cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disfluency Behavior of Elementary-School Stutterers and Nonstutterers: Loci of Instances of Disfluency

One hundred fifty-two children from kindergarten and grades one through six, 76 stutterers and 76 nonstutterers, performed a speech task. Each of the kindergarten and first-grade children repeated ...
Understanding the Impact of Homelessness on Children: Challenges and Future Research Directions

Focusing on the central aim of many published studies involving homeless children in the United States, this article summarizes findings on the effects of homelessness on children's mental health, health, developmental status, and academic achievement. Researchers have repeatedly documented that poverty is associated with higher rates of problems among both homeless and low-income housed groups of children in comparison to children in the broader population. Although the majority of studies have found homeless children to evidence greater problems than low-income housed children, results are inconsistent. Factors that may account for these discrepant findings are discussed, and recommendations for additional research are offered.
Toward a general theory of social system development: A management/marketing perspective

This article reports a developmental theory of social systems using concepts from developmental psychology, management, and marketing. More-developed social systems are argued to be mostly preoccupied in satisfying higher-order needs (e.g. social, esteem, and self-actualization needs), whereas less-developed social systems are mostly preoccupied in satisfying lower-order needs (e.g. biological and safety-related needs). Development is defined in terms of need satisfaction hierarchy of a given social system. The higher the need satisfaction of a social system the greater the development of that system. Social systems engage in a set of activities to satisfy their needs. Successful activities, therefore, serve to enhance the development of social systems. The activities that serve the needs of social systems are classified as technical, supportive, maintenance, managerial, and adaptive. Each of these types of activities involves a developmental dimension. It is argued that progressive satisfaction in social system development is a direct function of developmental changes in technical, supportive, maintenance, managerial, and adaptive activities.
Maximum volume coverage in spiral computed tomography scanning.

Rationale and Objectives. Given a slice thickness and an image noise level, volume coverage in spiral computed tomography (CT) scanning was maximized with respect to detector collimation and table increment. Methods. The maximization was analytically performed on the basis of the following relationships: (1) With the half-scan interpolation method, the slice sensitivity profile (SSP) in spiral CT scanning is the convolution of a rectangular detector response function (the width is equal to the detector collimation) and a triangular table motion function (the base is equal to the table increment); (2) the SSP variance is equal to the sum of squared detector collimation divided by 12 and squared table increment divided by 24; (3) the image noise variance is inversely proportional to tube current and detector collimation; and (4) the maximum continuous scanning time is inversely proportional to tube current. Results. Given a limited tube heat capability, a slice thickness, and an image noise level, we proved that the maximum volume coverage is reached with a pitch of √2. Conclusion. With a heat-limited tube and for a specified image quality in terms of slice thickness and image noise, a pitch of 1.4 should be used for maximum volume coverage in spiral CT scanning.
Giving cells a new sugar-coating.

Looked at from the outside of the cell, proteins are often hidden behind a forest of sugar chains. Using a sugar analog to introduce thiols onto the tips of the branches of this forest alters cell attachment and has unexpected consequences for cell differentiation.
Registration of Great Northern Common Bean Cultivar ‘Coyne’ with Enhanced Disease Resistance to Common Bacterial Blight and Bean Rust

Great northern common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) 'Coyne' (Reg. No. CV-287, PI 655574) was developed by the dry bean breeding program at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research Division and released in 2008. It was bred specifi cally for adaptation to Nebraska growing conditions and for enhanced resistance to common bacterial blight (CBB), a major disease of common bean caused by the seed-borne bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Smith) Dye, and bean common rust Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.:Pers) Unger. Coyne is a great northern F 7 : 8 line derived from a three-way cross (G95023/Weihing//BelMiNeb-RMR-11). The fi rst cross was made in winter 2003. The F 7:8 was tested in advanced yield trials at Scottsbluff and Mitchell, NE, and in growers' fi elds in Nebraska. Yield of Coyne was only 47 kg ha -1 lower than 'Marquis' in Morrill and Scotts Bluff, NE, counties. Reaction of Coyne to CBB under fi eld conditions was consistent across 3 yr at the West Central Research and Extension Center, North Platte, NE, where fi eld disease ratings of 3.2, 3.5, and 4.4 were recorded in 2005, 2006, and 2007, respectively. Coyne has the Ur-3 and Ur-6 genes for resistance to common bean rust and carries the single dominant hypersensitive I gene that provides resistance to all non-necrotic strains of Bean common mosaic virus. Coyne has bright white seed, blooms 44 d after planting, and is a midseason bean, maturing 91 d after planting.
On restricting Cauchy–Pexider functional equations to submanifolds

Sufficient geometric conditions are given which determine when the Cauchy–Pexider functional equation f(x)g(y) = h(x + y) restricted to x, y lying on a hypersurface in \({\mathbb{R}^d}\) has only solutions which extend uniquely to exponential affine functions \({\mathbb{R}^d \to \mathbb{C}}\) (when f, g, h are assumed to be measurable and non-trivial). The Cauchy–Pexider-type functional equations \({\prod_{j=0}^df_j(x_j)=F(\sum_{j=0}^dx_j)}\) for \({x_0, \ldots,x_d}\) lying on a curve and \({f_1(x_1)f_2(x_2)f_3(x_3)=F(x_1+x_2+x_3)}\) for x1, x2, x3 lying on a hypersurface are also considered.
Drosophila Cks30A interacts with Cdk1 to target Cyclin A for destruction in the female germline.

Cks is a small highly conserved protein that plays an important role in cell cycle control in different eukaryotes. Cks proteins have been implicated in entry into and exit from mitosis, by promoting Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) activity on mitotic substrates. In yeast, Cks can promote exit from mitosis by transcriptional regulation of cell cycle regulators. Cks proteins have also been found to promote S-phase via an interaction with the SCFSkp2 Ubiquitination complex. We have characterized the Drosophila Cks gene, Cks30A and we find that it is required for progression through female meiosis and the mitotic divisions of the early embryo through an interaction with Cdk1. Cks30A mutants are compromised for Cyclin A destruction, resulting in an arrest or delay at the metaphase/anaphase transition, both in female meiosis and in the early syncytial embryo. Cks30A appears to regulate Cyclin A levels through the activity of a female germline-specific anaphase-promoting complex, CDC20-Cortex. We also find that a second closely related Cks gene, Cks85A, plays a distinct, non-overlapping role in Drosophila, and the two genes cannot functionally replace each other.
Computing Radiative Heat Transfer Occurring in a Zone Fire Model

Radiation, convection and conduction are the three mechanisms which a zone fire model must consider when calculating the heat transfer between fires, wall surfaces and room gases. Radiation dominates the other two modes of heat transfer in rooms where there are fires or hot smoke layers. The computational requirements of a radiation model can also easily dominate the work required to calculate other physical sub-models in a zone fire model.This paper presents algorithms for efficiently computing the radiative heat exchange between four wall surfaces, several fires and two interior gases. A two-wall and a ten-wall radiation model are also discussed. The structure of this radiation model is exploited to show that only a few configuration factors need to be calculated directly (two rather than 16 for the four-wall model and eight rather than 100 for the ten-wall model) and matrices needed to solve for the net radiative flux striking each surface are shown, after the appropriate transformation is taken, to be diagonally dominant. Iterative methods may then be used to solve the linear equations more efficiently than direct methods such as Gaussian elimination.
AIDS‐Related Stigma in Individuals With Other Stigmatized Identities in the USA: A Review of Layered Stigmas

AIDS-related stigmas have profound negative impacts on people living with and those affected by HIV/AIDS. While a considerable body of work examines AIDS-related stigma, it is less clear how AIDS stigmas affect individuals in relation to other stigmatized identities, particularly ethnic minorities. This review examines the literature on AIDS-related stigma among these groups. The limited available research indicates that AIDS stigmas can seriously interfere with HIV testing, treatment, and care. In addition, prevention studies conducted with incarcerated adolescents, a group characterized by stigmatized identities and high risks for HIV, indicate that interventions for this population do not address stigmatized identities and demonstrate limited effects on risk reduction outcomes. Research is needed to examine stigma in primary prevention of HIV with an at-risk stigmatized group.
Estimating the Effects of Immigration Status on Mental Health Care Utilizations in the United States

Immigration status is a likely deterrent of mental health care utilization in the United States. Using the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and National Health Interview survey from 2002 to 2006, multivariable logistic regressions were used to estimate the effects of immigration status on mental health care utilization among patients with depression or anxiety disorders. Multivariate regressions showed that immigrants were significantly less likely to take any prescription drugs, but not significantly less likely to have any physician visits compared to US-born citizens. Results also showed that improving immigrants’ health care access and health insurance coverage could potentially reduce disparities between US-born citizens and immigrants by 14–29% and 9–28% respectively. Policy makers should focus on expanding the availability of regular sources of health care and immigrant health coverage to reduce disparities on mental health care utilization. Targeted interventions should also focus on addressing immigrants’ language barriers, and providing culturally appropriate services.
2009 Rho Chi Lecture: interdisciplinary health professions education: a systems approach to bridging the gaps.

None of us is as smart as all of us. -Japanese proverb It is an absolute privilege and honor to stand before you as the 2009 Rho Chi Award recipient. Paying homage to those intellectual leaders and the community of scholars who have come before me, I am truly humbled to have been asked to give this lecture. In keeping with the spirit and fundamental objective of the Rho Chi Society, which is to “promote the advancement of the pharmaceutical sciences through the encouragement and recognition of sound scholarship,” I would like to share my thoughts with you on the criticality of interdisciplinary health professions education and would like to suggest a systems approach to bridging the gaps that exist today. In setting the stage for this lecture, allow me to start by sharing with you the story of the crash of United Airlines flight 232 in 1989. The crash of a DC-10 in Sioux City, Iowa, in 1989 was a major, uncommon tragedy in American aviation. Many lives were lost. But this great tragedy also served as an important lesson and opened new thinking in the training of cockpit crews. On July 19, 1989, when United Airlines flight 232 took off from Stapleton International Airport in Denver, Colorado, and headed to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, via Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, no one could have imagined what lay ahead. About an hour and 7 minutes into the flight, at an altitude of 37,000 feet, the fan disk on the Douglas DC-10 aircraft tail engine broke in two and suffered an uncontained failure.1 All controls on the aircraft failed except for the power levers in the remaining 2 engines. Using all possible means and resources, Captain Alfred Haynes, First Officer William Records, Second Officer Dudley Dvorak, and DC-10 flight instructor and pilot Dennis Fitch, made an emergency landing on the runway at the Sioux City, Iowa, airport. Unfortunately, during the landing, the aircraft split in two. That day, 111 people lost their lives, including 110 passengers and 1 crew member.2
Bending and tensile deformation of metallic nanowires

Using molecular statics simulations and the embedded atom method, a technique for bending silver nanowires and calculating Young's modulus via continuum mechanics has been developed. The measured Young's modulus values extracted from bending simulations were compared with modulus values calculated from uniaxial tension simulations for a range of nanowire sizes, orientations and geometries. Depending on axial orientation, the nanowires exhibit stiffening or softening under tension and bending as size decreases. Bending simulations typically result in a greater variation of Young's modulus values with nanowire size compared with tensile deformation, which indicates a loading-method-dependent size effect on elastic properties at sub-5 nm wire diameters. Since the axial stress is maximized at the lateral surfaces in bending, the loading-method-dependent size effect is postulated to be primarily a result of differences in nanowire surface and core elastic modulus. The divergence of Young's modulus from the bulk modulus in these simulations occurs at sizes below the range in which experiments have demonstrated a size scale effect on elastic properties of metallic nanowires. This difference indicates that other factors beyond native metallic surface properties play a role in experimentally observed nanowire elastic modulus size effects.
Topology optimization for unsteady flow

A computational methodology for optimizing the conceptual layout of unsteady flow problems at low Reynolds numbers is presented. The geometry of the design is described by the spatial distribution of a fictitious material with continuously varying porosity. The flow is predicted by a stabilized finite element formulation of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. A Brinkman penalization is used to enforce zero-velocities in solid material. The resulting parameter optimization problem is solved by a non-linear programming method. The paper studies the feasibility of the material interpolation approach for optimizing the topology of unsteady flow problems. The derivation of the governing equations and the adjoint sensitivity analysis are presented. A design-dependent stabilization scheme is introduced to mitigate numerical instabilities in porous material. The emergence of non-physical artifacts in the optimized material distribution is observed and linked to an insufficient resolution of the flow field and an improper representation of the pressure field within solid material by the Brinkman penalization. Two numerical examples demonstrate that the designs optimized for unsteady flow differ significantly from their steady-state counterparts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blending Autonomous Exploration and Apprenticeship Learning

We present theoretical and empirical results for a framework that combines the benefits of apprenticeship and autonomous reinforcement learning. Our approach modifies an existing apprenticeship learning framework that relies on teacher demonstrations and does not necessarily explore the environment. The first change is replacing previously used Mistake Bound model learners with a recently proposed framework that melds the KWIK and Mistake Bound supervised learning protocols. The second change is introducing a communication of expected utility from the student to the teacher. The resulting system only uses teacher traces when the agent needs to learn concepts it cannot efficiently learn on its own.
Cardiovascular Disease in Women

The American Heart Association launched the Go Red for Women ( GoRedForWomen.org ) campaign in 2004 to increase awareness of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women. A similar campaign called “Red Dress” has been sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the Department of Health and Human Services. In the last five years, important strides have been made in raising awareness of the burden of CVD in women, yet fundamental gaps exist in our knowledge of the underlying biology, clinical presentation, and optimal treatment strategies of CVD in women. Younger women (20 to 39 years) tend to be protected from coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and hypertension (Figure), yet CVD is more prevalent in older women relative to age-matched men (greater than 80 years). These differences appear to be attributable, in part, to the influence of sex hormones on …
Novel protein kinases Ark1p and Prk1p associate with and regulate the cortical actin cytoskeleton in budding yeast.

Ark1p (actin regulating kinase 1) was identified as a yeast protein that binds to Sla2p, an evolutionarily conserved cortical actin cytoskeleton protein. Ark1p and a second yeast protein, Prk1p, contain NH 2 -terminal kinase domains that are 70% identical. Together with six other putative kinases from a number of organisms, these proteins define a new protein kinase family that we have named the Ark family. Lack of both Ark1p and Prk1p resulted in the formation of large cytoplasmic actin clumps and severe defects in cell growth. These defects were rescued by wild-type, but not by kinase-dead versions of the proteins. Elevated levels of either Ark1p or Prk1p caused a number of actin and cell morphological defects that were not observed when the kinase-dead versions were overexpressed instead. Ark1p and Prk1p were shown to localize to actin cortical patches, making these two kinases the first signaling proteins demonstrated to be patch components. These results suggest that Ark1p and Prk1p may be downstream effectors of signaling pathways that control actin patch organization and function. Furthermore, results of double-mutant analyses suggest that Ark1p and Prk1p function in overlapping but distinct pathways that regulate the cortical actin cytoskeleton.
Floristic Survey of Indian Fort Amphitheater, Berea College Forest, Madison County, Kentucky

ABSTRACT The vascular flora of the 49-year-old Indian Fort amphitheater, Berea College Forest, in Madison County, south-central Kentucky, was surveyed in 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, and 2004. Seventy-four species in 55 genera from 30 families were present; 40 species (54.0%) were exotics. Life forms included 39 annual/biennials, 24 perennials, 6 woody vines, and 5 trees. Many taxa were ruderal weeds that had adapted to the open physical features and disturbed environmental conditions of the amphitheater. These plants typically have light-weight fruits and seeds dispersed by wind and water.
Regulation of synaptic transmission at the Caenorhabditis elegans M4 neuromuscular junction by an antagonistic relationship between two calcium channels.

In wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans, the synapse from motor neuron M4 to pharyngeal terminal bulb (TB) muscles is silent, and the muscles are instead excited by gap junction connections from adjacent muscles. An eat-5 innexin mutant lacking this electrical connection has few TB contractions and is unable to grow well on certain foods. We showed previously that this defect can be overcome by activation of the M4 → TB synapse. To identify genes that negatively regulate synaptic transmission, we isolated new suppressors of eat-5. To our surprise, these suppressors included null mutations in NPQR-type calcium channel subunit genes unc-2 and unc-36. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that Ca2+ entry through the NPQR-type channel inhibits synaptic transmission by activating the calcium-activated K+ channel SLO-1, thus antagonizing the EGL-19 L-type calcium channel.
Capillary electrophoresis with wavelength-resolved laser-induced fluorescence detection.

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) enables rapid separations with high separation efficiency and compatibility with small sample volumes. Laser-induced fluorescence detection can result in extremely low limits of detection in CE. Single-channel fluorescence detection, however, furnishes little qualitative information about a species being detected, except for its CE migration time. Use of multidimensional information often enables unambiguous identification of analytes. Combination of CE with information-rich wavelength-resolved fluorescence detection is analogous with ultraviolet–visible diode-array detection and furnishes both qualitative and quantitative chemical information about target species. This review discusses recent advances in wavelength-resolved laser-induced fluorescence detection coupled with CE, with an emphasis on instrument design.
Effect of Adrenalectomy and Cbrticoid Replacement on Lactational Performance in Rats.

SummarySprague-Dawley-Rolfsmeyer rats were adrenalectomized on day 4 of lactation and lactation was maintained by daily subcutaneous injections of corticosteroids from day 4 to 19. Data suggest that requirements for normal lactation in rats are 250 to 500 μg hydrocortisone acetate or equivalent in glucocorticoid activity and 250 μg desoxycorticosterone acetate or equivalent in mineralocorticoid activity. Either steroid alone at these levels was unable to support lactation but combination was effective.
6: The Process of Organizational Change in Schools:

tions exist because authors emphasize different aspects of the literature. It is the quantity of empirical work and speculative papers that attracts the attention of some reviewers, not its quality. As research designed to test hypotheses derived from theory about organizational change, the quality is poor, and little is contributed to systematic understanding of organizational change in schools. The review of the literature upon which this chapter is based led to several conclusions. The literature is basically atheoretical in nature. It contains little work designed to develop and test theories describing the dynamics of the change process or explaining why organizations like schools vary in the degree and speed with which they change. Moreover, confidence is not warranted in a number of currently held generalizations about organizational change because the research methods and statistics upon which they are based are inadequate. Most empirical reports reviewed were atheoretical efforts to make changes, not efforts to test theories of change. The absence of critical attention to the methodological and statistical procedures used in these studies reflects this emphasis on precipitating change rather than studying it. The extension of knowledge about organizational change will require empirical studies of greater theoretical, methodological, and statistical sophistication. Effective CHARLES E. BIDWELL, University of Chicago, was the editorial consultant for this chapter. ' The author wishes to acknowledge his appreciation to Charles Bidwell for constructive criticisms of earlier drafts of his paper and his deep gratitude to Neal Gross and Marilyn Bernstein. Many of the ideas presented here originated from work with them, and some are contained in a recent book (Gross, Giacquinta, & Bernstein, 1971). He alone, however, is responsible for the shortcomings of the paper.
Automated knowledge base generation from CAD databases using relaxation techniques

A system that converts the computer-aided design (CAD) database description of a process control system into a frame-oriented knowledge base for a diagnostic expert control system is described. The target expert system for the automated knowledge generation is NASA's Knowledge-Based Autonomous Test Engineer (KATE), developed to assist in the monitoring and control of Space Shuttle ground support systems. KATE retains the structure of the system it has knowledge about in its frame representations and derives understanding of the target system from intercomponent relationship knowledge held within those frames. A CAD database generated for a particular process control system contains all the structural information required to reconstruct the system, but little or no functional data. A functional description can be inferred in some cases from the CAD data; however, the complexity of such a system for a domain as large as process control is extensive. The construction and operation of an automated knowledge generation software system that performs the conversion from CAD database to knowledge base are discussed. >
Seasonal Forecasts of Precipitation Anomalies for North American and Asian Monsoons

In this paper model-generated data sets are examined to address the question of seasonal precipitation forecast skill of the Asian and the North American monsoon systems. In this context the seasonal climate forecast data from a set of coupled atmosphere-ocean models were used. The main question we ask is if there is any useful skill in predicting seasonal anomalies beyond those of climatology. The methodology for prediction is the ‘FSU Superensemble’ which is applied here to the anomalies of the predicted multimodel data sets and the observed (analysis) fields. The skills of seasonal forecasts are evaluated using two different types of parameters: anomaly correlations and root mean square errors. Comparison of skill of the coupled model forecasts and the AMIP hindcasts yields encouraging results. It is noted that the superensemble based anomaly forecasts have somewhat higher skill compared to the bias-removed ensemble mean of member models, individually bias removed ensemble mean of the member models and the climatology. This skill comes partly from the forecast performance of multimodels and partly from the training component built into this system that is based on past collective performance of these multimodels. These components are separated to assess the improvements of the superensemble. Though skill of the forecasts from the superensemble is found to be higher than that of the bias-removed ensemble mean and has shown some usefulness over the climatology, the issue of forecasting a season in advance in quantitative terms still remains a challenge and demands further advancement in climate modeling studies.
Phosphoglucose isomerase/autocrine motility factor mediates epithelial and mesenchymal phenotype conversions in breast cancer.

Phosphoglucose isomerase/autocrine motility factor (PGI/AMF) is a housekeeping gene product/cytokine that catalyzes a step in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and acts as a multifunctional cytokine associated with aggressive tumors. PGI/AMF has been correlated significantly with breast cancer progression and poor prognosis in breast cancer. We show here that ectopic expression of PGI/AMF induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in MCF10A normal human breast epithelial cells, and inhibition of PGI/AMF expression triggered mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) in aggressive mesenchymal-type human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. EMT in MCF10A cells was shown by morphologic changes and loss of E-cadherin/β-catenin–mediated cell-cell adhesion, which is concomitant with the induction of the E-cadherin transcriptional repressor Snail and proteosome-dependent degradation of β-catenin protein. Molecular analysis showed that PGI/AMF suppressed epithelial marker expressions and enhanced mesenchymal marker expressions. Silencing of PGI/AMF expression by RNA interference in MDA-MB-231 cells induced the reverse processes of EMT including altered cell shape, gain of epithelial marker, and reduction of mesenchymal marker, e.g., MET. Taken together, the results show the involvement of PGI/AMF in both EMT and MET: overexpression of PGI/AMF induces EMT in normal breast epithelial cells and reduction of PGI/AMF expression led to MET in aggressive breast cancer cells. These results suggest for the first time that PGI/AMF is a key gene to both EMT in the initiating step of cancer metastasis and MET in the later stage of metastasis during breast cancer progression. [Cancer Res 2009;69(13):5349–56]
Sacred Structures: Narrating Lifeworlds and Implications for Urban Arts Education Practice

This article utilizes the story of an art studio project involving 2nd-grade students in a new urban elementary school as they explored and engaged with architectural spaces in their community during their yearlong study of the theme of “Community.” The purpose of this writing is to theorize and codify some major tenets of a narrative and reinterpretive approach to urban arts and design education pedagogy—one that recognizes and draws upon the colliding experiences and environments of urban living as an asset to the (re) constitution of identity and community.
ChucK: A Concurrent, On-the-fly, Audio Programming Language

ChucK is a new audio programming language for real-time synthesis, composition, and performance, which runs on commodity operating systems. ChucK natively supports concurrency, multiple, simultaneous, dynamic control rates, and the ability to add, remove, and modify code, on-the-fly, while the program is running, without stopping or restarting. It offers composers and performers a powerful and flexible programming tool for building and experimenting with complex audio synthesis programs, and real-time interactive control.
Data-driven nonparametric tolerance sets

We develop two new nonstandard methods for obtaining nonparametric tolerance sets from a univariate simple random sample. The first method consists of taking the union of a certain number of the intervals between the order statistics from the sample. The second method, which generalises the first, consists of taking the union of a certain number of the intervals between a prespecified subset of the order statistics from the sample. For each method, the number of intervals to choose is determined by the coverage probability properties desired. Both methods allow the choice of intervals to be made arbitrarily and after seeing the data, but minimal length may be used as a choice criterion. We show how to find the exact coverage probability for sets obtained using either method, and we explore some properties of sets obtained using the two methods. We use an ecological data set and a simulation study to show that the small-sample performance of the two methods compares favourably with that of other nonparamet...
Comparison of Different Methods of Assessing Alveolar Ridge Dimensions Prior to Dental Implant Placement

Background: The aim of this study was to compare ridge-mapping measurement before surgical flap reflection and measurement using images from cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) to direct caliper measurement following surgical exposure of the bone.Methods: Sixteen subjects with 25 sites for planned implant placement or ridge augmentation were recruited. An acrylic stent was fabricated for each subject. The stent provided three buccal/lingual pairs of consistent measurement points for each implant site located 4, 7, and 10 mm from the summit of the alveolar soft tissue. Two independent examiners participated.Results: Comparisons of bucco-lingual ridge width using ridge-mapping versus direct caliper measurements showed that 94% and 89% of the pairs of measurement deviations were within ± 1 mm for examiners 1 and 2, respectively. The corresponding comparison of CBCT images versus direct caliper measurements showed 70% and 55% agreement for examiners 1 and 2, respectively. CBCT image measurements provided...
Phase Averaged Wall Shear Stress, Wall Pressure and Near Wall Velocity Field Measurements in a Whirling Annular Seal

The flow field inside a 50% eccentric whirling annular seal operating at a Reynolds number of 24,000 and a Taylor number of 6,600 has been measured using a 3-D laser Doppler anemometer system. Flush mount pressure and wall shear stress probes have been used to measure the stresses (normal and shear) along the length of the stator. The rotor was mounted eccentrically on the shaft so that the rotor orbit was circular and rotated at the same speed as the shaft (a whirl ratio of 1.0). This paper presents mean pressure, mean wall shear stress magnitude and mean wall shear stress direction distributions along the length of the seal. Phase averaged wall pressure and wall shear stress are presented along with phase averaged mean velocity and turbulence kinetic energy distributions located 0.16c from the stator wall where c is the seal clearance. The relationships between the velocity, turbulence, wall pressure and wall shear stress are very complex and do not follow simple bulk flow predictions.Copyright © 1995 by ASME
Phase II study of xyotax (PPX) for androgen independent prostate cancer (AIPC)

14624 Background: PPX is a polymer conjugate of paclitaxel. In preclinical studies, PPX has an improved therapeutic profile relative to paclitaxel, in addition demonstrated activity in paclitaxel-r...
Homesteading, Ad Coelum, Owning Views and Forestalling

Homesteading, not the ad coelum doctrine is compatible with libertarianism. In the former case, one mixes his labor with unowned land and a means of establishing private property rights in it and what is owned is limited to just that which has undergone this process. In the latter case, homesteading a square mile of land enables the owner of it to extend his property rights in a pyramid shaped form from his holdings on the surface down into the core of the earth and up into the heavens, with no limit.
A new approach to cosmogenic corrections in 40Ar/39Ar chronometry: Implications for the ages of Martian meteorites

Abstract Anomalously old 40Ar/39Ar ages are commonly obtained from Shergottites and are generally attributed to uncertainties regarding the isotopic composition of the trapped component and/or the presence of excess 40Ar. Old ages can also be obtained if inaccurate corrections for cosmogenic 36Ar are applied. Current methods for making the cosmogenic correction require simplifying assumptions regarding the spatial homogeneity of target elements for cosmogenic production and the distribution of cosmogenic nuclides relative to trapped and reactor-derived Ar isotopes. To mitigate uncertainties arising from these assumptions, a new cosmogenic correction approach utilizing the exposure age determined on an un-irradiated aliquot and step-wise production rate estimates that account for spatial variations in Ca and K is described. Data obtained from NWA 4468 and an unofficial pairing of NWA 2975, which yield anomalously old ages when corrected for cosmogenic 36Ar using conventional techniques, are used to illustrate the efficacy of this new approach. For these samples, anomalous age determinations are rectified solely by the improved cosmogenic correction technique described herein. Ages of 188 ± 17 and 184 ± 17 Ma are obtained for NWA 4468 and NWA 2975, respectively, both of which are indistinguishable from ages obtained by other radioisotopic systems. For other Shergottites that have multiple trapped components, have experienced diffusive loss of Ar, or contain excess Ar, more accurate cosmogenic corrections may aid in the interpretation of anomalous ages. The trapped 40Ar/36Ar ratios inferred from inverse isochron diagrams obtained from NWA 4468 and NWA 2975 are significantly lower than the Martian atmospheric value, and may represent upper mantle or crustal components.
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy of Law School Crisis - A Book Review

Brian Z. Tamanaha’s book, Failing Law Schools, asserts and echoes criticisms of U.S. legal education, calling for the end of the required third year and of scholarly model of law teaching. In this book review, Steve Sheppard reads the historical record and statistical data and contends that Tamanaha’s arguments from history and policy fail. Sheppard charges Tamanaha with incomplete historical analysis, which leads to misleading conclusions. Specifically, the article details how Tamanaha’s acontextualism, analytical gaps, trouble with sources, and unsupported rhetoric lead the author to advocate remedies that fail to resolve real problems facing legal education. Sheppard provides data and history that are essential to a more contextual picture. The article concludes by explaining how Tamanaha’s proposals would harm not only law schools but also society at large, among other concerns, by limiting the quality of legal education available to the poor and the quality of the lawyer who would serve the poor and the middle class.
Prognostic Implications of Left Ventricular Scar Determined by Late Gadolinium Enhanced Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation.

Left ventricular (LV) scar identified by late gadolinium enhanced (LGE) cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is associated with adverse outcomes in coronary artery disease and cardiomyopathies. We sought to determine the prognostic significance of LV-LGE in atrial fibrillation (AF). We studied 778 consecutive patients referred for radiofrequency ablation of AF who underwent CMR. Patients with coronary artery disease, previous myocardial infarction, or hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy were excluded. The end points of interest were major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), defined as a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack. Of the 754 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 60% were men with an average age of 64 years. Most (87%) had a normal LV ejection fraction of ≥55%. LV-LGE was found in 46 patients (6%). There were 32 MACCE over the mean follow-up period of 55 months. The MACCE rate was higher for patients with LV-LGE (13.0% vs 3.7%; p = 0.002). In multivariate analysis, CHA2DS2-VASc score (hazard ratio [HR] 1.36, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.76), the presence of LV-LGE (HR 3.21, 95% CI 1.31 to 7.88), and the LV-LGE extent (HR 1.43, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.78) were independent predictors of MACCE. In addition, the presence of LV-LGE was an independent predictor for ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack (HR 3.61, 95% CI 1.18 to 11.01) after adjusting for CHA2DS2-VASc score. In conclusion, the presence and extent of LV scar identified by LGE-CMR were independent predictors of MACCE in patients with AF.
Common teaching activities and self-perceived teaching proficiency in PGY2 residencies

Abstract Objective To describe common teaching activities included in post-graduate residencies, identify residents’ self-perceived ability to perform the activities, and report characteristics of residents who did not feel post-graduate residency training prepared them for an academic career. Methods Residency Directors of PGY-2 ASHP-accredited U.S. residency programs in the July 2013–June 2014 cycle were asked to forward a 16-item online survey to PGY-2 residents. The survey was designed to determine teaching activities from a list of 21 common activities and measure self-perception of skill development. Residents who felt unprepared for academia were analyzed. Results There were 446 residents in PGY-2 residencies in the 2013/2014 residency cycle and 237 (53%) completed the survey. Common teaching activities included delivering lectures and developing handouts, motivating students and providing feedback on rotation, and delivering continuing education programs. Comparisons between the activity occurrence and incidence of self-perceived proficiency were similar for all 21 activities. Forty residents originally intended to pursue academia but only 19 entered academia. Twenty-six residents reported not feeling adequately prepared as an influencing factor, significantly less exposure to several common teaching activities, and less self-perceived ability to perform the activities in 15 out of 21 common teaching activities. Conclusion PGY2 residents reported self-efficacy for all teaching activities experienced during residency training. Residents who felt unprepared to enter academia were exposed to significantly less teaching activities and reported less self-efficacy to perform the skills. Closer attention to the types of teaching activities included in residency programs is warranted.
PART I: Pierre Bayle’s Reply of a New Convert (1689)

ABSTRACTThis is the first English translation of Pierre Bayle’s political pamphlet, Reponse d’un nouveau converti a la Lettre d’un refugie of 1689. It may be one of the most critical attacks on a writer’s own side in the history of political ideas. It is a stinging rebuke of Bayle’s own party, the Protestants, for their incoherence, hypocrisy, and violence. It came three years after his similarly savage refutation of the Catholics in The Condition of Wholly Catholic France, also recently published in its first English translation in this journal. A substantial introduction explains some of the context, explores the political theology of this pamphlet, and reviews scholarly interpretations.
Synthesis, structure, and optoelectronic properties of II–IV–V2 materials

II–IV–V2 materials offer the promise of enhanced functionality in optoelectronic devices due to their rich ternary chemistry. In this review, we consider the potential for new optoelectronic devices based on nitride, phosphide, and arsenide II–IV–V2 materials. As ternary analogs to the III–V materials, these compounds share many of the attractive features that have made the III–Vs the basis of modern optoelectronic devices (e.g. high mobility, strong optical absorption). Control of cation order parameter in the II–IV–V2 materials can produce significant changes in optoelectronic properties at fixed chemical composition, including decoupling band gap from lattice parameter. Recent progress has begun to resolve outstanding questions concerning the structure, dopability, and optical properties of the II–IV–V2 materials. Remaining research challenges include growth optimization and integration into heterostructures and devices.
Interactions of Nitrogen Source and Rate and Weed Removal Timing Relative to Nitrogen Content in Corn and Weeds and Corn Grain Yield

Adequate fertility combined with effective weed management is important in maximizing corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield. Corn uptake of nitrogen (N) is dependent upon many factors including weed species and density and the rate and formulation of applied N fertilizer. Understanding interactions among corn, applied N, and weeds is important in developing management strategies. Field studies were conducted in North Carolina to compare corn and weed responses to urea ammonium nitrate (UAN), sulfur-coated urea (SCU), and composted poultry litter (CPL) when a mixture of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) and large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.) was removed with herbicides at heights of 8 or 16 cm. These respective removal timings corresponded with 22 and 28 days after corn planting or V2 and V3 stages of growth, respectively. Differences in N content in above-ground biomass of corn were noted early in the season due to weed interference but did not translate into differences in corn grain yield. Interactions of N source and N rate were noted for corn grain yield but these factors did not interact with timing of weed control. These results underscore that timely implementation of control tactics regardless of N fertility management is important to protect corn grain yield.
Physician aid-in-dying: cautionary words.

Purpose of reviewPhysician-assisted suicide (PAS) and euthanasia have been increasingly discussed in end-of-life care, as PAS and euthanasia have now been legalized in three European countries and PAS has been legalized in Washington, Oregon, and Montana in the USA. This review focuses on some aspec
Translation and Audience: Edgar Allen Poe’s “The Gold-Bug”

This study intends to explore how the intended audience of a translation shapes the techniques used by the translators of the same text in order to convey the same message in a different manner. Focusing on two translations of a work done by Edgar Allen Poe, this work demonstrates how the translator shapes a translation to its audience, whether it is a pedagogical purpose or a literary one. In nineteenth century France, translations of Edgar Allan Poe began appearing in newspapers and journals catching the attention of well-known authors, such as Charles Baudelaire. While many academics, such as Wallaert and Bonnefoy, have compared Baudelaire’s translations and language choice to the original works and other translators working in the intellectual arena, the translation of “The Gold-Bug” in a young women’s magazine has not been included in the conversation. Twenty-two years before Baudelaire translates “The Gold-Bug,” originally published in English in 1843, Le magasin de desmoiselles offered a version of “Le scarabee d’or” which differed greatly in style from the version Baudelaire would provide. Comparing the two versions of the story through Schleiermacher’s theory on moving the text and Nida’s theory of equivalencies demonstrates how methods of translation fit for specific audiences in terms of a text’s foreignization and domestication. Le magasin strove to educate young bourgeoisie women a l’aristocrat while Baudelaire found inspiration in Poe’s work which would influence other movements in France. These purposes led to two translations that educate readers on foreign authors also allowing a view into how audience has influenced the translation of Poe for the French public.
Low testosterone at first PSA failure and assessment of the risk of death in men with unfavorable-risk prostate cancer treated on prospective clinical trials.

45Background: Low testosterone at prostate cancer diagnosis has been associated with a worse prognosis. Whether this is true and how to define the best treatment approach at first PSA failure following definitive therapy and prior to the documentation of metastatic disease has not been elucidated and was studied. Methods: Between 1995 to 2001, 58 men with unfavorable-risk prostate cancer treated on clinical trials with radiation and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) had testosterone levels at PSA failure available. Cox and Fine and Gray regressions were performed to ascertain whether low versus normal testosterone at PSA failure was associated with the risk of prostate cancer-specific, other-cause and all-cause mortality (PCSM, OCM, ACM) adjusting for age, salvage ADT use and known prostate cancer prognostic factors. Results: After a median follow-up of 6.68 years following first PSA failure, 31 men (53.4%) died; 10 from prostate cancer (32.3%), of which 8/11 (72.7%) versus 2/47 (4.3%) occurred in men wi...