cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enamel-bonded immediate tooth replacement

A significant problem which faces the orthodontist from time to time is that of the patient who suffers the sudden loss of an anterior tooth. All too often, it seems, this occurs just as highly favorable orthodontic treatment is being concluded. Most often the course of such a situation is traumatic evulsion or injury requiring extraction of the tooth. Regardless of the cause, it is an emergency situation and calls for immediate treatment. It is necessary for the lost tooth to be replaced to maintain arch form as well as to provide esthetic and psychological support to the patient. Often after active orthodontic treatment stabilizing appliances are worn for a period of time. At this stage immediate tooth replacement is necessary to support a functional retainer and prevent collapse of the case. With the loss of an anterior tooth, its temporary replacement is often accomplished by banding the adjacent teeth to support a pontic. The cosmetic result of such an appliance is highly undesirable. Should the patient be using a removable prosthesis, such as a Hawley retainer, a replacement can be added to it. This automatically limits its potential activity and requires the patient to be wedded to it, even if its use had previously been necessary only during the evening hours. In addition, the effect of a tissue-bearing prosthesis that is in constant contact with the soft interproximal tissues frequently results in a gingivitis and a loss of supporting bone structure. Also, the fastidious person has an ongoing problem maintaining good oral hygiene, especially if meals are taken in public restaurants. The discomfort experienced from entrapped particles of food and the taste and odor of the end products of putrefaction are a constant challenge. Among the many potential uses of the enamel-bonding technique, the luting or bonding’-” of single and multiple4 pontics has proved clinically successful. In vitro studies have corroborated these findings by ascertaining that the applied forces required to dislodge an anterior pontic is far greater than the forces normally experienced in mastication.” This method of immediate replacement of a missing anterior tooth thus can now be included as an alternative procedure in applicable cases. It has the advantage of being placed as soon as a dry field can be maintained following elimination of the tooth, and it is a chairside procedure, it is a reversible technique, it does
Nonperturbative effects in. tau. decay

It has been suggested that the lifetime of the $\ensuremath{\tau}$ lepton can be calculated using perturbative QCD, with sufficient accuracy that comparison with the measured lifetime can be used to determine the QCD scale parameter $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$. Contrary to this suggestion, nonperturbative effects are shown here to introduce uncertainties in the calculated lifetime which are so large as to make the determination of $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ unreliable. These nonperturbative effects are associated with hadronic thresholds and resonances, and are much larger than previous estimates based on QCD sum rules. Independent experimental tests, which make use of the hadronic mass spectrum in $\ensuremath{\tau}$ decay, are proposed.
GATA Factor Translation Is the Final Downstream Step in the Amino Acid/Target-of-Rapamycin-mediated Vitellogenin Gene Expression in the Anautogenous Mosquito Aedes aegypti*

Ingestion of blood is required for vector mosquitoes to initiate reproductive cycles determining their role as vectors of devastating human diseases. Nutritional signaling plays a pivotal role in regulating mosquito reproduction. Transcription of yolk protein precursor genes is repressed until mosquitoes take blood. Previously, we have shown that to signal the presence of blood in the gut, mosquitoes utilize the target-of-rapamycin (TOR) pathway. The TOR signaling pathway transduces the amino acid signal activating the major yolk protein precursor gene, vitellogenin (Vg). Here we report the identification of a GATA factor (AaGATAa) that is synthesized after a blood meal and acts as a transcriptional activator of Vg. We showed that AaGATAa bound specifically to GATA-binding sites present in the proximal promoter region of the Vg gene and positively regulated Vg expression in transfection assays. RNA interference-mediated knock down of AaGATAa transcript resulted in a significant inhibition of Vg expression in both fat-body tissue culture and blood-fed mosquitoes. AaGATAa mRNA accumulated in the fat body prior to blood feeding. However, translation of GATA was activated by blood feeding because the GATA protein increased dramatically in the fat body of blood-fed mosquitoes. This increase was also reproduced in the fat-body culture stimulated with amino acids. GATA translation was inhibited by rapamycin and cycloheximide as well as by RNA interference-mediated knock down of S6 kinase. These experiments have revealed that the TOR signaling pathway induced by nutritional signaling regulates the translation of a GATA factor, which is the specific transcriptional activator of the Vg gene.
Metropolitan gang influence and the emergence of group delinquency in a regional community

Opinions differ over what role big-city gangs have in the emergence of youth gangs in smaller cities. To date, little empirical evidence exists to support or refute the big-city gang connection. This descriptive study of Kenosha, Wisconsin used a variety of qualitative and quantitative data -- interviews with gang members and delinquency control personnel, media reports, and agency case files -- to assess whether the gang phenomenon in that city spread from Chicago or arose indigenously. The results indicate that minority youth gangs in Kenosha are essentially the outgrowth of underlying social and economic conditions in the community and not the product of big-city street gang diffusion.
Retention of text information by grade, ability, and study∗

These developmental studies explore quantitative and qualitative differences in text processing, reading time and study time, and in learning from text, at immediate and delayed recall. Good and poor readers in fifth, eighth, eleventh, and college grades read and immediately recalled information from two science and two social studies texts used at each grade. Contrary to previous findings, there were no quantitative differences in reading time or amount recalled by grade. All readers also included proportionately more of the high‐level information than the less important ideas. Able readers of all ages did recall more text information and better maintained input structure in their protocols. After immediate recall, the passages were returned for study conditions, outlining and thinking, and delayed recall was taken a week later. There was increased retention by both grade and by reading ability. Studying also improved delayed retention, but the older subjects’ outlines reflected text structure better tha...
Evaluation of HemogloBind™ treatment for preparation of samples for cholinesterase analysis

Acetylcholine is an essential neurotransmitter found throughout the nervous system. Its action on postsynaptic receptors is regulated through hydrolysis by various carboxylesterases, especially cholinesterases (ChEs). The acute toxicity of organophosphate (OP) compounds is directly linked to their action as inhibitors of ChE. One widely used assay for evaluating ChE activity is a spectrophotometric method developed by Ellman et al. When the enzyme source is from tissues or, in particular, blood, hemoglobin displays a spectrophotometric peak at the same wavelength used to analyze cholinergic activity. This creates a substantial background that interferes with the Ellman's assay and must be overcome in order to accurately monitor cholinesterase activity. Herein, we directly compare blood processing methods: classical method (1.67 ± 0.30 U/mL) and HemogloBind™ treatment (1.51 ± 0.17 U/mL), and clearly demonstrate that pretreatment of blood samples with Hemoglobind™ is both a sufficient and rapid sample preparation method for the assessment of ChE activity using the Ellman's method.
The Role of the Organic Component in the Mechanical Behavior of Biomineralized Composites.

The roles of minor organic layers in influencing the mechanical response of such biomineralized composites as mollusk shells and sponge spicules have been investigated. The mechanisms whereby such minor constituents govern energy dissipation in rigid biomineralized structures are discussed, and a rationale for new modes of toughening that may relate more generally to families of ceramic- or glass/organic composites is offered. New results of simple torsional tests conducted on spicule fibers of a hexactinellid sponge, Euplectella aspergillum (Euplectella a.), compared with those done on melt-drawn glass fibers, showed an enhanced ability to resist failure in torsion, whereas the glass fibers did not. This behavior was attributed to the presence of a very thin adhesive viscoelastic phase between the siliceous layers of the spicule fibers, combined with the architectural and surface features of the spicule fiber.
Preference of chicks in the original stimulus situation of imprinting

Three factors of sound, color, and form were tested in a modified Gray-Pattie choice apparatus for the effects upon 64 chicks in regard to preference behavior. Sound and color were found to be significant with color being more important than sound. Form and all interactions were nonsignificant, though the effects of the stimuli were additive. The results were seen in light of a hypothesis relating arousal and imprinting.
Water adsorption on coals

Abstract Adsorption of water on six coals of rank varying from anthracite to HVC bituminous has been studied at 0 °C and 20 °C. From BET plots, the calculated surface areas vary from 17.5m 2 /g for the low volatile bituminous coal to 82.5m 2 /g for the HVC coal of 45.4% volatile matter. The fraction of the total surface area (measured by carbon dioxide at 25 °C) covered by water in a monolayer varies from 12% for the low volatile bituminous coal to 60% for the HVC coal. In the monolayer, water adsorbs on hydrophilic sites provided by oxygen functional groups on the coal surface and by mineral matter. The heat of adsorption of water on the coals is closely equal to the heat of liquefaction (10.6 kcal/mol) ∗ at all adsorption pressures studied, that is above about 0.03 relative pressure. Hysteresis is observed on all the isotherms down to essentially zero relative pressure of water. Reasons for the hysteresis are discussed.
Intraoperative Techniques to Reduce Thromboembolism: Regional Anesthesia and Intraoperative Heparin

Both neural blockade (spinal or epidural) have been shown to reduce the risk of thrombogenesis after both hip and knee arthroplasty. The mechanism is most likely due to enhanced blood flow in the deep venous system of the legs. Reduction in blood loss during and after surgery may also play a role. Intraoperative heparin during hip and knee arthroplasty in doses of 10-15 U/kg suppresses thrombogenesis without increasing the risk of bleeding. Both these modalities are focused intraoperatively—the period when thrombi initially form.
Hydrophobic films by atmospheric plasma curing of spun-on liquid precursors.

Hydrophobic coatings have been produced on glass and acrylic samples by using a low-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma to polymerize liquid fluoroalkylsilane precursors. The fluoroalkylsilane ...
Drainage evolution in the Margaritifer Sinus region, Mars

[1] Margaritifer Sinus, Mars, records a complex history of water transport, storage, and release extending from the late Noachian into at least the mid-Hesperian. Collection, transport, and discharge of water were accomplished by systems of differing character flanking opposite sides of the Chryse Trough. Drainage on the western side of the trough was via the segmented Uzboi-Ladon-Margaritifer mesoscale outflow system that heads in Argyre Basin and incises and fills as it crosses ancient multiringed impact basins. By contrast, Samara and Parana-Loire Valles, two of the largest and best integrated valley systems on Mars, dominated drainage on the eastern trough flank. Valley morphometry suggests formation was due to precipitation-recharged groundwater sapping. All systems discharged into Margaritifer Basin, located along the Chryse Trough axis, and caused ponding that persisted into the early Hesperian. The Uzboi-Ladon-Margaritifer system dominated discharge that was coincident with widespread geomorphic activity on Mars. As channel and valley formation ended, some water in Margaritifer Basin infiltrated the subsurface. Collapse and release of water began shortly thereafter and persisted into mid-Hesperian times, thereby forming Margaritifer and Iani Chaos and incising Ares Vallis.
Estimation of Aliphatic Nitro Compounds

ALTHOUGH a number of methods for estimating aliphatic nitro compounds have been described, all have various shortcomings. They are either insensitive1, non-specific2, require special equipment3,4, or are rather complicated to carry out5,6. No one seems to have based an analytical procedure on the observation that primary aliphatic nitro compounds when hydrolysed by sulphuric acid yield hydroxylamine7. This is a very specific reaction. To my knowledge, the only other compounds which yield hydroxylamine on acid hydrolysis are oximes. Hydroxylamine can be determined readily by oxidizing it with iodine to form nitrous acid8, which in turn is determined colorimetrically by diazotizing sulphanilic acid and coupling with α-naphthylamine9. I developed a procedure based on these reactions for analysing culture filtrates of mutants of Streptomyces venezuelae in an investigation of the biosynthesis of the antibiotic, chloramphenicol10. The procedure has proved to be specific, sensitive and easy to perform.
Pressure Propagation in Pulsatile Flow Through Random Microvascular Networks

A microvascular network with random dimensions of vessels is built on the basis of statistical analysis of conjunctival beds reported in the literature. Our objective is to develop a direct method of evaluating the statistics of the pulsatile hydrodynamic field starting from a priori statistics which mimic the large-scale heterogeneity of the network. The model consists of a symmetric diverging-converging dentritic network of ten levels of vessels, each level described by a truncated Gaussian distribution of vessel diameters and lengths. In each vascular segment, the pressure distribution is given by a diffusion equation with random parameters, while the blood flow rate depends linearly on the pressure gradient. The results are presented in terms of the mean value and standard deviation of the pressure and flow rate waveforms at two positions along the network. It is shown that the assumed statistical variation of vessel lengths results in flow rate deviations as high as 50 percent of the mean, while the corresponding effect of vessel diameter variation is much smaller. For a given pressure drop, the statistical variation of lengths increases the mean flow while the effect on the mean pressure distribution is negligible.
Leadership in Military and Other Dangerous Contexts: Introduction to the Special Topic Issue

Although researchers have examined the situational demands that conventional environments place on leadership, the demands that highly dangerous environments impose on leadership have been much les...
A stiffness model for control and analysis of a MEMS hexapod nanopositioner

Abstract This paper presents a stiffness-based kinematic model for analysis and control of a Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) flexure-based hexapod nanopositioner that was previously built by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). This nanopositioner is capable of producing high-resolution motions in 6 degrees of freedom (DOF) by actuating three planar X–Y positioning stages. Given a large number of flexure-based nanopositioners, the modeling and controller design has been a challenging task due to their inherent structural complexity and difficulties in measuring 6DOF positioning accuracy. In this paper, we discuss kinematic models for developing an open loop controller and an analytical approach routine for this nanopositioner. These models include a novel model for calculating the nonlinear stiffness of the X–Y positioning stage and a stiffness-based Jacobian matrix of the hexapod mechanism for the controller. Compared with Finite Element (FE) simulations, we conclude that the mean error of the X–Y stage control model is 1.93 % within a 55 μm range of motion. To validate the control model, the top platform is commanded to trace a circle of diameter 20 μm. The result shows a mean error of 3.38 %.
Spectral estimation of continuous-time stationary processes from random sampling

Abstract Let X = {X(t), − ∞ φ X (λ) of φX(λ) based on the discrete-time observation {X(τk), τk} are considered. Asymptotic expressions for the bias and covariance of φ X (λ) are derived. A multivariate central limit theorem is established for the spectral estimators φ X (λ) . Under mild conditions, it is shown that the bias is independent of the statistics of the sampling point process {τk} and that there exist sampling point processes such that the asymptotic variance is uniformly smaller than that of a Poisson sampling scheme for all spectral densities φX(λ) and all frequencies λ.
Insulin does not activate a phosphoinositide-specifc phospholipase C in adipocytes

Abstract Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) activity was determined in homogenates of adipocytes treated with maximal concentrations of insulin. PI-PLC activity measured using exogenous [3H]phosphatidylinositol ([3H]PI) and exogenous [3H]phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphoshate ([3H]PIP2) was not altered by prior exposure of adipocytes to insulin. It was possible to see oxytocin-induced breakdown of phosphoinositides but no effect of insulin was seen in intact adipocytes.
Particle nucleation from the reaction of α-pinene and O3

Nucleation precursors from α-pinene+O3 reactions were investigated with a flow reactor combined with a Teflon bag reactor. Initial particle formation exponentially increased with the reacted amount of α-pinene with O3, and this, given certain assumptions, is consistent with classical nucleation theory. Initial reaction products indicated products such as cis-pinonaldehyde, cis-pinonic acid, cis-norpinonic acid, and pinalic-4-acid did not initiate particle self-nucleation because of their low concentrations compared to their theoretically estimated saturation concentrations. Although particle formation was observed on the time scale of the flow reactor (⩾0.4–6 s), cis-pinic and cis-norpinic acid were not detected as products, and hence are also not candidates for initiating self-nucleation. Thermally stabilized Criegee intermediates (SCI) were implicated in the nucleation process. Evidence for this comes from the observation of significant reductions in particle formation by scavenging SCIs with low-molecular-weight compounds. On a molecule reaction basis, nucleation was suppressed with SCI scavengers in the following order: water ≪acetaldehyde≈methanol<formic acid. Teflon bag experiments showed that decreased initial particle number concentrations by SCI scavenger (formic acid and acetic acid) did not affect the final total particle mass concentration. Possible nucleation precursors are discussed in the context of estimated vapor pressures and initial concentrations.
Antibiotic resistance as collateral damage: The tragedy of the commons in a two-disease setting

We propose a simple two-disease epidemic model where one disease exhibits only a drug-sensitive strain, while the other exhibits both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains. Treatment for the first disease may select for resistance in the other. We model antibiotic use as a mathematical game through the study of individual incentives and community welfare. The basic reproduction number is derived and the existence and local stability of the model equilibria are analyzed. When the force of infection of each disease is unaffected by the presence of the other, we find that there is a conflict of interest between individual and community, known as a tragedy of the commons, under targeted treatment toward persons infected by the single strain disease, but there is no conflict under mass treatment. However, we numerically show that individual and social incentive to use antibiotics may show disaccord under mass treatment if the restriction on the transmission ability of the dually infected people is removed, or drug resistant infection is worse than drug sensitive infection, or the uninfected state has a comparative disutility over the infected states.
Credit Policy at the Discount Window

Misconceptions concerning discount practices, 207. — How limitation of discounting is effected, 210. — Interaction with the tradition against borrowing, 212. — Conclusion. 214.
Elevated Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters in Meconium of Sheep Fetuses Exposed In Utero to Ethanol—A New Animal Model

Specific fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) in meconium of newborns have been shown to correlate with maternal ethanol exposure. An animal model is needed to assess the validity of this biomarker. We hypothesized that the pregnant/fetal sheep is a feasible animal model for validating FAEE as a biomarker of prenatal ethanol exposure. Nine pregnant ewes were treated during the third trimester with different i.v. ethanol doses. The control group consisted of 14 pregnant ewes exposed to similar volumes of saline. On gestational d 133, the fetuses were delivered and meconium samples removed. FAEEs were quantified by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. FAEEs were found in both control and ethanol exposed fetuses. Ethyl oleate, ethyl linoleate, and ethyl arachidonate levels were significantly higher in the ethanol-exposed sheep. Ethyl oleate was the FAEE that correlated most strongly with alcohol ingestion during pregnancy and had the greatest area under the curve (0.94). Using a cut-off value of 131 ng/g ethyl oleate dry weight, sensitivity was 89% and specificity was 100%. In conclusion, pregnant ewes are a feasible model for validating biomarkers of prenatal ethanol exposure. Ethyl oleate, ethyl linoleate, and ethyl arachidonate may be useful biomarkers of prenatal alcohol exposure.
Decreasing cloudiness over China: An updated analysis examining additional variables

As preparation of the IPCC's Third Assessment Report takes place, one of the many observed climate variables of key interest is cloud amount. For several nations of the world, there exist records of surface-observed cloud amount dating back to the middle of the 20th Century or earlier, offering valuable information on variations and trends. Studies using such databases include Sun and Groisman (1999) and Kaiser and Razuvaev (1995) for the former Soviet Union, Angel1 et al. (1984) for the United States, Henderson-Sellers (1986) for Europe, Jones and Henderson-Sellers (1992) for Australia, and Kaiser (1998) for China. The findings of Kaiser (1998) differ from the other studies in that much of China appears to have experienced decreased cloudiness over recent decades (1954-1994), whereas the other land regions for the most part show evidence of increasing cloud cover. This paper expands on Kaiser (1998) by analyzing trends in additional meteorological variables for Chi na [station pressure (p), water vapor pressure (e), and relative humidity (rh)] and extending the total cloud amount (N) analysis an additional two years (through 1996).
Automated segmentation of intraretinal layers from macular optical coherence tomography images

Commercially-available optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems (e.g., Stratus OCT-3) only segment and provide thickness measurements for the total retina on scans of the macula. Since each intraretinal layer may be affected differently by disease, it is desirable to quantify the properties of each layer separately. Thus, we have developed an automated segmentation approach for the separation of the retina on (anisotropic) 3-D macular OCT scans into five layers. Each macular series consisted of six linear radial scans centered at the fovea. Repeated series (up to six, when available) were acquired for each eye and were first registered and averaged together, resulting in a composite image for each angular location. The six surfaces defining the five layers were then found on each 3-D composite image series by transforming the segmentation task into that of finding a minimum-cost closed set in a geometric graph constructed from edge/regional information and a priori-determined surface smoothness and interaction constraints. The method was applied to the macular OCT scans of 12 patients with unilateral anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (corresponding to 24 3-D composite image series). The boundaries were independently defined by two human experts on one raw scan of each eye. Using the average of the experts' tracings as a reference standard resulted in an overall mean unsigned border positioning error of 6.7 ± 4.0 mm, with five of the six surfaces showing significantly lower mean errors than those computed between the two observers (p < 0.05, pixel size of 50 × 2 mm).
Template based simulators: An example from manufacturing

It is shown that a template-based simulator can be used to analyze even fairly complex manufacturing situations involving multiple, unreliable work centers, multiple part routings with branching, and multiple material handling systems. First, a generic model was used to describe moving resources, stationary resources, and parts in independent templates. Second, a commercial interface program was used to implement pull down mouse and screen editors. Finally, a simulation 'engine' was designed to incorporate arbitrary material handling systems and part routings. >
Greedy Algorithms for Joint Sparse Recovery

Five known greedy algorithms designed for the single measurement vector setting in compressed sensing and sparse approximation are extended to the multiple measurement vector scenario: Iterative Hard Thresholding (IHT), Normalized IHT (NIHT), Hard Thresholding Pursuit (HTP), Normalized HTP (NHTP), and Compressive Sampling Matching Pursuit (CoSaMP). Using the asymmetric restricted isometry property (ARIP), sufficient conditions for all five algorithms establish bounds on the discrepancy between the algorithms' output and the optimal row-sparse representation. When the initial multiple measurement vectors are jointly sparse, ARIP-based guarantees for exact recovery are also established. The algorithms are then compared via the recovery phase transition framework. The strong phase transitions describing the family of Gaussian matrices which satisfy the sufficient conditions are obtained via known bounds on the ARIP constants. The algorithms' empirical weak phase transitions are compared for various numbers of multiple measurement vectors. Finally, the performance of the algorithms is compared against a known rank aware greedy algorithm, Rank Aware Simultaneous Orthogonal Matching Pursuit + MUSIC. Simultaneous recovery variants of NIHT, NHTP, and CoSaMP all outperform the rank-aware algorithm.
Commitment in Age-Gap Heterosexual Romantic Relationships: A Test of Evolutionary and Socio-Cultural Predictions.

Little research has addressed age-gap romantic relationships (romantic involvements characterized by substantial age differences between partners). Drawing on evolutionary and socio-cultural perspectives, the present study examined normative beliefs and commitment processes among heterosexual women involved in age-gap and age-concordant relationships. Results indicated that woman-older partners were the most satisfied with and committed to their relationships, relative to woman-younger and similarly aged partners, consistent with socio-cultural predictions. Additional analyses revealed that satisfaction, alternatives, investments, and normative beliefs accounted for differing degrees of variance in the prediction of commitment among age-gap and similarly aged partners, with greater explained variance among partners of similar ages. Thus, among female heterosexual age-gap partners, factors beyond traditional predictors of commitment may be important in understanding the maintenance of these relationships.
Resolving dynamical features of fluidized beds from pressure fluctuations

Abstract Pressure fluctuations are one of the most commonly measured parameters in studies of fluidized beds. Our work reveals that spectral analysis of pressure data requires more careful attention to sampling and analysis methods than are commonly employed by fluidization researchers. As a result, we call into question previous claims that scaling laws for fluidized beds have been validated through comparisons of pressure fluctuations between model and prototype beds. However, we have devised sampling and analysis protocols that accurately reveal the spectral features of fluidized beds and describe their dynamical character. Spectral analysis indicates that both bubbling and circulating fluidized beds behave as multiple, second-order dynamical systems. Using double probes, we have identified four prominent peaks (local maxima) in the spectra. These peaks are not the narrow spikes at discrete frequencies often associated with spectral analysis, but rather broad bands. They appear in both bubbling and circulating fluidized beds and show wide differences in their functional dependence on bed operating conditions. Our experiments suggest that they arise from global rather than local phenomena in fluidized media. Finally, using our sampling and analysis protocol, we compare the dynamics of model and prototype beds when the beds are operated under conditions of presumed hydrodynamic similitude.
Male factor infertility in 2011: semen quality, sperm selection and hematospermia.

The past year has seen several new developments in the field of male reproductive health, including a major revision of how urologists should assess semen quality following the release of new WHO guidelines, novel approaches to sperm selection for intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and changes in how clinicians might evaluate and treat patients with hematospermia.
The West German 68‐ers encounter the events of 1989

Why did the German left react negatively to the events in eastern Europe and the Soviet Union in 1989/90? There are several reasons to be given: the problem the left has in dealing with nationalism, the acceptance on the part of the West German left of the GDR as a legitimate German state; the ambivalent attitude it has towards the United States, and its deeply entrenched ‘state‐fixation’. At the present time, the German left is engaged in soul‐searching discussions which show different lines of development, but its most urgent task is to desist trying to salvage anything of value from the ‘socialism’ practised by the GDR and eastern Europe.
Behavioral alcohol treatment research advances: Barriers to utilization

Abstract Treatment research in the alcoholism field has thus far had relatively little impact on public policy and professional practices. U.S. alcoholism treatment programming does not reflect advances in knowledge with regard to the effectiveness of specific approaches, treatment length and setting, or matching of clients with treatments. Four characteristics of decision-making are considered as possible causes: inertia, ignorance, selective inattention, and incentives. Four corresponding characteristics of the behavior of researchers are also discussed: failure to use effective attitude change procedures, failure to disseminate research findings, intolerance for disconfirming data, and failure to address the needs of decision-makers. Any program of research should include a specific plan to disseminate and to promote utilization of findings. Six strategies for increasing utilization are suggested: setting clear goals, choosing optimal dissemination routes, tailoring communications to the audience, providing implementation support, following up on initial communications, and teaching utilization skills. Research on the effectiveness of such utilization strategies is needed.
A random minimax

Stones are placed randomly on an board, one at a time, with no more than one stone per unit cell. By means of a two-dimensional cross-classification, a formula is derived for the probability that a row becomes full (with stones) at a time when there is another row that is still entirely empty. Bibliography: 2 titles.
Challenges and Opportunities Implementing the WHO Global Strategy on Alcohol

This article draws on publications and announcements of the World Health Organization, United Nations and national governments, recent professional medical and health policy journals, and nongovernmental organizations to summarize the background and implications of recent international public health initiatives on the topic of alcohol.
Media Fellow Journeys to the “Other Side”

[1] On the heels of defending my Ph.D. in soil ecology, I headed off to northern Colorado last September for the next step in my scientific journey: working at a radio station. AGU was sponsoring me as a mass media fellow, a scientist-reporter temporarily working at a news media outlet. In graduate school I had pursued some science writing training, but I had never been employed as a journalist. I hoped the experience would help me understand why it can be hard for scientists and journalists to communicate with each other and what the barriers are to providing accurate and comprehensive coverage of science in the media. That's the kind of understanding that the fellowship program, run by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, was meant to promote. It helps scientists learn from experience about how science reporting is done, and in an age when science desks have been eliminated by most major news outlets, it puts an eye on science back in the newsroom.
Two-stage injection locking of high-power semiconductor arrays.

A new multistage diode-array injection-locking technique is demonstrated. This approach permits higher power extraction or higher overall gain to be achieved than possible with single-stage designs. Using two antireflection-coated 40-stripe multiple-quantum-well diode arrays, we characterize the amplifier small-signal and saturated gain performance. More than 500 mW of power is achieved with single frequency and narrow linewidth in a nearly diffraction-limited far-field lobe. With small-signal inputs, an overall gain of 25 dB with 290-mW locked output is obtained.
Craniopagus twins: clinical and surgical management.

Case report We present the case of 2-year-old craniopagus twins who are in the process of undergoing a staged separation of their craniums. In addition, they will undergo a full calvarial vault remodeling to reconstruct the lacking skull and scalp tissue in each child. We elected to do a staged separation rather than a single marathon operation for various reasons, which we will detail in this report.
High spatial resolution distributed fiber optic temperature sensor

A distributed fiber optic temperature sensing system was developed which consisted of a high-resolution optical time domain reflectometer (OTOR) and a special optical fiber sensor. Several 1 kilometer lengths of prototype sensing fibers were formed by coating a modified, ultraviolet light curable polymer cladding material onto a core glass during fiber production. By monitoring changes in Rayleigh backscattered light from the fiber; local temperature changes were measured along the fiber length. A demonstration system was assembled with a 20 meter sensing fiber and extensive data were collected. These measurements indicated that hot spots as small as 10 cm could be detected over a temperature range of 0 to 150°C with a measurement accuracy of ±°C
Crossover from Superexchange to Hopping as the Mechanism for Photoinduced Charge Transfer in DNA Hairpin Conjugates

The mechanism and dynamics of photoinduced charge separation and charge recombination have been investigated in synthetic DNA hairpins possessing donor and acceptor stilbenes separated by one to seven A:T base pairs. The application of femtosecond broadband pump-probe spectroscopy, nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, and picosecond fluorescence decay measurements permits detailed analysis of the formation and decay of the stilbene acceptor singlet state and of the charge-separated intermediates. When the donor and acceptor are separated by a single A:T base pair, charge separation occurs via a single-step superexchange mechanism. However, when the donor and acceptor are separated by two or more A:T base pairs, charge separation occurs via a multistep process consisting of hole injection, hole transport, and hole trapping. In such cases, hole arrival at the electron donor is slower than hole injection into the bridging A-tract. Rate constants for charge separation (hole arrival) and charge recombination are dependent upon the donor-acceptor distance; however, the rate constant for hole injection is independent of the donor-acceptor distance. The observation of crossover from a superexchange to a hopping mechanism provides a "missing link" in the analysis of DNA electron transfer and requires reevaluation of the existing literature for photoinduced electron transfer in DNA.
The chemistry of cyano complexes of gold(I) with emphasis on the ligand scrambling reactions

Abstract The gold(I) complexes, containing cyanide and some other ligand (L), {LAuCN} are stable in the solid state, while in solution they undergo dissociation to form ionic species. The X-ray and IR, studies show that some cyanogold(I) complexes exist as non-ionic complexes (LAuCN) and some as the ionic species {[Au(L2)]+[Au(CN)2]−} in the solid state. In solution, the LAuCN complexes undergo ligand scrambling reactions exhibiting the equilibrium, 2[LAuCN]⇄[AuL2]++[Au(CN)2]−. Equilibrium constants (Keq) for the scrambling equilibria are determined by integration of the 13 C and 31 P NMR spectra. The equilibrium constant is dependent on such factors as the initial concentration of the complex, ionic strength of the solution, temperature and polarity of the solvent, with polarity of the solvent showing major influence on Keq. The order of ability of different LAuCN complexes undergoing disproportionation is: [ C  SeAuCN ]>[ R 3 PSeAuCN ]>[ C  SAuCN ]>[ R 3 PAuCN ]≥[ R 3 PSAuCN ] . The reactions of gold drugs and their metabolites, with cyanide lead to the formation of intermediates, [RSAuCN]− and [Et3PAuCN], which undergo disproportionation generating [Au(CN)2]− that is readily taken up by red blood cells. The formation of aurocyanide is dependent on thiocyanate and occurs both by the myeloperoxidase dependent oxidation of thiocyanate and by a secondary reaction of hypochlorous acid with thiocyanate. [Au(CN)2]− is a common metabolite of the gold drugs in the blood and urine of chrysotherapy patients. The oxidation of [Au(CN)2]− by OCl− could lead to the formation of gold(III) metabolites.
Fluorescent Ag clusters via a protein-directed approach as a Hg(II) ion sensor.

Proteins have proven to be particularly attractive as effective ligands in the synthesis of nano- and subnanoscaled materials because of their multiple chelating and functional groups imparting unique functionalities. However, protein-directed fluorescent metal cluster synthesis is still a challenge but a promising area of research. Here, we report on the synthesis of new water-soluble, stable, fluorescent Ag clusters via a facile, green method using denatured bovine serum albumin (dBSA) as a stabilizing agent. The dBSA with its 35 free cysteine residues could contribute to polyvalent interactions with the Ag clusters and serve as effective stabilizing agents for these clusters. The as-prepared Ag clusters showed high fluorescence emission at ∼637 nm and were stable even in 1 M NaCl. The fluorescent Ag clusters were then used in the detection of Hg2+ with high sensitivity and selectivity. The detection limit was 10 nM in the linear range from 10 nM to 5 μM.
Review of Concepts of Stability

Concepts of stability, associated nomenclature and names of originators are reviewed emphasizing some global aspects as well as specific applications to dynamics and to celestial mechanics. Due to the many definitions and interpretations used, details concerning only a few fundamental concepts (Hill's, Liapunov's, Poincare's stability, etc.) are offered. Short definitions and descriptions are also given for about 50 concepts of stability in the form of a dictionary. Several of the definitions presently in use are not unique, in fact are often contradictory and/or repetitive. Furthermore, the credits given to the originators are not uniform or consistent in the literature and several cross-references seem to be necessary. The list of references given contains some fundamental works and it does not attempt to be complete. The entire length of this paper would have been easily taken up by a more detailed list of references, which list would still not have been “complete”.
Influence of Stress Intensity and Loading Mode on Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking of Alloy 600 in Primary Waters of Pressurized Water Reactors

Abstract The steam generator in a pressurized water reactor (PWR) of a nuclear power plant consists mainly of a shell made of carbon (C) steel and tubes made of alloy 600 (UNS N06600). However, all...
Perioperative care of the renal patient.

Due to the hormonal and hemodynamic alterations inherent in the surgical experience, acute renal failure is common during the perioperative period. Acute renal failure occurs in 5% of hospital admissions, and the surgical setting is the second most common cause of inpatient acute renal failure. Because this setting has the highest mortality for acute renal failure, recognition of high-risk patients is essential for careful monitoring and prophylactic measures. Patients with chronic renal insufficiency, elderly patients, jaundiced patients, diabetics, and those undergoing cardiac or aortic surgery are at greatest risk for perioperative acute renal failure. Patients with severe chronic renal failure or end-stage renal disease are at significant risk for development of complications during the perioperative period, due both to renal and nonrenal reasons. Hyperkalemia, infections, arrhythmias, and bleeding commonly occur in these patients during the perioperative period. This population has a reasonable surgical mortality for both general and cardiac surgery, but the extremely high morbidity warrants careful perioperative monitoring and care. (Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:1674-1688)
Is Intuition Based On Understanding

According to the most popular non-skeptical views about intuition, intuitions justify beliefs because they are based on understanding. More precisely: if intuiting that p justifies you in believing that p it does so because your intuition is based on your understanding of the proposition that p. The aim of this paper is to raise some challenges for accounts of intuitive justification along these lines. I pursue this project from a non-skeptical perspective. I argue that there are cases in which intuiting that p justifies you in believing that p, but such that there is no compelling reason to think this is because your intuition is based on your understanding of the proposition that p.
Determination of Mn and Pb in atmospheric deposition at a remote coastal site

The electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of Mn and Pb in wet, dry and total deposition collected at American Samoa is hindered by interferences due to the dilute sea-spray matrix. Matrix modification procedures permit direct analysis below 1 ng ml−1 for each trace metal. The median monthly deposition of Mn is 5.8, 5.0, and 10.0 ng cm−2, and for Pb 9.5, 1.4, and 10.6 ng cm−2 for wet, dry and total collections, respectively. Preliminary data suggest effective sampling using these methods at this remote site.
Neurotransmitter Release from Lysophosphatidic Acid-Stimulated PC12 Cells: Involvement of Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptors

Abstract The significance of phospholipase D in metabolic regulation is being recognized. The products of phospholipase D action are phosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) . Whether these lipid products exert their effect through plasma membrane receptor-mediated mechanism is not yet clear. In the present study we have shown the presence of specific receptors for LPA in plasma membranes of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. LPA evoked a transient rise in [Ca2+]i concomitant with formation of IP3. LPA also stimulated dopamine release from PC12 cells. These results indicate that LPA stimulates catecholamine release via specific LPA receptors presumably by activating the IP3 mediated Ca2+ release.
Communicative competence and the Bernstein perspective

For two decades, Basil Bernstein has been a major contributor to the literature on language and society. A framework is presented/or casting Bernstein's work at a level of abstraction appropriate for assessing communicative competence. The concepts of cultural matrix, primary social experience, and role and situation repertoires are central to this framework, it is argued that analysis of four role constellations and four aspects important to social role formation are a good basis from which to describe and explain any person's range of communicative competencies. Research strategies for investigating communicative competence are suggested.
Judging a Book by its Cover: Did Perceptions of the 1996 US Welfare Reforms Affect Public Support for Spending on the Poor?

Research into public policy and public opinion demonstrates ample evidence that opinion affects policy, but relatively limited empirical findings regarding how policy might affect opinion: a process dubbed policy feedback. Much of the literature examines aggregate reactions to policy, while related public opinion research emphasises individual findings driven primarily by party affiliation or political ideology. This article takes the research one step further, examining whether individuals' judgements of policy effectiveness contribute to their support for or opposition to government policy spending. Specifically, it examines the case of US welfare reform and public reactions to it using a national survey conducted in 2001. Findings based on multinomial logistic regression analysis demonstrate not only that people's judgements of welfare reform's effectiveness contribute to their support for government spending on the poor, but also that the reasons behind their judgements matter.
Density Functional Investigation of Some Decomposition Routes of Methyl Nitrate.

Two density-functional methods, B3/LYP/6-31+G(d) and B3/PW91/6-31G(d, p) have been used to investigate some possible decomposition pathways for methyl nitrate. Two likely ones were found to be (a) loss of NO2, followed by eventual rearrangement to H2C(SINGLE BOND)OH, and (b) formation of H2C(DOUBLE BOND)O and HONO. The initial energy requirement for each process is about 40 kcal/mol, and the second is exothermic, ΔH=−16 kcal/mol of H3C(SINGLE BOND)ONO2. The B3/LYP procedure is found to underestimate the H3CO(SINGLE BOND)NO2 and H3C(SINGLE BOND)ONO2 dissociation energies by about 6 kcal/mol. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 64: 205–210, 1997
Pharmacotherapy in the Treatment of Addiction: Methadone

Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is the most widely available pharmacotherapy for opioid addiction and has been shown to be an effective and safe treatment over a period of 40 years. Although women comprise approximately 40% of clients currently being treated in MMT programs, comparatively little research geared specifically toward this group has been published. This article begins with an overview of neurobiological studies on opioid addiction, including a discussion of gender differences, followed by a review of the pharmacology of methadone. The authors then examine the particular needs and differences of women being treated in MMTs, including co-dependence with other substances, women's health issues, and psychosocial needs unique to this population. Research shows that women have different substance abuse treatment needs in comparison to their male counterparts. One New York City MMT program that has attempted to address these differences is highlighted.