cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Principle of Legality in International and Comparative Criminal Law: A Partial History to World War II

The principle of legality has a long and checkered history in Western and other systems of jurisprudence. It appears in some form in many legal systems but also was subject to many exceptions and violations in those systems. For example, various implementations of legality, in both the criminal and non-criminal law, appeared in Justinian's compilations of laws. One of the most famous sections of the Magna Carta guarantees that no free man should be deprived of liberty, property, protection of the laws, or life, except according to law. This has been read by moderns as an embodiment of the principle of legality, in the sense of prohibiting retroactive criminalization or punishment. However, it is unclear whether it would have been understood to mean that the substantive law must have been proclaimed in advance of the criminal act or merely that the procedural law must be obeyed, or something of both. Indeed, as with many provisions of documents or statements of general principle from many ages that we moderns would call “open texture[d],” it is not clear that there would have been consensus at the time, if anyone had asked the question. OVERVIEW Civil Law and Common Law Conventional wisdom, which is often conventional because it has a great deal of support in the evidence, credits the Enlightenment and eighteenth- and nineteenth-century positivism for the growth and spread of the principle of legality into a fundamental element of criminal law in many nations worldwide.
Numerical experiments with the compressible navier-stokes equations

Several numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations have been obtained for compressible viscous flows, such as those of Crocco [I], Thommen [2], Scala and Gordon [3], Allen and Cheng [4], and Trulio and Walitt [5]. The flow detail in these numerical solutions is quite remarkable, but in certain regions of the flow field the results may be inaccurate. Since there are no rigorous proofs of stability or convergence of the numerical methods employed for these solutions nor any proofs of uniqueness, we should determine the accuracy of any such numerical computation by comparing it against known analytical solutions and experimental measurements.
Spontaneous conversion of L-dehydroascorbic acid to L-ascorbic acid and L-erythroascorbic acid.

Dehydroascorbic acid, an oxidation product of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), spontaneously decomposed at neutral and higher pH levels to form three products that could be quantitated by HPLC-electrochemical analysis. One of the products was ascorbic acid, suggesting that dehydroascorbic acid was reduced to ascorbic acid without adding an exogenous reductant. The major newly produced compound was almost identical to ascorbic acid by UV spectroscopy, which therefore potentially interfered in the study of ascorbic acid metabolism. The ascorbic acid-like compound was isolated by reversed-phase HPLC and identified as L-erythroascorbic acid by mass spectrometry. Fe(II) and Cu(I) increased, whereas desferrioxamine, a potent iron chelator, inhibited L-erythroascorbic acid production. Phosphate, used as buffer, and cyanide greatly enhanced dehydroascorbic acid conversion to L-erythroascorbic acid. The identification of L-erythroascorbic acid and its quantitation by an electrochemical method provides a useful tool for future study of dehydroascorbic acid metabolism.
A Proposed Method for Analyzing Competition Among Differentiated Products

Economists recognize that conventional measures of market concentration that may be appropriate when relevant products are homogeneous are inappropriate, except under very special circumstances. Meaningful analysis in a market with differentiated products must recognize the fact that all relevant products do not compete to the same degree, since the products vary in their degree of substitutability. In this article, we propose an alternative approach to analyzing competition among differentiated products. This approach examines the full structure of demand in a market by including all products of interest (rather than drawing an exclusive boundary) and then determining the competitive importance of each product by its degree of substitution with the products of the merging firms.
Asymptotic Behavior and Attractors for Nonlinear von Kármán Plate Equations with Boundary Dissipation

We consider the problem of asymptotic behavior of the solutions to a fully nonlinear von Karman plate with boundary damping. The results presented depend on whether a forcing term (representing a load or force attached to the plate) appears in the equation. In the absence of this term, the uniform decay rates for the solutions are established. In the second case, when a constant load is attached to the plate, the existence of finite dimensional attractor is demonstrated. The role of geometric conditions and its relation to the presence of “light” interior damping is also discussed.
Toxicity and hazards to man, domestic animals, and wildlife some commonly used auxin herbicides.

This review has been compiled from searches in the literature for references to the toxicity and other hazards that may arise from the use of auxin herbicides, and specifically of formulations of MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid), S.S. 2,4-D ( 2,4-diehlorophen-oxyacetic acid) and of their butyric acid analogues MCPB and 2,4-DB, of 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid), mecoprop [± α-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) propionic acid], and 2,3,6-TBA (2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid)
Cancer-Osteoblast Interaction Reduces Sost Expression in Osteoblasts and Up-Regulates lncRNA MALAT1 in Prostate Cancer

Dynamic interaction between prostate cancer and the bone microenvironment is a major contributor to metastasis of prostate cancer to bone. In this study, we utilized an in vitro co-culture model of PC3 prostate cancer cells and osteoblasts followed by microarray based gene expression profiling to identify previously unrecognized prostate cancer-bone microenvironment interactions. Factors secreted by PC3 cells resulted in the up-regulation of many genes in osteoblasts associated with bone metabolism and cancer metastasis, including Mmp13, Il-6 and Tgfb2, and down-regulation of Wnt inhibitor Sost. To determine whether altered Sost expression in the bone microenvironment has an effect on prostate cancer metastasis, we co-cultured PC3 cells with Sost knockout (Sost(KO)) osteoblasts and wildtype (WT) osteoblasts and identified several genes differentially regulated between PC3-Sost(KO) osteoblast co-cultures and PC3-WT osteoblast co-cultures. Co-culturing PC3 cells with WT osteoblasts up-regulated cancer-associated long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) MALAT1 in PC3 cells. MALAT1 expression was further enhanced when PC3 cells were co-cultured with Sost(KO) osteoblasts and treatment with recombinant Sost down-regulated MALAT1 expression in these cells. Our results suggest that reduced Sost expression in the tumor microenvironment may promote bone metastasis by up-regulating MALAT1 in prostate cancer.
Mouse Mammary Gland Xanthine Oxidoreductase: Purification, Characterization, and Regulation☆

Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) has been purified from lactating mouse mammary tissue and its properties and developmental expression have been characterized. XOR was purified 80-fold in two steps using benzamidine-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme had a specific activity of 5.7 U/mg and an activity to flavin ratio of 192. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that it was composed of a single (150 kDa) band and N-terminal sequence analysis verified that it was intact mouse XOR. Isoelectric focusing showed that purified XOR was composed of three catalytically active, electrophoretic variants with pI values of 7.55, 7.65, and 7.70. The majority of the XOR activity in both pregnant and lactating mammary glands was shown to exist as NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase (XD form), while the enzyme in freshly obtained mouse milk exits as O2-dependent oxidase (XO form). The activity and protein levels of XOR selectively increased in mammary tissue during pregnancy and lactation. The time course of these increases was biphasic and correlated with the functional maturation of the mammary gland. These results indicate that XOR may have novel, mammary gland-specific functions, in addition to its role in purine metabolism.
How electronics ended the Poisson approximation to the binomial distribution

(1987). How Electronics Ended the Poisson Approximation to the Binomial Distribution. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 94, No. 10, pp. 984-987.
Plasmonic nano-antenna application to chemical gas sensor

In this paper, we would like to demonstrate the use of graphene covered plasmonic antennas for chemical gas sensing applications. Simulation for the plasmonic dipole nanoantenna was performed using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) tool by Lumerical Inc. The simulation for the dipole nano antennas were verified with the experimental results. The bulk sensitivity for the dipole nanoantenna is also analyzed. Results are included to show the working device.
Performance and applications of an automated c-axis ice-fabric analyzer

A completely automated instrument for ice-fabric analysis has been built, tested and applied. The analysis of a thin section is performed in two steps. First, the section is loaded into the machine and is automatically imaged in about 16 min. Then, at a later time and convenient location, the grains in the section are identified from a stored image (either automatically or by the user), and the c-axis orientation of each grain is calculated at a rate of 1200 grains h−1. Comparison of automated results with manual Rigsby stage results shows excellent agreement. Diagnostics indicate that the accuracy of the new technique is 0.5° in the c-axis orientation. Two specific applications are demonstrated: (1) the ability to measure internal grain orientations that may reveal internal stress, and (2) the ability to measure very thin thin sections. The latter, combined with the ability to zoom in on small regions of a section, will be useful for examining the fabric of fine-grained (< 1 mm size grains) ice.
Prenatal development of hypothalamic neuropeptide systems in the nonhuman primate.

Abstract In the rodent, arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH)-derived neuropeptide Y (NPY) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons have efferent projections throughout the hypothalamus that do not fully mature until the second and third postnatal weeks. Since this process is likely completed by birth in primates we characterized the ontogeny of NPY and melanocortin systems in the fetal Japanese macaque during the late second (G100), early third (G130) and late third trimesters (G170). NPY mRNA was expressed in the ARH, paraventricular nucleus (PVH), and dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH) as early as G100. ARH-derived NPY projections to the PVH were initiated at G100 but were limited and variable; however, there was a modest increase in density and number by G130. ARH-NPY/agouti-related peptide (AgRP) fiber projections to efferent target sites were completely developed by G170, but the density continued to increase in the postnatal period. In contrast to NPY/AgRP projections, αMSH fibers were minimal at G100 and G130 but were moderate at G170. This study also revealed several significant species differences between rodent and the nonhuman primate (NHP). There were few NPY/catecholamine projections to the PVH and ARH prior to birth, while projections were increased in the adult. A substantial proportion of the catecholamine fibers did not coexpress NPY. In addition, cocaine and amphetamine-related transcript (CART) and alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (αMSH) were not colocalized in fibers or cell bodies. As a consequence of the prenatal development of these neuropeptide systems in the NHP, the maternal environment may critically influence these circuits. Additionally, because differences exist in the neuroanatomy of NPY and melanocortin circuitry the regulation of these systems may be different in primates than in rodents.
International Ultraviolet Explorer observations of the R Aquarii jet

Ultraviolet spectra were obtained with the International Ultraviolet Explorer of the newly discovered optical-radio jet feature in the symbiotic variable R Aquarii. The far-UV continuum of the jet is characterized by strong continuum which rises with decreasing wavelength in the 1200-2000 A wavelength range and is considerably different in appearance from the relatively flat continuum exhibited by ionized nebulosity in the central star. Prominent Si III semi-forbidden lines and Si II emission lines seen in the central region are virtually absent in the jet. This could reflect the depletion of silicon in the feature, the result of grain formation in material that has been ejected by the central star. Consistent with this interpretation is the overall excitation of the jet that suggests it is cooler than the nebulosity that engulfs the central UV object.
Does participation in coalitions influence dominance relationships among male Bonnet macaques

DE WAAL (1982) has observed that male chimpanzees use coalitions to manipulate the ranks of their rivals and enhance their own dominance relationships. Here, I investigate the possibility that male bonnet macaques, who frequently intervened in contest among unrelated adult males, also used coalitions to alter their own dominance relationships and/or manipulate the dominance positions of other males. Male bonnet macaques frequently form coalitions in support of other males. Although the rank ordering among males changed during the study period, coalitions did not seem to consistently influence the rank of males who received support or the ranks of males who provided support. Coalitions did not systematically support or disrupt the established dominance order, as males consistently supported initiators against recipients. The tendency to support initiatiors was influenced to some extent by the outcome of the original encounter and the rank order among the opponent. Thus, these data provide no systematic support for the hypothesis that males achieved consistent political objectives when they participated in coalitions.
S. 1966 Global Child Survival Act of 2009: Analysis and Recommendations

The escalating rates of infant, child, and maternal mortality in developing countries are a significant problem both for the developing world and for developed countries that are capable of initiating and sustaining cost-efficient interventions. In 2000, the U.S. and 188 other countries committed to achieve 8 Millennium Development Goals which aim to reduce global infant, child, and maternal death rates by 2015. Given that the goals are still far from reach, the passing and implementation of a revised U.S. Senate Bill 1966, the Global Child Survival Act of 2009, would guide the U.S. in developing a strategy and task force to support the international community in reducing disparities in maternal and child mortality around the world.
SOUND SPEED AND ABSORPTION STUDIES OF MARINE SEDIMENTS BY A RESONANCE METHOD—PART II

Laboratory measurements of compressional sound speed, and absorption, have been made on 111 unconsolidated marine sediment samples, ranging from shallow water sands to deep‐sea clays. In addition, determinations were made of porosity, wet density, and grain size distributions. Frequencies between 20 kc/sec and 37 kc/sec were used for the acoustic studies. Sound speed values at room temperature range from 1.474 km/sec for a red medium clay to 1.785 km/sec for a medium sand. More than one‐third of the values are lower than the value for sea water alone. Variations in the speed of sound in unconsolidated sediments as found in nature are caused by the following factors, in order of importance: (1) porosity, because of the great difference in compressibility of water and mineral grains; (2) the factor which produces rigidity, which appears to be related to the abundance of coarse grains; (3) pressure; (4) temperature; (5) compressibility of the grain aggregate, determined from compressibilities of individual m...
Magnetic properties of capped, soluble MnFe2O4 nanoparticles

We have used a non-aqueous route to prepare capped, soluble MnFe2O4 nanoparticles of different sizes in order to understand the size-dependence of magnetic properties. As a result of the higher reaction temperatures (approaching 300 °C), the samples are more crystalline and display much larger saturation magnetization values compared with samples prepared by lower-temperature aqueous routes. The low-temperature saturation of the magnetization with field is also flatter for the capped particles. However, blocking temperatures remain comparable with those of samples prepared by aqueous means. Our results, compared with published magnetic data on uncapped particles, suggest that capping might help decrease the thickness and influence of the magnetic ‘dead-layer’ on the surface of the particle.
Viscosity Reduction by Homogenization of Orange Juice Concentrate in a Pilot Plant Taste Evaporator

Controlling viscosity is critical to efficient evaporation and pumping of citrus concentrates. Viscosity was reduced by a commercial homogenizer installed between the third and fourth stage of a pilot plant TASTE evaporator. Juice was concentrated to 65°Brix with and without homogenization. The results showed a 13% decrease in viscosity due to homogenization. Mean non-homogenized values were 279 mPa.s (s.d. = 7.5) on the 65°Brix control and 242 mPa.s (s.d. = 10) on the homogenized concentrate, both measured at 3.50 set1, which was calculated to be the shear rate for these samples within the third stage of this evaporator. This decrease in viscosity also reduced the energy consumption about 3 to 4% or produced a higher (2 to 3) °Brix concentrate. Homogenization did not significantly affect the juice color, acid, pulp or vitamin C.
The Impact of Taxes on Discount Bond Valuation and Risk

If the effective tax rates on ordinary income and capital gains are identical, the assumption of independence or dependence between ordinary income and capital gains tax rates is shown to have no impact on discount bond valuation or risk. However, even if the effective tax rates are identical, the shape and the sensitivity of the bond valuation and risk functions with respect to taxes are not identical under the alternative assumptions. A mathematical and numerical analysis of the sensitivity of changes in the discount bond valuation and risk functions with respect to income tax rates is provided. Comparisons between the sensitivities of changes in the discount bond valuation and risk functions and taxes under conditions of dependence or independence between ordinary income and capital gains tax rates are made.
Identification of Acutely Isolated Cells from Developing Rat Cerebellum

Immunocytochemical staining was used to identify nerve and glial cells from postnatal rat cerebelli in situ and following tissue dissociation. Purkinje cells were identified using antibodies for the calcium-binding proteins calbindin and PEP19. Purkinje cells isolated during the second postnatal week were 15-20 microns in diameter and relatively abundant and displayed thin perisomatic processes. These features were used to identify Purkinje cells with scanning electron microscopy, which revealed extensive membrane infoldings. Golgi and nuclear cells were identified using antibodies against rat-303 antigen. Pale, nuclear, and Purkinje cells were identified using antibodies for rat-302 antigen. Although staining for rat-302 and rat-303 was weak during the second postnatal week, we were able to identify Golgi and pale cells even after tissue dissociation. Isolated Golgi cells were 8-10 microns in diameter and fewer in number than Purkinje cells and did not counterstain with calbindin antibodies. Isolated pale cells were 8-10 microns in diameter, rare, and resistant to calbindin antibodies. Isolated neurons from cerebellar nuclei were not located with either 302 or 303 staining, suggesting that they remained in the tissue. Golgi-Bergmann cells and astrocytes were identified using antibodies for glial fibrillary acidic protein. Isolated glial cells were 12-15 microns in diameter, more numerous than Purkinje cells, and unstained with calbindin antibodies. With phase-contrast optics, glial cells appeared flatter than neuronal cell types and had acentric nuclei. These results demonstrate that specific cell types in developing rat cerebellum can be identified after acute isolation, which should facilitate analysis of their endogenous properties.
Goals in reproductive decision making.

This paper argues that goals plans and expectations are knowledge structures that organize cultural knowledge for use in decision making. More specifically it presents a model of fertility decision making in which goals plans and expectations organize the cultural knowledge used in deciding on the number and timing of children for Western Samoan village women. The knowledge structures shape the design process by providing a logical format and a selection device for processing the information needed to reach each goal. A goal is only meaningful because it directs the decision maker toward a desired action; a plan because it shows how to achieve the goals; an expectation because it enables the decision maker to build up a picture of the future that supplies a definite setting or situation for the course of actions under consideration. A scenario which is a depiction of the consequences of a choice under consideration is the basis of the choice making process by outlining hypothesized series of events. The dynamic nature of scenarios ensures that knowledge is available to be used in flexible nonroutine ways and that the decision maker can manipulate and rearrange the possibilities and contingencies of his decision in novel ways. Several cases are cited as examples of scenarios to help understand the relationship between goals plans and expectaions. 1 Samoan informant explained that the reason she planned to have more children is that she predicted needing assistance in her old age. She wanted children to do her work and take care of her. The knowledge that children are valuable is organized into clear goals which the decision maker hopes to achieve. At the most basic level children are valuable because they can do chores earn money and care for the elderly. Scenarios are positioned next to each other in the life sketch a structure that permits review of pertinent scenarios when a major life choice is imminent. Critical life decisions are viewed in the context of the major goals held by the decision maker so that these goals can be attained whenever possible or modified or recast to preserve at least the essential outlines of the life design.
Wayward winds: Malay archetypes, and theory of personality in the context of shamanism.

Abstract In comparing shamanistic healing with Westerm psychotherapy, the principal distinctions advanced by psychiatrists and psychologists have been: (1) that the shaman's patients receive ‘remission without insight’ while Western psychotherapy provides patients with a learning experience; and (2) that Western psychotherapy is based upon rational theory, whereas psychotherapeutic elements in shamanistic rituals are by-products of irrational magical activity. Anthropologists, on the other hand, have demonstrated the logic behind the shaman's seance, and its uses as a projective system which locates the patient's problems in external entities rather than within his own psyche. An investigation of the Malay shamanistic ritual (Main Peteri) expands the scope of discussion, since it reveals that embedded within this exorcistic spirit-raising seance is a nonprojective indigenous theory of psychic functioning, employing symbols internal to the patient, which is comparable to, and no more nor less rational than, mainstream Western theories.
Chlamydia pneumoniae — an infectious risk factor for atherosclerosis?

Cardiovascular disease, of which atherosclerosis is an important component, is the leading cause of death in the western world. Although there are well-defined risk factors for atherosclerosis, these factors do not account for all incidences of the disease. Because atherosclerotic processes are typified by chronic inflammatory responses, which are similar to those that are elicited by chronic infection, the role of infection in promoting or accelerating atherosclerosis has received renewed attention. This review focuses on the accumulating evidence that chronic infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae, a ubiquitous human respiratory pathogen, might contribute to atherosclerotic lesion progression.
Mass spectra in some two-dimensional models

We show that a simple "closure" assumption of the bound-state poles leads in relativistic two-dimensional models to spectra of the form ${m}_{n}=2Mcos(n{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0})$.
Social self-regulation: Exploring the relations between children' social relationships, academic self-regulation, and school performance

I argue that the ability to monitor and regulate one's social interactions, or social self-regulation may in part explain the well-documented association between children's performance at school and their social competence. Research about social relationships has identified that many of the same overarching social cognitive factors found to be important for regulation of academic work are also important for social relationships. These similarities suggest that there may be an underlying process that is shared for individual's self-regulation of academic and social engagement. The apparent parallels between domains are illustrated through the mapping of research regarding children's social competence on to social cognitive models of academic self-regulation. Future directions for research, based on these theoretical speculations, are presented.
Design and fabrication of a 100 W anode supported micro-tubular SOFC stack

Abstract Micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) systems have many desirable characteristics compared to their planar counter-parts, however there are many obstacles and difficulties that must be met to achieve a successful and economically viable manufacturing process and stack design. Anode supported tubes provide an excellent platform for individual cells. They allow for a thin electrolyte layer, which helps to minimize polarization losses, to be applied to the outside of the tube, thus avoiding the difficulty of coating the inside of an electrolyte or cathode supported tubes, or the stack design problem of having a fuel chamber if the anode is on the outside of the tube. This paper describes the fabrication of supporting anode tubes made of nickel and yttria stabilized zirconia (Ni-YSZ), coated with a thin YSZ electrolyte and a thin coat of lanthanum strontium manganite/cobaltite (LSM) cathode. The finished tubes were then stacked in an array to provide the specific current/voltage requirements, using a brazing technique. A description of the output characteristics of the single cell, and the characteristics and main issues of a small stack (of 100 We designed power output) are also given.
Effects of silicate-graphite dust in H II regions

Interstellar dust that is present in H II regions will most likely absorb H-ionizing photons more efficiently than He-ionizing photons. Assuming a silicate-graphite dust composition, the effects of such selective absorption on the ionization structure of H, He, O, and N are investigated with emphasis on a blister geometry. Scattering by the dust grains is included in the generalized on-the-spot approximation. For a relatively soft radiation field of effective temperature about 35,000 K, the radiation hardening may cause the He(+) zone to be nearly coextensive with the H(+) zone, and the O(++) volume is strongly increased relative to the N(++) volume. The smaller grains (radii about 0.005 micron) contribute most to the selective absorption. We show that because of a cancellation of effects a simple analytical formula for the fraction of ionizing photons absorbed by the dust given by Petrosian, Silk, and Field is quite accurate in the case of silicate-graphite dust, even for blister regions.
A test-signal generator for low-frequency instrumentation

An instrument for generating simultaneous sinusoidal test signals m the range of 1–32 Hz for EEG equipment checkout procedures is described. A composite signal is produced by a method that separates the functions of waveform generation and control of output frequencies at which that waveform appears. The general technique may be applicable in a number of situations involving low-frequency instrumentation, as with other types of physiological monitoring. Possibilities and methods for elaboration or modification of the circuit are suggested.
A Steroidogenic Factor-1 Binding Site Is Required for Activity of the Luteinizing Hormone β Subunit Promoter in Gonadotropes of Transgenic Mice (∗)

Analysis of luteinizing hormone (LH) beta subunit promoters from a broad range of species including teleosts and humans revealed strict conservation of a sequence homologous to the steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) regulatory element of cytochrome P-450 steroid hydroxylase genes. Interaction between SF-1 and this putative response element in the bovine LH beta promoter was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Furthermore, cotransfection of alpha T3-1 cells with an expression vector encoding SF-1 induced binding site-dependent transcription from the bovine LH beta promoter. Physiological significance of the LH beta SF-1 consensus sequence was established using transgenic mice containing either the wild type bovine promoter or a promoter with a site-specific mutation of this site. Mutation of the SF-1 binding site nearly eliminated promoter activity, and the mutant transgene remained inactive following induction of gonadotropin-releasing hormone accomplished by castrating male and female mice. Thus, increases of gonadotropin-releasing hormone within a physiological range did not compensate for the loss of the SF-1 binding site. Together, these findings indicate that the SF-1 binding site is a key regulator of LH beta promoter activity in vivo and implicate SF-1 as at least one of the transcription factors that acts through this site.
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: update and review

Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is a chronic subepidermal bullous disease of the skin and mucosa characterized by the presence of autoantibodies to type VII collagen, a major component of anchoring fibrils, structures that help adhere the epidermis onto the dermis. EBA was classified as an epidermolysis bullosa (EB) disease because clinically it can resemble hereditary dystrophic forms of EB; yet, it has a different etiology and is an acquired disease rather than a genetic one.
Boundary control of parabolic systems: Regularity of optimal solutions

Boundary control problems for the linear, parabolic equations and a quadratic performance index are considered. The controls are allowed to be in the spaceL 2[OT;L2(Γ)], where Γ is a boundary. Exploiting the semigroup approach, it is shown that optimal control belongs toL 2[OT;H1/2(Γ)] and, as a consequence, optimal trajectory belongs toL 1[OT;H1(Ω)]. This result is obtained for two kinds of domains. The first are the domains withC ∞-boundary and the second are the domains being the parallelepipeds.
Payette National Forest aerial survey project using the Kodak digital color infrared camera

Staff of the Payette National Forest located in central Idaho used the Kodak Digital Infrared Camera to collect digital photographic images over a wide variety of selected areas. The objective of this aerial survey project is to collect airborne digital camera imagery and to evaluate it for potential use in forest assessment and management. The data collected from this remote sensing system is being compared with existing resource information and with personal knowledge of the areas surveyed. Resource specialists are evaluating the imagery to determine if it may be useful for; identifying cultural sites (pre-European settlement tribal villages and camps); recognizing ecosystem landscape pattern; mapping recreation areas; evaluating the South Fork Salmon River road reconstruction project; designing the Elk Summit Road; assessing the impact of sediment on anadramous fish in the South Fork Salmon River; assessing any contribution of sediment to the South Fork from the reconstructed road; determining post-wildfire stress development in conifer timber; in assessing the development of insect populations in areas initially determined to be within low intensity wildfire burn polygons; and to search for Idaho Ground Squirrel habitat. Project sites include approximately 60 linear miles of the South Fork of the Salmon River; a parallel road over about half that distance; 3 archaeological sites; two transects of about 6 miles each for landscape patterns; 3 recreation areas; 5 miles of the Payette River; 4 miles of the Elk Summit Road; a pair of transects 4.5 miles long for stress assessment in timber; a triplet of transects about 3 miles long for the assessment of the identification of species; and an area of about 640 acres to evaluate habitat for the endangered Idaho Ground Squirrel. Preliminary results indicate that the imagery is an economically viable way to collect site specific resource information that is of value in the management of a national forest.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Using Moog EP Propellant Feed System Technology to Meet the High Purity Helium Requirements of the Gravity Probe-B Gas Management Assembly

Moog successfully designed, manufactured, tested and delivered a helium Gas Management Assembly (GMA) to Stanford University to support the Gravity Probe B (GP-B) Relativity mission using hardware and processes developed and qualified for xenon feed systems used in high purity electric propulsion (EP) applications such as Hall thrusters and ion engines. The function of the GMA is to deliver ultra-pure gaseous helium (99.9990% or better purity) from the GMA pressure vessels to four gyroscopes located downstream of the GMA at a specified flow rate and pressure. The helium gas is used to spin these gyroscopes, which are the heart of the science mission. Similar to xenon EP applications, trace chemical impurities mixed in with the helium can have a significant effect on the success of GP-B mission. In the case of Hall thrusters and ion engines, impurities such as oxygen, water vapor and hydrocarbons can degrade the performance and life expectancy of the of these devices. In the case of the GP-B gyroscopes, which operate at cryogenic temperatures, trace impurities mixed with the helium
Bending Capacity of T Beam with Prestressed Concrete-Filled Steel Tube

The prestressed composite T beam with concrete-filled steel tube is made through welding with half I-beam to connect the concrete-filled circular steel tube. The prestressed reinforcement was equipped on the T-beam. The load-bearing capacity and rigidity of the composite beam was enhanced by using prestressed force. In consideration of applying prestress, the corresponding parts stress and strain from the beginning of applying prestress to the phase of elimination of the pressure is calculated through the process of applying prestress; establish the equation of elastic flexural capacity with different location of neutral axis according to the theoretical analyses. Also use the superposition method to build the equation of the deflection. The computational results show that applying prestress reduces the deformation of the composite structure and the mechanic performance has improved which provide important theoretical basis with practical application in engineering.
Maintenance of heart-rate responding during classical conditioning of the rabbit.

20 albino rabbits were trained in a classical discrimination conditioning task measuring heart rate (HR) conditioned responses (CRs). Depending upon an individual S's HR CR the intensity of an electric shock US was adjusted daily to maintain approximately a 9% HR CR. The method of shock adjustment and the mean values of intensity and resultant HR responding are presented.
A decision support tool for strategic planning of sustainable biorefineries

Abstract In this paper we formulate, implement, and test a model for technology and product portfolio design for a multi-product multi-platform biorefining enterprise. The model considered is an MILP financial planning model with the objective of maximizing the stakeholder value. Integer variables are used to select appropriate feedstocks, technologies, and products, material and capacity balances are used to design capacity and set production targets, while cash balances are used to describe investment and operations financing. Stakeholder value is described as the shareholder value with monetized environmental implications in terms of emissions mitigation costs and credits. Process integration schemes utilizing emissions are considered to reduce the emissions load and add to the bottom-line. A preliminary process design and product portfolio is provided as a result. Advantages of process integration are quantified using a central utilities facility and effluent recycles. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine important parameters that shape the objective function.
11 Mbps CCK - Modulated 802.11b Wi-Fi: Spectral Signature and Interference

The spectral signature of IEEE 802.11b 11 Mbps Complementary Code Keying (CCK) Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) signals is identified through an exact derivation of its Power Spectral Density (PSD). This theoretical result was verified by computer simulation. The spectral signature of the 11 Mbps CCK-spread signal is compared with that of the 5.5 Mbps CCk-spread signal, as well as the Barker-spread signals. The adjacent channel interference power and interference temperature caused by different Wi-Fi interferers are calculated and presented.
Investigation of data fusion applied to health monitoring of wind turbine drivetrain components

The research described was performed with diagnostic tools used to detect damage to dynamic mechanical components in a wind turbine gearbox. Different monitoring technologies were evaluated by collecting vibration and oil-debris data from tests performed on both a ‘healthy’ gearbox and a damaged gearbox that were mounted on a dynamometer test stand at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The damaged gearbox tested had been removed from the field after it experienced component damage because of two events that resulted in the loss of oil. The gearbox was re-tested under controlled conditions by using the NREL dynamometer test stand. Preliminary results indicate that oil-debris and vibration data can be integrated to improve the assessment of the health of the wind turbine gearbox. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An overview of the fire retardant chemicals industry, past—present—future

An overview of the fire retardant chemicals industry in the United States is given starting with an historical review of the chemical producers in about 1970. Marketing concepts for these specialty chemicals is discussed by customer types for each category of fire retardant. The fire retardants discussed are bromine and chlorine compounds, non-halogen and halogenated phosphates and antimony oxide. The paper contains a section in how to select a fire retardant. Markets are discussed by fire retardant type and by polymer type. The current and future trends section discusses toxicity issues with bromine fire retardants, non-halogen fire retardants, smoke, processability and thin walled parts, and market projections.
THE PSEUDO-SAMPLE METHOD: AN EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR SAMPLE-HOLDER CORRECTIONS IN NEUTRON SCATTERING.

Abstract A procedure is described for correcting neutron scattering data in cases where the measurement is significantly affected by the scattering and absorption of the sample-holder. The basic idea is to compose a pseudo-sample which approaches the scattering and absorption properties of the real sample, but which can be measured both with and without the sample-holder under the experimental conditions of the real sample runs. From these measurements one can deduce rather accurate corrections for the scattering data from the real sample. The application of this method to a recent measurement of the scattering from incoherent CuNi is discussed, followed by results of an experimental verification of the procedure.
Bathymetry estimations using vicariously calibrated HICO data

The Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO) is a prototype sensor installed on the International Space Station (ISS) designed to explore the management and capability of a space-borne hyperspectral sensor. The Office of Naval Research (ONR) funded the development and management of HICO. The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) built and is involved in management of the HICO sensor. Bathymetry information is essential for naval operations in coastal regions. However, bathymetry may not be available in denied areas. HICO has a 100 meter spatial resolution, which makes it more capable for providing information within bays and estuaries than other sensors with coarser resolutions. Furthermore, its contiguous hyperspectral range is well suited to be used as input to the Hyperspectral Optimization Process Exemplar (HOPE) algorithm, which along with other absorption and backscattering values, estimates bottom albedo and water depth. Vicarious calibration uses in situ data to generate new gains and offsets that when applied to the top-of-atmosphere radiance values improves atmospheric correction results and the measurement of normalized water-leaving radiances. In situ remote sensing reflectance data collected in St. Andrews Bay were used to vicariously calibrate a coincident HICO scene. NRL’s Automated Processing System (APS) was used to perform atmospheric correction and estimation of remote sensing reflectance (Rrs). The HOPE algorithm used the vicariously calibrated HICO Rrs values to estimate water depth. The results were validated with bathymetry maps from the NOAA National Ocean Service (NOS).
APPROVAL OF CROSS-SEX-ROLE BEHAVIOR

Previous research has indicated that sex-role preferences of boys were more clearly masculine than girls' preferences were feminine. In order to provide a partial explanation of this phenomenon, the responses of 107 college students to descriptions of cross-sex-role behavior of young boys and girls were investigated. Ss rated 10 one-sentence descriptions of cross-sex-role behavior on an approval-disapproval dimension. Both male and female Ss indicated greater disapproval of cross-sex-role behavior of boys than of girls. The relationship of these findings to previous research was discussed.
Nature of dual atrioventricular node pathways and the tachycardia circuit as defined by radiofrequency ablation technique.

AbstractObjectives. A comprehensive electrophysiologic study followed by selective radiofrequency ablation from three sites was performed in patients with atrioventricular (AV) node reentrant tachy...
Detection of charged particles in thick hydrogenated amorphous silicon layers

We show our results in detecting particles of various linear energy transfer, including minimum ionizing electrons from a Sr-90 source with 5 to 12 micron thick n-i-p and p-i-n diodes. We measured W ( average energy to produce one electron-hole pair) using 17keV filtered xray pulses with a result W = 6.0 /+-/ 0.2eV. This is consistent with the expected value for a semiconductor with band gap of 1.7 to 1.9eV. With heavily ionizing particles such as 6 MeV alphas and 1 to 2 MeV protons, there was some loss of signal due to recombination in the particle track. The minimum ionizing electrons showed no sign of recombination. Applications to pixel and strip detectors for physics experiments and medical imaging will be discussed. 7 refs., 8 figs.
A NOTE ON “COMMON DUE WINDOW SCHEDULING”

Kramer and Lee recently addressed a common due window scheduling problem with earliness and tardiness penalties, where earliness and tardiness penalty factors are constant and the common window size is given. They showed that the problem is polynomial when the location of the due window is a decision variable. For the case where the location of the due window is given, the problem is also polynomial when the latest due date is greater than or equal to the makespan, and they proposed a pseudopolynomial dynamic programming algorithm to find an optimal schedule when the latest due date is less than the makespan. In this note we address the problem for the case where the location of the due window is given. Specifically, we show that the problem is polynomial if the window location is unrestricted, and present a more efficient dynamic program algorithm to optimally solve the problem if the window location is restricted. The concepts of unrestricted and restricted window locations are defined in this note.
Expression of a recombinant elastin-like protein in pichia pastoris

The translation of highly repetitive gene sequences is often associated with reduced levels of protein expression and may be prone to mutational events. In this report, we describe a modified concatemerization strategy to construct a gene with enhanced sequence diversity that encodes a highly repetitive elastin-like protein polymer for expression in Pichia pastoris. Specifically, degenerate oligonucleotides were used to create a monomer library, which after concatemerization yielded a genetically nonrepetitive DNA sequence that encoded identical pentapeptide repeat sequences. By limiting genetic repetition, the risk of genetic deletions, rearrangements, or premature termination errors during protein synthesis is minimized.
The relationship between fluctuating salinity and oxygen delivery in adult blue crabs

Abstract 1. 1.Hemolymph protein and copper concentrations, pH, and in vitroP50 were higher in crabs at 10% than at 30%. 2. 2.Respiratory responses to salinity fluctuation were affected by acclimation salinity. 3. 3.During diurnal 30-10-30%o salinity fluctuations, Vw and VO2, changed inversely with salinity, while PAO2 and PVO2 and hemocyanin oxygen affinity decreased. 4. 4.During diurnal 10-30-10%o salinity fluctuations, cardiac output changed inversely with salinity, while oxygen uptake and hemolymph oxygen tension and content generally declined. Hemocyanin oxygen affinity remained constant. 5. 5.Protein and copper concentrations were unaltered during 96 hr of salinity fluctuation, regardless of direction.
Oral tonsils: Location, distribution, and histology

Abstract This report deals with the routine oral examination of 503 randomly selected male patients. In 21 per cent of these patients, small, circumscribed, nodular structures, 1 to 3 mm. in diameter, were observed on the mucosa of the soft palate; 5 per cent of the patients had similar structures on the ventral surface of the tongue; and 12 per cent had them on the floor of the mouth. These structures, which histologically resemble the tonsils of Waldeyer's ring, should be called oral tonsils . They ranged in number from one to twenty-five and were randomly located on the soft palate. Similar structures occurred on the ventral surface of the tongue ranging in number from one to six, and on the floor of the mouth, where they ranged in number from one to sixteen. They were asymptomatic, and in six cases biopsies revealed a central crypt, continuous with the surface epithelium, which was lined with stratified squamous epithelium around which a circumscribed mass of nodular and diffuse lymphoid tissue could be seen. It has been suggested that the oral tonsils are normal in the oral mucosa and, unless they become large, infected, or symptomatic, require no excision. Oral tonsils on the ventral surface of the tongue should be distinguished from salivary gland duct orifices. It is possible that some of the lymphoepithelial lesions described in the literature in reality represent normal oral tonsils .