cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ba and BaO on W and on Sc2O3 coated W

Abstract Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) are used to characterize the surface layers that form under an evaporating flux of a dispenser cathode (which is a Ba and BaO source) on a W substrate and Sc 2 O 3 -coated W substrate to simulate the surface layer of a conventional dispenser cathode and scandate cathode, respectively. The surface layers were prepared while the substrate was either at 940 °C b (1272 K), a typical operating temperature, or at 1125 °C b (1477 K), a typical activation temperature. Our investigation found that a partial layer of BaO formed on W, similar to the surface layer that forms on a dispenser cathode. Heating to the activation temperature causes the BaO to form a stronger bond with W. For the Sc 2 O 3 -coated W substrate, heating to the activation temperature is necessary for the inter-diffusion between the Sc 2 O 3 and W to occur. BaO layers form a stronger bond to the inter-diffused layer than to pure W. However, the most important finding is that a stable BaO-containing compound forms and continues to accumulate under the impinging flux on the Sc 2 O 3 and W covered substrate at 940 °C b . Surface emission models describe successfully all other dispenser cathodes, but fail to explain the emission characteristics of scandate cathodes. Raju and Maloney proposed an alternate model, which requires the presence of a thick layer of semi-conducting material. Our finding suggests that it is possible to form a thick layer from simultaneous presence of BaO, Sc 2 O 3 and W. However, further investigation is necessary to determine if the Raju and Maloney type layer is indeed present on top of scandate cathodes.
Climate change and the tropical Pacific: the sleeping dragon wakes.

The global impact of the tropical Pacific atmosphere–ocean system has been extensively studied in connection with the El Nino cycle. There is reason to believe that the system may also hold the key to rapid reorganizations of climate leading to changes that persist from centuries to millennia.
Tunneling spectroscopy of BSCCO-2212 single crystal in different angles within the ab-plane.

Abstract We have measured the difference in the density of states (dos) in Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8 (2212) between the c-axis and the ab-plane in our earlier experiments. Anisotropic properties within the ab-plane are not well established experimentally yet. We have performed tunneling experiments in three different directions within the ab-plane on the same piece of sample. Crystal orientation was determined by X-ray diffraction. The gap values and also the dos are significantly different in these directions.
Probing near-surface atmospheric turbulence with lidar measurements and high-resolution hydrodynamic models

As lidar technology is able to provide fast data collection at a resolution of meters in an atmospheric volume, it is imperative to promote a modeling counterpart of the lidar capability. This paper describes an integrated capability based on data from a scanning water vapor lidar and a high-resoiution hydrodynamic model (HIGRAD) equipped with a visualization routine (VIEWER) that simulates the lidar scanning. The purpose is to better understand the spatial and temporal representativeness of the lidar measurements and, in turn, to extend their utility in studying turbulence fields in the atmospheric boundary layer. Raman lidar water vapor data collected over the Pacific warm pool and the simulations with the HIGRAD code are used for identifying the underlying physics and potential aliasing effects of spatially resolved lidar measurements. This capability also helps improve the trade-offbetween spatial-temporal resolution and coverage ofthe lidar measurements.
Visual Rhetoric in the Curriculum: Pedagogy for a Multimodal Workplace

A survey of BizCom listserv subscribers suggests that visual rhetoric receives relatively little attention within business communication curricula. Results indicate that programs typically do not require a course in visual rhetoric, and on average, 20% or less of teaching in undergraduate courses is dedicated to visual communication. The findings suggest that business communication curricula may not adequately prepare students for the multimodal communication tasks they are likely to encounter in the workplace, particularly those tasks that rely on knowledge of visual rhetoric. Possible solutions include adding courses, integrating visual communication more deeply into existing courses, contextualizing existing design projects to ensure they are more than software exercises, and incorporating visual communication into other typical course projects.
Blockade of 5-HT2A receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex attenuates reinstatement of cue-elicited cocaine-seeking behavior in rats

Rationale The action of serotonin (5-HT) at the 5-HT2A receptor subtype is thought to be involved in cocaine-seeking behavior that is motivated by exposure to drug-associated cues and drug priming. 5-HT2A receptors are densely clustered in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), an area that plays a role in mediating cocaine-seeking behavior.
Tricritical Ising model, generalized KdVs, and nonperturbative 2D quantum gravity

Abstract We investigate the phase structure of the Z 2 - symmetric hermitian 3-matrix model. In a double scaling limit exact differential equations for the scaling functions around the critical points are derived. We show that the nonperturbative solutions of all models are described by members of the generalized KdV hierarchies. One of these models, a member of the fourth hierarchy, can be identified with the tricritical Ising model.
Design Criterion for Minimum Bias Estimation of Response Surfaces

Abstract Minimum bias estimation for response surfaces is reviewed and the experimental design problem for this estimation procedure considered. A protection criterion is introduced and certain implications considered. The important single factor models are studied and results given. The criterion is also applied to a multifactor first order surface with protection against second and third order terms.
Ovarian vein thrombosis after elective abortion.

Abstract Background: Ovarian vein thrombosis has been described postpartum and after pelvic surgery, but is uncommon in first- and second-trimester abortions. Case: A 24-year-old woman, para 1011, presented 9 days after an uneventful elective abortion at 13 weeks’ gestation with right lower quadrant abdominal pain, rebound tenderness and a normal white blood cell (WBC) count. Computed tomography (CT) showed ovarian vein thrombosis that improved with anticoagulation and antibiotics. Conclusion: Ovarian vein thrombosis might occur after elective first-trimester abortion and have an atypical presentation.
New methods for high-capacity embedding in multimedia covers using redundant number systems with adjunctive numerical representations

In this paper, we introduce a novel technique for covertly embedding data throughout an image using redundant number system decomposition over non-standard digital bit planes. It will be shown that this new steganography method has minimal visual distortive affects while also preserving both first and second order cover statistics, making it less susceptible to most general steganalysis attacks. This paper begins by reviewing the common numerical methods used in today's binary-based steganography algorithms. We then describe some the basic concepts and challenges when attempting to implement complex embedding algorithms that are based on a redundant number system. Finally, we introduce a novel class of numerical based multiple bit-plane decomposition systems, which we define as Adjunctive Numerical Representations. This new system will not only provide the statistical stability required for effective steganography but will also give us an improvement in the embedding capacity for our multimedia carrier files.
A Critical Review of the Newer Methods Proposed for the Reduction of Dental Caries

E n t h u s i a s t i c vendors offer the pub­ lic protection from the distressing thought of developing new cavities by claiming they are virtually selling pre­ ventive dentistry in a can by the ounce. They point confidently to a bibliography which lists names of prominent men in dental research, regardless of whether any clinical studies pertaining to their product are included. A glaring example of the latter practice may be found in a pamphlet circularized by the manu­ facturers of Amion in which the follow­ ing seven references were supplied. Grove and Grove1 recommended the utilization of quantitative determinations of salivary ammonia content as an index of caries susceptibility, but made no claim to have prevented the occurrence of caries by the use of ammonium ions. Hill2 did not even mention the word “ammonium” in his paper. Becks, Jensen and Millarr3 presented data on the effects of restricted carbo­ hydrate diets on L . acidophilus indices and caries experience. Again, no mention of ammonium. Kesel and others4’ 5’6 cautiously stated in their summary6 that:
Vocational Interest Orientations: A Comparison of Rural University and Junior College Freshmen.

Abstract The increase in junior colleges imposed new demands on counselors. Some areas to be investigated are the differences in counseling programs between junior colleges and universities; the differences in student bodies; and the importance of vocational guidance. This study addresses itself to elements of those areas. Male and female samples were drawn from two rural educational institutions: a four year university and a junior college. Differences in vocational interest orientations were explored through the nonoccupational scales of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB). For males significant differences were found on the academic achievement, diversity of interest, managerial orientation, and occupational level scales. Females differed on the diversity of interest scales.
Mechanisms underlying rhythmic locomotion: body-fluid interaction in undulatory swimming.

SUMMARY Swimming of fish and other animals results from interactions of rhythmic body movements with the surrounding fluid. This paper develops a model for the body–fluid interaction in undulatory swimming of leeches, where the body is represented by a chain of rigid links and the hydrodynamic force model is based on resistive and reactive force theories. The drag and added-mass coefficients for the fluid force model were determined from experimental data of kinematic variables during intact swimming, measured through video recording and image processing. Parameter optimizations to minimize errors in simulated model behaviors revealed that the resistive force is dominant, and a simple static function of relative velocity captures the essence of hydrodynamic forces acting on the body. The model thus developed, together with the experimental kinematic data, allows us to investigate temporal and spatial (along the body) distributions of muscle actuation, body curvature, hydrodynamic thrust and drag, muscle power supply and energy dissipation into the fluid. We have found that: (1) thrust is generated continuously along the body with increasing magnitude toward the tail, (2) drag is nearly constant along the body, (3) muscle actuation waves travel two or three times faster than the body curvature waves and (4) energy for swimming is supplied primarily by the mid-body muscles, transmitted through the body in the form of elastic energy, and dissipated into the water near the tail.
A noncoherent approach to radar localization through unknown walls

A simple and practical noncoherent approach to through-the-wall radar detection and localization in the presence of unknown walls is presented. The technique corrects for the shifts introduced in target location estimates due to ambiguities in the wall thickness and dielectric constant. Data is collected using three independent monostatic single-antenna radar units, employing stepped-frequency signals, at two or more different standoff positions of the radar system from the wall. In post-data acquisition processing, one of the wall parameters assumes a fixed value. Localization is then performed, for different assumed values of the other parameter at different standoff positions, using a trilateration-based technique that incorporates the presence of the wall. Target displacement trajectories, each corresponding to a different standoff position, are then formed and the cross-over point is estimated to be the target location. The results show that the radar system is able to correctly locate targets behind unknown walls.
Regional Cerebral Autoregulation During Orthostatic Stress: Age-Related Differences

Background and Purpose We used transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography to examine the cerebral blood flow (CBF) response to orthostatic stress in the middle and posterior cerebral circulations and to determine the effects of healthy aging on regional CBF regulation.
Self identified research needs of New York organic farmers

A survey of organic farmers in New York State identified problems in need of university research. Weed management was the most frequently mentioned problem by far, identified as significant by two-thirds of the organic farmers. Only a few other problems were listed as significant, including insufficient time for farm work, lack of markets, low prices, and lack of appropriate tools. These were cited by more than a third of the farmers. Drought, insect management, and a lack of a dependable supply of labor were cited by about one-third of the respondents. The survey also examined organic farmers' information sources. They do not use conventional sources of agricultural information, such as the extension service and conventional agricultural media, as much as books, magazines, and newsletters on organic f arming, other organic f armers, and on-farm experiments. Many respondents noted that local extension agents did not know very much about non-chemical solutions to organic production problems. They considered University Extension to be accessible, but not very useful in solving problems specific to organic farming, and had many suggestions to improve Land Grant research in organic agriculture.
Parallel execution of real-time rule-based systems

When rule-based expert systems are used to monitor and control real-time systems, the ability of these expert systems to met stringent response time constraints is as important as their ability to produce correct results to react to input. This paper explores parallel execution as an approach to achieve higher execution speed in rule-based systems in domains requiring high performance and real-time response. In particular, it shows how rule-firing parallelism can be automatically extracted from a real-time rule-based system via static analysis of the system source code. To demonstrate the practicality of this approach, the proposed technique is applied to reduce the execution time of two NASA expert systems. >
Allometric equations for four valuable tropical tree species

Four tree species were harvested periodically over a 13-year period from plantations in the humid lowlands of Costa Rica: Cedrela odorata, Cordia alliodora, Hyeronima alchorneoides, and Euterpe oleracea. The soil was a well-drained, volcanic alluvium, and high fertility coupled with 4 m of annual rainfall and high temperatures led to rapid growth rates; at age 13 many individual were >30 cm dbh and >30 m tall. Harvested trees were dissected into their component parts: leaves, rachises (for Cedrela and Euterpe), branches, boles, and coarse roots (i.e., >0.5 cm diameter). Roots of small trees were excavated in their entirety; those of large trees were harvested from a cylinder 1.0 m in diameter, immediately beneath the trunk. Large numbers of trees were sampled: 258–379 per species. Size classes sampled ranged from seedlings too small to have a dbh to trees of � 30 cm dbh. Two separate allometric equations (one for trees having only a basal diameter and another for trees having a dbh), with diametersquared times height as the metrics, were developed for each component of each species. Based on breaks in linear trends of ln–ln plots and deviations of predicted from actual values, we developed separate allometric equations, by component, for trees of different sizes. The resulting 40 equations (with one exception, involving very small trees) fit the data well and enable the user to predict biomass, by component, for each of the four species. A single (non-allometric) linear equation, combining all plant parts of all three dicot species, also fit the data well, but it would not provide either the detail or the accuracy provided by the species-specific, plant-part-specific equations. Large sample sizes, a 13-year run of data collection, and the economic and ecological importance of the species studied make this data set uniquely useful for biomass estimations and for understanding the inherent heterogeneity of tree structure in dynamic tropical environments. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The effect of hypophysectomy on the total circulating red cell volume of the rat.

STUDIES on the influence of the pituitary on hematopiesis have resulted in general agreement that following hypophysectomy there is a 30% anemia as judged by a reduction in the hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count, and hematocrit (reviewed by Arvy, Gabe and Stutinsky, 1948). The determination of the concentration of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the peripheral blood gives no real indication of the total circulating red cell volume because of the possibility of the influence of changes in the blood volume. This study was designed to determine the changes in the total circulating red cell volume following hypophysectomy in the rat. methods Blood volume determinations Avere done by the red cell dilution method using P32-labeled erythrocytes (Berlin et al., 1949). Female rats of the Long-Evans strain were hypophysectomized at 26–28 days and the blood volume determinations were done on groups of animals prior to hypophysectomy and at various intervals up to 258 days following the operation (Table...
Models of gay male identity and the marketing of “gay language” in foreign-language phrasebooks for gay men

This paper examines two models that have been used in theoretical discussions of language and sexuality. The two models, the culture-based model and the desire-based model, view the gay community as formed through a shared culture or based solely on sexual desire. The impact of the models in works by Leap (1996) and Kulick (2000) is discussed, and the models are used to demonstrate competing views of gay language found in foreign-language phrasebooks intended for gay men. Strict adherence to either of these models masks the reality of “gay language” and impedes the progress of research into the relationships between language, gender and sexuality.
Phased array beam forming from a circular array: applications to imaging of coronary arteries

A catheter based, circular phased array system is presented for side-looking, high-resolution imaging of coronary arteries. The system is capable of full dynamic focus over a large depth of field using only a single connection between the catheter tip and the imaging console. The results of detailed simulations are presented, demonstrating the capabilities of the method. >
Field ionization of Wannier excitons in liquid xenon

Abstract The effect of large electric fields on the photoconductivity spectra of liquid xenon is reported. The photoconductivity threshold shifts to lower photon energies with increasing applied electric field. From its magnitude and functional dependence, it is concluded that the shift is due to the field ionization of high- n Wannier excitons.
Cost-effectiveness of alternative blood-screening strategies for West Nile Virus in the United States.

Background West Nile virus (WNV) is endemic in the US, varying seasonally and by geographic region. WNV can be transmitted by blood transfusion, and mandatory screening of blood for WNV was recently introduced throughout the US. Guidelines for selecting cost-effective strategies for screening blood for WNV do not exist. Methods and Findings We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis for screening blood for WNV using a computerbased mathematical model, and using data from prospective studies, retrospective studies, and published literature. For three geographic areas with varying WNV-transmission intensity and length of transmission season, the model was used to estimate lifetime costs, quality-adjusted life expectancy, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios associated with alternative screening strategies in a target population of blood-transfusion recipients. We compared the status quo (baseline screening using a donor questionnaire) to several strategies which differed by nucleic acid testing of either pooled or individual samples, universal versus targeted screening of donations designated for immunocompromised patients, and seasonal versus year-long screening. In low-transmission areas with short WNV seasons, screening by questionnaire alone was the most cost-effective strategy. In areas with high levels of WNV transmission, seasonal screening of individual samples and restricting screening to blood donations designated for immunocompromised recipients was the most cost-effective strategy. Seasonal screening of the entire recipient pool added minimal clinical benefit, with incremental cost-effectiveness ratios exceeding US$1.7 million per quality-adjusted life-year gained. Year-round screening offered no additional benefit compared to seasonal screening in any of the transmission settings.
GaAsSb for heterojunction bipolar transistors

The advantages of using GaAsSb in heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT) are discussed with emphasis on two recent experimental results in the AlGaAs/GaAsSb material system. The performances of a prototype n-p-n AlGaAs/GaAsSb/GaAs double HBT (DHBT) that exhibits stable current gain with maximum collector current density of 5*10/sup 4/ A/cm/sup 2/, and a p-n-p AlGaAs/GaAs HBT with a superlattice GaAsSb emitter ohmic contact which has a specific contact resistivity of 5+or-1*10/sup -7/ Omega -cm/sup 2/ across the sample, are examined. >
Estimation of Flattened Musk Turtle (Sternotherus depressus) Survival, Recapture, and Recovery Rate during and after a Disease Outbreak

We estimated survivorship, recapture probabilities and recovery rates in a threatened population of Flattened Musk Turtles (Sternotherus depressus) through a disease outbreak in Alabama in 1985. We evaluated a set of models for the demographic effects of disease by analyzing recaptures and recoveries simultaneously. Multiple-model inference suggested survival was temporally dynamic, whereas recapture probability was sex- and age-specifc. Biweekly survivorship declined from 98-99% before to 82-88% during the outbreak. Live recapture was twice as likely for male turtles relative to juveniles or females, whereas dead recoveries varied only slightly by sex and age. Our results suggest modest reduction in survival over a relatively short time period may severely affect population status.
Metazoan Parasite Infracommunities of the Toadfish Aphos porosus (Pisces: Batrachoidiformes) in Central Chile: How Variable Are They over Time?

The present study examines variation in parasite community characteristics of the toadfish Aphos porosus across sampling years. We analyzed and compared the species composition and numeric descriptors of the parasite infrapopulations and infracommunities in 101 fish collected during the springs of 1999, 2006, and 2007 from rocky intertidal ponds in El Tabo, central Chile. Parasites were found in 94.1% of specimens necropsied. In total 5,532 parasites were collected, representing 12 taxa, of which 7 were found in the 3 annual samples. The most prevalent and abundant parasites in the 3 sampling years were larval tetraphyllidean cestodes, followed by anisakid nematodes. The community descriptors of average richness and abundance varied significantly across the 3 yr, with the exception of parasite dominance. The parasite species composition and relative abundance showed low variability among years. A few parasite taxa (Anisakis sp., Pseudoterranova sp., tetraphyllideans, and Clestobothrium crassiceps) dominated the infracommunities of the toadfish; however, tetraphyllideans were the parasites that greatly varied over time. Consequently the parasite infracommunities of the toadfish were variable among years, with a low variation in parasite composition, but large differences in the aggregate descriptors.
An advanced timing characterization method using mode dependency

To address the problem of accurate timing characterization, this paper proposes a method that fully exploits mode dependency. It is based on the premise that circuit delays are determined largely by a set of control inputs for which the number of useful combinations, i.e., modes, is small for most practical circuits. We take the mode-dependent characterization approach further and enhance it so that the delays of the I/O paths between the control inputs and outputs are calculated more accurately. We prove that, with a careful choice of propagation conditions, our method can generate timing models with very tight path delays that are guaranteed to give correct results. Experimental results using real-life circuits show that cir-cuit delays can vary significantly among different modes for both control and data input delays, and capturing this variation can have a significant impact on the overall system timing.
Deaths associated with influenza pandemic of 1918-19, Japan.

Current estimates of deaths from the influenza pandemic of 1918–19 in Japan are based on vital records and range from 257,000 to 481,000. The resulting crude death rate range of 0.47%–0.88% is considerably lower than parallel and conservative worldwide estimates of 1.66%–2.77%. Because the accuracy of vital registration records for early 20th century Asia is questionable, to calculate the percentage of the population who died from the pandemic, we used alternative prefecture-level population count data for Japan in combination with estimation methods for panel data that were not available to earlier demographers. Our population loss estimates of 1.97–2.02 million are appreciably higher than the standing estimates, and they yield a crude rate of population loss of 3.62%–3.71%. This rate resolves a major puzzle about the pandemic by indicating that the experience of Japan was similar to that of other parts of Asia.
Identification and characterization of a novel family of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases.

Abstract We report the cloning, expression, and characterization of a new family of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) that has unique kinetic and inhibitor specificities. A clone corresponding to the C terminus of this PDE was initially identified by a bioinformatic approach and used to isolate a cDNA that is likely full-length. This novel PDE, designated as MMPDE9A1, shows highest mRNA expression in kidney with lower levels in liver, lung, and brain. The mRNA size by Northern blot analysis is approximately 2.0 kilobases, and the cDNA encoding PDE9A1 is 1929 base pairs in length. The largest open reading frame predicts a protein of 534 amino acids with a molecular mass of 62,000 Da. When expressed in COS-7 cells, PDE9A1 activity was not inhibited well by either the nonselective inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine or the new selective PDE5 inhibitor, sildenafil, but it is inhibited by the PDE1/5 inhibitor (+)-cis-5,6a,7,8,9 hyl] phenylmethyl]-5-methyl-cylopent[4,5]imidao[2,1-b]purin-49(3H)one (SCH51866) with an IC50 of 1.55 μm. This new phosphodiesterase is highly specific for cGMP. ItsK m of ∼0.07 μm for cGMP is the lowest yet reported for a PDE, being at least 40–170 times lower than that of PDE5 and PDE6, respectively.
Histone H2B repression causes cell-cycle-specific arrest in yeast: Effects on chromosomal segregation, replication, and transcription

To determine which cellular processes are dependent on histones, we blocked histone H2B mRNA synthesis in asynchronously growing yeast after fusing the H2B gene to a repressible GAL10 promoter. Chromosomal segregation, replication, and transcription were then examined. We found that the cells arrested in mitosis, with a cell division cycle (cdc) phenotype. Chromatin structure and nuclear segregation were disrupted. A full round of DNA replication took place after the repression of histone H2B mRNA synthesis. Active transcription and the induction of new transcripts also continued in the arrested cells.
Animating facial expressions

Recognition and simulation of actions performable on rigidly-jointed actors such as human bodies have been the subject of our research for some time. One part of an ongoing effort towards a total human movement simulator is to develop a system to perform the actions of American Sign Language (ASL). However, one of the “channels” of ASL communication, the face, presents problems which are not well handled by a rigid model.An integrated system for an internal representation and simulation of the face is presented, along with a proposed image analysis model. Results from an implementation of the internal model and simulation modules are presented, as well as comments on the future of computer controlled recognition of facial actions.We conclude with a discussion on extensions of the system, covering relations between flexible masses and rigid (jointed) ones. Applications of this theory into constrained actions, such as across rigid nonmoving sheets of bone (forehead, eyes) are also discussed.
Persistent spatial working memory deficits in rats with bilateral cortical microgyria.

Background: Anomalies of cortical neuronal migration (e.g., microgyria (MG) and/or ectopias) are associated with a variety of language and cognitive deficits in human populations. In rodents, postnatal focal freezing lesions lead to the formation of cortical microgyria similar to those seen in human dyslexic brains, and also cause subsequent deficits in rapid auditory processing similar to those reported in human language impaired populations. Thus convergent findings support the ongoing study of disruptions in neuronal migration in rats as a putative model to provide insight on human language disability. Since deficits in working memory using both verbal and non-verbal tasks also characterize dyslexic populations, the present study examined the effects of neonatally induced bilateral cortical microgyria (MG) on working memory in adult male rats. Methods: A delayed match-to-sample radial water maze task, in which the goal arm was altered among eight locations on a daily basis, was used to assess working memory performance in MG (n = 8) and sham (n = 10) littermates. Results: Over a period of 60 sessions of testing (each session comprising one pre-delay sample trial, and one post-delay test trial), all rats showed learning as evidenced by a significant decrease in overall test errors. However, MG rats made significantly more errors than shams during initial testing, and this memory deficit was still evident after 60 days (12 weeks) of testing. Analyses performed on daily error patterns showed that over the course of testing, MG rats utilized a strategy similar to shams (but with less effectiveness, as indicated by more errors). Conclusion: These results indicate persistent abnormalities in the spatial working memory system in rats with induced disruptions of neocortical neuronal migration.
Inherited Metabolic Disorders: Aspects of Chronic Nutrition Management

The introduction of newborn screening and the development of new therapies have led to an expanding population of patients with inherited metabolic disorders, and these patients are now entering adulthood. Dietary therapy is the mainstay of treatment for many of these disorders, and thus, trained metabolic dietitians are critical members of the multidisciplinary team required for management of such patients. The main goals of dietary therapy in inborn errors of metabolism are the maintenance of normal growth and development while limiting offending metabolites and providing deficient products. Typically, the offending metabolite is either significantly reduced or removed completely from the diet and then reintroduced in small quantities until blood levels are within the normal range. Such treatment is required in infancy, childhood, and adulthood and requires careful monitoring of micronutrient and macronutrient intake throughout the life span. The goal of this review is to highlight the basic principles of chronic nutrition management of the inborn errors of protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism.
Investigations of the March 2006 African dust storm using ground‐based column‐integrated high spectral resolution infrared (8–13 μm) and visible aerosol optical thickness measurements: 1. Measurement procedures and results

[1] The infrared (IR) aerosol optical thickness (AOT) spectra of Saharan dust measured during the Portable Infrared Aerosol Transmission Experiment (PIRATE) are reported. Saharan dust optical thickness (extinction) spectra from 8 to 13 μm were obtained using column-integrated solar transmission measurements in Puerto Rico in July 2005 and Senegal in January and March 2006 (during a dust plume) using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The FTIR measured the solar spectral irradiance in the IR in the presence of Saharan dust, and the AOT was determined by comparing the measured spectra to modeled downwelling spectra without dust for the same atmospheric temperature profile, solar zenith angle, water vapor, and ozone concentrations. The modeled dust-free spectra are generated using the Santa Barbara Disort Atmospheric Radiative Transfer (SBDART) program. The measured dust AOT is compared with modeled AOT spectra obtained using Mie theory with dust indices of refraction from Volz and Fouquart with assumed lognormal size distributions. When the visible AOT values from nearby Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sensors are compared to the IR AOT values, results from various dust loadings show that the IR dust AOT at 9.5 μm is typically only one third that of the visible (670 nm) dust AOT, but there is some evidence that this ratio could increase for larger dust size distributions. The surface IR dust forcing is determined to be about −0.4 W/m2 by summing the dusty and clear irradiance differences.
Building replicated Internet services using TACT: a toolkit for tunable availability and consistency tradeoffs

An ultimate goal for modern Internet services is the development of scalable, high-performance, highly-available and fault-tolerant systems. Replication is an important approach to achieve this goal. However replication introduces the issue of consistency among replicas, which is further complicated by network partitions. Generally, higher consistency levels result in lower system availability in the presence of network partitions. Thus, there is a fundamental tradeoff between consistency and availability in building replicated Internet services. We argue that Internet services can benefit from dynamically choosing availability/consistency tradeoffs. With three consistency metrics, Unseen Writes, Uncommitted Writes and Staleness, we show how consistency can be meaningfully quantified for many Internet services. We present the design of the TACT (Tunable Availability and Consistency Tradeoffs) toolkit that allows Internet services to flexibly and dynamically choose their own availability/consistency, tradeoffs, enabling differentiated availability/consistency quality of service. Further TACT makes it possible for Internet services to dynamically trade consistency for performance.
Synthesis of 5′, 5′‐Dideuterated nucleoside and nucleotide anabolites of 6‐Mercaptopurine

6-Mercaptopurine riboside, 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside, 6-mercaptopurine riboside-5′-phosphate and 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside-5′-phosphate were synthesized with 2 deuteriums in the ribose moiety at the 5′-position so as to act as internal standards for the quantitation of these anabolites of 6-mercaptopurine from biological media by gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry with chemical ionization.
The contribution of Johann Friedrich Klotzsch to the taxonomy of Croton (Euphorbiaceae) and associated genera.

The contribution of J. F. Klotzsch to Croton taxonomy is summarised through a review of the original literature, an examination of specimens and taxonomic decisions. The currently accepted names are given for Klotzsch's taxa associated with Croton. The new combinations Astraea comosa and A. jatropha are made. Lectotypes are designated for C. comosus, C. comosus var. major, C. comosus var. minor, C. compressus, C. essequiboensis, C. hircinus, C. jatropha, C. leucadenius, C. lobatus, C. multispicatus, C. muricatus, C. sphaerogynus, C. tricolor and Lasiogyne brasiliensis. Neotypes are designated for Argyrodendron bicolor and Cleodora sellowiana. Epitypes are designated for Croton hircinus and C. multispicatus.
Growth interactions in communities of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), giant foxtail (Setaria faberi), and corn

Abstract The relative competitive ability of common lambsquarters and giant foxtail in mixed weed–corn communities was characterized in 1998 and 1999 using empirical models that described late-season weed biomass on the basis of weed density, early-season relative leaf area, or early-season relative shoot volume. Competition coefficients estimated from weed density were inconsistent between years because they indicated that giant foxtail was more competitive than common lambsquarters in 1998 but that common lambsquarters was more competitive than giant foxtail in 1999. In contrast, the competition coefficients based on relative leaf area and relative volume were consistent between years. Competition coefficients estimated from relative leaf area indicated that giant foxtail was more competitive than common lambsquarters in each year. Competition coefficients estimated from weed relative volume indicated that the relative competitive ability of each weed species was similar in each year. Weed relative comp...
Black cohosh (Actaea/Cimicifuga racemosa): review of the clinical data for safety and efficacy in menopausal symptoms.

Since the publication of the results of the Women’s Health Initiative that described the risks of hormone replacement therapy, many women are actively seeking alternative treatments for menopausal symptoms. Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa, syn. Cimicifuga racemosa) is one such alternative that has been used in the US for over 100 years. To date only two cimicifuga extracts have been tested clinically, and the current recommended dosage is 40–80 mg/day. Review of the published clinical data suggests that cimicifuga may be useful for the treatment of menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes, profuse sweating, insomnia, and anxiety. However, the methodology used in most of the trials is poor and further clinical assessment of cimicifuga is needed. In terms of safety, transient adverse events such as nausea, vomiting, headaches, dizziness, mastalgia, and weight gain have been observed in clinical trials. A few cases of hepatotoxicity have been reported, but a direct association with the ingestion of cimicifuga has not been demonstrated. The most recent data suggest that cimicifuga is not estrogenic.
Biomarker Targets and Novel Therapeutics

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the leading cause of gynecologic cancer death among developed nations worldwide and is the fifth leading cause of overall cancer mortality among women in the United States. Despite the high mortality rates, ovarian cancer has a relatively low prevalence (0.075% of the U.S. female population). For women with regional and distant disease, the 5-year survival rates are 69% and 30%, respectively. Themajority of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer (approximately 75%) present with advanced-stage disease. Barriers to developing effective screening programs for ovarian cancer include its relatively low prevalence; lack of specific clinical symptoms; and that the cell of epithelial cancer origin is not clear with lack of a well-defined molecular precursor. Most ovarian cancer diagnoses (approximately 90%) are sporadic, and the remaining 10% are hereditary (e.g., primarily related to BRCA1/2 mutations). There are no known, specific, validated biomarkers to date that could be used for early detection among those at high risk for ovarian cancer. Although a meta-analysis of 53 studies including those using modern chemotherapeutic agents demonstrated that greater primary surgical cytoreduction significantly increases median survival of ovarian cancer, it is unlikely that any further advances in surgical technology will significantly impact patient survival. However, surgical improvements are needed to further reduce surgical complications, to improve patient quality of life, and to ensure that as many patients as possible are optimally debulked. Thus, the pursuit of new therapeutics is of utmost importance if advancements are to be made in the survival of ovarian cancer. In the 1990s, the combination of intravenous platinum plus a taxane became the standard of care based on phase III studies done by the Gynecologic
The Variational Principle

In magnetohydrodynamics, the equilibrium and stability of a toroidal plasma with density ρ, pressure p = ρ γ and internal energy e = p/(γ — 1), confined by a strong magnetic field B, can be analyzed by means of a variational principle [4] for the potential energy $$ E = \iiint {\left( {\frac{{{B^2}}} {2} + \frac{p} {{y - 1}}} \right)}d{x_1}d{x_2}d{x_3} $$ subject to appropriate constraints. Stationary points correspond to equilibrium solutions; and if the energy has a local minimum, the equilibrium is considered to be stable by definition.
The K/T trial

s with Programs 26:333. Johnson, K., and D. Nichols. 1994. Fossil plants and the Cretaceous Tertiary boundary in the northern great plains-the best terrestrial argument for an abrupt catastrophe. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs 26:395. Keller, G. 1994. Global biotic effects of the KT boundary event: mass extinction restricted to low latitudes? Lunar and Planetary Institute Contribution 825:57-58. Markwick, P. J. 1994. Crocodilian distribution and diversity across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Implications for climatically induced extinction. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs 26:395.s with Programs 26:395. Marshall, C. R. 1994. Using the ammonite fossil record to predict the position of the KT boundary Ir anomaly on Seymour This content downloaded from 207.46.13.57 on Fri, 09 Sep 2016 04:07:18 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms ^4M ATTT, CW T TWs RPCC)RD 247 Island, Antarctica. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs 26:394. Raup, D. M., and D. Jablonski. 1994. Lack of selective extinction among end-Cretaceous bivalves. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs 26:394. Schultz, P. 1994. Impact angle effects of global lethality. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs 26:333. Sharpton, V. L., L. E. Marin, and B. C. Schuraytz. 1994. The Chicxulub multiring impact basin: evaluation of geophysical data, well logs, and drill core samples. Lunary and Planetary Institute Contribution 825:108-1 10. Sigurdsson, H., S. D'Hondt, and S. Carey. 1994. Impact extinction mechanisms: geochemistry of the target material. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs 26:333. Zinsmeister, W. J., and R. M. Feldmann. 1994. Antarctica, the forgotten stepchild: a view of the KT extinction from the high southern latitudes. Lunar and Planetary Institute Contribution
Leading Change at Ppf Corporation (B)

The B case continues the story of Stephen Oswald’s leadership by examining the actions he took during his first three years at the corporation. See also the A case (UVA-BP-0498).
Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa co-infection is associated with cystic fibrosis-related diabetes and poor clinical outcomes

Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) patients suffer from accelerated rates of pulmonary decline compared to cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). However, the mechanisms underlying this difference are unknown. While CFRD is associated with increased respiratory infections, a link between infection and enhanced pulmonary dysfunction remains unclear. The development of glucose intolerance is spectral, resulting in impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) prior to the diagnosis of CFRD. Inclusion of IGT patients within the NGT group may diminish the ability to identify correlations with CFRD. With this in mind, this study aimed to determine if the association between CFRD and respiratory infections is correlated with pulmonary decline. Respiratory cultures from 234 CF patients with confirmed diagnosis of NGT or CFRD were analyzed to measure rates of infection, focusing on the two most prevalent bacteria in CF, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infection status was correlated with pulmonary function and confounding clinical variables including age, gender, blood glucose levels, and CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) phenotype were considered in multivariate analyses. CFRD patients, particularly those with extremely high blood glucose levels, were more likely than NGT patients to be co-infected with S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, compared to infection with only one pathogen. Co-infection was associated with decreased lung function and increased frequency of pulmonary exacerbations, even after adjustment for confounding variables. Alterations in the microbial community composition, as opposed to the presence of a single pathogen, may account for greater pulmonary decline in CFRD patients.
Nanoprobes for Deep Carbon

> “Who looks outside, dreams; who looks inside, awakes.” > > — Carl Jung Surficial observations reveal carbon in a great variety of organic, inorganic, and biological forms that subduct with descending slabs and rise and erupt in volcanoes. Due to the lack of experimental means for studying carbon under extreme deep Earth conditions, we have limited information on the density and bonding nature of carbon-bearing fluids, and virtually no information on the texture and porosity of fluid-rock assemblages. Our knowledge on some of the most fundamental questions surrounding the deep carbon cycle becomes increasingly tenuous as we move into the planet. For example, in what form do carbon-bearing materials exist deep within Earth (Oganov et al. 2013)? How does carbon move within the planet’s deep interior (Dasgupta 2013)? To address these types of questions, we need to improve our understanding of carbon-bearing phases at the extreme pressure-temperature conditions existing in Earth. As the fourth most abundant element in the universe, the backbone of organic matter and major energy carriers, pure carbon forms a variety of allotropes including both crystalline and disordered structures such as diamond, graphite, graphene, buckyballs, nanotubes and glassy carbon with numerous and exciting potential in technological applications. Adding the more than 370 other carbon-bearing mineral species (Hazen et al. 2013), this represents a huge range of structures and bonding and fascinating (as well as complex) physics and chemistry. Currently much is unknown about the behavior of carbon-bearing phases at high pressures and temperatures. Experimental study of materials behavior at extreme conditions requires the ability to reach simultaneous high pressure-temperature conditions, and the development and implementation of a battery of micro/nanoscale probes to characterize samples. In addition, studying carbon brings its own set of complications and considerations. In this chapter we first review some of the techniques for reaching ultrahigh …