cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE CIRCADIAN-GATED TIMING OF BIRTH IN RATS: DISRUPTION BY MATERNAL SCN LESIONS OR BY REMOVAL OF THE FETAL BRAIN

In rats, the hour of birth is gated over a 36-hr temporal window by the phase of the daily light-dark cycle during pregnancy. We have previously shown that the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the site of a known circadian pacemaker, are oscillating in phase with the prevailing light-dark cycle in the fetus. Since the onset of parturition is governed by the fetal brain in some species, we have speculated that a possible role of a functioning and entrainable circadian clock during fetal life is that it might be involved in the circadian-gated initiation of parturition. First, we showed the circadian gating of birth in our animals by exposing different groups of dams to lighting cycles of opposite phase during pregnancy. Regardless of the phase of the prenatal lighting cycle, the time of birth was gated over a 36-hr temporal window so that most births occurred during the daytime hours. Next, we found that destruction of the maternal SCN (on day 7 of gestation) eliminated the circadian gating; births occurred in a single distribution that peaked in the middle of the 36-hr window. Finally, removal of all the fetal brains from each litter also disrupted the circadian gating of birth; dams of brain-aspirated fetuses no longer exhibited a daytime preference for births. These results show that the maternal SCN are necessary for the normal circadian gating of birth and are also consistent with a role for the fetal brain (and possibly the fetal SCN) in this process. Support by HD14427.
Autoantibodies to lipoprotein lipase and dyslipidemia in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective To demonstrate the binding of bovine lipoprotein lipase (LPL) by IgG from sera obtained from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other rheumatic diseases, and the relationship of anti-LPL to triglyceride levels in SLE. Method Binding of LPL by IgG from sera obtained from patients with SLE and other rheumatic diseases was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Lipid profiles for fasting blood samples obtained from SLE patients and control subjects were determined. Results Sera obtained from 105 patients with SLE were assessed for reactivity with LPL, and 49 (47%) of the results were positive. Sera obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (n = 80), Sjogren's syndrome (n = 30), polymyositis and dermatomyositis (n = 30), and progressive systemic sclerosis (n = 31) were also studied, and 10 (13%), 3 (10%), 12 (40%), and 13 (42%), respectively, were positive for reactivity with LPL. It was determined that all affinity-purified anti–double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies and 4 of 5 monoclonal anti-dsDNA antibodies bound to LPL. The binding of IgG depleted of anti-dsDNA to LPL indicates a second anti-LPL activity in SLE. Measurements of fasting lipid levels in SLE patients with anti-LPL revealed a strong positive correlation of antibody levels and total serum triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, and apolipoprotein E concentrations. Conclusion Antibodies to LPL occurred in 47% of SLE patients and in a similar percentage of patients with polymyositis or systemic sclerosis. The prevalence of these antibodies was less in patients with RA or Sjogren's syndrome. It is hypothesized that the elevated triglyceride levels in SLE patients are in part attributable to anti-LPL, and this lipid abnormality could contribute to the premature atherosclerosis known to be present in patients with SLE.
Liquid crystalline monomers as switchable holographic recording media

Abstract Dynamic holographic gratings have been recorded by photopolymerization of a liquid crystalline monomer mixture. Clean on- off modulation of diffraction efficiency has been achieved by application and removal of small (3 V) AC electric fields. The samples showed high efficiency, sensitivity, and switching durability. An optional fixing step was also demonstrated.
Shells of revolution with local plasticity

Abstract A nonlinear finite element model that is suitable for the static analysis of shells of revolution with local plasticity is developed. Actually, shells of revolution always exhibit local deviations, like a cutout, a junction, and/or an imperfection. The stress concentration caused around a local deviation may make the material plastic in the surrounding region. The analytical model consists of three different types of shell elements: rotational, general, and transitional. The rotational shell elements are used in the region where the shell is axisymmetrical, and the general shell elements are deployed in the region of the deviation. The transitional shell elements are inserted between the two distinctively different types of elements to achieve continuity of displacement fields. Only the general shell element possesses the material nonlinear properties to capture the localized plasticity. A simple description of plastic behavior based on elastic-plastic behavior, the Von Mises criterion, the Prandtl-Reuss flow rule, and a layered structure, developing plastification through the thickness of the general shell, is used. The stress components at appropriately chosen station points covering the entire volume of the element are stored during the computation. A check is made for initial yielding in the general shell elements at the end of each step of loading. The results of three numerical studies elucidate the localized nonlinear material behavior in a rotational shell structure. In the first example, an axisymmetric junction problem is studied to check the technique against published results. Then, in the last two examples, a cylindrical shell with a circumferential line crack and with a circular cutout are studied. Since the selection of the size of the substructure and the number of harmonics are very important for the localized plasticity problem in the rotational shell, detailed convergence studies are presented. It is shown that the local-global analysis is an attractive alternative to the entirely general element style analysis for axisymmetric shell structures with local imperfections.
Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia with Nicotinic Acid

Nicotinic acid was administered orally to 33 patients with hypercholesterolemia in doses varying from 1.5 to 6.0 Gm. per day for periods of 3 months to 1½ years. Significant, sustained, and reproducible decreases in the concentration of cholesterol and total lipids in the plasma and of serum beta-lipoprotein cholesterol were observed in a majority of patients. This form of therapy appears to be effective, practical, and probably free from serious harmful effects.
Laparoscopic pyeloplasty for ureteropelvic junction obstruction in children.

Abstract Purpose: To examine our experience of laparoscopic pyeloplasty for the treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) in the pediatric population. Methods: From November 2001 to June 2009, 112 patients underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic pyeloplasty for the treatment of symptomatic or radiographic UPJO. Data were collected retrospectively. Patients were followed at regular intervals with imaging and symptom assessment. Failure was defined as inability to complete the intended procedure, persistent flank pain, radiographic evidence of obstruction, or the need for definitive adjunctive procedures. Results: Mean patient age was 9.4 years (0.2–20.5 years), and follow-up was available on all 112 patients with a mean duration of 15.3 months (0.6–84.5 months). There was one open conversion in the series. Mean operative time was 254 minutes (102–525 minutes). There was one minor intraoperative complication reported (0.8%). There were 12 (10.8%) postoperative complications; most were relatively...
Sleep EEG in bulimic, depressed, and normal subjects

Attempts to achieve a more fundamental understanding of the eating disorder bulimia have focused on its relationship to depression (Swift et al. 1986; Hudson and Pope 1987). One way to investigate a possible relationship between eating disorders and depression is by means of sleep studies (Katz et al. 1984). In this article, we report rapid eye movement (REM) latency findings in subjects with normal weight bulimia who did not have a concurrent major depression. These data and other sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) measures are compared to the REM latencies and other sleep variables of normal subjects and of endogenous depressed subjects of comparable age. Our purpose was to determine whether sleep variables for bulimics resembled those in biological depressive disease or normal sleep EEG findings and to compare certain depression parameters between bulimic subjects with reduced REM latency (<65 min) and bulimics with normal REM latency. Subjects
The Effects of Baseplate Warpage and Skew on the Configuration of a Spinning Flexible Disk

The behauior of a flexible disk, spinning in close proximity to a warped/skewed stationary baseplate, is investigated. The governing partial differential equation for the disk deflection is coupled to the Reynolds equation of the airfilm. Four warped/ skewed baseplate configurations are modeled. The effects of baseplate warpage and skew on the steady-state configuration of the disk are determined by investigating small deviations away from the axisymmetric configuration of the disk corresponding to a perfect baseplate
QuikSCAT geophysical model function and winds for tropical cyclones

This paper presents the results from the analysis of QuiksCAT data from 1999-2000 hurricane seasons with improvements on the wind direction modeling of Ocean o6 for extreme high winds.
An architecture-independent approach to FPGA routing based on multi-weighted graphs

We propose a general framework for FPGA routing, which allows simultaneous optimization of multiple competing objectives under a smooth designercontrolled tradeoff. Our approach is based on a new multi-weighted graph formulation, enabling a theoretical performance characterization, as well as a practical implementation. Our FPGA router is architectureindependent, computationally efficient, and performs well on industrial benchmarks.
Using Latent Class Analysis to Model Temperament Types

Mixture models are appropriate for data that arise from a set of qualitatively different subpopulations. In this study, latent class analysis was applied to observational data from a laboratory assessment of infant temperament at four months of age. The EM algorithm was used to fit the models, and the Bayesian method of posterior predictive checks was used for model selection. Results show at least three types of infant temperament, with patterns consistent with those identified by previous researchers who classified the infants using a theoretically based system. Multiple imputation of group memberships is proposed as an alternative to assigning subjects to the latent class with maximum posterior probability in order to reflect variance due to uncertainty in the parameter estimation. Latent class membership at four months of age predicted longitudinal outcomes at four years of age. The example illustrates issues relevant to all mixture models, including estimation, multi-modality, model selection, and comparisons based on the latent group indicators.
Differential effects of systemic interleukin-1β on gene expression in brainstem noradrenergic nuclei.

Abstract Aims The cytokine, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), is known to produce specific effects on the neuroendocrine system such as suppression of the reproductive axis and stimulation of the stress axis. The mechanism by which IL-1β produces these differential effects is not clear. Since norepinephrine (NE) is involved in these effects, we hypothesized that IL-1β acts on brainstem noradrenergic nuclei to affect gene transcription of NE synthesizing enzymes, cytokines and associated transcription factors. Main methods Adult female Sprague Dawley rats in proestrus were divided into two groups. Control animals received PBS-BSA and the treatment group received 5 μg of rat recombinant IL-1β i.p. at noon. They were sacrificed in groups at 1, 3 and 5 pm (n = 6/group) for measurement of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA by qPCR or at 3 pm for mRNA analysis by qPCR array. Key findings TH mRNA levels decreased gradually with time in both control and IL-1β-treated rats in the ventrolateral medulla. In the nucleus of solitary tract, TH mRNA levels were significantly reduced by IL-1β treatment at 5 pm. In the locus coeruleus, TH mRNA levels increased significantly at 5 pm with IL-1β treatment compared to controls. In the second set of animals analyzed by qPCR array, there were several fold increases in the expression of certain cytokines, chemokines, and transcription factors in specific noradrenergic nuclei. Significance Systemic administration of IL-1β causes significant changes in the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and several chemokines in brain stem noradrenergic nuclei, thereby mediating its neuroendocrine effects.
The thermal stability of methane from 600 to 1000°C

Abstract Half-times for the thermal decomposition of methane are 108, 34 and 4 h, respectively, for 800, 900 and 1000°C. This demonstrated stability of methane and the non-exchangibility of its carbon isotopes with CO 2 at 700°C lends credibility to the pyrolysis-carbon isotope method for determining the thermal maturity of kerogen.
Cardiovascular effects of medorinone in β‐adrenoreceptor‐blocked and non‐blocked anesthetized dogs

The hemodynamic effects of the low Km cAMP peak III PDE inhibitor medorinone (0.01–0.3 mg/kg, i. v. ) were evaluated in anesthetized dogs in the presence and absence of β-adrenoreceptor blocked. Medorinone increased the peak derivative of left ventricular pressure (+ dP/dt) in non-blocked (all doses) and β-blocked dogs (≥0.03 mg/kg) (2,766±259 and 1,403±262 mm Hg/sec, respectice max. changes). Heart rate (HR) was increased by medorinone in non-blocked (≥0.1 mg/kg) and β-blocked dogs (≥0.03 mg/kg) (77.4±8.9 and 25.5±4.3 beats/min, respective max. changes). In non-blocked dogs only, medorinone (all doses) decreased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) (7.7±1.7 mm Hg, max. change). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was similarly decreased by medorinone (<0.03 mg/kg) in β-blocked and non-blocked dogs (max. approx. −27 mm Hg). Medorinone did not affect cardiac output or renal blood flow. The hemodynamics of medorinone and milrinone (another peak III PDE inhibitor) in non-blocked dogs were similar, except meddorinone was less potent in increasing +dP/dt (2,766±259 vs. 3,747±388, max. changes) and more potent in reducing LVEDP (−7.7±1.7 vs. −1.8±1.2 mm Hg, max. changes). In conclusion, medorinone similarly reduced MAP, but more effectively decreased preload, increased inotropy and chronotropy in non-blocked than β-blocked anesthetized dogs. Medorinone is more potent in reducing preload, but less potent in enhancing inotropy when compared to milrinone in anesthetized dogs.
Spinal Seeding of a Pilocytic Astrocytoma in an Adult, Initially Diagnosed 18 Years Previously

Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) is a slow-growing, well-circumscribed grade I glioma generally considered benign, with a low recurrence rate and an excellent prognosis following complete surgical resection. PA is the most common central nervous system glioma in the pediatric population and is rare in adults. We report a 26-year-old male with an intradural extramedullary PA at the thoracolumbar junction following subtotal cerebellar PA resection 18 years previously. Fifteen months after spinal PA resection, the patient is doing well, has regained the ability to stand independently, and has no evidence of any new or enlarging lesions. To our knowledge, this is the longest time reported from initial tumor resection of leptomeningeal dissemination to the distal spinal cord. PA patients with subtotal resection may benefit from continued follow-up for up to 20 years after the initial diagnosis and resection.
The kinetics of isostatic diffusion bonding in superplastic materials

Abstract A model has been developed to predict the time required to attain full interfacial contact during diffusion bonding under an isostatic state of stress. It has been shown that bonding occurs primarily as a result of time-dependent (super)plastic flow of material into the interfacial voids created when the two surfaces to be bonded are brought into contact. For diffusion bonding within the superplastic regime, temperature and pressure have little effect on the kinetics of bonding. However, variations in the absolute scale of the surface roughness, through the effect of surface tension, have a substantial effect on the bonding time. Discrepancies between the measured and predicted bonding times for Ti6Al4V suggest that the reduction of the long-range waviness of the surfaces plays as significant a part in the bonding process as does the closure of the short wavelength roughness.
Radioimmunoassays for the thymic hormone serum thymic factor (FTS)

Abstract Four radioimmunoassays (RIA) are described for the quantitation of serum thymic factor (facteur thymique serique, FTS), a thymic peptide hormone. Each assay employs an antibody specific for FTS, synthetic FTS (Glp-Ala-Lys-Ser-Gln-Gly-Ser-Asn) as the hormone standard, and a radioiodinated FTS analogue as the tracer. Since FTS lacks a tyrosine redisue, 2 FTS analogues were synthesized by the solid-phase method with tyrosyl-alanyl or 3-(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)tyrosyl-alanyl in place of the aminoterminal pyroglutamyl residue (Glp). They showed full FTS immunoreactivity and their radioiodinated derivatives served as FTS tracers. Two assays used the antiserum from a rabbit immunized with an FTS-protein conjugate. Two other assays used a monoclonal antibody against FTS produced by a hybridoma derived from mouse myeloma cells and splenocytes from a BALB/c mouse immunized with an FTS-mouse IgG conjugate (Ohga et al., 1982). All 4 RIAs were specific for FTS. The more senstive rabbit antiserum can detect as little as 1 pg of FTS in a 50 μl sample, which may allow quantitation of the FTS circulating in human peripheral blood.
Reduction of multiplicative noise using higher-order statistics

We used a higher-order correlation-based method for signal denoising of images corrupted by multiplicative noise. Using the logarithm of an image, we applied a third-order correlation technique for identification of wavelet coefficients that contained mostly signal. In our approach, we examined wavelet coefficients in an environment where the contribution from the second-order moment of the noise had been reduced. Our results compared favorably and were less sensitive to threshold selection when compared to a second-order wavelet denoising method.
Automatic Continuous-Time Blood Pressure Control in Dogs by Means of Hypotensive Drug Injection

An automated drug administration system is proposed to control the decrease in the mean arterial blood pressure of dogs. It is accomplished by identifying a model for the open loop system consisting of a syringe pump and a dog. A linear feedback controller is then determined by solving an inverse optimum control problem. The chosen controller is optimal relative to a quadratic critexion. The controller is designed so that the mean arterial blood pressure is maintained at a desired level.
Thermally stimulated luminescence in MgO

Abstract The use of u.v. excitation has revealed new details concerning the thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) of MgO single crystals. Several glow peaks which are not evident under X-ray excitation are shown. Red and orange glow peaks are found, and their relative size is shown to depend on the excitation wavelength and excitation temperature. The red TSL is primarily due to R -emission from Cr 3+ , while the orange TSL is due to emission in a band centered at 610 nm which may be characteristic of Mn 2+ in MgO. The glow peaks making up the glow curve are classified according to the sign of the corresponding charge carriers. An unidentified fluorescence band with an associated zero-phonon line at 735 nm is reported. Emission in this band may be important in the TSL of some samples. The unusual occurrence of the fluorescence of Mn 4+ and of the 670·6 nm zero-phonon line in an ‘as received’ crystal is noted.
Resolution And Variance Analysis In Traveltime Tomography

We present a method of traveltime tomography which finds the uncertainty in reconstructed images in addition to the images themselves. The method employs Tikhanov regularizatiou to find the smoothest velocity model, in the sense of minimum gradients, which yields a given degree of fit to the data. Thr Backus-Gilbert method is then used to a.nalyze the unrertaintv of the reconstructed model in terms of spatial resolution and variance. The resolution and variance depend on the complet+ ness of raypath coverage and level of noise in the dat.a. For the case of linear tomography with straight raypaths, we arss able to derive analytical expressions for t,he reconstructed in,. age and the uncertainty measures. In this case, discretizatioll or gridding of the model is not required except for graphical presentation of the results. Numerical examples for medical (360 degree aperture) and crosswell seismic data acquisition geometries show that the method works at least as well as the, algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) and LS more stablr against noise in the data. The resolution and variance measures we compute agree with our intuition about the qualitative effects of noise and ray coverage and promise to be useful quarrtitative measures of the uncertainty in tomographic images.
Preface to North paper

This classic report, written in 1943 by Dwight O. North, appears here for the first time in a publication readily available to the engineering profession, although it was issued as a militarysecurity- classified report during World War II (RCA Laboratories Report PTR-6C, dated June 25, 1943). It is reprinted here because of its historical importance and because it is still a basic but otherwise unavailable reference of great value in current research.
The Aging Waistline: Impact of the Geriatric Obesity Epidemic on an Urban Emergency Department: Original Communication.

Purpose: Reviews adult emergency department (ED) visits for patients age 65 and older during one calendar year; determine the prevalence of weight classifications; identifies trends between BMI and discharge/admitting diagnoses, vital signs, and severity index.Methods: The electronic medical records system and data from the ED billing service was reviewed for an urban academic institution with an annual volume of 125,000 for patients age > 65. Using a random number table, a retrospective cohort of 328 elderly patients was selected for review, representing a convenience sample of 2.6% of elderly ED visits. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated, using the Center for Disease Control (CDC) formula with underweight (- 24.9), overweight (25 - 29.9), and obese (≥30). Results: The majority of the cohort in this study was African-American and Hispanic (60% and 27% respectively), and there were a higher percentage of females than males (60% and 40% respectively). Approximately 29% of the patients were classified as normal weight, 35% classified as overweight, and 36% as obese. The older the patient, the more likely that patient belonged to a lower weight classification (p 0.01). Those presenting with neurological, pulmonary or gastrointestinal complaints were more likely to be of a higher weight classification (p 0.05). Patients who were hypertensive on arrival to the ED were more likely to be in a higher weight classification (p 0.01). Conclusion: Those patients with a higher weight classification had a strong correlation with selected abnormal vital signs and disease presentations. EDs are important sources of care for the elderly. EDs can serve as a previously untapped resource for screening and early referral exercise programs aimed at improving physical function/ functional status and quality of life in the elderly patient population.
Transcription of kinetoplast DNA minicircles

Abstract The mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes is organized as a network of catenated circular DNA molecules called the kinetoplast. The minicircles of the kinetoplast are 1 kb circular DNA molecules present at 5,000–10,000 copies per network. The maxicircles are 20 kb circular molecules present at 50–100 copies per network. Maxicircles are transcribed and are thus analogous to mitochondrial DNAs. Here we show that, contrary to previous reports, the minicircles of T. brucei are also transcribed. A minicircle transcript of approximately 240 nucleotides is present in blood-stream and insect developmental stages of the parasite, is enriched in purified mitochondrial preparations, and is efficiently synthesized in vitro. The minicircle cDNA overlaps the conserved region of the T. brucei minicircle and is juxtaposed to a 12 base sequence common to all minicircles. These findings indicate that minicircles, in addition to their previously proposed structural role, are transcribed.
High-density lipoprotein increases intracellular calcium levels by releasing calcium from internal stores in human endothelial cells

Elevated levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) appear to delay or prevent the development of atherosclerosis. The intracellular signaling mechanisms activated by HDL in vascular cells are currently under active investigation. In this study the effects of HDL on endothelial intracellular Ca levels (EC Ca(i)) are investigated. We show that HDL, like low density lipoproteins (LDL), increases EC Ca(i) in a dose-dependent fashion by releasing Ca from internal stores. Neither apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) nor apolipoprotein A-II (apo A-II) was responsible for the increase in EC Ca(i). HDL appeared to release Ca from the same internal stores as did LDL, since preincubation of EC with LDL prevented subsequent responses to HDL but not to the vasodilator ATP. In addition, preincubation of EC with pertussis toxin, an inhibitor of specific G proteins, as well as U73122, an inhibitor of phospholipase C, prevented a rise in EC Ca(i) in response to HDL. These findings suggest that HDL, like LDL, can modulate EC Ca(i) and that this occurs via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein-mediated pathway which involves phospholipase C.
To secure peace end poverty renewable energy key to eradication of poverty

Poverty is the single most difficult problem facing the world. Most of the world's two billion poor live in about two million villages in Africa, Asia and Latin America. The economic development of two million villages in Africa, Asia and Latin America is the only solution to global poverty. Renewable energy represents the unlimited wealth and future of developing nations. Renewable energy is the energy resource of the twenty-first century.
Effect of a two-dimensional potential on the rate of thermally induced escape over the potential barrier

The thermally induced escape rate of a particle trapped in a two-dimensional (2D) potential well has been investigated through experiment and numerical simulations. The measurements were performed on a special type of superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) which has 2 degrees of freedom. The energies associated with the motion perpendicular to (transverse) and along (longitudinal) the escape direction are quite different: the ratio between the transverse and longitudinal small oscillation frequencies is {omega}{sub {ital t}}/{omega}{sub {ital l}}{similar to}7. The SQUID's parameters, which were used to determine the potential shape and energy scales were all independently determined. All data were obtained under conditions for which the 2D thermal activation (TA) model is expected to be valid. The results were found in good agreement with the theoretical prediction. The measured thermal activation energy is found to be the same as the barrier height calculated from the independently determined potential parameters. No evidence of apparent potential barrier enhancement recently reported in a similar system was found. In addition, the results of our numerical simulations suggest that the region in which the 2D thermal activation model is applicable may be extended to barriers as low as {Delta}{ital U}{similar to}{ital k}{sub {ital B}T}.
The Origin of Red Beds: ABSTRACT

Introduction: Red-colored sediments have always attracted the attention of geologists. A venerable opinion of long standing connects red beds with aridity, thus investing them with an important paleoclimatic significance. Red beds are rather extensive, forming, for instance, close to 15 per cent of the Paleozoic section in the Appalachian region. The red-bed problem has been extremely controversial, with marked differences of opinion, possibly due to the fact that the term "red bed" is a catch-all for many sedimentary types produced under different conditions, the only common feature of them being the red color. Conclusions: Most detrital red beds are formed under warm and moist climatic conditions, possibly in tropical savanna-type climates. There is no connection between red color and aridity, the contrary being true. Tectonically red beds are connected mostly with positive movements and frequently are related to strong orogenesis and subsequent peneplanation. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1770------------
Aerodynamic size measurement of airborne fibers and health effects implications

The constituent particles of many ambient and workplace aerosols of health effects concerns are of fibrous and aggregate geometric shapes. Although the deposition sites of particles in the human respiratory system are primarily related to their aerodynamic diameters, for rod-like and branching forms the dominant deposition mechanism may be interception. A theoretical model has been developed which predicts that natural and synthetic fibers may be preferentially deposited at lung airway bifurcations. Therefore, to assess potential exposure hazards it is necessary to have accurate kinetic classifications of airborne particulate matter. Centrifugal spectrometers can give direct and continuously graded measures of the aerodynamic size distributions of sampled aerosols. Herein, a mathematical description of centrifuge operation is refined to permit the characterization of irregularly shaped particles, with specific application to fibers. Aerosol centrifuge performance therefore can be customized to specific applications and be integrated into health effects studies.
A mechanism for synaptic frequency detection through autophosphorylation of CaM kinase II

A model for the regulation of CaM kinase II is presented based on the following reported properties of the molecule: 1) The holoenzyme is composed of 8–12 subunits, each with the same set of autophosphorylation sites; 2) Autophosphorylation at one group of sites (A sites) requires the presence of Ca2+ and causes a subunit to remain active following the removal of Ca2+; 3) Autophosphorylation at another group of sites (B sites) occurs only after the removal of Ca2+ but requires prior phosphorylation of a threshold number of A sites within the holoenzyme. Because B-site phosphorylation inhibits Ca2+/calmodulin binding, we propose that, for a given subunit, phosphorylation of a B site before an A site prevents subsequent phosphorylation at the A site and thereby locks that subunit in an inactive state. The model predicts that a threshold activation by Ca2+ will initiate an "autophosphorylation phase." Once started, intra-holoenzyme autophosphorylation will proceed, on A sites during periods of high [Ca2+] and on B sites during periods of low [Ca2+]. At "saturation," that is when every subunit has been phosphorylated on a B site, the number of phosphorylated A sites and, therefore, the kinase activity will reflect the relative durations of periods of high [Ca2+] to periods of low [Ca2+] that occurred during the autophosphorylation phase. Using a computer program designed to simulate the above mechanism, we show that the ultimate state of phosphorylation of an array of CaM kinase II molecules could be sensitive to the temporal pattern of Ca2+ pulses. We speculate that such a mechanism may allow arrays of CaM kinase II molecules in postsynaptic densities to act as synaptic frequency detectors involved in setting the direction and level of synaptic modification.
Notch Effects, Stress State, and Ductility

A review of the literature on testing of notched specimens is provided with empkasi-1 on short-term notched bar tension tests. The effects of notch geometry, stress state, oni! smooth-bar tensile properties on notched ductility, notch sensitivity, and mode of fret- j lure are discussed. For design against failure due to notch weakening, a simple cri. \ terion based on a limiting value of notched ductility is proposed. Notched ductility I for the metals considered in this study, can be approximated by the reduction in am; from a smooth tension test divided by a tensile stress triaxiality factor that is propor­ tional to the ratio of hydrostatic to octahedral shearing stresses associated with the notch.
A RESEARCH NOTEE CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF COLOR MODIFIED PORK AS AFFECTED BY DIAMINOCYCLO-HEXANE-TETRACETIC ACID MONOHYDRATE

Restructured pork chops were manufactured from ground pork shoulders that had been color modified by washing with phosphate buffer solutions, color modified with the addition of diaminocyclo-hexane-tetraacetic acid monohydrate (CDTA), or not color modified as a control. Proximate analysis, cooking loss, pH, sensory traits, color (subjective and objectivee, and TBARS were evaluated. Color modified washed samples without CDTA had higher (P 0. 05) between control and color modified products for sensory traits. These traits did not change from 1 to 10 days except for favor intensity which decreased for the color modified product. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values revealed that the washed product did not become rancid with or without CDTA, until after 10 days of display; whereas, the control was rancid the first day. This modification produced a lighter colored (P<0.05) product that is less vulnerable to rancidity.
Characterization of a novel pyridinium bromide surface confined ionic liquid stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography under normal phase conditions via linear solvation energy relationships

Abstract Utilizing linear solvation free energy relationship methodology, a novel pyridinium bromide surface confined ionic liquid (SCIL) stationary phase was characterized under normal phase high-performance liquid chromatographic conditions. A limited set of neutral aromatic probe solutes were utilized to rapidly assess the utility of the LSER model, using mobile phases of hexane modified with 2-propanol. The excellent correlation of the global fit across the mobile phase composition range used in this study for the experimental and calculated retention values ( R 2 = 0.994) indicates that the LSER model is an appropriate model of characterizing this polar bonded phase under normal phase conditions. For a limited subset of compounds, retention on the pyridinium bromide SCIL stationary phase is more highly correlated with that obtained on a cyano column than on a diol column under NP conditions.
The shameful rate of unemployment in the EMS: Causes and cures

Unemployment in the E.C. is tragically high compared with the average rate of 2–3% in the 1960s. Up to the early 1980s the rise may be justified by the need to end the inflationary spiral ignited by the two oil crisis. Thereafter, it is an unintended consequence of the fixed exchanges embraced in the march toward Maastricht. It forced a common interest rate level — in practice the exorbitant rates inposed by Germany since the mid-1980s. The suggested short-run remedy for the EMS, excluding Germany, is to cut rates sharply, maintaining fixed parities among themselves but letting the Mark float. In the longer run and until the day, if ever, that Maastricht is realized, one needs to ensure flexibility of the real exchange rate. With fixed nominal rates, this requires greater coordination of policies, especially wage policies.
Nuclear factor kappaB mediates the inhibitory effects of interleukin-1 on growth hormone-inducible gene expression.

Background: Hepatic expression of growth hormone (GH)-inducible genes serine protease inhibitor (Spi 2.1) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I are inhibited by interleukin (IL)-1. The current study examines the role of the nuclear factor KB (NFκB) pathway and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3 expression as potential mechanisms for IL-1-mediated GH resistance. Methods: CWSV-1 hepatocytes were cotransfected with Spi 2.1 or IGF-1 promoter luciferase constructs and empty pCMV4 vector or dominant negative inhibitor-κBα (IκBα)S/A construct Cells were treated with or without IL-1 and then stimulated with or without recombinant human GH. Cell extracts were assayed for luciferase activity and protein, normalized and expressed as fold-induction. CWSV-1 cells transfected with pCMV4 or IκBαS/A were treated with or without IL-1 then SOCS-3 mRNA was measured. Finally, CWSV-1 cells were cotransfected with a SOCS-3 promoter construct with or without pCMV4 or IκBαS/A and then stimulated with or without IL-1 to investigate SOCS-3 promoter activity. Results: CWSV-1 cells cotransfected with pCMV4 demonstrated a three- to fivefold induction of Spi 2.1 or IGF-1 promoter activity after GH stimulation that was almost completely inhibited by IL-1. Cotransfection with IκBαS/A increased GH-inducible Spi 2.1 and IGF-1 promoter activity, but the inhibitory effects of IL-1 on both promoters were attenuated by cotransfection with IκBαS/A. IL-1 stimulated SOCS-3 mRNA expression and promoter activity. Cotransfection with IκBαS/A increased IL-1-inducible SOCS-3 promoter activity, but not SOCS-3 mRNA or protein. Conclusions: Signaling via the NFκB pathway is responsible for the inhibitory effects of IL-1 on GH-inducible gene expression by a mechanism that does not seem to involve increased SOCS-3 expression.
The radiographic recognition of sternal retraction in infants

Sternal retraction is a common clinical sign of respiratory distress in premature infants. Frontal chest radiographs may show increased, ill-defined central radiolucency over the lower chest which correlates well with a curvilinear indentation seen on lateral views. Misinterpretation as technical artefact or confusion with pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax or pneumopericardium should be avoided. Cardiac displacement in severe cases may simulate cardiomegaly. Sternal retraction happens because of the poor expansion of non-compliant lungs and a relatively soft anterior chest wall which caves in under increased negative intrathoracic pressure. Illustrative cases are shown and discussed.
Confined Compressive Strength of Horizontal First-Year Sea Ice Samples

A total of 110 first-year sea ice samples from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, were tested in unconfined and confined constant strain rate compression. All of the tests were performed in the laboratory on a closed-loop electrohydraulic testing machine at −10°C. The confined tests were performed in a conventional triaxial cell (σ1 >σ2 =σ3 ) that maintained a constant ratio between the radial and axial stress (σ2 /(σ1 )=constant) to simulate true loading conditions. Three strain rates (10−2 , 10−3 , and 10−5 /s) and three σ2 /σ1 ratios (0.25, 0.50, and 0.75) were investigated. This paper summarizes the field sampling and testing techniques and presents data on the effect of confinement on the compressive strength, initial tangent modulus, and failure strain of the ice.
On the inconsistency of the Bohm?Gadella theory with quantum mechanics

The Bohm–Gadella theory, sometimes referred to as the time asymmetric quantum theory of scattering and decay, is based on the Hardy axiom. The Hardy axiom asserts that the solutions of the Lippmann–Schwinger equation are functionals over spaces of Hardy functions. The preparation–registration arrow of time provides the physical justification for the Hardy axiom. In this paper, it is shown that the Hardy axiom is incorrect, because the solutions of the Lippmann–Schwinger equation do not act on spaces of Hardy functions. It is also shown that the derivation of the preparation–registration arrow of time is flawed. Thus, Hardy functions neither appear when we solve the Lippmann–Schwinger equation nor should they appear. It is also shown that the Bohm–Gadella theory does not rest on the same physical principles as quantum mechanics, and that it does not solve any problem that quantum mechanics cannot solve. The Bohm–Gadella theory must therefore be abandoned.
Age-Dependent Impairment of Angiogenesis

Background —The effect of aging on angiogenesis in ischemic vascular disease has not been studied. Accordingly, we investigated the hypothesis that angiogenesis is impaired as a function of age. Methods and Results —Forty days after the resection of 1 femoral artery, collateral vessel development was significantly impaired in old (aged 4 to 5 years; n=7) versus young (aged 6 to 8 months; n=6) New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits on the basis of reduced hindlimb perfusion (ischemic: normal blood pressure ratio=0.58±0.05 versus 0.77±0.06; P P 2 versus 171.4±9.5/mm 2 ; P 2 versus 713.3±63.4/mm 2 ; P Conclusions —Angiogenesis responsible for collateral development in limb ischemia is impaired with aging; responsible mechanisms include age-related endothelial dysfunction and reduced VEGF expression. Advanced age, however, does not preclude augmentation of collateral vessel development in response to exogenous angiogenic cytokines.
Actin Polymerization Drives Septation of Listeria monocytogenes namA Hydrolase Mutants, Demonstrating Host Correction of a Bacterial Defect†

The Gram-positive bacterial cell wall presents a structural barrier that requires modification for protein secretion and large-molecule transport as well as for bacterial growth and cell division. The Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes adjusts cell wall architecture to promote its survival in diverse environments that include soil and the cytosol of mammalian cells. Here we provide evidence for the enzymatic flexibility of the murein hydrolase NamA and demonstrate that bacterial septation defects associated with a loss of NamA are functionally complemented by physical forces associated with actin polymerization within the host cell cytosol. L. monocytogenes ΔnamA mutants formed long bacterial chains during exponential growth in broth culture; however, normal septation could be restored if mutant cells were cocultured with wild-type L. monocytogenes bacteria or by the addition of exogenous NamA. Surprisingly, ΔnamA mutants were not significantly attenuated for virulence in mice despite the pronounced exponential growth septation defect. The physical force of L. monocytogenes-mediated actin polymerization within the cytosol was sufficient to sever ΔnamA mutant intracellular chains and thereby enable the process of bacterial cell-to-cell spread so critical for L. monocytogenes virulence. The inhibition of actin polymerization by cytochalasin D resulted in extended intracellular bacterial chains for which septation was restored following drug removal. Thus, despite the requirement for NamA for the normal septation of exponentially growing L. monocytogenes cells, the hydrolase is essentially dispensable once L. monocytogenes gains access to the host cell cytosol. This phenomenon represents a notable example of eukaryotic host cell complementation of a bacterial defect.
The nerve terminations in the lateralline organs of amblystoma

6 p. Reprinted from: The Journal of Comparative Neurology, Vol. 48, No.3, October, 1929, pp. [465]-470
Revisiting the metal-binding chemistry of nicotianamine and 2'-deoxymugineic acid. Implications for iron nutrition in strategy II plants.

Recently, [von Wiren et al. (1999)][1] published a study of the metal-binding properties of two ligands important for Fe physiology in higher plants, nicotianamine (NA) and 2′-deoxymugineic acid (DMA; Fig. [1][2]). However, they failed to address two key aspects of the Fe ligand chemistry that we
Blue rubber-bleb naevus syndrome

A case is reported of a patient who presented with facial pain and was found to have phleboliths associated with venous anomalies of the face and neck. Systemic investigation revealed a microcytic, hypochromic anaemia which was the result of haemorrhage from multiple haemangiomas of the gastro-intestinal tract. The finding of anaemia together with cutaneous and intestinal haemangiomas fits with a diagnosis of blue rubber-bleb naevus syndrome.
Simulation Study on the Effect of Multiple Node Charge Collection on Error Cross-Section in CMOS Sequential Logic

A technique for estimating error cross-section for combinational circuits based on charge collection at multiple nodes is presented. Ordinarily, charge collection from an ion strike is assumed to occur only on a single node, but with decreasing feature sizes in nanometer technologies, charge sharing among devices is worsening, leading to charge collection on multiple nodes. When multiple SETs are considered, simulation results show a 380times increase in cross-section with a four-bit carry look-ahead generator, and a 27times increase with a four-bit arithmetic logic unit. Additionally, both circuits show a linear increase in cross-section as frequency increases.
An Empirical Investigation of the Effects of SRS Technology on Introductory Managerial Accounting Students

To investigate whether student response system (SRS) technology increases student exam performance, we conduct a quasi‐experiment using six introductory managerial accounting courses. Three courses were taught using SRS technology and three were taught without using SRS technology. The students in the SRS courses performed on average 3.15 percentage points better than students in the non‐SRS courses after controlling for age, gender, prior GPA, and ACT score. SRS technology was more beneficial to students with the lowest prior GPAs. The study found evidence that SRS technology helps these low‐GPA students without having a negative effect on high‐GPA students.
Design space exploration of real-time multi-media MPSoCs with heterogeneous scheduling policies

Real-time multi-media applications are increasingly being mapped onto MPSoC (multi-processor system-on-chip) platforms containing hardware-software IPs (intellectual property) along with a library of common scheduling policies such as EDF, RM. The choice of a scheduling policy for each IP is a key decision that greatly affects the design's ability to meet real-time constraints, and also directly affects the energy consumed by the design. We present a cosynthesis framework for design space exploration that considers heterogenous scheduling while mapping multimedia applications onto such MPSoCs. In our approach, we select a suitable scheduling policy for each IP such that system energy is minimized - our framework also includes energy reduction techniques utilizing dynamic power management. Experimental results on a realistic multi-mode multi-media terminal application demonstrate that our approach enables us to select design points with up to 60.5% reduced energy for a given area constraint, while meeting all real-time requirements. More importantly, our approach generates a tradeoff space between energy and cost allowing designers to comparatively evaluate multiple system level mappings.
The Adjustment of Children From Immigrant Families

The dramatic rise in immigra tion to the United States in the past 30 years has resulted in a burgeon ing population of children with foreign-born parents. In 1997, there were approximately 3 million chil dren who were foreign-born them selves and an additional 10.8 mil lion who were born in the United States after their parents had en tered the country (Rumbaut, 1998). Together, these children from im migrant families represent almost one fifth of the total population of American children. Today's im migrant families exhibit greater ethnic, linguistic, and socioeco nomic diversity than ever before in American history (Portes & Rum baut, 1996). Unlike the predomi nantly European immigrants in the early 1900s, the majority of recent immigrant families hail from Asian and Latin American countries such