cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioral Medicine: Approaches and Applications

Behavioral medicine is an evolving clinical subspecialty of psychosomatic medicine that combines behavioral assessment and behavioral interventional techniques. A wide variety of therapeutic and investigative techniques are used in approaches to medical disorders such as hypertension, tension and migraine headaches, cardiac arrhythmias, and gastrointestinal disorders.
iDVL Visualizes Patterns of Traffic

Presenting patterns of life with novel visualizations and reasoning cause of reduction of local birds via hypotheses are interested for Vast Challenge. Linked views, quick navigation buttons and choice of visualizations contributed to creating ways for ornithologist better finding normal and abnormal patterns of vehicles that may result in bird reduction.
Resilient Task Planning and Execution for Reactive Soft Robots

Soft robots utilize compliant materials to perform motions and behaviors not typically achievable by rigid bodied systems. These materials and soft actuator fabrication methods have been leveraged to create multigait walking soft robots. However, soft materials are prone to failure, restricting the ability of soft robots to accomplish tasks. In this work we address the problem of generating reactive controllers for multigait walking soft robots that are resilient to actuator failure by applying methods of formal synthesis. We present a sensing-based abstraction for actuator performance, provide a framework for encoding multigait behavior and actuator failure in Linear Temporal Logic (LTL), and demonstrate synthesized controllers on a physical soft robot.
Cumulative deviation from moving mean precipitation as a proxy for groundwater level variation in Wisconsin

Abstract Groundwater management questions often require understanding how water levels respond to precipitation. However, direct observations of precipitation alone rarely explain variation in water levels. This study introduces a modified method for comparing cumulative precipitation anomalies to groundwater level variation. This method transformed gridded monthly precipitation data from 1895 to 2018 into monthly deviations from different moving mean lengths at 90 USGS groundwater monitoring locations in Wisconsin. The precipitation data was then compared to water level variation at each site and correlations were calculated. The average optimal a priori moving mean window length for all sites was identified as 60 months. Fifty-four percent of the monitoring wells were moderately to highly correlated the cumulative deviation from 60-month precipitation and fewer than 30% were uncorrelated. Well depth, aquifer classification and location were tested as potential factors influencing the strength of correlation with groundwater levels and optimal mean length. Aquifer classification had no effect on correlation or optimal moving mean length indicating aquifer response rates are similar in both bedrock and unconsolidated aquifers. Correlation strength was also independent of well location. Well depth and casing in Cambrian/Ordovician formations were the only variables with a weak but statistically significant effect on correlation between the precipitation deviation and water level. This work illustrates how this method can help diagnose factors affecting monitoring well response, identify inconsistencies in a monitoring record and generate hypotheses regarding aquifer response to precipitation. This method leverages easily accessible datasets to serve as a starting point that engineers, groundwater professionals and resources managers can use to generate and test hypotheses about sites without prior knowledge of the geology or aquifer properties, extraction rates, and land cover.
Teaching citizen scientists to categorize glitches using machine learning guided training

Abstract Existing literature points to scaffolded training as an effective yet resource-intensive approach to help newcomers learn and stay motivated. Experts need to select relevant learning materials and continuously assess learners' progress. Peer production communities such as Wikipedia and Open Source Software Development projects face the additional problem of turning volunteers into productive participants as soon as possible. To address these challenges, we designed and tested a training regime combining scaffolded instruction and machine learning to select learning materials and gradually introduces new materials to individuals as their competences improve. We evaluated the training regime on 386 participants that contribute to Gravity Spy, an online citizen science project where people are asked to categorize glitches to assist scientists in the search for gravitational waves. Volunteers were assigned to one of two conditions; (1) a machine learning guided training (MLGT) system that continuously assesses volunteers skill level and adjusts the learning materials or (2) an unscaffolded training program where all learning materials were administered at once. Our analysis revealed that volunteers in the MLGT condition were more accurate on the categorization task (an average accuracy of 90% vs. 54%), executed more tasks (an average of 228 vs. 121 tasks), and were retained for a longer period (an average of 2.5 vs. 2 sessions) than volunteers in the unscaffolded training. The results suggest that MLGT is an effective pedagogical approach for training volunteers in categorization tasks and increases volunteers’ motivation.
Networks of Splice Factor Regulation by Unproductive Splicing Coupled With Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay

Background: Nonsense mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is an RNA surveillance pathway that degrades aberrant transcripts harboring premature termination codons. This pathway, in conjunction with alternative splicing, regulates gene expression post-transcriptionally. Nearly all serine and arginine-rich (SR) proteins and many heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) produce isoforms that can be degraded by the NMD pathway. Many splicing factors have been reported to be regulated via alternative splicing coupled to NMD. However, it is still uncharacterized that to what extent NMD contributes to the regulation of splicing factors. Results: Here, we characterized a regulatory network of splicing factors through alternative splicing coupled to NMD. Based upon an extensive literature search, we first assembled a network that encompasses the current knowledge of splice factors repressing or activating the expression of other splicing factors through alternative splicing coupled to NMD. This regulatory network is limited, including just a handful of well-studied splicing factors. To gain a more global and less biased overview, we examined the splicing factor-mRNA interactions from public crosslinking-immunoprecipitation (CLIP)-seq data, which provides information about protein-RNA interactions. A network view of these interactions reveals extensive binding among splicing regulators. We also found that splicing factors bind more frequently to transcripts of other splicing factors than to other genes. In addition, many splicing factors are targets of NMD, and might be regulated via alternative splicing coupled to NMD, which is demonstrated by the significant overlap between the experimental network and eCLIP-network. We found that hierarchy of the splicing-factor interaction network differs from the hierarchy observed for transcription factors. Conclusion: The extensive interaction between splicing factors and transcripts of other splicing factors suggests that the potential regulation via alternative splicing coupled with NMD is widespread. The splicing factor regulation is fundamentally different from that of transcription factors.
3D borehole-to-surface and surface electromagnetic modeling and inversion in the presence of steel infrastructure

ABSTRACTThe borehole-to-surface electromagnetic (EM) method is a viable imaging and monitoring tool for energy reservoirs, geologic storage, geothermal exploration, fault zones, and other subsurfac...
Oil price uncertainty and U.S. employment growth

Abstract This paper studies the effects of oil price changes on U.S. aggregate and sectoral employment growth in the presence of time-varying oil price uncertainty. We estimate a bivariate GARCH-in-Mean VAR model using U.S. monthly data of oil prices and employment growth for the period 1974 m2:2018 m11. Based on the results, we show that an increase in oil prices reduces total employment growth and that in most private sectors, but the public sector is largely unaffected. The effects on employment growth in various ”hub” sectors are also different. Furthermore, employment growths at both aggregate and disaggregate levels respond asymmetrically to positive and negative oil price shocks, which could possibly be attributed to oil price uncertainty. This asymmetric impact is more evident when the model is estimated on the entire sample than on the 1970s sample, implying that the role of oil price uncertainty in accounting for variations in employment growth can differ over time. These findings underline the empirical relevance of oil price uncertainty for the U.S. labor market dynamics.
Detection and mitigation of JIT-induced side channels

Cyber-attacks stealing confidential information are becoming increasingly frequent and devastating as modern software systems store and manipulate greater amounts of sensitive data. Leaking information about private user data, such as the financial and medical records of individuals, trade secrets of companies and military secrets of states can have drastic consequences. Confidentiality of such private data is critical for users of these systems. Many software development practices, such as the encryption of packages sent over a network, aim to protect the confidentiality of private data by ensuring that an observer is unable to learn anything meaningful about a program’s secret input from its public output. Under these protections, the software system’s main communication channels, such as the content of the network packets it sends, or the output it writes to a public file, should not leak information about the private data. However, many software systems still contain serious security vulnerabilities. Side channels are an important class of information leaks where secret information can be captured through the observation of non-functional side effects of software systems. Potential side channels include those in execution time, memory usage, size and timings of network packets, and power consumption. Although side-channel vulnerabilities due to hardware (such as vulnerabilities that exploit the cache behavior) have been extensively studied [1] , [2] , [10] , [13] , [15] – [17] , [19] , [23] , software side channels have only recently become an active area of research, including recent results on software side-channel detection [4] , [8] , [11] , [12] , [18] , [22] , [24] and quantification [5] , [20] , [21] , and my own work on a static analysis framework for detection of software side-channels called CoCo-Channel [8] ) and a constraint caching framework to accelerate side-channel quantification called Cashew [9] .
First principles predictions of SnO 2 /CdTe and SnO 2 /CdCl 2 /CdTe interface structures

Interfaces become increasingly the limiting factor of solar cell efficiency, raising the interest in computational models. However, explicit atomic structure models from microscopy are rare, and hypothetical assumptions about the atomic structure become ambiguous for incoherent or highly lattice mismatched interfaces. Adopting a bulk crystal structure prediction algorithm to interfacial systems enables explicit structure models for the bare and CdCl 2 treated SnO 2 /CdTe interface.
Drought Tolerant Corn Strip Trial

Materials and Methods The study was planted where there were soybeans the previous year. Phosphorus and potassium levels were determined to be adequate, so neither of these fertilizers were applied. The soil pH was determined to be within an acceptable range, so no lime was applied. The area was field cultivated twice on April 13 and planted the same day. Each hybrid was planted in a non-replicated strip across the field. The entire field was also sidedressed with 150 lb nitrogen/acre using liquid UAN.
Raising the Dead? The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act

If applied literally, the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act has the potential to radically change the landscape for litigating claims under Title VII and other antidiscrimination laws. While limited to discrimination in compensation, as opposed to discrimination in other terms and conditions of employment, the FPA removes the statute of limitations not only for compensation decisions per se but for any “other practice” affecting compensation. Further, the new law is explicitly retroactive. Thus, a failure to promote plaintiff twenty years ago would seem to be actionable today, so long as the nonpromotion has an effect on current compensation. While the statute has a liability- limiting provision, capping backpay at two years before the filing of an EEOC charge, the potentially enormous financial costs of the new law are sure to trigger a variety of responses from employers, ranging from interpretation disputes about the sweep of the new law, to constitutional challenges, to the FPA’s retroactive application, to raising the defense of laches, which has been barely developed in this context. This Article analyzes the new statute, generally concluding that its most radical implications are, in fact, the correct interpretation of the law and that, so read, Congress acted well within its constitutional powers in making the Fair Pay Act retroactive. Ironically, the justices who read Title VII as it was originally enacted to impose a strict limitations period, an interpretation that triggered the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act override, will be compelled by their own approach to statutory interpretation to read the Act as it is written. The Article does recognize, however, that laches may limit the impact of the new statute – most obviously where the plaintiff was aware both of the adverse employment action at the time it was taken and of the probability that that action was discriminatory.
Uniformizing rational relations for natural language applications using weighted determinization

Rational functions have many applications in natural language processing. Specifying them can be difficult since many of the techniques over-generalize and incorrect transformations need to be removed or avoided. Uniformization is the process of restricting a rational relation to make it single-valued while preserving its domain. One way of doing this is to use weighted determinization with an appropriate semiring to produce a subsequential transducer when this is possible. A basic algorithm using the genealogical minimum as the selection process is discussed with a motivating example.
Existence and Limiting Behavior of Trajectories Associatedwith P0-equations

Given a continuous P_0-function F : R^n → R^n, we describe a method of constructing trajectories associated with the P_0-equation F(x) e 0. Various well known equation-based reformulations of the nonlinear complementarity problem and the box variational inequality problem corresponding to a continuous P_0-function lead to P_0-equations. In particular, reformulations via (a) the Fischer function for the NCP, (b) the min function for the NCP, (c) the fixed point map for a BVI, and (d) the normal map for a BVI give raise to P_0-equations when the underlying function is P_0. To generate the trajectories, we perturb the given P_0-function F to a P-function F(x, e)s unique solutions of F(x, e) e 0 as e varies over an interval in (0, ∞) then define the trajectory. We prove general results on the existence and limiting behavior of such trajectories. As special cases we study the interior point trajectory, trajectories based on the fixed point map of a BVI, trajectories based on the normal map of a BVI, and a trajectory based on the aggregate function of a vertical nonlinear complementarity problem.
Pursuit evasion game of two players under an external flow field

In this paper, we address the differential game of pursuit and evasion between two players in the presence of an external flow field. It is assumed that the two players move on the plane at fixed but different speeds, and they are both agile. That is, they steer by choosing at each instant their direction of travel and abrupt heading changes are allowed. The external flow field is approximated by a time-invariant affine function. By utilizing standard techniques from differential game theory, we characterize the regions of initial conditions that lead to capture, as well as the regions that result in evasion when the two players act optimally. We derive the optimal strategies of the pursuer and the evader within the capture regions. Finally, we present numerical simulations of the resulting pursuer and evader trajectories for several values of the parameters of the external flow field.
Blind signal-to-noise-ratio estimation for a constant envelope MIMO MC-CDMA system using cyclic delay diversity

Data aided signal space projection based signal-to-interference plus noise-ratio (SINR) estimators have been previously proposed for time-division-multiple-access (TDMA) cellular systems and are well known for their excellent performance and computational simplicity. This paper presents a blind signal projection (SP) based SNR estimator for a constant envelope multicarrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) system that uses cyclic delay diversity (CDD) and operates on a time varying frequency selective fading channel. Because the orthogonal spreading sequences form the basis of the signal space, a training sequence or data decisions are not needed and orthonormalization is not required. Thus, the proposed SNR estimator is computationally efficient and very accurate estimates are achieved without sacrificing power and bandwidth.
A dynamic small open economy model with involuntary unemployment

It is well known that real business cycle small open economy (SOE) models rely on Greenwood, Hercowitz, and Huffman (1988) preferences to match the countercyclical trade balance observed in open economies, as well as other second moments, while standard preferences a la King, Plosser, and Rebelo (1988) are commonly labelled ‘ineffective,’ owing to their inability to yield the countercyclical trade balance. In this paper, I show that an SOE model with standard preferences and ‘involuntary’ unemployment with efficient risk sharing can obtain a countercyclical trade balance and match main empirical regularities in small open economies. Il est bien connu que les modeles de cycles d’affaires reels dans une petite economie ouverte (PEO) comptent sur des preferences a la Greenwood, Hercowitz, et Huffman (1988) pour etre compatibles avec la balance commerciale contre-cyclique observee dans les economies ouvertes, ainsi que sur d’autres second moments, alors que les preferences standards a la King, Plosser et Rebelo (1988) sont considerees comme ineffectives a cause de leur inhabilitea engendrer la balance commerciale contre-cyclique. Dans ce texte, l’auteur montre qu’un modele de PEO avec preferences standards et chomage involontaire et partage efficient du risque peut engendrer une balance commerciale contre-cyclique et s’arrimer aux principales regularites observees dans les petites economies ouvertes.
Improving nurse practitioners’ competence with genetics: Effectiveness of an online course

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an online genetics course for improving nurse practitioners’ knowledge, competence, and comfort with genetic principles and their application to clinical practice. Data sources A genetics knowledge test and survey were administered to 232 nurse practitioner students, between 2011 and 2013, before and after completing a 15-week online genetics course taught by a multidisciplinary team of instructors at a private east coast U.S. university. The 65-item survey allowed participants to rate competence regarding genetic principles, diseases, and terminology, as well as comfort performing various clinical tasks related to genetics. The 21-item knowledge test contained multiple choice questions regarding core competencies in genetics. Paired t-tests were used to compare mean pre- and postscores. Conclusions Participants significantly increased postcourse knowledge (p < .001) and comfort with genetic core competencies and clinical skills related to genetics (p < .001). This study demonstrates the effectiveness of an online genetics course for increasing nurse practitioners’ knowledge, competence, and confidence with genetics and identifies specific topics educators should consider when designing curricula for nurse practitioners. Implications for practice Findings from this study can improve genetics education for nurse practitioners, which will in turn improve patient health.
Skilled Observation and Change Blindness: A Comparison of Law Enforcement and Student Samples

Summary Some evidence suggests that expertise and observational skills training can reduce attentional errors, such as change blindness. Laypeople typically assume that law enforcement officers possess acute observational skills, but no research to date has compared law enforcement and lay samples on their susceptibility to change blindness. In the present study, student and law enforcement samples completed a change blindness task and attempted to identify the target(s) from four line-ups. Law enforcement officers and students were equally susceptible to change blindness regarding the switch in the target's identity, but students were more likely than officers to detect changes in the target's clothing. Students also performed better on the line-up task, overall, than officers. Additionally, whereas students' confidence was positively correlated with identification accuracy under some circumstances, officers' confidence was either uncorrelated or negatively correlated with accuracy. We discuss the implications of these findings and suggest some factors accounting for law enforcement officers' relatively poor performance on these tasks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of additive manufactured Luneburg Lens working at W-band

Luneburg lens is an attractive gradient index device for wide angle radiation scanning because of its broadband behavior, high gain and ability to form multiple beams. Every point on the surface of an ideal Luneburg Lens is the focal point of a plane wave incident from the opposite side. The refractive index distribution of a spherical Luneburg Lens is given by Equation (1): equation (1) where n is the refractive index, R is the radius of the lens and r is the distance from the location to the center of the sphere.
Numerical Simulation of Scale Effects in Contacting Rough Surfaces

It is well known that surface topography is composed of multiple length scales. Yet it remains a challenge to ascertain how the various length scales affect the contact area and contact stresses. Several micro-contact models exist in the literature that seek to account for the multi-scale nature of surface topography through fractal or spectral descriptions. A limitation of most such micro-contact models is that they neglect the interaction between asperity contacts. In the current work, a deterministic numerical simulation of contact is performed on the contact between a rigid flat and a rough, elastic surface whose heights vary in a single dimension (i.e., y(x)). A simulated surface profile is created and then “sampled” at several resolutions to create a set of related profiles of various levels of refinement. Contact is investigated with each of the simulated surfaces to gain insight as to the role of various length scales.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Continuous androgen-deprivation therapy increased risk for diabetes and fragility fractures in older men with prostate cancer

Source Citation Alibhai SM, Duong-Hua M, Sutradhar R, et al. Impact of androgen deprivation therapy on cardiovascular disease and diabetes. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:3452−8. 19506162
Kinematics and kinetics of youth baseball pitching with standard and lightweight balls

Because youth athletes are smaller and weaker than their adult counterparts, smaller equipment and fields are often used in youth sports. Previous research has shown that youth baseball pitchers use similar motions to older pitchers, but generate lower kinetics and angular velocities at the shoulder and elbow. The purpose of this study was to determine potential biomechanical benefits for youth pitchers to use lighter baseballs. Thirty-four youth (11.1 ± 0.7 years) pitchers pitched both standard [5 ounce (142 g)] and lightweight [4 ounce(113 g)] baseballs in a laboratory setting. Kinematic and kinetic parameters were measured with a six-camera high-speed motion analysis system. Three repeated measures MANOVAs were used to compare (p > 0.05) position, velocity, and kinetic parameters between the standard and lightweight baseballs. Subjective data were also collected. Pitching the lightweight ball produced no difference in arm position, but greater shoulder, elbow, and ball velocities. With the lightweight ball, pitchers produced decreased kinetics.Post-hoc analysis of the kinetic data revealed significant decreases in elbow varus torque and shoulder internal rotation torque. The data suggest that playing with lightweight baseballs may reduce the risk of overuse injury in the youth pitcher and also help develop arm speed. However, before introducing lightweight baseballs into the youth game, the effect of lighter, faster pitched balls for the batters and fielders should also be considered.
Differential regulation of the human progesterone receptor gene through an estrogen response element half site and Sp1 sites

The progesterone receptor (PR) gene is regulated by estrogen in normal reproductive tissues and in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Although it is generally thought that estrogen responsiveness is mediated by interaction of the ligand-occupied estrogen receptor (ER) with estrogen response elements (EREs) in target genes, the human progesterone receptor (PR) gene lacks a palindromic ERE. Promoter A of the PR gene does, however, contain an ERE half site upstream of two adjacent Sp1 sites from +571 to +595, the +571 ERE/Sp1 site. We have examined the individual contributions of the ERE half site and the two Sp1 sites in regulating estrogen responsiveness. Transient transfection assays demonstrated that both Sp1 sites were critical for estrogen-mediated activation of the PR gene. Interestingly, rather than decreasing transcription, mutations in the ERE half site increased transcription substantially suggesting that this site plays a role in limiting transcription. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that Sp1 was associated with the +571 ERE/Sp1 site in the endogenous PR gene in the absence and in the presence of estrogen, but that ERalpha was only associated with this region of the PR gene after MCF-7 cells had been treated with estrogen. Our studies provide evidence that effective regulation of transcription through the +571 ERE/Sp1 site requires the binding of ERalpha and Sp1 to their respective cis elements and the appropriate interaction of ERalpha and Sp1 with other coregulatory proteins and transcription factors.
Current status of fetal cardiac intervention.

The potential benefits of fetal cardiac intervention (FCI) have been realized for many years. In 1975, Eibschitz et al1 reported intrapartum treatment of fetal ventricular tachycardia by administering propranolol to the mother, and as early as 1986, in utero pacing was attempted for complete heart block in a human fetus.2 Recently, however, interest in FCI has accelerated.3–18 As with other fetal interventions,19,20 FCI can only become a highly useful clinical tool if it is applied to conditions in which a feasible mode of therapy is available and either the fetus is at risk for demise as a result of the condition or intervention may alter the evolution of the condition such that the severity of the postnatal disease is substantially reduced (Table 1). For conditions in which the fetus is at high risk for prenatal or neonatal death, the rationale for FCI is obvious, to improve survival. If death is not imminent but the disease is likely to have major lifelong morbidity, the rationale is that FCI will modify the course of cardiac growth, function, and/or development in utero sufficiently to alter postnatal outcome and justify the potential risks of the procedure. Prenatal intervention may also allow the fetus to recover in the supportive in utero environment, during a developmental period when there is enhanced wound healing and the capacity for myocyte proliferation.21,22 View this table: Table 1. Congenital Cardiovascular Anomalies Potentially Amenable to FCI This construct rightfully emphasizes death or significant morbidity as therapeutic targets. FCI can entail substantial short-term risk to the fetus, uncertain long-term risk to the fetus and child, and at least some risk to the mother. There are no known medical benefits to the mother. With that risk profile, FCI will not be embraced by the maternal-fetal medicine and cardiology communities unless it …
Effect of Beta Blockers, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, and Statins on Mortality in Patients With Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators

Nine hundred sixty-five patients (mean age 70 years) with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator were followed for 32 ± 33 months for all-cause mortality. Death occurred in 73 of 515 patients (13%) treated with β blockers (group 1), in 84 of 494 patients (17%) treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (group 2), in 56 of 402 patients (14%) treated with statins (group 3), in 40 of 227 patients (18%) treated with amiodarone (group 4), in 5 of 26 patients (19%) treated with sotalol (group 5), and in 64 of 265 patients (24%) treated with no β blocker, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker, statin, amiodarone, or sotalol (group 6) (p
A superinfected pulmonary valve myxoma.

![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] [Online Video 1][2] Transesophageal echocardiogram view of short axis showing pulmonary valve mass/vegetation. ![Figure][1] [Online Video 2][3] Three-dimensional echocardiography showing short-axis view of pulmonary valve vegetation/mass. ![
Dihydrotestosterone does not induce prostate adenocarcinoma in L‐W rats

It has been postulated that dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is the active trophic androgen in initiating pathogenic changes in the prostate gland. Groups of prostate cancer-susceptible male L-W rats (age 3 months) were treated with subcutaneous depots of testosterone or of DHT. After 14 months, prostate adenocarcinomas had developed in 24% of the testosterone-treated rats but not in the DHT-treated rats. In the latter rats, the testes were significantly reduced in weight, there was no evidence of spermatogenesis, and serum testosterone levels were not detectable. It appears that DHT as administered to L-W rats had an antiandrogenic effect.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE GROWTH OF DATURA EMBRYOS IN VITRO

IN EARLIER papers (van Overbeek, Conklin and Blakeslee, 1941, 1942) it was reported that Datura embryos, wheni isolated at the "heart-shaped" stage, require for growth the addition to the medium of some factor present in coconut milk. Later (van Overbeek, 1942) embryos isolated at the proembryo stage were also successfully cultivated in vitro by using fractionation products of coconut milk. The substance (or substances) responsible for the activity of coconut milk on the growth of embryos was called embryo factor (van Overbeek, 1942). Soon after it was found that coconut milk contained substances essential for the growth of embryos in vitro, investigations were started for the purpose of identifying the chemical composition of the embryo factor. In the course of this work, in which the growth of the embryos was used as a measure of embryo factor activitv, it became necessary to know more precisely the conditions which affect the growth of the embryos. The following points were investigated: (a) effect of temperature, (b) effect of pH, (c) effect of sucrose, (d) embryo factor activity of pure substances and extracts, (e) inhibitory substances, and (f) fractionation of coconut milk for embryo factor.
Corner cube model for Microarcsec Metrology (MAM) testbed in Space Interferometer Mission (SIM)

A corner cube model is developed to calculate the SIM internal metrology optical delay bias (with the accuracy of picometer) due to the component imperfections, such as vertex offset, coating index error, dihedral error, and gimbal offset. This physics-based and Matlab-implemented ray-trace model provides useful guidance on the flight system design, integration, and characterization. In this paper, the details of the corner cube model will be described first. Then the sub-nanometer level model validation through the MAM testbed will be presented. Finally several examples of the model application, such as the metrology delay bias minimization, design parameter error budget (or tolerance) allocation, and the metrology beam prints visualization, will be shown.
Transformative Feminist Criminology: A Critical Re-thinking of a Discipline

This essay makes the case for a transformative critical feminist criminology, one that explicitly theorizes gender, one that requires a commitment to social justice, and one that must increasingly be global in scope. Key to this re-thinking of a mature field is the need to expand beyond traditional positivist notions of “science,” to embrace core elements of a feminist approach to methodology, notably the epistemological insights gleaned from a new way of thinking about research, methods, and the relationship between the knower and the known. Other key features of contemporary feminist criminology include an explicit commitment to intersectionality, an understanding of the unique positionality of women in the male dominated fields of policing and corrections, a focus on masculinity and the gender gap in serious crime, a critical assessment of corporate media and the demonization of girls and women of color, and a recognition of the importance of girls’ studies as well as women’s studies to the development of a global, critical feminist criminology.
Organizational configuration as an antecedent to buying centers' size and structure

Purpose – Recent research suggests that organizations cycle through a small set of possible configurations. Each buying center as an informal organization within one of these four viable types of structure will exhibit distinct configuration attributes. Describing and predicting the buying center's configuration as indicated by organizational structure are the purpose of this research.Design/methodology/approach – Data collected via mail survey are used to classify organizations into hypothesized segments via K‐means cluster analysis. Buying center structure is contrasted and tested for differences using MANOVA, MDA, and post hoc t‐tests.Findings – The extensivity or level of participation in the buying center is significantly related to the type of organization. Organizational formalization and centralization are consistently related to the formalization and centrality of the buying center.Research limitations/implications – The generalizability of the findings is limited as the sample is from a single U...
The Future of Nuclear Power: Value Orientations and Risk Perception

Since the turn of the 21st century, there has been a revival of interest in nuclear power. Two decades ago, the expansion of nuclear power in the United States was halted by widespread public opposition as well as rising costs and less than projected increases in demand for electricity. Can the renewed enthusiasm for nuclear power overcome its history of public resistance that has persisted for decades? We propose that attitudes toward nuclear power are a function of perceived risk, and that both attitudes and risk perceptions are a function of values, beliefs, and trust in the institutions that influence nuclear policy. Applying structural equation models to data from a U.S. national survey, we find that increased trust in the nuclear governance institutions reduces perceived risk of nuclear power and together higher trust and lower risk perceptions predict positive attitudes toward nuclear power. Trust in environmental institutions and perceived risks from global environmental problems do not predict attitudes toward nuclear power. Values do predict attitudes: individuals with traditional values have greater support for, while those with altruistic values have greater opposition to, nuclear power. Nuclear attitudes do not vary by gender, age, education, income, or political orientation, though nonwhites are more supportive than whites. These findings are consistent with, and provide an explanation for, a long series of public opinion polls showing public ambivalence toward nuclear power that persists even in the face of renewed interest for nuclear power in policy circles.
Excess energy of grain-boundary trijunctions: an atomistic simulation study

Abstract Atomic-scale computer simulation was used to study grain-boundary trijunctions, which are defined as the intersection of three grain boundaries. The simulation system consisted of a three-dimensional periodic array of columnar f.c.c. grains having three different orientations with a common [001] direction, and in which all grains are rotated 30° from their neighbors. The inter-atomic interactions were described by the Lennard–Jones potential. Each simulation cell contained six trijunctions plus the nine associated symmetric tilt grain boundaries. The energy of systems of differing sizes was monitored during annealing and after quenching to obtain quantitative estimates of the excess energy of the grain boundaries and trijunctions. For this system, the total excess energy contributed by the trijunctions was found to be negative. This result is consistent with recent calorimetry experiments on high-purity nanocrystalline cobalt conducted elsewhere.
The influence of past behavior on behavioral intent: An information‐processing explanation

Despite considerable research on the impact of past behavior on decision making over the past two decades, little is yet known about how past experience moderates decision theoretic factors within models of behavioral intent. This research explores the implications of past behavior within the theory of planned behavior (TPB), and how it influences key decision-making variables. A theoretical model of how past behavior can induce deliberative versus heuristic processing of information is developed and tested. Consumer implications of the impact of past behavior on behavioral intentions are discussed, highlighting the importance of addressing one's experience when making a decision. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural studies of zinc polyphosphate glasses by nuclear magnetic resonance

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of solids and of liquids was used to study the structure of xZnO+(1−x)P2O5 glasses prepared from a glass melt in the composition range 0.35⩽x⩽0.70. Relative concentrations of Qn units in the solid glasses have been compared with the liquid NMR spectra and with the predictions based on the reorganization theory. Disproportionation reactions in glass liquids of meta- and pyrophosphates are evident. Anisotropies of chemical shift tensor for all phosphorus units are given. Structural changes associated with CSA parameters, including the presence of rings and chains are discussed. Both solid and liquid state NMR spectra show that ultraphosphate glasses consist mainly of ring structures, while only chains are present in metaphosphates.
A Comparison of Rats Fed an Evaporated Milk with Those Fed a “Milk” in Which the Naturally Occurring Fat has Been Replaced by Coconut Oil

Summary The growth of rats fed an evaporated milk was greater over a 97-day period than for a similar group of rats maintained on a “filled milk”in which the butterfat had been replaced by coconut oil. The percentage of bone ash and of liver fat is quite similar for the two groups of rats, both after 49 and 97 days on the diets. There were more volatile fatty acids deposited in the storage fat of the coconut oil group.
Diabetes increases the risk of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract Background & Aims: An association between diabetes and chronic liver disease has been reported. However, the temporal relationship between these conditions remains unknown. Methods: We identified all patients with a hospital discharge diagnosis of diabetes between 1985 and 1990 using the computerized records of the Department of Veterans Affairs. We randomly assigned 3 patients without diabetes for every patient with diabetes. We excluded patients with concomitant liver disease. The remaining cohort was followed through 2000 for the occurrence of chronic nonalcoholic liver disease (CNLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hazard rate ratios (HRR) were determined in Cox proportional hazard survival analysis. Results: The study cohort comprised 173,643 patients with diabetes and 650,620 patients without diabetes. Most were men (98%). Patients with diabetes were older (62 vs. 54 years) than patients without diabetes. The incidence of chronic nonalcoholic liver disease was significantly higher among patients with diabetes (incidence rate: 18.13 vs. 9.55 per 10,000 person-years, respectively, P P P P
Characterization of three mRNAs that accumulate in wilted tomato leaves in response to elevated levels of endogenous abscisic acid

The accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) has been shown to regulate some of the changes in gene expression which occur during water deficit. In order to characterize these ABA-induced changes, we have identified and isolated three copy DNAs (cDNAs) that represent genes which are expressed in response to ABA during drought stress. The ABA-deficient mutant of tomato, flacca, synthesizes low levels of ABA during water deficit compared to the wild type (WT) (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Ailsa Craig). The mutant flacca was used to distinguish cDNAs corresponding to mRNAs which accumulate during water deficit in response to elevated levels of ABA from those mRNAs which are not ABA responsive. A cDNA library representing the mRNA population of wilted WT tomato leaves was constructed and a series of differential screens was used to select cDNAs that represent putative ABA- and drought-induced mRNAs. Three cDNAs were isolated from the screens and were identified as pLE4, pLE16, and pLE25. The corresponding mRNAs were preferentially expressed in wilted WT leaves and were not exessed in wilted ABA-deficient mutant leaves. The inability of the mutant to accumulate these drought-induced transcripts was reversed with exogenously applied ABA. A correlation was observed between the accumulation of the drought-induced mRNAs and the endogenous ABA levels measured in WT leaves throughout increasing periods of water deficit. These results indicate that endogenous ABA regulates the accumulation of pLE4, pLE16, and pLE25 mRNAs in tomato leaves during water deficit.
ENDOMETRIAL RECEPTIVITY AND THE WINDOW OF IMPLANTATION

Implantation is a highly co-ordinated event that involves both embryonic and endometrial participation. The endometrium expresses a sophisticated repertoire of proteins during the menstrual cycle many of which help to define a period of receptivity collectively known as the 'window of implantation'. Many of these factors, which are temporally aligned with this window, are now seen as chemical messengers that are recognized by the embryo and facilitate embryonic growth and differentiation. The use of such proteins as biomarkers has also advanced our understanding of the implantation process and may identify women with implantation failure and infertility. While the study of endometrial receptivity is still evolving, the field is growing rapidly and will probably enhance our ability to diagnose and treat couples with infertility, especially in the arena of assisted reproductive technologies (ART).
Simple model of protein folding kinetics.

Abstract A simple model of the kinetics of protein folding is presented. The reaction coordinate is the "correctness" of a configuration compared with the native state. The model has a gap in the energy spectrum, a large configurational entropy, a free energy barrier between folded and partially folded states, and a good thermodynamic folding transition. Folding kinetics is described by a master equation. The folding time is estimated by means of a local thermodynamic equilibrium assumption and then is calculated both numerically and analytically by solving the master equation. The folding time has a maximum near the folding transition temperature and can have a minimum at a lower temperature.
Reclassification in Academic Research Libraries: Is It Still Relevant in an E-Book World?

This article examines whether academic libraries are still reclassifying materials, how they are doing so, and if the acquisition of electronic materials has an impact on reclassification efforts. An online survey was sent to the heads of cataloging units at libraries belonging to the Association of Research Libraries to answer these questions. Almost one-third of libraries are currently involved in reclassification projects. Most respondents reported they do not believe that purchasing e-books has affected their decisions about reclassification. The article also examines the faceted search capability of next-generation catalogs and their possible impact on patrons’ use of classification.
Permanence in an Intraguild Predation Model with Prey Switching

Intraguild predation, a form of omnivory that can occur in simple food webs when one species preys on and competes for limiting resources with another species, can have either a stabilizing effect (McCann and Hastings in Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 264:1249–1254, 1997) or a destabilizing effect (Holt and Polis in Am. Nat. 149:745–764, 1997), depending on the assumptions of the system. Another type of behavior that has been observed in simple food web experiments (Murdoch in Ecol. Monogr. 39:335–354, 1969) is prey switching. Prey switching can occur when the predator prefers the most abundant prey. This has also been shown to be capable of having either a stabilizing effect or a destabilizing effect and even possibly lead to predator extinction (VanLeeuwen et al. in Ecology 88:1571–1581, 2007). Therefore, it is clear that incorporating prey switching into an intraguild predation model could lead to unexpected consequences. In this paper, we propose and explore such a model.