cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stocking Contribution and Growth of Largemouth Bass in Pools of the Arkansas River

Abstract In response to concerns about a declining population of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in the Arkansas River, the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission stocked pools 5 and 9 with largemouth bass fingerlings (∼50 mm total length (TL)) marked with oxytetracycline in June 2002 at rates of 18 and 25 fish/ha, respectively. We evaluated the contribution of stocked largemouth bass to the 2002 year-class at age 0 in September 2002 and at age 1 in May 2003. Stocked largemouth bass comprised 15% in pool 5 and 20% in pool 9 of the 2002 year-class at age 0 and 10% in pool 5 and 13% in pool 9 at age 1. Contributions of stocked largemouth bass to the year-class did not differ significantly between pools (P = 0.2850 in pool 5 and 0.1824 in pool 9) or years (P = 0.3521 in fall and 0.5061 in spring). Mean lengths of stocked and wild largemouth bass did not differ significantly in either pool during fall 2002 (P = 0.2863 in pool 5 and 0.9281 in pool 9) or spring 2003 (P = 0.4809 in pool 5 and 0.1233 in pool 9)....
Hypoxia-induced fetoplacental vasoconstriction in perfused human placental cotyledons

Effects of maternal hypoxia on fetoplacental vascular resistance in the human placenta were investigated in an in vitro model in which single anatomic subunits (cotyledons) from term placentas were perfused at constant flow through both fetal and maternal circuits by means of a physiologic salt solution containing dextran. Acute reduction of oxygen tension in the maternal perfusate induced prompt fetoplacental vasoconstriction that recovered rapidly on restoration of oxygen to the perfusate. The response, hypoxic fetoplacental vasoconstriction, could be repeatedly demonstrated in the same cotyledon. The time course of hypoxic fetoplacental vasoconstriction was inversely related to oxygen tension of maternal arterial and maternal and fetal venous perfusates. Maternal and fetal venous perfusate pH and PC02 did not change during the response. It is concluded that hypoxic fetoplacental vasoconstriction is triggered by decreased . oxygen availability. It is suggested that hypoxic fetoplacental vasoconstriction may play a role in local regulation of human fetoplacental blood flow in vivo and may contribute to poor fetal prognosis in preeclampsia. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987;157:1261-6.)
Observations of planetary waves and nonmigrating tides by the Mars Climate Sounder

[1] Temperature profiles from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's (MRO) Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) indicate the presence of several types of stationary planetary waves and nonmigrating thermal tides in the Martian atmosphere. We analyze 35 months of MCS data to identify the dominant waves. With the contribution of the zonal mean and migrating tides removed, the temperature perturbations remaining are due to planetary waves, nonmigrating tides, and topographic and surface albedo/thermal inertia effects. We characterize waves with satellite-relative wave numbers 1 through 4 in the Martian middle atmosphere (40–80 km). In tropical latitudes, eastward propagating diurnal Kelvin waves are the dominant component observed in the satellite-relative wave number 2 through 4 fields; we identify these as diurnal Kelvin waves 1 through 3, respectively. The Kelvin waves have very long vertical wavelengths and amplitudes of 1–3 K. This is the first unambiguous detection of diurnal Kelvin wave 3. We also identify the zonally symmetric diurnal tide and an eastward propagating semidiurnal wave 1 tide, possibly the semidiurnal Kelvin wave 1. Stationary planetary waves with wave numbers 1 and 2 produce 5–10 K amplitudes in the middle and high latitudes of both hemispheres.
Arrowtooth Flounder (Atheresthes stomias) Protease as a Processing Aid

Abstract A crude protease extract from arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias) mince was used to separate muscle protein from commercial fisheries by-products. Pollock mince, frames, and skin were subjected to digestion by the enzyme extract for one hour at 55°C. The frames were clean and free of adhering muscle tissue and skin samples were largely broken down. Mass and protein bal-. ances for skin and frames demonstrated proteolytic release of small peptides through marked increase in the mass and protein concentration in the liquid (soluble) fractions of the digests compared to controls. Frame digestion showed a protein mass transfer of 64.1% of the solid substrate to the liquid fraction during the course of the digestion. By the end of the skin digestion, 53.7% of the skin protein had transferred from the solid substrate to the liquid fraction. The apparent breakdown of skin and intervertebral cartilaginous tissues indicate a possible affinity of the enzyme for these substrates. Results demonstrate t...
Endothelial linings: the effect of serine protease inhibition.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine if the inhibition of the serine proteases, thrombin and plasmin, by heparin and ϵ-aminocaproic acid (EACA) would improve endothelial cell retention on synthetic grafts. Endothelium was harvested from the external jugular veins of mongrel dogs using an enzymatic technique. The cells were grown in tissue culture for 3–4 weeks, labeled with 111 In oxine, inoculated (2000 cells/mm 2 ) into fibronectin-coated 4 mm-diameter tubes of polyester eleastomer (PE, Hytrel 4056, DuPont), and cultured for 18 hr. Each animal received iv heparin (100 U/kg) prior to implantation, and a 4 × 30-mm segment of the culture-lined PE was interposed in the dog's own carotid artery. After 6 hr of flow the grafts were perfusion fixed; the percentage of endothelial retention was determined by 111 In counting, and the surfaces of the grafts were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Six experiments were performed in each of three treatment groups. Animals in Group I received no additional drugs. Group II animals received a continuous infusion of heparin at 30 U/kg/hr. Group III animals received a bolus of 200 mg/kg of EACA with the initial heparin dose and a continuous infusion of heparin at 30 U/kg/hr and EACA at 200 mg/kg/hr. Group I grafts retained an average of 36.1 ± 23.3% of the cells; Group II retained 67.5 ± 24.9%; and Group III retained 83.4 ± 9.8%. Although continuous heparin infusion resulted in a trend ( P = 0.067) toward better retention, a combined infusion of heparin and EACA resulted in significantly better retention ( P = 0.002.) We conclude that a combination of serine protease inhibitors improves cell retention on endothelium-lined prosthetic vascular grafts.
The D P Wilson Lecture. Research on settlement and metamorphosis of marine invertebrate larvae: Past, present and future

In 1952, D P Wilson remarked that invertebrate larvae, “... are indeed not helpless, for they are endowed with the power of choice,...”; at settlement. Subsequent efforts have greatly enhanced understanding of the conditions under which larvae metamorphose, altering the conceptual view of this process from “larval choice”; to “developmental induction,”; and aligning studies of invertebrate metamorphosis with those of modern developmental biology. While the precise chemical nature of most metamorphic inducers evades us, elucidation of the phenomena of reception and transduction appears imminent for many larvae. The evidence for receptor cells and molecules specific for inducer substances is convincing for larvae in several phyla, and a generalized picture of stimulation of electrically excitable cells has emerged; larvae from at least eight invertebrate phyla metamorphose in response to augmented K + . To be determined is whether genes specifying receptor proteins for metamorphic inducers share homology an...
5'-Terminal sequence of the mRNA of mouse whey acidic protein contains three possible sites of interaction with 18S rRNA.

Abstract The mRNA sequence of whey acidic protein, a major mouse milk protein, was cloned in full length. The sequence analysis of the cDNA clones revealed that the mRNA contains a 28 nucleotide-long 5′-noncoding region. Three different portions of this region were identified as possible sites of interaction with the 3′-end of 18S rRNA that may facilitate efficient rate of translation of the mRNA.
Time Delay in Swiss Cheese Gravitational Lensing

We compute time delays for gravitational lensing in a flat {Lambda} dominated cold dark matter Swiss cheese universe. We assume a primary and secondary pair of light rays are deflected by a single point mass condensation described by a Kottler metric (Schwarzschild with {Lambda}) embedded in an otherwise homogeneous cosmology. We find that the cosmological constant's effect on the difference in arrival times is nonlinear and at most around 0.002% for a large cluster lens; however, we find differences from time delays predicted by conventional linear lensing theory that can reach {approx}4% for these large lenses. The differences in predicted delay times are due to the failure of conventional lensing to incorporate the lensing mass into the mean mass density of the universe.
Laboratory analysis and airborne detection of materials stimulated to luminesce by the sun

Abstract The Fraunhofer line discriminator (FLD) is an airborne electro-optical device used to image materials which have been stimulated to luminesce by the Sun. Such materials include uranium-bearing sandstone, sedimentary phosphate rock, marine oil seeps, and stressed vegetation. Prior to conducting an airborne survey, a fluorescence spectrometer may be used in the laboratory to determine the spectral region where samples of the target material exhibit maximum luminescence, and to select the optimum Fraunhofer line.
Decarboxylation of ornithine and lysine in rat tissues

Abstract The possibility that arginine and lysine might be decarboxylated by rat tissues was investigated. No evidence for decarboxylation of arginine could be found. Lysine decarboxylase ( l -lysine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.18) activity producing CO2 and cadaverine was detected in extracts from rat ventral prostate, androgen-stimulated mouse kidney, regenerating rat liver and livers from rats pretreated with thioacetamide. These tissues all have high ornithine decarboxylase ( l -ornithine carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.17) activities. Lysine and ornithine decarboxylase activities were lost to similar extents on inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide and on exposure to α-difluoromethylornithine. A highly purified ornithine decarboxylase preparation was able to decarboxylate lysine and the ratio of ornithine to lysine decarboxylase activities was constant throughout purification. Kinetic studies of the purified preparation showed that the V for ornithine was about 4-fold greater than for lysine, but the K m for lysine (9 mM) was 100-times greater than that for ornithine (0.09 mM). These experiments indicate that all of the detectable lysine decarboxylase activity in rat and mouse tissues was due to the action of ornithine decarboxylase and that significant cadaverine production in vivo would occur only when ornithine decarboxylase activity is high and lysine concentrations substantially exceed those of ornithine.
Steroid resistance in childhood nephrotic syndrome

To the Editor: We read with interest the recent article in Kidney International by Kim et al.1 concerning childhood nephrotic syndrome. We would like to bring to their attention our report from nearly 20 years ago of a cohort of 60 children with initially steroid-responsive nephritic.2 Forty-nine (82%) had a frequently relapsing or steroid-dependent course. Twenty of these children were treated with cyclophosphamide owing to unacceptable steroid toxicity; all achieved a complete remission that was sustained in 70% of the children over a mean of 9 years of additional follow-up, whereas 30% had one or more subsequent relapse. Of the 29 children not treated with cyclophosphamide, 52% continued to relapse, whereas 48% went into a remission that was sustained for between 3 and 16 years, despite the earlier frequently relapsing/steroid-dependent course. All 20 of the cyclophosphamide-treated children had kidney biopsies: 10 had minimal change disease; of these, nine had a permanent remission induced. Six had focal sclerosis and four had mesangial proliferation; of these, only five had permanent remission. None of the 60 children developed renal insufficiency or hypertension. Siegel et al.3 had also earlier reported the frequent occurrence of focal sclerosis and mesangial proliferation in frequently relapsing/steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome.
Power and Governance: Metropolitan Governance in France:

The system of metropolitan governance in France has undergone a series of rather dramatic changes over the past 40 years. Where central cities and their powerful mayors once enjoyed a privileged position over other territorial actors, they now find themselves depending upon these other authorities to fulfil many basic governance tasks. Moreover, a layer of organisations, agencies and networks has formed to co-ordinate the collective action of these actors in areas of mutual concern. The increased importance of co-operation and partnerships in metropolitan governance has led to the prominence of the concept of functionalist power (interdependency and co-operation) in many of the analyses of metropolitan governance. By contrast, distributive conceptions of power (hierarchy and conflict) have largely been suppressed, weakening the abilities of scholars to account for a key component responsible for shaping the relational space of actors. The objective of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework that a...
THE AVAILABILITY OF IRON IN NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS FOR WHEAT

The efficiency of the usual trace of iron when employed in culture solutions may be expected to vary with the nature of the compound in which it is supplied, with the composition and reaction of the solution in which it is employed, and with the species of plant. Gile and Carrero have shown that the reaction of the nutrient solution (whether acid, neutral, or alkaline) (6), as well as soil conditions (7), have a marked influence upon the availability of iron to the rice plant. Corsan and Bakke (4) count ferrous iron less efficient than ferric iron, when used in the forms of phosphates. Jones and Shive (g) have pointed out that, in the nutrient solution which they employed, iron in the form of ferrous sulphate was very readily available to the wheat plant, but was evidently somewhat toxic in the highest concentrations used. Ferric phosphate, on the contrary, was very slowly and difficultly available to these plants, even when supplied in relatively large quantities. In later work (io) they found that ferrous sulphate was superior to ferric phosphate as a source of iron for plants grown in a nutrient solution containing calcium nitrate. When ammonium sulphate was employed as the source of nitrogen, however, the solution increased in acidity and ferric phosphate supported growth of the plants better than did ferrous sulphate. Hoagland (8) has suggested that the presence of sufficient dissolved iron in the culture solution will depend upon the form and quantity of the iron salt used, and considers iron citrate and tartrate the most effective forms. Duggar (5) has recommended a special form of "soluble" iron prepared from ferric citrate and sodium phosphate.
Software-defined massive multicore networking via freespace optical interconnect

This paper presents a new frontier where future computer systems can continue to evolve as CMOS technology reaches its fundamental performance and density scaling limits. Our idea adopts freespace circuit-switched optical interconnect in massive multicore networking on chips and modules to flexibly configure private cache-coherent networks for allocated groups of cores in a software-defined manner. The proposed scheme can avoid networking inefficiencies due to the core resource fragmentation by providing deterministically lower latencies and higher bandwidth while advancing the technology roadmap with lower power consumption and improved cooling. We also discuss implementation plan and challenges for our proposal.
Long-Term Results Following Correction of Esophageal Atresia with Tracheoesophageal Fistula : A Clinical and Cinefluorographic Study

Abstract Between the years 1945 and 1955, 120 babies survived primary repair of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula at The Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston. During the first decade after repair 35%–50% of patients have problems with stricture. 1 Esophageal dysfunction has also been reported. 2–6 Most of these studies, however, were done on children or on small groups of patients. We undertook this study to extend the follow-up into the second and third decades following repair, and to investigate the nature of the disordered motility by cinefluorography.
Reaction of Soybean Rust-Resistant Lines Identified in Paraguay to Mississippi Isolates of Phakopsora pachyrhizi

Phakopsora pachyrhizi is the causal agent of Asian soybean rust (ASR). Since the discovery of ASR in North America in 2004, evaluation of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines with U.S. isolates has become an important objective to identify resistance sources to the pathogen. In this study, 10 plant introductions (PIs) previously identified as resistant in Paraguay were evaluated using three ASR isolates from Mississippi. Soybean cultivars Williams 82 and Freedom, and four PIs with known single genes for resistance to P. pachyrhizi also were included as susceptible and resistant checks, respectively. Replicated experiments were conducted in growth chambers at the USDA-ARS Stoneville Research Quarantine Facility in Mississippi. Soybean line PI 567102B was identified as the most resistant line among the 10 resistant PIs identified in Paraguay. It had the lowest severity rating, no sporulation, and near immune/ hypersensitive reaction to isolate MS07-2, and red-brown (RB) reactions to isolates MS06-1 and MS07-1. In addition, reaction of PI 567102B to ASR differed from that of four PIs with known resistance genes. PI 200492 (Rpp1) had immune reaction to all three Mississippi isolates, while PI 230970 (Rpp2), PI 462312 (Rpp3), and PI 459025B (Rpp4) had RB lesions with different sporulation ratings. Soybean lines having resistant reactions to both U.S. and Paraguay isolates may be important sources for developing elite cultivars with broad resistance to ASR.
Microarray analyses and molecular profiling of Stat3 signaling pathway induced by hepatitis C virus core protein in human hepatocytes

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major contributor to the development of end-stage liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We have previously shown that HCV core protein promotes immortalization of primary human hepatocytes. To identify molecular changes involved in core protein-mediated immortalization, we have investigated differential gene expression by microarray analyses in primary human hepatocytes and HCV core gene introduced hepatocytes after senescence (early passage), immortalization (middle passage), and anchor-independent growth (late passage). Out of 33,000 human genes screened, 1918 transcripts were differentially expressed (>2-fold) in immortalized human hepatocytes (IHH) as compared to negative controls. Our analyses provided a molecular portrait of changes in gene expression associated with three distinct stages of hepatocytes after introduction of HCV core gene. Many of the overall changes were involved with important cellular pathways, including cell growth regulation, immune regulation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. We focused on the Stat3 signaling pathway by further verifying selected genes at the protein level relevant to hepatocyte growth regulation. Our data suggested that the introduction of HCV core protein results in an increase in expression of IL-6, gp130, leptin receptor, and Stat3. Upregulation of these genes in turn may regulate c-myc and cyclin D1, downstream of the Stat3 signaling pathway. Identification of these modulated genes with potential roles may help in the selection of targets for therapies against HCV-mediated liver disease progression.
Regulation of estrogen-mediated cell survival and proliferation by p160 coactivators

Abstract Background Estrogen receptor (ER) activity is dependent on coactivator (CoA) proteins. The role of CoA–ER interactions in breast cancer apoptosis remains unexplored. Methods Expression vectors for the p160 CoA genes NCOA-1, NCOA-2, or NCOA-3 were transiently transfected into MCF-7 cells. Cell survival was determined by viability and clonogenic survival assays. Effects of CoA expression on estrogen (E2) signaling were determined by estrogen response element (ERE)–luciferase reporter-gene assay. Clonogenic and reporter-gene survival assays were used to examine the molecular inhibition of CoA function (dominant inhibitory [DI]-decoy-CoA) on cell survival. Statistical significance was established at the P Results Overexpression of NCOA-1, NCOA-2, and NCOA-3 enhanced E2-mediated gene expression by 3.17 ± 0.51-, 2.33 ± 0.8-, and 3.65 ± 0.65-fold, respectively, and enhanced cell survival by suppressing tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)–induced cell death from 80.23% ± 2.66% viability to 101.5% ± 8.9%, 86.9% ± 9.9%, and 95.7% ± 8.5% viability, respectively. NCOA-1 enhancement of cell survival occurred via suppression of TNF-α–induced apoptosis as confirmed by viability and morphologic evaluation. Clonogenic survival and E2-stimulated colony formation in MCF-7 cells were suppressed by expression of DI-decoy-NCOA-1 and DI-decoy-NCOA-3 to 34.4% ± 7.4% and 54% ± 5.4% of vector control, but not DI-decoy-NCOA-2. Conclusions Overexpression of NCOA-1 and NCOA-3 exerted potent survival effects in breast carcinoma cells. Use of DI-CoA constructs enhanced TNF-α–induced cell death and abrogated E2-induced survival. Inhibition of CoA proteins represents a mechanism for enhancing sensitivity therapies in breast carcinoma.
Cranial computed tomography of epidermoid and congenital fatty tumors of maldevelopmental origin.

Abstract The computed comographic and clinical findings in 17 patients with fatty intracranial tumors and in 10 patients with epidermoid tumors, all of maldevelopmental origin, are presented. Fat was found in linomas (the most frequent), dermoids, and teratomas. Differentiation between these tumors is discussed on the basis of density, calcification, location and symptomatology.
A Bayesian statistical approach for the evaluation of CMAQ

Bayesian statistical methods are used to evaluate Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model simulations of sulfate aerosol over a section of the eastern US for 4-week periods in summer and winter 2001. The observed data come from two U.S. Environmental Protection Agency data collection networks. The statistical methods used here address two problems that arise in model evaluation: the sparseness of the observational data which is to be compared to the model output fields and the comparison of model-generated grid cell averages with point-referenced monitoring data. A Bayesian hierarchical model is used to estimate the true values of the sulfate concentration field. Emphasis is placed on modeling the spatial dependence of sulfate over the study region, and then using this dependence structure to estimate average grid cell values for comparison with CMAQ. For the winter period, CMAQ tends to underpredict the sulfate concentrations over a large portion of the region. The CMAQ simulations for the summer period do not show this systematic underprediction of sulfate concentrations.
Computational analysis of alumina and tungsten carbide cutting tools machining common workpiece materials

The current paper discusses a Finite Element Model (FEM) simulation and analysis of orthogonal cutting of common engineering materials using cemented tungsten carbide and single crystal alumina cutting tools. FEM machining simulations using a Lagrangian finite element-based machining model was applied to predict temperature, heat generation, pressure and maximum principal stress. The purpose of the study is to investigate how single crystal alumina cutting tools affect the conditions of machining some common engineering materials, especially the generation of chips, the conditions at the chip root and the influence of frictional interactions on the rake face of the cutting tool.
Cell-type restriction in tolerance induced by hapten-modified cells☆

Abstract Tolerance to the TNP haptenic determinant was induced by a single intravenous injection of trinitrophenylated syngeneic cells. Syngeneic spleen or thymus cells were capable of acting as carriers for tolerance induction while syngeneic bone marrow cells were not. Syngeneic spleen cells depleted of θ-positive and adherent cells were also suitable carriers for tolerance induction. Sonicated haptenated spleen cells, but not sonicated haptenated bone marrow cells induced tolerance. The ability of haptenated cells to induce tolerance was not correlated with their localization in lymphoid organs. Furthermore, cells recovered from the spleens of lethally irradiated animals reconstituted with bone marrow cells 1 week previously were incapable of inducing tolerance after hapten-modification. However, after 3 weeks, spleen cells from bone marrow-reconstituted mice had acquired the ability to induce tolerance. These results suggest that only certain types of syngeneic cells have the ability to act as carriers for tolerance induction; merely being syngeneic, and therefore presumably nonimmunogenic, is not sufficient to permit the cell to act as a carrier for tolerance induction.
Effect of temperature on surface processes at the Pt(111)-liquid interface: Hydrogen adsorption, oxide formation and CO oxidation

The variation of the adsorption pseudocapacitance with temperature is used to obtain the enthalpy, entropy, and free energies of adsorption of Hupd and OHad on Pt(111) as a function of pH and nature of the anion of the supporting electrolyte. It is shown that the heat (enthalpy) of adsorption of hydrogen on Pt(111) at the electrochemical interface is essentially independent of either the pH of the electrolyte or the nature of the supporting anion. The heat of adsorption has a linear decrease with ϑHupd, from ∼42 kJ/mol at ϑHupd = 0 ML to ∼24 kJ/mol at ϑHupd = 0.66 ML. The heat of adsorption of OHad is more sensitive to the nature of the anion in the supporting electrolyte. This is presumably due to coadsorption of the anion and OHad in electrolytes other than the simple alkali bases. From the isosteric heat of adsorption of OHad in alkaline solution (ca. ∼200 kJ/mol) and the enthalpy of formation of OH• we estimated the Pt(111)−OHad bond energy of 136 kJ/mol. This value is much smaller than the Pt−Oad bon...
Lordosis: Inhibiting effects of progesterone in the female rat

Abstract Progesterone has two types of inhibitory effects on female sexual behavior that have been well-documented in the guinea pig. The first occurs when high levels of progesterone are present around the start of the estrogen-priming process (“concurrent inhibition”). The second occurs immediately after the display of an estrogen-progesterone-induced period of estrous behavior (“sequential inhibition”). In the present set of experiments, we show that the rat, like the guinea pig, is capable of exhibiting both of these inhibitory effects of progesterone. However, rats require higher doses of progesterone than guinea pigs, at least for concurrent inhibition to be evident. In addition, we show that the dose of progesterone required in a single injection to produce concurrent inhibition is higher than the dose required to produce sequential inhibition in rats. A theory of how progesterone may be accomplishing its inhibitory effects on female sexual behavior in rodents is presented.
An effective diffusion barrier metallization process on copper

Abstract Copper substrates have been widely used to mount semiconductor device chips due to their high electrical and thermal conductivity. To achieve high heat conduction, solders are utilized to bond the chip on the substrate. Soft and ductile solders such as indium and lead–tin alloys are often used to help release the stress developed in a bonded structure through plastic deformation and strain. In the solder joint, a major concern is the formation of intermetallics caused by the diffusion of copper atoms from the substrate to the joint. The growth of intermetallics makes the solder joint less ductile and less capable of releasing stresses. Prevention of copper diffusion is needed in applications where the solder joint must remain soft and ductile. On the other hand, in applications where creep movement cannot be tolerated, hard solders such as AuSn eutectic alloy should be considered. In this paper, we report a barrier metallization technique on copper substrates to block copper atoms from diffusing into the solder. Indium was selected as the solder medium in this study because of its increasing applications in many photonic devices such as laser diodes and photonic switches. Other solders such as lead–tin alloys can be also used with the metallization process. The metallization consists of Ni buffer layer and Cr blocking layer. The solder joint is fabricated by the fluxless bonding technology. After accelerated aging test at 130°C for 100 h, no sign of copper diffusion through the metallization is detected using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). If 90°C is the maximum temperature of the solder joint during device operation, the corresponding time for no copper diffusion is 107 500 h, or 12.3 years. This result shows that the metallization process developed in this research is, indeed, very effective.
Quantitative genetics of skeletal nonmetric traits in the rhesus macaques of Cayo Santiago. III. Relative heritability of skeletal nonmetric and metric traits

This study addresses the long-standing controversy in skeletal biology concerning the relative utility of skeletal metric and nonmetric traits for studies of biological relationship. This controversy centers on the relative heritability of these two trait sets. This paper presents heritabilities for a series of skeletal metric and nonmetric traits measured with the same sample of mother-offspring pairs from the Cayo Santiago skeletal collection of rhesus macaques. Skeletal nonmetric traits display significantly greater heritability estimates than metric traits. This difference is due primarily to the high heritability estimates of hyperostotic nonmetric traits. Foraminal traits are not significantly more heritable than skeletal metric traits. The generality of this pattern of heritability values, in which hyperostotic nonmetric traits are more highly heritable than foraminal nonmetric and metric traits, depends on future empirical study of the correlation of heritability values in populations and theoretical work.
Incorporating Adjustable Features in the Optimal Design of Polymer Sheet Extrusion Dies

It is common for materials processing operations to have adjustable features that may be used to improve the quality of the final product when variability in operating conditions is encountered. This paper considers the polymer sheeting die design problem where variability in operating temperature or material properties, for example, requires that the die be designed to perform well under multiple operating conditions. An optimization procedure is presented where the design variables parametrize both stationary and adjustable model variables. In this approach, adjustable features of the die cavity are modified in an optimal manner consistent with the overall design objectives. The computational design approach incorporates finite element simulations based on the Generalized Hele-Shaw approximation to evaluate the die’s performance measures, and includes a gradient-based optimization algorithm and analytical design sensitivities to update the die’s geometry. Examples are provided to illustrate the design methodology where die cavities are designed to accommodate multiple materials, multiple flow rates, and various temperatures. This paper demonstrates that improved tooling designs may be computed with an optimization-based process design approach that incorporates the effect of adjustable features.
Source–sink dynamics of virulence evolution

To understand the evolution of genetic diversity within species--bacterial and others--we must dissect the first steps of genetic adaptation to novel habitats, particularly habitats that are suboptimal for sustained growth where there is strong selection for adaptive changes. Here, we present the view that bacterial human pathogens represent an excellent model for understanding the molecular mechanisms of the adaptation of a species to alternative habitats. In particular, bacterial pathogens allow us to develop analytical methods to detect genetic adaptation using an evolutionary 'source-sink' model, with which the evolution of bacterial pathogens can be seen from the angle of continuous switching between permanent (source) and transient (sink) habitats. The source-sink model provides a conceptual framework for understanding the population dynamics and molecular mechanisms of virulence evolution.
Construction of the forward pixel detector

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Experiment is scheduled for data taking in 2008 at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It has an all-silicon tracking system with a Pixel Detector as the innermost component. The silicon Pixel Detector is made of two disks on each side of the interaction point with three barrel layers in between. It will play a crucial role in realizing the physics potential at LHC by providing a 3D space resolution on the order of ten microns for pattern recognition and track reconstruction. The disks are collectively called the Forward Pixel Detector and are being assembled at Fermilab, USA The detector modules for the disks alone consist of eighteen million pixels. The design and present status of the Forward Pixel Detector is presented here.
Regulation of Gill Cytosolic Corticosteroid Receptors in Juvenile Atlantic Salmon: Interaction Effects of Growth Hormone with Prolactin and Triiodothyronine

The potential effects of growth hormone (GH), prolactin (Prl), and triiodothyronine (T3) on gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity and corticosteroid receptor (CR) concentration (Bmax) and dissociation constant (Kd) were examined in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Compared to controls, fish injected with GH (ovine, 5.0 microgram g-1) had significantly greater gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity after 7 and 14 days. Gill CR Bmax and Kd were significantly elevated on day 7, but not day 14. T3 also significantly increased CR Bmax. The effect of GH on CR Bmax was also additive with T3 (5.0 microgram g-1) treatment. There was a synergistic effect on CR Bmax when purified coho salmon GH (csGH, 0.1 microgram g-1) was injected in combination with T3 (1.6 microgram g-1). Prl (ovine, 5.0 microgram g-1; purified coho salmon, 0.1 microgram g-1) did not significantly alter gill CR Bmax. Although Prl limited the increase in CR Bmax by GH, the effect was not signicant. T3 and Prl did not have an effect on Kd. GH significantly increased gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity, T3 administration did not have a significant effect, and Prl-treated fish had significantly lower gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity. The results indicate that T3 acts additively with GH, while Prl has no effect in regulating CR Bmax. An increase in cytosolic CR by GH and T3, but not Prl, may regulate gill responsiveness to cortisol and be an important mechanism in the endocrine control of physiological changes during the parr-smolt transformation.
Associations of plasma ghrelin, leptin and cholecystokinin (CCK) with sensations of hunger and fullness during manipulations of energy balance by meal size, exercise and intravenous nutrient replacement.

Role for ghrelin, leptin and CCK in ratings of hunger or fullness was examined in 12 healthy volunteers in five 11-h long trials. A 500 kcal meal at 6 h in a sedentary trial (SF) served as a control. A total of 400 kcal were either withhheld from breakfast (SR) or expended through exercise (between 10 and 12 h) In each experimental arm (SRR and EXR trials), 400 kcal were also replaced intravenously between 6 and 11 h. Ratings of hunger and fullness and plasma concentrations of total ghrelin, leptin (Linco Research) and CCK (ALPCO) were measured throughout. Results Dietary restriction increased hunger, decreased fullness, and increased ghrelin and decreased leptin and CCK concentrations Exercise decreased hunger and increased fullness and ghrelin and CCK concentrations. Intravenous nutrient replacement in SR trial blunted hunger and increased CCK concentration but had no effect on ratings of fullness or other hormones. IV nutrients during exercise did not affect hunger or fullness, increased CCK concentration as in EX trial, and increased leptin concentration above the EX trial. Conclusions Conscious tracking of energy balance was more accurate when calories were withheld from meals than when they were restored intravenously. Changes in plasma ghrelin, leptin, and CCK appropriately reflected hunger and fullness during sedentary trials. Calories lost during exercise were registered as being added. Increased leptin and CCK concentrations may have contributed to inappropriate reduction in hunger ratings and increased ratings of fullness during exercise-induced negative energy balance. Support: NIDDK 1R15DK066286-01A2 and Tanita Healthy Weight Community Trust grants.
Contextual associations in trace conditioning

Rats were given tone-footshock pairings with a 0-, 10-, or 30-sec trace interval between tone offset and shock onset. Half the rats within each trace interval were tested for their conditioned fear of the tone through a lick suppression procedure; the remaining rats were evaluated for their fear of the background or contextual cues through their avoidance of the compartment in which conditioning had occurred. Less conditioning was observed to the tone with increasing trace intervals. However, conditioned fear of the context increased with increases in the trace duration. The ability of the more predictive stimulus, the tone, to overshadow the contextual cues was determined by the tone’s temporal contiguity with the footshock. The need to incorporate temporal parameters within current theories of conditioning is discussed.
High-latitude land surface retrieval using high-spectral resolution sensors

The NASA Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the EOS Aqua platform was the first of a series of high spectral resolution sensors that includes the operational Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on Europe's METOP platforms and the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) on the U.S. National Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite System platforms. High latitude polar regions of the Earth provide challenges for the use of infrared observations during the polar winter. A methodology is described for the identification of clear fields of view of the sounder over snow and the estimation of surface infrared emission. An example over the Greenland ice sheet is presented. The effective identification of clear sounder fields of view and the correct interpretation of the surface emission is an important component of making high latitude sounder data over land useable in Numerical Weather Prediction data assimilation.
Tactile apparent movement: the effects of shape and type of motion.

Judgments of tactile apparent movement were obtained from six subjects for a variety of tactile spatiotemporal stimulus patterns (moving points and lines, rotating lines, and expanding squares, boundaries, and holes). Each of these patterns was presented by means of three different numbers of steps used to trace the pattern over time. Stimulus duration and interstimulus onset interval (ISOI) were varied to determine the temporal conditions required for good tactile apparent movement. In general, pattern shape and type of movement (linear, rotating, expanding) had little effect on the temporal conditions for good apparent movement or on the interactions among the other variables. Increasing the number of steps in a pattern decreased the ISOI required for good apparent movement, but had no effect on the range of ISOIs over which good movement was obtained. Increases in stimulus duration increased the ISOI required for good tactile apparent movement, in agreement with earlier studies, and increased as well the range of ISOIs over which good movement was obtained.
A hypothesis on the etiological role of diet on age of menarche

Body size and body composition have been suggested as the best explanation for the temporal trend toward early menarche over the last 100 years. There is evidence from human and animal studies that indicates that body size is not the primary factor in influencing the occurrence of menarche. The data actually show that diet may be a primary environmental control mechanism of menarche especially since it alters hormone levels. We see diet as an etiological factor in both the long term and immediate control of menarche. In the long term it influences body size and development leading to menarche. In the short term it acts at a critical state to precipitate the onset of menarche and related physiological changes. This hypothesis does not exclude other less important factors associated with menarche. Our data shows that the present trend toward early menarche can be reversed when a balanced vegetarian diet is selected in place of the ordinary American diet.
Effect of gold-doping on the energy gap of YBa2Cu3O7 as determined by Raman scattering

Abstract A comparison has been made of the Raman scattering from YBa2Cu3O7 crystals that were grown in gold and zirconia crucibles and that contain 0.74 atomic-% gold and ∼0.009 atomic-% zirconium, respectively. Differences exist in the absolute values of the phonon line widths in the two types of crystals. However, gold substitution is found to 3ave littel effect on the temperature dependence of the line widths of the Ag phonons since nearly the same trends are observed in both types of crystals. In particular, the 340-cm−1 phonon becomes significantly more symmetric and sharper below Tc, in distinct disagreement with the results of other researchers. The line widths of the Ag phonons support a superconducting energy gap bounded between 440 and 500 cm−1 (2Δ = 6.8 − 7.7kBTc).
When “no” becomes “yes”: Why girls and women consent to unwanted sex

Abstract Recent investigations address a “gray area” on the sexual-violence spectrum—consent to sexual intercourse that is unwanted. This article reviews qualitative and quantitative investigations of adolescent girls' and young women's reasons for consenting to unwanted intercourse and provides a theoretical framework for understanding these experiences. Central to this theoretical perspective is gender-role socialization in the culture by which many girls internalize stereotyped beliefs about male sexual prerogatives and the importance of a heterosexual relationship to feminine identity. Also addressed are applications of this theoretical framework for prevention and education programs.
Students' (Mis)Understanding of Dictionaries (Abstract Only)

This research found that some students conflate Python lists and dictionaries. This confusion could result from the visual similarity between the data-structures in Python print output. The goal of this research was to identify student's misconceptions about Python dictionaries. The data was collected in one-on-one, think-aloud interviews with two participants. When coding, one student treated her dictionary as if it were a literal list of two-element lists and could be accessed as such. Additionally, when asked to draw a visualization of dictionaries, she drew a representation that was identical to Python print output. It is likely that the output she is used to dealing with has shaped this visualization. This may be an example of negative transfer, where people transfer knowledge to a new setting and form an incorrect model. Based upon this research, educators should consider how print output can shape incorrect mental models, as well as emphasize the differences between lists and dictionaries.
Prediction of dangerousness as a function of its perceived consequences

Recent reviews of the ability of psychiatrists and psychologists to predict violent crime reveal an extreme degree of overprediction. This research evaluates one of the factors hypothesized to account for overprediction: differential consequences to the individual whose violence is being predicted. Subjects were presented with descriptions of personality characteristics which had previously been judged by psychiatrists to indicate dangerousness. In one condition, subjects were told that a prediction of dangerousness would lead to another's mental hospitalization and in another condition they were told that such prediction would lead to a prison sentence. The results supported the hypothesis that predictions of dangerousness are at least in part a function of the consequences of the prediction: subjects were more likely to predict another dangerous if the prediction would lead to his mental hospitalization than if it would lead to his imprisonment.
Family Connections: The Importance of Prison Reading Programs for Incarcerated Parents and Their Children

This article introduces a successful reading program, Family Connections, for incarcerated parents and their children. A comprehensive review of the literature supports the need to implement prison programs from an ecological perspective, in which the needs of inmates and their families are considered. More specifically, the benefits of directing resources toward the establishment of reading programs in prisons and jails for inmates and their children are discussed. The Family Connections program is aimed at improving inmates' parental skills and attributes. The article also includes the viewpoint of the commander of a sheriff's department detentions bureau, the perspective of the executive director of the nonprofit organization that operates the program, and the practical steps involved in implementing such a program.
The Influence of One-Way Interacting Lateral Boundary Conditions upon Predictability of Flow in Bounded Numerical Models

Abstract The influence of one-way interacting lateral bounday conditions upon the predictability of flows in boundeddomains is studied using the barotropic nondivergent model in global and local domains. Past studies haveattempted to reconcile the apparent contradiction between pessimistic forecast of predictability theory and thehigh predictability actually found in regional models. Those investigations have emphasized the rather differentspectra and forcing mechanisms that are not considered in the theoretical estimates. We demonstrate that thepredictability remains high in an unforced, inertially driven local flow characterized by a typical synoptic scalespectrum, and constrained only by lateral boundary specification. We also offer a possible reconciliation ofthese results with the classical theory. It is shown that one-way interacting boundary conditions enhance thepredictability of flow in a local region which, without the boundary constraints, has limited predictabifity. Thedegree of this boundary ...
Exponential model selection (in NMR) using Bayesian probability theory

In a companion article in this issue, parameter estimation using exponential models was addressed when the form of the model is known (i.e., when the number of exponentials and whether a constant offset is present are known). In this article, we apply Bayesian probability theory to the problem of determining the functional form of the model. The calculations are implemented using Markov chain Monte Carlo with simulated annealing to draw samples from the joint posterior probability for the parameters and the functional form of the model. Monte Carlo integration is then used to approximate the marginal posterior probabilities for all the parameters, including the number of exponentials and whether a constant offset is present. Examples using empirical data are given to illustrate the calculations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 27A: 64–72, 2005