cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some New Observations on Methanol Oxidation Chemistry

Abstract New experiments conducted in a turbulent flow reactor show kinetic characteristics of methanol oxidation that have not been observed previously. Data are presented for methanol oxidation at equivalence ratios in the range of 0.6−1.6 and initial temperatures or 1025-1090 K at atmospheric pressure. At intermediate extents of reaction, a marked deceleration in chemical reaction rate is observed to cause a “plateau” in the energy release and species concentration profiles. This effect becomes considerably more pronounced with increasing equivalence ratio and is not predicted by the earlier comprehensive kinetic mechanism of Westbrook and Dryer. A revised mechanism incorporating numerous recent reaction rate and thermochemical data provides both a significant improvement in agreement with flow reactor data and an improved understanding of the important reactions involved in methanol oxidation. Reaction path flux analyses reveal the importance of HO2 chemistry, the decreasing role of chain-branching re...
Sorption of Ethyl Butyrate and Octanal Constituents of Orange Essence by Polymeric Adsorbents

Sorption characteristics, rates and capacities of polymeric adsorbents (XAD-4, XAD-7, XAD-16, Duolite ES-865, Duolite S-761, Porapak-Q and XUS-43436) for ethyl butyrate and octanal were determined using model solutions. Sorption of these two principal components of aqueous orange essence, was evaluated utilizing the Freundlich isotherm model. Breakthrough curves were determined using XAD-16 as adsorbent. The capacity of XAD-16 for ethyl butyrate in the column system was 426±212 mg/g. There was no column breakthrough for octanal even after 130 bed volumes. Most (91.4%) of the adsorbed ethyl butyrate was eluted from XAD-16 resin by 95% ethanol elution. Recovery of adsorbed octanal from the resin was 66.4%.
Growing Your Own Leaders: Succession Planning in Libraries

Succession planning, a strategy for developing leaders from within the company or organization, is a technique that could be useful to libraries. Libraries will soon be faced with more open positions because of retirements than we can fill. The dilemma is complicated by a shortage of younger, midcareer librarians and a shortage of new recruits into the profes- sion. These openings will be primarily in leadership positions. This problem will affect libraries of all kinds including business libraries. One solution is to "grow your own" leaders by using succession planning techniques to identify staff with the interest and potential for upper-level positions, to determine the gaps in knowledge, and to set up training and mentoring pro- gramssothattheyarereadytoassumeleadershippositionsinthenearfuture.
Steady potential shifts during arousal and deep sleep in the cat

Abstract 1. 1. Steady potential (SP) and ECoG were studied in 23 cats during wakefulness, slow wave sleep and deep sleep. 2. 2. Transcortical recording was used since potentials generated by eye movements contaminated the SP recorded between cortical surface and bone. To further verify the origin of the SP changes, records were obtained before and after enucleation of the eyes. 3. 3. On awakening from slow wave sleep, a diphasic SP shift occurred. A small, inconstant, surface-negative shift was followed by a larger and more enduring positive one. The positivity persisted as long as the cat remained fully awake and subsided with the recurrence of slow wave sleep. 4. 4. An increase in the apparent level of behavioral arousal during a period of wakefulness was accompanied by a further increase in surface positivity. If there was only brief awakening during which the cat was drowsy rather than alert, little or no SP change occurred. 5. 5. The onset of deep sleep was accompanied by SP changes similar to the ones seen on awakening. At the end of deep sleep, the surface positivity subsided with return to slow wave sleep. If the cat awakened from deep sleep to become immediately alert, the surface positivity did not disappear until the cat later became drowsy. 6. 6. The positive SP shifts were usually largest over the sigmoid gyri (about 600 μV). Smaller potential changes of the same polarity were observed over middle suprasylvian and posterior lateral gyri.
Support for Alcohol-Control Policies and Enforcement Strategies Among US College Students at 4-Year Institutions

Objective: The authors examined college student support for policies and enforcement strategies to reduce alcohol problems on campus. Participants: A random sample of students from each of 32 four-year colleges and universities participated. Methods: Students completed an anonymous mail survey. Results: A majority of students supported 5 of the 12 policy proposals. Whatever percentage of students indicated support for a policy, a far smaller percentage reported that other students supported it. The majority at all 32 schools supported using stricter disciplinary sanctions for students who engage in alcohol-related violence and repeatedly violate campus alcohol policy. The majority at more than half of the schools supported applying stricter penalties for the use of false IDs to purchase alcohol illegally and prohibiting kegs on campus. Conclusions: Higher-education administrators should survey students to learn which policies a majority of their students will endorse.
Effect of preoperative irradiation on resectability of colorectal carcinomas.

Abstract From 1968 to January 1, 1977, 44 patients with initially unresectable colorectal carcinoma were treated with preoperative radiotherapy and surgery. On presentation, unresectability was determined either clinically (26 patients) or by preradiotherapy laparotomy (18 patients). Preoperative irradiation consisted of 4500–5000 rad. After radiotherapy, 33 of 44 lesions were considered resectable. Seven of 33 patients underwent incomplete resection with mean survival of 17 months. Resection was complete in 26 of the 33 patients. Of the latter group (26), 18 patients are alive with no evidence of disease with minimum follow-up of 36 months. Detailed results are discussed.
Descending facilitation from the rostral ventromedial medulla maintains nerve injury-induced central sensitization

Nerve injury can produce hypersensitivity to noxious and normally innocuous stimulation. Injury-induced central (i.e. spinal) sensitization is thought to arise from enhanced afferent input to the spinal cord and to be critical for expression of behavioral hypersensitivity. Descending facilitatory influences from the rostral ventromedial medulla have been suggested to also be critical for the maintenance, though not the initiation, of experimental neuropathic pain. The possibility that descending facilitation from the rostral ventromedial medulla is required for the maintenance of central sensitization was examined by determining whether ablation of mu-opioid receptor-expressing cells within the rostral ventromedial medulla prevented the enhanced expression of repetitive touch-evoked FOS within the spinal cord of animals with spinal nerve ligation injury as well as nerve injury-induced behavioral hypersensitivity. Rats received a single microinjection of vehicle, saporin, dermorphin or dermorphin-saporin into the rostral ventromedial medulla and 28 days later, underwent either sham or spinal nerve ligation procedures. Animals receiving rostral ventromedial medulla pretreatment with vehicle, dermorphin or saporin that were subjected to spinal nerve ligation demonstrated both thermal and tactile hypersensitivity, and showed significantly increased expression of touch-evoked FOS in the dorsal horn ipsilateral to nerve injury compared with sham-operated controls at days 3, 5 or 10 post-spinal nerve ligation. In contrast, nerve-injured animals pretreated with dermorphin-saporin showed enhanced behaviors and touch-evoked FOS expression in the spinal dorsal horn at day 3, but not days 5 and 10, post-spinal nerve ligation when compared with sham-operated controls. These results indicate the presence of nerve injury-induced behavioral hypersensitivity associated with nerve injury-induced central sensitization. Further, the results demonstrate the novel concept that once initiated, maintenance of nerve injury-induced central sensitization in the spinal dorsal horn requires descending pain facilitation mechanisms arising from the rostral ventromedial medulla.
Plasma Lipoprotein Lipase after Subcutaneous Heparin

Plasma lipoprotein lipase was measured at intervals after the subcutaneous injection of heparin in 34 men. This enzyme was significantly increased in plasma for as long as 24 hours after a 50-mg. dose. While the initial response was greater after a 200-mg. dose, the 24-hour lipoprotein lipase was similar for both 50 mg. and 200 mg. Plasma lipoprotein lipase produced after intravenous heparin was dissipated after 6 hours. The lipoprotein-lipase response at 16 and 24 hours after the subcutaneous injection of heparin was similar in men with coronary and cerebral atherosclerosis and in healthy men. Age did not affect plasma lipoprotein-lipase response. Patients who had received 50 mg. of heparin subcutaneously each day for an average time of 12 months did not have exhaustion of the lipoprotein-lipase response to a test dose of heparin. It is suggested that the daily administration of heparin is necessary to produce a continuous concentration of plasma lipoprotein lipase. A dose of 50 mg. (5,000 units) given s...
Hyperprofessionalism and the crisis of readership in the history of science.

Abstract There is a crisis of readership for work in our field, as in many other academic disciplines. One of its causes is a pathological form of the professionalism that we so greatly value. “Hyperprofessionalism” is a disease whose symptoms include self‐referentiality, self‐absorption, and a narrowing of intellectual focus. This essay describes some features and consequences of hyperprofessionalism in the history of science and offers a modest suggestion for a possible cure.
The WISC as a measure of personality types.

The present analysis attempted to provide evidence for the utility of the WISC to identify a specific group of individuals. Incarcerated juvenile offenders in the 70/79 IQ range were separated according to race and sex and their differential WISC patterns studied. Results focused on the efficiency of each of Wechsler's hypotheses for the adolescent sociopath. Post-hoc analysis provided tentative additional signs by which to identify juvenile offenders in the 70/79 IQ range. Consistencies between results of the present analysis and previous studies were noted. The clear pattern that emerged strongly supports the potential of the WISC as a measure of personality types.
Salvage treatment for neck recurrence after irradiation alone for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with clinically positive neck nodes.

Background To analyze the likelihood of salvage for patients with recurrence in the neck after radiotherapy. Method Recurrent disease developed in the neck of 51 patients after primary irradiation for head and neck carcinoma. Salvage was defined as no recurrence of cancer anywhere for at least 1 year after initial salvage treatment and continuously thereafter. Results Thirty-three patients (65%) did not undergo a salvage attempt: 18 had unresectable disease; 9 were medically unfit, 4 had distant metastasis; and 2 refused treatment. Eighteen patients (35%) underwent salvage treatment with chemotherapy alone (4 patients), chemotherapy and neck dissection (1 patient), neck dissection alone (11 patients), or surgery with radiotherapy (2 patients). After the initial salvage treatment, recurrent local-regional and/or distant disease developed in all patients. Recurrence was in the neck alone in 10 patients (55%); neck and distant sites in 3 patients (17%); neck, primary site, and distant sites in 2 patients (11%); and with distant metastasis alone in 3 patients (17%). Control of neck disease at 5 years was 9% for the 18 patients who underwent a salvage attempt, as well as for all 51 patients. For the overall group, absolute and cause-specific survival rates were both 10% at 5 years. Conclusions The likelihood of successful salvage treatment after a neck recurrence following radiotherapy is remote. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 21:591–594, 1999.
Bloodstream Infection Prevention Practices

To the Editor: We read with interest the enlightening survey of Krein et al on adherence to the 3 major recommended practices for preventing catheter-related bloodstream infections. In that context, as everyday internists, we also encounter a substantial lack of adherence to other Category 1A recommendations of the CDC. Specifically, Krein et al’s research does not address recommendations to: (1) periodically assess the knowledge of persons involved with catheter insertion and management, (2) replace administration sets upon suspicion of infection, (3) clean ports with 70% alcohol before access, (4) avoid routine culture of catheter tips, (5) use designated trained personnel for catheter insertion, (6) promptly remove the intravenous line when it is no longer needed, and (7) assess the risks and benefits of insertion. Expensive lines are often used indiscriminately and for prolonged periods to facilitate convenient blood drawing, a consideration that commonly overrides all others in day-to-day practice. Not mentioned in the CDC recommendation is the potential risk and cost associated with a “dedicated lumen policy,” which is in place at many institutions. According to this policy, parenteral nutrition must be administered only through catheter lumens that have not previously been used for other purposes (thus necessitating insertion of a new line if the lumens of an existing line have been used for other purposes). We believe that, in addition to the research conducted by Krein et al, it is important to survey for these other, less commonly stressed recommendations. Adherence, if found to be suboptimal, may be improved through aggressive education and policies; for example, the completion of a brief riskbenefit assessment checklist could be required when catheter insertion is contemplated.
The waggle dance of the honey bee: Which bees following a dancer successfully acquire the information?

During the waggle dance of the honeybee, the dancer is able to tell her nestmates the distance and direction to a rich food source (Frisch, 1967). Little is known about how waggle dance followers are able to read the waggle dance in the darkness of a hive. Initial observations showed that not all of the bees that appear to be dance followers behave the same. Some bees maneuver themselves behind the dancer, while others do not. The paths of a single dancer, trained to an artificial food source, and her followers were traced during the waggle runs. The success of these dance followers was compared to their position relative to the dancer. The results of this study show that during a waggle run a dance follower must position itself within a 30° arc behind the dancer in order to obtain the dance information. The results suggest that bees are using the position of their own bodies to determine direction.
A data-acquisition system for a large wire chamber spectrometer

Abstract A large wire chamber spectrometer for the study of neutral K-meson decays has been constructed. The construction and performance of the wire chamber and high voltage pulsing system, the readout and data-acquisition systems are described.
Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene by an Endophyte of Hybrid Poplar

We isolated and characterized a novel endophyte from hybrid poplar. This unique endophyte, identified as Enterobacter sp. strain PDN3, showed high tolerance to trichloroethylene (TCE). Without the addition of inducers, such as toluene or phenol, PDN3 rapidly reduced TCE levels in medium from 72.4 μM to 30.1 μM in 24 h with a concurrent release of 127 μM chloride ion, and nearly 80% of TCE (55.3 μM) was dechlorinated by PDN3 in 5 days with 166 μM chloride ion production, suggesting TCE degradation.
2-D Frequency-Controlled Beam-Steering by a Leaky/Guided-Wave Transmission Line Array

A composite right/left-handed transmission line is used in an array for two-dimensional beam scanning. This type of transmission line, acts as a guided-wave or leaky-wave structure depending on frequency. This dual utility allows for a simple and inexpensive array that can be scanned independently in two planes. The fabricated array demonstrates a scanning range that is as great as -42deg to 21deg in one plane and -21deg to 15deg in the orthogonal plane
Three-Dimensional Representations of Punctured Torus Bundles

In this paper, we construct a complex curve of irreducible representations of the fundamental group of a once punctured torus bundle over the circle. These representations are different from those obtained by composing representations in with the unique irreducible representation of in . Moreover, infinitely many of these representations are conjugate to SU(3) representations. We conclude the paper with a computation of the curve in the case that the bundle is the figure-eight knot complement, and we show that for infinitely many Dehn surgeries on the figure-eight knot, there is a representation from this curve that descends to a representation of the fundamental group of the surgered manifold.
Power performance of MBE-grown N-face high electron mobility transistors with AIN back barrier

In summary, an N-face HEMT with good DC and RF properties was demonstrated. The use of AlN for electron confinement eliminates alloy scattering and offers a strong back barrier to mitigate short channel effects for highly scaled submicron devices. N-face devices are therefore expected to deliver excellent power density and efficiency with low leakage at microwave and mm-wave frequencies.
Subtidal currents over the central California slope: Evidence for offshore veering of the undercurrent and for direct, wind-driven slope currents

Abstract In February 1991, an array of six current-meter moorings was deployed for one year across the central California outer shelf and slope. The main line of the array extended 30 km offshore of the shelf break, out to water depths of 1400 m. A more sparsely-instrumented line, displaced 30 km to the northwest, extended 14 km offshore. Though shorter, the northern line spanned similar water depths because the gradient of the topography steepened in the northern region. A poleward flow pattern, typical of the California undercurrent, was seen across both lines in the array over most of the year. The poleward flow was surface intensified. In general, the portion of the undercurrent that crossed the southern line had larger amplitudes and penetrated more deeply into the water column than the portion that crossed the northern line. Transport over the year ranged from 0 to 2.5 Sverdrups (Sv) poleward across the southern line; 0 to 1 Sv poleward across the northern line. We suggest the difference in transport was caused by topographic constraints, which tended to force the poleward flow offshore of the northern measurement sites. The slope of the topography steepened too abruptly to allow the poleward flow to follow isobaths when currents were strong. When current velocities lessened, a more coherent flow pattern was seen across both lines in the array. In general, the poleward flow patterns in the undercurrent were not affected by local winds or by the local alongshore pressure gradient. Nor was a strong seasonal pattern evident. Rather unexpectedly, a small but statistically significant fraction of the current variance over the mid- and outer slope was driven by the surface wind stress. An alongshelf wind stress caused currents to flow along the slope, parallel to the wind field, down to depths of 400 m below the surface and out to distances of 2 Rossby radii past the shelf break. The transfer functions were weak, 3–4 cm/s per dyn cm−2, but comparable to wind-driven current amplitudes of 4–6 cm/s per unit wind stress over the middle shelf. Equatorward, alongshelf winds also caused water from 200–300 m over the slope to upwell onto the shelf as the surface water moved offshore.
Stabilization of water soluble surfactants at the air-water interface with Gegenion complexation

Abstract In this study the stability of Langmuir layers of tetradecyl benzoic acid (TDBA) interacting with poly (ethyleneimine) (PEI) in the subphase is analyzed as a function of PEI concentration, PEI molecular weight and surface pressure. Stable Gegenion complex, Langmuir monolayers were obtained in the PEI concentration range of 0.75 to 1.5 mM PEI monomer, and the surface pressure vs. specific area isotherms were independent of the PEI concentration. The isotherms were expanded indicating significant molecular interactions between TDBA and PEI. No effect of the molecular weight of PEI on the isotherms was observed. Outside this concentration range the Gegenion complex, Langmuir monolayers were either unstable or the isotherms were dependent on the PEI concentration. The structure of the Gegenion complex, Langmuir-Blodgett films were investigated using IR spectroscopy.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of new citrate-based siderophores as potential probes for the mechanism of iron uptake in mycobacteria.

Several iron chelators containing alpha,beta-unsaturated hydroxamic acid motifs appended to a citric acid platform were synthesized. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was then challenged to grow in the presence of a panel of siderophores (mycobactin J, deferrioxamine B, acinetoferrin, and nannochelin A) and the new synthetic agents. Of the structures tested, those containing the trans 2-octenoyl motif were preferred over those with trans cinnamoyl groups. In addition, derivatives containing longer tether lengths between the iron binding ligands (C5) were more efficacious and led to higher growth index values. Perhaps most remarkable was the finding that at 2.4 microM a trans 2-octenoylated, citrate-containing imide 6 was nearly 5-fold more effective in stimulating growth than the native chelator, mycobactin J. In this regard, new structural elements were identified (e.g., an imide motif or 2-octenoyl side chain), whose presence stimulated mycobacterial growth.
MYSTICAL EXPERIENCE AS RELATED TO PRESENT AND ANTICIPATED FUTURE CHURCH PARTICIPATION

Sirmnary.-The relationship between reported mystical experience and present and anticipated patterns of church participation was investigated in an initial sample of 324 persons. A scale to measure reported mystical experience that allowed for a distinction between the report of mystical experience (Factor I) and its religious interpretation (Factor 11) was utilized. Each factor differentially related to church denomination, frequency of church attendance, decision to change church membership, decision to quit church participation, and decision of non-church members to join a church. It was concluded that on the basis of these exploratory data the report of mystical experience is an important variable related to patterns of church participation. The study of mysticism has gained importance as a problem for sociological study. It is part of the large context in which incense experiences of all types are being re-evaluated by scientists and lay persons alike. It is part of the new interest in mysticism that many persons within and outside religious affiliation agree in stating that they have had such experiences. Hence, while the classic approach has been to consider mysticism only within religious contexts, e.g., as an intense religioas experience, recent approachs indicate that the report of mystical experiences may largely depend upon the language in which the experience is expressed (Bourque & Back, 1974). Among contemporary investigators Maslow (1964) first emphasized that "peak experiences," rather than being rare, were in fact common occurrences, particularly among persons who did not use the language of traditional religions to identify such experiences. In fact, Maslow came to believe that all persons have peak experiences though many persons may fail to identify them as such. Hood (1970) used a similar argument to explain why indiscriminately antireligious persons scored low on a measure of reported religious experience expressed specifically in religious terms. Similarly, Laski ( 1961 ) reports that the vast majority of her subjects positively responded to questions concerning the experience of "transcendent ecstasy," yet, only those who were religiously oriented had a ready, meaningful explanation for such experiences. Similarly, utilizing specific religious language, Kuhre (1971, p. 64) found that 48% of a sample of college students had experienced "union with the Divine." Bourque and Back ( 1968, p. 36) found that 66% of their sample of 'Presented as part of a symposium, The Impact of Non-traa!itional Forms of Religiosity on Religiolcs Organizations, H. Newton Malony (Chairman), Review of Religious Research, Annual Meeting, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1975. Portions of this study were supported by a faculty research grant from the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga.
Data analysis with minimal assumptions

The computer has made it possible to scrutinize data rapidly by means of graphics. This should be done prior to the application of any model to the data, since the model must be validated before using it as a means of analyzing the data. The procedure is illustrated in terms of two examples of real experimental data.
Parent-child dietary intake resemblance in the United States: Evidence from a large representative survey

Abstract We studied the association in dietary intakes and patterns between parents (aged 20–65 years) and their children (aged 2–18 years), using nationally representative data collected by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) in the Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals 1994–96. We analyzed two 24-h recall dietary data for 1061 fathers, 1230 mothers, 1370 sons and 1322 daughters. All analyses adjusted for sampling design complexity. We assessed multivariate-adjusted parent–child correlations in selected nutrients, food groups and overall dietary quality assessed using the new USDA 2005 Healthy Eating Index score (HEIn). The parent–child correlations were weak or moderate (0.20–0.33) for most intake measures. There were clear patterns of interaction with gender dyads in the intakes of calcium and dairy products (P
Normal modes of dislocations and rate theory

Abstract The normal modes of vibration are calculated for a dislocation in the case of an arbitrary number of discrete pinnors and in the case of continuous pinning. The normal mode frequencies are expressed in terms of the segment length for both the stable and unstable equilibrium positions. The critical damping for damping effects on the frequency factor and for inertial effects is determined from the lowest frequency in each state. In the range of damping expected, inertial effect are important at low temperatures but the frequency factor is independent of the damping.
Sensitivity analyses of the combination evapotranspiration equation

Abstract Sensitivity equations were derived by differentiating the combination energy budgetaerodynamic evapotranspiration equation with respect to each variable. The sensitivity coefficients of these equations define the change in computed PET due to a change in the variable. Daily sensitivity coefficients were determined by applying two years of data, March through November, obtained in western Iowa over corn and grass. Annual graphs of the sensitivity coefficients showed their mean values, daily variation, and annual trends. The results showed computed evapotranspiration most sensitive to net radiation. During midyear, PET values usually change 50–90% of any radiation change or error, whereas only 20–30% of any change of vapor pressure deficit or wind travel transfers to the PET value. In the spring and fall months, the aerodynamic portion of the equation played a larger role; thus, the net radiation coefficients decreased and the aerodynamic variable coefficients increased. The calculated PET values were not largely sensitive to the wind profile parameters (Za, d, and Z0) but experience has shown that large errors can occur in the measurement or prediction of these values; thus, their effect on PET can still be significant in many cases.
Response Cost and Reinforcement Contingencies of Managing the Behavior of Distractible Children in Tutorial Settings

The effects of differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) and response cost (RC) on the attending behavior of two distractible children were assessed in two case studies. In the first study, a seven-year-old learning disabled girl was initially rewarded for completing segments of her reader without looking away, then punished by the removal of a token contingent upon lookaways. Both contingencies were effective in reducing the frequency of lookaways although response suppression was slightly greater during the RC phases. Oral reading rates increased concurrently with the reduction in lookaways, and was highest during the RC phases. In the second case study, the same strategies were used with a ten-year-old, behaviorally disordered girl. The DRO contingency failed to control the frequency of her lookaways although the RC contingency proved successful. The differential effects of the DRO contingency in the two case studies were attributed to differences in the reinforcement schedules; the differenti...
Double Object Constructions Disguised as Prepositional Datives

Recent work by Bresnan and colleagues (Bresnan 2007, Bresnan et al. 2007, Bresnan and Nikitina 2007) has argued that double object and prepositional dative constructions are essentially identical, the choice between them being conditioned by various factors. I argue against this conclusion, showing that the grammar clearly distinguishes double object from prepositional dative constructions. Under certain circumstances, the first object of a double object construction can shift to the right, with the preposition to appearing, but the grammar still distinguishes this from a prepositional dative construction that looks identical on the surface. The phenomena that I investigate are scope interactions with quantifiers and locative inversion. In addition, the rightward reordering operations investigated here indicate that constraints on variable binding, including weak crossover, must be formulated in terms of linear order rather than hierarchy.
Solid-state NMR data support a helix-loop-helix structural model for the N-terminal half of HIV-1 Rev in fibrillar form.

Abstract Rev is a 116 residue basic protein encoded by the genome of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) that binds to multiple sites in the Rev response element (RRE) of viral mRNA transcripts in nuclei of host cells, leading to transport of incompletely spliced and unspliced viral mRNA to the cytoplasm of host cells in the latter phases of the HIV-1 life cycle. Rev is absolutely required for viral replication. Because Rev aggregates and fibrillizes in solution at concentrations required for crystal growth or liquid state NMR measurements, high-resolution structural characterization of full-length Rev has not been possible. Previously, circular dichroism studies have shown that approximately 50 % of the Rev sequence adopts helical secondary structure, predicted to correspond to a helix-loop-helix structural motif in the N-terminal half of the protein. We describe the application of solid-state NMR techniques to Rev fibrils as a means of obtaining site-specific, atomic-level structural constraints without requiring a high degree of solubility or crystallinity. Solid-state NMR measurements, using the double-quantum chemical shift anisotropy and constant-time double-quantum-filtered dipolar recoupling techniques, provide constraints on the φ and ψ backbone dihedral angles at sites in which consecutive backbone carbonyl groups are labeled with 13C. Quantitative analysis of the solid-state NMR data, by comparison with numerical simulations, indicates helical φ and ψ angles at residues Leu13 and Val16 in the predicted helix 1 segment, and at residues Arg39, Arg 42, Arg43, and Arg44 in the predicted helix 2 segment. These data represent the first site-specific structural constraints from NMR spectroscopy on full-length Rev, and support the helix-loop-helix structural model for its N-terminal half.
No clear answers on monoculture issues

The Computer and Communications Industry Association (CCIA) recently released a report that questioned monoculture's effect on cybersecurity. The report's central idea is that if everyone is running the same hardware and software (a monoculture), a single attack could compromise every machine on the Internet. We obviously need to avoid such a situation, but implying that monoculture is the main cause and destroying monoculture the cure is naive.
Enantioselective Enolate Protonation with Chiral Anilines: Scope, Structural Requirements, and Mechanistic Implications

High enantioselectivity has been demonstrated in the protonation of N,N-diisopropyl amides (Table 1, entries 1−4, 7, and 10−13) derived from certain β,γ unsaturated acids. Depending on double bond ...
Carbon Dioxide Content in Golf Green Rhizosphere

Anaerobic soils limit the amount of free oxygen available in the rhizosphere, and therefore will impede grass root development and restrain nutrient availability for turf growth. An in situ study was conducted on existing greens to investigate the relationship between CO 2 content in the rhizosphere and turf quality. Nine greens were selected in the study. On each green, five 1-m-diam. circular plots were randomly selected for conducting the experiment. The greens were sampled seven times from August 1998 to August 1999. Data collected from each plot included turf quality index (TQI), CO 2 content, and physical properties of the rooting mixtures. Turf quality declined drastically when CO 2 content in the rhizosphere increased to 5 to 6 μL L -1 during the late summer season. The CO 2 content increased as water content in the root zone increased, but was inversely related to infiltration rate. Cultivation of a golf green may reduce CO 2 content in the rhizosphere, but the benefit of cultivation decreased with time.
The melosatins—a novel class of alkaloids from melochia tomentosa

Abstract Details of the isolation of malosatin A, B, and C and the synthesis of melosatin A are presented. Melosatin C has been characterized as 7-methoxy-4-(5-phenylpentyl)isatin. Several Me and OMe substituted isatins are synthesized as models and UV and mass spectra of the series are discussed.
Processing of visual illusions in the frequency and spatial domains

In the results we report here, complex periodic and aperiodic illusions are revealed by filtering with filters containing one or more straight edges. Positive definite filters are used both in the frequency domain and in the space domain to reveal each illusion. Rotating slit and half-plane filters are used in the frequency domain, while processing is done in the spatial domain by convolution with a rotating slit. These two schemes show similar results in revealing the illusory patterns. The implications for human visual processing are discussed.
Utilization-focused integrative reviews in a nursing service.

A RTICLES THROUGHOUT the nursing literature identify the need for and value of using research in practice (Mayhew, 1993; Stetler, Bautista, Vernale-Hannon, & Foster, 1995; Titler & Goode, 1995). A significant step in the utilization process is the critique of research literature, followed by integration of multiple related findings to create a high quality, best evidence synthesis (Slavin, 1986). The phrase integrative review (IR) is used to indicate the systematic analysis and synthesis of research on a targeted topic. Such a synthesis reduces uncertainty about targeted practice recommendations, enables " . . . accurate generalizations about phenomena from the limited information" available (Jackson, 1980, p. 442), and facilitates decision making regarding actions and interventions that could result in the most effective, costefficient care. As a group of nurses in one acute care setting searched for a framework to guide their conduct of IRs, they discovered that not all IRs are created equal. They also found that available frameworks did not provide the level of direction or detail desired. Outlined below is an overview of attributes perceived as enhancing the quality of reviews applicable to everyday nursing practice, limitations perceived as diminishing the usefulness of published integrative reviews, and the framework developed for this setting to strengthen their reviews and resultant recommendations for practice.
SSVM: A Smooth Support Vector Machine for Classification

Smoothing methods, extensively used for solving important mathematical programming problems and applications, are applied here to generate and solve an unconstrained smooth reformulation of the support vector machine for pattern classification using a completely arbitrary kernel. We term such reformulation a smooth support vector machine (SSVM). A fast Newton–Armijo algorithm for solving the SSVM converges globally and quadratically. Numerical results and comparisons are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and speed of the algorithm. On six publicly available datasets, tenfold cross validation correctness of SSVM was the highest compared with four other methods as well as the fastest. On larger problems, SSVM was comparable or faster than SVMlight (T. Joachims, in Advances in Kernel Methods—Support Vector Learning, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1999), SOR (O.L. Mangasarian and David R. Musicant, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol. 10, pp. 1032–1037, 1999) and SMO (J. Platt, in Advances in Kernel Methods—Support Vector Learning, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1999). SSVM can also generate a highly nonlinear separating surface such as a checkerboard.
Effect of Reconstitution on Vitamins A and C Content of Whe-Soy Drink Mix

Abstract The nutritive quality of a whey-soy drink mix was determined by measuring the retention of added vitamins A and C after the product was reconstituted in boiling water. In one study the mix was mixed in boiling water for up to 5 min and analyzed for vitamin content after each 1 min heating interval. The reconstituted product lost approximately 50% of the original vitamin content after being boiled for 1 min. Little further decrease in vitamin content was observed after several additional minutes of boiling until the 5-min interval when both vitamins dropped to about 35% of original amounts. In another study the mix was reconstituted by mixing the powder in boiling water for 20 s, then allowing the mix to stand at room temperature with no additional heating. This mixture decreased slightly in vitamin content when analyzed at 5 min intervals for up to 25 min. For maximum vitamin retention whey-soy drink mix should be reconstituted by blending it in boiling water for about .5 min, then allowing the mixture to stand at room temperature before serving.
Social Work and Substance-Abuse Treatment: A Challenge for the Profession:

The number of students enrolling in schools of social work with the intention of working in the field of addictions is increasing (Van Wormer, 1987). Once there, social work students receive a mixed message regarding the willingness and the ability of the profession to train them to deal effectively with clients who have alcohol and drug problems. On the one hand, social work embraces a systems approach to social problems, considering persons in their environment. In alcohol- and drug-treatment centers, on the other hand, the focus for intervention is on the addiction itself. The reliance on the medical model in these settings directs exclusive attention to the presenting problem without attention to contextual factors (Logan, McRoy, & Freeman, 1987). Students in an addiction placement are faced with resolving this conflict between the academic and practice worlds. The medical model encourages students to accept an essential dissonance between classroom and field experiences.
Leaking Tank Experiments for Heavy Oils

ABSTRACT During oil spill incidents involving damaged tankers, the amount of product released may be uncertain. Many accidents occur under adverse conditions, so determining the volume lost by sounding the tanks may not be practical. In the first few hours, initial volume estimates often are based on visual observations of the resulting slick, a notoriously unreliable approach. Oils that have special characteristics, such as group V oils and Orimulsion®, that may or may not result in a surface slick, further complicate this problem. The Hazardous Materials Response Division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA/HAZMAT) has developed a leaking tank module for its oil weathering software, ADIOS2. Because the present version of the model is not designed for heavy oils, NOAA/HAZMAT is undertaking a series of model-scale tests using releases of canola oil and Orimulsion®. These tests are an extension of leaking tank experiments done earlier for NOAA and for the U. S. Coast Guard, and are...
Chorion cDNA clones of D. melanogaster and their use in studies of sequence homology and chromosomal location of chorion genes

Abstract Clones corresponding to two distinct A1 and A2 chorion genes have been isolated from a cDNA library in Drosophila melanogaster and characterized by hybrid-selected translation and blotting-hybridization analysis. These sequences detectably cross hybridize, thus indicating that at least some chorion genes in the fruit fly are homologous. According to in situ hybridization results, the A1 and A2 genes are not linked (mapping in regions 66D 10–12 and 54C–D of the third and second chromosomes, respectively). In conjunction with other evidence, these results suggest that in Drosophila, clustering of chorion genes may be limited to genes which are expressed in parallel during development.
Using Small-scale 2D And 3D Pilot Surveys to Evaluate the Seismic Response And Image Unsaturated Sedimentary Units At Depths of 80m And 20m At the Hanford Site

Summary In this paper we present the results of a preliminary study conducted at the Hanford site. The goal of the survey was to evaluate the use of seismic reflection surveying and its ability to image different lithologic units. The stratigraphic units of interest are glaciofluvial units of gravel, sands silts and clay. We present the results of two small 2D and a 3D seismic reflection surveys that are designed to evaluate the site response and provide means to test acquisition strategy in the unsaturated sedimentary unit. In this case most of the reflection energy was inside the “ground-roll” window, and meaningful results could be achieved only after spatial averaging. Increasing S/N enabled us to image high frequencies (250 Hz) from depths of 100m. The use of conventional linear array (2D seismic) was adequate to image the reflection at times between 80 ms and 220 ms. Shallower reflections could be imaged with the portable dense receiver array. Each survey was completed within approximately 6 hrs using only two people. 2D survey at the ILAW sites
Suitability of Different 13C Solid-state NMR Techniques in the Characterization of Humic Acids

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of humic acids (HAs) with five different 13C solid-state NMR techniques were assessed using HAs of various origins and locations. The NMR techniques compared are: (1) direct polarization/magic angle spinning (DP/MAS) at 13 kHz, (2) conventional cross polarization (CP)/MAS at 5 kHz, (3) ramp-CP/MAS at 8 kHz, (4) CP/total sideband suppression (TOSS) at 4.5 kHz, and (5) DP/MAS corrected by CP/spin-lattice relaxation with TOSS. The spectra from the five techniques were first compared qualitatively. Then, each spectrum was divided into eight regions for quantitative evaluation. DP/MAS spectra were used as quantitative references. Ramp-CP/MAS and CP/TOSS spectra gave consistently better results than those of the conventional CP/MAS spectra at a 13C frequency of 75 MHz, which were incorrect due to spinning sidebands. CP/MAS at low magnetic fields (22.6 and 50.6 MHz 13C frequency) indicated improved integration results but lower resolution. Correction factors calculated by co...
Multiple sclerosis: chemokine receptor expression on circulating lymphocytes in correlation with radiographic measures of tissue injury.

BackgroundLeukocytes expressing inflammatory chemokine receptors (CKRs), most consistently CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR3, have been identified in multiple sclerosis (MS) tissue lesions and provide attractive therapeutic targets. Our previous studies found large inter-individual differences in expression of these CKRs but stable levels over time within subjects. This observation suggests a CKR “set-point” within individuals, which might relate to inflammatory injury in MS. We evaluated the correlation between CKR levels and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of disease activity.MethodsFifty-five relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) and secondary progressive MS (SPMS) patients were prospectively followed with annual CKR and MRI studies. Multiparameter flow cytometry was used to determine CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR3 expression on CD4 and CD8 cells. Simultaneous cranial MRIs were performed, and quantitative measures of T2, T1, and gadolinium lesions, brain parenchymal fraction (BPF), and whole brain and fractionated magnet...
A comparative study of Hartree-Fock iteration techniques

Abstract We present and discuss various Hartree-Fock iteration techniques which are all derived from the simple gradient iteration step where one proceeds along the slope of steepest descent of the energy functional. Particular attention is paid to modern numerical applications where the single-particle wave functions are represented in a coordinate or momentum space grid. A quantitative, comparison is given using a one-dimensional model space. As an example the optimum method thus found is applied in a realistic three-dimensional calculation of 16 O.
The amplitude of random telegraph noise: Scaling implications

We introduce a simple and intuitive model to relate the amplitude of random telegraph noise (RTN) fluctuations to the columbic influence of single trap charges on the inversion layer. The prediction of this model is in excellent agreement with results extracted from experiment using the “hole-in-the-inversion-layer” model for RTN amplitude. This new model allows us to quantitatively examine the impact of “worst-case” RTN in future scaling nodes.
Paramagnetic resonance of a non S-state localized moment in metal: Ag: Dy

Abstract The first observation of the magnetic resonance of dysprosium in a metal ( Ag : Dy) is reported. The properties of the resonance can be understood in terms of a 4f 9 configuration, Russell-Saunders-Hundrule ground level, in the presence of a cubic crystalline field. A value for the localized-conduction electron exchange coupling J = 0.25 ± 0.1 eV in Ag :Dy is extracted from the temperature dependence of the resonance linewidth.