cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A visual analysis of trends in the titles and keywords of top-ranked tourism journals

We generated a visual trend analysis of the titles and keywords of highly ranked tourism journals in the years 1982, 1992, 2002, and 2012 by using word clouds. This approach provides a fascinating snapshot into shifts in the priorities of tourism researchers over the last four decades, thus tracing the history of theoretical development in the field of tourism. Comparisons were made between (1) the titles of articles in all journals in different years; (2) titles in each journal in a recent year; and (3) titles and keywords of articles in the same journal in the same years. Not only do themes and concepts visibly shift in prominence over time and between journals, but also variance between keywords and titles of articles in the same journal for a particular year is observable. The practical applications for article titling, placement, and keyword designation are discussed.
Paroxysmal hypertension in a 48-year-old woman

CASE PRESENTATION A 48-year-old woman was referred for a second opinion regarding paroxysmal hypertension. At the time of referral, she had an 18-month history of acute hypertensive crisis necessitating hospitalization. She had already undergone evaluation by primary care and endocrinology prior to this presentation. Prior to 18 months ago, she had no history of hypertension and her past medical history was only significant for two previous pregnancies, neither of which was accompanied by hypertension. She described herself as healthy and exercised daily prior to onset of these hypertensive attacks. She generally felt well rested. She saw her primary care physician regularly for health care maintenance and reported that her blood pressure prior to 18 months ago usually ranged from 110 to 120 mm Hg systolic, with a heart rate of 60–70 beats per minute. She had no family history of hypertension. She was divorced and had two children. She did not smoke, drank one to two cups of coffee per day, drank three to four glasses of wine in the evenings, denied illicit drug use, and had no known drug allergies. At the time of our initial evaluation, she was taking atenolol 25 mg daily as prescribed by her primary care physician. She denied use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, vitamins, herbals, or other over the counter medications.
Fine-Needle Aspiration of the Thyroid: Technique and Terminology

Fine-needle aspiration of the thyroid is a relatively low-cost procedure that can provide an accurate diagnosis rapidly. Success of fine-needle aspiration requires an adequate sample, obtained by mastering the technique. The literature emphasizes the importance of having an experienced cytopathologist interpreting the smears. The author believes that more emphasis has to be placed on mastering this deceptively simple technique. The author shares technical hints learned over 30 years.
Enzymuria in gentamicin-induced kidney damage.

To assess their potential value as early indicators of gentamicin-induced kidney damage, lysosomal hydrolases were measured in the 24-h urines of rats receiving 30 or 60 mg of gentamicin per kg per day for 15 days. Proteinuria, urine osmolality, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine clearance were also measured. Kidney tissue was examined by both light and electron microscopy. Beta-galactosidase, beta- n -acetyl-hexosaminidase, and alpha-fucosidase were sensitive indicators and were significantly elevated above control values by day 3 at both doses ( P Images
Virtual fencing--past, present and future

Virtual fencing is a method of controlling animals without ground-based fencing. Control occurs by altering an animal’s behaviour through one or more sensory cues administered to the animal after it has attempted to penetrate an electronically-generated boundary. This boundary can be of any geometrical shape, and though unseen by the eye, is detected by a computer system worn by the animal. The most recent autonomous programmable systems use radio frequency (RF) signals, emanating from global positioning system (GPS) satellites to generate boundaries. Algorithms within a geographic information system (GIS) within the device’s computer use the GPS and other data to determine where on the animal a cue, or cues, should be applied and for how long. The first commercial virtual fencing system was patented in 1973 for controlling domestic dogs. Virtual fencing was used for the first time to control livestock in 1987. Since then proof-of-concept research using commercial, as well as custom designed systems have demonstrated that virtual fencing can successfully hold as well as move livestock over the landscape. Commercial virtual livestock control systems do not yet exist but research continues towards this goal. Pending research needs relating to this method of animal control are discussed in light of currently available technologies.
Emergence of a large pore subpopulation during electroporating pulses.

Abstract Electroporation increases ionic and molecular transport through cell membranes by creating transient aqueous pores. These pores cannot be directly observed experimentally, but cell system modeling with dynamic electroporation predicts pore populations that produce cellular responses consistent with experiments. We show a cell system model's response that illustrates the life cycle of a pore population in response to a widely used 1 kV/cm, 100 μs trapezoidal pulse. Rapid pore creation occurs early in the pulse, followed by the gradual emergence of a subpopulation of large pores reaching ~ 30 nm radius. After the pulse, pores rapidly contract to form a single thermally broadened distribution of small pores (~ 1 nm radius) that slowly decays. We also show the response of the same model to pulses of 100 ns to 1 ms duration, each with an applied field strength adjusted such that a total of 10,000 ± 100 pores are created. As pulse duration is increased, the pore size distributions vary dramatically and a distinct subpopulation of large pores emerges for pulses of microsecond and longer duration. This subpopulation of transient large pores is relevant to understanding rapid transport of macromolecules into and out of cells during a pulse.
Metabolism of lysergic acid diethylamide.

ALTHOUGH the hallucinogenic agent, lysergic acid diethylamide, has been the subject of numerous investigations, little is known about its biological fate. The development of a specific and sensitive method for the estimation of lysergic acid diethylamide in biological materials has enabled us to study its physiological disposition and metabolism.
Flashbacks and posttraumatic stress symptoms in combat veterans.

Of veterans (N = 37) referred to an outpatient clinic for delayed or chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 95.4% had one or more other, psychiatric disorders (mean ± SD = 2.7 ± 1.9): Cannabis abuse (54%), alcohol abuse (49%), dysthymic disorder (49%), opiate abuse (35%), and less frequent disorders including caffeinism (16%). “Flashbacks with disorientation,” a strong memory associated with a feeling of being in or behaving as if in combat, occurred in 72% of alcoholics and 16% of nonalcoholics (P < .02). These three nonalcoholics abused other substances. This and other studies imply the need to develop criteria for chronic PTSD resulting in less overlap with other diagnoses.
TGF-β signaling in T cells : roles in lymphoid and epithelial neoplasia

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays an essential role in regulating the homeostasis of cells in the lymphoid lineage. TGF-β signaling is not required for normal thymopoiesis, but is essential for regulating the expansion, activation, and effector function of the mature CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral lymphoid organs and target tissues. Recent studies in both mice and humans have elucidated an important and complex role for TGF-β in regulatory T-cell biology. Disruption of TGF-β signaling in T cells impairs the maintenance of regulatory T cells, results in the expansion of activated effector T cells, and is associated with the production of cytokines that have major effects on cells in their environment. While autoimmunity and inflammation are the principal phenotypes associated with the abrogation of TGF-β signaling in T cells in mice, emerging evidence now also directly links Smad-dependent TGF-β signaling in T cells to the suppression of epithelial neoplasia. The TGF-β receptor-activated Smad3 plays a critical role in mediating many of the inhibitory effects of TGF-β signaling in T cells, and has now been established as an important suppressor of leukemogenesis. These studies are increasing our awareness of the many complex mechanisms through which TGF-β signaling controls the pathogenesis of cancer.
Sleep Stage Characteristics of Long and Short Sleepers

The possibility of different sleep stage characteristics being associated with different sleep lengths was explored by comparing two groups of high school seniors, who characteristically slept 6(1/2) hours or less or who slept 8(1/2) hours or more, with an age-matched control group not selected on the basis of sleep length. All-night electroencephalography was used to examine the sleep stage characteristics of these groups. Compared with the unselected age-matched group, the short sleepers showed no significant diminution in their stage 4 (deep) or rapid eye movement (dream) sleep. The long sleepers were observed to obtain significantly more rapid eye movement sleep than did the other groups.
Emergency ultrasound diagnosis of a ruptured angiomyolipoma causing acute anemia

A 32-year-old female presented with acute, asymptomatic anemia. While vital signs and physical examination were stable and non-diagnostic, utilizing goal-directed bedside ultrasound, a perinephric hematoma consistent with a ruptured angiomyolipoma was discovered as the cause of the patient’s condition.
Preoperative patient evaluation

Screening laboratory testing seemed logical: if you could spot abnormalities before overt disease occurred, you could prevent disability. But it has not worked out that way for the majority of preoperative tests. We are now spending over $40 billion a year in the United States on preoperative testing and evaluation; 60 per cent of it is wasted. This is like saying, “If a little epinephrine is good, more is better.” That is wrong in the use of epinephrine and it can be wrong with too much testing. Worse than wasteful, I believe this extra testing is causing iatrogenic disease by pursuit and treatment of borderline and false-positive test results. It is increasing our medicolegal risk and decreasing the efficiency of practice. Fortunately, this history of too much testing can now be turned to our advantage. It provides an arena where we can demonstrate to our constituency, the patient, and our watchdog, the bureaucrat, that we can use inexpensive technology to reduce costs substantially and improve the quality of care.
The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas

When did humans colonize the Americas? From where did they come and what routes did they take? These questions have gripped scientists for decades, but until recently answers have proven difficult to find. Current genetic evidence implies dispersal from a single Siberian population toward the Bering Land Bridge no earlier than about 30,000 years ago (and possibly after 22,000 years ago), then migration from Beringia to the Americas sometime after 16,500 years ago. The archaeological records of Siberia and Beringia generally support these findings, as do archaeological sites in North and South America dating to as early as 15,000 years ago. If this is the time of colonization, geological data from western Canada suggest that humans dispersed along the recently deglaciated Pacific coastline.
Latent Surface Models for Networks Using Aggregated Relational Data

Despite increased interest across a range of scientific applications in modeling and understanding social network structure, collecting complete network data remains logistically and financially challenging, especially in the social sciences. This article introduces a latent surface representation of social network structure for partially observed network data. We derive a multivariate measure of expected (latent) distance between an observed actor and unobserved actors with given features. We also draw novel parallels between our work and dependent data in spatial and ecological statistics. We demonstrate the contribution of our model using a random digit-dial telephone survey and a multiyear prospective study of the relationship between network structure and the spread of infectious disease. The model proposed here is related to previous network models which represents high-dimensional structure through a projection to a low-dimensional latent geometric surface-encoding dependence as distance in the spa...
Increased calcium vulnerability of senescent cardiac mitochondria: protective role for a mitochondrial potassium channel opener

In senescence, endogenous mechanisms of cardioprotection are apparently attenuated resulting in increased vulnerability to ischemia-reperfusion. In particular, mitochondria, which are essential in maintaining cardiac energetic and ionic homeostasis, are susceptible to Ca2+ overload, a component of metabolic injury. However, effective means of protecting senescent mitochondria are lacking. Here, mitochondrial function and structure were assessed using ion-selective mini-electrodes, high-performance liquid chromatography and electron microscopy. Aging decreased ADP-induced oxygen consumption and prolonged the time associated with ADP to ATP conversion, which manifested as a reduced rate of oxidative phosphorylation. Aging also reduced mitochondrial Ca2+ handling, and increased Ca2+-induced mitochondrial damage. Diazoxide, a potassium channel opener, reduced Ca2+ loading and protected the functional and structural integrity of senescent mitochondria from Ca2+-induced injury. In this way, the present study identifies the potential usefulness for pharmacotherapy in protecting vulnerable senescent mitochondria from conditions of Ca2+ overload, such as ischemia-reperfusion.
The microscopic anatomy of the oesophagus, stomach and intestine of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

An anatomical study of the digestive tract of the channel catfish revealed that the oesophageal mucosa was longitudinally folded and that secondary folds were occasionally located on the primary longitudinal folds. The infoldings were more numerous near the stomach. The stratified squamous epithelium covering the folds was made up of a basal layer, large mucous cells and simple squamous cells on the surface. The epithelium on the side of the folds consisted primarily of mucous secreting cells. Taste buds were observed between mucous cells on the apical portion of the oesophageal folds and were more prevalent in the cranial part of the oesophagus. The remaining layers of the oesophagus were: a lamina propria-submucosa, tunica muscularis and adventitia or serosa. The J-shaped stomach had two regions: a large sac-shaped region containing gastric glands and a smaller, nonglandular pyloric region. The large rugae of the stomach became gradually smaller near the pylorus. There was a well developed pyloric sphincter. The mucosa included a simple columnar epithelium, a lamina propria and adventitia or serosa. The intestine could be differentiated into a thick ascending segment, a descending segment, a thin convoluted segment and a thicker terminal segment, the rectum. Many mucosal folds containing branched villi characterized the ascending segment of the intestine. The descending and convoluted segments contained fewer folds with shorter and less-branching villi and were smaller in diameter and thinner walled. Descending and convoluted segments were also mildly convoluted and accounted for 80% of the total length of the intestine. An intestinal valve with a sphincter marked the beginning of the rectum. There was an approximately four-fold increase in the thickness of the tunica muscularis of the terminal segment of the intestine.
The political economy of entry barriers

Abstract We study a political economy model of entry barriers. Each period the policymaker determines whether to impose a high barrier to entry, and the special interest groups try to influence the policymaker's decision. Entry is accompanied by creative destruction—when many new firms enter, old firms are more likely to be driven out of the market. Therefore the current incumbents (industry leaders) tend to lobby for a higher entry barrier and potential entrants (industry followers) are likely to lobby for a freer environment for entry. We analyze both static and dynamic versions of the model to examine what kind of environment supports a policy that blocks entry. In the dynamic model, the economy can exhibit various different dynamics. In particular, multiple steady states may arise in equilibrium.
On the syntax of disjunction scope

The account of disjunction proposed above is an interesting one, I believe, not simply because a principled account has been given of a certain collection of data, but also because the relation between the syntactic and semantic analyses is an intuitively satisfying one. Under the account argued for here the syntactic properties of elements such as either and whether are almost entirely predictable given three components of information: (i) the meaning of disjunction as explicated by Rooth and Partee (1982); (ii) a number of general principles and conditions, and (iii) certain very simple lexical facts such as the fact that either is [−WH], while whether is [+WH]. In view of the first component we know that disjunction takes scope through binding of a free variable. The second component presumably gives us that scope is syntactically represented, that scope assignment involves movement to an Ā position, that the trace of this movement is subject to ECP, that the domain of this movement is bounded by Subjacency, &c. Finally, given either and whether as scope indicators, the third component entails that the former adjoins to S, and so marks scope within the minimal sentence containing its associated disjunction, while the latter moves to COMP, and so may mark scope in broader domains.
Metabolism of messenger RNA from the gal operon of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The size and metabolism of messenger RNA from the galactose (gal) operon of Escherichia coli has been studied. The three known structural genes of the operon are about 1100 nucleotide pairs each and code for an epimerase (E), transferase (T) and kinase (K) gene, in that order. (1) The full-length gal mRNA in both B and K12 strains is about 4500 nucleotides or 1200 longer than that predicted for these three genes. The transcription time to the end of the epimerase gene was estimated by the lag before appearance of transferase mRNA. These measurements are consistent with about 520 nucleotides of gal mRNA proximal to the transferase message. The position of the remaining additional nucleotides is not known. (2) The functional inactivation rate of each message was measured by following the decreasing rate of enzyme synthesis after a one-minute induction by fucose. The half-life for each message was: epimerase 1.0 minute, transferase 0.6 minute, and kinase 1.5 minutes. (3) Mass decay of gal mRNA, induced for one minute, was followed by hybridization to DNA from transducing λ gal phages. Messenger RNA from the operator-proximal half, operator-distal two-thirds or from the entire operon decays with a half-life of about 1.1 minutes. These data cannot determine whether or not mass decay of each message is proportional to its inactivation rate. (4) The size distributions of decaying gal mRNA were determined in sucrose gradients or polyacrylamide gels with time of decay. They show clearly that gal mRNA is attacked by endonucleolytic cleavage. Fragments of about 2200 nucleotide length accumulate and have the specificity of transferase-kinase mRNA. The rapid inactivation of transferase message may result from cleavage of the epimerase-transferase mRNA junction to generate these transferase-kinase pieces.
Hybrid data mining and type II fuzzy system approach for surface finish from the perspective of E-manufacturing

The current trends in industry include integration of an information and knowledge base network with a manufacturing system, which coined a new term, E-Manufacturing. From the perspective of E-Manufacturing, any production equipment and its control functions do not exist alone, but become a part of the holistic operation system with distant monitoring and fault diagnostic capabilities. The key to this new paradigm is the accessibility to a remotely located system and having the means of responding to a changing environment. In this study, a new methodology in predicting a system output has been investigated by applying a data mining technique and a hybrid type II fuzzy system in CNC turning operations. The purpose was to generate a supplemental control function under the dynamic machining environment, where unforeseeable changes may occur frequently. Two different types of membership functions were developed for the fuzzy logic systems and also by combining the two types, a hybrid system was generated. Genetic algorithm was used for fuzzy adaptation in the control system. Fuzzy rules are automatically modified in the process of genetic algorithm training. The computational results showed that the hybrid system with a genetic adaptation generated a far better accuracy. The hybrid fuzzy system with genetic algorithm training demonstrated more effective prediction capability and a strong potential for the implementation into existing control functions.
The interaction of eIF4E with 4E‐BP1 is an induced fit to a completely disordered protein

4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) inhibits translation by binding to the initiation factor eIF4E and is mostly or completely unstructured in both free and bound states. We wished to determine whether the free protein has local structure that could be involved in eIF4E binding. Assignments were obtained using double and triple resonance NMR methods. Residues 4-10, 43-46, and 56-65 could not be assigned, primarily because of a high degree of 1H and 15N chemical shift overlap. Steady-state ?1H?-15N NOEs were measured for 45 residues in the assigned regions. Except for the two C-terminal residues, the NOEs were between -0.77 and - 1.14, indicating a high level of flexibility. Furthermore, the ?1H?-15N NOE spectrum recorded with presaturation contained no strong positive signals, making it likely that no other residues have positive or smaller negative NOEs. This implies that 4E-BP1 has no regions of local order in the absence of eIF4E. The interaction therefore appears to be an induced fit to a completely disordered protein molecule.
The allocation process and between-tree survival probabilities inDendroctonus frontalis infestations

We have presented two transfer functions for allocating populations ofD. frontals adults in spots: a fixed probabilityTF and a time-temperature dependentTF. Both procedures produced essentially equivalent results when applied to actual population measurements taken from spots. The time-temperatureTF was more realistic than the constant probabilityTF, but introduced an added source of variation into the transfer. Temperature was demonstrated to have a significant effect on adult longevity. The time-temperature dependentTF provides a means of incorporating this important variable. TheF1 andF2 values obtained from this time-temperature dependentTF were also judged to be superior to the values obtained from the constant probabilityTF. Survival of reemerged and emerged beetles were shown to be cyclic and compensatory.
Elastic modulus and hardness of muscovite and rectorite determined by nanoindentation

Abstract This paper presents the first effort to determine the elastic modulus ( E ) and hardness ( H ) of muscovite and rectorite by nanoindentation. Samples were examined under varying maximum load, loading rate, and hold time at the maximum load conditions. The measured E and H values were affected by: (1) numerous giant steps observed in the load–displacement curves, particularly under large loads; (2) maximum load; (3) loading rate; and (4) the hold time at maximum load. The two minerals behaved differently under indentation, owing to the difference in their crystal structure. Rectorite exhibited more highly time-dependent response and had much lower E and H values than muscovite. After correction by removing the giant steps to obtain more accurate E and H values, the dependence of E and H on the maximum load tended to disappear. The corrected values for E , 79.3 ±6.9 and 18.3 ± 4.6 GPa, and H , 5.14 ± 0.82 and 0.73 ± 0.17 GPa, for muscovite and rectorite, respectively, were in good agreement with the data published in the literature. This study also demonstrated the importance of choosing appropriate test control parameters in obtaining more reliable E and H values of layered aluminosilicates using nanoindentation.
Unwrapped-phase distribution model for speckle and turbulence.

A model for the unwrapped phase of a speckle field that propagates through clear air turbulence is proposed, and a formulation for the probability density function of the unwrapped phase is developed. A method is given to obtain the parameters of the unwrapped density function from parameters of the diffuse target, the laser source, and the atmosphere. Unwrapped-phase measurements at an atmospheric test site with a CO2 laser show agreement with the model.
Effects of co‐produced biochar on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of pyrolysis‐derived renewable fuels

Biochar is a co-product from biomass pyrolysis that can sequester carbon when applied to soils. It may also reduce N2O and CH4 emissions from soils, increase fertilizer efficiency, increase soil organic carbon, and increase crop yields. Treatment of these additional agricultural effects in life cycle analyses (LCAs) of pyrolysis-based liquid fuels could significantly influence LCA results. In this study, we include these effects in analyses of fast and slow pyrolysis. We also consider scenarios in which biochar is combusted to produce electricity. Probability distribution functions are developed for biochar yield and carbon content whereas average, minimum, and maximum values for biochar's stability factor and agricultural effects are developed from a thorough literature review and used in baseline and sensitivity analyses. Overall, life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for pyrolysis-based gasoline are lower when biochar is applied to soil than when it is combusted. Carbon abatement (CA) values of fast and slow pyrolysis fuel production systems are comparable. CA is reduced for an alternative fast pyrolysis system in which the pyrolysis oil is combusted for heat and electricity generation rather than upgraded to a hydrocarbon fuel. In the baseline case with biochar soil application, inclusion of agricultural effects reduces GHG emissions by 2.1 g CO2e/MJ from 16 g CO2e/MJ. Biochar carbon content and yield exert the strongest influence on GHG emissions results. Results are also sensitive to biochar's ability to suppress N2O emissions and increase soil organic carbon, which are subject to high uncertainty. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Inability of hyperglycemia to counter the ability of glucagon to increase net glucose output and activate glycogen phosphorylase in the perfused rat liver

Abstract We examined the ability of hyperglycemia to alter the ability of glucagon to activate phosphorylase and stimulate glucose output in perfused rat livers. The livers were perfused with a Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing washed bovine erythrocytes and albumin at 37°C for 90 or 120 minutes. In the first 60 minutes, the livers were perfused with insulin (10 μU/mL), glucagon (11 pg/mL), and glucose (105, 230, or 440 mg/dL). In the second 30 or 60 minutes, the glucagon concentration in the perfusate was elevated to 44, 88, 176, or 352 pg/mL or the infusion of glucagon was terminated. In the presence of glucose at 105 mg/dL, the termination of glucagon infusion decreased phosphorylase activity and glucose output. In contrast, the elevation of glucagon from 11 to 352 pg/mL activated phosphorylase and increased net glucose output in a dose-dependent manner. A linear correlation was observed between net glucose output and glycogen phosphorylase activity. An elevation of the glucose concentration from 105 to 230 or 440 mg/dL decreased net glucose output from 0.81 ± 0.03 to 0.66 ± 0.09 or −0.004 ± 0.21 mg/min/100 g body weight, respectively, but did not cause significant change in phosphorylase-a activity (105 mg/dL, 50 ± 11; 230 mg/dL, 40 ± 2; 440 mg/dL, 69 ± 3 mU/mg protein). The elevation of the glucagon concentration from 11 to 88 μU/mL in the presence of glucose at 105, 230, or 440 mg/dL increased net glucose output by 0.65 ± 0.06, 0.61 ± 0.08 or 0.64 ± 0.26 mg/min/100 g body weight and raised phosphorylase-a activity by 65 ± 5, 82 ± 11, or 55 ± 4 mU/mg protein, respectively. These results suggest that hyperglycemia decreases net hepatic glucose output without changing the activity of phosphorylase-a. Further hyperglycemia does not alter the ability of glucagon to activate phosphorylase or to stimulate net hepatic glucose output.
Testosterone Regulation of Sexual Reflexes in Spinal Male Rats

Castrated male rats with complete midthoracic spinal transections were maintained on exogenous testosterone; they showed intermittent clusters of genital responses consisting of erections, quick flips, and long flips of the penis when gentle pressure was con stantly applied to its base. The number of these genital responses per 30-minute test was markedly influenced by withdrawal or administration of testosterone.
Restoration of new volcanic gas analyses from basalts of the afar region: Further evidence of CO2 -degassing trends

Abstract The restored compositions for approximately 70 new analyses reported recently for Erta'Alelava lake (LeGuern et al., 1979) are in good agreement with restored compositions (Gerlach, 1980a) based on previously published data. The results confirm earlier indications that gas collections taken at different times from the lava lake are related principally by variations in CO 2 content. Restored compositions for gas samples collected in the final stages of a November 1978 Ardoukoba eruption along the Asal Rift spreading axis resemble the Erta'Ale gases except for a much lower CO 2 content. The Ardoukoba gases fall close to a CO 2 -decreasing control line for gases with initial compositions similar to the 1971–1973 Erta'Ale gases. These results suggest that gases released from basaltic lava along zones of crustal spreading follow compositional trends dominated by changes in CO 2 content.
Economics of technological change in U.S. coal mines, 1951–1975

Abstract This paper deals with theoretical and empirical analysis of the economics of technological change (TC) in coal mines for the period 1951–1975. It divides the coal mines into underground and surface mines. The TC in underground mines is that of replacement of conventional mining machines with continuous machines and longwall techniques, whereas that in the surface mines is the adoption of power shovels and draglines with larger sized buckets and dippers (Section 2). The theoretical model (Section 3) is a dynamic S-shaped curve called a Gompertz function, and the empirical estimates (Section 4) are given in terms of regression equations based on the theory. The estimates of growth rates of adoption are based on demand or output of coal, as well as on capital and labor costs in the mines. Policy implications (Section 5) for increased market penetration of the technologies refer to government planners in terms of measures to help reduce capital costs by means of tax credit etc. and to labor unions for reductions in labor costs by wage restraint.
Some Analytical Applications of Controlled Potential Electrolysis

A relatively simple potentiostat is described which automatically performs the function of maintaining the potential of a working electrode constant at any predetermined value during the entire course of an electrolysis. The instrument is applicable with applied voltages and currents of any reasonable magnitude. Its component parts are easy to assemble, it does not require preliminary calibration, and its control sensitivity of ±0.015 v. is ample for the great majority of applications of controlled potential electrolysis. The application of controlled potential electrolysis as a convenient separation technic in connection with polarographic determinations of metals is described, and data are presented which demonstrate the utility of the method in the analysis of the Copper Group metals. As an example of the preparation of organic compounds by controlled potential electrolysis, experiments on the selective reduction of 9‐(o‐iodophenyl)‐acridine to 9‐(o‐iodophenyl)‐dihydroacridine are described. The recently developed technic of coulometric analysis with a mercury cathode at controlled potential is described. Data are presented which demonstrate the accuracy of the method for the determination of copper, bismuth, and lead. The application of the technic of coulometric analysis to the determination of the reduction states that correspond to the polarographic waves in complicated reductions at the dropping mercury electrode is discussed.
Treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a systematic review.

This systematic review addressed 3 issues regarding current treatments for chronic hepatitis C: (1) efficacy and safety in treatment-naive patients; (2) efficacy and safety in selected subgroups of patients; and (3) effects on long-term clinical outcomes. Electronic databases were searched for articles from January 1996 to March 2002. Additional articles were identified by searching references in pertinent articles and recent journals and by questioning experts. Articles were eligible for review if they reported original human data from a study that used virological, histological, or clinical outcome measures. For data collection, paired reviewers assessed the quality of each study and abstracted data. This systematic review found that the combination of high-dose peginterferon and ribavirin was more efficacious than standard interferon and ribavirin in persons infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 (sustained virologic response [SVR] rate: 42% vs. 33%) and that ranges of SVR rates were higher with peginterferon than standard interferon monotherapy in naive patients (10% to 39% vs. 3% to 19%). Reports were consistent in showing treatment with interferon and ribavirin was more efficacious than interferon monotherapy in treatment-naive persons and previous nonresponders and relapsers. Studies were moderately consistent in showing that treatment decreases the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The evidence on treatment in important subgroups was limited by a lack of randomized controlled trials. Thus, the combination of peginterferon and ribavirin was the most efficacious treatment in patients with HCV genotype 1. Long-term outcomes were improved in patients with hepatitis C who achieved an SVR with treatment.
Internal structure of electron-beam filaments

Electron beams of tW/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ (\ensuremath{\sim}0.4 MeV) which are split into filaments are produced by an inductive generator which transfers field energy to beam particles in 1-10-ns pulses. Target-damage analysis reveals the composite internal structure of each filament as a sequence of concentric circles with a discontinuous pattern. The nonuniform distribution of collectively accelerated positive ions within a filament contributes to resolve the filament structure which propagates at a speed $\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{3c}{4}$ and can cross unaffected a ${10}^{3}$-G magnetic field.
The impact of risk-taking attitudes on a land use pattern: an agent-based model of residential development

One of the biggest challenges in modeling residential development involves identifying a theory-driven representation of human behavior. In this paper, an agent-based modeling experiment that tests different conceptions of risk-explicit decision making is reported upon. The decision rules used in the model are representative of risk-taking and risk-averse attitudes. The goal of this experiment is to assess spatial consequences of employing different attitude utility functions, which reflect people's simplified psychological frames of reference for land use decision making. The experiments are performed on an artificial landscape, which is being developed by competing agents equipped with several land-related objectives and utilizing various configurations of risk-bearing attitudes. The subsequent land patterns are compared using selected spatial metrics. The results suggest that an attitude toward risk may significantly influence landscape patterns. Further investigation of psychological drivers that stan...
Artificial Neural Network Models for Pricing Initial Public Offerings

In recent times, managerial applications of neural networks, especially in the area of financial services, has received considerable attention. In this paper, neural network models are developed for a new application: the pricing of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs). Previous empirical studies provide consistent evidence of considerable inefficiency in the pricing of new issues. Neural network models using publicly available financial data as inputs are developed to price IPOs. The pricing performance and the economic benefits of the neural network models are evaluated. Significant economic gains are documented with neural networks. Several tests to establish generalizability and robustness of the results are conducted.
Skeletal alkaline phosphatase activity as a bone formation index in vitro.

Abstract These studies were intended to examine the relationship between skeletal collagen formation and skeletal alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in vitro. Embryonic chick calvaria were exposed to skeletal effectors (including high and low pH, a range of [p i ] and [Ca], PTH, NaF, etc), and collagen formation was assessed by the incorporation of 3 [H]-proline as 3 [H]-hydroxyproline ( 3 [H]-hyp). ALP activity was measured in the serum-free conditioned medium and in 20% butanol extracts of the bones. We found that ALP activity and 3 [H]-hyp incorporation were coordinately increased from pH 5.5 to pH 7.2 ( r = .99, P i ], but low [Ca] increased ALP and coordinately decreased collagen formation ( r = −.81, P 3 [H]-hyp incorporation were coordinately increased by NaF, vanadate, PGE 2 , calcitonin, and insulin, the slopes of the correlations were not the same for all effectors (eg, NaF: r = .97, P r = .95, P 3 [H]-hyp incorporation. When a variety of effectors, including low [Ca], were used to treat different groups of calvaria, ALP activity was not correlated with 3 [H]-hyp incorporation ( r = .35), but when the exposure to effectors was limited to a preincubation, or when the low [Ca] data were excluded, a correlation was observed ( r = .87, P r = .64, P r = .60, P r = .89, P 3 [H]-hyp incorporation and (2) even under conditions in which that correlation is disrupted (ie, in the presence of specific skeletal effectors), skeletal ALP is still useful as a predictive index of the capacity for in vitro calvarial collagen synthesis (ie, the predicted rate of 3 [H]-hyp incorporation if the effectors were removed).
Native American literature in collection development

Purpose – This paper aims to discusses the importance of Native American literature in library collections.Design/methodology/approach – This paper is based on research of recent articles.Findings – The paper identifies many good titles on Native Americans that deserve to be in libraries so that the history and culture of Native Americans will be available to all users.Practical implications – Libraries should identify good quality books on Native Americans and by Native Americans to add to their collections. Many are now available so that it is not difficult to find appropriate ones that reflect contemporary views of Native Americans.Originality/value – This paper pulls together a good deal of recent information on books by and about Native Americans as well as pointing to some excellent collections.
RFamide Peptides in the Leech, Hirudo medicinalis

RFamide peptides have been localized to a number of neurons of the CNS of the leech, Hirudo medicinalis , using immunocytochemical techniques. The majority of this immunoreactivity appears to be due to the peptide FMRFamide. Most of the identified RFamide immunoreactive cells are cholinergic motor neurons, though some are interneurons. Superfused FMRFamide is active on the targets of these identified neurons; in a few well studied cases, it has been possible to show that FMRFamide mimics a specific physiological action of an identified neuron on its target. In the leech as in other phyla where they occur, RFamide peptides are widely distributed in neurons, and are neuromodulators with diverse physiological effects.
Numerical simulation of fish migrations in the eastern Bering Sea

Abstract Fish migrations in the eastern Bering Sea are simulated by DYNUMES, a multispecies, biomass-based numerical ecosystem simulation model with a spatial resolution of 63.5 km. Migrations are simulated by redistributing the biomass over the grid, and are prompted by both biological and environmental (i.e., temperature) factors. The model is initialized to reproduce mean ecosystem processes. Computed monthly temperatures representative of a cold year (1976) and a warm year (1981) are then input to the model. Spatial and temporal changes among the ‘mean’, cold and warm-year simulations are evident in the spring migration patterns. Simulated onshore migrations of walleye pollock and of yellowfin and rock sole (a combined species group in the model) began 2 months later in the cold year than in the mean. Summer distribution patterns were established during the warm year one month earlier than in the mean. Groundfish survey data for yellowfin sole and pollock from 1976 and 1981 show qualitative agreement with model results.
Potential radiation control of biofouling bacteria on intake filters

Abstract The biofouling of filters at deep wells supplying water for industrial and drinking water purposes by various iron- and sulfur-reducing bacteria is a wide-spread problem in the United States and can cause serious economic losses. Among the means of control, steam heating or chemical additives can be applied only intermittently and have their own environmental impact. Preliminary studies have shown that installation of a sealed gamma radiation source may provide an alternative solution. Analysis of a range of water samples from contaminated wells identified many of the samples as rich in barsiderocapsa and barpseudomona bacteria. Static and dynamic experiments on water samples at various does and dose rates have shown that these organisms are relatively radiation-sensitive, with a lethal dose in the range of 200–400Gy (20–40kR). Since the main objective is to restrict growth or deposit of plaque on filters, dose rates of the order of 50–75 Gy/hr would be adequate. Such dose rates could be obtained with relatively weak sources, depending on filter dimensions. A conceptual design for such systems has been proposed.
Treatment of bone metastases in breast cancer: An update

Bone is the most common site of breast cancer metastases. When breast cancer has metastasized to bone, it is considered an incurable disease. Osseous metastases are associated with significant morbidities including pain, pathological fractures, hypercalcemia of malignancy, and spinal cord compression. In this setting, the palliative goals of care include preventing skeletal related events, managing complications, reducing bone pain, and improving quality of life. Antiresorptive agents such as bisphosphonates have been the mainstay of bone-directed treatment, along with radiation therapy, and surgery. Most recently, RANKL-inhibitors have become another tool in the treatment of bone metastases. This review discusses bone-modifying agents and other targeted interventions in breast cancer patients with skeletal metastases.
High-precision finite-size scaling analysis of the quantum-critical point of S=1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnetic bilayers

We use quantum Monte Carlo (stochastic series expansion) and finite-size scaling to study the quantum critical points of two $S=1∕2$ Heisenberg antiferromagnets in two dimensions: a bilayer and a Kondo-lattice-like system (incomplete bilayer), each with intraplane and interplane couplings $J$ and ${J}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$. We discuss the ground-state finite-size scaling properties of three different quantities---the Binder moment ratio, the spin stiffness, and the long-wavelength magnetic susceptibility---which we use to extract the critical value of the coupling ratio $g={J}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}∕J$. The individual estimates of ${g}_{c}$ are consistent provided that subleading finite-size corrections are properly taken into account. For both models, we find that the spin stiffness has the smallest subleading finite-size corrections; in the case of the incomplete bilayer we find that the first subleading correction vanishes or is extremely small. In agreement with predictions, we find that at the critical point the Binder ratio has a universal value and the product of the spin stiffness and the long-wavelength susceptibility scales as $1∕{L}^{2}$ with a universal prefactor. Our results for the critical coupling ratios are ${g}_{c}=2.5220(1)$ (full bilayer) and ${g}_{c}=1.3888(1)$ (incomplete bilayer), which represent improvements of more than an order of magnitude over the previous best estimates. For the correlation length exponent we obtain $\ensuremath{\nu}=0.7106(9)$, consistent with the expected three-dimensional Heisenberg universality class.
Changes in sediment redox conditions following the BP DWH blowout event

Abstract Following the blowout of the Macondo well, a pulse in sedimentation resulted in changes in sedimentary redox conditions. This is demonstrated by downcore and temporal changes in the concentration of redox sensitive metals: Mn, Re, and Cd. Sediment cores collected in the NE Gulf of Mexico (GoM) reveal increased sedimentation after the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout. The formation of mucous-rich marine snow in surface waters and subsequent rapid deposition to underlying sediments is the likely cause. Respiration of this material resulted in decreased pore-water oxygen concentration and a shoaled redoxcline, resulting in two distinct Mn peaks in sediments following the event, one typically in the top 10 mm, with the other at 20–30 mm. Most cores near the wellhead reveal this non-steady state behavior for up to two years after the event. Associated with the Mn minimum between the two Mn peaks, a modest (15–30%) enrichment of Re consistent with reducing sediments typically exists. A three-year time series of three stations following the event reveal that sediment Re increased 3–4 times compared to the pre-impact baseline value for two years, indicating sediments are increasingly more reducing for two years. In the third year, Re concentration decreased, suggesting a return towards pre-impact conditions. In select sites where the density of benthic foraminifera was determined, an assemblage-wide decrease occurred coincident with reducing conditions as determined by redox sensitive metals, demonstrating the important consequences of changing redox conditions on benthic ecosystems. Determination of redox sensitive metals will continue to constrain the temporal evolution of reducing conditions, which will serve to document the long-term effects of the spill, and the possible return to pre-event conditions.