cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spin-flip Raman scattering from Cd1-xMnxTe:In epilayers and modulation-doped Cd1-xMnxTe:In/CdTe superlattices grown by photoassisted molecular-beam epitaxy.

The observation of the $s\ensuremath{-}d$ exchange interaction enhanced spin-flip Raman shift from electrons in ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{Te}:\mathrm{In}$ epilayers and modulation-doped ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{Te}:\mathrm{In}/\mathrm{CdTe}$ superlattices is studied to demonstrate successful controlled doping during the growth by photoassisted molecular-beam epitaxy. We address the following issues with regard to the reported experiments: resonance Raman enhancement, confinement of electrons to the CdTe wells in the superlattices, the penetration of the electronic wave functions into the ${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{Te}$ barriers, the spatial location of the intentionally introduced donors, and the strength of the $s\ensuremath{-}d$ interactions.
Rate of Return Research for Chinese Grid Enterprises under Regulation Model

By analyzing the rate of return in Chinese grid enterprises under investment mode regulation model,this paper proposes the value estimation method for the regulated rate-of-return(ROR) parameters.Then the value range of equity risk coefficient is defined by analogy analysis,and the regulated rate of return of Chinese grid enterprises is accordingly determined.Finally,suggestions are put forward about the ROR strategy and adjustment for Chinese grid enterprises.
Immunochemical characterization of multiple forms of cytochrome P-450 in rabbit nasal microsomes and evidence for tissue-specific expression of P-450s NMa and NMb

Two unique forms of cytochrome P-450 (P-450), designated NMa and NMb, were recently isolated in this laboratory from nasal microsomes of rabbits. In the present study, polyclonal antibodies to the purified nasal cytochromes were prepared. Immunochemical analysis with specific rabbit anti-NMa and sheep anti-NMb antibodies indicated that P-450 isozymes identical to or having a high structural homology with NMa are present in both olfactory and respiratory mucosa, as well as in liver, but NMb was detected only in the olfactory mucosa. Neither form was detected in other tissues examined, including brain, esophageal mucosa, heart, intestinal mucosa, kidney, and lung. The specific occurrence of NMb in the olfactory mucosa was further substantiated by the detection and specific inhibition by anti-NMb of the formation of unique NMb-dependent metabolites of testosterone in olfactory microsomes but not in microsomes from liver or respiratory mucosa. Similar experiments with antibodies to previously purified rabbit hepatic P-450 isozymes indicated that not all of the hepatic cytochromes are expressed in the nasal tissues. Thus, P-450 isozymes structurally homologous to hepatic forms 2, 3a, and 4, but not 3b and 6, were found in the olfactory mucosa. On the other hand, only form 2 was detected in the respiratory mucosa. Immunoquantitation experiments revealed that NMa and NMb are the major P-450 forms in olfactory microsomes, whereas NMa and P-450 form 2 (or its homolog) constitute the major portion of the respiratory nasal microsomal P-450. The level of NMa in the liver is relatively low, accounting for less than 3% of total microsomal P-450 in this tissue. In addition, evidence is provided that NMa is the major catalyst in the dealkylation of two nasal carcinogens, hexamethylphosphoramide and phenacetin, in both olfactory and respiratory nasal microsomes.
Strictures of the ileal loop.

Abstract Intrinsic ileal loop strictures in children are much more common than previously reported. They occur late and are usually clinically silent. Their etiology is inflammatory rather than ischemic and a local immunosuppressive effect of urine also may play a role. Periodic urography, continued indefinitely, is the only certain method of early detection.
Communication and Synchronization Libraries

This chapter discusses communication and synchronization libraries which can be used to implement parallelism in your embedded application. Details will be shared on several common libaries including Windows Threads, POSIX Threads, Threading Building Blocks, OpenMP, and MCAPI.
Thomas de Quincey (1785–1859)

An unhappy pupil, Thomas de Quincey, still in his teens, dreamed of finding a happier environment for his literary ambitions than Manchester Grammar School. In 1802 he fled from it, and from the guardians who had taken over after his father, a prosperous but ailing merchant, died (1793). His mother (as her son described her) was a somewhat chilly presence, showing little sympathy for his imaginative interests. In partial compensation, the poetry of Wordsworth worked on him charm-like from the late 1790s on. De Quincey was confident that he had a talent for writing, and he believed it might flourish in the company of the Lake Poets, if only he could meet and be accepted by them.
Vigabatrin for Infantile Spasms

The efficacy of vigabatrin (VGB) as the first, and adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) or valproate (VPA) as the second, treatment of choice for newly diagnosed infantile spasms was evaluated in 42 infants treated at the University of Helsinki, Finland.
Special Education Issues

Although the concept of special education emerged centuries ago, public responsibility for the education and treatment of children with disabilities is a relatively new venture and has given rise to controversies, questions, and a range of opinions. Special education is driven by political, social, and economic factors, which only increases the volatility of the field.
Broadband Technology Roadmap for Rural Areas in the Andes and Amazon Regions of Peru

This study presents results of detailed technical and engineering cost analyses for a 10-year period for wireless broadband access networks in two scenarios in the Andes and Amazon regions of Peru. The technology used for the access networks include current wireless broadband technologies (Wi-Fi, WiMAX, LTE, TVWS) and new stratospheric platforms (super-pressure balloons). Current available spectrum policies and alternatives to enable more spectrum for new access network deployments are also proposed. Finally, a technology broadband roadmap for the 10-year period is presented, which includes using stratospheric balloons (carrying micro-LTE base stations) for the first years, and deploying complementary terrestrial LTE networks for the rest of the 10-year period.
Lingcod ( Ophiodon elongatus ) habitat associations in California: implications for conservation and management

Understanding the spatial distribution of marine species and the temporal and spatial scales of the processes that drive those distributions continues to be limited, but is increasingly more critical with the implementation of marine spatial planning. Lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) are a common demersal fish on the west coast of North America and are exploited both commercially and recreationally across the entirety of their range. Due to stock declines, Lingcod are managed using a variety of fisheries management tools, including spatial management. This study represents a unique in situ investigation of demersal habitat utilization by Lingcod at the southern portion of their range (Point Arena to Morro Bay, California). ROV and towed camera sled derived underwater video imagery were coupled with high-resolution bathymetry data and evaluated using Generalized Linear Models to investigate: a) how Lingcod are distributed relative to seafloor habitats along California’s central coast, b) the extent to which any ontogenetic patterns varied across habitats, and c) how associations based on visual observations compare to those from landscape modeling analysis. The results of this study clearly depicted an ontogenetic shift in Lingcod habitat utilization. Lingcod shifted from primarily low relief, soft sediments as young to mixed substrates at intermediate ages and ultimately to primarily harder substrates as adults. These results are important in the context of on-going marine spatial planning wherein further information on the habitat associations of targeted species can allow for more refined management.
Partner preferences in the context of concurrency: What Himba want in formal and informal partners

Abstract Research on human mate preferences that distinguishes between short- and long-term partners has been conducted mainly in industrialized societies, where multiple mating and concurrent partnerships are stigmatized. However, cross-culturally, there is significant variation in the frequency and the level of acceptance of such relationships. Furthermore, the dichotomy between short- and long-term partnerships does not fully describe the diversity in actual extra-pair behavior, which ranges from single sexual encounters to multi-year love affairs. Here we present another comparison, between formal (marital) and informal (non-marital) partners, which we feel better captures this diversity. We assess the traits that men and women prefer in each type of partner among Himba pastoralists, where concurrent partnerships are common and accepted for both sexes. We situate our findings in relation to three main explanations for concurrent partnerships: dual-mating, trading-up and multiple investors. We find some similarities with the existing literature in the traits that are listed as important, including physical attractiveness, wealth and intelligence. Our evidence suggest that Himba men follow a dual strategy, preferring hard-working wives and attractive girlfriends. Women's preferences align most strongly with a multiple investors explanation, most clearly articulated through their preferences for wealthy husbands and generous boyfriends. Limited support is also found for a dual-mating strategy in women. These findings suggest that local cultural norms and ecologies modulate mate preferences in important ways.
Early Mortality in Patients Undergoing Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Abstract Background Although adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival in patients with completely resected NSCLC, it is also associated with potentially disabling or lethal adverse events. Because there is limited information on the early mortality among patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy, we used the National Cancer Database to calculate the percentage of deaths within the first 6 months of starting chemotherapy. Methods The National Cancer Database was queried for patients age 18 or older in whom stage IB to IIIA NSCLC had been diagnosed between 2004 and 2012 and who had received multiagent adjuvant chemotherapy starting within 120 days from the surgical resection with negative surgical margins. Age groups were divided as follows: younger than 50, 51 to 60, 61 to 70, 71 to 80, and older than 80 years. Results A total of 19,691 patients met the eligibility criteria, 19,398 of whom had a known 6-month mortality status. The median age was 65 years (range 19–89). The 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-month cumulative mortality rates from initiation of chemotherapy were 0.7%, 1.3%, 1.9%, 2.6%, 3.2%, and 4.1% respectively. The 6-month mortality rates for each age group (≤ 50 years, 51–60, 61–70, 71–80, and >80) were 2.6%, 3.1%, 4.1%, 5.3%, and 7.6%, respectively ( p p = 0.007), age older than 80 versus younger than 50 (OR = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.40–4.20, p = 0.002), male sex (OR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.21–1.67, p p p = 0.004), length of postopertive stay longer than 6 days after surgery (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.03–1.41, p = 0.02), and readmission within 30 days from surgery (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.15–1.90, p = 0.02). Conclusions Early mortality with the use of adjuvant chemotherapy after complete resection of NSCLC is a clinical concern. The risk is higher in patients older than 70 years, with higher comorbidity scores and a prolonged length of stay postoperatively.
Anthropometric Measurements of Knee Joints in the Hispanic Population.

Abstract Background Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) systems provide a set of incrementally sized tibial and femoral components intended to accommodate most knee parameters. However, the most commonly used systems in the United States were developed using data from Caucasian patients which might not lead to the best fit in non-Caucasians. Therefore, we wanted to evaluate whether these TKA systems proportionally match femoral and tibial measurements in Hispanics. Methods All lower extremity magnetic resonance imaging performed at our institution between January 2007 and October 2015 were screened. A total of 500 nonarthritic knees from the same number of Hispanic patients were included in this retrospective descriptive radiographic study. Intraoperative osseous TKA resections were simulated on magnetic resonance imaging. Linear regression analyses were used to contrast the mediolateral (ML) width/anteroposterior (AP) length of simulated resected femoral condyle and tibia with the ML/AP dimensions of components offered by 4 current TKA systems. Results Simulated resected male femurs tended to be wider than most TKA system components for a given AP size, probably leading to component ML underhang. Altogether, systems studied accommodated most AP and ML measurements of female condyles. However, we identified subsets of Hispanic female patients with certain AP lengths and/or ML widths that particular knee systems could not accommodate. Resected male and female tibias tended to be slightly narrower than all TKA systems for a given AP size. Conclusion The results of our study provide valuable data concerning the unique morphology of the Hispanic knee. These data can assist surgeons in the selection of the most suitable TKA systems for these patients.
Social priming modulates the neural response to ostracism: a new exploratory approach

The present study sought to evaluate whether social priming modulates neural responses to ostracism, such that making arbitrary interpersonal decisions increases the experience of social exclusion ...
History of the Impurities Policy: Risk Assessment for Food and Color Additives

The FDA impurities policy embodies a regulatory approach which distinguishes between a food or color additive as a whole and its constituents for the purpose of determining when the Delaney clause is triggered. Under the impurities policy, the Delaney clause does not apply to a carcinogenic impurity in a food or color additive unless there is a finding that the additive as a whole induces cancer. This interpretation of the Delaney clause enables the agency to use risk assessment to determine whether, under the general safety provisions for food and color additives, there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result from the proposed use of an additive. The use of risk assessment in the implementation of the impurities policy permits the FDA to manage insignificant risk from low-level carcinogens consistent with the anti-cancer prohibitions of the Delaney clause.
Methane in the Global Environment

The concentration of methane in the atmosphere has increased dramatically over the last few centuries, from 0.7 ppmv to more than 1.7 ppmv, and continues to increase. This increasing concentration of methane (CH4) in the atmosphere is of particular concern because of the potential effects that it can have on global atmospheric chemistry and climate. Given its relatively long atmospheric lifetime, methane emissions do not appear, in general, to have an appreciable effect on local or regional air pollution. However, methane chemistry does have an important influence on the global atmosphere, affecting the amount of ozone (03) in both the troposphere and stratosphere, the amount of hydroxyl (OH) in the troposphere, and the amount of water vapor (H2O) in the stratosphere. Methane oxidation is also an important source of atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) and formaldehyde (CH2O). Methane is the most abundant reactive trace gas in the troposphere. In addition, methane is a greenhouse gas, and its increasing concentrations are of special interest to concerns about climate change.
Constraint Objects Databases

In many applications, our information about the world is incomplete. For example, we may know about a group of persons some information about their ages, such as that one person’s age is greater or less than forty or one person is older than another, without knowing their precise ages. Section 9.1 describes how our incomplete information about the whole world or universe can be represented as a single universal constraint object relation, or UCOR.
First-Order Clearance of Plasma Galactose: The Effect of Liver Disease

Abstract Galactose clearance kinetics at plasma concentrations of 0.01–0.1 mg/ml were studied during continuous infusion of 25–100 mg D-galactose per minute. In 10 subjects, plasma galactose vs. time curves during 140-min infusion, and 60 min thereafter, showed the data to fit a single-compartment model and attain 95% of plasma steady state by 80 min. Doubling the infusion rate in 14 subjects resulted in an 8% reduction in clearance at the higher rate. Hepatic extraction in normal subjects was 94%, while in cirrhotics it was 79%. Day-to-day reproducibility in 11 subjects gave a coefficient of variation of 4.5%. Extrahepatic clearance showed 2% of the total to occur in the urine, and 2.3% to occur by erythrocyte metabolism. The overall mean (±SD) clearance in the normal subjects of 1378 ± 218 ml/min was significantly (p
Disaggregating Ethnicity and Conflict Patterns: Evidence From Religious and Tribal Violence in Nigeria

This paper argues that a conflict’s association with religious identity can distinctly shape the pattern of inter-group ethnic violence. Drawing on an original dataset of ethnic violence in norther...
Prevalence and incidence of new-onset seizures and epilepsy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract Background The prevalence and incidence of seizures are substantially higher in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) compared with the general population and is associated with higher mortality rates. Despite this, the condition remains poorly understood, and there is variation in reported epidemiological studies. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the risk factors associated with seizures in the population with HIV, explore the source of variations, and describe management plans that can aid clinicians in the acute and long-term treatment of these patients. Methods A structured electronic database search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library was conducted. Studies were included if they described clinical details of patients with HIV with seizures or epilepsy. We extracted select variables from each included study, and we estimated pooled estimates of the incidence and prevalence of seizures using random-effects meta-analysis of proportions. Results Information on 6639 cases of patients with HIV was extracted from 9 included studies. These comprised of 2 studies from the United States of America (USA), 3 from Europe, 3 from Asia, and 1 from Africa. The pooled prevalence and incidence rate of seizures in HIV were 62 per 1000 population and 60 per 1000 population respectively. Among those who presented with new-onset seizures, 63% had seizure recurrence. At the time of first seizure, 82.3% had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Factors that appeared to be linked to seizures in HIV included advanced HIV disease, opportunistic infections particularly toxoplasmosis, and metabolic derangement. Most seizures were effectively controlled by common antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Conclusions The prevalence and incidence of seizures and epilepsy in the population with HIV are substantially higher than the general population. Our results suggest that advanced HIV and opportunistic infections are associated with the majority of the seizures. Early initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), prophylactic use of cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole) and routine electroencephalogram (EEG) in patients with HIV may reduce seizure incidence and frequency and help in early diagnosis of nonconvulsive seizures in this population. We recommend long-term seizure management with AED, and for patients on HAART, enzyme-inducing AED should be avoided when possible.
An 802.11ba-Based Wake-Up Radio Receiver With Wi-Fi Transceiver Integration

This article presents an 802.11ba-based wake-up radio (WUR) receiver that is fully integrated within an 802.11a/b/g/n/ac Wi-Fi transceiver. Low-cost integration is achieved with the WUR only occupying 0.13 mm2 while not adding any additional overhead to the Wi-Fi platform. The WUR consumes 667 $\mu \text{W}$ from 1.1-V Wi-Fi system supply. When measured from internal 0.6- and 0.9-V supplies, the receiver consumes 495 $\mu \text{W}$ . The receiver has a measured sensitivity of −92.6 dBm and can tolerate −40.5-dBm Wi-Fi adjacent channel blocker with 3-dB receiver de-sensitization. The WUR and Wi-Fi system co-operation is also demonstrated. The WUR receiver can operate when the Wi-Fi system is in sleep mode and can turn on Wi-Fi radio upon receiving 802.11ba-based wake-up packet.
Gabapentin as an Adjunct to Paracervical Block for Perioperative Pain Management for First Trimester Uterine Aspiration: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract BACKGROUND Pain management approaches during uterine aspiration vary, with methods including local anesthetic, oral analgesics, moderate sedation, deep sedation, or a combination of approaches. For local anesthetic approaches specifically, we continue to have suboptimal pain control [1]. Gabapentin as an adjunct to pain management has proven to be beneficial in gynecological surgery. We sought to evaluate the impact of gabapentin on perioperative pain during surgical management of first trimester abortion or early pregnancy loss with uterine aspiration under local anesthesia. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that adding gabapentin to local anesthesia will reduce perioperative and postoperative pain associated with uterine aspiration. Secondary outcomes included: tolerability of gabapentin, and postoperative pain, nausea, vomiting, and anxiety. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial of gabapentin 600 mg given 1-2 hours pre-operatively among subjects receiving a 1st trimester uterine aspiration under paracervical block in an outpatient ambulatory surgery center. There were 111 subjects randomized. The primary outcome was pain at time of uterine aspiration as measured on a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS). Secondary outcomes included pain at other perioperative time points. To assess changes in pain measures, an intention to treat (ITT) mixed effects model was fit with treatment group (Gabapentin vs. Control) as a between-subjects factor and time point as a within-subjects factor plus their interaction term. Due to a non-normal distribution of pain scores, area under the curve was calculated for secondary outcomes with comparison of groups utilizing Mann Whitney U tests. RESULTS Among the 111 randomized, most subjects were Black/African American (69.4%), mean age was 26 years (+/-5.5), and mean gestational age was 61.3 days, (SD 14.10). Mean pain scores at time of uterine aspiration were 66.77 (Gabapentin) vs. 71.06 (placebo), with a mean difference of -3.38 (p=0.51). There were no significant changes in pain score preoperatively or intraoperatively. Subjects who received gabapentin had significantly lower levels of pain at 10 minutes post surgery [mean difference (SE) = -13.0(-5.0), p-value = 0.01] and 30 minutes post surgery [-10.8(-5.1), p=0.03] compared to subjects who received placebo. Median nausea scores and incidence of emesis pre- and postoperatively did not differ between groups. Similarly, anxiety scores did not differ between groups, pre- or post-procedure. At 10 and 30 minutes post-procedure, most participants reported no or mild side effects and this did not differ between groups. CONCLUSION Preoperative gabapentin did not reduce pain during uterine aspiration. However, it did reduce postoperative pain, which may prove to be a desired attribute of its use, particularly in cases where postoperative pain may be a greater challenge.
Preterm prelabor rupture of membranes: evaluating latency and neonatal morbidity for pregnancies with expectant management ≥34 weeks

Objective: To evaluate the association between latency and neonatal morbidity for pregnancies with expectant management of PPROM ≥34 w.Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort of singletons wi...
An Active Perception Approach for Mid-Water Localization of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles

Mid-water localization is challenging for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) due to limited communications and geo-referencing capabilities in the underwater environment, coupled with unknown complex and dynamic surroundings. Existing solutions typically utilize expensive sensors that may not be available to all AUVs. In this paper, we consider an AUV descending through the water column and propose an approach for mid-water localization using inertial and depth sensors only. During a descent of the vehicle, we leverage spiral motion, which allows for exploitation of vehicle dynamics along with associated inertial sensor measurements for localization. The spiral motion enables us to observe and estimate the influence of environmental flow (e.g., ocean currents) on the vehicle motion, thereby enhancing the understanding of the environment through active perception. The estimated flow together with inertial and depth sensor measurements are integrated in the vehicle motion model for localization. Comparing our approach with conventional dead-reckoning, the simulation results demonstrate its promising potential.
Case 13-2021: A Newborn Girl with a Neck Mass.

A Newborn Girl with a Neck Mass A newborn girl was admitted to the neonatal ICU after a planned cesarean section because of a neck mass, which was discovered on ultrasonography at 34 weeks 6 days o...
Baptist Catholicity — What Is That?

This article, originally presented as a lecture to the German Baptist seminary Theologische Hochschule Elstal, offers an overview of the concept of a ‘Baptist catholicity’ as envisioned in the author’s 2006 book Towards Baptist Catholicity and explains how the concept has been extended in more explicitly ecumenical directions in his subsequent work, in particular the 2016 book Baptist Identity and the Ecumenical Future. The article explores the patristic antecedents of Catholic theologian Yves Congar’s concept of a catholicity that is both ‘quantitative’ and ‘qualitative’, applying them to the Baptist tradition, before framing Baptist ecclesiology ecumenically in terms of a ‘pilgrim church’ vision in which Baptists share with other churches the pilgrim journey to a visibly united church fully under the rule of Christ.
Fluoride anion complexation and transport using a stibonium cation stabilized by an intramolecular PO → Sb pnictogen bond.

We describe the synthesis of [o-Ph2P(O)(C6H4)SbPh3]+ ([2]+), an intramolecularly base-stabilized stibonium Lewis acid which was obtained by reaction of [o-Ph2P(C6H4)SbPh3]+ with NOBF4. This cation reacts with fluoride anions to afford the corresponding fluorostiborane o-Ph2P(O)(C6H4)SbFPh3, the structure of which indicates a strengthening of the PO → Sb interaction. When deployed in fluoride-containing POPC unilamellar vesicles, [2]+ behaves as a potent fluoride anion transporter whose activity greatly exceeds that of [Ph4Sb]+.
Das Technology-Gap-Außenhandelsmodell

In diesem Kapitel soll das Grundmodell fur die nachfolgenden Analysen vorgestellt werden.1 In Kapitel 4.2. wird auf die Produktionsseite eingegangen, wahrend sich Kapitel 4.3. mit der Nachfrageseite befast. Die Gleichgewichtsbedingungen werden in Kapitel 4.4. entwickelt.
Pharmacological approaches to intervention in hypomyelinating and demyelinating white matter pathology.

Abstract White matter disease afflicts both developing and mature central nervous systems. Both cell intrinsic and extrinsic dysregulation result in profound changes in cell survival, axonal metabolism and functional performance. Experimental models of developmental white matter (WM) injury and demyelination have not only delineated mechanisms of signaling and inflammation, but have also paved the way for the discovery of pharmacological approaches to intervention. These reagents have been shown to enhance protection of the mature oligodendrocyte cell, accelerate progenitor cell recruitment and/or differentiation, or attenuate pathological stimuli arising from the inflammatory response to injury. Here we highlight reports of studies in the CNS in which compounds, namely peptides, hormones, and small molecule agonists/antagonists, have been used in experimental animal models of demyelination and neonatal brain injury that affect aspects of excitotoxicity, oligodendrocyte development and survival, and progenitor cell function, and which have been demonstrated to attenuate damage and improve WM protection in experimental models of injury. The molecular targets of these agents include growth factor and neurotransmitter receptors, morphogens and their signaling components, nuclear receptors, as well as the processes of iron transport and actin binding. By surveying the current evidence in non-immune targets of both the immature and mature WM, we aim to better understand pharmacological approaches modulating endogenous oligodendroglia that show potential for success in the contexts of developmental and adult WM pathology. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled ‘Oligodendrocytes in Health and Disease’.
Real-Time Sample Analysis Using a Sampling Probe and Miniature Mass Spectrometer

A miniature mass spectrometry system with a sampling probe has been developed for real-time analysis of chemicals from sample surfaces. The sampling probe is 1.5 m in length and is comprised of one channel for introducing the spray and the other channel for transferring the charged species back to the Mini MS. This system provides a solution to the problem of real-time mass spectrometry analysis of a three-dimensional object in the field and is successful with compounds including those in inks, agrochemicals, explosives, and animal tissues. This system can be implemented in the form of a backpack MS with a sampling probe for forensic analysis or in the form of a compact MS with an intrasurgical probe for tissue analysis.
Phoenix: Making Data-Intensive Grid Applications Fault-Tolerant

A major hurdle facing data intensive grid applications is the appropriate handling of failures that occur in the grid-environment. Implementing the fault-tolerance transparently at the grid-middleware level would make different data intensive applications fault-tolerant without each having to pay a separate cost and reduce the time to grid-based solution for many scientific problems. We analyzed the failures encountered by four real-life production data intensive applications: NCSA image processing pipeline, WCER video processing pipeline, US-CMS pipeline and BMRB BLAST pipeline. Taking the result of the analysis into account, we have designed and implemented Phoenix, a transparent middleware-level fault-tolerance layer that detects failures early, classifies failures into transient and permanent and appropriately handIes the transient failures. We applied our fault-tolerance layer to a prototype of the NCSA image processing pipeline and considerably improved the failure handling and report on the insights gained in the process.
The European Community's food aid programme

Abstract The European Community's food aid programme has come to be an unanticipated spillover from its Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Policy-making within the institutions of the EEC consistently takes place in an environment of ideological differences, characterized by the ‘Europeans’ and the ‘nationalists’; the CAP is a front-line example. Its price-support features have enabled the Community's agriculture to be gradually and safely modernized. In turn, food surpluses, especially of dairy products, have become evident and costly. This mixture of ideology (including a strong dose of humanitarianism), strategy, technology and surpluses have played a major role in the development and construction of an EEC food aid policy, which has grown incrementally into a programme of significant proportions.
Pantothenic Acid Uptake and Metabolism by Red Blood Cells of Rats

Red blood cells (RBC) of rats and humans contain pantothenic acid (PA) derivatives, generally referred to as bound PA, which were never characterized or quantitated. This study was undertaken to define those factors that determine the rates of uptake and efflux of PA, and possibly PA derivatives, in RBC. Uptake of PA by RBC was studied by incubating RBC with different concentrations of PA (0.34-34.0 mumol/L), each containing [14C]PA (0.34 mumol/L) at 37 degrees C for 3-360 min. The effects of Na+, energy and pH on the uptake of PA in RBC were determined in experiments varying media concentrations of Na+ (0-152 mmol/L), glucose (0 and 10 mmol/L) or pH (7.2-7.6). The release of PA from RBC was studied by incubating RBC containing [14C]PA (0.10-10.4 nmol/10(7) RBC, final concentration) in fresh media at 37 degrees C for 10-240 min. Uptake and efflux of PA were found to be nonsaturable; uptake was not affected by Na+, energy or pH. Quantitative and qualitative determination of PA derivatives was by enzymatic hydrolysis of lysed RBC, followed by analysis of PA by RIA and paper chromatography. The RBC were found to contain PA, 4'-phosphopantothenic acid and pantetheine. We conclude that PA diffuses passively into and out of RBC and that RBC contain only PA, 4'-phosphopantothenic acid, pantetheine and no CoA.
Scientific Contributions of Dr. Alfonso Romo de Vivar

I consider it a great honor to be asked to present the “Scientific Laudatio” of Dr. Alfonso Romo de Vivar and it is a pleasant duty to write a summary of Dr. Romo de Vivar’s accomplishments in natural products chemistry. It speaks for itself, that his scientific contributions span over a time period of nearly one half century. Alfonso can with pride look back on a highly productive scientific career with impressive accomplishments and significant contributions to organic chemistry, in general, and natural products chemistry, in particular.
U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Mahantango Creek Watershed, Pennsylvania, United States: Long‐term stream discharge database

[1] A long-term water quality database has been developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit to support water quality research within WE-38, a 7.3 km2 experimental subwatershed of Mahantango Creek Watershed located in east central Pennsylvania and draining to the Susquehanna River. Water quality data were collected at the outflow of WE-38, with record lengths of 24 years (1983–2007) for nitrate-N and ammonium-N and 23 years (1984–2007) for orthophosphate-P. Data are available on USDA ARS Sustaining the Earth's Watersheds—Agricultural Research Data System (STEWARDS) Web site.
Chlorinated high density polyethylene. II. Solid state structure

Chlorination of high density; polyethylene results in polymers which consist of unmodified methylene units and chlorinated methylene co-units. The effect of the concentration and distribution of chlorinated units on the solid state structure has been examined by thermal, wide angle X-ray diffraction and dynamic mechanical analysis. As the substitution becomes more random, the crystallinity, crystallite size, and crystalline perfection decrease for a given chlorine content. The chlorinated units are shown to be capable of co-crystallizing, and the concentration of chlorine in the crystalline phase increases as the distribution is made more random. Concurrently, the chlorine concentration of the amorphous phase decreases. Segregation of chlorine into the amorphous regions is most efficient when the substitution is blocky.
Cytochrome P450 CYP3A4/5 Expression as a Biomarker of Outcome in Osteosarcoma

Purpose: Osteosarcoma, the most common pediatric primary bone tumor, is an aggressive malignancy with a tendency for early pulmonary metastasis. A reliable biomarker to predict clinical outcome at diagnosis has not yet been identified. To date, pathological review of neoadjuvant chemotherapy–induced necrosis is the most useful determinant of which patients are likely to develop metastatic disease. There is a clinical need to identify patients who will benefit from more aggressive preoperative therapy or perhaps require less aggressive chemotherapy. More than 30 human P450 isoenzymes have been characterized, with at least nine possessing some clinical relevance. One of these, CYP3A4/5 is involved in metabolic activation and detoxification of a wide number of carcinogens and chemotherapeutic agents, including many drugs that are useful in the treatment of osteosarcomas. Materials and Methods: Osteosarcoma tissue microarray blocks containing biopsies from 18 primary tumors were used to analyze the expression...
Development of the compound eyes of dragonflies (odonata). IV. Development of the adult compound eyes

The changes in the directions of view of marked larval ommatidia were observed after the emergence of the adult. Those ommatidia that had been present during the first larval instar had the most posterior directions of view in the adult visual field while the newest ommatidia that had not been functional for vision in the aquatic larva contributed to the anterior and dorsal foveas of the aerial adults. The changes in interommatidial angles at emergence are discussed. Contrary to the general trend for interommatidial angles between retained larval ommatidia to decrease at emergence, the interommatidial angles in the larval fovea of aeshnid visual predators increase at emergence. The modifications in an odonate compound eye at emergence are like an exaggeration of the modifications that occur at the moult from one larval instar to the next, except that the newest ommatidia do not have any compromises in their design for use in the aquatic vision of the larvae. This is in contrast to the ommatidia retained from the earliest larval instars which have to have the most compromises in their design so that they can be adapted for the visual requirements of every larval instar, as well as the adult. This is discussed in relation to the trend among advanced species of odonates to replace the larval ommatidia by an entirely new set of adult ommatidia.
Embedding a reconfigurable band-pass/band-stop filter into an antenna

This paper presents an approach for embedding a reconfigurable band-pass and band-stop filters into an antenna structure. The band-pass filter is located in the feeding line of the antenna while the band-stop is included in the antenna ground plane. A prototype antenna is simulated, fabricated and tested to prove the validity of our new technique.
Participation in the next generation of agriculture conservation programs: the role of environmental attitudes

Abstract This research provides a behavioral analysis of wetland owners’ decision to participate in the Wetland Reserve Program (WRP). The study identifies the WRP as an incentive based land use program that relies on voluntary participation. The role of environmental attitudes in voluntary environmental program participation is addressed using the theory of reasoned action. A probit model is used with data collected from a mail survey of Louisiana wetland owners. Results of the analysis indicate that positive attitudes toward the WRP, acreage of wetlands owned, the level of information about the WRP, ownership of farmed wetlands, involvement in environmental organizations, and income level had a significant and positive influence on the decision to offer to participate in the WRP. Higher levels of education, and number of people living in the household (potential heirs) had an adverse effect on the likelihood to offer wetlands for enrollment in the WRP.
Optical Variability of Infrared Power-Law-Selected Galaxies and X-Ray Sources in the GOODS-South Field

We investigate the use of optical variability to identify and study active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in the GOODS-South field. A sample of 22 mid-IR power-law sources and 102 X-ray sources with optical counterparts in the HST ACS images were selected. Each object is classified with a variability significance value related to the standard deviation of its magnitude in five epochs separated by 45 day intervals. The variability significance is compared to the optical, mid-IR, and X-ray properties of the sources. We find that 26% of all AGN candidates (either X-ray- or mid-IR-selected) are optical variables. The fraction of optical variables increases to 51% when considering sources with soft X-ray band ratios. For the mid-IR AGN candidates which have multiwavelength SEDs, we find optical variability for 64% of those classified with SEDs like broad-line AGNs. While mostly unobscured AGNs appear to have the most significant optical variability, some of the more obscured AGNs are also observed as variables. In particular, we find two mid-IR power-law-selected AGN candidates without X-ray emission that display optical variability, confirming their AGN nature.
Elemental Abundances in Devonian Shales of Kentucky and West Virginia: Statistical Comparison and Depositional Environments: ABSTRACT

Stratigraphic and geographic controls on the distribution of major elements, minor elements, and minerals define depositional environments and provide a base line with which to compare local geochemical distributions in the detection of anomalies or trends related to gas production. Data consist of (1) cuttings from more than 30 wells in western and southern West Virginia, (2) similar analyses on samples collected from outcropping rocks of the Greenland Gap Group and Hampshire Formation in eastern West Virginia, and (3) outcropping black shales in eastern Kentucky. Factor analyses revealed several groups of elements: a detrital association of aluminum, potassium, titanium, iron, and sodium; a carbonate association of magnesium and calcium; an association of sulfur, iron, and zinc; and an association of phosphorus and calcium. The carbonate association is observed in black shales of Kentucky; the association of calcium with phosphorus is observed in carbonate-poor clastics of West Virginia. Within most West Virginia wells, such elements as potassium, silicon, and aluminum show gradual trends through the section, contrasting with abrupt changes in abundance exhibited by sulfur and titanium. Sulfur occurs in high percentages with black shales. In some wells, silicon has a higher abundance in black shales than in gray shales. Trend surface analyses of data from western and southern West Virginia show that titanium peaks in easternmost wells, sulfur peaks in westernmost wells, and silicon peaks in easternmost and some westernmost wells. Observed trends agree with the accepted view of a prograding delta complex in Late Devonian time, but geographically local, time-restricted depositional processes influenced elemental percentages in subsets of wells and stratigraphic intervals. One example of such a process is possible deposition of clastics from a source west of the study area in West Virginia. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1285------------
Decision as process: A conceptual model of black elders' nursing home placement

Abstract This processual decision-making model emerged from qualitative interviews with 10 African American nursing home residents about their placement decisions. Case descriptions are used to illustrate the model. The model is presented as an organizing framework for exploring placement decisions on a largr scale and with different populations. Although there is little about the model that appears to be specific to African Americans, the model lends itself to exploring differences between African American and other elders in their decision-making process. The decision to institutionalize revealed itself as a complex process involving multiple actors, multiple decisions, distinct phases, variable modes of interaction between the actors, and variable outcomes that are provisional and may change over time.
High density polyethylene/polystyrene blends: Phase distribution morphology, rheological measurements, extrusion, and melt spinning behavior

An experimental study of the development of phase morphology, rheological properties, and processing behavior of mechanical blends of a polystyrene (PS) and a high density polyethylene (PE) is presented. Phase morphologies were determined by scanning electron microscopy for (i) products prepared in a screw extruder/static mixer system, (ii) samples removed from a cone-plate viscometer, (iii) extrudates, and (iv) melt spun fibers. Disperse phase dimensions were measured. The values varied from 1–5 μm in the products from static mixers. The dimensions of the dispersed phase in the blend products from the cone plate and capillary die were of the same order. The melt-spun fibers exhibited disperse phase dimensions as low as 0.35 μm. Polystyrene was extracted from the blend fibers producing small diameter, PE fibrils, or minifibers. Both the initial melts and the blends were rheologically characterized. The shear viscosity and principal normal stress difference N1 exhibit maxima and minima when plotted as a function of composition. The characteristics of extrudates and melt spinning behavior of the blends were investigated. The shrinkage of extrudates of PE is much greater than PS. Additional small amounts of PE to PS greatly increase its shrinkage. Addition of PE to PS initially increases extrudate swell, though the swell shows maxima and minima when considered as a function of composition. The positions of the maxima and minima correspond to those of N1. The onset of draw resonance has been investigated in isothermal melt spinning. Wide angle X-ray diffraction studies have been carried out on blend fibers and the orientation of the crystalline polyethylene regions has been determined as a function of process conditions. This orientation decreases rapidly with the addition of polystyrene when the melt-spun filaments are compared at the same spinline stress or drawdown ratio.
Thermal decomposition of oxalates: Part 25. The effect of sample preparation and environmental atmosphere on the thermal stability of copper(II) oxalate

Abstract The kinetics and thermal stability of copper oxalate prepared under stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric conditions have been studied by isothermal and rising temperature experiments in nitrogen and in air. In addition, a mechanism-independent method and a computer program were used to interpret the isothermal data to give additional information on the stability of the systems. In nitrogen, the presence of excess copper chloride stabilizes the salt whilst the presence of excess oxalic acid reduces the stability. This trend is also observed for silver oxalate. The interpretations of the stability of the salts based solely on the activation energy were misleading. The use of a computer program shows that a more accurate evaluation requires the consideration of the pre-exponential factor and the reaction mechanism in addition to the activation energy.
Love and Violence: Gender Paradoxes in Volatile Attachments†

This article presents a multidimensional, theoretical model for the understanding of relationships in which men are violent toward women. It argues that abusive relationships exemplify, in extremis, the stereotypical gender arrangements that structure intimacy between men and women generally. Moreover, it proposes that paradoxical gender injunctions create insoluble relationship dilemmas that can explode in violence. A multifaceted approach to treatment, which incorporates feminist and systemic ideas and techniques, is described.