cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Region- and cell type-specific de novo DNA methylation in cultured mammalian cells

A region upstream of the mouse adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (aprt) gene has a well characterized methylation pattern for HpaII/MspI sites. When an unmethylated plasmid construct containing this region was transfected into P19 mouse teratocarcinoma stem cells appropriate de novo methylation was observed. However, de novo methylation was significantly reduced when this plasmid was introduced into a differentiated derivative of the P19 stem cell line. Finally, a position effect for de novo methylation was shown by demonstrating methylation of a normally unmethylated HpaII/MspI site when it was placed in this upstream region. This system should prove useful for elucidating DNA signals for de novo methylation and changes in DNA methyltransferase activities that occur during cellular differentiation.
Food Safety Practices Assessment Tool: An Innovative Way to Test Food Safety Skills among Individuals with Special Needs

Abstract: This article describes an innovative assessment tool designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a food safety skills curriculum for learners receiving special education services. As schools respond to the increased demand for training students with special needs about food safety, the need for effective curricula and tools is also increasing. A Food Safety Education for High School and Transition Special Needs Students curriculum served as the basis upon which our assessment tool was developed. The project was a collaborative effort by food safety and education professionals in Connecticut, Rhode Island and Massachusetts. This USDA-funded initiative emerged from teacher-generated data that identified critical gaps in food safety knowledge and skills among students with disabilities (SWD) receiving special education services. As an adjunct to this curriculum, a Food Safety Practices Assessment Tool was developed to: 1) conduct observations of students as they demonstrate food safety practices, and 2) use this information to design classroom-based learning activities that are aligned with students’ Individual Education Plans (IEP). Pilot data suggest that the tool is valid and reliable for use in a kitchen-based setting. This is the first known tool of its kind to test food safety skills of individuals with special needs in a real-world environment. Further testing is needed to determine the usefulness of the tool for broader audiences.
Enumerating bacterial cells on bioadhesive coated slides

Abstract Quantifying bacterial abundance and biomass is fundamental to many microbiological studies. Directly counting via epifluorescence microscopy has become the method of choice, especially for environmental samples, and conventional techniques require filtration of cells onto black polycarbonate membrane filters. We investigated the utility of instead capturing stained bacterial suspensions on bioadhesive slides, performing tests using pure cultures of bacteria, mixtures of cultured bacteria, and environmental samples from five habitat types. When compared to the standard filtration and flow cytometric approaches, bioadhesive slides were found to be an accurate and precise platform for rapid enumeration of bacteria. Total bacterial counts made using the three methods were positively correlated for acridine orange and Live/Dead® (L/D) staining (0.81 ≤ r ≤ 0.95, all p ≤ 0.002). All platforms had similar precision, though counts obtained using bioadhesive slides were significantly higher than those made with polycarbonate filters and flow cytometry. The specific bioadhesive slides we used resulted in substantial cell mortality for certain pure cultures and river water samples, limiting their use for L/D determination. Cell enumeration using bioadhesive slides is particularly effective because it is highly precise at a wide range of cell concentrations, allows observation of cells that are not readily discernible on filters, reduces the number of steps and processing materials associated with sample analysis, and increases throughput.
The Subthalamic Nucleus in Primary Dystonia: Single-Unit Discharge Characteristics

Most models of dystonia pathophysiology predict alterations of activity in the basal ganglia thalamocortical motor circuit. The globus pallidus interna (GPi) shows bursting and oscillatory neuronal discharge in both human dystonia and in animal models, but it is not clear which intrinsic basal ganglia pathways are implicated in this abnormal output. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) receives prominent excitatory input directly from cortical areas implicated in dystonia pathogenesis and inhibitory input from the external globus pallidus. The goal of this study was to elucidate the role of the STN in dystonia by analyzing STN neuronal discharge in patients with idiopathic dystonia. Data were collected in awake patients undergoing microelectrode recording for implantation of STN deep brain stimulation electrodes. We recorded 62 STN neurons in 9 patients with primary dystonia. As a comparison group, we recorded 143 STN neurons in 20 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Single-unit activity was discriminated off-line by principal component analysis and evaluated with respect to discharge rate, bursting, and oscillatory activity. The mean STN discharge rate in dystonia patients was 26.3 Hz (SD 13.6), which was lower than that in the PD patients (35.6 Hz, SD 15.2), but higher than published values for subjects without basal ganglia dysfunction. Oscillatory activity was found in both disorders, with a higher proportion of units oscillating in the beta range in PD. Bursting discharge was a prominent feature of both dystonia and PD, whereas sensory receptive fields were expanded in PD compared with dystonia. The STN firing characteristics, in conjunction with those previously published for GPi, suggest that bursting and oscillatory discharge in basal ganglia output may be transmitted via pathways involving the STN and provide a pathophysiologic rationale for STN as a surgical target in dystonia.
Adenosine: front and center in linking nutrition and metabolism to neuronal activity.

Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures that last a few seconds to up to 15 minutes, but seldom longer. The seizures are a result of synchronized electrical discharge by a large proportion of CNS neurons. They usually originate from one or more hyperexcitable neuronal foci and propagate to both surrounding neuronal tissue and downstream targets of the excited neurons. Most therapeutic approaches involve pharmacological agents targeted toward reducing the excitability of the irritable seizure focus and/or the propagation of the synchronized discharges. However, these agents often cause undesirable side effects, and in some individuals with epilepsy, the seizures are refractory to pharmacological agents. An alternative therapy that has shown some success in this regard is the ketogenic diet. The ketogenic diet, similar to the more commonly known Atkins diet, provides a metabolic treatment for epilepsy. The high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet forces ketone-based rather than glucose-based metabolism and has well-demonstrated antiepileptic efficacy (1). However, the mechanism responsible for the anticonvulsant effect of a ketogenic diet remains to be characterized. In this issue of the JCI, Masino et al. convincingly demonstrate that a ketogenic diet works by modifying the availability of one of the best-characterized and efficacious endogenous antiepileptic compounds in mammals, adenosine (Ado) (2). The authors show that in mice, the ketogenic diet is associated with decreased expression of the enzyme responsible for removal of Ado from the CSF, adenosine kinase (Adk). As a result, there is an increase in Ado in the CSF that in turn activates Ado A1 receptors (AdoA1Rs). This activation was found to be both necessary and sufficient for the antiepileptic effect of the ketogenic diet. The work of Masino et al. (2) serves to emphasize the therapeutic potential of controlling Adk expression in epilepsy and the need for better understanding of this control.
Blood perfusion and thermal conduction effects in Gaussian beam, minimum time single-pulse thermal therapies.

A previous analytical study has shown that the minimum obtainable treatment time for a single pulse that delivers a given thermal dose to a specified point at a specified time occurs when the temperature at that point is rapidly raised to its maximum allowable value. The present study extends that result by investigating the spatial distribution of thermal effects of a single Gaussian shaped focal zone pulse that reaches that maximum allowable temperature at the center point of the focal zone. Analytical solutions are obtained that separately include the effects of perfusion and conduction. This situation is analyzed for a conservative treatment strategy in which the desired thermal dose is delivered when the tumor cools down to basal conditions. The results show that for a specified thermal dose delivered by a spherical Gaussian beam with focal widths below approximately 4 mm, the maximum allowable temperature, the minimum obtainable treatment time, and the size of the treatment zone (as a percentage of the size of the Gaussian beam) are all independent of the tissue blood perfusion, and are only functions of the focal zone size. Conversely, for focal widths above approximately 20 cm, these results are independent of the focal width and are only functions of blood perfusion. Between these two sizes (where most practical treatments will occur, since single pulses with widths of 20 cm will be uncommon in practice) a transition zone exists in which both perfusion and conduction effects are important. Thus while it is possible to implement a truly perfusion-independent, single pulse thermal treatment by using focal widths of <4 mm, in practice many such pulses will be needed to treat most tumors. This is especially true since the nonlinear temperature/thermal dose relationship causes the width of the delivered dose distribution to be only approximately 25%-30% of the width of the focal zone. However, shorter overall treatment times can be obtained when multiple pulses are linked together by using larger focal zone sizes, but this gain in treatment time is accompanied by increased effects of perfusion, illustrating the conflict between attaining both perfusion-independence and minimal treatment time for multiple-pulse thermal treatments.
Reply [to “Variations of total solar irradiance produced by structural changes in the solar interior”]

In their Comment to my article [Sofia, 2004], PFoukal and H. Spruit imply that the surface magnetic effects alone can explain the observed solar cycle variations of (1) the low- and medium-degree p-mode oscillation frequencies; (2) the f-mode oscillation frequencies; (3) the solar radius; (4) the solar photospheric temperature; and (5) the solar irradiance. In fact, it is hard for surface magnetic effects to explain most of these variations since they are not supposed to change the internal structure of the Sun, and these observations require some internal structure readjustment. These failures are further increased by recent observations which show that the faculae, which are supposed to increase irradiance, can actually be dark in the disk center when measured in the continuum wavelengths [Kuhn et al, 1998]. Moreover, if Willson's reconstruction of the total solar irradiance history, which shows a difference in the level at the last two minima, is correct [Willson, 1997],we find another feature of the TSI that is difficult, if not impossible, to explain on the basis of surface magnetic effects alone.
Molecular Dynamics Study of the Electrical Double Layer at Silver Chloride Electrolyte Interfaces

Molecular dynamics simulations of the electrical double layer at AgCl−aqueous electrolyte (KCl) interfaces are presented, accompanied by a new force field and properties of bulk AgCl computed using planewave density functional theory. Long dynamics simulations were performed to estimate ion adsorption free energies at the AgCl surface. The simulations demonstrate the formation of a bilayer hydration sheet composed of two sublayers of water molecules interconnected by hydrogen bonds. Potassium ions prefer to form an inner-sphere complex, whereas chloride ions prefer outer-sphere complexes. The adsorbed ion−water layers form a relatively rigid structure within the range of ionic strength considered, which confirms the applicability of the Helmholtz model in a high concentration regime. Profiles of the charge density, electric field, and electrostatic potential across the simulation cell revealed that oscillations of water molecules govern these quantities. The electrostatic potential generated only by the e...
“Going Public” Reconsidered: Reagan's 1981 Tax and Budget Cuts, and Revisionist Theories of Presidential Power

This paper examines the thesis of the public presidency. In light of the success of Ronald Reagan, many revisionist scholars have criticized traditional models of presidential politics. Whereas traditional views emphasized the bargaining presidency, these recent scholars now argue that, today, the politics of rhetoric dominate the politics of bargaining. This paper examines the central case study of the going-public model, Reagan's 1981 tax and budget cuts, a critical case because it represents Reagan's central legislative success and because many scholars and pundits have credited this success to Reagan's frequent televised public appeals. The case reveals that a strong bargaining dynamic played a part in the 1981 process, and that going public strategies were not as dominant as previously thought. What has changed significantly is the balance of incentives and constraints that influence strategic choice and the kinds of politicians in the Oval Office who make them. Contemporary presidents, after careful...
Pereboom and premises: asking the right questions in the experimental philosophy of free will.

Abstract Sommers (2010) argues that experimental philosophers of free will have largely been asking the wrong question – the question whether philosophically naive individuals think that free will and moral responsibility are compatible with determinism. The present studies begin to alleviate this concern by testing the intuitive plausibility of Pereboom’s (2001) four case argument. The general pattern of responses from two experiments does not support Pereboom’s predictions. Moreover, those who were high in the personality trait emotional stability tended to judge that manipulated agents were more free and morally responsible compared to individuals low in emotional stability.
Intrinsic predominance region diagram for plutonium

A predominance-region diagram for aqueous plutonium can be prepared by plotting the equilibrium fractions of tetra- and hexavalent plutonium. An example illustrates how the triple points can be used to estimate hydrolysis constants.
Shape-defining scaffolds for minimally invasive tissue engineering.

Background Minimally invasive surgical procedures are increasingly important in medicine, but bio. materials consistent with this delivery approach that allow one to control the structure of the material after implantation are lacking. Biomaterials with shape-memorizing properties could permit minimally invasive delivery of cell transplantation constructs and enable the formation of new tissues or structures in vivo in desired shapes and sizes. Methods. Macroporous alginate hydrogel scaffolds were prepared in a number of predefined geometries, compressed into significantly smaller, different temporary forms, and introduced into immunocompromised mice by means of minimally invasive surgical delivery through a small catheter. Scaffolds were rehydrated in situ with a suspension of cells (primary bovine articular chondrocytes) or cell-free medium and delivered through the same catheter. Specimens were harvested at 1 hr to evaluate the efficacy of cell delivery and the recovery of scaffold geometry, and at 8 and 24 weeks to evaluate neotissue formation. Results. A high percentage (88%) of scaffolds that were introduced with a catheter and rehydrated with cells had recovered their original shape and size within 1 hr. This delivery procedure resulted in cartilage structures with the geometry of the original scaffold by 2 months and histologically mature appearing tissue at 6 months. Conclusions. Shaped hydrogels, formed by covalently cross-linking, can be structurally collapsed into smaller, temporary shapes that permit their minimally invasive delivery in vivo. The rapid recovery of scaffold properties facilitates efficient cell seeding in vivo and permits neotissue formation in desired geometries.
Effect of Zymogen Domains and Active Site Occupation on Activation of Prothrombin by von Willebrand Factor-binding Protein

Prothrombin is conformationally activated by von Willebrand factor-binding protein (vWbp) from Staphylococcus aureus through insertion of the NH(2)-terminal residues of vWbp into the prothrombin catalytic domain. The rate of prothrombin activation by vWbp(1-263) is controlled by a hysteretic kinetic mechanism initiated by substrate binding. The present study evaluates activation of prothrombin by full-length vWbp(1-474) through activity progress curve analysis. Additional interactions from the COOH-terminal half of vWbp(1-474) strengthened the initial binding of vWbp to prothrombin, resulting in higher activity and an ∼100-fold enhancement in affinity. The affinities of vWbp(1-263) or vWbp(1-474) were compared by equilibrium binding to the prothrombin derivatives prethrombin 1, prethrombin 2, thrombin, meizothrombin, and meizothrombin(des-fragment 1) and their corresponding active site-blocked analogs. Loss of fragment 1 in prethrombin 1 enhanced affinity for both vWbp(1-263) and vWbp(1-474), with a 30-45% increase in Gibbs free energy, implicating a regulatory role for fragment 1 in the activation mechanism. Active site labeling of all prothrombin derivatives with D-Phe-Pro-Arg-chloromethyl ketone, analogous to irreversible binding of a substrate, decreased their K(D) values for vWbp into the subnanomolar range, reflecting the dependence of the activating conformational change on substrate binding. The results suggest a role for prothrombin domains in the pathophysiological activation of prothrombin by vWbp, and may reveal a function for autocatalysis of the vWbp·prothrombin complexes during initiation of blood coagulation.
Morphology classification of galaxies in CL 0939+4713 using a ground-based telescope image

Morphological classification is studied for galaxies in cluster CL 0939+4712 at z = 0.407 using simple photometric parameters obtained from a ground-based telescope image with seeing of 1-2 arcseconds full width at half maximim (FWHM). By ploting the galaxies in a plane of the concentration parameter versus mean surface brightness, we find a good correlation between the location on the plane and galaxy colors, which are known to correlate with morphological types from a recent Hubble Space Telescope (HST) study. Using the present method, we expect a success rate of classification into early and late types of about 70% or possibly more.
The World Grown Old and Genesis in Middle English Historical Writings

Modern historians of literature have approached primitivism in medieval writings through conventional topics such as the Fall, the Golden Age, and the six world ages. George Boas in 1948 demonstrated the numerous links between classical and medieval primitivisms, "soft" and "hard," and he outlined various schemes of periodization by which medieval historians framed their chronicles.' Emerson, Kaske, and others have explored a special aspect of man's early history as interpreted by medieval writers the relationship between Cain, antediluvian giants, and Beowuif's Grendel.2 Recently, Ruth Mellinkoff has investigated the several legends surrounding Cain and his mysterious mark.3 Medieval primitivism based on Genesis essentially began with Augustine's exegetical history in De civitate Dei, book 15. In this work Augustine thoroughly rehearsed the Genesis events, and he labored to explain difficult narrative claims, such as the great age of antediluvian men like Methuselah (15.1 1), or obscure passages, such as the origin of giants from the "sons of God" (15.22-23). Augustine treated these and other issues as a scholar and historian, comparing the Vulgate with the Septuagint text and seeking the best, most reasonable interpretation. At the same time, he framed his historical exegesis generally in the context of six ages in decline and of the struggle between the earthly and heavenly cities. In Augustine's writings
A central agency is crucial for disaster response

The United States must not follow through with its plans to scale back its Federal Emergency Management Agency, argues Donald Moynihan.
Efficient implementation of the analytic Hough transform for exact linear feature extraction

In this paper an implementation of the analytic Hough transform (AHT) for exact digital line detection is developed that employs a new, efficient data structure. This new structure eliminates the need to represent each digital line parameter region that is developed during the analysis of the image by empolying a region divider representation. A relative storage scheme is employed thast permits reconstruction of region occupancy information during the search for digital line support. Furthermore, it is shown that all values in the AHT data structure may be stored as rational numbers with fixed and finite numerator and denominator ranges defined by the image resolution. As a result, all floating point computations are replaced by faster, fixed word-size, integer operations.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
AC/DC power transmission: keynote address

This presentation provides a high-level view of the electricity industry and the effects of reform in the industry since privatisation. The impact of this reform from the perspective of the England and Wales transmission system operator (National Grid) is discussed with reference to system design and operation. Issues raised include interconnection with other systems and the future prospects of renewable energy.
Working For Tips: an Examination of Trust and Reciprocity in A Secondary Relationship of the Restaurant Organization*

This study reports on the operation of trust and reciprocity in a secondary relationship of the restaurant organization. Working for tips rather than contract wages, the waitress is required to trust the customer and depend on the rule of reciprocity for her wages. Each restaurant customer is extended credit or trust during the service interaction. The restaurant worker develops a disposition or attitude towards this act of credit. The question for investigation is which conditions, structural or interactional, exert the greatest influence on the credit attitude expressed by the waitress? The table service staff of eight restaurants serve as the sample. When both models are tested, only the structural conditions exert a significant influence on the credit attitude. Findings suggest that acts of trust and reciprocity are influenced more by the climate or orientation of the employing organization than by conditions of work interaction. Trust and reciprocity in the organization have generally been examined in the context of primary group relationships rather than secondary relationships (Blau, 1964). Several reasons restrict examination to the primary group. First, secondary relationships in the organization do not provide a setting conducive to trust. The relationship between the official and client, for example, consists of formal and impersonal interaction (Merton, 1949). This criteria diminishes the likelihood for acts of trust and reciprocity. In addition, the specification of obligation and reward in the secondary relationship produces a set of mutual expectations which further reduce the incidence of trust and reciprocity. As Webster (1975) has noted, trust is necessary where uncertainty and risk are possible. If the rules of the organization spell out the obligation and reward for both the official and client, then acts of trust are not required. This study examines a secondary relationship that operates in the restaurant organization where the relationship between waitress and customer provides a setting to examine trust and reciprocity. This service relationship differs from the typical secondary relationship, for its wage or reward is not specified by rules of the organization. The customer tips the waitress for service. This wage is neither negotiated nor specified by contract. Instead, it is dependent on trust and the anticipation of reciprocity. Nearly one and a half million Americans make a living "waiting tables."
Quantitative, solution-phase profiling of multiple transcription factors in parallel

Transcription factors are regulatory proteins that bind to specific sites of chromosomal DNA to enact responses to intracellular and extracellular stimuli. Transcription factor signalling networks are branched and interconnected so that any single transcription factor can activate many different genes and one gene can be activated by a combination of different transcription factors. Thus, trying to characterize a cellular response to a stimulus by measuring the level of only one transcription factor potentially ignores important simultaneous events that contribute to the response. Hence, parallel measurements of transcription factors are necessary to capture the breadth of valuable information about cellular responses that would not be obtained by measuring only a single transcription factor. We have sought to develop a new, scalable, flexible, and sensitive approach to analysis of transcription factor levels that complements existing parallel approaches. Here, we describe proof-of-principle analyses of purified human transcription factors and breast cancer nuclear extracts. Our assay can successfully quantify transcription factors in parallel with ∼10-fold better sensitivity than current techniques. Sensitivity of the assay can be further increased by 200-fold through the use of PCR for signal amplification.
Large Eddy Simulation of Fully Developed Turbulent Pipe Flow

Fully developed turbulent pipe flow is investigated by large eddy simulations (LES). The three-dimensional, unsteady, incompressible, filtered continuity and Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates are discretized by a finite difference method. The spatial derivatives are approximated by second order conservative schemes. This scheme eliminates the numerical generation or dissipation of energy. The pressure Poisson equation is solved by FFT method and time is advanced through a third order Runge-Kutta method. The commonly used subgrid scale (SGS) models — the Smagorinsky model and the dynamic model are implemented and simulations are performed for fully developed turbulent pipe flow at two different Reynolds numbers. The flow features in terms of mean velocity as well as higher order turbulence intensities and correlations are presented and compared to experimental and DNS data available in literature. Extensive comparisons are made for cases using different grid resolution, different streamwise domain dimension, different sub-grid scale model, and, at two different Reynolds number. For two Reynolds numbers (5,000 and 30,000) tested in this study, the fine mesh (64 × 96 × 64, circumferential × radial × longitudinal) produces better results than the coarse mesh (32 × 48 × 32), indicating the significance of the grid resolution, especially near the pipe surface. On the fine mesh for the two Reynolds numbers, the results exhibit a slight Reynolds number effect, indicating the mesh needs to be further refined at higher Reynolds number. Simulations were performed for two domain sizes, namely 6D and 12D, where D is the pipe diameter. When the streamwise grid resolution remains unchanged, the two simulations show negligible difference. This ensures that a 6D domain is adequate to include the largest eddies in a fully developed turbulent pipe flow at the current Reynolds number. When the fine mesh is used, the subgrid scale models (Smagorinsky and Dynamic) provide limited contribution to the total turbulent kinetic energy. Although the current results agree quite well with other published LES simulations, when compared with the Law of the wall, benchmark experiments and DNS results, the simulated mean velocity in the log region is higher than the experimental and DNS data. Overall, it was observed that the numerical methods work satisfactorily well for turbulent pipe flows at low and high Reynolds numbers, and, the method has capability to be used in the simulation of flows with practical interest.© 2004 ASME
JAPANESE‐FOCUSED ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR RESEARCH: CONTENTS AND CONCERNS 1981–1993

Japanese‐focused management papers were examined to answer four questions: (1) Has there been a relative increase in the proportion of Japanese‐focused papers published? (2) Has there been a relative increase in the proportion of Japanese‐focused Organizational Behavior (OB) papers published? (3) What is the nature of Japanese‐focused OB papers? and (4) Are there “gaps” in the Japanese‐focused OB literature? This paper concludes that there was no increase in the proportion of Japanese‐focused OB papers published between 1981 and 1993. There were topical “gaps” in the Japanese‐focused OB literature considered Most empirical papers dealt with OB on an individual level. Papers related to personality; motivation; and satisfaction, absences, and turnover were conspicuously absent from the sample.
Provisional measures and provisional arrangements in maritime boundary disputes

This article examines the interaction under LOSC of the powers of international courts and tribunals to order binding provisional measures and the obligation of states to make every effort to enter into provisional arrangements pending the delimitation of a maritime boundary. The importance of provisional measures or arrangements in delimiting maritime boundaries, previous state and judicial practice related to provisional arrangements and measures, and the relevant substantive and procedural rules under LOSC are all explored as a means of explaining how courts and tribunals should exercise their powers of ordering provisional measures when provisional arrangements are required. It is argued here that an international court or tribunal should exercise caution in order to ensure that the procedural mechanism complements, rather than conflicts with, the substantive obligation. To this end, provisional measures entailing recommendations, duties of cooperation and obligations of non-aggravation are to be preferred.
Pyridine nucleotide metabolism in mammalian cells in culture.

The biosynthesis of pyridine nucleotides has been examined in a number of mammalian cell lines in culture. In all lines examined, nicotinamide is incorporated by a biochemical pathway distinct from the Preiss-Handler pathway for nicotinic acid. In at least the human cell line D98/AH2, there is no detectable endogenous synthesis of the pyridine ring from tryptophan. Although most cell lines examined (hamster BHK 21/13, mouse L929 and human D98/AH2) use either nicotinic acid or nicotinamide as a precursor for DPN and TPN, two mouse cell lines, 3T3-4E and LM CIID, are unable to utilize nicotinic acid as a source of the pyridine ring. If nicotinic acid is present in the medium, substantial amounts of intracellular desamido DPN accumulate suggesting that the last step (desamido DPNDPN) is limiting in the Preiss-Handler pathway. With nicotinamide, the only compound which accumulates in substantial amounts apart from DPN and TPN is nicotinamide ribose; there is no detectable NMN. The results of pulse-labeling experiments suggest that nicotinamide ribose may be an intermediate in the nicotinamide pathway. Following growth of D98/AH2 cells in high concentrations of niacin, biosynthesis of DPN from nicotinamide was completely inhibited for at least six hours. The converse experiment revealed no inhibition of niacin incorporation. This observation suggests that a niacin pathway intermediate, which present evidence indicates is desamido-DPN. can inhibit nicotinamide utilization. Newly synthesized DPN turns over with a half-life of two hours in azaserine-treated D98/AH2 cells. In the absence of azaserine, the nicotinamide moiety of newly synthesized DPN is lost from D98/AH2 cells to the medium with a half-life of eight hours. About 80% of the nicotinamide is lost to medium as nicotinamide ribose.
The relative efficacy of thought-stopping and covert assertion

The relative efficacy of Rimm's (1973) thought-stopping and covert assertion, thought-stopping alone, covert assertion alone and a placebo control was tested. All three experimental treatments were predicted to be superior to the control and differences among the experimental treatments were expected. Thirty-six volunteers with a strong fear of harmless snakes were given one of the four treatments. Results demonstrated the efficacy of the combined treatment, as had been shown in previous research, but also demonstrated the efficacy of the individual components alone. Scheffee Planned Comparisons at the post test and four week follow-up indicated that the three experimental groups were superior to the control on the three self-report and behavioral tests of fear of snakes (p < 0.01 for each) but not on a test of fears in general. Scheffee Post Hoc Comparisons showed no significant differences between the experimental groups. The possible overlapping functions of the components are discussed.
A study of the comparative response of young infants to human milk and to various types of cow's milk formulas.

Summary One hundred eighty healthy newborn infants fed human milk or one of five formulas of cow's milk with water and dextrin-maltose added so as to have equal caloric content but prepared by various methods, were observed for the first six days of life. All of the infants were vigorous and made satisfactory progress. No clinical diarrhea occurred. The meconium stools had essentially disappeared by the third day. The human milk-fed infants had more liquid and green colored stools, a greater weight loss from birth weight and a slower weight gain, but less irritation of the buttocks than did the formula-fed infants. There were no significant differences in the clinical responses of the newborn infants fed the five cow's milk formulas of essentially the same composition except that the infants fed fresh cow's milk after the fourth day had a slightly lowered incidence of redness of the buttocks than infants fed the evaporated milk preparations. It is evident that the stools of normalyoung infants may vary greatly. If an infant is growing normally and is contented, minor variations in the color, size, consistency, bacterial flora, or pH of the stools are of little importance. However, early recognition of infectious diarrhea in the newborn period is most important, and the data presented here are useful in this respect as they reflect the stool pattern of newborn infants receiving human, fresh, and evaporated cow's milk feedings. Thirty-three healthy infants wereobserved in the outpatient clinic who also were fed the previously described formulas. These infants ranged in age from 1 to 8 weeks. All formulas were well tolerated and the infants made adequate growth. Stools were more frequent during the first two weeks than at a later age regardless of which formula was fed. All of the evaporated milk preparations yielded a softer stool than did fresh cow's milk or frozen evaporated milk formulas. The convenience of using the commercially prepared formulas, which not only saved the mothers many precious minutes but also eliminated the possibility of clogged nipples, more than compensated for any additional diaper care which might have resulted from the softer stools.
Effects of climate change and wave direction on longshore sediment transport patterns in Southern California

Changes in deep-water wave climate drive coastal morphologic change according to unique shoaling transformation patterns of waves over local shelf bathymetry. The Southern California Bight has a particularly complex shelf configuration, of tectonic origin, which poses a challenge to predictions of wave driven, morphologic coastal change. Northward shifts in cyclonic activity in the central Pacific Ocean, which may arise due to global climate change, will significantly alter the heights, periods, and directions of waves approaching the California coasts. In this paper, we present the results of a series of numerical experiments that explore the sensitivity of longshore sediment transport patterns to changes in deep water wave direction, for several wave height and period scenarios. We outline a numerical modeling procedure, which links a spectral wave transformation model (SWAN) with a calculation of gradients in potential longshore sediment transport rate (CGEM), to project magnitudes of potential coastal erosion and accretion, under proscribed deep water wave conditions. The sediment transport model employs two significant assumptions: (1) quantity of sediment movement is calculated for the transport-limited case, as opposed to supply-limited case, and (2) nearshore wave conditions used to evaluate transport are calculated at the 5-meter isobath, as opposed to the wave break point. To illustrate the sensitivity of the sedimentary system to changes in deep-water wave direction, we apply this modeling procedure to two sites that represent two different coastal exposures and bathymetric configurations. The Santa Barbara site, oriented with a roughly west-to-east trending coastline, provides an example where the behavior of the coastal erosional/accretional character is exacerbated by deep-water wave climate intensification. Where sheltered, an increase in wave height enhances accretion, and where exposed, increases in wave height and period enhance erosion. In contrast, all simulations run for the Torrey Pines site, oriented with a north-to-south trending coastline, resulted in erosion, the magnitude of which was strongly influenced by wave height and less so by wave period. At both sites, the absolute value of coastal accretion or erosion strongly increases with a shift from northwesterly to westerly waves. These results provide some examples of the potential outcomes, which may result from increases in cyclonic activity, El Nino frequency, or other changes in ocean storminess that may accompany global climate change.
Commercial gas production from Messoyakha deposit in hydrate conditions

Abstract It has been 47 years since the article, “The formation of hydrates in gas-bearing reservoirs”, was published in the Gas Industry Journal № 5 ( Makogon, 1965 ), and 43 years since the development of Messoyakha gas hydrate field began. The potential world resources of gas hydrates are conservatively estimated at 1.5 × 1016 m3 (53 × 1016 SCF). More than 230 gas hydrate deposits have been discovered around the world. There exist several production technologies which have been tested already. However, the development of Messoyakha field is the only successful example of a commercial gas hydrate field. This paper will summarize the progression of its development.
Differential effect of poly rI•rC and Newcastle disease virus on the expression of interferon and cellular genes in mouse cells

Abstract The expression of type I murine interferon (MuIFN) genes and several other cellular genes was examined in poly rI·rC induced and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infected mouse cells. Northern analysis of RNA from induced L cells revealed that the MuIFN-αs are expressed efficiently in NDV infected cells but only at low levels in poly rI·rC induced cells. MuIFN- β 1 , however, is expressed equally well in cells treated with poly rI·rC or infected with NDV. As shown by the use of a probe specific for poly rI·rC, interferon induction correlates with the cellular uptake of poly rI·rC into the cells. The relative levels of α and β 1 mRNAs in the cells reached a maximum at 10 hr after the induction which indicates coordinate expression of α and β 1 interferon genes. The effect of viral infection on the expression of two murine genes coinduced with interferon (pMIF20/11 and pMIF3/10) and several cellular genes was also examined. While pMIF20/11 is an inducible gene, the pMIF3/10 gene is expressed constitutively in mouse L cells. Viral infection, but not poly rI·rC treatment, enhanced the expression of the pMIF3/10 gene, as well as two other cellular genes; H-2 and c- myc , however, the expression of β-actin gene was unaltered. These data indicate that enhancement of gene expression in virus infected cells in not limited to the interferon system.
Concussion and trauma in young athletes: prevention, treatment, and return-to-play

This article discusses the relative risk of concussion/mild traumatic brain injury in school-aged children competing in athletics. It covers the initial assessment and diagnosis of concussion/mild traumatic brain injury. It also discusses the appropriate monitoring of any ongoing symptoms, and how to identify and address prolonged symptomatology. Finally, the current practice guidelines for return-to-play criteria are discussed, as well as the assessment of an athlete's risk of suffering from second impact syndrome.
An inventory model with non-resuming randomly interruptible lead time

Abstract We assume that an unreliable supplier in a single-item stochastic inventory system alternates randomly between two possible states (i.e., available and unavailable), following a two-state continuous-time homogeneous Markov chain. For a compound Poisson stream of demands and Erlang lead times, our model considers the scenario where the processing of the outstanding order (if any) is interrupted at every supplier's transition epoch from the available to the unavailable state, and is restarted from the outset upon the supplier's regaining its available state. We derive the stationary distribution of the on-hand inventory under a continuous-review policy and provide some numerical results.
Gulliver’s Return to the Land without One, Two, Three

Gulliver’s interest in advanced mathematics can be traced to adventures not mentioned by Swift and only recently recorded.1 They took place on an island which, because of the current sophisticated symbols for numbers used there, the traveller called the Land without One, Two, Three. Upon his return to Europe, Gulliver studied, both in England and on the Continent, what then (that is, in the early 1700’s) was the most modern topic of investigations: the functions x, x2, x3, √x, cos x, log x, … .
GAMMA-RAY REJECTION, OR DETECTION, WITH GADOLINIUM AS A CONVERTER

Gadolinium is a competent neutron conversion material for neutron detection due to its extremely high neutron capture cross section. It differs from the other neutron reactive materials by emitting large amounts of low-energy electrons for the consequent signal generation in a detector. Such low-energy electrons, though abundant, are prone to be contaminated by internal and/or external gamma rays, such as the activated 43.0 keV K-X rays, given the high atomic number of gadolinium. While the 43.0 keV K-X ray ought to be rejected as it originates in part from the external gamma rays when neutron detection is concerned, the ability to separate this energy line from other signals points to a practical mode of gamma-ray detection by a thin-film semiconductor with gadolinium as a converter. In this paper, a gamma-ray discrimination scheme for neutron detection is studied, which also provides insight into gamma-ray detection with a small semiconductor device with gadolinium as a converter, in line with the same principle of isolating the K-X rays activated by high- or medium-energy gamma rays.
Learned behavioral tolerance to marihuana in rats

Abstract Rats were trained to press a lever for food reinforcement in one study and water reinforcement in a second. Rats which received marihuana extract each day before behavioral testing showed an impairment of responding on the first day of drug application, but developed behavioral tolerance to the drug by the sixth day of drug application. Rats which received equal doses of marihuana after each session, rather than before, over the same period, showed little or no evidence of behavioral tolerance when the drug was administered before testing. This result was interpreted to indicate that the development of behavioral tolerance to marihuana involves a learning process.
On the interconnect energy efficiency of high end computing systems

Abstract High performance computing systems are moving towards the exaflops era. The tremendous increase in computational speed is accompanied by enormous power consumption in these systems. It is necessary to harvest any potential opportunities to save power in these high end computing systems. The goal of this paper is to explore possibilities of power savings in the interconnects between the nodes. By careful scheduling of jobs in a 3D torus-connected cluster of nodes, we show that significant amounts of power can be saved by switching certain portions of the network elements to low power modes. We also present an estimation method that more accurately estimates the actual runtime of jobs from the user provided runtimes and enhances the performance of the scheduling scheme. We validate our results via detailed MATLAB simulations.
Introduction to Cardiotoxicity Review Series

This Introduction is the first article in a new thematic series on Cardiovascular Toxicities/Effects of Anticancer Therapeutics , which includes the following articles: Introduction to Cardiotoxicity Review Series Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Toxicity of Targeted Cancer Therapeutics The Vulnerability of the Heart as a Pluricellular System: Lessons From Unexpected Triggers of Heart Failure in Targeted Cancer Therapy Cardiovascular Disease: Hidden Killer in Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer Emerging Anticancer Strategies: Is There Cause for Concern? Yes! Thomas Force Guest Editor Nowhere have greater strides been made in the treatment of lethal diseases than in oncology. Part of this stems from the fact that in the majority of cancers, tissue is available to clinicians and researchers. This has allowed the identification of specific mutations and/or gene amplifications that drive cell transformation and cancer progression. Not surprisingly, these proteins have become central targets for anticancer drug therapy. Many of these mutations or amplifications are in tyrosine kinases1 or, to a lesser extent, serine-threonine kinases, and identification of these has created an explosion in the development of “targeted therapeutics,” drugs aimed specifically at the causal or contributory molecule(s) driving the cancer. Targeted therapeutics directed at specific kinases are either small molecule inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies. This field has had some notable clinical successes, including the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin) that targets the human epidermal growth factor …
Storm-time plasma signatures observed by IMAGE/MENA and comparison with a global physics-based model

] We present energetic neutral atom (ENA) fluxesmeasured by the medium energy neutral atom (MENA)imager onboard the IMAGE satellite for the geomagneticstorm of 21 October 2001 at energies of 6 and 12 keV. Thefluxes indicate strong low altitude emissions close to theEarth and a nightside peak close to local midnight.The fluxes are compared with theoretical ENA fluxescalculated using the ring current-atmosphere interactionmodel (RAM). We find good quantitative agreementbetween MENA data and RAM results, both of whichindicate a peak in ENA emissions on the nightside, close tolocal midnight which varies in radial location between 2and 5R