cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can maternal risk factors influence the presence of major birth defects in infants with Down syndrome

Although the manifestations of Down syndrome (DS) are well known, certain major birth defects such as duodenal atresia and endocardial cushion defects are present in some infants but not others, suggesting the possible role of other genetic or environmental factors interacting with the trisomy genotype. To explore the possible role of maternal factors in the presence of major defects among DS infants, we examined data from an epidemiologic study of DS conducted in metropolitan Atlanta. Of 219 DS infants born between 1968 and 1980, 50 had recorded cardiac defects, 9 had selected gastrointestinal atresias and 4 had oral clefts. We evaluated the association of these defects with several maternal factors including age, race, first trimester cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and fever. We found that different maternal factors were associated with several defects: (1) mother's race with cardiac defects (40% in blacks vs. 17% in whites, P less than 0.01), (2) mother's age with oral clefts (6% for less than 25 years, 1% for 25-34, and 0% for greater than 34, P less than 0.05), and (3) maternal first trimester fever with gastrointestinal defects (15% in infants with history of fever and 3% in infants without a history of fever, P less than 0.01). We also observed an inverse relationship between maternal alcohol use and the presence of ventricular septal defect. These findings suggest that maternal risk factors may influence the clinical manifestations of DS. In addition to searching for a genetic basis for the DS phenotype, we suggest that the role of environmental factors and maternal exposures be specifically explored in clarifying the genesis of various birth defects in Down syndrome.
Set of q-Markov covariance equivalent models of discrete systems

One criterion that has been developed for obtaining reduced-order models is the matching of a finite number of terms in the impulse and autocorrelation sequences. In this paper a model-reduction technique which preserves the first q-Markov parameters and covariances is developed for discrete systems. This method obtains a set of reduced-order models by projection and contains earlier models as a special case.
Deterministic Automata and the Monadic Theory of Ordinals <ω2

For any ordinal α let MT[α, <] be the monadic (second order) theory of [α, <] The language of MT[α, <] contains propositional connectives ~, ∨, ∧, ⊃, ≡, T, F; a binary predicate letter < interpreted as the order relation on α; individual variables t, x, y, z,..., ranging over α and monadic predicate or set variables X, Y, Z,..., ranging over subsets of α with quantification over both types of variables. MT[α, <] consists of all those sentences which are true in [α, <] with respect to the intended interpretation.
Luce's Axiom and occupational prestige: Test of a measurement model†

This paper reports research using a psychological theory, R. D. Luce's (1959) individual choice theory, to provide a ratio‐level measurement basis for an important sociological variable, occupational prestige. It is shown that earlier measurement procedures to scale this sociological variable are essentially arbitrary, although heuristically useful. Luce's Axiom of Choice and his Ranking Postulate are then tested on choice sets of occupations where subjects are asked to pair‐compare or rank the occupations on the basis of their prestige. The Axiom receives qualified support, while the Ranking Postulate is not supported. It is concluded that Luce's choice theory can provide a ratio‐level measurement basis for occupational prestige, although a procedure using rankings must be appropriately structured in order to be an adequate instrument of measurement.
Colloid-amyloid bodies in PUVA-treated human psoriatic patients.

In 4 cases of PUVA-treated psoriatic patients a number of colloid bodies and amyloid-like deposits were seen at the dermo-epidermal junction, in a very similar fashion the colloid bodies and the amyloid substances are deposited in lichen planus and in primary cutaneous amyloidoses respectively. In some instances such deposition was found within the epidermis and contained remnants of cellular debris. Serial sections revealed that a part of the intraepidermal deposit is located in the dermis. Some deposition is partially composed of typical amyloid filaments and partially of nonamyloidal filaments. The latter were identical to those found in colloid or Civatte bodies of lichen planus and other conditions. Follow-up biopsies done in 1 patient several months after the cessation of the treatment still showed these substances. It was suggested that the amyloid-like substances are the product of special degeneration (apoptosis) of epidermal cells as colloid substances: Initially these cells undergo filamentous or colloid degeneration and they drop off into the dermis; where some of the characteristics of filaments are modified and connective tissue elements are added to produce such filamentous and amorphous components as seen in the amyloid island, whereas others remain as colloid bodies. Absorption or elimination of these substances seem to be extremely slow.
Jury nullification, or prejudice and ignorance in the Marion Barry trial

Abstract The criminal trial of former Washington, D.C. Mayor Marion Barry serves as a basis for a discussion of jury nullification. In essence, this article examines the legal lore and social science data about jurors' performance and considers the factors that allowed the jury to reach the decision it did: namely to exonerate the mayor for his actions.
Failure Strains in Micromachined Piezoelectric Membranes

: The strain at failure was investigated for micromachined lead zirconate titinate (PZT) piezoelectric membranes. The effect of microcracking in the PZT films was overshadowed by the support layers present in the devices. Bare Si membranes achieved the highest strain at failure, 0.49% with the pressure applied to the back side of the membranes compared to Si/SiO2 and composite PZT membrane structures. Variation in the volume of PZT that was strained and the side length of the composite membranes did not decrease the strain at failure. In addition, the materials utilised in the composite structure for the bottom electrode material and PZT chemistry were investigated and the strain at failure levels was effectively the same for each material system. Composite structures with significantly different levels of effective residual stress failed at applied strains of up to 0.2%. This paper details each of the tests that were performed and the results obtained.
Characterization of novel TiN/HfO 2 metal insulator semiconductor stack for 32nm eDRAM

In this paper, we describe the unique scaling challenges, critical sources of variation, and the potential trench leakage mechanisms of 32nm trench capacitors that utilize high-к/metal electrode materials. This is the first eDRAM technology that has successfully integrated high-к and metal films as part of the trench capacitor. In addition, these films are found to be fully compatible with front-end of line (FEOL) thermal budgets. We explore sources of variation and illustrate process mitigation techniques, including the targeting of key capacitor properties, and reduction in trench leakage. Finally, we illustrate that systematic and random variations do not pose as insurmountable barriers, and that the trench technology is scalable to the 22nm trench and beyond.
129I in the Southern Hemisphere: Global redistribution of an anthropogenic isotope

Determination of 129I concentrations and 129I/I ratios in surface waters collected in the Southern Hemisphere indicate the presence of anthropogenic 129I on a global scale. Although levels in the Southern Hemisphere are significantly below those in the Northern Hemisphere, they are still two orders of magnitude above natural levels. The most likely sources for anthropogenic 129I are releases from reprocessing plants located in the Northern Hemisphere. The results indicate a rapid redistribution of this radioisotope through atmospheric transport on a global scale. Mid-latitudes in both hemispheres have higher values than equatorial and polar regions, probably reflecting atmospheric transport and precipitation patterns.
Individual solution processes while solving addition and multiplication math facts in adults

Contrary to predictions of current solution process models, adults used a variety of procedures other than retrieval to solve addition and multiplication math facts. Predictors assumed to capture retrieval processes posited by such models did account for a substantial proportion of variance in averaged retrieval solution times. But most of the variance in individual participants’ retrieval times remained unaccounted for. Cross-operation associations in patterns of strategy use and retrieval latencies were obtained. Adults with stronger higher level math achievement were more likely to use retrieval, solved math facts faster and less variably, and executed retrieval processes posited by current solution process models faster than participants with less math attainment. The results are explained within the context of the adaptive strategy choice model.
Analysis of nucleotides by capillary electrophoresis

Capillary electrophoresis is a useful tool for the analysis of nucleotides. Methods have been optimized for both CZE and MECC modes. A variety of CZE buffers, such as borate, carbonate and phosphate were used successfully. The pH of the buffer changes the charge on the nucleotides. Therefore, the selectivity of the analytes can be controlled by the acidity of the buffer solution. CE separations of nucleotides have been performed at all pH levels, in both CZE and MECC modes. SDS was the most commonly used modifier in MECC separations, but other additives have been added to optimize selectivity. In addition, nucleotides have been quantified in different matrices, including tissue and cell extracts and several DNA and RNA sources. This paper summarizes the methods used for the optimization of nucleotides by CE and includes the most recent techniques to improve selectivity, reproducibility and sensitivity. A summary of CE methods is used in analyses of nucleotides in biological matrices is included.
The Mexican species of Dichanthelium (Poaceae)

A systematic key to and descriptions of the 15 Mexican species ofDichanthelium are presented. One new species,D. macrospermum, is described and two,D. viscidellum (Scribner) Gould andD. albomaculatum (Scribner) Gould, are transferred fromPanicum. Two varieties are recognized in the type species,D. dichotomum (L.) Gould, var.dichotomum and var.tenue (Muhl.) Gould & Clark, and four in the polymorphic and widespreadD. acuminatum (Swartz) Gould & Clark: var.acuminatum, var.villosum (A. Gray) Gould & Clark, var.implication (Scribner) Gould & Clark, and var.lindheimeri (Nash) Gould & Clark.
The Relationship of the Inferior Vena Cava and Its Branches to Aortoiliac Surgery

Knowledge of the normal and abnormal anatomy of the inferior vena cava and its branches increases the ease and effectiveness of the surgical treatment of occlusions and aneurysms of the aortoiliac segment. The surgical anatomy and techniques for dealing with renal vein anomalies, vena cava duplication, transpositions and arteriovenous fistulas are presented; these aids to the early recognition of venous abnormalities simplify appropriate dissection and forestall inadvertent hemorrhage and vascular injury.
Effects of Carbides on Susceptibility of Alloy 600 to Stress Corrosion Cracking in High-Temperature Water

Abstract The electrochemical behavior of sensitized, carburized, and mill-annealed alloy 600 (UNS N06600) was studied in hydrogenated, aerated, and high-temperature (250°C to 350°C) dilute aqueous ...
Primate-Inspired Communication Methods for Mobile and Static Sensors and RFID Tags

Although previous bio-inspired models have concentrated on invertebrates, such as ants, mammals, such as primates with higher cognitive function, are valuable for modeling the increasingly complex problems in engineering. Understanding primates’ social and communication systems and applying what is learned from them to engineering domains will likely lead to solutions to a number of problems. Scent-marking is an important behavior among primates and many other mammals. In this article, inspired by primates’ scent-marking activity, we propose and study a collaboration strategy for mobile and static sensors with RFID tags, where mobile sensors can be treated as robots or mobile actuators and can leave information to direct others to find them. Mobile sensors are equipped with RFID tags (or sensors) that can be deployed whenever needed, and RFID tags (or sensors) carry related information for other robots to pick up. We propose several primate-inspired communication mechanisms, including delayed-and-relayed and scent-trail communication among robots. We analytically model and simulate scent-trail communication. We also study a tracking and pursuing scheme of mobile sensors using simulations in terms of robot speeds, searching function, deployment density, turning function, and so on. We assume that robots (mobile sensors or mobile actuators) are capable of deploying/throwing-out sensors/RFID tags.
Energy as a substancelike quantity that flows: Theoretical considerations and pedagogical consequences

Utilizing an energy-as-substance conceptual metaphor as a central feature of the introductory physics curriculum affords students a wealth of conceptual resources for reasoning about energy conservation, storage, and transfer. This paper first establishes the utility and function of a conceptual metaphor in developing student understanding of energy concepts. Then a curricular framework with a prominent energy-as-substance conceptual metaphor is described. The curricular framework involves both a reorganization of the content of introductory physics as well as a renewed focus. Reorganizing includes treating energy early and spiraling back to energy treatments. The refocusing includes emphasizing energy's role in modeling phenomena and attending to the tools for representing energy conservation, storage, and transfer. Implementation of the energy framework is then described in the context of a Modeling Instruction course. Finally, qualitative evidence is presented showing student use of energy conceptual resources which are promoted in the curricular implementation.
Lumbar cerebral spinal fluid drainage during long-term electrocorticographic monitoring with subdural strip electrodes: elimination of cerebral spinal fluid leak

We performed this study to determine the efficacy of continuous lumbar cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) drainage in controlling CSF leak during subdural strip electrode monitoring of epilepsy patients. Subdural strip electrodes were placed in 14 patients. In seven patients, a lumbar sub-arachnoid catheter was placed for continuous CSF drainage. In seven patients, no lumbar drain was placed. The duration of scalp CSF leak during strip electrode monitoring was significantly reduced in patients undergoing lumbar CSF drainage compared to those without lumbar drains (chi 2 = 40.9, P < 0.05). In one patient spinal headache developed which resolved with lumbar drain removal. Lumbar drainage eliminates scalp CSF leakage and can improve patient comfort. This technique should be further studied to determine if it reduces infection risk during long-term invasive monitoring.
Sparsity-enforced regression based on over-complete dictionary

Nonlinear regression has broad applications in various research areas, and kernel-based regression is very popular in machine learning literature. However, the selection of basis-function parameters is often difficult. In this paper we propose a new sparsity-enforced regression method based on an over-complete dictionary. The over-complete dictionary comprises basis functions with quantized parameters, and we employ l 1 -regularized minimization to obtain a sparse weight vector of the basis. The l 1 -regularized minimization automatically selects the most suitable basis function parameters. Performance analysis shows that this new method provides improved regression accuracy with small model complexity as measured by the number of non-zero entries of the weight vector.
Extending C with arrays of variable length

Abstract Extending C with arrays of variable length is critical in evolving C as a primary scientific programming language. Arrays of variable length whose size is known only at program execution time are implemented in the CH programming language. CH is designed to be a superset of C. This paper describes the current implementation of arrays of variable length in the CH programming language. It also makes comparison studies of variable length arrays in CH with those implemented in GNU C compiler gcc and Cray Research standard C compiler SCC as well as other alternate proposals.
Risk for disordered eating relates to both gender and ethnicity for college students.

Objective: To estimate the frequency of disordered eating behaviors among college students and associations by gender, ethnicity, participation in social organizations and college athletics and to determine whether responses to eight health behavior and attitude questions and body weight predicted a high score on the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT)-26, a screening instrument used to identify risks of developing an eating disorder.Methods: Subjects were a convenience sample of 1,899 college students (cleaned to 1620) who attended four classes, were members of 14 sororities or lived in five residence halls. Students reported height and weight and responded to the EAT-26 and eight items regarding health behaviors and attitudes.Results: Among women and men, 4.5% and 1.4%, respectively, reported previous treatment for an eating disorder, and 10.9% of women and 4.0% of men were at risk for eating disorders (scores ≥ 20 on EAT). Among African-Americans, 8.3% of women were at risk. One group of women who lived separa...
Cloud‐point extraction of trace copper in lipophilic complex form

Abstract A less‐common extraction procedure, cloud‐point extraction, was used with a lipophilic chelating agent (LEX® 54) to extract copper ion from aqueous solution. Surfactant solutions [0.2–2.2 %(w/w) of nonylphenoxypoly(ethylenoxy)ethanol] with a cloud‐point of 48–52°C, was used in conjunction with a lipophilic chelating agent, dodecyl benzoylacetone, RC6H4CO‐CH2COCH3, to form a copper complex that would be extracted into the micellar phase. Extraction was optimal in a pH range of 5–11 with 95.5–98.6% of the copper extracted. The partition coefficient increased with increasing copper concentration and was in excess of 1000 when the initial copper concentration was 80 ppm. Unlike the cloud‐point temperature and the extraction rate, extraction efficiency was only slightly related to surfactant concentration.
INFRARED SPECTRA OF SUBSTITUTED POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

Calculations are carried out using density functional theory (DFT) to determine the harmonic frequencies and intensities of 1-methylanthracene, 9-methylanthracene, 9-cyanoanthracene, 2-aminoanthracene, acridine, and their positive ions. The theoretical data are compared with matrix-isolation spectra for these species also reported in this work. The theoretical and experimental frequencies and relative intensities for the neutral species are in generally good agreement, whereas the positive ion spectra are only in qualitative agreement. Relative to anthracene, we find that substitution of a methyl or CN for a hydrogen does not significantly affect the spectrum other than to add the characteristic methyl C-H and C triple bond N stretches near 2900 and 2200 cm-1, respectively. However, addition of NH2 dramatically affects the spectrum of the neutral. Not only are the NH2 modes themselves strong, but this electron-withdrawing group induces sufficient partial charge on the ring to give the neutral molecule spectra characteristics of the anthracene cation. The sum of the absolute intensities is about four times larger for 2-aminoanthracene than those for 9-cyanoanthracene. Substituting nitrogen in the ring at the nine position (acridine) does not greatly alter the spectrum compared with anthracene.
Complete sequence of echovirus 23 and its relationship to echovirus 22 and other human enteroviruses

To define the relationship between echovirus 23 (E23) and other human enteroviruses, we have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of a strain of E23 isolated from a child with high fever in Connecticut in 1986 and compared the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences with those of other enteroviruses representing each of the major enterovirus phylogenetic groups, poliovirus type 1, coxsackievirus A16, coxsackievirus B3, echovirus 22 (E22), and enterovirus 70. The genome of E23 (strain CT86-6760) was 7352 nucleotides in length, exclusive of the poly(A) tail, and the genome organization was typical of the picornaviruses. The nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequences were most related to those of E22, a virus with which E23 shares many biological properties, and was quite divergent from the sequences of other enteroviruses (<20% average amino sequence identity). These data lend further support to the suggestion that E22 and E23 are distinct from members of the Enterovirus genus and that they should be reclassified in a separate genus within the Picornaviridae.
Whither computational materials science? Some thoughts from the mechanical properties front

Abstract A claim is made that analysis will remain important and become a useful ally in helping computational materials science live up to its ultimate potential. Examples are given in the mechanical properties area where numerical simulations have been able to parameterize and mark out areas of validity for elasticity theory. The important role of developing asymptotic paths from one level or category of theory to another is commented on.
Re-Thinking 802.11 Rate Selection in the Face of Non-Altruistic Behavior

The use of bandwidth intensive applications in the limited 802.11 wireless spectrum has lead to increased congestion and interference in the mobile space. Sending more data in a timely manner requires a fast transmission speed. The transmission speeds in turn are governed by rate adaptation algorithms that seek to optimize the delivery probability of packets. However, optimizing for an individual node also has a significant impact on other nodes in the wireless network. Despite this impact of rate selection on the larger wireless network, individual nodes tend to be non-altruistic resulting in multi-rate WLANs, thus incurring the "rate anomaly'' problem. In this paper, we posit that rate changes must be justified, i.e. goodput improvement must be commensurate with effective channel cost. We present the concept of rate zones to challenge when rate adaptation is justified with regards to the performance of the larger wireless network. Our experimental, simulation, and real-world results show that on average rate adaptation negatively impacts performance.
What's New in Childhood Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension?

Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) occurs quite rarely in the paediatric population and its clinical features differ from adults in many ways. Childhood IIH has no sex predilection, and obesity does not appear to be an important factor, especially in prepubertal patients. Newer associations of this disease have been reported that were never reported in the past, mainly due to better understanding of the disease process, changing clinical practice, and technological advancement. Understanding of childhood IIH is very limited as most of the studies regarding the pathogenesis of IIH relate to adults. Prompt diagnosis and treatment is important as children can sustain loss of visual field and acuity despite apparently adequate treatment. Children with IIH should be managed by a multi–disciplinary team consisting of a general paediatrician, a neuro–ophthalmologist, a neurologist, a neurosurgeon, and when appropriate a paediatric neuro–intensivist. The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms and to pre...
Glucuronidation and the transport of the glucuronide metabolites in LLC-PK1 cells.

Formation and transport of glucuronide metabolites were studied in LLC-PK1 cells. Glucuronidation of 17β-estradiol, 1-naphthol, mycophenolic acid, and 4-methylumbelliferone was examined in microsom...
Degenerate four-wave mixing temperature measurements in a flame

Multiplex degenerate four-wave mixing is performed by using OH radicals in an atmospheric-pressure hydrogen–oxygen flame. The ratio of the signal intensities from two OH transitions simultaneously pumped by a single laser pulse is used to determine the local instantaneous flame temperature.
Chronic daily headache: identification of factors associated with induction and transformation.

Background.—Chronic daily headache (CDH) is one of the more frequently encountered headache syndromes at major tertiary care centers. The analysis of factors related to the transformation from episodic to chronic migraine (CM) and to the de novo development of new daily persistent headache (NDPH) remain poorly understood. Objectives.—To identify somatic factors and lifestyle factors associated with the development of CM and NDPH. Methods.—We used a randomized case-control design to study the following groups: 1) CM with analgesic overuse (ARH), n = 399; 2) CM without analgesic overuse, n = 158; and 3) NDPH, n = 69. These groups were compared with two control groups: 1) episodic migraine, n = 100; and 2) chronic posttraumatic headache (CPTH); n = 65. Associated medical conditions were assessed. We investigated the case groups for any association with somatic or behavioral factors. Data were analyzed by the two-sided Fischer's exact test, with the odds ratio being calculated considering a 95% confidence interval using the approximation of Woolf. Results.—When the active groups were compared with the episodic migraine group, the following associations were found: 1) ARH: hypertension and daily consumption of caffeine; 2) CM: allergies, asthma, hypothyroidism, hypertension, and daily consumption of caffeine; and 3) NDPH: allergies, asthma, hypothyroidism, and consumption of alcohol more than three times per week. The following associations were found when comparing the active groups with CPTH: 1) ARH: asthma and hypertension; 2) CM: allergies, asthma, hypothyroidism, hypertension, and daily consumption of caffeine; and 3) NDPH: allergies, asthma, hypothyroidism, and consumption of alcohol more than three times per week. Conclusions.—Several strong correlations were obtained between patients with specific types of CDH and certain somatic conditions or behaviors; some have not been previously described. Transformation of previously episodic headache or development of a NDPH thus may be related to certain medical conditions and behaviors beyond the frequently incriminated precipitant analgesic overuse. As similar results were obtained when CPTH was used as a control, the correlation is more complex than simple comorbidity.
Young and restless: validation of the Mind-Wandering Questionnaire (MWQ) reveals disruptive impact of mind-wandering for youth.

Mind-wandering is the focus of extensive investigation, yet until recently there has been no validated scale to directly measure trait levels of task-unrelated thought. Scales commonly used to assess mind-wandering lack face validity, measuring related constructs such as daydreaming or behavioral errors. Here we report four studies validating a Mind-Wandering Questionnaire (MWQ) across college, high school, and middle school samples. The 5-item scale showed high internal consistency, as well as convergent validity with existing measures of mind-wandering and related constructs. Trait levels of mind-wandering, as measured by the MWQ, were correlated with task-unrelated thought measured by thought sampling during a test of reading comprehension. In both middle school and high school samples, mind-wandering during testing was associated with worse reading comprehension. By contrast, elevated trait levels of mind-wandering predicted worse mood, less life-satisfaction, greater stress, and lower self-esteem. By extending the use of thought sampling to measure mind-wandering among adolescents, our findings also validate the use of this methodology with younger populations. Both the MWQ and thought sampling indicate that mind-wandering is a pervasive – and problematic – influence on the performance and well-being of adolescents.
A remark on the phase transitions of modified action spin and gauge models

We consider the phase diagrams of modified action gauge and spin models and concentrate on their periphery — infinitely far from their origins (zero temperature - β−1 = 0). In this limit the exact positions of the phase transitions are found by looking for the global minimum of the single plaquette action (for a spin system — the single link energy). As the parameters of the model are varied, the position of such a global minimum is in general changed. When this changed is non-analytic, a phase transition takes place. The phase structure for finite β is clearly similar, but not identical to the infinite β one. We discuss several finite β corrections that should be applied to the exactly known infinite β picture. We confront our analysis for infinite β2 = ∑iβ2i with the Monte Carlo simulations for two four-dimensional gauge systems: an SU(3) gauge model with action S=−Re∑p(β1trUp+β2(tr Up)2) and an SU(2) model with S=−Re Σp[β112trUp+β2(12trUp)2+β3(12trU p)3].
Decision Making in One-Parent and Two-Parent Families Influence and Information Selection

This study investigated information selection and the influence of individual family members on decision outcomes during the transition into early adolescence. Members of 39 two-parent families and members of 30 one-parent families participated in the study. Participants completed four decision tasks independently and then came to a joint decision within their family. Mothers and fathers in both one- and two-parent families were more likely to use information concerning health or safety and past experience; however, their children were more likely to use information concerning the preferences of a group of peers or a single friend. Parents in these families also had more influence on the joint decisions of the family than did their children if only the first family choice was considered. If more than one individual and family choice was considered, influence on the joint decision by adolescents and parents did not differ. Age within the adolescent group interacted with respondent for information selection...
Satellite versus Surface Estimates of Air Temperature since 1979

Abstract A comparison of near-global monthly mean surface temperature anomalies to those of global Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) 2R temperatures for 1979–95 reveals differences in global annual mean trends that are shown to be largely attributable to important physical differences in the quantities that are measured. Maps of standard deviations of the monthly mean anomalies, which can be viewed as mostly measuring the size of the climate signal, reveal pronounced differences regionally in each dataset. At the surface, the variability of temperatures is relatively small over the oceans but large over land, whereas in the MSU record the signal is much more zonally symmetric. The largest differences are found over the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans where the monthly standard deviations of the MSU temperatures are larger by more than a factor of 2. Locally over land, the variance of the surface record is larger than that of the MSU. In addition to differential responses to forcings from the El Nino-S...
Radiowave “messages” from space

Detailed maps of distant galaxies, quasars, and black holes will be available to astronomers through the use of the Very Large Array (VLA), a Y-shaped collection of 27 antennae in the New Mexico desert. The $78-million system, the world's largest radio telescope, has a collecting area equivalent to that of a single antenna of 131-m diameter. Resembling large white mushrooms, the antennae capture incoming radiowaves and send them, via underground microwave channels, to a central computer. Radiowave maps, as detailed as photographs taken by large optical telescopes, are then made. Unlike optical telescopes, however, VLA is not limited to nighttime observations or by cloud cover.
The Yin and Yang of T Cell Costimulation

The Perspective by J. Allison and M. Krummel discusses a paper in this issue of Science by Waterhouse et al. (p. 985), which reports the lymphoproliferative phenotype of mice lacking the T cell antigen CTLA-4. The function of this molecule has been elusive, but the pronounced lymphadenopathy of these knockout mice provides strong evidence that it works in opposition to the positive signal generated by the costimulatory T cell antigen receptor-peptide and CD28-B7 interactions.
THE PREVALENCE, CORRELATES, AND CONTINUITY OF SERIOUS CONDUCT PROBLEMS IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN*

Police and court records rarely reject the prevalence of delinquent acts of elementary school-aged children. Data are presented on conduct problems during the elementary school years in regard to how well they predict adult delinquency and chronic offending. In addition, the paper presents prevalence estimates of illegal and serious conduct problems occurring prior to high school, such as fighting, the), truancy, firesetting, vandalism, marijuana use, and delinquency. Policy implications are discussed in view of the fact that early onset of serious conduct problems is ominous for chronic offending to develop at an age when children are not yet judged to be criminally responsible.
Les Harkis en France: Carte d'identite´ franc¸aise, identit´ harkie a ¤ la carte?

The Harkis constitute a heterogeneous group whose generic name was originally nothing more than an administrative construct during the Algerian War. Some studies have highlighted the absence of an overriding sense of common identity as a group: it is not unusual for the Harkis' offspring to express a feeling of belonging to the Harki, French, Beur and/or Algerian groups. Some studies continue to stress the specificity and uniqueness of their position in France, some insist on their French citizenship, whereas others still underline their specificity while insisting on their French citizenship. This article, after analysing their struggle for identity as well as the role played by the French state through measures adopted since 1962, is primarily concerned with identifying the factors prompting the Harkis' offspring to seek a distinctive Harki identity—namely the 'Other', history, memory and especially the official recognition by France of its betrayal and shameful treatment of the Harkis.
On possible redirection of the course of anionic oxy-cope rearrangements

Abstract The β, γ-unsaturated ketones bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-en-7-one (10) and 7,7-dimethoxybicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-en-5-one (15) have been condensed with 1-metalated trans-1-methoxybutadienes (7a or 7b) and 2-isopropenylcyclopentenes (8b or 8c). Oxyanion formation within the resulting alcohols is followed by skeletal rearrangement at room temperature. Careful product analysis has revealed the [3,3] sigmatropic reaction manifold to be followed almost exclusively. Only in the case of 13 is a modest amount (4%) of formal antarafacialretention [1,3] sigmatropic bridgehead carbon migration in evidence. Consequently, the structural features inherent to these alcohols are not conducive to redirecting electronic reorganization to an alternative isomerization process.
Exact gradient simulation for stochastic fluid networks in steady state

In this paper, we develop a new simulation algorithm that generates unbiased gradient estimators for the steady-state workload of a stochastic fluid network, with respect to the throughput rate of each server. Our algorithm is based on the perfect sampling algorithm developed in Blanchet and Chen (2014), and the infinitesimal perturbation analysis (IPA) method. We illustrate the performance of our algorithm with two multidimensional examples, including its formal application in the case of multidimensional reflected Brownian motion.
Lesson‐drawing in family policy: Media reports and empirical evidence about European developments

Since 1980, the U.S. press has painted a vivid picture of widespread welfare state dismantling in Europe. Yet our analysis of social expenditures in 14 European countries from 1980–1995 finds a pattern of resilience and, with respect to family benefits, a pattern of expansion. Our review of qualitative research on policy reforms upholds the expenditure-based findings. We conclude that U.S. media misrepresentation of social welfare developments in Europe is likely to impede “lesson-drawing” from abroad by U.S. policymakers. This constitutes a lost opportunity, as the U.S. is now engaged in social policy reformulation, especially with respect to programs for families.
Phone Consultation for Behavioral Health–Related Referrals in Integrated Primary Care

Behavioral health (BH) providers add value to primary care teams. This descriptive study illustrates one such role that the BH provider can serve. The on-site BH provider responded to patient phone inquiries regarding BH topics for pediatricians over the course of 15 months. The majority of these calls were for children 10 years and younger and related to externalizing problems. Phone calls were relatively brief (i.e., 11-15 minutes). More than half of these phone calls resulted in families scheduling an appointment with nearly 75% showing up for the initial session. Providing this type of adjunctive service may result in earlier access to care and efficiently assigning responsibilities to the appropriate team member.
U.S. Courts of Appeals Judges’ Review of Federal Natural Resource Agencies’ Decisions

Commentators have suggested that federal judges who review federal natural resource agencies’ management decisions sometimes substitute their own preferences for agencies’ decisions. We used four competing judicial decision-making models to test this assertion. We analyzed all published cases decided by the U.S. Courts of Appeals from 1970 to 1997 in which a federal natural resource agency was the defendant in a case involving natural resource statutes. All four models significantly classified judges’ opinions on the model developmental data. However, when we validated the models on independent data, only the attitudinal model was statistically significant. The results establish that while facts and precedent are important, judges respond to multiple stimuli when making decisions. This research empirically demonstrates that some judges do not function as objective decision makers in some natural resource management cases, and develops variables and models researchers can use to investigate how the legal s...
Structural basis for the altered activity of Gly794 variants of Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase

The open−closed conformational switch in the active site of Escherichia coli β-galactosidase was studied by X-ray crystallography and enzyme kinetics. Replacement of Gly794 by alanine causes the ap...
The concept of computability

I explore the conceptual foundations of Alan Turing's analysis of computability, which still dominates thinking about computability today. I argue that Turing's account represents a last vestige of a famous but unsuccessful program in pure mathematics, viz., Hilbert's formalist program. It is my contention that the plausibility of Turing's account as an analysis of the computational capacities of physical machines rests upon a number of highly problematic assumptions whose plausibility in turn is grounded in the formalist stance towards mathematics. More specifically, the Turing account conflates concepts that are crucial for understanding the computational capacities of physical machines. These concepts include the idea of an "operation" or "action" that is "formal," "mechanical," "well-defined," and "precisely described," and the idea of a "symbol" that is "formal," "uninterpreted," and "shaped". When these concepts are disentangled, the intuitive appeal of Turing's account is significantly undermined. This opens the way for exploring models of hypercomputability that are fundamentally different from those currently entertained in the literature.
Genomic Copy Number Analysis of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Using Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization Implications of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway

Genomic abnormalities at 348 loci encoding genes that may contribute to lung cancer transformation and progression were assessed using array comparative genomic hybridization in 21 squamous carcinomas (SqCas) and 16 adenocarcinomas (AdCas). Hierarchical clustering showed a clear pattern of gains and losses for the SqCas, whereas the pattern for AdCas was less distinct. Cross-validated classification using a K-nearest-neighbor assigned, on average, 32 of 37 samples to their proper histological subtype. The most noticeable differences between SqCas and AdCas were gain of chromosome 3q22-q26 and loss of chromosome 3p. These occurred almost exclusively in SqCas. The region of recurrent increase is ∼30 Mb in extent, ranging from EVI1 to TFRC. PIK3CA, the α catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), is in this region. The PIK3CA copy number increase was validated using fluorescence in situ hybridization to lung cancer tissue microarrays. Activity of the downstream PI3K effector protein kinase B (PKB) was higher in SqCas than in AdCas and was correlated with PIK3CA copy number (r = 0.75), suggesting that these copy number increases contribute to activation of PI3K signaling in SqCas of the lung.
Serum Dopamine-βHydroxylase Activity in the Affective Psychoses and Schizophrenia: Decreased Activity in Unipolar Psychotically Depressed Patients

• Serum dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) activity was studied in 125 psychiatric patients and 73 normal controls. Serum DBH activity in schizophrenic, bipolar manic, and neurotic depressive patients was not significantly different from that in controls. Although serum DBH activity in unipolar and bipolar depressed patients was also not significantly different from that in controls, the subgroup of psychotically depressed unipolar patients had significantly lower serum DBH levels than controls did. Serum DBH activity in bipolar psychotically depressed patients also tended to be low, but was not significantly less than in controls. Serum DBH activity in the patient group usually did not increase in the immediate period following successful treatment with drugs or electroconvulsive therapy, indicating that basal levels of serum DBH activity in psychiatric patients are not statedependent. Low serum DBH levels in psychotically depressed patients must be verified in an independent group of patients before its significance can be appreciated. Our findings could be the result of the study of an atypical group of psychotically depressed patients.
Realistic Sensing Area Modeling

Despite the well-known fact that sensing patterns in reality are highly irregular, researchers continue to develop protocols with simplifying assumptions about the sensing. For example, a circular 0/1 sensing model is widely used in most existing simulators and analysis. While this model provides high-level guidelines, it could cause wrong estimation of system performance in the real world. In this project, we design and implement a practical Sensing Area Modeling technique, called SAM. By injecting events through regular and hierarchical training, SAM estimates the sensing areas of individual sensor nodes accurately. Especially, this work is the first to investigate the impact of irregular sensing area on application performance, such as coverage scheduling. We evaluate SAM using outdoor experiments with XSM motes, indoor experiment with 40 MicaZ motes as well as an extensive 1000-node simulation. Our evaluation results reveal serious problems caused by circular sensing model, while demonstrating significant performance improvements in major applications when SAM is used.
Wireless Data Center with Millimeter Wave Network

Data center networks are becoming increasingly popular for several computationally intensive applications such as search, gaming etc. Complex wiring issues in traditional data centers motivated us to consider wireless and a more flexible solution that also enables dynamic reconfiguration of data center networks. Recent release of the IEEE 802.15.3c wireless networking standard in the 60 GHz ISM band supports multi- Gigabit point-to-point link data rate. Such high data rate links are suitable for data center interconnects. In this paper, 60 GHz wireless technology is used to emulate data center network systems. It is shown that re-configurable data center networks can be designed using IEEE 802.15.3c technology.
Finding "Vertices" in a picture"

The processing of pictures and maps by computer often results in their representation by a collection of nonoverlapping regions. Points which are common to the boundaries of three regions are of particular interest in both scene analysis and data compaction. This paper describes three algorithms for determining such points in terms of discrete representations of the boundaries. Examples for map approximations and scene representations are shown.
Fecal bacteria and sex hormones in soil and runoff from cropped watersheds amended with poultry litter

The application of poultry litter to agricultural fields can provide plant nutrients for crops and forage production, but fecal bacteria and the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone are components of litter that can be detrimental to the environment. Our objective was to determine if applications of poultry litter to small watersheds would contribute to the load of fecal bacteria and sex hormones to soil and runoff. We, therefore, investigated the fate and transport of fecal bacteria, estradiol and testosterone from surface applied poultry litter to four small watersheds. Poultry litter was applied to meet the nitrogen requirements of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) in 2000 and grain sorghum [Sorgham bicolor (L.) Moench] in 2001. Neither Salmonella nor Campylobacter were detected in the litter but the fecal indicator bacteria were. The average load of total coliforms,Escherichia coli, and fecal enterococci applied with the litter was 12.2, 11.9, and 12.7 log10 cells ha(−1), respectively. The average load of estradiol and testosterone was 3.1 and 0.09 mg ha(-1), respectively.Runoff events first occurred seven months after the first litter application in 2000, and three weeks after the second application in 2001.Only for the 25 July 2001 runoff event three weeks after the second litter application, were the concentrations of total coliforms, E. coli,and fecal enterococci in runoff greater than background concentrations which were on average 5.2, 1.1, and 2.9 log10 MPN 100 ml(−1),respectively [corrected]. Average background levels of total coliforms, fecal enterococci,and E. coli in surface soil were 8.2, 7.9, and 3.5 log (10) cells kg(−1) soil. At the rate of litter application the concentrations of estradiol and testosterone in the litter did not appear to impact the background levels in the soil and runoff. Because concentrations of sex hormones in litter from other broiler operations are known to be greater than in the litter we applied, further study on the connection between concentrations of sex hormones in poultry litter and operational practices is recommended.