cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tumor-associated autoantibodies from mouse breast cancer models are found in serum of breast cancer patients.

B cell responses to tumor antigens occur early in breast tumors and may identify immunogenic drivers of tumorigenesis. Sixty-two candidate antigens were identified prior to palpable tumor development in TgMMTV-neu and C3(1)Tag transgenic mouse mammary tumor models. Five antigens (VPS35, ARPC2, SERBP1, KRT8, and PDIA6) were selected because their decreased expression decreased survival in human HER2 positive and triple negative cell lines in a siRNA screen. Vaccination with antigen-specific epitopes, conserved between mouse and human, inhibited tumor growth in both transgenic mouse models. Increased IgG autoantibodies to the antigens were elevated in serum from women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive breast cancer (IBC). The autoantibodies differentiated women with DCIS from control with AUC 0.93 (95% CI 0.88–0.98, p < 0.0001). The tumor antigens identified early in the development of breast cancer in mouse mammary tumor models were conserved in human disease, and potentially identify early diagnostic markers in human breast tumors.
An Epidemiologic Approach to Investigating Abortion Problems in Dairy Herds

Abortion problems in dairy herds often pose a frustrating challenge for herd managers and veterinarians trying to solve them. Reasons for this difficulty arise because: 1) there are not well established guidelines on what constitutes an abortion problem, 2) the magnitude of the problem is often difficult to estimate as most abortions are not observed, 3) the inciting event for an abortion may occur months prior to the abortion, 4) known abortificaient agents are identified in only about one fourth of cases submitted to diagnostic laboratories, and 5) given an agent diagnosis, intervention strategies are often limited to herd vaccination or feed changes. As a result of this frustration, an epidemiologic approach to investigating abortion problems was initiated at Washington State University. The investigation protocol consists of seven steps: confirmation of cases, a management questionnaire, development of a farm event listing, collection of bulk tank milk shipment and milk quality reports, construction of temporal plots, a matched case-control analysis, and risk group based sampling. The goal of this protocol is to identify key determinants (risk factors under management control) as potential points of intervention and is intended as a supplemental procedure to standard diagnostic methods.
Achieving high spatial resolution in a large field-of-view using lensless x-ray imaging

X-ray ptychography, a powerful scanning lensless imaging technique, has become attractive for nondestructively imaging internal structures at nanoscale. Stage positioning overhead in conventional step-scan ptychography is one of the limiting factors on the imaging throughput. In this work, we demonstrate the use of advanced fly scan ptychography to achieve high-resolution ptychograms of modern integrated circuits on a large field-of-view at millimeter scale. By completely removing stage overheads between scan points, the imaging time for millimeter-size sample can be significantly reduced. Furthermore, we implement the orthogonal probe relaxation technique to overcome the variation of illumination across the large scan area as well as local vibrations. The capability of x-ray ptychography shown here is broadly applicable for various studies, which requires both high spatial resolution and large scan area.
Stereochemie anderer Elemente mit tetraedrischer Koordinationssphäre

Auser Kohlenstoff binden auch eine Anzahl anderer Elemente Liganden in tetraedrischer Anordnung, und entsprechend wurden in diesen Fallen auch Enantiomere von Verbindungen der Struktur X(abcd) gefunden. Quaternare Ammoniumsalze des Typus N(abcd)+X- wurden erstmals von Pope und Peachy, 1899 in die Enantiomeren getrennt. Sie stellen somit die ersten Beispiele dar fur Verbindungen, die kein asymmetrisches Kohlenstoffatom enthalten. Aminoxide vom Typus (abc)N → 0 wurden von Meisenheimer 1908 getrennt. Verbindungen mit doppelt gebundenem Stickstoff, wie z.B. Oxime RR′C=NOH kommen als cis-trans-Diastereomere vor (Fig. 21). Im Falle der Oxime wurden anstelle der Ausdrucke cis und trans oft die Terme syn und anti verwendet. Die alternative E-Z-Nomen-ist fur Oxime besonders geeignet, da in allen Fallen OH vor dem einsamen Elektronenpaar am Stickstoff in der Prioritatssequenz den Vorrang hat. Man beachte, das bei Oximen das freie Elektronenpaar am Stickstoff als Substituent fungiert, dies ganz in Analogie zu den Olefinen, in welchen diese Position durch einen Substituenten besetzt ist.
Enhancing the fidelity of virtual environments through the manipulation of virtual time

This paper investigates the benefits of manipulating simulated time in virtual environments. Above real time training in virtual environments was tested by having subjects perform a simple tracking and targeting task under two levels of time compression in a virtual environment (real-time or l.Ox and 1.7x). Results indicated that within both subject groups (l.Ox and 1.7x), there were no significant differences detected between the perceived temporal and mental demands of the testing and training phases. This indicates that the VT group did not perceive the change in temporal demands between the training (1.7x) and the testing (l.Ox) phases. There were, however, significant differences in the perceived temporal demands between subject groups. The VT group perceived less temporal demands during the testing (l.Ox) phase than the control group. This perceived reduction could be potentially beneficial for time-critical tasks, where training to ready responses is essential for effective task performance. In addition, training under the accelerated time condition did not lead to any negative transfer of training.
Investigation of Fuel Effects on Soot Formation Using Forward Illumination Light Extinction (FILE) Technique

In-cylinder soot formation processes of Environmentally Controlled Diesel (ECD), Diesel #2 and Tetradecane were studied with the newly developed forward illumination light extinction (FILE) soot measurement technique. Quantitative soot measurement was achieved in the constant-volume spray chamber with the proper treatment of chamber window reflection and flame radiation when applying the FILE technique. A better understanding of the soot formation process of ECD combustion under the typical engine conditions was obtained based on FILE soot measurement and flame emission measurement. Diesel #2 with higher sulfur content demonstrates a similar combustion process as ECD but more soot is generated within combustion. In contrast, much lower soot amount was found within the flame of Tetradecane. However, during the last soot oxidation period, the differences were small for all fuels.
Animal studies of the functional consequences of suboptimal polyunsaturated fatty acid status during pregnancy, lactation and early post‐natal life

Scores of animal studies demonstrate that seed oils replete with linoleic acid and very low in linolenic acid fed as the exclusive source of fat through pregnancy and lactation result in visual, cognitive, and behavioural deficits in the offspring. Commodity peanut, sunflower, and safflower oils fed to mother rats, guinea pigs, rhesus monkeys, and baboons induce predictable changes in tissue polyunsaturated fatty acid composition that are abnormal in free-living land mammals as well as changes in neurotransmitter levels, catecholamines, and signalling compounds compared with animals with a supply of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid. These diets consistently induce functional deficits in electroretinograms, reflex responses, reward or avoidance induced learning, maze learning, behaviour, and motor development compared with ω3 replete groups. Boosting neural tissue docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by feeding preformed DHA enhances visual and cognitive function. Though no human randomized controlled trials on minimal ω3 requirements in pregnancy and lactation have been conducted, the weight of animal evidence compellingly shows that randomizing pregnant or lactating humans to diets that include high linoleate oils as the sole source of fat would be frankly unethical because they would result in suboptimal child development. Increasing use of commodity ω3-deficient oils in developing countries, many in the name of heart health, will limit brain development of the next generation and can be easily corrected at minimal expense by substituting high oleic acid versions of these same oils, in many cases blended with small amounts of α-linolenic acid oils like flax or perilla oil. Inclusion of DHA in these diets is likely to further enhance visual and neural development.
Pediatricians and The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (public law 94-142)

In November 1975, Congress passed The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (public law 94-142) which became effective on October 1, 1977. This law requires that any state receiving funds through PL 94-142 provide a "free appropriate public education" for each resident handicapped child, and protect the procedural rights of parents and children in the receipt of these special education services. State and local educational agencies (school systems) must develop and implement plans to identify, locate, and evaluate these children, and place them into suitable programs, all toward the goal of "full educational opportunity" for each (sections 612 and 613).1
Exploring Depth Versus Breadth in Knowledge Management Strategies

This paper provides an early attempt at operationalizing and testing the concept of knowledge strategy. Using a computer-simulated product development process, we compare the performance of generalist and specialist knowledge management strategies under conditions of market turbulence. The generalist knowledge strategy emphasizes breadth of knowledge in product development teams, while the specialist strategy focuses on depth of knowledge. Our generalist and specialist strategies are grounded in Eastern and Western perspectives of knowledge management, respectively. A primary difference between these two approaches is the strong emphasis on cross-learning, or learning across team members, in the Eastern perspective relative to the Western perspective. As such, we examine the performance implications of different modes of cross-learning for teams utilizing the generalist knowledge strategy. Specifically, we examine three modes of cross-learning, which are reflected in the use of three learning decision rules: (1) averaging, (2) majority, and (3) hot hand. A learning decision rule indicates how decision-makers learn from their fellow team members. Under the first rule, the decision-maker adopts an average of the beliefs held by fellow team members. Under the second rule, if a majority of fellow team members agree on a particular solution, then the decision-maker adopts the beliefs held by the majority. Under the third rule, the decision-maker learns from the team member whose beliefs have been consistent with market desires most recently. Surprisingly, we find that specialist strategies outperform generalist strategies under conditions of low and high market turbulence. We also find that cross-learning can be beneficial or detrimental, contingent upon the mode of learning. Generalist teams utilizing the averaging decision rule perform significantly worse, while generalist teams utilizing the hot hand decision rule perform significantly better.
Monitoring Damage Accumulation in Ceramic Matrix Composites Using Electrical Resistivity

The electric resistance of woven SiC fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composites were measured under tensile loading conditions. The results show that the electrical resistance is closely related to damage and that real-time information about the damage state can be obtained through monitoring of the resistance. Such self-sensing capability provides the possibility of on-board/in situ damage detection and accurate life prediction for high-temperature ceramic matrix composites.
Analysis of the ACTH/β-End/α-MSH-Immunoreactive afferent input to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of rat

Abstract Immunoreactive fibers and varicosities in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were examined by light- and electronmicroscopy, following treatment of brain slices with specific antibodies to adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), β-endorphin (β-End) and α-melanotropin (α-MSH) peptides. In an attempt to provide a more precise, quantitative definition of the densities of immunoreactive elements, sections were analyzed by computer based image-analysis techniques. Fibers and varicosities immunostained with the 3 different antibodies displayed an identical distribution pattern throughout the nucleus suggesting that they are parts of the same, arcuate pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neuron system. Although immunoreactive varicosities were found all over the PVN, it was possible to identify a characteristic, density distribution pattern. At the ultrastructural level, immunoreactive presynaptic nerve terminals were observed forming symmetrical synaptic contacts with unlabeled dendrites. The majority of immunoreactive elements were found in the dorsal parvo- and caudal magnocellular subdivisions which give rise to long projections to the lower brainstem. Moderate density of POMC neural elements was observed in the anterior and medial (ventral portion) parvocellular subdivisions which project to the external zone of the median eminence. Only a few, widely scattered immunostained varicosities are found in the medial and lateral magnocellular subdivisions which project to the neurohypophysis. A combined lesion and immunocytochemical approach has shown that the bulk of the afferent neuronal input from arcuate POMC cells enters the PVN from a ventral direction.
Sex differences in the perception of autokinetic movement of an afterimage.

Summary The effects of stimulus color and gender upon the perception of an afterimage were examined. The Ss were 32 male and 32 female college undergraduate volunteers. Eight Ss of each gender viewed a pinpoint flash of light through one of four filters: blue-green (Wratten 44A), red (Wratten 92), yellow (Wratten 9), or a neutral (Wratten 96) filter. Each S was given three trials, and on each trial, the duration of the afterimage was recorded, along with changes of direction, and changes in perceived color. Males reported significantly (p < .05) more autokinetic movement of the afterimage. The color of the stimulus affected afterimage duration differentially for the two genders (p < .05), and there was also a significant interaction (p < .02) of gender with filter color for the total number of color changes reported. Thus, it is likely that both outflow monitoring and error signal variables in the autokinetic effect may be affected by gender, and the two sexes may also have different retinal and/or centra...
State fragility and governance: Conflict mitigation and subnational perspectives

Many drivers of intrastate conflict concern the relationship between the state and society, and thus are influenced by the quality of governance. Efforts to restore or create good governance, however, have adopted a relatively standardised democratising template. This article argues that conflict mitigation is a useful mechanism for adapting this template to conditions in fragile states. Furthermore, subnational reforms have important potential to mitigate the drivers identified in quantitative studies of conflict, as illustrated by selected experiences with decentralisation, citizen participation and local service delivery. The analysis confirms the important contributions both of quantitative research that has identified causal factors driving conflict and of qualitative study that has explored governance reforms that can address those factors.
Metabolic consequences and predictability of ventricular fibrillation in hypoxia. A 31P- and 23Na-nuclear magnetic resonance study of the isolated rat heart.

BACKGROUNDVentricular fibrillation has deleterious metabolic and functional consequences for the heart. This study had two purposes: first, to define the effects of ventricular fibrillation during hypoxia on energy metabolism and accumulation of intracellular Na+ and, second, to test whether the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation can be predicted from functional or metabolic parameters.METHODS AND RESULTSIsolated isovolumic rat hearts were perfused with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer at 37 degrees C. After a prehypoxic period, hearts were subjected to hypoxic perfusion (95% N2-5% CO2) for 30 minutes. High-energy phosphates and intracellular pH were determined by 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and intracellular Na+ accumulation was followed by 23Na-NMR spectroscopy in combination with the shift reagent dysprosium triethylenetetraminehexa-acetate. Five of 10 (31P-NMR) and four of 10 (23Na-NMR) hearts developed spontaneous ventricular fibrillation at 19 +/- 2 minutes (31P-NMR) and ...
SYSTEM ENGINEERING METRICS

The purpose of this paper is to show the evolution of System Engineering (SE) metrics at Harris Government Communication Systems Division (GCSD). Beginning in the late 80s, the SE Department started to collect a number of metrics over the life cycle of our program execution process. An example will be shown and discussed. Working within the framework of our Total Quality Management (TQM) culture and in the spirit of continuous improvement (starting in FY 1991), other metrics were considered and reviewed for applicability. A list of these metrics will be shown. The main goals of this metric review process were to (1) improve our way of doing business and (2) maximize the impact of the metrics on our program execution process. To this end, a new metric baseline was adopted in mid-1993. This new baseline and a definition of each metric will be explained. Examples of Technical Performance Measurements (TPMs), as defined in MIL-STD-499B, are shown. TPMs are an important SE tool to control the baseline and manage requirements.
HgCdTe Mid-Wavelength Infrared (MWIR) Epitaxial Mosaics For Tactical Applications

Epitaxial HgCdTe/CdTe, combined with ion implantation technology, has proven ideally suited for proposed photodiode focal plane array applications. State-of-the-art performance planar photodiodes have been fabricated in epitaxial materials of all wavelengths. Important applications of these arrays are in tactical defense missions employing MWIR arrays operated at 77K and near 195K. A critical issue for these devices is stability through the bakeout required for the sealing off of dewar packaging. We report measurements of ion-implanted HgCdTe/CdTe devices and arrays which have broadband spectral response (when illuminated through the CdTe) and high RoA values (~ 11 Ω-cm2 at 195K for λc (50%) = 4.35 μmm, > 106 Ω-cm2 at 77K for λc (50%) = 4.7 μm). Stability of both planar and mesa devices and arrays through various bake conditions has been demonstrated.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
THE USE OF INDUSTRIAL SOFTWARE TO CREATE EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING ACTIVITIES IN OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT COURSES

Computer-based manufacturing planning and control (MPC) systems are widely used in industry to gain competitive advantage through integration and coordination of managerial activities. In collegiate business schools, important operations management activities are taught and studied, often by sequential examination of discrete topics such as aggregate production planning, master production scheduling, capacity planning, material planning, and production activity control. This paper explores the potential use of industrial MPC software in the classroom to create experiential learning activities that address the dynamic and integrative nature of operations management. Experiences with this pedagogical approach over the past decade are reported.
DNA methylation of T-even bacteriophages and of their nonglucosylated mutants: Its role in P1-directed restriction

Abstract The 6-methylaminopurine (MAP) content of bacteriophages T2, T4, T6 and their nonglucosylated gt mutants has been analyzed. Phage T2 contains about 25% more MAP than T4; the nonglucosylated forms of T2 and T4 contain 30–100% more MAP than their respective wild-type parents; the level of MAP is affected by the growth temperature and by the level of glucosylation. T6 and its nonglucosylated mutants are devoid of MAP. Support for the hypothesis that methylation has a role in P1-directed restriction of gt mutants of T-even phages ( Revel and Georgopoulos, 1969 ) is presented: (1) mutants of T2gt and T4gt insensitive to P1-restriction, designated uP1 ( Revel and Georgopoulos, 1969 ) contain hypermethylated DNA; (2) cells simultaneously infected with P1-sensitive T2gt or T6gt (designated rP1) and ultraviolet-irradiated T2gt uP1 yield progeny rP1 phage which contain hypermethylated DNA and are partially resistant to P1 restriction. It is proposed that the uP1 mutations occur in the structural gene for phage DNA methylase. Methylation does not appear to be involved in the restriction of T2gt and T4gt by certain bacterial hosts that do not restrict T6gt (these bacteria are designated r6−r2,4+ because of the findings that (1) a T4gt mutant lacking MAP is still restricted in r6−r2,4+; (2) phenotypically methylated T6gt is accepted in r6−r2,4+
Ants defend coffee from berry borer colonization

Ants frequently prevent herbivores from damaging plants. In agroecosystems they may provide pest control services, although their contributions are not always appreciated. Here we compared the ability of eight ant species to prevent the coffee berry borer from colonizing coffee berries with a field exclusion experiment. We removed ants from one branch (exclusion) and left ants to forage on a second branch (control) before releasing 20 berry borers on each branch. After 24 h, six of eight species had significantly reduced the number of berries bored by the berry borer compared to exclusion treatment branches. While the number of berries per branch was a significant covariate explaining the number of berries bored, ant activity (that varied greatly among species) was not a significant factor in models. This study is the first field experiment to provide evidence that a diverse group of ant species limit the berry borer from colonizing coffee berries.
An all-glass apparatus for liver perfusion of lipophilic substrates. I. Construction and physical characteristics

An all-glass apparatus for perfusing isolated rat livers was constructed for use in studies of the metabolism by, or action on, the liver of lipophilic substrates. Other designs, which generally include plastic connections or cannulae, can have unnecessarily complicated kinetics because of adsorption of the agent to the plastic parts. Two versions of an all-glass perfusion apparatus are described in detail. Both instruments operate on the same basic principle, but differ in size, total recirculating volume, pump rate, perfusion head pressures, maximum perfusate flow rate, maximum linear velocity in the perfusion head, and oxygenation efficiency. Although the maximum protein handling capacity differs for the two apparatuses, this capacity is so limited that it disallows the use of albumin in the perfusate.
Prediction of crossmatch outcome of highly sensitized patients by single and/or multiple antigen bead luminex assay

Background We used a solid-phase assay to identify human leukocyte antigen (HLA) Class I and II specificities in highly reactive sera, and applied this information to predict crossmatch outcome with greater than 90% accuracy. Methods Sera from 20 highly sensitized end-stage renal disease patients reactive to 70-100% of HLA Class I and II antigen panel were analyzed by single and/or multiple antigen flow microparticle bead assay using Luminex platform (Luminex assay). These sera contained antibodies directed against high frequency public HLA class I and/or II epitopes accounting for 70-100% of serum's total reactivity. More than 2,000 complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and 200 flow crossmatches (FLXM) were performed using sera from these patients and deceased donor T and B lymphocytes. Results Luminex serum analysis was able to correctly predict outcomes of 95% of T and B cell FLXM. In contrast, predictive values for the CDC T and B cell crossmatches by Luminex serum analysis were only 77% and 75%, respectively. The use of serum analysis in donor selection would have reduced the total number of required FLXM by more than 50%. The frequency of negative T cell FLXM was 56% when donors were selected randomly; however, if serum antibody analysis had been used to preselect the donors by excluding donors that were likely to be positive, the frequency of corresponding negative crossmatches would have increased up to 93%. Conclusion This approach to donor selection may allow wider geographic sharing of cadaver donor organs without actually performing the crossmatch.
Mitophagy of damaged mitochondria occurs locally in distal neuronal axons and requires PINK1 and Parkin

To minimize oxidative damage to the cell, malfunctioning mitochondria need to be removed by mitophagy. In neuronal axons, mitochondrial damage may occur in distal regions, far from the soma where most lysosomal degradation is thought to occur. In this paper, we report that PINK1 and Parkin, two Parkinson’s disease–associated proteins, mediate local mitophagy of dysfunctional mitochondria in neuronal axons. To reduce cytotoxicity and mimic physiological levels of mitochondrial damage, we selectively damaged a subset of mitochondria in hippocampal axons. Parkin was rapidly recruited to damaged mitochondria in axons followed by formation of LC3-positive autophagosomes and LAMP1-positive lysosomes. In PINK1−/− axons, damaged mitochondria did not accumulate Parkin and failed to be engulfed in autophagosomes. Similarly, initiation of mitophagy was blocked in Parkin−/− axons. Our findings demonstrate that the PINK1–Parkin-mediated pathway is required for local mitophagy in distal axons in response to focal damage. Local mitophagy likely provides rapid neuroprotection against oxidative stress without a requirement for retrograde transport to the soma.
Receptor‐like protein kinase genes of Arabidopsis thaliana

Summary The isolation of a maize cDNA clone that encodes a membrane spanning protein kinase related to the self-incompatibility glycoproteins (SLG) of Brassica and structurally similar to the growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases has recently been reported. Three distinct receptor-like protein kinase (RLK) cDNA clones from Arabidopsis thaliana have now been identified. Two of the Arabidopsis RLK genes encode SLG-related protein kinases but have different patterns of expression: one is expressed predominantly in rosettes while the other is expressed primarily in roots. The third RLK gene contains an extracellular domain that consists of 21 leucine-rich repeats that are analogous to the leucine-rich repeats found in proteins from humans, flies and yeast. The Arabidopsis leucine-rich gene is expressed at equivalent levels in roots and rosettes. These results show that there are several genes in higher plants that encode members of the receptor protein kinase superfamily. The structural diversity and differential expression of these genes suggest that each plays a distinct and possibly important role in cellular signaling in plants.
AFM-Based Nanoindentation Process: A Comparative Study

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been widely used for nanomachining and fabrication of micro/nanodevices. This paper describes the development and validation of computational models for AFM-based nanomachining. Molecular Dynamics (MD) technique is used to model and simulate mechanical indentation at the nanoscale for different types of materials, including gold, copper, aluminum, and silicon. The simulation allows for the prediction of indentation forces at the interface between an indenter and a substrate. The effects of tip materials on machined surface are investigated. The material deformation and indentation geometry are extracted based on the final locations of the atoms, which have been displaced by the rigid tool. In addition to the modeling, an AFM was used to conduct actual indentation at the nanoscale, and provide measurements to which the MD simulation predictions can be compared. The MD simulation results show that surface and subsurface deformation found in the case of gold, copper and aluminum have the same pattern. However, aluminum has more surface deformation than other materials. Two different types of indenter tips including diamond and silicon tips were used in the model. More surface and subsurface deformation can be observed for the case of nanoindentation with diamond tip. The indentation forces at various depths of indentation were obtained. It can be concluded that indentation force increases as depth of indentation increases. Due to limitations on computational time, the quantitative values of the indentation force obtained from MD simulation are not comparable to the experimental results. However, the increasing trends of indentation force are the same for both simulation and experimental results.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Incremental linking on HP-UX

The linker is often a time bottleneck in the development of large applications. Traditional linkers process all input files, even if only one or two objects have changed since the previous link. To shorten link time, we have developed an incremental linker for HP-UX which only processes modified files. Users can take advantage of the performance gains without modifying their usage patterns of the existing HP-UX linker since the incremental linker is implemented on top of the regular 64-bit linker. In addition to the tasks of the normal linker, the incremental linker must save extra information about input files, symbols and relocations, allow for the expansion of existing files and addition of new ones by allocating padding spaces in the output file and use this information to perform in-place updates. The results of several different design considerations and tradeoffs are materialized in link-time performance gains of up to thirteen times that of a normal link for large applications.
Large-scale validation of a computer-aided polyp detection algorithm for CT colonography using cluster computing

The presented method significantly reduces the time necessary to validate a computed tomographic colonography (CTC) computer aided detection (CAD) algorithm of colonic polyps applied to a large patient database. As the algorithm is being developed on Windows PCs and our target, a Beowulf cluster, is running on Linux PCs, we made the application dual platform compatible using a single source code tree. To maintain, share, and deploy source code, we used CVS (concurrent versions system) software. We built the libraries from their sources for each operating system. Next, we made the CTC CAD algorithm dual-platform compatible and validate that both Windows and Linux produced the same results. Eliminating system dependencies was mostly achieved using the Qt programming library, which encapsulates most of the system dependent functionality in order to present the same interface on either platform. Finally, we wrote scripts to execute the CTC CAD algorithm in parallel. Running hundreds of simultaneous copies of the CTC CAD algorithm on a Beowulf cluster computing network enables execution in less than four hours on our entire collection of over 2400 CT scans, as compared to a month a single PC. As a consequence, our complete patient database can be processed daily, boosting research productivity. Large scale validation of a computer aided polyp detection algorithm for CT colonography using cluster computing significantly improves the round trip time of algorithm improvement and revalidation.
Collisional quenching of CH A 2Δ, v' = 0 at 1300 K

Abstract Cross sections for collisional quenching of CH A 2 Δ, v ' = 0 were measured at 1300 K for a variety of collision partners. A laser pyrolysis/laser fluorescence technique was used, involving rapid heating by a pulsed CO 2 laser and direct time decay of fluorescence excited by a pulsed dye laser. Where comparisons can be made, the cross sections are higher than those measured previously at room temperature.
Tailoring Electrochromic Properties through Discrete Electrochromes: Synthesis and Characterization of Poly[bis(5,2‘-bithiophene-2-yl)dimethylsilane]

A linear polythiophene, poly[bis(5‘,2‘-bithiophene-2-yl)]dimethylsilane, which incorporates silyl bridges in the backbone was synthesized to tailor the electrochromic properties. Solid-state electrochromic devices comprised of this polymer as the active material were fabricated and were analyzed following CIE L*a*b* formalism. By limiting the effective conjugation in the polymer, its electrochromic properties were deliberately altered to produce a yellow to green color change from its neutral to oxidized state.
Anatomic features of the carpal scaphoid: validation of biometric measurements and symmetry with three-dimensional MR imaging.

The goals of reconstructive surgery for scaphoid fracture nonunions include restoration of normal scaphoid length and shape by use of the contralateral scaphoid bone as a geometric model. A literature search revealed limited documentation of normal biometric measurements and no validation of scaphoid anatomic symmetry. A study was performed to provide normative data and evaluate the right-to-left symmetry of specific geometric measurements of the scaphoid. One hundred normal carpal scaphoid bones in 30 healthy subjects and 40 patients were examined with three-dimensional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Standardized oblique projections were reconstructed from each three-dimensional data set, and seven biometric measurements of each scaphoid were obtained. Normative data from the study group were obtained by means of analysis of all 100 scaphoids. Right-to-left symmetry was validated with the biometric measurements of both scaphoids in the healthy subjects. These data validate scaphoid symmetry and provide...
Recapturing Desired Family Routines: A Parent-Professional Behavioral Collaboration.

Children with complex disabilities such as autism spectrum disorders and Landau Kleffner syndrome often lack means to participate in everyday family routines. Serious problem behaviors may result f...
Evaluation of a method of ultraviolet light sanitation of broiler hatching eggs

Sanitation of hatching eggs is an important area of research due to the need for an effective, economical, and safe method of egg sanitation. Improved hatching egg sanitation is an important part of an overall pathogen reduction program within integrated poultry operations. This must be accomplished without disturbing the cuticle of the egg, which can decrease hatchability. The ability of ultraviolet (UV) light to kill bacteria on eggshell surfaces has been well documented. To accomplish the task of treating the eggs in a method that could be commercially implemented, a cabinet was constructed in which ultraviolet lamps were placed. A conveyor system was used to carry a plastic hatching egg flat containing 42 eggs through the cabinet for a period of 3 or 4 min. Ultraviolet intensities within the cabinet reached a maximum of 14 mW/cm2. Experiments were conducted to test the impact of UV light (254 nm) exposure of hatching eggs on aerobic plate counts (APC), inoculated Salmonella typhimurium and inoculated Escherchia coli. In the first three experiments, seven eggs were sampled from a flat passed through the UV chamber. Ultraviolet-treated eggs compared to untreated eggs had APC reductions of 1.3 log, S. typhimurium had a 4 log reduction, and E. coli had a 4 to 5 log reduction. Laboratory trials were also conducted to test the effects of UV irradiation on the cuticle of the egg and hatchability. No significant differences for eggshell conductance or hatchability were found between UV-treated and control eggs. From these trials, it can be concluded that UV irradiation of hatching eggs in a prototype irradiation cabinet can effectively reduce aerobic and pathogenic bacteria on eggshell surfaces without affecting eggshell conductance or hatchability.
Prosecutorial Discretion to Defer Criminalization: The Effects of Defendant's Ascribed and Achieved Status Characteristics

This research contributes to a further understanding of prosecutorial discretion by exploring tenets of casual attribution theory and etiology of bias theory as each informs an uncertainty avoidance perspective on the prosecutor's decision to divert felony drug defendants from criminal prosecution and into a treatment program. The sociolegal consequences of the exercise of this early screening decision are expressed by both conflict theorists and labeling theorists. Our analysis involves estimating main effects and interaction effects of defendant ascribed status and achieved status on the likelihood of diversion. The findings indicate partial support for hypotheses derived, from the theoretical perspectives pursued. In addition these findings point to a more complex model of the subjective nature of the exercise of prosecutorial discretion, a model that benefits from understanding the salience of minimizing uncertainty in the decision to criminals.
SU-D-137-05: Impact of Dosimetric Uncertainties On the Computed Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) of High Linear Energy Transfer (LET) Particles

Purpose: Quantify uncertainties in cellular and sub‐cellular dosimetry required for the analysis of biological experiments in which cell cultures are irradiated by charged particles. Assess the impact of dosimetric uncertainties on the computed RBE of high LET charged particles. Methods: Estimates of the frequency‐mean specific energy, lineal energy and absorbed dose per unit fluence (D/Φ) are computed using analytical, deterministic (MCDS) and Monte Carlo (MCNPX and TOPAS/Geant4) methods for representative cell culture geometries. Uncertainties in dosimetric quantities associated with thickness of the culture dish (0.85 mg/cm2 of Melinex) and the location of the nucleus (0–8 urn from the Melinex surface) within a 2 mm layer of culture medium (water) are quantified for a variety of high LET particles (e−, 1H+, 2H+, 3He2 + 4He2 +, and 12C6 +). Results: Uncertainties in D/Φ and related quantities may be as large as 75% for a 4 MeV 4He2 + (range about 27 μm). Substantial differences are seen in dosimetric quantities for all of the considered charged particles with a CSDA range less than about 150 μm. For particles with a CSDA range larger than about 30 μm, dosimetric quantities computed using the deterministic MCDS algorithm are typically within 3% of the estimates obtained with Monte Carlo. The default TOPAS/Geant4 physics parameters sometimes produce estimates of fluence and absorbed dose that differ from the MCDS and MCNPX estimates by as much as 15%. Conclusion: The size and location of the cell nucleus during mitotic cell cycle has a significant impact on the dose delivered to cellular and subcellular targets for short range (high LET) particles. Path and energy straggling have a small impact on deterministic dose quantities for particles with a CSDA range larger than about 30 μm (Z < 6). Dosimetric uncertainties may have a significant impact on the inferred RBE of high LET particles.
From knowledge management to knowledge building: An essential foundation journey

By taking a bold, generous, and inclusive approach to knowledge building, foundations can equip community organizations, service providers, and policymakers at every level with actionable information that will enable them to more effectively achieve their objectives.
Localization of the cryptdin locus on mouse chromosome 8.

Abstract Cryptdin is a defensin-related peptide, and its mRNA accumulates to high abundance in epithelial cells of intestinal crypts beginning in the second week of postnatal development. The cryptdin ( Defcr ) locus was assigned to mouse chromosome 8 by Southern blotting of DNAs from mouse/hamster somatic hybrid cell lines. Analysis of somatic hybrid DNAs for mousespecific restriction fragments showed zero discordance and perfect concordance with chromosome 8. The Defcr locus was localized on chromosome 8 by analysis of DNAs from recombinant inbred (RI) strains of mice after identification of three potential Defcr alleles based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in inbred strains. The strain distribution patterns of the Defcr locus were compared with those of chromosome 8 markers in five panels of RI strains. Analysis of cosegregation of Defcr with xenotropic proviral locus Xmv-26 and additional loci confirmed the chromosomal assignment and showed that Defcr is on proximal chromosome 8 within approximately 6 (1.3 to 21.3) cM of Xmv-26 . The mouse Defcr locus and the human defensin gene(s) located on chromosome 8p23 appear to map to homologous regions.
Relationship between hot-electrons/Holes and degradation of p- and n-channel MOSFET's

The relationship between hot electrons and holes and the degradation of p- and n-channel MOSFET's is clarified by experimentally determining where along the channel the SiO 2 is most affected by each type of carrier. Transconductance degradation is found to be caused by hot-hole injection in pMOSFET's, and by hot-electron injection in nMOSFET's.
Laparoscopy in hepatic disease.

Laparoscopy is insufficiently utilized in the diagnosis and evaluation of liver disease. Recent advances in instrumentation have improved diagnostic precision. Laparoscopy performed under local anaesthesia and not limited by the same contraindications as percutaneous needle biopsy can overcome the problems of tissue sampling error, false negative blind percutaneous biopsy, and ascites of inknown etiology by direct inspection and biopsy under visual control. The indications, contraindications and complications are presented on the basis of 109 cases performed without mortality and with a diagnostic accuracy of 92%.
Automated solid-phase extraction of herbicides from water for gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis

Abstract An automated solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was developed for the pre-concentration of chloroacetanilide and triazine herbicides, and two triazine metabolites from 100-ml water samples. Breakthrough experiments for the C18 SPE cartridge show that the two triazine metabolites are not fully retained and that increasing flow-rate decreases their retention. Standard curve r2 values of 0.998–1.000 for each compound were consistently obtained and a quantitation level of 0.05 μg/l was achieved for each compound tested. More than 10 000 surface and ground water samples have been analyzed by this method.
Congenital Malformations of the Mitral and Aortic Valves and Related Structures

Normal embryogenesis of the left heart depends upon several phenomena, both Independent and related, which include: (1) looping of the primitive heart tube; (2) atrial septation; (3) partitioning of the atrioventricular canal; and (4) derivation of the left ventricular outflow tract and its proper connection to the aorta whose development depended upon partitioning of the truncus arteriosus. The latter two events are most complex and abnormalities of them are responsible for a variety of congenital malformations of the left heart. Many of the malformations resulting from abnormal partitioning of the A-V canal and development of the outflow tract of the left ventricle are represented by the varieties of persistent common atrioventricular canal, that is, the group of malformations resulting from abnormality of the atrioventricular endocardial cushions.
Systematic Review of Antidepressants in the Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain

Background Three previous reviews have reached conflicting conclusions regarding the efficacy of antidepressants for patients with back pain. Objectives To systematically review the efficacy of antidepressants for the treatment of patients with back pain and to determine whether there is evidence that outcomes vary between classes of antidepressants. Materials and methods Best evidence synthesis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials of oral antidepressive agents in patients with back pain. Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry. Two independent reviewers performed data extraction and assessed included studies with a 22-point methodologic quality assessment scale. Effect sizes were calculated if sufficient data were available. Results Twenty-two trials of antidepressants for the treatment of back pain were identified, of which seven studies of chronic low back pain met inclusion criteria. Among studies using antidepressants that inhibit norepinephrine reuptake (tricyclic or tetracyclic antidepressants), four of five found significant improvement in at least one relevant outcome measure. Assessment of these agents' impact on functional measures produced mixed results. No benefit in pain relief or functional status was found in three studies of antidepressants that do not inhibit norepinephrine reuptake. Conclusions Based on a small number of studies, tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants appear to produce moderate symptom reductions for patients with chronic low back pain. This benefit appears to be independent of depression status. SSRIs do not appear to be beneficial for patients with chronic low back pain. There is conflicting evidence whether antidepressants improve functional status of patients with chronic low back pain.
The student as consumer: The implications and limitations of a metaphor

The metaphor of “Student as Consumer” appeared upon the social horizon in North America and Western Europe seemingly for all the right reasons: the responsibility of higher education to its publics, the attendant accountability, an interest in practical applications of knowledge, and spiraling increases in the cost of going to college. Widespread adoption of the metaphor, however, can produce some negative educational consequences. Drawing upon the literatures of organizational studies, education, communication and rhetoric, we trace the rise of the student consumer metaphor, explore its limitations, and suggest alternatives to its use. Specifically, we argue that this metaphor (a) suggests undue distance between the student and the educational process; (b) highlights the promotional activities of professors and promotes the entertainment model of classroom learning; (c) inappropriately compartmentalizes the educational experience as a product rather than a process; and (d) reinforces individualism at the...
Enthalpy of Combustion of Microcrystalline Cellulose.

A test substance with characteristics and properties similar to those of cellulose· based solid waste products is needed to calibrate calorimeters and combustors which will be routinely burning these materials to determine their calorific values precisely for use in commerce. Microcrystalline cellulose was found to be a good calibrant for this purpose. The enthalpy of combustion of microcrystalline cellulose ~H~ at (25 0q, and its estimated uncertainty, was determined to be -2B12.401±1.725 kllmol based upon the sample mass. A calculated heat of wetting correction of 1.514 kl Imol was applied to the combustion data.
Trilateration Computer Program

A computer program has been developed for the reduction of trilateration data. The program is general in that it will handle any control figure that a user might specify. Data validation is a key feature of the program. Input data from surveys are extensively checked for errors, and warning messages are displayed on the screen when an error is encountered. As a further aid in diagnosing errors, the program allows the user to print out intermediate results so that they may be examined for discrepancies. Least-squares adjustment of coordinates is provided.