cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
O Ṭuṣu Mā: Self-expression, oral history, and social commentary for the Jharkhand goddess

This article is an examination of the .Tusu tradition of the Jharkhand area of West Bengal and Bihar. Tusu is a goddess of both the A, divasis and the Hindus, and as such, she both supports and undermines the Hindu tradition. She is a good example of the difficulty in drawing lines between the textual 'great' and the folk 'little' traditions. Worship of the goddess Tusu is an annual ritual at the Jharkhand new year. It involves singing Tu.su songs, primarily by women, which cover a variety of topics: family life, political concerns, war, starvation, economic inequality, and romance. There has been little work on this tradition by religionists. Jharkhand religion is an Adivasi or tribal tradition in India, with a mixture of Hindu and tribal followers. It opposes the larger institutionalized or temple-based religions, with their traditions of Sanskrit text and commentary and specialized priestly class.
A telemedical record model

Medical record issues appear to be the weak link in telemedicine. A telemedical record model is proposed which would fit both a managed-care and fee-for-service health-care environment. In this model, the originator of the teleconsultation referral is the party responsible for creation of the record, since that is the initial point of patient contact. The telemedical record model prevents duplication of information gathering and provides a consistent way to document teleconsultations. Telemedical record policies and procedures should be in place before starting a telemedicine programme, to ensure consistency in the documentation of doctor–patient encounters.
Organochlorines in British grey seals

Abstract Further samples of the organochlorine content in tissues of grey seals from places around the British coast, show high levels of PCBs compared with DDT and dieldrin. Greater concentrations are recorded in North Sea seals than in those from the north and west coast.
Selection and Screening of Clonal Isolates of the Abington Strain of Gypsy Moth Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus

Abstract Clonal isolates of the Abington strain of the Lymantria dispar multiple-embedded nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdMNPV) were selected by plaque purification. After an initial screening for productivity of 35 clones in a continuous gypsy moth cell line (IPLB-LdFB), 17 clones were selected for further evaluation in vivo and in vitro . An eighteenth clone, LdMNPV-Ab-a624, was also included in these experiments as our "type" isolate. Based on these tests, extensive variability can be seen in the Abington isolate of the gypsy moth virus. While relatively little in vitro productivity differences were observed between the clones, two clones showed no activity in a larval bioassay while the mean lethal concentration for 50% of the test insect (LC 50 's) for the other clones ranged from 2.2 × 10 4 to greater than 6.5 × 10 5 occlusion bodies per diet cup, with the a624 clone having a LC 50 of 1.2 × 10 5 . The LT 50 's (time for half the larvae to die) varied from 9.8 to 18.7 days in these clones with a624 having a LT 50 of 13.5 days. While certain advantages exist for the use of clones in biopesticide production schemes, the results of this study indicate careful screening of isolates should be made to ensure an acceptable product.
3-D Stacked Tier-Specific Microfluidic Cooling for Heterogeneous 3-D ICs

Cooling is a significant challenge for high-performance and high-power 3-D ICs. In this paper, tier-specific microfluidic cooling technology is proposed and experimentally evaluated in a 3-D stack. Different stacking scenarios are experimentally evaluated including: 1) a memory-on-processor stack; 2) a processor-on-processor stack with equal power dissipation; 3) a processor-on-processor stack with different power dissipations; and 4) a two-tier 3-D stack with each tier containing four cores along the flow direction. Compared with conventional microfluidic cooling, the tier-specific cooling is shown to reduce the pumping power by 37.5% by preventing overcooling when an operating temperature is specified. The results are benchmarked with an air-cooled heat sink. The impact of the lateral thermal gradient along the flow direction on the electrical performances, including leakage power and clock frequency, is analyzed.
Chebyshevian multistep methods for ordinary differential equations

In this paper some theory of linear multistep methods fory (r) (x)=f(x,y) is extended to include smooth, stepsize-dependent coefficients. Treated in particular is the case where exact integration of a given set of functions is desired.
The relationship of counselor and peer alliance to drug use and HIV risk behaviors in a six-month methadone detoxification program

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of treatment outcomes in opioid detoxification to levels of counselor and peer alliance. Forty-one subjects were recruited from a larger, 180-day study of psychosocial treatment. Beginning at day 90, subjects completed monthly measures of alliance. Outcome measures included treatment retention, drug use and self-reported HIV risk. Measures of alliance were found to be internally consistent and moderately stable over time. During the final 30 days of the methadone taper, higher levels of both types of alliance were associated with less use of illicit opioids. Alliance with counselor was associated with less frequent needle sharing. For subjects who could be located for 30-day follow-up, greater alliance with peers was associated with more frequent HIV (sexual) risk behaviors. Results suggest that treatment outcome may be improved through approaches that address a patient's alliance with both counselor and peers.
Limits on neutron emission from cold fusion'' in metal hydrides

We have investigated possible neutron emission from cells containing titanium and palladium under D{sub 2}, DT, or HD gas at pressures near 10 and 50 atm and at temperatures between {minus}197 {degree}C and room temperature. Spurious backgrounds were eliminated from the data by means of coincidence counting, and through analysis of the energy and temporal distribution of the detected pulses. After 1500 hours of observation, we have seen no evidence for either steady-state neutron production or short ({lt}100 {mu}s) neutron bursts. The limits we obtain, scaled for sample size, are in conflict with all present reports of neutron emission in metal hydrides under high gas pressure and thermal stress.
Substrate recognition by the human fatty-acid synthase.

The human fatty-acid synthase (HFAS) is a potential target for anti-tumor drug discovery. As a prelude to the design of compounds that target the enoyl reductase (ER) component of HFAS, the recognition of NADPH and exogenous substrates by the ER active site has been investigated. Previous studies demonstrate that modification of Lys-1699 by pyridoxal 5′-phosphate results in a specific decrease in ER activity. For the overall HFAS reaction, the K1699A and K1699Q mutations reduced kcat and kcat/KNADPH by 8- and 600-fold, respectively (where KNADPH indicates the Km value for NADPH). Thus, Lys-1699 contributes 4 kcal/mol to stabilization of the rate-limiting transition state following NADPH binding, while also stabilizing the most stable ground state after NADPH binding by 3 kcal/mol. A similar effect of the mutations on the ER partial reaction was observed, in agreement with the proposal that Lys-1699 is located in the ER NADPH-binding site. Most unexpectedly, however, both kcat and kcat/KNADPH for the β-ketoacyl reductase (BKR) reaction were also impacted by the Lys-1699 mutations, raising the possibility that the ER and BKR activities share a single active site. However, based on previous data indicating that the two reductase activities utilize distinct cofactor binding sites, mutagenesis of Lys-1699 is hypothesized to modulate BKR activity via allosteric effects between the ER and BKR NADPH sites.
TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions induce prostate tumorigenesis by modulating microRNA miR-200c

Chromosomal translocations that juxtapose the androgen-sensitive transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2) gene promoter to the oncogenic ETS-family transcription factor ERG result in excessive ERG overexpression in approximately 50% of prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Although numerous studies have investigated ERG-downstream genes, such studies have not attempted to examine miRNAs, which however are emerging to be important regulators of cancer. Through bioinformatics analysis of ChIP-Seq ERG data and miRNA expression profiling data we nominated miR-200c as a direct target of ERG. Experimentation of PCa cells with ERG overexpression or knockdown demonstrated that ERG directly repressed miR-200c expression by physically binding to the erythroblast transformation-specific (ETS) motif within its promoter. Consequently, miR-200c was downregulated in ERG-positive PCa, and miR-200c target gene expression was restored. In addition, the expression pattern of miR-200c target genes predicted ERG status in clinical PCa specimens. Furthermore, miR-200c was found to be important in modulating ZEB1 upregulation by ERG. Most importantly, miR-200c reconstitution fully reversed ERG-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell migration and invasion. Therefore, our study report miR-200c as the first miRNA target of ERG and a critical inhibitor of PCa cell motility. Therapeutic delivery of miR-200c may provide personalized treatment for patients with the molecular subtype of PCa that harbors TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions.
Short-Range Forecast Impact from Assimilation of GPS-IPW Observations into the Rapid Update Cycle

Abstract Integrated precipitable water (IPW) estimates derived from time delays in the arrival of global positioning system (GPS) satellite signals are a relatively recent, high-frequency source of atmospheric moisture information available for real-time data assimilation. Different experimental versions of the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) have assimilated these observations to assess GPS-IPW impact on moisture forecasts. In these tests, GPS-IPW data have proven to be a useful real-time source of moisture information, leading to more accurate short-range moisture forecasts when added to other observations. A multiyear experiment with parallel (one with GPS-IPW processed 24 h after the fact, one without) 3-h cycles using the original 60-km RUC was run from 1999 to 2004 with verification of each cycle against rawinsonde observations. This experiment showed a steady increase in the positive impact in short-range relative humidity (RH) forecasts due to the GPS-IPW data as the number of observing sites increased f...
Fortune favours the aggressive: territory quality and behavioural syndromes in song sparrows, Melospiza melodia

While the relationship between aggression and resource value in competitions for discrete resources is well established, the relationship between aggression and territory quality is less well understood. Territoriality imposes spatial structure on social interactions: if spatial heterogeneity in habitat quality leads to clustering of high- and low-quality territories, and if consistently more aggressive individuals are more likely to obtain higher-quality territories, the resulting clusters of territory holders of similar aggression are likely to influence a wide array of social dynamics in territorial species, particularly when aggressive behaviour is consistently associated with variation in other behaviours, such as boldness. Using 8 years of historical nesting data in a northeastern population of song sparrows, we here determine (1) whether historical nesting success (defined both as clutch size and survival) is spatially clustered; and (2) whether aggression or boldness in first-year territorial males is correlated with the historical clutch size or nest survival of each male's territory. We found significant clustering of both predation risk and large clutch sizes, even when controlling for the identities of historical territory owners. The aggressive behaviour of new territorial males was correlated with historical clutch size, but not with historical nest survival; in contrast, boldness was not correlated with either historical clutch size or nest survival. Thus, spatial variation in habitat quality is correlated with territorial aggression, but territory holders may either prioritize or be unable to assess all variables contributing to territory quality. In addition, a boldness-aggression syndrome does not necessarily result in both behaviours covarying with territory quality.
Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectra of the 13C18O Isotopomers of Alanine Residues in an α-Helix

The parameters needed to describe the two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectra of the isotopically labeled α-helix are presented. The 2D IR spectra in the amide-I‘ spectral region of a series of singly 13C18O-labeled 25-residue α-helices were measured by three-pulse heterodyned spectral interferometry. The dependence of the spectra on the population time was measured. Individual isotopomer levels (residues 11−14) were clearly identified in 2D IR, downshifted by ∼61 cm-1 from the main helical band. By analyzing the line shapes of the 13C18O diagonal peaks that appeared at ∼1571.3 ± 0.8 cm-1 for all four labeled samples, we observed wider structural distributions for residues 14 and 11 than those for 12 and 13. A small fast component in the correlation function was used to estimate the dynamics of these distributions. In all cases, the v = 1 → 2 transition showed a more Lorentzian-like line shape and also decayed faster than the v = 0 → 1 transition, indicating that the population relaxation time of the v =...
Separating the soldier from the citizen : Ideology and criticism of corporal punishment in the British armies, 1790–1815∗

(1983). Separating the soldier from the citizen : Ideology and criticism of corporal punishment in the British armies, 1790–1815. Social History: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 19-35.
An application of modified group divisible designs

Abstract Let V be a finite set of order m × n , and assume that the points of V are arranged in an array of size m × n . A modified group divisible design is a group divisible design with the difference that each 2-subset { x , y } of V such that x and y are neither in the same row nor in the same column occurs λ times. In this paper we apply modified group divisible designs to construct covering designs, packing designs, and group divisible designs with block size 5.
Preferential Resistance of Dopaminergic Neurons to the Toxicity of Glutathione Depletion Is Independent of Cellular Glutathione Peroxidase and Is Mediated by Tetrahydrobiopterin

Depletion of glutathione in the substantia nigra is one of the earliest changes observed in Parkinson's disease (PD) and could initiate dopaminergic neuronal degeneration. Nevertheless, experimental glutathione depletion does not result in preferential toxicity to dopaminergic neurons either in vivo or in vitro. Moreover, dopaminergic neurons in culture are preferentially resistant to the toxicity of glutathione depletion, possibly owing to differences in cellular glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) function. However, mesencephalic cultures from GPx1 -knockout and wild-type mice were equally susceptible to the toxicity of glutathione depletion, indicating that glutathione also has GPx1-independent functions in neuronal survival. In addition, dopaminergic neurons were more resistant to the toxicity of both glutathione depletion and treatment with peroxides than nondopaminergic neurons regardless of their GPx1 status. To explain this enhanced antioxidant capacity, we hypothesized that tetrahydrobiopterin (BH 4 ) may function as an antioxidant in dopaminergic neurons. In agreement, inhibition of BH 4 synthesis increased the susceptibility of dopaminergic neurons to the toxicity of glutathione depletion, whereas increasing BH 4 levels completely protected nondopaminergic neurons against it. Our results suggest that BH 4 functions as a complementary antioxidant to the glutathione/glutathione peroxidase system and that changes in BH 4 levels may contribute to the oathooenesis of PD.
Emergence of antibiotic resistance from multinucleated bacterial filaments

Bacteria can rapidly evolve resistance to antibiotics via the SOS response, a state of high-activity DNA repair and mutagenesis. We explore here the first steps of this evolution in the bacterium Escherichia coli. Induction of the SOS response by the genotoxic antibiotic ciprofloxacin changes the E. coli rod shape into multichromosome-containing filaments. We show that at subminimal inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin the bacterial filament divides asymmetrically repeatedly at the tip. Chromosome-containing buds are made that, if resistant, propagate nonfilamenting progeny with enhanced resistance to ciprofloxacin as the parent filament dies. We propose that the multinucleated filament creates an environmental niche where evolution can proceed via generation of improved mutant chromosomes due to the mutagenic SOS response and possible recombination of the new alleles between chromosomes. Our data provide a better understanding of the processes underlying the origin of resistance at the single-cell level and suggest an analogous role to the eukaryotic aneuploidy condition in cancer.
Toward undergraduate education in the interface of mental health and criminal justice

Abstract The relationship between the mental health and criminal justice systems is a controversial one and of growing importance. Formal education in the interface of mental health and criminal justice is a prerequisite to progress in this area. While some educational opportunities are currently available on the graduate and post-graduate levels, there appears to be no reason for this restriction. The present paper describes an undergraduate course on the interface of mental health and criminal justice, and analyzes its contribution to the field in terms of priming future graduate and law students for specializing in this area.
Preferences in traumatic intracranial hemorrhage: bleeding vs. clotting

Patients with traumatic brain injury and resultant intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) are at high risk for developing venous thromboembolism (VTE). The use of thromboprophylaxis is effective at decreasing the rate of VTE, but at the potential expense of an increased risk of ICH progression. Physicians must carefully consider both the benefits and risks of VTE prophylaxis before prescribing chemical anticoagulants to these patients. To help clarify this difficult choice, Scales and colleagues performed a decision analysis to determine whether the benefits of thromboprophylaxis outweigh the potential risk of worsening ICH. There is increasing evidence that bleeding risks are not as prominent as previously thought. Although the results were largely inconclusive, the present study has identified areas for future research.
Photoacoustic speckles: boundary dependence and experimental validation

Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) suppresses speckles by prominent boundary buildups. We theoretically study the dependence of PAT speckles on the boundary roughness, which is quantified by the root-mean-squared (RMS) value and the correlation length of the height. The speckle visibility and the correlation coefficient between the reconstructed and actual boundaries are quantified as a function of the boundary roughness. The statistics of PAT speckles is studied experimentally.
Timing of spreading in the South Atlantic: Information from Brazilian alkalic rocks

Information about the onset of spreading in the South Atlantic and the rate of motion of the South American plate can be developed using Brazilian alkalic and basaltic rocks and the stratigraphy of the coastal basins. The first basalts are 147 m.y. old and herald the start of general domal uplifts. With continued uplift, fracturing parallel to the coast led to diabase dike filling and the Jacupiranga and Anitapolis nodes of alkalic activity, 122 to 138 m.y. ago. This may be the time the first triple junctions developed in the area: two arms of each became sites of plate movement and outline the present coast; the third arm failed and was the locus of basaltic or alkalic activity. Normal faulting and deposition of typical rift-filling sediments occurred at this time. After a Barremian hiatus, both alkalic and basaltic activity was renewed about 110 m.y. ago. The first marine sediments and thick evaporite sequences were laid down, so plate accretion must have begun. The Minas Gerais–Goias belt of alkalic rocks was emplaced in a restricted zone within a foldbelt formed during the Pre-cambrian Brazilian cycle in a phase lasting from 91 m.y. until about 65 m.y. ago. A hot-spot–South America relative motion approximately 1.4 ± 0.5 cm/yr in a northwest-southeast direction is suggested for this time. The littoral belt of alkalic rocks developed from Sao Sebastiao to Cabo Frio starting about 82 m.y. ago and lasting until about 59 m.y. ago. This was about the same time as a northerly shift in the pole describing Africa–South America motion and accompanied an increase in the half–spreading rate to about 2.0 cm/yr. The South America–hot-spot relative motion for the past 59 m.y. is inferred from the track of seamounts leading to Trindade Island. If it is the same hot spot or a similar one to that which was on the coast, then the rate has been about 2.3 cm/yr.
Freud and the Legacy of Moses

Freud's last book, Moses and Monotheism, was published in 1939 during one of the darkest periods in Jewish history. This difficult book has frequently been vilified and dismissed because Freud claims that Moses was not a Hebrew but an Egyptian, and that the Jews murdered Moses in the wilderness. Richard Bernstein argues that a close reading of Moses and Monotheism reveals an underlying powerful coherence in which Freud seeks to specify the distinctive character and contribution of the Jewish people. It is this character that has enabled the Jewish people to survive despite persecution and virulent anti-Semitism, and Freud proudly identifies himself with it. In his analysis of Freud's often misunderstood last work, Bernstein goes on to shows how Freud expands and deepens our understanding of a religious tradition by revealing its unconscious dynamics.
Energy‐filtered high‐resolution electron microscopy and composition‐sensitive imaging

Energy-filtered electron imaging is one of the future directions of high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). In this paper, characteristics and applications of energy-selected HREM are illustrated. Image contrast can be dramatically improved with the use of an energy filter. High-resolution chemical-sensitive imaging using ionization edge loss electrons is demonstrated in studies on Ni/Ti and A1/Ti multilayer thin films. It has been shown that the spatial resolution of energy-selected ionization edge electron images is dominated by the signal-to-noise ratio. Experimental parameters which may be selected to improve the signal-to-noise ratio are discussed. It is pointed out that since the width of the energy-selecting window is small, the energy-filtered ionization edge electron image is sensitive to the specimen composition, but the calculation of the specimen composition based on the energy-filtered images relies on the integrated ionization cross-sections which are largely determined by the solid state effects. Therefore, the energy-filtered ionization image should be referred as composition-sensitive image rather than compositional image.
Cultivation methods for production of bovine leukemia virus and soluble viral antigens

A method is described for the isolation and short-term cultivation of lymphocytes from bovine blood. Culture conditions are outlined that will optimize the production of infectious bovine leukemia virus or soluble viral antigens from lymphocyte suspension cultures and from persistently infected monolayer cell cultures.
How do interdependencies among human-capital deployment, development, and diversification strategies affect firms' financial performance?

Using key insights from the resource-based view of the firm, we develop and test a theory of how firms can successfully deploy and develop their strategic human assets while managing the trade-offs in their service and geographical diversification strategies. In a sample of large law firms we find that, even though firms profit from expert human-capital leveraging strategy and service and geographical diversification strategies individually, pursuing these strategies simultaneously at high levels produces negative interaction effects on firm profitability. In addition, the internally developed, firm-specific associate human capital strategically fits better with high levels of expert human-capital leveraging. While lateral hiring helps firms build new knowledge bases and take advantage of growth opportunities, pursuing high levels of both expert human-capital leveraging and lateral hiring of associates results in lower profitability. To fully capture the economic benefits from strategies of diversification, human-capital leveraging and lateral hiring, firms should understand and manage the complex interdependencies among multiple levels of strategy. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An interacting spin label study of lateral expansion in dipalmitoyllecithin-cholesterol bilayers.

Abstract The lateral expansion in dipalmitoyllecithin-cholesterol multibilayer films has been investigated using interacting pairs of cholestane spin labels. The abrupt lateral expansion occurring in dipalmitoyllecithin at the phase transitio has been directly demonstrated, as also has the extremely high lateral expansivity occurring in the region of lateral phase separation of dipalmitoyllecithin-cholesterol bilayers. A higher lateral expansivity is found above the dipalmitoyllecithin phase transition than below it. The measured increase in lateral molecular separation at the phase transition correlates well with the change in X-ray short spacing, and also with other, indirect, dimensional measurements on the change in area per molecule in the bilayer. Cholesterol is found to have opposite effects on the lateral molecular packing in dipalmitoyllecithin bilayers above and below the phase transition. These opposing effects are also manifest in a reduction, with increasing cholesterol composition, of the total lateral expansion over the transition region. The measured lateral separations are used to calculate the decrease by cholesterol of the intermolecular contribution to the latent heat absorbed over the transition region. The calculations are consistent with the calorimetric measurements of the total latent heat. These results suggest that the observed decrease in the calorimetric onset temperatures for lateral phase separations could be attributed to the decreased lateral expansion in the bilayers containing cholesterol. The broadening of the transition region could also be correlated with a decrease in the cooperativity of intermolecular interactions resulting from the increased intermolecular spacing induced by cholesterol below the transition.
Adjoint Method for Phase Retrieval

We describe an adjoint method for phase retrieval of a wavefront from measurements of intensity along the axial direction, assuming Fresnel propagation. This method allows efficient computation of gradients for iterative phase retrieval.
Microprocessor design innovations

This paper reviews new innovations in microprocessor design. Transistor technologies, clock speed, execution throughput, and other innovations such as parallel processing are discussed. The utilization of superscalar pipelines, powerful on-chip floating point units, and enhanced internal caches are illustrated from new design approaches in three next-generation processors: the Intel Pentium, the DEC 21064 "Alpha", and the Motorola MPC 601 "PowerPC".
Risk factors for suicide among older adults with cancer.

Objective: To determine whether the increased risk of suicide for individuals with cancer may be explained by functional limitations, lack of social support, or other factors.Method: In this population-based case-control study, interviews of primary informants for suicides in the state of North Carolina were compared to interviews with participants in the Piedmont Health Study of the Elderly to estimate adjusted odds ratios for suicide and self-reported, physician diagnosed cancer, heart attack, stroke, and hip fracture.Results: Adjusting for all other factors, there was a statistically significant association of suicide and cancer (odds ratio [OR] 2.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] CI 1.84–3.73), but not heart attack, hip fracture, or stroke. The risk of suicide was also elevated for men vs. women (OR 17.15, CI 10.88–27.02), whites vs. blacks (OR 9.70, CI 6.07–15.50), and individuals with stressful life events (OR 2.75, CI 1.97–3.86) or limitations of instrumental (OR 2.93, CI 2.03–4.22) but not physical...
Tailored sinc pulses for uniform excitation and artifact-free radio frequency time-domain EPR imaging.

Abstract A method to generate shaped radiofrequency pulses for uniform excitation of electron spins in time-domain radio frequency (RF) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging is presented. A commercial waveform generator was integrated with the transmit arm of the existing time-domain RF-EPR spectrometer to generate tailored excitation pulses with sub-nano second resolution for excitation with a 90° flip-angle. A truncated sinc [sin ( x )/ x ] pulse, tailored to compensate for the Q-profile (RF frequency response) of the resonator, was shown to yield images from phantom objects as well as in vivo images, with minimal distortion. These studies point to the advantages in using shaped sinc pulses to achieve improved uniform excitation over a relatively wide bandwidth region in time-domain RF-EPR imaging (RF-FT-EPRI).
Characterization of the neurotrophic interaction between nerve growth factor and secreted α-amyloid precursor protein†

The expression and secretion of amyloid precursor protein (beta APP) is increased in rat cerebral cortices that have been denervated by subcortical lesions of the nucleus basalis of Meynert. The physiological role of the secreted beta APP in response to this injury has not been established. We have previously shown that secreted beta APP produced by alpha-secretase activity (sAPP(alpha)) potentiates the neuritogenic activity of nerve growth factor (NGF) in vitro on naive PC12 cells. In this investigation, we have further characterized the neurotrophic interaction of NGF and sAPP(alpha) using differentiated PC12 cells and rat primary cortical neurons. NGF required the expression of beta APP to maintain a neuronal phenotype. Reduction of endogenous beta APP expression by introduction of antisense oligonucleotides in the presence of NGF resulted in loss of neurites from differentiated PC12 cells but no apparent cell death. Addition of exogenous sAPP(alpha) (60--200 pM) potentiated the protective activity of NGF in serum-deprived differentiated PC12 cells as determined by retention of neurites and cell viability. In addition, exogenous sAPP(alpha) increased neuron viability in both short-term (3 days) cortical neuron cultures grown in the absence of serum and in long-term (9 days) cultures grown with serum. Disruption of the insulin signaling pathway by reduction of IRS-1 expression inhibited the ability of sAPP(alpha) to potentiate neurotrophic activity. These observations suggest that sAPP(alpha) acts as an injury-induced neurotrophic factor that interacts with NGF to enhance neuronal viability using the insulin signaling pathway.
Usefulness of coronary angioplasty in asymptomatic patients

Of 6,545 patients who had elective coronary angioplasty procedures performed over a 7.5-year period from June 1980 through December 1987, 114 (1.7%) never had symptoms of myocardial ischemia. Exercise-induced silent myocardial ischemia was documented before angioplasty in 94% of these asymptomatic patients. Angioplasty was successful in 87%, whereas emergency coronary artery bypass grafting was required in 4%, and a further 2% had myocardial infarctions after the procedures. The remaining 7% had unsuccessful angioplasty procedures but experienced no in-hospital cardiac events. The follow-up period after hospital discharge averaged 43 +/- 20 months (range 5 to 93). There were no deaths. In the group of 99 patients with initially successful angioplasty procedures the follow-up interval ranged from 5 to 92 months. During that period, 7 patients underwent coronary bypass surgery, 4 patients had myocardial infarction and 30 patients had repeat angioplasty procedures for restenosis. The cumulative probability of event-free survival over 5 years for the group with successful angioplasty was: 100% freedom from death, 95% freedom from myocardial infarction, 87% freedom from myocardial infarction or coronary bypass surgery and 61% freedom from myocardial infarction, coronary bypass surgery or repeat angioplasty. Thus, coronary angioplasty performed in 114 asymptomatic patients, most with exercise-induced silent myocardial ischemia, achieved very good primary success and was accompanied by low cardiac event rates and no deaths over several years of patient follow-up.
Technological applications of synchrotron radiation at the synchrotron sadiation center of the university of Wisconsin

Abstract The use of synchrotron radiation for fundamental research in a wide range of disciplines is now well established, world wide. Not so well known are the technologically oriented programs that are now in progress on Aladdin [E.M. Rowe, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B24/25 (1987) 414], the 1 GeV electron storage ring at the Synchrotron Radiation Center of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. We describe three such programs: X-ray lithography, high T c superconductor to normal conductor junction technology, and X-ray microscopy.
Children's Thinking About Diversity of Belief in the Early School Years: Judgments of Relativism, Tolerance, and Disagreeing Persons

Children’s thinking about diversity of belief in 4 realmsFmorality, taste, facts, and ambiguous factsFwas examined. Ninety-six participants (ages 5, 7, and 9) were interviewed about beliefs different from their own that were endorsed by characters with different status; their judgments of relativism, tolerance, and disagreeing persons were assessed. Five-year-olds made fewer relative and tolerant judgments than 7- and 9-year-olds. Nevertheless, participants of all ages organized their judgments according to the realm of diversity, thought that some beliefs are relative and some are nonrelative, and made tolerant judgments of some divergent beliefs (and their proponents) but not of others. The findings suggest that, in the early school years, children have multiple
Injection of ideal fluid from two slots into a stream

A cold gas is injected from two slots into a stream of hot gas. In a simple model this leads to a three-phase two-free-boundary problem. We prove, using the variational theory of Alt, Caffarelli and Friedman, the existence of the classical solution.
Human Trafficking: Globalization, Exploitation, and Transnational Sociology

In the last decade, human trafficking has emerged as a new area of research for sociologists and other scholars across a wide range of fields. Globalization has exacerbated the illicit trade of people and their parts within and across territorial borders, generating concern among activists and academics and prompting the development of a burgeoning literature with varying concerns and viewpoints. This article reviews what we know about human trafficking dynamics and trends, its causes, and current responses, including critiques of anti-trafficking efforts. While much work remains to be done in simply mapping current trafficking activities, a transnational sociological framework can help to move theory and research on trafficking forward.
Controlled Lagrangians with gyroscopic forcing: an experimental application

This paper describes an experimental implementation of a feedback control law derived using the method of controlled Lagrangians. This technique, which was developed to stabilize underactuated mechanical systems, involves shaping a system's total energy through feedback and introducing fictitious gyroscopic forces in the closed-loop system. The experimental application is the classic problem of stabilizing an inverted pendulum on a servo-actuated cart. In the absence of damping, the control law provides asymptotic stability in a region that contains all states for which the pendulum is inclined above horizontal. Even with linear damping, stabilizing control parameter values exist and simulations suggest that the region of attraction remains quite large. Although the nonlinear controller provides asymptotic stability within a large region of attraction, the controller's local performance is poor when compared to that of a well-tuned linear controller. To obtain good performance both regionally and locally, a Lyapunov-based switching strategy is employed.
Elevated Rates of Nonsynonymous Substitution in Island Birds

Slightly deleterious mutations are expected to fix at relatively higher rates in small populations than in large populations. Support for this prediction of the nearly-neutral theory of molecular evolution comes from many cases in which lineages inferred to differ in long-term average population size have different rates of nonsynonymous substitution. However, in most of these cases, the lineages differ in many other ways as well, leaving open the possibility that some factor other than population size might have caused the difference in substitution rates. We compared synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions in the mitochondrial cyt b and ND2 genes of nine closely related island and mainland lineages of ducks and doves. We assumed that island taxa had smaller average population sizes than those of their mainland sister taxa for most of the time since they were established. In all nine cases, more nonsynonymous substitutions occurred on the island branch, but synonymous substitutions showed no significant bias. As in previous comparisons of this kind, the lineages with smaller populations might differ in other respects that tend to increase rates of nonsynonymous substitution, but here such differences are expected to be slight owing to the relatively recent origins of the island taxa. An examination of changes to apparently "preferred" and "unpreferred" synonymous codons revealed no consistent difference between island and mainland lineages.
Modulation of CdSe fluorescence using palladium nanoparticles

The increasing demand for clean, efficient energy has strongly influenced the direction of nanoscale research. One of the most promising areas of solar energy production lies with cadmium selenide quantum dots (CdSe QDs). As a means to improve the efficiency of solar energy conversion in QDs, metal nanoparticles have been examined. It has been shown that in certain systems the presence of these metal nanoparticles increase electron - hole charge separation thus providing extended times for electron harvesting. Most of the systems currently explored utilize gold nanoparticles, which is unsurprising due to the vast amount of synthetic methods for these particles and their plasmonic effects on the QDs. We seek to further examine these unique metal nanoparticle -quantum dot interactions through the study of CdSe QD - palladium nanoparticle systems. We employ both steady-state and time resolved ensemble fluorescence spectroscopy to observe the effects of increasing palladium nanoparticle concentrations on both the fluorescence intensity and lifetime of various CdSe QDs. We find that decreasing separation distance between the particles through increasing palladium concentration, leads to a stronger interaction between the particles. We find expected fluorescence quenching of the QDs at higher concentrations of palladium. At low palladium concentrations however we observe a unique fluorescence enhancement of the QDs. We use this data to explore the relative contributions of energy and electron transfer between the particles and determine the conditions under which the maximum effects of these interactions are observed.
Periodic Boundary Conditions for Dislocation Dynamics Simulations in Three Dimensions

This article presents an implementation of periodic boundary conditions (PBC) for Dislocation Dynamics (DD) simulations in three dimensions (3D). We discuss fundamental aspects of PBC development, including preservation of translational invariance and line connectivity, the choice of initial configurations compatible with PBC and a consistent treatment of image stress. On the practical side, our approach reduces to manageable proportions the computational burden of updating the long-range elastic interactions among dislocation segments. The timing data confirms feasibility and practicality of PBC for large-scale DD simulations in 3D.
Differential Regulation of Murine T Lymphocyte Subsets

T lymphocytes play a central role in immune responses. Many of the effector and regulatory functions of T lymphocytes are carried out by secreted iymphokines, and the characteristics of specific immune responses are determined to a large extent by the particular arrays of Iymphokines that are produced. CD4+ T cells have been categorized into two distinct subsets based on the pattern of lymphokine secretion; TH1 cells produce IL-2 and IFN-y (and other Iymphokines) but not IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, or IL-10 while TH2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10 (and other Iymphokines) but not IL-2 or IFN-y (Mosmann and Coffman 1989). These subsets also have functional differences: TH1 cells mediate delayed-type hypersensitivity while TH2 cells provide efficient “help” for B lymphocytes (Mosmann and Coffman 1989). The characteristics of some immune responses in vivo appear to relate to the dominance of particular CD4+ subsets. For example, in experimental leishmania infections in mice, a TH1-type response predominates in mouse strains that are resistant to infection, whereas a TH2-type response predominates in mouse strains that are susceptible to progressive infection (Heinzel et al. 1989)
Automatic selection of transcribed training material

Conventional wisdom says that incorporating more training data is the surest way to reduce the error rate of a speech recognition system. This, in turn, guarantees that speech recognition systems are expensive to train, because of the high cost of annotating training data. We propose an iterative training algorithm that seeks to improve the error rate of a speech recognizer without incurring additional transcription cost, by selecting a subset of the already available transcribed training data. We apply the proposed algorithm to an alpha-digit recognition problem and reduce the error rate from 10.3% to 9.4% on a particular test set.
Holding Mayors Accountable: New York's Executives from Koch to Bloomberg

How do citizens evaluate the performance of their mayors? Previous studies have examined mayoral performance either with cross-sectional surveys or by comparing pairs of consecutive elections. In this article, we use 150 surveys conducted in New York City between 1984 and 2009 to carry out the first time-series analysis of mayoral approval. We show that fluctuations in crime and the economy affect mayors’ ratings and that black and white citizens react similarly to changing local conditions (although their initial evaluations of mayors often diverge sharply). We also show that how New Yorkers rate mayors in the polls is closely related to how they vote for mayors at the polls.
Obesity and low back pain: relationships and treatment

SUMMARY Low back pain (LBP) and obesity (defined as BMI ≥30 kg/m2) are common problems in the general population. The treatment of LBP is not clearly defined and has variable success in different populations and time-frames. When a person presents with LBP who also meets the criteria for obesity, many questions are raised as to the value of weight-loss treatments and the success and/or safety of usual treatments of LBP, especially exercise. Based on the current medical literature for the treatment of LBP in patients who are obese: there should be attempts at weight loss (nonsurgical or surgical), especially if the person is in the morbidly obese (BMI >40 kg/m2) range; all usual forms of exercise and physical therapy treatments are possible and can be beneficial without increased concerns for injury; and, if necessary, invasive treatments such as spinal injections or surgery are potentially beneficial and have similar complication rates to the nonobese population. These options should be offered when medic...
Responses of Microplitis croceipes to host and nonhost plants of Heliothis virescens in a wind tunnel

The relative attractiveness of velvet leaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medicus), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) (host plants) and groundcherry (Physalis angulata L.) (nonhost plant), and cotton plants with or without nectaries and with or without glands to Microplitis croceipes Cresson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was determined in a wind tunnel. Female parasitoids flew significantly more to glandless than to glanded cotton; response to nectaried and nectariless cotton was similar. Velvet leaf and cotton were favored significantly over groundcherry; parasitoids being equally responsive to both host plant species. Addition of larval frass alone or in combination with host larvae significantly improved the attractivity of the nonhost plant (groundcherry) to the parasitoids. There was no difference in attractiveness of groundcherry terminals with or without host larvae. Parasitoid search time was significantly increased with addition of larval frass. In the presence of cotton, however, kairomone-treated groundcherry remained unattractive. Resume Reactions dans un tunnel a vent de Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera braconidae) aux plantes hotes ou non de Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) L'influence des nectaires et des glandes du coton, et l'attractivite des feuilles veloutees du coton (plante hote) et de Physalis angulata sur Microplitis croceipes, ont ete determinees dans des experiences avec tunnel a vent. Les resultats ont montre que les parasitoides femelles sont significativement plus attires par les cotons sans glandes que par les cotons glanduleux, tandis que la presence ou l'absence de nectaires ne modifie pas l'attractivite du coton. Elles reagissent de la meme facon aux feuilles veloutees. P. angulata traite avec des crottes de chenilles, presente seul ou en combinaison avec du coton, attire plus de femelles que des pousses de P. angulata non traitees. L'addition de chenilles hotes seules n'ameliore pas significativement l'attractivite de la plante. P. angulata traite avec des kairomones est demeure inattractif quand il etait propose en meme temps que du coton.