cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Network Systems Pharmacology-Based Mechanism Study on the Beneficial Effects of Vitamin D against Psychosis in Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease with significant financial costs and negative impacts on quality of life. Psychotic symptoms, i.e., the presence of delusions and/or hallucinations, is a frequent complication of AD. About 50% of AD patients will develop psychotic symptoms (AD with Psychosis, or AD + P) and these patients will experience an even more rapid cognitive decline than AD patients without psychosis (AD-P). In a previous analysis on medication records of 776 AD patients, we had shown that use of Vitamin D was associated with delayed time to psychosis in AD patients and Vitamin D was used more by AD-P than AD + P patients. To explore the potential molecular mechanism behind our findings, we applied systems pharmacology approaches to investigate the crosstalk between AD and psychosis. Specifically, we built protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks with proteins encoded by AD- and psychosis-related genes and Vitamin D-perturbed genes. Using network analysis we identified several high-impact genes, including NOTCH4, COMT, CACNA1C and DRD3 which are related to calcium homeostasis. The new findings highlight the key role of calcium-related signaling pathways in AD + P development and may provide a new direction and facilitate hypothesis generation for future drug development.
Advances in epidemiological reseach on tick borme infectious diseases

Tick-borne infectious diseases has been becoming the global problem of public health.In recent years,with the expansion and changes of natural foci of tick borne infectious diseases,the sporadic and clustered cases have shown an increasing tendency.There is a real threat of pathogenic co-infection and the potential threat of novel pathogenic infection.The epidemiology of tick-borne infectious disease is reviewed in this article. Key words: Tick-borne diseases; Epidemiology
Risk Can Be Good: The Trade-off Between Agency Conflicts, CEO Risk-Taking Incentives, and Credit Risk

We explore the trade-off between managerial risk-taking incentives and firm-level credit risk. Assuming that risk-taking incentives do not increase firm value, risk-taking incentives can lead to an asset substitution problem that hurts creditors. However, it is possible that risk-taking incentives will increase firm value, making creditors better off. Empirically, we find that credit rating agencies and credit default swap investors award more favorable credit ratings and credit default swap spreads, respectively, to firms that incentivize managers to engage in greater risk-taking behaviors. Consistent with recent theoretical research, we document a positive relation between managerial risk-taking incentives and firms' market value of assets. In addition, in a difference-in-differences specification, we find that increased risk-taking incentives lead to lower credit risk. Moreover, we document an incremental association between risk-taking incentives and credit risk for firms less likely to exhibit risk-shifting. Our paper is the first to empirically examine the trade-offs predicted by compensation theory from a creditor's perspective. Therefore, we extend prior literature by highlighting that creditors can benefit from risk-taking, suggesting that CEO risk-taking incentives can make both shareholders and bondholders better off. In the process, our results help reconcile conflicting views in the literature. In addition, we provide the first evidence on which firms benefit the most from risk-taking incentives: financially constrained firms. Collectively, our findings refine our understanding of why firms encourage managers to engage in risk-taking behavior.
Abstract P245: Contraindications and Exclusion Criteria in Guidelines for Rt-pa in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Can the New Aha/asa Guideline Expand the Use of Rt-pa?

Background: Most of the original exclusion criteria for recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) from NINDS trial, European, and FDA contribute to the low rt-PA use because of their stringe...
Persistent Respiratory Failure in a 4-Month-Old Preterm Infant: A Case of Pulmonary Interstitial Glycogenosis

Case Report: A 15 week old preterm male born at 27 weeks gestational age presented with persistent respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation with high FiO2 (60%) requirement. His birth history was significant for respiratory failure in the delivery room requiring surfactant, intubation, and mechanical ventilation. At 7 weeks of life, an echocardiogram showed mild to moderate pulmonary hypertension (PH) requiring sildenafil. His respiratory failure (capillary PCO2 58 mm Hg) and hypoxemia persisted despite mechanical ventilation, diuretics, bronchodilators, and systemic corticosteroids. A chest radiograph showed increased pulmonary interstitial markings with scattered patchy opacities consistent with bronchopulmonary …
A Millifluidic Perfusion Cassette for Studying the Pathogenesis of Enteric Infections Using Ex-Vivo Organoids

To generate physiologically-relevant experimental models, the study of enteric diarrheal diseases is turning increasingly to advanced in vitro models that combine ex vivo, stem cell-derived "organoid" cell lines with bioengineered culture environments that expose them to mechanical stimuli, such as fluid flow. However, such approaches require considerable technical expertise with both microfabrication and organoid culture, and are, therefore, inaccessible to many researchers. For this reason, we have developed a perfusion system that is simple to fabricate, operate, and maintain. Its dimensions approximate the volume and cell culture area of traditional 96-well plates and allow the incorporation of fastidious primary, stem cell-derived cell lines with only minimal adaptation of their established culture techniques. We show that infections with enteroaggregative E. coli and norovirus, common causes of infectious diarrhea, in the system display important differences from static models, and in some ways better recreate the pathophysiology of in vivo infections. Furthermore, commensal strains of bacteria can be added alongside the pathogens to simulate the effects of a host microbiome on the infectious process. For these reasons, we believe that this perfusion system is a powerful, yet easily accessible tool for studying host-pathogen interactions in the human intestine.
A Multi-objective Optimal Orderly Charging Strategy for Electric Vehicles

In order to reduce the adverse effects of grid which is caused by massive unguided charging behavior of electric vehicles and maintain the safe and stable operation of the distribution network, an orderly charging strategy of electric vehicles is proposed in the paper, and the algorithm is based on improve differential evolution algorithm. The main idea of this strategy is to make charging plan through time-of-use (TOU) electricity price, and then electric vehicles can be moved to normal period and valley period for charging. The objective function of the algorithm is to minimize the charging cost of users and the peak-valley difference. Based on this strategy, the paper builds a mathematic model of multi-objective optimization, and improve differential evolution (IDE) algorithm is used to solve the model. In addition, the algorithm optimizes charging continuity,which can effectively prevent load curve mutation and protect charging facilities. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Role-Based Assignments Support Student Engagement during Geography Field Trips.

Field trips, field courses, and other forms of field-based pedagogy have a long and storied history in geography and are frequently described as essential components of geographic education at the ...
Laparoscopic-Assisted Ablation of Liver Tumors

The incidence of newly diagnosed hepatocellular carcinoma is approaching nearly 1 million cases per year. Treatment of this disease is a particularly challenging clinical problem as the majority of patients have underlying liver disease. Treatment options for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma have expanded over the last two decades and interventions are selected based on tumor staging and the degree of hepatic dysfunction. Numerous improvements have been made in intraoperative ultrasonography and ablation technologies and these innovations have allowed for the development of a well-tolerated procedure that focuses on destroying the tumor with minimal injury to the surrounding liver parenchyma. With advances in laparoscopic surgery the implementation of ablative technologies has expanded the opportunity to successfully treat patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis who previously had no therapeutic option. The following chapter outlines the approach to successfully treat the patient who has a diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. It outlines the clinical steps taken before surgery, in the operating room and tumor surveillance after the ablation. It also includes troubleshooting approaches at various stages while managing the patient.
Factors impacting microbial release from environmental monitoring tools

Abstract The U.S. FDA Food Safety Modernization Act Preventive Controls for Human Food Rule underlines the importance of an effective environmental monitoring (EM) program. EM is used to determine harborage sites of microorganisms on processing equipment, assess effectiveness of sanitation programs, and prevent transmission of foodborne pathogens. This study characterizes commercially-available polyurethane foam (PUF) and cellulose (CELL) EM tools for their efficacy in the release of foodborne pathogens from their sponge matrices. Specifically, the objectives of this study were to 1) compare the ability of EM tools to release microorganisms into a recovery eluent, 2) characterize EM tool performance at decreasing inoculum concentrations, and 3) assess the impact of various operators during the processing of EM samples. Two bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium) and one human norovirus surrogate (Tulane virus [TV]) were compared at decreasing inoculum levels utilizing two elution techniques (mechanical stomacher, manually by operator), and across six operators. Data indicated that EM tool material composition impacted the release of microorganisms (p = 0.0001), where the PUF EM tool released TV more readily than the CELL EM tool. Conversely, the decreasing inoculum levels did not statistically differ in the release of microorganisms from the EM tool matrices. In addition, no significant difference was found between the machine stomacher and manual elution by human operator or between operators. Overall, the study provides a detailed characterization of two commercially-available EM tools, and the differences identified in this study can be used to improve the effectiveness of EM programs.
Thyroid Dysfunction in Ménière's Disease: A Comprehensive Review.

Introduction The precise etiology of Meniere's disease (MD) remains unknown; however, given the association of MD with serum antibodies and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex, several studies have proposed a relationship between MD and thyroid disorders. Similarly, multiple hypotheses exist regarding the metabolic disturbances of fluctuating thyroid hormone as a potential contributing agent in the development of MD. Methods A total of 171 abstracts were identified and screened by 2 independent reviewers. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 8 studies were selected for final analysis. Due to heterogeneity of clinical data, meta-analysis was not feasible. Results The prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease and hypothyroidism in MD varied significantly from 1 to 38%. Notable bias was introduced given the lack of standardization of diagnostic criteria across studies. Articles that described autoimmune thyroid-specific antibodies and HLA types also presented inconclusive results. Multiple studies noted a potential etiologic role of hypothyroidism in MD, which was often confounded by thyroxine supplementation. Conclusions Despite a potential correlation in the medical literature between thyroid disorders and MD, there is currently no definitive causal relationship. Although most of the present medical literature focuses on autoimmunity, dysregulated thyroid hormone levels may also be implicated in the association of MD with thyroid disorders.
The Effect of Boron on Active Neutron Measurements: Application for the Mars Science Laboratory Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons Instrument

The primary objective of the Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) experiment on board the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover Curiosity is to assess the hydrogen content as the rover traverses the Martian surface. Because hydrogen is a light element, it is an efficient moderator for neutrons. The method used to estimate the hydrogen content by the DAN instrument is to measure the thermal neutron count rate emitted from the surface of the soil using a Pulsed Neutron Generator as an activation source coupled with a thermal neutron detector. However, boron has a high cross section for thermal neutron capture and can affect the thermal neutron flux measured by the DAN instrument. Recently, the MSL ChemCam instrument has shown high concentrations of B in the veins of the Murray formation and Yellowknife Bay at concentrations of 100 to 500 ppm. We show that the number of neutrons that are captured in the Martian soil increases with increasing B, resulting in reduced count rates observed by the DAN thermal neutron detector, which can lead to an overestimate of the hydrogen content.
Cotinine: Pharmacologically Active Metabolite of Nicotine and Neural Mechanisms for Its Actions.

Tobacco use disorder continues to be a leading public health issue and cause of premature death in the United States. Nicotine is considered as the major tobacco alkaloid causing addiction through its actions on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Current pharmacotherapies targeting nicotine’s effects produce only modest effectiveness in promoting cessation, highlighting the critical need for a better understanding of mechanisms of nicotine addiction to inform future treatments. There is growing interest in identifying potential contributions of non-nicotine components to tobacco reinforcement. Cotinine is a minor alkaloid, but the major metabolite of nicotine that can act as a weak agonist of nAChRs. Accumulating evidence indicates that cotinine produces diverse effects and may contribute to effects of nicotine. In this review, we summarize findings implicating cotinine as a neuroactive metabolite of nicotine and discuss available evidence regarding potential mechanisms underlying its effects. Preclinical findings reveal that cotinine crosses the blood brain barrier and interacts with both nAChRs and non-nAChRs in the nervous system, and produces neuropharmacological and behavioral effects. Clinical studies suggest that cotinine is psychoactive in humans. However, reviewing evidence regarding mechanisms underlying effects of cotinine provides a mixed picture with a lack of consensus. Therefore, more research is warranted in order to provide better insight into the actions of cotinine and its contribution to tobacco addiction.
What is an artiﬁcial muscle? A comparison of soft actuators to biological muscles.

Interest in emulating the properties of biological muscles that allow for fast adaptability and control in unstructured environments has motivated researchers to develop new soft actuators, often referred to as 'artificial muscles'. The field of soft robotics is evolving rapidly as new soft actuator designs are published every year. In parallel, recent studies have also provided new insights for understanding biological muscles as 'active' materials whose tunable properties allow them to adapt rapidly to external perturbations. This work presents a comparative study of biological muscles and soft actuators, focusing on those properties that make biological muscles highly adaptable systems. In doing so, we briefly review the latest soft actuation technologies, their actuation mechanisms, and advantages and disadvantages from an operational perspective. Next, we review the latest advances in understanding biological muscles. This presents insight into muscle architecture, the actuation mechanism, and modeling, but more importantly, it provides an understanding of the properties that contribute to adaptability and control. Finally, we conduct a comparative study of biological muscles and soft actuators. Here, we present the accomplishments of each soft actuation technology, the remaining challenges, and future directions. Additionally, this comparative study contributes to providing further insight on soft robotic terms, such as biomimetic actuators, artificial muscles, and conceptualizing a higher level of performance actuator named artificial supermuscle. In conclusion, while soft actuators often have performance metrics such as specific power, efficiency, response time, and others similar to those in muscles, significant challenges remain when finding suitable substitutes for biological muscles, in terms of other factors such as control strategies, onboard energy integration, and thermoregulation.
Health Organizations: Theory, Behavior, and Development

While there are many textbooks available for courses in organizational behavior there are very few that address organization theory and even fewer that discuss organization development in any significant way. In three sections, this text thoroughly examines organization theory, organization behavior, and organization development. Each section contains key chapters that address foundations, research, and new directions in these domains.
Watson–Crick Base Pairs and Nucleic Acids Stability

Watson–Crick base pairs are crucial in the formation of double-helical deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and in the storage of genetic information. They comprise two of the most common geometries involving the pairing of deoxyadenosine (dA) with deoxythymidine (dT) and deoxyguanosine (dG) with deoxycytidine (dC) through the formation of two and three hydrogen bonds, respectively. The complementarity of the antiparallel strands forming a double helix is crucial in DNA replication since the complementary strand is synthesised by adding the Watson–Crick complementary bases of the parent strand. The hybridisation of DNA or DNA–RNA (ribonucleic acid) strands is widely used in biotechnology and molecular biology for multiple purposes. The stability of a nucleic acid helix depends on its sequence, conformation, hydration and solution conditions, and it is measured by temperature-dependent techniques, such as UV (ultraviolet) melting. Examples of oligonucleotide helices with chemical modifications are provided to indicate how these modifications affect the overall stability of a DNA molecule. Key Concepts: Base pairs are two nucleotide bases interacting via hydrogen bonding. Bulge is a nonpaired nucleotide base in a double-stranded nucleic acid. Hybridisation is a process where two complementary strands interact via base pairing. Nucleic acid conformation is the three-dimensional structural arrangement of a double-helical nucleic acid. Nucleic acid modification is the incorporation, removal or substitution of a chemical group on the natural occurring nucleic acids. Melting curves are the optical changes of a nucleic acid or protein-like molecules as a function of temperature. Stability of nucleic acids is the resistance of nucleic acid duplex to undergo unfolding, proportional to the magnitude of ΔG. Thermal stability is the ability of a nucleic acid duplex to resist temperature denaturation. Unfolding thermodynamic profile is the free energy (ΔG∘), enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) parameters associated with the unfolding of a nucleic acid or protein molecule. Cooperativity refers to the number of base pairs that are broken simultaneously in the unfolding of a nucleic acid or protein. Keywords: Watson–Crick base pairs; hybridisation; DNA melting curves; UV spectroscopy; circular dichroism spectroscopy; nucleic acid conformation; unfolding thermodynamic profiles; transition temperature (Tm); free energy and stability
Cuba and origins of the US sugar quota

In the history of Cuban sugar industry, the most significant institutional factor after 1930 was the export quota gained in the 1934 United States market, which has been regarded in a positive perspective. This is here re-examined in the light of later events which prove that the quota system was detrimental to the island economy, particularly in the fifties. The analysis is based on the examination of sugar companies’ stock prices which are a useful indicator of investment expectations. Finally, it is concluded that the 1934 North American quota system issued from the conviction that the tariff system applied until then was not enough to protect the domestic sugar beet production.
Importance-Performance Analysis of Guest Entertainment Technology Amenities in the Lodging Industry

An assessment of how hotel guests view in-room entertainment-technology amenities was conducted to compare the importance of these technologies to how they performed. In-room entertainment technology continues to evolve in the hotel industry. However, given the multitude of entertainment products available in the marketplace today, hoteliers have little understanding of guests’ expectations and of which in-room entertainment-technology amenities will drive guest satisfaction and increase loyalty to the hotel brand. Given that technology is integral to a hotel stay, this study seeks to evaluate the importance and performance of in-room entertainment-technology amenities. Findings indicate that free-to-guest television (FTG TV) and high-speed Internet access were the two most important inroom entertainment-technology amenities when it comes to the selection of a hotel for both leisure and business travelers. The Importance/Satisfaction Matrix presented in the current study showed that many of the in-room entertainment-technology amenities are currently a low priority for guests.
A Convergence of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis: Immobilized Organometallic Catalysts

In recent years, significant research efforts have focused on combining the best properties of homogeneous (high activity and selectivity) and heterogeneous (ease of separation) catalysts by immobilizing analogs of homogeneous catalysts onto solid supports. Although there are many reports of this type of catalyst, optimized materials are often found empirically, as an understanding of how the immobilization process directly affects catalytic properties is not complete. In this chapter, model systems for examining design criteria as well as catalyst performance are reviewed for a variety of catalysts.
Beyond Declines in Student Body Diversity How Campus-Level Administrators Understand a Prohibition on Race-Conscious Postsecondary Admissions Policies

Guided by a bottom-up policy implementation framework, this study draws from semi-structured interviews of 14 campus-level administrators charged with implementing diversity policy at the University of Michigan to investigate how an affirmative action ban (Proposal 2) influenced their efforts in support of racial/ethnic diversity at the university. Our findings show that beyond contributing to declines in student body diversity, laws like Proposal 2 have negatively influenced work critical to the success of students of color on campus. The findings suggest institutions operating in an anti–affirmative action context would benefit from proactive policies and practices that empower administrators in legally restrictive environments and support conversation and action that directly address the ways race continues to matter on college campuses.
Geek Policing: Fake Geek Girls and Contested Attention

I frame the 2012–2013 discourse about “fake geek girls” using Bourdieu’s theory of fields and capital, complemented by the literature on geeks, authenticity, and boundary policing. This discourse permits me to identify the reciprocal relationship between the policing of identity (e.g., Am I a geek?) and the policing of social boundaries (e.g., Is liking an X-Men movie sufficiently geeky?). Additionally, geekdom is gendered, and the policing of fake geek girls can be understood as a conflict over what is attended to (knowledge or attractiveness), by whom (geekdom or mainstream), and the meaning of received attention (as empowering or objectifying). Finally, despite the emergence of a more progressive and welcoming notion of geeks-who-share, the conversation tended to manifest the values of dominant (androcentric) members. That is, in a discourse started by a woman to encourage other women to be geeky, some of the loudest voices were those judging women’s bodies and brains according to traditionally androcentric and heteronormative values. Consequently, in this boundary and identity policing, women faced significant double binds, and the discourse exemplified a critical boomerang in which a critique by a woman circled back to become a scrutiny of women by men.
An alternative outer membrane secretion mechanism for an autotransporter protein lacking a C‐terminal stable core

Autotransporter (AT) proteins are a broad class of virulence factors from Gram-negative pathogens. AT outer membrane (OM) secretion appears simple in many regards, yet the mechanism that enables transport of the central AT 'passenger' across the OM remains unclear. OM secretion efficiency for two AT passengers is enhanced by approximately 20 kDa stable core at the C-terminus of the passenger, but studies on a broader range of AT proteins are needed in order to determine whether a stability difference between the passenger N- and C-terminus represents a truly common mechanistic feature. Yersinia pestis YapV is homologous to Shigella flexneri IcsA, and like IcsA, YapV recruits mammalian neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP). In vitro, the purified YapV passenger is functional and rich in β-sheet structure, but lacks a approximately 20 kDa C-terminal stable core. However, the N-terminal 49 residues of the YapV passenger globally destabilize the entire YapV passenger, enhancing its OM secretion efficiency. These results indicate that the contributions of AT passenger sequences to OM secretion efficiency extend beyond a C-terminal stable core, and highlight a role of the passenger N-terminus in reducing passenger stability in order to facilitate OM secretion of some AT proteins.
Assessing Assessment in Social Work

This article reviews trends in social work assessment that are likely to shape the future of clinical practice. In contrast to the rich contextual information provided by traditional psychosocial approaches to assessment, classification systems like DSM-III-R can lead to oversimplification and loss of information that is important to intervention planning. The movement toward the use of continuous, dimensional alternatives to categorical classifications will have a significant effect on clinical assessment and treatment monitoring. Technical advances and efforts to conceptualize and operationalize the contextual complexities of clients' lives will be increasingly important in the future.
“To the Uplift and Protection of Young Womanhood”: African-American Women at Iowa's Private Colleges and the University of Iowa, 1878–1928

In the fall semester of 1894, Ida Mae Godfrey entered Iowa Wesleyan College (IWC), a small predominantly white coeducational institution in the southeast Iowa town of Mount Pleasant Godfrey, like dozens of whites and eight blacks before her, had graduated from Mount Pleasant High School and was soon faced with a decision concerning the next steps in her life. She could, as did many young black and white women, marry, settle, and raise a family, but her personal and professional aspirations likely convinced her that a college education was the best choice. Although enrolled at IWC, Godfrey most likely lived at home while she attended school. This allowed her parents and extended family to shield her from some of the racial prejudices and possible sexual abuses she may have experienced had she gone away to college and worked as a domestic in a white home to pay for school. In temporarily exerting control over their daughter's life, Mr. and Mrs. Godfrey helped to preserve Ida's mental and physical energies so that she might advance through school and enter one of the most respectable occupations open to black women in the late nineteenth century—teaching.
Moment theory of ion motion in traps and similar devices: I. General theories

This paper extends the momentum-transfer theory of drift tubes to ion traps and similar devices where the electric fields vary with both position and time. The collision frequencies that are incorporated into two-temperature and multi-temperature moment theories are given precise microscopic definitions instead of being treated as adjustable parameters.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine for the Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common chronic gastrointestinal disorder, characterized by chronic or recurrent abdominal pain and bloating. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a diverse group of medical treatments that are not commonly considered to be a part of conventional medicine yet frequently used together with conventional medicine. CAM is widely used, particularly for chronic medical conditions that are difficult to treat. Because only a limited number of treatments are available for IBS, many patients choose CAM. This article reviews current evidence supporting the use of CAM in IBS, with a focus on prebiotics, acupuncture, and herbal medicines.
On the relevance of quantum phase fluctuations

Abstract The long-range fluctuations in the phase of the order parameter are derived for a long thin superconducting specimen using thermodynamic fluctuation theory. Only states with constant phase gradients contribute to the above calculation. The fluctuations are viewed as being of two distinct kinds: (a) fluctuations of the phase difference along a small part of the specimen with a constant overall phase change; (b) fluctuations between (discrete) states with different phase changes over the whole sample. It is argued that the fluctuations of the type (a) are a very short time phenomenon, not related to the destruction of superconductive properties, while the fluctuations (b) relate to and have the same time scale as the decay of metastable currents. The equilibrium superconducting properties are still possible, at given time regimes, in spite of the large phase fluctuations, and without ODLRO.
President's address at the 2008 SIR Annual Members' Business Meeting.

I hate working on strategic plans. I have been involved with several SIR strategic plans, none of which seem to last the intended 5 years before they need updating due to changes in the practice of interventional radiology (IR) and in the practice of medicine in general. Each of the plans seems to address the same issues. We deal with competition, ideas on how to have the public recognize IR, issues with reimbursement, programs to prove the value of the care we provide, training in new procedures, etc. However, things are not quite the same. When I finished my fellowship in IR in 1985, SIR was an old boys’ club consisting of a handful of members. In 1988, the society realized that the club needed to be expanded if we were to have an impact on patient care and be able to promote the specialty. Membership requirements were changed to allow full membership to interventional radiologists who practice IR full time, and then part time. The society grew from a few tens to over 4,000 physicians in number and from a club to an organization with significant impact and recognition nationally and internationally. I would like to take some time to describe how the society has used its impact to contribute to our field and our members and to discuss the ways that things are really not quite the same in IR.
An ecological basis for large group size in Colobus angolensis in the Nyungwe Forest, Rwanda

Angolan black-and-white colobus monkeys (Colobus angolensis, Sclater 1980) in the Nyungwe Forest Reserve, Rwanda, are anomalous compared with conspecifics and congeners elsewhere, because they form exceptionally large groups, in excess of 300 individuals, and because of their unusually high consumption of mature leaves (∼40% of annual diet). Site factors at the Nyungwe Forest in southern Rwanda are believed to contribute to the unusual socio-ecology of the C. angolensis residing there. Foremost, the forest provides an abundance of mature leaves that are higher in nutritional quality (protein : fibre) compared with mature leaves analysed at other African sites. The combination of a cool high elevation locale, and a relatively open canopy, may contribute to the production of high quality mature leaves at ground level and in the canopy at the Nyungwe Forest. We believe that the almost unrestricted availability of acceptable foods for Nyungwe's folivorous colobines minimizes the potential for exploitation competition for food, and is a key factor in allowing them to form exceptionally large groups. Resume Les colobes noir et blanc d'Angola (Colobus angolensis, Sclater 1980) vivant dans la Reserve Forestiere de Nyungwe, au Rwanda, presentent des anomalies si on les compare aux autres membres de l'espece et leurs congeneres d'ailleurs, parce qu'ils forment des groupes exceptionnellement grands, depassant 300 individus, et a cause de leur consommation inhabituellement elevee de feuilles matures (≅40% du regime annuel). On pense que les caracteristiques du site de la Foret de Nyungwe, au sud du Rwanda, contribuent a la socio-ecologie inhabituelle des C. angolensis qui y vivent. Avant tout, cette la foret procure une abondance de feuilles matures de qualite nutritionnelle superieure (proteines et fibres) a celle relevee dans les feuilles matures analysees dans d'autres sites africains. La combinaison d'une altitude locale elevee avec temperature frai^che et d'une canopee relativement ouverte peut contribuer a la production de feuilles matures de haute qualite tant au niveau du sol que de la canopee de la Foret de Nyungwe. Nous pensons que la disponibilite quasi illimitee de nourriture acceptable pour les colobes mangeurs de feuilles de Nyungwe minimise la competition pour l'exploitation de la nourriture et qu'elle est un facteur cle dans la formation de ces groupes exceptionnellement nombreux.
Chromosome Polymorphism in California Populations of Harvest Mice

Subspecies of Reithrodontomys megalotis in the vicinity of Monterey Bay and the Salinas Valley exhibit a high degree of chromosomal polymorphism, there being five different chromosome numbers varying from 42 to 46. The chromosomes that vary are dotlike, making this pattern of polymorphism rare among free living mammals.
Drug-drug heart rate conditioning in rats: Effective USs when pentobarbital in the CS

Injections of two drugs in sequence may be considered the Pavlovian pairing of one drug as a conditioned stimulus (CS) with a second drug as an unconditioned stimulus (US). If pentobarbital was the CS and d-amphetamine or nicotine sulfate the US, then after about four drug-drug pairings the pentobarbital CS produced a higher heart rate (HR) than control conditions. With the same pentobarbital CS, HR conditioning was not obtained with the following USs: atropine, caffeine, lithium chloride, continuous foot-shock, and intermittent foot-shock. Although amphetamine and nicotine are pharmacologically different, a common conditioning mechanism seems indicated because of striking similarities in their parametric effects as USs. There also were strong similarities in these two USs when the conditioned response was a reduced capacity of the CS drug to produce conditioned taste aversions.
Productivity games to increase organizational trust: How gaming and fun in the workplace can develop a culture of trust and innovation

Our world is changing. Global, social, technological, and demographic shifts alter the competitive landscape for businesses across the globe. The impact on organizational behavior is significant. Creativity and innovation are paramount — keystones for 21st century competitive relevance. The speed of business and the pressures of competition require unprecedented agility. At an organizational level, employees are pulled in every direction, asked to perform unreal acts, and pressured for new ideas at a level well beyond the greatest minds in history. Yet, high unemployment levels, globalization, offshoring, outsourcing, contract work, crowdsourcing and a burgeoning population mean uncertainty and insecurity for everyone. A lack of trust and uncertainty around job security inhibit creative undertakings by employees. How do we partner to foster creativity while maintaining a competitive edge? The answer is trust, and productive game play and fun can strengthen trust-building behaviors. So, what is a good way to increase global competitiveness? Productivity games and fun at work — building trust and sparking creativity!
Intrinsic connectivity of the rat subiculum: II. Properties of synchronous spontaneous activity and a demonstration of multiple generator regions.

Brain structures that can generate epileptiform activity possess excitatory interconnections among principal cells and a subset of these neurons that can be spontaneously active ("pacemaker" cells). We describe electrophysiological evidence for excitatory interactions among rat subicular neurons. Subiculum was isolated from presubiculum, CA1, and entorhinal cortex in ventral horizontal slices. Nominally zero magnesium perfusate, picrotoxin (100 microM), or NMDA (20 microM) was used to induce spontaneous firing in subicular neurons. Synchronous population activity and the spread of population events from one end of subiculum to the other in isolated subicular subslices indicate that subicular pyramidal neurons are coupled together by excitatory synapses. Both electrophysiological classes of subicular pyramidal cells (bursting and regular spiking) exhibited synchronous activity, indicating that both cell classes are targets of local excitatory inputs. Burst firing neurons were active in the absence of synchronous activity in field recordings, indicating that these cells may serve as pacemaker neurons for the generation of epileptiform activity in subiculum. Epileptiform events could originate at either proximal or distal segments of the subiculum from ventral horizontal slices. In some slices, events originated in both proximal and distal locations and propagated to the other location. Finally, propagation was supported over axonal paths through the cell layer and in the apical dendritic zone. We conclude that subicular burst firing and regular spiking neurons are coupled by means of glutamatergic synapses. These connections may serve to distribute activity driven by topographically organized inputs and to synchronize subicular cell activity.
Field assessment of C-POD performance in detecting echolocation click trains of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)

We evaluated the performance of dolphin echolocation detectors (C-PODs) in the New River, North Carolina, by ground-truthing echolocation detections with digital acoustic recordings. We deployed C-PODs at three sites for a total of 204 monitoring hours. We also performed detection range trials at two sites where water depths ranged from 1.0 to 4.5 m. We used Detection Positive Minutes (DPMs), minutes of C-POD recordings that contained at least one echolocation click train, to indicate the presence of at least one dolphin. The C-PODs performed well in detecting dolphin click trains, although all units performed conservatively by failing to detect some echolocation events and therefore underestimated the true occurrence of dolphins. C-PODs reported only a small number of false detections, as indicated by low false positive rates ranging between 1% and 4% for individual units. Overall, C-PODs performed with a high accuracy (72%–91%) and detected echolocation at a distance of at least 933 m. We conclude that C-PODs hold considerable promise in future monitoring studies of this species, but recommend a careful study design especially in complex, coastal environments.
Fabrication of a Maxillary Complete Denture Utilizing the Neuromuscular or Centric Occlusion Position

The patient was unable to wear a denture made from a verifiable record in the centric jaw relation position. A new denture was fabricated using the neuromuscular position as the starting position and as the position of maximum intercuspation.
EERS DIE JODE, DAN DIE GRIEKE: PAULUS AS SENDELING

In this essay Paul's major theological decisions determining the course of his mission are explained. He adhered to principles that the faith of the individual is fundamental and that congregations are constituted beyond the boundaries marked by gender, kinfolk, ethnicity and cultural identity. Thereby Paul had a permanent influence on the identity of Christianity.
A Systematic Distributed Quantizer Design Method with an Application to MIMO Broadcast Channels

We introduce a systematic distributed quantizer design method, called {\it{localization}}, in which, out of an existing centralized (global) quantizer, one synthesizes the distributed (local) quantizer using high-rate scalar quantization combined with entropy coding. The general localization procedure is presented, along with a practical application to a quantized beamforming problem for multiple-input multiple-output broadcast channels. For our particular application, not only localization provides high performance distributed quantizers with very low feedback rates, but also reveals an interesting property of finite rate feedback schemes that might be of theoretical interest: For single-user multiple-input single-output systems, one can achieve the performance of almost any quantized beamforming scheme with an arbitrarily low feedback rate, when the transmitter power is sufficiently large.
Carcinogenic effects of niridazole in rats

Summary Niridazole was administered in the diet to rats at levels of 0.1, 0.05 and 0.025%. The drug induced adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the kidneys and forestomach papillomas.
High macromolecular synthesis with low metabolic cost in Antarctic sea urchin embryos.

Assessing the energy costs of development in extreme environments is important for understanding how organisms can exist at the margins of the biosphere. Macromolecular turnover rates of RNA and protein were measured at –1.5°C during early development of an Antarctic sea urchin. Contrary to expectations of low synthesis with low metabolism at low temperatures, protein and RNA synthesis rates exhibited temperature compensation and were equivalent to rates in temperate sea urchin embryos. High protein metabolism with a low metabolic rate is energetically possible in this Antarctic sea urchin because the energy cost of protein turnover, 0.45 joules per milligram of protein, is 1/25th the values reported for other animals.
Letter to the Editor-A Cost Effectiveness Comparison Involving a Tradeoff of Performance, Cost, and Obtainability

The purpose of this paper is to develop an algorithm to examine the tradeoffs of performance versus cost versus time of obtainability. Consider three hypothetical aircraft with three obtainabilities: At current, At+1 one year later, and At+2 two years later. Assume that an array of the variables reveals that no single aircraft has the ideal combination of lowest cost, best performance, and current obtainability. Decisions confronted with such dilemmas may be clarified by various tradeoff techniques. A description of such a technique is presented, although one fully realizes that the final choice will, perforce, require the introduction of judgment.
Charles E. Feinberg: A Tribute

Contains recollections of and tributes to Charles Feinberg by Gay Wilson Allen, Roger Asselineau, Ed Folsom, Arthur Golden, C. Carroll Hollis, Jerome Loving, Edwin Haviland Miller, and William White; and excerpts of Feinberg's writings on Whitman.
UHF Triode Design in Terms of Operating Parameters and Electrode Spacings

An approximate triode theory has been organized in terms of the operating parameters and electrode spacings so that, with the aid of graphical representations, the tube designer can readily and very quickly predict the RF performance of a grounded-grid amplifier or the effect thereon of changes in design parameters. It is thus possible to minimize the experimental work required to achieve a desired performance. The effects of changes in design parameters are shown by illustrative examples, and a study of these examples confirms that substantial improvements in the performance of present-day tubes cannot be obtained by minor changes in one or two parameters. Significant improvements may only be obtained by pushing all design parameters to the limit of practicability. The performance predicted by this theory is compared with experimental measurements of other workers with satisfactory agreement. It is concluded that the theory is quite adequate for design work.
Dextromethorphan attenuates and reverses analgesic tolerance to morphine

Tolerance to the antinociceptive (analgesic) effect of morphine, a mu-opioid agonist, was developed in male CD-1 mice as assessed by a shift to the right of the analgesic (tail-flick) dose-response curves and an increase in the ED50 values. Administration of dextromethorphan at 30 mg/kg s.c., but not saline, 30 min prior to an escalating 3 times per day (t.i.d.) morphine dosing schedule prevented a 5-fold increase in the morphine ED50 value observed on treatment day 4. Concurrent administration of dextromethorphan at 12 mg/kg/24 h by s.c. infusion prevented the 6-fold increase in the morphine ED50 value that was observed in control mice that received morphine at 30 mg/kg/24 h by s.c. infusion. Implantation of two 25 mg morphine pellets resulted in a 10-fold increase in the morphine ED50 value on treatment day 4. Administration of dextromethorphan at 30 mg/kg s.c. t.i.d., but not saline, resulted in a reversal of morphine tolerance with the almost complete return of the morphine ED50 value to the control (opioid naive) value. These results demonstrate that dextromethorphan, an NMDA receptor antagonist can modulate morphine (mu-receptor)-mediated tolerance.
Saline water in southeastern New Mexico

Abstract Saline waters from formations of several geologic ages are being studied in a seven-county area in southeastern New Mexico and western Texas, where more than 30,000 oil and gas tests have been drilled in the past 40 years. This area of 7,500 sq. miles, which is stratigraphically complex, includes the northern and eastern margins of the Delaware Basin between the Guadalupe and Glass Mountains. Chloride-ion concentrations in water produced from rocks of various ages and depths have been mapped in Lea County, New Mexico, using machine map-plotting techniques and trend analyses. Anomalously low chloride concentrations (1,000–3,000 mg/l) were found along the western margin of the Central Basin platform in the San Andres and Capitan Limestone Formations of Permian age. These low chloride-ion concentrations may be due to preferential circulation of ground water through the more porous and permeable rocks. Data being used in the study were obtained principally from oil companies and from related service companies. The P.B.W.D.S. (Permian Basin Well Data System) scout-record magnetic-tape file was used as a framework in all computer operations. Shallow or non-oil-field water analyses acquired from state, municipal, or federal agencies were added to these data utilizing P.B.W.D.S.-compatible reference numbers and decimal latitude-longitude coordinates. Approximately 20,000 water analyses collected from over 65 sources were coded, recorded on punch cards and stored on magnetic tape for computer operations. Extensive manual and computer error checks for duplication and accuracy were made to eliminate data errors resulting from poorly located or identified samples; non-representative or contaminated samples; mistakes in coding, reproducing or key-punching; laboratory errors; and inconsistent reporting. The original 20,000 analyses considered were reduced to 6,000 representative analyses which are being used in the saline water studies.