cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Costs of Rivalry and Horizontal Mergers

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the costs of rivalry and horizontal mergers. The social welfare loss from monopoly is traditionally calculated as the loss relative to the first-best outcome under perfect competition. In practice, however, the alternative to monopoly is seldom perfect competition. Monopolies are sometimes established by horizontal mergers in markets with only a few competitors. The comparison between the first-best outcome under perfect competition and monopoly is, therefore, not the relevant comparison for welfare purposes; the relevant social cost of a merger involves comparison of monopoly with rivalrous oligopoly. The costs of rivalry in an oligopolistic market cannot be neglected, and monopoly may in some cases be superior to costly rivalry. This chapter presents a model of rivalry that decreases economic welfare. The model is an extension of Cournot's classical treatment of equilibrium in a market with identical duopolists. The chapter also discusses a few applications of this model.
Advances in Wind Power Forecasting

Wind is a force of nature and naturally changes speed and direction with time, so the amount of wind power generation from wind farms also varies. Rapid growth in wind power production has led to the integration of wind power into the power grid. Wind power forecasting enables wind farms to address the intermittency and predictability issues to a satisfactory extent and to participate in the electricity market in the same way as any other power supplier. This chapter provides an overview of existing wind power forecasting methods, their time scales (short term, medium term, and long term), and most popular statistical analyses used to assess their performance. Models reviewed in this chapter include persistence method, physical models, statistical methods, machine learning methods, and hybrid methods.
Lumbosacral exostosis as a rare cause of iliac vein compression and significant limb swelling.

Abstract A 67-year-old woman presented to our vein clinic for chronic left lower extremity edema, pain, and varicosities. After failed conservative management, a computed tomography scan revealed central venous stenosis secondary to compression of the left common iliac vein by a large osteophyte along the anterolateral aspect of the L5-S1 disk space. An anterior osteophytectomy was performed, followed by iliac venous stenting at a 1-month interval. The patient had resolution of symptoms and remains symptom free at 15 months of follow-up. This report describes a spinal exostosis causing symptomatic venous compression successfully relieved by surgical decompression.
Cleaner air is a win–win

Ground-level ozone is an air pollutant that is harmful to human health, as well as to plants, trees and crops. New analyses based on Earth system modelling show that reducing ozone from the energy, industrial and transportation sectors could mitigate climate change by enhancing the ability of vegetation to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through photosynthesis.
Hydrodynamic generators in relativistic kinetic theory

We resum the nonequilibrium gradient corrections to a single-particle distribution function evolved by the Boltzmann equation in the relaxation time approximation (RTA). We first study a system undergoing Bjorken expansion and show that, for a constant relaxation time, the exact solution of the RTA Boltzmann equation at late times (i.e., after the decay of nonhydrodynamic modes) generates the Borel resummed Chapman-Enskog series. Extending this correspondence to systems without Bjorken symmetry, we construct a ($3+1$)-dimensional hydrodynamic generator for RTA kinetic theory, which is an integral representation of the Chapman-Enskog series in the limit of vanishing nonhydrodynamic modes. Relaxing this limit, we find at earlier times a set of nonhydrodynamic modes coupled to the RTA Chapman-Enskog expansion. Including the dynamics of these nonhydrodynamic modes is shown to control the emergence of hydrodynamics as an effective field theory description of nonequilibrium fluids, which works well even for far-off-equilibrium situations where the Knudsen number is initially large.
New look on quantum representation of images: Fourier transform representation

Image representation plays an essential role in quantum image processing and quantum computer vision in numerous, computationally expensive applications. Quantum image processing is a new discipline with tremendous potential. However, there is a critical problem in applying quantum computing to process data: how to represent data (signal, image, and video data) using quantum states without losing information. In this paper, we describe briefly a few known models for image representation and propose a new approach for representing discrete signals and images in quantum computing, by mapping the input data into the unit circle, or only part of the circle. Such a representation allows for introducing the concept of the Fourier transform qubit representation. For grayscale images, we consider the similar concept of the Fourier representation of images and, for color images, we introduce models with the concept of the 3-point DFT of color qubits. The circuits for proposed signal and image representations are described.
Predicting subsurface sonar observations with satellite-derived ocean surface data in the California Current Ecosystem

Vessel-based sonar systems that focus on the water column provide valuable information on the distribution of underwater marine organisms, but such data are expensive to collect and limited in their spatiotemporal coverage. Satellite data, however, are widely available across large regions and provide information on surface ocean conditions. If satellite data can be linked to subsurface sonar measurements, it may be possible to predict marine life over broader spatial regions with higher frequency using satellite observations. Here, we use random forest models to evaluate the potential for predicting a sonar-derived proxy for subsurface biomass as a function of satellite imagery in the California Current Ecosystem. We find that satellite data may be useful for prediction under some circumstances, but across a range of sonar frequencies and depths, overall predictive performance was low. Performance in spatial interpolation tasks exceeded performance in spatial and temporal extrapolation, suggesting that this approach is not yet reliable for forecasting or spatial extrapolation. We conclude with some potential limitations and extensions of this work.
Calcitonin is a substrate for oligosaccharyltransferase in vitro

Tumor-derived, large molecular weight forms of calcitonin, have been postulated to result from glycosylation of the hormone. To address this question we have examined the glycosylation of calcitonin in vitro and in cultured thyroidal C-cells. We show that native, undenatured calcitonin is an active substrate for oligosaccharyltransferase and that glycosylation of calcitonin by the transferase is inhibited by tunicamycin. In addition, calcitonin is an effective competitive inhibitor of the glycosylation of a known peptide substrate for oligosaccharyltransferase. Pulse-labelling of cultured medullary thyroid carcinoma cells with [3H]-mannose indicate that detectable quantities of carbohydrate-containing forms of calcitonin are produced in these cells. These data indicate that glycosylation of calcitonin is one mechanism whereby tumor cells could produce higher molecular weight forms of the hormone.
Adoption of key performance indicators in Brazilian startups

Our study aims to analyze the adoption of main key performance indicators in Brazilian startups based on the software as a service (SaaS) model. This study is exploratory and descriptive using a survey carried out in 2018 a closed-ended questionnaire with dichotomous answers as a method. As for the use of the model to measure the performance of the startup, the applicability, in general, was mostly positive. Startups have already shown benefits in the application of a structured performance measurement model, but more focused on cash management and less concerned with commercial and marketing expenses. This research contributes to check the applicability of performance indicators in startups in the SaaS model, while implying in impediments to the scalability of the product or service.
A Bariatric Curveball: A Rare Case of Recurrent Lactobezoars after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery

Bariatric surgery is a major risk factor for bezoar formation secondary to decreased gastric motility, gastric acidity, and pyloric function.1 This case is about a 49-year-old female veteran, 3 weeks status-post Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery, who presented with acute abdominal pain and oral intolerance. After being diagnosed with a bezoar and esophagogastroduodenoscopic removal, the patient had immediate relief of symptoms. Unfortunately, over the course of 4 months, this patient experienced three recurrent episodes of bezoar formation (with a possible fourth episode that could not be confirmed secondary to resolution of symptoms after administration of oral contrast load). Based on her dietary history and gross appearance of the bezoar, the patient was determined to have developed recurrent lactobezoars. Lactobezoars are composed of milk and mucous proteins and are commonly found in neonates with immature gastrointestinal tracts.7 This unusual complication demonstrates how current dietary recommendations encouraging dairy consumption to meet daily protein requirements may have increased this patient's risk for lactobezoar formation. This case illustrates the importance of balancing the risks and benefits of macronutrient requirements after bariatric surgery with postsurgical bezoar complications.
Red Algal Extremophiles: Novel Genes and Paradigms

The Cyanidiophyceae are a class of unicellular red algae that live in environments at the extremes of temperature, pH, salt, and heavy metal concentrations. These photosynthetic organisms have been able to occupy these rather unusual niches by acquiring a variety of genes from extremophilic prokaryotes and/or viruses via the process of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Elucidating how the proteins encoded by these genes integrate into existing metabolic systems is crucial to understanding and evaluating the significance of HGT in eukaryotes and its role in conferring adaptive traits. This article addresses the fundamentals of HGT in model red algae, its function as a driver of evolution across the web of life with a focus on eukaryotes, and summarizes ongoing work and the future directions of this field.
The effect of pulmonary arterial hypertension on Standardized Uptake Values (SUV) of the liver in PET/CT imaging.

2717 Objectives It was hypothesized that vasoactive substances released due to liver disease may affect the pulmonary vasculature. Therefore, PH may be present in patients secondary to liver disease. SUV of the liver is frequently used as an internal reference point in FDG PET/CT imaging. This study examines the effect PH may have on liver SUV. Methods 19 PET/CT patients (12 male, 7 female) along with 19 age and gender matched controls were retrospectively selected and reviewed. The mean pulmonary artery diameter (MPAD) of each subject was obtained to evaluate the severity of PH. A cutoff of 38.3 mm was used for severe PH1. A two-sample unpooled t-test for unequal variances was used to compare SUV among the groups. Results The mean age of the cases and controls was 62 (range 51-80). The mean MPAD (mm) for patients with PH was 34.46, ranging from 26.9 to 52.3. The mean MPAD (mm) for control patients was 25.54, ranging from 17.6 to 28.7. The SUVs of the liver were obtained for each patient. See Figure. 1. There was no significant difference in SUVs for subjects with PH and the control patients, between subjects with severe PH and the subsequent control group, nor the subjects with mild-moderate PH and their control group, (p=.7248), p=(.6619), and (p=1) respectively. Conclusions Our study suggests PH, regardless of severity, does not affect the liver SUV and therefore does not preclude using the liver as an internal reference point in FDG PET/CT examination.
Protecting-group-free S-glycosylation towards thioglycosides and thioglycopeptides in water

A facile and green S-glycosylation method has been developed featuring protecting-group-free and proceeding-in-water like enzymatic synthesis. Glycosylation of fluoride donors with thiol sugar acceptors using Ca(OH)2 as a promoter afforded various thioglycosides in good yields with exclusive stereoselectivity. This method also enabled the successful production of S-linked oligosaccharides and S-linked glycopeptides.
Non-Kolmogorov Turbulence: Does it matter?

We investigate the impact of non-Kolmogorov turbulence on a propagating beam by examining the resulting Rytov variance, Fried parameter, isoplanatic angle and beam radius with particular consideration of the generalized structure function parameter.
The Validity of the Perfect Graph Conjecture for K4-Free Graphs

Publisher Summary This chapter builds on results based on D.R. Fulkerson's anti-blocking polyhedral approach to perfect graphs to obtain information about critical perfect graphs and related clique-generated graphs. Fulkerson felt that a proof of the perfect graph theorem would involve exactly the kind of duality that existed in his theory of blocking and anti-blocking polyhedral. A critical perfect graph—p-critical for short—is an imperfect graph all of whose proper induced subgraphs are perfect. A p-critical graph with n vertices has exactly n cliques of size ω (G) with each vertex in ω (G) maximal cliques and has exactly n stable sets of size α (G) with each vertex in α (G) maximal stable sets. Each maximal clique intersects all but one maximal stable sets, and vice versa. If G is a pseudo-p-critical graph, each maximal clique in M (G) corresponds to a vertex of G.
How to win with Electronic Data Interchange

Replacing the traditional paper mode of communication by Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) between trading partners opens up a great deal of opportunities. Similar to other information technologies, however, the mere implementation of EDI does not guarantee a windfall. A series of studies over the past six years at Carnegie Mellon University has attempted to identify the necessary conditions for realizing EDI benefits. This report will summarize two major lessons learnt from this research program. The first lesson is that the implementation of EDI does not automatically generate strategic advantage for a supplier. A closer look at the EDI system characteristics is necessary to fully understand the potential for strategic benefits of EDI. The second lesson emphasizes that EDI can lead to operational benefits through changes within the internal processes in an organization. The key to realizing these benefits lies in the specific transaction sets implemented and the level of EDI integration.
Trends in the Distributions of Income and Human Capital within Metropolitan Areas: 1980-2000

Human capital tends to have significant external effects within local markets, increasing the average income of individuals within the same metropolitan area. However, evidence on both human capital spillovers and peer effects in neighborhoods suggests that these effects may be confined to relatively small areas. Hence, the distribution of income gains from average levels of human capital should depend on how that human capital is distributed throughout a city. This paper explores this issue by documenting the extent to which college graduates are residentially segregated across more than 165000 block groups in 359 U.S. metropolitan areas over the period 1980-2000. Using three different metrics, we find that the segregation of college graduates rose between 1980 and 2000. We also find that cities which experienced larger increases in their levels of segregation also experienced larger increases in income inequality, although our results suggest that inequality and segregation likely influence each other.
Consequences of Teenage Drug Use

Despite the fairly well-established literature on theories and empirical studies to predict the initiation of teenage drug using behaviors, very little theory development, and even less research, has been directed toward understanding the adult consequences and outcomes of adolescent drug use. This paucity of well-articulated theories, lack of theoretical development, and few empirical analyses is addressed in this paper. Various theories and mechanisms available to explain the impact of drug use on aspects of the individual and society are reviewed. Although several theories touch on the notion of drug use consequences, for most of them, their explicit aim is to determine the antecedents of drug use. Several areas are discussed including the type of consequences, methodological concerns, currently available theoretical frameworks, presentation of a new theory to explain consequences of teenage drug use, and a selected review of empirical studies on drug use consequences. Emprical research is reviewed in ...
Structural Geology : An Introduction to Geometrical Techniques

To achieve a high level of understanding in a short time it is necessary to master the essentials of both the traditional approaches and recent advances. In structural geology, the problem of doing this is compounded partly because of therevolutionary character of many : of the modem developments and partly because there are few short-cuts to the all-important spatial visualization. The first steps in the study of geologic structures are largely geometrical. This was true in the historical development of the field, and it is also true in the initial stages of an investigation and in the education of a structural geologist. This concern for geometry includes the basic methods of describing and illustrating the form and orientation of geologic structures, and the solution of various dimensi onal aspects of structural problems. However, geometry is not the end. The final goal is a full mechanical understanding of the products and proeesses of rock deformation. This book attempts to fil a need for a modem introduction to geometrical techniques used in structural geology. The contrast with the more traditional approaches lies in an emphasis on visualization and on those aspects of geometry which yield insights into important new and old problems. Not everything could be included, and it has been necessary to trim some of the material usually covered. Even here, however, I believe that the essence of the older, well-established techniques has been preserved. Where possible, I have tried to bridge the gap between the old and the new by blending the two. I have as well included material, not commonly used at the introductory level; in particular, certain fundamental mechanical concepts are applied to the interpretation of simple structures. Not only are these applications important in their own right, but even more they indicate where many of the most challenging problems of structural geology lie. Students who go no further in structural geology should have a working knowledge of the basic geometrical techniques and should be able to follow much of the specialized literature with at least some understanding. At the same time, those who do go on, either in advanced courses or on their own, should have the necessary foundation.
The enzyme nagarse modifies parameters associated with function of mechanically-liberated mitochondria (1159.7)

Nagarse (N) is traditionally used to isolate mitochondria (mito) from skeletal muscle (SM). We investigated the effects of N on functional parameters of mechanically liberated mito. Mito from mouse...
802.11 denial-of-service attacks: real vulnerabilities and practical solutions

The convenience of 802.11-based wireless access networks has led to widespread deployment in the consumer, industrial and military sectors. However, this use is predicated on an implicit assumption of confidentiality and availability. While the security flaws in 802.11's basic confidentially mechanisms have been widely publicized, the threats to network availability are far less widely appreciated. In fact, it has been suggested that 802.11 is highly susceptible to malicious denial-of-service (DoS) attacks targeting its management and media access protocols. This paper provides an experimental analysis of such 802.11-specific attacks - their practicality, their efficacy and potential low-overhead implementation changes to mitigate the underlying vulnerabilities.
Interviewing Strategies for Helpers: Fundamental Skills and Cognitive Behavioral Interventions

* Designed to help students develop and refine the RcraftS of counseling, goes beyond basic skills and includes detailed intervention strategies, making it probably the most comprehensive book available on interviewing skills..* AuthorsU primary goals: to help students acquire a repertory of counseling interview skills and strategies; to enable them to select and use the appropriate counseling strategies when confronted with varying situations; and to provide them with ways to monitor and evaluate their own behavior & that of the client during counseling..* NEW: addition of multicultural references; problem-solving added to Ch. 15; less emphasis of NLP (Neurolinguistic Programming); incorporation of the DSM-IIIR (T87), replacing DSM-III (T80).
Power Relative to Strength of Leg and Thigh Muscles

Abstract The purpose of this study was (a) to compare the power of the body, as measured by the product of jumping height and body weight, with the strength of leg and thigh flexor muscles and with the strength of leg and thigh extensor muscles; and (b) to compare the effect on power of strength development of agonistic and antagonistic muscle groups. Prior to the training programs, significant correlations of .52 between flexion-strength and power scores and .65 between extension-strength and power scores were obtained for the total experimental group. At the completion of the experiment, nonsignificant correlations were obtained between gain scores for the same measurements. All training groups increased significantly in flexion strength, extension strength, and power during the experimental period. The strength-development programs used in this study were found to be equally effective as means of increasing power.
Non-classical logic and ontological non-commitment, avoiding abstract objects through modal operators

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the nonclassical logic and ontological noncommitment, avoiding abstract objects through modal operators. Mathematical objects and facts are not concrete, but rather abstract, immutable, and impassive, unchanging with times and independent of contingencies. Correspondingly, mathematical language makes no use of temporal and modal distinctions. Consequently, mathematical logic includes among its operators none expressing such distinctions. To apply mathematical logic, with just its classical operators of negation, conjunction, disjunction, and existential and universal quantification, to non-mathematical language, one must resort to regimentation. A series of completeness theorems for temporal and modal logic establishes that the same arguments are validated by the regimented and the autonomous approaches whenever both are applicable. The regimented approach is, however, applicable to more arguments than the autonomous approach. In connection with each, divergences between natural language and the formal languages of mainstream systems of modal logic are encountered in the chapter.
Clinical Laboratory Informatics

Over 70% of clinical decisions are based on laboratory data, according to some surveys. Given the critical role that laboratory information plays in patient care, it is imperative that laboratories have effective systems for collecting, managing, storing, analyzing, and distributing this data. This article first provides a general overview of the flow of information to and from the laboratory and the steps involved in laboratory testing. Next, it describes the key role that information systems play in each of these steps. Subsequent sections describe some of the “behind-the-scenes” aspects of laboratory informatics, providing an outline of the data structures and standards that support laboratory information management, as well as providing an overview of exciting emerging technologies, including medical language processing and digital image analysis. Keywords: clinical informatics; laboratory informatics; laboratory information system; medical vocabulary; medical language processing; digital microscopy; digital image; quality control; resource utilization; provider order entry
Carbachol Stimulates [35S]Guanylyl 5′-(γ-Thio)-Triphosphate Binding in Rapid Eye Movement Sleep-Related Brainstem Nuclei of Rat

Carbachol enhances rapid eye movement (REM) sleep when microinjected into the pontine reticular formation of the cat and rat. Carbachol elicits this REM sleep-like state via activation of postsynaptic muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChRs). The present study used in vitro autoradiography of carbachol-stimulated [35S]guanylyl-5'-O-(gamma-thio)-triphosphate ([35S]GTPgammaS) binding to test the hypothesis that carbachol activates mAChRs to induce stimulation of G-proteins in brainstem nuclei contributing to REM sleep generation. The results demonstrate a heterogeneous increase in carbachol-stimulated G-protein activation across rat brainstem. Binding of [35S]GTPgammaS in the presence of carbachol, compared with basal binding, was significantly increased in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (75.7%), caudal pontine reticular nucleus (68.9%), oral pontine reticular nucleus (64.5%), pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (55.7%), and dorsal raphe nucleus (54.0%) but not in the nucleus locus coeruleus. The activation of G-proteins by carbachol was concentration-dependent and antagonized by atropine, demonstrating that G-proteins were activated via mAChR stimulation. The results provide the first direct measures of mAChR-activated G-proteins in brainstem nuclei known to contribute to REM sleep generation.
Mathematics Teachers’ Perspectives on Online Professional Development Modules

This study examines mathematics teachers’ perspectives regarding newly developed online professional learning for elementary mathematics teachers of multilingual learners. We examined the responses of 12 teachers on surveys that included both Likert scale and open response items to explore the learning, strengths and weaknesses of the modules. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential for online professional learning at the intersection of language and mathematics and suggests important ways for teacher learning across time to be supported.
On the hyperbolicity of small cancellation groups and one-relator groups

In the article, a result relating to maps (= finite planar connected and simply connected 2-complexes) that satisfy a C(p)T it is shown that a finitely generated onerelator group G whose reduced relator R is of the form R ≡ aT0aT1 . . . aTn−1, where the words Ti are distinct and have no occurrences of the letter a ±1, is not hyperbolic if and only if one has in the free group that (1) n = 2 and T0T −1 1 is a proper power; (2) n = 3 and for some i it is true (with subscripts mod 3) that TiT −1 i+1TiT −1 i+2 = 1; (3) n = 4 and for some i it is true (with subscripts mod 4) that TiT −1 i+1Ti+2T −1 i+3 = 1.
Light-induced ion transport in glutaraldehyde-fixed chloroplasts: Studies with nigericin

Abstract The effect of nigericin and glutaraldehyde treatment of spinach chloroplasts was investigated in order to examine the role of conformation and permeability on mechanisms of ion transport. Glutaraldehyde-fixed chloroplasts retain the capacity to manifest light-dependent H + uptake, but the movement of other ions such as weak acid anions or weak base cations which efflux or influx, respectively, into chloroplasts, is largely eliminated because the fixed chloroplasts have lost the capacity to undergo changes in volume by an osmotic mechanism. It is concluded that the transport of H + ion does not require gross conformational changes of chloroplasts and that the uptake of other ions is secondary to H + uptake, depending upon volume changes for net uptake or efflux to occur. Nigericin induced an increase in permeability of H + , K + , Na + , and NH 4 + ions in illuminated chloroplasts. The stoichiometry between cation uptake and H + uptake varied with the concentration of nigericin and/or chloroplasts employed and, under appropriate conditions, cation uptake can far exceed the maximum obtainable for H + . At high nigericin and low K + or Na ++ concentrations, H + gradients collapse, which can explain its powerful activity in the uncoupling of photophosphorylation.
Bend, buckle, and fold: mechanical engineering with nanomembranes.

Research on nanomembranesandgraphenesheets represents the "third wave" of work on nanomaterials, following earlier studies of nanoparticles/fullerenes and, somewhat later, nanowires/ nanotubes. Inorganic semiconductor nanomembranes are particularly appealing due to their materials diversity, the ease with which they can be grown with high quality over large areas, and the ability to exploit them in unique, high-performance electronic and optoelectronic systems. The mechanics of such nanomembranes and the coupling of straintotheirelectronicpropertiesare topicsofconsiderablecurrentinterest. A new paper by the Lagally group in this issue combines single-crystalline siliconnanomembraneswithchemical vapor deposition techniques to form "mechano-electronic" superlattices whose properties could lead to unusual classes of electronic devices. PERSPECTIVE
Multiple effects of the 72-kDa, adenovirus-specified DNA binding protein on the efficiency of cellular transformation

Abstract The early region 2A gene (E2A) of adenovirus types 2 and 5 encodes a 72-kDa DNA binding protein (DBP) which contains two physical domains comprising approximately the amino-terminal one-third and carboxyl-terminal two-thirds of the protein, respectively. Previous work has shown that some Ads mutants containing temperature-sensitive (ts) mutations in the carboxyl-terminal domain of DBP, such as Ad5ts125, show a 3- to 8-fold enhanced ability to transform rat cells. We have examined the transformation characteristics of a series of Ad5 E2A deletion mutants, Ad5dl801-5, which encode either no functional DBP or encode truncated, defective DBPs. The E2A deletion mutants transformed rat embryo cells at frequencies similar to wild-type (wt) Ad5. These results suggest that the high transformation phenotype of carboxyl-terminal E2A mutants like Ad5ts125 is not due to the simple inactivation of DBP function, but rather results from an activity possessed by an altered DBP. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that the transformation phenotype of Adsts125 and similar mutants is dominant over the wild-type phenotype. A number of additional Ad2 and Ad5 E2A mutants were examined with respect to their ability to transform primary rat embryo cells. It was found that a carboxyl-terminal E2A mutant, Ad2+ND1ts23, also showed the enhanced transformation phenotype. In contrast, several amino-terminal E2A host-range (hr) mutants, originally isolated on the basis of their ability to replicate in monkey cells, transformed rat embryo cells at a frequency similar to wild-type virus. Ad2ts400, and E2A mutant with alterations in both DBP domains, showed a wilde-type frequency of transformation, while two similar mutants, Ad5tst25X405 and Ad5tsl25X404, showed an enhanced frequency. Last, it was found that coinfection of primary rat embryo cells with the hr mutants plus Ad5ts125 or Ad2+ND1ts23 resulted in a wild-type frequency of transformation, demonstrating that the hr mutants are dominant to the ts mutants with regard to transformation phenotype. Thus, DBP can both positively and negatively affect viral transformation in this system.
Studies on Transformations of Hemophilus influenzae : II. The molecular weight of transforming DNA by sedimentation and diffusion measurements

The sedimentation and diffusion coefficients have been determined for Hemophilus influenzae transforming activity and DNA using P32-labeled DNA. The methods employed the Spinco fixed boundary separation cell for measurements of the sedimentation coefficient and the Northrop-Anson diffusion cell to determine the diffusion coefficient. There was a very close correlation between the amount of DNA and transforming activity sedimented or diffused. The sedimentation coefficient (s20°), for both biological activity and DNA was 27 and the diffusion coefficient (D20°) 1 x 10-8 cm2/sec. The molecular weight calculated from these coefficients gave a value of 16 million. There was no difference in the sedimentation coefficients for the two unlinked markers, streptomycin and erythromycin resistance, and the diffusion coefficients for single markers or the linked markers, streptomycin and cathomycin, were the same.
Complex polyfluoride additives in Fmoc-amino acid fluoride coupling processes. Enhanced reactivity and avoidance of stereomutation.

Isolated Fmoc amino acid fluorides have previously been shown to be among the most efficient reagents for peptide bond formation. Now, it has been found that anionic, polyhydrogen fluoride additives are capable of diverting many of the classical peptide coupling processes to acid fluoride couplings. Examples include the use of N-HBTU or N-HATU and the carbodiimide technique. As HF-containing species, these additives provide a more suitable medium for the coupling of systems that are sensitive to loss of configuration at the reactive carboxyl function.
Regional mRNA changes in brain stem motor neurons from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

An antisense oligonucleotide (54 mer) from the mRNA to the midsize neurofilament protein (NFM) was labeled with35S on the 3′ end and purified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE).In situ hybridization was performed on sections from medulla oblongata of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The slides were dipped in photographic emulsion, developed, and stained.
Top-quark backgrounds to Higgs-boson decay to W+W-

At the Superconducting Supercollider {ital W}-boson pairs coming from {ital t{bar t}}{r arrow}{ital b{bar b}W}{sup +}{ital W}{sup {minus}} provide a serious background to the detection of the Higgs boson through the decay {ital H}{r arrow}{ital W}{sup +}{ital W}{sup {minus}}{r arrow}{ital l}{nu}+2 jets, a mode crucial to the study of longitudinal {ital W}'s in the TeV region. Considering a Higgs-boson mass of 1 TeV and a top-quark mass of 175 GeV we develop a set of cuts which yield a final signal-to-background ratio of approximately 3:1 and about 300 signal events. Most effective are the requirements of lepton isolation and high transverse momentum for the lepton and jets.
Cowboys and Indians: Perceptions of Western Films among American Indians and Anglos.

I examine sociological models of how people use and interpret cultural materials. My focus is on how minorities participate in and rework the central myths of the dominant culture. After viewing a Western film, matched groups of American Indian and Anglo males answered written questionnaires and participated in focus-group interviews. American Indians and Anglos both liked thefilm, but for different reasons. Indians perceived Westerns as representing a set of values about the land, autonomy, andfreedom, while Anglos linked the Western myth to their own history and turned it into an affirmation of the values their ancestors strove for and imposed on the West. These results imply that the meaning imputed to cultural works varies over social space. Lack of data on audience interpretations of cultural products has rendered existing models of the cultural significance of Western films and other genres speculative. T he dominant approach to understanding cultural products typically selects a particular popular genre for analysis in the hope of generating conclusions about the societal values expressed in the cultural product (some exceptions are Radway 1984; Griswold 1987; and Liebes and Katz 1990).1 For example, Cawelti (1970, 1976), on the basis of his reading of Western novels, concluded that these novels are a vehicle for exploring value conflicts, such as communal ideas versus individualistic impulses, and traditional ways of life versus progress. Cawelti argued that Westerns are formulaic works that provide readers with a vehicle for escape and moral fantasy. In the major sociological study of Western films, Wright (1977) used his own viewing of the most popular Western movies from 1931 to 1972 to argue that Westerns resemble primitive myths. Drawing on Levi-Strauss, Wright developed a cognitive theory of mythic structures in which "the receivers of the Western myth learn how to act by recognizing their own situation in it" (p. 186). Wright's main thesis is that the narrative themes of the Western resolve crucial contradictions in modern capitalism and provide viewers with strategies to deal with their economic worlds. The popularity of Westerns, Wright argued, lies in the genre's reflection of the changing economic system, which allows the viewers to use the Western as a guide for living. These explanations of the Western's popularity attend to cultural texts but ignore the viewers, whose motives and experiences are crucial. The lack of solid data about audience interpretations of various formulas renders existing models of the cultural significance of Westerns and other genres speculative.
Distributed Out-of-Core Preprocessing of Very Large Microscopy Images for Efficient Querying

We present a combined task- and data-parallel approach for distributed execution of pre-processing operations to support efficient evaluation of polygonal aggregation queries on digitized microscopy images. Our approach targets out-of-core, pipelined processing of very large images on active storage clusters. Our experimental results show that the proposed approach is scalable both in terms of number of processors and the size of images
Evaluating aggregate effects of rare and common variants in the 1000 Genomes Project exon sequencing data using latent variable structural equation modeling

Methods that can evaluate aggregate effects of rare and common variants are limited. Therefore, we applied a two-stage approach to evaluate aggregate gene effects in the 1000 Genomes Project data, which contain 24,487 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 697 unrelated individuals from 7 populations. In stage 1, we identified potentially interesting genes (PIGs) as those having at least one SNP meeting Bonferroni correction using univariate, multiple regression models. In stage 2, we evaluate aggregate PIG effects on trait, Q1, by modeling each gene as a latent construct, which is defined by multiple common and rare variants, using the multivariate statistical framework of structural equation modeling (SEM). In stage 1, we found that PIGs varied markedly between a randomly selected replicate (replicate 137) and 100 other replicates, with the exception of FLT1. In stage 1, collapsing rare variants decreased false positives but increased false negatives. In stage 2, we developed a good-fitting SEM model that included all nine genes simulated to affect Q1 (FLT1, KDR, ARNT, ELAV4, FLT4, HIF1A, HIF3A, VEGFA, VEGFC) and found that FLT1 had the largest effect on Q1 (βstd = 0.33 ± 0.05). Using replicate 137 estimates as population values, we found that the mean relative bias in the parameters (loadings, paths, residuals) and their standard errors across 100 replicates was on average, less than 5%. Our latent variable SEM approach provides a viable framework for modeling aggregate effects of rare and common variants in multiple genes, but more elegant methods are needed in stage 1 to minimize type I and type II error.
Near-Inertial Waves in Strongly Baroclinic Currents

AbstractAn analysis and physical interpretation of near-inertial waves (NIWs) propagating perpendicular to a steady, two-dimensional, strongly baroclinic, geostrophic current are presented. The analysis is appropriate for geostrophic currents with order-one Richardson numbers such as those associated with fronts experiencing strong, wintertime atmospheric forcing. This work highlights the underlying physics behind the properties of the NIWs using parcel arguments and the principles of conservation of density and absolute momentum. Baroclinicity introduces lateral gradients in density and vertical gradients in absolute momentum that significantly modify the dispersion and polarization relations and propagation of NIWs relative to classical internal wave theory. In particular, oscillations at the minimum frequency are not horizontal but, instead, are slanted along isopycnals. Furthermore, the polarization of the horizontal velocity is not necessarily circular at the minimum frequency and the spiraling of th...
Fast high-resolution T1 mapping using inversion-recovery Look-Locker echo-planar imaging at steady state: optimization for accuracy and reliability.

Abstract A fast T 1 measurement sequence using inversion recovery Look-Locker echo-planar imaging atsteady state (IR LL-EPI SS) is presented. Delay time for a full magnetization recovery is notrequired in the sequence, saving acquisition time significantly for high-resolution T 1 mapping.Imaging parameters of the IR LL-EPI SS sequence were optimized to minimize the bias from theexcitation pulses imperfection and to maximize the accuracy and reliability of T 1 measurements,which are critical for its applications. Compared with the conventional inversion recovery Look-Locker echo-planar imaging (IR LL-EPI) sequence, IR LL-EPI SS method preserves similaraccuracy and reliability, while saving 20% in acquisition time. Optimized IR LL-EPI SS providedquantitative T 1 mapping with 1×1×4 mm 3 resolution and whole brain coverage (28 slices) inapproximately 4 minutes. Keywords Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Fast T 1 measurement; Look-Locker echo planar imaging; steadystate; parameter optimization Introduction
Multigigahertz Beam Diagnostics For Laser Fusion

A system to make ultra wideband measurements of fast laser pulses and their induced target interactions at a distance of approximately 38 m from the target location is discussed. The system has demonstrated an overall bandwidth of 3 GHz with projected unfolding to 4 GHz. This system allows high resolution teporal history diagnostics in a remote location providing high EMI and radiation immunity.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Rulemaking Amidst Growing Diversity: A Club-of-Clubs Approach to WTO Reform and New Issue Selection

The diverse nature of World Trade Organization (WTO) membership makes it highly unlikely that members will all be willing and able to sign on to the full range of agreements that many members might find desirable. The paper proposes an approach in which the WTO would supplement its core agreements with additional 'clubs' to which only some members would subscribe. The approach is a compromise in which diversity can co-exist with a more extensive set of commitments for willing members. The paper provides suggestions for how the clubs would be selected and how they would operate. Clubs would be chosen where they could help promote the WTO's central missions: lowering barriers to trade, reducing the discriminatory effects of domestic policies, and enhancing economic development through trade. All WTO members would participate in negotiating club rules, but members would be free not to join. Clubs would use the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) to deal with disputes, but suspension of concessions in the event of violations would be confined to the provisions of the same club in which the violation occurred. Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.
Health effects of nanomaterials: A critical appraisal approach and research to practice

Background Researchers across the globe are studying health effects of various nanomaterials and nanostructures. Most of these studies are qualitative in nature and lack parallel research to compare and validate the reliability of the findings. Objective This research targets a critical appraisal of such clinical studies by first developing a suitable tool and then evaluating the quality of reporting of these trials. Methods The published articles were collected from a search of electronic databases and bibliographies of identified articles. A critical appraisal (ExpAI) suitable for assessment of such experimental studies was developed and the articles were appraised using this instrument. The main findings of the study were evaluated for their use in the development of new techniques for practice using a linguistic scale. Results Twenty-eight articles were found to satisfy the inclusion criteria adopted in this research. The methodological qualities of the published studies ranged from marginal to average. Conclusions Though the studies evaluated in this research have proven that nanoparticles do have adverse health effects, nanoparticles should not be discounted without exploring the possibility of using them to benefit companies and the general population. Reengineering should be considered while creating these new systems to overcome the health effects found by various studies. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A study of the saturated output of a TE01 gyrotron using an electromagnetic finite size particle code

An adaptation of a finite size particle code has been used to predict the saturated output of gyrotron amplifiers operating in the TE01 mode. The initial laboratory frame code solves for the self-consistent axial variations of the electromagnetic field along with the trajectories of several thousand arbitrarily distributed finite size beam particles. Weakly varying guide wall profiles can be prescribed along with absorbing regions which have the same output match characteristics as the real device. Since the fields are solved using Fourier transforms, the addition of a k-space dependent absorption term to Maxwel's equations can simulate the effect of frequency selective wall loss. The saturated bandwidths of TE0l amplifiers similar to ones being developed at Hughes Electron Dynamics Inc. and the Naval Research Laboratory arc determined for several current and magnetic field settings. Simulations reveal that for operation near grazing incidence and largo beam powers, unwanted oscillations near cutoff are o...
Kinematics of joints via three-dimensional MR imaging

We present a new methodology that enables us to mathematically model and quantify the motion of each component bone, relative motion of bones, the contact surface of bones and their change during motion for complex joints from a time sequence of MR image volumes. Additionally, since we model the bone surfaces, we are able to display in vivo joint motion. Through a variety of new rendering techniques we are able to create realistic displays of bones from MR images and to combine these displays with the display of motion parameters.