cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Down and Down We Go: Trust and Compliance in South Korea*

Objective Sociopolitical value orientations in South Korea have changed dramatically throughout the post-World War II period, primarily as a function of intergenerational change and rising levels of education. This article investigates the impact of value change on political cynicism and noncompliance. Methods This research analyzes data from the three waves of the World Values Surveys from 1982 to 1995. Results The findings indicate that there had been a general pattern of spreading public distrust of both social and political institutions between Koreans and that more elite-challenging forms of political participation showed the predicted increase as well. Also found are different predictors of our two dependent variables: for political cynicism, those with a higher education and/or more libertarian values were more cynical of political institutions; for protest potential, citizens who are better educated, young, more libertarian, and more active in the political process were more likely to exhibit a greater potential to involve themselves in protest activities. Conclusions The research findings conclude that value change has played a central role in interpreting the sociopolitical world, and thus in minimizing the public's faith in key political and private institutions in Korea.
Engineering Structurally Organized Cartilage and Bone Tissues

The field of tissue engineering promises to deliver biological substitutes to repair or replace tissues in the body that have been injured or diseased. The clinical demand for musculoskeletal tissues is particularly high, especially for cartilage and bone defects. Although they are generally considered biologically simple structures, musculoskeletal tissues consist of highly organized three-dimensional networks of cells and matrix, giving rise to tissue structures with remarkable mechanical properties. Although the field of cartilage and bone tissue engineering has progressed significantly in recent years, the development of structurally ordered tissues has not been accomplished. More strategies are needed to ensure that the appropriate cell and matrix organization is being achieved in the engineered tissues. This review emphasizes how different cell types and scaffold designs can be used to modulate tissue properties and engineer more complex tissue structures, with emphasis on cartilage and bone tissues.
Medication and supplement use for managing joint symptoms among patients with knee and hip osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional study.

Background The purpose was to determine the professionally-guided and self-guided medication and supplement use for joint symptom management among patients with knee and/or hip osteoarthritis (OA) in an urban hospital-based outpatient orthopedic practice.
A point mutation in Gα(o) and Gα(i1) blocks interaction with regulator of G protein signaling proteins

Regulator of G protein-signaling (RGS) proteins accelerate GTP hydrolysis by Galpha subunits and are thought to be responsible for rapid deactivation of enzymes and ion channels controlled by G proteins. We wanted to identify and characterize Gi-family alpha subunits that were insensitive to RGS action. Based on a glycine to serine mutation in the yeast Galpha subunit Gpa1(sst) that prevents deactivation by Sst2 (DiBello, P. R., Garrison, T. R., Apanovitch, D. M., Hoffman, G., Shuey, D. J., Mason, K., Cockett, M. I., and Dohlman, H. G. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 5780-5784), site-directed mutagenesis of alphao and alphai1 was done. G184S alphao and G183S alphai1 show kinetics of GDP release and GTP hydrolysis similar to wild type. In contrast, GTP hydrolysis by the G --> S mutant proteins is not stimulated by RGS4 or by a truncated RGS7. Quantitative flow cytometry binding studies show IC50 values of 30 and 96 nM, respectively, for aluminum fluoride-activated wild type alphao and alphai1 to compete with fluorescein isothiocyanate-alphao binding to glutathione S-transferase-RGS4. The G --> S mutant proteins showed a greater than 30-100-fold lower affinity for RGS4. Thus, we have defined the mechanism of a point mutation in alphao and alphai1 that prevents RGS binding and GTPase activating activity. These mutant subunits should be useful in biochemical or expression studies to evaluate the role of endogenous RGS proteins in Gi function.
The effects of accelerometer placement on mechanomyographic amplitude and mean power frequency during cycle ergometry

Abstract The purposes of this study were threefold: (1) to compare the power output related patterns of absolute and normalized MMG amplitude and MPF responses for proximal and distal accelerometer placements on the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle during incremental cycle ergometry; (2) to examine the influence of accelerometer placements on mean absolute MMG amplitude and MPF values; and (3) to determine the effects of normalization on mean MMG amplitude and MPF values from proximal and distal accelerometer placements. Fifteen adults (10 men and 5 women; mean±SD age=23.9±3.1years) performed incremental cycle ergometry tests to exhaustion. Two accelerometers were placed proximal and distal on the VL muscle. Paired t -tests indicated that absolute MMG amplitude values for the proximal accelerometer were greater ( p
Effect of prolonged postischemic perfusion on neonatal hearts.

Abstract Recent research on myocardial preservation has emphasized the importance of events occurring early in the reperfusion period, which may be of less importance to myocardial outcome in the neonate. We therefore wished to study the contribution of prolonged postischemic perfusion. This situation may occur during repair of congenital heart defects when in an attempt to reduce the period of aortic cross-clamp, the surgeon completes right-sided repairs on a beating empty heart. We used an isolated working rabbit heart model to compare recovery after various periods of ischemia and postischemic perfusion. After 30 min in the working heart mode, hemodynamic measurements were made. The hearts were then rendered globally ischemie, with the exception of cardioplegia. At the conclusion of the ischemic period, the hearts were returned to the 37°C chamber, and reperfused with buffer. After 30 or 60 min retrograde perfusion, the hearts were converted to the working mode again. The working heart period continued until the heart was no longer able to overcome its afterload ("pump failure"). We recorded the time to this point as survival time. Hearts were divided into four groups: Group I ( n = 12), 60 min ischemia, 30 min nonworking perfusion; Group II ( n = 11), 90 min ischemia, 30 min nonworking perfusion; Group III ( n = 8), 60 min ischemia, 60 min nonworking perfusion; and Group IV ( n = 11), 0 min ischemia, 130 min nonworking perfusion. Multivariate analysis showed that four factors influenced survival time: aortic flow, age, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and mean aortic pressure. Group II did not vary significantly from Group I, Group III had much shorter survival times and Group IV even poorer survival. Water content did not differ significantly in any group. Our data show a clear disadvantage associated with prolonged postischemic perfusion in the nonworking mode. Recovery is adversely affected much more by increased reperfusion time than by increased cold ischemic time. Thus, not only the early reperfusion period and the composition of the reperfusate, but the duration of the postischemic nonworking perfusion period plays a crucial role in the recovery of neonatal myocardium after an ischemic challenge.
Genes, chips and genomes

Dr. Lipshutz received his Ph.D. from U.C. Berkeley, and his M.A. and A.B. from Harvard University, all in mathematics. Presently, he is Vice President of Corporate Development at Affymetrix, a biotechnology company developing DNA chip-based research products for the genomics and clinical diagnostic markets. Prior to this position he was Director of bioinformatics and advanced technology. The genome informatics group is responsible for DNA chip design, data analysis, instrumentation software and software product development. The advanced technology group is developing miniaturized integrated nucleic acid analysis devices under an ATP grant. His research at Affymetrix involved combinatorics, computer science, probability, statistics and computer modeling.
Three-dimensional simulation of a three-phase draft-tube bubble column

Abstract Three-dimensional simulations of a three-phase flow in conical-bottom draft-tube bubble columns were performed using a finite-volume flow simulation technique. Simulated gas volume fraction and column circulation times agree with the experimental observations of Pironti et al. ( Chemical Engineering Journal , 60 , 155–160). Furthermore, the simulations showed the same loss of column circulation as observed experimentally when the column was operated with the draft-tube in its highest position. The simulation code employed an unstructured grid method along with a multifield description of the multiphase flow dynamics. Modeled physical phenomena included momentum exchange and turbulence due to both shear and slip among phases.
The rhetoric of the challenger: George Stanley McGovern

The authors examine the traditional expectations of a political challenger and Senator McGovern's failure to fulfill those expectations.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons generate interacting rhythms in multiple time domains.

Pulsatile release of GnRH is prerequisite for fertility. The possibility that multiple rhythms interact to generate GnRH pulses was raised by observations of changes in action potential firing and intracellular calcium levels occurring much more frequently than hormone pulses. To examine this further, we analyzed firing patterns from targeted extracellular recordings of green fluorescent protein-expressing GnRH neurons in acute brain slices prepared from adult ovariectomized and ovariectomized +estradiol mice. Fourier spectral analysis identified rhythms in multiple time domains, which we grouped into bursts (a period of 1000 sec). Bursts were the fundamental unit of activity and consisted of trains of action currents (the currents during action potentials). Episodes and clusters were lower frequency changes in firing rate resulting from alterations in the time between bursts. Specifically, mean interburst interval during episode peaks was less than during nadirs. In contrast, neither burst duration nor action currents/burst differed between peaks and nadirs. Estradiol increased episode period by changing the patterning of bursts, not burst duration or action currents/burst. We propose a low frequency rhythm that is subject to external influences alters the patterning of a fundamental unit of activity to change ultimately GnRH pulse frequency.
AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH TO B -RING AROMATIZATION OF EQUILIN

Abstract Epoxidation of equilin followed by rearrangement -elimination catalyzed by either proton acids or Lewis acids generates an estrogen with an aromatic B -ring. This procedure represents an effective method for the conversion of an equilin nucleus to an equilenin nucleus. a. Present address: The Stehlin Foundation for Cancer Research, 1918 Chenevert, Houston, TX 77003
A Multimethod Analysis of Knowledge Use in Social Policy Research Use in Decisions Affecting the Welfare of Children

Several large-scale studies focusing on the use and non-use of social science research have reported findings supporting the view that knowledge is socially constructed and based on the knower's experience and interpretation of events. However, the methods on which these findings are based are incongruent with the constructivist perspective the researchers espouse. The results of the multimethod approach demonstrate that it has greater explanatory power, as evidenced by the increased coefficient of determination (R2) when traditional and constructivist methods are combined.
A Multi-Stage Decision Approach to Prioritized Automatic Acquisition

The automatic acquisition of radar targets is the major aspect of the IBM Maritime Applications/Bridge System discussed in this paper. The Collision Assessment module searches an operator specified portion of the radar field. Targets of interest are acquired and placed in a priority tracking structure according to the degree of threat they pose. The Collision Assessment module solves the problem of false targets arising from sea clutter and surrounding land masses by screening out false targets in a unique fashion involving a high degree of software control. Results drawn from experience with an automatic acquisition installation on an English Channel ferry are discussed. A logical extension is to offshore platforms, particularly those located adjacent to principal access routes to ports.
Fluid Bronchogram: A Common Finding in Opacified Lung Requiring Contrast Medium Administration for Demonstration

One example was selected to demonstrate the requirement of intravenous administration of contrast medium for visualization of the fluid bronchogram in opacified lung, as is the case in most patients. Another example was chosen to show that on rare occasions, a faint fluid bronchogram could be detected without contrast medium because of marked dilation of the bronchi. The mechanism for the computed tomographic demonstration of the fluid bronchogram and it significance were discussed.
Photosynthesis in Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.).

Gas exchange of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) indicated a near-zero CO2 compensation point and a high temperature optimum for photosynthesis. These properties are characteristic of plants fixing CO2 by a β-carboxylation mechanism. Operation of the Calvin cycle was shown and no evidence for β-carboxylation was obtained. These results indicate that near-zero CO2 compensation points are not dependent on a β-carboxylation mechanism.
Angiotensin II's Role in Mediating Angiotensin I- and Tetradecapeptide-Induced Steroidogenesis by Rat Glomerulosa Cells*

To evaluate the role of angiotensin II (A II) in mediating the steriodogenic response to angiotensin I (A I) and tetradecapeptide, rat glomerulosa cells were incubated with each peptide in the presence or absence of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (captopril or the nonapeptide bradykinin-potentiating factor). Both A I and tetradecapeptide increased aldosterone secretion in a dose-dependent fashion, but were considerably ess effective (P < 0.001) than the same dose (2.4 × 10-9 M) of A II. In addition, both A I and tetradecapeptide caused a dose-dependent increase in A II accumulation in the incubation media, indicating that part of their steriodogenic effect is indirect via conversion to the octapeptide. While captopril (1.0 × 10-4 M) almost completely blocked A I (2.4 × 10-8M)-induced A II accumulation, it caused only a 50% reduction (P < 0.01) in aldosterone output. The nonapeptide-converting enzyme inhibitor (2.3 × 10-6 M) produced a similar blockade. This lack of complete inhibition of A I-i...
Zone leveling of lead magnesium niobate–lead titanate crystals using RF heating

Abstract The zone melting method was used to grow lead magnesium niobate–lead titanate (or PMNT) crystals of composition (1− x )PbMg 1/3 Nb 2/3 O 3 – x PbTiO 3 using cylindrical Pt crucibles and RF heating. Axial variations in Ti concentration that had been observed during Bridgman growth of the material were reduced using this technique. Growth runs were performed using an initial charge composition of x = 0.32 and a temperature gradient at the solid–liquid interface of ∼30 °C/cm. Under these conditions, crucible translation rates ⩽3 mm/h produced good-quality crystals, while those >3 mm/h produced evidence of growth interface breakdown, i.e. inclusions. In all cases, composition profiles showed an almost constant Ti concentration after an initial transient region. Boules produced by this method appeared blue-gray rather than the orange-yellow typical of PMNT crystals. Annealing the samples in oxygen restored the crystal color. The dielectric constant at room temperature was measured to be ∼3400 and d 33 was measured to be ∼2100 pC/N for annealed (0 0 1)-oriented single-crystal samples having a composition of x = 0.32 . The equilibrium segregation coefficient for Ti in this system was estimated to be 0.83 near x = 0.32 . Calculations were also performed to predict the onset of constitutional supercooling as a function of the growth rate and temperature gradient at the growth interface.
Structural and electrical characterization of PZT on gold for micromachined piezoelectric membranes

Piezoelectric membranes have been fabricated that incorporate a gold bottom electrode with an adhesion layer of titanium–tungsten (10:90 wt. %). For solution-deposited acetic acid based lead zirconate titanate (HoAc-PZT) with a Zr:Ti ratio of 40:60, the film’s average piezoelectric coefficient, e31, is -5.31 C/m2, with a dielectric constant of 814 at 200 Hz, which is similar to values for platinum bottom electrodes. The PZT structure remains columnar on both types of bottom electrodes. Initial fabrication attempts resulted in cracking that initiated in the PZT layer of the structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was utilized to establish how processing affects diffusion throughout the composite membrane structure. Crack-free membranes were fabricated and tested. This paper discusses the performance properties and piezoelectric fatigue results for these membranes.
Personality and drug testing: An exploration of the perceived fairness of alternatives to urinalysis

Paper-and-pencil inventories have been suggested as a less invasive alternative to urinalysis drug testing. Using 702 students in three experiments, an overt integrity test, a personality inventory, an interest inventory and a no-testing control condition were compared. Subjects reacted most positively when no testing was required. When drug testing was required, subjects were most satisfied with either overt tests or urinalysis, and least satisfied with the personality inventory. Attempts to increase the acceptability of personality testing by providing explanations and rationale had no effect on subjects' attitudes.
Nanostructure-Initiator Mass Spectrometry Metabolite Analysis and Imaging

Nanostructure-Initiator Mass Spectrometry (NIMS) is a matrix-free desorption/ionization approach that is particularly well-suited for unbiased (untargeted) metabolomics. An overview of the NIMS technology and its application in the detection of biofluid and tissue metabolites are presented. (To listen to a podcast about this feature, please go to the Analytical Chemistry multimedia page at pubs.acs.org/page/ancham/audio/index.html.)
A cross-age study of the understanding of five chemistry concepts

A sample of 100 students from junior high school physical science, high school chemistry, and introductory college chemistry were examined for understanding of five chemistry concepts. The concepts addressed were chemical change, dissolution of a solid in water, conservation of atoms, periodicity, and phase change. The amount of experience with the concepts (grade level) and reasoning ability (developmental level) were examined as possible sources of variation in student understanding. Differences in understanding with respect to grade level were found to be significant for the concepts of chemical change, dissolution of a solid, conservation of atoms, and periodicity. However, few of the students in the college chemistry sample exhibited sound understanding of chemical change, periodicity, or phase change. The use of particulate terms (atoms, ions, molecules) increased across the grade levels. Reasoning ability proved to be a significant factor for student understanding of conservation of atoms and periodicity. An examination of the number and types of misconceptions across the grade levels revealed several interesting patterns and suggested sources for the students' alternative conceptions.
FREEZE FRACTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FROM THE TARANTULA SPIDER Structural Differentiations of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Transverse Tubular System Membranes

The structure of the membranes of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), tubular (T) system, and sarcolemma has been studied by freeze fracture in leg muscles of the Tarantula spider. Two regions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum can be differentiated by the distribution of particles on the fracture faces: a junctional SR, at the dyads, and a longitudinal SR, elsewhere. The dyads are asymmetric junctions, the disposition of particles in the apposed membranes of SR and T tubules being different from one another and from the regular arrangement of feet in the junctional gap. It is concluded that no channels can be visualized to directly connect SR- and T-system lumina.
Moral Dilemmas of Early Adolescents of Divorced and Intact Families A Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis

In this exploratory study, differences in the content of moral dilemmas reported by early adolescents of divorcedversus intact families were investigated. Based on developmental theory and prior clinical observations, it was hypothesized that early adolescents from divorced families would report more family-related moral dilemmas. Nearly the entire population (n = 98) of fifth graders from a rural midwestern town were asked to describe a moral dilemma they were experiencing. Early adolescents of divorce reported more family-related moral dilemmas than did early adolescents of intact families. There were no differences by gender or educational level of parents. The results tentatively support the clinical observations of Wallerstein that children and adolescents of divorce face additional psychological tasks in development. The results appear to support the Kegan theory of development, which postulates that early adolescents of divorce may not advance as soon as other early adolescents from embeddedness in...
The Federal Role in Early Childhood Education: Evolution in the Goals, Governance, and Policy Instruments of Project Head Start

The authors analyze bills, congressional records, agency reports, and newspaper articles to trace the evolution of Project Head Start, by far the nation’s largest federal early childhood program, beginning with the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. Their analysis is organized around the policy goals embedded in the program and the governance structures and policy instruments designed to achieve those goals. Findings reveal that the life of Head Start has been marked by periods of policy expansion and relative stasis. Expansion has occurred most notably in the policy instruments through which services have been delivered while stasis has characterized program governance.
Bend sinister: how the constitution saved the republic and lost itself

I n the construction of a state, legitimacy is everything and nothing. Students of the state have taken a wrong turn by following Max Weber's formulation of the ideal typical state as "a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physicalforce within a given territory" (Gerth and Mills 1946, 78).' Although an ideal type can be helpful, the concept can be frozen as an absolute. I call it Weber's syndrome because he left no place for illegit imacy. There is, for example, no reference to illegitimacy in Gerth and Mills' carefully compiled essays of Weber. And a Google search revealed that "political legitimacy" came up with 219,000 hits while "political illegitimacy" came up with 3,ooo hits. "Gov ernment legitimacy" earned 18,400 hits while "government ille gitimacy" received 195.2 It is highly probable that Americans make illegitimacy a taboo word because it suggests that makes us just another ordinary state. Every state is the cold remains of conquest, control-by-force. Thus, on the coat of arms of every dictatorship, monarchy republic, or democracy, including that of the U.S., there ought to be a promi
Thermal decomposition mechanisms of bis(2‐fluoro‐2,2‐dinitroethyl) formal (FEFO) and bis(2‐fluoro‐2,2‐dinitroethyl) difluoroformal (DFF) from simultaneous thermogravimetric modulated beam mass spectrometry (STMBMS) measurements

The simultaneous thermogravimetric modulated beam mass spectrometry (STMBMS) technique has been applied to measure the vapor pressures and evaluate the thermal decomposition chemistry of two energetic liquids, bis(2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethyl)formal (FEFO) and bis(2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethyl)difluoroformal (DFF). The resulting heat of vaporization (ΔHvap) and vapor pressure at 25°C are 20.3 ± 0.2 kcal/mol and 0.4 ± 0.1 millitorr for FEFO, and 17.3 ± 0.2 kcal/mol and 5.1 ± 1.1 millitorr for DFF. The thermal decomposition of FEFO indicates there are six major pyrolysis pathways. The results suggest that FEFO initially decomposes at 150°C by rearrangement of the nitro group (NO2) to the nitrite group (ONO), followed by loss of NO. Some NO2 is also formed at 170°C. Between 200°C–300°C, further pyrolysis occurs. In one pathway, the FEFO backbone remains intact and a high molecular-weight product is formed. The other three pathways involve scission of the FEFO backbone; one yielding CO2 (possibly N2O), one yielding CH2O and CO, and one yielding C3H2NOF. Differences in the thermal decomposition behaviors in the liquid and gas phases are observed. In the thermal decomposition of DFF, the formal fluorine atoms stabilize the backbone structure. Numerous minor thermal decomposition products are also reported.
Some Orthogonal Polynomials in Four Variables

The symmetric group on 4 letters has the reflection group D3 as an isomor- phic image. This fact follows from the coincidence of the root systems A3 and D3. The isomorphism is used to construct an orthogonal basis of polynomials of 4 variables with 2 parameters. There is an associated quantum Calogero-Sutherland model of 4 identical par- ticles on the line.
Testing an Integrated Land Use and Transportation Modeling Framework for a Small Metropolitan Area

This paper describes the implementation of a land use and transportation modeling framework developed for Chittenden County, Vermont, to test for differences in modeled output when employing a dynamically linked travel demand model (TDM) versus an assumption of static regional accessibilities over time. With the use of the land use model UrbanSim, two versions of a 40-year simulation for the county, one with a TDM and one without, were compared. In the first version, UrbanSim was integrated with the TransCAD four-step TDM; this allowed regional accessibilities to be recalculated at regularly scheduled intervals. In the second version, TransCAD was used to compute year 2000 accessibilities; these values were held constant for the duration of the model run. The results indicated some significant differences in the modeled outputs. In particular, although centrally located traffic analysis zones (TAZs) reveal relatively little difference between the two models, the differential within peripheral TAZs is both more pronounced and more heterogeneous. The pattern displayed suggests that some peripheral TAZs have higher modeled development with a TDM because the TDM accounts for the increased proximity of destinations, thereby making them amenable to development. Meanwhile, some peripheral TAZs have lower modeled development with a TDM because they already have good accessibility (e.g., access via Interstate), but the model without the TDM does not account for increased congestion.
Subjective Evaluation of Spatial Resolution and Quantization Noise Tradeoffs

Most full-reference fidelity/quality metrics compare the original image to a distorted image at the same resolution assuming a fixed viewing condition. However, in many applications, such as video streaming, due to the diversity of channel capacities and display devices, the viewing distance and the spatiotemporal resolution of the displayed signal may be adapted in order to optimize the perceived signal quality. For example, at low bitrate coding applications an observer may prefer to reduce the resolution or increase the viewing distance to reduce the visibility of the compression artifacts. The tradeoff between resolution/viewing conditions and visibility of compression artifacts requires new approaches for the evaluation of image quality that account for both image distortions and image size. In order to better understand such tradeoffs, we conducted subjective tests using two representative still image coders, JPEG and JPEG 2000. Our results indicate that an observer would indeed prefer a lower spatial resolution (at a fixed viewing distance) in order to reduce the visibility of the compression artifacts, but not all the way to the point where the artifacts are completely invisible. Moreover, the observer is willing to accept more artifacts as the image size decreases. The subjective test results we report can be used to select viewing conditions for coding applications. They also set the stage for the development of novel fidelity metrics. The focus of this paper is on still images, but it is expected that similar tradeoffs apply to video.
Ruthenium(III) Chloride‐Catalyzed Thioacetalization of Carbonyl Compounds: Scope, Selectivity, and Limitations

A variety of carbonyl compounds can be easily and rapidly converted to the corresponding cyclic and acylic dithioacetals in the presence of a catalytic amount of ruthenium chloride in acetonitrile at room temperature. Some of the major advantages of this protocol are high chemoselectivity, operational simplicity, very short reaction times, high yields, and also compatibility with other protecting groups.
The Undergraduate Internship in the Foreign Language Curriculum

Current student needs and interests are forcing the foreign language profession to strengthen and diversify course offerings at the undergraduate level. This article describes a highly successful undergraduate internship course and discusses its considerable benefits to all course participants in the critical areas of teacher training, advanced language learning, and general skill development.
Percepción del riesgo, comportamientos riesgosos y seroprevalencia del VIH en trabajadoras sexuales de Georgetown, Guyana

En abril de 1993 se realizo un estudio en 108 trabajadoras sexuales que ejercian la prostitucion en Georgetown, Guyana. Mediante entrevistas y pruebas de sangre, se investigaron las relaciones entre la seroprevalencia del VIH y conocimientos sobre el sida, practicas riesgosas, caracteristicas de los clientes y uso de condones. Las mujeres que trabajaban en la calle -a diferencia de las que trabajaban en bares, hoteles y Puerto Georgetown- solian cobrar menos, estaban en peor situacion socioeconomica y tenian clientes en circunstancias similares; por lo tanto, estas mujeres se clasificaron dentro de un estrato socioeconomico "inferior" y las restantes dentro de uno "superior". La seroprevalencia general del VIH observada en las trabajadoras sexuales fue de 25% (IC95% = 17 a 33%). Las 50 mujeres del estrato inferior tuvieron, sin embargo, una seroprevalencia relativamente alta (42% en comparacion con 10% de las del estrato superior), y a ese grupo pertenecian 21 de las 27 mujeres seropositivas al VIH. El origen declarado de los clientes (guyaneses o extranjeros), la disposicion de las trabajadoras a tener relaciones sexuales sin condon y el uso de condones por los clientes variaron segun el estrato. Las participantes del estrato mas alto estaban mas dispuestas a tener relaciones sexuales sin condon y en ambos estratos las mujeres sabian poco sobre la causa del sida y la transmision del VIH. Muchas trabajadoras declararon haber contraido una enfermedad de transmision sexual (ETS) en los 2 anos anteriores o haber consumido drogas ilicitas. Segun los datos recogidos, los clientes guyaneses usan condones con menos frecuencia que los extranjeros, fenomeno que implica un mayor riesgo de contraer el VIH por contacto con un guyanes o de transmitirlo a un guyanes. La seroprevalencia del VIH en trabajadoras que dijeron tener solo clientes guyaneses fue estadisticamente mayor que la observada en las que declararon que sus clientes eran solo extranjeros. La seroprevalencia del VIH en mujeres que declararon tener mas de cinco clientes a la semana fue estadisticamente mayor que en las que tenian menos clientes. La seropositividad al VIH fue relativamente frecuente entre las 12 trabajadoras que declararon haber usado cocaina. En general, los resultados confirman la necesidad de fortalecer las intervenciones dirigidas a las trabajadoras sexuales y a sus clientes y, particularmente, de hacer un esfuerzo concertado para intensificar la promocion, distribucion y comercializacion social de los condones; mejorar los servicios de atencion de ETS que ofrezcan tratamiento y orientacion a las trabajadoras sexuales, y ampliar las actividades educativas dirigidas a sus clientes guyaneses.
Complicated appendicitis in children: a clear role for drainage and delayed appendectomy.

Abstract Introduction Children presenting with complicated appendicitis represent a common and challenging problem. Conflicting data exist concerning optimal treatment of these patients with primary versus delayed appendectomy. Methods A retrospective review of all children undergoing appendectomy over a 5-year period was performed. Results We identified 1,106 children: 360 had evidence of perforation and 92 had an intra-abdominal abscess or right lower quadrant phlegmon. Of these 92, 60 underwent primary appendectomy and 32 underwent drainage and/or antibiotic therapy with delayed appendectomy. Children undergoing delayed appendectomy had a longer prodrome of symptoms (6.9 vs 4.6 days, P = .002), slightly higher presenting white blood cell count (19.3 vs 16.6, P = .08), and had the same hospital length of stay, yet had a lower complication rate requiring readmission to the hospital (0% vs 10%) compared to those undergoing immediate appendectomy. Conclusion In children presenting with prolonged symptoms and a discrete appendiceal abscess or phlegmon, drainage and delayed appendectomy should be the treatment of choice.
Cystic fibrosis detection in high-risk Egyptian children and CFTR mutation analysis

Abstract Background Knowledge about Cystic Fibrosis (CF) in Egypt is very limited. The objective of this study was to screen for CF in Egyptian children with suggestive clinical features and to identify causative genetic mutations. Methods Sixty-one patients from the Chest Unit, Cairo University Children's Hospital, Egypt, were included. Subjects presented with persistent or recurrent respiratory symptoms, failure to thrive, diarrhea and/or steatorrhea and unexplained persistent jaundice. Patients were screened using the CF Indicator™ sweat test system (PolyChrome Medical, Inc., Brooklyn Center, MN). A quantitative sweat testing was conducted on 10 of the 12 positive patients. Seven probands and one sibling underwent molecular analysis by direct DNA sequencing of the coding region and of the intronic sequences adjacent to the 27 exons of the CFTR gene. Results Of 61 patients, 12 (20%) had positive sweat chloride screening. Ten of the 12 patients underwent quantitative sweat testing and were positive. Eight CFTR sequence changes were identified in seven affected probands and two were confirmed in one sibling by direct DNA sequencing. Conclusion The study results suggest that CF is more common in Egypt than previously anticipated. Larger studies are warranted to identify the incidence, molecular basis and clinical pattern of CF in the Egyptian population.
A Functional Analytic Approach To Computer-Interactive Mathematics

Following a pretest, 11 participants who were naive with regard to various algebraic and trigonometric transformations received an introductory lecture regarding the fundamentals of the rectangular coordinate system. Following the lecture, they took part in a computer-interactive matching-to-sample procedure in which they received training on particular formula-to-formula and formula-to-graph relations as these formulas pertain to reflections and vertical and horizontal shifts. In training A-B, standard formulas served as samples and factored formulas served as comparisons. In training B-C, factored formulas served as samples and graphs served as comparisons. Subsequently, the program assessed for mutually entailed B-A and C-B relations as well as combinatorially entailed C-A and A-C relations. After all participants demonstrated mutual entailment and combinatorial entailment, we employed a test of novel relations to assess 40 different and complex variations of the original training formulas and their respective graphs. Six of 10 participants who completed training demonstrated perfect or near-perfect performance in identifying novel formula-to-graph relations. Three of the 4 participants who made more than three incorrect responses during the assessment of novel relations showed some commonality among their error patterns. Derived transfer of stimulus control using mathematical relations is discussed.
The probabilistic economic injury level: incorporating uncertainty into pest management decision-making.

Despite the recognition that the economic injury level (EIL) is determined by dynamic biological and economic parameters, which can be highly variable and uncertain, there has been little effort to quantify uncertainty and to use estimates of uncertainty in the determination of EILs. In this paper, we deÞne the probabilistic EIL (PEIL) and develop PEILs for two insect pest scenarios: alfalfa weevil larvae, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), on early bud-stage alfalfa, and bean leaf beetle adults, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster), on V1-stage soybean. The PEIL is an EIL that resects its probability of occurrence. The probability of occurrence is determined by incorporating the uncertainty asso- ciated with the input variables used to calculate the EIL. We used Monte Carlo simulation, a random sampling technique in which each input variable in the model was sampled repeatedly from a range of possible values based on probability distributions. Each input variableOs probability distribution was sampled such that the distributionOs shape was reproduced. Then, the variability for each input was propagated into the output of the model so that the model output resected the probability of values that could occur. This represents the Þrst use of the Monte Carlo technique to determine EILs.
Tohono O'odham

The article presents an overview of Tohono O'odham (formerly known as Papago), a Uto-Aztecan language, examining phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. Tohono O'odham has been documented throughout the 20th century. Several dialects and speech styles are recognized. The sound inventory is relatively simple and contains some phonetic features not present in English. Tohono O'odham is a nonconfigurational language. A nominal classification exists between alienable and inalienable nouns, along with possessive noun phrases. The Tohono O'odham Nation uses an official writing system developed in 1970s.
Cognitive partnerships on the bench tops

Research laboratories or what we are calling innovation communities, are potentially rich sites for understanding situated learning since their goal is to develop new knowledge and innovative practices. Here we report on a two year study of learning in a tissue engineering lab, an evolving community of practice in the historically recent field of biomedical engineering. Findings suggest the critical role artifacts play beyond merely being part of a distributed cognitive system. Lab artifacts such as cells and engineered bio-substitutes offer potential cognitive partnerships to learners. Over time, understandings are constructed, revised, enhanced and transformed by learning through and with the artifacts present in the community. We find that these dynamic relationships are critical to knowledge acquisition and deepening forms of participation and in their developed stage, best described as partnerships which support model-based and simulative reasoning.
Landscape architect and city planner

John Nolen (1869–1937) is the sleeping giant of American city planning. This comprehensive account of his life and work is a significant and long-needed wake-up testimony of Nolen's stature in the ...
Partial Characterization of the Cellular Proteolytic System of Schizophyllum commune

Under nitrogen deprivation conditions, cells of the advancing hyphal margin of Schizophyllum com? mune colonies use amino acids released by proteolysis occurring in the older portions of the mycelium. As? says of activity of cell free extracts against the nonnative protein substrate azocasein revealed the pres? ence of all four mechanistic classes of proteases. Based on inhibitor studies, metalloproteases appeared to be the most active proteases in the extracts, and the ac? tivity of this class of enzymes increased during nitrogen starvation. Serine proteases also constituted a large proportion of the proteolytic activity at pH 6. This is consistent with the observation that two protease bands detected in native gelatin-containing polyacrylamide gels (ScPrB and ScPrH) that appear during nitrogen depri? vation are metalloproteases; another (ScPrA) is a serine protease. Chromogenic peptide substrates used in activ? ity assays and in native polyacrylamide gels revealed the presence of two major aminopeptidase activities. One of these is specific for aromatic and aliphatic amino acid residues; the other, a Zn2+-dependent enzyme, has specificity for positively charged amino acids. Mul? tiple forms of both enzymes are produced and their expression is altered by nitrogen deprivation. Three dipeptidyl aminodipeptidases, one specific for glyphe-X (having three electrophoretically distinguishable forms), one specific for gly-pro-X and one specific Accepted for publication April 25, 1994. 1 To whom reprint requests should be sent. 2 Present address: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wash? ington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri. s Present address: Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Univer? sity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. 4 Present address: Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Uni? versity of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. 5 Present address: SUNY Upstate Medical Center, Syracuse, New York. for lys-ala-X were detected. Schizophyllum commune produces at least three chymotrypsin-like activities specific for N-succinyl-ala-ala-pro-phe-X. The protease/esterase substrate N-acetyl-phe-jft-naphthylester (APNE) produced the most complex banding pattern in native gels with two of the bands corresponding to the chymostrypsin-like activities. Correlating bands produced by staining with chromogenic substrates with those in gelatin gels indicated that ScPrA is a chy? motrypsin-like enzyme, that ScPrC and ScPrD are like? ly to be dipeptidyl aminodipeptidases, and that ScPrH is a Zn2+-dependent carboxypeptidase.
Determination of BHC,DDT,dicofol in ginger by CARB /NH2 solid phase extraction column gas chromatography method

[Objective]To establish the method for determination of BHC,DDT,dicofol in ginger by CARB /NH2solid phase extraction column gas chromatography.[Methods]Samples were chopped and extracted with acetonitrile,after dehydration,concentration and purification by CARB / NH2solid phase extraction column,the determination was performed by nitrogen blowing volume using ECD detection.[Results] This method could isolate 4 kinds of BHC isomers,4 kinds of DDT isomers and Dicofol. The recoveries of various isomers were 85. 7%-104. 2%,the relative measurement uncertainty was less than 10%,the minimum detectable amount was 0. 01 ng.[Conclusion]The method can simultaneous determine BHC,DDT and dicofol residue in ginger with high recovery.
Primacy of cardiac chymase over angiotensin converting enzyme as an angiotensin-(1-12) metabolizing enzyme.

Abstract We showed previously that rat angiotensin-(1-12) [Ang-(1-12)] is metabolized by chymase and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) to generate Angiotensin II (Ang II). Here, we investigated the affinity of cardiac chymase and ACE enzymes for Ang-(1-12) and Angiotensin I (Ang I) substrates. Native plasma membranes (PMs) isolated from heart and lung tissues of adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were incubated with radiolabeled 125 I-Ang-(1-12) or 125 I-Ang I, in the absence or presence of a chymase or ACE inhibitor (chymostatin and lisinopril, respectively). Products were quantitated by HPLC connected to an in-line flow-through gamma detector. The rate of 125 I-Ang II formation from 125 I-Ang-(1-12) by chymase was significantly higher (heart: 7.0 ± 0.6 fmol/min/mg; lung: 33 ± 1.2 fmol/min/mg, P 125 I-Ang I substrate (heart: 0.8 ± 0.1 fmol/min/mg; lung: 2.1 ± 0.1 fmol/min/mg). Substrate affinity of 125 I-Ang-(1-12) for rat cardiac chymase was also confirmed using excess unlabeled Ang-(1-12) or Ang I (0–250 μM). The rate of 125 I-Ang II formation was significantly lower using unlabeled Ang-(1-12) compared to unlabeled Ang I substrate. Kinetic data showed that rat chymase has a lower K m (64 ± 6.3 μM vs 142 ± 17 μM), higher V max (13.2 ± 1.3 μM/min/mg vs 1.9 ± 0.2 μM/min/mg) and more than 15-fold higher catalytic efficiency (ratio of V max /K m ) for Ang-(1-12) compared to Ang I substrate, respectively. We also investigated ACE mediated hydrolysis of 125 I-Ang-(1-12) and 125 I-Ang I in solubilized membrane fractions of the SHR heart and lung. Interestingly, no significant difference in 125 I-Ang II formation by ACE was detected using either substrate, 125 I-Ang-(1-12) or 125 I-Ang I, both in the heart (1.8 ± 0.2 fmol/min/mg and 1.8 ± 0.3 fmol/min/mg, respectively) and in the lungs (239 ± 25 fmol/min/mg and 248 ± 34 fmol/min/mg, respectively). Compared to chymase, ACE-mediated Ang-(1-12) metabolism in the heart was several fold lower. Overall our findings suggest that Ang-(1-12), not Ang I, is the better substrate for Ang II formation by chymase in adult rats. In addition, this confirms our previous observation that chymase (rather than ACE) is the main hydrolyzing enzyme responsible for Ang II generation from Ang-(1-12) in the adult rat heart.
Sexuality and Death: The Fate of Wilde’s Heterosexual Lovers

In the later 1870s and early 1880s, Wilde’s literary endeavors included two dramas which are significant efforts to convert the major themes and preoccupations of the poetry into dramatic form. In addition to the poetry of 1879–80, Wilde had begun the first of these plays: Vera; Or, The Nihilists, to be followed by The Duchess of Padua in 1882–83. In both plays, Wilde seemingly turns his attention to politics and more particularly to rebellion against repressive forms of government. Anxious for public recognition, Wilde chose the timely subject of Russian nihilism as the context for his first play. He downplayed the seemingly political orientation of the plot, however, by insisting that the play is actually about real people who “live and love.”1 Wilde enhanced the romantic theme by locating events in the remote and exotic realm of imperial Russia in the late nineteenth century when, in fact, the political antagonisms between his actual homeland — Ireland — and his adopted homeland — England — offered equally timely subject matter, had he dared to treat it. Concern for his budding career surely made him reluctant to risk antagonizing the English audiences which he hoped ultimately to attract. In fact, with his second dramatic effort — The Duchess of Padua — Wilde seemingly pays homage to England’s own Percy Bysshe Shelley by hitching his literary wagon blatantly to The Cenci, Shelley’s gloomy study of patriarchal domination as a metaphor for monarchy.