cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical Compositions of Edamame Genotypes Grown in Different Locations in the US

The consumption of edamame [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the US has rapidly increased due to its nutritional value and potential health benefits. In this study, 10 edamame genotypes were planted in duplicates in three different locations in the US — Whitethorne, Virginia (VA), Little Rock, Arkansas (AR), and Painter, VA. Edamame samples were harvested at the R6 stage of the bean development when beans filled 80 to 90% of the pod cavity. Afterward, comprehensive chemical composition analysis, including sugars, alanine, protein, oil, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), starch, ash and moisture contents, were conducted on powdered samples using standard methods and the total sweetness was calculated based on the measured sugars and alanine contents. Significant effects of the location were observed on all chemical constituents of edamame (p < 0.05). The average performance of the genotypes was higher in Whitethorne for the contents of free sucrose (59.29 mg/g), fructose (11.42 mg/g), glucose (5.38 mg/g), raffinose (5.32 mg/g), stachyose (2.34 mg/g), total sweetness (78.63 mg/g) and starch (15.14%) when compared to Little Rock and Painter. The highest soluble alanine (2.67 mg/g), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (9.00%), ash (5.60%), and moisture (70.36%) contents were found on edamame planted in Little Rock while edamame planted in Painter had the highest crude protein (43.11%) and oil (20.33%) contents. Significant effects of genotype were observed on most of the chemical constituents (p < 0.05) except NDF and raffinose. Among the 10 genotypes, R13-5029 consistently had high sucrose content and total sweetness across the three locations, meanwhile it had relatively high protein and fiber contents. Overall, the results indicate that to breed better edamame genotypes in the US, both genotype and planting location should be taken into considerations.
Authenticity, presence of meaning, and struggle with ultimate meaning: Nuanced between-and within-person associations

Abstract Authenticity predicts greater presence of meaning in life, in general (between-persons) and in the moment (within-persons). However, little is known about whether authenticity predicts negative aspects of life meaning, such as struggles with ultimate meaning. Across three studies (total N = 719), two of which used daily diaries (daily reports = 1,980), correlations, confirmatory factor analyses, and multilevel path models together showed that higher levels of authenticity related positively to presence of meaning and negatively to struggle with ultimate meaning at the between- and within-person levels. These findings are consistent with humanistic, existential, and positive psychology theories of authenticity and meaning and raise the possibility that increasing authenticity states over time may predict sustained improvement in multiple aspects of meaning.
COVID-19 and Gynecologic Oncology: What Have We Learned?

COVID-19 has transformed the care we provide to gynecologic oncology patients. In addition to directly impacting the diagnosis and treatment of women with gynecologic cancer, it has affected our patient’s ability to undergo recommended surveillance and has made an impact on every caregiver providing care during this time. Herein we review the current literature on the impact of COVID-19 on gynecologic oncology and highlight new approaches and innovations that have resulted in gynecologic cancer care as a result of the pandemic. The impact of COVID-19 on the field of gynecologic oncology has been profound. In addition to directly impacting the diagnosis and treatment of women with cancer, it has also challenged the very ethics with which we practice medicine. The equitable distribution of resources is paramount to upholding the Hippocratic Oath which we all invoke. The COVID-19 pandemic has stripped this oath down to its very core, forcing all medical practitioners to scrutinize who gets what resources and when. As the pandemic continues to unfold, the question remains — in the setting of a strained and overburdened healthcare system, how do we maximize beneficence to one group of patients, while maintaining non-maleficence to others? As gynecologic oncologists, we are responsible for advocating for our patients to ensure that the quality of their cancer care is not compromised, while also not overutilizing resources that are sorely needed for the care of COVID-19 victims, and not making them more likely to succumb to COVID-19 by the very nature of the treatment we provide. The effects of the pandemic are far-reaching and broad, and many of these are yet to be determined. Future studies are needed to analyze how the above-utilized strategies in GYN cancer care during the pandemic will impact the long-term outcomes of our patients.
A 7-tap transverse analog-FIR filter in 0.12 /spl mu/m CMOS for equalization of 10Gb/s fiber-optic data systems

A 130mA 2.5V 7-tap analog FIR equalizer for 10Gb/s fiber-optic links is implemented in a 0.12 /spl mu/m CMOS process. The filter precedes the receiver CDR and recovers data signals distorted by multi-mode fiber dispersion over a 600m link to a BER <10/sup -12/. Tap delays are implemented by a combination of passive and buffered LC transmission lines.
Functional in Silico Analysis of Gene Regulatory Polymorphism

Regulatory polymorphisms play important roles in determining phenotypes and disease susceptibilities through perturbing gene expression. After genetic markers with LD have been mapped, an important task is to evaluate their functional importance based on the identification of regulatory regions and specific regulatory elements. Here we introduce the leading bioinformatics tools and invaluable resources to facilitate the functional analysis in silico. We focus on promoter prediction, modeling, prediction of transcription factor binding sites and identification of sequence elements important for splicing regulation. These tools are becoming increasingly accurate and powerful to guide experimental investigations and to transform correlated alleles into mechanistic understandings.
The Three Term Recurrence Relation and Spectral Properties of Orthogonal Polynomials

This paper surveys the theory of the three term recurrence relation for orthogonal polynomials and its relation to the spectral properties of the polynomials.
A Literary Revolution in China

In order to appreciate the full significance of the literary revolution in China, the reader will do well to recall the history of the rise of the national languages of modern Europe. Hardly five centuries have passed since Latin was the recognized literary language of the whole of Europe. Italy was the first to revolt. Dante, Petrarch (in his youthful days) and Boccaccio produced their best works in the dialect of Tuscany, and the popularity of their writings succeeded in finally making the Tuscan dialect the national language of the Italian people. By that time, the dialect of Paris was fast becoming the official language of France. In 1539, Francis I ordered that all public documents should be in the French of Paris; though it was still foreign to nearly half the population of the kingdom. In the middle of the sixteenth century, there arose the group of French poets known as the Pleiade, who consciously advocated the use of the French language as a means of poetic expression. Rabelais and Montaigne achieved an even greater success in prose. Thus by the end of the sixteenth century the French of Paris became the undisputed national language of France.
A STUDY OF ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN A DOSAGE SERIES OF THE LONG ARM OF CHROMOSOME ONE IN MAIZE

The enzyme activity levels of alcohol, malate, isocitrate, glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenases were determined in mature maize scutella in a series of one to four doses of the long arm of chromosome 1, produced by the B-A translocation 1La. Although the Adh structural locus was varied, ADH levels did not exhibit a gene-dosage effect. The levels of G6PDH, 6PGDH and IDH were negatively correlated with the dosage of 1L. MDH was unresponsive. The esterase-8 enzyme, whose structural locus was demonstrated to be elsewhere in the genome, was also negatively correlated with 1L dosage. The portion of the B chromosome involved in the translocation was shown to have no effect on the enzyme levels. Measurements of cell size and hydrolysable DNA per mg dry weight revealed no change in the number of cells through the one, two and three dose series. The topic of enzyme alterations in aneuploids is reviewed.
Recognizing and Responding to Symptoms of Acute Coronary Syndromes and Stroke in Women

Studies indicate that women experience less traditional symptoms than men and delay longer in seeking care for acute coronary syndromes. Women ignore symptoms and delay treatment due to lack of awareness of risk, passivity, inaccurate symptom attribution, and barriers to self-care. The purpose of this article is to describe the current knowledge of symptoms of acute coronary syndromes and ischemic stroke in women, appropriate responses to symptoms, and implications for nurses caring for women.
HeteroMates: Providing high dynamic power range on client devices using heterogeneous core groups

This paper presents HeteroMates, a solution that uses heterogeneous processors to extend the dynamic power/performance range of client devices. By using a mix of different processors, HeteroMates offers both high performance and reduced power consumption. The solution uses core groups as the abstraction that groups a small number of heterogeneous cores to form a single execution unit. Group heterogeneity is exposed as multiple heterogeneity (H) states, an interface similar to the P-state interface already used for frequency scaling. An H-state controller governs H-state transitions based on dynamic policies maximizing performance or minimizing power consumption, while a ‘core switcher’ transparently migrates tasks to the appropriate core, i.e., the one matching the chosen H-state. Experimental evaluations use real-world client applications and a unique experimental testbed comprised of heterogeneous cores and a shared uncore component. Results show that core groups can provide significant performance improvements while also lowering energy consumption for a diverse set of applications when compared to homogeneous processor configurations. Also demonstrated is the importance of ‘uncore’ power in total SoC power consumption and the need for uncore power scalability when seeking to extend a platform's dynamic power range.
Reactance and Skin Effect of Concentric Tubular Conductors

THE concentric arrangement of tubular conductors to carry heavy alternating currents gives compactness, low reactance drop, and reduced loss from skin effect or crowding of the current to the surface of the conductors. This arrangement is being used to a considerable extent.12 In this paper formulas and curves are given to enable the reactance and the skin-effect resistance ratio of such conductors to be determined for three-phase and single-phase circuits.
Assessment of Performance and Reliability of Computer-Aided Detection Scheme Using Content-Based Image Retrieval Approach and Limited Reference Database

Content-based image retrieval approach was used in our computer-aided detection (CAD) schemes for breast cancer detection with mammography. In this study, we assessed CAD performance and reliability using a reference database including 1500 positive (breast mass) regions of interest (ROIs) and1500 normal ROIs. To test the relationship between CAD performance and the similarity level between the queried ROI and the retrieved ROIs, we applied a set of similarity thresholds to the retrieved similar ROIs selected by the CADschemes for all queried suspicious regions, and used only the ROIs that were above the threshold for assessing CAD performance at each threshold level. Using the leave-one-out testing method, we computed areas under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AZ) to assess CAD performance. The experimental results showed that as threshold increase, (1) less true positive ROIs can be referenced in the database than normal ROIs and (2) the AZ value was monotonically increased from 0.854±0.004 to 0.932±0.016. This study suggests that (1) in order to more accurately detect and diagnose subtle masses, a large and diverse database is required, and (2) assessing the reliability of the decision scores based on the similarity measurement is important in application of the CBIR-based CAD schemes when the limited database is used.
Nonuniform surface uplift of the Andean plateau revealed by deuterium isotopes in Miocene volcanic glass from southern Peru

Abstract Proposals for rapid late Miocene surface uplift driven by large-scale lithospheric removal beneath the central Andean plateau have been based largely on temperature-sensitive paleoaltimeters. Both the magnitude and mechanism of this proposed pulse of uplift have been challenged. First, climatic general circulation models support protracted uplift with predicted temperature and isotopic shifts enhanced by attainment of threshold elevations. Second, tectonic models in which surface elevations are compensated by regional contraction and crustal thickening question the need for lithospheric removal and predict broadly coeval uplift of the entire plateau. We present hydrogen isotope data using a novel temperature-insensitive volcanic glass proxy from continuous, well-dated lower to middle Miocene basin fill in the Western Cordillera of the northern plateau that show a rapid decrease in δ D values (−62.8‰) at 19–16 Ma, with extremely negative values continuing into the Pliocene. We propose that the basin reached its current elevation by 16 Ma, >6 Myr earlier than proposed for the central plateau. The rapid decrease in δ D values is consistent with punctuated surface uplift of 2.2–3.7 km between 19 and 16 Ma. Whereas the 3.7 km upper estimate assumes a static climate similar to modern, the 2.2 km lower estimate conservatively incorporates modeled changes in the isotopic composition of precipitation associated with elevation change. Comparison of these results to existing paleoelevation estimates from the Andean plateau facilitates a tentative reconstruction of earliest middle Miocene paleotopography showing a central depression with flanking hinterland and thrust-belt highlands. This apparent pattern of nonuniform plateau uplift contradicts shortening-proportional topographic growth over tens of Myr. We propose that temporally and spatially irregular surface uplift may be linked to pronounced local variability in crustal shortening and/or piecemeal removal of dense mantle lithosphere. Insofar as these irregularities reflect the scale of heterogeneity for surface uplift processes, available paleoelevation estimates point to a principal uplift mechanism that varies over relatively short (
Initial relative positioning results using the global positioning system

The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) has become increasingly involved with research and development for relative positioning using the Global Positioning System (GPS). The NGS has procured two MacrometersTM and is also a participant in the development of the Texas Instruments' TI4100.
Controversies in Research Ethics Affecting the Future of Human Gene Therapy

ABSTRACT A critical analysis is undertaken of the ethical debate on two general classes of research activities that bear on the future of human gene therapy: (i) the human fetus and (ii) the preimplantation human embryo after in vitro fertilization (IVF). The conclusion is that the hope of human gene therapy and of other clinical applications of the human genome initiative is in danger because of the obstacles to research in reproductive biology and human genetics in the federal sector.
Isolation and identification of oxidation product of 2,6-Di-(tert-butyl)-4-methylphenol from polyethylene film

2,6-Di-(tert-butyl)-4-methylphenol is a widely used antioxidant in the production of polyethylene. An oxidation product of this antioxidant was isolated from aged polyethylene film and purified by preparative thin layer chromatography. This compound was identified as 3,3′, 5,5′-tetra-bis(tert-butyl)-stilbenequinone with the aid of IR- and mass spectroscopy. The generation of this oxidation product can lead to the discoloration of polyethylene film, and its formation can be catalyzed by contact with carbon black.
Is family-based behavioral weight control appropriate for severe pediatric obesity?

Objective Although the efficacy of family-based behavioral treatment for moderate pediatric obesity has been well established, few studies have focused on the treatment of severe obesity. We sought to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of a family-based intervention for severely obese children. Method Twenty-four families with children aged 8–12 years who were ≥160% of their ideal body weight participated in a 10–12-session behavioral intervention. Participants were weighed and their heights measured at the start of each treatment session and during a follow-up visit 4–13 (M = 7.8) months posttreatment. Children also completed measures of depressive symptoms and anxiety at pretreatment, posttreatment, and follow-up, and eating attitudes were assessed at pretreatment and follow-up. Results One third of the families did not complete treatment. However, children who completed the program lost a significant amount of weight and reported significant improvements in depression, anxiety, and eating attitudes that were maintained over time. Discussion A short-term, family-based behavioral intervention was successful in moderating weight gain for most children and had positive effects on children's mood and eating disorder symptoms. Future randomized, controlled trials of longer interventions are necessary to determine the success of this approach. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 318–328, 2001.
Effect of diamine linker on the chemistry of bis(platinum) complexes. A comparison of the aqueous solution behavior of 1,4-butanediamine and 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-hexanediamine complexes

Abstract The hydrolysis products of bis(platinum) complexes containing monodentate and bidentate coordination spheres, of general formula [{ trans -PtCl(NH 3 ) 2 } 2 (diamine)]Cl 2 and [{ cis -PtCl 2 (NH 3 )} 2 (diamine)] respectively, have been studied. The diamines used were 1,4-butanediamine and the sterically hindered 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-hexanediamine. The aqua species resulting from chloride displacement by a water molecule are stable at low pH but at high pH other products ensue due to deprotonation and subsequent hydroxo-bridge formation. Both intramolecular and intermolecular hydroxo bridges have been identified. Their formation is dependent on the geometry of the complex and the nature of the diamine.
Mobilizing Learning Resources in a Transnational Classroom: Translocal and Digital Resources in a Community Technology Center.

Drawing from transnational and activity theory frameworks, this study analyzes the ways translocal flows shape learning in a community technology center serving adult immigrants in the US Southwest. It also explores students' constructions of the transnational nature of the courses they took, where they had access to both online and face-to-face instruction. Findings describe the ways transnational flows shaped relationships between elements in the classroom activity system – in particular, the framing of the online platform as a mediating tool and object of instruction, the roles in the division of labor for local tutors, and the students' construction of remote and local support. Pedagogical implications for adult immigrant education supported by translocal online resources are discussed.
Perception of harmonics in the combination long call of cottontop tamarins, Saguinus oedipus

Abstract A number of nonhuman primates produce vocalizations with time-varying harmonic structure. Relatively little is known about whether such spectral information plays a role in call type classification. We address this problem by utilizing acoustic analyses and playback experiments on cottontop tamarins‘ combi nation long call, a species-typical vocalization with a characteristic harmonic structure. Specifically, we used habituation–discrimination experiments to test whether particular frequency components, as well as the relationship between components, have an effect on the perception and classification of long calls. In Condition 1, we show that tamarins classify natural and synthetic exemplars of the long call as perceptually similar, thereby allowing us to use synthetics to manipulate components of this signal precisely. In subsequent conditions, we tested the perceptual salience and discriminability of long calls in which we deleted (1) the second harmonic, (2) the fundamental frequency, or (3) all frequencies above the fundamental; we also examined the effects of frequency mistuning by shifting the second harmonic by 1000 Hz. Following habituation to unmanipulated long calls, tamarins did not respond (transferred habituation) to long calls with either a missing fundamental frequency or the second harmonic, but responded (discriminated) to long calls with the upper harmonics eliminated or with the second harmonic mistuned. These studies reveal the importance of harmonic structure in tamarin perception, and highlight the advantages of using synthetic signals for understanding how particular acoustic features drive perceptual classification in nonhuman primates. Copyright 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Challenges of predicting the potential distribution of a slow-spreading invader: a habitat suitability map for an invasive riparian tree

Understanding the potential spread of invasive species is essential for land managers to prevent their establishment and restore impacted habitat. Habitat suitability modeling provides a tool for researchers and managers to understand the potential extent of invasive species spread. Our goal was to use habitat suitability modeling to map potential habitat of the riparian plant invader, Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia). Russian olive has invaded riparian habitat across North America and is continuing to expand its range. We compiled 11 disparate datasets for Russian olive presence locations (n = 1,051 points and 139 polygons) in the western US and used Maximum entropy (Maxent) modeling to develop two habitat suitability maps for Russian olive in the western United States: one with coarse-scale water data and one with fine-scale water data. Our models were able to accurately predict current suitable Russian olive habitat (Coarse model: training AUC = 0.938, test AUC = 0.907; Fine model: training AUC = 0.923, test AUC = 0.885). Distance to water was the most important predictor for Russian olive presence in our coarse-scale water model, but it was only the fifth most important variable in the fine-scale model, suggesting that when water bodies are considered on a fine scale, Russian olive does not necessarily rely on water. Our model predicted that Russian olive has suitable habitat further west from its current distribution, expanding into the west coast and central North America. Our methodology proves useful for identifying potential future areas of invasion. Model results may be influenced by locations of cultivated individuals and sampling bias. Further study is needed to examine the potential for Russian olive to invade beyond its current range. Habitat suitability modeling provides an essential tool for enhancing our understanding of invasive species spread.
EFFECT: An energy efficient framework for data compression in tree-based wireless sensor networks

Periodic data collection is an important application in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Since sensors are power constrained, building energy efficient data collection topology offers significant challenge. Compression of correlated data is one of the widely used techniques in WSNs where sensory data are compressed along their routes toward the sink. Consequently, a data compression tree is formed in which a sensor (say, child) selects its parent based on the degree of correlation among their sensed data, and the data of the child node is compressed at the parent node. In periodic data collection, the data collected by individual sensors can be considered as a time series. The amount of correlation between time series of two sensory data streams may not be constant over time. Most existing works in this direction do not consider the temporal effect of correlation among data streams generated by periodic sensing. Moreover, the compression can introduce some imperfection that may affect the reliability of the collected data. In this paper, we address the problem of energy efficient data gathering in WSNs while considering variability of correlation among data streams of neighboring sensors. We propose a bucket approximation based framework named EFFECT (energy efficient framework for compression tree) that produces a compression tree based on the compression ratio of data streams from the neighboring sensors in a given sensor network. We perform experiments on real data sets and show that our framework can produce trees with significantly higher lifetime while reducing the average energy consumption of the sensors by at least 20%.
Morpho-functional follow-up of the optic nerve in treated ocular hypertension: disc morphometry and steady-state pattern electroretinogram.

Purpose: To examine longitudinally optic disc structure and inner retinal function in treated ocular hypertension (OHT). Materials and Methods: A morphometric (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph, HRT) and functional (steady-state pattern electroretinogram, PERG) evaluation of 27 OHT patients treated with topical beta-blockers and/or prostaglandin analogues and prospectively followed over a 24 ± 6 month period. Results: Compared with baseline, mean final PERG amplitude tended to increase (p < 0.01), while HRT was stable. Individual PERG amplitude increase was large (≥ 100%) in some patients (5/27), and unexplained by clinical parameters at baseline. Conclusions: In treated OHT, functional responses may improve while disc structure remains stable. The findings suggest that OHT-associated inner retinal dysfunction is at least in part reversible with therapeutic intraocular pressure control.
The Intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin and Dopaminergic Systems Control of Renal Sodium Excretion and Blood Pressure

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is a coordinated hormonal cascade critical to the control of renal sodium (Na+) excretion and blood pressure (BP).1 Angiotensin II (Ang II), the principal RAS effector peptide, binds to 2 distinct receptors, the Ang type-1 receptor (AT1R) and the Ang type-2 receptor (AT2R) with high affinity.1,2 The vast majority of actions of Ang II are transmitted via AT1Rs, including cellular dedifferentiation and proliferation; vasoconstriction, reduction of vascular compliance, cardiac contractility, increased renal tubule Na+ reabsorption; aldosterone, vasopressin, and endothelin secretion; salt appetite; and thirst and activation of the sympathetic nervous system.1,2 In contrast, AT2Rs generally oppose the actions of Ang II via AT1Rs under most circumstances.1–4 Another major regulatory system in cardiovascular and renal physiology is the peripheral dopaminergic system. Dopamine (DA) is mainly synthesized in renal proximal tubule cells (RPTCs) via the decarboxylation of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine that has been filtered at the glomerulus and transported into the RPTC across the apical brush border.5 Synthesized DA exits the cell mainly across the apical plasma membrane into the lumen, where it can bind to and activate specific DA D1-like receptors (D1-likeR: D1 and D5).5,6 D1-likeR activation induces vasodilation and inhibits renal Na+ reabsorption and actions, which also oppose those of Ang II via AT1Rs. The purpose of this brief review is to summarize some of the key findings leading to our present concepts of AT2Rs and D1-likeR that oppose the actions of Ang II via AT1Rs within the kidney. Although renin was identified in the brain and the adrenal cortex in the late 1960s and …
Whole animal cell sorting of Drosophila embryos

Use of primary culture cells has been limited by the inability to purify most types of cells, particularly cells from early developmental stages. In whole animal cell sorting (WACS), live cells derived from animals harboring a lacZ transgene are purified according to their level of beta-galactosidase expression with a fluorogenic beta-galactosidase substrate and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. With WACS, incipient posterior compartment cells that express the engrailed gene were purified from early Drosophila embryos. Neuronal precursor cells were also purified, and they differentiated into neurons with high efficiency in culture. Because there are many lacZ strains, it may be possible to purify most types of Drosophila cells. The same approach is also applicable to other organisms for which germ-line transformation is possible.
Improving electronic guidebook interfaces using a task-oriented design approach

Item selection is a key problem in electronic guidebook design. Many systems do not apply so-called context-awareness technologies to infer user interest, placing the entire burden of selection on the user. Conversely, to make selection easier, many systems automatically eliminate information that they infer is not of interest to the user. However, such systems often eliminate too much information, preventing the user from finding what they want.To realize the full potential of electronic guidebooks, designers must strike the right balance between automatic context-based inference and manual selection. In this paper, we introduce a task-oriented model of item selection for electronic guidebooks to help designers explore this continuum. We argue that item selection contains three sub-tasks and that these sub-tasks should be considered explicitly in system design. We apply our model to existing systems, demonstrating pitfalls of combining sub-tasks, and discuss how our model has improved the design of our own guidebook prototype.
Handheld office-based spirometry versus laboratory spirometry in low-risk patients undergoing lung resection.

ObjectiveTo compare handheld office spirometry with laboratory spirometry in evaluation of low-risk patients undergoing pulmonary resection.MethodsLow-risk patients evaluated for lung resection wer...
How to improve mamdani's approach to fuzzy control

Fuzzy control is a methodology that translates “if”-“then” rules, Aji (x1) &…& Ajn(xn) Bj(u), formulated in terms of a natural language, into an actual control strategy u(x). Implication of uncertain statements is much more difficult to understand than “and,” “or,” and “not.” So, the fuzzy control methodologies usually start with translating “if”-“then” rules into statements that contain only “and,” “not,” and “or.” the first such translation was proposed by Mamdani in his pioneer article on fuzzy control. According to this article, a fuzzy control is reasonable iff one of the rules is applicable, i.e., either the first rule is applicable (A11(x1) &…& A1n(xn) & B1(u)), or the second one is applicable, etc. This approach turned out to be very successful, and it is still used in the majority of fuzzy control applications. However, as R. Yager noticed, in some cases, this approach is not ideal: Namely, if for some x, we know what u(x) should be, and add this crisp rule to our rules, then the resulting fuzzy control for this x may be different from the desired value u(x). to overcome this drawback, Yager proposed to assign priorities to the rules, so that crisp rules get the highest priority, and use these priorities while translating the rules into a control strategy u(x). In this article, we show that a natural modification of Mamdani's approach can solve this problem without adding any ad hoc priorities. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hunger and fullness ratings in response to meals based on whole grains vs. refined grains.

The purpose of this study was to determine if postprandial hunger or fullness VAS ratings were affected differentially by the level of unrefined grain products in the diet. In a cross-over design, 22 overweight women (age 22–40; BMI=27±1 kg/m2; body fat=39±3%) consumed a run-in diet rich in whole grains (WG) or refined grains (RG) for 3 d. After an 8-week washout period, each volunteer repeated the 3 d consumption of the alternate diet. All VAS ratings were performed by subjects in their usual home and work environments. Hunger ratings responded similarly under WG and RG conditions. Fullness ratings for each complete postprandial period were not different for the WG and RG, but specific intervals were noteworthy. Fullness ratings after the WG breakfasts were greater during the 2nd and 3rd hours postprandial. Fullness ratings after the WG lunches were greater during the 2nd hour postprandial. Fullness ratings after the WG dinners were greater during the 1 h postprandial. These data suggest that meals based on whole grains promote greater fullness in the postprandial period. Longer-term studies are needed to determine if this shift in perception of fullness is sustained with habitual consumption of a diet enriched in whole grains.
A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY OF HEAT CONDUCTION FOOD IN A CYLINDRICAL CAN

A series of theoretical formulae were derived to simulate heat conduction in a finite cylinder whose surface heat transfer conductances on top, bottom, and side surfaces were neither infinite nor identical to each other. These formulae were utilized to determine thermal diffusivity of heat conduction food tilled in a cylindrical can and surface conductances on its surfaces. Error analysis shows 1 mm deviations in locations, where the temperatures are monitored, as well as similar deviations in the height and radius of a cylinder given significant variations in the thermophysical property values. It is also shown that these variations may be significantly reduced if one uses a cylinder whose height and radius are 100 mm or greater. Commercially processed apple sauce and 8% bentonite suspension were filled info cylindrical cans of two different sizes. These cans were then subjected to heat treatments in a still retort. Temperature data collected during these treatments were then utilized to estimate the thermophysical properties of sample materials. There was fair agreement between those estimated and respective literature values.
Hyperfractionated low-dose (21 Gy) radiotherapy for cranial skeletal metastases in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma.

Purpose To present a large experience (73 patients) using a standard radiotherapy (RT) protocol to prevent relapse in cranial sites where measurable metastatic neuroblastoma (NB), an adverse prognostic marker, is common. Methods and Materials High-risk NB patients with measurable cranial disease at diagnosis or residual cranial disease after induction therapy had those sites irradiated with hyperfractionated 21 Gy; a brain-sparing technique was used for an extensive field. The patients were grouped according to the response to systemic therapy. Thus, when irradiated, Group 1 patients were in complete remission and Group 2 patients had primary refractory disease. Follow-up was from the start of cranial RT. Results At 3 years, the 39 Group 1 patients had a progression-free survival rate of 51%; control of cranial disease was 79%. Two relapses involved irradiated cranial sites. Two other patients relapsed in the irradiated cranial sites 6 and 12 months after a systemic relapse. At 3 years, the 34 Group 2 patients had a progression-free survival rate of 33%; control of cranial disease was 52%. Group 2 included 19 patients who had residual cranial (with or without extracranial) disease. The cranial sites showed major ( n = 13), minor ( n = 2), or no response ( n = 4) to RT. Five patients had progression in the cranial RT field at 10–27 months. Group 2 also included 15 patients who had persistent NB in extracranial, but not cranial, sites. Of these 15 patients, 2 relapsed in the irradiated cranial sites and elsewhere at 8 and 14 months. Cranial RT was well tolerated, with no Grade 2 or greater toxicity. Conclusion Hyperfractionated 21-Gy cranial RT might help control NB and is feasible without significant toxicity in children.
Supporting collaborative engineering design

The complexity of current engineering design demands the collaboration of specialists. Collaboration involves both communication between and coordination among members of a design team. Currently, design collaboration is carried out through the use of schedules, specifications and drawings which only capture the end results of the design process. They fail to record important design information such as the reasoning behind design decisions. In this paper, we describe a tool CADS, that supports collaboration in engineering design. CADS is based on an extension to the Axiomatic Design methodology which not only captures the design elements but also the rationale used to conceive them. CADS serves as a shared database of design information with facilities that support communication and coordination in engineering design.
Model-based recognition in robot vision

This paper presents a comparative study and survey of model-based object-recognition algorithms for robot vision. The goal of these algorithms is to recognize the identity, position, and orientation of randomly oriented industrial parts. In one form this is commonly referred to as the "bin-picking" problem, in which the parts to be recognized are presented in a jumbled bin. The paper is organized according to 2-D, 2½-D, and 3-D object representations, which are used as the basis for the recognition algorithms. Three central issues common to each category, namely, feature extraction, modeling, and matching, are examined in detail. An evaluation and comparison of existing industrial part-recognition systems and algorithms is given, providing insights for progress toward future robot vision systems.
FATAL PLACENTAL INFARCTION, A PROSPECTIVE STUDY

Placental infarction fatal to the fetus or neonate was analyzed in a prospective study of 59,379 pregnancies. 31,494 well preserved placentas and approximately 60,000,000 pieces of data were analyzed using a log-linear model analysis of contingency tables to determine the significance of the data. 108 fatal cases were attributed to placental infarction when over 25% of the placenta was infarcted and there was no other explanation for death. 96 were stillborn and all 108 had aspirated squames as evidence of antenatal hypoxia. The disorder had a frequency of 2.3/1000 live births. Its frequency was directly correlated with blood pressures in the gravida. This association was augmented by other features of pre-eclampsia and by work during pregnancy. Fatal infarcts were increased 5 fold when abruptio placentae was present and 2 fold when the gravida's hemoglobin was over 12 gm%. The disorder was more often fatal to males than to females and was strongly associated with suboptimal weight gain by the gravida suggesting that gestational undernutrition may have contributed to its genesis. The neonates were growth retarded with organ abnormalities characteristic of undernutrition. The disorder was more frequent in gravlda with prior abortions, fetal deaths and preterm deliveries effects enhanced by hypertension. The fatal disorder was 72% more common in gravida who made 0-2 prenatal medical visits than in those who made 5 or more such visits. (Supported by U.S.P.H.S. contract N01-NS-3-2311).
Nonlinear waves and solitons in physical systems

Abstract Advances in nonlinear science have been plentiful in recent years. In particular, interest in nonlinear wave propagation continues to grow, stimulated by new applications, such as fiber-optic communication systems, as well as the many classical unresolved issues of fluid dynamics. What is arguably the turning point for the modern perspective of nonlinear systems took place at Los Alamos over 40 years ago with the pioneering numerical simulations of Fermi, Pasta, and Ulam. A decade later, this research initiated the next major advance of Zabusky and Kruskal that motivated the revolution in completely integrable systems. With this in mind, the conference on Nonlinear Waves in Solitions in Physical Systems (NWSPS) was organized by the Center for Nonlinear Studies (CNLS) at Los Alamos National Laboratory in May of 1997, to assess the current state-of-the-art in this very active field. Papers from the conference attendees as well as from researchers unable to attend the conference were collected in this special volume of Physica D . In this paper, the contributions to the conference and to this special issue are reviewed, with an emphasis on the many unifying principles that all these works share.
Quark Catalysis of Exothermal Nuclear Reactions

This article discusses circumstances under which free quarks catalyze exothermal nuclear reactions. It also presents possible methods for removing quarks sequestered by nuclear reaction products. Stable quarks that are negatively charged and significantly heavier than electrons attract positively charged nuclei to form new states of matter. The nuclei and quarks are closely bound, and presumably interact through both electromagnetic and nuclear forces. Nuclear fusion and fission are possible, as well as a new class of plural reactions in which either a quark isobar, isotope, or isotone is created in each individual reaction, with catalysis resulting in the overall system because the net transfer of charge, neutrons, or protons to the quarks is zero. The quark with quantum numbers of uu is a promising catalytic candidate. A satisfactory understanding of which reactions are or are not possible awaits the isolation of free quarks and a description of their strong interactions with matter. Finally, other kinds of stable negatively charged particles (such as heavy leptons), if discovered, can catalyze deuterium fusion reactions if thermal neutrons are used to liberate He3-bound catalytic particles.
Involvement of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and its association with pp60src in cholecystokinin-stimulated pancreatic acinar cells

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is a lipid kinase which phosphorylates the D3 position of the phosphoinositide derivatives and is known to be activated by a host of protein tyrosine kinases. PI3K has been demonstrated to play an important role in mitogenesis and cell transformation in several cell systems. However, the functional roles of PI3K in pancreatic acinar cells remain to be determined. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize the PI3K pathway and its relation to other non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases in mediating signal transduction of pancreatic acinar cells. Intact acini isolated from the rat pancreas were incubated with or without cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8). A Triton X-100-soluble and 10000 rpm supernatant of the cell sonicates was used for immunoprecipitation and Western immunoblotting. When a monoclonal anti-phosphotyrosine antibody (clone 4G10) was used, two major tyrosine-phosphorylated bands were observed at the location of p85 and p60. CCK (10 pM and 10 nM) significantly enhanced the tyrosine phosphorylation of these two bands. Furthermore, when a monoclonal anti-PI3K antibody (clone UB93-3) which recognizes the N-terminal SH2 domain of the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K was used, CCK (10 pM-10 nM) dose-dependently increased the amount of the immunodetectable PI3K band with a peak occurring at 5 min. The increase in the immunodetectable PI3K band elicited by CCK did not require the presence of extracellular Ca2+. The pp60src inhibitor, herbimycin A (6 microM), and the PI3K inhibitor, wortmannin (6 microM), both decreased intensities of the PI3K band elicited by CCK. Herbimycin A abolished phosphotransferase activities of the Src kinase following stimulation with CCK, whereas wortmannin had no effect, suggesting that Src is an upstream regulator of PI3K. Wortmannin (3-6 microM) abolished CCK-stimulated pancreatic amylase secretion. Immunoprecipitation studies using an anti-Src antibody (clone CD11) or PI3K antibody in conjunction with the anti-phosphotyrosine antibody showed that, in response to CCK, tyrosine phosphorylations of Src and PI3K were enhanced at the location of p60 and p85, respectively. Src was co-immunoprecipitated with PI3K following stimulation with CCK, suggesting that pp60src forms an immunocomplex with PI3K via the N-SH2 domain of the p85 regulatory subunit. Thus PI3K and its association with Src appear to be involved in mediating CCK-stimulated pancreatic exocytosis.
Supporting Teacher Candidates during the Electronic Portfolio Development Process

In recent years, there has been a movement in the USA towards performance-based evaluation of teachers. As a result, many schools, colleges, and departments of education have moved towards integrat...
Marriage protection and marriage selection—Prospective evidence for reciprocal effects of marital status and health

Married adults are generally healthier than unmarried adults. It has been hypothesized that marriage is associated with good health because marriage has beneficial effects on health (marriage protection effects) and/or because healthier individuals are more likely to marry and to stay married (marriage selection effects). To investigate these hypotheses, this study analyzes prospective panel data for a large national sample of women in the U.S. (the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women). The women were aged 24-34 yr at the beginning of two successive five-year follow-up intervals. Analyses of the prospective data indicate that there were significant marriage protection effects, but only among women who were not employed. Specifically, for women who were not employed, married women had better health trends than unmarried women in each follow-up interval. It appears that marriage had beneficial effects on health for women who did not have a job which could provide an alternative source of financial resources and social support. In addition, analyses of the prospective data provide limited evidence for marriage selection effects. Specifically, women who had better health initially were more likely to marry and less likely to experience marital dissolution, but only for women who were not employed full-time and only during the first follow-up interval. Thus, the prospective evidence suggests that, for women who were not employed, both marriage protection and marriage selection effects contributed to the marital status differential in health observed in cross-sectional data. In contrast, neither marriage protection nor marriage selection effects were observed for women who were employed full-time. As would be expected, the cross-sectional data show that marital status differentials in health were large and highly significant for women who were not employed, whereas marital status differentials in health were much smaller and often not significant for employed women. Women who were neither married nor employed had particularly poor health. Additional evidence indicates that the women who were neither married nor employed suffered from multiple interacting disadvantages, including poor health, low incomes, and sociodemographic characteristics which contributed to difficulty in obtaining employment.
To activate or not to activate: distinct strategies used by Helicobacter pylori and Francisella tularensis to modulate the NADPH oxidase and survive in human neutrophils

Summary: Neutrophils accumulate rapidly at sites of infection, and the ability of these cells to phagocytose and kill microorganisms is an essential component of the innate immune response. Relatively few microbial pathogens are able to evade neutrophil killing. Herein, we describe the novel strategies used by Helicobacter pylori and Francisella tularensis to disrupt neutrophil function, with a focus on assembly and activation of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase.