cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elastic distortional buckling of doubly symmetric I-shaped flexural members with slender webs

Intermediate length I-section members, particularly those with slender webs and stocky flanges, have been shown to buckle in a distortional mode, in which the web distorts and the flanges displace sideways with less twist than for the lateral–torsional buckling mode. This, in turn, reduces the torsional rigidity of the member, and hence results in a lower buckling strength. The web distortional flexibility is not addressed explicitly in standards for flexural design of steel I–section members. However, in the 2005 AISC specification it has been tried to account for the influence of web distortional flexibility on the lateral–torsional buckling resistance for slender-web I-section members through implicit use of J=0 in the lateral–torsional buckling equations. This paper evaluates the amount of effectiveness of this consideration within the elastic limit. By comparing the AISC code predictions with the accurate finite strip analysis (FSA) distortional buckling solutions as well as the theoretical predictions of two elastic distortional buckling formulae developed by other researchers, it is found that the assumption of J=0 for slender-web members results in overconservative estimate of the buckling strength in some cases which may cause economic losses.
A Powerful and Robust Test Statistic for Randomization Inference in Group-Randomized Trials with Matched Pairs of Groups

Summary. For group-randomized trials, randomization inference based on rank statistics provides robust, exact inference against nonnormal distributions. However, in a matched-pair design, the currently available rank-based statistics lose significant power compared to normal linear mixed model (LMM) test statistics when the LMM is true. In this article, we investigate and develop an optimal test statistic over all statistics in the form of the weighted sum of signed Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon statistics under certain assumptions. This test is almost as powerful as the LMM even when the LMM is true, but it is much more powerful for heavy tailed distributions. A simulation study is conducted to examine the power.
Diurnal rhythmicity of absorption of a lipid compound (vitamin K-1) in vivo in the rat.

The possibility of rhythmicity in the intestinal absorption of lipids was explored by assessing the absorption of vitamin K-1 by the unanesthetized rat at 6pm, 12 and 6am, and 12pm. A marked variability in the absorption rate of vitamin K-1 was found throughout the 18-hr period. The highest rates of absorption occurred at midnight (139.8±.22 and 134.4±9.1 pmol/min/10 cm of jejunum and ileum, respectively). The lowest rates of absorption occurred at 6am (54.5±1 and 81.4±7.4 pmol/min/10 cm of jejunum and ilenum, respectively). Absorption rates at noon were not different from absorption at 6am but an initial increase in absorption was noted at 6pm. Synchronization of the absorptive rate with time is most likely related to the time of feeding and not to changes in the pattern of illumination. The possibility of marked diurnal variability in the absorption rate should be considered in the design and execution of intestinal absorption experiments.
Ab initio studies of substituted diamond-like carbon clusters

Abstract Ab initio calculations at the Hartree—Fock and second-order perturbation (MP2) levels were performed on diamond-like clusters with a single nitrogen substitutional impurity. The largest cluster consists of 71 atoms and 387 basis function, and the MP2 calculations correlated all 177 valence electrons. The results at the SCF level suggest that the odd electron introduced by the nitrogen atom is bound in a Rydberg-like state outside the cluster. However, inclusion of electron correlation makes this state considerably less diffuse. The use of fractional nuclear charges was also examined.
Mutant and wild type human alpha-synucleins assemble into elongated filaments with distinct morphologies in vitro.

α-Synuclein is a soluble presynaptic protein which is pathologically redistributed within intracellular lesions characteristic of several neurodegenerative diseases. Here we demonstrate that wild type and two mutant forms of α-synuclein linked to familial Parkinson's disease (Ala30 → Pro and Ala53 → Thr) self-aggregate and assemble into 10–19-nm-wide filaments with distinct morphologies under definedin vitro conditions. Immunogold labeling demonstrates that the central region of all these filaments are more robustly labeled than the N-terminal or C-terminal regions, suggesting that the latter regions are buried within the filaments. Since in vitrogenerated α-synuclein filaments resemble the major ultrastructural elements of authentic Lewy bodies that are hallmark lesions of Parkinson's disease, we propose that self-aggregating α-synuclein is the major subunit protein of these filamentous lesions.
Outline of a mathematical biosociology of beliefs and prejudices

Behavior based on acceptance on faith is considered as a result of a special conditioning, and is assumed to be mediated through a special center. Behavior based on rational critical analysis is mediated through a different center. The previously developed theory of two mutually exclusive behaviors is applied to the situation. Making simple assumptions about the development of the two centers with age, it is shown how equations can be derived which describe the percentage of individuals exhibiting one type of behavior or another as a function of time and of different biosociological parameters.
Turgor regulation in the salt-tolerant alga Chara longifolia

Chara longifolia is a salt-tolerant Charophyte which regulates its turgor inresponse to osmotic stress. Membrane depolarization, in creased membrane conductance, and cessation of cytoplasmic streaming (due to increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+) precede regulation in response to hypotonic stress. Measurements of these three parameters are presented here with simultaneous turgor measurements. Variability in the occurrence, rate and extent of turgor regulation in individual cells was correlated with magnitude of the stress. Hypertonic stress showed the same slow time course as was found previously, requiring several days for complete regulation. Fifty μM nifedipine, a Ca2+ channel blocker, inhibited turgor regulation. In the presence of 5 μM nifedipine, turgor regulation was delayed. An increase in conductance preceded regulation, but membrane depolarization was less and no detectable change in cytoplasmic streaming was observed, requiring modifications to a previously presented model for turgor regulation. There was no significant difference in 45Ca2+ influx under control and stress conditions. However, the control flux was insensitive to nifedipine, whereas under stress the flux is inhibited 54% by nifedipine. We suggest that osmotic stress results in a rapid increase in a nifedipine-sensitive Ca2+ entry mechanism, followed very quickly by a decrease in the control entry mechanism.
EFFECTS OF SEMI-TRANSPARENT GLAZING ON THE EMOTIONS OF OFFICE WORKERS

The use of sunlight has always been a major goal of architects and building owners in the design and operation of commercial buildings to minimize electrical consumption when using artificial lighting. However, glazing systems that are designed to allow optimal visible light transmission also allow significant unwanted direct solar gain. Conversely, glazing systems that are designed to reflect unwanted direct solar heat gain significantly reduce the transmittance of visible light through windows. Semi-transparent window glazing reduces light transmission through windows resulting in unknown effects of the natural illumination of spaces on emotional perceptions of office workers. A survey was administered to assess the emotional effect of office spaces that use semi-transparent glazing as compared to clear glazing during daylight hours. Computer visualization software was used to create animated recordings of an office environment, and a modified lighting approach was used to compute accurate solar irradia...
The acoustic environment of ring BOB

The sound‐speed distribution in ring BOB present during cruise 011 of r/vendeavor (July–August 1977) has been examined on the basis of CTD and XBT observations. Sound‐speed values for the XBTs have been computed utilizing a regression analysis for salinity on the hydrographic data and Wilson’s sound‐speed formula. In addition to the characteristic low sound‐speed lens associated with the ring core, the resolution obtained with the XBT observations has revealed a near‐surface high sound‐speed halo, surrounding the core, in the region of the encircling Gulf Stream remnant. The halo is present between the depths of 50 to 150 m and represents a deviation of approximately 20 m/s relative to ring center at 100 m. The azimuthal deviations of sound speed from circular symmetry are presented in terms of observations taken on cruise 008 of r/vendeavor (May 1977). These perturbations are related to quasi‐geostrophic wave structures within the ring which may be stationary or rotate around the ring. The high sound‐spe...
Bilateral nasoalveolar cysts

Abstract Histologically and clinically, these cysts were compatible with the nasoalveolar type of cyst. Hence the diagnosis of bilateral nasoalveolar cysts (classification according to Bernier 1 ). The past history of incision and drainage of the cyst on the left side thirty-five years previously is thought to be commensurate with the size of the cyst, the amount of bone indentation, and the asymptomatic resorption of two teeth. Likewise, the cyst on the right side is believed to have been of many years' duration, as evidenced by the amount of bone indentation. The impression received during the surgical procedures was that the cysts were lying within soft tissue in approximation to the bone, resulting in gradual bone resorption.
Tactual form Discrimination: Developmental Differences in the Effects of Training Under Conditions of Spatial Interference

(1961). Tactual form Discrimination: Developmental Differences in the Effects of Training Under Conditions of Spatial Interference. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 131-140.
The cranium of Parapithecus grangeri, an Egyptian Oligocene anthropoidean primate

A nearly complete skull of Parapithecus grangeri from the early Oligocene of Egypt is described. The specimen is relatively undistorted and is undoubtedly the most complete higher primate skull yet found in the African Oligocene, which also makes it the most complete Oligocene primate cranium worldwide. Belonging in superfamily Parapithecoidea, a group regarded by some as the sister group to all other Anthropoidea, this skull reveals important information about the radiation of stem anthropoideans. This cranium is about 15% larger than size estimates based on a fragmentary cranium of its contemporary and close relative Apidium phiomense. It is about the same size as that of the gray gentle lemur, Hapalemur griseus, or of platyrrhines such as the owl monkey, Aotus trivirgatus, or the titi monkey, Callicebus torquatus. Comparatively small orbits and size differences in jaws and teeth show it was both diurnal and dimorphic. This is the only specimen of the species that shows (from sockets) that there were four small upper incisors. Several mandibular specimens of the species establish that there were no permanent lower incisors and that the symphysis was fused. Like other early anthropoideans this species possessed a lower encephalization quotient and less-developed orbital frontality than later anthropoideans. There is full postorbital closure and fusion of the metopic suture, and the ectotympanic forms a rim to the auditory aperture. A probable frontal/alisphenoid contact is a potentially derived resemblance to Catarrhini. A proposed separate genus for the species P. grangeri is not sustained.
Chronic Toxicity of Hydrogen Sulfide to Gammarus pseudolimnaeus

Abstract Gammarus pseudolimnaeus from two trout streams were exposed to various levels of hydrogen sulfide from 0.0007 to 0.0192 mg/liter in a flow-through apparatus for periods of 65, 95, and 105 days in four tests. Results indicate that 0.002 mg/liter of H2S is the maximum safe concentration for Gammarus, but below this level there is increased reproduction or survival. Mean 96-hr LC50 for Gammarus from the same populations was 0.022 mg/liter of H2S or approximately 10 times the safe level.
3D Stress echocardiography: development of novel visualization, registration and segmentation algorithms

Abstract Stress echocardiography is a routinely used clinical procedure for diagnosing myocardial ischemia. In this procedure, images of the left ventricle are acquired both at rest and upon stress; these are then compared to detect the onset of new wall motion abnormalities post-stress or worsening of existing wall motion abnormalities at rest. Conventional two-dimensional ultrasound used as the imaging tool in this procedure makes image acquisition challenging and limits scanning the left ventricle thoroughly. It also leads to misaligned pre- and post-stress views. Furthermore, the diagnosis relies on visual estimates and remains subjective. Most of these problems can be overcome if the standard stress testing protocol is used together with the newly developed real-time three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound, a procedure we have termed 3D stress echocardiography. To realize the full potential of 3D stress echocardiography, we present development of new registration algorithms to align pre- and post-stress images, new visualization algorithms for interactive viewing of large 3D data sets, and new segmentation algorithms to allow making objective diagnoses. 3D Stress echocardiography, in conjunction with the advanced visualization and image analyses techniques we have proposed, has the potential to lead to improved diagnosis of myocardial ischemia and hence definitive treatment of coronary artery disease.
Short-Term Impacts of Frangula alnus Litter on Forest Soil Properties

Effects of invasive plants on soil properties and microbial communities have been observed, but the mechanisms driving change are less obvious. The objective of this study was to determine the short-term impacts of litter from the invasive shrub Frangula alnus on soil properties and soil microorganims. In situ soil rings (6-cm diameter by 7-cm deep) received the following aqueous treatments: deionized water, dextrose, cellulose, Quercus alba leaf extract, and F. alnus leaf extract (n = 7) and were sampled 1, 2, and 4 weeks after additions were made. Microbial biomass carbon did not respond differently to treatments containing carbon (C) sources at any sampling period, suggesting that C quality had little impact on microbial abundance at this site. However, in weeks 1 and 2, soil treated with F. alnus had significantly higher total extractable nitrogen (N) than the control, dextrose, cellulose, and Q. alba extract (all comparisons for both weeks p < 0.001). We suspect that the increase in extractable N in the F. alnus-treated soil was due to enhanced N mineralization. In addition, changes to the microbial biomass C-to-N ratio in the F. alnus-treated soil indicated that microbial function had been altered. Overall, results from this study suggest that F. alnus leaf litter has the capacity to alter soil properties and microbial function by stimulating N mineralization.
Use of the FRAX screening tool to assess fracture risk in a long-term care facility.

Objective The primary objective of this study was to determine the percentage of nursing residents at high risk of fracture as determined by FRAX score, calculated without bone mineral density (BMD) data. The secondary objective was to quantify FRAX components able to be ascertained through pharmacist chart review. Design Retrospective chart review. Setting 130-bed long-term care facility in Arizona. Participants Inclusion criteria comprised designation as a skilled nursing facility, residents older than 50 years of age, and postmenopausal, if female. Exclusion criteria comprised current osteoporosis diagnosis/treatment, and hospice. Eighty-eight residents were screened, and 52 completed the study. Interventions The FRAX clinical risk assessment tool was used without incorporation of BMD data to determine 10-year risk of major osteoporotic and hip fracture. FRAX components unable to be determined by chart review were recorded. Main outcome measure(s) The primary outcome measure was calculated FRAX score for each participant. The secondary outcome measure was component(s) of FRAX unable to be ascertained via chart review. Results 90.3% of participants had high (≥ 3%) 10-year risk of hip fracture and 55.8% had high (≥ 20%) 10-year risk of major osteoporotic fracture. FRAX components unable to be ascertained through chart review included family history of hip fracture (absent from 51.9% of charts) and/or ethanol use (absent from 3.8% of charts). Conclusion Nursing facility residents are at high risk for fracture as determined by FRAX, without BMD data. The ability to determine FRAX scores via pharmacist chart review demonstrates an opportunity for pharmacist involvement in long-term care fracture risk screening.
Indirect determination of thallium by differential-pulse polarography

Abstract The method is based on the separation ofTl(I) as Tl 2 HPMo 12 O 40 , stripping of the molybdate, and measurement of the peak current in differential-pulse polarography of the molybdenum. The calibration graph is linear over the range 2–12 ppm of thallium. The relative standard deviation is 1.2% (7 replicates each containing 500 μg of thallium). The current due to reduction of the molybdenum is three times that for reduction of the equivalent amount of Tl(I) in the thallous phosphomolybdate precipitate, making the indirect approach more sensitive than direct polarographic determination of the Tl(I).
Causal Attributions and Sex Differences Associated With Perceptions of Occupational Barriers

This study extends previous research addressing sex differences in perceived occupational barriers and evaluates the mediating role of causal attributions in the relationship between perceived occupational barriers and career maturity. Participants (85 women and 30 men) listed their perceived barriers to occupational goals, completed a measure of attributions for career decision making, and completed 2 different measures of career maturity. Findings revealed that a larger proportion of women than men perceived past barriers associated with family-related issues. Results also revealed a significant, negative relationship between the number of perceived occupational barriers and career maturity for participants who believe that career decision making is an externally caused, uncontrollable process. The implications of these findings and suggestions for career counselors to integrate perceived barriers into the counseling process are discussed.
In vitro mechanical property comparison of four resins used for fabrication of provisional fixed restorations

Abstract Purpose. This study recorded and compared the flexural elastic moduli and moduli of rupture of four materials (Provipont DC resin, Triad provisional restorative material, Jet acrylic resin, and a 50:50 mixture of Jet acrylic resin and orthodontic resin) used to make provisional restorations. Material and methods. Thirty-nine identical 63 × 10 × 3 mm specimens were made from each of the four materials. After 24 hours, 30 days, and 60 days of water storage at 37° C (13 specimens each), standard three-point bend tests were conducted on an Instron universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 cm/minute. Stress strain curves were generated, and values for the flexural elastic moduli and moduli of rupture were calculated. Data were subjected to two-way and one-way analyses of variance (α = 0.05). Results. Provipont DC resin exhibited significantly higher flexural elastic moduli and moduli of rupture values at the 24-hour test time. However, Provipont DC resin exhibited the greatest decrease in these values over time. (J Prosthet Dent 1998;80:158-62.)
Increased rates of sugar transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A result of sugar metabolism.

Abstract Preincubation of yeast cells with glucose or other metabolic energy sources increased the rate of sorbose efflux 2- or 3-fold. Stimulated rates persisted for several h, decreasing slowly. They were approximately halved by including K m concentrations of highly competitive sugars such as deoxyglucose, glucose, fructose and mannose in sorbose efflux suspensions, and were greatly slowed at reduced temperatures. Inhibitors of energy metabolism blocked the rate stimulation, as did cycloheximide; added nitrogen sources increased the rate additionally. The rate of sorbose uptake was also increased, whereas that of dimethylsulfoxide, which enters the cell by simple diffusion, was not changed. Transport of arabinose and fucose also occurred at increased rates. The data indicate a change in the sorbose transport system rather than in membrane permeability. The change, apparently the synthesis of a transport system component, requires metabolic energy and involves protein synthesis.
RECENT APPLICATIONS OF OXOCHROMIUMAMINE COMPLEXES AS OXIDANTS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS. A REVIEW

(1988). RECENT APPLICATIONS OF OXOCHROMIUMAMINE COMPLEXES AS OXIDANTS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS. A REVIEW. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 533-584.
RNA of low molecular weight in KB cells infected with adenovirus type 2.

Chromatographic analysis on methylated albumin—kieselguhr columns of newly formed, radioactive RNA from KB cells infected with adenovirus type 2 revealed an unusual radioactive component which was eluted following 4 s RNA. This RNA was present predominantly in the 100,000 g ribosomal supernatant cell fraction, and was distinguished from 4 s, 16 s and 28 s RNA's on the basis of its behavior on methylated albumin columns, base composition, sedimentation velocity and behavior on Sephadex G100 columns. This RNA component has certain characteristics in common with a “5 s” RNA associated with ribosomes from uninfected KB cells and a variety of other organisms. The effect of deoxy-fluorouridine and actinomycin D on the metabolism of this unusual RNA suggests that DNA synthesis and transcription of DNA into RNA are required for its formation.
Social and environmental factors influencing mother-infant separation-reunion in squirrel monkeys

Sixteen squirrel monkey mother and infant dyads were housed in groups of two. They were separated and then immediately reunited in their familiar home cage or in a novel environment, either in conjunction with the second mother-infant dyad, or as a single manipulated pair. Behavioral observations of both dyads were made during the 30-min period following these manipulations; blood samples were then taken for cortisol assay. Mothers' locomotor activity increased when a single dyad was manipulated in the home cage and decreased in the novel environment where proximity between the pairs increased. Cortisol levels varied significantly across conditions, with mothers and infants responding to different stimuli. Mothers responded primarily to social disruption, including separation from the other dyad, and infants responded most clearly to novelty and separation from the other dyad. No significant differences were observed over base levels when both mother and infant pairs were reunited in the home cage, indicating that changes were not due to the disturbance involved in the separation procedure.
Clinical application of polymerase chain reaction to diagnose Clostridium difficile in hospitalized patients with diarrhea.

Abstract Background & Aims: Clostridium difficile is a common cause of diarrhea in hospitalized patients and is associated with significant morbidity and cost. The current diagnostic standard, enzyme immunoassay (EIA), has low sensitivity, leading to duplicate testing and empiric treatment. We sought to show the usefulness and potential cost effectiveness of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of toxin B gene for diagnosis of C. difficile —induced diarrhea. Methods: A total of 148 stool samples from academic and community-based hospitals were sent for EIA testing and were evaluated prospectively for the presence of toxin B gene by PCR. Results were compared with EIA regarding sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. Medical charts were reviewed to determine the following: (1) number of EIAs sent per admission, (2) number sent within a 24-hour time period, and (3) how caregivers practiced based on EIA results. Results: The mean age of 130 patients was 55 years. EIA and PCR were positive in 6.8% and 13.6% of patients, respectively. EIA sensitivity was 40%, specificity was 98%, and positive and negative predictive values were 80% and 91%, respectively. The cost of the PCR was $22/sample. Empiric treatment for C. difficile was given unnecessarily in 42% of EIA-negative results. Thirty percent of patients had 3 or more EIAs sent during their hospital admission. Of patients with multiple samples sent, 57% had more than 1 sample sent in a 24-hour period. Conclusions: Many physicians do not conform to practice guidelines regarding recommended diagnosis and empiric treatment of C. difficile . Toxin B gene PCR represents a more sensitive and potentially cost-effective method to diagnose C. difficile —induced diarrhea than EIA and should be considered for use as an alternative diagnostic standard.
Galaxy formation by mock gravity

Absorbing particles in an isotropic radiation field experience an attractive force due to their mutual shadowing. If the pre-galactic universe contained suitable sources of radiation and absorbing material, an instability caused by this effect may have led to the formation of galaxies and galaxy clusters. Other consequences include the segregation of galaxies from dark matter and a strong anisotropic far-infrared background.
Osteoporosis improvement: a large-scale randomized controlled trial of patient and primary care physician education.

We conducted a randomized controlled trial within the setting of a large drug benefit plan for Medicare beneficiaries. Primary care physicians and their patients were randomized to usual care, patient intervention only, physician intervention only, or both interventions. There was no difference in the probability of the primary composite endpoint (BMD test or osteoporosis medication) or in either of its components comparing the combined intervention group with usual care (risk ratio = 1.04; 95% CI, 0.85–1.26). Introduction: Fractures from osteoporosis are associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and cost. However, only a minority of at-risk older adults receives screening and/or treatment for this condition. We evaluated the effect of educational interventions for osteoporosis targeting at-risk patients, primary care physicians, or both. Materials and Methods: We conducted a randomized controlled trial within the setting of a large drug benefit plan for Medicare beneficiaries. Primary care physicians and their patients were randomized to usual care, patient intervention only, physician intervention only, or both interventions. The at-risk patients were women ≥65 yr of age, men and women ≥65 yr of age with a prior fracture, and men and women ≥65 yr of age who used oral glucocorticoids. The primary outcome studied was a composite of either undergoing a BMD test or initiating a medication used for osteoporosis. The secondary outcome was a hip, humerus, spine, or wrist fracture. Results: We randomized 828 primary care physicians and their 13,455 eligible at-risk patients into four study arms. Physician and patient characteristics were very similar across all four groups. Across all four groups, the rate of the composite outcome was 10.3 per 100 person-years and did not differ between the usual care and the combined intervention groups (p = 0.5). In adjusted Cox proportional hazards models, there was no difference in the probability of the primary composite endpoint comparing the combined intervention group with usual care (risk ratio = 1.04; 95% CI, 0.85–1.26). There was also no difference in either of the components of the composite endpoint. The probability of fracture during follow-up was 4.2 per 100 person-years and did not differ by treatment assignment (p = 0.9). Conclusions: In this trial, a relatively brief program of patient and/or physician education did not work to improve the management of osteoporosis. More intensive efforts should be considered for future quality improvement programs for osteoporosis.
The biosynthesis of 3-nitropropanoic acid by Penicillium atrovenetum.

Maximum production of 3-nitropropanoic acid by Penicillium atrovenetum occurs when the culture medium contains an auxiliary carbon source and ammonium ion. The most suitable carbon sources are dicarboxylic acids such as fumaric, succinic, and tartaric. Aspartic acid is presumably deaminated prior to its utilization in the biosynthesis. The addition of an oxidized form of ammonia to fumarate is proposed as a possible first step in the biosynthetic sequence.
CRYSTAL TWINNING IN SIMULTANEOUS BIAXIAL STRETCHING OF GELATION-CRYSTALLIZED ULTRA-HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE

Structure and orientation development in simultaneous biaxial stretching of gelation-crystallized ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) was examined by means of X-ray pole figures. The dry gel film exhibits a stacked lamellar structure similar to single-crystal mats with preferential crystalc-axis orientation normal to the film surface. The biaxially stretched gelationcrystallized films reveal a complex crystal orientation of (1 1 0), (2 0 0) and (0 2 0) planes. The detailed analysis of these pole figures manifests the occurrence of crystal twinning in addition to the orientation of crystallites. Crystal transformation of orthorhombic to monoclinic structure was not observed during biaxial stretching. The orientation distribution functions of crystallites were calculated assuming affine deformation. The orthogonality of crystal 〈1 1 0〉-c axes and crystala-c axes was further assumed to be conserved during the crystal twinning and biaxial orientation, respectively. Model simulation with contributions of 30% crystal twinning and 70% crystal orientation yields the best fit with the X-ray pole figures of biaxially stretched UHMWPE films. The affine model appears to be valid up to a biaxial draw ratio of 1.8×1.8, after which the results deviate from ideality with increasing draw ratio.
On Signal Models for MIMO Radar

A detailed model for the signal received by a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar from point scatterers is derived and compared with a simplified model frequently used in the literature. The simplified model assumes discretization of the scatterer delays and Dopplers and a particular way of handling the out-of-bin radar returns. It is argued that these assumptions may cause results derived from the simplified model to deviate, possibly significantly, from corresponding results observed in a real radar.
Coupling of the distribution of silicon isotopes to the meridional overturning circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean

Abstract The distribution of silicon isotopes within silicic acid, δ 30 Si(OH) 4 , was examined along a section in the North Atlantic from the Cape Verde Islands off Africa to Cape Cod, Massachusetts in North America. Surface water displayed elevated δ 30 Si(OH) 4 associated with biological fractionation of Si during silica production. Below 300 m variations in δ 30 Si(OH) 4 were closely tied to the distribution of water masses as diagnosed through optimum multiparameter analysis, confirming a tight relationship between δ 30 Si(OH) 4 and the meridional overturning circulation in the Atlantic. A linear relationship between δ 30 Si(OH) 4 and the inverse of silicic acid concentration supported control of Si isotope distribution by conservative mixing of end member water masses of different isotopic composition in the Atlantic. There was a suggestion of a weak local minimum in δ 30 Si(OH) 4 in deep waters above the Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse hydrothermal zone on the mid-Atlantic Ridge consistent with the light δ 30 Si(OH) 4 of hydrothermal waters. The lightest δ 30 Si(OH) 4 values were observed in the deep western and deep eastern basins where Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) dominated. The heaviest values in subsurface waters occurred in North Atlantic Deep Water due to strong ventilation and the contribution of heavy northern source waters that are influenced by the Arctic Ocean. The concept of a silicon isotope bipole is introduced to explain how the isotopic differences between the northern and southern end-member water masses arise, and how they influence Si isotope distributions. Northern end-member water masses are heavy due to the influence of the Arctic Ocean. Bottom topography prevents light deep waters from entering the Arctic and the further removal of light isotopes through local biological productivity results in extremely heavy δ 30 Si(OH) 4 within the Arctic. Light AABW dominates the southern end member. The Southern Ocean silicic acid trap distills heavier isotopes of Si out of the Southern Ocean as preformed silicic acid within Antarctic mode waters, while retaining light isotopes that become incorporated into AABW. The influence of the silicon isotope bipole is predicted to be strongest in the Atlantic as the net flow of waters through the Arctic Ocean is from the Pacific to the Atlantic.
Using museum specimens to assess historical distribution and genetic diversity in an endangered butterfly

The Miami blue butterfly, Cyclargus thomasi bethunebakeri, is a state-endangered taxon in Florida and a candidate for federal listing. This once common butterfly saw a dramatic decline in population number and abundance in the 1970s and 1980s, but significant collections of individuals prior to this decline are deposited in natural history museums. Using museum specimens, we quantified the genetic diversity in a historical population present in Key Largo, Florida in 1940, 1960, and 1980. Genetic diversity was consistently high within this historical population, but diversity was observed to decrease over the decades sampled. A comparison of historical diversity from the Key Largo population with the extant populations on Bahia Honda State Park (BHSP) and Key West National Wildlife Refuge (KWNWR) revealed differences in allelic frequencies, but only minor differences in the overall number of alleles. The historical distribution of butterflies throughout the Florida Keys further suggests a metapopulation structure. This structure involved partially-isolated populations of C. t. bethunebakeri that were loosely connected via gene flow and that underwent localized extinction and colonization events along the chain of suitable habitat in the Florida Keys. It appears that a “mini-metapopulation” currently exists on BHSP and KWNWR; structures that are similar to the historical metapopulation structure and distribution of populations on a larger scale. Knowledge of historical distribution helps to plan future reintroduction events with captive-bred butterflies. Additional populations of butterflies may represent undiscovered genetic diversity that, if appropriate, may be further incorporated into captive-breeding efforts.
SRD5A2 and HSD3B2 polymorphisms are associated with prostate cancer risk and aggressiveness.

BACKGROUND Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is believed to play an important role in prostate carcinogenesis. Five alpha reductase type II (SRD5A2) and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II (HSD3B2) are responsible for the biosynthesis and degradation of DHT in the prostate. Two polymorphisms, a valine (V) for leucine (L) substitution at the 89 codon of the SRD5A2 gene and a (TG)n,(TA)n,(CA)n repeat polymorphism within the third intron of the HSD3B2 gene were evaluated with regard to prostate cancer risk.
Practical issues with vitamin K antagonists: elevated INRs, low time-in-therapeutic range, and warfarin failure

Millions of patients worldwide are prescribed vitamin K antagonists for a variety of medical conditions annually. Despite widespread and long-standing experience with these medications, medical care providers are often confronted with challenging clinical situations. Vitamin K antagonists have a narrow therapeutic index secondary to intrinsic patient characteristics and extrinsic factors including a propensity for drug-drug interactions. Clinicians are required to titrate doses according to the measured international normalized ratio for each individual, balancing the risk of bleeding with preventing thrombosis. The risk of major bleeding associated with vitamin K antagonists has been reported to range from 1 to 3% per year. This narrative review will provide an overview of the most commonly used vitamin K antagonists and discuss the importance of assessing quality of anticoagulation with respect to clinical outcomes. Practical approaches to managing excessive anticoagulation, variable anticoagulation, and anticoagulation failure will be provided, drawing on evidence where applicable and expert opinion where evidence is limited.
Surface composition and reactivity of lithium-doped magnesium oxide catalysts for oxidative coupling of methane

Abstract Lithium-doped magnesium oxide catalysts for oxidative coupling of methane with lithium loadings ranging from 0.02 to 10 wt% have been studied using both kinetic and XPS measurements. A correlation between CH, conversion and the concentration of surface species corresponding to an O(1s) XPS peak at 533.0 eV has been obtained. These active species were assigned to Li+O− centers formed by substituting Li into MgO lattices.
Longshore Currents and the Onset of Upwelling over Bottom Slope

Abstract The evolution of longshore currents produced by upwelling on an f-plane over shelf-like bottom topography for times long compared to a barotropic spin-up time, but short compared to a diffusion time, reveals in a linear, time-dependent, three-dimensional model that: The topographic constraints yield a steady topographic boundary layer on these short time scales similar in structure to the layer found in an earlier steady-state model. Within a Rossby radius of deformation of the coast a swift equatorward longshore current with a pole-ward countercurrent is formed. Wind-stress forcing with large north-south scales are the most efficient in driving longshore currents, but do not effectively produce internal Kelvin waves, as do the shorter longshore scales of forcing.
Northward transport of antarctic bottom water in the western Atlantic Ocean

Abstract The volume transport of Antarctic Bottom Water in the western basin of the Atlantic Ocean has been determined by dynamic calculations for seven oceanographic sections made during the International Geophysical Year between 32°S and 16°N. The reference level was based on the sharp bend, seen in both temperature-depth and salinity-depth traces, that marks the transition from North Atlantic Deep Water to Antarctic Bottom Water. The northward transport decreases from 5–6 × 106 m3/sec in the southern sections to about106 m3/sec in the northern sections. The results are consistent with those obtained by solving a set of conservation equations for a simple box model of the deep circulation in the western Atlantic.
Two direct methods for reconstructingpictures from their projections: A comparative study

Two algorithms for reconstructing pictures from their projections are compared. Such algorithms are useful in a large and varied number of situations, the most important of which is probably the reconstruction of objects from electron micrographs and X-ray photographs. The algorithms investigated are direct, they make no use of Fourier transforms. The comparisons are carried out from the points of view of the overall nearness of the original and the reconstructed pictures, resolution of fine detail, visual recognizability, and cost. These criteria are extensively discussed and appropriate mathematical measures are proposed. One of the algorithms is substantially improved compared to previously published versions. Detailed comparisons are carried out by the use of experiments on four appropriately chosen test patterns, which are reconstructed by both techniques from four separate sets of projections. The results of the experiments are discussed from the point of view of the applicability of the two methods.
Assessment of carbon nanotube array transistors: A three-dimensional quantum simulation

Abstract An atomistic quantum transport simulation is used to assess the performance of carbon nanotube (CNT) array transistors in the presence of practical non-ideal effects. We show that the non-ideal factors in the fabrication process can greatly affect the performance of the CNT array FET. The off-current can be increased by an order of magnitude when the standard deviation of tube diameter distribution is only 0.24 nm, which increases the static power consumption and degrades the on–off current ratio. A small fraction of metallic CNTs in the array can nearly sweep away the gate modulation of the current. The misalignment of the CNT orientation can both affect the on- and off-currents. The effect of electrostatic screening on electronic transport is important for device modeling and design, especially when high density packing of CNTs is required to outperform the silicon devices. To achieve an on-current of 2200 μA/μm, our simulation work indicates a neighboring CNT spacing below 6 nm is needed.
A comparison of primitive-equation and semigeostrophic simulations of baroclinic waves

Abstract In the course of adapting a nonhydrostatic cloud model [or primitive-equation model (PE)] for simulations of large-scale baroclinic waves, we have encountered systematic discrepancies between the PE solutions and those of the semigeostrophic (SG) equations. Direct comparisons using identical, uniform potential vorticity jets show that 1) the linear modes of the PE have distinctively different structure than the SG modes; 2) at finite amplitude, the PE pressure field develops lows that are deeper, and highs that are weaker, than in the SG solution; and 3) the nonlinear PE wave produces a characteristic “cyclonic wrapping” of the temperature contours on both horizontal boundaries and has an associated “bent-back” frontal structure at the surface, while in the SG solutions (for this particular basic state jet) there is an equal tendency to pull temperature contours anticyclonically around highs and cyclonically around lows. An analysis of the vorticity and potential vorticity equations for small Ros...
THE SURGERY SEMICHARACTERISTIC

Given a degree-one normal map ( / , / ) : (M",vM) -> (X, £), C. T. C. Wall defined the associated surgery obstruction a(f, f) e L^JLn^X). This obstruction vanishes if and only if (/, / ) is normally bordant to a simple homotopy equivalence. Using Wall's approach, one must perform preliminary surgery to make / highly connected before the obstruction can be calculated. It is natural to ask for invariants which can be calculated without preliminary surgery. In the even-dimensional case the multisignature gives such an invariant. The purpose of this paper is to present an odd-dimensional normal bordism invariant defined without preliminary surgery. This invariant is analogous to the semicharacteristic bordism invariant introduced by Lee [13]. A justification for the normal bordism invariant is that it gives strong restrictions on the homology of a manifold with a free action of a finite group. In particular, it gives a good explanation of Lee's results on free actions of finite groups on spheres. Let I be a (2n + l)-dimensional Poincare complex with fundamental group n. Suppose A is a semisimple ring with involution a \-> a, for a e A. Then L2n + 1(A) can be identified as a quotient of a subgroup of ^ 0 (^ ) ( §2). Given a homomorphism (Zn,co) -> (A, —), we can regard A as a local coefficient system (that is, a Znmodule). The surgery semicharacteristic is
Thermodynamics and surface properties of liquid Bi–In alloys

Abstract The mixing behaviour of liquid Bi–In alloys has been described in terms of energetics and structure through the study of their thermodynamic, surface and structural properties by using the Complex Formation Model (CFM) in the weak interaction approximation and by postulating BiIn-chemical complexes as energetically favoured. The new Bi, In and Bi–In surface tension experimental data set, obtained by the large drop method in the temperature range 553–873 K, has been analysed in the framework of the CFM and compared with the calculated values as well as with corresponding literature data. The structural characteristics of Bi–In melts are described by the two microscopic functions, i.e. the concentration fluctuations in the long-wavelength limit and the Warren–Cowley short-range order parameter.
Effects of culture on control mechanisms in offshore outsourced IT projects

In spite of the increasing trend of offshore outsourcing in the IT industry, there has been little attention given to control strategies for managing offshore IT development. This paper offers an analysis of the relationship between national culture and control mechanisms, which is particularly important in the offshore systems development context. Control is defined as an attempt made by an organization to ensure that individuals act according to an agreed upon strategy to achieve desired objectives. This paper uses four modes of control that have been previously applied to information systems development - formal (outcome, behavior) and informal (clan, self) - in the offshore context. The dimensions of national culture studied are based on Hofstede's work and include individualism (vs. collectivism), uncertainty avoidance, and power distance. The objective of this research is to address the effect of national cultural differences on control mechanisms. Propositions regarding the relationship between cultural dimensions and modes of control used in offshore-outsourced ISD project are presented. This work draws from three distinct research streams - control, outsourcing, and culture. This work proposes portfolios of control that contain a mix of control mechanisms which should be implemented depending on the cultural settings involved.
A trial that compares Monsel's paste with ball electrode for hemostasis after loop electrosurgical excision procedure.

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare Monsel's paste with fulguration with ball electrode for hemostasis after loop electrosurgical excision procedure. Study design One hundred healthy women were assigned randomly by computer-generated random numbers to ball electrode or thickened Monsel's paste for hemostasis after loop electrosurgical excision procedure. Patients rated pain during hemostasis using a visual analog scale. At 2 weeks, postprocedural vaginal discharge was rated on a Likert scale. Pathology was reviewed for dysplasia grade and margin status. Recurrent dysplasia on repeat Papanicolaou tests was noted. Results Six patients (2 Monsel's and 4 fulguration) required an alternate method of hemostasis. Patient demographics, postprocedural discharge, and recurrent dysplasia were comparable between the 2 groups. Visual analog scale scores and hemostasis time were significantly higher in the fulguration group. Estimated blood loss, although higher in the fulguration group, was not significant between groups. Conclusion Monsel's paste and fulguration with ball electrode appear be equally effective as hemostatic agents after loop electrosurgical excision procedure.
Impedance spectroscopy of electroinactive thiolate films adsorbed on gold

Results from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements of gold electrodes, which were modified by immersion in solutions of alkanethiols and other sulfur-containing derivatives, are reported. Three cases were investigated: a capacitive system, a completely covered and a partially covered electrode. A proposed model considers both through-film and at-defect electron transfer paths, and is compared with experimental results