cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of dendritic spines in action potential backpropagation: a numerical simulation study.

Two remarkable aspects of pyramidal neurons are their complex dendritic morphologies and the abundant presence of spines, small structures that are the sites of excitatory input. Although the chann...
Conservation of Mass in Three Dimensions in Global Analyses

Abstract For a number of reasons, conservation of mass in the global analyses on pressure coordinates is violated, yet this constraint is required for budget studies of all kinds. The imbalances arise from postprocessing the variables onto pressure surfaces, problems of dealing with the lower boundary and substituting an artificial atmosphere below ground, and diurnal pressure tendencies associated with the semidiurnal tide and the timing and distribution of observations. Methods are described and illustrated for May 1988 for adjusting the monthly mean global European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analyses in three dimensions on pressure surfaces so that the mass balance is achieved, but the problems are present in analyses on constant pressure surfaces from all centers. First, a correction is needed for the global mean vertical motion. Second, it is shown that a local adjustment to the horizontal divergent velocity field is needed for regions that are below ground on constant pressure surface...
Relationship between Self-Typicality and the In-Group Subtypes Effect:

According to previous research, members of a social category draw a greater number of subtype distinctions within their own category than nonmembers do. But do category members themselves differ in the number of in-group subtype distinctions that they draw? In Study 1, students who considered themselves relatively typical of their fraternity or sorority listed a greater number of subtypes for their own than for other fraternities or sororities; students who considered themselves relatively atypical did not. In Study 2, athletes listed a greater number of subtypes for their own sports team if they were considered relatively typical by both themselves and teammates than if they were considered relatively typical only by themselves, only by teammates, or by neither. Possible explanations for the "in-group subtypes effect" are discussed.
Adjustment to Mild Cognitive Impairment: Perspectives of Male Care Partners and Their Spouses

The authors explored changes in couple dynamics in the context of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Guided by family systems theory and the biopsychosocial model, they used grounded theory methods to examine how 11 couples perceived change in their relationships when husbands were primary care partners for their wives with MCI. Analysis revealed four major themes: (a) care partnering is like working, (b) care partnering influences interpersonal dynamics, (c) care partnering shifts roles, and (d) care partnering modifies social relations. Findings point to the usefulness of systemic therapies and interventions for helping couples adjust to the behavioral manifestations of MCI.
Optical delay line nanometer-level pathlength control law design for space-based interferometry

This article is concerned with the discussion of a control law design for a brassboard optical delay line (ODL) developed for the interferometry technology program at the JPL to support the space-based optical interferometry missions. Variations on the ODL brassboard design will be flown on the space interferometry mission and new millennium separated spacecraft interferometer. The brassboard ODL was designed to meet both the performance and environmental requirements for space interferometry. A control experiment was contrived to evaluate how well the brassboard optical delay line can control optical pathlength jitter. Fringe visibility resolution requirements for space interferometry prescribe that the optical pathlength from the two collecting telescope apertures must be equal and stable to within a few nanometers RMS. This paper describes the classical frequency domain lop shaping techniques that were used to design a control law for the experiment. Included is a description of a methodology for managing the control authority for the three actuation stages of the ODL, as well as, an input shaping technique for handling the large dynamic range issues. Experimental performance results characterizing closed loop control of residual optical jitter in an ambient laboratory environment are reported.
Adaptive backbone protocol for heterogeneous wireless networks

We propose Adaptive Backbone Protocol ABP, a lightweight protocol for distributed formation of a backbone over Heterogeneous Wireless Networks. ABP does not require any neighborhood information and consequently scales well with the number of nodes and network size. We present an analytical framework to study the performance of ABP. By making the nodes rotate the role of backbone nodes, we extend the life of the network.
Antibodies to Escherichia coli J5 core glycolipids in gnotobiotic and conventionally reared piglets.

Antibody titers to Escherichia coli J5 endotoxin core glycolipids were determined in 5-week-old, unvaccinated, conventionally reared and gnotobiotic pigs in a micro-ELISA. Both groups of pigs had naturally occurring antibody of all major isotypes. The conventionally reared pigs had significantly (P < 0.05) more serum antibody to J5 endotoxin glycolipids (geometric mean titer, GMT = 2.07) than gnotobiotes (GMT = 0.85). This relationship was not necessarily true in fluids from various anatomical structures. In gnotobiotes, mucosal-associated, anti-J5 glycolipid immunoglobulin was primarily IgM. In conventionally reared piglets, the mucosal-associated, anti-J5 glycolipid antibody contained more IgA. Such naturally occurring antibody could confer partial to complete immunity from challenge with Gram-negative bacteria.
Bandlimited Image Restoration by Linear Mean-Square Estimation

A linear mean-square estimator, optimum for image data available only on a finite interval, is derived for the restoration of images degraded by a system with a bandlimited spread function. The analysis is carried out in one dimension using a prolate-spheroidal-wavefunction expansion of the image data. When the noise is bandlimited to the same bandwidth as the spread function, the expansion represents the image data with zero mean-square error on the entire interval, and the mean-square reconstruction error is equal to that of the optimum linear estimate for image data on the infinite interval. The rate at which the series representation of the estimate converges is discussed and an example presented.
ROTATION OF PARTICLES IN POLARIZED BROWNIAN FLOWS

We consider the rotation of tangent vectors and the mutual rotation of two particles undergoing motion in a random two-dimensional velocity field. We look at random fields whose laws are invariant under translations and rotations, but not reflections. These polarized fields are intermediate between homogeneous and isotropic fields, and may possess a preferred sense of rotation. The covariance of such a field must have a certain form which we describe. In a Brownian flow based on a polarized random field, we show that tangent vectors can rotate at a constant asymptotic rate, and that under certain conditions, two particles will rotate about each other at the same asymptotic rate. For illustration we present simulations of a polarized Gaussian field and of particles moving in a polarized Brownian flow.
Pathologic leadpoint is uncommon in ileo-colic intussusception regardless of age.

Abstract Purpose Historically, the rate of pathologic leadpoints in older children with intussusception is quoted as 20%–25%. Our anecdotal experience suggested a lower rate. We therefore compiled a case series to examine the actual incidence of pathologic leadpoint, and treatment success, by age. Methods A retrospective review was performed of all patients admitted with intussusception between 1998 and 2012 and tested for differences in anatomic location, presence of pathologic leadpoint, and need for operative intervention, on the basis of age. Results In total, 154 cases of intussusception were diagnosed in 141 patients (136 ileo-colic), 38 of which were in children older than 3 (29 ileo-colic). Considering all anatomic locations, older children were more likely to have a pathologic leadpoint (p-value 0.01); however subgroup analysis of ileo-colic intussusception demonstrated no difference (p-value 0.38). Additionally, there was no difference in the success of pneumatic or barium enema reduction on the basis of age (p-value 0.56). Conclusion Despite historical reports of increased pathologic leadpoints in ileo-colic intussusception in older children, in this series the majority were idiopathic. Non-operative management was successful approximately 75% of the time, irrespective of age. In older age groups, there was an increased frequency of pathologic leadpoints in small bowel-small bowel intussusception.
Graduated driver licensing restrictions: awareness, compliance, and enforcement in North Carolina

Problem This study examined the extent to which critical restrictions in North Carolina's graduated driver licensing (GDL) system are known, adhered to, and enforced. Method Teenagers and their parents were recruited as they applied for either an intermediate or full license at 1 of 23 licensing offices. Telephone interviews were conducted with 900 teenagers and their parents. Results Awareness of North Carolina's night and passenger restrictions was very high among both parents and teenagers. Ten percent of teenagers reported violating the night restriction without their parents' knowledge, and 15% had done so with their parents' approval. Only 4% of parents reported allowing their teenagers to drive with more than one teenage passenger, but 19% of teenagers reported that they were allowed to do this. Violations of the passenger restriction without parental knowledge were more common than violations of the night restriction (22% vs. 10%, respectively). Among teenagers who violated restrictions without their parents' knowledge, most reported doing so only once or a few times. Teenagers expressed little concern about detection, although a majority reported driving more carefully to avoid police notice. Neither parents nor teenagers knew much about police enforcement of GDL restrictions. To obtain a sense of the views of law enforcement officers, informal interviews were conducted with 20 officers from five diverse communities and the state highway patrol. These officers were highly supportive of GDL but unfamiliar with many of the specific provisions. Moreover, enforcement of GDL restrictions did not appear to be a high priority. Impact on Industry There is a need to increase the belief among teens (and parents) that police are enforcing GDL restrictions in their community; law enforcement participation in well-publicized traffic safety enforcement efforts would likely produce this result.
Action of retinoic acid on the diacylglycerol-induced ornithine decarboxylase activity, reduction in EGF binding and protein kinase C activation in rat tracheal epithelial 2C5 cells

We have shown previously that in rat tracheal epithelial 2C5 cells the induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and the reduction in the binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) by diacylglycerol is related to the activation of protein kinase C. In this paper we analyse the action of retinoic acid (RA) on these two parameters in order to determine whether RA acts on the level of protein kinase C. RA inhibits the induction of ODC activity by diacylglycerol (sn-1,2-dioctanoylglycerol) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. A biologically inactive analog of RA has no effect on this induction. RA does not affect the activation of protein kinase C by diacylglycerol in an in vitro assay. In contrast to the effect on ODC induction, RA does not counteract the reduction in EGF binding induced by diacylglycerol. These results are consistent with the concept that RA does not act at the level of protein kinase C and inhibits ODC induction during a stage following protein kinase C activation.
The evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus: Impacts of recombination and selection

Foot-and-mouth disease virus is an economically important animal virus that exhibits extensive genetic and antigenic heterogeneity. To examine the evolutionary forces that have influenced the population dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus, individual genes and the coding genomes for the Eurasian (Asia1, A, C, and O) serotypes were examined for phylogenetic relationships, recombination, genetic diversity and selection. Our analyses demonstrate that paraphyletic relationships among serotypes are not as prevalent as previously proposed and suggest that convergent evolution might be obscuring phylogenetic relationships. We provide evidence that identification of recombinant sequences and recombination breakpoint patterns among and within serotypes are heavily dependent on the level of genetic diversity and convergent characters present in a particular data set as well as the methods used to detect recombination. Here, we also investigate the impact of adaptive positive selection on the capsid proteins and the non-structural genes 2B, 2C, 3A, and 3Cpro to identify genome regions involved in genetic diversity and antigenic variation. Two different categories of positive selection at the amino acid level were examined; conservative (stabilizing) selection that maintains particular phenotypic properties of an amino acid residue and radical (destabilizing), and selection that dramatically alters the phenotype and potentially the functional and/or structural features of the protein. Approximately, 29% of residues in the capsid proteins were under positive selection. Of those, 64% were under the influence of destabilizing selection, 80% were under the influence of stabilizing selection, and 44% had phenotypic properties influenced by both selection types. The majority of residues under selection (74%) were located outside of known antigenic sites; suggestive of additional uncharacterized epitopes and genomic regions involved in antigenic drift.
Glypican-3–Targeting F(ab′)2 for 89Zr PET of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an increasingly lethal malignancy for which management is critically dependent on accurate imaging. Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a cell surface receptor overexpressed in most HCCs and provides a unique target for molecular diagnostics. The use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target GPC3 (αGPC3) in PET imaging has shown promise but comes with inherent limitations associated with mAbs such as long circulation times. This study used 89Zr-conjugated F(ab′)2 fragments directed against GPC3 (89Zr-αGPC3-F(ab′)2) to evaluate the feasibility of the fragments as a diagnostic immuno-PET imaging probe. Methods: Immobilized ficin was used to digest αGPC3, creating αGPC3-F(ab′)2 fragments subsequently conjugated to 89Zr. In vivo biodistribution and PET studies were performed on GPC3-expressing HepG2 and GPC3-nonexpressing RH7777 orthotopic xenografts. Results: Reliable αGPC3-F(ab′)2 production via immobilized ficin digestion was verified by high-performance liquid chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 89Zr-αGPC3-F(ab′)2 demonstrated F(ab′)2-dependent, antigen-specific cell binding. HepG2 tumor uptake was higher than any other tissue, peaking at 100 ± 21 percentage injected dose per gram (%ID/g) 24 h after injection, a value 33- to 38-fold higher than GPC3-nonexpressing RH7777 tumors. The blood half-life of the 89Zr-αGPC3-F(ab′)2 conjugate was approximately 11 h, compared with approximately 115 h for historic mAb controls. This shorter half-life enabled clear tumor visualization on PET 4 h after administration, with a resultant peak tumor-to-liver contrast ratio of 23.3. Blocking antigen-expressing tumors with an excess of nonradiolabeled αGPC3 resulted in decreased tumor uptake similar to native liver. The kidneys exhibited high tissue uptake, peaking at 24 h with 83 ± 12 %ID/g. HepG2 tumors ranging from 1.5 to 7 mm were clearly visible on PET, whereas larger RH7777 tumors displayed signal lower than background liver tissue. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the feasibility of using 89Zr-αGPC3-F(ab′)2 for intrahepatic tumor localization with small-animal PET. Faster blood clearance and lower background liver uptake enable excellent signal-to-noise ratios at early time points. Increased renal uptake is similar to that as has been seen with clinical radioactive peptide imaging. 89Zr-αGPC3-F(ab′)2 addresses some of the shortcomings of whole-antibody immuno-PET probes. Further optimization is warranted to maximize probe sensitivity and specificity in the process of clinical translation.
The cell broadband engine: exploiting multiple levels of parallelism in a chip multiprocessor

As CMOS feature sizes continue to shrink and traditional microarchitectural methods for delivering high performance (e.g., deep pipelining) become too expensive and power-hungry, chip multiprocessors (CMPs) become an exciting new direction by which system designers can deliver increased performance. Exploiting parallelism in such designs is the key to high performance, and we find that parallelism must be exploited at multiple levels of the system: the thread-level parallelism that has become popular in many designs fails to exploit all the levels of available parallelism in many workloads for CMP systems. We describe the Cell Broadband Engine and the multiple levels at which its architecture exploits parallelism: data-level, instruction-level, thread-level, memory-level, and compute-transfer parallelism. By taking advantage of opportunities at all levels of the system, this CMP revolutionizes parallel architectures to deliver previously unattained levels of single chip performance. We describe how the heterogeneous cores allow to achieve this performance by parallelizing and offloading computation intensive application code onto the Synergistic Processor Element (SPE) cores using a heterogeneous thread model with SPEs. We also give an example of scheduling code to be memory latency tolerant using software pipelining techniques in the SPE.
Late Cretaceous magnetic anomalies in the North Atlantic

Abstract An identification of anomalies 31–34 is presented for the North Atlantic. North of the Azores-Gibraltar Ridge this implies a revision of the identification of the magnetic anomalies older than anomaly 26. DSDP site 10 in the western North Atlantic appears to be located on the old end of anomaly 33. The relative spacings of anomalies 29–34 in the North and South Atlantic, North and South Pacific and Indian Oceans are compared and the estimated relative widths of the magnetic polarity intervals in the Late Cretaceous are revised.
Consumer satisfaction of retirees: products and services

This study was designed to assess the nature and extent of consumer satisfaction of retirees at two stages of retirement: Stage I, age 60–69; Stage age 70 and above. This cross-sectional mail survey study contained 196 retiree households selected at random, representing retirees who had been retired for at least 1 year and were 60 years of age or older. Results indicate that retirees are in fact a heterogeneous group of consumers who are generally self-reliant, with varying consumer problems and varying reasons for those problems. Results of this study, collectively, lend support to the notion that age alone is not an appropriate way of studying consumer concerns of retirees. Additionally, retirees' stage of retirement has no significant relationship to the person responsible for the weekly household shopping. Finally, reasons for consumer dissatisfaction are not related to the weekly household shopper.
Assembly of Greek Marble Inscriptions by Isotopic Methods

Classical Greek inscriptions cut in marble, whose association as original stelai by archeological methods was debatable, were selected for study. Using traditional geological techniques and determinations of the per mil increments in carbon-13 and oxygen-18, it was determined that fragments could be positively assigned to three stelai, but that fragments from three other stelai had been incorrectly associated.
Design of a novel star tracker optical system

We present a novel method of increasing the focal depth of an optical system that can be used in a star tracker. The method is based on a special phase plate that is placed in the vicinity of the aperture stop of an optical system to produce the required spot size over a large focal depth. Phase retardation was applied to a lens system having a focal length of 30 mm, an F-number of 2, a working wavelength range of 0.5~0.75 μm and a view angle of 20 degrees. The performance of a lens having a suitable quartic phase was analyzed, and it was shown that the focal depth of such a lens system can be extended more than threefold as compared to a system having no phase plate.
Design of the second-generation scanning photoemission microscope at the National Synchrotron Light Source

During the past few years, we have built and commissioned a scanning photoemission microscope (X1-SPEM). It was the first photoemission microscope to achieve submicron resolution. To improve the performance, we are designing a second generation instrument. The major changes in the instrument are the replacement of the home-made single pass cylindrical mirror analyzer (CMA) with a hemispherical sector analyzer (HSA) and the construction of a new chamber with a scheme to manipulate the zone plate and the order sorting aperture (OSA) with more flexibility. The design concepts and expected performance of the instrument are discussed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Refraction and Dispersion of Thallium Bromide Iodide

The refractive indexes of a mixed crystal containing 45.7 mole percent thallium bromide and 54.3 mole percent thallium iodide were measured at three temperatures near 19, 25, and 31°C for wavelengths from 0.5770 to 39.38 μ. The data were fitted to Sellmeier dispersion equations and thermal coefficients of index were computed. Dispersion coefficients were determined at 25°. The results were compared with data on a similar crystal.
Vascular Holism: The Epidemiology of Vascular Disease

This article reviews the distinguishing features of epidemiology and clinical medicine and their interdependence in clinical epidemiology as applied to vascular disease. Selected literature is reviewed to emphasize the principles of clinical epidemiology for five vascular disorders: abdominal aortic aneurysms, lower extremity peripheral arterial occlusive disease, cerebrovascular disease, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, and varicose veins. These vascular disorders are prevalent and pose significant risks for death and disability. Many have risk factors that can be controlled. All can be treated by vascular surgery, but outcomes including functional health and well-being may fall short of that which is implied in our traditional surgical literature. Appropriate allocation of resources to detect and treat vascular disease demands that clinicians not only assume responsibility for the care of individual patients but also develop a working knowledge of the clinical epidemiology of vascular health and disease and its management within populations.
Experimental osteogenesis with decalcified allogeneic bone matrix in palatal defects.

Abstract Decalcified allogeneic bone matrix grafts were implanted in fresh palatal defects in six monkeys and chronic palatal defects in seven dogs. The chronic palatal defects were created with an air drill and with insertion of silicone rubber in palatal defects for 4 weeks. Clinical, histologic, fluorescent, and radiologic studies reveal that DABM grafts form new bone, thus resulting in bony union of the host bone to new bone. The DABM grafts were not rejected by the host tissue; rather, they were resorbed and replaced by new bone. It is speculated at this time, from the present results, that DABM grafts may have a clinical implication for patients with cleft palate.
The distortion of gradient profiles in reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Severe distortions of the axial concentration profiles of modifiers in steep RPLC gradients were recently observed. These distortions are directly explained by the results of measurements of the excess adsorption isotherms of the strongest mobile phase component, the concentration of which is made to increase linearly with time at the column inlet. A front shock or a discontinuity of the organic modifier concentration may arise and grow along the column. The position where it forms is determined by the reciprocal of the second derivative of the excess adsorption isotherm with respect to the concentration of the strongest mobile phase component. It forms when two characteristic lines intersect for the first time. Gradient profiles are continuous and diffuse as long as characteristic lines do not intersect but diverge from each other. However, acetonitrile-water gradients are systematically distorted and deviate significantly from assumed ideal, linear, non-retained gradients. This challenges the validity of classical theories of gradient chromatography regarding the prediction of retention times, peak widths, and band compression factors when steep gradients are applied.
Genetic regulation of dihydropyrimidinase and its possible implication in altered uracil catabolism.

ObjectiveDihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency accounts for approximately 43% of grade 3–4 toxicity to 5-fluorouracil. There, however, remain a number of patients presenting with 5-fluorouracil-associated toxicity despite normal DPD enzyme activity, suggesting possible deficiencies in dih
A kinetic model for microtubule polymerization during oral regeneration in Stentor coeruleus.

Abstract The regeneration of oral cilia in the protozoan cell, Stentor coeruleus, has been investigated in the presence of agents which do not favor the polymerization of microtubules. These agents, low temperature and the tubulin binding drugs, podophyllotoxin and β-peltatin, slow the rate or regeneration. A kinetic model is proposed to test the hypothesis that microtubule polymerization is the rate limiting step in oral regeneration. The results suggest that the tubulin concentration of normal regenerating cells in slightly in excess of an amount which would kinetically limit the regeneration rate.
General Mental Ability and Personality Selection Tests: Applicant Perceptions of Fairness and Validity in the Hospitality Industry

The purpose of the current study was to examine applicants’ perceived validity and fairness of general mental ability (GMA)- and personality-based selection tests. Graduating students in a hospitality program were given examples of the measures of the big five personality test and examples of a GMA test, and they rated the validity and fairness of the tests. The results showed that personality was perceived as more valid for selection purposes than GMA, but not fairer. However, these findings were qualified by the job level. In particular, the test of GMA was perceived as more valid and fairer for management-level positions than for hourly, non-management positions, whereas personality was perceived as equally valid and fair for both management and hourly, non-management job positions. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Recent Government Publications of Political Interest

Conduct of the Excise Board of the District of Columbia. Report of the special committee of the United States Senate pursuant to S. Res. 522 . . . 1915. 450 p. 80. Sen. Doc. 981. Senate. Diplomatic Correspondence with Belligerent Governments relating to neutral rights and commerce. 1915. 88 p. fol. Department of State. Estimated Valuation of National Wealth, 1850-1912. 1915. 20 p. 40. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Foreign Relations of the United States with the Annual Message of the President transmitted to Congress, Dec. 6, 1910, Papers relating to the. 1915. 884 p. 80. House doc. No. 1000. Dept. of State. Labor. List of United States Government Publications sold by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price list 33, 3d edition. March, 1915. 36 p. 80. Superintendent of Documents. Land Forces of the United States, Report on the organization of the. 1915. 8S p. 80. War Dept. Land Grants made by Congress to Aid in the Construction of Railroads, wagon roads, canals and internal improvements together with data relative thereto, statement showing. 1915. 28 p. Oblong 4?. Secretary of the Interior, General Land Office. Latin-American Trade. Report of the Latin-American Trade Committee appointed by the Secretary of Commerce, Hon. William C. Redfield, pursuant to a resolution adopted at the informal Latin-American Trade Conference called at Washington, D. C., on September 10, 1914, by the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Commerce . . . 1914. 13 p. 80. Minimum-Wage Legislation in the United States and Foreign Countries. Bulletin 167. Miscellaneous series No. 8. 1915. 335 p. 80. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Nicaraguan Mixed Claims Commission, Report of. Transmitted . . . to the Secretary of State of the United States. 1915. 84 p. 80. Opium and Other Drugs, Suppression of the Abuse of. Convention and final protocol between the United States and other powers. . . . Proclaimed, March 3, 1915. Treaty series, No. 612. 1915. 32 p. 80. State Department. Pan American Financial Conference. (1) Address of the President of the United States . . . Washington, D. C., May 24, 1915. 1915. 4 p. 80.
Transmammary infection of newborn by larval trematodes

Newborn cats and mice became infected with Alaria marcianae if they nursed from females that had been experimentally infected with the parasite. All lactating females showed mesocercarial stages in their mammary glands. This may be the first trematode found to undergo transmission through the mammary glands under experimental conditions. Similarities in the behavior of mesocercariae in humans and in the mouse suggest that an infected human female might infect her infant if she elected to nurse it.
Citizenship Tests: A Comparative, Communitarian Perspective

The history, nature and scope of citizen naturalisation tests are briefly examined in this article, as well as their political and social applications. A comparison of tests from the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Germany highlights the ways in which these tests are used as immigration controls rather than as a way to establish preparation for citizenship. The difference in the content of the tests also reveal alternative conceptions of citizenship including authoritarian, liberal and neo-communitarian.
Electroencephalographic evidence for a dose-related biphasic effect of morphine on bicuculline-induced seizures in the rat

Abstract The effects of systemic pretreatment with morphine sulfate (MS) on electroencephalographic (EEG) manifestations of seizures due to bicuculline (BIC) were studied in freely moving rats. Electrodes were placed on frontal and occipital cortices, into the hippocampus and into a region of the prepiriform cortex, area tempestas (AT). BIC (0.1–0.25 mg/kg i.v.) elicited dose-dependent changes in electrocortical activity, consisting of 3 stages: stage 1, slight increase in periods of desynchronization; stage 2, trains of 4–6 Hz spike-and-wave complexes and of 2–4 Hz slow waves; stage 3, ‘grand mal’ seizures. Isolated spikes and hypersynchronous high voltage spikes occurred in the hippocampus during stage 2 and stage 3, respectively. In the AT, EEG abnormalities were observed during stage 3 only. During the recovery period, cortical synchronization occurred associated with the presence of occasional synchronous spikes in both deep areas. After pretreatment with MS (2,12, and 25 mg/kg), stage 3 EEG seizures occurred with doses of BIC (0.12 or 0.18 mg/kg i.v.) that in the absence of MS produced only stage 1 or 2. In contrast, after pretreatment with a low dose of MS (0.5 mg/kg) the seizures induced by a maximally effective dose of BIC (0.25 mg/kg) were markedly attenuated. Thus, the effect of MS on BIC-induced seizure activity appears to be biphasic, potentiating seizures at doses at or above 2 mg/kg and inhibiting seizures at lower doses.
Experimental tumor targeting with radiolabeled ligands.

BACKGROUND. Approaches have been developed in animal models to increase the localization of radiolabeled ligands (monoclonal antibodies and peptides) in tumors, to reduce their uptake in normal tissues, and to thus improve the tumor/ normal tissue uptake ratios so that higher and more frequent doses of radionuclide could be used for radioimmunotherapy. METHODS. These approaches to increase the localization of radiolabeled ligands in tumors involve the following three general strategies: (1) modifying ligands or radiolabeling techniques, (2) increasing blood and normal tissue clearance of radiolabeled ligands, and (3) modifying tumor delivery, tumor antigen, or receptor expression or increasing tumor vascular permeability or blood flow. RESULTS. The use of such animal models permits the assessment of a wide range of ligands, radiolabeling conditions, and the efficacy of administration methods before their initial use in clinical trials. The prospects for the use of radiolabeled ligands in cancer detection and therapy are promising because of their specificity for binding to receptors on tumor cells or tumor endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS. Methods that increase the localization of radiolabeled ligands in solid tumors while reducing uptake in normal tissues will be required so that a sufficient radiation absorbed dose can be delivered for potentially curative treatment of radioresistant tumors in clinical radioimmunotherapy trials.
On Sentences Which are True of Direct Unions of Algebras

It is well known that certain sentences corresponding to similar algebras are invariant under direct union; that is, are true of the direct union when true of each factor algebra. An axiomatizable class of similar algebras, such as the class of groups, is closed under direct union when each of its axioms is invariant. In this paper we shall determine a wide class of invariant sentences. We shall also be concerned with determining sentences which are true of a direct union provided they are true of some factor algebra. In the case where all the factor algebras are the same, a further result is obtained. In §2 it will be shown that these criteria are the only ones of their kind. Lemma 7 below may be of some independent interest.We adopt the terminology and notation of McKinsey with the exception that the sign · will be used for conjunction. Expressions of the form ∼∊, where ∊ is an equation, will be called inequalities. In accordance with the analogy between conjunction and disjunction with product and sum respectively, we shall call α1, …, αn the terms of the disjunctionand the factors of the conjunctionEvery closed sentence is equivalent to a sentence in prenez normal form,where x1, …, xm distinct individual variables, Q1, …, Qm are quantifiers, and the matrix S is an open sentence in which each of the variables x1, …, xm actually occurs. The sentence S may be written in either disjunctive normal form:where αi,j is either an equation or an inequality, or in conjunctive normal form:.
New wine in no bottles: immersive, personalized ubiquitous learning

The invention of the movie camera was initially seen as a way to reach "massive" by filming plays; we are in an equivalent stage with our early MOOCs. Thinking outside the box of "teaching" is essential to realizing learning at scale. Virtual worlds and augmented realities can complement digitized classroom instruction through simulated apprenticeships, embedded support for learning everywhere, and transformed social interactions. Going big also requires thinking small: analyzing diagnostic micro-patterns to customize individual learning, sifting through millions of participants to find the ideal partners to aid each other's growth. To reach massive with universal access and powerful outcomes, we must creatively expand our visions of platforms, pedagogy, and financing.
Foliar flavonoids of the Carex nigromarginata complex (Sect. Acrocystis, Cyperaceae)

Abstract Species-specific complements of foliar flavonoids isolated from the Carex nigromarginata complex support the recognition of four distinct species. Carex nigromarginata, C. floridana and C.peckii produce a tricin glycoside not found in the remaining three taxa. Principal component and cluster analyses using the flavonoids as characters do not support the recognition of three distinct species among C. artitecta, C. emmonsii and C. physorhyncha .
Student Perceptions of the Integration of Faith, Learning, and Practice In an Educational Methods Course

This article presents the results of a study conducted in a Christian teacher education program that describes students' perceptions of the integration of faith, learning, and practice in one elementary methods class. The study answers the following questions: How did students in this class define the integration of faith and learning? Is there consensus among students as to whether or not faith and learning were integrated in the class? What specific examples of faith-learning integration do students identify from the class? How do students perceive the relative value of different experiences in helping them integrate Christian principles and professional practice? Did the occurrence of faith-learning integration help students outside of the class being studied? Data were collected from three sections of an elementary teaching methods course taught by the same professor between Fall Semester 1999 and Fall Semester 2000. Data were aggregated for analysis. The student responses help us understand their per...
Further studies on the mechanism of oxidation of N‐acetyldopamine by the cuticular enzymes from Sarcophaga bullata and other insects

In accordance with our earlier results, quinone methide formation was confirmed to be the major pathway for the oxidation of N-acetyldopamine (NADA) by cuticle-bound enzymes from Sarcophaga bullata larvae. In addition, with the use of a newly developed HPLC separation condition and cuticle prepared by gentle procedures, it could be demonstrated that 1, 2-dehydro-NADA and its dimeric oxidation products are also generated in the reaction mixture containing a high concentration of NADA albeit at a much lower amount than the NADA quinone methide water adduct, viz., N-acetylnorepinephrine (NANE). By using different buffers, it was also possible to establish the accumulation of NADA quinone in reaction mixtures containing NADA and cuticle. That the 1,2-dehydro-NADA formation is due to the action of a NADA desaturase system was established by pH and temperature studies and by differential inhibition of NANE production. Of the various cuticle examined, adult cuticle of Locusta migratoria, presclerotized cuticle of Periplaneta americana, and white puparial cases of Drosophila melanogaster exhibited more NADA desaturase activity than NANE generating activity, while the reverse was observed with the larval cuticle of Tenebrio molitor and pharate pupal cuticle of Manduca sexta. These studies indicate that both NADA quinone methide and 1, 2-dehydro NADA are formed during enzymatic activation of NADA in insect cuticle. Based on these results, a unified mechanism for β-sclerotization involving quinone methides as the reactive species is presented.
Revisiting fluoxetine (Prozac) and suicidal preoccupations

Abstract Several reports were published in the psychiatric literature in 1990 and 1991 documenting fluoxetine (Prozac) causing patients to consider or attempt suicide. During the following 2 years, retrospective studies appeared in the medical literature that seemed to indicate that suicidal preoccupation was not related to the antidepressant fluoxetine (Prozac) but was probably a symptom of the depressive illness. Recent studies have suggested, however, that fluoxetine (Prozac) may in fact lead to suicidal behavior because the drug appears to adversely affect serotonergic neuronal discharge and induce an akathisia-like extrapyramidal reaction. While fluoxetine (Prozac) has a very favorable side effect profile compared to the tricyclic antidepressants, it may cause akathisin and induce a small subset of patients to consider or attempt suicide.
Accelerated Life Test Planning With Independent Weibull Competing Risks With Known Shape Parameter

This article presents methodology for accelerated life test (ALT) planning when there are two or more failure modes, or competing risks which are dependent on one accelerating factor. It is assumed that the failure modes have respective latent (unobservable) failure times, and the minimum of these times corresponds to the product lifetime. The latent failure times are assumed to be s-independently distributed Weibull with known, common shape parameter. Expressions for the Fisher information matrix, and test plan criteria are presented. The methodology is applied to the ALT of Class-H insulation for motorettes, where temperature is the accelerating factor. Two-level, and 4:2:1 allocation test plans based on determinants, and on estimating quantiles or hazard functions, are presented. Sensitivity of optimal test plans to the specified Weibull shape parameter is also studied
Nanodiamond lateral field emitter devices on thick insulator substrates for reliable high power applications

Nanocrystalline diamond field emitter array devices on a thick insulator substrate are being developed for high power applications. These monolithic lateral emitter diodes in comb array configurations demonstrate potential for high emission current applications. A 640 μm-thick aluminium nitride insulating substrate has been integrated with nanodiamond for device electrode isolation. The fabrication process and preliminary field emission characterization results are discussed. The nanodiamond lateral vacuum device may be a superior way to achieve reliable high-speed and high-power electronics.
Reduced MTHFD1 Activity in Male Mice Perturbs Folate- and Choline-Dependent One-Carbon Metabolism As Well As Transsulfuration

Impaired utilization of folate is caused by insufficient dietary intake and/or genetic variation and has been shown to prompt changes in related pathways, including choline and methionine metabolism. These pathways have been shown to be sensitive to variation within the Mthfd1 gene, which codes for a folate-metabolizing enzyme responsible for generating 1-carbon (1-C)–substituted folate derivatives. The Mthfd1gt/+ mouse serves as a potential model of human Mthfd1 loss-of-function genetic variants that impair MTHFD1 function. This study investigated the effects of the Mthfd1gt/+ genotype and folate intake on markers of choline, folate, methionine, and transsulfuration metabolism. Male Mthfd1gt/+ and Mthfd1+/+ mice were randomly assigned at weaning (3 wk of age) to either a control (2 mg/kg folic acid) or folate-deficient (0 mg/kg folic acid) diet for 5 wk. Mice were killed at 8 wk of age following 12 h of food deprivation; blood and liver samples were analyzed for choline, methionine, and transsulfuration biomarkers. Independent of folate intake, mice with the Mthfd1gt/+ genotype had higher hepatic concentrations of choline (P = 0.005), betaine (P = 0.013), and dimethylglycine (P = 0.004) and lower hepatic concentrations of glycerophosphocholine (P = 0.002) relative to Mthfd1+/+ mice. Mthfd1gt/+ mice also had higher plasma concentrations of homocysteine (P = 0.0016) and cysteine (P < 0.001) as well as lower plasma concentrations of methionine (P = 0.0003) and cystathionine (P = 0.011). The metabolic alterations observed in Mthfd1gt/+ mice indicate perturbed choline and folate-dependent 1-C metabolism and support the future use of Mthfd1gt/+ mice as a tool to investigate the impact of impaired 1-C metabolism on disease outcomes.
Kif1C, a kinesin-like motor protein, mediates mouse macrophage resistance to anthrax lethal factor.

Abstract Background: Inbred mouse strains exhibit striking differences in the susceptibility of their macrophages to the effects of anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx). Previous data has shown that this difference in susceptibility lies downstream of toxin entry into macrophages. A locus controlling this phenotype, called Ltxs1 , has been mapped to chromosome 11, but the responsible gene has not been identified. Results: Here, we report the identification of the Ltxs1 gene as Kif1C , which encodes a kinesin-like motor protein of the UNC104 subfamily. Kif1C is the only gene in the Ltxs1 interval exhibiting polymorphisms between susceptible and resistant strains. Multiple alleles of Kif1C determine the susceptibility or resistance of cultured mouse macrophages to LeTx. Treatment of resistant macrophages with brefeldin-A (which alters the cellular localization of Kif1C) induces susceptibility to LeTx, while ectopic expression of a resistance allele of Kif1C in susceptible macrophages causes a 4-fold increase in the number of cells surviving LeTx treatment. We also show that cleavage of map kinase kinase 3, a target of LeTx proteolysis, occurs in resistant cells. Conclusions: We conclude that mutations in Kif1C are responsible for the differences in the susceptibility of inbred mouse macrophages to LeTx and that proper Kif1C function is required for LeTx resistance. Since the LeTx-mediated proteolysis of map kinase kinase 3 occurs even in resistant cells, Kif1C does not affect cellular entry or processing of LeTx and likely influences events occurring later in the intoxication pathway.
Impact of shale gas development on regional water quality

Unconventional natural gas resources offer an opportunity to access a relatively clean fossil fuel that could potentially lead to energy independence for some countries. Horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing make the extraction of tightly bound natural gas from shale formations economically feasible. These technologies are not free from environmental risks, however, especially those related to regional water quality, such as gas migration, contaminant transport through induced and natural fractures, wastewater discharge, and accidental spills. We review the current understanding of environmental issues associated with unconventional gas extraction. Improved understanding of the fate and transport of contaminants of concern and increased long-term monitoring and data dissemination will help manage these water-quality risks today and in the future.
Mobile computing in the retail arena

Although PDAs typically run applications in a "stand-alone" mode, they are increasingly equipped with wireless communications, which makes them useful in new domains. This capability for more powerful information exchange with larger information systems presents a new situated context for PDA applications, and provides new design and usability evaluation challenges.In this work we examine how grocery shopping could be aided by a mobile shopping application that consumers access via a PDA while in a store. The interactive relationship between the physical space of the store and the human activity of shopping are crucial when designing for this application. To better understand this interaction, we studied people's grocery shopping habits, designed and evaluated prototypes, and performed usability tests within the shopping environment. This paper reveals our design process for this problem and a framework for designing and evaluating situated applications for mobile handhelds.