cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity analyses for unmeasured confounding assuming a marginal structural model for repeated measures

Robins introduced marginal structural models (MSMs) and inverse probability of treatment weighted (IPTW) estimators for the causal effect of a time-varying treatment on the mean of repeated measures. We investigate the sensitivity of IPTW estimators to unmeasured confounding. We examine a new framework for sensitivity analyses based on a nonidentifiable model that quantifies unmeasured confounding in terms of a sensitivity parameter and a user-specified function. We present augmented IPTW estimators of MSM parameters and prove their consistency for the causal effect of an MSM, assuming a correct confounding bias function for unmeasured confounding. We apply the methods to assess sensitivity of the analysis of Hernan et al., who used an MSM to estimate the causal effect of zidovudine therapy on repeated CD4 counts among HIV-infected men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Under the assumption of no unmeasured confounders, a 95 per cent confidence interval for the treatment effect includes zero. We show that under the assumption of a moderate amount of unmeasured confounding, a 95 per cent confidence interval for the treatment effect no longer includes zero. Thus, the analysis of Hernan et al. is somewhat sensitive to unmeasured confounding. We hope that our research will encourage and facilitate analyses of sensitivity to unmeasured confounding in other applications.
Identification of structural elements involved in G protein gating of the GIRK1 potassium channel

Abstract Chimeras of GIRK1 and IRK1, a G protein-insensitive inward rectifier, are activated by coexpression of G βγ if they contain either the N-terminal or part of the C-terminal hydrophilic domain of GIRK1. The N-terminal domain of GIRK1 also facilitates the fast rates of activation and deactivation following m2 muscarinic receptor stimulation. The hydrophobic core of GIRK1 (M1-H5-M2) is important for determining the brief single-channel open times typical of GIRK1 but not important for determining G βγ sensitivity. Coexpression with CIR revealed that the gating properties associated with different GIRK1 domains could not have arisen from altered ability to form heteromultimers. These results implicate specific regions of GIRK1 in G protein activation and suggest that GIRK1 may be closely linked to the m2 muscarinic receptor-G protein complex.
SEQUELAE OF OBSTRUCTIVE NEPHROPATHY IN THE NEONATE ARE ATTENUATED BY EXOGENOUS EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR (EGF). • 1655

Obstructive nephropathy is a primary cause of renal failure in infancy. We have shown previously that chronic unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in the neonatal rat results in delayed renal maturation and reduced renal expression of EGF, as well as tubular cell apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis(J Urol 155:1139, & 156:1474, 1996). To determine whether these changes could be reversed by exogenous administration of EGF, 23 Sprague-Dawley rats underwent UUO within the first 48 h of life, and received daily injections of either EGF (0.1 mg/kg/d) or saline for the following 7 days. Obstructed (UUO) and intact opposite (IO) kidneys were harvested, and the fraction of proliferating cells was determined by PCNA staining, the fraction of apoptotic cells was determined by the TUNEL technique, and tubular atrophy and renal interstitial volume were determined by morphometry. There was no effect of EGF treatment on body weight or kidney weight. Compared to saline, EGF treatment increased tubular cell proliferation by 66% in the UUO kidney, but decreased tubular cell proliferation by 16% in the IO kidney (p<0.05). EGF treatment reduced the fraction of apoptotic tubular epithelial cells by 83%, and reduced the fraction of apoptotic tubules by 78% in the UUO kidney (p<0.05). There was no effect of EGF on interstitial cell apoptosis in the UUO kidney, and no effect on apoptosis in the IO kidney. EGF treatment reduced the fraction of atrophic tubules by 33%, and reduced renal interstitial volume by 55% in the UUO kidney (p<0.05). There was no effect of EGF on tubular atrophy or interstitial volume in the IO kidney. We conclude that EGF stimulates cell proliferation and inhibits tubular cell apoptosis in the neonatal kidney subjected to chronic UUO. These effects may contribute to the reduction in tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. Thus, by preserving renal growth and development, administration of EGF may attenuate renal injury resulting from chronic UUO in early development.
Cancer, HIV, and terrorism: translating public health models for prevention and control to counter-terrorism

What can cancer and HIV tell us about terrorism? How would we proceed if terrorism were a disease? A comparison of cancer and HIV can suggest alternative ways of conceptualizing terrorism and counter-terrorism using contrasting disease models that emphasize differing connections between etiology and prevention and control. A public health model also can help us think about terrorism as a basic research problem to be translated into therapeutic and preventive applications rather than primarily as a policy or political problem that makes only selective use of research studies. Through this re-conceptualization of terrorism as a basic and translational research challenge, we can draw upon the examples of the U.S. ‘War on Cancer’ and response to the ‘Aids Epidemic’ to help identify gaps in organizing academic and other resources to wage the ‘War on Terrorism.’ Recognizing and addressing these gaps could ultimately pave the way for more effective strategies in understanding and responding to the significant th...
The Single Tax in the English Budget

The principle of the single tax not to be questioned, 279. — The method of taxation an unfortunate device, 281. — The illusiveness of the ad valorem method, 286. — English Budget proposals, 287. — Grounds for expecting no serious results from them, 288.
Potassium ion- and nitric oxide-induced exocytosis from populations of hippocampal synapses during synaptic maturation in vitro.

Abstract The development of mechanisms of neurotransmitter release is an important component in the formation of functional synaptic connections. Synaptic neurotransmitter release can be modulated by nitric oxide, a compound shown to have a variety of physiologic functions in the nervous system. The goal of this study was to determine whether, during synaptic maturation, nitric oxide is capable of affecting exocytosis of synaptic vesicles, and to compare its effects with those elicited by strongly depolarizing stimuli. To address these questions we examined vesicle release from large numbers of individual synapses of hippocampal neurons between five and 13 days in culture. Synaptic vesicles were labelled by uptake of the styrylpyridinium dye N-(3-triethylammoniumpropyl)-4-(4-(dibutylamino)styryl)pyridinium dibromide (FM1-43) and their release was monitored by fluorescence imaging. Across populations of developing synapses, there was a good correspondence between FM1-43 staining and synapsin immunocytochemistry. A marked heterogeneity was observed in the ability to release vesicles both after potassium and nitric oxide stimulation. In less mature populations of synapses, the rate of potassium- and nitric oxide-induced exocytosis gradually increased, while at later stages nitric oxide-induced responses levelled off and potassium-induced responses continued to rise. Application of nitric oxide donors did not trigger any detectable changes in intracellular calcium. Combined immunocytochemical analysis of cultured hippocampal neurons for neuronal nitric oxide synthase and synapsin revealed that nitric oxide synthase was present within neurites of cultured hippocampal neurons, largely distributed in a bead-like pattern which partially overlapped presynaptic sites. Stimulation of the N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor while blocking propagation of action potentials with tetrodotoxin resulted in exocytosis from numerous individually resolved sites. Preincubation of neurons with an nitric oxide synthase inhibitor or addition of an nitric oxide scavenger eliminated these responses indicating a role for nitric oxide in N-methyl- d -aspartate-stimulated exocytosis. Using fluorescence imaging of individually resolved synaptic sites, we provide direct evidence for an effect of nitric oxide on vesicular neurotransmitter release in intact neurons. Nitric oxide is capable to produce this effect at all stages of synaptic development and acts independently of calcium influx. We show that nitric oxide synthase is present at synaptic sites and endogenously produced nitric oxide is sufficient to cause exocytosis. Taken together, these experiments suggest a possible role for nitric oxide in calcium-independent transmitter release in populations of synapses at all stages of maturation.
Clinician Perspectives on Relationship, Therapeutic Strategy, and Gender Responsiveness in Child Welfare Substance Abuse Settings

There is a growing acknowledgment of client–provider relationship as a determining factor within evidence-based practice implementation. This collective case study of 20 service providers examined the approaches used by clinicians working with substance-abusing mothers involved in child welfare to shed light on their use of empirically informed, gender-specific interventions. Analyses revealed that clinicians struggle to articulate specific evidence-based frameworks, and their approach relies on an intuitively driven client–provider relationship. Clinicians report little institutional support for integration of empirically supported practices into settings where workforce stress plays a critical role, and thus rely on relationship skills to frame practice approach.
Effects of cycloheximide on ribosomal RNA synthesis in yeast.

Abstract Yeast cells accumulate a high molecular weight RNA fraction in the presence of the drug, cycloheximide. This fraction appears to have the same properties as the 45S ribosomal precursor in the higher eukaryotes. Thus yeast, although a primitive eukaryote, seems to possess the same mechanism for ribosomal RNA processing as higher organisms.
Local wisdom behind Tumpeng as an icon of Indonesian traditional cuisine

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to explore Tumpeng, a Javanese traditional food that recently became an Indonesian icon for traditional cuisine with an emphasis on the philosophical meaning and wisdom behind the food and the tradition. Design/methodology/approach – The paper describes and explores the history of Tumpeng, explains the meaning of all aspects of Tumpeng, from the shape, colour and the items available. Tumpeng as the symbol of relation of mankind with God, society and environment is also analysed along with its position in the nutrition education progress in Indonesia. Future perspectives of Tumpeng are also given in the paper. Findings – Tumpeng is an integral part of traditional ceremony in Java in every stage of human life. The shape, colour and items themselves are a symbol of the relation to God, prosperity and guidance for Javanese people in their daily lives. Tumpeng has been used for nutritional educational purposes in Indonesia due to its popularity. Moreover, the utilisation of T...
Microtubule acetylation promotes kinesin-1 binding and transport

Long-distance intracellular delivery is driven by kinesin and dynein motor proteins that ferry cargoes along microtubule tracks . Current models postulate that directional trafficking is governed by known biophysical properties of these motors-kinesins generally move to the plus ends of microtubules in the cell periphery, whereas cytoplasmic dynein moves to the minus ends in the cell center. However, these models are insufficient to explain how polarized protein trafficking to subcellular domains is accomplished. We show that the kinesin-1 cargo protein JNK-interacting protein 1 (JIP1) is localized to only a subset of neurites in cultured neuronal cells. The mechanism of polarized trafficking appears to involve the preferential recognition of microtubules containing specific posttranslational modifications (PTMs) by the kinesin-1 motor domain. Using a genetic approach to eliminate specific PTMs, we show that the loss of a single modification, alpha-tubulin acetylation at Lys-40, influences the binding and motility of kinesin-1 in vitro. In addition, pharmacological treatments that increase microtubule acetylation cause a redirection of kinesin-1 transport of JIP1 to nearly all neurite tips in vivo. These results suggest that microtubule PTMs are important markers of distinct microtubule populations and that they act to control motor-protein trafficking.
Downsizing a Great Observatory: Reinventing Spitzer in the Warm Mission

The Spitzer Space Telescope transitioned from the cryogen mission to the IRAC warm mission during 2009. This transition involved changing several areas of operations in order to cut the mission annual operating costs to 1/3 of the cryogen mission amount. In spite of this substantial cut back, Spitzer continues to have one of the highest science return per dollar ratio of any of NASA's extended missions. This paper will describe the major operational changes made for the warm mission and how they affect the science return. The paper will give several measures showing that warm Spitzer continues as one of the most scientifically productive mission in NASA's portfolio. This work was performed at the California Institute of Technology under contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
MULTIPLANE TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY: Examination Technique, Anatomic Correlations, and Image Orientation

Multiplane (TEE) transducer imaging is the most highly evolved TEE technology at present. New clinical applications of this technology will be realized as echocardiographers gain experience with it. Current limitations of TEE are likely to be surmounted as its use increases, and continuous improvements and miniaturization of the technology also will improve its usefulness in practice.
Evaluation of results with three-point visualization of zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures

Objective. To retrospectively evaluate the results of three-point visualization and liberal rigid fixation for the treatment of unilateral zygomaticomaxillary fractures by assessing the incidence and severity of complications. Study design. Fourteen patients were examined an average of 19 months after 3-point visualization with multiple points or rigid fixation for their unilateral zygomaticomaxillary fractures. Patients were evaluated for asymmetry in globe position, superior tarsal fold size, diplopia, lateral canthus height, and malar projection. Results. The following were found: two patients with significant changes in globe position, none with diplopia in direct gaze, two with diplopia in extreme gazes, two with severe tarsal fold asymmetry, five with mild tarsal fold asymmetry, and two with noticeable malar asymmetry. Conclusion. Three-point visualization and liberal rigid fixation for zygomaticomaxillary fracture treatment results in a low incidence of complications that are proportional in severity to the trauma sustained.
PHOTOPRODUCTION AND DIRECT SPECTRAL DETECTION OF SINGLET MOLECULAR OXYGEN (1O2) IN KERATINOCYTES STAINED WITH ROSE BENGAL

In vivo, keratinocyte skin cells are exposed to photooxidative processes, some of which can be mediated by singlet molecular oxygen (1O2), a species that is very difficult to detect spectrally in cells. We photosensitized 1O2 in cultured HaCaT keratinocytes stained with rose bengal (RB) that localizes exclusively inside the keratinocyte hydrophobic regions, as evidenced by strongly red-shifted absorbance and intense fluorescence. We used keratinocytes grown in a monolayer on a plastic coverslip and in suspension. The phosphorescence spectrum (1200-1350 nm) from 1O2 was strongest when the coverslip containing RB-stained keratinocytes was irradiated in air. The spectral intensity decreased when the coverslip was immersed in D2O during irradiation and was almost completely quenched when it was irradiated while immersed in water. Water not only shortens the 1O2 lifetime but also reabsorbs part of the 1O2 phosphorescence, processes that do not occur when 1O2 is produced in a keratinocyte layer exposed to air. Because the RB was inside keratinocytes, singlet oxygen must also be produced inside the keratinocytes. However, the sensitivity to the extracellular environment suggests that most of the detectable 1O2 phosphorescence originates from those 1O2 molecules that escaped from the cell through its membrane into D2O or into the air, where 1O2 has longer lifetimes. Our results confirm directly that 1O2 is indeed photosensitized in living cells by RB. They also suggest that keratinocyte monolayers may be a good cell model to examine in vitro the production of 1O2 by other photosensitizers of environmental and photomedical interest.
Cellular, Molecular, and Genetic Substrates Underlying the Impact of Nicotine on Learning

Addiction is a chronic disorder marked by long-lasting maladaptive changes in behavior and in reward system function. However, the factors that contribute to the behavioral and biological changes that occur with addiction are complex and go beyond reward. Addiction involves changes in cognitive control and the development of disruptive drug-stimuli associations that can drive behavior. A reason for the strong influence drugs of abuse can exert on cognition may be the striking overlap between the neurobiological substrates of addiction and of learning and memory, especially areas involved in declarative memory. Declarative memories are critically involved in the formation of autobiographical memories, and the ability of drugs of abuse to alter these memories could be particularly detrimental. A key structure in this memory system is the hippocampus, which is critically involved in binding multimodal stimuli together to form complex long-term memories. While all drugs of abuse can alter hippocampal function, this review focuses on nicotine. Addiction to tobacco products is insidious, with the majority of smokers wanting to quit; yet the majority of those that attempt to quit fail. Nicotine addiction is associated with the presence of drug-context and drug-cue associations that trigger drug seeking behavior and altered cognition during periods of abstinence, which contributes to relapse. This suggests that understanding the effects of nicotine on learning and memory will advance understanding and potentially facilitate treating nicotine addiction. The following sections examine: (1) how the effects of nicotine on hippocampus-dependent learning change as nicotine administration transitions from acute to chronic and then to withdrawal from chronic treatment and the potential impact of these changes on addiction, (2) how nicotine usurps the cellular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, (3) the physiological changes in the hippocampus that may contribute to nicotine withdrawal deficits in learning, and (4) the role of genetics and developmental stage (i.e., adolescence) in these effects.
The Effect of an Advance Organizer, Cognitive Set, and Post Organizer on the Learning and Retention of Written Materials

The presentation of a mathematics lesson, whether it be by verbal exposition, written format, programmed instruction, or heuristic teaching, presupposes the establishment of connections with previously learned material. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of using three kinds of information related to the lesson content, and thereby facilitating the acquisition and retention of some mathematics content. The three kinds of information were: an advance organizer (AO), a cognitive set (CS), and a post organizer (PO) of lesson content. Advance organizers, cognitive sets, and post organizers are concepts that apply to the structure of an individual lesson. They represent possible variables in the design of a lesson. The theory of advance organizers is a theory of the organization of lessons. Likewise, the theoretical points of view concerning cognitive sets and post organizers deal with organizational properties of lessons. These variables have intuitive appeal to the mathematics teacher, both singly and collectively, and they support some of the practitioners' maxims about mathematics teaching. For instance, mathematics teachers work hard at meaningful introduction to new material. They sometimes attempt to let the student know specifically what the aim of a lesson may be. When the presentation is finished, closing with a concise summarization is usually desirable. The use of previous student knowledge as a general framework in the advance organizer and the post organizer and specifying the lesson objective in the cognitive set connect these variables to some of the folklore of good mathematics teaching practices.
Diaphragm Pacing in Infants and Children: Report of a Simplified Technique and Review of Experience

Abstract Diaphragm pacing was used for treating 6 infants with congenital hypoventilation syndrome at the Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago. All patients had inadequate sleep-related ventilation and absent ventilatory response to hypercarbia. A single incision was utilized to implant both the electrode and receiver. The phrenic nerve was isolated with a piece of pericardium to minimize injury. All infants required bilateral nerve pacing to obtain satisfactory ventilation (normal transcutaneous measurements of partial pressure of oxygen and end-tidal pressure of carbon dioxide). The technical details described here are helpful in achieving successful phrenic nerve pacing in infants with results comparable to those reported in adults.
Inactivation of prostaglandins in human decidua vera (parietalis) tissue: Substrate specificity of prostaglandin dehydrogenase

Prostaglandin dehydrogenase catalyzes the initial reaction in the inactivation of prostaglandin E 2 and F 2α . To address the potential importance of this enzyme in regulating the tissue levels of active prostaglandins, we evaluated the kinetic properties of prostaglandin dehydrogenase in uterine decidua vera tissue of women. Specifically, we characterized the enzyme activity under optimal in vitro conditions in cytosolic fractions of uterine decidua vera tissue obtained at term and compared the substrate and cosubstrate specificities of prostaglandin dehydrogenase in cytosolic fractions of decidual tissues. The incubation conditions were optimized with either prostaglandin E 2 or F 2α and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide or nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate as substrates to ensure linearity of product formation with time of incubation and protein concentration. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-dependent prostaglandin dehydrogenase for prostaglandin E 2 was 5.5 μmol/L. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant of nicotinamide—adenine dinucleotide phosphate—dependent prostaglandin dehydrogenase for prostaglandin F 2α was 15 μmol/L. Prostaglandin E 2 serves as a better substrate for prostaglandin dehydrogenase than does prostaglandin F 2α , irrespective of the cosubstrate. In cytosolic fractions of decidual tissues, the specific activity (apparent V max ) of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-dependent prostaglandin dehydrogenase was greater than that of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent prostaglandin dehydrogenase. In addition, we found that in decidual tissue obtained before or after the onset of labor, the specific activity of prostaglandin dehydrogenase varied widely. In tissues obtained after delivery by cesarean section, no significant differences were apparent in the specific activity of the enzyme before (9.3 to 125.8 nmol/min/mg protein) and after (27.8 to 103.4 nmol/min/mg protein) the onset of labor. In cytosolic fractions of decidual tissue obtained after vaginal delivery, the specific activity of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-dependent prostaglandin dehydrogenase ranged from undetectable levels to 38.4 nmol/min/mg protein. We speculate that nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-dependent prostaglandin dehydrogenase in decidua serves to regulate the levels of bioactive prostaglandins in decidua vera tissue and the amounts of prostaglandins (and metabolites) produced in decidua or fetal membranes that reach myometrium and fetal membranes and enter maternal blood and amniotic fluid.
Advanced therapeutic endoscopist and inflammatory bowel disease: dawn of a new role.

Endoscopy plays a key role in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Colonoscopy has been traditionally used in the diagnosis of IBD and helps in determination of an important end point in patient management, “mucosal healing”. However, the involvement of an advanced endoscopist has expanded with innovations in therapeutic and newer imaging techniques. Endoscopists are increasingly being involved in the management of anastomotic and small bowel strictures in these patients. The advent of balloon enteroscopy has helped us access areas not deemed possible in the past for dilations. An advanced endoscopist also plays an integral part in managing ileal pouch-anal anastomosis complications including management of pouch strictures and sinuses. The use of rectal endoscopic ultrasound has been expanded for imaging of perianal fistulae in patients with Crohn’s disease and appears much more sensitive than magnetic resonance imaging and exam under anesthesia. Advanced endoscopists also play an integral part in detection of dysplasia by employing advanced imaging techniques. In fact the paradigm for neoplasia surveillance in IBD is rapidly evolving with advancements in endoscopic imaging technology with pancolonic chromoendoscopy becoming the main imaging modality for neoplasia surveillance in IBD patients in most institutions. Advanced endoscopists are also called upon to diagnose primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and also offer options for endoscopic management of strictures through endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). In addition, PSC patients are at increased risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma with a 20% lifetime risk. Brush cytology obtained during ERCP and use of fluorescence in situ hybridization which assesses the presence of chromosomal aneuploidy (abnormality in chromosome number) are established initial diagnostic techniques in the investigation of patients with biliary strictures. Thus advanced endoscopists play an integral part in the management of IBD patients and our article aims to summarize the current evidence which supports this role and calls for developing and training a new breed of interventionalists who specialize in the management of IBD patients and complications specific to those patients.
Circannual rhythm in level and timing of serum corticosterone in standardized inbred mature C-mice.

Circannual rhythm in levels, amplitudes and acrophases of serum corticosterone in mice compared with phase shift after change of lighting regime
Effects of high subcooling on two-phase spray cooling and critical heat flux

Abstract Experiments were performed with FC-77 using three full-cone spray nozzles to assess the influence of subcooling on spray performance and critical heat flux (CHF) from a 1.0 × 1.0 cm2 test surface. The relatively high boiling point of FC-77 (97 °C at one atmosphere) enabled testing at relatively high levels of subcooling. Increasing the subcooling delayed the onset of boiling but decreased the slope of the nucleate boiling region of the spray boiling curve. The enhancement in CHF was relatively mild at low subcooling and more appreciable at high subcooling. CHF was enhanced by about a 100% when subcooling was increased from 22 to 70 °C, reaching values as high as 349 W/cm2. The FC-77 data were combined with prior spray CHF data from several studies into a broad CHF database encompassing different nozzles, fluids, flow rates, spray orientations, and subcoolings. The entire CHF database was used to modify the effect of subcooling in a previous CHF correlation that was developed for relatively low subcoolings. The modified correlation shows excellent predictive capability.
Liquefaction Potential Map of Charleston, South Carolina Based on the 1886 Earthquake

A liquefaction potential map of the peninsula of Charleston, S.C., is presented in this paper. Liquefaction potential is expressed in terms of the liquefaction potential index developed by Iwasaki et al. and calculated using 44 cone penetration test profiles. The cone profiles are supplemented with information from the 1:24,000 scale geologic map by Weems and Lemon, several first-hand accounts of liquefaction and ground deformation that occurred during the 1886 Charleston earthquake, and liquefaction probabilities determined by Elton and Hadj-Hamou based on standard penetration tests. Nearly all of the cases of liquefaction and ground deformation occurred in the Holocene to late Pleistocene beach deposits that flank the higher-ground sediments of the Wando Formation. To match the observed field behavior, a deposit resistance correction factor of 1.8 is applied to cyclic resistance ratios calculated for the 100,000-year-old Wando Formation. No corrections are needed for the younger deposits. In additional to 1886 field behavior, the deposit resistance corrections are supported by ratios of measured to predicted shear-wave velocity.
Effect of size and competition by lipoproteins and apolepoproteins on the uptake of chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants by hepatoma cells in culture

Abstract Remnants were prepared from rabbit lymph chylomicrons, labeled with radioactive retinyl esters, by hydrolyzing the triglycerides with purified bovine milk lipoprotein lipase. Uptake of these remnants as well as that of large (d > 100 nm) and small (d = 50–100 nm) chylomicrons were studied with FU 5 AH hepatoma cells in monolayer cultures. By analyzing the uptake kinetics according to a Michaelis-Menten type of model we found that the Km values for large chylomicrons, small chylomicrons and remnants were similar, ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 nM. The maximal rates of uptake for these fractions were 3.2, 67 and 20 fmol lipoprotein/mg cell protein per h, respectively with the highest uptake rates for the small chylomicrons. A three-fold change in cholesterol content of the large chylomicrons, brought about by infusing cholesterol into the rabbit during lymph collection had no effect on uptake rates. A progressive decrease in size caused by lipolysis to various degrees resulted in increased cellular uptake rates. The remnant uptake was competitively inhibited by, chylomicrons, very low density, high density and low density lipoproteins in the order of increasing KI. Apoproteins of high denisty and very low density lipoproteins also were inhibitory. From studies with isolated apoproteins the maximal inhibitory activity was found in the apoprotein C fraction. This study suggests a possible apoprotein C-mediated recognition of chylomicrons and their remnants by the Fu 5 AH hepatoma cells.
Fluoride dating of prehistoric bones by ion selective electrode

Abstract The fluoride contents of prehistoric bones can be used to determine the relative ages of the specimens with ease when fluoride content is measured using an ion selective electrode. Measurements of fluoride contents of ribs from prehistoric burials from the Angel Site, a large prehistoric village and ceremonial center in southwestern Indiana, demonstrate that fluoride dating can be used to determine the occupational chronology of a prehistoric site where other methods of dating are inapplicable.
Visceral Kaposi's sarcoma presenting with gingival lesions

This is the first reported case of fatal visceral Kaposi's sarcoma which presented with oral lesions and in which skin lesions were absent throughout the course of the disease. Both clinical and histologic recognition may be difficult because of the similarity of the lesions to pyogenic granuloma.
Magnetic and structural properties of high coercivity nanocrystalline CoSm films with in-plane anisotropy

Abstract This paper presents results and an overview of magnetic and nanostructural properties of CoSm alloys which have high potential for future ultra high-density longitudinal magnetic recording. These sputtered films consist of about 5 nm crystallites embedded in an amorphous matrix, with the easy axes of the nanocrystallites in the film plane. The films have high coercivities, 3–4 kOe, and other highly favorable properties. Fundamental aspects of the relationship between nanostructure and magnetic properties are discussed.
Supporting Black Male Community College Success: Determinants of Faculty-Student Engagement.

The purpose of this study was to examine determinants of Black male students’ engagement with faculty in the community college. Data from this study were derived from the 2011 three-year cohort of the Community College Survey of Student Engagement (CCSSE). Using data from 11,384 Black male respondents within 260 community colleges, this study investigated faculty–student engagement using hierarchical, multilevel modeling. Among other findings, this study illustrated the importance of reading remediation, participation in learning communities, study skills courses, and college orientation in positively contributing to faculty–student interactions. Implications for college practice are discussed.
Forces, bond lengths, and reactivity: fundamental insight into the mechanism of enzyme catalysis

Comparison of spectroscopic, kinetic, and thermodynamic data for a series of functioning acylserine proteases suggests that the observed variation in deacylation rates can be accounted for by changes in the properties of the acyl-enzyme's ground state. The acyl-enzyme's catalytically crucial acyl carbonyl group is probed by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Its spectral frequency is used to gauge both the carbonyl bond length and the strength of hydrogen bonding (originating from groups making up the oxyanion hole) to the carbonyl oxygen atom. As the deacylation rate increases 16,300-fold through the series, a shift in carbonyl frequency, vC = O, of -54 cm-1 corresponds to a carbonyl bond length increase of 0.025 A. The decrease in vC = O is also consistent with an increase in hydrogen bond donor enthalpy of -27 kJ mol-1. Interestingly, this value resembles closely the decrease in activation energy for deacylation through the series, 24 kJ mol-1, demonstrating that the hydrogen bonds to the carbonyl oxygen atom can provide sufficient energy to account for the observed rate accelerations.
Cyclic AMP Mediates a Presynaptic Form of LTP at Cerebellar Parallel Fiber Synapses

Abstract The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor–independent form of long-term potentiation (LTP) at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses requires presynaptic Ca 2+ –dependent activation of adenylyl cyclase. To determine whether this form of LTP might occur at other synapses, we examined cerebellar parallel fibers that, like hippocampal mossy fiber synapses, express high levels of the Ca 2+ /calmodulin-sensitive adenylyl cyclase I. Repetitive stimulation of parallel fibers caused a long-lasting increase in synaptic strength that was associated with a decrease in paired-pulse facilitation. Blockade of glutamate receptors did not prevent LTP induction, nor did loading of Purkinje cells with a Ca 2+ chelator. LTP was occluded by forskolin-induced potentiation and blocked by the protein kinase A inhibitor Rp-8-CPT-cAMPS. These findings suggest that parallel fiber synapses express a form of LTP that is dependent on the activation of a presynaptic adenylyl cyclase and is indistinguishable from LTP at hippocampal mossy fiber synapses.
Has the advent of minimally invasive surgery altered the risk profile of patients undergoing prostatectomy

OBJECTIVES To determine whether the decreased short-term morbidity associated with minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has resulted in an alteration in the disease-specific risk profile of prostatectomy patients. MIS in many fields has resulted in an expansion in the pool of patients willing to undergo surgery. METHODS The Columbia Urologic Oncology Database was queried, and 1751 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy between 2000 and 2007 were identified. The cohort was divided into 2 groups: patients who received surgery before or after the initiation of robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALRP) at our institution (from 2003 onward). Age at surgery, Kattan Nomogram (KN) score, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Gleason score sum, and tumor stage were compared using unpaired t tests with Welch correction and Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS A total of 663 patients underwent prostatectomy from 2000 to 2002 ("pre-MIS era"), and 1088 patients had surgery in 2003 or later ("MIS era"), of which 519 and 569 underwent RALRP and open prostatectomy, respectively. There was no significant difference between the 2 eras regarding age, Kattan Nomogram score, or tumor stage. However, there was a significant difference in preoperative PSA (P = .01) and Gleason sum (P = .0002). In a comparison of the pre-MIS era with RALRP patients, only PSA differed significantly (P = .0002). CONCLUSIONS The advent of MIS for prostate cancer did not significantly alter the characteristics of patients undergoing prostatectomy at our institution. Although advancements in surgical techniques may improve clinical outcomes, this study does not suggest a consequential effect on the risk stratification of patients choosing surgery for prostate cancer.
Comparatives, logical structures, and encoding in a transitive inference task.

Abstract Four- to five-year-old children were asked questions on length involving single or double comparatives in a transitive inference task. The number of comparatives varied within or across pairs. The pairs of sticks were colorcoded. Initial pair-wise discrimination training on four adjacent pairs from a five-stick array with only verbal feedback was followed by tests, without feedback, on all possible pairs. When both comparatives were used, Ss learned adjacent pairs faster and more often reached criterion than when only one comparative term was used in training. In testing, Ss were successful on transitive inference tests only when the double-comparative relation was used within pairs during training. Retraining with visual feedback increased the number of Ss solving the inference test only in this condition. The findings are discussed in terms of how children may use processes other than logical operations to make transitive inferences.
Boundary stabilization of thin elastic plates

Abstract : In this paper we shall consider the question of uniform stabilization of thin, elastic plates through the action of forces and moments on the edge of the plate (or on a part of the edge of the plate). Two particular plate models will be considered: The classical fourth order Kirchoff model, but incorporating rotational inertia, and the sixth order Mindlin-Timoshenko model. The difference in the two models, from a physical point of view, is that the M-T model incorporates transverse shear effects while the Kirchhoff model does not. Actually, the M-T model is a hyperbolic system three coupled second order partial differential equations in two dependent variables. The unknowns, denoted by w, psi, phi are the vertical component w of displacement and angles which are measures of the amount of transverse shear. The three equations are coupled through terms which are multiples of a factor K called the coefficient of elasticity in shear.
Loss of wave energy due to percolation in a permeable sea bottom

A theory is developed for the loss in wave energy as a result of currents induced in a permeable sea bottom by wave action. This loss in energy is reflected as a reduction in the wave height as the waves move shoreward. It is shown by numerical examples that this reduction may be on the order of ten per cent on very flat beaches for wave periods and bottom materials commonly found in the ocean.
Enabling cooperation of consumer devices through peer-to-peer overlays

This paper introduces the use of peer-to-peer (P2P) architectures when adopted as a technology enabler for assuring cooperation among cost-effective consumer devices, that increasingly support some kind of network connectivity. As a proofofconcept we exploit p2p to build a look-up infrastructure for Internet telephony-oriented applications with instant messaging (IM) and presence functionalities. The contributions of the paper are: i) understanding the reliability of p2p when is put in place instead of classical centralized solutions; ii) precisely quantifying whether consumer devices could be able to properly handle the needed degree of participation; iii) investigating properties of the overlay built by cooperating devices; iv) studying whether the p2p paradigm could be also applied to machinery deployed for "production quality" purposes. A performance evaluation is provided to quantify the effectiveness of the proposed solutions.
Presidents' Symposium: Creating Growth in OR/MS

These remarks, adapted from remarks made at a symposium entitled "Perspectives on the Future of OR/MS" at the May 1984 ORSA/TIMS meeting in San Francisco, use a view of the history and current state of OR/MS as the basis for projecting possible futures for the profession, with special attention to ways of achieving growth.
Vector quantization of speech LSP parameters using trellis codes and l/sub 1/-norm constraints

Trellis-coded vector quantization (TCVQ) is used to encode line spectrum pair (LSP) parameters. Three intraframe encoding schemes are considered: direct encoding of the LSP vectors, encoding the differences of LSP parameters, and using nonlinear prediction in encoding the LSP vectors. The last encoding scheme is the best; it can achieve 1-dB spectral distortion using about 27 bits for each speech frame. An alternative LSP coder based on an l/sub 1/-norm constrained vector quantizer is also described. This two-stage VQ encoding scheme uses 25 bits/frame to achieve about 1-dB spectral distortion. >
Class-E Power Amplifier in a Polar EDGE Transmitter

This paper presents the design and characterization of a 880-MHz class-E power amplifier (PA) designed to operate in a polar transmitter for EDGE signals. The amplifier is intended to be supplied from a 3.6 V battery using a linear amplifier as an envelope tracker, which limits the maximum drain voltage to 3.3 V. With a +7.6 dBm input signal the maximum output power (VDD = 3.3V) is +22.4 dBm with 14.9 dB of gain, a drain efficiency of 71.6% and PAE of 69%. An output power dynamic range of 15.4 dB is achieved when the voltage is varied from 0.5-3.3 V. Taking into account the statistics of an EDGE signal, the mean drain efficiency and PAE are 75.7% and 64.4%, with a mean output power of +18.26 dBm
Islamic Performance and the Problem of Drama

The way the United States sees the world has rarely been consistent or wide ranging. Instead, especially in popular culture, the American gaze is fitful and sporadic, its foci more determined by political ideology than by a sustained and balanced interest in global culture. In the 196os and '7os Americans were very aware of Southeast Asian geography and politics; in the '8os, Central American. Now, at the beginning of the 2Ist century, in the midst of a "War on Terror," Middle East, Arabic, and Islamic cultures are subjects of a relentless American gaze that looks intently but superficially at certain aspects of those cultures, for the most part ignoring depth, context, and history; and disliking, or at least not understanding, what it sees.
Predicting Employee Turnover from Leader-Member Exchange: A Failure to Replicate

The article discusses research pertaining to the effect of leadership on employee turnover rates. Research has shown a correlation between employee turnover and leadership or management styles. Res...
Supervised learning from incomplete data via an EM approach

Real-world learning tasks may involve high-dimensional data sets with arbitrary patterns of missing data. In this paper we present a framework based on maximum likelihood density estimation for learning from such data set.s. We use mixture models for the density estimates and make two distinct appeals to the Expectation-Maximization (EM) principle (Dempster et al., 1977) in deriving a learning algorithm--EM is used both for the estimation of mixture components and for coping with missing data. The resulting algorithm is applicable to a wide range of supervised as well as unsupervised learning problems. Results from a classification benchmark--the iris data set--are presented.
Is the Intensifying Wave Climate of the U.S. Pacific Northwest Increasing Flooding and Erosion Risk Faster Than Sea-Level Rise?

The relative contributions of sea-level rise (SLR) and increasing extratropical storminess to the frequency with which waves attack coastal features is assessed with a simple total water level (TWL) model. For the coast of the U.S. Pacific Northwest over the period of wave- buoy observations (approximately 30 years), wave height (and period) increases have had a more significant role in the increased frequency of coastal flooding and erosion than has the rise in sea level. Where tectonic-induced vertical land motions are significant and coastlines are pres- entlyemergent relativetothemeansealevel,increasingwave heightsresultinthesestretchesofcoastbeingpossiblysubmergentrelativetothe TWL. Although it is uncertain whether wave height increases will continue into the future, it is clear that this process could remain more im- portant than, or at least as important as, SLR for the coming decades, and needs to be taken into account in terms of the increasing exposure of coastal communities and ecosystems to flooding and erosion. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000172. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Monozygotic Twins Concordant for Bilateral Duane's Retraction Syndrome

Duane's retraction syndrome applies to a wide spectrum of motility disturbances associated with retraction of the globe and narrowing of the palpebral fissure. Although many different anatomic and physiologic disturbances of the oculomotor system are implicated, the underlying cause remains obscure. Twin studies are often useful in determining the contribution of genetics or heredity to disease, but the occurrence of Duane's retraction syndrome in twins is rare. One of a pair of monozygotic twins concordant for bilateral Duane's retraction syndrome developed a 12-diopter esotropia in primary gaze but the other has not. Neither child has a head tilt and both can fix and follow with either eye.
Carbonate Dissolution During Late-Burial Diagenesis of the Terumbu Limestone (Miocene), East Natuna Basin, South China Sea, Indonesia: ABSTRACT

The Terumbu Limestone is the reservoir for 200 tcf of gas (72% CO2) in the Esso D-alpha block, offshore Indonesia. During the middle to late Miocene, 5,000 ft (1,500 m) of platform-reef carbonates were deposited. These limestones have a complex diagenetic history determined from study of 960 ft (290 m) of core from 3 wells. Partial marine cementation and micritization of grains occurred in platform environments during deposition. Freshwater diagenesis followed, presumably below subaerial unconformities within and at the top of the Terumbu. Aragonitic grains were leached, high-magnesium calcite grains were converted to low-magnesium calcite, and pores were partially cemented by low-magnesium calcite. Pressure solution and further cementation during burial of the Terumbu to 10,000 ft (3,000 m) left only minor amounts of preserved primary and moldic porosity. During late burial, grains that were originally high-magnesium calcite were leached, forming "interpenetrating" pores and stylolites "floating" within pores. Ferroan-calcite and dolomite cements line these pores and fluorite crystals occlude many pores. Whole-rock stable isotopes are depleted in O18 (-8.0 ^pmil ^dgrO18 PDB, 0.0 ^pmil ^dgrC13 PDB), suggesting high-temperature alteration of carbonate. The isotopic composition of the CO2 in the reservoir is similar (-0.8 ^pmil ^dgrC13 PDB), suggesting this CO2 is derived from dissolved Terumbu Limestone. We envision that fluoride-bearing hydrothermal fluids, derived from the underlying granitic basement, selectively dissolved constituents in the deeply buried Terumbu. End_of_Article - Last_Page 258------------