cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A versatile 2 MeV, 200 mA compact X-band linac

A small, high performance electron linear accelerator is described. It is a modified version of a commercially available portable X-ray source. The fixed power supplies were replaced with remote controllable supplies allowing a systematic exploration the linac's parameter space. A condition in which the linac performs nearly in accordance with its theoretical limits was found. The 9.3 GHz RF linac and beamline deliver a 2 nsec train of approximately 10 psec pulses with a peak current, limited by beam loading of the RF structure, of more than 200 mA and a beam energy of around 2 MeV with a 5% FWHM energy spread. The small energy spread is due largely to the focusing of the beam through a 500 /spl mu/m lead pinhole early in the beamline. A 6 /spl mu/m Mylar vacuum window covers the pinhole allowing the use of the beam in a rough vacuum environment with minimal degradation of the beam emittance. The unnormalized beam emittance is 6 /spl pi/ mm-mrad and the final spot size is 260 /spl mu/m diameter for f/20 focusing. >
Heart Failure Devices Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators and Biventricular Pacing Therapy

Although the age-adjusted mortality from heart disease has declined in the United States, cardiovascular disease remains the No. 1 cause of death.1,2 Patients with cardiac disease generally die of one of 2 causes: sudden, unexpected cardiac death or progressive heart failure. Chronic heart failure (CHF) has become an epidemic in the United States. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy has had a major impact on the treatment of heart failure in the United States. The ICD has been shown to decrease mortality relative to the best medical therapy in patients who have survived an episode of sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF).3 Unfortunately, only a small minority of patients who experience an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the United States are successfully resuscitated.4 Thus, ICD therapy has been applied for the primary prevention of sudden death in patients at high risk of cardiac arrest. Once thought to be a “bystander” curiosity in the progression of heart failure, electrical-conduction disturbances are now recognized to be important causes of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) can restore more-normal electrical contraction and, when combined with defibrillation (CRTD), can have a major impact on the mortality and morbidity of heart failure. Although there remain many limitations and challenges to the appropriate application of ICDs or CRTD, there is no question that device therapy has had a major impact on the management of patients with LV dysfunction. The ICD was developed in the 1970s as a device to detect and automatically terminate ventricular tachyarrhythmias.5,6 Early ICDs were large devices that required a thoracotomy to implant. Improvements in batteries, capacitors, and microprocessors7 have resulted in the rapid evolution of ICD technology. Current-generation ICDs are small enough to be easily implanted in the pectoral region and can perform a variety of …
Sharing obsolescence information at Raytheon with the component obsolescence and reuse tool

Diminishing manufacturing sources (DMS) is an industry wide problem that still attains considerable attention. Every company and contract that deals with the manufacturing of electronic equipment has to deal with the problem of component obsolescence, that is using parts that are, or soon will be, no longer available. This issue has obvious impact on new designs, repairs, and product upgrades. It is especially difficult to plan for obsolescence when so many legacy systems exist as well. It is predicted that 70-80% of the US Military systems will be classified as legacy by the year 2010. Therefore, the challenge is to try to make an estimated 5 year redesign cycle last considerably longer than 5 years. Though many companies have developed policies and procedures to deal with obsolescence, software tools are needed to accompany processes and to gain maximum return on investment of those processes. The component obsolescence and reuse tool is a software tool that Raytheon Company has developed to enhance our obsolescence best practice process. Currently the tool contains over 100000 parts each containing obsolescence colored "life" indicators. So far, the return on investment that the tool is generating is exceeding long term savings estimates. Not only has Raytheon Company Northeast sites been using the tool, but Raytheon sites in Fort Wayne, Indiana; Falls Church, Virginia; Towson, Maryland; and Huntsville, Alabama have completed obsolescence assessments for their programs. Collaboration continues across other Raytheon sites to share and leverage component obsolescence management information.
The single-stage TAIPEI rectifier

A new three-phase, single-stage, isolated zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) rectifier that achieves less than 5% input-current total harmonic distortion (THD) and provides tightly regulated output voltage is introduced. The proposed circuit is obtained by integrating the three-phase, two-switch, ZVS, discontinuous-current-mode (DCM), boost power-factor-correction (PFC) rectifier with the ZVS full-bridge (FB) phase-shift dc/dc converter. The performance evaluation of the circuit was performed on a three-phase 1.8-kW prototype designed for the line-to-line voltage range of 180-264 VRMS and delivering a tightly regulated, selectable, dc output voltage from 220 V to 300 V.
Detecting left ventricular endocardial and epicardial boundaries by digital two-dimensional echocardiography

Cardiac function is evaluated using echocardiographic analysis of shape attributes, such as the heart wall thickness or the shape change of the heart wall boundaries. This requires that the complete boundaries of the heart wall be detected from a sequence of two-dimensional ultrasonic images of the heart. The image segmentation process is made difficult since these images are plagued by poor intensity contrast and dropouts caused by the intrinsic limitations of the image formation process. Current studies often require having trained operators manually trace the heart walls. A review of previous work is presented, along with how this problem can be viewed in the context of the computer vision area. A novel algorithm is presented for detecting the boundaries. This algorithm first detects spatially significant features based on the measurement of image intensity variations. Since the detection step suffers from false alarms and missing boundary points, further processing uses high-level knowledge about the heart wall to label the detected features for noise rejection and to fill in the missing points by interpolation. >
Ventricular restraint prevents infarct expansion and improves borderzone function after myocardial infarction: a study using magnetic resonance imaging, three-dimensional surface modeling, and myocardial tagging.

Background Infarct expansion is associated with impaired borderzone function, adverse remodeling, and poor long-term prognosis. We hypothesized that left ventricular restraint early after myocardial infarction limits infarct expansion, preserves borderzone function, and reduces remodeling. Methods We used an ovine model as well as high spatial and temporal resolution cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to quantify total and infarcted left ventricular epicardial surface area at baseline and 1 week and 12 weeks after anterior wall infarction in 10 animals. Five animals were randomly assigned to treatment with left ventricular restraint (Acorn cardiac support device) 1 week after infarction. Five animals were untreated controls. Total left ventricular surface area was measured by importing the end-diastolic magnetic resonance imaging–derived epicardial contours into custom software, which creates a three-dimensional surface from the two-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging contours. Infarct area was calculated from magnetic resonance imaging–detectable titanium markers placed at the infarct border. Borderzone radial and circumferential strains during systole were also assessed using myocardial tagging techniques as a measure of contractile function. Results The infarct area 1 week after infarction was 1,177 ± 386 mm 2 in the control group and 1,124 ± 427 mm 2 in the cardiac support device group. After 12 weeks, infarct area was 3,666 ± 1,013 mm 2 in the control group and 1,227 ± 301 mm 2 in the cardiac support device group. Borderzone systolic radial strain decreased from 12.6% ± 0.77% to 3.6% ± 0.3% after infarction in the control group and 13.7% ± 0.87% to 4.7% ± 0.3% in the cardiac support device group. At 12 weeks after infarction, radial strain was 3.4% ± 0.5% in the control group and 6.7% ± 0.4% in the cardiac support device group. Conclusions Early postinfarction left ventricular restraint limits infarct expansion and improves borderzone contractile function.
Short (35-cm) versus long (60-cm) flexible sigmoidoscopy: a comparison of findings and tolerance in asymptomatic patients screened for colorectal neoplasia

The purpose of this study was to compare the utility of the 35-cm versus the 60-cm flexible sigmoidoscope in screening asymptomatic patients for colorectal neoplasia. Two hundred fifty-eight patients 45 years of age or older were examined in a randomized fashion with both the 35-cm and 60-cm instruments. Fifteen percent (39/258) of patients had a total of 50 polypoid lesions 3mm or greater in diameter (including one carcinoma). Of all polypoid lesions, 76% were detected with the 35-cm instrument compared to 98% with the 60-cm sigmoidoscope. Eighty-four percent of all polyps occurred within the distal 35cm of colon. The mean time required to complete the examination was significantly less with the 35-cm sigmoidoscope than with the 60-cm sigmoidoscope (2.5 vs. 5.7min). Moderate to severe discomfort was experienced by 69% of patients with the 60-cm instrument compared to only 29% with the 35-cm sigmoidoscope. Seventy-two percent of patients preferred examination with the shorter instrument compared with 7% for the longer sigmoidoscope, while 21% of patients expressed no preference. The 35-cm flexible sigmoidoscope fulfills many criteria of an effective screening test for colorectal neoplasia including rapidity of examination, safety, good sensitivity, and excellent patient acceptance.
First Complete Genome Sequence of Felis catus Gammaherpesvirus 1

We sequenced the complete genome of Felis catus gammaherpesvirus 1 (FcaGHV1) from lymph node DNA of an infected cat. The genome includes a 121,556-nucleotide unique region with 87 predicted open reading frames (61 gammaherpesvirus conserved and 26 unique) flanked by multiple copies of a 966-nucleotide terminal repeat.
Dependence of Total Longshore Sediment Transport Rates on Incident Wave Parameters and Breaker Type

Abstract Experiments were conducted in the Large-scale Sediment Transport Facility (LSTF) at the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center to investigate the importance of wave height, period, and breaker type (spilling and plunging breakers) on total rate of longshore sediment transport (LST) and the cross-shore distribution of LST. Estimates computed by the CERC formula and Kamphius were compared to the accurately measured total LST rates. Several K-values were used with the CERC formula, including the recommended value of 0.39 and calculated values by Kamphuis and Readshaw, Ozhan, Bailard, and Del Valle et al. The recommended K-value and most of the calculated K-values overpredicted the measured total LST rates, but methods that included parameters to indicate breaker type gave good estimates. The Kamphuis and Readshaw equation, in which K is a function of surf similarity parameter, gave consistent estimates with measurements. The Kamphuis equation, which includes wave period and beach slope t...
Statistical models for vaginal microflora: identifying women at risk for group B streptococcus colonization as a test of concept.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to formulate a statistical model that relates human microflora to probabilities for vaginal colonization by group B Streptococcus (GBS).
Toll-like receptor 4-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress contributes to impairment of vasodilator action of insulin

Impairment of vasodilator action of insulin is associated with endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance. Activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) induces proinflammatory response and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) activate TLR4, which induces ER stress and endothelial dysfunction. Therefore, we determined whether TLR4-mediated ER stress is an obligatory step mediating SFA-induced endothelial dysfunction. Palmitate stimulated proinflammatory responses and ER stress, and this was suppressed by knockdown of TLR4 in primary human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC). Next, we examined the role of TLR4 in vasodilatory responses in intact vessels isolated from wild-type (WT, C57BL/6) and TLR4-KO mice after feeding high-fat (HFD) or normal chow diet (NCD) for 12 wk. Arterioles isolated from HFD WT mice exhibited impaired insulin-stimulated vasodilation compared with arterioles isolated from NCD WT mice. Deficiency of TLR4 was protective from HFD-induced impairment of insulin-stimulated vasodilation. There were no differences in acetylcholine (Ach)- or sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-stimulated vasodilation between the two groups. Furthermore, we examined whether ER stress is involved in SFA-induced impairment of vasodilator actions of insulin. Infusion of palmitate showed the impairment of vasodilatory response to insulin, which was ameliorated by coinfusion with tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), an ER stress suppressor. Taken together, the results suggest that TLR4-induced ER stress may be an obligatory step mediating the SFA-mediated endothelial dysfunction.
Characterization of Dronabinol Usage in a Pediatric Oncology Population

OBJECTIVES: Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) remains an important side effect associated with administration of chemotherapy in pediatrics. The aim of this study was to retrospectively review dronabinol use in a pediatric cancer center, with the intent of characterizing its use and identifying trends such as age, sex, diagnosis, and chemotherapy that describe where dronabinol is best used as an adjuvant antiemetic. METHODS: Patients receiving dronabinol at Riley Hospital for Children between 2000 and 2010 were identified. Patients eligible for inclusion were those with malignancy ≤18 years old, who received at least 1 dose of dronabinol for CINV during admission. RESULTS: Ninety-five percent of patients received moderate or highly emetogenic chemotherapy. When dronabinol doses were analyzed, 95% of patients received doses that were lower than reference guidelines, 55% received dronabinol as a scheduled medication, and 19% received dronabinol 1 to 3 hours before chemotherapy. Overall, 60% of...
O Grande Papel Do Fundo Monetário Internacional (FMI) Na Recente Crise Financeira Global (The Formidable Role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in the Recent Global Financial Crisis)

Desde o principio da crise economica mundial, em 2007, o FMI tem atuado em diversas frentes para mobilizar apoio a seus 188 paises membros. O Fundo ampliou a oferta e concessao de credito, valeu-se de sua experiencia internacional para sugerir solucoes e empreendeu reformas que o deixaram mais bem equipado para atender as necessidades dos paises. Since the outbreak of the global economic crisis in 2007, the IMF has mobilized itself on many fronts to help its 188 member countries: it has increased and expanded its lending capacity, used its international experience to offer solutions to national authorities, as well as carried out internal reforms to address more efficiently, the needs of individual countries.
Does Military Integrated Product Team Performance Predict Commercial Cost Reduction Program Success

Abstract In the early 1990s, U.S military leaders began to copy commercial enterprises by assembling integrated product teams (IPTs) to adapt and implement commercial cost reduction programs (CCRPs) for military organizations. However, no evidence existed in literature that military IPT performance related to CCRP success. A non-experimental quantitative correlational study was conducted to find whether or not a relationship existed between military IPT performance and CCRP success. A questionnaire distribution yielded 80 acceptable responses, and Spearman’s rank order correlation and ordinal regression were employed for correlation and predictor significance analyses, respectively. The Spearman correlation coefficient analysis results revealed a strong positive relationship between the IPT Performance and CCRP Success, rs = .70, p < .01. The correlation coefficients between each of the six variables of IPT Performance and CCRP Success were IPT Communication rs = .64, p < .01, IPT Coordination rs = .57, p < .01, IPT Balance of Member Contributions rs = .51, p < .01, IPT Mutual Support rs = .65, p < .01, IPT Effort rs = .36, p < .01, and IPT Cohesion rs =.67, p < .01. Ordinal regression analysis yielded three significant predictors, IPT Coordination (Estimate = .23), IPT Effort (Estimate = -.40), and IPT Cohesion (Estimate = .24). Military managers should first assess whether or not their organizational systems are conducive to hosting IPTs and whether or not their organizations contain the necessary resources for hosting IPTs. Future researchers should employ a larger sample and a qualitative study to observe team interactions for identifying characteristics of teams and team members. Keywords: commercial cost reduction programs, integrated product teams, military, team performance, program success, integrated product and process development.
Distribution of Amethopterin in Normal Mouse Tissues Following Intravenous Injection.

Summary1. The concentration of ametho-pterin in the serum, liver, kidney, spleen, lungs and muscle of normal mice at intervals following intravenous injection of 0.5 mg/kg has been ascertained. 2. The relative concentrations of amethopterin in the tissue appeared to parallel the folic acid and CF content viz. liver, kidney, and spleen in descending order. No significant quantity of amethopterin was found in the lungs or muscle. 3. Ametho-pterin-like activity was found to be still present in the liver and kidney in relatively large quantities 24 hours after injection although the serum level had reached or approximated zero in 4 hours.
Detecting Intelligence

âCan machines think?â When faced with this âmeaninglessâ question, Alan Turing suggested we ask a different, more precise question: can a machine reliably fool a human interviewer into believing the machine is human? To answer this question, Turing outlined what came to be known as the Turing Test for artificial intelligence, namely, an imitation game where machines and humans interacted from remote locations and human judges had to distinguish between the human and machine participants. According to the test, machines that consistently fool human judges are to be viewed as intelligent. While popular culture champions the Turing Test as a scientific procedure for detecting artificial intelligence, doing so raises significant issues. First, a simple argument establishes the equivalence of the Turing Test to intelligent design methodology in several fundamental respects. Constructed with similar goals, shared assumptions and identical observational models, both projects attempt to detect intelligent agents through the examination of generated artifacts of uncertain origin. Second, if the Turing Test rests on scientifically defensible assumptions then design inferences become possible and cannot, in general, be wholly unscientific. Third, if passing the Turing Test reliably indicates intelligence, this implies the likely existence of a designing intelligence in nature.
The 1984 southern Yellow Sea earthquake of Eastern China: Source properties and seismotectonic implications for a stable continental area

On 21 May 1984, a strong shock ( MS = 6.3, mb = 5.7) occurred in the southern Yellow Sea which shook the densely populated coastal area of Eastern China. About 1 min before the main shock, a foreshock of mb 5.4 occurred. Because of interference from the foreshock, no reliable P -wave first motions or focal mechanisms have been obtained for the main shock from local seismic data. In this paper, long-period teleseismic data have been used to investigate the source mechanism. Fault plane solutions determined from first motions as well as P and SH waveforms show a predominant strike-slip motion with a small dip-slip component on a steeply dipping plane. The tectonic environment of this event supports the observation that margins of former rifts tend to be sites of midplate seismic source regions. The Yellow Sea developed in a cratonic environment due to early Cenozoic rifting. The major graben faults strike NNE-SSW to NE-SW and are intersected by second-order faults trending WNW-ESE. Aftershock distribution suggests that the fault which generated the main shock probably strikes WNW-ESE. The mechanism determined in this paper strikes 120°, dips 88°, and slips 28°. This solution suggests that the earthquake ruptured along a secondary fault near the intersection of a more major NNE-SSW trending fault. The epicentral area is subject to to an ENE-WSW compression and a NNW-SSE extension. The seismic moment and focal depth are determined to be 1.09 × 1025 dyne-cm and 12 ± 4 km, respectively. Relative hypocentral locations indicate that the focal depth of the foreshock is similar to that of the main shock, and the hypocenter of the foreshock is located very close to the WNW-ESE striking nodal plane of the main shock mechanism and is about 20 km away from the main shock hypocenter. Source properties of the southern Yellow Sea earthquake have been compared with those of three major earthquakes of North China. The stress drop of the Yellow Sea earthquake is determined to be about 42 bars. This value is much lower than the stress drops computed for the 1966 Hsingtai and the 1975 Haicheng earthquakes of North China. The southern Yellow Sea is characterized by short recurrence intervals, while the Hsingtai and Haicheng areas have very long recurrence intervals. The short recurrence intervals and low stress drop may reflect a lower material strength at the source region in the Yellow Sea.
Investigation on Situation of Food Contaminated with Heavy Metals in Luohu District During the Period of 2005～2006

Objective To investigate the situation of the food contaminated with heavy metals,and to provide the evidences for food safety.Methods Samples of foodstuff were randomly collected from supermarkets and fairs in Luohu District.Heavy metals such as plumbum,arsenic,cadmium,hydrargyrum and cuprum in the food samples were tested by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry.Results The exceeded standard rates of plumbum,cadmium,hydrargyrum,cuprum and arsenic in 1,323 tested food samples were 3.33%,4.98%,1.50%,1.64%,and 0.08% respectively.Plumbum,cadmium,hydrargyrum,cuprum and arsenic in the tested food samples with the maximum over-limit rate were the preserved eggs(21.54%),porcine kidney(23.33%),porcine kidney(6.67%),porcine kidney(11.11%)and fish(0.08%)respectively.Conclusions Plumbum,cadmium and hydrargyrum are the predominant heavy metal pollutants in foodstuff in Luohu District,moreover,the heavy metal contents seriously exceed the standard in porcine kidney,vegetable and preserved egg.
King v. Burwell , the Affordable Care Act, and Deference to Administrative Interpretations of the Internal Revenue Code

In King v. Burwell, the Supreme Court concluded in 2015 that, despite some arguably straightforward language in the Affordable Care Act suggesting otherwise, Congress intended that “applicable taxpayers” be eligible for refundable tax credits whether they acquired their health insurance on an exchange created by a state or one established by the federal government. This article discusses the statutory interpretation issues involved in King, and also addresses another issue with potentially long-lasting effect on the tax law as a whole. Although the result in King was consistent with regulations the Treasury Department and Internal Revenue Service had issued under the Act, the Court, somewhat surprisingly, did not base its decision on so-called Chevron deference to those regulations. The Court instead made an independent determination, or so it said, of the meaning of the relevant statutory provisions. This article considers when, after King, Chevron deference is appropriate in the tax area and when it is not. And it discusses why that distinction mattered in a case where the substantive result would have been the same whether or not the Court had deferred to the regulations.
The use of I133 in the treatment of Graves' disease.

INTRODUCTION ONE of the first radioisotopes of iodine used to treat hyperthyroidism was cyclotron-produced I130 with a half-life of 12.5 hours (1–3). It was not until 1946 that the pile-produced isotope I131, with a half-life of 8.1 days, was made available. Since then, wide experience has been accumulated with this isotope in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. Recent studies (4) have suggested that other radioisotopes of iodine might be used for this type of therapy with varying advantages in decreasing the total body radiation. This study was undertaken to evaluate the possible use of I133 for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. In this study the amount of radiation to the blood following a fixed dose to the thyroid is used as a criterion to determine the relative advantage of the isotope. The rad is used as the unit of radiation dosage. It represents an absorbed dose of 100 ergs of energy per gram, and for tissue it is approximately equal to the roentgen or rep.
Effect of Work Zone Lighting on Drivers' Visual Performance and Perceptions of Glare

Nighttime crashes at work zones are major concerns for construction workers and motorists. Although in a majority of the U.S. states, department of transportation specifications for work zone lighting mention that contractors should reduce glare for workers and drivers, only two states advocate detailed specifications like light positions, orientation, and light levels. Although some studies have examined the impact of glare from work zone lights on workers and others have calculated veiling luminance levels for drivers in the work zone, the effect of work zone lighting on drivers’ visual performance and glare perception has never been studied in a realistic setting. The goal of this study was to understand the impact of commercially available portable light towers (metal halide, LED, and balloon) and their orientation on drivers’ visual performance and their perceptions of glare. Participants drove through a realistic work zone simulated on the Virginia Smart Road. Visual performance was assessed by a de...
Neural Network-Controlled Wind Generator-Fed Γ-Z Source-Based PMSM Drive

This paper works out with the comparison of dynamic responses of closed-loop proportional integral derivation (PID) and artificial neural network (ANN) in wind generator-fed Γ-ZSI-controlled PMSM drive system. Voltage-type Γ-ZSI is proposed for PMSM drive for simulation. Γ-ZSI can boost the input voltage significantly and the speed of the drive is controlled using V/f control method. The drive system is developed using blocks of MATLAB/Simulink and the results are presented in terms of its rise time, settling time, and steady-state error.
Birth and Development of a Community Initiative: The Trauma-Resiliency Collaborative

The Trauma-Resiliency Collaborative (TRC), established in May 2014 in Salt Lake City, UT, is an ad hoc, and open, community-interest group comprised of multidisciplinary professionals and paraprofessionals. The initial meetings and kick-off event were instrumental to the synergy of the organization. The TRC’s organic growth and minimal time commitment by members facilitates participation and maximizes efficiencies. The success of the TRC model is dependent on highly skilled individuals and/or experts in trauma- and resiliency-related work, who enjoy collaboration by contributing insights, resources, contacts, etc. to further other colleagues’ ad hoc projects and objectives. The TRC has evolved into a model that promotes both individuals and organizations by encouraging an atmosphere of success for all.
Notch Sensitivity of Aluminum-Zinc-Magnesium Alloys at Cryogenic Temperatures

At present, the 2000(Cu), 5000(Mg), 6000(Mg-Si) series provide most of the aluminum alloys used in cryogenic applications. Established alloys in the 7000(Zn) series, including 7075, 7079, and 7178, are more sensitive to notches than many of the alloys of the above types [1,2] and have not been seriously considered. Recently, several new 7000-series alloys have been introduced with appreciably greater notch toughness than other alloys of this type. It is. expected that these new alloys may be of considerable use in cryogenic applications.
Demonstration of a specific α-bungarotoxin binding component in Electrophorus electricus electroplax membranes

Abstract Studies of the binding of 125I-α-Bgt to membranes from the electroplax of Electrophorus electricus have demonstrated a high degree of specificity. The association is due to complex formation with a unique macromolecular membrane bound component.
Dengue - Clinical and public health ramifications.

Background: Dengue virus infection is spread by the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti and causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Australia, it is an important cause of fever in the returned traveller and recent outbreaks have occurred in northern Queensland. A comprehensive understanding of the clinical and public health ramifications of dengue infection is essential for general practitioners. Objective: The aim of this article is to review the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, complications, laboratory investigations and public health consequences of dengue infection. Discussion: Dengue should be considered as a differential diagnosis of fever in a returned traveller, including in patients who have travelled to northern Queensland within 3 months of an outbreak. Clinical manifestations vary from asymptomatic infection to serious disease. Typical symptoms last 7 days and may include: fever, headache, myalgia, fatigue, abnormal taste sensation, arthralgia, maculopapular rash and anorexia. Around 1% of patients will get the more severe form of the illness, dengue haemorrhagic fever. Recommended diagnostic tests depend on the time since the onset of symptoms. Management involves symptomatic treatment and monitoring for complications. Dengue haemorrhagic fever requires hospitalisation. Prompt notification to public health authorities and advice to patients about prevention of spread are a key role of the GP.
Empirically Derived Subclasses of Academic Skill Among Children at Risk for Behavior Problems and Association With Distal Academic Outcomes

Students with early indicators of behavior risk have predictable, negative outcomes, and those with co-existing academic problems have significantly more negative outcomes. Identifying academic sub...
Brief Prompting to Improve Classroom Behavior: A First-Pass Intervention Option:

Two studies were conducted to examine the effects of a brief prompting intervention (verbal and visual reminder of classroom rules) to improve classroom behavior for an elementary student during sm...
Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene: toxicology, metabolism, and mechanisms of toxicity.

Hexachloro 1,3-butadiene (HCBD; other synonyms: hexachlorobutadiene;1,1,2,3,4,4-hexachloro-1,3-butadiene; perchlorobutadiene; trade names: C46; Dolen-Pur; CAS No.: 87-68-3) is a colorless liquid with a faint turpentine-like odor. It is practically insoluble in water (5 μg/mL at 20°C) but is soluble in ethanol and diethyl ether. It has a melting point of about -21°C and a specific gravity of 1.675. It is not volatile (22 mm Hg at 100°C) and is a nonflammable, stable compound (Hawley 1977).
The Impact of Common Planning Time on Middle Grades Students and Teachers.

AbstractThis descriptive study examines the practice of common planning time (CPT) for middle grades teachers who are members of interdisciplinary teams and the impact that this practice has on students' self-concepts and perceptions of their school climate and teachers' perceptions of their working environment. Instruments used were the Self-Description Questionnaire-II, Quality of School Life Scale, and Teacher Opinion Questionnaire. Results showed that students receiving instruction from teachers on interdisciplinary teams with CPT had higher overall self-concepts and more positive overall perceptions of their school climate than did students receiving instruction from teachers on interdisciplinary teams without CPT, organized departmentally. In addition, results of the study showed that teachers on interdisciplinary teams with CPT had more positive overall perceptions of their working environment than did teachers who were organized departmentally. The findings suggest that CPT for teachers on interdi...
Developmental Shifts in the Character of Romantic and Sexual Relationships from Adolescence to Young Adulthood

This chapter examines ways in which the qualities and dynamics of respondents’ romantic relationships change from adolescence into adulthood and also explores the ways in which gender influences the character of romantic experiences during this period. We present findings from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (TARS), a longitudinal study of 1,321 respondents who were interviewed four times, first in adolescence and subsequently as they have navigated the transition to adulthood. A review of other recent TARS findings are included, providing a more comprehensive portrait of the fluidity and range of romantic and sexual relationship experiences that characterize this phase of the life course. For example, we examine the phenomena of breaking up and getting back together and having sex with ex-boyfriends/girlfriends – dynamics that are quite common, but that highlight some of the difficulties of establishing the boundaries of what constitutes a dating relationship. In addition, while young adulthood is generally understood as a time when romantic attachments take on greater weight/significance, this period is associated with increased likelihood of casual sex experiences. Thus, we also include a review of findings about the trajectories of casual sex and factors associated with variability in casual sexual experiences.
Mammalian G1 and G2 phase checkpoints

This present review explores the mechanisms for DNA damage induced G1 and G2 arrest in mammalian cells. The complexity of the TP53 pathway is attested to by the variety of genes regulated by TP53, many of which require further investigation to bring their importance into focus. One gene intensely studied, p21, has been linked to the G1 arrest mechanism and may, like TP53, be involved in some aspect of DNA repair. The outcome of TP53 activation for cell survival is equally complex and relies much upon cellular context and the type of DNA damaging agent employed. Although TP53 may participate in sensing DNA damage, additional components are likely to be required. Much of the focus on defining the mechanism of G2 arrest in mammalian cells has concentrated on the cyclin B1/CDC2 kinase. Activation of this kinase is suppressed by DNA damage, and this may result from the imposition of inhibitory phosphorylations on the CDC2 kinase as well as downregulation of cyclin B1 levels. The logical point where the G2 checkpoint interacts with the CDC2-CDC25C autocatalytic loop to prevent CDC2 activation remains to be defined and could involve inhibition of CDC25C-CDC2 interaction. It is hoped that moving upstream of CDC2 towards the point where DNA damage is sensed by the cell will uncover homologues of yeast components implicated in G2 checkpoint control. The finding that certain G2 checkpoint abrogators preferentially synergize with DNA damaging agents in cells with defective TP53 provides a potential pharmacological route through which TP53 defective cells might be targeted for destruction. Further exploration of this vulnerability might prove useful for future anti-cancer drug discovery efforts.
The role of human creativity in mechanized verification: invited talk

In a presentation at FMCAD 1996 I decried industry's expectations that the creative insights of highly-paid, world-class hardware designers "should" be checkable by "push-button" tools. In the associated paper, my co-authors and I observed that unequivocal rejection of "lightweight" tools is impossible because of the role of "heavyweight thinking" in their use: problems that are impossibly large can often be rendered tractable by push-button means if the user is clever or persistent enough to create the right abstractions. The sensitivity of "tractability" to apparently minor modeling decisions is a well-known phenomenon for all of our tools. The decision not to model a certain bit or to avoid a certain form of definition, while appearing coincidental to the reader, may in fact be a crucial choice and we ought to highlight such decisions when we are aware of their importance. That we sometimes do not highlight them is not intellectual dishonesty but concern for clarity. Like mathematicians who revise a proof repeatedly for publication, the key insights are often lost as the presentation is polished. In this talk I again delve into the key question of the role of human creativity in mechanized verification. I argue that the more explicit we make that role, the better. Unlike mathematicians, we are fundamentally concerned with automating the methods of theorem discovery and proof. By highlighting the "minor decisions" that represent major breakthroughs in the problem, we serve our science better because we identify the key problems yet to be solved.
DYNAMIC COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES OF AN EXPLOSIVE SIMULANT

For a hydrocode material model, the dynamic compressive properties of an explosive simulant were determined using a Hopkinson Bar. Tests performed at rates above 4000 s−1 and at elevated temperatures show a large stress spike in the stress time profile. Data at room temperature and strain rates below 4000 s−1 behaves in an expected manner.
In the shadow of the refinery: an American oil company town on the Caribbean island of Aruba

American industries created company towns across the United States, and in the late nineteenth century, their usage spread into Latin America and the Caribbean. Most company towns were designed for...
Solvent-free spectroscopic method for high-throughput, quantitative screening of fatty acids in yeast biomass

Sustainable biofuels and bioproducts technologies are being developed by fermentation of sugars present and released from pretreated cellulosic biomass to lipids using oleaginous yeasts. Detailed analytical characterization of lipid content through cultivation under different scenarios not only is a bottleneck that slows down development of improved strains and processes, this process also creates significant chemical waste. Since lipids exhibit a dominant, distinct, and unique fingerprint in the NIR spectrum, the use of multivariate linear regression of respective wavelengths can be used for the prediction of intracellular lipid content present in the yeast biomass. We present data on the multivariate quantitative correlation of NIR spectra with measured lipid content in different oleaginous yeast strains. This work is the first demonstration of the rapid, non-destructive, lipid quantification on as little as 10 mg of yeast biomass in a 96-well format, preventing significant chemical pollution by applying a real-time monitoring process. We demonstrate a distinct correlation of lipid content with the accumulation of select fatty acids of the lipids for 5 different yeast species, among which, for S. cerevisiae and L. starkeyi, in-depth calibration curves were developed from 65 and 154 unique samples, respectively. We demonstrate that NIR spectra can be used to accurately predict intracellular lipid content using multivariate linear regression analysis in a manner of minutes, avoiding the need for lengthy chemical analyses that are resource intensive.
How martian araneiforms get their shapes: morphological analysis and diffusion-limited aggregation model for polar surface erosion

Abstract Araneiforms are radially converging systems of branching troughs exhibiting fractal properties. They are found exclusively in the Southern polar regions of Mars and believed to be result of multiple repetitions of cold CO2 gas jets eruptions. Araneiform troughs get carved by the overpressurized gas rushing underneath a seasonal ice layer towards a newly created opening. Current work is an attempt to quantitatively analyze araneiforms patterns and model their formation mechanism. Araneiform shapes range from small and simple structures of one or two connected branches to intricate dendritic patterns several kilometers across. The dendritic quality of most araneiforms are suggestive that they can be described in terms commonly applied to terrestrial rivers. The main difference between rivers and araneiforms from the morphological point of view is that araneiform patterns are not directed or in any way influenced by the local gravitational gradient. We have adapted and for the first time applied to Martian araneiforms qualitative morphological analysis typically used for terrestrial rivers. For several locations in the Martian Southern polar regions we have calculated the largest order of tributaries, tributary densities, and bifurcation ratios. We have shown that the large and well-developed araneiforms (with tributary orders larger than 4) closely follow Horton's law of tributary orders and have bifurcation ratio that falls well inside the range of terrestrial rivers. We have implemented a two-dimensional Diffusion-Limited Aggregation (DLA) model that describes formation of dendrite shapes by mathematical probabilistic means. We compared modeled dendrite shapes to the araneiform shapes observed in the Martian polar regions and evaluated their similarity using the morphological analysis of araneiforms. We showed that DLA model can successfully recreate 2D shapes of different observed araneiforms. To simulate the patterns that deviate from central symmetry it is required to modify the main governing parameter of DLA model: its two-dimensional probability field. An analog to the governing probability field in the case of araneiforms is the gas pressure in the cavity underneath the ice layer right before the gas starts moving towards the newly created escape vent. Thus modeling the creation of araneiform patterns with DLA leads to better understanding of seasonal processes that create them.
Variance heterogeneity in direct and maternal weight traits by sex and percent purebred for Simmental-sired calves.

Phenotypic variances for linear and transformed weight traits were partitioned into residual, direct genetic (D) and maternal genetic (M) components using REML techniques with American Simmental Association data from calves born 1969 to 1985. Variance components were estimated separately from subclasses defined by sex (male, female) and percent Simmental (50, greater than or equal to 75). The model included fixed effects of contemporary group and age-of-dam (less than 3, 3 to 5, greater than 5 yr). Additive relationships among sires and maternal grandsires were included. Results follow for a sire-maternal grandsire model for greater than or equal to 75% Simmental untransformed data based on 143,280 male and 281,805 female weaning weights (WW) representing 4,763 and 7,406 sires, respectively. Female results are bracketed. For computational simplification, 47,650 [30,909] postweaning gain (PW) records were included in the analysis only for 114,404 [182,255] calves with birth weight (BW). Phenotypic standard deviations (kg) were: BW, 4.5 [4.1]; WW, 26.9 [23.2]; and PW, 25.9 [19.9]. Heritabilities were: BWD, .40 [.45]; WWD, .32 [.39]; PWD, .26 [.32]; BWM, .13 [.15]; WWM, .20 [.16]; and PWM, .01 [.01]. These heritabilities are higher than previously used for genetic evaluations in this breed. Moderate and positive correlations .26 to .50, existed between direct effects and were similar for both sexes. Direct and maternal effects on the same trait were correlated negatively: BW, -.45 [-.31]; and WW, -.27 [-.34]. Genetic correlation between BWM and WWM was .53 [.49]. First-cross progeny exhibited less genetic and residual variation and had lower heritabilities than Simmental calves of higher percent. Correlations between sire evaluations on the subsets were consistent with those expected given a perfect genetic correlation between traits for each sex and percent Simmental. Logarithmic transformed records were no more homogeneous than untransformed records.
Experimental Demonstration of Heat Pipe Operation beyond the Capillary Limit during Brief Transient Heat Loads

The maximum heat load that a heat pipe can sustain at steady state is governed by the balance between the capillary pressure provided by the wick and the flow resistance to liquid resupply at the evaporator. At heat loads beyond the capillary limit, the wick will dry out at the evaporator. However, the nature of the imposed heat load may be highly transient in various applications ranging from consumer electronic devices to server processors, depending on the end user needs and workloads. For such scenarios, it becomes critical to assess the operation of heat pipes in response to brief transient heat loads which could be higher than the notional capillary limit that governs dryout at steady state. In the current study, experiments are performed to demonstrate that, under transient heating conditions, a heat pipe can sustain heat loads higher than the steady-state capillary limit for brief periods of time without experiencing dryout. The time-to-dryout during which the heat pipe can sustain a higher heat load is characterized for a step input higher than the steady-state capillary limit. The time-to-dryout is found to decrease as the magnitude of the step heat input increases.
REMOTE HYPERTENSION MANAGEMENT USING BLOOD PRESSURE TELEMONITORING IN A RURAL AND LOW-INCOME POPULATION

Home blood pressure (BP) telemonitoring with pharmacist case management is proven to achieve better BP control compared with usual care. Whether this treatment strategy is feasible and effective in rural and low-income populations has not been well explored. We conducted a prospective pilot study
6 – STRATEGY-PROOFNESS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the results of strategy-proofness obtained by different authors. Collective choice rules for which there is no incentive to express preferences other than true ones are called strategy-proof, also cheatproof, nonmanipulable, straightforward, stable, or unique. Strategy-proofness has become a focus of interest in social choice theory because it is closely related to mainstream economic theory issues of evaluating resource allocation mechanisms with respect to incentive compatibility. It was Arrow who raised the issue of divergence between actual and expressed preferences. Shortly, after the appearance of Arrow's book, Dummett and Farquharson, and Vickrey made some informal conjectures about the difficulty of designing strategy-proof choice procedures. Additional investigations on strategy-proofness were conducted by Majumdar, Murakami, Sen, and Pattanaik. The first formal impossibility result along these lines is a theorem, independently obtained by Gibbard and Satterthwaite, that no collective choice rule exists satisfying strategy-proofness and several other constraints.