cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural and energetic determinants of tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase sulfation specificity.

Motivation: Tyrosine sulfation is a type of post-translational modification (PTM) catalyzed by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases (TPST). The modification plays a crucial role in mediating protein–protein interactions in many biologically important processes. There is no well-defined sequence motif for TPST sulfation, and the underlying determinants of TPST sulfation specificity remains elusive. Here, we perform molecular modeling to uncover the structural and energetic determinants of TPST sulfation specificity. Results: We estimate the binding affinities between TPST and peptides around tyrosines of both sulfated and non-sulfated proteins to differentiate them. We find that better differentiation is achieved after including energy costs associated with local unfolding of the tyrosine-containing peptide in a host protein, which depends on both the peptide’s secondary structures and solvent accessibility. Local unfolding renders buried peptide—with ordered structures—thermodynamically available for TPST binding. Our results suggest that both thermodynamic availability of the peptide and its binding affinity to the enzyme are important for TPST sulfation specificity, and their interplay results into great variations in sequences and structures of sulfated peptides. We expect our method to be useful in predicting potential sulfation sites and transferable to other TPST variants. Our study may also shed light on other PTM systems without well-defined sequence and structural specificities. Availability and implementation: All the data and scripts used in the work are available at http://dlab.clemson.edu/research/Sulfation. Contact: ude.nosmelc@gnidf Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Lethal, Sublethal, and Behavioral Effects of Sulfur-Containing Products in Bioassays of Three Species of Orchard Mites

The effects of three sulfur products (calcium polysulfide [= lime sulfur], dry flowable sulfur, and ammonium thiosulfate, a plant nutrient), were tested in bioassays against a predatory mite, Galandromus occidentalis (Nesbitt), and two species of tetranychid (pest) mites, twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) and European red mite [Panonychus ulmi (Koch)]. Calcium polysulfide and ammonium thiosulfate were acutely toxic on contact to adult females of all three mite species, causing 58-100% mortality in 48 h. Dry flowable sulfur, in contrast, was nontoxic to adults of all three species. Fresh residues of the sulfur products were essentially nontoxic to females of G. occidentalis and T. urticae. Galandromus occidentalis consumed 8.2 and 4.0x fewer prey contaminated with residues of calcium polysulfide and ammonium thiosulfate; dry flowable sulfur had no effect on prey consumption. Higher posttreatment temperatures (32 versus 18 degrees C) did not affect the toxicity of dry flowable sulfur to G. occidentalis and T. urticae. The toxic effect of the sulfur products was not related to the concentration of elemental S but rather to some intrinsic characteristic of the compound itself. There were substantial differences in the responses of different stages of G. occidentalis. Residues that were nontoxic to adult females were highly toxic to hatching larvae, including those of dry flowable sulfur. In addition, all three products were highly repellent to adult female G. occidentalis. The lethal effect of calcium polysulfide on larvae was still present when the laboratory-aged residues on bean leaves were 8-9 d old. Field-aged residues on apple (Malus spp.) leaves were highly toxic (89% mortality) after 7 d, but mortality declined to 50 and 17% after 14 and 22 d, respectively. The increasing use of sulfur-containing products is detrimental to predatory mites and may play a role in the diminishing effectiveness of integrated mite control in Washington apple orchards.
Effects of diet, energy restriction and diabetes on hexose transport in the rat.

1. Effects of dietary composition, energy restriction, and diabetes on hexose absorption were examined by feeding male rats isoenergetic, semi-synthetic diets of differing carbohydrate and protein content. Diets were carbohydrate, (g/kg): 890 sucrose; carbohydrate-protein, 500 sucrose, 390 casein; or protein, 890 casein. An additional group was fed on commercial rat chow ad lib. 2. Hexose (3- O -methyl-D-glucose) absorption was measured by luminal perfusion of the entire small intestine in situ. Absorption by the total small intestine, i.e. absorption per rat, and absorption per g dry weight of mucosa (specific absorption) were calculated. 3. When semi-synthetic diets were fed at 210 kJ/d to normal animals absorption depended on composition of diets: carbohydrate enhanced or protein suppressed hexose absorption. Dietary carbohydrate as glucose, dextrimaltose or starch gave the same hexose absorption response as sucrose. 4. When diets of normal rats were restricted to 118 kJ/d, specific absorption was independent of dietary composition and was incresed for all dietary groups to the level of the group fed on the carbohydrate diet at 210 kJ/d. 5. When diabetic rats were given 210 kJ/d, hexose specific absorption was the same for all diabetic groups independent of dietary composition and was equal to that of controls given carbohydrate, but greater than that of protein-fed controls. 6. Thus, when two of the three stimuli (i.e. carbohydrate diet plus energy restriction or diabetes) were combined, the effect was not additive, and the response of hexose specific absorption to diabetes and energy restriction was the same: absorption was independent of dietary composition and was stimulated relative to controls fed on diets containing protein. 7. The pattern of response of total small intestinal hexose absorption to the stimuli of dietary composition, energy restriction and diabetes was similar to that of specific absorption. 8. Compared with groups given semi-synthetic diets, rats eating commercial rat chow ad lib. (approximately 286 kJ/d) showed increased mucosal mass and decreased specific absorption, but total absorption was similar to that of the carbohydrate and carbohydrate-protein-fed groups. 9. In a separate study in control rats, specific and total intestinal absorption of L-leucine did not respond to dietary composition, i.e. level of protein fed.
Exploring dynamical gluon mass generation in three dimensions

We reexamine the $d=3$ dynamical gluon mass problem in pure-glue non-Abelian $SU(N)$ gauge theories, paying particular attention to the observed (in Landau gauge) violation of positivity for the spectral function of the gluon propagator. This is expressed as a large bulge in the propagator at small momentum, due to the $d=3$ avatar of asymptotic freedom. Mass is defined through ${m}^{\ensuremath{-}2}=\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}(p=0)$, where $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}(p)$ is the scalar function for the gluon propagator in some chosen gauge; it is not a pole mass and is generally gauge dependent, except in the gauge-invariant pinch technique (PT). We truncate the PT equations with a recently proposed method called the vertex paradigm that automatically satisfies the QED-like Ward identity relating the three-gluon PT vertex function with the PT propagator. The mass is determined by a homogeneous Bethe-Salpeter equation involving this vertex and propagator. This gap equation also encapsulates the Bethe-Salpeter equation for the massless scalar excitations, essentially Nambu-Goldstone fields, that necessarily accompany gauge-invariant gluon mass. The problem is to find a good approximate value for $m$ and at the same time explain the bulge, which by itself leads, in the gap equation for the gluon mass, to excessively large values for the mass. Our point is not to give a high-accuracy determination of $m$ but to clarify the way in which the propagator bulge and a fairly accurate estimate of $m$ can coexist, and we use various approximations that illustrate the underlying mechanisms. The most critical point is to satisfy the Ward identity. In the PT we estimate a gauge-invariant dynamical gluon mass of $m\ensuremath{\approx}N{g}^{2}/(2.48\ensuremath{\pi})$. We translate these results to the Landau gauge using a background-quantum identity involving a dynamical quantity $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ such that $m=\ensuremath{\kappa}{m}_{L}$, where ${m}_{L}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\ensuremath{\equiv}{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}}_{L}(p=0)$. Given our estimates for $m$, $\ensuremath{\kappa}$, the relation is fortuitously well satisfied for $SU(2)$ lattice data.
INFEASIBILITY OF SUPER EFFICIENCY DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS MODELS

AbstractThe paper investigates the infeasibility of super-efficiency data envelopment analysis (DEA) models in which the unit under evaluation is excluded from the reference set. Necessary and sufficient conditions are provided for infeasibility of the super-efficiency DEA measures. By the returns to scale (RTS) classifications obtained from the standard DEA model, we can further locate the position of the unit under evaluation when infeasibility occurs. It is shown that the ranking of the total set of efficient DMUs is impossible because of the infeasibility of super-efficiency DEA models. Also we are able to identify the endpoint positions of the extreme efficient units. The results are useful for sensitivity analysis of efficiency classifications.
Pasta nucleosynthesis: Molecular dynamics simulations of nuclear statistical equilibrium

Background: Exotic non-spherical nuclear pasta shapes are expected in nuclear matter at just below saturation density because of competition between short range nuclear attraction and long range Coulomb repulsion. Purpose: We explore the impact of nuclear pasta on nucleosynthesis, during neutron star mergers, as cold dense nuclear matter is ejected and decompressed. Methods: We perform classical molecular dynamics simulations with 51200 and 409600 nucleons, that are run on GPUs. We expand our simulation region to decompress systems from an initial density of 0.080 fm^{-3} down to 0.00125 fm^{-3}. We study proton fractions of Y_P=0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, and 0.40 at T =0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 MeV. We calculate the composition of the resulting systems using a cluster algorithm. Results: We find final compositions that are in good agreement with nuclear statistical equilibrium models for temperatures of 0.75 and 1 MeV. However, for proton fractions greater than Y_P=0.2 at a temperature of T = 0.5 MeV, the MD simulations produce non-equilibrium results with large rod-like nuclei. Conclusions: Our MD model is valid at higher densities than simple nuclear statistical equilibrium models and may help determine the initial temperatures and proton fractions of matter ejected in mergers.
The Red-Blue Divide on the Bench: An Examination of the Effects of Selection Systems on Partisan Divisions in State Supreme Court Decisions

This study explores at a very basic level how the partisan behavior of judges manifests itself on courts that use different judicial selection systems. Specifically, it examines how different reselection systems affect judges' propensity to form partisan coalitions in criminal cases, by looking at the voting habits of the justices on several state supreme courts over five years. The evidence indicates that partisan elections appear to promote the appearance of party line divisions, while systems that require judges to be reappointed have no effect on the incidence of party line votes. The evidence also indicates that although retention elections do not appear to have any significant effect on the incidence of party line votes, and that nonpartisan elections actually tend to decrease the incidence of party line votes.
The Declaration of Independence as Viewed from the States

The Declaration of Independence. It is the grand embodiment of the principles upon which this nation was founded, the document that defined what President Abraham Lincoln would later describe as his “ancient faith.” It is the very first document printed in the United States Statutes at Large, described there by Congress as one of the organic laws of the United States. All this majesty; all this reverence; yet its principles are believed to be unenforceable in the courts of law. The Declaration “is not a legal prescription conferring powers upon the courts,” U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia recently wrote in a dissenting opinion in Troxel v. Granville (2000). In other words, no matter how self-evidently true the principles articulated in the Declaration of Independence or how much mandated by the laws of nature and of nature’s God, they do not have the status of positive law that can be enforced by the courts of law. Whether or not Justice Scalia’s opinion is correct with respect to the federal government, it is clearly not correct in the state government arena. Beginning with the admission of Nebraska and Nevada during the Civil War, Congress has specifically required as a condition of admission to statehood that state constitutions conform to the principles of the Declaration of Independence.
Deference and Judicial Review in Eminent Domain

The U.S. Supreme Court, in Kelo v. City of New London, emphasized its “longstanding policy of deference” to legislative determinations of public use. However, the Court also explicitly acknowledged that the federal Constitution sets a floor, not a ceiling, on individual rights, and that the state courts were entitled to take a less deferential approach under their own state constitutions or statutes. This manuscript examines the various ways in which public use analysis can vary between federal and state courts and among state jurisdictions and the difficult issues raised by the interplay between legislatures and courts in takings analysis. Because the U.S. Supreme Court’s deferential approach to public use disputes provides little succor to property owners challenging takings, state court challenges to takings are likely to take on increased importance in coming years. Litigants need to understand the issues raised by judicial review of public use challenges in the state courts.
Masculinity, Youth, and the Urbane in Modern Nigeria

This paper addresses the plasticity of masculinity, youth and power in post-WWII Nigeria. The discourse and semiotics of masculinity expanded in late-colonial southern Nigeria, as did structures of governance. These new semiotics challenged if not entirely disrupted older generational politics, emphasized individual fame and linked morality to physical power, as demonstrated by Cowboy Clubs, boxers, confidence-tricksters, and politicians. Urbanization, wage-labor, and nationalism rewarded new articulations of masculinity, which spread and crystalized as a result of their conjuncture with newspapers and the cinema. Tracing not only textual discourse, but also what young men communicated semiotically through style or gesture, allows for a richer examination of this topic. I read material objects and gestures, whether horse whips, cowboy hats, or a shoot-em-up pose, against written texts. I focus on Cowboy Clubs. From the 1930s in Lagos, this generational society quickly spread throughout the colony. Their organizational structure and activities resembled gerontocratic masquerade and secret societies, and Cowboy Clubs often honored big men. However, elders did not control Cowboy Clubs, and young men could easily afford membership. Cowboys were often respectable members of society, though they also functioned as paramilitary security, were occasionally violent, and by the 1950s were involved in nationalist politics.
Role of immunoglobulin therapy in neonatal infections: where we stand today.

Passive immunity for temporary protection against infectious disease dates from the 19th century, which saw the introduction of immune calf serum for protection against vaccinia in 1895 [1], of canine rabies antiserum in 1889 [2], and of equine antitoxin for the treatment of diphtheria in 1898 [3]. The different preparations available for use in providing passive immunity are listed in table 1. Human serum was first used in 1907 by Cenci [4] for the prevention of measles and shortly thereafter for the prevention of pertussis and mumps. During World War II, pooled human serum was subjected to alcohol fractionation to obtain an enriched y-globulin fraction. This fractionation procedure stabilized the product, denatured most viruses, and assured a more uniform antibody content. Human immune serum globulin (HISG) was used successfully for the prevention of hepatitis A and measles and later for poliomyelitis. The use of large quantities of HISG in the management of patients with antibody deficiency began following Bruton's report of agammaglobulinemia in 1952 [5]. The dose of HISG necessary to keep such patients free of infection is considerably larger than the small doses needed to prevent an infectious disease after exposure. Indeed, even when given the recommended minimal dose of 100 mg/kg body weight per month, a patient with agammaglobulinemia weighing 70 kg needs 50 mL of HISG per month. In 1981 the first immunoglobulin for intravenous use was licensed in the United States. This material was made from the alcohol-fractionated preparation used for the intramuscular y-globulin preparation and thus had the same antibody spectrum; however, the new preparation was further reduced and alkyl-
A Needed Study: After High School—What?

(1955). A Needed Study: After High School—What? The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 223-224.
Mobilizing social capital: Which informal and formal supports affect employment outcomes for HOPE VI residents?

AbstractUsing a mixed-methods approach, this study examines the relationship between informal social support and formal support services and employment outcomes among residents of a public housing development relocated as part of a HOPE VI project in Charlotte, North Carolina. Informal social supports are resources accessible through family and friends within a neighborhood and formal support services are provided by case managers and service providers. We find that when former public housing residents are enrolled in case management longer and have high satisfaction with their case manager, this leads to better employment outcomes. In addition, having strong bonding ties among public housing neighbors has a negative influence on employment. This study sheds light on how case managers play a role in promoting economic mobility by mitigating social and economic crises and providing bridging capital for poor families.
A Simulation Model of Capacitor Charging Power Supply Considering Transient Switching Interference

The inverter and rectifier of series resonant capacitor charging power supply(CCPS) work in high-frequency switching state, so for the electromagnetic interferences(EMI), which flow from the main circuit of CCPS to measuring and control circuits, the switching frequency interference as well as the transient switching interference should be considered. A method to calculate the lumped parameters in resonant circuit by use of output current amplitude data is proposed: by means of writing input impedance equation of simplified two-port network of high-frequency transformer a high frequency and high voltage transformer model including stray capacitance is built and improved; a mathematical model that can simulate the reverse recovery process(RRP) of semiconductor switches is verified, and through calculating the amount of surplus storage charge in p-region during RRP of semiconductor switches this mathematical model judges different stages during the recovery process and performs process fitting. Using the built model the transient switching interference from the CCPS, whose working frequency is 20kHz, rated capacity is 40kW and rated voltage is 10kV, is simulated and simulation results are contrasted with the measured data of the prototype of CCPS. Contrast result shows that the simulation results of the built model confirm to experimental results well, so this research is available for reference to the analysis and reduction of EMI from high frequency and high voltage CCPS.
The benefits of healthcare reform in United States and its implication to China

On March 21,2010,United States passed the long-awaited healthcare reform bill. The bill has become the center of attention among all stakeholders both in US and worldwide. This paper introduces the social and economic benefits of the US healthcare reform from health policy perspectives,including insurance payment,the responsibilities of insurance companies,Medicare Part D drug reimbursement,staffing,public health,quality of care,taxation,insurance fraud and cost control. The lessons China could learn from the US healthcare reform are discussed. Authors stress the importance of increasing government funding for costly treatment,chronic diseases,and the uninsured that needs financial aids during China's healthcare reform. In addition,strategic planning also needs to include cost containment mechanisms,such as health promotion and disease prevention,reduction of waste,fraud and physician-induced demands. It is essential to consider quality improvement and implementation of health information technology in the healthcare reform and the sustainability of healthcare management in China.
Development and Validation of Cognitive Rehearsal as a Training Strategy for Arthroscopic Surgery

Objectives:Surgical performance is a highly intellectual activity that involves the processing of perceptual information from the five senses. Strategies to process, organize, and retain this perceptual information may benefit learning techniques. Once such strategy, cognitive rehearsal, is the activity where a skill is rehearsed in memory prior to the actual performance. This study aimed to develop and validate a cognitive rehearsal strategy for arthroscopic knee surgery in orthopaedic residents. We hypothesized that this training tool will lead to increased comfort and confidence with arthroscopic surgery performance.Methods:An expert surgeon was filmed performing an arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using patellar bone-tendon-bone autograft. An instructional training video was then created incorporating the extracorporeal and arthroscopic footage with voice over and subtitles. Following the surgery, cognitive recall of the procedure was conducted with the surgeon to identify key visual, cognitive, and ki...
Washington Group Meetings, Processes and Milestones

The Washington Group on Disability Statistics (WG) was formed in response to a recommendation made at the United Nations (UN) International Seminar on the Measurement of Disability in New York in 2001. This chapter describes the history of the WG, its governance structure, terms for membership, annual meetings, major accomplishments, and the extensive technical assistance provided to its member states.
Middle Class and Pro-Poor Growth in Egypt: The Missing Connection

Assessing whether distributional changes are “pro-poor” has become increasingly widespread in academic and policy circles. Based on the methodology of Ravallion and Chen (2003), Kakwani and Pernia (2000) and Kakwani, Khandker, and Son (2003) using grouped data, the paper generates three indices to test whether distributional changes were indeed pro-poor during the period (1990-2008). Another issue is whether pro-poor judgments should be correlative with the size of the middle class. The paper presents the evolution of middle class in Egypt using different thresholds. The middle class in Egypt has followed the path of bulging in size under a certain threshold even if growth was not pro-poor growth.
Generalized Caputo Type Fractional Inequalities

We establish here generalized Caputo type fractional inequalities of the following kinds: Opial, Ostrowski, Comparison of means, Gruss and Csiszar’s f-divergence. Prior to these we derive an interesting generalized fractional representation formula, using it we prove our inequalities.
Transcriptional Profiling of Cultured, Embryonic Epicardial Cells Identifies Novel Genes and Signaling Pathways Regulated by TGFβR3 In Vitro

The epicardium plays an important role in coronary vessel formation and Tgfbr3-/- mice exhibit failed coronary vessel development associated with decreased epicardial cell invasion. Immortalized Tgfbr3-/- epicardial cells display the same defects. Tgfbr3+/+ and Tgfbr3-/- cells incubated for 72 hours with VEH or ligands known to promote invasion via TGFβR3 (TGFβ1, TGFβ2, BMP2), for 72 hours were harvested for RNA-seq analysis. We selected for genes >2-fold differentially expressed between Tgfbr3+/+ and Tgfbr3-/- cells when incubated with VEH (604), TGFβ1 (515), TGFβ2 (553), or BMP2 (632). Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of these genes identified dysregulated biological processes consistent with the defects observed in Tgfbr3-/- cells, including those associated with extracellular matrix interaction. GO and Gene Regulatory Network (GRN) analysis identified distinct expression profiles between TGFβ1-TGFβ2 and VEH-BMP2 incubated cells, consistent with the differential response of epicardial cells to these ligands in vitro. Despite the differences observed between Tgfbr3+/+ and Tgfbr3-/- cells after TGFβ and BMP ligand addition, GRNs constructed from these gene lists identified NF-ĸB as a key nodal point for all ligands examined. Tgfbr3-/- cells exhibited decreased expression of genes known to be activated by NF-ĸB signaling. NF-ĸB activity was stimulated in Tgfbr3+/+ epicardial cells after TGFβ2 or BMP2 incubation, while Tgfbr3-/- cells failed to activate NF-ĸB in response to these ligands. Tgfbr3+/+ epicardial cells incubated with an inhibitor of NF-ĸB signaling no longer invaded into a collagen gel in response to TGFβ2 or BMP2. These data suggest that NF-ĸB signaling is dysregulated in Tgfbr3-/- epicardial cells and that NF-ĸB signaling is required for epicardial cell invasion in vitro. Our approach successfully identified a signaling pathway important in epicardial cell behavior downstream of TGFβR3. Overall, the genes and signaling pathways identified through our analysis yield the first comprehensive list of candidate genes whose expression is dependent on TGFβR3 signaling.
Importance of Transplantation Variables in Marrow to Muscle Conversion.

We have previously shown that conversion of marrow to skeletal muscle is increased by cardiotoxin injury and we have demonstrated levels of up to 12% conversion. We have now used the same model of cardiotoxin injury to determine variables that affects this conversion. Muscle fibers were defined by their morphology and presence of desmin and dystrophin staining and absence of CD45 staining. In a GFP to B6 transplant model, there was a significant increase in the incidence of muscle chimersim with increasing the dose of marrow donor cells unrelated to the level of hematopoietic chimersim. Radiation was a critical factor and a combination of 500cGy of whole body and 500cGy of lower extremity radiation was found as the optimal model. However radiation impact was mostly due to its effect on hematopoietic chimerism and there was very little local effect on muscle. Higher doses of radiation were detrimental and resulted in significant muscle atrophy. Transplantation of marrow cells to NOD/Scid mice without radiation resulted in muscle engraftment although this was a rare event. Furthermore, timing of the cardiotoxin injury relative to the transplantation was an important factor since injection of cardiotoxin before or right after transplant resulted in minimal conversion while injury seven days or more after transplant resulted in significant conversion events. When sublethal doses of cardiotoxin were injected systemically after marrow transplant GFP positive muscle fibers were seen but the incidence was much lower than direct intramuscular injections of cardiotoxin. Multiple cycles of mobilization and injury also improved the incidence of GFP positive fibers in the regenerated muscle. We conclude that in addition to injury, cell mobilization and cell selection, improvements in the efficiency of this process can be achieved by applying specific doses and distribution of radiation (i.e. local and systemic), by giving the appropriate doses of marrow cells and by selecting the appropriate time for injury. Combining these models gives quantitatively significant fiber conversions approaching levels that would be therapeutically effective in the treatment of muscular dystrophies.
Stylometric Analysis of Scientific Articles

We present an approach to automatically recover hidden attributes of scientific articles, such as whether the author is a native English speaker, whether the author is a male or a female, and whether the paper was published in a conference or workshop proceedings. We train classifiers to predict these attributes in computational linguistics papers. The classifiers perform well in this challenging domain, identifying non-native writing with 95% accuracy (over a baseline of 67%). We show the benefits of using syntactic features in stylometry; syntax leads to significant improvements over bag-of-words models on all three tasks, achieving 10% to 25% relative error reduction. We give a detailed analysis of which words and syntax most predict a particular attribute, and we show a strong correlation between our predictions and a paper's number of citations.
Ocular Drug Delivery: Impact of In Vitro Cell Culture Models

The physiological characteristics make effective drug delivery very challenging. Various structures such as the cornea, conjunctival epithelium, blood-retinal barrier (BRB), and the retinal epithelium block or severely reduce the concentration of drugs that can reach particular locations in the eye. Because of this, in vitro models that can effectively model each of these barriers are highly desirable. Such in vitro modeling allows researchers to minimize the use of animal studies, as drug delivery experiments require frequent euthanization. As a substitute for animal experiments, various types of in vitro models have been developed that are made up of primary cell cultures or immortalized cell lines. These cell lines allow for the detailed study of the individual processes that determine the ability of drugs and drug delivery systems to reach their desired locations in therapeutic concentrations. This chapter discusses various examples of such cell lines and their applicability in various drug delivery studies.
Assessing English Language Learners: Bridges to Educational Equity: Connecting Academic Language Proficiency to Student Achievement

Assessing English Language Learners: Bridges to Educational Equity: Connecting Academic Language Proficiency to Student Achievement is a comprehensive resource that intends to build bridges that promote educational equity, particularly in the areas of instruction and assessment. The book consists of two parts each of which includes four chapters. Part I, entitled “Assessment as a Context for Teaching and Learning: Bridges to Equity,” focuses on the issues of equity concerning the assessment of language learners, more specifically, English Language Learners (ELLs). The author lists educators and their primary instructional and assessment responsibilities for the education of language learners, which can serve as a useful guide in determining the varied expectations from different educators in regard to their contribution to comprehensive services for ELLs. Gottlieb describes linguistically and culturally responsive classrooms and schools, and asserts that establishing a responsive learning environment is the only way to optimize learning opportunities and to effectively and equally serve the increasingly heterogeneous U.S. public school student population.
On service composition algorithm for Open Marketplaces of network services

Network service composition provided as a service in an Open Marketplace enables users to obtain customized end-to-end composed service(s) using the services advertised by the providers in the marketplace. By providing a semantic language for advertising services and offering choice for the composed service(s) we provide a level playing field for the providers and alternatives for the users to choose from based on their requirement. This is similar to the services offered in the cloud, but without the provider monopoly or the limitation of having to select from limited options.
Stress hormones predict a host superspreader phenotype in the West Nile virus system

Glucocorticoid stress hormones, such as corticosterone (CORT), have profound effects on the behaviour and physiology of organisms, and thus have the potential to alter host competence and the contributions of individuals to population- and community-level pathogen dynamics. For example, CORT could alter the rate of contacts among hosts, pathogens and vectors through its widespread effects on host metabolism and activity levels. CORT could also affect the intensity and duration of pathogen shedding and risk of host mortality during infection. We experimentally manipulated songbird CORT, asking how CORT affected behavioural and physiological responses to a standardized West Nile virus (WNV) challenge. Although all birds became infected after exposure to the virus, only birds with elevated CORT had viral loads at or above the infectious threshold. Moreover, though the rate of mortality was faster in birds with elevated CORT compared with controls, most hosts with elevated CORT survived past the day of peak infectiousness. CORT concentrations just prior to inoculation with WNV and anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations following viral exposure were predictive of individual duration of infectiousness and the ability to maintain physical performance during infection (i.e. tolerance), revealing putative biomarkers of competence. Collectively, our results suggest that glucocorticoid stress hormones could directly and indirectly mediate the spread of pathogens.
2-Azadienes as Reagents for Preparing Chiral Amines: Synthesis of 1,2-Amino Tertiary Alcohols by Cu-Catalyzed Enantioselective Reductive Couplings with Ketones

We introduce a new strategy for synthesis of chiral amines: couplings of α-aminoalkyl nucleophiles generated by enantioselective migratory insertion of 2-azadienes to a Cu–H. In this report, we demonstrate its application in catalytic reductive coupling of 2-azadienes and ketones to furnish 1,2-amino tertiary alcohols with vicinal stereogenic centers.
Characterization of pituitary and peptide hormones by electrophoresis in starch gel.

SUMMARY A variety of pituitary and other protein hormone preparations exhibited characteristic patterns in starch gel electrophoresis, with the Ferguson and Wallace modification of Poulik’s discon- tinuous buffer system. Five human growth hormone prepara- tions prepared by different methods appeared similar. The four major bands in human growth hormone were inseparable from the four major bands in three different ovine prolactin preparations. Human prolactin shared two major bands in common with both human growth hormone and ovine prolactin. Human, simian, and porcine growth hormone shared three major bands in common, indistinguishable from one another, even with change in pH and prolonged electrophoresis. The simian prepa- ration had one and the porcine preparation four major compo- nents not detected in the human preparation. Purified bovine growth hormone had no bands in common with the other three preparations. Among the melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH) , syn- thetic (r-MSH (Hofmann) had the identical electrophoretic mobility as the major component in Schally’s preparation. The characteristic pattern of corticotropin A1 and AQ and ar-MSH and /I-MSH was established; a variety of corticotropin prepara- tions were examined, and the content of each of these peptides was assessed. Three purified parathyroid hormone preparations and two purified relaxin preparations were found not to be homogeneous
Angioedema Secondary to IV Tissue Plasminogen Activator Administration for Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Background. IV tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the treatment of choice for ischemic strokes that present within the treatment window. In the majority of patients, this offers an effective and often life-prolonging treatment in the acute setting. In a rare set of patients treated with IV tPA, side effects can be seen. One rare and potentially dangerous side effect is angioedema. Case Report. We present the case of a patient treated for ischemic stroke who developed angioedema and discuss the etiology and risk factors for this rare, but dangerous side effect. Conclusion. Given the frequent and widespread use of tPA, awareness of the rare life-threatening side effects is paramount. This is of particular importance for practitioners in the acute care setting.
Case Study #4: Fundamental Power Engineering

Chapter 9 applies HSSPFC design to power engineering. Power engineering terminology is derived from the classical linear mass–spring–damper and an RLC electrical network. The methodology is then used to design both a robust Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) and PID with adaptive control architectures for both linear and nonlinear RLC dynamic network systems. The main contribution of this chapter is to present HSSPFC design as it applies to power engineering and how it is enhanced through adaptive control.
Individual and Collective Determinants of Activity in Collaborative Production

A distinctive feature of online peer-production systems is that participants can behave as they wish, resulting in complex and interrelated behavioral trajectories. My dissertation examines this behavior from the perspectives of the individual as well as that of the collective. I began by studying the dynamics between individuals' behaviors and early motivations over time. I then proposed a new approach for characterizing the emergent dependencies between different types of activities that influence the probability that participants behave in certain ways. By attending the Doctoral Colloquium, I hope to exchange ideas with other students and receive feedback on these two studies.
Relative contributions of nearshore and wetland habitats to coastal food webs in the Great Lakes.

Abstract Hydrologic linkages among coastal wetland and nearshore areas allow coastal fish to move among the habitats, which has led to a variety of habitat use patterns. We determined nutritional support of coastal fishes from 12 wetland-nearshore habitat pairs using stable isotope analyses, which revealed differences among species and systems in multi-habitat use. Substantial (proportions > 0.30) nutrition often came from the habitat other than that in which fish were captured. Nearshore subsidies to coastal wetlands indicate wetlands are not exclusively exporters of energy and materials; rather, there is reciprocity in the mutual energetic support of nearshore and wetland food webs. Coastal wetland hydrogeomorphology influenced the amount of multi-habitat use by coastal fishes. Fishes from systems with relatively open interfaces between wetland and nearshore habitats exhibited less nutritional reliance on the habitat in which they were captured, and higher use of resources from the adjacent habitat. Comparisons of stable isotope analyses of nutrition with otolith analyses of occupancy indicated nutritional sources often corresponded with habitat occupancy; however, disparities among place of capture, otolith analyses, and nutritional analyses indicated differences in the types of support those analyses inform. Disparities between occupancy information and nutritional information can stem from movements for support functions other than foraging. Together, occupancy information from otolith microchemistry and nutritional information from stable isotope analyses provide complementary measures of the use of multiple habitats by mobile consumers. This work underscores the importance of protecting or restoring a diversity of coastal habitats and the hydrologic linkages among them.
Low-Loss Suspended Crossover Interconnects using Laser Enhanced Direct Print Additive Manufacturing

This paper outlines a new type of versatile 3-D printed suspended coplanar waveguide (CPW) interconnects that are well suited for packaging of mm-wave systems. The design, fabrication process and characterization results are presented. 3D printing quality, namely feature size and dimensional accuracy, was improved by utilizing well-characterized laser machining techniques. The laser machining process enables the control of the dimensions of micro-dispensed conductive traces down to a few micrometers. CPW lines are printed on a fixed-fixed beam and can be extended over the bridge across devices such as a low noise amplifier MMIC chip or another interconnect layer underneath. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and CB028 conductive silver paste are utilized to fabricate the CPW lines on suspended beams over an air cavity. Simulated and measured S-parameters up to 30 GHz for an interconnect are presented. The conductor width, ground width, and slot width are 160 μm, 260 μm, and 20 μm, respectively. The measured transmission line loss of the suspended CPW line is 0.26 dB/mm at 30 GHz.
Fundamental Concepts for Interrupted Flow

Any discussion of capacity analysis for signalized intersections must begin with a common vocabulary concerning key factors and measures describing the operation of traffic signals. Unfortunately, this vocabulary has changed over the years. It is useful, however, to use a common nomenclature in discussing any of the historic or current analysis methodologies.
Lipid Metabolism and Axon Degeneration: An ACOX1 Balancing Act.

The loss of peroxisomal function has been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. In this issue of Neuron, Chung et al. (2020) demonstrate that gain- and loss-of-function mutations in the peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1) gene cause neurodegeneration via distinct molecular pathways in glia.
The dark matter(s) of Wakanda: a poetic performative

Black Panther (2018) uplifted and affirmed Blackness for many Black Americans and across the African diaspora; however, Black Panther's reimagining required a return to dark matter for bodies margi...
Factors Underlying Asymmetric Dynamics of Disaggregase and Microtubule Severing AAA+ Machines

Abstract Disaggregation and microtubule-severing nanomachines from the AAA+ (ATPases associated with various cellular activities) superfamily assemble into ring–shaped hexamers that enable protein remodeling by coupling large–scale conformational changes with application of mechanical forces within a central pore by loops protruding within the pore. We probed these motions and intra-ring interactions that support them by performing extensive explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulations of single-ring severing proteins and the double-ring disaggregase ClpB. Simulations reveal that dynamic stability of hexamers of severing proteins and of the nucleotide binding domain 1 (NBD1) ring of ClpB, which belong to the same clade, involves a network of salt bridges that connect conserved motifs of central PL1 loops of the hexamer. Clustering analysis of ClpB highlights correlated motions of domains of neighboring protomers supporting strong inter-protomer collaboration. Severing proteins have weaker inter-protomer coupling and stronger intra-protomer stabilization through salt bridges formed between PL2 and PL3 loops. Distinct mechanisms are identified in the NBD2 ring of ClpB involving weaker inter–protomer coupling through salt bridges formed by non–canonical loops and stronger intra–protomer coupling. Pore width fluctuations associated with the PL1 constriction in the spiral states, in the presence of a substrate peptide, highlight stark differences between narrowing of channels of severing proteins and widening of the NBD1 ring of ClpB. This indicates divergent substrate processing mechanisms of remodeling and translocation by ClpB and substrate tail-end gripping and possible wedging on microtubule lattice by severing enzymes. Relaxation dynamics of the distance between the PL1 loops and the centers of mass of protomers reveals observation-time-dependent dynamics, leading to predicted relaxation times of tens of microseconds on millisecond experimental timescales. For ClpB the predicted relaxation time is in excellent agreement with the extracted time from smFRET experiments.
Bamlanivimab Use in a Military Treatment Facility.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was first identified in 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has rapidly spread across the world. As of April 2021, SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 140,000,000 and caused more than 3,000,000 deaths globally. In November 2020, the monoclonal antibody bamlanivimab was approved by the FDA for non-hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) who possessed risk factors for progression to severe COVID-19. This provided a treatment option that may help prevent hospitalization. METHODS: Patients who regularly received ambulatory care at a military treatment facility and who were diagnosed with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 and possessed risk factors for progression to severe COVID-19 were treated with a single, intravenous infusion (700 mg) of the virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibody bamlanivimab. The primary outcome was improvement of self-reported symptoms within 24 to 72 hours of receiving the infusion. The secondary outcome was prevention of disease progression requiring emergency department (ED) utilization or hospitalization related to COVID-19 within 30 days of infusion. Bamlanivimab was administered in accordance with the FDA's approval and Defense Health Agency's guidance, including follow-up within 72 hours of administration. Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was obtained. RESULTS: Of the COVID-19 patients who were given the option of a bamlanivimab infusion, 40 accepted and 6 did not (40/46, 86.9%). Thirty-six of 40 patients in the treatment group were contacted within 72 hours. ED/hospitalization information was available for all 46 patients. In the treatment group, 94.4% (34/36) reported global improvement. Three of 40 (7.5%) patients in the treatment group required inpatient admission, and 2 of 40 patients (5%) required ED evaluation within 30 days of infusion. Therefore, 5 of 40 (12.5%) patients required evaluation shortly after infusion, while 2 of 6 (33.3%) patients who declined treatment required hospital evaluation or admission related to COVID-19 within 30 days of infusion (P = .15). CONCLUSIONS: Global improvement of symptoms within 24 to 72 hours of infusion was reported by 94.4% of patients receiving bamlanivimab; however, statistical significance could not be determined due to the small sample size and lack of placebo group due to study design. Furthermore, ED visits and hospital admissions were analyzed, but with only six patients in the comparison group, the relative risk was not statistically significant and could not be precisely estimated. In the future, this study can be replicated with both larger control/treatment arms to validate the initial results of this small, retrospective, cohort study.