cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Presupposition Projection and the Semantics of Attitude Verbs

Karttunen observed that, if the complement of an attitude sentence presupposes p, then that sentence as a whole presupposes that the attitude-holder believes p. I attempt to derive some representative instances of this generalization from suitable assumptions about the lexical semantics of attitude predicates. The enterprise is carried out in a framework of context change semantics, which incorporates Stalnaker's suggestion that presupposition projection results from the stepwise fashion in which information is updated in response to complex utterances. The empirical focus is on predicates of desire and on the contribution of counterfactual mood.
Structures and Reactivities of Cycloheptane, Cycloheptene, 1,3-Cycloheptadiene, and Cycloheptatriene on Pt(111)

The structures and reactivities of various cyclic C7 hydrocarbons (cycloheptane, cycloheptene, 1,3-cycloheptadiene, and cycloheptatriene) adsorbed on Pt(111) have been examined by means of temperature-programmed reaction, reflection−absorption infrared, and Auger electron spectroscopies. At temperatures below 200 K, cycloheptane binds weakly to the surface and exhibits vibrational mode softening consistent with the presence of agostic C−H···M interactions. In contrast, the cyclic alkenes cycloheptene, 1,3-cycloheptadiene, and cycloheptatriene all bind strongly (and largely irreversibly) to the surface principally by means of interactions with their π-systems. The chemistry of these adsorbates at higher temperatures has been mapped out in considerable detail. For cycloheptane, most simply desorbs but about 30% is dehydrogenated; interestingly, cycloheptene is not an intermediate in this process. Cycloheptene first loses two hydrogen atoms to give what we propose is an η3,η1-C7H10 product. 1,3-Cycloheptadie...
Calculation of Coefficients of Capacitance of Multiconductor Transmission Lines in the Presence of a Dielectric Interface

A method is given for the numerical determination of the coefficients of capacitance for a class of multiconductor transmission-line systems. This class includes systems without ground planes, or with one or two ground planes, with the lines embedded in one or two layers of dielectrics. The conductors can be of any cross section that can be approximated adequately by polygons. The method is a refinement of the subareas method in which the assumption of a "staircase function" surface charge density, that is, constant charge density over each subarea, is replaced by the assumption of a piecewise linear charge density over the conductor surfaces, and the charge density parameters are determined by making a least-squares fit to the potential to the boundary conditions of the problem.
Analysis of erectile responses to H2S donors in the anesthetized rat

The present study shows that H2S donors have erectile activity in the rat. The erectile response is mediated by large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels and are independent of nitric oxide, ara...
Intra and inter datacenter networking: The role of optical packet switching and flexible bandwidth optical networking

This paper discusses prospects and challenges of optical networking designed to meet exponentially growing demands of data traffic. We discuss both intra and inter data-center networking. For intra-datacenter networking, a single arrayed waveguide grating router based optical switch offers fully connected all-to-all parallel interconnection amongst thousands of racks to achieve high throughput and low-latency interconnection in a new flattened network topology. This new interconnection network named LION provides significant performance advantages over other electrical, optical, or hybrid interconnection networks in terms of available bandwidth per channel, end to end latency and throughput. For inter-datacenter networking, we investigate flexible bandwidth elastic optical networks designed to adaptively accommodate bursty and high capacity traffic between the data centers while supporting the traditional traffic in the background. Further, we demonstrate adaptive and real-time control of the spectral assignment and modulation format for each slice while achieving defragmentation to optimize the spectrum utilization under the dynamically varying traffic demands. The paper covers the intra- and inter- datacenter networking architecture, algorithm, control plane and simulation and experimental studies from the network testbed.
Networks of engagement: electronic communication and grassroots environmental activism in Kaliningrad

This paper contributes to a discussion on networks as political spaces by examining the work of an environmental activist group in Kaliningrad, Russia. Drawing from geographic work on communication...
Immunoproteomic Profiling of Antiviral Antibodies in New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Using Protein Arrays

The rapid rise in the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) suggests the involvement of environmental factors including viral infections. We evaluated the association between viral infections and T1D by profiling antiviral antibodies using a high-throughput immunoproteomics approach in patients with new-onset T1D. We constructed a viral protein array comprising the complete proteomes of seven viruses associated with T1D and open reading frames from other common viruses. Antibody responses to 646 viral antigens were assessed in 42 patients with T1D and 42 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects (mean age 12.7 years, 50% males). Prevalence of antiviral antibodies agreed with known infection rates for the corresponding virus based on epidemiological studies. Antibody responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were significantly higher in case than control subjects (odds ratio 6.6; 95% CI 2.0-25.7), whereas the other viruses showed no differences. The EBV and T1D association was significant in both sex and age subgroups (≤12 and >12 years), and there was a trend toward early EBV infections among the case subjects. These results suggest a potential role for EBV in T1D development. We believe our innovative immunoproteomics platform is useful for understanding the role of viral infections in T1D and other disorders where associations between viral infection and disease are unclear.
Managing uncertainty in mobile dating applications: Goals, concerns of use, and information seeking in Grindr

The current research used uncertainty management theory (UMT) as a framework to examine individuals’ experience of uncertainty within the context of Grindr, an all-male, location-based mobile dating application. In two studies, we first investigated the particular concerns associated with Grindr use. Results indicated that the unique affordances of Grindr generated six categories of user concerns associated with use of the mobile application. The second study confirmed that a specific set of user goals and concerns predicted daters’ desire for uncertainty, which in turn predicted information-seeking behavior. Findings clearly indicate that Grindr users’ responses to uncertainty were not limited to simple reduction strategies, but were dependent upon their desire for and tolerance of uncertainty in relation to their goals and concerns of application use. The current results also help to establish UMT’s predictive power and explanatory utility within the realm of interpersonal communication.
Photovoltaic system fault detection and diagnostics using Laterally Primed Adaptive Resonance Theory neural network

Cost effective integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems requires increased reliability. This can be achieved with a robust fault detection and diagnostic (FDD) tool that automatically discovers faults. This paper introduces the Laterally Primed Adaptive Resonance Theory (LAPART) artificial neural network to perform this task. The present work tested the algorithm on actual and synthetic data to assess its potential for wide spread implementation. The tests were conducted on a PV system located in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The system was composed of 14 modules arranged in a configuration that produced a maximum power of 3.7kW. The LAPART algorithm learned system behavior quickly, and detected module level faults with minimal error.
Effects of Low Temperatures on Detonation Velocity and Other Explosive Parameters for Linear Shaped Charge Systems

Explosives are characterized by high energy concentrations and velocities, and are ideal for many of the mass accelerations, separations, and destruct requirements found on modern flight and space vehicles. For space vehicles particularly, due to the use of cryogenic propellants and the nature of space itself, the environments in which these explosive systems are used now include cryogenic temperatures. The properties of explosives under cryogenic conditions are not well known, and little information is available in the unclassified literature. This work was initiated to determine what changes in the properties of typical explosives may be expected under cryogenic conditions, specifically in relation to linear shaped charge systems as used on the Centaur space vehicle [1].
Probability and Manipulation: Evolution and Simulation in Applied Population Genetics

I define a concept of causal probability and apply it to questions about the role of probability in evolutionary processes. Causal probability is defined in terms of manipulation of patterns in empirical outcomes by manipulating properties that realize objective probabilities. The concept of causal probability allows us see how probabilities characterized by different interpretations of probability can share a similar causal character, and does so in such way as to allow new inferences about relationships between probabilities realized in different chance setups. I clarify relations between probabilities and properties defined in terms of them, and argue that certain widespread uses of computer simulations in evolutionary biology show that many probabilities relevant to evolutionary outcomes are causal probabilities. This supports the claim that higher-level properties such as biological fitness and processes such as natural selection are causal properties and processes, contrary to what some authors have argued.
Are we committed to issues of race? Institutional integrity across intercollegiate athletics:

The present study employs critical race theory in a critical discourse analysis of intercollegiate athletic departmental directives for high-profile National Collegiate Athletic Association member ...
Hydronephrosis due to improper condom catheter use.

This report concerns a patient with bilateral hydronephrosis due to a tight external condom catheter retention strap. Urodynamics with fluoroscopy and cystoscopy failed to demonstrate bladder outle...
Science Signaling Podcast for 12 July 2016: Adaptor proteins limit signaling

This Podcast features an interview with Steven Wiley, senior author of a Research Article that appears in the 12 July 2016 issue of Science Signaling, about how the abundance of adaptor proteins and feedback regulators affect the flow of information downstream of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Information flows through a signaling pathway by sequential interactions between core components of the pathway, many of which have enzymatic activity. Adaptor proteins do not directly participate in relaying the signal and do not have enzymatic activity, but are important for signaling because they facilitate interactions between the core components. Using quantitative methods, Shi et al demonstrated that core components of the EGFR pathway were highly abundant in both normal cells and cancer cells. However, adaptor proteins were present in much lower abundance in both cell types, indicating that it is the abundance of these proteins that limit signaling downstream of EGFR. The authors also found that differences in EGFR signaling between different cell types likely resulted from the variable abundance of feedback regulators.Listen to Podcast.
Decomposition of superimposed waveforms using the cross time frequency transform

The identification of the timing of the discharges of groups of muscle fibers (motor units) is of utmost importance in research into the strategies employed by the central nervous system in producing muscle force and in the diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases. The process involves the recognition of unique shapes (action potentials) contributed by different motor units at random times throughout a muscle contraction. This paper addresses a specific aspect of the identification process: the decomposition of the compound signal when the action potentials of two or more motor units are superimposed. We propose a cross-time-frequency-based procedure to identify which two (out of a previously identified collection of waveforms) are included in a superposition.
Prompted Self-Regulated Learning Assessment and Its Effect for Achieving ASCE Vision 2025

AbstractThe new ASCE Vision and Body of Knowledge embraces the attitude toward and skills of lifelong learning, indicating the need of acquiring self-regulated learning (SRL) skills. Although civil engineering education has primarily focused on instilling technological knowledge to students, less attention has been paid toward offering deliberate training for nurturing such required high-order skills based on how people learn. This paper introduces the theoretical construct of SRL and the effective pedagogies of cultivating SRL skills from educational research findings, presents a novel instructional framework and its procedures to support students’ SRL skill development, and reports its implementation outcomes in civil engineering curricula at a minority-serving institution. The key instructional strategy is to integrate the prompted self-assessment with the course learning tasks into the students’ learning processes. Its effect has been evaluated through the feasible assessment practice. Assessment resu...
Neural Tuning to Numerosity Relates to Perceptual Tuning in 3-6-Year-Old Children

Neural representations of approximate numerical value, or numerosity, have been observed in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) in monkeys and humans, including children. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we show that children as young as 3–4 years old exhibit neural tuning to cardinal numerosities in the IPS and that their neural responses are accounted for by a model of numerosity coding that has been used to explain neural responses in the adult IPS. We also found that the sensitivity of children9s neural tuning to number in the right IPS was comparable to their numerical discrimination sensitivity observed behaviorally, outside of the scanner. Children9s neural tuning curves in the right IPS were significantly sharper than in the left IPS, indicating that numerical representations are more precise and mature more rapidly in the right hemisphere than in the left. Further, we show that children9s perceptual sensitivity to numerosity can be predicted by the development of their neural sensitivity to numerosity. This research provides novel evidence of developmental continuity in the neural code underlying numerical representation and demonstrates that children9s neural sensitivity to numerosity is related to their cognitive development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here we test for the existence of neural tuning to numerosity in the developing brain in the youngest sample of children tested with fMRI to date. Although previous research shows evidence of numerical distance effects in the intraparietal sulcus of the developing brain, those effects could be explained by patterns of neural activity that do not represent neural tuning to numerosity. These data provide the first robust evidence that from as early as 3–4 years of age there is developmental continuity in how the intraparietal sulcus represents the values of numerosities. Moreover, the study goes beyond previous research by examining the relation between neural tuning and perceptual tuning in children.
Persianate Islam and Its Regional Spread

The civilizational area that grew in the Islamic era on the basis of the Persian language (as the lingua franca) centered on present-day Iran but stretched far into Central Asia, as well as the Indian subcontinent. As such, its cultural and civilizational unity justifies calling it the Persianate world. With the revival of Persian, written in the Arabic alphabet in the tenth century, the major commentary of the Qur’an was translated into Persian, and Imam Maturidi wrote a concise creed in Persian. Under the impact of Persian Sufi texts in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, a distinct Persianate variant of Islam emerged in that civilizational zone. The chapter discusses its components as a topic in civilizational analysis via its spread to India in the thirteenth century, the Malay sultanate in the fifteenth century, and subsequently into Indonesia and the Philippines.
High throughput RNA sequencing utility for diagnosis and prognosis in colon diseases

RNA sequencing is the use of high throughput next generation sequencing technology to survey, characterize, and quantify the transcriptome of a genome. RNA sequencing has been used to analyze the pathogenesis of several malignancies such melanoma, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer. RNA sequencing can identify differential expression of genes (DEG's), mutated genes, fusion genes, and gene isoforms in disease states. RNA sequencing has been used in the investigation of several colorectal diseases such as colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease), and irritable bowel syndrome.
Comparison of a Newer Versus Older Protocol for Circumferential Minimally Invasive Surgical (CMIS) Correction of Adult Spinal Deformity (ASD)-Evolution Over a 10-Year Experience.

Abstract Study Design Retrospective. Objectives Compare circumferential minimally invasive surgical (CMIS) correction outcomes of patients treated for adult spinal deformity (ASD) with a newer versus older protocol Summary of Background Data CMIS techniques have become increasingly popular. Increasing experience and learning curve may help improve outcomes. Methods A prospectively collected database was queried for all patients who underwent CMIS correction of ASD (Cobb angle >20° or sagittal vertical axis [SVA] >50 mm or pelvic incidence–lumbar lordosis mismatch >10) at 3+ levels. Those without a full-length radiograph or 2-year follow-up were excluded. Patients were compared based on treatment using our original or newer protocol. Results The original protocol had 76 patients with an average age of 66.99 years (range 46–81, standard deviation [SD] 9.03), and the new protocol had 53 patients with average age of 65.85 years (range 48–85, SD 8.08). Preoperative and latest visual analog scale (VAS) scores in the original were 6.85 and 3.45 (p = .001) and in the new were 6.19 and 2.27 (p = .004). Delta-VAS scores were 3.27 and 4.27. The Oswestry disability index (ODI) reduced from 45.84 to 32.91 (p = .041) in the original and from 44.21 to 25.39 (p = .017) in the new. Average delta-ODIs were 22.25 and 24.01. Preoperative, latest, and delta-SF physical component scores for the original were 35.38, 42.42, and 10.06 and for the new, 30.89, 39.49, and 11.93. SF mental component scores were 50.96, 55.19, and 12.84 and 50.12, 52.99, and 8.85. The original and new protocols had latest Cobb angles of 11.54° and 11.12° (p = .789), delta-Cobb angles of 14.51° and 20.03° (p Conclusion Improvements in radiographic scores, functional outcomes, and limits of SVA correction and lower complication rates suggest that the new protocol may help improve outcomes. These findings may be a reflection of our 10-year experience and advances in the learning curve. Level of Evidence Level IV.
P18 Plasma-lyte 148 vs 0.9% saline for fluid resuscition in children: electrolytic and clinical outcomes

Aims Crystalloid fluid boluses are a mainstay of treatment in unwell children, with the traditional fluid of choice being 0.9% saline (NS). However, the use of NS has been associated with an increase in plasma chloride levels and acidosis, leading to kidney injury and other detrimental clinical effects. Plasma-Lyte 148 (PLA) is a balanced, physiological, crystalloid intravenous fluid, which is both calcium-free and isotonic. Its use in place of NS for fluid resuscitation may circumvent hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis. In May 2015 our hospital altered its standard resuscitation fluid from NS to PLA. We aimed to compare the effect of fluid boluses of NS to those of PLA in children. Methods All patients admitted in the 18 month periods before and after the change from NS to PLA, and receiving a fluid bolus in the first 24 hours of admission, were included. Post-surgical patients and those who had undergone haemofiltration were excluded. Arterial blood gas and creatinine values for up to 5 days after bolus fluid administration were examined. Patients were stratified according to the total resuscitation volume (ml/kg), then split into categories determined by the balance of PLA vs. NS. The primary outcome was plasma chloride. Secondary outcomes included blood pH and percentage change in creatinine. Clinical outcomes were length of ventilation and length of PICU stay. Results 126 patients were included in the analysis. Patients receiving NS boluses tended to have a higher maximum chloride, higher average chloride, lower pH and higher percentage creatinine increase than those given PLA. Subgroup analysis showed a statistically significant difference in average serum chloride for the 61–90 ml/kg group {PLA 105.59±1.29 vs NS 111.29±2.1 mmol/L; difference: −6.21 [95% confidence interval (CI)−9.55,–2.87]}. Patients who received PLA tended to have a higher pH than those receiving NS. A statistically significant difference was seen in the 10–30 ml/kg group [PLA 7.42±0.49 vs NS 7.33±0.65; difference: 0.0913 (95% CI: −0.18 to −0.02)]. Significant differences were not seen in the clinical outcomes of length of stay or ventilation Conclusion PLA as a resuscitation fluid is significantly associated with a more physiological plasma chloride and pH across several resuscitation fluid volume categories, when compared to NS. The trends in the other fluid volume categories are in line with these findings, but are not statistically significant. There was also a trend towards patients receiving PLA having a lower percentage rise in creatinine than those who received saline. These results were consistent over all weight and age categories.
Identification of Site Characteristics for Proactive High-Friction Surface Treatment Site Selection using Sensor-Based, Detailed, Location-Referenced Curve Characteristics Data:

The Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) has developed a proactive high-friction surface treatment (HFST) program for curve sites prone to run-off-road (ROR) crashes. Using crash data and a ...
Introduction to Linear Programs

The goals of this chapter are to introduce you to linear programming and its generalizations and to preview what’s coming.
Remembering reconsidered: Memory for randomly sampled autobiographical events

This chapter describes two empirical studies of autobiographical memory that focused on the personal memory component of autobiographical memory. These experiments investigated the characteristics of randomly sampled events and of events that subjects selected to be memorable. The autobiographical memory data in these experiments were obtained from naive subjects, not from the experimenter. Both experiments were designed so that it would be possible to study memory for thoughts independently from memory for actions. The second experiment was designed to study cued recall of verifiable autobiographical memories, and in this experiment systematic reports were obtained of the subjects' phenomenal experiences during the recall process. The data from these two experiments were used to address a wide range of issues in the study of autobiographical memory. Memory for random events was compared with memory for subject-selected events, and memory for thoughts was compared with memory for actions. A number of analyses were carried out to uncover the relationships between the characteristics of the original events and memory for these events after various time intervals. The cued-recall data were used to study the accuracy of autobiographical recall and to work out the relations between the contents of the events and memory for the events. An analysis was carried out to study the relative effectiveness of various forms of cues for the retrieval of information from autobiographical memory. The data from the phenomenal memory scales were used to explore the subjects' experiences during the recall process.
Correction to: A new diagnostic real-time PCR method for huanglongbing detection in citrus root tissue

The article “A new diagnostic real-time PCR method for huanglongbing detection in citrus root tissue”, written by Jong Won Park, Eliezer S. Louzada, W. Evan Braswell, Philip A. Stansly, John V. da Graca, Greg McCollum, John E. Rascoe, and Madhurababu Kunta, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 13 June 2018 without open access.
The effect of continuous auditing and role duality on the incidence and likelihood of reporting management opportunism

Abstract This study examines whether continuous auditing and functionally separating the internal audit function’s (IAF) dual role as provider of both assurance and consulting affect (1) internal auditors’ perceptions of the likelihood management opportunistically manipulates earnings and (2) the likelihood auditors report evidence of these reporting choices. Participants are 188 practicing internal auditors. Related to the first research question, I predict and find an ordinal interaction that suggests the perceived likelihood of earnings manipulation is least likely when the IAF both employs continuous auditing and functionally separates its roles. Related to the second research question, I find that separating the dual role increases the likelihood of reporting. In addition, how auditors perceive the likelihood of earnings manipulation positively affects the likelihood of reporting. Subsequent analyses examining both research questions in the context of accruals-based versus real earnings management suggest a more nuanced story. Related to the perceived likelihood of earnings manipulation, I find a similar ordinal interaction in the accruals setting but only find a main effect of continuous auditing in the real earnings management setting. Related to the likelihood of reporting, I find no significant effects in the accruals setting, but find that either continuous auditing or functional separation of the IAF’s dual role increases the likelihood of reporting identified incidences of real earnings manipulation. This study has implications for auditors, managers, and accounting researchers.
Defying Assimilation, Confounding Authenticity: The Case of William Apess

(1996). Defying Assimilation, Confounding Authenticity: The Case of William Apess. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 1-18.
Hepatocellular Cancer Induced by Infection

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the fifth most common cancer and second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Chronic viral infections contribute to approximately three-fourths of these cancers either as direct carcinogens or indirectly mediated through progressive hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. Bacteria, specifically the gut microbiome, also contributes to the in the genesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Obesity-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease, the major non-viral causes of chronic liver disease predisposing to liver cancer, alter the composition of the gut microbiome, which appears to foster development and progression of pre-malignant and malignant liver neoplasms. Emerging data implicates patterns of dysbiosis with alterations of bile acid metabolism, insulin resistance, fibrogenesis, and gut barrier integrity that contribute to intrahepatic inflammatory signaling and carcinogenesis. In vitro, small animal model, and human data supporting the role of chronic viral infection and bacterial derangements in hepatocarcinogenesis will be reviewed.
Medial stop gemination in Rembarrnga: a spectrographic study

Abstract A spectrographic study was carried out to determine the legitimacy of interpreting medial stop contrasts in Rembarrnga (a north Australian language) as contrasts between gerninate and single stops, rather than between voiceless or fortis and voiced or lenis stops. Length, voicing and tenseness were all partially involved. Nevertheless the geminate interpretation is more strongly supported by structural linguistic evidence. It is also consistent with the long held view that Australian Aboriginal languages in general have only a single series of stop phonemes, having no phonemic contrast of voicing or tenseness.
Advancing the health of homeless populations through vaccinations

Background Homeless individuals and families are at an increased risk for contracting and transmitting communicable infections and diseases. Due to poor living conditions and limited access to health care resources, homeless people of all ages are vulnerable to acquiring communicable infections, such as pneumococcal pneumonia. Local problem Less than 40% of sheltered and unsheltered homeless people in South Florida, who were interviewed for this project, knew their immunization status and/or were up-to-date with their recommended vaccine histories. Methods The immunization project implemented a five-step process to provide pneumococcus (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine 23) and Prevnar 13 vaccinations to a convenience sample of adult homeless men and women (N = 209) participants, who completed the financial eligibility form (J11) during their intake process to admission, for sheltered services from two local clinics. Interventions To promote herd immunity, the five-step process was followed. As per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines, initial training was provided to homeless shelter health care providers on vaccine storage, handling, and vaccination. A subsequent 1-week follow-up was completed with participants to determine if any delayed vaccination adverse reactions occurred. Results Descriptive statistics was used to examine data from the initial project implementation. Findings indicated that more African Americans (n = 117) participated in the project than Whites (n = 50), Hispanics (n = 35), or Haitians (n = 7). Conclusions Homeless individuals experience illnesses that are preventable through involvement with a structured immunization program. Collectively, nurse practitioners can reduce barriers to immunization by increasing vaccine coverage and introducing incremental policy changes that enhance the health status among homeless populations.
They Call Me George: The Untold Story of Black Train Porters and the Birth of Modern Canada.: By Cecil Foster. Windsor, ON: Biblioasis, 2019. 295 pp. ISBN 978-1-77166-261-2 (Softcover) $22.95; ISBN 978-1-77196-262-9 (E-book) $9.99.

Cecil Foster’s They Call Me George: The Untold Story of Black Train Porters and the Birth of Modern Canada uses the stories of Black train porters working in post-World War II Canada to explore eff...
Turning the Tide for African Literary Criticism: Achebe’s “An Image of Africa” as a Founding Text of Africana Studies

This chapter considers the Rezeptionsgeschichte of Achebe’s critical essay “An Image of Africa,” including issues of fairness toward Conrad, Achebe, and others, plus ways that Achebe’s essay informs the teaching of both authors today, in a debate that has carried forward.
Lymphangiogenesis-inducing vaccines elicit potent and long-lasting T cell immunity against melanomas

In melanoma, the induction of lymphatic growth (lymphangiogenesis) has long been correlated with metastasis and poor prognosis, but we recently showed it can synergistically enhance cancer immunotherapy and boost T cell immunity. Here, we develop a translational approach for exploiting this "lymphangiogenic potentiation" of immunotherapy in a cancer vaccine using lethally irradiated tumor cells overexpressing vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and topical adjuvants. Our "VEGFC vax" induced extensive local lymphangiogenesis and promoted stronger T cell activation in both the intradermal vaccine site and draining lymph nodes, resulting in higher frequencies of antigen-specific T cells present systemically than control vaccines. In mouse melanoma models, VEGFC vax elicited potent tumor-specific T cell immunity and provided effective tumor control and long-term immunological memory. Together, these data introduce the potential of lymphangiogenesis induction as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy to consider in cancer vaccine design.
Contactless differentiation of pleasant and unpleasant valence: Assessment of the acoustic startle eyeblink response with infrared reflectance oculography

The ability to distinguish between discrete emotions by monitoring autonomic or facial features has been an elusive "holy grail" for fields such as psychophysiology, affective computing, and human–computer interface design. However, cross-validated models are lacking, and contemporary theory suggests that emotions may lack distinct physiological or facial "signatures." Therefore, in this study, we propose a reorientation toward distinguishing between pleasant and unpleasant affective valence. We focus on the acoustic eyeblink response, which exhibits affective modulation but remains underutilized. The movement of the eyelid was monitored in a contactless manner via infrared reflectance oculography at 1 kHz while 36 participants viewed normatively pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant images, and 50-ms bursts of white noise were presented binaurally via headphones. Startle responses while viewing pleasant images exhibited significantly smaller amplitudes than those while viewing unpleasant images, with a large effect size (d = 1.56). The affective modulation of the eyeblink startle response is a robust phenomenon that can be assessed in a contactless manner. As research continues on whether systems based on psychophysiological or facial features can distinguish between discrete emotions, the eyeblink startle response offers a relatively simple way to distinguish between pleasant and unpleasant affective valence.
Toward a sustainable US health care system: Policy implications of market justice and social justice

The COVID-19 pandemic and current projections of rising health expenditures point to an impending sustainability crisis in US health care institutions, torn between competing demands of individualistic values (market justice) and collective values (social justice). Champions of individual responsibility are likely to favor a disease management model of health care – wherein the maintenance of lucrative food, medical, and pharmaceutical industries depends in large part on the creation and reproduction of an older but sicker consumer base, with survival to old age contingent on individuals’ capacity to pay for tests, treatments, and prescriptions. In contrast, proponents of community solidarity favor a health promotion model emphasizing primordial prevention – focused upstream on improvements in nutrition and in living and working conditions potentially capable of forestalling the onset of disease in the first place. In the end, health system sustainability will hinge on policy makers’ readiness to recognize, and innovate in response to, deeply ingrained values of both individual responsibility and community solidarity. To foster long-term stability in health care, effective policy must strive toward meeting the following essential needs: (1) optimal population health, (2) consumer and provider satisfaction, (3) fiscally stable and affordable funding sources, and (4) replacement opportunities for jobs lost to restructuring.
Spheres of Learing in Teacher Collaboration

In this chapter, we report on two studies in a Master’s program for practicing teachers that maintains collaborative culture making at its core, for students and faculty alike. We conducted two studies related to this collaborative culture making and concluded that collaboration is essential to programs of study for teachers and teacher educators. In the first study, we investigated the perspectives of our alumni on their collaborative experiences. Findings indicated links between alumni’s multi-layered collaborative experiences in the program and their subsequent pursuit of National Board certification. In the second study, we conducted a collective self-study of a faculty teaching team’s collaborative experiences and factors that they believe enhanced their continued professional development. Both studies are placed within a description of the Initiatives in Educational Transformation (IET) program, which aligns with sociocultural practices of learning with and through others. To frame our work, we draw from Vygotskian (1978) theory and Samaras’ (2004) notion of learning zones, adapted from Vygotsky’s conception of the zone of proximal development and the social construction of knowledge. The work of Lave and Wenger (1991) in situated learning also informs this work.
Analysis of Information Disclosure on a Social Networking Site

We present a small study about information disclosure and awareness of disclosure implications on Couchsurfing.com. Couchsurfing is an online social networking site where users connect with others interested in traveling and staying at each other's homes. Since users are looking for someone to stay or travel with, they must develop a rapport and trust before traveling. This leads users to share more information on their Couchsurfing profile than they ordinarily would share on mainstream social networking sites such as Facebook or MySpace. After a survey with twenty Couchsurfing users and semi-structured interviews with nine participants, we found participants were generally not concerned with the information they disclosed online and were not aware of how this information could be used against them by malicious third parties. We conclude the paper with a brief discussion of how designers and developers could utilize personas to better inform participants of the implications of their disclosure decisions.
Lateral drag of spin coherence in gallium arsenide

The importance of spin-transport phenomena in condensed-matter physics has increased over the past decade with the advent of metallic giant-magnetoresistive systems and spin-valve transistors1. An extension of such phenomena to semiconductors should create possibilities for seamless integration of ‘spin electronics’ with existing solid-state devices, and may someday enable quantum computing schemes using electronic spins as non-local mediators of coherent nuclear spin interactions2. But to realize such goals, spin transport must be effected without destroying the relevant spin information. Here we report time-resolved optical studies of non-local Faraday rotation in n-type bulk gallium arsenide, which show macroscopic lateral transport of coherently precessing electronic spins over distances exceeding 100 micrometres. The ability to drag these spin packets by their negative charge, without a substantial increase in spin decoherence, is a consequence of the rather weak entanglement of spin coherence with orbital motion in this system3.
Molecular, genetic, cellular, and network functions in the spinal cord and brainstem

Studies of the model systems of spinal cord and brainstem reveal molecular, genetic, and cellular mechanisms that are critical for network and behavioral functions in the nervous system. Recent experiments establish the importance of neurogenetics in revealing cellular and network properties. Breakthroughs that utilize direct visualization of neuronal activity and network structure provide new insights. Major discoveries of plasticity in the spinal cord and brainstem contribute to basic neuroscience and, in addition, have promising therapeutic implications.
Some Contributions of Physical Education to an Educated Life

(1945). Some Contributions of Physical Education to an Educated Life. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 3-57.
“Argentina te incluye”: Asians in Argentina's Multicultural Novels

This article examines the construction of Asians in two contemporary Argentine novels, Un chino en bicicleta (2007) by Ariel Magnus and Maria Domecq (2007) by Juan Forn. The novels emerge from Argentina's recent “multicultural turn” that has produced an increased visibility of ethnic minorities previously marginalized by a dominant discourse that had insisted on the nation's whiteness. In this context, they also belong to a group of novels published post-2001 that attempts to challenge Argentina's foundational fictions through an unprecedented protagonism of racial others. This article examines how Asian-Argentines are being imagined and represented along changing notions of nationhood and within Argentina's emerging multiculturalism. Furthermore, by analyzing the two novels’ hyperbolic orientalism and deliberate fictionality, this article argues that they offer a critique of a multiculturalism that continues to grant unequal power to the dominant culture.
Changes in Hepatic Carbohydrate Metabolism After Jejunoileal Bypass

The effect of 90% jejunoileal bypass procedure on liver enzymes was evaluated in 11 obese Zucker fat rats after a 50% weight loss. Control tissues were also collected from 11 unoperated obese rats. In the jejunoileal bypass group, there was a significant decrease in phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities. Pyruvate carboxylase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities were not altered. Fructose 1,6-biphosphatase, aldolase, aspartate aminotransferase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities were increased in the jejunoileal bypass group. These studies suggest that after jejunoileal bypass glycolysis is reduced and gluconeogenesis is increased. Amino acids may provide an essential energy source for hepatic function.
Arachidonic Acid Activates the Noncapacitative Entry of Ca2+ during [Ca2+]i Oscillations

Current models for agonist-activated Ca2+ entry in nonexcitable cells focus on the capacitative mechanism where entry is activated as a downstream result of the sustained depletion of agonist-sensitive stores without any direct requirement for inositol phosphates. This mechanism has been shown to be important for the sustained Ca2+ signals seen in a variety of nonexcitable cells under conditions of maximal stimulation. In contrast, relatively little attention has been given to Ca2+ entry under more physiological levels of agonist where, for example, oscillating Ca2+ responses are common. In recent studies using cells from the exocrine avian nasal gland, we have shown that agonist-activated Ca2+ entry under these conditions demonstrates properties that are inconsistent with current versions of the capacitative model. We now report that activation of this novel noncapacitative Ca2+ entry is via a distinct signaling pathway involving an agonist-induced, phospholipase A2-mediated generation of arachidonic acid.
All That Glitters Is Not Gold

Just because a new algorithm solves one kind of problem doesn't mean that it can solve them all. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/6Kvjd9UeMOU is a video in which author David Alan Grier expands on his Errant Hashtag column, discussing the problem of trust as it relates to Bitcoin's payment mechanism transactions.
Diagnosis and management of individuals with hermaphroditic external genitals.

Abstract An operative procedure is presented for revision of the external genitals of individuals with hermaphroditic external genitals when the gender selected is female and the infant has large labioscrotal folds. The selection of gender for infants born with ambiguous external genitals can and should be made within 3 to 5 days after birth. Female pseudohermaphrodites have normal female internal genitals and should be raised as females. Male pseudohermaphrodites and true hermaphrodites may be raised as either males or females and this decision is dependent entirely on the appearance of the external genitals. Surgical procedures are performed on these infants between the ages of 18 months and 2 years.
Modeling of a Langmuir Probe Sheath in a Fast Air Flow

Summary form only given. To investigate the influence of the "J cross B" force on the boundary layer of an airfoil, a plasma is generated in a wind tunnel and convected downstream to a test body. A Langmuir probe is used to characterize the flowing plasma, however the effects of flow on the probe sheath at pressures less than 5 torr are unknown. To investigate the probe sheath in a fast air flow, a particle-in-cell (PIC) and fluid approach are employed for low ( 1.0 torr) regimes respectively. Comparison's between the PIC and fluid model methods at 0.01 and 1.0 torr are made. Probe sheath length alteration due to flow velocities between 500 and 1000 m/s and pressures of 0.01 to 5.0 torr are examined and the validity of a Langmuir probe as a diagnostics tool for a plasma in a fast, low pressure air flow is discussed.
Expression of the repulsive guidance molecule RGM and its receptor neogenin after spinal cord injury in sea lamprey

The sea lamprey recovers normal-appearing locomotion after spinal cord transection and its spinal axons regenerate selectively in their correct paths. However, among identified reticulospinal neurons some are consistently bad regenerators and only about 50% of severed reticulospinal axons regenerate through the site of injury. We previously suggested (Shifman, M. I., and Selzer, M. E., 2000a. Expression of netrin receptor UNC-5 in lamprey brain; modulation by spinal cord transection. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 14, 49-58; Shifman, M. I., and Selzer, M. E., 2000b. In situ hybridization in wholemounted lamprey spinal cord: localization of netrin mRNA expression. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 104, 19-25) that selective chemorepulsion might explain why some neurons are bad regenerators and others not. To explore the role of additional chemorepulsive axonal guidance molecules during regeneration, we examined the expression of the repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) and its receptor neogenin by in situ hybridization and quantitative PCR. RGM mRNA was expressed in the spinal cord, primarily in neurons of the lateral gray matter and in dorsal cells. Following spinal cord transection, RGM message was downregulated in neurons close (within 10 mm) to the transection at 2 and 4 weeks, although it was upregulated in reactive microglia at 2 weeks post-transection. Neogenin mRNA expression was unchanged in the brainstem after spinal cord transection, and among the identified reticulospinal neurons, was detected only in "bad regenerators", neurons that are known to regenerate well never expressed neogenin. The downregulation of RGM expression in neurons near the transection may increase the probability that regenerating axons will regenerate through the site of injury and entered caudal spinal cord.
Estimation of canopy parameters of row planted vegetation canopies using reflectance data for only four view directions

Abstract A procedure for estimating leaf area index (LAI) and percentage of ground cover (GC) for inhomogeneous row planted vegetation canopies using measurement of canopy reflectance (CR) data for only four directions is presented. This procedure, referred to as “reconstructive inversion”, uses the CR data for these directions to first “reconstruct” the complete bidirectional surface, which is then used to estimate the canopy parameters using the standard inversion of a CR model technique. The technique has been successfully applied to soybean and corn canopies in various stages of growth.