cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Career Development for Residents and Beyond: Filling in the Gaps

AJR:196, January 2011 Three of these new radiology residents could instantly answer the question, “What specialty and career track do you want to pursue?” However, unless one is like B and has a nepotistic spot reserved even before interpreting the first chest radiograph, few new residents in real life know how best to reach their specific goals or even what they want to do for the three or more decades of their imaging careers. Academic training programs expend tremendous efforts to teach the intricacies of imaging to their residents and fellows, but little time is spent preparing trainees to make vital career-planning decisions. Obviously, they need to learn diagnostic radiology well enough to pass the board examinations. But how should they try to structure their residency experience? What electives should they take? How should they select a faculty mentor? Should they consider spending a month as a volunteer in a developing country? Is being a chief resident worth the time and effort involved? Would undertaking a meaningful research project during residency be of any value for someone who is aiming for a private practice career? How should the undecided resident who enjoys every subspecialty rotation choose a fellowship? Is there a way to determine whether one is better suited for academic radiology or private practice, and is there an easy way to switch from one to another if the first choice does not work out? What qualities does it take to succeed in a busy private practice? What are the qualities that indicate a good private practice, and which features should be a warning to not even consider a practice opportunity? Should one consider being a night or day teleradiologist, or is that merely a sentence of solitary confinement? Is a career in emergency radiology merely a ticket to rapid burnout? What are the potential dangers to the specialty posed by the increasing corporatization of radiology? And what is the Career Development for Residents and Beyond: Filling in the Gaps
Barley Amylose and β-Glucan: Their Relationships to Protein, Agronomic Traits, and Environmental Factors

Amylose and β-glucan are important components of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain. Factors such as seed yield, test weight, seed plumpness, protein content, fi eld location, and seasonal variation may have an effect on β-glucan and amylose concentrations, and therefore, require additional study. Twenty-seven barley cultivars and advanced lines with varying levels of β-glucan (4–9%) and amylose (6–27%) were grown in 2004 and 2005 in replicated plots at three locations in Idaho to evaluate agronomic traits and genotype × environment interactions. Seed yield, test weight, percentage of plump kernels, β-glucan percentage, amylose/amylopectin ratio, and protein percentage were measured for seed samples from all plots. Estimates of variance components showed that about 49% of the variability in β-glucan concentration and about 48% in amylose starch levels can be attributed to year, location, year × location, and their interactions with genotype. Amylose was found to be negatively correlated with protein and β-glucan content but was positively, though weakly, correlated with seed yield and test weight; β-glucan was positively correlated with protein and percentage plump kernels but showed a weak negative correlation with seed yield. A. Hang, D. Obert. and C.S. Burton, USDA-ARS, Small Grains and Potato Germplasm Research Unit, 1691 S. 2700 W., Aberdeen, ID 83210; and A.I.N. Gironella, Mathematics Dep., Idaho State Univ., Pocatello, ID 83209. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specifi c information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDA. Received 27 June
The Interferon-Inducible, Double-Stranded RNA-Specific Adenosine Deaminase Gene (DSRAD) Maps to Human Chromosome 1q21.1–21.2

The interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase is an RNA-modifying enzyme implicated in the generation of biased hypermutations of viral RNAs and the site-selective editing of mammalian mRNAs of neural origin. The gene for the dsRNA-specific adenosine deaminase has been mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of genomic clones to a single locus on human chromosome 1 bands q21.1-21.2. Simultaneous multicolor FISH including X clones and yeast artificial chromosomes showed a localization of the gene in band 1q21 centromeric of D1S1705. 22 refs., 1 fig.
Goal programming sensitivity analysis using interval penalty weights

This paper presents an application of the vector-maximum research [4–8] to the sensitivity analysis of goal programming problems as several of the criterion function penalty weights are simultaneously and independently varied. A generalized goal programming capability is presented and a six-stage analytic procedure is described. The problem is generalized in the sense that the regular goal programming penalty weights can be expanded to intervals if desired. The solution procedure is new in that it depends upon an algorithm for the vector-maximum problem, “criterion cone” contraction procedures, and “filtering” techniques. Together they are able to generate and process all extreme points on the portion of the surface of the goal programming “augmented” feasible region corresponding to the interval penalty weights specified. In effect, the procedure and adapted algorithm of this paper delivers to goal programming an operational power of sensitivity analysis not previously available to users. A numerical example is provided in order to illustrate the computerized application of the total goal programming procedure outlined.
Integral equations and initial value problems for nonlinear differential equations of fractional order

Abstract We discuss the solvability of integral equations associated with initial value problems for a nonlinear differential equation of fractional order. The differential operator is the Caputo fractional derivative and the inhomogeneous term depends on the fractional derivative of lower orders. We obtain the existence of at least one solution for integral equations using the Leray–Schauder Nonlinear Alternative for several types of initial value problems. In addition, using the Banach contraction principle, we establish sufficient conditions for unique solutions. Our approach in obtaining integral equations is the “reduction” of the fractional order of the integro-differential equations based on certain semigroup properties of the Caputo operator.
Dual-energy CT iodine overlay technique for characterization of renal masses as cyst or solid: a phantom feasibility study

The aim of this study was to assess the ability of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) to classify phantom renal lesions as cysts or enhancing masses. Six cylinders ranging in diameter from 0.5 to 3.0 cm were filled with distilled water or titrated iodinated contrast solutions with CT attenuation values at 120 kVp of 0 Hounsfield units (HU) for a cyst proxy or 10, 20, or 40 HU to represent enhancing masses. These were placed in a 12-cm-diameter renal phantom containing pureed beef mixed with iodinated contrast medium to simulate enhancing renal parenchyma of 100 and 250 HU and submerged within a 28-cm water bath. These combinations produced 48 individual phantom renal lesions of differing sizes, internal and parenchymal enhancement (12 cysts and 36 enhancing masses). DECT using 80 and 140 kVp was performed on a dual-source CT scanner. Commercial software created a color-encoded overlay indicating the location of iodine within the phantom. The lesions were individually graded as a cyst or enhancing mass by blinded, consensus interpretation of two genitourinary radiologists. Thirty-five of 36 enhancing masses and 10/12 cysts were correctly identified, equating to a sensitivity and specificity of 97% (95% CI 84-100%) and 83% (95% CI 51-97%), respectively. All lesions of 20- and 40-HU enhancement and 92% of 10-HU lesions were identified correctly. In a phantom model, the DECT iodine overlay technique is highly sensitive in detecting enhancing renal masses. Refinement of the technique remains necessary to improve specificity. If validated in patients, this may obviate the need for unenhanced acquisitions for renal mass characterization.
Inactivation of Campylobacter jejuni by high hydrostatic pressure

Aims: To investigate the response of Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 35919 and 35921 to high pressure processing (HPP) while suspended in microbiological media and various food systems. Methods and Results: Campylobacter jejuni 35919 and 35921 were subjected to 10-min pressure treatments between 100 and 400 MPa at 25°C suspended in Bolton broth, phosphate buffer (0·2 m, pH 7·3), ultra-high temperature (UHT) whole milk, UHT skim milk, soya milk and chicken puree. The survivability of C. jejuni was further investigated by inoculated pack studies. HPP at 300–325 MPa for 10 min at 25°C was sufficient to reduce viable numbers of both strains to below detectable levels when cells were pressurized in Bolton broth or phosphate buffer. All food products examined offered a protective effect in that an additional 50–75 MPa was required to achieve similar levels of inactivation when compared with broth and buffer. Inoculated pack studies showed that the survivability of C. jejuni following pressurization improved with decreasing post-treatment storage temperature. Significance and Impact of the Study: These data demonstrated that HPP at levels of ≤400 MPa, can inactivate C. jejuni in both model and food systems.
Improving The Computational Efficiency Of Non-Dynamical Approaches For Equilibrium Sampling Of All-Atom Protein Models

We have been pursuing non-dynamical sampling methods which employ pre-calculation and storage of partial results, but limited energy calls during “production” sampling. Specifically, we have been using polymer-growth strategies to sample implicitly solvated all-atom polypeptides. Our original implementation was not efficient compared to standard Langevin dynamics (LD) simulations. We now describe a variety of technical advances - mostly in implementation, rather than in the algorithm - which have led to unprecedented efficiency compared to LD for several polypeptides. The efficiency comparison was performed using a novel statistical tool developed in our group.
Minimum Water Requirements for Creeping, Colonial, and Velvet Bentgrasses under Fairway Conditions

Knowledge of water use requirements of various grass species is important for identifying grasses that persist with reduced water inputs and also for developing efficient irrigation management practices. This study was designed to examine minimum water requirements for maintaining acceptable quality fairways established to creeping (Agrostis stolonifera L.), colonial (A. capillaris L.) and velvet (A. canina L.) bentgrasses. Field experiments were conducted from July to November in 2002 and 2003. Plots were irrigated at four levels of irrigation on the basis of the percentage of actual evapotranspiration determined with minilysimeters (ETa): 100, 80, 60, and 40% ETa replacement. Turf performance was evaluated by measuring visual turf quality (TQ), canopy spectral parameters, canopy photosynthetic rates (Pn), and soil moisture status. Results generally demonstrated that irrigating at 100% ETa was not necessary to maintain acceptable TQ and physiological processes and that the minimum water requirements depended on species and time of year. Colonial bentgrass required irrigating at 80 to 100% ETa, while creeping and velvet bentgrasses required 60 to 80% ETa to maintain acceptable turf performance in the summer of 2002. During the summer treatment period in 2003, however, irrigating at 60% ETa was sufficient for all three species. Irrigating at 40% ETa in the fall treatment period in both 2002 and 2003 was sufficient to maintain acceptable TQ, canopy Pn, and comparable canopy growth parameters to plots receiving 100% ETa. The results from this study demonstrate the potential for significant water and monetary savings by utilizing deficit irrigation practices on bentgrass species used for golf course fairways.
A Multiscale Nonhydrostatic Atmospheric Model Using Centroidal Voronoi Tesselations and C-Grid Staggering

AbstractThe formulation of a fully compressible nonhydrostatic atmospheric model called the Model for Prediction Across Scales–Atmosphere (MPAS-A) is described. The solver is discretized using centroidal Voronoi meshes and a C-grid staggering of the prognostic variables, and it incorporates a split-explicit time-integration technique used in many existing nonhydrostatic meso- and cloud-scale models. MPAS can be applied to the globe, over limited areas of the globe, and on Cartesian planes. The Voronoi meshes are unstructured grids that permit variable horizontal resolution. These meshes allow for applications beyond uniform-resolution NWP and climate prediction, in particular allowing embedded high-resolution regions to be used for regional NWP and regional climate applications. The rationales for aspects of this formulation are discussed, and results from tests for nonhydrostatic flows on Cartesian planes and for large-scale flow on the sphere are presented. The results indicate that the solver is as acc...
Improved Load Transfer in Nanotube/Polymer Composites with Increased Polymer Molecular Weight†

Mechanical interactions between amorphous polymers and nanofillers were probed by measuring the tensile moduli of nanocomposite fibers with aligned single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and carbon nanofibers (CNF). Polymer chains provide better load transfer and thereby higher tensile moduli when the polymer size is large relative to the diameter of the filler. The specific interfacial area of the filler is not sufficient to explain this observed increase in elastic modulus. The effective modulus of SWNT bundles was ∼250 GPa, as calculated using a short fiber model.
A long wave approximation to peristaltic motion

Peristaltic motion of viscous incompressible fluid, applying long wave approximation to two dimensional urine flow model
Butorphanol Tartrate for Partial Reversal of Oxymorphone-Induced Postoperative Respiratory Depression in the Dog

A randomized, blinded, crossover study was designed to evaluate the respiratory, cardiovascular, and behavioral effects of butorphanol given postoperatively to oxymorphone-premedicated and surgically stimulated dogs. Nine healthy adult dogs were premedicated intramuscularly with atropine (0.04 mg/kg), acepromazine (0.10 mg/kg), and oxymorphone (0.2 mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced with thiamylal (12 mg/kg) and maintained with halothane in oxygen. According to the protocol of a concurrent study, all dogs had percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) feeding tubes placed during the first anesthetic episode and removed during the second anesthetic episode. All dogs received postoperatively either butorphanol tartrate (0.2 mg/kg) or an isovolumetric dose of saline placebo, both given intravenously. Respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (TV), minute ventilation (MV), end-tidal CO2 concentration (ETCO2), heart rate (HR), and indirect diastolic (DP), systolic (SP) and mean arterial (MAP) blood pressures were measured at times 0, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 120 minutes after injection. The time from injection of the test drug until extubation was recorded. RR, MV, HR, and DP were significantly (P < .05) increased, while ETCO2 was significantly decreased, for a minimum of 30 minutes in butorphanol-treated dogs compared with saline controls. TV, SP, and MAP were transiently (< or = 15 minutes) increased in butorphanol-treated dogs compared with saline controls. There was no significant difference between the times to extubation in the butorphanol-treated dogs versus the saline control dogs.
An Energy Release Rate Approach For Stable Crack Growth in the Free-Edge Delamination Problem

An experimental and analytical study was conducted to examine the free-edge delamination mode of failure in a (±30/±30/90/90)S Boron/ Epoxy laminate. The initiation and stable growth of the delamination for static tension loading conditions were identified using ultrasonic tech niques. A finite element representation for the test specimen was con structed using conventional elements. The interlaminar stress distribution at the laminate midplane was found to be in agreement with published results. The finite element representation was used to model the initiation and stable growth of the delamination. An applied force versus longitudinal strain curve was obtained from the model based on the data for the longi tudinal strain versus the extent of the delamination. The applied force versus longitudinal strain curve obtained from the model was between the two sets of data obtained from the specimens. The model also predicted the strain level at which the laminate showed a marked decrease in stiff ness. Energy ...
The atoms of integer programming

After thirty years of doing other things, I am once again doing some research on integerprogramming. It has been interesting and exciting for me to see what has changed duringthose thirty years.The practical side of integer programming has developed far more than I would haveever anticipated. Problems of a size and complexity that we would never have thought ofattempting thirty years ago are being done routinely. And this has been accomplished notby some theoretical or conceptual breakthrough (the branch and cut methods generally usedare fundamentally the same as before) but by the intelligent and persistent use of empiricalmethodsandempiricallearning.Addedtothis,ofcourse,is30yearsofprogressinelectronics,which is worth another improvement factor of roughly 1000 in performance.On the theoretical side there is continued interest in special problems: the traveling sales-man problem, for example, is very much alive and well, as are many graph theory problems.There is a large gap between the work on special problems and the work on large practicalproblems. The type of discourse in these two areas is quite different. One area deals in largetest problems and how they run, the other is much more theoretical.
A modified model and algorithm for flow-enhanced crystallization—Application to fiber spinning

A modified version of the two-phase flow-induced crystallization model of Doufas et al. (J Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech 2000, 92, 27) for melt spinning of polymeric fibers is presented to address three issues: (1) discontinuities generated due to the imposition of continuation conditions at the crystallization onset at Tmo; (2) excessive strength of the flow enhancement component coupling the total extra stress tensor invariant to the crystallization kinetics; and (3) Avrami isotherms used. The modified model provides seamless, two-phase predictions for all-state variables in the fiber-spinning process and significantly reduces discontinuities. Moreover, a new component for the flow-induced crystallization rate and Avrami crystallization rate isotherms increase the predictive capability of the model. Quantitative prediction of the velocity, stress, temperature, density (or crystallinity), and birefringence profiles are demonstrated for Nylon 66 and PET melts for a variety of process conditions, including predictions of quenched-sample density profiles and the take-up speed dependence of as-spun fiber density. The new algorithm, assisted by the coupling model, provides a more efficient and robust convergence of steady-state calculations and has been tested to predict spinning phenomena up to spin speeds of 9000 m/min. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3240–3254, 2006
Behavior of microbial aerosols in a −30°C environment

Summary It has been observed that low temperatures (−30°C) did not affect viability of certain microbial aerosols. Aerosols of Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores, generated and held for 5 hrs at −30°C in an atmosphere approaching 100% RH exhibited viability similar to that produced and maintained under ambient conditions. In mixed aerosols of B. subtilis spores and a Flavobacterium species, the latter manifested an aerosol survival equal to that observed with the resistant spore forms. A reliable vegetative biological tracer for studies of microbial serosols would fill a current void; this Flavobacterium would appear to have that potential.
Hybrid organic–inorganic membranes from size exclusion deposition of fluorescent, octylene-bridged polysilsesquioxane particles

Abstract Hybrid organic–inorganic membranes were prepared by size exclusion deposition of fluorescent, octylene-bridged polysilsesquioxanes (OBP) nanoparticles onto ceramic membrane supports. Acid-catalyzed, sol-gel polymerization of 1,8-bis(triethoxysilyl)octane (BESO) was shown by dynamic light and scattering electron microscopy to afford spherical nanoparticles that, after 3–4 weeks, were sufficiently large enough to block the pores in porous, ceramic membranes with a 1.5 nm cut-off. The OBP particles were deposited by drawing a low concentration sol through the ceramic membrane. The OBP particles blocked the pores with an intractable, tightly packed layer 3 μm in thickness. The efficacy of size exclusion deposition was verified by incorporation of small amounts of a fluorescent, dansyl co-monomer into the particles and inspection of the membrane cross section by confocal fluorescence microscopy.
Respiratory centers in the dog and squirrel monkey: a comparative study.

Abstract The brain stems of squirrel monkeys and dogs were explored for respiratory structures by the techniques of focal stimulation and focal recording. The focal stimulation technique applied to the squirrel monkeys revealed two areas that yield maximal respiratory responses with threshold intensity of stimulation: one area is located within the limits of the medulla oblongata and the other within the dorsal part of the pons. In dogs, only the medullary area gave maximal respiratory responses (except for two expiratory responses in the pons of one animal). By focal recording, numerous respiratory neurons were found in the medulla of both species, but the same technique failed to disclose any such neurons in the pons of either. It was concluded that the dorsal pons of the squirrel monkey probably plays a more active role in the control of respiration than its counterpart in the dog.
Dinkelbach's algorithm as an efficient method to solve a class of MINLP models for large-scale cyclic scheduling problems

Abstract In this paper we consider the solution methods for mixed-integer linear fractional programming (MILFP) models, which arise in cyclic process scheduling problems. We first discuss convexity properties of MILFP problems, and then investigate the capability of solving MILFP problems with MINLP methods. Dinkelbach's algorithm is introduced as an efficient method for solving large-scale MILFP problems for which its optimality and convergence properties are established. Extensive computational examples are presented to compare Dinkelbach's algorithm with various MINLP methods. To illustrate the applications of this algorithm, we consider industrial cyclic scheduling problems for a reaction–separation network and a tissue paper mill with byproduct recycling. These problems are formulated as MILFP models based on the continuous time Resource-Task Network (RTN). The results show that orders of magnitude reduction in CPU times can be achieved when using this algorithm compared to solving the problems with commercial MINLP solvers.
Pulsatile growth hormone secretion in patients with acromegaly and normal men: the effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone infusion.

Twenty-four GH secretory patterns were studied before and during continuous infusions of GHRH in six patients with active acromegaly and in six normal adult men. GH release was episodic in both groups. Control subjects showed a normal diurnal variation in GH release, with the majority of GH released at night (2200–0800 h); mean levels were 1.5 ± 0.4 (SE) ng/mL (day) and 4.2 ± 0.8 ng/mL (night). Acromegalics had no diurnal variation in GH; levels were 45.3 ± 13.7 ng/mL (day) and 39.8 ± 12.2 ng/mL (night). Acromegalics demonstrated an increased frequency of GH pulses compared to normals (11.8 ± 0.8 vs. 2.2 ± 0.3/24 h). During continuous 24-h infusions of GHRH, the normal subjects continued to show a diurnal variation in GH release, but GH pulse frequency increased to a rate (11.7 ± 1.4 pulses/24 h) very similar to that of the patients with acromegaly. In contrast, GHRH infusion did not alter the GH pulse frequency in the acromegalics. GHRH increased the mean levels of GH in both groups (patients 80.2 ± 20.3...
Deconditioning in patients with orthostatic intolerance

Objective: To study the frequency and degree of deconditioning, clinical features, and relationship between deconditioning and autonomic parameters in patients with orthostatic intolerance. Methods: We retrospectively studied all patients seen for orthostatic intolerance at Mayo Clinic between January 2006 and June 2011, who underwent both standardized autonomic and exercise testing. Results: A total of 184 patients (84 with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome [POTS] and 100 without orthostatic tachycardia) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of these, 89% were women, and median age was 27.5 years (interquartile range [IQR] 22–37 years). Symptom duration was 4 years (IQR 2–7.8). Of the patients, 90% had deconditioning (reduced maximum oxygen uptake [VO2max%] Conclusion: Reduced VO2max% consistent with deconditioning is present in almost all patients with orthostatic intolerance and may play a central role in pathophysiology. This finding provides a strong rationale for retraining in the treatment of orthostatic intolerance. None of the autonomic indices are reliable predictors of deconditioning.
Dictionary buildup and stability of word frequency in a specialized medical area

This is a report of word usage in radiological (x-ray) patient records as found in a 5% sample of the annual case load at UAMC including 100,000 words. Records were taken exactly as dictated. The study is part of an effort to develop an IR system for patient data. The system “autocodes” (automatically stores) the physician's dictated findings and diagnoses in such a fashion that they can be retrieved again automatically. Some of our findings approximate results reported in the literature. For example, the rate of introduction of new different words levels off to about 2,500 words when 40,000 to 50,000 words of text have been analyzed. However, unclassified words continue to occur at a significant level of almost 2% at the 100,000 word level, with a 1% noise level. Attempts to establish the rank order of words beyond the first several hundred have failed because about 70% of the words appear to occur with such a low relative frequency (no more than one time in 10,000). Thus, establishing files by rank order appears impractical, even though filter lists (discard words) by rank groups (words with nearly the same relative frequency) are quite practical. Additional data are presented and design implications are discussed.
Channel characterization and modeling for Ka-band very small aperture terminals

An increasing number of commercial applications are being promoted for future Ka-band satellite communication systems. Many of these systems will involve low-margin very small aperture terminals (VSATs). These systems are subject to important atmospheric propagation degradations that affect the quality of transmission and the link availability. The objective of this paper is to characterize the Ka-band channel and evaluate the performance degradation in VSATs resulting from atmospheric propagation, impairments. In particular microwave propagation through a turbulent atmosphere is discussed, and the statistical characterization and modeling of tropospheric scintillation is reviewed. Moreover, the paper extends the method proposed by Filip and Vilar (1990) for the long-term characterization and modeling of the combined effect of rain impairments and scintillation. Specifically, the increase in noise temperature during rain events is added to the Filip-Vilar model. This leads to a five-parameter global fading distribution that is used to predict typical Ka-band satellite link outage time, the mathematical formalism is illustrated by applying the method to the selected case of the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS)-Georgia Tech experimental downlink. Numerical results confirm that both rain impairments and scintillation are important factors in the design of Ka-band VSAT systems.
Study of Percolation in PMMA / Indium Tin Oxide Composites

Knowledge of percolation in binary composites is critical to the development of new materials with specific electrical and optical properties. This report investigates the detection of percolation in novel two-phase composites consisting of poly(methyl) methacrylate(PMMA) and indium tin oxide (ITO). ITO is a filler of particular interest primarily for possessing optical clarity consistent with PMMA in the visible light range. AC impedance measurements were performed on specimens with varying concentrations of ITO particles to determine the percolation threshold. Percolation was observed when specimens contained 2-3% vol. of nano- sized ITO and 6%-8% vol. of coarse-sized ITO. Thus, the percolation threshold appeared significantly decreased with reduced particle size of the filler. It is speculated that minor agglomerates in the bulk of the specimens may have prevented percolation from occurring at even lower volume fractions of the filler phase.
Does Class Arbitration "Change the Nature" of Arbitration? Stolt-Nielsen, AT&T and a Return to First Principles

In Stolt-Nielsen S.A. v. AnimalFeeds International Corp., the United States Supreme Court stated that class arbitration “changes the nature of arbitration,” an idea that was also reflected in the Supreme Court’s subsequent decision in AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion. Certainly class proceedings do not resemble the traditional view of arbitration as a swift, simple and pragmatic bilateral procedure with few witnesses, documents or formalities, but do these types of large-scale disputes violate the fundamental nature of the arbitral procedure? This article answers that question by considering the jurisprudential nature of arbitration and determining whether and to what extent class arbitration fails to meet the standards necessary for a process to qualify as “arbitration.” During the course of the discussion, the article analyzes the ways in which class arbitration differs from other forms of multiparty arbitration and investigates whether a form of “quasi-arbitration” is in the process of developing as a means of responding to the demands of class proceedings.
Quantitative shale characterization of the tidally influenced Sego Sandstone

Vertical permeability is a critical parameter to estimate when modeling tidally influenced deltaic successions. The Campanian Sego Sandstone, in the Book Cliffs of Utah, is an outcrop analog for tidal systems with primary reservoirs being deposited as tidal bars in both confined and unconfined settings. A simple sand-shale model was used to quantify the effective vertical permeability using the shale character of the Sego Sandstone. Shale lengths, widths, thicknesses, and frequencies were measured from high-resolution light detection and ranging point clouds. Shales in confined tidal bars are approximately three times as long (mean, 16.3 m [53.5 ft]) and as wide (mean, 5.52 m [18.1 ft]). Within unconfined tidal bars, shales are roughly equidimensional (mean length, 18.6 m [61.0 ft]; mean width, 18.3 m [60.0 ft]). The different shale dimensions of confined and unconfined tidal bars result in different effective vertical permeability distributions, indicating that these two bar types behave differently under conditions of fluid flow. In analogous reservoirs, composed primarily of tidal bars, it is essential to differentiate and map confined and unconfined tidal environments.
Aqueous solubilization of hydrophobic supramolecular metal–organic nanocapsules

Micelles of metal-seamed C-propylpyrogallol[4]arene-based [(PgC3)nM4nL0–4n, L = ligand, M = metal] hexamers and dimers in water have been formulated using non-ionic surfactants and characterized using in situ scattering techniques. Polysorbitans (tween 20, tween 40, tween 80) are utilized to solubilize (PgC3)6Cu24 and (PgC3)6Ni24L24 hexamers, (PgC3)2Ni8L8, (PgC3)2Zn8L8, and (PgC3)2Co8L8 dimers in water. The dimensions of micelles of tweens⊂(PgC3)nM4nL0–4n dimers and hexamers are studied using dynamic light scattering (DLS; hydrodynamic radius/Rh) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). SANS data is fitted to a polydisperse core–shell–sphere model (static radius/RHS) and used to calculate the radius of gyration (Rg). An increase in radius of the tween 20 (C12)- and tween 40 (C16)-based micelles is observed with an increase in the radius of the nanocapsule (dimer vs. hexamer); however, given the longer alkyl tails of tween 80 (C18:1, cis-9), a progression in radius is not observed for tween 80-enclosed micelles due to the unsaturation (C9) and bent alkyl tail of the surfactant. The Rg : Rh ratios are close to 0.77 for the control (0.62), tween 20⊂dimeric (0.67) and tween 20⊂hexameric (0.68) micelles that demonstrates the sphericity of micelles in water. In contrast, the higher Rg/Rh ratio (0.76 to 0.93) of tween 80-based micelles is indicative of more elongated micellar species in aqueous solution.
Liquid−Liquid Phase Transition in Confined Water: A Monte Carlo Study‡

Amorphous solid water displays two distinct phases, low density amorphous ice (LDA) and high density amorphous ice (HDA) that transform into each other via a first order phase transition. 1 Recently, it has been proposed that the transition line between these known phases can be extrapolated to higher temperatures into the metastable liquid region of the phase diagram, raising the intriguing possibility of the coexistence of two liquid phases and of the existence of a second critical point in the metastable liquid. 2 This “liquid-liquid phase transition” scenario has been supported by computer simulations with various effective interaction potentials, specifically with the ST2, 2,3 TIP4P, 2,4 and the SPC/E 5 potentials. Also, it has been shown that simple lattice models of water 6 as well as simplified spherically symmetric soft core potentials 7 and mean field approaches 8 can display a liquid-liquid-phase transition. Experimental evidence for the existence of the second critical point is difficult to obtain, since the strong nucleation tendency in the region of the phase diagram, where the second critical point might be found, makes it impossible to keep water in the liquid state. 9
Using customized rate-coding and recruitment strategies to maintain forces during repetitive activation of human muscles.

Background and Purpose: During functional electrical stimulation (FES), clinicians typically increase stimulation intensity to offset fatigue and maintain functional levels of force production. However, recent studies have suggested that increasing the stimulation frequency is an effective strategy for overcoming fatigue during FES. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 5 stimulation strategies on maintaining forces during repetitive isometric muscle activation. Subjects and Methods: The right quadriceps femoris muscles of 12 subjects with no history of lower-extremity orthopedic, neurological, or vascular problems were tested. The 5 stimulation strategies were: progressively increasing the frequency, progressively increasing the intensity, and 3 combination protocols that first increased the intensity and then increased the frequency. The only difference among the 3 combination protocols was the starting frequency used in each protocol (20, 30, or 40 Hz). For all protocols, the stimulation frequency or intensity was increased progressively every time the peak force declined more than 10% from a targeted force level. The specific step increases in frequency or intensity were customized for each subject. A contraction was defined as successful when its peak force exceeded 90% of the targeted force level. Results: The results showed that progressively increasing only the frequency produced 59% more successful contractions than progressively increasing only the intensity. In addition, the combination stimulation protocol that began with 30-Hz trains produced the most successful contractions (mean=1,205 contractions; 35%–74% more than the other 4 protocols tested). Discussion and Conclusions: The results suggest that increasing the stimulation intensity and then the frequency is the best strategy to maintain muscle performance and could help clinicians design optimal stimulation protocols to use for each patient during FES.
Primary Stenting of Subclavian and Innominate Artery Occlusive Disease: A Single Center’s Experience

Purpose: To review immediate and midterm results of primary stenting for innominate and subclavian artery occlusive lesions.
Probing the folding of mini-protein Beta3s by two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy; simulation study

We propose to use infrared coherent two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCS) to characterize the folding mechanism of the mini-protein Beta3s. In this study Beta3s was folded by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and intermediate conformational ensembles were identified. The one and two-dimensional correlation spectrum was calculated for the intermediate and native states of the mini-protein. A direct structure-spectra relationship was determined by analysis of conformational properties and specific residue contributions. We identified the structural origin of diagonal and off-diagonal peaks in the 2DCS spectra for the native and intermediate conformational ensembles in the folding mechanism. This work supports the implementation of computational techniques in conjunction with experimental 2DCS to study the folding mechanism of proteins. In addition to exploring the folding mechanism the work presented here can be applied in combination with experiment to refine and validate current molecular dynamics force fields.
NF-ATp: a transcription factor required for the co-ordinate induction of several cytokine genes☆

The transcription factor NF-ATp is a target in activated T cells for the calcium-regulated phosphatase calcineurin, and is therefore a secondary target for the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A and FK506. Here, Anjana Rao describes how NF-ATp cooperates with Fos- and Jun-family proteins to mediate transcription of the interleukin 2 gene, and how it may participate in the calcium-dependent transcription of other cytokine genes in several types of immune-system cells.
Pebble surface textures

An electron microscope examination of beach and glacial pebbles suggests that these two environments do not impress distinctively different textures on pebble surfaces. A detailed study of the surface textures of beach pebbles indicates that the size reduction is predominantly an abrasional rather than solutional process. The three textural features noted, flat planar surfaces, pits, and arc-shaped fractures, were characterized by an abundance of mechanical breakage blocks slightly modified by solution. All three textural types were experimentally duplicated.
Recovery Following Desflurane Versus Sevoflurane Anesthesia for Outpatient Urologic Surgery in Elderly Females

Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS-M) and Memory Aging Telephone Screen (MATS) was used on the following day of surgery. Results: Trail Making Test Part B cognitive test showed statistically significant in comparison for pre and post exposure of anesthetics. This difference was seen in the desflurane group. Other cognitive tests did not show differences on exposure to the anesthetic gases. Conclusions: This study questioned the difference between volatile anesthetic agent’s effects on patients completing a battery of neurocognitive tests attempting to answer if one agent has a more profound effect. Our study shows no statistically significant cognitive decline except for those in the Trail Making Part B in the Desflurane group. This conclusion is limited by the inherent limitations of the study, but does reinforce that the systemic inflammatory response from the surgery contributes cognitive impairment.
Asymptotically robust quantization for detection

The problem of designing quantizer-detectors whose performance is insensitive to small deviations in noise statistics is considered. The problem is approached on a small-signal asymptotic basis using the Huber-Tukey [1] contaminated density class to model the noise. By applying a formulation originally noted by Martin and Schwartz, it is shown that the proposed robust quantizer has properties exhibited by established robust procedures. As an example, results are presented for the case of contaminated Gaussian noise for various degrees of contamination.
Are Genome Evolution, Organism Complexity and Species Diversity Linked?

Fishes represent an extremely diverse group of vertebrates with a deeply rooted evolutionary history. An understanding of their biology is being enriched by advancements in phylogenetic analysis and genomics, which are providing the framework for deciphering their evolutionary relationships and the molecular details that govern their evolution. Recent discoveries about the structure and function of fish genomes suggest the occurrence of large-scale genome level duplications within the stem lineage of the Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes). However, little is understood about the effects, if any, of this event in relation to organismal complexity or species diversity. In this manuscript, I propose a hypothesis to test whether there is a likely relationship linking vertebrate genomes, organisms and species diversity. In so doing, I discuss the problems inherent in defining the complexity of genomes and organisms and provide simplifying assumptions that enable a preliminary test of the hypothesis. Results of this test suggest the likelihood of linkage between large-scale genome changes and organismal complexity early in vertebrate evolution but not in the evolution of the ray-finned fishes. A particularly interesting implication of the results is that there may be a limit to the effects of genome level duplications on organismal complexity and species diversity.
A Model for Designing Generic Services

This paper describes a model for capturing service designs and the design of service product lines. The model promotes reuse of service artifacts, enables a balanced view of the service from different stakeholder viewpoints, and provides a foundation for design for service quality. The model leverages a phased approach to design, engineering and management of services. The model has applicability throughout the service lifecycle and provides a standardized vocabulary and structure for designing and maintaining generic services, irrespective of the domain of application.
Melting Lizards and Crying Mailboxes: Children's Preferential Recall of Minimally Counterintuitive Concepts

Previous research with adults suggests that a catalog of minimally counterintuitive concepts, which underlies supernatural or religious concepts, may constitute a cognitive optimum and is therefore cognitively encoded and culturally transmitted more successfully than either entirely intuitive concepts or maximally counterintuitive concepts. This study examines whether children's concept recall similarly is sensitive to the degree of conceptual counterintuitiveness (operationalized as a concept's number of ontological domain violations) for items presented in the context of a fictional narrative. Seven- to nine-year-old children who listened to a story including both intuitive and counterintuitive concepts recalled the counterintuitive concepts containing one (Experiment 1) or two (Experiment 2), but not three (Experiment 3), violations of intuitive ontological expectations significantly more and in greater detail than the intuitive concepts, both immediately after hearing the story and 1 week later. We conclude that one or two violations of expectation may be a cognitive optimum for children: They are more inferentially rich and therefore more memorable, whereas three or more violations diminish memorability for target concepts. These results suggest that the cognitive bias for minimally counterintuitive ideas is present and active early in human development, near the start of formal religious instruction. This finding supports a growing literature suggesting that diverse, early-emerging, evolved psychological biases predispose humans to hold and perform religious beliefs and practices whose primary form and content is not derived from arbitrary custom or the social environment alone.
Spin-labeled polyuridylic acid. Formation of an intermediate structure.

Temperature-dependent conformational transitions of spin-labeled poly(U) at low temperature in spermidine and cesium chloride buffer have been measured by electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The Arrhenius plot shows the existence of the order-disorder transition at a temperature close to that obtained from absorbance temperature profiles. However, in addition the formation of an intermediate state is observed during the melting of the ordered poly(U) to its random coil.
Resilience of all-optical network architectures under in-band crosstalk attacks: a probabilistic graphical model approach

An important question for secure all-optical networks (AONs) is how to incorporate security against attacks in the design and engineering of network architectures. In this work, we study the resilience of AON architectures under in-band crosstalk attacks. Crosstalk attack propagation depends on both optical devices at the physical layer and wavelength usage at the network layer. This motivates us to employ probabilistic graphical models to model attack propagation. At the physical layer, we use a directed probabilistic graph (Bayesian Belief Network) to model the attack propagation under static network traffic and a given source of attack. At the network layer, we use an undirected probabilistic graph to represent the probability distribution of active connections in the network. The cross-layer model is obtained by combining the physical- and the network-layer models into a factor graph representation. Graphical models provide an explicit representation of interactions between the physical- and the network layer. Furthermore, graphical models facilitate derivations of analytical results on resilience with respect to physical-layer vulnerability, physical topology, and network load. Specifically, we derive bounds on the network resilience for regular topologies. For ring, star, and mesh-torus networks with link-shortest path routing and all-to-all traffic, we show that the average network resilience loss grows linearly with respect to the network load when the network load is small, and polynomially with respect to the probability of attack propagation from node to node along the attacker's route. In addition, numerical results suggest that the sum-product algorithm based on the factor graph representation can be used for computationally efficient evaluation of network resilience for irregular/large topologies
Immigrant Earnings Assimilation: Estimates from Longitudinal Data

Analysis of longitudinal data for immigrants presents a more pessimistic portrait of immigrants' economic success. First, the rate of growth of immigrant earnings was overstated in census-based studies. Second, the worsening of immigrant earnings for more recent arrival cohorts is deeper than previously suggested. Against these two negative findings, one must keep in mind an important caveat. The steeper cohort decline in earnings may be a sign of greater human-capital investment by more recent immigrants. Longitudinal data suggest a strong degree of earnings convergence: immigrants who start at lower earnings quickly make up a large part of the deficit relative to their immigrant counterparts.