cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Analysis and Definition of "Suo" and the "Suo" Construction in Modern Chinese

Contrary to Professor Lu Jianming's structural analysis of the "suo" construction in modern Chinese,such as "ta suo xie de wenzhang" ( "the article which he wrote" ),this article advocates a new analysis for the "suo" construction.Based on the distribution of the construction in modern Chinese,this article points out that "suo" construction in modern Chinese is rather a VP than an NP.The article insists that the structural analysis of the "suo" construction in modern Chinese should be binary,with "suo" as the functional head and the clause "NP+VP" as its complement.Furthermore,the paper assumes that the particle "suo" in modern Chinese is not a marker for nominalization which is widely considered to be inserted between an NP and VP to change the predication of "NP+VP" into a nominalization.Factually,"suo" is a prefix attached before a verb to abate its transitivity.
Testing the Habituation-Based Model of Exposures for Child and Adolescent Anxiety

Exposure has been identified as key to effective treatment of youth anxiety. However, the precise theoretical mechanisms of exposure are a matter of debate. Emotional processing theory emphasizes the need for fear activation during exposure and its habituation both within and across exposures. Despite the popularity of the theory to explain exposure, it has not been tested with anxious youth. To determine whether emotional processing theory parameters predict anxiety severity, coping abilities, and global functioning after cognitive-behavioral treatment. The present study examined 72 youth (Mage = 10.50 years; 45% female; 87.5% non-Hispanic Caucasian) diagnosed with an anxiety disorder and who received family or individual CBT. Three exposure habituation variables-initial fear activation (peak anxiety), within-session habituation, and between-session habituation-were assessed using Subjective Units of Distress and examined as predictors of outcome at posttreatment and at 1-year follow-up. Outcomes were measured using the Coping Questionnaire, Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children, Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, Children's Global Assessment Scale, and clinician severity ratings on the Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule. Emotional processing theory variables did not predict any anxiety outcomes at posttreatment or follow-up with one exception: Initial fear activation predicted less anxiety at follow-up among youth without GAD. In addition, within- and between-session habituation were not associated with one another. Between-session habituation was not associated with initial fear activation. These findings suggest a limited role of habituation within cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in youth. An alternative to emotional processing theory, inhibitory learning theory, is discussed.
Development of small molecule inhibitors of BRPF1 and TRIM24 bromodomains

The entry of small molecule inhibitors of the bromodomain and extra C-terminal domain (BET) family of bromodomains into the clinic has demonstrated the therapeutic potential for this class of epigenetic acetyl-lysine reader proteins. Within the past two years, the development of potent inhibitors for the bromodomain and PHD finger containing protein (BRPF) family and the tripartite motif containing protein 24 (TRIM24) have been reported and are the subject of this review. Both proteins contain other domains with diverse functions and can also be part of a complex of proteins which have implications in epigenetic signaling and disease. These new small molecule tools will be useful for unraveling the biological contribution of the bromodomain and enable pharmacological validation of these proteins.
Design of a Mobile Collaborative Virtual Environment for Autism Intervention

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are characterized by deficits in social skills and communications. This paper describes a Collaborative Virtual Environment (CVE) on the Android platform designed to investigate the collaborative behaviors and communication skills of children with ASD. The mobile CVE has the advantages of (1) widespread availability, and (2) allowing flexible communication between people. This presented mobile CVE allows two users in different locations to interact and communicate with each other while playing puzzle games on mobile devices. Multiple puzzle games with different interaction patterns were designed in the environment, including turn-taking, information sharing, and enforced collaboration. Audio and video chat were implemented in the environment in order for the geographically distributed players to talk with and see each other. The usability of the environment has been validated through a user study involving five pairs of subjects. Each pair included one child with ASD and one typically developing (TD) child. The results showed that the presented CVE environment may have the potential to improve players’ collaborative behaviors and communication skills.
New camaenid land snails from the northeast Kimberley, Western Australia

Abstract Seven new species and subspecies of camaenid land snails from northeastern Western Australia are described or discussed. The species all have very restricted ranges, and are found near the Northern Territory border in the area from both sides of the Cambridge Gulf in the north, to the hills lying southeast of Turkey Creek. The six described species and subspecies are: Amplirhagada cambridgensis from the Lyne River on the west side of Cambridge Gulf; Amplirhagada osmond’ from the Osmond Range-Palms Yard area southeast of Turkey Creek; Ordtrachia elegans from an isolated outlier of the Jeremiahi Hills northeast of Kununurra; Ningbingia australis elongata and Crisfilabrum rectum from the Ningbing Ranges north of Kununurra; and Mesodontrachia cockbumensis from the Cockburn Range southwest of Wyndham. Another probable new species of Cristilabrum from the Ningbing Ranges currently is represented by very limited material. It is not described at this time, but is illustrated for future-reference.
Experiencing Nature: Embodying Animals in Immersive Virtual Environments Increases Inclusion of Nature in Self and Involvement With Nature

Immersive virtual environments IVEs produce simulations that mimic unmediated sensory experiences. 3 experiments N = 228 tested how different modalities increase environmental involvement by allowing users to inhabit the body of animals in IVEs or watch the experience on video. Embodying sensory-rich experiences of animals in IVEs led to greater feeling of embodiment, perception of being present in the virtual world, and interconnection between the self and nature compared to video. Heightened interconnection with nature elicited greater perceptions of imminence of the environmental risk and involvement with nature, which persisted for 1 week. Although the effect sizes were small to moderate, findings suggest that embodied experiences in IVEs may be an effective tool to promote involvement with environmental issues.
Power Allocation in Linear and Tree WSN Topologies

Estimation at a fusion center in a wireless sensor network is examined. The problem at hand is to perform power allocation subject to a total network power constraint while minimizing the mean-squared error of the estimate. In particular, amplify-and-forward and estimate-and-forward protocols are considered in linear and tree topologies. Analytical solutions for these cases appear to be intractable, and thus asymptotically optimal (for increasing measurement noise variance) solutions are derived. The optimal limiting power policy for the leaf nodes in branch and tree topologies is power equalization, whereas in linear networks, the optimal solution is weighted power equalization.
Neurobiology of Disordered Gambling

Gambling disorder affects 0.4 to 1.9 % of adults worldwide and is commonly associated with significant psychosocial dysfunction. This article provides a concise primer on recent research examining the neurobiological underpinnings of gambling disorder. Although impulsivity has been seen as one cognitive component underlying gambling disorder, compulsivity may be equally important to examine. Although causality remains elusive, structural and functional neuroimaging data suggest dysfunction in top-down executive control in gambling disorder. Recent twin research suggests that gambling disorder may have genetic links to both gambling and to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Understanding the neurobiology of gambling disorder may lead to improved treatment approaches.
A study of plasmonic field enhancement in bimetallic and active core-shell nanoparticles/nanorods

We theoretically demonstrate the field enhancement in both single and multiple bimetallic core-shell nanoparticles/nanorods at resonance condition. We have shown single core-shell bimetallic nanoparticle can be tuned by changing their core-to-shell ratio using both Rayleigh and Mie scattering theory. For multiple core-shell nanoparticles, we have used Foldy-Lax multi-scattering theory. In this case, the arrangement of the particles also plays a vital role for tunability beside the core-to-shell ratio. The analysis is also expanded for the multiple nanorods using the ellipsoidal approximation of polarizability. It is shown that the field can be enhanced in Au-Ag core-shell nanoparticles/nanorods due to the plasmonic resonance for all the cases. The analytical results are also validated by using finite element method.
Use of Prescription Smoking Cessation Medications After Myocardial Infarction Among Older Patients in Community Practice.

This population-based study uses the Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network Registry to evaluate the prevalence of smoking cessation medication use among patients following myocardial infarction.
Residential and transit decisions: Insights from focus groups of neighborhoods around transit stations

Abstract Despite the momentum of transit oriented development (TOD) and significant progress, research on relationships among built environment, residential location, and travel decisions remains debatable. This study investigates reasons behind residential and transit decisions -- the building blocks for studies of TOD travel impacts. In-depth focus group interviews in three TODs in Dallas/Fort Worth metroplex reveal that social belonging and access to diverse amenities are key features for residential decision regardless of travel preference. Transit decision depends on factors beyond built environment and access to transit service. The findings suggest further investigation of social capital effects and broader benefits of TODs.
Temperature-Controlled Pulsed Light Treatment: Impact on Aflatoxin Level and Quality Parameters of Peanut Oil

Peanuts are an economically significant crop that is commonly used for edible oil production; however, they are prone to contamination by aflatoxin (AFT)-producing fungi. Common methods to treat edible oils for AFTs often utilize high temperatures (> 100 °C) to thermally degrade the toxins. However, high temperatures often negatively impact product quality. In this study, pulsed light (PL) was assessed as a possible method to degrade AFTs in peanut oil. A pilot-scale PL applicator was used to treat 5-mL samples of peanut oil of 10 mm thick. Samples were treated for 1 to 10 min with or without temperature reduction (TR). The sample containers were placed in an ice water bath to mitigate increases in oil temperatures for the TR samples. The physical, color, and chemical quality parameters (peroxide value, free fatty acid, acidity value, and oxidative stability index (OSI)) of the oil were assessed in comparison to controls. Results show that significant AFT destruction was achieved using PL. There was a significant difference between reduction achieved when TR was employed, likely due to the combined effect of photochemical and thermal treatment. TR samples treated for 400 s experienced an AFT reduction of 48.4%, while those treated 600 and 800 s achieved 55.6 and 78%, respectively. The samples treated with TR showed lower quality degradation when compared to peanut oil samples treated without TR for equivalent treatment times. Using TR, PL resulted in a significant reduction of AFT, without losses in quality typically associated with thermal methods. At industrial scale, PL may offer an economical treatment of AFT-contaminated oil.
Instruvis: Play Music Virtually and Visualize the Data.

The use of micro-inertial and magnetic sensors in day-to-day life is becoming more and more common with the introduction of IoT devices. Using the concept of these sensors we have designed Instruvis - a virtual platform for musicians to produce music using wearable devices that use machine learning algorithms to train gestures representing notes using MIDI in Digital Audio Workstation. Instruvis has been developed using Intel-Curie chips that is designed with motion sensors and modules involving pattern matching engine. Wearing the devices makes it possible for musicians to produce and enjoy quality music on-the-go in place of confining them to a setup. We evaluated our prototype on music enthusiasts and are further improving Instruvis based on our findings.
Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Alpha-Adrenoceptor Stimulation in the Ischemic Heart

Data derived from both multicenter clinical trials and experimental animals indicate that β-adrenergic stimulation of the myocardium can increase the propensity to malignant arrhythmias and that β-adrenergic blockade significantly reduces the incidence of sudden cardiac death [4, 19, 32, 34]. Despite these important findings, a very large number of patients taking β-adrenergic blocking agents post-myocardial infarction die, presumably of sudden death secondary to abnormalities in cardiac rhythm [4, 19, 32, 34]. In this brief review, we will consider recent experimental evidence from our laboratory and others indicating that in the ischemic heart, the effects of catecholamines may be mediated through stimulation of a-, as well as β-adrenergic receptors. These findings may be relevant not only to arrhythmogenesis but, to the development of irreversible injury in the ischemic and reperfused heart, due to the recently recognized effect of α-adrenergic stimulation on myocardial calcium.
Dynamic Pushbroom Stereo Vision

We present a dynamic pushbroom stereo geometry model for both 3D reconstruction and moving target extraction in applications such as aerial surveillance and cargo inspection. In a dynamic pushbroom camera model, a “line scan camera” scans across the scene. Both the scanning sensor and the objects in the scene are moving, and thus the image generated is a “moving picture” with one axis being space and the other being time. We study the geometry under a linear motion model for both the sensor and the object, and we investigate the advantages of using two such scanning systems to construct a dynamic pushbroom stereo vision system for 3D reconstruction and moving target extraction. Two real examples are given using the proposed models. In the first application, a fast and practical calibration procedure and an interactive 3D estimation method are provided for 3D cargo inspection with dual gamma-ray (or X-ray) scanning systems. In the second application, dynamic pushbroom stereo mosaics are generated by using a single camera mounted on an airplane, and a unified segmentation-based stereo matching algorithm is proposed to extract both 3D structures and moving targets from urban scenes. Experimental results are given.
Enhancement of Mammalian Sleep by Immune Modulators

ABSTRACT The central nervous and immune systems are closely interwoven in host defense and share many regulatory substances. Yet, despite the common observation of sleepiness during infectious disease, it was only recently shown that sleep is altered during bacterial infection. Bacterial components that may, in part, induce this somnogenic effect include muramyl peptides (MPs) derived from cell wall peptidoglycan and endotoxin or its lipid A moiety; animals respond to certain MPs or lipid A's with excess SWS. Poly I:C, a synthetic dsRNA, also enhances SWS; thus, viral products may also alter sleep-wake cycles as well. These bacterial/viral products may exert their somnogenic actions, in part, via altered cytokine production and release. Interleukin-1 β (IL1 β ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interferon α 2 (INF) enhance SWS and are produced by brain cells. IL1 β -mRNA is found in normal brain. This, plus data suggesting that MPs may be constituents of normal tissue that are produced during macrophage processing of bacterial cell walls, suggests these immune response modifiers may be important in regulating normal sleep, as well as being involved in the enhanced SWS observed during infectious disease. Cytokines are linked to neuroendocrine substances that may be involved in sleep regulation. For example, IL1 β enhances growth hormone (GH) release; GH is tightly coupled to SWS in humans, and GH-releasing factor (GRF) enhances sleep. IL1 β and IL1 α cause corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRF) release; CRF induces adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) release. ACTH and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (ACTH 1-13, α MSH), inhibit sleep, and α MSH antagonizes IL1 β -enhanced SWS. Thus, several factors may work together as a multi-level network of biochemical pathways to regulate sleep-wake cycles.
An Approach to Malicious Payload Detection

Much of the traffic on the internet consists of network packets which carry data (the payload), with appended headers and other meta-data required for the transport mechanism. The data transport mechanism provides a means for bad actors to transmit malicious data directed at compromising systems. In this research we describe a real-time multi-classifier malicious payload detection system, that could be prevent these type of attacks. The system uses two complementary detection methods one, based on Bayesian inference and two, a multi-feature-vector, both utilizing the same data set for training. The Bayesian inference based uses high order N-gram to extract feature patterns from both normal and anomalous payloads and uses these feature patterns to predict whether the incoming payload is anomalous or normal. In a complementary technique, we derive a multi-feature-vector from normal payloads, which is then used to detect outliers. The system is tested on the HTTP Dataset CSIC 2010 which models a wide variety of attacks. It is experimentally shown that the system is capable of detecting a wide range of anomalous payloads at a high rate of detection.
A mathematical model of iron import and trafficking in wild-type and Mrs3/4ΔΔ yeast cells

Iron plays crucial roles in the metabolism of eukaryotic cells. Much iron is trafficked into mitochondria where it is used for iron-sulfur cluster assembly and heme biosynthesis. A yeast strain in which Mrs3/4, the high-affinity iron importers on the mitochondrial inner membrane, are deleted exhibits a slow-growth phenotype when grown under iron-deficient conditions. However, these cells grow at WT rates under iron-sufficient conditions. The object of this study was to develop a mathematical model that could explain this recovery on the molecular level. A multi-tiered strategy was used to solve an ordinary-differential-equations-based mathematical model of iron import, trafficking, and regulation in growing Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. At the simplest level of modeling, all iron in the cell was presumed to be a single species and the cell was considered to be a single homogeneous volume. Optimized parameters associated with the rate of iron import and the rate of dilution due to cell growth were determined. At the next level of complexity, the cell was divided into three regions, including cytosol, mitochondria, and vacuoles, each of which was presumed to contain a single form of iron. Optimized parameters associated with import into these regions were determined. At the final level of complexity, nine components were assumed within the same three cellular regions. Parameters obtained at simpler levels of complexity were used to help solve the more complex versions of the model; this was advantageous because the data used for solving the simpler model variants were more reliable and complete relative to those required for the more complex variants. The optimized full-complexity model simulated the observed phenotype of WT and Mrs3/4ΔΔ cells with acceptable fidelity, and the model exhibited some predictive power. The developed model highlights the importance of an FeII mitochondrial pool and the necessary exclusion of O2 in the mitochondrial matrix for eukaryotic iron-sulfur cluster metabolism. Similar multi-tiered strategies could be used for any micronutrient in which concentrations and metabolic forms have been determined in different organelles within a growing eukaryotic cell.
Protein Melting Temperature Cannot Fully Assess Whether Protein Folding Free Energy Underlies the Universal Abundance–Evolutionary Rate Correlation Seen in Proteins

The protein misfolding avoidance hypothesis explains the universal negative correlation between protein abundance and sequence evolutionary rate across the proteome by identifying protein folding free energy (ΔG) as the confounding variable. Abundant proteins resist toxic misfolding events by being more stable, and more stable proteins evolve slower because their mutations are more destabilizing. Direct supporting evidence consists only of computer simulations. A study taking advantage of a recent experimental breakthrough in measuring protein stability proteome-wide through melting temperature (Tm) (Leuenberger et al. 2017), found weak misfolding avoidance hypothesis support for the Escherichia coli proteome, and no support for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Homo sapiens, and Thermus thermophilus proteomes (Plata and Vitkup 2018). I find that the nontrivial relationship between Tm and ΔG and inaccuracy in Tm measurements by Leuenberger et al. 2017 can be responsible for not observing strong positive abundance-Tm and strong negative Tm-evolutionary rate correlations.
Modeling Power Factor Correction Circuits with LTspice

LTspice is a powerful simulation language that is specifically optimized for modeling Switch Mode Power conversion. It is not limited to small numbers of nodes and freely available [1]. We are presenting several examples of simulations for popular electronic power factor correction circuits that improve the input power factor of AC Power Supplies by active wave-shaping of the AC input current and the associated avoidance of harmonics. The simulations are performed using a cycle-by cycle switching approach as well as using a time averaged PWM model. A fast inner current loop is controlling the shape of the input current such that it matches the sinusoidal shape of the AC input voltage. A time averaged PWM model is useful for fast simulations covering many cycles to design and study secondary feedback control that regulates the output voltage of the converter.
Correlation signatures for a coherent three-photon scattering in waveguide quantum electrodynamics

We study the correlation signatures of a coherent three-photon scattering process by computationally investigating scattering photon wavefunctions, correlation functions, and nonlinear conditional phases. It is shown that both the three-photon bound states and the hybrid states, which consist of two-photon bound states and one unbound photon, contribute to all the correlation signatures. All computational correlation signatures are in good agreement with a recent experiment, wherein a weak coherent photonic state propagates through a quantum nonlinear Rydberg medium [Liang et al., Science359, 783 (2018)SCIEAS0036-807510.1126/science.aao7293].
Making Ethics Happen: Addressing Injustice in Health Inequalities.

Research and implementation efforts to address health disparities are motivated by high ideals concerning ethics and social justice:nobody should be unfairly deprived of health care;nobody’s health...
Foot contact identification using a single triaxial accelerometer during running.

Abstract The analysis of in-field biomechanics data typically requires the identification of foot contact. Existing techniques to identify foot contact using accelerometers offer a viable option for identifying foot contact in the field. However, these techniques often require the placement of additional accelerometers or the identification of impact peaks, which can be difficult when peaks are low. Using resultant tibial acceleration to identify foot contact may overcome these limitations. The purpose of this study was to develop a new technique for identifying time of foot contact during rearfoot strike running from a single triaxial accelerometer placed on the distal tibia. Additionally, we sought to establish the concurrent validity of this new technique. An algorithm to identify foot contact from a local minimum in the resultant tibial acceleration waveform was developed and tested in nineteen rearfoot strike runners. Foot contact determined from the resultant tibial acceleration occurred 2.3 ± 4.7 ms earlier than foot contact determined from vertical ground reaction force, with 95% limits of agreement of −6.8 to 11.5 ms. The difference between the two methods was less than 10 ms for 183 out of 190 foot contacts. These findings compare favorably to previous techniques for identifying foot contact using accelerometers. Additionally, this technique can also be used when peak tibial accelerations are low. We recommend this technique to identify foot contacts in the field, particularly when some peak values are expected to be low.
Early and Often: The Need for Comprehensive Discussion of Treatment-Induced Cancer Late Effects.

Imagine your worst fear realized as an oncologist confirms that your child has cancer. During the initial clinic visit, you will be informed of your child’s diagnosis and his or her prognosis1 contingent on the best available treatment protocol, usually based on years of comprehensive clinical research. In the uncommon case that no best-practice protocol is available for your child, treatment options will be presented for you to help choose a course of action. Ideally, that discussion will include the pros and cons of each choice, including prognostic estimates, acute toxicities, and potential long-term effects on your child’s health and psychosocial well-being as they may evolve over the life course. From knowledge gained through clinical research and observational follow-up studies of cancer cohorts,2 the unambiguous association between therapeutic exposures and specific acute and long-term effects in childhood cancer has led to a focus in treatment protocols on maintaining high survival probability while minimizing serious late effects and optimizing quality of life. For example, efforts to reduce late effects have included omission or reduction of … Address correspondence to James G. Gurney, PhD, School of Public Health, 236 Robison Hall, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152. E-mail: jggurney{at}memphis.edu
Exploration of PCORnet Data Resources for Assessing Use of Molecular-Guided Cancer Treatment.

PURPOSEExamine the ability of PCORnet data resources to investigate molecular-guided cancer treatment.PATIENTS AND METHODSPatients (N = 86,154) had single primary solid tumors (diagnosed 2013-2017)...
Collective Dissipative Structures, Force Flow Reciprocity, and the Foundations of Perception–Action Mutuality

Physical systems maintained far from equilibrium exhibit self-organization of structure and behavior. These dissipative structures can exhibit life-like qualities and activities, such as collective...
Advanced 3D "Modeling" and "Printing" for the Surgical Planning of a Successful Case of Thoraco-Omphalopagus Conjoined Twins Separation.

Background The surgical separation of two Conjoined Twins is a particularly complex operation. Surgical times are particularly long and post-operative complications are very frequent in this type of procedure. We report a clinical case of surgical separation of two thoraco-omphalopagus conjoined twins in which, thanks to the use of (3D) three dimensional technologies, we were able to significantly reduce operative times and improve clinical outcomes. Methods We performed a 3D reconstruction of the anatomical parts involved in congenital fusion using Computer Tomography (CT) images.We obtained virtual anatomical models of the patients which allowed us to estimate essential details as the residual post-operative thoracic volume as well as the exact position of resection planes for both the general separation and for the hepatic splitting procedure. Subsequently, we printed 3D anatomical models of the thoracic cage and sternum and of the liver with the plane of resection. Finally, we printed an additional 3D anatomical model of the two patients representing different organs with multiple colors and materials. Results The use of 3D printing reduced the duration of surgery by 30% with a favorable patient outcome. Two years after the operation, the patients do not present any type of deficit and have a normal life without any significant complication. Conclusion Virtual anatomical 3D models and 3D printing represent a valid technological tool to support complex surgical operations, especially in pre-surgical planning. 3D models are important tools to better understand complex anatomy and to discuss clinical cases among members of the surgical team.
Association between hearing loss and suicidal ideation among middle-aged and older adults.

Hearing loss (HL) is regarded as a major risk factor for late-life depression. This study aims to further examine the association between HL and suicidal ideation (SI) among middle-aged and older a...
Increasing HIV/AIDS knowledge among urban ethnic minority youth: Findings from a community-based prevention intervention program

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)/AIDs (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) prevention and research are imperative. Prevention-intervention programming is minimal in low-income communities of colo...
A Latency-Defined Edge Node Placement Scheme for Opportunistic Smart Cities

Smart city projects have the potential to improve the management of environmental and public infrastructure. However, the operational and capital expenditures of smart cities can prevent cities from becoming smarter. A notable factor that influences the cost is providing cellular Internet connectivity to IoT devices. 5G has been proposed as a possible solution, but projections show that 5G will not be able to support the load of billions of IoT devices coming online. To mitigate this, people, vehicles, and other nodes in transportation networks can be exploited to transmit non-urgent data by leveraging device-to-device communication in order to reduce cellular connectivity costs associated with smart city sensors. Hence, this paper addresses cost-effective edge node placement in smart cities that opportunistically leverage public transit networks. We introduce an algorithm that selects a set of edge nodes that provide minimal delivery delay within a budget. The algorithm is evaluated for two public transit network data-sets: Chapel Hill, North Carolina and Louisville, Kentucky and results show that our algorithm outperforms betweeness and in-degree centrality metrics with a reduction in latency of over 20 minutes.
Developing A Global Order for Space Resources: A Regime Evolution Approach

Technological developments usher new opportunities for humanity to tap into the vast resources of outer space. But the current international regulations of outer space activities were adopted in the 1960s, with a narrower assessment of space use and capabilities, and must be re-evaluated. Current scholarship, however, is fixated on a static regulatory approach, proposing the installment of comprehensive regimes. Such models fail to account for the different incen-tives, goals, and capabilities of the participants in outer space. Building on the New Haven School of International Law, this Article offers a novel theory of re-gime evolution for outer space regulation, adapting the regulation at each stage of development to the optimization of normative international values, based upon the anticipated interactions of the participants involved, their goals, and their incentives. The Article begins with a review of positive law. It then applies the New Haven School methodology and identifies the participants and norma-tive international values. The Article proceeds to pinpoint the difficulties associ-ated with each type of static regime proposed by other scholars and, finally, develops a novel regime evolution approach to space resource regulation.
The Interplay of Visual and Prosodic Information in the Attachment Preferences of Semantically Shallow Relative Clauses

Many studies have investigated the attachment of relative clauses (RCs) modifying complex noun phrases (NPs). Cross-language differences in how ambiguous RCs are interpreted have been attributed to a number of factors, among which lexical semantics and prosody seem to play a special role. We report data from an experiment conducted in English using semantically shallow sentences that describe geometric shapes. The spoken sentences contained the ambiguity of interest and were paired with visual displays that contained two scenes. In the disambiguating conditions, only one of the scenes was compatible with the attachment of the RC as high or low. In the ambiguous condition, either scene could be chosen. Sentences were presented to participants with one of two prosodic contours: compatible with high attachment (phrasal break before the RC) or compatible with low attachment (phrasal break after the head noun in the complex NP). Participants’ interpretation preferences were assessed via their choice of the scene which disambiguated the interpretation of the RC; we additionally recorded participants’ eye movements as they performed the task. We discuss the interplay of prosodic and visual disambiguation in determining the attachment preferences of semantically shallow RCs.
Degenerate Two-Phase Incompressible Flow IV: Local Refinement and Domain Decomposition

This is the fourth paper of a series in which we analyze mathematical properties and develop numerical methods for a degenerate elliptic-parabolic partial differential system which describes the flow of two incompressible, immiscible fluids in porous media. In this paper we describe a finite element approximation for this system on locally refined grids. This adaptive approximation is based on a mixed finite element method for the elliptic pressure equation and a Galerkin finite element method for the degenerate parabolic saturation equation. Both discrete stability and sharp a priori error estimates are established for this approximation. Iterative techniques of domain decomposition type for solving it are discussed, and numerical results are presented.
Second primary head and neck cancer after Hodgkin lymphoma: a population-based study of 44,879 survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma.

BACKGROUND Survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) are at an increased risk of developing second malignancies. To the authors' knowledge, the risks of head and neck cancer (HNC) after HL and subsequent survival have not been thoroughly investigated. METHODS From the US population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database for 1973 through 2011, survivors of HL who developed HNC as a second cancer were analyzed. Patients with a first primary HNC were used as a comparison group. Observed-to-expected ratios and summary statistics were performed on patients with HL with squamous cell carcinoma (HL-SCC) and salivary gland cancer (HL-SGC). The impact of HL history on overall survival was assessed using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS The observed-to-expected ratio for SCC among patients with HL was 1.73 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.36-2.16; P<.05), whereas it was 8.56 for SGC (95% CI, 5.82-12.15; P<.05). Using Cox proportional hazards modeling, a history of HL was found to be an adverse prognostic factor for overall survival for SCC (hazard ratio, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.08-1.73 [P = .009]) but not SGC (hazard ratio, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.82-1.79 [P = .34]). The inferior survival of the patients in the HL-SCC cohort appears to be attributable to more deaths from HL and other malignancies diagnosed after SCC. CONCLUSIONS There is a significantly increased risk of salivary and nonsalivary HNC after HL, and worse survival for patients with HL-SCC versus those with a first primary SCC. Clinicians should be aware of the risks of HNC after HL. In the absence of evidence-based criteria, the authors recommend that survivors of HL undergo periodic head and neck examination. Cancer 2015;121:1436–1445. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Porphyria: Acute Intermittent

Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a congenital disease due to a deficiency in porphobilinogen deaminase, the third enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway. The symptoms of AIP are all neurological and the most common hallmarks are abdominal pain and other gastrointestinal complaints; symptoms referable to the peripheral and central nervous systems; and signs of autonomic neuropathy including tachycardia and hypertension. The most common cause of death from AIP is respiratory paralysis. The peak decade for onset of symptoms is from age 20 to 29 years. Medical crises usually have a rapid onset and then, after a variable time course, an abrupt cessation. Most of the chemicals that precipitate crises act by depleting the cytochrome P450 pool in the liver, which results in a dramatic increase in aminolevulinic acid synthase, the first and normally rate limiting enzyme of the heme pathway. The crises are associated with the accumulation of δ-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen. There are distinct intervening periods of normalcy between crises. When considered together, exacerbation factors and latent illness provide a prime example of the influence of the environment on the expression of symptoms due to a congenital disease.
The Induction of Anterior Chamber-Associated Immune Deviation

Evidence of ocular immune privilege was noted almost 130 years ago. The past 30 years have witnessed an explosion in research on ocular immune privilege. One of the primary mechanisms that contribut
The effect of ongoing protein synthesis on the steady state levels of Gp63 RNAs in Leishmania chagasi

G63, the major surface glycoprotein of Leishmania chagasi promastigotes, increases 11-fold in amount as promastigotes grow from logarithmic to stationary phase. Transcripts from three different classes of gp63 genes are differentially expressed during this development (Ramamoorthy, R., Donelson, J. E., Paetz, K. E., Maybodi, M., Roberts, S. P., and Wilson, M. E. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 1888-1895). We studied the effect of protein synthesis inhibitors on gp63 mRNAs. The steady state level of log class gp63 RNA, expressed primarily in logarithmic phase promastigotes, increased 16.5-fold after incubation in cycloheximide. A similar increase in log gp63 RNAs was caused by inhibitors that block different steps in translation. In contrast, the levels of stationary class gp63 RNA, expressed in stationary phase parasites, and constitutive class gp63 RNA, expressed throughout promastigote growth, increased only 2.3- and 1.5-fold, respectively. The latter was not statistically significant. Nuclear run-on assays showed that the cycloheximide effect was not due to an increased rate of transcription. However, the t1/2 of log RNAs was prolonged 6.5-fold after incubation in cycloheximide, in contrast to a 1.7-fold increase in the t1/2 of ATPase RNA, suggesting that cycloheximide specifically stabilizes log gp63 mRNAs. Thus, a highly labile negative regulatory protein, such as an RNase, may specifically target log gp63 RNAs for degradation.
Modeling, Optimization and Control of the Selective Plasma Etching of Silicon over Silicon Dioxide

The selective etching of Si over SiO 2 in a CF 4 /O 2 plasma has been studied using simulation and optimization. A showerhead plasma reactor was modeled as a well-mixed reactor, which was follwed by development of an otimal recipe. The optimizer, based on the generalized reduced gradient method, calculated optimal etch recipes using a set of mean values for the uncertain parameters. The-optimal end-point of each recipe step was then estimated using moving average control chart methodology.
ETTM: a scalable fault tolerant network manager

In this paper, we design, implement, and evaluate a new scalable and fault tolerant network manager, called ETTM, for securely and efficiently managing network resources at a packet granularity. Our aim is to provide network administrators a greater degree of control over network behavior at lower cost, and network users a greater degree of performance, reliability, and flexibility, than existing solutions. In our system, network resources are managed via software running in trusted execution environments on participating end-hosts. Although the software is physically running on end-hosts, it is logically controlled centrally by the network administrator. Our approach leverages the trend to open management interfaces on network switches as well as trusted computing hardware and multicores at end-hosts. We show that functionality that seemingly must be implemented inside the network, such as network address translation and priority allocation of access link bandwidth, can be simply and efficiently implemented in our system.
23 Complementary and alternative medicine in hepatitis C

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the complementary and alternative medicine in hepatitis C. Anecdotal evidence and several small and inadequately controlled studies of herbal preparations as therapy of hepatitis C have suggested that these agents may be effective either in promoting recovery or in ameliorating the ongoing liver injury. None of these reports document the efficacy of these preparations in hepatitis C adequately and most provide insufficient evidence for safety. The few controlled trials of these agents were often limited by small size, lack of placebo control, high rate of drop out, and use of indefinite end points and outcome measures. The rigorous definitions of response to treatment that have been developed during the evaluation of interferon-a and ribavirin for hepatitis C should provide a framework with which to develop controlled trials that will define the possible role of these agents as therapy of this disease. The need for such studies is obvious. The promise of herbal preparations as a treatment of hepatitis C needs to be either confirmed or withdrawn.
Systems Analysis of Discrete Markov Processes

The properties of discrete Markov processes are related to those of analogous linear, time-invariant, sampled-data systems. Methods are given for the systems-analysis solution and interpretation of problems and theorems relating to such Markov processes. Correlation functions of signals generated by Markov processes are determined. Transform procedures, flow graphs, and signal-flow ideas play an important role in these studies.
Evidence against humoral immune attack as the cause of sheep-goat interspecies and hybrid pregnancy failure in the DOE

The failure of interspecies and hybrid pregnancies between the domestic sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra hircus) is not completely understood. The sheep-goat hematopoietic chimera is a unique model for studying the role of the maternal immune response in failure of interspecies and hybrid pregnancies between these species. Hematopoietic chimeras were created by in utero transplantation of sheep fetal liver cells into goat fetuses. The resulting chimeric females were recipients of sheep demi-embryos genetically identical to their sheep cells and/or were bred to a ram to create a hybrid pregnancy. Pregnancy sera were analyzed for the presence of anti-species antibodies (Ab) using a lymphocyte microcytotoxicity assay. None of the concepti survived to term. Gross and histological evaluations of two interspecies sheep concepti revealed abnormal placentome formation. The humoral immune response of several hematopoietic chimeras to the challenging concepti differed from control animals. We observed delayed onset of Ab production, low and absent titers, and persistent Ab titers with delayed fetal death. Ultrasonography typically revealed normal fetal development associated with high volumes of placental fluids and retarded placentome development. We conclude that fetal death was associated with abnormal placental development that was not the result of maternal humoral immune attack.
Decreased alpha-adrenergic constriction of renal preglomerular arteries occurs with age and is gender-specific in the rat

Age and/or gender appear to moderate alpha-adrenergic mediated constrictor mechanisms found in the interlobar arteries of the Munich Wistar rat. We have determined the extent of constriction to alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation using norepinephrine, phenylephrine and A61603 (α1A-adrenergic receptor agonist) as a function of age and gender. Norepinephrine produced less constriction in male-derived arteries at ages greater than eight months as compared to the younger adult male (four to six months). The arteries derived from females did not demonstrate altered constriction until greater than 15 months of age. Similarly, arteries derived from the male demonstrated weaker constrictions to phenylephrine (10−6 to 10−3 M) at ages greater than eight months while arteries from females showed differences at greater than 15 months. In contrast, the effective concentration of norepinephrine to cause a 50% maximal constriction (EC50) was significantly less in the four to five-month-old male rats compared to the pooled data from older groups. Interestingly, four to five month old males had A61603 EC50 values similar to the 8 to 12-month and 15+ old females. These studies conclude that an age related loss of sympathetic α-adrenergic constriction of renal interlobar arteries is present in Munich Wistar rats. Furthermore, this loss, while similar along longitudinal aspects of age, is also different as a function of gender with the loss of α-adrenergic constrictor function delayed in the female when compared to the male.
Neoadjuvant chemoradiation for rectal cancer reduces lymph node harvest in proctectomy specimens.

The purpose of this study was to compare the number of lymph nodes retrieved following proctectomy for rectal cancer in patients either receiving no neoadjuvant therapy versus those treated with standard preoperative chemoradiation. A retrospective review was performed of all consecutive patients that underwent proctectomy for rectal cancer from 1997–2006. Specimens from patients that received neoadjuvant therapy were compared to patients that did not receive preoperative chemoradiation. Of a total of 286 patients, 188 received neoadjuvant therapy and 88 did not. More patients with stage II or higher cancers received neoadjuvant therapy. Overall, fewer neoadjuvant patients underwent an anastomotic procedure than the no neoadjuvant group (17% vs. 7% APR). Significantly fewer total lymph nodes were retrieved in the neoadjuvant therapy patients compared to those who did not receive preoperatively therapy (Neo 14.6 ± 0.6 vs. No-Neo 17.2 ± 1.1, p < 0.029). Standard neoadjuvant therapy significantly decreases the number of lymph nodes retrieved following proctectomy for patients with rectal cancers. Quality initiatives or performance measures evaluating lymph node harvest following proctectomy should reflect the use of preoperative chemoradiation.