cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of culture methods for production of Colletotrichum truncatum spores for use as a mycoherbicide

Four culture systems were compared: (1) dialysis membranes (MF), (2) liquid shake flasks (LF), (3) solid particles with humidity control (SFC), and (4) solid particles without humidity control (SFE). A Plackett-Burman fractional factorial experimental design was employed with 10 total variables. Eight media components, plus two levels of inoculum, were tested in all systems. Other variables were light vs. dark for MF, agitation level for LF, vermiculite vs. rice hulls for SFC, and particle size for SFE. High yeast extract (1 g/l) produced more (P < 0.01) spores than low (0.3 g/l) for all culture systems. Carbohydrate (sucrose) at 20 g/l produced more spores than at 40 g/l for SFC. MgSO4·7H2O at 2 g/l was better than none for LF and SFC. For MF, LF, SFC, and SFE, respectively, the overall average numbers of spores per ml of medium were 0.53, 0.72, 0.28, and 0.073×107, while the highest numbers of spores were 1.25, 2.75, 1.52, and 0.46×107. Thus, the method of production cannot be decided at this stage but must await further studies of recovery and storage.
Justifying the incorporation of the materials balance principle into frontier-based eco-efficiency models

Frontier-based models are an alternative to traditional eco-efficiency ratio indicators. This paper considers two different types, environmentally adjusted production efficiency models and frontier eco-efficiency models, and tries to find justification for incorporating the materials balance principle (MBP) in them. Similar importance is attached to the economic and environmental outcomes of a production process. Like economic outcomes can be derived from inputs and outputs and respective prices, some cases allow for deriving environmental outcomes from the production function with the MBP. After an overview of attempts to incorporate environmental issues in production efficiency models and some reflections why MBP has been neglected in environmental economics and production efficiency analysis, the paper gives basic principles to incorporate the MBP in conventional production efficiency methods and shows how this adjustment leads to a more diversified diagnosis of eco-efficiency. Finally, potentialities and bottlenecks are discussed. Exploiting the MBP in production efficiency and eco-efficiency analysis will facilitate more pro-active eco-efficiency research.
Power and Performance Modeling in a Virtualized Server System

Virtualization has become a very important technology which has been adopted in many enterprise computing systems and data centers. Virtualization makes resource management and maintenance easier, and can decrease energy consumption through resource consolidation. To develop and employ sophisticated resource management, accurate power and performance models of the hardware resources in a virtualized environment are needed. Based on extensive experiments and measurements, this paper presents accurate power and performance models for a high performance multi-core server system with virtualization.
What treatment for which patient

The field of addictions is a lively and exciting one in which controversy thrives. This is a healthy thing. It indicates that we are constantly thinking, growing and learning more about the processes involved in addictions and how best to manage at a biological, psychological and societal level. In this issue, several of the ‘growth’ areas in the addictions field are discussed. Marijuana abuse and dependence is a growing concern throughout the world, particularly in adolescent populations. In spite of this, we know little about efficacious treatment. Copeland (pp. 161–167) provides a thorough and scholarly review of the field, pointing out areas that are ripe for further investigation. In particular, there are currently no pharmacotherapeutic treatments that have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of marijuana dependence. With the development of the cannabinoid antagonists, this is a new and exciting avenue for exploration. The area of replacement therapies versus abstinencebased therapies or the controlled use of substances is an area that has received much attention. In this issue, there are two articles discussing these issues. Waal and Kornor (pp. 169–174) discuss the use of abstinence-oriented therapies compared with replacement therapies for opiate addicts. In another article, Saladin and Santa Ana (pp. 175–187) discuss the use of controlled drinking strategies in the treatment of alcohol use disorders. Of interest is the fact that these two articles written by different groups of investigators viewing different addictive disorders come to largely the same conclusion. Abstinence-oriented, replacement therapies and controlled drinking strategies all have a place in the treatment of substance use disorders. Substance use disorders are an extraordinarily heterogeneous and complex set of disorders, and there are likely to be a number of efficacious treatments in which the utility of the treatment depends upon administering the treatment to the right patient at the right time in the course of their disorder. In other words, matching patients to treatments. Treatment matching is a construct that has been discussed for a long time. As we grow and develop our knowledge about addictions and new efficacious treatments emerge, this construct will become increasingly important in practice.
Understanding the many-body expansion for large systems. I. Precision considerations

Electronic structure methods based on low-order "n-body" expansions are an increasingly popular means to defeat the highly nonlinear scaling of ab initio quantum chemistry calculations, taking advantage of the inherently distributable nature of the numerous subsystem calculations. Here, we examine how the finite precision of these subsystem calculations manifests in applications to large systems, in this case, a sequence of water clusters ranging in size up to (H₂O)₄₇. Using two different computer implementations of the n-body expansion, one fully integrated into a quantum chemistry program and the other written as a separate driver routine for the same program, we examine the reproducibility of total binding energies as a function of cluster size. The combinatorial nature of the n-body expansion amplifies subtle differences between the two implementations, especially for n ⩾ 4, leading to total energies that differ by as much as several kcal/mol between two implementations of what is ostensibly the same method. This behavior can be understood based on a propagation-of-errors analysis applied to a closed-form expression for the n-body expansion, which is derived here for the first time. Discrepancies between the two implementations arise primarily from the Coulomb self-energy correction that is required when electrostatic embedding charges are implemented by means of an external driver program. For reliable results in large systems, our analysis suggests that script- or driver-based implementations should read binary output files from an electronic structure program, in full double precision, or better yet be fully integrated in a way that avoids the need to compute the aforementioned self-energy. Moreover, four-body and higher-order expansions may be too sensitive to numerical thresholds to be of practical use in large systems.
A system of multiple biopsy forceps.

Aim A new system of flexible endoscopic biopsy forceps is described. These forceps are simple, cheap to produce, and disposable. Design These forceps take larger and less traumatized biopsies than do existing single biopsy forceps. The principle involves that of a central wire with a barbed spike at one end, to which sliding sprung steel jaws are attached. An outer plastic sleeve surrounds the central wire, and conventional-type handles activate the jaws. Function The device is passed along the biopsy channel of a fiberoptic endoscope, and the tissue to undergo biopsy is visualized. Opening and closing of the forceps occurs when the outer sleeve slides on the inner wire allowing the sprung steel jaws to open and close. With the jaws open, the barb is pushed into the tissue to undergo biopsy. The fishhook-like barb pulls back the tissue into the jaws, which bite the tissue at an optimal angle and can thus obtain cleaner and bigger biopsies. For the second biopsy, the jaws are simply reopened, and as the barbed spike again pierces the tissue, the first specimen is pushed along the central wire. Up to 6 biopsies are to be stored in this way, in a predictable order, with a single passage of the biopsy forceps through the endoscope.
On a class of finite upper half-planes

Abstract Using an exponential sum associated to the Legendre character, we introduce a finite ‘upper half-plane’ V(q), by defining a metric on the set given by the union between the quotient of Fq2 − Fq with respect to the Frobenius action, and an extra point ∞, which appears as a collapse of the field Fq. We also introduce, for every odd prime power q, the ‘length spectrum’ Σq, that is, the set of all possible distances between distinct points of V(q), which plays the role of a ‘parameter space’ for a class of associated graphs V(q; k), k ϵ Σq, for which the ‘finite parts’ Vo(q; k) are regular. Up to a normalization, the whole metric space V(q) can be seen as a small perturbation of a complete graph with 1 + (q2 − q)/2 vertices. Finally, we show how these results generalize to any higher dimension n. The corresponding metric space Vn(q) is obtained out of the set of the orbits of the Frobenius action on Fqn over Fq, by making appropriate identifications.
An automated high-throughput screening method for the identification of high-yield, soluble protein variants using cell-free expression and systematic truncation

A highly automated method for rapidly identifying soluble protein variants with good expression yields has been developed. This method is based on a commercially available in vitro protein expression system. It consists of two polymerase chain reactions (PCR) followed by in vitro protein expression and protein quantification by dot blot. The PCR protocols have been improved and optimized to allow automation using commercial fluid handling devices. A PCR primer design program has also been implemented to streamline protein variant design. This automated protocol is highly reliable and has tremendously improved the throughput of expression screening as compared to conventional cell-based methods and manual in vitro methods. We have applied this method to 32 problematic targets from the TB Structural Genomics Consortium. Experimental results of these studies are reported.
Short‐range order in miscible polymer blends: A monte carlo study

Local ordering in miscible binary polymer blends with strong attractive interactions between the two types of chains was investigated by computer simulation of allowable conformations on an incompressible cubic lattice. A tendency toward maximum ordering (in which chains pack in alternate parallel rows) is shown by the calculation of pair correlations and in “snapshots” of the mixtures. A specific directional interaction is not necessarily required for ordering. A comparison of these results with those recently obtained using mean-field theory is presented. The heat capacity of mixing was also calculated and found to be positive, with a value close to that reported experimentally.
Adolescents' Perceptions of Factors Influencing Values and Sexual Initiation: Implications for Social Marketing Initiatives

ABSTRACT The Problem Behavior model (Jessor and Jessor 1977) provides a socialization framework for understanding the factors that influence adolescents when faced with choices involving risky behaviors such as pre-marital sex and drug or alcohol use. This paper examines a portion of that framework, in particular the role of influencers such as parents, peers, religion, and media on adolescents' sexual initiation. Data were collected from 197 adolescents ranging in age from 14 to 18. Parents and religion were found to be influential sources of values while peers were not. Media, as perceived by the subjects as a source of values, was also not a significant predictor of intentions. Implications for social marketing initiatives and marketing communication of educational programs, as well as theoretical development, are discussed.
Highway data and map visualizations for educational use

It is often a challenge to find interesting and appropriate data sets to use as examples to demonstrate graph data structures and algorithms. Goals for the data are often conflicting. The data should include examples small enough to work through in a class example by hand, but some large enough to demonstrate important behaviors of a structure or algorithm. Data should be freely available in a convenient format and should have some real-world relevance. Visualization of the data and results computed from it is helpful.This paper describes a collection of graph data sets generated from the Clinched Highway Mapping Project's highway data and some examples of their use in undergraduate courses on data structures and algorithms. The source data, the process used to convert the data into a more useful format, some examples of its use, and a visualization tool using the Google Maps API, are described.
Artists in times of war

In his article, "Artists in Times of War," Howard Zinn examines the role of the artist during war time and finds that the transcendent nature of art not only shows us the beauty of everyday life, but can also go beyond everyday politics and media hype to critically address the problems of the day. In fact, Zinn suggests that it is the job of artists to "to think outside the boundaries of permissible thought and dare to say things that no one else will say." For Zinn, this is especially important given the intensity of the events of 9/11 where the media has consistently failed in their responsibility to serve as investigators who are charged to "think for yourself." By way of example Zinn reflects on the work of Twain, e.e. cummings, Langston Hughes, Bob Dylan, and others. These writers all exemplify ways that art can respond to the atrocities of war. In the end, however, it is Zinn who transcends the conventional wisdom and challenges the reader to do the same. Howard Zinn, "Artists in Times of War" page 2 of 9 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 9.1 (2007): Thematic Issue, Representing Humanity in an Age of Terror. Ed. Sophia A. McClennen and Henry James Morello
A model of neural impulse firing and synthesis

Abstract Neurons are decision makers that decide from instant to instant whether to fire or not to fire based on information received through neurotransmitter electric charge. In firing they accomplish two goals. First, they pass information to other neurons which in their turn make a decision to fire or not to fire. Second, their firing serves to express or posit electrically a part of the information received and highlighted—perhaps also modified by memory and other previously learned information based on what each neuron is best specialized to do. By receiving information from many neurons and firing, a neuron synthesizes this variety of signals to a new signal that is an amalgam of the old ones. How do these signals develop, how are they synthesized, and can they be used to crate meaning from sense data is the concern of this work.
Ultrastructural characterization of the nasal respiratory epithelium in the rat

This ultrastructural study of the respiratory epithelium of the rat nasal mucosa revealed six morphologically distinct cell types: goblet cells, basal cells, ciliated cells, nonciliated columnar cells, cuboidal cells, and brush cells. The latter three have not been previously characterized in the rat nasal mucosa by transmission electron microscopy. Cuboidal cells observed on the conchae and lateral wall had short apical microvilli which were less dense than the microvilli of the nonciliated columnar cells. Nonciliated columnar cells also identified on the conchae and lateral wall had short microvilli and an extensive network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the apical region. The brush cell had distinct ultrastructural features; it was pear-shaped, with the broad base adjacent to the basement membrane and large microvilli on the surface. Microfilaments, microtubules, vesicles, and paired cisternae were found in the apical cytoplasm. Brush cells occurred singly on the conchae and lateral wall but were not identified in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal septum. These findings indicate the complexity of cell types composing the rat nasal respiratory epithelium.
Drag-induced deformation" a functional feeding strategy in two species of gorgonians

Abstract The Jamaican gorgonians Pseudoptorogorgia acerosa (Pallas) and P. americana (Gmelin) exhibit whole colony flexibility in regions of moderate to high water movement. Juvenile colonies were tested under laboratory conditions to delinate the functional consequences of flexibility. Comparison of the drag forces exerted on flexible and artificially stiffened colonies in different flows to the forces required to detach colonies in the field suggested that the reduction in drag afforded by flexible colony deformation is not critical to preventing dislodgement. A further consequence of colony deformation was the reduction in the range of flow velocities encountered by the polyps relative to mainstream current velocity. Colonies appeared to feed most successfully when exposed to intermediate mainstream velocities of 10–15 cm·s−1. Therefore, the reduction of flow velocities at the level of the polyp broadens the range of ambient velocities over which successful feeding can occur, and as such, may be the most important consequences of flexibility.
Inhibition of the Glutamate Dependent Activation of the Nmda Receptor By Adenosine in Cortical Tissue of the Newborn Piglet. 17

Hypothesis: Adenosine will competitively inhibit the glutamate site and decrease the glutamate dependent activation of the NMDA receptor ion-channel. Methods: Studies were performed in brain cell membranes from 6 normoxic (Nx) and 6 hypoxic (Hx) newborn piglets. 3H-MK-801 binding was performed in the presence of 0 to 10μM glutamate and 100μM glycine as an index of NMDA receptor activation. Assays were performed in the presence and absence of 100μM adenosine. Results: Maximum binding(mean ± sd) was 238 ± 25nM/mg protein in untreated Nx membranes as compared with 155 ± 23 nM/mg protein in the treated Nx group, a 35% decrease of NMDA receptor activation. Ka (concentration of glutamate needed for 50% of maximum activation) was 0.22μM glutamate in untreated, Nx tissue vs 0.31 μM glutamate in treated, Nx tissue, an increase of 40%. In Hx tissue, untreated samples showed maximum binding of 216 ± 34 nM/mg protein as compared with 124 ± 33 nM/mg protein (42% inhibition of activation). Hx Ka values were 0.32 μM glutamate in untreated samples and 0.36 μM glutamate in treated samples, an increase of 11%.Conclusions: Adenosine inhibits the NMDA receptor ion-channel activation, probably by interacting at the glutamate site of the receptor. The altered response in the hypoxic tissue indicates a modification of the glutamate site on the receptor during hypoxia. The NMDA receptor ion-channel mediated effect of adenosine appears to be a new mechanism of its action, resulting in inhibitory neurotransmission by counteracting the excitatory pathway.
Scientism and Psychotherapy

Maultsby's (1968) attack on technical eclecticism confuses the art of psychotherapy with the science of psychological investigation. Theory-bound therapists are too inclined to subordinate observed facts to a priori assumptions. Technical eclecticism permits clinicians to apply empirically effective methods before scientists manage to identify the reasons for their effectiveness.
On the coupling constants of pions to nuclei

Abstract Pion-nucleus coupling constants are deduced in several representatives cases on the basis of PCAC and experimental information regarding relevant nuclear matrix elements of the axial weak current.
Appetite suppression due to α-methyl-m-tyrosine

Abstract Intraperitoneal injections of α-methyl-m-tyrosine (100–400 mg/kg) decreased the consumption of a sweetened milk solution by rats. This decrease was dose-dependent and lasted for more than 24 hours at the highest dose. The time-course of decreased milk consumption suggests that this appetite suppression was not due to the drug itself, but rather, was due to metabolites of α-methyl-m-tyrosine.
CAge: Taming Certificate Authorities by Inferring Restricted Scopes

The existing HTTPS public-key infrastructure (PKI) uses a coarse-grained trust model: either a certificate authority (CA) is trusted by browsers to vouch for the identity of any domain or it is not trusted at all. More than 1200 root and intermediate CAs can currently sign certificates for any domain and be trusted by popular browsers. This violates the principle of least privilege and creates an excessively large attack surface, as highlighted by recent CA compromises. In this paper, we present CAge, a mechanism that browser makers can apply to drastically reduce the excessive trust placed in CAs without fundamentally altering the CA ecosystem or breaking existing practice. CAge works by imposing restrictions on the set of top-level domains (TLDs) under which each CA is trusted to sign certs. Our key observation, based on an Internet-wide survey of TLS certs, is that CAs commonly sign for sites in only a handful of TLDs. We show that it is possible to algorithmically infer reasonable restrictions on CAs’ trusted scopes based on this behavior, and we present evidence that browser-enforced inferred scopes would be a durable and effective way to reduce the attack surface of the HTTPS PKI. We find that simple inference rules can reduce the attack surface by nearly a factor of ten without hindering 99% of CA activity over a 6 month period.
A multivariate approach to fingerprint variation in Papua New Guinea: Implications for prehistory

Fingerprint data from three Markham Valley populations of Papua New Guinea are presented. Initial comparisons with data from elsewhere in New Guinea by conventional bivariate methods suggest hypotheses regarding prehistory, but these methods are inconclusive. Because of this shortcoming, the application of discriminant analysis to dermatoglyphic data is justified and cautiously demonstrated. Discriminant analysis is a valid approach to the parsimonious study of fingerprint relationships among human populations. Significant discriminating variables are then used with the limited published data to display historical relationships. These marker traits include the separate frequencies of thumb, middle fingers, and little finger patterning, and the complexity of the thenar eminence. With regard to prehistory, it is concluded that fingerprint data support the hypothesis of separate origins and migrations for Papuan- and Melanesian-speaking peoples. Furthermore, it is suggested that these data support the linguistic hypothesis of a second Papuan migration of Trans New Guinea Phylum speakers, up the Markham Valley into the New Guinea Highlands. Finally, gene flow is indicated from Melanesian speakers of the north coast into the interior through the Sepik and Ramu River valleys, affecting both the Trans New Guinea Phylum and other unrelated Papuan groups. Moreover, there are numerous suggestions of recent reciprocal genetic exchange between neighboring Melanesians and Papuans, without obliterating the older, separate origins of these peoples. These results suggest that fingerprints have greater phylogenetic stability than other biological parameters used in the past.
Advocacy For Neuropsychology In The Public Sector: The Va Experience

In this paper important advocacy areas for the VA are described with implications for other psychologists working in institutional settings in the public sector, and some advice is provided concerning how best to advocate in the VA. Distinctions among advocacy issues that are of concern to the general public, those that are of concern to all psychologists involved in healthcare, and those specifically related to clinical neuropsychology are made.
Effect of ATP-sensitive K+ channel regulators on cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator chloride currents.

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a Cl- channel that is regulated by cAMP-dependent phosphorylation and by intracellular ATP. Intracellular ATP also regulates a class of K+ channels that have a distinct pharmacology: they are inhibited by sulfonylureas and activated by a novel class of drugs called K+ channel openers. In search of modulators of CFTR Cl- channels, we examined the effect of sulfonylureas and K+ channel openers on CFTR Cl- currents in cells expressing recombinant CFTR. The sulfonylureas, tolbutamide and glibenclamide, inhibited whole-cell CFTR Cl- currents at half-maximal concentrations of approximately 150 and 20 microM, respectively. Inhibition by both agents showed little voltage dependence and developed slowly; > 90% inhibition occurred 3 min after adding 1 mM tolbutamide or 100 microM glibenclamide. The effect of tolbutamide was reversible, while that of glibenclamide was not. In contrast to their activating effect on K+ channels, the K+ channel openers, diazoxide, BRL 38227, and minoxidil sulfate inhibited CFTR Cl- currents. Half-maximal inhibition was observed at approximately 250 microM diazoxide, 50 microM BRL 38227, and 40 microM minoxidil sulfate. The rank order of potency for inhibition of CFTR Cl- currents was: glibenclamide tolbutamide > diazoxide. Site-directed mutations of CFTR in the first membrane-spanning domain and second nucleotide-binding domain did not affect glibenclamide inhibition of CFTR Cl- currents. However, when part of the R domain was deleted, glibenclamide inhibition showed significant voltage dependence. These agents, especially glibenclamide, which was the most potent, may be of value in identifying CFTR Cl- channels. They or related analogues might also prove to be of value in treating diseases such as diarrhea, which may involve increased activity of the CFTR Cl- channel.
Unfavourable impact of growth hormone (GH) discontinuation on body composition and cholesterol profiles after the completion of height growth in GH-deficient young adults.

Summary Aim: Growth hormone (GH) plays an important role in the regulation of body composition and metabolism. GH deficiency is associated with obesity and hypercholesterolemia, which respond to GH treatment. In this study we evaluated changes in body composition and cholesterol profiles after discontinuation of GH therapy to assess atherogenic risk factors in GH-deficient patients. Methods: We studied 18 male patients with GH deficiency 17–20 years of age at the time of discontinuing GH therapy. Body composition and cholesterol were measured 6 months before discontinuation of GH therapy with a weekly dose of 0.5 IU/kg (≈ 0.19 mg/kg), and immediately, 2 months, and 6 months after the end of GH therapy. Results: Two months after termination of GH therapy the percentage of body fat and fat mass increased from 7.4% to 9.4% and from 3.8 kg to 5.0 kg, respectively, and remained high thereafter. Lean body mass decreased gradually, but the change was not significant. Lean body mass : fat mass ratio decreased from 14.7 at termination of GH therapy to 10.9 at the end of study. Total cholesterol (TC) showed a significant linear increase from 156 mg/dl immediately after discontinuation to 169 mg/dl 6 months after discontinuation of GH, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) showed no change during the study. The TC to HDLC ratio showed a slight but insignificant trend toward an increase. There were no significant changes in any variables during the last 6 months of GH therapy. Conclusion: GH therapy in patients with GH deficiency can reduce risk factors for obesity-related diseases and atherosclerosis. These beneficial effects are reversed after discontinuation of GH therapy. Further long-term studies of the effects of the GH withdrawal on lipid profiles, adiposity and life expectancy must be performed.
TRI-2 Propyl Phosphate-Lanthanide Nitrate Complexes

Tri-2-propyl phosphase (T2PP) reacts with lanthanide nitrates to form two series of solid complexes. These complexes were characterized by elemental analyses. X-ray diffraction patterns showed a single structure for each series, and infrared spectra showed that both nitrate and T2PP ligand were coordinated with lanthanide ions. The relative stabilities of the different species are discussed.
Developmental Regulation of the Sodium/Hydrogen Ion Exchangers and Their Regulatory Factors in Baboon Placental Syncytiotrophoblast

Although Na+/H+ exchange is important to maintenance of pH and volume and thus placental-fetal homeostasis, regulation of the Na+/H+ exchange system is incompletely understood. We previously showed that Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE)1 and -3 and their regulatory factors NHERF1 and -2 were expressed in human and nonhuman primate placenta. Our laboratories have also shown that estrogen regulates key aspects of primate placental function and development including the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes controlling cortisol metabolism. Therefore, it is possible that localization and/or expression of components of the syncytiotrophoblast NHE system are also estrogen dependent. As a first step in testing this possibility, the current study compared the immunocytochemical localization and level of NHE1, NHE3, NHERF1, and NHERF2 in baboon placentas obtained at mid- (d 100) and late gestation (d 165; term = d 184). NHE3 and NHERF2 were abundantly expressed at midgestation and localized to the cytoplasm and juxtanucle...
Isolation of cDNAs encoding the Drosophila GAGA transcription factor.

Abstract To investigate the mechanisms involved in expression of the Drosophila melanogaster engrailed gene, we purified GAGA protein, one of several putative transcriptional activator proteins that binds to the proximal region of the engrailed promoter. Antibodies raised against GAGA protein were used to demonstrate that the protein is present in all nuclei of young embryos. We isolated cDNA clones encoding GAGA protein in which a putative 519-codon open reading frame contains general sequence motifs characteristic of other transcription factors. These include stretches of polyglutamine, a 60-amino-acid region with 18 (30%) lysine or arginine residues, and a single putative zinc finger motif. In addition, a 120-residue N-terminal region shares significant sequence homology with several other known Drosophila transcription factors, including those encoded by Broad Complex and tramtrack. Up to 35-fold GAGA protein-dependent stimulation of transcription in Schneider line 2 tissue culture cells was observed after transfection of GAGA protein-encoding sequences. The GAGA gene is present in one copy in the Drosophila genome, at cytological location 70EF, and it encodes RNAs which vary in size between 2.4 and 4.4 kb.
Latino Parents’ and Adolescents’ Perceptions of the Needs and Issues of Adolescents in Their Community

Data from The Community Needs Assessment Survey were examined to understand the issues parents and adolescents felt were most important to address for the adolescents in their community. The sample of 1,784 Latino respondents consisted of 892 parent/adolescent dyads. Factor analyses found parents and adolescents identified and prioritized the same six factors: education and career planning, abuse and victimization, adolescent behavior problems, adolescent sexuality, socioeconomic stressors, and relationships. However, parent ratings for all factors were higher, indicating a higher level of concern. The article analyzes differences by age/generation (parents versus adolescents), by immigrant versus native status, and by type of dyad based on the latter (i.e., US born adolescent/US born parent, US born adolescent/immigrant parent, immigrant adolescent/immigrant parent). The authors discuss the complex interaction of these factors and the implications for practice and research.
Choices in gene mapping: populations and family structures

There are many choices of population for gene mapping of complex diseases. Recent technological advances for genotyping single-nucleotide polymorphisms have shifted our focus from family-based gene mapping to large case-control genome-wide linkage disequilibrium mapping. However, genetic isolates remain an important resource for mapping complex diseases, as these populations have greater genetic and environmental homogeneity. In addition, emerging single-molecule genotyping technologies will eliminate the current computational barriers of both linkage and association mapping in the rich extended pedigrees found in genetic isolates. These technologies will reaffirm the importance of genetic isolates for mapping susceptibility genes for complex diseases. Keywords: complex diseases; genetic isolates; molecular haplotypes; homozygosity mapping; linkage analysis; linkage disequilibrium
Teaching Patients the Critical Components of Asthma Self-Management:

Asthma is a chronic disease with considerable morbidity and mortality. Even those with mild asthma can experience a life-threatening event, and nearly 55% of adults with asthma have poor disease control. Asthma self-management (ASM) training provides instruction on desired medication, monitoring, and trigger avoidance behaviors. Together, these ASM “best practices” are strongly linked to enhanced asthma control and reduced attacks. Certification as an asthma educator (AE-Cs) indicates that the certificant possesses expert knowledge of these 3 critical elements of ASM training, as well as proficiency in the delivery of programs in diverse populations. Unfortunately, due to the limited number of AE-Cs in comparison to the number of individuals with asthma, the task of providing ASM training often falls on members of the health care team who do not have the same knowledge base as AE-Cs or other asthma specialists, such as experienced respiratory therapists or board-certified allergists. To meet the increasin...
Community organizational learning: Case studies illustrating a three-dimensional model of levels and orders of change

We present a three-dimensional cube framework to help community organizational researchers and administrators think about an organization’s learning and empowerment-related structures and processes in terms of firstorder (incremental or ameliorative) and second-order (transformative) change at the individual, organizational, and community levels. To illustrate application of the framework, case studies of three different types of exemplary nonprofit organizations (a participatory neighborhood planning organization, a grassroots faith-based social action coalition, and a larger community-based human service agency) were based on qualitative interviews and participant observations. Our analysis, rooted in organizational learning theory, suggests that organizations that empower staff and volunteers through opportunities for learning and participation at the individual level are better able to succeed in terms of organizational-level learning and transformation. Community-level change is particularly difficult but must be made a more explicit goal. Learning that can lead to second-order change at each level must help participants engage in critical AR T ICLE
Quantitative Analysis of X Chromosome Effects on the Activities of the Glucose 6-Phosphate and 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenases of DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

By combining 20 X chromosomes with five autosomal backgrounds, the relative importance of these factors with respect to the activity variations of G6PD and 6PGD in Drosophila melanogaster were investigated. Analysis of variance revealed that there exist significant X chromosome, autosomal background and genetic interaction effects. The effect of the X chromosome was due mainly to the two allozymic forms of each enzyme, but some within-allozyme effects were also detected. From the estimated variance components, it was concluded that the variation attributed to the autosomal background is much larger than the variation attributed to the X chromosome, even when the effect of the allozymes is included. The segregation of the allozymes seems to account for about 10% of the total activity variation of each enzyme. The variation due to the interaction between the X chromosome and the autosomal background is much smaller than variations attributed either to the X chromosome or to the autosomal background. The interaction effect is indicated by the change of the ranking of the X chromosomes for different autosomal backgrounds. Highly significant and positive correlation between G6PD and 6PGD activities was detected. Again, the contribution of the autosomal background to the correlation was much larger than that attributed to the X chromosome.
Methodological choices in Kelsey's eccentric existence

This article explores the methodological choices that shape David Kelsey's magnum opus Eccentric Existence: A Theological Anthropology (2009). These choices are explicit, and elucidated by Kelsey primarily in the introductory sections of this work. Considered in turn are Kelsey's rejection of a modern, apologetical approach to the theological task, his recovery of a premodern commitment to explaining the logic of beliefs rather than the logic of coming to belief, his explication of theological anthropology through a God-centered, Trinitarian, understanding of the biblical plot, and his decision to elucidate the human person theologically through an appreciation of the canonical Wisdom literature, which valorizes humanity's created goodness. It concludes by assessing Kelsey's project as an unsystematic systematic theology, a notion he develops as well in his earlier Imagining Redemption (2005).
Plasma-Assisted Local Control and Energy Management in a Scramjet Flowpat

The effort to develop viable hypersonic air-breathing propulsion can benefit considerably from implementation of revolutionary techniques based on plasma-fluid interactions. Simulations have a key role to play in this endeavor because of difficulties encountered in testing under the severe operating environments. To this end, challenge resources have been utilized to perform pathfinding high-fidelity, fully three-dimensional (3-D) multiphysics simulations on critical problems encountered in scramjet flowpaths. The effort has demonstrated several local flow control concepts as well as large scale energy management. In the local flow control category, a novel electrodeless approach is shown to successfully accomplish suppression of shock-induced turbulent separation. In other sub-component studies, the nonintuitive effect of plasma-based force and heating on a compressible inviscid instability is analyzed, near-wall sheath phenomena are elucidated and losses due to vibrational freezing in a nozzle are characterized from first-principles. For energy management, prior tip-to-tail simulations on rectangular scramjets have been complemented and compared with a new axisymmetric design, utilizing azimuthally oriented magnetic fields. In both, viscous-inviscid interactions, velocity distortions and Hall currents are first order effects, but spanwise asymmetries observed in the rectangular cross-section design are precluded in the axisymmetric configuration. These analyses, which require massive computational resources obtained through the DoD HPCMP, demonstrate the key role of simulations in leading the development of future hypersonic vehicles utilizing advanced concepts.
REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES OF NORTHERN GEESE: WHY WAIT?

Abstract Migration and reproductive strategies in waterbirds are tightly linked, with timing of arrival and onset of nesting having important consequences for reproductive success. Whether migratory waterbirds are capital or income breeders is predicated by their spring migration schedule, how long they are on breeding areas before nesting, and how adapted they are to exploiting early spring foods at northern breeding areas. However, for most species, we know little about individual migration schedules, arrival times, and duration of residence on breeding areas before nesting. To document these relationships in a northern nesting goose, we radiotracked winter-marked Tule Greater White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons elgasi; hereafter “Tule Geese”; n = 116) from the time of their arrival in Alaska through nesting. Tule Geese arrived on coastal feeding areas in mid-April and moved to nesting locations a week later. They initiated nests 15 days (range: 6–24 days) after arrival, a period roughly equivalent to ...
The London Zoo and the Victorians 1828–1859

The Zoological Society of London was established in 1826, and its menagerie in Regents Park opened two years later. Even before the animals were available for public inspection it attracted anticip...
‘LungGENS’: a web-based tool for mapping single-cell gene expression in the developing lung

We developed LungGENS (Lung Gene Expression iN Single-cell), a web-based bioinformatics resource for querying single-cell gene expression databases by entering a gene symbol or a list of genes or selecting a cell type of their interest. Gene query provides quantitative RNA expression of the gene of interest in each lung cell type. Cell type query returns associated selective gene signatures and genes encoding cell surface markers and transcription factors in interactive heatmap and tables. LungGENS will be broadly applicable in respiratory research, providing a cell-specific RNA expression resource at single-cell resolution. LungGENS is freely available for non-commercial use at https://research.cchmc.org/pbge/lunggens/default.html.
Basic Iterative Methods and Comparison Theorems

Let A = [a i,j] be an n × n complex matrix, and let us seek the solution of the system of linear equations $$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {a_{i,j} x_j = k_i ,} } \hfill & {1 \le i \le n,} \hfill \\ \end{array} $$ (3.1) which we write in matrix notation as $$ A{\rm x} = {\rm k}, $$ (2.3) where k is a given column vendor in Cn. The solution vector x exists in Cn and is unique if and only if A is nonsingular, and this solution vector is given explicity by $$ {\rm x} = A^{ - 1} {\rm k}. $$ (3.3)
Towards EM based logic implementation using periodically corrugated metamaterial structures

In this paper, we have explored the feasibility of performing complex logic operations using periodically corrugated metamaterial waveguides. Selective manipulation of the free carrier concentration of the GaAs dielectric via external stimuli alters the filtering characteristics of the waveguide structure, enabling control over the propagation of terahertz carrier signal. We demonstrate that integration of individual control elements together can be utilized to implement AND and OR logic structures.
Oral Anticoagulation in Patients with End Stage Renal Disease and Atrial Fibrillation: The Need to Evaluate Net Clinical Effect.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and atrial fibrillation (AF) are both emerging health epidemics worldwide. Atrial fibrillation is the most common heart rhythm disorder and the burden of this dysrhythmia is expected to increase as the population ages 1 . Similarly, chronic kidney disease is a disease of the elderly that is estimated to affect 40-50% of US adults over 65 in the near future 2,3 . This is likely due to manifestations of common risk factors and pathology that eventually lead to high cardiovascular and stroke risk in patients with CKD, especially patients with AF and CKD 4,5 . Unfortunately, the few observational studies that are available provide conflicting reports on the impact of therapies aimed at stroke prevention in patients with AF and CKD, leading some to question the incremental influence of AF on stroke risk 6 , and others to question if any anti-platelet or anticoagulation therapy reduces stroke risk in patients with AF 7 . The end result is significant uncertainty and variation in the management of patients with AF and CKD.
Modulating Electron Transfer Dynamics at Dye–Semiconductor Interfaces via Self-Assembled Bilayers

Forward and back electron transfer at dye–semiconductor interfaces are pivotal events in dye-sensitized solar cells and dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells. Here we introduce self-assembled bilayers as a strategy for manipulating electron transfer dynamics at these interfaces. The bilayer films are achieved by stepwise layering of bridging molecules, linking ions, and dye molecules on the metal oxide surface. The formation of the proposed architecture is supported by ATR-IR and UV–vis spectroscopy. By using time-resolved emission and transient absorption, we establish that the films exhibit an exponential decrease in electron transfer rate with increasing bridge length. The findings indicate that self-assembled bilayers offer a simple, straightforward, and modular method for manipulating electron transfer dynamics at dye–semiconductor interfaces.
Interaction between Monomeric Vanadium Oxide Clusters Supported on Titania and Its Influence on Their Reactivity

Density functional theory is used to study monomeric vanadium oxide clusters formed by exposing to oxygen a rutile TiO2(110) surface on which vanadium atoms have been preadsorbed. Past calculations examined such systems by using one V atom per supercell. This forces all VOx clusters to be identical and precludes interactions between them. To examine the consequences of this choice, we examine a VOx and a VOy cluster in the same supercell. We find that the most stable configuration is obtained when the supercell contains one VO2 and one VO3 cluster. The stabilization occurs because of a Lewis acid–base interaction: VO2 donates electron charge to VO3 and this lowers the energy substantially. No such interactions were found when the supercell contained VOx clusters with the same number of oxygen atoms. These finding demonstrate that in some cases it is essential to have two clusters in the supercell and that results obtained with one cluster in the supercell can be misleading. We have also studied the reacti...
The Dendrochronology of Palluche Canyon, Dinétah

The ancestral Navajo homeland of Dinetah in northwestern New Mexico contains hundreds, if not thousands, of Navajo archaeological sites that date from the A.D. 1500S through the late 1700s. A subse...
Branching Analysis of Multivalent Conjugates Using Size Exclusion Chromatography–Multiangle Light Scattering

Multivalent conjugates (MVCs) (conjugation of multiple proteins to a linear polymer chain) are powerful for improving the bioactivity and pharmacokinetics of a bioactive molecule. Since this effect is highly dependent upon the valency of the conjugated proteins, it is imperative to have a technique for analysis of the conjugation ratio. Studies of MVCs have used size exclusion chromatography–multiangle light scattering (SEC-MALS), which allows for the separate and individual analysis of the protein and biopolymer components based on their specific refractive index increment and UV extinction coefficient constants to determine the number of proteins bound per biopolymer molecule. In this work, we have applied traditional branching analysis to the SEC-MALS data, with the primary assumption that the polymer backbone can be used as the linear counterpart. We demonstrated good agreement between the branching values and the valency determined by traditional analysis, demonstrating that branching analysis can be...