cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of active queue management and explicit congestion notification on web performance

We present an empirical study of the effects of active queue management (AQM) and explicit congestion notification (ECN) on the distribution of response times experienced by users browsing the Web. Three prominent AQM designs are considered: the Proportional Integral (PI) controller, the Random Exponential Marking (REM) controller, and Adaptive Random Early Detection (ARED). The effects of these AQM designs were studied with and without ECN. Our primary measure of performance is the end-to-end response time for HTTP request-response exchanges. Our major results are as follows. • If ECN is not supported, ARED operating in byte-mode was the best performing design, providing better response time performance than drop-tail queueing at offered loads above 90% of link capacity. However, ARED operating in packet-mode (with or without ECN) was the worst performing design, performing worse than drop-tail queueing. • ECN support is beneficial to PI and REM. With ECN, PI and REM were the best performing designs, providing significant improvement over ARED operating in byte-mode. In the case of REM, the benefit of ECN was dramatic. Without ECN, response time performance with REM was worse than drop-tail queueing at all loads considered. • ECN was not beneficial to ARED. Under current ECN implementation guidelines, ECN had no effect on ARED performance. However, ARED performance with ECN improved significantly after re versing a guideline that was intended to police unresponsive flows. Overall, the best ARED performance was achieved without ECN. • Whether or not the improvement in response times with AQM is significant, depends heavily on the range of round-trip times (RTTs) experienced by flows. As the variation in flows' RTT increases, the impact of AQM and ECN on response-time performance is reduced. We conclude that AQM can improve application and network performance for Web or Web-like workloads. In particular, it appears likely that with AQM and ECN, provider links may be operated at near saturation levels without significant degradation in user-perceived performance.
High accuracy iterative solution of convection diffusion equation with boundary layers on nonuniform grids

Abstract A fourth-order compact finite difference scheme and a multigrid method are employed to solve the two-dimensional convection diffusion equations with boundary layers. The computational domain is first discretized on a nonuniform (stretched) grid to resolve the boundary layers. A grid transformation technique is used to map the nonuniform grid to a uniform one. The fourth-order compact scheme is applied to the transformed uniform grid. A multigrid method is used to solve the resulting linear system. Numerical experiments are used to show that a graded mesh and a grid transformation are necessary to compute high accuracy solutions for the convection diffusion problems with boundary layers and dicretized by the fourth-order compact scheme.
FTIR spectroscopy of metal oxide insertion materials: Analysis of LixMn2O4 spinel electrodes

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were obtained from spinel-type lithium manganese oxides of composition LixMn2O4 with 0 < x < 2.4, prepared by both chemical and electrochemical means. Each phase in this system has a distinct spectrum which is characteristic of the local (shortrange) structure. Mixtures of phases were analyzed using the method of scaled absorbance subtraction. The results correlate well with previously reported XRD and neutron diffraction analyses as well as with phase behavior indicated by electrochemical measurements. FTIR spectroscopy thus provides both qualitative and quantitative information and is shown to be an effective companion technique to X-ray diffraction.
The normal orthogonal electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram, with a critique of some commonly used analytic criteria.

Preliminary standards for the normal orthogonal electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram were established as a basis for further studies on pathologic series. Schmitt's corrected lead system (SVEC III) was used. The statistical analysis of electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic data revealed some intrinsic shortcomings of commonly used analytic criteria. As the orthogonal electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram are interchangeable, inherent advantages and disadvantages of the 2 methods of display could be evaluated in a quantitative fashion.
Development of infants born to cocaine-abusing women: Biologic/maternal influences

This study investigated the influence of gestational age, birthweight, caregiving, and maternal personality characteristics on the development of 51 six-month-old infants born to and being reared by cocaine-abusing mothers. Two self-report measures were administered to the pregnant women at intake: the ASI (quantifying drug use) and the MCMI (describing DSM-III Axis II personality characteristics and Axis I clinical syndromes). Infants' biologic vulnerability was assessed by gestational age and birthweight. Caregiving was assessed 6 months later in the home, using the HOME Inventory and maternal caregiving behavior rating scales. Infant development was assessed in the laboratory at 6 months using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Higher Bayley scores were associated with heavier birthweight and increased maternal sensitivity. Furthermore, mothers of infants with shorter gestations were found to be more sensitive caregivers, whereas mothers who reported more histrionic-gregarious, narcissistic, borderline-cycloid, and/or paranoid personality characteristics during pregnancy were less sensitive caregivers. Surprisingly, mothers who reported more depressive symptoms during pregnancy provided more sensitive care.
WEB‐BASED AND MAIL SURVEYS: A COMPARISON OF RESPONSE, DATA, AND COST

The mail survey is the most common data collection technique used by logistics researchers today. Many researchers have noted that response rates to mail surveys have been declining. The Internet offers logistics researchers several potential advantages over traditional mail surveys. This research compares these two methods across response rates, speed of response, consistency of results, and cost. The research also provides unique insight regarding the ability of electronic methods to gain interest and subsequent participation among potential respondents thereby helping in theory testing.
MTHFR mutation and a NOS3 polymorphism influence blood pressure characteristics in preeclampsia

Pathways involving nitric oxide (NO) and homocystine have been implicated in preeclampsia. A bi-allelic polymorphism within intron 4 (1-4) of the endothelial NO synthase gene (NOS3) and a missense mutation (C677T) in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) have been independently associated with this disease. We have established an association between a NOS3 I-4. A allele and our preeclamptic women. In this study we evaluated the same women for an association with the MTHFR mutation. We also studied the combined effect of the NOS3 1-4 polymorphism and the MTHFR mutation on the clinical phenotype. 54 preeclamptic women (PET) and 37 control women (CTRL) were genotyped. Genotyping was performed by PCR (1-4) or PCR-RFLP analysis (MTHFR). PCR products were scored on a 1.5% (NOS3) and 3% (MTHFR) agarose gel. Women with at least one NOS3 1-4. A allele were combined for analysis otherwise women were scored as B. MTHFR scoring was either C (wildtype) or T (heterozygous). No woman homozygous for the MTHFR mutation was identified. 38.9% of PET women and 43.2% of CTRL women were MTHFR-T (p>.05). Mean gestational age at admission was the same for both groups. 9 women with PET were scored as A/T. These women had higher systolic blood pressure on admission, after adjusting for gestational age, compared to PET women scored as B/C (p=.05, ANCOVA). Women with PET scored as A/C or B/T had systolic blood pressure in between that observed among compound heterozygous women and those with wild type alleles at both loci (figure). In this preliminary study, MTHFR C677T mutation was not associated with preeclampsia. Among women with preeclampsia, the compound heterozygous genotype, might be predictive of a more severe clinical course.
17β-Estradiol Inhibits Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Expression: Influence on Histone Modifications and CBP Recruitment to the Class II MHC Promoter

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II proteins are important for the initiation of immune responses and are essential for specific recognition of foreign antigens by the immune system. Regulation of class II MHC expression primarily occurs at the transcriptional level. The class II transactivator protein is the master regulator that is essential for both constitutive and interferon-γ-inducible class II MHC expression. Estrogen [17β-estradiol (17β-E2)] has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects. In this study, we show that 17β-E2 down-regulates interferon-γ inducible class II MHC protein levels on brain endothelial cells, as well as other cell types (astrocytes, fibrosacroma cells, macrophages). The inhibitory effects of 17β-E2 on class II MHC expression are not due to changes in class II transactivator mRNA or protein levels, rather, 17β-E2 mediates inhibition at the level of class II MHC gene expression. We demonstrate that 17β-E2 attenuates H3 and H4 histone acetylation and cAMP response ...
Atrioventricular junction ablation and pacemaker implantation for heart failure associated with atrial fibrillation: potential issues and therapies in the setting of acute heart failure syndrome

Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia and is especially clinically important in patients with heart failure. Prolonged atrial fibrillation with high ventricular rate response may lead to development or worsening of left ventricular function. If adequate heart rate control cannot be obtained medically, often patients will undergo pacemaker implant and catheter ablation of the atrioventricular junction. This intervention can have profound effects on the course of heart failure. This article reviews the technique, complications, outcome data, and alternatives to this management strategy. The potential role of this therapeutic modality in those hospitalized with acute heart failure syndromes is discussed.
Bisulfite-ion-catalyzed degradation of fluorouracil.

5-Fluorouracil (I) reversibly adds bisulfite ion across its greater than C5 equals C6 smaller than bond to form 5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil-6-sulfonate (II). The pH-independent equilibrium constant for this reaction was calculated to be 560 M-1 at ionic strength 1.00 M at 25 degrees. Compound II was observed to be unstable in alkaline solution and reacted to yield uracil-6-sulfonic acid, fluoride ion, and alpha-fluoro-beta-ureidopropionic acid-beta-sulfonate (III), along with I (via a loss of HSO3 minus). In strongly alkaline conditions, i.e., 1 M NaOH, III was observed to undergo a subsequent reaction to produce a compound believed to be alpha-fluoro-beta-ureidoacrylic acid (V) or fluoromalonaldehydic acid (VII). These irreversible degradation reactions of II lead to a complete degradation of I in sodium bisulfite solutions. The similarity of this bisulfite-ion-catalyzed degradation of I to its hydrolytic degradation is discussed.
Time-dependent local Green’s operator and its applications to manganites

An algorithm is presented to calculate the electronic local time-dependent Green's operator for manganites-related Hamiltonians. This algorithm is proved to scale with the number of states in the Hilbert space to the 1.55 power, $N$ is capable of parallel implementation, and outperforms computationally the exact diagonalization (ED) method for clusters larger than 64 sites (using parallelization). This method together with the Monte Carlo (MC) technique is used to derive results for the manganites phase diagram for the spatial dimension $D=3$ and half-filling on a $12\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}12\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}12$ cluster (3456 orbitals). We obtain as a function of an insulating parameter the sequence of ground states given by ferromagnetic (FM), antiferromagnetic AF-type A, AF-type CE, dimer and AF-type G, which are in remarkable agreement with experimental results.
Plasticity of spinovestibular projections in response to hemicerebellectomy in newborn rats.

Abstract Spinal cord projections to the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) are relatively sparse in normal adult black-hooded rats. However, in response to hemicerebellectomy in 2–3-day-old rats an increase in spinovestibular fibers to the ipsilateral lateral vestibular nucleus was observed. This increased input appears to be due to fibers which would normally be destined for the cerebellum but which alternatively project to the functionally related lateral vestibular nucleus Considering the neuroanatomical relationships between the cerebellum and the vestibular nuclei and in view of the functional compensation frequently reported after cerebellar lesions, the observed remodelling may represent a partial anatomical basis for recovery of function.
Identification of two distinct heparin cofactors in human plasma. II. Inhibition of thrombin and activated factor X.

Heparin alone has two direct effects on the thrombin clotting time. First, there is an immediate prolongation of the clotting time, which can be fully reversed upon neutralization of the heparin by polybrene or protamine. Second, there is a slow, time-dependent increase in the clotting time, representing an irreversible decrease in the concentration of active thrombin. Increasing the heparin concentration above 10−2 Units/ml leads to an increase in the rate of thrombin inactivation in the presence of cofactor A. This lost thrombin cannot be recovered by neutralization of the heparin. In the absence of heparin, cofactor A has only slight progressive antithrombin activity. Cofactor B by itself has marked progressive antithrombin activity, the rate of which is further enhanced by the addition of increasing concentrations of heparin above 10−2 Units/ml. However, heparin diminishes the ultimate thrombin capacity of cofactor B. Cofactor B also inactivated activated Factor X (Factor Xa). The effect is greatly accelerated in the presence of heparin. Cofactor A has no effect on Factor Xa, even in the presence of heparin.
Lymphocytic leukemia with coexistent localized reticulum cell sarcoma.

Three cases of lymphocytic leukemia are reported in which autopsy disclosed the unexpected findings of a coexistent localized reticulum cell sarcoma. As in previously reported cases of this coexistence, the leukemia preceded the sarcoma and the two diseases coexisted at autopsy with a dual character. The author suggests the relation of the leukemia and sarcoma differed in each of the three cases. Previously reported cases of a second form of association—lymphocytic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease—are reviewed. The author believes that these latter cases represent either chance occurrence or errors in interpretation.
Effect of Diet Processing Method and Ingredient Substitution on Feed Characteristics and Survival of Larval Walleye, Sander vitreus

Two methods were developed for the production of larval fish diets. The first method, microextrusion marumerization (MEM), has been tested in laboratory feeding trials for many years and produces particles that are palatable and water stable. The second method, particle-assisted rotational agglomeration (PARA), produced diets that have lower density than diets produced by MEM. Each method was used to produce diets in the 250- to 400- and 400- to 700-mm range and compared with a reference diet (Fry Feed Kyowa* [FFK]) for feeding larval walleye in two experiments. The effect of substituting 4% of the fish meal with freeze-dried artemia fines was also investigated. In the first experiment, 30-d survival was greater (P , 0.05) for fish fed a diet produced by PARA without Artemia (49.1.0%) than for fish fed the same diet produced by MEM (27.6%). The addition of Artemia to a diet produced by MEM did not increase survival of larval walleye. Fish fed the reference diet had 24.4% survival. In the second experiment, there was an effect of both processing method and Artemia supplementation, and an interaction of these effects, on survival. Fish fed a diet produced by PARA without Artemia supplementation had 48.4% survival, and fish fed the same diet produced by MEM had only 19.6% survival. Inclusion of 4% freeze-dried Artemia improved (P , 0.04) survival of fish fed MEM particles but not those fed PARA particles. Fish fed FFK had greater weight gain than fish fed other diets in both experiments. Data indicate that the PARA method of diet processing produces smaller, lower density particles than the MEM process and that diets produced by the PARA process support higher survival of larval walleye with low capital and operating costs.
Analyzing the content emphasis of web search engines

Millions of people search the Web each day. As a consequence, the ranking algorithms employed by Web search engines have a profound influence on which pages users visit. Characterizing this influence, and informing users when different engines favor certain sites or points of view, enables more transparent access to the Web's information. We present PAWS, a platform for analyzing differences among Web search engines. PAWS measures content emphasis: the degree to which differences across search engines' rankings correlate with features of the ranked content, including point of view (e.g., positive or negative orientation toward their company's products) and advertisements. We propose an approach for identifying the orientations in search results at scale, through a novel technique that minimizes the expected number of human judgments required. We apply PAWS to news search on Google and Bing, and find no evidence that the engines emphasize results that express positive orientation toward the engine company's products. We do find that the engines emphasize particular news sites, and that they also favor pages containing their company's advertisements, as opposed to competitor advertisements.
Fiber-coupled high-power external-cavity semiconductor lasers for real-time Raman sensing

High-power, external-cavity semiconductor lasers with narrow bandwidth and fiber-coupled output are designed and constructed. An output power of 540 mW is coupled out of a 100-μm multimode fiber with coupling efficiency of 72% when the laser is operated at 1.1 A. The emission linewidth is as narrow as 22 GHz, and the wavelength is tunable from 779.7 to 793.0 nm. Application of such lasers to remote real-time Raman sensing of materials is also demonstrated.
Supersonic aircraft drag reduction

This paper reviews aerodynamic drag reduction for friction, wave and vortex drag associated with supersonic cruise aircraft and suggests approaches and research directions. Suction laminar flow control may also enable improved low-speed, high-lift systems, improved lift-to-drag ratio for subsonic cruise, reduced parasitic viscous drag for favorable interference wave drag reduction approaches, and turbulent skin friction reduction via slot injection. Flow separation control at cruise proffers opportunities for increased leading-edge thrust, increased lift increment from upper surface, increased fuselage lift/camber for wave drag-due-to-lift reduction, improved performance of various favorable interference wave drag reduction schemes, as well as possibly better low-speed, high-lift systems and wing cruise performance.
Mitigating interference in cloud services by middleware reconfiguration

Application performance has been and remains one of top five concerns since the inception of cloud computing. A primary determinant of application performance is multi-tenancy or sharing of hardware resources in clouds. While some hardware resources can be partitioned well among VMs (such as CPUs), many others cannot (such as memory bandwidth). In this paper, we focus on understanding the variability in application performance on a cloud and explore ways for an end customer to deal with it. Based on rigorous experiments using CloudSuite, a popular Web2.0 benchmark, running on EC2, we found that interference-induced performance degradation is a reality. On a private cloud testbed, we also observed that interference impacts the choice of best configuration values for applications and middleware. We posit that intelligent reconfiguration of application parameters presents a way for an end customer to reduce the impact of interference. However, tuning the application to deal with interference is challenging because of two fundamental reasons --- the configuration depends on the nature and degree of interference and there are inter-parameter dependencies. We design and implement the IC2 system (Interference-aware Cloud application Configuration) to address the challenges of detection and mitigation of performance interference in clouds. Compared to an interference-agnostic configuration, the proposed solution provides up to 29% and 40% improvement in average response time on EC2 and a private cloud testbed respectively.
Chemical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: A review

This review examines the chemical properties of particulate matter (PM) in diesel vehicle exhaust at a time when emission regulations, diesel technology development, and particle characterization techniques are all undergoing rapid change. The aim is to explore how changes in each of these areas impact the others. Particle composition is of central interest to the practical issues of health effects, climate change, source apportionment, and aerosol modeling. Thus, the emphasis here is to identify the emerging questions and examine how they can be addressed. As regulations drive down the allowed tailpipe emission levels, advances in engine and aftertreatment technology have made it possible to substantially reduce PM emissions. Besides the reduction in level, new technologies such as diesel particulate filters (DPFs) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) can also affect the physical and chemical properties of PM. This in turn introduces new analytical demands that must address not only the issue of sensitivity, but also of specificity. New methods of aerosol chemical analysis are described that address these needs, improve our understanding of particle composition, and provide critical insight into the current issues surrounding motor vehicle PM emissions and their environmental impact.
Study of the adsorption and desorption of multiple adsorbates in a fixed bed

An experimental and theoretical study was made of the adsorption of ethane/propane mixtures from nitrogen or helium. The study also covered the desorption of the mixtures using a purge of hot nitrogen or helium. The adsorbent was Witco JXC activated carbon. A nonequilibrium, mechanistic model was developed and was shown to represent both adsorption and desorption processes. The model utilized mixture isotherm data predicted by the Flory Huggins form of the vacancy solution model. Both adsorption and hot purge regeneration were found to be intraparticle rate controlled processes, with surface diffusion dominating the intraparticle mass transfer mechanism. The dynamic model can be used for the simulation of a variety of commercial adsorption and desorption conditions.
Synthesis of zeolite L membranes with sub-micron to micron thicknesses

The growth of zeolite membranes with controlled thicknesses in the sub-micron to micron region is examined, using zeolite L as the example. It was demonstrated that by controlling the concentration of the zeolite solid load and suspension viscosity, dip-coating provided a method to prepare zeolite seed layers of controlled thicknesses. Disk-shaped zeolite L crystals, with size distribution of 0.5–2 lm in diameter, were used as seed crystals for the growth of 2–7 lm thick membranes. By choosing the composition of the secondary growth medium, as well as time and temperature, crystal growth primarily occurred along the xy-plane in these micron plus-thickness membranes, with eventual thickness similar to the originally deposited seed layer. For the synthesis of sub-micron-sized membranes, seed crystals from 20 to 60 nm were used and growth was observed along the z-axis. The optimum secondary growth conditions was found to occur at 60 h of growth time (40 h for sub-micron membranes) using a temperature of 110 C with a solution composition of 10K2O:1Al2O3:20SiO2:2000H2O. Membranes were characterized by electron microscopy and single gas permeation studies, providing confirmation of membrane densification. 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pulmonary deposition of aerosols in children with cystic fibrosis.

The efficiency of delivery of an aerosol to 22 children with cystic fibrosis, aged 8 months to 17 years, was investigated with the use of a standard ultrasonic nebulizer. The study was designed to simulate clinical conditions as closely as possible. Retention of the aerosol was monitored with a scintillation camera interfaced to a small digital computer. The children also had ventilation studies with xenon-133, which allowed comparison of the distribution of aerosol with regional ventilation. The aerosol was visualized within the lungs of all 22 patients. Between 0.8 and 6.5 per cent of the initial activity was deposited in the lungs, representing an average of 0.27 ml. per therapy session or 0.013 ml. per kilogram of body weight. There was a positive correlation (r=0.89; p
Sediment-contact and survival of fingernail clams: Implications for conducting short-term laboratory tests

ABSTRACT: Porewater toxicity tests have been used as indicators of whole sediment toxicity. However,many species commonly tested in porewater predominately reside in the water column and otherwisehave little to no direct contact with sediment and associated porewater. We assessed the feasibility ofporewater toxicity tests with fingernail clams Musculium transversum , a benthic macroinvertebrate thatinhabits soft bottom sediments and feeds by filtering surface and porewater. Fingernail clams wereexposed to water or sediment in a 96 h laboratory test with a 5=2 factorial experimental design. Thefive treatments included sediments from four sites in the Mississippi River and one sediment-free control()well water . In all treatments, clams were exposed to the sediments or water either directly no(enclosure or indirectly enclosure, suspended above the sediment surface . There were three replicates)( )for each of the ten treatment combinations. Overall, survival of fingernail clams did not vary among thefive treatments ()
Differential susceptibility to grazers in two phases of an intertidal alga: Advantages of heteromorphic generations

Abstract The intertidal red alga Gigartina papillata (C. Ag.) J. Ag. alternates between two major forms in its life cycle, an upright blade and a fleshy crust. The evolution and functional significance of such alternation of heteromorphic generations is little understood. This study, done on the outer coast of Washington state (U.S.A.), considers the role of physical factors, measured by intertidal position, and a biological factor, interactions with herbivores, as selective pressures potentially responsible for this pattern. Observations along transects and a herbivore exclusion experiment showed that the two phases of this alga simultaneously occupy similar intertidal positions but differ significantly and oppositely in their response to grazing. The number of crust plants declined in the absence of grazers, probably due to being overgrown and shaded by a thick algal film. It is, therefore, suggested that the crust form is grazer-dependent. In contrast, the number of blade phase plants increased in the absence of grazers. “Bet-hedging” is suggested in explanation of the maintenance of two phases in one cycle; the crust is more persistent but susceptible to overgrowth, while the more productive blade is more susceptible to grazing.
Phantoms and Spectres: Capital and Labour at the Millennium

As the financial system tailspins and ‘Asian Flu’ reverberates everywhere and as 950 million people in South-East Asia struggle to get by on less than one dollar a day, Marx's ideas continue to nourish radical critique and action. If anything, his vision is more economically meaningful and more politically viable today than ever before. In this paper I try to bring Marx's insights on the “laws of motion” of modern capitalism to bear on prevailing global political-economic disorder. I discuss, more specifically, his theory of crisis and the dialectics of accumulation and circulation of “real” and “fictitious” capital as sketched out in the Grundrisse and Capital (volumes 1 and 3). I end with an exploration of the famous political prognosis from The Communist Manifesto of mass collective class struggle and the development of a “world literature”, and set all this within the context of a newly emerging workers' internationalism and social-movement unionism.
Progressive gross changes in renal medullary composition in pregnant rats

The biochemical composition of the renal medulla and the blood pressures of pregnant rats and nonpregnant controls were compared on days 15, 18, 20, and 22 of pregnancy. Deoxyribonucleic acid and protein content of the renal medulla changed together with the tissue weight (wet weight) during gestation except on day 20 when a slight increase in protein was observed. However, the glycerophospholipids (phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, and phosphatidyl serine) and sphingomyelin showed significant increases throughout the latter stages of pregnancy with the maxima in most cases occurring on day 20 of the gestation period. Medullary hypertrophy and increased lipid content per cell coexist with the decrease in blood pressure and may indicate peak activity in production of antihypertensive renal lipids.
Dietary Energy Requirements of Broilers Reared in Low and Moderate Environmental Temperatures. 1. Adjusting Dietary Energy to Compensate for Abnormal Environmental Temperatures

Abstract Four trials were conducted to determine the feasibility of replacing fossil fuel energy with dietary energy to meet the 23- to 48-day-old broiler chicken's energy requirements during abnormal cold exposure. Sexed broilers were fed 3250 or 3500 kcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg in a 10.0 C environment, 3250 or 3375 kcal ME/kg in a 15.6 C environment, 3250 kcal ME/kg in a 21.1 C environment (a normal management situation), and 3250 or 3125 kcal ME/kg in a 26.7 C environment. Body weights and feed utilizations increased when broilers were exposed to a 15.6 C environmental temperature and fed 3375 kcal ME/kg dietary energy as compared to feeding a 3250 kcal ME/kg dietary energy in the same environment. When broilers were reared in a 10.0 C environment, maximum body weights were not obtained by increasing the dietary energy from 3250 to 3500 kcal/kg dietary energy. Broiler males, fed 3250 kcal ME/kg and reared in either a 21.1 or a 26.7 C environment, were larger than males reared in a 10.0 C environment. No significant differences were found in broiler female weights reared in a 10.0, 15.6, or 21.1 C environment and fed 3250 kcal ME/kg in each temperature regimen. Feed utilizations were the same when broilers were reared in a 15.6 C environment and fed 3375 kcal ME/kg as compared to broilers reared in a 21.1 C environment and fed 3250 kcal ME/kg. These results indicate that maximum performance of 23- to 48-day-old broilers may be achieved in a 15.6 C environment by feeding a high energy diet (3375 kcal/kg). Results also showed that dietary energy may replace fossil fuel energy that would normally be supplied in a 21.1 C environment.
Thermodynamic properties of poly-4-methyl-pentene-1

Abstract The heat capacity of poly-4-methyl-pentene-1 (P4MP) has been measured from about 77° to 540°K, as a function of the thermal history imparted to the sample. In addition to the glass and the melting transitions (∼ 305° and 522°K, respectively), an intermediate transition was found at about 445°, and there is some evidence that this is related to the fusion (or solid-solid transformation) of a polymorph of P4MP. The calculated configurational entropy was shown to be unusually low at Tg, and a simple explanation for this, based on differences in the properties of atactic and stereoregular P4MP, is proposed. This could account also for the reported anomaly in the configurational volume.
A fast-closing vacuum valve for the Berkeley 88-inch cyclotron☆

Abstract A fast-closing vacuum valve has been built to protect the Berkeley 88″ cyclotron against radioactive contamination during bombardments of highly radioactive targets. A 2.5 cm diameter through-hole can be vacuum sealed in ∼3 ms by means of a wedge-shaped teflon gate which is moved into the closed position by the pressure created from an explosive charge. This charge can be triggered by a fast electronic signal from an ion gauge, a helium leak detector or other suitable gas analyzer. Response times of an ion gauge at 10 −5 −10 −4 torr to a sudden pressure increase have been measured to be ∼1 ms.
Spacecraft human-rating: Historical overview and implementation considerations

The fundamental tenets of a human-rated space system are to accommodate the needs of the crew, effectively utilize their capabilities to accomplish the mission objectives, and protect the crewmembers, as well as ground teams and the uninvolved public, from hazardous events. The concept of human-rating (previously referred to as man-rating) was originally primarily aimed at improving the reliability of launch vehicles for human use and increasing safety through the addition of escape/abort systems. The earliest use of this term found in the aerospace literature was in reference to the X-series experimental rocket planes. Later sources began including ‘human in the loop’ design aspects driven by ergonomics and human factors, which essentially extended the application to explicitly address crew utilization. Accommodating basic human needs in the hostile environment of space is primarily achieved by incorporation of a life support system. Beyond this basic provision, however, human factors and related medical considerations can also be used to improve overall health and performance of the crew. Throughout the years, the human-rating process itself evolved from providing general guidelines to being mandated as a set of prescribed requirements. Considered collectively, the ultimate goal is to help ensure safety and mission success through proper space system design and operations. This paper provides a brief historical overview of human-rating and considerations for its implementation throughout all phases of spacecraft design and operations.
Glutamine currents in hippocampal neurons are attributable to contaminating glutamate.

Abstract Physiological responses of cultured rat hippocampal neurons to exogenously applied glutamine were studied using tight-seal, whole-cell voltage clamp techniques in nominal extracellular magnesium. Four mM glutamine induced peak inward currents which were4.6 ± 1.7% (± 1S.D.) of current responses to 100 μM glutamate. Ten μM 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), 1 mM magnesium, 20 μM MK-801, and 200 μM d -aminophosphonovalerate (APV) blocked these responses in a pattern similar toN-methyl- d -aspartate antagonism. Current-voltage plots produced by 4 mM glutamine and 10 μM glutamate were identical. Even in the absence of extracellular magnesium, 4 mM glutamine was not toxic to our cultured neurons. The data suggest that physiological responses to glutamine are attributable to low concentrations of glutamate in commercial preparations and that glutamine alone has insignificant physiological and toxic effects.
Novel mechanism that Trypanosoma cruzi uses to adhere to the extracellular matrix mediated by human galectin-3.

Abstract Binding of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes to laminin is enhanced by galectin-3, a β-galactoside binding lectin. The galectin-3 enhanced binding of trypanosomes to laminin is inhibited by lactose. Co-immunoprecipitations indicate that galectin-3 binds to the 45, 32 and 30 kDa trypanosome surface proteins. Binding of galectin-3 to the 45, 32 and 30 kDa surface proteins is inhibited by lactose. Polyclonal and a monoclonal antibodies to galectin-3 immunoprecipitated a major 64 kDa trypanosome surface protein. T. cruzi monoclonal antibody to mucin recognized the 45 kDa surface protein. The 45, 32 and 30 kDa surface proteins interact with galectin-3 in order to enhance trypanosome adhesion to laminin.
Software verification and validation with destiny: a parallel approach to automated theorem proving

This paper presents an introduction to computer-aided theorem proving and a new approach using parallel processing to increase power and speed of this computation. Automated theorem provers, along with human interpretation, have been shown to be powerful tools in verifying and validating computer software. Destiny is a new tool that provides even greater and more powerful analysis enabling greater ties between software programs and their specifications.
209 - Lanthanum Inhibition of Electrically Induced Dedifferentiation in Frog Erythrocytes

Abstract Erythrocytes from adult Rana pipiens pipiens were diluted I/400 in isotonic saline and isotonic Ca-Mg free PBS. When subjected to pulsed d.c. fields at 50 Hz (10 ms on/off pulse) and 100 mV (50 mV/cm) in a modified tissue culture dish, the cells dedifferentiated in all media in the same manner as commonly seen by Becker 5 and Pilla 6. Addition of LaCl3 at 10−4M or above prevented the dedifferentiation. Blockage was partial at 10−5M and absent at 10−6M. The dedifferentiation could also be produced by adding 10−6M calcium ionophore A23187. Ionophore-induced effects could be blocked with LaCl3, and released again with electrical stimulation. We conclude that transmembrane exchange of Ca2+ is a critical step in electrically induced dedifferentiation of these cells.
Current Emotion Research in Political Science: How Emotions Help Democracy Overcome its Collective Action Problem

Though scholars have long acknowledged the vital role of affect in politics, recent research has sought to more thoroughly integrate emotions into models of political behavior. Emotions may prove to be the missing piece in a variety of puzzles with which political scientists have struggled for decades. At its core, democracy poses a collective action problem. For each individual citizen, the cost of productive political engagement often outweighs the additional policy benefits to be gained from such behavior. However, for a variety of reasons, emotions appear to motivate citizens to at times break out of “cold” individual utility calculation and engage in politics. Still, emotions may also bias information processing, so scholars should keep this in mind as we continue to build on our understanding of emotion’s role in politics.
On group divisible treatment designs for comparing test treatments with a standard treatment in blocks of size 3

Abstract When comparing test treatments with a standard treatment in incomplete blocks, two classes of designs that are useful are the so called balanced treatment incomplete block designs and the group divisible treatment designs. The latter class of designs includes the former, but the design construction problem has, except for some scattered results, only received attention forthe balanced incomplete block designs. This paper provides, in some sense, a complete solution for the construction of group divisible treatment designs for k =3 and υ =4 or 6, two cases that are among those of most practical interest.
Histology of the late-stage placentae in the matrotrophic skink Chalcides chalcides (Lacertilia; Scincidae).

Examination of late-stage placental material of the lizard Chalcides chalcides from the Hubrecht Laboratorium (Utrecht, The Netherlands) reveals several cytological and histological specializations that appear to have been superimposed over a morphological pattern that is typical for squamates. The chorioallantoic placenta is highly vascularized and consists of a single mesometrial placentome and a generalized paraplacentomal region, both of which are epitheliochorial. The placentome is deciduate, and contains deeply interdigitating folds of hypertrophied uterine and chorioallantoic tissue. Chorionic epithelium lining the placentome comprises enlarged, microvilliated cells, a small proportion of which are diplokaryocytes. The placentomal uterine epithelium is not syncytial and consists of enlarged cells bearing microvilli. The yolk sac placenta is a true omphaloplacenta (sensu stricto), being formed by juxtaposition of uterine tissues to an avascular, bilaminar omphalopleure. Epithelium of the omphalopleure is stratified and is hypertrophied into papillae that project into detritus of the uterine lumen. The omphalopleure is separated from the yolk sac proper by a yolk cleft that is not confluent with the exocoelom and is not invaded by the allantois. Neither an omphalallantoic placenta nor a true choriovitelline placenta is present in late gestation. Morphologically, the mature placentae of C. chalcides are among the most specialized to have been described in reptiles, reflecting the substantial maternal-fetal nutrient transfer that occurs in this species. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
High Power Multiple Impatt Amplifiers

A method of producing high power amplification by combining a number of moderate power Impatt reflection amplifiers is proposed and initial experimental results are reported. Power combination is to be effected by means of a new power combiner, the "Shybrid", which has particular merits making it well suited for this application. The design and performance of single "Shybrids" and "Shybrid" arrays are presented. The amplifier modules employ unpackaged diodes capable of producing ? to ? W c.w. and prototype modules have already demonstrated the target performance of 6 dB gain over a 1 GHz bandwidth at X-band. The proposed construction for the complete assemblies will be described.
Determination of micro amounts of calcium by a 45Ca-gravimetric procedure

Abstract Described is a new gravimetric calcium (Ca) micromethod involving the use of 45Ca. The technique is based upon an inverse relationship between Ca content and supernatant radioactivity following Ca oxalate precipitation and filtration. The procedure is sensitive (1 μg/ml), precise (coeff of var. ±2.6%), and is largely free from interfering substances normally present in biological tissues.
Regional Credit Trading: Economic and Greenhouse Gas Impacts of a National Low Carbon Fuel Standard

The economic implications of various designs for a U. S. national low carbon fuel standard (NLCFS) for the road transportation sector are examined. An NLCFS based on the average carbon intensity (CI) of all fuels sold in the gasoline and diesel markets generates an incentive for fuel suppliers to reduce the measured CI of their petroleum fuels. Recent work examined the implications of different designs for an NLCFS in terms of compliance costs, credit price volatility, energy security, and possible savings from different credit trading systems for the on-road transportation sector. This paper builds on previous nationally aggregated modeling by taking into account regional differences in the supply, CI, and price of fuels. The impact of California's regional LCFS on compliance costs of an NLCFS is also examined. Significantly different costs are found for compliance by region. At the same time, flexibility mechanisms in terms of credit trading and banking can lower costs substantially.
Dielectric measurements of optical materials in the 80-500-K range, with a three-terminal capacitance cell.

Capacitance cells have been designed and constructed for measuring the low-frequency dielectric constant of nonmetallic samples such as optical materials. One equipment covers the 80–300-K temperature range and the other, the 300–500-K range. Data are reported for optical materials CaF2, KCl, ZnS, and MgF2 (measured parallel to c axis) and a reference material: Teflon sheet. Only Teflon has been measured in both temperature ranges. A special feature of the equipment is that the dielectric cell can easily be replaced by a cell adapted to measure the linear thermal expansion of appropriate samples through the same temperature ranges, and these measurements permit improved determinations of the temperature coefficient of the dielectric constant.
The development of a state-level health manpower database using an employer-based survey: a pilot project.

: State health care reform may provide a better approach to meeting the health care needs of rural communities than does federal reform because the planning is closer to the needs of local communities. However, state health reform requires a health manpower database (along with other data) that includes all health occupations and such databases are often nonexistent. This study reports on one element of such a database–a survey of a wide range of rural health care employers covering the full range of health occupations in Alabama. Information on current and future employment of the most significant health occupations is reported here. It was found that the greatest numbers of new health personnel employees needed in the future were, in descending order, nursing assistants, registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, radiological technicians, specialist physicians, nurse practitioners, physical therapists, primary care physicians, and respiratory care therapists. While an employer survey has limitations and should be supplemented by data on community needs and health status indicators, it does provide useful information for planning educational programs to prepare health personnel.
A Robust Low Band Gap Processable n-Type Conducting Polymer Based on Poly(isothianaphthene)

The novel macromolecule, poly(benzo(c)thiophene-N-2-ethylhexy-4,5-dicarboxylic imide) (EHI-PITN), has been designed and synthesized. The polymer has a well-defined structure which was characterized by FTIR, 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR spectroscopies, and elemental analysis. TGA analysis indicates that the polymer has good thermal stability with an onset decomposition temperature of about 328 °C (N2 atmosphere). The Tg of the polymer is about 256 °C. The optical properties of the conjugated polymer led to the conclusion that the band gap of EHI-PITN is ca. 1.24 eV, which is comparable with the parent PITN and its derivatives. The data are also supported by the value obtained from cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemically determined HOMO energy is 4.88 eV, and the LUMO energy is 3.59 eV. These values are comparable with those of the work functions of ITO and Mg/Ag, suggesting that EHI-PITN should find many organic electronic device applications.
Anion intercalation and exchange in Al(OH)3-derived compounds

Abstract Precipitation of Al3+ at pH = 10 in excess Li2CO3 leads to an anion exchanging compound, [Al2Li(OH)6]+2CO2−3. This compound exhibits, compared to [Mg3Al(OH)8]+2CO2−3, a higher degree of size selectivity in anion exchange. The structure of the [Al2Li(OH)6]+ layers is gibbsite-like, with a (110) diffraction feature at d = 4.35 A indicating a pronounced Al3+ ordering. As claimed originally by Serna et al., the structure is [ Al 2 Li(OH) 6 ] + A z− 1 z rather than [Al 2 (OH) 6 ]Li + A z− 1 z , with the Li+ coordinated in the octahedral positions left vacant by Al3+. This emerges from the details of a lithium-leaching process, which proposedly leads to a novel compound, [ Al 2 H(OH) 6 ] + A z− 1 z .