cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlation, partial correlation, and causation

Philosophers and scientists have maintained that causation, correlation, and “partial correlation” are essentially related. These views give rise to various rules of causal inference. This essay considers the claims of several philosophers and social scientists for causal systems with dichotomous variables. In section 2 important commonalities and differences are explicated among four major conceptions of correlation. In section 3 it is argued that whether correlation can serve as a measure of A's causal influence on B depends upon the conception of causation being used and upon certain background assumptions. In section 4 five major kinds of “partial correlation” are explicated, and some of the important relations are established among two conceptions of “partial correlation”, the conception of “screening off”, the conception of “partitioning”, and the measures of causal influence which have been suggested by advocates of path analysis or structural equation methods. In section 5 it is argued that whether any of these five conceptions of “partial correlation” can serve as a measure of causal influence depends upon the conception of causation being used and upon certain background assumptions.
Alternative CHRNB4 3′-UTRs Mediate the Allelic Effects of SNP rs1948 on Gene Expression

Common genetic factors strongly contribute to both nicotine, the main addictive component of tobacco, and alcohol use. Several lines of evidence suggest nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as common sites of action for nicotine and alcohol. Specifically, rs1948, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located in the CHRNB4 3′-untranslated region (UTR), has been associated to early age of initiation for both alcohol and tobacco use. To determine the allelic effects of rs1948 on gene expression, two rs1948-containing sequences of different lengths corresponding to the CHRNB4 3′-UTR were cloned into pGL3-promoter luciferase reporter vectors. Data obtained showed that the allelic effects of SNP rs1948 on luciferase expression are mediated by the length and species of transcripts generated. In addition, it was found that miR-3157 increased the overall luciferase expression while miR-138, a microRNA known to play a role in neuroadaptation to drug abuse, decreased luciferase expression when compared to basal conditions. These findings demonstrate the importance of SNP rs1948 on the regulation of CHRNB4 expression and provide the first evidence of CHRNB4 down-regulation by miR-138.
INTRAVENOUS GLUCOSE TOLERANCE, PLASMA INSULIN, FREE FATTY ACIDS AND β‐HYDROXYBUTYRATE IN UNDERWEIGHT NEWBORN INFANTS

Summary Blood glucose, plasma insulin, FFA and β-hydroxybutyrate values during intravenous glucose tolerance were reported in 20 small for gestational age (SGA) and 15 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) low birthweight infants. The babies were divided into three groups according to their age when tested; 48 hours. Both the SGA and AGA infants cleared glucose more rapidly with increasing age. The change was more marked in the SGA babies. The clearance rates were similar to those reported in normal full-sized infants. The insulin values before the glucose load were similar in all groups and comparable to those reported in normal newborn infants. The insulin response to glucose was variable. There were no significant differences with increasing age or between the two groups of infants. The insulin curve of the individual infant followed one of three patterns. Most commonly seen was a double-peak curve. The infants who showed a single-peak insulin response had a better but not significantly different glucose tolerance than that of the other babies. Infants with no appreciable insulin response still removed glucose from plasma at a rate similar to those with a double-peak insulin curve. It is concluded that insulin as measured in peripheral plasma could not explain the rate of removal of glucose from the plasma of the newborn low birthweight infant. Infants of low birthweight had higher plasma FFA values as compared to that reported in normal full term infants. The FFA values in SGA infants were higher than those in AGA babies. In both groups of infants, the jS-hydroxybutyrate values were comparable to those reported in normal full-term babies. Thus there was an unexpected discrepancy between the high FFA and relatively low β-hydroxybutyrate levels in plasma. The fall in plasma FFA and β-hydroxybutyrate after glucose was minimal but similar in both groups of infants. The findings are compatible with a decreased sensitivity to insulin in the infants studied.
Clinical Application of the Advantages of Technology in Couple and Family Therapy

While couples may be holding hands with one another, they are also holding their cell phones in the other hand. Technology is so woven into the fabric of our society that it is hard to separate it from the relationship itself. As such, the role of the marriage and family therapist demands that it attends to technology within the practice of couple therapy. This article describes strategies for couple and family therapists to use in the context of their treatment. The strategies are grounded in both theoretical and empirical knowledge and cover three categories of application: relationship initiation, relationship maintenance, and relationship enhancement.
Beyond stack smashing: recent advances in exploiting buffer overruns

Security vulnerabilities related to buffer overruns account for the largest share of CERT advisories, as well as high-profile worms - from the original Internet Worm in 1987 through Blaster's appearance in 2003. When malicious crackers discover a vulnerability, they devise exploits that take advantage of the vulnerability to attack a system. The article describes three powerful general-purpose families of exploits for buffer overruns: arc injection, pointer subterfuge, and heap smashing. These new techniques go beyond the traditional "stack smashing" attack and invalidate traditional assumptions about buffer overruns.
Solar Forcing of Regional Climate Change During the Maunder Minimum

We examine the climate response to solar irradiance changes between the late 17th-century Maunder Minimum and the late 18th century. Global average temperature changes are small (about 0.3° to 0.4°C) in both a climate model and empirical reconstructions. However, regional temperature changes are quite large. In the model, these occur primarily through a forced shift toward the low index state of the Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation as solar irradiance decreases. This leads to colder temperatures over the Northern Hemisphere continents, especially in winter (1° to 2°C), in agreement with historical records and proxy data for surface temperatures.
Spontaneous emission of radiation from localized Langmuir perturbation

The radiation at the first and second harmonics of the electron plasma frequency from localized Langmuir oscillations is computed for a field-free plasma. The localized perturbations are assumed to have cylindrical symmetry about the direction of propagation of the localized perturbation. It is shown that when the wavelengths of the excited modes are much greater than the scale lengths of the Langmuir perturbation, a quadrupole radiation pattern is recovered for emission at twice the electron plasma frequency. An application to type III solar radio bursts is discussed briefly.
Distribution of Speed and Acceleration on a Tread Wear Course

Abstract Belted bias and radial Course Monitoring Tires were run over the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration tread wear course at San Angelo on a vehicle instrumented to measure lateral and longitudinal accelerations, speed, and number of wheel rotations. The data were recorded as histograms. The distribution of speed, the distributions of lateral and longitudinal acceleration, and the number of acceleration level crossings are given. Acceleration data for segments of the course are also given.
Effect of Sterols on the Permeability of Alcohol-Treated Red Beet Tissue

Alcohols and hydrogen peroxide altered the permeability of membranes of Beta vulgaris root cells. Generally alcohols increased the permeability of membranes without going through an induction period except methanol which required a 10- to 15-hour induction period. The membrane effect of methanol could be inhibited with CaCl(2), cholesterol, beta-sitosterol, and stigmasterol. Cholesterol was the most effective inhibitor, followed by beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol; and at the same concentration, the sterols were more effective than CaCl(2), the classic membrane stabilizer.Ergosterol increased the methanol-initiated betacyanin leakage. Since none of the tested sterols reversed the betacyanin efflux induced by hydrogen peroxide, the sterols do not apparently act as antioxidants. The results are explained in terms of sterol-phospholipid interaction, based on stereochemistry and charge distribution.
Intralesional Immunotherapy of Brain Tumors With Combined Corynebacterium parvum and Recombinant Interleukin-2 in Mice

Clinical observations and experimental work suggested that inflammatory cells attracted to the brain exert a nonspecific antineoplastic effect. Intralesional treatment of implanted malignant murine brain tumors (KHT sarcomas) with killed Corynebacterium parvum produced an inflammatory cell infiltrate and increased survival in C3H mice relative to that in untreated control C3H mice. This antitumor effect was enhanced when recombinant interleukin-2 was sequentially added as a second intralesional immunomodifier. A high percentage of mice so treated were cured. Inflammatory cells in the brains of treated mice divided for 1-2 weeks, and metabolic activity of astrocytes increased. These findings form the basis for a recently initiated immunotherapy protocol in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme.
Crohn's jejunoileitis: The pediatrician's perspective on diagnosis and management

Although uncommon, diffuse jejunoilietis is one of the most difficult areas in Crohn's disease (CD) to treat. Although the exact frequency is unknown, most gastroenterologists believe that its prevalence has been underestimated and that it may have an increased incidence among children and young adolescents. The clinical importance of this clinical disease phenotype is the impact diffuse small bowel disease is expected to have on a child's growth and development. Moreover, patients with jejunoileitis are more likely to experience complications, including fistulization, and most commonly, intestinal obstruction. The associated morbidity and frequent need for surgical intervention renders these patients at risk for intestinal insufficiency. Although stricturoplasty has reduced the incidence of short bowel syndrome, most patients with proximal small bowel CD still require repeated surgical intervention. Jejunoileitis represents a distinct clinical phenotype within the heterogenous family of disease phenotypes considered as CD. Whether a specific genotype will be found to associate with jejunoileitis remains to be determined. Through the development of novel diagnostic techniques, including gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (GMRI), enteroscopy, and capsule endoscopy, the mean age at diagnosis is expected to decrease. Coupled with an increase in clinical suspicion, early diagnosis may allow physicians to consider implementing aggressive immunomodulatory therapy. Future studies are needed to determine if the early detection and use of immune modulators in patients with proximal small bowel disease will improve overall quality of life and decrease the risk of nutritional and surgical comorbidity.
A participative approach to program evaluation

This paper discusses the methodology for the measurement of subjective values via constant-sum comparisons, the development of a Hierarchical Decision Model (HDM), and the formation of expert consensus through the hierarchical decision process. Its focus is on post-program evaluation, but the methodology is equally applicable to pre-program evaluation, ongoing program evaluation, goal formation, capital expenditures, resource allocations, project selection, project performance evaluation, and many other similar decisions in a wide range of management situations.
UNIPARENTAL INHERITANCE IN CHLAMYDOMONAS EUGAMETOS (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1,2

SUMMARY The gene sr-2 conferring resistance to 500 μ/ml streplomycin exhibits uniparental inheritance in Chlamydomonas eugametos Moewus. The mutation to neamine dependence (nd) is probably of the same type. All meiotic progeny from crosses involving these mutant genes have the phenotype of the historically designated male parent. Unlike C. reinhardtii Dang., no exceptional zygotes have been observed.
Unitarity, crossing and two-body effects in a low-energy production model

Abstract A model for single-particle production processes is proposed which takes account of two-particle interactions in all channels. It is the generalisation of the Taha final state model and the Zimmerman crossing symmetric K-matrix equation. Neglecting nucleon spin, some simple low-order iterations to the integral equations for pion-nucleon spingle-pion production are calculated. Besides the two-body amplitudes which are presumed known, the only input is an overall scale. It is shown that even the low-order iterations are in fair agreement with some mass and angular distributions at low energies. The generalisation of the model to include spin effects and its relation to other production models are briefly discussed.
Becoming and being a psychotherapist: A psychodynamic memoir and meditation

The author reflects on the circumstances of his becoming a psychotherapist and meditates on their meaning. He notes the effect on his survival through childhood of his grandparents' emigration from Europe and the influence of his close-knit family on his personal needs and values. He then reflects on his early vocational interests; the transformational power of his education, as a student and faculty, at the University of Chicago; and the constructive force of his professional collaboration and personal friendship with Kenneth Howard. Finally, he considers why it is important to him not only to have become but to continue to be a psychotherapist.
Musculoskeletal profile and incidence of musculoskeletal injuries in lightweight women rowers

There is a lack of information dealing with the musculoskeletal profile of common injuries in women rowers. Strength and flexibility of trunk/pelvic muscles were qualitatively described in 17 elite lightweight women rowers. Questionnaires regarding incidence of musculoskeletal injuries in this population were completed. Correlations between musculoskeletal profiles and incidence of injury were determined. Results indicate elite lightweight women rowers have a high incidence of low back pain and discomfort. Seventy-five percent of the sample demonstrated hyperflexion of the lumbar spine. There was a high positive correlation between hyperflexion motion of the lumbar spine and incidence of low back pain. There was a high negative correlation between adherence to a regular stretching program and incidence of low back pain.
Variable selection in regression with compositional covariates

Motivated by research problems arising in the analysis of gut microbiome and metagenomic data, we consider variable selection and estimation in high-dimensional regression with compositional covariates. We propose an l1 regularization method for the linear log-contrast model that respects the unique features of compositional data. We formulate the proposed procedure as a constrained convex optimization problem and introduce a coordinate descent method of multipliers for efficient computation. In the high-dimensional setting where the dimensionality grows at most exponentially with the sample size, model selection consistency and $\ell _{\infty }$ bounds for the resulting estimator are established under conditions that are mild and interpretable for compositional data. The numerical performance of our method is evaluated via simulation studies and its usefulness is illustrated by an application to a microbiome study relating human body mass index to gut microbiome composition.
Proton-induced x-ray emission analysis for metals extractable from soils with buffer solutions

Abstract The application of proton-induced x-ray emission analysis (p.i.x.e.a.) has been extended to soils and soil extracts. Studies of metal abundances for six elements (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sr and Pb) are given for three soil samples and for four extracts at different pH values for each sample. The p.i.x.e.a. method is described briefly and its value in soil analyses is indicated.
Reaction pathways and kinetics in the degradation of forging lubricants

The stability of a hot forging lubricant determines its effectiveness during operation. Aqueous lubricants, which are increasingly popular because of environmental issues, contain an organic ingredient, a stabilizer, and other species including biocides and corrosion inhibitors. The stability of a model forging lubricant containing dipotassium o-phthalate and sodium silicate in water has been measured over a wide range of temperatures and initial concentrations. The oxidation of the organic species is correlated using kinetic analysis, which reveals that decomposition occurs through a first-order reaction with an activation energy of ≈58.2 kJ/mol. The kinetic result is consistent with a proposed free radical reaction mechanism that is also shown to be consistent with theoretical calculations and results reported for other types of lubricants.
Competitive forces in Japanese mobile telephony: the case of NTT DoCoMo and KDDI

Since its inception in 1973, Hofer's strategic challenge-response model has been used to explain the strategic environment, and the resources and capabilities in which firms meet strategic challenges. In this study, resource-based view (RBV) is used to describe the model, which is then applied to two Japanese mobile telecommunication companies, NTT DoCoMo and KDDI, as they face the strategic challenge of new 3rd generation technologies. The contribution to the literature is two-fold: first, to determine whether the model is still applicable, and second, to help fill the gap of the paucity of studies on Asian-Pacific mobile communication firms.
Contemporaneous and longitudinal prediction of children's social functioning from regulation and emotionality

Relations of regulation and emotionality to social functioning were examined for 77 children followed from early to middle school age. Parents and teachers reported on children's social behavior, emotionality, and regulation, and children engaged in analogue peer conflict situations (i.e., with puppets). High-quality social functioning was predicted by high regulation and low levels of nonconstructive coping, negative emotionality, and general emotional intensity. Prediction often was obtained across reporters and time, although prediction was strongest within context (home versus school). Moreover, measures of regulation and emotionality frequently contributed unique variance to the prediction of social functioning. Contemporaneous correlations at age 8-10 were similar to those obtained at age 6-8, and prediction of later social functioning from emotionality and regulation at age 4-6 was similar at ages 6-8 and 8-10.
Effects of chronic alcohol consumption on dermal penetration of pesticides in rats.

Topically applied ethanol is a well-known dermal penetration enhancer. The purpose of this work was to determine if ethanol consumption might also increase transdermal penetration. Male rats were fed either an ethanol containing or control diet for 6–8 wk. After the feeding regime was completed, skin was removed and placed in an in vitro diffusion system. The transdermal absorption of four very commonly used herbicides was determined. Penetration through skin from ethanol-fed rats was enhanced when compared to control by a factor of 5.3 for paraquat, 2.4 for atrazine, and 2.2 for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and reduced by a factor 0.6 for trifluralin. Comparison of physical factors of the herbicides to the penetration enhancement revealed an inverse linear correlation with lipophilicity, as defined by log octanol/water partition coefficient (log K ow) with r2=.98. These changes were at least partially reversible after 1 wk of abstinence from ethanol. These experiments demonstrate that regular ...
Random walks on finite high-dimensional cubic lattices with a single trap

Exact numerical results are reported for the problem of unbiased, nearest-neighbor random walks on small, finite d ( > 3)-dimensional Cartesian lattices with a single trap. The (slight) dependence of the survival probability on system dimensionality above d = 3 is compared with the predictions of random walk theory, with the latter in excellent agreement with the data. Calculation of the relative width, skewness and kurtosis of the underlying (continuous) probability distribution function for the problem confirms that the process may be accurately described by an exponential distribution function, as was predicted recently by Weiss, Havlin and Bunde. Attention is drawn to the relative speed at which the calculated survival time distribution reaches the theoretically expected exponential form.
Effect of temperature on intrinsic intestinal motility in a hibernator

In t~tro lowering and raising of the temperature of the initial segment of the small intestine of a homeotherm, the laboratory mouse; Mus musculus, and a hibernator, the big brown bat; Eptesicus fuscus indicate: 1. A direct relationship exists between frequency of contractions and gut temperature which is essen- tially linear in mice, with contractions ceasing at about 16~'C, and is curvilinear in gut segments from hibernating Eptesicus, with contractions ceasing at about 7~C. 2. Amplitude of contractions in both species are generally independent of temperature flux; however, in bat gut contraction amplitude drops to very low levels at low temperatures. 3. Relationships to temperature are similar during both cooling and warming of the intestine. 4. Based on motility, the intestine of a hibernator continues to function at a much lower temperature than the gut of a homeotherm. AT THE turn of the century, Bayliss & Starling (1899) suggested that many factors, including temperature, might relate to mammalian intestinal motility. Although much research has since been completed, the bulk of published accounts (see Code, 1968) appear to deal with the effects of pharmacological agents and innervation as they relate to motility in normal and diseased gastrointestinal tracts. Charac- terization of gut motility and examination of factors which may affect motor function of the gut are fre- quently performed by physiology students. Scattered references make passing mention of a direct relation- ship of temperature and gut motor activity (Puestow, 1932; Ambache, 1947; Milton & Smith, 1956). We have been unable to locate published accounts of in- vestigations directed specifically toward the descrip- tion of the relationship of temperature to intrinsic intestinal motility. Although the existence of a rela- tionship of temperature to intestinal motility is physiologically meaningless in homeotherms, gut ac- tivity at reduced temperature may be acutely impor- tant in animals which hibernate, or in facultative homeotherms. The present study describes the rela- tionship of temperature to frequency and amplitude of intrinsic, myogenic intestinal contractions in a homeotherm, the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) and a hibernator, the big brown bat (Eptesicusfuscus).
Neonatal Diabetes and Congenital Malabsorptive Diarrhea Attributable to a Novel Mutation in the Human Neurogenin-3 Gene Coding Sequence

Objective: The aim was to describe the clinical presentation and to characterize the genetic mutation present in a child with congenital malabsorptive diarrhea and neonatal diabetes. Research Design and Methods: Clinical data were obtained from chart review. Histopathological characterization of intestinal samples and neurogenin-3 (NEUROG3) sequencing were performed. Expression and function of the mutated NEUROG3 protein were assessed by Western blot analysis and luciferase reporter assay. Results: At birth, the proband was small for gestational age. She presented for evaluation with persistent diarrhea and a poor postnatal growth pattern. Although the pancreas was present, serum amylase and fecal elastase levels were decreased, and blood glucose levels were persistently elevated by 5 months of age. Immunostaining of a small intestine biopsy for chromogranin A demonstrated complete absence of neuroendocrine cells. Genetic analysis revealed a nonsense mutation (E123X) in the region encoding helix II of the...
Investigation of nonrecoil fission-product release phenomena using multifrequency source-perturbation experiments in EBR-II

Abstract A widely-accepted theory that was proposed to explain nonrecoil fission-product release phenomena in LMRs postulated that isotopic transport kinetics are attributable to liquid-state diffusion across a viscous sublayer of Na near the surface of the fuel. A series of multifrequency source-perturbation experiments was recently performed in EBR-II to isolate and quantitatively explore the boundary-layer diffusion mechanism while separating out all other physical variables that affect the isotopic transport kinetics. Detailed analyses of the results using bivariate spectral decomposition and cross-correlation techniques are presented. Results of the analyses provide incontrovertible experimental evidence that boundary-layer diffusion in fact plays no part in the release of short-lived fission products in LMRs. A major conclusion of this investigation is that all nonrecoil fission-product release phenomena originate from mechanisms acting inside the breached element itself. Implications of this and other findings made during this investigation are discussed, and recommendations are made for extending the techniques introduced here in future experiments involving actual breached pins.
Kinetics and Modeling of Wet Etching of Aluminum Oxide by Warm Phosphoric Acid

Aluminum oxide has been used widely in the microelectronic industry for dielectric films. Etching kinetics of vacuum sputtered aluminum oxide films by warm phosphoric acid is studied. The etch rate is found to be constant when the concentration and temperature of the etchant are fixed and the films being etched come from the same deposition batch. Etch rates obtained at different etchant concentrations show that over the industrial range of interest, the kinetics are first order in the hydrogen ion concentration which is a limiting form of a more general site model. Experiments of varying the etching temperature lead to the conclusion that the process is reaction controlled.
Additional evidence of heuristic-based inefficiency in season wins total betting markets: Major League Baseball

The large majority of sports betting papers have addressed questions of market efficiency based on the outcome of single game, such as spread (sides) or point totals wagers. This research examines the Major League Baseball (MLB) season wins total over/under betting market with respect to questions of market efficiency and profitability. Woodland and Woodland (2013, 2015) investigated the season wins total markets for the National Football League (NFL) and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and found significant inefficiencies. Betting rules tested in this paper parallel those proposed by Woodland and Woodland for the NFL and NBA. They aim to take advantage of the implications of the representativeness heuristic, that is, individuals expect results from a small number of games to generalize to the entire population. The MLB market is found to be inefficient, and provides opportunities for profitable wagering. We establish a tendency for bettors to overreact to a team’s performance in the previous season, particularly for teams with winning records. Results are consistent with the findings for the NFL and NBA season wins totals betting markets. This may be the consequence of monetary betting limits and a structure requiring the completion of a sport’s season before the bet outcome is determined, both of which could discourage some bettors from participating.
The Infrared Activity of Comet P/Halley 1986 III at Heliocentric Distances from 0.6 to 5.92 AU

We present an analysis of the combined infrared data for comet 1P/Halley 1986 III acquired by Gehrz and Ney, Hanner and coworkers, Tokunaga and coworkers, Green and coworkers, Ryan and Campins, and Bregman and coworkers. This database, the largest single body of infrared photometric data for any comet, spans a wavelength range from 0.7 to 23??m and describes the activity of P/Halley at heliocentric distances from 0.6 to 5.92 AU. Coverage of the thermal infrared spectrum was obtained for heliocentric distances from 0.6 to 2.8 AU. The quantitative corrections and calibration procedures required to intercompare the individual data sets are described. Long-term trends in the heliocentric dependence of P/Halley's grain color temperature, silicate emission optical strength, average grain albedo, apparent luminosity, and infrared monochromatic fluxes are discussed. The normalized thermal infrared flux varied as r-2.2 preperihelion and r-2.1 postperihelion in accord with the slope of the water production rate, indicating a general correlation between dust and gas production. Large-amplitude short-term (hours) fluctuations in all the observable quantities were seen in small apertures; these changes correlated with gas production rates and the presence of jets. Changes in JHK colors and the incomplete correlation between superheat and silicate feature strength imply variability in the grain composition, as well as in the size distribution. Based on a comparison of infrared data, comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) ejected a much higher relative abundance of submicron grains than Halley, and this pattern persisted to larger heliocentric distances.
Economies of Online Retrieval.

The growth and usage of online information systems has resulted in institutions making statistical studies on the costs of providing this service to users. Vendors analyze their indirect and direct costs in making database services available. This paper deals with the economies of online retrieval costs to the institution as well as the end user. One cost factor on which little has been reported, due to a paucity of data, is the value of the time saved by the end user in having a computer search run. Information which indicates savings to the end user will be reported from evaluations of completed searches run by the Purdue University Library's Computer Based Information Service. To measure overall benefits, institutions should consider the volume of usage, system performance and effectiveness, user behavior and user satisfaction.
Slip-plane disordering in stoichiometric Ni3Al

Abstract Observations during in situ straining experiments on stoichiometric Ni3Al in a transmission electron microscope are presented showing that a non-conservative loop generation mechanism operates in highly-deformed slip bands. Apparently, after passage of many superlattice dislocations the antiphase boundary energy (APB) in the slip band is lowered, superpartial separations increase, and some defects (such as vacancy and anti-site) coalesce and aid the formation of the loops. These observations correlate well with recent suggestions that non-planar APBs are present and can glide. Similar experiments in alloys that do not order do not produce such loops. These loops serve as pinning points to passage of subsequent dislocations. The separations of superpartial dislocations measured under load are greater than those measured in bulk deformed but unloaded specimens.
Stereotypes about Women's Body Types Associated with Occupations

Surveyed were 75 women (22 freshmen, 17 sophomores, 17 juniors, 15 seniors, 2 graduate students, 2 students did not report year in college) attending a Kansas university about demographic character...
IS THERE A BIAS IN ARBITRATION OF NONUNION EMPLOYMENT DISPUTES? AN ANALYSIS OF ACTUAL CASES AND OUTCOMES

This paper uses 1992 nonunion employment arbitration awards to examine how parties currently use arbitration outside collective bargaining. It presents descriptive data on the costs of arbitration. It compares employer and employee claims, and finds that employees win higher damage awards. Employees recover a higher proportion of the damages they claim or have a better outcome than employers, notwith‐standing the theory that an arbitrator will rule in favor of employers because they have more resources to pay the arbitrator. While both employers and employees have lower outcomes when the arbitrator is paid a fee, this appears to be because the fee‐paying cases are higher stakes claims, and higher stakes claims result in proportionally lower damage awards. The findings tend to contradict the theory that employment arbitrators will be biased in favor of employers in a nonunion setting.
Adaptive evolution and frequent gene conversion in the brain expressed X-linked gene family in mammals.

This work examines the molecular evolution of a brain-expressed X-linked gene family in the mammalian genomes of human, chimp, macaque, mouse, rat, dog, and cow. The gene structures are well conserved across family members and among the mammals in that all five members have three exons with the first two exons untranslated. Furthermore, the five members are arranged tandemly on chromosome X with Bex5, Bex1, Bex2 on the negative strand and Bex4, Bex3 on the positive strand, and this physical arrangement remains conserved among species. Sequence analyses indicate that gene conversion has been frequent and ongoing among Bex1-4, occurring in multiple species independently. All gene conversions in different species between Bex1 and Bex4, and between Bex2 and Bex3, appear to be limited to the upstream regions of the third exon, whereas the gene conversions occurred independently in different species between Bex1 and Bex2 and cover only the third exon. Bex5 appears to have little exchange of genetic information with other members, possibly due to its distance from other members. The GC content decreases from 5′-UTR, intron 1, intron 2, coding region, to 3′-UTR, reflecting faithfully the frequency of gene conversion in different regions of the Bex genes. Sequence analyses also suggest that both relaxed selective constraint and positive selection have acted on the Bex members after duplication. In particular, Bex3 shows strong evidence of positive selection and seems to have evolved a new gene function after gene duplication.
Alcohol Intoxication and Condom Use Self-Efficacy Effects on Women’s Condom Use Intentions

Abstract Although research has consistently demonstrated that condom use self-efficacy significantly predicts condom use, there has been little investigation of whether acute alcohol intoxication moderates this relationship. Because alcohol intoxication is often associated with increased sexual risk taking, further examination of such moderating effects is warranted. Using a community sample of young heterosexual women (n = 436) with a history of heavy episodic drinking, this alcohol administration experiment examined the effects of intoxication and condom use self-efficacy on women's condom negotiation and future condom use intentions. After a questionnaire session, alcohol condition (control, .10% target peak BAL) was experimentally manipulated between subjects. Participants then read and responded to a hypothetical risky sexual decision-making scenario. SEM analyses revealed that alcohol intoxication directly decreased women's intentions to use condoms in the future. Women with greater condom use self-efficacy had stronger intentions to engage in condom negotiation; however, this effect was moderated by intoxication. Specifically, the association between condom use self-efficacy and condom negotiation intentions was stronger for intoxicated women than for sober women. These novel findings regarding the synergistic effects of alcohol intoxication and condom use self-efficacy support continued prevention efforts aimed at strengthening women's condom use self-efficacy, which may reduce even those sexual risk decisions made during states of intoxication.
Filamentous fossil bacteria from the Archean of Western Australia

Abstract Four morphotypes of structurally preserved, filamentous fossil bacteria have been discovered in petrographic thin sections of laminated, carbonaceous cherts from the ~3500 Ma-old Warrawoona Group of northwestern Australia. These tubular and septate micro-fossils are interpreted here as being syngenetic with Warrawoona sedimentation; as such, they are apparently the oldest such fossils now known in the geological record. The diversity of this assemblage, and the evident complexity of its individual components, suggest that the beginnings of life on Earth may have appreciably pre-dated the deposition of the Warrawoona sediments.
A CASE OF SCHILDER'S DIFFUSE SCLEROSIS DIAGNOSED CLINICALLY SCHIZOPHRENIA.

A case of Schilder's Diffuse Sclerosis diagnosed clinically as schizophrenia is reported. Asymmetrical diffuse demyelination of the white substance of the frontal lobes and patchy demyelination, more or less sharply delineated, in the brain stem was found. The suggestion is that the clinical course of the diffuse sclerosis with almost exclusively psychiatric symptoms is closely related to the predominant frontal localisation of the neuropathological process.
A twelve-inch far infrared grating spectrometer

A grating spectrometer capable of a spectral resolution of from one to two wave numbers in the region from 100 to 700 microns is described. Sources of far infrared radiation and techniques for the separation of overlapping spectral orders are discussed.
Two-component simulation for molecular beam epitaxy growth of GaAs

Presented is a two-component simulation for molecular beam epitaxy growth of GaAs. The key aspects of the simulation are the high surface mobility of one component (Ga) and the inclusion of a second, volatile component (As). Simulations show how the interplay of the substrate temperature and As overpressure determines the supersaturation, and therefore whether the growth occurs in the kinetically limited or near-equilibrium regime. Qualitative comparisons of the simulations and experiment are presented.
Minimally invasive versus sternotomy approaches for mitral reconstruction: comparison of intermediate-term results.

Background: This study compares intermediate-term outcomes of mitral valve reconstruction after either the standard sternotomy approach or the new minimally invasive approach. Although minimally invasive mitral valve operations appear to offer certain advantages, such as reduced postoperative discomfort and decreased postoperative recovery time, the intermediate-term functional and echocardiographic efficacy has not yet been documented. Methods: From May 1996 to February 1999, 100 consecutive patients underwent primary mitral reconstruction through a minimally invasive right anterior thoracotomy and peripheral cardiopulmonary bypass and Port-Access technology (Heartport, Inc, Redwood City, Calif). Outcomes were compared with those for our previous 100 patients undergoing primary mitral repair who were operated on with the standard sternotomy approach. Results: Although patients were similar in age, the patients undergoing the minimally invasive approach had a lower preoperative New York Heart Association classification (2.1 ± 0.5 vs 2.6 ± 0.6, P <.001). There was one (1.0%) hospital mortality with the sternotomy approach and no such case with the minimally invasive approach. Follow-up revealed that residual mitral insufficiency was similar between the minimally invasive and sternotomy approaches (0.79 ± 0.06 vs 0.77 ± 0.06, P =.89, 0- to 3-point scale); likewise, the cumulative freedom from reoperation was not significantly different (94.4% vs 96.8%, P =.38). Follow-up New York Heart Association functional class was significantly better in the patients undergoing the minimally invasive approach (1.5 ± 0.05 vs 1.2 ± 0.05, P <.01). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate comparable 1-year follow-up results after minimally invasive mitral valve reconstruction. Both echocardiographic results and New York Heart Association functional improvements were compatible with results achieved with the standard sternotomy approach. The minimally invasive approach for mitral valve reconstruction provides equally durable results with marked advantages for the patient and should be more widely adopted. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;121:708-13)
Radio frequency identification (RFID): time to take another look

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show that there may currently be more motivation to move towards a modern RFID system for librariesDesign/methodology/approach – The paper takes the form of a literature review.Findings – The author finds that prices for RFID chips and equipment have dropped significantly.Practical implications] – In these harsh economic times libraries need to use purchasing funds wisely. RFID is a method of accomplishing more, possibly for less money.Originality/value – With more personnel being laid off every day, libraries need to be innovative in using technology, and cost‐effective. RFID, once set up, can place the burden of cataloging, circulation and collection management on the computer rather than on staff.
Variational approximations to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation

Abstract We study analytically the family of nonlinear Schrodinger equations (NLSE) i ϖψ ϖ + ϖ 2 ψ ϖx 2 +g… ψ ψ… K ψ = 0 for arbitrary values of the nonlinearity parameter ϰ using two variational strategies based on two different perturbation expansions of the equation - the delta expansion (DE) (which expands in the nonlinearity) and the linear delta expansion (LDE) (which expands about an optimal linear term). For simplicity we discuss solutions to the initial value problem for which ψ(x, t=0) = Cδ(x). For the LDE the variational calculation gives the exact analytic solution to the NLSE for arbitrary ϰ for this initial data. The answer has different structure for ϰ 1. For the delta expansion the variational calculation gives a sequence of approximations to the solution valid for ϰ
Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in experimentally infected bats.

Colonial bats (Myotis spp. and Eptesicus sp.) were infected with eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus by subcutaneous inoculation or by the bite of infected mosquitoes. Bats were maintained in an environment simulating conditions encountered in hibernacula or in summer maternal colonies. Virus was detected in the blood of hibernating bats at irregular intervals over a 42-day observation period; viremia perhaps was influenced by the amount of disturbance (arousal) involved in the blood sampling process. Target organs included brown fat, spleen, lung, kidneys, pancreas, and liver. Neutralizing antibody was not detected in sera collected from these bats between days 4 and 42 post-inoculation. In nonhibernating bats, virus was recovered from mammary glands, brown fat, pancreas, lungs, kidneys, and liver, in addition to blood. Attempts to infect bats orally or to transmit virus to suckling mice by the bite of viremic bats were unsuccessful. Virus was transmitted from viremic chickens to E. fuscus by the bite...
Increasing the Diesel and Brayton Cycle Efficiency With Thermoelectric Materials

Thermoelectric materials, utilizing the Seebeck effect, have the potential of augmenting the thermal efficiency of all types of internal combustion engines and in particular, a simple cycle gas turbine, as well as the combined steam and gas turbine cycles. Current research and development at Maine Maritime Academy (MMA) has successfully demonstrated the conversion of waste exhaust heat into electrical power from a marine diesel and micro gas turbine. While the automotive industry has been investigating the utility of thermoelectric materials in passenger vehicles for a number of years, the authors believe that the marine and stationary power industries would be the significant beneficiaries of this technology given economies of scale and greater ability to generate higher thermal gradients. This paper examines both the application of thermoelectric generation on marine diesel propulsion systems, and a micro gas turbine. Research and development at MMA highlights the ability to supersede existing thermal efficiency barriers encountered by each power producer.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Ordering and percolation transitions for hard squares: Equilibrium versus nonequilibrium models for adsorbed layers with c(2X2) superlattice ordering

We study the critical behavior of models for adsorbed layers in which particles reside on a square lattice and have infinite nearest-neighbor repulsions. Such particles are often described as ``hard squares.'' We consider both the equilibrium hard-square model and a nonequilibrium model. The latter involves dimer adsorption onto diagonally adjacent sites, and the desorption and possible hopping of adsorbed monomer particles (where neither adsorption nor hopping can create adjacent pairs of occupied sites). In the limit of high monomer mobility, one recovers the equilibrium model. Both models exhibit a continuous symmetry breaking transition in the Ising universality class, and also a percolation transition for $c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ clusters of particles connected with diagonal bonds. For the equilibrium model, extensive Monte Carlo simulations show that the two transitions coincide, supporting the claim of Hu and Mak. We also determine percolation exponents for $c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ clusters and vacancy clusters, and consider a correlated site-bond percolation problem which elucidates conditions for coincidence of symmetry-breaking and percolation. In contrast, for the nonequilibrium model with immobile adsorbed monomers, there is a gap between the symmetry-breaking and percolation transitions, and the random percolation universality class applies. Finally, we examine the crossover behavior with increasing mobility of adsorbed monomers.
English Elliptical Sentences and Coordinate Conjunction

Most English elliptical sentences (ES's) can be accounted for syntactically in terms of major constituents, and semantically by a few interpretative generalizations. This account of elliptical sentences will, without any further formal elaboration, also account for the syntax and semantics of English gapping and secondary conjunction.
Comparison of energy dependence of transverse momentum of dimuons produced in pN and π - N interactions with quantum-chromodynamic predictions

We have analyzed the dependence of the average transverse momentum squared of dimuons produced in pN and ..pi../sup -/N interactions on s, the square of the center-of-mass energy. The presently available data indicate a linear increase of with s in both reactions, with the rate of increase being approximately twice as large in the ..pi../sup -/N reaction for M/ ..sqrt..s = 0.28 as in the pN reaction for M/ ..sqrt..s = 0.22. The value of extrapolated to s = 0, which is interpreted as the intrinsic of the ..pi../sup -/ and p constituents, is the same within errors for both reactions. First-order QCD consistently predicts a lower at all s than is observed in the data.