cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Institutional Commitment to Diversity and Multiculturalism through Institutional Transformation: A Case Study of Olivet College

Olivet College is a private, residential liberal arts college in central Michigan that enrolls approximately 900 students. The College was founded in 1844 by abolitionists and was the first college in the nation, by charter, to open to women and people of color. Yet, over the last two decades Olivet College failed to acknowledge changing demographics and problems of intergroup relations. In 1992, a racial brawl involving White and African-American students put the college into crisis. The incident launched the college into a process of reassessment and redefinition that resulted in a major institutional transformation. Diversity was a major part of this initiative. As a result of its success in infusing multiculturalism into its structure, Olivet College was recently selected by the Association of American Colleges and Universities as a Model Institution for its diversity initiatives. Additionally, it was selected as one of 35 institutions out of 675 nationwide to participate in President Clinton's initia...
A FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES A DISTÂNCIA NAS AGENDAS GOVERNAMENTAIS (PNES) E NOS “ESPAÇOS VAZIOS”

1024x768 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14244/198271991012 This paper presents an analysis of the trajectory of government agendas and their commitments in focusing on the use of distance education ( DE) to achieve the qualifying goals of basic education teachers at a higher education level. Based on the national education plans that , according to LDB/96 , should be the most representative of these agendas , a retrospective of the paths taken during the period of the PNE 2001-2010 is initially made. Then, this paper presents proposals and issues related to teacher education through DE , which were taken into consideration when elaborating the PNE 2011-2020. After verifying how these proposals and issues were inserted ( or not) in the PNE 2011-2020, which was sent by MEC to the National Congress in December 2010, the study gives an overview of actions taken by the federal government during the “void” period created in the agenda due to the long proceedings in the National Congress (2011-2013), with data from the government program Open University of Brazil System ( Sistema Universidade Aberta do Brasil - UAB). Finally, issues raised by the academic community about the current situation are mentioned. They gather, on one hand , traditional criticisms about the quality of distance education courses in general or how they have been established in Brazil. A ccording to these researchers, DE has a specific methodology that is not limited to the use of TICs . On the other hand , questions arise, such as the need for institutionalization of DE in federal institutions that are members of UAB system , surpassing the logic of membership-benefit and that of projects funded with bondless grants. Keywords : Expansion of Higher Education, Public Policies on Higher Education, Teacher Education, Distance Education Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
Bank Credit Cards: Consumer Irrationality versus Market Forces

Why are bank card interest rates sticky? One explanation is bank card consumer irrationality, a potentially significant market failure requiring government intervention. Alternate explanations focus on efficient market forces. The 1989 Federal Reserve Survey of Consumer Finances data are not consistent with the consumer irrationality hypothesis. The data are consistent with a market-based model of demand for balances and suggest that consumers may rationally eschew search because small outstanding balances imply low returns to search.
The effect of experimental cryptorchism on the isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase in mouse testes.

Unilateral cryptorchism produced by experimental retention of one testis in the abdomen of the mouse results in a rapid decrease in the weight of that testis. At the same time the specific activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) decreases to 70% of the normal value. The sperm-specific isozyme, LDH-X, declines from 41% of the total activity to only 16% after eleven days in the abdomen. All LDH-X activity is lost by post-operative day 24. The relative proportion of the other isozymes of LDH increase following the operation. LDH-5, absent from the mature testis, is detectable in the cryptorchid testis at post-operative day 28 and represents 15% of the total LDH activity. These observations provide further support of the suggestion that LDH-X is only found in the testes when meiosis is occurring.
Some effects of specimen size on abrasive wear

Abstract Effects on abrasive wear rates of specimen length in the direction of sliding were studied for rectangular specimens of OFHC copper abraded dry against virgin SiC abrasive papers. The wear rate was determined for sliding in the short (2.3 mm) and in the long (9.0 mm) directions with all other conditions constant. Variations in specimen length may result in variations in wear rate of up to 30%. For large grit sizes, abrasion in the “long” direction gives higher wear, while the reverse holds true for small abrasive diameters. The effect is due to wearing of the cutting abrasives, which results in sharpening during initial contact and blunting for extended contact. The magnitude of the effect depends on the relative values of grit life and specimen contact distance. When grit life is either much longer or much shorter than the specimen contact length the effect will be minimal. When the two values are of similar magnitude the grit wear has considerable influence on wear data and is responsible for the knee in wear rate-grit size curves and for the deviation from linearity of wear rate-load curves. When the effects of grit wear can be eliminated the wear rate is strictly proportional to applied load and independent of grit size.
Finite krull dimension, complete integral closure and gcd-domains

(1975). Finite krull dimension, complete integral closure and gcd-domains. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 3, No. 10, pp. 951-958.
Secondary prevention for eating disorders: the impact of education, screening, and referral in a college-based screening program.

Objective The first National Eating Disorders Screening Program (NEDSP), conducted on more than 400 college campuses in 1996, was an educational and two-stage screening program designed to detect potentially clinically significant disordered eating attitudes and behaviors and offer referrals for further evaluation when warranted. The current study assessed the impact of the NEDSP on participants. Method A randomly selected subset of this sample (n = 289) was contacted approximately 2 years after the NEDSP to assess the impact of the program on knowledge and treatment-seeking behaviors for eating disorders. Results For greater than 80% of the participants, the program made participants aware of the danger of eating disorders and the availability of treatment. Of those who received a recommendation for further clinical evaluation of disordered eating (n = 109), nearly one half (47.7%) followed up on this recommendation and kept at least a first appointment and 39.4% actually sought treatment subsequent to the NEDSP. Discussion The results of the current study suggest that educational and screening programs may be a promising strategy for secondary prevention of eating disorders. They also suggest that awareness of the risks of disordered eating and available treatment may not be sufficient to motivate individuals to adhere to recommendations to seek treatment. Clinicians should, therefore, be vigilant for nonadherence to treatment recommendations and proactive in facilitating treatment. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 157–162, 2004.
The genetics of functional disability in schizophrenia and bipolar illness: Methods and initial results for VA cooperative study #572.

Given the prominence of cognitive impairments and disability associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, substantial interest has arisen in identifying determinants of the diseases and their features. Genetic variation has been linked to skills that underlie disability ("functional capacity" or FC), highlighting need for understanding of these relationships. We describe the design and methods of a large, multisite, observational study focusing on the genetics of functional disability in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, presenting initial data on recruitment, and characterization of the sample. Known as Veterans Affairs (VA) Cooperative Studies Program (CSP)#572, this study is recruiting, diagnosing, and assessing U.S. Veterans with either schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder. Assessments include neuropsychological (NP) testing, FC, suicidality, and co-morbid conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A sample of "psychiatrically healthy" Veterans from another project serves as a comparison group. An interim total of 8,140 participants (42.1% schizophrenia) have been recruited and assessed as of September 30, 2013, with 9 months of enrollment remaining and with a target sample size of 9,500. Veterans with schizophrenia were more likely to never have married, whereas lifetime PTSD and suicidality were more common in the bipolar veterans. Performance on the FC measures and NP tests was consistent with previous results, with mean t-scores of 35 (-1.5 SD) for schizophrenia and 41 (-0.9 SD) for the bipolar Veterans. This large population is representative of previous studies in terms of patient performance and co-morbidities. Subsequent genomic analyses will examine the genomic correlates of performance-based measures. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Infinitely many solutions of Einstein cosmology in “slow-roll”

Abstract We show that the “slow-roll” approximated Einstein equations involving two coupled scalar fields, one which serves as the inflation field and another which has a decaying potential, have infinitely many solutions. We give exact analytic forms of two such solutions. We conjecture that the infinitely many solutions are “equivalent”.
4.5-month-old infants’ learning, retention and use of object boundary information

Abstract 4.5-month-old infants can use information learned from prior experience with objects to help determine the boundaries of objects in a complex visual scene (Needham, 1998; Needham, Dueker, & Lockhead, 2002). The present studies investigate the effect of delay (between prior experience and test) on infant use of such experiential knowledge. Results indicate that infants can use experience with an object to help them to parse a scene containing that object 24 (Experiment 1). Experiment 2 suggests that after 24 h infants have begun to forget some object attributes, and that this forgetting promotes generalization from one similar object to another. After a 72-h delay, infants did not show any beneficial effect of prior experience with one of the objects in the scene (Experiments 3A and B). However, prior experience with multiple objects, similar to an object in the scene, facilitated infant segregation of the scene 72 h later, suggesting that category information remains available in infant memory longer than experience with a single object. The results are discussed in terms of optimal infant benefit from prior experiences with objects.
A Fault-Tolerant Strategy to Control the Matrix Converter Under an Open-Switch Failure

In this paper, a new post-fault modulation strategy is proposed to operate the direct matrix converter as close as possible to its desired normal operation under an open-switch fault condition. The proposed strategy determines appropriate switching states associated with eight, out of the nine, remaining healthy switches of the converter, to synthesize the reference voltages. The corresponding duty cycles of the determined switching states are calculated by formulating a nonlinear optimization problem that aims at minimization of the error between the desired reference voltages and the voltages generated by the switching states. The solution to the nonlinear optimization problem is obtained based on the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions. The performance of the proposed modulation strategy is evaluated based on time-domain simulation studies in the MATLAB/Simulink software environment and also experimentally verified.
Selective functional group transformation using guanidine : the conversion of an ester group into an amide in vinylogous ester-aldehydes of imidazole

Abstract An efficient and convenient method has been described for the selective conversion of an ester group into the corresponding carboxamide in vinylogous ester–aldehydes of imidazole. The method uses excess guanidine, which protects the aldehyde function as a diaminodihydro- s -triazine moiety. The carboxaldehyde group is regenerated by hydrolysis of the triazine moiety to provide vinylogous amide–aldehydes of imidazole as the final product.
Succinate dehydrogenase in various tissues of Anodonta couperiana, Elliptio buckleyi and Mercenaria campechiensis (Mollusca: Bivalvia).

Abstract 1. 1. The specific activities, kinetic constants and pH optima for succinate dehydrogenase were determined in mantle, gill and adductor muscle from three bivalves ( Anodonta couperiana, Elliptio buckleyi and Mercenaria campechiensis ). 2. 2. In general the K m values for succinate and K i values for fumarate differed in all bivalve tissues whereas the K i for malonate was consistently low. 3. 3. The ratio of K i (fumarate) to K m (succinate) was less than one for all tissues studied. This is similar to many facultative anaerobes with fumarate reductase activity.
Graph-based Criteria for Spectrum-Aware Clustering in Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive radios (CRs) can exploit vacancies in licensed frequency bands to self-organize in opportunistic spectrum networks. Such networks, henceforth referred to as cognitive radio networks (CRNs), operate over a dynamic bandwidth in both time and space. This inherently leads to the partition of the network into clusters depending on the spatial variation of the primary radio network (PRN) activity. In this article, we analytically evaluate the performance of a new class of clustering criteria designed for CRNs, which explicitly take into account the spatial variations of spectrum opportunities. We jointly represent the network topology and spectrum availability using bipartite graphs. This representation reduces the problem of spectrum-aware cluster formation to a biclique construction problem. We investigate several criteria for constructing clusters for the CRN environment, and characterize their performance under different spectrum sensing and PR activity models. In particular, we evaluate the expected cluster size and number of common idle channels within each cluster, as a function of the spectrum and topology variability. We verify our analytical results via extensive simulations.
Small-Scale Spatial Gradients in Climatological Precipitation on the Olympic Peninsula

Abstract Persistent, 10-km-scale gradients in climatological precipitation tied to topography are documented with a finescale rain and snow gauge network in the Matheny Ridge area of the Olympic Mountains of Washington State. Precipitation totals are 50% higher on top of an ∼800-m-high ridge relative to valleys on either side, 10 km distant. Operational fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) runs on a 4-km grid produce similar precipitation patterns with enhanced precipitation over high topography for 6 water years. The performance of the MM5 is compared to the gauge data for 3 wet seasons and for 10 large precipitation events. The cumulative MM5 precipitation forecasts for all seasons and for the sum of all 10 large events compare well with the precipitation measured by the gauges, although some of the individual events are significantly over- or underforecast. This suggests that the MM5 is reproducing the precipitation climatology in the vicinity of the gauges, but tha...
Dynamic effect of the bump steer in a wheeled tractor

Abstract The steering system of a compact wheeled tractor is analyzed using a commercial multi-body simulation software. The effect of axle-oscillation induced steering errors and of the axle impacting the bump stops attached to the tractor body is compared for two design variants. It is shown that by diminishing the kinematic cross-coupling between the steering-control linkage and the axle oscillation, a favorable reduction of the dynamic loads in the steering mechanism components can be obtained for normal operation conditions of the vehicle. However, if the axle impacts violently its bump stops, the reaction forces in the joints can be much higher; contrary to one’s intuition, these forces are larger for steering systems with reduced or no bump steer. Based on these conclusions, several design recommendations to the partitioning engineer are advanced at the end of the paper.
The Impact of Commuter Stress on Workplace Aggression

Immediately following their regular commute to work, participants completed questionnaires regarding state driver stress and anger during that commute. Then, immediately following completion of that work day, they completed a state version of the Workplace Aggression Scale. As state driver stress increased, the frequency of both expressed hostility and obstructionism increased (independently) during that work day, but only among male employees. In contrast, overt aggression during that work day was greatest among males who were higher in physical aggressiveness as a general trait characteristic. The present study highlights the interactive nature of traffic and workplace environments, in that negative experiences in the traffic environment may spill over for some individuals to influence nondriving events.
Effects of Anti-Rape Video Content on Sexually Coercive and Noncoercive College Men's Attitudes and Alcohol Expectancies

Despite the growth of campus rape-prevention programs, the role of individual differences in moderating program effects has been largely ignored. We hypothesized that the effects of anti-rape videotape content-typical of such programs-would depend on men's past sexual coerciveness. After watching an anti-rape or control video, coercive (n= 22) and noncoercive (n = 23) men were compared on attitudes toward women, rape-myth acceptance, and sex-related alcohol expectancies. As hypothesized, effects of the videotape were moderated by coerciveness. For the noncoercives, the anti-rape video resulted in lower rape-myth acceptance and sex-related alcohol expectancy scores than the control video. Coercives-who presumably most need to be deterred-exhibited no such effects. We discuss the relevance of these findings for rape-prevention programs.
Age-related alterations in duodenal calcium transport rate in rats.

Abstract To determine the age-related alterations in intestinal calcium transport under in vitro controlled conditions, we studied the calcium transport across duodenal segments of prepubertal (2 months), young adult (6 months) and aged (26 months) Fisher 344 male rats using the Ussing chamber technique. We also evaluated the effect of 10−11 M 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25-(OH)2D3] in tissue bathing media. The calcium transport rate from mucosa-to-serosa (Jms) and from serosa-to-mucosa (Jsm) in 26-month-old rats (33.5 ± 6.6 nmol/h per cm2 and 25.4 ± 3.1 nmol/h per cm2, respectively) were significantly larger than that in 6-month-old animals (18.1 ± 2.6 nmol/h per cm2 and 17.7 ± 1.7 nmol/h per cm2 respectively). The Jms (46.1 ± 12.0 nmol/h per cm2) and Jsm (50.8 ± 7.2 nmol/h per cm2) in 2-month-old rats were significantly larger than the respective rates measured in 6-month-old animals. The addition of 1,25-(OH)2D3 minimized the age-related differences in mucosal calcium transport but did not significantly stimulate Jms. The magnitude of change in 1,25-(OH)2D3-stimulated Jsm in 6-month-old rats (17.7 ± 1.7 vs. 29.4 ± 2.2 nmol/h per cm2) was similar to that seen in 26-month-old rats (25.4 ± 3.1 vs. 47.5 ± nmol/h per cm2). The results indicate that the maturational reduction in intestinal calcium transport capacity is followed by increased calcium fluxes in senescence.
Understanding the global evolution of Saturn's ring current

[1] An explanation for the morphology and evolution of the ring current in Saturn's magnetosphere is provided. We use global Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) images of the 20–140 keV proton distribution obtained by the Ion and Neutral Camera (INCA) on board the Cassini spacecraft. A case where the ring current displays an exceptionally clear spiral shape is analyzed and by using a simple model of rotational velocities and curvature-gradient drifts we reproduce the observed spiral patterns and dispersions. The spiral evolve from an initial large-scale injection around midnight consistent with INCA observations. The drift patterns of the inner magnetosphere have to be relatively undisturbed in order for a clear spiral to evolve. Clear spiral patterns like this do not always occur, which reminds us that the inner magnetosphere of Saturn is indeed very dynamic.
Organic materials for Zeno-based optical switching

Compounds showing strong non-degenerate two-photon absorption hold potential for Zeno-based optical switching schemes. We report on organic compounds including polymethines and squaraines with large non-degenerate two photon cross sections.
Taurine inhibits the phosphorylation of two endogenous proteins (Mr ∼ 140 and ∼20 K) in subcellular preparations of rat cortex

Abstract The effects of exogenous taurine on the phosphorylation of proteins in hypo-osmotically shocked synaptosomes (P 2 fraction) prepared from rat cortex were investigated. Taurine (2–20 mM) inhibited the phosphorylation of two bands of protein with molecular weights of ∼ 140 and ∼ 20 K in a concentration related manner as shown by one-dimensional SDS-PAGE. Kinetic studies using 10 mM tauring demonstrated that the inhibitory effect occurred at approx. 1 min after the start of the reaction. Phosphatase activity was also seen in these kinetic studies. Endogenous taurine levels in the tissue preparation utilized in the reaction system were determined to be 0.12 mM. Further separation of the proteins with high-resolution two-dimensional SDS-PAGE indicated that the ∼ 140 K molecular weight protein had an isoelectric point of 6.1 and its phosphorylation was inhibited 88% by 10 mM taurine; the ∼ 20 K molecular weight protein had an isoelectric point of 5.6 and its phosphorylation was inhibited 72% by 10 mM taurine. The taurine analogue and taurine transport inhibitor, guanidinoethanesulfonic acid (GES), inhibited the phosphorylation of the ∼ 140 K molecular weight protein but did not have any effect on the ∼ 20 K molecular weight protein. The phosphorylation of the ∼ 20 K molecular weight protein was inhibited 55% by glycine but was not affected by either β-alanine or GABA. These results point out the relative specificity of the taurine effect on the low molecular weight protein. Subcellular fractionation demonstrated that the ∼ 20 K molecular weight phosphoprotein was enriched in the cytosol. These studies suggest that taurine which has been implicated to be a neuromodulator may influence neuroactivity by inhibiting protein phosphorylation.
Study Efficacy and the Region of Proximal Learning Framework

One of the most important reasons to investigate human metacognition is its role in directing how people study. However, limited evidence exists that metacognitively guided study benefits learning. Three experiments are presented that provide evidence for this link. In Experiment 1, participants' learning was enhanced when they were allowed to control what they studied. Experiments 2a-d replicated this finding and showed contributions of self-regulated study to learning. Experiments 3a and 3b showed that, when forced to choose among items they did not know, participants chose the easiest items and benefited from doing so, providing evidence for the link between metacognitive monitoring/control and learning, and supporting the region of proximal learning model of study-time allocation.
Phosphorylation of Myosin Light Chain Kinase by p21-activated Kinase PAK2

Phosphorylation of myosin II regulatory light chains (RLC) by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is a critical step in the initiation of smooth muscle and non-muscle cell contraction. Post-translational modifications to MLCK down-regulate enzyme activity, suppressing RLC phosphorylation, myosin II activation, and tension development. Here we report that PAK2, a member of the Rho family of GTPase-dependent kinases, regulates isometric tension development and myosin II RLC phosphorylation in saponin permeabilized endothelial monolayers. PAK2 blunts tension development by 75% while inhibiting diphosphorylation of myosin II RLC. Cdc42-activated placenta and recombinant, constitutively active PAK2 phosphorylate MLCK in vitro with a stoichiometry of 1.71 ± 0.21 mol of PO4/mol of MLCK. This phosphorylation inhibits MLCK phosphorylation of myosin II RLC. PAK2 catalyzes MLCK phosphorylation on serine residues 439 and 991. Binding calmodulin to MLCK blocks phosphorylation of Ser-991 by PAK2. These results demonstrate that PAK2 can directly phosphorylate MLCK, inhibiting its activity and limiting the development of isometric tension.
Ameloblastic fibroma, ameloblastic fibro-odontoma, and odontoma

Ameloblastic fibroma (AF) is a relatively rare true tigators believe that AF and AFO are variations of the mixed tumor in which epithelial and the ectomesenchymal elements are neoplastic. It is characterized by the simultaneous neoplastic proliferation of the mesenchymal and epithelial components without formation of dental hard tissues, namely dentin and enamel. AF and related lesions were defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1992 as ‘‘neoplasms composed of proliferating odontogenic epithelium embedded in a cellular ectomesenchymal tissue that resembles the dental papilla, and with varying degrees of inductive change and dental hard tissue formation’’ [1,2]. This lesion first was reported by Kruse in 1891 [2]. It is believed to arise de novo during odontogenesis, possibly as a result overproduction of the basal lamina without odontogenic differentiation. Lesions composed of similar elements, but in which inductive change has resulted in the deposition of dentin alone or dentin plus enamel, are termed ameloblastic fibrodentinoma (AFD) and ameloblastic fibro-odontoma (AFO), respectively. Controversy exists regarding the belief that these lesions represent separate entities or are the same lesion in a continuum representing different stages of evolution. Cahn and Blum postulated that AF represented the least histologically differentiated lesion that evolves from a moderately differentiated form to AFO to odontoma [3]; however, this concept is not widely accepted, and there may be merit in identifying the differing histologic patterns of the lesions until more experience with their biologic behavior has been accumulated [2,4,5]. Some inves-
Color-Blindness and Anomalies of Vision * -->

Normal persons can make visual distinctions of three types: light from dark, yellow from blue, red from green; light-dark being the most primitive type of discrimination, and red-green the last acquired. Some otherwise normal persons fail to develop in their organs of sight more than a vestige of the mechanism for red-green discrimination. They are called red-green blind, or partially color-blind. A few persons have only the ability to make light-dark discrimination; they are called totally color-blind. These types of abnormality are discussed and tests for red-green blindness described.
Health-related quality of life in head and neck cancer survivors: impact of pretreatment depressive symptoms.

Objective: Symptoms of depression are common in those with cancer. The authors investigated whether depressive symptoms assessed before the initiation of cancer treatment predicted diminished health-related quality of life (HRQOL) at follow-up. Design: As part of a large, prospective study of oncologic outcomes, 306 patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) were assessed on several clinical and psychosocial characteristics during a pretreatment clinic visit and then at 3- and 12-month follow-up appointments. Main Outcome Measures: Depressive symptomatology was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory and HNC-specific HRQOL (main outcome measure) was assessed with the Head and Neck Cancer Inventory. Results: Controlling for age, gender, marital status, cancer site, stage of disease, alcohol and tobacco use, comorbidity status, and pretreatment HRQOL, simultaneous multiple regression analyses revealed that depressive symptoms present at study enrollment, before the initiation of cancer treatment, significantly predicted lower HRQOL at 3- and 12-month follow-up assessments across the 4 HNC-specific domains of speech, eating, aesthetics, and social disruption (all ps ≤ .01). Conclusion: Results suggest that depressive symptomatology present near the time of diagnosis can have a significant, deleterious impact on HRQOL over time in HNC survivors. Thus, it may be useful to assess depression at diagnosis to identify individuals at greater risk for poor HRQOL outcomes.
Diol-Functionalized Imidazolium-Based Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids with Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) Anions that Exhibit Variable Water Miscibility

The synthesis and characterization of a new class of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-3-alkylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) with tunable water miscibility are reported. The presence of a vicinal diol substituent on these RTILs allows for variable water miscibility, depending on the nature of the alkyl substituent on the cation. Water-miscible, imidazolium-based RTILs with the bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) anion are unprecedented.
Realization of a 33 GHz phononic crystal fabricated in a freestanding membrane

Phononic crystals (PnCs) are man-made structures with periodically varying material properties such as density, ρ, and elastic modulus, E. Periodic variations of the material properties with nanoscale characteristic dimensions yield PnCs that operate at frequencies above 10 GHz, allowing for the manipulation of thermal properties. In this article, a 2D simple cubic lattice PnC operating at 33 GHz is reported. The PnC is created by nanofabrication with a focused ion beam. A freestanding membrane of silicon is ion milled to create a simple cubic array of 32 nm diameter holes that are subsequently backfilled with tungsten to create inclusions at a spacing of 100 nm. Simulations are used to predict the operating frequency of the PnC. Additional modeling shows that milling a freestanding membrane has a unique characteristic; the exit via has a conical shape, or trumpet-like appearance.
Microdialysis sampling with on-line microbore HPLC for the determination of tirapazamine and its reduced metabolites in rats

An on-line microdialysis microbore HPLC method is described for the determination of the bioreductive anti-tumor agent, tirapazamine (3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-di-N-oxide, SR4233, WIN59075, Tirazone, TPZ) and its two major reduced metabolites, 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine-1-N-oxide (SR4317) and 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine (SR4330). Detection limits of 0.003 μM, 0.005 μM and 0.007 μM were obtained for tirapazamine, SR4317 and SR4330, respectively. Linear ranges of 0.011–20 μM, 0.017–20 μM and 0.025–20 μM for tirapazamine, SR4317 and SR4330 permitted quantitative analysis of all three compounds in microdialysis samples. Typical intra-day reproducibilities (n = 7) of 4.1% (tirapazamine), 6.6% (SR4317), 9.9% (SR4317), and 1.8% (tirapazamine), 2.4% (SR4317) and 2.6% (SR4330) were obtained at the 0.12 μM and 1.2 μM levels, respectively. Inter-day reproducibilities (n = 5) of 3.4% (tirapazamine), 1.8% (SR4317), 4.5% (SR4330) and 2.5% (tirapazamine), 2.5% (SR4317) and 1.7% (SR4330) were obtained at the 0.12 μM and 1.2 μM levels, respectively. The use of an on-line microdialysis HPLC system, permitted the determination of tirapazamine, SR4317 and SR4330 in blood and muscle tissue of rats with a high temporal resolution of sampling. The pharmacokinetics of tirapazamine and its metabolites were studied in the muscle and blood of rats previously administered an intraperitoneal dose of tirapazamine.
The role of Zn(II) in transcription by T7 RNA polymerase.

Abstract Homogeneous T7 RNA polymerase contains from 2–4 gm atoms of zinc per mole of M.W. 107,000. Inactivated molecules which can be separated from the active molecules by repeated chromatography contain less zinc, from 0.4 to 1 gm at per mole. Instability of the enzyme makes it difficult to relate maximal activity to a specific stoichiometry of Zn. The enzyme is inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, EDTA, CN − , SH − , N 3 − and by incubation with Chelex resin. Zinc is retained on gel filtration, but can be removed by dialysis for 96 hr against 5 mM 1,10-phenanthroline which totally inactivates the enzyme. Catalytic activity requires the presence of thiol reagents. Preparations with low activity can be activated by exogenous Zn ions.
Mutational analysis of a plant heat shock element

A total of 32 mutations were generated within the TATA-proximal site 1 (-72 to -47) of soybean heat shock gene Gmhsp17.5E in order to functionally define the optimal configuration of sequences within the heat shock element (HSE). Mutants were tested in vivo utilizing sunflower tumors transformed by a T-DNA based vector. Promoter activity was determined by S1 nuclease hybrid protection analysis of tumor transcripts. A total of five repeats (5'-nGAAn-3' or 5'-nTTCn-3') which comprise the HSE at site 1 were required for full transcription induction by heat stress. Analysis of non-conserved bases flanking the central trinucleotide block indicated that 5'-aGAAg'-3' is the optimum sequence for the 5 bp repeat.
Syndecan 4 regulation of PDK1-dependent Akt activation

The phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (Pi3K)/Akt pathway is a major regulator of cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, survival, and angiogenesis. Despite extensive study, a thorough understanding of the modulation and regulation of this pathway has remained elusive. We have previously demonstrated that syndecan 4 (S4) regulates the intracellular localization of mTORC2, thus altering phosphorylation of Akt at serine473 (Ser473), one of two critical phosphorylation sites essential for the full activation of Akt [1]. Here we report that S4 also regulates the phosphorylation of Akt at threonine308 (Thr308), the second phosphorylation site required for the full Akt activation. A deletion of S4 resulted in lower levels of Thr308 phosphorylation both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, a deletion or knockdown of the S4 effector molecule PKCα led to a similar reduction in phosphorylation of Thr308 while overexpression of myristoylated PKCα rescued AktThr308 phosphorylation in endothelial cells lacking S4. Finally, PAK1/2 is also recruited to the rafts by the S4-PKCα complex and is required for AKT activation.
The effect of reduction in cross‐validation intervals on the performance of multifactor dimensionality reduction

Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (MDR) was developed to detect genetic polymorphisms that present an increased risk of disease. Cross-validation (CV) is an important part of the MDR algorithm, as it prevents over-fitting and allows the predictive ability of a model to be evaluated. CV is a computationally intensive step in the MDR algorithm. Traditionally, MDR has been implemented using 10-fold CV. In order to reduce computation time and therefore allow MDR analysis to be applied to larger datasets, we evaluated the possibility of eliminating or reducing the number of CV intervals used for analysis. We found that eliminating CV made final model selection impossible, but that reducing the number of CV intervals from ten to five caused no loss of power, thereby reducing the computation time of the algorithm by half. The validity of this reduction was confirmed with data from an Alzheimer's disease (AD) study.
Opiate dependence produced by ad libitum drinking of morphine in water, saline, and sucrose vehicles.

Rats were given ad libitum morphine water, saline morphine, or sucrose morphine as their only source of liquid. Measures of liquid, food, caloric, and morphine intake along with body weight were taken daily, thereby monitoring the effects of morphine ingestion on these indices, and observing the course of dependence over time. To assess the degree of dependence the animals were given a two-bottle choice test between the drug solution and the vehicle, following a suitable ingestion period. The results indicated that the rats neglected morphine water and saline morphine in favor of the drug-free alternative. Concomitant morphine withdrawal signs (body weight loss, anorexia, adipsia, rhinorrhea, diarrhea, and irritability) were observed, thus indicating the animals were drug dependent. When morphine was given in sucrose solutions, the rats showed a marked preference for the drug solution over the vehicle.
Management Development as the Key to Organisation Renewal

The development of greater numbers of more competent managers, and their successful management of human resources, has been made urgently necessary for business, industry and government by technological, economic, social and world‐wide change.
Open-Access Knowledge and Economic Growth: An Economic Model

The intellectual property (IP) law has been forcefully challenged by scholars and multiple anti-IP movementshave been pushed by activists in recent years. The critiques from scholars mainly focused on the enclosure ofinformation and knowledge enforced by IP law. And the activists of anti-IP movements argued for the openaccess to knowledge to promote creation.This study proposes an endogenous economic growth model highlighting the role of open-access knowledge ineconomic growth. The solution of the model shows that the production efficiency of knowledge, the convertingefficiency from knowledge products into human capital, and the externality of knowledge products, will haveimpacts on the economic growth rate. The policy implication of this study is that government’s intervention,such as the subsidy to the knowledge production, investment in the open-access knowledge, and regulation onthe quality of knowledge products, will have positive effects on economic growth.
Message delay analysis of the DQDB (IEEE 802.6) network

The analytical evaluation of the message delay in a distributed queue dual bus (DQDB) network is investigated. The authors extend the results obtained by C. Bisdikian et al. (1990), which assumes that each network station can queue at most one packet, to the case of station queues each holding an entire message containing l packets. An expression is obtained for the number of requests queued ahead of an arriving message. Given this expression, the average message delay can be calculated. One conclusion drawn from the analysis is that the average steady-state message delay is linear in sufficiently large l. It is also concluded that the message delay increases considerably with the network load. The analytical results predict the position-dependent characteristics of stations in a heavily loaded network and explain some observations and results of earlier simulation studies. >
Transitioning from wild collection to forest cultivation of indigenous medicinal forest plants in eastern North America is constrained by lack of profitability

The forest flora of eastern North America includes many herbaceous plant species traded in domestic and international medicinal markets. Conservation concerns surrounding wild-collection exist and transitioning to cultivation in agroforestry systems has potential economic and ecological benefits. Costs and revenues associated with adopting forest cultivation were modeled for eight North American medicinal forest plants. Sensitivity analysis examined profit potential in relation to (1) discount rates; (2) propagation methods; (3) prices; (4) growing period; (5) production costs; and (6) yields. Results indicate that intensive husbandry of six of eight species would be unprofitable at recent (1990–2005) price levels. Exceptions are American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.), and under certain circumstances (e.g., maximum historic prices, low production costs) goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.). Direct marketing to consumers and retailers might improve grower profits, but is undermined by the availability of cheaper, wild-collected product. We suggest that the North American medicinal plant industry could play a key role in facilitating any transition from wild to cultivated product, perhaps through development of a certification and labeling program that brands “forest cultivated” products. This could generate price premiums, to be passed along to growers, but must be accompanied by aggressive consumer education. A “forest cultivated” certification and labeling program has potential to benefit industry and consumers if assurances regarding product identity and quality are a central feature. Plant species that are not viable candidates for commercial cultivation due to limited consumer demand (i.e., species with “shallow,” erratic markets) are best addressed through proactive government and industry initiatives involving targeted harvester education programs.
Chemical stimulation of rat retinal neurons: Feasibility of an epiretinal neurotransmitter-based prosthesis

Objective. No cure currently exists for photoreceptor degenerative diseases, which cause partial or total blindness in millions of people worldwide. Electrical retinal prostheses have been developed by several groups with the goal of restoring vision lost to these diseases, but electrical stimulation has limitations. It excites both somas and axons, activating retinal pathways nonphysiologically, and limits spatial resolution because of current spread. Chemical stimulation of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) using the neurotransmitter glutamate has been suggested as an alternative to electrical stimulation with some significant advantages. However, sufficient scientific data to support developing a chemical-based retinal prosthesis is lacking. The goal of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a neurotransmitter-based retinal prosthesis and determine therapeutic stimulation parameters. Approach. We injected controlled amounts of glutamate into rat retinas from the epiretinal side ex vivo via micropipettes using a pressure injection system and recorded RGC responses with a multielectrode array. Responsive units were identified using a spike rate threshold of 3 Hz. Main results. We recorded both somal and axonal units and demonstrated successful glutamatergic stimulation across different RGC subtypes. Analyses show that exogenous glutamate acts on RGC synapses similar to endogenous glutamate and, unlike electrical prostheses, stimulates only RGC somata. The spatial spread of glutamate stimulation was ?m from the injection site, comparable to current electrical prostheses. Further, the glutamate injections produced spatially differential responses in OFF, ON, and ON?OFF RGC subtypes, suggesting that differential stimulation of the OFF and ON systems may be possible. A temporal resolution of 3.2 Hz was obtained, which is a rate suitable for spatial vision. Significance. We provide strong support for the feasibility of an epiretinal neurotransmitter-based retinal prosthesis. Our findings suggest that chemical stimulation of RGCs is a viable alternative to electrical stimulation and could offer distinct advantages such as the selective stimulation of RGC somata.
Drug Dissolution Chip (DDC): A Microfluidic Approach for Drug Release

DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100520 The effectiveness of drug delivery relies on the drug being released from its pharmaceutical dosage form, such as a tablet or capsule, and dissolving in body fl uids prior to absorption, and transport to the therapeutic target. [ 1 ] The analytical investigation of drug release from its dosage form is called dissolution testing and is essential in development as well as in manufacturing and quality control of pharmaceutical dosage forms. [ 2 ] The fundamental methodology of dissolution testing entails a defi ned amount of the dosage form immersed in a predetermined volume of dissolution medium. The concentration of the released drug in the medium is measured in distinct time intervals, yielding time-dependant dissolution profi les. The compartment containing the dosage form is typically a vessel or chamber equipped with mechanical barriers, such as fi lters or a bed of glass beads, which retain the solid sample. The dissolution medium is pumped through this compartment at a constant fl ow rate, and the drug concentration in the dissolution medium is determined with highperformance liquid chromatography or UV–vis spectroscopy. Unfortunately, the drug can undergo changes in its solid state which can have marked effects on its dissolution rate. [ 3 , 4 ]
CORRELATION OF THE LEVEL OF HEPATIC RIBOFLAVIN WITH THE APPEARANCE OF LIVER TUMORS IN RATS FED AMINOAZO DYES

The livers of rats fed 10 diets previously found to inhibit or accelerate the induction of tumors by 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene were analyzed for riboflavin, biotin, and vitamin B6 after 6 and 19 weeks on the diets. Those fed diets accelerating tumor induction had average hepatic riboflavin levels of 9 to 11 µg. per gm. The livers of the control and protected rats averaged 14 and 15 to 19 µg. per gm., respectively. The hepatic levels of vitamin B6 and biotin averaged 7.0 and 0.54 µg. per gm., respectively, and were independent of the protective nature of the diet. The livers of rats fed the same diets in the absence of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene contained about 50 per cent more of each of these vitamins than those from dye-fed rats. In a second series the tumor incidence and the hepatic riboflavin and vitamin B6 were determined simultaneously. In this experiment urethane decreased the level of hepatic riboflavin and increased the rate of induction of tumors slightly. Methionine inhibited tumor induction to a small extent while cystine had a more pronounced retarding effect; the level of hepatic riboflavin for both groups was higher than in the controls. The livers of rats fed the basal diet, 0.054 per cent of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, or equimolar amounts of its 2-, 2'-, 3'-, or 4'-methyl derivatives were analyzed for riboflavin at various times over a 16 week period. In each case the level of hepatic riboflavin decreased throughout the experimental period, but the rate and extent of the riboflavin loss were greatest with the more carcinogenic compounds.