cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NIST SRM 1945, whale blubber, NIST SRM 1974a, organics in mussel tissue, and NIST SRM 1941a, organics in marine sediment as certified reference materials for polychlorinated dioxins and furans in marine ecosystems

Few natural matrix Standard Reference Materials are available for the validation of analytical methods measuring polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDDs and PCDFs) in marine ecosystems. The concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs in NIST SRM 1945, SRM 1974a, and SRM 1941a are of interest because the analysis of marine mammal, mussel tissues and sediments have become important tools in the determination of organochlorine contamination of the environment. Because these SRMs have been demonstrated to be homogenous for other organic contaminants, they would be expected to be reliable standards for validation of polychlorinated dioxins and furans in marine mammals, mussels and sediments as well.
Heat transfer of combined free and forced convection in circular and sector tubes

The heat transfer problems of combined free and forced convection by a fully developed laminar flow in a vertical tube and a vertical sector channel of linear axial wall temperature gradient with and without heat generation are treated. By means of a complex function the coupled momentum and energy equations are combined in the form of a wave equation in the complex domain. Exact solutions are then established in terms of Bessel and associated functions. Some numerical calculations and discussions are also included.
Libertarianism, Compatibilism, and Luck

The “problem of present luck” (Mele, Free Will and Luck, chapters 3 and 5) targets a standard libertarian thesis about free will. It has been argued that there is an analogous problem about luck for compatibilists. This article explores similarities and differences between the alleged problems.
A comparison of physical and mechanical properties of polyimide films containing different metal ions

Metal ions have been incorporated into linear polyimide films in order to improve the potential of these materials for applications in space. Various metals such as Al, Pd, Ag, Au, and Sn in a variety of chemical states were added to a polyamic acid prepared from 3,3′, 4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride and 4,4′-oxydianiline. Films of the metal ion-filled polyamic acids were prepared and cured to the corresponding polymides by heating at 300°C in air. The cured films were characterized for such properties as glass transition temperature, electrical conductivity, and thermal stability. Modulii and tensile strengths of the metal-containing polymide films were obtained at both ambient and elevated temperatures. Comparison of the physical and mechanical properties of these polyimide films as a function of metal additive is made.
Effects of Annealing and Pressure on Devitrification and Mechanical Properties of Amorphous Al 87 Ni 7 Gd 6

Annealing studies at different temperatures, as well as those conducted with 940 MPa hydrostatic pressure, were conducted on amorphous ribbons of Al87Ni7Gd6. The studies were performed to investigate the evolution of structure under different conditions and to particularly examine the effects of superimposed hydrostatic pressure during annealing. This amorphous alloy devitrifies at low temperatures via the precipitation of nano-crystalline α-Al particles. The effects of these various exposures on the amount of devitrification have been quantified using a variety of analytical techniques (i.e., X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)). In addition, the effects of devitrification on the mechanical properties have been quantified using microhardness indentation and uniaxial tension tests.
A linearisation of the maximum entropy formalism using separable programming

The maximum entropy principle is a standard tool for the calibration of non–linear programming models which are frequently used for policy analysis. The information entropy function is concave and separable. In this paper, we derive a linear approximation of the entropy using separable programming. As we demonstrate, our linear entropy formulation is useful for the calibration of separable non–linear models of very large scale. To demonstrate, we solve both an ill–posed and a well–posed inverse problem and we analyse the sensitivity of the results on the number of breakpoints of the piecewise linear approximation.
Effect of pharmacologic increases in afterload on left ventricular rotation and strain in a rabbit model.

Background Assessment of left ventricular rotational mechanics and myocardial deformation may provide new insight into both systolic and diastolic function. However, the effects of increasing afterload on these measures of cardiac function are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to identify the changes in left ventricular function and rotational mechanics during increasing pharmacologic afterload. Methods In 14 anesthetized rabbits, two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiographic images and left ventricular pressure-volume loops were acquired at baseline and during norepinephrine, phenylephrine, and vasopressin infusion at increasing doses. Maximal ventricular elastance, arterial elastance, ventricular-arterial coupling, dP/dt, the time constant of relaxation, and other hemodynamic parameters were determined. Results An increase in dP/dt max with norepinephrine and phenylephrine and a decrease with vasopressin at escalating doses were detected. Ventricular-arterial coupling was preserved with norepinephrine and phenylephrine but decreased with vasopressin ( P P r = 0.84 and r = 0.81) and dP/dt max ( r = −0.81 and r = −0.77). High-dose vasopressin decreased the diastolic time constant of relaxation and dP/dt min while reducing apical untwisting rate. Conclusions Pharmacologic increases in afterload with vasopressin resulted in greater derangements in ventricular-arterial coupling and cardiac performance compared with norepinephrine and phenylephrine. Rotation and strain correlated well with invasively determined measures and can be used to assess afterload-induced alteration in cardiac function.
Research on Web Search Behavior.

This article reviews studies, conducted between 1995 and 2000, on Web search behavior. These studies reported on children as well as on adults. Most of the studies on children described their interaction with the Web. Research on adult searchers focused on describing search patterns, and many studies investigated effects of selected factors on search behavior, including information organization and presentation, type of search task, Web experience, cognitive abilities, and affective states. What distinguishes the research on adult searchers is the use of multiple data-gathering methods. The research on Web search behavior reflects researchers' commitment to examine users in their information environment and exhibits rigor in design and data analysis. However, many studies lack external validity. Implications of this body of research are discussed.
Spectral evidence of volcanic cryptodomes on the northern plains of Mars

Abstract The composition and detailed morphology of dome-shaped features located in western Arcadia Planitia and just west of Utopia Planitia were examined in this study utilizing data from Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Mars Odyssey sensors. The domes have diameters averaging 1.5 km and heights averaging 160 m, and are generally dark-toned, although some are lighter toned or have split dark and light-toned surfaces. The domes are surrounded by annular deposits comprising, with increasing distance from the domes, dark-toned aprons, light-toned aureoles, and dark-toned aureoles. Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) data over several areas in the western Arcadia region show that spectra from the flanks of several domes have 1 and 2 μm absorption features consistent with the presence of olivine and a high-Ca pyroxene, nominally augite. Modified Gaussian Model (MGM) analysis of these spectra indicates Fe-rich olivine compositions. The tops of domes and the aprons surrounding many domes have negative sloping flat spectra in the near infrared, which is consistent with tachylite-rich, glassy compositions. High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) images over several domes indicate that relatively high thermal inertia values associated with the tops of domes can be attributed to boulder strewn surfaces. HiRISE images also reveal that light-toned aureoles around domes consist of crenulated ground resembling “brain terrain” textures previously described for ice-rich concentric crater fill elsewhere on the northern plains. The plains surrounding the domes also display lineations that are interpreted to be lava channels or tubes. The combination of volcanic and ice-related features are consistent with the domes having formed as cryptodomes in the near sub-surface. We suggest that the domes could be basaltic in composition if the magmas were degassed and/or highly crystallized, and thus more viscous than typical basaltic magmas. The intrusion of these magmas into an ice-rich horizon would have produced a pervasively jointed chilled margin on the domes, which, once the domes were exposed, would have mechanically weathered to form the dark aprons. The domes could have served as local centers for ice accumulation during periods of high orbital obliquity, which ultimately would have led to the formation of the “brain terrain” surrounding the features. The domes represent late stage volcanic products on the northern plains of Mars and associated features provide more evidence for the role that ice accumulation and modification has played in recent martian history.
Hydrogen diffusion in aluminum

Although the diffusivity of hydrogen in aluminum has been measured by several different authors, there is essentially no mutual agreement and the sets of data are separated by orders of magnitude. There is little doubt these mass-flow determinations of the H-diffusivity are subject to great uncertainties connected with the presence of the surface oxide layer, as has been discussed recently in general by Volkl and Alefeld and more specifically for the Fe-H system by Kiuchi and McLellan. However, recent discussions of the thermodynamic behavior of H in the noble metals have pointed out the possibility of H-vacancy interactions being reflected in the observed solubility and diffusivity of H in these metals; the H-Al system is a prime candidate in which the manifestation of such H-vacancy interactions would be expected. This possibility has been made more probable by the recent measurements of Hashimoto and Kino of the diffusivity of H through Al foils. These authors used a permeation technique in which the H-permeation rate through Al foils was measured by the change in H/sup +//sub 2/ ion current detected by a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The samples were lightly abraded before mounting in the UHV (2.6 x 10/sup -8/ Pa) measuring system.more » Diffusivities measured in the range 573-673 K using foils of differing thickness indicated that surface effects had been obviated. This note discusses findings on the H-Al system in terms of the kinetic behavior predicted for solutions of H in metals where there is a high concentration of vacancies in thermal equilibrium.« less
Electrochemical Behavior of Steel in Concrete as a Result of Chloride Diffusion into Concrete: Part 2

Abstract Penetration of chloride salts into concrete from sources such as deicing-salts or sea water causes a severe corrosion problem to reinforcing steel. In this paper, the effect of salt penetr...
Trichloroacetate stimulation of liver DNA synthesis in male and female mice.

Abstract Male and female B6C3F1 mice were given trichloroacetate (TCA) by gavage for 11 days. Livers from untreated male and female mice were unremarkable by histopathologic examination. In livers from mice receiving 1000 mg/kg body weight, the centrolobular hepatic cords showed slight changes, which included increased eosinophilic staining and rare apoptosis. Areas in the intermediate zone were noted where the architecture of the liver hepatic cords was subtly changed. The changes in cord architecture seemed to define nodular areas where cellular proliferation in animals treated with TCA had occurred. No histopathologic differences were noted between the livers of treated or control, male and female animals. Mitosis and DNA synthesis were examined using incorporation of 3 H]thymidine into liver cells. 3 H]Thymidine incorporation into extracted liver DNA of animals receiving TCA was significantly increased over controls in all treatment groups. Autoradiographic examination of liver sections showed that the incorporation of label in control animals was predominantly in peri-sinusoidal cells, whereas the majority of radiolabel incorporation in TCA-treated animals was found in intermediate zone cells that appeared to be mature hepatocytes. No outstanding differences in the distribution of radiolabel in the liver sections from male or female mice were noted. When incorporation of 3 H]thymidine was quantified by enumeration of labeled liver cells following autoradiography, incorporation of the radiolabel into hepatocytes increased with the dose of TCA given but there was no increase in radiolabel in peri-sinusoidal cells. Increased mitotic figures in intermediate zone cells resembling mature hepatocytes were noted in all mice treated with TCA. These results suggest that increased DNA synthesis and mitosis may contribute tumorigenesis by TCA.
Hormonal control of mating behavior in an insect.

Von normalenLeucophaea-Weibchen werden etwa 90% nach der Adulthautung innerhalb von 4 Wochen begattet, von allatektomierten Weibchen unter gleichen Zuchtbedingungen nur etwa 30%. Wurden allatektomierten Weibchen 26 Tage post operationem aktive Corpora allata reimplantiert, so kopulierten 82% innerhalb von 12 Tagen. Kastrierte Weibchen zeigten Normalverhalten. Die Wirkung der Allatektomie auf die Kopulationsbereitschaft wird diskutiert.
Importance of considering background factors when evaluating the effects of compensatory education programs designed for young children

Abstract A comparison was made of the intelligence and achievement of three groups of disadvantaged Negro kindergarten children: 27 who attended a summer Headstart program, 56 who attended a year-long Prekindergarten program, and 44 who had no preschool experience. No differences were found in test scores among the groups. When the socioeconomic background of the children was investigated, it was found that although the children were correctly classified as lower class, there were differecees among them in terms of socioeconomic status, and these differences were related to their test scores. The results suggest that the common practice of grouping all disadvantaged children in one category (lower class) may mask differences that may have an important effect on the children's ability to benefit from compensatory education programs. This may make it difficult to determine whether compensatory education has been effective.
Asthma Therapies Revisited: What Have We Learned?

Asthma is a heterogenous disorder related to numerous biologic, immunologic, and physiologic components that generate multiple clinical phenotypes. Further, genetic and environmental factors interact in ways that produce variability in both disease onset and severity and differential expression based on both the age and sex of the patient. Thus, the natural history of asthma is complex in terms of disease expression, remission, relapse, and progression. As such, therapy for asthma is complicated and has been approached from the standpoints of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Presently, asthma cannot be cured but can be controlled in most patients, an indication that most of the success clinical research strategies have realized has been in the area of tertiary prevention. Since for many adult patients with asthma their disease had its roots in early life, much recent research has focused on events during early childhood that can be linked to subsequent asthma development with the hopes of creating appropriate interventions to alter its natural history of expression. These research approaches can be categorized into three questions. Who is the right patient to treat? When is the right time to begin treatment? And finally, what is the appropriate treatment to prescribe?
1 Bile salt-enhanced rat jejunal absorption of a macromolecular tracer

Bile salt deconjugation may occur in the jejunun under conditions of fecal colonic overgrowth of the small intestine.We studied the effects of conjugated and deconjugated bile salts on rat jejunal absorption of a macromolecular tracer,horseradish peroxidase(HRP), in an in vivo perfusion system.At a 0.5mM perfusion concentration, only the deconjugated bile salts,cholate and deoxycholate,produced a significant increase in HRP absorption into serum.At this level the bile salts did not produce evidence of morphological damage to villi or absorptive epithelial cell organelles.At a 0.5mm concentration of the conjugated salt,taurocholate,HRP absorption was indistinguishable from that seen in bile salt free preparations.At a higher 5mM concentration,both the conjugated and deconjugated salts increased jejunal HRP absorption into serum over that seen in bile salt free preparations;this absorption was most marked with the deconjugated salts.At a 5mM level,the deconjugated salts also damage cellular organelles,including mitochondria and Golgi apparatus.Our observations suggest that an alteration in the tigh junctional barrier to macromolecular absorption may play a role in some of the enhanced HRP absorption seen in these experiments with low concentrations of DCh.A more extensive cellular damage leading to enhanced HRP transport may occur with higher concentrations of bile salts.
Mechanisms of ATP-dependent Chromatin Remodeling Revealed by Single-molecule Manipulation Studies

Genome-wide chromatin structures, such as nucleosome positioning and various histone modifications, have recently been mapped relative to the underlying DNA sequences, revealing an exquisite and dynamic organization of chromatin. The chromatin structures are established and remodeled mainly by a large family of highly conserved and specialized ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes (remodelers) in cooperation with histone-modifying enzymes. The core of these remodelers is a DNA translocase, a molecular motor capable of actively moving along DNA. It remains unclear how the energy of ATP hydrolysis is converted to the mechanical work for DNA translocation and in turn to nucleosome remodeling by remodelers, and how the remodeling process is regulated by different protein subunits of remodelers, nucleosome substrates, and histone modifications. Using high-resolution optical tweezers, we studied the nucleosome remodeling process by SWI/SNF and RSC, two prototypes of remodelers containing 11 and 15 subunits, respectively. We found that both remodelers can translocate along DNA at rates of ∼13 bp/s and generate forces up to ∼12 pN, producing DNA loops of a broad range of sizes (5-1200 bp) in a nucleosome-dependent manner. Interestingly, when attached by a strong DNA binding domain and anchored to a bare DNA molecule, the isolated ATPase subunit of RSC alone can efficiently translocate along DNA to produce DNA loops in a nucleosome-independent manner. Surprisingly, the tethered translocase can now move against forces as high as 26 pN, making the remodeler translocase one of the strongest molecular motors. Our single-molecule experiments revealed a powerful and versatile DNA translocase engine for remodelers, which may be crucial for their role of disrupting DNA-histone interactions in a regulatory fashion.
The high-affinity HSP90-CHIP complex recognizes and selectively degrades phosphorylated tau client proteins

A primary pathologic component of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the formation of neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau). Expediting the removal of these p-tau species may be a relevant therapeutic strategy. Here we report that inhibition of Hsp90 led to decreases in p-tau levels independent of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) activation. A critical mediator of this mechanism was carboxy terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein (CHIP), a tau ubiquitin ligase. Cochaperones were also involved in Hsp90-mediated removal of p-tau, while those of the mature Hsp90 refolding complex prevented this effect. This is the first demonstration to our knowledge that blockade of the refolding pathway promotes p-tau turnover through degradation. We also show that peripheral administration of a novel Hsp90 inhibitor promoted selective decreases in p-tau species in a mouse model of tauopathy, further suggesting a central role for the Hsp90 complex in the pathogenesis of tauopathies. When taken in the context of known high-affinity Hsp90 complexes in affected regions of the AD brain, these data implicate a central role for Hsp90 in the development of AD and other tauopathies and may provide a rationale for the development of novel Hsp90-based therapeutic strategies.
Antibiotic-associated interstitial nephritis and nephrotic syndrome.

The combination of interstitial nephritis and minimal-change nephrotic syndrome has been well described in adults receiving nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. The association of interstitial nephr
In vitro ecology: Exogenous factors affecting growth and morphogenesis in plant culture systems

Abstract Factors other than media may affect the growth and development of plant cell and tissues in culture. These factors include light (wave length, intensity and photoperiod), temperature and the gas phase which develops above the culture system. These factors are not independent but interact in often complex ways. Most cultures are grown under standard light and temperature conditions but for maximum growth or morphogenic response, the effects of external factors on the culture system should be investigated.
Relationship between 3-month National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score and dependence in ischemic stroke patients.

Background: The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) provides a standardized measure of stroke severity and is frequently captured to assess 3-month outcome. Other out
Development and validation of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification of first line tuberculosis drugs and metabolites in human plasma and its application in clinical study.

Rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH), first line drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis, are known to cause hepatotoxicity as a serious adverse side effect. To further understand the pharmacokinetic parameters of these two drugs, we have developed and validated a rapid, sensitive and selective LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of RIF, INH and their metabolites 25-desacetylrifampicin (DRIF), acetylisoniazid (AcINH) and isonicotinic acid (INA). Analytes were extracted from 20 μl of plasma using solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by chromatographic separation on Zorbax SB-Aq column (50 mm × 4.6mm, particle size 5 μm) using stepwise gradient elution of 5mM ammonium acetate and 90% acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid. Separation of all analytes was achieved in the total run time of 6 min. The analytes were detected under positive ionization mode by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and quantification of analytes was performed by using deuterium-labelled internal standard. Excellent linearity (r(2) ≥ 0.995) was achieved for the analytes at different concentration ranges. The method was accurate (90-115%), precise (CV % 85%. The method was successfully applied to a clinical study of 33 healthy subjects to evaluate the effect of concomitant of INH on the pharmacokinetic parameters of RIF as well as the segregation of the subjects into slow or fast acetylators of INH.
Targeting of secretory vesicles to cytoplasmic domains in AtT-20 and PC-12 cells

Organelles are not uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm but have preferred locations that vary between tissues and during development. To investigate organelle targeting to cytoplasmic domains we have taken advantage of the mouse pituitary cell line, AtT-20, which, when induced to extend long processes, accumulates dense core secretory granules at the tips of the processes. During mitosis, these secretory granules accumulate along the plane of division. Protein synthesis is not mandatory for such redistribution of secretory granules. To explore the specificity of the redistribution we have used transfected AtT-20 cells that express the immunoglobulin kappa light chain. While the endogenous hormone ACTH is found in secretory granules, the kappa chain is a marker for organelles involved in constitutive secretion. By immunofluorescence, kappa also accumulates at the tips of growing processes, and along the midline of dividing cells, suggesting that the redistribution of vesicles is not specific for dense-core secretory granules. Since there is evidence for selective organelle transport along processes in neuronal cells, the rat pheochromocytoma cell PC-12 was transfected with DNA encoding markers for regulated and constitutive secretory vesicles. Again regulated and constitutive vesicles co-distribute, even in cells grown in the presence of nerve growth factor. We suggest that at least in the cells studied here, cytoskeletal elements normally carry exocytotic organelles to the surface; when the cytoskeletal elements coalesce in an extending process, exocytotic organelles of both the constitutive and regulated pathway are transported nonselectively to the tips of the cytoskeletal elements where they accumulate.
Phosphor persistence in oscilloscopic displays.

Abstract Display monitors with P31 phosphor controlled by a fast computer can emit light patterns that effectively decay in 2 msec when superimposed on even quite a dim background.
Highly Efficient “Click” Functionalization of Poly(3-azidopropyl methacrylate) Prepared by ATRP

To prepare polymers with pendant functionality capable of participating in highly efficient CuI-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azide and alkynes, monomers with acetylene or azido groups were polymerized via controlled radical polymerization. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of propargyl methacrylate (PgMA) resulted in high polydispersities (Mw/Mn > 3), multimodal molecular weight distributions, and cross-linked networks at moderate to high conversion. The poor results obtained with this monomer were presumably due to addition of the propagating radicals to the acetylene group, transfer reactions, and/or interference with the catalyst. A novel monomer, 3-azidopropyl methacrylate (AzPMA), was polymerized via ATRP with good control of the polymer molecular weight distribution and retention of chain functionality. Poly(3-azidopropyl methacrylate) was coupled with propargyl alcohol, propargyl triphenylphosphonium bromide, propargyl 2-bromoisobutyrate, and 4-pentynoic acid via a highly effici...
In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy of Lead Dendrites and Lead Ions in Aqueous Solution

An ideal technique for observing nanoscale assembly would provide atomic-resolution images of both the products and the reactants in real time. Using a transmission electron microscope we image in situ the electrochemical deposition of lead from an aqueous solution of lead(II) nitrate. Both the lead deposits and the local Pb2+ concentration can be visualized. Depending on the rate of potential change and the potential history, lead deposits on the cathode in a structurally compact layer or in dendrites. In both cases the deposits can be removed and the process repeated. Asperities that persist through many plating and stripping cycles consistently nucleate larger dendrites. Quantitative digital image analysis reveals excellent correlation between changes in the Pb2+ concentration, the rate of lead deposition, and the current passed by the electrochemical cell. Real-time electron microscopy of dendritic growth dynamics and the associated local ionic concentrations can provide new insight into the functiona...
Intracisternal A-particle-specific oligonucleotides provide multilocus probes for genetic linkage studies in the mouse

Oligonucleotide probes representing distinct intracisternal A-particle (IAP) subfamilies were derived from the long terminal repeats (LTRs) of transcriptionally active IAP genes in normal mouse cells. These probes were used to examine the distribution of IAP proviral elements in the genomic DNA of several inbred mouse strains. Each oligonucleotide probe identified multiple polymorphisms between the different strains. The distribution of polymorphic restriction fragments among the CXB set of recombinant inbred (RI) strains demonstrates the feasibility of using these probes for chromosome mapping. These and other subset-specific IAP probes can provide a useful series of multilocus markers for genomic mapping and genetic analysis in the mouse.
Contributions to Active Buffeting Alleviation Programs by the NASA Langley Research Center

Buffeting is an aeroelastic phenomenon which plagues high performance aircraft, especially those with twin vertical tails like the F/A-18, at high angles of attack. This buffeting is a concern from fatigue and inspection points of view. By means of wind-tunnel and flight tests, this phenomenon is well studied to the point that buffet loads can be estimated and fatigue life can be increased by structural enhancements to the airframe. In more recent years, buffeting alleviation through active control of smart materials has been highly researched in wind-tunnel proof-of-concept demonstrations and full-scale ground tests using the F/A-18 as a test bed. Because the F/A-18 resides in fleets outside as well as inside the United States, these tests have evolved into international collaborative research activities with Australia and Canada, coordinated by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and conducted under the auspices of The Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP). With the recent successes and advances in smart materials, the main focus of these buffeting alleviation tests has also evolved to a new level: utilize the F/A-18 as a prototype to mature smart materials for suppressing vibrations of aerospace structures. The role of the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) in these programs is presented.
Abstraction vs exchange in the reaction of D+HCl

The gas phase reaction of D with HCl was studied at room temperature by the method of flash photolysis, with resonance fluorescence detection of S, H, and Cl atoms. The D and Cl atoms were observed to decay exponentially, whereas no H atom signal from the exchange reaction was detectable. From the calibrated sen;sitiavity of the H atom detector, an upper limit of 0.002 was set for the ratio of rate constants for the exchange vs abstraction channels.
Effect of anoxic anoxia on gastric emptying time of rats fed corn oil.

SummaryAdult albino rats fed corn oil showed an initial acceleration of the emptying of the stomach on exposure to diminished oxygen tension. A decreased rate of absorption of fat in rats subjected to anoxic anoxia cannot be explained on the basis of a prolonged gastric emptying time.
Elastodynamic response of layers of spherical particles in hexagonal and square periodic arrangements

The effect of particle arrangement on the transmission and reflection of ultrasonic longitudinal waves through a single layer of spherical inclusions is studied. Specimens were manufactured, each consisting of a layer of glass spheres embedded in a polyester matrix arranged in either a square periodic, hexagonal periodic, or random array, with projected layer area fractions ranging from 0.14 to near close-packed. The transmission and reflection coefficient spectra of a normally-incident plane longitudinal wave were measured over a range of wavelengths that are large, equal, and small compared to the two characteristic lengths of the composites, namely, the particle radius and, in the case of the periodic composites, the unit cell dimension. Periodic spectra are characterized by extrema, which are attributed to lattice resonance. Spectra from specimens with random layers of equal area fraction do not exhibit any extrema. Measured resonance frequencies, which may be accurately predicted for low to midrange area factions using the concept of the reciprocal lattice, are different for square and hexagonal lattice structures of similar area fraction and identical unit cell dimension.
SU‐GG‐I‐115: Characterization of Clinical CBCT and MVCT Systems Based On Fundamental MTF, NPS and DQE Measurements Using a Conventional CatPhan Phantom

Purpose: In image guided radiation therapy(IGRT), the performance of image guidance modalities like kilovoltage cone‐beam computed tomography(CBCT) and megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) systems is qualitatively verified with a vendor‐provided CatPhan phantom. For a more meaningful QA tool, a methodology to use CatPhan phantoms for fundamental measurements of modulation transfer function(MTF),noise power spectrum (NPS) and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) for CBCT and MVCT systems is presented. Method and Materials: We have extended the method of using bar‐pattern line‐pairs for MTFmeasurement (that we recently validated for megavoltage imaging) to CBCT and MVCT imagers by using line‐pair inserts within the CatPhan for axial plane MTFmeasurement. The MTF was also obtained by evaluating a point response from a tungsten carbide bead insert to validate our method. Axial slices representing homogenous water‐equivalent regions of the CatPhan were used to measure NPS that along with the MTF was used to compute DQE. The photon fluence contribution to each slice of the CatPhan was estimated from ion‐chamber dosemeasurements in a water phantom for identical image settings and Monte Carlo simulation based fluence — dose factors. Phantom set‐up was typically completed within a minute and all analyses were conducted by an automated software program within seconds. Results: Good agreement was observed between MTF curves obtained from the bar‐pattern and point response methods. Our CatPhan based QA methodology was applied to a Varian Trilogy CBCT system as well as a Hi‐ Art Tomotherapy unit. Conclusion: CatPhan based MTF, NPS and DQE measurements for CBCT and MVCT QA present several advantages including simplicity, speed and the use of widely acclaimed radiographic metrics. They can be easily extended to quantify several factors that affect image quality (beam settings, filtering, sampling, reconstruction, field size, etc).
ASDS 20th anniversary: the history of dermatologic surgery.

. The major developments in dermatologic surgery, including the cutaneous punch, dermabrasion, hair transplantation, cryosurgery, and Mohs micrographic surgery, are chronicled and discussed.
Comparison and changes in the articular, mandibular condylar and growth-plate cartilages during the onset and healing of rickets in rats

Abstract A comparison of the changes in the articular, mandibular condylar and growth-plate cartilages was made in rachitic rats. In the rachitic rat articular and condylar cartilages, the changes were similar. Both showed an increase in the width of cartilage, but only in the zone of hypertrophic cartilage. The rachitic tibial growth plate demonstrated the changes previously described by other authors, including resumed cartilage removal. Resumed cartilage removal was never seen in the articular or condylar cartilages. After vitamin D administration, the hypertrophic type of cartilage in the tibial articular cartilage was rapidly reduced in width and transformed into the non-hypertrophic form. The rachitic cartilage in the condyle was rapidly narrowed and was usually restored to normal by the tenth day, the development of calcification being similar to that seen in the early post-embryonic period of the condyle. During healing, the calcification of the growth plate resembled for a short time the pattern seen in the tibial anlage, and the condylar and articular cartilages. The rachitic disorder brings about a retrograde effect on the cellular characteristics of the tibial growth plate, while making more prominent the inherent embryonic nature of the articular and condylar cartilages.
Clinical outcomes of the surgical treatment of isolated unilateral facet fractures, subluxations, and dislocations in the pediatric cervical spine: report of eight cases and review of the literature

We present a small series consisting of eight children with unilateral facet injury of the cervical spine treated surgically. A retrospective review was performed. Injury data, radiographs, surgical data, and outcomes (Neck Disability Index (NDI), Short Form 36 (SF-36), and Visual Analog Scale for Neck Pain (VAS-NP)) were collected from seven patients. A literature review was performed for one additional case. Motor vehicle accidents (62 %, n = 5) and falls (38 %, n = 3) accounted for all injuries. The C6–7 level accounted for most of the injuries (37.5 %, n = 3). The mean NDI score with at least 3 months follow-up was 5.3 (n = 6, range, 1–12; standard deviation, 4.5), corresponding to mild disability. Of the norm-based SF-36 scale scores available (n = 6), the mean physical functioning (PF), role-physical (RP), and role-emotional (RE) scores were significantly less than the adult, age 18–24, norm-based means, with a mean difference of −6.4, −9.13, and −11.3, respectively (p value = 0.03, 0.001, and 0.01, respectively). The mean general health (GH) and vitality (VT) scores, however, were significantly greater than the adult, age 18–24, norm-based mean, with a mean difference of 7.82 and 10.3 (p = 0.04 and 0.02, respectively). VAS-NP showed a return to the “no pain” level at 3 months or more follow-up in all patients. We suggest that surgical treatment of these injuries in the pediatric age group may lead to satisfactory clinical and radiographic outcomes, but HRQoL analysis suggests that patients remain physically and emotionally disabled to some degree after surgery.
Abstract 2729: Proteomic analysis reveals a network of inflammatory genes in epidermis associated with skin tumor promotion susceptibility in DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Genetic susceptibility to two-stage skin carcinogenesis is known to vary significantly among different stocks and strains of mice. In an effort to identify specific protein changes or altered signaling pathways associated with tumor promotion susceptibility by the phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a proteomic approach of two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry was used. In these experiments, we examined epidermal protein lysates and identified proteins that were differentially expressed in epidermis between promotion-sensitive DBA/2 and promotion-resistant C57BL/6 mice following TPA treatment. Among 19 differentially expressed proteins identified using this methodology were two calcium-binding proteins, S100A8 and S100A9. Their differential expression was further examined and validated by one or more of the following methods: i) one-dimensional (1-D) Western blot analysis; ii) 2-D Western blot analysis; iii) immunohistochemical analysis; and iv) quantitative real-time PCR. Further analyses revealed that S100A8 and S100A9 protein levels were also similarly differentially up-regulated in epidermis of DBA/2 vs C57BL/6 mice following topical treatment with two other tumor promoters, okadaic acid and chrysarobin. Pathway analysis of all 19 identified proteins from the present study suggested that S100A8/A9 could be linked to several inflammatory networks. Further analyses revealed significantly increased expression of several inflammation-related genes including TNF-α, NFκB and IL-22 in epidermis of TPA-treated DBA/2 mice. Follow-up studies confirmed that these three inflammation related genes were upregulated in epidermis of TPA-treated DBA/2 mice compared to similarly treated C57BL/6 mice. These data suggest that differential expression of inflammation related genes in epidermis contributes to TPA-induced inflammation and skin tumor promotion susceptibility in DBA/2 mice. Taken together, our present data provide further insight into potential molecular mechanisms for the differential susceptibility of DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice in terms of both inflammation and skin tumor promotion. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2729. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2729
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator Delivery of Quinone Warheads to DNA Triggering Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells

Estrogen exposure is a risk factor for breast cancer, and estrogen oxidative metabolites have been implicated in chemical carcinogenesis. Oxidation of the catechol metabolite of estrone (4-OHE) and the β-naphthohydroquinone metabolite of equilenin (4-OHEN) gives o-quinones that produce ROS and damage DNA by adduction and oxidation. To differentiate hormonal and chemical carcinogensis pathways in estrogen receptor positive ER(+) cells, catechol or β-naphthohydroquinone warheads were conjugated to the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) desmethylarzoxifene (DMA). ER binding was retained in the DMA conjugates; both were antiestrogens with submicromolar potency in mammary and endometrial cells. Cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and caspase-3/7 activation were compared in ER(+) and ER(−)MDA-MB-231 cells, and production of ROS was detected using a fluorescent reporter. Comparison was made to DMA, isolated warheads, and a DMA-mustard. Conjugation of warheads to DMA increased cytotoxicity accompanied by induction...
PKCδ Regulates Translation Initiation through PKR and eIF2α in Response to Retinoic Acid in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells.

Translation initiation and activity of eukaryotic initiation factor-alpha (eIF2α), the rate-limiting step of translation initiation, is often overactivated in malignant cells. Here, we investigated the regulation and role of eIF2α in acute promyelocytic (APL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells in response to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO), the front-line therapies in APL. ATRA and ATO induce Ser-51 phosphorylation (inactivation) of eIF2α, through the induction of protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) and PKR, but not other eIF2α kinases, such as GCN2 and PERK in APL (NB4) and AML cells (HL60, U937, and THP-1). Inhibition of eIF2α reduced the expression of cellular proteins that are involved in apoptosis (DAP5/p97), cell cycle (p21Waf1/Cip1), differentiation (TG2) and induced those regulating proliferation (c-myc) and survival (p70S6K). PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is involved in regulation of eIF2α through PKCδ/PKR axis. PKCδ and p-eIF2α protein expression levels revealed a significant association between the reduced levels of PKCδ (𝑃=0.0378) and peIF2 (𝑃=0.0041) and relapses in AML patients (𝑛=47). In conclusion, our study provides the first evidence that PKCδ regulates/inhibits eIF2α through induction of PKR in AML cells and reveals a novel signaling mechanism regulating translation initiation.
Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase polymorphisms and alcoholism

The alcohol-flush reaction occurs in Asians who inherit the mutant ALDH2*2 allele that produces an inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme. In these individuals, high blood acetaldehyde levels are believed to be the cause of the unpleasant symptoms that follow drinking. We measured the alcohol elimination rates and intensity of flushing in Chinese subjects in whom the alcohol dehydrogenase ADH2 and ALDH2 genotypes were determined. We also correlated ADH2, ADH3, and ALDH2 genotypes with drinking behavior in 100 Chinese men. We discovered that ADH2*2 and ADH3*1, alleles that encode the high activity forms of alcohol dehydrogenase, as well as the mutant ALDH2*2 allele were less frequent in alcoholics than in controls. The presence of ALDH2*2 was associated with slower alcohol metabolism and the most intense flushing. In those homozygous for ALDH2*1, the presence of two ADH2*2 alleles correlated with slightly faster alcohol metabolism and more intense flushing, although a great deal of variability in the latter was noted.
Rheology of molten polystyrene with dissolved supercritical and near‐critical gases

The viscosities of polystyrene melts containing three different dissolved gases, carbon dioxide, and the refrigerants R134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) and R152a (1,1-difluoroethane) are investigated at pressures up to 20 MPa. These pressures reach near-critical and supercritical conditions for the three gas components, and produce polymer-gas solutions containing up to 10 wt % gas. The measurements are performed in a sealed high-pressure capillary rheometer at 150 and 175°C, and at shear rates ranging from 1-2,000 s -1 . Very large reductions in melt viscosity are observed at high gas loading; at 150°C, 10 wt % R152a reduces the Newtonian viscosity by nearly three orders of magnitude relative to pure polystyrene. The viscosity data for all three polystyrene-gas systems follows ideal viscoelastic scaling, whereby the set of viscosity curves for a polymer-gas system can be scaled to a master curve of reduced viscosity vs. reduced shear rate identical to the viscosity curve for the pure polymer. The viscoelastic scaling factors representing the effect of dissolved gas content on rheological behavior are found to follow roughly the same variation with composition for all three polystyrene gas systems.
Changes Due to Age in the Hypocalcemic and Hypophosphatemic Effects of Salmon Calcitonin in Growing Rats

SummaryThese studies have compared the hypocalcemic and hypophosphatemic effects of salmon calcitonin (SCT) in male rats between the ages of 37 and 138 days. In addition, the ability of SCT to increase the rate of disappearance of 32P (injected 1 hr prior to SCT) was also compared for these ages. SCT was administered subcutaneously at a constant dosage of 0.6 MRC mU/g body weight. Previously reported changes in the hypocalcemic effect of porcine thyrocalcitonin (PCT) with age were confirmed by these studies with SCT; namely a decrease in both the depth of the hypocalcemia produced and its duration. In contrast, changes with age in the hypophosphatemic effect of SCT were: (a) a delay in the time after hormone injection at which the maximum hypophosphatemia was produced; and (b) a delay in the time of recovery from the single injection. At all ages, the effect of SCT on plasma 32P disappearance rates mirrored those on stable phosphate. It is suggested that these studies add further evidence that the hypocal...
A preliminary investigation of the management of alcohol dependence with naltrexone by primary care providers

Abstract PURPOSE: To describe a preliminary investigation of a model of naltrexone therapy and counselling for use by primary care providers and evaluate its impact on drinking behaviors in a cohort of alcohol-dependent subjects. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The subjects enrolled in this study were 29 alcohol-dependent individuals. They were managed within a primary care treatment model located at a university-affiliated substance research program in New Haven, Connecticut. Subjects were assigned to a primary care provider for treatment of their alcohol dependence and were placed on naltrexone at a dose of 50 mg per day. They were seen for an initial "new patient" visit and 7 "brief" follow-up visits during the 10-week study. The primary outcomes for this study were completion of treatment, change in drinking behaviors from baseline, change in liver enzymes from baseline, provider ratings of improvement, and patient ratings of improvement and satisfaction with treatment. RESULTS: Of the 29 subjects: 21 (72%) completed treatment, and 10 (35%) relapsed to heavy drinking. All drinking behaviors improved significantly from baseline: percent of days abstinent increased from 36.6% to 88.8% ( P P P P CONCLUSIONS: In this preliminary investigation, treatment of alcohol dependence with our model of naltrexone and counselling by primary care providers appeared to be both feasible and effective.