cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting leaf wax n‐alkane 2H/1H ratios: controlled water source and humidity experiments with hydroponically grown trees confirm predictions of Craig–Gordon model

The extent to which both water source and atmospheric humidity affect ?2H values of terrestrial plant leaf waxes will affect the interpretations of ?2H variation of leaf waxes as a proxy for hydrological conditions. To elucidate the effects of these parameters, we conducted a long-term experiment in which we grew two tree species, Populus fremontii and Betula occidentalis, hydroponically under combinations of six isotopically distinct waters and two different atmospheric humidities. We observed that leaf n-alkane ?2H values of both species were linearly related to source water ?2H values, but with slope differences associated with differing humidities. When a modified version of the Craig–Gordon model incorporating plant factors was used to predict the ?2H values of leaf water, all modelled leaf water values fit the same linear relationship with n-alkane ?2H values. These observations suggested a relatively constant biosynthetic fractionation factor between leaf water and n-alkanes. However, our calculations indicated a small difference in the biosynthetic fractionation factor between the two species, consistent with small differences calculated for species in other studies. At present, it remains unclear if these apparent interspecies differences in biosynthetic fractionation reflect species-specific biochemistry or a common biosynthetic fractionation factor with insufficient model parameterization.
Beyond the Flesh: Some Lessons from a Mole Cricket

What do linguistic symbols do for minds like ours, and how (if at all) can basic embodied, dynamical, and situated approaches do justice to high-level human thought and reason? These two questions are best addressed together, since our answers to the first may inform the second. The key move in scaling up simple embodied cognitive science is, I argue, to take very seriously the potent role of human-built structures in transforming the spaces of human learning and reason. In particular, in this article I look at a range of cases involving what I dub surrogate situations. Here, we actively create restricted artificial environments that allow us to deploy basic perception-action-reason routines in the absence of their proper objects. Examples include the use of real-world models, diagrams, and other concrete external symbols to support dense looping interactions with a variety of stable external structures that stand in for the absent states of affairs. Language itself, I finally suggest, is the most potent and fundamental form of such surrogacy. Words are both cheap stand-ins for gross behavioral outcomes, and the concrete objects that structure new spaces for basic forms of learning and reason. A good hard look at surrogate situatedness thus turns the standard skeptical challenge on its head. But it raises important questions concerning what really matters about these new approaches, and it helps focus what I see as the major challenge for the future: how, in detail, to conceptualize the role of symbols (both internal and external) in dynamical cognitive processes.
Survey of Emergency Toxicology Screening in a University Medical Center

A survey of emergency toxicology screening was conducted In �9 university medical center for the year 1978. Of 1503 toxlcology screens performed on blood, urine, and a combination of both, 51% (773) were positive for one or more drugs. Ethanol was Involved In 34% of the positlvec; barbiturates, 22%; phenothlezines, 13%; opiates, 10%; phencyclidlne, 6%; tricyclic antidepressants, 5%; sallcylates, 4%; and benzodlezepines, 4%. Twenty-four other drugs each constituted less than 4% of the positives. Seventy-one percent of the positives Involved only one drug each; males comprised 58% of peeltlves; and the most common decade of age range for the positives was 21-30 years (46%). For 57% of the positives the samples were submitted from the emergency unit. Twentyeight percent of positives were found by toxicology screening of blood alone, 25% by screening of urine alone, and 47% by screening of blood end urine together. The most frequently Involved drugs are Identified end ranked by frequency of occurrence, sex Involved, and association with other drugs.
Low-Dimensional Representations of Inflow Turbulence and Wind Turbine Response Using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition

A demonstration of the use of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) is presented for the identification of energetic modes that characterize the spatial random field describing the inflow turbulence experienced by a wind turbine. POD techniques are efficient because a limited number of such modes can often describe the preferred turbulence spatial patterns and they can be empirically developed using data from spatial arrays of sensed input/excitation. In this study, for demonstration purposes, rather than use field data, POD modes are derived by employing the covariance matrix estimated from simulations of the spatial inflow turbulence field based on standard spectral models. The efficiency of the method in deriving reduced-order representations of the along-wind turbulence field is investigated by studying the rate of convergence (to total energy in the turbulence field) that results from the use of different numbers of POD modes, and by comparing the frequency content of reconstructed fields derived from the modes. The National Wind Technology Center’s Advanced Research Turbine (ART) is employed in the examples presented, where both inflow turbulence and turbine response are studied with low-order representations based on a limited number of inflow POD modes. Results suggest that a small number of energetic modes can recover the low-frequency energy in the inflow turbulence field as well as in the turbine response measures studied. At higher frequencies, a larger number of modes are required to accurately describe the inflow turbulence. Blade turbine response variance and extremes, however, can be approximated by a comparably smaller number of modes due to diminished influence of higher frequencies.
Application of genetic algorithm/k-nearest neighbor method to the classification of renal cell carcinoma

In this study, we use a genetic algorithm and k-nearest neighbor method to classify two subtypes of renal cell carcinoma using a set of microarray gene expression profiles of nine samples (three clear cell tumors and six papillary tumors). We show that the genetic algorithm/k-nearest neighbor method can be efficiently used in identifying a panel of discriminator genes. To test the robustness of the algorithm, we perform a bootstrapping analysis that removes one sample from the data set at a time and uses the remaining samples for gene selection. We show that each of the removed samples can be classified correctly. We also analyze the stability of the algorithm and the sensitivity of the algorithm with respect to different samples.
Anthropogenic burning and the Anthropocene in late-Holocene California

This paper examines the hypothesis that human landscape modifications involving early agriculture contributed to greenhouse gas emissions in preindustrial times, a proposal that has significant implications for the timing of the Anthropocene era. In synthesizing recent papers that both advocate and challenge this hypothesis, we identify a major bias in the ongoing debate, which focuses on the land clearance practices of agrarian people, with insufficient consideration of a diverse range of hunter-gatherer societies who regularly utilized landscape-scale burning for various purposes. Employing California as a case study, we examine how the exclusion of hunter-gatherers from this debate may have shortchanged estimates of human biomass burning in preindustrial times. We also suggest that human population size may be a poor proxy for the degree of land clearance and anthropogenic burning, and we describe how previous approaches to these questions may have underplayed the importance of variation in the timing and magnitude of depopulation in different regions of the Americas.
Alterations in serotype-specific B cell responses to the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in aging HIV-infected adults.

Abstract Background Advanced age and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are associated with increased pneumococcal disease risk. The impact of these factors on cellular responses to vaccination is unknown. Methods HIV-infected (HIV+) individuals 50–65 years old with CD4 + T cells/μl (CD4) >200 on antiretroviral therapy (ART) ≥1 year received either the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine followed by the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PCV/PPV) or PPV only. HIV-uninfected (HIV−) controls received PCV/PPV. Phenotype distribution and surface expression of complement receptor CD21 and tumor necrosis factor superfamily receptors (TNFRs) were compared on serotype-specific B cells postvaccination. Results Postvaccination serotype-specific B cell percentages were significantly lower in HIV+ PCV/PPV compared to PPV groups, but similar between HIV+ or HIV− PCV/PPV groups. Transmembrane activator and calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) + serotype-specific B cell percentages were significantly decreased in HIV+ PCV/PPV compared to PPV groups. CD21 + serotype-specific B cells were significantly higher in HIV− compared to HIV+ PCV/PPV groups. Conclusions An initial dose of PCV reduced the frequency, but not phenotype distribution, of serotype-specific B cells and also lowered TACI expression in aging HIV+ subjects postvaccination with PPV. These findings suggest that PCV does not enhance cellular responses to revaccination with PPV.
States as Chapter 9 Bankruptcy Gatekeepers: Federalism, Specific Authorization, and Protection of Municipal Economic Health

Chapter 9 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code provides relief exclusively to financially distressed state-based municipalities. Once a debtor municipality meets eligibility requirements however, Chapter 9 operates advantageously to debtors due to the constitutional protection of state sovereignty. Though Chapter 9 filings have historically been less frequent in comparison to other Code chapters, as Chapter 9 filing quantities and outstanding debt numbers continue to increase, the macro-level economic impact of these filings also continues to raise concerns. Eligibility for Chapter 9 access requires debtors to be "specifically authorized" by state law to access the federal bankruptcy system. Thus, each State operates as its own gatekeeper to Chapter 9. Because of this, States bear the responsibility of balancing the economic impact of municipal bankruptcy with the ultimate needs of individual municipalities to find relief from financial distress. This piece advances the idea that the optimal balance is found through States implementing statutory express authorization to Chapter 9 as well as an additional conditional authorization system based on the Political Model. Additionally, this piece provides a breakdown of how each of the 50 states handles the Chapter 9 specific authorization requirement as well as a comprehensive analysis of each Conditional Authorization system currently being implemented.
Thermal Performance Enhancement of Glass Interposer

As demands on performance for mobile electronics continue to increase, traditional packaging technology is facing its limit in number of input/outputs (I/Os) and thermal challenges. Glass interposers offer many advantages over previous packaging technology for mobile electronics, including ultra-high electrical resistivity, low loss, and lower cost at processed interposer levels. However, it has two fundamental limitations; brittleness and relatively low thermal conductivity (∼1 W/mK), compared to Si (∼150 W/mK). This paper presents a study on thermal performance enhancement of glass interposer based on thermal modeling, and compares it with silicon interposer. The model captures in-plane and out-of-plane thermal performance enhancement with copper structures incorporated in the interposer. To further study the effect of advanced cooling schemes on interposer technology, an integrated vapor chamber design is evaluated through computational modeling.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Optical trap-cavity ringdown spectroscopy as a single-aerosol-particle-scope

We report a single-aerosol-particle-scope using an optical trapping-cavity ringdown spectroscopy technique. The scope can not only view physical parameters such as size, motion, and restoring force constant of a single aerosol particle trapped in air but also display time-, particle-, or wavelength-resolved chemical properties such as single aerosol particle extinction. We demonstrate the scope by trapping and walking single carbon-nanotube particles of ∼50 μm in size and viewing those properties via changes of ringdown time. This single-aerosol-particle-scope offers a powerful tool to study both physical and chemical properties as well as their evolving dynamics.
Survey of natural-circulation cooling in U. S. pressurized water reactors

Literature describing natural circulation analyses, experiments, and plant operation have been obtained from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, reactor vendors, utility-sponsored research groups, utilities, national laboratories, and foreign sources. These have been reviewed and significant results and conclusions identified. Three modes of natural-circulation cooling are covered: single phase, two-phase, and reflux condensation. Single-phase natural circulation is amply verified by plant operational data, test data from scaled experimental facilities, and analysis with assessed computer codes. Ample evidence also exists that two-phase natural circulation can successfully cool pressurized water reactors. This mode occurs during certain events such as small-break loss-of-coolant accidents. The data base for reflux condensation is primarily from tests in scaled experimental facilities. There are no plant operational data and only limited assessment of thermal-hydraulic systems codes has been performed. Further work is needed before this mode of natural circulation can be confidently used.
Finding and Managing the Literature

In Chap. 4, we looked at evaluating the literature sources that we read. To make sure that we are finding all the relevant information, we need to develop our skills to search for those materials and organize them into a form that can be readily retrieved when needed. This chapter provides insight into how to develop those skills.
Multifactorial genetic models for quantitative traits in humans.

SutHmary Quas1titative traits measured in hunlan families can be analyzed to partition the total population variance is1tO genetic and environmental components or to elucidate the genetic mechanisn1 involved. We review the estimation of variance compones1ts directly fron1 hunzan pedlgree data or in the forsn of pat/1 coegcients from correlatiot1s betweesl paits of selatives. To elucidate genetic es1echanisms a mixed model that allows for segregation at a sw1ajos Iocus a polygenic eJ%ect and a sibling environnlental cot relation is describedfor nuclearfamilies. In each case appropriate likelihoodfs are derived as a basis using nun1erical maxin1utw1 likelihood nleth ods for parasw1eter estin1ation and hypothesis testing. A general model is tS7en descsibed that allows for severalfamilial sources of environmental variation assortative nwatis1g and both n1ajor gene as1d polAgenic eJ%ects and an algorithsn for calculating the likelihood of a pedigree undes this model is indicated. Finally some of the remaining problen1s in this area of biosw1etsic anal¢sis are pointed out. There are currently two complemerltary types of models in use for the genetic analysis of quantitative traits in human families. The first9 which has as its purpose the partitioning of the total population variance into genetic and environmental components, assumes that the hereditary mechanism is polygenic, following the classical paper by Fisher (1918). The model may be parametrized in terms of either variance components or path coefficients, leading to rather diSerent methods of statistical analysiso Both methods will be reviewed here9 but it must be remembered that any inferences made are far more vulnerable to the assumptions underlying the particular model OI1 which an aI1alysis is based than to whether analysis of variance or path analysis methods are used; this is exemplified by some recent analyses of IQ correlations (Loehlin 1978). The second type of model, which is more collcerned with elucidating the genetic mechanism involved9 especially to pinpoint the eSects of segregation at single loci, assumes that there is no environmental transmission from one generation to the next-in particular that there is no cultural, as opposed to biological, inheritance. These models follow from the paper by Elston and Stewart (1971), and lead to an extension of the classical methods of segregation analysis for qualitative traits. As an example of this we describe here in some detail the particular model proposed by Morton and MacLean (1974) for nuclear families. Finally, we sketch out how tl1ese two essentially different approaches might be combined in a single model for an analysis of general pedigree data, pointing out
Discordant U waves in the setting of hyperkalaemia.

Physiological U wave genesis occurs likely secondary to either late repolarisation of Purkinje fibres, or late repolarisation of some myocardial cells and/or delayed after depolarisation of the ventricular wall occurring during ventricular filling. Hypokalaemia has a well-known association with pathological ‘U wave’ which actually combines with the T wave (TU complex) and results from slowing of phase 3 of the action potential with resultant electrical interaction between the three myocardial layers. U waves usually tend to disappear in the setting of hyperkalaemia. We report an unusual case where hyperkalaemia and discordant U waves coexisted. We believe that this may have occurred as a result of partial clinical adaptation of cardiac myocytes to the long-standing effects of hyperkalaemia as the patient had underlying history of chronic kidney disease. We also discuss the possible mechanisms of the U wave genesis and the importance of different U wave morphologies encountered in the real clinical practice.
Unifying conceptualizations of interstate rivalry: A min–max approach

This study reconstructs the concept of interstate rivalry in accordance with a min–max strategy in order to determine the necessary characteristics of rivalry, provide a template with which to asse...
Analysis on Problems of On-site Partial Discharge Tests of Power Transformers

Through the analysis of the calculation method of capacitive reactive power in tests based on the summarization of the partial discharge tests of a great number of power transformers in recent years,the comparison with actual capacity is carried out and the feasibility of the calculation method is verified.Through the analysis of the elimination method of typical interference in field tests based on the cases,this paper points out the development trend of partial discharge technology of transformers.
Seventy years of research into breadmaking quality

Abstract In the 1940s, research by Baker established fundamental aspects of the breadmaking process while Finney showed that differences of quality resided in the gluten proteins of flour. Different lipid components have been found to affect loaf volume and texture but variation in lipid composition of current wheat varieties does not account for significant quality differences. Fundamental studies by Tipples and Kilborn showed that optimum dough development had two requirements – a critical mixing intensity and a critical amount of imparted energy. Expansion of a fermenting dough depends on two stabilizing mechanisms resulting from the gluten/starch matrix and the liquid lamellae surrounding the gas bubbles. In the 1970s, wheat cultivars were developed with poor baking properties, related to a dearth of insoluble protein, shown to comprise glutenins of large molecular size. Research by Payne and co-workers revealed that dough strength could be related to glutenin subunits and the genes controlling their synthesis. This has opened up new directions for determining composition-quality relationships and, in turn, has enabled strategies to be devised for improving quality based on wheat genetic composition.
Androgenic regulation of bone mass in women. A review.

In men and women, androgens and estrogens circulate at levels consistent with biologic activity. However, the effects of these steroid hormones on bone metabolism were thought to depend on the gender of the individual; that is, estrogens were thought to regulate bone mass in women, whereas androgens were thought to regulate bone mass in men. It now appears that both of these sex steroids influence bone and mineral metabolism in women. Although a number of clinical studies have indicated that androgen levels are correlated with bone mass measurements in women, it was speculated that androgenic hormones acted on bone tissue indirectly. It now has become apparent that androgens act on bone tissue through a direct receptor-mediated mechanism that may involve growth factor synthesis. The pug of this review is to examine clinical and basic research aimed at elucidating the mechanism of androgen action on bone tissue in women
Plant carotenoids and related molecules: important dietary antioxidants.

The antioxidant effects of dietary carotenoids such as ϐ-carotene have been well documented in various systems in vitro, using either organic solvents or membrane systems. However, the biologically relevant studies of the effects of ϐ-carotene on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation are still controversial, as are those studies using LDL from individuals supplemented with large amounts of ϐ-carotene. These findings do not agree with the epidemiological evidence which suggests that individuals who consume fruits and vegetables rich in carotenoids, or who have relatively high serum carotenoid levels, are at a lower risk of developing coronary heart disease. What is apparent is that studies that have looked at antioxidant protection in the whole organism have demonstrated a decrease in markers of lipid peroxidation after ϐ-carotene supplementation. Maybe those studies trying to pin-point the antioxidant site of carotenoids in vivo have been looking at the wrong tissue.
How the Social Context of Five Former Namibian Street Boys has Conditioned their Experience with Schooling

This chapter explores five former street boys’ lived experiences with and understanding of schooling. The choices they make as well as their family members, others in their social network, and Namibia’s national policies on education are central aspects to consider.
The Neoliberal Academy of the Anthropocene and the Retaliation of the Lazy Academic

Focusing on production and dissemination of academic knowledge, this article discusses the role of higher education as it serves the neoliberal imperative. Emphasis is given to two fundamental real...
Comparative study on the effects of chemical treatments on CdZnTe nuclear detectors

Room temperature semiconductor detectors such as cadmium zinc telluride (CdZnTe) are often subject to surface damage during fabrication processes, thus affecting detector performance. The surface defects are usually removed through mechanical and chemical polishing, and passivation processes. This paper compares the effects of two surface passivation chemical solutions on CdZnTe detectors. The two chemicals studied are ammonium fluoride in hydrogen peroxide (NH4F + H2O2 + H2O) and potassium hydroxide in hydrogen peroxide (0.1 g of KOH + 10 ml of 30% H2O2) solutions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed that the NH4F-based solution is more effective at converting Te species on the CZT wafer surfaces into a more stable TeO2 layer, with values of 4.90 and 5.34 for the Te3d3/2O2/Te3d3/2 and Te3d5/2O2/Te3d5/2 peak-height ratios respectively, compared to the KOH-based solution which has 1.25 and 1.19 respectively. Analysis of the 59.5-keV peak of Am-241 showed that the sample passivated with the NH4F-based solution has a better energy resolution (FWHM = 9.83%) compared to the one passivated with the KOH-based solution (FWHM = 14.60%).
The iron-type nitrile hydratase activator protein is a GTPase

The Fe-type nitrile hydratase activator protein from Rhodococcus equi TG328-2 ( Re NHase TG328-2) was successfully expressed and purified. Sequence analysis and homology modeling suggest that it is a G3E P-loop guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) within the COG0523 subfamily. Kinetic studies revealed that the Fe-type activator protein is capable of hydrolyzing GTP to GDP with a k cat value of 1.2 × 10−3 s−1 and a K m value of 40 μM in the presence of 5 mM MgCl2 in 50 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid at a pH of 8.0. The addition of divalent metal ions, such as Co(II), which binds to the Re NHase TG328-2 activator protein with a K d of 2.9 μM, accelerated the rate of GTP hydrolysis, suggesting that GTP hydrolysis is potentially connected to the proposed metal chaperone function of the Re NHase TG328-2 activator protein. Circular dichroism data reveal a significant conformational change upon the addition of GTP, which may be linked to the interconnectivity of the cofactor binding sites, resulting in an activator protein that can be recognized and can bind to the NHase α-subunit. A combination of these data establishes, for the first time, that the Re NHase TG328-2 activator protein falls into the COG0523 subfamily of G3E P-loop GTPases, many of which play a role in metal homeostasis processes. * ATP, : adenosine triphosphate; CD, : circular dichroism; EDTA, : ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; GTP, : guanosine triphosphate; HEPES, : 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid; ICP-AES, : inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy; ITC, : isothermal titration calorimetry; MBP, : maltose-binding protein; NHase, : nitrile hydratase; NTP, : nucleoside triphosphate; PDB, : protein database; TCEP, : tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine; TEV, : tobacco etch virus; UTP, : uridine triphosphate.
Proton Pump Inhibitors and Risk of Rhabdomyolysis

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been associated with a variety of adverse events, although the level of evidence for many of these is weak at best. Recently, one national regulatory authority has mandated a change to the labeling of one PPI based on reports of possible associated rhabdomyolysis. Thus, in this review we summarize the available evidence linking PPI use with rhabdomyolysis. The level of evidence is insufficient to establish a causal relationship and is largely based on sporadic case reports. In general, patients with suspected PPI-associated rhabdomyolysis have not been re-challenged with a PPI after recovery. The mechanism whereby PPIs might have been associated with rhabdomyolysis is unclear but possibly related to interaction with concomitantly administered drugs such as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins). For patients with rhabdomyolysis, a careful search must be made for possible etiological factors. In patients who recover from an episode of possible PPI-related rhabdomyolysis but do not have a genuine requirement for PPI treatment, the PPI should not be re-introduced. For those with a definite indication for ongoing PPI treatment, the PPI can be re-introduced but should preferably not be administered with a statin.
Multi-scale Progressive Failure Modeling: From Nano-structured Carbon Fibers to Textile Composites

A multi-scale predictive analysis methodology based on the recently developed 3-D anisotropic solid mosaic chain approach is described. It is applied, in a hierarchical fashion, to (1) nanostructured carbon fibers, (2) microstructured unidirectional composites reinforced with carbon fibers, and (3) meso-structured 2-D woven and 3-D woven composites reinforced with carbon fiber tows. This approach enables for a unified modeling of complex composite structures at nano-, micro-, and meso-levels with the use of 3-D mosaic chain assemblies of anisotropic bricks having, generally, distinct mechanical properties and bonded together by realistic internal boundary conditions. The bricks are, firstly, assembled in series thus forming individual mosaic chains. Those chains are then assembled in parallel thus forming blocks of the reinforcement chains separated by the matrix chains and/or by the interphase material chains. The obtained elementary 3-D blocks of chains can then be assembled in series and/or in parallel thus resulting in more complex hierarchical spatial composite models that approach the actual composite architecture. Numerical examples illustrate simulations of progressive failure processes and predictions of ultimate strains/stresses under quasi-static tensile loading conditions. The obtained strength properties of carbon fibers are compared to experimental data; this step allows one to further calibrate the structural models and perform fine-tuning of the nanoscale input data. The modeling results obtained for homogenized carbon fibers form the necessary set of input data for the further modeling of curved unidirectional composite tows. The generated effective elastic and strength properties of such composite tows are then used in modeling 2-D plain weave and non-crimp 3-D orthogonal weave reinforced composite unit cells. Their predicted effective strength properties are compared with experimental data available from the macroscale specimen tests. The observed disagreements between theoretical and experimental results are analyzed and further structural model improvements suggested. The gained experience emphasizes an importance of using multiple staggered unit cells for each modeled composite type in order to achieve close agreement with experimental strength data.
Understanding Subject-Based Emoji Usage Using Network Science

The use of “Emoticons” and “Emojis” in social media as well as most online writing has become the de-facto standard on how to express emotions, feelings, etc. Although there are more that 1,000 emojis, not much has been done to understand the way in which people use these characters. The large set of emojis available brings two questions: (i) How can users make full use of the emojis available? and (ii) Would it be possible to build a recommendation system for emoji usage in text? This paper moves towards a greater understanding of emoji usage by mapping possible relations between these special characters in common text. We look at possible regularities in emoji usages in written, subject-specific, text corpora. We build co-occurrence networks of emoji based on two datasets and show that the structure of these networks are not random and more like a truncated power-law, but more interesting, we show that the structure has similar characteristics despite the text being subject-specific.
Deep Learning that Lasts: Transforming Law School Learning with Some Help from Science

What happens to law student learning after a course ends? This question has become increasingly important in an era of challenging bar passage rates and demanding law practice. While traditional legal education usually focuses on substantive law coverage and pedagogies of the professor, support for emphasizing learning that lasts has emerged in unexpected places, including the American Bar Association (A.B.A.) and learning science. The new A.B.A. assessment standards requiring learning outcomes, formative assessment and meaningful feedback align with learning science, which offers law students better strategies for advancing durable encoding, storage and retrieval of knowledge. Of equal importance for law teachers, creating a narrative of deeper student learning that lasts can be achieved without transforming the professor’s pedagogy or substantive coverage.
Effect of Porosity on Thermal Performance of Plastic Injection Molds Based on Experimental and Numerically Derived Material Properties

Plastic injection molding industry uses traditionally machined tools and dies to manufacture various sizes and shapes of plastic products. With the advent of advanced manufacturing technology and expanding global competition in business, it is necessary to provide innovative solutions to the injection molding industry to sustain their business. Typically, the cooling time comprises more than half of the overall injection molding cycle time. The application of additive manufacturing technique can provide a solution to reduce the cooling time in injection molding process. The potential of 3D printing technology to produce any size and shape of products using metal powders provides an opportunity to design and produce innovative injection molding tools, which is unattainable by traditional machining process. Though the conformal cooling channels are capable of reducing the cooling time significantly, the cost of manufacturing the injection molds by 3D printing is quite high and hence a crucial decision making factor for the mold designers about whether or not to go for the 3D printed molds. By making the molds porous, it is possible to reduce the cost of additive manufacturing, thus creating a positive impact on the use of 3D printed molds in injection molding business. In this paper, the effect of mold porosity on the thermal performance of the injection molds are studied. The properties of 3D printed mold material and traditional mold material is quite different and have been considered for the analysis. An optimization study has been conducted to identify the best possible design solution in terms of thermal and printing cost perspectives.
Trait and State Markers of Schizophrenia in Visual Processing

A shift in recent neuropsychiatric research has led to the identification and characterization of trait and state markers which are intrinsic to the inner workings of the brain, and suitable to serve as targets for detection, treatment, and prevention of psychiatric disorders. A trait marker represents the properties of the biological and behavioral processes that play an antecedent, and possibly causal, role in the pathophysiology of the disorder, whereas a state marker reflects the status of clinical manifestations in patients. The established connections among visual processing, brain function, and the abnormal behaviors in patients suggest that certain visual responses are useful candidates for such markers. A series of visual processing studies has begun to address the question of what types of visual functions can serve as trait or state markers. In the case of schizophrenia, evaluating clinically unaffected relatives of schizophrenia patients and patients with bipolar disorder can provide information on the relationship between a schizophrenic disposition and visual response traits. It has been found that motion integration is dysfunctional in schizophrenia patients but not in their relatives or in bipolar patients, whereas motion discrimination is dysfunctional in schizophrenia patients and their relatives, but not in bipolar patients. By synthesizing these findings, this chapter suggests that visual processing trait and state markers of schizophrenia can be distinguished, as illustrated in the examples of motion discrimination vs. motion integration. Identifying and distinguishing these markers is useful for developing pharmacological and behavioral interventions for patients with schizophrenia.
Analysis of a helmet-based FMCW radar for impact prediction

In this paper, we analyze the performance of a helmet-based Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar system used for impact prediction in contact sports, or other risky environment. Such a prediction tool could be used as part of a larger, helmet-based system for mitigating neurological damage caused by impacts. Mitigation strategies could leverage imminent impact information for use in an audible warning system or for dynamic preloading and control of an active helmet suspension. Our analysis includes the prediction of an impact offset parameter (and its uncertainty) in a representative player interaction scenario, and using realistic radar specifications from existing hardware.
Solution of a Pursuit-Evasion Game Using a Near-Optimal Strategy

The semidirect collocation nonlinear programming method can be used to numerically solve realistic and complex pursuit–evasion problems. Unfortunately, this technique requires an initial guess for ...
Energy storage dispatch under different ownership and control models

Energy storage systems (ESS) have gained interest due to the benefits they can offer by increasing the flexibility of the grid. However, the economics behind them is very complex and uncertain. Storage technologies can act as a player to coordinate production and demand, hence changing the just-in-time balancing requirements. As energy policies undergo changes to adapt to ESS, it is unclear how this emerging technology will be integrated into the market. In particular, different ownership and control of ESS affects the dispatch and allocation of surplus derived from storage utilization. In this paper, we investigate the behavior of energy storage systems under different ownership and control models in the energy market. We formulate the corresponding objective functions and analyze the resulting allocation of welfare among the various market participants. We demonstrate that peak-shaving and load-leveling objectives correspond to specific models of ESS ownership and operation.
Communicatively Exploring Uncertainty Management of Parents of Children with Type 1 Diabetes.

Parents of children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) face uncertainty about the illness. This uncertainty can have negative health consequences for parents and their children. However, little is known ab...
The nicotinic receptor drug sazetidine-A reduces alcohol consumption in mice without affecting concurrent nicotine consumption.

Abstract Alcohol and nicotine addiction are frequently co-morbid. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are critical for both alcohol and nicotine addiction mechanisms, since nAChR drugs that reduce nicotine consumption have been shown to also reduce alcohol consumption. Sazetidine-A, a pre-clinical nAChR drug with agonist and desensitizing effects at α4β2 and α7 nAChRs, has been reported to reduce alcohol consumption and nicotine self-administration in rats when administered at high doses. However, this effect has not been replicated in mice. In this study, we examined the effect of sazetidine-A on alcohol and nicotine consumption in male and female mice utilizing voluntary oral consumption procedures previously developed in our lab. We found that sazetidine-A (1 mg/kg, i.p) reduced overnight alcohol consumption, but did not affect nicotine consumption when presented either alone or concurrently with alcohol. Sazetidine-A did not reduce water or saccharin consumption at any dose tested. In a chronic co-consumption experiment in which either alcohol or nicotine was re-introduced after one week of forced abstinence, sazetidine-A attenuated post-abstinence consumption of alcohol but not nicotine. Sazetidine-A also significantly reduced alcohol consumption in an acute, binge drinking-in-the-dark procedure. Finally, we tested the effect of sazetidine-A on alcohol withdrawal, and found that sazetidine-A significantly reduced handling-induced convulsions during alcohol withdrawal. Collectively, these data suggest a novel role for the nAChR targets of sazetidine-A in specifically mediating alcohol consumption, separate from the involvement of nAChRs in mediating nicotine consumption. Delineation of this pathway may provide insight into novel therapies for the treatment of alcohol use disorders.
Flexible and efficient perspective transform engine

Perspective transform (or Homography) is commonly used in image and computer vision processing, which typically solved using a back mapping algorithm. It is used in multiple use-cases e.g. view point change, fish-eye lens distortion correction, chromatic aberration correction, stereo image pair alignments etc. Prior work in literature addresses individual use-case by selecting data format, interpolation method and block sizes due to constraints of irregular data fetch. In this paper, we propose an area efficient and flexible solution for perspective transform engine to address multiple use-cases with software controlled data format, interpolation method and block size. The proposed solution consists of multiple innovative techniques namely On-The-Fly (OTF) transform, Off-line mesh based Look up Table (LUT) with optional down-sampling, corner pre-fetch and dual interpolation. The proposed solution achieves clock up- to 300 MHz with output pixel throughput of 1 cycle/pixel and 0.21 mm2 of silicon area in 28nm LP-CMOS process node.
Functional neurological disorders in Parkinson disease (P2.468)

Objective: To ascertain demographic and clinical features of Parkinson disease (PD) associated with the development of functional neurological features. Background: A standardized form was used to extract data from electronic medical records of 53 PD patients with additional functional neurological disorders (PD-FND) across eight movement disorders centers. Design/Methods These subjects were matched for age, gender, and disease duration to PD patients without functional features (PD-only). Logistic regression analysis was used to compare both groups after adjusting for clustering effect. Results: Functional symptoms preceded or co-occurred with Parkinson onset in 34% of cases. Compared to PD-only, PD-FND faced a longer delay to Parkinson diagnosis, a higher prevalence of dyskinesia (42% vs. 18%; p = 0.023), higher levodopa equivalent daily dose (972 ± 701 vs. 741 ± 559 mg; p = 0.029), and lower motor severity (p = 0.019). These patients also had greater health care resource utilization, a higher prevalence of [(123)I]FP-CIT SPECTs used for diagnostic purposes, and were more likely to have had a family history of PD (p = 0.036). Conclusions: PD-FND showed higher [(123)I]FP-CIT SPECT utilization and more frequent family history than patients without functional complications. Functional manifestations may be prodromal to Parkinson disease in one third of patients. Disclosure: Benjamin Wissel has nothing to disclose.
Glutamate Release and Cerebral Blood Flow After Severe Human Head Injury

Elevations of extracellular glutamate have been found in patients with prolonged brain ischemia and focal cerebral contusions, following severe head injury. About 30% of severely head injured patients develop cerebral ischemia, defined as CBF < 18 ml/100g/min. Patients with both global and regional cerebral ischemia have the worst outcome. However, the relationship between CBF and EAA release is not well understood in head injured humans, and may differ from the findings in normal animals. To study the relationship between EAA release and CBF after severe head injury, we performed cerebral blood flow measurements using stable xenon enhanced computed tomography and correlated these with glutamate release in the extracellular fluid, measured by continuous microdialysis, in 25 severely head injured patients. Sustained cerebral blood flow reductions below the threshold for ischemic neuronal damage was closely related to massive excitatory amino acid release, as in previous animal studies. In patients without secondary ischemia, or focal contusions, delayed post-traumatic glutamate release appeared to be only transient or did not occur at all.
Enhanced oral bioavailability of DDI after administration of 6-Cl-ddP, an adenosine deaminase-activated prodrug, to chronically catheterized rats.

Purpose. 6-Cl-2′,3′-dideoxypurine (6-Cl-ddP), an adenosine deaminase (ADA) activated prodrug of ddI, may be an effective antiretroviral agent for the treatment of AIDS dementia due to its ability to deliver increased concentrations of ddI to brain tissue. To examine the feasibility of administering this drug orally, the oral and hepatic portal bioavailabilities of 6-Cl-ddP were determined. In addition, the oral and portal bioavailabilities of ddI after administration of the prodrug were compared to those from administration of ddI itself.
DIRECT OBSERVATIONS OF BACTERIA AND QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF THEIR CATALYTIC ROLE IN THE LEACHING OF LOW-GRADE, COPPER-BEARING WASTE

Observations have been made of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Thiobacillus thiooxidans, and a high-temperature Sulfolobus- like microorganism attached to mineral-phase surfaces following various stages of leaching low-grade copper waste ore. Attachment in all cases is observed to be selective, that is bacteria attach only to sulfide-phase surfaces (principally CuFeS 2 and FeS 2 ), but attachment has been observed not to be a requirement for leaching to occur. The regularity of attachment is much less for T. ferrooxidans and T. thiooxidans than for the higher-temperature Sulfolobus- like microbe and this seems to be because of the absence of a flagellum in the case of the latter. Attempts to relate bacterial attachment on chalcopyrite surfaces to emergence sites of dislocations and related crystal defects which can cause local changes in surface stoichiometry (using the transmission electron microscope) are also described. Direct, systematic observations and comparison of surface degradation (corrosion) of FeS 2 and CuFeS 2 in sterile acid environments and inoculated acid environments clearly indicate a significant enhancement in leaching rate by bacteria. This bacterial catalysis is shown to be important in enhanced conversion rates by galvanic processes when FeS 2 and CuFeS 2 phase regions are in intimate (electrical) contact; and the implications of bacterial catalyzed galvanic conversion as it relates to sulfide dissemination in large ore bodies is briefly described.
Acetogenic and Acid-Producing Clostridia

Clostridia degrade a wide variety of organic compounds to mixtures of products that include acids, alcohols, CO2, and H2. The most commonly formed acids are acetate, propionate, and butyrate, but formate, lactate, succinate, and caproate are also observed as products. In addition, Clostridia that ferment amino acids produce valerate, isovalerate, isobutyrate, and other similar acids. Here we review Clostridia that form acids as the only or most prominent products. We have excluded Clostridia that form acids in addition to solvents such as ethanol, acetone, and butanol (see Chapter 4). However, it should be noted that some Clostridia can be manipulated physiologically to form mainly acids or solvents. Typical examples of such bacteria are C. thermosaccharolyticum, C. thermocellum, C. thermohydrosulfuricum, C. saccharolyticum, and C. acetobutylicum.
A Teratology Test System which Utilizes Postnatal Growth and Viability in the Mouse

The necessity of testing chemical agents for their potential to induce teratogenic effects has led to the establishment of standard teratology protocols (WHO, 1967; Health Protection Branch, 1977). These involve the exposure of pregnant animals to exogenous agents during the period of major embryonic organogenesis and the subsequent examination of the fetuses for soft visceral tissue and skeletal anomalies. These protocols are labor intensive and require highly trained personnel, factors which contribute to the considerable expense of such testing. A variety of potential screens, including developmental anomalies in invertebrates and lower vertebrates (Johnson, 1980; Davis et al., 1981), growth inhibition of mammalian cell cultures (Freese et al., 1979; Wilk et al., 1980), effects on organ culture (Kochar and Aydelotte, 1974), effects on cultured mammalian embryos (Kochar, 1975; Chatot et al., 1980), and in vivo embryotoxicity (Marhan and Jelinek, 1979), have been discussed as possible screens that would allow the prioritization of environmental agents for testing by standard methodologies. There have also been several excellent reviews of this general area in recent years (Wilson, 1978; Barrach and Neubert, 1980).