cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A programmable, multifunction dual-channel waveform generator for visual psychophysics

This paper describes a relatively low-cost, flexible means of presenting patterns on a CRT. The design allows for a number of options, such as presentation of gratings as well as nonstandard stimuli (white noise), the summation and differentiation of outputs to create complex luminance waveforms, and the switching of information from one channel to the other. In addition, the visual pattern generator permits a number of temporal options, such as phase reversals and the ramping on and/or off of a stimulus. This device incorporates a hardware means of scaling grating contrast. Finally, our procedure for producing synchronization signals, which uses internally generated interrupt signals, allows a number of software options, such as keyboard scanning and reaction timing, without significant time losses.
MEIOSIS AND PREMEIOTIC DNA SYNTHESIS IN A HOMOTHALLIC COPRINUS

Meiosis and premeiotic DNA synthesis were studied in a homothallic isolate of Coprinus patouillardii. Meiosis was demonstrated with cytofluorometry. Premeiotic DNA synthesis occurred after karyogamy, whereas in most fungi it precedes karyogamy. A homothallic C patouillardii isolate had lower mean nuclear DNA content than a heterothallic isolate in the same species complex. Mechanisms of homothal? lism in basidiomycetes are discussed.
Stationary distribution of population size in Tribolium

We propose the use of a stationary probability distribution for the analysis of data on population size. Predicting this long term population property from short term individual events is accomplished by the use of the asymptotic theory of stochastic processes. A WKB approximation to the stationary density is obtained and then applied to observations on the flour beetleTribolium.
Alloparental care and the influence of father presence on juvenile prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster

Abstract Abstract. The influence of fathers on alloparental behaviour of juvenile prairie voles was studied in a semi-natural environment. Juveniles were observed throughout the lactation period either in the presence of both parents and litter or with the mother and litter only. Juveniles remained in the natal nest after the birth of a subsequent litter and displayed alloparental care including huddling over, making contact with, and grooming younger siblings. The presence of fathers influenced the behaviour of juveniles. Juveniles spent more time in the natal nest in contact with younger siblings and less time engaged in passive-alone behaviour (resting on all four feet outside the nest away from other animals) when housed with both parents than with mothers only. This effect was stronger in male juveniles. Developmental changes in alloparental care coinciding with the growth of pups were observed only in the two-parent condition. Younger pups also developed more rapidly when fathers were present.
Current problems in X-ray emission spectroscopy

Various problems that limit X-ray analysis in the analytical electron microscope are reviewed. Major emphasis is given to the trade-off between minimum mass fraction and spatial resolution. New developments such as high-brightness electron guns, new X-ray spectrometers and clean high-vacuum analysis conditions will lead to major improvements in the accuracy and detectability limits of X-ray emission spectroscopy.
Geomorphological stream channel classification in aquatic habitat restoration: Uses and limitations

1Land managers in western North America have embraced classification of stream channels based on geomorphological characteristics as the importance of channel stability in successful restoration of aquatic and riparian habitat has become widely recognized. 2Classification can permit rapid inventory of large regions, provide a stratified geomorphological framework within which more detailed observations can be organized, and provide an initial basis for selecting restoration strategies. 3Existing classifications are arbitrary, developed by creating classes out of a continuum of channel form. Moreover, stream channels are dynamic, and the existing condition does not necessarily reflect former, long-term, or future conditions. 4The user should not confuse the classification exercise with a complete understanding of the channel. Before any channel works are actually undertaken, site-specific studies are essential, including historical studies to determine former channel conditions and to shed light on underlying causes for degradation of aquatic or riparian resources. 5When applying a classification system, the raw data collected should be reported, not simply the resultant channel classes. Channels that do not fit neatly within pre-existing classes should be reported as such and not lumped in classes where they ‚should’ be.
Pax3 Inhibits Myogenic Differentiation of Cultured Myoblast Cells

Pax3 is an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor expressed in the lateral dermomyotome, a region that gives rise to limb muscle progenitors. Mutations in Pax-3 account for the mouse mutant Splotch which develops without limb musculature. We demonstrate that Pax3 can inhibit myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts normally induced by exposure to low serum. Specific missense mutations that affect the DNA binding characteristics of the two distinct DNA binding domains of Pax3 abolish this effect. Furthermore, we show that Pax3 can inhibit myogenic differentiation of 10T1/2 fibroblasts transfected with MyoD, but not of 10T1/2 cells transfected with myogenin. This anti-myogenic property is shared by a PAX3-forkhead fusion protein resulting from a t(2;13) chromosomal translocation found in pediatric alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas. These results suggest that Pax3 may suppress the terminal differentiation of migrating limb myoblasts and that the PAX3-forkhead fusion may contribute to the phenotype of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma by preventing terminal differentiation.
New look at the solar neutrino problem.

We present a graphical and statistical comparison of observations of solar neutrinos with theoretical predictions for the Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein effect and a class of «nonstandard» solar «models.» The method used to compare the results makes the level of agreement or nonagreement between theory and observation more readily apparent. Included in our analysis are the standard-solar-model flux uncertainties. We also present predictions for Solar Neutrino Observatory charged-current rates
Unmasking for Pure Tones and Spondees: Interaural Phase and Time Disparities

Interference with the binaural intelligibility of spondee words and the binaural detection of a sinusoid of continuously varying frequency (250 to 4000 Hz) produced by two continuous independent ra...
The role of knowledge in residential lawn management

Researchers have long argued that environmental knowledge is a necessary component for improving individual environmental behavior. We take up this discussion in the context of homeowner lawn management. Using survey data from a 2011 yard care study conducted in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metro area, we explore the level of knowledge homeowners possess in regards to their lawn, and how this knowledge relates to best management practices as well as the awareness of linkages between the lawn and the local ecosystem. We conceptualize knowledge at an instrumental/technical level and showed that many homeowners were lacking in specific instrumental knowledge of their lawn management. However, individuals with more knowledge of their lawn management were more likely to manage their lawns in a manner consistent with recommended best practices and also were more aware of the local water ecosystem. Essentially, many homeowners had limited knowledge, suggesting that increasing knowledge may help improve best lawn practices, but it alone will not transform homeowners into the highly effective lawn managers.
Update on diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome.

Purpose of reviewOpsoclonus–myoclonus–ataxia syndrome (OMS) is a severe autoimmune central nervous system disorder, which predominantly affects young children and causes lifelong neurological disability. Early recognition and treatment may yield better outcomes.Recent findingsAppreciation of the spe
Developing Countries and Environmental Protection: The Effects of Ex Ante and Ex Post Contracting

In the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, developing countries (DC's) were adamant that in order to protect the environment for the future, new institutions were needed which would channel resources from the wealthy developed countries to the poor DC's. With this backdrop, I analyze the problem faced by an asymmetrically informed supra-national governmental authority (SNGA) who wishes to design an International Environmental Agreement. The SNGA cannot contract directly with polluting firms in the various DC's; instead, he must deal with such firms through their governments. I study this tripartite hierarchical interaction and focus on the properties of the optimal ex ante and ex post IEA's, which can be implemented by the SNGA in two different scenarios. My analysis suggests that IEA's are not inherently doomed due to a basic monitoring and enforcement problem stemming from national sovereignty. Further, desirable levels of pollution abatement can result in a number of contractual settings.
Statistical confirmation that immunofluorescent detection of DNA repair in human fibroblasts by measurement of bromodeoxyuridine incorporation is stoichiometric and sensitive

Diploid human fibroblasts (IMR-90 cells), grown to confluency and growth-arrested by serum starvation, were irradiated with a variety of doses of UV light (0.025-40 J/m[sup 2]) or incubated with broad dose ranges of four direct-acting mutagens [ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), ICR-70, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), and 4-nitroquinoline oxide (4-NQO)] and pulsed with a thymidine analog, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) to detect evidence of DNA repair. These cells and appropriate controls were immunochemically stained and subjected to flow cytometric analysis to quantify BrdUrd incorporation into DNA and simultaneously measure cellular DNA content. Since the maximal quantity of BrdUrd incorporated with repairing cells is profoundly less than the amount incorporated during replicative synthesis and flow cytometric analysis collects information on a cell-to-cell basis, data collection using linear histograms succeeded both in revealing repairing cellular populations and eliminating replicative cells from the analysis. Technical modifications necessary to achieve stoichiometry with UV-irradiated IMR-90 fibroblasts included a 48h repair (and pulse) period, followed by denaturing cellular DNA for 15 min at 90[degrees]C. The limit of detection was equal to or below the lowest dose investigated (0.025 J/m[sup 2]). DNA repair was also detected with cultures incubated with low doses of all chemicals and pulsed with BrdUrd for a 24more » h period. The limits of detection were near or below 500 [mu]M EMS, 5 [mu]M MMS, 0.25 [mu]M 4-NQO, and 0.1 [mu]M ICR-170. 36 refs., 10 figs., 1 tab.« less
An open‐source software for interactive visualization using C++ and OpenGL: Applications to stochastic theory education in water resources engineering

The purpose of this article is to explain the design and implementation of an open-source engineering education software called Stochastic Theory Education through Visualization Environment (STEVE), version 2.0. In an earlier article, a proof-of-concept for a computer-aided visualization tool (also named STEVE, version 1.0) for stochastic theory education in water resources engineering was articulated [see, Schwenk et al. Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ., 2008, in press). Using Java Native Interfacing, it was shown that STEVE 1.0 could wrap a space–time stochastic model written in any computer language and be independent of any specific language compiler during tool usage. This article describes the general philosophy, software design, and classroom usage for STEVE with significant improvements on visualization and user-friendliness (hence, rightfully called version 2.0). The software was created using the C++ programming language with the Microsoft Windows Applications Programming Interface (API). OpenGL was used for the visualization display, and the OpenGL Utility Toolkit (GLUT) was used to visualize text inside the OpenGL window. The instructor-specified simulation program on stochastic theory was written in Fortran 77. The application has user-friendly options for modifying input data and parameter specifications as desired by the instructor or the student user. STEVE 2.0 has been tested with the Windows XP and Windows Vista operating systems. For the benefit of interested users and software makers, we also provide the software application, a short tutorial and all pertinent source codes as freeware for download on our STEVE homepage at http://iweb.tntech.edu/saswe/steve.html. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 48–55, 2011
SPONTANEOUS VARIATION IN HEART RATE: RELATIONSHIP TO THE AVERAGE EVOKED HEART RATE RESPONSE TO AUDITORY STIMULI IN THE NEONATE

The relationship of spontaneous variation in heart rate during the pre-stimulus period to average evoked heart rate response to repetitive auditory stimuli was investigated in the neonate. Spontaneous variation was measured as the slope from horizontal from the peak or trough, preceding the stimulus on the cardio-tachometer record to the time of stimulus presentation. The data suggest that the stimulus-evoked heart rate response varies significantly as a function of the spontaneous variation in the pre-stimulus heart rate slope, independent, in part, of the pre-stimulus heart rate level.
Photoinduced Graft Copolymerization of Acrylic Acid-n-Butyl Acrylate on Polyvinyl Chloride

Abstract The photoinduced graft polymerization of acrylic acid and n-butyl acrylate on polyvinyl chloride or carbon monoxide-vinyl chloride copolymer by using benzophenone as a sensitizer was carried out. In graft polymerization of acrylic acid, the degree of grafting was low. However, graft polymerization of n-butyl acrylate or acrylic acid-n-butyl acrylate were higher than that of acrylic acid. Turbidimetry, DTA, and TGA of the graft polymer were examined. As the graft polymer was a weak polyacid, the pKa was estimated according to the Henderson equation, and the relationship between pKa and the acrylic acid unit content in the graft polymer was derived.
A monte carlo study of the LN statistic for the multivariate nonparametric median and rank sum tests for two populations

Small sample tables are not available for the multisample multivariate rank sum test (MMRST) or the multisample multivariate median test (MMMT) LN statistic. Consequently, the statistic usually is compared to its asymptotic Chi-square value. To investigate the appropriateness of this procedure a Monte Carlo study is used to measure both significance level and relative power for a variety of multivariate dispersion structures.
Renal tubular maximum for magnesium in normal, hyperparathyroid, and hypoparathyroid man.

Magnesium infusions were carried out in normalsubjects and patients with hypoparathyroidism and primary hyperparathyroidism in order to determine if a tubular maximum for magnesium (TmMg) existed in man and what influence ndogenous parathyroid hormone played in renal magnesium handling. The increase in the serum ultrafiltrable magnesium concentration during the magnesium infusions resulted in an increase in urinary magnesium excretion. A TmMg of 1.4 mg/100 ml GF/1.73 m2 was found in the normal subjects under basal conditions. Similarly, TmMg values of 1.4 and 1.3 mg⁄100 ml GF⁄1.73 m2, were found in hypoparathyroid and primary hyperparathyroid subjects, respectively. Both were present under basal conditions and neither differed significantly from normal. It is concluded that a TmMg is present in man and that endogenous parathyroid hormone does not appear to play a significant physiological role in renal magensium homeostasis.
Eicosanoid 12(S)-HETE activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.

Abstract The arachidonic acid metabolite of 12 lipoxygenase, 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12( S )-HETE) promotes metastatic behavior of tumor cells. In this study we set out to identify 12( S )-HETE signaling pathways, and their contribution to cellular functions in A431 epidermoid carcinoma. (1) 12( S )-HETE stimulated phosphotyrosine associated PI3 kinase activity. (2) 12( S )-HETE stimulated ERK1/2 in a PI3 kinase dependent manner. (3) PI3 kinase affected the 12( S )-HETE stimulated Raf/MEK/ERK cascade at the level of MEK. (4) 12( S )-HETE stimulated ERK1/2 via PKCζ. (5) 12( S )-HETE stimulated cell migration on laminin, which was eliminated by PI3 kinase and cPKC inhibitors, but it was unaffected by inhibition of ERK1/2.
Grooming specialists among worker honey bees, Apis Mellifera

Etude des individus specialises dans l'activite de toilettage chez Apis mellifera par comparaison du nombre d'actes effectues par ces animaux et par des non specialistes
Assessing the solubility controls on vanadium in groundwater, northeastern San Joaquin Valley, CA

Abstract The solubility controls on vanadium (V) in groundwater were studied due to concerns over possible harmful health effects of ingesting V in drinking water. Vanadium concentrations in the northeastern San Joaquin Valley ranged from 25 μg/L) and lowest in samples collected from anoxic groundwater (70% Sequential extraction procedures (SEP) applied to aquifer material showed that the greatest amount of V was recovered by the nitric acid (HNO3) extract (37–71%), followed by the oxalate-ascorbic acid extract (19–60%) and the oxalate extract (3–14%). These results indicate that V was not associated with the solid phase as an easily exchangeable fraction. Although the total amount of V recovered was greatest for the HNO3 extract that targets V adsorbed to sorption sites of crystalline Al, Fe and Mn oxides, the greatest V saturation of sorption sites appeared to occur on the amorphous and poorly crystalline oxide solid phases targeted by the oxalate and oxalate-ascorbic acid extracts respectively. Adsorption isotherm experiments showed no correlation between V sorption and any of the fractions identified by the SEP. This lack of correlation indicates the application of an SEP alone is not adequate to estimate the sorption characteristics of V in an aquifer system.
Upper Paleolithic Hunting Tactics and Weapons in Western Europe

There is extensive evidence of subsistence intensification by Upper Paleolithic people in Europe, particularly based on the records from Spain, France, Belgium, and Germany. In addition to diversifying their subsistence base wherever and whenever possible, Upper Paleolithic hunters made efficient use of landforms and developed new types of weapon-delivery systems to procure large numbers of herd game. In so doing, they seem to have preferentially chosen to inhabit regions with significant hills and valleys. This allowed them to channel game movements and to hinder or trap herds, thereby facilitating mass kills. Specific physical features (rivers, cliffs, gorges, box canyons, blind valleys, etc.) were of proven use especially to late Upper Paleolithic hunters in their planned, scheduled mass kills of such species as horse, reindeer, red deer, bison, and ibex. The most dynamic component of Upper Paleolithic technologies was weaponry. New types of weapon tips, shafts, hafts, and propulsion devices were developed at an everaccelerating rate throughout the Upper Paleolithic and into the Mesolithic, between at least 35,000–40,000 BP and ca. 7000 BP.
Abstract ED03-03: The clinical and biological impact of aberrant DNA methylation patterning in human cancer

Heritable gene regulatory information can be imparted through cytosine methylation of DNA and posttranslational modifications of histones and other chromatin proteins. These epigenetic instructions play a fundamental role in determining the phenotype of normal cells during tissue differentiation. Disruption of normal epigenetic programming plays an equally fundamental role in determining the phenotype of tumor cells in concert with genetic lesions, and is a hallmark of cancer. Aberrant distribution of cytosine methylation occurs in specific biologically and clinically relevant patterns in acute myeloblastic and lymphoblastic leukemias, and is particularly widespread in advanced stages of myelodysplasia. Both aberrant hypomethylation and hypermethylation appear to contribute to these abnormal patterns. Genomic analysis of aberrantly methylated genes provides clues towards which transcription factors direct gene expression in epigenetically defined leukemia subtypes. One difference between epigenetic and genetic lesions is that the former can be therapeutically erased or reprogrammed. Along these lines efforts to identify epigenetic biomarkers to guide epigenetic therapy has become of great interest, as has the development of novel drugs that target the various chromatin-modifying complexes. This presentation will explore state of the art data from various sources and discuss the biological and clinical significance, as well as therapeutic targeting of aberrant epigenetic programming in these diseases. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(12 Suppl):ED03-03.
Efficient performance prediction for modern microprocessors

Generating an accurate estimate of the performance of a program on a given system is important to a large number of people. Computer architects, compiler writers, and developers all need insight into a machine's performance. There are a number of performance estimation techniques in use, from profile-based approaches to full machine simulation. This paper discusses a profile-based performance estimation technique that uses a lightweight instrumentation phase that runs in order number of dynamic instructions, followed by an analysis phase that runs in roughly order number of static instructions. This technique accurately predicts the performance of the core pipeline of a detailed out-of-order issue processor model while scheduling far fewer instructions than does full simulation. The difference between the predicted execution time and the time obtained from full simulation is only a few percent.
Glomerulonephritis-Induced Changes in Urinary and Kidney MicroRNA Profiles in Rats

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally and thus are involved in various physiological and pathological states. Due to their stability in biofluids miRNAs have also been proposed as biomarkers (BMs) for tissue injury. We investigated the usefulness of urinary miRNAs for detection of site-specific renal damage in an antiglomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis (GN) model in rats by comparing GN-induced urinary miRNAs profiles to traditional and newer protein BMs, and to proximal tubular injury-induced urinary miRNA profiles observed previously after cisplatin (Cp) treatment. Male Wistar Kyoto and Sprague Dawley rats were dosed once with 1, 2.5, and 5 ml/kg nephrotoxic serum (NTS) or 1.5 and 5 ml/kg NTS, respectively. GN and tubular damage were observed histopathologically in all treated rats after 14 days. Although serum creatinine and BUN were not changed, several protein BMs and 74 urinary miRNAs were found to be increased 8 and 14 days after NTS administration. Of these 74 miRNAs, 5 were identified as increased after NTS but not after Cp treatment. Using in situ hybridization two of them, miR-10 b and -100, were found to be localized in distal segments of the nephron, potentially reflecting the tubular injury in those regions. Furthermore, evaluation of both miRNA and mRNA expression in the kidney revealed possible miRNA-mRNA interactions mostly associated with fibrotic and transforming growth factor β signaling. In conclusion, our investigations support the potential of urinary miRNAs as specific BMs for kidney injury, and suggest a role of miRNAs in pathological processes during GN in the kidney.
Mesenchymal stem cells modified with Akt prevent remodeling and restore performance of infarcted hearts

Mesenchymal stem cells modified with Akt prevent remodeling and restore performance of infarcted hearts
The granulocyte colony stimulating factor pathway regulates autoantibody production in a murine induced model of systemic lupus erythematosus.

An NZB-derived genetic locus (Sle2c2) that suppresses autoantibody production in a mouse model of induced systemic lupus erythematosus contains a polymorphism in the gene encoding the G-CSF receptor. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the Sle2c2 suppression is associated with an impaired G-CSF receptor function that can be overcome by exogenous G-CSF. Leukocytes from B6.Sle2c2 and B6 congenic mice, which carry a different allele of the G-CSF receptor, were compared for their responses to G-CSF. Autoantibody production was induced with the chronic graft-versus-host-disease (cGVHD) model by adoptive transfer of B6.bm12 splenocytes. Different treatment regimens varying the amount and frequency of G-CSF (Neulasta®) or carrier control were tested on cGVHD outcomes. Autoantibody production, immune cell activation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were compared between the two strains with the various treatments. In addition, the effect of G-CSF treatment was examined on the production autoantibodies in the B6.Sle1.Sle2.Sle3 (B6.TC) spontaneous model of lupus. B6.Sle2c2 and B6 leukocytes responded differently to G-CSF. G-CSF binding by B6.Sle2c2 leukocytes was reduced as compared to B6, which was associated with a reduced expansion in response to in vivo G-CSF treatment. G-CSF in vivo treatment also failed to mobilize bone-marrow B6.Sle2c2 neutrophils as it did for B6 neutrophils. In contrast, the expression of G-CSF responsive genes indicated a higher G-CSF receptor signaling in B6.Sle2c2 cells. G-CSF treatment restored the ability of B6.Sle2c2 mice to produce autoantibodies in a dose-dependent manner upon cGVHD induction, which correlated with restored CD4+ T cells activation, as well as dendritic cell and granulocyte expansion. Steady-state ROS production was higher in B6.Sle2c2 than in B6 mice. cGVHD induction resulted in a larger increase in ROS production in B6 than in B6.Sle2c2 mice, and this difference was eliminated with G-CSF treatment. Finally, a low dose G-CSF treatment accelerated the production of anti-dsDNA IgG in young B6.TC mice. The different in vivo and in vitro responses of B6.Sle2c2 leukocytes are consistent with the mutation in the G-CSFR having functional consequences. The elimination of Sle2c2 suppression of autoantibody production by exogenous G-CSF indicates that Sle2c2 corresponds to a loss of function of G-CSF receptor. This result was corroborated by the increased anti-dsDNA IgG production in G-CSF-treated B6.TC mice, which also carry the Sle2c2 locus. Overall, these results suggest that the G-CSF pathway regulates the production of autoantibodies in murine models of lupus.
Fine-Grained Localization with Pairwise Nodes Coverage

Localization is an important design issue in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we will focus on the sensor deployment for localization with the consideration of coverage and accuracy. Our pairwise localization pattern requires the information of only two coverages for the target. With this information, there are two possibilities of the position. In order to determine the correct location, we design minimum node deployment with regular pattern and an adaptive sequence based localization algorithm (ASL). The proposed ASL algorithm could accurately localize the node in the monitoring area with minimum cost. Also, we extend our results with the noisy model and provide an analysis of the deployment issue. The simulation results show that compared with the traditional triangular and other localization methods, our strategy can achieve the minimum energy, and maximum lifetime.
Ionic basis of a mechanotransduction current in adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurons.

Sensory mechanical transduction – necessary for hearing, proprioception, and the senses of touch and pain – remains poorly understood. In somatosensation, even the basic properties of the mechanically sensitive excitatory ionic currents that are assumed to mediate mechanical transduction are largely undescribed. We have recorded, from the soma of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in vitro, whole-cell ionic currents induced by the impact of a piezo-electrically driven glass probe. This transient mechanically activated current was observed in virtually all DRG neurons tested. In ion substitution experiments the current could be carried nonselectively by most cations, including divalent and organic cations, but not by chloride or sulfate ions. In addition, the mechanically activated current carried by monovalent cations was consistently blocked by millimolar concentrations of external calcium or magnesium. Based on these results, the transient mechanical transduction current observed in somatosensory neurons in vitro is mediated by large-pore mechanically gated channels nonselective for cations but impermeable to anions.
Research Translated into Practices for Increasing Student Involvement in Transition-Related Activities

This article describes an empirical investigation of the process and outcomes associated with research-to-practice strategies in three schools during a three and a half-year project. The three inte...
Comments on Alvaro Higueras' "Archaeological Research in Peru: Its Contribution to National Identity and to the Peruvian Public," (Journal of the Steward Anthropological Society, 23(112):391-407)

Higueras discusses three themes in his article that mirror those of recent publications by his colleagues in other Latin American countries: the need for archaeology to play a fundamental role in creating the identity of a past that the people of the nation can take justified pride in; the conflicts between national metropolitan archaeologists vs. national provincial archaeologists; and the conflicts between national archaeological agendas and foreign archaeological programs. Indeed these same three arguments dressed in slightly differ­ent verbiage, are the basis of the informative Point-Counterpoint argument by Ernesto Salazar and his colleagues in a recent Society for American Archaeology [SAA] Bulletin (Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 3, 14-15, 1996).
When the Report Is Dizziness

The complaint of "I'm dizzy," is a familiar one heard from those over age 60 by nurses in any health care setting. This complaint requires assessing subjective reports and determining potential causes to assist in obtaining appropriate interventions. Specialized testing may be required, as well as review of the person's activity, medications, diagnoses, and potential environmental and emotional situation. The end goal in nursing care is to prevent injury and promote physical and psychosocial well-being.
Engineering HIV envelope protein to activate germline B cell receptors of broadly neutralizing anti-CD4 binding site antibodies

Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV are believed to be a critical component of the protective responses elicited by an effective HIV vaccine. Neutralizing antibodies against the evolutionarily conserved CD4-binding site (CD4-BS) on the HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) are capable of inhibiting infection of diverse HIV strains, and have been isolated from HIV-infected individuals. Despite the presence of anti–CD4-BS broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) epitopes on recombinant Env, Env immunization has so far failed to elicit such antibodies. Here, we show that Env immunogens fail to engage the germline-reverted forms of known bnAbs that target the CD4-BS. However, we found that the elimination of a conserved glycosylation site located in Loop D and two glycosylation sites located in variable region 5 of Env allows Env-binding to, and activation of, B cells expressing the germline-reverted BCRs of two potent broadly neutralizing antibodies, VRC01 and NIH45-46. Our results offer a possible explanation as to why Env immunogens have been ineffective in stimulating the production of such bNAbs. Importantly, they provide key information as to how such immunogens can be engineered to initiate the process of antibody-affinity maturation against one of the most conserved Env regions.
Effects of Clostridium Difficile, Lactobacillus Casei, Bacillus Subtilis and Lactobacillus sp. as Mono- and Dicontaminants on the Cecum of Germfree Mice

The purpose of this study was to test the effects of various enterally seeded microorganisms on the cecal enlargement and on other parameters in germfree mice. Experimental animals were HaM/ ICR (Ch.R.CD-1) mice fed sterilized 5010C diet, aged 11–16 months with approx. the same sex distribution. The microbial status of various groups was: (1) Germfree (gf), (2) Conventional (conv). Ex-germfree monocontaminated with (3) C1. difficile or (4) L. casei. Ex-germfree dicontaminated with (5) C1. difficile and L. casei or with (6) B. subtilis and Lactobacillus sp. The mice were sacrificed 1 and 3 weeks after insemination. In the cecal contents the following were recorded (in parenthesis the characteristics of gf rodents are given in comparison to conv controls): (a) weight (elevated); (b) dry per cent (reduced); (c) pH (elevated); (d) Eh (more positive); (e) kallikrein content (elevated) and (f) “alpha pigment” (an epinephrine inhibitory chromatographic fraction which displays bioactivity in gf and not in conv cecal contents). Observations (a)-(d) were made with commonly used methods; (e) was assayed on rat uterus in vitro; (f) was tested by its effect on the spontaneous motility of intestinal villi of dogs in vivo.
Comparing the accuracy of backward differentiation formulas for solving Lyapunov differential equations

This paper describes the results in the comparison of the accuracy of the first through fifth order backward differentiation formulas for solving Lyapunov differential equations. Each of the five formulas was encoded as a MATLABreg script file and was used to solve two stiff Lyapunov differential equations with known closed-form solutions. In solving the Lyapunov differential equations by the backward differentiation formulas, the differential equations were manipulated into algebraic Lyapunov equations so that numerically stable methods could be applied to obtain the solutions. The findings were that first, the BDF approach is a viable one for computing the solutions of stiff Lyapunov differential equations. Second, a higher order backward differentiation formula may not produce more accurate numerical solutions but a higher order formula is computationally more costly than a lower order one. Third, the BDF approach allowed step-size of integration to increase continually without loss of accuracy when the transient components were waning away.
Determining Conserved Metabolic Biomarkers from a Million Database Queries

Motivation: Metabolite databases provide a unique window into metabolome research allowing the most commonly searched biomarkers to be catalogued. Omic scale metabolite profiling, or metabolomics, is finding increased utility in biomarker discovery largely driven by improvements in analytical technologies and the concurrent developments in bioinformatics. However, the successful translation of biomarkers into clinical or biologically relevant indicators is limited. Results: With the aim of improving the discovery of translatable metabolite biomarkers, we present search analytics for over one million METLIN metabolite database queries. The most common metabolites found in METLIN were cross-correlated against XCMS Online, the widely used cloud-based data processing and pathway analysis platform. Analysis of the METLIN and XCMS common metabolite data has two primary implications: these metabolites, might indicate a conserved metabolic response to stressors and, this data may be used to gauge the relative uniqueness of potential biomarkers. Availability and implementation. METLIN can be accessed by logging on to: https://metlin.scripps.edu Contact: ude.sppircs@kadzuis Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Inversión pública y crecimiento económico: Hacia una nueva perspectiva de la función del gobierno

En el desarrollo del trabajo se pretende mostrar que el ahorro no es un prerrequisito para generar riqueza mediante su canalizacion a la inversion. Por lo contrario, se analiza y construye un modelo cuyo principio radica en la proposicion de que la riqueza no depende de la capacidad de generacion de ahorro ex ante, sino de que las politicas publicas y las acciones privadas creen las condiciones propicias para la inversion productiva. En este sentido, se introduce al gasto publico productivo para mostrar que este no generara riqueza en tanto no contribuya a incrementar las oportunidades de inversion rentables, por tanto, la politica de gasto publico debe evitar su desperdicio en usos no rentables, como el financiamiento a un mayor consumo, publico y/o privado, y en su lugar destinarse al fomento de las condiciones favorables para obtener una mayor productividad de la inversion, publica o privada, no sustitutiva.
Association of low ferritin with PLM in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort.

Abstract Objective The origins of periodic leg movements (PLMs), a strong correlate of restless legs syndrome (RLS), are uncertain. This study was performed to assess the relationship between PLMs and peripheral iron deficiency, as measured with ferritin levels corrected for inflammation. Methods We included a cross-sectional sample of a cohort study of 801 randomly selected people ( n = 1008 assays, mean age 58.6 ± 0.3 years) from Wisconsin state employee agencies. A previously validated automatic detector was used to measure PLMs during sleep. The patients were categorized into RLS symptoms-positive and RLS symptoms-negative based on a mailed survey response and prior analysis. Analyses were performed using a linear model with PLM category above and below 15 PLM/h (periodic leg movement index, PLMI) as the dependent variable, and adjusting for known covariates, including previously associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within BTBD9, TOX3/BC034767, MEIS1, MAP2K5/SKOR1, and PTPRD. Ferritin and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured in serum, and ferritin levels corrected for inflammation using CRP levels. Results After controlling for cofactors, PLMI ≥ 15 was associated with low (≤50 ng/mL) ferritin levels (OR = 1.55, p = 0.020). The best model was found using quasi-least squares regression of ferritin as a function of PLMI, with an increase of 0.0034 PLM/h predicted by a decrease of 1 ng/mL ferritin ( p = 0.00447). Conclusions An association was found between low ferritin and greater PLMs in a general population of older adults, independent of genetic polymorphisms, suggesting a role of low iron stores in the expression of these phenotypes. Patients with high PLMI may require to be checked for iron deficiency.
MEF2A regulates the Gtl2-Dio3 microRNA mega-cluster to modulate WNT signaling in skeletal muscle regeneration

Understanding the molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle regeneration is crucial to exploiting this pathway for use in tissue repair. Our data demonstrate that the MEF2A transcription factor plays an essential role in skeletal muscle regeneration in adult mice. Injured Mef2a knockout mice display widespread necrosis and impaired myofiber formation. MEF2A controls this process through its direct regulation of the largest known mammalian microRNA (miRNA) cluster, the Gtl2-Dio3 locus. A subset of the Gtl2-Dio3 miRNAs represses secreted Frizzled-related proteins (sFRPs), inhibitors of WNT signaling. Consistent with these data, Gtl2-Dio3-encoded miRNAs are downregulated in regenerating Mef2a knockout muscle, resulting in upregulated sFRP expression and attenuated WNT activity. Furthermore, myogenic differentiation in Mef2a-deficient myoblasts is rescued by overexpression of miR-410 and miR-433, two miRNAs in the Gtl2-Dio3 locus that repress sFRP2, or by treatment with recombinant WNT3A and WNT5A. Thus, miRNA-mediated modulation of WNT signaling by MEF2A is a requisite step for proper muscle regeneration, and represents an attractive pathway for enhancing regeneration of diseased muscle.
Temperature-induced viral resistance in Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae).

Annual Emiliania huxleyi blooms (along with other coccolithophorid species) play important roles in the global carbon and sulfur cycles. E. huxleyi blooms are routinely terminated by large, host-specific dsDNA viruses, (Emiliania huxleyi Viruses; EhVs), making these host-virus interactions a driving force behind their potential impact on global biogeochemical cycles. Given projected increases in sea surface temperature due to climate change, it is imperative to understand the effects of temperature on E. huxleyi’s susceptibility to viral infection and its production of climatically active dimethylated sulfur species (DSS). Here we demonstrate that a 3°C increase in temperature induces EhV-resistant phenotypes in three E. huxleyi strains and that successful virus infection impacts DSS pool sizes. We also examined cellular polar lipids, given their documented roles in regulating host-virus interactions in this system, and propose that alterations to membrane-bound surface receptors are responsible for the observed temperature-induced resistance. Our findings have potential implications for global biogeochemical cycles in a warming climate and for deciphering the particular mechanism(s) by which some E. huxleyi strains exhibit viral resistance.
Model-independent extraction of the proton charge radius from electron scattering

We combine constraints from analyticity with experimental electron-proton scattering data to determine the proton magnetic radius without model-dependent assumptions on the shape of the form factor. We also study the impact of including electron-neutron scattering data, and $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}N\overline{N}$ data. Using representative data sets we find for a cut of ${Q}^{2}\ensuremath{\le}0.5\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$, ${r}_{M}^{p}=0.9{1}_{\ensuremath{-}0.06}^{+0.03}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{fm}$ using just proton scattering data; ${r}_{M}^{p}=0.8{7}_{\ensuremath{-}0.05}^{+0.04}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{fm}$ adding neutron data; and ${r}_{M}^{p}=0.8{7}_{\ensuremath{-}0.02}^{+0.02}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{fm}$ adding $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ data. We also extract the neutron magnetic radius from these data sets obtaining ${r}_{M}^{n}=0.8{9}_{\ensuremath{-}0.03}^{+0.03}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{fm}$ from the combined proton, neutron, and $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ data.
Estimating the value of recreation on the Snake River reservoirs using a disequilibrium travel cost model.

Demand for outdoor recreation was analyzed at four Lower Snake River reservoirs for the purposes of measuring willingness-to-pay for outdoor recreation trips. Data were collected with a single mailing survey using a list of names and addresses collected from recreationists at the reservoirs during May through October, 1997. The survey resulted in 408 usable responses. Outdoor recreation demand was estimated using a disequilibrium labor market travel cost model that assumed recreationists did not (or could not) give up earnings in exchange for more free time for outdoor recreation. The travel cost demand model related outdoor recreation trips (from home to site) per year by groups of recreationists to the dollar costs of the trip, to the time costs of the trip, to the prices on substitute or complementary trip activities, and other independent variables. The dollar cost of the trip was based on reported travel distances from home to site times the average observed cost of $0.202/mile for a car divided by the average party size (4.87) yielded 4.12 cents per mile per recreationist. Trips per year to the reservoirs, the dependent variable was estimated using a truncated negative binomial regression. Consumer surplus was estimated at $71.31 per person per trip. The average number of outdoor recreation trips per year from home to the Lower Snake River Reservoirs was 8.364, resulting in an average annual willingness-to-pay of $596 per person. After adjusting for non-response bias the annual willingness to pay for recreation at the reservoirs exceeded $31 million.
Algorithms for modeling structural changes in human chromosomes

Human cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes (typically at mitotic metaphase). The study of chromosomes has recently become integrated with molecular biology and genomics. Thus, it is an important part of genetics education. However, it is time consuming to train students and clinical technologists to recognize patterns of G-banded human chromosomes because of the dynamic nature of G-band resolutions in different metaphase spreads. Moreover, there are limited resources to obtain the images of abnormal chromosomes. We present in this paper an advanced version of computer based interactive tutorial program capable of simulating chromosome abnormalities, altering chromosome shapes, and manipulating G-band resolutions for human cytogenetic seduction. By simulating chromosomes using digital image processing and pattern recognition, the versatile software, together with various strategies such as website links and dialogs, will provide students with a virtual learning environment for self-practicing and testing, thus transforming the traditionally dry and ineffective approach into an exciting and efficient learning process.
Transcriptome Analysis of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 in Response to Elevated Salt Conditions

Whole-genomic expression patterns were examined in Shewanella oneidensis cells exposed to elevated sodium chloride. Genes involved in Na+ extrusion and glutamate biosynthesis were significantly up-regulated, and the majority of chemotaxis/motility-related genes were significantly down-regulated. The data also suggested an important role for metabolic adjustment in salt stress adaptation in S. oneidensis.
General and Cystoscopic Procedures

Cystoscopy and endoscopy are powerful diagnostic and therapeutic instruments in the evaluation of the urinary tract. Treatment options after appropriate evaluation and counseling are recommended in an outpatient setting. For patients who have decided to use cryoablative approaches in the office, a prescription of imiquimod cream may be used for additional warts as well. Follow-up and sexual counseling are recommended for these patients and lead to ideal results on a long-term basis.
Overcoming Competitive Inertia: Board Composition And Strategic Persistence

This study examined whether the board of directors had an impact on the trajectory of organizational strategy, where the composition of the board might influence the likelihood of pursuing or halting a persistent, unchanging strategy. Our data suggest that a board that exhibited moderate agency-orientation displayed a more positive relationship to strategic persistence than either a neutral board or a strong agency-focused board. This finding may indicate that a neutral board, may benefit from the cooperation required to reach agreement and that a moderately agency-oriented board may not be able to effectively reap the benefits of either control or collaboration and may only serve as window dressing in its purported function of representing shareholder interests.