cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Documenting Horror: The Use of Sound in Non-Fiction 9/11 Films

While conventional 9/11 documentaries focus on the most known and visible images of the attack, three films that work against this tendency, 9/11 (2002), 11'09''01 - September 11 (2002) and Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004), avoid the television news coverage of the towers and portray the attacks primarily through sound. These films avoid or scantly interject the too familiar footage, working instead with the audio track’s ability to convey the horrors of the event. By emphasizing sound, these films address a challenge familiar to documentary studies: how to appropriately represent a historical event whose tragic scale makes aesthetic representation questionable.
A Quantum Electrodynamic Investigation of the Jaynes-Crisp-Stroud Approach to Spontaneous Emission

Motivated by the work of Jaynes and co-workers, [1] the old problem of atomic level shifts and widths has recently begun to be re-examined. While QED is a highly successful theory (indeed the only workable field theory we have), it is still beset with self-energy infinities ultimately associated with the point-like nature of the electron. These are removed from the public view by the process of renormalization, in the hope that eventually some high frequency cut-off will be found to make the renormalization constants finite: such modifications proposed usually imply a radius to the electron. In the usual approach to QED, perturbation theory is used. Jaynes, prompted by the great progress made in theory and experiments on atoms interacting with electromagnetic fields, has re-investigated the problem of spontaneous emission by solving the relevant semi-classical equations of motion for the interacting field-atom system directly. An interesting product of such an approach (other than the novel time-dependence) is the non-appearance of divergences: the finite size of the atomic charge distribution removes the point like singularity when retardation is taken into account.
Über die Stereochemie der Sumaresinolsäure und deren Überführung in Oleanolsäure

Sumaresinolic acid has been converted into oleanolic acid, thus making possible a definite stereochemical assignment at carbon atoms 3, 5 and 6. Sumaresinolic acid can now be defined as 6β-hydroxy-oleanolic acid.
Dopamine enhances a glutamate-gated ionic current in OFF bipolar cells of the tiger salamander retina

The transmitter glutamate is thought to be used by all vertebrate photoreceptors to drive the second-order neurons of the retina, horizontal and bipolar neurons. Dopamine, an endogenous retinal neurotransmitter localized to amacrine and interplexiform cells, has previously been shown to enhance glutamate-gated currents in retinal horizontal cells. In the present study we demonstrate that bipolar cells, like horizontal cells, possess glutamate receptors that are modulated by dopamine. We then identify some components of the pathway through which dopamine acts. We used whole-cell patch recording to measure how bath-applied dopamine modulated the currents elicited by puffs of transmitter solutions at bipolar cell dendrites. Excitatory amino acid-gated currents were evoked by pressure ejecting 1 mM glutamate or 10 microM kainate for 40 msec through a micropipette positioned at the dendrites of bipolar cells. Bath-applied dopamine (20 microM) enhanced the response to glutamate in OFF bipolar cells in the retinal slice by 40% and in isolated OFF bipolar cells by 65%. We also explored the components of the intracellular pathway mediating this modulation. Response enhancement was blocked by the D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390, but not by the D2 receptor antagonist spiperone, suggesting that the enhancement by dopamine is mediated by a D1 receptor. GDP-beta-S, a G-protein inactivator, blocked the enhancing action of dopamine, suggesting that the D1 receptor activated a G-protein to enhance the glutamate-gated current. Both 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)adenosine, a cAMP analog, and the addition of the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKA) to the recording pipette enhanced glutamate-gated currents, while H-7, a PK inactivator, and PKI20amide, a PKA-specific inhibitor, blocked the enhancing action of dopamine. These data suggest that dopamine acts at D1 receptors in the dendrites of bipolar cells to activate adenyl cyclase, which through cAMP enhances a glutamate-gated current in bipolar cell dendrites. Thus, dopamine may modulate synaptic transmission from photoreceptors to OFF bipolar cells.
The Evolution of Social Media from 1969 to 2013: A Change in Competition and a Trend Toward Complementary, Niche Sites

How did social media begin, and where is it going? Will a new social network conquer Facebook? In order to speculate about the future, the evolution of social media from 1969 to 2013 – a topic that scholars have yet to explore – is examined. Through a textual analysis, the historical development and downfall of influential social media platforms is traced and a discussion of how media evolution theories applied along the way are provided. Results indicate early social media platforms competed with each other directly and marketed to the general population, largely supporting the functional equivalence theory of media evolution. Around the turn of the century, however, social networks experienced a theoretical shift. Sites competed less with each other and more for audience time and attention. Simultaneously, platforms started targeting niche populations – a change that may support the future of social media as an industry supporting the complementary and niche theories of media evolution.
Individual attitudes toward innovation, occupational stress and social support for work among HIV health care providers in Southwest China

Existing literature suggests that organizational readiness for change (ORC) can influence implementing and sustaining an intervention program. Individual attitude toward innovation is one of the important components of ORC. There is a growing research effort to identify facilitators and barriers regarding positive attitudes toward innovation in clinical settings. The current study aims to explore how occupational stress and social support for work may affect attitudes toward innovation among health care providers in HIV clinics in China.
Method for determining natural design principles of biological control circuits

We illustrate a method of controlled mathematical comparison for determining design principles of biological control circuits. The method involves the comparison of alternative circuits that differ in a single process, that are constrained so as to eliminate extraneous differences, and that are compared quantitatively on the basis of a priori criteria for functional effectiveness. We use this method to compare two forms of coupling that are important in the regulation of repressible gene expression. The first form, which is called complete uncoupling, is marked by a constant level of regulator protein. The second form, which is called perfect coupling, is marked by a level of regulator protein that varies coordinately with the level of repressible enzyme under control. Our results indicate that, for a large class of systems, performance is better with perfect coupling than with complete uncoupling if the regulator protein is a repressor, and conversely, that performance is better with complete uncoupling than with perfect coupling if the regulator protein is an activator. These results lead to testable predictions that are consistent with available data.
Root Hydraulic Conductivity and Its Components, with Emphasis on Desert Succulents

Plant growth and development are often limited by the ability of roots to extract water and nutrients from the soil and to transport them to the shoots. The water absorption and transport ability of roots can be quantified by the hydraulic conductivity, L P . This quantity can be considered in terms of two components, the radial conductivity (L R ) for water movement into the root and the axial conductance per unit pressure gradient (K h ) for water movement along the root xylem. The pathways for water movement through roots are discussed, and the hydraulic conductivities are expressed mathematically. The techniques currently used for determining L P , L R , and K h are presented and conductivities for serious plant species are compared
Apparent endogenous circadian rhythm in ent-kaurene biosynthesis.

Net synthesis of [14C]ent-kaurene from [14C]2-mevalonic acid was assayed in cell-free enzyme extracts prepared from Alaska pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings throughout 44 h of a regimen consisting of a 16-h day and an 8-h night. Activities generally followed an upward trend during the dark period and a downward trend during the photoperiod. Activity was also assayed in enzyme extracts prepared at intervals during a 12-h photoperiod and a following, continuous 36-h dark period after entrainment of plants to a regimen of 12-h days and 12-h nights.Ent-kaurene synthesis activity again followed an upward trend in enzyme extracts prepared during what would have been the entrainment dark period, and a downward trend during the entrainment photoperiod. The apparent endogenous rhythm ofent-kaurene biosynthesis may have implications for the regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis.
Larval development rate and mortality of Colorado potato beetle on detached leaves of wildSolanum species

Significant differences were found in larval development rate and mortality of Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), among nine wild, tuber-bearingSolatium species by placing neonate larvae on detached leaves.S. pinnatisectum Hawkes, 5.polyadenium Greenm., andS. trifidum Corn restricted development the most, 5.berthaultii Hawkes was intermediate, andS. canasense Hawkes,S. demissum Lindl.,S. megistacrolobum Bitt.,S. spegazzinii Bitt., andS. tarijense Hawkes restricted development the least. All tested species restricted development more than did the cultivar Kennebec. The measure of larval development rate and mortality was weakly correlated with foliar defoliation in field tests based on species-accession means (r= + 0.6, P<.01), but moderately correlated based on overall species means (r=+0.86, P<.01).
Note: A note on Vizing's independence number conjecture of edge chromatic critical graphs

Abstract In 1968, Vizing conjectured that, if G is a Δ -critical graph with n vertices, then α ( G ) ⩽ n / 2 , where α ( G ) is the independence number of G. In this note, we verify this conjecture for n ⩽ 2 Δ .
The thermoregulatory effects of noradrenaline, serotonin and carbachol injected into the rat spinal subarachnoid space

1. We have examined the effects on thermoregulation in the rat of noradrenaline bitartrate (NA), 5-hydroxytryptamine hydrochloride (5-HT) and carbamylcholine chloride (CCh) injected into the lumbar spinal subarachnoid space via a chronic indwelling catheter.2. Intrathecal injections of the monoamines and CCh reproducibly affected thermoregulation, whereas injections of control solutions had no effect.3. Intrathecal injections of NA (0.01-0.30 mumol) produced a dose-dependent hypothermia associated with a decrease in tail skin vasomotor tone. Shivering activity was not depressed during the hypothermia and sometimes increased. Intrathecal administration of the alpha-adrenergic agonist clonidine (0.0175-0.070 mumol) elicited changes in T(c) and T(sk) similar to those induced by intrathecal NA.4. Intrathecal 5-HT (0.030-0.90 mumol) elicited a dose-dependent hyperthermia accompanied by increased tail skin vasomotor tone and increased shivering.5. CCh injected intrathecally (0.001-0.06 mumol) evoked a dose-dependent hyperthermia. During the period when core temperature was rising, tail skin vasomotor tone increased and shivering-like activity was present. Once the maximum core temperature had been reached, tail skin vasodilatation occurred. Vasodilatation persisted until core temperature had returned to normal.6. Intravenous injections of 5-HT (0.30 and 0.90 mumol) or CCh (0.006 and 0.03 mumol) caused no thermoregulatory effect. The effects of these agents injected intrathecally were therefore not due to an action in the periphery.7. Intravenous infusions of NA (0.06 and 0.10 mumol) produced hypothermia and transient tail skin vasodilatation. We suggest that an action at peripheral sites may have contributed to the effects produced by intrathecal injection of this monamine.8. These findings suggest that spinal noradrenergic, serotonergic and cholinergic synapses may be importantly involved in the control of body temperature in the rat. The possible functional roles of these synapses and the putative spinal sites of action of the injected substances are discussed.
Morphine effects on human REM state, waking state and NREM sleep.

After 4 adaptation nights, IM doses of morphine sulfate (7.5, 15, 30 mg/70 kg) and placebo were studied in 8 male postaddicts, using a cross-over design with randomized block analysis to demonstrate significant drug effect. Morphine decreased the number and duration of REM periods, delayed the onset of the first REM period, and possibly increased the time between REM period onsets. Thus, morphine significantly decreased REM state (REMS), but did not alter the pattern of maximum REMS in late night. Morphine significantly increased waking state (WS) but did not alter the pattern of maximum WS in early night. Morphine significantly increased tension, and shifted maximum tension from early night to middle night. Morphine altered EEG sleep patterns; although NREM definitions were thus less certain, morphine appeared to increase NREM light sleep (stages 1 and 2) and decrease NREM deep sleep (stages 3 and 4). After an initial decrease in REMS by 30 mg/70 kg of morphine, an increase in REMS was noted in the third night of the 2 pilot study subjects. The arousal response to morphine seen in post-addicts needs further study in other populations and during the course of chronic morphine use.
Relationship Between Level of Hepatitis B Virus DNA and Liver Disease: A Population-based Study of Hepatitis B e Antigen–Negative Persons With Hepatitis B

Background & Aims There is little information on the proportion of persons with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection with active hepatitis. We aimed to determine the proportion of persons with hepatitis B e antigen–negative chronic HBV infection who develop immune-active HBV infection over time and the relationship between demographic and viral factors on severity of disease on liver biopsy. Methods We performed a longitudinal population-based cohort study of 754 Alaska Native patients with chronic HBV infection. Levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured every 6 months, and levels of HBV DNA were measured at study entry and whenever ALT levels exceeded the upper limit of normal (ULN). Immune-active chronic HBV infection was defined as levels of ALT ≥30 U/L in men and >20 U/L in women and levels of HBV DNA >2000 IU/mL at 1 or more time points from 2001–2008. Liver biopsies were scored by using the modified histology activity index score of Knodell and the Ishak fibrosis score. Results Of the study participants, 186 (25%) met the criteria for immune-active HBV, 56% of these initially and 44% later during follow up. Of the 38 patients with liver biopsy results, only 1 of 16 with ALT levels consistently below twice the ULN and 1 of 19 with HBV DNA between 2000 and 20,000 IU/mL, vs 12 of 22 (55%) with ALT > twice ULN ( P = .002) and 11 of 18 (61%) with 1 or more measurements of HBV DNA >20,000 IU/mL ( P Conclusions In a cohort of Alaska Natives with chronic HBV infection, 25% met criteria for immune-active HBV. There is a low probability of advanced fibrosis if levels of HBV DNA never exceed 20,000 IU/mL.
Islam and Plurality, Old and New

All of the historical religions emerged in a context of religious plurality and, at times, bitter inter-religious rivalry. In our late modern age, the challenge of plurality has become all the more pervasive. This paper examines the varied traditions of knowledge and practice developed by Muslim jurists, political leaders, and religious thinkers to engage people of non-Muslim faith, from the time of the Prophet Muhammad to today. It highlights three themes. First, there was never any single message with regard to how the Muslim community should engage plurality. Second, the historical practice of Muslim rulers has often shown greater variation (and occasional "liberality") with regard to questions of plurality than has jurisprudence. Third, and last, however, as with the practitioners of other faiths, Muslims in modern times have had to revisit and rethink their traditions with regards to plurality, and both inclusive and exclusive currents have emerged. The challenge of plurality is likely to remain a core issue in Muslim politics and public ethics for some years to come.
Dissociation pathway for recA nucleoprotein filaments formed on linear duplex DNA

Abstract recA protein forms stable filaments on duplex DNA at low pH. When the pH is shifted above 6.8, recA protein remains stably bound to nicked circular DNA, but not to linear DNA. Dissociation of recA protein from linear duplex DNA proceeds to a non-zero endpoint. The kinetics and final extent of dissociation vary with several experimental parameters. The instability on linear DNA is most readily explained by a progressive unidirectional dissociation of recA protein from one end of the filament. Dissociation of recA protein from random points in the filament is eliminated as a possible mechanism by several observations: (1) the requirement for a free end; (2) the inverse and linear dependence of the rate of dissociation on DNA length (at constant DNA base-pair concentration); and (3) the kinetics of exposure of a restriction endonuclease site in the middle of the DNA. Evidence against another possible mechanism, ATP-mediated translocation of the filament along the DNA, is provided by a novel effect of the non-hydrolyzable ATP analog, ATPγS, which generally induces recA protein to bind any DNA tightly and completely inhibits ATP hydrolysis. We find that very low, sub-saturating levels of ATPγS completely stabilize the filament, while most of the ATP hydrolysis continues. If these levels of ATPγS are introduced after dissociation has commenced, further dissociation is blocked, but re-association does not occur. These observations are inconsistent with movement of recA protein along DNA that is tightly coupled to ATP hydrolysis. The recA nucleoprotein filament is polar and the protein binds the two strands asymmetrically, polymerizing mainly in the 5′ to 3′ direction on the initiating strand of a single-stranded DNA tailed duplex molecule. A model consistent with these results is presented.
Trypanosoma musculi: Immunologie features of the anemia in infected mice

Abstract The development of anemia during infection with Trypanosoma musculi was demonstrated in three strains of mice (C3H/Bi, B10.D2/n, and B10.D2/o). Microhematocrit values of C3H mice decreased from a mean preinfection level of 46.2% to a low of 35.6% on Day 6 of infection. A reticulocytosis of 14% developed by Day 13 of infection. Microhematocrit and reticulocyte values returned to normal coincidentally with parasite elimination. The erythrocytes were positive in direct antiglobulin tests. Fifty percent of the mice had only IgG1 bound to their erythrocytes, while the remaining animals had various combinations of bound IgG2, IgM, IgA, and C3 in addition to IgG1. Erythrocyte-bound IgG1 appeared to play the major pathogenic role in the production of the anemia. There were no significant differences in anemias as evaluated by microhematocrit in a normocomplementemic strain (B10.D2/n) and a strain deficient in the fifth complement component (B10.D2/o) and thus incapable of sustaining complement-mediated lysis. In the three strains of mice studied, the time of peak parasitemia corresponded with the time of most severe anemia. There was a significant inverse correlation between the number of parasites and microhematocrit levels.
A Model for Orientation Effects in Electron‐Transfer Reactions

A method for solving the single‐particle Schrodinger equation with an oblate spheroidal potential of finite depth is presented. The wave functions are then used to calculate the matrix element T_BA which appears in theories of nonadiabatic electron transfer. The results illustrate the effects of mutual orientation and separation of the two centers on TBA. Trends in these results are discussed in terms of geometrical and nodal structure effects. Analytical expressions related to T_BA for states of spherical wells are presented and used to analyze the nodal structure effects for T_BA for the spheroidal wells.
An experimental investigation of surface pressure measurements on an advanced winged entry vehicle at Mach 10

Surface pressure measurements have been made at Mach 10 in air on an instrumented 0.006-scale model of an advanced (control configured) winged entry vehicle. The tests were conducted in the Langley Continuous Flow Hypersonic Tunnel. Data were obtained at 83 surface pressure stations, which include locations on the lower and upper surface centerlines, spanwise positions along the lower and upper surfaces of the wing, the lower surface of the body flap, and radial locations on the fuselage. Data were obtained for angles of attack ranging from zero to 40 deg, sideslip angles of -2 deg to +5 deg, Reynolds numbers of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 million per foot, and body-flap deflections of zero, 10, and 20 deg. Test conditions and orifice locations were chosen to correspond directly with those for the heat transfer measurements previously reported on the same configuration. Comparison of windward symmetry plane data with predictions based upon an approximate engineering method was found to yield reasonable agreement for angles of attack from 20 to 40 deg. The leeward surface pressure data were observed to be roughly an order of magnitude lower than the corresponding windward data. At low angles of attack, regions of high pressure were noted on the windward wing surface. The result is attributed to vortical action or shock impingement. High pressures were also measured on the deflected body flap, a critical region for this type of vehicle. Reynolds number effects were found to be insignificant.
Characterization of Curaremimetic Neurotoxin Binding Sites on Cellular Membrane Fragments Derived from the Rat Pheochromocytoma PC 12

: Studies were conducted on the properties of 125I-labeled α-bungarotoxin binding sites on cellular membrane fragments derived from the PC 12 rat pheochromocytoma. Two classes of specific toxin binding sites are present at approximately equal densities (50 fmol/mg of membrane protein) and are characterized by apparent dissociation constants of 3 and 60 nM. Nicotine and d-tubocurarine are among the most potent inhibitors of high-affinity toxin binding. The affinity of high-affinity toxin binding sites for nicotinic cholinergic agonists is reversibly or irreversibly decreased, respectively, on treatment with dithiothreitol or dithiothreitol and N-ethylmaleimide. The nicotinic receptor affinity reagent bromoacetylcholine irreversibly blocks high-affinity toxin binding to PC 12 cell membranes that have been treated with dithiothreitol. Two polyclonal antisera raised against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from Electrophorus electricus inhibit high-affinity toxin binding. These detailed studies confirm that curaremimetic neurotoxin binding sites on the PC 12 cell line are comparable to toxin binding sites from neural tissues and to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors from the periphery. Because toxin binding sites are recognized by anti-nicotinic receptor antibodies, the possibility remains that they are functionally analogous to nicotinic receptors.
Polarized structure function of the nucleon in the resonance region.

In this paper, we show how the Drell-Hearn-Gerasimov (DHG) sum rule in the real photon limit can be generalized to electroproduction, and related to the sum rules in deep inelastic scattering. A general ${\mathit{Q}}^{2}$ dependence for the polarized function is discussed, particularly in the resonance region. The resonance ${\mathit{P}}_{33}$(1232) plays a very important role in the resonance region; in particular, it saturates the DHG sum rule for neutrons in the SU(6)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}O(3) basis. We show that the information from the polarized structure function in the low-${\mathit{Q}}^{2}$ region where the baryon resonances play a dominant role provides a very important probe of the spin-flavor structure of the nucleon.
Conducting Field Studies for Testing Pesticide Leaching Models

Abstract A variety of predictive models are being applied to evaluate the transport and transformation of pesticides in the environment. These include well known models such as the Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM), the Risk of Unsaturated-Saturated Transport and Transformation Interactions for Chemical Concentrations Model (RUSTIC) and the Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems Model (GLEAMS). The potentially large impacts of using these models as tools for developing pesticide management strategies and regulatory decisions necessitates development of sound model validation protocols. This paper offers guidance on many of the theoretical and practical problems encountered in the design and implementation of field-scale model validation studies. Recommendations are provided for site selection and characterization, test compound selection, data needs, measurement techniques, statistical design considerations and sampling techniques. A strategy is provided for quantitatively testing m...
A High Order Cumulants Based Multivariate Nonlinear Blind Source Separation Method

This article addresses the problem of identifying multiple linear and nonlinear patterns from multivariate noisy data represented by an additive model. Following the proposed nonlinear model, the blind source separation (BSS) criterion, as a function of high-order cumulants, is shown to produce a block-structured joint cumulant matrix by an orthogonal rotation. An intuitive interpretation of this criterion is to rotate the elements of whitened principal component analysis (PCA) scores such that they are as independent as possible. The resulting optimal joint cumulant matrix contains diagonal "blocks" that correspond to the linear and nonlinear patterns caused by independent sources, from which linear patterns are recognized as in linear BSS. The nonlinear patterns are identified by extracting their lower-dimensional manifolds via the principal curves method and then transforming back to the original data space. As illustrated in the experimental study, the estimated linear and nonlinear patterns will provide more accurate diagnosing of the root causes that contribute to the observed variability in multivariate manufacturing.
RKR potentials and semiclassical centrifugal constants of diatomic molecules

Abstract Semiclassical formulas are obtained for the centrifugal constants D v and H v of a diatomic molecule by differentiation of the WKB quantization condition, and a numerical procedure is presented for the computation of these constants from the RKR turning points. A similar procedure also provides a simple and rapid method for the determination of the RKR turning points from the vibrational term values and rotational constants. Applications to carbon monoxide and iodine are discussed.
Observation of production, decay, and interaction of strange particles

The operation of the Columbia 36 in. magnet cloud chamber at the Cosmotron is described. The production of unstable particles by 1.9 GeV π- pions in lead and carbon is studied. The yields are interpreted in terms of nuclear interactions of Λ° and θ° particles in the nucleus of production. A large cross section for the reaction Σ → Λ° is deduced from this and other data. The disappearance of θ°’s is observed in lead relative to carbon, and possible mechanisms are discussed. The Λ° lifetime is redetermined to be 2.75 -0.40 +0.45 .10-10 that of the θ° is found to be 1.15 -0.25 +0.40 .10-10 Associated production is discussed and an upper limit for the fraction of Λ°’s associated with unknown particles is found to be 0.40. Correlation angles in Λ° decay are observed to favor « front-to-back » asymmetry. Some anomalous events are described. Si describe il funzionamento della camera a nebbia da 36 in. annessa alcosmotrone. Si studia la produzione di particelle instabili doyuta all’azione di mesoni π- di 1.9 GeV su piombo e oarbonio. Le rese sono interpretate in termini di interazioni nucleari di particelle Λ e ω° nel nucleo di produzione. Da questi e altri dati si deduce una grande sezione d’urto per la reazione Σ → Λ°. Si osserva che nel piombo si hanno meno ω° che nel carbonio e si discutono i possibili meccanismi del fenomeno. Si ridetermina la vita media del Λ° trovando (2.75 -0.40 0.45 ) lO-10 s ; la vita media del ω° risulta (1.15 -0.25 0.40 ).10-10 Si discute la produzione associata e si trova per la frazione di Λ° associati con particelle ignote il valore 0.40. Si osserva ehe gli angoli di correlazione nel decadimento del Λ° favoriscono l’asimmetria « dall’avanti all’indietra. Si descrivono alcuni eventi anomali.
Watercress and amphipods Potential chemical defense in a spring stream macrophyte

We investigated the potential role of defensive chemicals in the avoidance of watercress (Nasturtium officinale) by the cooccurring amphipod,Gammarus pseudolimnaeus at two spring brooks: Carp Creek, Michigan and Squabble Brook, Connecticut. We conducted observations and laboratory experiments on the consumption of watercress, the toxicity of damaged (frozen) watercress, and the toxicity of damage-released secondary chemicals. Field-collected yellowed watercress typically lacked the bite and odor characteristic of green watercress and was consumed byG. pseudolimnaeus. G. pseudolimnaeus strongly preferred yellowed watercress to green watercress despite the higher nitrogen content of the latter (2.7 vs 5.4%), and usually consumed five times more yellowed watercress (>50% of yellowed leaf area vs. <8% of green leaf area presented). Fresh green watercress contained seven times more phenylethyl glucosinolate than yellowed watercress (8.9 mg/g wet vs. 1.2 mg/g). Cell-damaged (frozen) watercress was toxic toG. pseudolimnaeus (48-hr LC50s: ca. 1 g wet/liter), and the primary volatile secondary chemicals released by damage were highly toxic. The predominant glucosinolate hydrolysis product, 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate had 48-hr LC50s between 0.96 and 3.62 mg/liter, whereas 3-phenylpropionitrile was less toxic, with 48-hr LC50s between 130 and 211 mg/liter. These results suggest that live watercress is chemically defended against consumption. The glucosinolate-myrosinase system, recognized as the principle deterrent system of terrestrial crucifers, is also possessed byN. officinale and may contribute to defense from herbivory by aquatic crustaceans. This system may be just one of many examples of the use of defensive chemicals by stream and lake macrophytes.
Reappraisal of Microtropis macrocarpa C.Y. Cheng & T.C. Kao (Celastraceae), a critically endangered species endemic to Yunnan, China

Microtropis macrocarpa C.Y. Cheng & T.C. Kao has been treated as a synonym of Microtropis macro- phylla Merr. & Freeman in most taxonomic reports in China. According to our study, M. macrocarpa is an independent species endemic to Yunnan, China. Microtropis macrophylla and Microtropis pachyphylla Merr. & Freeman should be treated as synonyms of Microtropis longifolia Wall. ex Kurz. M. macrocarpa is also identified as a critically endangered species, CR B1ab (i,ii,iii,v), based on the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. The foliar surface, anther and pollen structures were also observed with a scanning electron microscope.
Is there ‘Hope’ for price cap regulation?

This article examines the problem of regulatory opportunism or strategic behavior by the regulator that undermines the performance of price cap regulation (PCR) without technically breaching the price cap commitment. Drawing from the experience with PCR in the telecommunications industry, this article contends that the Hope standard, a litmus test for governing the bounds of regulatory discretion under earnings regulation, cannot be used to rationalize regulatory opportunism under PCR without blurring the distinction between the two regimes. These findings may have implications for recent claims by incumbent firms that regulatory policies designed to foster competition may constitute a governmental taking.
On the calculation and interpretation of centrifugal distortion constants: A statistical basis for model testing: The calculation of the force field

Abstract Watson's treatment of the theory of centrifugal distortion effects is reviewed in detail and special attention is drawn to the relationship between Watson's treatment and the Kivelson-Wilson treatment. The relationship between the distortion parameters and the force field for XYZ-type molecules is also reviewed in order to remove ambiguities and inconsistencies presently found in the literature. Finally, procedures for exploiting the statistics associated with a least-squares analysis of the data are presented as a guide for model testing and for detecting misassignments and mismeasurements. A series of examples illustrating the results of these procedures are presented using the published spectra of SO 2 , OF 2 , SiF 2 and NSF. In the cases of OF 2 , SiF 2 and NSF, improved values for the rotational constants are obtained.
RECALL AND PRINTED‐WORD RECOGNITION OF RECENTLY‐TAUGHT EMOTIONALLY CHARGED WORDS AS COMPARED TO RECENTLY‐TAUGHT NEUTRAL WORDS

Abstract This study is an experimental test of the hypothesis that “emotionally charged” words will result in greater learning as measured by tests of “recall” and “printed‐word recognition” than words that are judged to be emotionally “neutral”. Ten third‐grade subjects were pre‐tested on “printed‐word recognition” of ten words judged by two clinical psychologists to be “emotionally charged” and similarly pre‐tested on ten words judged to be emotionally “neutral.” After equal exposure to both “neutral” and “emotionally charged” words on four successive teaching days, subjects were post‐tested for “recall” and “printed‐word recognition” five days after the last teaching session. The results strongly indicate for both the “recall” and “printed‐word recognition” that there is a significantly greater retention of the “emotionally charged” words over the “neutral” words. Despite the fact that a significantly greater number of “neutral” words was recognized in print at the outset of the study, the final perfor...
Mutants in the Mouse NuRD/Mi2 Component P66α Are Embryonic Lethal

BACKGROUND The NuRD/Mi2 chromatin complex is involved in histone modifications and contains a large number of subunits, including the p66 protein. There are two mouse and human p66 paralogs, p66alpha and p66beta. The functions of these genes are not clear, in part because there are no mutants available, except in invertebrate model systems. METHODOLOGY We made loss of function mutants in the mouse p66alpha gene (mp66alpha, official name Gatad2a, MGI:2384585). We found that mp66alpha is essential for development, as mutant embryos die around day 10 of embryogenesis. The gene is not required for normal blastocyst development or for implantation. The phenotype of mutant embryos and the pattern of gene expression in mutants are consistent with a role of mp66alpha in gene silencing. CONCLUSION mp66alpha is an essential gene, required for early mouse development. The lethal phenotype supports a role in execution of methylated DNA silencing.
Image analysis of discrete and continuous systems: film and CCD sensors

A model has been developed to compare the system sharpness of continuous and discrete imaging systems. The continuous system consists of the traditional photographic process including the camera lens the film the printer lens and the photographic paper. The discrete system is an electronic still camera (ESC) and is built around a CCD imaging sensor and a laser printer the camera lens and the photographic paper are the same for both systems. The model uses CMT acutance to measure sharpness and introduces the concept of using the ratio of the aliased signal to the non-aliased signal as a measure of the probability of system aliasing. The model allows the user to study the trade offs between system sharpness and aliasing as a function of sensor resolution pixel size and the nature of the optical anti-aliasing pre-filter used in the ESC. The results of the model indicate that when a well-defined optical anti-aliasing pre-filter is made from a birefringent filter then when the pre-filter introduces a shift of about one-half the pixel pitch of the sensor then the potential for aliasing is minimized. For a given sensor resolution as the pixel size is reduced the potential for aliasing increases as does the system sharpness and when the potential for aliasing is minimized by use of the pre-filter the smaller pixel size still results in a greater potential for aliasing than for the pixels. For a given resolution it is possible to move from the Frame Transfer format to an Interline Transfer format and have the same system sharpness and potential for aliasing thus allowing flexibility in system design but the potential for aliasing is greater than the minimum value associated with the Frame Transfer format. As the system resolution increases the minimum in the potential for aliasing is more sharply defined as a function of the image shift introduced by the pre-filter. Also the potential for aliasing drops off sharply as the sensor resolution increases. In the case of the ESC system the number of lines used to form the final print can have a very large impact on the system sharpness and the amount of aliasing seen by the observer. 1.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Aldosterone antagonism: an emerging strategy for effective blood pressure lowering.

Aldosterone antagonists have been available for many decades for the treatment of hypertension, but their use has been mostly limited to patients with classic primary aldosteronism or to combination products with hydrochlorothiazide to minimize risk for hypokalemia. Recently, indications for aldosterone antagonists have been expanded to include congestive heart failure and first-line treatment of mild-to-moderate hypertension. In addition, we have reported that spironolactone has significant antihypertensive benefit when added to existing regimens in patients with resistant hypertension. This benefit was present in patients with and without hyperaldosteronism and was additive to chronic renin-angiotensin blockade with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensinreceptor blockers (ARBs). Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone antagonist, avoids the androgen and progesterone receptor-related adverse events that sometimes occur with spironolactone, such as breast tenderness, gynecomastia, sexual dysfunction, and menstrual irregularities. In clinical trials, eplerenone has been shown to have antihypertensive benefit in treating mild-to-moderate hypertension similar to other widely used classes of agents. With recent demonstrations of benefit in multiple segments of the hypertensive population, aldosterone antagonists represent emerging opportunity for controlling high blood pressure.
Is follicular atresia biphasic

Abstract Objective: To examine the rate of human follicular depletion and the interpretation of curved scatters on log-linear plots. Design: Four mathematical models were tested with use of data drawn from published autopsy studies and histologic analyses of ovaries. Setting: None. Patient(s): None. Intervention(s): None. Main Outcome Measure(s): None. Result(s): Human oocyte depletion data do not support the inference of a biphasic follicular atresia. On original measurement scales there is no perturbation in the data between ages 37 and 40, and the instantaneous rate of follicle loss is lower after age 40 than ever before. Conclusion(s): There is no abrupt increase in the "rate" of follicular atresia that corresponds with a drop in fecundability or an increase in risk of chromosomal abnormalities at approximately age 38. The apparent abrupt increase in rate of follicular depletion is an artifact of log-linear transformation.
Adenyl cyclase activity in the rabbit ovary.

An assay for adenyl cyclase activity in homogenates of ovarian interstitial tissue from pseudopregnant rabbits is described and evaluated. The assay is based on the estimation of [14C] adenosine-3′,5′-(cyclic) monophosphate ([UC] 3′,5′-AMP) formation from 8-[14C] ATP. 3′,5′-AMP phosphodiesterase activity is estimated simultaneously by the loss of [3H] 3′,5′-AMP from the incubation mixture. Ovine LH and HCG added in vitro stimulated the adenyl cyclase activity, whereas ovine FSH and porcine ACTH were ineffective. LH had no effect on phosphodiesterase activity. (Endocrinology 84: 989, 1969)
Structural Basis for Substrate Placement by an Archaeal Box C/D Ribonucleoprotein Particle

Box C/D small nucleolar and Cajal body ribonucleoprotein particles (sno/scaRNPs) direct site-specific 2'-O-methylation of ribosomal and spliceosomal RNAs and are critical for gene expression. Here we report crystal structures of an archaeal box C/D RNP containing three core proteins (fibrillarin, Nop56/58, and L7Ae) and a half-mer box C/D guide RNA paired with a substrate RNA. The structure reveals a guide-substrate RNA duplex orientation imposed by a composite protein surface and the conserved GAEK motif of Nop56/58. Molecular modeling supports a dual C/D RNP structure that closely mimics that recently visualized by electron microscopy. The substrate-bound dual RNP model predicts an asymmetric protein distribution between the RNP that binds and methylates the substrate RNA. The predicted asymmetric nature of the holoenzyme is consistent with previous biochemical data on RNP assembly and provides a simple solution for accommodating base-pairing between the C/D guide RNA and large ribosomal and spliceosomal substrate RNAs.
THE HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM AS A COMMONS; IMPLICATIONS FOR RISK POLICY

The highway transportation system may be viewed as a commons, that is, property that is owned by everyone and open to use by everyone. However, a commons has certain characteristics that lead to its exploitation or even demise. The motor carrier industry is used to illustrate the dilemma posed by the commons and how existing systems of deterrents and incentives fail to promote safety. Recommendations are made for modifications in motor carrier safety regulations to take into account the commons characteristics of the highway transportation system.
65.1: Effective Spatial Resolution of Temporally and Spatially Interlaced Stereo 3D Televisions

We measured the effective spatial resolution of temporally and spatially interlacing of stereo three-dimensional (S3D) televisions at three different viewing distances: 1.5, 3 and 6 times picture height. Temporally interlacing S3D television has significantly better effective resolution at viewing distances of 1.5 and 3 times picture height.
On the formation of phenyldiacetylene (C6H5CCCCH) and D5-phenyldiacetylene (C6D5CCCCH) studied under single collision conditions.

The crossed molecular beam reactions of the phenyl and D5-phenyl radical with diacetylene (C4H2) was studied under single collision conditions at a collision energy of 46 kJ mol−1. The chemical dynamics were found to be indirect and initiated by an addition of the phenyl/D5-phenyl radical with its radical center to the C1-carbon atom of the diacetylene reactant. This process involved an entrance barrier of 4 kJ mol−1 and lead to a long lived, bound doublet radical intermediate. The latter emitted a hydrogen atom directly or after a few isomerization steps via tight exit transition states placed 20–21 kJ mol−1 above the separated phenyldiacetylene (C6H5CCCCH) plus atomic hydrogen products. The overall reaction was determined to be exoergic by about 49 ± 26 kJ mol−1 and 44 ± 10 kJ mol−1 as determined experimentally and computationally, thus representing a feasible pathway to the formation of the phenyldiacetylene molecule in combustion flames of hydrocarbon fuel.
X-Ray Crystallography Refinement as Ewald Intended: From Drug Design to Ribosome Crystals

Precise protein-ligand complexes determined via X-ray crystallography experiments are critical for rational drug design. Here we demonstrate both improved statistical precision and greater chemical information content for a range of systems beginning with the trypsin-benzamidine complex shown below and scaling up to ribosome refinements. Keys to our method include use of the AMOEBA polarizable atomic multipole force field combined with a space group particle mesh Ewald (SG-PME) electrostatics algorithm that exploits space group symmetry to increase speed and reduce memory requirements. At high resolution (better than 1.0 A), we achieve lower R-free statistics by using the AMOEBA electron distribution within the X-ray scattering model. At all resolutions, rigorous treatment of polarizable atomic multipole electrostatics via SG-PME improves molecular conformation and orients the water hydrogen bonding network.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
The effects of prior training to imitate or nonimitate on subsequent susceptibility to social influence

The effects of prior training to imitate or nonimitate on subsequent susceptibility to social influence were investigated. It was hypothesized that training Ss to imitate the responses of another individual would increase their susceptibility to social influence, while training Ss to nonimitate the responses of another individual would decrease such susceptibility. Results indicated that conformity behavior was inversely related to the level of task success attained by Ss during the imitation or nonimitation training phase of the experiment, but was not affected by the type of prior training (imitation or nonimitation) they received.