cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precipitation/Redissolution Phenomena in Sulfonate/A1C13 Solutions

The interaction of surfactants with multivalent ions such as Ca/sup 2 +/, Mg/sup 2 +/, and Al/sup 3 +/ can lead to their precipitation and, consequently, to surfactant loss in micellar flooding systems. Investigation of the precipitation behavior of CaCl/sub 2/, MgCl/sub 2//Na- dodecylbenzenesulfonate and Na-dodecylsulfonate systems showed that the precipitation of multivalent ions occurred in certain surfactant concentration regions and the precipitate redissolved upon increasing the surfactant concentration. In this study, the precipitation behavior of AlCl/sub 3/-Na-dodecylbenzenesulfona dodecylsulfonate systems and their pH dependence are discussed. AlCl/sub 3/-sulfonate systems similar to CaCl/sub 2/ systems exhibited precipitation/redissolution behavior and the redissolution was found to be caused by micellar solubilization. The sulfonate precipitation behavior was markedly influenced by the system pH. Results indicate that the competition among sulfonate monomers, micelles and hydroxyl ions for Al species control the system behavior. A quantitative model has been developed for the pH dependence of precipitation/redissolution. 11 references.
Career lndecision and Family Enmeshment

In this study the relationship between career indecision and family-of-origin enmeshment is examined. Six hundred and four undergraduate and graduate students (classes randomly selected) were administered the Career Decision Scale and two scales (Intergenerational Individuation and Triangulation) from the Personal Authority in the Family System Questionnaire. A simultaneous multiple regression analysis on the indecision scale, using four predictor variables, yielded three significant variables (age, graduate/undergraduate status, and individuation) that accounted for 11% of the variance. Graduate students were more decided than undergraduate students and those who were more decisive tended to be older and more individuated.
A self-justifying expert system

Abstract The power of an expert system relies largely on its knowledge. However, this does not diminish the importance of the study of better inference mechanisms, as these mechanisms may affect the realization of the power of knowledge. On the other hand, the study of better knowledge representation schemes may require some new inference-mechanism designs. In this paper, we introduce an expert system AGXZ. The inference of AGXZ includes a reasoning process and a justifying process in order to work more reliably in critical cases. Accordingly, the knowledge-base of AGXZ consists of two knowledge entities. The contents of the two knowledge entities are obtained from the same human experts, so the approach is called ‘dual knowledge representation’.
In situ oxalate formation during hydrothermal synthesis of uranyl hybrid materials

The hydrothermal reaction of the uranyl cation with pyridine-, pyrazine- and pyrimidine-based organic compounds has resulted in four new and four known uranyl-organic hybrid materials that have been characterized by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction. Three of these materials contain the oxalate anion, formed as a result of in situ reactivity of the organic precursors. Trends in ligand reactivity have been observed and various factors that may influence oxalate formation have been explored, including time, temperature, pH and identity of the uranyl counterion. A mechanism for oxalate formation has been proposed and various methods of inhibiting in situ reactivity have been suggested.
Iproniazid in angina pectoris; a double-blind study.

There has been considerable recent interest in the treatment of angina pectoris with iproniazid. In this paper the results of a careful double-blind study of its effect are evaluated.
MORTALITY IN ACUTE VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLIC DISEASE: THE OBESITY PARADOX

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, notably coronary artery disease and heart failure, as well as venous thrombosis and thromboembolic disease. Despite being recognized as a major risk factor for the development of disease, studies have shown that obesity may be
Cross-cultural considerations in instructional documentation: contrasting Chinese and U.S. home heater manuals

Technical communicators need to develop certain skills to succeed in intercultural interactions. Drawing on the literature of intercultural and professional communication, this article presents a case study that examines the design features and analyzes the differences of home heater manuals from China and the U.S. By discussing the possible cultural influences, the article exemplifies a cross-cultural approach in teaching international technical communication and in creating instructional documentation across cultures.
Alanine tracts: the expanding story of human illness and trinucleotide repeats

Expansions of polyglutamine repeats are known to cause a variety of human neurodegenerative diseases. More recently, expansions of alanine tracts, particularly in transcription factor genes, have been shown to cause at least nine human conditions, including mental retardation and malformations of the brain, digits and other structures. Present knowledge suggests that alanine tract expansions generally, but not always, arise through unequal recombination as opposed to replication slippage, the most likely mechanism in other triplet repeat expansions. The function of alanine tracts is unknown but when alanine expansions occur in transcription factor genes, alanine tracts can result in either loss-of-function or gain of an abnormal function. Given the frequency of alanine tracts in proteins, it is likely that more alanine tract expansions will be discovered in disease genes.
Histologic and Biomechanical Evaluation of Crosslinked and Non-Crosslinked Biologic Meshes in a Porcine Model of Ventral Incisional Hernia Repair

Background The objective of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical characteristics and histologic remodeling of crosslinked (Peri-Guard, Permacol) and non-crosslinked (AlloDerm, Veritas) biologic meshes over a 12 month period using a porcine model of incisional hernia repair. Study Design Bilateral incisional hernias were created in 48 Yucatan minipigs and repaired after 21 days using an underlay technique. Samples were harvested at 1, 6, and 12 months and analyzed for biomechanical and histologic properties. The same biomechanical tests were conducted with de novo (time 0) meshes as well as samples of native abdominal wall. Statistical significance (p Results All repair sites demonstrated similar tensile strengths at 1, 6, and 12 months and no significant differences were observed between mesh materials (p > 0.05 in all cases). The strength of the native porcine abdominal wall was not augmented by the presence of the mesh at any of the time points, regardless of de novo tensile strength of the mesh. Histologically, non-crosslinked materials showed earlier cell infiltration (p Conclusions The tensile strengths of sites repaired with biologic mesh were not impacted by very high de novo tensile strength/stiffness or mesh-specific variables such as crosslinking. Although crosslinking distinguishes biologic meshes in the short-term for histologic features, such as cellular infiltration and neovascularization, many differences diminish during longer periods of time. Characteristics other than crosslinking, such as tissue type and processing conditions, are likely responsible for these differences.
Mini-Laparoscopy-Assisted Placement of Tenckhoff Catheters: An Improved Technique to Facilitate Peritoneal Dialysis

Background and Purpose: Despite its overall efficacy and patient satisfaction with it, peritoneal dialysis has a history of significant complications, which has contributed to the evolution in the ...
Helping Teachers Prepare to Work in Restructured Schools

The movement to restructure schools has important implications for preparing teachers to work successfully in these schools. The central elements of restructured schools include decentraliza tion a...
Using Reactive Hyperemia to Assess the Efficacy of Local Cooling on Reducing Sacral Skin Ischemia Under Surface Pressure in People With Spinal Cord Injury: A Preliminary Report

Objectives: To investigate the efficacy of local cooling on reducing sacral skin ischemia in a weight-bearing position, and to identify the underlying physiological mechanisms using wavelet-based spectrum analysis of reactive hyperemia in people with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design: Repeated-measures and before-after trial design. Setting: University research laboratory. Participants: Wheelchair users with SCI with injury level between C4 and T5 (nZ10) and able-bodied controls (nZ10). Interventions: Three protocols consisting of pressure without temperature changes, pressure with local cooling (DtZ�10 � C), and pressure with local heating (DtZþ10 � C) were tested. Each protocol consisted of a 10-minute baseline period, a 20-minute loading period at 60mmHg, and a 20-minute recovery period (reactive hyperemia). A 30-minute washout period was allowed between protocols. Main Outcome Measures: A compound sensor head consisting of laser Doppler and heating and cooling probes was used to measure sacral skin blood flow and control skin temperature. Reactive hyperemic response to pressure and temperature stimuli was characterized in the time and frequency (metabolic [.0095e.02Hz], neurogenic [.02e.05Hz], and myogenic [.05e.15Hz] components) domains. Results: Pressure with local cooling resulted in a smaller reactive hyperemic response in both people with SCI and able-bodied controls as compared with pressure with local heating (P<.017) and pressure without temperature changes (P<.017), and the smaller hyperemia was attributed to reduced metabolic and neurogenic activities. People with SCI showed an attenuated response in reactive hyperemia (P<.017). Conclusions: This study supports the concept of using local cooling to reduce skin ischemia under surface pressure in people with SCI. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2013;94:1982-9 a 2013 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine
Eradication of Rheumatic Fever An Unfulfilled Hope

Rheumatic heart disease is considered one of the few forms of chronic heart disease which can be effectively prevented today. Yet the incidence of rheumatic fever is still appreciable and the complacency of many physicians and public health officials in regard to the rheumatic fever problem is unwarranted. It is timely, therefore, to reexamine the question of whether this disease can indeed be eradicated by presently available methods. One of the major factors limiting the prevention of initial attacks with antibiotics is that about two thirds of the patients who develop rheumaic fever do so following either asymptomatic or mild streptococcal infections. Furthermore, the low socioeconomic group, in whom the risk of rheumatic fever is the greatest, is the least likely to receive adequate care even for overt respiratory infections. Although the number of recurrent attacks has been reduced, approximately 10% of rheumatic patients still develop recurrences either because they are not on prophylaxis at all or ...
Locally optimal window widths for kernel density estimation with large samples

Abstract The smoothing parameter or window width for a kernel estimator of a probability density at a point has been previously specified to minimize either asymptotic mean square error or asymptotic mean absolute error. In this note the ratio of these two widths is shown to be a constant for all kernels and density functions that satisfy the usual smoothness conditions. The fact that this ratio equals 0.985 supports recent comment that in this context these two error criteria do not yield large-sample results that differ by any meaningful amount. Isolated points at which the dominant term of the conventional bias expansion vanishes are examined. Consideration of additional terms and continuity leads to the conclusion that bias is adequately modeled by a multiple of a single rate in all large but finite sample sizes. In practice, for instance, at inflection points with a second-order kernel the abrupt change in exponent from 1/5 to 1/9 is not necessarily a good representation.
Extensive training and hippocampus or striatum lesions: Effect on place and response strategies

The hippocampus has been linked to spatial navigation and the striatum to response learning. The current study focuses on how these brain regions continue to interact when an animal is very familiar with the task and the environment and must continuously switch between navigation strategies. Rats were trained to solve a plus maze using a place or a response strategy on different trials within a testing session. A room cue (illumination) was used to indicate which strategy should be used on a given trial. After extensive training, animals underwent dorsal hippocampus, dorsal lateral striatum or sham lesions. As expected hippocampal lesions predominantly caused impairment on place but not response trials. Striatal lesions increased errors on both place and response trials. Competition between systems was assessed by determining error type. Pre-lesion and sham animals primarily made errors to arms associated with the wrong (alternative) strategy, this was not found after lesions. The data suggest a qualitative change in the relationship between hippocampal and striatal systems as a task is well learned. During acquisition the two systems work in parallel, competing with each other. After task acquisition, the two systems become more integrated and interdependent. The fact that with extensive training (as something becomes a "habit"), behaviors become dependent upon the dorsal lateral striatum has been previously shown. The current findings indicate that dorsal lateral striatum involvement occurs even when the behavior is spatial and continues to require hippocampal processing.
A distinct bosonic mode in an electron-doped high-transition-temperature superconductor

Perhaps the most debated current issue in the field of high-temperature superconductivity is the microscopic origin of the superconducting 'glue' that binds electrons into superconducting pairs. The leading contenders are lattice vibrations (phonons) and spin excitations, with the additional possibility of pairing without mediators. Niestemski et al. report spatially resolved, reproducible spectroscopy of the electron-doped superconductor known as PLCCO that reveal a collective mode in the material's electronic excitations at 10.5 ± 2.5 meV. This is consistent with an electronic origin of the mode — and possibly the superconducting 'glue' — consistent with the involvement of spin-excitations rather than phonons. A bosonic excitation (mode) at energies 10.5 ± 2.5 meV in the electron doped superconductor Pr0.88LaCe0.12CuO4 (PLCCO) is reported. The analysis of this indicates an electronic origin of the mode consistent with spin excitations rather than phonons. Despite recent advances in understanding high-transition-temperature (high-Tc) superconductors, there is no consensus on the origin of the superconducting ‘glue’: that is, the mediator that binds electrons into superconducting pairs. The main contenders are lattice vibrations1,2 (phonons) and spin-excitations3,4, with the additional possibility of pairing without mediators5. In conventional superconductors, phonon-mediated pairing was unequivocally established by data from tunnelling experiments6. Proponents of phonons as the high-Tc glue were therefore encouraged by the recent scanning tunnelling microscopy experiments on hole-doped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8-δ (BSCCO) that reveal an oxygen lattice vibrational mode whose energy is anticorrelated with the superconducting gap energy scale7. Here we report high-resolution scanning tunnelling microscopy measurements of the electron-doped high-Tc superconductor Pr0.88LaCe0.12CuO4 (PLCCO) (Tc = 24 K) that reveal a bosonic excitation (mode) at energies of 10.5 ± 2.5 meV. This energy is consistent with both spin-excitations in PLCCO measured by inelastic neutron scattering (resonance mode)8 and a low-energy acoustic phonon mode9, but differs substantially from the oxygen vibrational mode identified in BSCCO. Our analysis of the variation of the local mode energy and intensity with the local gap energy scale indicates an electronic origin of the mode consistent with spin-excitations rather than phonons.
Two alanines juxtaposed to aggrecan's G1 domain alter its intracellular localization.

Nascent proteins translated and processed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) sometimes contain intrinsic signals for ER retention or ER retrieval. These signals are usually a few amino acids in length, and if alanine modifications are made within these sequences, normal transit patterns of the nascent protein frequently change. The purpose of this study was to determine whether two alanines juxtaposed to the first globular domain of aggrecan's core protein affect its transit in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Results show that two alanines juxtaposed to the first globular domain (G1AA) minimized secretion of the protein. However, transgenic proteins with juxtaposed glutamate–phenylalanine (G1EF) or no additional amino acids (G1) were still secreted. GFP-tagged G1AA localized in the lumen of the ER but not in the Golgi. In contrast, a portion of GFP-tagged G1EF and G1 did appear in the Golgi compartment. More importantly, unique and striking accumulations of G1EF and G1 transgenic proteins were seen in large dilated regions of the ER cisternae, reminiscent of accumulations seen in α1-antitrypsin deficiency disease. G1AA transgenic proteins did not form these vesicles but were diffusely distributed throughout the ER lumen. These results indicate that just two juxtaposed alanines can profoundly affect a large globular protein's intracellular localization. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Axisymmetric elements with high coarse-mesh accuracy

Abstract The Hu-Washizu variational principle is used to formulate axisymmetric elements of the correct rank which employ the minimum number of independent interpolants in the strain and stress fields. These elements exhibit high coarse-mesh accuracy particularly for bending problems and nearly incompressible materials. The strain and stress fields are developed in conjunction with an orthogonal projection so that the resulting stiffness matrix only requires block diagonal or diagonal matrix inversions. Results are given for several problems and these elements demonstrate excellent performance for coarse and refined meshes.
Two-photon pumping of a random laser

Random lasing originates from pumping disordered materials by high-intensity and high-frequency light. The performance of random lasers is restricted due to the absorption of pumping light within the interfacial layer. The lifetime of optical modes there is short due to the emission of photons to the outside, and it is hard to pump them sufficiently for lasing. The opportunity to excite the modes far from the material surface using two-photon absorption is investigated within the diffusion model. The authors show that lasing requires lower pump power for the two-photon pumping mechanism under conditions of negligible absorption of the emitted light. Experimental implications and restrictions are discussed.
Policy undertakings by the seven “summit” countries: ascertaining the degree of compliance a comment

Credibility (or lack of it) ’ m 01 ernment g . policy announcements is important. Hence, the task the authors have set for themselves in this paper-to analyze the content, of the policy undertakings issued by 15 annual economic summit meetings of the seven major economic powers, and measure the extent to which they have been honored-is a lauda,ble one. It is also a difficult one, because summit statements are oft,en made purposely vague, in order to avoid the embarrassment that would occur if a clear and unambiguous commitment were not honored. (Remember the so-called forecaster’s rule: “When forecasting, give t,hem a. number, or give them a date, but never both.“) The authors’ method has three steps. For ea.ch statement of a policy undertaking, (1) decide whether it implies a commitment or not (in 203 cases in 15 yea.rs they decided it) did); (2) If so, wait a year to see what happened; and then (3) g’ lve a score between -1 and +l to indicate the degree of compliance. The unweighted a.verage of the scores given for all commitments was a.bout 0.131 (it was a.bout 0.27 if each country’s scores were weighted by its GNP: thus, the bigger countries were scored as slightly less compliant). The scoring was done a.s follows. For each commitment, two benchmark points on the scale were set, by arbitra.rily assigning a score of zero to an outcome that was judged to represent no movement toward compliance, and a score of +1 to an outcome t,hat was judged to represent ideal compliance. (The way “ideal compliance” is defined is crucial to the results, as will be
Consequence of alternative standards for bulk tank somatic cell count of dairy herds in the United States.

Noncompliance with current US and European Union (EU) standards for bulk-tank somatic cell count (BTSCC) as well as BTSCC standards recently proposed by 3 US organizations was evaluated using US Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHI) herds and herds supplying milk to 4 Federal Milk Marketing Orders (FMO). Herds with 15 to 26 tests (frequently monthly) from January 2009 through October 2010 were included. Somatic cell scores (SCS) from 14,854 herds and 164,794 herd-tests were analyzed for DHI herds with ≥10 cows for all tests. Herd test-day SCC was derived as a proxy for BTSCC and was the basis for determining noncompliance and percentage of the milk it represented. For FMO herds, actual milk marketed and BTSCC were available from 27,759 herds and 325,690 herd-tests. A herd was noncompliant for the current EU BTSCC standard after 4 consecutive rolling 3-test geometric means (geometric method) were >400,000 cells/mL. A herd was noncompliant for the current US BTSCC standard after 3 of 5 consecutive monthly BTSCC shipments (frequency method) were >750,000 cells/mL. Alternative proposed standards (600,000, 500,000, or 400,000 cells/mL) also were examined. A third method designated noncompliance when a single 3-mo geometric mean of >550,000 or >400,000 cells/mL and a subsequent test exceeded the same level. Results were examined based on herd size or milk shipped by month. Noncompliance for the current US standard for the 12 mo ending October 2010 in DHI and FMO herds was 0.9 and 1.0%, respectively, compared with 7.8 and 16.1% for the current EU standard. Noncompliance was always greater for the frequency method than for the geometric method and was inversely related to herd size or milk shipped. Using the frequency method at 400,000 cells/mL, noncompliance was 19.1% for DHI herd-tests in herds with 9,000 t. All methods proposed increased the percentages of herds and shipped milk that exceeded the regulatory limit. Producers will need to place more emphasis on reducing the incidence and prevalence of subclinical mastitis through known management practices such as proper milking techniques, well-functioning milking machines, postmilking teat disinfectant, dry cow treatment, and culling of problem cows to meet any of the proposed new standards.
Lung cancer detected in patients presenting to the Emergency Department studies for suspected pulmonary embolism on computed tomography pulmonary angiography.

Abstract Purpose To study the frequency and demographics of lung cancer on CT pulmonary angiography in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism referred from the Emergency Department. Materials and methods Retrospective review of the medical records and radiology reports, clinical and imaging follow-up studies and pathological reports revealed 1106 CT pulmonary angiography studies referred from our Emergency Department during the 15-month period between March 2003 and June 2004. Results Five incidental lung cancer cases were found in 1106 studies from 1081 patients (0.47%). Pulmonary embolism was found in 95 patients (8.5%). Among the five incidental cases three patients were female and two were male (62–81 years old; mean 73 years, 17–130 packs year; mean 51 packs year). Tumor size ranged from 1.8 to 4.5 cm (mean 3.3 cm). The stagings of the lung cancers were IIIB in one patient and IV in four patients. Conclusion Previously undiagnosed lung cancer was detected in 0.45% of patients among 1081 patients referred from Emergency Department, one of whom had coexistent pulmonary embolism. All five patients presented at advanced lung cancer stages of IIIB and IV.
A study in psychological mislabelling: the rise and (protracted) fall of psychogenic fibromyalgia

AbstractThis article provides a brief history of the psychogenic model of fibromyalgia from its origins in the late 1800s to its undoing a century later. Psychogenic fibromyalgia reached a high watermark in the 1930s in the anecdotal reports of a psychoanalytically-oriented Scottish disability examiner. Subsequent research, however, failed to provide convincing support for the psychogenic model, with at least four research reviews concluding there was little empirical evidence for psychological causation in fibromyalgia. By the end of the last century, psychogenic fibromyalgia was in full retreat before an advancing biomedical literature and a cognitive-behavioural coping treatment that viewed psychological distress as more consequence than cause of the disorder. Today, psychogenic fibromyalgia draws only a passing historical reference in the leading textbooks of rheumatology and psychosomatic medicine.
Generation of alternative optima for nonlinear programming problems

Many nonlinear optimization problems are not unimodal, and only local optima can be obtained using gradient algorithms. A heuristic method, Modeling to Generate Alternatives (MGA), is introduced as a method for use in searching for a good local optimum for a highly nonlinear problem. The purpose of the MGA approach in this context is to produce easily a set of points which are feasible and maximally different from each other. By using this set as starting points for a nonlinear programming algorithm, the likelihood of locating more local optima is increased, and thus the likelihood of locating the global optimum or a good local optimum is also increased. Several problems, having multiple local optima and therefore difficult to optimize globally, were obtained from the literature and were used to demonstrate the approach. Two problems are described here: a wastewater treatment plant design model and a facility location model.
The surface binding energy in slow collisional sputtering

Slow collisional sputtering, in which surface atoms are expelled from a bombarded target due to the cascade intersecting the surface, scales as 1/ U , where U is the surface binding energy. With metals, U is normally identified with the heat of atomization, °H a , but (provided the surface is undisturbed) it is more correct to equate it either to the sum E f s +° H a , where E f s is the surface-vacancy formation energy, or to a somewhat larger quantity. With oxides and halides, U is normally identified either with the average heat of atomization, H a >, or with related quantities. A more careful definition, again restricted to undisturbed surfaces, considers the formation of isolated surface vacancies together with electronic defects, the various energies being known for a limited number of systems on the basis of contemporary point-defect theory. A typical result is that for Al 2 O 3 : U Al ∼ U Al +∼30 eV, U 0 =12 eV, U AIO ∼18 eV. Such numbers account for various experimental trends, including with total yields, with partial metal-atom yields, with partial MO diatomic yields, and with preferential loss of O.
Maternal care and behavioural development in pikas Ochotona princeps

Abstract A laboratory study on the pika, Ochotona princeps , an alpine lagomorph, was conducted to examine the ontogeny of social organization in this species. Thirty-six wild-caught adult females and their laboratory-born litters were observed for 1182 h from birth of the young to 3 months of age. This paper presents the first quantitative results and description of maternal care and the development of behaviour in young pikas. Analysis of maternal behaviour revealed that pikas exhibit an absentee maternal care system, characteristic of the order Lagomorpha. Females visited the nest once every 2 h, nursing for an average of 10 min each visit. All maternally-initiated nursing behaviours declined to zero by the sixth week. Retrieval of neonates was not observed. Young pikas are born altricial and slightly haired, with eyes closed and teeth fully erupted. Pikas were weaned by the end of the sixth week, at an average weight of 75 g. The first adult behaviours observed were scent-marking, alarmcalling and aggression; sexual behaviour was not well-developed by the end of the 3-month observation period. During the period of weaning conflict, maternal aggression peaked, as nursing attempts by the young increased. During this time, young males made more nursing attempts than did sibling females and adult females were more aggressive toward young males than toward females. After weaning, mothers became non-interactive with young, but the aggression of young toward littermates and the mother increased until the eighth week, when overall aggression levelled off. Vocalizations and scent-marking behaviour increased over time, and they were positively correlated with interaction rates. By the end of 3 months, the young had reached adult weight and were extremely territorial and aggressive toward conspecifics.
Reimaging in pediatric neurotrauma: factors associated with progression of intracranial injury.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to characterize the radiologic changes that are seen in the first 24 to 48 hours after head injury and to correlate those changes with clinical findings, to determine which children are at greatest risk for progression of their neurologic injury. Methods: The authors identified 104 children ([le ]17 years of age) who had a second computed tomography (CT) scan of the head within 24 to 48 hours of admission. CT scans were evaluated systematically in a blinded fashion. Mechanism of injury, findings on physical examination, therapeutic measures, and changes in management were recorded from hospital medical records. The 50 children whose second CT scan showed progression of injury were compared with the 54 patients whose intracranial injuries were unchanged or improved on their second CT. Results: Twenty-six percent of patients (13 of 50) with radiographic progression of injury had an admission Glasgow coma score of 15. Progression of injury was more common, however, in patients with lower Glasgow coma scores, averaging 9 on admission and 10 at the time of the second CT. Progression of injury also was more common if the initial head CT showed 3 or more intracranial injuries, mass effect, intraventricular hemorrhage, or an epidural hematoma. Conclusions: Children with an intracranial injury identified on their initial head CT scan should undergo a second scan 24 hours after injury, especially if the initial CT shows 3 or more intracranial injuries, mass effect, intraventricular hemorrhage, or an epidural hematoma.
The Acute Toxicity of Perfluorooctanoic and Perfluorodecanoic Acids in Male Rats and Effects on Tissue Fatty Acids

The acute toxicities of single ip injections of perfluorooctanoic (PFOA) and perfluorodecanoic (NDFDA) acids were evaluated in male Fischer rats. The LD5030 day for PFOA was 189 (208-175) mg/kg and for NDFDA was 41 (47-34) mg/kg. All rats treated with lethal doses of PFOA died within the first 5 days; with NDFDA there was delayed lethality, with deaths in the second and third weeks after dosing. Four groups of rats were used for a more detailed study of toxicity and for analysis of fatty acids from liver, testes, and whole blood. One group received a single dose of 100 mg PFOA/kg; a second, a single dose of 2 ml of propylene glycolwater (1:1)/kg (vehicle control); a third, a single dose of 50 mg NDFDA/kg; the fourth was given 2 ml vehicle/kg and pair-fed with the NDFDA group. The first three groups were fed ad libitum. Rats from each group were killed at 2, 4, 8, and 16 days after dosing for fatty acid analysis. Rats dosed with NDFDA lost half their body weight in 16 days and ate virtually no food from Day 7 to Day 14 after dosing. Weight loss was less rapid in pair-fed controls. With PFOA there were transient decreases in food intake and body weight which were reversed by Day 7. Liver weights of PFOA rats were slightly greater than those from vehicle controls. With NDFDA, liver weights were much greater than those from pair-fed controls. In the livers of PFOA rats there were transient increases in oleic and palmitic acids and a decrease in stearic and docosahexaenoic acids. These changes were maximum by Day 2 and nearly resolved by Day 8. With NDFDA, similar changes were observed and arachidonic acid was also greatly decreased. These changes were quantitatively much larger and more persistent. NDFDA has unusually high toxic potency for a perfluorinated hydrocarbon, and some of the toxic effects caused by this acid are remarkably similar to those seen with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The acute toxicity of NDFDA may be due to an ability to interfere with fatty acid metabolism, and studies of its toxicity may be valuable in helping to understand mechanisms of action of TCDD.
3-Benzyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-ones as mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators : Hit-to lead and lead optimization

The discovery, synthesis and SAR of a novel series of 3-benzyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-ones as positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of mGluR2 is described. Expedient hit-to-lead work on a single HTS hit led to the identification of a ligand-efficient and structurally attractive series of mGluR2 PAMs. Human microsomal clearance and suboptimal physicochemical properties of the initial lead were improved to give potent, metabolically stable and orally available mGluR2 PAMs.
Adult Body Size and Physical Activity in Relation to Risk of Breast Cancer According to Tumor Androgen Receptor Status

Background: Obesity and physical activity have been hypothesized to affect breast cancer risk partly via the androgen signaling pathway. We conducted the first study to evaluate these associations by tumor androgen receptor (AR) status. Methods: Height, weight, and physical activity were assessed using questionnaires in the Nurses' Health Study. AR, estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status were determined using immunohistochemistry on tumor tissue and medical/pathology reports. Results: 1,701 AR+ and 497 AR- cases were documented during 26 years of follow-up of 103,577 women. After adjusting for ER/PR status and other risk factors, the relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) for every 5 kg/m2 increase in body mass index (BMI) were 1.07(1.01-1.13) for AR+ and 1.16(1.05-1.29) for AR- tumors (p-heterogeneity=0.17). The RRs(95%CIs) per 5 hours of brisk walking/week were 0.87(0.73-1.04) for AR+ and 0.67(0.45-0.99) for AR- tumors (p-heterogeneity=0.22). Further, BMI, but not physical activity, associations differed significantly across ER/PR/AR subtypes (p-heterogeneity=0.04 and 0.63, respectively). The RRs(95%CIs) for 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI were 1.23(1.04-1.45) for ER+PR+AR-, 1.19(1.01-1.39) for ER-PR-AR-, 1.15(1.08-1.23) for ER+PR+AR+, 0.88(0.75-1.03) for ER+PR-AR+ tumors. Conclusions: Higher BMI was associated with an increased risk of both AR+ and AR- breast tumors in postmenopausal women, while physical activity, including brisk walking, was associated with a reduced risk of both subtypes. Additionally, a significant positive association was observed between higher BMI and ER-PR-AR- tumors. Impact: The similar associations observed by AR status suggest that mechanisms other than androgen signaling underlie these two breast cancer risk factors.
Identification of Streptococcus species by randomly amplified polymorphic deoxyribonucleic acid fingerprinting.

Identification of Streptococcus species isolated from bovine milk by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting was evaluated. Bacterial DNA templates were prepared using a standardized method for randomly amplified polymorphic DNA amplification and previously evaluated arbitrary primers. Amplified DNA fragments were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis and were analyzed by densitometry. Unidentified streptococci (n = 163) that were isolated from mammary secretions of dairy cows were evaluated. The DNA fingerprint patterns of unidentified bacteria were compared using a computerized database that contained DNA fingerprint patterns of test strains. Comparison with the API 20 Strep identification system (bioMerieux Vitek, Inc., Hazelwood, MO) and conventional biochemical tests showed that about 91% of isolates (148 of 163) were identified correctly by DNA fingerprinting. The sensitivity of the DNA fingerprinting technique was 90%, and the specificity was 92%. However, the DNA fingerprinting technique only identified 4 of the 11 species included in the study. Three of the 4 species, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae, represent the streptococci isolated most frequently from cows with mastitis. The other Streptococcus and Enterococcus species that were not identified by the DNA fingerprinting system are less frequently isolated as causative agents of mastitis. Expanding the DNA fingerprint database would likely increase the sensitivity and specificity of this technique.
Minimum product sets sizes in nonabelian groups

Abstract Given a group G and integers r and s, let μ G ( r , s ) be the minimum cardinality of the product set AB, where A and B are subsets of G of cardinality r and s, respectively. We compute μ G for all nonabelian groups of order pq, where p and q are distinct odd primes, thus proving a conjecture of Deckelbaum. In addition, we apply a theorem of Eliahou and Kervaire to compute μ G for all finite nilpotent groups.
Strongly interacting traveling waves and quasiperiodic dynamics in porous medium convection

Abstract Buoyancy-driven convection in a square container of porous medium, related to Rayleigh-Benard convection, is studied in the parameter regime (Rayleigh parameter) where periodic and quasiperiodic dynamics occur. It is shown to have a branch structure determined by simple pairwise interactions of traveling waves. The simultaneous existence of two separate branches of traveling waves (stable or unstable) distinguished by temporal and spatial character (frequency and wavenumber) leads to a connecting branch of quasiperiodic motions. Furthermore, the spatial structure of the quasiperiodic convection is fixed by the wavenumbers of the two traveling wave structures to which it is connected. A simple bifurcation diagram built from several such pairwise interactions accounts for all the behavior, including stable tori, “reverse transitions” and hysteresis, reported in previous simulations and predicts behavior verified by simulations first reported here. The interaction picture for the square container is inferred from the behavior for a special shallow container (width/height near 2.5) where two traveling waves simultaneously come into existence. At this double Hopf bifurcation center manifold and normal form techniques with coefficients supplied by the “exact” equations (more than 100 ODEs) unravel the nonlinear interactions. It turns out that only a slight generalization of this weakly nonlinear picture is sufficient to infer the bifurcation diagram for the square box.
Superionic conductors: Transitions, structures, dynamics

Abstract We outline the physics of superionic conductors with emphasis on the new insights that the research of the past few years has brought about. Section 2 deals with the basic facts pertinent to superionic conductors, i.e., their large conductivities, their liquid-like aspects and their phase transitions. Section 3 contains a description of their structural properties and the relationships of the structure to high ionic conductivities. Section 4 describes the excitation spectrum of superionic conductors, including phonon-charge carrier interactions. In section 5 we study the excitations in the strong coupling limit and their critical dynamics near phase transitions, along with their implications for light scattering and ultrasonic experiments. The final section (6) contains a through description of ion dynamics as seen through NMR techniques.
Correction to ''A mechanistic model for river incision into bedrock by saltating bed load''

1.12 2300 0.074 0.0101 0.722 100 1.32 � 10 6 1.12 2300 0.074 0.0087 0.729 100 1.54 � 10 6 1.12 2300 0.072 0.0138 0.706 100 9.38 � 10 5 3.44 2300 0.084 0.0012 0.824 100 1.33 � 10 6 3.44 2300 0.087 0.0009 0.853 100 1.84 � 10 6 3.44 2300 0.087 0.0012 0.853 100 1.38 � 10 6
Gendered analysis of lithics from the central Mesa Verde region

AbstractArchaeologists have emphasized men's activities and neglected the role of women in their analyses of lithic assemblages. In this study, I argue that both men and women created lithic debitage and used stone tools. I further argue that women created and used stone tools primarily in the context of activities conducted at residential sites; in contrast, men created and used tools away from the residential site. I build expectations for my analyses by examining ethnographic data. I use these expectations to examine lithic assemblages produced between A.D. 1050 and 1300 in the central Mesa Verde region. Women's use of lithics includes tools used in maize grinding, including the use of peckingstones to refurbish manos and metates. In contrast, men's activities included the production of projectile points; I demonstrate that this mostly occurred outside the village. I use these insights to examine Rosaldo's (1974) proposition that social and economic power is tied to gender and whether one's role includ...
Two studies of reported pretraumatic stressors' effect on posttraumatic stress disorder severity

We contrasted in two studies the effects of military trauma on Vietnam veterans who reported high and tow premilitary stress. In the first, we administered the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Interview (PTSD-I), a premilitary modification of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, and the Military Stress Scale to hospitalized veterans. Premilitary stress appeared to reduce the impact of combat on several trauma-reexperiencing ratings, although the relevant evidence was inconsistent. In the second study, the premilitary stress main effects and the premilitary stress/combat interactions on four PTSD-I factors were nonsignificant. Thus, the severities of most PTSD symptoms increased with trauma intensity, but not with milder premilitary stress. The inconsistent data on the impact of pretraumatic stress on the trauma severity/PTSD relationships suggest further study.
Application of electron energy loss spectroscopy and electron spectroscopic imaging to aluminum determination in biological tissue

Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) is a high spatial resolution electron microscopic technique with the potential to quantify elements at the subcellular level. The presence of each element is demonstrated by the electron energy loss edge at the energy characteristic of that element. The area of the edge may indicate the quantity of element present. Electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) is a similar technique generating graphic images of elemental localization in the specimens. An ESI of an aluminum (Al)-loaded rabbit hippocampus showed Al only in pyramidal cell lysosomes, but no EELS edge could be obtained. To determine the sensitivity of EELS for Al and to be able to adjust the instrument to optimal operating conditions, standards containing 50–5000 ppm Al were produced. An Al-chloride:dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (Al:crown) complex was synthesized. The purity of the complex was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and the percentage of Al in the complex was determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETAAS). The complex was introduced into a biological tissue embedding resin (Spurr medium) and appeared to be compatible with the resin at Al concentrations ≤500 ppm. EELS signals from the Al K edge could be obtained at a spatial resolution of 3.3 nm in a 30-nm thick section from 2.78×10−21 g of Al, representing a sample concentration of 1% Al.
Emedastine ophthalmic solution 0.05% versus levocabastine ophthalmic suspension 0.05% in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis using the conjunctival allergen challenge model.

Abstract PURPOSE: To compare a new ocular antihistamine, emedastine difumarate (Emadine Ophthalmic Solution 0.05%; Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth, Texas), with the marketed ocular antihistamine, levocabastine hydrochloride (Livostin Ophthalmic Suspension 0.05%; CIBA Vision, Atlanta, Georgia), in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis after conjunctival allergen challenge. METHODS: We performed a prospective, double-masked, randomized, contralateral eye study comparing emedastine 0.05% in one eye with levocabastine 0.05% or emedastine vehicle (placebo) in the contralateral eye. Efficacy was determined 10 minutes and 2 hours after administration of study medications. Ocular itching and redness scores were recorded 3, 5, and 10 minutes after conjunctival allergen challenge. RESULTS: A total of 97 subjects with a history of allergic conjunctivitis and a positive response to a diagnostic test were evaluable for safety analysis, and 91 subjects were evaluable for the efficacy analysis. Emadastine 0.05% was statistically significantly more effective than levocabastine 0.05% in reducing ocular itching after conjunctival allergen challenge in both the 10-minute and the 2-hour challenge ( P CONCLUSIONS: After conjunctival allergen challenge, emadastine 0.05% is significantly more effective than levocabastine 0.05% in reducing ocular itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis. The two compounds are equivalent in controlling the conjunctival redness associated with allergic conjunctivitis.
Vehicle reidentification and travel time measurement across freeway junctions using the existing detector infrastructure

Conventional vehicle detectors are capable of monitoring discrete points along the freeway but do not provide information about conditions on the link between detectors. Knowledge of conditions on the link is useful to operating agencies for enabling timely decisions in response to various delay causing events and hence to reduce the resulting congestion of the freeway system. This paper presents an approach that matches vehicle measurements between detector stations to provide information on the conditions over the link between the detectors rather than relying strictly on the aggregate point measurements from the detectors. In particular this work reidentifies measurements from distinct vehicles using the existing loop detector infrastructure. Here the distinct vehicles are the long vehicles, but depending on the vehicle population or type of detector used, one might chose to use some other reproducible feature. This new methodology represents an important advancement over preceding loop based vehicle reidentification, as illustrated herein, it enables vehicle reidentification across a major diverge and a major merge. The examples include a case where the reidentification algorithm responded to delay between two detector stations an hour before the delay was locally observable at either of the stations used for reidentification. While previous loop based reidentification work was limited to dual loop detectors, the present effort also extends the methodology to single loop detectors; thereby making it more widely applicable. Although the research uses loop detector data, the algorithm would be equally applicable to data obtained from many other traffic detectors that provide reproducible vehicle features.