cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Display Location and Information Level on UAS Pilot Assessments of a Detect and Avoid System

Minimum display requirements and performance standards for Detect and Avoid (DAA) systems are currently being developed to safely integrate Unmanned Aircraft Systems into the National Airspace System (NAS). The present study examines UAS pilots’ subjective assessments of four display configurations with either basic or advanced levels of information presented on a standalone or integrated display. Post-trial and post-simulation questionnaires queried pilots on their subjective ability to safely perform tasks and effectively utilize available information on each display. Responses indicated that the majority of pilots considered each display to be acceptable for a pilot-in-the-loop DAA task overall, but also revealed a strong preference for an integrated display with advanced information in the form of conflict resolution tools. Implications on the development of DAA display requirements, as well as the relation between the subjective evaluations and the objective performance data from previous studies are...
Electrical current carried by neutral quasiparticles

The current should be proportional to the momentum in a Galilean-invariant system of particles of fixed charge-to-mass ratio, such as an electron liquid in jellium. However, strongly-interacting electron systems can have phases characterized by broken symmetry or fractionalization. Such phases can have neutral excitations which can presumably carry momentum but not current. In this paper, we show that there is no contradiction: ``neutral'' excitations do carry current in a Galilean-invariant system of particles of fixed charge-to-mass ratio. This is explicitly demonstrated in the context of spin waves, the Bogoliubov--de Gennes quasiparticles of a superconductor, the one-dimensional electron gas, and spin-charge separated systems in $2+1$ dimensions. We discuss the implications for more realistic systems, which are not Galilean invariant.
Fluid Dynamics with a Computational Perspective: Intermediate Reynolds Numbers

Separation, Vorticity, and Vortex Shedding Most classical theory of viscous flow is based on approximations valid at low or high Reynolds number. Although there are a few exact solutions that illustrate aspects of the intermediate range, they are rather limited. The range of phenomena that fall under this heading is commonly illustrated by photographs taken in laboratories. Computational fluid dynamics makes the intermediate Reynolds number range quite accessible. Inertia is now comparable to viscous stress, and all terms in the Navier–Stokes equations must be retained. Convection destroys the upstream–downstream symmetry of creeping flow (Chapter 3). A distinct wake can be identified leaving the downstream side of a body in an incident flow. Forces on blunt bodies become increasingly due to pressure rather than to viscous stress. Vorticity is increasingly confined to regions near to walls on the upstream portions of a body and to wakes on the downstream side. The upstream vortical regions become boundary layers in the high Reynolds number limit. As vorticity diffuses away from the surface it is convected downstream, ultimately to form the wake. The upstream–downstream asymmetry leads to another important idea, that of separation. For example, flows into and out of a nozzle are quite different. The flow into a trumpet shaped orifice, say, will follow the walls. As the opening narrows, the flow accelerates to conserve mass [loosely, ρ UA = constant, per Eq. (1.33), implies U increases as A decreases]. The accelerating flow convects vorticity toward the wall, keeping it confined near the surface.
Uncertainty Marginal Price, Transmission Reserve, and Day-Ahead Market Clearing With Robust Unit Commitment

The increasing penetration of renewable energy in recent years has led to more uncertainties in power systems. These uncertainties have to be accommodated by flexible resources (i.e., upward and downward generation reserves). In this paper, a novel concept, Uncertainty Marginal Price (UMP), is proposed to price both the uncertainty and generation reserve. At the same time, the energy is priced at Locational Marginal Price (LMP). A novel market clearing mechanism is proposed to credit the generation and reserve and to charge the load and uncertainty within the robust unit commitment in the day-ahead market. We derive the UMPs and LMPs in the robust optimization framework. UMP helps allocate the cost of generation reserves to uncertainty sources. We prove that the proposed market clearing mechanism leads to partial market equilibrium. We find that transmission reserves must be kept explicitly in addition to generation reserves for uncertainty accommodation. We prove that transmission reserves for ramping delivery may lead to Financial Transmission Right (FTR) underfunding in existing markets. The FTR underfunding can be covered by congestion fund collected from uncertainty payment in the proposed market clearing mechanism. Simulations on a six-bus system and the IEEE 118-bus system are performed to illustrate the new concepts and the market clearing mechanism.
Pressure-induced phase and chemical transformations of lithium peroxide (Li2O2)

We present the pressure-induced phase/chemical changes of lithium peroxide (Li2O2) to 63 GPa using diamond anvil cells, confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy, and synchrotron x-ray diffraction. The Raman data show the emergence of the major vibrational peaks associated with O2 above 30 GPa, indicating the subsequent pressure-induced reversible chemical decomposition (disassociation) in dense Li2O2. The x-ray diffraction data of Li2O2, on the other hand, show no dramatic structural change but remain well within a P63/mmc structure to 63 GPa. Nevertheless, the Rietveld refinement indicates a subtle change in the structural order parameter z of the oxygen position O (13, 23, z) at around 35 GPa, which can be considered as a second-order, isostructural phase transition. The nearest oxygen-oxygen distance collapses from 1.56 A at ambient condition to 1.48 A at 63 GPa, resulting in a more ionic character of this layered crystal lattice, 3Li++(LiO2)33−. This structural change in turn advocates that Li2O2 decomposes to 2Li and O2, further augmented by the densification in specific molar volumes.
Toward Social Movement Activist Research.

AbstractIn this article, we grapple with possibilities and dilemmas of activist scholarship in the struggle for education justice and political power. As activists and scholars, our social movement praxis seeks to produce knowledge that shifts the dominant neoliberal policy discourse, exposes racism inherent in neoliberal education policies, and supports education justice struggles. Although our work is centered in Chicago, a focus of contestation over neoliberal education policy and the right to the city, we believe this work is relevant to other US and international contexts facing similar reforms. We discuss the value of multiple forms of activist scholarship, describe the Chicago context and the principles that guide our social movement praxis, and raise dilemmas we wrestle with. We conclude with a discussion of the importance of activist research in this historical moment of global capitalist crisis, austerity politics, racist and anti-immigrant attacks in conjuncture with social movements reaching f...
Can We Have Our Cake and Eat it Too? Liberalization, Economic Growth, and Income Inequality in Advanced Industrial Societies

Conventional economic wisdom maintains that liberalization is partially responsible for the recent expansion of income inequality in advanced industrial societies. Yet the empirical evidence is far from conclusive, as some scholars find a robust positive association between liberalization and inequality, while others uncover a significant negative association between these variables. This study attempts to engage with this burgeoning field of research in order to clarify the empirical link between liberalization, economic growth, and income inequality. To achieve this objective, the current study compiles a panel data set of twenty-one developed economies during the years 1970 to 2009. According to the findings, liberalization returns a consistent positive connection with the pretransfer Gini coefficient using a range of regression parameters and robustness checks. Furthermore, although there is some support for the contention that liberalization indirectly decreases inequality by expanding economic growth, these results are far from conclusive as the findings are inconsistent across different equations. In conclusion, the results largely support conventional wisdom as economic liberalization is found to be a positive predictor of income inequality in advanced industrial societies.
Indirect detection of dark matter with γ rays

The details of what constitutes the majority of the mass that makes up dark matter in the Universe remains one of the prime puzzles of cosmology and particle physics today—80 y after the first observational indications. Today, it is widely accepted that dark matter exists and that it is very likely composed of elementary particles, which are weakly interacting and massive [weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs)]. As important as dark matter is in our understanding of cosmology, the detection of these particles has thus far been elusive. Their primary properties such as mass and interaction cross sections are still unknown. Indirect detection searches for the products of WIMP annihilation or decay. This is generally done through observations of γ-ray photons or cosmic rays. Instruments such as the Fermi large-area telescope, high-energy stereoscopic system, major atmospheric gamma-ray imaging Cherenkov, and very energetic radiation imaging telescope array, combined with the future Cherenkov telescope array, will provide important complementarity to other search techniques. Given the expected sensitivities of all search techniques, we are at a stage where the WIMP scenario is facing stringent tests, and it can be expected that WIMPs will be either be detected or the scenario will be so severely constrained that it will have to be rethought. In this sense, we are on the threshold of discovery. In this article, I will give a general overview of the current status and future expectations for indirect searches of dark matter (WIMP) particles.
Adaptive remanufacturing for multiple lifecycles: A case study in office furniture

Remanufacturing has achieved viability in a diversity of industrial markets as a means to both maintain the value of products and minimize waste. From carpet tiling to manufacturing robots, a wide range of goods have presently established supply and consumer networks that support remanufacturing, and thus offer a point of entry into a more circular industrial economy. Based on this performance, it is reasonable to expect that remanufacturing can in some cases be made an iterative endeavor; that existing networks may be leveraged to create additional lifecycles for previously remanufactured goods at net environmental and economic gain over virgin production. This case study identifies and explores factors of Davies Office, Inc. (Davies) remanufacturing processes for office furniture that affect the economic and environmental practicality of creating multiple remanufacturing cycles. Specifically, we use Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to estimate the impacts of multiple remanufacturing cycles and how these are affected by “adaptive remanufacturing,” a neologism to describe the use of an end-of-life (EOL) product core to create a similar, but non-identical product. LCA results suggest that adaptive remanufacturing is both an environmentally preferable and economically viable business strategy. Specifically, the ability to update, reconfigure, and customize previously obsolete products to meet present market demands enables lifecycle extension beyond what is achievable with traditional remanufacturing. In this, the study posits that such adaptive remanufacturing techniques not only expand the potential environmental benefits of remanufacturing, but enhances the long-term economic viability of remanufacturing in durable product markets.
Separation Anxiety and Panic Disorders in Children

Anxiety disorders are some of the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric concerns in children and adolescents (Beesdo et al., Psychiatr Clin North Am 32:483–524, 2009; Connolly and Bernstein, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr 46:267–283, 2007; Ehrenreich et al., Psicol Conduct 16:389–412, 2008). At the same time, clinicians working with youth must distinguish clinical concerns from developmentally normative, time-limited anxieties. Beesdo and colleagues defined anxiety as pathological “when it interferes with functioning” and becomes “frequent, severe, and persistent” (2009, p. 484). Anxiety disorders in youth are associated with additional comorbid conditions in adulthood, and consequently the early identification and treatment of these disorders are crucial. This chapter will provide an overview of two common anxiety diagnoses: separation anxiety disorder (SAD) and panic disorder (PD). The literature regarding a link between SAD and PD will also be synthesized.
The Fundamental Theorems

This chapter presents the three fundamental theorems of asset pricing. These theorems are the basis for pricing and hedging derivatives, understanding the risk return relations among assets including the notion of systematic risk, portfolio optimization, and equilibrium asset pricing.
‘My words were not cared for’: Customary law, criminality and the ‘woman question’ in late colonial India:

Drawing upon the court case of one woman sentenced for killing her infant in the early decades of the last century, this article reads Pierre Bourdieu’s insight on how the trial stages conflicts pr...
Microfinance Participation and Women's Empowerment: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Sample of Women in Bangladesh

More than 30 million married women in Bangladesh access microfinance, an empowering anti-poverty tool, amidst mixed responses from scholars about microfinance's empowering effect. The present study...
Pricing tasks in online labor markets

In this paper we present a mechanism for determining near-optimal prices for tasks in online labor markets, often used for crowdsourcing. In particular, the mechanisms are designed to handle the intricacies of markets like Mechanical Turk where workers arrive online and requesters have budget constraints. The mechanism is incentive compatible, budget feasible, and has competitive ratio performance and also performs well in practice. To demonstrate the mechanism's practical effectiveness we conducted experiments on the Mechanical Turk platform.
Elective Versus Emergency PCI: Cardiogenic Shock

Percutaneous coronary intervention remains a mainstay in the daily practice of interventional cardiologists. While overall volumes of PCI in the United States are declining, one can argue that with the advent of newer technology and devices, the volume of anatomically high-risk PCI (i.e., left main stenting, diffuse coronary artery disease) and/or PCI in high-risk patients (i.e., cardiogenic shock, poor LV function, and last remaining conduit) will continue to rise. As a result, interventionalists in contemporary practice must be more vigilant than ever in performing thoughtful assessments of the indications and/or risks of PCI, as well as remain current on available data and devices in order to optimally guide their intra-lab decision making while caring for patients undergoing PCI in the catheterization laboratory.
An Overview of Genetic Methods

Publisher Summary Genetic methods—genetic algorithms, evolutionary strategies, evolutionary programming, and their variants—represent powerful procedures that can be used to optimize many problems associated with drug design. They can be used to develop one or more quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) or quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) models, search for pharmacophores in a database of structures, plan synthesis routes, perform conformational searches and docking simulations, and many other problems involved with drug development. As opposed to many other optimization methods, genetic methods store several solutions and use them to generate new solutions. This chapter outlines these procedures and describes various options that can be used to customize the algorithm for a particular problem. These options include how the solution is described, which mating, mutation, and/or maturation operators can be used, and how new solutions (or offspring) are included in the population. A brief discussion of various published algorithms is also given.
Integrating Core Concepts of Thermodynamics into Economics

There is a long history of concepts of physics employed in economic theory — in the form of analogies and in the form of principles seen as fundamental to all processes on earth both physical and social. While the former are more widespread the latter are of more interest to a discussion of neoclassical economic theory (see Mirowski 1984a, 1984b, 1989 for a detailed historical overview).
Impacts of Sampling Design on Estimates of Microbial Community Diversity and Composition in Agricultural Soils

Soil microbiota play important and diverse roles in agricultural crop nutrition and productivity. Yet, despite increasing efforts to characterize soil bacterial and fungal assemblages, it is challenging to disentangle the influences of sampling design on assessments of communities. Here, we sought to determine whether composite samples—often analyzed as a low cost and effort alternative to replicated individual samples—provide representative summary estimates of microbial communities. At three Minnesota agricultural research sites planted with an oat cover crop, we conducted amplicon sequencing for soil bacterial and fungal communities (16SV4 and ITS2) of replicated individual or homogenized composite soil samples. We compared soil microbiota from within and among plots and then among agricultural sites using both sampling strategies. Results indicated that single or multiple replicated individual samples, or a composite sample from each plot, were sufficient for distinguishing broad site-level macroecological differences among bacterial and fungal communities. Analysis of a single sample per plot captured only a small fraction of the distinct OTUs, diversity, and compositional variability detected in the analysis of multiple individual samples or a single composite sample. Likewise, composite samples captured only a fraction of the diversity represented by the six individual samples from which they were formed, and, on average, analysis of two or three individual samples offered greater compositional coverage (i.e., greater number of OTUs) than a single composite sample. We conclude that sampling design significantly impacts estimates of bacterial and fungal communities even in homogeneously managed agricultural soils, and our findings indicate that while either strategy may be sufficient for broad macroecological investigations, composites may be a poor substitute for replicated samples at finer spatial scales.
Temporal Trends in the Use of Acute Recanalization Therapies for Ischemic Stroke in Patients with Cancer.

Abstract Objective: We sought to characterize the US nationwide temporal trends in recanalization therapy utilization for ischemic stroke among patients with and without cancer. Methods: We identified all acute ischemic stroke (AIS) hospitalizations in the National Inpatient Sample from January 1, 1998 to September 30, 2015. The primary exposure was solid or hematologic cancer. The primary outcome was use of intravenous thrombolysis. The secondary outcome was use of endovascular therapy (EVT). Results: Among 9,508,804 AIS hospitalizations, 503,510 (5.3%) involved cancer patients. Intravenous thrombolysis use among ischemic stroke patients with cancer increased from .01% (95% confidence interval [CI], .00%-.02%) in 1998 to 4.91% (95% CI, 4.33%-5.48%) in 2015, whereas intravenous thrombolysis use among ischemic stroke patients without cancer increased from .02% (95% CI, .01%-.02%) in 1998 to 7.22% (95% CI, 6.98%-7.45%) in 2015. The demographic- and comorbidity-adjusted odds ratio/year of receiving intravenous thrombolysis was similar in patients with cancer (1.21; 95% CI, 1.20-1.23) versus those without (1.20; 95% CI, 1.19-1.21). EVT use among ischemic stroke patients with cancer increased from .05% (95% CI, .02%-.07%) in 2006 to 1.90% (95% CI, 1.49%-2.31%) in 2015, whereas EVT use among ischemic stroke patients without cancer increased from .09% (95% CI, .00%-.18%) in 2006 to 1.88% (95% CI, 1.68%-2.09%) in 2015. Conclusions: Among 9.5 million AIS hospitalizations, patients with cancer received intravenous thrombolysis about two thirds as often as patients without cancer. This difference persisted over time despite increased utilization in both groups. EVT utilization was similar between cancer and non–cancer AIS patients.
Diagnostic imaging of musculoskeletal infection. Roentgenography; gallium, indium-labeled white blood cell, gammaglobulin, bone scintigraphy; and MRI.

A great deal of effort has been made to evaluate and define the role of various diagnostic imaging techniques in various clinical settings that complicate the diagnosis of osteomyelitis. Except possibly in neonates, bone scintigraphy remains generally recommended when there has been no previous osseous involvement. In other cases of chronic disease, previous fracture or trauma, prosthesis, and diabetic foot, In-WBC scintigraphy is generally accepted as an appropriate imaging technique. MRI will play an increasingly important role in diagnosing osteomyelitis and may prove to be an important adjunct in these cases. Research continues to improve our current diagnostic armamentarium. In-IgG appears to avoid practical deficiencies encountered with 67Ga and In-WBC; it remains to be seen what role this agent will play in routine clinical practice. All agents to date image inflammation, not infection, and most require delayed imaging sessions, usually at 24 hours. These shortcomings necessitate further research to develop new radiotracers that can provide useful images within several hours and that are specific for infection, perhaps ultimately delineating the particular microorganism involved.84 references.
A discursive psychology study of epistemic primacy in an LGBTQ+ youth group’s textual educational materials

Abstract In this paper, we contribute to scholarship around how epistemic rights are managed discursively by considering how LGBTQ+ youth construct their arguments. We take up a critical perspective to understand how these discursive practices function in a language climate where LGBTQ+ youth’s epistemic primacy over issues affecting them is potentially delegitimized through ageism, heterosexism, and genderism. Specifically, we draw upon discursive psychology to analyze how LGBTQ+ youth build up their epistemic primacy and minimize audience critique. Drawing from a larger ethnographic study, we analyzed textual data in slide decks (i.e., PowerPoint slides) created by an LGBTQ+ youth group for presentations they gave to teachers and other youth-serving professionals about working with LGBTQ+ youth. We found that four discursive strategies were used in the slide decks to manage the youth’s epistemic rights, including: (1) using factual claims and outside corroboration, (2) claiming experiential expertise, (3) refuting anticipated critique, and (4) articulating limitations. This study’s findings point broadly to how epistemic rights are built in textual data and specifically how minoritized youth construct text to be taken seriously.
Abstract A43: Exploiting off-target effects of estrogen receptor-targeting drugs to sensitize breast cancer to immune killing

1 in 8 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer within their lifetime. The majority of women are diagnosed with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), progesterone receptor-positive (PR+), or HER2+ breast cancers. The standard of care for ER+ breast cancer is treatment with selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) drugs. While these are highly effective for ER+ breast cancers and additional targeted drugs exist for PR+ and HER2+ cancers, there are currently no targeted therapeutic strategies for the 10-15% of women who are diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We hypothesize that estrogen receptor-targeting drugs are capable of inducing phenotypic changes to sensitize breast tumor cells to immune-mediated killing regardless of their ER status. In this study, we used in vitro killing assays and molecular characterization of ER+ and ER- cell lines to identify that SERM and SERD drugs sensitize breast cancer to killing by healthy-donor natural killer (NK) cells regardless of their ER status. While tamoxifen (SERM) and fulvestrant (SERD) had no cytotoxic or antiproliferative effect on ER- cells, pretreatment with either resulted in increased NK-mediated cell lysis. Through RNAseq analysis of tamoxifen-treated ER+ and ER- cells, we identified increased activation of both apoptotic and death receptor signaling pathways. These pathways play a key role in immunogenic modulation, indicating a potential mechanism for tamoxifen-induced tumor sensitization to immune cell lysis. It has previously been reported that in addition to binding to ER, both tamoxifen and fulvestrant bind to G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPR30). We found that GPR30 is expressed in both ER+ and ER- breast cancer cells. Using the specific GPR30 agonist G-1, we demonstrated that targeted activation of GPR30 signaling resulted in increased NK cell killing. These data indicate that the observed ER-independent immunogenic modulation of breast cancer cells may be occurring through GPR30. Together, these findings demonstrate a novel effect of SERM and SERD drugs on the interaction between both ER+ and ER- tumor cells with the immune system. This study is the first to demonstrate the potential use of ER-targeting drugs in immunotherapy combinations in an ER-agnostic manner and may inform novel immunotherapy strategies in breast cancer. Citation Format: Benjamin Wolfson, Jeffrey Schlom, James Hodge. Exploiting off-target effects of estrogen receptor-targeting drugs to sensitize breast cancer to immune killing [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2019 Nov 17-20; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2020;8(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A43.
Genetic testing in adults

Abstract Advances in knowledge of human genetics and in technologies used to study DNA have led to rapid expansion of clinical genetic testing options. The choice of genetic testing modality for a specific patient is guided by the phenotype, suspected diagnoses, and possible underlying genetic causes. This chapter discusses various genetic testing technologies, their uses, and their limitations to guide clinicians in effective application of diverse methodologies to maximize diagnosis. Technologies reviewed include traditional cytogenetic testing, molecular cytogenetic testing (including chromosomal microarray), single-gene sequencing, gene panels, and exome and genome sequencing. Specialized testing to detect specific types of variants, as well as strategies to address variants of uncertain significance are also covered.
Emotion regulation strategy use and symptom change during intensive treatment of transitional age youth patients with obsessive compulsive disorder

Abstract Difficulty with emotion regulation is a feature of many mental health disorders, but obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has received only limited attention in this regard. We addressed this gap by examining the use of three emotion regulation strategies — rumination, suppression, and reappraisal — among 176 transitional age (16–24 years) patients receiving intensive treatment for severe OCD. Weekly assessments during treatment showed significant decreases in OCD symptoms, rumination, and suppression and significant increases in reappraisal. Lower levels of OCD symptom severity during treatment were associated with lower mean levels of rumination and higher mean levels of reappraisal. Reduction in OCD symptom severity over the course of treatment was associated with lower mean levels of rumination and with higher mean levels of suppression. These findings highlight the potential relevance of emotion regulation strategy use to OCD treatment process and outcomes, suggesting that strategy use might be made an intentional focus of treatment.
Advocacy and Awareness for Archivists

Advocacy and Awareness for Archivists is an essential read for cultural heritage professionals who hope to develop advocacy skills and contribute to awareness efforts within the profession. In her ...
Malignant Arrhythmias in Patients with COVID-19: Incidence, Mechanisms and Outcomes

Background: Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who develop cardiac injury are reported to experience higher rates of malignant cardiac arrhythmias. However, little is known about the...
Traditional and Critical Mentoring

In the last fifteen years, critical theories of mentorship have become a small, but growing, thread in the mentoring literature. Despite this recent advancement, critical mentoring frameworks have yet to meaningfully impact the discourse of undergraduate peer mentoring. This essay is an attempt to address a twin concern that undergraduate peer mentoring programs need a more adequate theoretical basis for practice and that, in particular, the limited discourse on mentoring theory must be expanded to include a variety of critical theories. This paper identifies the core conceptual differences between traditional and critical theories of undergraduate peer mentorship and advances a grounded, critical framework for undergraduate peer mentoring.
Patient Safety, Privacy and Modesty: Policy and Compliance

Physicians and other health practitioners have a duty to protect the safety, privacy and modesty of patients, particularly when patients must undress and also when intimate areas are involved. Recent scandals have highlighted failures in practice and supervision. Best practices are clear for this area of clinical practice.
PrEP for key populations: results from the first PrEP demonstration project in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is recommended for persons at substantial risk for HIV, including female sex workers (FSW), men who have sex with men (MSM), people who inject drugs (PWID), and transgender women (TGW). We report on a PrEP demonstration project at seven clinics in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Routinely collected data were abstracted to assess PrEP uptake, scheduled visit attendance, and self-reported adherence. Between February and May 2018, 469 eligible clients were offered daily oral PrEP; 75.1% accepted: 78.7% FSW, 20.5% MSM, and 0.9% TGW. Two percent also identified as PWID. Attendance was 64.5% at one-month visits; 82.1% at three-month visits; and among 47.7% of clients who initiated PrEP at least six months before data abstraction, 85.8% at six-month visits. Among 66.3% of clients with at least one adherence assessment, 39% self-reported low adherence. Results demonstrate the acceptability of PrEP delivered in healthcare settings serving FSW, MSM, PWID, and TGW.
Diversity and Facing Discrimination in Family Medicine Residencies: A CERA Survey of Program Directors

Background and objectives Increasing the number of underrepresented minorities in medicine (URM) has the potential to improve access and quality of care and reduce health inequities for diverse populations. Having a diverse workforce in residency programs necessitates structures in place for support, training, and addressing racism and discrimination. This study examines reports of discrimination and training initiatives to increase diversity and address discrimination and unconscious bias in family medicine residency programs nationally. Methods This survey was part of the Council of Academic Family Medicine Educational Research Alliance (CERA) 2018 national survey of family medicine residency program directors. Questions addressed the presence of reported discrimination, residency program training about discrimination and bias, and admissions practices concerning physician workforce diversity. We performed univariate and bivariate analyses on CERA survey response data. Results We received 272 responses to the diversity survey items within the CERA program director survey from 522 possible residency director respondents, yielding a response rate of 52.1%. The majority of residency programs (78%) offer training for faculty and/or residents in unconscious/implicit bias and systemic/institutional racism. A minority of program directors report discrimination in the residency environment, most often reported by patients (13.2%) and staff (7.2%) and least often by faculty (3.3%), with most common reasons for discrimination noted as language or race/skin color. Conclusions Most family medicine residency program directors report initiatives to address diversity in the workforce. Research is needed to develop best practices to ensure continued improvement in workforce diversity and racial climate that will enhance the quality of care and access for underserved populations.
Thermal Output Observations from Fe-Ni-Cr Metal Foil Strain Gages

Fe-Ni-Cr alloys have been used for more than 40 years to manufacture metal foil strain gages for specific applications. The main characteristics of this metal are high gage factor, high fatigue strength, and high thermal output. To circumvent the effect of high thermal output, typical applications in stress analysis have involved dynamic loading where the high gage factor and fatigue strength could be used to advantage and the effect of thermal output could be minimized or ignored. Typical applications in precision transducers have also involved dynamic loading and/or careful exercise of Wheatstone bridge circuit cancelation of like-thermal output in adjacent arms. In this paper, we report uniform thermal output variation in Fe-Ni-Cr metal foil strain gages. Quarter bridge and half bridge thermal output data are presented, which illustrated the suitability of this type of strain gage for stress analysis and precision transducers even when loading conditions are not dynamic.
Attachment as an Organizational Construct for Affect, Appraisals, and Coping of Late Adolescent Females.

The purpose of this study was to 1) compare general affective dispositions (depression and anxiety) and negative affect during interpersonal conflict as a function of attachment security, 2) examine appraisals as a function of attachment style and as predictors of coping, 3) compare strategies of coping with interpersonal conflict as a function of attachment style, and 4) investigate the roles of attachment style, affect, and appraisals in predicting coping in the context of interpersonal conflict. Seventy-three late adolescent females participated. Insecure participants reported higher levels of depression, anxiety, and negative affect during interpersonal conflicts. Insecure participants were more likely to cope with interpersonal conflicts through support seeking or avoidance. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that general and specific attachment style, affect, and appraisals significantly predict coping strategies. Implications for general and specific models of attachment as organizational constructs and attachment as a predictor of coping with interpersonal and non-interpersonal stressors are discussed.
Optimizing Transformations of Stencil Operations for Parallel Object-Oriented Scientific Frameworks on Cache-Based Architectures

High-performance scientific computing relies increasingly on high-level, large-scale, object-oriented software frameworks to manage both algorithmic complexity and the complexities of parallelism: distributed data management, process management, inter-process communication, and load balancing. This encapsulation of data management, together with the prescribed semantics of a typical fundamental component of such object-oriented frameworks--a parallel or serial array class library--provides an opportunity for increasingly sophisticated compile-time optimization techniques. This paper describes two optimizing transformations suitable for certain classes of numerical algorithms, one for reducing the cost of inter-processor communication, and one for improving cache utilization; demonstrates and analyzes the resulting performance gains; and indicates how these transformations are being automated.
Using conservation value to assess land restoration and management alternatives across a degraded oak savanna landscape

Summary 1. Managers considering restoration of landscapes often face a fundamental challenge ‐ what should be the habitat composition of the restored landscape? We present a method for evaluating an important conservation trade-off inherent in making that decision. 2. Oak savannas and grasslands were historically widespread across central North America but are now rare. Today, in north-west Indiana, USA, habitats spanning a range of woody vegetation density, from nearly treeless open habitats to forests, occur across the conserved landscape where savannas probably once dominated. To understand the benefits of different potential landscape compositions, we evaluated how different proportions of five habitats ‐ open, savanna, woodland, scrub and forest ‐ might affect the conservation value of the north-west Indiana landscape for birds. Two variables of potential conservation importance were examined: species diversity, a measure of avian community richness, and conservation index, the percentage of a bird species’ global population occurring on a hectare of landscape, summed across all bird species present. Higher values of conservation index were associated with higher local densities of globally more rare and more threatened species. 3. Conservation index and species diversity were correlated negatively across hypothetical landscapes composed of different proportions of the five habitats. Therefore, a management trade-off existed between conservation index and species diversity because landscapes that maximized species diversity differed from landscapes that maximized conservation index. 4. A landscape of 50% open, 22% savanna, 15% scrub and 13% forest was predicted to represent a compromise at which conservation index and species diversity reached the same percentage of their maxima. In contrast, the current landscape is dominated by forest. 5. Synthesis and applications . We quantified the trade-off between two potential aspects of a landscape’s conservation value for birds ‐ the landscape’s ability to promote avian species diversity and the landscape’s use by threatened avian species. This quantification allowed us to evaluate the ability of different landscape compositions to achieve preferable trade-off compromises, such as maximizing diversity for a given level of landscape use by threatened species. Managers can use these tradeoff results to determine which landscape compositions are associated with particular conservation and management priorities.
Effective aerosol optical parameters from polarimeter measurements

The theory underlying the interpretation of polarimeter measurements is described. The assumptions of the model are carefully stated so that the results obtained from the ground-based experiment can be understood without ambiguity. The meteorological significance of the parameters is also deduced. With a satellite-borne polarimeter that monitors the upwelling radiation field, the effect of the ground must be taken into account in order to obtain the aerosol parameters. Two methods that hold promise are described.
Physical Fitness of Mentally Retarded Individuals

Publisher Summary Mentally retarded people have serious fitness deficits compared to people who are not mentally retarded. As the level of retardation increases, the fitness deficits become more severe and more difficult to remediate. This chapter describes the variables or components of fitness and their measurement. It examines the performance of mentally retarded and nonretarded adolescents and adults on fitness tests. There may be numerous explanations for the relatively lower level of fitness demonstrated by mentally retarded populations and environmental factors also play a major role in the fitness levels of mentally retarded people. The fitness of mentally retarded individuals can be improved through regular exercise programming. However, little is known about the amount and rate of improvement possible with individuals at different levels of retardation and ages. Fitness programs are one way to enhance integration of retarded persons and increased fitness may ultimately result in increased productivity. The design of an effective system to provide those programs awaits research on the development of fitness in mentally retarded people.
Availability of porphobilinogen controls appearance of porphobilinogen deaminase activity in Escherichia coli K-12.

Abstract A hemin-permeable hemB mutant had no 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALA D) and extremely low porphobilinogen deaminase (PBG D) activity. When the structural gene for hemB was introduced into this strain on a single-copy plasmid, both activities were observed. When the mutant was grown on PBG, normal PBG D activity was observed. Moreover, a hemA mutant had little or no PBG D activity unless it was grown on ALA or PBG. Neither hemin nor PBG affected the level of PBG D protein produced from in vitro transcription and translation of a plasmid harboring the hemC gene as an insert. We conclude that, in Escherichia coli, PBG availability controls the activity of PBG D at some posttranscriptional level.
Building A Document Class Hierarchy for Obtaining More Proper Bibliographies from Web

In order for researchers in scientific and technological fields to find more proper information resources on Web, an auxiliary search structure is proposed, which is a class hierarchy of documents built based on the keywords of the documents. To cover the contents of the document properly, the keywords are extracted by means of mining maximal sequential frequent phrases. In this paper, the concept of maximal sequential frequent phrase is defined, and the corresponding mining algorithm is designed and implemented. The experiments show that keywords extraction using maximal sequential frequent phrase has better F-measure than that of using traditional TFIDF weight. Moreover, compared with previous works, our extended class hierarchy tree represents a relationship hierarchy either between keywords themselves or between keywords and documents, by which the queries on different professional levels can be supported
Nonlissencephalic cortical dysplasias: correlation of imaging findings with clinical deficits.

PURPOSE To establish correlations between MR patterns and clinical outcome in patients with nonlissencephalic cortical dysplasias. PATIENTS AND METHODS MR and clinical data from 36 patients with cerebral cortical gyral anomalies (other than classical type I or type II lissencephaly) were retrospectively reviewed. RESULT The five patients with diffuse cortical dysplasia, including two with congenital infections, had microcephaly and severe development delay from a very early age. Infantile spasms occurred in three of the five. Focal areas of cortical dysplasia were most common in the frontal lobes, but were seen in all areas of the brain. The most common MR appearances were 1) a thickened, irregularly bumpy cortex with shallow, wide sulci, and 2) a deep infolding of thickened cortex. The twelve patients with bilateral focal dysplasia had a high incidence of bilateral motor dysfunction (67%), delayed speech (67%), and generalized developmental delay (92%). When the dysplasia was unilateral, contralateral spastic hemiplegia or monoplegia was present in 14 of 19 patients (74%), but dysphasia was uncommon, even in patients with dysplasia in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere. CONCLUSION Surgical resection of focal areas of cortical dysplasia in patients with medically refractory seizures is becoming more common, and the neuroradiologist will play an increasingly important role in the initial diagnosis and delineation of these anomalies.
Early discharge, in the end: maternal abuse, child neglect, and physician harassment.

In New Jersey, physicians were not consulted by home maintenance organizations (HMOs) before early discharge began. There was only the assurance that early discharge had gone well in California. In New Jersey it was quite different, for a spectrum of health problems soon became apparent. Moreover, obstetricians and pediatricians were repeatedly confronted by unhappy mothers who complained that they had been sent home uncomfortably soon. Anthony Caggiano, MD, President of the Obstetrical and Gynecological Society of New Jersey, points out that in 24 hours after delivery, many mothers are still in pain and are not ready to go home, physically or psychologically.
Minor anomalies in stillborn and second trimester miscarried fetuses

In 1964, the landmark paper of Marden, Smith, and McDonald established that multiple minor anomalies in newborn infants are associated with an increased risk for major malformations. There were until now no comparable studies in stillbirths. The Wisconsin Stillbirth Service Program (WiSSP) has data regarding nearly 3,000 stillbirths and second trimester losses that have been analyzed for major anomalies and cause of death. One dysmorphologist retrospectively reviewed all 2,397 with usable photographs. Minor anomalies were identified in 1,413 (59%) with 575 of these (41%) having at least one major anomaly. Probability of a major anomaly increased from 7% with no minor anomalies to 15%, 36%, 67%, and 89% with 1, 2, 3, and >33 minor anomalies, respectively. Frequency of minor anomalies was less with lower resolution photographs, but did not show significant differences with maceration or gestational age. The most frequent minor anomalies were infraorbital creases/folds, lowset/posteriorly angulated ears, nuchal edema, flat face, equinovarus foot, camptodactyly, upslanted palpebral fissures, ear antihelix abnormalities (combined), micrognathia/retrognathia, and single transverse palmar crease. Except for infraorbital creases/folds each of these minor anomalies was strongly correlated with major anomalies (P < 0.0001). Infraorbital folds were the only anomaly which increased with placental cause of death, and reanalysis with placental causes excluded showed the expected relationship to major anomalies, suggesting that infraorbital folds may be markers for oligohydramnios due to various causes including placental hypoperfusion. Minor anomalies correlate with presence of major anomalies in stillborn fetuses, regardless of gestational age and maceration, and can provide information to guide decisions regarding laboratory testing and other evaluations.
The “Eyes” Have It

There is an old proverb that says that the eyes are the windows to the soul. Whether or not this is true, the eye, and more specifically the retina is a window to the brain. Much can be learned about brain function from an understanding of the vascular and metabolic physiology of the eye and retina. This monograph is primarily an extensive review of the literature on intraocular pressure and any other pressures having to do with the eye. It is based on a lifetime of work by the author and is presented along the lines of the standard, classic style physiological monograph. Langham’s active career spanned a period from the 1940’s, when he was a student in Hugh Davson laboratory, to the 1990’s. The science and medicine of the eye changed tremendously over that time and Langham and his students and colleagues made fundamental contributions to that progress. A major value of this monograph is the wealth of primary citations to literature that predates PubMed. Almost half of the citations are pre-1970. And, there are almost as many pre-1900 citations as post-2000 citations. The monograph reprints many original data figures from this older literature.