cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-Grade Astrocytoma within a Mature Cystic Teratoma in an Adolescent Patient.

Abstract Background Mature cystic teratomas are the most common ovarian neoplasm in adolescents. They are typically benign, however, malignant transformation rarely occurs. We report a low-grade astrocytoma arising from a mature cystic teratoma in an adolescent patient. Case The patient was a 12-year-old girl with an asymptomatic ovarian cyst and subsequent cystectomy. Final pathology identified a solid tumor with glial tissue within the cyst, reported as low-grade astrocytoma arising in a mature cystic teratoma. Summary and Conclusion There are few data on astrocytomas in the gynecologic tract. Risk factors for malignant transformation in a mature cystic teratoma include increased age, postmenopausal status, elevated carcinoma antigen 125, and large tumor size. Interestingly, this patient had a history of partial trisomy 20, which has been associated with teratoma formation in a mouse model.
Balance your folate or the yin and yang of folate in hematopoiesis.

A new study in mice demonstrates that, in general, both low and high levels of dietary folate compromise hematopoiesis, and affect the B-cell progenitor compartment in particular.[1][1] Given that there are substantial fractions of the world population at risk for either excessive ( via fortified
Detecting structural changes in dependent data

In the era of big data, a frequently encountered task is to model and identify structural changes in the data generating process. It is quite challenging especially when data are dependent and massive, requiring computationally efficient analysis. To address the challenge, we model the data generating process as a segment-wise autoregression, and propose a multi-window method that is both effective and efficient for discovering the structural changes. The proposed approach was motivated by transforming a segment-wise autoregression into a multivariate time series that is asymptotically segment-wise independent and identically distributed. We then derive theoretical guarantees for (almost surely) selecting the true number of change points of segment-wise independent multivariate time series. In particular, we prove that a wide variety of penalized selection procedure produces a strongly consistent selection of the optimal number of change points, under mild assumptions. We demonstrate the theory and strength of the proposed algorithms by experiments on both synthetic and real-world data.
Health characteristics of U.S. adults by body mass index category: results from NHANES 1999-2002.

Objectives.We examined self-reported health characteristics, health care utilization, activity patterns, and demographic characteristics of U.S. adults 20 years and over by body mass index (BMI) ca...
The three-dimensional structure of soybean lipoxygenase-1: an arachidonic acid 15-lipoxygenase.

Lipoxygenases are non-heme, iron-containing enzymes that use molecular oxygen for the dioxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to yield hydroperoxides-the first step in the mammalian biosynthetic pathways leading to leukotrienes and lipoxins from arachidonic acid (1). Because of the importance of these compounds, lipoxygenases have been the subject of extensive studies: detailed kinetic measurements, spectroscopy, cloning, expression and site-directed mutagenesis. Despite these efforts, there has been no atomic resolution model available and the answers to many of the fundamental structural and mechanistic questions about these enzymes have remained elusive. We now discuss the three-dimensional structure of soybean lipoxygenase-1, an enzyme homologous to the mammalian lipoxygenases, that we reported elsewhere (2).
Methods for Testing Military Radars Produced in Poland

The authors described their own experience in the field of radar testing with the use of military aircrafts. Technological progress in radar and better detection parameters of aircrafts enforces the use of new research and testing methods. The publication contains testing methods, registration methods and data processing and devices supporting aircraft crews.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder: Children, Adolescents, and Adults

Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is a common eating disorder diagnosis that describes children and adults who cannot meet their nutritional needs, typically because of sensory sensitivity, fear of adverse consequences and/or apparent lack of interest in eating or food. This book is the first of its kind to offer a specialist treatment, specifically for ARFID. Developed, refined and studied in response to this urgent clinical need, this book outlines a specialiZed cognitive-behavioral treatment: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (CBT-AR). This treatment is designed for patients across all age groups, supported by real-life case examples and tools to allow clinicians to apply this new treatment in their own clinical settings.
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

[first paragraph of article] Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is a useful technique in the evaluation of patients with suspected or diagnosed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and has an added value over other imaging modalities.
Queer Adolescents Dating and Sexuality: Implications for Counselors, Counselor Educators, and Supervisors

This article addresses factors presented in the literature related to the unique experiences of queer adolescent dating and sexuality across individual, familial, and school–community domains. The ...
Quantifying spatiotemporal variation in headwater stream length using flow intermittency sensors

Scientists and policymakers increasingly recognize that headwater regions contain numerous temporary streams that expand and contract in length, but accurately mapping and modeling dynamic stream networks remain a challenge. Flow intermittency sensors offer a relatively new approach to characterize wet stream length dynamics at high spatial and temporal resolutions. We installed 51 flow intermittency sensors at an average spacing of 40 m along the stream network of a high-relief, headwater catchment (33 ha) in the Valley and Ridge of southwest Virginia. The sensors recorded the presence or absence of water every 15 min for 10 months. Calculations of the wet network proportion from sensor data aligned with those from field measurements, confirming the efficacy of flow intermittency sensors. The fine temporal scale of the sensor data showed hysteresis in wet stream length: the wet network proportion was up to 50% greater on the rising limb of storm events than on the falling limb for dry antecedent conditions, at times with a delay of several hours between the maximum wet proportion and peak runoff at the catchment outlet. Less stream length hysteresis was evident for larger storms with higher event and antecedent precipitation that resulted in peak runoff > 15 mm/day. To assess spatial controls on stream wetting and drying, we performed a correlation analysis between flow duration at the sensor locations and common topographic metrics used in stream network modeling. Topography did not fully explain spatial variation in flow duration along the stream network. However, entrenched valleys had longer periods of flow on the rising limbs of events than unconfined reaches. In addition, large upslope contributing areas corresponded to higher flow duration on falling limbs. Future applications that explore the magnitude and drivers of stream length variability may provide further insights into solute and runoff generation processes in headwater regions.
Calculation of Cable Lines Insulation Heating with the Account of High Harmonics Currents

The article deals with the determination of the cable line insulation heating value. The main problems which inevitably arise in the course of non-sinusoidal currents when non-linear electric receivers are connected to the electrical network are indicated. The information on the temperature effect on the service life of cable lines insulation and modern directions in the field of electrical equipment diagnostics is presented. It is shown that the use of the temperature control the value of which can be determined both experimentally and by calculation, makes it possible to obtain the reliable and valid results for cable lines insulation state determining including these lines lifetime predicting. The definition of the cable lines insulation temperature calculated values is also considered proceeding from the magnitude of the currents in current-carrying veins and the cable design. These calculations are based on the use of thermal resistances taking into account the processes of heat transfer from the veins of the cable to the environment. The example of such insulation heating temperatures calculation for a calendar year is given.
Meeting the challenge: Implementation of a collaborative quality improvement initiative for a multi-site pharmacy residency and fellowship program.

Abstract Introduction The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) accreditation standards for postgraduate training programs require a continuous improvement plan as a method of quality improvement (QI). The University of Maryland (UM) Residency and Fellowship Program offers several residency and fellowship programs. The primary objective of this QI project was to assess the perceived effectiveness of the UM's training program in preparing trainees for their desired career goals. A secondary objective was to acquire suggestions from graduates to assist in QI. Methods A 12-question electronic survey was sent to UM residents and fellows who graduated between 2012 and 2016. Survey questions addressed the graduate's perception of their training experience. Graduates were also asked how well certain skills were taught based on core ASHP requirements. Participation was voluntary and responses were anonymous. Results Seventy-five graduates were identified for potential inclusion, and 43 (57%) completed the survey. Findings revealed 88% of graduates were practicing in a position that matched their training and 95% indicated that their program prepared them adequately for their current job. Conclusions The ASHP accreditation standards for pharmacy residency programs require an ongoing process of QI. This study provides support for use of an electronic survey as a helpful tool to assess effectiveness of a residency program.
Odor induces characteristic time courses of theta, beta and gamma oscillations in human olfactory cortex

Abstract Neuronal oscillations are fundamental to cognition, facilitating coordination and communication of information within and across brain regions. Studies on the spectral and temporal dynamics of oscillatory rhythms have contributed substantial insight to our understanding of mechanisms of human visual, auditory and somatosensory perception. However, these oscillations have been largely unexplored in the human olfactory system, where we lack basic understanding of fundamental spectrotemporal and functional properties. Determining if and how dynamic signatures of neural activity occur in human olfactory cortex is critical to understanding how we process odors. Here, we establish a characteristic oscillatory response to an odor in the human brain. Using direct electrical recordings from human piriform cortex, we identified three key odor-induced rhythms, in the theta (4-8Hz), beta (13-30Hz) and gamma (30-150Hz) frequency bands, each with distinct functional and temporal properties. While theta emerges and dissipates rapidly at the start of inhalation, beta and gamma emerge later, with beta persisting through exhalation, and gamma peaking around the transition between inhalation and exhalation. Beta and gamma amplitudes strongly predict odor identification ability, whereas theta does not. Theta phase modulates beta and gamma amplitudes during inhalation, only when odor is present. Our findings establish that smells elicit distinct neuronal rhythms in human olfactory cortex, which are dynamically interplayed over the course of a sniff. Our data further suggest a fundamental role for beta and gamma oscillations in human olfactory processing, and that their amplitudes—organized by theta phase—subserve odor identification in humans.
Law and Popular Culture: A Course Book - Third Edition

This book is the reader for a course with the general theme of “Law and Popular Culture” or “Law and Film.” It is about the interface between two these two enormously important subjects. It is suitable for undergraduate and graduate classes or seminars in American studies, criminal justice, political science, film studies, or many other academic programs, as well as in law schools. The course can be taught by anyone interested in law as well as film and television and requires no specialized academic training. This is the third edition of the book which has a new co-author (Jessica M. Silbey) as well as a new publisher (Vandeplas). There is an extensive teacher’s manual to assist instructors. The book provides material on popular culture that may be unfamiliar to most law students, as well as material on law that may be unfamiliar to non-law students. The course is popular wherever it’s offered; students are fluent in the language of popular culture and participate enthusiastically in discussions about law as it appears in film and TV. The book brings to life such law-related subjects as the adversary system, bad lawyers, juries, life of lawyers, and legal education as well as specific legal subjects such as the criminal and civil justice systems, family law, and the death penalty—each of them covered by separate chapters and illustrated by particular films or TV shows. It also discusses culture-related subjects such as film-making technique, censorship, and the economics of film production.
Accounting for Asymmetric Distributions of Na+ and K+ in Red Blood Cells

Chapter 3 traced a reformulation of muscle cell properties from absolute impermeability to Na+ to functional impermeability: active Na+ extrusion balances small inward leaks. Investigators who differed over these properties at the beginning of the decade were in general agreement by the late 1940s. Although all experimental results and interpretations were not smoothly uniform, the qualitative principle was widely accepted. Contributing prominently to the creation of that consensus were parallel studies on red blood cells.
Cytotoxic and Gamma-Delta Subtypes Of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma: A Single Center Experience

Background Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (TCLs) are uncommon neoplasms. TCLs in which gamma-delta T-cell receptors are expressed are extremely aggressive and rare, accounting for less than 1% of lymphoid neoplasms. The two main types of CTLs recognized in the 2008 WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms are hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTL) and primary cutaneous gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma (PCGD-TCL). Although rare, these diseases are associated with an aggressive clinical course, refractoriness to conventional therapies, and poor prognosis. Methods Patients with newly diagnosed cytotoxic or gamma-delta TCLs treated from 2005-2012 were retrospectively identified. Analyses included patient characteristics, clinical presentation, pathology, treatment and outcome. Results Twenty-two patients (11 cutaneous gamma-delta TCL, 5 primary cutaneous aggressive epidermotropic CD8+TCL, 4 hepatosplenic gamma-delta TCL, 2 cytotoxic TCL involving the intestine) were identified. Median age was 48 (range: 18-70), 12% (12/22) were male, and 54.5% (12) presented with B symptoms. Initial therapy included CHOP based chemotherapy in 6, denileukin difititox with CHOP in 5, and single agent denileukin diftitox in 4. One patient died with hemophagocytosis prior to initiation of chemotherapy. Fifteen of 21 pts responded to initial therapy but 10 of 15 required more than one regimen containing either etoposide or gemcitabine to achieve remission. The median number of regimens was 2 (range 0-4). In the salvage setting, two patients had partial responses with romidepsin, one had a PR with pralatrexate and one had a CR after pralatrexate salvage therapy. Thirteen patients underwent stem cell transplantation in first remission: autologous in 5 pts who had no donor, and allogeneic in 8 pts. At a median follow up of 3 years, 60% relapsed, and 14 (63%) are still alive. Of the patients who underwent transplant, one auto pt died from hemophagocytosis, 2 alloBMT patients died from acute GVHD, and 2 alloBMT pts died from disease progression. One alloBMT patient with cutaneous gamma delta TCL relapsed and responded to salvage therapy. Conclusions Cytotoxic and gamma-delta TCLs are rare diseases that have traditionally responded poorly to treatment. In our experience, many patients have a suboptimal response to CHOP alone and require additional therapy to achieve remission. We report a favorable outcome after stem cell transplantation and with implementation of novel agents. Advances in understanding biology and international collaborative efforts are required to improve outcome in these rare entities. Disclosures: Off Label Use: sorafenib in t cell nhl. Foss: merck: Research Funding; spectrum: Research Funding; eisai: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; millenium: Honoraria, Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding; seattle genetics: Research Funding.
Analysis of a coupled system of kinetic equations and conservation laws: Rigorous derivation and existence theory via defect measures

In this paper we introduce a coupled system of kinetic equations of B.G.K. type and then study its hydrodynamic limit. We obtain as a consequence the rigorous derivation and existence theory for a coupled system of kinetic equations and their hydrodynamic (conservation laws) limit. The latter is a particular case of the coupled system of Boltzmann and Euler equations. A fundamental element in this study is the rigorous derivation and justification of the interface conditions between the kinetic model and its hydrodynamic conservation laws limit, which is obtained using a new regularity theory introduced herein.
Radiometric Dating of Ochoan (Permian) Evaporites, Wipp Site, Delaware Basin, New Mexico, Usa

We have attempted radiometric dating of halide-sulfate salts and clay minerals from the Delaware Basin, New Mexico, USA, as part of geochemical study of the stability of the evaporite sequence at the WIPP (Waste Isolation Pilot Plant--a US DOE facility) site. We undertook this dating to determine: (1) primary age of evaporite genesis or time(s) of recrystallization, (2) if previously undated evaporite minerals (leonite, polyhalite, kieserite) give useful data, and (3) if the detrital clay minerals have been radiometrically reset at any time following their incorporation into the evaporite medium. We have shown earlier that polyhalites can indeed be successfully dated by the K-Ar method, and once corrections are applied for admixed halide minerals, dates of 210-230 Ma for the Delaware Basin are obtained. Rb-Sr isochrons from early stage sylvites-polyhalites- anhydrites yield 220 ± 10 Ma, even when some sylvites yield lower K-Ar dates due to l1s of 40Ar*. K-Ar dates on leonites and kieserites are also low due to 40Ar* loss, but their Rb-Sr dates are higher. Detrital clay minerals from the Delaware Basin collectively yield a highly scattered isochron (390 ± 77 Ma), but samples from a local area, such as the WIPP Site, give a much better age of 428 ± 7 Ma. These dates show that the interaction between the clay minerals and the evaporitic brines was insufficient to reset the clay minerals Rb-Sr systematics. In a related study, we note that a dike emplaced into the evaporite at 34 Ma had only very limited effect on the intruded rocks; contact phenomena were all within 2 m of the dike. All of our geochemical (radio-metric and trace element) studies of the WIPP site argue for preservation of the isotopic and chemical integrity of the major minerals for the past 200 Ma.
What Hath Lynn White Wrought

Lynn White’s 1967 article on “The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis” famously blamed Christianity for modern environmental problems. White’s historical analysis viewed Christianity for cultivating a dismissive view toward nature and for embracing technology in a way that resulted in unchecked pollution and extinctions. Since White wrote his article, Christian scholars have accepted the challenge that White’s diagnosis presented. Other nations, perhaps most notably China, have experienced crippling environmental destruction even in the absence of a legacy of Christian thought. More positively, White’s thesis has encouraged a generation of scholars to explore the positive aspects of Christian thought for environmental policy.
Eight years' experience with roentgen diagnosis in gynecology

Abstract 1.1. As proof of a successful Rubin test the subdiaphragmatic meniscus may be demonstrated fluoroscopically and roentgenographically. 2.2. By the use of lipiodol or other radiopaque liquid, the Rubin test may be complemented or supplemented and the result recorded on a roentgen film. This is of value in recording "spill" in cases of tubal patency, in formation of "pearls" in the presence of fluid, and in defining points of tubal obstruction. Uterine cavity abnormalities may also be recorded. The intrauterine instillation of these substances is contraindicated in pregnancy because of the danger of inducing abortion. 3.3. By the use of pneumoperitoneum and suitabe roentgen technic the female pelvic viscera may be clearly visualized on the roentgen film. Any condition altering the size, shape, density or relationship of these organs, as well as tumors, pregnancy, and adhesions can be diagnosed. 4.4. By the use of the two above methods together the maximum information concerning the pelvic organs is obtained. The procedure is a safe and simple one if ordinary care and sufficient time are employed. In my series no accidents or complications have occurred in over 530 cases of pneumoperitoneum and 200 cases in which lipiodol and pneumoperitoneum were combined. 5.5. In settling differences of opinion and as a matter of permanent record of the pelvic status, roentgenograms with these methods are of great value. 6.6. Visualization of the pelvic viscera by roentgen methods has a distinct value in teaching gynecology.
Dielectric, ferroelectric and electric field-induced strain properties of (Pb1-xBax)(Zr1-yTiy)O3 ceramics

Abstract Dielectric, ferroelectric and electric field-induced strain properties of (Pb1-xBax)(Zr1-yTiy)O3 ceramics with 0.15 ≤ x ≤ 0.45 and 0.16 ≤ y ≥ 0.70 were investigated. A wide range of compositions possessing relaxor phase characteristics was found to exist near the boundaries between the ferroelectric rhombohedral, tetragonal and paraelectric cubic phases. Within this compositional range, broadened peaks of dielectric constant as a function of both composition and temperature were identified as well as slim loop hysteresis and frequency-dependent relaxation behavior. Longitudinal field-induced strain for some selected samples and transverse strain for all the compositions studied were determined. Maximum total and differential strains were found in the vicinity of the rhombohedral-tetragonal phase boundary. Optimal values of the differential strain were close to (about 80%) those found in PLZT ceramics. Inside the relaxor phase region the relationship between the strain and electric field (or polar...
Analysis of transverse aeolian ridge profiles derived from HiRISE images of Mars

Photoclinometry was used to analyze selected High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) images of Transverse Aeolian Ridges (TARs) on Mars. Sixty Mars profiles have been assessed and a summary of their morphologic characteristics compiled. Measurements collected quantified the symmetry of the feature, the curvature of the crest, flank slopes, width, height and several comparative ratios. Results show that small TARs have physical characteristics generally similar to measurements obtained from lower resolution images of Mars. The HiRISE image data allow for much improved sampling along each feature; the improved resolution reveals relatively few features not seen in earlier studies, but is well suited for topographic sampling. Measured TAR profiles, when scaled by the width of the feature, can be compared to similarly scaled profiles for terrestrial dunes and megaripples. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
An algorithm for calculating the Nielsen number on surfaces with boundary

Let f: M -M be a self-map of a hyperbolic surface with boundary. The Nielsen number, N(f), depends only on the induced map f# of the fundamental group, which can be viewed as a free group on n generators, al,...,an. We determine conditions for fixed points to be in the same fixed point class and if these conditions are enough to determine the fixed point classes, we say that f# is W-characteristic. We define an algebraic condition on the f# (ai) and show that "most" nmaps satisfy this condition and that all maps which satisfy this condition are W-characteristic. If f# is Wcharacteristic, we present an algorithm for calculating N(f) and prove that the inequality JL(f) x(M)l < N(f) x(M) holds, where L(f) deno-tes the Lefschetz number of f and x(M) the Euler characteristic of M, thus answering in part a question of Jiang and Guo.
Cross-Cultural Issues in Professional Development.

Cross-cultural issues pervade choices made in regard to who gets "developed" professionally, for what end, and in what manner. This article is a case study of professional development in a health and family planning project in Nepal. The case study examines issues of interaction between "developers" and "developees," particularly differences in a fundamental way of thinking, influence of the dominant paradigm and ways and means of collaboration in cross-cultural interaction. The author analyzes cross-cultural collaboration in terms of three paradigms for the teaching/learning process: the technical, the interpretive and the strategic. Choice points are identified that required sensitivity to cross-cultural issues. The article concludes with a look at the impact of professional developmental in "developing" countries the building of a new professional identity in paraprofessionals.
A General Method for Analyzing Resonant and Soft-Charging Operation of Switched-Capacitor Converters

Traditionally, switched-capacitor (SC) converters have suffered from high transient currents, which limit both the efficiency and power density of such converters. Soft-charging operation can be employed to eliminate the current transients and greatly improve the power density of SC converters. In this approach, a second-stage magnetic converter is cascaded with the SC stage to act as a controlled current load. Another approach is to use resonant SC converters with zero-current switching. This paper shows that resonant and soft-charging operations of SC converters are closely related, and a technique will be proposed, which achieves either operation by adding a single inductor to existing SC topologies. In addition, since most preexisting resonant or soft-charging SC converters were devised in an ad-hoc manner, this paper formulates an analytical method that can determine whether an existing conventional SC converter topology is compatible with the proposed approach. A number of common SC topologies are analyzed, including Dickson, series-parallel, ladder, Fibonacci, and doubler configurations. Through comparison to simulated results, as well as experimental work, the proposed method is validated and a family of high-performance SC converters is obtained.
Errors caused by tracer solubility in the measurement of gas phase axial dispersion

Gas phase dispersion studies in bubble columns have been previously analyzed with the axial dispersion model neglecting the solubility of the tracer gas. In the present study, the effect of the solubility of the tracer gas on the accuracy of dispersion measurements is examined using the axial dispersion model with interphase transfer. Expressions for the first and second moments have been derived assuming the liquid phase to be well mixed. These moments are found to be functions of the Stanton number, Peclet number, Henry's constant, ratios of gas to liquid holdups and velocities. It is found that neglecting the interphase transfer can lead to significant deviations from the expected moments, and thus to errors in the Peclet number, even for a relatively insoluble gas like helium in water. Les etudes sur la dispersion de la phase gazeuse dans les colonnes a bulles ont ete jusqu'a present effectuees a l'aide d'un modele de dispersion axiale negligeant la solubilite du traceur gazeux. Dans ce travail, l'effet de la solubilite du traceur gazeux sur la precision des mesures de dispersion est etudie au moyen d'un modele de dispersion axiale avec transfert entre les phases. Les expressions du premier et du deuxieme moments ont ete etablies en considerant que la phase liquide est bien melangee. On a trouve que ces moments etaient fonction du nombre de Stanton, du nombre de Peclet, de la constante d'Henry, des rapports de retentions des gaz a celle des liquides et des vitesse de circulation. Le fait de negliger le transfert entre les phases peut entraǐner des ecarts importants par rapport aux moments prevus et causer ainsi des erreurs dans le nombre de Peclet, měme pour un gaz relativement insoluble, comme l'helium dans l'eau.
Brainstorm, Chainstorm, Cheatstorm, Tweetstorm: new ideation strategies for distributed HCI design

In this paper we describe the results of a design-driven study of collaborative ideation. Based on preliminary findings that identified a novel digital ideation paradigm we refer to as chainstorming, or online communication brainstorming, two exploratory studies were performed. First, we developed and tested a distributed method of ideation we call cheatstorming, in which previously generated brainstorm ideas are delivered to targeted local contexts in response to a prompt. We then performed a more rigorous case study to examine the cheatstorming method and consider its possible implementation in the context of a distributed online ideation tool. Based on observations from these studies, we conclude with the somewhat provocative suggestion that ideation need not require the generation of new ideas. Rather, we present a model of ideation suggesting that its value has less to do with the generation of novel ideas than the cultural influence exerted by unconventional ideas on the ideating team. Thus brainstorming is more than the pooling of "invented" ideas, it involves the sharing and interpretation of concepts in unintended and (ideally) unanticipated ways.
Evidence of short-loop inhibition of decidual prolactin synthesis by decidual proteins: Part I☆

Induction of uterine endometrial prolactin synthesis is dependent on progesterone-induced decidualization of stromal cells. These decidual cells are not dependent on progesterone for continued prolactin synthesis. The factors modifying decidual prolactin synthesis remain largely unknown. To test the hypothesis that a decidual protein is the major modulator of new prolactin synthesis, decidua were cultured within dialysis membranes allowing the accumulation of proteins greater than 12,000 molecular weight in a metabolically neutral environment, and the rate of new synthesis was compared with prolactin synthesis from samples cultured in 10 times the available volume for protein distribution. The rate of new prolactin synthesis at 48-hour intervals up to 144 hours was compared. Initial and postculture decidual prolactin content was obtained and was found not to vary significantly between groups (0.05 less than p less than 0.10). At 48 hours significant suppression of decidual prolactin synthesis was apparent (p less than 0.05) within the dialysis membranes. As prolactin concentration increased during in vitro culture this suppression was enhanced (p less than 0.005). Gel chromatography and immunoprecipitation of iodine 125-labeled prolactin added at time 0 revealed no significant degradation of the 125I-labeled prolactin and maintenance of its immunoactivity even at 144 hours. This confirms that the plateauing of prolactin concentration within the dialysis membranes is due to suppression of new synthesis rather than metabolism of previously synthesized prolactin.
Recent trends in world metal consumption

Abstract This article is an analysis of world consumption of aluminum, copper, lead, nickel, tin, and zinc for the years 1985–1997. It is done to provide a comparison of what has happened over this period with the previously years and past forecasts in order to learn more about world metal consumption trends. The analysis begins by documenting the geographic trends of consumption of these metals for the above years by region and key individual countries. Then, variables based on the intensity‐of‐use hypothesis and the intensity‐of‐use technique are selected and tested against the observed consumption behavior. The results and their implications are discussed. The conclusion is that the metal consumption is very individual across countries and metals, depending on their particular situation, and changes readily over time.
Raman and infrared spectra, conformational stability, vibrational assignment, barriers to internal rotation and ab initio calculations of but-2-enoyl chloride

The Raman (3500–10 cm−1) and infrared (3200–50 cm−1) spectra were recorded for the fluid and solid phases of but-2-enoyl chloride (crotonyl chloride), trans-CH3CHCHCClO, where the methyl group is trans to the CClO group, and a complete vibrational assignment is proposed. These data were interpreted on the basis that the s-trans (anti) form (two double bonds oriented trans to one another) is the most stable form in the fluid phases and the only conformer remaining in the solid state. The asymmetric torsional fundamental of the more stable s-trans and the higher energy s-cis (syn) form were observed at 97.5 and 86.9 cm−1, respectively. From these data the asymmetric potential function governing the internal rotation about the CC bond was determined. The potential coefficients are V1 = −111 ± 2, V2 = 1860 ± 48, V3 = 6 ± 2, V4, = −43 ± 24 and V6 = −22 ± 6. The s-trans to s-cis and s-cis to s-trans barriers were determined to be 1890 and 1785 cm−1, respectively, with an enthalpy difference between the conformers of 105 ± 52 cm−1 [300 ± 149 cal mol−1 (1 cal = 4.184 J)]. Similarly, the barrier governing internal rotation of the CH3 group for the s-trans conformer was also determined to be 912 ± 30 (2.61 ± 0.09 kcal mol−1) from the torsional fundamental observed in the far-infared spectrum of the gas. All these data were compared with the corresponding quantities obtained from ab initio Hartree–Fock gradient calculations employing the RHF/3–21G*, RHF/6–31G* and/or MP2/6–31G* basis sets. These results were compared with the corresponding quantities for some similar molecules.
Host-associated fitness variation in a seed beetle (Coleoptera: Bruchidae): evidence for local adaptation to a poor quality host

The geographic distributions of many generalist herbivores differ from those of their host plants, such that they experience coarse-grained spatial variation in natural selection on characters influencing adaptation to host plants. Thus, populations differing in host use are expected to differ in their ability to survive and grow on these host plants. We examine host-associated variation in larval performance (survivorship, development time, and adult body weight) and oviposition preference, within and between two populations ofStator limbatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) that differ in the hosts available to them in nature. In one population,Acacia greggii (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) andCercidium microphyllum (Fabaceae: Caesalpininoideae) are each abundant, while in the second population onlyC. floridum andC. microphyllum are present. In both populations, egg-to-adult survivorship was less than 50% onC. floridum, while survivorship was greater than 90% onA. greggii. Most of the mortality onC. floridum occurred as larvae were burrowing through the seed coat; very low mortality occurred during penetration of the seed coat ofA. greggii. Significant variation was present between populations, and among families (within populations), in survivorship and egg-to-adult development time onC. floridum; beetles restricted toCercidium in nature, without access toC. floridum, survived better and developed faster onC. floridum than beetles that had access toA. greggii. Large host effects on body size were detected for female offspring: females reared onA. greggii were larger than those reared onC. floridum, whereas male offspring wee approximately the same size regardless of rearing host. Trade-offs between performance onC. floridum andC. floridum were not detected in this experiment. Instead, our data indicate that development time and survivorship onC. floridum may be largely independent of development time and survivorship onA. greggii. Patterns of oviposition preference corresponded to the observed patterns of host suitability: in laboratory preference tests, beetles with access toA. greggii in nature tended to prefer this host more than beetles without access to this host in nature.
Field detection and monitoring of explosives

Detection of explosives in situ is of major importance in several applications: finding hidden explosives in airport luggage and in mail; screening of personnel for concealed explosives; environmental monitoring of explosives-contaminated sites; and, detection of buried landmines. Mobile and hand-held detectors have been developed for the various applications. They can be sub-divided into three classes: vapor and particle detectors; radiation detectors; and, biochemical detectors. An overview of the various explosives detectors and their principles of operation is presented.
Unethical Business Practices in the Foodservice Industry

This article examines how unethical management styles manifest themselves within the restaurant industry in the United States. We look at (a) individual case histories of violations committed against particular foodservice workers and (b) more general patterns of abuse that have arisen throughout the restaurant industry. The effect of slackening regulations and enforcement of labor laws by the Department of Labor, as well as other methods selected by disgruntled employees in an effort to redress abuse on the part of managers when it comes to wages and working conditions, are also examined. The problems of labor abuse in the foodservice industry are a reflection of negative leadership behavior in U.S. business as a whole. Some recommendations are made as possible considerations for solutions to these problems.
Algebraic representations for finite-state machines. II. Module formulation

Abstract We show that finite-state machines can be represented as unique elements of special modules of functions. We obtain a module representation for the machine with the least number of states over a class of equivalent machines. We present a unique factorization of this representation. We construct an array which characterizes all state transitions and is identical for all machines in the equivalence class. Further, we show that the module representation for any finite-state machine is contained in a free submodule, and can be written as a linear combination of elements of submodules obtained from equivalent machine states. Module representations and associated arrays are given for two examples.
Optimal Measurement Allocation Algorithms for Parametric Model Identification of Power Systems

In this paper, we present an optimization algorithm that selects the optimal sets of points for placing phasor measurement units (PMUs) on the transmission lines of a multimachine power system for the purpose of identifying the best model fit for its wide-area swing dynamics. Alternatively, the method can also be viewed as a way to select the optimal set of points at which phasor values should be computed using measurements available from PMUs such that these computed values, also referred to here as pseudo-measurements, can generate the best estimate of the swing model, especially when the measurements are noisy. We pose the identification problem as an equivalent parameter estimation problem for the admittance of each tie-line and the inertia of each machine using phasor measurements of voltage magnitude, phase angle and frequency, corrupted with high-frequency measurement noise. We then formulate the Cramer-Rao bounds (CRBs) for the estimates of these unknown parameters, and show that the bounds are functions of the PMU locations and of the contribution of each measurement variable in the combined output. We finally state the condition for finding the optimal PMU location that guarantees the tightest CRB, and, therefore, the most accurate swing model for the system.
Treatment of hereditary optic neuropathies

The hereditary optic neuropathies are inherited disorders in which optic nerve dysfunction is a prominent feature in the phenotypic expression of disease. Optic neuropathy may be primarily an isolated finding, such as in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and dominant optic atrophy, or part of a multisystem disorder. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the hereditary optic neuropathies involve mitochondrial dysfunction owing to mutations in mitochondrial or nuclear DNA that encodes proteins essential to mitochondrial function. Effective treatments are limited, and current management includes therapies directed at enhancing mitochondrial function and preventing oxidative damage, as well as genetic counselling, and supportive and symptomatic measures. New therapies, including gene therapy, are emerging via animal models and human clinical trials. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, in particular, provides a unique model for testing promising treatments owing to its characteristic sequential bilateral involvement and the accessibility of target tissue within the eye. Lessons learned from treatment of the hereditary optic neuropathies may have therapeutic implications for other disorders of presumed mitochondrial dysfunction. In this Review, the natural history of the common inherited optic neuropathies, the presumed pathogenesis of several of these disorders, and the literature to date regarding potential therapies are summarized.
Disturbed blood flow in the carotid artery: its physiological and clinical significance.

E lasticity in the rubber membranes, rubber tubing, and air transmission systems used in the early clinical studies of the pulse prevented the proper recording of its high frequency (HF) components, so one cannot expect to find evidence of HF abnormalities in this literature. We know of no mention of such abnormalities before 1955, when Smith,’ after improving his apparatus by greatly diminishing the size of his air transmission system, described an HF abnormality in the carotid pulse of a case of aortic stenosis. Smith also performed a very illuminating experiment on this patient: after he increased the size of his air transmission system until it resembled the apparatus used in early work on the pulse, the HF abnormality disappeared and was replaced by the “bisferiens” type of pulse, so often described as characteristic of aortic stenosis in the older literature.2 methods of transmission and recording, provided records in which the HF components of the pulse were much better recorded, and Smith’s finding was soon confirmed in several laboratories.3-7 In this laboratory increasing interest in the cardiac forces and in incoordination of the cardiac contraction led to continued efforts to improve our knowledge of the HF components of the pulse. Thus, since 1959, the pulse derivative has been recorded routinely to bring out HF information and, in 1964, the sensor was shifted from the brachial to the carotid artery to minimize the loss of HF information which occurs as the wave travels down the artery. Since that time, pulse records, containing far more HF information than has been recorded in most other clinical studies of the pulse, have been secured in over 1,000 subjects, both patients and healthy persons. Soon after Smith’s study, the use of rigid Certain of these patients exhibited an apparatus, in conjunction with electrical HF abnormality of the carotid pulse so
Evolution of the 7/2 fractional quantum Hall state in two-subband systems.

We report the evolution of the fractional quantum Hall state (FQHS) at a total Landau level (LL) filling factor of $\ensuremath{\nu}=7/2$ in wide GaAs quantum wells in which electrons occupy two electric subbands. The data reveal subtle and distinct evolutions as a function of density, magnetic field tilt angle, or symmetry of the charge distribution. At intermediate tilt angles, for example, we observe a strengthening of the $\ensuremath{\nu}=7/2$ FQHS. Moreover, in a well with asymmetric change distribution, there is a developing FQHS when the LL filling factor of the symmetric subband ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{S}$ equals $5/2$ while the antisymmetric subband has a filling factor of $1l{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{A}l2$.
Selection Effects and Tests of Repetition (Clustering) in the BATSE 1B Catalog

A “repeater statistic” (derived from the two-point angular correlation function and accounting for location errors) is used to identify constraints on the rate of burst repetition from the BATSE 1B catalog. Because of the anisotropic sky exposure, repeating sources should create additional effects in the large-scale distribution of close burst pairs.
Chipped Stone Technology and the Colonization of the Aleutian Archipelago

Recent research has refined our understanding of the origin and development of the human occupation in the Aleutians through examination of tools and cultural features. Chipped stone technologies, defined by both tools and debitage, can also be used to identify historical and sociopolitical changes based on which technologies are used and how much they are relied upon. Herein, assemblages from recently excavated sites in the western and central Aleutians, dating to ca. 3000 B.P. and 6000 B.P. respectively, are compared to assemblages in the eastern Aleutians, dating between 3000 and 9000 B.P to evaluate whether the record suggests historical continuity or discontinuity. The changes in chipped stone tool manufacture through time that are highlighted by this analysis reveal evidence of population expansions and interactions that occurred in the Aleutians prior to 3000 B.P. Based on the presence of certain technologies, historical continuity is established among the eastern, central, and western Aleutian sites.
Overhauser and Jeffries-Abragam Effect in a Four-Level System

The method of partial distributions is used to compute the normalized population distribution in an electron-nuclear coupled spin system in which I = S = 1/2. The expressions obtained are more general than those reported previously in that they include the effects of competitive relaxation and competitive radiative induced transition probabilities. It is clear that positive and negative enhancement may be obtained either by the Overhauser or the Jeffries-Abragam effect irrespective of the relative magnitudes of the nuclear Zeeman and hyperfine interaction energies. A small enhancement is not necessarily due to incomplete saturation, but may well be the result of compensating emission and absorption.