cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of temperature and pressure on the molecular and electronic structure of N,N′-ethylenebis(salicylideneiminato)nitrosyliron, Fe(NO)(salen)

Abstract The crystal and molecular structures of the two magnetically distinct forms of Fe(NO)(salen), C 16 H 14 N 3 O 3 Fe, have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction at 23 °C and at −175 °C. The complex crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna2 1 with 4 molecules per unit cell. The unit cell dimensions are a = 26.377(2), b = 8.598(5) and c = 6.951(5) A at 23 °C and a = 26.18(2), b = 8.52(1) and c = 6.783(6) A at −175 °C. Full-matrix least-squares refinement of the 23 °C structure based on the 840 reflections with F 2 o ⩾ 3σ(F 2 o ) gave a conventional R-factor of 0.038. The structure consists of discrete Fe(NO)(salen) molecules with tetragonal pyramidal coordination about the iron atom. The disordered nitrosyl group occupies the axial coordination site in a bent geometry (average FeNO angle 147°). Full-matrix least-squares refinement of the −175°C structure based on the 406 reflections with F 2 o ⩾ 2σ(F 2 o ) gave a conventional R-factor of 0.087. This form of Fe(NO)(salen) also exhibits tetragonal pyramidal coordination geometry with a bent disordered nitrosyl group in the apical position. Marginally significant structural changes are observed: 1) the FeNO angle is 127°; 2) the Fe atom is 0.1 A closer to the mean coordination plane of the salen ligand are more nearly coplanar. These structural changes are consistent with a spin state of Fe(NO)(salen) from S = 3 2 to S = 1 2 upon cooling. The significant differences in th conformations of the salen ligand at the two temperatures are attributed to crystal packing. The infrared spectra of Fe(NO)(salen) at room temperature for various pressures ranging from ambient pressure up to 37 kbar are reported. The spectra suggest that Fe(NO)(salen) is converted to the S = 1 2 state at high pressure.
A unique subgenomic species of adenovirus 2 DNA generated under high multiplicities of infection

Abstract We have identified a novel subgenomic viral DNA in KB cells infected with adenovirus 2 (Ad2) under high multiplicities of infection. KB cells were infected with Ad2 at multiplicities of infection greater than 100 PFU/cell. 32P-labeled viral DNA was selectively extracted by a modification of the method of Hirt (8) from the infected cells and analyzed by electrophoresis on agarose gels. In addition to full-length DNA (33 to 23 x 10(6) daltons), a unique subgenomic DNA species of about 12 to 13% (2.6 x 10(6) daltons) of full-length DNA in size was found in the infected cells. This subgenomic DNA was found to be double stranded and was not packaged inside the virus particles. This DNA could be isolated in large amounts (30 to 50% of total viral DNA) from infected cells. When cleaved with restriction endonuclease KpnI, the subgenomic DNA yielded two fragments, each corresponding to about 6% and 7% of the full-length genome in size.
Inert gas-shielded welding arc behavior and metal transfer characteristics

An investigation of inert gas-shielded consumable electrode arc behavior and metal transfer characteristics was undertaken on aluminum and steel in flat, vertical, and overhead welding positions with the use of argon, argon + 5-per-cent(%) oxygen, helium and helium + 5% oxygen shielding gases. Arc and metal transfer behavior were observed with high-speed motion pictures with the use of intense supplementary illumination to facilitate photography. Electrical behavior of the arc was examined during production of a considerable number of weld beads by recording oscilloscope traces of arc current or voltage on the high-speed pictures of the arc. Thus, relationships were observed between current transients and arc physical behavior. Arcs shielded with argon or a mixture of argon + 5% oxygen, known commercially as sigma grade argon, were more stable and operated with less spatter than similar arcs in helium or helium + 5% oxygen. Although addition of oxygen to argon was desirable, addition of oxygen to helium shielding gas did not improve arc behavior or metal transfer. Numerous large transients occurred in current and voltage of reverse polarity (RP) arcs in helium and helium + oxygen shielding gas. The transients or disturbances were frequently associated with drop severance from the filler wire and with formation of undesirable spatter. Electrical disturbances were not present in similar arcs in argon or argon + oxygen shielding gases.
Regional Nerve Blocks of the Face

Regional nerve blocks of the face are important skills every emergency physician ought to know. Facial anesthesia improves cosmetic outcomes, reduces pain, and improves patient satisfaction. Understanding the anatomy of the head and face is essential to the application of regional anesthesia, and this anatomy will be reviewed in depth. By completion of this article, physicians should appreciate the basics of the various nerve blocks of the head and face to repair any laceration.
Commercial memory aids

This article examines the psychological properties of commercial memory aids, i. e. products whose primary purpose is either to facilitate performance (a memory prosthetic), correct memory errors (a memory-failure corrective device) or perform a memory task (a memory-task robot). An analysis of 74 kinds of commerical memory aids indicated that they help memory in a specific manner, i. e. by assisting performance of a particular task (e. g. remembering what to buy, when to meet someone) which arises in a certain context (e. g. shopping, making phone calls, keeping obligations) and which involves a certain type of content (e. g. knowledge, event, intention, location, possession). Thus, commercial memory aids apear to vary in effectiveness according to the appropriateness of an aid for the task and content to which the aid is applied. It remains for clinical observation and validity tests to determine whether the effectiveness of these aids is broader or narrower than what advertisements claim for them.
A theoretical model of gas transport between arterioles and tissue.

Abstract A theoretical model of CO 2 and O 2 diffusion between arterioles and tissue was developed to determine if significant transport could occur in precapillary vessels. There is increasing evidence, both theoretical and experimental, that such exchange does occur. Using a model in which CO 2 and O 2 were coupled through the Bohr and Haldane effects, we quantified the radial and axial transport. We also examined the roles of axial diffusion in the arteriole wall and tissue and capillary structure on the transport. Capillary arrangements investigated included capillaries independent of the arteriole with the entering capillary P CO 2 or P O 2 equal to a constant, and capillaries branching off along the length of the arteriole with the entering capillary partial pressure equal to the arteriole partial pressure at the given axial location. We found that for CO 2 in arterioles with an inner diameter ranging from 200 to 22 μm, the exiting blood was 6 to 45% of the way to complete equilibrium with the surrounding tissue, respectively. For O 2 , the range was 8 to 25%, respectively. We also determined that axial diffusion in the arteriole wall and tissue has little effect on the transport and that capillary structure can alter tissue P CO 2 by as much as 12 mm Hg in the smallest arteriole, but has little effect on O 2 transport.
Structural influences of ligand geometry and charge-compensating oxoanion on a Ag(I)–organodiimine coordination complex polymer

Abstract The hydrothermal reaction of silver nitrate with trans-1-(2-pyridyl)-2-(4-pyridyl)ethylene (2,4-bpye) yields a new Ag(I) organodiimine coordination complex polymer [Ag(NO3)(2,4′-bpye)]. The structure of the complex is constructed from one-dimensional {Ag(2,4′-bpye)}nn+ sinusoidal chains in which the Ag(I) site has a distorted trigonal or ‘T’ shaped geometry through bonding to two pyridyl nitrogen atoms from the ligand and an oxygen from the nitrate anion. Crystal data: orthorhombic Pna21, a=10.9754(6), b=16.0285(9), c=13.3326(8) A, Z=4, V=2345.5 A3, Dcalc=1.994 g cm3, R1=0.0633.
Control of respiratory motor pattern by sensory neurons in spinal cord of lamprey.

Extracellular stimulation over the dorsal funiculus in the spinal cord of lampreys was found to selectively activate prolonged episodes of fictive arousal respiration (Figs. 1, 3). The induced episodes showed comparable increases in cycle frequency and motoneuron burst duration to the spontaneous arousal pattern observed in isolated brain preparations (Fig. 2). Intracellular stimulation of primary sensory neurons with axons in the dorsal funiculus, called ‘dorsal cells’, also elicited the arousal pattern (Fig. 4). Mechanoreceptive dorsal cells respond to cutaneous stimulation. When mechanical stimuli were applied to the skin of intact lampreys (Fig. 6) or to lampreys with ipsilateral vagotomy, arousal respiration was induced (Figs. 7, 8). Bilateral, but not unilateral, trigeminal lesion blocked dorsal cell induction of the arousal response (Fig. 5). Spontaneous arousal respiration was recorded from intact, unrestrained lampreys (Fig. 9). These results suggest that fictive arousal respiration is the in vitro correlate of natural arousal respiration in lampreys, and that one mechanism leading to arousal respiration may be the activity of sensory dorsal cells. A model for respiratory motor pattern switching in lamprey is proposed. The model suggests that the normal and arousal patterns are produced by separately engaging rostral or caudal pattern generators in the medulla, rather than by modifying one pattern generator (Fig. 10).
A study of robot inverse kinematics based upon the solution of differential equations

This article presents an improved numerical algorithm for robot inverse kinematics which is based upon the solution of the first-order differential equations arising from the manipulator's velocity Jacobian relations. The use of the Adams-Moulton predictorcorrector scheme leads to a fourth-order trajectory following in the joint space. The implementation of a strict descent feature for the trajectory error at the end-effector level contributes to the robustness of the algorithm near singularities. The execution of this algorithm is about 2.7 times faster than that of Gupta and Kazerounian,16 with much of the speed up coming from the use of software optimizations. Several issues related to the accuracy, convergence, speed, real-time computation, and portability of this algorithm are discussed.
Standards and limits: Emergency physicans' attitude toward prehospital resuscitation

The attitudes of emergency physicians toward using medical techniques in out-of-hospital medical cardiac arrest scenarios were assessed. The physicians' willingness to further limit the use of these techniques through prehospital Do Not Attempt Resuscitation (DNAR) protocols and their personal use of advance directives were also assessed. Questionnaires were distributed to the 1990 Council of the American College of Emergency Physicians, San Francisco, CA, to elicit demographic and clinical information. Of the 172 ACEP Council members (emergency physicians) asked to participate, 136 (79%) returned a questionnaire. These physicians represented all of the 50 United States, Puerto Rico, and two Canadian provinces. In two scenarios, most respondents recognized the uselessness of continued resuscitation for themselves, their spouse, and their parent. However, in these same situations approximately half of them would continue treating their child. Although nearly two thirds of the respondents did not have a prehospital DNAR policy in their emergency medicine system (EMS), 95% felt that they needed such a protocol. Only one-third of respondents had any type of advance directive for themselves. Experienced emergency physicians recognize that there are limits to the application of medical techniques, but are less willing to stop pediatric resuscitations, than they are to stop adult resuscitations. Emergency physicians agree on the need for prehospital DNAR protocols, but few have completed their own advance directives.
Zero degree detector for conversion-electrons from a heavy-ion-induced reaction

Abstract Internal conversion-electrons from 155 Ho were measured in-beam via the reaction 124 Sn(su35)Cl, 4n) at a beam energy of 145 MeV with a mini-orange spectrometer situated at 0° with respect to the beam direction. This is the first time that internal conversion coefficients have been reported from a zero-degree measurement with a heavy-ion-induced reaction. Internal conversion coefficients were determined for three transitions connecting two well-known ΔJ = 2 rotational sequences in 155 Ho.
Socioeconomic Stereotypes among Undergraduate College Students

Classism, i.e., socioeconomic stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination that college students direct toward their peers, was examined. A sample of 53 undergraduate students (36 women and 17 men), ages 18 to 22 years (M = 19.0, SD = 1.2), were recruited from psychology courses. Utilizing a computer-administered questionnaire, participants were randomly assigned to rate a fictitious student whose family income was specified as among the lowest or highest at the college. Upper Income targets were rated as more sociable, judgmental, attractive, more likely to use alcohol and drugs, and more likely to belong to a fraternity or sorority. Lower Income targets were rated as more likable, agreeable, conscientious, intelligent, creative, and better able to maintain close friendships. Research directed toward the middle class could help fill a gap in the classism literature. Research on classism in higher education could clarify this potentially divisive issue among undergraduates.
Learning networks for extrapolation and radar target identification

Abstract The problem of extrapolation for near-perfect reconstruction and target identification from partial frequency response data by neural networks is discussed. Because of ill-posedness, the problem has traditionally been treated with regularization methods. The relationship between regularization and the role of hidden neurons in layered neural networks is examined, and a layered nonlinear adaptive neural network for performing extrapolations and reconstructions with excellent robustness is set up. The results are then extended to neuromorphic target identification from a single “look” (single broad-band radar echo). A novel approach for achieving 100% correct identification in a learning net with excellent robustness employing realistic experimental data is also given. The findings reported could potentially obviate the need to form radar images in order to identify targets and could furnish a viable and economical means for identifying noncooperative targets.
Relationships Between Parenting Styles and the Academic Performance of Adolescents

Relationships between parenting styles, academic performance, and the mediating effects of motivation, goal orientation, and self-efficacy were examined. One hundred forty-eight high school students participated, including 58 males and 90 females. The Parenting Style/Parental Involvement Questionnaire was used to measure students' perceptions of their parents' parenting styles. The Intrinsic-Extrinsic Orientation Scale measured students' motivation. The Patterns of Adapted Learning Survey measured participants' goal orientation and academic self-efficacy. Adolescents who reported their parents as having a more authoritative parenting style were found to demonstrate more intrinsic motivation in their academic pursuits. Future implications for intervention and research are discussed.
Transient Hypoxia Alters Striatal Catecholamine Metabolism in Immature Brain: An In Vivo Microdialysis Study

Microdialysis probes were inserted bilaterally into the striatum of 7-day-old rat pups (n = 30) to examine extracellular fluid levels of dopamine, its metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA), and the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). The dialysis samples were assayed by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Baseline levels, measured after a 2-h stabilization period, were as follows: dopamine, not detected; DOPAC, 617 +/- 33 fmol/min; HVA, 974 +/- 42 fmol/min; and 5-HIAA, 276 +/- 15 fmol/min. After a 40-min baseline sampling period, 12 animals were exposed to 8% oxygen for 120 min. Hypoxia produced marked reductions in the striatal extracellular fluid levels of both dopamine metabolites (p less than 0.001 by analysis of variance) and a more gradual and less prominent reduction in 5-HIAA levels (p less than 0.02 by analysis of variance), compared with controls (n = 12) sampled in room air. In the first hour after hypoxia, DOPAC and HVA levels rose quickly, whereas 5-HIAA levels remained suppressed. The magnitude of depolarization-evoked release of dopamine (elicited by infusion of potassium or veratrine through the microdialysis probes for 20 min) was evaluated in control and hypoxic animals. Depolarization-evoked dopamine efflux was considerably higher in hypoxic pups than in controls: hypoxic (n = 7), 257 +/- 32 fmol/min; control (n = 12), 75 +/- 14 fmol/min (p less than 0.001 by analysis of variance). These data demonstrate that a brief exposure to moderate hypoxia markedly disrupts striatal catecholamine metabolism in the immature rodent brain.
Properties of firefly pyrophosphatase.

Abstract 1. 1. An enzyme which hydrolyzes inorganic pyrophosphate to orthophosphate has been partially purified from extracts of firefly lanterns. 2. 2. Magnesium ion is essential for enzyme activity; Mn, Zn, Ca, and Be ions are completely inactive. Magnesium ion, at a concentration of 0.00045 M gives 50% of maximum activity. 3. 3. The maximum rate of substrate hydrolysis is observed at pH 8.3 and at a substrate concentration of 0.0004 M . Higher concentrations of the substrate inhibit the enzyme. 4. 4. The optimum temperature was 35 °C., and the experimental energy of activation of the reaction was approximately 37,000 calories. 5. 5. No inorganic phosphate was liberated when the enzyme was incubated with the following substrates: adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, thiamine pyrophosphate, coenzyme I, sodium triphosphate, glycerophosphate, hexose diphosphate, sodium meta- and hexametaphosphates. 6. 6. The enzyme is inhibited by Cu, Ca, Be, and Mn ions and by NaF. Calcium competes with the Mg ion; 50% inhibition is observed at a Ca Mg ion ratio of 0.1. Manganese inhibition depends upon the substrate concentration. Iodoacetate and alloxan at 0.01 M concentration have no effect on enzyme activity in contrast to other pyrophosphatases. No activation with cysteine has been observed. 7. 7. The enzyme concentration in the firefly lanterns is over ten times greater than that found in the remainder of the body.
Constrained force constants for octahedral molecules

Abstract A set of constrained force constants has been derived from experimental vibrational frequency data for eighty three octahedral molecules. Superimposing the condition that the larger value for f d — f dd′ be used when f dα — f dα″ is a maximum on the six equations relating vibrational frequencies to force constants generates a seventh. This provides a uniform set of results for all 83 molecules. The values of the force constants have a simple rationale in terms of chemical bonding theory. Some preliminary calculations for SF 6 show that these force constants are suitable for use in generating reliable molecular dynamical trajectory data.
Heat and mass transfer in the travelling heater method of crystal growth

Abstract Constitutional supercooling always occurs in the usual isothermal solution growth, but can be avoided in the travelling heater method. Travelling heater solution growth experiments with napthalene-benzoic acid and gallium arsenide-gallium confirmed that constitutional supercooling usually limits the maximum zone travel rate, and that the maximum rate increases as heater power increases. With gallium arsenide it is necessary to have a seed length greater than about one crystal diameter and a feed length greater than about five crystal diameters in order to avoid shifts in zone position relative to the heater and resultant changes in interface shapes during growth.
Comparison of Transesterification Methods for Fatty Acid Analysis in Higher Fungi: Application to Mushrooms

This study evaluated the effectiveness of two commonly used transesterification methods for the preparation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) for gas chromatographic analysis. A combination of base followed by acid catalysis [potassium hydroxide/sulfuric acid/methanol (KOH–H2SO4–MeOH)] was compared to an acid-only catalyst [methanolic–boron trifluoride (BF3–MeOH)] for the quantification of the fatty acid content in mushrooms after preextraction of total lipids with chloroform/methanol (2:1 v/v). The mushrooms studied were commonly cultivated species, Agaricus bisporus (brown) and A. bisporus (white), and three wild medicinal mushrooms, turkey tail (Trametes versicolor), artist conk (Ganoderma applanatum), and tinder polypore (Fomes fomentarius). The major fatty acids identified were palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1), and linoleic acid (18:2n6) which constituted 80% to 90% of the total amount. Variation due to the FAME preparation methods was observed in both minor and major fatty acids. Another major observation made between the two methods was the total number of individual fatty acids (FAs) methylated. The base and acid transesterification procedure resulted in the identification of 42 FAMEs, whereas with the acid 38 FAMEs were observed. Therefore, the research recommends the use of a base–acid combination for preparation of FAMEs in mushroom lipids.
Effects of corona treatment on composite formation. Adhesion between incompatible polymers

Polypropylene–nylon 6 10 composites were prepared by the in situ polymerization of the nylon monomers on polypropylene films. The adhesion between the nylon and the polypropylene was markedly improved by a brief corona discharge treatment of the films in nitrogen prior to coating. This improvement was demonstrated by an increase in the peel strength of the nylon coating and a decrease in brittleness of photo-oxidized compesites when corona treatment was used. Adhesive bonding between the nylon and substrate was sufficiently strong to cause cohesive failure in the corona-treated polypropylene. Only interfacial failure was observed at untreated surfaces. These effects were demonstrated by electron microscopy of the surfaces produced in peel tests. The effects of corona treatment on adhesive bonding characteristics of surfaces are discussed in terms of the chemical and physical changes observed in treated surfaces.
Meningiomas of the anterior visual system

Meningiomas, whether primary in the orbit, optic canal or intracranial area, typically cause slowly progressive loss of vision covering months to years. They usually occur in white women of middle age. Tumors in the orbit or optic canal almost always affect vision unilaterally; intracranial tumors, while usually causing unilateral visual loss initially, eventually cause bilateral loss of vision, often with blindness in one eye. Depending upon the size and location of the tumor, the ocular signs and symptoms of meningiomas may include visual field abnormalities, optic atrophy, edema of the ipsilateral optic disc, papilledema, diplopia, and proptosis. The diagnosis of meningiomas in all locations has been greatly facilitated by recent advances in computer assisted tomography. However, tumors confined to the optic canal or its foramina are small when vision is first lost and therefore are still difficult to detect. Hypocycloidal polytomography may be useful; other neuroradiologic studies rarely are. Treatment is surgical. Based on a review of more than 3000 meningiomas reported in the literature, the frequency and characteristics of the signs and symptoms of meningiomas in each location are discussed, as are the anatomy, pathology, natural history, and probable mechanisms.
Mechanisms of lysosomal enzyme release from human leukocytes. I. Effect of cyclic nucleotides and colchicine.

In order to study mechanisms underlying selective enzyme release from human leukocytes during phagocytosis, the effects were studied of compounds which affect microtubule integrity or the accumulation of cyclic nucleotides. Human leukocytes selectively extrude lysosomal enzymes (s-glucuronidase) from viable cells during phagocytosis of zymosan or immune complexes, or upon encounter with immune complexes dispersed along a non-phagocytosable surface such as a millipore filter. In each circumstance, lysosomal enzyme release was reduced by previous treatment of cells with pharmacological doses of drugs which disrupt microtubules (e.g. 10-3–10-5 M colchicine) or with agents which affect accumulation of adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate (cAMP) (e.g. 10-3 M cyclic nucleotides and 2.8 x 10-4–2.8 x 10-6 M prostaglandin E (PGE) and A (PGA) compounds). Preincubation of cells with 5 µg/ml cytochalasin B resulted in complete inhibition of zymosan ingestion, but not of adherence of zymosan particles to plasma membranes or selective enzyme release. In this system, in which enzyme release was independent of particle uptake, preincubation of cells with colchicine, vinblastine, dibutyryl cAMP, or PGE1 also reduced extrusion of lysosomal enzymes. When cell suspensions were incubated with membrane-lytic crystals of monosodium urate (MSU), cytoplasmic as well as lysosomal enzymes were released with subsequent death of the cells. However, enzyme release followed phagocytosis of crystals (as measured by enhanced C-1 oxidation of glucose) and was due to "perforation from within" of the lysosomal membrane, rather than lysis by crystals of the plasma membrane. Enzyme release after MSU ingestion was also reduced when cells were treated with pharmacological doses of the test agents. When cells were killed by Triton X-100, acting on the plasma membrane, C-1 oxidation of glucose was abolished and enzyme release could not be inhibited pharmacologically. These observations suggest that lysosomal enzyme release from human phagocytes can be an active process which accompanies plasma membrane stimulation, is independent of cell death, and may be controlled by cyclic nucleotides and agents which affect microtubules.
Clay–Chitosan Nanobrick Walls: Completely Renewable Gas Barrier and Flame-Retardant Nanocoatings

Thin films prepared via a layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of renewable materials exhibit exceptional oxygen barrier and flame-retardant properties. Positively charged chitosan (CH), at two different pH levels (pH 3 and pH 6), was paired with anionic montmorillonite (MMT) clay nanoplatelets. Thin-film assemblies prepared with CH at high pH are thicker, because if the low polymer charge density. A 30-bilayer (CH pH 6-MMT) nanocoating (∼100 nm thick) reduces the oxygen permeability of a 0.5-mm-thick polylactic acid film by four orders of magnitude. This same coating system completely stops the melting of a flexible polyurethane foam, when exposed to direct flame from a butane torch, with just 10 bilayers (∼30 nm thick). Cone calorimetry confirms that this coated foam exhibited a reduced peak heat-release rate, by as much as 52%, relative to the uncoated control. These environmentally benign nanocoatings could prove beneficial for new types of food packaging or a replacement for environmentally persistent antif...
Cambro-Ordovician paleogeography of the Southeastern New England Avalon Zone: Implications for Gondwana breakup

Paleomagnetic measurements and U-Pb geochronology of alkalic igneous rocks intruding the Ediacaran Cambridge Argillite and the Lower Cambrian Weymouth Formation north of Boston at Nahant, Massachusetts, yield a well-constrained paleopole. The oldest intrusive phases are a syenodiorite sill and a granite dike with 206 Pb/ 238 U crystallization ages of 490.19 ± 0.90 Ma and 489.03 ± 0.82 Ma, respectively. This sequence along with undated mafic sills penetrating both the argillite and Weymouth strata are cut by 488.53 ± 0.81 Ma gabbro locally associated with 488.48 ± 0.79 Ma syenite forming a steep-sided intrusive plug. Ten paleomagnetic sampling sites within the mafic sills and the gabbro contain a stable A magnetic component with a mean direction of D = 278.5°, I = −76.7° (A 95 = 3.9°, N = 10). This is considered to be the primary magnetization direction because it passes both fold and reversals tests. The corresponding paleopole at 320LE, 34°N (A 95 = 7.2°, N = 10) places the Southeastern New England Avalon Zone at a southerly paleolatitude of 65° slightly removed from the African margin of Gondwana and suggests that bimodal Nahant magmatism is linked with latest Cambrian–Early Ordovician rifting of West Avalonia to form the Rheic Ocean. Stable B and C magnetic components in Nahant syenodiorite and syenite give rise to virtual geomagnetic poles that track Late Silurian through Carboniferous segments of the North American apparent polar wander path, indicating docking of West Avalonia by mid-Paleozoic time.
Payment Deferred: Strychnine Poisoning in Nicaragua 65 Years Ago

Background: In 1933 in Leon, Nicaragua, a 22-year-old woman died after an acute convulsive illness in which she experienced trismus, opisthotonos, and hyperpyrexia. Three years later her husband, Oliverio Castaneda, was convicted of her murder and that of 2 other people in the same city. Methods: We went to Nicaragua to investigate documents involved with that case and evaluate whether the verdict of murder by strychnine was substantiated by the data. We present the results of the investigation and provide information about the practice of medicine, pharmacy, and toxicology early in this century. Results: The clinical picture in all 3 cases suggests strychnine poisoning. The clinical, toxicological, and circumstantial evidence is strong and implicates Castaneda as a murderer and strychnine as the weapon. Conclusion: We conclude that Oliverio Castaneda was the probable perpetrator of three 1933 strychnine murders in Leon and that he may have previously used strychnine to kill others in Nicaragua and neighb...
Poroelastic swelling kinetics of thin hydrogel layers: comparison of theory and experiment

Thin poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogels were allowed to swell under two conditions: as freestanding layers and as substrate-attached layers. Through a combination of particle tracking and defocusing methods, the positions of beads embedded within the gels were monitored over time via fluorescence microscopy, providing a convenient method to track the kinetics of swelling for layers with thicknesses of the order 100 µm. These data are compared with the predictions of linear poroelastic theory, as specialized for polymer gels. This theory, along with a single set of material properties, accurately describes the observed swelling kinetics for both the freestanding and substrate-attached hydrogels. With the additional measurement of the substrate curvature induced by the swelling of the substrate-attached hydrogels, these experiments provide a simple route to completely characterize the material properties of the gel within the framework of linear poroelasticity, using only an optical microscope.
Biperiodic Electrostatic Focusing for High-Density Electron Beams

A focusing scheme employing two counteracting periodic fields without the use of any magnet is shown to be superior to schemes which involve only one periodic focusing field. The potential valley formed by the combination of these two counteracting fields is steeper than all previous focusing systems and thus is capable of maintaining a very stable beam flow. The combined field also gives rise to proper cancellation of the space charge field. This field cancellation not only results in an ideal focusing for high-density beam but also, compensates for the potential depression inside the beam. With a periodic voltage variation of 5 per cent on the beam, it is theoretically possible to focus with an ideal gun, an electron beam of perveance in the order of 10-5 amp/volt3/2. With a nonoptimized gun, a beam of perveance 2×10-6 amp/volt3/2 has been focused to a 97 per cent current transmission. A 10-db rf gain was observed at a frequency of 2950 mc.
The Sustained Use of Research-Based Instructional Practice A Case Study of Peer-Assisted Learning Strategies in Mathematics

This article explores factors influencing the sustained use of Peer Assisted Learning Strategies (PALS) in math in one elementary school. General education teachers participating in research studies implemented PALS twice a week to the full class, including students both with and without disabilities. The authors examined whether teachers maintained their use of PALS after the research studies ended. They also studied how PALS was used in each classroom and assessed teachers' perceptions of its utility, their understanding of its underlying principles, and their reasons for continuing use. The continued use and fidelity of implementation remained extremely high several years after the original research projects ended. Factors influencing continued use include the high quality of professional development and support provided during the research project, the solid alignment of PALS with district and state mandates, the autonomy in teaching math that PALS allowed teachers on the days they were not using PALS...
Profile of patients with completion thyroidectomy and assessment of their suitability for outpatient surgery.

Objective. Outpatient thyroid surgery for thyroid lobectomy has been shown to be safe and feasible. The safety of out- patient completion thyroidectomy in patients who have pre- viously undergone thyroid lobectomy has not been exten- sively evaluated in the medical literature to date. The authors sought to evaluate postoperative complications associated with completion thyroidectomy in their institution to deter- mine if it would be safe and feasible to perform as an outpa- tient procedure. Study Design. Case series with chart review. Setting. Tertiary care teaching hospital. Subjects and Methods. Two hundred four consecutive patients, who underwent completion thyroidectomy after previous thyroid lobectomy from January 2000 to June 2010, com- prised the study population. Medical records were reviewed for preoperative and postoperative serum calcium levels, pre- operative and postoperative fiber-optic laryngoscopic exami- nation of vocal fold mobility, associated comorbidities, length of hospital stay, drain use, seroma or hematoma formation, final thyroid pathology, and postoperative follow-up. Results. Overall, 9 patients (4.4%) developed postoperative complications, including transient symptomatic hypocalcemia in 4 patients (2.0%), transient laboratory hypocalcemia in 3 patients (1.5%), seroma formation in 1 patient (0.5%), and hematoma development in 1 patient (0.5%). There were no cases with permanent or temporary vocal fold paralysis. No significant difference was found in the overall complication rate before and after 4 hours of observation (P = .50). Conclusion. Selected patients who undergo completion thy- roidectomy after previous thyroid lobectomy can be safely discharged after 4 hours of postoperative observation with appropriate instructions.
Acoustic beam interaction with a rigid sphere: The case of a first-order non-diffracting Bessel trigonometric beam

Abstract Mathematical expressions for the acoustic scattering, instantaneous (linear), and time-averaged (nonlinear) forces resulting from the interaction of a new type of Bessel beam, termed here a first-order non-diffracting Bessel trigonometric beam (FOBTB) with a sphere, are derived. The beam is termed “trigonometric” because of the dependence of its phase on the cosine function. The FOBTB is regarded as a superposition of two equi-amplitude first-order Bessel vortex (helicoidal) beams having a unit positive and negative order (known also as topological charge), respectively. The FOBTB is non-diffracting, possesses an axial null, a geometric phase, and has an azimuthal phase that depends on cos(ϕ±ϕ0), where ϕ0 is an initial arbitrary phase angle. Beam rotation around its wave propagation axis can be achieved by varying ϕ0. The 3D directivity patterns are computed, and the resulting modifications of the scattering are illustrated for a rigid sphere centered on the beam's axis and immersed in water. Moreover, the backward and forward acoustic scattering by a sphere vanish for all frequencies. The present paper will shed light on the novel scattering properties of an acoustical FOBTB by a sphere that may be useful in particle manipulation and entrapment, non-destructive/medical imaging, and may be extended to other potentially useful applications in optics and electromagnetism.
Advance Directives Preferences of Functionally and Cognitively Impaired Nursing Home Residents in the United States

This study analyzed advance directives preferences of nursing home residents by level and type of impairment (cognitive and functional). There is a great need to improve care of nursing home residents by honoring their advance directives and reducing the number of adverse events. This secondary data analysis included a random sample of 3,747 subjects from the national Medical Expenditure Panel Survey-Nursing Home Component (MEPS-NHC) Round 1 database. Cognitive and/or functionally impaired residents were more likely to have urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. Logistic regression models identified several factors (noted in parentheses) that were significantly associated with four advance directives preferences: (a) living will (age, educational level, marital status, and the interaction of functional and cognitive impairment), (b) do not resuscitate (DNR) (age, educational level, marital status, and the interaction of functional and cognitive impairment), (c) no hospitalization (age, edu...
Comparison of Two Approaches to Teaching Beginning Band.

This study investigated the effects of a comprehensive musicianship approach as compared to a performance-oriented approach to the instruction of beginning band students at the junior high level. In the comprehensive musicianship approach (experimental group) the students experienced an in-depth study of several of the elements of music as well as form, composition, and improvisation. Students in the performance-oriented approach (control group) were taught according to the band method in use. A pretest-posttest design with the teachers nested within the treatment levels as well as a performance posttest specially designed for the study were used to provide data. The resulting effects of the two approaches on the dependent variables revealed significant differences in the posttest scores in the areas of interval, meter, major-minor mode, and auditory-visual discrimination. All significant differences favored the experimental group. There was no significant difference in the performance test. This evidence...
The Fishers of Men: The Profits of the Slave Trade

Historians of slavery and the slave trade have often left us with the impression that the slave trade was fantastically profitable. The view that it was the profits from the slave trade which financed the British Industrial Revolution and the first industrialization of the United States appears to be gaining adherents. These interpretations seem plausible enough on the surface; indeed, the latter provides part of the historical foundation for the claim by black militants for reparations. Black slaves, whether shipped directly from Africa, or born in the New World into slavery, served their masters against their wills in return for the subsistence allowed them. Surely there was a substantial difference between the value of what they produced and the value of the consumption goods allotted to them to allow survival.
Correlation of histologic subtypes of primary basal cell carcinoma and number of Mohs stages required to achieve a tumor-free plane

Abstract Background: Certain histologic subtypes of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) behave more aggressively and require more aggressive treatment. Objective: The aim of this study was to see whether certain subtypes of BCC require more Mohs stages to achieve tumor-free margins. Methods: A retrospective study of 342 primary BCCs treated with Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) was performed identifying the histologic subtype of BCC present and the number of stages required to clear the tumor. Results: The aggressive subtypes (infiltrative, morpheaform, micronodular, and mixed) were most frequently found when high numbers of Mohs stages were required for cure. Conclusion: The more aggressive subtypes of BCC require more MMS stages to achieve tumor-free margins, which is consistent with the concept that these subtypes usually require more aggressive treatment from the start. (J Am Acad dermatol 1997;37:395-7.)
Ócutl, Or “Being The Torch”: Examining The Conversation Between Indigenous Voices and Colonialist Discourses

Ocutl, Or “Being The Torch”: Examining The Conversation Between Indigenous Voices and Colonialist Discourses
Selection of Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleoside Analog Resistance in Mammalian Cells

Since its inception, somatic cell genetics has taken advantage of purine and pyrimidine analog resistance. In the initial stages of the development of this discipline variants resistant to these substances represented the most important and technically useful markers available in permanent cultured cell lines. Although in the past decade many new selective characters have been exploited, these substances are still widely used in genetic studies on somatic cells (Table I). Investigations in experimental mutagenesis (Clive et al., 1972), studies on DNA-mediated transformation (Scangos and Ruddle, 1981), gene mapping (McKusick, 1980), transport (Wohlhueter et al., 1978), somatic recombination (Rosenstraus and Chasin, 1978), and gene inactivation (Bradley, 1979) have taken advantage of these markers (Morrow, 1982).
Resident duty-hour restrictions-who are we protecting?: AOA critical issues.

With the goals of reducing resident fatigue and improving patient safety, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) introduced physician trainee duty-hour restrictions in 2003 for all accredited residency and fellowship programs. Academic medical centers spent enormous amounts of money and time in recruiting additional midlevel providers and support personnel to implement, document, and monitor the new standards. Despite this substantial investment, there is no evidence that patients are safer from medical errors as a result of the 2003 regulations. More importantly, there is considerable concern on behalf of some physician leaders that these requirements have had a meaningful and detrimental impact on the future of our profession, not the least of which is the challenge of these external regulations to the ethos of professionalism1. The U.S. Congress and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality in 2007 charged the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (IOM) to further examine the issue of resident duty hours2. A Committee on Optimizing Graduate Medical Trainee (Resident) Hours and Work Schedules to Improve Patient Safety was formed, and it reported its recommendations in 2009 (Table I). The report asserts that the cost to programs for personnel only would be 1.7 billion dollars (0.4% of Medicare expenses), yet additional funds for graduate medical education are not being appropriated. The Committee strongly urged Congress to support their recommendations with financial and human resources. Failure to provide necessary support for the recommendations could have the unintended effect of actually reducing patient safety3. View this table: TABLE I Summary Comparison of Duty-Hour Regulations* In response, the ACGME sought feedback from professional organizations involved in medical education in the fall of 2009 and subsequently formed its own committee, which made recommendations in June of 2010. After soliciting additional feedback, the ACGME issued final recommendations …
Monte Carlo Simulation Modeling of a Regional Stroke Team's Use of Telemedicine.

Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate operational policies that may improve the proportion of eligible stroke patients within a population who would receive intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and minimize time to treatment in eligible patients. Methods In the context of a regional stroke team, the authors examined the effects of staff location and telemedicine deployment policies on the timeliness of thrombolytic treatment, and estimated the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of six different policies. A process map comprising the steps from recognition of stroke symptoms to intravenous administration of rt-PA was constructed using data from published literature combined with expert opinion. Six scenarios were investigated: telemedicine deployment (none, all, or outer-ring hospitals only) and staff location (center of region or anywhere in region). Physician locations were randomly generated based on their zip codes of residence and work. The outcomes of interest were onset-to-treatment (OTT) time, door-to-needle (DTN) time, and the proportion of patients treated within 3 hours. A Monte Carlo simulation of the stroke team care-delivery system was constructed based on a primary data set of 121 ischemic stroke patients who were potentially eligible for treatment with rt-PA. Results With the physician located randomly in the region, deploying telemedicine at all hospitals in the region (compared with partial or no telemedicine) would result in the highest rates of treatment within 3 hours (80% vs. 75% vs. 70%) and the shortest OTT (148 vs. 164 vs. 176 minutes) and DTN (45 vs. 61 vs. 73 minutes) times. However, locating the on-call physician centrally coupled with partial telemedicine deployment (five of the 17 hospitals) would be most cost-effective with comparable eligibility and treatment times. Conclusions Given the potential societal benefits, continued efforts to deploy telemedicine appear warranted. Aligning the incentives between those who would have to fund the up-front technology investments and those who will benefit over time from reduced ongoing health care expenses will be necessary to fully realize the benefits of telemedicine for stroke care.
Mineralogy, materials science, energy, and environment: A 2015 perspective

Mineralogy is both a basic and applied discipline, basic in understanding, on the atomic scale, the structure, properties, and reactivity of minerals and applied in its relevance to geology, planetary processes, environmental issues, and materials in the broader sense. This article is a 2015 snapshot of the interrelations and opportunities linking mineralogy and such other fields. The emphasis is on showing how relevant, indeed essential, mineralogy is to the stewardship of our planet in the broadest sense.
Recent Experiments on Lasing in Atomic Oxygen and Nitrogen in Air

I will discuss experiments on dissociation and two-photon pumping of oxygen and nitrogen in air in the nanosecond and femtosecond pumping regimes. Interference between different emission mechanisms results in a pronounced forward-backward gain asymmetry.
Uniform transfer to random bred rats of lymphatic leukemia induced by gastric instillation of methylcholanthrene.

SummaryLymphatic leukemia induced in Wistar rats by the gastric instillation of methylcholanthrene, was transferred to 40-day-old animals of our random bred Wistar colony with only indifferent success. When transfers were made to animals not older than 7 days, these were successful in 100% of the animals. Transfer of the leukemia was also made uniformly to equally young animals of the Sherman and Long-Evans strains. The intraperitoneal injection of leukemic spleen cells was used in these experiments.
Econometric Analysis of Cultural Dissemination of Research Literature in Ethnic Regions

This paper adopts bibliometric method and content analysis to research academic papers on literature of domestic study published,which based on cultural dissemination in ethnic regions,summarizes some major findings in terms of their growth,authors,research institutions,key word,frequency of being cited,literature downloads,etc.