cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review of Classical Control

A “system” is a collection of “components” which interact with one another and with their “environment.” A very good example of a system is a political system such as the United States containing many components, its 50 states, which interact with not only each other but also neighboring countries. A “control” system, which can be either “open-loop” or “closed-loop,” is a collection of components that interact in such a way that a particular “input” results in a particular “output.” Otherwise, it is out of control. A “deterministic” control system is one where the input/output relationship is predictable and repeatable. Otherwise, it is stochastic. For example, an electromechanical system such as the DC motor is a deterministic control system that contains many components: resistor, inductor, magnetic coupling, inertia, viscous damper, etc.; their interaction is such that a specific input voltage will result in a specific output velocity.
In Vitro Model of Drug Testing

Valvular heart disease is a significant cause of cardiac morbidity and mortality. Fifteen years ago, there was an epidemic of FenPhen induced valvular heart disease due to overuse for weight loss [1]. Patients developed clinical findings of severe pulmonary hypertension and left-sided valve lesions similar to those of carcinoid heart disease [1–4]. Previously, we have published the in vitro and ex vivo mechanism of cellular proliferation secondary to serotonin induced valve disease [5]. The distinctive carcinoid cardiac lesions consist of deposits of fibrous tissue devoid of elastic fibers on the ventricular aspect of the tricuspid valve leaflets and on the arterial aspect of the pulmonic valve cusps. A similar lesion is found in FenPhen valve lesions except on the left side of the heart [1]. Despite the similar plaque formation on the endocardial surface of the cardiac valves in FenPhen patients, the cellular mechanism of this disease is not well known. This chapter will define a novel in vitro assay previously published [5], to determine if FenPhen has a direct effect on the valvular subendothelial cells through a mechanism of increase proliferation, which is responsible for the plaque formation found on these valves.
The Effects of a Treatment Package Combining Contingency Contracts and Video Prompts on Social Skills in Students with Intellectual Disabilities and Autism

The Effects of a Treatment Package Combining Contingency Contracts and Video Prompts on Social Skills in Students with Intellectual Disabilities and Autism
THE MECHANISMS AND APPLICATIONS OF SYMBIOTIC OPPORTUNISTIC PLANT SYMBIONTS

A number of fungi have evolved a symbiotic life style with plants, including some organisms that include similar strains or species that are plant pathogens. Some are obligate symbionts such as ecto- or endomycorrhizal fungi, while others are endophytes that have free-living capabilities. Still oth- ers are highly competitive in soil and proliferate there. These are the oppor- tunistic plant symbionts. Fungi in the genus Trichoderma have long been considered as biocontrol agents, but they are highly successful plant sym- bionts as well. The critical step for establishment of the symbiotic life style begins with root colonization and infection of outer cortical layers. A zone of chemical interaction is established; some of the Trichoderma signaling molecules are known. As a result of this interaction, the fungus is walled off; in rare cases where components of this communication are lacking, Tricho- derma can become a pathogen. The results of this interaction include induced systemic resistance, increased growth responses and yields, and increased nu- trient uptake and fertilizer use efficiency. The interaction induces substantial changes in plant physiology. In the maize-T. harzianum strain T22 interaction, more than 300 proteins have altered expression, with a number of them being up-regulated. Included in this group are, most notably, enzymes of carbohy- drate metabolism and proteins associated with pathogen resistance and stress. Multiple forms of several proteins are upregulated, including numerous ex- amples of chitinases, β-glucosidases, proteins with nucleotide binding sites and leucine rich repeats associated with resistance to disease, sucrose syn- thase, and methionine synthase. The substantial increases in several of these are highly suggestive of changes in metabolic pathways or regulation.
Formalization and Detection of Events Using Interval-Based Semantics

Active databases utilize Event-Condition-Action rules to provide active capability to the underlying system. An event was initially defined to be an instantaneous, atomic occurrence of interest and the time of occurrence of the last event in an event expression was used as the time of occurrence for an entire event expression (detection-based semantics), rather than the interval over which an event expression occurs (interval-based semantics). This introduces semantic discrepancy for some operators when they are composed more than once. Currently, all active databases detect events using the detection-based semantics rather than the interval-based semantics. SnoopIB is an interval-based event specification language developed for expressing primitive and composite events that are part of active rules. Algorithms for event detection using interval-based semantics pose some challenges, as not all events are known (especially their starting points). In this paper, we address the following: 1) briefly explain the need for interval-based semantics, 2) formalization of events accumulated over a semantic window and 3) how diversified events (e.g., sliding window, accumulated) are detected using interval-based semantics in the context of Sentinel – an active object oriented database. 1. INTRODUCTION is consensus in the database community on EventCondition-Action (or ECA) rules as being one of the most general formats for expressing rules in an active database management system. As the event component was the least understood (conditions correspond to queries, and actions correspond to transactions) part of ECA rule, there is a large body of work [1
Designing Curriculum Programs for Children with Autism

This chapter provides a comprehensive description of the process of designing an individualized curriculum for learners with autism.
4.1 – Radical Addition Reactions

The formation of a new σ-bond at the expense of an existing π-bond is a transformation that rests at the heart of modern organic synthesis. It underlies such diverse reactions as nucleophilic additions to carbonyls and activated alkenes, transition metal catalyzed additions, and pericyclic reactions. The addition of a radical to a π-bond, to form a σ-bond and a new radical, is a fundamental reaction of organic radicals that organic polymer chemists have continuously applied to the synthesis of new materials. Applications in small molecule synthesis evolved more slowly for a time.1,2 However, over the last decade, the application of radical addition reactions to problems in fine synthesis has grown from the level of a curiosity to that of a major reaction class. For recent reviews see refs. 3–5. This rapid growth can be attributed, in part, to the high level of understanding of organic radicals that has been provided by fundamental research on structure and reactivity and, in part, to the fact that the transformations that can be accomplished by radical additions are often those that are difficult to accomplish by more traditional means.
A Dynamic Supplier Selection and Inventory Management Model for a Serial Supply Chain with a Novel Supplier Price Break Scheme and Flexible Time Periods

Abstract A new supplier price break and discount scheme taking into account order frequency and lead time is introduced and incorporated into an integrated inventory planning model for a serial supply chain that minimizes the overall incurred cost including procurement, inventory holding, production, and transportation. A mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation is presented addressing this multi-period, multi-supplier, and multi-stage problem with predetermined time-varying demand for the case of a single product. Then, the length of the time period is considered as a variable. A new MILP formulation is derived when each period of the model is split into multiple sub-periods, and under certain conditions, it is proved that the optimal solution and objective value of the original model form a feasible solution and an upper bound for the derived model. In a numerical example, three scenarios of the derived model are solved where the number of sub-period is set to 2, 3, and 4. The results further show the decrease of the optimal objective value as the length of the time period is shortened. Sufficient evidence demonstrates that the length of the time period has a significant influence on supplier selection, lot sizing allocation, and inventory planning decisions. This poses the necessity of the selection of appropriate length of a time period, considering the trade-off between model complexity and cost savings.
D-Cycloserine augmentation of cognitive behavior therapy for pediatric OCD: Predictors and moderators of outcome.

Abstract Background Over half of children receiving cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) do not fully remit. To improve response rates and enhance extinction learning, d-cycloserine (DCS) has been examined as an augmenting agent of CBT. To direct children with OCD towards treatments with the highest likelihood of success, the current study evaluated the conditions under which DCS augmentation works best (i.e., moderators) and the baseline characteristics associated with outcome, irrespective of treatment type (i.e., predictors). Methods Data came from a two-site randomized controlled trial (N = 142) in which children received either DCS + CBT (n = 70) or placebo + CBT. Results No baseline variables moderated the effects of DCS augmentation on CBT outcome. However, several predictor variables were associated with a decreased likelihood of achieving remission status, including higher family accommodation scores, higher impairment scores, higher depression scores, and higher externalizing scores. Furthermore, better insight at pre-treatment was associated with more improvement longitudinally on a clinician-rated summary measure of illness severity. Limitations The current study did not examine all variables that had previously been shown to moderate or predict treatment outcome (e.g., family history of OCD or cognitive profile). Conclusions The absence of significant moderators suggests that baseline factors cannot yet be used to determine who benefits most from DCS. To maximize treatment benefits for children presenting with identified predictors of worse treatment outcome, clinicians might need to adapt existing CBT protocols and administer additional interventions that address patients’ specific problem areas.
Respond to the “Call of the Pathway” in “Noiseless Ringing of Stillness”

Building upon Lao Tzu’s Taoist thoughts in Tao Te Ching (Chinese Society Publisher, Beijing, China, 500 B.C./2004), Heidegger’s phenomenological works, and pedagogical insights from Dewey, this chapter explores possibilities of the Taoist Pedagogy of Pathmarks as the “call of the Pathway” (Heidegger in Heidegger: The man and the thinker, Precedent Publishing, Chicago, IL, p. 72, 1981a), as waying and responding to the call of Tao in “noiseless ringing of stillness” (Heidegger in Martin Heidegger basic writings, Routledge, London, UK, p. 420, 1959/1993b). These possibilities are not independent; they are intertwined. The reflective thinking in waiting and silent listening in stillness are explored as different ways of the Taoist Pedagogy of Pathmarks, both placed against enframing, the will to control, present in traditional didactic teaching.
Broadening epistemologies and methodologies in climate change education research

In this commentary, we reflect on the articles in this special collection from our lens as scholars who have chosen to conduct research with a focus on climate change education. We start with state...
Nanoscale mapping of hydrogen evolution on metallic and semiconducting MoS2 nanosheets

Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets is enhanced for the metallic (1T) phase relative to the thermodynamically stable semiconducting (2H) phase. To measure this difference, we employ scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) for high-resolution mapping (<20 nm spatial resolution) of surface reactivity for mixed-phase and pure 2H-only MoS2 nanosheets. For mixed-phase MoS2 nanosheets, we find major differences in reactivity of the two phases for electron transfer involving ferrocenemethanol, allowing us to locate 1T and 2H regions and directly map the corresponding HER activity. In our measurements, we find that HER is immeasurably slow on the 2H basal plane and much faster on edges, whereas 1T portions are highly reactive across the entire portion. We also use scanning transmission electron microscopy-electron energy loss spectroscopy and scanning Kelvin probe microscopy to corroborate the phase domains and local workfunctions (surface potentials) within the MoS2 nanosheets; the mixed-phase MoS2 has a shallower workfunction compared to 2H MoS2, which could enable a greater driving force for H2 generation. This powerful combination of techniques for spatially mapping surface reactivity and correlated phase domains should be applicable to a broad range of materials for HER and other catalysis reactions.
Routine Postoperative Cardiac Testing is Unnecessary after Carotid Endarterectomy.

Background Routine laboratory testing to rule out myocardial infarction (MI) after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is common in many centers. Its use in this patient population has not been thoroughly investigated. We hypothesize that routine testing for MI in post-CEA patients is of low yield and not cost-effective. Methods A retrospective review of 291 consecutive CEAs from February 2011 to July 2015 was performed. Two patients were excluded: one for postoperative noncardiac death and one for preoperative MI. Patient demographics, medications, medical history, type of anesthesia, and postoperative laboratory results were reviewed. All patients had troponin-I and creatine kinase-MB levels taken postoperatively. A patient was judged to have an MI if troponin-I was greater than or equal to 0.6 ng/mL or CK-MB is >6.3 ng/mL. The incidence of postoperative MI was recorded, and a cost analysis was performed. Results The mean age was 70.2 years (range: 42-92). Of all, 59.5% were male, and 92.4% had a history of hypertension. Preoperatively, 57.4% were on beta-blocker therapy, 86.5% on aspirin, and 52.2% on both. Most (80.6%) were on preoperative statin therapy, 26.9% had a prior history of MI (37.2% within 5 years of surgery), and 56.4% of patients had a prior coronary intervention (27.6% percutaneous, 28.7% coronary artery bypass grafting, and 11% both). All patients received general anesthesia. The mean procedure time was 121.5 min (range: 62-258). The mean postoperative length of stay was 2.6 days. Eight patients (2.7%) were judged to have acute MI, one of which was symptomatic. Three of the 8 (38%) had a prior history of MI. In asymptomatic patients, the peak level of troponin-I ranges from 0.52 to 3.64 ng/mL and that of CK-MB from 11.8 to 24 ng/mL. The symptomatic patient had chest pain and bradycardia. The patient had a peak troponin-I level of 1.59 ng/mL, with a CK-MB level of 11.5 ng/mL. All patients were treated medically. The cost per troponin-I and CK-MB is $27.78 and $31.44, respectively, in our institution. We estimate that eliminating routine postoperative troponin-I and CK-MB testing in patients who underwent CEA would have saved an estimated $51,343 over the course of treatment of the studied population. Conclusions Routine postoperative cardiac laboratory testing in asymptomatic patients after CEA increases the hospital cost. The low overall rate of postoperative MI suggests that cardiac testing is best reserved for symptomatic patients or those with clinical suspicion for MI.
Arthritis, Sleep Health, and Systemic Inflammation in Older Men

Author(s): Lee, Soomi; Stone, Katie L; Engeland, Christopher G; Lane, Nancy E; Buxton, Orfeu M | Abstract: ObjectiveTo examine the associations of prevalent arthritis with systemic inflammation in older men and to test whether sleep health mediates the associations.MethodsCross-sectional data came from 2,562 community-dwelling older men (all were age 65 years or older; mean age 76 years) in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study who participated in a sleep ancillary study in 2003-2005. Participants were classified as having osteoarthritis (OA) (24%) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (0.7%) based on self-reported diagnoses and medication use. We constructed a composite score of multidimensional sleep health (i.e., perceived sleep quality, sleepiness, frequency of daytime napping, wake after sleep onset, and sleep duration) measured by both self-report and actigraphy. We also created binary indicators of elevated inflammation using C-reactive protein (CRP) (g3 mg/liter) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (g1.08 pg/ml) levels. Analyses controlled for age, diagnosed sleep disorders, body mass index, smoking status, relevant medication use, and comorbidities.ResultsOlder men with OA did not have higher risk of elevated CRP or IL-6 levels. However, indirect associations of OA through sleep health were found. OA was associated with poorer sleep health, which was further associated with 16% higher odds of elevated CRP (P l 0.001) and 12% higher odds of elevated IL-6 (P l 0.01) levels after controlling for OA. Older men with RA had higher odds of elevated CRP and IL-6 levels, but the associations were not mediated by sleep health.ConclusionFindings suggest that promoting sleep health may help reduce the risk of systemic inflammation in older men with OA.
Using the Delphi method to identify clinicians' perceived importance of pediatric exome sequencing results.

Information obtained from clinical exome sequencing (ES) may impact clinical care or other aspects of a patient’s life. Little is known about clinicians’ perceptions regarding either the value of ES results or which among various outcomes are most relevant to determine value. This study aims to assess clinicians’ opinions of the importance of ES results for medical decision making and identify a set of outcomes to be measured in future ES evaluations. Expert opinion regarding the value of remarkable (diagnostic/positive) and unremarkable (nondiagnostic/negative) ES results was elicited via the Delphi method, consisting of two survey rounds and a teleconference. Participants had expertise in caring for clinically diverse infants and children with suspected underlying genetic etiologies. Descriptive statistics and (dis)agreement were calculated for each survey item. Remarkable ES results were considered important for 17 outcome domains. Unremarkable ES results were also perceived as important in terms of psychological impact and ability to inform follow-up diagnostic test decisions. Clinicians regard remarkable ES results as more important in many ways than findings from other diagnostic modalities. Unremarkable ES results were not considered unimportant for decision making, but rather uncertain in most outcome domains.
Evaluating the effects of water matrix constituents on micropollutant removal by activated carbon and β-cyclodextrin polymer adsorbents.

Abstract The performance of adsorbents for the removal of organic micropollutants (MPs) from water can be influenced by the presence of water matrix constituents. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of water matrix constituents on the performance of coconut-shell activated carbon (CCAC), porous β-cyclodextrin polymer (CDP), and CDP coated on cellulose microcrystal (CDP@CMC) adsorbents. MP removals were measured in batch experiments for a mixture of 90 MP at 1 μg L−1 and MP breakthrough was measured in rapid small-scale column test (RSSCT) experiments for a mixture of 15 MP at 500 ng L−1. All experiments were performed first with nanopure water, and subsequently with six different water samples collected from two separate groundwater, surface water, and wastewater effluent sources. The results of batch and RSSCT experiments demonstrate more rapid adsorption kinetics and less adsorption inhibition in the presence of matrix constituents for CDP adsorbents relative to CCAC. Further, the treatment capacity of CDP@CMC in the RSSCT experiments was higher than that of CCAC, particularly in more complex water matrices. Statistical analyses were performed to investigate associations between adsorption inhibition among groups of MPs and the concentrations of specific water matrix constituents. For CCAC, adsorption inhibition was observed for all MPs and was primarily attributed to the presence of dissolved organic matter with molar weight less than 1000 Da. For CDP adsorbents, adsorption inhibition was primarily observed for cationic MPs and was attributed to the screening of the negative surface charge of CDP by inorganic ions in water samples with high ionic strength. These data further demonstrate the value of CDP as an alternative adsorbent to CCAC for the removal of MPs during water and wastewater treatment.
Rare cause of large anterior mediastinal mass--Thymolipoma.

Abstract Background Among the diverse causes of anterior mediastinal masses, thymolipoma is not a common entity. It largely comprises of adipose tissue and remnants of thymus tissue. Most patients are asymptomatic and are diagnosed incidentally. Case Summary Sixty-six-year-old female presented to the Emergency Department with a week of worsening shortness of breath, palpitations, diarrhea, palpitations & over 30 kg of unintentional weight loss in the last 1 year. Her investigations were in line of thyrotoxicosis with other lab findings correlating to the disease. However, during investigations, a chest radiograph showed left lower zone opacity and on follow-up CT scan it was revealed to be a huge fatty mass comprising of soft tissues arising from the anterior mediastinum, pushing the left diaphragm inferiorly and the lower lobe of left lung was entirely collapsed. Conclusion Thymolipoma can occur as a single entity and patients are often clinically asymptomatic. Biopsy is the definitive diagnostic tool, but it can also be challenging, especially if adequate samples are not obtained. CT scan can play an important role in supporting the diagnosis, with findings of fat containing structure arising from the anterior mediastinum along with internal fat stranding & nodularity. Treatment is surgical with excision of the entire mass.
The “tricky business” of genre blending: Tensions between frames of school mathematics and video game play

Educational video games are increasingly used in classrooms because they can offer meaningful contexts for problem solving. However, educational video games bring together two historically disparat...
Lemierre's Syndrome with Severe Thrombocytopenia without Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Lemierre’s syndrome (LS) is an uncommon clinical entity characterized by a primary oropharyngeal infection with subsequent septic thrombophlebitis. Diagnosis is made with clinical or radiographic evidence of internal jugular vein (IJV) thrombosis, along with metastatic focus such as lungs or joints. Life threatening thrombocytopenia in Lemierre’s syndrome in the absence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is rarely reported. We present a case of a 41-year-old woman with Lemierre’s syndrome caused by beta-hemolytic group C streptococci and fusobacterium species manifested as worsening pharyngitis, IJV thrombosis, and complicated by severe thrombocytopenia.
Quantification of the effects of hydrophobicity and mass loading on the effective coverage of surface-immobilized elastin-like peptides

Abstract Elastin-like peptides (ELPs) immobilized to solid surfaces have recently gained attention for use in electrochemical applications in sensing as well as bioenabled electrode assembly. Key to the success of these applications is understanding how ELPs impact the access and electron transfer of reacting species to the solid surface (effective surface coverage). In this study, short ELPs with varying hydrophobicity and sequence length were designed for gold attachment, and the effect on the ability of a redox probe to access a gold surface was characterized by cyclic voltammetry. A quantitative model describing the relationship between ELP effective surface coverage as a function of mean hydrophobicity and mass loading was elucidated based on the results, showing the ability to precisely control surface properties by tuning the ELP sequence. This model will be useful for the design of surface-bound ELP sequences that exhibit desired effective surface coverage for electrochemical as well as biomaterial applications.
Relationship Between Glucose Utilization and Growth Rate in Bacillus subtilis

The effect of growth rate on the rate of glucose utilization has been examined with a sporogenic and a weakly sporogenic strain of Bacillus subtilis by means of the continuous culture technique. Cultures were grown aerobically on a mineral salts medium with glucose as the carbon and energy source. During both nitrogen and l-tryptophan limitation, the rate of glucose consumption (milligrams of glucose per hour per milligrams of cells) decreased when the growth rate was decreased. The coupling between the rate of glucose disappearance and the growth rate was estimated as 76 to 86% during nitrogen limitation and as 60 to 78% during tryptophan limitation. Sporulation had no detectable influence on the coupling.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Review of the Medical Literature 1974-1979

In the last five years there have been literally hundreds of articles of the world's medical literature regarding sudden infant death syndrome. This work has shed some light on various epidemiologic aspects of the problem, on pathologic anatomy, and on clinical issues such as the relative importance of spontaneous, protracted, idiopathic apnea and prolongation of the Q-T interval. This relatively comprehensive review treats only a limited number of these subjects and publications in an attempt to bring the reader more or less up-to-date on the major aspects of developments over the last five years. Language: en
ANXIETY AND DECISION MAKING WITH DELAYED RESOLUTION OF UNCERTAINTY

In many real-world gambles, a non-trivial amount of time passes before the uncertainty is resolved but after a choice is made. An individual may have a preference between gambles with identical probability distributions over final outcomes if they differ in the timing of resolution of uncertainty. In this domain, utility consists not only of the consumption of outcomes, but also the psychological utility induced by an unresolved gamble. We term this utility anxiety. Since a reflective decision maker may want to include anxiety explicitly in analysis of unresolved lotteries, a multiple-outcome model for evaluating lotteries with delayed resolution of uncertainty is developed. The result is a rank-dependent utility representation (e.g., Quiggin, 1982), in which period weighting functions are related iteratively. Substitution rules are proposed for evaluating compound temporal lotteries. The representation is appealing for a number of reasons. First, probability weights can be interpreted as the cognitive attention allocated to certain outcomes. Second, the model disaggregates strength of preference from temporal risk aversion and thus provides some insight into the old debate about the relationship between von Neumann–Morgenstern utility functions and strength of preference value functions.
Miniature Electron Optics

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the miniature electron optics. Microfabrication techniques have advanced to the point where conductors, semiconductors, and insulators can be positioned in complex three-dimensional arrangements with very high precision. This is equivalent to a conventional machinist operating miniature milling machines and lathes with micron-sized bits. This flexible machining capability allows electric and magnetic fields to be created that can accelerate, focus, steer, and/or align charged particles, because the fields occupy a volume of space rather than simply existing next to a surface. Specific fabrication techniques developed at UIC include stacking silicon chips with Pyrex fibers, selective anodic bonding (slicing), and a LIGA lathe. These techniques are being used to integrate charged-particle sources, electrodes, and detectors into various miniature instruments, such as a subcentimeter scanning electron microscope, a 10-cm time-of-flight mass spectrometer, a 10-cm nuclear magnetic resonance instrument, and a five meter linear accelerator/undulator capable of producing hard X-rays. Analytical instruments of this size will allow the analytical laboratory to be brought to the sample, which is essential when the sample must be observed in situ —for example, at a toxic waste site or in outer space.
Kinetic Theory and Hydrodynamics for Rapid Granular Flow - A Perspective

These are notes prepared for presentation at the workshop "Challenges in Granular Matter" at the Abdus Salam Institute for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, August 2001. Revisions and figures will be added at a later date. Many features of real granular fluids under rapid flow are replicated by a system of smooth hard spheres with inelastic collisions. For such a system, it is tempting to apply standard methods of kinetic theory and hydrodynamics to calculate properties of interest. The domain of validity for such methods is a priori uncertain due to the inelasticity, but recent systemmatic studies continue to support the utility of kinetic theory and hydrodynamics as both qualitative and quantitative descriptions for many physical states. The current status of kinetic theory and hydrodynamics is reviewed and interpreted, with the optimistic conclusion that much existing phenomenology can be placed on firm grounds for further understanding of complex states observed in rapid granular flow.
Aflatoxin B1-adduct formation in rat and human small bowel enterocytes

Abstract Background/Aims: Hepatic CYP3A enzymes have been implicated in the bioactivation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to DNA binding metabolites. CYP3A enzymes are also abundant in the small bowel, and we therefore examined the ability of this tissue to form intracellular AFB1 adducts. Methods: Immunohistochemistry using a antibody to the stable AFB1-DNA adduct was performed on small bowel sections obtained from rats orally gavaged with AFB1 and on human small bowel biopsy specimens maintained in explant culture. 3 H-AFB1 was instilled into a loop of small bowel of untreated rats and rats pretreated with the CYP3A inducer dexamethasone during vivisection. DNA was isolated from the loop 2 hours later and assayed for specific activity. Results: In both rats and humans, AFB1-adducts were detected exclusively in mature enterocytes in a pattern similar to the distribution of CYP3A enzymes. Induction of enterocyte CYP3A in rats resulted in an increase in enterocyte immunoreactive AFB1 adducts and in a 1.8-fold increase in 3 H-AFB1-nucleic acid adducts ( P = 0.01). Conclusions: Intracellular AFB1 adducts are formed in the small intestine, and this reflects, at least in part, the catalytic activity of CYP3A enzymes. Because these AFB1 adducts should ultimately pass in stool, enterocyte CYP3A may represent a regulatable barrier to dietary aflatoxins.
“Scorpionate-like” complexes that are held together by hydrogen bonds: Crystallographic and spectroscopic studies of (3-NH(t-butyl)-5-methyl-pyrazole)nMX2 (M = Zn, Ni, Co, Mn; n = 3, 4; X = Cl, Br)

Abstract The hydrogen bonding ligand, 3-NH(t-butyl)-5-methyl-pyrazole, forms “scorpionate-like” first row transition metal complexes that are held together by hydrogen bonds rather than covalent bonds. The formulae of these complexes are (LH)nMX2, where n = 3, 4; X = Cl, Br; and LH = 3-NH(t-butyl)-5-methyl-pyrazole. The amino-substituted pyrazole can hydrogen bond via both the amino group and the pyrazole NH to form intramolecular NH to halide hydrogen bonds. These complexes have been well characterized and show a 3:1 ratio of ligand to metal for zinc and cobalt (1 and 2), and a 4:1 ratio of ligand to metal for manganese and nickel (3 and 4). The hydrogen bonding interactions appear to be stronger for the 3:1 complexes. The crystallographic and spectroscopic studies (EPR and NMR) have shown that these hydrogen-bonding interactions are strong enough to perturb metal halogen bond distances and, with non-hydrogen bonding solvents, the hydrogen bonds appear to hold these complexes together in solution.
Neuropsychological test selection for cognitive impairment classification: A machine learning approach.

Introduction: Reducing the amount of testing required to accurately detect cognitive impairment is clinically relevant. The aim of this research was to determine the fewest number of clinical measures required to accurately classify participants as healthy older adult, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or dementia using a suite of classification techniques. Method: Two variable selection machine learning models (i.e., naive Bayes, decision tree), a logistic regression, and two participant datasets (i.e., clinical diagnosis; Clinical Dementia Rating, CDR) were explored. Participants classified using clinical diagnosis criteria included 52 individuals with dementia, 97 with MCI, and 161 cognitively healthy older adults. Participants classified using CDR included 154 individuals with CDR = 0, 93 individuals with CDR = 0.5, and 25 individuals with CDR = 1.0+. A total of 27 demographic, psychological, and neuropsychological variables were available for variable selection. Results: No significant difference was ...
The pleasure of revenge: retaliatory aggression arises from a neural imbalance toward reward

Most of daily life hums along peacefully but provocations tip the balance toward aggression. Negative feelings are often invoked to explain why people lash out after an insult. Yet people might retaliate because provocation makes aggression hedonically rewarding. To test this alternative hypothesis, 69 participants underwent functional neuroimaging while they completed a behavioral aggression task that repeatedly manipulated whether aggression was preceded by an instance of provocation or not. After provocation, greater activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) (a brain region reliably associated with reward) during aggressive decisions predicted louder noise blasts administered in retaliation. Greater NAcc activation was also associated with participants' history of real-world violence. Functional connectivity between the NAcc and a regulatory region in the lateral prefrontal cortex related to lower retaliatory aggression. These findings suggest that provocation tips the neural balance towards hedonic reward, which fosters retaliatory aggression. Although such pleasure of inflicting pain may promote retaliatory aggression, self-regulatory processes can keep such aggressive urges at bay. Implications for theory and violence reduction are discussed.
FIBRILLAR ELEMENTS FORMING DENTIN AND MINERAL SEEDING OR CRYSTAL NUCLEATION.

There are two different types of fibrils contributing to the formation of the dentinal matrix; (1) a coarse type, (Korff's fibers), are the chief component of the first dentin formed next to the dentino-enamel junction (mantle dentin), and (2) finer fibrils, which are the main component of subsequent layers of dentin next to the pulp tissue (circumpulpal dentin). It is known that Korff's fibers in developing teeth present both the morphological characteristics of collagen, that is, the 640 Ao banding, and argyrophilic staining properties which are typical of reticular fibers. Upon their transformation into fibers that exhibit both the morphological and staining properties of collagen, mineralization of dentin takes place. Since the Korff's fibers exhibit the 640 Ao banding from the very beginning of their formation and, therefore, prior to mineralization, it is notable that the 640 Ao banding is not critical for initial mineral seeding or crystal nucleation. The factors actually initiating mineralization seem to be chemical changes in predentin just prior to mineralization. The fibers lose their argyrophilic properties, alkaline phosphatase decreases, and a change occurs in the mucopolysaccharides associated with dental fibers.
Unearthing popular attitudes toward the opium trade and opium suppression in late Qing and early republican Fujian.

It has long been axiomatic among historians of late imperial and early Republican China that opium was a plague on the Chinese people-sapping their willpower and stamina, weakening the military, draining the Qing treasury while padding the coffers of the colonial Indian government, and reinforcing China's international image as an empire in decline. The settlements with Great Britain following the Opium War of 1839-1842 and the Arrow War of 1858-1860 ultimately compelled China to drop its own long-standing legal restrictions against the importation of foreign opium and sparked the growth of a lucrative domestic opium economy that eventually extended throughout the Qing empire.' By the turn of the twentieth century, opium was perceived as having caused widespread social dysfunction, and the drug served as a powerful metaphor for China's political somnambulism in the age of Western imperialism. In short, China had developed a serious opium problem-and along with it, a public
From antigen processing to peptide-MHC binding

Emil R. Unanue recounts his seminal work 25 years ago demonstrating that antigens are phagocytosed and processed by antigen-presenting cells and that class II major histocompatibility complex molecules are peptide-binding proteins.
PREPARATION OF A POTATO HYDROLYSATE USING α‐AMYLASE

Optimum conditions for the preparation of a hydrolysate from a slurry made with whole potatoes were studied. The spray-dried powder was light yellow, slightly sweet, relatively bland in taste, readily soluble in water, had a dextrose equivalent of 26, and contained 8.4% protein, 86% carbohydrate and 6.0% ash. Most of the amino acids from the potato were in the hydrolysate. Substitution of 33% of the sucrose with an equal weight of hydrolysate in chocolate milk resulted in only a slight loss in desirability. A commercial dehydrated vegetable soup mix containing up to an equal weight of the hydrolysate showed no decrease in the desirability of the product.
Context-aware Intelligent Assistant for Decreasing Pilot Workload

Although weather-related accidents accounted for only 3.6% of all general aviation accidents in 2002, over 70% were fatal. Faulty decision making due to inaccurate or incomplete awareness of the weather situation accounts for approximately 14% of all fatal general aviation accidents. We describe a context-aware, domain and task knowledgeable, personalized and adaptive assistant designed to decrease the workload required to maintain situational awareness. The assistant automatically monitors weather reports for the pilot’s route of flight and warns of detected anomalies. When and how warnings are issued is determined by phase of flight, the pilot’s definition of acceptable weather conditions, and the pilot’s preferences for automatic notification. In addition to automatic warnings, the pilot is able to verbally query for weather and airport information. By noting what requests are made during the approach phase of flight, our system learns to provide the information without explicit requests on subsequent flights with similar conditions. We show that our weather assistant decreases the time required to answer relevant pre-flight questions by more than 2.5 times over answering the same questions using a conventional pre-flight weather briefing, and decreases the time required to maintain in-flight weather situational awareness by more than 5.5 times when compared to the conventional method of in-flight weather briefings. In both situations, our system enables the pilot to allocate more time to other tasks such as scanning for anomalies.
Effects of decapitation and PBAN injection on amounts of triacylglycerols in the sex pheromone gland of Manduca sexta (L.)

The correlation between triacylglycerols containing conjugated diene fatty acyl moieties and pheromone aldehydes in the sex pheromone glands of females of Manduca sexfa was investigated. Females decapitated 15 h after adult emergence neither called nor produced pheromone during the natural period of pheromone production on the subsequent two nights. However, these females could be stimulated to produce sex pheromone for prolonged periods by repeated injection of synthetic pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN). Gas chromatographic analysis of methanolysis products of lipids extracted from the pheromone glands of decapitated and intact females showed no differences in the amounts of fatty acyl precursors of pheromone. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the triacylglycerols containing conjugated diene analogues of the pheromone components (diene TG), obtained 24 and 48 h after decapitation, showed that the total amounts of these components were not affected by decapitation. The amounts of all diene TG peaks declined significantly when decapitated females were stimulated to produce pheromone during a 7 h period by repeated injection of PBAN at 3 h intervals but recovered when pheromone production subsided. These results indicate that PBAN induces liberation of pheromone prewrsors trorn the triacylglycerols during pheromone biosynthesis but does not induce replenishment of this storage pool. 0 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.*
Movement disorders as sequelae of central pontine myelinolysis: Report of three cases

In three survivors of central pontine myelinolysis, dystonia (in two patients) and rest tremor (in one) were sequelae. The onset of these movements occurred 3 weeks to 5 months after the initial presentation with central pontine myelinolysis. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed basal ganglia lesions suggestive of extra-pontine myelinolysis in all three patients. We propose that the movement disorders seen in our cases are clinical correlates of extra-pontine myelinolysis.
Analysis of a radiation attribute from uranium in storage

Abstract Storage of radioactive nuclear material necessitates the measurement of gamma and X-ray count rate to discourage tampering. However, in long-term, unattended storage scenarios, it is vital that the analysis of this count rate account for perturbations in the count rate caused by drifting equipment response, and changes in natural (radon levels, for example) or man-made background. In this paper, we report the long-term behavior of 420 silicon P–I–N diodes used as radiation detectors. Data were obtained over the course of 16–20 months at both 1-h and 1-min intervals, and, in addition to perfectly stable count rates, effects attributable to equipment failure, long-term gain drift, short-term gain drift, and software failures were observed. The results of statistical analyses of the time series will be given as well as a description of an event classification algorithm.
Prediction of heat transfer by natural convection in closed cylinders heated from below

Abstract Use is made of the Malkus-Veronis power integral technique to predict heat-transfer rates in fluids contained in vertical right cylinders heated on a horizontal bottom and cooled on a horizontal top end. Results are obtained for cells with either thermally insulating or conducting sidewalls. Closed-form relations are given for Nusselt number in terms of Rayleigh number based on cell height and on an “adjusted wave-number” which depends on height-to-diameter ratio for circular cylinders and height-to-side ratios for square cylinders. Comparisons between the predictions and previously reported data are shown.
Electronic Control of the Asymmetry in Heteroatom Monosubstituted Olefin Bonding to the Cyclopentadienyl Iron(II) Dicarbonyl Cation. A Hammett Correlation Study

Nucleophilic substitution of CpFe(CO) 2 (η 2 -H 2 CC(H)OEt) + PF 6 - with para-substituted anilines was used to prepare a series (4-10) of η 2 -vinyl aniline Fp + complexes of the general formula CpFe(CO) 2 [η 2 -CH2C(H)NH(p-C 6 H 4 X)] + PF 6 -, where X = OMe (4), Me (5), H, (6), Br (7), COMe (8), CN (9), and NO 2 (10). Correlation of the Hammett a para parameters with the 1 3 C NMR shifts of the metal-coordinated vinyl carbons demonstrated the ability to control the position of the Fp + moiety along the olefin face. As the electron-donating character of the para substituent was increased, the Fp + moiety was displaced away from the nitrogenbearing carbon, increasing the asymmetry of the metal-olefin bonding. These conclusions were further supported by determining the X-ray crystal structure of the p-Me (5) and the p-acetyl (8) derivatives.
The effects of reverberant self- and overlap-masking on speech recognition in cochlear implant listeners.

Many cochlear implant (CI) listeners experience decreased speech recognition in reverberant environments [Kokkinakis et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129(5), 3221–3232 (2011)], which may be caused by a combination of self- and overlap-masking [Bolt and MacDonald, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 21(6), 577–580 (1949)]. Determining the extent to which these effects decrease speech recognition for CI listeners may influence reverberation mitigation algorithms. This study compared speech recognition with ideal self-masking mitigation, with ideal overlap-masking mitigation, and with no mitigation. Under these conditions, mitigating either self- or overlap-masking resulted in significant improvements in speech recognition for both normal hearing subjects utilizing an acoustic model and for CI listeners using their own devices.
Ab Initio structure prediction for Escherichia coli: towards genome-wide protein structure modeling and fold assignment

Genome-wide protein structure prediction and structure-based function annotation have been a long-term goal in molecular biology but not yet become possible due to difficulties in modeling distant-homology targets. We developed a hybrid pipeline combining ab initio folding and template-based modeling for genome-wide structure prediction applied to the Escherichia coli genome. The pipeline was tested on 43 known sequences, where QUARK-based ab initio folding simulation generated models with TM-score 17% higher than that by traditional comparative modeling methods. For 495 unknown hard sequences, 72 are predicted to have a correct fold (TM-score > 0.5) and 321 have a substantial portion of structure correctly modeled (TM-score > 0.35). 317 sequences can be reliably assigned to a SCOP fold family based on structural analogy to existing proteins in PDB. The presented results, as a case study of E. coli, represent promising progress towards genome-wide structure modeling and fold family assignment using state-of-the-art ab initio folding algorithms.
Localization of muscle spindles in the human Extensor Indicis muscle for biopsy purposes.

The number and spatial relations of muscle spindles in the extensor indicis have been determined. Approximately forty spindles lie adjacent to the motor end plate zone dispersed rather equally through this area of the muscle with a modest increase in density among the distally originating fibers. A study of the entire innervation pattern of this muscle has also been completed. These findings have greatly facilitated the isolation of spindles for electron microscopic study and attempts to perform in vivo recording from the sensory nerves of muscle spindles in this laboratory. It is now possible, with the aid of suitable magnification and stimulating and recording devices, to more rapidly find muscle spindles relative to the gross innervation and the easily located motor end plate zone.