cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of chemical interactions in the stability of artificial metallic superlattices

Atom by atom deposition techniques, such as magnetron sputtering, make possible the synthesis of artificial superlattices with composition modulations in one dimension on an atomic scale. Generally, elastic effects (lattice mismatch) and chemical affinity (ordering or clustering tendencies) are recognized as the most important driving forces for the thermodynamic stability of such materials. In this study the chemical aspect of stability will be examined using a formalism based on the first-principles electronic structure calculations developed originally for bulk alloys. The formalism has been applied to a number of systems with fcc and bcc transition metals as constituents. In some cases the stability of artificial superlattices was found to depend in a rather surprising and unexpected way on the direction and wavelength of the composition modulation.
Synthesis of RNA during oogenesis in the sea urchin

Forced partial spawning of eggs from gravid specimens of the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata, stimulates the incorporation of labeled precursors into the RNA of maturing oocytes. Mature eggs containing radioactive RNA can be collected after several days of incubation. Autoradiograms from sectioned gonads show that radioactive eggs are sparsely distributed among the bulk of unlabeled ootids. Smaller oocytes and oogonia, which are not collected for extraction, become highly radioactive. Most of the radioactivity in RNA from mature eggs is found in the 28 s and 18 s ribosomal species, and a smaller and more variable incorporation is observed for the material of low molecular weight sedimenting at about 4 s. The distribution of specific activity in gradient sedimentation profiles and in the pattern of elution from methylated albumin-kieselguhr columns suggests that radioactive heterogeneous RNA may also be present. The total RNA preparations contain some radioactive material, the in vitro hybridization of which with DNA is not appreciably influenced by the presence of excess unlabeled ribosomal RNA.
Small molecules with antimicrobial activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa identified by high-throughput screening

Background and purpose: New antimicrobials are needed because of the emergence of organisms that are resistant to available antimicrobials. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a high-throughput screening approach to identify antibacterials against two common disease-causing bacteria, and to determine the frequency, novelty, and potency of compounds with antibacterial activity. Experimental approach: A high-throughput, turbidometric assay of bacterial growth in a 96-well plate format was used to screen a diverse collection of 150,000 small molecules for antibacterial activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The statistical Z′-factor for the assay was 0.7. Key results: Screening for inhibition of E. coli growth gave a ‘hit’ rate (>60% inhibition at 12.5 μM) of 0.025%, which was more than 5-fold reduced for P. aeruginosa. The most potent antibacterials (EC50 250 analogs of the most potent antibacterial classes established structure-activity data sets. Conclusions and Implications: Our results validate and demonstrate the utility of a growth-based phenotype screen for rapid identification of small-molecule antibacterials. The favourable efficacy and structure-activity data for several of the antibacterial classes suggests their potential development for clinical use. British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 149, 551–559. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706873
Search for CP Violation of CLEO

Abstract The CLEO experiment has been at the forefront of B meson physics for the last two decades. Particularly in the last few years CLEO has produced extensive results on rare decays of B meson. These results are a critical first step in the understanding of CP violations in the B meson system and are sensitive tests of the existence of new physics.
Are large concentration of atomic H storable in tritium-impregnated solid in H2 below 0.10 K

The storage and release of atomic hydrogen produced by the beta decay of tritium contained in a crystalline solid H2 matrix at concentrations greater than 2% and temperatures below 0.80 K are investigated. The temperature of a sample chamber containing tritium-impregnated H2 and placed in the mixing chamber of a dilution refrigerator was measured as the chamber was heated and cooled in order to determine the rates of energy storage and release. It is found that for samples containing 1.2 wt.% tritium, after storage at 0.054 K for 40 h, an increase in sample temperature to a trigger point of 0.17 K leads to an energy release due to the destabilization of atomic H in H2 as predicted by the phenomenological rate process theory. For a tritium weight fraction of 2.5%, energy releases were triggered at 0.54 and 0.82 K after storage at 0.080 K, indicating the trapping of H atoms at the sites of T2 and HT molecules in the sample. The application of a 15 kG magnetic field is shown to increase the storage capacity of T2 traps while reducing that of HT traps, and to lower the trigger temperatures of both. Results suggest that the direct conversion of nuclear energy to chemical energy may become technically feasible in the future.
Serum-dependent depression of alkaline phosphatase in HeLa cells.

Reduction in alkaline phosphatase activity was observed when HeLa S3 cells were grown in Puck's medium containing high concentrations of human serum. This effect was not seen with the enzyme of Chang liver 8A cells. The induction of increased alkaline phosphatase in HeLa S3 by prednisolone or by osmolality changes was not prevented by serum. The concentration of serum in the culture medium had no influence on acid phosphatase activity.
Quantitative studies of transneuronal atrophy in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of cats and kittens.

The transneuronal cell atrophy that occurs in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus after removal of one eye is more rapid in young than in adult cats. The change in the rate of the atrophic change continues well beyond the time at which geniculate cell growth has stopped. In a three and a half month old kitten transneuronal cell shrinkage is clearly evident within three days on the side contralateral to an enucleation, but it does not appear clearly on the ipsilateral side until the twelfth post-operative day. On both sides of the brain there is some apparent recovery and then a later, slower cell shrinkage. In a seven month old cat the cell changes are slower, and the two stages of the atrophy are less clearly distinguishable. In the three and a half month kittens there is no significant differences between the atrophy that occurs in the binocular and the monocular parts of the nucleus and it is concluded that a binocular, or translaminar competition plays no part in producing the atrophic changes in these kittens. However, in a seven day old kitten removal of one eye appears to produce more severe atrophy in the binocular than in the monocular parts of the nucleus. Thus, a binocular competition, similar to that seen after a lid suture in seven day old kittens, may play a part in the transneuronal atrophy in these very young animals but not in older kittens.
From dynamic binding to state via modal possibility

In this paper we propose a typed, purely functional calculus for state (with second-class locations) in which types reflect the dichotomy between reading from and writing into the global store. This is in contrast to the usual formulation of state via monads, where the primitives for reading and writing introduce the same monadic type constructor. We hope to argue that making this distinction is useful, simple, and has strong logical foundations.Our type system is based on the proof-term calculus for constructive modal logic S4, which has two modal type operators: ␣ for necessity and ◊ for possibility. We extend this calculus with the notion of names (which stand for locations) and generalize to indexed families of modal operators (indexed by sets of names). Then, the modal type ␣CA classifies computations of type A which read from store locations listed in the set C. The dual type ␣CA classifies computations which first write into the locations from $C$ and than use the changed store to obtain a value of type A.There are several benefits to this development. First, the necessitation fragment of the language is interesting in its own: it formulates a calculus of dynamic binding. Second, the possibility operator ◊ is a monad, thus forcing the single-threading of memory writes, but not of memory reads (as these are associated with ␣). Finally, the different status of reads and writes gives rise to a natural way of expressing the allocation of uninitialized memory while also providing guarantees that only initialized locations are dereferenced.
An effective 3-D solver for MMIC interconnects - EVFE technique with PML

In this paper, the perfectly matched layer (PML) boundary condition has been successfully implemented into the 3D envelope finite element (EVFE) technique to truncate the space meshes. The numerical test shows that PML can provide 40 dB overall absorption in the presence of four layers of absorber. A few MMIC interconnect structures were analyzed using EVFE techniques with PML boundary conditions. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach is an efficient and precise way to analyze the MMIC interconnects.
A Five-year Record Mast Production and Climate in Contrasting Mixed-oak-hickory Forests on the Mashomack Preserve, Long Island, New York, USA

ABSTRACT: This five-year study (2007–2011) investigated year-to-year variation in the oak (Quercus spp.) and hickory (Carya spp.) mast production in five different variations of mixed-oak-hickory forests at the Mashomack Preserve on Shelter Island, Long Island, New York. All seven species (six oaks and one hickory) had one to three mast years during the five year study, with black oak (Quercus velutina) having the highest number of mast years and producing the largest number of acorns. Pignut hickory (Carya glabra) had a similarly high overstory importance value to black oak in the study stands but had only one mast year and produced less than half of the nuts produced by black oak. White oak (Quercus alba) was the third ranking tree species in term of overstory importance and mast production, having two mast years during the study. There was a large amount of year-to-year and stand variation in mast production. The highest amount of mast was produced in 2009 and 2010, yet there was a 3–4 fold difference ...
Acoustic Based Structural Health Monitoring for Composites Using Optimal Sensor Placement: Analysis and Experiments

An acoustic based sensor network with optimal sensor placement is designed to characterize the existence of damage in composites. By incorporating the sensor certainty region and the sensing density, the developed optimal sensor set is able to provide an accurate description of the perturbations caused by the presence of damage. In the present study, piezoelectric sensors and actuators are used. A round-robin inspection is performed on the entire structure. Initially, the sensing region and the certainty region of a sensor-actuator pair are estimated, based on experimental data. The parameters of actuator position, excitation intensity, material properties of the host structure, the sensitivity property of the transducers, and detectable perturbations have been taken into account in the estimation. In multi-sensor applications, the placement of two neighboring sensors leads to an overlap between their certainty regions. Therefore, the overlap of the neighboring sensors is determined next and the minimum o...
Deterministic and Reliability-Based Optimization of Composite Laminates for Cryogenic Environments

Designs of composite laminates are investigated for hydrogen tanks in cryogenic environments. Large residual strains, which can develop due to thermal mismatch between matrix and fibers, result in matrix cracking at cryogenic temperatures and increase hydrogen leakage through the tank wall. To reduce thermal mismatch, ply angles need to be close to each other, but this leads to a substantial weight increase under biaxial loading. First deterministic optimization is used to investigate possible weight reduction measures. Reducing axial loads on walls by auxiliary stiffening mechanisms led to significant weight reduction. Reliability-based optimizations were performed to identify the uncertainties in composite material properties with the largest influences on the optimum design. Then measures for reducing uncertainty in important parameters are examined. The results indicate that the most effective measure for reducing thickness is quality control.
Stability analysis of the Interacting Multiple Model algorithm

The interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm is a well-known state estimation algorithm for hybrid systems. We derive a lower bound and an upper bound for the error covariance of the IMM algorithm for controllable and observable hybrid systems. We then derive sufficient conditions for the exponential stability of the IMM algorithm for a special class of hybrid systems by the Lyapunov approach.
Microcontact click printing for templating ultrathin films of metal - Organic frameworks

The controlled growth of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) over surfaces has been investigated using a variety of surface analytical techniques. The use of microcontact printing to prepare surfaces, patterned with regions capable of nucleating the growth of MOFs, has been explored by employing copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) to pattern silicon wafers with carboxylic acids, a functional group that has been shown to nucleate the growth of MOFs on surfaces. Upon subjecting the patterned silicon surfaces to solvothermal conditions, MOF thin films were obtained and characterized subsequently by AFM, SEM, and grazing-incidence XRD (GIXRD). Large crystals (∼0.5 mm) have also been nucleated, as indicated by the presence of a bas-relief of the original pattern on one surface of the crystal, suggesting that it is possible to transfer the template surface pattern onto a single crystal of a MOF.
Fuzzy approach to document recognition

The authors present a new approach to document recognition using fuzzy rules. The system uses information such as relative locations, relative sizes, and positions. A prototype DOCREC-III is described, which takes bitmap scanned images as input and uses spatial knowledge (layout structure) to reason about the rectangular segments (logical structure) in technical papers. The system provides a compact rule base with accuracy and efficiency. The rules are concise but powerful enough to recognize a variety of layout structures observed in technical papers. >
Controlling soliton perturbations with phase-sensitive amplification

Short optical pulses in nonlinear fibers are susceptible to a variety of higher-order physical effects, including the Raman self-frequency shift and cubic and nonlinear dispersions. These effects directly modify pulse propagation and contribute to noise-induced phenomena such as the Gordon–Haus jitter. We show that phase-sensitive amplification, if used to compensate for loss, acts as a restoring force in frequency and compensates for the Raman self-frequency shift. Furthermore, phase-sensitive amplification controls the Gordon–Haus jitter, including the contributions of the Raman self-frequency shift and the third-order dispersion.
The impacts of Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass) invasion on wetland plant richness in the Oregon Coast Range, USA depend on beavers

Abstract Invasive plants can threaten diversity and ecosystem function. We examined the relationship between the invasive Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass) and species richness in beaver wetlands in Oregon, USA. Four basins (drainages) were chosen and three sites each of beaver impoundments, unimpounded areas and areas upstream of debris jams were randomly chosen in each basin for further study (n = 36). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that the relationship between Phalaris and species richness differed significantly (p = 0.01) by site type. Dam sites (beaver impoundments) exhibited a strong inverse relationship between Phalaris and species richness (bD = −0.15), with one species lost for each 7% increase in Phalaris cover. In contrast, there was essentially no relationship between Phalaris cover and species richness in jam sites (debris jam impoundments formed by flooding; bJ = +0.01) and unimpounded sites (bU = −0.03). The cycle of beaver impoundment and abandonment both disrupts the native community and provides an ideal environment for Phalaris, which once established tends to exclude development of herbaceous communities and limits species richness. Because beaver wetlands are a dominant wetland type in the Coast Range, Phalaris invasion presents a real threat to landscape heterogeneity and ecosystem function in the region.
An Iroquois frontier: the north shore of Lake Ontario during the late seventeenth century

Abstract Historical accounts and assessments of Lake Ontario's north shore during the late seventeenth century generally describe the area as an abandoned battleground and devasted “no-man's land”. The impression is built of English and particularly French views that this was an area no longer useful as a major source of furs. To the Iroquois the land was anything but devastated. Whereas they bypassed the territory in their constant search for furs to the north and west, the north shore, strategic and fertile, became a trading, agricultural, and even settlement frontier. A reassessment of the written documents and largely neglected maps of the period suggest that the Iroquois occupation of the north shore was highly ordered and based on traditional trade routes and tribal territorial claims. It was an extension of the homeland. But innovations in subsistence, settlement, and lifestyle did occur. The study of expansion to the north shore provides valuable insights into the delicate balance between the forces of change and continuity in post-contact Iroquois society.
‘Similarity breeds liking’ revisited: The moderating role of commitment:

The association between perceived similarity and liking for a romantic partner was examined in college students' relationships over the course of one year. Despite substantial evidence that similarity breeds attraction, perceived attribute similarity was positively correlated with liking only in highcommitment relationships. In low-commitment relationships, perceived dissimilarity was associated with greater liking and with maintenance of liking over time, consistent with Aron and Aron's (1997) self-expansion model. Relationship status (ongoing or ended) after one year was primarily explained by commitment at time 1. However, high perceived similarity appeared to buffer couples against destructive accommodation responses; relatively destructive responses were associated with ended status only when perceived similarity was low.
Textural Characterization of Cheeses Using Vane Rheometry and Torsion Analysis

Vane rheometry was applied to textural characterization of cheeses and compared with torsion analysis. A Haake VT 550 viscotester was used for both vane and torsion tests at strain rates of 0.003 to 0.524 s -1 . Angular deformation and shear stress in the vane test increased with increasing low strain rate and was rate independent at higher rates. This shear rate dependency of stress and deformation varied with cheese types. Shear stresses from the vane method were lower than torsion shear stresses. Similar texture maps of cheeses were generated by plotting stress and strain or angular deformation values from the 2 testing methods. The findings indicate the vane technique can be used for rapid textural characterization of cheeses.
Gene Targeting and Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Prevention of Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II

The report by Vera et al1 that appears in this issue demonstrates that the kidney-specific induction of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 prevents angiotensin (Ang) II hypertension in CL57BL/6J mice. Kidney-specific induction of HO-1 was achieved by implanting intrarenal medullary interstitial catheters in the left kidney of uninephrectomized mice. Infusion of cobalt protoporphyrin, a known inducer of HO-1, produced a significant induction of HO-1 protein levels and increased HO activity largely in the renal medulla. Ang II–dependent hypertension was examined by measuring mean arterial pressure and was found to be attenuated in cobalt protoporphyrin–treated animals. The levels of heme, the substrate of HO, and superoxide were increased in Ang II–treated animal. These increases were blocked in cobalt protoporphyrin–treated animals. The authors conclude that the specific induction of renal HO-1 is responsible for the prevention of Ang II–dependent hypertension and the lowering of blood pressure in this animal model of hypertension. This article raises important findings related to gene targeting in renal injury and HO-1. As shown previously, the degradation of heme is regarded as pivotal in cellular defense for 2 reasons. First, the pro-oxidant heme is removed and, second, increased production of bilirubin/biliverdin and CO, heme degradation products, is now considered beneficial to cellular cytoprotection. Iron, the third heme degradation product, which can stimulate free radical formation, is immediately bound by ferritin. Thus, CO and bilirubin are central to the defense mechanisms that occur in times of stress, a result of elevated levels of HO-1 protein and HO activity. The HO-1/HO-2 system has been long implicated in the regulation of renal function and hypertension (reviewed in Reference 2). Sacerdoti et al3 first reported the benefits of an acute effect, describing that treatment with stannous chloride prevented the development of high blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rats. Subsequently, …
One and Two-Dimensional Pattern Formation on Ion Sputtered Silicon

The evolution of surface morphology during ion beam erosion of Si(111) at glancing ion incidence (60 o from normal, 500 eV Ar + , 0.75 mA/cm 2 collimated beam current) was studied over a temperature range of 500-730 o Celsius. Keeping ion flux, incident angle, and energy fixed, it was found that one-dimensional sputter ripples with wavevector oriented perpendicular to the projected ion beam direction form during sputtering at the lower end of the temperature range. For temperatures above approximately 690 o Celsius, growth modes both parallel and perpendicular to the projected ion beam direction contribute to the surface morphological evolution. This effect leads to the formation of bumps (“dots”) with nearly rectangular symmetry.
A lean framework for prototyping demanufacturing work cell automation

Electronics manufacturers face a unique challenge in attempting to manage a stream of used goods of different value to meet uncertain demands for reused products or recycled materials. In current systems, items are processed and stored manually and high inventories are often maintained. High volumes of used goods necessitate automated solutions to the sorting and dismantling tasks. A new approach is presented for prototyping demanufacturing cell automation using lean principles. Prototyping of the automation is based on value definition, used good value stream mapping, flow, pull, and continuous improvement. Therefore, the demanufacturing cell automation is optimized to provide the demanufacturer the maximum value in the least amount of time from a used product stream. A prototype demanufacturing cell is proposed based on the comparison of feasible automation strategies for demanufacturing strategy includes the specification of configuration of manipulators, sensors, and material handling devices in the work cell as well as a processing method such as partially destructive disassembly. The prototyping methodology is illustrated with a case study for demanufacturing cell phones. Conclusions regarding the effectiveness of the prototyping methodology are presented and areas for future investigation are identified.
Systematic along-axis tidal triggering of microearthquakes observed at 9°50′N East Pacific Rise

[1] Hydrothermal fluid circulation at mid-ocean ridges facilitates the exchange of heat and chemicals between the oceans and the solid Earth, and supports chemosynthetic microbial and macro-faunal communities. The structure and evolution of newly formed oceanic crust plays a dominant role in controlling the character and longevity of hydrothermal systems; however, direct measurements of subsurface processes remain technologically challenging to obtain. Previous studies have shown that tidally-induced stresses within the subseafloor modulate both fluid flow and microearthquake origin times. In this study, we observe systematic along-axis variations between peak microearthquake activity and maximum predicted tidal extension beneath the hydrothermal vent site at 9°50′N East Pacific Rise. We interpret this systematic triggering to result from pore-pressure perturbations propagating laterally through the hydrothermal system. Based on our observations and a one-dimensional pore pressure perturbation model, we estimate bulk permeability at ∼10−13 to 10−12 m2 within layer 2B over a calculated diffusive lengthscale of 2.0 km.
Intolerance of uncertainty mediates reduced reward anticipation in major depressive disorder.

Background Reduced reward sensitivity has long been considered a fundamental deficit of major depressive disorder (MDD). One way this deficit has been measured is by an asymmetry in electroencephalogram (EEG) activity between left and right frontal brain regions. MDD has been associated with a reduced frontal EEG asymmetry (i.e., decreased left relative to right) while anticipating reward. However, the mechanism (or mediator) of this association is unclear. The present study examined whether intolerance of uncertainty (IU) mediated the association between depression and reduced reward anticipation.
Landmine detection with ground penetrating radar using hidden Markov models

Novel, general methods for detecting landmine signatures in ground penetrating radar (GPR) using hidden Markov models (HMMs) are proposed and evaluated. The methods are evaluated on real data collected by a GPR mounted on a moving vehicle at three different geographical locations. A large library of digital GPR signatures of both landmines and clutter/background was constructed and used for training. Simple, but effective, observation vector representations are constructed to naturally model the time-varying signatures produced by the interaction of the GPR and the landmines as the vehicle moves. The number and definition of the states of the HMMs are based on qualitative signature models. The model parameters are optimized using the Baum-Welch algorithm. The models were trained on landmine and background/clutter signatures from one geographical location and successfully tested at two different locations. The data used in the test were acquired from over 6000 m/sup 2/ of simulated dirt and gravel roads, and also off-road conditions. These data contained approximately 300 landmine signatures, over half of which were plastic-cased or completely nonmetal.
Isolation and characterization of mutated FhlA proteins which activate transcription of the hyc operon (formate hydrogenlyase) of Escherichia coli in the absence of molybdate

Escherichia coli growing under anaerobic conditions produces H2 and CO2 by the enzymatic cleavage of formate catalyzed by formate hydrogenlyase (FHL) consisting of a molybdoenzyme formate dehydrogenase H (fdhF), hydrogenase 3 (hyc), and intermediate electron carriers (hyc). Transcription of both the fdhF and hyc operons requires the activator, FhlA protein, as well as formate and molybdate. Several fhlA mutants with an altered response to the required effector molybdate were isolated and these FhlA mutated proteins activated hyc transcription in the absence of molybdate, but only in the presence of formate. Mutated protein FhlA126 carries a single mutation (R495C) in the conserved central domain of the modular, σ54-dependent, enhancer-binding protein. FhlA57 contains two mutations; one in the unique N-terminal domain (E205K) and a second in the central domain (P442S). Both mutations in FhlA132 are located in the N-terminal domain (A42T and E363K). Both FhlA126 and FhlA132 proteins activated the hyc operon even in the absence of ModE and MoeA, two components of Mo-metabolism which are required for hyc-lac expression in wild-type E. coli. Based on these results, a model is proposed in which the native FhlA protein interacts with a unique form of Mo (MoeA product?) as a second effector for optimum expression of the hyc operon in E. coli.
Response of serum transferrin receptor to iron supplementation in iron-depleted, nonanemic women

Serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) concentra- tion has been recognized recently as a reliable indicator of func- tional iron deficiency, but its response to iron supplementation has not been investigated in marginally iron-deficient women. In this randomized, double-blinded trial, 37 female subjects aged 19-35 y with iron depletion without anemia (hemoglobin > 120 g/L and serum ferritin < 16 mg/L) received an iron supplement or placebo for 8 wk. Iron status was measured before treatment, after 4 wk of treatment, and posttreatment (ie, after 8 wk of treat- ment). Iron supplementation of these iron-depleted, nonanemic women resulted in a progressive and significant decrease in sTfR and a significant increase in serum ferritin, and prevented a fall in hemoglobin. The responsiveness of sTfR to iron treatment indicated that sTfR is a sensitive indicator of marginal iron defi- ciency in iron-depleted, nonanemic women, even when their body iron stores were being replenished. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67:271-5.
Qualitative and Quantitative Research in Clinical Practice

The purpose of this article is to describe types of research that are particularly suitable for use in clinical settings. Examples of the case study, descriptive research, and quasi-experimental research and examples of both qualitative and quantitative methods to record and transmit subjective data are described briefly.
Not Scotist: understandings of being, univocity, and analogy in early-modern Reformed thought

Several lines of recent scholarship have identified developing Protestant thought as Scotist and, specifically, have contended a dominance of the Scotist concept of the univocity of being in early modern Protestantism. The present essay examines early-modern Reformed metaphysics and theology and demonstrates that the contention is unfounded. Rather, the more typical approach to the language of being and related issues of predication concerning God and creatures in Reformed circles was advocacy of the analogia entis, often understood in a classical Thomist manner as an analogy of proportionality.
The Dynamics of Spanwise Vorticity on a Rotating Flat Blade

The vortex dynamics during the initial rotation of a rotating blade were investigated using two-component and stereo digital particle image velocimetry. The structure and dynamics of spanwise vorticity in the leading-edge vortex (LEV) was investigated on two rotating at plates of aspect ratios (AR), 2 and 4. Reynolds numbers of 4,000, 8,000, and 16,000, based on tip velocity, and angles of attack of 25 , 35 , and 45 were investigated at ve azimuthal locations ( = 90 , 180 , 235 , 270 , and 320 ), and two span locations (25% and 50%). Circulation measurements of the leading-edge vortex structure exhibit trends of increasing circulation with increasing Reynolds number and angle of attack, independently, for both aspect ratios. In the particular case of the aspect ratio 4 plate at the 25% spanwise position and the aspect ratio 2 plate at the 50% spanwise position, measurements demonstrate that the LEV of the smaller aspect ratio plate has lower circulation for a given angle of attack and Reynolds number (based on the local velocity). A strong region of counter-rotating vorticity was observed on the surface of the plate due to the interactions of the LEV and the body. It is proposed that the interactions between the LEV and counterrotating surface vorticity play an important role in governing the dynamics and strength of the LEV which may ultimately determine whether the LEV remains attached. An analysis of vorticity transport in the LEV was conducted to estimate the relative contributions of spanwise ux, tilting, the shear layer, and annihilation to the rate of change of circulation of the LEV. Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (SPIV) was implemented at three parallel chordwise planes to obtain the three components of velocity and vorticity vectors needed for the analysis. Results of the vorticity transport equation indicate that annihilation of the LEV due to entrainment of the surface vorticity is an important factor governing the dynamics of the LEV.
Transitioning from Health Disparities to a Health Equity Research Agenda: The Time is Now:

Health disparities are real. The evidence base is large and irrefutable. As such, the time is now to shift the research emphasis away from solely documenting the pervasiveness of the health disparities problem and begin focusing on health equity, the highest level of health possible. The focus on health equity research will require investigators to propose projects that develop and evaluate evidence-based solutions to health differences that are driven largely by social, economic, and environmental factors. This article highlights ongoing research and programmatic efforts underway at the National Institutes of Health that hold promise for advancing population health and improving health equity.
Quantum Optomechanics with Microwave Photons

We realize a microwave cavity optomechanical system by coupling the motion of an aluminum membrane to the resonance frequency of a superconducting circuit. Microwave photons are used to prepare and measure the mechanical mode near its quantum ground state.
Survey of Laribacter hongkongensis contamination in freshwater fish in Qingyuan city

Objective To find out the practical situation of Laribacter hongkongensis contamination in freshwater fishes in Qingyuan city,so as to provide scientific basis for prevention of food- borne infection by Laribacter hongkongensis. Methods The isolation and identification of Laribacter hongkongensis was in accordance with DB44/T372- 2006,Examination of Laribacter Hongkongenesis in freshwater fish. K- B method was used for drug sensitivity tests. Results Forty strains of Laribacter hongkongensis were isolated from the 240 freshwater fish samples. The over- all positive rate was 16. 67%. The detection rate of Laribacter hongkongensis was 22. 77% in grass fish,18. 75% in tilapia,16. 67% in carp,14. 81% in bighead,12. 50% in dace,10. 00% in gurnard,8. 00% in crucian carp,but no Laribacter hongkongensis was found in the silver carp. Conclusion There exists contamination source of Laribacter hongkongensis in Qingyuan city. Related monitoring departments should strengthen supervision on freshwater fishes to prevent the occurrence and prevalence of Laribacter hongkongensis in Qingyuan city.
Analysis on Rural Social Insurance System of the aged: Example from Daxing

Whether rural social insurance of the aged can be established and develop consistently depends not only on demand motive, but also the government's attitude, financial situation, farmers' inclination and rationality of institutional design. This paper analyzes the above problems by the experimental scheme of rural social insurance of the aged in Daxing District of Beijing. Although the experiment provides some new ideas for us, the experimental scheme demands corresponding conditions which limit its application. Deficiencies of the scheme will affect the sustainable development of rural social old age insurance. It is not appropriate to implement rural social insurance system of the aged in the whole country. To prevent the risk of poverty in the old people, it is perhaps more rational to provide minimum income protection for people whose incomes are below poverty line and establish minimum life protection system and rural social salvation in most agricultural areas.
Detecting Stepping-Stone Intruders by Identifying Crossover Packets in SSH Connections

Routing packet traffic through a chain of hosts is a common technique for hackers to attack a victim server without exposing themselves. Generally, the use of a long connection chain to log in to a computer system is an indication of the presence of an intruder. This paper presents a new solution to the problem of detecting such long connection chains at the server side. Our hypothesis is that a long connection chain will cause Request and Response packets to cross each other along the chain. So even though we cannot directly observe the packet crossovers from the server side, we can observe some of their side effects. Thus, our detection algorithm is based on detecting this side effect of packet crossovers. We validated the algorithm using test data generated on the Internet. The results show a high detection rate of long connection chains of length three hops with a reasonable false positive rate.
Studies on inter-component communication latency based on variation number of components and packet size in SDR-SCA waveform application

The ability to use software defined radio SDR in the civilian mobile applications will open up the next generation of mobile devices to reality such as multi-standard personal wireless devices or ubiquitous wireless devices. Many challenges in commercialising SDR are still the subject of interest in the software radio research community. Four main issues that have been already addressed are performance, size, weight, and power. The investigation presents in-depth study of SDR inter-components communications in terms of total link delay related to the number of components and packet sizes in software communication architecture SCA-based systems. The study is based on the investigation of the controlled environment platform. Results indicate the total link delay did not linearly increase with the number of components and the packet sizes. The closed form expression of the delay was modelled using the logistic function in terms of the number of components and packet sizes. The model performed very well when the number of components was large.
Does Deflation Threaten the Global Economy

What probability can we assign to the outlook for global deflation? Recently, much of the discussion around monetary policy in the United States, Eurozone and Japan has focused on the threat of deflation and how to avoid it. How likely is deflation for each of these countries, and more broadly, for the global economy as a whole? This paper provides an early-warning-system (EWS) to predict the probability of inflation/deflation in the near term. Specifically, we utilize an ordered probit approach to estimate the six-month ahead probability of three distinct scenarios for the inflation outlook: inflationary pressure, deflationary pressure or price stability. We build models for five regions to generate a signal for each region’s inflation outlook. Our first model assesses the inflation/deflation outlook for the global economy, while the second model generates the likelihood of each inflation scenario for the advanced economies. Our final three models forecast the probability of inflation/deflation for the United States, the Eurozone and Japan. Our global model suggests deflationary pressure is more likely than the other two inflation scenarios, with the model forecasting a 99 percent chance of deflationary pressure in the next six months. The advanced economies model suggests a 58 percent chance of deflationary pressure. The probability of deflationary pressure for the United States is 60 percent, 72 percent for Japan and 56 percent for the Eurozone. Since 2013, all five models have consistently suggested that deflationary pressure is the most likely of the three scenarios. Given the historical accuracy of these models, and by combining all these signals into one framework, we predict that the risk of deflationary pressure is much higher than the other two inflation scenarios for the global economy in the near term.
Hideous Fraternities: The Coen Brothers Hit the Road

Joel and Ethan Coen’s O Brother, Where Art Thou? revisits the theme of the journey, interpreting Homer’s Odyssey by way of Preston Sturges’s Sullivan’s Travels (1941), the source of the film’s title. In Sturges’s film, John Lloyd Sullivan (Joel McCrea) is a film director weary of making silly hit comedies such as “Hey, Hey in the Hay Loft” and “Ants in your Plants of 1939.” With the nation still in the pre-war throes of the Great Depression, he sets out to make a serious film, to be titled “O Brother, Where Art Thou?” about the suffering of the unemployed. His plan includes first going undercover as a hobo. Sturges’s film reveals Sullivan’s journey to be foolhardy and affirms the role of comic art rather than high-toned “message pictures” in providing escapist entertainment for the common person.
Time at the bedside (computing)

Click. Scroll. Click. Type. Click. Scroll. My wrists are sore, my lower back a little achy. My eyes, feeling strained, dart to the familiar clock on the screen, and I wonder: How long have I been sitting here? How long have I been at this computer reviewing lab trends, reading CT reports, scrolling through years of discharge summaries, typing this ever-growing progress note? How long has it been since I made my rounds, ducking into patient rooms to pull back covers, to whisper while family members slept, or to lean in and raise my voice for aging ears? Now, in front of a flickering monitor chock-full of disembodied, virtual data, I struggle to remember the eyes, the words, the heart murmur of the actual, physical patient these numbers and drop-down menus and vital sign graphs represent. In moments like this, it is easy to think that the digital patient folder receives more of my attention and effort than the person lying just down the hall from the ergonomically designed office chair where I am rooted.
Privacy, E-Commerce, and Data Security -- Part III. Developments in the United States

This contribution reviews selected, important legal developments during 2015 in the fields of privacy, e-commerce, and data security in the law of the United States.
Bodily Contributions to Emotion: Schachter’s Legacy for a Psychological Constructionist View on Emotion

Although early emotion theorists posited that bodily changes contribute to emotion, the primary view in affective science over the last century has been that emotions produce bodily changes. Recent findings from physiology, neuroscience, and neuropsychology support the early intuition that body representations can help constitute emotion. These findings are consistent with the modern psychological constructionist hypothesis that emotions emerge when representations of bodily changes are conceptualized as an instance of emotion. We begin by introducing the psychological constructionist approach to emotion. With Schachter as inspiration, we next examine how embodied representations contribute to affective states, and ultimately emotion, with inflammation as a key example. We close by looking forward to future research on how body representations contribute to human experience.
Putting Resilience Theory into Practice: The Example of Fisheries Management

Resilience theory offers lawmakers a different way of thinking about natural resources management. This new viewpoint, which emphasizes that natural systems are complex, interconnected, and constantly changing, is especially appropriate as climate change increasingly interacts with other anthropogenic stresses to increase the unpredictability of complex natural and social-ecological systems.This article provides an introduction to resilience theory and the concepts of ecological resilience, adaptive cycles, and anarchy. It then applies resilience theory to commercial marine fisheries management, explaining why Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) is an inappropriate management standard for the Anthropocene and offering suggestions for improved marine fisheries management.
Perspectives Regarding Motivations for Adoption by Christian Adoptive Parents: A Qualitative study

This qualitative phenomenological research study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with 21 self-described practicing Evangelical Christian families who have both biological and adopt...
Bacillus anthracis Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase Interacts with and Modifies Elongation Factor Tu

Prolyl hydroxylation is a very common post-translational modification and plays many roles in eukaryotes such as collagen stabilization, hypoxia sensing, and controlling protein transcription and translation. There is a growing body of evidence that suggests that prokaryotes contain prolyl 4-hydroxylases (P4Hs) homologous to the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) enzymes that act on elongation factor Tu (EFTu) and are likely involved in the regulation of bacterial translation. Recent biochemical and structural studies with a PHD from Pseudomonas putida (PPHD) determined that it forms a complex with EFTu and hydroxylates a prolyl residue of EFTu. Moreover, while animal, plant, and viral P4Hs act on peptidyl proline, most prokaryotic P4Hs have been known to target free l-proline; the exceptions include PPHD and a P4H from Bacillus anthracis (BaP4H) that modifies collagen-like proline-rich peptides. Here we use biophysical and mass spectrometric methods to demonstrate that BaP4H r...
Predictors of Success Following Müller's Muscle-Conjunctival Resection.

PURPOSE This study aims to describe Muller's muscle-conjunctival resection surgery in terms of outcomes and potential factors that may predict final positions. METHODS This cross-sectional cohort study included patients undergoing Muller's muscle-conjunctival resection surgery for involutional ptosis over a 15-year period. Success was defined in 2 ways: 1) final marginal reflex distance 1 (MRD1) ≥2.5 mm (MRD1 success) and 2) final difference in MRD1 ≤1 mm between eyelids (symmetry success). Percentages of patients achieving both outcomes were calculated. Predictors of outcome were assessed using bivariate analysis and multivariate models. RESULTS The final sample included 315 eyes in 192 patients. The mean age (standard deviation) was 67.9 (11.9) years, and 60.0% were female. MRD1 ≥2.5 mm was achieved in 65.7% of the sample. Symmetry within 1 mm was achieved in 82.9% of the sample. Significant (p < 0.05) predictors of MRD1 success were female sex, concurrent lower eyelid blepharoplasty, and higher preoperative MRD1 in bivariate analysis; preoperative MRD1 and female sex in the multivariate model; and preoperative MRD1 in the a priori model. Significant (p < 0.05) predictors of symmetry success were female sex, previous lower eyelid blepharoplasty, concurrent lateral canthoplasty, preoperative symmetry, and older age in bivariate analysis; only female sex in the multivariate model. DISCUSSION Muller's muscle-conjunctival resection is effective for elevating the eyelid in ptosis and may be more effective for achieving symmetry than absolute elevation over 2.5 mm. The results remain difficult to predict based clinical, surgical, or demographic factors.