cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of tungstate thiolation reaction kinetics and sedimentary molybdenum/tungsten enrichments: Implication for tungsten speciation in sulfidic waters and possible applications for paleoredox studies

Abstract The kinetics of tungstate (i.e., WO42−) thiolation were investigated in experimental solutions buffered at different pH values and as a function of varying dissolved sulfide concentrations. Similar to molybdate (MoO42−), tungstate undergoes stepwise thiolation to tetrathiotungstate according to: W O x S 4 - x 2 - + H 2 S ( a q ) ↔ W O x - 1 S 5 - x 2 - + H 2 S ; 1 ≤ x ≤ 4. Under equilibrium conditions at standard conditions (298.15 K, 105 Pa) WO42− also converts to tetrathiotungate (WS42−) around 1.0 mM H2S(aq), reminiscent of the chemical switch for the MoO42− → MoS42− transition reported in the literature, but at nearly 100-fold higher H2S(aq) concentrations. The laboratory experiments show that thiotungstate formation is first order with respect to H2S concentration, and that the thiolation reactions are catalyzed by general Bronsted acids. Therefore, the high NH4+ and HCO3− concentrations employed in the experiments both favored WO42− thiolation. The experimental data were used to develop Bronsted relationships for the successive thiolation reactions (i.e., WO3S2− → WO2S22−, WO2S22− → WOS32−, WOS32− → WS42−) that allow the acid-catalyzed thiolation rates of WO42− to be estimated as a function of pH in natural waters. Reaction modeling of tungstate thiolation kinetics indicates that di- to trithiotungstate (WO2S22− → WOS32−) conversion and tri- to tetrathiomolybdate (MoOS32− → MoS42−) conversion may not be achieved in temporally variable sulfidic waters. In such environments, intermediate thioanions of W and Mo dominate with Mo exhibiting a higher degree of thiolation than that of W. As the partition coefficient of W into minerals is affected by its speciation in solution, its enrichment in minerals may change due to the level and changes in dissolved sulfide concentrations. Specifically, the partition coefficient of W decreases from oxic environments to sulfidic environments, suggesting W enrichment in sediment is likely to be a good tracer of redox conditions (i.e., oxic and sulfidic conditions) in the overlying waters. In comparison, the partition coefficient of Mo increases from seasonally sulfidic environments to permanently sulfidic environments, indicating that Mo enrichment in sediments is a good tracer of sulfidic conditions. In addition, the Mo/W concentration ratio in black shales shows the potential for identifying fluctuation of redox conditions from ca. 2500 Ma to ca. 0.1 Ma and is a potential proxy for tracking deep time sulfidic conditions. Thus, even though the geochemical behavior of W is different from Mo, W can nevertheless be a potential proxy for tracking changing redox conditions in the modern and ancient ocean.
The Ideal Microsurgery Fellowship: A Survey of Fellows and Fellowship Directors.

BACKGROUND Although microsurgery fellowships have existed since the 1980s, there is no established curriculum. Microsurgery fellowships vary greatly in clinical caseload, case diversity, and training resources, and there is no consensus on the appropriate composition of a microsurgery fellowship. This study surveys fellowship directors (FD) and recent microsurgery fellows (MFs), graduates, to describe the ideal microsurgery fellowship program. METHODS A 15-item questionnaire was sent to 38 FDs and 90 recent microsurgery fellowship graduates. This questionnaire addressed program attributes, case volumes and compositions, ideal experiences, and time allocation to different fellowship experiences. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, and Chi-squared tests. RESULTS The FD and MF surveys had a response rate of 47 and 49%, respectively. Both MF and FD agreed that exposure to microsurgical breast reconstruction is the most important characteristic of a microsurgery fellowship (p = 0.94). MF ranked replantation and supermicro/lymphatic surgery as the next most important microsurgical cases, while FD ranked the anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap and free fibula flap (p < 0.001). Both agreed that revisional surgery after microsurgical reconstruction is a very valuable fellowship experience (p = 0.679). Both agreed that 1 day of clinic a week is sufficient. CONCLUSION Microsurgical training programs vary in quality and resources. The ideal microsurgery fellowship prioritized breast reconstruction, head and neck reconstruction, and lower extremity reconstruction. Although microsurgical technical expertise is important, a fellowship should also train in revisional surgeries and clinical decision making.
Disparities by Skin Color Among Young African-American Women.

Light-skin disadvantage (hypothesized to result from resentment by darker-skinned individuals) has been described in majority African-American populations but is less studied than dark-skin disadvantage. We investigated both light- and dark-skin disadvantage in a contemporary African-American study population. We used skin reflectance and questionnaire data from 1693, young African-American women in Detroit, Michigan, and dichotomized outcomes as advantaged/disadvantaged. We compared outcomes for women with light vs. medium skin color with prevalence differences (PDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and dark-skin disadvantage with prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% CIs for a 10-unit increase in skin color. There was little evidence for light-skin disadvantage, but darker skin was associated with disadvantage across socioeconomic, health, and psychosocial domains. The strongest associations were for SES, but even controlling for SES, other associations included higher body mass index (PR 1.14 95% CI 1.08–1.20) and more stressful events (PR 1.10 95% CI 1.01–1.20). Dark-skin disadvantage was the predominant form of colorism. Skin color metrics in public health research can capture more information than simple racial/ethnic categories, and such research could bring awareness to the deep-rooted colorism in society.
Incorporation of sea level rise in storm surge surrogate modeling

In order to accommodate the computational burden of high-fidelity storm surge numerical models, surrogate modeling (metamodeling) techniques have gained significant popularity over the past decade. Utilizing an existing database of synthetic storm simulations, these models provide a fast-to-compute mathematical approximation to the input/output relationship of the numerical model that was used to establish this database. Thus, they offer fast predictions and, when properly calibrated, can maintain the accuracy of the high-fidelity numerical model that generated the original database. This study extends the previous work of the authors and investigates different computational aspects for incorporating Sea Level Rise (SLR) explicitly as an input within such a surrogate modeling framework. Kriging, also referenced as Gaussian process regression, is specifically chosen as the surrogate modeling technique for this study. The storms utilized correspond to a database of 300 synthetic tropical cyclones recently developed by the US Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Hazards System for the Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands region, which considers three different SLR scenarios. The development of separate surrogate models for each of the three SLR scenarios and of a single surrogate model that predicts across all SLR scenarios are compared, addressing several relevant issues like (1) the proper definition of validation metrics (2) the correct implementation of cross-validation techniques, and (3) the need for adjustment of the surrogate model hyper-parameter calibration. It is shown that proper attention is needed when the same storms have been considered across all the different SLR scenarios in the database; otherwise, the calibration of the surrogate model may be ineffective, and the validation of its accuracy will provide erroneous confidence. The proper normalization of the storm surge output to improve the surrogate model accuracy is also discussed. Finally, the proper selection of storm simulations for establishing the database for the surrogate model development is examined, emphasizing how this selection should be performed efficiently across the different SLR scenarios. It is demonstrated that high surrogate model accuracy can be accommodated with a small number of strategically chosen storm simulations. Leveraging this investigation, recommendations are offered on how to efficiently create future high-fidelity databases to support the development of surrogate models that predict across different SLR scenarios.
LDPC Coded PAM-4/8 Transmission in Fiber-FSO Link Using Unipolar Probability Distribution and Pre-distortion

We experimentally demonstrated LDPC coded PAM transmission with unipolar distribution and pre-distortion in a fiber-FSO hybrid link with the parity bits inserted in the LSB. Different schemes are experimentally compared with up to 2.1-dB sensitivity improvement.
Alternative reference electrode placements.

The epileptologists asked the technologists in our laboratories to investigate the use of alternative references. The investigation included evaluation of each reference as well as the amount of ti...
Creating Legitimacy: The Interrelated Roles of Justice and Trust

Despite nuanced conceptual differences in approaches to legitimacy, most scholars agree that whatever is legitimated (an authority, a rule, a distribution) carries with it an obligation to obey (without the threat of negative sanctions or enticement of positive ones). Unsurprisingly, then, it is in the interest of people, authorities in particular, to secure legitimacy of their own position, rules, or practices. With legitimacy as an important component of the development of institutional trust, it is important to understand its emergence. Drawing from the social psychological literature, this chapter focuses on social identity- and resource-based models of how justice processes facilitate the creation of legitimacy. Those models, however, only scratch the surface in examining the multifaceted role of interpersonal trust in solidifying collective sources of legitimacy. To explicate the interrelated roles of justice and trust, the chapter examines dynamics of power and leadership, intergroup processes, and perceptions of others in the situation. The conclusion calls for more explicit research on the conditions affecting the nature of the relationship between justice and trust and highlights the absence of consideration of the role of affect in the emergence of legitimacy.
Biological Network Inference and Analysis Using SEBINI and CABIN

Attaining a detailed understanding of the various biological networks in an organism lies at the core of the emerging discipline of systems biology. A precise description of the relationships formed between genes, mRNA molecules, and proteins is a necessary step toward a complete description of the dynamic behavior of an organism at the cellular level; and towards intelligent, efficient and directed modification of an organism. The importance of understanding such regulatory, signaling, and interaction networks has fueled the development of numerous in silico inference algorithms, as well as new experimental techniques and a growing collection of public databases. The Software Environment for BIological Network Inference (SEBINI) has been created to provide an interactive environment for the deployment, evaluation, and improvement of algorithms used to reconstruct the structure of biological regulatory and interaction networks. SEBINI can be used to analyze high-throughput gene expression, protein expression, or protein activation data via a suite of state-of-the-art network inference algorithms. It also allows algorithm developers to compare and train network inference methods on artificial networks and simulated gene expression perturbation data. SEBINI can therefore be used by software developers wishing to evaluate, refine, or combine inference techniques, as well as by bioinformaticians analyzing experimentalmore » data. Networks inferred from the SEBINI software platform can be further analyzed using the Collective Analysis of Biological Interaction Networks (CABIN) tool, which is exploratory data analysis software that enables integration and analysis of protein-protein interaction and gene-to-gene regulatory evidence obtained from multiple sources. The collection of edges in public databases, along with the confidence held in each edge (if available), can be fed into CABIN as one “evidence network”, using the Cytoscape SIF file format. Using CABIN, one may increase the confidence in individual edges in a network inferred by an algorithm in SEBINI, as well as extend such a network by combining it with species-specific or generic information; e.g., known protein-protein interactions or target genes identified for known transcription factors. Thus, the combined SEBINI–CABIN toolkit aids in the more accurate reconstruction of biological networks, with less effort, in less time. A demonstration web site for SEBINI can be accessed from https://www. emsl.pnl.gov/NIT/NIT.html. Source code and PostgreSQL database schema are available under open source license. Contact: ronald.taylor@pnl.gov. For commercial use, some algorithms included in SEBINI require licensing from the original developers. CABIN can be downloaded from http://www.sysbio.org/dataresources/cabin.stm. Contact: mudita.singhal@pnl.gov.« less
An Inference Network Approach to Image Retrieval

Most image retrieval systems only allow a fragment of text or an example image as a query. Most users have more complex information needs that are not easily expressed in either of these forms. This paper proposes a model based on the Inference Network framework from information retrieval that employs a powerful query language that allows structured query operators, term weighting, and the combination of text and images within a query. The model uses non-parametric methods to estimate probabilities within the inference network. Image annotation and retrieval results are reported and compared against other published systems and illustrative structured and weighted query results are given to show the power of the query language. The resulting system both performs well and is robust compared to existing approaches.
Advanced systolic heart failure and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection: Proposed immunologic mechanism, diagnostic dilemma and treatment considerations

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection is well recognized in patients with cellular immunodeficiency. Recognition of its morbidity in non-immunocompromised patients has emerged in the last few decades. Underlying chronic pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, cigarette smoking, cystic fibrosis and chest wall deformities are well-recognized predisposing conditions. Weight loss, dyspnea, cough, fatigue and sputum production are the most common presenting symptoms. We present a case of culture proven MAC infection in an elderly female whose dyspnea and fatigue for a considerable period was inappropriately attributed to chronic heart failure exacerbations necessitating frequent hospital admissions. Despite optimal medical management, clinical improvement was not achieved until a broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) culture grew MAC and antibiotic therapy targeted against MAC was introduced. Our case report proposes chronic systolic heart failure as a new (not well-recognized) predisposing condition for MAC infection in elderly patients. Because clinical diagnosis can be delayed for weeks, we recommend obtaining sputum/BAL cultures if no clinical improvement is achieved in heart failure patients despite optimal management. High Resolution Computerized Tomography (HRCT) of the chest may also provide meaningful information. We also emphasize the importance of adjusting antibiotics, especially clarithromycin (CLR), based on renal function and tailoring antibiotic management according to serum drug levels to avoid potential liver toxicity associated with CLR use.
Racial differences in lipid metabolism in women with abdominal obesity

We evaluated palmitate rate of appearance (Ra) in plasma during basal conditions and during a four-stage epinephrine infusion plus pancreatic hormonal clamp in nine white and nine black women with ...
External Debt and Capital Flight in India, 1971-1989: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation

The accumulation of external assets via "capital flight" by private residents of many developing countries has been associated with the simultaneous existence of external indebtedness in these countries. This paper explores the complex association between capital flight and external debt from a theoretical standpoint as well as an empirical perspective. The paper utilizes Granger methodology to examine the direction and pattern of causality between capital flight and external debt in India using annual data over the period 1971-1989. Econometric analysis suggests the existence of unidirectional causality--i.e., from external debt to capital flight. The policy implications of this finding are critically investigated. The evidence of uni- directional causality is also interpreted as being suggestive of a pragmatic policy approach that combines growth promotion and debt forgiveness to stem the outflow of future capital flight from the developing world.
Magnetostriction in a magnetic field and sound-spin wave coupling in ferromagnets

Abstract A thermodynamic theory of magnetostriction in ferromagnets is developed for the case of non-zero internal magnetic field. The Landau and Lifshits equation is generalized to incorporate the dependence on the deformations. The spectrum and the attenuation of coupled sound-spin waves is calculated.
The Contribution of Bishop Juan De Zumárraga to Mexican Culture

The Commemoration of the four hundredth anniversary of the death of Juan de Zumarraga signifies more than the pious recollection of the contributions to New World culture of this great Franciscan, great Spaniard and great American. For the study and contemplation of his works plunges us once again into the heat and conflict of the Spanish conquest of America, even though Columbus first landed over four hundred and fifty years ago. No one who attempts to study and to interpret this extraordinary event can ignore the life of Zumarraga, nor can he fail to confront the pressing problem which this energetic and able bishop confronted and attempted to solve—how could the Indians be saved?
An investigation of condensation from steam–gas mixtures flowing downward inside a vertical tube

Abstract This research investigates experimentally local heat transfer from condensation in the presence of noncondensable gases inside a vertical tube. Using a novel experimental apparatus for accurately measuring local heat fluxes, an extensive data base has been obtained for the condensation of pure steam, steam–air mixtures and steam–helium mixtures. Three different correlations, implementing the degradation factor method, diffusion layer theory, and mass transfer conductance model, are presented. The correlation using the simple degradation factor method has been shown to give satisfactory engineering accuracy. However, this method is based on very simplified arguments that do not fully represent the complex physical phenomena involved. Based on diffusion layer theory and a mass transfer conductance model, more physically based correlations were developed for the heat transfer of vapor-gas side. The total heat transfer coefficient predicted by the correlations from these two mechanistic models are in close agreement with experimental values.
Quantifying the Burden of Revision Total Joint Arthroplasty for Periprosthetic Infection

Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) represents substantial clinical and economic burdens. This study evaluated patient and procedure characteristics and resource utilization associated with revision arthroplasty for PJI. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (Q4 2005-2010) was analyzed for 235,857 revision THA (RTHA) and 301,718 revision TKA (RTKA) procedures. PJI was the most common indication for RTKA, and the third most common reason for RTHA. PJI was most commonly associated with major severity of illness (SOI) in RTHA, and with moderate SOI in RTKA. RTHA and RTKA for PJI had the longest length of stay. Costs were higher for RTHA/RTKA for PJI than for any other diagnosis except periprosthetic fracture. Epidemiologic differences exist in the rank, severity and populations for RTHA and RTKA for PJI.
Moxalactam epimer disposition in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

The kinetics of the epimers of moxalactam (R-MOX, S-MOX) were investigated in patients without infections who were receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis after both intravenous and intraperitoneal injections of moxalactam. R-MOX and S-MOX were well absorbed from the peritoneal cavity, with mean systemic availability of 0.71 ± 0.18 and 0.79 ± 0.18, respectively. After intravenous MOX, serum clearance was 10.2 ± 3.4 (R-MOX) and 10.9 ± 3.2 (S-MOX) ml/hr/kg. Net time-averaged peritoneal dialysis clearance of both epimers was minimal, about 10% of serum clearance. Serum and dialysate MOX concentrations were above the minimum inhibitory concentrations for susceptible bacteria for 24 hours after a 2.0 or 1.0 gm intravenous or intraperitoneal dose. Gastrointestinal side effects occurred after a 2.0 gm dose (both intravenous and intraperitoneal) but not after a 1.0 gm dose. There were no significant differences in the kinetics of R-MOX and S-MOX. A single 1.0 gm ip dose leads to serum and dialysate MOX concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration for susceptible pathogens for 24 hours. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1985) 38, 150–156; doi:10.1038/clpt.1985.151
Leadership styles of foodservice managers' and subordinates' perceptions.

The purpose of this study was to determine if managers' perceptions of their leadership styles are in agreement with their subordinates' perceptions, and to determine which of the four leadership styles are influential in predicting employees' performance. The result of this study indicates disagreement between managers' and subordinates' perceptions of the managers' leadership styles. Self‐other agreement on leadership styles predicted employees' performance. Supportive, participative, and achievement‐oriented leadership styles were influential in predicting employees' motivation. Supportive and directive leadership styles increased employees' intention to get the job done. The study's limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Influence of one or two ovaries on ovulation and ovarian weight in the hypophysectomized rat.

The aim of these experiments was to determine whether the availability of a greater amount of gonadotropins to an animal with a single ovary accounts for compensatory ovulation and increase in ovarian weight. Hypophysectomized immature rats were used, eliminating the influence of endogenous gonadotropins. Following a single injection of PMS, the changes in ovulation and ovarian weight, in response to HCG, were compared in animals possessing 1 or 2 ovaries. Under these experimental conditions, the single ovary of semispayed rats invariably weighed half as much as the combined weight of both ovaries of 2-ovary rats. On the day of optimal response to HCG, the single ovary also ovulated half as many eggs as the 2-ovary group. It is therefore concluded that increased availability of gonadotropins to the single ovary is not responsible for the compensatory changes. Increasing doses of PMS are required to increase the ovulation rate and ovarian weight of the single-ovary animals to the same levels as the 2-ovary...
Meridional Martian water abundance profiles during the 1988-1989 season

The Martian southern hemisphere atmospheric water vapor column abundance measurements reported agree with Viking Orbiter atmospheric water detectors during early southern spring and southern autumnal equinox; profiles obtained in southern mid- and late summer, however, indicate the presence of twice as much water both in the southern hemisphere and planetwide. This discrepancy is accounted for by the high optical depths created by two global dust storms during the Viking year, while the present observations were obtained in the case of the relatively dust-free atmosphere of the 1988-1989 opposition.
Detecting Localized Plastic Strain by a Scanning Collinear Wave Mixing Method

When the frequencies of a pair of collinear shear and longitudinal waves satisfy the resonant condition, mixing of these two primary waves generates a third, resonant shear wave that propagates in the direction opposite to the propagating direction of the primary shear wave. In this study, experiments were conducted to demonstrate that the acoustic nonlinearity parameter at the location of the mixing zone can be obtained by measuring the resonant shear wave. Since the location of the mixing zone can be controlled by adjusting the trigger time of the transducers that generate the primary waves, this collinear wave mixing technique enables the scanning of a bar sample to measure the distribution of acoustic nonlinearity along the bar. To demonstrate this scanning capability, bar samples with non-uniform acoustic nonlinearity parameters were fabricated by inducing localized plastic deformation at known locations. Scanning collinear wave mixing tests conducted on such bar samples clearly identified the locations of the plastic zone. These results show that collinear wave mixing is a promising method for scanning the test sample to map out the distribution of localized plastic deformation.
Spin Dependence of the AHARONOV—BOHM Effect

The problem of the proper inclusion of spin in Aharonov—Bohm scattering is considered. It is proposed that this should be accomplished by imposing the requirement that all singularities arising from the presence of spin in the associated wave equations be interpreted as limits of physically realizable flux distributions. This leads to results which confirm the usual cross section in the spinless case but imply nontrivial modifications for the scattering of a polarized spin one-half beam. By applying the technique to a calculation of the virial coefficient for a collection of flux carrying spin one-half particles, some severe obstacles to conventional views of the flux as a parameter which interpolates between bosonic and fermionic statistics are shown to occur. Although similar results for the scattering of arbitrary spin particles obtain in the Galilean limit, it is found that when spin one is considered in the context of a relativistic wave equation the singularity structure is too pathological to yield a consistent interpretation. The exact equivalence of the spin one-half Aharonov-Bohm effect to the Aharonov-Casher effect is also demonstrated and corresponding results for polarized beams are presented. Finally, it is shown that the Aharonov-Bohm effect for arbitrary spin in the Galilean limit is the exact solution in the two-particle sector of a Galilean covariant field theory.
Neuro-ophthalmic findings in the visual variant of alzheimer's disease:discussion

Purpose: To describe the clinical features of a visual variant Alzheimer's disease, a disorder that might be seen by the ophthalmologist with visual symptoms and signs. Design: Retrospective case series. Participants: Eight patients with Alzheimer's disease presenting with predominantly visual complaints. Methods: A retrospective review of patients at a tertiary care academic center seen by the authors from 1999 to 2001 with Alzheimer's disease and predominantly visual complaints. Results: Eight patients with the visual variant of Alzheimer's disease were reviewed. All had seen eye care providers before referral to the neuro-ophthalmology clinic for visual complaints but without a diagnosis. Four patients had homonymous visual field loss, and two had presumed cortical visual impairment. Neuroimaging showed either normal brain (1 patient) or atrophy of the parietal or occipital areas but no structural lesions (7 patients). Fluoro-18-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans were performed in five of the cases, and all showed hypoperfusion in the parietooccipital areas. Neuropsychologic testing revealed visuospatial deficits in all 5 patients tested. Conclusions: Visual symptoms might be the presenting (or rarely only) manifestation of Alzheimer's disease. Clinicians should be aware of the visual variant of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychological testing and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide supporting evidence for the diagnosis. Positron emission tomography scans might be helpful in selected cases, especially those with a normal MRI.
Generalization of punishment effects in the deviant behavior of a psychotic child

Punishment with brief electric shock was used to suppress a specific costly form of destructive behavior in a nonverbal deviant boy. Touching a forbidden object was punished in a series of experimental situations, which included differences in experimental rooms, the objects presented, presession experiences, persons present during the session, and timing of shock delivery. Change in experimental conditions was typically followed by a renewal of the punished response. Previous findings of the specificity of punishment effects were thus supported. As more conditions were introduced, suppression was obtained with fewer punishments. The importance of consistent application of a punishment procedure in a variety of contexts is emphasized, to produce suppression for nonspecific stimulus conditions.
The preparation of isotopic boron (10, 11B) self-supporting targets up to 500 μg/cm2 thickness

Abstract Techniques for preparing films between 10 and 500 μg / cm 2 thickness from separated isotopes of boron ( 10, 11 B) are discussed. The boron was deposited in vacuum at 2 × 10 −6 torr from an electronbeam source onto nickel substrates (500 μm thick). These substrates were mounted on a copper heating/cooling block which was initially at room temperature. They have a dull finish and match the thermal expansion coefficient of boron to a few percent. A 200 A thick film of BaCl 2 was evaporated onto the substrates before the deposition of boron. This film acted as a release agent and facilitated the removal of the boron films by floating them off in distilled water.
Subcellular Localization and Rearrangement of Endoplasmic Reticulum by Brome Mosaic Virus Capsid Protein

Genome packaging in the plant-infecting Brome mosaic virus (BMV), a member of the alphavirus-like superfamily, as well as in other positive-strand RNA viruses pathogenic to humans (e.g., poliovirus) and animals (e.g., Flock House virus), is functionally coupled to replication. Although the subcellular localization site of BMV replication has been identified, that of the capsid protein (CP) has remained elusive. In this study, the application of immunofluorescence confocal microscopy to Nicotiana benthamiana leaves expressing replication-derived BMV CP as a green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion, in conjunction with antibodies to the CP and double-stranded RNA, a presumed marker of RNA replication, revealed that the subcellular localization sites of replication and CP overlap. Our temporal analysis by transmission electron microscopy of ultrastructural modifications induced in BMV-infected N. benthamiana leaves revealed a reticulovesicular network of modified endoplasmic reticulum (ER) incorporating large assemblies of vesicles derived from ER accumulated in the cytoplasm during BMV infection. Additionally, for the first time, we have found by ectopic expression experiments that BMV CP itself has the intrinsic property of modifying ER to induce vesicles similar to those present in BMV infections. The significance of CP-induced vesicles in relation to CP-organized viral functions that are linked to replication-coupled packaging is discussed.
Isochronal annealing behavior of mechanically milled nanocrystalline copper based iron alloys

Abstract Powders of copper, with zero to 50 weight percent iron were mechanically milled for 20 hours in a SPEX 8000 high-energy ball mill. The milled powders were cold pressed into compacts and were isochronally annealed in vacuum to 605 °C. Room temperature thermal diffusivity and x-ray diffracting particle sizes were measured as a function of annealing temperature. The as-pressed specimens had an average diffracting crystallite size of 12 nm and a thermal diffusivity of 0.112 cm2/s for copper, which decreased to 0.013 cm2/s with the addition of 50% iron. After the five annealing steps, the diffusivity of the copper increased to 0.745 cm2/s while in the copper 50% iron increased to 0.146 cm2/s.
Matrix-based modeling of blue crab population dynamics with applications to the Chesapeake Bay

Blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) plays an important ecological and economic role in estuaries from South America to New England. It supports a large commercial fishery in the United States with approximately one third of the landings taken from Chesapeake Bay. I developed a stage-based matrix model of the blue crab population to address three key questions: What is the ability of blue crab populations to support sustainable exploitations? What stages of the life cycle are most important in regulating the dynamics of the populations? And specific of the Chesapeake Bay, what is the importance of a winter dredge fishery in determining long-term sustainability of the crab population? The model indicated that with the current pattern of exploitation blue crab populations are able to sustain a total instantaneous mortality rate (Z)∼0.7. If the natural mortality rate is estimated for a maximum life expectancy of 8 yr, this translates to moderate levels of exploitation (F<0.32). This value is less than the current estimate of exploitation in Chesapeake Bay (0.9–1.1) indicating that the level of exploitation in this system needs to be reduced to avoid overfishing. Transitions to and from small age-1 crabs were shown to be important in regulating the overall dynamics of the population. The egg production realized by large adults was also shown to be an important regulatory process. The model indicated that reductions in the winter dredge fishery would have a substantial role in ensuring the long-term sustainability of the population. Reductions in other sectors of the fishery are also required to ensure sustainability.
Right answers and right-wrong answers: Sources of information influencing knowledge of nuclear-related information ☆

Abstract Surveys in 2008 and 2009 asked almost 6000 United States residents to indicate their knowledge about the use of nuclear and other sources of energy, and the disposition of nuclear waste. Less than 10% of respondents knew where spent commercial nuclear fuel is stored. With regard to knowledge about fuel for electrical energy, respondents overestimated solar and wind use and underestimated coal use. These responses are consistent with mass media coverage of these issues. The mass media were the source of information for the vast majority of respondents. However, the likelihood of right answers to our questions increased as reliance on the mass media decreased, and it increased with use of books, magazines, personal contacts and the web. Educated affluent white males with strong preferences for nuclear energy disproportionately were knowledgeable. These observations demonstrate the daunting challenge of providing information about subjects that are largely distant and disconnected from the public’s lives. The Department of Energy, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, state and local health, environmental and energy agencies, and facility owners and operators have huge domestic political, national security and economic stakes in improving the factual grounding of public reactions to energy production and waste management choices.
“Gehyre se ðe Wille”: The Old English Exodus and the Reader as Exegete

This article examines two important but understudied passages in the Old English Exodus, the poem's concluding scene and its opening verse paragraph, in order to show that the text holds its reader partially responsible for producing the poem's allegorical meaning. The opening and closing lines place the reader in the position of interpreter, requiring him or her to read for the manifold senses of the text rather than relying passively on the poem to supply the allegorical meaning of the narrative. In doing so, these lines foreground the importance and value of allegoria as a practice of reading, one that relies upon the fourfold sense, rather than of “allegory” as a method of composition. By concluding with an exultant portrayal of “gold out of Egypt”, the poem invokes Augustine's teaching on the propriety of putting secular learning to Christian uses; in this way, the conclusion broadens the domain of allegoria to encompass the reading of a range of genres and languages. The introduction anticipates thi...
On Fourier Transforms Over Extensions of Finite Rings

A divisibility criterion is given for the existence of a Fourier transform over algebraic extensions of the ring of integers mod M which is generally easy to apply. We also present examples of how such transforms may be used to compute two-dimensional convolutions.
Recurrent venous thromboembolism in a patient with heterozygous factor v leiden mutation.

Objective: To report a patient case identifying risk for recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) associated with heterozygous Factor V Leiden mutation. Case Summary: A 54-year-old Caucasian male was diagnosed with heterozygous Factor V Leiden mutation in 2008 after experiencing a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and bilateral pulmonary embolism. The patient was treated appropriately and started on anticoagulation therapy with warfarin through an anticoagulation management clinic. After approximately 17 months of warfarin therapy without incident, warfarin was discontinued. Within 2 months after discontinuation of anticoagulation therapy, the patient experienced his second DVT and left pulmonary artery embolus. Discussion: The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with heterozygous Factor V Leiden mutation is documented as an approximate 1.4-fold increase compared to patients without thrombophilia. However, the risk increases dramatically when nonreversible (age) or reversible risk factors (o...
Faster progress bars: manipulating perceived duration with visual augmentations

Human perception of time is fluid, and can be manipulated in purposeful and productive ways. In this note, we propose and evaluate variations on two visual designs for progress bars that alter users' perception of time passing, and "appear" faster when in fact they are not. As a baseline, we use standard, solid-color progress bars, prevalent in many user interfaces. In a series of direct comparison tests, we are able to rank how these augmentations compare to one another. We then show that these designs yield statistically significantly shorter perceived durations than progress bars seen in many modern interfaces, including Mac OSX. Progress bars with animated ribbing that move backwards in a decelerating manner proved to have the strongest effect. In a final experiment, we measured the effect of this particular progress bar design and showed that it reduces the perceived duration among our participants by 11%.
The Physical Anthropologist as Craniofacial Biologist

Growth—the progressive change in size and complexity of a person as he moves toward maturity—is often viewed as anatomy's "fourth dimension." It is the "dimension" that provides change: change in size, in proportionality, in morphology, in spatial relationships of structures, in complexity, as well as profound changes in the child's psychological and behavioral framework. As we all appreciate, an adult is not just a very large infant; instead, different tissues and structures have their own agespecific patterns of growth, which accounts for our pretty good ability to determine someone's age simply from their proportions (as in a photograph) without regard to their absolute size.
Evaluation of ElectroBraid™ Fencing as a White-Tailed Deer Barrier

Abstract White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations continue to increase, resulting in direct threats to public safety and increased agricultural losses. A variety of fencing methods are used to reduce deer presence at airports and agricultural areas. Electric fences may offer a less expensive alternative to expensive woven-wire fences. We tested an electric fence product, ElectroBraid™ (Yarmouth, N.S., Canada), on free-ranging deer in northern Ohio. We conducted both 1- and 2-choice tests, measuring deer intrusions and corn consumption at 10 sites encompassed with charged, noncharged or no fence. Mean daily deer intrusions decreased in each test when the fence was powered. When power was immediately applied to the fence, intrusions decreased 88–99%. When power was delayed for 10 weeks, intrusions were reduced 90%. When power was turned on and off within a 4-week period, intrusions decreased 57%. Mean corn consumption differed between treated (< 2–6.4 kg/day) and control sites (15–32 kg/day). ...
Efficacy and cost-effectiveness of transdermal fentanyl patches for the relief of post-operative pain in dogs after anterior cruciate ligament and pelvic limb repair

Abstract Objectives To determine whether transdermal fentanyl patches provided cost-effective post-operative analgesia in dogs with pelvic limb injuries. Study design Prospective, randomized, blinded clinical trial. Animals Twenty-four dogs undergoing repair of ruptured cranial cruciate ligaments or pelvic limb fractures. Methods Dogs were randomly assigned to one of two groups: those receiving transdermal fentanyl patches (group F) and those receiving injectable morphine for control of post-operative pain (group M). Patients in both treatment groups were monitored for adequacy of analgesia and alterations in physiological variables. Plasma fentanyl concentrations were measured in Group F. Rescue morphine was given if a dog was deemed uncomfortable. The time of first rescue morphine, the total amount, and number of doses of morphine administered over 72 hours was quantified and compared for each group. Results There was no significant treatment effect on any of the parameters, except for serum cortisol concentration, which was significantly lower overall in group F (p = 0.01). Pain scores peaked at 6 hours post-extubation and were higher than baseline from 2 to 20 hours post-extubation. Cortisol concentrations were the highest at time 0 (extubation) and were significantly higher than baseline until 2 hours post-extubation. Pain scores correlated with fentanyl plasma concentrations (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.01, respectively), but the correlation was low (r = 0.26 and r = 0.16, respectively). No correlation was found between serum cortisol concentrations and pain scores in either group. Fentanyl cost and total cost for pain management were considerably higher for group F. Conclusions Fentanyl patches did not provide better analgesia or a reduced requirement for rescue opioid compared with intramuscular morphine. Clinical relevance When considering overall costs to the client for comparable analgesic intervention, fentanyl patches increased rather than decreased cost during the first 24 hours post-operatively.
Communication requirement for distributed statistical machine learning with application in waveform cognition

Distributed learning is an effective approach to mitigate the data communications in machine learning when the data is stored in a distributed manner, particularly in the era of big data. In the distributed learning procedure, learners can send intermediate computation results instead of raw data, thus reducing the communication cost. In this paper, the communication requirement for distributed learning is studied in the scenario of multiple data storage nodes having the capability of learning and a fusion center. Lower bounds for communications are derived based on VC-entropy of modeling in the machine learning. Numerical results are provided to show the communication requirement for typical learning problems.
Pecularities of Bethe-like approximations and long-range-interaction Ising models

The mean-field approximation and the Bethe approximation are two of the most often used approximations when one wants to obtain approximations of the phase diagrams and the critical temperature of lattice spin systems. Both can and have often been generalized to produce what are known as cluster mean-field and Bethe approximations. Generally, three characteristics are associated with these approximations. First, they give upper bounds to the critical temperature; second, considering larger clusters will result in better approximations; and third, the Bethe approximation is better than the corresponding mean-field approximation. We show what we believe to be a rather surprising result that, for one-dimensional Ising models with algebraically decaying interactions falling off slowly enough, the Bethe cluster approximations violate all three of these characteristics.
Back recovery microstrains in stage II deformation of copper

Nonelastic unloading microstrains in Cu crystals after stage II macroscopic prestraining, discussing stresses action on dislocations
Antimicrobial and Lytic Activities of Squalamine Analogs: Effect of Varied Cationic Groups at C3 and Stereochemistry at C7

Squalamine (3β-N-1-{N-[3-(4-aminobutyl)]-1,3-diaminopropane}-7α,24R-dihydroxy-5α-cholestane-24-sulfate), an aminosterol from the dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias), is a potent antimicrobial compound believed to act through plasma membrane lysis. In this report, the antimicrobial activity of squalamine, several structurally related analogs, and bile acid based aminosterols are characterized using two different assays. The structurally similar analogs vary in the stereochemistry at the 3- and 7- substitutents, and also in the length and composition of the polyamine added at C-3. The bile acid analogs are generated by the addition of diaminopropane to C-3 of common bile acid methyl esters. The antimicrobial activity of the analogs was assessed against four bacterial strains. Membrane lytic activity was assayed using large unilamellar vesicles encapsulating a fluorescent calcein dye. Both vesicle lysis and antimicrobial activity of the aminosterols are shown to improve with more cationic groups on the polyamine substituent at C-3. Also, analogs with a 7α-OH substitutent are more effective than their 7β-OH analogs. The bile acid analogs were significantly less active than squalamine.The results suggest that the stereochemistry of the C7-OH group and the A/B ring junction is important in aminosterol activation at the membrane surface.
Hepatocyte apoptosis and fas expression are prominent features of human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Abstract Background & Aims: The pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remains poorly understood. Although apoptosis is a common mechanism of liver injury, the extent and clinical significance of apoptosis in NASH has not been examined. Thus, the aims of this study were to quantify hepatocyte apoptosis in NASH, correlate it with disease severity, and identify possible mechanisms of apoptosis induction. Methods: Hepatocyte apoptosis was assessed in NASH, simple steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, and controls without liver disease using the TUNEL assay and immunohistochemistry for activated caspases 3 and 7. Liver specimens were also graded according to the magnitude of inflammation and fibrosis. Results: TUNEL-positive cells were significantly increased in liver biopsy specimens from patients with NASH compared with simple steatosis and controls. Unexpectedly, TUNEL-positive cells were also greater in NASH vs. alcoholic hepatitis. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated active caspases 3 and 7 in NASH specimens, confirming the occurrence of apoptosis in this disease. A positive correlation was observed between hepatocyte apoptosis and hepatic fibrosis and inflammatory activity, respectively. The Fas receptor was strongly expressed in hepatocytes in liver specimens from NASH patients as compared with controls. Conclusions: Hepatocyte apoptosis is significantly increased in patients with NASH and correlates with disease severity, suggesting that antiapoptotic therapy may be useful in this syndrome.