cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of metal fiber‐filled polymer composites

The critical concentration at which a metal-filled composite becomes electrically conductive can be dramatically reduced by adding the metal as randomly dispersed fibers. The higher the aspect ratio of the fibers, the lower the concentration needed to induce electrical conductance. Composites exhibiting resistivities below 20 ohm-cm have been produced with less than 8 volume percent aluminum fibers, having an aspect ratio of 24:1. At low fiber loadings the tensile strength of the composites is similar to that of the unfilled polymer. The thermal properties of these composites are shown to increase monotonically in accordance with the theoretical development of Nielsen.
Can a supernova be located by its neutrinos

A future core-collapse supernova in our Galaxy will be detected by several neutrino detectors around the world. The neutrinos escape from the supernova core over several seconds from the time of collapse, unlike the electromagnetic radiation, emitted from the envelope, which is delayed by a time of the order of hours. In addition, the electromagnetic radiation can be obscured by dust in the intervening interstellar space. The question therefore arises whether a supernova can be located by its neutrinos alone. The early warning of a supernova and its location might allow greatly improved astronomical observations. The theme of the present work is a careful and realistic assessment of this question, taking into account the statistical significance of the various neutrino signals. Not surprisingly, neutrino-electron forward scattering leads to a good determination of the supernova direction, even in the presence of the large and nearly isotropic background from other reactions. Even with the most pessimistic background assumptions, SuperKamiokande (SK) and the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) can restrict the supernova direction to be within circles of radius 5° and 20°, respectively. Other reactions with more events but weaker angular dependence are much less useful for locating the supernova. Finally, there is the oft-discussed possibility of triangulation, i.e., determination of the supernova direction based on an arrival time delay between different detectors. Given the expected statistics we show that, contrary to previous estimates, this technique does not allow a good determination of the supernova direction.
Improvements in the crystalline quality of Pb x Sn 1-x Te crystals grown by vapor transport in a closed system

The quality of PbxSn1−xTe crystals to be used in infrared detectors was improved by elimination or reduction in the number of holes, linear voids, strains and dislocations during growth. This was accomplished by use of stoichiometric or slightly Te-rich charges preheat treated before use to reduce the number of holes. Linear voids and strains were reduced by using constant diameter growth tubes of 25 mm diameter. The number of dislocations was reduced by the use of a slow cooling rate and limited contract with the walls of the growth tube.
Epitaxial growth of niobium thin films

Abstract The properties of Nb films grown in a UHV “metal MBE” system are described. The films were characterized by high energy electron diffraction, various X-ray diffraction techniques, as well as transport measurements. It is noted that the epitaxial relationships between (0001), (01 1 0) and (11 2 0) sapphire substrates and the Nb films grown on them represents a three-dimensional registry between the two lattices. Rocking curve widths, superconducting transition temperatures, and residual resistance ratios all are representative of very high quality films. An enhancement of the transition temperature by ∽ 0.3 K occurs in strained textured films grown at ambient temperature on the three orientations mentioned above. Epitaxy is found to occur on the (1 1 02) sapphire face at growth temperatures as low as ambient.
A Conceptual Framework for Developing a Persuasion Policy Model

It is imperative that today's principal understand and learn to use positive policies of persuasion in dealing with the school community, this author contends. He reviews the various dimensions of persuasion here.
Many roads to resistance: how invertebrates adapt to Bt toxins

The Cry family of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal and nematicidal proteins constitutes a valuable source of environmentally benign compounds for the control of insect pests and disease agents. An understanding of Cry toxin resistance at a molecular level will be critical to the long-term utility of this technology; it may also shed light on basic mechanisms used by other bacterial toxins that target specific organisms or cell types. Selection and cross-resistance studies have confirmed that genetic adaptation can elicit varying patterns of Cry toxin resistance, which has been associated with deficient protoxin activation by host proteases, and defective Cry toxin-binding cell surface molecules, such as cadherins, aminopeptidases and glycolipids. Recent work also suggests Cry toxin resistance may be induced in invertebrates as an active immune response. The use of model invertebrates, such as Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, as well as advances in insect genomics, are likely to accelerate efforts to clone Cry toxin resistance genes and come to a detailed and broad understanding of Cry toxin resistance.
A new analytic solution for the Zwanzig-Lauritzen model of polymer chain folding

A two-dimensional model of polymer chain folding invented by Zwanzig and Lauritzen is here studied using a grand ensemble and transfer matrix method. Due to the character of the model, there are no extensive parameters in the grand ensemble and the dispersion in system size is large, raising doubts about the validity and usefulness of the ensemble. We find it possible to define a thermodynamic limit such that it leads to near equivalence between the canonical and grand ensembles in the limit of large systems. The transfer matrix in this case is a nonlocal operator on a space of L2 functions, and the eigenvalue equation is a homogeneous Fredholm integral equation of the second kind which can be completely solved in terms of Bessel functions. The grand partition function can then be expressed as a sum of powers of the known eigenvalues. It is an easy matter to reproduce the second-order phase transition in the canonical ensemble found in the original work on the model. The investigation is extended to yield the probability densities describing the length of a segment and the correlations among segments. The concept of a local width of the folded chain is found to break down at higher temperatures, while critical correlations are characterized by infinite range, as expected. Apart from physical and methodological implications, the new solution provides striking illustrations of some basic ideas concerning phase transitions.
MICROWAVE-HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSING OF METAL POWDERS

Novel microwave-hydrothermal processing has been developed by us recently for the synthesis of a wide variety of ceramic powders. Herein, we report the use of microwave-hydrothermal processing to synthesize several metal powders such as Cu, Ni, Co, and Ag by reducing their corresponding metal salts or hydroxides with ethylene glycol. Metal powders have been produced extremely rapidly a (few minutes) by microwave catalysis. The kinetics of metal powder synthesis have been increased by at least an order of magnitude by microwave-hydrothermal processing compared to the conventional refluxing process in ethylene glycol at about 195 °C.
Measuring the Amount of Variation Accounted for by Log-Linear (Logit) Models

The main conclusion of this paper is that if we are interested in describing the amount of variation accounted for by a model, the model should be cross-validated and an R 2 coefficient calculated. The success of the OAP, OAD interaction model was much more impressive when we validated it on a new sample. On the validation sample, it accounted more clearly for more variation than the other models even though all of the models had equal degrees of freedom. Based on these results, the utility of the G coefficient can be questioned. An obvious problem is a strong floor effect. While many of the models undoubtedly accounted for some variation (e.g., they accounted for over 90% of the variation not accounted for by an equiprobable model), they received G coefficients of zero. While an attractive feature of G is that it attempts to take into account the degrees of freedom for models of interest, this problem can better be overcome by cross-validating the logit models (by cross-validating, all models will have the same degrees of freedom on the validation sample).
Aligned magnetohydrodynamic solution for solar wind flow past the earth's magnetosphere

Exact numerical solutions of the MHD equations for a perfect dissipationless gas with aligned magnetic field are given for conditions representative of steady supersonic solar wind flow past an axisymmetric model of the earth's magnetosphere. The solution is based on use of a transformation that relates without approximation the equations of magnetohydrodynamics to those of gasdynamics of a pseudogas that has an unusual equation of state. The results confirm the applicability of the previously existing gasdynamic solutions for the typically modest intensities of the interplanetary magnetic field that lead to Alfven Mach numbers of about 10 or greater. For smaller values, however, significant effects are indicated with the flanks of the bow wave moving away from the earth and the nose moving toward the earth. The results are consistent with direct observations in space.
Growth Studies with Ayrshire Cattle. I. Normal Body Weights and Heights at Shoulders for Ayrshire Cattle

Summary Birth weights, monthly body weights and monthly height-at-shoulders measurements are reported for Ayrshire females to 9 years of age, and males to 13 months of age in the Reymann Memorial herd of the West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station. Comparisons are made between these data and similar data published by the Missouri, Iowa and Kansas Experiment Stations. The percentage variations between the extremes in body weights, and between the extremes in height measurements are also noted.
Exciton decay in Cu2O at high density and low temperature : Auger recombination, spin--flip scattering, and molecule formation

Abstract In this paper, we examine the relative importance of three density-dependent decay mechanisms for excitons in cuprous oxide (Cu2O). Rate-equation models including Auger recombination (A), spin–flip scattering (B) and capture into short-lived biexcitons (C) are compared to photoluminescence data for a crystal temperature of 2 K. Process B—converting two orthoexcitons into two paraexcitons by exchanging electrons and holes—leaves the total exciton number unchanged and is inconsistent with the late-time data. In processes A and C, paraexcitons re-generate high energy excitons in agreement with the late-time data; however, the existing theory of Auger recombination seems to eliminate process A, leaving molecule formation as the dominant process.
Development-dependent and -independent ubiquitin expression in divisions of the cockroach mushroom body.

It has been proposed that the alpha and beta divisions of the mushroom bodies support intermediate and long-term memory whereas the gamma lobes support short-term memory. Here we investigate developmentally dependent versus developmentally independent alterations of mushroom body structure with special emphasis on its lobes. We show that in the cockroach mushroom bodies there are two types of plastic remodeling. One is developmental, in which episodic addition of new circuitry to the alpha and beta lobes is accomplished by newly born Kenyon cells. The second is revealed as a persistent alteration of structure within the gamma lobe. In the alpha/beta lobes, newly generated Kenyon cell axons extend glutamate-immunoreactive collaterals across layers of the axons of mature Kenyon cells. At specific times in each developmental episode (instar) these collaterals express ubiquitin, undergo localized degeneration, and are scavenged by glial cells. In contrast, the mature Kenyon cells that comprise the gamma lobe express detectable ubiquitin throughout each developmental episode. This pattern of ubiquitin expression suggests that the gamma lobe circuitry undergoes continuous modification independent of development. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:556–571, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Attention-like processes underlying optomotor performance in a Drosophila Choice Maze

The authors present a novel paradigm for studying visual responses in Drosophila. An eight-level choice maze was found to reliably segregate fly populations according to their responses to moving stripes displayed on a computer screen. Visual responsiveness was robust in wild-type flies, and performance depended on salience effects such as stimulus color and speed. Analysis of individual fly choices in the maze revealed that stereotypy, or choice persistence, contributed significantly to a strain's performance. On the basis of these observations, the authors bred wild-type flies for divergent visual phenotypes by selecting individual flies displaying extreme stereotypy. Selected flies alternated less often in the sequential choice maze than unselected flies, showing that stereotypy could evolve across generations. The authors found that selection for increased stereotypy impaired flies' responsiveness to competing stimuli in tests for attention-like behavior in the maze. Visual selective attention was further investigated by electrophysiology, and it was found that increased stereotypy also impaired responsiveness to competing stimuli at the level of brain activity. Combined results present a comprehensive approach to studying visual responses in Drosophila, and show that behavioral performance involves attention-like processes that are variable among individuals and thus sensitive to artificial selection.
Feelings and judgments of knowing: is there a special noetic state?

A. Koriat distinguishes between feeling-based and inferentially based feeling-of-knowing judgments. The former are attributable to partial information that is activated in implicit memory but not fully articulated. They are not, however, attributable to direct access to the target-an hypothesis that Koriat specifically repudiates. While there is considerable merit in the distinction that Koriat draws, and his emphasis on the possibility that people base at least some of their metacognitive judgments on implicit information seems well founded, it is argued that his rejection of the direct access view is premature. There may be a state-a true noetic state-in which people actually know the answer before they are able to express it. A case is made for further consideration of the scientific merits of the direct-access view of the noetic feelings people experience in imminent tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states.
Spatial and spectral imaging of single micrometer-sized solvent cast fluorescent plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) sensing particles.

Microscale plasticized PVC particles doped with hydrophobic ionophores are prepared by solvent evaporation of aqueous suspensions of sensing cocktails (poly(vinyl chloride), plasticizer, active sensing components, and tetrahydrofuran) and tested as particulate microoptical sensors. The particles contain either only the chromoionophore ETH 2458 as active reagent or the potassium ionophore BME-44, chromoionophore ETH 5294, and lipophilic anionic sites NaTFPB. The former system functions according to an anion−hydrogen ion coextraction mechanism and shows a Hofmeister anion selectivity pattern, while the latter sensor containing additional ionophores represents the more complex, truly selective optical sensors based on ion-exchange equilibria. Single microspheres are simultaneously characterized spatially and spectrally by fluorescence microscopy, coupled to a spectrometer equipped with a CCD detector. The results indicate that these microspheres respond in complete analogy to traditional thin-film-based opto...
Merging relative scores

Abstract This paper considers the problem of scoring alternative technologies based on their performance on different benchmarks, normalizing the scores relative to those of a base technology, and then finding a merged or combined score based on the normalized or relative scores. Similar problems occur if we score alternative job candidates or students on the basis of different tests or criteria and seek to merge relative scores after normalization. They also occur when we obtain index numbers such as price indices. Here, we measure different items at different times, normalize relative to some base time, and merge the relative measures of the different items obtained at a fixed time. We attempt to identify merging methods which will guarantee that certain types of conclusions based on them will be invariant if the base technology (job candidate, student, or time) is changed.
Effect of Dycal on Bacteria in Deep Carious Lesions

Indirect pulp capping procedures are often dependent on use of calcium hydroxide which is placed directly over residual carious dentin. As the bacterial count was found to decrease a month after the calcium hydroxide was placed, this study was done to assess how much of the change was caused by the use of Dycal and how much was caused by the mechanical access procedures.
Radiolabelled ATIII as a probe for the detection of activation of blood coagulation in vivo.

Abstract Purified radiolabelled rabbit antithrombin III (ATIII) was used as a probe for in-vivo activation of blood coagulation. Molecular weight distribution of radiolabelled ATIII and its complexes were studied in vivo and in vivo by two techniques: gel exclusion chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis. The radiolabelled purified ATIII readily formed radiolabelled complexes with activated procoagulants thrombin and factor Xa in vitro , as evidenced by SDS gel electrophoresis analysis. Gel exclusion chromatography separated ATIII from thrombin-ATIII complexes but not from Xa-ATIII complexes. The mean T - 1 2 of ATIII in rabbits was 42 hrs. The molecular weight distribution of infused radiolabelled antithrombin III was analyzed by gel exclusion chromatography and SDS gel electrophoresis. Circulating 125I-labelled ATIII displayed an apparent molecular weight of 30,000 by gel exclusion chromatography as opposed to the apparent molecular weight of 68,000 for the purified protein. The gel chromatograms obtained at 10 minutes and 24 hrs displayed skewness toward higher molecular weight regions, suggesting complex formation of part of the circulating radiolabelled protein. Purified and circulating ATIII displayed identical molecular weights of 62,000 Daltons by SDS gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four hrs after in-vivo administration, approximately 43% of 125I-labelled ATIII displayed molecular weights greater than 62,000 Daltons by SDS gel electrophoresis, suggesting complex formation between ATIII and activated procoagulants under baseline physiological conditions. Thus, radiolabelled ATIII may represent a useful probe for the detection of physiological variations of in-vivo thrombin generation.
Prediction of imbibition in unconsolidated granular materials

A new way of modeling imbibition is proposed in this paper. It combines two elements. One is a physically consistent, dynamic criterion for the imbibition of an individual pore originally suggested by Melrose (SPEJ (November 1965) 259–271). The other is the use of a simple but physically representative model of porous media: a dense random packing of spheres that is geometrically predetermined. This approach allows truly a priori predictions of imbibition curves (saturation vs capillary pressure) for different values of contact angle, different initial conditions (e.g., different drainage endpoints), and different macroscopic sample geometries (the ratio of external to internal pores). It also provides a mechanistic basis for understanding the influence of pore-scale phenomena such as “snap-off” of nonwetting phase in the pore throats due to the coalescence of pendular rings. The simulations show that the capillary pressure curve for this unconsolidated packing is very sensitive to the wettability parameters (such as contact angle), whereas the influence of different initial conditions and snap-off is almost negligible. Predicted capillary pressure curves are compared to experimental data presented in the literature, and are consistent with them.
Quantum networking of microwave photons using optical fibers

We describe an adiabatic state-transfer mechanism that allows for high-fidelity transfer of a microwave quantum state from one cavity to another through an optical fiber. The conversion from microwave frequency to optical frequency is enabled by an optomechanical transducer. The transfer process utilizes a combined dark state of the mechanical oscillator and fiber modes, making it robust against both mechanical and fiber loss. We anticipate this scheme being an enabling component of a hybrid quantum computing architecture consisting of superconducting qubits with optical interconnects.
Control of glacial quarrying by bedrock joints

A principal assumption of models that describe bedrock quarrying by glaciers is that cracks in the bed are small and isolated. These cracks are assumed to grow slowly in response to glacial loading to eventually delimit the areas of quarried surfaces. If this assumption is correct, then quarried-surface orientations will be controlled by orientations of principal stresses in the bed associated with sliding and resultant ice-bed separation downglacier from rock ledges and roches moutonnees, rather than by orientations of joints that predate glacial loading. To test this hypothesis, we compared orientations of quarried surfaces and preglacial joints in nine recently deglaciated forefields of glaciers in Canada and Switzerland with different bedrock lithologies and bedforms. In all but one forefield, quarried surfaces and major joint sets are coincident, with orientations of quarried surfaces bearing no systematic relationship to sliding direction other than their obvious tendency to not face upglacier. A difference in sliding direction of 64° between two areas of one glacier forefield had no effect on the orientation of quarried surfaces, with the same joint set exploited in both areas. These observations motivate a new characterization of subglacial bedrock that differs from that of existing quarrying models. The bed is idealized as a group of rock blocks separated by preglacial joints. Slow crack growth necessary for quarrying would be confined to small bodies of rock (bridges) that connect the faces of joints. This model of the bed does not allow it to be treated as an intact elastic solid with hydraulically isolated cracks as is usually assumed, which would have a profound influence on characterization of quarrying mechanics.
Phellinus linteus sensitises apoptosis induced by doxorubicin in prostate cancer

It has been demonstrated that the Phellinus linteus (PL) mushroom, which mainly consists of polysaccharides, possesses antitumour activity. The mechanisms of PL against malignant growth remain unknown. The anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox) has been shown to induce apoptosis via initiating a caspase cascade. In this investigation, we tested the effect of PL on Dox-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer LNCaP cells. We showed that PL or Dox, at relatively low doses, does not induce apoptosis in the cells. However, combination treatment with low doses of PL and Dox results in a synergistic effect on the induction of apoptosis. In this apoptotic process, caspases 8, 3 and BID are cleaved, and the addition of caspase inhibitor z-VADfmk completely blocks apoptosis. In addition, JNK is activated in response to PL or the combination treatment in LNCaP cells. The suppression of JNK partially inhibits the induction of apoptosis elicited by the co-treatment. These findings indicate that PL has a synergistic effect with Dox to activate caspases in prostate cancer LNCaP cells. Our study also suggests that PL has therapeutic potential to augment the magnitude of apoptosis induced by antiprostate cancer drugs.
Insurance status and length of stay for involuntarily hospitalized patients

General and private psychiatric hospitals are becoming increasingly common as sites for involuntary hospitalization. Unlike the public facilities that these settings are supplanting, these hospitals must pay strict attention to issues associated with reimbursement, insurance status, and managed care. This article examines the effects of insurance status on length of stay for involuntarily hospitalized patients in general and private hospitals in Massachusetts. Using a two-stage sampling procedure, data on episodes of involuntary hospitalization were gathered and assessed using multiple regression. The primary effect was found between patients with Medicare, who had the longest stays, and individuals who were uninsured, who had the shortest. The data raise concerns that warrant closer scrutiny on the part of administrators and clinicians.
Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of pancreatic adenocarcinomas: Association with histopathology and tumor grade

Purpose To evaluate the utility of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with various grades of differentiation. Materials and Methods Following Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, 21 consecutive patients with surgical pathology-proven pancreatic adenocarcinomas were retrospectively evaluated. Histopathologic characteristics and grades of differentiation of adenocarcinomas were analyzed. Twenty-one patients without a known history of pancreatic disease were evaluated as the control group. Anatomic MR images and DW images were acquired using 1.5-T MR systems. DWI with b values of 0 and 500 sec/mm2 were performed on both patients and control groups. The difference in mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values among groups of normal pancreatic parenchyma, adenocarcinomas with poor differentiation, and adenocarcinomas with well/moderate differentiation were compared using one-way analysis of variance. Results Mean ADCs of pancreatic adenocarcinomas (1.77 ± 0.45 × 10−3mm2/sec) was not significantly lower than that of normal parenchyma (1.98 ± 0.31) (P = 0.09). When adenocarcinomas were subdivided based on grades of differentiation, however, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with histopathologic characteristics of limited glandular formation and dense fibrosis had significantly lower ADCs (1.46 ± 0.17) compared to those of well/moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas (2.10 ± 0.42) characterized by neoplastic tubular structures (P < 0.01). Well/moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas with dense fibrosis showed significantly lower ADC values (1.49 ± 0.19) than those with loose fibrosis (2.26 ± 0.30) (P = 0.01). Conclusion Difference in ADC values using DWI between poorly and well/moderately differentiated pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma may relate to differences in glandular formation and density of fibrosis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:136–142. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Neisseria elongata subsp. elongata, as a cause of human endocarditis

Neisseria elongata subsp. elongata, previously considered nonpathogenic, is a potential agent of human endocarditis. We report the second case of human endocarditis caused by this organism. The patient was successfully treated with Ceftriaxone alone for a total of six weeks.
Presidential address: SVS and AAVS united.

I am very grateful for the opportunity to have served as President of the Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) this year. I have been fortunate to be on the SVS Council for the past 7 years, and I was privileged this year to work with Dr Thomas M. Riles, President of the American Association for Vascular Surgery (AAVS), who has served on that Council for the past 6 years. This has given us a useful perspective about the governance and function of our societies. Perhaps it was fated that we were charged by the Joint Council last year to evaluate our governance and management. As a result, hundreds of work hours were dedicated to this task by many members of the societies, and I would like to acknowledge all of the individuals who directly contributed to this process (Table). The result of their effort is the historic recommendation that the SVS and AAVS merge to form a single Vascular Society. To respond to this recommendation, we must understand certain details about our history, our current governance, and the process that led to this conclusion.
Soft scissors: an interactive tool for realtime high quality matting

We present Soft Scissors, an interactive tool for extracting alpha mattes of foreground objects in realtime. We recently proposed a novel offline matting algorithm capable of extracting high-quality mattes for complex foreground objects such as furry animals [Wang and Cohen 2007]. In this paper we both improve the quality of our offline algorithm and give it the ability to incrementally update the matte in an online interactive setting. Our realtime system efficiently estimates foreground color thereby allowing both the matte and the final composite to be revealed instantly as the user roughly paints along the edge of the foreground object. In addition, our system can dynamically adjust the width and boundary conditions of the scissoring paint brush to approximately capture the boundary of the foreground object that lies ahead on the scissor's path. These advantages in both speed and accuracy create the first interactive tool for high quality image matting and compositing.
Characterization of amine functionalized stationary phases using linear solvation energy relationships

Abstract In a continuing effort to develop quantitative structure–solubility relationships, this work describes the characterization of four amine functionalized stationary phases: Quadrol, tetraethylene pentamine, phenyldiethanolamine succinate, and triethanolamine. Solubility properties of these materials were examined using linear solvation energy relationship of the following form: log K=c+r 1 R 2 +s 1 π 2 H +a 1 Σ α 2 H +b 1 Σ β 2 H +l 1 log L 16 in which the coefficients (subscript 1) represent the ability of the stationary phase to engage in specific interactions. These coefficient values were correlated with the fraction of amine functionalities in the phase, and were quantitatively compared with literature values for similar nitrogen containing (amide) stationary phases.
A representation of the visual field in the caudal third of the middle tempral gyrus of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus).

Summary Visual receptive fields of single neurons and clusters of neurons were determined for recording sites in the occipital, caudal temporal and caudal parietal lobes of the owl monkey. In 7 experiments the visuotopic organization of the caudal third of the middle temporal gyrus was explored and a complete representation of the contralateral half of the visual field was revealed. This representation of the visual field (MT) corresponds to a histologically distinct area adjacent and rostral to area 19. The MT area is oval with its major axis approximately 6 mm long rostrocaudally and 4–5 mm wide mediolaterally. The horizontal meridian divides MT into a lateral portion representing the upper visual quadrant and a medial portion representing the lower quadrant. The center of gaze is reprented in the caudal portion of MT bordering area 19. The representation of the periphery of the visual field lies in rostral MT immediately medial and caudal to the caudal tip of the superior temporal sulcus.
Chemische Synthese von Polynucleotiden

Uber den gegenwartigen Stand der Methodik zur chemischen Synthese von kurzeren Desoxyribopolynucleotiden (Kettenlangen bis zu etwa zwanzig Nucleotideinheiten) wird in diesem Fortschrittsbericht ein Uberblick gegeben.
Ethical issues in nursing education: the dual-role researcher

Abstract There is imminent pressure on instructors of nursing students to evaluate teaching methods, examine curricula, and gauge students' abilities to grasp the educational process. The evaluative procedure or research, which often involves the instructor's students, can generate ethical dilemmas as the teacher attempts to be both educator and investigator. Some of these issues can be ameliorated through vigilance of proper human subject and informed consent procedures. In this article, we address the vulnerability of the nursing student as a research participant, the ethical and informed consent process, and the recommendations for avoiding or correcting issues related to research procedures, and the vulnerability of students.
Two modes of HIV-1 polypurine tract cleavage are affected by introducing locked nucleic acid analogs into the (-) DNA template.

Abstract Unusual base-pairing in a co-crystal of reverse transcriptase (RT) and a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) polypurine tract (PPT)-containing RNA/DNA hybrid suggests local nucleic acid flexibility mediates selection of the plus-strand primer. Structural elements of HIV-1 RT potentially participating in recognition of this duplex include the thumb subdomain and the ribonuclease H (RNase H) primer grip, the latter comprising elements of the connection subdomain and RNase H domain. To investigate how stabilizing HIV-1 PPT structure influences its recognition, we modified the (-) DNA template by inserting overlapping locked nucleic acid (LNA) doublets and triplets. Modified RNA/DNA hybrids were evaluated for cleavage at the PPT/U3 junction. Altered specificity was observed when the homopolymeric dA·rU tract immediately 5′ of the PPT was modified, whereas PPT/U3 cleavage was lost after substitutions in the adjacent dT·rA tract. In contrast, the “unzipped” portion of the PPT was moderately insensitive to LNA insertions. Although a portion of the dC·rG and neighboring dT·rA tract were minimally affected by LNA insertion, RNase H activity was highly sensitive to altering the junction between these structural elements. Using 3′-end-labeled PPT RNA primers, we also identified novel cleavage sites ahead (+5/+6) of the PPT/U3 junction. Differential cleavage at the PPT/U3 junction and U3 + 5/+6 site in response to LNA-induced template modification suggests two binding modes for HIV-1 RT, both of which may be controlled by the interaction of its thumb subdomain (potentially via the minor groove binding track) at either site of the unzipped region.
Another new type of cat retinal ganglion cell

Abstract A group of cat retinal ganglion cells, termed “triggered response cells”, responded to normal visual stimuli with elevations of their firing rates lasting tens or hundreds of seconds. These cells seem different from other cells whose maintained discharges undergo long-lasting changes. In many other respects “triggered response cells” resemble Y-type cells.
Use of a Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS)-Imidazolium Cation as an Organic Modifier for Montmorillonite

Recent studies on organically modified clays (OMCs) have reported enhanced thermal stabilities when using imidazolium-based surfactants over the typical ammonium-based surfactants. Other studies have shown that polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) also improve the thermal properties of composites containing these macromers. In an attempt to utilize the beneficial properties of both imidazolium surfactants and POSS macromers, a dual nanocomposite approach to prepare OMCs was used. In this study, the preparation of a new POSS-imidazolium surfactant and its use as an organic modifier for montmorillonite are reported. The purity, solubility, and thermal characteristics of the POSS-imidazolium chloride were evaluated. In addition, several OMCs were prepared by exchanging the Na+ with POSS imidazolium cations equivalent to 100%, 95%, 40%, 20%, and 5% of the cation exchange capacity of the clay. The subsequent OMCs were characterized using thermal analysis techniques (DSC, SDT, and TGA) as well as 29Si N...
Cultural Explanations of Mental Health and Illness

When we speak about cultural explanations of mental health and illness, we're often thinking of traditional cultural explanations. With this in mind, several caveats are in order before a discussio...
Rehydration induces rapid onset of lipid biosynthesis in desiccated Nostoc commune (Cyanobacteria)

Water, which contained [1,3-3H]glycerol, [35S]sodium sulfate, or [32P]sodium orthophosphate, was used to rehydrate air-dried cells of the desiccation-tolerant filamentous cyanobacterium Nostoc commune. The cells retained their capacities for the uptake and transport of all three compounds and, in response to rewetting, they mobilized the radiolabels into lipid precursors and initiated complex lipid biosynthesis. The onset of these events, measured in short-term, long-term and pulse-chase labeling experiments, was judged to be very rapid. The radiolabeled pool sizes of the major membrane species phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG) reached steady-state within several minutes, while those of the two abundant membrane glycolipids, mono- and di-glycosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG, DGDG), achieved uniform labeling within 2 h. The pattern of sulfolipid synthesis was generally more complex than the other lipid species. Analysis of the maturation of SQDG through differential labeling provided the only example of a lag in lipid maturation during the early stages (minutes) of cell rehydration. In this instance, the lag appeared to be associated specifically with the incorporation of 35SO3- by the sulfoquinovose. During the initial 2 h of rewetting there was complete turnover of 3H-label in the pools of the principal lipid precursors 1,2-sn-diacylglycerol and 1,3-diacylglycerol. In contrast, the accumulation of label by the major lipid of the heterocyst cell-wall, a non-saponifiable glycolipid, became detectable only after 24 h of rewetting. The present data are discussed in relation to the basis for desiccation tolerance in N. Commune.
Testability features of the MC68060 microprocessor

This report describes the testability design goals, constraints, and strategies used in the development of the MC68060 microprocessor. It explores the design choices that were made and the considerations that led to those choices. It presents the architectures and methodologies used to implement the design choices, and ends by describing the successes, failures, and future refinements of the test methodologies and architectures.
Inositol phospholipid hydrolysis by rat sciatic nerve phospholipase C

Rat sciatic nerve cytosol contains a phosphodiesterase of the phospholipase C type that catalyzes the hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids, with preferences of phosphatidylinositol 4'-phosphate (PIP) greater than phosphatidylinositol (PI) much greater than phosphatidylinositol 4',5'-bisphosphate (PIP2), at a pH optimum of 5.5-6.0 and at maximum rates of 55, 13, and 0.7 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Analysis of reaction products by TLC and formate exchange chromatography shows that inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate (83%) and diacylglycerol are the major products of PI hydrolysis. [32P]-PIP hydrolysis yields inositol bisphosphate, inositol phosphate, and inorganic phosphate, indicating the presence of phosphodiesterase, phosphomonoesterase, and/or inositol phosphate phosphatase activities in nerve cytosol. Phosphodiesterase activity is Ca2+-dependent and completely inhibited by EGTA, but phosphomonoesterase activity is independent of divalent cations or chelating agents. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) inhibit PI hydrolysis. They stimulate PIP and PIP2 hydrolysis up to equimolar concentrations, but are inhibitory at higher concentrations. Both diacylglycerols and free fatty acids stimulate PI hydrolysis and counteract its inhibition by PC and lysoPC. PIP2 is a poor substrate for the cytosolic phospholipase C and strongly inhibits hydrolysis of PI. However, it enhances PIP hydrolysis up to an equimolar concentration.
Socioeconomic Inequality and Peripheral Artery Disease Prevalence in US Adults

Background—Lower socioeconomic status is associated with cardiovascular disease. We sought to determine whether there is a higher prevalence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) in individuals with lower socioeconomic status. Methods and Results—We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 to 2004. PAD was defined based on an ankle–brachial index ≤0.90. Measures of socioeconomic status included poverty–income ratio, a ratio of self-reported income relative to the poverty line, and attained education level. Of 6791 eligible participants, overall weighted prevalence of PAD was 5.8% (SE, 0.3). PAD prevalence was significantly higher in individuals with low income and lower education. Individuals in the lowest of the 6 poverty–income ratio categories had more than a 2-fold increased odds of PAD compared with those in the highest poverty–income ratio category (odds ratio, 2.69; 95% confidence interval, 1.80–4.03; P<0.0001). This association remained significant even after multi...
Recent advances in submolecular resolution with scanning probe microscopy

It has been a long-standing goal to image individual organic molecules with atomic resolution. Although atomic resolution is routinely obtained on many crystalline surfaces by scanning probe microscopy (SPM) methods, clear atomic resolution on molecules has only been achieved in the past two years by means of non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) 1,2 and scanning tunnelling hydrogen microscopy (STHM) 3–5 . In these recent works aromatic molecules were imaged, and for the first time the individual atoms within the molecules were resolved. The obtained images directly visualize the molecular structure, for example, showing hexagons at the position of six-membered carbon rings. For both techniques, NC-AFM and STHM, an atomic functionalization of the sensor (that is, the placing of a well-defined atom or molecule at the tip of the scanning probe) was the key for achieving enhanced resolution. In the case of atomic force microscopy (AFM), the tip was modified by deliberately picking up a single carbon monoxide mol ecule, whereas in the case of STHM, the resolution was increased after bringing molecular hydrogen into the gap between the tip and the sample. Both techniques produce high-resolution images that closely resemble the molecular structure. This improved resolution has immediately proved useful for applications to identify the molecular structure of natural compounds 2
On a scalable topology for lightwave networks

Most of the logical topologies for lightwave networks available in the literature are not scalable. As a result, for these topologies, the addition of new stations to an existing network is extremely difficult. In this paper, we present a scalable topology for lightwave networks and discuss how the expansion of the network can be handled. We analyze the properties of the proposed network and compare it with other network interconnections. Assuming a multistar implementation, we also address the channel assignment problem.
Racial Disparities in the Use of Physical Restraints in U.S. Nursing Homes

The use of physical restraints in nursing homes among black and white residents was examined on the basis of data from the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey to determine if black residents were more susceptible to the use of physical restraints. Odds ratios acquired through logistic regression are provided with 95 percent confidence intervals. Findings revealed that black residents are more likely than white residents to be restrained with bed rails, side rails, and trunk restraints. Findings suggest that racial disparities exist in the use of physical restraints. Implications for practice, policy, and research are discussed.
Park's Tribolium competition experiments: a non-equilibrium species coexistence hypothesis

Summary 1. In this journal 35 years ago, P. H. Leslie, T. Park and D. B. Mertz reported competitive exclusion data for two Tribolium species. It is less well-known that they also reported ‘difficult to interpret’ coexistence data. We suggest that the species exclusion and the species coexistence are consequences of a stable coexistence two-cycle in the presence of two stable competitive exclusion equilibria. 2. A stage-structured insect population model for two interacting species forecasts that as interspecific interaction is increased there occurs a sequence of dynamic changes (bifurcations) in which the classic Lotka‐Volterra-type scenario with two stable competitive exclusion equilibria is altered abruptly to a novel scenario with three locally stable entities; namely, two competitive exclusion equilibria and a stable coexistence cycle. This scenario is novel in that it predicts the competitive coexistence of two nearly identical species on a single limiting resource and does so under circumstances of increased interspecific competition. This prediction is in contradiction to classical tenets of competition theory.
Murine bilateral retinoblastoma exhibiting rapid-onset, metastatic progression and N-myc gene amplification

Human retinoblastoma is a pediatric cancer initiated by RB gene mutations in the developing retina. We have examined the origins and progression of retinoblastoma in mouse models of the disease. Retina-specific inactivation of Rb on a p130−/− genetic background led to bilateral retinoblastoma with rapid kinetics, whereas on a p107−/− background Rb mutation caused predominantly unilateral tumors that arose with delayed kinetics and incomplete penetrance. In both models, retinoblastomas arose from cells at the extreme periphery of the murine retina. Furthermore, late retinoblastomas progressed to invade the brain and metastasized to the cervical lymph nodes. Metastatic tumors lacking Rb and p130 exhibited chromosomal changes revealed by representational oligonucleotide microarray analysis including high-level amplification of the N-myc oncogene. N-myc was found amplified in three of 16 metastatic retinoblastomas lacking Rb and p130 as well as in retinoblastomas lacking Rb and p107. N-myc amplification ranged from 6- to 400-fold and correlated with high N-myc-expression levels. These murine models closely resemble human retinoblastoma in their progression and secondary genetic changes, making them ideal tools for further dissection of steps to tumorigenesis and for testing novel therapies.
the needs of women returning to school

Many women who have experienced an extended interruption in their formal education find that their decision to return to school is both serious and significant. This article describes the special needs of women returning to school and analyzes these needs on both psychological and practical levels. The author offers suggestions about how colleges in general and student personnel workers in particular might help meet these needs, and she highlights programs and practices developed at one college. The discussion is based primarily on the experiences of women who are regular matriculated day session students at an urban commuter college. Observations are drawn from interviews, group discussions, and a questionnaire.
A Phase Diagram of Low Temperature Epitaxial Silicon Grown by Hot-wire Chemical Vapor Deposition for Photovoltaic Devices

We have investigated the low-temperature epitaxial growth of thin silicon films by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD). Using reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we have found conditions for epitaxial growth at low temperatures achieving twinned epitaxial growth up to 6.8 µm on Si(100) substrates at a substrate temperature of 230°C. This opens the possibility of growing high quality films on low cost substrates. The H_2:SiH_4 dilution ratio was set to 50:1 for all growths. Consistent with previous results, the epitaxial thickness is found to decrease with an increase in the substrate temperature.