cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tuning the Diiron Core Geometry in Carboxylate-Bridged Macrocyclic Model Complexes Affects Their Redox Properties and Supports Oxidation Chemistry

We introduce a novel platform to mimic the coordination environment of carboxylate-bridged diiron proteins by tethering a small, dangling internal carboxylate, (CH2)nCOOH, to phenol-imine macrocyclic ligands (H3PIMICn). In the presence of an external bulky carboxylic acid (RCO2H), the ligands react with [Fe2(Mes)4] (Mes = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) to afford dinuclear [Fe2(PIMICn)(RCO2)(MeCN)] (n = 4–6) complexes. X-ray diffraction studies revealed structural similarities between these complexes and the reduced diiron active sites of proteins such as Class I ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) R2 and soluble methane monooxygenase hydroxylase. The number of CH2 units of the internal carboxylate arm controls the diiron core geometry, affecting in turn the anodic peak potential of the complexes. As functional synthetic models, these complexes facilitate the oxidation of C–H bonds in the presence of peroxides and oxo transfer from O2 to an internal phosphine moiety.
Driver assistant for the detection of drowsiness and alcohol effect

Drowsiness is becoming a severe issue in case of traffic accidents. Normally, Sleeping can be identified from several factors like eye blink level, yawning, gripping force on the wheel and so on. But all these measuring techniques will check only the physical activities of the human. In some cases, people will mentally sleep with eyes open for a few seconds. This will make very big accidents in driving. The key work of the project is analysing the brain signals. Human brain consists of millions of interconnected neurons. This neuron pattern will change according to the human thoughts. If a person is mentally sleeping with eyes open then the attention level brain signal will get changed compared to the normal condition. This project work uses a forehead single dry electrode which can collect Electroencephalogram (EEG) based brain signals of different frequency and amplitude. Then using data aquisition system and LABVIEW software the collected signals are analysed. Depending on mental stages different EEG signals are generated. The EEG signals are analysed in LABVIEW to reveal the features which describes the human stage.
A Multi-site Investigation of Community Awareness Through Passive Location Sharing

Local community ties are an important social resource, but research shows that these ties have been declining. The social significance of location information offers an opportunity address this decline and support local community building. Through this research, we aim to understand if and how passive location sharing might be socially beneficial for communities. We conducted a deployment of MoveMeant, a location awareness app, across three different communities. Following a research through design approach, we conducted 45 interviews with users of the system and community leaders. The findings suggest that communities face issues related to lack of awareness, cohesion, and identity. We show that the app can help increase awareness of important community resources. At the same time, the findings also show a negative effect of surfacing divisions in a community, which we discuss as a intermediate, perceptual step that may contribute to the amplification effect of technology.
An Unusual Proof of the Triangle Inequality

A standard proof of triangle inequality requires using Cauchy–Schwarz inequality. The proof here bypasses such tools by instead relying on expectations.
Discrete Heat Equation with Shift Values

In this paper, we investigate the generalized partial difference operator and propose a model of it in discrete heat equation with several parameters and shift values. The diffusion of heat is studied by the application of Fourier’s law of heat conduction in dimensions up to three and several solutions are postulated for the same. Through numerical simulations using MATLAB, solutions are validated and applications are derived.
A downstream drift into chaos: Asymmetric dispersal in a classic density dependent population model

In the ocean, propagules with a planktonic stage are typically dispersed some distance downstream of the parent generation, introducing an asymmetry to the dispersal. Ocean-dwelling species have also been shown to exhibit chaotic population dynamics. Therefore, we must better understand chaotic population dynamics under the influence of asymmetrical dispersal. Here, we examine a density-dependent population in a current, where the current has both a mean and stochastic component. In our finite domain, the current moves offspring in the downstream direction. This system displays a rich variety of dynamics from chaotic to steady-state, depending on the mean distance the offspring are moved downstream, the diffusive spread of the offspring, and the domain size. We find that asymmetric dispersal can act as a stabilizing or destabilizing mechanism, depending on the size of the mean dispersal distance relative to the other system parameters. As the strength of the current increases, the system can experience period-halving bifurcation cascades. Thus, we show that stability of chaotic aquatic populations is directly tied to the strength of the ocean current in their environment, and our model predicts increased prevalence of chaos with decreasing dispersal distance. Climate change is likely to alter the dispersal patterns of many species, and so our results have implications for conservation and management of said species. We discuss the management implications, particularly of exploited species.
Sequential Linear-Quadratic Method for Differential Games with Air Combat Applications

We present a numerical method for computing a local Nash (saddle-point) solution to a zero-sum differential game for a nonlinear system. Given a solution estimate to the game, we define a subproblem, which is obtained from the original problem by linearizing its system dynamics around the solution estimate and expanding its payoff function to quadratic terms around the same solution estimate. We then apply the standard Riccati equation method to the linear-quadratic subproblem and compute its saddle solution. We then update the current solution estimate by adding the computed saddle solution of the subproblem multiplied by a small positive constant (a step size) to the current solution estimate for the original game. We repeat this process and successively generate better solution estimates. Our applications of this sequential method to air combat simulations demonstrate experimentally that the solution estimates converge to a local Nash (saddle) solution of the original game.
Networks Between Categorical or Discretized Numeric Variables

Categorical variables take on non-numeric values, e.g., a discretized numeric variable can be interpreted as a categorical variable. Many association measures exist for measuring the statistical dependence between categorical variables (e.g., Pearson chi-square statistic, likelihood ratio test statistic, Fisher’s exact test, mutual information). Association measures between two discretized numeric vectors have been used to measure nonlinear dependencies between them. We describe several approaches for defining weighted networks among categorical variables. In particular, mutual information networks are often used for constructing gene networks. The close relationship between mutual information and a likelihood ratio test statistic allows us to define a conditional measure of mutual information, which accounts for additional covariates. Estimating the mutual information between numeric variables is rather challenging and involves parameter choices. We argue that in many applications the mutual information measure can be approximated by a correlation-based measure. We review the ARACNE approach for constructing an unweighted mutual information network and generalize it to correlation networks and other association networks.
Introduction and foundations

After introducing some terminology, and motivational remarks for the study of stochastic processes, this chapter is devoted to the basic Kolmogorov existence theorem, some of its extensions as projective limits, and a few applications. These results will form a foundation for the rest of the work in this book.
A values-based conceptual framework for surgical appropriateness: an illustrative case report

Appropriateness in surgical decision-making necessitates that surgical treatments are aligned with patients’ goals and values for care. To arrive at informed decisions for surgery, patients must have an understanding of post-operative recovery, the impact on quality of life, and expected functional outcomes. This article describes an illustrative case of an older patient who experienced a decline in health, functional status, and quality of life in the months following a major surgical operation that was not clearly aligned with her personal goals and priorities. Palliative care needs that arose during the course of the patient’s treatment are identified and described, revealing opportunities for better integration between palliative and postoperative care. A conceptual framework for measuring appropriateness in surgery, which incorporates patients’ goals, values and preferences for medical treatments, is proposed.
Pollination, Mating System, Phenology and Characterisation of Medinilla multiflora Merr. (Melastomataceae) on Mt Makiling, Philippines

An investigation into the reproductive biology of Medinilla multiflora Merr. (Melastomataceae) from Mt Makiling, Luzon, is presented. This includes a morphological and distributional examination of the population on the mountain, the documentation of reproductive phenological patterns, a study of the mating system and observations of biotic interactions. Measurements were made of trait variability, reproductive phenology was characterised from field and herbarium observations, stigmatic receptivity was tested by counting pollen germination, insect exclusion and hand-pollination experiments helped determine the mating system and field observations recorded the identity and behaviour of floral visitors. Significant reproductive morphological differences were found between described populations. This identified a need for the recognition of this diversity and further delimitation of the Medinilla multiflora species complex. Although Medinilla multiflora produced flowers and fruit year-round, the population also exhibited cycles of increased reproduction most likely initiated by seasonal low temperatures. Medinilla multiflora was found to require pollination but not cross-pollination. Two major peaks in stigmatic receptivity occurred throughout the day and the majority of pollen was found to be viable. Generalist bees proved to be the primary pollinators of the study population and were most active in the morning depending on weather conditions. Generalist pollinators and self-compatibility are advantageous traits for establishment and persistence in isolated mountain habitats; however, losses of this habitat due to climate change could have profound consequences for the future success of Medinilla multiflora.
Magnetotransport in Fe-intercalated T S 2 : Comparison between T = Ti and Ta

Sharp magnetization switching and large magnetoresistance (MR) were previously discovered in single crystals of 2H-${\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{\mathrm{TaS}}_{2}$ and attributed to the Fe superstructure and its defects. We report similar sharp switching and large MR in 1T-${\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{\mathrm{TiS}}_{2}$ ($0.086\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\le}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}x\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\le}0.703$) while providing a side-by-side comparison of the only two such ferromagnetic transition-metal dichalcogenides. The switching field ${H}_{s}$ and MR values are similar in both 1T-${\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{\mathrm{TiS}}_{2}$ and 2H-${\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{\mathrm{TaS}}_{2}$, with a larger than expected bowtie $\ensuremath{\rho}(H)$ and a sharper hysteresis loop for $H\ensuremath{\parallel}c$ in the former. The Curie and Weiss temperatures remain roughly constant below $x\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\sim}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}1/3$ in the $T=\text{Ti}$ single crystals before increasing monotonically for higher $x$, while ${H}_{s}$ and MR reach maxima where defects in the superstructure exist, or a minimum near superstructure compositions, and they remain constant above $x\ensuremath{\sim}0.4$. Despite previous reports, electron diffraction shows only the $\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3}$ superstructure in 1T-${\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{\mathrm{TiS}}_{2}$. Glassy behavior is shown to coexist within the ferromagnetic state in 1T-${\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{\mathrm{TiS}}_{2}$ for compositions between 0.1 and 0.703. A simple theoretical model considering first-, second- and third-neighbor interactions yields a phase diagram that accounts for both spin glass behavior and different superstructures.
Chains and forms in compact metric spaces

Abstract Charges are linear functionals on normal chains in a compact metric space that are continuous with respect to a modified flat norm topology. They define a cohomology which reflects metric, rather than topological, properties of the underlying space. We show that charges can be represented by metric differentiable forms build from tuples of Lipschitz functions, and that the representation is unique on the cohomology level. For specific forms, the wedge products and the products with normal chains define cup and cap products, respectively.
Metallurgical Design of Steel Plates With Advanced Cryogenic Properties For Fabrication of Pressurized-LNG Containers

This paper discusses the plate development technology for manufacture of the containment system for a new concept of transporting gas by Pressurized LNG. The plates to produce the cylindrical containment system were required to exhibit a combination of strength and toughness at cryogenic temperatures down to −101 C (172 K). The plate toughness was achieved over a range of nickel contents from 2% to 5%, by chemistry control, thermo-mechanical processing and controlled cooling to achieve a combination of martensite, fine granular bainite (FGB) and retained austenite. It was observed that the formation of FGB was required to achieve the toughness.
Simplified Method for Comparing Emissions in Roundabouts and at Signalized Intersections

An empirically based macroscopic method is presented. It estimates and compares the pollutant emissions generated from signalized intersections and roundabouts. This method was built on a large sample size of real-world second-by-second vehicle trajectories, traffic volumes, and other traffic characteristics collected at signalized intersections and roundabouts in six U.S. states. The basis for predicting and estimating pollutant emissions was the concept of vehicle-specific power. The method enables inclusion of emissions standards and vehicle classes, such as Tier 1 (T1) and Tier 2 (T2) passenger cars (PCs) and passenger trucks (PTs). More than 1,980 vehicle trajectories were analyzed. Traffic variables including intersection capacity, demand-to-capacity ratio (d/c), cycle length, green-to-cycle length ratio, signal progression (i.e., arrival type), and number of lanes were included in the model for analysis and comparison between signals and roundabouts. Application of the method to a case study showed...
A flexible survey design for monitoring spatiotemporal fish richness in nonwadeable rivers: optimizing efficiency by integrating gears

We designed a flexible protocol for monitoring fish species richness in nonwadeable rivers. Nine sites were sampled seasonally with six gears in two physiographic regions in Missouri (USA). Using r...
Investigating PSMA-Targeted Radioligand Therapy Efficacy as a Function of Cellular PSMA Levels and Intratumoral PSMA Heterogeneity.

Purpose: Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeting radioligands deliver radiation to PSMA-expressing cells. However, the relationship between PSMA levels and intralesion heterogeneity of PSMA expression, and cytotoxic radiation by radioligand therapy (RLT) is unknown. Here we investigate RLT efficacy as function of PSMA levels/cell, and the fraction of PSMA+ cells in a tumor. Experimental Design: RM1 cells expressing different levels of PSMA (PSMA−, PSMA+, PSMA++, PSMA+++; study 1) or a mix of PSMA+ and PSMA− RM1 (study 2, 4) or PC-3/PC-3-PIP (study 3) cells at various ratios were injected into mice. Mice received 177Lu- (studies 1–3) or 225Ac- (study 4) PSMA617. Tumor growth was monitored. Two days post-RLT, tumors were resected in a subset of mice. Radioligand uptake and DNA damage were quantified. Results: 177Lu-PSMA617 efficacy increased with increasing PSMA levels (study 1) and fractions of PSMA positive cells (studies 2, 3) in both, the RM1 and PC-3-PIP models. In tumors resected 2 days post-RLT, PSMA expression correlated with 177Lu-PSMA617 uptake and the degree of DNA damage. Compared with 177Lu-PSMA617, 225Ac-PSMA617 improved overall antitumor effectiveness and tended to enhance the differences in therapeutic efficacy between experimental groups. Conclusions: In the current models, both the degree of PSMA expression and the fraction of PSMA+ cells correlate with 177Lu-/225Ac-PSMA617 tumor uptake and DNA damage, and thus, RLT efficacy. Low or heterogeneous PSMA expression represents a resistance mechanism to RLT. See related commentary by Ravi Kumar and Hofman, p. 2774
An Integrative Review of Family Health History in Pediatrics

The aim of this integrative review is to investigate current literature regarding family health history (FHH) taking practices, attitudes, and challenges in the pediatric outpatient setting. FHH is a known clinical tool for providers; however, there are no explicit standards for pediatric FHH collection. The integrative review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Cochrane databases were searched for publications between January 2010 and December 2019, and 8 articles were selected for evaluation. Three themes are explored in this review: FHH collection practices, challenges, and tools. FHH collection practices were found to be inconsistent and the most commonly cited challenge was time. No validated FHH collection tools have been identified for the pediatric population. These findings suggest the need for standardization in FHH collection and further development of tools to improve FHH collection.
Estimating efficacy of measles supplementary immunization activities via discrete-time modeling of disease incidence time series

Measles is a significant source of global disease burden and child mortality. Measles vaccination through routine immunization (RI) programs in high-burden settings remains a challenge due to poor health care infrastructure and access. Supplementary immunization activities (SIA) in the form of vaccination campaigns are therefore implemented to prevent measles outbreaks by reducing the size of the susceptible population. The SIA efficacy, defined as the fraction of susceptible population immunized by an SIA, is a critical metric for assessing campaign effectiveness. We propose a discrete-time hidden Markov model for estimating SIA efficacy and forecasting future incidence trends using reported measles incidence data. Our approach extends the time-series susceptible-infected-recovered (TSIR) framework by adding a model component to capture the impact of SIAs on the susceptible population. It also accounts for under-reporting and its associated uncertainty via a two-stage estimation procedure with uncertainty propagation. The proposed model can be used to estimate the underlying susceptible population dynamics, assess how many susceptible people were immunized by past SIAs, and forecast incidence trends in the future under various hypothetical SIA scenarios. We examine model performance via simulations under various levels of under-reporting, and apply the model to analyze monthly reported measles incidence in Benin from 2012 to 2018.
Removing biased data to improve fairness and accuracy.

Machine learning systems are often trained using data collected from historical decisions. If past decisions were biased, then automated systems that learn from historical data will also be biased. We propose a black-box approach to identify and remove biased training data. Machine learning models trained on such debiased data (a subset of the original training data) have low individual discrimination, often 0%. These models also have greater accuracy and lower statistical disparity than models trained on the full historical data. We evaluated our methodology in experiments using 6 real-world datasets. Our approach outperformed seven previous approaches in terms of individual discrimination and accuracy.
Four-port Coupling Network Design for a Two-Element Biomimetic Antenna Array

Two-element arrays with closely-spaced antennas receive a small phase difference that depends on the angle of arrival (AOA) of a narrowband source in the far-field. Recently several electrical coupling networks have been investigated to amplify the phase difference in the measurements. We present closed-form design equations for a four-port Pi coupling network that delivers maximum power in the measurements and phase difference amplification arising from the mutual coupling between the antennas. The designs are indexed by a real-valued free parameter that provides flexibility in the capacitor and inductor values, and we validate the approach with a numerical example.
Investor Emotions and Trading Behavior

Leveraging over a decade of social media data, I explore the relationship between investor emotions and stock market behavior. In particular, I test whether the emotional content of firm-specific social media messages is predictive of subsequent price movements. I confirm the findings of controlled laboratory experiments using field data. My findings reinforce the intuition that emotions and market dynamics are closely related, and highlight the importance of considering investor emotions when assessing a stock's short-term value.
Resist and Rise: A Trauma-Informed Womanist Model for Group Therapy

Black, Indigenous, and other Women of Color (BIWOC) are at increased risk for interpersonal trauma, including racial trauma. Interpersonal trauma has potentially deleterious emotional, cognitive, p...
The Invention of Market Freedom

1. Republicanism and the market 2. Republican freedom 3. Liberalism before liberty 4. The rise of commerce 5. The market synthesis 6. Republicanism in eclipse 7. Markets and the new republicanism.
A Survey on Labor Market Institutions, Collective Bargaining and Macroeconomic Performance

The paper argues that the form in which collective bargaining is organized might be a decisive factor in determining the performance of modern industrialized economies. The whole literature on corporatism is concerned with showing that the degree of centralization and coordination in wage determination is a key factor in ensuring either a more or less painful adjustment to adverse economic conditions. In this sense, labor market institutions might assume one of two roles: (i) uncertainty reducers and catalysts of more flexible markets; or (ii) free-rider agents which would only be worried about appropriating product market quasi-rents. The first case seems to be more recurrent in corporatist countries where bargaining is centralized and coordinated. The second, more apparent where bargaining is decentralized and/or intermediate-centralized, is where rent-sharing seems pervasive and wage rigidity a strong possibility.
Outcomes of Displaced and Nondisplaced Pelvic and Sacral Fractures in Elderly Adults

OBJECTIVES: To identify fracture types in a series of older adults with pelvic fractures and to determine whether the type of pelvic fracture affected short-term outcomes and morbidity. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred eighty-one individuals aged 65 and older with low-energy pelvic fractures. MEASUREMENTS: Fracture type, in-hospital complications, mortality, maximal return to function, and return to living situation. RESULTS: Of the 181 participants, 119 had unilateral displaced pubic rami fractures, 38 had nondisplaced pubic rami fractures, 14 had sacral insufficiency fractures, and 10 had bilateral displaced pubic rami fractures. There were no significant differences found in participant age; comorbidities; diagnosis of dementia; in-hospital complications; or 30-day, 90-day, or 1-year mortality rates between fracture types. Fracture type did not affect the ability of the participants to return home or their use of ambulatory aid. CONCLUSION: For older adults, morbidity and mortality rates for nondisplaced pubic rami fractures and sacral insufficiency fractures are similar to those for displaced pelvic fractures.
Self-Energy of Electrons in Non-Perturbative QED

Various models of charged particles interacting with a quantized, ultraviolet cutoff radiation field (but not with each other) are investigated. Upper and lower bounds are found for the self- or ground state-energies without mass renormalization. For N fermions the bounds are proportional to N, but for bosons they are sublinear, which implies ‘binding’, and hence that ‘free’ bosons are never free. Both ‘relativistic’ and non-relativistic kinematics are considered. Our bounds are non-perturbative and differ significantly from the predictions of perturbation theory.
Opportunities for Improving Productivity in Roofing Construction

This study discusses the potential areas for productivity improvement in roofing construction. In order to achieve the project objectives, a survey was designed and sent to roofing companies in the midwestern United States. Of the 78 questionnaires sent, 20 were returned. On-site interviews were also arranged to visit the roofing job sites for additional information. The study results indicated that the productivity in roofing construction has been estimated by taking the number of hours worked per day or week and dividing that value into the square footage of work completed. Another finding was that better planning, scheduling, and communication were claimed to have the highest potential for increasing productivity in the roofing industry. The roofing contractors have utilized good employer/employee relationships and camaraderie among crew members within their firms to maintain a high level of productivity. The managers stated that weather and poor communication were the main reasons for lost productivit...
Access Time Estimation for Tertiary Storage Systems

We propose two approaches for estimating the Tertiary Storage System access time: open approach and gray-box approach. In the first case the source code of the storage system is available, so changes in the code are made by adding event reporting functions. In the second approach - the essential system information is accessible via its native tools only. In this paper we describe an implementation of the open approach for access time estimation. The second approach we have shortly described as our future work.
On the divergence of the Rogers-Ramanujan continued fraction on the unit circle

This paper studies ordinary and general convergence of the Rogers-Ramanujan continued fraction. Let the continued fraction expansion of any irrational number t ∈ (0,1) be denoted by [0, e 1 (t), e 2 (t),...] and let the i-th convergent of this continued fraction expansion be denoted by c i (t)/d i (t). Let S = {t ∈ (0, 1): e i+1 (t) > Φ d i (t) infinitely often}, where Φ = (√5 + 1)/2. Let Y S = {exp(2πit): t E S}. It is shown that if y E Y S , then the Rogers-Ramanujan continued fraction R(y) diverges at y. S is an uncountable set of measure zero. It is also shown that there is an uncountable set of points G C Y S such that if y ∈ G, then R(y) does not converge generally. It is further shown that R(y) does not converge generally for |y| > 1. However we show that R(y) does converge generally if y is a primitive 5m-th root of unity, for some m E N. Combining this result with a theorem of I. Schur then gives that the continued fraction converges generally at all roots of unity.
Magnetic ordering in TCNQ-based metal–organic frameworks with host–guest interactions

Host–guest interactions between the aromatic molecules benzene, toluene, aniline and nitrobenzene and the redox-active TCNQ-based metal–organic framework (MOF), Fe(TCNQ)(4,4′-bpy) (1) (TCNQ = 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane), have been found to modulate spontaneous magnetization behaviours at low temperatures. An analogous MOF, Mn(TCNQ)(4,4′-bpy) (2) with isotropic Mn(II) ions as well as the two-dimensional compound Fe(TCNQ)(DMF)2·2DMF (3·2DMF), were also prepared as models for studying the effects of single-ion magnetic anisotropy and structural distortion on spin canting. The results indicate guest-dependent long range magnetic ordering occurs at low temperatures, which correlates with the electrostatic and steric effects of the incorporated aromatic guests.
Federigo Enriques's Quest to Prove the "Completeness Theorem"

The golden age of the Italian school of algebraic geometry began with Antonio Luigi Gaudenzio Giuseppe Cremona and included among its main contributors Enrico Castelnuovo, Federigo Enriques, and Francesco Severi. The Italian school spanned nearly a century, from the unification of Italy in 1861 to Enriques’s posthumously published post- World War II monograph on algebraic surfaces [Enrq 49]. In the 1890s Enriques, a mathematician who once quipped that “intuition is the aristocratic way of discovery, rigour the plebian way” [Hodge 48], and his colleague and future brother-in-law Castelnuovo began their monumental work on the birational theory of algebraic surfaces over the complex numbers C. Severi joined them in this effort a few years later.
Large Scale Solar Magnetic Fields and Their Consequences

The general properties of large scale solar magnetic fields are reviewed. In order of size these are: (1) Active region, generally bipolar fields with a lifetime of about two solar rotations. These are characterized by fields of several hundred G and display differential rotation similar to that found for the photosphere. (2) UM regions which appear to be the remnants of active region fields dispersed by the action of supergranulation convection and distorted by differential rotation. These are characterized by fields of a few tens of gauss and have lifetimes of several solar rotations. (3) The polar fields which are built up over the solar cycle by the preferential migration of a given polarity towards the poles. The poloidal fields are of a few gauss in magnitude and reverse sign in about 22 yr. (4) The large scale sector fields. These appear closely related to the interplanetary sector structure, cover tens of degrees in longitude, and stretch across the equator with the same polarity. This pattern endures for periods of up to a year or more, is not distorted by differential rotation, and has a rotation period of about 27 days. The presence of these long enduring sector fields may be related to the phenomenon of active solar longitudes. The consequences of large scale fields are examined with particular emphasis on the effects displayed by the corona. Calculated magnetic field patterns in the corona are compared with the density structure of the corona with the conclusion that: (1) Small scale structures in the corona, such as rays, arches, and loops, reflect the shape of the field and appear as magnetic tubes of force preferentially filled with more coronal plasma than the background. (2) Coronal density enhancements appear over plages where the field strength and presumably the mechanical energy transport into the corona are higher than normal. (3) Coronal streamers form above the ‘neutral line’ between extended UM regions of opposite polarity. The role played by coronal magnetic fields in transient events is also discussed. Some examples are: (1) The location of Proton Flares in open, diverging configurations of the field. (2) The expulsion of ‘magnetic bottles’ into the interplanetary medium by solar flares. (3) The relation of Type IV radio bursts to the ambient field configuration. (4) The guiding of Type II burst exciters by the ambient magnetic field. (5) The magnetic connection between widely separated active regions which display correlated radio bursts.
Presidential parties, monetary regimes, and health care returns

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the absolute and risk-adjusted stock return performance of the US health care industry conditional upon the presidential administration’s political party and the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy stance. It evaluates this return behavior across the 60-year time period from 1954 to 2013, and sub-divides this entire period into the pre-Medicare period (1954-1964), Medicare period (1965-1984), and Medicare-plus-high-health-care-inflation period (1985-2013). Design/methodology/approach – The study uses monthly returns to the health care industry and overall market, characterizing each sample month as either having a Republican or Democratic president and either a contractionary or expansionary monetary policy regime determined by whether the Federal Reserve is increasing or decreasing interest rates, respectively. It incorporates univariate and multivariate analysis to quantify the return behavior of both the health care industry and the overall market dur...
Severe Oxidative Stress Causes Inactivation of DnaK and Activation of the Redox-Regulated Chaperone Hsp33

DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE constitutes the primary chaperone machinery in E. coli that functions to protect proteins against heat-induced protein aggregation. Surprisingly, upon exposure of cells to reactive oxygen species at elevated temperature, proteins are no longer protected by the DnaK system. Instead, they bind now to the redox-regulated chaperone Hsp33, which is activated by the same conditions that inactivate DnaK. The inactivation of DnaK seems to be induced by the dramatic decrease in intracellular ATP levels that occurs upon exposure of cells to reactive oxygen species. This appears to render DnaK's N-terminal ATPase domain nucleotide depleted and thermolabile. DnaK's N terminus reversibly unfolds in vivo, and DnaK loses its ability to protect proteins against stress-induced aggregation. Now, the ATP-independent chaperone holdase Hsp33 binds to a large number of cellular proteins and prevents their irreversible aggregation. Upon return to nonstress conditions, Hsp33 becomes inactivated while DnaK reactivates and resumes its task to support protein folding.
Contribution of a single-turn α-helix to the conformational stability and activity of the alkaline proteinase inhibitor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The alkaline proteinase inhibitor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (APRin), a high-affinity inhibitor of the serralysin family of bacterial metalloproteinases, is folded into an eight-stranded beta-barrel with an N-terminal trunk linked to the barrel by a single-turn alpha-helix (helix A, residues 8-11). We show here that deletion or modification of helix A decreases the conformational stability of APRin as assessed by thermal and chemical denaturation with guanidinium chloride (GdmCl). The apparent melting temperature T(m) of the wild-type protein was 81.5 degrees C at pH 7.1 as assessed by circular dichroism and 87.5 degrees C by differential scanning calorimetry. Reduction of the single disulfide bond of APRin decreased T(m) by approximately 18 degrees C, while deletion of residues 6-10 or 1-10 lowered T(m) by approximately 8 and approximately 14 degrees C, respectively. DeltaG(u) as assessed by chemical denaturation was 7.2 kcal mol(-)(1) at 25 degrees C for wild-type APRin and was decreased by 3.4, 2.4, and 2.6 kcal mol(-)(1) by disulfide reduction, deletion of residues 6-10, and deletion of residues 1-10, respectively. In contrast, deletion of residues 1-5 had no significant effect on either T(m) or DeltaG(u). Substitution of five helix-breaking Gly or Pro residues in positions 6-10 as well as disruption of hydrogen bonds involving residues within helix A (mutants Asp10Pro and Trp15Phe) also decreased T(m) and DeltaG(u). The data suggest that a hydrogen-bonding network involving Leu11 in helix A and Trp15 located at the top of the barrel may prevent access of solvent to the interior of the barrel. Disruption of the helix could facilitate solvation of the nonpolar interior of the barrel, thereby destabilizing its folded structure. Kinetic studies with single amino acid mutants in helix A indicate that it modulates the affinity of APRin for APR primarily by influencing the dissociation rate of the inhibitor from the complex.
Photoexcitation of an autoionizing resonance in the presence of off-diagonal relaxation

We discuss the theory of photoexcitation of an autoionizing resonance. We solve a set of coupled stochastic integrodifferential equations which are based on the Fano model for autoionization, but which include the effects of weak elastic collisions, weak or strong laser excitation, and finite laser bandwidth. We determine the exact photoelectron spectrum and give formulas for spectral peak positions and widths. Redistributive scattering is evident, as are various effects normally associated only with transitions between discrete levels. Under certain conditions symmetries and fixed points of the electron spectrum can be predicted.
A comparison of children's performance on two recognition memory tasks: Delayed nonmatch-to-sample versus visual paired-comparison

Although 4- to 6-month-old children have a significant tendency to look at new stimuli in a visual paired-comparison task (VPC), they have difficulty in consistently choosing novel objects in a delayed nonmatch-to-sample task (DNMS). To evaluate which factors could account for this difficulty, we tested human infants (10-107 months) and adults (17-25 years) in a DNMS task while monitoring eye fixations. The results indicated that children at all ages reliably looked at (VPC scores) or chose (DNMS scores) the new stimuli about 60% of the time, indicating that both tasks measure visual recognition memory. A videotape analysis of visual attention revealed that children younger than 22 months, but not older children, spent significantly more time visually exploring the objects rather than looking at the food reward under it. Although this visual attraction to objects in children younger than 22 months of age may have impaired the formation of stimulus-reinforcer association needed to solve the DNMS task, this was not the case for older children, since beyond 22 months of age children consistently looked at the reward while displacing the objects. These results suggest that other cognitive abilities required by the DNMS task may not be fully functional even in children 22 months and older.
Biological control of Senecio jacobaea in Northern California, an enduring success

Senecio jacobaea, a poisonous weed from Eurasia, was brought under successful biological control in the Ft. Bragg, California area by 1976, through the combined action of the defoliating cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae) and a root feeding flea beetle (Longitarsus jacobaeae). In 1987, 4 previously infested Ft. Bragg sites (3 sites where control had been documented and another unstudied site) were examined.Senecio jacobaea densities at these sites were 0.0, 0.0, 0.01 and 0.18 plants/m2, indicating both continued and improved control of the weed. The flea beetle and the cinnabar moth both persist at the sites, despite very low numbers ofS. jacobaea plants. The control ofS. jacobaea has resulted in the return of near natural vegetation at the 2 coastal prairie sites and regained productivity at the 2 pasture sites.
Redefining the Principalship in Restructuring Schools

Here's a look at how the principal's role is changing as a result of major attempts at school restructuring. The author ex amined research studies that focused specifically on the role of the princ...
Fractionating power in sedimentation field-flow fractionation with linear and parabolic field decay programming

Abstract Following an earlier treatment of exponentially programmed field decay in field-flow fractionation (FFF), expressions have been derived for retention time and fractionating power Fdfor linear and two types of parabolic programmed field decay. The particular case of sedimentation FFF has been considered and plots of both retention time and Fdas functions of particle diameter are generated by computer in order to illustrate the influence of the various experimental parameters. Approximate analytical expressions have been derived for retention time and Fd in each case, and from these the means of calculating both the initial field strength and the program time necessary to obtain a desired level of Fd at some particular particle size have been obtained. Finally the special properties and possible uses of these programs have been discussed.
An experimental comparison between the aqueous pH scale and the electron donicity scale

We have made an experimental comparison of the aqueous pH scale with the Lewis base donicity scale. This requires an indicator that can function in both kinds of system. We find that the zeta-potential zero charge point for certain oxide materials provides a suitable indicator. The materials are: SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, and MgO. For each material, we measure the zeta potential in aqueous media as a function of pH. In each case, the zeta potential varies systematically with pH, and changes sign at some value of pH, that we refer to as the zero charge point. We then do similar measurements in a series of organic liquids having different donicities. In this case, the zeta potential varies systematically with the donicity and may change sign. In such cases, we determine the donicity that corresponds to the zero charge point. For a given oxide material, we can then relate a zero charge point on the pH scale to one on the donicity scale. This gives us a consistent experimental alignment of the pH and donicity scales, relative to one another. We compare our results with thermodynamic data, relating to the pH scale, and the hydrogen electrode, and find good agreement.
Residence Times and Decay Rates of Downed Woody Debris Biomass/Carbon in Eastern US Forests

A key component in describing forest carbon (C) dynamics is the change in downed dead wood biomass through time. Specifically, there is a dearth of information regarding the residence time of downed woody debris (DWD), which may be reflected in the diversity of wood (for example, species, size, and stage of decay) and site attributes (for example, climate) across the study region of eastern US forests. The empirical assessment of DWD rate of decay and residence time is complicated by the decay process itself, as decomposing logs undergo not only a reduction in wood density over time but also reductions in biomass, shape, and size. Using DWD repeated measurements coupled with models to estimate durations in various stages of decay, estimates of DWD half-life (THALF), residence time (TRES), and decay rate (k constants) were developed for 36 tree species common to eastern US forests. Results indicate that estimates for THALF averaged 18 and 10 years for conifers and hardwoods, respectively. Species that exhibited shorter THALF tended to display a shorter TRES and larger k constants. Averages of TRES ranged from 57 to 124 years for conifers and from 46 to 71 years for hardwoods, depending on the species and methodology for estimating DWD decomposition considered. Decay rate constants (k) increased with increasing temperature of climate zones and ranged from 0.024 to 0.040 for conifers and from 0.043 to 0.064 for hardwoods. These estimates could be incorporated into dynamic global vegetation models to elucidate the role of DWD in forest C dynamics.
Effects of flooding on native and exotic plant seedlings: implications for restoring south-western riparian forests by manipulating water and sediment flows

Abstract Unregulated streams of the U.S. South-west typically carry large sediment loads during high flow. Seedlings can be injured or killed by floods that deposit sediment, but as seedlings grow larger they develop greater resistance to damage from flood flows. On dam-regulated streams, natural sedimentation processes are interrupted, possibly altering competitive dynamics among seedlings. In this suite of experiments, seeds of three native woody species, Baccharis salicifolia , Populus fremontii , Salix gooddingii , and an exotic, Tamarix ramosissima , were sown in greenhouse pots. Seedlings were experimentally buried by sediment at progressive age intervals up to ninety days. Sediment treatments varied in terms of depth (1 and 2 cm) and method of application (undisturbed sifting or forceful burial). Our studies indicated that at an early age, P. fremontii had significantly greater ability than T. ramosissima , S. gooddingii and B. salicifolia to survive 1 cm sifted sediment deposition. However, as the seedlings became taller, survivorship of S. gooddingii and T. ramosissima approached or equalled that of P. fremontii . Tamarix ramosissima had greater survivorship than native species only when it also was taller; in some cases, natives had greater survivorship when they were shorter than T. ramosissima . Populus fremontii survived 1 cm of sediment deposition in large numbers by the time it reached 2 cm tall; a size that it reached at a very young age ( Salix gooddingii showed high survivorship at 3–4 cm, but required five weeks to achieve this threshold height. Tamarix ramosissima survived in large numbers when it reached a height range of 4–6 cm, a value it did not attain until it also was nearly 5 weeks of age. These results suggest that P. fremontii may be more competitive than T. ramosissima under natural sediment flow regimes. One approach to managing for native species involves restoring the physical conditions under which they are more competitive. Based on the results of our experiments and those of others, we suggest ways in which discharges of water and sediment in degraded reaches could be managed to favor the establishment of desired native species.
A restructured social market

Before listing the offering made on the altar of efficiency, one may wonder why this should matter to non-Americans, given that most other industrial societies maintain much higher levels of social caring, even if recently they have been lowered a bit. Indeed, it might be said that while the US is cutting into the bone, European welfare states are merely trimming the fat. The question, though, that all welfare states must face is where the fat stops and the bone begins. This is of great significance for sound public policies, democratic politics, and matters of principle. Even societies that have experienced fewer welfare cuts than the US are occasionally swinging across the line that separates streamlining the social market and dehumanizing it, if for no other reason than that the line has not been clearly drawn. Talking old people out of life-saving medical treatments to reduce costs is a glaring example. Furthermore, the absence of a vision of what a restructured social market is going to end up looking like  what will be gutted as compared to firmly protected - grossly undercuts the legitimacy and the political support for these streamlining endeavors.
Data Processing System for the Automatic Transformation of Observed Plasma Intensities into their Radial Distribution

A data recording and processing system is described which automatically unfolds the observed side-on radiation from cylindrically and rotationally symmetric plasmas into the radial distribution and thus eliminates most of the tedious and time-consuming data processing work. The projected intensity profiles over a cross section of the source are photoelectrically detected and integrated over small intervals of equal length utilizing a voltage-to-frequency converter. The output is fed into a digital counter and recorded on paper tape together with auxiliary information. The data are then processed by an electronic computer using an available transformation scheme which utilizes the Abel integral equation. In comparison to manual processing the precision is vastly improved and surpasses by far the usual requirements of spectroscopic experiments.