cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gravitational instabilities in a compressible collisional plasma layer

Abstract The stability of a plasma layer under the influence of a gravitational field, in conditions where all the dissipative effects due to collisions are important, is investigated by proper asymptotic methods. Small ratios of the kinetic to the magnetic pressure and regimes where the ion Larmor radius effects are not relevant are considered. In these conditions, by comparing the heat diffusion rate due to ion-ion collisions with the mass diffusion rate due to ionelectron collisions, the fastest gravitational modes are found to be isothermal or adiabatic. Therefore, except for a particular set of equilibrium configurations which are examined, the compressibility of the system plays an essential role. As a consequence, the perturbed electric field, associated with the resistivity and the current transverse to the magnetic field, directly enters the stability problem and has the effect of restraining the material from crossing the lines of force. The conditions where stability is possible are then derived. Proper variational methods are given and used in order to determine conditions for marginal stability or growth rates when simple analytic solutions are not available.
Forensic and correctional applications of the personality assessment inventory.

The relative utility of psychological tests for addressing legal issues is an area of considerable debate in the field. Regardless of the merits of psychological testing, it is apparent that such instruments are used widely both to address specific psycholegal issues and to evaluate offender populations more generally. One instrument gaining prominence in terms of its use in both forensic and correctional settings is the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991), which was developed to assess various constructs relevant to clinical settings (e.g. psychopathology, response distortion, and personality traits). This paper reviews the psychometric properties of the PAI specifically in reference to its ability to assess factors relevant to forensic decision-making, as well as its utility to provide clinically relevant information about offender populations more generally.
Presidential address: the Endocrine Society.

Last July when I assumed office I fully expected that my term as president of the Endocrine Society would be tranquil. Those serious internal problems of the Society that existed a few years ago had been effectively dealt with by my two predecessors, Dr. Liddle—and before him—Dr. Engel, and I was confident that there was so little that the president would be required to do during the year, that I would leave this office on June 30 forever after having been known as the Calvin Coolidge of the Endocrine Society. But, as you may know, tranquility does not describe the state of affairs of the Society over the past twelve months. During this interval, it has become evident that the needs of the science require something more than passivity, for the future development of endocrinology depends to a large extent upon that human enterprise called politics.
Optical modulation waves excited in microlaser arrays

Long-range coherence in periodically arranged microlaser arrays is analyzed, employing vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) as a case study. It is shown that periodic VCSEL arrays behave as oscillator lattices coupled through near-neighbor interactions. Modulation of an individual VCSEL excites intensity waves through the array. The dispersion relation for the lattice waves, the excited bandwidth, and the modulation decay length are obtained as functions of the individual cavity parameters and lattice constants. For practical applications, the correlation length limits in the array packing density for a given tolerance to VCSEL cross talk.
Emotional distress, coping and adjustment in family members of neuroscience intensive care unit patients.

Abstract Objective We evaluated emotional distress, coping strategy use, caregiver adjustment, and the relationship among these variables in family members (FMs) of patients hospitalized in a neuroscience intensive care unit (NSICU). Methods Fifty-one primary relatives of NSICU patients were administered the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) and an abbreviated version of the COPE within 2 days of admission to the NSICU, just prior to patient discharge from the unit, and approximately 30 days after patient discharge (follow-up). FMs' adjustment to the role of caregiver was also evaluated at follow-up with the Caregiver Appraisal Scale (CAS). Results BSI emotional distress levels were higher than those of the nonpatient normative sample at patient admission, but, except for anxiety, were within a standard deviation of the mean of the said group; with the exception of anxiety they declined to below nonpatient normative levels at follow-up. Females' distress levels were higher than those of males'. FMs' use of both problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies increased from admission through follow-up. Emotional distress was unrelated to problem-focused coping but was associated with emotion-focused coping at admission and discharge, with use of denial as a coping strategy primarily accounting for this relationship. Extent of use of both problem-focused and emotion-focused coping at admission was associated with better caregiver adjustment at follow-up, but over time only increases in problem-focused coping were associated with better subsequent caregiver adjustment. Conclusions Findings suggest that interventions fostering increased use of problem-focused coping and sense of control will be effective in lowering FM distress level and enhancing subsequent adjustment in the role of caregiver.
A MICRO-METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF BUTYL-ALCOHOL EXTRACTABLE HORMONAL IODINE IN SERUM*†

A micromethod for the determination of serum butanol-extractable hormonal iodine, using an ashing technique and adapted to the Beckman DU spectrophotometer, is described. The adaptation of the method to this spectrophotometer has been achieved by employing the inhibitory effect of Ag+ on iodide catalysis of the ceric-arsenious reaction. Chemical kinetics pertaining to the catalytic effect of I− on the cericarsenious reaction are analyzed and discussed. Under the conditions of this procedure, the catalytic effect of I− on the ceric-arsenious oxidation-reduction reaction follows a first-order rate, and therefore a linear calibration curve can be constructed relating the to the concentration of added I−. Recoveries of freshly prepared thyroxinc alone and thyroxine added to scrum, using the prescribed procedure, ranged from 92 to 101 per cent. This method effectively eliminates potential contaminants of serum such as mono- and diiodotyrosine, inorganic iodide, and heavy metal.
Asset poverty and happiness in urban China

This study examines the association between asset poverty and happiness in urban China. Asset poverty refers to the insufficiency of assets to satisfy basic household needs for a limited period of time, and data come from a 2002 survey conducted as part of the Chinese Household Income Project. The findings suggest that asset poverty is negatively related to happiness. Asset poverty has a greater marginal effect on happiness among low-income households than among those with higher incomes. The association between asset poverty and happiness is partially mediated by precautionary savings, the household living standard, perceived fairness of the income distribution, and predicted future income. The study discusses the implications of the findings for developing asset-building programmes to improve happiness.
Dark spot formation relative to ITO surface roughness for polyfluorene devices

Abstract The failure behaviors of ITO/PEDOT;PSS/polyfluorene/Al devices are different depending on the surface roughness of the sputtered ITO anode film. The spikes on ITO surface are responsible for the initial local shorts of the device, which develop into dark spots very quickly. Indium adsorption is observed on the polymer and Al cathode interface. A chemical etching procedure is used to smoothen the ITO surface without changing the ITO thickness and the sheet resistance. Devices made out of smooth ITO show minimum changes at polymer–cathode interface during operation.
Simulations of high-gain shock-ignited inertial-confinement-fusion implosions using less than 1 MJ of direct KrF-laser energy

Abstract In this paper, we report on recent numerical simulations of inertial-confinement-fusion (ICF) implosions using the FAST radiation hydrocode at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Our study focuses on three classes of shock-ignited target designs utilizing less than 1 MJ of direct, krypton-fluoride (KrF) laser energy, which was “zoomed” to maximize the coupling efficiency. In the shock-ignition approach [R. Betti, C.D. Zhou, K.S. Anderson, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 (2007) 155001], a moderate-intensity, compressive laser pulse is followed by a short-duration high-intensity spike that launches a spherically-convergent shock wave to ignite a thick shell of compressed fuel. Such an arrangement appears to offer several significant advantages, including a low ignition threshold, high gain, and less susceptibility to the deleterious effects of hydrodynamic and laser-plasma instabilities. According to one-dimensional simulations, fusion gains over 200 can be achieved with shock-ignited targets using less than 750 kJ of laser energy. This represents a significant improvement in performance over conventional centrally-ignited designs. To examine the stability of these targets, several two-dimensional simulations were also performed that incorporated realistic perturbation sources such as laser imprinting and roughness spectra for inner/outer pellet surfaces. Although the simulations indicate that appreciable low-mode distortion of the fuel shell can occur at late time as a result of these perturbations, high gains are still achieved in many cases owing to the low in-flight aspect ratios of shock-ignited targets. We should remark, though, that the high convergence ratios of these same designs suggest that other sources of low-mode asymmetries, which were not considered in this study (e.g., beam misalignment and energy-balance errors), may be important in determining overall pellet stability and performance. We discuss these issues, as well as other salient design considerations for shock-ignited ICF targets.
Pressor responses to central injection of H2 antagonists not caused by GABA blockade

Abstract In awake rats, ranitidine was more effective than cimetidine in elevating blood pressure following intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection, yet neither drug affected the hypotensive response to subsequent injections of muscimol (8.8 nmol i.c.v.). Bicuculline (0.01 nmold) microinjected into the inferior colliculus of rats caused clonic seizures whereas cimetidine (100 nmol) had no effect. The antihistamines did not prevent GABA B receptor-mediated inhibition of twitch responses in transmurally stimulated guinea-pig ileum. Ranitidine potentiated rather than inhibited GABA A receptor-mediated contractions of ileum longitudinal muscle. Cimetidine had no effect on these responses except at high concentrations (3 × 10 −4 M) which caused a slight dextral shift in the contractile response curve for GABA that may be attributed to antimuscarinic actions of cimetidine. Taken together these data do not support the concept that the centrally mediated pressor effects of H 2 antagonists are caused by GABA receptor blockade.
Longitudinal vascular dynamics following cranial window and electrode implantation measured with speckle variance optical coherence angiography

Speckle variance optical coherence angiography (OCA) was used to characterize the vascular tissue response from craniotomy, window implantation, and electrode insertion in mouse motor cortex. We observed initial vasodilation ~40% greater than original diameter 2-3 days post-surgery (dps). After 4 weeks, dilation subsided in large vessels (>50 µm diameter) but persisted in smaller vessels (25-50 µm diameter). Neovascularization began 8-12 dps and vessel migration continued throughout the study. Vasodilation and neovascularization were primarily associated with craniotomy and window implantation rather than electrode insertion. Initial evidence of capillary re-mapping in the region surrounding the implanted electrode was manifest in OCA image dissimilarity. Further investigation, including higher resolution imaging, is required to validate the finding. Spontaneous lesions also occurred in many electrode animals, though the inception point appeared random and not directly associated with electrode insertion. OCA allows high resolution, label-free in vivo visualization of neurovascular tissue, which may help determine any biological contribution to chronic electrode signal degradation. Vascular and flow-based biomarkers can aid development of novel neural prostheses.
Exchange-correlation asymptotics and high harmonic spectra

Abstract High harmonic spectra of N 2 are calculated using time-dependent density functional theory. The adiabatic local density approximation (A-LDA) and the adiabatic van Leeuwen–Baerends (A-LB94) approximations are used to study effects of differing spatial asymptotics. The LB94 potential corrects the LDA potential to the exact - 1 / r decay, but does not satisfy the zero-force condition. The A-LB94 makes a significant change in ionization probabilities but not in the relevant orbital contributions to ionization. This leads to qualitatively similar spectra, the exception being harmonic intensities. We also discuss why spurious dipoles induced by the A-LB94 do not affect significantly the structure of the N 2 harmonic spectrum.
A study of the tensile modulus of short fiber reinforced plastics

An experimental study of the tensile modulus of unidirectional short fiber reinforced plastics is reported. The data show poor agreement with the theories for the longitudinal case but better agreement in the other cases. A semi-empirical theory is proposed to explain the longitudinal modulus data.
Discovery of two novel variants of KIR2DS5 reveals this gene to be a common component of human KIR 'B' haplotypes.

Acknowledgments: This study was supported by grant AI17892 from the U.S. Public Health Service to P.P. C.V. was supported by a fellowship from the “Instituto de Salud Carlos III”, Spain (FIS BAE 98/5105); C.M.G. was supported by a grant from the Leukemia Research Foundation C.V.’s current address: Servicio de Inmunologia, H.U. Clinica Puerta de Hierro, San Martin de Porres 4, 28035 Madrid, Spain. Abstract: The gene encoding the non-inhibitory receptor KIR2DS5 has so far been represented by a single cDNA sequence, NKAT9. A previous study by polymerase chain reaction using sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) failed to detect NKAT9 in genomic DNA of 52 donors, which suggested that KIR2DS5 could be a rare gene. Here, we have characterized two novel variants of KIR2DS5 that differ from NKAT9 by 8 and 10 nucleotide substitutions. The frequency of KIR2DS5 was then re-assessed by PCR-SSP using primers specific for conserved sequences of all three known KIR2DS5 variants. We found KIR2DS5 is not a rare gene, but one present in 26% of 34 donors representing the major ethnic groups. Like other non-inhibitory KIR, the distribution of KIR2DS5 is restricted to the ‘B’ subset of KIR-gene haplotypes. Transcription of the KIR2DS5 gene was studied by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR in natural killer (NK) cells from one donor and shown to follow the clonal distribution seen for most other KIR genes.
IPO market timing: evidence from the operating performance of REITs

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider the operating performance of real estate investment trust initial public offerings (REIT IPOs) as a measure to find additional evidence of market timing in this sector.Design/methodology/approach – A sample of REIT IPOs is analyzed to determine the relationship between IPO clustering and several measures of REIT operating performance.Findings – The results suggest that timing the market by marginal firms in the REIT sector would be difficult, due to the transparent nature of REITs, leading to lower level of informational asymmetry between REIT managers and investors. Consistent with results found for non‐REIT firms in industry clusters, no evidence was found of a significant difference between the operating performance of REITs which are part of an IPO cluster and those that went public outside of the identified cluster periods.Practical implications – This study shows that REIT market is efficient and would not allow REIT managers to time the market.Orig...
On meridional circulation and heat budget of the troposphere over the Equatorial Central Pacific

The existence of an equatorial dry zone in the Central Pacific enclosed between moister belts in both hemispheres is borne out by rainfall measurements and daily ESSA III and ESSA V cloud mosaics. The tropospheric wind regime is studied mainly on the basis of aerological soundings during the Line Islands Experiment (LIE) in spring 1967 and observations of earlier periods. During LIE, upper-tropospheric Westerlies extend continuously across the equator. In the lower layers, Easterlies dominate in the equatorial belt. The meridional wind component in the region of the Line Islands is from the South in the lower layers, and from the North in the upper troposphere. From the vertical profiles of heat content and the distribution of diabatic heat sources and sinks during LIE, vertical profiles of divergence are derived, with the constraint that both the atmospheric heat and moisture budgets are satisfied. Lower-layer convergence and upper-tropospheric divergence result for the rain belt (Palmyra), with the opposite pattern prevailing in the equatorial dry zone (Christmas). Circulation in a mean meridional-vertical plane, derived from these profiles under certain assumptions is characterized by poleward flow in the lower layers, ascending motion in the rain belt, equatorward flow in the upper troposphere, and subsidence in the equatorial dry zone. The ocean-troposphere system gains heat by radiation in both the rain belt and the equatorial dry zone. In the rain belt, export of potential energy and sensible heat exceeds the lower-layer import of latent heat; both troposphere and ocean in this region act as exporters of heat to other parts of the globe. In the equatorial dry zone, import of potential energy and sensible heat exceeds the export of latent heat, resulting in a net import of heat for the tropospheric column as a whole. Heat surplus from this region is disposed of only by the ocean. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1971.tb00546.x
Insensitive Functionals, Inconsistent Gradients, Spurious Minima, and Regularized Functionals in Flow Optimization Problems

We use the simple context of Navier-Stokes flow in a channel with a bump to examine problems caused by the insensitivity of functionals with respect to design parameters, the inconsistency of functional gradient approximations, and the appearance of spurious minima in discretized functionals. We discuss how regularization can help overcome these problems. Along the way, we compare the discretize-then-differentiate and differentiate-then-discretize approaches to optimization, especially as they relate to the issue of inconsistent functional gradients. We close with a discussion of the implications that our observations have on more practical flow control and optimization problems.
Linking Specialization and Seriousness in Criminal Careers.

Some research suggests that recidivistic criminal offending patterns typically progress in a stepping-stone manner from less to more serious forms of offending from childhood to adolescence to adulthood. Whether the progression into more serious types of offending reflects patterns of crime specialization are a matter of debate. Using data from 449 adolescent offenders who were interviewed at six time points between adolescence and adulthood, we present a new method for measuring crime specialization and apply it to an assessment of the link between specialization and offense seriousness. We measure specialization by constructing an empirical measure of how similar crimes are from each other based on the rate at which crimes co-occur within individual crime pathways over a given offender population. We then use these empirically-based population-specific offense similarities to assign a specialization score to each subject at each time period based on the set of crimes they self-report at that time. Finally, we examine how changes over time in specialization, within individuals, is correlated with changes in the seriousness of the offenses they report committing. Results suggest that the progression of crime into increasingly serious forms of offending does not reflect a general pattern of offense specialization. Implications for life course research are noted.
Resolving Redshifted Molecular Absorption toward the Gravitational Lens PKS 1830–211

Using the high-resolution configuration of the BIMA array, we have spatially resolved molecular absorption at z = 0.89 toward the gravitational lens PKS 1830-211. Two continuum sources are detected at λ3 mm separated by 098 at the known positions of the doubly lensed radio core. Broad molecular absorption of width 40 km s-1 is found toward the southwest component only, where surprisingly it does not reach the base of the continuum, despite the large optical depth inferred from the molecular transitions (Wiklind & Combes). This implies incomplete coverage of the southwest component, ~70%, by the molecular gas, despite the small projected size of the source, less than 8 h-1 pc at the absorption redshift. Similar saturated but unfilled columns of low-density molecular gas are found in absorption through the spiral arms of the Milky Way, with large variations in column depth on parsec scales, indicating that the southwest component of PKS 1830-211 may be occulted by an ordinary spiral arm. At spectral resolution better than 5 km s-1, we might expect the broad molecular absorption of PKS 1830-211 to resolve into multiple narrow lines.
On Drinking Styles and Race: A Consideration of the Socio-Structural Determinants of Alcohol Use Behavior

Often missing from the discourse on alcohol use is that "alcohol-related problems among college students" appears to be a euphemism for "white college men" in that students who experience alcohol-related problems disproportionately tend to be white men. An important aspect of promoting social and behavioral change is to understand race-related mechanisms that structure desire for students to engage in alcohol use. This article presents findings based on undergraduate students attending a Midwest university. The current study contributes to the theoretical literature on alcohol use and race. We use logistic regression models which suggest race and attitudes pertaining to race relations matter in predicting non-binge drinking and abstinence behavior.
Is the fetal brain‐sparing effect a risk factor for the development of intraventricular hemorrhage in the preterm infant?

The intrauterine identification of fetuses at risk of developing intraventricular hemorrhage would be helpful to the perinatologist, in light of the recent results which suggest that indomethacin given to the infant reduces the risk of developing intraventricular hemorrhage. We hypothesized that fetuses undergoing brain sparing, as identified by a lowered pulsatility index (PI) in the middle cerebral artery, and delivered prior to 34 weeks may differ in terms of being at risk for intraventricular hemorrhage from those fetuses without the brain-sparing effect. The middle cerebral artery PI was studied in 43 fetuses between 25 and 33.6 weeks' gestation. The pregnancies were complicated by pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preterm labor. A cranial sonogram was performed during the first postnatal week in all the neonates. Intraventricular hemorrhage was present in 6/22 infants with a normal middle cerebral artery PI (group A) and 0/21 with an abnormal middle cerebral artery PI (group B) (p < 0.05). The mothers of the six fetuses who developed intraventricular hemorrhage underwent preterm labor. IUGR fetuses and pre-eclampsia were more common in group B. No difference was found between the two groups when the following variables were compared: (1) gestational age at the time of the Doppler study; (2) gestational age at delivery; (3) antenatal exposure to steroids; (4) antenatal exposure to magnesium; (5) Apgar score greater than 6 at 5 min; (6) respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn; (7) necrotizing enterocolitis; (8) Cesarean section; and (9) sepsis in the infant. Although the mean birth weight was significantly lower in group B than group A, no fetus in this group developed intraventricular hemorrhage. The fetal brain-sparing effect, pre-eclampsia and IUGR were associated with a lower risk of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage than was preterm labor. Preterm labor appears to be a key factor in the development of intraventricular hemorrhage and must be included when testing associations with intraventricular hemorrhage.
Observation of columnar microstructure in step-graded Si1-xGex/Si films using high-resolution X-ray microdiffraction.

Columnar microstructure in step-graded ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}/\mathrm{Si}(001)$ structures with low threading dislocation densities has been determined using high angular resolution ( $\ensuremath{\sim}0.005\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$) x-ray microdiffraction. X-ray rocking curves of a $3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$-thick strain-relaxed ${\mathrm{Si}}_{0.83}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{0.17}$ film show many sharp peaks and can be simulated with a model having a set of Gaussians having narrow angular widths (0.013\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}--0.02\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}) and local ranges of tilt angles varying from 0.05\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 0.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. These peaks correspond to individual tilted rectangular columnar micrograins having similar (001) lattice spacings and average areas of 0.8 to $2.0\ensuremath{\mu}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$.
Role of thrombin signalling in platelets in haemostasis and thrombosis

Platelets are critical in haemostasis and in arterial thrombosis, which causes heart attacks and other events triggered by abnormal clotting1,2,3,4,5. The coagulation protease thrombin is a potent activator of platelets ex vivo6. However, because thrombin also mediates fibrin deposition and because multiple agonists can trigger platelet activation7, the relative importance of platelet activation by thrombin in haemostasis and thrombosis is unknown. Thrombin triggers cellular responses at least in part through protease-activated receptors (PARs)8. Mouse platelets express PAR3 and PAR4 (ref. 9). Here we show that platelets from PAR4-deficient mice failed to change shape, mobilize calcium, secrete ATP or aggregate in response to thrombin. This result demonstrates that PAR signalling is necessary for mouse platelet activation by thrombin and supports the model that mouse PAR3 (mPAR3) does not by itself mediate transmembrane signalling but instead acts as a cofactor for thrombin cleavage and activation of mPAR4 (ref. 10). Importantly, PAR4-deficient mice had markedly prolonged bleeding times and were protected in a model of arteriolar thrombosis. Thus platelet activation by thrombin is necessary for normal haemostasis and may be an important target in the treatment of thrombosis.
Time Aura: interfaces for pacing

Historically one of the visions for human-computer symbiosis has been to augment human intelligence and extend people's cognitive abilities. In this paper, we present two visually-based systems to enhance a person's ability to flexibly control their pace while engaged in a cognitively demanding activity. In these investigations, we explore pacing interfaces that minimize the cognitive demands for assessing a current pace, provide ambient cues that can be quickly interpreted without incurring significant interruption from the current task, and place knowledge in the world to flexibly support different pacing strategies. Evaluation of our pacing interfaces shows that technology can successfully support pacing.
Heat of fusion of polyethylene crystal suspensions: Variation with crystallization temperature

Abstract A recent development of existing thermodynamic theory has been applied to the analysis of heat of fusion (△Hf) data from both “dry” and “suspension” polyethylene) - 1] were constructed for suspension samples assuming various fold models. Irrespective of the model chosen, the perfect crystal heat of fusion was found to be approximately 72 cal/g. From analysis of the slopes of these plots it was concluded that a 10-carbon-atom fold model best fits the suspension △AHf, data. Melting points for suspension crystals were also obtained. Analysis according to the Hoffman-Weeks equation reveals that the equilibrium melting point is somewhat lower than the usual range of accepted values. The discrepancy between the value determined here and that reported by other authors is discussed. The magnitude of the derived surface free energy from melting point data also indicates that PE crystals consist of folds containing approximately 10 methylene units on average. This conclusion is in excellent agreement with ...
Sociodemographic factors associated with postprostatectomy radiotherapy

To determine if nonclinical factors affect the use of adjuvant radiation therapy after surgical resection of the prostate gland. Using the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) public use data files, we identified men with localized/regional prostate cancer who underwent postprostatectomy radiotherapy within 4 months of surgery. We used 2000 Census information to ascribe a median education and income level to these men based on the county of residence and ethnicity. Of 34 763 men who underwent surgical resection, 1549 received postprostatectomy radiotherapy. Those with higher tumor grade and from certain geographic regions (Seattle and Hawaii) had significantly higher rates of radiotherapy while being older and from other geographic regions (Detroit, Utah, and New Mexico) was protective. The use of additional radiation therapy was not affected by ethnicity, income level, or educational attainment. We found no socioeconomic or demographic disparities in the receipt of postprostatectomy radiotherapy. Geographic variation in postprostatectomy radiotherapy may be explained by limited evidence supporting its use in clinical practice.
Why endophenotype development requires families

Endophenotypes are heritable quantitative traits that are associated with disease liability, can be measured in both affected and unaffected individuals, and provide much greater power to localize and identify risk genes for mental illness than does affection status alone. Traditionally, endophenotypic markers for psychiatric illnesses include in vivo neuroanatomic and functional magnetic resonance imaging measurements and indices of neurocognitive abilities. However, neurocognitive and neuroimaging measures are by no means the only classes of endophenotypes that could be useful for identifying genes for mental illness. Given the advantages of endophenotype-based strategies for elucidating the genetic underpinnings of psychiatric disorders, it would seem prudent to develop a wide range of putative endophenotypes. In order for a measure to be considered a valid endophenotype, it must meet a number of criteria. Specifically, the trait must (1) have moderate to high heritability, (2) be associated with the illness, (3) be independent of clinical state, and (4) impairment must co-segregate with the illness within a family, with non-affected family members showing impairment relative to the general population. While each of these criteria is critical, the heritability and co-segregation requirements are really what differentiate an endophenotype from a simple biomarker. At this time, one requires an experimental design that includes families to demonstrate both heritability and co-segregation. The assertion that novel endophenotypes can not be fully established without family data does not preclude work in unrelated individuals, rather that unrelated samples will only be able to nominate potential candidate endophenotypes that subsequently need to be confirmed in family-based experiments.
Exclusion of the colon for chronic hepatic encephalopathy.

Summary Results in one patient with persistent hepatic encephalopathy and a second with chronic recurrent encephalopathy have been reported. Their progressive neuropsychiatric deterioration in spite of good medical management led to exclusion of the colon with ileorectal anastomoses with excellent short-term results. The pathogenesis of ammonia intoxication and the development of the surgical concept for this condition is discussed.
SEGREGATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF SPORES FOR SEXUAL STRAINS IN ASCOBOLUS CARBONARIUS

BETTS (1926) reported Ascobolus carbonarius Karst. to be heterothallic and, on the basis of results obtained with spores from a single ascus, concluded that "It is inferred that four of the spores represent plus strains and four minus strains." The present investigation was undertaken to test further the validity of that inference and to determine the arrangement of spores for sexual strains in individual asci. A preliminary report has been presented (Betts and Meyer, 1938). MATERIALS AND METHODS.-In order to determine the arrangement of spores for sexual strains in individual asci, apothecia were teased apart and twenty-seven asci were selected at random and placed on separate glass slides, as previously described for Ascobolus geophilus Seaver (Betts and Mever, 1939). Crosses involving spores from sixteen of the twenty-seven asci are included in this analysis of the arrangement of spores for sexual strains. The sixteen asci were designated A to P. Spores were removed from the asci in the order of their occurrence by means of a Zeiss microdissection
The structure of nonlinear blending models

Abstract Most empirically defined properties such as octane numbers blend non-linearly. That is, when measured properties of the components are combined in proportion to their amounts in the blend, the results can differ substantially from measured blend properties. Physical blending obeys certain common-sense rules of behavior. An example is that the order of mixing does not affect the properties of the result. Procedures for calculating blend properties, in order to reflect physical behavior, must therefore observe these same rules. This paper shows that all procedures obeying these rules must be of a certain form which can be thought of as consisting of three steps. In the first step component properties are “transformed” according to a fixed rule. In the second step transformed component properties are blended linearly. In the third step the same fixed rule (or its inverse) is applied to the results of the second step to give estimated blend properties.
The Application of Luminol-Bound Microspheres for the Quantitative Analysis of Toxic Oxygen within Phagosomes

Hydrophilic microspheres, with a diameter of about 2μm, composed of glyceryl methacrylate and methacrylic acid were prepared. The microspheres could be stably stored in dispersed state and demonstrated little non-specific adherance to cell membranes. Luminol-bound microspheres, prepared by covalently binding luminol to microspheres, were phagocytosed by phagocytic cells without opsonization. Luminol bound to the microspheres was oxidized by toxic oxygen within phagosomes resulting in the generation of chem iluminescence. The chemiluminescence elicited by luminol-bound micro spheres was an effective method of measuring the candidacidal activity of the cells. The difference in phagosomal toxic oxygen versus extracellular toxic oxy gen was examined.
The Effects of Piece-Rate Underpayment and Overpayment on Job Performance: A Test of Equity Theory with a New Induction Procedure1

An experiment was designed to test the following hypotheses derived from Equity Theory: (I) Underpaid pieceworkers will produce more work of lower quality than equitably paid pieceworkers and (II) Overpaid pieceworkers will produce less work of higher quality than equitably paid pieceworkcrs. Thirty-six males and 36 females were hired for a 1-hour proofreading job. Subjects were assigned randomly to receive 15, 30, or 60 cents per page. All subjects met another worker (really a confederate) who revealed that he was receiving 30 cents per page. This produced three experimental conditions: underpayment, equity, and overpayment. The principal dependent variables were number of pages read and proportion of errors detected by subjects. In general, the results provide strong support for Equity Theory. Males and females both performed in a manner consistent with the hypotheses, although females did tend to react less intensely than did males when overpaid.
Neural cells derived from adult bone marrow and umbilical cord blood

Under experimental conditions, tissue-specific stem cells have been shown to give rise to cell lineages not normally found in the organ or tissue of residence. Neural stem cells from fetal brain have been shown to give rise to blood cell lines and conversely, bone marrow stromal cells have been reported to generate skeletal and cardiac muscle, oval hepatocytes, as well as glia and neuron-like cells. This article reviews studies in which cells from postnatal bone marrow or umbilical cord blood were induced to proliferate and differentiate into glia and neurons, cellular lineages that are not their normal destiny. The review encompasses in vitro and in vivo studies with focus on experimental variables, such as the source and characterization of cells, cell-tracking methods, and markers of neural differentiation. The existence of stem/progenitor cells with previously unappreciated proliferation and differentiation potential in postnatal bone marrow and in umbilical cord blood opens up the possibility of using stem cells found in these tissues to treat degenerative, post-traumatic and hereditary diseases of the central nervous system.
The Immunological Synapse: A Molecular Machine Controlling T Cell Activation

The specialized junction between a T lymphocyte and an antigen-presenting cell, the immunological synapse, consists of a central cluster of T cell receptors surrounded by a ring of adhesion molecules. Immunological synapse formation is now shown to be an active and dynamic mechanism that allows T cells to distinguish potential antigenic ligands. Initially, T cell receptor ligands were engaged in an outermost ring of the nascent synapse. Transport of these complexes into the central cluster was dependent on T cell receptor—ligand interaction kinetics. Finally, formation of a stable central cluster at the heart of the synapse was a determinative event for T cell proliferation. A critical event in the initiation of the adaptive
How Much More Cost Sharing Will Health Savings Accounts Bring

Proponents of health savings accounts (HSAs) contend that they will reduce medical expenditures. In practice, however, the effect of HSAs, and the high-deductible health plans that must accompany them, will depend on the actual provisions of those plans and of the plans they replace. We show that typical plans in the market today already contain substantial cost sharing. We find that many HSA/high-deductible arrangements would actually reduce cost sharing for many groups. In particular, the group responsible for half of all medical spending would see no change or a decline in cost sharing at the margin and on average.
BENDING OF PRETWISTED BEAMS

Abstract : The general theory of pretwisted beams and columns is applied t o the bending of an initially straight and uniformly pretwisted beam of doubly symmetric thin-walled section. Pretwisting brings planes of various bending stiffness into play with a resulting stiffness which may be regarded as averaging the stiffness of the beam in its principal directions. Compared with bending of an untwisted beam in its most flexible direction, a thin strip can have its defelction in the plane of bending reduced 72% by an initial twist of 0.83pi. Simultaneously, lateral deflections of almost equal magnitude are induced. For pretwists above 2 pi, the lateral deflections in the plane of bending are still reduced as much as 44%. With increasing initial twist the pretwisted beam becomes more flexible, and for an initial twist of 6.5 pi it is as flexible as the untwisted beam in its most flexible direction. Beams of equal flexibility in all directions become more flexible with initial twist; this corresponds to the observations made by Den Hartog (Advanced Strength of Materials, 319, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1952) in some of his experiments.
THE ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE ELDERLY: BEWARE OF THE MEAN*

Current discussion contains widely contradictory statements about the economic status of the elderly in the United States. One can read that poverty among the elderly has been eliminated, and that it remains one of the most serious problems facing the country today. This paper discusses different ways of measuring economic status, and attempts to show how authors can reach such divergent conclusions, and support them with readily available data. The U.S. Census data on personal income generally exclude in-kind benefits, and treat family size in a straightforward though unsophisticated manner. This paper shows that alternative treatments of these issues can have significant effects on indices of the economic status of the elderly. Whether or not in-kind benefits are included in the definition of income, which in-kind benefits are included and how they are valued change the conclusions dramatically. Even more important is whether the income data are presented by household or per capita (or with some intermediate divisor, using equivalency scales), since elderly households are the smallest of any age category. This paper makes 3 points. One is that there has been significant progress in the economic status of the elderly over the past several decades, although the extent of the improvement is subject to debate. But the second is that summary statistics about the elderly, such as the above, may conceal more than they reveal. The diversity of the elderly is key. Beware of the mean. Finally, there is no one correct way to measure well-being. Different methodological approaches can be chosen and justified, and the choices made alter the conclusions significantly.
Classroom Teachers as Mentors: Possibilities for Participation in a Professional Development School Context.

Abstract This paper describes how five classroom teachers make sense of their role as mentors in support of novices as they learn to teach. These teachers interact within a context that provides possibilities for participation with a teacher education program and professional development research. The main aim of the study was to gain insights into ways in which the five mentors talk about their theories of how novices learn to teach, use different sources of knowledge to help novices learn to teach, and model and encourage critical reflection about issues and practices in teacher education. Findings reveal that four of the five mentors played prominent roles as teacher educators, and developed collaborative relationships within the professional development school context between mentors, prospective teachers, and university faculty through sustained interactions, shared professional responsibility, and respect.
Working memory and relational reasoning in Klinefelter syndrome.

Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a sex chromosome abnormality associated with male infertility and mild cognitive deficits. Individuals with KS have been reported to have impaired verbal ability, as well as deficits in executive function. To further understand the nature of their deficits, we assessed specific elements of frontal lobe function such as working memory and relational reasoning. Men with KS exhibited a deficit in a transitive inference task in which participants ordered a set of names based on a list of propositions about the relative heights of the people named. This deficit was present even for items in which the propositions were given in order, so a chaining strategy could be used. Men with KS are also impaired on the n-back task, which uses letters as stimuli. In contrast, these men performed as well as controls in nonverbal reasoning (Raven's Progressive Matrices). These results suggest that men with KS have intact nonverbal reasoning abilities, but that a difficulty in encoding verbal information into working memory may underlie their executive and linguistic impairments. (JINS, 2003, 9, 839–846.)
Continuous fabrication of IBAD-MgO based coated conductors

Reel-to-reel tape processing capable of fabricating tens of meters of coated conductor has been set up at Los Alamos National Laboratory. These reel-to-reel facilities include electropolishing, IBAD-MgO texturing, buffer layer deposition, REBaCuO pulsed laser deposition and position dependent critical current and ac-loss measurement. The systems enable development of long-length coated conductors as well as high-throughput experimentation. IBAD-MgO is an extremely fast process, demonstrated at 100 meters/hour, but requires smooth surfaces over long lengths, which is achieved in our laboratory by electropolishing of metal alloy tapes. Barrier and buffer layers are optimized to minimize interdiffusion from the substrate into the superconductor and to maximize crystalline alignment. YBCO is deposited in a multi-zone heater that allows for an engineered heating power profile as the YBCO film is deposited. Currently the best critical current result on a 1 meter length for a 3 /spl mu/m thick YBCO layer is 350 A (self field, 75.5 K).
Revision of the smiling worms, genera Prosadenoporus Bürger, 1890 and Pantinonemertes Moore and Gibson, 1981 and description of a new species Prosadenoporus floridensis sp. nov. (Prosorhochmidae; Hoplonemertea; Nemertea) from Florida and Belize

The hoplonemertean genera Prosadenoporus Burger, 1890 and Pantinonemertes Moore and Gibson, 1981 are revised and synonymized based on a morphological re‐evaluation. We redefine Prosadenoporus Burger, 1890 on the basis of characters held in common by the eight species: Prosadenoporus agricola (Willemoes‐Suhm, 1874) comb. nov., Prosadenoporus arenarius Burger, 1890, Prosadenoporus spectaculum (Yamaoka, 1940) comb. nov., Prosadenoporus winsori (Moore and Gibson, 1981) comb. nov., Prosadenoporus enalios (Moore and Gibson, 1981) comb. nov., Prosadenoporus mooreae (Gibson, 1982b) comb. nov., Prosadenoporus mortoni (Gibson, 1990) comb. nov. and Prosadenoporus fujianensis (Sun, 2001) comb. nov. We describe a new semi‐terrestrial species Prosadenoporus floridensis sp. nov. from Belize and Florida and compare its morphology to other species of Prosadenoporus. The average sequence divergence of P. floridensis sp. nov. from other congeners is 9.15% (16S) and 10.65% (COI) and 7.8% and 10.3% respectively from the neare...