cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of LRT and VOT values between stutterers and nonstutterers

Abstract The experiment reported here found no significant group differences in laryngeal reaction time (LRT) and voice onset time (VOT) values. Rank-order correlations between the stutterers' LRT and VOT values were also nonsignificant. A model of the LRT paradigm is presented that (1) allows for systematic assessment of factors possibly contributing to the failure to replicate the often reported LRT group difference, and (2) is useful in examining the relationship between the LRT experimental condition and normal speaking conditions. We argue that two factors were particularly critical to our results. First, simple reaction time procedures included (1) a warning signal that preceded a response signal by a variable 1–3-sec foreperiod, and (2) a single response. We argue that foreperiod durations exceeded the stutterers' speech posture time for a known response. Second, the stuttering severity rating of our experimental group was less severe than ratings in other experiments.
Stability and Control of an Atmospheric Tether with a Lifting Probe

This paper explores the stability and control of an atmospheric tether system that includes a lifting probe with a moveableattachment point.The dynamics of the system with the tether modeled as a rigid rod are linearized about equilibria for circular equatorial orbits. Examination of the eigenvalues of the linearized system shows that there is always at least one unstable mode that needs to be controlled. A linear control system that uses the attachment point motion and thrust at the orbiter as inputs is shown to be suitable for the conditions considered. The system is also controllable with any single control input.
Identification of a new uracil-DNA glycosylase family by expression cloning using synthetic inhibitors

Abstract Background: The cellular environment exposes DNA to a wide variety of endogenous and exogenous reactive species that can damage DNA, thereby leading to genetic mutations. DNA glycosylases protect the integrity of the genome by catalyzing the first step in the base excision–repair of lesions in DNA. Results: Here, we report a strategy to conduct genome-wide screening for expressed DNA glycosylases, based on their ability to bind to a library of four synthetic inhibitors that target the enzyme's active site. These inhibitors, used in conjunction with the in vitro expression cloning procedure, led to the identification of novel Xenopus and human proteins, xSMUG1 and hSMUG1, respectively, that efficiently excise uracil residues from DNA. Despite a lack of statistically significant overall sequence similarity to the two established classes of uracil-DNA glycosylases, the SMUG1 enzymes contain motifs that are hallmarks of a shared active-site structure and overall protein architecture. The unusual preference of SMUG1 for single-stranded rather than double-stranded DNA suggests a unique biological function in ridding the genome of uracil residues, which are potent endogenous mutagens. Conclusions: The ‘proteomics' approach described here has led to the isolation of a new family of uracil-DNA glycosylases. The three classes of uracil-excising enzymes (SMUG1 being the most recently discovered) represent a striking example of structural and functional conservation in the almost complete absence of sequence conservation.
Land value functions: A reevaluation

In this paper we investigate the spatial patterns of land values in the city of Chicago in 1960 and 1970. It is found that the relationship between the natural logarithm of land value and distance to the central business district (CBD) can best be described by a polynomial of the fourth degree. This functional form implies that, over a range of about 4 to 10 miles, land value increases with distance to the CBD. This finding is consistent with several recent theoretical studies which focus on environmental and neighborhood effects and multicenter metropolitan areas, although the fourth-degree polynomial remained the best description of the land value—distance relationship after empirical attempts were made to take some of these effects into account.
A mathematical model for the receptor mediated cellular regulation of the low density lipoprotein metabolism.

A prototype mathematical model for Brown and Goldstein’s pioneering studies on the LDL receptor mediated pathway for the regulation of the cellular content of cholesterol has been developed in this paper. In order to analyze the essential features of this complex system quantitatively and still reflect the framework of the total system, six important processes are considered in the model. They are: (1A, B) the hydrolysis and synthesis of the LDL receptor; (2) the binding of LDL to its receptors; (3) the hydrolysis of LDL; (4) the storage of cholesteryl esters; (5) the regulation of de novo synthesis of cholesterol; and (6) the efflux of free cholesterol to the external medium. All these processes form a system to let the cells take up enough cholesterol from the external medium for their utilization and yet avoid the excessive accumulation of the lipid within the cells. The validity of the model is tested by showing that it can predict many of experimental curves obtained for human fibroblasts in tissue culture studies. The main purpose of the model is to determine how the free cholesterol level in the cell is related to the external LDL concentration and the regulatory capacity of the cells to adapt to a changing LDL environment. In addition, the model reveals an important behavior of SMC, i.e., for a slowly increasing LDL concentration in the extracellular medium, the rate of intracellular degradation of LDL will first increase and then become saturated. It is proposed based on these results that the saturation of LDL degradation by SMCs and the subsequent increase in subendothelial LDL levels in regions of high macromolecular permeability might play a vital role in the formation of the early foam cell lesion.
Correlation of Serum TNF-α Levels and Histologic Liver Injury Scores in Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

We tested the power of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and/or leptin in predicting the degree of liver involvement in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We measured serum levels of TNF-α and leptin and computed NAFLD activity score (NAS) (NAS α 5, diagnostic of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH]) in 72 consecutive biopsy-proven NAFLD cases (training and validation sets, 36 cases each). Univariate analysis evaluated variables significantly associated with a diagnostic NAS. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis assessed the diagnostic value of selected variables in predicting a NAS of 5 or more. TNF-α ( P < .0001), leptin ( P = .001); triglycerides ( P = .013), and alkaline phosphatase ( P = .046) levels were significantly associated with a NAS of 5 or more. TNF-α and leptin levels predicted the risk of NAS of 5 or more. ROC analyses defined cutoff values for TNF-α , leptin, and risk score. They identified 90%, 83%, and 83% of the cases, respectively, with a NAS of 5 or more (true-positive cases) from the validation set. TNF-α alone or combined with leptin in a simple risk score can accurately predict a NAS of 5 or more. TNF-α seems to be a specific laboratory marker of NASH.
Microarray cluster analysis of irradiated growth plate zones following laser microdissection.

Purpose Genes and pathways involved in early growth plate chondrocyte recovery after fractionated irradiation were sought as potential targets for selective radiorecovery modulation. Materials and Methods Three groups of six 5-week male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent fractionated irradiation to the right tibiae over 5 days, totaling 17.5 Gy, and then were killed at 7, 11, and 16 days after the first radiotherapy fraction. The growth plates were collected from the proximal tibiae bilaterally and subsequently underwent laser microdissection to separate reserve, perichondral, proliferative, and hypertrophic zones. Differential gene expression was analyzed between irradiated right and nonirradiated left tibia using RAE230 2.0 GeneChip microarray, compared between zones and time points and subjected to functional pathway cluster analysis with real-time polymerase chain reaction to confirm selected results. Results Each zone had a number of pathways showing enrichment after the pattern of hypothesized importance to growth plate recovery, yet few met the strictest criteria. The proliferative and hypertrophic zones showed both the greatest number of genes with a 10-fold right/left change at 7 days after initiation of irradiation and enrichment of the most functional pathways involved in bone, cartilage, matrix, or skeletal development. Six genes confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction to have early upregulation included insulin-like growth factor 2, procollagen type I alpha 2, matrix metallopeptidase 9, parathyroid hormone receptor 1, fibromodulin, and aggrecan 1. Conclusions Nine overlapping pathways in the proliferative and hypertrophic zones (skeletal development, ossification, bone remodeling, cartilage development, extracellular matrix structural constituent, proteinaceous extracellular matrix, collagen, extracellular matrix, and extracellular matrix part) may play key roles in early growth plate radiorecovery.
Chemoreflex control of ventilation is altered during wakefulness in humans with OSA.

Abstract We hypothesized that patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have a different awake ventilatory response to carbon dioxide above and below eupnea compared with normal. Eight male subjects with OSA and control subjects matched for gender, race, age, height and weight voluntarily hyperventilated during wakefulness to reduce the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PETCO2) below 25 mmHg. Subjects were then switched into a rebreathing bag containing a normocapnic (42 mmHg) hypoxic {partial pressure of end tidal oxygen (PETO2)=50 mmHg (H50)} or hyperoxic {PETO2=140 mmHg (H140)} gas mixture. During the trial PETCO2 increased while PETO2 was maintained at a constant level. The point at which ventilation and PETCO2 increased linearly was considered to be the carbon dioxide ventilatory recruitment threshold (VRTCO2). Measurements of ventilation and its components (i.e. tidal volume and breathing frequency) were made below this threshold and the slope of the minute ventilation; tidal volume or breathing frequency response above the threshold was determined. Four trials for a given oxygen level were completed. The PETCO2 that demarcated the VRTCO2 was increased (H50=43.43±0.92 vs. 41.05±0.67; H140=47.65±0.80 vs. 45.28±0.75), as were measures of ventilation below the threshold (H50=18.50±2.11 vs. 13.44±1.43; H140=19.66±2.71 vs. 10.83±1.24) in the OSA subjects compared with control. In contrast the OSA and control subjects did not respond differently to changes in PETCO2 above the threshold. We conclude that the PETCO2 that delineates the VRTCO2 and ventilation below this threshold is elevated in subjects with OSA.
How coinvention shapes our market

Users actually do much of the inventing in the computer market. They invent for a simple reason. Rarely is a new technology useful immediately after purchase. It needs customizing, reshaping, and improving. Users change things after trying them out for a while. Users do a lot of "coinventing," as colleague Tim Bresnahan and I have termed it. Coinvention makes technology useful. It is impossible to understand the computing market without appreciating why and how users coinvent. The costs of coinventive activity can be substantial and can easily swamp the initial outlay for the technology. More to the point, Bresnahan and I believe that coinvention is the key to understanding the diffusion of client-server systems. In particular, we examined this diffusion to large-scale users. Why did some buyers act boldly and others cautiously? Why did some experiment early and others late? Our answer is all wrapped up with coinvention. We studied establishments from 1988 to 1994. A summary of the results of this survey is presented.
The role of mesoscopic PCBM crystallites in solvent vapor annealed copolymer solar cells.

Solution processable methanofullerene-based solar cells are the most widely studied class of organic photovoltaics (OPVs). The evolution of the electronic properties with solvent vapor annealing (SVA) in polyfluorene-copolymer and [6,6]phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blended OPVs is studied using various scanning probe techniques: light beam induced current spectroscopy (LBIC), conductive atomic force microscopy (c-AFM), and photoconductive AFM (pc-AFM). We demonstrate that SVA improves the power conversion efficiency by 40% while forming mesoscopic PCBM crystallites and a ∼3 nm copolymer-rich overlayer at the cathode interface. We find that the large crystallites created during annealing do not directly improve the local performance of the device, but instead attribute the performance improvement to the ripened blend morphology and an increase in the hole mobility of the copolymer in comparison to the unannealed blend. The PCBM-rich aggregates act as a sink for excess PCBM, although excess PC...
Dead Monks and Bad Debts: Some Provisions of a Buddhist Monastic Inheritance Law

Etude des regles concernant l'heritage dans les monasteres bouddhistes et, plus generalement, des relations economiques permises aux moines par la litterature des Vinaya.
Gender differences in performance on tests of cognitive abilities: Experimental design issues and empirical results

Abstract Experimental design variables take on particular importance when inferences are made about gender differences in cognitive abilities, especially when conclusions are derived from standardized tests administered to very large samples. Problems in the representativeness of the samples of subjects and test items, in test reliability and factor purity, in the interpretation of effect sizes, and heterogeneity of variance can inadvertently bias conclusions drawn from scores of females and males on psychometric tests. Empirical research in this highly politicized area is reviewed with an emphasis on those factors that could cause gender-related differences to be over- or underestimated.
Field-effects in polycrystalline-silicon films

Abstract The effect of a normal electric field applied near the surface of a chemically deposited, polycrystalline-silicon film has been studied. Since such polycrystalline films generally contain large numbers of deep donor and acceptor defect levels within the forbidden gap, an analysis of the effect of these deep defect levels has been performed. This analysis shows that deep donors increase the magnitude of the threshold voltage of a p -channel MOS transistor constructed with the conducting channel in the polycrystalline-silicon film, while deep acceptors have the opposite effect. The effects partially cancel when both types of defects are present. Experimental investigation of threshold voltages of p channel MOS transistors constructed in doped films indicates that the magnitude of the threshold voltage is increased by defect levels for both n - and p -type films. The effect is generally greates for films with minimum dopant concentration, in agreement with the expected behavior. Field-effect mobilities of approximately 30 cm 2 /V-sec are observed for most films. Films deposited at various temperatures over the range 650–1100°C with no intentional doping show that the magnitude of the threshold voltage generally decreases with increasing deposition temperature.
Nonparametric tests for random effects in the balanced incomplete block design

We study the statistical testing of random effects in the balanced incomplete block design by using the locally most powerful (LMP) rank test and some assumptions. The test criterion in logistic case has a linear relationship with the statistic derived by Durbin (Br. J. Psychol. Statist. Sec. IV (II) (1951) 85) for testing no means/medians differences among treatments. For more details of deriving LMP rank tests for random effects in randomized block designs, the reader is referred to Nugroho and Govindarajulu (Indian J. Math. 41 (1) (1999) 55).
Regulation of limbic status epilepticus by hippocampal galanin type 1 and type 2 receptors

It has been well established that galanin is a potent endogenous anticonvulsant peptide. However, the role of galanin receptor subtypes in mediating anticonvulsant effects of the peptide is poorly understood. Using pharmacological, transgenic and antisense approaches, we examined the involvement of galanin receptors GalR1 and GalR2 in regulating seizures and associated neuronal degenerative changes. In the rat model of status epilepticus (SE) induced by electrical stimulation of perforant path, in vivo uncoupling of G protein coupled receptors (GPCR) through intrahippocampal administration of pertussis toxin (PTX) facilitated the initiation of SE, and increased the severity of the established SE. Injection of a non-selective GalR1/GalR2 agonist galanin (1-29) and a preferential GalR2 agonist galanin (2-11) into the hippocampus of PTX-pretreated rats revealed that while during early phase of SE galanin inhibited seizures predominantly through GalR1, GalR2 mediated anticonvulsant effects of the peptide during advanced stage of SE. GalR1 knockout mice showed increased severity of both pilocarpine- and perforant path stimulation -induced SE, compared to wild type (WT) littermates. In GalR1 knockout animals SE led to more severe and wider-spread hippocampal injury, than in WT. Focal downregulation of GalR2, which had been achieved in rats by intrahippocampal infusion of anti-GalR2 peptide nucleic acid (PNA) antisense, significantly increased the severity of perforant path stimulation- induced SE. Downregulation of GalR2 led to mild injury to hilar interneurons and potentiated seizure-induced hippocampal damage. In conclusion, both GalR1 and GalR2 mediate anticonvulsant effects of galanin. GalR1 and GalR2 exhibit differential effects on the initiation and the maintenance phases of SE. Activation of both galanin receptor subtypes exerts neuroprotective effects under conditions of excitotoxic injury.
Recruitment in the Hypertension Prevention Trial

Abstract The Hypertension Prevention Trial (HPT) was a randomized, controlled, multicenter (four clinics, four resource centers) trial designed to test the feasibility of achieving and sustaining dietary changes in the intake of calories, sodium, and potassium and to assess the effect of those changes on blood pressure in a normotensive population. The trial involved 841 men and women (plus a test cohort of 78) who, at the first baseline (BL) examination were in the age range of 25–49 years and had diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 76 but This chapter describes the process of recruiting participants for the trial. Methods used to identify and contact study participants are presented. Details of the steps involved in the recruitment process and strategies for reducing costs are discussed.
“World, Solitude, Finitude”: Derrida’s Final Seminar

AbstractIn his final seminar, The Beast and the Sovereign, vol. 2 (2002–2003), Jacques Derrida spends the entire year reading just two texts, Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe and Martin Heidegger’s Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics. This essay looks in detail at Derrida’s treatment of this latter and, in particular, at Derrida’s emphasis on the Heideggerian notion of Walten (as sovereign power or originary violence) in this work. The essay begins by considering several of Derrida’s prior engagements with Heidegger, especially in Of Spirit and the “Geschlecht” essays, and their analyses of such themes as Geist or spirit, sexual and species difference, violence, and ontotheology. The essay then develops the relationship between what Derrida considered to be the hyper-sovereignty of Walten and Derrida’s own notions of autoimmunity and differance, before concluding with the question of why Derrida would think it necessary to devote so much of his final seminar to this Heideggerian notion.
A Clinician's Guide to Research Article Titles.

(2000). A Clinician's Guide to Research Article Titles. Occupational Therapy In Health Care: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 63-69.
The clinical use of a tubular compression bandage, Tubigrip, for burn-scar therapy: A critical analysis

Control of burn-scar hypertrophy remains a priority in the care of the burn patient. However, because of the problems associated with traditional compression therapy methods a study of the clinical utility of a tubular compressive bandage (TCB) was initiated. The clinical effectiveness of TCB was determined by studying 210 separate anatomic burn sites in 88 burn patients with a mean age of 25 years and a mean burn size of 21 per cent of the total body surface area (TBSA). To facilitate analysis of the results the patients were divided into two groups, the first group consisted of 71 patients who received prophylactic pressure therapy and a second group of 17 patients who received therapeutic pressure therapy after the establishment of hypertrophic scars. Mean follow-up of the entire group of patients was 11 months. The anatomic area involved by the burn was the most important factor in determining the effectiveness of TCB in this study. Failures primarily occurred at sites of mobility where pressure could not be consistently delivered or maintained, including the digits of the hand, axilla, groin and the head/neck regions. Overall, 85 per cent of the anatomic sites treated had good or satisfactory results. Based on the results of this study, we use TCB on all burn patients, who are at risk of developing burn-scar hypertrophy, immediately after the burn wound has healed or been surgically closed.
Estrogen down-regulation of the corepressor N-CoR: Mechanism and implications for estrogen derepression of N-CoR-regulated genes

The nuclear receptor corepressor N-CoR plays a crucial role in the repressive activity of diverse transcription factors, yet little is known about what regulates its cellular level. We have found that estrogen markedly down-regulates N-CoR protein levels in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cells without affecting N-CoR mRNA levels, whereas levels of the related corepressor SMRT are unaffected. This effect is attributable to estrogen up-regulation of the ubiquitin ligase Siah2, which is a rapid and primary transcriptional response mediated by the ER, and precedes the loss of N-CoR. Treatment with proteasomal inhibitor or with small interfering RNA against Siah2 prevented the down-regulation of N-CoR by estrogen. Furthermore, the expression of 24-hydroxylase, a gene repressed by unliganded vitamin D receptor through its interaction with N-CoR, was up-regulated by estrogen and required Siah2. Our results illustrate a mechanism by which the estrogen–ER complex markedly reduces the level of N-CoR through a process involving the up-regulation of Siah2 and the subsequent targeting of N-CoR for proteasomal degradation. These findings reveal that, although estrogen directly regulates the transcription of many genes, by regulating a gene such as Siah2 it can exert profound “secondary” effects on cellular activity through mechanisms such as targeting regulatory proteins for degradation. This estrogen-evoked down-regulation of N-CoR could have a global derepressive effect on genes whose repression depends on N-CoR and thereby have broad impact on the activity of transcription factors and nuclear receptors whose actions involve N-CoR.
Insect epoxide hydrolase: properties of a purified enzyme from the southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania).

Abstract An epoxide hydrolase purified from midgut microsomes of southern armyworm ( Spodoptera eridania ) larvae exhibited high activity toward monosubstituted epoxides (1,2-epoxyoctane, 1,2-epoxypropane, and styrene oxide) and lower activity toward cis -1,2-disubstituted epoxides (cyclohexene oxide, and the cyclodienes HEOM, HCE, and chlordene epoxide). Trisubstituted epoxides (2-methyl-2,3-epoxyheptane and JH-1) as well as several cyclodiene insecticides (dieldrin, endrin, endo -epoxyaldrin, and anti -heptachlor epoxide) were refractory to enzymatic attack. It is concluded that both lipophilic and steric factors dictate the substrate specificity of the enzyme. With cyclohexene oxide the enzyme yields the 1 R , 2 R enantiomer of the trans -diol. The purified enzyme is inhibited by several epoxides and mixed-function oxidase inhibitors and the potency of 3,3,3-trichloro-1,2-epoxypropane and sodium picrylsulfonate suggest the importance of electronic factors in the inhibitory mechanism. Studies with specific amino acid modifiers suggest the presence of an essential lysine or histidine residue at the active site and indicate that the enzyme lacks a metal ion requirement and an essential cysteine residue. The purified enzyme has a molecular weight of 46,000 daltons and amino acid analysis and immunochemical studies show it to be very similar to, but not identical with, the epoxide hydrolase from mammalian liver microsomes.
Post-natal hearing loss in universal neonatal hearing screening communities: current limitations and future directions.

: Universal hearing screening has dramatically improved outcomes for babies born with detectable hearing abnormalities; yet there are some infants who develop significant hearing problems after passing a neonatal screen. There is much conjecture as to the number and the characteristics of infants with post-natal hearing losses; yet evidence suggests that many children may be affected, and that a large proportion have no discoverable cause. Currently, screening programmes use lists of risk factors to enrol babies into surveillance programmes. This practice is problematic because audiological follow-ups are expensive and under-utilised, and parental disclosure is often inaccurate. The large databases from universal neonatal programmes could inform the development of effective, evidence-based practice and policy for the detection and intervention of children who develop post-natal hearing losses.
Inactivation and Reactivation of the Mitochondrial α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex

Reduced brain metabolism is an invariant feature of Alzheimer Disease (AD) that is highly correlated to the decline in brain functions. Decreased activities of key tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle enzymes may underlie this abnormality and are highly correlated to the clinical state of the patient. The activity of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC), an arguably rate-limiting enzyme of the TCA cycle, declines with AD, but the mechanism of inactivation and whether it can be reversed remains unknown. KGDHC consists of multiple copies of three subunits. KGDHC is sensitive to oxidative stress, which is pervasive in AD brain. The present studies tested the mechanism for the peroxynitrite-induced inactivation and subsequent reactivation of purified and cellular KGDHC. Peroxynitrite inhibited purified KGDHC activity in a dose-dependent manner and reduced subunit immunoreactivity and increased nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity. Nano-LC-MS/MS showed that the inactivation was related to nitration of specific tyrosine residues in the three subunits. GSH diminished the nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity of peroxynitrite-treated KGDHC, restored the activity and the immunoreactivity for KGDHC. Nano-LC-MS/MS showed this was related to de-nitration of specific tyrosine residues, suggesting KGDHC may have a denitrase activity. Treatment of N2a cells with peroxynitrite for 5 min followed by recovery of cells for 24 h reduced KGDHC activity and increased nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity. Increasing cellular GSH in peroxynitrite-treated cells rescued KGDHC activity to the control level. The results suggest that restoring KGDHC activity is possible and may be a useful therapeutic approach in neurodegenerative diseases.
The dynamic plasmasphere

Abstract The outer plasmasphere is highly structured and very dynamic across a broad range of time and length scales. This is due to the interplay between refilling on the dayside and the erosion of the outer plasmasphere caused by variable magnetospheric convection. New results using data from geosynchronous orbit emphasize the importance of substorms to the structure and dynamics of the plasmasphere and suggest that the substorm growth phase plays an important role in populating the nightside inner magnetosphere with dense, cold plasma. Recent multi-satellite studies that examine plasmaspheric dynamics during the growth and expansive phases of substorms are reviewed.
Oxidation of small alkyl esters in flames

Abstract The oxidation characteristics of several small methyl and ethyl esters with carbon number less than six were investigated in laminar flames. The kinetics of such fuels are subsets of those of larger alkyl esters that are constituents of practical biodiesel fuels. A total of seven fuels, namely methyl formate, methyl acetate, methyl propionate, methyl butanoate, ethyl formate, ethyl acetate, and ethyl propionate were considered. Experiments were conducted at atmospheric pressure, elevated reactant temperatures, and over a wide range of equivalence ratios. Laminar flame speeds were determined in the counterflow configuration in which flow velocities were measured using particle image velocimetry. Several detailed kinetic models were tested against the experimental data, and insight was provided into the high-temperature combustion kinetics of the aforementioned fuels. Based on comparisons between experimental and computed results it became apparent that the chemistry of alkyl-ester combustion chemistry is evolving and much needs to be done in order to derive improved rate constants for a wide range of elementary steps.
Will the Cost Curve Bend, Even without Reform?

Most forecasters believe that the steep growth in U.S. health care spending will continue. David Cutler argues that the financing crisis in health care could be much less dire than most people believe.
Structure and in vitro transcription of a human H4 histone gene.

Abstract A human H4 histone gene was isolated and the nucleotide sequences of the mRNA coding as well as the 5' and 3' flanking regions were determined. No intervening sequences were found in this gene. A series of sequences which have been assigned putative regulatory roles in histone genes and/or in other genes were identified both upstream and downstream from the H4 histone protein coding region. Deletion mutants were constructed by BAL-31 nuclease digestion of sequences in the 5' flanking region of this H4 histone gene and were assayed in an in vitro transcription system. No regions upstream from the TATA box were required for site specific initiation in vitro. Data are presented which suggest that sequences located downstream from the 3' end of the coding region may influence the in vitro transcription of this human H4 histone gene.
Treatment strategies in the postictal state

Postictal behaviors and symptoms often require special assessment and treatment. We review risk factors for postictal delirium and psychosis and management of agitated and confused behaviors in patients after seizures. Medical and emergency staff require careful training to manage behaviors associated with postictal delirium and psychosis in order to protect patients while their confusion resolves. Treatment of postictal states requires recognition of underlying neurological and systemic disorders associated with seizures and delirium such as metabolic disorders and nonconvulsive seizures. There is incomplete information about the causes and optimal treatments for seizure-related psychosis, however, postictal behaviors can usually be managed safely.
An anamnestic matrix toward a medical language

The information content of signs, symptoms, laboratory test results, and other events that constitute the medical record has been analyzed and it has been determined that the meaning of sign and symptom information can be described in a multiple-dimensional matrix. This multidimension meaning concept of signs and symptoms facilitates a logical structure for the storage of clinical information. This structure is not an arbitrarily imposed one, but an intrinsic, although not commonly recognized, attribute of medical information. The utility of a medical record consisting of signs and symptoms coded in multiple dimensions is facilitated by regarding each sign or symptom as a point in an “n”-dimensional hyperspace with “n” equal to the number of fields required to describe a sign or symptom. Sparse matrix techniques make it possible to store this conceptually very large matrix as a record of reasonable size. Access and reporting programs facilitate processing this information as if it were stored in a very large matrix. The feasibility of this matrix medical language concept has been demonstrated by developing modular computer programs for input, storage, and report by meaning of the signs and symptoms that constitute a patient's medical history.
Labor's voice at the strategic level of the firm

Under the banner of partnership, many labor-management relationships in the U.S. have established structures for involving unions at the highest levels of the business. While no hard data are available, a significant number of partnerships have been in operation for a substantial period of time in a number of key sectors. This article assesses the staying power and significance of this development. Clearly, labor-management partnerships have great potential for improving productivity, employment security, and other outcomes of importance to the parties. However, their performance has been hampered by precipitous restructuring, leadership changes, and political pressures. Particular attention is given to union-nominated directors, a concept that could serve as a stimulus for the expansion of the partnership idea more generally.
Effects of Urbanization on Avian Community Organization

-The avian community of a mature residential area was studied and compared with an undisturbed climax beech-maple forest. Urbanization was presumed to be responsible for decreasing species richness and diversity, increasing biomass and density, and favoring dominance by a few species. Foraging guilds shifted from forest insectivores that were canopy foliage gleaners or bark drillers to urban ground gleaners. Analyses of habitat structure showed that although urban foliage height diversity was like that of the forest, the urban area contained only one-third of the total percent vegetative cover. As compared to the forest, urban vegetative cover was: (1) significantly less in all but the middle layer; (2) replaced by man-made structures, ground cover and ornamental vegetation in the low and middle layers but dominated the high layer; and (3) highly discontinuous, existing as isolated strata. Differences in avian community organization between the forest and urban area are discussed in relation to urban habitat manipulation and population-suppressing factors. Bird communities of residential and urban areas contain higher bird densities than outlying natural areas (Graber and Graber 1963, Emlen 1974), with only forest edge communities supporting greater densities in temperate zones. In addition to the factors controlling natural communities (Lancaster and Rees 1979) the diversity of birds in urban areas is affected by the age of the neighborhood (Lucid 1974) type of housing (Geis 1974), and degree of urbanization (Batten 1972). Few studies have compared the avifauna of cities with that of outlying natural areas and have measured habitat structure in both communities. The difficulties arise in selecting comparable study areas and quantifying the synthetic urban habitat in relation to natural parameters. In this study, we determined how urbanization affected avian community organization by comparing the ecological characteristics of the birds of a mature residential area with those of the regional vegetative climax, an outlying forest.
Effect of Sodium Nitrite and p-Aminopropiophenone on the Minimal Carcinogenic Dose50 of Methylcholanthrene on Mouse Epidermis

The biweekly intraperitoneal administration of sodium nitrite, in doses of 50 and 100 mg./Kg. and p -aminopropiophenone in doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg./Kg., failed to produce a consistent significant reduction of tumor incidence in mice exposed to the minimal carcinogenic dose 50 of methylcholanthrene. In contrast, mice which received similar injections of sodium cobaltinitrite at 80 mg./Kg. exhibited a significantly reduced incidence of epidermal tumors.
Emotional competence makes a difference (for staff and patients)

Emotional competence refers to the ability to appropriately manage and express one's emotions. It is especially critical in nursing practice as it impacts patient care, work relationships, and the healthcare environment, and can be a vital skill to model and teach patients. Characteristics of emotional competence include self-awareness, mood management, self-motivation, empathy, and managing relationships.
Unambiguous Assignment of NMR Protein Backbone Signals with a Time-shared Triple-resonance Experiment

An experiment that provides a simple procedure to assign backbone nuclei in proteins is presented. The method relies on time-shared evolution of the coherences present in the (HN)NCAHA and (HA)CANNH experiments. By exploiting the fact that some of the coherences are common to both experiments the alpha and amide protons that are simultaneously detected are correlated with each other and with nitrogen and carbon nuclei. Thus, simultaneous assignment of Hα, HN, Cα and N signals is achieved in a single 3D spectrum. The experiment was tested on the streptococcal protein G B1 domain (GB1) which was easily assigned using a “stairway” procedure and on an 11 kDa domain of the yeast transcriptional co-activator Gal11.
Randomized stimuli and the non-independence of successive responses at the visual threshold.

(1958). Randomized Stimuli and the Non-Independence of Successive Responses at the Visual Threshold. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 263-272.
Phase Diagrams of Binary Nematic Mesophase Systems

Abstract Temperatures and heats of transition are presented for four binary nematic mesophases; p-azoxyanisole plus p-azoxyphenetole, p, p' -n-dipro-poxyazoxybenzene, p, p'-n-dibutoxyazoxybenzene and p, p'-n-dihexyloxy-azoxybenzene. The phase diagrams were shown to be of the simple eutectic type with the formation of ideal comesophase solutions permitting prediction of the eutectic composition and temperature. The heats of transitions can be estimated with reasonable accuracy.
Limited-move equilibria in 2×2 games

This article introduces the concept of a limited-move equilibrium, an outcome that is stable when players are able to make more than the minimum (i.e., one) but less than the maximum (i.e., four) number of logically possible moves and countermoves in a 2 × 2 game. It defines two types of limitedmove equilibria and their associated decision rules, a Type II equilibrium where the total number of strategy switches permitted in a game is two (Rule II), and a Type III equilibrium where three total moves and countermoves (Rule III) from an initial outcome or status quo point are possible. When games that contain a limited-move equilibrium were compared to games that contain a Nash (Type I) or nonmyopic (Type IV) equilibrium, the 78 distinct 2 × 2 ordinal games identified by Rapoport and Guyer were shown to fall into three mutually exclusive categories: 1. Rule-neutral games (29 games — 37%). In this class of games, a single outcome in each game is rendered stable regardless of the number of moves and countermoves assumed to be available to the players. 2. Rule-dependent games (34 games — 44%). This is the largest of the three categories. Within this class are the games in which all decision rules associated with a stable outcome are associated with the same outcome. The congruence of decision rules and stable outcomes range from the case in which all decision rules except one (i.e., Rule IV) induce the same equilibrium outcome to the case in which a game has an equilibrium only when one of the four decision rules is assumed. 3. Rule-variable games (15 games — 19%). In this category, different decision rules imply different stable outcomes. In rule-variable games, then, the impact of the operative decision rule is potentially the most significant, especially since players in these games are not indifferent towards which of the various outcomes emerge in a stable state. Consequently, an important dimension of conflict in these games might very well concern adjudication of the rules governing the ability of the players to make moves and countermoves.
Predictors of Self-mutilation in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder: A 10-Year Follow-up Study

Background Self-mutilation is a common and serious problem in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The purpose of this study was to determine the most clinically relevant baseline and time-varying predictors of self-mutilation over 10 years of prospective follow-up among patients with BPD.
M-Bus, a bus concept for battery operated meters

Abstract The need to conserve resources has led to an increasing need for utility metering and control. The M-Bus specification has been developed for the networking of utility meters and other data-acquisition systems with their own individual and/or remote power supply. The major M-Bus and interface circuit functions are described in detail. Evaluation data including EMI and r.f. emission results are given.
A trapping model analysis of the positron lifetime spectra of polymers

On applique le modele de piegeage a un ensemble de donnees du temps de vie des positons du polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Ajustement a quatre exponentielles pour la determination des parametres du modele de piegeage
Optical Cavity Mode Standing in the Free Space From Non-periodic Dielectric Gratings

We present the method of designing optical cavities of high quality factors and small mode volumes with most of the optical field standing in the free space, supported by non-periodic dielectric gratings.
Trophic ecology of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the ocean: a synthesis of stable isotope research

Increasing interest in the marine trophic dynamics of Pacific salmon has been motivated by the recognition of their sensitivity to changing climate and to the competitive effects of hatchery fish on wild stocks. It has become more common to use stable isotopes to supplement traditional diet studies of salmon in the ocean; however, there have been no integrated syntheses of these data to determine whether stable isotope analyses support the existing conventional wisdom of feeding strategies of the Pacific salmon. We performed a meta-analysis of stable isotope data to examine the extent of trophic partitioning among five species of Pacific salmon during their marine lives. Pink, sockeye, and chum salmon showed very high overlap in resource use and there was no consistent evidence for chum relying on alternative food webs dominated by gelatinous zooplankton. δ15N showed that Chinook and coho salmon fed at trophic levels higher than the other three species. In addition, these two species were distinctly enriched in 13C, suggesting more extensive use of coastal food webs compared to the more depleted (pelagic) signatures of pink, sockeye, and chum salmon. This paper presents the first synthesis of stable isotope work on Pacific salmon and provides δ15N and δ13C values applicable to research on the fate of the marine derived nutrients these organisms transport to freshwater and riparian ecosystems.
AI EDAM at 20

The AI EDAM journal published its first issue in 1987. Now, amazingly, 20 years later, this issue starts the journal's third decade.
STRATEGIC DECISIONS MADE BY TOP EXECUTIVES AND MIDDLE MANAGERS WITH DATA AND PROCESS DOMINANT STYLES

The influence of a manager's decision style in strategic decision-making is explored using simulations. The Jungian style classification is extended to identify ‘data and process dominant’ styles of decision-making. Managers with process dominant styles can use several types of data and managers with data dominant styles can apply various modes of data processing. Both the expanded and the traditional definitions of style are used as factors to explain how 79 top executives and 89 middle managers rated project simulations. Decision style is found to be a key factor in explaining the likelihood of taking strategic action and the risk seen in this action. Decisions made by top executives are more style dependent than those of middle managers. The extended definition of style reveals more about the preferences of top executives than traditional style categories.
DcpS is a transcript-specific modulator of RNA in mammalian cells.

The scavenger decapping enzyme DcpS is a multifunctional protein initially identified by its property to hydrolyze the resulting cap structure following 3′ end mRNA decay. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the DcpS homolog Dcs1 is an obligate cofactor for the 5′-3′ exoribonuclease Xrn1 while the Caenorhabditis elegans homolog Dcs-1, facilitates Xrn1 mediated microRNA turnover. In both cases, this function is independent of the decapping activity. Whether DcpS and its decapping activity can affect mRNA steady state or stability in mammalian cells remains unknown. We sought to determine DcpS target genes in mammalian cells using a cell-permeable DcpS inhibitor compound, RG3039 initially developed for therapeutic treatment of spinal muscular atrophy. Global mRNA levels were examined following DcpS decapping inhibition with RG3039. The steady-state levels of 222 RNAs were altered upon RG3039 treatment. Of a subset selected for validation, two transcripts that appear to be long noncoding RNAs {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"HS370762","term_id":"318034824","term_text":"HS370762"}}HS370762 and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"BC011766","term_id":"1433464363","term_text":"BC011766"}}BC011766, were dependent on DcpS and its scavenger decapping catalytic activity and referred to as DcpS-responsive noncoding transcripts (DRNT) 1 and 2, respectively. Interestingly, only the increase in DRNT1 transcript was accompanied with an increase of its RNA stability and this increase was dependent on both DcpS and Xrn1. Importantly, unlike in yeast where the DcpS homolog is an obligate cofactor for Xrn1, stability of additional Xrn1 dependent RNAs were not altered by a reduction in DcpS levels. Collectively, our data demonstrate that DcpS in conjunction with Xrn1 has the potential to regulate RNA stability in a transcript-selective manner in mammalian cells.