cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urban/industrial pollution for the New York City–Washington, D. C., corridor, 1996–1998: 2. A study of the efficacy of the Montreal Protocol and other regulatory measures

[1] Background concentrations, emission rates, and trends in emission rates for five trace gases are inferred for the northeastern United States from continuous atmospheric observations at Harvard Forest in central New England for 1996–1998. Mixing ratios of gases regulated by the Montreal Protocol (CFC-11 (CCl3F), CFC-12 (CCl2F2), CFC-113 (CCl2F-CClF2), CH3CCl3, and halon-1211 (CBrClF2)) are referenced to CO and PCE (perchloroethylene, tetrachloroethene, C2Cl4) to determine their urban/industrial source strengths and to test existing estimates of U.S. emissions. Despite the full imposition by 1996 of the Montreal Protocol ban on production by developed countries, our data show that significant releases to the atmosphere continue and that only emissions of CFC-12 and CH3CCl3 declined in the region during this period. A broader historical and geographical study of emissions reveals that from 1986 to 1996 the international treaty has reduced U.S. emissions of CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, and CH3CCl3 by 87%, 70%, 93%, and 87%, respectively, but current trends suggest persistent emissions for many years following.
A two time scale analysis of gyroscopic motion with friction

The motion of a symmetric rigid body having one fixed point and subject to frictional forces is considered. The frictional forces are due to a surrounding dissipative medium and are accounted for by a model wherein the frictional torque is proportional to the angular velocity. A two time scale perturbation technique is used to analyze and characterize possible motions. The results of calculations which illustrate some of these motions are provided. These results show full agreement with qualitative observations.
Medical therapy of gliomas

Medical therapies are an important part of adjunctive therapy for gliomas. In this chapter we will review the chemotherapeutic and targeted agents that have been evaluated in clinical trials in grade II–IV gliomas in the last decade. A number of randomized phase III trials were completed and reported. There has been a clear success in oligodendroglial tumors and low grade glioma. Although some progress has been made in glioblastoma, considerable work involving the multidisciplinary collaboration of basic science, translational and clinical investigators needs to be done to improve the outcome of patients with anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma. In addition, tailoring treatment based on molecular cytogenetic characteristics is a major focus of research into precision based medicine for glioma.
VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS DURING HALOTHANE ANAESTHESIA: EFFECT OF ISOPROTERENOL, AMINOPHYLLINE, AND EPHEDRINE.

Isoproterenol and ephedrine administered intravenously to dogs anaesthetized with halothane led to ventricular arrhythmias The arhythmias were more severe when aminophylline was given prior to ephedrine but the results were inconsistent with isoproterenol Ventricular fibrillation was found only when aminophylline was given prior to ephedrine or isoproterenol
Electrical resistivity of cubic rare earth, thorium and uranium tungsten bronzes

Abstract The electrical resistivity of single crystals of Sm0.09WO3, Gd0.19WO3 and powder specimens of Gd0.085–0.19WO3, Th0.075WO3, and U0.08WO3 has been measured as a function of temperature from 150 to 400°K using a potential probe method. The resistance of all samples increased linearly over the entire temperature range. Measurements of the resistivity as a function of the x-value of GdxWO3 showed that the resistivity decreases with increasing x-value.
Observations on the unique form of sweeping hairs on the styles of the Eremothamneae (Asteraceae)

When the tribe Eremothamneae of the Asteraceae was originally described (Robinson & Brettell, 1973), the primary distinguishing feature cited was a unique form of sweeping hairs on the style branches. The single genus Eremothamnus O. Hoffmann included in the tribe at that time had a combination of various ray flower, pappus, style shape, and anther characters that precluded placement in any other tribe known at the time, but the sweeping hairs, consisting of two or three cells separated by vertical walls, were unlike those of any other tribe in the family. The separate tribal status has been recognized by some more recent authors (Bremer, 1987), but has been dismissed in some other mentions of the genus (Nordlindh, 1977). The existence of the distinctive form of sweeping hairs has been largely ignored. The narrow endemism of the rare Eremothamnus in the Ltideritz Bay area of Namibia has been part of the problem. The genus was only known to the original authors of the tribe on the basis of borrowed material, and it has probably never been seen by most synantherologists. Now, the preceding paper on Hoplophyllum DC. by Karis (1992) has called attention to the close relationship of that genus to Eremothamnus on the basis of general features and the detailed form of the endothecial cells. Material of Candolle's genus from the northwestern Cape Province in South Africa has recently been received by the U.S. National Herbarium and has allowed an immediate examination for characters not mentioned by Karis. The relationship to Eremothamnus has been fully confirmed by the discovery of Eremothamnine type bior tri-cellular sweeping hairs on the style branches of Hoplophyllum (Fig. 1-2). The character has been reported to Karis and is illustrated here by SEM micrographs so as to be brought to the attention of future workers. The tribe Eremothamneae should now be recognized as including two genera, Eremothamnus and Hoplophyllum, as noted by Karis (1992). Pollen grains, such as those seen in one of the SEM photographs, are already being studied and will be reported on separately.
On the response of a turbulent-pressure probe and the measurement of pressure transport

Wind-tunnel calibrations of turbulent-pressure sensors usually reveal deviations from ideal response. These deviations are typically reported in dimensional form (e.g., in microbars) or as a fraction of the dynamic pressure. Neither presentation gives a direct indication of the reliability of pressure statistics measured in a turbulent flow. We derive a general response equation for a turbulent-pressure probe. The coefficients in the equation are obtainable from standard wind-tunnel calibration results. The form of the response equation makes it straightforward to relate the errors in measured pressure statistics to the statistics of the turbulence. We demonstrate this by evaluating the reliability of measurements of some important pressure covariances, including the pressure-transport term in the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget in the unstable surface layer. The preliminary finding is that the Nishiyama-Bedard sensor is capable of measuring pressure transport of TKE there to within 10–20%.
A modified capacitance matrix method to implement coastal boundaries in the Harvard open ocean model

Abstract A modification of the Capacitance Matrix Method is used to extend the Harvard Open Ocean Quasigeostrophic Model to domains containing irregular coastal boundaries. The Modified Capacitance Matrix Method imposes consistent quasigeostrophic boundary conditions. An analytic solution for a problem in coastal oceanography is used to test the accuracy of the method for fully closed and semi-open regions. The Modified Capacitance Matrix Method preserves the efficiency of fast-direct elliptic solvers designed to operate on regular domains.
Models of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemics in commercial poultry flocks in Nigeria and Ghana

State-scale and premises-scale gravity models for the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) in Nigeria and Ghana were used to provide a basis for risk maps for future epidemics and to compare and rank plausible culling and vaccination strategies for control. Maximum likelihood methods were used to fit the models to the 2006–2007 outbreaks. The sensitivity and specificity of the state-scale model-generated probabilities that any given state would be involved in an epidemic were each 57 %. The premises-based model indicated that reactive, countrywide vaccination strategies, in which the order in which flocks are vaccinated was strictly determined by known risk factors for infection, were more effective in reducing the final size of the epidemic and the epidemic impact than vaccinating flocks at random or ring vaccination. The model suggests that an introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) into Ghana had a high chance (84 %) of causing a major outbreak. That this did not happen was most probably a result of the very swift Ghanaian response to news of the first introductions.
Propagator for the time-dependent harmonic oscillator

We evaluate the exact propagator for a system of n-coupled harmonic oscillators with time-dependent coupling constants ${k}_{\mathrm{ij}}$(t). .AE
Logically Equivalent—But Closer to the Truth

AbstractVerisimilitude has the potential to deepen the understanding of mathematical progress, the principle of charity, and the psychology of regret. One obstacle is the widely held belief that tw...
Quality of life in elderly patients with recurrent major depression: a factor analysis of the General Life Functioning Scale

Quality of life profiles measured by the General Life Functioning (GLF) Scale were examined in elderly patients with recurrent major depression, before and during combined treatment with nortriptyline and interpersonal psychotherapy. The study group included 110 patients, 91 recovered and 19 nonrecovered, aged 60 to 80 years, suffering from at least their second lifetime episode of major depression. Repeated measures analysis of covariance (with Hamilton and Beck depression scores as time-dependent covariates) was used to compare the temporal course of overall GLF scores for the recovered and the nonrecovered groups. Factor analysis was used to examine whether the GLF Scale yielded an overall score and measured specific aspects of well-being and coping. There were significant differences in the overall GLF scores between recovered and nonrecovered patients, with the differences increasing from week 8 of treatment onward. Analysis revealed significant improvements in quality of life, as measured by overall GLF scores, over the course of treatment in both recovered and nonrecovered patients. Even when changes in Hamilton and Beck depression ratings were controlled for in the statistical analysis, improvements in GLF scores were found to be greater in recovered than in nonrecovered patients. Thus, the GLF measures more than change in level of depression. Its overall score also has high internal reliability.
Predictive synthesis of ordered mesoporous silica with maltoside and cationic surfactants based on aqueous lyotropic phase behavior

Self-assembled nonionic alkyl glycoside surfactants are of interest for creating functional adsorption and catalytic sites at the surface of mesoporous sol-gel-derived materials, but they typically impart poor long-range order when they are used as pore templates. Improved order and control over the functional site density can be achieved by mixing the alkyl polyglycoside surfactant with a cationic surfactant. Here, we investigate the rarely reported lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) phase behavior of aqueous solutions of a nonionic disaccharide surfactant, n-dodecyl-beta-d-maltoside (C(12)G(2)/DM), and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (C(16)TAB) by low-angle powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and polarized optical microscopy (POM). An approximate ternary phase diagram of the C(16)TAB-C(12)G(2)-water system is developed at 50 degrees C, which includes 2-D hexagonal (P6mm symmetry), bicontinuous cubic (Ia3 d symmetry), lamellar, and rectangular (cmm symmetry) LLC phases. By replacing the volume of water in the phase diagram with an equivalent volume of silica, ordered mesoporous materials are prepared by a nanocasting technique with variable C(12)G(2)/C(16)TAB ratios. For large regions of the phase diagram, this approach is predictive. However, silica materials synthesized with comparatively high C(12)G(2)/C(16)TAB ratios are only poorly ordered in a way that does not correspond to their lyotropic liquid crystalline phase behavior. Also, in contrast with our previous study of mixed C(16)TAB/n-octyl-b-d-glucopyranoside templating [37] the boundary between hexagonal and bicontinuous cubic materials is shifted towards higher surfactant content than in the aqueous LLC system.
Characterization of multivariate distributions through a functional equation of their characteristic functions

Abstract The multivariate distributions whose characteristic functions satisfy a given integrated functional equation are proved to be essentially multivariate stable (semi-stable) distributions. This generalizes the characterization of univariate distributions in Ramachandran and Rao (1970), Shimizu (1968, 1978), Davies and Shimizu (1976), and Ramachandran et al. (1988). Related characterization problems such as identically distributed, and zero regressions of linear statistics are also discussed.
A Cahn–Hilliard-type phase-field theory for species diffusion coupled with large elastic deformations: Application to phase-separating Li-ion electrode materials

Abstract We formulate a unified framework of balance laws and thermodynamically-consistent constitutive equations which couple Cahn–Hilliard-type species diffusion with large elastic deformations of a body. The traditional Cahn–Hilliard theory, which is based on the species concentration c and its spatial gradient ∇ c , leads to a partial differential equation for the concentration which involves fourth-order spatial derivatives in c; this necessitates use of basis functions in finite-element solution procedures that are piecewise smooth and globally C 1 - continuous . In order to use standard C 0 - continuous finite-elements to implement our phase-field model, we use a split-method to reduce the fourth-order equation into two second-order partial differential equations (pdes). These two pdes, when taken together with the pde representing the balance of forces, represent the three governing pdes for chemo-mechanically coupled problems. These are amenable to finite-element solution methods which employ standard C 0 - continuous finite-element basis functions. We have numerically implemented our theory by writing a user-element subroutine for the widely used finite-element program Abaqus/Standard. We use this numerically implemented theory to first study the diffusion-only problem of spinodal decomposition in the absence of any mechanical deformation. Next, we use our fully coupled theory and numerical-implementation to study the combined effects of diffusion and stress on the lithiation of a representative spheroidal-shaped particle of a phase-separating electrode material.
A quantitative model of cookstove variability and field performance: Implications for sample size

Abstract Many cookstove studies conducted in the field fail to measure meaningful differences between different stove technologies. Although meaningful differences do not always exist, significant differences are often missed because of low statistical power. A numerical model has been developed to determine the minimum sample size necessary to ensure that cookstove field studies are well-designed, efficient, and have adequate statistical power to characterize the concentrations of pollutants inside homes. The numerical model uses a Monte Carlo prediction method to generate probabilistic distributions of indoor pollutant concentrations. The model is based on a series of user inputs, including emissions rate, home size, air-exchange rate, fuel-moisture content, and measurement error. Application of this model to an example situation showed that, even under optimistic measurement conditions, a substantially high number of test replicates would be required. This approach should allow organizations to select appropriate sample sizes to test cookstoves in the field and to identify factors that contribute to variability among tests.
Information Structure for Geometric Analogies: A Test Theory Approach:

Although geometric analogies are popular items for measuring intelligence, the information pro cesses that are involved in their solution have not been studied in a test theory context. In the current study, processing is examined by testing alternative models of information structure on geometric analogies. In contrast to the treatment of models in other studies that have appeared in the cognitive literature, the models are tested jointly as mathe matical models of processing and as latent trait models of individual differences. The joint model ing was achieved by applying the one-parameter lin ear logistic latent trait model to predict response accuracy from information structure. The results supported the model that distinguished between spatial distortion and spatial displacement transfor mations, which have opposite effects on item diffi culty. Further, no significant sex difference in over all accuracy or processing were observed. Implica tions of the results for processing mechanisms and test desig...
A 10 kPixel CMOS Hall Sensor Array With Baseline Suppression and Parallel Readout for Immunoassays

A CMOS microsystem for detecting microparticles in magnetic immunoassays uses the intrinsic dynamics of magnetization in super-paramagnetic materials to reduce measurement baseline by >;300× compared to conventional methods, and to achieve a signal to baseline ratio>; 1, with an improvement of over 50 × compared to systems that ignore bead dynamics. The microsystem integrates a 64 × 160 Hall-sensor array with column-parallel readout electronics that combine auto-zeroing and nested chopping to enable low-offset, power efficient signal acquisition and has an Allan deviation floor of 9 nT.
Taking the High Road Only to Arrive at the Low Road: The Creation of a Reserve Army of Petty Capitalists in the North Maine Woods

Class relations in wood harvesting in Maine are analyzed. An unexpected high-road strategy emerges from the adoption of new technology for corporate crews (wage labor). This high-road policy is enhanced by the class struggle of independent logging contractors (petty capitalists). The ultimate diffusion of this technology to contractors reversed this strategy by allowing company crews to be disbanded. This created a reserve army of petty capitalists and a resultant increase in the rate of exploitation.
Use of Laboratory Studies for the Design, Explanation, and Validation of Human Micronutrient Intervention Studies

Many micronutrient supplementation trials have led to important new findings relevant to public health, but some outcomes have been unclear or concerning. Can and should laboratory studies and animal models be used more extensively to pretest the proposed designs of human studies? This paper illustrates, as examples, the contributions that animal models have made to several major advances in understanding the biology of the micronutrients vitamin A and carotenoids, and it proposes that animal studies can play a more integrated role in public health nutrition by serving as a first line of interrogation for study designs and thereby as a means of refining the designs of human studies so that large, expensive, and logistically difficult human trials will yield the best possible information.
X-ray Diagnostics of Grain Depletion in Matter Accreting onto T Tauri Stars

Recent analysis of high-resolution Chandra X-ray spectra has shown that the Ne/O abundance ratio is remarkably constant in stellar coronae. Based on this result, we point out the utility of the Ne/O ratio as a discriminant for accretion-related X-rays from T Tauri stars and for probing the measure of grain depletion of the accreting material in the inner disk. We apply the Ne/O diagnostic to the classical T Tauri stars BP Tau and TW Hya—the two stars found to date whose X-ray emission appears to originate, at least in part, from accretion activity. We show that TW Hya appears to be accreting material that is significantly depleted in O relative to Ne. In contrast, BP Tau has an Ne/O abundance ratio consistent with that observed for post-T Tauri stars. We interpret this result in terms of the different ages and evolutionary states of the circumstellar disks of these stars. In the young BP Tau disk (age ~0.6 Myr), dust is still present near the disk corotation radius and can be ionized and accreted, rereleasing elements depleted onto grains. In the more evolved TW Hya disk (age ~10 Myr), evidence points to ongoing coagulation of grains into much larger bodies, and possibly planets, that can resist the drag of inward-migrating gas, and the accreting gas is consequently depleted of grain-forming elements.
The complex Double Gaussian distribution

We present the complex Double Gaussian distribution that describes the product of two independent, non-zero mean, complex Gaussian random variables, a doubly-infinite summation of terms. This distribution is useful in a wide array of problems. We discuss its application to blind TR detection systems by deriving the Neyman-Pearson optimal detector when the channel is modeled as the product of two independent complex Gaussian random variables, such as in a Time Reversal scenario. We show that near-optimal detection performance can be achieved with as few as 25 summation terms. Theoretical analysis and Monte Carlo simulations illustrate our results.
cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II): Cytological Changes Induced in Escherichia coli

Filamentous forms of Escherichia coli, induced by growth in the presence of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II), contain amorphous inclusion aggregates, possibly ribosomal, with an affinity for uranium ion.
The Evolution of Citizenship in a Divided Urban Community Local Citizen Engagement in Belfast, Northern Ireland

This article explores the complex interactions between national citizenship and local citizenship in the divided city of Belfast, Northern Ireland, as they are emerging a decade after the 1998 Good Friday peace agreement was signed. Utilizing in-depth, qualitative interviews with citizens with varied community roles and perspectives, combined with a media survey, this article addresses the question of how local citizenship is evolving in Belfast and how the evolution of a shared local citizenship may ultimately affect national citizenship. The study of this unique case sheds light on the broader theoretical question of the relationship between local and national citizenship within a democratic polity.
Bright light therapy for depression: A review of its effects on chronobiology and the autonomic nervous system

Bright light therapy (BLT) is considered among the first-line treatments for seasonal affective disorder (SAD), yet a growing body of literature supports its use in other neuropsychiatric conditions including non-seasonal depression. Despite evidence of its antidepressant efficacy, clinical use of BLT remains highly variable internationally. In this article, we explore the autonomic effects of BLT and suggest that such effects may play a role in its antidepressant and chronotherapeutic properties. After providing a brief introduction on the clinical application of BLT, we review the chronobiological effects of BLT on depression and on the autonomic nervous system in depressed and non-depressed individuals with an emphasis on non-seasonal depression. Such a theory of autonomic modulation via BLT could serve to integrate aspects of recent work centered on alleviating allostatic load, the polyvagal theory, the neurovisceral integration model and emerging evidence on the roles of glutamate and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GABA).
The KaiA protein of the cyanobacterial circadian oscillator is modulated by a redox-active cofactor

The circadian rhythms exhibited in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus are generated by an oscillator comprised of the proteins KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC. An external signal that commonly affects the circadian clock is light. Previously, we reported that the bacteriophytochrome-like protein CikA passes environmental signals to the oscillator by directly binding a quinone and using cellular redox state as a measure of light in this photosynthetic organism. Here, we report that KaiA also binds the quinone analog 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone (DBMIB), and the oxidized form of DBMIB, but not its reduced form, decreases the stability of KaiA in vivo, causes multimerization in vitro, and blocks KaiA stimulation of KaiC phosphorylation, which is central to circadian oscillation. Our data suggest that KaiA directly senses environmental signals as changes in redox state and modulates the circadian clock.
Analysis of clustered recurrent event data with application to hospitalization rates among renal failure patients

SUMMARY End-stage renal disease (commonly referred to as renal failure) is of increasing concern in the United States and many countries worldwide. Incidence rates have increased, while the supply of donor organs has not kept pace with the demand. Although renal transplantation has generally been shown to be superior to dialysis with respect to mortality, very little research has been directed towards comparing transplant and wait-list patients with respect to morbidity. Using national data from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, we compare transplant and wait-list hospitalization rates. Hospitalizations are subject to two levels of dependence. In addition to the dependence among within-patient events, patients are also clustered by listing center. We propose two marginal methods to analyze such clustered recurrent event data; the first model postulates a common baseline event rate, while the second features cluster-specific baseline rates. Our results indicate that kidney transplantation offers a significant decrease in hospitalization, but that the effect is negated by a waiting time (until transplant) of more than 2 years. Moreover, graft failure (GF) results in a significant increase in the hospitalization rate which is greatest in the first month post-GF, but remains significantly elevated up to 4 years later. We also compare results from the proposed models to those based on a frailty model, with the various methods compared and contrasted.
Achieving safe motherhood: applying a life course and multiple determinants perinatal health framework in public health.

Safe motherhood has begun to be identified as a priority for the health of American women. We argue that safe motherhood can be achieved through application of a life course and multiple determinants framework. This framework, with its focus on the preconception period, poses a dilemma in that it links together periods of life and domains of activities that have traditionally not been linked with maternal health. The interests of women and children have often been juxtaposed in the making of policy. Further, the domains of women’s health, maternal and child health, and family planning have often clashed over policy priorities and funds. This framework shows that the research literature now links them inextricably to better health outcomes, albeit indirectly; there are no intervention studies that have demonstrated the empirical efficacy of this approach. Thus, although this framework creates a strong rationale for the linkages described, it also demands attention to a set of implementation strategies that will overcome existing barriers. Through a focus on one maternal factor, obesity, we discuss how a range of strategies grounded in the framework can be undertaken to address maternal morbidity and mortality. We then examine selected strategies at each level of the multiple determinants life course framework and emphasize how public policies and public and private sector professional practice can be reexamined to improve outcomes for women in all time periods and aspects of reproductive potential, which in turn might enhance outcomes for their offspring, both at birth and beyond. Our intent is to influence how policy makers, public health professionals, clinicians, and researchers approach safe motherhood.
Social Cognition Training for Individuals with Schizophrenia: Emerging Evidence

Growing evidence indicates that social cognitive deficits are important, unique determinants of poor functional outcome in schizophrenia. These findings have generated considerable interest in the possibility of intervening at the level of social cognition as a means of improving functional outcome. In this review article, we first briefly describe the major domains of social cognition that have been studied in schizophrenia and their functional relevance for people with this disorder. We then review and critically evaluate recent studies that examined the modifiability of social cognition in schizophrenia through psychosocial interventions, including brief experimental manipulations, longer-term studies that embed social cognitive training in broad, multicomponent treatment packages, and longer-term treatment studies that specifically target social cognitive skills. Emerging evidence indicates that performance on social cognitive tasks is amenable to commonly used intervention techniques and that broad a...
The Impact of Concurrent Conference Calls on the Information Content of Earnings Announcements

We investigate the association of concurrent conference calls with the previously documented over-time increase in information content of earnings announcements. Conference calls are typically held on the same day as an earnings announcement and provide a source of competing information. We expect the increase in the information content of earnings announcements is actually a byproduct of either growth in number or increase in information content of concurrent conference calls. We find that the combination of additional information provided by conference calls and the increased conference call activity during the sample period is the source of the previously documented increase in information content of earnings. After controlling for conference calls, we find that the information content of earnings has, at best, remained constant during the period from 1995 to 2000 and for smaller quintile firms has actually decreased.
An equilibrium profile model for retreating marsh shorelines in southeast Louisiana

Abstract Louisiana's coastal marshes are experiencing the highest wetland loss rates in the U.S., in part due to subsidence-driven relative sea-level rise. These marshes are also vulnerable to the erosive power of wave attack: 1) on the marsh edge adjacent to open-water bodies, and 2) after the marsh platform is submerged. Marsh shorelines in Barataria Bay, Breton Sound, and the active Balize delta of southeastern Louisiana were examined in areas where the subaerial marsh platform had disappeared since 1932. Vibracore transects of marsh and adjacent bay surface sediments (to ∼2 m depth) were analyzed using geotechnical, stratigraphic, and radiochemical (137-Cs and 210-Pb) methods, and the subaerial-to-subaqueous transition of the marsh was mapped for elevation using standard stadia rod transit and fathometer measurements. Results indicate that marsh edge erosion of the platform takes place subaqueously until water depths of ∼1.5 m are reached. This is observed even in interior pond regions, but the shoreface elevation profiles are a function of fetch: exposed open bay sites display greater incision (depth and rate) of the marsh platform than protected interior bay or pond sites. Core stratigraphy reveals that the outer part of the subaqueous platform switches from erosional to depositional as retreat proceeds, covering the incised marsh deposits unconformably with estuarine shelly muds. 137-Cs and excess 210-Pb activity indicates that these muds are deposited within a few decades of subaerial marsh loss. The consistency of the cross-shore profile results suggests that a single profile of equilibrium can approximate the morphology of eroding marsh edges in southeast Louisiana: platform stratigraphy and resistance to erosion have a limited effect on profile shape. This equilibrium profile and remote sensing images of shoreline change are used to estimate the sediment yield to adjacent estuarine areas by this process. On average, 1.5 m3 of sediment are yielded per m shoreline length annually from both Barataria Bay and Breton Sound. Due to the highly organic nature of the eroded sediment (∼30%), this supply of organic-rich material could significantly impact estuarine productivity and hypoxia on the Louisiana continental shelf.
[(1,2,3,4,5-η)-2-[(Diphenylphosphino)-methyl]-3,4-dimethyl-1H-phosphol-1-yl][(1,2,3,4,5-η)-1,2,3,4,5-pentamethyl-2,4-cyclopentadien-1-yl]iron

[209669-90-9] C29H34FeP2 (MW 500.90) InChI = 1S/C19H19P2.C10H15.Fe/c1-15-13-20-19(16(15)2)14-21(17-9-5-3-6-10-17)18-11-7-4-8-12-18;1-6-7(2)9(4)10(5)8(6)3;/h3-13H,14H2,1-2H3;1-5H3; InChIKey = ULNXHLNIWVVXMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N (chiral ligand for rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation of dehydroamino acids and for rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective isomerization of allylic alcohols to aldehydes) Solubility: soluble in organic solvents. Form Supplied in: yellow oil. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: can be handled briefly in air; should be stored under an inert atmosphere.
A note on pulse distortion by ionospheric reflection

An expression, suitable for a small desk-top computer, is presented to calculate the time domain envelope of a rectangular pulse reflected from a sech 2 model ionosphere and observed at the output of a simple receiver bandpass filter. Ionospheric, source pulse, and filter parameters can be varied to estimate distortion characteristics of the received pulse.
Macroevolution, hierarchy theory, and the C-value enigma

For more than 60 years, evolutionary biologists have debated the issue of whether the processes of genetic change observable within populations (microevolution) can provide an adequate explanation for the large-scale patterns in the history of life (macroevolution). In general, population geneticists have argued in favor of microevolutionary extrapolation, whereas paleontologists have sought to establish an autonomous and hierarchical macroevolutionary theory based on the operation of selection at several levels of biological organization (especially species). The massive variation in eukaryotic genome sizes (haploid nuclear DNA contents, or “C-values”) has similarly been a subject of debate for more than half a century, and it has become clear that no one-dimensional explanation can account for it. In this article, the basic concepts of macroevolutionary theory are reviewed and then applied to the long-standing puzzle of genome size variation (the “C-value enigma”). Genome size evolution provides a clear example of hierarchy in action and therefore lends support to the theoretical approach of macroevolutionists. Perhaps more importantly, it is apparent that genome evolution cannot be understood without such a hierarchical approach, thereby providing an intriguing conceptual link between the most reductionistic and expansive subjects of evolutionary study.
Abstract W P233: FTY720 Preserves Arteriolar Vasodilating Function after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background: Inflammation is increasingly recognized as a key mediator of brain injury in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In this study we investigated the protective effect of the immunomodulatory agent, FTY720, on SAH. Methods: We utilized the endovascular perforation rat model of SAH. The animals were divided into three groups: (1) sham surgical control; (2) vehicle-treated SAH; and (3) FTY720-treated SAH. In group (2) and (3) rats received either vehicle solution or FTY720 (0.5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally 3h post-SAH. A close cranial window system was established at 48h post-SAH and intravital microscopy was used to assess (1) inflammation, which was represented by rhodamine-6G-labeled leukocyte trafficking in the pial venules, and (2) pial arteriolar dilating function to a variety of vasodilators including hypercapnia, acetylcholine (Ach), adenosine (ADA), and S-nitroso-N-acetyl penicillamine (SNAP). In addition, neurological function was evaluated at 48h using motor-sensory tests. Results: Compared to sham controls, the vehicle treated SAH animals had a 4-fold increase in pial venular leukocyte adhesion (2.90±0.6% vs. 14.4±2.7%; p Conclusions: The use of FTY720 decreases the adhesion of leukocytes to pial vessels, preserves pial arteriolar FTY720 function, and improves the neurological outcome in rats subjected to SAH.
The Influence of a University’s Social Identity on NCAA Divisional Affiliation

Several scholars noted universities changing their intercollegiate athletic association are influenced by rival schools with similar social identities (Smith, 2011; Smith, Williams, Soebbing, & Washington, 2013; Washington, 2004, 2004–05; Weaver, 2010). Specifically, most of these studies reviewed institutions that were former members of the NAIA and moved to the NCAA since 1973, noting university officials affiliated with the NAIA considered the organization as a detriment to their own firm’s identity (Smith, 2011; Washington, 2004–05). Thus, many of these universities departed the NAIA to join the NCAA. However, NCAA affiliation requires institutions to review NCAA rules and regulations to determine which division best suit their respective school’s needs (i.e., Division II or III). Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine if a school’s many social identities influence the likelihood of movement from the NAIA to either Division II or Division III. The results from a logistic regression model sho...
Irreversible Thermodynamics of a Nonlinear R − C System

The formalism of nonlinear irreversible thermodynamics, as recently given by us, is applied to a circuit containing a capacitor and a nonlinear resistor. The solution is compared with those obtained by M. Lax and other investigators. It is shown that the fluctuation-dissipation theorem is rigorous, and that no correction factors need be introduced for nonlinear systems. The dynamical behavior of the microscopic fluctuations, from which the macroscopic motion can be obtained, is also derived. Finally, a specific Markoffian model of a nonlinear $R\ensuremath{-}C$ system, in strong interaction with a temperature reservoir, is shown to be consistent with the general analysis.
Introduction to technical services for library technicians

(1982). Introduction to technical services for library technicians. Library Acquisitions: Practice & Theory: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 71-72.
How to Evaluate Field Sales Promotion

Of the many weapons in the modern marketer's arsenal, sales promotion methods often are used blindly.This article diagnoses this situation, and includes a standard evaluation form for use in appraising field promotions.
Broken Images, Broken Lives: Carmolina's Journey in Tina De Rosa's Paper Fish

The Italian woman writer is part of a significant, but overlooked, forty-year old literary tradition in the United States. From Mari Tomasi's Deep Grow the Roots (1940) to Tina De Rosa's Paper Fish (1980) women of Italian descent in America have fictionalized the immigrant experience from the double perspective of ethnicity and gender, and have concomitantly inscribed into their writing a double marginality - as ethnic Americans and as women. Virtually ignored by reviewers, critics, and academics, the Italian American woman writer has had to forge her own literary identity, an identity often expressed in fictional representations of transplanted Italian families in America.1 Helen Barolini's compilation of fifty-six Italian American women writers in The Dream Book: An Anthology of Writings by Italian American Women (1985) provides the necessary corrective for the lack of visibility from which these writers have suffered. Barolini's instructive introduction emphasizes the two major factors that have contributed to the unnatural silence of this literary group: the cultural assumptions informing the Italian American's self-perception and those that govern literary opinion in America. Fundamental cultural differences complicate attempts by southern Italians or their immediate descendants to adopt American models of identity. The primary cultural difference between southern Italian and American self-concept stems from the Italian's unrelenting belief in the family as giver of identity to the exclusion of individual autonomy. In contrast, the traditional, masculine model of American selfhood holds individuality and self-reliance as the criteria by which a person gains identity. In this model, the family often limits or prohibits individual growth; the mother places social pressure on her children to conform to society's norms. The ties to family and community are resisted by the protagonist, usually a male, who lights out for a territory away from the purveyors of culture. Although feminist criticism has challenged this paradigm, it has done so primarily by offering Anglo women's fiction as a critique and alternative to it.2
The hippocampus generalizes across memories that share item and context information

Episodic memory is known to rely on the hippocampus, but how the hippocampus organizes different episodes to permit their subsequent retrieval remains controversial. According to one view, hippocampal coding differentiates between similar events to reduce interference, whereas an alternative view is that the hippocampus assigns similar representations to events that share item and context information. Here, we used multivariate analyses of activity patterns measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to characterize how the hippocampus distinguishes between memories based on similarity of their item and/or context information. Hippocampal activity patterns discriminated between events that shared either item or context information, but generalized across events that shared similar item-context associations. The current findings provide novel evidence that, whereas the hippocampus can resist mnemonic interference by separating events that generalize along a single attribute dimension, overlapping hippocampal codes may support memory for events with overlapping item-context relations.
Basal Progenitors Contribute to Repair of the Prostate Epithelium Following Induced Luminal Anoikis

Contact with the extracellular matrix is essential for maintenance of epithelial cells in many tissues, while in its absence epithelial cells can detach and undergo anoikis. Here, we show that anoikis of luminal cells in the prostate epithelium is followed by a program of tissue repair that is mediated in part by differentiation of basal epithelial cells to luminal cells. We describe a mouse model in which inducible deletion of E-cadherin in prostate luminal cells results in their apoptotic cell death by anoikis, in the absence of phenotypic effects in the surrounding stroma. Quantitative assessments of proliferation and cell death in the luminal and basal compartments indicate that basal cells can rapidly generate luminal cells. Thus, our findings identify a role for basal-to-luminal differentiation in prostate epithelial repair, and provide a normal context to analogous processes that may occur during prostate cancer initiation.
Flip-chip Bonded SiC Power Devices on a Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) Substrate for Next Generation Power Modules

Abstract This paper explores the design and performance benefits of an LTCC-based power module using SiC power devices. The goal of the design is to achieve high power density with an improved level of reliability as compared to the state-of-the-art, especially at elevated operating temperatures. This will enable a more complete leveraging of the benefits of SiC semiconductor technology. The reliability of existing power modules under high thermo-mechanical stress is adversely affected by the presence of wire bonds and by delamination at the die attachment interface between the die and substrate. As power devices are driven at higher frequencies, wire bonds will inhibit performance by introducing ringing and large overshoots due to the parasitic inductances they introduce in the critical switching loops in the circuit. A flip-chip bonding process for bonding the power devices has been investigated in this paper as an alternative to wire-bonding. It was found that flip-chip interconnects not only improved ...
Familial Pancreatic Cancer and the Genetics of Pancreatic Cancer

Recent studies that use molecular biology techniques are providing insight into the genetic alterations that occur in patients with pancreatic cancer. Families in which more than one member has developed pancreatic cancer offer a unique opportunity to study the genetic events responsible for the development of these cancers. To this end, persons from families prone to develop pancreatic cancer are being enrolled in a national registry located at The Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore. It is hoped that genetic studies eventually will aid in the early diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer.
11-Step Total Synthesis of Pallambins C and D

The structurally intriguing terpenes pallambins C and D have been assembled in only 11 steps from a cheap commodity chemical: furfuryl alcohol. This synthesis, which features a redox-economic approach free of protecting-group manipulations, assembles all four-ring systems via a sequential cyclization strategy. Of these four-ring constructing operations, two are classical (Robinson annulation and Mukaiyama aldol) and two are newly devised. During the course of this work a method for the difunctionalization of enol ethers was developed, and the scope of this transformation was explored.
A Review of “Image Matters: Archive, Photography, and the African Diaspora in Europe”

During a quiet moment around the time of World War II, a photograph was taken of a proud mother, arm-in-arm with her son—a black man in uniform, swastika prominent on his sleeve. This affective and...
The Good Neighbor: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Rhetoric of American Power

Nearly two thirds of the way through his first inaugural address, Franklin Delano Roosevelt declared, In the field of world policy I would dedicate this Nation to the policy of the good neighbor—th...
Discretion and Accountability in the Monetary Policy Process

Monetary policy is the alternative to fiscal policy for stabilization purposes. By default, it is currently the main instrument of American economic stabilization policy, because the flexibility of fiscal policy is severely limited by large deficits. The possible actions available to monetary authorities have to do with the levels of interest rates and the rate of growth of the money supply, which in turn may affect the level of economic activity and rates of inflation. Good and successful monetary policy can bring an appropriate balance between economic growth and stable prices, but of course the meaning of “appropriate” is contestable. Poor or unsuccessful monetary policy runs two main risks. If the money supply grows much faster than real economic activity, the result will be inflation or even hyperinflation. The opposite risk is that there will not be enough financial liquidity to support the real economic activity that would take place if credit were more readily available. The United States has never experienced hyperinflation, but monetary policy has been at least partly responsible for the sustained increases in price levels since World War II. The second risk was experienced in the banking panics and recessions of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and the Great Depression itself has been attributed to poor monetary policy. Just as there are two main risks inherent in poor monetary policy, there are two basic alternative strategies for good policy.
DETERMINATION OF LACTOSE IN MILK BY GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

A method was adapted to determine lactose in milk by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of trimethylsilyl ethers. Quantitation was accomplished by comparison to an internal standard, sorbitol The standard deviation was 0.132% lactose, and the procedure was compared to a recognized method which employed chloramine-T. The CLC method worked well with either milk or skimmilk.