cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain-stimulation reward, morphine-induced oral stereotypy, and sensitization: implications for abuse.

Abstract Early professionals believed that it was unlikely that anyone but the emotionally unstable received pleasure and became addicted to narcotic drugs. This position was well entrenched and influenced much of the thinking well into the latter half of the last century. Although the discovery of a brain reward system was made early in the 1950's it was not until 20 years later that this discovery was applied to the study of the mechanisms involved in the rewarding aspects of abused substances. Along this vein results will be shown in which opiate antagonist block the dopamine agonist activation of the brain reward system as well as the corollary. Sensitization of the reward system suggests that a driving force for drug use is ‘liking’ and not just ‘wanting.’ Basal changes in cerebral metabolic rates of glucose are seen in the presence of cues associated with morphine experience, giving evidence for the role of drug related cues in craving. Finally we asked the question ‘Do old rats have as much fun as young rats?’
The Propagation of Vorticity in a Viscoelastic Fluid

A layer of constant vorticity exists in an infinite space of incompressible isotropic viscoelastic fluid for which the shear stress for rectilinear shearing flows depends linearly on the history of the velocity gradient. At some instant of time the forces maintaining this flow are removed. The subsequent time-dependent vorticity field is calculated explicitly in the particular cases when the fluid is Newtonian and when it is Maxwellian. The limiting case in which the vorticity layer becomes a vortex sheet is also calculated.
Time reversibility in nonequilibrium thermomechanics

Abstract “Time reversibility” of dynamical systems has had many different interpretations, for the governing differential equations, for the numerical approximations to their solutions, for the maps which caricature these equations and their solutions, and for the phase-space distributions describing ensembles of systems. Here I discuss some of these views, taken from recent research literature, and relate them to my own experience, which is primarily computational. I emphasize the usefulness of “thermomechanics”, a simple generalization of conventional molecular dynamics, which leads — directly, inexorably, and paradoxically — from Hamilton's Principle of Least Action to the multifractal time-irreversible phase-space behavior summed up by the macroscopic Second Law of Thermodynamics.
Comparison of the Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) and California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) in a sample of normal subjects

Compared performance on Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test and California Verbal Learning Test. Slightly higher scores were obtained on CVLT variables. No significant differences were found for order of test administration. Results were interpreted to show minimal practice effects for different list-learning tests administered in the same test battery.
Foundationalism and the Justification of Religious Belief

Alvin Plantinga, in some essays recently published and presented, defends the rationality of a belief in the existence of God on the grounds that it is foundationally justified. Though this belief does not appear to be justified were we to adopt what Plantinga calls classical foundationalism, there are other, less restrictive (and presumably at least equally plausible) versions of foundationalism. Plantinga urges that we recognize that a belief in the existence of God can be warranted within one of these frameworks.
Boundary-integral simulations of containerless solidification

We carry out boundary-integral simulations of a two-dimensional liquid droplet surrounded by air and solidified from a cool point on the boundary. There are three interfaces in the problem: solid-liquid, air-liquid, and air-solid. All three evolve in time in such a way that certain tri-junction conditions must be satisfied. Our numerical method describes the quasi-steady evolution of the interfaces in the limit of zero surface energy on the solidification front. A new iterative technique is developed to describe the interface evolution when mass and total energy are conserved and the local trijunction conditions are satisfied at every instant in time. A method is also developed for efficient numerical integration over the interfaces by taking advantage of analytical formulas for Green's functions. We start the simulations by studying the case of equal densities of the solid and liquid. This allows us to verify the numerical method and obtain some estimates of the speed of the solidification front. Solid-liquid interface flattening is observed at the intermediate stages of solidification. When the densities of the two phases are different, elongated solidified particles are observed when the solid density is smaller than the liquid density. At the final stages of solidification, a corner is formed in agreement with observations in related experiments.
A Ten-Year Retrospective of Advertising Research Productivity, 1997-2006

Given institutional accountability and ever-increasing pressure to gain recognition with high-quality research at the highest academic levels, objective performance benchmarks are needed to reward faculty, enhance institutional image, and attract needed funding. Two studies were undertaken to examine advertising scholarship for 1997-2006. The first study examined refereed publications in the top three U. S. advertising journals (Journal of Advertising, Journal of Advertising Research, and Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising), while the second study added a variety of other sources of advertising scholarship. A comprehensive picture of advertising scholarship is developed and suggestions for the discipline are provided.
Comparison of mitochondrially synthesized polypeptides of human, mouse, and monkey cell lines by a two-dimensional protease gel system

Mitochondrially synthesized polypeptides of human, monkey, and mouse cells were compared using SDS-polyacylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). A single molecular weight variant, the major interspecific variant (MIV), was identified in human cells as compared to monkey and mouse. The peptide maps of MIV were compared between the three species using a two-dimensional proteolytic digest (2D-PD) gel system. A number of conserved peptides were found, indicating that the MIVs have a common function. Other MIV peptides were species specific. These results confirm the conserved nature of mitochondrial polypeptides and demonstrate the utility of 2D-PD gels in testing for protein alleles and detecting subtle protein variants.
Some asymptotic Bessel function ratios

We derive leading terms in the expansion of ratios of the formB n+α(nβ)/Bn(nβ) for largen, whereB n(x) is any one of the Bessel functionsJ n(x), Yn(x), Hn(x),I n(x) andK n(x).
Autoantibody Signatures as Biomarkers to Distinguish Prostate Cancer from Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Patients with Increased Serum Prostate Specific Antigen

Abstract Background Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) concentrations lack the specificity to differentiate prostate cancer from benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), resulting in unnecessary biopsies. We identified 5 autoantibody signatures to specific cancer targets which might be able to differentiate prostate cancer from BPH in patients with increased serum PSA. Methods To identify autoantibody signatures as biomarkers, a native antigen reverse capture microarray platform was used. Briefly, well-characterized monoclonal antibodies were arrayed onto nanoparticle slides to capture native antigens from prostate cancer cells. Prostate cancer patient serum samples ( n = 41) and BPH patient samples (collected starting at the time of initial diagnosis) with a mean follow-up of 6.56 y without the diagnosis of cancer ( n = 39) were obtained. One hundred micrograms of IgGs were purified and labeled with a Cy3 dye and incubated on the arrays. The arrays were scanned for fluorescence and the intensity was quantified. Receiver operating characteristic curves were produced and the area under the curve (AUC) was determined. Results Using our microarray platform, we identified autoantibody signatures capable of distinguishing between prostate cancer and BPH. The top 5 autoantibody signatures were TARDBP, TLN1, PARK7, LEDGF/PSIP1, and CALD1. Combining these signatures resulted in an AUC of 0.95 (sensitivity of 95% at 80% specificity) compared to AUC of 0.5 for serum concentration PSA (sensitivity of 12.2% at 80% specificity). Conclusion Our preliminary results showed that we were able to identify specific autoantibody signatures that can differentiate prostate cancer from BPH, and may result in the reduction of unnecessary biopsies in patients with increased serum PSA.
Use of Weibull model to describe and predict pressure inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A in whole milk

Abstract The survival curves of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A inactivated by high hydrostatic pressure were obtained at seven pressure levels (300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550 and 600 MPa) in UHT whole milk. The shapes of the survival curves could be concave upward or downward depending on the treatment pressure levels. The Weibull model consistently produced a better fit than the linear model. Since there were no significant differences in the values of shape factor ( n ) at the pressure levels of 400–600 MPa, we reduced the number of parameters in the Weibull model from two to one by setting n at the mean value. The simplified Weibull model produced a fit comparable to the full model and provided reasonable predictions of survival data at pressures other than the experimental pressure levels. The concept of z p value for non-linear survival curves based on the Weibull model was also proposed in this study. The z p value was defined as the increase in pressure that results in one unit increase of the values of scale factor ( b ). Industrial relevance : Accurate prediction of survival curves at different pressure levels would be beneficial to the food industry in selecting optimum combinations of pressure and time to obtain the desired target levels of bacterial inactivation while minimizing the production costs and maintaining a maximum degree of sensory and nutrient qualities.
‘That is NOT what's happening at Horizon!’: ethics and misrepresenting knowledge in text

This paper analyzes the ethically important moments that helped build, then break, and then negotiate the relationship between researchers and schools during an ethnographic‐type study conducted by the team of researchers from a prominent private university. I posit that the researchers' unskilled approach culminated in producing written representations of the schools that were ethically problematic. To quote one school: ‘That is NOT what's happening at Horizon!’ Guided by simplistic understandings of procedures, rather than by articulated moral principles, the researchers were unable to scrutinize and interrogate their data in light of the context from which the data were collected. They thus failed to examine reflexively the knowledge they produced in their written representations. My critique uses a framework that counters harm with benefit and authority with respect, drawing on both consequential and non‐consequential ethical theories, and emphasizes an ethic of care.
Dynamic shear of granular material under variable gravity conditions

This paper describes some experiments with granular materials which recently have been conducted aboard the NASA KC-135 aircraft during variable gravity maneuvers. The main experimental apparatus consisted of a small drum containing granular material which was rotated slowly while the angle assumed by the slip surface with respect to the horizontal was observed and recorded photographically. Conventional wisdom has held that this 'dynamic angle of response' was a material constant, independent of (among other things) gravitational level. The results presented here are quite contrary, suggesting instead an angle that varies with the reciprocal of the square root of gravity. This finding may have important consequences on the understanding of many active processes in Planetary Geology involving granular materials and may provide qualitative confirmation of some of the theoretical predictions of modern models of granular shear flows.
Stress and the American black woman: Analysis of research

This study obtained information on causes of stress and its relationship to the performance of the American working woman in the classroom and on the job. In order to implement the study, a questionnaire which included categories of personal information, job-related information, educational information and symptoms of stress information was used. Interviews were conducted with available subjects in order to secure additional information.
Recording and Visual Oscillometry by a New Standardized Technic

Oscillometry offers knowledge of clinical importance, yet its value in presently used apparatus has recently been questioned. The criticisms include shifting base line, parallax in visual reading, aging of rubber parts with consequent loss of elasticity, friction and inertia of writing mechanisms, and failure to standardize. The method suggested below obviates these defects.
Union-nonunion wage differentials revisited

A reverse regression method of estimating the union-nonunion wage differential is developed using a multiple indicator model. The method provides a test for the multiple indicator model’s validity and suggests that conventional estimation techniques should underestimate the union-nonunion differential. Empirical estimates show that the reverse regression estimates are larger than conventional estimates and that the multiple indicator model cannot be rejected.
Product Differentiation, Store Differentiation, and Assortment Depth

This paper considers the relationship between product differentiation, store differentiation, and the equilibrium depth of the product assortment. We find an inverted U-shaped relationship between product differentiation and assortment depth, with the depth of the assortment rising at first and then falling with the degree of product differentiation. For product categories that consist of relatively nondifferentiatied variants, a positive relationship arises between assortment depth and category sales, whereas a negative relationship emerges between assortment depth and sales in categories with more differentiated variants. Both the extent and manner in which store differentiation changes has important implications for assortment depth. If retailer market power is augmented following the closure of rival retailers, product assortments become deeper; however, if retailers gain market power by investing in store attributes that facilitate customer loyalty, product assortments become shallower.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens ExoR Controls Acid Response Genes and Impacts Exopolysaccharide Synthesis, Horizontal Gene Transfer and Virulence Gene Expression

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a facultative plant pathogen and the causative agent of crown gall disease. The initial stage of infection involves attachment to plant tissues, and subsequently, biofilms may form at these sites. This study focuses on the periplasmic ExoR regulator, which was identified based on the severe biofilm deficiency of A. tumefaciens exoR mutants. Genome-wide expression analysis was performed to elucidate the complete ExoR regulon. Overproduction of the exopolysaccharide succinoglycan is a dramatic phenotype of exoR mutants. Comparative expression analyses revealed that the core ExoR regulon is unaffected by succinoglycan synthesis. Several findings are consistent with previous observations: genes involved in succinoglycan biosynthesis, motility, and type VI secretion are differentially expressed in the ΔexoR mutant. In addition, these studies revealed new functional categories regulated by ExoR, including genes related to virulence, conjugation of the pAtC58 megaplasmid, ABC transporters, and cell envelope architecture. To address how ExoR exerts a broad impact on gene expression from its periplasmic location, a genetic screen was performed to isolate suppressor mutants that mitigate the exoR motility phenotype and identify downstream components of the ExoR regulatory pathway. This suppression analysis identified the acid-sensing two-component system ChvG-ChvI, and the suppressor mutant phenotypes suggest that all or most of the characteristic exoR properties are mediated through ChvG-ChvI. Subsequent analysis indicates that exoR mutants are simulating a response to acidic conditions, even in neutral media. This work expands the model for ExoR regulation in A. tumefaciens and underscores the global role that this regulator plays on gene expression.
Iteration schemes for rapid post-stall aerodynamic prediction of wings using a decambering approach

SUMMARY Nonlinear aerodynamics of wings may be evaluated using an iterative decambering approach. In this approach, the effect of flow separation due to stall at any wing section is modeled as an effective reduction in section camber. The approach uses a wing analysis method for potential-flow calculations and viscous airfoil lift curves for the sections as input. The calculation procedure is implemented using a Newton–Raphson iteration to simultaneously satisfy the boundary condition, which comes from potential-flow wing theory, and drive the sectional operating points toward their respective viscous lift curves, as required for convergence. Of particular interest in this research is the calculation of the residuals during the Newton iteration. Unlike a typical implementation of the Newton iteration, the residual calculation is not performed via a straightforward function evaluation, but rather by estimating the target operating points on the input viscous lift curves. Estimation of these target operating points depends on the assumptions made in the cross-coupling of the decambering at the different sections. This paper presents four residual calculation schemes for the decambering approach. The residual calculation schemes are compared against each other to assess computational speed and robustness. Decambering results are also compared with higher-order computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solutions for rectangular and swept wings. Results from the best scheme compare well with the CFD solutions for the rectangular wing, motivating further development of the method. Poor predictions for the swept wings are traced to spanwise propagation of separated flow at stall, highlighting the limitations of the current approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Absence of Remotely Triggered Seismicity in Japan

Remote dynamic triggering occurred in the western United States and Greece following the following the Denali, Hector Mine, Landers, and Izmit main- shocks in seismically active, largely geothermal areas that experienced shaking from the mainshock typically exceeding 0.2 cm/sec. Because triggered earthquakes are small (often below Mw, 2), investigations of whether remote triggering is a generally occurring phenomena must be concentrated in well-instrumented locations. As a seismically active, geothermal, well-instrumented location, Japan constitutes an ideal location for such study. We systematically examine whether remote dynamic trig- gering occurs following mainshocks in Japan producing amplitudes in the study region above 0.2 cm/sec at distances greater than two estimated fault lengths, from 1998 to 2004. We use both catalog data and filtered waveforms to search for seis- micity increases. One significant regional increase follows a Mw 7.6 mainshock in March 2000, largely due to a volcanic swarm that began the day before and increased in intensity in the following days. Two localized increases in cataloged seismicity occur in Kyushu, which is the only area in the study region with onshore tectonic extension. Two factors possibly inhibit regional triggering in Japan: (1) compres- sional tectonics, and (2) the frequent occurrence of large mainshocks. The ambient seismicity in Japan combined with the lack of observable widespread triggering ren- ders rate-state friction and stress corrosion to be improbable triggering mechanisms. Fracture unclogging as a triggering mechanism is consistent with the observations.
Prosthetic devices: challenges and implications of robotic implants and biological interfaces.

AbstractAlthough among designs of prosthetics there have been some successes in the design of functional robotic implants, there remain many issues and challenges concerned with the failure to meet...
Effects of CO2-induoed climatic changes on soowpack and streamflow

Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) may double during the next century, causing changes in the Earth's climate. Warming of up to 4°C, slight cooling, and 10% changes in precipitation have been projected. Researchers have studied the possible impacts these changes may have on various aspects of the hydrological cycle, but little emphasis has been placed on snow accumulation and melt. In this study, the effects of climatic change on streamflow from a snowmelt-dominated basin in southwestern Montana, USA, are investigated. The National Weather Service River Forecast System model (NWSRFS) was first calibrated using data for the 1973–1984 period. Daily temperature and precipitation values were then changed, and the model ran again to assess the effects on snowpack and streamflow of some possible climatic changes. Results indicate that streamflow may vary by from −22 to +45% depending on the combination of climatic changes imposed.
Homing and engraftment defects in ex vivo expanded murine hematopoietic cells are associated with downregulation of β1 integrin

Abstract Objective Hematopoietic progenitors generated by ex vivo expansion "home" less efficiently to the bone marrow (BM) after intravenous transplantation than fresh cells. To explore the underlying cause of this transplantation defect, we examined the homing and engraftment properties in vivo of fresh and cultured marrow cells differing in β1 integrin expression. Materials and Methods Fresh murine BM cells, or the expanded progeny of enriched Sca-1 + c-kit + Lin − stem cells, were fractionated into β1 −/lo and β1 + subpopulations by cell sorting. These populations were assayed for their content of in vitro colony-forming cells (CFCs), cells able to provide radioprotection, and early and long-term multilineage hematopoietic reconstitution following transplantation into myeloablated recipients. These endpoints were correlated with the homing properties of β1 −/lo and β1 + cells that were labeled with 5- (and 6-) carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) and tracked to hematopoietic organs 24 hours after injection into lethally irradiated mice. Results Most normal stem and progenitor cells express high levels of β1 integrin. In contrast, most clonogenic cells generated in vitro are β1 −/lo . Consequently, expanded β1 −/lo progenitors failed to provide radioprotection or repopulate the hematopoietic system following intravenous transplantation. Defective engraftment of expanded cells was associated with reduced homing of β1 −/lo cells to the bone marrow. Conclusion Downregulation of β1 integrin on primitive hematopoietic cells during ex vivo expansion reduces their homing efficiency and negatively impacts hematopoietic reconstitution in vivo. Strategies directed at preserving β1 integrin expression during culture may improve the clinical utility of expanded hematopoietic cells.
Observation of superluminal pulse propagation in alexandrite

We observe superluminal light propagation in an alexandrite crystal. Negative group velocities result from a narrow anti-hole in the homogeneously broadened absorption spectrum. The anti-hole is formed by coherent population oscillations in an inverse-saturable absorber.
Predictors of Objective Level of Daytime Sleepiness in Patients with Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders*

Excessive daytime sleepiness, the most prevalent symptom associated with the OSAS, is hypothesized to result from either fragmentation of sleep or hypoxemia during sleep. Measures of nocturnal sleep, respiration during sleep, and daytime sleepiness in 466 patients with apnea were collected to evaluate these two hypotheses. The various parameters were submitted to correlation and multiple regression analyses to predict daytime sleepiness as measured by the MSLT. The RAI, which measures the number of arousals from sleep associated with respiratory disturbances (best fragmentation correlation), produced a higher correlation with MSLT scores than did TMES (best hypoxemia correlation); however, the measures were highly intercorrelated, and multiple regression analyses to determine which parameters independently predicted MSLT showed the single best predictor to be the RAI. Additional independent variance in MSLT score was explained by TST and PSG1. Measures of hypoxemia provided little or no independent predictive information. These data support the hypothesis that sleep fragmentation is an important determinant of daytime sleepiness in patients with apnea.
Giving Bad News

In the practice of oncology, a number of clinical situations require bad news to be given to patients and families. SPIKES (setting, perception, invitation for information, knowledge, empathy, summarize and strategize) is a skills-based, best-practices approach to giving bad news. ••Although not formally tested in clinical trials, the communication skills it encompasses have been associated with positive patient outcomes. SPIKES is best viewed as a flexible guideline to help physicians address individual patient and family needs in a patient-centered manner.
Updates on Vocal Tremor and its Management

Vocal tremor is a neurogenic voice disorder characterized by a nearly periodic modulation in pitch and loudness during sustained phonation. This voicing pattern is the result of tremor affecting st...
The soil conservation Service—Western Division

(1956). The soil conservation Service—Western Division. Australian Geographer: Vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 20-26.
A MODIS direct broadcast algorithm for mapping wildfire burned area in the western United States.

Abstract Improved wildland fire emission inventory methods are needed to support air quality forecasting and guide the development of air shed management strategies. Air quality forecasting requires dynamic fire emission estimates that are generated in a timely manner to support real-time operations. In the regulatory and planning realm, emission inventories are essential for quantitatively assessing the contribution of wildfire to air pollution. The development of wildland fire emission inventories depends on burned area as a critical input. This study presents a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) – direct broadcast (DB) burned area mapping algorithm designed to support air quality forecasting and emission inventory development. The algorithm combines active fire locations and single satellite scene burn scar detections to provide a rapid yet robust mapping of burned area. Using the U.S. Forest Service Fire Sciences Laboratory (FiSL) MODIS-DB receiving station in Missoula, Montana, the algorithm provided daily measurements of burned area for wildfire events in the western U.S. in 2006 and 2007. We evaluated the algorithm's fire detection rate and burned area mapping using fire perimeter data and burn scar information derived from high resolution satellite imagery. The FiSL MODIS-DB system detected 87% of all reference fires > 4 km 2 , and 93% of all reference fires > 10 km 2 . The burned area was highly correlated ( R 2 = 0.93) with a high resolution imagery reference burn scar dataset, but exhibited a large over estimation of burned area (56%). The reference burn scar dataset was used to calibrate the algorithm response and quantify the uncertainty in the burned area measurement at the fire incident level. An objective, empirical error based approach was employed to quantify the uncertainty of our burned area measurement and provide a metric that is meaningful in context of remotely sensed burned area and emission inventories. The algorithm uncertainty is ± 36% for fires 50 km 2 in size, improving to ± 31% at a fire size of 100 km 2 . Fires in this size range account for a substantial portion of burned area in the western U.S. (77% of burned area is due to fires > 50 km 2 , and 66% results from fires > 100 km 2 ). The dominance of these large wildfires in burned area, duration, and emissions makes these events a significant concern of air quality forecasters and regulators. With daily coverage at 1-km 2 spatial resolution, and a quantified measurement uncertainty, the burned area mapping algorithm presented in this paper is well suited for the development of wildfire emission inventories. Furthermore, the algorithm's DB implementation enables time sensitive burned area mapping to support operational air quality forecasting.
Downlink Spectrum Allocation in 5G HetNets

Fifth generation mobile systems (5G) target an Average Area Spectral Efficiency (AASE) over hundred Gbps/km/user for future mobile systems with an Energy Dissipation (ED) per unit area similar to the current ED levels. Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) with high density of deployed small cells are currently adopted to aid in achieving the target ED and AASE by 5G. Limited spectrum availability requires efforts to manage the spectrum utilization in such dense deployments. Development of new network architectures and Radio Resources Management (RRM) schemes is important to address such challenges. The objective of this work is to propose a new architecture that consists of a Decision Support System (DSS) and a data collection system to dynamically manage and control the spectrum allocation process. The DSS generates spectrum allocation patterns using non-parametric estimation and statistical analysis for the collected data. A new RRM model using a Plan, Do, Control and Act (PDCA) cycle is proposed as a new self optimization module in the self organizing network framework. The PDCA model utilizes the new architecture and the allocation patterns to dynamically predict future spectrum allocation. Results show improvement in the AASE achieved using the PDCA model compared to conventional spectrum allocation.
Context factors in the analysis of prosocial and antisocial behavior on prime time television

Sex differences in behavioral portrayals on prime time television were modified by two context factors: (1) the apparent motivation for the actor's behavior, and (2) the portrayed importance of the act.
The Economic Impact of Manufacturing Extension Centers

A recent U.S. Census survey indicates that two Illinois manufacturing extension centers affiliated with the national Manufacturing Extension Partnership have improved the performance of small Illinois firms and the Illinois state economy. During a 2-year period, the centers directly helped client firms create $22.5 million in sales and create or retain 483 jobs. These benefits, through their direct and indirect effects on the state economy, generated an estimated $119 million in new state output and 450 new state jobs during a 4-year period. State and local tax revenues increased by $9.5 million during the same period, comparing favorably with the $6 million 2-year funding for the two centers. These client-firm impacts occurred in industries important to state economic growth, high-wage employment, and competitiveness relative to the rest of the nation.
Measuring School Racial Composition and Student Outcomes in a Multiracial Society

This article examines the challenges of measuring school racial composition in a multiracial society, particularly the difficulty in specifying school racial composition when there are large numbers of students representing multiple racial groups. We employ two specifications of school racial composition to illustrate the strengths, weaknesses, and challenges of each approach and discuss how alternative conceptualizations of school racial composition contribute to the literature on the benefits of school desegregation and diversity. We analyze survey data from three large urban school districts and investigate a nonacademic outcome with important social implications—comfort working with people of a racial group different from one’s own.
The Economic Policy of Ukraine after the Orange Revolution

A prominent specialist on economic transition in the former Soviet Union discusses changes in Ukraine's economic policy in the aftermath of Viktor Yushchenko's accession to that country's presidency in January 2005. The author relates his recent (through mid-June 2005) observations as co-chair of the UN's Blue Ribbon Commission for Ukraine. He analyzes the country's macroeconomic stability and growth since 2000, the regional divide, the winner's election program, the impact of the oligarchs, and the unexpected populism of the new government, which prompted re-privatization, price controls, and fiscal excesses. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: E60, E63, F13, H20, H60. 1 figure, 6 tables, 62 references.
Self-selection in the relationship between the built environment and walking: Empirical evidence from Northern California

Abstract Available evidence establishes correlations between the built environment and walking, but not a causal relationship, leading researchers to debate whether “self-selection” explains the observed correlations: do residents who prefer to walk choose to live in more walkable neighborhoods? Using data from a survey of residents of eight neighborhoods in Northern California, this article presents new evidence on the possibility of a causal relationship between the built environment and walking behavior. This work improves on most previous studies by incorporating travel attitudes and neighborhood preferences into the analysis of walking behavior, and by using a quasi-longitudinal design to test the relationship between changes in the built environment and changes in walking. Both analyses show that the built environment has an impact on walking behavior even after accounting for attitudes and preferences.
Residues of ethylene dibromide, methyl bromide, and ethylene chlorobromide resulting from fumigation of fruits and vegetables infested with fruit flies.

Residues of ethylene dibromide, ethylene chlorobromide, methyl bromide, and inorganic bromide were investigated between 1955 and 1969 in Hawaii after treatment of spear of asparagus, Asparagus officinalis L.; ‘Nutmeg’ avocados. Persea americana Mill.; ‘Brewster’ litchis, Litchi chinensis Sonn; navel oranges, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck: ‘Solo’ papayas, Carica papaya L.; bell peppers, capsicum annuum L.; smooth cayenne pineapples, Ananas Comosus (L..) Merr.; and tomatoes, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Residues in the packaging materials for papayas and pineapples were also determined after fumigation with ethylene dibromide. The doses were the minimums or double the minimums required by quarantine regulations to treat fruits and vegetables to prevent the accidental presence of 3 Hawaiian tephritids, the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann); the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel; and the melon fly, D. cucurbitae Coquillett.
FACILITATING GROWTH IN A PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT COURSE

Sammary.-The purpose of this study was to invesugate how types of instruction and students' locus of control mediate progless 10 an undergraduate personal development course. Three factor scores, Satisfaction, People/Security, and Task/Securiv, from the Life Styles Inventory assessed students' progress. Pretest scores served as the covariate for the 3 (cype of instruction) X 2 (locus of control) analysis of covariance. Students in one of the personal development classes had higher factor scores than students in the comparison group. Significant interactions between types of instruction and I-E on two styles factors, P~ople/Securicy and Task/Security, were found. Under certain conditions a personal development course could exert positive influences on students. The greater impact of the course on internal scorers is consistent with research on counseling.
Quality of health care provided at a pediatric nurse-managed clinic.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assimilate evidence regarding quality of care received at nurse-managed clinics (NMCs), particularly a pediatric NMC that provides health care for the underserved pediatric population. Data sources: A nonexperimental design was used in this study. Quality of care data were collected at Trinity Nursing Center for Child Health (TNCCH), a pediatric NMC. Evidence included whether a pediatric NMC met selected national benchmark pediatric Healthcare Effectiveness and Data Information Set (HEDIS) quality indicators as well as HEDIS targets set by the Office of Medicaid Policy and Planning (OMPP) in Indiana. Conclusions: Findings suggest that TNCCH met or exceeded national HEDIS benchmark standards of care and targets set by OMPP. This study offers further evidence that NMCs provide a high quality of care. Implications for practice: Benefits of addressing the research question in this study include the preservation of the nurse-managed healthcare safety net, increased access to health care for the medically underserved population resulting in improved health outcomes, and evidence to suggest that NMCs can assist private practice physicians to support this population of patients.
Using Stable Isotopic Data to Resolve Rate and Duration of Growth throughout Ontogeny: An Example from the Surf Clam, Spisula solidissima

Abstract Examination of ontogenetic variation in the stable isotopic composition of accretionary biogenic hard parts is becoming a commonplace technique for gaining insights into organism age, changes in growth rate through ontogeny, and environmental conditions under which organisms lived. However, the application of isotopic data to life-history studies often is impeded by the noisy nature of environmental signals, as well as by seasonal cessation of hardpart accretion. A computational approach is presented that quantitatively resolves secular (seasonal) change in environmental parameters such as temperature and salinity with spatial (hard part) variation in isotopic composition. Output consists of determinations of mean annual isotopic composition, seasonal range in isotopic composition, and variation in hard-part growth rate for any interval of data in an accretionary transect. Quantitative estimates of absolute growth rates, as well as the proportion of each season represented by hard-part accretion,...
Changing Trends in Asthma Prevalence Among Children

BACKGROUND: Childhood asthma prevalence doubled from 1980 to 1995 and then increased more slowly from 2001 to 2010. During this second period, racial disparities increased. More recent trends remain to be described. METHODS: We analyzed current asthma prevalence using 2001–2013 National Health Interview Survey data for children ages 0 to 17 years. Logistic regression with quadratic terms was used to test for nonlinear patterns in trends. Differences between demographic subgroups were further assessed with multivariate models controlling for gender, age, poverty status, race/ethnicity, urbanicity, and geographic region. RESULTS: Overall, childhood asthma prevalence increased from 2001 to 2009 followed by a plateau then a decline in 2013. From 2001 to 2013, multivariate logistic regression showed no change in prevalence among non-Hispanic white and Puerto Rican children and those in the Northeast and West; increasing prevalence among 10- to 17-year-olds, poor children, and those living in the South; increasing then plateauing prevalence among 5- to 9-year-olds, near-poor children, and non-Hispanic black children; and increasing then decreasing prevalence among 0- to 4-year-olds, nonpoor, and Mexican children and those in the Midwest. Non-Hispanic black-white disparities stopped increasing, and Puerto Rican children remained with the highest prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: Current asthma prevalence ceased to increase among children in recent years and the non-Hispanic black-white disparity stopped increasing due mainly to plateauing prevalence among non-Hispanic black children.
Gaining perspective: incidents that damage the therapeutic alliance as described by male mental health clients

This study investigated what incidents male clients found to be most detrimental to the formation or strengthening of the alliance with their mental health care providers, using an abbreviated version of the qualitative critical incident technique (a written form focusing on hindering incidents). Participants were 86 adult (M = 36.87 years old) male outpatients. Most (90.7%) were receiving individual counseling or psychotherapy at the time of the study. A total of 76 critical incident statements were extracted. After redundant statements were eliminated, 56 statements remained. The statements were sorted into categories by three participants and two researchers, according to what each sorter understood as the commonalities between the incidents in relation to what male clients saw as hindering or weakening the alliance. The consensus structure, based on the individual sort structures, contains 12 categories: Not the Right Fit, Unexpected Actions/Personality of Counselor/Psychotherapist, Communication Problems, Unprofessional, Client Needs to Build Trust, No Choice, Unsure of Therapist/Therapy, Client Not Putting in Work, Counselor/Psychotherapist Didn’t Work Hard Enough on Client’s Issues, Acting on Assumptions About Client, Pushy Counselor/Psychotherapist, and Time Problems. These categories can serve researchers in developing measures to better represent the male client’s perspective on the alliance and can aid practitioners in providing gender-sensitive care by helping them become alert to the ways in which strains in the alliance may manifest with
Restaurants With Calories Displayed On Menus Had Lower Calorie Counts Compared To Restaurants Without Such Labels

Beginning in December 2016, calorie labeling on menus will be mandatory for US chain restaurants and many other establishments that serve food, such as ice cream shops and movie theaters. But before the federal mandate kicks in, several large chain restaurants have begun to voluntarily display information about the calories in the items on their menus. This increased transparency may be associated with lower overall calorie content of offered items. This study used data for the period 2012-14 from the MenuStat project, a data set of menu items at sixty-six of the largest US restaurant chains. We compared differences in calorie counts of food items between restaurants that voluntarily implemented national menu labeling and those that did not. We found that the mean per item calorie content in all years was lower for restaurants that voluntarily posted information about calories (the differences were 139 calories in 2012, 136 in 2013, and 139 in 2014). New menu items introduced in 2013 and 2014 showed a similar pattern. Calorie labeling may have important effects on the food served in restaurants by compelling the introduction of lower-calorie items.
The workings of collaborative governance: Evaluating collaborative community-building initiatives in Korea:

The topic of local and community governance has garnered increasing attention from researchers in recent years, with the resulting assessments generally identifying both the advantages and obstacles. On the positive side, collaborative community governance is often viewed as a new participatory space facilitating democratic practices with favourable social and relational outcomes. Conversely, the issues of power imbalances and the continued hierarchical influence of the central government are often cited as obstacles to genuine public engagement and horizontal collaboration among diverse actors. In particular, numerous studies argue that the governance structure and initial motivation exert significant influence over the governance processes and outcomes due to the different prioritisation of goals and strategies. Such considerations demonstrate the need for additional comparative studies in diverse contexts. In addition to addressing the limitation of the existing process-focused evaluations, this study ...
Effect of adrenalectomy and successive hydrocortisone replacement on thyroid secretion rate in male and female rats.

SummaryL-thyroxine secretion rates (TSR) averaged 0.94 μg/100 g/day in 34 male and 25 female albino rats. No sex differences were found. TSR determined 2 weeks after ADRX while on 1% NaCl replacement therapy was significantly reduced by 17% in males and 32% in females. TSR determined after 2 weeks of hydrocortisone replacement (150 μg/day) in addition to 1% NaCl was found to return to normal level. Body weight was not affected by treatments. It was suggested that reduced TSR after ADRX may be due, in part, to reduced feed consumption rather than ADRX per se.
Design of Functional Nanoparticles and Assemblies for Theranostic Applications

Nanostructured materials have found increasing applications in medical therapies and diagnostics (theranostics). The main challenge is the ability to impart the nanomaterials with structurally tailored functional properties which can effectively target biomolecules but also provide signatures for effective detection. The harnessing of functional nanoparticles and assemblies serves as a powerful strategy for the creation of the structurally tailored multifunctional properties. This article highlights some of the important design strategies in recent investigation of metals (especially gold and silver), and magnetically functionalized nanoparticles, and molecularly assembled or biomolecularly conjugated nanoparticles with tunable optical, spectroscopic, magnetic, and electrical properties for applications in several areas of potential theranostic interests. Examples include colorimetric detection of amino acids and small peptides, surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection of biomolecular recognition of pr...
Porous Spherical Carbon/Sulfur Nanocomposites by Aerosol-Assisted Synthesis: The Effect of Pore Structure and Morphology on Their Electrochemical Performance As Lithium/Sulfur Battery Cathodes

Porous spherical carbons (PSCs) with tunable pore structure (pore volume, pore size, and surface area) were prepared by an aerosol-assisted process. PSC/sulfur composites (PSC/S, S: ca.59 wt %) were then made and characterized as cathodes in lithium/sulfur batteries. The relationships between the electrochemical performance of PSC/S composites and their pore structure and particle morphology were systematically investigated. PSC/S composite cathodes with large pore volume (>2.81 cm3/g) and pore size (>5.10 nm) were found to exhibit superior electrochemical performance, likely due to better mass transport in the cathode. In addition, compared with irregularly shaped carbon/sulfur composite, the spherical shaped PSC/S composite showed better performance due to better electrical contact among the particles.