cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dissociation of FAK/p130CAS/c-Src Complex during Mitosis: Role of Mitosis-specific Serine Phosphorylation of FAK

At mitosis, focal adhesions disassemble and the signal transduction from focal adhesions is inactivated. We have found that components of focal adhesions including focal adhesion kinase (FAK), paxillin, and p130CAS (CAS) are serine/threonine phosphorylated during mitosis when all three proteins are tyrosine dephosphorylated. Mitosis-specific phosphorylation continues past cytokinesis and is reversed during post-mitotic cell spreading. We have found two significant alterations in FAK-mediated signal transduction during mitosis. First, the association of FAK with CAS or c-Src is greatly inhibited, with levels decreasing to 16 and 13% of the interphase levels, respectively. Second, mitotic FAK shows decreased binding to a peptide mimicking the cytoplasmic domain of beta-integrin when compared with FAK of interphase cells. Mitosis-specific phosphorylation is responsible for the disruption of FAK/CAS binding because dephosphorylation of mitotic FAK in vitro by protein serine/threonine phosphatase 1 restores the ability of FAK to associate with CAS, though not with c-Src. These results suggest that mitosis-specific modification of FAK uncouples signal transduction pathways involving integrin, CAS, and c-Src, and may maintain FAK in an inactive state until post-mitotic spreading.
ALA Annual Conference, Washington DC: LITA/IRSIG Program “The Ultimate Debate: Do Libraries Innovate?”

Purpose – To report the highlights of the 2007 American Library Association Annual Conference in Washington, DC.Design/methodology/approach – Provides a brief review of the conference program on technology issues in libraries.Findings – This summary of library program with presentations and information. The presentations focus is on new technologies and their applications in a variety of library environments. The program offered a wide variety of timely presentations that were on new and emerging technologies and the application to the library environment.Originality/value – Provides descriptions of programs and presentation of interest to library and information professionals.
Time-resolved and quasi-continuous wave three-dimensional tomographic imaging of objects in tissue-like turbid media

Time-sliced and quasi continuous wave two-dimensional (2-D)transillumination imaging methods were used with independent component analysis (ICA) to generate three-dimensional (3-D)tomographic maps of absorbing and scattering inhomogeneities embedded in tissue-like turbid media. The thickness of the turbid media in both the cases was approximately 50 times the transport mean free path. The experimental arrangement for time-sliced optical imaging used 150-fs, 1 kHz repetition-rate, 800-nm light pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser system for sample illumination, and an ultrafast gated intensified camera system (UGICS) providing a minimal gate duration of 80 ps for recording 2-D images. Quasi continuous wave (CW) imaging used 784-nm CW output of a diode laser as the light source and a cooled charge coupled device (CCD) camera for recording 2-D images. Translation stages were used to scan the samples over an array of points in the x-y plane. The temporal profile of the transmitted pulse was used to extract the average optical properties of the media. An independent component separation of the signal, in conjunction with diffusive photon migration theory was used to locate the embedded inhomogeneities. An improved lateral and axial localization of the inhomogeneity over the result obtained by common photon migration reconstruction algorithm is achieved.
Use of an Augmented-Vision Device for Visual Search by Patients with Tunnel Vision

RESULTS. Directness of the search path was greatly and significantly improved when the contour or auditory cues were provided in the larger and the smaller area searches. When using the device, a significant reduction in search time (28%74%) was demonstrated by all three subjects in the larger area search and by subjects with VFs wider than 10° in the smaller area search (average, 22%). Directness and gaze speed accounted for 90% of the variability of search time. CONCLUSIONS. Although performance improvement with the device for the larger search area was obvious, whether it was helpful for the smaller search area depended on VF and gaze speed. Because improvement in directness was demonstrated, increased gaze speed, which could result from further training and adaptation to the device, might enable patients with small VFs to benefit from the device for visual search tasks. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:4152‐4159) DOI:10.1167/iovs.05-1672
Men of science, men of letters

Science in America: A Documentary History 1900–1939. Edited by Nathan Reingold and Ida H. Reingold. Pp.490. ISBN 0-226-70946-9. (University of Chicago Press: 1982.) $49, £26.25.
Erythema chronicum migrans, Lyme disease, and other borrelioses.

I. Reviews A. Steere AC. Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:586-96. Current, comprehensive, and authoritative. B. Benach JL, Bosler EM, eds. Lyme disease and related disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1988;539:1513. A major compendium marked by both breadth and depth of clinical and basic science data; specific articles cited later. C. Steere AC, ed. First international symposium on Lyme disease. Yale J Biol Med 1984;57:445713. Another essential storehouse of information; specific articles cited later. D. Goldings EA, Jericho J. Lyme disease. Clin Rheum Dis 1986;12:343-67. Highly informative and detailed. E. Andiman WA. Lyme disease: epidemiology, eftology, clinical spectrum, diagnosis and treatment. Adv Pediatr Infect Dis 1986;1:163-86. Distinctively straightforward and readable. II. Journal articles: Etiology A. Steere AC, Grodzicki RL, Kornblatt AN, et al. The spirochetal etiology of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 1983;308:733-40. Classic documentation of the presence of the organism in blood, skin, and cerebrospinal fluid of patients and in nymphs and larvae of Ixodes dammini; specific IgG and lgM responses are also outlined. B. Berger BW, Kaplan MH, Rothenberg IR, et al. Isolation and characterization of the Lyme disease spirochete from the skin of patients with erythema chronicum migrans. J AM ACAD DERMATOt1985;13:444-9.
Compartment syndrome: a complication of acute extremity trauma.

Abstract Compartment syndrome is a serious potential complication of trauma to the extremities. Fractures, crush injuries, burns, and arterial injuries, among others, can result in increased tissue pressure within closed osseo-fascial or compartmental spaces. Prolonged exposure to elevated pressure can result in nerve and muscle necrosis. Extreme pain unrelieved with analgesia, subjective complaint of pressure, pain with passive muscle stretching, paresis, paresthesia, and intact pulses, in the presence of a physically tight compartment, should alert the physician to the presence of a compartment syndrome. The diagnosis is a clinical one, but it may be aided by measurements of intracompartmental tissue pressures. Compartment syndrome is a surgical emergency requiring prompt treatment by fasciotomy. Time is a critical factor; the longer the duration of elevated tissue pressure, the greater the potential for disastrous sequelae. Emergency medicine providers must be cognizant of this clinical syndrome so that early emergent surgical consultation can be obtained to avoid complications.
Strength of HVOF coating-substrate interfaces

Abstract A spherical indentation technique has been developed to determine the interfacial adhesion between thick film coatings and substrates. The threshold stress for interfacial delamination is found through a hybrid experimental–numerical approach. The threshold load for delamination is found experimentally, and goes together with the materials elastic–plastic descriptors and the coating thickness into a finite element model that calculates the corresponding threshold stress for delamination.
Spindle microtubules: thermodynamics of in vivo assembly and role in chromosome movement.

In this paper I have presented results of experiments in which spindle microtubules were depolymerized by hydrostatic pressure, in order to examine the Inoue dynamic equilibrium concept of spindle assembly and the possible role of microtubule depolymerization-polymerization in the movement of chromosomes. Using a newly developed optical hydrostatic pressure chamber, I investigated with polarization microscopy the quantitative effects of pressure on the polymerization of spindle microtubules and, with phase contrast microscopy, the relationship of pressure-induced spindle microtubule depolymerization to chromosome movement in living cells. From results of earlier experiments, principally those of Inoue et al. with low temperature and colchicine as microtubule-depolymerizing agents, and from results of my own research, I have concluded that: (1) spindle fiber microtubules are sensitive to depolymerization by pressure (3000-7000 psi), spindle microtubules do exist in a labile equilibrium with a pool of subunits, and the Inoue simple equilibrium model does predict changes in spindle microtubule assembly at metaphase induced by pressure; (2) the stability of microtubules depends on the number of "attached ends;" (3) the longest interpolar microtubules and the longest chromosomal fiber microtubules regulate the spindle interpolar length and the chromosome-to-pole positions; (4) chromosome velocity is independent of the number of spindle microtubules, as well as of the drag force of the chromosomes; (5) the chromosomal fiber microtubules transmit the forces between the poles and between the chromosomes and the poles; and (6) polymerization of microtubules does produce pushing forces and, if controlled microtubule depolymerization does not actually produce pulling forces, at least it governs the velocity of chromosome-to-pole movement.
Note on a Green Pigment in the Fat of a Chicken

Abstract A dressed hen which was purchased from the market and appeared normal contained body fat colored a bright green. It was thought that this abnormality might be of importance so a few tests were made on the pigment. The pigment was found to be soluble in petroleum ether, ethyl ether, and acetone. It was not chlorophyll since its solutions neither had the characteristics fluorescence of chlorophyll nor the sharp absorption maxima in the red end of the spectrum. It did have a general absorption band in the red. When the pigment was refluxed with alcoholic potassium hydroxide it became brownish yellow in color. This brownish yellow pigment was extracted by petroleum ether from the diluted alcoholic potassium hydroxide. It had a general absorption in the blue end of the spectrum which resembled the absorption of a pigment that was previously reported by the authors (1942) as found in the excrement . . .
Historical Theories of Crime and Delinquency

After an exploration of two underlying themes (the tendency among historians to explore crime in terms of punishment and the tension between determinism and indeterminism) that permeate the historical literature, this paper identifies and expounds on four constellations of historical theories that explain crime and delinquency: history of social science explanations, positivism, constructionism, and post-structuralism. Case illustrations detail the significance of social control and critical theories, both of the constructionist constellation, in a historical context. The conclusion touches on the difficult, yet necessary, task of integrating social environments and human behaviors in historical explanations of crime and delinquency.
A mathematical model for projecting the replenishment of compounds in a sample bank

Abstract Sample banks are repositories of compounds that are screened for therapeutic potential in the drug discovery process. Effectively managing a sample bank requires good intelligence to plan the storage of compounds and the workload of personnel and equipment. We help address this concern with a mathematical model to project compound depletion and replenishment as a function of screening activity and compound copy count. The model is deterministic and formulated in terms of probabilities. Its results show good agreement with those of randomization-based simulations of sample bank operations. This suggests that the model produces reliable projections.
The effect of tetraphenylborate on mitochondrial energy transduction

Abstract In phosphorylating submitochondrial particles, tetraphenylborate binds to the specific uncoupler binding site and inhibits oxidative phosphorylation, ATP-P i exchange and ATP-driven reverse electron transport. In contrast, intact mitochondria are unaffected in uncoupler binding and energy transfer at the concentrations used in submitochondrial particles. The proton permeability of submitochondrial particles is only slightly increased (10–20%) at concentrations of tetraphenylborate which cause 50% uncoupling (4–8 μM). These results, and those obtained earlier with picrate, are consistent with a three-step mechanism of uncoupling which involves binding of uncoupler anions, protonation and dissociation of the resulting neutral uncoupler molecule.
In vitro characterization of renal reabsorption and secretion of folate using primary cultures of human kidney cells

Abstract Proximal tubule cells in the kidney play an important role in the homeostasis of folate. Mechanistic studies on folate reabsorption and secretion across the proximal tubular epithelium have been limited. The present studies were aimed at assessing the suitability of human proximal tubule (HPT) cells cultured on membrane inserts as an in vitro model of renal folate processing by examining aspects of folate transport from the apical to basolateral (A-B, reabsorptive) and from the basolateral to apical (B-A, secretory) directions. The data demonstrate that apical membrane binding and cellular uptake of folate in HPT cells were mediated via specific high affinity mechanisms. Apical binding and cellular uptake of folate occurred in a greater proportion from the A-B direction than from the B-A direction, suggesting that folate reabsorption may be the dominant process in HPT cells. However, cellular uptake did occur readily from the B-A direction, in amounts greater than could be explained by leakage through the cell barrier to the apical media, followed by uptake from the A-B direction. These data suggest the presence of specific folate secretory processes in HPT cells. Folate was transferred across the cell layer into the opposite media compartments from both directions, but apparently by nonspecific processes. The present studies suggest that primary cultures of HPT cells grown on microporous membrane inserts may serve as a valuable in vitro model to study the bidirectional transport of folate by kidney cells.
Serotonergic responses to corticosterone and testosterone in the limbic system.

Glucocorticoids secreted peripherally during stressful events act on central monoaminergic systems. In particular, serotonergic mediation of social behavior, such as aggression and reproduction, may be affected by glucocorticoids. This study was undertaken to determine if systemically administered corticosterone would rapidly affect central monoaminergic activity. Male Anolis carolinensis (N = 8 each group) were injected intraperitoneally with 10 or 100 micrograms corticosterone, 10 micrograms testosterone, or saline. Twenty minutes after treatment, brains were rapidly dissected and frozen and then microdissected (punch diameter 300 microm) and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Serotonergic turnover (estimated by 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid/serotonin) in the hippocampus and medial amygdala was significantly enhanced by systemic corticosterone. Both of these regions of the brain have been associated with social stress. Testosterone also enhanced turnover in the hippocampus. The effect of corticosterone and testosterone may be to modulate socially induced differences in serotonergic response. Rapid, but short-lived, glucocorticoid stimulation of serotonin release suggests a possible mechanism for mediation of changing social behavioral events.
Design Guidelines Using Characteristic Mode Theory for Improving the Bandwidth of PIFAs

It is well known that the bandwidth for a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) changes as the ground plane size changes. To gain insight into what causes bandwidth fluctuations, a process for applying characteristic mode theory to the finite ground plane and feed structure was developed. Four different PIFA designs are then evaluated to show how the modal significance of certain modes on the finite ground plane relate to the bandwidth minima and maxima for each PIFA. Next, finite ground planes are altered using the gained insight to enlarge the bandwidth for an antenna with a fixed maximum ground plane size. The goal of this work is to use the developed bandwidth analysis technique to inform the synthesis of PIFAs that require broader bandwidths.
Orienting responses as a function of age and task complexity.

Age-related differences in the elicitation and habituation of orienting responses to the onset and offset of stimuli have been suggested by several authors. Electrodermal and cardiac orienting resp...
Primary afferent depolarization: direct evidence in the trigeminal system

Sensory inputs carried by the peripheral nerve fibers can be regulated at the central terminals of the fibers. Both intracellulad, la,17 and extracellutar 12,15,21,25 recordings at the levels of the spinal cord and dorsal column nuclei have provided evidence for modification of afferent impulses. However, in the trigeminal system only extracellular recordings, which provide indirect evidence of excitability changes of primary afferents, are available2,7,10,11,z2, 2a,26. Although the possible cause of the dorsal root potentials has been reported, the nature of the pathway involved is not well known. In this study, we undertook to record the primary afferent depolarization (PAD) intracellularly from central preterminals. We have also performed experiments to clarify the role of inhibitory neurons influencing the PAD and to determine the possible role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a transmitter substance 6 in the trigeminal afferent systems. Cats anesthetized with Nembutal (35 mg/kg) or chloralose (70 mg/kg) were used in this study. Animals were artificially ventilated following injections of gallamine (Flaxedil) to eliminate muscular twitching. The spinal tract or nuclei of the trigeminal nerves (Tn) were approached vertically from the dorsal surface of the brain stem by the stereotaxic method. Central preterminals of the Tn were activated by stimulation of the ipsilateral peripheral branches of the Tn after the nerve emerged from the infraorbital foramen or when it was in the exposed inferior alveolar canal by using a pair of silver electrodes. Stimuli were brief current pulses of 0.05-0.1 msec duration. Glass microelectrodes were used to record field potential (2 M NaCI, DC resistance 2-5 MD) and intracellular potential (3 M KCI, 7-12 M~2) changes. The amplification and oscilloscope display of the response signals, as well as the filming, was conventional. At the end of each experiment the recording and stimulation sites were identified histologically. Fig. IA-D illustrates the primary afferent depolarization (PAD) and trigeminal dorsal root reflex (TDRR) recorded inside the preterminal fibers in the rostral part of the spinal nucleus or spinal tract. Fig. 1E-F shows the field potentials recorded adjacent to the fibers. The extracellular potentials usually consisted of a small positive
Facile oxidative addition of N-C and N-H bonds to monovalent rhodium and iridium.

An investigation of room-temperature oxidative addition of N−C and N−H bonds to RhI and IrI in solution and in the solid state is presented. The rigid, product-adapted framework of the pincer bis(ortho-phosphinoaryl)amine (PNP) ligand may contribute to the ease of the N−C and N−H cleavage. The migration of Me from N of the coordinated amine moiety to Rh proceeds with near-zero entropy of activation in solution. In the solid state, this transformation is a crystal-to-crystal reaction, transforming only one of the two independent molecules of (PN(Me)P)RhCl into (PNP)Rh(Me)Cl.
Inheritance of Shank and Plumage Color in the Fayoumi Breed

Abstract Two plumage-color variations are found in the Fayoumi: dark and light. The dark phase is an autosomal barring or penciling and the light phase is a columbian-type pattern. Evidently these variations are determined by segregation at the autosomal E locus. From the genetic analysis of Brumbaugh and Hollander (1965), we assume that the gene for dark plumage corresponds to ep and is dominant to ey for light plumage. Almost invariably, shank color of birds with dark plumage is slate or green (melanin) and, of birds with light plumage, is yellow or white (nonmelanin). Melanin is thought to be controlled by a pair of sex-linked genes, Id for nonmelanin and id for melanin. In the Fayoumi, however, Mukherjee et al. (1969) proposed, in effect, that ep and id interact to produce shank melanin. They concluded that all Fayoumis carry id but that its expression is inhibited by the genotype for light…
Co-localization of P-glycerate kinase, P-ribulokinase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and Rubisco activase with CF1 in pea leaf chloroplasts

Abstract Immunocytolocalization experiments indicate that P-glycerate kinase, phosphoribulokinase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and Rubisco activase are non-randomly distributed with respect to the ATP synthase, CF1, in the pea leaf chloroplast. Association and direct transfer of ATP from CF1 to these ATP-utilizing enzymes during photosynthetic CO2 fixation is then a possibility.
Anaerobic decomposition of halogenated aromatic compounds.

Abstract Halogenated compounds constitute one of the largest groups of environmental pollutants, partly as a result of their widespread use as biocides, solvents and other industrial chemicals. A critical step in degradation of organohalides is the cleavage of the carbonhalogen bond. Reductive dehalogenation is generally the initial step in metabolism under methanogenic conditions, which requires a source of reducing equivalents, with the halogenated compound serving as an electron acceptor. Dehalogenation is greatly influenced by alternate electron acceptors; e.g. sulfate frequently inhibits reductive dehalogenation. On the other hand, a number of halogenated aromatic compounds can be degraded under different electron-accepting conditions and their complete oxidation to CO2 can be coupled to processes such as denitrification, iron(III)-reduction, sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. Reductive dehalogenation was the initial step in degradation not only under methanogenic, but also under sulfate- and iron(III)-reducing conditions. Dehalogenation rates were in general slower under sulfidogenic and iron-reducing conditions, suggesting that dehalogenation was affected by the electron acceptor. The capacity for dehalogenation appears to be widely distributed in anoxic environments; however, the different substrate specificities and activities observed for the halogenated aromatic compounds suggest that distinct dehalogenating microbial populations are enriched under the different reducing conditions. Characterization of the microbial community structure using a combination of biomolecular techniques, such as cellular fatty acid profiling, and 16 S rRNA fingerprinting/sequence analysis, was used to discern the distinct populations enriched with each substrate and under each electron-accepting condition. These combined techniques will aid in identifying the organisms responsible for dehalogenation and degradation of halogenated aromatic compounds.
Intravenous nicardipine in severe systemic hypertension

Sixty-six patients with severe hypertension were treated with intravenous nicardipine in 3 separate protocols. Each protocol had a common end point: Diastolic blood pressure would either reduce 25 mm Hg or measure below 95 mm Hg. Each of the 66 patients studied attained the desired clinical response end point. Intravenous nicardipine produced a gradual reduction in blood pressure, was effective in maintaining blood pressure control during constant infusion and had few undesirable effects. These observations suggest that intravenous nicardipine maybe a useful addition to a limited number of therapeutic agents currently available to the physician for treatment of hypertensive urgencies.
Social responding in dogs: heart rate changes to a person.

This paper reports the variable conditional effects of a person on the heart rate of nine mongrel dogs. There were three experimental procedures: person present and playing a passive role, person present and playing an active role (petting the dog), and person present and serving as a signal for forthcoming electrical stimulation. The order of presentation of these conditions was counterbalanced with dogs assigned randomly to one of three orders of procedures. Each procedure consisted of 50 trials (exposures to a human). On each trial, the person entered the conditioning room and stood motionless for 40 sec. The petting and shock reinforcements occurred 40 sec after the person entered the room, enabling the study of conditional heart rate changes in the interval from appearance of the person to reinforcement. Heart rate changes varied with the “meaning” of the person, and the rates from high to low were in the order: person serving as a signal for subsequent punishment, person alone, and person serving as a signal for subsequent petting. It was stressed that an experimenter could have marked and varied social-psychophysiological effects upon the individuals being studied, and that in any experiment it is necessary to properly evaluate these effects.
Allergic contact dermatitis to preservatives in topical medicaments

Abstract Background : Formaldehyde-releasing preservatives are well-knwn allergens found in many topical preparations including medications. Objective : To analyze the relevance of a positive patch test to formaldehyde-releasing preservatives in medications containing these preservatives. Methods : Patients were recruited with a history of allergy to one of these preservatives. Patch and use testing to the medications, vehicles, and preservatives were performed. The following medications and their respective preservatives were used: Renova 0.05% cream/quaternium-15, Dovonex 0.005% cream/diazolidinyl urea, and Temovate-E 0.05% cream/diazolidinyl urea. Results : Nine patients participated in the study. A positive patch test to the preservative was reproduced in six of nine patients, and a questionable reaction occurred in one. Two patients had a positive patch test to the topical medication and one a questionable reaction. There were no definitive positive patch tests to the vehicle but two questionable ones. Use testing revealed three positive reactions to Renova, one to Renova vehicle, and one to Temovate-E vehicle. Conclusions : The concentration of the preservative in the commercial preparation was often below the threshold necessary to produce a clinical reaction. Use testing is a valuable tool in the complete evaluation of the patient with a positive patch test to a formaldehyde-releasing perservative found in topical medication.
Constipation and a Low-Fiber Diet Are Not Associated With Diverticulosis

Background & Aims Asymptomatic diverticulosis is commonly attributed to constipation caused by a low-fiber diet, although evidence for this mechanism is limited. We examined the associations between constipation and low dietary fiber intake with risk of asymptomatic diverticulosis. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study that analyzed data from 539 individuals with diverticulosis and 1569 without (controls). Participants underwent colonoscopy and assessment of diet, physical activity, and bowel habits. Our analysis was limited to participants with no knowledge of their diverticular disease to reduce the risk of biased responses. Results Constipation was not associated with an increased risk of diverticulosis. Participants with less frequent bowel movements ( Conclusions In our cross-sectional, colonoscopy-based study, neither constipation nor a low-fiber diet was associated with an increased risk of diverticulosis.
Congenital Motor Nystagmus Linked to Xq26-q27

Summary Congenital motor nystagmus (CMN) is a hereditary disorder characterized by bilateral ocular oscillations that begin in the first 6 mo of life. It must be distinguished from those genetic disorders—such as ocular albinism (OA), congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB), and blue-cone monochromatism (BCM)—in which nystagmus accompanies a clinically apparent defect in the visual sensory system. Although CMN is presumed to arise from a neurological abnormality of fixation, it is not known whether the molecular defect is located in the eye or in the brain. It may be inherited in an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked pattern. Three families with CMN inherited in an X-linked, irregularly dominant pattern were investigated with linkage and candidate gene analysis. The penetrance among obligate female carriers was 54%. Evaluation of markers in the region of the genes for X-linked OA, CSNB, and BCM revealed no evidence of linkage, supporting the hypothesis that CMN represents a distinct entity. The gene was mapped to chromosome Xq26-q27 with the following markers: GATA172D05 (LOD score 3.164; recombination fraction [θ] = 0.156), DXS1047 (LOD score 10.296; θ = 0), DXS1192 (LOD score 8.174; θ = 0.027), DXS1232 (LOD score 6.015; θ = 0.036), DXS984 (LOD score 6.695; θ = 0), and GATA31E08 (LOD score 4.940; θ = 0.083). Assessment of haplotypes and multipoint linkage analysis, which gave a maximum LOD score of 10.790 with the 1–LOD-unit support interval spanning ∼7 cM, place the gene in a region between GATA172D05 and DXS1192. Evaluation of candidate genes CDR1 and SOX3 did not reveal mutations in affected male subjects.
Combustion Experiments in Hydrogen Peroxide/Polyethylene Hybrid Rocket with Catalytic Ignition

Resultsfrom 100 tests oflab-scalehybrid rocketmotorsusing hydrogen peroxideand polyethylenearepresented herein. The bulk of the tests utilized 85% hydrogen peroxide with low-density polyethylene. A new consumable catalytic-ignition device has been developed to provide rapid, reliable ignition using stabilized hydrogen peroxide. Regression measurements indicate that at low chamber pressures (100psi)a classic diffusion-dominated behavior is noted with mass e ux exponents very near the theoretical value of 0.8. However, at higher chamber pressures tested (200 and 400 psi ),radiative-dominated behaviorisnoted foraveragemasse uxes varying between 0.1 and 0.3 lbm/(in. 2 s). Through the optimization of aft mixing length, combustion efe ciencies in excess of 95% were obtained in these tests. No signie cant nonacoustic or acoustic instabilities were noted in these tests; chamber pressure e uctuations were less than 3.5% zero-to-peak of mean.
Induction of Xenobiotic Metabolism in Rat Liver by Chlorinated Biphenyl Ether Isomers

Chlorinated diphenyl ether isomers were administered to rats at doses of 10 mumols/kg/day po for 3 days. Decachlorodiphenyl ether caused increases in EPN detoxification, NADPH cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome P-450 but did not alter aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH). It caused a shift in P450 absorption to 448 nm. 2,4,5,2',4'-Pentachlorodiphenyl ether increased EPN detoxification and cytochrome P-450. 2,4,5,3',4'-Pentachlorodiphenyl ether increased AHH and cytochrome P-450 and caused a shift in the absorption maximum to 448 nm. 3,4,2',4'-Tetrachlorodiphenyl ether induced AHH. 2,4'-Dichlorodiphenyl ether, 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl ether, 2,4,2'-trichlorodiphenyl ether, 2,4,4'-trichlorodiphenyl ether, 3,4,2'-trichlorodiphenyl ether and 3,4,2',4'-tetrachlorodiphenyl ether did not alter any of these parameters. The position and degree of chlorination are important in determining the extent of induction and pathways induced.
Macroeconometric model comparison and evaluation techniques: A practical appraisal

This paper examines four model comparison techniques in the setting of an actual large-scale U.S. macroeconomic model. The techniques include formal hypothesis tests, mean squared error analysis, and two new tests based on the complementary conditions that the structural and reduced form disturbances should be orthogonal to the predetermined variables. The latter two tests can be conveniently implemented by regressing either structural residuals or reduced form forecasting errors on a vector of predetermined variables. The empirical example tests restrictions on the simultaneous feedback effects of prices, wage rates, and interest rates.
The Language and Literacy Development of Head Start Children: A Study Using the Family and Child Experiences Survey Database

Purpose This article provides information about the Head Start Family and Children Experiences Survey (FACES). It also presents the findings of a study that capitalizes on the strengths of the data...
Epidemiology and clinical aspects of stray bullet shootings in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Stray bullet shootings contribute to a sense of risk in affected communities but have rarely been studied. We describe the epidemiology and clinical aspects of stray bullet shootings in the United States. METHODS: We defined a case as a shooting event involving death or injury to a person and meeting criteria for a stray bullet mechanism of injury. From March 1, 2008, to February 28, 2009, we conducted real-time surveillance using two automated Internet news searches for the term "stray bullet." Secondary searches were performed to identify new cases and additional news reports. RESULTS: We reviewed 1,996 nonduplicate news reports for 501 shooting events, of which 284 (56.7%) met our case criteria. There were 317 persons injured by stray bullets, of whom 65 (20.5%) died. Most cases (59.2%) involved interpersonal violence. When compared with persons killed or injured in firearm-related assaults or unintentional shootings generally in the United States in 2007, those killed or injured by stray bullets were more likely to be female (44.8% and 10.7%, respectively; odds ratio, 7.4; 95% confidence interval, 5.9-9.3) and outside the age range 15 years to 34 years (55.5% and 27.0%, respectively; odds ratio, 5.6; 95% confidence interval, 4.3-7.3). Most stray bullet victims (81.4%) were apparently unaware of the events leading to the gunfire that caused their injuries. Shooters were predominantly male (95.9%); 62.0% were aged 15 years to 34 years. Eighteen deaths (27.7%) occurred at the scene of the shooting and 55 (84.6%) on the day of the shooting. The case-fatality ratio for stray bullet shootings was somewhat higher than that for firearm-related assaults or unintentional shootings in the United States in 2007. CONCLUSION: Stray bullet shootings are epidemiologically distinct from other firearm-related injury events. It is likely that not all stray bullet shootings were identified, there may have been differential reporting related to severity of outcome, and missing data were common. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Epidemiological study, level III. Language: en
Longitudinal Intensity Normalization of Magnetic Resonance Images using Patches

This paper presents a patch based method to normalize temporal intensities from longitudinal brain magnetic resonance (MR) images. Longitudinal intensity normalization is relevant for subsequent processing, such as segmentation, so that rates of change of tissue volumes, cortical thickness, or shapes of brain structures becomes stable and smooth over time. Instead of using intensities at each voxel, we use patches as image features as a patch encodes neighborhood information of the center voxel. Once all the time-points of a longitudinal dataset are registered, the longitudinal intensity change at each patch is assumed to follow an auto-regressive (AR(1)) process. An estimate of the normalized intensities of a patch at every time-point are generated from a hidden Markov model, where the hidden states are the unobserved normalized patches and the outputs are the observed patches. A validation study on a phantom dataset shows good segmentation overlap with the truth, and an experiment with real data shows more stable rates of change for tissue volumes with the temporal normalization than without.
Phase transitions in a model porous medium.

An exact solution is presented for Ising-like transitions in a decorated lattice model of a porous medium. The model is solved by decimation of the spins, leading to a space-filling lattice with renormalized parameters. The critical temperature is found to vary as 1/lnL, where L is the number of sites between intersections of the spin chains. Some of the critical exponents differ from those of the ordinary Ising problem. We have also studied the case of a single, infinitely long pore, using both exact and approximate methods. An exploration of finite-width effects reveals surprisingly small (quantitative) deviations from mean-field theory.
A Bit-role for integrins in apoptosis.

Loss of integrin-mediated attachment to the extracellular matrix triggers apoptosis through the activation of caspases. A recent study shows that disruption of integrin function also induces mitochondrial release of Bit1, a caspase-independent effector of apoptosis.
Prey behavior leads to Predator: a case study of the himalayan tahr and the snow leoPard in sagarmatha (mt. everest) national Park, nePal

Rare, elusive predators offer few sightings, hindering research with small sample sizes and lack of experimentation. While predators may be elusive, their prey are more readily observed. Prey respond to the presence of a predator, and these fear responses may have population- and community-level consequences. Anti-predator behaviors, such as vigilance, allow us to sidestep the difficulty of direct field studies of large predators by studying them indirectly. Here we used a behavioral indicator, the vigilance behavior of the Himalayan tahr, the snow leopard’s main local prey, to reveal the distribution and habitat use of snow leopards in the Mt. Everest region of Nepal. We combined techniques of conventional field biology with concepts of foraging theory to study prey behavior in order to obtain insights into the predator’s ecology. The Himalayan tahr’s vigilance behavior correlates with the distribution of snow leopard signs. Tahr actually led us to six sightings of snow leopards. We conclude that behavioral indicators provided by prey offer a valuable tool for studying and monitoring stealthy and rare carnivores.
Binge Drinking Among Male Mexican Immigrants in Rural North Carolina

While it is clear that alcohol use among immigrants from Mexico has serious consequences, limited data exist on the correlates of this behavior for Mexican immigrants residing in rural, traditionally non-Hispanic settings. A cross-sectional survey with an outreach approach was used to target 173 male Mexican immigrants in rural eastern North Carolina. Questionnaires including demographics, pre and post immigration alcohol use, acculturation, stress, social support, and depressive symptoms were administered through oral interview by trained bilingual interpreters. Results show a higher prevalence of binge drinking in the study sample compared to rate of alcohol use by Hispanics in the United States. Relationships were identified between Pre-immigration alcohol use, lower perceived social support, socialization within one’s own cultural group, and binge drinking. These findings provide a preliminary basis in the development of interventions to address the problem of binge drinking in this population. Further exploration of the interaction between social isolation and social support is also needed.
Evaluation of left ventricular wall stresses during ejection using nonlinear finite elements

Abstract Wall stresses in a normal and infarcted left ventricle were calculated during ejection using nonlinear incompressible finite elements. The geometry of the left ventricle was approximated as a thick ellipsoidal shell of revolution. Tissue incompressibility was assumed and was achieved in the model by applying a constraint in each element that equated the third strain invariant as unity. Both large deformation and large strain theories were used in the analysis. A strain energy density function was assumed for the ventricular muscle. A load of 5.33 kPa (40 mm Hg) was applied at the endocardial surface, in the normal direction away from the surface. This allowed the endocardial surface to encroach upon the ventricular cavity and thus simulated ejection. In the normal left ventricle, stresses were highest in the subendocardium and decreased toward the subepicardium. The computed increase of wall thickness at the mid-ventricular level during ejection was comparable to measurements of wall thickness in anesthetized dogs. Introduction of a small simulated axisymmetric infarct into the model near the apex resulted in an appreciable stress gradient between the infarcted tissue and the adjacent normal myocardium. The estimation of the magnitude and distribution of stresses during ejection in the normal and infarcted left ventricle is useful in understanding the principles that govern left ventricular mechanics.
A Study to Determine the Impact of Cracking on Load Transfer Efficiency of Rigid Airfield Pavements

The mechanistic evaluation of pavement utilizing full-scale test data is an important component to the study of pavement behavior. This study focuses on the use of concrete strain gages (CSG) and crack location data to evaluate the effect of localized cracking on the stress-based load transfer efficiency (LTE (S)) of transverse doweled pavement joints. Concrete strain gage data generated from the full-scale testing carried out by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) at the National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF) has been analyzed in this study. Load transfer efficiency was determined from paired concrete strain gages for the test vehicle moving in opposite directions at two specific locations, resulting in four distinct cases of LTE (S). It was found that LTE (S) varies as loading progresses on the test sections, especially after cracking near the joint has occurred on the slabs. The design constant of 25 % LTE (S) appears to be reasonably conservative before cracking occurs at the joint but overestimates joint LTE (S) thereafter. Additionally, peak strains from gages located at the joint can be used to evaluate the behavior of LTE (S) during the formation of cracks on the slab, in particular the case where the cracks have formed close to the doweled joint but are not yet visible on the surface.
Lung Cancer: Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and the New Staging System

deaths in several developed countries. 1 Unfortunately, there were an estimated 226,000 new cases of lung cancer and 160,000 deaths in 2012 in the United States alone. 2 Furthermore, there has been a documented increase in female lung cancer mortality in developed countries, parallel to the rising smoking rate among women. 3 Non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comprises 75%-80% of all new cases of lung cancer diagnoses, 4 and thus, this paper focuses on NSCLC. Staging is a fundamental initial step in the management of patients with lung cancer. Positron emission tomography/ computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging now plays a major role in NSCLC staging given overall high diagnostic accuracy, widespread availability, and improvements in cost and reimbursement. The primary objective of this manuscript is to review the role of PET/CT in staging of lung cancer in the context of the currently utilized seventh edition of the staging system. A brief discussion of the emerging technology of PET/ magnetic resonance (MR) is also reviewed.
Using 3D landscapes to navigate file systems: the MountainView interface

A novel 3D file navigation interface is described, using the principle of visual recognition to locate and manipulate thumbnails of files. The interface, named "MountainView", uses concepts from video game environments, allowing the user to place, search for, and move thumbnails, as well as allowing direct application launch from the slopes of a 3D mountain that can be circumnavigated by the user. MountainView is currently in a conceptual form and being tested with paper prototypes. Early results indicate that users can more easily find files through recognition of 3D landmarks, but that unfamiliarity with the interface can be a barrier to acceptance.
Operationalizing Social Capital: A Strategy to Enhance Communities’ “Capacity to Concert”

This article addresses a concern increasingly being voiced in the donor establishment: fifty years of development assistance programs have failed to produce conclusive evidence that they can foster sustainable economic and social development in poor countries. The nature of donor programs is such that it emphasizes economic remedies and orients aid to finite projects. Yet recent evidence suggests that sustained development may be more a continued civic process whereby communities form their capacity to come to their own understandings about public ways of behaving and relating, whereby they develop their capacity to concert . This translates into a practical capability to pinpoint underlying problems, assess alternative approaches, and devise solutions most likely to be sustained. This micro capability may also have important macroeconomic implications in terms of institutional predictability and—through it—in terms of scale economies, transaction costs, transparency, incentive to innovate, and climate to implement public policies. The article suggests an alternative approach to development assistance and offers concrete recommendations to donors.
The Human Relation With Nature and Technological Nature

Two world trends are powerfully reshaping human existence: the degradation, if not destruction, of large parts of the natural world, and unprecedented technological development. At the nexus of these two trends lies technological nature—technologies that in various ways mediate, augment, or simulate the natural world. Current examples of technological nature include videos and live webcams of nature, robot animals, and immersive virtual environments. Does it matter for the physical and psychological well-being of the human species that actual nature is being replaced with technological nature? As the basis for our provisional answer (it is “yes”), we draw on evolutionary and cross-cultural developmental accounts of the human relation with nature and some recent psychological research on the effects of technological nature. Finally, we discuss the issue—and area for future research—of “environmental generational amnesia.” The concern is that, by adapting gradually to the loss of actual nature and to the in...
The effects of fiber type on DWDM system performance

We discuss the use of dispersion optimized fibers to effectively increase the DWDM capacity at a reasonable cost for terrestrial long haul and metropolitan networks.
Matching patterns from historical data using PCA and distance similarity factors

The diagnosis of abnormal plant operation can be greatly facilitated if periods of similar plant performance can be located in the historical database. A novel methodology is proposed for this pattern matching problem. The new approach provides a preliminary screening of large amounts of historical data in order to generate a candidate pool of similar periods of operation. This much smaller number of records can then be further evaluated by someone familiar with the process. Similarity factors are used to characterize the degree of similarity between the current abnormal operation and historical data. A new distance similarity factor is proposed that complements the standard PCA similarity factor. The two similarity factors provide the basis for an unsupervised pattern matching technique. The proposed pattern matching methodology has been evaluated in a detailed case study for a controlled CSTR (14 measured variables, more than 474,000 data points for each measured variable, and 19 operating modes/faults). The proposed methodology was able to locate over 90% of the previous occurrences of "abnormal situations".