cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The measurement of hematocrit of blood flowing in glass capillaries by microphotometry

Abstract This investigation was aimed at the development of a photometric system capable of measuring hematocrit in glass capillary tubes (37 to 116 μm i.d.). Such an in vitro study would provide the calibration needed for in vivo measurements of microvascular hematocrit in arterioles and venules where the red blood cells are not discernible. In the experimental setup, a tube was positioned on the stage of a transmission light microscope. The magnified image of the tube was cast on a viewing screen. By aligning a fiber optic with the image, the transmitted light was directed to a photomultiplier module and the response was recorded. The optical density was calculated from the ratio of light intensity for a given hematocrit and that for the plasma filled tube. With the aid of a parametric analysis, a series of preliminary experiments demonstrated that the flow rate, the input level of the light intensity, oxygen saturation, and hemoglobin content had a minimal effect on the optical density for the four sizes of capillary used. (The effect of flow rate is not negligible for tubes larger than 190 μm.) The unfiltered light and the 405 and 560 μm monochromatic light were used as the transmission light. It was found that the unfiltered light was most convenient to use and provide the best resolution at high hematocrit. Since the measured optical density is shown to be the same for 450 and 560 μm monochromatic light and the hemoglobin absorption at the former wavelength is about 10 times that of the latter, the light loss through the capillary tube is primarily due to light scattering by the red blood cells. The important independent quantities which determined the optical density were the tube hematocrit and the ratio of tube diameter to erythrocyte diameter. For each tube size, a curve-relating optical density to tube hematocrit was presented. Although the curve was similar to one-half of a parabola, sufficient resolution was obtained for the measurement of an unknown hematocrit in the physiological range.
Computed Structures of [001] Symmetrical Tilt Boundaries in Covalently Bonded Materials

The dependence of the structure of (210) and (310) symmetrical [001] tilt boundaries in silicon, germanium and diamond on the Keating covalent force field (potential) has been investigated by computer modelling. We have found that the sensitivity of grain boundary structure to variations of the Keating potential depends on the local atomic arrangement at the grain boundary.
Redox evolution and mass transfer during serpentinization : An experimental and theoretical study at 200 °C, 500 bar with implications for ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems at Mid-Ocean Ridges

Abstract Highly reducing and high-pH vent fluids characterize moderately low temperature ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems, such as the recently discovered Lost City hydrothermal field at 30°N Mid-Atlantic Ridge Ridge (MAR). To better understand the role of mineral reaction rates on changes in fluid chemistry and mineralization processes in these and similar systems, we conducted an experimental study involving seawater and peridotite at 200 °C, 500 bar. Time series changes in fluid chemistry were monitored and compared with analogous data predicted using experimental and theoretical data for mineral dissolution rates. Although there was qualitative agreement between predicted and measured changes in the chemical evolution of the fluid for some species, the rate and magnitude of increase in pH, dissolved chloride and H2 did not agree well with predictions based on theoretical modeling results. Experimental data indicate that dissolved H2 abruptly and intermittently increased, reaching a value only approximately 20% of that predicted assuming magnetite as the primary Fe-bearing alteration phase. The distribution and valence of Fe in primary and secondary minerals reveal that the most abundant secondary mineral, serpentine, contained significant amounts of both ferric and ferrous Fe, with the less abundant brucite, also being Fe-rich (XFe = 0.3). Surprisingly, magnetite was present in only trace amounts, indicating that H2 generation was largely accommodated by the formation of Fe–chrysotile. Accordingly, the diversity of Fe-bearing secondary minerals together with rates of serpentinization less than theoretically predicted, account best for the relatively low dissolved H2 concentrations produced. Thus, the experimental data can be used to obtain provisional estimates of thermodynamic data for Fe-bearing minerals, enhancing the application of reaction path models depicting mass transfer processes during serpentinization at mid-ocean ridges. Similarly, the observed differences between theoretically predicted and experimentally measured pH values result from constraints imposed by complex patterns of mass transfer inherent to the experimental system. In particular, the experimental observation of a late stage increase in Na/Cl ratio likely results from the dissolution of a Na2O component of clinopyroxene, which causes pH to increase sufficiently to induce precipitation of a Ca-bearing phase, perhaps portlandite. As with the redox variability observed during the experiment, this event could not be predicted, underscoring the need to use caution when modeling alteration processes in the chemically complex ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems at elevated temperatures and pressures.
The long-term effects of poor childhood health: an assessment and application of retrospective reports.

This study assesses retrospective childhood health reports and examines childhood health as a predictor of adult health. The results suggest that such reports are of reasonable reliability as to warrant their judicious use in population research. They also demonstrate a large positive relationship between childhood and adult health. Compared with excellent, very good, or good childhood health, poor childhood health is associated with more than three times greater odds of having poor adult self-rated health and twice the risk of a work-limiting disability or a chronic health condition. These associations are independent of childhood and current socioeconomic position and healthrelated risk behaviors.
Relationship between hand-eye dominance and lateral errors in free-throw shooting.

116 Ss took a total of 50 free throws, with 10 shots on each of 5 days. Eye dominance was determined by the “hole-in-card test;” handedness by the preferred hand for performing basketball skills. N...
Colonial Dreaming: Textbooks in the Mythology of “Primitive Accumulation”

We have seen how the mental Powers of man [sic] are influenced by heredity, [by] the state of mind of the parents at the time of conception, [by] any strong impression received by the mother dur? ing pregnancy, [by] the way in which [he] is brought up in [his] childhood and [by] the education [he] receives in [his] boyhood; the conduct of [his] parents, the character of his friends, the state of society around him and his own power of thinking all these influence a man for life. Many of these influences... are out of human control and wisdom, but there are some [that depend on] the parents which... they... can regulate and some depending on the individual himself, laws and principles regarding which form the province of Education.1
Biochemical Properties of Pork and Their Relationship to Quality I. pH of Chilled, Aged and Cooked Muscle Tissuea,b

SUMMARY Values for pH were obtained from the chilled, aged, and cooked loin and ham muscles originating from 439 pork carcasses. Muscle pH was compared to a number of objective and subjective measurements related to the qualitative and quantitative values of pork products. Increased muscle acidity was associated with pale, soft tissues, which yielded higher percentages of expressible juice. Chilled-muscle pH was associated with the pH of aged and cooked muscles, and there was also a positive relationship between the pH values of different muscles within each carcass at any stage of comparison. Dark, dry, firm muscle tissue exhibiting a relatively high pH, shrank less during curing and cooking and was more juicy and tender than pale, soft watery muscle tissue of low pH. Regardless of muscle acidity, the curing process raised all palatability ratings to a comparable and acceptable level; therefore it was concluded that the primary importance of a higher pork muscle pH, especially for hams, is its association with less shrinkage during processing.
THE ATLANTIC SPECIES OF SOLIERIA (GIGARTINALES, RHODOPHYTA): THEIR MORPHOLOGY, DISTRIBUTION AND AFFINITIES1

Solieria chordalis (C. Agardh) J. Agardh and S. tenera (J. Agardh) Wynne et Taylor exhibit multiaxial growth from a cluster of four to eight obconical apical cells. A single periaxial cell is cut off from each axial cell and successive periaxial cells are rotated 120° in a zig-zag pattern along each axial filament. Periaxial cells produce branched, laterally diverging filaments which form the cortex. The medulla is composed of axial cells, elongate cells of lateral filaments, stretched interconnecting cells, and secondary rhizoids. The two species are nonprocarpic. Carpogonial branches are 3-celled, inwardly directed, with a reflexed trichogyne. The auxiliary cell together with associated darkly-staining inner cortical cells form an association, the auxiliary cell complex, that is recognizable prior to diploidization. A single, unbranched, non-septate connecting filament issues from the fertilized carpogonium and fuses with the inner, lateral side of an auxiliary cell. Production of an involucre from surrounding vegetative cells is stimulated and a gonimoblast initial is cut off toward the interior of the thallus which divides to form a compact cluster of gonimoblast cells. A fusion cell is produced through fusion of inner gonimoblast cells with the auxiliary cell that, in turn, fuses progressively with cells of the lateral file bearing the auxiliary cell. Mature cystocarps have terminal carposporangia cut off from gonimoblast cells at the periphery of the fusion cell and are surrounded by an involucre with a distinct ostiole. Tetrasporangia are cut off laterally from surface cortical cells which then cut off one or two additional derivatives toward the outside. A lectotype is designated for Solieria chordalis, but the lectotypification of S. tenera is questioned. We conclude that Solieria is closely related to Rhabdonia and place the Rhabdoniaceae in synonomy with the Solieriaceae.
Precipitation of PZT and PLZT Powders Using a Continuous Reactor

PZT and PLZT powders were prepared from nitrate and chloride precursors in a continuous constant volume precipitator. After precipitation, the powders were dried by a variety of methods, including: spray-drying, freeze-drying (in liquid nitrogen), and centrifugal freeze-drying. Spray-dried powders were found to have a spherical morphology, and to be solid. The particle size was in the micron range. Powders dried by nitrogen freeze-drying were characterized by an open morphology of agglomerated platelets. For centrifugally freeze-dried powders, particle size analyses were found to fit a population balance model, giving crystallite, cluster, and agglomerate population densities and growth rates.
Quantitative analysis of collagen from normal developing corneas and corneal scars.

We measured the relative solubility of collagen in acetic acid after pepsin digestion and tentatively identified the types of collagen present in corneas of rabbits of various ages and in corneal scar tissue, using hydro xyproline assays and polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analyses. More than 80% of the collagen in normal developing rabbit cornea was soluble after pepsin treatment; no more than 45% of that in two-week-old corneal scars was soluble. The predominant collagens in normal cornea and healing tissue were types I and AB. Type AB increased from 6% of the total collagen in fetal cornea to 11% in cornea from young adults. Collagen from two-week-old corneal wounds contained 16% type AB. Corneal type AB collagen was less soluble and more resistant to degradation by mammalian collagenase than was type I collagen. Unlike the normal cornea, in healing tissue the relative rate of synthesis of type I to type AB collagens did not correspond to their deposition. These results suggest a basic alteration in...
Partial trisomy of the long arm of human chromosome 1 as demonstrated by in situ hybridization with 5S ribosomal RNA

In a newborn boy with multiple malformations, a tandem duplication was detected at the distal end of the long arm of one human chromosome 1. The Giemsa bands, 1q31 to 1q43--44, were repeated serially. Since 5S rRNA genes are located at 1q42--43, in situ hybridization of 125I 5S rRNA with fixed chromosome preparations was used to confirm the chromosomal duplication. The infant exhibited numerous developmental and clinical abnormalities as might be expected with an abnormality of chromosome structure relating to a ribosome component.
Cytological observations of dissociated rat corpus luteum.

Cells from 15- to 20-day corpora lutea of the pregnant rat can be divided into two classes based on their size and the amount of lipid in the cells and each can be conveniently separated by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity through BSA gradients. One class, which we have designated as D-cells, is about 30 μm in diameter and has numerous lipid inclusions. The other class, referred to as I-cells, varies from about 18 to 25 μm in diameter, contains relatively few lipid droplets, and is more typically steroidogenic in its ultrastructural morphology. In culture the I-cells lose their lipid through an apocrine-like secretory process that results in the removal of most lipid from the cell. In contrast, the D-cell retains its distinct lipid inclusions. The data suggest that our observations are related to continuing cell differentiation during regression of the rat corpus luteum.
Universal discriminator for completely unknown optical qubits

We propose an experimental setup that is capable of unambiguously discriminating any pair of linearly independent single photon polarization qubits, about which we do not have any knowledge except that an extra pair of these unknown states are provided as the reference. This setup, which is constructed with optical controlled-NOT (CNOT) gates, weak cross Kerr nonlinearities, Bell state analyzers, and other linear optical elements, transforms the unknown triple photon input states to the corresponding single photon states to be deterministically processed by a linear optics circuit. The optimal discrimination of the unknown states is achieved by this setup.
Kinetic energy released in matter (KERMA)-factor determination by charged particle spectroscopy

Kerma-factor determination by charged-particle speciroscopyRobert C. HaightLos Alamos Nalional LaboratoryLos Alamos, NM 87545USAABSTRACTNeutron kerma factors can be determined by measuring the cross sections, angular distributions and charged-particleemission spectra from (n,z) reactions where z stands for the light charged particles, namely protons, deuterons, tritons, 3He,or a-particles, and combining these data with information on the heavy nudear recoils. This approach is compared withother approaches of determining kerma factors. Data are given near 14 MeV for materials from carbon to niobium.1. INTRODUCTIONKerma factors relate the incident neutron fluence to the amount of energy deposited by charged particles when neutronsare incident on a material. The acronym kerma stands for kinetic energy released in matter. This quantity is important inconsiderations of dose imparted by neutrons to biological materials and of neutron heating of any material, such as for fissionor fusion-reactor application.Kerma is defined1 as
Sex, Gender, Multidimensional Value Space, and Social Cultural Resistance—Afrocentrism

This article examines the applicability of the theory of multidimensional value space by Lynn A. Curtis and the theory of social cultural resistance—Afrocentrism by Daniel E. Georges-Abeyie for explaining so-called Black crime and Black juvenile delinquency in general and Black female crime and Black female juvenile delinquency in particular. It notes that the increase in so-called Black crime and Black juvenile delinquency in general and Black female crime and Black female juvenile delinquency in particular may be illusion, not fact. This article notes that perception, at times illusion, may have, and frequently does have, real outcomes, including criminal justice outcomes and delinquency outcomes. It notes that the so-called Black racial monolith is a fiction that race and ethnicity are distinct entities, as are sex and gender that the so-called Black racial monolith consists of distinct Black ethnic identities. The article notes that Black crime, female and male, and adult and juvenile delinquency may ...
Gaussian processes and universal parametric decorrelations of wavefunctions

Abstract Gaussian processes that depend on a parameter lead to universal parametric correlations of spectra and wavefunctions after an appropriate scaling of the parameter. The most general Gaussian process is described by the exponent η which characterizes the diffusive behavior of its energy levels. We discuss the scaling required for such processes and show that they lead to the same parametric correlators when considered as functions of (Δ x ) η 2 where x is the scaled parameter. Using simulations of Gaussian processes, we demonstrate this scaling and universality for the parametric decorrelation of the wavefunctions as measured by their overlap, and compute the respective distribution of that overlap.
From divots to swales: Hillslope sediment transport across divers length scales

[1] In soil-mantled steeplands, soil motions associated with creep, ravel, rain splash, soil slips, tree throw, and rodent activity are patchy and intermittent and involve widely varying travel distances. To describe the collective effect of these motions, we formulate a nonlocal expression for the soil flux. This probabilistic formulation involves upslope and downslope convolutions of land surface geometry to characterize motions in both directions, notably accommodating the bidirectional dispersal of material on gentle slopes as well as mostly downslope dispersal on steeper slopes, and it distinguishes between the mobilization of soil material and the effect of surface slope in giving a downslope bias to the dispersal of mobilized material. The formulation separates dispersal associated with intermittent surface motions from the slower bulk behavior associated with small-scale bioturbation and similar dilational processes operating mostly within the soil column. With a uniform rate of mobilization of soil material, the nearly parabolic form of a hillslope profile at steady state resembles a diffusive behavior. With a slope-dependent rate of mobilization, the steady state hillslope profile takes on a nonparabolic form where land surface elevation varies with downslope distance x as xa with a ∼ 3/2, consistent with field observations and where the flux increases nonlinearly with increasing slope. The convolution description of the soil flux, when substituted into a suitable expression of conservation, yields a nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation and can be mapped to discrete particle models of hillslope behavior and descriptions of soil-grain transport by rain splash as a stochastic advection-dispersion process.
Electrochemical printing: mass transfer effects

Electrochemical printing (EcP) is a maskless solid freeform microfabrication process capable of depositing metal and alloy patterns on macroscopically large conductive substrates. The maximum plating rate achievable with EcP is dictated by the mass transfer limiting current density (ilim). The dependence of ilim on the dimensionless fly-height (h/d), the nozzle Reynolds number (Re) and the Schmidt number (Sc) is well known for classical impinging jet systems that employ a well-supported electrolyte and electrodes of similar size to the impinging jet nozzle. Significant ion migration and a large cathode (relative to the nozzle) make EcP mass transfer unique when compared to a classical impinging jet electrode. In this paper, we report experimentally measured limiting currents between 2 and 25 A cm−2. The corresponding simulated limiting currents fall between 1 and 20 A cm−2, for 14 < Re < 290, 0.28 < h/d < 0.7 and Sc = 5507. Best fits of experiments and simulations show the limiting current depends on Re0.31±0.03 for experiments and on Re0.48±0.01 for simulations; both fall in the expected range of Re1/3 and Re1/2 for Sc 1. The fly-height dependence, however, is significantly stronger than a classical impinging jet electrode due to the role of ionic migration and the unique geometry. This work provides useful engineering tools to help implement EcP.
Geometric percolation thresholds of interpenetrating plates in three-dimensional space.

The geometric percolation thresholds for circular, elliptical, square, and triangular plates in the three-dimensional space are determined precisely by Monte Carlo simulations. These geometries represent oblate particles in the limit of zero thickness. The normalized percolation points, which are estimated by extrapolating the data to zero radius, are ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c}=0.961\text{ }4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000\text{ }5$, $0.864\text{ }7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000\text{ }6$, and $0.729\text{ }5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000\text{ }6$ for circles, squares, and equilateral triangles, respectively. These results show that the noncircular shapes and corner angles in the plate geometry tend to increase the interparticle connectivity and therefore reduce the percolation point. For elliptical plates, the percolation threshold is found to decrease moderately, when the aspect ratio $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ is between 1 and 1.5, but decrease rapidly for $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ greater than 1.5. For the binary dispersion of circular plates with two different radii, ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c}$ is consistently larger than that of equisized plates, with the maximum value located at around ${r}_{1}/{r}_{2}=0.5$.
Face recognition for web-scale datasets

With millions of users and billions of photos, web-scale face recognition is a challenging task that demands speed, accuracy, and scalability. Most current approaches do not address and do not scale well to Internet-sized scenarios such as tagging friends or finding celebrities. Focusing on web-scale face identification, we gather an 800,000 face dataset from the Facebook social network that models real-world situations where specific faces must be recognized and unknown identities rejected. We propose a novel Linearly Approximated Sparse Representation-based Classification (LASRC) algorithm that uses linear regression to perform sample selection for @?^1-minimization, thus harnessing the speed of least-squares and the robustness of sparse solutions such as SRC. Our efficient LASRC algorithm achieves comparable performance to SRC with a 100-250 times speedup and exhibits similar recall to SVMs with much faster training. Extensive tests demonstrate our proposed approach is competitive on pair-matching verification tasks and outperforms current state-of-the-art algorithms on open-universe identification in uncontrolled, web-scale scenarios.
Rodent DNA reassociation kinetics

The kinetics of reassociation of the nuclear DNA of eight rodents has been examined to determine the amount and repetition frequency of various DNA fractions. Each rodent had at least two distinct, repeated DNA fractions, one group repeated about 300 times and the other repeated about 50,000 times. As shown, the actual repetition frequencies and the amount of the various DNA fractions varied from one species to another. Genetic implications of these results are discussed.
The effect of adrenergic blockade on glucose-induced thermogenesis.

Abstract The effect of α, β, or combined sympathetic blockade on the increase in energy expenditure and concentrations of norepinephrine, glucose, and insulin following oral intake of 100 g of glucose was studied in lean subjects. Alpha blockade with intravenous (IV) phentolamine (n = 5) infusion increased oxygen consumption after glucose ingestion but no more than it increased the oxygen consumption when no glucose was given. Beta blockade with IV propranolol (n = 13) and combined α and β blockade (n = 6) did not affect basal metabolic rate or the increase in metabolic rate after glucose ingestion. Phentolamine or combined propranolol plus phentolamine administration markedly increased plasma norepinephrine concentrations. Basal glucose and insulin concentrations were not affected by any of the infused drugs. Glucose-stimulated insulin concentrations were unchanged by propranolol and combined blockade, whereas there was a trend (P = 0.07) toward an increased response to glucose during phentolamine administration. These data do not support a role for the sympathetic nervous system in the increase in metabolic rate following glucose ingestion. The increase in metabolic rate during phentolamine administration can be attributed to β adrenergic stimulation.
Spiral CT of musculoskeletal pathology: preliminary observations.

Spiral or helical computed tomography (CT) allows the rapid acquisition of volumes of CT data in a 24- to 32-s time frame. Rapid data acquisition is accompanied by the ability to reconstruct the images at any pre-determined interval (1–10 mm). This technique is optimal for studies requiring iodinated vascular contrast because it allows data acquisition during the peak contrast levels, optimizing lesion detection. The technique is also excellent for studies that need two and /or three-dimensional reconstruction as it decreases the chance of interscan motion. Spiral CT has significant potential for a wide range of musculoskeletal imaging applications including in musculoskeletal infection, soft tissue tumors, trauma, and in the oncologic patient.
An evaluation of a commercial Échelle spectrometer with intensified charge-coupled device detector for materials analysis by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy

Abstract In this work we evaluate the performance of a commercial Echelle spectrometer coupled with an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) detector for the analysis of solid samples by laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS) in air at atmospheric pressure. We compare results obtained in aluminum alloy samples with this system and with a ‘conventional’ Czerny-Turner spectrometer coupled to an intensified photodiode array (IPDA). We used both systems to generate calibration curves and to determine the detection limit of minor elements, such as Mg, Cu, Si, etc. Our results indicate that no significant differences in terms of analytical figures of merit exist between the Echelle/ICCD system and a conventional Czerny-Turner spectrometer with IPDA. Moreover, measurements of plasma temperature and electron density using the two assemblies give, in general, very similar results. In the second part of this work, we aim to present a critical view of the Echelle spectrometer for LIPS applications, by drawing up the balance sheet of the advantages and limitations of the apparatus. The limitations are either inherent to the dispersion method, or result from the dynamic range of the detector. Moreover, the minimum ICCD readout time does not allow a fast data acquisition rate. On the other hand, the Echelle spectrometer allows complete elemental analysis in a single shot, as spectral lines of major, minor and trace constituents, as well as plasma parameters, are measured simultaneously. This enables a real-time identification of unknown matrices and an improvement in the analytical precision by selecting several lines for the same element.
A Longitudinal Examination of the Academic Year and Summer Learning Rates of Full- and Half-Day Kindergartners

Literacy data collected over the course of 2 academic years were used to estimate the rate at which full- and half-day kindergartners acquired literacy skills during kindergarten, 1st grade, and the intervening summer. Application of piecewise growth models to the time series data obtained on a sample of students from a large Southwestern school district revealed that economically disadvantaged full-day kindergartners gained literacy skills at a relatively faster rate than their more economically advantaged half-day peers during the kindergarten year. The accelerated gain experienced by full-day kindergartners was sufficient to enable a reversal of the initial performance deficit observed upon entry to kindergarten. However, over the summer between kindergarten and 1st grade, a different pattern of development was observed. Full-day alumni experienced a literacy fallback, whereas their half-day peers maintained the literacy gains acquired during kindergarten, leading to a second performance reversal by th...
Chemistry and properties of imide oligomers end-capped with phenylethynylphthalic anhydrides

Abstract A series of phenylethynyl-terminated imide oligomers were prepared by the reaction of aromatic dianhydride(s) with a stoichiometric excess of aromatic diamine(s) at calculated number average molecular weights of 1500–9000 g mol−1 and end-capped with phenylethynylphthalic anhydrides in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. Unoriented thin films cured in flowing air to 350°C exhibited tensile strengths and moduli of 105.5–139.3 MPa and 2.8–3.2 GPa at 23°C, respectively, with good retention of properties at 177°C. Stressed film specimens exhibited excellent resistance to a variety of solvents after a 2 week exposure period at ambient temperature. One phenylethynyl-terminated imide oligomer was selected for more extensive evaluation and gave high fracture toughness, adhesive and composite properties. The chemistry, physical and mechanical properties of these materials are discussed.
SU-E-T-133: Dosimetric Impact of Scan Orientation Relative to Target Motion During Spot Scanning Proton Therapy

Purpose: This study seeks to evaluate the dosimetric effects of intra-fraction motion during spot scanning proton beam therapy as a function of beam-scan orientation and target motion amplitude. Method: Multiple 4DCT scans were collected of a dynamic anthropomorphic phantom mimicking respiration amplitudes of 0 (static), 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 cm. A spot-scanning treatment plan was developed on the maximum intensity projection image set, using an inverse-planning approach. Dynamic phantom motion was continuous throughout treatment plan delivery.The target nodule was designed to accommodate film and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD). Film and TLDs were uniquely labeled by location within the target. The phantom was localized on the treatment table using the clinically available orthogonal kV on-board imaging device. Film inserts provided data for dose uniformity; TLDs provided a 3% precision estimate of absolute dose. An inhouse script was developed to modify the delivery order of the beam spots, to orient the scanning direction parallel or perpendicular to target motion.TLD detector characterization and analysis was performed by the Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core group (IROC)-Houston. Film inserts, exhibiting a spatial resolution of 1mm, were analyzed to determine dose homogeneity within the radiation target. Results: Parallel scanning and target motions exhibited reduced target dose heterogeneity, relative to perpendicular scanning orientation. The average percent deviation in absolute dose for the motion deliveries relative to the static delivery was 4.9±1.1% for parallel scanning, and 11.7±3.5% (p<<0.05) for perpendicularly oriented scanning. Individual delivery dose deviations were not necessarily correlated to amplitude of motion for either scan orientation. Conclusions: Results demonstrate a quantifiable difference in dose heterogeneity as a function of scan orientation, more so than target amplitude. Comparison to the analyzed planar dose of a single field hint that multiple-field delivery alters intra-fraction beam-target motion synchronization and may mitigate heterogeneity, though further study is warranted.
On the role of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in steroid production by bovine cortical cells

Abstract The time course of corticotropin-induced steroidogenesis and changes in intracellular cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels were investigated in isolated bovine adrenocortical cells prepared by trypsin digestion. Corticotropin produced a pea a peak rise in cyclic AMP during the first 5 min of stimulation and enhanced steroid production after 15 min. Corticotropin also caused a decrease in cortical cyclic GMP at 5 min; this decrease in cyclic GMP reverted to a 2–3 fold increase at 15–30 min which gradually subsided by 60 min. A steroidogenic concentration of prostaglandin E2 also produced an elevation in the levels of both nucleotides, but the rise in cyclic GMP preceded the rise incyclic AMP. These results suggest that the relative amount of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, rather than the absolute levels of cyclic AMP, may be a key factor in the regulation of steroidogenesis.
Dissociation of Hyperglycemia from Altered Vascular Contraction and Relaxation Mechanisms in Caveolin-1 Null Mice

Hyperglycemia and endothelial dysfunction are associated with hypertension, but the specific causality and genetic underpinning are unclear. Caveolin-1 (cav-1) is a plasmalemmal anchoring protein and modulator of vascular function and glucose homeostasis. Cav-1 gene variants are associated with reduced insulin sensitivity in hypertensive individuals, and cav-1−/− mice show endothelial dysfunction, hyperglycemia, and increased blood pressure (BP). On the other hand, insulin-sensitizing therapy with metformin may inadequately control hyperglycemia while affecting the vascular outcome in certain patients with diabetes. To test whether the pressor and vascular changes in cav-1 deficiency states are related to hyperglycemia and to assess the vascular mechanisms of metformin under these conditions, wild-type (WT) and cav-1−/− mice were treated with either placebo or metformin (400 mg/kg daily for 21 days). BP and fasting blood glucose were in cav-1−/− > WT and did not change with metformin. Phenylephrine (Phe)- and KCl-induced aortic contraction was in cav-1−/− WT, abolished by endothelium removal, l-NAME or ODQ, and reduced with metformin. Nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside was more potent in inducing relaxation in cav-1−/− than in WT, and metformin reversed this effect. Aortic eNOS, AMPK, and sGC were in cav-1−/− > WT, and metformin decreased total and phosphorylated eNOS and AMPK in cav-1−/−. Thus, metformin inhibits both vascular contraction and NO-cGMP-dependent relaxation but does not affect BP or blood glucose in cav-1−/− mice, suggesting dissociation of hyperglycemia from altered vascular function in cav-1-deficiency states.
Toward a Definition of Mentoring

(1988). Toward a definition of mentoring. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 27, Mentoring Teachers, pp. 190-194.
A Review of the Adverse Effects of Peripheral Alpha-1 Antagonists in Hypertension Therapy.

Doxazosin and its role as an antihypertensive agent have come under recent scrutiny as a result of the early termination of that treatment arm in ALLHAT. It is unclear why the cardiovascular (CV) event rate in this randomized, controlled trial (RCT), especially heart failure, is higher in those treated with a doxazosin-based regimen than with a chlorthalidone based-regimen. There has been little work in the past to summarize information on peripheral alpha-1 antagonists that may be helpful in evaluating the results of this randomized controlled trial. Using Medline and the Cochrane databases, we performed a comprehensive review of the literature on the use of peripheral alpha-1 antagonists as antihypertensive agents, focusing on available information that could explain the excess cardiovascular events observed in the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Minimal data were available concerning the effects of peripheral alpha-1 antagonists on CV endpoints. A multitude of short-term studies-ranging from small observational studies to short-term moderate-sized RCTs – focused on safety, efficacy, and tolerability, and some studies investigated the physiologic effects of these agents. These previously reported studies reveal associations with weight gain, fluid retention, and neurohormonal changes among various populations of those treated with peripheral alpha-1 antagonists. These findings suggest several possible mechanisms by which doxazosin may be inferior to low-dose diuretics as antihypertensive therapy for the prevention of heart failure.
Operational experience with a free-electron laser driven by an rf photoinjector linac

For a number of years Los Alamos National Laboratory has been developing photocathode sources of high-brightness electron beams for FEL applications. The APEX FEL, which has been operational for over two years, was the first FEL to use a custom designed rf photoinjector as its electron source. The system consists of a 1.3 GHz, 6 MeV photoinjector with a multi-alkali photocathode illuminated by a frequency doubled Nd:YLF drive-laser, followed by three separately powered accelerating structures that give a final electron energy of 40-MeV. The FEL has operated as an oscillator with either a permanent magnet or pulsed electromagnetic wigglers. Originally the FEL was designed to operate at a wavelength near 3 micrometers , however the electron beam emittance and brightness are sufficient for harmonic lasing at much shorter wavelengths. We have demonstrated the tunability of the device from 0.37 to 11 micrometers .© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Exploring the influence of gender on adolescents' service needs and service pathways

Abstract This study explores gender differences in the pathways to services among adolescents. Using a sample of 2482 youth aged 12 to 17 and the Adolescent Information Form (AIF), the characteristics of youth, sources of referral, service history, and contributing factors for referral were explored. Descriptive analyses revealed significant differences in the source of service referral, reasons for referral, and prior service use between male and female. Girls were more likely to be referred by school personnel and private practitioners for family issues, depression, and mental health issues. In contrast, boys were more likely to be referred by the courts and probation for mostly problem behaviors and delinquency. These findings have important implications for services and policies impacting youth. Developing or improving gender specific assessment and intervention strategies can help close the gender divide that may block or misdirect youth from needed services.
Parametrization of stable systems from impulse response data

The paper addresses the problem of identifying the class of all stable system transfer functions that interpolate the given partial impulse response sequence. In this context, classical Pade approximations that are also stable, are shown to be a special case of this general formulation. The theory developed in this connection is utilized to obtain a new criterion for determining the model order and system parameters for rational systems, and, further, to generate nonminimum phase optimal stable rational approximations of nonrational systems from their impulse response sequences. >
Richardson's number in the free atmosphere

From an example of high-resolution FPS-16 wind measurements in the free atmosphere it is shown that Richardson's number is strongly dependent on the scale of the layer over which it is measured. This may be one of the reasons for the discrepant results obtained by various authors in correlating the occurrence of clear-air turbulence with this number.
Desiccated thyroid extract compared with levothyroxine in the treatment of hypothyroidism: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study

Context: Patients previously treated with desiccated thyroid extract (DTE), when being switched to levothyroxine (l-T4), occasionally did not feel as well despite adequate dosing based on serum TSH levels. Objective: Our objective was to investigate the effectiveness of DTE compared with l-T4 in hypothyroid patients. Design and Setting: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, crossover study at a tertiary care center. Patients: Patients (n = 70, age 18–65 years) diagnosed with primary hypothyroidism on a stable dose of l-T4 for 6 months were included in the study. Intervention: Patients were randomized to either DTE or l-T4 for 16 weeks and then crossed over for the same duration. Outcome Measures: Biochemical and neurocognitive tests at baseline and at the end of each treatment period were evaluated. Results: There were no differences in symptoms and neurocognitive measurements between the 2 therapies. Patients lost 3 lb on DTE treatment (172.9 ± 36.4 lb vs 175.7 ± 37.7 lb, P < .001). At the end of the ...
Deep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered: Devall and Sessions on Defending the Earth

The theory of deep ecology has had a profound effect on many environmental political movements over the past generation. While this notion was first advanced by Arne Naess in Western Europe, deep ecology found its broadest and most influential popularization, especially in North America, in the work of Bill Devall and George Sessions. Their 1985 work, Deep Ecology: Living as if Nature Mattered, outlines their vision of deep ecology, and it is an important source for anyone interested in the ethics and politics of deep ecology.
Crystal structure of the Apo, unactivated insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor kinase. Implication for inhibitor specificity.

Abstract The x-ray structure of the unactivated kinase domain of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGFRK-0P) is reported here at 2.7 A resolution. IGFRK-0P is composed of two lobes connected by a hinge region. The N-terminal lobe of the kinase is a twisted β-sheet flanked by a single helix, and the C-terminal lobe comprises eight α-helices and four short β-strands. The ATP binding pocket and the catalytic center reside at the interface of the two lobes. Despite the overall similarity to other receptor tyrosine kinases, three notable conformational modifications are observed: 1) this kinase adopts a more closed structure, with its two lobes rotated further toward each other; 2) the conformation of the proximal end of the activation loop (residues 1121–1129) is different; 3) the orientation of the nucleotide-binding loop is altered. Collectively, these alterations lead to a different ATP-binding pocket that might impact on inhibitor designs for IGFRK-0P. Two molecules of IGFRK-0P are seen in the asymmetric unit; they are associated as a dimer with their ATP binding clefts facing each other. The ordered N terminus of one monomer approaches the active site of the other, suggesting that the juxtamembrane region of one molecule could come into close proximity to the active site of the other.
Origins and genetic structure of black bears in the Interior Highlands of North America

Although black bears (Ursus americanus) were believed to be extirpated from the Interior Highlands of North America by the early 1900s, populations have recently recovered, aided in part by reintroductions in Arkansas. Today black bears can be found in the Ozark and Ouachita National Forests of northern and western Arkansas, the White River National Wildlife Refuge in eastern Arkansas, and the Ozark region of southern Missouri. Previous genetic studies have investigated the effects of translocating black bears from Minnesota and Manitoba, Canada, into the Ozark and Ouachita National Forests between 1958 and 1968, with differing results. We used nuclear microsatellite loci to infer the genetic structure of black bears across the Interior Highlands and to investigate the sources of bears found today in southern Missouri. Our results suggest that the Ozark population was strongly influenced by the reintroductions, whereas the Ouachita population was influenced to a lesser degree. Although the majority of bears in the Ozark region of Arkansas and Missouri represent a single genetic unit, bears in Webster County, Missouri, may represent a remnant of the historical population of the region. Our results confirm that the bear population in the White River National Wildlife Refuge is strongly differentiated genetically from other Arkansas populations and support previous reports that the Ouachita bear population may have resulted from an admixture of a remnant population and reintroduced bears.
Survival of F-Specific RNA Coliphage, Feline Calicivirus, and Escherichia coli in Water: a Comparative Study

The relationship between the survival of enteric viral pathogens and their indicators (coliform bacteria and coliphages) is not well understood. We compared the survival rates of feline calicivirus (FCV), Escherichia coli, and a male-specific RNA coliphage MS2 at 4, 25, and 37°C for up to 28 days in dechlorinated water. The survival rates of E. coli and FCV, a surrogate of noroviruses (NV), had a high degree of correlation at 4 and 25°C, while MS2 phage survived significantly longer (P < 0.05) at these two temperatures. At 37°C, the survival rates for all three organisms were highly correlated. Decimal reduction values indicating the number of days needed for 90% reduction in titer (D values) decreased for all three organisms as storage temperatures increased. FCV had the shortest D value among all three organisms at all temperatures investigated. These findings indicate that F-specific RNA phages may be useful indicators of NV in the environment.
Radio frequency radiation causes no nonthermal damage in enzymes and living cells

The ability of radio frequency radiation (RFR) to exert irreversible nonthermal (i.e., not caused by accompanying heat) effects on biologics has been widely debated due to a relative paucity of comprehensive critical details in published reports dealing with this issue. In this study, we used rigorous control over experimental conditions to determine whether continuous RFR nonthermally affects commercially important enzymes and live bacterial and human cells using three most commonly used frequencies in current RF identification technology, namely 2.45 GHz, 915 MHz, and 13.56 MHz. Diverse biological samples were exposed to RFR under deliberately harsh conditions to increase the likelihood of observing such effects should they exist. Enzymatic activities of horseradish peroxidase and β-galactosidase in aqueous solution exhibited no statistically discernable consequences of even very intense RFR. Likewise, with putative thermal effects excluded, the viabilities of bacteria (both gram-positive and gram-negative) and of human cells were not detectably compromised by such an RFR exposure. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Anticancer activities of cranberry phytochemicals: An update

Studies employing mainly in vitro tumor models show that extracts and compounds isolated from cranberry fruit (Vaccinium macrocarpon) inhibit the growth and proliferation of several types of tumor including breast, colon, prostate, and lung. Proanthocyanidin oligomers, flavonol and anthocyanin glycosides and triterpenoids are all likely contributors to the observed anticancer properties and may act in a complementary fashion to limit carcinogenesis. Possible chemopreventive mechanisms of action by cranberry phytochemicals include induction of apoptosis in tumor cells, reduced ornithine decarboxylase activity, decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinases associated with prostate tumor metastasis, and anti-inflammatory activities including inhibition of cyclooxygenases. A review of recent studies suggests a potential role for cranberry as a dietary chemopreventive and provides direction for future research.