cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ascorbic Acid Offsets the Inhibitory Effect of Bioactive Dietary Polyphenolic Compounds on Transepithelial Iron Transport in Caco-2 Intestinal Cells

We previously reported that (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and grape seed extract (GSE) at high concentration nearly blocked intestinal iron transport across the enterocyte. In this study, we aimed to determine whether small amounts of EGCG, GSE, and green tea extract (GT) are capable of inhibiting iron absorption, to examine if ascorbic acid counteracts the inhibitory action of polyphenols on iron absorption, and to explore the mechanisms of polyphenol-mediated apical iron uptake and basolateral iron release. An55Fe absorption study was conducted by adding various concentrations of EGCG, GSE, and GT using Caco-2 intestinal cells. Polyphenols were found to inhibit the transepithelial 55Fe transport in a dose-dependent manner. The addition of ascorbic acid offset the inhibitory effects of polyphenols on iron transport. Ascorbic acid modulated the transepithelial iron transport without changing the apical iron uptake and the expression of ferroportin-1 protein in the presence of EGCG. The polyphenol-mediated apical iron uptake was inhibited by membrane impermeable Fe2+ chelators (P < 0.001), but at a low temperature (4°C), the apical iron uptake was still higher than the control values at 37°C (P < 0.001). These results suggest that polyphenols enhance the apical iron uptake partially by reducing the conversion of ferric to ferrous ions and possibly by increasing the uptake of polyphenol-iron complexes via the energy-independent pathway. The present results indicate that the inhibitory effects of dietary polyphenols on iron absorption can be offset by ascorbic acid. Further studies are needed to confirm the current findings in vivo.
Origin of extraembryonic mesoderm in experimental animals: relevance to chorionic mosaicism in humans.

Confined chorionic mosaicism, a discordance in the karyotype between the fetus and placenta, occurs in 1% of chorionic villus sampling (CVS) cases. While the cytogenetic discrepancies occurring between different fetal tissues may pose clinical dilemmas, they can also be viewed as a natural experiment to determine early cell lineage relationship in the human. We reviewed extensive data in experimental animals to define the origin of the human extraembryonic mesoderm. The extraembryonic mesoderm in humans is important component of the CVS culture preparation. Previously, the extraembryonic mesoderm was thought to originate in the cytotrophoblast or primitive streak. More recent evidence supports its origin from the yolk sac, which does not always correlate with the fetal karyotype. We formulated a model of early human cell lineage and employed it to clarify clinical cases of chorionic mosaicism in two large published studies. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Aggregate health data in the United States: Steps toward a public good:

The rise of electronic medical records promotes the collection and aggregation of medical data. These data have tremendous potential utility for health policy and public health; yet there are gaps in the scholarly literature. No articles in the medical or legal literature have mapped the "information flows" from patient to database, and commentary has focused more on privacy than on data's social value and incentives for production. Utilizing short case studies of data flows, I show that ample data exist, much of them are available online through government websites or hospital trade associations. However, available information comes from billing records rather than medical records. Turning to legal and policy recommendations for better provision, I note that weak intellectual property law has ironically led to stronger control over health data through private contracts and technological barriers, as these methods of protection lack any exceptions for noncommercial use. I conclude with a series of policy proposals to make data more available.
Integrative analysis reveals selective 9p24.1 amplification, increased PD-1 ligand expression, and further induction via JAK2 in nodular sclerosing Hodgkin lymphoma and primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma

Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (MLBCL) are lymphoid malignancies with certain shared clinical, histologic, and molecular features. Primary cHLs and MLBCLs include variable numbers of malignant cells within an inflammatory infiltrate, suggesting that these tumors escape immune surveillance. Herein, we integrate high-resolution copy number data with transcriptional profiles and identify the immunoregulatory genes, PD-L1 and PD-L2, as key targets at the 9p24.1 amplification peak in HL and MLBCL cell lines. We extend these findings to laser-capture microdissected primary Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells and primary MLBCLs and find that programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) ligand/9p24.1 amplification is restricted to nodular sclerosing HL, the cHL subtype most closely related to MLBCL. Using quantitative immunohistochemical methods, we document the association between 9p24.1 copy number and PD-1 ligand expression in primary tumors. In cHL and MLBCL, the extended 9p24.1 amplification region also included the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) locus. Of note, JAK2 amplification increased protein expression and activity, specifically induced PD-1 ligand transcription and enhanced sensitivity to JAK2 inhibition. Therefore, 9p24.1 amplification is a disease-specific structural alteration that increases both the gene dosage of PD-1 ligands and their induction by JAK2, defining the PD-1 pathway and JAK2 as complementary rational therapeutic targets.
Regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in citrus leaves infected with Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri

Inoculation of Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. x Citrus Paradisi Macf. (Swingle citrumelo) leaves with Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri (Hasse) Dye (Xc). a nursery strain of bacteria causing citrus canker, induced significant ethylene production. No ethylene biosynthesis was induced by Xanthomonas campestris pv. dieffenbachiae (McCulloh and Pirrone) Dye (Xd), a non pathogen to citrus. Leaves inoculated with Xc had a higher endogenous 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content than the leaves treated with aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) or streptomycin before inoculation. All the inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis tested were effective in suppression of ethylene production from Xc inoculated leaves. The inhibitors also suppressed the rate of disease progression. Major points of regulation of pathogen induced ethylene appear to reside at the transcriptional and/or translational levels, as indicated by the inhibitor studies. It appears that the pathogen-induced ethylene biosynthesis in this case is closely associated with disease progression and that denovo induction and activation of ACC synthase is the key step in the induction of ethylene production. The induction of ethylene production as a result of pathogen invasion may be a plant defense response as it leads to the abscission of leaves which helps retard the spread of the pathogen into the plant-system.
Water permeability and its activation energy of fertilized and unfertilized mouse ova.

A photomicroscopic method has been use to determine the kinetics of water loss at various constant temperatures from fertilized and unfertilized mouse ova. Ova were transferred into hypertonic saline solutions, photographed, and their volumes calculated from their cross-sectional areas as a function of time after transfer. Curves describing the observed water loss have been compared to those calculated using a programmed version of the classical water permeability equation. The hydraulic conductivity,L p , was determined by changing its value in the calculation until the majority of the observed cell volumes fell on or very close to the calculated curve of volume vs. time. In this way, fertilized and unfertilized ova were found to have respective hydraulic conductivities of 0.43 and 0.44 μm3/μm2-min-atm at 20°C and respective activation energies for water permeability of 13.0 and 14.5 kcal/mol.
Interdisciplinary Science in Interbehavioral Perspective

As the disciplinary sciences develop there is a growing interest in interdisciplinary science. This is particularly so in certain areas of the sciences where the objects of investigation are of interest to workers in multiple scientific domains. This commentary considers the nature of science from an interbehavioral perspective. In doing so, the nature and goals of both disciplinary and interdisciplinary sciences are considered.
Optical Traps as Force Transducers: The Effects of Focusing the Trapping Beam through a Dielectric Interface

The use of optical forces generated by a focused laser beam for manipulating single polymer chains and colloidal particles has begun to receive increasing attention in polymer and colloid science and in biophysics. Devices based on such optical traps are increasingly used for probing the elasticity of single polymer chains and for studying the structure and mechanical behavior of biopolymers and their relation to biological activity. Colloidal forces and viscoelastic behavior of the suspending fluids can also be examined through the use of optical traps as force transducers and from the dynamics of optically bound probe particles. Such applications require a precise understanding of the trap potential and its dependence on the distance between the trap center and the glass/liquid interfaces that exist in experimental arrangements. This paper addresses some of the issues relevant to the above class of applications of optical traps using wave optics calculations. It is shown that the use of simple geometric...
High-level algorithm and architecture transformations for DSP synthesis

This survey paper reviews numerous high-level transformation techniques which can be applied at the algorithm or the architecture level to improve the performance of digital signal and image processing architectures and circuits implemented using VLSI technology. Successful design of VLSI signal and image processors requires careful selection of algorithms, architectures, implementation styles, and synthesis techniques. High-level transformations can play an important role in reducing silicon area or power at the same speed or in increasing the speed for same area. These transformations can also increase the suitability of an algorithm for a particular architectural style. The transformation techniques reviewed in this paper include pipelining, parallel processing, retiming, unfolding, folding, look-ahead, relaxed look-ahead, associativity, distributivity, and reduction in strength.
Highlights of the ALCTS gifts and exchange discussion group

The Gifts & Exchange Discussion Group was led by Chair, Steve Johnson of Clemson University and Chair-elect, Kathleen Wachel of the University of Iowa. The first topic of the discussion was the rol...
Inclusion of relativistic effects in Gaussian-basis density functional calculations for extended systems☆

Abstract Non-perturbative calculation of the scalar relativistic contributions to the density functional total energy and one-electron energies of extended systems until recently has been via exploitation of the features of cellular basis sets (the Koelling–Harmon scheme and cousins) to achieve the decoupling of large and small components. Cellular basis sets are relatively uncommon in quantum chemistry codes; Gaussian-type orbitals are the de facto standard. Among the various order-by-order decouplings used for molecular calculations in quantum chemistry, the Douglas–Kroll transformation has advantages which have brought it to prominence. Here we review the first extension of that procedure to an all-electron, linear combination of Gaussian-type-orbitals, fitting function (LCGTO-FF) methodology for DFT calculations on crystals and ordered films. To show the power and accuracy of the method, we summarize results for Au, Mo, Th, and Pu. In general, values from the Gaussian methodology and from cellular-basis, all-electron, scalar-relativistic density functional codes are essentially indistinguishable. In every case of a difference compared to previously published results, the prediction of the Gaussian methodology has been confirmed by an independent high-quality cellular-based calculation. These outcomes verify that, for the first time, a single, consistent, systematic, first-principles, all-electron, full-potential DFT technique is available for prediction of the properties of complex crystalline, slab, ordered polymer, and cluster/molecule systems that contain heavy elements, all devoid of potentially troublesome algorithmic inconsistencies.
Long-term exercise and its effect on balance in older, osteoarthritic adults: results from the Fitness, Arthritis, and Seniors Trial (FAST).

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of 18-month aerobic walking and strength training programs on static postural stability among older adults with knee osteoarthritis. DESIGN: Randomized, single-blind, clinical trial of therapeutic exercise. SETTING: Both center-based (university) and home-based. PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of 103 older adults (age = 60 years) with knee osteoarthritis who were participants in a large (n = 439) clinical trial and who were randomly assigned to undergo biomechanical testing. INTERVENTION: An 18-month center- (3 months) and home-based (15 months) therapeutic exercise program. The subjects were randomized to one of three treatment arms: (1) aerobic walking; (2) health education control; or (3) weight training. MEASUREMENTS: Force platform static balance measures of average length (Rm) of the center of pressure (COP), average velocity (Vel) of the COP, elliptical area (Ae) of the COP, and balance time (T). Measures were made under four conditions: eyes open, double- and single-leg stances and eyes closed, double- and single-leg stances. RESULTS: In the eyes closed, double-leg stance condition, both the aerobic and weight training groups demonstrated significantly better sway measures relative to the health education group. The aerobic group also demonstrated better balance in the eyes open, single-leg stance condition. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that long-term weight training and aerobic walking programs significantly improve postural sway in older, osteoarthritic adults, thereby decreasing the likelihood of larger postural sway disturbances relative to a control group. J Am Geriatr Soc 48: 131–138, 2000.
Uroporphyrinogen III Synthase Knock-In Mice Have the Human Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria Phenotype, Including the Characteristic Light-Induced Cutaneous Lesions

Congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP), an autosomal recessive inborn error, results from the deficient but not absent activity of uroporphyrinogen III synthase (URO-synthase), the fourth enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway. The major clinical manifestations include severe anemia, erythrodontia, and disfiguring cutaneous involvement due to the accumulation of phototoxic porphyrin I isomers. Murine models of CEP could facilitate studies of disease pathogenesis and the evaluation of therapeutic endeavors. However, URO-synthase null mice were early embryonic lethals. Therefore, knock-in mice were generated with three missense mutations, C73R, V99A, and V99L, which had in vitro–expressed activities of 0.24%, 5.9%, and 14.8% of expressed wild-type activity, respectively. Homozygous mice for all three mutations were fetal lethals, except for mice homozygous for a spontaneous recombinant allele, V99AT/V99AT, a head-to-tail concatemer of three V99A targeting constructs. Although V99AT/V99AT and C73R/V99AT mice had ∼2% hepatic URO-synthase activity and normal hepatic microsomal heme and hemoprotein levels, they had 20% and 13% of wild-type activity in erythrocytes, respectively, which indicates that sufficient erythroid URO-synthase was present for fetal development and survival. Both murine genotypes showed marked porphyrin I isomer accumulation in erythrocytes, bone, tissues, and excreta and had fluorescent erythrodontia, hemolytic anemia with reticulocytosis and extramedullary erythropoiesis, and, notably, the characteristic light-induced cutaneous involvement. These mice provide insight into why CEP is an erythroid porphyria, and they should facilitate studies of the disease pathogenesis and therapeutic endeavors for CEP.
Dexamethasone, β-Estradiol, and 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Elicit Thymic Atrophy through Different Cellular Targets

Abstract The effects of single doses of dexamethasone (DEX), β-estradiol-17-valerate (E2), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) on the kinetics of thymic atrophy and related bone marrow and thymocyte phenotqpe alterations were examined. The results imply differences in the mechanisms by which these compounds act. Of the three compounds, DEX induced maximal atrophy by 3 days with complete recovery by Day 12. At the point of maximal atrophy, the RAG-1 + TdT + CD4 + 8 + 3 int thymocyte population was proportionately the most depleted. In contrast, TCDD and E2 caused maximal thymic atrophy by Day 12. E2 treatment, like DEX, resulted in a preferential decrease in the RAG-1 + TdT + CD4 + 8 + 3 int population, but unlike DEX, this decrease persisted. TCDD-induced thymic atrophy resulted from a proportional loss of all classes of thymocytes. There was no significant relative reduction of TdT + RAG-1 + cells by TCDD in the thymus. A slow and persistent reduction of TdT and RAG-1 in bone marrow by both TCDD and E2 contrasted with the rapid reduction and quick recovery of these markers in marrow from DEX-treated animals. Additional studies showed that only DEX-induced atrophy was accompanied by the induction of thymocyte apoptosis, as detected by multiple nucleosomal length DNA fragments within the first 24 hr. The different kinetics and proportions of subsets in the atrophied thymuses, as well as the distinct patterns of alterations of RAG and TdT expression, and the presence or the absence of apoptosis provide evidence for different mechanisms of thymic atrophy by these agents. The slow induction and longer persistence of thymic atrophy induced by E2 and TCDD, as well as their effects on bone marrow stem cell markers, suggest that bone marrow thymocyte precursors are major targets for these agents.
Enhancement of the copper-induced hemolysis by progesterone.

Abstract Incubation of human erythrocytes with copper sulfate results in hemolysis. Progesterone enhances substantially the copper-induced hemolysis under conditions in which progesterone alone does not cause hemolysis. Addition of progesterone, after preincubation with copper sulfate, affects the induction period that occurs before hemolysis; increasing the time of preincubation decreases the induction period. In contrast, the length of time needed for detecting hemolysis is not affected by the length of the preincubation period with progesterone. The time period required for hemolysis to commence after copper sulfate is added, following a preincubation with progesterone, is similar to that time period which is observed when copper sulfate and progesterone are added together at the beginning of the incubation. Calcium chloride inhibits the copper-progesterone hemolysis. Copper sulfate alone causes the erythrocytes to have an increased osmotic fragility. The results suggest that progesterone initiates hemolysis by binding to sites exposed after copper ions cause alterations in the membrane.
NF-kappaB, IL-6 and myeloma cell growth: making the connection.

Commentary to NF-κB Activates IL-6 Expression through Cooperation with c-Jun and IL6-AP1 site, But Is Independent of Its IL6-NF?B Regulatory Site in Autocrine Human Multiple Myeloma Cells Weihua Xiao, David R. Hodge, Lihua Wang, Xiaoyi Yang, Xiaohu Zhang and William L. Farrar Weihua Xiao, David R. Hodge, Lihua Wang, Xiaoyi Yang, Xiaohu Zhang and William L. Farrar
Comparative Worth in Aristotle's Protrepticus

Several variations are passed in review by Vendruscolo, but the differences do not amount to very much. Some have taken -t;Ov bL?1 tS VvXfl5 y some delete xa); either way, the sentence is understood to say that worthless people consider possessions worth more than goods of the soul.3
α2-Macroglobulin binds CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and enhances their immunostimulatory properties by a receptor-dependent mechanism

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) stimulate the immune system and are under evaluation as treatments and vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases, cancer, and immune system disorders. Although they have shown promising results in numerous clinical trials, the ultimate use of CpG ODN-based therapeutics may hinge on improved pharmacokinetics and reduced systemic side-effects. CpG ODN efficacy and potency might be enhanced greatly by packaging them into particles that protect them from degradation and specifically target them for uptake by immune-competent cells. The plasma proteinase inhibitor alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) binds numerous biologically active macromolecules, including cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, and can modulate their activity. Molecules bound to alpha 2M are protected from interactions with neighboring macromolecules and are targeted for receptor-mediated uptake by immune-competent cells. Here, we report that activated alpha 2M (alpha 2M*) binds CpG ODN and enhances their immunostimulatory properties significantly. Murine macrophages treated with alpha 2M*-ODN complexes respond more rapidly and produce a greater cytokine response than induced by free CpG ODN. Using human PBMC, alpha 2M*-ODN complexes exhibit fourfold enhanced potency and 15-fold greater efficacy for stimulating production of inflammatory cytokines. alpha 2M* targets delivery of CpG ODN specifically to immune-competent cells, which endocytose the complexes sixfold more rapidly than free CpG ODN. CpG ODN bound to alpha 2M* are also protected from degradation by nucleases. This novel targeting technology may improve CpG ODN-based therapeutics by increasing efficacy at reduced doses, thus reducing side-effects and cost.
Target Fabrication for NIF and Inertial Fusion Energy

We discuss progress in fabrication of NIF targets, including cryogenic target platforms and we will update target technology developments for IFE. Article not available.
Incorporation of radioactive glucosamine into the serum proteins of intact rats and rabbits

d-[i-14C]Glucosamine was administered to rats and rabbits by intraperitoneal injection in order to study the incorporation of hexosamines into the glycoproteins of liver and serum. Maximum radioactivity of the fraction soluble in trichloroacetic acid was found in rat livers within 30 min after injection and in rabbit livers within 1 h. Highest values for radioactivity in the trichloroacetic acid-insoluble fraction were found at 3 h for the rat. Maximum protein-bound radioactivity in the serum was found at 3 h for the rat and at 7 h for the rabbit. Efficient incorporation into serum proteins was found in both species, being 24 % and 28 % of the administered dose for rats and rabbits, respectively, at the maximum level of radioactivity. About 22 % of the bound radioactivity of serum was found associated with sialic acid in the rat, most of the remaining 78 % was associated with glucosamine, and only negligible amounts of radioactivity were found in the hexoses. Liver glycogen was not radioactive. Glucosamine was isolated from serum protein hydrolysates with the radioactivity in the number-one position. Therefore, it appears that parenterally administered glucosamine is incorporated into liver and tissue glycoproteins without degradation. The value of [i-14C]glucosamine as a tool for further studies of glycoprotein metabolism is indicated.
Conceptual, methodological, and clinical issues in the assessment of anxiety disorders

Many conceptual, methodological, and clinical issues remain unresolved in the assessment of anxiety disorders. Despite the prevalence, incidence, chronicity, and severity of anxiety disorders, research efforts and funding have fallen behind with regard both to other disorders and to addressing critical issues in the field. The primary objective of this paper is to provide a scientific critique regarding a number of often ignored yet salient considerations in anxiety-disorders assessment. Critical analyses of and recommendations regarding the multidimensional nature of anxiety, comorbidity, uniformity myths, synchrony, normative comparisons, psychometric properties of measures, and treatment integrity are offered. Finally, promising areas of clinical research are presented to enhance further the current understanding of the complexities inherent in assessing anxiety disorders.
The incidence of venous thromboembolism among patients with primary lung cancer

Summary. Background: The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) by lung cancer histology and stage is unknown. Objectives: To determine the incidence of VTE and the risk factors associated with development of VTE in a large population-based study of patients with non-small cell and small cell lung cancer. Methods: The California Cancer Registry was merged with the Patient Discharge Data Set to determine the incidence of VTE among lung cancer cases diagnosed between 1993 and 1999. Results: Among 91 933 patients with newly diagnosed lung cancer, the 1-year and 2-year cumulative VTE incidences were 3.0% and 3.4%, respectively, with a person-time rate of 7.2 events/100 patient-years during the first 6 months. The 1-year incidence of VTE was significantly increased in comparison to the general population [standardized incidence ratio = 21.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 20.4–22.0]. In a multivariate model, significant predictors of developing VTE within 1 year of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) diagnosis were: younger age, the number of chronic medical comorbidities [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.8 if 3 vs. 0, 95% CI = 2.5–3.1], advancing cancer stage (HR = 4.0 for metastatic vs. local disease, 95% CI = 3.4–4.6) and adenocarcinoma histology (HR = 1.9 vs. squamous cell, 95% CI = 1.7–2.1). In multivariate models, VTE was a significant predictor of death within 2 years for both NSCLC and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), HR = 2.3, 95% CI = 2.2–2.4, and HR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.3–1.7, respectively. Conclusions: Approximately 3% of lung cancer patients developed VTE within 2 years. The diagnosis of VTE was associated with a higher risk of death within 2 years for NSCLC and SCLC.
Model supercell local-density calculations of the 3d excitation spectra in NiO.

The local-density supercell impurity approach is used to calculate the excitation spectra due to the emission and absorption of a $3d$ electron in the Mott insulator NiO. Good agreement is found with both photoemission (PES) and inverse photoemission [bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy (BIS)] data. In particular, a BIS excitation gap of 4.1 eV is found compared to 4.3 eV experimentally. The predicted values for the screened Coulomb interaction $U$ is 7.9 eV. These results indicate that there is no conflict between the band picture of Terakura et al. for the ground-state properties of NiO and the excited-state properties derived from PES and BIS by Sawatzky and Allen and by McKay and Henrich.
Separable algebraic closure in a topos

In this paper we construct the separable algebraic closure of any field in a topos 8. (A separable closure is a field extension in which every separable polynomial splits and which is generated by the roots of these polynomials. P is a separable polynomial if P and its derivative P’ are relatively prime.) The separable closure lives in a new topos, over b, and has the universal property which makes it a spectrum in the sense of Cole, see [l], [9] and [4, Theorem 6.581. Recall that if 8 is the topos of Sets there are two ways to construct this spectrum. One is to use the &ale topos which is the home of the generic separable closure of an arbitrary commutative ring in Sets (see [3,12]). As shown by Hakim [3, pp. 77-841, this construction can be applied within any Grothendieck topos by setting up the &ale topology (object by object on the defining site of the topos). Alternatively, we can describe the generic separable closure of a field as a field extension in the topos of continuous G-Sets where G is the profinite Galois group. In this paper, we generalize the profinite Galois group approach. We feel that the value of this paper lies not so much in the alternative, more internal, construction of the separable closure but in the topos theoretic structure we develop along the way. We define a profinite group and more generally profinite groupoid, and profinite category in any topos. If I-is a profinite category in 8 then we construct the topos gr of continuous r-actions. We generalize the profinite Galois group of the algebraic closure of a field. In general it is a connected profinite groupoid. As shown in Section 3, below, it is Morita equivalent to a profinite group precisely when the separable closure of K in 8 can be constructed within the topos 8 itself. For example, any field in Sets has an algebraic closure in Sets so the profinite Galois groupoid is effectively equivalent to a profinite group. When there does exist a separable closure of K in 8 itself then the Galois groupoid is equivalent to the profinite group constructed in [6].
The Conditions of Effective Implementation A Guide to Accomplishing Rehabilitative Objectives in Corrections

Over the past twenty years, a remarkable concentration of energy and talent has been devoted to finding and testing rehabilitation programs in corrections. Relatively ignored in this research has b...
Functional characterization of the putative hepatitis B virus core protein late domain using retrovirus chimeras.

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) Core protein encodes a late (L)-domain like motif (129PPAYRPPNAP138) that has been purported to serve as a docking site for recruitment of host factors such as Nedd4 that can mediate viral particle release from infected cells. However, mutation of this region of Core typically disrupts nucleocapsid formation in the cytoplasm, making it difficult to ascertain if the Core PPAY motif constitutes a functional L-domain that mediates HBV release in the context of replicating virus. Since many viral L-domains are functionally interchangeable between different virus families, and such swapping experiments have been used as a tool to identify other viral sequences with L-domain activity, we generated chimeric constructs between murine leukemia virus (MLV) Gag and HBV Core to determine if the potential HBV L-domain motif is sufficient to stimulate virus release. We found that the HBV Core PPAY motif, but not the PNAP motif, demonstrates L-domain activity in the context of MLV replication to direct virus release and infectious virion production. Additionally, we found that overexpression of the cellular Nedd4 or WWP1 ubiquitin ligases stimulates release of a partially defective PPAY domain mutant, providing further evidence supporting a role for the Nedd4 ubiquitin ligase in promoting HBV release. These studies lend further insight into the mechanisms used by HBV to mediate its release from infected cells.
Increased Physical Activity Not Decreased Energy Intake Is Associated with Inpatient Medical Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescent Females

There is a dearth of data regarding changes in dietary intake and physical activity over time that lead to inpatient medical treatment for anorexia nervosa (AN). Without such data, more effective nutritional therapies for patients cannot be devised. This study was undertaken to describe changes in diet and physical activity that precede inpatient medical hospitalization for AN in female adolescents. This data can be used to understand factors contributing to medical instability in AN, and may advance rodent models of AN to investigate novel weight restoration strategies. It was hypothesized that hospitalization for AN would be associated with progressive energy restriction and increased physical activity over time. 20 females, 11–19 years (14.3±1.8 years), with restricting type AN, completed retrospective, self-report questionnaires to assess dietary intake and physical activity over the 6 month period prior to inpatient admission (food frequency questionnaire, Pediatric physical activity recall) and 1 week prior (24 hour food recall, modifiable activity questionnaire). Physical activity increased acutely prior to inpatient admission without any change in energy or macronutrient intake. However, there were significant changes in reported micronutrient intake causing inadequate intake of Vitamin A, Vitamin D, and pantothenic acid at 1 week versus high, potentially harmful, intake of Vitamin A over 6 months prior to admission. Subject report of significantly increased physical activity, not decreased energy intake, were associated with medical hospitalization for AN. Physical activity and Vitamin A and D intake should be carefully monitored following initial AN diagnosis, as markers of disease progression as to potentially minimize the risk of medical instability.
Experimental study and life prediction on high cycle vibration fatigue in BGA packages

Abstract A technique and loading apparatus have been developed which allow ball grid array (BGA) packages to be visually inspected during high cycle vibration testing. This system provides controls for varying the cycling frequency and magnitude of the applied load. The failures of solder interconnects in BGA specimens were recorded by a direct visual monitoring method. Stroboscopic video was employed to freeze the motion of the vibrating solder interconnects while showing the real-time evolution of failure. In all test cases, BGA interconnect failure was observed to be the result of crack initiation and propagation along the nickel/solder interface. A primary crack developed at one edge of the interconnect and progressed stably until a secondary crack initiated from the opposite edge. The crack growth accelerated until these cracks coalesced, resulting in complete separation of the interconnect. The percentages of time spent in crack initiation, stable propagation and accelerated propagation are, on the order of 15%, 60% and 25%, respectively. Vibration tests at frequencies ranging from 50 to 100 Hz were performed and the number of cycles to failure was found to be frequency-independent in this range. Several commonly used damage mechanics and fracture mechanics fatigue life-prediction models are examined based on failure parameters computed from a nonlinear finite element analysis. It was found that while the damage models examined show large discrepancies between predicted and actual cycles-to-failure, the fracture model correlates with the test data within a factor of 1.5.
Senescent cells as a source of inflammatory factors for tumor progression

Cellular senescence, which is associated with aging, is a process by which cells enter a state of permanent cell cycle arrest, therefore constituting a potent tumor suppressive mechanism. Recent studies show that, despite the beneficial effects of cellular senescence, senescent cells can also exert harmful effects on the tissue microenvironment. The most significant of these effects is the acquisition of a senescent-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which entails a striking increase in the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we summarize our knowledge of the SASP and the impact it has on tissue microenvironments and ability to stimulate tumor progression.
A brief study of information security and ethics awareness as an imperative component of management information systems

In today's global economy, information security and awareness is an absolutely essential component of any management information system. Furthermore, the importance of information security and awareness is even more vital in university environments. Like other organizations, universities provide users with access to an immense amount of information and resources. As such, it is supremely important for students and faculty to be aware of security and ethical issues associated with the usage of these information resources. This paper briefly examines the data collected from a survey of computer science majors and non-majors enrolled in an introductory computer literacy course. The preliminary results of this survey reports that computer science majors were equally or slightly more aware of information security and ethics than non-majors. Finally, authors provide brief recommendations. This is a work in progress; detailed results and conclusions will be provided in future publications.
In vivo 1H magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of the rat spinal cord using an inductively-coupled chronically implanted RF coil.

An inductively coupled, chronically implanted short-solenoid coil was used to obtain in vivo localized 1H NMR spectra and diffusion-weighted images from a rat spinal cord. A 5 × 8 mm two-turn elliptically shaped solenoid coil was implanted in rats at the site of a T-12 vertebral-level laminectomy. Excitation was achieved solely by a 3 × 3 cm external surface coil, and signal detection was achieved by inductively coupling the external coil to the implanted coil. The image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) obtained with the inductively-coupled implanted coil was compared with that obtained using a linear or a quadrature external surface coil. The implanted coil provided a gain by over a factor of 3 in SNR. The implanted coil was used to measure localized 1H spectra in vivo at the T13/L1 spinal-cord level within a 1.85 × 1.85 × 4.82 mm (16.5 μL) volume. With 256 averages, a ∼3-s repetition delay and respiratory gating, a high-quality spectrum was acquired in 13 min. In addition, water translational diffusion was measured in three orthogonal directions using a stimulated-echo imaging sequence, with a short echo time (TE), to produce a quantitative map of diffusion in a rat spinal cord in vivo. Magn Reson Med 46:1216–1222, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Circulation response to warming shaped by radiative changes of clouds and water vapour

The atmospheric circulation controls the regional expression of global climate change. An analysis of aquaplanet climate simulations suggests that the radiative effects of clouds and water vapour are key to the circulation response to global warming.
In vitro assembled plant microtubules exhibit a high state of dynamic instability

Higher plants possess four distinct microtubule arrays. One of these, the cortical array, is involved in orienting the deposition of cellulose microfibrils. This plant interphase array is also notable because it contains exceptionally dynamic microtubules. Although the primary sequence of plant and animal tubulin is similar (79-87% amino acid identity overall) there are some regions of divergence. Thus, one possible explanation for the high state of polymer assembly and turnover that is observed in plant interphase arrays is that the tubulins have evolved differently and possess a higher intrinsic dynamic character than their animal counterparts. This hypothesis was tested using highly purified plant tubulin assembled in vitro. Using high-resolution DIC video-enhanced microscopy, we quantified the four characteristic parameters of dynamic instability of plant microtubules and compared them with animal microtubules. The elongation velocities between plant and animal microtubules are similar, but plant microtubules undergo catastrophes more frequently, do not exhibit any rescues, and have an average shortening velocity of 195 microm/min (compared with 21 microm/min for animal microtubules). These data support the hypothesis that plant tubulin forms microtubules that are intrinsically more dynamic than those of animals.
The disassembly of nuclear matter

A statistical model is applied for multi-fragment final states in nuclear collisions with bombarding energies E/A ≈ 100 MeV. A portion of the intermediate system formed is assumed to decay according to the available classical non-relativistic phase space, calculated in a grand canonical ensemble. The model correlates and predicts many experimental observables in terms of three parameters: the available energy per nucleon, the isospin asymmetry, and the effective interaction volume.
Modeling input–output impacts with substitutions in the household sector: A numerical example

Abstract Although there have been many elaborations of the basic input–output approach, including multi-regional models, dynamic models, models with variable coefficients, supply-side models, etc., these approaches all have the same limitation. The fixed-coefficients production function assumptions ignore substitutions in response to price changes that can be expected to accompany most shocks— skipping over the heart and soul of market economics. This research note suggests a simple approach to estimating new technical coefficients matrices after a shock so that the consequences of short-term substitution effects can be studied. Given a reduction in income (as reflected in the value added row), households are likely to make substitutions, reducing their final demand by less than the application of base-year I–O coefficients would indicate. But if ex post changed income and consumption can be observed, the application of RAS procedures can generate an appropriately modified A matrix. The resulting set of interdependent substitutions that occurred can be identified. Due to some well known limits in applying the traditional RAS approach, we reformatted it and suggest a new economic model that can link coefficient adjustments to degrees of a priori substitutability and complementarity. Based on this resolution, we look forward to detailed studies of specific coefficients and how they evolve over the short term.
A defense of temporalism

L'A. defend la these du temporalisme standard, selon lequel une proposition peut changer de valeur de verite sur certains points, contre l'argument concernant l'acceptabilite des conditions de verite developpe par M. Richard dans un article des «Philosophical studies» datant de 1981 («Temporalism and eternalism», vol. 39, pp. 1-13)
Capitalist Class Agency and the New Deal Order: Against the Notion of a Limited Capital-Labor Accord

In the United States the apparent crisis of neoliberalism has called forth nostalgia for the regulated capitalism of the post World War II era. In particular, radical economists’ thinking continues to be influenced by the notion of a “limited postwar capital-labor accord.” But a careful accounting of historial scholarship since the 1980s shows the stylized thinking found in social structures of accumulation (SSA) literature and radical political economy generally to be inaccurate and misleading: inaccurate because it creates an image of a golden age that never was, and misleading in that it suggests a politics of social cooperation rather than worker militancy. In this paper we show that capitalists as a class never accepted anything resembling such an accord.JEL classification: B5, J5, N32
Selective inhibitors of cGMP phosphodiesterases as procognitive agents

Potent and selective inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2) have long been elusive and most studies have used EHNA, a micromolar compound which also affects adenosine deaminase . Recently, we have developed and characterized BAY 60-7550, a nanomolar inhibitor of human PDE2A. Inhibition of PDE2 with BAY 60-7550 can increase neuronal cGMP levels in response to a stimulus of the NO/cGMP pathway in cell culture and slice models. On a functional level, BAY 60-7550 was shown to increase Long Term Potentiation (LTP), a physiological correlate of learning and memory. In vivo, oral administration of BAY 60-7550 improves memory consolidation in rodent models of learning and memory.
Noncomparabilism in epistemology

Contemporary epistemologists assume a view I call ‘comparabilism.’ They do not, however, argue for this view. I claim that noncomparabilism is a viable alternative. I further argue that noncomparabilism has advantages over comparabilism.
CollecTV intelligence: A 3-screen ‘social search’ system for TV and video queries

Television and video consumption are growing rapidly worldwide, driving usage of second and third screens for related interactions and information. Since television has a proven impact on consumer purchase behaviors, there is commercial interest in technologies that model viewers' intent, interests and engagement. However, the ecosystem currently faces two challenges - audience fragmentation and a lack of integrated search features. Both have an impact on content providers' ability to track and profile their consumers and are thus critical to personalizing and monetizing content-related services. In this paper, we introduce CollecTV, a social search solution for TV and video queries that can mitigate these concerns by incentivizing the consumer to adopt consistent identities across three screens while also providing finer-grained attention and engagement analytics to content providers. We give an overview of the architecture and describe the evolution of the system from a TV-centric solution to a 3-screen model with native mobile and browser clients to maximize its usage and utility. We conclude by reviewing relevant research and outlining challenges and opportunities for further exploration in this space.
New developments in the field: Measuring community climate

Community climate is the degree of support for GLBT people within a specific locale. In this paper we describe the elements of community climate, theorize how it is produced, and argue that this approach provides an important elaboration of Meyer's (2003) minority stress model. Furthermore, we present a new methodology for assessing community climate that could be used by any researcher with a geographically diverse data set that includes location identifiers such as ZIP code. In closing we discuss the theoretical, empirical, and practical contributions that could be made by GLBT family scholars who utilize this new technique for measuring community climate.
The effects of temperature and solders on the wettability between ribbon and solar cell

Abstract Wettability between ribbons of two lead SnAgPb (SAP) and SnPb (SP) solders, and a lead-free SnAgCu (SAC) solder on two Ag paste substrates at temperature ranging from 190 to 280 °C was investigated by the sessile-drop method. The Contact angle (CA) method at high and room temperature was applied to measure the wettability of solder and Ag substrate. For the CA measurement obtained at high temperature, it is generally seen that CA values decreased with increasing soldering temperatures. On the other hand, the CA values of SAP solder were lower than those of SP and SAC solders at 220–240 °C. It is suggested that SAP has a good wettability characteristic, compared to SP and SAC solders, when soldering at 220–240 °C. For the CA measurement obtained at room temperature, the results showed that two lead solders had higher CA values as compared to that of a lead-free SAC solder. Furthermore, the CA values of lead solders were known to increase with increasing soldering temperatures, while SAC solder oppositely decreased with the raising soldering temperatures. In addition, CA values of SAP were detected to be higher at higher temperature than those at RT, suggesting that SAP has dewetting characteristics during the soldering process.
Classes of graphs that exclude a tree and a clique and are not vertex ramsey

A class Γ of graphs is vertex Ramsey if for allH∈Γ there existsG∈Γ such that for all partitions of the vertices ofG into two parts, one of the parts contains an induced copy ofH. Forb (T,K) is the class of graphs that induce neitherT norK. LetT(k, r) be the tree with radiusr such that each nonleaf is adjacent tok vertices farther from the root than itself. Gyarfas conjectured that for all treesT and cliquesK, there exists an integerb such that for allG in Forb(T,K), the chromatic number ofG is at mostb. Gyarfas' conjecture implies a weaker conjecture of Sauer that for all treesT and cliquesK, Forb(T,K) is not vertex Ramsey. We use techniques developed for attacking Gyarfas' conjecture to prove that for allq, r and sufficiently largek, Forb(T(k,r),Kq) is not vertex Ramsey.
Dimensions of the counseling process.

Originally published in JCLP, 4, 240–244 (1948). © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 56: 835–839, 2000.