cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Car following decisions under three visibility conditions and two speeds tested with a driving simulator.

Abstract The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration web site reports that rear-end collisions in the United States exceed 1.5 million per year, or approximately 23% of all vehicle crashes. Car following behavior and the decision-making habits of drivers seem fundamental to understanding how to avoid these rear-end crashes. The present research aimed to reveal factors that govern car following under conditions of reduced visibility. It employed a KQ-Vection high-fidelity driving simulator to measure the behavior of automobile drivers following a lead vehicle at 13.4 m/s (30 MPH) or 22.4 m/s (50 MPH) under three visibility conditions—clear or one of two densities of simulated fog. At the higher speed, fog conditions separated participants into a group that stayed within visible range of the lead car, even though the headway time violated the NHTSA recommendations for the speed involved, and another group that lagged beyond the visible range. Data were compared to the model of Van Winsum for car following (The human element in car following models. Transportation Research Part F 2, 1999). Contrast and image size measurements allowed comparison to a standard contrast sensitivity function and allowed estimation of the JND term in the Van Winsum model.
Stimulated recall of idiosyncratic and cultural free associates

The recalls from idiosyncratic (I) and cultural (C) sources of free associates are compared under stimulated recall in order to determine if I and C are interchangeable. Primaries interfered with recall of secondaries when S retrieved from C, but when the source was I, considerable facilitation of secondaries resulted.
Reactions of Laser-Ablated Platinum and Palladium Atoms with Dioxygen. Matrix Infrared Spectra and Density Functional Calculations of Platinum Oxides and Complexes and Palladium Complexes

Platinum and palladium atoms produced by laser ablation were reacted with dioxygen diluted in argon during condensation at 10 K. Reaction products, including the M(O2) and (O2)M(O2) complexes prepared with thermal metal atoms, and the platinum oxides PtO, OPtO, PtO3, OOPtO, and (O2)PtO, were analyzed by matrix infrared spectroscopy. Absorptions due to PdO and OPdO were not identified. Density functional theory (B3LYP) calculations were performed on product molecules, which were identified on the basis of isotopic frequency shifts and correlation with density functional calculations. The most interesting new molecule produced here, linear OPtO, can also be produced by photolysis of the cyclic Pt(O2) complex.
Private Financing of the Military: A Local Political Economy Approach

In developing countries that are democratizing after military rule, and undergoing liberalizing economic reforms that encourage a shrinking of the state, what missions are the armed forces performing, who funds those missions, who benefits from military services, and why? This article analyzes security provision by the armed forces for paying clients—especially private companies in extractive industries—in accordance with negotiations between clients and commanders of the local military units that directly provide the security. The analysis identifies two paths toward local military–client relations. First, weak state capacity may mean that government control of military finances brought by democratization and economic reform remains limited to the national level, promoting local military–client exchanges. Second, amid minimal government control of military finances, even in the capital city, demand from companies in the powerful extractive industries and from recently endowed subnational governments can encourage local military–client contracting.
A peptide inhibitor of the urokinase/urokinase receptor system inhibits alteration of the blood-retinal barrier in diabetes

One of the major complications of diabetes is the alteration of the blood-retinal barrier, leading to retinal edema and consequent vision loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)/uPA receptor (uPAR) system in the regulation of retinal vascular permeability. Biochemical, molecular, and histological techniques were used to examine the role of uPA and uPAR in the regulation of retinal vascular permeability in diabetic rats and cultured retinal endothelial cells. The increased retinal vascular permeability in diabetic rats was associated with a decrease in vascular endothelial (VE) -cadherin expression in retinal vessels. Treatment with the uPA/uPAR-inhibiting peptide (A6) was shown to reduce diabetes-induced permeability and the loss of VE-cadherin. The increased permeability of cultured cells in response to advanced glycation end products (AGEs) was significantly inhibited with A6. Treatment of endothelial cells with specific matrix metalloproteinases or AGEs resulted in loss of VE-cadherin from the cell surface, which could be inhibited by A6. uPA/uPAR physically interacts with AGEs/receptor for advanced glycation end products on the cell surface and regulates its activity. uPA and its receptor uPAR play important roles in the alteration of the blood-retinal barrier through proteolytic degradation of VE-cadherin. The ability of A6 to block retinal vascular permeability in diabetes suggests a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of diabetic macular edema.
Prevalence and patterns of nitrosatable drug use among U.S. women during early pregnancy.

BACKROUND Experimental evidence indicates that certain drugs, that are secondary or tertiary amines or amides, form N-nitroso compounds in the presence of nitrite in an acidic environment. Nitrosatable drugs have been associated with birth defects in a few epidemiologic studies. This study describes the prevalence and patterns of nitrosatable drug use among U.S. women during early pregnancy and examines maternal factors associated with such use. METHODS Data were analyzed from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study and included 6807 mothers who gave birth to babies without major congenital malformations during 1997 to 2005. Information was collected by telephone interview about medication use, demographic factors, and maternal health. Drugs taken during the first trimester were classified according to nitrosatability, amine and amide functional groups, and primary indication of use. RESULTS Approximately 24% of the women took one or more nitrosatable drugs during the first trimester, including 12.4%, 12.2%, and 7.6% who respectively took secondary amines, tertiary amines, or amides. Five of the ten most commonly taken drugs were available over the counter. Women who were non-Hispanic white (29.5%), with 1 year or more college education (27.3%) or 40 years or older (28.8%) had the highest prevalence of use. Supplemental vitamin C, an inhibitor of nitrosation, was not taken by 41.6% and 19.3% of nitrosatable drug users during the first and second months of pregnancy, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this U.S. population, ingestion of drugs classified as nitrosatable was common during the first trimester of pregnancy, especially among non-Hispanic white, more educated, and older mothers. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Betaine Treatment Attenuates Chronic Ethanol-Induced Hepatic Steatosis and Alterations to the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Proteome

Introduction. Mitochondrial damage and disruption in oxidative phosphorylation contributes to the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that the hepatoprotective actions of betaine against alcoholic liver injury occur at the level of the mitochondrial proteome. Methods. Male Wister rats were pair-fed control or ethanol-containing liquid diets supplemented with or without betaine (10 mg/mL) for 4-5 wks. Liver was examined for triglyceride accumulation, levels of methionine cycle metabolites, and alterations in mitochondrial proteins. Results. Chronic ethanol ingestion resulted in triglyceride accumulation which was attenuated in the ethanol plus betaine group. Blue native gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) revealed significant decreases in the content of the intact oxidative phosphorylation complexes in mitochondria from ethanol-fed animals. The alcohol-dependent loss in many of the low molecular weight oxidative phosphorylation proteins was prevented by betaine supplementation. This protection by betaine was associated with normalization of SAM : S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) ratios and the attenuation of the ethanol-induced increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide generation in the liver. Discussion/Conclusion. In summary, betaine attenuates alcoholic steatosis and alterations to the oxidative phosphorylation system. Therefore, preservation of mitochondrial function may be another key molecular mechanism responsible for betaine hepatoprotection.
Use of a Trellis Device for Endovascular Treatment of Venous Thrombosis Involving a Duplicated Inferior Vena Cava

Congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava (IVC) are increasingly recognized with CT and venography techniques. Although many patients with IVC anomalies are asymptomatic, recent studies have suggested an association with venous thromboembolism. We report the case of a 62-year-old woman with extensive venous clot involving the infrarenal segment of a duplicated left IVC who underwent pharmacomechanical thrombectomy and tissue plasminogen activator catheter-directed thrombolysis with complete deep venous thrombosis resolution. To our knowledge this is the first reported case in the English literature of the use of a Trellis thrombectomy catheter in the setting of duplicated IVC.
Structure of a yeast Dyn2-Nup159 complex and molecular basis for dynein light chain-nuclear pore interaction.

Abstract The nuclear pore complex gates nucleocytoplasmic transport through a massive, eight-fold symmetric channel capped by a nucleoplasmic basket and structurally unique, cytoplasmic fibrils whose tentacles bind and regulate asymmetric traffic. The conserved Nup82 complex, composed of Nsp1, Nup82, and Nup159, forms the unique cytoplasmic fibrils that regulate mRNA nuclear export. Although the nuclear pore complex plays a fundamental, conserved role in nuclear trafficking, structural information about the cytoplasmic fibrils is limited. Here, we investigate the structural and biochemical interactions between Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nup159 and the nucleoporin, Dyn2. We find that Dyn2 is predominantly a homodimer and binds arrayed sites on Nup159, promoting the Nup159 parallel homodimerization. We present the first structure of Dyn2, determined at 1.85 A resolution, complexed with a Nup159 target peptide. Dyn2 resembles homologous metazoan dynein light chains, forming homodimeric composite substrate binding sites that engage two independent 10-residue target motifs, imparting a β-strand structure to each peptide via antiparallel extension of the Dyn2 core β-sandwich. Dyn2 recognizes a highly conserved QT motif while allowing sequence plasticity in the flanking residues of the peptide. Isothermal titration calorimetric analysis of the comparative binding of Dyn2 to two Nup159 target sites shows similar affinities (18 and 13 μm), but divergent thermal binding modes. Dyn2 homodimers are arrayed in the crystal lattice, likely mimicking the arrayed architecture of Dyn2 on the Nup159 multivalent binding sites. Crystallographic interdimer interactions potentially reflect a cooperative basis for Dyn2-Nup159 complex formation. Our data highlight the determinants that mediate oligomerization of the Nup82 complex and promote a directed, elongated cytoplasmic fibril architecture.
CRANIAL CT AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME IN ECMO NEONATES EXPERIENCING AN ARREST. 1626

Little is known on the long term neurodevelopmental impact of a cardiopulmonary arrest on neonates with intractable cardiorespiratory failure who are being treated with ECMO. We previously reported on survival and neurodevelopmental outcome in a cohort of ECMO treated neonates matched by diagnosis for arrest (AG) and non-arrest (NAG) status. The current study was undertaken to correlate the cranial CT scans with the neurodevelopmental outcome in the survivors of this cohort. CT scans were performed on the AG at a median of 15 days of age, and on the NAG at a median of 12 days of age. In the AG, CT scans were done at a median of 13 days post arrest. The timing of arrests included 27 prior to ECMO (including 11 at cannulation, and 3 infants with multiple arrests) and 2 post ECMO. At follow up, age 12 to 42 months, the discharge CT scans of 29/30 AG (32±12 months, Mean±SD) and 31/35 NAG (33±11 months) children were reviewed by a neuroradiologist who was blinded to patient arrest and outcome status. Major findings on CT included:*p=0.049 In the AG with CT findings of low perfusion injury (i.e. vascular border zone necrosis), all arrests occurred at cannulation. The one NAG infant with a low perfusion injury had profound intrapartum asphyxia and fetal bradycardia. On neurodevelopmental follow up, 3 infants were abnormal and 1 was suspect. In infants with CT findings of an infarct (i.e. necrosis in a vascular distribution), neurodevelopmental outcome included 1 child whose exam was normal, 2 suspect, and 4 abnormal. In conclusion, neonates meeting the criteria for ECMO, but who have also had an arrest are not at an increased risk for low perfusion injury to the brain over their non-arrest cohorts. The increased incidence of intracranial infarcts in this group deserves continued neurodevelopmental study. All infants with major findings on CT following treatment with ECMO are at very high risk for significant neurodevelopmental problems and require close long term follow up.Table
Glucocorticoid interactions with ethanol effects on depolarization-induced calcium influx in brain synaptosomes.

Abstract Depolarization-induced Ca2+ influx in brain synaptosomes is known to be inhibited by ethanol and stimulated by glucocorticoids. The present study was undertaken to characterize the interactions of corticosterone (CORT) with ethanol effects on 45Ca2+ uptake in synaptosomes depolarized by high K+ (70 mM). CORT was shown to antagonize the inhibitory effects of ethanol on the fast-phase component of the K+-induced 45Ca2+ uptake (the initial 3 s following depolarization). Glucocorticoid antagonism of ethanol inhibition of the 45Ca2+ uptake exhibited a high degree of steroid specificity; steroids with glucocorticoid activity including cortisol, dexamethasone and triamcinolone were effective, whereas gonadal steroids and excitatory neuroactive steroid metabolites were ineffective. From the shift of concentration-response relationships when CORT and ethanol were present in combination, the interaction between steroid stimulation and ethanol inhibition of 45Ca2+ uptake occurred in an additive manner over the range of their effective concentrations. Parallel to 45Ca2+ uptake, the binding sites for [3H]PN 200-110 were reduced by ethanol and increased by CORT. These opposite effects of [3H]dihydropyridine labeled sites were found also to antagonize each other, and the antagonism again occurred in an additive relationship. These results demonstrate that glucocorticoids antagonized ethanol inhibition of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel activity in brain synaptosomes, and support the notion that these steroids may be among the endogenous factors that modulate neuronal sensitivity to ethanol.
Independent Investigators and For-Profit Companies: Guidelines for Biomedical Scientists Considering Funding by Industry

As physician-scientists, we balance many obligations in our professional and personal lives. Schooled in the tradition of patient care, teaching, and research, we learn to juggle and choose among competing responsibilities, competing duties, competing accountabilities.
Wheat stem sawfly-infested plants benefit from parasitism of the herbivorous larvae

1 Parasitoids Bracon cephi (Gahan) and Bracon lissogaster Muesebeck and their herbivorous host the wheat stem sawfly Cephus cinctus Norton, a pest of wheat Triticum aestivum, were investigated for yield in T. aestivum grown in the field. 2 Wheat stem sawfly-infested stems had a higher yield potential than uninfested stems. However, final reproductive output was not significantly different between ears on infested stems that supported complete larval development compared with ears on uninfested stems. 3 Stems containing parasitized larvae and stems containing larvae that died before completing their development had a higher mean number of seeds and seed weight, when accounting for number of fertile spikelets of each ear, than either infested with live larvae and uninfested stems. 4 The results obtained suggest that larval feeding prevented infested stems from attaining their yield potential, and that the negative impact of the pest on wheat yield was reduced when late instar sawfly larvae were parasitized. Even though some feeding occurs before parasitism, this early damage has a comparatively low impact on yield. 5 This is the first study to show a yield benefit and enhanced plant fitness due to the wheat stem sawfly parasitoids B. cephi and B. lissogaster. This results from the maintenance of increased seed number and seed weight in the higher yielding stems that are preferentially infested by this pest.
Visual Assessment of Valvular Regurgitation: Comparison With Quantitative Doppler Measurements

To investigate which factors influence visual evaluation and how accurate it is in patients with valvular insufficiency, 83 patients were studied. All were in sinus rhythm, 43 with mitral and 40 with tricuspid regurgitation. Categoric visual grading (mild, moderate, and severe) was compared with jet area method and regurgitant fraction and the factors that influenced the assigned rank were identified. With jet area method (mean of areas in three planes), the correlation with regurgitant fraction was r = 0.61 for free jets and r = 0.32 for wall jets (overall r = 0.47) in patients with mitral regurgitation, and r = 0.81 and r = 0.46 for free and wall jets, respectively, in patients with tricuspid regurgitation (overall, r = 0.65). With visual grading, the correlation was for free and wall jets, respectively, ρ = 0.80 and ρ = 0.74 (overall ρ = 0.76) in patients with mitral regurgitation, and ρ = 0.79 and ρ = 0.49 for free and wall jets, respectively (overall ρ = 0.62), in patients with tricuspid regurgitation. The jet area parameter found to have the most influence on visual grading was the average area in three planes divided by atrial area, with ρ = 0.80 and ρ = 0.51 in patients with mitral regurgitation (free and impinging jets respectively) and ρ = 0.60 and ρ = 0.46 in tricuspid regurgitation. We conclude that visual grading of valvular regurgitant jets correlates well with quantitative measures of valvular incompetence and better than any simple jet area method. Integrating additional information available from two-dimensional and Doppler images allows an accurate assessment of distorted wall jets in mitral regurgitation, but in tricuspid regurgitation the visual evaluation of impinging jets is less accurate.
Sternal wound complications after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting: Early and late mortality, morbidity, and cost of care

Of 6,504 consecutive patients who underwent isolated coronary bypass grafting in 1985 to 1987, 72 (1.1%) patients experienced sternal wound complications. Ten patients (14%) with wound complications died of multi-system failure. Only the patients with negative cultures fared well; of the bacterial culture categories, polymicrobial infection carried the worst prognosis. Effects of recurring infection were seen throughout the first year. Patients, grouped according to conduits received, experienced these wound complication rates: vein grafts only, 11/1,085 (1.0%); one internal thoracic artery, 38/4,073 (0.9%); and bilateral internal thoracic artery grafts, 23/1,346 (1.7%). There were no significant differences in wound complication rates between primary and reoperation patients or among conduit groups. By logistic regression analysis, the relative risk for patients with diabetes and bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting was 5.00 (95% confidence interval, 2.4 to 10.5). Operation time as a continuous variable increased the relative risk of wound complication 1.47 times per hour (1.3 to 1.7); obesity, 2.90 times (1.8 to 4.8); and blood units as continuous variable, 1.05 times per unit (1.01 to 1.10). Bilateral internal thoracic artery grafting in nondiabetic patients carried no greater risk of wound complication than that in patients with vein grafts only or with one internal thoracic artery graft.
Effects of intravenous fat infusion on neonatal neutrophil and platelet function.

Intravenous fat (Intralipid) is used extensively as a major component of parenteral nutrition for patients in the neonatal intensive care unit. Abnormalities of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) and platelet number or function related to Intralipid infusion have been reported although conflicting results exist. In order to examine potential adverse hematologic effects of Intralipid, 10 ill neonates were studied before and after a 16-hr infusion of 1 g/kilo of Intralipid. PMN count, chemokinesis, chemotaxis, and aggregation were unchanged pre- and post intralipid infusion. Platelet count, bleeding time, and platelet aggregation were also unchanged. Similar results were obtained in vitro when neonatal and adult PMNs and platelets were incubated in Intralipid and their function analyzed. These findings suggest that short-term, low-dose Intralipid has no measurable impact on neonatal PMN or platelet activity and support its use in neonates even in the presence of infection or thrombocytopenia. (Journal of Par...
Soybean meal diets supplemented with sulfate, methionine and fishery products.

Abstract Five experiments were conducted in which the growth effects of supplements of sulfate, methionine and fishery products were studied. Of these supplements, only the fishery products induced significantly greater growth in chicks fed corn-soy diets containing 20.5 or 24% protein. When methionine or sulfate was added to diets containing 12% protein (derived entirely from soybean meal), significant growth responses were obtained from methionine, but not from sulfate supplementation despite the fact that the dietary content of sulfur-amino acids in the basal diet was calculated to be 0.36%. The failure of sodium or potassium sulfate was not affected by the addition of potassium or sodium bicarbonate. Hematocrit values were significantly increased in chicks fed 12% protein diets by supplemental sulfate, whereas plasma total protein, albumin and globulin components were increased by supplemental methionine.
Neural, hormonal and intrinsic mechanisms of cardiac control during acute coronary occlusion in the intact dog

Three basic mechanisms may be involved in the control of cardiac function during acute coronary occlusion: (1) neural; (2) hormonal (circulating catecholamine); and (3) intrinsic (e.g. Frank--Starling law). The response of intact, sedated (Innovar-Vet, 0.08 cc/kg), chronically instrumented dogs to a 5 min left circumflex coronary occlusion was tested to delineate the relative roles of each of the above mechanisms. First, 6 innervated and 6 cardiac denervated dogs were examined. The major difference between groups was that the occlusion-induced tachycardia was significantly smaller in the denervated dogs than in the normally innervated animals (+10 +/- 7 vs +27 +/- 4/min, respectively, (mean +/- S.D.)). Changes in the first time derivative of left ventricular pressure (d(LVP)/dt) were similar (--898 +/- 556 vs --796 +/- 274 mm Hg/sec, denervated vs innervated). Decreases in stroke volume and mean arterial pressure were also similar in the two groups. The occlusion-induced tachycardia was compared in a second group of denervated dogs (n = 5) before and after administration of propranolol to examine the role of circulating catecholamines, and, by exclusion, to observe the response of the heart per se, independently of extrinsic control factors. The heart rate response was similar in both cases (+8 +/- 4 vs +6 +/- 4/min, unblocked vs blocked). Finally, blood pressure was prevented from falling during coronary occlusion in 3 normally innervated dogs by coupling the femoral artery to a reservoir of saline suspended above the animals. Blunting the input to the baroreceptors in this manner did not significantly change the size of the occlusion-induced tachycardia. We conclude that during acute coronary occlusion in dog: (1) the major role of the cardiac nerves involves modulating changes in the chronotropic state of the heart; (2) changes in d(LVP)/dt result principally from intrinsic phenomena linked to ischemia-induced alterations in myocardial performance; (3) changes in circulating catecholamines play only a minor role in controlling the heart during acute coronary occlusion in denervated dog; and (4) receptors located within the heart figure significantly in the etiology of the occlusion-induced tachycardia.
Self-Consistent Models of the Pomeron

A review is presented of three models of diffraction scattering based on self‐consistent solutions to the s‐channel unitarity relation. The major theoretical and experimental predictions of the models are tabulated, and compared qualitatively with each other and with existing high energy data.
Volumetric contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging of renal perfusion

Objectives To determine whether volumetric contrast-enhanced ultrasound (US) imaging has the potential to monitor changes in renal perfusion after vascular injury. Methods Volumetric contrast-enhanced US uses a series of planar image acquisitions, capturing the nonlinear second harmonic signal from microbubble contrast agents flowing in the vasculature. Tissue perfusion parameters (peak intensity [IPK], time to peak intensity [TPK], wash-in rate [WIR], and area under the curve [AUC]) were derived from time-intensity curve data collected during in vitro flow phantom studies and in vivo animal studies of healthy and injured kidneys. For the flow phantom studies, either the contrast agent concentration was held constant (10 μL/L) with varying volumetric flow rates (10, 20, and 30 mL/min), or the flow rate was held constant (30 mL/min) with varying contrast agent concentrations (5, 10, and 20 μL/L). Animal studies used healthy rats or those that underwent renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Renal studies were performed with healthy rats while the transducer angle was varied for each volumetric contrast-enhanced US image acquisition (reference or 0°, 45°, and 90°) to determine whether repeated renal perfusion measures were isotropic and independent of transducer position. Blood serum biomarkers and immunohistology were used to confirm acute kidney injury. Results Flow phantom results revealed a linear relationship between microbubble concentrations injected into the flow system and the IPK, WIR, and AUC (R(2) > 0.56; P 0.77; P .60). After induction of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat animal model (n = 4), volumetric contrast-enhanced US imaging of the injured kidney revealed an initial reduction in renal perfusion compared to control animals, followed by progressive recovery of vascular function. Conclusions Volumetric contrast-enhanced US-based renal perfusion imaging may prove clinically feasible for detecting and monitoring acute kidney injury.
The Perfect Stage of Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe polygoni) of Beta vulgaris Found in Michigan.

Powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni DC [synonym E. betae {Vanha} Weltzien]) affects several different crops of Beta vulgaris, including sugar beet, Swiss chard, and table beet. The disease has been prevalent in many sugar beet-growing areas of the United States since the first major epidemic in beet in 1974 (3). Powdery mildew in the United States was primarily associated with the asexual stage of the pathogen until the perfect stage was found, first in western states such as Idaho and Colorado (2), then in more Midwestern states such as Nebraska, and most recently in North Dakota (1). Similar to North Dakota, powdery mildew has not been a major problem in the Michigan growing area. It does appear sporadically, particularly on sugar beets that have not been sprayed to control other foliar diseases. In 2010, powdery mildew infection on sugar beet was observed in late August in a field in the Saginaw Valley of Michigan. Plants were inspected periodically for the presence of the sexual stage. In early October,...
All-Dielectric Wireless Receiver

High power microwave (HPM) weapons and other sources of intense microwave power pose a growing threat to modern RF receivers. To address this problem, an all-dielectric photonic-assisted receiver is proposed and demonstrated. The device consists of a dielectric resonator antenna that concentrates and feeds the signal onto a resonant electro-optic field sensor. The absence of metal interconnects and the charge isolation provided by the optics removes the "soft spots" in a traditional receiver. In the proof-of-concept experiment, detection of C band electromagnetic signal at 7.38 GHz with a sensitivity of 4.3times10-3 V/mldrHz1/2 is demonstrated.
A GIS-based method for identifying the optimal location for a facility to convert forest biomass to biofuel

There is growing interest in the production of biofuels from woody biomass. Critical to the financial success of producing biofuel is identifying the optimal location for the facility. The location decision is especially important for woody biomass feedstock owing to the distributed nature of biomass and the significant costs associated with transportation. This study introduces a two-stage methodology to identify the best location for biofuel production based on multiple attributes. Stage I uses a Geographic Information System approach to identify feasible biofuel facility locations. The approach employs county boundaries, a county-based pulpwood distribution, a population census, city and village distributions, and railroad and state/federal road transportation networks. In Stage II, the preferred location is selected using a total transportation cost model. The methodology is applied to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to locate a biofuel production facility. Through the application of the two-stage methodology, the best possible location for biofuel production was identified as the Village of L’anse in Baraga County. Also investigated are the sensitivity of transportation cost and the optimal site for biofuel production to changes in several key variables. These additional variables included fuel price, transportation distance, and pulpwood availability. By applying sensitivity analysis based on limited availability of feedstock, the City of Ishpeming emerged as another viable location for the production facility.
Laparoscopic versus open gastric resections for primary gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): a size-matched comparison

Background Laparoscopic resection of gastric GISTs appears technically feasible and associated with favorable outcomes. Tumor size however frequently plays a role in surgical approach with larger tumors tending toward laparotomy, raising concern that favorable outcomes reported for the laparoscopic approach may reflect this selection bias.
A Further study of the comparative buffering capacities of various commercially available gastric antacids.

Since the 1949 report by the authors on the comparative buffering capacities of a number of the antacids then in common use, several new products have appeared. These were studied in the same way as in 1949 and the results of this study are presented.
Breakdown, obsolescence and reuse: HCI and the art of repair

This paper describes an integrated program of theoretical, ethnographic, and building work meant to explore post-humanist alternatives to questions around HCI creativity and design. We review recent theories in the humanities, social sciences, and HCI that argue for different ways of framing the relationship between human agents and the object world around them. We then describe a program of ethnographic work with artists who feature found and broken technologies as central methods and topics of work. Finally, we describe an installation and self-study project of our own, 'Scale,' that extends these lines of analysis through collaborative acts of building with broken and discarded technologies. We argue that such integrated programs of work offer one useful model for leveraging the theoretical, ethnographic and material dimensions of HCI work; and that the distinct 'propensities' of found and broken objects can challenge and extend HCI notions of creativity and design itself.
Hematopoietic origin of glomerular mesangial cells

It was recently reported that crude bone marrow cells have the ability to differentiate into glomerular mesangial cells. However, the exact nature of the engrafting cells in the bone marrow was not known. We tested the hypothesis that hematopoietic stem cells are capable of reconstituting the mesangial cells by transplanting a clonal population of cells derived from a single stem cell. We cultured Lin−, Sca-1+, c-kit+, CD34− bone marrow cells from transgenic enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) mice (C57BL/6-Ly-5.2 background) individually for 1 week in the presence of interleukin-11 and steel factor. We then transplanted viable clones individually into lethally irradiated C57BL/6-Ly-5.1 mice. Kidneys from 5 recipient mice showing high levels (60%-90%) of multilineage hematopoietic reconstitution were examined 2 to 6 months later, using differential interference contrast and epifluorescence microscopy. EGFP+ cells with a morphology characteristic of mesangial cells were evident within the glomeruli. Transplantation of 100 noncultured Lin−, Sca-1+, c-kit+, CD34− bone marrow cells also generated mesangial cells. Cultured EGFP+ glomerular cells from recipient mice contracted in response to angiotensin II. EGFP+ mesangial cells seen in male-to-male transplants revealed only one Y-chromosome. These data demonstrate that a single hematopoietic stem cell is capable of differentiating into glomerular mesangial cells and that the process does not involve cell fusion.
Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: past, present, and future

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric illness that can lead to chronic functional impairment. Some patients with severe, chronic OCD have been treated with ablative neurosurgical techniques over the past 4 decades. More recently, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been investigated as a therapy for refractory OCD, and the procedure was granted a limited humanitarian device exemption by the FDA in 2009. In this article, the authors review the development of DBS for OCD, describe the current understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disorder and how the underlying neural circuits might be modulated by DBS, and discuss the clinical studies that provide evidence for the use of this evolving therapy. The authors conclude with suggestions for how a combined basic science and translational research approach could drive the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying OCD as well as the clinical effectiveness of DBS in the setting of recalcitrant disease.
The Impact of Freer Markets and Trade on Agri-Food Marketing Policy and Government Institutions: Discussion

nated sixty years of government programs that attempted to stabilize farm income and farm prices. Internationally, NAFTA and GATT are opening U.S. markets to increased competition. As a result, the potential for an impact on U.S. agricultural marketing policy and government institutions related to agriculture is a real possibility. Policy to facilitate marketing of farm commodities is more developed in the United States than in most economies. Agricultural development placed commodity marketing beyond the business infrastructure. Commercial and private market institutions were less developed, requiring a more formal and more developed set of public arrangements. The continental scope of markets included and involved major patterns of interregional competition. Instruments for the public management of a broad range of marketing issues were developed in U.S. policy facilitating farm commodity marketing. The Freedom to Farm bill of 1996, the establishment of NAFTA and GATT/WTO, the development of large multinational food manufacturing firms, and technological change all are acting to restructure the food and agricultural markets and marketing patterns. These developments raise important questions about needed changes in marketing policies to enhance competitiveness and societal well-being as these changes unfold. Hamm, Caswell, and Thompson and Sonka develop different aspects of the possible changes that might take place in marketing policies. I will address each paper individually. Hamm indicates at least four factors that are
Differences in the Apparent Metabolic Clearance Rate of Testosterone in Young and Older Men with Gonadotropin Suppression Receiving Graded Doses of Testosterone

Background: Recently we found that testosterone levels are higher in older men than young men receiving exogenous testosterone. We hypothesized that older men have lower apparent testosterone metabolic clearance rates (aMCR-T) that contribute to higher testosterone levels. Objective: The objective of the study was to compare aMCR-T in older and young men and identify predictors of aMCR-T. Methods: Sixty-one younger (19–35 yr) and 60 older (59–75 yr) men were given a monthly GnRH agonist and weekly testosterone enanthate (TE) (25, 50, 125, 300, or 600 mg) for 5 months. Estimated aMCR-T was calculated from the amount of TE delivered weekly and trough serum testosterone concentrations, corrected for real-time absorption kinetics from the im testosterone depot. Results: Older men had lower total (316 ± 13 vs. 585 ± 26 ng/dl, P < 0.00001) and free testosterone (4 ± 0.1 vs. 6 ± 0.3 ng/dl, P < 0.00001) and higher SHBG (52 ± 3 vs. 33 ± 2 nmol/liter, P < 0.00001) than younger men at baseline. Total and free testos...
The Relationship of the H Specificity to the ABO Blood Groups

Abstract. Racial differences are demonstrated in the reactions of human red cells of groups A1 and B with anti-H lectin. These and other findings argue against the concept that H is a precursor of A and B. A more likely hypothesis appears to be that there are individual, racial and species differences in the precursor substance which provides the chemical skeletons to which are added the determinant sugar groups responsible for specificities H, A and B. The differences in reactivity with anti-H are ascribed to differences in the proximity between the various determinant groups with resulting steric interference with the serologic reactions.
Quasiconformal deformations and volume growth

We determine when a metric measure space admits a uniformizing density which has Ahlfors regular volume growth. A characterization of uniformizing conformal densities in terms of doubling and a lifting procedure are the key ingredients in our presentation. We also furnish an application characterizing metric doubling measures.
The army intelligence tests and Walter Lippmann.

This article, based on a 1975 address, is concerned with aspects of the controversy in the immediate post-World War One period in this country in the interpretation of the results of intelligence testing of soldiers in the United States Army during World War One. It describes the sociopolitical context of the controversy and features of the Army Report as well as the public reception of this report. Also, it analytically describes the popular utilization of this report by Henry H. Goddard and Lewis M. Terman. Finally, as a principal focus, the critique of Walter Lippmann and its development by Frank N. Freeman is set forth.
Chalcogen nanowires: synthesis and properties

We have demonstrated a solution-phase approach based on homogeneous nucleation and controlled growth for the synthesis of 1-dimensional nanostructures from a chalcogens such as Se, Te, and Se/Te alloys. These nanostructures include monodispersed nanowires, nanorods, and nanotubes with good dimensional control (lateral dimensions from 10 to 1000 nm, and lengths ranging from a 0.25 to >20 μm). These nanomaterials are ideal components for fabricating devices or composites for photoconductive and piezoelectric applications. In this presentation, we will discuss the mechanisms (as revealed by our SEM and TEM studies) for the formation of these 1-dimensional nanostructures, as well as some preliminary measurements on their properties.
Libertarian Theories of the Corporate and Global Capitalism

Libertarian theories of the normative core of the corporation hold in common the view that is the responsibility of publicity held corporations to return profits to shareholders within the bounds of certain moral side-constraints. Side-constraints may be either weak (grounded in the rules of the game) or strong (grounded in rights). This essay considers libertarian arguments regarding the normative core of the corporation in the context of global capitalism and in the light of actual corporate behavior. First, it is argued the weak side-constraints view is conceptually incoherent when applied in a global context. Second, it is argued that proponents of the libertarian strong side-constraints view lack an adequate theory of rights. Third, both the weak side-constraints view and the strong side-constraints view are shown to be unsatisfactory insofar as they fail to adequately address the coercive power of corporations. The main conclusion of this essay is that a viable libertarian theory of the corporation has yet to be articulated.
Quartic moveout coefficient for a dipping azimuthally anisotropic layer

Interpretation and inversion of azimuthally varying nonhyperbolic reflection moveout requires accounting for both velocity anisotropy and subsurface structure. Here, our previously derived exact expression for the quartic moveout coefficient A4 is applied to P‐wave reflections from a dipping interface overlaid by a medium of orthorhombic symmetry.The weak‐anisotropy approximaton for the coefficient A4 in a homogeneous orthorhombic layer is controlled by the anellipticity parameters η(1), η(2), and η(3), which are responsible for time processing of P‐wave data. If the dip plane of the reflector coincides with the vertical symmetry plane [x1, x3], A4 on the dip line is proportional to the in‐plane anellipticity parameter η(2) and always changes sign for a dip of 30○. The quartic coefficient on the strike line is a function of all three η–parameters, but for mild dips it is mostly governed by η(1)—the parameter defined in the incidence plane [x2, x3]. Whereas the magnitude of the dip line A4 typically become...
A very broad band inversion method for the recovery of earthquake source parameters

Abstract Waveform studies of the earthquake source have traditionally been performed in narrow bands of the seismic spectrum. Waveform matching of P- and SH-waves emphasizes frequencies near and above the corner frequency. Normal mode and surface wave analyses on the other hand are performed on data which contain information only below the corner frequency. A new method is presented which formally includes the result of a long-period centroid-moment tensor analysis in an inversion of broad band body wave phases. A parametrized source model is used which allows for the recovery of a detailed source time function as well as the direction and magnitude of rupture propagation. The technical details and the performance of the method are demonstrated in an analysis of the October 28, 1983 Borah Peak, Idaho earthquake. In particular it is shown how the combination of the long-period and broad band data sets in the inversion improves the resolution of both the focal mechanism and the scalar moment. The very broad band method is applied in an analysis of the September 19, 1985 Michoacan ( M w = 8.0 ) earthquake. Two concentrations of moment release are identified in the source-time function, separated by 25–30 s in time. The spatial distribution of moment is well explained both by a model of unilateral rupture towards the east with a propagation velocity of 2.4 km s−1 and by two point sources separated by 95 km. It is shown that the P-wave data are largely insensitive to the scalar moment, and that source-time functions obtained without consideration of the total moment release exaggerate the heterogeneity of slip on the fault plane. Source-time functions which do contain the total moment show that a large fraction of the moment was released smoothly over the whole duration (80 s) of the event. The results suggest that the fault plane was characterized by two regions of high stress drop, but that a large portion of slip occurred on surrounding weak portions of the plane.
Quantum dot functionalized ZnO nanowire/P3HT hybrid photovoltaic devices

We report hybrid inorganic/organic photovoltaic heterojunction structures based on quantum dot functionalized nanowires. Single crystalline ZnO nanowires were first functionalized with InP/ZnS core-shell quantum dots and then embedded in a conductive polymer hole matrix to achieve a low cost, high efficiency device structure. The device structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, confocal Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The obtained results show excellent interface properties between the QDs and the ZnO nanowires, a high degree of polymer infiltration into the nanowire array and improved planarization of the polymer matrix.
Rape acknowledgment and postassault experiences: how acknowledgment status relates to disclosure, coping, worldview, and reactions received from others

Many rape victims are unacknowledged. These victims do not label their experience as rape; instead they give the experience a more benign label, such as a miscommunication. The current study examined the relationship between victims' acknowledgment status and post-assault behaviors, moving beyond prior research. Analyses of covariance were conducted comparing the post-assault experiences of unacknowledged and acknowledged college rape victims (n = 256), controlling for differences in victims' assault characteristics, multiple victimization, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Results supported that unacknowledged and acknowledged victims differed in their coping, disclosure, belief in justice, and receipt of egocentric reactions following disclosure. Implications for future work examining the dynamic interplay among assault characteristics, sexual scripts, acknowledgment status, and post-assault factors are discussed.
Epigenetic regulation of Igf2/H19 imprinting at CTCF insulator binding sites.

The mouse insulin-like growth factor II (Igf2) and H19 genes are located adjacent to each other on chromosome 7q11-13 and are reciprocally imprinted. It is believed that the allelic expression of these two genes is regulated by the binding of CTCF insulators to four parent-specific DNA methylation sites in an imprinting control center (ICR) located between these two genes. Although monoallelically expressed in peripheral tissues, Igf2 is biallelically transcribed in the CNS. In this study, we examined the allelic DNA methylation and CTCF binding in the Igf2/H19 imprinting center in CNS, hypothesizing that the aberrant CTCF binding as one of the mechanisms leads to biallelic expression of Igf2 in CNS. Using hybrid F1 mice (M. spretus males x C57BL/6 females), we showed that in CNS, CTCF binding sites in the ICR were methylated exclusively on the paternal allele, and CTCF bound only to the unmethylated maternal allele, showing no differences from the imprinted peripheral tissues. Among three other epigenetic modifications examined, histone H3 lysine 9 methylation correlated well with Igf2 allelic expression in CNS. These results suggest that CTCF binding to the ICR alone is not sufficient to insulate the Igf2 maternal promoter and to regulate the allelic expression of the gene in the CNS, thus challenging the aberrant CTCF binding as a common mechanism for lack of Igf2 imprinting in CNS. Further studies should be focused on the identification of factors that are involved in histone methylation and CTCF-associated factors that may be needed to coordinate Igf2 imprinting.