cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quality Changes of Different Sweet Cherry Cultivars at Various Stages of the Supply Chain

Transportation of sweet cherry fruits to distant markets and further marketing processes often takes approximately 2-3 weeks. The present study investigates the quality changes during this time period at three stages for three sweet cherry cultivars: â€˜Early Burlatâ€™, â€˜Napoleonâ€™, and â€˜0900 Ziraatâ€™. Following pre-cooling, the sweet cherries were placed in modified atmosphere packages and exposed to the following stages for the indicated durations: transportation (T) [8 days at 2 Â°C and 85% relative humidity (RH)]; distribution center (DC) (4 days at 6.5 Â°C and 80% RH), and shelf-life (SL) (2 days at 19 Â°C and 70% RH). Weight losses at the end of the SL stage were 3.11, 3.18, and 2.74%, respectively in â€˜Early Burlatâ€™, â€˜Napoleonâ€™ and â€˜0900 Ziraatâ€™.Fruit firmness decreased after SL as compared to that at other stages and was more remarkable in â€˜0900 Ziraatâ€™. Decreased Chroma values which indicates, the intensity or color saturation were observed in all cultivars, whereas decreased hue angle values colours expressed in degrees were observed in the â€˜Early Burlatâ€™ and â€˜0900 Ziraatâ€™. In addition, a decrease was noted in the titratable acidity of all cultivars at the end of SL. The total soluble solids, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activities were similar for all cultivars at all stages. The visual appearance scores of â€˜Early Burlatâ€™ cherries decreased at the end of SL, because of development of pitting on the fruit surface. The fruit quality changes were limited at T and DC stages; however, these changes became more distinctive during the SL period. It was thus concluded that the SL duration and conditions were of the highest significance with regard to maintenance of the sweet cherry fruit quality.
Dilemmas of U.S. export control of technology to China [1]

Technology transfer from the U.S. and its allies to China is basically a combination of West-East and North-South characteristics. China's “unbalanced” development strategy for the past several decades has resulted in some technologically advanced military fields, like strategic nuclear forces, and a strikingly backward civilian sector. This uniqueness confounds U.S. decisions on export control of potential military technology to China, whereas western Europe and Japan can take full advantage of the economic opportunities beginning in the late 1970s. The U.S. relative disadvantage in economic terms as compared with its allies in dealing with China is hypothesized to be more serious than when dealing with the Soviet group. Meanwhile, the U.S. policy to ban some critical technologies to China may also be eroded by China's concerted efforts to get access to them and the informal channels rooted in the extensive Chinese network in the U.S. science and technology community.
Radical interpretation and the permutation principle

Davidson has claimed that to conclude that reference is inscrutable, one must assume that “If some theory of truth ... is satisfactory in the light of all relevant evidence ... then any theory that is generated from the first theory by a permutation will also be satisfactory in the light of all relevant evidence.” However, given that theories of truth are not directly read off the world, but rather serve as parts of larger theories of behavior, this assumption is far from self-evident. A proper understanding of the role truth theories play in theories of interpretation makes the inscrutability of reference much less wide-spread than Davidson suggests, and, as a result, the radical interpretation methodology is much less likely to saddle its defenders with counterintuitive cases of indeterminacy than is commonly supposed.
Stability of feedback systems using dual Nyquist diagram

This paper introduces a procedure for determing the stability of a feedback system using a dual Nyquist diagram. Such a diagram results when the characteristic equation of the system is interpreted to be the sum of two frequency-dependent functions F1(p) + F2(p) instead of the normal expression 1 + G(p)H(p). This diagram then consists of two polar plots; one plot represents the locus of one of the functions which is contained in the characteristic equation, and the other plot is the negative locus of the other function contained in the characteristic equation. Each of these curves may, if desired, be considered as an individual Nyquist diagram.
50. Exposure to environmental mold affects interleukin-1β expression and survival of newborn neurons

Mold exposure can cause cognitive impairment. We recently developed a mouse model to determine mechanisms leading to impaired cognition. We found that repeated exposure to the mold Stachybotrys caused deficits in hippocampal memory. We hypothesized that these effects are mediated, in part, by increased inflammation and decreased survival of new neurons. Adult mice were instilled intranasally with low doses of intact mold spores, extracted spore skeletons, or saline vehicle (3x wk/ 6 wks). Extracted spores had toxins removed and proteins denatured. Brains were processed to label the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (Il-1β), immature new neurons (doublecortin) or mature new neurons (bromodeoxyuridine/NeuN) and quantified throughout the dorsomedial dentate gyrus. Earlier, we showed that exposure to both intact and extracted spores resulted in the same memory deficits. Here we found significantly fewer mature new neurons following exposure to intact spores, and fewer young neurons in mice treated with extracted spores. This suggests that intact and extracted spores may induce the same cognitive impairment via different mechanisms. Interestingly, we also found an inverse correlation between numbers of cells expressing Il-1β and mature new neurons, and a positive correlation between cells expressing IL-1β and numbers of young neurons. We suggest that decreased survival of older neurons associated with inflammation results in a compensatory increase in younger neurons. However the increase is insufficient to overcome overall decreased numbers of mature new neurons.
A development and evaluation platform for non-tactile power wheelchair controls

This paper presents an intelligent wheelchair designed to be used as a development and evaluation platform for alternative, non-tactile power wheelchair controls. The system is designed to be highly modular such that new human-computer interface devices and methods can be quickly integrated and evaluated as necessary. The current configuration provides full proportional steering and speed control outputs using a combination of voice commands, video-occulography (eye tracking), and a single point electrode based electroencephalography (EEG) brain-computer interface.
Phase stability of hafnium oxide and zirconium oxide on silicon substrate

Phase stabilities of Hf–Si–O and Zr–Si–O have been studied with first-principles and thermodynamic modeling. From the obtained thermodynamic descriptions, phase diagrams pertinent to thin film processing were calculated. We found that the relative stability of the metal silicates with respect to their binary oxides plays a critical role in silicide formation. It was observed that both the HfO2/Si and ZrO2/Si interfaces are stable in a wide temperature range and silicide may form at low temperatures, partially at the HfO2/Si interface.
Divergence Conditions for Vector and Axial-Vector Currents

Equations for the divergence of the vector and axial-vector currents follow from the assumptions of Lorentz invariance, locality, the chiral $\mathrm{SU}(3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}(3)$ commutators between charges and charge densities, and the usual electromagnetic and weak Hamiltonians. The divergence conditions lead to derivations of the low-energy meson theorems which do not involve Schwinger terms.
Effects of repetitive motor training on movement representations in adult squirrel monkeys: role of use versus learning.

Current evidence indicates that repetitive motor behavior during motor learning paradigms can produce changes in representational organization in motor cortex. In a previous study, we trained adult squirrel monkeys on a repetitive motor task that required the retrieval of food pellets from a small-diameter well. It was found that training produced consistent task-related changes in movement representations in primary motor cortex (M1) in conjunction with the acquisition of a new motor skill. In the present study, we trained adult squirrel monkeys on a similar motor task that required pellet retrievals from a much larger diameter well. This large-well retrieval task was designed to produce repetitive use of a limited set of distal forelimb movements in the absence of motor skill acquisition. Motor activity levels, estimated by the total number of finger flexions performed during training, were matched between the two training groups. This experiment was intended to evaluate whether simple, repetitive motor activity alone is sufficient to produce representational plasticity in cortical motor maps. Detailed analysis of the motor behavior of the monkeys indicates that their retrieval behavior was highly successful and stereotypical throughout the training period, suggesting that no new motor skills were learned during the performance of the large-well retrieval task. Comparisons between pretraining and posttraining maps of M1 movement representations revealed no task-related changes in the cortical area devoted to individual distal forelimb movement representations. We conclude that repetitive motor activity alone does not produce functional reorganization of cortical maps. Instead, we propose that motor skill acquisition, or motor learning, is a prerequisite factor in driving representational plasticity in M1.
Currents Induced by Electron Motion

A method is given for computing the instantaneous current induced in neighboring conductors by a given specified motion of electrons. The method is based on the repeated use of a simple equation giving the current due to a single electron's movement and is believed to be simpler than methods previously described.
Supporting complex real-time decision making through machine learning

Abstract This paper presents FMS-DSS, a system for supporting complex, real-time decision making in the FMS scheduling and control domain. FMS-DSS differs from traditional DSSs in that it can acquire scheduling and control knowledge from historical data comprising prior decisions. This knowledge is applied to support subsequent decision making. It manages complexity through hierarchically structuring the user's objectives, and can deal with noise in the form of missing, inaccurate, or erroneous data. Results indicate that a machine learning based approach can provide effective support for repetitive real-time decision making and outperform static scheduling rules.
A Measure of Self-Concept for a Small Group of Learning Disabled Children

This study investigated the relation between age, grade, and self-concept in a group of learning disabled youngsters during the later elementary to junior high school years. Self-concept refers to the verbal labels a child uses to describe himself and to the positive and negative feelings accompanying these labels. The danger to a child is that a negative self-concept will be confirmed by the way the child is treated by authoriry figures. Also, an adolescent may develop the fear that earlier events in one's life are irreversible and limit choices and directions (2). The Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale (3) for Grades 3 to 12 was adrninistered to 24 subjects, aged 11 to 15 yr. The sample included 4, 3, 8, and 9 subjects in Grades 5 to 8, respectively. All were diagnosed learning disabled beginning in Grade 5 and had been consistently assigned to a resource room. No other handicaps or medical problems were indicated. The 80 declarative statements of the Piers-Harris Self-concept Scale were read and the subjects circled "yes" if they felt the statement described them, or circled "no" if the statement did not describe them. A total score ranges from 0 to 80, and a higher score is desirable. The distributions of scores were for Grade 5 (M = 55, SD = 11.84,
The 8 second optical quasi-periodic oscillations in GX 339-4

Submillisecond optical photometry of the black hole candidate GX 339 - 4 was obtained on August 1, 1989, (UT) using the 1.5 m telescope of the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory. Eight second quasi-periodic oscillations of width 0.02-0.04 Hz and root mean square amplitude 4-6 percent are found. The visual magnitude of GX 339 - 4 at the beginning of the observation was m(v) = 17.7. Motch et al. (1985) have previously reported 7 s optical quasi-periodic oscillations when GX 339 - 4 was also m(v) = 17.7 and in an X-ray off-state. No X-ray observations were made during the present optical observations and so the X-ray state of GX 339 - 4 cannot be ascertained. In addition, Motch et al. have also reported 20 s optical quasi-periodic oscillations with 30-40 percent full amplitude but when GX 339 - 4 was much brighter, m(v) = 15.4, and in a hard X-ray state.
Properties of auditory brainstem responses evoked by intra-operative electrical stimulation of the cochlear nucleus in human subjects

Electrically evoked auditory brainstem response (EABR) testing can aid placement of the stimulating electrodes during surgical implantation of an auditory brainstem implant (ABI). To facilitate efficient testing, this study of EABR properties examined the effects of various stimulating and recording parameters on the magnitude and clarity of the EABRs obtained from 9 successive ABI patients during intra-operative monitoring. Both stimulus polarities elicited EABRs; the response waveforms were similar and no significant differences between the latencies were found. Stimulus-response relationships displayed thresholds and non-linear growth, characteristic of neural activity, and provided a stimulus amplitude that elicited readily detectable EABRs in all subjects. The stimulus rate could be increased without degrading the EABRs, but usually 50 Hz was used with a 10 ms sampling sweep so that muscle responses, which occurred later than EABRs, could be detected. When 3 stimulating electrodes in a line were tested, the pair with the largest separation consistently provided the largest response. A recording filter passband of 10-3000 Hz was useful for attenuating interference signals because there is negligible energy in the EABR at frequencies above 3 kHz, but there is some energy below 100 Hz.
The writing on the wall

The biomedical research enterprise in the US has become unsustainable and urgent action is needed to address a variety of problems, including a lack of innovation, an over-reliance on soft money for faculty salaries, the use of graduate students as a source of cheap labour, and a ‘holding tank’ full of talented postdocs with limited career opportunities.
Formal property verification in a conformance testing framework

In model-based design of cyber-physical systems, such as switched mixed-signal circuits or software-controlled physical systems, it is common to develop a sequence of system models of different fidelity and complexity, each appropriate for a particular design or verification task. In such a sequence, one model is often derived from the other by a process of simplification or implementation. E.g. a Simulink model might be implemented on an embedded processor via automatic code generation. Three questions naturally present themselves: how do we quantify closeness between the two systems? How can we measure such closeness? If the original system satisfies some formal property, can we automatically infer what properties are then satisfied by the derived model? This paper addresses all three questions: we quantify the closeness between original and derived model via a distance measure between their outputs. We then propose two computational methods for approximating this closeness measure. Finally, we derive syntactical re-writing rules which, when applied to a Metric Temporal Logic specification satisfied by the original model, produce a formula satisfied by the derived model. We demonstrate the soundness of the theory with several experiments.
K-Capture - Positron Ratios for the First-Forbidden Transitions of Rb 84 and the Relative Probabilities of L- and K- Electron Capture

The radiations from ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{84}$ have been investigated by means of scintillation coincidence spectrometer techniques in order to obtain the relative intensities of the various transitions. The energies and abundances of the radiations are 0.44-Mev ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ (5%), 0.81-Mev ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{+}$ (10%), 1.70-Mev ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{+}$ (9%), 0.89-Mev $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ (64%), and 1.91-Mev $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ (0.9%). [Note added in proof.---The ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ has been shown to be 0.91 Mev (2.5%).] Electron capture populates the level 1.91 Mev above the ground state, competes (54%) with the 0.81-Mev ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{+}$ to populate the level 0.89 Mev above ground, and competes (21%) with the 1.70-Mev ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{+}$ in effecting transitions to the ground state of ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{84}$. The ratios of $K$-capture to positron emission for the transition to the 0.89-Mev level ($\ensuremath{\Delta}I=0$, yes) and to the ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{84}$ ground state ($\ensuremath{\Delta}I=2$, yes) are 5.15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.38 and 2.06\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.36, respectively. These values are in qualitative agreement with theory. Nucleon configurations of the several states of ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{84}$, ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{84}$, and ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{84}$ are discussed. In the decay to the 0.89-Mev level an $\frac{L}{K}$-capture ratio of 0.12\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 was obtained by use of a value, 0.65, for the fluorescence yield of krypton. Alternatively, an experimental value for the fluorescence yield, 0.62\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03, may be computed if the theoretical $\frac{L}{K}$-capture ratio is assumed.
Immune induction and modulation by topical ocular administration of plasmid DNA encoding antigens and cytokines

Abstract In this article, the authors investigated if administration of eukaryotic expression plasmid DNA delivered to the ocular surface provided a means of inducing and modulating the immune response to herpes simplex virus (HSV). Topical application of gB DNA led to the development of HSV specific systemic humoral and cellular immunity. In addition, mucosal antibody was induced at both proximal and distal locations. Topically gB DNA immunized animals were protected against lethal challenge via either the systemic or the vaginal mucosal routes. Ocular pre-exposure to DNA encoding the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 or IL-10, but not IL-2 or interferon-γ, modulated the severity of the immunoinflammatory response to subsequent corneal infection with HSV. The present results indicate that the ocular surface provides a readily accessible site for DNA immunization and is suitable for both immune induction and modulation of the nature of the immune response that is induced.
Energy and Environmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles in the New York Metropolitan Area Using MATPOWER Power System Simulation Package

The effects of plug-in hybrid vehicles in New York City could be substantial to the city’s efforts to achieve future climate change goals and environmental initiatives. This study focuses on these effects as they correlate to the energy supply system, transportation network, and air quality control. To accomplish this analysis a variety of techniques were used to model the transportation and electric networks around New York City. The transportation system is modeled through close manipulation of U.S Census Data collected in 2000 and 2003 in which citizens were asked questions pertaining to their daily journeys to work. The power grid for the Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC) is modeled using a MATLAB program entitled MATPOWER developed by professors and students at Cornell University. By incorporating real-time load datum, this program has the capability of rendering accurate depictions of changes in power plant loads, emissions, and costs. In addition, the program will distinguish the type of energy used on the margin and locate the geographic region of that energy source. With this capability, the focus of this study surrounded three main objectives: to estimate market growth of PHEVs in the New York metropolitan area, investigate how fuel used to generate power changes with increase in demand, and to analyze the effects on emissions from cars and power plants. Initial analysis indicates that the introduction of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles into the New York City commuter fleet will have a net positive effect on reducing both total emissions and localized emissions around the city’s transportation infrastructure. At an ambitious rate of 20% PHEV penetration, New York could save nearly 625,000 gallons of gasoline per day. This is equivalent to 33,000 barrels of oil. At the current gasoline prices in New York State of $2.087 per gallon, this is a daily savings of $1.3 million dollars per day. In addition, at this penetration the PHEV’s would displace over 29,000 metric tonnes of net carbon dioxide per day.© 2009 ASME
HCO + dissociation in a strong laser field: An ab initio classical trajectory study

Abstract We have investigated the photodissociation of HCO + in a strong field with a wavelength of 10 μm using ab initio molecular dynamics. Classical trajectories were calculated at three field intensities. At 2.9 × 10 14 W/cm 2 and phase ϕ = 0, protons have two distinct dissociation times, mainly due to the reorientation of HCO + relative to the field direction prior to dissociation. The kinetic energy distribution at this intensity agrees with Wardlaw’s wagging tail model, suggesting that dissociation occurs through barrier-suppression. At 1.7 × 10 14 and 8.8 × 10 13 W/cm 2 , barrier suppression is incomplete and the maximum kinetic energy is less than predicted by the wagging tail model.
The sterol carrier protein-2 amino terminus: a membrane interaction domain.

Sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP2) is a small, 123 amino acid, protein postulated to play a role in intracellular transport and metabolism of lipids such as cholesterol, phospholipids, and branched ch...
Age-based garbage collection

Modern generational garbage collectors look for garbage among the young objects, because they have high mortality; however, these objects include the very youngest objects, which clearly are still live. We introduce new garbage collection algorithms, called age-based, some of which postpone consideration of the youngest objects. Collecting less than the whole heap requires write barrier mechanisms to track pointers into the collected region. We describe here a new, efficient write barrier implementation that works for age-based and traditional generational collectors. To compare several collectors, their configurations, and program behavior, we use an accurate simulator that models all heap objects and the pointers among them, but does not model cache or other memory effects. For object-oriented languages, our results demonstrate that an older-first collector, which collects older objects before the youngest ones, copies on average much less data than generational collectors. Our results also show that an older-first collector does track more pointers, but the combined cost of copying and pointer tracking still favors an older-first over a generational collector in many cases. More importantly, we reopen for consideration the question where in the heap and with which policies copying collectors will achieve their best performance.
Efficacy of a Dried Colostrum Powder In the Prevention of Disease in Neonatal Holstein Calves

Abstract The efficacy of a dried colostrum powder, DCW Concentrate™, as a colostrum supplement or substitute was tested using four groups of 15 calves. Physical condition and IgG status were examined during the first 30 d of life. Calves were fed the dried colostrum powder (group A), pooled colostrum (group C), or both (groups B and D) 2h after birth. Calves fed 85g of the dried colostrum powder dissolved in 3kg of whole milk (group A) had significantly lower IgG concentrations 24h after birth than calves of the other groups. Administration of 85g of the dried colostrum powder plus 3kg of colostrum (group C) did not lead to significantly higher IgG concentrations 24h after birth than did administration of 3kg of colostrum alone (group B). Calves fed 85g of the dried colostrum powder plus 1.5kg of colostrum (group D) had an IgG concentration at 24h of age that was not significantly different from that of calves given 3kg of colostrum (group B). Morbidity and mortality rates were not significantly different among groups. One calf died in each of groups A and B; no losses occurred in groups C and D. Body weight increase was not significantly different among groups.
Fish Repopulation of Experimentally Decimated Segments in the Headwaters of Two Streams

Abstract Fish repopulation of experimentally decimated segments in the headwaters of two Louisiana streams was studied over a period of two years. Fishes were decimated using an electrical shocking device. The sharpfin chubsucker, Erimyzon tenuis, was able to repopulate the decimated segment of Talisheek Creek in excess of the total weight of suckers that were collected when the section of stream was originally decimated. The repopulation sample exceeded the decimation sample on a total weight basis for two successive years at Talisheek Creek. Repopulation did not occur to this extent at Bayou Lacombe where the repopulation sample was 52 percent of the decimation sample on a total weight basis. Decimation was accomplished without disturbing the environment to any significant degree, hence fish were returning to the decimated area under the same conditions, for all practical purposes, that prevailed at the time of decimation.
Family practice training over the first 26 years: a cross-sectional survey of graduates of the University of Washington Family Practice Residency Network.

PurposeTo describe the current practice setting, scope of practice, and adequacy of residency training of a large cohort of family practice (FP) residency graduates.MethodIn February 2000, questionnaires containing 120 demographic, practice, and training items were mailed to 1,498 graduates (1973–19
Measuring the 20.2-ms half life of the 472-keV line from the isomer Na-24m with pulsed photons at the Idaho Accelerator Center

Abstract At the Idaho Accelerator Center, we employed a pulsed bremsstrahlung photon beam generated from the 44-MeV, 1300 MHz L-band electron Linac which was then directed onto a 99.9% natural magnesium target (isotopically 10% 25Mg). We investigated a method of measuring the 20.2 ms half life of the photoproduced 24mNa isomer created in the process: γ + 25Mg → p + 24mNa. The telltale 472-keV gamma line was measured between the photon pulses with an HPGe detector shielded within a lead cave. We used an ion chamber for monitoring the photon beam and used a novel arrangement of Zr/Ni foils for ascertaining the angular distribution of the beam profile. We discuss our preliminary results and future plans for extracting photonuclear cross sections.
A case of late-onset crack dependence and subsequent psychosis in the elderly.

Abstract While rapidly spreading “crack” addiction is a major concern in our community, current research in this area is focused mainly on adolescents and young adults. We discuss a case of crack addiction developing for the first time in an elderly person and subsequent complications. We believe no such cases have been previously reported. We hope this will be helpful to practicing clinicians and stimulate research to understand cocaine and crack abuse patterns in the elderly.
A proton polarimeter for polarization transfer experiments

Abstract The design and operating features of a compact high-efficiency proton polarimeter are presented. This polarimeter is specifically suited for polarization transfer experiments in which the reaction is inititiated with a polarized beam and the polarization along both axes perpendicular to the proton momentum must be measured. High-pressure helium gas is used as the analyzer, giving a smooth variation of analyzing power for 6–16 MeV protons.
Buckle propagation in pipelines with non-uniform thickness

Finite element solutions for the steady-state buckle propagation pressure in a pipeline with non-uniform thickness are given. The results are useful in finding buckle propagation pressures in corroded pipelines. It has been found that when corrosion is equal to or less than 10% of the original pipeline thickness, the pipeline collapses in an overall shell buckling mode; otherwise, the pipeline experiences local buckling. The propagation pressure decreases with both the thickness and angular extent of the reduced section, but the rate of decrease with thickness reduction is almost independent of the angular extent of corrosion when it is greater than 90°.
Somatosensory cortical plasticity in adult humans revealed by magnetoencephalography.

Abstract Microelectrode recordings in adult mammals have clearly demonstrated that somatosensory cortical maps reorganize following peripheral nerve injuries and functional modifications; however, such reorganization has never been directly demonstrated in humans. Using magnetoencephalography, we have been able to demonstrate the somatotopic organization of the hand area in normal humans with high spatial precision. Somatosensory cortical plasticity was detected in two adults who were studied before and after surgical separation of webbed fingers (syndactyly). The presurgical maps displayed shrunken and nonsomatotopic hand representations. Within weeks following surgery, cortical reorganization occurring over distances of 3-9 mm was evident, correlating with the new functional status of their separated digits. In contrast, no modification of the somatosensory map was observed months following transfer of a neurovascular skin island flap for sensory reconstruction of the thumb in two subjects in whom sensory transfer failed to occur.
Fatigue-crack propagation in a high-strength aluminum alloy

Fatigue-crack propagation experiments were carried out within the framework of linear-elastic fracture mechanics to examine the effect of water and its constituents on the rate of crack growth in a high-strength aluminum alloy over a range of test temperatures from 295 to 380° K. Dehumidified high-purity (99.9995 percent purity) argon was used as an inert reference environment. The results showed that water accelerated the rate of fatigue-crack propagation by about a factor of 10 in this temperature range, whereas dry oxygen and dry hydrogen had a negligible effect. They confirm the findings of Hartman, and Bradshaw and Wheeler that the cause for the large increase in the rate of crack growth is the formation of hydrogen gas at high pressure in the region ahead of the crack tip, driven in by the reaction of water with the-freshly created aluminum crack surfaces, as suggested by Broom and Nicholson. The results showed further that fatigue-crack propagation in water, as well as in the dry environments, is controlled by thermally activated processes, with apparent activation energies that depend strongly on the crack-tip stress-intensity parameter, ΔK. The rate controlling process appears to be that associated with the creation of new crack surfaces in the range of crack growth rates 10−6 to 10−5 inch per cycle. The strong dependence of the apparent activation energy on ΔK suggests that a careful study of the kinetics of fatigue-crack growth and of the crack growth laws is in order. Such a study should incorporate both the mechanical and chemical variables involved.
Unmixing of Spectral Components Affecting AVIRIS Imagery of Tampa Bay

According to Kirk's as well as Morel and Gentili's Monte Carlo simulations, the popular simple expression, R approximately equals 0.33 bb/a, relating subsurface irradiance reflectance (R) to the ratio of the backscattering coefficient (bb) to absorption coefficient (a), is not valid for bb/a > 0.25. This means that it may no longer be valid for values of remote-sensing reflectance (above-surface ratio of water-leaving radiance to downwelling irradiance) where Rrs4/ > 0.01. Since there has been no simple Rrs expression developed for very turbid waters, we developed one based in part on Monte Carlo simulations and empirical adjustments to an Rrs model and applied it to rather turbid coastal waters near Tampa Bay to evaluate its utility for unmixing the optical components affecting the water- leaving radiance. With the high spectral (10 nm) and spatial (20 m2) resolution of Airborne Visible-InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data, the water depth and bottom type were deduced using the model for shallow waters. This research demonstrates the necessity of further research to improve interpretations of scenes with highly variable turbid waters, and it emphasizes the utility of high spectral-resolution data as from AVIRIS for better understanding complicated coastal environments such as the west Florida shelf.
Origin of 200-keV interplanetary electrons

The suggestion by Lin et al. (1972) that a distinct spectral feature exists at about 200 keV, which could be due to a neutron-decay electron component of either solar or galactic origin, is examined. Alternative sources models, including production by nearby galactic objects or acceleration at the outer boundary of the solar system, are also considered.
Competitive location strategies for two facilities

Abstract In this paper we present the problem of locating a facility when competition from another facility is taken into consideration. Two problems are addressed here. One is the location of a new facility that will attract the most buying power from an existing facility. The other is the location of a facility that will secure the most buying power againts the best location of competing facility to be set up in the future.
Effects of Hydrochlorothiazide and Amiloride in Renal Hypophosphatemic Rickets

The effects of thiazide diuretics on serum phosphate concentration, renal tubular threshold for phosphate, and urinary calcium excretion in children with renal hypophosphatemic rickets were studied. There were nine controlled acute studies conducted in five patients, and, in addition, seven long-term studies of up to 26 months were performed. During the acute studies, the children continued to receive the same doses of oral calcitriol and phosphate supplementation as at home. Hydrochlorothiazide, 1.50 to 2.25 mg/kg/d, was used alone in the first four studies; hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride at a dose of 1 mg for each 5 mg of hydrochlorothiazide were used in the other five studies. Administration of the diuretics for four days gave rise to a significant increase in serum phosphate concentration from 3.1 +/- 0.4 mg/dL to 3.7 +/- 0.9 mg/dL (P less than .01) and in tubular threshold for phosphate from 1.31 +/- 0.45 mg/dL to 1.74 +/- 0.60 mg/dL (P less than .01). These changes were accompanied by significant reductions in urinary sodium excretion from 135 +/- 39 mEq/24 h during the control period to 99 +/- 42 mEq/24 h on the fourth day of therapy (P less than .05), fractional sodium excretion from 0.99% +/- 0.42% to 0.81% +/- 0.42% (P less than .05), and urinary calcium excretion from 57.3 +/- 28.9 mg/24 h to 19.0 +/- 13.1 mg/24 h (P less than .01). Fractional excretion of phosphate divided by fractional excretion of sodium after the treatment with diuretics was not significantly different from that observed at the end of the control period. Increments in serum phosphate concentrations were correlated with elevations in serum albumin concentrations (r = .739; P less than .02). As an additional index of intravascular volume contraction, the elevations in serum phosphate concentrations were correlated with the increase in BUN, (r = .793; P less than .01). The addition of amiloride in the last five studies prevented the hypokalemia and alkalosis that had complicated the administration of hydrochlorothiazide. Long-term follow-up studies for a total of 119 therapy-months on six children and one adult, who continued to receive the diuretics concomitantly with calcitriol and phosphate supplementation, showed that they were free of complications except for a transient episode of hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria in one patient. In comparison with the previous period of treatment with calcitriol and phosphate without diuretics, linear growth velocity and healing of the rickets were not changed in two children and improved in the other four after the addition of hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Requirement of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Effectors YopH and YopE in Colonization and Persistence in Intestinal and Lymph Tissues

The gram-negative enteric pathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis employs a type III secretion system and effector Yop proteins that are required for virulence. Mutations in the type III secretion-translocation apparatus have been shown to cause defects in colonization of the murine cecum, suggesting roles for one or more effector Yops in the intestinal tract. To investigate this possibility, isogenic yop mutant strains were tested for their ability to colonize and persist in intestinal and associated lymph tissues of the mouse following orogastric inoculation. In single-strain infections, a yopHEMOJ mutant strain was unable to colonize, replicate, or persist in intestinal and lymph tissues. A yopH mutant strain specifically fails to colonize the mesenteric lymph nodes, but yopE and yopO mutant strains showed only minor defects in persistence in intestinal and lymph tissues. While no single Yop was found to be essential for colonization or persistence in intestinal tissues in single-strain infections, the absence of both YopH and YopE together almost eliminated colonization of all tissues, indicating either that these two Yops have some redundant functions or that Y. pseudotuberculosis employs multiple strategies for colonization. In competition infections with wild-type Y. pseudotuberculosis, the presence of wild-type bacteria severely hindered the ability of the yopH, yopE, and yopO mutants to persist in many tissues, suggesting that the wild-type bacteria either fills colonization niches or elicits host responses that the yop mutants are unable to withstand.
Big Law and Risk Managment: Case Studies of Litigation, Deals, and Diversity

This Article explores new research directions in the study of large law firm risk governance norms and practices. The purpose of this ongoing study is to assess the impact of governance norms and practices on individual and institutional decision making under contemporary models of large law firm economics in the fields of litigation, deal transactions, and workplace employment, including hiring, promotion, and retention. The historic economic downturn that frames this inquiry weighs heavily on traditional models of large law firm economics, exacerbating structural tensions and ratcheting up institutional pressures on partners, associates, and the workplace as a whole. Experienced on both local and global scales, these tensions and pressures shape the day-to-day judgments of lawyers in corporate boardrooms, federal and state courtrooms, and law firm suites. Together, they mold risk-averse and risk-taking behavior in the lawyering process and in law firm management.
Depression and the Ironic Effects of Thought Suppression: Therapeutic Strategies for Improving Mental Control

Research indicates that depressed individuals are especially likely to engage in thought suppression in an attempt to achieve mental control over the thoughts that threaten their emotional well-being. In this report, we examine the process and problems of thought suppression and offer several strategies designed to enhance mental control. Strategies that improve mental control increase the availability and accessibility of effective distractions and optimize mental resources. Mental control can also be improved by reducing the number of unwanted negative thoughts (e.g., via cognitive therapy) and by using alternative strategies to thought suppression (e.g., acceptance-based strategies). An understanding of the counterproductive aspects of thought suppression and the identification of more effective alternatives can offer new insights into the cognitive factors that may contribute to depression and those that help to alleviate it.
The Olefin Metathesis Reaction

Publisher Summary The chapter focuses on the olefin metathesis reactions. When olefins are combined with a variety of catalysts, which contain tungsten, molybdenum, or rhenium, they undergo the transformation generally known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The chapter discusses various types of olefin metathesis reaction such as double cross experiments, single cross experiments, the sticky olefin hypothesis, and other experimental results. Consider an experiment called the “double cross” in which cyclooctene, 2-butene, and 4-octene are allowed to react simultaneously and the amounts of the hydrocarbons are analyzed to determine the ratios of the concentrations [C14]/[C12] and [C14]/[C16] at the very beginning of reaction. This possibility, called the “sticky olefin hypothesis,” was first suggested by Calderon (l2) to account for the high molecular weights of the polymers formed initially in metatheses of cycloalkenes. An experiment called the “single cross” is one in which cyclooctene and 2-hexene are allowed to react and the products are analyzed to determine the ratios of concentrations [C14]/[C12] and [C14]/[C16] at zero time. If the chain terminated after a large number of metatheses, there still might be no observable metathesis product. If the sticky olefin hypothesis was correct, the conventional mechanism would also account for both these consequences as well as for cyclic olefins and terminal olefins yielding essentially no cross products. The metal-carbene mechanism also accounts for a number of other experimental results. The chapter also discusses (1) the reasons for believing the chain reaction propagated by metal-carbenes to be correct and (2) the three corollaries: an account of why alkylidiene groups do not interchange randomly, an account of the reaction's stereochemistry, and the implication that rational initiators for olefin metathesis should be found among metal-carbene species.
A few reflections on accountability, affordability, and access worldwide

Both the pressures related to accountability, affordability, and access and responses to them in several countries remind us that higher education systems and institutions worldwide are often more similar than they are different.
Hormones, Obesity, Learning, and Breathing — the Many Functions of Mammalian Single-Minded Genes

There are two mammalian Single-minded (Sim) genes. Both of them have been shown to play important roles during normal mammalian embryonic development. Each of them has also been directly implicated in contributing to the genetic causes of specific human conditions such as obesity and learning disability. While much is inferred about the genes’ functions by means of mutation and over-expression studies in transgenic mouse models, little is known about what causes their dysfunction to lead to developmental abnormalities.
Correlations of photo-electro-thermal-luminescent imaging of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 with device performance, defects, and micro-structural properties

Several camera imaging techniques have been applied to the characterization of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) solar cells having a range of efficiencies. Photoluminescence (PL) imaging shows brightness variations after the deposition of the CIGS layer that persist through CdS deposition and subsequent processing steps to finish the devices. PL and electroluminescence imaging on finished cells show a correlation to the devices' corresponding efficiency and open-circuit voltage (VOC), and dark defect-related spots correspond to bright spots on images from illuminated lock-in thermography (LIT) and forward-bias dark LIT. These image-detected defect areas are weak diodes and shunts. Imaging provides locations of defects detrimental to solar cell performance. Some of these defects are analyzed in more detail by scanning electron microscopy techniques using top and cross-sectional views.
GENETIC AND PHYSICAL STUDIES OF A PORTION OF THE WHITE LOCUS PARTICIPATING IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION AND IN SYNAPSIS-DEPENDENT INTERACTIONS IN DROSOPHILA ADULT TISSUES

We have identified and sequenced the portion of the white locus affected by an idiosyncratic set of white mutant alleles (the wsp alleles). The affected white locus portion (wsp region) extends from ca. 590 base pairs (bp) to ca. 1270 bp 5' to the apparent start site for the major white transcription unit. Based on the properties of these mutant alleles, we infer the existence of two distinct cis-acting regulatory elements in the wsp region and a third element mapping 3' to this region (3' to position ca. -670). Our analysis allows us to define the apparent position of one of the two wsp region elements with substantial precision. Examination of the DNA sequences in this region suggests that it is functionally similar to the enhancers identified in vertebrates. This same element participates in synapsis-dependent genetic interactions, suggesting a largely unexpected relationship between enhancer-like, cis-acting genetic elements and the genetic elements responsible for the synapsis-dependent genetic interactions in trans revealed by the existence of transvection effects. Our results further suggest that a presumptive regulatory locus (suppressor-of-white-spotted) regulates white transcription in adult tissues and is not involved in regulating white expression in larvae. We discuss the regulation of white expression in light of our studies. We also demonstrate unusual structures for an X-ray-induced deletion and a spontaneous deletion.
Bayesian Methods Affirm the Use of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention to Improve Survival in Patients With Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Disease

Background—Several randomized clinical trials support the use of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for patients with unprotected left main coronary artery disease. Studies suggesting the equivalence of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with CABG for this indication indirectly support the 2011 American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Class IIa recommendation for PCI to improve survival in patients with unprotected left main coronary artery disease. We tested whether bayesian approaches uphold the new recommendation. Methods and Results—We performed a bayesian cross-design and network meta-analysis of 12 studies (4 randomized clinical trials and 8 observational studies) comparing CABG with PCI (n=4574 patients) and of 7 studies (2 randomized clinical trials and 5 observational studies) comparing CABG with medical therapy (n=3224 patients). The odds ratios of 1-year mortality after PCI compared with CABG using bayesian cross-design meta-analysis were not different amon...