cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Habitat Selection by Anolis carolinensis (Green Anole) in Open Pine Forests in Eastern Texas

We initiated a mark-recapture study to determine the effects of shrub density on Anolis carolinensis (Green Anole) populations. Green Anole perch site, shrub species, and shrub volume preferences were also examined. We established two study plots of different shrub densities in open pine forests on the Angelina National Forest in eastern Texas. In late spring, the Green Anole population at the higher shrub-density plot was estimated to be 16 times greater than the population at the lower shrub-density plot. Green Anoles most commonly perched on live shrubs, but exhibited very little preference or avoidance of any particular species of live shrub or shrub-level vine. However, shrubs used by Green Anoles were 4–6 times greater in volume than plot averages.
Capabilities of satellite precipitation datasets to estimate heavy precipitation rates at different temporal accumulations

The importance of satellite datasets as alternative sources of precipitation information has been argued in numerous studies. Future developments in satellite precipitation algorithms as well as utilization of satellite data in operational applications rely on a more in-depth understanding of satellite errors and biases across different spatial and temporal scales. This paper investigates the capability of satellite precipitation data sets with respect to detecting heavy precipitation rates over different temporal accumulations. In this study, the performance of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission real time (TRMM-RT), Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks and CPC MORPHing (CMORPH) is compared against radar-based gauge-adjusted Stage IV data. The results show that none of the high temporal resolution (3-h) datasets are ideal for detecting heavy precipitation rates. In fact, the detection skill of all products drops as the precipitation thresholds (i.e. 75 and 90 percentiles) increase. At higher temporal accumulations (6, 12 and 24 h), the detection skill improves for all precipitation products, with CMORPH showing a better detection skill compared to all other products. On the other hand, all precipitation products exhibit high false alarm ratios above the heavy precipitation thresholds, although TRMM-RT lead to a relatively smaller level of false alarms. These results indicate that further efforts are necessary to improve the precipitation algorithms so that they can capture heavy precipitation rates more reliably. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Renal tumors in infants less than 6 months of age.

Abstract Background/purpose Renal tumors are rare in infants less than 6 months of age and may have associated paraneoplastic symptoms. To better define the characteristics of these tumors the authors reviewed their 10-year institutional experience. Methods The authors searched the pathology database to identify all renal tumors resected at their institution since 1992 (after IRB approval and guidelines). The clinical presentation, operative details, pathology, and outcome for all children ≤ 6 months of age were reviewed. Results Of 101 children who had renal tumors resected during this period, 11 (11 %) were 6 months of age or less. Histopathologic examination showed congenital mesoblastic nephroma (CMN) in 7 patients (4 with cellular features), Wilms’ tumor in 3 patients, and ossifying renal tumor of infancy in 1. Renal masses were detected antenatally in 2 patients and during newborn examination in 1 patient; however, the mean age at diagnosis was 72 ± 18 days. Ten children had a palpable abdominal mass, 3 had gross hematuria, and 6 had hypertension (4 CMN; 2 Wilms’). Only 1 child had hypercalcemia (cellular CMN). Ten infants had nephroureterectomy, and 1 had a partial nephrectomy. All patients had either stage I or II disease. At follow-up (mean 4.2 ± 1.2 years) 10 patients are alive with no evidence of disease. One newborn with hydrops and a very large congenital Wilms’ tumor had abdominal compartment syndrome and died during surgery. Conclusions About 10% of renal masses may occur in infants less than 6 months of age. Although mesoblastic nephroma is the most common renal tumor in this age group, Wilms’ tumor also may be seen. Paraneoplastic syndromes, such as hypertension and hypercalcemia, are common in these infants and are not specific for tumor type. These tumors generally present at an early stage and have an excellent prognosis overall.
Huck Finn, Aristotle, and Anti-Intellectualism in Moral Psychology

Jonathan Bennett, Nomy Arpaly, and others see in Huckleberry Finn's apparent praiseworthiness for not turning Jim in (even though this goes against his own moral judgments in the matter) a model for an improved, non-intellectualist approach to moral appraisal. I try to show – both on Aristotelian and on independent grounds – that these positions are fundamentally flawed. In the process, I try to show how Huck may be blameless for lacking what would have been a praiseworthy belief (that I should help Jim), hence, blameless for not acting on this belief; but being ‘blamelessly unpraiseworthy’ is not the same thing as being praiseworthy.
Impact of a Clinical Medical Librarian on Pediatric Inpatient Rounds 1779

Objective: The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the response of Pediatric residents and attending physicians to contact with a clinical medical librarian (CML) on in-patient rounds as a method of providing medical information to support clinical care and physician education.
Comparative decades of experience with glutaraldehyde-tanned human umbilical cord vein graft for lower limb revascularization: an analysis of 1275 cases.

Abstract Purpose: Biological material has been used as an alternative to autogenous vein since the first lower extremity revascularization procedures were performed. Our experience with glutaraldehyde-tanned human umbilical cord vein graft (UVg), which spanned a period of 28 years, forms the basis of this report, with an emphasis on comparative results between the two decades from 1975 to 1985 and from 1990 to 2000. Methods: Between 1990 and 2000, 283 lower extremity bypass grafting procedures were performed in 230 patients (264 limbs), with UVg used as the predominant, or sole, graft material. Our experience with 907 reconstructions in the decade from 1975 to 1985 has been previously documented and now serves as a baseline comparison with the past decade of experience with UVg. Each reconstruction was classified on the basis of the distal anastomotic site with or without distal arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs). The primary and secondary graft patency rates were determined for each category as was cumulative palliation, which combines the end points of graft failure, amputation, and death Results: The results from the second decade (1990 to 2000) showed a continuation of improving patency rates for UVg grafts in lower extremity revascularization. Comparison results of complications showed no changes in the low incidence rates of infection, stenosis, dissection, and pseudoaneurysm. The original series results showed a 2.9% requirement for aneurysm surgery, with an incidence rate of biodegradation of 57% (36% aneurysms, 21% dilation), whereas the current series results have shown no aneurysms to date. The comparative 6-year secondary patency rates for past and current popliteal and crural bypass grafts (with or without dAVF) were: popliteal, 53% versus 67%, P P Conclusion: Our continuing experience with UVg confirms that favorable results can be obtained with this biologic alternative to autologous vein for lower limb revascularization. Concern regarding biodegradation and aneurysm formation even after 5 years are unfounded at this time. Improved patency and limb salvage rates can be achieved in concert with lower nonthrombotic failure rates, increasing performance of associated endovascular procedures, use of tourniquets, and the addition of dAVF for crural bypass grafting. Prospective randomized studies are still necessary for the assessment of the comparative role of all graft materials, a project that continues to evade our specialty. (J Vasc Surg 2002;35:64-71.)
ESTIMATING CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR COST‐EFFECTIVENESS RATIOS: AN EXAMPLE FROM A RANDOMIZED TRIAL

Cost-effectiveness ratios usually appear as point estimates without confidence intervals, since the numerator and denominator are both stochastic and one cannot estimate the variance of the estimator exactly. The recent literature, however, stresses the importance of presenting confidence intervals for cost-effectiveness ratios in the analysis of health care programmes. This paper compares the use of several methods to obtain confidence intervals for the cost-effectiveness of a randomized intervention to increase the use of Medicaid's Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment (EPSDT) programme. Comparisons of the intervals show that methods that account for skewness in the distribution of the ratio estimator may be substantially preferable in practice to methods that assume the cost-effectiveness ratio estimator is normally distributed. We show that non-parametric bootstrap methods that are mathematically less complex but computationally more rigorous result in confidence intervals that are similar to the intervals from a parametric method that adjusts for skewness in the distribution of the ratio. The analyses also show that the modest sample sizes needed to detect statistically significant effects in a randomized trial may result in confidence intervals for estimates of cost-effectiveness that are much wider than the boundaries obtained from deterministic sensitivity analyses.
Mechanical studies of the bone bioglass interfacial bond

A series of squirrel monkeys received segmental femoral replacements in a study of the strength of the interface developed between the implant and bone. Implants were either made completely of bioglass-ceramic, or 316L stainless steel with a flame-sprayed coating of bioglass. Fracture torque, energy at fracture, and shear stress at failure were compared to values obtained from a control group of pairs of tibias. Femurs containing bulk bioglass-ceramic implants showed about a 25% difference in strength compared to the opposite bone, while femurs containing flame-sprayed implants exhibited extremely low structural strength. While the strength of the metal-glass bond was very low (less than 500 kgf/cm2), the bone-bioglass bond was found to be at least as strong as the bioglass-ceramic, and at least 3/4 as strong as the host bone.
Internal Representations: Predicting Anxiety From Children's Play Narratives

ABSTRACT Objective This research uses children's story-stem play narratives to examine whether certain specified internal representations of self and experiences will predict later childhood anxiety. Method Thirty-five nonclinical children were studied from 5 to 6 years of age. Narratives of the 5-year-old children were coded for negative expectations of self, others, and experiences. Parents and teachers completed the Child Behavior Checklist and Teacher's Report Form when the children were 5 and 6 years of age. Mothers completed the anxiety section of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children when the children were 6 years of age. Parental anxiety and child temperament were also measured. Results Five-year-old child negative expectations significantly predicted mother/father/teacher reports of internalizing and anxiety symptoms and mother reports of separation anxiety, overanxious, and social phobia/avoidant disorder symptoms in the children at 6 years of age, even when anxiety and internalizing symptoms at 5 years of age were entered first in the regression equations. Child negative expectations predicted later anxiety in these analyses better than parental anxiety and child temperament. Conclusions Child negative expectations may be a risk factor or a mechanism for the development of later anxiety. Children's narratives may be useful for examining such representations and identifying children at risk.
Ethylisopropylamiloride Diminishes Changes in Intracellular Na, Ca and pH in Ischemic Newborn Myocardium

Numerous studies suggest that in adult hearts myocardial ischemic injury is in part the result of proton stimulation of Na/H exchange which increases intracellular Na (Nai) and thus leads to increases in intracellular Ca concentration ( [Ca]i) due to changes in Na/Ca exchange flux. Corollary to the hypothesis, inhibition of Na/H exchange diminishes Na and Ca accumulation and improves heart function after ischemia. To test this hypothesis and its corollary in newborn hearts, NMR spectroscopy was used to measure intracellular pH (pHi), Nai, [Ca]i, and high energy phosphates in isolated, 4–7-day-old rabbit hearts, Langendorff-perfused with Krebs–Henseleit solution at pH 7.4±0.5 equilibrated with 95% O2/5% CO2at 36±1°C. Control hearts were perfused for 30 min before initiating 40 min of global ischemia followed by 40 min of reperfusion. In a second group of hearts ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA–10μm) was added to the perfusate 20 min before global ischemia to inhibit Na/H exchange. After 15 min ischemia, pHiin EIPA-treated hearts (6.41±0.04) was higher than that of the control hearts (6.20±0.08;P<0.05). EIPA also limited the increase in Naiand [Ca]iduring ischemia and improved Naiand [Ca]irecovery during reperfusion (P<0.05). Nai(mEq/kg dry weight) rose from 18.1±3.2 to 110.6±14.0 and recovered to 53.3±12.3 in the control group. The corresponding Naivalues for EIPA-treated hearts were 16.2±2.4, 39.6±9.6 and 12.6±3.5, respectively. In control hearts [Ca]i(nm/l) rose from 332±42 to 1157±89 and recovered to 842±55, whereas in EIPA-treated hearts the values were 255±32, 616±69 and 298±34, respectively. EIPA also preserved cellular ATP during ischemia and reperfusion and diminished inorganic phosphate during reperfusion (P<0.05). Finally, EIPA treatment improved recovery of left ventricular developed pressure (68.2±8.9v16.2±3.6% of control) and limited myocardial injury as indicated by decreased total creatine kinase release during reperfusion (348±132v2432±639 IU/g dry weight). Thus, as in adults, the results from newborn hearts are consistent with the hypothesis.
Studying spin-dependent scattering in magnetic multilayers by means of perpendicular (CPP) magnetoresistance measurements

Abstract Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) in multilayers composed of a ferromagnetic (F) and a non-magnetic (N) metal is usually assumed to result primarily from spin-orientation-dependent scattering in the bulk F metal and at the FN interfaces, which are described by a bulk spin-asymmetry parameter β and an interface parameter γ. Measurements of the specific resistance, AR t the sample cross-sectional area A times resistance R t , with the current perpendicular to the layer planes (CPP), can give direct access to both parameters, as well as to the important interface specific resistance, AR FN . We describe how these measurements are performed at low temperatures, present the equations used to derive these parameters and discuss the conditions under which these equations are valid—the most important being that the spin diffusion lengths l sf in the N and F metals must be much longer than the layer thicknesses and the mean free paths for momentum transfer. We test the equations against low temperature data on sputtered CoAg, CoAgSn, CoCu and PyCu (PyNi 84 Fe 16 ) multilayers, and list derived values of β, γ and AR FN for CoAg, CoCu and PyCu. As a further test, we examine how well the parameters found for the CoCu and PyCu multilayers predict the values of AR t for CoCuPyCu multilayers in the states where neighboring Co and Py layer magnetizations are either parallel (P) or anti-parallel (AP) to each other. Lastly, Valet and Fert recently generalized these equations to shorter values of l sf , and we show how their results can be used to derive l sf for AgMn and AgPt alloys.
The equation of state of an energy landscape

The topography of the multidimensional potential energy landscape is receiving much attention as a useful object of study for understanding complex behavior in condensed-phase systems. Examples include protein folding, the glass transition, and fracture dynamics in solids. The manner in which a system explores its underlying energy landscape as a function of temperature offers insight into its dynamic behavior. Similarly, sampling in density, in particular the relationship between the pressure of mechanically stable configurations and their bulk density (the equation of state of the energy landscape), provides fresh insights into the mechanical strength of amorphous materials and suggests a previously unexplored connection with the spinodal curve of a superheated liquid. Mean-field calculations show a convergence at low temperature between the superheated liquid spinodal and the pressure-dependent Kauzmann locus, along which the difference in entropy between a supercooled liquid and its stable crystalline...
On the nature of intrinsic value

It is commonly believed that some things are valuable in their own right while others are valuable only in virtue of their contingent relations to other things. But when one tries to explicate the content of this belief, it soon becomes apparent that the distinction between intrinsic value and extrinsic value is by no means an easy one to explain. Indeed, this difficulty (together with misapprehensions about the nature of intrinsic value) has led some who grant that there are some things that are good to deny that anything is intrinsically good. It is the aim of this article to lay this sort of skepticism to rest by providing an analysis of the concept of intrinsic value. I shall take as primitive the notion of generic preferability and assume that the bearers of value are states of affairs. By the generic value of a state of affairs I mean, roughly, its value all things considered. Thus by generic value I mean the general sort of value of which intrinsic and extrinsic value are supposed to be species. My procedure will be to develop an analysis of intrinsic preferability in terms of generic preferability and other standard modal concepts. Once this has been done, definitions of intrinsic goodness, badness, indifference and neutrality can be given along the lines worked out by Chisholm.! The question of whether a thing is intrinsically valuable is occasionally confused with the question of whether it is unconditionally valuable. In order to avoid this, it will be useful to begin with a discussion of these two concepts which will show that from the fact that a thing is intrinsically good it does not follow that it is unconditionally good. Following this the isolation approach to defining intrinsic value will be explored. An analysis using this approach will be presented, which seems to be extensionally adequate. But since this analysis rests on certain substantive assumptions about the value of certain states of affairs, a more general account which does not require these assumptions will be developed and defended as the basic account of intrinsic value.
Synthetic polymers alter the structure of cervical mucus.

Abstract Mucosal sites have an innate defense system—which includes immune cells, antibodies, and mucus—to protect the body from opportunistic pathogens. Some sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), such as HIV, utilize host defense mechanisms to evade detection by infecting motile immune cells present at the site. The infected cells migrate through the mucus layer and penetrate the epithelium undetected. A new strategy for preventing STDs could involve inhibiting cell migration through the mucus. One method for inhibiting migration is to alter the barrier property of mucus by modifying its gel structure. Mucin, the structural component of mucus, is a high molecular weight anionic molecule, which forms an entangled fiber network through non-covalent interactions. The addition of nonionic or cationic polymers, such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or poly(vinyl pyridine) (PVP), altered the overall gel structure as revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while anionic poly(acrylic acid) had little effect on the structure. Acid residues on mucin associate with PEG through hydrogen bonds to form regions of coalesced fibers within the mucus. PVP, however, interacts with mucin via electrostatic bonds, forming a gel that had areas of aggregated fibers adjacent to regions with virtually no fibers. These results suggest that addition of small amounts of certain synthetic polymers will modify mucus structure; these changes should alter the barrier properties of mucus.
A multiple objective approach for constructing attribute-sampling plans for non-serial assembly items

A number of methods exist for determining fraction-defective sampling plans for single items. However, most methods currently exist for determining a set of optimal sampling plans for serial assembly processes. This paper develops a risk and cost-based model which explicitly considers the effect of the quality of lower level items on the quality of the final product. The model allows us to determine a minimum cost set of sampling plans for all items in a multi-level, non-serial product. We study the performance of the model with an algorithm for solving nonlinear, multiple-criteria formulations.
Small Molecule Disruption of Quorum Sensing Cross-Regulation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Causes Major and Unexpected Alterations to Virulence Phenotypes

The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses three interwoven quorum-sensing (QS) circuits—Las, Rhl, and Pqs—to regulate the global expression of myriad virulence-associated genes. Interception of these signaling networks with small molecules represents an emerging strategy for the development of anti-infective agents against this bacterium. In the current study, we applied a chemical approach to investigate how the Las-Rhl-Pqs QS hierarchy coordinates key virulence phenotypes in wild-type P. aeruginosa. We screened a focused library of synthetic, non-native N-acyl l-homoserine lactones and identified compounds that can drastically alter production of two important virulence factors: pyocyanin and rhamnolipid. We demonstrate that these molecules act by targeting RhlR in P. aeruginosa, a QS receptor that has seen far less scrutiny to date relative to other circuitry. Unexpectedly, modulation of RhlR activity by a single compound induces inverse regulation of pyocyanin and rhamnolipid, a result th...
Identification of 2-bromo-3,4,5,6-tetrachloroaniline and its quantification in the color additives D&C Red Nos. 27 and 28 (phloxine B) using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Abstract The present work describes (a) the identification and characterization of a contaminant, 2-bromo-3,4,5,6-tetrachloroaniline (2BTCA), in the color additives D&C Red Nos. 27 and 28 (phloxine B) and (b) the determination of the extent and level of 2BTCA contamination in certified lots of these colors. For these purposes, 2BTCA (a compound not previously reported in the literature) and its positional isomer 4-bromo-2,3,5,6-tetrachloroaniline (4BTCA) were synthetically prepared. 4BTCA was used as the internal standard for the quantification of 2BTCA in the colors. Test portions from 35 certified lots of D&C Red Nos. 27 and 28 were analyzed for 2BTCA using a solid-phase microextraction–GC–MS method. Those lots were submitted for certification by both domestic (seven) and foreign (four) manufacturers during the past 4 years. Of the test portions analyzed, 22 (62.9%) contained 2BTCA in amounts ranging from 0.15 to 435.7 ppm with an average value of ∼131.7 ppm. The remaining 13 (37.1%) test portions contained no detectable 2BTCA or less than 0.01 ppm, which is the limit of quantification of the present method. The analyses revealed substantial differences in the level of 2BTCA across lots from the same manufacturer as well as among different manufacturers. The wide range of 2BTCA levels found in the analyzed lots suggests that the presence of 2BTCA in D&C Red Nos. 27 and 28 may be avoided or significantly reduced during the manufacturing process. A direct correlation was observed between the presence of 2BTCA and that of 3,4,5,6-tetrachlorophthalic acid in analyzed batches of D&C Red Nos. 27 and 28. A chemical pathway that could explain the presence of 2BTCA in these color additives, and ways to avoid its formation, are also proposed.
Metabolism of cyclohexane carboxylic acid by the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris

Cyclohexane carboxylate supported relatively rapid growth (doubling times 7–8 h) ofRhodopseudomonas palustris under oxic or photosynthetic conditions, but did not serve as a substrate for either of the known aromatic CoA ligases. A CoA ligase that thioesterifies cyclohexane carboxylate was partially purified and did not cross react immunologically with the two CoA ligases purified previously from this bacterium. Crude extracts ofR. palustris cells grown with a range of aromatic or alicyclic acids contained a dehydrogenase that reacted with cyclohexane carboxyl-CoA or cyclohex-1-ene carboxyl-CoA, using 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol or ferricenium ion as electron carrier. This activity was not detected in extracts of adipate-, glutamate-, or succinate-grown cells. No oxidation or reduction of nonesterified cyclohexane carboxylate or cyclohexene carbocylate was detected in extracts of cells grown with aromatic or aliphatic substrates, neither aerobically nor anaerobically. A constitutively expressed thioesterase that hydrolyzed cyclohexane carboxyl-CoA and also some alicyclic and aliphatic CoA derivatives was purified and characterized. The enzyme had little or no activity on benzoyl-CoA or 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA. The presence of a thioesterase that effectively hydrolyzes cyclohexane carboxyl-CoA suggests that transient production of cyclohexane carboxylate is a physiological response to temporary excess of reductant during metabolism of aromatic compounds.
Detection of quadruplex DNA by luminescence enhancement of lanthanide ions and energy transfer from lanthanide chelates.

Small amounts of quadruplex DNA have been detected using luminescence enhancement of aqueous lanthanide ions and energy transfer from lanthanide chelates. The 22mer human telomeric DNA, AGGG(TTAGGG)3, was detected using europium ions at concentrations as low as 20 ppb DNA. Detection with terbium ions was not possible due to the inherent weak luminescence intensities of lanthanides. Two different terbium chelates were used to overcome this challenge. When quadruplex DNA was added to the chelates there was a change in the excited-state lifetime of the chelate with subsequent energy transfer to the DNA. Experiments showed an increase in the amount of energy transferred from the chelate to the human telomeric DNA and other quadruplex sequences increased as a function of DNA concentration.
Population biology of Avena XI. Variation in peripheral isolates of A. barbata

Data on genetic polymorphism, scored at two morphological loci, showed peripheral, isolated roadside colonies of slender oat (Avena barbata) to be significantly less polymorphic than the large central populations in continuous stands. The role of random drift (founder effect) was evident in the genetic structure of such roadside colonies which were, however, not monomorphic. Multilocus associations also suggested large Hill-Robertson effect in generating gametic disequilibria. Such isolates with varying amounts of elapsed time since the founder events could offer useful material for a study of evolutionary processes including the selection-drift balance.
Lower bounds for external algebraic decision trees

We propose a natural extension of algebraic decision trees to the external-memory setting, where the cost of disk operations overwhelms CPU time, and prove a tight lower bound of Ω(n logmn) on the complexity of both sorting and element uniqueness in this model of computation. We also prove a Ω(min{n logm n, N}) lower bound for both problems in a less restrictive model, which requires only that the worst-case internal-memory computation time is finite. Standard reductions immediately generalize these lower bounds to a large number of fundamental computational geometry problems.
Ziprasidone, a New Atypical Antipsychotic Drug

Although the introduction of antipsychotic drugs in 1954 was a breakthrough in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, these agents have a number of adverse effects that limit effectiveness and compliance. The atypical antipsychotic drugs provide an improved tolerability profile, particularly in minimizing extrapyramidal side effects; however, they are associated with significant weight gain, which may be related to growing evidence linking the atypical agents with diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Ziprasidone, a new atypical antipsychotic drug, was demonstrated in clinical trials to be more efficacious than placebo and similar in efficacy to haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia. Like the existing atypical agents, ziprasidone has a rate of extrapyramidal side effects similar to that of placebo and does not cause significant elevations in prolactin levels. In contrast, ziprasidone has a low propensity for causing weight gain. For patients requiring an antipsychotic drug, ziprasidone represents a new treatment option with a limited adverse effect profile.
Sarcoidosis Around the World

Sarcoidosis is an illness that generates tremendous anxiety among persons who suffer from it and interest among the individuals who provide care to them. The disease occurs throughout the world and has been around for more than 150 years. Its colorful history, which has been documented before, is provided in this article.
The ultrastructure of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve and the substantia gelatinosa

Abstract The fine structure of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve and the associated substantia gelatinosa as seen in transverse sections by electron microscopy at a level just caudal to the obex is described. The tract is characterized by the extremely small diameter of the myelinated fibers, by the large proportion of unmyelinated fibers and by the paucity of glial fibers. In the marginal zone of the substantia gelatinosa an unusually dense population of boutons is to be found; these establish axodendritic synapses as well as axoaxonic synapses with each other. The small neurons of the substantia gelatinosa have few axosomatic contacts on their perikarya; some of the axosomatic synapses are postsynaptic to other boutons. In contrast, there are frequent synapses on the base of their dendrites. Synapses on dendrites of the substantia gelatinosa whose source could not be determined are often profuse. These observations are discussed in the light of current neurophysiological studies.
Persistent infection with human parainfluenza virus 3 in CV-1 cells: analysis of the role of defective interfering particles.

Abstract Persistent infection of cultured cells with human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPF3), established following infection at high multiplicity, has been associated with the presence of one or more viral defective-interfering (DI) particles in addition to standard viral genomes. We recently showed that persistent infection can also be established after low multiplicity infection, a condition not generally associated with amplification of DI particles. The association of DI particle genomes with persistent infection was therefore studied after infection with low multiplicity. Persistently infected cell cultures were established after low multiplicity infection with HPF3 in the presence of exogenous bacterial neuraminidase, and viral nucleocapsid RNA was analyzed for the presence of DI genomes at each passage after infection. In addition, the timing of DI particle appearance was assessed after infection with high multiplicity, a condition known to favor the amplification of DI particles. DI particle genomes did not appear until at least seven passages of persistently infected cell cultures, after either low or high multiplicity infection. Our data suggest that DI particles are not required for establishment of persistent infection of CV-1 cells by HPF3 and that DI particles are not generated early in infection. Despite reports of the association of paramyxovirus DI particles with persistent infection in culture, the role of these particles in HPF3 persistence is unknown; our findings offer insight into the complex interplay of viral and host factors in persistent infection.
Heterotaxy Syndrome: Impact of Ventricular Morphology on Resource Utilization

Patients with heterotaxy syndrome (HS) have significant cardiac and extracardiac anomalies that impact outcome. To improve the management of this complex patient population, we performed a comprehensive analysis of their anatomic and clinical features along with an evaluation of resource utilization data. The objectives were to describe anatomic and clinical features of patients with HS syndrome treated at a single center from 1992 to 2011 focusing on the impact of ventricular morphology (univentricular [UV] vs. biventricular [BV]) on clinical outcomes and resource utilization. Clinical and echocardiographic data from patients with HS were abstracted from medical records. Health care costs were indexed to inflation. Seventy-eight patients were identified with HS ranging in age from 1 day to 29 years old. UV morphology was present in 46 patients (59 %), most commonly with right-ventricular dominance (36 of 46). The presence of extra cardiac anomalies did not differ between the UV and BV groups (82 vs. 78 %) nor did morbidities, such as need for enteral tube feedings (47 vs. 25 %) or pacemaker placement (24 vs. 25 %). Mortality was 28 % in the entire cohort: 39 % in univentricuar patients versus 10.5 % in those with biventricular anatomy. Hospital length of stay for medical illnesses was similar in both groups, but length of stay after surgery was significantly longer in UV than BV patients. Among survivors, UV patients had greater median hospital costs ($200,634 vs. $67,732, p < 0.001), but when this was adjusted for mortality and variable follow-up, there were no differences in health care costs within the first year of life. Significant health care dollars are used to manage children with HS, the majority of which involve expenses related to surgical care. Although patients with biventricular morphology have better survival, morbidity and resource utilization are similar to those for UV patients especially within the first year of life.
Statin-associated muscle-related adverse effects: a case series of 354 patients.

Study objective: To characterize the properties and natural history of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor (statin)-associated muscle-related adverse effects (MAEs). Design: Patient-targeted postmarketing adverse-effect surveillance approach coupling survey design with an open-ended narrative. Setting: University-affiliated health care system. Subjects: Three hundred fifty-four patients (age range 34-86 yrs) who self-reported muscle-related problems associated with statin therapy. Measurements and main results: Patients with perceived statin-associated MAEs completed a survey assessing statin drugs and dosages; characteristics of the MAEs; time course of onset, resolution, or recurrence; and impact on quality of life (QOL). Cases were assessed for putative drug adverse-effect causality by using the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale criteria and were evaluated for inclusion in groups for which mortality benefit with statins has been shown. Patients reported muscle pain (93%), fatigue (88%), and weakness (85%). Three hundred patients (85%) met literature criteria for probable or definite drug adverse-effect causality. Ninety-four percent of atorvastatin usages (240/255) generated MAEs versus 61% of lovastatin usages (38/62, p<0.0001). Higher potency statins reproduced MAEs in 100% of 39 rechallenges versus 73% (29/40) with lower potency rechallenges (p<0.01). Time course of onset after statin initiation varied (median 14 wks); some MAEs occurred after long-term symptom-free use. Recurrence with rechallenge had a significantly shorter latency to onset (median 2 wks). The MAEs adversely affected all assessed functional and QOL domains. Most patients with probable or definite MAEs were in categories for which available randomized controlled trial evidence shows no trend to all-cause mortality benefit with statin therapy. Conclusion: This study complements available information on the properties and natural history of statin-associated MAEs, affirming dose dependence and strong QOL impact. The data indicating a dose-dependent relationship between MAE risk and recurrence suggest lower potency statins or discontinuation may bear consideration for ameliorating symptoms.
Information Policies of Developing Countries: The Case of Brazil

The information policies of developing and industrialized countries are created to protect the vital interests of the country. Brazil is used to illustrate various policies regulating information transfer, computer hardware, and computer software. Brazil's policies are compared with the policies of industrialized countries. The analysis illustrates some of the tradeoffs faced by information policymakers and planners in a developing country.
Electron-beam induced reduction of carbon concentration on BeO and its effects on secondary electron emission

Abstract Electron-beam stimulated reduction of C concentration on BeO, which requires an oxygen ambient ∼ 10 −7 torr, was studied using Auger spectroscopy. As the C Auger line decreases, those of Be and O increase, the secondary electron emission ratio δ increases, and the work function decreases. We have concluded that these effects stem from electron stimulated desorption of C. The desorption process is monomolecular, at least initially, with a cross-section of about 2.1 × 10 −20 cm 2 , from which we infer that the desorbing species is CO + . The adsorbed C, initially in the graphite form, can be converted to the carbide form by heat treatment as low as 450°C. This conversion is accompanied by a decrease in work function of 2.50 V from the value associated with the graphite C. The magnitude of the Auger electron signal from carbide C decreases under electron beam irradiation; however, in this case, the reduction in the magnitude of the C Auger line is not accompanied by any change in δ or yield curve. It is suggested that this decrease is not due to desorption of the carbide C, but rather to an electron-induced change in the C bonding state.
Human papillomavirus outcomes in an access-to-care laryngeal cancer cohort.

Objective. Human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV16, is a causative agent for 25% of head and neck squamous cell cancer, including laryngeal squamous cell cancer (LSCC). HPV-positive (HPV+ve)...
Endocrine therapy initiation among Medicaid-insured breast cancer survivors with hormone receptor-positive tumors

Hormone receptor-positive (HR+) cancers account for most breast cancer diagnoses and deaths. Among survivors with HR + breast cancers, endocrine therapy (ET) reduces 5-year risk of recurrence by up to 40 %. Observational studies in Medicare- and privately-insured survivors suggest underutilization of ET. We sought to characterize ET use in a low-income Medicaid-insured population in North Carolina. Medicaid claims data were matched to state cancer registry records for survivors aging 18–64 diagnosed with stage 0–II HR + breast cancer from 2003 to 2007, eligible for ET, and enrolled in Medicaid for at least 12 of 15 months post-diagnosis. We used multivariable logistic regression to model receipt of any ET medication during 15 months post-diagnosis controlling for age, race, tumor characteristics, receipt of other treatments, comorbidity, residence, reason for Medicaid eligibility, involvement in the Breast and Cervical Cancer Control Program (BCCCP), and diagnosis year. Of 222 women meeting the inclusion criteria, only 50 % filled a prescription for ET. Involvement in the BCCCP and earlier year of diagnoses were associated with significantly higher odds of initiating guideline-recommended ET (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] for the BCCCP 3.76, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.67–8.48; AOR for 2004 relative to 2007 2.80, 95 % CI 1.03–7.62; AOR for 2005 relative to 2007 2.11, 95 % CI 0.92–4.85). Results suggest substantial underutilization of ET in this population. Interventions are needed to improve timely receipt of ET and to better support survivors taking ET. Low-income survivors should be counseled on the importance of ET and offered support services to promote initiation and long-term adherence.
Some evidence for the use of stereotyping on Peter Apian's world map of 1530

(1970). Some evidence for the use of stereotyping on Peter Apian's world map of 1530. Imago Mundi: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 43-48.
Intersection syndrome: MR imaging with anatomic comparison of the distal forearm.

Objective To correlate the anatomic and MR imaging characteristics of the area of intersection of the first and the second dorsal extensor tendon compartments (DETC) in the distal forearm in an attempt to improve the design of MR imaging protocols used for the evaluation of intersection syndrome.
Use of an automated geographic information system by the snake river birds of prey research project

Abstract An automated natural resource information system. COMPIS was used as part of a Bureau of Land Management (BLM) research project to assess the effects of agricultural expansion on nesting birds of prey. With a reasonable amount of investment, the BLM produced graphic maps and acreage summaries for individual nest sites and segments of the study area. The COMPIS system was also used to evaluate alternative boundaries for a proposed national conservation area.
Antagonistic Effect of Thiazopyr on Azafenidin to Control Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)1

Abstract: Greenhouse experiments evaluated azafenidin and thiazopyr applied separately, as a tank mix, or in rapid succession, for preemergence control of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) and hairy beggarticks (Bidens pilosa). Average of yellow nutsedge shoot dry weights at 21 and 42 d after treatment (DAT), indicated that azafenidin at 0.28, 0.56, and 1.12 kg ai/ha controlled 70, 86, and 90%, respectively, and thiazopyr at 1.12 kg/ha controlled 10% of yellow nutsedge. However, when thiazopyr at 1.12 kg/ha was tank-mixed with azafenidin at 0.28, 0.56, and 1.12 kg/ha, yellow nutsedge control averaged for 21 and 42 DAT was reduced to 41, 69, and 78%, respectively. Root plus tuber dry weight of yellow nutsedge increased threefold when 1.12 kg/ha thiazopyr was mixed with 0.28 kg/ha azafenidin, compared to azafenidin applied alone at the above rate. When the herbicides were applied sequentially, within minutes of each other, the antagonistic responses were reproduced, independent of the order of herbicide ...
Theory of the temporal response of a simple multiquantum-well avalanche photodiode

Numerical and analytically based calculations of the impulse response function of a simple GaAs-AlGaAs multiquantum-well avalanche photodiode are presented. The numerical approach involves the direct simulation of the electron and hole transport in the device. An iterative approach is used in that the parent electron distribution is first simulated yielding the velocity profile as a function of position, transmit-time distribution of the parent and daughter electrons, and the daughter-hole distribution. The daughter-hole distribution is subsequently simulated using the time of birth and spatial location of each secondary hole as initial conditions. The calculation continues iteratively in this fashion yielding a picture of the time evolution of the impulse response function. Both analytical and simulation results are presented for single-carrier -initiated single-carrier-multiplication (SCISCM) devices. The similarities and differences in the outcomes of the two approaches are instructive, Simulation results are presented only for devices in which secondary hole-initiated ionization occurs. >
Commentary: Assessing Student-Authored Articles in “Urban Planning”

Performance of universities and academic programs has been historically analyzed based on factors such as faculty quality and research, scholarship, and publication output. However, the contribution of students as authors of academic peer-reviewed journal articles has been overlooked in these performance assessments. This commentary seeks to highlight this issue, as well as to illustrate an analytical approach to further our understanding of doctoral planning student-authored articles (SAA). Results for (1) fourteen planning-focused journals with the most SAAs, (2) Carnegie classifications of SAA institutional affiliations, and (3) the influence on journal impact factor are presented, as well as recommendations for journals, students, faculty/mentors, investigators and institutions.
621 TROPHIC EFFECTS OF BOMBESIN AND SECRETIN ON NEONATAL RAT PANCREAS

Secretin(SEC) and Bombesin(BNP) produce pancreatic hyperplasia and hypertrophy in adult rats. Their effects in newborn animals have not been studied. We investigated the effects of SEC and BNP on pancreatic growth at 2 postnatal ages. Neonatal rats were injected subcutaneously with BNP,5μg/kg,or SEC,100μg/kg,or saline, every 12 hours for 7 days beginning at 6 or 13 days of age. Pups remained with their mothers until 12 hours after their last injection, when they were weighed and sacrificed. Weight gain did not differ among groups. Pancreatic weight, total DNA and protein (PRO) were measured and are shown below as ratios of treatment group values to control group.*p<0.05, **p<0.01;E=number in treatment group;+=content per 100 gms. body weight;†E=4. 1)SEC and BNP caused significant pancreatic hypertrophy at 13-20 days. Only SEC caused hypertrophy, and possibly hyperplasia at 6-13 days,(2)Trophic effects of GI peptides may vary as a function of postnatal age,(3)BNP and SEC may play an important role in early pancreatic growth and development.
Multistage Sampling Designs and Estimating Equations

SUMMARY In some applications it is cost efficient to sample data in two or more stages. In the first stage a simple random sample is drawn and then stratified according to some easily measured attribute. In each subsequent stage a random subset of previously selected units is sampled for more detailed and costly observation, with a unit's sampling probability determined by its attributes as observed in the previous stages. This paper describes multistage sampling designs and estimating equations based on the resulting data. Maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) and their asymptotic variances are given for designs using parametric models. Horvitz-Thompson estimates are introduced as alternatives to MLEs, their asymptotic distributions are derived and their strengths and weaknesses are evaluated. The designs and the estimates are illustrated with data on corn production.
Thermochemical transformations in 2MNH2–3MgH2 systems (M = Li or Na)

Abstract Thermochemical reactions between alkali metal amides and magnesium hydride taken in 2:3 molar ratios have been investigated using pressure-composition-temperature, X-ray powder diffraction and residual gas analysis measurements. The thermally induced reactions in both title systems are stoichiometric and proceed as a following solid state transformation: 2 M NH 2 + 3MgH 2 → Mg 3 N 2 + 2 M H + 4H 2 ↑. A total of 6.45 wt.% of hydrogen is released by the 2LiNH 2 –3MgH 2 system beginning at 186 °C, and a total of 5.1 wt.% H 2 is released by the 2NaNH 2 –3MgH 2 system starting at 130 °C. Combined structure/property investigations revealed that the transformation in the lithium containing system proceeds in two steps. In the first step, lithium amide reacts with MgH 2 to form Li 2 Mg(NH) 2 and hydrogen. In the second step, reaction between Li 2 Mg(NH) and MgH 2 leads to the formation of the Mg 3 N 2 nitride, lithium hydride and additional gaseous hydrogen. The transformation in the sodium containing system appears to proceed through a series of competing solid state processes with formation of Mg(NH 2 ) 2 and NaMgH 3 intermediates. Partial rehydrogenation in 190 bar hydrogen pressure leading to formation of the MgNH imide was observed in the dehydrogenated 2NaNH 2 –3MgH 2 system at 395 °C.