cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vertebral Morphology in Hominoids II: The Lumbar Spine

The evolution of hominoids was accompanied by a transformation of the primate body plan from a monkey-like ancestral condition to one characterized by a derived suite of postcranial features. While diagnostic hominoid features are found throughout the postcranial skeleton, the trunk, and especially the lumbar region, is one of the most functionally important and immediately noticeable aspects of hominoid anatomy. Hominoids have a reduced number of lumbar vertebrae that are generally distinguished from those of their cercopithecoid close relatives with respect to dimensions of lumbar vertebral bodies and pedicles, position and orientation of transverse processes, shape and orientation of spinous processes, and orientation of zygapophyses at the thoracolumbar transition. Traditional functional interpretations emphasize that these features stiffen the lower body and limit sagittal mobility during orthogrady and/or forelimb-dominated behaviors. More recent comparative research on nonhominoid primates and other mammals support that hominoid lumbar features confer axial stability in a variety of positional behaviors, while studies of experimental biomechanics have revealed more rotational capabilities in the hominoid trunk than previously thought, and analyses of back musculature offer new information about fiber-type differences between hominoids and other primates. Multiple models concerning reconstruction of the trunk morphology and behavior of the crown hominoid ancestor, and the sequence in which aspects of the hominoid trunk evolved, have surfaced over the last decade. Given the numerous chapters in this volume devoted to human spinal morphology and adaptations to bipedalism, our discussion is focused primarily on lumbar anatomy shared by all hominoids.
Association of Long-Term Risk Factor Levels With Carotid Atherosclerosis: The Chicago Healthy Aging Magnetic Resonance Imaging Plaque Study (CHAMPS).

Background: Absence of cardiovascular risk factors (RF) in young adulthood is associated with a lower risk for cardiovascular disease. However, it is unclear if low RF burden in young adulthood dec...
A Novel Approach for UWB Passive Direction Finding using 6 Port Network

Six port network has emerged as a successful receiver architecture that has found applications in metrology, communication, remote sensing, displacement/misalignment detection, and direction finding due to its precise phase measurement accuracy and resolution. However, Ultra Wide Band (UWB) designs of six port receiver suffer from I/Q gain and phase impairments, thus making them unfit for applications where precise phase measurement accuracy is mandatory. This paper presents a novel approach for passive Direction Finding (DF) over UWB using a six port network. Non-idealities over UWB have been investigated and the root causes behind I/Q gain and phase impairments have been identified as amplitude and phase imbalance between output transmission coefficients and inherent six port structure. Their individual contributions to the aggregate Root Mean Square (RMS) error and phase offset have been isolated using a mathematical model fed with S-parameters from EM simulation results of a multi-layer slot coupled six port network operating between 3.5 and 10.5 GHz. Using a gain equalization technique, sub-degree RMS angular accuracy in phase and Angle of Arrival (ADA) results has been achieved after a greater than 90% decrease in RMS error. A Field of View (FoV) of more than ±60°has been achieved using an optimal antenna spacing. It has been established that using the presented compensation methodology, UWB six port designs are most suitable for use in low cost, precise and broadband DF solutions.
Anaphylaxis Education: For Patients, Daycares, Schools, and Colleges

Anaphylaxis, a medical emergency which may be triggered by food, venom sting, medication, or exercise, occurs at daycares, schools, or colleges. Anaphylaxis can develop in students with known allergies, but first-time reactions on school premises are possible as well. Safety measures at schools include allergen avoidance, staff training to identify the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis, and availability of epinephrine auto-injectors to allow prompt initiation of treatment. Collaboration between the caregiver, physician, school staff, school nurse, and student is critical for effective care of those at risk for anaphylaxis in the school setting. A number of guidelines and legislation have been developed to help improve anaphylaxis management in schools to ensure that students at risk have optimal outcomes.
Epicardial Ablation via Arterial and Venous Systems

The intracoronary artery and venous routes provide unique roadmaps for mapping and interventions for ventricular arrhythmias and certain atrial arrhythmias. The unique anatomic location of these vessels on the epicardial surface enables mapping/interventions without the need to access the pericardial space. These anatomic routes also track deep into certain intramural regions, with interventions that are not accessible from either epicardial or endocardial routes. To map smaller vessels, multipolar catheters and wires are used to record local electrograms. Endocardial/epicardial ablation at adjacent sites is sometimes required to enhance successful outcomes. This article describes tools, techniques, and site-specific mapping and interventions.
Adaptive Proton Therapy for Pediatric Patients: Improving the Quality of the Delivered Plan With On-Treatment MRI.

Purpose Pencil-beam scanning proton therapy is particularly sensitive to anatomic changes, which may affect the delivered dose distribution. This study examined whether offline adaptation using on-treatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan during proton therapy could improve plan quality for pediatric patients. Methods and Materials Pediatric patients with at least 1 MRI scan in the treatment position (MRItx) during proton therapy between January 2017 and July 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients underwent MRI and computed tomography simulation. Cases were planned with scenario-based optimization with 3 mm/3% positional/range uncertainty. Patients demonstrating anatomic change on MRItx were recontoured. The original plans were applied to the anatomy-of-the-day for dose recalculation (delivered plans). Plans were subsequently reoptimized offline, using original beam angles and dose-volume constraints (adapted plans). Delivered plans were compared with adapted plans to detect significant changes in plan quality, defined as a ≥5% decrease in the clinical target volume (CTV) receiving 95% of the prescription dose (V95) or a ≥5% increase in the dose-volume parameter used as an organ-at-risk constraint. Results Seventy-three pediatric patients were eligible, with 303 MRI scans (73 simulation and 230 MRItx scans) available for analysis. The median MRItx scans per patient was 3 (range, 1-7). Twenty patients (27%) showed anatomic change, with 11 (55%) demonstrating a significant change in delivered plan quality. Significant changes were noted on MRItx from week 2 (n = 3) or week 3 (n = 8). Seven of these 11 patients (64%) had a significantly reduced CTV V95 (median decrease, 7.6%; range, 5%-16%). Four (36%) had a significantly increased dose to the brain stem, hippocampus, and/or optic apparatus. Eight had a suprasellar low-grade glioma or head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma. Conclusion On-treatment MRI was useful in detecting anatomic changes during proton therapy. MRI-based offline adaptation improved plan quality for most patients with anatomic changes. Further studies should determine the clinical value of MRI-based adaptive therapy for pediatric patients.
Mapping cortical responses to speech using high-density diffuse optical tomography

Abstract The functional neuroanatomy of speech processing has been investigated using positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for more than 20 years. However, these approaches have relatively poor temporal resolution and/or challenges of acoustic contamination due to the constraints of echoplanar fMRI. Furthermore, these methods are contraindicated because of safety concerns in longitudinal studies and research with children (PET) or in studies of patients with metal implants (fMRI). High-density diffuse optical tomography (HD-DOT) permits presenting speech in a quiet acoustic environment, has excellent temporal resolution relative to the hemodynamic response, and provides noninvasive and metal-compatible imaging. However, the performance of HD-DOT in imaging the brain regions involved in speech processing is not fully established. In the current study, we use an auditory sentence comprehension task to evaluate the ability of HD-DOT to map the cortical networks supporting speech processing. Using sentences with two levels of linguistic complexity, along with a control condition consisting of unintelligible noise-vocoded speech, we recovered a hierarchically organized speech network that matches the results of previous fMRI studies. Specifically, hearing intelligible speech resulted in increased activity in bilateral temporal cortex and left frontal cortex, with syntactically complex speech leading to additional activity in left posterior temporal cortex and left inferior frontal gyrus. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using HD-DOT to map spatially distributed brain networks supporting higher-order cognitive faculties such as spoken language.
Toward the Democratic Regulation of AI Systems: A Prolegomenon

This essay explores the challenge of regulating “artificial intelligence” (AI) in democracies. We begin with a careful definition of what is being regulated. In contrast to the relatively narrow focus on technical details of computational tools in many discussions about governing AI, we suggest that it is more useful to identify “AI systems” — embedding not only particular algorithms but design choices structuring human-computer interaction and the allocation of responsibility over decisions — as the appropriate object of regulation. We make the case that even in constitutional democracies, regulation of these systems should often depend primarily on how these systems embed forward-looking “policies” and on the social consequences of such policies, rather than on expecting clear answers to deontologically flavored questions about whether these systems violate “rights,” such as those to privacy or non-discrimination. We then canvas some of the challenges associated with carefully-designed, prudent regulation of AI in democracies. We distinguish here between two types of obstacles, each calling for subtly different evaluations. On the one hand, institutional impediments can frustrate an effective democratic response. These sound in the register of political economy, and the path-dependent aspects of regulatory capacity embodied in national and sub-national institutions. On the other hand, ontological impediments can also complicate regulatory response. By this we mean to capture the sense that AI systems can be constitutive of human subjectivity — shaping attitudes, behaviors, and desires — in ways that make the very project of identifying democratic preferences particularly fraught and subject to subversion. As democratic societies contend with the mix of risks and benefits associated with AI systems, candid acknowledgement of the challenges will bring valuable attention to the endogeneity of democratic preferences and to the characteristics of institutions that have an outsized role in shaping how societies evolve.
Are Americans polarized on issue dimensions

American mass polarization is still a contested subject in political science. One reason why scholars disagree is because polarization has often been studied either using individual issue questions...
Regulation of Resistance in Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci: The VanRS Two-Component System.

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are a serious threat to human health, with few treatment options being available. New therapeutics are urgently needed to relieve the health and economic burdens presented by VRE. A potential target for new therapeutics is the VanRS two-component system, which regulates the expression of vancomycin resistance in VRE. VanS is a sensor histidine kinase that detects vancomycin and in turn activates VanR; VanR is a response regulator that, when activated, directs expression of vancomycin-resistance genes. This review of VanRS examines how the expression of vancomycin resistance is regulated, and provides an update on one of the field’s most pressing questions: How does VanS sense vancomycin?
Class two $p$ groups as fixed point free automorphism groups

Suppose that AG is a solvable group with normal subgroup G where (|A|, |G|) = 1. Assume that A is a class two odd p group all of whose irreducible representations are isomorphic to subgroups of extra special p groups. If p c ≠ r d + 1 for any c = 1, 2 and any prime r where r 2d+1 divides |G| and if C G (A) = 1 then the Fitting length of G is bounded by the power of p dividing |A|. The theorem is proved by applying a fixed point theorem to a reduction of the Fitting series of G. The fixed point theorem is proved by reducing a minimal counter example. IF R is an extra spec r subgroup of G fixed by A 1 , a subgroup of A, where A 1 centralizes D(R), then all irreducible characters of A 1 R which are nontrivial on Z(R) are computed. All nonlinear characters of a class two p group are computed.
Going for Broke: Restructuring Distressed Debt

How should governments and financial intermediaries restructure and optimize portfolios of distressed debt? What are the gains from doing so, and where do the gains come from? This paper shows that debt restructuring is Pareto improving and lucrative for borrowers, lenders, and investors in distressed debt. First, the methodological contribution of the paper is a parsimonious model for the pricing and optimal restructuring of distressed debt, i.e., loans that are under-collateralized and are at risk of borrower default, where willingness to pay and ability to pay are at issue. Distressed-debt investing is a unique portfolio problem in that (a) it requires optimization over all moments, not just mean and variance, and (b) with debt restructuring, the investor can endogenously alter the return distribution of the candidate securities before subjecting them to portfolio construction. Second, economically, we show that post-restructuring return distributions of distressed debt portfolios are attractive to fixed-income investors, with risk-adjusted certainty equivalent yield pick-ups in the hundreds of basis points, suggesting the need for more efficient markets for distressed debt, and shedding light on the current debate regarding the use of eminent domain in mitigating real estate failures.
Visualization of network structures

Visualization of large networks, especially with annotations describing node and edge properties, is a challenging task. The challenge is heightened when it is necessary for the user to have both global and local views of the network. While there is no general solution to this problem, it can be successfully approached in several ways. By taking advantage of hierarchical structure that exists in the network and by judiciously using color and symbols to explicitly represent node and edge properties, it is often possible to convey the necessary information. We explore these techniques and their application to the visualization of networks.
Two Lost Ballads of the Armada Thanksgiving Celebration [with texts and illustration]

AbstractA manuscript anthology from the rural Midlands (now British Library Add. MS 82370) allows us to reconstruct full texts of two broadside ballads that describe the Armada victory celebration at St. Paul's Church on November 24, 1588. Both poems were known to exist from their entries in the Stationers' Register, although all printed copies seem to have perished. These eyewitness accounts of the ceremony add details about the event not recounted in other sources. Perhaps the most surprising of these new insights is the likelihood that the service concluded with the singing of two hymns of thanksgiving composed by the Queen herself. [A. F. M. and S. W. M.]
Primary Prevention in the New Millennium: The Challenge of Translating Knowledge into Action

In a thoughtful essay on prevention, Leon S. Robertson (1998) recently observed that constructing elaborate theoretical models of disease is intellectually appealing to academics and other scientists, but if resources are used mainly to further specify causal paths rather than to test the effectiveness of preventive interventions, considerable unnecessary harm may occur in the interim. Robertson notes that multifactorial analysis of causal pathways does not necessarily lead to prevention, and can even interfere with prevention by becoming an excuse to do nothing. He further points out that one needs only to identify a necessary condition for a disorder and eliminate it to prevent the disorder from occurring, regardless of whether or not the “web of causes” is fully understood. Moreover, although we have identified a number of technical strategies to control known hazards to health, such as guns, tobacco, and adverse work conditions, the most effective approaches are those undertaken at the government or corporate level, and they are infrequently implemented (Robertson, 1998). Although policy interventions and environmental changes have greater impact, the emphasis has been on preventive actions at the individual level (Brownson, Newschaffer, and Ali-Abarghoui, 1997). A major challenge for primary prevention in the new millennium is to translate what we know about the deleterious influences of poverty, discrimination, and other social inequalities into effective preventive interventions. Consider, for example, the relationship between poverty and major depression in low-income women. Major depression is highly prevalent among women, and is associated with significant impairment in functioning, including parenting (Weissman and Olfson, 1995). Women are overrepresented among the poor, and higher rates of depression have consistently been found among both Black women and White women of lower socioeconomic status (Blazer et al., 1994; Williams et al., 1992). Bruce et al. (1991)
Particles in late archean carawine dolomite (Western Australia) resemble muong nong-type tektites

In addition to craters and related structures, large impacts may create strewn fields of ejecta that have the potential to be incorporated into the stratigraphic record. Nine layers rich in sand-size spherules of former silicate melt interpreted as impact ejecta have been reported from early Archean to early Paleoproterozoic successions. The layer in the late Archean Carawine Dolomite (Western Australia) is the only one of the nine which contains larger, more irregular particles of former silicate melt. The layer which contains the irregular particles is a ∼25 meter-thick composite of three coarse-grained, poorly sorted carbonate debris flows. The irregular particles are concentrated at the base of the lowest flow, whereas the spherules are most abundant in the finer, sandy upper parts of the flows, indicating they were segregated hydrodynamically. The spherules and irregular particles are both largely replaced by fibrous K-feldspar crystals. These crystals generally radiate inwards from the edges of the spherules, whereas they are commonly randomly oriented to parallel-fibrous in the irregular particles. The irregular particles also differ from the spherules in being larger and more angular on average, and in showing banding, abundant vesicles, and greater textural heterogeneity internally. A few of the larger irregular particles appear to have spherules embedded inside them, indicating they formed during the same event. Fine quartz crystals with rare candidates for relict planar deformation features are also included in a few of the irregular particles. While the irregular particles are unlike any of the clasts in the volcanoclastic layers in associated units, they are texturally similar to Muong Nong-type tektites, which generally have irregular blocky shapes, are layered, and contain relict minerals as inclusions. However, the irregular particles differ from the Muong Nong-type tektites in that they are smaller, more rounded, and may have been partially crystalline. If the irregular particles were originally tektites, they would be the oldest yet found, and the coarsest distal ejecta found to date in an early Precambrian succession. It appears, however, that they are not a perfect match for Muong Nong or any other type of tektite, which suggests some strewn fields may contain additional types of glassy ejecta that do not fit neatly into existing categories. Their existence also suggests that textures in tektite-like bodies can be stabilized by replacement during diagenesis and survive essentially indefinitely, and the irregular particles are probably products of an impact in continental rather than oceanic crust.
Multicultural Counseling Competencies: Individual and Organizational Development

What Is Multiculturalism and Multicultural Counseling and Therapy? Ethnocentric Monoculturalism The Profession's Response to Multiculturalism The Multicultural Counseling Competencies Understanding the Euro-American Worldview Understanding Racial/Ethnic Minority Worldviews Multicultural Counseling Competencies Developing Culturally Appropriate Intervention Strategies Multicultural Organizational Development Lessons from the Community Health Movement Multicultural Organizational Development Evolving toward Organizational Cultural Competence Implementing Personal, Professional and Organizational Multicultural Competence
Cortisol inhibition of calcium currents in guinea pig hippocampal CA1 neurons via G-protein-coupled activation of protein kinase C

The inhibition of voltage-activated Ca2+ channel currents by cortisol (hydrocortisone), the principal glucocorticoid in man and guinea pig, was examined in freshly dissociated pyramidal neurons from the adult guinea pig hippocampal CA1 region using whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings. Steady-state inhibition by cortisol of the peak Ca2+ channel current evoked by depolarization from -80 to -10 mV increased in a concentration-dependent fashion, with a maximal inhibition of 63 +/- 4% of the total current at 100 microM. Cortisone had a maximal 17 +/- 2% inhibition at 10 microM. Corticosterone and the metabolite allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone exhibited a plateau of inhibition of around 15% and 25%, respectively, between 10 pM and 100 nM; both compounds continued to inhibit at concentrations > 10(-7) M. Analysis of tail currents at -80 mV showed that cortisol and corticosterone had no effect on the voltage-dependent activation or deactivation of the Ca2+ channel current. However, cortisol slowed the activation of the current. Cortisol inhibited both the N-type or omega-conotoxin (CgTX)- sensitive, and the L-type or nifedipine (NIF)-sensitive Ca2+ channel current but had no effect on the CgTX/NIF-insensitive Ca2+ channel current. In neurons isolated from pertussis toxin (PTX)-treated animals, the cortisol inhibition was significantly diminished. Intracellular dialysis with GDP-beta-S (500 microM) or with the specific inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), the pseudosubstrate PKC inhibitor (PKCI 19–31) (2 microM) and bisindolylmaleimide (BIS) (1 microM) significantly diminished the cortisol inhibition of the Ca2+ channel current. The specific inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor, Rp-cAMPS (100 microM) had no effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
New era for high performance and low cost semiconductor packaging

Summary form only given. We cannot consider the future of packaging without the requirements for IC innovation. These requirements are described extensively in the SIA roadmap, including the number of I/O terminals, chip clock frequencies, off-chip frequencies, etc. Although operating voltages will be <2 V, chip heat dissipation will be greatly increased due to greater density and clock frequencies. However, junction temperature remains constant at 125/spl deg/C. As semiconductor performance is better at lower temperatures, high performance applications use lower operating temperatures than stated values, which implies that the package is not required to be heat resistant beyond that temperature and that a significant margin exists for cost reduction in the packaging area. Due to performance and size/weight requirements, the chip will be flip chip bonded with a multichip bare chip attach structure. Using an encapsulated flip chip joint, lowering joint stress, enables flexible selection of both joint and carrier materials. Epoxy-based carriers will be used due to cost, even in high performance applications, as their reliability is sufficient for most applications. However, standardization of test methods is inevitable to use such low cost carriers effectively. As technology elements for a bare chip package are already available, a common understanding of chip shipping quality is the last infrastructure barrier to be overcome. Drastic innovation is expected to simplify the chip bonding process. "Instant chip attach" technologies will emerge for low cost/high volume production.
Psychosocial factors and the timing of prenatal care among women in New Jersey's HealthStart program.

The effects of psychosocial and demographic risk factors on the timing of entry into prenatal care were estimated using data on roughly 90000 Medicaid recipients who participated in New Jerseys HealthStart prenatal care program. Overall 37% of women began prenatal care in the first trimester. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that women who lived in poor housing conditions and those who smoked drank or used hard drugs had reduced likelihood of entering care early (odds ratio 0.8-0.9) while those who had clinical depression or who experienced domestic violence or abuse had elevated odds of early entry (1.1-1.2). The risk factor with the greatest impact on the timing of prenatal care was the wantedness of the pregnancy; women whose pregnancy was unwanted had dramatically reduced odds of entering care early (0.4). Separate analyses of women of varying racial and ethnic backgrounds demonstrated the differential effects of risk factors the importance of including ethnicity with race and the universal impact of wantedness across racial and ethnic groups. Entry into prenatal care for at-risk women is affected by factors from multiple domains. It is important for prenatal programs to recognize the complexity of the issue as well as the barriers that different subgroups of women face. (authors)
Samuel Johnson: The Struggle – By Jeffrey Meyers

The three hundredth anniversary of the birth of Samuel Johnson [1709–1784], the great English essayist, critic, biographer, poet, and lexicographer, was the occasion for celebrations around the wor...
Sampled data hereditary systems: feedback and optimization

The author reviews recent progress in the synthesis of controllers where the controlled system is a linear time-delay type. The controlled system can be modeled by linear differential difference equations, or equivalently by transfer functions which are ratios of exponential polynomials. Particular emphasis is placed on simplified methods of synthesis since even the quadratic theory of control of linear time-delay systems is quite involved. If one allows sampling in the control scheme, then the output from the system (sensed output) is monitored and reported only at discrete instants of time (sampling times) and the input to the continuous-time controlled system is maintained at a constant value between the sample times (by a zero-order hold circuit) and changed only at the sample times. >
Preface to Volume 67: Editing The Journal of the Rutgers University Liraries for Twenty Years

Sewell discusses his his experiences editing the journal since 1995, taking if from an all print journal to an open access journal and a print journal.
Purification and characterization of Campylobacter rectus surface layer proteins

Campylobacter rectus is a putative periodontopathogen which expresses a proteinaceous surface layer (S-layer) external to the outer membrane. S-layers are considered to play a protective role for the microorganism in hostile environments. The S-layer proteins from six different C. rectus strains (five human isolates and a nonhuman primate [NHP] isolate) were isolated, purified, and characterized. The S-layer proteins of these strains varied in molecular mass (ca. 150 to 166 kDa) as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. They all reacted with monospecific rabbit antiserum to the purified S-layer of C. rectus 314, but a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated a strong antigenic relationship among the five human strains, while the NHP strain, 6250, showed weaker reactivity. Amino acid composition analysis showed that the S-layers of four C. rectus strains contained large proportions of acidic amino acids (13 to 27%) and that >34% of the amino acid residues were hydrophobic. Amino acid sequence analysis of six S-layer proteins revealed that the first 15 amino-terminal amino acids were identical and showed seven residues of identity with the amino-terminal sequence of the Campylobacter fetus S-layer protein SapA1. CNBr peptide profiles of the S-layer proteins from C. rectus 314, ATCC 33238, and 6250 confirmed that the S-layer proteins from the human strains were similar to each other and somewhat different from that of the NHP isolate (strain 6250). However, the S-layer proteins from the two human isolates do show some structural heterogeneity. For example, there was a 17-kDa fragment unique to the C. rectus 314 S-layer. The amino-terminal sequence of this peptide had homology with the C. rectus 51-kDa porin and was composed of nearly 50% hydrophobic residues. Thus, the S-layer protein from C. rectus has structural heterogeneity among different human strains and immunoheterogeneity with the NHP strain.
The ER-Golgi intermediate compartment feeds the phagophore membrane

A long-standing quest in the autophagy field is to define the membrane origin of the autophagosome. We have established a cell-free assay based on LC3 lipidation that recapitulates multiple regulatory hallmarks of early autophagosome biogenesis. Using a systematic membrane fractionation approach, we have identified the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) as the most efficient membrane substrate for LC3 lipidation. Further studies indicate that the ERGIC plays an essential role to trigger LC3 lipidation and autophagosome biogenesis by recruiting the key early autophagic factor ATG14.
Resource discovery with evolving tuples

Pervasive computing environments present new challenges that hinder traditional approaches to software engineering. In this paper, we tackle one such challenge: the need of pervasive application developers to have access to constructs that enable resource discovery in dynamic environments. We first define the evolving tuples model, a novel extension to traditional tuple spaces that allows applications to embed context-aware adaptation directly in structures traditionally used for distributed coordination. The behavior applications embed in evolving tuples can subsequently be used by discovery queries to allow environmental characteristics to directly impact the results of discovery. Our approach minimizes the amount of infrastructure that must be available to support discovery by embedding the discovery functionality almost exclusively within the tuple and makes the resource discovery process transparent. At the same time, our model retains many of the benefits of traditional tuple space approaches, namely providing content-based coordination that is easy for developers to understand and implement. The evolving tuple's inherent flexibility also allows resource discovery to adapt to the changing resources, applications, and environments.
The new segregation

Abstract I argue that there has emerged since the 1960s new forms of racial segregation in the United States. Placing this claim in context of earlier historical shifts in the manifestation of segregation—the north-south segregation of post-Reconstruction, the dramatic urban neighborhood segregation emerging in the first half of the twentieth century—I map out both the character and effects of this segregation, and the political, economic, and sociocultural conditions that combine to produce it. Thus while the old segregation was “activist” and for the most part monolithic, the new segregation is “conservationist,” preference driven, and class differentiated. I suggest that a new form of segregation has emerged also, and outline the contours of this ideological representation.
Solid-state spun fibers and yarns from 1-mm long carbon nanotube forests synthesized by water-assisted chemical vapor deposition

We report continuous carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers and yarns dry-drawn directly from water-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) grown forests with about 1-mm height. As-drawn CNT fibers exist as aerogel and can be transformed into more compact fibers through twisting or densification with a volatile organic liquid. CNT fibers are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman microscopy, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. Mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the post-treated CNT fibers are investigated. The resulting fibers show the work of rupture of 30 J/g and DC electrical conductivity of 5.0 × 104 S/m.
Is health promotion cost effective

Abstract A literature review surveyed applications of cost analyses in evaluation of programs for the promotion of a healthy life-style. Some confusion was uncovered regarding the definitions of such concepts as health education, disease detection, and health protection. All may facilitate positive long-term behavior patterns, but are less effective when used in isolation. In the review, several approaches were found using cost analysis in the short- and long-term evaluation of programs. Few evaluations included appropriate cost-analysis techniques or long-range follow-up of the effects of the program. Therefore, the overall cost effectiveness of services to promote health cannot yet be determined. The proposed model is intended as a guide for future evaluations. Such studies are essential to insure that the decision-making process regarding health service funding priorities is based on objective criteria, as well as social and political judgments.
Two-photon spectroscopy of the 6S(1/2) ? 6D(5/2) transition of trapped atomic cesium.

Two-photon spectroscopy of atomic cesium confined and cooled in a magneto-optical trap is reported. The hyperfine structure of the 6D_(5/2) state is determined with 1% accuracy. New capabilities for studying ac Stark shifts and kinetic transport for cold atoms are suggested.
Childhood sexual victimization, educational attainment, and the returns to schooling.

Numerous studies show that survivors of childhood sexual abuse suffer as adults from depression, post‐traumatic stress disorder, alcohol and drug abuse, and other mental illnesses. As such, the effect of experiencing traumatic events during childhood including sexual abuse can have lasting implications. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether a history of childhood sexual abuse is related to women's educational attainment and returns to schooling, and to examine whether such effects are a function of the severity of abuse.
A human-computer interface design using automatic gaze tracking

This paper describes the design and implementation of a human-computer interface using an in-house developed automatic gaze tracking system. A focus has been placed on developing an inexpensive non-invasive gaze-tracking computer interface by which the user can control his/her computer input in a hands-free manner. In the underlying project, infrared (IR) light emitting diodes (LEDs) are placed around a computer monitor to produce reference corneal glints from the user's eye and to illuminate the user's pupil. An IR-sensitive video camera is then used to capture images of these glints. A graphical user interface is used to gather calibration glint information from the user when gazing at six strategically place calibration points. A linear model is derived from these data and utilized to map the vertical and horizontal displacements of the glints with respect to certain physical landmarks of the user's pupil onto the corresponding point of gaze on the monitor. The design is capable of real-time performance and was evaluated with many volunteers with good success rate.
Comprehending Dynamic Protein Methylation with Mass Spectrometry

Protein methylation is a post-translational modification (PTM) which modulates cellular and biological processes including transcription, RNA processing, protein interactions and protein dynamics. Methylation, catalyzed by highly specific methyltransferase enzymes, occurs on several amino acids including arginine, lysine, histidine and dicarboxylic amino acids like glutamate. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques continue to be the methods of choice for the study of protein PTMs. These approaches are powerful and sensitive tools that have been used to identify, quantify and characterize protein methylation. In addition, metabolic labeling strategies can be coupled to MS detection in order to measure dynamic and differential in vivo protein methylation rates. In this review, different applications of mass spectrometry technologies and methods to study protein methylation are discussed.
PREVALENCE OF MEDICATION USE FOR ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER(ADHD): A POPULATION-BASED STUDY OF VIRGINIA SCHOOL CHILDREN † 72

PREVALENCE OF MEDICATION USE FOR ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER(ADHD): A POPULATION-BASED STUDY OF VIRGINIA SCHOOL CHILDREN † 72
Comparison of trans-nasal laryngoscopic office based biopsy of laryngopharyngeal lesions with traditional operative biopsy

The objectives of this study are to compare the pathological results from office-based biopsy (OBB) and operative biopsy (ORB) of laryngopharyngeal lesions from 26 patients. Lesion location, specimen concordance, efficacy, cost savings, and patient management are discussed. OBB can provide a sample of laryngopharyngeal tissue that can be used to diagnose lesions in these sites. This study design is retrospective review and involved retrospective analysis and chart review of 26 cases of patients who had an OBB followed by and ORB of the same site; oropharyngeal or laryngopharyngeal lesion. CPT 31576 was to identify patients. Twenty six patients had both OBB and operative biopsy performed of a lesion within the oropharynx and laryngopharynx. All OBB attempts resulted in diagnostic tissue samples. Vocal fold biopsy (69 %) was most common. The most common OBB diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma or moderate-to-severe dysplasia (54 %). OBB and ORB pathological results were the same in 81 % of patients. Of the benign samples obtained by OBB, 83 % of the ORB were deemed benign. Of the non-benign samples obtained via OBB, 80 % of the ORB were deemed non-benign in the operating room samples. Office-based biopsy is a simple procedure that can be performed in an outpatient setting, avoiding an operating room and the need for general anesthesia. Comparison of results from OBB to ORB together with patient characteristics resulted in very reliable results that can help to guide further patient management.
Interactions of dislocations and antiphase (inversion) domain boundaries in III-V/IV heteroepitaxy

The potential for interactions of misfit strain relieving dislocations with inversion-type antiphase domain boundaries is considered for III–V on group IV growth. The specific cases of GaAs grown on Si (001) and vicinal (001) substrates are examined. It is shown that threading dislocation densities for these growths should be unacceptably high due to obstruction of threading dislocation motion by the antiphase domain boundaries, even when the boundaries are eliminated shortly after the inception of GaAs layer growth. Cutting of the antiphase domain boundaries by mobile dislocations would require creation of new highenergy surface area. It is suggested that more successful routes would be growth of a strain-relieving buffer or growth on a {hhk} surface.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex for First and Second Line Drugs by Broth Dilution in a Microtiter Plate Format

The rapid detection of antimicrobial resistance is important in the effort to control the increase in resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of Mtb has traditionally been performed by the agar method of proportion or by macrobroth testing on an instrument such as the BACTEC (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD), VersaTREK (TREK Diagnostics, Cleveland, OH) or BacT/ALERT (bioMerieux, Hazelwood, MO). The agar proportion method, while considered the “gold” standard of AST, is labor intensive and requires calculation of resistance by performing colony counts on drug-containing agar as compared to drug-free agar. If there is ≥1% growth on the drug-containing medium as compared to drug-free medium, the organism is considered resistant to that drug. The macrobroth methods require instrumentation and test break point ("critical") drug concentrations for the first line drugs (isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin, and pyrazinamide). The method described here is commercially available in a 96 well microtiter plate format [MYCOTB (TREK Diagnostics)] and contains increasing concentrations of 12 antimicrobials used for treatment of tuberculosis including both first (isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol) and second line drugs (amikacin, cycloserine, ethionamide, kanamycin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, para-aminosalicylic acid, rifabutin, and streptomycin). Pyrazinamide, a first line drug, is not included in the microtiter plate due to its need for acidic test conditions. Advantages of the microtiter system include both ease of set up and faster turn around time (14 days) compared with traditional agar proportion (21 days). In addition, the plate can be set up from inoculum prepared using either broth or solid medium. Since the microtiter plate format is new and since Mtb presents unique safety challenges in the laboratory, this protocol will describe how to safely setup, incubate and read the microtiter plate.
Transcriptional suppression of cytokine-induced iNOS gene expression by IL-13 through IRF-1/ISRE signaling.

Abstract IL-13 has been reported as one of the major down-regulators of iNOS expression in various tissues and cells. The molecular mechanism of iNOS suppression by IL-13 remains unclear, especially at the transcriptional stage. In this study, we found that IL-13 inhibited the expression of iNOS mRNA, protein, and NO product in a concentration-dependent manner for cytokine-stimulated rat hepatocytes. The most effective dose for IL-13 inhibitory effect is ∼5 ng/ml. IL-13 also decreased the rat iNOS transcriptional activity by promoter analysis, but had no effect on iNOS mRNA stability. By using TranSignal Protein/DNA Combo Array, we identified cytokine-stimulated IRF-1/ISRE binding that was decreased by the addition of IL-13. Gel shift assay confirmed that IL-13 reduced the IRF-1/ISRE binding at nucleotides −913 to −923 of the rat iNOS promoter. Western blot revealed that IL-13 diminished the relative amount of IRF-1 protein translocated to the nucleus. Our data demonstrate that IL-13 down-regulates the cytokine-induced iNOS transcription by decreasing iNOS specific IRF-1/ISRE binding activity.
Problem for theories with spontaneous CP violation and natural flavor conservation

Using a vacuum-saturation approximation, Vainshtein, Zakharov, and Shifman have shown that $L={L}_{\mathrm{QCD}}+{L}_{\mathrm{EW}}$ can explain the $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=\frac{1}{2}$ rule of strange-particle decays. Requiring ${L}_{\mathrm{EW}}$ to possess spontaneous $\mathrm{CP}$ violation and natural flavor conservation, we estimate $\frac{{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}$ using a similar approximation. We show that a very crude computation results in a very stringent limit $0.050g|\frac{{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}|g0.048$. This estimate is in conflict with the experimental measurement $|\frac{{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}|=0.003\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015$. This is a problem for theories with spontaneous $\mathrm{CP}$ violation and natural flavor conservation if the above understanding of the $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=\frac{1}{2}$ rule is correct.
Communication: Multiple-timestep ab initio molecular dynamics with electron correlation

A time-reversible, multiple-timestep protocol is presented for ab initio molecular dynamics simulations using correlated, wavefunction-based underlying potentials. The method is motivated by the observation that electron correlation contributions to forces vary on a slower timescale than their Hartree-Fock counterparts. An efficient dynamics algorithm, involving short-timestep Hartree-Fock and long-timestep Moller-Plesset perturbation theory, is presented and tested. Results indicate stable trajectories and relative speedups comparable to those seen in force field-based multiple-timestep schemes, with the highest efficiency improvement occurring for large systems.
Microstructural investigation of RBa2Cu3O7−δ (R=Y, Gd, Nd)

Abstract RBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ perovskites, where R is Y, Gd and Nd, were synthesized using the same experimental conditions. The resistivity curves of the three compounds were similar but their microstructures were different. Secondary phases (CuO, BaCuO 2 ) were formed in the compounds containing Y and Gd while no such phases were detected in the Nd perovskite material.
Short-term sPECAM-Fc treatment ameliorates EAE while chronic use hastens onset of symptoms

The homophilic cell adhesion molecule PECAM-1 is a major participant in the migration of leukocytes across endothelium. We examined the ability of a chimeric soluble PECAM-1 fused to human IgG-Fc to impair leukocyte entry through the blood-brain barrier and reduce CNS autoimmunity. sPECAM-Fc impaired migration of lymphocytes across brain endothelial monolayers and diminished the severity of EAE, an experimental model of MS, when administered at the onset of symptoms. However, in mice transgenic for sPECAM-Fc, the chronically elevated levels of sPECAM-Fc hastened onset of EAE disease without significantly changing clinical score severity. Our data suggest that short-term treatment of diseases like MS with sPECAM-Fc has therapeutic potential.