cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective olfactory bulb lesions: Reactivity changes and avoidance learning in rats

Abstract Male rats with bilateral lesions in different parts of the olfactory system behaved differently on several tasks. All lesioned animals were hyperactive in an open field test, learned active shuttle-box avoidance faster, and were more difficult to handle than sham operates. Animals with lesions confined to the olfactory bulb proper defecated more on several measures than animals with lesions extending to the olfactory tubercle, and only deeply lesioned animals failed to learn a step-down passive avoidance task. In a startle testing apparatus, all lesioned animals habituated more quickly than sham operates although the minimally lesioned animals showed greater freezing responses than other lesioned groups. Results are discussed in terms of possible alterations in limbic function leading to site-dependent changes in motor reactivity or emotionality.
Designing and Evaluating a Health Belief Model-Based Intervention to Increase Intent of HPV Vaccination among College Males

Since 2009, HPV vaccine has been approved by the FDA for use in boys and young men, but less than 1% of eligible males in the United States have taken this vaccine. This study developed and evaluat...
Electrochemical performance of spinel LiMn2O4 cathode materials made by flame-assisted spray technology

Spinel lithium manganese oxide LiMn2O4 powders were synthesized by a flame-assisted spray technology (FAST) with a precursor solution consisting of stoichiometric amounts of LiNO3 and Mn(NO3)2·4H2O dissolved in methanol. The as-synthesized LiMn2O4 particles were non-agglomerated, and nanocrystalline. A small amount of Mn3O4was detected in the as-synthesized powder due to the decomposition of spinel LiMn2O4 at the high flame temperature. The impurity phase was removed with a post-annealing heat-treatment wherein the grain size of the annealed powder was 33 nm. The charge/discharge curves of both powders matched the characteristic plateaus of spinel LiMn2O4 at 3 V and 4 V vs. Li. However, the annealed powder showed a higher initial discharge capacity of 115 mAh g−1 at 4 V. The test cell with annealed powder showed good rate capability between a voltage of 3.0 and 4.3 V and a first cycle coulombic efficiency of 96%. The low coulombic efficiency from capacity fading may be due to oxygen defects in the annealed powder. The results suggest that FAST holds potential for rapid production of uniform cathode materials with low-cost nitrate precursors and minimal energy input. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Maintenance of unimplanted fertilized ova in sprayed rats. IV. Effects of duration of ovarian hormone deprivation and progesterone therapy prior to the deprivation.

Studies were carried out in the spayed-rat delayed-implantation model to determine whether progesterone treatment prior to an ovarian hormone deprivation during the pre-implantation period would influence the incidence of subsequent delayed ovo-implantation induced with progesterone plus estrone. Implantation was rarely induced with 4 mg progesterone plus 1 microgram estrone/day after 5 to 11 days of ovarian hormone deprivation in rats that were spayed on Day 3, if progesterone treatment were not given before ovarian hormone deprivation. In contrast to this, implantation was fairly consistently induced with 4 mg progesterone plus 1 microgram estrone/day after 3, 5, 7, or 11 days of ovarian hormone deprivation in rats that were spayed on Day 3 and received 4 mg progesterone/day before the deprivation period (i.e., on Days 2 through 3, 2 through 6, or 2 through 8). The post-implantation viability of the embryos of the dams undergoing the longer periods of ovarian hormone deprivation, however, was reduced.
Carrying Capacity and the Death of a Culture: A Tale of Two Autopsies*

Issues associated with the phrase “sustainable development” are clarified by careful analysis of the meaning of carrying capacity. In their impressions of carrying capacity's effects, two explanations for the death of a memorable culture (Easter Island) differed fundamentally. One explanation was captive to a premature notion of a carrying capacity ceiling no population growth could ever penetrate. For the other, population was seen as having grown until it did exceed the maximum sustainable load, thus having inflicted environmental damage that reduced carrying capacity. The former view had to imagine a geological catastrophe to account for the culture's death. In the latter view, it was a case of excessive success proving fatal. A proponent of the latter view regarded Easter Island as a “preview in microcosm” of what may be happening globally. As such, the Easter Island experience would have important implications for industrial societies. Comparison of the two autopsies has implications for the social sciences.
An International Cooperative Study Evaluating Serum Thyroglobulin Standards

A number of research laboratories have reported great variability in the levels of serum thyroglobulin (Tg) in normal subjects, the reason for which is not immediately apparent. The present study was designed to determine how important these variations were by submitting three identical standards to all participating laboratories. Three lyophilized human sera (standards A, B, and C) with increasing concentrations of Tg (5.3, 30.6, and 80.6 ng⁄ml, respectively) were submitted to 37 laboratories (40 assays) in 18 different countries. Standard A gave detectable values in 19 assays. The mean serum Tg concentration was 6.3 ± 1.4 (±SEM) ng⁄ml (n = 18). Standard B was detected in all but 3 assays. The mean serum Tg concentration in standard B was 15.7 ± 1.4 ng⁄ml (n = 37). All laboratories were able to detect Tg in standard C, and reported a mean serum Tg concentration of 36.5 ± 3.2 ng⁄ml (n = 40). Lyophilization affected the recovery of Tg in our assay. This was confirmed by a study in which lyophilized standar...
Effects of nutrient loading on the carbon balance of coastal wetland sediments

Results of a 12-yr study in an oligotrophic South Carolina salt marsh demonstrate that soil respiration increased by 795 g C m -2 yr -1 and that carbon inventories decreased in sediments fertilized with nitrogen and phosphorus. Fertilized plots became net sources of carbon to the atmosphere, and sediment respiration continues in these plots at an accelerated pace. After 12 yr of treatment, soil macroorganic matter in the top 5 cm of sediment was 475 g C m -2 lower in fertilized plots than in controls, which is equivalent to a constant loss rate of 40 g C m -2 yr-'. It is not known whether soil carbon in fertilized plots has reached a new equilibrium or continues to decline. The increase in soil respiration in the fertilized plots was far greater than the loss of sediment organic matter, which indicates that the increase in soil respiration was largely due to an increase in primary production. Sediment respiration in laboratory incubations also demonstrated positive effects of nutrients. Thus, the results indicate that increased nutrient loading of oligotrophic wetlands can lead to an increased rate of sediment carbon turnover and a net loss of carbon from sediments.
Use of a catchlike property of human skeletal muscle to reduce fatigue

This study compared the force output produced by variable frequency, short-duration trains (VFTs) of electrical pulses with the forces produced by constant frequency, short-duration trains (CFTs). Human quadriceps femoris muscle was stimulated with a 300-msec train of pulses once every second for 180 seconds. Each subject (n = 12) participated in 4 randomly assigned experimental sessions. During 3 sessions, a CFT of 80, 40 or 20 pps was used. During a fourth session, a VFT, which consisted of all 3 of the above frequencies, was used. The force at 100 msec, average force of each contraction and peak force were calculated for every 30th contraction. By the 90th contraction, the force at 100 msec and the average force were significantly greater for the VFT than for each CFT. Thus, the VFT, by using a catchlike property, may provide significant advantages over any CFT when using electrical stimulation for functional electrical stimulation.
A comparison of benchmark task and insight evaluation methods for information visualization

This study compares two different empiricaL research methods for evaluating information visualizations: the traditional benchmark-task method and the insight method. The methods are compared using criteria such as the conclusions about the visualization designs provided by each method, the time participants spent during the study, the time and effort required to analyse the resulting empirical data, and the effect of individual differences between participants on the results. The study compares three graph visualization alternatives that associate bioinformatics microarray time series data to pathway graph vertices in order to investigate the effect of different visual grouping structures in visualization designs that integrate multiple data types. It is confirmed that visual grouping should match task structure, but interactive grouping proves to be a wellrounded alternative. Overall, the results validate the insight method's ability to confirm results of the task method, but also show advantages of the insight method to illuminate additional types of tasks. Efficiency and insight frequently correlate, but important distinctions are found.
Body Modification and Suicidal Behavior

In a large sample of individuals who belong to a website for body modification, having body modifications (e.g., piercings, tattoos, scarification and surgical procedures) was associated with a higher incidence of prior suicidality (i.e., suicidal ideation and attempted suicide). However, controls for self-reported depression weakened the strength of these associations.
Patterns of elevated free calcium and calmodulin activation in living cells

THE temporal and spatial dynamics of intracellular signals and protein effectors are being defined as a result of imaging using fluorescent reagents within living cells1–5. We have described a new class of fluorescent analogues2 termed optical biosensors6, which sense chemical or molecular events through their effects on protein transducers7. One example of this new class of indicators is MeroCaM, an environmentally sensitive fluorophore which when it is attached to calmodulin reflects the activation of calmodulin by calcium in vitro2. We report here that the rise in free calcium and MeroCaM activation occur in the same period during serum stimulation of quiescent fibroblasts. MeroCaM activation also correlates with the spatial pattern of increased free calcium and the contraction of transverse fibres during wound healing1, 8–10. Finally, migrating fibroblasts in the later stages of wound-healing exhibit an increasing gradient of free calcium and MeroCaM activation from the front to the rear.
An economic analysis and energy use in stake-tomato production in Tokat province of Turkey

Abstract The aim of this study is to determine the input–output energy consumption and to make a cost analysis of intermediate type stake-tomato grown in open field in Tokat province of Turkey. The data used in the study were obtained from 98 local tomato growers using a questionnaire. The farms were chosen by random sampling method. The results showed that the amount of energy consumed in stake-tomato production was 96 957.36 MJ ha −1 . About 42% of this was generated by diesel oil and 38% from fertilizers and machinery. The input–output ratio was 0.80 and energy productivity was found to be 1.00 kg MJ ha −1 . About 76% of the total energy inputs used in stake-tomato production was non-renewable while only about 22% was renewable. These findings reveal that intensive input use in stake-tomato production, especially chemical fertilizers, gives a high tomato yield but also raises some problems like environmental pollution and global warming. Thus, new policies, emphasizing energy consumption without degradation of national resources, should be designed for such farms.
Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, skeletal muscle and polycystic ovary syndrome: effects of pioglitazone and metformin treatment.

Abstract Objective Chronic low-grade inflammation is a common feature of insulin resistant states, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Less is known about inflammation in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Thus we evaluated the impact of PCOS on circulating cytokine levels and the effects of anti-diabetic therapies on insulin action, cytokine and chemokine levels and inflammatory signaling in skeletal muscle. Methods Twenty subjects with PCOS and 12 healthy normal cycling (NC) subjects of similar body mass index were studied. PCOS subjects received oral placebo or pioglitazone, 45 mg/d, for 6 months. All PCOS subjects then had metformin, 2 g/day, added to their treatment. Circulating levels of cytokines, chemokines, and adiponectin, skeletal muscle markers of inflammation and phosphorylation of signaling proteins, insulin action evaluated by the hyperinsulinemic/euglycemic clamp procedure and Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance were measured. Results Circulating levels of a number of cytokines and chemokines were generally similar between PCOS and NC subjects. Levels in PCOS subjects were not altered by pioglitazone or metformin treatment, even though whole body insulin action and adiponectin levels increased with pioglitazone. In spite of the lack of change in levels of cytokines and chemokines, several markers of inflammation in skeletal muscle were improved with Pio treatment. Conclusions PCOS may represent a state of elevated sensitivity of inflammatory cells in skeletal muscle to cytokines and chemokines, a property that could be reversed by pioglitazone treatment together with improved insulin action.
Vaporization and condensation of mineral matter during pulverized coal combustion

The factors governing the amount and properties of the submicron aerosol (fume) produced on combustion of coal have been studied by burning size-graded Montana lignite particles in a laminar drop-tube furnace at 1750 K. The coal particle temperatures achieved vary from 1800 K to 2800 K as the oxygen concentration in which the particles burn is increased from 5% to 100%. Size fractionation of the ash yields a bimodal size distribution. The average size of the fine particles varies from less than 50diameter to greater than 300 , depending on the combustion conditions. These fine particles are produced by vaporization of the mineral matter species during combustion and their subsequent recondensation. The amount of fume produced as metal oxides increases from 0.1% of the total ash at particle temperatures around 1800 K to 20% at 2800 K. The chemical composition of the Montana lignite fume is dominated by the refractory oxides MgO and CaO at all but the lowest temperatures (T The oxidation of the vaporized reduced-state species away from the particle surface results in a supersaturation of the refractory oxides, leading to their nucleation. A simple model in which growth of these particles then occurs by coalescent collisions and by heterogeneous condensation of new material released from the burning particles provides a good representation of the observed particle sizes as a function of residence time and degree of ash vaporization.
Electronic specific heat of gamma phase copper-aluminum alloys

Abstract The electronic specific heat of the γ 2 - and δ-phases in the binary copper-aluminum system has been measured as a function of composition. A pronounced minimum is observed in the corresponding variation in the density-of-states at the Fermi level with electron/atom ratio. This supports the view that the electronic structure is determined by contact between the Fermi surface and the relevant Jones zone for the γ 2 -phase and that zone overlap effects are significant for higher electron concentrations. The data for the δ-phase strongly suggest that its electronic structure is very similar to that of the γ 2 -phase. Recent transport measurements on copper-aluminum alloys are interpreted in terms of the present results.
Post-Newtonian SPH calculations of binary neutron star coalescence. III. Irrotational systems and gravitational wave spectra

Gravitational wave (GW) signals from coalescing binary neutron stars may soon become detectable by laser-interferometer detectors. Using our new post-Newtonian (PN) smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) code, we have studied numerically the mergers of neutron star binaries with irrotational initial configurations. These are the most physically realistic initial conditions just prior to merger, since the neutron stars in these systems are expected to be spinning slowly at large separation, and the viscosity of neutron star matter is too small for tidal synchronization to be effective at small separation. However, the large shear that develops during the merger makes irrotational systems particularly difficult to study numerically in 3D. In addition, in PN gravity, accurate irrotational initial conditions are much more difficult to construct numerically than corotating initial conditions. Here we describe a new method for constructing numerically accurate initial conditions for irrotational binary systems with circular orbits in PN gravity. We then compute the 3D hydrodynamic evolution of these systems until the two stars have completely merged, and we determine the corresponding GW signals. We present results for systems with different binary mass ratios, and for neutron stars represented by polytropes with $\ensuremath{\Gamma}=2$ or $\ensuremath{\Gamma}=3.$ Compared to mergers of corotating binaries, we find that irrotational binary mergers produce similar peak GW luminosities, but they shed almost no mass at all to large distances. The dependence of the GW signal on numerical resolution for calculations performed with $N\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{10}^{5}$ SPH particles is extremely weak, and we find excellent agreement between runs utilizing ${N=10}^{5}$ and ${N=10}^{6}$ SPH particles (the largest SPH calculation ever performed to study such irrotational binary mergers). We also compute GW energy spectra based on all calculations reported here and in our previous works. We find that PN effects lead to clearly identifiable features in the GW energy spectrum of binary neutron star mergers, which may yield important information about the nuclear equation of state at extreme densities.
The epsilon Geminorum occultation - Evidence for waves or turbulence

Intercomparison of occultation data from various observatories shows poor correlation of the raw data but apparent correlations in the derived temperature profiles, as discussed in a paper by French and Elliott. We point out that the data are at least as consistent with Martian scintillation as they are with a semiglobal wave model.
PLIF measurements in aqueous flows using the Nd:YAG laser

This work identifies a new fluorescent tracer, 5(&6) carboxy-dichlorofluorescein, suitable for use with a Nd:YAG laser for quantitative PLIF concentration measurements in aqueous-phase flows. Fluorescence emission calibrations are performed to validate the use of this laser/dye combination, and to reject other combinations examined. It is found that the commonly used sodium fluorescein dye has a non-linear signal response when excited by the Nd:YAG laser, which makes this laser/dye combination unsuitable for quantitative PLIF measurements, although it is acceptable for purely visualization purposes. The new proposed dye shows a linear response of fluorescent signal both with dye concentration and with laser intensity. Fluid-flow measurements taken with the Nd:YAG/carboxy-dichlorofluorescein system are found in agreement to measurements obtained using a more standard laser/dye combination, namely Copper-vapor with sodium fluorescein, for which signal calibrations tests are also presented.
Investigating Compensation and Recovery of Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) Exposed to 17α-Ethynylestradiol with Metabolite Profiling

1H NMR spectroscopy was used to profile metabolite changes in the livers of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to the synthetic estrogen 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2) via a continuous flow water exposure. Fish were exposed to either 10 or 100 ng EE2/L for 8 days, followed by an 8 day depuration phase. Livers were collected after days 1, 4, and 8 of the exposure, and at the end of the depuration phase. Analysis of polar extracts of the liver revealed a greater impact of EE2 on males than females, with metabolite profiles of the former assuming similarities with those of the females (i.e., feminization) early in the exposure. Biochemical effects observed in the males included changes in metabolites relating to energetics (e.g., glycogen, glucose, and lactate) and liver toxicity (creatine and bile acids). In addition, amino acids associated with vitellogenin (VTG) synthesis increased in livers of EE2-exposed males, a finding consistent with increased plasma concentrations of the lipoprotein in the fish. Using partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the response trajectories of the males at both exposure concentrations were compared. This revealed an apparent ability of the fish to compensate for the presence of EE2 later in the exposure, and to partially recover from its effects after the chemical was removed.
Alternative method for determination of contaminated heparin using chiral recognition

Since 2008 a significant amount of work has focused on the development of methods to analyze contaminated heparin. This work focuses on utilizing heparin's ability to serve as a chiral selector as a means for determining contamination. Specifically, the effect of contamination on the separation of pheniramine and chloroquine enantiomers was explored. Separations were conducted using heparin contaminated with chondroitin sulfate at varying levels. For each pair of enantiomers, electrophoretic mobility and resolution were calculated. For pheniramine enantiomers, an increase in contamination leads to a decrease in the electrophoretic mobility and resolution. A linear relationship between contamination level and electrophoretic mobility of the pheniramine enantiomers was observed for the entire contamination range. A linear relationship was also found between contamination level and resolution of the enantiomers between 0 and 70 percent contamination. For the separation of chloroquine enantiomers, it was found that at low levels of contamination, the resolution of enantiomers was increased due to the secondary interaction between the chloroquine enantiomers and the chondroitin sulfate. Results of this study illustrate the potential of using chiral recognition as a means to determine heparin contamination as well as the improvement of the chiral resolution of chloroquine with the additional of low levels of chondroitin sulfate A.
ODE solvers and the method of lines

Factors influencing the choice of ODE solver for the numerical solution of PDEs by the method of lines are investigated. The advection—diffusion equation is used to gain insight that is generalized to some classes of nonlinear PDEs. Numerical results for several nonlinear PDEs illustrate the theoretical developments. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Single-incision laparoscopic surgery in children: a randomized control trial of acute appendicitis.

Single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) is a novel area of minimally invasive surgery that uses a single incision to minimize all ports to one site. The end result is an incision that can be strategically placed in the umbilicus for a perceived scarless abdomen. The authors rationalized that a randomized controlled trial was important given the rapid popularization of this approach. An institutional review board-approved prospective randomized trial compared patients undergoing SILS (SILS-A) and conventional laparoscopic (LAP-A) appendectomy at a free-standing children’s hospital during a median follow-up period of 2.2 years. A total of 50 patients (50 % boys and 67 % Hispanics) were randomized equally to SILS-A and LAP-A. The patients ranged in age from 3 to 15 years without a difference between the two groups. Half (50 %) of these patients were younger than 8 years. The technique for SILS-A involved a single supraumbilical curvilinear skin incision with three fascial incisions. Ports were inserted to varying depths to minimize restriction of instrument movement. Coaxial visualization was improved by the use of a 30° scope. To achieve technical comparability with the LAP-A, a stapler device was used, which required upsizing a 5 mm port to a 12 mm port. The mean duration of the operation was 46.8 ± 3.7 min (range, 22–120 min) compared with 34.8 ± 2.5 min (range, 18–77 min) for standard LAP-A (p = 0.010). No conversions occurred, and the two groups did not differ in hospital length of stay. The postoperative complications consisted of one wound seroma in the SILS-A group (nonsignificant difference), and no hernias were seen. No difference in readmissions, diet tolerance, fever, or postoperative pain was noted between the two groups. The findings show the SILS approach to be feasible in the pediatric population despite the limited abdominal domain in younger children. Although SILS operating room times currently are longer than for LAP-A, they are comparable, and no other outcomes differed appreciably between the two techniques at the time of hospitalization or during the follow-up period.
In-Home Training for Fathers of Children with Autism: A Follow up Study and Evaluation of Four Individual Training Components.

Literature regarding fathers of children with autism remains sparse, and because mothers are the more common intervening parent, few training methods have focused on fathers. Thus, we sought to evaluate effects of in-home training directed at fathers and their ability to train mothers in the same manner in which they were trained. Fathers were taught four skills commonly associated with in-home training interventions for parents of children with autism: following the child’s lead, imitation with animation, commenting on the child, and expectant waiting. Father skills were evaluated twice a week for 12 weeks during videotaped in-home father–child play sessions. Analyses included visual inspection of graphed data and statistical analyses of father skill acquisition, mother skill acquisition, and child behaviors with both parents. A multivariate repeated measures analysis of 18 dyads revealed significant increases in frequencies of fathers’ imitation with animation, expectant waiting, and commenting on the child. Child initiating rates increased significantly as did frequencies of child non-speech vocalizations. Analysis of mothers revealed significant increases in frequencies of imitation with animation, expectant waiting, and following the child’s lead. Child behaviors had similar results for father and mother sessions. Findings are consistent with those from our first study indicating that fathers can effectively implement skills that promote father–child social interactions and that children respond positively to this approach.
Single stage reconstruction of complex anterior urethral strictures: combined tissue transfer techniques

ABSTRACTPurpose: Reconstruction of most urethral strictures is possible with anastomotic, graft or skin flap procedures alone. We describe the combination of tissue transfer techniques to preserve the urethral plate and reconstruct long and complex urethral strictures in 1 stage.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the results in 25 patients who underwent anterior urethroplasty requiring more than 1 tissue transfer technique to achieve urethral reconstruction in 1 stage.Results: Outcome was excellent in 22 patients (88%). Seven patients with pan-urethral strictures (mean length 19 cm.) required a fasciocutaneous flap combined with a buccal mucosa, bladder epithelium or skin graft. A total of 13 patients with focally dense strictures underwent excision of the most severe portion of the stricture with dorsal reapproximation, thereby improving the quality of the urethral plate and allowing simultaneous flap or graft onlay reconstruction. Five patients with multiple separate strictures required a distal onlay f...
The natural father: genetic paternity testing, marriage, and fatherhood.

The emerging phenomenon of genetic paternity testing shows how good science and useful social reform can run off the rails. Genetic paternity testing enables us to sort out, in a transparent and decisive way, the age-old but traditionally never-quite-answerable question of whether a child is genetically related to the husband of the child's mother. Given the impossibility of settling this question for certain, British and American law has long held that a biological relationship must almost always be assumed to exist. According to what is known as the “marital presumption” or “presumption of legitimacy,” a child born to a woman within a marital relationship is assumed to be the biological child of the woman's husband unless he was absent, impotent, or sterile. In other words, if paternity was not a physical impossibility for the husband, there was a nearly irrebuttable presumption that he was the father of the child. The husband was locked into the role of fatherhood.I am grateful to the participants of Genetic Ties and the Future of the Family, a research project run conjointly by The Hastings Center and the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy, and Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. Discussions held in the course of this project have influenced this paper in various ways. I am especially grateful to Mary Anderlik for detailed comments. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2002 annual meeting of the American Society of Bioethics and Humanities and at a colloquium at Oxford University on Genetic Technologies and the Family, and the paper has benefited from comments offered on each of those occasions. Funding for Genetic Ties and the Future of the Family is provided by the National Institutes of Health (grant #HG02485).
Theoretical and experimental studies of monolithically integrated pseudomorphic InGaAs/AlGaAs MODFET-APD photoreceivers

A detailed theoretical analysis has been made of the frequency response and noise performance of the integrated device, taking account of the material characteristics of the pseudomorphic InGaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure and GaAs/AlGaAs multi-quantum-well (MQW) avalanche photodiode (APD). The effects of adding an inductor between the output on the detector and the input of the transistor and the effects of a feedback resistance on the noise, speed, and gain characteristics have been investigated. The authors have fabricated and measured the performance characteristics of a monolithic device consisting of an InGaAs/AlGaAs pseudomorphic single-quantum-well MODFET with 1- mu m gate length and a 30 mu m*50 mu m APD with a 13-period GaAs/AlGaAs (400/400 AA) avalanching region on top of it and isolated from the FET by an AlGaAs layer. The devices were coupled with monolithic resistors and inductors and with air-bridge technology. The entire structure was grown on GaAs substrates by MBE (molecular-beam epitaxy) and is believed to be the first demonstration of a pseudomorphic and MQW integrated device. The measured characteristics of the device are reported. >
Deposition, mobility and persistence of sprinkler-irrigation-applied chlorpyrifos on corn foliage and in soil†

The insecticide chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate) was applied to sweet corn (Zea mays L.) by chemigation, injecting either an emulsifiable formulation or technical chlorpyrifos dissolved in soybean oil into 0·25 cm or 1·27 cm sprinkler-applied irrigation water. Half of the plots treated with chlorpyrifos in 0·25 cm water were immediately irrigated further with 1·27 cm water without chlorpyrifos. Half the plots treated with chlorpyrifos in 1·27 cm water were irrigated with another 1·27 cm water without chlorpyrifos 10 days later. Neither the volume of water used to apply the insecticide nor subsequent irrigation affected chlorpyrifos residues on the corn foliage or in the soil. Chemigation of the soybean oil solution resulted in three times more chlorpyrifos on the foliage than chemigation of the emulsion formulation, apparently because of greater adhesion of the oil droplets to the foliar surface. Chlorpyrifos residues in foliage declined with an initial half-life of one day. Chlorpyrifos on or near the soil surface declined with an initial half-life of approximately four days.
Dihydrotachysterol induction of intestinal calcium-binding activity in the chick

Abstract Appearance of the calcium-binding protein (CaBP) in intestinal mucosal preparations has previously been regarded as a vitamin D-dependent process. However, dihydrotachysterol, a compound stereo-chemically related to vitamin D, was found to be capable of inducing CaBP activity in vitamin D-deficient chicks. Dihydrotachysterol 2 (DHT 2 ) and dihydrotachysterol 3 (DHT 3 ) were less active than vitamin D 3 at lower dosage levels (i.e. up to 325 nmoles); while a high dose (i.e. 3.25 μmoles) of the sterols demonstrated activities equivalent to or surpassing that for vitamin D 3 . At the high dosage level, DHT 2 appeared more active than either DHT 3 or vitamin D 3 . Stimulation of calcium absorption was detectable at 5 hr and CaBP activity at 10 hr following DHT 2 repletion (325 nmoles), giving approximately the same time course of events as an equivalent dose of vitamin D 3 . Induction of CaBP activity was actinomycin sensitive, although the action of DHT 2 was not completely blocked by the antibiotic. Such action for DHT in the intestine was discussed in view of possible hydroxylation in vivo at C-25, similar to vitamin D.
Hydrogen-Bonded Aggregates in Precise Acid Copolymers.

We perform atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of melts of four precise acid copolymers, two poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) (PEAA) copolymers, and two poly(ethylene-co-sulfonic acid) (PESA) copolymers. The acid groups are spaced by either 9 or 21 carbons along the polymer backbones. Hydrogen bonding causes the acid groups to form aggregates. These aggregates give rise to a low wavevector peak in the structure factors, in agreement with X-ray scattering data for the PEAA materials. The structure factors for the PESA copolymers are very similar to those for the PEAA copolymers, indicating a similar distance between aggregates which depends on the spacer length but not on the nature of the acid group. The PEAA copolymers are found to form more dimers and other small aggregates than do the PESA copolymers, while the PESA copolymers have both more free acid groups and more large aggregates.
Evaluation of acetylene as a spark ignition engine fuel

In spite of its known shortcomings as a fuel for spark ignition engines, acetylene has been suggested as a possible alternative to petroleum-based fuels since it can be produced from non-petroleum resources (coal, limestone and water). Therefore, acetylene was evaluated in a single-cylinder engine to investigate performance and emission characteristics with special emphasis on lean operation for NOx control. Testing was carried out at constant speed, constant airflow and MBT spark timing. Equivalence ratio and compression ratio were the primary variables. The engine operated much leaner when fuelled with acetylene than with gasoline. With acetylene, the engine operated at equivalence ratios as lean as 0·53 and 0·43 for compression ratios of 4 and 6, respectively. However, the operating range was very limited. Knock-induced preignition occurred either with compression ratios above 6 or with mixtures richer than 0·69 equivalence ratio. Both the indicated thermal efficiency and power output were less for acetylene fuelling than for gasoline. Acetylene combustion occurred at sufficiently lean equivalence ratios to produce very low NOx and CO emissions. However, when the low NOx levels were achieved hydrocarbon control was not improved over that with gasoline. Despite the potential for NOx control demonstrated in this study of acetylene fuelling, difficulties encountered with engine knock and preignition plus well-known safety problems (wide flammability limits and explosive decomposition) associated with acetylene render this fuel impractical for spark ignition engines.
Using photon correlation spectroscopy to study polymer coil internal dynamic behavior

A new method for studying the internal dynamic behavior of linear, flexible polymer coils in solution using photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) is presented. Two applications of the method to the study of a high molecular weight polystyrene in good and theta solvents are featured.
Haloperidol, raclopride, and eticlopride induce microcatalepsy during operant performance in rats, but clozapine and SCH 23390 do not

The purpose of this work was (1) to assess the ability of selected antipsychotic and comparison drugs to induce arrest of movement phenomena during operant responding and (2) to evaluate the capacity of muscarinic anitcholinergics to block such effects. The effects of haloperidol (0.02–0.12 mg/kg, IP, 45 min), raclopride (0.05–0.80 mg/kg, IP, 30 min) eticlopride (0.02–0.16 mg/kg, IP, 45 min), clozapine (1.0–8.0 mg/kg, IP, 60 min) and SCH 23390 (0.01–0.16 mg/kg, IP, 30 min) were administered to rats for 4 weeks in a between-groups dosing design. Operant responses in 15 min and the maximum duration of the rat’s muzzle entry into the reinforcement dipper well (the measure of arrest of movement that reflected microcatalepsy) were the quantitative measures of behavior. The D2 antagonists dose-relatedly decreased operant responding and increased maximum muzzle duration, effects that were significantly reversed by the anticholinergic scopolamine (0.1 mg/kg) or atropine (6.0 mg/kg). Although the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine and the selective D1 antagonist SCH 23390 both significantly reduced operant responding, these drugs did not produce microcatalepsy. The results suggested that microcatalepsy expressed in the context of ongoing operant behavior may model low-dose extrapyramidal side effects.
Aspects of population ecology in two populations of fiddler crabs, Uca pugnax

Fiddler crabs, Uca pugnax, were collected from a highly contaminated site and a relatively clean site, both in New Jersey to determine if and how environments with varying levels of pollutants may impact aspects of population biology including individual size, morphology (major cheliped size), population density, fecundity, recruitment and survivorship of early benthic phases. Crabs from the highly contaminated site were significantly larger in size, but had lower population density, lower recruitment, reduced reproductive season and lower survivorship of early benthic phases. Our study suggests that contamination may play a role in population ecology of U. pugnax. This study also determined that the reproductive season for U. pugnax in New Jersey is much longer than reported in the literature and could potentially be impacted by global climate change.
Absolute Sensitivity Calibration from 20 Å to 430 Å of a Grazing Incidence Spectrometer with a Multi-element Spectral Detector

Two methods which together allow sensitivity calibration from 20 A to 430 A are described in detail. The first method, useful up to 120 A, uses a low power source to generate K∝ X-rays which are alternately viewed by an absolute detector (a proportional counter) and the spectrometer. The second method extends that calibration to 430 A. It relies on the 2:1 brightness ratio of bright doublet lines from impurity ions which have a single outer shell electron and which are present in hot, magnetically confined plasmas. It requires that the absolute sensitivity of the spectrometer be known at one wavelength point, and in practice requires a multi-element spectral detector.
A new diffusion approximation to the radiative transfer equation for scattering media with spatially varying refractive indices

Traditionally, the diffusion approximation is derived for a medium with a spatially constant refractive index (Ishimaru 1978 Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media vol 1 (New York: Academic)). In this paper, we derive a new diffusion approximation to the radiative transfer equation for a medium with a spatially varying refractive index.
Yeast Jhd2p is a histone H3 Lys4 trimethyl demethylase

Histone methylation is important in regulating chromatin structure and function. In budding yeast, methylation of histone H3 at Lys4 (H3-K4) is associated with active transcription and is enriched at the 5′ regions of transcribed genes. Here we identify a novel budding yeast JmjC domain–containing H3-K4 demethylase, Jhd2p, that antagonizes the trimethyl modification state and contributes to regulation of telomeric silencing.
Metal-Mold interfacial heat transfer

During the solidification of metal castings, an interfacial heat transfer resistance exists at the boundary between the metal and the mold. This heat transfer resistance usually varies with time even if the cast metal remains in contact with the mold, due to the time dependence of plasticity of the freezing metal and oxide growth on the surface. The present work has studied interfacial heat transfer on two related types of castings. In the first type, a copper chill was placed on the top of a cylindrical, bottom gated casting. Using the techniques of transducer displacements and electrical continuity, a clearance gap was detected between the solidified metal and the chill. The second type of casting had a similar design except that the chill was placed at the bottom. Owing to the effect of gravity, solid to solid contact was maintained at the metal-chill interface, but the high degree of interface nonconformity resulted in a relatively low thermal conductance as indicated by solution of the inverse heat conduction problem. Finally, the influence of interfacial heat transfer on solidification time with three mold ma-terials is compared by a numerical example, and criteria for utilizing Chvorinov's rule are discussed.
The utility of early lactate testing in undifferentiated pediatric systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

Objectives Failure to recognize shock contributes to inadequate early resuscitation in many children with sepsis. Serum lactate levels are used to identify adult patients with septic shock, but physical examination diagnosis alone is recommended in pediatric sepsis. The authors sought to test the utility of lactate testing in pediatric emergency department (ED) patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). The hypothesis was that early hyperlactatemia (serum lactate ≥ 4.0 mmol/L) would be associated with increased risk of organ dysfunction. Methods This was a prospective cohort study of children younger than 19 years with SIRS presenting to a pediatric ED. The primary outcome was organ dysfunction within 24 hours of triage; secondary outcomes included disposition, serious bacterial infection (SBI), treatments, and mortality. Study personnel measured venous lactate level on a point-of-care meter, with clinicians blinded to results, and patients received usual care. Results A total of 239 subjects were enrolled; 18 had hyperlactatemia. The hyperlactatemia group had a relative risk of 5.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.9 to 16.0) of developing 24-hour organ dysfunction. As a test for organ dysfunction, hyperlactatemia had a positive likelihood ratio of 5.0, a sensitivity of 31% (95% CI = 13% to 58%), and specificity of 94% (95% CI = 90% to 96%). Subjects with hyperlactatemia were significantly more likely to receive intravenous (IV) antibiotics and fluid boluses; despite increased therapy, they were at significantly increased risk for intensive care unit (ICU) admission and bacterial infection. Conclusions Among undifferentiated children with SIRS, early hyperlactatemia is significantly associated with increased risk of organ dysfunction, resuscitative therapies, and critical illness. The addition of serum lactate testing to the currently recommended clinical assessment may improve early identification of pediatric sepsis requiring resuscitation.
Functional ITO coatings on glasses by RF plasma mist technique in ambient atmosphere

Abstract Recently, we developed an RF plasma mist deposition technique in ambient atmosphere. Indium tin oxide films have been coated on soda—lime—silicate and fused silica glass substrates, at deposition temperatures ranging from 400 to 750°C. As-deposited films are uniform and homogeneous as revealed by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction indicated that either indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ) or tin oxide (SnO 2 ) is formed depending on the indium-to-tin ratio (In:Sn). Average sizes of crystallites in the films are between 6 and 35 nm. Furthermore, as-deposited films are nearly 100% transparent in the visible range and the maximum conductivity occurs near In:Sn ratio of 9:1. Other material properties, such as the optical absorption edge and lattice parameters are also dependent on the In:Sn ratio.
Monitoring of microcystin-protein phosphatase adduct formation with immunochemical methods.

Using anti-microcystin-LR monoclonal antibodies, an immunoblotting procedure was developed to monitor the formation of microcystin-protein phosphatase adducts in vitro and in vivo. The detection limits for the covalent binding of MCYST-LR with the recombinant protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and rabbit liver cytosol proteins were found to be 0.1 ng and 0.3 ng per assay, respectively. MCYST-PP1 adducts were detected 30 s after the addition of MCYST-LR into the reaction mixture. Reduction of the methyldehydroalanine (Mdha) residue of MCYST-LR with ethanethiol totally abolished the covalent binding of the toxin to PP1, but retained its inhibitory toxicity on PP1. Immunoblotting analyses and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay showed that between 5 min to 16 h after i.p. injection of single dose (35 microg/kg) of MCYST-LR into mice, approximately 0-27% of the injected toxin was found covalently bound while 0.2-9.2% existed as free form in liver cytosol.
Recovering divisor classes via their (T)-adic filtrations

Continuing the investigation of the canonical map of divisor class groups j∗ : Cl(B) → Cl(BtB), we consider what happens if ker j∗ is nonzero. The first result gives an injection of Cl(B) into Πn ≥ 1 Cl(BtnB), where the definition of class group is extended to include the rings BtnB. We also get an action of ker j∗ on small MCM B-modules, resulting, in the case of a ring A without DCG and with a small MCM module C, in infinitely many distinct small MCM A[[T]]-modules lifting C.
A Comparison of Early Literacy Skills in Children With Specific Language Impairment and Their Typically Developing Peers

Although children with language impairments often experience difficulties learning to read and write, very little research has examined early developing skills in this population. In this project, ...
Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body disease: A comparative clinicopathological study

The exact nature of the relationship between Lewy body disease and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is unknown. To investigate this, we compared cases of pure Lewy body disease, mixed Lewy body disease with AD, and pure AD to see what pathological features were shared and how they differed. We counted neurons, Lewy bodies, diffuse and neuritic senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuropil threads in the frontal and medial temporal cortex and hippocampus from 5 autopsied cases of Lewy body disease (without AD histopathology), 7 with combined Lewy body disease and AD, 6 with AD, and 5 age-matched normal control subjects. Average neuronal counts in the cases with Lewy body disease were indistinguishable from those of control subjects, but higher than those for AD and combined Lewy body disease and AD. Diffuse plaque densities were similar in all disease forms. Neuritic senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuropil threads were numerous in AD and combined Lewy body disease and AD, but sparse or absent in Lewy body disease and controls. Pure Lewy body disease and AD appear to be distinct clinicopathological entities except for the common feature of diffuse plaques in both disorders.