cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Islamic Constitutionalism: Not Secular. Not Theocratic. Not Impossible.

This Lecture Series asks us to engage in a thought experiment: what would a constitution look like if it integrated — rather than separated — church and state? As the Muslim respondent to this question, I have to start by reminding us that Islam does not have a “church” in the first place. This fact has some very important and relevant constitutional implications that will become clear later. But setting that aside for the moment, the thought experiment is still appropriate for a Muslim context if we broaden it to imagine the constitutional integration of state and “religion” (rather than “church”). As it happens, I have been working on the subject of Islamic constitutionalism for some time, so I will answer the question by summarizing a proposal for modern Islamic constitutionalism that is part of my current larger academic project. This proposal presents a structure for Islamic constitutionalism that is inspired by pre-modern Islamic jurisprudence and Muslim history, yet designed for contemporary realities. It also has the potential to solve the apparently endless “Islamist-versus-secular” political and social tensions that plague most Muslim-majority countries today. In modern western constitutional discourse, theorizing about religious government typically encounters this immediate obstacle: fear of theocracy. Entrenched in western constitutional theory is the belief that any combination of religion and state is unacceptable because it too easily allows for theocracy; it is simply too dangerous to individual freedoms to enable a government to use its police power to impose religion and religious law upon its citizens. This concern is usually impossible to remove — and for good reason. European history tells a long and gruesome tale of religious wars and government oppression justified by states claiming to be enforcing divine law. Therefore, our modern age of constitutional protection of individual freedoms is strongly linked with the principle of separation of religion and state. Without this separation, we open the door to theocratic oppression of all those who disagree with the government’s chosen religious beliefs.But this is a European telling of the story of religion and state. More precisely, it is a specifically Christian story of the history of church and state. It ignores the rest of the world’s experiences and the possibility that not every religion has had the same relationship with government power. Islam is one very significant counter-example to this Eurocentric narrative. In order to provide an Islamic answer to the thought experiment, therefore, I must begin with a brief summary of the nature of Islamic law and Muslim political history, pointing out its significant differences with the Christian church-state paradigm. With that foundation, I will then elaborate on what a contemporary Islamic constitutional framework might look like, based on what I find to be the essential characteristics of Islamic constitutionalism.
An Adaptive Gridding Scheme for Solving Advection-Dominated Flows Using Finite-Element Collocation

Numerical solutions of advection-dominated flows on uniform spatial grids typically exhibit qualitative errors near sharp fronts. An adaptive local grid refinement scheme for finite-element collocation reduces these errors without incurring the expense of globally fine grids. We examine the application of this scheme to the advection-diffusion equation with large Peclet number.
Mathematical model and experimental methodology for calibration of a LWIR polarimetric-hyperspectral imager

Polarimetric-hyperspectral imaging brings two traditionally independent modalities together to potentially enhance scene characterization capabilities. This could increase confidence in target detection, material identification, and background characterization over traditional hyperspectral imaging. In order to fully exploit the spectro-polarimetric signal, a careful calibration process is required to remove both the radiometric and polarimetric response of the system (gain). In the long-wave infrared, calibration is further complicated by the polarized self-emission of the instrument itself (offset). This paper presents both the mathematical framework and the experimental methodology for the spectro-polarimetric calibration of a long-wave infrared (LWIR) Telops Hyper-Cam which has been modified with a rotatable wire-grid polarizer at the entrance aperture. The mathematical framework is developed using a Mueller matrix approach to model the polarimetric effects of the system, and this is combined with a standard Fourier-transform spectrometer (FTS) radiometric calibration framework. This is done for two cases: one assuming that the instrument polarizer is ideal, and a second method which accounts for a non-ideal instrument polarizer. It is shown that a standard two-point radiometric calibration at each instrument polarizer angle is sufficient to remove the polarimetric bias of the instrument, if the instrument polarizer can be assumed to be ideal. For the non-ideal polarizer case, the system matrix and the Mueller deviation matrix is experimentally determined for the system, and used to quantify how non-ideal the system is. The noise-equivalent spectral radiance and DoLP are also quantified using a wide-area blackbody. Finally, a scene with a variety of features in it is imaged and analyzed.
Identifying intestinal malrotation on magnetic resonance examinations ordered for unrelated indications

Anatomical imaging findings indicating normal bowel rotation can be identified on cross-sectional imaging, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed for non-related indications. The goal of our study was to assess whether non-targeted MRI can accurately assess intestinal malrotation. Four anatomical landmarks were assessed on MRIs of the chest, spine or abdomen performed from January 2006 to June 2014, on patients who also had upper gastrointestinal series (UGI) performed within 10 years of the MRI date: 1) retroperitoneal duodenum, 2) left upper quadrant duodenojejunal junction, 3) superior mesenteric artery to the left of the superior mesenteric vein, and 4) right lower quadrant cecum. Two attending radiologists, one pediatric and one abdominal radiologist, independently reviewed the MR images. The pediatric radiologist reviewed images from UGI (considered the gold standard) to determine the intestinal rotation for each case. Validation of the criteria was performed on new patients imaged through January 2016. The original cohort included 109 MRIs (15 chest, 41 spine and 53 abdomen) done on 109 patients (42% males, mean age: 10.2 years). If each of the 4 anatomical questions were answered “yes” (4-YES), specificity was 100% for each radiologist and malrotation was appropriately excluded. Using the 4-YES criteria, the pediatric radiologist excluded malrotation in 71 patients (65%) and the abdominal radiologist excluded it in 65 (60%), with concurrence for 57 patients. Validation of the 4-YES criteria in 23 new patients appropriately proved the 4-YES rule, with neither labeling the one new malrotation case 4-YES. If a radiologist can confidently answer “yes” to the four questions evaluated in this study, then intestinal rotation can be safely considered normal. Normal bowel rotation should be commented upon in MRI reports when these four anatomical locations are imaged, thus helping patients avoid unnecessary UGI and radiation exposure.
“Feathered” fractal surfaces to minimize secondary electron emission for a wide range of incident angles

Complex structures on a material surface can significantly reduce the total secondary electron emission from that surface. The reduction occurs due to the capture of low-energy, true secondary electrons emitted at one point of the structure and intersecting another. We performed Monte Carlo calculations to demonstrate that fractal surfaces can reduce net secondary electron emission produced by the surface as compared to the flat surface. Specifically, we describe one surface, a “feathered” surface, which reduces the secondary electron emission yield more effectively than other previously considered configurations. Specifically, feathers grown onto a surface suppress secondary electron emission from shallow angles of incidence more effectively than velvet. We find that, for the surface simulated, secondary electron emission yield remains below 20% of its un-suppressed value, even for shallow incident angles, where the velvet-only surface gives reduction factor of only 50%.
Outcomes of cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in the treatment of primary peritoneal carcinoma

Primary peritoneal carcinoma (PPC) is rare tumor, traditionally treated with surgical debulking and systemic chemotherapy (SC) with 30% five-year survival rate. Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) may improve long-term survival. Thirty patients with PPC were identified. Twenty-three patients underwent CRS/HIPEC as initial treatment (group I) and 7 for recurrent disease (group II). Peritoneal cancer index (PCI), cytoreduction scores (CC), overall survival (OS) and progressionfree survival (PFS) were estimated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. FIGO stages II/III/IV at diagnosis were 2/20/7 (1 was not classified). Median time from diagnosis to CRS/HIPEC was 2 months and 8 months in groups I and II, respectively. PCI≥20 was seen in 16 (70%) and 4 (57%) in groups I and II, respectively. Complete cytoreduction (CC 0-1) was achieved in 30/32 (94%) CRS/HIPEC procedures. Median follow-up was 39 months (range: 11-250). PFS at 1, 3, 5-years was 80%, 75%, 59%, respectively. OS 1, 3, 5- years from CRS/HIPEC was 90%, 68%, 55%. CRS/HIPEC and adjuvant SC provides five-year survival rate higher than previously reported for PPC patients who received conventional therapy with surgical debulking and SC.
Developing a machine vision system for simultaneous prediction of freshness indicators based on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) pupil and gill color during storage at 4°C.

Abstract The study assessed the feasibility of developing a machine vision system based on pupil and gill color changes in tilapia for simultaneous prediction of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and total viable counts (TVC) during storage at 4 °C. The pupils and gills were chosen and color space conversion among RGB, HSI and L∗a∗b∗ color spaces was performed automatically by an image processing algorithm. Multiple regression models were established by correlating pupil and gill color parameters with TVB-N, TVC and TBA (R2 = 0.989–0.999). However, assessment of freshness based on gill color is destructive and time-consuming because gill cover must be removed before images are captured. Finally, visualization maps of spoilage based on pupil color were achieved using image algorithms. The results show that assessment of tilapia pupil color parameters using machine vision can be used as a low-cost, on-line method for predicting freshness during 4 °C storage.
A Profession at a Crossroad

The accounting profession is at a crossroad as a result of serious conflicts generated by its failure to properly situate itself as a true profession, its heavy reliance on credentials, its role in the fragmentation of knowledge and services in the accounting firm, its tenuous position in courts, its failure to resist the de-professionalization drive, and its failure to be adequately regulated.
Caught in between: A behavioral view of new practice adoption during institutional change

By drawing from the behavioral theory of the firm, this study explores the intra- organizational mechanisms through which organizations respond to the competing demands from multiple institutional ...
Transition-State Properties in Acyl and Methyl Transfer

Our aspirations for this chapter are to give a brief discussion of the mechanistic background for acyl and methyl transfer (two types of group transfer which share some characteristics but make a useful contrast in other ways), to show how some of the methods of Part II of this volume have been applied to acyltransfer and methyl-transfer enzymes and to indicate what conclusions can be drawn at present about transition-state properties for the particular enzymes discussed. Only transfer by nucleophilic displacement at the intact groups will be treated.
Idelalisib and Rituximab in 17p Deletion–Positive Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma

Splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) is a rare indolent B-cell malignancy involving the spleen and bone marrow. Various cytogenetic abnormalities with prognostic value have been identified in SMZL. Complexity of karyotype, 14q aberrations, and TP53 deletions have been found to be poor prognostic indicators. We report an unusual case of SMZL with a complex karyotype including 17p deletion, primarily refractory to 2 chemoimmunotherapy regimens, that responded well to treatment with phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) inhibitors idelalisib and rituximab.
The Role of Values-based Leadership and Followership in Employee Stress

Values-based leadership styles, such as ethical leadership and servant leadership, are receiving much attention recently, with many asking questions about how we can infuse more values-based leader...
The Treatment of Nail Psoriasis: A Review:

Nail disease affects most patients with psoriasis and has a substantial medical and psychological impact on the lives of those affected. Frequently, nail psoriasis is associated with severe pain, r...
Perspectives of Nurses Toward Telehealth Efficacy and Quality of Health Care: Pilot Study.

Background: Telehealth nursing, or the delivery, management, and coordination of nursing care services provided via telecommunications technology, is one of the methods of delivering health care to patients in the United States. It is important to assess the service quality of the involved health professionals as well as the telehealth nursing process. The focus of this study is the innovative model of telehealth care delivery by nurses for managing patients with chronic disease while they are living in their own residence. Objective: The primary objective of this pilot study was to examine whether telehealth technology impacts the perceived level of internal service quality delivered by nurses within a telehealth organization. To address this research goal, the notion of telehealth nursing service quality (TNSQ) is empirically tested and validated with a survey instrument. Methods: Data were collected from nurses belonging to a home care agency based on interview questions inquiring about facilitators and inhibitors to TNSQ. A survey to measure TNSQ based on the SERVQUAL instrument was completed by adjusting descriptions of the original instrument to suit the context. Follow-up interviews were conducted to validate questions on the revised instrument. Results: The findings of this survey research were positive, based on mean differences between expectations and perceptions of TNSQ. This indicates satisfaction with TNSQ and shows that the quality of the service is higher than what the respondents expect. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test using the P value for the test, which is .35, did not show a statistically significant change between the median differences of perception and expectation. The total number of respondents was 13. Results indicate that overall perceived service quality is a positive value (0.05332). This means the perceptions of the level of service are slightly higher than what they expect, indicating there is satisfaction with TNSQ. Conclusions: The responses to the interview questions and data gathered from the survey showed overall satisfaction with TNSQ. The SERVQUAL instrument was a good framework to assess TNSQ. In a nutshell, the study highlighted how the telehealth process provides daily monitoring of patient health, leading to the benefits of immediate feedback for patients, family, and caregivers as well as convenience of scheduling.
Iterative Learning: Programmatic Lessons from a Course Embedded Approach to Program Mission Assessment

In this paper, we refer to iterative learning as a developmental approach toward assessment—a course-embedded program mission assessment—used by University of La Verne Master of Public Administrati...
High Resolution Electron Imaging: an Approach to the Atomic Characterization of Materials

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses high resolution imaging and diffraction. It explains how chemical information can be obtained (indirectly) from lattice parameter measurements of fringe spacings, plane by plane, to smaller than 0.2 nm spatial resolution. The chapter presents a brief instructional summary of the methods employed in high resolution electron imaging. It discusses the study of internal boundaries within crystalline materials and presents an assessment of the future directions for high resolution studies in materials science. The applications of high resolution imaging illustrate a new dimension in electron microscopy. With proper care, modern transmission electron microscope (TEM) can be made to produce images of high quality using specimens that are prepared by conventional techniques. However, the interpretation of fine detail in high resolution images requires an accurate knowledge of specimen thickness, orientation, major microscope parameters (Cs, λ), and operating conditions.
HLA testing in the molecular diagnostic laboratory

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is a highly polymorphic family of genes involved in immunity and responsible for identifying self versus non-self. HLA typing is essential for solid organ and bone marrow transplantation as well as in non-transplant settings such as disease association and pharmacogenomics. Typing of HLA genes differs from most molecular testing as, rather than evaluating differences from an accepted "wild-type" gene, it must distinguish between thousands of similar, but distinct alleles. This article will describe the HLA system and nomenclature. We will then discuss clinical uses of HLA typing including solid organ transplantation, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, evaluation of platelet refractory patients, disease association, and pharmacogenetics. Finally, we describe common molecular methods of HLA typing.
Ligand‐Enabled β‐C—H Arylation of α‐Amino Acids Using a Simple and Practical Auxiliary.

The direct C-H functionalization of N-protected α-amino acid derivatives having a N-methoxyamide as directing group is developed.
STABILITY OF AN INFINITE SYSTEM OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR THE KINETICS OF POLYMER DEGRADATION

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the stability of an infinite system of differential equations for the kinetics of polymer degradation. It discusses a few qualitative properties of the solutions of dynamical systems, described by infinite systems of differential equations. The chapter presents explicit results for a special class of such systems introduced and studied by Bellman and Oguztorelli. These systems describe the process of dissociation of the polymer molecules into smaller units. This process, like polymerization, are customarily described by finite systems of ordinary differential equations. The chapter describes the limit-case of an infinite system of such equations. The chapter presents the differential equations that describe the Oguztorelli's system.
1187-P: The Novel Biguanide NT1195 Is an Oral Antidiabetes Drug for Patients with Kidney Disease

Metformin, the most prescribed drug for T2D, has significant deficiencies in potency, pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety, especially in patients with kidney disease. Despite these deficiencies no improvements have been made to the biguanide (BIG) drug class. Novel BIGs with greater efficacy and without the risk of lactic acidosis are needed for T2D in patients with impaired renal function. A library of novel BIGs was screened for functional activity against a panel of organic cation transporters (OCTs). This OCT activity profile has allowed us to select BIGs with increased potency, improved PK properties and reduced elimination in urine. NT1195 was identified from this library and examined in more detail. This BIG is 5-10x more potent in mouse OGTT than metformin and is potent in the db:db mouse model, lowering plasma glucose after 8 days of dosing when metformin did not. NT1195 is more effective at elevating GLP-1 levels and inhibited gastric emptying in mice, where metformin did not. Improved potency alone is not sufficient to create the next generation of BIG therapeutics; it is also important to improve drug safety and to reduce the risk of lactic acidosis. Detailed PK studies in mice show that NT1195 has a 28.5h half-life (metformin = 1.97h), high levels of exposure (6x >metformin) and renal clearance that is 50x less than metformin. This latter finding suggests an increase in the safety of NT1195 in patients with impaired renal function, since we anticipate that NT1195 will be cleared by non-renal processes and that drug levels will not be affected by kidney disease. PK studies in cynomolgus monkeys provide similar findings for NT1195 with good exposure and a long half-life after oral administration. Also, NT1195 was found to increases glucose disposal in an IVGTT in insulin resistant monkeys. Safety studies are underway that will prepare NT1195 for a micro-dose study in T2D patients with and without kidney disease. Disclosure K.W. Batchelor: None. J.N. Livingston: Consultant; Self; CohBar, Inc. Employee; Self; NovoTarg Therapeutics. K.K. Brown: None. K. Kavanagh: Research Support; Self; Takeda Development Centre Europe Ltd. J.E. Cobb: Consultant; Self; NovaTarg Therapeutics. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
A Rumor of Paradigm Shift in the Field of Children's Emotional and Behavioral Disorders.

This article is a response to David Elkind's "Behavioral Disorders: A Postmodern Per spective" (this issue). We suggest that Elkind's claim that a paradigmatic shift has occurred in the field of emotional and behavioral disorders is unwarranted, since multiple paradigms influence this area rather than a single monolithic view. Furthermore, we point out that Elkind's argument lies outside of the framework for understanding scientific paradigms proposed by Thomas Kuhn. Fi nally, we argue that postmodernism lacks the intellectual coherence and heuristic integrity neces sary to qualify as a paradigm. We therefore find postmodernism without merit in advancing our understanding of emotional and behavioral disorders, clarifying issues facing the field, or improv ing practices.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Short Bowel Syndrome

Short bowel syndrome / intestinal failure (SBS/IF) is a rare and debilitating disease process that mandates a multidisciplinary approach in its management. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), in particular Crohn's disease (CD), predisposes patients to development of SBS/IF. This review discusses SBS/IF from the perspective of IBD, with an emphasis on prevention and treatment in the setting of CD. The aims of this review are to emphasize the unique treatment goals of the newly diagnosed SBS/IF patient, and highlight the role of both medical and surgical therapies in the management of IBD-related SBS/IF, including intestinal transplantation.
Time scales of arsenic variability and the role of high-frequency monitoring at three water-supply wells in New Hampshire, USA.

Abstract Groundwater geochemistry, redox process classification, high-frequency physicochemical and hydrologic measurements, and climate data were analyzed to identify controls on arsenic (As) concentration changes. Groundwater was monitored in two public-supply wells (one glacial aquifer and one bedrock aquifer), and one bedrock-aquifer domestic well in New Hampshire, USA, from 2014 to 2018 to identify time scales of and controls on As concentration changes. Concentrations of As and other geochemical constituents were measured bimonthly. Specific conductance (SC), pH, dissolved oxygen, and pumping rate/water level were measured at high frequency (every 5 to 15 min). Median (and 95% confidence interval) As concentrations at the three wells were 4.1 (3.7–4.6), 18.9 (17.2–23.6), and 37.5 (30.4–42.9) μg/L. Arsenic variability in each of the three wells, in relative standard deviation, ranged from 9 to 12%. Median quarterly As concentrations were highest in all wells in the spring. The bedrock-aquifer public-supply well As concentration increased over the period of study while pumping rate decreased. In the public-supply wells, As variability was correlated with SC and pH, and As species were related to SC, pH, pumping, precipitation, and changes in redox process. Specific conductance also had a seasonal pattern in the two public-supply wells and was correlated with Na and Cl. Excess Na in water samples suggests possible ion exchange with dissolved Ca, creating more capacity to dissolve CaCO3 from calcareous rocks, which can increase pH and in turn, As concentrations in wells. High-frequency monitoring data are cost effective to collect, which could be advantageous in other parts of the United States and in the many parts of the world where glacial aquifers are in direct contact with other water supply aquifers or where water from different aquifers have potential to mix.
Emotions and decision rightness over five years following an abortion: An examination of decision difficulty and abortion stigma

Abstract Background Despite weak theoretical grounding and ample research indicating women feel high levels of decision rightness and relief post-abortion, claims that abortion is inherently stressful and causes emergent negative emotions and regret undergirds state-level laws regulating abortion in the United States. Nonetheless, scholarship does identify factors that put a woman at risk for short-term negative postabortion emotions—including decision difficulty and perceiving abortion stigma in one's community—pointing to a possible mechanism behind later emergent or persistent post-abortion negative emotions. Methods Using five years of longitudinal data, collected one week post-abortion and semi-annually for five years from women who sought abortions at 30 US facilities between 2008 and 2010, we examined women's emotions and feeling that abortion was the right decision over five years (n=667). We used mixed effects regression models to examine changes in emotions and abortion decision rightness over time by decision difficulty and perceived community abortion stigma. Results We found no evidence of emerging negative emotions or abortion decision regret; both positive and negative emotions declined over the first two years and plateaued thereafter, and decision rightness remained high and steady (predicted percent: 97.5% at baseline, 99.0% at five years). At five years postabortion, relief remained the most commonly felt emotion among all women (predicted mean on 0-4 scale: 1.0; 0.6 for sadness and guilt; 0.4 for regret, anger and happiness). Despite converging levels of emotions by decision difficulty and stigma level over time, these two factors remained most important for predicting negative emotions and decision non-rightness years later. Conclusions These results add to the scientific evidence that emotions about an abortion are associated with personal and social context, and are not a product of the abortion procedure itself. Findings challenge the rationale for policies regulating access to abortion that are premised on emotional harm claims.
Build Your Future: Connecting Career Exploration and Postsecondary Education

Many factors perpetuate the low go-on rate in Idaho, and many Idaho youth do not look to postsecondary education as an obtainable future, though evidence predicts Idaho’s job market will require more postsecondary degrees. Therefore, the goal of the Idaho 4-H Build Your Future Program is to cultivate relationships with Idaho youth that would otherwise not seek postsecondary education. The program provides youth with the opportunity to explore career options, visit a college campus, and visualize themselves as capable, competent adults with a quality education, thus inspiring more youth to consider pursuing advanced career paths. Site facilitators across Idaho led groups of youth in 8 th through 12 th grades through the program. A pre–post retrospective survey of the 2018 program indicates that youth are learning more about postsecondary education options and how to pay for it. In the survey, 87% of youth indicated that they understand the different requirements for postsecondary degrees and certifications, and 77% indicated that they have created a plan to pay for their postsecondary education. The program is raising awareness of potential solutions for moving forward with postsecondary education options.
Screening, Assessment, and Brief Interventions for Substance Use

This chapter will focus on screening, assessment, and brief interventions for substance use disorders designed for use in healthcare settings, such as trauma centers, emergency rooms, physician offices, and integrated community-based health and behavioral health centers. The chapter begins with a review of the epidemiology of substance use disorders. Diagnostic assessment information about substance use disorders will then be provided, followed by a review of specific screening and assessment tools and practices. Next, skills and practices associated with brief interventions designed to motivate patients to reduce unhealthy behaviors or seek out treatment will be reviewed and applied to an illustrative case example.
Dengue Spread Information System (DSIS)

Mosquitoes are responsible for transfer of many vector-borne diseases including Malaria, Zika and Dengue. These amount to 17% of the total infectious diseases across the globe, leading to a death toll approximately 700,000 annually. Dengue is a preventable viral infection transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. However, over the past 50 years, the number of dengue cases has increased by a whopping 30-fold. Every year an approximately 500,000 people are admitted with severe dengue, with an estimated 40,000 deaths. In several countries in south American continent and Asia, dengue is one of the leading causes of death. It is mainly found in tropical and sub-tropical regions, particularly surrounding urban and semi-urban areas. Historically, there has been an intensive increase in the number of dengue cases from 2000-2010 and, if adequately explored, essential information can be retrieved. Our work involves the development of the Dengue Spread Information System (DSIS), a geographic-health information system designed to highlight the spread of dengue cases in Iquitos, Peru, and San Juan, Puerto Rico from 1990 to 2013. The application is aimed at citizens, travelers, policymakers and researchers to analyze and interpret the change in risk factors leading to dengue outbreaks and develop essential early warning applications and policies to counter future dengue outbreaks.
A New Form of Soft Supersymmetry Breaking

Using the components of real and chiral superfields subject to an internal U(N)xU(N) gauge symmetry, an action is constructed in which the gauginos are in a different representation of the group than the gauge bosons. This action with broken supersymmetry satisfies criteria that ensure that it is free of quadratic divergences to all orders. A two-loop calculation provides insight as to how cancellations of quadratic divergences manifest themselves at that level of perturbation theory.
The Case for a World Exchange and World Custodian

The world’s exchanges and custodial arrangements currently suffer numerous and serious shortcomings. But a simple, efficient, transparent, and secure solution is attainable with respect to both exchange and custody: the establishment of two linked institutions, a world exchange and a world custodian, both independent and not-for-profit.
Kant's Theory of Virtue: The Value of Autocracy

Anne Margaret Baxley offers a systematic interpretation of Kant's theory of virtue, whose most distinctive features have not been properly understood. She explores the rich moral psychology in Kant's later and less widely read works on ethics, and argues that the key to understanding his account of virtue is the concept of autocracy, a form of moral self-government in which reason rules over sensibility. Although certain aspects of Kant's theory bear comparison to more familiar Aristotelian claims about virtue, Baxley contends that its most important aspects combine to produce something different - a distinctively modern, egalitarian conception of virtue which is an important and overlooked alternative to the more traditional Greek views which have dominated contemporary virtue ethics.
Rat-Mouse Hybridomas and Their Application to Studies of the Major Histocompatibility Complex

This chapter will address two main issues: (1) the general properties of interspecies hybridoma cell lines prepared by fusion of mutant mouse myeloma cells to lymphoid cells from immunized rats, and (2) the application of hybridoma technology to studies involving the structure and function of the major histocompatibility complex in inbred rodents.
Multimedia Learning: The Science of Learning: Determining How Multimedia Learning Works

The science of learning is concerned with a theory of how people learn. Theory-grounded practice refers to developing instructional methods that are consistent with how people learn. Multimedia messages that are designed in light of how the human mind works are more likely to lead to meaningful learning than those that are not. A cognitive theory of multimedia learning assumes that the human information-processing system includes dual channels for visual/pictorial and auditory/verbal processing, each channel has limited capacity for processing, and active learning entails carrying out appropriate cognitive processing during learning. Five steps in multimedia learning are selecting relevant words from the presented text or narration, selecting relevant images from the presented illustrations, organizing the selected words into a coherent verbal representation, organizing selected images into a coherent visual representation, and integrating the visual and verbal representations and prior knowledge. Processing of pictures occurs mainly in the visual/pictorial channel; processing of spoken words occurs mainly in the auditory/verbal channel; but processing of printed words takes place initially in the visual/pictorial channel and then moves to the auditory/verbal channel. Three kinds of cognitive load are extraneous cognitive processing, which is cognitive processing that does not serve the instructional goal and is caused by poor instructional design; essential processing, which is cognitive processing that is required to represent the material in working memory and is determined by the complexity of the material; and generative processing, which is deep cognitive processing including organizing and integrating the material.
On Compact Symmetric Regularizations of Graphs

Let $G$ be a finite simple graph of order $n$, maximum degree $\Delta$, and minimum degree $\delta$. A compact regularization of $G$ is a $\Delta$-regular graph $H$ of which $G$ is an induced subgraph: $H$ is symmetric if every automorphism of $G$ can be extended to an automorphism of $H$. The index $|H:G|$ of a regularization $H$ of $G$ is the ratio $|V(H)|/|V(G)|$. Let $\mbox{mcr}(G)$ denote the index of a minimum compact regularization of $G$ and let $\mbox{mcsr}(G)$ denote the index of a minimum compact symmetric regularization of $G$. Erdős and Kelly proved that every graph $G$ has a compact regularization and $\mbox{mcr}(G) \leq 2$. Building on a result of Konig , Chartrand and Lesniak showed that every graph has a compact symmetric regularization and $\mbox{mcsr}(G) \leq 2^{\Delta - \delta}$. Using a partial Cartesian product construction, we improve this to $\mbox{mcsr}(G) \leq \Delta - \delta + 2$ and give examples to show this bound cannot be reduced below $\Delta - \delta + 1$.
Adsorption of interacting Brownian particles onto surfaces. I: General formulation of the macroscopic diffusion equation and results for nonhydrodynamic force interactions

Abstract Previous studies on the adsorption or deposition of Brownian particles onto surfaces have been carried out in the limit of infinite particle dilution. In the present study we have examined the effects of finite particle concentrations on the transport and adsorption of Brownian particles onto surfaces. A macroscopic diffusion equation for the collection of particles in a nonuniform host fluid is derived beginning with the n -particle Fokker-Planck equation. Both hydrodynamic interparticle interactions and hydrodynamic interactions of the particles with the adsorbing surface are included in the theoretical formulation. In agreement with previous methods, the resulting convective-diffusion equation is similar in form to the single-particle equation (Smoluchowski equation) with the Einstein diffusion coefficient replaced by the mutual diffusion tensor for the interacting Brownian particles. Solutions to the convective-diffusion equation were carried out for the problem of Brownian particle adsorption onto a large sphere under the conditions of low Reynolds number fluid motion and large particle Peclet numbers. In this first study, we have neglected the effects of hydrodynamic interactions on the solution behavior, and have thus focused our attention on the effects of attractive- and repulsive-type colloidal force interactions on the transport and deposition of Brownian particles onto a spherical collector. Our semianalytic solutions to the convective-diffusion equation show a general behavior of interparticle interactions: attractive-type interactions lead to a decrease in the total particle number flux to the sphere surface as compared to the noninteracting case, whereas repulsive-type interactions result in a relative increase in the flux. This behavior is explained by examining the “force environment” of a particle near the collecting sphere surface. The effects of colloidal interaction forces were further quantified by considering two specific interaction potentials: hard-sphere and electric double-layer interactions. Typical parameters of this latter potential show a most dramatic change in the total particle number flux, resulting in some cases in as much as a 100% increase over the noninteracting case at a particle volume fraction of 10 −2 . Finally, we have also summarized our assumptions which have led to the results reported here, including the neglect of hydrodynamic interactions to be investigated in the second part of this study.
Repletion of Iron Stores With the Use of Oral Iron Supplementation in Patients With Systolic Heart Failure

Abstract Background Iron deficiency is associated with reduced functional capacity and increased mortality in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Correction of iron deficiency in HFrEF patients with the use of intravenous iron improves symptoms, quality of life, and exercise performance. Whether oral iron improves iron stores in HFrEF patients is unknown. We conducted a retrospective study to assess the efficacy of oral iron supplementation in iron-deficient HFrEF patients. Methods and Results Iron-deficient HFrEF patients with a record of oral iron supplementation and iron studies before and ∼180 days after supplementation were identified. Iron deficiency was defined as ferritin P P = .0007) at 164 days after initiation of oral iron supplementation. Conclusions In this retrospective study, oral iron supplementation improved iron stores similarly to previously reported results with the use of intravenous iron repletion in HFrEF patients, suggesting that oral iron merits prospective evaluation as an intervention strategy in HFrEF.
Dynamic Modeling Accuracy Dependence on Errors in Sensor Measurements, Mass Properties, and Aircraft Geometry

A nonlinear simulation of the NASA Generic Transport Model was used to investigate the effects of errors in sensor measurements, mass properties, and aircraft geometry on the accuracy of dynamic models identified from flight data. Measurements from a typical system identification maneuver were systematically and progressively deteriorated and then used to estimate stability and control derivatives within a Monte Carlo analysis. Based on the results, recommendations were provided for maximum allowable errors in sensor measurements, mass properties, and aircraft geometry to achieve desired levels of dynamic modeling accuracy. Results using other flight conditions, parameter estimation methods, and a full-scale F-16 nonlinear aircraft simulation were compared with these recommendations.
Variations in burn perfusion over time as measured by portable ICG fluorescence: A case series

The early determination of healing potential in indeterminate thickness burns may be difficult to establish by visual inspection alone, even for experienced burn practitioners. This case series explores the use of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence using portable bedside assessment as a potential tool for early determination of burn depth. Three subjects with indeterminate thickness burns had daily perfusion assessment using ICG fluorescence assessment using the SPY machine (SPY®, Lifecell Corp., NJ, USA) in addition to standard burn care. The fluorescence was quantified as a percentage of the perfusion of intact skin, and areas of hypo- and hyper-perfusion were indicated. The study was concluded when the burn surgeon, blinded to the ICG results, made a clinical determination of the need for skin grafting or discharge. The perfusion in areas of differing depth of burn were compared over the entire study period to determine both the magnitude of difference, and the point in the time course of healing when these changes became evident. Significant differences in perfusion were noted between burned areas of varying depth. These differences were evident as early as the first post-burn day, and persisted till the completion of the study. ICG fluorescence represents a potential adjunct in burn assessment in this first longitudinal study of its use; however much more systematic research will be required to judge the feasibility of clinical implementation.
Decision weights and the normal form axiom

Abstract In ‘decision weight’ theories of behavior under uncertainty, individuals choose between uncertain prospects to maximize a weighted average of utilities, where utility is defined over outcomes and decision weights depend upon the probability distribution of outcomes as well as, perhaps, other characteristics of the uncertain environment. The ‘Normal Form Axiom’ (NFA) requires that an individual be indifferent between two prospects which assign identical total probabilities to respective outcomes. Under NFA, decision weight theories reduce to Expected Utility theory if decision weights depend only upon the probability distribution of outcomes and not, in particular, on the nature of the uncertain outcomes.
Possible degrees in recursive copies II

Abstract Let A be a recursive structure, and let R be a recursive relation on A . Harizanov (1991) isolated a syntactical condition which (with additional effectiveness conditions) is necessary and sufficient for A to have recursive copies in which the image of R is r.e. of arbitrary r.e. degree. We had conjectured that a certain extension of Harizanov's syntactical condition would (with some effectiveness conditions) be necessary and sufficient for A to have recursive copies in which the image of R is ∑α0 of arbitrary ∑α0 degree, but this is not the case. Here we give examples illustrating some restrictions on the possible ∑α0 degrees. In these examples, the image of R cannot be ∑α0 of degree d unless d possesses an “α-table” (a sequence of sets in which each one is r.e. in and above the earlier ones).
Remark on a sufficient condition for multiplicity in a model in chemical reactor theory

We consider the model -u'' = @l(@s - u) exp{-k(l+u)}; x @e (0, 1) u(0) = 0 = u(1) which arises in chemical reactor theory. Here @l, @s, and k are positive constants. It is known that if there exists an @a @e (0, @s) such that H(@a) = @[email protected] f(s) ds - (@a2)f(@a )< 0 then there exists a range of @l for which there exists at least three nonnegative solutions, and using numerical evaluation it was conjectured that such values of @a exist. In this paper we give an analytical proof of this conjecture.
Study of Interfacial Structures: Bubbly Flow in 1.27 cm Diameter Pipe

The objective of the present research is to study the flow regime map, the detailed interfacial structures, and the bubble transport in an adiabatic air-water two-phase flow mixture, flowing upward through a vertical round pipe having 1.27 cm. inner diameter. The flow regime map is obtained by processing the characteristic signals acquired from an impedance void meter, using a self-organized neural network. The local two-phase flow parameters are measured by the state-of-the-art four-sensor conductivity probe at three axial locations in the pipe. The measured local parameters include void fraction (α), interfacial area concentration (ai ), bubble frequency (fb ), bubble velocity (Ub ) and bubble Sauter mean diameter (Dsm ). The radial profiles of these parameters and their development along the axial direction reveals the structure of the two phase mixture and the bubble interaction mechanisms.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The formation of organotin halide adducts with triethylphosphine oxide

Abstract The Lewis acid-base interactions of organotin mono-, di-, and tri-halides with triethylphosphine oxide (TEPO) were investigated by determining the 31P chemical shift of equimolar mixtures of the acid and base in benzene. The concentration dependence of this shift was used to determine the equilibrium constant for formation the 1 1 adduct. The acceptor number of the acid was obtained from the 31P chemical shift of the adduct and by extrapolation of the 31P shift to infinite dilution. Equilibrium constants for the complexes of the same acids with both TEPO and triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) were correlated by multiple regression analysis with these acceptor numbers (AN) and the molar refractivities (MR) of the acids. Enthalpy changes for the formation of adducts with TPPO were also found to correlate with AN aNd MR.
Reflecting on the DARPA Red Balloon Challenge

Finding 10 balloons across the U.S. illustrates how the Internet has changed the way we solve highly distributed problems.
Effects of amphetamine and methylphenidate on delay discounting in rats: interactions with order of delay presentation.

Rationale Drug effects on delay discounting are thought to reflect changes in sensitivity to reinforcer delay, although other behavioral mechanisms might be involved. One strategy for revealing the influence of different behavioral mechanisms is to alter features of the procedures in which they are studied.