cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lifetime of a depression in the plasma density over Jicamarca produced by space shuttle exhaust in the ionosphere

When the space shuttle orbiting maneuver subsystem (OMS) engines burn in the ionosphere, a plasma density depression, or “hole,” is produced. Charge exchange between the exhaust molecules and the ambient O+ ions yields molecular ion beams that eventually recombine with electrons. The resulting plasma hole in the ionosphere can be studied with ground-based, incoherent scatter radars (ISRs). This type of ionospheric modification is being studied during the Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Localized Exhaust (SIMPLEX) series of experiments over ISR systems located around the globe. The SIMPLEX 1 experiment occurred over Jicamarca, Peru, in the afternoon on October 4, 1997, during shuttle mission STS 86. An electron density depression was produced at 359 km altitude at the midpoint of a magnetic field line. The experiment was scheduled when there were no zonal drifts of the plasma so the modified field line remained fixed over the 50 MHz Jicamarca radar. The density depression was filled in by plasma flowing along the magnetic field line with a time constant of 4.5 min. The density perturbation had completely vanished 20 min after the engine burn. The experimental measurements were compared with two models: (1) SAMI2, a fully numerical model of the F region, and (2) an analytic representation of field-aligned transport by ambipolar diffusion. The computed recovery time from each model is much longer than the observed recovery time. The theory of ambipolar diffusion currently used in ionospheric models seems to be inadequate to describe the SIMPLEX 1 observations. Several possible sources for this discrepancy are discussed. The SIMPLEX 1 active experiment is shown to have the potential for testing selected processes in ionospheric models.
In-111 labeled leukocyte detection of metastatic renal cell carcinoma

A 67-year-old man with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and recent fever underwent an In-111 labeled leukocyte scan to find a source of infection. Increased activity was demonstrated In numerous metastatic soft tissue nodules. Although In-111 labeled leukocyte uptake by tumor has been described, uptake by renal cell carcinoma is extremely rare. Uptake by metastatic renal cell carcinoma without interleukin-2 therapy has not been previously reported.
Communication within the Manager's Context

Although the term management communication is frequently used, it has not been defined and the discipline has no focus. As a result, a problem in professional identity and reputation exists. Identity problems exist because the discipline consists of professionals with disparate backgrounds who approach management communication from different perspectives. Academic reputation problems occur because management communication emphasizes skills development. Because of identity and reputation problems, it is important to look at the purpose of management communication. The discipline can best distinguish itself by conducting research within the managerial context, which is difficult for professors to understand because managers and academics operate in such different environments. Also, serious obstacles exist to conducting valuable management communication research. The challenge remains to conduct rigorous, valid communication research within the managerial context that results in relevant implementation guid...
Atomic-scale analysis of fundamental mechanisms of surface valley filling during plasma deposition of amorphous silicon thin films

Abstract We present a detailed atomic-scale analysis of the fundamental processes that determine the surface smoothness of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin films deposited computationally using molecular-dynamics (MD) simulation. The surfaces of these MD-grown films are remarkably smooth due to a valley-filling mechanism where the mobile precursor, SiH3, diffuses and passivates dangling bonds present in surface valleys or at the valley edges. The mechanisms of SiH3 precursor migration on the a-Si:H surface are studied placing special emphasis on elucidating the role of the surface bond strain in mediating the valley-filling phenomena. Surface transport of the SiH3 precursor is driven by the Si–Si bond strain distribution on the surface, which is strongly coupled with the surface morphology and reactivity. There is a strong driving force for SiH3 to migrate from a hill toward a valley, but not such a strong driving force for migration out of a valley. As a result, SiH3 radicals impinged on a surface hill eventually migrate to a nearby valley, regardless of the presence of dangling bonds at the hill, while radicals impinged in a valley remain confined within the valley’s morphological well. Analysis of the MD trajectories for numerous SiH3 radical migration paths revealed the development of tensile strain bands along these paths, which typically lead to dangling bonds. Adsorbed SiH3 radicals follow these tensile strain bands, relieve strain along their migration paths, and passivate dangling bonds in valleys or at valley edges, thus leading to surface valley filling. During diffusion on the a-Si:H surface, SiH3 is observed to insert frequently into strained Si–Si bonds and relieve strain through an athermal and exothermic reaction.
Clinical validation of the NeuroScreen

The NeuroScreen comprises two easily administered components: the Brief NeuroCognitive Screen (BNCS), designed to estimate the frequency of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated cognitive disorders; and the Brief Peripheral Neuropathy Screen (BPNS), for distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSPN) in HIV. In this study, both the NeuroScreen and a more extensive standardized validation neurodiagnostic evaluation were administered to HIV-positive subjects (N = 301) enrolled in two large cohort studies at multiple sites. BNCS performance was summarized in the form of a demographically adjusted mean z-score, the NPZ3. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the BNCS as compared to the reference standard neuropsychological (NP) evaluation was 0.74 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.69, 0.79). Using a cut-point of -0.33 on the NPZ3 provided a correct classification rate of 68%, with roughly balanced sensitivity (65%) and specificity (72%). Under the assumption of a 30% prevalence of cognitive impairment, the calculated positive predictive value (PPV) of the BNCS was 86%. Relative to its reference standard, a modified Total Neuropathy Score (TNS) administered by a neurologist, the BPNS gave a similar correct diagnostic classification rate of 78%; sensitivity 49% [95%, 60%]; specificity 88% [95% Cl82%, 91%]. Under the assumption of a 40% prevalence of DSPN, the PPV of the BPNS was 72%. These predictive values suggest that the NeuroScreen will be useful for tracking trends in the prevalence of HIV-associated neurologic disease in large cohorts in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. However, because it yields substantial numbers of false positives and negatives, the NeuroScreen may be less useful in evaluating individual patients.
PARENTAL MODELS FOR HEALTH BEHAVIOR INFLUENCE ADOLESCENTS' SEXUAL ACTIVITY AND CONTRACEPTIVE USE. • 10

PARENTAL MODELS FOR HEALTH BEHAVIOR INFLUENCE ADOLESCENTS' SEXUAL ACTIVITY AND CONTRACEPTIVE USE. • 10
Zinc in the treatment of acute diarrhea: current status and assessment.

The improved treatment of acute diarrhea in children during the past 35 years has reduced its morbidity and mortality substantially. However, better therapy still is required. This article reviews the role of oral rehydration solution in the treatment of acute diarrhea with particular attention to recent efforts to develop improved oral rehydration solution formulations. One promising approach is the administration of Zinc (Zn). Based on its beneficial effects in infections, including pneumonia, Zn has been shown to be effective in the treatment of acute diarrhea in several randomized controlled trials including subsequent meta-analyses. Thus, an emerging body of clinical data indicates that Zn can be useful for treating acute diarrhea. However, only limited information is known about the mechanism(s) by which Zn reduces diarrhea. Recent studies have indicated that Zn acts as a K channel blocker of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate–mediated chlorine secretion, but may not affect either Ca 2+ - or guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate–mediated chlorine secretion. These data provide a strong rationale for further trials testing its efficacy in specific clinical settings and for more detailed physiologic studies examining how Zn exerts its antidiarrheal effect.
Upwind dynamic soaring of albatrosses and UAVs

Abstract Albatrosses have been observed to soar in an upwind direction using what is called here an upwind mode of dynamic soaring. The upwind mode was modeled using the dynamics of a two-layer Rayleigh cycle in which the lower layer has zero velocity and the upper layer has a uniform wind speed of W . The upwind mode consists of a climb across the wind-shear layer headed upwind, a 90° turn and descent across the wind-shear layer perpendicular to the wind, followed by a 90° turn into the wind. The increase of airspeed gained from crossing the wind-shear layer headed upwind was balanced by the decrease of airspeed caused by drag. Results show that a wandering albatross can soar over the ocean in an upwind direction at a mean speed of 8.4 m/s in a 3.6 m/s wind, which is the minimum wind speed necessary for sustained dynamic soaring. A main result is that albatrosses can soar upwind much faster than the wind speed. Furthermore, albatrosses were found to be able to increase upwind speeds in winds greater than 3.6 m/s, reaching an upwind speed of 12.1 m/s in a wind speed of 7 m/s (for example). The upwind dynamic soaring mode of a possible robotic albatross UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) was modeled using a Rayleigh cycle and characteristics of a high-performance glider. Maximum possible airspeeds are equal to approximately 9.5 times the wind speed of the upper layer. In a wind of 10 m/s, the maximum possible upwind (56 m/s) and across-wind (61 m/s) components of UAV velocity over the ocean result in a diagonal upwind velocity of 83 m/s. In sufficient wind, a UAV could, in principle, use fast diagonal speeds to rapidly survey large areas of the ocean surface and the marine boundary layer. In practice, the maximum speeds of a UAV soaring over the ocean could be significantly less than these predictions. Some limitations to achieving fast travel velocities over the ocean are discussed and suggestions are made for further studies to test the concept of a robotic albatross.
Tetrahydrobiopterin cofactor biosynthesis: GTP cyclohydrolase I mRNA expression in rat brain and superior cervical ganglia.

: GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced pteridine cofactor required for catecholamine (CA), indoleamine, and nitric oxide biosynthesis. We have used the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction technique, based on the published cDNA sequence for rat liver GTPCH, to clone a portion of the GTPCH transcript from rat adrenal gland mRNA and have used this clone for the analysis of GTPCH mRNA in brain and other tissues of the rat by northern blot, nuclease protection assay, and in situ hybridisation. Two GTPCH mRNA transcripts of 1.2 and 3.8 kb in length were detected by northern blot, with the 1,2-kb form predominating in the liver and the 3.8-kb form in the pineal gland, adrenal gland, brainstem, and hypothalamic neurons maintained in culture. In situ hybridization studies localized GTPCH mRNA to CA-containing perikarya in the locus ceruleus, ventral tegmental area, and substantia nigra, pars compacta. Levels of GTPCH mRNA in central and peripheral catecholamine neurons determined by nuclease protection assay were increased twofold 24 h after a single injection of the CA-depleting drug reserpine; both the 1.2-and 3.8-kb transcripts were increased in the adrenal gland. Low levels of GTPCH mRNA were also detected by nuclease protection assay in the striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum, brain regions that do not contain monoaminergic perikarya.
Interdisciplinary Teaming as an Induction Practice.

The role of interdisciplinary teaming in the induction of new teachers was examined at two middle level schools through the perceptions of three par ticipant groups: new teachers, mentors, and principals. Data collected through a mixed-method design indicated that participants perceived inter disciplinary teams as an integral part of the induction process of new teach ers that supported their personal and professional needs. Teaming was most helpful in meeting new teachers' professional needs chiefly through sup porting the management practices of new teachers.
Regional In-situ Stress Patterns In North America

A tectonic stress map of North America Much of the Atlantic continental shelf has been compiled with the help of several appears dominated by northeasterly compresinvestigators that utilizes an integrated sion, although sediment loading and topodata base of over 600 quality-ranked tectongraphy locally reorient stress along the iC Stress orientations. The data in the map continental shelf. One somewhat surprising include in-situ stress measurements, stressaspect of the map is the evolving picture induced well bore breakouts, young geologic of northeastern compression in western features such as fault offsets and volcanic California along the San Andreas fault sysalignments, and earthquake focal mechanisms. tern. The northeastern maximum stress Stress-induced well bore breakouts have direction is unexpectedly oblique to the proved to be a reliable measure of tectonic trend of the fault, but normal to the stress orientation easily obtainable from pronounced folds on the west side of the either dipmeter or borehole televiewer Great Valley. All the thermally elevated logs. TWO other advantages of using breakwestern Cordillera is characterized by outs for determining stress orientation is extensional tectonics. In the Basin and that they are ubiquitous, occurring in most Range and Rio Grande rift stress provinces, deep wells, and they yield multiple stress the direction of extension is west-northwest orientations within a given well, thereby whereas on the Colorado plateau and in the making it possible to determine the quality Southern Great Plains, the extension direcof data statistically. Typically, breakouttion is approximately normal to that. determined stress orientations are internally consistent within a given well and consistent with regional data. Additionally, several field studies show clear hydraulic fractures oriented perpendicular to breakouts, as expected from theory. The most striking aspects of the stress compilation is the consistency of stress orientation and relative magnitude within large areas defined as stress provinces. In both the U.S. and Canada, the entire midplate region east of the Rocky Mountains is characterized by relativelyuniformnortheast to east-northeast compression, suggestive of a broad-scale and relatively uniform plate-driving origin. The state of stress in the Gulf Coastal plain is dominated by southward-directed extension related to the strong influence of sediment loading.
Arginase in lactating bovine mammary glands: implications in proline synthesis

Abstract The occurrence and subcellular distribution of arginase have been studied in mammary glands from lactating dairy cattle. The enzyme appears to be localized in the mitochondrial fraction, although a significant amount has been found to be associated with the cytosolic fraction. Both mitochondrial and cytosolic arginase are activated by heating with Mn 2+ . The Michaelis constants for the two fractions, however, are different: 49.5 and 18.5 m M for the mitochondrial fraction and cytosolic fraction, respectively. Overall, the total enzyme concentration in the gland suggests that these enzymes contribute to the conversion of arginine to ornithine. Ornithine, in turn, may be converted by ornithine aminotransferase into an intermediate, L-Δ 1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate; concurrently, α -keto-glutarate is transformed into glutamic acid. Finally, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase yields proline, an important amino acid that is needed for casein synthesis. Because pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase requires NADPH, and because ornithine aminotransferase uses α-ketoglutarate, this new pathway is linked to the Krebs cycle through the cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase, which is the source of both of these intermediates.
Singularities of the Five-Point Function in Perturbation Theory

A rational parametrization of the leading portion of the Landau manifold for the five-point function is developed. The parameters chosen are the integration parameters. If these parameters satisfy a normalization condition, then the physical-sheet singularities are found when all the signs of the real part of all the parameters are the same.
Three-body effects in the pion-nucleus optical potential in the (3, 3) resonance region

Abstract The π-nucleus optical potential is formulated within the framework of a three-body model in order to take into account the internal motion and binding effects of the target nucleons. The resulting lowest order optical potential depends on the fully-off-shell T -matrix and the density matrix of the target nucleus. We explicitly evaluate it for π − - 12 C elastic scattering at 120 and 180 MeV in terms of the π-nucleon interaction of Desgrolard and Hammann and a shell-model description for 12 C. The optical potential is nonlocal and the resulting scattering amplitude is solved for in momentum space. The importance of the Fermi motion and binding of the target nucleons is investigated, and the corrections to the “factored or static” impulse approximation appear to be significant in this energy range. While a reasonable fit is obtained for π − - 12 C at 180 MeV, the same approach is rather unsatisfactory at 120 MeV suggesting the need for higher order terms or corrections.
Control aspects of intraaortic balloon pumping: an overview

Temporary or permanent, internal or external, in-series or bypass cardiac assist devices are examined with emphasis on intraaortic balloon pumping. Physiological and clinical consequences of the medical assistance are discussed. Major advantages of the devices are to provide adequate perfusion and, secondarily, to unload the heart and to reduce oxygen consumption of the failing myocardium. Major problems with the cardiac assist devices are related to synchronization with the natural heart, or proper timing, and to the determination of suitable control variables. Optimization algorithms based on the selected performance criteria and computer-based automatic controls are instituted to overcome some of these shortcomings. Finally schemes of automatic control of implantable assist devices are discussed. >
Molecular dynamics computer simulations of silica surface structure and adsorption of water molecules

Molecular dynamics computer simulations have been used to study the structure of vitreous silica surfaces and adsorption of water molecules onto the silica surface. Results of simulations of bulk vitreous silica using pair potentials and multibody potentials, as well as simulations of the interaction between H4SiO4H2O molecules are presented as the background to the application of these surfaces. The simulations of water adsorption follow the expected trends of dissociation of adsorbed water molecules, silanol formation, siloxane bond rupture, and preferential association of adsorbed water molecules. Visualization of these surface reactions via dynamic graphics enabled observation of the specific mechanisms of adsorption and bond rupture. Most importantly, this visualization indicates the significant complexity involved in this adsortion process.
Modeling, model simplification and stability robustness with aeroelastic vehicles

The linearization and simplification of a nonlinear, literal model for flexible aircraft is highlighted. Areas of model fidelity that are critical if the model is to be used for control system synthesis are developed, and several simplification techniques that can deliver the necessary model fidelity are discussed. These techniques include both numerical and analytical approaches. An analytical approach, based on first-order sensitivity theory is shown to lead not only to excellent numerical results, but also to closed-form analytical expressions for key system dynamic properties such as the pole/zero factors of the vehicle transfer-function matrix. The analytical results are expressed in terms of vehicle mass properties, vibrational characteristics, and rigid-body and aeroelastic stability derivatives, thus leading to the underlying causes for critical dynamic characteristics.
Thermal expansion of some niobium carbides

Abstract The thermal expansions of the cubic compounds NbC0.924, NbC0.825, NbC0.766, and NbC0.702 were determined between 25° and
1457 AUTOREGULATION OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW (CBF) IN THE EARLY AND LATE POST-ASPHYXIC PERIOD IN NEWBORN DOGS

Autoregulation (AR) of CBF in newborns is thought to be easily impaired. We tested AR at 20 minutes (early) after an asphyxic insult in paralyzed ventilated newborn dogs age l-5d. CBF was measured with microspheres; cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was calculated as mean arterial pressure minus sagittal sinus pressure. Baseline (I) measurements in experimental (EXP n=12) and control (CON n=12) groups were followed by a series of 3 × 3 1/2 minute asphyxic insults produced by interrupting ventilation; a 5 minute recovery period separated successive insults. In EXP, AR was then tested at 20 minutes post-asphyxia during hypovolemic hypotension (II) followed by volume repletion (III); CON served as time controls. PaO2 >80 torr and PaCO2=30-45 torr for all flow studies. All results mean ± SE. Conclusion: Thus, in the early post-asphyxic period, CBF is independent of CPP. Preliminary results at 60 minutes post-asphyxia (late) shows similar results (EXP n=3, CON n=4). Overall, AR appears to be functional in the post-asphyxic period in newborn dogs.
Target detection in hyperspectral imagery using noise adjusted principal component analysis and orthogonal subspace projection

Orthogonal subspace projection (OSP) has been used in hyperspectral image processing for automatic target detection and image classification. Existing OSP based approaches for target detection require a priori knowledge of all undesired signatures present in the input scene. In this paper, we proposed a new technique for target detection which does not require a priori knowledge of the non-target signatures present in the input scene. The length of any pixel vector containing the target reduces significantly when it is projected in a direction orthogonal to the target signature. Thus the ratio between the original pixel vector to the projected pixel vector yields a high value for the pixels containing the target. Therefore, an OSP based parameter along with noise adjusted principal component analysis (NAPCA) was introduced in this paper for target detection in hyperspectral images. For noisy images, NAPCA is used as a preprocessing step to reduce the effects of noise as well as to reduce the spectral dimension thereby yielding better target detection capability while enhancing the computational efficiency. For noise-free input scenes or when very small amount of noise is present in the input scene, principal component analysis (PCA) may be used instead of NAPCA. The OSP based technique requires that the number of spectrally distinct signatures present in the input scene must be less than the number of spectral bands. The proposed algorithm yields very good results even when this criterion is not satisfied.
Electromyography-based control of active above-knee prostheses

Abstract This paper presents a new electromyography (EMG)-based control approach for above-knee (AK) prostheses, which enables the user to control the prosthesis motion directly with his or her muscle activating neural signals. Furthermore, the unique ‘active–reactive’ control structure mimics the actuation mechanism of a human biological joint, and thus provides the user an experience similar to that of a biological lower limb in the control process. In the proposed control approach, surface EMG is utilized to provide a non-intrusive interface to the user's central nervous system, through which the muscle-activating signals can be obtained. With the EMG signals as inputs, an ‘active–reactive’ control algorithm is developed based on the analysis on a simplified musculoskeletal structure of human biological joint. This control algorithm incorporates an ‘active’ component, which reflects the user's active effort to actuate the joint, and a ‘reactive’ component, which models the reaction of the joint to the motion as a result of the controllable impedance displayed on the joint. With this unique structure, the controller enables the active control of the joint motion, while at the same time achieves a natural interaction with the environment through the modulation of the joint impedance. The effectiveness of the proposed control approach was demonstrated through a set of free swing experiments, in which the user was able to control the prosthesis to follow arbitrary motion commands, and a set of level walking experiments, in which the user achieved natural walking gait similar to the typical walking gait of healthy subjects.
Analytic hierarchy approach to CRAF contract proposals

We develop an approach to analyze awarding of contracts by the Military Airlift Command (MAC) to the Civil Reserve Airlift Fleet (CRAF) for CRAF enhancement contracts. The approach implements the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the priorities of the decision variables common to the aircraft being evaluated such as the aircraft's condition, capability, and commitment to service. As a result of this process, each aircraft will receive a weighted score which can be used to prioritize its projected contribution to the airlift goal of the military and the percent of peacetime business allocated by the Department of Defense.
Analysis of the sequences of human β-1,4-galactosyltransferase cDNA clones

UDP-galactose:beta-1,4 N-acetyl glucosamine galactosyltransferase (4 beta GT) is a promising tumor marker for ovarian cancer. To study the role of 4 beta GT in malignant transformation at the molecular level human 4 beta GT cDNA and genomic clones were isolated and analyzed. For the isolation of 4 beta GT cDNA and genomic clones, a human fetal liver cDNA library in lambda gt11 and a human genomic library in EMBL-3B vectors respectively were screened using a 4 beta GT cDNA insert as the probe. Complete sequence of the cDNA clones were determined by subcloning in plasmid vectors, and compared with the published sequence of human liver 4 beta GT. Presence of various 4 beta GT exons in the genomic clones were determined by Southern blot analysis using specific oligodeoxynucleotide probes. Among the 5 cDNA clones isolated, 2 clones GTN 6 and GTN 17 were sibling clones and had a nucleotide sequence identical to the published 4 beta GT cDNA sequence, except at the 3'-end, where these clones had 7 unique nucleotide sequences. One cDNA clone, GTN2 also had a nucleotide sequence identical to that of 4 beta GT, except for 3 G residues at the 5'-end. One cDNA clone, GTN 1, had a unique sequence at the 5'-end comprising of 74 nucleotides. Another clone, GTN 20, was unrelated to 4 beta GT. Analysis of genomic clones showed that 4 beta GT exons 3, 4, 5 and 6 were present in a 14 kb genomic clone, EMGT-4. Exon 1 was present in a separate 16 kb clone, EMGT-6.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The metabolism of R-20458 [(E)-6,7-epoxy-1-(4-ethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene] in rat hepatocyte suspensions

Abstract The metabolism of R-20458 [( E )-6,7-epoxy-1-(4-ethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene] by rat hepatocytes has been analyzed and compared with that of juvenile hormone I [methyl-( E,E)-cis -10,11-epoxy-7-ethyl-3,11-dimethyl-2,6-tridecadienoate] under identical conditions. The metabolism of R-20458 is characterized by the predominance of NADPH-dependent cytochrome P -450 and epoxide hydrolase reactions; whereas, JH I is metabolized mainly by carboxylesterase, epoxide hydrolase, and glutathione S -transferases. The metabolites of R-20458 have been shown to correspond to ( E )-6,7-epoxy-1-(4-hydroxyethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene; ( E )-6,7-epoxy-1-(4-acetylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene; ( E )-6,7-dihydroxy-1-(4-ethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene; and, ( E )-6,7-dihydroxy-1-(4-acetylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene. The production of the α-hydroxyethyl, p -acetylphenoxy, and acetylphenoxy-6,7-diol metabolites is markedly inhibited by SKF 525-A. No dramatic effects are produced by diethylmaleate and 1,2-epoxy-3,3,3-trichloropropane.
Water and ion movements in the urinary bladder of the gobiid teleost Gillichthys mirabilis in response to prolactins and to cortisol

The urinary bladders of 5% seawater- and freshwater-adapted Gillichthys mirabilis have one-fourth the water permeability of seawater-adapted fish. Water permeability of the seawater-adapted fish bladder is reduced by ovine prolactin treatment for 2 days or by transplantation of pituitary glands or pituitary rostral lobes from freshwater-adapted teleosts. Bladder sodium and chloride reabsorption occur at the same rates in seawater- and hypotonic-environment-adapted animals. Ovine prolactin does not increase sodium uptake. The stimulation of bladder sodium reabsorption by teleost rostral pars distalis transplantation can also be obtained by treatment with ACTH or cortisol; therefore, prolactin does not seem to be responsible for this effect in Gillichthys. The regulation of water and ion movements in Gillichthys urinary bladder in bihormonal. Cortisol can elevate water permeability and stimulate sodium and chloride reabsorption in seawater-adapted fish. Prolactin lowers bladder water permeability.
Dynamics of spindle fibers and microtubules during anaphase and phragmoplast formation

Detailed correlation of in vitro observations with the arrangement of microtubules (MTs) during anaphase-telophase were made on endosperm of Haemanthus katherinae. It is stressed that the general course of events leading to the formation of the phragmoplast is the same in all cells, but considerable variation of details may be found in different objects and even in various cells of the same tissue. The changes of MT arrangement in the interzonal region responsible for formation of the phragmoplast already occur in anaphase. During this stage continuous fibers (composed of numerous MTs) lengthen, become thinner (the number of MTs on a cross-section decreases), and often seem to break. After mid-anaphase, thin fibers begin to oscillate transversely to the axis of the phragmoplast and often are considerably laterally displaced (lateral movements). The longest MTs in the phragmoplast are present during oscillations and lateral movements. The new MTs arise in the phragmoplast regions depleted of MTs as a result of lateral movements (usually geometric central region of the phragmoplast). Clusters of vesicles, which accumulate in relation to MTs which move, fuse and form the cell plate. After the fusion, the number and the length of MTs decrease. Several processes are superimposed and occur simultaneously. Also the cell plate is, as a rule, in different stages of development in various regions of the phragmoplast. The movements of MTs and fusion of the vesicles is complex and the details of these processes are not entirely clear. The data supplied here modify some generally accepted concepts of phragmoplast formation and development. This concerns the center of origin of new MTs, the moment when they arise, and the way they subsequently behave.
Differential effects of antidepressant treatment on brain monoaminergic receptors.

Abstract Chronic (21 days) antidepressant administration to rats results in a decrease in both serotonin and β-adrenergic but not cholinergic muscarinic, receptor binding in selected brain regions, with the frontal cortex appearing to be somewhat more sensitive to this effect. Neither nisoxetine nor fluoxetine, potent and specific inhibitors of norepinephrine and serotonin uptake respectively, caused receptor binding changes after chronic administration, suggesting that inhibition of transmitter uptake, in itself, in insufficient to cause receptor subsensitivity. In vitro experiments indicated that antidepressants are relatively weak α 2 -receptor blocking agents, but some are potent on the α 1 -receptor system indicating that the norepinephrine releasing potency of some antidepressants may not be mediated by blockade of presynaptic autoreceptors.
Nitric oxide modulates lymphocyte proliferation but not secretion of IL-2.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of nitric oxide (NO) on lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine release. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells served as the source of NO and were obtained from rats treated with a single, intratracheal dose of bleomycin (3.6 mg/kg). At the time of sacrifice, the spleens were removed and the lymphocytes separated. Co-cultures containing BAL cells, lymphocytes and concanavalin-A were established and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours at which time proliferation, nitrite concentration and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production were measured. At ratios from 5:1 to 1:4 (BAL:lymphocyte) there was a significant reduction in lymphocyte proliferation. There was a significant, negative correlation between NO concentration and thymidine incorporation which was reversed when the NO synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMA) was added to the co-cultures. Despite marked inhibition of spleen lymphocyte proliferation by NO2 released by BAL cells, there was no corresponding...
The optical Aharonov-Bohm effect

It is shown that the vector potential of a circularly polarized laser causes the optical equivalent of the Aharonov-Bohm effect. An estimate is made of the expected fringe shift due to a circularly polarized laser directed through an optical fiber in an electron diffraction experiment, and it is shown that the effect is equivalent to that of a magnetic field.
Monetary policy and the twin crises

Abstract After presenting a brief overview of the recent financial crisis and the European debt crisis that followed in its wake, this paper goes on discuss monetary policy in the United States, the United Kingdom and the Euro bloc prior to and during the course of the two crises. The paper presents historical evidence for the three areas on the relationships linking the volatilities of output, inflation and monetary growth. In all three these relations are strongly positive. There is, therefore, no tradeoff between inflation and output volatility; the two move up and down together. Both, moreover, move up and down with the volatility of monetary growth. Viewed from this perspective, the increased volatilities of money supplies and the monetary base in the United States, the United Kingdom and the Euro bloc over the last half decade pose problems.
Simple point-ion electrostatic model explains the cation distribution in spinel oxides.

The ${A}_{2}B{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ spinel oxides are distinguished by having either a normal ($N$) or an inverse ($I$) distribution of the $A$, $B$ cations on their sublattices. A point-ion electrostatic model parametrized by the oxygen displacement parameter $u$ and by the relative cation valencies ${Z}_{A}$ vs ${Z}_{B}$ provides a simple rule for the structural preference for $N$ or $I$: if ${Z}_{A}g{Z}_{B}$ the structure is normal for $ug0.2592$ and inverse for $ul0.2578$, while if ${Z}_{A}l{Z}_{B}$ the structure is normal for $ul0.2550$ and inverse for $ug0.2578$. This rule is illustrated for the known spinel oxides, proving to be $\ensuremath{\sim}98%$ successful.
Tekhnē of reconstruction: breast cancer, norms, and fleshy rearrangements

This essay is an engagement with and a rejoinder to Audre Lorde's framing of prosthetics and breast reconstruction in her seminal The Cancer Journals. Given that, as Susan Merrill Squier has argued, human life is increasingly defined and understood in terms of discourses and possibilities for the “instrumental deployment of resources for bodily renewal,” this essay explores how the body/materiality might be understood in relation to the tekhneē (the technologies, techniques, and craft) of reconstruction three decades after Lorde's account.
Equine utilization of a previously learned visual stimulus to solve a novel task

Abstract Forty-four horses were used to determine if a learned stimulus could be used to increase acquisition of a response unrelated to the original learned task. Horses were paired by age, breed and sex. One randomly chosen horse from each pair served as the control while the remaining horse was trained to respond to a visual stimulus by pushing a lever to obtain a food reward. In Experiment I ( n =28), the food reward was delivered in a feed box located equidistant between two levers located 2.7m apart on one wall of the test stall. Trained horses were given 30 training trials daily until they achieved at least 85% correct responses in three nonconsecutive days. After each trained horse reached criterion, both horses in the pair were tested in 30 trials daily for five consecutive days in a modified Y maze. The stimulus that indicated the correct lever in the initial training task was used to signify the correct arm of the maze for both the control and trained horses. The correct arm of the maze was changed randomly during each daily session, and correct choices resulted in a food reward. In Experiment II ( n =16), levers were located on opposite walls (11m apart) of the test stall, and the stimulus and modified Y maze were simplified. Trained horses received 15 training trials daily until they reached at least 85% correct responses on three consecutive days. As each trained horse achieved this criterion, both horses in the pair were tested in a maze for 15 trials daily for 7 days. Again, the stimulus from initial lever-pressing task was used to signify the rewarded arm of the maze. Correct choices of trained and control horses in both experiments were compared using a paired t -test. In Experiment I, no differences ( P >0.34) in mean correct responses were detected between trained and control horses on the first day in the maze (15.3 and 16.8, respectively) or after 5 days in the maze (84.0 and 82.1, respectively). Similarly, in Experiment II, trained and control horses did not differ ( P >0.50) in mean correct responses on the first day (6.9 and 7.4, respectively) or after 7 days in the maze (63.6 and 61.6, respectively). These results indicate that the stimuli used to solve the lever-pressing task were not utilized by horses in the maze task, and that horses may have difficulty transferring learned visual stimuli to new tasks.
The Somatomedin Hypothesis: 2001

Since the original somatomedin hypothesis was conceived, a number of important discoveries have allowed investigators to modify the concept. Originally somatic growth was thought to be controlled by pituitary GH and mediated by circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I, somatomedin C) expressed exclusively by the liver. With the discovery that IGF-I is produced by most, if not all, tissues, the role of autocrine/paracrine IGF-I vs. the circulating form has been hotly debated. Recent experiments using transgenic and gene-deletion technologies have attempted to answer these questions. In the liverspecific igf-1 gene-deleted mouse model, postnatal growth and development are normal despite the marked reduction in circulating IGF-I and IGF-binding protein levels; free IGF-I levels are normal. Thus, the normal postnatal growth and development in these animals may be due to normal free IGF-I levels (from as yet unidentified sources), although the role of autocrine/paracrine IGF-I has yet to be determined.
An information theory account of cognitive control

Our ability to efficiently process information and generate appropriate responses depends on the processes collectively called cognitive control. Despite a considerable focus in the literature on the cognitive control of information processing, neural mechanisms underlying control are still unclear, and have not been characterized by considering the quantity of information to be processed. A novel and comprehensive account of cognitive control is proposed using concepts from information theory, which is concerned with communication system analysis and the quantification of information. This account treats the brain as an information-processing entity where cognitive control and its underlying brain networks play a pivotal role in dealing with conditions of uncertainty. This hypothesis and theory article justifies the validity and properties of such an account and relates experimental findings to the frontoparietal network under the framework of information theory.
Increasing Healthy Behaviors in Adolescents of Mexican Heritage in Rural Emerging Latino Communities: Results from a School-Based Health Intervention Pilot Study

The rapid Latino population growth in emerging Latino communities (EmLCs) presents a challenge to health care providers as most current health interventions and health promotion programs intended for Latinas/os are based on characteristics of established Latino communities (EsLCs). This study addresses the gap in the literature by modifying and testing the beginning efficacy of a school-based health intervention for adolescents of Mexican heritage in a rural EmLC. Seventy adolescents of Mexican heritage attending a rural middle school participated in the intervention. Paired samples t-tests were performed to determine differences between healthy behaviors at post-intervention compared to pre-intervention. Significant improvements in participants’ physical activity and healthy eating were observed between pre-intervention and post-intervention. A school-based health intervention designed to increase healthy behaviors of adolescents of Mexican heritage in a rural EmLC was successful.
Ion acceleration in a plasma focus

The electric and magnetic fields associated with anomalous diffusion to the axis of a linear plasma discharge are used to compute representative ion trajectories. Substantial axial acceleration of the ions is demonstrated.
Separation of long DNA molecules in a microfabricated entropic trap array.

A nanofluidic channel device, consisting of many entropic traps, was designed and fabricated for the separation of long DNA molecules. The channel comprises narrow constrictions and wider regions that cause size-dependent trapping of DNA at the onset of a constriction. This process creates electrophoretic mobility differences, thus enabling efficient separation without the use of a gel matrix or pulsed electric fields. Samples of long DNA molecules (5000 to ∼160,000 base pairs) were efficiently separated into bands in 15-millimeter-long channels. Multiple-channel devices operating in parallel were demonstrated. The efficiency, compactness, and ease of fabrication of the device suggest the possibility of more practical integrated DNA analysis systems.
Visual Morality and Tradition: Society’s New Norms

Modern morality is fundamentally a visual morality. Moral paradigms are embedded in the visual images of the mass media, which have supplanted language as the primary context for moral knowledge. A technological civilization is ultimately one whose only value is that of power. The visual images of the mass media are the “language” of technology; as such, they are about what is (material reality) and what is possible (always a technological possibility). The tension today between what is and what ought to be has been replaced by that between what is and what is possible.
Gene Therapy for Common Acquired Diseases of the Heart The Sirens’ Song

Then the queenly Circe spoke in words and addressed me: You will come first of all to the Sirens, who are enchanters of all mankind and whoever comes their way; and that man who unsuspecting approaches them, and listens to the Sirens singing, has no prospect of coming home. You must drive straight on past… Homer, The Odyssey The prospect of using genes as therapeutic agents presents myriad opportunities. No physician could fail to appreciate the power of this approach: why not abandon the shackles of the limited pharmacological and device repertoire and focus instead on reengineering the culprit tissue by somatic gene transfer? The explosion of genomic information leaves us with an embarrassment of riches in terms of potential therapeutic agents. Why draw the line at nature’s own genes expressed in their usual settings? Genes can readily be tailored to exhibit special properties not found in nature, altering the function of their protein products for specific ends. Alternatively, wild-type genes can be expressed in tissues where they are normally silent. In this issue, Weig et al1 describe a clever application of the latter approach: V2 vasopressin receptor genes, usually expressed only in kidney, were delivered to myocardium packaged in recombinant adenoviruses. Expression of these adenyl cyclase–activating receptors in the myocardium converted the basal negative inotropic response to infused vasopressin into a positive one. Because vasopressin levels are elevated in heart failure, a situation in which …
The CRC as a Litigation Tool Before the Inter-American System of Protection of Human Rights

This chapter examines how the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) has been used as a litigation tool before the Inter-American System of Protection of Human Rights. First, it argues that the CRC is used as a tool of litigation at the substantial level when construing the obligations of States Parties by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in individual complaints under the American Convention on Human Rights. Secondly, the chapter examines the way in which the CRC is also effectively used at a procedural level. It is submitted that far from departing from traditional interpretative rules under Public International Law, the Inter-American Court’s approach is, on the contrary, in accordance with the basic tools of treaty interpretation as enshrined in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. It is submitted that this is in agreement with keeping the unity of international law.
Up-regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on human renal cell carcinoma cells by interleukin-4.

We have previously demonstrated that human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells express high-affinity IL-4 receptors (IL-4R). To study the functions of these receptors, we have examined the effect of IL-4 on the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1 or CD54) on human RCC cells. Following incubation with various concentrations of IL-4, RCC cells were examined for ICAM-1 expression by flow cytometric analysis. The 2 primary RCC cell cultures and the 2 cell lines examined expressed varying basal levels of ICAM-1 on the cell surface. IL-4 treatment increased ICAM-1 expression in a time-dependent manner and maximum augmentation of ICAM-1 expression was observed after a 48 hr incubation. The increase in ICAM-1 expression was specific because anti-hIL-4 antibody blocked this effect. No enhancement of ICAM-1 expression was observed when RCC cells were incubated with IL-4 in the presence of cycloheximide, indicating that the IL-4 effect requires new protein synthesis. Up-regulation of ICAM-1 expression was also observed at the mRNA level and maximum increase in message occurred 8 hr post-IL-4 treatment. Both IL-4 and IFN-γ also increased soluble ICAM-1 levels in WS-RCC culture supernatant. The significance of enhanced soluble and surface ICAM-1 expression was investigated by examining the lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell-mediated lysis of IL-4-treated WS-RCC cells. LAK cells lysed WS-RCC cells very effectively, but lysis observed in target cells pre-treated with IL-4 did not correlate with the increased expression of ICAM-1 antigen. Our results indicate a previously unknown function of IL-4 on RCC and further demonstrate that IL-4R on RCC are functional. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.