cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Cognitive Developmental Approach to Understanding How Children Cope With Disasters

TOPIC. This paper applies cognitive developmental theory to explain how preschoolers, school-age children, and adolescents process and respond to disasters. PURPOSE. To help clinicians understand the disaster experience from a childS point of view, recognize age-specific reactions, identify symptoms that may signal coping difficulties, and plan effective interventions. SOURCES. Case examples from the authorS work with flood victims illustrate typical reactions for children (preschool to adolescents) within a family context, along with developmentally appropriate in terven tions . CONCLUSIONS. Children affected by disasters need nursing interventions geared toward their particular developmental level and sensitive to their perception of the disaster.
IR reflection spectroscopy of a soda-lime glass surface during ion-exchange

Abstract The shift of the peak of the structural band near ∼ 1050 cm −1 was monitored during K + for Na + ion-exchange of a soda-lime silicate glass. The IR reflection analysis probes the specimen surface and the shift of the peak can be caused by a change of the surface fictive temperature, surface stress, and composition change due to an ion-exchange treatment. The peak shift due to the fictive temperature change was determined by IR reflection measurements of samples heat-treated at various temperatures and the shift due to the composition change was determined by preparing a glass sample with alkali ions completely replaced. The shift observed during ion-exchange was much larger than the shift due to the fictive temperature change or composition change indicating that the observed peak shift is due mainly to the stress. In addition, an IR reflection band at ∼ 950 cm −1 due to non-bridging oxygen developed as a consequence of ion-exchange in a nitrate liquid.
The stenger phenomenon

Abstract Based on the literature, research, clinical use and communications with clinicians concerning the Stenger phenomenon and until additional research can shed some light on some questions that have been raised, the following is offered as a model for a Stenger test: (1) A simultaneous presentation and withdrawal of a pulsed tone signal should be utilized. (2) One should begin with the tone to the good ear close to threshold which will precipitate a constant response from the subject. (3) The ascending technique should be used in the poor ear starting at 0 dB hearing level. (4) Discrete presentations should be in 5 dB steps with the pause time and stimuli time sporadically altered to avoid rhythmicity. (5) The tone to the good ear should not be “faded away”. (6) The test should be accomplished quickly and incorporated into the routine pure tone audiometry which is preceded by adequate, standardized instructions. The Stenger phenomenon is multifaceted phenomenon. This paper attempts to review the literature in concise and comprehensive manner, review the research and indicate research needs, make comments and offer some personal opinions, and offer a comprehensive bibliography.
An inertia enhanced passive pumping mechanism for fluid flow in microfluidic devices

We describe and characterize a pumping mechanism that leverages the momentum present in small droplets ejected from a micro-nozzle to drive flow in an open microfluidic device. This approach allows driving flow in a microfluidic device in a regime that offers unique features different to those achievable with typical passive pumping or syringe-pump driven flow. Two flow regimes with specific flow characteristics are described: inertia enhanced passive pumping, in which fluid exchange times in the channel are significantly reduced, and inertia actuated flow, in which it is possible to initiate flow in an empty channel or against natural pressure gradients. Momentum is leveraged to create rapid fluid exchanges, instantaneous flow reversal, filling and mixing inside the microfluidic device.
Infrared spectral study of noncrystalline rodlike polymers

Oriented and unoriented films of noncrystalline, wholly-aromatic, rodlike polyamides, and polyesteramides were examined by infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate that orientation, accomplished by means of mechanical stretching, approaches 80% in both polymer classes. Examination of the NH and the CO stretching region revealed an increase in the population of nonhydrogen bonded species (plateauing at ∼ 85%) as orientation increases. This unusual result may be caused by interchain steric interactions which may also be responsible for both the noncrystalline morphology and the non-lyotropic behavior exhibited by these polymers.
Carbon-sulfur plots to show diagenetic and epigenetic sulfidation in sediments

Abstract Organic carbon vs. sulfide sulfur plots are now being used regularly by many geochemists to help understand recent and ancient depositional environments and diagenetic processes. Usually, these plots are useful to recognize nonmarine vs. marine environments or oxic vs. anoxic vs. euxinic depositional environments. However, C vs. S plots can also indicate diagenetic and epigenetic events that produce “excess” sulfide. Four new examples are presented and discussed.
Parylene membrane slot filter for the capture, analysis and culture of viable circulating tumor cells

This paper presents a method of capturing viable circulating tumor cells (CTC) from human whole blood using constant-pressure-driven filtration through a specially designed parylene-C membrane “slot” filter. More than 90% viable cancer cells could be recovered from whole blood using the slot filter, with minimal non-cancer blood cells left on the filter. The feasibility of the telomerase activity measurement of a single cancer cell taken from the filter after capture was proven. The on-filter and off-filter cultures of the captured cancer cells were also demonstrated.
VALVE MORPHOLOGY PREDICTS PROGRESSION TO SYMPTOMS IN PATIENTS WITH ASYMPTOMATIC SEVERE AORTIC STENOSIS

The severity of aortic stenosis is primarily assessed by the continuity equation through pressure gradients (PG) and effective orifice area (EOA). However, aortic 3-D valve shape creates differences in flow convergence may significantly affect left ventricular load. We hypothesized that despite
Validation of cold chain procedures suitable for distribution of vaccines by public health programs in the USA

To enhance quality assurance of vaccine distribution by public health programs in the US, various methods for packing vaccines were validated. Validation involved both tests in an environmental chamber and actual shipping of packages by commercial overnight delivery service. Dry ice was used with vaccines needing to be kept at temperatures lower than -14 degrees C, and water-based cold packs with other vaccines. The latter could be used in two ways. When frozen, and placed over two or three faces of well-insulated boxes, assortments of vaccines were kept cold but not frozen for 2 days or more. However, packages with -15 degrees C cold packs may reach < 0 degree C. When cold packs at refrigerator temperature cover four to six faces of well insulated boxes, vaccine freezing in winter conditions or warming in temperate conditions was slowed considerably. These approaches, which require materials costing less than approximately 1% of the cost of the vaccines they protect, provide examples of packaging suitable for overnight delivery of vaccines in the US in different seasons.
Reactivity of Cubane-Type [(OC)3MFe3S4(SR)3]3- Clusters (M = Mo, W): Interconversion with Cuboidal [Fe3S4]0 Clusters and Electron Transfer

The title clusters, several examples of which have been reported earlier, have been prepared by two different methods and subjected to structural and reactivity studies. The compounds (Et4N)3[(OC)3MFe3S4(Smes)3]·MeCN (M = Mo/W) are isomorphous and crystallize in monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 13.412(1)/13.297(1) A, b = 19.0380(1)/18.9376(3) A, c = 26.4210(1)/26.2949(1) A, β = 97.87(1)/97.549(1)°, and Z = 4. The clusters contain long M−S (2.62/2.59 A) and M−Fe (3.22/3.19 A) bonds, consistent with the reported structure of [(OC)3MoFe3S4(SEt)3]3- (3). Reaction of [(OC)3MoFe3S4(LS3)]3- (7) with CO in the presence of NaPF6 affords cuboidal [Fe3S4(LS3)]3- (9), also prepared in this laboratory by another route as a synthetic analogue of protein-bound [Fe3S4]0 clusters. The clusters [Fe3S4(SR)3]3- (R = mes, Et), of limited stability, were generated by the same reaction. Treatment of 9 with [M(CO)3(MeCN)3] affords 7 and its M = W analogue. The clusters [(OC)3MFe3S4(SR)3]3- form a four-member electron transf...
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE CONTENT ON THE VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF COWPEAS

The viscoelastic parameters of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) were studied at different temperature and moisture content combinations. Cowpeas were tested at temperatures of 25°, 45° and 70°C and moisture contents of 13.9, 19.6 and 22.4% dry basis on an Instron Universal Testing Machine using stress relaxation techniques. The response of cowpeas was characterized by two Maxwell bodies in parallel without the incorporation of a residual spring. The relaxation curves (uniaxial modulus versus time) were used to calculate temperature and moisture shift factors, which subsequently led to the construction of a single master response curve. Cowpeas are both thermo-rheologically and hydro-rheologically simple biological materials.
Eukaryotic transcriptional dynamics: from single molecules to cell populations

Transcriptional regulation is achieved through combinatorial interactions between regulatory elements in the human genome and a vast range of factors that modulate the recruitment and activity of RNA polymerase. Experimental approaches for studying transcription in vivo now extend from single-molecule techniques to genome-wide measurements. Parallel to these developments is the need for testable quantitative and predictive models for understanding gene regulation. These conceptual models must also provide insight into the dynamics of transcription and the variability that is observed at the single-cell level. In this Review, we discuss recent results on transcriptional regulation and also the models those results engender. We show how a non-equilibrium description informs our view of transcription by explicitly considering time- and energy-dependence at the molecular level.
A Novel Process to Isolate Fibrils from Cellulose Fibers by High-Intensity Ultrasonication, Part 1: Process Optimization

Cellulose fibrils of microscale and nanoscale sizes have great strength and hence furnish the possibility of reinforcing polymers. Fibrils can be isolated from natural cellulose fibers by chemical or mechanical methods. However, the existing procedures either produce low yields or severely degrade the cellulose and, moreover, are not environment friendly or energy efficient. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel process that uses high-intensity ultrasonication (HIUS) to isolate fibrils from several cellulose resources. Six factors that may affect the efficiency of fibrillation, including power, temperature, time, concentration, size, and distance, have been considered and discussed. HIUS treatment can produce very strong mechanical oscillating power; therefore, the separation of cellulose fibrils from its biomass is possible by the action of hydrodynamic forces of the ultrasound. Water-retention value and volume change were used to evaluate and optimize the process parameters. The degree of fibrillation of the cellulose fibers treated by HIUS was significantly increased. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Cognitive impairment in nondemented oldest-old: Prevalence and relationship to cardiovascular risk factors

Abstract Objective To determine the prevalence and types of cognitive impairment in a sample of nondemented participants aged ≥90 (the oldest-old) and to examine the relationships between cognitive impairment and cardiovascular risk factors. Participants The participants were 420 nondemented individuals from The 90+ Study, a study of aging and dementia in the oldest-old. These participants were categorized into four nonoverlapping groups: normal cognition, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), nonamnestic MCI (naMCI), and other cognitive impairment (OCI). History of cardiovascular risk factors was assessed through self-report. Results The overall prevalence of cognitive impairment in nondemented participants was 34.0% (95% CI: 29.5–38.5). The prevalence of OCI was highest (17.4%; 95% CI: 13.9–21.4), followed by aMCI (8.3%; 95% CI: 5.9–11.4) and naMCI (8.3%; 95% CI: 5.9–11.4). Normal cognition was present in 66.0% (95% CI: 61.2–70.5) of participants. History of hypertension and stroke were the only risk factors that varied between the groups, occurring more frequently in participants with naMCI (χ 2 = 3.82; P 2 = 5.51; P Conclusions This study found a high prevalence of cognitive impairment in a sample of nondemented oldest-old. We did not find a strong relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and the cognitive impairment groups, other than between hypertension and naMCI and stroke and OCI. Future studies comparing the incidence of dementia in these groups will ultimately determine their predictive utility in the oldest-old.
Electoral and structural losers and support for a national referendum in the U.S.

The U.S. is one of only a few democracies in the world never to hold a national referendum. Recent national surveys reveal that a majority of respondents approve of a national referendum both cross-nationally and in America is relatively stable. Building on previous work (Bowler and Donovan, 2007), we find public opinion on a reform proposal is fluid and responsive to electoral politics, rather than stable as reported in earlier work. In this paper, we argue that contemporary support for a national referendum in the U.S. is contingent on whether a citizen is a short- or long-term “winner” or a “loser” when it comes to electoral politics. We expect that public support for a national referendum in the U.S., where legislation referred by Congress would be subject to a popular vote, may vary at the individual level because of short-term electoral fortunes as well as long-term structural conditions. Strategic voting as well as losing in candidate races and policy issues may be important, but so might be partisanship, with non-partisans the most likely to benefit from citizen law-making at the national level. Support for a national referendum might also be contingent upon state context, that is, upon use of direct democracy in the state where a person lives, as well as the population of a state. The results based on a natural experiment and 2008 panel survey data provide an important window into understanding public opinion on institutional change more broadly.
Paleotemperatures and the glacially induced changes in the oxygen-isotope composition of sea water during late Pleistocene and Holocene time in Tanner Basin, California

Oxygen-isotope analyses of the benthic foraminiferal species Uvigerina peregrina show that glacially induced changes in the isotopic composition of sea water reached a maximum of 1.5‰ in late Pleistocene time in Tanner Basin, southern California. Isotopic data derived from the planktonic species Globigerina quinqueloba , corrected for glacial and regional water-mass effects, indicates that an increase in mean surface-water temperatures of about 5 °C took place from near the end of the Wisconsin glaciation to the Holocene thermal maximum at about 7,500 yr B.P. The isotopic minimum recorded by U. peregrina at about 40,000 yr B.P. is unusually low compared to that found in open-ocean cores.
Increased levels of immune inhibitory CD34+ progenitor cells in the peripheral blood of patients with node positive head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and the ability of these CD34+ cells to differentiate into immune stimulatory dendritic cells.

Objectives: This study determined whether mobilization of immune inhibitory CD34+ cells by head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) is most prominent in patients who are node positive and whether these CD34+ cells could differentiate into immune stimulatory dendritic cells. Study Design and Setting: Peripheral blood from patients with head and neck cancer was used to measure the frequency of CD34+ cells and their capacity to differentiate into immune stimulatory dendritic cells. Results: This study demonstrated that increased CD34+ cell levels were most prominent in patients who were node positive and patients with recurrent disease. These CD34+ cells differentiated into dendritic cells that were able to present tetanus toxoid to autologous T-cells. Conclusions: Immune suppressive CD34+ cells that are prominent in patients with HNSCC who are node positive are able to develop into immune stimulatory dendritic cells. Significance: Differentiation of tumor-mobilized CD34+ cells into dendritic cells may be an immunotherapeutic approach to stimulate antitumor reactivity. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;125:205-12.)
Lower extremity muscle mass predicts functional performance in mobility-limited elders

Objectives: This study examined the influence of lower extremity body composition and muscle strength on the severity of mobility-disability in community-dwelling older adults.Methods: Fifty-seven older males and females (age 74.2 ± 7 yrs; BMI 28.9 ± 6 kg/m2) underwent an objective assessment of lower extremity functional performance, the Short Physical Performance Battery test (SPPB). Participants were subsequently classified as having moderate (SPPB score > 7: n = 38) or severe mobility impairments (SPPB score ≤ 7: n = 19). Body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and provided measures of bone mineral density (BMD), total leg lean mass (TLM) and total body fat. Maximal hip extensor muscle strength was estimated using the bilateral leg press exercise. Multiple logistic regression analysis was utilized to identify the significant independent variables that predicted the level of mobility-disability.Results: TLM was a strong independent predictor of the level of functional impairment, after accounting for chronic medical conditions, BMD, body fat, body weight and habitual physical activity. In a separate predictive model, reduced muscle strength was also a significant predictor of severe functional impairment. The severity of mobility-disability was not influenced by gender (p = 0.71). A strong association was elicited between TLM and muscle strength (r = 0.78, p < 0.01).Conclusions: These data suggest that lower extremity muscle mass is an important determinant of physical performance among functionally-limited elders. Such findings may have important implications for the design of suitable strategies to maintain independence in older adults with compromised physical functioning. Additional studies are warranted to assess the efficacy of lifestyle, exercise or therapeutic interventions for increasing lean body mass in this population.
Uncovering the Hidden Effect of Party

Some recent scholarship affords political parties little role in explaining patterns of legislative outcomes. Policy preferences, rather than partisanship, are said to provide the superior account of legislative behavior. In this paper, we challenge one recent such account of legislative outcomes. We show that the likelihood of finding a party effect depends on where we look for it and with what measures we use to test for it. Party effects, we find, are amply visible in the 1994 "A to Z" discharge petition campaign in the U.S. House of Representatives, a case where party has been termed inconsequential.
Update on Ankylosing Spondylitis: Current Concepts in Pathogenesis

Ankylosing spondylitis is an insidiously progressive and debilitating form of arthritis involving the axial skeleton. The long delay in diagnosis and insufficient response to currently available therapeutics both advocate for a greater understanding of disease pathogenesis. Genome-wide association studies of this highly genetic disease have implicated specific immune pathways, including the interleukin (IL)-17/IL-23 pathway, control of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation, amino acid trimming for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen presentation, and other genes controlling CD8 and CD4 T cell subsets. The relevance of these pathways has borne out in animal and human subject studies, in particular, the response to novel therapeutic agents. Genetics and the findings of autoantibodies in ankylosing spondylitis revisit the question of autoimmune vs. autoinflammatory etiology. As environmental partners to genetics, recent attention has focused on the roles of microbiota and biomechanical stress in initiating and perpetuating inflammation. Herein, we review these current developments in the investigation of ankylosing spondylitis pathogenesis.
A Psychometric Perspective on Psychophysiological Measures.

Psychophysiological measures are a useful complement to self-report or behavioral measures because they can assess fundamentally different processes or more sensitively assess the same processes as those targeted by other types of measures. To be maximally beneficial, psychophysiological measures must meet the psychometric criteria that are commonly applied to self-report or behavioral measures. Empirical findings to date indicate that the temporal stability of psychophysiological measures thought to assess individual differences is variable and that researchers should devote more attention to systematic assessment of reliability, stability, and generalizability. The most critical psychometric issue involves construct validity and the establishment of linkages between psychophysiological measures and specific psychological processes. Several methodological and conceptual reasons for the difficulties that researchers encounter in the attempt to establish such linkages are discussed. Methodological guidelines for maximizing the reliability, temporal stability, and psychological meaningfulness of psychophysiological measures are proposed.
The Indications for and Timing of Liver Transplantation

Since the 1970s, there has been dramatic growth in the annual number of liver transplants, with improving survival. We review indications for liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure (FHF), cholestatic liver disease, and hepatocellular liver disease. A decreased factor V level appears to be a sensitive indicator of FHF requiring transplantation, with a factor V level of less than 20% (less than 30% for age greater than 30 years) suggested as the main indication in encephalopathic patients. The King's criteria are also useful for identifying patients with FHF who require transplantation. FHF from Wilson's disease is universally fatal without transplantation. Any patient with FHF who is unlikely to recover spontaneously should be referred to a transplant center. In patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), the Mayo Clinic model is widely used to calculate a risk score (based on age, bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin time, and edema). PBC patients with a rapidly rising Mayo risk score and/or a rising bilirubin should be listed for transplantation. The Mayo Clinic survival model for primary sclerosing cholangitis is based on bilirubin, histological stage, age, and presence or absence of splenomegaly, but this model is limited by the emergence of recurrent bacterial cholangitis, dominant strictures, and cholangiocarcinoma. Patients with hepatitis C should be referred for transplantation upon onset of ascites, variceal bleeding, encephalopathy, and/or jaundice with decreasing synthetic function. In patients with autoimmune hepatitis, prognostic indicators that herald the need for transplantation include variceal bleeding, encephalopathy, ascites, hyperbilirubinemia, and worsening synthetic function. Patients with Budd–Chiari syndrome who have end-stage complications of cirrhosis are candidates for transplantation, but clotting disorders must be treated to minimize the risk of recurrent thrombosis. Although hepatocellular carcinoma was once a contraindication, the presence of a small tumor without vascular or distant metastasis is now an indication for liver transplantation. In summary, liver transplantation remains a lifesaving procedure for individuals with end-stage liver disease due to a variety of causes.
Bombardment-Induced Polymerization of Nitrobenzyl Alcohol in Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry

Bombardment-induced polymerization of meta-nitrobenzyl alcohol, widely used as a liquid solvent matrix in fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry, produces an insoluble product presumably through a...
Proposed pathogenesis for atypical femoral fractures: Lessons from materials research

Atypical femoral fractures (AFFs) have been well defined clinically and epidemiologically. Less clear are the underlying mechanisms responsible. This commentary points out the likely sources of decreased resistance to fracture using lessons from bone material studies and biomechanics. We hypothesize that the key element in the cascade of events leading to failure of the largest and strongest bone in the human body is long-term suppression of normal bone turnover caused by exposure to potent anti-remodeling agents, most notably the bisphosphonates (BPs). Suppressed bone turnover produces changes in bone that alter its material quality and these changes could lead to adverse effects on its mechanical function. At the submicroscopic [<1 μm] level of collagen fibrils, suppression of bone turnover allows continued addition of non-enzymatic cross links that can reduce collagen's plasticity and this in turn contributes to reduced bone toughness. Further, adverse changes in hydroxyapatite crystalline structure and composition can occur, perhaps increasing collagen's brittleness. At the microscopic level [~1-500 μm] of the bone-matrix structure, suppressed bone turnover allows full mineralization of cortical bone osteons and results in a microstructure of bone that is more homogeneous. Both brittleness and loss of heterogeneity allow greater progression of microscopic cracks that can occur with usual physical activity; in crack mechanical terms, normal mechanisms that dissipate crack tip growth energy are greatly reduced and crack progression is less impeded. Further, the targeted repair of cracks by newly activated BMUs appears to be preferentially suppressed by BPs. We further hypothesize that it is not necessary to have accumulation of many cracks to produce an AFF, just one that progresses - one that is not stopped by bone's several protective mechanisms and is allowed to penetrate through a homogeneous environment. The remarkable straight transverse fracture line is an indicator of the slow progression of a "mother crack" and the failure of usual mechanisms to bridge or deflect the crack. Research in AFF mechanisms has been focused at the organ level, describing the clinical presentation and radiologic appearance. Although today we have not yet connected all the dots in the pathophysiology of BP-induced AFF, recent advances in measuring bone mechanical qualities at the submicroscopic and tissue levels allow us to explain how spontaneous catastrophic failure of the femur can occur.
Writing in APA Style: Faculty Perspectives of Competence and Importance

A US sample (N = 360) of psychology educators assessed 73 writing skills and competencies with regard to (a) the importance of each and (b) the typical performance of the top half of local psychology majors. An analysis of gap scores yielded results showing that specific skills, such as supporting claims with citations and proofreading ability, are areas in need of greater emphasis and renewed pedagogical attention by instructors. Educators may use the results of this study to help to identify areas of increased need for writing instruction regarding undergraduate psychology education.
An augmented circuit model for magnetic bearings including eddy currents, fringing, and leakage

Magnetic bearings are often designed using magnetic circuit theory. When these bearings are built, however, effects not included in the usual circuit theory formulation have a significant influence on bearing performance. Two significant sources of error in the circuit theory approach are the neglect of leakage and fringing effects and the neglect of eddy current effects. This work formulates an augmented circuit model in which eddy current and flux leakage and fringing effects are included. Electrical impedance predictions from the model are found to be in good agreement with experimental data from a typical magnetic bearing.
A potpourri of pediatric urology

There may be help at hand for those of us living in the far North who are exposed to poor light conditions for much of the winter. In a pilot scheme, the Met Office are to e-mail or text patients suffering from seasonal affective disorder (SAD) when prolonged gloomy conditions are forecast. They will be prompted to use bright light therapy (BLT) to counteract the effects and boost mood and confidence. Given the current gloomy conditions in the financial markets perhaps a certain Mr G Brown and Mr B Obama should be added to the mailing list. The Times Online, January 27, 2009
High Energy Piezoelectric Pulse Generator

This investigation characterizes and models a high energy piezoelectric pulse generator (PPG) constructed from commercially available piezoelectric materials. The PPG converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, storing that energy in its internal capacitance. The energy storage of the PPG developed here is more than an order of magnitude greater compared to previous investigations. The large internal capacitance in the PPG is created by stacking numerous single-element piezoelectric devices and electrically connecting them in parallel. The total internal capacitance of the PPG is 0.15 muF. The PPG is piezoelectrically charged to 1000 Volts, thereby storing nearly one joule. The mechanical force needed to compress the PPG can be derived from many sources. However, in the laboratory, the mechanical force is developed from an identical PPG configured to operate in reverse as a force generator and powered by an external electrical power source. Peak forces on the order of 17 kN are needed to compress the PPG. An electromechanical model of the PPG is developed in PSpice and used to predict the performance of the PPG under a variety of conditions. The PPG is modeled as a lumped-element mechanical system consisting of a mass, spring, and dashpot. The PSpice simulations are compared to experimental test results with mechanical force rise-times ranging from sub-millisecond to several milliseconds. There is good agreement between the theoretical predictions and experimental results.
Predictors of Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy.

This investigation examined self-reliance and work preference variables as theoretical factors in career decision-making self-efficacy. As expected, each variable was significantly related to career decision- making self-efficacy (CDMSE), with counterdependence and preference for growth needs emerging as the more significant contributors. Counterdependence, a self-reliance strategy in which persons distance themselves from others, was significantly and negatively related to CDMSE, whereas preference for growth needs in one's career was significantly and positively related to CDMSE. Unexpectedly, CDMSE scores were also related to gender, with females reporting greater self- efficacy in gathering occupational information and career planning. Regression models incorporating self-reliance variables, work preferences, and gender to predict CDMSE facet and total scores were significant, accounting for 12.4% to 26.2% of explained variance. Implications for research and career guidance are discussed.
Musite, a Tool for Global Prediction of General and Kinase-specific Phosphorylation Sites

Reversible protein phosphorylation is one of the most pervasive post-translational modifications, regulating diverse cellular processes in various organisms. High throughput experimental studies using mass spectrometry have identified many phosphorylation sites, primarily from eukaryotes. However, the vast majority of phosphorylation sites remain undiscovered, even in well studied systems. Because mass spectrometry-based experimental approaches for identifying phosphorylation events are costly, time-consuming, and biased toward abundant proteins and proteotypic peptides, in silico prediction of phosphorylation sites is potentially a useful alternative strategy for whole proteome annotation. Because of various limitations, current phosphorylation site prediction tools were not well designed for comprehensive assessment of proteomes. Here, we present a novel software tool, Musite, specifically designed for large scale predictions of both general and kinase-specific phosphorylation sites. We collected phosphoproteomics data in multiple organisms from several reliable sources and used them to train prediction models by a comprehensive machine-learning approach that integrates local sequence similarities to known phosphorylation sites, protein disorder scores, and amino acid frequencies. Application of Musite on several proteomes yielded tens of thousands of phosphorylation site predictions at a high stringency level. Cross-validation tests show that Musite achieves some improvement over existing tools in predicting general phosphorylation sites, and it is at least comparable with those for predicting kinase-specific phosphorylation sites. In Musite V1.0, we have trained general prediction models for six organisms and kinase-specific prediction models for 13 kinases or kinase families. Although the current pretrained models were not correlated with any particular cellular conditions, Musite provides a unique functionality for training customized prediction models (including condition-specific models) from users' own data. In addition, with its easily extensible open source application programming interface, Musite is aimed at being an open platform for community-based development of machine learning-based phosphorylation site prediction applications. Musite is available at http://musite.sourceforge.net/.
Switched reluctance motor control techniques

This paper provides a basic tutorial on SRMs, how they are controlled, and potential applications. A review of the equations governing the operation of the SRM is given and the operation of the SRM is described. Current control, commutation algorithms, and techniques for reducing torque ripple and linearizing the SRM torque response are discussed. Algorithms which allow motor operation without aid of a shaft position sensor are introduced.
Use of misoprostol (prostaglandin E1 methyl analogue) to expedite delivery in severe preeclampsia remote from term

Intravaginal misoprostol was used for labor induction in 2 patients with severe preeclampsia remote from term. Both patients had an uneventful vaginal delivery within 14 h of the initial application. Misoprostol appears to be effective for labor induction in cases where expeditious vaginal delivery is necessary.
Parent Depression and Child Anxiety: An Overview of the Literature with Clinical Implications

The association of parental depression with child anxiety has received relatively little attention in the literature. In this paper we initially present several reasons for examining this relationship. We then summarize the empirical support for a link between these two variables. Finally, we discuss directions for future research and clinical implications of an association of parental depression with child anxiety.
A NEW METHOD OF ACTIVE IMMUNISATION TO AUTOLOGOUS HUMAN TUMOUR TISSUE

Abstract Fourteen volunteers with far-advanced malignant tumours were treated by a method in which an attempt was made to immunise them against their own tumours. The method consisted of chemically coupling the tumour cell to a highly antigenic foreign protein (rabbit gamma-globulin) with bisdiazobenzidine and reinjecting this complex back into the tumour donor. Of the fourteen patients treated, two are alive and have been tumour-free for about 4 years. Biopsy of their tumours revealed necrotic changes. Three patients have shown stabilisation or slow progression of tumour; nine patients have died. Antibodies in high titres directed toward the tumours, were demonstrated by various means in thirteen of these patients.
Multi-input control systems: Explicit feedback linearization

The problem of feedback linearization of multi-input nonlinear control systems via feedback transformations is addressed. Necessaryand sufficient geometric conditions were provided in the early eighties stating that a certain distribution has to be full rank and involutive. However, finding the linearizing coordinates is subject to solving a set of partial differential equations. In this paper we provide an algorithm allowing to compute explicitly the linearizing feedback transformation. The algorithm is performed using a maximum of n − 1 steps (n being the dimension of the system) and is made possible by extending the explicit solvability of the Flow-box to the Frobenius theorem. Several examples are provided.
The influence of learner differences on the construction of hypermedia concepts: a case study

Abstract This study employed the case study methodology, focusing on three students engaged in a group task. The students were grouped together based on their learning style and cognitive control differences: one student was an Assimilator/Field-Independent; another, a Converger/Field-Mixed; and the third, an Accommodator/Field-Dependent. The group task was to develop a concept map on hypermedia-related concepts. Our research focus was to determine how each of three students influenced the construction of the group concept map with their learning styles and cognitive controls framing our analyses. The data sources used were (1) their individual concept maps which they used during the group task, (2) the group concept map, (3) the transcriptions of the dialogue that took place when completing the group task, (4) their hypermedia knowledge, (5) their hypermedia experience, (6) features they identified as comprising a hypermedia environment, and (7) hypermedia insights. We found that the Assimilator/Field-Independent student was the most influential by having (1) the greatest similarity between her individual concept map and the group map, (2) the highest number of concepts added and the fewest number of concepts omitted, (3) the highest number of hypermedia features that were also included in the group concept map, and (4) the most complex links between concepts. The next influential was the Converger/Field-Mixed. The least influential was the Accommodator/Field-Dependent. Explanations are given from the learning style/cognitive control perspective. ©
Cold Cathode Rectification

Asymmetric conductivity in a gas between two electrodes can be accomplished without the use of a hot cathode, if the relative areas of the electrodes are widely different. This paper presents the results of an investigation of the discharge phenomena and asymmetric conductivity in a cold cathode rectifier tube containing two anodes and one cathode, when utilizing: (1) one anode and one cathode; (2) two anodes and one cathode; and (3) two anodes and one cathode and a low-pass filter circuit. The electrodes are situated in a gaseous atmosphere of helium and neon at 20 mm Hg. pressure. A theoretical explanation of the asymmetric conductivity is considered; (1) for the initial state of asymmetry; and (2) for the limiting state of asymmetry, the former referring to the phenomena of ionization by collision and the latter to the theory of normal cathode current densities. Typical static characteristic curves are shown, from which can be anticipated the asymmetry shown by the oscillographic records. Theoretical expressions are given for degree of asymmetry in half-and full-wave rectification, and data collected with reference to the performance of the rectifiers show that the theoretical values are closely approached by this cold cathode type of tube.
Using SERVQUAL to measure users' satisfaction of computer support in higher educational environments.

The purpose of this research was to measure users' satisfaction with computer support in the higher education environment. The data for this study were gathered over a 5-week period using an online survey. Subjects (N=180) were members of a college at a major Texas university, which included both faculty and staff. SERVQUAL was the instrument used in this study. Two-ways statistical ANOVA analyses were conducted and revealed three statistically significant differences for Gender, Classification, and Comfort Level.
Nanocrystal formation via yttrium ion implantation into sapphire

Ion implantation has been used to form nanocrystals in the near surface of single crystal {alpha}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}. The ion fluence was 5 x 10{sup 16} Y{sup +}/cm{sup 2}, and the implant energies investigated were 100, 150, and 170 keV. The morphology of the implanted region was investigated using transmission electron microscopy, x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and ion channeling. The implantation causes the formation of an amorphous surface layer which contains spherical nanosized crystals with a diameter of {approximately}13 nm. The nanocrystals are randomly oriented and exhibit a face-centered cubic structure with a lattice parameter of {approximately}4.1 A {+-} .02 A. Preliminary chemical analysis shows that these nanocrystals are rich in aluminum and yttrium and poor in oxygen relative to the amorphous matrix.
Microwave reflection properties of concrete periodically exposed to chloride solution of 3% salinity and compression force

Corrosion of steel rebar in a concrete structure compromises its structural integrity and hence its performance. Chloride intrusion into concrete can lead to depassivation of the steel and initiation of corrosion. Methods exist to detect chlorides in concrete, but the practical use of many of these may be problematic because they are destructive and time consuming, and cannot be used to analyze large structures. Microwave nondestructive evaluation techniques applied to mortar have proven successful for detecting mixture constituents, chloride ingress, and cure-state monitoring. In this paper several concrete samples are cyclically soaked in distilled water and saltwater while also experiencing compression force. Compression force, simulating in-service loading, results in increased microcracking and permeability, which promotes chloride ingress. The daily microwave reflection properties of these samples were measured at 3 GHz. The results show the capability of these microwave measurements for detecting the increased level of chloride permeation as a function of increasing number of soaking cycles. In addition, comparisons between the reflection properties of mortar and concrete cubes soaked in distilled water exhibit similarity in trends, indicating that the various phenomena that occur within them are systematically similar.
Estimating the prevalence of alcohol and drug abuse and dependence among New Orleans arrestees.

The Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program collects self-report drug use data and urine specimens from adult arrestees across the United States. Despite high levels of drug use among arrestees, few studies have examined need for alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment within this population. To address this limitation, a secondary analysis was undertaken with a sample of 940 New Orleans arrestees surveyed in 2001. Fifty-nine percent of the sample was diagnosed as needing AOD treatment. Because “need for treatment” was operationalized as a diagnosis of abuse or dependence, the current results should be viewed as liberal estimates of treatment need. Drug treatment implications for criminal populations are discussed.
Calculating the entanglement spectrum in quantum Monte Carlo with application to ab initio Hamiltonians

Several algorithms have been proposed to calculate the spatial entanglement spectrum from high order R\'enyi entropies and maximum entropy techniques. We present an alternative approach for computing the entanglement spectrum with quantum Monte Carlo for both continuum and lattice Hamiltonians. This method provides direct access to the matrix elements of the spatially reduced density matrix and we determine an estimator that can be used in variational Monte Carlo as well as other Monte Carlo methods. The algorithm is based on using a generalization of the swap operator, which can be extended to calculate a general class of density matrices that can include combinations of spin, space, particle, and even momentum degrees of freedom. We demonstrate the method by applying it to the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ molecules and describe how the spatial entanglement spectrum encodes a covalent bond that includes all the many body correlations.
Dynamic XML deployment of geospatial peer nodes

This research provides an automated methodology for dynamic geographical deployment of enterprise and mobile applications. The process of achieving deployment involves utilization of a three dimensional XML peer node descriptor (3DP2P-XML). The 3DP2P-XML file descriptor generates enterprise beans, Web services, and mobile clients. Geocoding and wireless device application programming interfaces (APIs) leverage the 3DP2P-XML structured paradigm. Geospatial boundary conditions and statistical data determine the topology of peer node distribution.
The Coordination Relationship Analysis of Demand Response and Orderly Power Consumption in the Smart Grid

Both Demand Response (DR) and Orderly Power Consumption are important methods in shifting peak demand, where DR is in favor of market regulation, while orderly power consumption prefers administrative coordination. The implementation conditions of DR and orderly power consumption in China were discussed, and the obstacles encountered during the implementation process were analyzed from the view of the power companies and users. Then in the smart grid, the similarities and differences of the two were analyzed from the aspects of action mechanism, participation pattern, incentives and so on, and the implementation principles and coordination mechanisms of the two adaptable to the real situation in China were proposed. Finally, the related implementation recommendations were put forward for better development.
Insights and characterization of l 1 -norm based sparsity learning of a lexicographically encoded capacity vector for the Choquet integral

The aim of this paper is the simultaneous minimization of model error and model complexity for the Choquet integral. The Choquet integral is a generator function, that is, a parametric function that yields a wealth of aggregation operators based on the specifics of the underlying fuzzy measure (aka normal and monotonic capacity). It is often the case that we desire to learn an aggregation operator from data and the goal is to have the smallest possible sum of squared error (SSE) between the trained model and a set of labels or function values. However, we also desire to learn the “simplest” solution possible, viz., the model with the fewest number of inputs. Previous works focused on the use of l 1 -norm regularization of a lexicographically encoded capacity vector relative to the Choquet integral, describing how to carry out the procedure and demonstrating encouraging results. However, no characterization or insights into the capacity and integral were provided. Herein, we investigate the impact of l 1 -norm regularization of a lexicographically encoded capacity vector in terms of what capacities and aggregation operators it strives to induce in different scenarios. Ultimately, this provides insight into what the regularization is really doing and when to apply such a method. Synthetic experiments are performed to illustrate the remarks, propositions, and concepts put forth.