cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Line-orientation generalization following signalled-reinforcer training.

Three naive and three nonnaive pigeons key pecked for food on a multiple variable-interval 1-minute variable-interval 1-minute schedule with a black zero-degree vertical line on a white surround associated with one component and a black line shifted 30 degrees to the right (+30 degree) associated with the other component. Subsequently, a signalled-reinforcer procedure was introduced in the +30 degree component, i.e., whenever the reinforcer was available for the next response, the key changed to blank white. Following this training, the original unsignalled-reinforcer condition was re-instated. Line orientation generalization tests were given at the end of signalled-reinforcer training and after the second unsignalled-reinforcer condition. The signalled-reinforcer procedure reduced response rate in the +30-degree component in all subjects but facilitated responding during the zero-degree component (behavioral contrast) for two of the naive subjects only. However, average generalization gradients following signalled-reinforcer training indicated peak shift in two subjects and area shift in all five subjects that completed the experiment. There was no apparent relation between contrast and peak shift or degree of area shift. The data were interpreted as supporting the notion that the signalled-reinforcer procedure segments a variable-interval schedule into extinction and fixed ratio 1 segments.
Radiation as a technique in soil biology and biochemistry

Abstract A history of the utilization of ionizing radiation in soil science is presented, beginning with observations on the difference in sensitivities of various genera of soil organisms to radiation sterilization and on residual enzyme activities in sterile soil. As a rule, the larger the microbe the smaller is the minimum dose required. Generally, microorganisms and enzymes are killed or inactivated as exponential functions of dose of radiation, but the dose requirements depend upon the soil type, soil moisture and genus of organism. Irradiation induces release of small amounts of manganese, ammonium, soluble carbon, organic nitrogen, phosphorus etc. from soil microbes and, to a lesser extent, from humus. The nutrients released can stimulate plant growth in radiation sterilized soil; no toxicity has been noted following soil irradiation. Cells no longer able to proliferate after irradiation may still be biochemically active, e.g. in respiration and nitrification. Irradiated soil is useful for studies of plant-soil-microbe relationships in cases where residues from chemical sterilizing reagents or toxic products from steam sterilization treatment are to be avoided.
The melting behavior of a DNA junction structure: a calorimetric and spectroscopic study.

We present an investigation of the helix–coil transition in a stable branched oligomer of DNA, known as an immobile DNA junction. This junction is composed of four 16-mer strands, which yield four double-helical arms, each containing 8 nucleotide pairs. Properties of the individual arms of this complex are modeled by four octameric duplexes. We have performed experiments using calorimetry, uv absorbance, and CD spectroscopy to characterize the melting transitions of the junction and each arm. By comparing our spectroscopic and calorimetric results on the junction and its component arms, we are able to conclude the following: (1) The calorimetric transition enthalpy for the overall junction complex is equal to the sum of the calorimetric transition enthalpies of the four constituent duplex arms. (2) The optical and the calorimetric measurements yield qualitatively similar, but not identical thermodynamic data. (3) The melting temperature of the junction is less dependent on concentration than the melting temperatures of the individual arms. We attribute this observation to the tetrameric nature of the junction. (4) The ratio of the calorimetric transition enthalpy of the junction and its corresponding van't Hoff value is close to unity. (5) The CD spectrum of the junction is equal quantitatively to the sum of the B-like CD spectra of the four constituent duplex arms.
Aortic origin of the left pulmonary artery

A case of tetralogy of Fallot with aortic origin of the left pulmonary artery is presented. This rare malformation should be suspected in a child with stunted growth, cyanosis, a continuous murmur over the pulmonary area and a hypervascular left lung on chest roentgenogram. Final diagnosis depends upon cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. During surgical correction of the tetralogy, the left pulmonary artery can be divided from the aorta and anastomosed to the main pulmonary artery.
CP violation in K → 3πdecays

Abstract CP-violating effects in K → 3π decays are calculated in a milliweak model, the Weinberg model of CP nonconservation, and are then compared with the results obtained in the Kobayashi-Maskawa model.
Integrating LAN/WAN technologies in support of multimedia telemedicine and teleradiology

In July 1996 the Arizona Telemedicine Program (ATP) was initiated by the state legislature in recognition of the needs of under-served populations in the state. Two important goals are: establish a statewide telemedicine network infrastructure; and use that infrastructure as a test bed to evaluate the effectiveness of state-of-the-art telemedicine services. These two goals exist in the context of an integrated, multidisciplinary telemedicine program. It is necessary to accommodate distinct levels of connectivity for sites depending on their association with the program and the corresponding level of services to be provided. For remote client sites requiring the highest level of service were selected the use of dedicated T1 circuits. At these sites the capabilities provided include: PC based store-and- forward services; point-to-point interactive real-time video interactions for clinical encounters; and multi-point interactive real-time video interactions for support groups and educational activities. For sites funded for lower levels of service we selected simple dial-up telephone based communications to support store-and-forward activities and inexpensive telephone based video conferencing equipment for administrative interactions. At the service sites distributed within the Arizona Health Sciences Center (AHSC) we selected standard LAN technology for store-and-forward applications and T1 based services for interactive video. To integrate these services we selected the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocol, integrated with the LAN environment within the AHSC. The integrated telemedicine network supports eight client sites and two service sites with T1-based ATM and four sites with dial-up lines. At the AHSC, ATM and LAN infrastructure is distributed to several clinical areas, allowing physicians to support telemedicine activities where they normally work. Between July 1997 and Jan 1999 over 2000 telemedicine sessions have been performed, nearly 50 percent of which are teleradiology consults. The use of T1-based ATM has facilitated the development of a wide-area infrastructure that has been easily integrated with LAN and dial-up technology to provide the foundation for diverse telemedicine services.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Picrotoxin-induced disruption of bidirectional active avoidance behavior and locomotor activity.

Abstract The effects of picrotoxin (0.75 and 1.5 mg/kg), an antagonist of GABA mediated chloride ion conductance changes, were examined on the acquisition and performance of a bidirectional active avoidance (BAA) response and on locomotor activity. Treatment with this agent disrupted both the acquisition and performance of this task and decreased locomotor activity. This picrotoxin-induced suppression of BAA was reversed by pre-treatment with diazepam (2 mg/kg), d-amphetamine (d-AMP, 2.0 mg/kg) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD, 10 μmg/kg). Picrotoxin-induced activity decreases in locomotor activity were antagonized by d-AMP, were partially reversed by LSD but were not reversed by methysergide. It is proposed that picrotoxin disrupts bidirectional active avoidance behavior by increasing the response suppressive effects of aversive stimuli and by inducing a general depression of motility.
A peptide model system for processive phosphorylation by Src family kinases.

The Src homology 2 (SH2) and Src homology 3 (SH3) domains of Src family kinases are involved in substrate recognition in vivo. Many cellular substrates of Src kinases contain a large number of potential phosphorylation sites, and the SH2 and SH3 domains of Src are known to be required for phosphorylation of these substrates. In principle, Src could phosphorylate these substrates by either a processive mechanism, in which the enzyme remains bound to the peptide substrate during multiple phosphorylation events, or a nonprocessive (distributive) mechanism, where each phosphorylation requires a separate binding interaction between enzyme and substrate. Here we use a synthetic peptide system to demonstrate that Hck, a Src family kinase, can phosphorylate substrates containing an SH2 domain ligand by a processive mechanism. Hck catalyzes the phosphorylation of these sites in a defined order. Furthermore, we show that addition of an SH3 domain to a peptide can enhance its phosphorylation both by activating Hck a...
Perfectionism and explicit self-esteem: The moderating role of implicit self-esteem

It has recently been proposed that individuals with discrepant low self-esteem (i.e., low explicit self-esteem but high implicit self-esteem) may be characterized as possessing a glimmer of hope (Spencer, Jordan, Logel, & Zanna, 2005). That is, these individuals may exhibit more optimism and less self-protection than is typically seen among individuals with low self-esteem. Consistent with the glimmer of hope hypothesis, we proposed that individuals with discrepant low self-esteem would report relatively high levels of perfectionism. The results of the present study support this prediction: Among individuals with low explicit self-esteem, those with high implicit self-esteem reported higher levels of maladaptive and adaptive perfectionism. Overall, the results suggest that the inclusion of implicit self-esteem enhances our understanding of the relationship between perfectionism and explicit self-esteem.
Ballistic dynamics of Airy beams

We demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally that optical Airy beams propagating in free space can perform ballistic dynamics akin to those of projectiles moving under the action of gravity. The parabolic trajectories of these beams as well as the motion of their center of gravity were observed in good agreement with theory. The possibility of circumventing an obstacle placed in the path of the Airy beam is discussed.
Endoscopic ultrasound–guided fine needle aspiration cytology of solid liver lesions: a large single-center experience

Endoscopic ultrasound–guided fine needle aspiration cytology of solid liver lesions: a large single-center experience
Functional expression of yoked human chorionic gonadotropin in baculovirus-infected insect cells.

hCG is a glycoprotein hormone composed of an alpha-subunit, common to all gonadotropins and to TSH, and a hormone-specific beta-subunit. The non-covalent association of the two subunits is an obligatory step for the formation of biologically active hormones. The correct assembly of the heterodimer is also important for efficient secretion of the hormone, receptor binding, and signal transduction. Herein, we have demonstrated that expression of the two subunits from independent promoters present in a single recombinant baculovirus resulted in subunit association and secretion of biologically active holoprotein by the insect cells. To determine whether the active conformation of heterodimer could be achieved when the two subunits were synthesized in tandem on a single polypeptide chain, two single chain or yoked hCG1, the C-terminus of the complete beta-subunit (145 amino acid residues) was conjoined to the N-terminus of the alpha-subunit. Yoked hCG2 was similar, except that it contained the N-terminal 123 ...
Optical scheme for wavelength selective diffractive optical element using phase delay layer and liquid crystal polymer

Wavelength selective diffractive optical element comprising an optimal phase delay layer and two polarization sensitive gratings has been reported and experimentally demonstrated. Two independent wavelengths have orthogonal polarization states after through the phase delay layer and have diffracted by different polarization sensitive grating, independently.
Archaeological Prospection of the Hatfield Site, a Monongahela Tradition Village in Washingon County, Pennsylvania

An archaeological prospection survey was undertaken at the Hatfield site in November 2011. In total, 28 subsurface anomalies were identified through magnetic susceptibility, magnetic gradient, and ground-penetrating radar methods. Several of the anomalies resulted from modern activities at the site, including agricultural plowing and previous archaeological excavations. However, a number possibly represent prehistoric cultural remains pertaining to a Monongahela tradition component at the Hatfield site, including two pit features, six dwellings, and a house ring zone. The size and arrangement of dwellings as well as the spatial layout of the house ring is consistent with most known Monongahela tradition villages. If the anomalies indeed represent a section of a village, it would encompass an estimated area of 0.69 to 0.92 ha. In addition, a composite anomaly to the south of the Hatfield site may represent a second village covering an area of 0.1 ha.
ENERGY LOSS OF MOVING ELECTRONS TO DIPOLAR RELAXATION

The relation between energy loss of a moving charged particle and dielectric loss in an insulator is analyzed, and a formula giving the rate of energy loss to dielectric relaxation of an electron traversing a dipolar medium is deduced. For an electron having kinetic energy lower than the lowest electronic excitation potential, this interaction makes a substantial contribution to the total energy loss, one often comparable to the loss to molecular or lattice oscillations. Possible applications in physics and in radiobiology are mentioned.
Time budgets in captive Reeve's muntjacs (Muntiacus reevesi)

Abstract Time budgets of 10 captive adult muntjacs ( Muntiacus reevesi ) were analyzed. Rate of occurrence and time spent performing several behaviors varied among individuals, between sex classes, due to the proximity of a conspecific, and with diurnal periods. Adults of both sexes usually rested during the day and paused often during activity bouts; adult males frequently associated with, and continually assessed the breeding condition of, adult females. If these results reflect the behavior of free-ranging muntjacs, then resting during daylight hours and continuous monitoring of the environment via pausing could perhaps minimize predation risks. Further, association with and assessment of the reproductive status of adult females by adult males could maximize reproductive fitness in these solitary, dispersed deer. Muntjacs grazed most often at sunset and for a considerably smaller proportion of the total time budget than some larger ungulates; succulent, high-energy foods were preferred.
Axions and stars

The emission of light, noninteracting particles, such as axions and Majorons, modifies the structure and evolution of stars. We show that the main effects of such an energy loss are to raise the central temperature and luminosity of stars and to reduce their lifetimes. We clarify previous discussions of stellar axion bounds by directly relating the effects of axions to observable stellar parameters. The concordance of the standard model of the Sun with observations yields a self-consistent bound on the coupling of light pseudoscalars to electrons: ${g}_{\ensuremath{\varphi}e}$5.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}11}$. This corresponds to a lower limit on the Peccei-Quinn scale, (F/2${X}_{e}^{\mathcal{'}}$)\ensuremath{\ge}${10}^{7}$ GeV, comparable to the usually quoted solar bound. The lifetime of helium-burning stars can be used to place a very stringent and confident bound on the axion scale, (F/2${X}_{e}^{\mathcal{'}}$)\ensuremath{\ge}5.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{8}$ GeV, corresponding to ${g}_{\ensuremath{\varphi}e}$9.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}13}$. We also discuss the consequences of axion emission for the solar-neutrino problem, for the ages of globular clusters, and for terrestrial solar axion detectors. Since the axion luminosity scales as a lower power of temperature than the nuclear-energy-generation rate, axion emission has a stronger influence on cool stars. We discuss the resultant changes in the mass-luminosity relation for low-mass stars and the effects on the low-mass cutoff for main-sequence stars.
Power-law spin correlations in pyrochlore antiferromagnets

The ground state ensemble of the highly frustrated pyrochlore-lattice antiferromagnet can be mapped to a coarse-grained ``polarization'' field satisfying a zero-divergence condition. From this it follows that the correlations of this field, as well as the actual spin correlations, decay with separation like a dipole-dipole interaction $(1∕\ensuremath{\mid}R{\ensuremath{\mid}}^{3})$. Furthermore, a lattice version of the derivation gives an approximate formula for spin correlations, with several features that agree well with simulations and neutron-diffraction measurements of diffuse scattering, in particular the pinch-point (pseudo-dipolar) singularities at reciprocal lattice vectors. This system is compared to others in which constraints also imply diffraction singularities, and other possible applications of the coarse-grained polarization are discussed.
A Method for Measuring the Temperature Distribution Along the Cutting Edges of a Drill

A drill-foil thermocouple system is developed for measuring the temperature distribution along the cutting edges of a drill. The system is simple to implement, and it does not suffer the problems experienced by previously developed methods. Experiments show that the method is accurate, produces repeatable measurements, and is sensitive to the drilling conditions, including the speed, feed, and drill geometry.
Sampling to estimate the number of duplicates in a database

Abstract The problem of estimating the number of duplicate records in a database by sampling is explored. Sampling is done with probability of selection proportional to size, with size being defined as the number of records equivalent to a given record. The cost of sampling this way forces the sample sizes to be small. Two estimators are given for with- and without-replacement sampling. A sample-based estimator of the variance of the with-replacement estimator is available but not for the without-replacement estimator and thus is determined by computer simulation. Because of the size of the population and the many populations possible, efficient simulation software was constructed and is described. Simulations show that in our application, both estimators are accurate for small samples and the estimates are nearly identical. This is supported by mathematical analysis.
Patterns of Invasion: Trends in Abundance of Understory Vegetation, Seed Rain, and Seed Bank from Forest Edge to Interior

Non-native species are often abundant in the vegetation of forest edges, decreasing in abundance with distance into the forest interior. Regenerative strategies such as the seed rain and seed bank were expected to exhibit a similar pattern of decrease from the edge to the interior; however, this has been rarely investigated. Trends in abundance of the understory vegetation, seed rain, and seed bank of both native and non-native plant species from forest edge to interior at three different natural areas bordered respectively by a crop, a hay field, and a forest access road were quantified. Three 90 m transects were established perpendicularly across each of the three edge types into the forest interior. Twelve 3.14 m2 circular plots 5 m apart for the first 20 m and 10 m apart thereafter were established along each transect. We compared the abundance of all vascular plant species in the vegetation, seed rain, and the soil seed bank in these plots. Species richness of the vegetation, the seed rain, and the seed bank (native and non-native species combined) decreased from the forest edge into the interior. Sixteen non-native species were observed and were limited to 30 m from the forest edge. Out of these 16 non-native species, > 50% were found only in the seed bank. We observed different trends in abundance of native and non-native vegetation, seed rain, and seed bank for some species. Our study suggests that removing aboveground biomass of non-native species may not be the only thing to consider in non-native species management because of the high frequency of additional non-native species in the seed bank that are absent from the existing vegetation. In order to minimize non-native species, managers should eradicate seedlings of non-native species along forest edges before they mature and produce seed.
On the etiology of cancer.

C ANCER is a popular generic term for malignant neoplasms, a great group of diseases of unknown (and probably multiple) cause, occurring in all human and animal populations and arising in all tissues composed of potentially dividing cells. Its basic characteristic is the hereditarily transmissible abnormality in cells that is manifested by reduced control over growth and function, leading to serious adverse effects on the host through invasive growth and metastasis.
Strategy for the Resolution of a Chiral Dearomatization Agent:{TpRe(CO)(1-methylimidazole)} Coordination of α-Pinene (Tp = Hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate)

A methodology for resolving TpRe(CO)(1-methylimidazole)(η2-benzene) has been developed utilizing (R)-α-pinene. Each enantiomer of the {TpRe(CO)(MeIm)} system can be obtained with the enantiomer ratio (er) = 97:3 by taking advantage of differing rates of pinene substitution for the two diastereomers of TpRe(CO)(MeIm)(η2-(R)-α-pinene).
Back to the future; an exploration of cardiac mass measurements

Background Historically, many of the original approaches to identify blood pool and myocardium relied on ‘region growing’ techniques, which seek out boundaries based on a combination of grey level intensities and edge sharpness. However, these approaches have been largely abandoned due to the poor contrast quality of the then standard, gradient echo imaging. In the modern era of superior image quality with SSFP imaging, revisiting the region growing approach warrants serious consideration, since it potentially leads to a more accurate assessment cardiac chamber volume and tissue mass. Hypothesis: Measurements of cardiac mass by ATMT operating on SSFP images is highly correlated with explanted weights.
Banning Genetic Discrimination

In February, the U.S. Senate passed bill S. 306, the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2005, by a vote of 98 to 0. Knowledgeable observers consider the prospects for passage of the House equivalent of this bill to be only slightly better than they were in 2003, when the bill never reached the House floor. Henry Greely asks, what's going on?
Effects of opioid peptides on neural control of renal function in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

The aims of the present study were to examine the effects of opioid receptor agonists and antagonists on the renal vascular (renal blood flow) and tubular (urinary sodium excretion) responses to renal nerve stimulation and norepinephrine in anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Graded frequency renal nerve stimulation (0.5-4.0 Hz) and doses of norepinephrine (10-80 ng/kg) produced frequency and dose-dependent decreases in renal blood flow. The renal vasoconstrictor responses were not altered by intravenous infusion of the opioid receptor agonists methionine enkephalin (mu and delta, 75 micrograms/kg/min) or U-50488H (kappa, 20 micrograms/kg/min) or administration of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (1 mg/kg i.v.). The antinatriuretic response to low frequency (less than 1.0 Hz) electrical renal nerve stimulation was prevented by naloxone but not affected by methionine enkephalin administration without changes in glomerular filtration rate or effective renal plasma flow. These studies suggest that endogenous opioid receptor mechanisms are involved in the increased renal tubular sodium reabsorption response to low frequency renal nerve stimulation but not in the renal vasoconstrictor response to either renal nerve stimulation or norepinephrine. This might occur by facilitation of the renal nerve terminal release, the direct renal tubular action, or both, of norepinephrine to influence renal tubular sodium reabsorption.
Characterizing ground water use by safflower using weighing lysimeters

Abstract Decades of irrigation on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley without sufficient drainage have created large areas where shallow ground water (
Incisional hernia repair after liver transplantation: a second editorial look.

Background: Incisional hernia is a potential complication of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), with various options for repair. Study Design: We conducted a retrospective review of a series of adult patients with incisional hernias after OLT to identify risk factors and to compare methods of repair. Results: Incisional hernia repair was performed in 44 of 959 patients (4.6%) who underwent OLT from 1999 to 2005. Mean age at time of OLT was 53 years, and 73% were men. One or more complications of OLT occurred in 33 patients (75%) and included reoperation for bile leak or hemoperitoneum (34%), pulmonary problems (27%), early acute rejection (7%), and severe ascites and retransplantation (5% each). Incisional hernia was diagnosed at 419 days (range 62 to 1,524 days) and repaired at 471 days (range 109 to 1,581 days) after OLT. Presentation included pain or discomfort (78%) and incarceration or strangulation (5%); 17% were asymptomatic. Herniorrhaphy techniques included fascial repair with onlay polypropylene mesh reinforcement (n 25, 57%); fascial repair only (n 15, 34%); or inlay mesh sewn to fascial edges (n 4, 9%). Complications of repair included recurrence in seven patients (16%) and wound infection and seroma in one patient each. Recurrence occurred in five patients with primary repair and two with mesh techniques (33% versus 6%, p 0.04). Conclusions: Incisional hernia is a late complication of OLT for which male gender and early post-OLT complications are risk factors. Repair is safe when undertaken after acute problems have resolved and is best accomplished using mesh reinforcement of autologous tissue. (J Am Coll Surg 2006;203:421-425.)
Slash fiction and human mating psychology.

The stark contrasts between romance novels and pornography, both multibillion dollar global industries, underscore how different male and female erotic fantasies actually are. These differences ref...
First-principles study of hydrogen ordering in beta -YH2+x.

The phase stability is studied for the \ensuremath{\beta}-phase ${\mathrm{YH}}_{2+\mathit{x}}$ system based on first-principles total energy calculations. Our study predicts that the ${\mathrm{D}0}_{22}$, ``40'', and ${\mathrm{D}1}_{\mathit{a}}$ structures are stable near x=0.25, 0.5, and 0.8, respectively. Using the effective cluster interactions obtained from the first-principles total-energy data, the phase diagram for the ${\mathrm{D}0}_{22}$ and ``40'' ordered phases is calculated by the cluster variational method. The calculated order-disorder transition temperature at x=0.1 for the ${\mathrm{D}0}_{22}$ structure is around 280 K, which is consistent with the recent observation of the metal-semiconductor transition near 230--280 K and resistivity anomalies near 200--250 K for the system with x near 0.1 [Daou and Vajda, Phys. Rev. B 45, 10 907 (1992)].
Concentration and decentralization: The new geography of freight distribution in US metropolitan areas

Abstract This paper examines the suburbanization of warehousing and trucking activity within US metropolitan areas between the 1980s and the present using Gini indices as a measure of concentration. While historical work exists on the relocation of transportation and warehousing activity to suburban locations, there has been little to document the most recent shifts in warehousing and logistics. This research does so via spatial analysis of Economic Census data, finding that while most US metropolitan areas have experienced decentralization in the spatial distribution of freight-related activity, there is also some growth in core counties, indicating that a more complex process is going on than simple suburbanization.
What We Know About Learning

Traditionally, engineering research and teaching have been approached in very different ways. To prepare for research we undergo years of rigorous training, both in scientific knowledge and in methods of gaining new knowledge through experimentation and analysis. To prepare for teaching, we acquire the same knowledge, but, except for a stint as a teaching assistant, we receive almost no training in how to impart it to students. Fortunately, there is now a well developed science of human learning which has strong implications for the ways in which our students should learn and we should teach. This paper comments on some of the things we know about human learning that can substantially improve our university instruction.
POSSIBLE TESTS OF CURRENT ALGEBRA AND THE HYPOTHESIS OF PARTIALLY CONSERVED AXIAL-VECTOR CURRENT.

It is shown that the current algebra and the hypothesis of partially conserved axial-vector current require the existence of a certain "contact-interaction" term in the usual pseudoscalar-pseudoscalar meson theory. Possible detection of such a contact term in the reactions ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}+{N}^{*++}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}+{N}^{*}$ is discussed.
Repair of iatrogenic hepatic duct stricture in an infant.

Iatrogenic fibrosis and stricture of an infants extrahepatic bile ducts was successfully repaired by Roux-en-Y portoenterostomy.
The Sounds of Place: Music and the American Cultural Landscape

In recent decades, historical, literary, and art scholars have begun to focus on the cultural meaning of place and its influence on the artwork. A few prominent examples of this recent scholarship ...
The Particle‐Size Dependence of the Activation Energy for Decomposition of Lithium Amide

thus suggesting that the thermodynamics and kinetics of the decomposition depend on the particle size. The high surfaceto-volume ratio of nanoparticles that result from the ballmilling process not only leads to an increase in the number of surface-active sites for reaction, but may also affect the actual reaction mechanisms. Based on results of ab initio calculations for native point defects and defect complexes in LiNH2, we propose herein that the decomposition of LiNH2 into lithium imide (Li2NH) and ammonia (NH3) occurs through two competing mechanisms, one that involves the formation of native defects in the interior of the material and the other at the surface. As a result, the prevailing mechanism and hence the activation energy depend on the surface-to-volume ratio, or the specific surface area (SSA), which changes with the particle size. We explain the observed variation of activation energy with ball milling, and address the role played by LiH in the dehydrogenation of (LiNH2+LiH) mixtures. At temperatures below 300 8C, LiNH2 reversibly stores approximately 6.5 wt% hydrogen during absorption under 20 bar followed by desorption under 0.04 bar, according to the following reaction [Eq. (1)]:
Commissioning and Operation of the Nuclear Physics Injector at SLAC

The new Nuclear Physics Injector (NPI) approved for construction in October of 1983 was completed by September of 1984, and delivered short pulse beams for SPEAR ring checkout in mid-October. Long pulse beams of up to 1.6 microsecond length were also demonstrated. The paper describes the startup operation, reviews the performance characteristics, and discusses the beam transport optics used to deliver 1 to 4 GeV beams to nuclear physics experiments in End Station A. The SLAC Nuclear Physics Injector is in full operation!
The effect of changing sea ice on the physical vulnerability of Arctic coasts

Abstract. Sea ice limits the interaction of the land and ocean water in the Arctic winter and influences this interaction in the summer by governing the fetch. In many parts of the Arctic, the open-water season is increasing in duration and summertime sea-ice extents are decreasing. Sea ice provides a first-order control on the physical vulnerability of Arctic coasts to erosion, inundation, and damage to settlements and infrastructures by ocean water. We ask how the changing sea-ice cover has influenced coastal erosion over the satellite record. First, we present a pan-Arctic analysis of satellite-based sea-ice concentration specifically along the Arctic coasts. The median length of the 2012 open-water season, in comparison to 1979, expanded by between 1.5 and 3-fold by Arctic Sea sector, which allows for open water during the stormy Arctic fall. Second, we present a case study of Drew Point, Alaska, a site on the Beaufort Sea, characterized by ice-rich permafrost and rapid coastal-erosion rates, where both the duration of the open-water season and distance to the sea-ice edge, particularly towards the northwest, have increased. At Drew Point, winds from the northwest result in increased water levels at the coast and control the process of submarine notch incision, the rate-limiting step of coastal retreat. When open-water conditions exist, the distance to the sea ice edge exerts control on the water level and wave field through its control on fetch. We find that the extreme values of water-level setup have increased consistently with increasing fetch.
Reply to “Comment on lsquo;A new estimate for Present‐day Cocos‐Caribbean plate motion: Implications for slip along the Central American volcanic arc’” by Marco Guzmãn‐Speziale and Juan Martín Gómez

[1] I thank Guzman-Speziale and Gomez (GSG02) for their comments on DeMets (2001) (DM2001). GSG02 do not challenge the fundamental observation reported by DM2001, namely, that earthquake slip directions along the Middle America trench between western Guatemala and Costa Rica are rotated ∼10° clockwise relative to the Cocos-Caribbean convergence direction. However, they dispute the interpretation that this oblique convergence causes dextral shear across the Central American forearc in this region [White, 1991; DeMets, 2001]. Below, I address their reservations.
The FabR (YijC) Transcription Factor Regulates Unsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli

Unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis is a vital facet of Escherichia coli physiology and requires the expression of two genes, fabA and fabB, in the type II fatty acid synthase system. This study links the FabR (YijC) transcription factor to the regulation of unsaturated fatty acid content through the regulation of fabB gene expression. The yijC (fabR) gene was deleted by replacement with a selectable cassette, and the resulting strains (fabR::kan) possessed significantly elevated levels of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly cis-vaccenate, in their membrane phospholipids. The altered fatty acid composition was observed in the fabR::kan fabF1 double mutant pinpointing fabB as the condensing enzyme responsible for the increased cis-vaccenate production. The fabR::kan strains had 4- to 8-fold higher levels of fabB and a 2- to 3-fold increase in fabA transcripts as judged by Northern blotting, Affymetrix array analysis, and real-time PCR. FabR did not regulate the enzymes of fatty acid beta-oxidation. The elevated level of fabB mRNA was reflected by higher condensing enzyme activity in fabR::kan fabF1 double mutants. Thus, FabR functions as a repressor that potently controls the expression of the fabB gene, which in turn, modulates the physical properties of the membrane by altering the level of unsaturated fatty acid production.
Role of the p70 S6 kinase cascade in neutrophilic differentiation and proliferation of HL-60 cells—a study of transferrin receptor-positive and -negative cells obtained from dimethyl sulfoxide- or retinoic acid-treated HL-60 cells

Abstract Previously, we suggested that p70 S6 kinase (p70 S6K) plays an important role in the regulation of neutrophilic differentiation of HL-60 cells; this conclusion was based on our analysis of transferrin receptor (Trf-R) positive (Trf-R + ) and negative (Trf-R − ) cells that appeared after treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide (Me 2 SO). In this study, we analyzed the upstream of p70 S6K in relation to the differentiation and proliferation of both cell types. The granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-induced enhancement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity in Trf-R + cells was markedly higher than that in Trf-R − cells. Wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of PI3K, partially inhibited G-CSF-induced p70 S6K activity and G-CSF-dependent proliferation, whereas rapamycin, an inhibitor of p70 S6K, completely inhibited these activities. The wortmannin-dependent enhancement of neutrophilic differentiation was similar to that induced by rapamycin. From these results, we conclude that the PI3K/p70 S6K cascade may play an important role in negative regulation of neutrophilic differentiation in HL-60 cells. For the G-CSF-dependent proliferation, however, p70 S6K appears to be a highly important pathway through not only a PI3K-dependent but also possibly an independent cascade.
Lymphovascular Space Invasion in Microcystic Elongated and Fragmented (MELF)-Pattern Well-differentiated Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma is Associated With a Higher Rate of Lymph Node Metastasis

The microcystic elongated and fragmented (MELF) pattern of myoinvasion is a feature of some well-differentiated endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinomas that has been associated with poor prognosis. The myoinvasion in MELF-pattern tumors can be subtle and lead to underestimation of the depth of myometrial invasion resulting in tumor understaging; the presence of lymphvascular space invasion (LVSI) and lymph node metastasis in MELF-pattern tumors can also be subtle and lead to tumor understaging. To investigate the association of MELF-pattern invasion and lymph node metastasis, we reviewed a series of well-differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinomas and correlated the presence of MELF-pattern myoinvasion and LVSI with lymph node metastasis. Cases of T1 stage well-differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinomas with LVSI and a concurrent lymph node dissection were identified from departmental files. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides from the hysterectomy specimen and lymph nodes were reviewed for the presence of MELF-pattern myoinvasion, LVSI, and nodal metastasis. MELF-pattern myoinvasion was identified at least focally in 36% of cases. The pattern of LVSI differed between cases with MELF-pattern invasion and conventional-type invasion, as did the pattern of nodal metastasis. A statistically significantly higher rate of lymph node metastasis was present in cases with MELF-pattern invasion than in cases with conventional invasion, and the rate stratified with the proportion of MELF-pattern adenocarcinomas. MELF-pattern cases carry an increased rate of lymph node metastasis even within the subset of endometrioid tumors with LVSI, which has implications in routine clinical practice as it signals the importance of recognizing MELF-pattern myoinvasion.
Distributed structure determination at the JCSG

The Joint Center for Structural Genomics (JCSG), one of four large-scale structure-determination centers funded by the US Protein Structure Initiative (PSI) through the National Institute for General Medical Sciences, has been operating an automated distributed structure-solution pipeline, Xsolve, for well over half a decade. During PSI-2, Xsolve solved, traced and partially refined 90% of the JCSG's nearly 770 MAD/SAD structures at an average resolution of about 2 A without human intervention. Xsolve executes many well established publicly available crystallography software programs in parallel on a commodity Linux cluster, resulting in multiple traces for any given target. Additional software programs have been developed and integrated into Xsolve to further minimize human effort in structure refinement. ConsensusModeler exploits complementarities in traces from Xsolve to compute a single optimal model for manual refinement. Xpleo is a powerful robotics-inspired algorithm to build missing fragments and qFit automatically identifies and fits alternate conformations.
Agency Problems, the 17th Amendment, and Representation in the Senate

A prominent change in American electoral institutions occurred when the 17th Amendment to the Constitution established direct election of U.S. Senators as of 1914. How did this change the political agency relationship between the mass electorate and U.S. Senators? We develop theoretical expectations about the representational effects of direct election by a relatively inexpert mass electorate and indirect election by a relatively expert political intermediary, based on principal-agent theory. The chief predictions are that the representative will be more responsive to the mass electorate under direct election, but will also have more discretion to pursue his or her own ends. We use the 17th Amendment as a quasi-experiment to test the predictions of the theory. Statistical models show strong support for both predictions. Moreover, the 17th Amendment is not associated with similar changes in the U.S. House of Representatives—as expected, since the amendment did not change House electoral institutions. A cornerstone of theoretical justifications for representative government is that representatives faithfully translate popular will into policy decisions, and constituents are able to hold them accountable through elections if they do not. Even if voters are fullyinformed and rational, the blunt instrument of elections may not be up to this task, and if they are not, then any decoupling of citizens from policy decisions is inherently problematic (although perhaps necessary in a large democracy). Furthermore, placing extra intermediaries between citizens and ultimate policy choices linked by a chain of electoral connections would seem to make matters worse for citizens because every link in the chain is another possibility for a disconnect between voters and policy choices. However, this logic is complicated if electoral intermediaries hold better information than voters about selecting or monitoring elected officials. The intermediaries’ information is useful for voters, although they may not leverage it exactly as voters would if they themselves had it. The 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides a unique opportunity to study such institutional
Role of opioids in the physiologic and pathophysiologic control of the cerebral circulation.

AbstractThe cerebral circulation is regulated by chemical stimuli, metabolic factors, perfusion pressure, and nerves. A previous review focused on local humoral control of a paracine-autocrine nature and on selected novel (vasopressinergic, opioid) and classical (sympathetic, cholinergic) neural-humoral stimuli for the control of the cerebral circulation (1). The present review will serve as a follow-up to the previous article and will focus on the role of opioids in the physiologic and pathophysiologic control of the cerebral circulation.
Effective Litigative Writing Harnessing the Wild Spirit of Stephen Dedalus

This review of the relationship of law and art in the litigative context explores ways in which the methodologies of the novelist and other artists can be invoked by the lawyer in structuring and developing a case and presenting it to a court. To the litigators who transcend the form books and stereotypes and see their cases with a fresh eye, neither the law nor the facts are fixed in stone but rather created to meet the deepest realities of the case within the context of our most fundamental values and beliefs. Litigators, by the way they define and project the issues, can affect, even determine, what law and facts are legally relevant and dispositive. They must devise and write the story that threads the client's way out of the labyrinth. Mastery of the formal requirements of litigative writing is only a necessary first step. Freewriting; Hemingwayesque choice of words and syntax; harnessing the symbolic, often hidden, power of language; achieving the dramatic potential of case presentation—all these an...
Sediments and water fluxes in a muddy coastline: interplay between waves and tidal channel hydrodynamics

Tidal channels are ubiquitous in muddy coastlines and play a critical role in the redistribution of sediments, thus dictating the general evolution of intertidal landforms. In muddy coastlines, the morphology of tidal channels and adjacent marshes strongly depends on the supply of fine sediments from the shelf and on the resuspension of sediments by wind waves. To investigate the processes that regulate sediment fluxes in muddy coastlines, we measured tidal velocity and sediment concentration in Little Constance Bayou, a tidal channel in the Rockefeller State Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana, USA. The tidal measurements were integrated with measurements of wave activity in the bay at the mouth of the channel, thus allowing the quantification of feedbacks between waves and sediment fluxes. Results indicate that the sediment concentration in the channel is directly related to the wave height in the adjacent bay during flood and high slack water, whereas the concentration during ebb depends on local channel velocity. Moreover, the sediment flux during ebb is of the same order of magnitude as the sediment flux during the previous flood, indicating that only a small fraction of transported sediments are stored in the marsh during a tidal cycle. Finally, very low tides, characterized by high ebb velocities, export large volumes of sediment to the ocean. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.