cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atomic Layer Deposition of Conductive Coatings on Cotton, Paper, and Synthetic Fibers: Conductivity Analysis and Functional Chemical Sensing Using “All-Fiber” Capacitors

Conductive coatings on complex fi brous systems are attracting interest for new electronic and other functional systems. Obtaining a quantitative conductivity value for complex surface coatings is often diffi cult. This work describes a procedure to quantify the effective electrical conductivity of conductive coatings on non-conductive fi brous networks. By applying a normal force orthogonal to the current and fi eld direction, fi ber/fi ber contact is improved and consistent conductance values can be measured. Nylon fi bers coated with an electroless silver plating shows effective conductivity up to 1950 S cm − 1 , and quartz fi bers coated with tungsten by atomic layer deposition (ALD) show values up to ∼ 1150 S cm − 1 . Cotton fi bers and paper coated with a range of ZnO fi lm thicknesses by ALD show effective conductivity of up to 24 S cm − 1 under applied normal force, and conductivity scaled as expected with fi lm coating thickness. Furthermore, we use the conductive coatings to produce an “all-fi ber” metal‐insulator‐metal capacitor that functions as a liquid chemical sensor. The ability to reliably analyze the effective conductivity of coatings on complex fi ber systems will be important to design and improve performance of similar devices and other electronic textiles structures.
Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis

Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis is a persistent problem that has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young neonates. This review discusses some of the more recently associated risk factors, potential etiologies, including some potential genetic causes, and discusses potential forms of therapy, including the use of ursodeoxycholic acid and cholecystokinin.
Scaled particle theory for nonadditive hard spheres. General solution in one dimension

Abstract Two general solutions of scaled particle theory for a binary mixture of hard rods interacting with arbitrary nonadditive diameters are presented. These solutions agree very well with the exact solution.
Contributions of Qualitative Research to Adult Education.

The choice of a qualitative research methodology to study some of the questions and problems in adult education has resulted in some significant contributions to the knowledge base of adult education. Among other contributions, qualitative inquiry has led to the concepts of marginality, enrollment economy, and perspective transformation, stimulated research in participation, motivation, and self-directed learning, and led to a better understanding of adult illiterates. The potential of this research methodology for extending the knowledge base of adult education in the future is also discussed.
Spontaneous activity in Purkinje cells: multi-electrode recording from organotypic cerebellar slice cultures.

Organotypic cerebellar cultures were maintained on multi-electrode dishes (MED) with an 8×8 array of electrodes and examined for physiological activity. The cultures remained viable for up to seven months and exhibited spontaneous discharges most likely originating from Purkinje cells. Spike frequencies varied but were mostly around 10–30 Hz and were often stable over weeks with average drifts of <20% per week. Spontaneous firing was significantly reduced by blockers of sodium channels (riluzole) and several potassium channels (iberiotoxin, TEA, 4-amino-pyridine), but blockers of calcium channels, GIRK channels, and SK-type potassium channels were ineffective. Inhibitors of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission made spike discharges more regular. Particularly robust changes in spike frequency were produced by agents that increase cGMP. Bromo-cGMP, the NO donor SNAP, the guanylate cyclase activator YC-1, and the phosphodiesterase inhibitor zaprinast greatly reduced spike frequency. Activation of the metabotropic receptor mGluR1 and inhibition of Ih channels caused a majority of cells to switch from tonic firing to a cyclic activity mode in which intense firing alternated with silence. Agonists for cholinergic, serotonergic, histamine, opiate, and CRF receptors had no effect, but those for adrenergic and adenosine A1 receptors reduced firing. Moreover, brief application of bromocriptine caused a delayed decrease in firing that reached a minimum after 24 to 48 h and recovered after 1–2 weeks. Taken together, our results demonstrate that long-term cultures maintained on multi-electrode arrays retain many essential features of cerebellar physiology and that they provide a test system that is well suited for broad screening of pharmacological agents as well as for studying long-term effects of drugs, tissue factors, and pathogens.
An adaptive staircase procedure for the E-Prime programming environment

Many studies need to determine a subject's threshold for a given task. This can be achieved efficiently using an adaptive staircase procedure. While the logic and algorithms for staircases have been well established, the few pre-programmed routines currently available to researchers require at least moderate programming experience to integrate into new paradigms and experimental settings. Here, we describe a freely distributed routine developed for the E-Prime programming environment that can be easily integrated into any experimental protocol with only a basic understanding of E-Prime. An example experiment (visual temporal-order-judgment task) where subjects report the order of occurrence of two circles illustrates the behavior and consistency of the routine.
Flow cytometric analysis of the DNA distribution in human brain tumors

Flow cytofluorometric analysis was used to determine the distribution of the DNA content in cells from selected areas of normal human brain and in benign and malignant brain tumors. Propidium iodide was employed as DNA fluorochrome and the analysis was carried out on a suspension of single cells. Normal, nonstimulated human lymphocytes were used as diploid controls. With nonneoplastic tissue an average of 91% of the cells were diploid (presumably in G0 or G1 stage of the cell cycle). The cells of most benign tumors were mainly diploid (77–98%), nine specimens of pituitary adenomas had large numbers of aneuploid cells. In glioblastoma multiforme the proportion of diploid cells was significantly diminished and polyploid cells were frequently seen. Similar results were obtained in other malignant tumors, with metastatic tumors showing the greatest ploidy variation, which included triploid, tetraploid, and hypertetraploid cells. The analytical method used provides valuable information of significant clinical importance on the DNA distribution in brain tumor cells.
Analysis of the persistence of enteric markers in sewage polluted water on a solid matrix and in liquid suspension

Addressing the persistence of bacterial indicators using qPCR and their respective DNA targets under various conditions is a critical part of risk assessment for water quality monitoring. The goal of this study was to examine the persistence of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) via Escherichia coli uidA, enterococci 23S rDNA and Bacteroides thetataiotaomicron 1,6 alpha mannanase from cells attached to a solid matrix and in suspension. Raw sewage (10% vol/vol) was seeded into autoclaved river water with half of the sample volume in suspension and the other half was filtered onto membranes and stored at 4°, 27° and 37°C for up to 28 days. At various time points, DNA from cells was extracted, markers were quantified, and were fit to linear and non-linear models (first order exponential, biphasic (double) exponential, two-staged, log-logistic, and Gompertz 3-parameter). First order and biphasic exponential models fit 73% of the experimental data. Persistence increased significantly when the cells were stored in an attached state (p 28 days in an attached state at all temperatures.
Fast and accurate predictions of relative binding energies

Abstract We report on the development of a fast, empirical method for estimating the binding affinity of protein-ligand complexes. The method is of comparable accuracy to existing empirical methods, but uses fewer parameters. We also report on experiments, using a combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) approach, applied to a dataset of thermolysin inhibitors, with improved performance.
Fifty years of non‐Newtonian fluid dynamics

Non-Newtonian fluid dynamics, which was developed during the second half of the twentieth century, has become a part of the core research and teaching portfolio of chemical engineers. This overview reflects on classes of flows in which inherent nonlinearity causes non-Newtonian fluids to exhibit qualitatively different behavior from Newtonian fluids. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2335–2345, 2004
On –δu = K(x)u5 in ℝ3

In this paper, we study the equation –Δu = K(x)u5 in ℝ3 and provide a large class of positive functions K(x) for which we obtain infinitely many positive solutions which decay at infinity at the rate of |x|−1. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Approximate analysis of post-limit response of frames

An approach to estimating the limit and post‐limit behavior of a framed structure from its geometrically linear response is presented. The method follows from a particular restatement of the weak form of the nonlinear differential equations governing the response of the structure, and is based upon the observation that geometric effects are insensitive to redistribution of the moment field in planar framed structures. The formulation gives insight into the relationship between important observed phenomena and the complex nonlinear governing equations. A novel derivation of Home's method for estimating the nonlinear response of frames is presented and extended to the important case of nonproportional loads. The role of the linearized geometric stiffness matrix, and the buckling eigenvalues is clearly demonstrated. Several examples are given to evaluate the validity of the inherent assumptions and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Transmeningeal delivery of GABA to control neocortical seizures in rats

Transmeningeal drug delivery, using an implanted hybrid neuroprosthesis, has been proposed as a novel therapy for intractable focal epilepsy. As part of a systematic effort to identify the optimal compounds and protocols for such a therapy, this study aimed to determine whether transmeningeal gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) delivery can terminate and/or prevent neocortical seizures in rats. Rats were chronically implanted with an epidural cup and an adjacent EEG electrode in the right parietal cortex. While the rat was behaving freely, a seizure-inducing concentration of acetylcholine (Ach) was applied into the cup. In a seizure termination study, either artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) or GABA (0.25, 2.5, 25 or 50mM) was delivered into the exposed neocortical area during an ongoing seizure. In a seizure prevention study, either ACSF or 50mM GABA was delivered into the epidural cup before the application of Ach. Epidural delivery of 50mM GABA completely terminated ongoing Ach-induced EEG seizures and convulsions within 17-437s after its delivery. ACSF and lower concentrations of GABA did not produce this effect, but 25mM GABA reduced seizure severity. However, the used GABA concentration could not prevent the development, or affect the severity, of Ach-induced EEG seizures and convulsions. This study indicates that transmeningeal GABA delivery can be used for terminating neocortical seizures, but to achieve seizure prevention via this route either a more efficient GABA delivery method needs to be developed or other neurotransmitters/pharmaceuticals should be employed for this purpose.
Frequency tristability of single-mode, standing-wave gas lasers containing a saturable absorber

The structure of the Lamb dip may permit a standing-wave gas laser containing a saturable absorber (LSA) to exhibit frequency tristability while oscillating in a single spatial mode. This is concluded from the steady-state and stability analyses of a plane-wave gas-laser model in which the atomic populations are taken as homogeneous. Conditions for this behavior are investigated, and it is concluded that very high pump excitations are needed, which is in contrast to previously reported predictions of frequency multistability for LSA’s containing homogeneously broadened media.
Bee repellent combined with dieldrin or Sevin in bee poisoning tests in alfalfa.

A bee repellent, R-874 (2-hydroxyethyl-n-oetyl sulfide), provided good protection against bee poisoning when mixed with sprays of either dieldrin or Sevin® (1-napthyl methylcarbamate) in tests on blooming alfalfa. Honey bees ( Apis mellifera L.) and bumblebees ( Bombus spp.) in the fields were repelled effectively for 6 to 8 days when the average maximum temperature for the week following application was 71°F; for 3 to 4days when the average maximum temperature was 87°F.
The first fluorescent sensor for boronic and boric acids with sensitivity at sub-micromolar concentrations

An anthracene-based PET sensor which uses a diethanolamine recognition site is selective for boronic and boric acids, showing up to a 19-fold fluorescent intensity enhancement upon binding.
Supergeometry of the coupled Yang-Mills/supergravity system in ten dimensions

Abstract Supergravity coupled to supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in ten dimensions is constructed using the bundle of frames approach to superspace. The structure group Spin(9, 1) of simple supergravity is enlarged to Spin (9, 1) × G where G is the internal symmetry group, while the super-Yang-Mills spinor field generates additional torsion. The possibility of this coupling is traced to the fact that given the constraints on the spinorial torsion components, the Bianchi identities do not imply the complete transformation laws and equations of motion for the Fermi fields. The Chern-Simons form associated with the Yang-Mills connection arises from a constraint implied by the Bianchi identities.
Quantifying the effects of tool and workpiece surface evolution during microgrinding of optical glasses

ABSTRACT CNC grinding technology is increasingly used in the manufacture of precision optical components. Grindingperformanceis strongly influenced by the interaction of the tool and workpiece surfaces on a microscale, which in turn isinfluenced by the structure (topography) of the two surfaces. Unfortunately, for tool surfaces in particular, relatively littlequantitative information has been available on the nature ofthe surfaces generated during actual grinding operations. Howeverwith the availability of advanced meirology techniques, such as optical profilometry and atomic force microscopy, it is nowpossible to produce detailed three-dimensional images of tool surfaces and from them to extract detailed quantitativeinformation about the surface and its evolution.In this paper we discuss the use of optical profilometry to quantitatively characterize the surface microstructure(topography) of composite diamond tools during grinding of optical glasses. As an alternative to measuring individualdiamond profiles, both the size and shape ofthe active diamonds on the tool surface may be evaluated by examination of theoverall bearing ratio of the surface. This is quicker and has the advantage of avoiding potential bias in the selection ofdiamonds to be measured. Use of a micro-marker technique to precisely measure bond wear rate from a series of surfaceimages using a micro-marker technique is also demonstrated. Grinding performance is dependent on the process conditions,but is also found to be correlated with the tool's surface structure. Moreover since the tool surfaceevolves during grinding, acomplex relationship between the process and performanceis produced. Bond wear is found to play an important role inmaintaining grinding performance. Process conditions which produce a steady bond wear rate aid m establishing a quasi-equilibrium state ("self-sharpening") under which grinding performance can be maintained indefinitely.keywords: grinding, optical grinding, optical glass, grinding energy, Preston, topography, diamond, abrasive, wear
Differences in physicians’ self-reported knowledge of, attitudes toward, and responses to the black box warning on long-acting β-agonists

Background Inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β-agonists (LABAs) are recommended for treating moderate to severe persistent asthma. The Food and Drug Administration has issued a black box warning (BBW) for LABAs. Objective To investigate physician knowledge of the BBW and its effect on the practice of specialists (pulmonologists and allergists) and primary care physicians (PCPs) (internists and family physicians). Methods A total of 1,107 physicians responded to a questionnaire to determine their awareness of the BBW and whether it changed their practice. Results The group comprised 429 pulmonologists (38.8%), 395 allergists (35.7%), 141 internists (12.7%), 132 family physicians (11.9%), and 10 pediatricians (0.9%). Comparing specialists with PCPs, there was approximately a 10% difference in the rate of knowledge concerning the BBW (99.0% vs 90.8%, P P P P Conclusion Although most physicians were aware of the BBW for LABAs, there was a difference in how specialists and PCPs approached it and altered their prescribing habits.
Regulation of Cell Surface Polarity from Bacteria to Mammals

The generation of unique domains on the cell, cell surface polarity, is critical for differentiation into the diversity of cell structures and functions found in a wide variety of organisms and cells, including the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and mammalian polarized epithelial cells. Comparison of the mechanisms for establishing polarity in these cells indicates that restricted membrane protein distributions are generated by selective protein targeting to, and selective protein retention at, the cell surface. Initiation of these mechanisms involves reorientation of components of the cytoskeleton and protein transport pathways toward restricted sites at the cell surface and formation of a targeting patch at those sites for selective recruitment and retention of proteins.
Temporal and spatial variation in potential and realized growth rates of age‐0 year northern rock sole

The possibility of prey limitations on the growth performance of age-0 year northern rock sole Lepidopsetta polyxystra was evaluated at three sites along the north-east coast of Kodiak Island, Alaska, U.S.A., by comparison of observed to potential growth rates. Growth potential was measured in the laboratory across the range of temperatures encountered by this species during the first summer of life. Growth potential (g L , mm day -1 ) increased with water temperature (T) between 2 and 13° C, according to: g L = 0·0151 + 0.3673·log 10 (T). There were significant differences in growth rate between the three field sites such that Holiday Beach fish were 7·1 mm longer than Shakmanof Beach fish by mid-September, with Pillar Creek Cove fish of intermediate size. Temperature differences between sites accounted for less than half of this variation. The remainder may have been related to differences in prey availability among the sites in association with observed differences in sediment characteristics. In addition to the spatial variability, there was significant monthly variation in growth performance. Realized growth rates between July and August were in excess of 85% of potential. Between August and September, however, realized growth fell to 43-71% of potential indicating a decline in conditions for growth. The spatial variation in growth rates was not density-dependent as the site with the highest fish densities (Holiday Beach) also supported the highest growth rates. The available data indicates that for this subtidal species, interannual variation in growth may be more important than site variation.
Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for simultaneous detection of Lawsonia intracellularis, Serpulina hyodysenteriae, and salmonellae in porcine intestinal specimens

Proliferative enteritis, swine dysentery, and porcine salmonellosis are the most common enteric bacterial diseases affecting pigs in the growing and finishing stages of production. Currently, diagnoses of these diseases by standard cultural techniques of intestinal specimens can be laborious, time consuming, and expensive (swine dysentery, porcine salmonellosis) or impossible (proliferative enteritis). Amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of DNA sequences specific for each bacterial agent is a highly sensitive and specific method that overcomes the limitations associated with standard detection methods. A multiplex PCR (M-PCR) assay was developed for simultaneous detection and identification of the etiologic agents associated with proliferative enteritis, swine dysentery, and porcine salmonellosis in a single reaction using total DNA obtained directly from intestinal specimens. Purified DNA obtained from pure cultures of each bacterial agent alone or mixed in different combinations and concentrations and total DNA from intestinal specimens were amplified using the Lawsonia intracellularis-, Serpulina hyodysenteriae-, and salmonellae-specific M-PCR assay. Intestinal specimens consisted of feces and mucosal scrapings obtained from field cases of each disease alone or in combinations and feces obtained from pigs challenged with S. hyodysenteriae. The banding pattern of the amplified PCR products, after agarose gel electrophoresis and staining, indicated the presence of individual or combinations of etiologic agents in each specimen. Results from this study indicated that simultaneous amplification of L. intracellularis-, S. hyodysenteriae-, and salmonellae-specific DNA sequences by M-PCR can be used for specific detection and identification of three major enteric bacterial pathogens associated with proliferative enteritis, swine dysentery, and porcine salmonellosis occurring alone or in combinations. Also, the M-PCR assay can be done using DNA obtained directly from intestinal specimens submitted for diagnostic investigation.
The economic cost of infertility-related services: an examination of the Massachusetts infertility insurance mandate

Abstract Objective: To examine the costs and outcomes of infertility-related services in Massachusetts during a time of expanded use of assisted reproductive technology (ART). Design: Cost data were obtained from the Massachusetts Department of Insurance Rate-Setting Commission and 9 large group insurance plans for the period 1986–1993. Utilization and success rates of ART were examined, and the cost per live delivery with the use of ART in 1993 was estimated. Setting: The state of Massachusetts, in which access to infertility-related services has been mandated by law since 1989. Patient(s): The study population consisted of 8 large health maintenance organization plans and the Blue Cross/Blue Shield indemnity plan. Intervention(s): None. Main Outcome Measure(s): Per capita infertility-related expenditures, infertility-related expenditures as a percentage of total expenditures, live deliveries per initiated ART cycle, and cost per live delivery. Result(s): Expenditures for infertility services increased at a rate similar to or slower than inflation during the years 1988–1992. Increases were slowest in health maintenance organizations, probably as a result of provider arrangements. Infertility services accounted for 0.41% of total expenditures within the indemnity plan in 1993 (approximately $1.71 per contract-month). Examination of ART utilization showed no evidence of overutilization by patients with a low chance of success. The cost per live delivery with the use of ART in 1993 was $59,484. Conclusion(s): Mandated infertility coverage was associated with increased use of ART but not with excessive increases in consumer cost for infertility insurance coverage.
SiProbe-a new technology for wafer probing

This paper will describe a new wafer probing technology that is particularly applicable to the simultaneous probing of multiple die and high pin-count devices that cannot be probed using conventional needle probing cards. Inherent in the design of this product is the capability for high density area array probing at grid densities as high as 50/spl times/150 microns and at probe pointing accuracies approaching that of semiconductor feature placement. High-frequency and high-temperature testing are also benefits of this technology.
Cholecystokinin modulates mesolimbic dopaminergic influences on male rat copulatory behavior

Much evidence suggests that the neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK) functions as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the central nervous system. The CCK a receptor subtype in the nucleus accumbens has been demonstrated to potentiate the behavioral and neurophysiological effects of dopamine. Since the mesolimbic dopamine system participates in the regulation of male rat sexual behavior, the present investigation was undertaken to determine if central CCK modulates this dopaminergic regulation. Electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area greatly enhanced several measures of appetitive and consummatory male rat sexual behavior. Administration of a CCKa receptor antagonist to the posteromedian nucleus accumbens reversed the electrically stimulated behavioral enhancement. A CCK b antagonist was without effect. In a second group of animals, administration of either a CCK~ or CCK b antagonist to the anterolateral nucleus accumbens reversed the enhancement of consummatory sexual responding produced by electrical stimulation. These results agree with the growing body of evidence supporting different behavioral roles for two distinct CCK systems in the nucleus accumbens.
Polarization Hole Burning in EDFA

A new model for Polarization Hole Burning (PHB) in EDFA is derived from fundamental assumptions and is confirmed by experimental results for PHB of EDFA measured both over signal wavelength and power.
Merotelic kinetochores in mammalian tissue cells

Merotelic kinetochore attachment is a major source of aneuploidy in mammalian tissue cells in culture. Mammalian kinetochores typically have binding sites for about 20-25 kinetochore microtubules. In prometaphase, kinetochores become merotelic if they attach to microtubules from opposite poles rather than to just one pole as normally occurs. Merotelic attachments support chromosome bi-orientation and alignment near the metaphase plate and they are not detected by the mitotic spindle checkpoint. At anaphase onset, sister chromatids separate, but a chromatid with a merotelic kinetochore may not be segregated correctly, and may lag near the spindle equator because of pulling forces toward opposite poles, or move in the direction of the wrong pole. Correction mechanisms are important for preventing segregation errors. There are probably more than 100 times as many PtK1 tissue cells with merotelic kinetochores in early mitosis, and about 16 times as many entering anaphase as the 1% of cells with lagging chromosomes seen in late anaphase. The role of spindle mechanics and potential functions of the Ndc80/Nuf2 protein complex at the kinetochore/microtubule interface is discussed for two correction mechanisms: one that functions before anaphase to reduce the number of kinetochore microtubules to the wrong pole, and one that functions after anaphase onset to move merotelic kinetochores based on the ratio of kinetochore microtubules to the correct versus incorrect pole.
Scattering effect on shallow gas-obscured zone imaging in Bohai PL19-3 area

Seismic imaging is challenging in the Bohai Bay PL19-3 area, offshore China. Bohai Bay Field is seismically obscured, making well penetrations the only reliable source of data for subsurface interpretation. With the help of turning-ray tomography, we are able to obtain a reliable near-surface velocity model approximately down to 700 m below sea level, using the first arrivals picked from streamer data. Depth migration using velocities estimated from turning-ray tomography has improved shallow structures and fault definition. However, reservoir level structures from 800 to 1500 m are still poorly imaged. A viscoelastic modeling study with assigned variable Q and shallow velocity profiles, with and without shallow gas-induced scatterers, demonstrates that scattering is the primary controlling phenomenon causing imaging difficulty within the obscured zone. Due to scattering, imaging tests at the target level were unsuccessful even with precise knowledge of velocity.
Map-invariant spectral analysis for the identification of DNA periodicities

Many signal processing based methods for finding hidden periodicities in DNA sequences have primarily focused on assigning numerical values to the symbolic DNA sequence and then applying spectral analysis tools such as the short-time discrete Fourier transform (ST-DFT) to locate these repeats. The key results pertaining to this approach are however obtained using a very specific symbolic to numerical map, namely the so-called Voss representation. An important research problem is to therefore quantify the sensitivity of these results to the choice of the symbolic to numerical map. In this article, a novel algebraic approach to the periodicity detection problem is presented and provides a natural framework for studying the role of the symbolic to numerical map in finding these repeats. More specifically, we derive a new matrix-based expression of the DNA spectrum that comprises most of the widely used mappings in the literature as special cases, shows that the DNA spectrum is in fact invariable under all these mappings, and generates a necessary and sufficient condition for the invariance of the DNA spectrum to the symbolic to numerical map. Furthermore, the new algebraic framework decomposes the periodicity detection problem into several fundamental building blocks that are totally independent of each other. Sophisticated digital filters and/or alternate fast data transforms such as the discrete cosine and sine transforms can therefore be always incorporated in the periodicity detection scheme regardless of the choice of the symbolic to numerical map. Although the newly proposed framework is matrix based, identification of these periodicities can be achieved at a low computational cost.
Priming Effects of Television Food Advertising on Eating Behavior

Objective: Health advocates have focused on the prevalence of advertising for calorie-dense low-nutrient foods as a significant contributor to the obesity epidemic. This research tests the hypothesis that exposure to food advertising during TV viewing may also contribute to obesity by triggering automatic snacking of available food. Design: In Experiments 1a and 1b, elementary-school-age children watched a cartoon that contained either food advertising or advertising for other products and received a snack while watching. In Experiment 2, adults watched a TV program that included food advertising that promoted snacking and/or fun product benefits, food advertising that promoted nutrition benefits, or no food advertising. The adults then tasted and evaluated a range of healthy to unhealthy snack foods in an apparently separate experiment. Main Outcome Measures: Amount of snack foods consumed during and after advertising exposure. Results: Children consumed 45% more when exposed to food advertising. Adults consumed more of both healthy and unhealthy snack foods following exposure to snack food advertising compared to the other conditions. In both experiments, food advertising increased consumption of products not in the presented advertisements, and these effects were not related to reported hunger or other conscious influences. Conclusion: These experiments demonstrate the power of food advertising to prime automatic eating behaviors and thus influence far more than brand preference alone.
Evaluation of the Influence of Amino Acid Composition on the Propensity for Collision-Induced Dissociation of Model Peptides Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The dynamical behavior of model peptides was evaluated with respect to their ability to form internal proton donor-acceptor pairs using molecular dynamics simulations. The proton donor-acceptor pairs are postulated to be prerequisites for peptide bond cleavage resulting in formation of b and y ions during low-energy collision-induced dissociation in tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The simulations for the polyalanine pentamer Ala5H+ were compared with experimental data from energy-resolved surface induced dissociation (SID) studies. The results of the simulation are insightful into the events that likely lead up to the fragmentation of peptides. Nine-mer polyalanine-based model peptides were used to examine the dynamical effect of each of the 20 common amino acids on the probability to form donor-acceptor pairs at labile peptide bonds. A range of probabilities was observed as a function of the substituted amino acid. However, the location of the peptide bond involved in the donor-acceptor pair plays a critical role in the dynamical behavior. This influence of position on the probability of forming a donor-acceptor pair would be hard to predict from statistical analyses on experimental spectra of aggregate, diverse peptides. In addition, the inclusion of basic side chains in the model peptides alters the probability of forming donor-acceptor pairs across the entire backbone. In this case, there are still more ionizing protons than basic residues, but the side chains of the basic amino acids form stable hydrogen bond networks with the peptide carbonyl oxygens and thus act to prevent free access of “mobile protons” to labile peptide bonds. It is clear from the work that the identification of peptides from low-energy CID using automated computational methods should consider the location of the fragmenting bond as well as the amino acid composition.
A within-subject cognitive battery in the rat: differential effects of NMDA receptor antagonists

The range of cognitive and psychotomimetic effects produced by antagonists of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor has lead to widespread usage of these molecules as pharmacological models of cognitive impairment for drug discovery. Historically, NMDA receptor antagonists have been used interchangeably on the assumption that they produce analogous effects. To profile a subset of these antagonists across a novel within-subject cognitive battery in the rat. Naive male Lister Hooded rats were subjected to a series of tests in which they were required to learn a simple visuo-auditory conditional discrimination. They then underwent testing in a delayed discrimination test followed by rule reversal and rule extinction tests. All NMDA receptor antagonists tested impaired acquisition performance and, with the exception of ketamine and the GluN2A preferring antagonist, NVP-AAM077, impaired consolidation of extinction. GluN2B antagonism produced a singular profile with potentially enhanced delayed discrimination performance and reduced hit rates in the reversal phase. Only PCP (phencyclidine) and ketamine disrupted performance in the delay phase but did so in a delay-independent manner. MK-801, PCP and memantine all increased the hit rate in the reversal phase; whilst only MK-801 and PCP impaired extinction per se. NMDA receptor-dependent mechanisms are requisite in the acquisition of a simple conditional discrimination and consolidation of extinction. Their role in working memory and reversal tasks appear to be less critical and potentially specific to the paradigm and NMDA receptor antagonist used. It is clearly misleading to generalise across NMDA antagonists with respect to their preclinical cognitive profile.
Causality between nonatomic poset events in distributed computations

Recently, a set of causality relations between distributed nonatomic events was proposed to provide a fine level of granularity in the specification of synchronization conditions between the events. This set of causality relations is complete in first-order predicate logic. The author examines a set of axioms on the proposed causality relations. The axioms provide a mechanism for reasoning with the set of relations and can be used to derive all possible implied relations from any valid predicate on the relations.
Augmenting BIM with 3D Imaging Data to Control Drilling for Embeds into Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks

Placing embeds into reinforced concrete structures, after concrete is poured, without damaging reinforcement bars (rebar) is an industry-wide challenge encountered across the construction industry. In concrete structures such as containment vessels, bridge decks and post-tensioned concrete floors damaging rebar may compromise structural integrity and result in considerable rework. Although negative impressions for embeds can be made by placing various objects such as wooden dowels or steel rods into the rebar cage prior to pouring the concrete (and removing them once the concrete has partially or fully set), this practice is labor intensive and time consuming. A method of mapping the locations of the rebar free spaces before pouring and controlling the drilling process in real-time could have significant benefits. This paper presents research that investigated and implemented conceptual solutions for processing and incorporating point cloud data obtained from various 3D-imaging technologies into the drilling process. The 3D imaging technologies were used to map the locations of rebar within a replica of a section of a railway bridge deck. Once the point clouds were processed, zones that are safe for drilling are automatically detected and saved as a Building Information Model (BIM) that is then used to provide real-time feedback to the drill operator about whether it is safe to continue drilling based on the position and orientation of the drill. A conceptual method for providing visual feedback about the rebar-free zones to the drill operator using a laser projector was also developed. Finally, a visualization method for comparing the data obtained from the various 3D imaging technologies using the BIM is discussed.
Etiology of Osteomyelitis Complicating Sickle Cell Disease

The most common cause of osteomyelitis is Staphylococcus aureus .1,2 However, it is well-known that in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) who develop osteomyelitis, infection is often attributable to Salmonella . A controversy that arises is whether S aureus is the most common cause of infection in these children overall, or does Salmonella actually predominate. The authors of the chapter on osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in the current edition of a major pediatric text state that “ Salmonella osteomyelitis tends to occur more often in children with hemoglobinopathies, although even in this group, S aureus remains the predominant pathogen.”1 The authors of the chapter on osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in the current edition of a major pediatric infectious diseases text state that “seventy percent of all lesions or blood cultures in children with hemoglobinopathies and presumed osteomyelitis yield Salmonella microorganisms, 10% contain S aureus , and aerobic Gram-negative rods are isolated in 7%.”2 To support this statement, a single 1981 reference is cited that summarizes the results of nine reports previous to this time.3 No … Address correspondence to: James W. Bass, MD, MPH, Department of Pediatrics, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96859-5000.
Experimental results on aging of AT-cut strip resonators

The results of experiments designed to determine the primary causes of aging in AT-cut strip resonators operating in the thickness-shear model of vibration are described. Accelerated aging at temperatures 125 degrees C and above showed an initial positive frequency shift of short duration followed by a dominant negative shift. A series of experiments were conducted to establish the mechanism(s) which caused this type of aging. The rate of negative aging was observed to be dependent on the type of conductive epoxy used. >
PHY-layer network coding for broadcast channel with side information

This paper proposes a novel combination of network coding and channel coding for a two-receiver Gaussian broadcast channel under practical modulation. We assume that one receiver may know the message for the other receiver, called the side information (SI). This models relaying in dense wireless networks where destination nodes may have received packets intended for other nodes in previous transmissions. Four cases are considered: i) both receivers have SI; ii) only the weak receiver has SI; iii) only the strong receiver has SI; and iv) neither receiver has SI. We propose a simple adaptive coding scheme that combines channel coding with network coding, which greatly reduces coding/decoding complexity as compared to pure random coding. The scheme first designs channel codes independently for each channel, then combines them with simple network coding. Analysis is also presented showing that the joint design achieves capacity regions for both Cases i) and ii). For Case i), each link achieves the same error probability as that of one-to-one single-link transmission using the constituent code. For Case ii), an embedded coding structure is used, and upper bounds on decoding error probability are characterized. For Cases iii) and iv), the scheme resembles super-position coding.
Trait anger and arterial stiffness: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.

The cross-sectional association between trait anger and stiffness of the left common carotid artery was examined in 10,285 black or white men or women, 48–67 years of age, from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study cohort. Trait anger was assessed using the 10-item Spielberger Trait Anger Scale. Arterial stiffness was assessed by pulsatile arterial diameter change (PADC) derived from echo-tracking ultrasound methods; the smaller the PADC, the stiffer the common carotid artery. In men, trait anger was significantly associated with PADC, independent of the established cardiovascular disease risk factors (p=0.04). PADC decreased from the first (lowest anger group) to the second quintile of anger, but there was no progressive decrease thereafter. Also observed was a 13-im (95% confidence interval [CI], 1–25) difference in the magnitude of PADC from the lowest to the uppermost quintile of anger (PADC [standard error], 421 [4] im vs. 408 [5] im). In women, the association was marginally significant (p=0.07). The low-high difference in the magnitude of PADC (PADC [standard error], 397 [3] im vs. 406 [4] im) was inverse (−9 im 95% CI, −19 to 2). Conclusions indicate that very high trait anger is associated with arterial stiffness in men.
First-passage time analysis of a one-dimensional diffusion-reaction model: application to protein transport along DNA

Background Proteins search along the DNA for targets, such as transcription initiation sequences, according to one-dimensional diffusion, which is interrupted by micro- and macro-hopping events and intersegmental transfers that occur under close packing conditions.
In Defence of Virtue

I never thought that one of my sex and proclivities would be called upon to defend his virtue. Reading Mr. Henderson's article, ‘Mr. Wheatley's Virtue: A Philosophical Examination’ ( Dialogue , March, 1967), convinces me otherwise.
Studies of malformation syndromes in man. XXVII. The N syndrome, a "new" multiple congenital anomaly-mental retardation syndrome.

Two brothers are reported with a previously undescribed multiple congenital anomaly/ mental retardation (MCA/MR) syndrome consisting of characteristic appearance, severe mental and growth retardation with visual impairment and deafness, dolichocephaly, hypotelorism, a “scalloped”, laterally overlapping upper eyelid, large corneas, abnormal auricles, dental dysplasia, generalized skeletal dysplasia (which includes overtubulation of the long bones with the distal long bones being relatively shorter than the proximal long bones), high fingerprint ridge count, cryptorchidism, hypospadias and spasticity. They have an apparently normal karyotype. The older of the two, now 13 years old, is receiving total institutional care. The younger died of lymphosarcoma at the age of 5 8/12 years, and at autopsy was found to have markedly abnormal cerebral cortical cyto-architecture. These cases are reported as a “provisionally private syndrome”, but with the possibility in mind that further studies may prove the N syndrome to be either an autosomal recessive or an X-linked recessive trait.
CT Angiography by reduced tube voltage more than a single step.

Many a man has taken the first step. With every additional step you enhance immensely the value of your first. —Ralph Waldo Emerson ([1][1]) Coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) has emerged as a promising noninvasive test for detection and exclusion of coronary artery disease (CAD
The Rising Expectations of Marriage: What We Do and Do Not Know

“As soon as the idea that love should be the central reason for marriage, and companionship its basic goal, was first raised, observers of the day warned…that the very features that promised to mak...
The Cooperative-based Marketing System in Tanganyika:

This article examines the distribution system that is being developed in Tanganyika. This development should be of interest to people concerned with marketing systems as it may very well be the mod...
Hydromechanical Drilling into a Burning Coal Seam, Richland County, Montana

Subsurface coal fires in the Northern Great Plains region render the overlying land useless by sterilizing the soil and by causing highly irregular subsidence. Hot gases and glowing particles emitted from the subsurface fires cause a significant danger of range fires in that arid region. A powerful waterjet drill has been used in Richland County, Montana to drill into a burning coal seam. Fifteen vertical holes were drilled through 20 ft (6.5 m) of Tertiary Fort Union Formation to a burning zone and nine horizontal holes were drilled into the burning zone from the outcrop on the Yellowstone River. The drilling rates were measured at 0.8 to 18 in./sec (2 cm/sec to 0.5 m/sec) and are a function of the lithology under attack. The waterjets extinguished the fire but it later re-ignited in coal underlying fractured non-combustible overburden because atmospheric oxygen could not be excluded from the hot mass. The fire is observed to advance underground in an irregular front along fractures in the coal rather than in a simple plane. Thermocouples measured temperatures up 1,000°C and thermal gradients up to l,600°C/m were determined. Carbon monoxide concentrations in gas emitted from this fire were generally in the range of 20 to 70 ppm, but concentrations of more than 1,000 ppm were measured, thereby presenting a significant danger to humans and beasts.
The Cultural Backdrop to Prospection: Exploring the Relevance of Time–Space Distanciation:

Although the phenomena of prospection are embedded within cultural contexts, the impact of culture on prospection has not been subjected to systematic study. Drawing on theory and research in socia...
Central Nervous System Leukemia

Despite routine presymptomatic CNS therapy in childhood leukemia, overt CNS relapses continue to occur in nearly 10 per cent of patients. Moreover, adverse sequelae of prophylactic CNS therapies continue to be observed, despite attempts at reduction in the preventive measures and to the extent that some subgroups of patients have suffered an increase in the incidence of overt CNS relapse. This review summarizes the historical events that led to presymptomatic treatments and the various methods that have been used to prevent and treat CNS relapse.