cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continuous third harmonic generation in a terahertz driven modulated nanowire

We consider the possibility of observing continuous third-harmonic generation using a strongly driven, single-band one-dimensional metal. In the absence of scattering, the quantum efficiency of frequency tripling for such a system can be as high as 93%. Combining the Floquet quasi-energy spectrum with the Keldysh Green's function technique, we derive a semiclassical master equation for a one-dimensional band of strongly and rapidly driven electrons in the presence of weak scattering by phonons. The power absorbed from the driving field is continuously dissipated by phonon modes, leading to a quasi-equilibrium in the electron distribution. We use the Kronig-Penney model with varying effective mass to establish the growth parameters of an InAs/InP nanowire near optimal for third harmonic generation at terahertz frequency range.
Photodissociation Dynamics of Small Molecules

Abstract : The recent advancement of photodissociation dynamics of about 60 small molecules has been presented. The emphasis is placed on the primary photochemical process and the energy partitioning in photofragments. Compounds discussed in this report include: Hydrogen-oxygen Compounds; Aldehydes, Ketones and Acids; Group Six Triatomic Oxides; Nitrogen-Oxygen Compounds; Nitrogen-Hydrogen Compounds; Cyanide Compounds; Sulfur containing Compounds; Halogen containing Compounds; Acetylenic Compounds; Originator supplied keywords include: Lasers; Laser induced fluorescence; Quantum state analysis; Dissociation dynamics; Water; Hydrogen peroxide, Formaldehyde, Ozone, Acetylene compounds; Metal halides; Alkyl halides; NH compounds; NO; and NO2 compounds; CO and CO2 compounds; Sulfur compounds.
High-Level Verification Using Theorem Proving and Formalized Mathematics

Quite concrete problems in verification can throw up the need for a nontrivial body of formalized mathematics and draw on several special automated proof methods which can be soundly integrated into a general LCF-style theorem prover. We emphasize this point based on our own work on the formal verification in the HOL Light theorem prover of floating point algorithms.
Untangling the maze of European Union funds to Bulgaria

The paper presents a fiscal estimate of Bulgaria's perspective European Union (EU) membership. The projected EU funds have two distinct effects: first, there is the overall effect on the balance of payments of the country; and second, there is the pure effect on the national budget. The paper concludes that Bulgaria is likely to benefit from large net inflows of resources of an average of 3.7 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007-09. In contrast, its fiscal position is expected to deteriorate by 1.6 percent of GDP on average in 2007-09 if no expenditure restructuring of the fiscal framework is carried out. The expected deterioration of the public finances related to EU accession would be due to co-financing requirements, national contributions to the EU budget, and possible full pre-financing of the EU direct payments to Bulgarian farmers in the first year of accession. However, the above expenditures will be partly offset by the budgetary compensation allocated out of the EU budget, savings from agricultural subsidies, and shifting of certain public expenditures to Cohesion Fund-supported projects.
Foundational Certified Code in a Metalogical Framework

Foundational certified code systems seek to prove untrusted programs to be safe relative to safety policies given in terms of actual machine architectures, thereby improving the systems’ flexibility and extensibility. Previous efforts have employed a structure wherein the proofs are expressed in the same logic used to express the safety policy. We propose an alternative structure wherein safety proofs are expressed in the Twelf metalogic, thereby eliminating from those proofs an extra layer of encoding needed in the previous accounts. Using this metalogical approach, we have constructed a complete, foundational account of safety for a fully expressive typed assembly language.
Pro-Growth, Pro-Poor: Is There a Tradeoff?

Is a pro-growth strategy always the best pro-poor strategy? To address this issue, the author provides an empirical evaluation of the impact of a series of pro-growth policies on inequality and headcount poverty. He relies on a large macroeconomic data set and estimate dynamic panel models that allows him to differentiate between the short- and long-run impacts of the policies under consideration on growth, inequality, and poverty. The author's findings indicate that regardless of their impact on inequality, pro-growth policies lead to lower poverty levels in the long run. However, he also finds evidence indicating that some of these policies may lead to higher inequality and, under plausible assumptions for the distribution of income, to higher poverty levels in the short run. These findings would justify the adoption of a pro-growth policy package as the center of any poverty reduction strategy, together with pro-poor measures that complement such a package by offsetting potential short-run increases in poverty.
Alliatrust: a trustable reputation management scheme for unstructured p2p systems

Content pollution and free-riders are increasingly threatening the utility and dependability of modern peer-to-peer systems. One common defense against these threats is to maintain a reputation for each peer in the network based on its prior behavior and contributions, which can help other users make informed decisions about future transactions. However, most current reputation schemes for unstructured P2P systems are prone to attack and therefore not very reliable. In response, we propose a trustable, distributed, reputation-management scheme called Alliatrust to combat content pollution and free-riders. Alliatrust demonstrates resilience against collusion by malicious peers by elegantly managing distributed copies of reputation data on a few homologous peers. Simulations show that Alliatrust is able to reduce undesirable transfers of polluted resources to good peers by up to 70%, while decreasing the success of queries issued by malicious peers and free-riders.
Real Estate Prices in Production Economies

The aim of this study is to develop a general equilibrium framework linking real estate prices to the real economy. The model is evaluated in terms of its ability to explain: (i) the high volatility of residential real estate prices, (ii) the fact that commercial real estate prices are more volatile than residential real estate prices, (iii) the low volatility of residential rents. This study finds that a production economy model, allowing prices and quantities to be endogenously determined, is able to explain the puzzling volatility of real estate prices while capturing the main empirical regularities of the business cycle. • House Prices, Production Economies, Asset Pricing, General Equilibrium, Real Estate • JEL: G1, E3, R31 Visiting postdoctoral fellow, Wharton School of Finance. Financial support by the National Center of Competence in Research "Financial Valuation and Risk Management" (NCCR Finrisk) is gratefully acknowledged. NCCR Finrisk is a research instrument of the Swiss National Foundation. This project has benefited from the comments and suggestions of Pascal St-Amour, Urban Jermann, Jean-Pierre Danthine, Jean Imbs and the participants of the reading group of the Wharton School. Any remaining errors are my own responsibility. http://assets.wharton.upenn.edu/~ijaccard/, email: ijaccard@wharton.upenn.edu Contact information: Wharton School of Finance, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Locust Walk, 19104 Philadelphia, USA. Tel.: 215-898-90-23.
Achieving urban climate adaptation in Europe and Central Asia

Many cities across Europe and Central Asia are experiencing the impacts of climate change, but most have not integrated climate adaptation into their agendas. This paper examines the threats faced and measures that can be taken by cities in the region to protect buildings, heritage sites, municipal functions, and vulnerable urban populations. In general, local governments must be proactive in ensuring that existing buildings are climate ready, paying particular attention to emerging technologies for retrofitting the prefabricated, panel style buildings that dominate the landscape while assessing the viability of homes situated in flood plains, coastal areas, and steep slopes. They also must ensure that new developments and buildings are designed in ways that account for climatic fluctuations. Although the resilience of all populations needs to be considered, historical patterns of discrimination require that special provisions are made for the poor and for ethnic minorities such as the Roma because these groups will be most at risk, but are least likely to have access to adequate resources. Urban climate adaptation requires national-level support and local commitment. However, centralized planning and expert-led decision-making under the former regimes may affect the ability of cities to pursue programmatic approaches to adaptation. Therefore, while national governments need to make adaptation a policy priority and ensure that municipalities have adequate resources, local government agencies and departments must be transparent in their actions and introduce participatory and community-based measures that demonstrate respect for diverse stakeholders and perspectives.
QCD (&) Event Generators

Recent developments in QCD phenomenology have spurred on several improved approaches to Monte Carlo event generation, relative to the post‐LEP state of the art. In this brief review, the emphasis is placed on approaches for 1) consistently merging fixed‐order matrix element calculations with parton showers, 2) improving the parton shower algorithms themselves, and 3) improving the description of the underlying event in hadron collisions.
In Search of Classical Trajectories

In this short talk, I will emphasize some of the key points of a new Minkowski space formulation of nonperturbative contributions to quantum scattering1, described at length by Hsu elsewhere in this volume. I will especially comment on some of the practical considerations of computing classical trajectories.
Risks For the Long Run: Estimation with Time Aggregation

Abstract The discrepancy between the decision and data-sampling intervals, known as time aggregation, confounds the identification of long-, short-run growth, and volatility risks in asset prices. This paper develops a method to simultaneously estimate the model parameters and the decision interval of the agent by exploiting identifying restrictions of the Long Run Risk (LRR) model that account for time aggregation. The LRR model finds considerable empirical support in the data; the estimated decision interval of the agents is 33 days. Our estimation results establish that long-run growth and volatility risks are important for asset prices.
Movin’ on up: Hierarchical occupational segmentation and gender wage gaps

Our study evaluates and extends existing wage decomposition methodologies that seek to measure the contributions of endowments, pure wage discrimination, and job segregation. We employ data from a regional supermarket that faced a Title VII class-action lawsuit to examine how standard wage specifications integrated with a model of hierarchical segregation might perform in wage decompositions. Our results show that a common misspecification of the wage structure leads to false inferences about the presence of pure wage discrimination. We demonstrate the generalizability of our methodology using CPS data.
Efficient multicast trees with local knowledge on wireless ad hoc networks

In this paper we address the problem of establishing a cost efficient multicast tree among a group of stationary nodes in a multi-hop wireless network. The flooding of broadcast discovery messages is a major limitation to the scalability of most ad hoc protocols. To avoid massive flooding, we limit the reach of broadcast discovery messages, and consider the case were joining nodes can only learn limited information about the multicast group topology from neighbors within a fixed number of hops. We propose two algorithms that satisfy this constraint. We analyze the worst case cost of the established trees and prove that the first algorithm builds a minimal cost spanning tree, while the second builds a sub-optimal tree with a worst-case approximation ratio of O(log n/loglog n). The advantage of the second algorithm is that the communication requirement for a node to join the multicast tree is smaller. We simulate and compare the proposed algorithms. Finally, we discuss the implementation issues and scenarios for using each one of them. We also describe our secure multicast application that builds on top of the proposed protocols.
Statistical mechanics of combat and extensions

A. Necessity of Comparing Computer Models to Exercise Data This project addresses the utility of establishing a mathematical approach to compare exercise data to large scale computer models whose underlying microscopic interactions among men and machines are driven by the natural laws of physics. In this study, the focus is to compare the Janus(T) wargame to National Training Center (NTC) data, since both systems then take into account human interactions. It also should be noted that "large scale" here refers to battalion level. (Army systems scale by factors of 3-5, from company to battalion to brigade to division to corps to army.) If these battalion level computer models can be favorably compared, and if consistency can be achieved between the hierarchy of large scale battalion level, larger scale corps level, and largest scale theater level computer models, then these higher echelon computer models also can be favorably compared. This could only enhance the value of training on these higher echelon computer models. The requirement of depending more and more on combat computer models (including simulations and wargames) has been brought into sharper focus because of many circumstances, e.g.: (1) the nonexistence of ample data from previous wars and training operations, (2) the rapidly shortening time scale on which tactical decisions must be made, (3) the rapidly increasing scale at which men and machines are to be deployed, (4) the increasing awareness of new scenarios that are fundamentally different from historical experiences, (5) and the rapidly increasing expense of conducting training exercises. Furthermore, such computer models could be used to augment training. We now spend several million dollars to cycle each battalion through NTC. The
Two phase cooling for superconducting magnets

Comments on the use of two phase helium in a closed circuit tubular cooling system and some results obtained with the TPC superconducting magnet are given. Theoretical arguments and experimental evidence are given against a previously suggested method to determine helium two phase flow regimes. Two methods to reduce pressure in the magnet cooling tubes during quenches are discussed; 1) lowering the density of helium in the magnet cooling tubes and 2) proper location of pressure relief valves. Some techniques used to protect the refrigerator from too much cold return gas are also mentioned.
Co-retrieval: A Boosted Reranking Approach for Video Retrieval

Video retrieval compares multimedia queries to a video collection in multiple dimensions and combines all the retrieval scores into a final ranking. Although text are the most reliable feature for video retrieval, features from other modalities can provide complementary information. This paper presents a reranking framework for video retrieval to augment retrieval based on text features with other evidence. We also propose a boosted reranking algorithm called Co-Retrieval, which combines a boosting type algorithm and a noisy label prediction scheme to automatically select the most useful weak hypotheses for different queries. The proposed approach is evaluated with queries and video from the 65-hour test collection of the 2003 NIST TRECVID evaluation.
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR COMPETITIVENESS IN INTERNATIONAL PORK TRADE

Environmental concerns linked to hog production are growing in the United States, Canada, and the European Union. New regulations controlling animal manure management are being imposed to address these concerns. This study determines that potential increases in U.S. and Canadian environmental regulation would have minimal effects on the relative competitiveness of pork exports for these countries. By contrast, more stringent European Union regulations have potential to significantly reduce EU competitiveness and contribute to the trend of increasing export market share for U.S. and Canadian pork products.
Rxte observations of a new x-ray transient: grs 1737-31

We present the results from RXTE observations of a new X-ray transient, GRS 1737-31, near the Galactic center during an outburst. Over a span of 2 weeks, the source was seen to vary significantly on timescales down to a few seconds. The rapid flares in the light curves bear resemblance to those observed for Cygnus X-1, a well-known black hole candidate (BHC). The power-density spectrum is also very typical of BHCs in the hard (or low) state: it is flat below a characteristic break frequency of about 0.03 Hz and becomes roughly a 1/f power law above. The observed X-ray spectrum can be characterized by a simple power law with a photon index of about 1.7 over a broad energy range 2-200 keV, which is remarkably similar to that of Cyg X-1 in the hard state. The similarities to Cyg X-1 make GRS 1737-31 a likely BHC. However, unlike most transient BHCs, GRS 1737-31 does not seem to reach a "soft state" even during an outburst. We discuss this phenomenon in light of the comparison to a class of hard X-ray BHCs, including transients GRO J0422+32, V404 Cyg, and GRO J1719-24, and persistent sources 1E1740.7-2942 and GRS 1758-258.
The Cremmer-Gervais solution of the Yang-Baxter equation

A direct proof is given of the fact that the Cremmer-Gervais Rmatrix satisfies the (Quantum) Yang-Baxter equation
Resources, technology, and development: Will the table be bare when poor countries get there?

This paper discusses the net effect of these two economic forces on developing countries: Is the drag to economic advance from dwindling resources outweighed by the accompanying technological advances? Or will the potential scarcity of resources during the next century on balance weigh down the pace of economic progress? (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
On the desirability of nominal GDP targeting

This paper evaluates the welfare properties of nominal GDP targeting in the context of a New Keynesian model with both price and wage rigidity. In particular, we compare nominal GDP targeting to ination and output gap targeting as well as to a conventional
Assessing the Real Estate Pricing Puzzle: A Diagnostic Application of the Stochastic Discounting Factor to the Distribution of REIT Returns

This article applies a general asset-pricing framework and the volatility bounds methodology of Hansen and Jagannathan (1991) to REIT returns. The state of real estate asset pricing remains somewhat of a puzzle relative to the identification of state variables and the structural form of models. This article offers a framework whereby real estate asset-pricing models and data can be diagnosed to answer questions about the shortcomings. In addition, several nominated discount processes are investigated for success in pricing real estate securities. Although the nominated specifications demonstrate some success in satisfying the restrictions on the first and second moments of the real estate returns distribution, they do not successfully price the securities under a no-arbitrage condition. This result calls into question previous real estate performance studies that employ these risk-adjustment processes.
The Control of Flexible Manufacturing Systems: Required Information and Algorithm Structures

Abstract A class of manufacturing systems known as the Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) shows promise of a substantial reduction in manufacturing costs for mid-volume, discrete manufacturing in which parts following different routings are simultaneously processed. These systems consist of machine tools and a material handling system in which normal operation is under computer control. This paper considers the issues and problems associated with FMS's and the information/algorithms that are necessary for their control and efficient operation. The control mechanisms are viewed in the context of the general problem of allocating scarce resources to achieve multiple, conflicting objectives simultaneously. The objectives of FMS'e, are described in relation to management's goals. The operational decisions necessary to achieve these goals are derived and the information required for decision making outlined. Typically, the control of FMS is achieved through computer-implemented algorithms which make the second-by-second operational decisions. These algorithms are organized in a hierarchical structure for efficiency and flexibility, i.e., the ability to modify the decisionmaking process to adapt easily to different environments such as work station configurations, workload, and mission. The algorithms are supported by corresponding information structures. These structures and the man-machine interfaces necessary for control are described. FMS's are complex, dynamic systems. Although much was known about their components at the time of their design, there were no firm data on the operation of their components as a unified entity. A generalized simulation of these systems was developed and used as a basis for control concept checkout, uncertainty reduction, and design verification. The use of the model is discussed together with the implications for actual systems. Finally, it is suggested that the strategy used in the design and parameterization of the FMS control mechanisms may be of general use in the control of dynamic, complex systems.
FARM PROGRAM PAYMENTS AND FARM SIZE

A simultaneously determined model for farm size and government payments along with the incorporation of a recursive impact of government payments and agricultural returns was used to examine farm size changes nationally and regionally. The results clearly demonstrated resource substitution influences, differences in the nonfarm economy, and agricultural returns in explaining farm size.
How General is Specific Human Capital? Using Mobility Patterns to Study Skill Transferability in the Labor Market

Previous studies assume that labor market skills are either fully general or specific to a firm. This paper uses patterns in mobility and wages to the transferability of specific skills across occupations. The empirical analysis combines information on tasks performed in different occupations with a large panel on complete work histories and wages. Our results demonstrate that labor market skills are partially transferable across occupations. We find that individuals move to occupations with similar task requirements, and that the distance of moves declines with time in the labor market. Further, tenure in the last occupation affects current wages, and the effect is stronger if the two occupations are similar. We calculate that task-specific human capital is an important source of wage growth, especially for university graduates
A new look at the easy-hard-easy pattern of combinatorial search difficulty

The easy-hard-easy pattern in the difficulty of combinatorial search problems as constraints are added has been explained as due to a competition between the decrease in number of solutions and increased pruning. We test the generality of this explanation by examining one of its predictions: if the number of solutions is held fixed by the choice of problems, then increased pruning should lead to a monotonic decrease in search cost. Instead, we find the easy-hard-easy pattern in median search cost even when the number of solutions is held constant, for some search methods. This generalizes previous observations of this pattern and shows that the existing theory does not explain the full range of the peak in search cost. In these cases the pattern appears to be due to changes in the size of the minimal unsolvable subproblems, rather than changing numbers of solutions.
A Perspective on the Evolving Field of Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Ambient ionization mass spectrometry is a rapidly expanding field with applications ranging from biology, pharmaceuticals, polymers, environmental analysis to national security. These techniques perform ionization at atmospheric pressure with minimal sample preparation. The rate of introduction of these techniques has increased significantly over the last decade. In this chapter, methods are explained with schematics, and limitations of each method are discussed where applicable. Finally, several applications of these techniques are given using examples from the recent literature reports. Keywords: ambient ionization; mass spectrometry; desorption electrospray ionization (DESI)
Quantum Computation with Abelian Anyons

A universal quantum computer can be constructed using abelian anyons. Two qubit quantum logic gates such as controlled-NOT operations are performed using topological effects. Single-anyon operations such as hopping from site to site on a lattice suffice to perform all quantum logic operations. Anyonic quantum computation might be realized using quasiparticles of the fractional quantum Hall effect. PACS: 03.65-Lx
Attractions of Affine Quantum Gravity

All attempts to quantize gravity face several difficult problems. Among these problems are: (i) metric positivity (positivity of the spatial distance between distinct points), (ii) the presence of anomalies (partial second-class nature of the quantum constraints), and (iii) perturbative nonrenormalizability (the need for infinitely many distinct counterterms). In this report, a relatively nontechnical discussion is presented about how the program of affine quantum gravity proposes to deal with these problems.
Variations on a conjecture of Halperin

Halperin has conjectured that the Serre spectral sequence of any fibration that has fibre space a certain kind of elliptic space should collapse at the E2-term. In this paper we obtain an equivalent phrasing of this conjecture, in terms of formality relations between base and total spaces in such a fibration (Theorem 3.4). Also, we obtain results on relations between various numerical invariants of the base, total and fibre spaces in these fibrations. Some of our results give weak versions of Halperin’s conjecture (Remark 4.4 and Corollary 4.5). We go on to establish some of these weakened forms of the conjecture (Theorem 4.7). In the last section, we discuss extensions of our results and suggest some possibilities for future work.
Algorithms for the Toric Hilbert scheme

The toric Hilbert scheme parametrizes all algebras isomorphic to a given semigroup algebra as a multigraded vector space. All components of the scheme are toric varieties, and among them, there is a fairly well understood coherent component. It is unknown whether toric Hilbert schemes are always connected. In this chapter we illustrate the use of Macaulay 2 for exploring the structure of toric Hilbert schemes. In the process we will encounter algorithms from commutative algebra, algebraic geometry, polyhedral theory and geometric combinatorics.
The Costs to Consumers of a Depreciated Conversion Rate to the Euro

This paper measures the welfare cost to consumers of the bloc of Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC), plus Malta and Cyprus, of choosing a de- preciated conversion rate when joining the European Monetary Union. For this, I present and solve an appropriately calibrated small open economy model where a euro-denominated bond and the equity on a traded goods sector are traded internationally. I show that the cost of depreciating the domestic currency against the euro by 20%, at the time of joining the European Monetary Union, entails a cost of approximately 1.65% in terms of lost lifetime utility (measured in equivalent units of consumption).
The DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey: Color and Luminosity Dependence of Galaxy Clustering at z ~ 1

We present measurements of the color and luminosity dependence of galaxy clustering at z ~ 1 in the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey. Using volume-limited subsamples in bins of both color and luminosity, we find the following: (1) The clustering dependence is much stronger with color than with luminosity and is as strong with color at z ~ 1 as is found locally. We find no dependence of the clustering amplitude on color for galaxies on the red sequence, but a significant dependence on color for galaxies within the blue cloud. (2) For galaxies in the range L/L* ~ 0.7–2, a stronger large-scale luminosity dependence is seen for all galaxies than is seen for red and blue galaxies separately. The small-scale clustering amplitude depends significantly on luminosity for blue galaxies, with brighter samples having a stronger rise on scales rp < 0.5 h−1 Mpc. (3) Redder galaxies exhibit stronger small-scale redshift-space distortions ("fingers of god"), and both red and blue populations show large-scale distortions in ξ (rp,π) due to coherent infall. (4) While the clustering length, r0, increases smoothly with galaxy color (in narrow bins), its power-law exponent, γ, exhibits a sharp jump from the blue cloud to the red sequence. The intermediate-color "green" galaxy population likely includes transitional galaxies moving from the blue cloud to the red sequence; on large scales green galaxies are as clustered as red galaxies but show infall kinematics and a small-scale correlation slope akin to the blue galaxy population. (5) We compare our results to a semianalytic galaxy formation model applied to the Millennium Run simulation. Differences between the data and the model suggest that in the model star formation is shut down too efficiently in satellite galaxies.
Stochastic models and control for electrical power line temperature

In this paper we present a rigorous analysis of the evolution of the temperature of a power line under stochastic exogenous factors such as ambient temperature. We present a solution to the resulting stochastic heat equation and we propose a number of control algorithms designed to maximize delivered power under chance constraints used to limit the probability that a line exceeds its critical temperature.
X-ray Spectra from MHD Simulations of Accreting Black Holes

We present the results of a new global radiation transport code coupled to a general relativistic magneto-hydrodynamic simulation of an accreting, nonrotating black hole. For the first time, we are able to explain from first principles in a self-consistent way the X-ray spectra observed from stellar-mass black holes, including a thermal peak, Compton reflection hump, power-law tail, and broad iron line. Varying only the mass accretion rate, we are able to reproduce the low/hard, steep power-law, and thermal-dominant states seen in most galactic black hole sources. The temperature in the corona is T(sub e) ~ 10 keV in a boundary layer near the disk and rises smoothly to T(sub e) greater than or approximately 100 keV in low-density regions far above the disk. Even as the disk's reflection edge varies from the horizon out to approximately equal to 6M as the accretion rate decreases, we find that the shape of the Fe Ka line is remarkably constant. This is because photons emitted from the plunging region are strongly beamed into the horizon and never reach the observer. We have also carried out a basic timing analysis of the spectra and find that the fractional variability increases with photon energy and viewer inclination angle, consistent with the coronal hot spot model for X-ray fluctuations.
Planetary Science Goals for the Spitzer Warm Era

The overarching goal of planetary astronomy is to deduce how the present collection of objects found in our Solar System were formed from the original material present in the proto-solar nebula. As over two hundred exo-planetary systems are now known, and multitudes more are expected, the Solar System represents the closest and best system which we can study, and the only one in which we can clearly resolve individual bodies other than planets. In this White Paper we demonstrate how to use Spitzer Space Telescope InfraRed Array Camera Channels 1 and 2 (3.6 and 4.5 µm) imaging photometry with large dedicated surveys to advance our knowledge of Solar System formation and evolution. There are a number of vital, key projects to be pursued using dedicated large programs that have not been pursued during the five years of Spitzer cold operations. We present a number of the largest and most important projects here; more will certainly be proposed once the warm era has begun, including important observations of newly discovered objects.
Self testing quantum apparatus

We study, in the context of quantum information and quantum communication, a configuration of devices that includes (1) a source of some unknown bipartite quantum state that is claimed to be the Bell state Φ+ and (2) two spatially separated but otherwise unknown measurement apparatus one on each side, that are each claimed to execute an orthogonal measurement at an angle θ ∈ {-π/8, 0, π/8} that is chosen by the user. We show that, if the nine distinct probability distributions that are generated by the self checking configuration, one for each pair of angles, are consistent with the specifications, the source and the two measurement apparatus are guaranteed to be identical to the claimed specifications up to a local change of basis on each side. We discuss the connection with quantum cryptography.
The Rise of the Reproductive Brothel in the Global Economy: Some Thoughts on Reproductive Tourism, Autonomy, and Justice

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Ultrathin Pyrolytic Carbon Films on a Magnetic Substrate

We report the growth of ultrathin pyrolytic carbon (PyC) films on nickel substrate by using chemical vapor deposition at 1000 °C under methane ambience. We find that the ultra-fast cooling is crucial for PyC film uniformity by controlling the segregation of carbon on nickel. We characterize the in-plane crystal size of the PyC film by using Raman spectroscopy. The Raman peaks at ~1354 and ~1584 cm−1 wavenumbers are used to extract the D and G bands. The corresponding peak intensities are then used in an excitation energy dependent equation to calculate the in-plane crystal size. Using Raman area mapping, the mean value of in-plane crystal size over an area of 100 μm × 100 μm is about 22.9 nm with a standard deviation of about 2.4 nm.
A case for design methodology research in self-* distributed systems

We argue that “design methodology research” for self-* distributed systems needs to be recognized and enriched. Methodologies encourage systematic design of distributed protocols. They augment the creative activity of innovation, rather than stifle it. They enable easy design of, and automatic code generation for, distributed systems with predictable properties. Through a taxonomy, we show that methodology research is growing slowly but steadily. As a case study, we present and discuss a new methodology that concretely captures the design of a large class of peer-to-peer distributed hash tables (p2p DHTs) and DHT-based applications. We use this to show some advantages of methodology research, such as effective exploration of the design space for protocols. We also summarize some of our ongoing work in the direction of developing methodologies for distributed protocols.
On the origin of power-law tails in price fluctuations

(2004). On the origin of power-law tails in price fluctuations. Quantitative Finance: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 7-11.
Synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of the structure and dehydration behavior of todorokite

Real-time, temperature-resolved synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction data and Rietveld refinements were used to investigate the behavior of the todorokite structure from 100 to 820 K. At 298 K, the lower valence cations, such as Mn 3+ , occupy large octahedral sites at the edges of the triple chains, and four water/cation sites are in the tunnels. In our heating experiments in vacuum, todorokite began to break down at ~450 K and fully decomposed by 620 K, at which point hausmannite started to form. Our results suggest that the loss of O2 accompanied the reduction of Mn 4+ to Mn 3+ and Mn 2+ , and these reactions impelled a breakdown of the octahedral framework and the subsequent release of the tunnel water molecules. Rietveld refinements revealed a gradual thermal expansion of the todorokite structure to ~450 K. At higher temperatures, the unit-cell volume gradually decreased, primarily as a result of a decrease in c, and the decline in β with increasing temperature was accelerated. A mechanism for forming the inverse spinel hausmannite structure from todorokite is presented.
Tradeoffs in constructing and evaluating temporal influence diagrams

This paper addresses the tradeoffs which need to be considered in reasoning using probabilistic network representations, such as Influence Diagrams (IDs). In particular, we examine the tradeoffs entailed in using Temporal Influence Diagrams (TIDs) which adequately capture the temporal evolution of a dynamic system without prohibitive data and computational requirements. Three approaches for TID construction which make different tradeoffs are examined: (1) tailoring the network at each time interval to the data available (rather then just copying the original Bayes Network for all time intervals); (2) modeling the evolution of a parsimonious subset of variables (rather than all variables); and (3) model selection approaches, which seek to minimize some measure of the predictive accuracy of the model without introducing too many parameters, which might cause "overfitting" of the model. Methods of evaluating the accuracy/efficiency of the tradeoffs are proposed.
How are AGN Found

We discuss the very different methods in each wavelength band for selecting and finding Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). We briefly review the history of the different techniques for finding AGN and compare and contrast the advantages and difficulties of selection in different wavelength bands. We stress the strong selection effects in each wavelength band and the difficulty of defining complete samples. Of all the techniques presently used, we conclude that selection in the hard X-ray band via imaging and spectroscopy is the most complete and allows the best estimate of the number and evolution of active galaxies. However, all of the techniques have difficulties at low luminosities where emission due to stellar processes can have similar sizes and luminosities.
Improved RF system for Aladdin

A new 50.58 MHz RF system has been installed in the Aladdin synchrotron light source at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. A more compact aluminum RF cavity was constructed to make the original RF straight section available for a future insertion device. The original grounded cathode 4CW100000E power amplifier was also modified to improve its stability and control system. The new system delivers enough power to run the cavity at maximum gradient while supporting large beam currents. New low level RF electronics were constructed, including low level RF feedback. Feedback allows the use of a smaller RF bucket at injection to improve beam capture and eliminates operational difficulties with the Robinson instability. Operational results with the new system are presented. >
Reactions of 1,3-Diketones with a Dipeptide Isothiazolidin-3-one: Toward Agents That Covalently Capture Oxidized Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a validated therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes; however, the enzyme has been classified by some as an "undruggable target". Here we describe studies directed toward the development of agents that covalently capture the sulfenyl amide "oxoform" of PTP1B generated during insulin signaling events. The sulfenyl amide residue found in oxidized PTP1B presents a unique electrophilic sulfur center that may be exploited in drug and probe design. Covalent capture of oxidized PTP1B could permanently disable the intracellular pool of enzyme involved in regulation of insulin signaling. Here, we employed a dipeptide model of oxidized PTP1B to investigate the nucleophilic capture of the sulfenyl amide residue by structurally diverse 1,3-diketones. All of the 1,3-diketones examined here reacted readily with the electrophilic sulfur center in the sulfenyl amide residue to generate stable covalent attachments. Several different types of products were observed, depending upon the substituents present on the 1,3-diketone. The results provide a chemical foundation for the development of agents that covalently capture the oxidized form of PTP1B generated in cells during insulin signaling events.
Power decreases trust in social exchange

How does lacking vs. possessing power in a social exchange affect people’s trust in their exchange partner? An answer to this question has broad implications for a number of exchange settings in which dependence plays an important role. Here, we report on a series of experiments in which we manipulated participants’ power position in terms of structural dependence and observed their trust perceptions and behaviors. Over a variety of different experimental paradigms and measures, we find that more powerful actors place less trust in others than less powerful actors do. Our results contradict predictions by rational actor models, which assume that low-power individuals are able to anticipate that a more powerful exchange partner will place little value on the relationship with them, thus tends to behave opportunistically, and consequently cannot be trusted. Conversely, our results support predictions by motivated cognition theory, which posits that low-power individuals want their exchange partner to be trustworthy and then act according to that desire. Mediation analyses show that, consistent with the motivated cognition account, having low power increases individuals’ hope and, in turn, their perceptions of their exchange partners’ benevolence, which ultimately leads them to trust.
Social transfers, labor supply and poverty reduction : the case of Albania

In 1993, in response to persistent unemployment, and rising poverty and social unrest, the government of Albania introduced an anti-poverty program, namely Ndihma Ekonomike; in 1995 it was extended to all poor households. This paper estimates the separate effects of participation in this income support program and the old-age pension program on objective and subjective measures of household poverty. The analysis uses the nationally representative Albanian Living Standards Measurement Surveys carried out in 2002 and 2005. Using propensity score matching methods, the paper finds that Ndihma Ekonomike households, particularly urban residents, have lower per capita consumption and are more likely to be discontented with their lives, financial situation, and consumption levels than their matched comparators. In contrast, households receiving pensions are not significantly different from their matched comparators in reference to the same set of outcomes. The paper finds that the negative impact of Ndihma Ekonomike participation on welfare is driven by a negative labor supply response among work-eligible individuals. This negative labor response is larger among women and urban residents. In contrast to Ndihma Ekonomike, the receipt of old-age pension income transfers does not significantly impact the labor supply of prime-age individuals living in pension households
Population Density and Moment-based Approaches to Modeling Domain Calcium-mediated Inactivation of L-type Calcium Channels

We present a population density and moment-based description of the stochastic dynamics of domain [Formula: see text]-mediated inactivation of L-type [Formula: see text] channels. Our approach accounts for the effect of heterogeneity of local [Formula: see text] signals on whole cell [Formula: see text] currents; however, in contrast with prior work, e.g., Sherman et al. (Biophys J 58(4):985-995, 1990), we do not assume that [Formula: see text] domain formation and collapse are fast compared to channel gating. We demonstrate the population density and moment-based modeling approaches using a 12-state Markov chain model of an L-type [Formula: see text] channel introduced by Greenstein and Winslow (Biophys J 83(6):2918-2945, 2002). Simulated whole cell voltage clamp responses yield an inactivation function for the whole cell [Formula: see text] current that agrees with the traditional approach when domain dynamics are fast. We analyze the voltage-dependence of [Formula: see text] inactivation that may occur via slow heterogeneous domain [[Formula: see text]]. Next, we find that when channel permeability is held constant, [Formula: see text]-mediated inactivation of L-type channels increases as the domain time constant increases, because a slow domain collapse rate leads to increased mean domain [[Formula: see text]] near open channels; conversely, when the maximum domain [[Formula: see text]] is held constant, inactivation decreases as the domain time constant increases. Comparison of simulation results using population densities and moment equations confirms the computational efficiency of the moment-based approach, and enables the validation of two distinct methods of truncating and closing the open system of moment equations. In general, a slow domain time constant requires higher order moment truncation for agreement between moment-based and population density simulations.
Non-supersymmetric Attractors in Symmetric Coset Spaces

We develop a method of constructing generic black hole attractor solutions, both BPS and non-BPS, single-centered as well as multi-centered, in a large class of 4D \(\mathcal{N}\,=\,2\) supergravities coupled to vector-multiplets with cubic prepotentials. The method is applicable to models for which the 3D moduli spaces obtained via c ∗-map are symmetric coset spaces. All attractor solutions in such a 3D moduli space can be constructed algebraically in a unified way. Then the 3D attractor solutions are mapped back into four dimensions to give 4D extremal black holes.
Intervertebral Disk-Space Infection after Chymopapain Injection

Four patients who had received chymopapain injections for treatment of herniated lumbar disks were evaluated by computed tomography (CT) because of persistent low back pain and suspicion of infection. Irregularity of the vertebral end-plate and a mottled appearance of the vertebral bodies suggested the diagnosis of disk-space infection in all four cases. CT-guided biopsy of the disk space was performed in each case, and bacterial cultures demonstrated staphylococcal infections, which were treated accordingly. Diskitis secondary to chymopapain injection is rare because of the precautions that are usually taken. No antibiotics are used routinely with such injections, although systemic antibiotics have been used in diabetics for prophylaxis.
Ortho C ? H Acylation of Aryl Iodides by Palladium/Norbornene Catalysis

Reported herein is a palladium/norbornene-catalyzed ortho-arene acylation of aryl iodides by a Catellani-type C-H functionalization. This transformation is enabled by isopropyl carbonate anhydrides, which serve as both an acyl cation equivalent and a hydride source.