cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modern Surgical Pathology, Second Edition

2-Volume Set, Noel Weidner, Richard J. Cote, Saul Suster, Lawrence M. Weiss Saunders Elsevier Copyright © 2009 2432 pages, $459.00 This is the second edition of a multiauthored text covering general surgical pathology. Such texts are useful to trainees, general surgical pathologists, and specialists who are called upon to make a diagnosis outside their own field. Factors that make a book useful for such applications include both the quality of the content and its accessibility. Most of the chapters are well written, each by one or more experts in the field. The content is quite good (I only found 4 minor errors). All organs are covered, and only a few disorders are not; the illustrations are generally quite good and suitable in number. The index is useful. The 2-volume set (7.5 kg/16.5 lb) begins with chapters on general subjects ranging from gross room setup to molecular biology that are worth reading; the most useful are those on intraoperative consultation, quality improvement, and medicolegal issues. The immunohistochemistry chapter provides good general approaches, particularly for fans of algorithms, but integration of immunohistochemistry into diagnoses needs to be covered in the organ-specific chapters. The book then covers the organ systems. This is …
Dispersion of Short Fibers in Cement

The degree of dispersion of short microfibers in cement, as assessed by electrical resistivity measurement for the case of electrically conductive fibers at a volume fraction below the percolation threshold, is improved by the use of admixtures (namely, silica fume, acrylic particle dispersion, methylcellulose solution, and silane) and fiber surface treatment (such as ozone treatment). Acrylic particle dispersion is more effective than latex particle dispersion.
STARLET: a computer concept based on ordered sets as primitive data types

It is a well-acknowledged fact that the adequate structuring of data is as important as the adequate structuring of a program. The classical von Neumann - machine deals on the hardware level only with scalars and, therefore, provides no hardware support of any sort for the manipulation of more complex data structures. Some more recently developed concepts - all variants of Iliffe's Basic Language Machine -- provide some hardware support for structuring data in the form of trees. Contrastingly, in the STARLET concept to be discussed in this paper, the basic data structure is that of ordered sets (as given by strings and arrays). In the paper, the basic notions of this novel concept are introduced and discussed, especially the internal information structure which differs considerably from that of the von Neumann-machine or other concepts. This very idiosyncratic information structure has far-reaching consequences with respect to the hardware structure of the machine. Finally, a number of resulting features will be discussed and an attempt will be made to compare the computing power of STARLET with that of avon Neumann-machine with equally fast hardware.
Intersubband relaxation in modulation-doped multiple-quantum-well structures.

Photoexcited carrier behavior in modulation-doped multiple narrow GaAs-${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As quantum-well structures which vary in quantum-well width and doping concentration is investigated with Monte Carlo simulations. The model includes scattering of \ensuremath{\Gamma}-valley subband electrons by confined slab and interface-polar-optical phonons and between \ensuremath{\Gamma}-valley and L-valley electrons via optical-deformation-potential phonons. The model closely predicts time constants for electron relaxation found experimentally and shows that the effect of including the L-valley transitions in the Monte Carlo simulation is essential.
Waiting for the Flu: Cognitive Inertia and the Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–19

This study looks at public awareness and understanding of the Spanish flu in the United States between June 1918, when the flu became "Spanish," and the end of September when the deadly second wave reached the majority of the country. Based on an extensive reading of local newspapers, it finds a near universal lack of preparation or panic or other signs of personal concern among those in the unaffected areas, despite extensive and potentially worrying coverage of the flu's progress. The normal reaction to news of the inexorable approach of a pandemic of uncertain virulence is anxiety and action. The Spanish flu produced neither in the uninfected areas for a month. The most likely reason appears to be cognitive inertia-the tendency of existing beliefs or habits of thought to blind people to changed realities. This inertia grew out of the widespread understanding of flu as a seasonal visitor that while frequently unpleasant almost never killed the strong and otherwise healthy. This view of the flu was powerful enough that it blinded many in the unaffected regions to the threat for weeks even in the face of daily or near daily coverage of the pandemic's spread.
β1 integrin-focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling modulates retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) integrity in the central nervous system (CNS) is essential for neuronal homeostasis. Signals from the ECM are transmitted to neurons through integrins, a family of cell surface receptors that mediate cell attachment to ECM. We have previously established a causal link between the activation of the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), degradation of laminin in the ECM of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and RGC death in a mouse model of retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI). Here we investigated the role of laminin-integrin signaling in RGC survival in vitro, and after ischemia in vivo. In purified primary rat RGCs, stimulation of the β1 integrin receptor with laminin, or agonist antibodies enhanced RGC survival in correlation with activation of β1 integrin’s major downstream regulator, focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Furthermore, β1 integrin binding and FAK activation were required for RGCs’ survival response to laminin. Finally, in vivo after RIRI, we observed an up-regulation of MMP-9, proteolytic degradation of laminin, decreased RGC expression of β1 integrin, FAK and Akt dephosphorylation, and reduced expression of the pro-survival molecule bcl-xL in the period preceding RGC apoptosis. RGC death was prevented, in the context of laminin degradation, by maintaining β1 integrin activation with agonist antibodies. Thus, disruption of homeostatic RGC-laminin interaction and signaling leads to cell death after retinal ischemia, and maintaining integrin activation may be a therapeutic approach to neuroprotection.
Superconducting properties of the K x WO 3 tetragonal tungsten bronze and the superconducting phase diagram of the tungsten bronze family

We report on the superconducting properties of the K${}_{x}{\mathrm{WO}}_{3}$ tetragonal tungsten bronze. The highest superconducting transition temperature (${T}_{c}=2.1$ K) was obtained for K${}_{0.38}{\mathrm{WO}}_{3}$. ${T}_{c}$ decreases linearly with increasing K content. Using the measured values for the upper critical field ${H}_{c2}$ and the specific heat $C$, we estimate the orbital critical field ${H}_{c2}$(0), coherence length $\ensuremath{\xi}$(0), Debye temperature ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{D}$, and coupling constant ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{e\text{\ensuremath{-}}p}$. The magnitude of the specific-heat jump at ${T}_{c}$ suggests that the K${}_{x}{\mathrm{WO}}_{3}$ tetragonal tungsten bronze is a weakly coupled superconductor. The superconducting phase diagram of the doped tungsten bronze family is presented.
Measurement of Young's modulus of vocal folds by indentation.

Summary Objectives To assess the accuracy of the indentation method for stiffness measurements and to estimate the Young's modulus of the vocal fold using this technique. Study Design Basic science. Methods Indentation tests were performed using a range of indenter diameters and indentation depths on single- and double-layer silicone rubber models with various cover-layer thicknesses with known geometry and Young's moduli. Measurements were repeated on intact vocal folds and isolated muscle and cover-layer samples from three cadaveric human larynges. Results Indentation on single-layer rubber models yielded Young's moduli with acceptable accuracy when the indentation depth was equal to or smaller than the indenter diameter, and both were smaller than the physical dimensions of the material sample. On two-layer models, the stiffness estimation was similarly influenced by indenter diameter and indentation depth, and acceptable accuracy was reached when indentation depth was much smaller than the height of the top cover layer. Measurements on midmembranous vocal fold tissue revealed location-dependent Young's moduli (in kPa) as follows: intact hemilarynx, 8.6 (range = 5.3–13.1); isolated inferior medial surface cover, 7.5 (range = 7–7.9); isolated medial surface cover, 4.8 (range = 3.9–5.7); isolated superior surface cover, 2.9 (range = 2.7–3.2); and isolated thyroarytenoid muscle, 2.0 (range = 1.3–2.7). Conclusions Indenter diameter, indentation depth, and material thickness are important parameters in the measurement of vocal fold stiffness using the indentation technique. Measurements on human larynges showed location-dependent differences in stiffness. The stiffness of the vocal folds was also found to be higher when the vocal fold structure was still attached to the laryngeal framework compared with that when the vocal fold was separated from the framework.
Flight Skill Proficiency Issues In Instrument Approach Accidents

Despite procedural modifications and advanced technology instrumentation, instrument approach phase accidents continue to be an issue in general aviation. This exploratory study details an analysis of instrument approach phase accidents that occurred between 2002 and 2012. Particular attention was focused on instrument proficiency check (IPC) currency for pilots involved in accidents during the approach phase of flight. An analysis suggests that more than half of instrument approach accidents evaluated during this study happened within three and half months of the last IPC. A leading cause of these accidents was failure to control the aircraft. Instrument training issues and potential follow-on studies are addressed.
The treatment of acne with topical retinoids: One man's opinions

Abstract Acne is a family of disorders that vary greatly in pathogenesis and clinical manifestation. Accordingly, no simple recipe for treatment can be given, and treatment options vary with the stage and intensity of the disease. Topical retinoids are the mainstay for treating common varieties of acne vulgaris. They also prevent development of comedones, halting progression to inflammatory lesions. Tretinoin was the first retinoid used in the topical treatment of acne more than 25 years ago. Isotretinoin, which has recently become available, is less irritating, but is probably somewhat less effective. Adapalene is a recently introduced topical retinoid used to treat acne. It enjoys therapeutic equivalence to tretinoin but is less irritating. Except for very mild acne cases, topical retinoids should be used concommitantly with other drugs. The operating principle is to choose drugs whose modes of action are different from topical retinoids, that is, antibiotics or benzoyl peroxide. Topical retinoids, however, constitute the core of nearly all therapeutic programs for acne. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36:S92-5.)
Hyperglycemia Not Due to Diabetes Mellitus

Intercurrent illness may trigger hyperglycemia as a result of the secretion of stress hormones and cytokines. This condition is termed “stress hyperglycemia.” Patients with stress hyperglycemia (rather than diabetes mellitus) usually do not have a lengthy history of polyuria, polydipsia, or weight loss. They do not manifest symptoms or signs of ketoacidosis (hyperpnea, acetone smell of breath). In addition, biochemical evidence of ketoacidosis is absent. If hyperglycemia is associated with a serum glucose above the low 200s, inpatient evaluation is preferred. In the emergency department, hemoglobin A1c can help acutely in estimating chronicity, with high levels prompting admission. Levels of diabetes antibodies should be drawn, and follow-up should be arranged to ascertain normalcy of glucose after resolution of the intercurrent illness.
Introduction: The politics of local and regional development

This Special Issue has had a very long gestation period. The idea was originally conceived in the course of two special sessions at the annual conference of the Association of American Geographers ...
Analogs of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in potentiating the spinal monosynaptic reflex in vitro.

Abstract The efficacy of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and its analogs to potentiate the spinal monosynaptic reflex was studied in isolated cords. The analogs examined were L -pyro-2-aminoadipyl-histidyl-thizolidine-4-carboxyamide (MK-771); pyroglutamyl-histidyl-prolineamide (TRH); pyroglutamyl- L -histidyl-3,3′-dimethyl-prolineamide (RX77368); (3-methyl-His 2 )TRH (methyl-TRH); γ-buturolactone-γ-carbonyl-histidyl-prolineamide citrate (DN-1417); pyroglutamyl-histidyl-proline (TRH-free acid); and histidyl-proline- diketopiperazine (cyclo(His-Pro)). The TRH analogs potentiated the monosynaptic reflex in a dose-dependent manner and the maximal potentiation occurred at about 1 μM. TRH-free acid potentiated the monosynaptic reflex but the maximal potentiation occurred at 100 times the TRH concentrations. Cyclo(His-Pro) was totally ineffective. The concentration required to potentiate the monosynaptic reflex by 50% of the maximal response (EC 50 ) was taken as an index for comparing various analogs in relation to TRH. The EC 50 values of the analogs did not differ significantly from each other. However, the ratio of the mean value of an analog to that of TRH was of the following order: MK-771 (N- and C-terminally altered) ⩾ TRH ⩾ DN-1417 (N-terminal) ⩾ methyl-TRH ⩾ RX77368 (C-terminal) > > > TRH-free acid. Cyclo(His-Pro) was ineffective.
Squashing microcode stores to size in embedded systems while delivering rapid microcode accesses

Microcoded customized IPs offer superior performance and direct programmability of micro-architectural structures compared to instruction-based processors, yet at the cost of drastically enlarged code sizes. Code compression can deliver size reductions but necessitates attention to performance issues, so that the performance benefits of microcoded IPs are not squandered in the process. To attain this goal, we propose in this paper a fast code compression technique through exploiting the fact that the microcodes contain a sizable amount of unspecified bits. Although the values and the positions of the specified bits are highly irregular, the proposed technique can still flexibly and precisely fill in these fully specified bits through utilizing a linear network. The linear property inherent in the compression strategy in turn enables the development of an extremely low-overhead decompression engine. At runtime, the decompressed code can be generated in such a way that all the specified bits can be filled as required by a fixed-bandwidth XOR network. The combination of the proposed flexible XOR-based network with a minimum two-level storage for highly specified fields, such as immediate values, offers utmost code compression, attained within a negligible amount of performance and hardware overhead.
Grounded Theory in Global Perspective: Reviews by International Researchers

This article locates grounded theory in its national, historical, and disciplinary origins and explores how and to what extent these origins affect research practice across the globe. The article begins a conversation with international researchers who review using grounded theory in their countries and cultures. Their reviews reveal the significance of (a) shared meanings, (b) contradictions between data collection techniques and cultural practices, (c) tensions between coding in English and native languages, (d) points of cultural convergence and grounded theory strategies, and (e) local constraints. In conclusion, the article calls for attending to how the national and cultural underpinnings of methodological approaches affect inquiry.
Education and the Food-Systems Veterinarian: The Impact of New Information Technologies

ABSTRACT Food systems educators face a double challenge: (1) the inherent change in scope and perspective from raising animals to producing safe food in an environmentally conscientious manner; and (2) the unprecedented demand for higher education, both nationally and internationally. In the modern world, small numbers of producers are capable of feeding a growing population. As demographics have shifted from rural to urban areas, more global livelihoods are derived from manufacturing and services than from agriculture. Education, as one of those services, is accounting for an increasing percentage of world trade, through the physical translocation of students and, more recently, through online education. Within the veterinary realm, colleges outside the United States seek accreditation to better compete for students, and there is increasing pressure from private schools. Today's food systems require a high level of veterinary expertise, with specialization in a particular production system as well as the...
Screening of a Biodegradable Polymer Library for Optimal Scaffolding for Mineralized Tissue Engineering

Combinatorial libraries have been developed recently for identifying large numbers of potentially bioactive compounds or materials for a range of medical applications[1]. While drug companies have been using methods for screening libraries of compounds for therapeutic benefit for years, only recently have libraries been exploited for the generation of scaffolds for regenerative medicine[2–4]. Our lab has developed a library of photocrosslinkable and biodegradable poly(β-amino ester)s (PBAEs)[5] that can be easily tuned for stiffness and degradation for a variety of applications [6]. Here, we screened these materials for their degradation behavior, mechanical properties, and cellular interactions sequentially using specified criteria to identify potential candidates for scaffolding in bone tissue engineering. One candidate material was further investigated for scaffold processing, biocompatibility, and the ability to form mineralized tissue in a rodent cranial defect model with the addition of osteoinductive factors.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The most proficient enzyme as the central theme in an integrated, research‐based biochemistry laboratory course

The enzyme orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase is an attractive choice for the central theme of an integrated, research-based biochemistry laboratory course. A series of laboratory exercises common to most instructional laboratories, including enzyme assays, protein purification, enzymatic characterization, elementary kinetics, and recombinant DNA methods, has been devised. The series of exercises requires biochemical instrumentation common to most laboratories and some specialized materials available from the author's institution to laboratory instructors.
Acceptibility, Evidence, and Severity

The notion of a severe test has played an important methodological role in the history of science. But it has not until recently been analyzed in any detail. We develop a generally Bayesian analysis of the notion, compare it with Deborah Mayo’s error-statistical approach by way of sample diagnostic tests in the medical sciences, and consider various objections to both. At the core of our analysis is a distinction between evidence and confirmation or belief. These notions must be kept separate if mistakes are to be avoided; combined in the right way, they provide an adequate understanding of severity.
Structure and Dynamics of a Parasitoid Community Attacking Larvae of Psilocorsis quercicella (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae)

This study investigated the temporal patterns of parasitoid attack and diversity within and among years and the potential ecological factors influencing the incidence of parasitism experienced by the larvae of a bivoltine moth, Psilocorsis quercicella Clemens. To do this, field- collected larvae were reared throughout both generations during 1995—1997 in eastern Missouri. Annual variation in percentage parasitism was extremely low, ranging from 16.2 to 18.1%. Low annual variation in parasitism may contribute to host population stability. In contrast, intergenerational differences in percentage parasitism were highly significant in 2 of the 3 yr of study, with higher rates in the 1st generation (G1) than in the 2nd generation (G2). Instar at collection was a significant predictor of percentage parasitism during G1 but not during G2; this difference was likely caused by variation in the frequency of attack by idiobiont parasitoids in the 2 generations. Ten species of parasitoids were positively identified from the rearings. Of these, 3 were new records and 1 was a new species. A consistent increase in parasitoid species richness from G1 to G2 was found for all 3 yr, with several generalist parasitoids emerging only from larvae collected during G2. Host-switching behaviors related to seasonal differences in the abundance of a congener, P. reflexella Clemens, are hypothesized to contribute to the increased parasitoid diversity in G2. Although parasitoids were more likely to visit high-density ties, the risk of parasitism for individual larvae was independent of the density of both conspecifics and heterospecifics occupying a leaftie. A field experiment exam- ining the effects of prior tie occupancy on parasitism found that larvae placed in previously occupied ties were almost twice as likely to be parasitized (24.4%) as larvae placed in newly created ties (13.6%).
Determining the Proper Stent Length to Use in Children: Age Plus 10

Purpose: Double-J® ureteral stents are used in children following various surgeries. The length of Double-J stent to use is often determined empirically. An accurate and easy to recall mathematical relationship between stent length and another parameter would be helpful to a urologist treating children. We determined whether such a relationship exists between appropriate Double-J stent length and the age of the child.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the ages of and Double-J stent length used in all children in the last 5 years. Proper stent length was defined as a gentle curve of the distal coil in the bladder on direct vision and of the proximal coil in the renal pelvis on fluoroscopy or ultrasound. Data were stratified according to laterality and gender, and then regression analyses were performed between patient age and stent length.Results: There were 153 patients who were stented during this period. The surgeries for which a stent was used included ureteral reimplantation in 37 cases, renal surgery...
MICROWAVE CURING OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND FEASIBILITY FOR PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Abstract The acceleration of strength development in concrete is beneficial to many operations in construction, such as precasting and pavement repair. In this paper, the effects of microwave on the early (at 4.5 h) and later age (7 day) strength of both mortar and concrete specimens are reported. With microwave curing, type III Portland cement concrete can develop early strength and later age strength that compare very favourably with commercially available rapid hardening concrete as well as concrete containing accelerating admixtures. With the experimental results demonstrating the potential of rapid curing with microwave energy, important issues relating to the development of the microwave curing technique for practical construction applications are discussed.
The future of work is play: Global shifts suggest rise in productivity games

Shifts in global, societal, technological, economic, and socio-political trends will shape the future of work. The culmination of these distinct trends across multiple facets of societal and technological advancement will lead to an increased use of game mechanics in the workplace of the future. Over the last several years, several Microsoft teams have deployed “productivity games” to improve software engineering processes through the application of game mechanics. Augmenting a business process with game mechanics has led to significant productivity improvements. These lessons support the notion that games can - and will - be an important component of the workplace of the future.
Possibilities of Heat Pumps for Heating Homes

Heat pumps are refrigerating systems in which the principal interest is in the heat given off by the condenser. A portion of this comes from the electric input to the compressor and the remainder from cooling an external source of heat, usually outdoor air. Heat output is several times the equivalent of electric input, and these systems offer possibilities of fuel economy beyond anything. possible with fuel-burning equipment. These systems can be used for all-year air conditioning, but the heat requirement dictates larger equipment than necessary for cooling only. Electric-load requirements are attractive, but further development is necessary and will be dependent on the promotion of summer air conditioning for homes.
Helping Stepfathers ‘‘Step Away’’ From the Role of ‘‘Father’’: Directions for Family Intervention:

This article will use current data to confirm the growing numbers of stepfamilies as a legitimate family constellation in 21st century America. Given those incidences of stepfamily formation, clinicians need to understand salient characteristics of stepfathering as the most recent addition to the family dynamics as a way to support healthy stepfamily integration. This article will review the current literature to provide those descriptions in terms of family interaction patterns and of interactions with the nonresidential father leading to implications for clinical interventions.
C++: solving C's shortcomings?

Abstract C++ [1, 2] extends a modern, general purpose programming language into the object-oriented programming paradigm. The language ameliorates disadvatanges of C while introducing new problems. Advantages and disadvantages of traditional C [3, 4] have been discussed in [5]. This paper assesses C++, examining why it is better general purpose programming langauge. Since C++ is “object-oriented” we consider how well it implements that metaphor. In this paper we assume the reader has a working knowledge of the C programming language. Section 1 briefly enumerates advantages and disadvantages of C to provide a context for assessing C++. In Section 2 we describe new C++ features and discuss ways they ameliorate shortcomings of C. Section 3 describes philosophical and practical problems with C++. The last section assesses C++ as a successor to C.
Quantum percolation in three-dimensional systems

The quantum site- and bond-percolation problems, which are defined by a disordered tight-binding Hamiltonian with a binary probability distribution, are studied using finite-size scaling methods. For the simple-cubic lattice, the dependence of the mobility edge on the strength of the disorder is obtained for both the site- and bond-percolation case. We find that the quantum percolation threshold is ${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{q}}^{\mathit{s}}$=0.44\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 for the site case and ${\mathit{p}}_{\mathit{q}}^{\mathit{b}}$=0.32\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 for the bond case. A detailed numerical study of the density of states (DOS) is also presented. A rich structure in the DOS is obtained and its dependence on the concentration and strength of disorder is presented.
Tracking performance across software revisions

Repository-based revision control systems such as CVS, RCS, Subversion, and GIT, are extremely useful tools that enable software developers to concurrently modify source code, manage conflicting changes, and commit updates as new revisions. Such systems facilitate collaboration with and concurrent contribution to shared source code by large developer bases. In this work, we investigate a framework for "performance-aware" repository and revision control for Java programs. Our system automatically tracks behavioral differences across revisions to provide developers with feedback as to how their change impacts performance of the application. It does so as part of the repository commit process by profiling the performance of the program or component, and performing automatic analyses that identify differences in the dynamic behavior or performance between two code revisions.In this paper, we present our system that is based upon and extends prior work on calling context tree (CCT) profiling and performance differencing. Our framework couples the use of precise CCT information annotated with performance metrics and call-site information, with a simple tree comparison technique and novel heuristics that together target the cause of performance differences between code revisions without knowledge of program semantics. We evaluate the efficacy of the framework using a number of open source Java applications and present a case study in which we use the framework to distinguish two revisions of the popular FindBugs application.
Implementation of locking schemes in extended dependency graphs

Abstract Concurrency control in deductive databases is an important issue which deserves much attention. In this paper we examine implementation of locking schemes. We adopt a model based on dependency graphs extended with compatibility trees, and describe features related to implementation of locking schemes in this model. Algorithms for read and write locking schemes are provided, and are illustrated by several examples. Although these algorithms are simple, they exemplify what are the unique problems of concurrency control that may be encountered in deductive databases, and how to deal with these problems.
Successful reintubation after cervical spine exposure using an Aintree intubation catheter and a Laryngeal Mask Airway

Unintentional intraoperative tracheal extubation can be potentially catastrophic, especially in patients with difficult airways. We describe a case in which extubation occurred during cervical spine decompression. Reintubation was facilitated with a Laryngeal Mask Airway and an Aintree intubation catheter.
Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Distributed Convex Optimization in the Presence of Stochastic Uncertainty

Abstract In this paper, we propose distributed optimization methods to solve systems of linear equations. We provide convergence analysis for both continuous and discrete time computation models based on linear systems theory. It is shown that the proposed computation approaches work for very general linear equations, scalable with data sets and can be implemented in distributed or parallel fashion. Furthermore, we show that the discrete time algorithm admits constant update step size in the presence of additive uncertainties. This robustness feature makes the approach computationally efficient and supplementary to the existing approaches to deal with uncertainties such as stochastic (sub-)gradient methods and sample averaging.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VOCALIZATIONS OF DOMESTIC GOAT DOES CAPRA HIRCUS IN RESPONSE TO THEIR OFFSPRING'S CRIES

ABSTRACT The vocalizations emitted by adult female domestic goats in response to their offspring's bleats were recorded, and sonograms were made and analyzed. The calls were segmented, atonal, and broad banded between 200 and 4,840 Hz. The energy was concentrated, on the average, around 1,258 Hz, a frequency close to the optimal hearing capabilities of the species. There were statistically significant individual differences for duration, number of segments, number of harmonics, peak frequency and fundamental frequency. Furthermore, using a discriminant function analysis we were able to correctly assign 76% of the calls to the individuals that emitted them. We concluded that the does have individually distinctive vocalizations, and that the physical characteristics of the bleats allow for locatability and ease of detection of the signal. Therefore, it is possible for the kids to be able to recognize and locate their mothers on the basis of auditory cues.
The role of animal seed dispersal in accelerating native forest regeneration on degraded tropical lands

This paper reviews the characteristics of animal seed dispersal relevant to tropical forest restoration efforts and discusses their management implications. In many tropical regions seed dispersal by animals is the predominant form of dissemination of propagules and has the potential to facilitate recolonization of native vegetation on degraded sites. The site traits relevant for attracting seed dispersers include the availability of perches, the structural complexity of the vegetation and the presence of food resources, especially fruit, as an attractant. Tree plantations with these traits will be particularly attractive to animal seed dispersers and, therefore, will have higher rates of seed rain than plantations lacking these traits. The efficacy of animal seed dispersal to restoration sites can be limited by the degree of isolation from a seed source, absence of animal seed dispersers in the region and by large seed size. In highly degraded regions, where seed sources may be isolated and animal seed dispersers rare, restoration will require direct seeding or planting. However, even under the best of conditions with a full compliment of animal seed dispersers and a nearby seed source, large-seeded species, because of their relative immobility, should be planted if a full return to primary forest is desired.
Daily oscillations of the mid-latitude thermosphere studied by incoherent scatter at Millstone Hull

Abstract The daily behavior of the mid-latitude thermosphere is studied by incoherent scatter radar at Millstone Hill, Massachusetts (42.6°N, 71.5°W). Based upon the thermal and dynamic coupling between the ionosphere and neutral atmosphere, estimates of the thermospheric temperature, density and meridional winds are derived from measurements of plasma temperatures, density and drift velocity. The temperature of the lower thermosphere is found to be dominated by semi-diurnal thermal tides propagating from the mesosphere with an average amplitude of 26°K. The phase and vertical wavelength observed are consistent with the solar (2, 4) mode. The oscillations diminish with altitude, and above 200 km, the temperature is observed to be dominated by an in situ diurnal tide having an amplitude of about 100°K and a time of maximum at 1400 hr LT. The semi-diurnal component of the exospheric temperature is only about 30 per cent of the diurnal amplitude and its phase variation reflects the change in the length of the day. The meridional wind velocity deduced at 300 km is found to be equatorward during the night and poleward during the day. The wind velocity is found to have diurnal and semi-diurnal components whose amplitudes have the same ratio as the temperature oscillations. In contrast, the electric fields generated in the dynamo region and conducted into the upper thermosphere have been observed to be primarily semi-diurnal at Millstone. Simultaneous estimates of exospheric temperature and density do not demonstrate the existence of a pronounced and consistent phase discrepancy between the two parameters. The radar results are compared with other experimental measurements, with tidal theory predictions and with empirical models of the thermosphere.
Chimeric mutagenesis of putative G-protein coupling domains of the alpha2A-adrenergic receptor. Localization of two redundant and fully competent gi coupling domains

We have investigated potential Gi and Gs coupling domains within the intracellular regions of the alpha2AAR subtype using a series of nine chimeric mutations. The second intracellular loop (ICL2, amino acids 133-149) and the amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions of the third intracellular loop (ICL3, amino acids 218-235 and 355-371, respectively) of the cloned human alpha2AAR were substituted with the analogous sequence from either the Gs-coupled beta2AR or the Gi-coupled serotonin type 1A receptor (5-HT1AR). Mutant and wild type alpha2AAR were stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells and functional coupling of each receptor to Gi and Gs was assessed in membrane adenylyl cyclase assays. Substitution of 5-HT1AR sequence into ICL2 ablated coupling to Gs but not to Gi, whereas substitution of beta2AR sequence significantly depressed coupling to Gi but not to Gs. Thus, the ICL2 of the alpha2AAR contains elements essential for both signaling pathways. Substitution of either the amino- or carboxyl-terminal segments of ICL3 with 5-HT1AR sequence ablated agonist stimulation of adenylyl cyclase activity (without affecting inhibition), suggesting that both domains are necessary for alpha2AAR coupling to Gs. In contrast, individual substitution of beta2AR sequence into ICL3 amino or carboxyl termini had no appreciable effect on Gi coupling. Concomitant substitution of beta2AR sequence into both regions substantially impaired Gi coupling, implying that each is capable of independently supporting functional coupling. Substitution of 5-HT1AR at either locus had no effect on Gi coupling. Thus, for Gs coupling, these two domains within ICL3 are both required for functional coupling. However, for Gi coupling, the alpha2AAR appears to have two distinct regions within ICL3 that are capable of supporting Gi coupling independently. There has been no previous elucidation of a receptor having redundant, fully competent domains for coupling to a single class of G-protein. Such duplicity of functional domains within alpha2AR may suggest strong evolutionary pressure to maintain Gi coupling.
The distribution of visual attention in infants.

In this study, the relationships between the length, number, and distribution of looks were investigated. To this end, 5-, 7-, and 9-month-old infants were familiarized for 24 or 36 s with two identical geometric forms and tested with a novel form paired with the familiar one. The distribution of individual looks to different portions of the display were monitored. At all ages, infants who had briefer looks (short lookers) demonstrated more broadly distributed looks than long lookers; they showed more looks, more shifts, and inspection of more stimulus areas. Also, the greater numbers of shifts exhibited by short lookers included more horizontal, vertical, and diagonal shifts than long lookers. During the test trials, short lookers, primarily in the 5- and 9-month sample, demonstrated greater novelty preference. Data from this study suggest that the distribution of attention is related to short and long looking as is found when visual attention is assessed at a micro level (e.g., Bronson, 1991).
Future Adults or Old Children? Integrating Life History Frameworks for Understanding Primate Positional Patterns

Positional behavior is a measurable and observable link between the functional morphology/physiology and behavior of an animal in its environment. Locomotion, posture, and the morphology that allows movement abilities and expressed behaviors throughout the life stages interact with every aspect of an individual primate’s life and are important life history characteristics. Locomotion and posture in adults relate to survival and maintenance, thus allowing for reproduction, whereas in infants and juveniles, positional behavior is essential to survival and growth to reproductive maturity. The timing of life stages and biobehavioral strategies for survival and reproduction in different species are the products of natural selection. A life history perspective integrates knowledge of evolutionary processes with understanding the multifaceted roles of positional behavior in primates.
The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): a split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate oceanic model

Abstract The purpose of this study is to find a combination of optimal numerical algorithms for time-stepping and mode-splitting suitable for a high-resolution, free-surface, terrain-following coordinate oceanic model. Due to mathematical feedback between the baroclinic momentum and tracer equations and, similarly, between the barotropic momentum and continuity equations, it is advantageous to treat both modes so that, after a time step for the momentum equation, the computed velocities participate immediately in the computation of tracers and continuity, and vice versa, rather than advancing all equations for one time step simultaneously. This leads to a new family of time-stepping algorithms that combine forward–backward feedback with the best known synchronous algorithms, allowing an increased time step due to the enhanced internal stability without sacrificing its accuracy. Based on these algorithms we design a split-explicit hydrodynamic kernel for a realistic oceanic model, which addresses multiple numerical issues associated with mode splitting. This kernel utilizes consistent temporal averaging of the barotropic mode via a specially designed filter function to guarantee both exact conservation and constancy preservation properties for tracers and yields more accurate (up to second-order), resolved barotropic processes, while preventing aliasing of unresolved barotropic signals into the slow baroclinic motions. It has a more accurate mode-splitting due to redefined barotropic pressure-gradient terms to account for the local variations in density field, while maintaining the computational efficiency of a split model. It is naturally compatible with a variety of centered and upstream-biased high-order advection algorithms, and helps to mitigate computational cost of expensive physical parameterization of mixing processes and submodels.
The Evolution of Invertebrate Gene Body Methylation

DNA methylation of transcription units (gene bodies) occurs in the genomes of many animal and plant species. Phylogenetic persistence of gene body methylation implies biological significance; yet, the functional roles of gene body methylation remain elusive. In this study, we analyzed methylation levels of orthologs from four distantly related invertebrate species, including the honeybee, silkworm, sea squirt, and sea anemone. We demonstrate that in all four species, gene bodies distinctively cluster to two groups, which correspond to high and low methylation levels. This pattern resembles that of sequence composition arising from the mutagenetic effect of DNA methylation. In spite of this effect, our results show that protein sequences of genes targeted by high levels of methylation are conserved relative to genes lacking methylation. Our investigation identified many genes that either gained or lost methylation during the course of invertebrate evolution. Most of these genes appear to have lost methylation in the insect lineages we investigated, particularly in the honeybee. We found that genes that are methylated in all four invertebrate taxa are enriched for housekeeping functions related to transcription and translation, whereas the loss of DNA methylation occurred in genes whose functions include cellular signaling and reproductive processes. Overall, our study helps to illuminate the functional significance of gene body methylation and its impacts on genome evolution in diverse invertebrate taxa.
Targeting Aurora kinase-A downregulates cell proliferation and angiogenesis in neuroblastoma

Abstract Purpose Aurora kinase A (AURKA) overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in neuroblastoma and has been described to upregulate VEGF in gastric cancer cells. However, the exact role of AURKA in the regulation of neuroblastoma tumorigenesis remains unknown. We hypothesize that AURKA-mediated stabilization of N-Myc may affect VEGF expression and angiogenesis in neuroblastoma. Therefore, we sought to determine whether inhibition of AURKA modulates neuroblastoma angiogenesis. Methods Cell viability and anchorage-independent growth were determined after silencing AURKA or after treatment with MLN8237, AURKA inhibitor. Immunofluorescence was used to determine N-Myc localization. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to assess angiogenesis in vitro . Real time-PCR and ELISA were performed to determine VEGF transcription and secretion, respectively. Results Knockdown of AURKA significantly reduced cell proliferation and inhibited anchorage-independent growth. It also decreased N-Myc protein levels and nuclear localization. AURKA inhibition also decreased HUVECs tubule formation along with VEGF transcription and secretion. Similarly, MLN8237 treatment decreased neuroblastoma tumorigenicity in vitro . Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that AURKA plays a critical role in neuroblastoma angiogenesis. AURKA regulates nuclear translocation of N-Myc in neuroblastoma cells, thus potentially affecting cell proliferation, anchorage-independent cell growth, and angiogenesis. Targeting AURKA might provide a novel therapeutic strategy in treating aggressive neuroblastomas.
Scheduling in wireless cellular networks under probabilistic channel information

As wireless networks continue to grow, users will be demanding more service diversity and differential quality-of-service (QoS). At the packet level, differential QoS is met by means of scheduling for channel access. Several algorithms have been proposed for packet scheduling over the wireless link. The main consideration in the design of these algorithms is the characteristics of the wireless channel. Previous works used a two-state Markov model to characterize the channel and design the scheduling algorithm. This coarse approximation can lead to a considerable amount of inaccuracy in the expected user performance, i.e., when implemented under realistic channel conditions the algorithm may not perform as expected. In this paper, we propose a scheduling algorithm and an associated MAC scheme that enable operation under realistic channel conditions. We use an JV-state Markov model to characterize the channel, where N > 2. The channel characteristics are incorporated into the scheduler through the use of future channel estimates, making the scheduler more immune to channel variations. Our scheme allows for adaptive FEC, whereby the code rate varies according to the forecasted channel state. Comparisons between the proposed algorithm and wireless fair service (WFS) S. Lu et al., (1998) show that the proposed algorithm gives better results in terms of both throughput and delay, while preserving the fairness characteristics. It is also shown that the proposed algorithm is more stable under variations in mobility and network load. Furthermore, by being able to significantly reduce the number of retransmissions, the proposed algorithm makes better utilization of the channel bandwidth and reduces the energy consumed in delivering a packet.
Rethinking the Extraverted Sales Ideal The Ambivert Advantage

Despite the widespread assumption that extraverts are the most productive salespeople, research has shown weak and conflicting relationships between extraversion and sales performance. In light of these puzzling results, I propose that the relationship between extraversion and sales performance is not linear but curvilinear: Ambiverts achieve greater sales productivity than extraverts or introverts do. Because they naturally engage in a flexible pattern of talking and listening, ambiverts are likely to express sufficient assertiveness and enthusiasm to persuade and close a sale but are more inclined to listen to customers' interests and less vulnerable to appearing too excited or overconfident. A study of 340 outbound-call-center representatives supported the predicted inverted-U-shaped relationship between extraversion and sales revenue. This research presents a fresh perspective on the personality traits that facilitate successful influence and offers novel insights for people in choosing jobs and for organizations in hiring and training employees.