cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutrition in critically ill adults: key processes and outcomes

Malnutrition is a common problem that can have serious consequences for the already compromised critically ill adult. Nurses are often challenged to quantify the risk or degree of malnutrition, identify the amount or type of support needed, or measure the effectiveness of nutritional intervention. This article focuses on key processes used to provide nutrition therapy to critically ill adults. These processes and how nurses employ them have the greatest potential impact on outcomes related to nutrition in critically ill adults.
Crack growth resistance characterized by the strain energy density function

Abstract Stable ductile fracture of a typical metal alloy is found to be governed by the condition dS da = const. , i.e. the rate change of the strain energy density S with crack length 2a (or a) remained constant. Since fracture and/or yielding are load rate dependent, the incremental theory of plasticity is employed for analyzing crack growth where unloading in the material near the crack can take place. Attention is focused on the energy per unit volume, dW/dV, stored along the prospective path of crack growth. The nearest neighbor continuum element must necessarily be at a finite distance r from the crack front. This leads to the general relation dW dV = S/R . The critical value ( dW dV )c representing the area under the uniaxial true stress and strain curve is assumed to correspond with failure of material elements. If yielding and unloading occurred locally, a certain amount of irrecoverable energy will not be available for dissipation during macrocracking. Hence, the threshold energy density must be modified to read as ( dW dV )c∗ dW dV )c. The quantity ( dW dV )c may be regarded as the crack growth resistance whose magnitude decreases with increasing distance from the crack tip at which point yielding is most intensified. The results are displayed graphically and shown that the condition dS da = const. provides a rational means of collating and interpreting ductile fracture data.
Design and evaluation of a pressure attachment for a rotational rheometer.

The problems associated with the measurement of the rheological properties of pressurized aerosol concentrates consisting of emulsions and/or micellar solutions are discussed. A pressure attachment for a commercially available rheometer is described, and data are presented for simple soap formulations. Pressurized concentrates exhibited pseudoplastic properties which could not always be correlated with the flow properties of resultant foams.
INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS AMONG NEONATES WITH GROUP B STREPTOCOCCUS (GBS) POSITIVE MOTHERS DURING THREE YEARS OF A UNIVERSAL SCREENING PROGRAM. † 1774

INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS AMONG NEONATES WITH GROUP B STREPTOCOCCUS (GBS) POSITIVE MOTHERS DURING THREE YEARS OF A UNIVERSAL SCREENING PROGRAM. † 1774
Optimal trading strategy for an investor: the case of partial information

Abstract We shall address here the optimization problem of an investor who wants to maximize the expected utility from terminal wealth. The novelty of this paper is that the drift process and the driving Brownian motion appearing in the stochastic differential equation for the security prices are not assumed to be observable for investors in the market. Investors observe security prices and interest rates only. The drift process will be modelled by a Gaussian process, which in a special case becomes a multi-dimensional mean-reverting Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process. The main result of the paper is an explicit representation for the optimal trading strategy for a wide range of utility functions.
Exploration of the laser-assisted clustering and reactivity of trimethylaluminum with and without NH3

This paper provides results concerning the clustering and laser-assisted reactivity in constrained pulsed gas expansions of trimethylaluminum (TMAl) with and without ammonia. In these experiments, ...
Immune response genes in inbred rats. I. Analysis of responder status to synthetic polypeptides and low doses of bovine serum albumin

The immune responses of nine inbred rat strains to a high dose of the synthetic copolymers GT, GA or GAT and of eight strains to low doses of BSA were compared. The strains tested represent six known haplotypes of the major histocompatibility locus in rats. The studies allowed a clear differentiation of the rat strains into high and low or nonresponders for GT and GA according to the levels of specific antibodies produced after primary and secondary immunization with these antigens and specific delayed type hypersensitivity reactions. A considerably less clear responder — non (or low) responder distribution pattern among the rat strains was found for GAT and low doses of BSA. The genetic background for the observed phenotypes and a possible relationship between responder status and the major histocompatibility locus are discussed.
Ankyrin repeat and SOCS box containing protein 4 (Asb-4) colocalizes with insulin receptor substrate 4 (IRS4) in the hypothalamic neurons and mediates IRS4 degradation

The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus regulates food intake. Ankyrin repeat and SOCS box containing protein 4 (Asb-4) is expressed in neuropeptide Y and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus, target neurons in the regulation of food intake and metabolism by insulin and leptin. However, the target protein(s) of Asb-4 in these neurons remains unknown. Insulin receptor substrate 4 (IRS4) is an adaptor molecule involved in the signal transduction by both insulin and leptin. In the present study we examined the colocalization and interaction of Asb-4 with IRS4 and the involvement of Asb-4 in insulin signaling. In situ hybridization showed that the expression pattern of Asb-4 was consistent with that of IRS4 in the rat brain. Double in situ hybridization showed that IRS4 colocalized with Asb-4, and both Asb-4 and IRS4 mRNA were expressed in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. In HEK293 cells co-transfected with Myc-tagged Asb-4 and Flag-tagged IRS4, Asb-4 co-immunoprecipitated with IRS4; In these cells endogenous IRS4 also co-immunoprecipitated with transfected Myc-Asb-4; Furthermore, Asb-4 co-immunoprecipitated with IRS4 in rat hypothalamic extracts. In HEK293 cells over expression of Asb-4 decreased IRS4 protein levels and deletion of the SOCS box abolished this effect. Asb-4 increased the ubiquitination of IRS4; Deletion of SOCS box abolished this effect. Expression of Asb-4 decreased both basal and insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of AKT at Thr308. These data demonstrated that Asb-4 co-localizes and interacts with IRS4 in hypothalamic neurons. The interaction of Asb-4 with IRS4 in cell lines mediates the degradation of IRS4 and decreases insulin signaling.
Minimal intervention programs for weight loss in heart transplant candidates: a preliminary examination.

Context—Overweight can be a contraindication for cardiac transplantation, and empirical findings suggest that obesity may pose serious posttransplant health risks that can increase morbidity and mortality.Objective—This study assessed the relative effectiveness of 2 minimal intervention programs to assist weight loss in heart transplant candidates.Design—A randomized trial was employed to assess changes in body weight.Setting—A large, tertiary care hospital in a Southern locale.Patients—Forty-three heart transplant candidates (74% men, 79% married, 86% white), with a mean pretreatment body mass index of 32.4 (SD=4.4).Interventions—Patients were randomly assigned to a bibliotherapy weight-loss program or a bibliotherapy plus telephone contact weight-loss program.Main Outcome Measures—Change in body weight over 3 months and return rate of measures of program adherence (3-day food diaries and self-monitoring postcards).Results—An intent-to-treat analysis showed a significant weight loss at posttreatment for ...
Comparison of magnetic and NFL behavior in U1-xMxPd2Al3 (M = La, Y, Th)

Abstract The heavy fermion antiferromagnetic superconductor UPd2Al3 displays a number of interesting magnetic and non-Fermi liquid (NFL) ground states when the uranium site is partially occupied by Y, La, or Th. Whereas the magnetic behavior in these systems is determined by valence of the substituent atom, the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity at low temperatures in the NFL regime correlates with the size of the substituent atom. The phase diagrams, electrical resistivity data, and the lattice parameters of the three systems are compared and contrasted.
Evaluation of factors predicting accurate resection of high-grade gliomas by using frameless image-guided stereotactic guidance.

Object. Frameless image-guided stereotaxy is often used in the resection of high-grade gliomas. The authors of several studies, however, have suggested that brain shift may occur intraoperatively and result in inaccurate resection. To determine the usefulness of frameless stereotactic image-guided surgery of high-grade gliomas, the authors correlated factors predictive of brain shift, such as tumor size, periventricular location, and patient age (as an indicator of brain atrophy) with the extent of resection. Methods. Inclusion criteria included the following: 1) stereotactic volumetric craniotomy for resection of tumor; 2) histologically proven high-grade glioma; 3) preoperative magnetic resonance (MR) imaging demonstration of an enhancing portion of tumor; 4) postoperative MR imaging within 48 hours to assess the extent of resection; and 5) preoperative intention to perform gross-total resection of the enhancing tumor. Fifty-four patients met these criteria between September 1997 and November 2002. Accurate resection was considered to be indicated by a lack of nodular enhancement on postoperative Gd-enhanced MR images obtained within 48 hours of surgery. Frameless stereotactic image-guided surgery resulted in the successful resection of 46 (85%) of 54 high-grade gliomas. Accurate resection was significantly more likely with tumors less than 30 ml in volume than with those greater than 30 ml (93 and 58%, respectively [p � 0.05]). In addition, small periventricular tumors were associated with significant less successful resection compared with nonperiventricular tumor (77 and 96%, respectively [p = 0.5]). Patient age did not affect the likelihood of successful resection. Conclusions. Frameless image-guided stereotactic techniques can be reliably used for accurate resection of high-grade gliomas when the tumor is less than 30 ml in volume and not adjacent to the ventricular system. In cases involving tumors larger in volume or located near the ventricles, intraoperative ultrasonography or MR imaging updates should be considered.
The treatment of lupus nephritis: revisiting Galen.

In this issue, Illei and colleagues report on a clinical trial of lupus nephritis that compared parenteral methylprednisolone, parenteral cyclophosphamide, and a combination of these two treatments...
Comparison of carboplatin and doxorubicin-based chemotherapy protocols in 470 dogs after amputation for treatment of appendicular osteosarcoma

Background Many chemotherapy protocols have been reported for treatment of canine appendicular osteosarcoma (OSA), but outcome comparisons in a single population are lacking. Objective To evaluate the effects of protocol and dose intensity (DI) on treatment outcomes for carboplatin and doxorubicin-based chemotherapy protocols. Animals Four hundred and seventy dogs with appendicular OSA. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed comprising consecutive dogs treated (1997–2012) with amputation followed by 1 of 5 chemotherapy protocols: carboplatin 300 mg/m2 IV q21d for 4 or 6 cycles (CARBO6), doxorubicin 30 mg/m2 IV q14d or q21d for 5 cycles, and alternating carboplatin 300 mg/m2 IV and doxorubicin 30 mg/m2 IV q21d for 3 cycles. Adverse events (AE) and DI were evaluated. Kaplan–Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to compare disease-free interval (DFI) and survival time (ST) among protocols. Results The overall median DFI and ST were 291 days and 284 days, respectively. A lower proportion of dogs prescribed CARBO6 experienced AEs compared to other protocols (48.4% versus 60.8–75.8%; P = .001). DI was not associated with development of metastases or death. After adjustment for baseline characteristics and prognostic factors, none of the protocols provided a significant reduction in risk of development of metastases or death. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Although choice of protocol did not result in significant differences in DFI or ST, the CARBO6 protocol resulted in a lower proportion of dogs experiencing AEs, which could be advantageous in maintaining high quality of life during treatment. DI was not a prognostic indicator in this study.
Anger treatment for adults: A meta-analytic review.

We included 50 between-group studies with control groups and 7 studies with only within-group data in a meta-analysis of adult anger treatments. Overall, we examined 92 treatment interventions that incorporated 1,841 subjects. Results showed that subjects who received treatment showed significant and moderate improvement compared to untreated subjects and a large amount of improvement when compared to pretest scores. In the group of controlled studies significant heterogeneity of variance and significant differences among effect sizes for different dependent variable categories were found. Anger interventions produced reductions in the affect of anger, reductions in aggressive behaviors, and increases in positive behaviors. An analysis of follow-up data suggested that treatment gains were maintained.
Analyst Behavior Following IPOs: The 'Bubble Period' Evidence

We examine over 7,400 analyst recommendations in the year after going public for IPOs from 1999-2000. Initiations at the end of the quiet period come almost exclusively from affiliated analysts, while initiations afterwards are predominantly from unaffiliated analysts. Once we control for timing, we find no evidence of a difference in market reaction to affiliated versus unaffiliated analyst initiations. Our results contradict prior findings that the market discounts recommendations from affiliated analysts, suggesting instead that the informational advantage possessed by affiliated analysts outweighs the greater conflicts of interest they may face. Finally, the amount of analyst coverage is related to the number of managing underwriters only for the smallest IPOs.
Elastic softening versus amorphization in a simple model of ion-induced radiation damage

Recent experimental work on irradiated films of ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{3}$Ir have shown that under radiation-induced damage the films show a large (\ensuremath{\approxeq}40%) reduction in an average shear modulus while remaining essentially crystalline. The shear modulus saturated at larger radiation doses. This paper presents a simple 2D central-force model that displays the same qualitative behavior as it is progressively disordered by random displacements of its lattice sites. Bragg peaks are always present at every level of ``damage,'' although modified by an envelope function. The effect of disorder on the Bragg peaks of the model is solved analytically in closed form; the effect on the elastic moduli is found numerically, via computer simulation.
Investigations utilizing the 18O isotope shift in 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. 1. Correlation with 17O NMR chemical shifts

A survey of the one-bond upfield 18O isotope effects on 13C NMR chemical shifts shows that a linear relationship exists between the magnitude of the isotope shift and the 17O NMR chemical shift for the corresponding oxygen atom in the molecule. The relationship holds over the entire range of functional groups to a significance level of >99.999% for 66 pairs of data points. This relationship permits an estimation with confidence of the general magnitude of an 18O isotope shift in 13C NMR, simply from a knowledge of the 17O NMR chemical shift for an oxygen atom of interest. Extrapolation of this relationship anticipates observation of downfield isotope shifts and may assist in an explanation of this rare and unusual phenomenon in NMR spectroscopy.
Parallels - communication challenges and opportunities in-vehicle and in manufacturing

Many communication challenges in the factory are similar to those in the automotive vehicle. Many solutions appropriate for one environment could and/or should be similarly applicable to the other. Common technologies do sometimes appear in the two application areas, but the two technical communities may not regularly collaborate in synergy. Appreciation of situational similarities can increase support for technology development and accelerate application acceptance. This talk will first compare and contrast factory and automotive environments and requirements. A technology life cycle comparison and example will then illustrate how coordinated development can be very synergistic. The environments and coupled life cycles point to research and development areas of potential mutual opportunity.
The revenge of the overlay: automatic compaction of OS kernel code via on-demand code loading

There is increasing interest in using general-purpose operating systems, such as Linux, on embedded platforms. It is especially important in embedded systems to use memory efficiently because embedded processors often have limited physical memory. This paper describes an automatic technique for reducing the memory footprint of general-purpose operating systems on embedded platforms by keeping infrequently executed code on secondary storage and loading such code only if it is needed at run time. Our technique is based on an old idea - memory overlays - and it does not require hardware or operating system support for virtual memory. A prototype of the technique has been implemented for the Linux kernel. We evaluate our approach with two benchmark suites: MiBench and MediaBench, and a Web server application. The experimental results show that our approach reduces memory requirements for the Linux kernel code by about 53% with little degradation in performance.
REFERENCE GROUPS AS ANCHORS IN JUDGMENTS OF OTHER GROUPS: A BIASING FACTOR IN "RATING TASKS"?

A phenomenon which might bias rating tasks (the reference group as an anchor phenomenon) was explored by having 144 male undergraduate members of Greek, eating club, and independent organizations, and students belonging to none of these organizations rank 28 campus organizations in terms of relative prestige. In general, members of groups consistently overestimated the prestige of their own (assimilation effect), under-estimated the prestige of organizations dissimilar to their own (contrast effect), and had more pronounced assimilation and contrast effects than did subjects not belonging to the rated organizations. Moreover, members of groups placed a greater number of organizations dissimilar to their own into objectionable categories. These results suggest that it might be extremely difficult for highly ego-involved persons to maintain an appropriate judgmental set in such tasks when the ratings are made on the basis of the quality, prestige, and other such ill-defined criteria. Over-all, the results s...
Determination of subsurface damage in optical materials using a non-invasive technique

A non-destructive method for determining SSD depth has been developed using the relationship between the surface roughness (PV) and SSD of optical glasses. This relationship is being expanded to optical single crystal materials and checked with a destructive technique.
Stimulation-induced changes in dimensions of stalks of dendritic spines in the dentate molecular layer

Abstract Tetanic stimulation of the lateral and medial segments of the entorhinal area induces an increase in the width of the spine head and spine stalk in the middle and distal thirds of the dentate molecular layer 4 min after stimulation. Ninety minutes after stimulation, both spine stalk and head were wider in the distal third, whereas, in the middle third, the stalk returned to control values. Whereas the length of the spine head did not change systematically with stimulation, the length of the spine stalk was systematically reduced in the distal third in both poststimulation intervals.
Arachidonic acid inhibits the insulin induction of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase via p38 MAP kinase.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids are potent inhibitors of lipogenic gene expression in liver. The lipogenic enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is unique in this gene family, in that fatty acids inhibit at a post-transcriptional step. In this study, we have provided evidence for a signaling pathway for the arachidonic acid inhibition of G6PD mRNA abundance. Arachidonic acid decreases the insulin induction of G6PD expression; by itself, arachidonic acid does not inhibit basal G6PD mRNA accumulation. The insulin stimulation of G6PD involves the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) pathway (Wagle, A., Jivraj, S., Garlock, G. L., and Stapleton, S. R. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 14968-14974). Incubation of hepatocytes with arachidonic acid blocks the activation of PI 3-kinase by insulin as observed by a decrease in Ser473 phosphorylation of Akt, the downstream effector of PI 3-kinase. The decrease in PI 3-kinase activity was associated with an increase in Ser307 phosphorylation of IRS-1. Western analysis demonstrated increased phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in arachidonic acid-treated cells, whereas extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activity was not changed. Incubating the hepatocytes with the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, blocked the arachidonic acid inhibition of G6PD mRNA accumulation. Furthermore, SB203580 decreased the arachidonic acid-mediated Ser307 phosphorylation of IRS-1 and rescued Akt activation that was otherwise decreased by arachidonic acid. Thus, arachidonic acid inhibits the insulin stimulation of G6PD mRNA accumulation by stimulating the p38 MAPK pathway, thereby inhibiting insulin signal transduction.
Thermoelectric power of Y-Ba-Cu-O and Eu-Y-Ba-Cu-O.

The temperature dependence of the thermoelectric powers of the high-temperature oxide superconductors Y/sub 1/Ba/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-//sub x/ and (Eu-Y)/sub 1/Ba/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-//sub x/ is reported. The sign of the dominant carriers in the normal state is observed to be positive. Well above the superconducting transition, the magnitude of the thermoelectric power is a weakly decreasing function of temperature.
Using the theory of habitus to move beyond the study of barriers to technology integration

The integration of technology by K-12 teachers was promoted to aid the shift to a more student-centered classroom (e.g., Roblyer, M. D., & Edwards, J. (2000). Integrating educational technology into teaching (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill). However, growth in the power of and access to technology in schools has not been accompanied by an equal growth in technology integration. Research into reasons for minimal technology integration has traditionally focused on post-teacher-education barriers to technology integration (e.g., Ertmer, P. A. (2005). Teacher pedagogical beliefs: The final frontier in our quest for technology integration? Educational Technology Research and Development, 53(4), 25-39; Ertmer, P. A., Gopalakrishnan, S., & Ross, E. M. (2001). Technology-using teachers: Comparing perceptions of exemplary use to best practice [Electronic copy]. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 33(3) 1-2; Hew, K. F., & Brush, T. (2007). Integrating technology into K-12 teaching and learning: Current knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research. Educational Technology, Research and Development, 55(3), 223-252). In this paper, I first clarify the definition of technology integration and question the contention that barriers, particularly those related to teacher beliefs, are behind the lack of technology integration. Using the sociological concept of habitus, or set of dispositions, I then explore preservice teachers' past experiences as a possible explanation for minimal technology integration and discuss implications for future research and teacher education.
Evolution, providence, and Gouldian contingency

Stephen Jay Gould and others have argued that what we know about evolution implies that human beings are a ‘cosmic accident’. In this paper I examine an argument for Gould's view and then attempt to show that it fails. Contrary to the claims of Gould, Daniel Dennett, and others, it is a mistake to think that what we have learned from evolutionary biology somehow shows that human beings are mere accidents of natural history. Nor does what we know about the contingency of evolution give us good reason to reject the view that human beings came to be according to a divine providential plan.
Residence time measurements in a coal hydrogenation process

Abstract Residence time of coal in the University of Utah “coiled tube” coal hydrogenation reactor has been measured. This has been done with an electronic device which detects a tracer (usually iron) as it passes specific places at the beginning and end of the reactor. The measured coal solids residence time in the reactor has varied from a few seconds to a few minutes. Calculated vapor and gas residence times are one or two seconds. Short vapor residence time terminates further hydrogenation of vapors and thus reduces gas production and hydrogen consumption. The relatively longer coal solids residence time permits further hydrogenation which increases liquid yields.
Ortho‐rearrangement in the mass spectra of diphenylmethanes

The mass spectra of all possible methyl substituted derivatives of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl-4, 4′-dihydroxy-diphenylmethane are recorded. The direct influence of steric hindrance to free rotation about the aryl-methylene bonds results in the progressive importance of ortho-rearrangement in the ionization-dissociation pathways of these compounds.
Respiratory flow measurements and anesthetic drugs: some in vitro observations.

Abstract Study Objective: To illustrate the influence of anesthetic gases on respiratory flow measurements and to correct this influence. Design: In vitro evaluation. Setting: Laboratory. Measurements and Main Results: An in vitro method using a 120-L Tissot water-seal spirometer was used along with a Bicore CP-100, designed for use in intensive care units, and a Datex Ultima, designed for use in the operating room. The flow transducer of one of the instruments being tested was placed in the gas inlet of the Tissot so that simultaneous measurements could be made. Timed flows (2 to 60 L/min) of various gases (O 2 and air) and gas mixtures (halothane-O 2 , isoflurane-O 2 , N 2 O-O 2 , and N 2 O-O 2 -isoflurane) were used and the measurements made by the Tissot and the test instrument compared. The Datex Ultima, which includes software corrections for anesthetics, was able to accurately measure gas flows (2 to 60 L/min) of air, 100% oxygen, and anesthetic gas mixtures to within ±10% of measurements made by the Tissot. The Bicore CP-100, intended for use with mechanically ventilated patients, accurately measured air and 100% oxygen flow rate to within ±8% of the measurements made by the Tissot, but there were large errors (up to 40%) when anesthetics were used. Conclusions: This study illustrates the effects of anesthetic gases on measurements of ventilatory flow and the need to ascertain whether corrections are needed to improve the accuracy of flow transducers.
Ligand chelation, P–C bond cleavage, and phenyl-group transfer in the reaction between RCCo3(CO)9 and 1,8-bis(diphenylphosphino)naphthalene (dppn): Syntheses and X-ray diffraction structures of PhCCo3(CO)4(μ-CO)3(dppn) and PhCCo3(CO)8[η1-PPh(OH)C10H6P(O)Ph2]

The tricobalt cluster PhCCo 3 (CO) 9 ( 1 ) undergoes facile ligand substitution with 1,8-bis(diphenylphosphino)naphthalene (dppn) under thermal and Me 3 NO activation to afford the cluster compounds PhCCo 3 (CO) 8 [PPh 2 (1-C 10 H 7 )] ( 2 ) and PhCCo 3 (CO) 4 (μ-CO) 3 (dppn) ( 3 ). Whereas thermolysis of dppn with the methylidyne-capped cluster HCCo 3 (CO) 9 ( 4 ) yields only HCCo 3 (CO) 8 [PPh 2 (1-C 10 H 7 )] ( 5 ) and HCCo 3 (CO) 4 (μ-CO) 3 (dppn) (6 ) as isolable products, the reaction between 4 and dppn in the presence of Me 3 NO furnishes the latter two clusters in addition to the phenyl-capped cluster PhCCo 3 (CO) 8 [η 1 -PPh(OH)C 10 H 6 P(O)Ph 2 ] ( 7 ). The clusters 2 and 5 represent simple substitution products based on the ligand diphenyl(1-naphthyl)phosphine, while clusters 3 and 6 each possess a chelating dppn ligand and three bridging CO groups in the solid state. Oxidation of the two phosphine moieties by Me 3 NO and transfer of one of the phenyl groups from the dppn ligand to the methylidyne carbon moiety in cluster 4 produces the thermally unstable cluster 7 . These clusters have been characterized in solution by IR and 31 P NMR spectroscopies, and the solid-state structures of 3 and 7 established by X-ray crystallography.
Molecular Dynamics of Staphylococcal Nuclease: Comparison of Simulation with 15N and 13C NMR Relaxation Data

Motional parameters for the atomic-level dynamics of staphylococcal nuclease are calculated from an 18-ns molecular dynamics simulation of the liganded enzyme and from a 3.75-ns simulation of the unliganded enzyme and compared with motional parameters calculated from 13C and 15N NMR relaxation data. Order parameters for backbone N−H and Cα−H bond vectors are on average in good agreement with experiment, indicating a similar degree of backbone flexibility. Somewhat greater flexibility is seen in the simulation of unliganded SNase, consistent with some experimental data. Alanine Cα−Cβ and Cα−H order parameters agree to within 5% for simulation while NMR finds the former to be 30% smaller than the latter; thus experimental reexamination of 13CH3 relaxation may be worthwhile. Average simulated and experimental rotation rates for the more rapidly rotating alanine and leucine methyl groups are in agreement. However, simulation predicts a much larger range of methyl rotation rates than is observed experimentally...
Sharp-based, tide-dominated deltas of the Sego Sandstone, Book Cliffs, Utah, USA

The lower part of the Cretaceous Sego Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale in east-central Utah contains three 10- to 20-m thick layers of tide-deposited sandstone arranged in a forward- and then backward-stepping stacking pattern. Each layer of tidal sandstone formed during an episode of shoreline regression and transgression, and offshore wave-influenced marine deposits separating these layers formed after subsequent shoreline transgression and marine ravinement. Detailed facies architecture studies of these deposits suggest sandstone layers formed on broad tide-influenced river deltas during a time of fluctuating relative sea-level. Shale-dominated offshore marine deposits gradually shoal and become more sandstone-rich upward to the base of a tidal sandstone layer. The tidal sandstones have sharp erosional bases that formed as falling relative sea-level allowed tides to scour offshore marine deposits. The tidal sandstones were deposited as ebb migrating tidal bars aggraded on delta fronts. Most delta top deposits were stripped during transgression. Where the distal edge of a deltaic sandstone is exposed, a sharp-based stack of tidal bar deposits successively fines upward recording a landward shift in deposition after maximum lowstand. Where more proximal parts of a deltaic-sandstone are exposed, a sharp-based upward-coarsening succession of late highstand tidal bar deposits is locally cut by fluvial valleys, or tide-eroded estuaries, formed during relative sea-level lowstand or early stages of a subsequent transgression. Estuary fills are highly variable, reflecting local depositional processes and variable rates of sediment supply along the coastline. Lateral juxtaposition of regressive deltaic deposits and incised transgressive estuarine fills produced marked facies changes in sandstone layers along strike. Estuarine fills cut into the forward-stepped deltaic sandstone tend to be more deeply incised and richer in sandstone than those cut into the backward-stepped deltaic sandstone. Tidal currents strongly influenced deposition during both forced regression and subsequent transgression of shorelines. This contrasts with sandstones in similar basinal settings elsewhere, which have been interpreted as tidally influenced only in transgressive parts of depositional successions.
Work in Progress: Exploring Security and Privacy Concepts through the Development and Testing of the iTrust Medical Records System

University computer science and software engineering students must build reliability and security into their software applications from the start of development. A graduate-level Software Testing and Reliability course at North Carolina State University has a learning objective of using appropriate testing techniques for the development of a reliable and secure system. Beginning in Fall 2005, the semester project has involved the development and testing of the open source and freely-available iTrust Medical Records system prototype. Our vision is to build a community of educators, students, and medical professionals that can collaborate and use the iTrust project as a development platform and testbed for secure and reliable application development.
Comparative Studies on Frailties in Survival Analysis

A mixed survival function is derived through proportional hazards model assuming Gamma or Inverse Gaussian frailty under Weibull baseline via Bayesian approach, and the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is proposed to estimate the parameters in the population. Through intensive simulations designed to generate right-censored data from the proposed survival function, we compare the MLE in this article with Cox estimates (in many different versions) for the covariate coefficient. Finally, the proposed survival model is applied to fit Leukemia data from Cox and Oakes (1992).
Finding a place for engineering studies in disaster STS? Creating the STS Forum on the 2011 East Japan Disaster

During the opening panel at the recent Society for the Social Studies ofScience/Estudios Sociales de la Ciencia y la Tecnologia (4S/ESOCITE) meeting in Buenos Aires, the 4S president (and editor of this journal), Gary Downey, challenged us to move beyond the traditional linear model of knowledge creation and utilization by reflecting on how many Science and Technology Studies scholars pursue novel ways of acting upon the world through scaling up their scholarship. This critical participation piece describes our attempt to forge an international research forum in the wake of the 2011 East Japan Disaster that constitutes one such attempt to produce scalable scholarship. Inspired by the deep reflexivity of autoethnography, this account examines the tensions inherent to such an endeavor, including the tensions between scholarship and engagement; personal and professional goals; research ethics and different international standards for scholarship; and the desire to make engineering visible versus the dominant...
Association between leptin single nucleotide polymorphism and reproductive performance of lactating Holstein cows

Abstract The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the associations among reproductive performance of Holstein cows, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the R4C locus of the Exon-2 region of the leptin gene and health disorders. Lactating dairy cows ( n = 814) had their DNA sequenced at the Exon-2 region of the leptin gene to determine the presence of SNP in the R4C locus. Cows had the stage of estrous cycle synchronized with two injections of PGF 2α 14 d apart, with or without a progesterone insert. After the second PGF 2α , cows were either inseminated on detected estrus and, if not inseminated within 13 d, cows were submitted to a timed artificial insemination (AI) protocol 13 d after the second PGF 2α . Blood was sampled at 35 ± 3, 49 ± 3, and 62 ± 3 d in milk (DIM) and cows with progesterone P = 0.03) with increased prevalence of estrous cyclic cows at 49 ± 3 DIM, as TT cows were and tended to be less likely to be estrous cyclic than CC and CT cows, respectively. Other measures of reproductive performance in the first 305 DIM were not associated with leptin genotype. Cows diagnosed with at least one postparturient disease were less likely to become pregnant after first ( P P = 0.02) AI and to be pregnant at 305 DIM ( P P
Decadal-scale changes in benthic foraminiferal assemblages off Key Largo, Florida

Assemblages of foraminiferal tests in sediments sampled off Key Largo, Florida, in 1982, 1991, and 1992 were significantly different from assemblages sampled along the same traverses in 1959–1961. Larger, algal symbiont-bearing taxa, primarily Soritidae, comprised 50–80% of the specimens in samples collected in 1959–1961, whereas Miliolidae and Rotaliidae comprised 65-90% of the specimens collected in 1991 and 1992. Test abundance in 1992 samples ranged from 1.0 × 102/g to 8.1 × 104/g; tests were least abundant in coarse, well-sorted sediments. The lack of test-density data for the 1959-1961 samples prevented assessment of whether densities of smaller foraminifera have increased, symbiotic foraminifera have decreased, or both. Between 1982 and 1992, densities of smaller foraminifera appear to have increased. Although the causes of these changes in foraminiferal assemblages are not known, possible factors include nutrient loading inshore, winnowing and transport of tests by storm activity, and disease. The shift in dominance from long-lived, algal symbiont-bearing taxa in 1959--1961 to small, fast-growing, heterotrophic taxa in 1992 is consistent with predictions of community response to gradually increasing nutrient flux into south Florida's coastal waters. This study indicates that published accounts of foraminiferal assemblages from sediments collected 30 or more years ago can be valuable resources in efforts to determine if biotic changes have occurred in coastal ecosystems. This study also indicates that family-level identifications may be sufficient to detect decadal-scale changes in foraminiferal assemblages in reef-tract sediments.
Centroid-moment tensor solutions for October–December 1991

Centroid-moment tensor solutions are presented for 160 earthquakes that occurred during the fourth quarter of 1991. The solutions are obtained using corrections for aspherical Earth structure represented by a whole mantle shear velocity model SH8/U4L8.
A polynomial-time linear decision tree for the traveling salesman problem and other NP-complete problems

We show that the position of an input point in the Euclideand-dimensional space with respect to a given set of hyperplanes can be determined efficiently by linear decision trees. As an application, we prove that many concrete problems whose recognition versions are NP-complete, like the traveling salesman problem, many other shortest path problems, and integer programming, have polynomial-time upper bounds in the linear decision tree model of computation.
PREPARATION OF A SHELF-STABLE, INTERMEDIATE MOISTURE FOOD PRODUCT FROM MUSCADINE GRAPE SKINS

A study was designed to produce a shelf stable food ingredient from muscadine grape press cake using enzyme modification and intermediate moisture technology. Two pectinases and a cellulase were screened for their capacity to tenderize the grape skins; sucrose syrup and grape concentrate were tested as osmotic soaking solutions. Treatment of deseeded press cake in an aqueous enzyme solution of 0.05% Rohament P, followed by soaking in grape concentrate ahd drying at 60°C yielded a chewy, shelf-stable food ingredient with a tart grape flavor. Sensory and instrumental evaluation confirmed the texture modification. Baked and snack foods containing the grape skin product in place of raisins or dates were highly acceptable based on sensory panel scores.
Multimedia, Information Complexity, and Cognitive Processing

Organizations are faced with increasing costs needed to train employees in today's high technology environment. Educators are also striving to develop new training and teaching methods that will yield optimal learning transfer and complex skill acquisition. This study suggests that trainee/learner cognitive processing capacity, information presentation format and complexity, and multimedia technology should be leveraged in order to minimize training duration and costs and maximize knowledge transfer. It presents a causal model of how multimedia and information complexity interact to influence sustained attention, mental effort and information processing quality, all of which subsequently impact comprehension and learner confidence and satisfaction outcomes. Subjects read a text script, viewed an acetate overhead slide presentation containing text-with-graphics, or viewed a multimedia presentation depicting the greenhouse effect low complexity or photocopier operation high complexity. Causal path analysis results indicated that presentation media or format had a direct impact on sustained attention, mental effort, information processing quality, comprehension, and learner confidence and satisfaction. Information complexity had direct effects on sustained attention, mental effort and information processing quality. Finally, comprehension and learner confidence and satisfaction were both influenced through an intervening sequence of sustained attention, mental effort and information processing quality.
Tunable Donor−Acceptor Interactions in 4-Ene/Yne-Ferrocenyl and 4-Enamine Naphthalimides with Ferrocenyl Headgroups

A series of 4-(X)-substituted naphthalimides (X = ethenylFc, ethynylFc, piperidinyl, ethenylpiperidinyl, ethenylpyrrolidinyl) with ferrocenyl headgroups (R = Fc(CH2)n, n = 1, 5, 11) and analogous ethenylFc, ethynylFc, and ethynylFc# (Fc# = octamethylferrocenyl) compounds with a methyl headgroup have been investigated. These are the first 4-enamine-1,8-naphthalimides to be reported. Spectrochemical properties for all compounds are presented and the X-ray structures of 4-piperidinyl and 4-ethynylferrocenyl derivatives described. This series of donor−acceptor derivatives allows a correlation between the degree of internal charge separation, UV−vis and emission properties, and mediation by the organometallic redox couple. Charge separation increases in the order 4-amino ≪ 4-CC-amino ≅ 4-C⋮CFc ≅ 4-CCFc < 4-C⋮CFc#. The unsaturated spacer is the key influence on both λflu and φf, but λflu is independent of the headgroup due to the imide node. In contrast, φf shows a “distance” effect for the ferrocenyl headgroup...
Characterization of bone quality using computer-extracted radiographic features.

Both bone mineral density (BMD) and trabecular structure are important determinates of bone mechanical properties. However, neither BMD or trabecular structural features can completely explain the variations in bone mechanical properties. In this study, we combine BMD and bone structural features to characterize bone mechanical behavior. Radiographs were obtained from 34 femoral neck specimens excised during total hip arthroplasties. Each neck radiograph was digitized and a region of interest (ROI) was selected from the medial side of the femoral neck. Textural features, the global Minkoswski dimension and trabecular orientation, were extracted from each ROI image using Minkowski dimension analysis. The BMD of each specimen was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and subsequently normalized by bone size as measured from a standard pelvis radiograph.Mechanical testing was performed on the trabecular bone cubes machined from each femoral neck to yield bone mechanical properties. Multiple regression was performed to select the best features to predict bone mechanical properties. The results suggest that, using multiple predictors including normalized BMD structural features, and patient age, the coefficients of determination (R 2 ) improved over the use of BMD alone. For bone strength, the R 2 was improved from 0.24 using conventional BMD to 0.48 using a four-predictor model. Similar results were obtained in the prediction of Young’s modulus, i.e., the R 2 was improved from 0.25 to 0.55 in going from the model using conventional BMD to a four-predictor model. This study demonstrates the contributions of normalized BMD, structural features, and age to bone mechanical properties, and suggests a potential method for the noninvasive evaluation of bone mechanical properties.
Needles in Haystacks: Practical Intrusion Detection from Theoretical Results

Many researchers are working towards discovering techniques that can alert network administrators to the presence of previously unseen attacks in their networks. Here we focus on attacks, such as denial-of-service attacks, that depend on multiple packets being sent over minutes or, at least, several seconds. No definitive technique has been demonstrated that can guarantee a substantial probability of detection while keeping probability of false alarm at an acceptable level. However, theoretical work by Li, Jia, and Zhao (referenced below) describes an interesting approach based on observing changes to autocorrelations obtained over time from measured traffic. Their work provides a theoretical way of estimating probability of detection vs. probability of false alarm. They make assumptions concerning availability of a background template and normality of residuals that bear examining with real traffic and attacks. This paper attempts a practical approach.
Dynamic Frequency Shift

The relationship between the measured relaxation characteristics of nuclear spin polarization or coherence and molecular dynamics invariably is analyzed via the calculation of spectral density functions derived from single-sided Fourier transforms of time-dependent, angular correlation functions. Consequently, the associated spectral densities and hence, all derived relaxation parameters, are intrinsically complex-valued. The imaginary part of the spectral density, commonly associated with a “dynamic” frequency shift, generally has been considered negligible. However, an increasing number of situations have been noted in which these dynamic frequency shifts introduce readily measured and quantifiable spectral perturbations. In this review, the origin, characteristics, and, most important, the relevance of the dynamic frequency shift are discussed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Glossary of Terms from the Physiological and Acoustic Phonetic Theories

This glossary is a summary of the terms which have been formally defined in the two preceding theoretical articles on phonetics. The definitions from “A Physiological Theory of Phonetics” and from ...
Electric transport and oxygen permeation properties of lanthanum cobaltite membranes synthesized by different methods

Dense perovskite-structured membranes with desired composition of La{sub 0.8}Sr{sub 0.2}Co{sub 0.6}Fe{sub 0.4}O{sub 3{minus}{delta}} (LSCF) were prepared from powders produced by four different methods. LSCF powders prepared by citrate, solid-state, and spray-pyrolysis methods had compositions close to the desired stoichiometry with a slight difference in cobalt concentration, whereas coprecipitated powders had a large strontium deficiency. The membrane composition was a determining factor that affected the electronic conductivity and therefore oxygen permeability. The membrane with a large strontium deficiency had much lower electronic conductivity and oxygen permeability (ionic conductivity) than the other three membranes with compositions close to the desired stoichiometry. The electronic conductivity of membranes prepared from citrate, solid-state, and spray-pyrolysis methods increases with the cobalt concentration of the membrane. For the three membranes with similar composition, the activation energy of oxygen flux decreases with increasing grain size. Oxygen pressure dependency of oxygen vacancy concentration is also influenced by the membrane microstructure and composition. LSCF membranes with same composition and similar microstructure should have similar electric and oxygen transport properties.