cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spring-Loaded Diaphragm-Based Fiber Acoustic Sensor

We report a new fiber sensor utilizing a spring-loaded circular diaphragm to detect extremely weak acoustic waves. When exposed to an acoustic wave, the diaphragm vibrates parallel to itself relative to a stationary substrate. This vibration is detected interferometrically with a laser beam provided by a single-mode fiber placed ∼30 μm from the diaphragm. The beam straddles the reflective diaphragm and the substrate, is reflected, and recoupled into the fiber. When the diaphragm vibrates, it modulates the phase and amplitude profiles of the reflected beam, and therefore, the optical power recoupled into the fiber. A measurement of this power modulation provides the amplitude and frequency of the acoustic wave. This design presents several advantages over the previous generation. It does not require a lens, its sensitivity is much less dependent on angular misalignment between the chip and the fiber, assembly is faster and simpler, and the pressure resolution is improved by a factor of ∼2. A sensor prototype is described with a measured average pressure resolution of 7.6 μPa/√Hz between 300 Hz and 20 kHz and a resolution of 1.8 μPa/√Hz at 7.5 kHz. The measured acoustic sensitivity is independent of the polarization of the interrogating light. The measured wavelength dependence is larger than expected, as a result of a spurious Fabry–Perot interferometer caused by the weak Fresnel reflection on the fiber end. A second sensor with an anti-reflection-coated fiber end is reported with significantly reduced wavelength dependence, of great interest in multiplexed sensor arrays.
Is there a gender difference in US college students’ desire for school-based sexuality education?

In a survey of instructors of human sexuality courses at 58 US universities and colleges, for 51 institutions the female/male ratio of enrolled undergraduate students ranged from 2/1 to 38/1, and t...
Annual Number of Spinal Cord Stimulation Procedures Performed in the State of Florida During 2018: Implications for Establishing Neuromodulation Centers of Excellence.

OBJECTIVE To assess the volume of spinal cord stimulation procedures performed by physicians in the state of Florida in 2018. MATERIALS AND METHODS We obtained information from publicly available state databases for all patients undergoing procedures in 2018 at Florida hospitals, hospital-owned facilities, and independent ambulatory surgery centers. Cases in which a spinal cord stimulation procedure was performed were identified. We estimated for each physician office-based spinal cord stimulation trials (not subject to state reporting) based on the published Florida conversion factor of 25.6% of the total number of such procedures. The medical specialty of the listed performing physician was determined based on the national provider identifier. Counts of neurostimulation procedures performed by physician and within specialties were determined. The numbers of physicians and specialties performing various thresholds between 1 and ≥100 per year were determined, and the percentages of patients whose care was delivered by physicians below each threshold were determined. RESULTS The data analyzed included 10,762 spinal cord stimulation cases. Among the 606 physicians who performed at least one spinal cord stimulation procedure, only nine performed at least 100 cases in 2018. During 2018, 78.4% of physicians performed, on average, <2 spinal cord stimulation procedures per month; there were 29.4% of spinal cord stimulation patients cared for by such physicians. Physicians performing less than four cases per month provided care for 56.9% of all cases. CONCLUSIONS Few physicians performing spinal cord stimulation procedures in the state of Florida in 2018 would have been considered as "high volume." Although volume is only one among many criteria used to designate centers of excellence for other procedures, the potential impact on physician practice and patient access to care should be considered if a specific minimum number of annual cases by physician is to be established.
Introduction to parallel programming using message-passing

This paper introduces parallel programming for beginning programmers. The goal of this paper is to present a template for programming parallel applications. Students should be able utilize the template presented to design, implement, and execute simple parallel applications using message-passing interface.
Photocontrolled nanosystems for antibacterial drug delivery

Abstract Bacterial pathogens are causative agents for serious infectious diseases. Recent advances made in the field of photonanotechnology offer great potential in the development of multifunctional nanoplatforms applicable for specific bacterial detection and therapeutic treatment. This chapter presents the development of bacteria-targeting nanoplatforms with a focus on bacterial targets, multivalent ligand design, and light-controlled therapeutic modalities. First, the use of a multivalent ligand strategy plays a crucial role in the design of bacteria-targeted nanosystems due to its basis for high binding avidity and targeting specificity. This design is achievable by using targeting ligands that include beta-lactams, vancomycin glycopeptides, nisin, chlorhexidine, and daptomycin in Gram(+) cells, and polymyxins, siderophores, and ceramides in Gram(−) cells. Second, the use of these ligand-conjugated nanoplatforms shows great potential for photocontrolled therapeutic delivery in bacterial cells. Their mechanisms of action involve light-controlled drug release, the photodynamic effect based on the production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species, or the photothermal effect. In summary, this article presents the development and application of bacteria-targeted nanosystems in the aspect of their multivalent ligand design and mechanistic basis of photocontrolled therapeutic effects.
Effects of 4- and 6-h Time-Restricted Feeding on Weight and Cardiometabolic Health: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Adults with Obesity.

Summary Time-restricted feeding (TRF) regimens have grown in popularity; however, very few studies have examined their weight-loss efficacy. We conducted the first human trial (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03867773) to compare the effects of two popular forms of TRF (4 and 6 h) on body weight and cardiometabolic risk factors. Adults with obesity were randomized to 4-h TRF (eating only between 3 and 7 p.m.), 6-h TRF (eating only between 1 and 7 p.m.), or a control group (no meal timing restrictions). After 8 weeks, 4- and 6-h TRF produced comparable reductions in body weight (∼3%), insulin resistance, and oxidative stress, versus controls. Energy intake was reduced by ∼550 kcal/day in both TRF groups, without calorie counting. These findings suggest that 4- and 6-h TRF induce mild reductions in body weight over 8 weeks and show promise as interventions for weight loss. These diets may also improve some aspects of cardiometabolic health.
Quadratic Nonlinear Discrete Systems

In this Chapter, the global stability and bifurcation of quadratic nonlinear discrete systems are discussed. Appearing and switching bifurcations of simple period-1 fixed-points are discussed. Period-1 and period-2 bifurcation trees with global stability are presented for forward and backward quadratic discrete systems. The period-2 appearing and period-doubling renormalizations of quadratic discrete systems are discussed, and the period-n appearing and period-doublization in quadratic discrete systems are presented. Similarly, backward period-2 appearing, backward period-doubling renormalization, and backward period-n appearing and period-doublization are also discussed. The forward and backward period-n bifurcations are presented, and the corresponding bifurcation dynamics can be determined as well.
The Effect of Preoperative Behavioral Intervention on Pain, Anxiety, Opioid Use, and Function in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Study.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of preoperative cognitive-behavioral psychoeducation (CBE) for improved pain, anxiety, opioid use, and postoperative function in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients. Methods A randomized controlled trial was conducted among 36 military health system beneficiaries attending preoperative education for TKA. The standard of care (SOC) group (n = 18) received information on home safety, rehabilitation, postoperative precautions, and pain management. In addition, the occupational therapy led CBE group (n = 16) received information on principles of holistic wellness (healing process, effects of stress on healing, heart-rate control through diaphragmatic breathing, anti-inflammatory nutrition, goal setting, and mental imagery). Outcomes of interest: knee active range of motion, pain (Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale), opioid medication use, heart-rate coherence (emwave2), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale), and function (Knee Outcome Survey Activities of Daily Living [KOS-ADL], modified Functional Independence Measure, and Global Rate of Change). Results The CBE group demonstrated significantly greater decline in pain overall, with activity, and during sleep in relation to the SOC group when comparing visit 1 to visit 5. Opioid medication use was significantly lower for CBE versus SOC. Postoperative General Anxiety Disorder-7 scores decreased significantly among CBE participants with similar increase in high heart rate coherence. Function significantly improved postoperatively based on KOS-ADL and Global Rate of Change scores. Twice as many CBE participants had same-day discharge compared to SOC participants and most CBE participants continued with healthy lifestyle recommendations at the 3-month follow-up. Conclusion A cognitive-behavioral approach to preoperative education may improve postoperative pain, anxiety, and function while decreasing opioid use among TKA patients. Findings from this pilot study support further research to examine similar interventions among distinct surgical populations and encourage further evaluation on the effects of CBE to enhance health and healthcare delivery.
Definitions, Attributes Contributing to Visibility, and Principles

Microscopy is the science of the interpretive uses and applications of microscopes(1–3) The key word is interpretive (see Figure 1.4).
Weather, Mood, and Voting: An Experimental Analysis of the Effect of Weather Beyond Turnout

Theoretical and empirical studies show that inclement weather on an election day reduces turnout, potentially swinging the results of the election. Psychology studies, however, show that weather affects individual mood, which -- in turn -- affects individual decision-making activity potentially beyond the simple decision to turn out. This paper evaluates the effect of weather, through its effect on mood, on the way in which voters who do turn out decide to cast their votes. The paper provides experimental evidence of the effect of weather on voting when candidates are perceived as being more or less risky. Findings show that, after controlling for policy preferences, partisanship, and other background variables, bad weather depresses individual mood and risk tolerance, i.e., voters are more likely to vote for the candidate who is perceived to be less risky. This effect is present whether meteorological conditions are measured with objective or subjective measures.
Chemotaxis of Azospirillum Species to Aromatic Compounds

Chemotaxis of Azospirillum lipoferum Sp 59b and Azospirillum brasilense Sp 7 and Sp CD to malate and to the aromatic substrates benzoate, protocatechuate, 4-hydroxybenzoate, and catechol was assayed by the capillary method and direct cell counts. A. lipoferum required induction by growth on 4-hydroxybenzoate for positive chemotaxis to this compound. Chemotaxis of Azospirillum spp. to all other substrates did not require induction. Maximum chemotactic responses for most aromatic compounds occurred at concentrations of 1 to 10 mM for A. lipoferum and 100 μM to 1 mM for A. brasilense. Threshold levels of these chemoattractants ranged from nanomolar to micromolar, with A. brasilense Sp CD showing the lowest threshold levels for the substrates tested. Benzoate was the strongest chemoattractant tested, with threshold concentrations in the nanomolar to picomolar range for all strains. Azospirillum spp. clearly have more sensitive chemosensory mechanisms for certain aromatic substrates than previously reported in some other soil bacteria. This sensitivity allows Azospirillum spp. to detect and respond to aromatic substrates at concentrations relevant to the soil and rhizosphere environments. The ability to detect such low concentrations of aromatic compounds in soils may confer advantages in survival and colonization of the rhizosphere by Azospirillum species.
Advanced Model Order Reduction Techniques in VLSI Design

Model order reduction (MOR) techniques reduce the complexity of VLSI designs, paving the way to higher operating speeds and smaller feature sizes. This book presents a systematic introduction to, and treatment of, the key MOR methods employed in general linear circuits, using real-world examples to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of each algorithm. Following a review of traditional projection-based techniques, coverage progresses to more advanced MOR methods for VLSI design, including HMOR, passive truncated balanced realization (TBR) methods, efficient inductance modeling via the VPEC model, and structure-preserving MOR techniques. Where possible, numerical methods are approached from the CAD engineer's perspective, avoiding complex mathematics and allowing the reader to take on real design problems and develop more effective tools. With practical examples and over 100 illustrations, this book is suitable for researchers and graduate students of electrical and computer engineering, as well as practitioners working in the VLSI design industry.
Distributed forward checking

A reason to distribute constraint satisfaction is privacy: agents may not want to share their values, and they may wish to keep constraints as private as possible. In this paper, we present the Distributed Forward Checking algorithm, a natural successor of Asynchronous Backtracking, where some privacy is achieved on agent values. Regarding constraints, we introduce the Partially Known Constraints model, which allow a constraint between two agents to be not completely known by any of them. With these elements, we obtain new solving algorithms that enforce privacy and maintain completeness. Empirical results are provided. This research is supported by the REPLI project TIC-2002-04470-C03-03.
intelliQoS: Rethinking storage QoS implementation for system efficiency

The objective of maintaining a high efficiency for a shared storage system often has to be compromised with the enforcement of Service-level Agreement (SLA) on quality of service (QoS). From the perspective of I/O scheduling, I/O request service order optimized for disk efficiency can be substantially different from the order required for meeting QoS requirements. When QoS takes priority, the storage system has to serve requests with a sub-optimal efficiency. In this paper, we propose to relate QoS requirements specified for I/O requests to users' experiences. By assuming that only user-observable QoS is necessary for the system to fulfill, we relax QoS requirements on the storage system as long as such a relaxation is not noticeable to users. The relaxation produces a leeway critical for the I/O scheduler to improve disk efficiency. We implement a prototype system, named as intelliQoS, as a proof of concept. In the system the scheduler is allowed to schedule requests in its preferred order as long as the user does not sense any performance degradation through the outputs from the application. In this way the user can still experience the same service quality as required although individual requests' latency requirements can be missed for higher storage efficiency. Our experiments on Xen virtual machines (VMs) show that intelliQoS significantly improves system efficiency by up to 80% without violating user-observable QoS requirements.
A Statistician Reads the Sports Pages: Salaries and Wins in Baseball

A popular point of discussion (and argument) among fans of baseball is the relationship between player salary and performance. Which players are overpaid? Which are a great deal? I will try to expl...
Silent citizenship among Asian Americans and Latinos: opting out or left out?

In his classic study, Who Governs?, Robert Dahl interpreted the patterns of political assimilation of ‘white ethnic’ immigrants and their children during the mid-twentieth century as a hopeful sign of the potential of democratic pluralism in the USA. While acknowledging that immigrant groups faced discrimination and structural barriers that might lead them to be silent, Dahl predicted that social mobility and assimilation would eventually erase these deficits in political participation among immigrants. Building from Dahl's analysis, we investigate the extent to which pluralism in the USA can and does work the same way for immigrants who are also racial minorities. We highlight factors that can lead these groups to become silent citizens, including lack of legal status, lower levels of political mobilization by institutions, and discrimination as structural impediments to minority participation. Our findings suggest that both resources as well as structural impediments structure the political behavior of ...
The Impact of Innovation

With funding from MetLife Foundation, the League for Innovation in the Community College engaged in a yearlong study in 2009 of the nature of innovation in the community college. Using recipients of the League's Innovation of the Year Award at 19 community colleges during the period from 1999 through 2008 as a data set, the authors used document analysis, focus groups, surveys, and interviews to study the kinds of innovations awarded, the characteristics of a community college culture that support and encourage innovation, and the perspectives of the award winners regarding the impact of innovation and the impact of the award itself on the winners. This article focuses on the findings regarding the professional and personal impact of the innovation and the award on the award-winners, as well as the impact of the innovation and the award on various populations and the institution itself. Findings support that (a) innovations are acknowledged by college leaders as valuable and have changed the behavior of i...
Exact axially symmetric stationary solutions of the Kaluza-Klein-Jordan-Thiry theory.

Exact axially symmetric solutions of the Kaluza-Klein-Jordan-Thiry five-dimensional theory are obtained and studied. These metrics represent the exterior gravitational, electromagnetic, and scalar fields of systems that are characterized by having inertial and gravitational masses, electric charge, magnetic charge, angular momentum, and deformations from spherical symmetry, even in the absence of rotation. These conserved quantities are explicitly expressed in terms of the parameters of the metric, and they are also, formally, given as volume integrals of a hypothetical energy-momentum tensor that represents interior matter fields. The spherically symmetric solutions of Chodos and Detweiler, and the magnetic monopoles of Gross, Perry, and Sorkin are included as special cases. Mass-charge relations are found for the asymptotically flat metrics with zero magnetic charge, which suggest that these metrics do not describe fields of known elementary particles, but could represent macroscopic configurations.
Electron Energy Loss during Photoemission

During the photoemission process, whereby the solid absorbs a photon and emits an electron, other excitations such as plasmons or phonons may be created. A calculation is presented of the excitation probability of both the surface and bulk form of these excitations. It is shown that electrons which originate near the surface excite mostly surface excitations, whereas those which originate deeper inside the solid have 8 higher probability of making bulk modes. The excitation rates for the hole are also included in a model which assumes that the hole is localized. Dans le processus de photoemission, lorsque le solide absorbe une photon ou un electron, d'autres excitations, comme des plasmons ou des phonons, ětre crees. On prhsente un calcul de probabilite d'excitation de ces modes aussi bien a la surface qu'a l'intbrieur du solide. On demontre que les electrons qui ont leur origine pres de la surface provoquent, pour la plupart, les excitations de surface, tandis que ceux qiii ont une origine Plus profonde de I'interieur de la solide, ont une probabilith plus grande de provoquer des modes internes. Les taux d'excitation du trou sont enclus egalement dans un modhle qui suppose que le trou est localise.
Adaptive feature analysis of false positives for computerized detection of lung nodules in digital chest images

To assist radiologists in diagnosing early lung cancer, we have developed a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) scheme for automated detection of lung nodules in digital chest images. The database used for this study consisted of two hundred PA chest radiographs, including 100 normals and 100 abnormals. Our CAD scheme has four basic steps, namely, (1) preprocessing, (2) identification of initial nodule candidates (rule-based test #1), (3) grouping of initial nodule candidates into six groups, and (4) elimination of false positives (rule-based test #2 - #5 and artificial neural network). Our CAD scheme achieves, on average, a sensitivity of 70%, with 1.7 false positives per chest image. We believe that this CAD scheme with its current performance is ready for clinical evaluation.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Stat2 Binding to the Interferon-α Receptor 2 Subunit Is Not Required for Interferon-α Signaling

The interferon-α (IFNα) receptor consists of two subunits, the IFNα receptor 1 (IFNaR1) and 2 (IFNaR2) chains. Following ligand binding, IFNaR1 is phosphorylated on tyrosine 466, and this site recruits Stat2 via its SH2 domain. In contrast, IFNaR2 binds Stat2 constitutively. In this study we have characterized the Stat2-IFNaR2 interaction and examined its role in IFNα signaling. Stat2 binds the major IFNaR2 protein but not a variant containing a shorter cytoplasmic domain. The interaction does not require a STAT SH2 domain. Both tyrosine-phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated Stat2 bind IFNaR2 in vitro; however, relatively little phosphorylated Stat2 associates with IFNaR2 in vivo. In vitro binding assays defined IFNaR2 residues 418–444 as the minimal interaction domain and site-specific mutation of conserved acidic residues within this domain disrupted in vitro and in vivobinding. An IFNaR2 construct carrying these mutations was either (i) overexpressed in 293T cells or (ii) used to complement IFNaR2-deficient U5A cells. Unexpectedly, the activity of an IFNα-dependent reporter gene was not reduced but, instead, was enhanced up to 2-fold. This suggests that this particular IFNaR2-Stat2 interaction is not required for IFNα signaling, but might act to negatively inhibit signaling. Finally, a doubly truncated recombinant fragment of Stat2, spanning residues 136–702, associated with IFNaR2 in vitro, indicating that the interaction with IFNaR2 is direct and occurs in a central region of Stat2 marked by a hydrophobic core.
SELF-TRAPPING OF AN OPTICAL VORTEX BY USE OF THE BULK PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT

We report the first observation of self-trapping of an optical vortex due to the bulk photovoltaic effect. A singly charged vortex nested on a broad cw laser beam is trapped in both transverse dimensions in a lithium niobate crystal. Although the optically induced photovoltaic current is inherently polar, the space charge field gives rise to two-dimensional self-defocusing effects. We observe both circular and elliptical self-trapped vortices, as well as beam deformation due to modulation instability.
Behavior of human carcinoma reminiscent of virus

Veranderungen der Reaktion gegenuber Silber und Acridin-Orange-Fluorescenz im Parenchym, um eine metastatische Geschwulst, gestatten die Annahme eines Virus-ahnlichen Mechanismus bei der Ubertragung carcinogener Eigenschaften von Zelle zu Zelle.
Ondansetron versus droperidol or placebo when given prophylactically for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing middle ear procedures

Abstract Study Objective: To compare the prophylactic administration of ondansetron with droperidol or placebo to determine its effectiveness in reducing postoperative nausea and vomiting after middle ear procedures. Design: Prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Setting: Inpatient otolaryngology service at a university medical center. Patients: 120 ASA physical status I and II patients presenting for elective middle ear surgical procedures. Interventions: Patients were randomly assigned to receive either placebo (Group 1), ondansetron 4 mg intravenously (IV) (Group 2), or droperidol 25 mcg/kg IV (Group 3) 10 minutes before induction of general anesthesia using thiopental 5 mg/kg IV with fentanyl 2 mcg/kg IV and maintenance anesthesia with isoflurane 1% to 2% end-tidal in a 50% air/oxygen mixture. Measurements and Main Results: Total surgical, anesthesia, extubation, and postanesthesia care unit (PACU) occupancy times were recorded along with anesthesia recovery scores. The incidence and severity of nausea, vomiting, and pain along with rescue antiemetic administration, also were recorded. Similar assessments were made over the next 24 hours. Intergroup demographic data were similar except that the male to female ratio was higher in the ondansetron group. Stewart scores, reflecting emergence from anesthesia, were higher with ondansetron compared with droperidol. The incidence of nausea was similar between the groups but the severity was less after ondansetron therapy. More patients vomited after placebo than when given either droperidol or ondansetron. No intergroup differences were noted in the use of rescue antiemetics. Twenty-four hours later, more patients who received the placebo drug had nausea or vomited compared with either ondansetron or droperidol. Conclusions: Ondansetron 4 mg IV is as effective as droperidol and better than placebo in preventing nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing middle ear surgery. No cost advantage as determined by lower use of rescue antiemetics or shorter PACU times was noted after the prophylactic administration of ondansetron.
Augmenting organizational memory: a field study of answer garden

A growing concern for organizations and groups has been to augment their knowledge and expertise. One such augmentation is to provide an organizational memory, some record of the organization's knowledge. However, relatively little is known about how computer systems might enhance organizational, group, or community memory. This article presents Answer Garden, a system for growing organizational memory. The article describes the system and its underlying implementation. It then presents findings from a field study of Answer Garden. The article discusses the usage data and qualitative evaluations from the field study, and then draws a set of lessons for next-generation organizational memory systems.
Clinical and Immunohistochemical Characterization of Thymic Lymphosarcoma in a Heifer

A 2–year-old Holstein heifer with a swollen brisket, jugular vein distention, muffled heart sounds, tachycardia, and free gas bloat was examined. Thymic lymphosarcoma was suspected based on a negative agar gel immunodiffusion test for bovine leukemia virus, presence of atypical lymphocytes in pleural fluid, and detection of a mass in the thoracic inlet. Right-sided cardiac catheterization was performed, and markedly increased jugular venous pressures (41 mm Hg) with a pressure gradient of 29 mm Hg immediately cranial to the heart indicated constriction of the cranial vena cava. Immunohistochemical staining of formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of the tumor using a rabbit anti-human T cell, CD3 polyclonal antibody confirmed that the neoplastic lymphocytes were of thymic origin. J Vet Intern Med 1996;275–278. Copyright © 1996 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Asymptomatic hyperglycemia and coronary heart disease in middle-aged men in two employed populations in Chicago.

Abstract Studies of possible association between asymptomatic hyperglycemia and coronary disease were conducted among middle-aged employed men in Chicago. In one cohort, frequency of ECG abnormalities at baseline was examined among men at different glucose levels. In univariate analysis, those at the highest glucose levels had higher rates of ECG evidence of CHD, but this association did not remain when such factors as age, blood pressure, weight, cholesterol and cigarettes were taken into account in multivariate analysis. Among the studies, long-term follow-up to mortality (10, 13 and 15 yr) showed inconsistent findings on association of hyperglycemia and subsequent death. In one cohort (Gas Company men followed for 10 yr after a 1-hr post-load glucose determination) a positive glucose-mortality association was found in both univariate and multivariate analysis. But in the two remaining cohorts (Gas Company 13 yr after casual glucose determination and Western Electric 15 yr after 2-hr post-load determination), no such association was found. While differences in method and sample size as well as other limitations may have contributed to the differences observed, the inconsistency of the findings do not permit a conclusion that asymptomatic hyperglycemia is a positive coronary risk factor.
Metalloenzymes: Natural product nitrosation

Many natural products are decorated with oxygenated nitrogens, but enzymes capable of forming a stable nitroso species have been elusive. A new study reports the identification of a copper-containing C-nitrososynthase that tightly controls the oxidation state of an aromatic amine to yield the natural product 4-hydroxy-3-nitrosobenzamide.
Recent Developments in Social History

Recent trends in social history are assessed. The meaning, and the limitations of "revisionism" in the study of the French Revolution, and the distinction between "social" and "cultural" history are examined. The shift of the use of social science methods and theoretical ideas in historical study from a controversial proposal to their normal and routine incorporation in works of history is judged to be the most important change of the last few decades.
Involvement of 5-HT2 receptors in posthypoxic stimulus-sensitive myoclonus in rats.

Abstract We have previously reported that rats exhibited audiogenic myoclonus at 3 days after cardiac arrest. This phenomenon peaked at 14 days, gradually tapered off at older ages, and disappeared in most rats by 60 days following cardiac arrest. Because treatment with the 5-HT 2 -selective agonist, (±)-1-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl-2-aminopropane (DOI) significantly attenuated audiogenic myoclonus in these postcardiac-arrest rats, the involvement of 5-HT 2 receptors in posthypoxic stimulus-sensitive myoclonus was suggested. In the current study, we, therefore, examined the binding properties of 5-HT 2 receptors in the rat brain at various time points following cardiac arrest. The affinity constant of [ 3 H]ketanserin binding to 5-HT 2 receptors in cortical membranes of rats did not change. In contrast, B max values were found to be reduced at 3 and 14 days after cardiac arrest with some recovery after 60 days. Taken together with previous results, these results indicate that hypoactivity of central 5-HT 2 neurotransmission may underlie the development of posthypoxic stimulus-sensitive myoclonus in rats.
Using stories in supervision to facilitate counselor development

Developmental models of supervision are well-established, yet are often abstract and difficult to apply. The use of stories as a heuristic device in counseling and counselor education is also well substantiated. This article explores how these areas may be combined to help supervisees make meaning of experience on a personal level. Suggestions for implementation are included.
Piezoresistance measurements of YBa2Cu3O7-x showing large magnitude and temporal anomalies between 100 and 300 K.

The response of ceramic ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$ to a uniaxial switched static stress has been investigated by resistivity measurements. For a compressive stress \ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\le}1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{7}$ N/${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ (considered positive), the room-temperature piezoresistance coefficient was negative, and no time dependence (\ensuremath{\ge}1 sec) was observed. For higher stresses the piezoresistance coefficient changed sign and reached the unusually large value of 2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}8}$ ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$/N. In this stress regime the resistivity exhibited nearly reversible time-dependent growth or decay after the stress level was rapidly changed. Typical growth or relaxation times were \ensuremath{\sim}6--30 sec. The change in resistivity with stress showed a sign reversal at 220 K on cooling and was small below 150 K on warming. Hysteretic effects were observed on cooling and warming.
Modeling the impacts of feed spacer geometry on reverse osmosis and nanofiltration processes

Maximizing mass transfer and minimizing hydraulic losses in spiral wound elements is critical for designing effective and efficient reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) processes. Herein we describe a multi-scale modeling approach, which links microscopic and macroscopic transport phenomena in spiral wound elements. Model simulations elucidate the impacts of feed spacer geometry on full-scale RO/NF system performance considering four representative water treatment scenarios: (1) RO membranes used to desalt ocean water, (2) low-pressure RO membranes used to desalt brackish water, (3) ultra-low pressure RO membranes used to purify wastewater, and (4) NF membranes used to soften a hard, fresh water. According to model simulations, feed spacer geometry had little impact on mass transfer; hence, engineering spacers to improve concentration polarization, trans-membrane osmotic pressure, or product water quality may prove difficult and yield limited benefits. In contrast, thinner filaments spread further apart significantly reduced hydraulic losses with negligible impacts to mass transfer. In addition, a few non-circular filament shapes produced even lower hydraulic losses, which might prove beneficial for RO/NF treatment of low salinity waters where hydraulic losses through spiral wound elements contribute significantly to the total process energy consumption. In high salinity waters, improved spacer designs may not significantly reduce energy consumption because hydraulic losses through spiral wound elements are relatively small.
The Advantages of Moral Diversity

We are well served, both practically and morally, by ethical diversity, by living in a community whose members have values and priorities that are, at a habit-forming, action-guiding level, often different from our own. Of course, unchecked ethical diversity can lead to disaster, to chaos and conflict. We attempt to avoid or mitigate such conflict by articulating general moral and political principles, and developing the virtues of acting on those principles. But as far as leading a good life — the life that best suits what is best in us — goes, it is not essential that we agree on the interpretations of those common principles, or that we are committed to them, by some general act of the will. What matters is that they form our habits and institutions, so that we succeed in cooperating practically, to promote the state of affairs that realizes what we each prize. People of different ethical orientations can — and need to — cooperate fruitfully in practical life while having different interpretations and justifications of general moral or procedural principles. Indeed, at least some principles are best left ambiguous, and some crucial moral and ethical conflicts are best understood, and best arbitrated, as failures of practical cooperation rather than as disagreements about the truth of certain general propositions or theories.This way of construing ethical conflict and cooperation carries political consequences. It appears to make the task of resolving ethical conflicts more modest and, perhaps, easier to accomplish. But it raises formidable problems about how to design the range of educative institutions that bridge public and private life.
Transition from ferromagnetism to mictomagnetism in Fe—Al alloys

Abstract Alternating low-field susceptibility and steady-field magnetization measurements show the occurrence of mictomagnetism in Fe—Al alloys with either the [Fe 3 Al] - or the [FeAl]-type atomic order over almost the entire composition range of these two phases. Fe 70 Al 30 [Fe 3 Al] becomes ferromagnetic on cooling below T c = 400 K, it becomes superparamagnetic on further cooling below the “reversed Curie temperature” T ɔ ≈ 170 K and it becomes mictomagnetic below the freezing temperature of T f = 92 K. Alloys Fe 70.5 Al 29.5 to Fe 73 Al 27 with [Fe 3 Al] order transform directly from the ferromagnetic to the mictomagnetic state, without intermediate paramagnetism.
Chronotherapy of high-dose active Vitamin D(3): is evening dosing preferable?

Oral vitamin D3 is usually administered to children with chronic renal failure in the morning. Is there enough evidence that evening dosing is more beneficial with respect to suppression of parathyroid hormone and reduction of side effects such as hypercalcemia?
Comparison of cue-controlled relaxation and cognitive restructuring versus study skills counseling in treatment of test-anxious college underachievers.

This investigation compared the relative efficacy of two multi-component strategies in the treatment of test anxiety for college underachievers. 30 test-anxious students with deficient study habits were assigned to one of three experimental conditions: (a) a combined cue-controlled relaxation and cognitive restructuring program, (b) a study-skills program incorporating a decision-making model, or (c) a waiting-list control. Analyses of pre-, post-, and follow-up data for several dependent measures indicated the superiority of the two active treatments relative to the no-treatment control. Between-group comparisons showed that both the cue-controlled relaxation and cognitive-restructuring group and the study-skills group demonstrated significant improvement over the waiting-list control on self-report debilitative test anxiety and irrational thinking. The study-skills program led to the most dramatic improvements in grade point averages. No significant differences between the two treatment techniques were ...
An unexpected twist in viral capsid maturation.

The lambda-like double-stranded (ds) DNA bacteriophage HK97 is a favourable system for studying viral capsid maturation since it can be assembled in Escherichia coli from the expression of just two viral gene products and maturation is easily triggered and analysed in vitro. Various mature viral capsid structures have been determined but until now no procapsids have been available for a dsDNA virus or bacteriophage. Gertsman et al. now report the high-resolution structure of the HK97 procapsid providing insight into the capsid assembly process leading to infectious virions. The knowledge gained from this structure is relevant for related viruses such as the human herpesvirus. This paper reports the high-resolution structure of the double-stranded DNA bacteriophage HK97 procapsid, providing insight into the capsid assembly process leading to infectious virions. The knowledge gained from this structure is relevant for related viruses such as human herpesviruses. Lambda-like double-stranded (ds) DNA bacteriophage undergo massive conformational changes in their capsid shell during the packaging of their viral genomes. Capsid shells are complex organizations of hundreds of protein subunits that assemble into intricate quaternary complexes that ultimately are able to withstand over 50 atm of pressure during genome packaging1. The extensive integration between subunits in capsids requires the formation of an intermediate complex, termed a procapsid, from which individual subunits can undergo the necessary refolding and structural rearrangements needed to transition to the more stable capsid. Although various mature capsids have been characterized at atomic resolution, no such procapsid structure is available for a dsDNA virus or bacteriophage. Here we present a procapsid X-ray structure at 3.65 A resolution, termed prohead II, of the lambda-like bacteriophage HK97, the mature capsid structure of which was previously solved to 3.44 A (ref. 2). A comparison of the two largely different capsid forms has unveiled an unprecedented expansion mechanism that describes the transition. Crystallographic and hydrogen/deuterium exchange data presented here demonstrate that the subunit tertiary structures are significantly different between the two states, with twisting and bending motions occurring in both helical and β-sheet regions. We also identified subunit interactions at each three-fold axis of the capsid that are maintained throughout maturation. The interactions sustain capsid integrity during subunit refolding and provide a fixed hinge from which subunits undergo rotational and translational motions during maturation. Previously published calorimetric data of a closely related bacteriophage, P22, showed that capsid maturation was an exothermic process that resulted in a release of 90 kJ mol-1 of energy3. We propose that the major tertiary changes presented in this study reveal a structural basis for an exothermic maturation process probably present in many dsDNA bacteriophage and possibly viruses such as herpesvirus, which share the HK97 subunit fold4.
Electronic Descriptors for the Adsorption Energies of Sulfur-Containing Molecules on Co/MoS2, Using DFT Calculations

A set of adsorption energies for all the reaction intermediates completely defines the reaction thermodynamics. Hence, it is important to quantitatively predict adsorption energies for a given system. Describing desulfurization catalysis via transition metal sulfides involves numerous combinations of sulfur-containing molecules and active site geometries. For such a system, a correlative model for adsorption energy predictions would be very useful. We have calculated the η1 adsorption energies for 12 different sulfur-containing molecules on 5 different Co-MoS2 metal edge structures. These edge structures give rise to 12 different adsorption modes corresponding to different S-coverages, Co-decorations, and H-coverages. We find adsorption energies for any pair of molecules or any pair of adsorption modes are linearly correlated, confirming the applicability of scaling relationships. Natural bond orbital (NBO)-based electronic descriptors for gas phase adsorbate species are sufficient to describe the adsorpt...
Analysis of double-scattering mechanisms in p-bard annihilation processes between 1. 09 and 1. 43 GeV/c

In a study of p-bard annihilation reactions between 1.09 and 1.43 GeV/c, it is found that the four- and six-prong samples with a visible slow proton exhibit features substantially different from those expected based on a simple impulse approximation. A phenomenological model, developed in the framework of Glauber's model, provides an excellent description of the data. In as much as 26.6% of the three- and four-prong and 21.7% of the five- and six-prong samples, pions from one of the annihilation reactions interact with the spectator nucleon via either elastic or charge-exchange scattering. This process is called the final-state interaction. For the initial-state interaction in which the incident antiproton undergoes elastic scattering prior to annihilation, the process accounts for 7.5% (9.1%) of the three- and four- (five- and six-) prong events.
Nutrient enhanced primary productivity of the Texas-Louisiana continental shelf

Abstract Light bottle and dark bottle 14C uptake was measured on deck in 4–6 h shipboard incubations at 12 locations on the NW continental margin of the Gulf of Mexico in July and at 9 locations in October 1990. In July, rates of Pmax m−3 h−1 were higher than previously reported for the Texas-Louisiana shelf, and daily production calculated frm these 4–6 h incubations was 1–1.4 g C m−2 d−1 at most inner and middle shelf locations. However, in May–June 1990 freshwater discharge from the nitrate-rich Mississippi-Atchafalaya river system and from the Trinity River had reached highest recorded outflows in many years; near-surface nitrate concentrations over the Texas-Louisiana shelf remained well above the 0.05 μM 1−1 limit of detection into July. In contrast, near-surface nitrate concentrations were close to or at the limit of detection in October. Reflecting this variation in nitrate inventory, in July the production index (P/B ratio) at stations near riverine and estuarine nutrient sources and over the inner shelf reached 40 mg C fixed m−3 h−1 · (mg chl m−3)−1, whereas in October this index generally was 2− to 3-fold lower. Thus, primary productivity of the Texas-Louisiana continental margin appears to be moderate when not enhanced by the high “new” nitrogen nutrient loads that enter via riverine/estuarine outflows. Since the volume of freshwater discharge varies markedly on seasonal and interannual time scales, we suggest that “discharge driven” is a more appropriate description of the primary productivity of this subtropical continental margin than is its spatial partition into regions of high (250–500), medium (150–250) and low (100–150 mg C m−2 d−1) mean production.
Isolation of plasminogen activator from human plasma by chromatography on lysine-sepharose.

Abstract A plasminogen activator has been recovered from human postexercise blood plasma by chromatography on lysine coupled to Sepharose 4B. Plasminogen activator activity was unstable in citrated plasma but could be stabilized by addition of 5 m m EDTA and 5 m m benzamidine. Stabilized postexercise plasma was applied to lysine-Sepharose and the bulk of the protein washed from the column with a gradient in NaCl (0–0.6 m ). The activator was then eluted with 1.5 m NaCl or with linear gradients in l -lysine (0–20 m m ) or l -arginine (0–0.2 m ). The activator was purified approximately 5000-fold over the starting plasma and was well separated from plasminogen and plasmin inhibitors. It caused no lysis on plasminogenfree fibrin-agar plates. The activator activity was inhibited by diisopropylphosphorofluoridate, ϵ-aminocaproic acid, and lysine but not by soybean trypsin inhibitor, Trasylol or blood plasma with or without heparin present. A plasminogen activator isolated from homogenized human vein by identical chromatography on lysine-Sepharose showed the same inhibition profile. This suggested that the activator recovered from postexercise human plasma was released from the blood vessel walls. Incorporation studies with [32P]-diisopropylphosphorofluoridate indicated that the enzyme displays over 30,000 Committee on Thrombolytic Agents units/mg of protein. This high potency combined with the activator's resistance to plasma inhibitors suggests that it may be of importance to in vivo fibrinolysis.