cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Commercial Sales in Cable Television: An Overview and a Linear Model

This paper deals with the sales of commercial advertisements in the cable television industry. It describes the dynamics of the process, and develops the notion of an audience loss function, the minimization of which is equally desirable to both networks as well as advertisers. A simple, yet robust delivery‐efficient linear model is described for optimizing this loss function, subject to the constraints that are typically inherent in the process. This is followed by a numerical illustration that uses realistic data, and a discussion on the use of the model.
Pseudogenes as a paradigm of neutral evolution

On the neutral mutation hypothesis1–3, the rate of nucleotide substitution is expected to be higher for functionally less important genes or parts of genes than for functionally more important genes, as the latter would be subject to stronger purifying (negative) selection2–4. On the other hand, selectionists believe that most nucleotide substitutions are caused by positive darwinian selection5,6, in which case the rate of nucleotide substitution in functionally unimportant genes or parts of genes2,7 is expected to be relatively lower because the mutations in these regions of DNA would not produce any significant selective advantages. Kimura8 and Jukes9 have argued that the higher substitution rate observed at the third positions of codons than at the first two positions supports the neutral mutation hypothesis, as most third-position substitutions are synonymous and do not change the amino acids encoded, although others5,10 have discussed the possibility that third-position substitutions are subject to positive darwinian selection. Recently, Kimura11 noted that the mouse globin pseudogene, ψα3, evolved faster than the normal mouse α1 gene, although he did not compute the substitution rate. Here, we present a method of computing the rate of nucleotide substitution for pseudogenes, and report that the three recently discovered pseudogenes show an extremely high rate of nucleotide substitution. As these pseudogenes apparently have no function, this finding strongly supports the neutral mutation hypothesis.
National municipal review co-operation between the municipalities of the american continent

A proposal that the National Municipal League broaden its activities in co-operation with municipalities to the south of us
A History of the American Revolution

* The American Colonies * Britain in the Year 1763 * A Casual Empire * A New British Policy * A Breach in the Empire * Britain Retreats * The Second Challenge From Britain * The Townshend Crisis * A Decade of Westward Advance * The Tea Troubles * Rebellion * Britain Chooses War * The War Spreads * The Invasion of Canada * Britain Prepares for War * The Declaration of Independence * The Opposing Forces * From Brooklyn to Princeton * The Fall of Philadelphia * Saratoga * The American Federacy * Social Reform * France Intervenes * Deadlock in the North * British Triumphs in the South * The Western Front * The War at Home * The End of the War * The Peace of Paris * The Fate of the Loyalists * The Forging of the American Union
Process Dynamics and Control Analysis for Electrospinning Nanofibers

In many emerging, high value electrospinning applications, the diameter distribution of electrospun fibers has important implications for the product’s performance and process reproducibility. However, the current state-of-the-art electrospinning process results in diameter distribution variations, both during a run and run-to-run. To address these problems, a vision-based, open loop system has been developed to better understand the process dynamics. The effects of process parameters on fiber diameter distributions are investigated, process dynamics are identified, and the relation between measurable variables and the resulting fiber diameter distribution is analyzed.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Culture: The Tool-Kit Metaphor and Multicultural Social Work:

Swidler “tool-kit” metaphor is a resource for understanding culture and its influence. Concepts and propositions related to tools, took kits, strategies of action, social frameworks for action, the continuum of tool awareness, and settled/unsettled social circumstances are summarized. The approach is compared to the culture as a values framework. Farkas' application of this cultural resources model to at-risk ethnically diverse students and their families is summarized.
Quasi-periodic bedding in the sedimentary rock record of mars

Widespread sedimentary rocks on Mars preserve evidence of surface conditions different from the modern cold and dry environment, although it is unknown how long conditions favorable to deposition persisted. We used 1-meter stereo topographic maps to demonstrate the presence of rhythmic bedding at several outcrops in the Arabia Terra region. Repeating beds are ~10 meters thick, and one site contains hundreds of meters of strata bundled into larger units at a ~10:1 thickness ratio. This repetition likely points to cyclicity in environmental conditions, possibly as a result of astronomical forcing. If deposition were forced by orbital variation, the rocks may have been deposited over tens of millions of years.
Octopamine mobilization of lipids and carbohydrates in the house cricket, Acheta domesticus

Abstract Injected octopamine elevated both lipids and sugars in the blood of head-ligated adult Acheta domesticus . Head ligation precludes any involvement of peptide hormone release from the corpus cardiacum and eliminates stress induced hyperglycaemia. A 50% increase was the maximal lipaemic response to either octopamine or synthetic cricket adipokinetic hormone, indicating a feedback inhibition. The time course of the lipid response to injected octopamine was shorter than for injection of the cricket's own adipokinetic hormone, which may be related to different receptors. The alpha adrenergic antagonist phentolamine blocked both the lipid and sugar mobilization action of octopamine. For the first time an age-dependent hyperlipaemic response for octopamine is reported, which was very similar to the age-response curve for the cricket's own adipokinetic hormone. A correlation between ovarial development and the sugar and lipid responsiveness to octopamine indicated a functional relationship of octopamine responsiveness to reproduction. A dibutyryl cAMP-induced elevation of both lipids and sugars indicate that cAMP is involved in both sugar and lipid mobilization by octopamine. The phosphorylase a inhibitor flavin mononucleotide inhibited both the lipid and sugar response to octopamine, which implies that phosphorylase a is involved in the octopamine-induced mobilization of both sugar and lipids. The neurotransmitter effectiveness for the hyperlipaemic response was: octopamine > norepinephrine > dopamine > epinephrine.
T-cell design: optimizing the therapeutic potential of autoreactive T cells by genetic modification

Autoreactive CD4+ Th2 cells have been shown to be therapeutic in the treatment of EAE. However, their full therapeutic potential has yet to be realized. Genetic modification of autoreactive Th2 T cells may provide the means for delivering therapeutic transgene factors to autoimmune inflammatory lesions. Optimum therapeutic effects may be achieved by designing Th2 T cells in such a way that expression of transgene factors is regulated by antigen-inducible IL4, IL5 or IL10 transgene promoters. The innate antiinflammatory effects of the native autoreactive Th2 T cell may be enhanced by incorporating transgene regenerative growth factors in the T-cell design. Such factors may include remyelination growth factors (PDGF-A, bFGF, and IGF-I) that complement each other by acting predominantly at different stages in the development of mature myelinating oligodendrocytes. Moreover, in light of recent findings indicating extensive axonal damage during MS, neuroprotective transgene factors may prove to be therapeutic when delivered to EAE lesions by autoreactive Th2 T cells. Thus, optimum therapeutic effects may require multiple transfers of autoreactive Th2 T cells producing several distinct complementary transgene factors. In addition, the pathogenicity of epitope spreading and the inherent instability of self recognition during EAE may require serial transfer of genetically modified T cells reacting to multiple self determinants.
Temperature dependence of self-diffusion in liquid metals

Abstract Self-diffusion coefficients for nine liquid metals are calculated over a wide temperature range using an expression developed by consideration of a rigid sphere model and application of a newly developed equation of state. Comparisons made with experimental data and previously published expressions suggest that the rigid sphere model provides an accurate means of calculating self-diffusion coefficients for liquid metals.
Achieving logarithmic growth of temporal and spatial complexity in reverse automatic differentiation

In its basic form the reverse mode of automatic differentiation yields gradient vectors at a small multiple of the computational work needed to evaluate the underlying scalar function. The practical applicability of this temporal complexity result, due originally to Linnainmaa, seemed to be severely limited by the fact that the memory requirement of the basic implementation is proportional to the run timeT, of the original evaluation program. It is shown here that, by a recursive scheme related to the multilevel differentiation approach of Volin and Ostrovskii, the growth in both temporal and spatial complexity can be limited to a fixed multiple of log(T). Other compromises between the run time and memory requirement are possible, so that the reverse mode becomes applicable to computational problems of virtually any size.
DYNAMICS OF ACRIDINE ORANGE-CELL INTERACTION. II. DYE-INDUCED ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN MULTIVESICULAR BODIES (ACRIDINE ORANGE PARTICLES).

The brilliantly fluorescent cytoplasmic particles that accumulate in HeLa cells treated with acridine orange, previously referred to as acridine orange particles, are shown to represent acid phosphatase positive multivesicular bodies (MVB). Dynamic changes in the ultrastructure of these organelles may be induced by varying the concentration of extracellular dye and the length of exposure to the dye. Low concentrations of dye for long intervals of time lead to marked hypertrophy of the MVB and accumulation of myelin figures within them, the acid phosphatase activity being retained. High concentrations of dye for short time intervals lead initially to a diffuse distribution of dye through out the cytoplasm (cytoplasmic reddening) as viewed in the fluorescence microscope. When cells are stained in this way and incubated in a dye-free medium, the diffusely distributed dye is segregated into MVB within 1 hour. Ultrastructurally, these MVB show dilatation but no myelin figures. The process of dye segregation is energy dependent and will not occur in starved cells. This energy dependence and the occurrence of segregation via dilatation of the MVB rather than ultrastructural transformation, i.e. formation of new binding sites, suggests that the process involves an active transport mechanism. Of the various energy sources supplied to starved cells, only glucose, mannose, and pyruvate are fully effective in supporting dye segregation. Blockage of the tricarboxylic acid cycle with malonate inhibits the effects of pyruvate but not of glucose, demonstrating the efficacy of both the tricarboxylic acid and glycolytic cycles in supplying energy for the process.
Formation of the amino acid-DNA complexes by hexavalent and trivalent chromium in vitro: importance of trivalent chromium and the phosphate group.

We have recently shown that a substantial fraction of all Cr−DNA adducts in chromate-exposed cells are represented by ternary complexes involving amino acids or glutathione bridged by Cr(III) to DNA. The tridentate amino acids such as cysteine, glutamic acid, and histidine were predominantly found cross-linked to DNA. The mechanism by which Cr can cross-link these amino acids to DNA has been modeled by reacting DNA and trivalent and hexavalent chromium with cysteine and histidine. The formation of a Cr(III)−amino acid binary complex was required before Cr(III) reacted with DNA to yield a ternary complex. Cr(III)-pretreated DNA did not bind cysteine or histidine even after prolonged incubations. Reduction of Cr(VI) in the presence of DNA gave rise to an extensive cross-linking of cysteine and histidine. Addition of DNA to Cr(VI) mixtures at the start of reduction or after the reduction was complete had little effect on the level of ternary complexes indicating that Cr(III)−amino acid binary complexes were ...
DNA-templated nanowire fabrication.

DNA-based nanotechnology is a vibrant and expanding field. The specific molecular recognition properties and large aspect ratio of DNA make the molecule a promising template for bottom-up fabrication of nanowires and nanodevices. Fabricating well-defined DNA-templated nanowires requires aligned surface deposition and specific metallization of DNA molecules. DNA localization on surfaces has been achieved by bulk fluid flow or a moving air–water interface, and localization efficiency has been improved by surface modifications that favor DNA-substrate interaction. DNA-templated nanowires have been constructed from gold, silver, copper, palladium, and platinum, and template modifications have allowed the bottom-up construction of a simple electronic nanodevice. These achievements demonstrate the promising feasibility of using bottom-up nanofabrication to create increasingly sophisticated nanodevices.
Geometric description of bridge rectifier operational modes using regular polygons

AC line currents in idealised 3-phase bridge rectifier systems trace out regular polygons. This fact is used to derive a geometric visualisation of rectifier operation and to explain operational modes in 6- and 12-pulse rectifiers from a geometric point of view.
Recruitment of a hidden population: African Americans with obsessive–compulsive disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide, however for reasons that are poorly understood ethnic minority groups are not well represented in clinical research studies. Thus, although African Americans experience equivalent rates of OCD according to epidemiological surveys, the generalizability of findings from clinical trials remains unknown. Research designed to improve identification, assessment and treatment of OCD is an important public health priority. The purpose of this study is to report outreach methods used to recruit African American adults for participation in an OCD research study. A variety of methods were employed, including radio advertisements, public transportation advertising, community outreach, and online advertising. A total of 83 African American adult participants were recruited over a 9.5 month period at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, and given comprehensive psychiatric assessments. African Americans with OCD symptoms were reliably identified and assessed, for a total of 75 with lifetime OCD (4 past and 71 current diagnoses). There was variability in the success and cost effectiveness of study recruitment methods. Radio ads were the most expensive means of recruitment, newspaper ads accounted for the largest number of eligible participants, and no cost methods such as Craig’s List and word of mouth were also effective. The authors conclude that, with focused efforts, there are many effective methods for recruiting African Americans with OCD. Guidelines for recruitment are discussed, with a focus on cultural considerations.
6-Keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha is not added to urine during passage through the rat urinary bladder in vivo.

Studies were conducted to determine whether prostaglandins are added to the urine during its passage through the rat urinary bladder in vivo. Control rats and rats with chronic streptozotocin-induced diabetes were anesthetized with Inactin, 100 mg/kg i.p., and urine was collected simultaneously from both kidneys. Urine from the left kidney was collected directly from the renal pelvis via a ureteral cannula, while urine from the right kidney was collected via a cannula in the urinary bladder. Prostaglandins in the urine were measured by radioimmunoassay. No difference in urinary concentration or rate of excretion of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha or PGE2 was seen between ureteral urine and bladder urine from either normal or diabetic rats. The results of this study indicate that in vivo there is no intralumenal addition of either 6-keto-PGF1 alpha or PGE2 to the urine by the ureteral bladder of rats.
Do Occupational Group Members Vary in Volunteering Activity

The goal of our study is to explore how employees in different occupations report volunteering activities. Starting from the literatures on occupational subcultures and professional norms, the authors hypothesize that both structural constraints and norms of occupations may have an impact on extraorganizational behavior. Analyzing Center on Philanthropy Panel Study data linked with the Institute for Social Research's Panel Study on Income Dynamics, the authors find evidence that individuals in professional, managerial, and military occupations are more likely to volunteer than are individuals in other occupational categories. Controlling for individual demographic and cultural variables, they affirm the explanatory power of occupation on individual volunteering behavior.
The Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board: An Introduction for Non‐Accountants

This article discusses the disagreement over set accounting standards for federal agencies that GAO published in “Title 2” of its Policies and Procedures Manual for the Guidance of Federal Agencies. The Office of Management and Budget has declined to require agencies to follow the standards although many agencies do follow the standards in completing financial statements. These differences are a result of doubt regarding the appropriateness of the standards as well as the constitutionality of the standards. Therefore, the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board was created with the goal of securing agreement on standards for federal accounting.
Management, topographical, and weather effects on spatial variability of crop grain yields

The quantitative characterization of spatiotemporal variability in crop grain yields is an important component for successful precision-agriculture applications. The objective of this study was to analyze and quantify effects of management practices, topographical features, and weather conditions on spatial variability of crop yields. A one-factor randomized complete block design experiment with six replications was established at the Long Term Ecological Research site in southwest Michigan in 1988. The treatments used in this study were two treatments with conventional chemical inputs (chisel plow and no-till) and two organic-based chisel-plowed treatments with a winter leguminous cover crop (low chemical input and zero chemical input). The data consisted of corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields collected via combine monitors from 1996 to 2001. We observed that stressful conditions, regardless of the stress origin, were associated with increase in the overall yield variability (coefficient of variation) as well as the small-scale yield variability (variogram values at short lag distances and variogram slopes near the origin) with yields probably being more sensitive to the small-scale variations in growth conditions due to soil and microtopographical differences. Coefficients of variation were as high as 45% in years with low precipitation and as low as 14% in years with above-average precipitation. During the years with low precipitation, both the coefficients of variation and the small-scale variability were often significantly higher in the zero chemical input treatment than in the treatments that received fertilizer inputs. The coefficients of variation and the small-scale variability parameters also tended to be higher in corn stressed by antagonism from previous wheat crop in the no-till treatment.
Curriculum redesign: psychological factors worth considering

A wide variety of data and information derived from Jungian typology including the Myers-Briggs type indicator are used to illustrate the high selectiveness of an engineering curriculum and to identify subsets of students who need special attention from a retention point of view. Female students are treated as one such special subset. The female student subset suggests the need for a new form of engineering. Psychological profiles of student subsets based on Lowen's dichotomies of the mind are summarized and found to be useful for creating curriculum redesign options. The notion of equal opportunity for learning is also discussed. It is noted that not all engineering students should be expected to succeed in only one type of learning environment. Alternative learning methodologies such as guided design, cooperative learning, and developmental instruction are examined in the context of retention and motivation. >
8 Enzyme replacement therapy for Gaucher's disease

Modified placental human glucocerebrosidase (alglucerase) and recombinant glucocerebrosidase (imiglucerase) are effective means of treating Type 1 Gaucher's disease. Amelioration of hepatosplenomegaly and of haematological manifestations is usually apparent within 6 months. Bone disease responds more slowly but within several years improvement is evident in most patients. Analysis of a large body of data demonstrates that the rate of response of all manifestations of Gaucher's disease is independent of dose over the range of 30 to 260 U/kg body weight per month. Even the response to 15 U/kg per month appears to be equivalent under most circumstances; treatment failures are the same in patients treated with 15, 30 and 130 U/kg per month. Patients with severe manifestations respond more rapidly than those with mild disease, and this, too, is true at all but the 15 U/kg per month dosage level. All avaiable data thus support the administration of no more than 15 to 30 U of alglucerase or imiglucerase per kg/month. Frequent dosing, i.e. three times weekly, appears to be the most effective means of administration.
Laser production of large nuclear-spin polarization in frozen xenon.

The nuclei of gaseous 129 Xe atoms are polarized by spin exchange with optically pumped Rb vapor. The Xe gas is subsequently frozen. The nuclear polarizations of up to 25% are largely unaffected by freezing. The spin-lattice relaxation time T 1 was measured as a function of temperature, magnetic field, and isotopic composition. At 77 K and 1800 G, T 1 is limited to about 3 h by a new relaxation mechanism. The potential for accumulating large samples with even higher polarizations makes laser-polarized Xe ice promising for a wid variety of new experiments
Photo-assisted fragmentation spectroscopy of triatomic hydrogen

Abstract The R 0 (0) line of the 3s 2 A′ 1 ←2p 2 A″ 2 transition of the H 3 radical has been observed in absorption by the new technique of photo-assisted fragmentation spectroscopy. A fast beam of metastable H 3 radicals produced by H 3 + /K electron transfer is interacted with visible light from a dye laser. Optical absorption is detected by observing a decrease in parent peak intensity in the H 3 + neutralization-reionization mass spectrum, resulting from dissociation of the neutral molecule. Absorption line widths are observed to be instrumentally limited (≈ 0.05 cm −1 ) as the upper state of the transition is spectroscopically long lived. Application of the technique to various second-row hypervalent hydride radicals is discussed.
Asymmetric linker histone association directs the asymmetric rearrangement of core histone interactions in a positioned nucleosome containing a thyroid hormone response element.

We describe histone−DNA cross-linking in a positioned nucleosome containing a thyroid hormone response element (TRE) from the Xenopus laevis thyroid hormone receptor βA gene (TRβA). Histones H3 and H4 are cross-linked to DNA in the nucleosome core within 30 base pairs to either side of the dyad axis. Histone H2A cross-links to DNA in the core at the dyad axis, and histones H2A and H2B have extensive interactions with DNA 40−80 bp away from the dyad axis. Linker histone H5 and the globular domain of Xenopus H1° associate asymmetrically with DNA at one edge of the TRβA nucleosome. Nevertheless, the asymmetric association of H5 leads to a significant rearrangement of core histone−DNA contacts at the dyad axis of the nucleosome. In the presence of linker histone, cross-linkings of H4 within 15 bp to one side of the dyad axis, of histone H2A at the dyad axis, and of H2A and H2B 40−80 bp to one side of the dyad axis are all reduced. This reduction in cross-linking occurs preferentially on the side of the nucleo...
An interactive run length control for simulation on PCs

This paper describes an interactive procedure implementing a new confidence interval estimation technique that determines how long or how many times a simulation should be run to produce results that satisfy a relative precision criterion. It also identifies initial transients and ignores transient data points when determining run length. This technique has been implemented for use with personal computers (PCs) as an interactive program that notifies the user of estimated computation times, thus permitting the scheduling of runs or the modification of run lengths as desired.
Pharmacoeconomic Impact of Low-Dose Macrogol 3350 plus Electrolytes Compared with Lactulose in the Management of Chronic Idiopathic Constipation among Ambulant Patients in Belgium

To estimate the economic impact of using low-dose macrogol 3350 plus electrolytes (macrogol 3350; Movicol®) compared with lactulose in the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation among ambulant patients in Belgium, from the perspectives of the Sick Fund and patients. The analysis considered separately the economic impact of (a) a specialist and (b) a general practitioner (GP) initiating treatment. This was a modelling study performed from the perspective of Belgium’s Sick Fund and patients. Estimates of healthcare resource utilisation in a previously reported UK model depicting the management of chronic idiopathic constipation with either macrogol 3350 and lactulose over 3 months were replaced with Belgian estimates derived from a panel of 11 gastroenterologists and 11 GPs. The model was used to estimate the expected 3-monthly Sick Fund cost and direct cost to patients of using either laxative to manage chronic idiopathic constipation in Belgium. According to our model, 53% and 24% of patients are expected to be successfully treated with macrogol 3350 and lactulose, respectively. Additionally, using macrogol 3350 instead of lactulose is expected to reduce the 3-monthly Sick Fund cost in approximately 55% of patients and afford a cost-effective treatment in the remaining patients. Furthermore, the 3-monthly Sick Fund cost of managing chronic idiopathic constipation among ambulant patients is expected to be reduced by approximately 50% if patients were initially treated by a GP instead of a specialist. In Belgium, laxatives are paid for by patients. Despite the difference in their acquisition cost, treating chronic idiopathic constipation with either macrogol 3350 or lactulose was found to be cost neutral from a patient’s perspective. The true cost of managing chronic idiopathic constipation is impacted on by a broad range of resources and not only laxative acquisition costs. This study indicated that managing ambulant patients with chronic idiopathic constipation with macrogol 3350 instead of lactulose is a cost-effective treatment from the Sick Fund’s perspective and cost neutral from a patient’s perspective.
Effect of hygrothermal fatigue on dynamic mechanical properties of glass‐reinforced polyesters

Several nonreinforced and reinforced crosslinked polyester formulations were prepared and investigated. Solid glass microspheres, with and without coupling agent, were used as reinforcement. All samples were exposed to various cyclic hygrothermal fatigue patterns, differing from one another by the temperature and duration of a cycle. Dynamic mechanical measurements were used to evaluate the effect of hygrothermal fatigue on the mechanical properties of all formulations. Fatigue induced changes in the glass–matrix interphase led to the appearance of relaxation peaks (β′ and β″) in the temperature range between −50°C and −10°C. Electron microscopic evidence was obtained for the existence of nodular morphology on all fracture surfaces. The character of nodular morphology was described in terms of an inhomogeneous thermoset network.
The Sweet Potato: Its Origin and Dispersal1

The sweet potato originated in northwestern South America, arising possibly as a hybrid cross or through karyotypic alterations from an unknown plant of the genus Ipomoea. This domestication is associated with the development of Tropical Forest agricultural villages by ca. 2500 B.C. The Spanish introduced it to Europe and spread it to China and Japan and Malaysia and the Moluccas region. The Portuguese carried it to India, Indonesia, and Africa. The plant has a pre-Magellan introduction into Polynesia by possibly A.D. 1 in the Samoa area and is dispersed from there to the rest of the Pacific. The plant was transferred either by birds carrying the seed or, more likely, through an accidental casting of a vessel carrying it upon an island of the Samoa region. The word kumara, alleged by many to show direct contact between Polynesians and Quechuan-speaking Indians, apparently reconstructs to Proto-Polynesian and was introduced into the Quechua dictionaries to reflect the educated Spaniard's knowledge of sweet potato terms.
Spline–Galerkin calculations for Rydberg series of calcium

We are investigating a large number of Rydberg series of neutral calcium, with the help of the recently introduced Spline-Galerkin method. Perturbers belonging to the 4p2, 3d2, 3d5s and 3d4p configurations are investigated and their influence on different Rydberg series is discussed. Results are reported for members of different Rydberg series, with n up to 20-30, and compared with experiment and other theories.
Note on the “longitudinal factor analysis” model

The “longitudinal factor analysis” model, which uniquely resolves factors from two occasions of data representing the same persons measured on the same test battery, is shown to be derivable by application of canonical correlation procedures to factor scores. Interpreted in this light, it is suggested that, in attaining its objective, “longitudinal factor analysis” maximizes temporal stability of factor scores—an emphasis which may be warranted for some types of change but not for others.
Cosmetic regulatory activities in the United States: past, present and future.

To protect consumers from unsafe or deceptively labeled cosmetics, the Food and Drug Administration promulgates regulations, conducts factory inspections, investigates marketed products, evaluates consumer complaints, maintains registries of voluntarily submitted formulation and adverse reaction information, and carries out analytical, microbiological and lexicological studies. There has been a significant shift in program priorities from surveillance activities to scientific research and the determination of systemic hazards to health. Major scientific efforts involve studies to determine the dermal toxicity of cosmetics, develop methods for predicting the efficacy of preservatives, and answer questions about the skin penetration and carcinogenicity of nitrosodiethanolamine. A further issue of concern is the carcinogenic hazard of hair dyes.
Coupled-Channel Born-Approximation Calculation for the Transition Ne 22 (p,t)Ne 20 (2 - , 4.97 MeV)

We compare the differential cross section at a proton energy of 39.8 MeV for the transition ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{22}(p,t){\mathrm{Ne}}^{20}$ (${2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, 4.97 MeV), which is forbidden by the usual selection rules for a single-step process, with a coupled-channel Born-approximation calculation using rotational wave functions of the adiabatic form. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data.
CLIMATE, HYDROLOGIC DISTURBANCE, AND SUCCESSION: DRIVERS OF FLOODPLAIN PATTERN

Floodplains are among the world's most threatened ecosystems due to the pervasiveness of dams, levee systems, and other modifications to rivers. Few unaltered floodplains remain where we may examine their dynamics over decadal time scales. Our study provides a detailed examination of landscape change over a 60-year period (1945-2004) on the Nyack floodplain of the Middle Fork of the Flathead River, a free-flowing, gravel-bed river in northwest Montana, USA. We used historical aerial photographs and airborne and satellite imagery to delineate habitats (i.e., mature forest, regenerative forest, water, cobble) within the floodplain. We related changes in the distribution and size of these habitats to hydrologic disturbance and regional climate. Results show a relationship between changes in floodplain habitats and annual flood magnitude, as well as between hydrology and the cooling and warming phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Large magnitude floods and greater frequency of moderate floods were associated with the cooling phases of the PDO, resulting in a floodplain environment dominated by extensive restructuring and regeneration of floodplain habitats. Conversely, warming phases of the PDO corresponded with decreases in magnitude, duration, and frequency of critical flows, creating a floodplain environment dominated by late successional vegetation and low levels of physical restructuring. Over the 60-year time series, habitat change was widespread throughout the floodplain, though the relative abundances of the habitats did not change greatly. We conclude that the long- and short-term interactions of climate, floods, and plant succession produce a shifting habitat mosaic that is a fundamental attribute of natural floodplain ecosystems.
Strategic planning: Steering the small community bank to profitability

This study looked at the effect of formal strategic planning efforts on small firms in a regulated industry. The planning activity of US commercial banks was studied to determine the effect of planning on performance after deregulation of interest rate ceilings. Findings point to a significant difference in interest rate spread for planning banks and in overhead expenses. This study has particular significance for the community banker who must compete against large money-centre banks.
Inhibition of ovarian compensatory hypertrophy by hypothalamic implantation of gonadotrophin in androgen-sterilized rats: evidence for "internal" feedback.

The influence of gonadotrophic preparations on the regulation of ovarian compensatory hypertrophy (OCH) has been studied by implanting these preparations into the basal hypothalamus at the time of unilateral ovariectomy in androgen-sterilized rats. Implantation of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or pregnant mare’s serum gonadotrophin (PMS) in the region of the median eminence markedly inhibited OCH without significantly altering uterine weight or the vaginal smear. Implantation of FSH or PMS in the cerebral cortex, FSH in the adenohypophysis or amygdala, or luteinizing hormone, human chorionic gonadotrophin, thyrotrophin, or adrenocorticotrophin in the medial basal hypothalamus did not influence OCH. It is concluded that FSH may participate in the regulation of pituitary activity by an internal feedback upon the hypothalamus. (Endocrinology 82: 871, 1968)
Continuous infusion of oxalate by minipumps induces calcium oxalate nephrocalcinosis

It is hypothesized that oxalate plays an active role in calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrocalcinosis and oxalate driven nephrolithiasis by interacting with the kidney. We developed an adjustable, nonprecursor, continuous infusion model of hyperoxaluria and CaOx nephrocalcinosis to investigate this hypothesis. Minipumps containing PBS or KOx (60–360 μmol/day; n=5–7/dose) were implanted subcutaneously in male Sprague–Dawley rats on D0 and D6. Rats were killed on D13. Oxalate excretion and CaOx crystalluria were monitored by 20+4 h urine collections. Localization and content of intrarenal crystals were determined on frozen sections using polarization and μFTIR. Oxalate excretion was significantly elevated in all KOx rats (P≤0.005). CaOx crystalluria was most persistent in the 240–360 μmol/day KOx rats, but even 60 μmol/day KOx rats showed sporadic crystalluria. One hundred percent of KOx rats had CaOx nephrocalcinosis as confirmed by μFTIR. Most crystals were localized to the lumens of the corticomedullary collecting ducts. A few crystals are localized just under the papillar urothelium. The minipump model is the first model of hyperoxaluria to provide continuous infusion of oxalate. It permits control of the levels of hyperoxaluria, crystalluria and CaOx nephrocalcinosis. The level of sustained hyperoxaluria and CaOx nephrocalcinosis induced by treatment with 360 μmol/day KOx for 13D models the conditions frequently observed in jejunoileal bypass patients. Adjustments in the length of treatment and level of hyperoxaluria may allow this model to also be used to study the oxalate driven CaOx-nephrolithiasis common in patients with hyperoxaluria due to other causes.
Population structure and skeletal variation in the Late Woodland of west‐central Illinois

This paper analyzes nonmetric trait variation in 11 late Late Woodland (ca. AD 700–1000) and one Mississippian (AD 1000–1300) skeletal samples from west-central Illinois from a population-structure perspective. Most of the sites are of the Bluff phase of Late Woodland in the lower Illinois River valley; others are from a nearby, contemporary archaeological phase. Late Woodland as a whole era (ca. AD 250–1000) was a period of marked population growth and expansion into new regional environments, trends that accompanied horticultural intensification in the area. Overall variation between sites was low, but males, females, and the total sample exhibitied a significant geographic component to variation due to interregional morphological differences. The Bluff sites tended to group together relative to the non-Bluff sites. However, there was no significant geographic component to variation among the Bluff sites. The results are only partially consistent with archaeological data suggesting population growth and expansion through fissioning. Previous studies have demonstrated significant heterogeneity for nonmetric trait frequencies among Middle Woodland (ca. 100 BC to AD 250) sites, suggesting a Middle to Late Woodland change in population structure that lowered levels of morphological variation. This supports a model of increased intra- and interregional interaction from Middle to Late Woodland times developed from ceramic data by Braun and by Braun and Plog.
Dietary regulation of glycolytic enzymes. 8. Dose and time response of rat jejunal enzymes to oral sex hormones.

1. 1. The time and dose responses of oral 17β-estradiol and oral testosterone as reflected by changes in the activities of four enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism [phosphofructokinase (ATP: d-Fru-6-P 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.11), fructosediphosphatase (d-Fru-1,6-P2i-phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.11), pyruvate kinase (ATP: pyruvate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) and Fru-1,6-P2 aldolase (Fru-1,6-P2d-glyceraldehyde-3-P-lyase, EC 4.1.2.13)] were studied in the jejunum of normal female and male rats, respectively. 2. 2. In both male and female rat jejunum, the activities of three enzymes (phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase and fructosediphosphatase) showed significant adaptive changes with the 5-μg dose of either steroid, with maximum changes occurring with the 50-μg dose. Pyruvate kinase and fructosediphosphatase activities were also significantly changed with the 1-μg dose. 3. 3. In both male and female rat jejunum, the activities of three enzymes (phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase and fructosediphosphatase) were slightly changed 4 h following intubation with either steroid. By the end of 8 h, the adaptive changes in the activities of these three enzymes were significantly different from the zero time. Maximum changes occurred 16 h after the original intubation.
The role of progeny quality and male size in the nesting success of smallmouth bass: integrating field and laboratory studies

Smallmouth bass display size-specific variation in reproductive success with larger brood-guarding males in a population more likely to rear offspring to independence than smaller individuals. The exact mechanisms responsible for this size-specific increase in reproductive output have yet to be identified. To assist in this process, we investigated the relationship between the size of brood-guarding male smallmouth bass and offspring quality (in this case, egg physiology, egg morphology, egg size, hatching success and lab survival). Further, we examined how factors such as egg physiology, egg morphology and egg size influenced reproductive success in the wild and hatching success in a controlled laboratory environment. Nesting male smallmouth bass that successfully reared their offspring to independence spawned earliest in the nesting period were the largest individuals, and guarded eggs with greater concentrations of cortisol compared to males that abandoned their offspring prematurely. Offspring survival in the laboratory was not correlated with offspring survival in the wild, indicating that caution should be used interpreting studies that attempt to relate laboratory-derived survival metrics to the wild. Together, results demonstrate size-specific differences in offspring quality for nesting smallmouth bass, which are correlated with higher concentrations of cortisol in eggs. However, hatching success under laboratory conditions was dissimilar to nesting success in the field relative to cortisol concentrations.
Some Design Aspects Of A Multiple-Mirror Telescope

The design of a multiple-mirror telescope (MMT) presents opportunities to explore new techniques for the control and alignment of the individual optical systems. This paper discusses the optical, electronic, and mechanical subsystems, with some description of the techniques to attain the tolerance required for image combination. Also, some consideration is given to the optical and alignment fabrication techniques, with emphasis on the methods and problems that are most critical to successful completion of this novel instrument.© (1972) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A non-isothermal process model for consolidation and void reduction during in-situ tow placement of thermoplastic composites

In in-situ composites processing, heat and pressure are applied locally to composite tows to achieve consolidation. During the consolidation of thermoplastic composite tows or plies, a modest amount of flow takes place. Due to the high viscosity of thermoplastics, the fibers and the matrix move together. We propose a novel approach to model this process-approximate the medium as a compressible viscous continuum rather than use Darcy's law which has been successful in modeling thermoset composites processing. The void content of the composite changes during the consolidation process due to various mechanisms. A consolidation model for thermoplastic composite that incorporates—the relevant void growth and transport phenomena has been developed. The model is capable of predicting the final void fraction and the final thickness of a composite part as a function of the processing speed and the consolidation pressure under non-isothermal conditions.
Slowly Recovering Cardiac Sodium Current in Rat Ventricular Myocytes: Effects of Conditioning Duration and Recovery Potential

INTRODUCTION Recovery of the Na channel from inactivation is essential to the normal conduction and refractoriness of the myocardium. In addition to fast recovery, occurring within several milliseconds at hyperpolarized potentials, a component of the current exhibits slow recovery occurring over hundreds of milliseconds. Long conditioning depolarizations potentiate slow recovery. METHODS AND RESULTS This study was designed to test conditioning durations (tc) between 0.25 and 4 seconds (s) as to whether recovery was slowed by an effect on the fast (tau f) and slow (tau s) time constants of recovery, the relative amplitude of the slow component (As), or both. We studied Na channel recovery at -150 mV from inactivation using whole cell voltage clamp of rat ventricular cells at 23 degrees C using a two-pulse recovery protocol. Longer conditioning durations dramatically increased A2 (from 12% for tc = 500 msec to 37% for tc = 4000 msec, P < 0.01). Neither tau f (6 vs 5 msec) nor tau s (115 vs 140 msec) were significantly affected. In a second set of experiments, the recovery potential was depolarized to a potential at which the sodium current was 70% available (approximately equal to - 105 mV). This recovery potential had no significant effect on A2, but both tau f and tau s were significantly slower (e.g., at tc = 2 s, tau s = 147 msec and As = 28% at Vr = - 150 mV, and tau s = 456 msec and As = 29% at Vr approximately equal to - 105 mV). In addition, a 1- to 2-msec lag in the onset of recovery was prominent at the depolarized recovery potentials. CONCLUSIONS Our results support a model for slow recovery where conditioning duration determines entry into an inactivated state from which Na channels recover slowly, and recovery potential determines the rate of recovery from this state. A kinetic scheme with at least three inactivated states is proposed. These results also have implications for cardiac excitability under conditions, such as ischemia, where membranes are depolarized.
Renin substrate depletion in salt-losing congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia: Low plasma renin activity despite increased renin concentration

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