cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of the multiple sleep latency test in disorders of excessive sleepiness

Multiple sleep latency tests were performed in 42 drug-free outpatients with excessive sleepiness: 12 narcoleptics, 9 sleep apneics, 7 primary depressives, and 14 patients with miscellaneous disorders. Among-group comparisons were made by one-way ANOVA for each nap (time-of-day effect) and using four-nap means of EEG sleep variables. Four-nap means were significantly different among groups for percent awake, percent time spent asleep, stage 1 latency, and REM latency. Of 22 significant pairwise comparisons (P < 0.05, LSD test), 77.3% occurred at 12.00 and 14.00. Depressives showed lower sleep percentage (more arousal) and fell asleep later than narcoleptics or apneics. Patients with miscellaneous disorders occupied a middle position. Sleep percentage was gradually reduced during the day in depressives but remained high or rose further in apneics, narcoleptics, and miscellaneous patients. Naps were SOREMP-positive (sleep onset REM) 60.4% of the time in narcoleptics, 25.0% in apneics, 3.5% in depressives, and 5.4% in miscellaneous patients. SOREMP distribution across naps (10.00, 12.00, 14.00 and 16.00) was 19%, 31%, 19% and 31%, respectively. REM latency was significantly shorter in narcolepsy than in apnea. If summary, results show a continuum of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), demonstrating MSLT application in the differential diagnosis of EDS and significant diurnal variation in sleep measures.
Safety Assurance of Configuration Data for Railway Signal Interlockings

The safety of railway signalling systems depends on the correctness of the programming of a logical controller known as an interlocking. Assurance of correctness is usually achieved by a combination of testing, both on simulation systems and on the target hardware, and manual or tool-assisted checking of the data, with use being made in some cases of techniques of static analysis and formal methods. The paper proposes a common model for assessing disparate techniques used as part of various proprietary systems.
The Impact of Multinational Enterprise Strategy on Indigenous Enterprises: Horizontal Spillovers and Crowding Out in Developing Countries

Under what conditions does a multinational enterprise's (MNE's) investment in a developing country produce spillovers for local firms operating in the same industry? In this paper I view firms as unique configurations of tacit and codified knowledge, and I propose that the strategies pursued by an MNE will determine whether the investment will create positive externalities, through knowledge diffusion and provision of public goods, or negative externalities, through a crowding out effect on indigenous enterprises.
Existence and Uniqueness of Minimal Realizations of Nonlinear Systems

In the theory of finite dimensional linear systems, it is well known that every input-output map that can be realized by one such system can also be realized by a system which is “minimal”, i.e. both controllable and observable. Moreover, the minimal realization of a given map is unique up to isomorphism. It is shown here that similar results hold for the class of all systems whose state space is a real analytic manifold, whose dynamics is given by a family of complete real analytic vector fields, and whose output is an arbitrary real analytic function on the state space.
Direct Time-Domain Measurements of the Pulse Amplitude Statistics of a Fiber Supercontinuum Source

We demonstrate a simple high-brightness all-fiber supercontinuum source that controllably produces amplitude-stable or unstable pulse trains. We present the first direct time-domain measurements of the amplitude statistics of a supercontinuum source in these distinct regimes.
Pesticide Concentrations in Vacuum Dust from Farm Homes: Variation between Planting and Nonplanting Seasons

The hazards of chronic low-level pesticide exposures inside homes have received little attention. Research to date does not provide answers regarding the long-term potential bioavailability of pesticides in homes and its risk factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate pesticide levels in Iowa homes during one year and assess the relationship between exposure levels and potential sources of pesticide contamination. The study involved sampling surveys of the target pesticide atrazine among 32 farm families in a three-county area of Iowa during the planting season (April–June) and nonplanting season (November-December). Dust samples were collected, and information gathered through questionnaires to evaluate pesticide migration inside homes. This study found that dust in every farm home surveyed was contaminated with atrazine during both seasons and these concentrations significantly decreased by the nonplanting season. Pesticide amounts, acreage, and spraying time determined the presence and persistence of this herbicide inside farm homes.
Improved full-color F-16A/B and F-16C/D multifunction display using a ruggedized COTS active matrix color liquid crystal display

The Improved F-16 Display Unit (DU) is the first use of a ruggedized COTS LCD in a high performance fighter application and is the first color LCD to fly in an F-16 aircraft. The Display Unit (DU) is one of two LRUs that make up the Improved Radar Electro-Optical (REO) Display Set. The second LRU is called the Electronics Unit (EU). The Improved REO Display Set flew for the first time in August of 1994 and will continue flight testing through 1995. In addition to the improved R&M features of the design, the new system provides the capability for increased performance and growth through an open systems modular architecture. This will be demonstrated during testing this year in which the improved REO Display Set will be a key component in the Air Force Reserves Integrated Electronic Combat Feasibility Assessment Project for the F-16C aircraft, by providing a consolidated color situation awareness display. The current EC LRUs are not integrated, and each EC element has its own controls and displays which are dispersed throughout the cockpit. This puts a significant burden on the pilot and limits his ability to react to various threats. The Improved REO Display Set distributed processing capabilities and color displays allow the EC horizontal situation awareness formats to be generated and consolidated on one of the REO system color LCDs through bezel switch selection of available displays. This paper presents the latest performance characteristics of the Improved Display Unit, testing results, and the design trade-offs that lead to the use of a ruggedized COTS LCD rather than a custom military LCD. Following flight testing and pilot evaluation, a decision will be made to proceed with production refinement of the ruggedized design or to transition to a custom LCD designed specifically for military use.
Peter Magolda's Proposal for an Unholy Alliance: Cautions and Considerations Regarding Collaboration Between Student Affairs and Faith-Based Student Organizations

In a recent volume of the Journal of College and Character, Peter Magolda (2010) suggested that student administration professionals and campus religious groups should strive to overcome the separation that has been observed between the groups. In the present article, the author contends that good historical, moral, and legal reasons remain for a certain amount of separation. Nonetheless, the author also suggests that Magolda’s specific proposals hold promise, and there are also historical, moral, and legal possibilities for certain types of limited and focused partnerships that should be considered.
A QSAR Approach for Estimating the Aquatic Toxicity of Soft Electrophiles [QSAR for Soft Electrophiles]

This work demonstrated that descriptors of soft electrophilicity for aromatic chemicals such as average superdelocalizability and LUMO energy could be used together with the hydrophobicity descriptor, log P, to explain the variation of acute toxicity of substituted benzenes, phenols, and anilines to fish. The hydrophobicity and soft electrophilicity descriptors were shown to be orthogonal for the 114 chemicals studied. For proelectrophiles, the structure-toxicity relationships accurately predict toxicity when the stereoelectronic parameters were computed for the metabolic activation products. The QSAR for acute toxicity using these molecular descriptors defines a toxicity plane which includes several modes of toxic action. Type (I) narcotics are chemicals located in the region of low reactivity where toxicity varies with hydrophobicity alone. Type (II) narcotics are more toxic than type (I) narcotics at similar values of log P, and the increase can be explained by stronger electronic interactions with cellular soft nucleophiles. Highly reactive soft electrophiles which have dissociating protons such as 2,4,-dinitrophenol produce symptoms of respiratory uncouplers. Those without dissociating protons produce symptoms of reactive toxicity consistent with covalent binding.
Water use physiologies of co-occurring goldenrods (Solidago juncea and S. canadensis): Implications for natural distributions.

Water use patterns and the seasonal progression of functional leaf area were determined for Solidago canadensis L. var. scabra and S. juncea Ait., two species of cooccurring goldenrods which differ in their competitive ability and distribution along soil moisture gradients. Field measurements of diurnal trends in stomatal conductances and leaf water potentials indicate little difference between the species. Laboratory gas exchange measurements of assimilation rates (13.15–13.25 micromoles CO2 m-2 sec-1), stomatal conductances (31.53–38.44 centimoles H2O m-2 sec-1), water use efficiencies (8.10–9.66 mg CO2 g H2O-1) and stomatal response to low leaf water potentials (i.e. initiation of stomatal closure at -16 to -20 bars) were also similar for the two species. Differences in their maximum functional leaf areas (421 cm2 vs 209 cm2 for S. canadensis and S. juncea, respectively, at maturity), phenologies (S. juncea flowers about one month earlier than S. canadensis) and the presence of the non-reproductive rosette habit in the dry site species (S. juncea) are probably more important in explaining the differential distributions of these two species than differences in their water use patterns.
Possible involvement of an endogenous benzodiazepine receptor ligand of the inverse agonist type in the regulation of rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep: An hypothesis

1. Rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep is a complex behavioral state characterized by desynchronized electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, postural atonia, rapid, saccadic movements of the eyes, and vivid dreaming. 2. A recently developed class of drugs, the inverse agonist beta-carboline-3-carboxylates, elicits a number of effects similar to the properties of REM sleep, such as desynchronized cortical EEG and penile erections. 3. The hypothesis is put forth that an endogenous beta-carboline-3-carboxylate exists which may initiate many aspects of REM sleep. 4. Clinical relevance of this hypothesis is discussed with regard to REM anxiety dreams, night terrors, narcolepsy, and depression.
A Dynamic Biomechanical Model of the Hand and Arm in Pistol Grip Power Hand Tool Use

Torque build-up during power hand tool operation constitutes a relatively short period of time, but its influence on muscle exertion is most significant due to repeated exposure to relatively high reaction forces. This study considers the dynamic nature of the human power hand tool operator as a single degree of freedom mechanical system. The hand is therefore represented as mass, spring and damping elements. These are dependent upon the posture used and the individual operator. An apparatus was used to obtain these elements by measuring the vibration frequency and amplitude change after an initial disturbance. Twenty-five subjects participated in the experiment. A repeated measures full factorial experiment tested the effects of gender, horizontal distance (30, 60, and 90 cm), and vertical distance (55, 93, 142, and 190 cm) on the three passive elements in the model for a pistol grip handle. The result shows that stiffness and mass moment of inertia changed by 20.6% and 44.5% respectively with vertical l...
Can choice promote Education for All? Evidence from growth in private primary schooling in India

This paper examines whether the recent growth in ‘low‐fee private’ (LFP) schools is able to promote Education for All by being accessible to the poor. Based primarily on a 13‐village survey of 250 households and visits to 26 private and government schools in rural Uttar Pradesh, India, this paper explores who ‘chooses’ private schooling, in the light of the well‐documented failure of the government school system. In particular, the paper explores the issue of whether private provision is affordable and accessible to poor rural parents. It finds that LFP school costs are unaffordable for over half of the sampled children, including the majority of low caste and Muslim families. It also finds that while LFPs are greatly preferred under current conditions, what parents actually want is a well‐functioning government school system.
Microvascular Decompression: Salient Surgical Principles and Technical Nuances

Trigeminal neuralgia is a disorder associated with severe episodes of lancinating pain in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve. Previous reports indicate that 80-90% of cases are related to compression of the trigeminal nerve by an adjacent vessel. The majority of patients with trigeminal neuralgia eventually require surgical management in order to achieve remission of symptoms. Surgical options for management include ablative procedures (e.g., radiosurgery, percutaneous radiofrequency lesioning, balloon compression, glycerol rhizolysis, etc.) and microvascular decompression. Ablative procedures fail to address the root cause of the disorder and are less effective at preventing recurrence of symptoms over the long term than microvascular decompression. However, microvascular decompression is inherently more invasive than ablative procedures and is associated with increased surgical risks. Previous studies have demonstrated a correlation between surgeon experience and patient outcome in microvascular decompression. In this series of 59 patients operated on by two neurosurgeons (JSN and PEK) since 2006, 93% of patients demonstrated substantial improvement in their trigeminal neuralgia following the procedure—with follow-up ranging from 6 weeks to 2 years. Moreover, 41 of 66 patients (approximately 64%) have been entirely pain-free following the operation. In this publication, video format is utilized to review the microsurgical pathology of this disorder. Steps of the operative procedure are reviewed and salient principles and technical nuances useful in minimizing complications and maximizing efficacy are discussed.
Mechanical properties of molybdenum alloyed liquid phase-sintered tungsten-based composites

Tungsten-based composites are fabricated from mixed elemental powders using liquid phase sintering, usually with a nickel-iron matrix. During sintering, the tungsten undergoes grain growth, leading to microstructure coarsening that lowers strength but increases ductility. Often the desire is to increase strength at the sacrifice of ductility, and historically, this has been performed by postsintering deformation. There has been considerable research on alloying to adjust the as-sintered mechanical properties to match those of swaged alloys. Prior reports cover many additions, seemingly including much of the periodic table. Unfortunately, many of the modified alloys proved disappointing, largely due to degraded strength at the tungsten-matrix interface. Of these modified alloys, the molybdenum-containing systems exhibit a promising combination of properties, cost, and processing ease. For example, the 82W-8Mo-7Ni-3Fe alloy gives a yield strength that is 34% higher than the equivalent 90W-7Ni-3Fe alloy (from 535 to 715 MPa) but with a 33% decrease in fracture elongation (from 30 to 20% elongation). This article reports on experiments geared to promoting improved properties in the W-Mo-Ni-Fe alloys. However, unlike the prior research which maintained a constant Ni + Fe content and varied the W:Mo ratio, this study considers the Mo:(Ni + Fe) ratio effect for 82, 90,more » and 93 wt pct W.« less
Electromagnetic cavity to explore disordered systems

Abstract In the course of characterizing an electromagnetic cavity we have come to understand details of transmission and reflection traces, some of which may be useful as tools to investigate local modes in random media. We have demonstrated quantitative agreement of frequency shift observations with theory, have demonstrated that the spatial distribution of electric and magnetic fields can be measured using insulating and conducting spheres, and have used perturbation due to wires and disks to demonstrate the local direction of electric and magnetic fields. We have observed that not only frequency shifts but also spatial shifts of modes can be used to observe the intensity of interaction of modes with extended objects in the cavity.
Charging of polymer particles in nonaqueous liquid with carboxylic acid charge additives

Abstract The effect of added carboxylic acids on electrical charging of polymeric particles dispersed in aliphatic hydrocarbon media was examined. The particles are charged by the addition of an ionic surfactant which forms inverse micelles in the hydrocarbon carrier and which serves as counterions to the particles. The particles containing carboxylic acids which are substituted with electron-withdrawing groups have increased positive charge compared to particles without acid. Charging is shown to result from solubilization of the acids into the surfactant inverse micelles and is dependent on both the strength and the structure of the acids.
How to remunerate ramping services

This paper studies the optimal procurement of ramping reserves and the comparison of the timing of compensation between real time versus day ahead reserve payments for ramping. We develop the extension of a model that considers a two settlement market in which ramping reserves are determined using a stochastic program. We compare different alternatives for compensation (e.g. paying opportunity cost to limit the speculation in the market, or difference between nodal prices and offers made) As per economic theory, mechanisms like the first one provide proper incentives. In the meantime, the second compensation above suggested may lead to too much speculation and fewer reserves that may render the system n-1 not secure. We recommend to use pre-payment of reserves, mainly due to the issues that arise in determining a fair compensation for real time settlement due to the non-linearities of the system.
Toward high-quality modal contact sound

Contact sound models based on linear modal analysis are commonly used with rigid body dynamics. Unfortunately, treating vibrating objects as "rigid" during collision and contact processing fundamentally limits the range of sounds that can be computed, and contact solvers for rigid body animation can be ill-suited for modal contact sound synthesis, producing various sound artifacts. In this paper, we resolve modal vibrations in both collision and frictional contact processing stages, thereby enabling non-rigid sound phenomena such as micro-collisions, vibrational energy exchange, and chattering. We propose a frictional multibody contact formulation and modified Staggered Projections solver which is well-suited to sound rendering and avoids noise artifacts associated with spatial and temporal contact-force fluctuations which plague prior methods. To enable practical animation and sound synthesis of numerous bodies with many coupled modes, we propose a novel asynchronous integrator with model-level adaptivity built into the frictional contact solver. Vibrational contact damping is modeled to approximate contact-dependent sound dissipation. Results are provided that demonstrate high-quality contact resolution with sound.
Cleaning up our act: germ consciousness in America. [Review of: Tomes, N. The gospel of germs: men, women, and the microbe in American life. Harvard University Press, 1998].

despite repeated assurances from experts, many Americans continue to worry that any exposure to people with AIDS, or even the objects they touch, could infect them with the disease. For those who carry the virus, this unshakable faith in the dangers of casual infection has caused untold misery and cruelty. With no intention of excusing that cruelty, this book nonetheless attempts to understand the fears that have possessed so many Americans in the face of the AIDS epidemic. (p. 1)
Kinetic Studies of Cdk5/p25 Kinase: Phosphorylation of Tau and Complex Inhibition by Two Prototype Inhibitors

Cdk5/p25 is a member of the family of cyclin-dependent, Ser/Thr kinases and is thought to play a causal role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) due to its ability to phosphorylate the protein tau, and thus promote the latter’s aggregation into intraneuronal tangles. Given this, we and others are seeking inhibitors of cdk5/p25 as possible disease-modifying therapeutics for AD. In this paper, we first report the kinetic mechanism for the cdk5/p25-catalyzed phosphorylation of tau and histone H-1-derived peptide (H1P). These studies served as a necessary kinetic backdrop for investigations of the mechanism of inhibition by prototype inhibitors N4-(6-aminopyrimidin-4-yl)-sulfanilamide (APS) and 1-(5-cyclobutyl-thiazol-2-yl)-3-isoquinolin-5-yl-urea (CTIU). We found that the cdk5/p25-catalyzed phosphorylation of tau follows a rapid equilibrium, random kinetic mechanism, as evidenced by initial velocity analysis indicating sequential addition of tau and ATP, and studies of the mechanism of inhibition by substrate analog...
Radiation therapy of seminoma: 17-year experience at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy.

Abstract One hundred and sixteen patients with stage I and II primary testicular seminoma were treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy (JCRT) between 1968 and 1984. Complete follow-up is available for 114 patients (98%) with a median follow-up time of 6 years. Actuarial relapse-free survival (RFS) and survival for the entire group at 10 years were 94 and 86 %, respectively, with 27 patients still at risk beyond 10 years. Actuarial RFS and survival at 10 years by stage were 97 and 92% for stage I, 93 and 81% for stage Ila, 100 and 100% for stage IIb, but only 75 and 51% for stage IIc. The difference in actuarial survival between stage IIc patients and stage I, Ila and IIb patients was significant ( p
Cortisol levels during the menopausal transition and early postmenopause: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study.

Objective: Cortisol levels rise among some women during the late stage of the menopausal transition (MT), but we know little about changes in cortisol levels in relation to menopause-related factors (MT stage, urinary estrone glucuronide [E1G], testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]), stress-related factors (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and perceived stress), symptoms (hot flashes, mood, memory, and sleep), social factors (income adequacy, role burden, social support, employment, parenting, and history of sexual abuse), and health-related factors (depressed mood, perceived health, physical appraisal, body mass index, and smoking). The aim of the study was to examine the influence of menopause-related factors, stress-related factors, symptoms, social factors, and health-related factors on cortisol levels during the MT. Methods: Participants were a subset of Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study who provided data during the late reproductive, early and late MT stages, or early postmenopause and who were not using hormone therapy or corticosteroids (N = 132 women, up to 5,218 observations). Data provided included menstrual calendars for staging the MT, annual health reports, health diaries, and overnight urine specimens (assayed for cortisol, catecholamines, E1G, and FSH) between 1990 and 2005 were included. Perceived stress, symptoms, and health behaviors were assessed in a health diary. Health-related and social factors were assessed in an annual health update. Multilevel modeling was used to test the effects of menopause-related and other factors on overnight cortisol levels. Results: When tested with age as a measure of time, menopause-related covariates, including E1G, FSH, and testosterone, were associated with significant increases in overnight cortisol levels (P < 0.0001). Likewise, epinephrine and norepinephrine were each associated significantly with overnight cortisol levels (P < 0.0001). In multivariate analyses, E1G, FSH, and testosterone constituted the best set of predictors. Conclusions: Overnight cortisol levels during the MT were associated with E1G, testosterone, and FSH levels. In addition, they were significantly and positively associated with epinephrine and norepinephrine. MT stage, symptoms, and social, stress-related, and health-related factors had little relationship to overnight cortisol levels when other biological indicators were considered.
Physiologic characterisation of glioblastoma multiforme using MRI-based hypoxia mapping, chemical shift imaging, perfusion and diffusion maps.

Abstract Purpose A multiparametric, physiologic MRI approach was considered to more completely characterise biopsy-confirmed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Chemical shift imaging (CSI) supplied biochemical information in metabolite ratios, while perfusion images provided data on presumed vascularity from regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and permeability maps. Diffusion-weighted images were reduced to apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps to evaluate cellularity, and blood oxygen level-dependent imaging was used to create maps of putative hypoxic regions. Methods Six post-treatment GBM patients were scanned at 3-month intervals until recurrence was suggested by conventional MRI parameters, yielding 20 scans for consideration. The percentage of extreme values in each technique that overlapped with other parameters was measured and compared across hemispheres to assess utility. Results We found significantly better performance in selecting the diseased hemisphere for overall percent overlap when compared to voxel counts from individual thresholded parameter maps. Parameters were selected on the basis of highest overlap, and corresponding composite overlap maps show increased specificity to likely recurrent regions by reducing the number of falsely positive voxels, and offer insight into relationships between various parameters. Conclusion In a pilot group of patients, percent overlap appears to be sensitive to recurrent disease. When used to combine multiple parameters, voxels containing overlap can specifically target probable recurrent areas.
Inhibitory effect of acetazolamideon the active chloride and bicarbonate transport mechanisms across short-circuited turtle bladders

Abstract Acetazolamide added to the serosal fluid, at a final concentration of 0.1 mM, inhibits the active transport of Cl− and HCO3− across the short-circuited turlte bladder. When bladders are bathed on both mucosal and serosal surfaces by Na+-free choline Ringer solutions containing Cl− and HCO3−, the net Cl− flux (m to s) accounts for only half of the short-circuiting current. If HCO3− is removed from the mucosal fluid the net Cl− flux accounts for all of the short-circuiting current. In the experiments presented in this report both the net Cl− flux and the short-circuiting current were inhibited by acetazolamide. When Cl− was replaced by SO42− in the Na+-free choline Ringer the short-circuiting current associated with the presence of HCO3− in the bathing fluids was also inhibited by addition of acetazolamide to the serosal fluid. These inhibitory effects could be reversed in most of the experiments. Previous work has shown that ouabain-treated bladders in Na+-rich ambient media were indistinguishable from untreated bladders in Na+-free (choline) ambient media. This finding was confirmed. In this connection, acetazolamide inhibited, in the same quantitative and qualitative fashion, the active transport of Cl− and HCO3− in ouabain-treated Na+-rich preparations as well as in Na+-free preparations. Acetazolamide fails to inhibit both moieties, the Mg2+-dependent and the ( Na + + K + -stimulated, of the ATPase activity found in the microsomes of the turtle bladder. A relation between the active transport of Cl− and HCO3− and the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is difficult to entertain at this poitn since homogenates of the turtle bladder do not possess carbonic anhydrase activity.
Approximate thermodynamical treatment of the Coulomb gap

Abstract In disordered systems, in which transport occurs by hopping between localized states, both Pollak and Efros and Shklovskii have pointed out that conduction could be greatly affected by the electron-electron repulsion, opening the so-called Coulomb gap in the one-electron density of states, N(E). The aim of this paper is to represent the effect of the Coulomb gap on the free energy, F. F is expressed in terms of an unknown correlation length, r0. Minimization of F with respect to r0 yields r 0 ∝ T −1, divergent at zero temperature, T. Owing to this singularity in the correlation length, models for transport must be based on finite temperature structure, as finite temperature conditions are not representable as small departures from those at zero temperature. The density of states at the Fermi level obtained by this treatment is in agreement with Efros and with recently published results of Mogilyanski.
Variance of Vehicle Change Intervals

A statistical analysis is presented of the length in time of the vehicle change interval, i.e., the sum of the yellow and all red times, for an approach to a signalized intersection. The analysis is based on a widely utilized equation for computing the required length of time of the vehicle change interval. Vehicle speed on the approach to the intersection is found, surprisingly, to make a negligible contribution to the variance of this time, while vehicle deceleration is found to be very important. The results of the statistical analysis reveal that the application of the standard equation for the length of the vehicle change interval by the traffic engineer is misleading in terms of the traffic situation it truly represents.
Energy harvesting: an integrated view of materials, devices and applications

Energy harvesting refers to the set of processes by which useful energy is captured from waste, environmental, or mechanical sources and is converted into a usable form. The discipline of energy harvesting is a broad topic that includes established methods and materials such as photovoltaics and thermoelectrics, as well as more recent technologies that convert mechanical energy, magnetic energy and waste heat to electricity. This article will review various state-of-the-art materials and devices for direct energy conversion and in particular will include multistep energy conversion approaches. The article will highlight the nano-materials science underlying energy harvesting principles and devices, but also include more traditional bulk processes and devices as appropriate and synergistic. Emphasis is placed on device-design innovations that lead to higher efficiency energy harvesting or conversion technologies ranging from the cm/mm-scale down to MEMS/NEMS (micro- and nano-electromechanical systems) devices. Theoretical studies are reviewed, which address transport properties, crystal chemistry, thermodynamic analysis, energy transfer, system efficiency and device operation. New developments in experimental methods; device design and fabrication; nanostructured materials fabrication; materials properties; and device performance measurement techniques are discussed.
Confronting Homophobia at School: High School Students and the Gay Men's Chorus of Los Angeles.

This study discusses student responses to curriculum taught by the Gay Men's Chorus of Los Angeles to choral students in local high schools. The Gay Men's Chorus of Los Angeles's A-LIVE Music Project brings live music and standards-driven curriculum to high school youth with the express purpose of teaching content in innovative ways and encouraging students to think critically and reflect personally. This study summarizes open-ended qualitative questions from pre- and post-assessment surveys, and investigates how students bring to school their constructed meanings of gender, race, sexuality, and class, and how the implementation of the Project changed students’ views of misogyny, racism, homophobia, and classism.
Kinetics of biosynthesis of polyene macrolide antibiotics in batch cultures: Cell maturation time

The changes in several parameters of the candicidin fermentation (total, mycelium-associated, and extracellular product formation; growth rate; DNA content; glucose utilization; dissolved oxygen in the broth; and oxygen uptake rate) during the trophophase-idiophase transition are compared with previously reported data for the polyene macrolides, candidin and candihexin. The maturation time, tm, and the productformation rate constant, kp, have been calculated for each of the three polyene macrolides using a simple mathematical model. Slow-feeding of glucose, which resulted in candidin and candihexin overproduction has been shown to increase the polyene formation rate constant and toretard trophophase to idiophase transition (longer maturation time). The opposite effect is achieved by repeated feeding of soybean meal. The values of the maturation times and polyene formation rates obtained were used to predict the production of polyene macrolide antibiotics in batch cultures.
Teacher Use of Creativity-Enhancing Activities in Chinese and American Elementary Classrooms

The purpose of these exploratory studies was to examine Chinese and American elementary teachers’ perceptions of how various classroom activities contribute to student creativity, and how often teachers report engaging their students in these activities. Third, fourth, and fifth grade teachers in the Midwestern United States (N = 51) and in Shaanxi Province, China (N = 51) were surveyed about their classroom activities and their perceptions of these activities on student creativity. Results of independent sample t-tests indicated that Chinese teachers believed routine and fun classroom activities contributed more to student creativity than American teachers. In addition, Chinese teachers indicated that their students more often participated in fun classroom activities than American teachers. Results call into question assumptions about differences between Chinese and American classrooms and instruction.
On Optimal Scheduling Algorithms for Time-Shared Systems

The problem of fmdlng those optimum scheduling algorithms for time-shared systems that mlmmize a cost function that depends on waiting time and required service time IS considered An optimality condmon which sometimes leads to infeasible algorithms is established The procedure is unproved upon by use of a mathematical programming technique but still does not always generate feasible algorithms. These results are used as upper bounds on the performance of known feasible algorithms so that it is possible to evaluate how close to optimal the present algorithms come.
Measuring medication: do interviews agree with medical record and pharmacy data?

BACKGROUND. Medication measurement is crucial in assessing quality for chronic conditions yet agreement of alternate data sources remains uncertain. OBJECTIVES. To evaluate medication agreement between interviews, medicalrecords, and pharmacy data; to assess data source contribution to attributing medication exposure; and to describe the impact of combining data sources on models that predict medication use. RESEARCH DESIGN. Prospective cohort study. SUBJECTS. Probability sample of HIV-infected participants in the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study. MEASURES. Medications reported in 2267 interviews, 1936 medical records, and 457 pharmacy records were compared using crude agreement, kappa, and the proportion of average positive and negative agreement. The percent of medications reported in each source alone was used to assess their relative contribution to attributing exposure status. We performed weighted logistic regression in alternate data sources. RESULTS. Kappa varied from 0.38 for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors to 0.70 for protease inhibitors, when comparing drug classes in interview versus medical record, interview versus pharmacy data, and medical record versus pharmacy data. The percentage of medications reported in medical records was greater than that reported in interviews or pharmacy data. Pharmacy data contributed little to the attribution of medication exposure. Adding medication data to interview data did not appreciably change analytic models predicting medication use. CONCLUSIONS. For specific medications, agreement between alternative data sources is fair to substantial, but is lower for key drug classes. Relying on one data source may lead to misclassification of drug exposure status, but combining data sources does not change the results of analytic models predicting appropriate medication use.
Effects of Pets versus People Visits with Nursing Home Residents

Abstract This study sought to isolate the value of a pet, using pet facilitated therapy, within long term care facilities, to answer the question as to whether the visits themselves may be the contributing factor to changes in outcome or the pet itself. Residents in two long-term care settings were compared. Using the Geriatric Depression Scale and Profile of Mood Disorders to assess changes over a six-month period, one patient group received visits from volunteers who brought a dog; a matched group received visits without a dog. Results show a significant, positive change in mood for those receiving visits from volunteers with a dog. While there was a similar trend in depression, the differences were not significant.
The case for iron

Excess major nutrients occur in offshore areas ranging from the tropical equatorial Pacific to the polar Antarctic. In spite of the great ecological differences in these environments, the authors believe they share a common trait: iron deficiency. Here they present the case of iron; they point out that all of these areas are far from Fe-rich terrestrial sources and that atmospheric dust loads in these regions are among the lowest in the world. The authors summarize experiments performed in three nutrient-rich areas: The Gulf of Alaska, the Ross Sea, and the equatorial Pacific. In general, populations without added Fe doubled at rates 11-40% of the expected maxima at various temperatures. The additions of nanomole quantities of Fe increased these doubling rates by factors of 2-3. In spite of the lack of Fe, tightly coupled phytoplankton/zooplankton communities seem to inhabit these major nutrient-rich areas. Since Fe is required for the synthesis of chlorophyll and nitrate reductase, little chlorophyll is found and NH{sub 3} is the favored N source. Normal rate values of specific productivity indicate that these populations are healthy, but limited by the insufficient Fe supply. When Fe becomes available either artificially in bottle experiments or in the environment asmore » Fe-rich land masses are approached, diatoms quickly bloom, chlorophyll levels increase, and nutrient stocks are rapidly depleted. These combined results indicate that Fe availability is the primary factor controlling phytoplankton production in nutrient-rich areas of the open sea.« less
Numerical Simulations for Large Deformation of Granular Materials Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Method

AbstractApplication of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method to the simulation of granular materials under large deformation is presented. The Drucker–Prager constitutive model with nonassociated flow rule is implemented in the SPH formulations to model granular flow in a continuum framework. The model developed is validated by experiments on the collapse of two-dimensional granular columns as reported in the literature. Simulations of the collapse of three-dimensional axisymmetric sand columns with various aspect ratios are also conducted. Numerical results of the granular flow pattern, final runout distance, final deposit height, and nondeformed region are in good agreement with the experimental observations as reported in the literature. It is suggested that despite being a continuum-scale model, the SPH model developed can be used to effectively simulate large deformation and dense flow of granular materials, and geomaterials in general, if proper constitutive models are implemented. The mo...
Cyclic AMP stimulated protein kinase activity within the secretory vesicle fraction of rat islets.

The isolated rat islet secretory vesicle fraction (24,000xg) was incubated with gamma [32P ATP] and the TCA-insoluble material was pelleted. The pellet was acid hydrolyzed, lyophilized, redissolved, then subjected to two-dimensional chromatographic separation. Two labeled compounds were identified, i.e., phosphoserine and inorganic phosphorus. With the addition of cyclic AMP (3.5 × 10−6M), there was a 235% increase in phosphoserine radioactivity (P<.01) within endogenous protein subunits. When histones were added to the incubation media, the addition of cyclic AMP resulted in a threefold increase in phosphoserine radioactivity in the TCA-insoluble material (P<.01). A comparison was made of cyclic AMP-stimulated protein kinase activity in the homogenate and various islet subcellular fractions. Cyclic AMP-stimulated protein kinase activity is associated with the 24,000xg (secretory vesicle) fraction.
Intralist association in paired-associate learning

An associative-mediation hypothesis predicts that associations between stimuli sharing a common response will facilitate learning, while the same associations between stimuli or responses paired with different responses or stimuli will interfere with learning. An experiment was conducted to test each of these predictions. In Exp. I, four pairs of strong bi-directional associates were learned as stimuli to digit responses; the members of each pair were assigned a common response. Control lists were constructed by substituting a nonassociated word for one member of each pair of associates. Intralist association significantly facilitated learning. In Exp. II, the same words were employed as stimuli or responses to digits, but each word was paired with a unique digit. Under these conditions, intralist association significantly retarded learning.
CO2-Expanded Solvents: Unique and Versatile Media for Performing Homogeneous Catalytic Oxidations

The work summarized here demonstrates a new concept for exploiting dense phase CO2, media considered to be “green” solvents, for homogeneous catalytic oxidation reactions. According to this concept, the conventional organic solvent medium used in catalytic chemical reactions is replaced substantially (up to 80 vol %) by CO2, at moderate pressures (tens of bars), to create a continuum of CO2-expanded solvent media. A particular benefit is found for oxidation catalysis; the presence of CO2 in the mixed medium increases the O2 solubility by ca. 100 times compared to that in the neat organic solvent while the retained organic solvent serves an essential role by solubilizing the transition metal catalyst. We show that CO2-expanded solvents provide optimal properties for maximizing oxidation rates that are typically 1−2 orders of magnitude greater than those obtained with either the neat organic solvent or supercritical CO2 as the reaction medium. These advantages are demonstrated with examples of homogeneous o...
The Thickness of Deep Seismic Zones

SEISMIC ray tracing1–4 has shown that the slabs of lithosphere which descend into the mantle in subduction zones are approximately 80 km thick. Within these slabs there are thin zones in which earthquakes occur5. Here I estimate the thickness of the seismic zone in Tonga as ∼11 km, from the source dimensions of the large intermediate earthquakes.
Sex Differences in the Perception of Romantic Love-Mate Attraction:

Summary.-A sample of 450 male and 450 female single young adults were questioned as to whether they regarded romantic love-mate attraction as (a) easier for men than for women, (b) easier for women than for men, or (c) equally difficult for men and women. For both the males and females surveyed, the "equally difficult" alternative was endorsed the most frequently, the "easier for women" alternative the next most frequently, and the "easier for men" alternative the least frequently. The significant difference between the two distributions reflects a greater tendency among male than among female respondents to see mate attraction as easier for women. The results are thus contradictive of sexist attitudes of male supremacy in young people of both sexes, at least as far as the interpersonal marketplace is concerned. Directions for future research are outlined. Stimulated in part by humanist influences within the field as well as in the culture at large, there is now a considerable body of social psychological literature on the dynamics of interpersonal attraction and intimate relationships (1, 2). Inquiry has hardly begun, however. into individual differences in the perception of love-mate attraction. In view of the potential utility of such research for contributing to our understanding of communication and adjustment, the present study was designed to provide some exploratory data on one fundamental aspect of attitudes toward the development of liking and loving. Specifically, a survey was conducted to investigate how, if at all, men and women differ in their perceptions of the comparative status of men and women in the interpersonal marketplace. Respondents were 450 female and 450 male single, young, adult college students ranging in age from 17 to 30 yr. The sample was drawn randomly from classes taught in several different disciplines at three different community colleges and three different universities in the San Francisco Bay area. Approximately one-sixth (n = 75) of both the male and female respondents were recruited from each of the six campuses in an attempt to enhance the representativeness of the sample. All respondents were asked to fill out anonymously a brief survey form requiring them to indicate age, sex, and answer to the question, "Generally speaking, which of the following do you feel is the most nearly true? (a) It is easier for men to win the romantic love attraction of women than vice versa. (b) It is easier for women to win the romantic love attraction of men than vice versa, or (c) It is equally difficult for men and women to win romantic love attraction." Of the 450 males queried, 28 or 6.22% reported that they felt romantic attraction of a love-mate is easier for men than for women, 204 or 45.3% indicated that they felt such attraction is easier for women than for men, and 218 or 48.44% of them indicated the belief that romantic love attraction is equally difficult for men and women. By comparison, of the 450 female respondents, 64 or 14.22% replied that they felt such
An axiomatic derivation of subjective probability, utility, and evaluation functions

Subjective expected utility maximization is derived from four axioms, using an argument based on the separating hyperplane theorem. It is also shown that the first three of these axioms imply a more general maximization formula, involving an evaluation function, which can still serve as a basis for decision analysis.