise scientists developed valid laboratory and field tests of cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition that have become the standards of practice. Public health researchers have been able to provide valid fitness standards for health promotion. These validate the health-related approach.
Hands-On Process Control Experiences: A Curriculum Integration Experiment

Hands-on, design-oriented experiences, realistically connected to future careers, may be used to increase engineering graduation rates. This content has been shown to both enhance the educational experience and increase student retention rates. While relevant topics may be found in each engineering discipline, relatively few demonstrate multidisciplinary appeal and a realistic future career connection. At the University of Texas at Tyler, with support from the National Science Foundation, a process control systems theme propagates through each academic level. The theme is relevant to many disciplines including agricultural, chemical, electrical, mechanical, and petroleum engineering. A proof of concept system, consisting of hardware components, associated hands-on activities and computer-based accessories will be described. Although not completely seamless, the integration of the theme into an existing mechanical engineering curriculum will be presented, along with survey data collected from participating students. Lessons learned are included, along with a description of a CD-based resource guide.