cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COURSES FOR SPECIAL LIBRARIANSHIP OFFERED IN A.L.A. ACCREDITED PROGRAMS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EDUCATION OF SCIENCE/TECHNOLOGY LIBRARIANS

A survey was made of the 68 library schools with A.L.A. accreditation to ascertain the extent and types of their courses in special librarianship, in specific types of special libraries, and in specific types of literature. From the survey results it was possible to make an analysis of the extent to which these courses would serve the needs of those interested in science/technology libraries. The role of field work was also investigated. Statistics are presented on the number and types of courses offered and the type of field work available for students concerned with sci-tech librarianship.
Effectiveness of calcium magnesium acetate as dual SO2 ‐NOx emission Control Agent

Calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) is an effective dual SO{sub 2}-NO{sub x} emission control agent. Laboratory-scale experiments with dry injected particles at a Ca/S molar ratio of 2 [or (Ca + Mg)/S ratio of 6] resulted in SO{sub 2} and NO{sub x} removal efficiencies of over 90% at gas temperatures of 950--1,250 C in atmospheres containing 12% CO{sub 2}, 3% oxygen, 2,000 ppm SO{sub 2}, and 1,000 ppm NO{sub x} during a 1-s residence time in an isothermal cavity followed by injection of after-fire air. During the experiments, SO{sub 2} reacted with the porous, thin-walled CaO, CaCO{sub 3} and MgO cenospheres, formed when CMA calcined, while NO{sub x}, was reduced by hydrocarbon radicals from the organic acetate decomposition. While Ca was the dominant contributor to SO{sub 2} reduction by CMA in the isothermal furnace zone, Mg also contributed to SO{sub 2} reduction. At gas temperatures {le} 950 C, Mg reacted directly with SO{sub 2} in the isothermal furnace zone and was the dominant SO{sub 2} remover in the post-furnace quenching zone while indirectly SO{sub 2} at higher isothermal zone temperatures by precluding pore-mouth plugging when CaSO{sub 4}, formed. Interactions among hydrocarbons, SO{sub 2}, and NO{sub x} are important but not fullymore » understood.« less
Food hardness and fracturability assessment by an electronic sensing system

Two texture properties of food, hardness and fracturability, were studied by an electronic sensing system (ESS) with 29 cereal-based foods that represented a range of textures. Three electrodes were used with one located on the cheekbone, one on the lower jaw bone, and the other one, a ground, on the ear lobe. Total energy, peak energy, and Fourier power of the first bite ESS signals were analyzed. The Fourier power of the muscle motion in biting was highly correlated to the muscle motion total energy. Sensory hardness and fracturability were correlated with the first bite ESS total energy and first bite ESS Fourier power (r = 0.82 and 0.74).
The Road to Hell? Third-Party Intervention to Prevent Atrocities

Preventing large-scale atrocities has emerged as an important policy goal of the post–Cold War period. However, a debate exists about the effects of creating an international institution to prevent atrocities. Advocates of intervention argue that a credible threat to intervene should deter perpetrators and stop atrocities when deterrence fails. Critics argue that third-party intervention, by strengthening weak minority groups and lowering the cost of war, encourages rebellions and so makes war and atrocities more likely. We develop a model of intervention to analyze this debate. The model shows that the negative effects of intervention highlighted by critics can be mitigated if the third party is relatively neutral and if alternative costs are imposed on decision makers. We conclude that with appropriate institutional design, the net impact of stronger third-party commitments to end atrocities will be to lower the expected level of atrocities.
Variability in the start, end, and length of frost-free periods across the conterminous United States during the past century

This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA ABSTRACT: The timing of last spring frost dates (LSFDs), first fall frost dates (FFFDs), and frost-free period lengths (FFPLs) constrains freeze-thaw processes in hydrology, paces the annual life cycles of plants and animals, affects human food production, and influences land-atmosphere interactions, including the water and carbon cycles. Daily minimum temperature data for the conterminous United States (CONUS) from the Global Historical Climatology Network for the 1920-2012 period are used to determine LSFDs, FFFDs, and FFPLs. Analyses of trends and variability in these growing season components indicate a trend towards earlier LSFDs, later FFFDs, and longer FFPLs for most locations in the CONUS. A general change to earlier LSFDs appears to have occurred after about 1983, whereas a change to later FFFDs is most noticeable after about 1993. Comparisons of time series of LSFDs and FFFDs with well-known climate indices indicate only weak correlations for most sites.
Estimation of broadband emissivity from satellite multi-channel thermal infrared data using spectral libraries

Surface broadband thermal infrared emissivity is an important parameter for estimating the longwave surface energy balance. This study focuses on estimating the broadband emissivity from the emissivities of the five channels on the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer/Thermal Infrared Radiometer (ASTER/TIR). ASTER is a sensor onboard the Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra satellite launched in 1999, and has five channels in the thermal infrared region (8-12 /spl mu/m). Using this sensor, it is possible to estimate surface spectral emissivity for each channel at a spatial resolution of 90 m. Broadband emissivities (3-14 /spl mu/m) were calculated using two spectral libraries, John Hopkins University Spectral Library (JHU Library) and MODIS UCSB (University of California, Santa Barbara) Emissivity Library (UCSB Library). They ranged from 0.89 to 0.99 for natural surfaces, such as, rocks, soils, vegetation, water, ice, and snow. Then, we assumed that the broadband emissivity can be expressed as a linear combination emissivities for the rive ASTER/TIR channels. The linear regression was calibrated using JHU Library and validated with the UCSB Library. The absolute error on the estimated broadband emissivity was less than 0.01 for 93% of all samples and RMSE was 0.0051 over an emissivity range from 0.91 to 0.99 in validation. Finally, this calibrated regression was applied to emissivities computed from the data acquired with ASTER/TIR over the Jornada Experimental Range in New Mexico to produce a map of broadband emissivity for this area.
5. Heterogeneous Gain Learning and Long Swings in Asset Prices

This paper considers the impact of heterogeneous gain learning in an asset pricing model. A relatively stylized model is shown to generate persistent swings of asset prices from their fundamental values which replicates long range samples of U.S financial data. The detailed mechanisms of the learning models are then explored. Evidence suggests that agents’ perceptions of risk and its dynamics and persistence are important in generating appropriate price/fundamental dynamics. Agents putting large amounts of weight on the recent past in their volatility models control a large fraction of wealth, and are important in perpetuating the volatility magnifying dynamics of the market.
Influence of salt purity on Na+ and palmitic acid interactions.

The influence of salt purity on the interactions between Na+ ions and the carboxylate (COO–) head group of palmitic acid (PA) monolayers is studied in the COO– and OH stretching regions using broad-band vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) spectroscopy. Ultrapure (UP) and ACS grade NaCl salts are used for aqueous solution preparation after proper pretreatment. The time evolution of VSFG spectra of PA monolayers on solutions made from these two grades of salts is different, which reveals that the salt purity has a significant impact on the interactions between Na+ ions and the COO– group of PA. The trace metal impurities in ACS grade salt, which are more abundant than those in UP grade salt, are responsible for this difference due to their stronger affinity for the carboxylate group relative to Na+ and further affects the interfacial water structure. These results suggest that the alkali salt grade even after pretreatment is critical in the studies of alkali cation–carboxylate interactions and compa...
Metabolism of formiminoglutamic acid by vitamin B12 and folic acid-deficient rats fed excess methionine.

The amidine carbon atom (C-Z) of L-histidine is known to be an efficient metabolic precursor of single carbon units. Following the administration of n-histidine-2-Cr4, the radioactivity has been found in CO2 and urea, in carbons 2 and 8 of purines, in the hydroxymethyl group of serine, and in choline, and creatine (l-4). The major pathway of histidine degradation which involves deamination to urocanic acid and finally, cleavage of the ring to formiminoglutamic acid (5-7) has been assumed to be the sole means of liberation of this carbon atom for “1 carbon metabolism.” The liberation of the single carbon unit can be accomplished by transfer of the formimino group to tetrahydrofolic acid. The formimino moiety is ultimately transformed into the formyl group of Nr”-formyltetrahydrofolic acid (8, 9). Folic acid or vitamin Bit-deficient rats excrete large amounts of formiminoglutamic acid in the urine (10, 11). In the more recent study (ll), the basal diet employed was limiting in the sulfur amino acids (9% casein). The addition of excess methionine to the diet, in the absence of either folic acid or vitamin Br2, significantly reduces urinary formiminoglutamic acid (11). The studies reported in this paper were prompted by this finding and were designed to clarify the nature of this effect. These studies show that radioactive COz (derived from carbon 2 of histidine) is greatly increased following the administration of excess methionine to the deficient animal. Furthermore, the evidence presented is consistent with the view that methionine does not divert histidine metabolism from the urocanic acid pathway, but exerts its influence at the level of formiminoglutamic acid.
Soft Computing Methods for Prediction of Replication Origins in Caudoviruses

Prediction methods that can be reduced to learning of partially defined multiple-valued functions have become very popular. In this paper, we consider a prediction problem related to DNA replication, which is essential for the reproduction of many viruses. Procedures to find replication origins are important for controlling such viruses. This paper focuses on the order of caudovirales and proposes a new prediction approach based on least-squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) and a multilayer feedforward neural network with multi-valued neurons (MLMVN). The results suggest that this method will be a useful tool for the prediction of viral replication origins.
Selective effects of nonionic detergent and salt solutions in dissolving nuclear envelope protein

Protein has been selectively extracted from isolated chicken erythrocyte nuclear envelope by (1) dilute MgCl2/Triton X-100 followed by (2) concentrated MgCl2/Triton X-100 solutions. Certain proteins appear to be selectively dissolved in the first solvent and may occur in the nuclear envelope primarily as lipoproteins. Among the proteins insoluble in the low MgCl2/Triton X-100 wash, as well as in 500 mM MgCl2 without Triton previously used in the preparation of the envelope fraction, the quantitatively major polypeptides dissolve in a combination of high MgCl2 and Triton X-100. Further, much of this dissolved protein precipitates when the MgCl2 concentration is lowered by dialysis. The insolubility of these proteins appears to result from a combination of ionic and hydrophobic interactions and may explain the resistance of nuclei to various manipulative procedures including nonionic detergent washes. The procedures described provide a route for gently and selectively dissolving representative proteins from the nuclear envelope lipoprotein matrix and from the envelope “residual” protein.
Biomimetic extracellular matrix mediated somatic stem cell differentiation: applications in dental pulp tissue regeneration

Dental caries is one of the most widely prevalent infectious diseases in the world. It affects more than half of the world's population. The current treatment for necrotic dental pulp tissue arising from dental caries is root canal therapy. This treatment results in loss of tooth sensitivity and vitality making it prone for secondary infections. Over the past decade, several tissue-engineering approaches have attempted regeneration of the dental pulp tissue. Although several studies have highlighted the potential of dental stem cells, none have transitioned into a clinical setting owing to limited availability of dental stem cells and the need for growth factor delivery systems. Our strategy is to utilize the intact ECM of pulp cells to drive lineage specific differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells. From a clinical perspective, pulp ECM scaffolds can be generated using cell lines and patient specific somatic stem cells can be used for regeneration. Our published results have shown the feasibility of using pulp ECM scaffolds for odontogenic differentiation of non-dental mesenchymal cells. This focused review discusses the issues surrounding dental pulp tissue regeneration and the potential of our strategy to overcome these issues.
Challenges for Quality of Service (QoS) in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs)

Next generation of wireless communication systems are engineered to service independent mobile users. These independent mobile users (nodes) are connected by wireless links build a Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). The nodes in this system work together only based on mutual agreement without knowing about the network topology around themselves. Maintaining appropriate Quality of Service (QoS) for these networks, Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) is a complex task because of the dynamic behavior of the network topology. Moreover, the size of the ad-hoc network is related to the QoS of the network. In addition, Mobile ad-hoc networks have a significant role in the future operation of wireless communication systems. Consequently, these networks should be able to provide the required QoS for the users. In this paper we discuss and analyze the dynamic nature of MANETs, and special attention is paid on fundamental problems and issues that occur when trying to provide QoS in this network environment.
Evaluation of a Bystander Education Program

Sexual and partner violence are widespread problems on college campuses. By changing attitudes, beliefs, and behavior, bystander education programs have been found to prevent sexual and partner violence and improve the responses of peers to survivors. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of a bystander education program that was adapted to a specific university setting. A convenience sample of 202, full-time undergraduate students aged 18-22 years participated in the bystander education program and completed pre- and post-test measures of attitudes related to sexual and partner violence and willingness to help. Paired sample t-tests were used to examine changes in scores between pre- and post-test conditions. After the program, participants' reported decreased rape myth acceptance and denial of interpersonal violence, and increased intention to act as a bystander and an increased sense of responsibility to intervene. Mental health nurses can use principles of bystander education in violence prevention programs and in providing support to survivors.
Impaired and facilitated functional networks in temporal lobe epilepsy

How epilepsy affects brain functional networks remains poorly understood. Here we investigated resting state functional connectivity of the temporal region in temporal lobe epilepsy. Thirty-two patients with unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy underwent resting state blood-oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging. We defined regions of interest a priori focusing on structures involved, either structurally or metabolically, in temporal lobe epilepsy. These structures were identified in each patient based on their individual anatomy. Our principal findings are decreased local and inter-hemispheric functional connectivity and increased intra-hemispheric functional connectivity ipsilateral to the seizure focus compared to normal controls. Specifically, several regions in the affected temporal lobe showed increased functional coupling with the ipsilateral insula and immediately neighboring subcortical regions. Additionally there was significantly decreased functional connectivity between regions in the affected temporal lobe and their contralateral homologous counterparts. Intriguingly, decreased local and inter-hemispheric connectivity was not limited or even maximal for the hippocampus or medial temporal region, which is the typical seizure onset region. Rather it also involved several regions in temporal neo-cortex, while also retaining specificity, with neighboring regions such as the amygdala remaining unaffected. These findings support a view of temporal lobe epilepsy as a disease of a complex functional network, with alterations that extend well beyond the seizure onset area, and the specificity of the observed connectivity changes suggests the possibility of a functional imaging biomarker for temporal lobe epilepsy.
Image object signatures from centripetal autowaves

Abstract Computer models of the activity of the visual cortex have been able to produce signatures that can be used to identify objects in the input image. Difficulties in this model of maintaining unique signatures from an image with clutter is solved here.
Dynamics of low-pressure and high-pressure fuel cell air supply systems

Choosing an operating pressure is a critical decision that defines many characteristics of the fuel cell system. High stack power density is the main selling point of high-pressure systems. On the contrary, low-pressure systems have a benefit of low parasitic loss on air flow devices and less sealing and membrane fracture problems. Here, we look at the dynamic characteristics of both high-pressure and low-pressure systems. The model of a low-pressure air supply system with low-speed blowers is developed. We then perform a dynamical analysis comparing the low pressure system with the high-pressure system equipped with an air compressor. The differences in the transient behavior of the two systems are investigated and their sensitivity to the flow device inertia and the supply manifold volume are explored.
Sphingolipid C-9 methyltransferases are important for growth and virulence but not for sensitivity to antifungal plant defensins in Fusarium graminearum.

The C-9-methylated glucosylceramides (GlcCers) are sphingolipids unique to fungi. They play important roles in fungal growth and pathogenesis, and they act as receptors for some antifungal plant defensins. We have identified two genes, FgMT1 and FgMT2, that each encode a putative sphingolipid C-9 methyltransferase (C-9-MT) in the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum and complement a Pichia pastoris C-9-MT-null mutant. The ΔFgmt1 mutant produced C-9-methylated GlcCer like the wild-type strain, PH-1, whereas the ΔFgmt2 mutant produced 65 to 75% nonmethylated and 25 to 35% methylated GlcCer. No ΔFgmt1ΔFgmt2 double-knockout mutant producing only nonmethylated GlcCer could be recovered, suggesting that perhaps C-9-MTs are essential in this pathogen. This is in contrast to the nonessential nature of this enzyme in the unicellular fungus P. pastoris. The ΔFgmt2 mutant exhibited severe growth defects and produced abnormal conidia, while the ΔFgmt1 mutant grew like the wild-type strain, PH-1, under the conditions tested. The ΔFgmt2 mutant also exhibited drastically reduced disease symptoms in wheat and much-delayed disease symptoms in Arabidopsis thaliana. Surprisingly, the ΔFgmt2 mutant was less virulent on different host plants tested than the previously characterized ΔFggcs1 mutant, which lacks GlcCer synthase activity and produces no GlcCer at all. Moreover, the ΔFgmt1 and ΔFgmt2 mutants, as well as the P. pastoris strain in which the C-9-MT gene was deleted, retained sensitivity to the antifungal plant defensins MsDef1 and RsAFP2, indicating that the C-9 methyl group is not a critical structural feature of the GlcCer receptor required for the antifungal action of plant defensins.
Correction of Sun glint Contamination on the SeaWiFS Ocean and Atmosphere Products.

For remote sensing of the ocean and atmosphere optical properties, the measurement of radiances affected by sun glint has to be avoided and/or masked out. There are usually no meaningful retrievals in regions significantly contaminated by sun glint. The Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) is capable of operationally tilting the sensor 20 degrees away from nadir to minimize sun glint contamination. The sun glint mask is computed from the Cox and Munk model [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 44, 838-850 (1954)] and applied to the SeaWiFS data. However, sun glint is still a factor near the subsolar point. We present results that demonstrate the effect of sun glint contamination on retrievals of ocean bio-optical and atmospheric products. We show that, although sun glint contamination has a minor effect on retrieved ocean color products, the effect on retrieved atmospheric products, e.g., aerosol optical thickness, is significant. We describe a sun glint correction scheme implemented in the SeaWiFS data-processing system and compare the results with and without sun glint correction. With sun glint correction the derived ocean and atmospheric products are improved. Also, the sun glint masked area can be reduced and therefore can increase significantly the coverage area near the subsolar point.
Stem cell mobilization and collection for induction of mixed chimerism and renal allograft tolerance in cynomolgus monkeys.

Background We have previously observed that donor bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells successfully induce transient mixed chimerism and renal allograft tolerance following non-myeloablative conditioning of the recipient. Stem cells isolated from the peripheral blood (PBSC) may provide similar benefits. We sought to determine the most effective method of mobilizing PBSC for this approach and the effects of differing conditioning regimens on their engraftment.
Patch expansion of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) with and without polyethylene mulch

Abstract Purple and yellow nutsedge are the most troublesome weeds of vegetable crops in the southeast United States. Elimination of methyl bromide use will require alternative management programs to suppress nutsedge growth and interference in vegetables. Polyethylene mulch is an effective barrier for most weeds; however, nutsedges can proliferate in beds covered with polyethylene mulch. The influence of polyethylene mulch on shoot production and lateral expansion patterns of single tubers of purple nutsedge and yellow nutsedge over time was evaluated in field studies. Purple nutsedge patch size was similar in the black mulch treatment and nonmulched control after 8 and 16 wk after planting (WAP). By the end of the growing season, purple nutsedge patch size in the black mulch treatment was nearly twice that in the nonmulched control. At 32 WAP, there were 1,550 shoots in the 16.1 m2 patch in the black mulch treatment and 790 shoots in the 8.1 m2 patch in the nonmulched control. In contrast, yellow nutsed...
Environmental History: Profile of a Developing Field

IN THE LAST TWENTY-FIVE YEARS, and especially in the last ten years, environmental history in the United States has become a recognized field with a strong core of both individual and institutional support. An increasing number of historians are specializing in it. Graduate students can now study with prominent environmental historians in Ph.D. programs at several institutions and can earn a doctorate in the field. The number of academic conferences focused on environmental studies and history have proliferated in the 1990s. Environmental historians have also had their own organization, the American Society for Environmental History, and journal, the Environmental History Review (recently merged with Forest and Conservation History into a new journal, Environmental History, with a combined subscription list of about 2,000), since the mid1970s. Attendance at the biennial ASEH meeting continues to grow. Many history departments in American universities now also offer introductory-level courses in the field. History departments in the West, where the field has deeper roots, have long had courses on the books in environmental history, but universities in other regions are now also offering courses. Many also have environmental studies programs or even separate institutes or colleges that include environmental history as part of their curriculum. Some departments and programs are also now offering advanced courses that often cross disciplinary, as well as na-
Influence of Aerobic Fitness on Cardiovascular Responses During Slow Head-Down Tilting

This study examined the influence of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) on mean heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) responses to slow head-down tilting. Twenty-four young, healthy volunteers were tilted randomly from the horizontal plane to −30, −60, and −90 degrees with lower limbs extended or flexed. A multivariate analysis of variance between three independent variables (level of CRF, tilt angle, and lower limb position) and three dependent variables (mean HR, SBP, and DBP) was performed on the cardiovascular changes from an initial horizontal baseline value (absolute change) and from a horizontal value that immediately preceded tilting angles (relative change). The results for significant absolute cardiovascular changes indicated a CRF influence on HR increase ( F = 6.42, p < .05), a tilt-angle influence on SBP increase ( F = 9.56, p < .001), and DBP increase ( F = 6.49, p < .01) and an interaction influence between CRF level and limb position for DBP ( F = 5.83, p < .05). Significant relative cardiovascular change was noted for tilt-angle influence on HR ( F = 9.04, p ≤ .001). We conclude, therefore, that physical therapists should consider the CRF of individuals and the tilt angle to be used before they conduct slow head-down tilting for therapy.
Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome

Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome, the most common periodic disorder of childhood, presents with the cardinal symptoms of periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis typically before age 5. This review presents the recent literature on PFAPA and summarizes key findings in the pathogenesis, evaluation, and treatment of the disease. Theories surrounding the pathogenesis of PFAPA include a faulty innate immunologic response in conjunction with dysregulated T-cell activation. A potential genetic link is also under consideration. Mediterranean fever (MEFV) gene variants have been implicated and appear to modify disease severity. In individuals with the heterozygous variant, PFAPA episodes are milder and shorter in duration. Diagnostic criteria include the traditional clinical signs, in addition to the following biomarkers: elevated C-reactive protein in the absence of elevated procalcitonin, vitamin D, CD64, mean corpuscular volume, and other nonspecific inflammatory mediators in the absence of an infectious explanation for fever. Treatment of PFAPA includes tonsillectomy, a single dose of corticosteroids, and, most recently, interleukin 1 blockers such as anakinra, rilonacept, and canakinumab. Tonsillectomy remains the only permanent treatment modality.
A serological reaction associated with sarcoidosis.

Conclusions1. A serological reaction has been obtained between sera of patients with sarcoidosis and antigens from anonymous mycobacteria, using agar diffusion technic. 2. The reaction has occurred in sera of 28 of 32 patients, 3 of which changed from negative to positive as lesions improved. 3. The data permit no conclusion as to specificity of this reaction, but suggest its value as an additional diagnostic method in sarcoidosis.The author expresses gratitude to Dr. M. M. Cummings, Oklahoma City; Dr. Helen Dickie, Madison, Wis.; Dr. Edwin Kendig, Richmond, Va.; and Dr. Howard Buechner, New Orleans, for assistance in obtaining sera from their several areas.The author wishes to express his great obligation to Miss Maro Speight, whose untiring and enthusiastic efforts have made this study possible, and to Dr. Lloyd Hirshberger, San Angelo, Texas, for providing sera and information on the sanatorium patients.
Marginality Associated with Interorganizational Linking Process, Productivity, and Satisfaction

The article reports on the concept of marginality as it applies to industrial organization and industrial management. The author focuses on ways in which marginality affects job satisfaction and in...
Relationship Between the Types of Insurance Coverage and Outpatient Mental Health Treatment Use Among Older Adults

Using the public use data files of the 2008 to 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, this study examined (a) the payment sources for mental health treatment among those aged 50 to 64 years and those aged 65+ years and (b) the relationship between outpatient mental health treatment use and different types of insurance coverage among members of these two age groups. The results show that 16% of the 50 to 64 age group and 10% of the 65+ age group used inpatient or outpatient mental health treatment in the preceding year. Logistic regression analyses showed that mental health problem severity and public insurance programs (Medicare, Medicaid, and Department of Veterans Affairs [VA]/military insurance) significantly increased the odds of receiving outpatient treatment. Private insurance was not a significant factor for either age group. Older adults with mental health problems must be encouraged to seek treatment and need to be informed about mental health coverage included in their insurance(s).
Trends in Addressing Social Needs: A Longitudinal Study of Congregation-Based Service Provision and Political Participation

When congregations seek to address social needs, they often pursue this goal through acts of service and political engagement. Over the past three decades, a tremendous amount of research has been dedicated to analyzing congregation-based service provision and political participation. However, little is known about how congregations’ involvement in these arenas has changed during this period. To help fill this gap, this study analyzes three waves of data from a national survey of congregations to assess how congregations’ participation patterns in service-related and political activities have been changing since the 1990s. It also examines trends among subpopulations of congregations grouped by their religious tradition, ethnoracial composition, and ideological orientation. Overall, this study finds that among most types of congregations, the percentage participating in service-related activities is substantial and increasing, while the percentage participating in political activities is less substantial and decreasing. This decline in political participation has implications for the role congregations play in addressing social needs. Relieving immediate needs through service provision without also pursuing long-term solutions through political participation can limit congregations’ ability to comprehensively address social needs. Among the few types of congregations that have high and/or increasing participation rates in both service-related and political activities are Catholic, predominantly Hispanic, and politically liberal congregations.
Study of relationship between pulse pressure and cardio-cerebrovascular disease morbidity

Objective:To explore the relationship among pulse pressure(PP)with risk factor and morbidity of cardio-cerebrovascular disease in the population of Fujian.Methods:In this study,9612((male 4748,female 4864)individuals were follow-up from 1991 to 1999.The individuals were over 40 years old,and were from 8 different areas.The reply rate was 92.1%,the baseline survey was carried out in 1991.Subjects were divided into different groups according to age(40~49,50~59,60~69 and ≥70 years)and sex.Each group was further divided into four subgroups according to PP level(30,30~39,40~49,50~59,60~69 and ≥70 mmHg).Results:Analyzed results were as follows.Significant difference between PP and age was observed(P0.01).PP was positively correlated with age(r=0.465,P0.01).PP level of the individuals with history of stroke was higher than that of without stroke history(P0.01).The pulse pressure increased with weight index(P0.05).The morbidity of acute myocardial infarction(AMI)and stroke increase associated with PP level,especially in PP≥39 mmHg groups(P0.01),especially significant in the stroke morbidity(P0.01).The morbidity of stroke was 5.6 times of AMI morbidity.There was significant relationship among PP and age(0.467),overweight(0.083),history of stroke(0.077),sex(0.079)and smoking history(0.035)according standard partial regression coefficient.Conclusion:The study indicates that there is significant relationship among pulse pressure and age,overweight,history of stroke,sex and smoking history.Pulse pressure level is markedly association with all event and death of AMI and stroke.The morbidity of AMI and stroke increase with pulse pressure level in pulse pressure ≥40 mmHg group.Therefore,it is suggested that the pulse pressure is a risk factor of cardio-cerebrovascular disease,the perfect pulse pressure level is 30~39 mmHg.
187 INSULIN DECREASES LUNG INFLAMMATION AND ACUTE LUNG INJURY IN RATS.

Intensive insulin therapy not only normalizes the elevated blood glucose levels that develop in nondiabetics and diabetics who are battling critical illnesses but also, and remarkably, increases the survival of these individuals (N Engl J Med 2001;345:1359-67 and J Clin Invest 2004;114:1187-95). To begin to determine the presently unknown mechanism for this lifesaving effect, we hypothesized that insulin therapy decreases lung inflammation and acute lung injury seriously ill patients. We chose to initially test this premise using a standard rat model in which lung inflammation and acute lung injury develop following insufflation of cytokines (interleukin-1 and/or interferon-γ) that are increased in lungs of patients with acute lung injury. We found that insulin therapy decreases lung neutrophil recruitment (lung lavage neutrophil counts) and acute lung injury (lung lavage LDH concentrations) in lungs of cytokine insufflated rats. In addition, insulin therapy also decreased xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activity in mononuclear phagocytes recovered by lavage from lungs of cytokine insufflated rats. The latter observation is relevant because our prior studies suggest that mononuclear phagocyte XOR activity may contribute to neutrophil increases in lungs of rats insufflated with cytokines (Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004;30:479-90). In parallel, we found that inducing hyperglycemia (without administering insulin) increased the number of neutrophils recoverable from lungs of rats insufflated with cytokines. These preliminary findings suggest that one possible effect of intensive insulin therapy is to reduce lung inflammation and acute lung injury. This mechanism might contribute to the reduced mortality of critically ill patients who receive intensive insulin therapy.
First principles calculations of solid-state thermionic transport in layered van der Waals heterostructures

This work aims at understanding solid-state energy conversion and transport in layered (van der Waals) heterostructures in contact with metallic electrodes via a first-principles approach. As an illustration, a graphene/phosphorene/graphene heterostructure in contact with gold electrodes is studied by using density functional theory (DFT)-based first principles calculations combined with real space Green's function (GF) formalism. We show that for a monolayer phosphorene, quantum tunneling dominates the transport. By adding more phosphorene layers, one can switch from tunneling-dominated transport to thermionic-dominated transport, resulting in transporting more heat per charge carrier, thus, enhancing the cooling coefficient of performance. The use of layered van der Waals heterostructures has two advantages: (a) thermionic transport barriers can be tuned by changing the number of layers, and (b) thermal conductance across these non-covalent structures is very weak. The phonon thermal conductance of the present van der Waals heterostructure is found to be 4.1 MW m(-2) K(-1) which is one order of magnitude lower than the lowest value for that of covalently-bonded interfaces. The thermionic coefficient of performance for the proposed device is 18.5 at 600 K corresponding to an equivalent ZT of 0.13, which is significant for nanoscale devices. This study shows that layered van der Waals structures have great potential to be used as solid-state energy-conversion devices.
Learning and Emotional Disabilities

Research has consistently confirmed the relationship between low academic achievement and juvenile delinquency. Consistent with these reports of academic difficulties, research has found that a high percentage of juvenile delinquents in comparison to their nondelinquent peers qualify for special education services under the IDEIA. While currently less than 10 % of students in the general population receive special education services for an educational disability, studies have found estimates ranging from 40 to 75 % of juvenile delinquency samples having an educational disability. There are 13 major disability categories recognized by the IDEIA under which a student may qualify for special education services. This chapter discusses the most common educational disabilities identified in the juvenile delinquency population, namely, specific learning disability and emotional disability. The diagnostic features of each educational disability are discussed, as well as common interventions. Finally, the chapter discusses the implications that these disabilities can have on social, emotional, and behavioral functioning, as well as the implications of the relationship between juvenile delinquency and educational disabilities.
Coexistence not Reconciliation: From Communal Violence to Non-Violence in North Maluku, Eastern Indonesia

Cultural approaches to reconciliation, those based on ‘traditional’ practices for peacemaking, have attracted the attention of scholars looking at post-conflict regions in Indonesia. Numerous observers have pointed to the revitalisation of the Tobelo adat notion of hibualamo in the province of North Maluku as a successful example of this approach. This paper disputes those conclusions and explores local strategies for peacebuilding and reactions to these strategies in post-conflict North Halmahera. I compare grassroots understandings of ‘reconciliation’ with those of the local elite behind this revitalisation effort. I also debate the concept of reconciliation as it has been applied to the region. Applying the concept of reconciliation, with its connotations of a positive peace, to the post-conflict situation in North Maluku is more of an idealistic view of the potentialities for peace than an actual reflection of reality. I suggest it is more appropriate to describe the situation as one of coexistence or...
Synergistic activation of transcription by UNC-86 and MEC-3 in Caenorhabditis elegans embryo extracts.

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been a choice organism for the study of developmental regulation using classical and molecular genetic approaches. Consequently, many genetically defined pathways have been described and numerous regulatory genes have been identified. However, the biochemical and functional properties of these putative transcription factors have remained uncharacterized, partly because C.elegans cell-free transcription reactions have not been developed. Here we describe the in vitro transcriptional activation properties of two C.elegans homeodomain proteins, UNC-86 and MEC-3, in nuclear extracts derived from C.elegans embryos. Whereas the POU homeodomain protein, UNC-86, alone was able to activate transcription of the mec-3 promoter in vitro, the LIM homeodomain protein, MEC-3, failed to bind DNA or activate transcription on its own. However, in the presence of both UNC-86 and MEC-3, we observed cooperative binding to the mec-3 promoter and synergistic activation of transcription in vitro. Protein-protein interaction assays revealed that UNC-86 can bind directly to MEC-3, and in vitro transcription studies indicate that both proteins contain a functional activation domain. Thus, formation of a heteromeric complex containing two activation domains results in a highly potent activator. These studies provide direct functional evidence for coordinated transcriptional activation by two C.elegans DNA binding proteins that have been defined genetically as regulators of gene expression during embryogenesis.
Strabismus Measurements in Adults Before and After Pupil Dilation.

Purpose To determine the effect of dilating drops on strabismus measurements in adults. Design Prospective cohort study. Methods Patients aged 18 and older with strabismus underwent a standard evaluation of ocular motility, stereopsis, and ocular alignment with alternate prism cover test by a certified orthoptist. After pupil dilation with 2.5% phenylephrine and 1% tropicamide, ocular alignment was remeasured in primary gaze at 6 meters, at 1/3 meter, and at 1/3 meter with a +3.00 by a second certified orthoptist, masked to the previous measurements. The primary outcome was the mean difference in the angle of horizontal and vertical deviations after dilation in prism diopters. Results A total of 55 patients were enrolled with a variety of diagnoses. For horizontal measurements the mean change was 0.54 prism diopters at 6 meters (95% confidence interval [CI] −0.36 to 1.43, P = .24), 1.67 prism diopters at 1/3 meter (95% CI −0.19 to 3.54, P = .08), and −0.05 prism diopters at 1/3 meter with a +3.00 add (95% CI −1.65 to 1.56, P = .95). The mean change in vertical deviation was 0.18 prism diopters at 6 meters (95% CI −0.19 to 0.56, P = .34), 0.57 prism diopters at 1/3 meter (95% CI 0–1.15, P = .05), and 0.47 prism diopters at 1/3 meter with a +3.00 add (95% CI −0.23 to 1.17, P = .18). Conclusions Pupil dilation does not meaningfully affect vertical or horizontal strabismus measurements in adults. Mild variability at near in younger patients is eliminated with the use of a +3.00 add.
UBASH3A Mediates Risk for Type 1 Diabetes Through Inhibition of T-Cell Receptor–Induced NF-κB Signaling

Although over 40 type 1 diabetes (T1D) risk loci have been mapped in humans, the causative genes and variants for T1D are largely unknown. Here, we investigated a candidate gene in the 21q22.3 risk locus—UBASH3A, which is primarily expressed in T cells where it is thought to play a largely redundant role. Genetic variants in UBASH3A have been shown to be associated with several autoimmune diseases in addition to T1D. However, the molecular mechanism underlying these genetic associations is unresolved. Our study reveals a previously unrecognized role of UBASH3A in human T cells: UBASH3A attenuates the NF-κB signal transduction upon T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation by specifically suppressing the activation of the IκB kinase complex. We identify novel interactions of UBASH3A with nondegradative polyubiquitin chains, TAK1 and NEMO, suggesting that UBASH3A regulates the NF-κB signaling pathway by an ubiquitin-dependent mechanism. Finally, we show that risk alleles at rs11203203 and rs80054410, two T1D-associated variants in UBASH3A, increase UBASH3A expression in human primary CD4+ T cells upon TCR stimulation, inhibiting NF-κB signaling via its effects on the IκB kinase complex and resulting in reduced IL2 gene expression.
Using Novel Technology within a School-Based Setting to Increase Physical Activity: A Pilot Study in School-Age Children from a Low-Income, Urban Community.

Background. Less than half of American children meet national physical activity (PA) recommendations. This study tested the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of using wearable PA monitors to increase PA in school-age children. Methods. In Phase 1 of this study, conducted in 2014, 32 fifth-grade students enrolled in a low-resource middle school were given a waist-worn Fitbit Zip monitor for 4 weeks to test its feasibility (adherence) and acceptability. Adherence, wear time of ≥8 hours per day, was examined. Feedback was solicited from parents through structured interviews. In Phase 2, conducted in 2015, 42 sixth-grade students were assigned, by classroom, to one of three conditions (Fitbit + goal and incentive-based intervention, Fitbit only, or control) to test the feasibility of the wrist-worn Fitbit Charge and its preliminary effectiveness in increasing PA over 6 weeks. Results. In Phase 1, average adherence was 64.1%. In Phase 2, it was 73.4% and 80.2% for participants in the Fitbit + intervention and Fitbit only groups, respectively ( ). After controlling for baseline values, weight status, and sex, there were no significant group differences in changes in MVPA or steps from baseline to follow-up. Conclusions. While moderately acceptable, wearable PA monitors did not increase PA levels in this sample. They may be more effective within a coordinated school-based physical activity program.
Genetic Hypertension: Other Models

Rats, mice, and even turkeys have been selectively inbred to alter blood pressure. The primary use of many of these models has been to study the inheritance of specific traits rather than the physiology of blood pressure control. However, blood pressure control has been studied in two inbred strains of hypertensive rats in addition to the Okamoto and Dahl strains.
Experimental Models Used to Assess Lymphatic Contractile Function.

Abstract Recent years have seen a renewed interest in studies of the lymphatic system. This review addresses the differences between in vivo and ex vivo methods for visualization and functional studies of lymphatic networks, with an emphasis on studies of collecting lymphatic vessels. We begin with a brief summary of the historical uses of both approaches. For the purpose of detailed comparisons, we subdivide in vivo methods into those visualizing lymphatic networks through the intact skin and those using surgically opened skin. We subdivide ex vivo methods into isobaric studies (using a pressure myograph) or isometric studies (using a wire myograph). For all four categories, we compile a comprehensive list of the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of each preparation, with the goal of informing the research community as to the appropriate kinds of experiments best suited, and ill suited, for each.
Amnion: The Ideal Scaffold for Treating Full-Thickness Wounds of the Lower Extremity

Amnion and amniotic tissue has been studied for more than 100 years in the treatment of acute and chronic wounds. Recent studies have focused on the use of amnion tissue in the management of full-thickness diabetic wounds, particularly of the lower extremities. With new harvesting, processing, and distribution technologies, amnion is increasingly available in treating these wounds. Current data and research show increased healing potential and decreased healing times, pain, drainage, and infection in wounds treated with amnion products. There are a variety of amnion products with varying differences and purposes, requiring additional research and comparison trials.