cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The birth of chemotherapy at Yale. Bicentennial lecture series: Surgery Grand Round.

Chemotherapy, one of the mainstays of cancer treatment today, was pioneered at Yale during World War II. Last year, two Yale surgeons, Drs. John Fenn and Robert Udelsman, sought to unearth the mystery surrounding the discovery of chemotherapy and its first use at Yale. The first chemotherapy patient is known only as JD in the literature, and without a name, date of birth, or medical record number, a search for his record seemed futile. However, persistence coupled with sheer fortune led them to JD’s chart, where they found information that differed from previous accounts. The riveting personal story of JD, an immigrant patient with lymphosarcoma, was revealed for the first time by Drs. Fenn and Udelsman on January 19, 2011, at a special Surgical Grand Rounds celebrating the bicentennial of Yale School of Medicine.
Gleaning hope in a vacillating DACA sociopolitical context: undocumented Latinx students’ systems of support and success in K-16 education

In light of the lingering threat of recession of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), this paper examines the ways in which undocumented Latinx students glean hope in a vacillating DACA context to persist through college. A review of immigration policy particularly as it relates to K-12 and higher education is provided as a springboard to investigate the salience of student voice in policy considerations. Findings indicate the critical supports of familial capital as undocumented Latinx students navigate the complex anti-immigrant terrain. As the long-term legislative fate of undocumented students remains unknown, we provide recommendations for educators and policymakers.
The Flow Stress of AM IN 625 under Conditions of High Strain and Strain Rate

Additively manufactured (AM) nickel superalloy (In 625) with known processing history and quasi-static properties has been investigated under extreme strains up to about 100% and strain rate up to about 104/s by machining. A model for the calculation of the component of force that is due to indentation by the tool cutting edge was utilized to correct the measured shear force and material flow stress. The results are compared to flow stress measurements produced by Kolsky compression testing under strains of about 25% and strain rate of about 103/s. The highly instrumented setups utilized for the machining testing made possible an accurate description of the strain and strain rate at the primary shear zone (PSZ), and the temperature at the tool rake face that prevailed throughout the machining. The strain and strain rate were determined by digital image correlation. The temperature was determined by through-the-tool thermography. Differences observable during the cutting and dynamic compression of additive and wrought In 625 are outlined.
Food insecurity is associated with disordered eating behaviors in NCAA division 1 male collegiate athletes.

Objective: To assess the relationship of high school and collegiate household food security to current disordered food consumption behaviors in a sample of NCAA Division 1 male, collegiate athletes...
Uncertainty Mitigation in Feeder Level Power Loss Reduction with Distributed Generation

The grid is moving towards a system of decentralized distributed generation using a large number of small scale renewable generation resources. These resources are stochastic in nature and therefore have to be continuously monitored and controlled for better system operation. This calls for an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure that is able to provide continuous generation and load data. However, losses in communication is always possible. The work in this paper tries to come up with a DG control scheme that makes it possible for the system to make meaningful decisions even during communication losses. Proposed here is a feeder level loss minimization control scheme that uses a possibilistic approach to come up with DG set points in the absence of continuous system data.
Leveraging technology in field education for digital natives: Using goal attainment scaling

ABSTRACTIn 21st century social work education, faculty must build on student experiences to construct new learning opportunities. However, traditional academic approaches often struggle with this. ...
The Introduction to Private Cloud using Oracle Exadata and Oracle Database

Private clouds allow for managing multiple databases under one roof, avoiding unnecessary resource management. Private cloud solutions can be applied in sectors such as healthcare, retail, and software. The Introduction to Private Cloud using Oracle Exadata and Oracle Database will explore the general architecture of private cloud databases with a focus on Oracle’s Exadata database machine. The book describes the private cloud using fundamental-level Exadata and database. Exadata has been Oracle’s pioneer product for almost a decade. In the last few years, Oracle has positioned Exadata for customers to consume as a cloud service. This book will provide a timely introduction to Exadata for current and potential Oracle customers and other IT professionals.
Ethnic Conflict in the Indian Subcontinent: Assessing the Impact of Multiple Cleavages:

AbstractAs majoritarian electoral politics and religious conservatism are rising in the major multi-ethnic South Asian countries, such as India and Pakistan, the events of mob lynching, ethnic clas...
118 Informing policy change: reaching policymakers with Iowa’s opioid overdose concerns

Purpose The opioid overdose epidemic continues to devastate the United States through dangerous variations and combinations of drugs. In Iowa’s population of over 3 million people, there were 137 overdose deaths involving opioids in 2018. While Iowa’s opioid related overdose deaths remain lower than the national average, there is concern that the rurality of Iowa could contribute to increases in opioid involved deaths. In August 2019, the University of Iowa Injury Prevention Research Center (UI IPRC) began collaborative efforts with Iowa stakeholders to identify policy priorities to address rural opioid concerns and identify ways to reach policymakers with these priorities. Methods In September 2019, the UI IPRC convened over 30 stakeholders across Iowa representing more than a dozen fields including groups with rural and farming interests. We reviewed evidenced-based strategies, identified what Iowa was doing to address rural overdose issues, proposed policy and program changes, and identified priorities. An online survey was sent to participants to vote on their top five priorities. Results The five stakeholder priorities included developing holistic treatment and recovery resources, improving communication strategies between stakeholders, considering polysubstance drug use during surveillance and prevention efforts, improving naloxone access and distribution, and combating stigma. The UI IPRC will disseminate a report describing the unique characteristics of Iowa’s rural drug issues, including the rise in polysubstance overdose deaths, and the five stakeholder priorities to Iowa policy makers beginning in the 2020 legislative cycle. In addition, the UI IPRC will also publish an op-ed highlighting the priorities. Conclusions/Significance Upon identifying the priorities, it is clear there are still gaps in surveillance, prevention, and treatment efforts with regards to licit and illicit drugs in Iowa. In order to prevent further drug related mortality in Iowa, it is crucial to continually identify policy priorities and actively disseminate recommendations to Iowa policy makers.
Design of a Serious Game to Inform the Public About the Critical Zone

The Critical Zone (CZ), the near surface more portion of the terrestrial Earth is a complex concept that plays a pivotal role in the food-energy-water nexus. Due to its complexity, the concept of the CZ and its components are not well understood by society. Challenges range from imagining the invisible (the soil, rock, and water beneath us) to understanding complex relations between the involved components. To create awareness on a societal level, we have initiated a transdisciplinary project driven by immersive and gaming technologies that allow for an extension of what physical reality offers society about the concept of the CZ. We have developed a serious iVR game that enables learners to have a concrete experience about the CZ, and how natural and human processes affect it.
Applying Implementation Drivers to Scale-up Evidence-Based Practices in New York State

Mental health authorities in several states, often working with academic partners, have played important roles in disseminating evidence-based practices (EBPs) for adults diagnosed with serious mental illness. This work has been facilitated by intermediary organizations that work directly with providers to implement EBPs. This report uses two case studies to describe how the Center for Practice Innovations (CPI), an intermediary organization, has used the Active Implementation Research Network's nine implementation drivers to successfully implement EBPs across the large state of New York. One case study focuses on supported employment and the second on integrated treatment for co-occurring mental health and substance use conditions. We provide these case studies to illustrate how intermediary organizations can use implementation science to organize and select effective support strategies to disseminate and implement a range of EBPs within a state system.
Receiving advice from a health professional and action taken to reduce dietary sodium intake among adults.

Objective: Population reductions in Na intake could prevent hypertension, and current guidelines recommend that clinicians advise patients to reduce intake. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of taking action and receiving advice from a health professional to reduce Na intake in ten US jurisdictions, including the first-ever data in New York state and Guam. Design: Weighted prevalence and 95 % CI overall and by location, demographic group, health status and receipt of provider advice using self-reported data from the 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System optional Na module. Setting: Seven states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and Guam. Participants: Adults aged ≥ 18 years. Results: Overall, 53·6 % (95 % CI 52·7, 54·5) of adults reported taking action to reduce Na intake, including 54·8 % (95 % CI 52·8, 56·7) in New York and 61·2 % (95 % CI 57·6, 64·7) in Guam. Prevalence varied by demographic and health characteristic and was higher among adults who reported having hypertension (72·5 %; 95 % CI 71·2, 73·7) v. those who did not report having hypertension (43·9 %; 95 % CI 42·7, 45·0). Among those who reported receiving Na reduction advice from a health professional, 82·6 % (95 % CI 81·3, 83·9) reported action v. 44·4 % (95 % CI 43·4, 45·5) among those who did not receive advice. However, only 24·0 % (95 % CI 23·3, 24·7) of adults reported receiving advice from a health professional to reduce Na intake. Conclusions: The majority of adults report taking action to reduce Na intake. Results highlight an opportunity to increase Na reduction advice from health professionals during clinical visits to better align with existing guidelines.
Overreaction to Capital Taxation in Saving Decisions

We study the response of saving decisions to two alternative capital taxation, i.e., wealth tax and capital income tax. We conduct an online “life-cycle” experiment on Amazon Mturk, where subjects make dynamic saving decisions. Subjects exhibit an overreaction to the wealth tax, not to the capital income tax: the subject saves significantly less with the introduction of wealth tax than with a financially equivalent drop in capital return. Furthermore, we build a parsimonious behavioral model of individual optimization to characterize the overreaction. Finally, to quantitatively illustrate the policy implication of overreaction for optimal capital taxation analysis, we use the same model and calibration as the seminal study of Conesa et al. (2009), but modified it to allow for behavioral overreaction. The results show that a larger overreaction bias generates more welfare loss for the economy. The optimal capital tax rate decreases as households overreact more to capital taxation.
Illinois Still Has Serious Fiscal Problems After December 2013 Pension Law Changes

Illinois has a chronic, structural fiscal problem so huge that it cannot be eliminated by increases in economic growth alone, increases in taxes alone, or—alas— aggressive pension changes alone.1 In early December 2013 the General Assembly passed, and Governor Quinn quickly signed, a major pension reduction bill. In this brief, we project Illinois’ budget gap with estimates of the fiscal impact of the new pension law. The state still has a large structural imbalance after the pension changes.
Design of functional observers for fault detection and isolation in nonlinear systems in the presence of noises

Abstract This work deals with the problem of designing functional observers for fault diagnosis in nonlinear systems in the presence of noises. It follows up previous work of the authors on design of functional observers (residual generators) for deterministic systems from the point of view of observer error linearization. Here, we consider the effect of noises on residual generation. The effect of sensor noises on the residuals is studied analytically and the associated probability distributions are derived. Following this, a well-known statistical hypothesis testing approach, Generalized Likelihood Ratio, is used to track changes in the mean of the residual to enable robust fault detection. The approach is also extended to process noises (plant-model mismatch) numerically. Throughout the study the methods presented are tested on a non-isothermal CSTR case study. The results show that the fault diagnosis scheme is able to quickly and accurately detect faults in the presence of both sensor and process noises.
How can neuroscience inform economics

Neuroeconomics is now a well-established discipline at the intersection of neuroscience, psychology and economics, yet its influence on mainstream economics has been smaller than on the other two fields. This is in part because, unlike neuroscientists and psychologists, most economists are not interested in the process of decision making per se . We argue that neuroscience is most likely to influence economics in the short run by providing new insights into the relationships between variables that economists already study. In recent years the field has made many such contributions, using models from cognitive neuroscience to better explain choice behavior. Here we review the work that we think has great promise to contribute to economics in the near future.
First-Exposure Performance of the Bentonite Component of a GCL in a Low-pH, Calcium-Enriched Environment

Testing was conducted on the bentonite portion of a Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL) for application to an environment characterized as having high concentrations of dissolved calcium ions. This environment presents conditions that might affect the long-term hydraulic function of the GCL as a component in a barrier system. Experiments were conducted to investigate first-exposure compatibility of a sodium bentonite GCL subject to the affects of acidic groundwater and second from the combined affects of acidic groundwater enriched with calcium. Relationships between the ionic exchange of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium species in the bentonite, and changes in hydraulic conductivity and electrical conductance are reported and discussed.
Dissociable changes in functional network topology underlie early category learning and development of automaticity

Recent work has shown that multimodal association areas-including frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex-are focal points of functional network reconfiguration during human learning and performance of cognitive tasks. On the other hand, neurocomputational theories of category learning suggest that the basal ganglia and related subcortical structures are focal points of functional network reconfiguration during early learning of some categorization tasks but become less so with the development of automatic categorization performance. Using a combination of network science and multilevel regression, we explore how changes in the connectivity of small brain regions can predict behavioral changes during training in a visual categorization task. We find that initial category learning, as indexed by changes in accuracy, is predicted by increasingly efficient integrative processing in subcortical areas, with higher functional specialization, more efficient integration across modules, but a lower cost in terms of redundancy of information processing. The development of automaticity, as indexed by changes in the speed of correct responses, was predicted by lower clustering (particularly in subcortical areas), higher strength (highest in cortical areas), and higher betweenness centrality. By combining neurocomputational theories and network scientific methods, these results synthesize the dissociative roles of multimodal association areas and subcortical structures in the development of automaticity during category learning.
Depth Dependent Rupture Properties in Circum-Pacific Subduction Zones

Depth dependence of the source rupture duration of interplate thrust earthquakes is examined for seven subduction zones around the Pacific to explore variations in faulting properties. Multi-station deconvolutions of teleseismic P waves for moderate size earthquakes yield estimates of the source time function and centroid depth for each event. Analysis of 17 to 75 earthquakes in each region reveals a consistent trend of decreasing source duration (inferred from the source time functions, after correction for differences in total energy release) with increasing depth. Rupture duration patterns vary somewhat between subduction zones as well as along strike within a given zone, and the data have large scatter, implying significant variation in rupture processes along the interplate megathrusts, but the depth dependence appears to be robust. The rupture duration variations prompt consideration of two end-member models: 1) depth-dependent rupture velocity is caused by variations of rigidity of materials in the fault zone, while static stress drop is constant, and 2) static stress drop varies with depth while material properties and rupture velocity are constant. For the first model, the volumetrically averaged rigidity of the fault zone must increase with depth in each region by a factor of 5 between depths of 5 to 20 km. If rupture velocity is constant, the stress drop must increase by an order of magnitude over the same depth range. This systematic variation in rupture behavior with depth may reflect spatial variations in the amount, compaction and porosity of sediment in the fault zone, topography on the subducting plate, phase transitions in the fault zone materials, thermal structure of the megathrust, and varying presence of fluids in the fault zone. Such physical variations appear to control the physics of rupture propagation, leading to intrinsic dependence of rupture velocity on materials and fluids within the fault zone.
Absolute propagation constants in vinyl polymerization

The determination of the individual rate constants in a reaction involving more than a single step is part of the basic knowledge required to understand the process itself. The history of the chain mechanism of vinyl polymerization is presented briefly. The techniques needed to measure the chain propagation step are discussed for the three basic mechanisms: free-radical, cationic, and anionic polymerization. Illustrative examples of the rate constants obtained are given, with stress placed on the monomers styrene and methyl methacrylate, which have the advantage of being able to be polymerized by all three or two of the mechanisms, respectively. This allows a comparison of propagation constants between mechanisms. Some factors influencing the magnitudes of the constants are mentioned, and some problems involved in specific cases are discussed.
Percolation threshold of a two-dimensional continuum system

We discuss the percolation threshold of a two-dimensional continuum system which has conductor only in those regions where a function $I(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}})$ is less than a chosen cutoff intensity. An experimental realization of such a system, with $I(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}})$ the electric field intensity of a laser speckle pattern, has recently been reported. We carry out a computer study for this case, the results of which are in excellent agreement with the experimental results. Expanding on earlier ideas that it is the saddle points of $I(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}})$ which determine the percolation threshold, we introduce an "equivalent network" which has the same threshold as the continuum system. With the use of this result, the computer study constructs the network and then easily finds its threshold. The computer study also finds the densities of maxima, minima, and saddle points of $I(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}})$ which are in close agreement with the analytic results of a companion paper. Finally, we use the equivalent network in developing an "effective-lattice" estimate for the percolation threshold.
The current situation of investment in China's international student education and its strategy analysis

Chinese Government has attached great importance to the cause of China's international student education ever since. The paper aims to introduce the current situation of international student education in China from the perspective of Chinese Government Scholarship and then to elaborate on its education finance and great achievement. It finally makes the strategy analysis of Chinese Government Scholarship system, and thus to put forward the innovative measures to enhance international student education in China.
Juvenile Sex and Non‐Sex Offenders: A Comparison of Recidivism and Risk

Forty male juvenile sex offenders were compared with 133 male juvenile non-sex offenders 2 years postrelease from residential treatment to assess recidivism and factors related to recidivism. Juvenile sex offenders had significantly lower recidivism rates than juvenile non-sex offenders.
Physical mapping of the Esterase-6 locus of Drosophila melanogaster.

The Esterase-6 gene locus of Drosophila melanogaster although well-characterized, has not been definitly mapped by in situ hybridization. In this paper, a high resolution in situ hybridization protocol using an avidin/biotinylated-horseradish peroxidase/diaminobenzidine system was adopted to refine the physical map position of the Esterase-6 locus. Clarity of signal, detail of banding pattern and absence of background allowed the assignment of a 1.8 kb cDNA encoding Esterase-6 to three bands within subsections 69 A1–A3 on the left arm of polytene chromosome 3. These data refine earlier deletion mapping and low resolution in situ hybridization results, which assigned Esterase-6 to 69 A1–A5. The potential use of this high resolution in situ hybridization technique in the analysis of the physical organization of the Esterase-6 gene duplication and surrounding region is discussed.
Neutron diffraction study of [H4Co4(C5Me4Et)4], a tetrahedral metal cluster complex with four face-bridging hydride ligands

A single-crystal neutron diffraction analysis of the cluster complex [H(4)Co(4)(C(5)Me(4)Et)(4)] was carried out on the new quasi-Laue diffractometer VIVALDI at the Institut Laue-Langevin. The structure consists of four face-bridging hydrides attached to a tetrahedral cobalt metal core. Average distances and angles in the core of the molecule are as follows: Co-Co = 2.571(8), Co-C = 2.158(6), Co-H = 1.749(7), H.H = 2.366(9) A; Co-H-Co = 94.6(3), H-Co-H = 85.1(3) degrees. The hydride ligands are located off the Co-Co-Co planes by an average distance of 0.923(8) A. It is suggested that the dimensions of the HCo(3) fragments found in this molecule provide reasonable estimates for analogous distances and angles associated with chemisorbed H atoms situated on the 3-fold hollows of a cobalt surface. Crystallographic details: space group P2(1)/a (monoclinic); a = 21.979(2), b = 10.924(1), c = 34.406(2) A; beta = 90.81(1) degrees; Z = 8. Final agreement factor: R(F) = 0.099 for 3779 reflections [I > 2sigma(I)] collected at 20 K.
Geospatial Analysis of Space–Time Patterning of ENSO Forced Daily Precipitation Distributions in the Gulf of Mexico

The Gulf of Mexico experiences significant changes in the distribution of daily precipitation totals that are linked to the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This research uses geospatial techniques to examine distribution patterns of ENSO-related precipitation. Kolmogorov–Smirnov test results comparing daily rainfall distributions for El Nino and La Nina are mapped at a 1° × 1° latitude/longitude resolution, and hotspot analysis using local Moran's I is performed to identify spatial clustering. Results indicate that ENSO-forced spatial and temporal variation in daily precipitation distributions influence large areas of the Gulf of Mexico region from August through January.
Using Equity Theory to Explore Adult Siblings’ Use of Relational Maintenance Behaviors and Relational Characteristics

The purpose of this study was to explore the role that equity plays in the adult sibling relationship in terms of the behaviors siblings use to maintain their relationships and their assessment of relational characteristics (i.e., commitment, trust, communication satisfaction, relational satisfaction, liking, and loving). Participants were 637 individuals who reported on a relationship with a sibling. Results indicated that (a) adult siblings in an equitable relationship use the openness relational maintenance strategy at a higher rate than adult siblings in an underbenefitted relationship, but not at a higher rate than adult siblings in an overbenefitted relationship; (b) adult siblings in an equitable relationship report higher levels of commitment, trust, communication satisfaction, relational satisfaction, liking, and loving than adult siblings in an underbenefitted relationship; and (c) adult siblings in an overbenefitted relationship report higher levels of trust, communication satisfaction, relatio...
THE DISTANCE LEARNING PARTNERSHIP IN GERONTOLOGY: THE GEORGIA MODEL FOR GERONTOLOGY HIGHER EDUCATION

University‐based educators focused on the study of gerontology and geriatrics have been increasing their use of distance education in order to meet challenges posed by shortages of faculty trained in gerontology and the need to reach a larger, more diverse student body. The purpose of this article is to describe the Distance Learning Partnership in Gerontology, developed in the State of Georgia, to promote collaboration and shared educational experiences in gerontology and geriatrics higher education. A brief overview of the principles and essential components of distance education is presented to provide an anchor for the discussion of the Georgia model. Following this overview, the rationale, design, preliminary faculty input, and current status of the Georgia model are presented.
Total electron-loss cross sections and absolute charge-state yields of 20-MeV Fe ions transmitted through gaseous targets

Absolute charge-state yields of 20-MeV Fe ions emerging within a large acceptance angle from a differentially pumped gas cell of length 9.4 cm have been measured using N/sub 2/, Ar, Kr, Xe, and SF/sub 6/ targets. The gas pressures ranged from 2 to 400 mTorr, thereby including target thicknesses where single events dominate the charge change, as well as target thicknesses where charge-state equilibrium is established. From the low-pressure yields total cross sections, sigma/sub 4q/ with q = 5--15 were obtained using an improved version of the initial growth method.
Bad Mommies and Boy-Men: Postfeminism and Reactionary Masculinity in Tom Perrotta's Little Children

Tom Perrotta's novel Little Children (2004) thematizes anxieties about gender redefinition and illustrates an ambivalent attraction in American culture to reactionary masculinity; that is, men enacting highly authoritarian or violent roles. The novel centers on the adulterous affair of two young parents who meet at a suburban playground. Sarah has the contempt of a nontraditional woman for suburban mothers while feeling herself trapped in the role of stay-at-home mother. Her romantic partner Todd is also an instance of gender redefinition in that he stays home with his young child while his wife supports the family. Both characters rebel against the strains associated with redefinitions of gender roles by regressing into adolescent behavior. A subplot acknowledges that masculine frustration at feelings of inadequacy can lead to reassertions of the masculinity in the form of violence, as shown in how Larry (a friend of Todd's) asserts his masculinity through a violent campaign against Ronnie, a released se...
Improved immunoadsorption procedure with anion-exchange bacterial cell columns.

Abstract Bacterial cell columns for immunoadsorption were prepared with Streptococcus cells and triethylaminoethyl cellulose (Cellex-T) matrix material as a model system. Good column flow properties and satisfactory retention of the cells were obtained with ratios as high as 2 ml of packed cells/3 g dry weight of cellulose. Anion-exchange fractionation of whole serum by the Cellex-T was prevented by using 0.25 M NaCl in the developing buffer. Antibodies were adsorbed directly from whole serum and recovered in high yield by desorption at pH 2.3. Pre-exposing bacterial cells to formalin and washing them with acetone was necessary to ensure that they remained on the column. One strain of Streptococcus s salivarius (SS 908) was satisfactorily retained on a column only after cells were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and washed with acetone. The means by which Cellex-T retains bacterial cells appears to be a combination of electronic attraction and physical entrapment.
Noncollagenous bone proteins in experimental rickets in the rat

Rats were raised in the absence of vitamin D in utero and throughout post-fetal life and neither 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 nor related metabolites were detected in serums. No changes were observed in the relative amount of extractable noncollagenous bone proteins (NCP) in rachitic compared to vitamin-D-repleted animals. As expected, the relative levels of the mineral-bound, serum-derived albumin and α2-HS glycoprotein were unaffected in bones of rachitic animals. Interestingly, the vitamin D deficiency also did not have dramatic effects on several bone cell-derived noncollagenous proteins including: bone proteoglycans I & 11, bone sialoprotein li osteonectin, and osteocalcin. In contrast to the proteoglycans, the bone sialoprotein II and osteonectin were found in the nonmineral compartment of the rachitic animals, presumably bound to the wide osteoid seam.
Identification and characterization of two arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferases in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti

In this study we provide a molecular and biochemical identification of two arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferases (aaNAT) from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. N-acetyldopamine, the enzyme product of aaNAT, was detected in Ae. aegypti, indicating the presence of an aaNAT in this mosquito. A BLAST search of the Ae. aegypti genome, using sequence information from an activity-verified Drosophila aaNAT, identified thirteen putative aaNAT sequences sharing 13-48% sequence identity with the Drosophila enzyme. Eight of the thirteen putative aaNAT proteins were expressed using a bacterial expression system. Screening of purified recombinant proteins against 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine, methoxytryptamine, norepinephrine, octopamine, tryptamine, and tyramine substrates, established that two of the putative aaNATs are active to the tested arylalkylamines. We therefore named them aaNAT1 and 2, respectively. Analysis of the transcriptional profiles of the two aaNAT genes from Ae. aegypti revealed that aaNAT1 is more abundant in the whole body of larvae and pupae, and aaNAT2 is more abundant in the head of adult mosquitoes. Based on their substrate and transcriptional profiles, together with previous reports from other insects, we suggest that the two aaNATs play diverse roles in Ae. aegypti, with aaNAT1 primarily involved in sclerotization and aaNAT2 mainly in neurotransmitter inactivation. Our data provide a beginning to a more comprehensive understanding of the biochemistry and physiology of aaNATs from the Ae. aegypti and serve as a reference for studying the aaNAT family of proteins from other insect species.
Vibrational spectra and quantum mechanical assignments for 1-nitropropene

Abstract The i.r. spectra of cis and trans 1-nitropropene have been recorded in the vapor phase and in various solvents. Theoretical calculations at the Hartree—Fock level with a 3-21G(d) basis set were carried out yielding vibrational frequencies for nitromethane and cis and trans 1-nitropropene. Assignment of fundamentals was assisted by solvent effects on 1-nitropropene. Evidence is obtained for inter-molecular hydrogen bonding.
Mining and exploitation of natural mineral deposits by the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizii

Abstract Six female desert tortoises, Gopherus agassizii , were observed to consume the soil of a ‘limelayer’ on an exposed site, or to excavate through the overburden where the layer was not exposed. The calcium content of soil from the layer mined was significantly higher than that of adjacent surface soil. All geophagous episodes involved reproductively mature females during the nesting season, a period in which the females were in potential calcium stress. To our knowledge this is the first report of mining and long-term exploitation of natural mineral deposits by a lower vertebrate and may represent behaviour at least as complicated as that seen in many ungulates.
Inhaled nitric oxide in the treatment of postoperative graft dysfunction after lung transplantation

Pulmonary hypertension and transient graft dysfunction may complicate the postoperative course of patients undergoing lung transplantation. We report the acute effect of inhaled nitric oxide (80 ppm) on hemodynamics and gas exchange in 6 patients (median age, 14 years; range, 5 to 21 years) after lung transplantation as well as the effect of extended treatment over 40 to 69 hours in 2 patients. In 5 patients with pulmonary hypertension nitric oxide lowered mean pulmonary artery pressure (from 38.4 +/- 1.6 to 29.4 +/- 3.1 mm Hg; p < 0.05), pulmonary vascular resistance index (from 9.3 +/- 1.4 to 6.4 +/- 1.3 Um2; p < 0.05), and intrapulmonary shunt fraction (from 28.6% +/- 8.3% to 21.0% +/- 5.7%; p < 0.05). There was a 28.4% +/- 7.2% reduction in transpulmonary pressure gradient with only minor accompanying effects on the systemic circulation. Mean arterial pressure decreased only 2.7% +/- 5% (from 76.4 +/- 2.2 to 74 +/- 2.3 mm Hg; p = not significant), and systemic vascular resistance index by 4.2% +/- 9.7% (from 21.7 +/- 3.1 to 20.6 +/- 3.6 Um2; p = not significant). Cardiac index was unchanged (from 3.5 +/- 0.8 to 3.6 +/- 0.7 L.min-1.m-2; p = not significant). Nitric oxide caused a sustained improvement in oxygenation and pulmonary artery pressure during extended therapy at doses of 10 ppm. There were no major side effects. However, transient methemoglobinemia (9%) developed in 1 patient after 10 hours of nitric oxide treatment. Nitric oxide may be useful in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension and the impaired gas exchange that occurs after lung transplantation.
A new method for surface shear viscosity measurements: Decay of surface motions at a rotated gas—liquid interface

Abstract The theoretical basis for a new method for the measurement of the surface shear viscosity of a Newtonian liquid—gas interface is presented. The method involves the observation of decaying surface motions of a cup of liquid following cessation of steady rigid body rotation. Its basis stems from the sensitivity of the resulting angular displacements of surface elements to the shear properties of the interface. The method is most sensitive when the ratio of liquid height to cup radius is approximately 1 and when the observed surface elements are at radial positions somewhat removed from the cup walls. Series and graphical solutions are provided for determining the surface shear viscosity from measurements of original cup angular speed, cup geometry, surface particle angular displacement, and bulk fluid properties. Finally, experimental results are reported on water/air and oil/air systems with negligibly small surface shear viscosity effects. Angular displacement measurements show good agreement with those predicted theoretically.
INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION: THE CAUSE OF NECROTIC ARACHNIDISM

Venom from the brown recluse spider ( Loxosceles reclusa ) when injected into the skin of rabbits causes a characteristic inflammatory necrotic ulcer, comparable to the natural necrotic spider bite seen in man. In the rabbit the progressive hemorrhage and painful necrosis of the skin are associated with thrombocytopenia, fibrinogenemia, and prolongation of the clotting time. Ultrastructural studies of rabbit lesions show endothelial damage and thrombosis of blood vessels as early as 3hr following injection. Disintegration of the endothelial cells, hemorrhage, and thrombosis precede the inflammatory infiltrate and necrosis. We suggest that damage to blood vessels, activation of the clotting system, and release of local mediators of inflammation account for the characteristic clinical progression of necrotic arachnidism.
Studying Teachers and Schools: Michael Pressley's Legacy and Directions for Future Research

Much of Michael Pressley's work during the past decade focused on the nature of highly effective, engaging literacy instruction. Michael Pressley believed that studying effective teachers and schools had the potential to influence more engaging and effective teaching, especially in underresourced schools. First, we describe the grounded psychological theories he developed on effective practices for teaching reading and writing, and the positive and motivating classroom environments in which this instruction occurred. His work evolved from a focus on excellent teachers to excellent schools, and he was particularly passionate about developing a theory of effective schools in urban contexts and in isolated rural contexts. Pressley has had major impact on the direction of classroom research with a psychological theoretical perspective, particularly the construction of qualitative case studies. After critiquing the methodology used in this research, we suggest directions for future research.
Mueller matrices for waves reflected and transmitted through chiral materials: waveguide modal solutions and applications

Mueller matrices for waves reflected and transmitted through chiral materials are derived in terms of elements of the like- and cross-linearly polarized reflection and transmission coefficients. The diagonal-like-polarized reflection and transmission coefficients are insensitive to the chiral properties of the material, while the off-diagonal cross-polarized terms are proportional to the chiral parameter to first order. Therefore only the eight quasi-off-diagonal elements of the Mueller matrix are proportional to the chiral parameters. Since the cross-polarized coefficients are in time quadrature with respect to the like-polarized coefficients, two pairs of these quasi-off-diagonal elements are most sensitive to chirality. The waveguide modes that propagate along a chiral slab are derived. Applications are considered for the optimum detection of chiral materials.
The new urban landscape: Developers and edge cities

Abstract In this paper we model the decisions of an edge city developer who chooses business district capacity and location strategically to maximize profits. The developer competes against a core city with historically given downtown capacity for employment and, implicitly, residential population. Moving nearer the core city enhances production efficiency by increasing the efficiency of the exchange of information between businesses in the core and edge city. On the other hand, it increases typical residential rents and commuting costs (and hence wages demanded by employees) and weakens the developer's local monopsony power. The developer's choice of location and capacity play out in a complex but fascinating fashion, depending on the historical capacity of the downtown.
Cognitive Aspects of Intergenerational Change: Mental Models, Cultural Change, and Environmental Behavior among the Lacandon Maya of Southern Mexico

The life of the Lacandon Maya of Mensabak (Chiapas, Mexico) has undergone tremendous changes in the last 30 years. These changes are manifested in a generational split in social relations, household location, and economic behavior. The changes affecting social life as well as decision-making processes are paralleled by changes in environmental cognition among the adult members of the community. Older individuals reveal a systematic awareness of the ecological complexity involving animals and plants of the rainforest. The data suggest that the emerging patterns of change are not due to different stages of development-- from novice to expert--nor do they seem to be reversible. Rather, they indicate an intricate system that closely links culture, cognition, and behavior.
Gender and the ESL Classroom.

Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Radway, J. (1984). Reading the romance: Women, patriarchy, and popular literature. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Schenke, A. (1991). The "will to reciprocity" and the work of memory: Fictioning speaking out of silence in ESL and feminist pedagogies. Resources for Feminist Research, 20, 47-55. Sheth, A., & Handa, A. (1991). The jewel in the frown: Striking accord between Indian feminists. Resources for Feminist Research, 20, 65-79. Simson, H. (1989). Adrift in a world not of my own making: Feminism and the melodramatic text. Unpublished manuscript, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Department of Adult Education. Steedman, C. (1986). Landscape for a good woman: A story of two lives. London: Virago. Walkerdine, V. (1990). Schoolgirl fictions. London: Verso.
Coupled-cluster method in Fock space. II. Brueckner-Hartree-Fock method

The generalized coupled-cluster (CC) method of the preceding paper is cast into the form of the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock (BHF) method. In this approach the model vacuum \ensuremath{\Phi} is optimized to become the maximum-overlap configuration for the reference eigenfunction \ensuremath{\Psi}. One of the approximation schemes of the preceding paper is applied to derive explicit algebraic equations which can be used for practical calculations of (approximate) energies of several states of a many-fermion system. These include the N-particle ground-state energy, energies of some (N-1)- and (N+1)-particle states, as well as energies of certain N-particle excited states. It is indicated that the numerical effort required in the present approach is comparable to that of the coupled-cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) method of Purvis and Bartlett [J. Chem. Phys. 76, 1910 (1982)].
Multivariable nonlinear controller synthesis in discrete-time

Abstract For a nonlinear process with a generically singular characteristic matrix, input–output linearization is usually not achievable with a static state feedback, and one has to use a dynamic state feedback. A systematic and general approach to input–output linearizing feedback control of nonlinear processes with a egenerically singular or nonsingular characteristic matrix is presented. Mixed error- and state-feedback, error-feedback, and mixed error- and output-feedback control laws are derived. The derived feedback control laws reject step disturbances asymptotically and induce linear, input–output, closed-loop behavior to the process under consideration. The theoretical connections between the derived control laws and (a) model predictive control and (b) several already-available linear deadtime compensation methods are established. The application and performance of the derived control laws are illustrated and compared with those of model predictive control, by numerical simulation of a chemical reactor.
Resonant Raman detectors for noninvasive assessment of carotenoid antioxidants in human tissue

Carotenoid antioxidants form an important part of the human body's anti-oxidant system and are thought to play an important role in disease prevention. Studies have shown an inverse correlation between high dietary intake of carotenoids and risk of certain cancers, heart disease and degenerative diseases. For example, the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin, which are present in high concentrations in the human retina, are thought to prevent age-related macular degeneration, the leading cause of blindness in the elderly in the Western world. We have developed various clinical prototype instruments, based on resonance Raman spectroscopy, that are able to measure carotenoid levels directly in the tissue of interest. At present we use the Raman technology to quantify carotenoid levels in the human retina, in skin, and in the oral cavity. We use resonant excitation of the π-conjugated molecules in the visible wavelength range and detect the molecules' carbon-carbon stretch frequencies. The spectral properties of the various carotenoids can be explored to selectively measure in some cases individual carotenoid species linked ot the prevention of cancer, in human skin. The instrumentation involves home-built, compact, high-throughput Raman systems capable of measuring physiological carotenoid concentrations in human subjects rapidly and quantitatively. The instruments have been demonstrated for field use and screening of tissue carotenoid status in large populations. In Epidemiology, the technology holds promise as a novel, noninvasive and objective biomarker of fruit and vegetable uptake.
Medication event monitoring system (MEMS®): The asthma clinical research network (ACRN) experience

Abstract Rationale The eDEM™ Monitor, a MEMS® device, was introduced into the "Improving Asthma Control Trial (IMPACT)", a 12-month, multi-center, study to monitor adherence to a twice-daily oral dosing regimen in mild asthmatics. The objective was to establish study standards and compare eDEM's use in monitoring adherence versus manual pill count. Methods The ACRN established standard procedures, including certification requirements, prior to initiating IMPACT. eDEM determined adherence to a twice-daily oral tablet dosing regimen prescibed inconjunction with inhaler use, administered in a double-blind, double-dummy fashion in 225 randomized subjects (mean age=33 yrs). Agreement between the two methods of measuring adherence was assessed by the concordance correlation coefficient at specific visits, and an overall concordance correlation coefficient that combined the data from these visits and adjusted for the repeated measurements within each subject. Results The average adherence for both eDEM and pill count was consistently above 90%. When evaluating the visits separately, the concordance correlation coefficient to measure agreement between the two methods ranged from 0.92 to 0.74. For all visits combined, with adjustment for the correlation within each subject, the estimated overall concordance correlation coefficient between eDEM and pill count adherence was 0.91. Conclusions The excellent agreement between the adherence measured via eDEM and the manual pill count method supports the reliability of this device for patient monitoring in clinical trials.
Hybrid control of a simple walking autonomous robot

A very simple walking robot based on the BEAM (Biology Electronics Aesthetics Mechanics) model of design and control was developed. This robot uses a simple design based on single neurons to drive modified servo motors and propel the vehicle quickly across many surfaces. This paper describes the design steps and results of this robot.
The aromatic oxy-Cope rearrangement

Abstract An aromatic oxy-Cope rearrangement can be achieved under anionic conditions (KH + HMPA) in low yield with a naphthalene ring but not a phenyl.