cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LECLERCQIA COMPLEXA: EARLIEST LIGULATE LYCOPOD (MIDDLE DEVONIAN)

Our discovery of a ligule on Leclercqia complexa Banks, Bonamo and Grierson 1972 is the earliest occurrence of a ligulate lycopod in the fossil record. The ligule 1) occurs on a homosporous lycopod, differing with current concepts that the ligule is linked with the heterosporous condition; 2) is located on the leaf far distant from the attachment of leaf to stem, thus differing in position from any known ligulate lycopod, extinct or extant; 3) is comp\arable in morphology to ligules of extant lycopods, therefore providing no clues as to any earlier specialized function. These findings extend the enigma of the function of the ligule back in time, but necessitate a re-evaluation of the spatial relationship of the leaf and the ligule and of the link between heterospory and the ligule.
A 65nm C64x+ Multi-Core DSP Platform for Communications Infrastructure

The combined processing power of three 1+GHz DSP cores and 65nm 7M CMOS integration delivers a WCDMA macro base-station on a single chip. The 300M transistor IC can perform up to 24000MIPS, 8000 16b MMACs per second, coupled with symbol-rate and chip-rate acceleration and dissipates less than 6W.
A three-spectrum white OLED using green and new red phosphorescent sensitizers

We develop the three-spectrum white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) with blue phosphor-sensitized electrofluorescent, green and new red electrophosphorescent emissions. The green phosphorescent sensitizers are bis[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-(4- fluorophenyl)pyridine]iridium(III)acetylacetonate (Ir-2h) or Bis(2-phenylpyridine) iridium(III)3-Methyl-2,4-pentanedione (Ir(ppy) 2 mac), and the new red phosphorescent sensitizer is a phenyl-qoinazoline framework organo-iridium complex. The RGB peaks of WOLED with Ir-2h are at a wavelength of 440nm, 516nm, and 633nm, respectively. However, The RGB peaks of WOLED are at a wavelength of 440nm, 550nm, and 625nm, respectively, when the green phosphorescent sensitizer is replaced by Ir(ppy) 2 mac. Besides, the peak at a wavelength of 550nm is broader than the former. Therefore, The former WOLED of RGB spectra are the most distinct than the later one. The former WOLED has efficiency of 3.3 Im/W (7.15Cd/A) at 1000 Cd/m 2 , and CIE coordinates of (0.32, 0.35). It is good suitability to use in OLED displays based on RGB color filters and full-color LCD backlights.
Hydrolysis of animal manure lignocellulosics for reducing sugar production.

Abstract Converting animal manure into value-added products provides a potential alternative for treatment and disposal of such materials. Lignocellulosics are a major component of animal manure and represent an undeveloped bioresource. In this work, a process was developed for hydrolyzing manure lignocellulosics into fermentable sugars. When raw dairy manure was pre-treated with 3% sulfuric acid at 110 °C for 1 h, hemicellulose was completely degraded into mainly arabinose, galactose and xylose. The pretreated materials were then treated with cellulolytic enzymes, Celluclast-1.5L and Novozyme-188, to hydrolyze the cellulose. The optimal enzyme loadings were identified as 13 FPU cellulase/g substrate and 5 IU β-glucosidase/g substrate. The optimal temperature and pH were determined to be 46 °C and 4.8, respectively. A substrate concentration of 50 g/l favored both glucose concentration (in hydrolysate) and glucose yield (based on per 100 g manure). It was also found that a reduced particle size of 590-μm resulted in a high glucose yield with further decreases in particle size not increasing the yield. For each particle size investigated, the addition of 2% tween-80 resulted in at least 20% improvement in glucose yield. The optimized hydrolysis process achieved a glucose yield of 11.32 g/100 g manure, which corresponded to about 40% cellulose conversion.
Linear partitioning in binary solutions

In a continuous binary solution, the partition coefficient, expressed as a ratio of mole fractions of one component in two phases, is linear against the composition of one of the phases (the numerator phase) if the exchange coefficient KD is constant. Linearity is found in some distilling liquids, many silicate and metal alloy melts, and many mineral pairs at high pressure. Its presence facilitates the determination and analysis of phase diagrams, calculations of Rayleigh fractionation, and applications ranging from criteria for explosive volcanism to phase equilibria in the deep interior of the Earth. The rules for linear partitioning are completely mathematical. When empirically found, linearity shows the constancy of KD and permits the inference of some thermodynamic properties of the solutions. Ideality of solutions contributes strongly to linearity, but some nonideal solutions, notably azeotropes, are routinely found to be linear. This presentation is devoted to empirical examples of linear and nonlinear partitioning, and an exploration of their causes and effects. The reasons for linearity in nonideal solutions are poorly understood.
Brain mapping and detection of functional patterns in fMRI using wavelet transform; application in detection of dyslexia.

Background Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) has been proven to be useful for studying brain functions. However, due to the existence of noise and distortion, mapping between the fMRI signal and the actual neural activity is difficult. Because of the difficulty, differential pattern analysis of fMRI brain images for healthy and diseased cases is regarded as an important research topic. From fMRI scans, increased blood ows can be identified as activated brain regions. Also, based on the multi-sliced images of the volume data, fMRI provides the functional information for detecting and analyzing different parts of the brain.
Organoquecksilber-Verbindungen in der organischen Synthese

Die gut zuganglichen Organoquecksilber-Verbindungen sind seit 1850 bekannt. Da sie eine Fulle funktioneller Gruppen enthalten konnen und recht verschiedenartige Reaktionsbedingungen vertragen, sind sie als Zwischenprodukte fur Synthesen interessant. Zu den wichtigsten Reaktionen zahlen die Solvomercurierung-Demercurierung, mit der sich u. a. die Markownikow-Addition an Alkene durchfuhren last, und die Carben-Ubertragung. Viele der neuentwickelten Verfahren, z. B. zur Kettenverlangerung von Alkenen, werden erst durch Transmetallierungen mit Palladiumsalzen moglich.
A method for detecting machine-generated malware

A method is proposed that applies techniques from the discipline of forensic linguistics to the problem of detecting machine-generated malicious programs, such as metamorphic malware, by attempting to attribute a suspect program to a known malware-generator. This method considerably reduces the burden of having to store one signature for every known malware instance. The proposed method was tested on a number of toolkit-generated malware instances (NGVCK and VCL) and metamorphic instances (Evol and Simile), and achieved a detection accuracy of up to 92% for the toolkits and engines that were experimented with.
ZEIN GENE ORGANIZATION IN MAIZE AND RELATED GRASSES

Zein cDNA clones were used to study the organization of zein genes within the genome of the inbred maize W64A. When individual clones for the two larger molecular-weight classes of zein proteins (Mr=22,000; Mr=19,000) were used as probes for Southern blot hybridizations of genomic DNA, multiple restriction fragments were found to hybridize. Reconstruction analyses using moderately stringent criteria were used to estimate a total of 70–80 zein sequences within the genome of this inbred maize. The hybridization patterns suggest that zein sequences are clustered within the same restriction fragment. When criteria permitting less cross-hybridization of homologous sequences (Tm-10°C) were used, the banding pattern changed, with some of the bands being reduced in intensity or eliminated entirely. Therefore, by control of hybridization criteria, particular zein genes may be more readily distinguished in a Southern blot analysis. The Southern blot hybridization pattern for the Mr=15,000 zein was less complex. Only a single major band was found, with sufficient hybridization intensity for two or three genes. Genomic Southern analyses of other inbred maizes and related grasses showed similarly complex hybridization patterns with cDNA probes for the 19,000- and 22,000-molecular-weight zeins, suggesting that these sequences have been conserved over evolutionary time. The zein multigene family may therefore have arisen by gene duplication before divergence of the maize, teosinte, andTripsacum species from a common ancestor.
A computational model of teaching

Goldman and Kearns [GK91] recently introduced a notion of the teaching dimension of a concept class. The teaching dimension is intended to capture the combinatorial difficulty of teaching a concept class. We present a computational analog which allows us to make statements about bounded-complexity teachers and learners, and we extend the model by incorporating trusted information. Under this extended model, we modify algorithms for learning several expressive classes in the exact identification model of Angluin [Ang88]. We study the relationships between variants of these models, and also touch on a relationship with distribution-free learning.
Surface characterization of a series of polyurethanes by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle methods.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle methods were used to examine the surfaces of an homologous series of poly(ether urethane) (PEU) samples before and after cleaning treatments...
Context-dependent interplay between Hippo and JNK pathway in Drosophila

Both Hippo and JNK signaling have well-established roles in regulating many physiological processes, including cell proliferation, growth, survival, and migration. An increasing body of evidence shows that dysregulation of either Hippo or JNK pathway would lead to tumorigenesis. Recently, studies in Drosophila has coupled Hippo with JNK pathway in numerous ways ranging from tissue regeneration to growth control. In this review, I provide an overview of the current understanding of crosstalk between Hippo and JNK pathway in Drosophila, and discuss their context-dependent interactions in gut homeostasis, regeneration, cell competition and migration.
Inventive Megaregions of the United States: Technological Composition and Location

Urban distinctiveness occurs in both technological and geographic space. This article explores spatial associations in the locational distribution of subcategories of patents across U.S. metropolitan areas. I converted patent counts to location quotients and used nonspatial methods to compare concentration levels of patents (Gini coefficients) and to identify groups of patents that tend to colocate (principal components analysis). The results show considerable variation in concentration levels and that nine groupings, entitled “technology components,” account for almost 68 percent of the variance in the distribution of the subcategories. Spatial analysis permits the exploration of spatial dependencies in each “technology component.” The results identify distinctive inventive regions that are termed inventive megaregions.
Patent Trolls by the Numbers

Following President’s Obama remarks and reintroduction of the SHIELD Act, Congress is holding hearings on patent trolls (aka patentsanta assertion entities or PAEs) on March 14, 2013. One question concerns the prevalence of patent troll demands and other troll metrics, on which I have previously reported. These statistics draw heavily upon proprietary research as well as my own analyses, so, in the interest of full disclosure, this blog post lays out the numbers as I see them, and what I know about them:* PAEs brought 62% of 2012 patent litigations* In 2012, PAEs sued more non-tech companies than tech companies* In 2012 PAE defendants comprised 59% of all patent lit defendants* 55% of unique PAE defendants makes $10M or less* ~16 publicly financed PAEs* Some high impact PAE patents (9 out of 10) fit the “buy and sue” patternWhat is more important than just the numbers however are the equities - how benefits and harms are distributed and their justice or injustice – that is why there is so much heat on the PAE issue – because people who are sued say they had no ability to anticipate or avoid it. While the liquid patent market is a positive development that has also helped small companies that buy or sell patents, addressing the existing apparent inequities, especially if they continue to spread to sectors that otherwise have very little to do with patents like retail, is likely to drive patent reform.
Developmental differences in effects of task pacing on implicit sequence learning.

Although there is now substantial evidence that developmental change occurs in implicit learning abilities over the lifespan, disparate results exist regarding the specific developmental trajectory of implicit learning skills. One possible reason for discrepancies across implicit learning studies may be that younger children show an increased sensitivity to variations in implicit learning task procedures and demands relative to adults. Studies using serial-reaction time (SRT) tasks have suggested that in adults, measurements of implicit learning are robust across variations in task procedures. Most classic SRT tasks have used response-contingent pacing in which the participant’s own reaction time determines the duration of each trial. However, recent paradigms with adults and children have used fixed trial pacing, which leads to alterations in both response and attention demands, accuracy feedback, perceived agency, and task motivation for participants. In the current study, we compared learning on fixed-paced and self-paced versions of a spatial sequence learning paradigm in 4-year-old children and adults. Results indicated that preschool-aged children showed reduced evidence of implicit sequence learning in comparison to adults, regardless of the SRT paradigm used. In addition, we found the preschoolers showed significantly greater learning when stimulus presentation was self-paced. These data provide evidence for developmental differences in implicit sequence learning that are dependent on specific task demands such as stimulus pacing, which may be related to developmental changes in the impact of broader constructs such as attention and task motivation on implicit learning.
A plasma dexamethasone radioimmunoassay.

Abstract A double antibody radioimmunoassay for estimation of plasma dexamethasone is reported. Dexamethasone antiserum was produced by immunization of rabbits with dexamethasone-3-carboxymethyloxime-bovine serum albumin conjugate. All the endogenous steroids tested cross reacted less than 1%. Cortisol with a cross reaction of 0.4% gave significant interference in some plasma samples. This Interference could be removed by chromatography. The recoveries of dexamethasone added to plasma and corrected for procedural losses were 99 ± 9% after dichloromethane extraction and 98 ± 10% after paper chromatography. After dichloromethane extraction and after paper chromatography, the intraassay and inter-assay coefficients of variation were less than 11%. The peak dexamethasone levels were observed between 30 and 60 minutes after a single 1 mg oral dose in two normal subjects. The half-times of disappearance from plasma were 4 and 4.5 hours. During a constant infusion (50 μg/70 kg BW/hr) of dexamethasone phosphate, the plasma dexamethasone level reached a level of 250 ng/dl at 8 hours. It is concluded that plasma dexamethasone levels after either oral or intravenous administration may be measured specifically by radioimmunoassay.
Direct quantitative determination of adsorbed cellulase on lignocellulosic biomass with its application to study cellulase desorption for potential recycling

Effective hydrolysis of pretreated lignocellulose mediated by cellulase requires an in-depth understanding of cellulase adsorption and desorption. Here we developed a simple method for determining the adsorbed cellulase on cellulosic materials or pretreated lignocellulose, which involves (i) hydrolysis of adsorbed cellulase in the presence of 10 M of NaOH at 121 °C for 20 min, and (ii) the ninhydrin assay for the amino acids released from the hydrolyzed cellulase. The major lignocellulosic components (i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) did not interfere with the ninhydrin assay. A number of cellulase desorption methods were investigated: pH change as well as the use of detergents, high salt solution, and polyhydric alcohols. The pH adjustment to 13.0 and the elution by 72% ethylene glycol at neutral pH were among the most efficient approaches for desorbing the adsorbed cellulase. For the recycling of active cellulase, a modest pH adjustment to 10.0 may be a low-cost viable method to desorb active cellulase. It was found that more than 90% of cellulase for hydrolysis of the pretreated corn stover could be recycled by washing at pH 10.0.
The Protective Action Decision Model: Theoretical Modifications and Additional Evidence

The Protective Action Decision Model (PADM) is a multistage model that is based on findings from research on people's responses to environmental hazards and disasters. The PADM integrates the processing of information derived from social and environmental cues with messages that social sources transmit through communication channels to those at risk. The PADM identifies three critical predecision processes (reception, attention, and comprehension of warnings or exposure, attention, and interpretation of environmental/social cues)--that precede all further processing. The revised model identifies three core perceptions--threat perceptions, protective action perceptions, and stakeholder perceptions--that form the basis for decisions about how to respond to an imminent or long-term threat. The outcome of the protective action decision-making process, together with situational facilitators and impediments, produces a behavioral response. In addition to describing the revised model and the research on which it is based, this article describes three applications (development of risk communication programs, evacuation modeling, and adoption of long-term hazard adjustments) and identifies some of the research needed to address unresolved issues.
Node-covering based defect and fault tolerance methods for increased yield in FPGAs

Fault tolerant techniques are proposed which make use of the reconfigurability of SRAM-based field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Based on the principle of node-covering, a routing discipline is developed that reserves unused wiring in the routing channels to allow each cell to cover (to be able to replace) its neighbor in a row. If testing identifies a faulty cell, switches are set to reconfigure the faulty cell out of the array. Not only can reconfiguration of the FPGA be performed by the user, but it can also be done at the factory in such a way as to be transparent to a user programming the array. This can result in substantial yield improvement.
Halogenated Benzimidazole Carboxamides Target Integrin α4β1 on T-Cell and B-Cell Lymphomas

Integrin alpha(4)beta(1) is an attractive but poorly understood target for selective diagnosis and treatment of T-cell and B-cell lymphomas. This report focuses on the rapid microwave preparation, structure-activity relationships, and biological evaluation of medicinally pertinent benzimidazole heterocycles as integrin alpha(4)beta(1) antagonists. We documented tumor uptake of derivatives labeled with (125)I in xenograft murine models of B-cell lymphoma. Molecular homology models of integrin alpha(4)beta(1) predicted that docked halobenzimidazole carboxamides have the halogen atom in a suitable orientation for halogen-hydrogen bonding. The high-affinity halogenated ligands identified offer attractive tools for medicinal and biological use, including fluoro and iodo derivatives with potential radiodiagnostic ((18)F) or radiotherapeutic ((131)I) applications, or chloro and bromo analogues that could provide structural insights into integrin-ligand interactions through photoaffinity, cross-linking/mass spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallographic studies.
The extracellular matrix and blood vessel formation: not just a scaffold

The extracellular matrix plays a number of important roles, among them providing structural support and information to cellular structures such as blood vessels imbedded within it. As more complex organisms have evolved, the matrix ability to direct signalling towards the vasculature and remodel in response to signalling from the vasculature has assumed progressively greater importance. This review will focus on the molecules of the extracellular matrix, specifically relating to vessel formation and their ability to signal to the surrounding cells to initiate or terminate processes involved in blood vessel formation.
THE USE OF POISSON’S RELATION FOR THE EXTRACTION OF PSEUDOTOTAL MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY FROM GRAVITY OBSERVATIONS

Investigation of geological structure by gravimetric and magnetic field surveys requires consideration of relationships between gravity anomaly and magnetic anomaly generating sources. The possibility of using Poisson’s Relation to examine magnetic and gravity fields related to a common source is intriguing. This relation is expressed as follows: A(x,y,z)=IGρ∂U(x,y,z)∂α, (1) where A (x, y, z) is the magnetic field potential and U (x, y, z) is the gravity field potential at a point in space due to a source of uniform density ρ and uniform magnetization I in the direction α. This expression has been used to derive magnetic anomalies over idealized forms (Nettleton, 1940) and, by Baranov (1957), to extract pseudogravity fields from magnetic field data. The purpose of this paper is to develop an expression for extracting a pseudomagnetic field from gravity field data and to examine the practical applications of this expression.
Migration Chronology of Waterfowl in the Southern High Plains of Texas

Abstract Migration chronology was quantified for 15 waterfowl species on 58 playa wetlands in the Southern High Plains of Texas from February 2004 through April 2006. Abundance of each species was estimated on playas once every two weeks during the nonbreeding season (16 August to 30 April); presence of ice was also recorded. Dabbling ducks were most common (N = 250,668) and most tended to exhibit either a bimodal migration pattern (lower abundance in winter than during fall and spring passage) or a unimodal pattern (one defined peak). Abundance of the most common dabbling ducks was skewed toward late winter and spring. Most species of diving ducks (N = 15,128) tended to exhibit irregular migration patterns. Canada Geese (both Branta canadensis and B. hutchinsii, N = 15,347) had an abundance pattern that gradually increased, peaking in midwinter, and then decreased, which is typical for a terminal wintering area. Ice was most common on playas during the first half of December, which coincided with the low...
The epidemiology of the epilepsies in children.

The epilepsies are a heterogeneous collection of neurological conditions and syndromes characterized by recurrent, unprovoked, paroxysmal seizure activity. There are several types of epileptic seizures and syndromes that are unique to children, including infantile spasms, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and absence seizures. Febrile seizures and neonatal seizures, while not epilepsy, are relatively common types of seizures in infants and children and are likely markers of risk of later epilepsy. Thus, it is important to consider the epidemiological features of the epilepsies as they occur specifically in infants and children. The purpose of this review is to summarize what is currently known about the epidemiology of the childhood epilepsies and to identify promising areas for further population-based studies. The epilepsies are an important cause of neurological morbidity in children. The average annual rate of new cases (incidence) of epilepsy is approximately 5-7 cases per 10,000 children from birth to age 15 years, and in any given year, about 5 of every 1,000 children will have epilepsy. There is evidence that the incidence of the epilepsies in some populations of children may be decreasing over time, and this possibility merits further investigation. Factors that are known to increase risk of the epilepsies in children include congenital malformations of the central nervous system (CNS), moderate or severe head trauma, CNS infections, certain inherited metabolic conditions, and genetic factors. However, these account for only 25% to 45% of cases, and thus, the etiology of most cases of the epilepsies remains obscure. The paucity of well-controlled etiological studies is due largely to formidable methodological problems in conducting epidemiological studies of the epilepsies. The prognosis for seizure control is generally good, although children with remote symptomatic seizures and those with additional neurological disabilities do less well.
Evaluation of Dexamethasone for the Prevention of Post Operative Ileus

Reasons for performing study Inflammation is key in the development of post operative ileus in rodents, with a similar pathogenesis likely occurring in other species. Dexamethasone reduces inflammation and therefore could help reduce post operative ileus in the horse. Objectives To determine if dexamethasone reduces post operative ileus in horses with small intestinal disease, and assess the effect on incisional health and short-term survival. Study design Retrospective case series. Methods Fifteen horses that underwent small intestinal resection and anastomosis were given 0.1 mg/kg bwt dexamethasone intravenously during surgery (DEX). Data from a comparable number of horses that did not receive dexamethasone (NoDEX) was collected retrospectively and sequentially. Horses were matched for the type of resection performed. Fisher's Exact and Student's t tests were used for data analysis. Results There was no significant difference in the amount of nasogastric reflux (litres) (DEX 8.06 ± 17.12, NoDEX 10.02 ± 24.03, P = 0.39) produced or in the number of horses that produced nasogastric reflux post operatively. There was no difference in survival to discharge. The severity of incisional discharge/infection was significantly different between groups when scored 0–3 (0 being no discharge and 3 being severe discharge/infection), (P = 0.01), in favour of DEX (2/15 horses affected) vs. NoDEX (7/15). Conclusions Dexamethasone did not appear to have a beneficial effect on the incidence of post-operative ileus. Administration of a single dose of dexamethasone does not appear to have a detrimental effect on short-term survival or on incisional complications. Ethical animal research: Research ethics committee oversight not currently required by this conference: procedures were performed as part of clinical investigations. Explicit owner informed consent for participation in this study was not stated. Source of funding: None. Competing interests: None declared.
A Total Bile Cast of the Biliary Tree

Summary The development of a complete bile cast of the biliary tree in a 70-year-old man with recurrent episodes of cholecystitis and choledocholithiasis is reported. A review of the literature has failed to reveal similar examples of this entity. A mechanism for the development of the cast is suggested.
Revisiting the Informational Theory: Black Representatives, White Voters and Majority Black Congressional Districts

Scholars examining black political representation have focused on the degree to which African American politicians can impact the everyday living conditions of African Americans. Despite years of African American political representation within the United States House of Representatives, political scientists have devoted very little scholarship to examining how whites react to African American leadership. Prior studies that do examine how whites react to African American political representation have only focused on state and local elections leaving scholars to speculate if the findings of those analyses are applicable to congressional and presidential elections. Previous studies at the local level suggest that African American political representation has the potential to facilitate racial learning and therefore improve white racial attitudes, policy preferences for race-targeted legislation, vote choice, and candidate evaluation. Utilizing a representative sample of whites residing in congressional districts represented by an African American from the 2010 and 2012 Cooperative Congressional Election Survey, this work challenges the findings which suggest that black political representation positively impacts white racial attitudes, policy preferences, and vote choice of whites. The findings suggest that black political representation at the congressional level does not facilitate improvements in the areas of racial resentment, white policy preferences, or vote choice at the congressional level. In fact the evidence presented suggest that the longer whites live under African American congressional representation, the more they become racially resentful.
Optical Method for Microfluidic Detection of Bacteria in Water

Fluorescence scanner was used to detect and quantify K12 bacteria in water to a detection limit of 3800 CFU/mL by correlating quantum dot fluorescence signal intensity to number of bacteria obtained by plate count.
Esophageal Anatomy as Seen During Endoscopy and Basic Endoscopic Orientation

The art of surgical endoscopy has revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterologists and esophageal surgeons must familiarize themselves with the proper technique of examining a patient for upper endoscopy.
Human trophoblast stem cells: Real or not real?

Abnormal trophoblast differentiation is the root cause of many placenta-based pregnancy complications, including preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. Human trophoblast differentiation is difficult to study due to the lack of a stem cell model. Such a multipotent "trophoblast stem" (TS) cell, with the ability to differentiate into all trophoblast subtypes, has been derived from mouse blastocysts, but attempts to derive similar human cells have failed. We consider here several possibilities for the TS cell niche in the human placenta. Aside from discussion of such a niche in the pre-implantation blastocyst, we discuss evidence for these TS cells residing in the post-implantation villous cytotrophoblast layer, or even in the non-trophoblast portions, of the human placenta. It is our hope that recognition of the niche would lead to successful derivation and in vitro establishment of such cells, which could then be disseminated widely to the placental biology community for advancing the field. Availability of self-renewing human TS cells, whose gene expression and environment could be manipulated, will provide a platform, not just for the study of pathophysiology of placental disease, but also for the discovery of diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for common pregnancy complications.
Changes in Parent-Child Relationships and Religious Views in Parents of LGB Youth Post-Disclosure

“Coming out” refers to disclosing one’s nonheterosexual identity to another person. Disclosure to family members is one of the most important and difficult milestones in sexual identity formation. ...
An Ounce of Prevention: Deaths Averted From Primary Prevention Interventions

Introduction The U.S. lags in the nationwide implementation of primary prevention interventions that have been shown to be efficacious. However, the potential population health benefit of widespread implementation of these primary prevention interventions remains unclear. Methods The meta-analytic literature from October 2013 to March 2014 of primary prevention interventions published between January 2000 and March 2014 was reviewed. The authors then estimated the number of deaths that could have been averted in the U.S. in 2010 if all rigorously studied, efficacious primary prevention interventions for which population attributable risk proportions could be estimated were implemented nationwide. Results A total of 372,054 (15.1%) of all U.S. deaths in 2010 would have been averted if all rigorously studied, efficacious primary prevention interventions were implemented. Two in three averted deaths would have been from cardiovascular disease or malignancy. Conclusions A substantial proportion of deaths in the U.S. in 2010 could have been averted if efficacious primary prevention interventions were implemented nationwide. Further investment in the implementation of efficacious interventions is warranted to maximize population health in the U.S.
Reply to Plüss et al.: The strength of PEMapper/PECaller lies in unbiased calling using large sample sizes

In a recent Letter in PNAS (1), Pluss et al. compare the speed and accuracy of the Burrows–Wheeler aligner (BWA) (2)/Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) (3) best-practices pipeline (4), against our PEMapper/PECaller pipeline (5), as well as against a commercially available, but un–peer-reviewed method called GENALICEMAP (genalice.com). This test was conducted in an interesting fashion, limiting the tested region to the high-confidence coding regions from GIAB 3.3 (https://github.com/genome-in-a-bottle), in only four individuals. Many genotype calling algorithms, including GATK and, presumably GENALICEMAP, although its methods are unavailable, use prior knowledge about potential variant sites to inform their calls via the application of training … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: swarren{at}emory.edu, mzwick{at}emory.edu, or djcutle{at}emory.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Geographies in the American DeafWorld as institutional constructions of the deaf body in space: the sensescape model

AbstractSpace is a site where culture and body meet. It is a physical text of cultural constructions of the body that articulate personal, social and material functions and arrangements. The American DeafWorld consists of spaces where deaf and hard of hearing people are found. The geographies in the DeafWorld are the sites where different institutions create and imprint their ideologies, practices and properties pertaining to their sensory notions of the deaf body onto brick-and-mortar spaces in the DeafWorld. Sensescape is proffered as a theoretical model to describe DeafWorld institutional geographies.
Quality management of a massive transfusion protocol.

Background Massive transfusion is a response to massive uncontrolled hemorrhage. To be effective, it must be timely and address the patient's needs for blood volume, oxygen transport, and hemostasis. Study design and methods A review was performed on all activations of the massive transfusion protocol (MTP) in a hospital with large emergency medicine, trauma, and vascular surgery programs. Indications, transfused amounts, and outcomes were determined for each MTP event to determine appropriateness of MTP use. Results are presented as descriptive statistics, categorical associations, and simple linear trend relationships. Results The MTP was activated 309 times in 2016. Of these episodes, 237 were for trauma, 29 for gastrointestinal bleeding, 16 for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurisms, and 25 for a variety of other causes. Trauma-related MTP activations had a mean injury severity score of 32. Blood use averaged 6.6 units of red blood cells (RBCs), 6.5 units of plasma, and 1.2 units of apheresis platelets. Fourteen activations ended without the administration of any blood products, and 45 (14%) did not meet the critical administration threshold of three components. Only 60 (19%) activations met the historic definition of massive with at least 10 units of RBCs administered. Mortality was 15% for the trauma-related activations. Conclusions Massive transfusion protocol activations were frequent and conducted with high fidelity to the 1:1:1 unit ratio standard. Making blood components available quickly was associated with low rates of total component usage and low mortality for trauma patients and was not associated with overuse.
Energy-recovery based hardware security primitives for low-power embedded devices

Hardware based security vulnerabilities such as side-channel attacks, IC piracy, IC counterfeiting, etc. are major threats for the successful deployment of the embedded computing systems. Further, the embedded computing devices work on a limited power supply (battery operated devices), and therefore have stringent constraints on power consumption. In this paper, we propose Energy Recovery (ER) computing as a novel platform to design low-power hardware security primitives for embedded computing devices. As a case study, we have discussed the design of two important ER-based hardware security primitives: (i) low-power and Differential Power Analysis (DPA) resistant PRESENT cryptographic core, (ii) low-power Physically Unclonable Function (PUF). Through simulations, it is illustrated that the ER computing based hardware security primitives are low-power as compared to the existing approaches. For example, the PRESENT-80 cryptographic algorithm implemented using ER computing consumes 45% less power as compared to its CMOS implementation. Further, ER computing in emerging devices such as FinFET and Tunnel FET to design low-power hardware security primitives is also illustrated.
Communication and Ethics in the Clinical Examination

At the heart of every effective patient-physician interaction is a relationship that is built on trust. Cultivating sound communication skills coupled with the awareness and application of ethical principles is integral to this process. One of the foremost challenges in competent practice is negotiating situations that arise at the bedside when such issues as patient autonomy, differing world views, honesty, and cost stewardship come into conflict. It is essential for health care providers to consider how to detect and prioritize these issues as they advocate for high-quality and patient-centered care.
Select Topics and Future Challenges in Discrete Geometry

Digital geometry is a relatively new research area. It is difficult to show the characteristics of digital geometry as a well-developed theory. On the other hand, discrete geometry used to focus on combinatorial methods such as simplicial decomposition, counting, and tillings. However, it is now also much interested in differential geometry methods. Many new problems related to digital and discrete geometry are have been discovered and have raised interests from various different research disciplinary areas. In order to synthesize some features, this chapter mainly deals with methodology issues of digital and discrete geometry in terms of future studies. We begin with detailed proofs of two basic theorems in digital and discrete geometry. In these proofs, we show the power of the digital and discrete methods in geometry. Then, we focus on future problems in BigData and the data sciences, including what digital methods can do in random algorithms, manifold learning, and advanced geometric measurements. We also present some questions for graduate students and other researchers to think about.
Simulation of heterogeneous photooxidation of SO 2 and NO x in the presence of Gobi Desert dust particles under ambient sunlight

Abstract. To improve the simulation of the heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 and NOx in the presence of authentic mineral dust particles under ambient environmental conditions, the explicit kinetic mechanisms were constructed in the Atmospheric Mineral Aerosol Reaction (AMAR) model. The formation of sulfate and nitrate was divided into three phases: the gas phase, the non-dust aqueous phase, and the dust phase. In particular, AMAR established the mechanistic role of dust chemical characteristics (e.g., photoactivation, hygroscopicity, and buffering capacity) in heterogeneous chemistry. The photoactivation kinetic process of different dust particles was built into the model by measuring the photodegradation rate constant of an impregnated surrogate (malachite green dye) on a dust filter sample (e.g., Arizona test dust – ATD – and Gobi Desert dust – GDD) using an online reflective UV–visible spectrometer. The photoactivation parameters were integrated with the heterogeneous chemistry to predict the formation of reactive oxygen species on dust surfaces. A mathematical equation for the hygroscopicity of dust particles was also included in the AMAR model to process the multiphase partitioning of trace gases and in-particle chemistry. The buffering capacity of dust, which is related to the neutralization of dust alkaline carbonates with inorganic acids, was included in the model to dynamically predict the hygroscopicity of aged dust. The AMAR model simulated the formation of sulfate and nitrate using experimental data obtained in the presence of authentic mineral dust under ambient sunlight using a large outdoor smog chamber (University of Florida Atmospheric Photochemical Outdoor Reactor, UF-APHOR). Overall, the influence of GDD on the heterogeneous chemistry was much greater than that of ATD. Based on the model analysis, GDD enhanced the sulfate formation mainly via its high photoactivation capability. In the case of NO2 oxidation, dust-phase nitrate formation is mainly regulated by the buffering capacity of dust. The measured buffering capacity of GDD was 2 times greater than that of ATD, and consequently, the maximum nitrate concentration with GDD was nearly 2 times higher than that with ATD. The model also highlights that in urban areas with high NOx concentrations, hygroscopic nitrate salts quickly form via titration of the carbonates in the dust particles, but in the presence of SO2 , the nitrate salts are gradually depleted by the formation of sulfate.
Molecular Phylogeny of the Arenaviruses and Guide to Published Sequence Data

The arenaviruses are primarily viruses of rodents, although a minority of them cause serious disease in humans. They were originally grouped together on the basis of their appearance in the electron microscope (Dalton et al.,1968; Murphy and Whitfield, 1975) and serological cross-reactivity in complement fixation and immunofluorescence tests (Rowe et al.,1970; Casals et al., 1975; Wulff et al., 1978). The production and use of monoclonal antibodies have reinforced and refined our ability to group these viruses and to recognize variation among strains of the same virus (Buchmeier et al., 1981; Howard et al., 1985; Sanchez et al., 1989; Ruo et al., 1991) Analysis of the structural components of several members of the family has confirmed their general similarity at the molecular level (see Bishop and Auperin, 1987; Buchmeier and Parekh, 1987, for reviews) and has provided, through nucleotide sequencing, a means by which we can begin to make quantitative estimates of the relationships among these viruses. Here I have collected together a directory of the arenavirus sequence data currently available in widely distributed databases, multiple alignments of nucleocapsid (N) and glycoprotein precursor (GPC) protein amino acid sequences, and present phylogenetic trees based on these sequences, which graphically summarize the relationships among these viruses.
A Case Study of General Electric's Multimedia Training Systems

General Electric Aerospace, one of 15 corporate divisions, implemented a series of multimedia training systems in response to the need for employee awareness and understanding of missioncritical compliance requirements for dealing with the US Government. Although employees were satisfied with the traditional seminar approach to training, it was recognized that there was a need to deliver information better in order to increase retention, promote better use of information, and foster the development of more capable employees. In the interest of keeping training refreshed, new ways to deliver information were sought. This case discusses the initiation of the multimedia systems, the processes and considerations for developing and maintaining such systems, and GE's secrets for success in the on-going application of multimedia technology to training.
The Algebra $$\mathfrak{U}$$

Lemma 15.1.1. The algebra homomorphism x : f → U given by \({\theta _i} \mapsto E_i^\prime = ({v_i} - {v_i}^{ - 1}){\tilde K_{ - i}}{E_i}\) (i ∈ I) factors through an algebra homomorphism f →U.
The Cl Area of Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla: Role in Tonic and Reflex Regulation of Arterial Pressure

Although it has been known from the middle of the last century that the medulla oblongata is required for maintaining normal levels of arterial pressure (AP) (see Alexander, 1946), the identification of the specific neuronal groups within that structure which serve as sympathetic promoter neurons was not established for almost a century. Indeed, the failure of investigators to reproduce the effects of spinal cord transection on AP by local lesions within the medulla, led to the concept that the “tonic vasomotor centers” represented the action of neurons distributed along a large extent of the neuraxis rather than the activity of a collection of nerve cells within a restricted zone (Hilton, 1975).
To Take the Writer’s Meaning: An Unpublished Manuscript on “Peirce and Modern Semiotic” by Walker Percy

Percy has been studied under several headings: Catholic, Southerner, Existentialist. Two such aspects, however, have been neglected: the strong influence of Charles Sanders Peirce, plus Percy’s deep competence in laboratory science. His typescript essay, “Peirce and Modern Semiotic (1959),” presented here, shows that Percy was well ahead of his contemporaries in understanding the scientific and philosophical importance of Peirce’s Semeiotic, the Theory of Semeioses. Percy particularly pointed to the experiential importance of “taking the other’s meaning.” He regarded that common phenomenon as vital, and genuine—a kind of event that behaviorists such as B. F. Skinner or Charles Morris explained away as nothing but a dynamic dyadic causal (or S-R) process. Percy’s essay definitively blocks those reductions.
Upper Tract Imaging in Patients with Initial or Terminal Hematuria Suggestive of Bleeding from the Lower Urinary Tract: How Often is the Upper Urinary Tract Responsible for the Hematuria?

Objectives Visible hematuria (VH) is a common urological complaint. A history of initial or terminal VH in men is indicative of a lower urinary tract (LUT) source. A careful clinical history could limit unnecessary extensive upper tract imaging in this group of patients with VH. We conducted a single-center prospective study to examine the usefulness of investigating the upper tract in patients with a history of VH likely from a LUT source (initial and/or terminal VH) with specific reference to the incidence of demonstrable significant upper tract abnormalities. Methods We conducted a single-center prospective study of consecutive male patients presenting with VH over eight months. All patients underwent standard investigations including physical examination, flexible cystoscopy (FC), and radiological imaging (ultrasound scan (USS) and/or computed tomography urogram (CTU)). Those with a clear history of initial or terminal VH were identified for further scrutiny with regards to detectable upper tracts abnormalities. Results In total, 57 patients (aged 23-95 years) with initial or terminal VH were identified. Of these, 56 had FC and nine patients were subsequently diagnosed with a LUT malignancy. With regards to upper urinary tract (UUT), 35 patients (61.4%) had an USS, 46 (80.7%) underwent a CTU, and 25 (43.9%) patients had both. In this group, no UUT malignancy was identified on upper tract imaging. Conclusions Initial or terminal VH patients may not need extensive upper tract imaging. FC is recommended, but a non-invasive USS can be a safe initial investigation for the UUT, with a CTU subsequently considered in those with abnormalities on USS and those with ongoing bleeding. Further combined multicenter analysis will help corroborate these findings and could have several beneficial outcomes including a reduction in investigations cost, patient inconvenience, and ionizing radiation.