cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Mathematical Model of the Persistence of Conflict

A differential equation model is proposed to explain how a persistent level of conflict might be maintained by a nation. The basic driving force in the model is the assumption that there are two interacting forces within the nation. One group benefits from high levels of conflict and as the level of conflict drops attempts to drive it upwards again. The other group benefits from the absence of conflict and as the level of conflict becomes high attempts to drive it down. These assumptions lead to a model which has the following characteristics: If the initial level of conflict is positive the stable level is positive and intermediate between the desired positions of the nationalists and internationalists. If the initial value is negative the behavior is unstable and infinite negative conflict results. Introduction of a lag in the response to policy can produce the following additional behaviors: Oscillating return to the equilibrium point. Oscillating patterns which are virtually constant over time. Rapid ...
A prime factor theorem for bipartite graphs

It has long been known that the class of connected nonbipartite graphs (with loops allowed) obeys unique prime factorization over the direct product of graphs. Moreover, it is known that prime factorization is not necessarily unique in the class of connected bipartite graphs.But any prime factorization of a connected bipartite graph has exactly one bipartite factor. It has become folklore in some circles that this prime bipartite factor must be unique among all factorings, but until now this conjecture has withstood proof.This paper presents a proof. We show that if a connected bipartite graph G has two factorings G ? A × B and G ? A ' × B ' , where B and B ' are prime and bipartite, then B ? B ' .
The 25(OH)D/PTH threshold in black women.

Context: Black women have lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and higher PTH than white women. Recent evidence implicates PTH in adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether PTH increases at lower 25(OH)D levels (the threshold) in black compared with white women. Design: Healthy black and white women, aged 20–80 yr were recruited to participate in a cross-sectional study of body-composition in black and white women. Measurement of serum 25(OH)D and PTH were carried out. Setting: The study was a convenience sample recruited from a community setting. Patients: Healthy black and white women were recruited by advertising and a direct mail campaign in a comparative study of body composition. Age ranged from 20-to 80 yr. There were 148 black and 129 white premenopausal participants and 87 black and 139 white postmenopausal participants. Main Outcome: The main outcome was to determine whether the threshold for 25(OH)D/PTH differs in black and white women. Results: A threshold of 37 nmol/liter (95% confidence interval 35–40) was found for black and 59 nmol/liter (95% confidence interval 56–63) for white women. These two values were significantly different (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Black women have an increase in serum PTH at a lower 25(OH)D level than white women. Negative health outcomes of higher PTH should be investigated in black women.
Performance directed energy management for main memory and disks

Much research has been conducted on energy management for memory and disks. Most studies use control algorithms that dynamically transition devices to low power modes after they are idle for a certain threshold period of time. The control algorithms used in the past have two major limitations. First, they require painstaking, application-dependent manual tuning of their thresholds to achieve energy savings without significantly degrading performance. Second, they do not provide performance guarantees.This article addresses these two limitations for both memory and disks, making memory/disk energy-saving schemes practical enough to use in real systems. Specifically, we make four main contributions. (1) We propose a technique that provides a performance guarantee for control algorithms. We show that our method works well for all tested cases, even with previously proposed algorithms that are not performance-aware. (2) We propose a new control algorithm, Performance-Directed Dynamic (PD), that dynamically adjusts its thresholds periodically, based on available slack and recent workload characteristics. For memory, PD consumes the least energy when compared to previous hand-tuned algorithms combined with a performance guarantee. However, for disks, PD is too complex and its self-tuning is unable to beat previous hand-tuned algorithms. (3) To improve on PD, we propose a simpler, optimization-based, threshold-free control algorithm, Performance-Directed Static (PS). PS periodically assigns a static configuration by solving an optimization problem that incorporates information about the available slack and recent traffic variability to different chips/disks. We find that PS is the best or close to the best across all performance-guaranteed disk algorithms, including hand-tuned versions. (4) We also explore a hybrid scheme that combines PS and PD algorithms to further improve energy savings.
Relating ion/neutral reaction rate coefficients and cross-sections by accessing a database for ion transport properties

Abstract A database is described that allows access to gaseous ion transport coefficients that have been calculated over wide ranges of reduced electric field strength and at several gas temperatures. Comparison of the computed transport coefficients with measured values allows an assessment to be made of the accuracy of the ion/buffer interaction potential assumed in the calculation. The database can also be used to compute rate coefficients for trace ions reacting with small amounts of a neutral reactant that is immersed in a larger amount of a nonreactive buffer gas. Comparison of the computed rate coefficients with values measured in drift tubes allows an assessment to be made of the accuracy of the ion/reactant cross-section assumed in the calculations. Application is made to Ar+ ions drifting through He gas and reacting with small amounts of CO.
The Effect of Glutathione as Chain Transfer Agent in PNIPAAm-Based Thermo-responsive Hydrogels for Controlled Release of Proteins

Purpose To control degradation and protein release using thermo-responsive hydrogels for localized delivery of anti-angiogenic proteins.
Multimodel Ensemble ENSO Prediction with CCSM and CFS

Abstract Results are described from a large sample of coupled ocean–atmosphere retrospective forecasts during 1982–98. The prediction system is based on the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3.0), and a state-of-the-art ocean data assimilation system made available by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL). The retrospective forecasts are initialized in January, April, July, and November of each year, and ensembles of 6 forecasts are run for each initial month, yielding a total of 408 1-yr predictions. In generating the ensemble members, perturbations are added to the atmospheric initial state only. The skill of the prediction system is analyzed from both a deterministic and a probabilistic perspective, it is then compared to the operational NOAA Climate Forecast System (CFS), and the forecasts are combined with CFS to produce a multimodel prediction system. While the skill scores ...
Evidence for the synchronous replication of mitochondrial DNA during the yeast cell cycle.

Abstract The nature of mitochondrial DNA replication during the synchronous cell cycle in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been investigated by examining the rate of labeled DNA precursor incorporation into specific segments of the mitochondrial genome at defined points during synchronous growth. The movement of label uptake from one area of the DNA to another at different times during the synchronous cell cycle indicates mitochondrial DNA replication to be a synchronous process during this time with most or all molecules at the same point in replication at any given time during the cell cycle.
Numerical Investigation of Transients in the SSPX Spheromak

Nonlinear plasma simulations of the Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment demonstrate the role of transient effects in establishing a toroidal magnetic structure that confines internal energy. Magnetohydrodynamics modeling with temperature-dependent transport coefficients compares well with experimental measurements and shows that the second current pulse improves confinement by keeping the $q$ profile from falling below the value of $1/2$, suppressing resonant $m=1$, $n=2$ fluctuations.
Mullerian inhibiting substance production and cleavage is modulated by gonadotropins and steroids

Analysis of the ontogeny and localization of the amino (N)-terminal and carboxy (C)-terminal cleavage products of Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS) and their modulation by hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis by immunohistochemistry and Northern analysis led to the discovery of a novel mode of posttranslational regulation of this differentiating agent. Antibody to both holo- and C-terminal MIS identically stained the cytosol of testicular Sertoli cells from 21-day fetal rats, whereas staining of antibody to N-terminal MIS localized to the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. In addition, when studied longitudinally, basement membrane staining for N-terminal MIS persisted; cytosolic staining for C-terminal MIS was no longer detectable in post-natal testes, but marked basement membrane staining for the N-terminal fragment could still be observed in the testes of untreated 7-day postnatal animals. When 19-day fetuses were injected with FSH, testes collected 2 days later showed less immunohistochemical staining for holo-, N-, and C-terminal MIS, and less MIS messenger RNA. This suggested that FSH downregulates MIS transcription, as had been shown previously in neonatal testes treated with FSH. Testes collected at 21 days from fetuses treated at day 19 in utero with human CG or testosterone, also showed less staining for holo-MIS, but, surprisingly, increased staining for the N- and C-terminal fragments. These changes in MIS protein were accompanied by no or minimal changes in MIS messenger RNA levels, indicating that human CG and testosterone do not affect transcription, but may regulate the cleavage and/or dissociation of MIS. This study describes a form of post-translational regulation of MIS and shows that both transcription and processing of MIS may be differentially modulated by gonadotropins and sex steroids.
A Healthy New World: Emergent Opportunities for Clinical Psychologists in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Chor and colleagues have done an excellent job of deciphering the veritable tome that is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), numbering more than 2300 pages in length. Specifically, they have elucidated some key issues for clinical psychologists to consider in light of the changes that will be wrought by the ACA. This radical transformation in federal health care legislation provides a unique opportunity for psychologists to redefine their role in the health care setting and ensure that they can continue to contribute. Using the platform provided by Chor and colleagues, we comment on the opportunities for psychologists going forward, as well as suggest strategies for how to realize the goals of the ACA. Our intention is to reflect on the main points presented by Chor and colleagues, and suggest additional but not exhaustive possibilities for consideration. Specifically, we will elaborate on three main points: (1) moving beyond just training and hoping; (2) recovery, not just symptom reduction; and (3) it’s a healthy new world. Under each of these points, we will briefly discuss the issue, followed by a section on tactics for how to achieve these goals.
Elimination of Background in Fiber-Optic Raman Measurements

A Novel fiber-optic configuration with forward-scattering light collection is used to measure Raman spectra using long optical fibers with little background interference. This probe design allows control over the sample volume, and measurements can be made at considerable distances from the face of the optrode. The properties of this optical configuration are discussed, as well as its advantages and disadvantages. Normal Raman spectra were measured with this technique, with fibers as long as 100 m. The performance of the probe is not affected by highly scattering solutions. A similar technique was used to measure surface-enhanced Raman spectra on Ag electrodes with 250-m fibers.
A novel p53-binding domain in CUL7

CUL7 is a member of the cullin RING ligase family and forms an SCF-like complex with SKP1 and FBXW8. CUL7 is required for normal mouse embryonic development and cellular proliferation, and is highly homologous to PARC, a p53-associated, parkin-like cytoplasmic protein. We determined that CUL7, in a manner similar to PARC, can bind directly to p53 but does not affect p53 expression. We identified a discrete, co-linear domain in CUL7 that is conserved in PARC and HERC2, and is necessary and sufficient for p53-binding. The presence of p53 stabilized expression of this domain and we demonstrate that this p53-binding domain of CUL7 contributes to the cytoplasmic localization of CUL7. The results support the model that p53 plays a role in regulation of CUL7 activity.
When Frail Elderly Adults Get Sick: Alternatives to Hospitalization

Although the hospital offers sophisticated and often life-prolonging diagnostic and treatment methods to frail elderly patients, it can also be a dangerous environment for them. This commentary dis...
CYCLOHEXYLAMINE ADDITIVES FOR ENHANCED PEPTIDE SEPARATIONS IN REVERSED PHASE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

While the choice of stationary phase, organic modifier, and gradient strength can have significant effects on biomolecule separations, mobile phase additives can also have a significant effect on the chromatographic selectivity, recovery, efficiency and resolution. Given the importance of stationary phase coverage, the beneficial, silanol-masking properties of amines, and the potential for selectivity modification through ion-pair interactions, cyclohexylamine was examined as a mobile phase additive and compared with triethylamine and trifluoroacetic acid. Greatly improved separation was possible when cyclohexylamine was used as compared with phosphate buffer, and cyclohexylamine did not require purification before use, while triethylamine required distillation before 'clean' chromatograms were obtained.
Explanation and the New Riddle of Induction

I propose a novel solution to Goodman's new riddle of induction, one on which aspects of scientific methodology preclude significant confirmation of the Grue Hypothesis. The solution appeals to intuitive constraints on the confirmation of explanatory hypotheses, and can be construed as a fragment of a theory of Inference to the Best Explanation. I give it an objective Bayesian formalisation, and contrast it with Goodman's and Sober's solutions, which make appeal to both methodological and non-methodological considerations, and those of Jackson, Godfrey-Smith, and White, on which explanatory considerations play a very different role.
Health as a Family Matter: Do Intra-household Education Externalities Matter for Maternal and Child Health?

Abstract This paper is concerned with the role of education as a determinant of health care choices. The central premise of the paper is that utilisation of health services is determined not solely by an individual's own education, but rather by a notion of effective education, which incorporates the educational attainment of other household members. The paper sets out a general framework for representing intra-household education externalities, and proposes a number of specific hypotheses concerning the way in which the education of different household members affects health care choices. These hypotheses are tested on data from Mozambique, focusing on maternity services, child immunisations, and child malnutrition. We draw four major conclusions from the analysis. First, while maternal education seems to be the education variable of primary importance for the health service and malnutrition variables under consideration, the education of other household members does have a significant and sometimes larg...
Spectroscopy with the Terrestrial Planet Finder Coronagraph

We describe the rationale and requirements for an integral-field spectrograph aboard NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder Coronagraph.
Persistent Conceptual Issues in Psychology: A Selective Update

Advances within four persistent, interrelated issues in psychology over the past quarter-century are discussed. Issue 1, ‘The ideas of person, individual and self’, primarily considers the conseque...
Theoretical Calculations of Voltage-Dependent STM Images of Acetylene on the Si(001) Surface

Voltage-dependent scanning tunneling microscope (STM) images have been calculated using density functional theory (DFT) with the general gradient approximation (GGA) for five chemisorbed forms of acetylene on the Si(001) surface. The effect of electric field between the tip and sample is addressed by a high-voltage extension of the Tersoff-Hamann approach. The calculated images are used to aid in assigning the species observed in recent STM measurements on the Si(001)/acetylene system. An image which had been previously attributed to a tetracoordinated acetylene molecule is reassigned to a site with two acetylene molecules, bridging two adjacent SiSi surface dimers.
Removal of trace quantities of nickel from solution

Chitosan, which is produced from the natural polymer chitin, is a much more efficient scavenger of nickel ion than other natural ion exchange materials tested. An industrial waste containing about 7 ppm Ni2+ and 10,000 ppm Na+ was reduced to less than 0.1 ppm Ni2+ by contact in a packed column of chitosan. Capacity of the chitosan substrate under these conditions was a little more than 1 meq/g. The substrate can be regenerated by contact with buffered NH4Cl at pH 10. The high sodium content of the nickel waste did not prevent sorption of Ni2+, but it apparently produced an interference with atomic absorption spectrophotometer analyses, giving a spurious reading of 0.8 ppm Ni2+ when the major nickel line at 232 nm was used for analysis.
BAND STRUCTURE OF CADMIUM SULFIDE--PHOTOEMISSION STUDIES

Photoemission measurements have been made at photon energies between 7.2 and 11.6 eV on single crystals of CdS which had been cleaved in high vacuum at pressures ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ Torr. Additional measurements have been made from 6 to 21.2 eV using surfaces cleaved and tested in pressures of about ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ Torr. The electron affinities are found to be 4.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 and 3.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4 eV for the high- and low-vacuum-cleaved samples, respectively. Important features of the density of states are deduced from the energy distributions. Maxima in the density of states are located in the conduction band at 6.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3, 8.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 eV and (with the aid of reflectivity data) at 4.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 eV. A single maximum in the valence-band density of states is found at -1.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 eV and the $d$ band of Cd is located at -9.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 eV. All energies are referred to the top of the valence band. These features agree qualitatively with the calculated band structure of Herman and Skillman and, in the case of the $d$ band, with x-ray data. Details of the density of states are deduced from the electron distributions with the aid of quantum-yield and reflectivity data by assuming (1) that direct conservation of k is not an important selection rule and (2) constant matrix elements. The optical conductivity and quantum yield calculated from the experimentally determined density of states are in first-order agreement with the measured values. The effects of inelastic scattering due to pair production are discussed. The contribution to the energy distribution due to single pair-production events were calculated for simple models. The results agree qualitatively with the measured energy distribution.
Growing-season moisture variability in the eastern USA during the last 800 years

An 800 yr tree-ring-based reconstruction of the Palmer Hydrological Drought Index was used to document the frequency, severity, and duration of growing-season moisture anomalies (both wet and dry events) in the southern mid-Atlantic region of the USA. The data indicate that this region has experienced significant growing-season moisture variability (interannual to multidecadal) since A.D. 1185. Conditions during the 18th century were much wetter than they are today, and the droughts that occurred during the 16th century tended to be both longer and more severe. The recent growing-season moisture anomalies that occurred during 2002 and 2003 can only be considered rare events if they are evaluated with respect to the relatively short instrumental record (1895 to 2003). When compared to the 800 yr reconstructed record, neither of these events is particularly unusual. Growing-season moisture conditions during the 20th century appear to be well within the range of natural climate variability when compared to the 800 yr record.
US exports and time-varying volatility of real exchange rate

Abstract The effect of exchange rate volatility on trade is a controversial issue in international economics. Despite a widespread view that an increase in exchange rates volatility reduces trade, there is no real consensus on the direction or the size of the exchange rate volatility–trade level linkages. This paper investigates the relationship between US trade volume and exchange rate volatility using cointegration and error-correction models. We use conditional variances of the real effective exchange rate (REER) series modeled as a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (GARCH) process to measure the exchange rate volatility. The cointegration results indicate a significant negative relationship between US export volume and exchange rate volatility. The short-run dynamics of the relationship, however, show that the effects of both real exchange rates and exchange rate volatility are insignificant.
Optimization of fiber Bragg sensor configurations for in situ failure identification in woven composites throughout impact

In this study, the development and optimization of embedded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor networks within composite materials was investigated. Various densities of optical fibers were embedded within composite laminates, and low-velocity impact damage responses were evaluated to determine the effects on the mechanical behavior of the laminates. The woven composites were subjected to multiple strikes at 2 m/s until perforation occurred, and the impactor position and acceleration were monitored throughout each event. From these measurements, we obtained dissipated energies and contact forces for specimens with and without embedded optical fibers. Embedded fibers were interrogated with light to determine the degree to which light could pass through them for each density and arrangement. Cross sectional optical micrographs of the specimens were used to determine the local effects of the embedded fibers on neighboring fibers and the surrounding matrix material, both before and after impact events. Currently FBG sensors are being calibrated and prepared for embedment in specifically chosen configurations within the composite. They will be serially multiplexed together to create a single fiber sensing network capable of monitoring damage over a large area. Real time strain information will be gathered as future embedded laminates are subjected to impact events, and the resulting data will be used to better monitor and predict damage in the composite system.
Novel Concept of Delivery of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents to Cells in Acidic Diseased Tissue using Energy of Membrane-Associated Folding

We are developing a novel technology for selective delivery of imaging probes and membrane-impermeable molecules to cells with low extracellular pH. It is based on action of water-soluble membrane peptide, pHLIP® (pH [Low] Insertion Peptide), which inserts and folds in cellular membrane at slightly acidic environment, characteristic for various pathological states including cancer and ischemic myocardium. pHLIP possess dual delivery capability. Imaging agents (fluorescent, PET, SPECT or MRI) could be attached to the N-terminus of the peptide to mark tumor mass and tumor margins with high precision. At the same time, therapeutic molecules attached to the C-inserting end, could be moved across membrane to reach cytoplasmic target. Among translocated molecules are synthetic cyclic peptides, gene regulation agent (peptide nucleic acid) and phalla- and amanita toxins with hydrophobicity tuned by attachment of fatty acids for optimum delivery. We performed sequence variation and investigated 16 pHLIP variants with main goals of understanding the main principles of peptide-lipid interactions and tune delivery capability of pHLIP. The biophysical studies including thermodynamics and kinetics of the peptides interaction with a lipid bilayer of liposomes and cellular membranes were carried out. We found that peptides association to membrane at neutral and low pH could be modulated by 3-4 times. The apparent pK of transition from surface bound to membrane-inserted state could be tuned from 6.5 to 4.5. The rate of peptide's insertion across a bilayer could be enhanced 100 times compared to parent pHLIP. As a result, blood clearance and tumor targeting were modulated in a significant degree. The work is supported by NIH grants CA133890 to OAA, DME, YRK.
Limitations of the straight-line assumption for endobronchial HDR brachytherapy treatments

It is useful to expedite high dose rate brachytherapy endobronchial treatments by using standardized dwell weights and worksheets, avoiding computerized planning where possible. Such methods assume the treatment catheter is straight. This study uses inverse-square considerations to quantify the curvature that invalidates the straight-line approximation. The ratio of the distance between end dwell positions and the active length can be used as a measure of the curvature. The variation in mean dose and maximum dose at the prescription points is presented as a function of active length and curvature, allowing the planner to determine quickly when a pre-treatment computer plan is necessary.
Quantum discontinuity between zero and infinitesimal graviton mass with a Lambda term.

We show that the recently demonstrated absence of the usual discontinuity for massive spin 2 with a $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ term is an artifact of the tree approximation, and that the discontinuity reappears at one loop.
Comparing the roles of referents and event structures in parsing preferences

Recent work has shown that potentially reciprocal verbs are interpreted reciprocally when their subjects are complex reference objects (plural referents that incorporate multiple referents), but transitively when their subjects are undifferentiated plural sets. Four self-paced reading experiments investigated why this is the case. The experiments contrasted the hypothesis that the parser's behaviour is driven by the complexity or specificity of potential event structures with the hypothesis that what matters is simply the availability of multiple referents. First we replicated Patson & Ferreira's Experiment 1 with self-paced reading, and then in three studies we manipulated the conjuncts within a conjoined noun phrase (NP) subject (e.g. the men and the women vs. the man and the women) in order to vary event structures. The results indicated that potentially reciprocal verbs were interpreted as reciprocal with any conjoined subject, regardless of what type of NPs comprised it. This suggests that the parser...
Interpolation and extrapolation schemes in dynamic programming

Classical dynamic programming techniques for the solution of optimal control problems require excessive computer storage capacity. A recently published variation overcomes the problem at the expense of requiring occasional extrapolation along the time axis. The present paper suggests that extrapolation in state space may give higher accuracy. Numerical results are presented in confirmation.
EEG and behavioral effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in combination with stimulant drugs in rabbits

In rabbits, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) at 0.5 mg/kg, i.v., was challenged with i.v. methamphetamine (0.1 mg/kg), cocaine (1 mg/kg), apomorphine (1 mg/kg), or caffeine (12.5 mg/kg), and observations were made on quantified EEG and behavior. Cortical and hippocampal alterations produced by THC were antagonized by methamphetamine, cocaine, and caffeine and only briefly by apomorphine. Postural and activity behaviors were reversed by methamphetamine and caffeine but only briefly by cocaine and apomorphine. Additionally, stereotypy resulted from the combination of THC with methamphetamine, cocaine, or apomorphine. These data indicate that the effects of THC were antagonized by stimulant drugs of which caffeine was the most effective. However, novel toxicity also resulted from the interaction of THC with catecholaminergic drugs.
Long range remanent deformations of charge-density waves in TaS3 and NbSe3

Abstract The hysteresis in the differential resistance vs. electric field curves was investigated in the charge-density-wave (CDW) state of NbSe 3 and TaS 3 by using non-perturbative potential probes. Our results indicate long range remanent deformations of the CDWs in both compounds, leading to the breakdown of translational invariance in the bulk of the specimen.
Thermodynamics of the Screened Coulomb Pair Potential

The thermodynamics of a screened Coulomb potential of the Yukawa-type is examined in detail. It is shown that, as a consequence of the screening term, the Gibbs and Helmholtz free energies are not equal. Furthermore, the Gibbs form has an attractive tail. The well-known Derjaguin−Landau−Verwey−Overbeek (DLVO) and the Sogami−Ise theories are compared, and attempts to eliminate the attractive tail are discussed in detail. Parallels are found in the phase transitions in charged colloid systems and the van der Waals gas, with particular emphasis on the “internal pressures” and “excluded volumes”. On the basis of computer simulations, it is concluded that the screened Coulomb interaction is inadequate for describing systems that have many-body interactions. A new interpretation of the stability of void regions within a charged colloid system is presented.
Change and Organizational Climate

The task of changing the organizational climate of a school is only one tiny example of the fundamental issue of permanence and change. This example can only be understood in the light of a broad social and intellectual matrix. Two prime questions are: Under what conditions can the organizational climate be changed? If it can be changed, what approach is most appropriate? There is a great deal that is not known about organizational climate. Research is needed into the development of norms, the control of variables in experimental situations, the effects of size and “human density” and the influence of bureaucracy. Though we may be anxious to change organizational climate, one thing is clear—social change takes place slowly. To force its growth “out of phase” is to invite unanticipated social consequences. If the nature of social change is to be understood the planners, scientists, technologists need to maintain dialogue with each other. We must create in our society an “open” organizational climate that encourages the human dialogue.
Group X secretory phospholipase A2 augments angiotensin II-induced inflammatory responses and abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in apoE-deficient mice

Objective: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a complex vascular disease characterized by matrix degradation and inflammation and is a major cause of mortality in older men. Specific interventions that prevent AAA progression remain to be identified. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Group X secretory phospholipase A2 (GX sPLA2), an enzyme implicated in inflammatory processes, mediates AAA. Methods and results: GX sPLA2 was detected by immunostaining in human aneurysmal tissue and in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced AAAs in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE
CRF2 null mutation increases sensitivity to isolation rearing effects on locomotor activity in mice

Abstract Background Developmental stressors are consistently reported to increase risk for certain neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Recent clinical evidence supports a “double-hit” hypothesis of genetic vulnerability interacting with developmental challenges to modulate this risk. Early life stressor effects on behavior may be modulated in part by alterations in corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) signaling via two known receptors, CRF 1 and CRF 2 . One extant hypothesis is that CRF 2 activation may modulate long-term adaptive responses after homeostatic challenge. As such, loss of CRF 2 activity via genetic variance may increase sensitivity to the long-term effects of developmental stress. Methods We tested the hypothesis that CRF 2 function may mitigate the behavioral effects of isolation rearing, predicting that loss of CRF 2 function increases sensitivity to this developmental challenge. Using the behavioral pattern monitor (BPM), we examined exploratory behavior and locomotor patterns in adult CRF 2 wild-type (WT) and gene knockout (KO) mice reared socially or in isolation. Results Isolation housing produced robust increases in the amount of locomotor activity and investigatory holepoking, and altered the temporal distribution of activity in CRF 2 KO but not CRF 2 WT mice. Isolation housing significantly increased rearing behavior and altered spatial patterns of locomotor activity regardless of genotype. Conclusions Loss of CRF 2 function increased sensitivity to the effects of chronic social isolation on exploratory locomotor behavior. Thus, CRF 2 activation appears to mitigate isolation rearing effects on exploratory behavior. Further research assessing the interaction between CRF 2 function and developmental challenges is warranted.
Acute myocardial infarction in a young boy with nephrotic syndrome: a case report and review of the literature

A 7-year-old boy with a 5-year history of steroidunresponsive nephrotic syndrome due to minimal change disease presented with acute myocardial infarction. Angiography was suggestive of a dissected atherosclerotic plaque at the initial and mid portions of the right coronary artery, as well as a lesion in the mid portion of the circumflex artery. The child had a long history of extreme hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, along with apolipoprotein-E 4/3 phenotype. The mother, who also has apolipoprotein-E 4/3 phenotype, has mild hypercholesterolemia. The case suggests that children with long-lasting nephrotic syndrome and even mild familial propensity for hyperlipidemia may be at increased risk for ischemic cardiovascular events. The literature is reviewed regarding the relationship between nephrotic syndrome and the incidence of ischemic heart disease.
The neural basis of footshock analgesia: the effect of periaqueductal gray lesions and decerebration.

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that brief front paw shock and brief hind paw shock produce potent opiate and non-opiate analgesia, respectively. Front paw footshock-induced analgesia (FSIA) and hind paw FSIA are similar in that each is mediated by a medullospinal pathway. A question which arises is whether these opiate and non-opiate descending pathways are activated in direct response to afferent information from the spinal cord or whether indirect activation via more rostral centers is required. The first experiment examined the effect of lesions of the rostral periaqueductal gray (PAG) and caudal PAG on front paw (opiate) FSIA and hind paw (non-opiate) FSIA. In no case did PAG lesions markedly reduce the magnitude of these pain inhibitory states. Since this result raised the possibility that rostral centers may not have any major involvement in the production of these phenomena, the second experiment examined the effect of decerebration on front paw FSIA and hind paw FSIA. Decerebration had no effect on hind paw FSIA and, at most, produced only a very modest decrease in front paw FSIA. The fact that potent and prolonged analgesia can still be elicited after decerebration clearly demonstrates that limbic, cortical, thalamic, and rostral midbrain structures are not critical to the production of these pain inhibitory effects. Thus this work provides the first demonstration of opiate and non-opiate analgesia systems within the caudal brainstem and spinal cord which can be activated by environmental stimuli.
Epstein-Barr virus–associated lymphocytosis masquerading as lymphoma

![Figure][1] A 7-year-old boy with flu-like symptoms treated with amoxicillin presented with cervical lymphadenopathy; maculopapular rash on arms, face, and trunk; and markedly high white blood cell (WBC) count (100 × 109/L) and high absolute lymphocyte count (85 × 109/L). The peripheral
The “Flypaper Effect” Is Not an Anomaly

The empirical nonequivalence between grants by a central government and increases in community income (the “flypaper effect”) has been considered anomalous. But the “anomaly” label is naive: in a multiconsumer community, equivalence demands an unlikely match of tax rules and income-growth patterns. We go beyond the single-policy-variable, median-voter model and apply Roemer’s concept of Party Unanimity Nash Equilibrium, which allows for party competition in multidimensional policy spaces. We compute the equilibria for a model with two independent policy variables (intercept and slope of an affine tax schedule) and obtain numerical values that agree with the empirical literature.
A Methodology for Synthesizing High-Performance Robots Fabricated With Optimally Tailored Composite Laminates

Methode de conception de robots hautement performants en materiaux composites stratifies de structure specialement optimisee
La educación popular en salud salva: proyecto freireano en tiempos del neoliberalismo

Desde la antiguedad el "pequeno resto" que persiste con fe en la vida, es proteccion frente al caos. El desarrollo local es la respuesta. Paulo Freire dice: "Mi experiencia junto con otras experiencias son la base de la esperanza". La educacion popular en salud orienta para hacer un proyecto productivo con identidad. Este ejemplo es el de Balsa Las Perlas, un conglomerado a orillas del Rio Limay de la provincia de Rio Negro, Argentina. Personas que se radican y transforman un territorio de clima desfavorable en una comunidad demandante de sus derechos. Solo con los intereses de la misma poblacion, logran un centro de salud nivel II, un medico permanente, capacitacion de una enfermera y una agente sanitaria, comunicacion radial en red hospitalaria y las puertas abiertas a la participacion de la gente, que rindio posteriormente sus frutos, haciendo de este paraje un lugar imposible de olvidar a la hora de asignar recursos estatales.
Knowledge of health insurance coverage by adolescents and young adults attending a hospital-based clinic

Abstract Purpose: To describe adolescents' and young adults' knowledge about their health insurance, and to identify factors associated with correct knowledge of health insurance in this population. Methods: Data were analyzed from a confidential questionnaire administered to 830 patients at a hospital-based adolescent medicine clinic. The questionnaire contained items pertaining to insurance type, demographics, health status, and health-risk behaviors. Actual health insurance data and information regarding utilization of health services were obtained from the hospital billing database. Predictors of health insurance knowledge were determined through bivariate analyses followed by stepwise logistic regression. Results: A total of 50.7% of respondents correctly identified their type of health insurance. Those who correctly identified their insurance had a higher mean age. Only 48.5% of participants who were 11–18 years old could identify their insurance type, versus 53.1% of 19–21-year-olds and 64.7% of 22–24-year-olds ( p = 0.02). Sixty-five percent of Medicaid patients and 76.3% of hospital free care patients knew how their medical bills were paid, versus 17.9% of self-pay patients and 47.3% of patients with private insurance ( p Conclusions: Approximately half of adolescents and young adults do not know how their medical bills are paid. Validation of self-reported insurance data is, therefore, critical both in clinical practice and health services research.
Active and passive membrane properties and intrinsic kinetics shape synaptic inhibition in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons.

The impact of synaptic inhibition depends on the passive and active properties of the neuronal membrane as well as on the characteristics of the underlying synaptic conductances. Here, we evaluated the contributions of these different factors to the IPSPs produced by two kinetically and anatomically distinct inhibitory synapses onto hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons: somatic GABA A,fast and dendritic GABA A,slow . Using combined current-clamp and voltage-clamp recordings from neurons in hippocampal brain slices, we found that despite pronounced differences in kinetics and only weak voltage dependence of the underlying synaptic conductances, there were much smaller differences in duration but strong voltage dependence of IPSPs arising from somatic and dendritic synapses. Pharmacologic tests and compartmental modeling showed that these effects were produced by the hyperpolarization-activated cation current, I H , which accelerated IPSP decay over a broad range of membrane potentials and reduced IPSP amplitudes at hyperpolarized potentials, and the persistent sodium current, I NaP , which prolonged and amplified IPSPs at depolarized subthreshold potentials. The relative magnitudes of their influences depended on the kinetics of the underlying synaptic conductances: the effect on duration was greater for GABA A,fast and on amplitude was greater for GABA A,slow . Passive and active factors thus influence the impact of synaptic inhibition in a location- and voltage-dependent manner.
A microbial biosensor for trimethylamine using Pseudomonas aminovorans cells.

Abstract A biosensor system based on the difference in the oxygen uptake response of two microbial electrodes was developed to monitor trimethylamine (TMA). The first electrode, constructed using Pseudomonas aminovorans grown on TMA, was sensitive to TMA, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), dimethylamine (DMA) and monomethylamine (MMA). The second electrode responding to TMAO, DMA and MMA was prepared using Ps. aminovorans grown on TMAO. The difference in oxygen uptake was linearly related to the TMA concentration in the range of 5–26 μ m . The minimum detectable level was 2·6 μ m and the relative standard deviation was determined to be 14% for 16 repeated analyses. When operated and stored at 30°C, the response of the system was stable for only 2 days. However, when the biosensor system was operated at 30°C but stored overnight at 4°C, the system was stable up to 20 days. The biosensor system was applicable for the determination of TMA in fish tissue extracts and the results compared well with those determined by HPLC.
The development of beliefs about falling objects.

Previous studies have shown that many adults have striking misconceptions about the motions of objects in seemingly simple situations. The present two studies explored the development of knowledge about motion by examining children’s predictions about the movement of an object in two types of situations. In one type of situation, children predicted where a ball would land if it rolled off the edge of a table and fell to the floor. In the other type of situation, children judged where the same ball would land if it were dropped from a moving model train and fell the same distance to the floor. Younger children (preschool and kindergarten) generally thought that the ball would fall straight down in both situations. At older ages, children were more aware that the ball rolling from the table would continue to move forward while falling. For the ball dropped from the train, however, the older children were no more aware of the ball’s forward motion than were younger children. The results are interpreted in terms of general cognitive capabilities and perceptual experiences that contribute to the development of knowledge about the world.
Incidence of bleb-associated endophthalmitis in the United States.

Purpose To evaluate the 5-year incidence rate of blebitis and bleb-associated endophthalmitis in the United States. Methods In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we utilized a large commercial health insurance claim-based database during 2007-2011 and identified all patients who had a record of trabeculectomy in 2007. These patients were followed until the end of 2011. During the follow-up period, all incidences of blebitis, confirmed bleb-associated endophthalmitis, and presumed bleb-associated endophthalmitis were recorded. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was utilized to calculate 5-year cumulative incidence rates of blebitis and bleb-associated endophthalmitis following trabeculectomy procedures. Results Among the 1,461 trabeculectomies included in our analysis, eight cases of blebitis, five cases of confirmed bleb-associated endophthalmitis, and eight cases of presumed bleb-associated endophthalmitis were identified. We found that the 5-year cumulative incidence of blebitis was 0.55%±0.19%. The 5-year cumulative incidence of bleb-associated endophthalmitis was 0.45%±0.2% when only confirmed cases were included and 1.3%±0.34% when presumed cases were also added to the analysis. The mean time from procedure to diagnosis was 45 months for blebitis and 33 months for bleb-associated endophthalmitis. Conclusion Blebitis and bleb-related endophthalmitis are uncommon in the United States. The 5-year cumulative incidence was 0.55% for blebitis and 0.45%-1.3% for bleb-associated endophthalmitis.
An algorithm for haptically rendering objects described by point clouds

In this paper, we present an algorithm to haptically render point clouds without first building a corresponding polygonal mesh. Our algorithm deduces necessary surface information, which is inherently unavailable in point clouds, by building neighborhood knowledge into each surface point, and also by using bounding boxes to imply surfaces in place of the voids found between neighboring points in the point cloud. Collision detection in our approach is a matter of checking line segments (representing the motion of the haptic probe) against the aforementioned bounding boxes, while force response (3-DOF) is based on our adaptation to point clouds of the standard god-object/proxy method. This adaptation implies the required constraint surfaces from the cloudpsilas surface points by exploiting their knowledge of their neighboring points. Our algorithm has a runtime that is highly insensitive to (but not independent of) the complexity of the point cloud, and is designed to relay all the coordinate information found in the point cloud to the extent allowed by the haptic devicepsilas resolution.
Nonlocal Resistance and Edge Currents in the Fractional Quantum Hall Regime

We have studied nonlocal electrical transport over macroscopic distances in the regime of the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE). Experiments clearly demonstrate dissipationless edge state conduction associated with the FQHE. Surprisingly, our data imply that there is no edge state conduction near ν=1/2 and on the low ν side of the ν=1 QHE state, while there is edge state conduction near ν=3/2 and on the high ν side of the ν=1 QHE state. We also observe that the electron-hole symmetry is broken for the edge states in a confined geometry. We develop a picture of edge state structure consistent with these observations.