cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing Integrated Pest Management Adoption: Measurement Problems and Policy Implications

For more than a decade, the U.S. government has promoted integrated pest management (IPM) to advance sustainable agriculture. However, the usefulness of this practice has been questioned because of lagging implementation. There are at least two plausible rationales for the slow implementation: (1) growers are not adopting IPM—for whatever reason—and (2) current assessment methods are inadequate at assessing IPM implementation. Our research addresses the second plausibility. We suggest that the traditional approach to measuring IPM implementation on its own fails to assess the distinct, biologically hierarchical components of IPM, and instead aggregates growers’ management practices into an overall adoption score. Knowledge of these distinct components and the extent to which they are implemented can inform government officials as to how they should develop targeted assistance programs to encourage broader IPM use. We address these concerns by assessing the components of IPM adoption and comparing our method to the traditional approach alone. Our results indicate that there are four distinct components of adoption—weed, insect, general, and ecosystem management—and that growers implement the first two components significantly more often than the latter two. These findings suggest that using a more nuanced measure to assess IPM adoption that expands on the traditional approach, allows for a better understanding of the degree of IPM implementation.
Magnetically ordered molecule-based materials

Magnets composed of molecular components that provide both electron spins and spin-coupling pathways can stabilize bulk magnetic ordering. This was first reported for the ionic, zero-dimensional (0-D) electron transfer salt [Fe(C5Me5)2]+[TCNE]˙− (TCNE = tetracyanoethylene), which orders as a ferromagnet at Tc = 4.8 K. Later V[TCNE]x (x ∼ 2) was characterized to order above room temperature at 400 K (127 °C). Subsequently, numerous examples of organic- and molecule-based magnets have been characterized. In this critical review, after a discussion of the important aspects of magnetism pertaining to molecule-based magnets, including the determination of the magnetic ordering temperature (Tc) these magnetically ordered materials are reviewed from a perspective of the structural dimensionality (208 references).
Timely Throughput of Heterogeneous Wireless Networks: Fundamental Limits and Algorithms

The proliferation of different wireless access technologies, together with the growing number of multi-radio wireless devices suggest that the opportunistic utilization of multiple connections at the users can be an effective solution to the phenomenal growth of traffic demand in wireless networks. In this paper, we consider the downlink of a wireless network with N access points (APs) and M clients, where each client is connected to several out-of-band APs, and requests delay-sensitive traffic (e.g., real-time video). We adopt the framework of Hou and study the maximum total timely throughput of the network, denoted by CT3, which is the maximum average number of packets delivered successfully before their deadline. Solving this problem is challenging since even the number of different ways of assigning packets to the APs is NM. We overcome the challenge by proposing a deterministic relaxation of the problem, which converts the problem to a network with deterministic delays in each link. We show that the additive gap between the capacity of the relaxed problem, denoted by Cdet and CT3 is bounded by 2√(N(Cdet + [N/4])), which is asymptotically negligible compared to Cdet, when the network is operating at high-throughput regime. In addition, our numerical results show that the actual gap between CT3 and Cdet is in most cases much less than the worst-case gap proven analytically. Moreover, using LP rounding methods we prove that the relaxed problem can be approximated within additive gap of N. We extend the analytical results to the case of time-varying channel states, real-time traffic, prioritized traffic, and optimal online policies. Finally, we generalize the model for deterministic relaxation to consider fading, rate adaptation, and multiple simultaneous transmissions.
The turn-of-the-year effect and tax-loss-selling by institutional investors

Prior studies attribute the turn-of-the-year effect whereby small capitalization stocks earn unusually high returns in early January to tax-loss-selling by individual investors and window-dressing by institutional investors. My results suggest that a significant portion of the effect on turn-of-the-year returns that prior studies attribute to window-dressing is actually attributable to tax-loss-selling by institutional investors. Among small capitalization stocks, I find that institutional investors with strong tax incentives and weak window-dressing incentives realize significantly more losses in the fourth quarter than in the first three quarters of the calendar year, and that their fourth quarter realized losses have a significant impact on turn-of-the-year returns. A one percentage point change in these institutional investors' fourth quarter realized losses scaled by a firm's market capitalization results in an increase of 47 basis points in the firm's average daily return over the first three trading days of January, which represents a 46 percent change for the mean firm.
Born’s Reciprocal Gravity in Curved Phase-Spaces and the Cosmological Constant

The main features of how to build a Born’s Reciprocal Gravitational theory in curved phase-spaces are developed. By recurring to the nonlinear connection formalism of Finsler geometry a generalized gravitational action in the 8D cotangent space (curved phase space) can be constructed involving sums of 5 distinct types of torsion squared terms and 2 distinct curvature scalars \({\mathcal{R}}, {\mathcal{S}}\) which are associated with the curvature in the horizontal and vertical spaces, respectively. A Kaluza-Klein-like approach to the construction of the curvature of the 8D cotangent space and based on the (torsionless) Levi-Civita connection is provided that yields the observed value of the cosmological constant and the Brans-Dicke-Jordan Gravity action in 4D as two special cases. It is found that the geometry of the momentum space can be linked to the observed value of the cosmological constant when the curvature in \(\mathit{momentum}\) space is very large, namely the small size of P is of the order of \(( 1/R_{\mathit{Hubble}})\). Finally we develop a Born’s reciprocal complex gravitational theory as a local gauge theory in 8D of the \(\mathit{deformed}\) Quaplectic group that is given by the semi-direct product of U(1,3) with the \(\mathit{deformed}\) (noncommutative) Weyl-Heisenberg group involving four \(\mathit{noncommutative}\) coordinates and momenta. The metric is complex with symmetric real components and antisymmetric imaginary ones. An action in 8D involving 2 curvature scalars and torsion squared terms is presented.
Discovery of Probable Relativistic Fe Emission and Absorption in the Cloverleaf Quasar H 1413+117

We present results from Chandra and XMM-Newton observations of the low-ionization broad absorption line (LoBAL) quasar H 1413+117. Our spatial and spectral analysis of a recent deep Chandra observation confirms a microlensing event in a previous Chandra observation performed about five years earlier. We present constraints on the structure of the accretion flow in H 1413+117 based on the timescale of this microlensing event. Our analysis of the combined spectrum of all the images indicates the presence of two emission peaks at rest-frame energies of 5.35 and 6.32 keV, detected at the 98% and 99% confidence levels, respectively. The double-peaked Fe emission line is fit well with an accretion-disk line model; however, the best-fitting model parameters are neither well constrained nor unique. Additional observations are required to constrain the model parameters better and to confirm the relativistic interpretation of the double-peaked Fe Kα line. Another possible interpretation of the Fe emission is fluorescent Fe emission from the back side of the wind. The spectra of images C and D show significant high-energy broad absorption features that extend up to rest-frame energies of 9 and 15 keV, respectively. We propose that a likely cause of these differences is significant variability of the outflow on timescales that are shorter than the time delays between the images. The Chandra observation of H 1413+117 has made possible for the first time the detection of the inner regions of the accretion disk and/or wind and the high ionization component of the outflowing wind of a LoBAL quasar.
RECENT RESULTS ON CHARMONIUM DECAYS AT CLEO-c

The CLEO-c Experiment has made several recent contributions to the study of charmonium decays. This review briefly outlines the CLEO-c analyses of charmonium that were completed or made public during 2010. Special attention is given to the discovery of the process e+ e- → π+ π- hc at a center of mass energy of 4170 MeV.
Commutator Hopf Subalgebras and Irreducible Representations

Montgomery and Witherspoon proved that upper and lower semisolvable, semisimple, finite dimensional Hopf algebras are of Frobenius type when their dimensions are not divisible by the characteristic of the base field. In this note we show that a finite dimensional, semisimple, lower solvable Hopf algebra is always of Frobenius type, in arbitrary characteristic.
Optimum wing sizing of a single-stage-to-orbit vehicle

An investigation has been conducted to determine preliminary wing designs for a single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) vehicle. This vehicle has the following mission profile: vertical takeoff, boost-to-orbit, hypersonic reentry, and horizontal landing. For this vehicle, the wing is sized to meet Space Shuttle reentry aerodynamic requirements for hypersonic trim and horizontal landing, since reentry trajectories for the Shuttle and the SSTO vehicle are similar. A hypersonic and subsonic aerodynamic computer program was developed and combined with an existing optimization algorithm to automatically size and shape a wing which satisfies both reentry and landing requirements while also maintaining a minimum mass design. With this procedure, the influence of hypersonic and subsonic aerodynamic requirements, control surface size, and center-of-gravity positions on the initial wing design were investigated.
Reversed-polarity regions

It is found by a statistical study of 58 reversed-polarity regions (RPRs) covering the 11-year period 1969-1979 that RPRs (1) have a lifespan comparable to normal active regions, (2) do not show a tendency to rotate toward a more normal alignment, and (3) have stable configurations that do not suggest stress due to their anomalous magnetic alignment. As in normal regions, RPR magnetic complexity is found to be the primary factor in flare productivity. Weak-field RPRs produce no flares, and regions with complex spots produce more flares than regions with non-complex spots by a factor of five. The main difference between RPRs and normal regions lies in complex spot frequency, with less that 17% of normal active regions having such spots and fewer than 1.8% having long-lived complex ones, while 41% of RPRs have complex spots and 24% have long-lived complex spots.
NORMS, SELF-SANCTIONING, AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PUBLIC GOOD

The relationship between norms, self-sanctioning, and people's decisions about contributing to public goods is complex and often misunderstood in the public goods literature. We develop a model in which individuals self-sanction (e.g. feel guilty) for contributing less than a subjective norm level of contribution to a public good. From the model we derive the following testable hypotheses: an increase in one's perception of the norm level of contribution to the public good (1) induces negative self-sanctioning and (2) will lead one to contribute more to the public good, and (3) that contributing to the public good induces positive self-sanctioning. To test these hypotheses, we elicit stated preferences for contributions to an organization which offsets carbon emissions and a proxy for self-sanctioning, respondent “self-image.” We fail to reject each hypothesis. Our results complement existing studies on how to encourage contributions to the public good.
The Christmas-tree switch: an output queuing space-division fast packet switch based on interleaving distribution and concentration functions

Abstract Some space-division fast packet switch architectures avoid blocking completely by providing N2 disjoint paths from N inputs to N outputs. Two prominent examples of such architectures are the Bus-Matrix switch and the Knockout switch. In this paper, we propose a self-routing space-division fast packet switch architecture which achieves output queuing with a reduced number of internal paths (O(N)). The switch architecture is a multi-level binary tree in which each branch constitutes a group of paths that are shared by all the packets destined to a subset of output ports. The reduction in the number of internal paths is obtained by performing packet distribution and packet concentration functions at each level of the tree. Packet loss may occur at each level of the tree and is dependent on the degree of concentration exercised at that level. Owing to the binary tree structure of the switching fabric, a simple mathematical analysis is performed in order to determine the concentration parameters appropriate for each level to meet a given overall packet loss rate. Several implementation architectures based on sorting networks are described.
An enhancement of modern free trade area theory

This paper constructs a framework for analysing the welfare effects of free trade areas. We provide an alternative verification of the Panagariya-Krishna proposition on free trade areas, shortening the proof, covering a broader set of circumstances, and showing the necessary income flows to guarantee welfare gains to all members. The paper provides a theoretical parallel to the important Kemp and Wan custom union theory.
The Economics of Applying Nutrient-Dense Livestock Waste at Low Rates

The economics of applying swine manure is analyzed from the different perspectives of a producer and a custom manure applicator. The analysis shows that the fertilizer savings that result from lowering the application rate and covering more acres may cover the cost of the applicator investment. The role of the custom applicator needs to be considered in the design of policies for discouraging overapplication of manure. The model developed in this study would be useful in identifying combinations of per-gallon custom charges and per-acre application rates that allow both the producer and the custom applicator to prosper.
Superatom Compounds, Clusters, and Assemblies: Ultra Alkali Motifs and Architectures

It has recently been demonstrated that chosen clusters of specific size and composition can exhibit behaviors reminiscent of atoms in the periodic table and hence can be regarded as superatoms forming a third dimension. An Al13 cluster has been shown to mimic the behavior of halogen atoms. Here, we demonstrate that superatom compounds formed by combining superhalogens (Al13) with superalkalis (K3O and Na3O) can exhibit novel chemical and tunable electronic features. For example, Al13(K3O)3 is shown to have low first and second ionization potentials of 2.49 and 4.64 eV, respectively, which are lower than alkali atoms and can be regarded as ultra alkali motifs. Al13K3O is shown to be a strongly bound molecule that can be assembled into stable superatom assemblies (Al13K3O)n with Al13 and K3O as the superatom building blocks. The studies illustrate the potential of creating new materials with an unprecedented control on physical and electronic properties.
Colloquium : Failure of molecules, bones, and the Earth itself

Materials fail by recurring rupture and shearing of interatomic bonds at microscopic, molecular scales, leading to disintegration of matter at macroscale and a loss of function. In this Colloquium, the state-of-the-art of investigations on failure mechanisms in materials are reviewed, in particular focusing on atomistic origin of deformation and fracture and relationships between molecular mechanics and macroscale behavior. Simple examples of fracture phenomena are used to illustrate the significance and impact of material failure on our daily lives. Based on case studies, mechanisms of failure of a wide range of materials are discussed, ranging from tectonic plates to rupture of single molecules, and an explanation on how atomistic simulation can be used to complement experimental studies and theory to provide a novel viewpoint in the analysis of complex systems is provided. Biological protein materials are used to illustrate how extraordinary properties are achieved through the utilization of intricate structures where the interplay of weak and strong chemical bonds, size and confinement effects, and hierarchical features play a fundamental role. This leads to a discussion of how even the most robust biological material systems fail, leading to diseases that arise from structural and mechanical alterations at molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. New research directions in the field of materials failure and materials science are discussed and the impact of improving the current understanding of materials failure for applications in nanotechnology, biotechnology, medicine as well as the built environment.
Geometric second derivative estimates in Carnot groups and convexity

We prove some new a priori estimates for H 2-convex functions which are zero on the boundary of a bounded smooth domain Ω in a Carnot group $${\mathbb{G}}$$ . Such estimates are global and are geometric in nature as they involve the horizontal mean curvature $${\mathcal{H}}$$ of ∂Ω. As a consequence of our bounds we show that if $${\mathbb{G}}$$ has step two, then for any smooth H 2-convex function in $$\Omega \subset {\mathbb{G}}$$ vanishing on ∂Ω one has $$\sum \limits _{i,j=1} ^m \int \limits_\Omega ([X_i,X_j]u)^2 \, dg \, \leq \, \frac{4}{3} \int \limits_{\partial \Omega} \mathcal H\ |\nabla_H u|^2\, d\sigma_H$$ .
Organosilicon derivatives of cyclic and high polymeric phosphazenes

Abstract A new class of compounds is reviewed, the members of which are hybrids of organosilicon and organophosphazene species. They are synthesized either by the reaction of organosilicon halides with organocopper-phosphazene intermediates, or by the interaction of organosilyl or organosiloxy Grignard reagents with chlorophosphazenes. Several of the cyclic trimeric phosphazenes prepared in this way were polymerized by heating to give linear high polymeric phosphazenes with organosilicon side groups.
A gradient estimate for all positive solutions of the conjugate heat equation under Ricci flow

Abstract We establish a point-wise gradient estimate for all positive solutions of the conjugate heat equation. This contrasts to Perelman's point-wise gradient estimate which works mainly for the fundamental solution rather than all solutions. Like Perelman's estimate, the most general form of our gradient estimate does not require any curvature assumption. Moreover, assuming only lower bound on the Ricci curvature, we also prove a localized gradient estimate similar to the Li–Yau estimate for the linear Schrodinger heat equation. The main difference with the linear case is that no assumptions on the derivatives of the potential (scalar curvature) are needed. A classical Harnack inequality follows.
Histological and Biochemical Comparisons between Right Atrium and Left Atrium in Patients with Mitral Valvular Atrial Fibrillation

Background and Objectives It has been known that the dominant driver of atrial fibrillation (AF) exists in the left atrium (LA) and the incidence of systemic thromboembolism is higher than that of pulmonary thromboembolism in patients with AF. Therefore, we hypothesized that histological and biochemical characteristics of the LA and the right atrium (RA) are different in patients with mitral valvular AF.
Multinuclear NMR studies of the reactions of MeAsH2 with Me2AsNMe2 and Me2AsNMe2•BH3

Abstract The reactions of MeAsH2 with Me2AsNMe2 and Me2As NMe 2 ·B H3 have been carried out in toluene-d8 solution as a function of temperature and time. The progress of the reactions was monitored by multi- nuclear (1H, 11H, and 13C) NMR spectroscopy over the temperature range of −80 and −10 °C. NMR spectral data analysis suggests the initial formation of an unstable intermediate, Me2AsAs(H)Me, which undergoes multiple condensation reactions to give (MeAs)5. The other products of the reactions are Me2AsAsMe2, Me2AsH, MeAsH2, Me2NH or Me2NH· BH3 and uncharacterized, condensed, AsAs bonded compounds. Several competitive exchange reactions involving compounds capable of exchanging H-, Me2As-, and Me2N- units influence the rate of reaction, as well as the product yields. The reactions involving , and (Me/As)5/AsH2, systems have been examined to determine their relative significance in the reactions of MeAsH2 with Me2AsNMe2 and its NB bonded BH3 adduct.
POWERED MOBILITY FOR VERY YOUNG DISABLED CHILDREN

Nine motor-disabled children with normal intelligence and varying degrees of disability were studied to see if competent control of a motorized wheelchair is attainable between 20 and 39 months of age. Each child used a conventional motorized wheelchair with adaptive seating. Parents supervised the learning at home. Eight children drove safely and independently within 1.7 to 12 hours accumulated over a one to seven week period. Parents reported that this independent mobility stimulated their child's social, emotional and intellectual behavior.
Robust Models for Phase Shifts in Accreting Binary Stars

Radial velocity studies of accreting binary stars commonly use accretion disk emission lines to determine the radial velocity of the primary star and therefore the mass ratio. These emission-line radial velocity curves are often shifted in phase from the expected motion of the primary. These phase shifts cast doubt on the use of disk emission lines in the determination of mass ratios. We present a systematic study of phase shifts, using data from the literature to distinguish between possible explanations of the phase shift. We find that one widely adopted class of models is contradicted by observations. We present a generalized form of another class of models, which we call "measurement-offset models." We show that these models are quantitatively consistent with existing data. We consider the implications of adopting measurement-offset models, for both disk structure and determination of binary parameters. Specifically, we describe how measurement-offset models may be used improve determinations of the mass ratio based on disk emission lines. This could be a valuable new tool in determining masses of important astrophysical objects such as accreting neutron stars and black holes.
The Taming of QCD by Fortran 90

Abstract We implement lattice QCD using the Fortran 90 language. We have designed machine independent modules that define fields (gauge, fermions, scalars, etc…) and have defined overloaded operators for all possible operations between fields, matrices and numbers. With these modules it is very simple to write QCD programs. We have also created a useful compression standard for storing the lattice configurations, a parallel implementation of the random generators, an assignment that does not require temporaries, and a machine independent precision definition. We have tested our program on parallel and single processor supercomputers obtaining excellent performances.
The Synthesis and Characterization of Fullerene Hydrides

The syntheses and characterization of fullerene hydrides prepared from C60 and C70 are reviewed. Methods of isolation and characterization are discussed, particularly MS and NMR, including 3He nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The higher hydrides are discussed in terms of novel structural features and their unusual spectroscopic properties.
Gravitational potential energy of the earth: A spherical harmonic approach

A spherical harmonic equation for the gravitational potential energy of the earth is derived for an arbitrary density distribution by conceptually bringing in mass-elements from infinity and building up the earth shell upon spherical shell. The zeroth degree term in the spherical harmonic equation agrees with the usual expression for the energy of a radial density distribution. The second degree terms give a maximum nonhydrostatic energy in the mantle and crust of -2.77 x 10 to the twenty-ninth power ergs, an order of magnitude. If the earth is assumed to be a homogeneous viscous oblate spheroid relaxing to an equilibrium shape, then a lower limit to the mantle viscosity of 1.3 x 10 to the twentieth power poises is found by assuming the total geothermal flux is due to viscous dissipation. If the nonequilibrium figure is dynamically maintained by the earth acting as a heat engine at one per cent efficiency, then the viscosity is ten to the twenty second power poises, a number preferred by some as the viscosity of the mantle.
A Counter-example to Karlin's Strong Conjecture for Fictitious Play

Fictitious play is a natural dynamic for equilibrium play in zero-sum games, proposed by Brown [6], and shown to converge by Robinson [33]. Samuel Karlin conjectured in 1959 that fictitious play converges at rate O(t -- 1/2) with respect to the number of steps t. We disprove this conjecture by showing that, when the payoff matrix of the row player is the n × n identity matrix, fictitious play may converge (for some tie-breaking) at rate as slow as a#x3A9;(t -- 1/n).
Modeling of high‐latitude currents in a substorm

The currents and electric fields in the area covered by the poleward set of field-aligned currents are computed by means of a quantitative model, in which the high-latitude band considered carries most of the poleward electrojet, and lies poleward of the region covering the inner magnetosphere and corresponding ionosphere. The Birkeland current and aurorally enhanced conductivity are assumed to be uniformly distributed across the band. The time-dependent conductivity model used is based on electron fluxes and mean energies measured from the S3-2 satellite. Joule heating of the upper atmosphere was found to be about 2 x 10 to the 11th W during the substorm period. Model values for the strength of the electrojet and the amount of Joule heating agree to within about 20% with results based on a simple Cowling conductivity band.
A logical encoding of the π-calculus: model checking mobile processes using tabled resolution

We present MMC, a model checker for mobile systems specified in the style of the ?-calculus. MMC's development builds on that of XMC, a model checker for an expressive extension of Milner's value-passing calculus implemented using the XSB tabled logic-programming engine. MMC addresses the salient issues that arise in the ?-calculus, including scope extrusion and intrusion and dynamic generation of new names to avoid name capture. We show that logic programming provides an efficient implementation platform for model checking ?-calculus specifications and can be used to obtain an exact encoding of the ?-calculus's transitional semantics. Moreover, MMC is easily extended to handle process expressions in the spi-calculus of Abadi and Gordon. Our experimental data show that MMC outperforms other known tools for model checking the ?-calculus.
Molecular Relaxations, Molecular Orientation and the Friction Characteristics of Polyimide Films

The friction characteristics of polyimide films bonded to metallic substrates were studied from 25 to 500 C. These results were interpreted in terms of molecular orientation and thermomechanical data obtained by torsional braid analysis (TBA). A large friction transition was found to occur at 40±10 C in a dry argon atmosphere (10 ppm H2O). It was postulated that the mechanical stresses of sliding transform or reorder the molecules on the surface into a configuration conducive to easy shear, such as an extended chain. The molecular relaxation which occurs in this temperature region appears to give the molecules the necessary freedom for this reordering process to occur. The effects of velocity, reversibility, and thermal prehistory on the friction properties of polyimide were also studied. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASLE/ASME Lubrication Conference held in Miami Beach, Florida, October 21–23, 1975
Fast linear iterations for distributed averaging

Abstract We consider the problem of finding a linear iteration that yields distributed averaging consensus over a network, i.e., that asymptotically computes the average of some initial values given at the nodes. When the iteration is assumed symmetric, the problem of finding the fastest converging linear iteration can be cast as a semidefinite program, and therefore efficiently and globally solved. These optimal linear iterations are often substantially faster than several common heuristics that are based on the Laplacian of the associated graph. We show how problem structure can be exploited to speed up interior-point methods for solving the fastest distributed linear iteration problem, for networks with up to a thousand or so edges. We also describe a simple subgradient method that handles far larger problems, with up to 100 000 edges. We give several extensions and variations on the basic problem.
The Temperature Dependence of Young's Modulus for Nickel

A new method is described for the measurement of Young's modulus and its variation with temperature below 400\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The method is applied to single crystals of pure nickel and to hard drawn, polycrystalline, commercial nickel between 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and 400\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The variation of Young's modulus with temperature in these substances depends on the previous thermal history of the sample. Between 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} Young's modulus for annealed specimens decreases about 13 percent. This is followed by an increase to the Curie point of about 6 percent and above the Curie point by a linear decrease. For hard drawn specimens and specimens quenched at 1100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} the minimum is wholly absent. Young's modulus decreases continuously to the Curie point, where the temperature coefficient changes abruptly.
The queuing theoretic approach to groundwater management

Abstract In this paper I propose and develop a new framework for modeling groundwater management issues. Specifically, I apply the methods of queuing theory (for the first time, to the best of my knowledge) to model a groundwater management problem from a long-run perspective. I characterize two simple management regimes as two different kinds of queues and then show how to pose a manager's decision problem as an optimization problem using queuing theoretic techniques. I solve for certain fundamental quantities such as the expected system size and then discuss the economic meaning and relevance of the queuing concepts being used. I close by discussing possible extensions to my basic models.
Air-Sea Enthalpy and Momentum Exchange at Major Hurricane Wind Speeds Observed during CBLAST

AbstractQuantifying air–sea exchanges of enthalpy and momentum is important for understanding and skillfully predicting tropical cyclone intensity, but the magnitude of the corresponding wind speed–dependent bulk exchange coefficients is largely unknown at major hurricane wind speeds greater than 50 m s−1. Since direct turbulent flux measurements in these conditions are extremely difficult, the momentum and enthalpy fluxes were deduced via absolute angular momentum and total energy budgets. An error analysis of the methodology was performed to quantify and mitigate potentially significant uncertainties resulting from unresolved budget terms and observational errors. An analysis of six missions from the 2003 Coupled Boundary Layers Air–Sea Transfer (CBLAST) field program in major hurricanes Fabian and Isabel was conducted using a new variational technique. The analysis indicates a near-surface mean drag coefficient CD of 2.4 × 10−3 with a 46% standard deviation and a mean enthalpy coefficient CK of 1.0 × 1...
Consequences of eliminating federal disability benefits for substance abusers

Using annual, repeated cross-sections from national household surveys, we estimate how the January 1997 termination of federal disability insurance, Supplemental Security Income (SSI), for those with Drug Addiction and Alcoholism affected labor market outcomes among individuals targeted by the legislation. We also examine whether the policy change affected health insurance, health care utilization, and arrests. We employ propensity-score methods to address differences in observed characteristics between likely substance users and others, and we used a difference-in-difference-in-difference approach to mitigate potential omitted variables bias. In the short-run (1997-1998), declines in SSI receipt accompanied appreciable increases in labor force participation and current employment. There was little measurable effect of the policy change on insurance and utilization, but we have limited power to detect effects on these outcomes. In the later period after the policy change (1999-2002), the rate of SSI receipt rose, and short-run gains in labor market outcomes diminished.
Electrophilic carbonyl activation: competing condensative cyclizations of tryptamine derivatives

A series of tryptamine derived bisindole substrates were subjected to electrophilic activation of the functional grouping at their α-nitrogen in the form of iminium ions to enable cyclization onto the sterically hindered indole substructure. Our observations regarding divergent cyclization outcomes using electronically distinct bisindole substrates are described. Surprising preference for the Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction and evidence for an intriguing reversible spirocyclization are discussed.
CAN GENERAL-RELATIVISTIC DESCRIPTION OF GRAVITATION BE CONSIDERED COMPLETE?

The local galactic cluster, the Great attractor, embeds us in a dimensionless gravitational potential of about -3×10-5. In the solar system, this potential is constant to about 1 part in 1011. Consequently, planetary orbits, which are determined by the gradient in the gravitational potential, remain unaffected. However, this is not so for the recently introduced flavor-oscillation clocks where the new redshift-inducing phases depend on the gravitational potential itself. On these grounds, and by studying the invariance properties of the gravitational phenomenon in the weak fields, we argue that there exists an element of incompleteness in the general relativistic description of gravitation. An incompleteness-establishing inequality is derived and an experiment is outlined to test the thesis presented.
Efficient Synthesis of γ-Keto Esters through Neighboring Carbonyl Group-Assisted Regioselective Hydration of 3-Alkynoates

The Au(III)-catalyzed hydration of 3-alkynoates led to a practical one-step synthesis of γ-keto esters in high yields, through a carbonyl group participation enabled by a favored 5-endodig cyclization. This mild-aqueous ethanol, room temperature, and atom-economical method has been used effectively with a wide range of substrates. Using the same conditions, a 2-alkynoate produced the corresponding β-keto ester in high yield.
Minimal Informationally Complete Measurements for Pure States

We consider measurements, described by a positive-operator-valued measure (POVM), whose outcome probabilities determine an arbitrary pure state of a D-dimensional quantum system. We call such a measurement a pure-state informationally complete (PS I-complete) POVM. We show that a measurement with 2D−1 outcomes cannot be PS I-complete, and then we construct a POVM with 2D outcomes that suffices, thus showing that a minimal PS I-complete POVM has 2D outcomes. We also consider PS I-complete POVMs that have only rank-one POVM elements and construct an example with 3D−2 outcomes, which is a generalization of the tetrahedral measurement for a qubit. The question of the minimal number of elements in a rank-one PS I-complete POVM is left open.
Chiral-symmetry and strange four-quark matrix elements

Abstract We consider the matrix elements of the left-handed flavor-conserving four-quark operators in the nucleon and pion states. Using chiral symmetry, we derive relationships among these matrix elements. We argue that the δI = 1 2 rule of hyperon and kaon non-leptonic weak decay implies a possible large strange-quark content in the nucleon and pion.
Synthesis of 7,7,8-trideuteriated trichothecenes

Trideuteriated trichothecenes can be generated from diacetoxyscirpenol by a reaction sequence involving acetylation, epoxide deoxygenation, allylic oxidation, deuterium exchange, epoxidation, and reduction. 13 references.
An algebraic classification of some solvable groups of homeomorphisms

Abstract We produce two separate algebraic descriptions of the isomorphism classes of the solvable subgroups of the group PL o ( I ) of piecewise-linear orientation-preserving homeomorphisms of the unit interval under the operation of composition, and also of the generalized R. Thompson groups F n . The first description is as a set of isomorphism classes of groups which is closed under three algebraic operations, and the second is as the set of isomorphism classes of subgroups of a countable collection of easily described groups. We show the two descriptions are equivalent.
Plasma Etching of Aluminum Metallizations for Ultralarge Scale Integrated Circuits

The metallizations which interconnect devices formed on silicon wafers have evolved from a single level of "broad" lines of aluminum to very narrow lines (<1 μm in width), often more than two levels per chip. Whereas broad lines may be satisfactorily defined by solution or "wet" etching, narrow lines must be defined by plasma etching to maintain dimensional and profile control. Moreover, simple aluminum metallization has become complex, generally consisting of a composite of barrier and antireflecting layers which sandwich the aluminum film. In addition, the aluminum film itself is probably "doped" with silicon and copper for solid solubility and electromigration considerations. Consequently, plasma etching of "aluminum" has become more complicated in the last few years. In this article, the issues confronting the process engineer in attempting to implement reliable metal etching processes are reviewed, emphasizing metallization layers employed for very advanced complementary metal oxide semiconductor integrated circuits.
INTERACTION OF DISCRETE STATES IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL STRING THEORY

We study the couplings of discrete states that appear in the string theory embedded in two dimensions, and show that they are given by the structure constants of the group of area preserving diffeomorphisms. We propose an effective action for these states, which is itself invariant under this infinite-dimensional group.
On performance measures for infinite swapping Monte Carlo methods

We introduce and illustrate a number of performance measures for rare-event sampling methods. These measures are designed to be of use in a variety of expanded ensemble techniques including parallel tempering as well as infinite and partial infinite swapping approaches. Using a variety of selected applications, we address questions concerning the variation of sampling performance with respect to key computational ensemble parameters.
Institutions matter, but which ones?

The purpose of this paper is to go beyond the narrow focus of the current institutional economics literature in development on the institutions protecting individual property rights, and to look at the economic effects of some other aspects of institutional quality on the development process (like democratic participation rights and institutions to address coordination failures). Another purpose is to suggest an alternative instrumental variable in quantifying the effects of property rights institutions. Finally, we speculate how, on account of distributive conflicts, institutions that have an adverse effect on economic performance often tend to persist for long periods of time in many poor countries.
Analytical tripping loads for stiffened plates

Abstract The subject of this paper is the buckling behavior of a rectangular plate, with parallel thin-walled stiffeners attached to one side, subjected to a combination of axial compression, lateral pressure and bending moment. The plate is modeled by the Von Karman plate equations and the stiffeners by a nonlinear beam theory recently derived. An analytical solution is obtained for the buckling load corresponding to a torsional tripping mode of the stiffeners. The effects of various boundary conditions, imperfections and residual stress are included.
Flow visualization and flow cytometry with holographic video microscopy.

The video stream captured by an in-line holographic microscope can be analyzed on a frame-by-frame basis to track individual colloidal particles’ three-dimensional motions with nanometer resolution, and simultaneously to measure their sizes and refractive indexes. Through a combination of hardware acceleration and software optimization, this analysis can be carried out in near real time with off-the-shelf instrumentation. An efficient particle identification algorithm automates initial position estimation with sufficient accuracy to enable unattended holographic tracking and characterization. This technique’s resolution for particle size is fine enough to detect molecular-scale coatings on the surfaces of colloidal spheres, without requiring staining or fluorescent labeling. We demonstrate this approach to label-free holographic flow cytometry by detecting the binding of avidin to biotinylated polystyrene spheres.
Important experimental observables at RHIC

Abstract In this talk I discuss the significance of the first RHIC measurements for establishing the properties of hot and dense QCD matter and for understanding the dynamics of the theory at the high parton density, strong color field frontier. Hopes and expectations for the future are discussed as well.
Interrupting infants' persisting object representations: An object-based limit?

Making sense of the visual world requires keeping track of objects as the same persisting individuals over time and occlusion. Here we implement a new paradigm using 10-month-old infants to explore the processes and representations that support this ability in two ways. First, we demonstrate that persisting object representations can be maintained over brief interruptions from additional independent events – just as a memory of a traffic scene may be maintained through a brief glance in the rearview mirror. Second, we demonstrate that this ability is nevertheless subject to an object-based limit: if an interrupting event involves enough objects (carefully controlling for overall salience), then it will impair the maintenance of other persisting object representations even though it is an independent event. These experiments demonstrate how object representations can be studied via their ‘interruptibility’, and the results are consistent with the idea that infants’ persisting object representations are constructed and maintained by capacity-limited mid-level ‘object-files’.
Neutron-polarization-analysis study of the spin structure of Cu-Mn spin-glasses

Neutron-polarization-analysis measurements as well as unpolarized neutron measurements were made of the diffuse scattering from single-crystal Cu-Mn alloys to determine the atomic and spin pair correlations for this spin-glass system. The results show the presence of a spin modulation with a period that varies continuously in terms of the edge of the fcc crystal cell from 6a/sub 0/ at 5 at. % Mn to about 3a/sub 0/ 25 at. % Mn. The correlation length associated with this modulation is about 6a/sub 0/ at all concentrations. Coexistent with these large modulated regions are smaller regions in which the spin correlations are determined by the atomic short-range order and which have net ferromagnetic moments. The interactions between these ferromagnetic and modulated regions are undoubtedly an essential element in understanding the complicated magnetic behavior of this spin-glass system.
Goliath Corporation: An instructional case in transfer pricing policy

Abstract This case illustrates some of the issues associated with setting firms’ transfer pricing policies. The simulation requires students to assume the roles of top management and divisional management for Goliath Corporation in negotiating transfer prices. The student playing the role of top management first selects a transfer pricing policy from four possible mechanisms: market-based , cost-based , negotiated , and dual-pricing . Given the top manager’s policy choice, divisional managers are then constrained to use that policy as they decide whether to purchase internally or externally based on their respective negotiations. In each negotiation, there is an ex ante best decision for Goliath as a whole. The case is thus useful in demonstrating how managers’ transfer price policy choices can lead to bad sourcing decisions.
Activin acutely sensitizes dorsal root ganglion neurons and induces hyperalgesia via PKC-mediated potentiation of transient receptor potential vanilloid I.

Pain hypersensitivity is a cardinal sign of tissue damage, but how molecules from peripheral tissues affect sensory neuron physiology is incompletely understood. Previous studies have shown that activin A increases after peripheral injury and is sufficient to induce acute nociceptive behavior and increase pain peptides in sensory ganglia. This study was designed to test the possibility that the enhanced nociceptive responsiveness associated with activin involved sensitization of transient receptor potential vanilloid I (TRPV1) in primary sensory neurons. Activin receptors were found widely distributed among adult sensory neurons, including those that also express the capsaicin receptor. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording from sensory neurons showed that activin acutely sensitized capsaicin responses and depended on activin receptor kinase activity. Pharmacological studies revealed that the activin sensitization of capsaicin responses required PKCe signaling, but not PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), ERK (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase), PKA, PKCα/β, or Src. Furthermore, activin administration caused acute thermal hyperalgesia in wild-type mice, but not in TRPV1-null mice. These data suggest that activin signals through its own receptor, involves PKCe signaling to sensitize the TRPV1 channel, and contributes to acute thermal hyperalgesia.
Hydrogen storage properties of metal nitroprussides M[Fe(CN)5NO], (M = Co, Ni).

The volumetric hydrogen adsorption isotherms of two isostructural dehydrated cubic metal nitroprussides M[Fe(CN)5NO] (M = Co2+, Ni2+) have been measured up to a pressure of 760 Torr at 77 and 87 K. These materials are among the most efficient H2 sorbents based on porous coordination polymers reported to date. The H2 uptake in both materials is ∼1.6 wt % at 77 K and 760 torr. These H2 capacities match those reported recently in the structurally related M3[Co(CN)6]2 compounds and are approximately 25% higher than those reported for Zn4O(1,4-benzenedicarboxylate)3 under the same conditions of temperature and pressure. The isosteric heats of H2 adsorption calculated from the 77 and 87 K isotherms for both materials were found to vary from ∼7.5 kJ/mol at 0.40 wt % coverage to ∼5.5 kJ/mol at 1.2 wt % coverage. The N2 BET surface areas were determined to be 634 m2/g and 523 m2/g for M = Ni and M = Co, respectively.