cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disruptions of cortico-kinematic interactions in Parkinson's disease.

The cortical role of the motor symptoms reflected by kinematic characteristics in Parkinson's disease (PD) is poorly understood. In this study, we aim to explore how PD affects cortico-kinematic interactions. Electroencephalographic (EEG) and kinematic data were recorded from seven healthy participants and eight participants diagnosed with PD during a set of self-paced finger tapping tasks. Event-related desynchronization (ERD) was compared between groups in the α (8-14 Hz), low-s (14-20 Hz), and high-s (20-35 Hz) frequency bands to investigate between-group differences in the cortical activities associated with movement. Average kinematic peak amplitudes and latencies were extracted alongside Sample Entropy (SaEn), a measure of signal complexity, as variables for comparison between groups. These variables were further correlated with average EEG power in each frequency band to establish within-group interactions between cortical motor functions and kinematic motor output. High s-band power correlated with mean kinematic peak latency and signal complexity in the healthy group, while no correlation was found in the PD group. Also, the healthy group demonstrated stronger ERD in the broad s-band than the PD participants. Our results suggest that cortical s-band power in healthy populations is graded to finger tapping latency and complexity of movement, but this relationship is impaired in PD. These insights could help further enhance our understanding of the role of cortical s-band oscillations in healthy movement and the possible disruption of that relationship in PD. These outcomes can provide further directions for treatment and therapeutic applications and potentially establish cortical biomarkers of Parkinson's disease.
El espacio del pensar de Baltasar Gracián. Sobre la fascinación de una concreción fría

Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, Universidad de Stanford. Es un teorico literario estadounidense de origen aleman cuyo trabajo abarca desde la filologia y la filosofia, pasando por la historia literaria y cultural hasta las epistemologias de lo cotidiano. Profesor de la Universidad de Stanford desde 1989, ocupa la catedra Albert Guerard como profesor en los Departamentos de Literatura Comparada y Frances e Italiano en la Division de Literaturas, Lenguas y Culturas de Stanford; tambien colabora en los Departamentos de Estudios Alemanes, Culturas Ibericas y Latinoamericanas, y en el Programa de Pensamiento y Literatura Moderna de dicha universidad. Gumbrecht estudio lenguas romances y filologia alemana, filosofia y sociologia en Munich, Ratisbona, Salamanca, Pavia y Constanza. Fue doctorado en la Universidad de Constanza en 1971 y es actualmente profesor en el Departamento de Literatura Comparada de la Universidad de Stanford. La obra de Gumbrecht trata las literaturas francesa, espanola, portuguesa y alemana y la filosofia desde la Modernidad hasta la actualidad. Su pensamiento incorpora una mirada transdisciplinar, combinando la investigacion historica, filologica, estetica y filosofica. Es conocido por colaborar en el Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe editado por Reinhart Koselleck, y por su trabajo sobre la tradicion filosofica occidental, la materialidad de la presencia, las formas de experiencia estetica y los sintomas del cambio de cronotopo del presente amplio. Gumbrecht, ademas, es un poliglota, capaz de hablar aleman, ingles, frances, italiano, portugues y espanol.
Hybrid Body Craft: Toward Culturally and Socially Inclusive Design for On-Skin Interfaces

Sensor device miniaturization and breakthroughs in novel materials have enabled technology to progress directly onto the skin surface. However, unlike all other media, the human body is a complex and meaning-laden surface that encompasses a wearer’s individual, social, and political identities. Yet, research in on-skin interfaces has focused on engineering aspects, with a scant focus on the cultural and social dimensions of device design. Hybrid Body Craft presents a design approach for bridging the cultural aspects of body crafts, which are existing cultural, historical, and fashion-driven practices and rituals associated with body decoration, with emerging on-skin interfaces. Here, we present a series of more socially and culturally inclusive on-skin interface designs that incorporate various emerging materials and technologies into body craft customs. A design space examines the impact of technology on increasing the agency of self-expression and communication, along with design implications for increased democratization and inclusiveness in design for body surface interfaces to enable the presentation of unique identities.
The Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Neuropsychiatric Complications of Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Systematic Literature Review and Case Report.

Background There is a significant prevalence of new onset neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), some severe and persistent, in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Objective This study reports on the use of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) to treat NPS associated with COVID-19. Methods A review of the literature pertaining to the use of ECT in patients with COVID-19 and NPS was performed through PubMed, PsycINFO, and MEDLINE. Search terms included “Electroconvulsive Therapy” and “ECT,” combined with “COVID-19” and “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2).” In addition, we present a case in which ECT was used to achieve complete remission in a patient who developed new onset, treatment-resistant depression, psychosis, and catatonia, associated with COVID-19. Results A total of 67 articles were reviewed with 3 selected for inclusion. These articles detailed 3 case reports of patients with new onset NPS (mania, psychosis and suicidality, and catatonia) that developed in the context of active COVID-19 and were treated successfully with ECT. Conclusions ECT, a broad-spectrum treatment that has been found to be effective in various NPS (independent of etiology), is shown in our case report and others, to be safe and effective for NPS associated with COVID-19. Although we identified only 3 other cases in the literature, we believe that the probable antiinflammatory mechanism of ECT, its safety and tolerability, and the faster time to symptom remission support the need for more research and increased clinician awareness about this life-saving procedure.
Lung Transplantation in a Patient With COVID-19-Associated Acute Respiratory Failure.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently a significant cause of acute respiratory failure worldwide, leading to irreversible fibrotic lung disease. In patients with persistent respiratory failure after acute COVID-19 infection, lung transplant is an emerging option. Here, we have presented a case where the patient required venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) support for 33 days until a bilateral lung transplant was performed on day 71 after the initial COVID-19 infection. The early outcomes have been favorable. Currently, no guidelines exist for an acceptable time period after initial COVID-19 infection, duration of negative COVID polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, or negative Vero cell culture in the setting of persistent positive COVID PCR testing before listing for a lung transplant. Due to a lack of standardized guidelines, this patient was not listed for a lung transplant until the COVID-19 PCRs came negative on days 47 and 49 after the infection.
Section 503(b) of the Bankruptcy Code Should be Construed to Authorize Substantial Contribution Awards to Creditors in Chapter 7 Cases

This article addresses whether a bankruptcy court has the authority under section 503(b) of the Bankruptcy Code (the “Code”) to award an administrative expense claim to a Chapter 7 creditor for making a substantial contribution to a Chapter 7 case, in reimbursement for expense incurred by such creditor for legal services that resulted in a substantial benefit to the Chapter 7 estate. Based primarily on the statutory construction of section 503(b) of the Code, this article concludes that a bankruptcy court has authority to make an award to a Chapter 7 creditor for a substantial benefit to the Chapter 7 case, particularly where the creditor’s attorney, whose fees the creditor pays personally, takes action that the Chapter 7 trustee and the United States Trustee neglected or refused to take and which results in such benefit.
The Metal-Insulator Transition in n-Type Silicon in High Magnetic Fields

The study of the metal-insulator (MI) transition in doped semiconductors in recent years has focused on the scaling behavior of the DC conductivity [1,2], the static dielectric ’constant’ [3,4], and more recently the critical behavior of the spin susceptibility [5] and Mott variable range hopping (VRH) conduction [6]. Unlike the 2d inversion layer systems, where one can continuously vary the carrier density by changing a gate voltage, there is no simple way to continuously vary the impurity or carrier density for a bulk 3d system. For these systems experimentalists have employed uniaxial stress or magnetic fields to tune the critical density Nc and thereby vary (N-Nc) and in many cases to successfully tune a sample completely through the transition. Uniaxial stress experiments have been particularly important and useful for the study of the n-type many-valley semiconductors Ge [7] and Si [2,4] because the stress removes the degeneracy of the conduction band minima, changes the screening, and thereby alters Nc [8]. PAALANEN et.al. [2,4] have utilized uniaxial stress to accurately determine the scaling behavior of the DC conductivity σDC and the ‘static’ dielectric response e’(N) for Si:P as T→OK. Since the classic YAFET, KEYES, and ADAMS [9] calculation demonstrating the donor wave function shrinkage in large static magnetic fields there have been many studies of InSb [10–13] demonstrating the tuning of metallic samples to insulating behavior with some threshold field Hc dependent on (N-Nc).
Electron energy deposition in photoresist: a local view

The authors examine electron scattering processes in resist materials using a direct Monte Carlo model, combined with a virtual quanta method. They separate the scattering events into four types: elastic, ionization, excitation, and plasmon events. The model is stochastic, in the sense that the electrons travel in free flight between the interactions. This code has the ability to simulate both electron and high energy photon lithographies.
Protection for low and medium voltage AC trailing cables

In 1981 a mining equipment manufacturer approached the Mine Safety and Health Administration with a combination fuse contactor device requesting that it be permitted as a means of protection for low and medium voltage, three phase AC trailing cables. The concept behind the design of the vacuum contactor-fuse device was to use a vacuum contactor to provide protection to a specific current level during abnormal circuit conditions. If fault currents exceeded this level, a current limiting fuse would be used to interrupt the current before the vacuum contractor could open. The authors describe the tests and criteria developed to ensure that the device provided no less protection than a molded case circuit breaker. Details of the laboratory tests are presented. The vacuum circuit breaker meets 30 CFR 75900, 75902 and 75601 in that it provides suitable protection against undervoltage, grounded phase, overcurrent, and short circuits. >
Bacterial Degradation of Biotin IV. METABOLISM OF 14C-CARBONYL-LABELED BIOTIN l-SULFOXIDE

Abstract A culture medium, which contains biotin l-sulfoxide as the sole substrate, does not support the growth of a soil pseudomonad that is known to utilize biotin as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. Both the relative rate and extent of transport of 14C-biotin and 14C-biotin analogues by 0.9% NaCl solution-washed cells grown in medium containing biotin as the only substrate are indicated by the following series: biotin sulfone ≥ biotin l-sulfoxide g biotin d-sulfoxide g biotin g dethiobiotin. These results indicate that transport of l-sulfoxide into the cell is not the process that limits the rate of growth of the pseudomonad. A culture medium containing 60% of carbonyl-labeled biotin l-sulfoxide and 40% of unlabeled biotin supports the growth of the bacteria until all of the biotin in the medium is utilized. On depletion of biotin, radioactivity loss ceases and a new 14C-metabolite appears. On the 16th day of incubation, approximately 25% of the remaining material, which is sensitive to the color-producing p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde, is the metabolite. The structure of the unknown metabolite, determined by infrared, proton magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy, and by elemental and other analyses, is β-hydroxybiotin l-sulfoxide.
Impact of clinical history on chest radiograph interpretation

BACKGROUND The inclusion of clinical information may have unrecognized influence in the interpretation of diagnostic testing. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the impact of clinical history on chest radiograph interpretation in the diagnosis of pneumonia. DESIGN Prospective case-based study. METHODS Radiologists interpreted 110 radiographs of children evaluated for suspicion of pneumonia. Clinical information was withheld during the first interpretation. After 6 months the radiographs were reviewed with clinical information. Radiologists reported on pneumonia indicators described by the World Health Organization (ie, any infiltrate, alveolar infiltrate, interstitial infiltrate, air bronchograms, hilar adenopathy, pleural effusion). SETTING Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Boston Children's Hospital. PARTICIPANTS Six board-certified radiologists. OUTCOME MEASURES Inter- and inter-rater reliability were assessed using the kappa statistic. RESULTS The addition of clinical history did not have a substantial impact on the inter-rater reliability in the identification of any infiltrate, alveolar infiltrate, interstitial infiltrate, pleural effusion, or hilar adenopathy. Inter-rater reliability in the identification of air bronchograms improved from fair (k = 0.32) to moderate (k = 0.53). Intra-rater reliability for the identification of alveolar infiltrate remained substantial to almost perfect for all 6 raters with and without clinical information. One rater had a decrease in inter-rater reliability from almost perfect (k = 1.0) to fair (k = 0.21) in the identification of interstitial infiltrate with the addition of clinical history. CONCLUSIONS Alveolar infiltrate and pleural effusion are findings with high intra- and inter-rater reliability in the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia. The addition of clinical information did not have a substantial impact on the reliability of these findings. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:359–364. © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
Reinforcement of metals with advanced filamentary composites

This paper reviews some recent applications of the concept of reinforcing metal structures with advanced filamentary composites, and presents some results of an experimental investigation of the tensile behavior of aluminum and titanium reinforced with unidirectional boron/epoxy. Results are given for tubular and flat specimens, bonded at either room temperature or elevated temperature. The composite reinforced metals showed increased stiffness over the all-metal counterpart, as predicted by the rule of mixtures, and the results were independent of specimen geometry. The tensile strength of the born/epoxy reinforced metals is shown to be a function of the geometry of the test specimen and the method of bonding the composite to the metal.
Path-breaking innovations for lung cancer: a revolution in clinical practice

Lung cancer is one of main cause of death worldwide and traditional chemotherapy agents have reached the maturity phase in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the evolutionary growth of knowledge patterns of vital radical innovations to treat lung cancer, driven by new technological paradigm of the targeted therapy, that have generating a revolution in clinical practice, increasing the overall survival of patients and quality of life. This new scientific pathway has evolving with an allometric process that involves a disproportionate growth of targeted therapy in relation to standard platinum-based chemotherapy alone.
Dielectric properties of dried vegetable powders and their temperature profile during radio frequency heating

Abstract Dielectric properties of selected vegetables powders as influenced by moisture content (MC), compaction density and temperature were determined using a precision LCR meter and liquid test fixture at radio frequency (RF) ranging from 1 to 30 MHz. The RF heating rate of samples was evaluated using a 27.12-MHz, 6-kW RF oven. The results showed that dielectric properties, namely, the dielectric constant, e′, and loss factor, e′′, of vegetable powders were influenced by MC, compaction density and temperature of the samples and the RF frequency. Both the dielectric constant and loss factor increased with increasing MC and temperature, but decreased with increasing frequency. Additionally, dielectric properties of samples increased with compaction density to a peak, then decreased. The relationship between MC, temperature and dielectric properties of broccoli powder at 13.56 and 27.12 MHz can be described by quadratic models with high correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.96). The RF heating rate in samples increased linearly with dielectric loss factor and MC. The information provided in this study is useful to develop an effective RF heating strategy to pasteurize dried vegetable powders.
Canine Osteoarthritis and Treatments: A Review

Arthritis is a commonly occurring chronic illness in human and animals alike. Among all domestic and pet animal species, dogs suffer from arthritis more often because of excessive running or exercise, injury, and/or genetic predisposition. Presently, one in four of 77.2 million pet dogs in the United States are diagnosed with some form of arthritis. In dogs, osteoarthritis is more common than rheumatoid arthritis and pain is the number one observation. Osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative joint disease, is a slowly progressive inflammatory disease, which is characterized by degeneration of the cartilage, hypertrophy of bone at the margins, and changes in the synovial membrane, and that eventually results in pain and stiffness of joints. Alterations in joint structures, decreased flexibility, and severe pain ensues, due to lack of hydration and inflammation. Cells within the damaged joints release pro-inflammatory cytokines, which further the inflammatory process. This causes more breakdown of the cartilage collagen type II and proteoglycans, which results in a perpetual destructive cycle. This perpetuating cycle ultimately results in cartilage destruction, subchondral bone thickening, and synovial membrane inflammation. This review focuses on osteoarthritis, the disease, causes, treatments, and presents a glimpse of some new therapies under study.
Error analysis for a long‐range lightning monitoring network of ground‐based receivers in Europe

[1] An experimental long-range lightning detection system consisting of a network (ZEUS) of six ground-based radio receivers has been deployed in Europe and has been operated since June 2001. The receivers detect and measure the electromagnetic signal emitted by a lightning source in the Very Low Frequency band, between 5 and 15 kHz (sferics), which propagates over thousands of kilometers in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide. In this study, lightning location retrievals from the ZEUS network are compared against more definitive sources in order to investigate issues on long-range lightning retrieval accuracy and detection efficiency. The validation study is carried out over three regions: the U.S. East Coast/Northwestern Atlantic, the African continent, and within the network (Spain). Data originate from the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network, the Lighting Imaging Sensor aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission Satellite, and the Spanish National Lightning Network. We investigate the nature of the errors involved in the lightning location retrieval, and propose a new approach for moderating some of these effects. Location errors are shown to vary between 40 and 400 km (mode at 220 km) for very long ranges (>5000 km). Within the network, the distance error does not exceed 40 km (mode at 20 km). Random simulation results are shown to be in good agreement with validation data. Error reduction of 12% (or 20 km at long-range) can be achieved by accommodating for the varying propagation velocities in the sferics wave. The long-range detection efficiency is shown to have a mode at approximately 20% and a relatively small spread with no obvious deviation from day to night.
Anticipating the $1,000 genome

A new generation of DNA-sequencing platforms will become commercially available over the next few years. These instruments will enable re-sequencing of human genomes at a previously unimagined throughput and low cost. Here, I examine why the $1,000 human genome is an important goal for research and clinical diagnostics, and what will be required to achieve it.
Renal responses to central vascular expansion are suppressed at night in conscious primates

The renal and hemodynamic responses of squirrel monkeys to central vascular volume expansion induced by lower body positive pressure (LBPP) during the day and night are investigated. Twelve unanesthetized animals trained to sit in a metabolism chair in which they were restrained only at the waist by a partition separating upper and lower body chambers were subjected to 4 h of continuous LBPP during the day and night, and hemodynamic, urinary and drinking data were monitored. LBPP during day and night is found to induce similar increases in central venous pressure, rises in heart rate and elevations in mean arterial blood pressure. However, although daytime LBPP induced a significant increase in urine flow and sodium excretion, a marked nocturnal inhibition of the renal response to LBPP is observed. Analysis of the time course and circadian regulation patterns of the urinary responses suggests that several separate efferent control pathways are involved.
Integration, at HAG or Elsewhere, of H2 (Phase-2 Flagellin) Genes Transduced from Salmonella to ESCHERICHIA COLI

A fla mutant of E. coli K12 was given fla+ and H1-i by phage P1kc cotransduction from S. typhimurium, then made Fla- by transduction of ah1 from S. typhimurium. Motile clones expressing a Salmonella phase-2 antigen, e,n,x or 1,2, were obtained from the K12 i ah1 (therefore Fla-) line by P1kc transduction of flagellin-specifying genes, H2-e,n,x or H2–1,2, from Salmonella donors. Of eighteen such transductants sixteen failed to show phase variation, and on transduction back to Salmonella each structural gene for a phase-2 flagellin (or at least for its antigenically determinant part) now behaved as an allele of H1, presumably in consequence of incorporation in the hag region of the K12 recipient, in place of H1-i ah1 . The e,n,x- and 1,2-specifying genes were shown to have been integrated in the K12 chromosome without the linked H1-repressor gene or the adjacent vh2 gene (controlling rate of phase-variation) and they responded to the repressing activity of an H2 allele elsewhere in the cell, in this respect resembling H1 alleles of Salmonella or hag alleles of E. coli. Two K12 e,n,x transductants had flagellin-specifying genes which when transduced back to Salmonella were integrated at H2; they are inferred to have resulted from integration of H2-e,n,x in the K12 chromosome elsewhere than the hag region. These two clones showed phase variation, between a Fla+ phase, with antigen e,n,x, and a Fla- phase (with e,n,x determinant in the nonactive state and the determinant of antigen i inactivated by ah1). The two integrated e,n,x genes when in the "active" state retained the ability to repress expression of exogenote H1 alleles, which indicates that the closely linked H1-repressor gene also was integrated. One of the two exceptional transductants derived its e,n,x gene from a Salmonella donor with the linked vh2 - gene, which in Salmonella almost entirely prevents change of phase, and transduction of this e,n,x gene back to Salmonella recipients proved that vh2- had been incorporated into the E. coli chromosome along with the e,n,x determinant and the H1-repressor gene. The high frequency of change of phase (Fla+↔Fla -) in the K12 e,n,x vh2- transductant concerned suggests that vh2- fails to prevent frequent change of state of the phase-determinant part of H2 when vh2 - and H2 are incorporated in the E. coli chromosome.
Evidence for Low Rates for β Decay of Σ - and Λ Hyperons

The strangeness-nonconserving hyperon beta decays SIGMA /sup -/ e/sup -/ + n + nu and LAMBDA - e/sup -/ + p + nu -bar and the strangeness- conserving decays SIGMA /sup -/ - e/sup -/ + LAMBDA + nu -bar and SIGMA /sup +/ - e/sup +/ + n + nu are studied. The SIGMA plus or minus and LAMBDA are produced in K/sup -/ -p interactions in a bubble chamber. The branching ratios for the strangeness-nonconserving decays are about an order of magnitude below theoretical predictions. (T.F.H.)
Direct heat injury of roots of woody swamp species

Abstract 1. 1.Three month-old seedlings of Taxodium distichum , Nyssa aquatica , Cephalanthus occidentalis and cuttings of Salix nigra were acclimated to simulated natural swamp conditions (ambient temperature, saturated soil) and then used to assess direct high temperature injury of root tissue. 2. 2.Electrolyte leakage from excised root tissue exposed for 30 min to temperatures ranging from 30 to 66°C was used to assess cellular injury. 3. 3.The relationship between leakage and temperature was sigmoidal for each species. 4. 4.Inflection point temperatures on the response curves, ranged from 45.4 to 51.0°C, were species-specific, and indicated differences in thermal tolerance of root membranes. 5. 5.Root of C. occidentalis and N. aquatica were more heat tolerant than roots of T. distichum and S. nigra .
Comparative effects of thyrotropin releasing hormone, MK-771 and DN-1417 on morphine abstinence syndrome

The effect of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) were compared with two of its analogs, l-N-(2-oxopiperidin-6-yl-carbonyl)-l-histidyl-l-thiazolidine-4-carboxamide (MK-771) and γ-butyrolactone-4-carboxyl-histidylprolineamide (DN-1417) on the abrupt and naloxone-precipitated abstinence symptoms in morphine-dependent male Swiss-Wester mice. Mice were made physically dependent on morphine by subcutaneous implantation for 3 days of a pellet containing 75 mg morphine free base. Control mice were implanted with placebo pellets. Intracerebral administration of TRH (10 ng-10 μg per mouse) immediately after removal of placebo pellets had no effect on the basal temperature of mice. Mice implanted with morphine pellets exhibited a characteristic hypothermic response following the removal of the pellets. TRH at all doses employed prevented the hypothermia observed during abrupt withdrawal of morphine (pellet removal). DN-1417 and MK-771 (10 ng-10 μg per mouse) on the other hand produced a short lived hyperthermic response in mice from which placebo pellets had been removed. However, both TRH analogs produced long-lasting antagonism of withdrawal hypothermia in mice from which morphine pellets had been removed. TRH and its analogs had no effect on the body weight loss observed during abrupt withdrawal of morphine. Intracerebral administration of 10 μg TRH and its analogs inhibited the naloxone-induced jumping response as evidenced by increases in naloxone ED50 values to elicit this response. It is concluded that TRH and its analogs may be useful in combating some of the withdrawal symptoms in opiate-dependent subjects.
TNF and other cytokines in the metabolism of septic shock and cachexia.

s 144: 1280 (Abstract) 57. Beutler B. Milsark I W, Cerami A 1985 Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor: production, distribution, and metabolic fate in vivo. Journal of Immunology 135: 3972-3977 58. Hegedus S I, Schorr W F 1972 Acquired hypertrichosis lanuginosa and malignancy. Archives of Dermatology 106: 84-88 59. Wadskov S, Bro-Jorgensen A, Sondergaard J 1976 Acquired hypertrichosis lanuginosa. Archives of Dermatology 112: 1442-1444 60. Sherry B A, Gellin J, Fong Y. Marano M, Wei H, Cerami A, Lowry S F, Lundholm K G, Moldawer L L 1989 Anticachectin/tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibodies attenuate development of cachexia in tumor models. FASEB Journal 3: 1956-1962 61. Teng M N, Park B H, Koeppen H K W. Tracey K J. Fendly B M. Schreiber H 1991 Long-term inhibition of tumor growth by tumor necrosis factor in the absence of cachexia or T-cell immunity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 88: 3535-3539 62. Fong Y, Marano M A. Moldawer L L. Wei H, Calvano S E. Kenney J S. Allison A C, Cerami A, Shires G T, Lowry S F 1990 The acute splanchnic and peripheral tissue metabolic response to endotoxin in humans. Journal of Clinical Investigation 85: 18961904 63. Waage A, Halstensen A. Shalaby R, Brandtzaeg P. Kierulf P, Espevik T 1989 Local production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1. and interleukin 6 in meningococcal meningitis. Journal of Experimental Medicine 170: 18591967 64. Lahdevirta J. Maury C P J, Teppo A-M, Repo H 1988 Elevated levels of circulating cachectin/tumor necrosis factor in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. American Journal of Medicine 85: 289-291
V1 activity is reduced during binocular rivalry.

During binocular rivalry, one of two incompatible monocular stimuli is erased from perceptual awareness for seconds at a time. To examine whether this "rivalry suppression" occurs in V1, we measured functional magnetic resonance imaging activity during binocular rivalry and compared it with those in the two reference conditions: one representing complete suppression and the other representing no suppression. We found that the amplitude of V1 activity during rivalry fell midway between those in the two reference conditions; the amount of V1 activity associated with the nondominant pattern was reduced by 48% to 77% during rivalry. The same pattern of results was obtained with meaningful rival targets (i.e., a human face and a house). In this work, using a different experimental protocol, we confirmed the findings of earlier imaging studies that neuronal events associated with binocular rivalry occur as early as V1. Furthermore, our findings extend those earlier findings by demonstrating robust neural suppression during binocular rivalry regardless of the stimulus complexity of the rivaling targets.
The delta-subunit of pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase from Pyrococcus furiosus is a redox-active, iron-sulfur protein: evidence for an ancestral relationship with 8Fe-type ferredoxins

Pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (POR) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus (Pf) catalyzes the final oxidative step in carbohydrate fermentation in which pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and CO2, coupled to the reduction of ferredoxin (Fd). POR is composed of two 'catalytic units' of molecular mass approximately 120 kDa. Each unit consists of four subunits, alpha beta gamma delta, with masses of approximately 44, 36, 20, and 12 kDa, respectively, and contains at least two [4Fe-4S] clusters. The precise mechanism of catalysis and the role of the individual subunits are not known. The gene encoding the delta-subunit of Pf POR has been expressed in E. coli, and the protein was purified after reconstitution with iron and sulfide. The reconstituted delta-subunit (recPOR-delta) is monomeric with a mass of 11 879 +/- 1.2 Da as determined by mass spectrometry, in agreement with that predicted from the gene sequence. Purified recPOR-delta contains 8 Fe mol/mol and remained intact when incubated at 85 degreesC for 2 h, as judged by its visible absorption properties. The reduced form of the protein exhibited an EPR spectrum characteristic of two, spin-spin interacting [4Fe-4S]1+ clusters. When compared with the EPR properties of the reduced holoenzyme, the latter was shown to contain a third [4Fe-4S]1+ cluster in addition to the two within the delta-subunit. The reduction potential of the two 4Fe clusters in isolated recPOR-delta (-403 +/- 8 mV at pH 8.0 and 24 degreesC) decreased linearly with temperature (-1.55 mV/ degreesC) up to 82 degreesC. RecPOR-delta replaced Pf Fd as an in vitro electron carrier for two oxidoreductases from Pf, POR and Fd:NADP oxidoreductase, and the POR holoenzyme displayed a higher apparent affinity for its own subunit (apparent Km = 1.0 microM at 80 degreesC) than for Fd (apparent Km = 4.4 microM). The molecular and spectroscopic properties and amino acid sequence of the isolated delta-subunit suggest that it evolved from an 8Fe-type Fd by the addition of approximately 40 residues at the N-terminus, and that this extension enabled it to interact with additional subunits within POR.
Anti–interleukin-4 therapy

Interleukin 4 (IL-4) mediates important pro-inflammatory functions in asthma, including T helper cell type 2 lymphocyte differentiation, induction of IgE production, up-regulation of IgE receptors, expression of vascular cell-adhesion molecule 1, promotion of eosinophil transmigration into the lungs, inhibition of T-lymphocyte apoptosis, and mucus hypersecretion. The role of IL-4 in the pathogenesis of asthma is supported by identification of polymorphisms linked to asthma in the IL-4 gene promoter and proteins involved in IL-4 signaling. Several approaches to IL-4 antagonism are or have been in clinical development. This article examines IL-4 and the antagonists that have been developed. Early trial results and the future of anti-IL-4 therapy are discussed.
Density-functional study of water adsorption on the PuO 2 ( 110 ) surface

Water adsorption on a ${\mathrm{PuO}}_{2}(110)$ surface is studied using a periodic model with both the local-density approximation (LDA) and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) of density-functional theory. The 60 core electrons of the Pu atom are represented by a relativistic effective core potential, and scalar relativistic effects have been incorporated into the valence orbitals. Both molecular and dissociative configurations of the adsorbate ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ are considered at one molecular layer coverage. For molecular water adsorption, LDA calculations indicate binding only at the top site, whereas the GGA indicates no binding for any site. Dissociative adsorption is found to be energetically more favorable than molecular adsorption, in agreement with experimental observations. The effects on the geometric and electronic structures influenced by water adsorption are investigated.
Nanometer-Sized Zeolite X Crystals: Use as Photochemical Hosts

A patent procedure was followed to synthesize 250 nm aggregates of individual 13 ± 2.5 nm crystallites of zeolite X. A low-temperature aging step and addition of sucrose to the reaction mixture were required to get optimum quality of crystals. Conventional ship-in-a-bottle synthesis of Ru(bpy)32+ in the cages of these nanocrystallites resulted in considerable framework degradation, with only 10% of the crystallinity in the original crystals being retained. The degradation occurred due to exposure to mild acidity and thermal treatment during synthesis of Ru(bpy)32+. The procedure was modified to avoid acidity in the initial ion-exchange step of Ru(NH3)63+, resulting in a Ru(bpy)32+−zeolite with 75% of the crystallinity retained. Acidity generated during conversion of Ru(NH3)63+ to Ru(bpy)32+ was thought to be responsible for the degradation. A third procedure starting with the highly air-sensitive Ru(NH3)62+ resulted in formation of Ru(bpy)32+−zeolite with about 90% crystallinity. In all three procedures, ...
"Mirror, Mirror, on the Wall...?" Contrast Effects and Self-Evaluations of Physical Attractiveness

Several studies confirm the operation of contextual contrast effects on judgments of the physical attractiveness of others. The present experiment was conducted to determine whether contrast effects also occur on self-evaluations of physical attractiveness. Fifty-one female college students rated their own attractiveness and body-parts satisfaction following exposure to same-sexed stimulus persons who either were not physically attractive, were physically attractive, or were designated as attractive professional models. The predicted contrast effect was supported for self-perceived attractiveness but not for body satisfaction. Consistent with social comparison theory, subjects gave lower self-ratings in the attractive versus the not attractive and the professionally attractive stimulus context. Correlational analyses also indicated that self-rated attractiveness was related to several personality variables.
252Cf plasma desorption fourier transform mass spectrometry of involatile compounds

Abstract A 50 μCi 252Cf source in a Fourier transform mass spectrometer produces structurally characteristic spectra for compounds of molecular weights up to 2000. As found for plasma desorption ionization with time-of-flight instruments, use of the substrate, nitrocellulose, and the adduct, glutathione, greatly increase sensitivities. Ion collection times of 1–2 min and the elimination of the cell ion quenching event dramatically increase the sensitivity as well as the relative abundance of the molecular ion.
Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation and regeneration of a conifer:Larix decidua

Gene transfer and plant regeneration systems have been developed for European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) in our laboratory. Aseptically germinated young seedlings were hypocotyl wound-inoculated withAgrobacterium rhizogenes strains 11325 containing a wild-type Ri (root-inducing) plasmid. Swollen stems appeared at infected wounds followed by either abundant hairy roots or adventitious shoot buds that developed within 3 to 4 wk after inoculation. No symptoms were seen on wounded but uninoculated seedlings. We demonstrated agrobacteria attached to larch cells by examination of scanning electron micrographs. Subsequently, calli derived from symptomatic tissues exhibited phytohormone autotrophic growth. Adventitious buds were elongated and rooted in vitro before being transferred to the greenhouse where the transformed whole plants grew normally. Transformants tested positive for opine production and transformation was further confirmed by Southern blot analysis with larch genomic DNAs isolated from both proliferated calli and needle tissue of transgenic plants.
A gene expression approach to study perturbed pathways in myositis.

Purpose of reviewTo review new insights into the disease mechanisms of dermatomyositis, inclusion body myositis, and polymyositis gained from large-scale microarray gene expression studies of patient tissue samples.Recent findingsThe detection of unexpected gene transcripts using microarrays in infl
The effects of hypothermia on the latencies of the auditory brain-stem response (ABR) in the rhesus monkey.

Abstract The effect of hypothermia on the ABR latencies was evaluated in 14 rhesus monkeys. Data from 6 preliminary experiments showed that middle ear pressure decreased with decreasing body temperature and consequently, all experiments were conducted on animals with tympanostomy tubes inserted to maintain constant middle ear pressure. All animals were sedated with curare and anesthetized with ketamine. Hypothermia was induced by applying ice packs to the animal's body. Rectal temperatures and the ABR to click stimuli were recorded at 3–5 min intervals over a temperature range of from 38°C to 20°C. The pattern of latency change is characterized by increasing latency with decreasing temperature, a greater rate of change for temporally later waves and increasing rate of change for any one wave with decreasing temperature. An exponential function was applied to the data and explained at least 93% of the variances in latency. In general, a single exponential identical for all waves of an animal explained the latency change between 37 and 26°C. Below 26°C, a second and sometimes a third function was required. These findings are similar to those reported previously and to those describing the effect of maturation on the ABR.
Habit Training and Oxybutynin for Incontinence in Nursing Home Patients: A Placebo‐controlled Trial

In order to determine if a bladder-relaxant drug could enhance the effectiveness of a toileting program for incontinence among functionally impaired nursing home patients, 15 patients with detrusor hyperreflexia were enrolled in a 6-week trial during which they were put on a habit training protocol alone for 2 weeks, habit training (HT) and a placebo for 2 weeks, and then HT and oxybutynin for 2 weeks (2.5 mg three times daily for 1 week, then 5 mg three times daily for 1 week). Bacteriuria, which was present without other symptoms in 11 of the 13 patients who completed the trial, was treated before HT began. Eradication of the bacteriuria resulted in a small, statistically significant increase in cystometric bladder capacity (44 mL; 95% confidence interval 16 to 72 mL), but the detrusor hyperreflexia and frequent episodes of incontinence persisted. HT alone reduced the mean percentage of every-two-hour checks which were wet from 43% to 32% (95% confidence interval of the difference -1% to -21%; P = .04 by a paired t test); addition of placebo and active drug did not result in any further reduction. Cystometric bladder capacity had not changed significantly by the end of the trial (measured while patients were still on active drug), and there was no consistent relationship between changes in bladder capacity and changes in wet checks. Although our sample size is small, the data are consistent with other studies in similar populations. The relatively practical and inexpensive interventions we employed in this study will need to be modified or intensified in order to substantially reduce the frequency of incontinence among functionally disabled nursing home patients.
Repairing Public Trust in Organizations

While past research has examined organizational trust with key stakeholders, including employees, little research has examined how organizations can repair trust with the general public. Public trust in an organization is critical to ensuring legitimacy and firm survival. However, the type of violation of public trust can impact the repair strategies firms may choose to enact. This paper examines the construct of public trust, discusses the important aspects of trust violation and develops a framework for organizations to repair trust with the public. We argue that communication and strategic institutional reforms are necessary to repair trust, but are more important following competence, rather than integrity violations.
The origin of celestite in deep-sea carbonate sediments

Several celestite nodules were recovered on DSDP Leg 90 from four drilling sites of the Lord Howe Rise, southwest Pacific Ocean. The sediments at these sites are predominantly very pure calcareous nannofossil oozes and chalks. As a result of a higher-than average accumulation rate, they undergo relatively rapid burial diagenesis, which causes the expulsion of Sr from the biogenic calcite, to the interstitial waters. Another result of the high accumulation rate is the occurrence of microbial sulfate reduction in the interstitial waters. The downcore Sr increase is proportionately greater than the sulfate decrease, and celestite precipitates below about 100 m subbottom at each of these sites. The celestite contains high concentrations of many substituent cations: 4.3-7.8 mole% BaSO/sub 4/, 1.7-6.4 mole% CaSO/sub 4/, 1100-2600 ppm Al, and 400-750 ppmK. Ion activity products of Sr and sulfate at each site were calculated from the Pitzer equations and the measured concentrations of pore water constituents, and are in close agreement with the celestite solubility product corrected for in situ temperatures and pressures. Strontium concentrations of the pore waters are nearly at equilibrium with respect to celestite, and are controlled by the extent of microbial sulfate reduction. Celestite solubility increases with increasing watermore » depth, in excellent agreement with values of the standard state partial molal volume change.« less
Binding-energy shifts from alloying at metal-compound-semiconductor interfaces.

One can relate the binding energy of a metal core level in a binary alloy as measured by photoemission to partial heats of solution. This principle is applied to explain the high-coverage behavior of cation core levels at metal\char21{}compound-semiconductor interfaces where alloying between the overlayer metal and the cation species is suspected or known to occur. Calculated and measured binding energies are compared for a wide range of noble and transition metals on GaAs and InP. Close agreement in many systems shows that alloying at these interfaces is more general than previously recognized. Implications of these results on previous interpretations of data will be discussed for specific interfaces. Limitations of the model and the extent of its applicability to other metal-semiconductor interface systems will also be outlined.
Treatment of Angina and Microvascular Coronary Dysfunction

Microvascular coronary dysfunction (MCD) is an increasingly recognized cause of cardiac ischemia and angina that is diagnosed more commonly in women. Patients with MCD present with the triad of persistent chest pain, ischemic changes on stress testing, and no obstructive coronary artery disease on cardiac catheterization. Data from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute–sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study show that the diagnosis of MCD is not benign, with a 2.5% annual risk of adverse cardiac events including myocardial infarction, stroke, congestive heart failure, and death. The gold standard diagnostic test for MCD is the invasive coronary reactivity test (CRT), which uses acetylcholine, adenosine, and nitroglycerin to test endothelial-dependent and -independent microvascular and macrovascular coronary function. The CRT allows for diagnostic and treatment options as well as further risk stratification of patients for future cardiovascular events. Treatment of angina and MCD should be aimed at ischemia disease management to reduce the risk of adverse cardiac events, ameliorate symptoms to improve quality of life, and decrease morbidity from unnecessary and repeated cardiac catheterization in patients with open coronary arteries. A comprehensive treatment approach aimed at risk factor management, including lifestyle counseling regarding smoking cessation, nutrition, and physical activity, should be initiated. Current pharmacotherapy for MCD may include treatment of microvascular endothelial dysfunction (with statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or low-dose aspirin), as well as treatment for angina and myocardial ischemia (with β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, or ranolazine). Additional symptom management techniques may include tricyclic medication, enhanced external counterpulsation, hypnosis, and spinal cord stimulation. Although our current therapies are effective in treating angina and MCD, large randomized outcome trials are needed to optimize strategies to improve morbidity and mortality.