cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactive computer analysis of aerial color infrared photographs

Aerial photography using color infrared film has proved to be successful for the detection of insect infestations in citrus orchards by human interpretation. The chlorophyll in vegetation reflects in the infrared region of the spectrum, and produces a red image on the film. The paper describes an interactive digital computer system that uses a three-color film digitizer to measure the color of individual trees to detect the presence of insect infestation, The input to the computer is an aerial color infrared photograph. The computer locates the outline of each individual tree and measures the color characteristics of each spatial point within the tree outline, Each tree within the photograph is analyzed interactively on the computer, and the output shows the degree of infestation present.
A review of symptoms of coronary artery disease in women.

Background. Research on heart disease has increasingly included information on women's experiences. A number of recent studies present frequencies and comparisons of symptoms between men and women and there appears to be some variability in the symptoms especially among women. Even with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) where anticipated symptoms are more clear-cut, women can have vague or nonclassic symptoms. Aim and method. Selected medical and nursing research on cardiac symptoms is examined for information on the cardiac warning symptom experiences unique to women. A search of the literature between 1995 and 2000 was done using CINAHL and MEDLINE . Terms used for the search included: cardiac symptoms, women's symptoms and symptom perception. The findings from this review are used to suggest implications for clinical practice. Findings. Women experiencing AMI present with a variety of symptoms including chest pain. Less obvious symptoms include; fatigue, shortness of breath, back pain, oedema, and transient non-specific chest discomfort. These less dramatic and non-specific symptoms do not necessarily prompt further assessment for coronary disease in women. Conclusion. Cardiac screening of women who present with cardiac risk factors and careful attention to less anticipated symptoms are critical factors that can improve the rapid identification of coronary disease in women. The unique physiological and sociological differences between women and men make further study of women's symptom experiences and perceptions important for health care providers. Further study of gender and ethnic differences in symptom patterns and recognition will help to improve screening and earlier identification of cardiac problems in women patients especially those without chest pain as a prodromal symptom.
POSTER: Android System Broadcast Actions Broadcasts Your Privacy

Android provides finer-grained security features through a "permission" mechanism that puts limitations on the resources that each application can access. Upon installing a new Android application, a user is prompted to grant it a set of permissions. There are two typical assumptions made regarding permissions and mobile application security and privacy. The first one is that malicious applications need to retain many permissions. Secondly, mobile devices users assume that installed applications do not access data if they are not in the foreground. In this project, we show that malicious Android applications can still fulfill their objectives with minimum permissions and that they can access user data while in the background. This could happen with the help of another Android component, called broadcast receiver. We study the evaluation of Android broadcast actions. We demonstrate an attack scenario made possible by the broadcast receivers. Moreover, we propose solutions to protect from such attacks.
Germline mutations of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in a breast and ovarian cancer patient.

Abstract A patient with breast carcinoma diagnosed at the age of 30 years and ovarian carcinoma diagnosed at the age of 41 years was found to have germline mutations in both the BRCA1 and the BRCA2 genes. The patient was of Ashkenazi Jewish descent and the BRCA2 mutation was 6174delT, known to be very common in this population. The BRCA1 mutation, however, was 3888delGA, a mutation not previously reported in this ethnic group. The patient's breast cancer exhibited loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the BRCA1 locus but not at BRCA2, and her ovarian cancer sustained LOH at BRCA1 and BRCA2. The BRCA1 mutation originated from patient's father, who had no personal or family history of cancer. The patient's mother, who was found to carry the BRCA2 mutation, was affected by late-onset breast cancer and her tumor exhibited LOH at BRCA2. These findings indicate that compound heterozygotes for germline mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 exist and may be expected to develop normally and that either gene may contribute to breast or ovarian cancer development in such individuals. The implications of this case in regard to genetic testing and counseling are also substantial.
Nonlinear inverse problem for the estimation of time-and-space-dependent heat-transfer coefficients

The aim of this paper is to describe a method for the direct estimation of the time-and-space-dependent heat-transfer coefficients from transient temperature data measured at appropriate points inside a heat-conducting solid. This inverse estimation problem is called herein the inverse heat-transfer coefficient problem. An application considered in the present is the quenching of a solid in a liquid. The solution method used here is an extension of the sequential temperature future-information method introduced by Beck for solving the inverse heat-conduction problem. The finite-difference method, based on the control-volume approach, was used for the discretization of the direct heat-conduction problem. Numerical results show that the proposed method is accurate and capable of estimating sudden and large changes in time-and-space-dependent heat-transfer coefficient functions.
Optimal joint placement and modal disparity in control of flexible structures

Joints with variable stiffness are used to introduce modal disparity in a frame structure. The joint stiffness can be set at two distinct values and thus the structure can be characterized by two stiffness states. The placement of a small number of these joints on the structure is optimized to achieve a maximum measure of modal disparity. This allows the migration of vibration energy from modes that are not controlled to modes that are, and facilitates the design of simpler and less expensive controllers. An example 3D frame is used for illustration.
Challenges to planning for rural character: A case study from exurban southern New England

Abstract Exurban New England, as elsewhere in the US, faces low-density sprawl and loss of rural character. Scholars have argued for the importance of landscape perceptions, particularly to conservation development. Yet many rural communities have not pursued such alternatives. This study uses mixed methods and the case study of Stafford, Connecticut to ask: How is rural character perceived and planned for in exurban New England, and what challenges confront such planning? Modeling best practices in planning for rural character, we map patterns of urban change, employ focus group meetings to assess perceptions of rural character and compatible development, and interview stakeholders about planning alternatives. Results highlight the difficulties in defining rural character, the factors shaping diverging perceptions, and the challenges facing alternative planning techniques. Our results suggest how planning for rural character can help engage stakeholders, one land-use conversation at a time.
A systematic review of screening questionnaires for childhood lead poisoning.

Context The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention encourages the use of risk factor questionnaires to screen children for lead poisoning. A majority of state health departments have formal lead screening guidelines that recommend health care providers use questionnaires. Objective We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the ability of lead screening questionnaires to predict lead poisoning risk among children. Methods Articles that reported the evaluation of a predesigned lead screening questionnaire were obtained by searching Medline/PubMed and by examining references of articles obtained through the online search. From each evaluation, we abstracted the number of children that were true positive, false positive, true negative, and false negative, according to the results of the screening questionnaire and the follow-up blood lead test. From these data, we calculated specificity and sensitivity of the questionnaire for each evaluation. Results Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria: these included 28 separate questionnaire evaluations. Among 17 evaluations of the 1991 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention questionnaire, sensitivity ranged from 0.25 to 0.87, specificity from 0.31 to 0.80, and accuracy (sum of sensitivity and specificity) from 0.74 to 1.39. The pooled mean estimates for this questionnaire were sensitivity 0.61 (95% confidence interval: 0.53-0.68); specificity 0.52 (0.45-0.60); accuracy 1.12 (1.06-1.18). Among 11 evaluations of all other questionnaires, sensitivity ranged from 0.43 to 0.90, specificity from 0.17 to 0.66, and accuracy from 0.94 to 1.27. For these questionnaires, the pooled mean estimates were sensitivity 0.76 (0.68-0.85), specificity 0.41 (0.33-0.49), and accuracy 1.12 (1.06-1.18). Conclusions Lead screening questionnaires showed a wide range of sensitivity and specificity and performed little better than chance at predicting lead poisoning risk among children.
Reproductive Effects of Diethylene Glycol and Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether in Swiss CD-1 Mice Assessed by a Continuous Breeding Protocol

Diethylene glycol (DEG) and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DEGEE) were evaluated for reproductive toxicity in CD-1 mice using a continuous breeding protocol. Compounds were administered in the drinking water at 0, 0.35, 1.75, and 3.5% w/v (DEG) or 0, 0.25 1.25, and 2.5% w/v (DEGEE). Exposure of the breeding pairs to 3.5% DEG for 14 weeks produced statistically significant decreases in the number of litters per pair, live pups per litter, proportion of pups born alive, and live pup weight. There was also a significant increase in the cumulative days to litter and a significant decrease in the number of pairs producing the third, fourth, and fifth litters for the 3.5% DEG-exposed mice. A crossover mating trial of the F0 mice to determine the affected sex was inconclusive, but suggested that offspring development was compromised in females exposed to 3.5% DEG. Slight maternal (F0) toxicity was noted for the 3.5 DEG group (7% decrease in body weight). The F1 generation, at 3.5% DEG, had decreased body weights at birth and exhibited poor postnatal survival. At the intermediate dose of DEG, body weights of both sexes were depressed at weaning, at onset of mating, and at necropsy. However, no adverse effects on reproduction were observed. DEGEE had no effect on reproduction in the F0 or F1 generation mice despite a 34% decrease in cauda epididymal sperm motility in the F1 males at 2.5% DEGEE. Other signs of toxicity observed in these F1 mice included increased relative liver weights. These data indicate that DEG is a reproductive toxicant in Swiss mice affecting fertility and reproductive performance, albeit at high doses (equivalent to 6.1 g/kg/day). However, its monoethyl derivative, DEGEE, is without adverse effects on fertility and reproductive performance.
Optimizing an SPT-tree for visual analytics

Despite the extensive work done in the scientific visualization community on the creation and optimization of spatial data structures, there has been little adaptation of these structures in visual analytics and information visualization. In this work we present how we modify a space-partioning time (SPT) tree — a structure normally used in direct-volume rendering — for geospatial-temporal visualizations. We also present optimization techniques to improve the traversal speed of our structure through locational codes and bitwise comparisons. Finally, we present the results of an experiment that quantitatively evaluates our modified SPT tree with and without our optimizations. Our results indicate that retrieval was nearly three times faster when using our optimizations, and are consistent across multiple trials. Our finding could have implications for performance in using our modified SPT tree in large-scale geospatial temporal visual analytics software.
Clinical Issues in Central Auditory Processing Disorders

Speech-language pathologists are often faced with the need to assess and treat the suspected auditory processing problems of children with language and learning difficulties. This article discusses central auditory processing disorders (CAPDs). Included are a discussion of background information, a current definition of CAPDs, a general discussion of test battery approaches following suggestions made by the American Speech-Language- Hearing Association (ASHA) Task Force on Central Auditory Processing Consensus Development (1996), and various approaches to intervention with persons identified as having a CAPD. Finally, there is brief discussion of remaining questions to be answered. The article attempts to examine various controversies related to all aspects of CAPDs and increase the reader's awareness of current issues concerning this disorder.
VECTORCARDIOGRAPHIC RESIDUA OF INFERIOR INFARCTION. SEVENTY-EIGHT CASES STUDIED WITH THE FRANK SYSTEM.

Seventy-eight patients with well-documented inferior infarction were studied by the Frank vectorcardiographic technic. The commonest residual was superior and leftward orientation of the early forces that moved clockwise in the frontal projection. Quantitative data on the duration, magnitude, and leftward sweep of these forces are presented. In 52 cases, the entire frontal loop was clockwise. When sagittal loop reversal, partial or total, ocurred in this group, a high correlation with associated anterior infarction or left ventricular enlargement was noted. In 24 patients, the returning frontal limb was deformed due to upward bowing. When anterior forces were well preserved in the presence of this deformity, a characteristic "pollywog" shape in the sagittal loop resulted. Conduction defects were twice as common in the cases with mid-loop frontal deformity as in the cases without such defects. Anterior forces of prominent voltage and prolonged duration were noted in 19 cases. Quantitative data on these cas...
Analysis of phytochelatin complexes in the lead tolerant vetiver grass [Vetiveria zizanioides (L.)] using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry

Abstract Ethylenediamene tetraacetic acid (EDTA) has been used to mobilize soil lead (Pb) and enhance plant uptake for phytoremediation. Chelant bound Pb is considered less toxic compared to free Pb ions and hence might induce less stress on plants. Characterization of possible Pb complexes with phytochelatins (PCn, metal-binding peptides) and EDTA in plant tissues will enhance our understanding of Pb tolerance mechanisms. In a previous study, we showed that vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.) can accumulate up to 19,800 and 3350 mg Pb kg−1 dry weight in root and shoot tissues, respectively; in a hydroponics set-up. Following the basic incubation study, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to elucidate the efficiency of vetiver grass (with or without EDTA) in remediating Pb-contaminated soils from actual residential sites where Pb-based paints were used. The levels of total thiols, PCn, and catalase (an antioxidant enzyme) were measured in vetiver root and shoot following chelant-assisted phytostabilization. In the presence of 15 mM kg −1 EDTA, vetiver accumulated 4460 and 480 mg Pb kg−1 dry root and shoot tissue, respectively; that are 15- and 24-fold higher compared to those in untreated controls. Despite higher Pb concentrations in the plant tissues, the amount of total thiols and catalase activity in EDTA treated vetiver tissues was comparable to chelant unamended controls, indicating lowered Pb toxicity by chelation with EDTA. The identification of glutathione (referred as PC1) (m/z 308.2), along with chelated complexes like Pb–EDTA (m/z 498.8) and PC1–Pb–EDTA (m/z 805.3) in vetiver root tissue using electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ES-MS) highlights the possible role of such species towards Pb tolerance in vetiver grass.
Metabolites of Aspergillus Cervinus Massee (Moniliaceae)

An investigation of the metabolites produced by Aspergillus cervinus Massee (Moniliaceae), when grown in submerged culture on a malt extract medium, resulted in the isolation and identification of the quinol terremutin and 3,6-dihydroxy-2,5-toluquinone.
Volatile contaminant materials: relationship between condensate, effluent and bulk composition

DC-93-500, SCV-2590 and SCV-2590-2 silicone/siloxane based co-polymers serve as adhesive components of satellites and other spacecraft. It is well known that out gassing of these materials is a major source of contamination. For the past several years we have been optically characterizing the condensates and their photofixed films via in-situ ellipsometry and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements. We have identified several common outgassed components in each of these materials via FTIR, including polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and Tetra-n-propylsilicate (NPS). We have studied the optical properties of the photofixed films produced at various wavelengths of incident light , as well as when mixtures of these films are employed as the outgassing source via variable angle spectroscopy ellipsometry. We can relate the photofixed material optical properties to the bulk liquids and to the films produced by the outgassssing of the actual co-polymers mentioned above. This work may lead to the evaluation of the optical properties of the photofixed effluents of actual adhesives by evaluating a few basic components
Prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and risk of hypertensive pregnancy among Latina women.

Objective Prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain have been associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, but previous studies have included few Latinas, a group at increased risk. Study Design We examined these associations in the Latina Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Study, a prospective cohort of 1231 women conducted from 2000 to 2004. Results In multivariable analysis, obese women (BMI > 29.0 kg/m 2 ) had 2.5 times the risk of hypertensive pregnancy (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-4.8) and 2.7 times the risk of preeclampsia (95% CI, 1.2-5.8), compared with women whose BMI was 19.8 to 26.0 kg/m 2 . Women with excessive gestational weight gain had a 3-fold increased risk of a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (95% CI, 1.1-7.2) and a 4-fold risk of preeclampsia (95% CI, 1.2-14.5), compared with women achieving weight gain guidelines. Conclusion These findings suggest prepregnancy obesity and excessive weight gain are associated with hypertension in pregnancy in a Latina population and could be potentially modifiable risk factors.
Photopolymerization induced orientation transition in a nematic liquid crystal cell

Abstract We report the observation of a liquid crystal tilt transition from homeotropic to planar orientation induced by photopolymerization of the alignment layer in the absence of liquid crystal. The alignment agent is a unique, polymerizable lecithin (DC23PC), which induces homeotropic alignment before UV exposure. After non-polarized UV exposure, a tilted orientation is obtained. Moreover, further buffing of the UV treated substrate yields a homogeneous alignment. We believe that the conformation change in the lecithin array caused by solid state polymerization is primarily responsible for the transition. These results help to explain the mechanism of liquid crystal alignment and will lead to several potential applications.
Programmable hardware for reconfigurable computing systems

In 1945 the work of J. von Neumann and H. Goldstein created the principal architecture for electronic computation that has now lasted fifty years. Nevertheless alternative architectures have been created that have computational capability, for special tasks, far beyond that feasible with von Neumann machines. The emergence of high capacity programmable logic devices has made the realization of these architectures practical. The original ENIAC and EDVAC machines were conceived to solve special mathematical problems that were far from today's concept of 'killer applications.' In a similar vein programmable hardware computation is being used today to solve unique mathematical problems. Our programmable hardware activity is focused on the research and development of novel computational systems based upon the reconfigurability of our programmable logic devices. We explore our programmable logic architectures and their implications for programmable hardware. One programmable hardware board implementation is detailed.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Electrical coupling between horizontal cell bodies in the tiger salamander retina.

Abstract We studied lateral interactions between horizontal cells in the tiger salamander retina in order to determine the underlying mode of synaptic transmission. Pairs of cells, visually identified by inspection of the in vitro retinal slices, were impaled with two separate electrodes and the transmission between them was examined by injecting current into one cell while recording the resulting voltage response from the other soma. It was found that coupling between horizontal cells remained intact and even increased somewhat during the light response and in the presence of cobalt or acetylcholine. It was also observed that a fluorescent dye injected into one cell would often migrate and stain neighbouring horizontal cells. These results suggest that synaptic transmission between horizontal cell bodies is mediated mainly by electrotonic conduction. The increase in apparent coupling observed under certain experimental conditions can be explained by the increase in input resistance of each horizontal cell.
Dispersion relation approach to the x-ray edge problem

We present a dispersion relation formulation of the open-line amplitude for the x-ray edge problem within the contact potential model. Using both multiple-scattering and determinant techniques, we find that to a very good approximation the many-body effects can be described within a single-particle transition-rate expression using a renormalized matrix element. This renormalized matrix element may be expressed exactly in terms of a frequency integral over the scattering phase shift for the core-hole potential. There are small corrections to the transition rate due to multiple particle-hole-pair final states, and a systematic series expansion for these is presented. This series is summed at threshold to yield an exact expression for the critical amplitude multiplying the power-law singularity. Our analytic results given an exact description at threshold and are shown to be quite accurate away from threshold. Comparison with the asymptotic expression of Nozi\`eres and De Dominicis is made.
Why Are the Conventionally-Assumed High-Pressure Crystal Structures of Ordinary Semiconductors Unstable?

Recent high-pressure X-ray experiments show that, contrary to traditional expectations and numerous calculations, the NaCl structure is not present in covalent semiconductors, the diatomic β-Sn structure is absent in all compound semiconductors, and the CsCl structure is not seen in ionic semiconductors. We explain these systematic absences in terms of dynamical phonon instabilities of the NaCl, β-Sn, and CsCl crystal structures. Covalent materials in NaCl structures become dynamically unstable with respect to the transverse acoustic TA[001] phonon, while ionic compounds in the β-Sn structure exhibit phonon instabilities in the longitudinal optical LO[00ξ] branch. The latter lead to predicted new high pressure phases of octet semiconductors. For InSb, we find no phonon instability that could prevent the CsCl phase from forming, but for the more ionic GaP, GaAs, InP, and InAs, we find that the CsCl phase is dynamically unstable at high pressures with respect to TA[ξξ0] phonons. Analysis of the soft normal modes via “isotropy subgroup” suggests two candidate structures that will replace the CsCl structure at high pressure: the tP4 (B10) InBi-type and the oP4 (B19) AuCd-type. Experimental examination of these predictions is called for.
Persistent Memory Effects and Pre-Conditioning for Repeatable Investigations into Three-Way Catalyst Dynamics

Abstract This paper presents the results of an experimental study into the dynamic behaviour of a three-way automotive catalyst. The study suggests that the dynamic response of the catalyst can be significantly affected by a persistent memory effect in addition to the familiar oxygen storage / release dynamics of the system. In particular, the effects of prior rich or stoichiometric operation are shown to persist even after extended periods of lean operation. This memory effect is important, not only because of its potential impact on conversion efficiency, but also because of its impact on the repeatability of experiments carried out under what would appear to be similar operating conditions.
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

p ercutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) has gained popularity since its introduction in 1981.1 The indications for PEG are to provide enteral access in patients who have either temporarily or permanently lost the ability to eat or in patients who need gastric decompression. Contraindications are similar to those for all types of gastrostomies and include uncontrollable ascites, coagulopathy, prior total gastrectomy, or pathology of the gastric wall. Previous intra-abdominal surgery, including a Billroth II gastric resection, is not a contraindication for PEG placement, nor is the presence of peptic ulcer disease found during endoscopic examination. However, the PEG should not be placed through an ulcer bed. A duodenal or pyloric channel ulcer with gastric outlet obstruction is a contraindication for a PEG if the PEG is to be used for enteral feeding. Currently available PEG kits have 20-22 French gastrostomy tubes. Should simultaneous gastric decompression and jejunal feeding be desired, then initial placement with a larger-diameter tube (28 French) is recommended. Percutaneous or endoscopically removable gastrostomy tubes are available. Percutaneous removal is an advantage for patients who need the PEG for short-term nutrition (3-6 months) or patients in whom a second endoscopy at a later time may be difficult. A patient who has undergone head and neck surgery is an ideal candidate for the percutaneous removable kits, whereas the uncooperative patient who may pull out the PEG, before tract formation occurs, may need the endoscopically removable PEG. There are several choices for replacement gastrostomy tubes, which do not require a repeat endoscopy. The original PEG can be removed in 4 6 weeks after insertion and a replacement can then be inserted. A Foley catheter can be used in the short term, but the tube is long and migration may occur because external bolsters are not available. Migration to, and blockage of, the pylorus or the duodenum may present clinically as gastric outlet obstruction with nausea and vomiting. Shorter Foley replacement gastrostomy tubes are available with an external bolster to prevent migration. A gastrostomy button may be the best replacement option. The gastrostomy button has a Malecot-type end to hold the tip in the stomach and is available in several lengths to traverse the abdominal wall. The feeding port is covered with a screw or snap top. The buttons barely protrude above skin level and are equipped with a flap valve to prevent reflux. They can be an ideal option for a patient who does not want a tube protruding under his or her clothing. PEG may be performed at the patient's bedside or in the endoscopy suite with the patient supine. Antibiotics are given before the procedure to reduce the risk of wound infection. The patient's mouth is mechanically prepared with a topical anesthetic spray while the abdomen is prepaired using sterile technique. After appropriate sedation, esophagogastroduodenoscopy is performed with complete examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
Cholesteatoma in the pediatric population: prognostic indicators for surgical decision making.

A review of surgical therapy for pediatric cholesteatoma at the Arkansas Children's Hospital was performed. Fifty-three children treated surgically for cholesteatoma were studied over a 10-year period. Primary acquired, or attic retraction cholesteatomas, were generally treated with a canal up tympanomastoidectomy; there were very few complications or secondary procedures in this group. Middle ear or secondary acquired cholesteatomas were initially treated by both canal up and canal down procedures; however, a large percentage of these patients eventually required an open cavity procedure. The presence of cholesteatoma in the sinus tympani strongly predicted failure to control disease with a canal up procedure (P < .05); conversely, the absence of matrix in the sinus tympani was predictive for success when a canal up procedure was used for attic cholesteatoma (P < .05). Finally, it was determined that follow-up was not adequate in our patient population. With this in mind, guidelines for the management of pediatric cholesteatoma will be presented.
A Differential Validity Study of the Self-Esteem Rating Scale

This article describes a differential validity study of a 40-item Likert Type self-report measure of self-esteem, the Self-Esteem Rating Scale. A regression analysis was performed with the criterion variable being scores on Hudson's Index of Self-Esteem. Analyses of data on 369 responses to this assessment scale suggest that scores on the Self-Esteem Rating Scale interact with level of depression and that they may interact with gender. These results suggest that interpretations of scores on this scale must be made within the context of a client's level of depression and, perhaps, their gender. Implications of these results for future research and for practice are discussed.
Einstein and the twin paradox

Einstein was the first to discuss and resolve the 'twin paradox', which in 1905 he did not consider paradoxical and treated as a consequence of lack of simultaneity. He maintained this view until at least 1914. However, in 1918 Einstein brought forward arguments about accelerated frames of reference that tended to overshadow his initial resolution. His earlier arguments were gradually rediscovered during the subsequent controversy about this 'paradox'.
Calving Intervals of Bowhead Whales Established Through Photographic Identifications

Three bowhead whales were found with calves more than once in interyear comparisons of aerial photographs. These indicated calving intervals of 4, 4, and 7 years, the first such direct evidence.
Late Quaternary eolian sand depositional record for southwestern Kansas: Landscape sensitivity to droughts

Abstract Eolian deposits and landforms are ubiquitous in western Kansas, particularly south of the Arkansas River with the presence of a stabilized dune field. Stratigraphic studies and associated optical dating reveal a complex depositional history for this dune field spanning the late Quaternary. The oldest eolian deposits from ca. 16 to 12 ka completely or partially bury high terraces with ages of ca. 16 and 33 ka. It is unknown whether these eolian deposits reflect regional aridity and/or a change in sediment availability with the transition of the Arkansas River from a single channel to a braided system. There is pervasive evidence for episodic eolian erosion and deposition ca. 9.8 to 6.3 ka, generally coincident with loess deposition on upland surfaces [Olson, C.G., Nettleton, W.D., Porter, D.A., Brasher, B.R., 1997. Middle Holocene aeolian activity on the High Plains of west-central Kansas. Holocene, 7(3): 255–261], and thus it is inferred to reflect regional aridity. Sites within the dune field show a sequence of eolian sands and weak buried soils, reflecting either dune migration or sand sheet accretion at ca. 1490, 430, 380–320, 180, and 70 yr ago, which correspond well with continental-scale droughts in the tree-ring record. Eolian sand in the Arkansas River dune field may be derived principally with variability in fluvial activity and in climate during the late Pleistocene to the middle Holocene, with substantial reactivation of eolian systems during decadal-scale drought variability in the past 2000 yr.
LEUKÆMIC TRANSFORMATION OF ENGRAFTED HUMAN MARROW CELLS IN VIVO

Abstract A 7-year-old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia had been treated extensively with chemotherapeutic agents. While in remission, but one not likely to last long, she was given 1000 rad total-body irradiation followed by infusion of marrow from an HL-A matched brother. Prompt engraftment ensued, and, with methotrexate, significant graft-versus-host disease was not observed. Leukaemia recurred, beginning 135 days after marrow grafting and becoming florid by day 153. Cytogenetic studies showed only male cells in the donor and female cells in the recipient before grafting. After transplantation all 359 analysable metaphase preparations, including 194 after recurrence of leukaemia, were male, XY. In addition, fluorescent studies of marrow after the recurrence of leukaemia showed 44-52% of the lymphoblasts to have fluorescent Y bodies.
Barriers to equality: The power of subtle discrimination to maintain unequal opportunity

This article argues that subtle discrimination is now the principal scaffolding for segregation in the United States. The author suggests that this scaffolding is built of “microinequities”: apparently small events, which are often ephemeral and hard to prove; events that are covert, often unintentional, frequently unrecognized by the perpetrator. Microinequities occur wherever people are perceived to be “different”: Caucasians in a Japanese-owned company, African-Americans in a white firm, women in a traditionally male environment, Jews and Moslems in a traditionally Protestant environment. These mechanisms of prejudice against persons of difference are usually small in nature, but not trivial in effect. They are especially powerful taken together. (As one drop of water has little effect, though continuous drops may be destructive, one racist slight may be insignificant but many such slights cause serious damage.) Microinequities work both by excluding the person of difference and by making that person less self-confident and less productive. An employer may prevent such damage by developing programs on diversity, like “valuing differences” and team-building. The author does not believe microinequities should be made the subject of antidiscrimination legilation.
Dissociative and Sexual Behaviors in Children and Adolescents With Sexual Abuse and Psychiatric Histories

Dissociative and sexual behaviors were assessed in a sample of 350 children ages 7-18. Four groups were evaluated: a nonpsychiatric comparison sample, a psychiatric sample with no history of sexual abuse, a psychiatric sample with clear evidence of sexual abuse, and another group for whom sexual abuse was likely but not substantiated. All children completed the Trauma Symptom Checklist-Children (TSC-C), and varying numbers completed the Rorschach and MMPI. Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBC), Child Sexual Behavior Inventory (CSBI), and Child Dissociation Checklist (CDC). Mean differences on the Dissociation and Sexual Concerns subscales of the TSC-C existed between the nonpsychiatric and psychiatric groups. The Dissociation subscale was significantly correlated with MMPI Scale 8 and CDC. Sexual Concerns were significantly related to sexual content on the Rorschach, CBC sex problems, and the CSBI. Duration and nature of abuse significantly contributed over and above age and gender in predi...
Orientation of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Based Ionic Liquids at a Hydrophobic Quartz Interface Using Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy

The room-temperature ionic liquid/hydrophobic quartz interface was examined using sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy in the C−H stretching region to develop a more detailed model of how ionic liquids absorb to a variety of solid surfaces. Deuterated dodecyltrichlorosilane was synthesized to modify the quartz surface, which produced a hydrophobic quartz interface that had no resonances from C−H stretches. The ionic liquids, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [BMIM][BF4] and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [BMIM][PF6], and neutral derivatives, 1-methylimidazole and 1-butylimidazole, were used in the analysis. The neutral molecules were examined to compare how shape and charge influenced the orientation of the ionic liquids at a hydrophobic interface. The methyl groups of the four compounds studied were oriented much closer to the surface normal than on the hydrophilic quartz surface. This suggested that the methyl groups were arranged toward the alkylsilane monolaye...
Phase IV Trial Evaluating the Effectiveness and Safety of Dofetilide

BACKGROUND:Dofetilide gained Food and Drug Administration approval for persistent atrial fibrillation/flutter (AFF) based on 2 randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging studies. Concerns of proarrhythmia have prompted the manufacturer to develop specific treatment guidelines.OBJECTIVE:To determine the effectiveness and safety of dofetilide in clinical practice as well as to ascertain whether clinicians are following established dosing guidelines.METHODS:This retrospective analysis evaluated guideline adherence and safety in patients who received dofetilide at a tertiary care medical center. Safety assessment included monitoring for the occurrence of excessive QTc interval prolongation and torsade de pointes. Excessive QTc interval prolongation was defined as >15% above baseline after the first dose or >500 msec following any dose (>550 msec in patients with ventricular conduction abnormalities). Patients were included in the effectiveness assessment if they received at least 36 hours of dofetilide for ...
Detection of Human Papillomavirus in Archival Tissues: Comparison of In Situ Hybridization and Polymerase Chain Reaction:

Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues in pathology archives are an important resource for molecular epidemiology studies. Use of these tissues requires that assays be optimized to account for inevitable variations in tissue fixation and processing that occur in the performance of routine histology. We compared results of colorimetric in situ hybridization (ISH) to L1 consensus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection and typing of human papillomavirus (HPV) in 180 blocks of archival tissues (up to 9 years in storage) from cervical cancer patients. Fifteen samples could not be amplified by PCR, but assays were concordant in 75.1% (124/165) of samples that could be analyzed by both methods. Similar numbers of ISH+/PCR- (23) and ISH-/PCR+ (18) cases were found. Eight of the 18 ISH-/PCR+ cases were attributable to PCR detection of HPV types not included in the ISH assay. This degree of concordance required individual optimization of assay conditions for each block. ISH and PCR assays for HPV yield complementary results, and both can be successfully applied to archival tissues.
Attitudinal changes toward exercise in mexican american women.

Background: This experimental study was designed to examine the attitude changes and exercise adherence of a group of sedentary minority women.Method: Fifty sedentary Mexican American women participated in a 9-month, biweekly education and exercise program that was preceded by a 6-month program initiation composed of weekly interactions to facilitate trust between participants and researchers.Results: Compared to Mexican American and Caucasian control groups, the experimental participants displayed significant changes in scores on the Exercise Benefits and Barriers Scales (EBBS) at three, six, and nine months. Adherence to the physical activity program was 84%. At pre-test, the Mexican American participants and controls displayed significantly lower EBBS scores than the Caucasian controls.Conclusions: The results of this study are examined in light of existing reports on the facilitation of attitudes toward exercise, exercise adherence and health promotion particularly in regard to understanding the barri...
VeriFlow: verifying network-wide invariants in real time

Networks are complex and prone to bugs. Existing tools that check configuration files and data-plane state operate offline at timescales of seconds to hours, and cannot detect or prevent bugs as they arise.Is it possible to check network-wide invariants in real time, as the network state evolves? The key challenge here is to achieve extremely low latency during the checks so that network performance is not affected. In this paper, we present a preliminary design, VeriFlow, which suggests that this goal is achievable. VeriFlow is a layer between a software-defined networking controller and network devices that checks for network-wide invariant violations dynamically as each forwarding rule is inserted. Based on an implementation using a Mininet OpenFlow network and Route Views trace data, we find that VeriFlow can perform rigorous checking within hundreds of microseconds per rule insertion.
Formation of Optical Images by X-Rays

Several conceivable methods for the formation of optical images by x-rays are considered, and a method employing concave mirrors is adopted as the most promising. A concave spherical mirror receiving radiation at grazing incidence (a necessary arrangement with x-rays) images a point into a line in accordance with a focal length f=Ri/2 where R is the radius of curvature and i the grazing angle. The image is subject to an aberration such that a ray reflected at the periphery of the mirror misses the focal point of central rays by a distance given approximately by S=1.5Mr2/R, where M is the magnification of the image and r is the radius of the mirror face. The theoretically possible resolving power is such as to resolve point objects separated by about 70A, a limit which is independent of the wave-length used. Point images of points and therefore extended images of extended objects may be produced by causing the radiation to reflect from two concave mirrors in series. Sample results are presented.
Functional Interaction between the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Polymerase Processivity Factor and Origin-Binding Proteins: Enhancement of UL9 Helicase Activity

The origin (ori)-binding protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), encoded by the UL9 open reading frame, has been shown to physically interact with a number of cellular and viral proteins, including three HSV-1 proteins (ICP8, UL42, and UL8) essential for ori-dependent DNA replication. In this report, it is demonstrated for the first time that the DNA polymerase processivity factor, UL42 protein, provides accessory function to the UL9 protein by enhancing the 3'-to-5' helicase activity of UL9 on partially duplex nonspecific DNA substrates. UL42 fails to enhance the unwinding activity of a noncognate helicase, suggesting that enhancement of unwinding requires the physical interaction between UL42 and UL9. UL42 increases the steady-state rate for unwinding a 23/38-mer by UL9, but only at limiting UL9 concentrations, consistent with a role in increasing the affinity of UL9 for DNA. Optimum enhancement of unwinding was observed at UL42/UL9 molecular ratios of 4:1, although enhancement was reduced when high UL42/DNA ratios were present. Under the assay conditions employed, UL42 did not alter the rate constant for dissociation of UL9 from the DNA substrate. UL42 also did not significantly reduce the lag period which was observed following the addition of UL9 to DNA, regardless of whether UL42 was added to DNA prior to or at the same time as UL9. Moreover, addition of UL42 to ongoing unwinding reactions increased the steady-state rate for unwinding, but only after a 10- to 15-min lag period. Thus, the increased affinity of UL9 for DNA most likely is the result of an increase in the rate constant for binding of UL9 to DNA, and it explains why helicase enhancement is observed only at subsaturating concentrations of UL9 with respect to DNA. In contrast, ICP8 enhances unwinding at both saturating and subsaturating UL9 concentrations and reduces or eliminates the lag period. The different means by which ICP8 and UL42 enhance the ability of UL9 to unwind DNA suggest that these two members of the presumed functional replisome may act synergistically on UL9 to effect initiation of HSV-1 DNA replication in vivo.
Maternal Prenatal Intake of Fructose Is Associated with Asthma in Children

M O N D A Y 736 Maternal Prenatal Intake of Fructose Is Associated with Asthma in Children Lakiea S. Wright, MD, MAT, Sheryl Rifas-Shiman, MPH, Emily Oken, MD, Matthew Gillman, MD, SM, Augusto A. Litonjua, MD, MPH, Diane R. Gold, MD, MPH; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Division of Rhematology, Immunology & Allergy, Boston, MA, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, HarvardMedical School, Channing Division of NetworkMedicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA. RATIONALE: Intake of fructose may promote inflammation and associated conditions including obesity and asthma. We examined associations of maternal prenatal and child nutrient intake of fructose with childhood asthma, and hypothesized that higher fructose intake was associated with childhood asthma. METHODS: We studied 1,111 mother-child pairs from Project Viva, a longitudinal pre-birth cohort. Using food frequency questionnaires, we estimated maternal intake of fructose from beverages and foods during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy and child intake at 2 years. In midchildhood (median age 7.7 years), mothers reported physician diagnosed asthmawith current wheeze or use of asthmamedication via questionnaire. In a multivariable analysis, we examined associations of total fructose and beverage intake (per internal z-score) with asthma in mid-childhood, adjusted for maternal socio-demographics (age, education, and household income), pre-pregnancy BMI, pregnancy smoking status and child sex and race/ethnicity. RESULTS: In mid-childhood, asthma was common (19.5%) and mean (SD) BMI was 17.2 (3.1). Fructose intake during the first and second trimesters was associated with greater odds of asthma (OR 1.22; 95%CI, 1.03-1.44). Additionally, child fructose intake at 2 years of age was associated with greater odds of asthma in mid-childhood (OR 1.22; 95% CI;1.02-1.46). Different sources of fructose may underlie these associations. Maternal first and second trimester intake of sugar sweetened beverages (OR 1.20; 95% CI, 1.01-1.42) and child intake of juice, excluding orange juice (OR 1.34; 95% CI, 1.12-1.61) seem to be driving the fructose– asthma associations. CONCLUSIONS: Early life exposure to fructose may influence asthma development in children.
Anemia of inflammation

Anemia of inflammation (AI, also called anemia of chronic disease) is a common, typically normocytic, normochromic anemia that is caused by an underlying inflammatory disease. It is diagnosed when serum iron concentrations are low despite adequate iron stores, as evidenced by serum ferritin that is not low. In the setting of inflammation, it may be difficult to differentiate AI from iron deficiency anemia, and the 2 conditions may coexist. Treatment should focus on the underlying disease. Recent advances in molecular understanding of AI are stimulating the development of new pathophysiologically targeted experimental therapies.