cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A height-flux method for simulating free surface flows and interfaces

A new technique for the numerical simulation of the free surface flows is developed. This technique is based on the finite element method with penalty formulation, and a flux method for surface advection. The advection part which is completely independent of the momentum solver is based on subdividing the fluid domain into small subvolumes along one of the co-ordinate axis. The subvolumes are then used to find the height function which will later describe the free surface. The free surface of the fluid in each subvolume is approximated by a line segment and its slope is calculated using the volume of the fluid in the two neighbouring subvolumes. Later, the unidirectional volume flux from one subvolume to its neighbouring one is calculated using the conservation laws, and the new surface line segments are reconstructed. This technique, referred to as the Height–Flux Method (HFM) is implemented to simulate the temporal instability of a capillary jet. The results of the numerical simulation well predict the experimental data. It is also shown that the HFM is computationally more efficient than the techniques which use a kinematic boundary condition for the surface advection.
Principles for interpreting interactions among the multiple systems that influence food intake

The widespread use of molecular biological tools has led to a pronounced increase in the number of signals that are now implicated in the controls of food intake and body weight. However, a complete understanding of the roles of these multiple signals requires that we assess how they interact with one another to alter ingestive behavior. Although many such experiments are being conducted, the methods employed to delineate these interactions are often fraught with interpretive difficulties. The purpose of this article is to explore these difficulties and offer practical advice for minimizing these issues in experiments that seek to explore the important interactions among these signals. In particular, the issues of additive vs. nonadditive results, the use of sub- or suprathreshold dose combinations, and the choosing of multiple-dose analyses are all addressed. Furthermore, the possibilities of using intake measures other than cumulative intake and complementary nonbehavioral endpoints are encouraged.
MHD Simulations of Rayleigh-Taylor Instability in Young Supernova Remnants

Radio observations shows that young supernova remnants such as Tycho and Cas A generally exhibit a circular clumpy shell. This shell shows a radial magnetic held whose equipartition strength is 2 to 3 orders of magnitude higher than the interstellar field. A simple compression of the ambient field by the shock can explain neither of these observations. We show that the Rayleigh-Taylor instability which occurs at the ejecta/ISM interface can explain these observations. We have done MHD simulations of the instability in the shell of Type-I supernova remnants for the first time by utilizing moving grid technique. Our simulation shows that Rayleigh-Taylor and Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities amplify ambient magnetic fields locally and produce the clumpy radio shell. Strong magnetic field lines draped around the Rayleigh-Taylor fingers produce the radial B-vector polarization, whereas thermal bremsstrahlung from the dense fingers themselves produce the clumpy X-ray emission.
A comparison of the information-gathering capacities of photon-correlation devices

This paper will begin with a survey of the general problem of correlation spectroscopy. It will present a novel approach to the derivation of the N -time generating functions and will use these generating functions to compute the expected signals in four kinds of photon-correlation devices and the noise associated with these signals. The four devices treated are 1) the full digital correlator, 2) the gated digital correlator, 3) the multichannel analyzer, 4) the pulse-separation analyzer. We compare the information-gathering abilities of the four systems by showing how the quantity (1/T) (\Gamma/\sigma_{\Gamma})^{2} varies as a function of the number of channels used, the number of observed correlation times, the average count rate, and the gating levels. Here \Gamma is the half-width of a Lorentz line, \sigma_{\Gamma} is the uncertainty in \Gamma as computed from a least-squares fit to the data, and T is the length of the experiment.
The calm after the storm Relationship length as associated with couples’ daily variability

We examined whether seven relational constructs (satisfaction, commitment, closeness, conflict, ambivalence, maintenance, and love) showed significant within-person residual variance over time (variability), whether couple members were similar in their variability (covariation), and whether variability and covariation differed by relationship length. We used dyadic daily diary data from 157 couples together from 2 months to 44 years. Each relational construct significantly varied within person from day to day, and couple members significantly covaried. Longer term couples generally experienced less variability than newer couples. We also found that for satisfaction, closeness, ambivalence, and love, couple covariation decreased in longer relationships. We discuss how these findings can be used to help individuals work to maintain greater stability in their feelings about the relationship.
Determinants and consequences of the perceived social impact of a sport event.

This study investigates the determinants and consequences of the perceived social impact of a sport event by analyzing data obtained from 458 local attendees of the 2012 FedEx St. Jude Classic. Results show that a sport event generates a higher level of social impact for local attendees if they feel a greater sense of social camaraderie at the event and/or perceive a higher level of the social responsibility of the event. In turn, the creation of social impact leads to greater business returns, such that local attendees perceiving a high level of social impact are likely to support the event and its sponsors. These results offer some empirical evidence for Chalip’s (2006) framework of social leverage, and show why events and their sponsors need to make efforts to generate social benefits for host communities.
Caring Leadership Applied In The Classroom To Embrace The Needs Of Students

On a daily basis, teachers make important decisions that impact the learning and growth process of student development. One of many important decisions that teachers make pertains to the methods used to impart knowledge to students while maintaining discipline and order in a caring manner. Using literature and secondary sources, the author provides a view of caring leadership from a human intelligence perspective as a viable approach to classroom management. The paper concludes by offering a discussion on caring leadership skills and classroom management applications, as well as benefits of caring leadership to students, schools, and the community at large. The content can be used to help current and future educators become more effective leaders as they seek to enhance student learning by fostering an enriching and caring classroom experience.
Role of autologous stem cell transplant after induction therapy with bortezomib-lenolidomide or bortezomib-thalidomide in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients

8596 Background: The introduction of novel therapeutic options with bortezomib and immunomodulatory agents in the up-front management of multiple myeloma (MM) has significantly improved induction response rates. However, the role of high dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) after induction with these highly active agents is not known, especially in patients with only a partial response to induction therapy. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of 95 newly diagnosed MM patients treated with induction bortezomib-lenolidomide-dexamethasone (BLD) or bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone (BTD) prior to ASCT. Responses were graded according to IMWG criteria. Results: 19 patients received BLD and 76 patients received BTD. All patients were conditioned with a melphalan-based regimen. Of the 19 patients who underwent induction with BLD, complete response (CR), very good partial response (VGPR) and partial response (PR) were achieved in 2 (11%), 8 (42%) and 9 (47%) respectively for an...
Anaerobic digestion of food wastes for biogas production.

Abstract: Five types of food waste s were investigated as feedstock for a potential centralized anaerobic digester system in the area of Sacramento, California to produce biogas energy. The wastes were from a soup processing plant, a cafeteria, a commercial kitchen, a fish farm, and grease trap collection service. Digestibilities of the food wastes, individually and in mixtures, were conducted at mesophilic (35
Cyber - Physical Systems: Reality, dreams, and fantasy

The integration of physical systems with networked sensing, computation networks, and embedded control with actuation has led to the emergence of a new generation of engineered systems, the Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Such systems emphasize the link between cyber space and physical environment (i.e., time, space, and energy). CPS represents the next generation of complex engineering systems. They are large scale dynamic systems that offer significant processing power while interacting across communication networks.
A micromechanical high-Q elliptic disk displacement amplifier

An 89-MHz micromechanical elliptic-disk displacement amplifying resonant switch ("resoswtich") (cf. Fig. 1(c)) with a displacement gain of 2.04 has achieved a Q of 101,600—more than 9× higher than that of previous array-based (Fig. 1(a) [1]) and slotted-disk (Fig. 1(b) [2] [3]) approaches. Key to this demonstration are: 1) gain-inducing axial stiffness differences derived from ellipse geometry rather than previous Q-degrading slots; and 2) an elliptic resonance strain field that better negates energy loss at a center anchor, allowing for Q's even higher than circular disks. This ability to affect displacement amplification while maintaining Q >100,000 should provide more than 10-dB sensitivity improvement for recent resoswitch-based zero-quiescent radio receivers [4].
Causal network in a deafferented non-human primate brain

De-afferented/efferented neural ensembles can undergo causal changes when interfaced to neuroprosthetic devices. These changes occur via recruitment or isolation of neurons, alterations in functional connectivity within the ensemble and/or changes in the role of neurons, i.e., excitatory/inhibitory. In this work, emergence of a causal network and changes in the dynamics are demonstrated for a deafferented brain region exposed to BMI (brain-machine interface) learning. The BMI was controlling a robot for reach-and-grasp behavior. And, the motor cortical regions used for the BMI were deafferented due to chronic amputation, and ensembles of neurons were decoded for velocity control of the multi-DOF robot. A generalized linear model-framework based Granger causality (GLM-GC) technique was used in estimating the ensemble connectivity. Model selection was based on the AIC (Akaike Information Criterion).
Managed Diversity: Race, Place, and an Urban Church

This study examines the organizational practices and experiences of congregational diversity in an evangelical urban church. Based on data collected using ethnographic methods over an 18-month period, this study suggests a principal organizational practice (managed diversity) employed by white church leaders produces complex and consequential outcomes for the racial experiences of congregation members. Specifically, the management of diversity results in three techniques integral to organizational outcomes that reveal the mechanisms by which race is conceptualized and manipulated to navigate new religious markets. This study contributes to ongoing scholarship about the conceptual apparatus that voluntary organizations engage to foster racial diversity.
"The Right-To-The-City Question" and Indigenous Urban Populations in Capital Cities in Cameroon

This paper explores the implications of state land tenure modernization and urbanization-promotion initiatives for human rights in Cameroon. The aim is to promote understanding of the implications of these initiatives for the right-to-the-city of indigenous urban residents. It is argued that the implications are more severe in politico-administrative headquarters than elsewhere in the country. Three different cities have served, at some point, as national politico-administrative headquarters in Cameroon, the study’s empirical referent. The designation of any city as a politico-administrative headquarters invariably creates a land scarcity problem in that city. The problem is aggravated for the city’s indigenous population by colonial and post-colonial planning policies. For this reason, the policies are said to be in violation of basic human rights as stipulated by the UN Declaration of Universal Human Rights as well as the African Charter.
Risky sexual behavior of foreign and native-born women in emerging adulthood: The long reach of mother-daughter relationships in adolescence.

Abstract Parents’ influence on young adult sexual behavior receives little attention compared to influence on adolescent behavior. Yet effective parenting should have lasting effects. Even fewer studies examine parents’ influence on sexual behavior of both foreign and native-born young adults. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) Waves I (1994–95) and III (2001–02), we examine longitudinal associations among mother-daughter relationship quality and nativity during adolescence and young adults’ risky sexual behaviors of condom use at last intercourse, number of sexual partners, and STI diagnoses (N = 4460). Women, 18–26 years old, who had good mother-adolescent daughter relationships have fewer partners and STIs in the past year. Second generation women have worse mother-adolescent daughter relationships, compared to third generation. Relationship quality does not explain associations between nativity and risky behavior. Lasting associations between relationship quality and risk behaviors suggest that reproductive health interventions should enhance mother-adolescent relationships.
Believing that certain foods are addictive is associated with support for obesity-related public policies

Abstract Introduction There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that certain foods may be addictive. Although evidence that nicotine is addictive generated support for anti-tobacco policies, little research has examined whether beliefs about the addictiveness of food are associated with support for policies to address overconsumption of nutritionally poor foods. Methods U.S. adults ( n = 999) recruited from an online marketplace in February 2015 completed a survey. Using logistic regression, we examined the relationship between beliefs about the addictiveness of certain foods and support for twelve obesity-related policies while controlling for demographics, health status, political affiliation and ideology, beliefs about obesity, and attitudes towards food companies. We examined whether the association between beliefs about addictiveness and support for policies was consistent across other products and behaviors viewed as addictive (i.e., tobacco, alcohol, drugs, compulsive behaviors). Results In multivariable models, there was a significant association (OR; 95% CI) between beliefs about addictiveness and support for policies for compulsive behaviors (1.48; 1.26–1.74), certain foods (1.32; 1.14–1.53), drugs (1.23; 1.05–1.45), and alcohol (1.21; 1.08–1.36) but not for tobacco (1.11; 0.90–1.37). For foods, the association between beliefs about addictiveness and obesity-related policy support was the strongest between such beliefs and support for labels warning that certain foods may be addictive, industry reductions in salt and sugar, energy drink bans, and sugary drink portion size limits. Conclusions Overall, believing that products/behaviors are addictive was associated with support for policies intended to curb their use. If certain foods are found to be addictive, framing them as such may increase obesity-related policy support.
Using inquiry-based learning in engineering statistics courses

Many engineering students struggle with a first course in statistics. One of the reasons for this is that statistics differs from “traditional” mathematics curriculum, such as calculus and differential equations. Merely giving students problem sets does not teach them to think in a particular fashion, as statistics problems require the assimilation of more varied information than using formulas or even applying those formulas to situational (story) problems to solve for a particular variable or variables. Data rarely conforms to contrived values, so the student's ability to critically think and make decisions is of paramount importance. Since statistics is different from a traditional mathematics discipline, we feel it is necessary to differentiate instruction from a traditional mathematics class. Because statistics and data science requires considerable decision-making processes and analytical ability, we feel that elements of inquiry-based learning will be beneficial to students. These inquiry-based lessons will be provided in the form of POGIL, or Process-Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning, activities designed to lead small groups of students through specific material within a specific subject domain.
Effects of Equine-Facilitated Psychotherapy on Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Youth

Equine-assisted therapy has become an increasingly popular complementary mental health treatment approach, but there is limited empirical research assessing the effectiveness of this practice. In particular, equine-facilitated psychotherapy has many potential benefits for the treatment of trauma in youth. The purpose of the proposed study was to investigate changes in levels of post-traumatic stress symptomatology and levels of the human-animal bond in children and adolescents ages 10–18 over the course of a 10-week equine-facilitated psychotherapy (EFP) intervention. Youth in the treatment group (n = 36) participated in 10 weekly two hour EFP sessions, and were compared on changes in post-traumatic stress symptoms with a control group of participants (n = 32) who continued to receive the already existing traditional therapeutic services provided by their treatment facility or outpatient therapist. Findings suggested a significant decrease in post-traumatic stress symptoms across the intervention for both the treatment and control group, but the treatment group did not decrease significantly more than the control group. These findings suggest that EFP may be an effective additional treatment modality for post-traumatic stress symptoms, but there was no evidence from this initial study that EFP was significantly more effective than traditional office-based therapy. Further research and discussion of the relative benefits of EFP compared to traditional treatment modalities is warranted.
RNA Exosome and Non-coding RNA-Coupled Mechanisms in AID-Mediated Genomic Alterations

The eukaryotic RNA exosome is a well-conserved protein complex with ribonuclease activity implicated in RNA metabolism. Various families of non-coding RNAs have been identified as substrates of the complex, underscoring its role as a non-coding RNA processing/degradation unit. However, the role of RNA exosome and its RNA processing activity on DNA mutagenesis/alteration events have not been investigated until recently. B lymphocytes use two DNA alteration mechanisms, class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM), to re-engineer their antibody gene expressing loci until a tailored antibody gene for a specific antigen is satisfactorily generated. CSR and SHM require the essential activity of the DNA activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Causing collateral damage to the B-cell genome during CSR and SHM, AID induces unwanted (and sometimes oncogenic) mutations at numerous non-immunoglobulin gene sequences. Recent studies have revealed that AID's DNA mutator activity is regulated by the RNA exosome complex, thus providing an example of a mechanism that relates DNA mutagenesis to RNA processing. Here, we review the emergent functions of RNA exosome during CSR, SHM, and other chromosomal alterations in B cells, and discuss implications relevant to mechanisms that maintain B-cell genomic integrity.
Teachers' Perceptions and Experiences Consulting with School Counselors: A Qualitative Study

School counselor–teacher consultation is an efficient strategy for school counselors to indirectly serve students on their caseload. Teachers' perceptions are crucial in examining this consultation process. This qualitative study examined elementary school teachers' perceptions and experiences of school counselor–teacher consultation. The researchers identified three themes: (a) school counselors prioritizing relationships, (b) school counselors taking initiative, and (c) school counselors' specialization. The researchers discuss implications for school counseling practice, including strategies for facilitating consultation with teachers.
First spin-parity constraint of the 306 keV resonance in Cl 35 for nova nucleosynthesis

Of particular interest in astrophysics is the $^{34}\mathrm{S}(p,\ensuremath{\gamma})^{35}\mathrm{Cl}$ reaction, which serves as a stepping stone in thermonuclear runaway reaction chains during a nova explosion. Though the isotopes involved are all stable, the reaction rate of this significant step is not well known, due to a lack of experimental spectroscopic information on states within the Gamow window above the proton separation threshold of $^{35}\mathrm{Cl}$. Measurements of level spins and parities provide input for the calculation of resonance strengths, which ultimately determine the astrophysical reaction rate of the $^{34}\mathrm{S}(p,\ensuremath{\gamma})^{35}\mathrm{Cl}$ proton capture reaction. By performing the $^{37}\mathrm{Cl}(p,t)^{35}\mathrm{Cl}$ reaction in normal kinematics at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, we have conducted a study of the region of astrophysical interest in $^{35}\mathrm{Cl}$, and have made the first-ever constraint on the spin and parity assignment for a level at $6677\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15$ keV $({E}_{r}=306$ keV), inside the Gamow window for novae.
Application Characteristics Motivating Adaptive Organizational Capabilities Within Multi-Agent Systems

Both theory and practice show no single way to organize always performs best; the best organization depends on context. Therefore, a group should adapt how it interacts to fit the situation. A Multi-Agent System (MAS) is a group of distributed software programs, called agents, which interact to achieve a goal. This research defines a Decision-Making Framework (DMF) as the allocation among agents of decision-making and action-execution responsibilities for a set of goals and a situational condition. An agent’s ability to perform goal-driven, situation-driven adaptation of a DMF is called Adaptive Decision-Making Frameworks (ADMF). The roles the agents play in the Decision-Making Framework are called their Decision-Making Interaction Styles. This analysis scrutinizes how the combinations of Decision-Making Interaction Styles and Decision-Making Frameworks affect the performance of individual agents and groups of agents in accomplishing an inter-dependent set of goals in a shared simulation under a diverse set of environmental conditions. The findings are explained in text and a rich data visualization. The analysis details the effects of the individual interaction styles, formation of different combinations Decision-Making Frameworks, and factors such as group size and makeup across a dynamically changing environmental simulation. The analysis illuminates the relationship between decisions about team formation and subsequent planning.
Flashbulb memories result from ordinary memory processes and extraordinary event characteristics

Brown and Kulik (1977) observed a phenomenon that had captured the public’s attention-seemingly indelible memory for important, emotional events. They dubbed it “ﬂashbulb memory” (FBM) and conducted the ﬁrst modern empirical study on the topic (for an earlier study, see Colegrove, 1899). The concept was equally eﬀective in capturing the attention of memory researchers, and in the 30 years following that seminal publication the topic has been investigated almost as often as the events that lead to such memories allow. During this time, the description of the phenomenon has undergone an interesting and important transformation.
Calcification processes in atherosclerosis.

In atherosclerotic aortas, there are marked changes in the structure of smooth muscle cells and elastic tissue in addition to other intimai changes such as the focal accumulation of lipids, mucopolysaccharides, blood, and blood products. These changes are observed predominantly in the subendothelial space, around the internal elastic lamina, as well as in the media.
Scratchpad: A Private Company Business Valuation Case

ABSTRACT Ben and Cindy Johnson have been partners in marriage and business for 20 years, jointly owning and operating Scratchpad, a software production and distribution company. In recent years the...
Stay woke: The Black Lives Matter movement as a practical tool to develop critical voice

Courses: This unit activity is suited for upper-level college courses on persuasion, intercultural communication, diversity, leadership, social justice, civil discourse, argumentation, debate, and ...
"Slash-and-burn ecology": Field science as land use.

Historians of science can benefit from thinking more deeply about land. Scholarly emphasis on the geographies of scientific knowledge has become pervasive since the “spatial turn” of the late 1990s...
BlueMap: A Pervasive Bluetooth-Based Vehicle Trajectory Reconstruction System

Nowadays, transportation network management and efficiency enhancement have become a necessity due to the rapidly increasing demand for transportation. The availability of vehicle trajectories is essential to draw a complete picture of traffic flow and investigate traffic dynamics in order to improve transportation network performance. Obtaining this information using the conventional Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is expensive due to their complexity and rigidity. Over the last decade, the widely spread mobile devices, as well as vehicles, become heavily equipped with wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth motivate researchers to utilize these technologies in addressing several transportation challenges and developing novel services. In this paper, we present BlueMap - a cost- effective Bluetooth based vehicle trajectory reconstruction system, in which we utilize the advantages of Bluetooth and the mobility of compact computing hardware to provide mobile data gathering units carried on public vehicles to collect Bluetooth data from in-vicinity vehicles in order to identify traveled vehicles trajectories. The evaluation shows the ability of BlueMap to accurately reconstruct the vehicle trajectories.
Montesquieu's Political Science

Our convener, Bryan-Paul Frost, opens with interesting questions about the role of religion in Montesquieu’s political thought, the subject of two chapters of my book. He first draws our attention ...
An Update on the Efficacy and Tolerability of Oral Ketamine for Major Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background Intravenous Ketamine has shown robust antidepressant efficacy although other routes of administration are currently needed. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of oral ketamine for depression. Methods A comprehensive search of major electronic databases from inception to April 2020 was performed. Studies of oral ketamine for depression, from case series to randomized clinical trials, were eligible. Randomized controlled trials were included in a meta-analysis, focusing on response, remission, time to effect, and side effects. Results A total of 917 articles were identified with 890 studies screened, yielding a total of 10 studies included in our systematic review.Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (N = 161, mean age 37.9 ± 9.5 years, 58.6% females) were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled analysis suggested a significant antidepressant effect of oral ketamine (SMD: -0.75; 95% CI: -1.08, -0.43; p<0.0001; I2 = 0%) although remission rates (RR:2.77; 95% CI:0.96, 8.00; p = 0.06) and response rates (RR:2.58; 95% CI:0.94,7.08; p = 0.07) were marginal compared to placebo at the endpoint. Oral ketamine antidepressant effects seemed to take effect at the 2nd week (SMD: -0.71; 95% CI: -1.08, -0.35; p = 0.001; I2 = 0%). There were no significant differences in the overall side-effects between oral ketamine and the placebo group (RR 1.28, 95% CI: 0.89-1.83; p = 0.19). Conclusion This focused meta-analysis of oral ketamine suggests a marginal efficacy for major depressive disorder without increased risk of adverse events. Further larger sample studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings, analyzing differential response/remission rates by affective disorder, optimal dosing strategies, and its long-term effects.
Public relations and public health: The importance of leadership and other lessons learned from “Understanding AIDS” in the 1980s

Abstract Public Relations Quarterly recognized Surgeon General C. Everett Koop as "Communicator of the Year" in 1988 for his work to inform the public about HIV/AIDS and reframe a then politically charged issue to focus on public health and education. Using a historical perspective, this study examines Koop's communication about AIDS during the 1980s, including press conference remarks, reminiscence notes, and an unprecedented mailing sent to all U.S. households. This study also explores media coverage at the time and framing throughout these materials to determine what lessons can be learned for today’s communication efforts. Two lessons relate to the importance of leadership in media advocacy and prioritizing public health over politics. Parallels are drawn between public relations and health and science communication practice and scholarship, and future research is suggested related to recent government communication surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic.
Shaping the Breast: Augmentation Mastopexy

Although there has been significant controversy over the years as to the appropriateness of performing a breast augmentation simultaneously with a mastopexy, significant data have emerged demonstrating the effectiveness of this procedure in the appropriately selected patients. There is no doubt that when performed well, the ability to truly “shape” the breast and produce aesthetically pleasing outcomes has led to the increasing popularity of this procedure in the experienced breast surgeon’s hands.
The Effects of Kindergarten and First Grade Schooling on Executive Function and Academic Skill Development: Evidence From a School Cutoff Design

Early executive function (EF) skills reliably predict school readiness and future academic success. While children's skills undergo rapid development during the transition to formal schooling, it remains unclear the extent to which schooling exerts a unique influence on the accelerated development of EF and academic skills during the early years of schooling. In the present study, a quasi-experimental technique known as the school cutoff design was used to examine whether same-aged children who made vs. missed the age cutoff for school entry significantly differed on EF, reading, and math outcomes. Data from 166 pre-k, kindergarten, and first grade children (Range = 3.75-7.58 years, 92 girls) from a longitudinal study of literacy development were analyzed. Children were assessed on EF, reading, and math skills in fall and spring. Results revealed unique effects of kindergarten, but not first grade, on growth in EF and reading over and above the effect of age. Schooling was unrelated to growth in math. Because kindergarten represents the first year of elementary school and children's first exposure to a formal schooling environment, kindergarten schooling may be uniquely positioned to produce greater gains in academic and behavioral outcomes compared to other grades.
Clinical outcomes following definitive treatment of young-onset, locally advanced rectal cancer: A single institution experience.

e15601Background: We evaluated demographic, treatment, and survival outcomes of adults age 18 to 49 years treated at our institution with long course chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by total mesor...
Role of Transients in Boundary Layer Instability and Transition

The perturbation energy of any inviscid three-dimensional initial disturbances in a parallel shear flow having a nonzero net vertical momentum along a line y, z=const. will grow at least as fast as t [1].A simple approximate theory is used to illustrate this algebraic type instability, which is found to lead to the formation of internal shear layers. Inflectional instability and subsequent breakdown of such shear layers may be the dominant cause of transition in shear flows subjected to strong external disturbances, a mechanism that may be operative also at subcritical Reynolds numbers.
Purification and properties of horse erythrocyte carbonic anhydrases.

Abstract Two distinct components of carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) have been purified from horse red cells. In the isolation procedure described, the large excess of hemoglobin was removed by precipitation in ammonium sulfate, and the two carbonic anhydrase proteins were then separated by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. This separation was facilitated by the remarkably high isoelectric point of the basic component, which appeared to have a net positive charge even at pH 10.0. This basic component, which was designated enzyme C, constituted only 36% of the total carbonic anhydrase protein but had a high specific activity; with the use of the WilburAnderson assay for CO2 hydration, this was in the order of 40,000 units per mg. The major protein, designated enzyme B, had a much lower specific activity, in the order of 4,000 units per mg. The extinction coefficients and s20,w values of the purified B and C proteins were measured, as well as the Km and Vmax values for their hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate. The amino acid compositions and the optical rotatory dispersion spectra are also reported. The two components of horse carbonic anhydrase described here give a further example of the unusual type of polymorphism already seen with primate carbonic anhydrase. This suggests that it may be a characteristic of the enzyme from the blood of a variety of mammalian species. The salient features seem to be firstly, the presence of two chemically distinct proteins catalyzing the same reaction at different rates, and secondly, the much greater abundance of the less active form. The isolation of two horse enzymes brings to seven the number of carbonic anhydrases now studied in a highly purified state. These are classified as either high specific activity forms (human, rhesus monkey, and horse C enzymes, bovine B enzyme) or low specific activity forms (human, rhesus monkey, and horse B enzymes), and the proteins in each category are then compared in terms of amino acid composition, kinetics, and optical rotatory dispersion.
Organic and inorganic analysis of constituents in water produced during in situ combustion experiments for the recovery of tar sands

The characterization of waters produced during in situ combustion of a tar sand deposit near Vernal, Utah, is presented. The water samples were collected during two different field experiments. Analysis of the inorganic constituents by standard methods indicated that ammonium, sulfate, and chloride were the predominant ions. Fractions of the organic material, defined as acid and base extracts, were obtained by liquid-liquid extraction using ethyl ether. Gravimetrically, the acid extracts comprised more than 70 percent of the extractable organic material. Identification of the components in the acid extracts was accomplished by using combined gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) after methylation with diazomethane. The base extracts were found to be more complex and could not be studied directly with GC-MS. Of the major organic compounds identified, carboxylic acids, particularly acetic acid, were found to be the most abundant. Phenols, lactones, and pyridines were also identified. 6 refs.
Quality Measurement in the Healthcare Supply Chain

The United States is actively attempting to reduce its national healthcare expenditures, which account for more than 16 percent of the gross domestic product. A significant cost and quality driver of the healthcare industry is the universal complexity of its supply chain. It has been suggested that even small gains in supply chain quality can produce major, long-term cost savings. The authors are currently engaged in a research effort to identify opportunities for quality improvement in the healthcare supply chain. Expert testimony reveals that the concept of healthcare supply chain quality measurement can be difficult to grasp. However, almost 90 percent of the respondents to the authors' recent survey of more than 1,000 healthcare supply chain professionals indicate that their organizations are measuring the quality of their supply chains in some manner. Using an adapted framework based on Garvin's eight dimensions of quality, the authors find that the quality metrics identified from the healthcare supp...
Chrysin activates Notch1 signaling and suppresses tumor growth of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in vitro and in vivo

BACKGROUND: Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a very aggressive thyroid gland malignancy with very poor prognosis. It is suspected that the Notch signaling pathway, which is not active in ATC, may have a tumor suppressor function in this neoplasm. However, it remains unknown whether activation of Notch can yield therapeutic efficacies in ATC. METHODS: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of chrysin, a potential Notch inducer identified via high-throughput screening, on ATC both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: Chrysin treatment of ATC cells led to a dose-dependent inhibition of cellular growth. Protein and messenger RNA levels of Notch1 and Hes1 (hairy/enhancer of split 1), a downstream Notch1 effector, were both up-regulated with treatment. Luciferase reporter assays incorporating the C promoter-binding factor 1 (CBF1) binding site also confirmed the functional activity of chrysin-induced Notch1. Oral administration of chrysin suppressed the growth of ATC xenografts by an average of 59% compared with the vehicle control group (P = .002). In addition, calculated median time to tumor progression was 11 days for control mice and 21 days for the chrysin treatment group (P = .008). Analysis of chrysin-treated ATC tumors revealed an increase in the active intracellular domain of Notch1 protein. Activation of Notch1 in vivo was associated with the induction of cleaved Poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) protein, indicating that the growth inhibition was due to apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: The novel Notch1 activator chrysin inhibits tumor growth in ATC both in vitro and in vivo. Chrysin could be a promising therapeutic candidate for ATC, and this justifies further clinical studies. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
"Treaty Enforcement in Domestic Courts: A Comparative Analysis "

Professor David Sloss will present a comparative analysis of the role of domestic courts in treaty enforcement. He will address the central question which underpins each of the country chapters: do domestic courts provide remedies to private parties who are harmed by a violation of their treaty-based primary rights? It will be argued that the conventional wisdom is wrong, insofar as the conventional wisdom holds that direct judicial application of treaties is a more effective means of treaty enforcement than indirect application. In countries such as Canada and India, where domestic law precludes direct application of treaties, domestic courts play an active role in treaty enforcement by applying treaties indirectly. In contrast, in the United States, for example, although domestic courts have the authority to apply treaties directly in some cases, they rarely utilize their judicial power to remedy treaty violations committed by government actors. David Sloss is a Professor of Law at Santa Clara University School of Law, where he serves as the Director of the Center for Global Law and Policy. He is the editor of The Role of Domestic Courts in Treaty Enforcement: A Comparative Perspective (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2009). He has published numerous articles on the history of U.S. foreign affairs law and the judicial enforcement of treaties in U.S. courts. Professor Sloss received his B.A. from Hampshire College, his M.P.P. from Harvard University and his J.D. from Stanford Law School. He taught for nine years at Saint Louis University School of Law. Before he was a law professor, he clerked for Judge Joseph T. Sneed of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and worked as an associate for Wilson, Sonsini, Goodrich & Rosati. He also spent nine years in the federal government, where he worked on East-West arms control negotiations and nuclear proliferation issues. DATE:
Tubes and Lines

The main point of the following radiographs is to show normal and abnormal ­positions of various commonly seen tubes and catheters.
Burst generation in rat pyramidal neurones by regenerative potentials elicited in a restricted part of the basilar dendritic tree

The common preconception about central nervous system neurones is that thousands of small postsynaptic potentials sum across the entire dendritic tree to generate substantial firing rates, previously observed in in vivo experiments. We present evidence that local inputs confined to a single basal dendrite can profoundly influence the neuronal output of layer V pyramidal neurones in the rat prefrontal cortical slices. In our experiments, brief glutamatergic stimulation delivered in a restricted part of the basilar dendritic tree invariably produced sustained plateau depolarizations of the cell body, accompanied by bursts of action potentials. Because of their small diameters, basolateral dendrites are not routinely accessible for glass electrode measurements, and very little is known about their electrical properties and their role in information processing. Voltage-sensitive dye recordings were used to follow membrane potential transients in distal segments of basal branches during sub- and suprathreshold glutamate and synaptic stimulations. Recordings were obtained simultaneously from multiple dendrites and multiple points along individual dendrites, thus showing in a direct way how regenerative potentials initiate at the postsynaptic site and propagate decrementally toward the cell body. The glutamate-evoked dendritic plateau depolarizations described here are likely to occur in conjunction with strong excitatory drive during so-called ‘UP states’, previously observed in in vivo recordings from mammalian cortices.
Bioconcentration of Lindane and Naphthalene in Bluegills ( Lepomis macrochirus )

The validity of models for prediction of the bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for organic chemicals in fish was tested with bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus Raf.) using lindane and naphthalene. In general, good agreement was observed between the calculated or predicted BCFs and experimentally determined BCFs. The uptake phase or time to accumulation of a steady-state body burden at a given chemical concentration was about one day for both chemicals. However, the depuration rates, K/sub 2/, or loss of the chemicals from the fish were significantly different (for naphthalene, K/sub 2/ = 0.88 to 1.20 day/sup -1/; for lindane, K/sub 2/ = 0.38 to 0.53 day/sup -1/). The data provide additional evidence that differential loss rates may be the critical factor in controlling the BCFs for most organic chemicals.
Wind Loads on Eaves of Low Buildings

Wind pressure loads acting on 1:12 sloped perimeter eave sections of low-rise building models have been measured in turbulent boundary layer flow, simulating wind over open country and suburban terrains. Both local and area load measurements have been carried out for two eave widths (5 ft and 10 ft in full scale) and three eave heights (16 ft, 24 ft, and 32 ft in full scale). Data show the overestimation of peak loads which may be made if the effective uplift forces on the eaves are derived from simple local pressure measurements on upper and lower eave surfaces, and full correlation of the worst cases is assumed. A simplified chart with pressure coefficients appropriate for design is also suggested.
Habituation of activity in an open field: A survey of inbred strains and F1 hybrids.

To determine if there is genetic variability in habituation of activity in an open field, we examined a number of inbred strains and F1 hybrids. Using 5-min exposures to a dark open field, we measured changes in exploratory behavior over 3 consecutive days in 129S3/SvImJ, A/J, BALB/ cByJ, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J, CBA/J, DBA/2J, FVB/NJ, (B6 × 129)F1/J, and (B6 × C3H) F1/J male and female mice. Strain differences in open-field activity and in habituation were evident. Some of the strain differences were further modified by sex. The strains and F1's could be separated into groups that increased, decreased, or did not modify their activities across testing sessions. In a second study, the effects of altering the floor surface on habituation were examined in male 129S3/SvImJ, C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, and (B6 × 129)F1/J mice. When the floor was altered after 3 consecutive days of habituation, increased activity levels were evident. There were strain differences in the responsiveness to the changes in the floor. These results confirm a genetic role in intersession habituation to an open field.
The factor IX gene as a model for analysis of human germline mutations: an update

The variation generated by germline mutation is essential for evolution, but individuals pay a steep price in the form of Mendelian disease and genetic predisposition to complex disease. Indeed, the health of a species is determined ultimately by the rate of germline mutation. Analysis of the factor IX gene in patients with hemophilia B has provided insights into the human germline mutational process. Herein, seven topics will be reviewed with emphasis on recent advances: (i) proposed mechanisms of deletions, inversions, and insertions; (ii) discordant sex ratios of mutation and associated age effects; (iii) somatic mosaicism; (iv) founder effects; (v) mutation rates; (vi) the factor IX gene as a germline mutagen test; and (vii) cancer as a possible mechanism for maintaining a constant rate of germline mutation.
Educational/Psychological Intervention Research

Levin, O'Donnell, and Kratochwill focus on recommendations for improving the nature and quality of educational research. Recognizing the inherent difficulties in conducting educational research and the importance of bridging many different communities across a wide array of academic disciplines, there is a call for a broad array of methodologies that lead to rigorous inquiry standards. A framework for enhancing the evidence credibility of educational research follows an overview and critique of contemporary methodological issues. Promising methodological developments in instructional research are brought forward. A continuum is proposed for guiding inquiry from rich description to objective, empirical methods that can lead to more valid prescriptions for future educational interventions. Keywords: educational research; evidenced-based interventions; instructional research; qualitative methods; single subjects methodology