cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near Magnetic Field Assessment and Reduction for Magnetic Inductors With Magnetic Moment Analysis

This article develops magnetic dipole moment models based on Maxwell's equations for inductor's near magnetic field evaluation and reduction in power electronics systems. In the developed model, the near magnetic field source of an inductor is composed of the magnetic dipole moments from the winding and the air gaps. The superposition of the magnetic dipole moments determines the near magnetic field. The developed model can be easily applied to inductors with different winding and air gap configurations, such as those with lumped or distributed air gaps, for near magnetic field assessment and reduction. Simulations and experiments are conducted to validate the developed theory.
Liderazgo en Conjunto: a Leadership Development Model for the Twenty-First-Century:

The leadership challenges of Latinx Episcopal congregations echo broadly in US churches and institutions of all types, as they seek to adjust and respond to rapid change. Leadership and organizatio...
Comparison of Computer Scoring Model Performance for Short Text Responses Across Undergraduate Institutional Types

Constructed response (CR) assessments allow students to demonstrate understanding of complex topics and provide teachers with deeper insight into student thinking. Computer scoring models (CSMs) remove the barrier of increased time and effort, making CR more accessible. As CSMs are commonly created using responses from research-intensive colleges and universities (RICUs), this pilot study examines the effectiveness of seven previously developed CSMs on diverse CRs from RICUs, two-year colleges (TYCs), and primarily undergraduate institutions (PUIs). We asked if accuracy of the CSMs was maintained with a new testing set of CRs and if CSM accuracy differed among different institutional types. A human scorer and the CSMs analytically categorized 444 CRs for the presence or absence of seven ideas relating to weight loss. Comparing human and CSM predictions revealed five CSMs maintained high agreement (Cohen’s kappa > 0.80); however, two CSMs demonstrated reduced agreement (Cohen’s kappa < 0.65). Seventy-one percent of these miscodes were false negatives. RICU responses were 1.4 times more likely to be miscoded than TYCs (p = 0.038) or PUIs (p = 0.047) across all seven CSMs. However, this increased frequency may result from the higher number of ideas in RICU responses in comparison to TYCs (p = 0.082) and PUIs (p = 0.013). Accounting for increased ideas removed the significant difference between RICUs and TYCs (p = 0.23) and PUIs (p = 0.54). Finally, qualitative examination of miscodes provides insight into reduced CSM performance. Collectively, these data support the utility of these CSMs across institutional types and with novel CRs.
Using Learned Visual and Geometric Features to Retrieve Complete 3D Proxies for Broken Objects

3D printing offers the opportunity to perform automated restoration of objects to reduce household waste, restore objects of cultural heritage, and automate repair in medical and manufacturing domains. We present an approach that takes a 3D model of a broken object and retrieves proxy 3D models of corresponding complete objects from a library of 3D models, with the goal of using the complete proxy to repair the broken object. We input multi-view renders and point cloud representations of the query to neural networks that output learned visual and geometric feature encodings. Our approach returns complete proxies that are visually and geometrically similar to the broken query object model by searching for the learned encodings in the complete models library. We demonstrate results for retrieval of complete proxies for broken object models with breaks generated synthetically using models from the ShapeNet dataset, and from publicly available datasets of scanned everyday objects and cultural heritage objects. By combining visual and geometric features, our approach shows consistently lower Chamfer distance than when either feature is used alone. Our approach outperforms the existing state-of-the-art method in retrieval of proxies for broken objects in terms of the Chamfer distance. The 3D proxies returned by our approach enable understanding of object geometry to identify object portions requiring repair, to incorporate user preferences, and to generate 3D printable restoration components. Our code to perform broken object model generation, feature extraction, and object retrieval is available at https://git.io/JuKaJ.
Review of Standardized Incidence Ratios (SIR) of non-lymphoid de novo malignancies after liver transplantation: Structured analysis of global differences

Abstract Introduction De Novo malignancy after liver transplantation (LTx) is the second most common cause of death in adult LTx recipients. The current report identifies differences in Standardized Incidence Ratios (SIR) for various non-lymphoid de novo malignancies by comparing and analyzing post LTx SIR for non-lymphoid de novo malignancies. Material and methods A thorough search of PubMed and Web of Science databases was conducted; 25 publications describing de novo malignancies post-LTx with SIR were identified. Results Overall SIR varied from 1.4 to 11.6 (median 2.4). Oropharyngeal/larynx (OPL), lung, colo-rectal, and kidney malignancies were more prevalent with higher SIR (median = 4.4, 1.9, 2.67, 2.5, respectively). Breast and prostate malignancies were also more prevalent with lower SIR (median = 0.9, 1.0, respectively). Pancreatic, central nervous system (CNS), melanoma, rare cancers and Kaposi's sarcoma were less prevalent (except in Italy and Sweden) but had much higher SIR (median = 2.6, 2.4, 2.02, 22.5 and 53.6, respectively). The overall higher SIR values are related to the age of the recipient, length of follow-up, the grouping of different organ systems, inclusion or exclusion of epidermal non-malacotic skin cancers, lymphoid malignancy, and occurrence of rare malignancies including Kaposi's sarcoma. Conclusion OPL, lung, gastrointestinal, kidney, and bladder malignancies were more prevalent with higher SIR. Breast and prostate cancers were more prevalent with lower SIR. Pancreatic, CNS, melanoma, rare cancers and Kaposi's sarcoma were less prevalent with higher SIR. Age of the recipients, length of follow-up, and rare cancer types influence overall SIR values with some global differences.
Sleep and the Esophagus

The functional anatomy of the esophagus is complex, and both esophageal function and esophageal acid clearance are altered during sleep. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GER), a chronic disorder, is the most common disease affecting the esophagus, and GER symptoms may occur throughout the 24-h period or may be limited to sleep time. Sleep-related GER can have significant effects on daytime functioning and quality of life. In addition, prolonged esophageal acid contact times associated with reflux during sleep increase the risk of erosive esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus, and extra-esophageal manifestations of GER such as nocturnal asthma and sleep-related laryngospasm. Treatment of sleep-related GER includes conservative measures, acid-reducing medications such as proton pump inhibitors, and surgical fundoplication. Other therapies are under investigation. Sleep-related GER shares a complex and poorly understood relationship with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has been shown to improve symptoms associated with sleep-related GER.
Secure, customizable, many-to-one communication

Concast is a customizable many-to-one network-layer communication service. Although programmable services like concast can improve the efficiency of group applications, accompanying security concerns must be addressed before they are likely to be deployed. The problem of securing such services is interesting because conventional end-to-end security mechanisms are not applicable when messages are processed inside the network, and also because of the potential for interaction among the various policies involved. In this paper we describe our implementation of a secure concast service, which leverages existing network-level security mechanisms (IPsec) to provide secure distribution of program code (merge specifications) as well as authentication of participating nodes. We describe the various policies supported, how they interact, and how our approach provides security against various attacks.
Prevention of neonatal herpes

Neonatal herpes can occur when the neonate is exposed to herpes simplex virus in the maternal genital tract during labour. Attack rates are highest when the mother has a newly acquired infection and, therefore, does not have antibodies to protect the neonate. Even with early therapy, there is significant morbidity and mortality associated with neonatal herpes, suggesting that preventing neonatal herpes simplex virus exposure or early recognition of exposure is important. The incidence of neonatal herpes has not declined despite national guidelines for prevention. This suggests that the prevention guidelines need to be re-addressed.
Foreign Relations, Strategic Doctrine and Presidential Power

There is a central debate in foreign relations law between scholars who argue that the President inherited great power from the founding and those who contend that only after World War II was there a significant shift in the balance of powers over foreign relations. This Article highlights a third perspective by focusing on the significance of presidential assertions of power during the decade after the Spanish-American War. In this period, presidents asserted unprecedented power to dispatch the armed forces of the United States into foreign conflicts and to independently enter into binding international agreements without the participation of Congress. The Article concludes that shifting international relations, shaped by strategic foreign policy doctrine, have been central drivers of presidential assertions of authority over foreign relations.
Quantum Civics: Politics for Everyone

In previous decades, young people were introduced to politics and political science through courses on civics. Many, perhaps most schools no longer teach civics as such, and subordinate politics to history classes - thereby depriving students of a sense of their agency as political actors. At the same time, student government has long been neglected as a locus at which to teach students about civics and politics in democratic society. To address this, I developed a novel curriculum, titled "Quantum Civics", to help students understand their role in politics at the local, state, national, and global levels, with a focus on student government. The curriculum stresses experience and activity, challenging students to participate in political and civic life, and to work therein to address problems they identify and analyze using the tools derived from political science. I discuss the theory and practice behind Quantum Civics, as well as my experience teaching an adapted version of the course to public high-school students.
“Bipartisanship” as a Detriment to Anti-Poverty Efforts: Some Contrarian Comments

The preoccupation of media and Beltway insiders with “bipartisanship” to the exclusion of policy content is an obstacle to the adoption of effective anti-poverty measures.
Pilot study of effectiveness of home rehabilitation for homebound patients with severe COPD

Introduction: While pulmonary rehabilitation is efficacious, available evidence is not generalizable to patients who are homebound with severe impariment. Objective: To test the effectiveness of home-based rehabilitation for homebound patients with physician-diagnosed COPD and severe functional impairment. Methods: Homebound patients, defined as not driving independently and requiring taxing effort to leave home, were enrolled from primary care and pulmonary clinics. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two interventions comprised of education and physical therapy emphasizing either aerobic activity (A) or strengthening (S). The interventions were delivered over 8 weeks with up to 20 sessions. Pre- and post-intervention outcome measures were collected at 8 and 16 weeks using the Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ) and 2-minute walk distance (2MWD). Results: Of 41 patients enrolled 24 completed the 8 week intervention period with mean age 74.4 (SD 10.7) years, 45.8% female, FEV1 0.75L [30% predicted]). Baseline 2MWDs (mean, SD) were 56.0m (23.3) and 69.3m (34.0) for groups A and S, respectively. After 16 weeks all CRQ domains improved in both groups with the largest improvements in CRQ-dyspnea (A=1.85 [p=0.02] and S=2.21 [p=0.003]). Overall, the proportion of patients reporting clinically significant improvements in CRQ-dyspnea was 80% in group A and 71% in group S. Moreover, 2MWD increased in Group A but declined in Group S. Conclusions: These results suggest that among homebound patients with severe COPD 8-weeks of either aerobic or strength training are effective for improving quality of life, but aerobic training may be needed to improve walking distance.
Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism

Publisher Summary The two major energy sources for muscle contraction are glycogen and fatty acids, whose metabolic pathways converge into acetyl-CoA for final intramitochondrial oxidation through the Krebs cycle and the respiratory chain. Defects of substrate utilization in muscle cause two main clinical presentations: (1) acute, recurrent, reversible muscle dysfunction, manifesting as exercise intolerance, myalgia with or without painful cramps (contractures) often culminating in muscle breakdown and myoglobinuria; or (2) fixed, often axial and proximal limb weakness, sometimes simulating dystrophic or inflammatory processes. This chapter describes typical clinical presentations, muscle morphology, and biochemistry, focusing on molecular genetics and physiopathology. Phosphorylase kinase (Phk) is a key regulatory enzyme in glycogen metabolism because it activates glycogen phosphorylase in response to neuronal or hormonal stimuli. Phk deficiency has been associated with four distinct clinical presentations, which are distinguished on the basis of tissue involvement (liver, muscle, heart, or liver and muscle) and mode of inheritance. The myopathic variant of Phk deficiency presents clinically like a mild form of myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle disease), with exercise intolerance, cramps, and recurrent myoglobinuria in young adults. AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) complex appears to function as a sensor of the energy status of the cell through binding sites for ATP and AMP. AMPK deficiency should now be included in the differential diagnosis of muscle/heart glycogenoses.
VARIATION OF THE KÖPPEN C/D CLIMATE BOUNDARY IN THE CENTRAL UNITED STATES DURING THE 20TH CENTURY

The spatial and temporal variation of the C/D Koppen climate boundary in the central United States is examined for the period 1900 to 1999. Mean January temperature data from the U.S. Historical Climatology Network for 67 sites located between 37°N and 41.5°N latitude and 90°W and 100°W longitude are utilized. The variation of the boundary between the C and D climates (i.e., 26.6°F isoline) is illustrated for the entire 100-year study period and four quarter-century periods, as well as for individual decades (1900s, 1910s, …, 1980s, 1990s). For the quarter-century climatic periods, the latter two (1950 to 1974, 1975 to 1999) had C/D boundaries farther south (implying “colder” winters) compared to the positions for the first two quarter-century periods. The most anomalous feature for the decadal maps is the distinct southerly location of the C/D boundary for the recent decade of the 1970s. Although the C/D boundaries for the decades of the 1980s and 1990s generally are located slightly north of the 100-yea...
Radioligand Binding to Beta Adrenergic Receptors of Intact Cultured S49 Cells

Using the radioligand [125I]iodohydroxybenzylpindolol ([125I]IHYP), we have characterized the beta adrenergic receptors of intact S49 lymphoma cells. Washed cells are incubated with the radioligand in a physiological growth medium containing 1 mM ascorbic acid and 0.1% horse serum. Binding of[125I]IHYP saturates with time, equilibrium being achieved in 45-60 min, and is linear with cell number. Scatchard analysis of binding at equilibrium indicates one class of binding sites with a Kd equal to 28 pM and 1200-1300 binding sites/cell; this number of binding sites is about 4 times higher than previously observed with disrupted S49 cells. Independent estimates of the Kd derived from the forward and reverse reaction rates of binding are in agreement with the Kd derived from equilibrium studies. Competition for [125I]IHYP binding sites by beta adrenergic antagonists corresponds closely to estimates of potency of the same antagonists in blockade of beta adrenergic-stimulated cyclic 3',5'-AMP accumulation. In contrast, beta adrenergic agonists are much more potent in stimulating cyclic AMP accumulation than in competing with [125I]IHYP for beta adrenergic binding sites on intact S49 cells. Furthermore, agonists appear more potent in competing for [125I]IHYP binding sites of disrupted than of intact S49 cells. The lower potency of beta adrenergic agonists in binding studies of intact cells may be attributable to the presence of endogenous guanyl nucleotides and, perhaps, to the more efficient coupling between receptors and adenylate cyclase of the intact cells. That this lower potency of agonists is not an artifact of studies with [125I]IHYP is indicated by similar findings with the radioligand [3H]dihydroalprenolol ([3H]DHA). [3H]DHA binds to intact S49 cells rapidly (reaching equilibrium in less than 3 min) and reversibly, with a Kd of 0.67 ± 0.08 nM. An identical number of binding sites is found on intact S49 cells whether [3H]DHA or [125I]IHYP is used, and studies in which adrenergic agents compete for ligand binding sites yield similar results for both radioligands. These studies of binding to beta adrenergic receptors of intact cultured cells using either [125I]IHYP or [3H]DHA offer a useful tool that should complement and extend studies of receptors on plasma membranes isolated from such cells. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of Michele Sanda and Mary Gleason, the support of Dr. Kenneth Melmon, and the advice of Dr. Henry Bourne.
The relationship between body composition, disease activity, and functional status in adults with rheumatoid arthritis (1031.15)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease causing pain, stiffness, swelling, and disability. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between body composition, disease activit...
High-resolution MR imaging of juxtasellar meningiomas with CT and angiographic correlation

The purpose of this study was to compare the relative merits of MR imaging, CT, and angiography in the preoperative evaluation and postoperative follow-up of patients with juxtasellar meningiomas. High-resolution MR studies in nine patients with juxtasellar meningiomas were evaluated and compared with CT and angiography. The techniques were compared for the evaluation of suprasellar, parasellar, and intrasellar extension, as well as for vascular displacement or encasement, postoperative recurrence or residual calcification, and bone changes. MR provided additional information considered significant by the neurosurgeon when compared with CT, and MR was considered superior to CT in the juxtasellar area. Although MR does not obviate angiography, in many cases angiographic findings were predictable by MR.
A comprehensive phylogeny of the bumble bees (Bombus)

Bumble bees (Bombus Latreille) occupy a wide diversity of habitats, from alpine meadows to lowland tropical forest, yet they appear to be similar in morphology throughout their range, suggesting that behavioural adaptations play a more important role in colonizing diverse habitats. Notwithstanding their structural homogeneity, bumble bees exhibit striking inter- and intraspecific variation in colour pattern, purportedly the outcome of mimetic evolution. A robust phylogeny of Bombus would provide the framework for elucidating the history of their wide biogeographical distribution and the evolution of behavioural and morphological adaptations, including colour pattern. However, morphological studies of bumble bees have discovered too few phylogenetically informative characters to reconstruct a robust phylogeny. Using DNA sequence data, we report the first nearly complete species phylogeny of bumble bees, including most of the 250 known species from the 38 currently recognized subgenera. Bayesian analysis of nuclear (opsin, EF-1α, arginine kinase, PEPCK) and mitochondrial (16S) sequences results in a highly resolved and strongly supported phylogeny from base to tips, with clear-cut support for monophyly of most of the conventional morphology-based subgenera. Most subgenera fall into two distinct clades (short-faced and long-faced) associated broadly with differences in head morphology. Within the short-faced clade is a diverse New World clade, which includes nearly one-quarter of the currently recognized subgenera, many of which are restricted to higher elevations of Central and South America. The comprehensive phylogeny provides a firm foundation for reclassification and for evaluating character evolution in the bumble bees. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 91, 161–188.
The Thermodynamic Continuum of Jet Engine Performance: The Principle of Lost Work due to Irreversibility in Aerospace Systems

The performance continuum for air-breathing engines is formally developed and illustrated in terms of fundamental thermodynamic quantities including heat and work interactions and the irreversibility occurring in the flow-path of the engine. The thermodynamically consistent base-line from which performance losses due to irreversibility must be measured is clearly defined based on this analysis. Issues and problems with conventional flow availability (flow exergy) in terms of the assessment (design and optimization) of jet engines are discussed. The formal analytical relationship between lost thrust work and the irreversible generation of entropy in a jet engine is then reviewed in terms of underlying principle and methodology used to quantify this lost thrust work. This relationship is then extended based on the same underlying principle to the more general concept of lost thermodynamic work across a jet engine. It is then proposed that this concept of lost thermodynamic work as measured between the actual and the reversible device (rather than as referenced to a thermodynamic dead state) can, in fact, be extended to encompass other sub-systems and ultimately can be applied across the overall aerospace vehicle.
Silenced for Their Own Protection: How the IRB Marginalizes those it Feigns to Protect

This paper provides a critique of the way IRBs can maintain the marginalization of ‘vulnerable’ populations through an insistence on anonymity that can run counter to a group’s desire to choose how to represent themselves. I explore the relationship between anonymity and risks and benefits in a discussion of my own experience negotiating with an IRB over a proposed participatory action research project that involved youth in the production of a documentary video.
Layoff Announcements and Stockholder Wealth

Researchers have largely ignored the strategic implications of layoffs. With the passage of the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act, many managers are anguishing about the consequence...
Creative Destruction and Partial Obsolescence in American Economic Development

With the growing emphasis on structural change and Schumpeterian innovation in economic development, the paradoxical concept “creative destruction” has come into wide use among economists and economic historians. It is an appealing concept because it recalls the death and birth cycles of nature and various tribal myths of gods shuttling between ferocity and compassion. But the concept has been applied to economic situations rather casually. This paper suggests that “creative destruction” is not an apt description of the way dominant production methods succeeded one another in the United States from 1850 to 1914, even though the term is applled to this era more than to any other. Data are presented to show that apparently obsolete methods survived and grew in the face of novel competition. An explanation of the staying power of partially outdated production methods is attempted.
CONTROLLED TRIAL OF A DIET HIGH IN UNSATURATED FAT FOR PREVENTION OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC COMPLICATIONS

Abstract In a clinical trial of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, and high in unsaturated fat of vegetable origin, carried out on 846 middle-aged and elderly men living in an institution, the subjects were allocated randomly to the experimental diet or to a control diet, and were followed double-blind. The combined incidence of myocardial infarction, sudden death, and cerebral infarction was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group. The incidence of fatal atherosclerotic events was also lower in the experimental group than in the control group, but total mortality-rates were similar for the two groups.
Retrofit experience in U.S. multifamily buildings: Energy savings, costs, and economics

Abstract We present the energy savings and costs of conservation measures in U.S. multifamily buildings based on an analysis of measured data from our data base of over 25,000 dwelling units. Median energy savings were 1450 kWh/unit in electric-heat buildings and 14 MBtu/unit in fuel-heat buildings, or ~14–16% of pre-retrofit consumption. We found that differences in pre-retrofit usage, size of investment, and choice of retrofit strategy were particularly influential in explaining the variation in energy savings among buildings. Retrofit costs were typically much lower in fuel-heat buildings than in electric-heat buildings ($370/unit vs $1600/unit). Median payback time in fuel-heat buildings was 6 yr; paybacks were typically 20–25 yr in electric-heat buildings where the emphasis was on costlier shell improvements. Comparisons of pre-retrofit predictions with actual savings showed fairly good agreement on average, in five out of seven programs, although the variance for individual buildings was often quite large. Extrapolating these measured retrofit results to the U.S. multifamily stock suggests opportunities for saving 0.2–0.5 quads/yr (resource energy), which represents 10–22% of current consumption.
Implications of holography for information systems

The advantages of using holography for information storage and other applications is presented. The advantages are higher storage capacity than semiconductor memories, bubble memories, or CCDs; utilization for character recognition; three-dimensional projection; television discs; color reproduction; ability to combine with other technologies such as optical fibers, videodisk; reference; and file security systems.
Multi-stack-counter languages

A stack-counter acceptor is a stack acceptor in which the storage alphabet is just one letter. The present paper discusses multi-stack-counter acceptors operating in quasirealtime, i.e., acceptors in which each storage tape is a stack counter and in which there are only a bounded number of consecutive∈-moves. For each positive integerk let be the family of languages accepted byk-stack-counter acceptors (k-counter acceptors). Each is a principal AFL closed under reversal but not under∈-free substitution or under intersection. Also, and a specific language in each , is exhibited. For each and there are noi andj such that . It is shown that a quasi-real-timek-stackcounter acceptor is equivalent to one operating in non-deterministic real time. Lastly, it is shown that acceptance by final state of ak-stack-counter acceptor is equivalent to acceptance by empty tape and final state.
Privacy protection for public directory services

Public Directory Services offer information to the general public. Individuals make privacy relevant information accessible in order to be easier contacted by others. The collection of such information is easily mis-used. In the world of paper-based directories, using the information contained in a directory was costly and cumbersome so that mis-using the directory involved a financial commitment. Directories that are available electronically change this situation. Using them is fast and cheap, making it also cheaper for individuals and organizations to mis-use the information. This paper proposes a mechanism that allows the protection of the underlying database used by a directory service as well as simple schemes for encrypting the transmitted data. Since the acceptance of a directory service is crucial for its overall usability, it is important to invent mechanisms that protect the privacy of the information stored in a directory service while still preserving general accessibility. The mechanism presented here was implemented and successfully used in the context of public key infrastructures.
In vitro Differentiation of Virulent and Attenuated Polioviruses by their Growth Characteristics on MS Cells.

The MS character of polio-virus particles is described. Strains that produced relatively large plaques, up to 6 mm. in diameter, on a monkey stable (MS) cell line, were classified as MS +. Such strains were found to include the highly virulent poliovirus strains. Attenuated strains appeared deficient in this gene, for they produced tiny plaques less than 1 mm. in size, or no visible plaques at all; they were considered as MS mutants. Strains of maximum neurovirulence for the monkey possessed the MS + and d + characters, while those of greatest attenuation were MS d . Strains possessing the MS d + character showed high or intermediate attenuation. Virulent strains grew equally well in MS or primary monkey kidney (MK) cells. Attenuated strains gave lower titers in MS cultures than in MK cultures. While MS cells after infection with a virulent virus yielded about 100 to 200 PFU per cell, only one PFU per MS cell was detected after infection with an attenuated virus. A study of newly isolated Type 3 strains showed them to consist of the MS + d + or MS d + type. The MS + d + virus proved to be highly paralytogenic for monkeys even by the intramuscular route, while the MS d + virus was of the partially attenuated type. The study of in vitro characters of viruses from children fed attenuated poliovirus offers a possibility for following genetic changes of the viruses after multiplication in the human enteric tract.
Efficient Data Forwarding in Mobile Social Networks with Diverse Connectivity Characteristics

Mobile Social Network (MSN) with diverse connectivity characteristics is a combination of opportunistic network and mobile ad hoc network. Since the major difficulty of data forwarding is the opportunistic part, techniques designed for opportunistic networks are commonly used to forward data in MSNs. However, this may not be the best solution since they do not consider the ubiquitous existences of Transient Connected Components (TCCs), where nodes inside a TCC can reach each other by multi-hop wireless communications. In this paper, we first identify the existence of TCCs and analyze their properties based on five real traces. Then, we propose TCC-aware data forwarding strategies which exploit the special characteristics of TCCs to increase the contact opportunities and then improve the performance of data forwarding. Trace-driven simulations show that our TCC-aware data forwarding strategies outperform existing data forwarding strategies in terms of data delivery ratio and network overhead.
Structural and Thermal Characterization of Polymorphic Er2Si2O7

The first measurement of thermal transport properties on the polycrystalline D-Er2Si2O7 have been made in the temperature range 77-300K. Both the thermal conductivity and the thermal diffusivity follow modified Euckens law in this temperature region. The Transient Plane Source technique (TPS) has been used to measure thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity simultaneously.
Acceptability as a simple measure in mental health program evaluation.

This paper overviews the use of simple measures of acceptability in mental health facilities, centering on measures of consumer satisfaction. Specific guidelines for methodology are offered.
Mental Health Status of Prisoners in an Urban Jail

The mental health status of a group of 486 admissions to the Philadelphia Prisons was systematically examined in a carefully controlled study using multiple indices of psychopathology. In addition to measures of psychopathology, demographic information and descriptive personality and intelligence data were collected on all subjects. Subsets of subjects also received individual psychiatric interviews and psychological evaluations. The results indicate that approximately two-thirds of the subjects were identifiable by relatively stringent criteria as being psychiatrically disturbed and in need of specific mental health treatment services, and 34% were identifiable by all indicators of psychopathology used. Furthermore, 11% were in need of immediate inpatient psychiatric hospital care. Implications for treatment planning in correctional service settings are discussed.
URBANIZATION, FLOOD FREQUENCY, AND SALMON ABUNDANCE IN PUGET LOWLAND STREAMS

: Urbanization history and flood frequencies were determined in six low-order streams in the Puget Lowlands, Washington, for the period between the 1940150s and the 1980190s. Using discharge records from USGS gauging stations, each basin was separated into periods prior to and after urban expansion. Four of the study basins exhibited significant changes in urbanized area, whereas two of the study basins exhibited only limited change in urbanized area and effectively serve as control basins. Each of the basins that experienced a significant increase in urbanized area exhibited increased flood frequency; pre-urbanization 10-year recurrence interval discharges correspond to 1 to 4-year recurrence interval events in post-urbanization records. In contrast, no discernible shift in flood frequency was observed in either of the control basins. Spawner survey data available for three of the study basins reveal systematic declines in salmon abundance in two urbanizing basins and no evidence for decreases in a control basin. These data imply a link between ongoing salmon population declines and either increased flood frequency or associated changes in habitat structure.
Bread, Justice, or Opportunity? The Determinants of the Arab Awakening Protests

Summary What were the structural determinants of the recent Arab Awakening protests that engulfed the Arab world? We examine the economic and political grievances along with political opportunities. Time-series analysis of nonviolent and violent protests in 18 Arab-majority countries shows that “bread,” “justice,” and political opportunities mattered. State terror and political openness had the strongest effects. Cell phones facilitated nonviolent protest while mineral rents and monarchies discouraged violent protest. We find no support for a youth bulge or an effect of development. These protests diffused from Egypt and Tunisia with positive spillover for nonviolent protest and negative spillover from violent protest.
Isolation and identification of the intermediate and final products in the thermal decomposition of dolomite in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide

Extensive studies have been done on the behavior of dolomite when subjected to a rising temperature program. In this study a literature survey was prepared related to the thermal decomposition of dolomite and the probable mechanisms proposed by various workers for the above reaction. Dolomite undergoes a two-stage decomposition in one atmosphere of carbon dioxide; while the same decomposition proceeds via a single step at lower partial pressures of carbon dioxide. The intermediate and final products for the two-stage decomposition of dolomite were isolated and identified using thermogravimetry and X-ray powder diffraction. On each of the isolated samples scanning electron microscopy was carried out. The intermediate products were found to be dolomite, calcite and periclase, while the final products were calcium oxide and periclase. Using these results a mechanism of thermal decomposition for dolomite is proposed.
Biophysics of cell separations.

To the Chemist, it has long been second nature to work with separate, purified substances. Biochemists and molecular biologists have now largely achieved the same working position, with their powerful separation techniques of ultracentrifugation, electrophoresis, chromatography and the like. For the cell biologists, it is a much more recent phenomenon that widespread attention is being directed towards quantitative measurement of properties in isolated, homogeneous cell types. The richness and diversity of cell systems beg for cleverness on the part of the experimenter.
Truncated ML estimation of transition probabilities for systems with interrupted observations

A linear discrete-time system with interrupted observations is considered. The interrupted observation mechanism is expressed in terms of a two-state Markov chain. The transition probability matrix of the Markov chain is unknown and is assumed to belong to a compact set. A novel scheme, called truncated maximum likelihood estimation, is proposed for consistent estimation of the transition probabilities. Conditions for weak consistency are investigated.
Ductility of stabilized ferritic stainless steel welds

An investigation was made into the mechanism of ductility loss in low interstitial 18 Cr-2Mo ferritic stainless steel welds stabilized with Ti and Nb. It was found that stabilizing TiN or Nb(C,N) precipitates are dissolved during the welding process, resulting in a finer distribution of precipitates in the weld metal than in the base metal. Furthermore, the FATT was found to increase by more than 200°C, leading to decreased room temperature ductility. Such an increase in FATT may not be explained solely in terms of grain growth. Internal friction measurements indicate that no free nitrogen is present in the weld metal, yet wet chemical analysis reveals that the nitrogen is present in a soluble form. Kinetic arguments suggest that the stabilized nitrogen dissolved during welding tends to reprecipitate during solidification in the form of a chromium rich nitride phase.
Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Formic Acid at an Ordered Intermetallic PtBi Surface

The electrocatalytic oxidation of formic acid at a PtBi ordered intermetallic electrode surface has been investigated using cyclic voltammetry, rotating disk electrode (RDE) voltammetry and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS). The results are compared to those at a polycrystalline platinum electrode surface. The PtBi electrode exhibits superior properties when compared to polycrystalline platinum in terms of oxidation onset potential, current density, and a much diminished poisoning effect by CO. Using the RDE technique, a value of 1.4 x 10(-4) cm s-1 was obtained for the heterogeneous charge transfer rate constant. The PtBi surface did not appear to be poisoned when exposed to a CO saturated solution for periods exceeding 0.5 h. The results for PtBi are discussed within the framework of the dual-path mechanism for the electrocatalytic oxidation of formic acid, which involves formation of a reactive intermediate and a poisoning pathway.
Behavioral and electrophysiological studies with live larvae and larval rinses of the red imported fire ant,Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

Behavioral and electrophysiological studies with live intact larvae and larval rinses of the red imported fire ant,Solenopsis invicta Buren, give undeniable evidence of a volatile material associated with the larvae of the ant that is capable of eliciting a response from brood-tending workers. In a Y-tube bioassay, worker ants were attracted equally to an airstream blown over sibling larvae or heterocolonial larvae. Workers were also attracted to a rinse of the larvae in a spot bioassay, aggregated about a piece of surrogate brood in another bioassay, and retrieved surrogate brood treated with the rinse material. A dose-response curve constructed from electroantennograms of workers revealed a receptor response of 1–100 brood equivalents.
Synthesis and characterization of a mixed-ring bis-cyclopentadienyl derivative of neodymium. X-ray crystal structures of (η-C5Me5)NdI2(py)3 and (η-C5Me5)(η-C5H4SiMe3)NdI(py)

Abstract Reaction of neodymium metal with 1.5 equiv of elemental iodine in iso-propanol, followed by crystallization from THF, leads to isolation of NdI3(THF)x (1). Compound 1 reacts with one equiv of KC5Me5 to produce the mono-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl derivative (η-C5Me5)NdI2(THF)3 (2) in moderate yield. Treatment of 2 with an excess of pyridine in toluene leads to displacement of the THF ligands and formation of the tris-pyridine adduct (η-C5Me5)NdI2(py)3 (3). Compound 3 reacts with one equiv of KC5H4SiMe3 to yield the mixed-ring complex (η-C5Me5)(η-C5H4SiMe3)NdI(py) (4). Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies have been performed on complexes 3 and 4. (η-C5Me5)NdI2(py)3 (3) adopts a pseudo-octahedral geometry in the solid state, with the cyclopentadienyl ligand occupying one coordination site, the three pyridine ligands in a mer-configuration, and the iodide ligands trans to one another. The Nd–I distance is 3.1603(5) A, while Nd–N bond lengths to the pyridine ligands are 2.631(4) and 2.678(6) A. The solid state structure of (η-C5Me5)(η-C5H4SiMe3)NdI(py) (4) features a typical bent metallocene Cp2MX2 geometry with Nd–I and Nd–N distances of 3.0664(4) and 2.555(4) A, respectively.
The excitable membrane-biophysical theory and experiment.

Very different biophysical theories can lead to similar or even identical predictions for a wide range of experiments. This was true for the original Rashevsky theory of membrane excitation, and the later Hill formulation. Similarly, the Hodgkin-Huxley equations for membrane current are based on two postulates: current proportional to total thermodynamic potential difference across the membrane, and the independence principle. Experiments used to confirm these postulates can be predicted as well by a model in which neither postulate applies.
Food Pilfering in Larder-Hoarding Red Squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)

Loss of cached foods is a constant threat to animals that hoard food, and pilfering plays an important role in the evolution of hoarding strategies. Although pilfering is known to affect the behavior of scatter hoarders, pilfering has been assumed to be less important for larder-hoarding animals. In this study, I used a mark-recapture study of cached Norway spruce (Picea abies) cones to quantify pilfering rates in larder-hoarding red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). Red squirrels stole 26% of the cones that they ate and lost 25% of the cones cached in their middens. Most squirrels stole cones (97%) and lost cones to stealing (92%). However, individual squirrels stole 1–100% of the cones that they ate and lost 1–84% of the cones cached in their middens. Numbers of cones gained by and lost to stealing were not related to the age or sex of individual squirrels or the distances between or numbers of cones cached in individual territories. Squirrels with small middens, however, ultimately gained cones, and those with large middens lost cones. Because food is frequently a limiting resource for red squirrels, these changes in food abundance may directly affect the fitness of individual squirrels. Thus, pilfering likely plays an important role in shaping the hoarding and defensive behaviors of larder-hoarding animals.
The Effects of Q-Matrix Design on Classification Accuracy in the Log-Linear Cognitive Diagnosis Model

Diagnostic classification models are psychometric models that aim to classify examinees according to their mastery or non-mastery of specified latent characteristics. These models are well-suited for providing diagnostic feedback on educational assessments because of their practical efficiency and increased reliability when compared with other multidimensional measurement models. A priori specifications of which latent characteristics or attributes are measured by each item are a core element of the diagnostic assessment design. This item-attribute alignment, expressed in a Q-matrix, precedes and supports any inference resulting from the application of the diagnostic classification model. This study investigates the effects of Q-matrix design on classification accuracy for the log-linear cognitive diagnosis model. Results indicate that classification accuracy, reliability, and convergence rates improve when the Q-matrix contains isolated information from each measured attribute.
Flow cytometry-based assay for determination of teleost cytotoxic cell lysis of target cells.

Background The nonradiometric assays previously developed to detect cellular cytotoxic activity have been hindered by many difficulties. Among the problems are the requirement for expensive commercial kits and the use of techniques that produce high background noise and decreased sensitivity. In addition, these assays did not account for bidirectional apoptosis (activation-induced cell death [AICD]). Most attempts to derive cytometry-based cytotoxicity assays have been unsuccessful because individual effectors and targets could not be identified (i.e., “separated”) using gating techniques. Methods In the present study, teleost nonspecific cytotoxic (NCC) and mammalian target cells were each sufficiently different in size to identify them by flow cytometry (FCM). Using appropriate gating and discriminator techniques, these two cell populations were differentiated based on scatter properties and propidium iodide (PI) binding. Total capacity for PI binding was obtained by permeabilization of the targets with ice-cold acetone. Spontaneous PI binding was relatively low. This technique detected cytotoxicity at effector-to-target ratios (E:T) of 1:1 and after only 30 min cocultivation. Results Tilapia NCC from peripheral blood kill human transformed target cells by necrosis and apoptosis as identified by PI binding. Maximum killing of HL-60 targets (approximately 100%) occurred by 180 min cocultivation. For the same time, the killing of IM-9 did not exceed 60%. Almost 90% of IM-9 targets are lysed following 14 h of cocultivation. The maximum killing of both HL-60 and IM-9 targets was observed at a 25:1 E:T ratio after 14 h. Comparisons of the chromium>51 release assay with flow detection of cytotoxicity revealed that FCM detected 55% lysis of the target cells compared with 2% cytotoxicity by chromium release, after a cocultivation time of 240 min. Discussion FCM detection of (teleost) NCC lysis of target cells using PI uptake is more sensitive than standard chromium release assays. This level of sensitivity was observed because NCC and targets were sufficiently different in size such that they could be resolved by scatter plots. Using FCM, cytotoxicity was detected earlier and at lower E:T ratios than previously reported for chromium release assays. Although tilapia were reported previously to be not capable of lysing IM-9 targets by chromium release detection, the more sensitive method of FCM detected cytotoxicity using PI uptake. HL-60 lysis by tilapia NCC exhibited saturable kinetics but occurred at different times post-cocultivation. Cytometry 45:259–266, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.