cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microdosimetric Model for the Induction of Cell Killing through Medium‐Borne Signals

Abstract Stewart, R. D., Ratnayake, R. K. and Jennings, K. Microdosimetric Model for the Induction of Cell Killing through Medium-Borne Signals. Radiat. Res. 165, 460–469 (2006). Microbeam, medium-transfer and low-dose experiments have demonstrated that intercellular signals can initiate many of the same biological events and processes as direct exposure to ionizing radiation. These phenomena cast doubt on cell-autonomous modes of action and the linear, no-threshold carcinogenesis paradigm. To account for the effects of intercellular signals, new approaches are needed to relate dosimetric quantities to the emission and processing of signals by irradiated and unirradiated cells. In this paper, microdosimetric principles are used to develop a stochastic model to relate absorbed dose to the emission and processing of cell death signals by unirradiated cells. Our analyses of published results of medium transfer experiments performed using HPV-G human keratinocytes suggest that the emission of death signals is...
Microinjection of muscimol into raphe pallidus suppresses tachycardia associated with air stress in conscious rats

Sympathetically mediated tachycardia is a characteristic feature of the physiological response to emotional or psychological stress in mammals. Activation of neurons in the region of the dorsomedial hypothalamus appears to play a key role in the integration of this response. Tachycardia evoked by chemical stimulation of the dorsomedial hypothalamus can be suppressed by microinjection of the GABAA receptor agonist and neuronal inhibitor muscimol into the raphe pallidus (RP). Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that neuronal excitation in the RP mediates tachycardia seen in experimental air stress in rats. Microinjection of the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BMI) into the RP evoked increases in heart rate. At the same sites, microinjection of muscimol (80 pmol (100 nl)−1) had no effect on heart rate under baseline conditions but virtually abolished air stress-induced tachycardia, while microinjection of lower doses (10 or 20 pmol) produced transient but clear suppression. Microinjection of muscimol at sites outside the RP had no effect on stress-induced tachycardia, although modest suppression was apparent after injection at two sites within 500 μm of the RP. In another series of experiments, microinjection of muscimol (80 pmol (100 nl)−1) into the RP failed to influence the changes in heart rate produced by baroreceptor loading or unloading. These findings indicate that activity of neurons in the RP plays a previously unrecognized role in the generation of stress-induced tachycardia.
An ultrasonically-driven piezoelectric neural stimulator

A peripheral nerve microstimulator is under development. It incorporates miniature piezoelectric elements to generate current when excited mechanically by externally applied ultrasound. The ultimate goal is to deliver currents locally to peripheral nerve structures deep within the body for the purpose of neural stimulation. The focus of the present study is a quantitative evaluation of the stimulatory ability of these small current generating, piezoelectric chips implanted near sciatic trunks of large American Bullfrogs.
Control of Reservoir Properties of Tensleep Sandstone by Depositional and Diagenetic Facies: Lost Soldier Field, Wyoming

The Pennsylvanian Tensleep Sandstone in the Lost Soldier field of Sweetwater County, Wyoming, is composed of texturally homogeneous, fine-grained sandstones and interbedded dolomite beds. Geologic setting and sedimentary features indicate that the Tensleep was deposited in supratidal-eolian environments. Detailed petrographic, cathodoluminescence, and SEM analyses of core samples from a well in the Lost Soldier field show authigenic features which resulted from nine diagenetic events in the Tensleep: 1) pervasive anhydrite cementation; 2) precipitation of feldspar overgrowths; 3) poikilotopic nodular calcite cementation; 4) nodular anhydrite cementation; 5) fabric-selective anhydrite cementation; 6) precipitation of silica overgrowths and silicification of carbonates; 7) alteration of feldspar; 8) dolomite cementation; and 9) hydrocarbon accumulation. Four diagenetic facies with their own specific patterns of alterations were identified: 1) early-carbonate-precipitation facies; 2) early-anhydrite-cementation facies: 3) primary-carbonate-grain facies; and 4) nodular-cementation facies. The carbonate-rich diagenetic facies are closely associated with the supratidal sebkha depositional environment. The anhydrite-rich facies is related to the interdune sebkha depositional environment, and the nodular-cementation facies is found within rocks deposited in the eolian dune environment. Reservoir qualities (i.e., porosity and permeability) of the Tensleep Sandstone in the Lost Soldier field vary considerably, both vertically and laterally. Porosity and permeability are primarily controlled by compaction and cementation. Good correlation exists between reservoir quality and volume of cements for samples from nodular-cementation and primary-carbonate-grain diagenetic facies. Samples from other diagenetic facies can also be grouped into distinct areas on a cross-plot of porosity versus volume of cements. Therefore, the cross-plot can be used as a tool to differentiate different diagenetic facies at least for the evaporitic-eolian rock system.
Mutational analysis of an Escherichia coli fourteen-gene operon for phosphonate degradation, using TnphoA' elements.

Abstract All genes for phosphonate (Pn) utilization in Escherichia coli are in a large cluster of 14 genes named, in alphabetical order, phnC to phnP. Plasmids carrying these genes were mutagenized by using TnphoA'-1, and 43 mutants containing simple insertions were studied in detail. Their insertion sites were defined by restriction mapping and by DNA sequencing. One or more mutations in each phn gene was identified. In 23 mutants, expression of the TnphoA'-1 lacZ gene was phosphate starvation inducible. These mutants had TnphoA'-1 oriented in line behind the phnC promoter, i.e., in the + orientation. In 20 mutants, the TnphoA'-1 lacZ gene was expressed at a low basal level. These mutants had insertions in the opposite orientation. All 43 phn::TnphoA'-1 insertions were recombined onto the chromosome to test for mutational effects, and their structures on the chromosome were verified by DNA hybridization. Those in the + orientation were switched to TnphoA'-9, which has an outward promoter for expression of downstream genes. These insertions were tested for polar effects by measuring beta-glucuronidase synthesis from a uidA gene transcriptionally fused to the 3' end of the phnP gene. The results indicate the following: (i) the phnC-to-phnP gene cluster is an operon of 14 genes, and the phnC promoter is the sole psi promoter; (ii) three gene products (PhnC, PhnD, and PhnE) probably constitute a binding protein-dependent Pn transporter; (iii) seven gene products (PhnG, PhnH, PhnI, PhnJ, PhnK, PhnL, and PhnM) are required for catalysis and are likely to constitute a membrane-associated carbon-phosphorus (C-P) lyase; (iv) two gene products (PhnN and PhnP) are not absolutely required and may therefore be accessory proteins for the C-P lyase; and (v) two gene products (PhnF and PhnO) are not required for Pn use and may have a regulatory role because they have sequence similarities to regulatory proteins. The mechanism for breaking the C-P bond by a lyase is discussed in light of these results.
Damage Tolerance of Silicon Carbide- and Alumina-Matrix Surface Composites

A method for the fabrication of a ceramic-matrix composite (CMC) layer on the surface of a monolithic substrate via chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) is described. Preforms consisted of tows of fibers wound onto the surface of monolithic cylindrical tubes. Nicalon fibers were wound onto mullite substrates and infiltrated with β-SiC from CH_3SiCl_3/H_2 gas mixtures in a cylindrical cold-wall reactor. Similarly, Nextel fibers were wound onto A1_2O_3 substrates and infiltrated with α-Al_2O_3 from AlCl_3/H_2/CO_2/N_2 gas mixtures. Composites with densities as high as 88% of the theoretical value were fabricated in 8 h. The effective fracture strength of the SiC- and Al_2O_3-matrix surface composites, as determined from diametral compression tests of C-ring specimens, was found to be insensitive to damage caused to the outer diameter by a Vickers indentation. The tolerance of the SiC-matrix surface composites to surface damage was retained in specimens subjected to oxidation at 1000°C for 6 h.
Origin of rumor and tone of message in rumor quelling strategies

Past studies have shown that, while refuting rumors, certain strategies, such as the introduction of a stimulus that deflects allegation, are superior to mere refutation. In this study, the originator of a rumor and the tone of a refutational message are proposed as factors that influence the success of rumor quelling strategies. It is shown that no refutation is superior when the originator is a negative stakeholder, whereas other types of refutation are more effective when the stakeholders are neutral or positive. Further, a conciliatory tone is uniformly superior to an inflammatory tone.
Age-related changes in cortical bone toughness: initiation vs. propagation

A number of fracture mechanics studies have characterized bone's resistance to fracture in terms of critical stress intensity factor and critical strain energy release rate measured at the onset of a fracture crack. These studies, although useful, provide a limited insight into fracture behavior of bone as, unlike classical brittle materials, bone is a microcracking solid that derives its resistance to fracture during the process of crack propagation from microfracture mechanisms occurring behind the advancing crack front. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a propagation approach in identifying age-related changes in bone toughness. Initiation and propagation tests conducted on human cortical bone compact specimens demonstrated different magnitudes of age-related toughness loss in initiation and propagation. Compared to initiation, propagation toughness of cortical bone declined twice as rapidly and reached a near zero value at the 10th decade. These results clearly illustrate that age-related decrease in bone's fracture resistance may be more drastic than currently perceived and that the propagation-based measure may be more sensitive to age-related changes in bone.
Beic Investigation of Defects Induced in Cw Beam-Annealed Si

EBIC has been used to investigate the beam-induced damage in As + -implanted Si subjected to scanned laser or electronbeam annealing. Comparison is made between these annealing techniques; in general, electron-beam annealing is found to give superior results. In addition, several different experiments combining these techniques are described. Samples were pre-annealed prior to laser annealing, using either thermal or electron-beam annealing. Other samples were given a thermal post-anneal after laser-annealing. The effect of these treatments on defect formation is discussed.
On the Equilibration in Nonlinear Barotropic Instability

Abstract This paper investigate the equilibration of finite amplitude waves in a forced, dissipative, high resolution, barotropic beta-plane model. The external forcing is prescribed in the form of an easterly Bickley jet and the dissipation is due to Rayleigh friction. Under moderate supercriticality, the system evolves towards a steady wave state consisting of one dominant wave and its higher zonal harmonics after a complex transient stage. The wavelength of the dominant wave is longer for a wider and stronger jet, a weaker viscosity, and/or a smaller beta effect. The dominant wave has a symmetric meridianal structure with respect to the jet and its next higher harmonic an antisymmetric structure. The latter is energetically sustained by the primary wave. All wave in a steady state are phase-locked as indicated by a common zonal propagation speed. The zonal flow is modified by the nonlinear feedback until the equilibrated waves become dynamically neutral. This system is also demonstrated to have the pro...
RECENT COLLECTION OF A FALSE SPIKE (QUADRULA MITCHELLI) IN THE SAN SABA RIVER, TEXAS, WITH COMMENTS ON HABITAT USE

Similar to other rare and endemic freshwater mussel species in Texas, the distribution and life history of the False Spike, Quadrula mitchelli, is poorly understood. Few recent locality records suggest that Q. mitchelli has been extirpated from much of its range and is declining in numbers at an alarming rate, which has led to it being petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act. We present our findings of the discovery of one live individual collected on the San Saba River, TX and provide information regarding the species’ habitat use. The discovery represents the second known population in Texas and the only record of a live individual from the San Saba River. Knowledge of habitat use may help identify populations in other streams and allow managers to develop recovery plans for Q. mitchelli. However, given the rarity of this species, Q. mitchelli potentially faces extinction unless prompt conservation action is taken by state and federal agencies.
Time Series Multiple Linear Recression Models for Evaporation from a free Water Surface

Publisher Summary The objective of this study is to develop, using time series multiple linear regression techniques, mass transfer models for evaporation from a free water surface. Here, the basic form of the mass transfer evaporation model has been provided in terms of evaporation at a specific time t, mass transfer coefficient, wind speed at elevation z above water surface at time t, vapor pressure difference at elevation z at time t, where t indicates a time-dependent process whose observations taken at equal time intervals. Using data collected at Lake Hefner, Oklahoma and Fort Collins, Colorado certain models have been obtained. Using these models, the average correlation coefficients between observed and predicted evaporation for the Lake Hefner and Fort Collins data were calculated to be 0.77 and 0.95 respectively. The Lake Hefner results compare favorably with results obtained in a previous study. The Lake Hefner model was also applied to data from the Elephant Butte Reservoir in New Mexico. The correlation coefficient between observed and predicted evaporation was calculated to be 0.95.
The home environment and toddler physical activity: an ecological momentary assessment study.

Summary Background Physical activity (PA) promotion/obesity prevention in toddlerhood should include home environments. Objective The aim of the study was to determine social/physical home environment factors associated with toddler PA using ecological momentary assessment (EMA, real-time data collection). Methods Low-income mother–toddler dyads were recruited and given a handheld EMA device (53 random beeps followed by social/physical environment survey over 8 d). Simultaneously, PA was assessed via accelerometry (data extracted 15 min before/after response, average activity counts per minute). Linear mixed-effects models were used, adjusting for toddler age, urban/suburban residence and time of day; covariate moderating effects were examined; within-subjects and between-subjects findings were reported. PA was hypothesized to be greater when toddlers are outside (vs. inside), children are nearby (vs. alone), toddlers are interacting with their mothers (vs. not) and TV is off (vs. on). Results The final count was 2454 EMA/PA responses for 160 toddlers (mean age 20 months, range 12–31; 55% male, 66% Black and 54% urban). Associations with PA include (within subjects) the following: outside location (212 additional counts min−1), children nearby (153 additional counts min−1) and interacting with mother (321 additional counts min−1), compared with alternatives. Age was moderated by outside location/PA association (within subjects), with 90 additional counts min−1 per 3-month age group outside vs. inside. No between-subjects or television/PA associations were found. Conclusions Home environment factors were associated with PA, including outside location, children nearby and mother interaction. EMA is a novel method, allowing identification of contextual factors associated with behaviours in natural environments.
It’s Not Me, It’s You: The Downstream Effects of Identity Threat in the Context of Gift Giving

Prior research has established that an external threat to an individual’s identity can be resolved via an identity-congruent product choice which bolsters his/her identity. In the context of gift giving, we examine how purchasing an identity threatening product can itself create an identity threat. We posit that purchasing such a product can threaten an individual’s identity, particularly when purchasing for a close (vs. distant) friend who is an integral part of the self. Five experiments show that givers choosing identity-incongruent gifts for close friends experience an identity threat and are subsequently more likely to engage in behaviors that re-establish their shaken identity.
Indian Gaming: The Declining Democratic Advantage in State Legislative Elections

As policy making for Indian gaming and other tribal issues has shifted from the federal government to state politics and state legislatures over the past several decades, the role of American Indians in the electoral process in state legislative elections deserves greater scholarly attention. We examine changes in voting patterns among state legislative elections over a 40-year period for districts with and without casinos. In the past, Democrats held a large advantage in casino districts both in terms of the two-party vote share and in terms of incumbents running unopposed when seeking reelection. Since the 1990s, this traditional Democratic advantage has largely disappeared to a point where the two parties compete at rough parity in these districts. In several states, American Indians represent a sizeable and potentially influential voting bloc. Related Articles Pearson-Merkowitz, Shanna. 2012. “Aqui No Hay Oportunidades: Latino Segregation and the Keys to Political Participation.” Politics & Policy 40 (2): 258–295. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2012.00349.x/abstract Adams, Brian E. 2012. “Citizens, Interest Groups, and Local Ballot Initiatives.” Politics & Policy 40 (1): 43–68. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00336.x/abstract Sullivan, Jas M., Lesa Hatley Major, Kirby Goidel, and David Kurpius. 2009. “The Role of an African-American Candidate on Psychological Engagement and Political Discussion in a Local Election.” Politics & Policy 37 (2): 289–308. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2009.00173.x/abstract Related Media Bogardus, Kevin. 2013. “Casino Lobbyist: Time to Go on the Offensive.” The Hill. http://thehill.com/policy/technology/327241-casino-lobbyist-time-to-go-on-offense Parti, Tarini. 2015. “Tribal Casino Fight Tests Lobbying Clout.” Politico.com. http://www.politico.com/story/2015/05/tribal-casino-fight-lobbying-117992 Jones, Harriet. 2015. “Tribes Lobby Hartford-Area Businesses on Expanding Gaming.” WNPR.org. http://wnpr.org/post/tribes-lobby-hartford-area-businesses-expanded-gaming#stream/0 A medida que la regulacion de juegos de azar y otros temas tribales se ha transferido del gobierno federal a las legislaturas estatales, el papel de los indo-estadounidenses en el proceso electoral de las legislaturas estatales merece una mayor atencion academica. Examinamos cambios en los patrones electorales de las elecciones estatales en un periodo de cuarenta anos para distritos con y sin casinos. En el pasado, los democratas mantuvieron una gran ventaja en los distritos con casinos, en terminos de porcentaje de votos en el sistema bipartidario y en terminos de candidatos ganando puestos de reeleccion sin competencia. Desde la decada de 1990 la tradicional ventaja democratica ha desaparecido, al punto que ahora ambos partidos compiten renidamente en estos distritos. En muchos estados, los indo-estadounidenses representan un grupo electoral de gran tamana y potencialmente influyente.
Many-Body Convergence of the Electrostatic Properties of Water.

The many-body convergence of the dipole moment and the dipole–dipole polarizability of water is investigated. It is found that, for systems of low symmetry like the water clusters examined here, simple measures such as dipole magnitudes and average polarizabilities may lead to an incomplete interpretation of the underlying physics. Alternative metrics are introduced that allow for an unambiguous characterization of both properties. The convergence of the many-body decomposition of the total dipole and the polarizability is studied for (H2O)N, with N = 4–6 being minimum energy water clusters and N = 14 being clusters that were extracted from condensed phase simulations. For these clusters, it is demonstrated that both the total dipole and polarizability are almost entirely pairwise additive, with three-body terms contributing less than 4% and all higher-order terms being essentially negligible.
Status of Myotis lucifugus phasma and Comments on Variation in Myotis yumanensis

Preliminary studies of bats of the species Myotis yumanensis and M. lucifugus in New Mexico, Arizona, Utah and Colorado, indicate that the subspecies phasma, described by Miller and Allen as a race of M. lucifugus, may instead be referrable to the species M. yumanensis. Californian examples of phasma seem referrable to the species M. lucifugus, but may show evidence of introgression with M. yumanensis. New Mexico and east-central Arizona are occupied by a popula- tion of M. yumanensis which is darker in color than populations of this species in the remainder of Arizona and in Utah and Colorado. Efforts to identify two myotis collected at Allison, La Plata Co., Colorado, soon revealed the existence of considerable confusion in the literature regard- ing Myotis yumanensis yumanensis (H. Allen) and Myotis lucifugus phasma Miller and Allen. For example, Miller and Allen (1928) state that M. yuma- nensis is unknown in Colorado-but then list a specimen for that state. A more recent work (Hall and Kelson, 1959) maps the range of M. 1. phasma in such a manner as to exclude the type locality of the subspecies. We found our speci- mens were not assignable with certainty to either species on the basis of pub- lished descriptions. We wish to thank the Laboratory of Anthropology of the Museum of New Mexico, who supported the field work, and, for their generosity in lending
Responses of Adenohypophyseal Hormones to Substance P Administration in Geldings: Comparison to Responses After Brief Exercise and Sulpiride Administration

Abstract Nine adult geldings were used in three experiments to study the possible role of substance P in the prolactin responses to nondopaminergic stimuli. Experiment 1 was performed as an incomplete Latin square design to determine the secretory responses of prolactin, growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to IV administration of substance P. Doses tested and compared to no peptide (0 dose, control) were 62, 125, 250, and 500 μg of substance P. The three highest doses of peptide caused an immediate rise in heart rate, sweating, salivation, rhinorrhea, stretching of hind legs, and defecation. The lowest dose (62 μg) caused minor sweating, some rhinorrhea, and a rise in heart rate. Recovery from these physical responses was complete in approximately 30 minutes. All doses of substance P caused an immediate rise ( P P P P = .05) also increased after substance P administration; concentrations of LH, FSH, and TSH were unaffected. Experiment 2 compared the effects of brief exercise on hormonal characteristics. Two minutes of trotting increased ( P P = .055). Experiment 3 determined the relative responses of prolactin to a fixed dose of sulpiride (0.1 mg/kg of body weight). In general, the prolactin responses to substance P were similar to those after exercise, which were both generally less than after sulpiride. These data are consistent with a possible role of substance P in the prolactin response to stressful stimuli.
Managing Memories: Treating and Controlling Homesickness during the Civil War

Although it has disappeared as a clinical diagnosis, a Disability Studies perspective on Civil War nostalgia offers an opportunity to recover the process by which understanding around a medical event occurs. By incorporating and examining the interplay between and among participants in the conversation surrounding nostalgia as they operate within various site specific temporal and social contexts, this method of analysis offers an opportunity to arrive at an understanding not only of the factors that contribute to different perspectives on an illness, but also into how some voices become ascendant in constructing medical understanding and why others become subordinate, dismissed, or disappear.
Vision: Melanopsin and the Pharmacology of Photons

Summary Using a targeted chemogenetic approach, a new study provides evidence for a unique pathway for neural processing of light information from melanopsin ganglion cells. These results suggest how light can have both alerting and sleep-promoting effects in mice.
Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) precipitated by cardiac surgery: A case report and review of the literature

Background: A devastating complication of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome(CAPS), which is extremely rare, difficult to diagnose, and portends a poor prognosis with high mortality. Intra-abdominal andobstetric surgeries have been regarded as precipitating factors in the development of CAPS in patients with pre-existing APS. Wepresent the unique case of a patient who developed CAPS as an immediate complication after valvular replacement surgery. Case presentation: A 57-year-old female was admitted for acute decompensated heart failure secondary to mitral valve stenosis.Her past medical history was suspicious for APS, but she was not formally diagnosed or started on anticoagulant therapy.She ultimately underwent mitral valve replacement. One week post-operatively, she developed intractable abdominal pain,progressive renal failure and thrombocytopenia, and behavioral changes over the course of several days. Extensive investigation forinfection, thrombocytopenic thrombotic purpura (TTP), heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and disseminated intravascularcoagulation (DIC) did not explain her rapid clinical deterioration. She did, however, fulfill the criteria for probable CAPS, given that she had rapid involvement of four organ systems and persistent antiphospholipid antibodies. She was started on bothplasmapharesis and hemodialysis 12 days postoperatively, and showed significant improvement in her mentation, abdominal pain,thrombocytopenia, and renal function. Conclusion: This case illustrates the high degree of clinical suspicion and understanding of precipitating factors that are requiredto make a diagnosis of CAPS; furthermore, it delineates the life-saving impact of effective treatment. The correlation of CAPSand surgery has been observed in several reports. However, the current literature posits that CAPS is seldom a complication ofcardiac surgery, and more frequently an immediate complication after abdominal or obstetric surgeries. For this reason, this caseis novel in that it represents one of the few cases in which CAPS was triggered by cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonarybypass (CPB).
High-dose 3D chemoradiotherapy trials in stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) at the University of North Carolina: Long-term follow up and late complications

7145 Background: Combined modality treatment is the standard of care for patients (pts.) with unresectable stage III NSCLC. Dose escalation of radiotherapy and the use of concurrent chemotherapy ar...
Inventory Management and Debt Maturity Structure

The current literature on the coordination of operations and finance does not differentiate long- and short-term debts and therefore is silent on how firms’ debt maturity structure affects their short-run financial and operational decisions. Through a dynamic inventory model that explicitly captures a firm's periodic decisions on inventory replenishment quantity, the amount of dividends net of capital subscriptions, and the amount of short-term debt, we demonstrate that under coordinated short-term operational and financial decisions, the firm's optimal inventory level increases initially as its long-term debt rises; after the firm depletes its short-term borrowing capacity, as the long-term debt rises further, the inventory level decreases and then remains constant. In addition, we find that optimal coordinated decisions, in comparison with decentralized ones, yield lower inventories, require less cash, take larger short-term loans, incur a lower probability of financial distress, and yield higher expected dividends net of capital subscriptions. Moreover, long- and short-term debts are substitutes; an optimally leveraged firm needs less long-term debt if it coordinates its short-term decisions than if it decentralizes them.
Tunneling Kinetics and Nonadiabatic Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Proteins: The Effect of Electric Fields and Anharmonic Donor–Acceptor Interactions

A proper description of proton donor–acceptor (D–A) distance fluctuations is crucial for understanding tunneling in proton-coupled electron transport (PCET). The typical harmonic approximation for the D–A potential results in a Gaussian probability distribution, which does not appropriately reflect the electronic repulsion forces that increase the energetic cost of sampling shorter D–A distances. Because these shorter distances are the primary channel for thermally activated tunneling, the analysis of tunneling kinetics depends sensitively on the inherently anharmonic nature of the D–A interaction. Thus, we have used quantum chemical calculations to account for the D–A interaction and developed an improved model for the analysis of experimental tunneling kinetics. Strong internal electric fields are also considered and found to contribute significantly to the compressive forces when the D–A distance distribution is positioned below the van der Waals contact distance. This model is applied to recent experi...
Kin Networks and Mobility in the Transition to Adulthood.

Abstract Family support is critical for launching youth into successful adult lives. Although studies have documented the association between family support and success in the transition to young adulthood, existing work focuses primarily on parental support, giving little attention to extended kin. This narrow definition of family may miss critical exchanges of support, especially among low-income families. Drawing on panel survey data (n = 450) and in-depth interviews (n = 52) with young women from the Philadelphia Educational Longitudinal Study, this study expands our understanding of family support in the transition to adulthood by examining young adults’ kin networks and the types of support and resources embedded within these networks. We find that kin support is an important buffer for those growing up in households without two biological parents, reducing the odds of perceiving oneself as an adult, having a child, and moving out. Qualitative data show that kin often step-in and play a parent-like role, providing needed instrumental and emotional support. Our results also highlight the complexity and fragility of kin network exchanges. While kin networks can be a source of resilience, they are often fragile and subject to external shocks, such as job loss and health declines. Moreover, kin networks can also be a source of obligation, delaying young adults’ investments in their own educational trajectories. Those giving back to families are less likely to be in college compared to their peers and more likely to work, live independently, and consider themselves an adult.
"To My Relations": Writing and Refusal toward an Indigenous Epistolary Methodology.

AbstractIn this article, the author presents an Indigenous Epistolary Methodology (IEM) to reflect on what it means for Indigenous women to engage the notion of refusal in traditional writing metho...
Informatics for Interoperability of Molecular-Genetic and Neurobehavioral Databases

Abstract The merger of data sets from multiple large-scale projects has become a major driver of advance in the biomedical sciences. Progress has been slower than anticipated, however, for the merger of molecular-genetic and neurobehavioral databases. The sophisticated bioinformatics tools for statistical processing of molecular and genetic data find no equivalent in the toolbox of neuroinformatics. A major reason is terminological inconsistency in the coding of neuroanatomic location for such data as gene expression and neuronally relevant macromolecules. Here, we present a straightforward way to establish interoperability among databases that code multidisciplinary data using different terminologies for brain structures. A mediator translates the terminologies of multiple databases through the standard nomenclature of NeuroNames into the terminology of the collating resource. The collating resource then is able to use its own tools and terminology to produce a single database for analysis. Considerable attention is given here to clarification of (1) differences between bioinformatics and neuroinformatics, (2) differences between ontologies for descriptive logic processing versus statistical data processing, and (3) the critical role of mapping multidisciplinary data to standard species-specific brain atlases for quantitative neuroanatomic analysis.
LASER-RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES

The Raman effect of molecules in condensed media provides the same kind of information as does infrared absorption, chiefly the characteristic frequencies of molecular vibrations. Since infrared and Raman spectroscopy have different physical bases, they provide complementary molecular data, but sometimes one can be used when the other cannot. Raman spectra are advantageous for study of biological materials in aqueous solution because of the relatively weak Raman spectrum of water, which is highly opaque in the mid and far infrared. The laser is an ideal source for the excitation of Raman spectra and enables the study of samples as small as 1 mg or less. Results obtained from the study of amino acids, synthetic polypeptides, and proteins of low molecular weight, as well as some nucleic acids and polynucleotides will be presented and discussed.
Next Generation of Plant-Associated Bacterial Genome Data.

Plants interact with numerous pathogenic and beneficial bacteria. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Karasov et al. (2018) and Garrido-Oter et al. (2018) use NextGen sequencing and data analysis from more than 2,000 bacterial genomes to draw hypotheses about interactions and evolution of microbes with their plant hosts.
A Comprehensive Model for Treatment of Schizophrenia

The treatment of schizophrenia in the United States during the twentieth century has been a national embarrassment. The (approximately) 2 million schizophrenics in the United States have received short shrift from the government, mental health professionals, and the public at large. In contrast to citizens with severe physical illnesses or mental retardation, schizophrenics have generally been segregated and either mistreated or ignored. This situation first attracted significant public and governmental attention in the late 1950s and early 1960s as a function of the community mental health (CMH) movement. Referred to as the “third mental health revolution” (Hobbs, 1964), the CMH movement had as one of its primary goals the development of new and more effective treatment programs and the improvement of the quality of life for schizophrenics and for the chronic mentally ill in general. The culmination of CMH efforts was the 1963 Community Mental Health Centers Act, which funded the development of local facilities to provide a range of needed services in the community. To be sure, the CMH movement has led to dramatic changes in the pattern of mental health care and the structure of the mental health system. But, like most revolutions, it has not worked out precisely as planned. To the contrary, it has been argued that in many respects the chronic mentally ill are as victimized and ignored by society today as they were before the erstwhile revolution (Gralnick, 1985).
Other Phenomena Associated with Sex

From voluminous cytogenetic evidence, the pairing of chromosomes at meiotic prophase depends on the pairing of homologous gene loci. Because the X and Y chromosomes do pair at meiosis in males, they can be presumed to carry some gene pairs in common. Sex-linked genes are carried on the X, but not on the Y chromosome; genes that are carried on both the X and the Y chromosomes are said to be “partially sex-linked.”
An Analysis of Anomalous Winter and Spring Tornado Frequency by Phase of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation, the Global Wind Oscillation, and the Madden-Julian Oscillation

Winter and spring tornado activity tends to be heightened during the La Nina phase of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation and suppressed during the El Nino phase. Despite these tendencies, some La Nina seasons have fewer tornadoes than expected and some El Nino seasons have more than expected. To gain insight into such anomalous seasons, the two La Nina winters and springs with the fewest tornadoes and the two El Nino winters and springs with the most tornadoes between 1979 and 2016 are identified and analyzed in this study. The relationships between daily tornado count and the Global Wind Oscillation and Madden-Julian Oscillation in these anomalous seasons are also explored. Lastly, seasonal and daily composites of upper-level flow, low-level flow and humidity, and atmospheric instability are generated to describe the environmental conditions in the anomalous seasons. The results of this study highlight the potential for large numbers of tornadoes to occur in a season if favorable conditions emerge in association with individual synoptic-scale events, even during phases of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation, Global Wind Oscillation, and Madden-Julian Oscillation that seem to be unfavorable for tornadoes. They also highlight the potential for anomalously few tornadoes in a season even when the oscillations are in favorable phases.
Sex Differences in the Prenatal Programming of Adult Metabolic Syndrome by Maternal Androgens.

Context Growing preclinical evidence suggests that hormonal programming by androgens in utero may contribute to cardiovascular disease risk in adult offspring. However, the effect of prenatal androgens on cardiometabolic outcomes in the human population, especially their potential differential impact on male vs female offspring, has not been well studied. Design Adult offspring (n = 274) of mothers enrolled in the New England birth cohorts of the Collaborative Perinatal Project were assessed at ages 39 to 50. Androgen bioactivity was measured in maternal serum during the third trimester using a receptor-mediated luciferase expression bioassay. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) using Adult Treatment Panel III criteria was assessed in adult offspring. Bioactive androgens were analyzed as quartiles, with the lowest quartile (Q1) defined as the reference. Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the relationship of maternal bioactive androgens on offspring MetS risk overall and by sex, controlling for potential confounders and intrafamilial correlation. Results Mean age and body mass index of adult offspring were 44.7 ± 2.6 years and 29.7 ± 6.7 kg/m2, respectively. Participants born to mothers with the highest quartile (Q4) compared with Q1 of bioactive androgens had higher risk for MetS [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.53(1.07 to 6.02)]. Stratified by sex, this association was found to be significant among women [Q4 vs Q1; aOR: 4.06 (1.10 to 14.93)] but not men [Q4 vs Q1; aOR: 1.67 (0.53 to 5.26)]. Women born to mothers with the highest levels of maternal bioactive androgens also demonstrated a 4.84-fold increased odds for having hypertension [Q4 vs Q1; aOR: 4.84 (1.12 to 20.85)]. Conclusion Higher levels of maternal androgens were associated with increased risk for incident MetS in adult offspring, an effect that was significant in women but not men.
Sleep Disturbances Increase the Impact of Working Memory Deficits on Learning Problems in Adolescents with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder

Sleep disturbances (SD) are prevalent in individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Less is known about the effects of SD on cognition and learning in adolescents with high-functioning ASD (HF-ASD). Adolescents with HF-ASD (N = 96) were evaluated for the relationships of SD to working memory and learning problems. Results found SD to modify the relationship between working memory and learning problems. Working memory deficits were associated with learning problems among those with SD, while not among those without SD. SD and working memory deficits should be targeted in interventions for these adolescents with HF-ASD (e.g., cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia, pharmacological treatments). Future studies should examine if improvement in SD reduces the impact of working memory deficits on learning problems.
Light-Driven Raman Coherence as a Nonthermal Route to Ultrafast Topology Switching in a Dirac Semimetal

A light-induced phase transition in a Dirac material offers insight into how these materials respond to periodic driving (that is, quantum back-and-forth motion), information necessary for topology-based quantum computation and topological transistors.
Analytics for Wine Futures: Realistic Prices

Earlier publications indicate that the price of young wines cannot be estimated accurately through weather conditions. Considering that a majority of fine wine is sold in the form of wine futures, even before the wine is bottled, determining realistic prices for these wine futures accurately is one of the most critical decisions. Surveys of leading wine merchants and industry experts exhibit significant departures from the realized market prices. We develop a pricing model for fine wines using weather, market, and expert reviews. The financial exchange for fine wines called Liv‐ex has already adopted our estimated prices and tagged them as “realistic prices.” Our approach combines temperature, rainfall, market fluctuations, and tasting expert scores and leads to accurate estimations that the wine industry has not seen before. Our study shows that higher temperatures, lower levels of precipitation, appreciation in the Liv‐ex 100 index as a market indicator, and higher barrel scores increase market prices. We conduct a comprehensive set of robustness checks and show that the mean absolute deviation of actual market prices from our estimated prices is substantially smaller than any academic benchmark. Our realistic prices help create transparency in this highly opaque market. When compared with the realized prices, our realistic prices guide buyers (e.g., distributors, restaurateurs, merchants) in their purchase decisions as they can determine whether a wine is underpriced or overpriced.
Point-by-Point Progress: Gonorrhea Point of Care Tests

Point-of-care (POC) tests for Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng) are urgently needed to control the gonorrhea epidemic, so patients can receive immediate diagnoses and treatment. While the advent of nuclei...
Magnetoexcitons in monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides

Abstract We study the magnetoexciton Rydberg states in MoS2, MoSe2, WS2, and WSe2 monolayers encapsulated by hexagonal boron nitride. Excitons in the magnetic field are described in the framework of the nonrelativistic potential model. We use the Rytova-Keldysh potential to calculate the energies of the magnetoexcitons. Our calculations use as inputs the effective masses of electron and hole obtained in the framework of the density functional theory. The binding energies of A and B magnetoexcitons are calculated by numerical integration of the Schrodinger equation. We report the energy contribution from the magnetic field to the binding energy and its dependence on the magnetic field. The diamagnetic coefficients are calculated. The reasonable agreement for diamagnetic coefficients and experimental data is obtained.
Exhibiting Children: The Young Artist as Construct and Creator

This intimate exchange between real children and the stories we tell about them is at the fore of juvenilia studies, as scholars examining texts children produce must balance attention to the young person as author or artist with a critical awareness of systems of publication, reception, and analysis that are typically managed by adults. The focus of this paper is an investigation into the challenges of researching and writing about child-produced culture amid the often-overpowering constructs of childhood that surround it, taking two young artists as case studies: Daphne Allen, and Pamela Bianco, whose work can be challenging to access in ways that arise in part from the idiosyncrasies of their cultural moment, understood here as one that combined lingering Romanticism and burgeoning modernism. Analysis of the two child artists suggests that both were savvy and self-aware in negotiating, through their art, the discourses that surrounded them; it also presents methodologies that may be useful to other scholars in the field of juvenilia studies more broadly.
A Model for Syphilis Screening in the Emergency Department

The incidence of syphilis infections is on the rise, particularly among African American men and men who have sex with men, and it is reaching epidemic levels in these communities throughout the United States. Although syphilis is relatively inexpensive to treat and cure and is a predictor for HIV incidence among men and transgender women who have sex with men, rates of co-screening for syphilis are low in the emergency department setting, with a dearth of literature on this topic since the 1990s and early 2000s. In this case study, we describe an operational model for routine syphilis screening implemented in June 2017 at the University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center in Cleveland, Ohio. We describe the advantages of screening using a reverse testing algorithm rather than the traditional method and the necessity of partnering with the Cleveland Department of Public Health for both diagnostic and follow-up logistics.
Ambush Marketing and Rule 40 for Tokyo 2020: A Shifting Landscape for Olympic Athletes and Their Sponsors

This study explores the historical development of the regulatory landscape related to Olympic and Paralympic athlete marketing activities, together with current restrictions imposed on athlete marketing, and discusses potential legal challenges to these restrictions. Specifically, this study analyzed various countries’ Rule 40 Tokyo 2020 guidance through a trans-national lens by comparing and contrasting the different approaches found in various national Olympic committees’ legal frameworks to combat ambush marketing. The potential legal challenges to the United States Olympic Commititee’s enforcement of new Rule 40 guidance are highlighted, with particular focus on discussing the restrictions and enforcement rights contained within the personal sponsor commitment agreement within the United States for the postponed Tokyo 2020 Games. Critical analysis of the potential impact of enforcing this agreement within the broader Olympic intellectual property and brand protection frameworks for Olympic stakeholders in the US is provided.