cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Baroclinic, Alfvén and Rossby Waves in Geostrophic Flow

Abstract We present here further results concerning geostrophic baroclinic flow with a zonal magnetic field, in a β-plane channel, as extensions of earlier work by the writer. We find a necessary condition for instability that proves the existence of a short wave cutoff of unstable baroclinic waves for finite magnetic field. We also place bounds on the phase velocities of neutral waves in the system. For zero basic baroclinic and a uniform magnetic field, the neutral oscillations are zonally propagating geostrophic Alfven waves. The lowest mode is purely horizontal and travels at the ordinary Alfven speed, but all higher modes, which contain vertical as well as horizontal motion, move more slowly. With β ≠ 0, we get, in general, combined Alfven-Rossby waves, which, in the limit of large rotation, yield a class of waves very similar to those found by Hide. Finally, we solve the Eady problem (stability of baroclinic flow with constant shear) in a uniform magnetic field, without and with the β effect. We fin...
Nasal airflows in Parkinsonian speakers

Velopharyngeal control in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) was studied by obtaining rates of nasal airflow during syllable repetitions. Nasal airflows were described with respect to disease progression, phonetic context, and speaking rate. Significant differences in nasal airflows were obtained for disease progression and phonetic context. The data suggested that velopharyngeal control deteriorates systematically with disease progression. Parkinson's patients at mild and moderate levels of disease progression differentiated the nasal consonant from the oral consonants with increased nasal airflow associated with the nasal consonant. Differences, while not significant, were also observed in nasal flow rate values when the PD patients increased speaking rate from 1 to 5 syllables per second.
Recommendation for New Terminology for Linearly Polarized Components of Ground Penetrating Radar Waves

This paper presents terminology recommendations for linearly polarized electromagnetic (EM) wave components of ground penetrating radar (GPR) that are based on analogies to seismic reflection methods. These recommendations draw on the similarity of a propagating GPR wave to shear-wave seismic reflection propagation. Analogies of EM wave propagation to elastic wave propagation is not a new concept and has been previously presented in publications such as Hasdell (1995). This paper briefly discusses these analogies to form a basis for our suggested terminology change.
Client relations in South Asia: programmatic and societal determinants.

Despite their considerable importance client relations constitute a neglected area of research in family planning (FP). This paper analyzes research findings on the nature of client relations and their determinants from northern India programs: 1) the Kanpur study on FP in 1 division of Uttar Pradesh; 2) another from a smaller Uttar Pradesh project on interactions between male and female workers and villagers; and Bangladesh: 3) a maternal-child health (MCH) and FP project of the International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (ICDDRB) in Matlab; and 4) an ICDDRB study of a MCH-FP extension project in 2 subdistricts. Additional information is reported from an earlier survey of 6 Bangladesh subdistricts. Important aspects of client encounters are initiation medium and setting of contact and degree of dependence. Determinants of client relations are expressed in diagram form. Some survey studies of the quantity of FP contacts with villages reveal variation between villages and between northern India and Bangladesh. Not only coverage but also degree of follow-up are shown to affect program performance. Worker density and work effort as well as village accessibility affect coverage. The managerial context and societal conditions are also important. Female workers are generally more effective because women are more responsive to the FP message and female to female communication is more culturally appropriate. Females are also less likely to be affected by political influences lacking political connections and are less likely to have alternative employment. Females with high status and access to patronage are more likely to be successful and workers integration into networks of status and influence lends social credibility to program activities. But aside from personnel characteristics policy formulation and program implementation are constrained by patronage politics dependence and poverty economics and bureaucratic structures.
A field experiment on the role of small scale wind gustiness in aeolian sand transport

Estimates of aeolian sand transport generally use an average wind speed to assess the wind energy. To determine if variation in small-scale wind gustiness (on the order of several seconds duration) has a significant effect on sand movement, detailed field measurements were made of wind speed and transport rate. Average wind speed and several gust parameters were derived from the wind data. The results indicate that small-scale gust information does not improve prediction of transport rates.
On a parameterized family of twist quantum coalgebras and the bracket polynomial

Quantum coalgebras over a field k are structures that produce regular isotopy invariants of 1-1 tangles, and twist quantum coalgebras over k are structures that produce regular isotopy invariants of knots. These structures are introduced and studied in [9]. In [6] and [8] certain families of quantum coalgebras and their resulting invariants of 1-1 tangles are examined in detail. In this paper we use the simple coalgebra C,(k), the dual of the algebra Mn(k) of n x n matrices over k, as a starting point for constructing twist quantum coalgebras. Among the twist quantum coalgebras we construct is a parameterized family related to the Jones polynomial in an interesting way. The Jones polynomial can be computed by the (normalized) bracket polynomial [5, Theorem 5.2]. The bracket polynomial (for knots) in turn can be calculated from a quantum algebra structure on M2(C), which is described in [5, p. 580]. The dual of this quantum algebra is a certain twist quantum coalgebra structure on C2(C), which is discussed in [9, Sect. 8]. Thus the Jones polynomial for knots can be computed from a twist quantum coalgebra structure on C2(C).
Household Textiles Consumption by Farm and City Families: Assortment Owned, Annual Expenditures, and Sources1

A total of 510 rural farm and 630 city families in Iowa, Illinois, and Nebraska were inter viewed in detail about their consumption of household textiles during a 1-year period in 1970–71. Goals of the project were to describe the consumption process and to develop bud gets for household textiles; this paper reports some findings on the first goal. Analysis of data was mainly by multiple regression. Farm and city families were similar on most measures of household textiles consumption; apparent differences in spending resulted from differences in income distri butions and proportions of families that moved. Income was positively related to expendi tures, assortment owned, and acquisition of items from several supplementary sources, but results obtained using dummy variables revealed that these relationships were sometimes complex. If a family had moved during the year, its expenditures were markedly higher than those of comparable families that had not moved. Age of wife (perhaps representing length of time since family formation) was inversely related to several variables. Unex plained variance remained high although many different equations were tried; great varia tion is probably characteristic of household textiles consumption.
Purification, serological relationships and some characteristics of plum line‐pattern virus

SUMMARY Plum line-pattern virus (PLV) was purified by homogenizing inoculated leaves of Nicotiana megalosiphon in 0·02 M phosphate buffer, pH 8·0 (1·5 ml/g leaf), containing 0·02 M 2-mercaptoethanol. The homogenate was centrifuged at low speed and the supernatant liquid was clarified by adjusting the pH to 4·8 with 0·1 M citric acid. The green coagulum was removed by centri-fugation and the extract adjusted to pH 6·5. After concentrating the virus by high-speed centrifugation, remaining host protein was precipitated with the gamma-globulin fraction of antiserum to N. megalosiphon protein. Purification was completed with two cycles of high- and low-speed centrifugation. Purified PLV had an A260/A280 ratio of c. 1·7 and formed two zones when centrifuged in density gradients at pH 6·0–7·0. The virus was about 30 mμ in diameter in negatively stained preparations. The particles were easily disrupted. PLV was closely serologically related to cultures of plum line-pattern virus from other areas, but no relationship was found to apple mosaic, Prunus necrotic ringspot or prune dwarf viruses, or to a plum line-pattern virus from Denmark.
The Preparation of Thin Films

Abstract VARIOUS means which have been suggested for the preparation of thin films of rubber and similar materials include their deposition on glass, porcelain, sheet metal, and mercury. The use of rigid surfaces is open to the objection that in the case of some materials the adhesion of the film may be troublesome. The removal from such surfaces, of films of materials which are subject to permanent deformation on stretching, tends to lessen the uniformity of their thickness. In connection with the study of the permeability to gases of thin films unsupported by fabric, a satisfactory and simple method was found for their preparation.
Errors of Omission

he Cases Case 1 On a November afternoon, a Maryland woman took an 11-month-old boy whom she had been babysitting to his pediatrician’s office because the infant had “hit his head on the floor” [2]. After examining the child and finding nothing abnormal, the pediatrician sent the infant home with instructions that the child’s mother and father observe the boy and call if anything unusual occurred. Later that evening, the parents noticed that the child was not behaving as energetically as usual and telephoned the pediatrician. He instructed the parents to take the infant to the local hospital emergency department and said that he would call ahead to inform the emergency personnel that the child would be arriving and may need a CT scan. At the hospital, the boy was examined by both an emergency department physician and an on-call pediatrician. Finding no abnormalities, they determined that a CT scan was not warranted and discharged the patient. On an afternoon 3 weeks later, the babysitter called the mother at work and told her that she found the boy lying on the floor and he was not responsive. The infant was immediately rushed to a hospital emergency department, where a massive subdural hematoma was diagnosed. The child underwent immediate surgery, at which time the neurosurgeon found a second small subdural hematoma, “days to weeks” old, in addition to the acute larger one. The child was left with permanent disabilities. The parents later filed a medical malpractice lawsuit against the two pediatricians and the emergency department physician, alleging that had CT been performed during the initial emergency department visit, it would have shown the small hematoma, which in turn would have raised suspicion about the credibility of the babysitter’s report that the child had fallen and hit his head. This, the parents argued, would have led to a child abuse investigation and immediate dismissal of the babysitter, precluding the subsequent injury. At the conclusion of the malpractice trial, a jury found in favor of the child and his family, awarding them $5 million [2].
Stability Analysis of Operator Splitting for Large-Scale Ocean Modeling

The ocean plays a crucial role in the earth's climate system, and an improved understanding of that role will be aided greatly by high-resolution simulations of global ocean circulation over periods of many years. For such simulations the computational requirements are extremely demanding and maximum efficiency is essential. However, the governing equations typically used for ocean modeling admit wave velocities having widely varying magnitudes, and this situation can create serious problems with the efficiency of numerical algorithms. One common approach to resolving these problems is to split the fast and slow dynamics into separate subproblems. The fast motions are nearly independent of depth, and it is natural to try to model these motions with a two-dimensional system of equations. These fast equations could be solved with an implicit time discretization or with an explicit method with short time steps. The slow motions would then be modeled with a three-dimensional system that is solved explicitly with long time steps that are determined by the slow wave speeds. However, if the splitting is inexact, then the equations that model the slow motions might actually contain some fast components, so the stability of explicit algorithms for the slow equations could come into doubt. In this paper we discuss some general features of the operator splitting problem, and we then describe an example of such a splitting and show that instability can arise in that case.
Isotope effects and mechanism in the base-promoted dehydrochlorination of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-diarylethanes-1- 14C☆

In the base-promoted dehydrochlorination of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-diphenylethane-1- 14C and its p-nitro analog, the isotope effects, k/14k, are 1.045 and 1.024, respectively. These results support an Elcb-like E2 mechanism for both elimination reactions.
Crack-Opening-Area Analyses for Circumferential through-Wall Cracks in Pipes-Part I : Analytical Models

Abstract Leak-before-break (LBB) analyses for circumferentially cracked pipes are currently being conducted in the nuclear industry to justify elimination of pipe whip restraints and jet impingement shields which are present because of the expected dynamic effects from pipe rupture. The application of the LBB methodology requires calculation of leak rates. The leak rates depend on the crack-opening area of the through-wall crack in the pipe. In addition to LBB analyses which assume a hypothetical flaw size, there is also interest in the integrity of actual leaking cracks corresponding to current leakage detection requirements in NRC Regulatory Guide 1.45, or for assessing temporary repair of Class 2 and 3 pipes that have leaks, as are being evaluated in ASME Section XI. The objectives of this study were to review, evaluate, and refine current predictive models for performing crack-opening-area analyses of circumferentially cracked pipes. A three-phase effort was undertaken to accomplish this goal. It is described here in a series of three papers generated from this study. In this first paper (Part I — Analytical models), a comprehensive review is performed to determine the current state-of-the-art in predicting crack-opening displacements for circumferentially cracked pipes under pure bending, pure tension, and combined bending and tension loads. Henceforth, new and improved analytical models and some preliminary results are presented for cases where current methods are inadequate or there are no available methods. Also, based on this review, a number of appropriate predictive models are identified for a systematic evaluation of their accuracy. The results of their evaluations will be presented and examined in the forthcoming companion papers (Part II — Model validations [1] and Part III — Off-center cracks, restraint of bending, thickness transition, and weld residual stresses) [2] .
Moving Load on a Fluid-Solid Interface: Subsonic and Intersonic Regimes.

The steady-state response of a semi-infinite solid, with an overlying semi-infinite fluid, subjected at the plane interface to a moving point load is determined for subsonic and intersonic load velocities. The displacements of the solid and the velocity potential of the fluid are obtained in terms of algebraic expressions and single finite integrals which can be readily evaluated numerically. Some numerical results for the displacements at the interface are presented and compared to the results obtained in the absence of the fluid.
Scalable techniques for discovering multicast tree topology

The IP multicast infrastructure has transitioned to a topology that now supports hierarchical routing. Multicast network monitoring and management have become key requirements necessary for providing robust multicast operation. Monitoring services help to identify potential problems such as protocol shortcomings, implementation bugs or configuration errors. This type of monnitoring often requires knowing the multicast tree topology. In this paper, we present a new approach, called tracetree, to discover tree topology in the source-to-receiver(s) direction using network forwarding state. We start with an overview of the problem. Then, we describe tracetree functionality including its request forwarding and response collection mechanisms. Next, we discuss a number of functional issues related to tracetree. Finally, we evaluate our technique by comparing it to a number of alternative approaches. We believe that our technique provides a scalable way of discovering a multicast tree's topology in realtime while requiring only marginal additional router functionality.
Can Background Checks of Long Term Care Residents Improve Safety

complexities of criminal offenders requiring long term care have been largely unexplored. The thought of a vulnerable loved one living in close proximity to a criminal offender is a frightening idea for families, and the public will increasingly look to the long term care medicine community to ensure the protection of residents. To further facilitate the establishment of best practices surrounding this issue, the American Medical Directors Association recently passed a resolution to explore how nursing homes can best address the anticipated future increase in residents with criminal/correctional histories.
X-Ray Diffraction in Random Layer Lattices

Random layer lattice structures are considered which consist of layers arranged parallel and equidistant, but random in translation parallel to the layer, and rotation about the normal. We call $a$ and $b$ the axes in the layer, and $c$ the axis normal to the layer. In this notation there will be crystalline reflections of type ($00l$), two-dimensional lattice reflections of type ($\mathrm{hk}$), and no general reflections ($\mathrm{hkl}$). Equations are developed for the intensity distribution in a two-dimensional powder reflection, and for the integrated intensity. Equations are also de-developed for the particle size in terms of the peak breadth, and for the displacement of the peak. The powder pattern of a heat treated carbon black is presented as an illustration of two-dimensional lattice reflections.
A Freeze‐Fracture Study of the Microcyst Wall, Plasma Membrane, and Intramembrane Components of Physarum polycephalum1

. Freeze-cleave replicas of encysted cells of the myxamoebae of Physarum polycephalum were examined to determine the intrawall substructure and to compare the intramembrane structural components. Cleaved areas of the cyst wall revealed a laminated substructure devoid of the macromolecular interruptions (intramembrane particles or IMP) visible in the cleaved cell membranes. The cyst wall adjacent to the cell membrane appears laminated, and a loose branching network of fibers and fibrils occurs at the wall periphery. The absence of intrawall particles is interpreted as a lack of protein or polypeptide components, thus suggesting additional support for the conclusion that polysaccharides are the major wall constituents. When cleaved cell membranes of encysted cells were examined, more intramembrane particles per unit area were observed on the extracellular membrane leaflet than on the protoplasmic membrane leaflet. In addition, homogeneous as well as aggregated particle distributions were visible on cleaved membrane leaflets. Moreover, the presence of aggregated and unaggregated particles on the same membrane leaflets similarly suggests asynchrony of the cell population. This paper examines and compares biological processes involving the cell membrane that may be related to different stages in the cell cycle or to periods of temporary stasis during the cell cycle.
Living with Asthma: Replications and Extensions

This article reviews replications and extensions of Living with Asthma, a self-man agement system developed and tested at the National Asthma Center in Denver be tween 1977 and 1980. Research on the system since the latter date has been con ducted within the conceptual framework provided by the social or cognitive learning model. This approach has switched experimenter effort away from developing and evaluating the acquisition of self-management skills toward assessing their performance by patients. Efforts to insure these skills are used effectively by patients to control their asthma, focusing particularly on the assessment of performance variables, are described.
Vav1 as a Central Regulator of Invadopodia Assembly

Invadopodia are protrusive structures used by tumor cells for degradation of the extracellular matrix to promote invasion [1]. Invadopodia formation and function are regulated by cytoskeletal-remodeling pathways and the oncogenic kinase Src. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav1, which is an activator of Rho family GTPases, is ectopically expressed in many pancreatic cancers, where it promotes tumor cell survival and migration [2, 3]. We have now determined that Vav1 is also a potent regulator of matrix degradation by pancreatic tumor cells as depletion of Vav1 by siRNA-mediated knockdown inhibits the formation of invadopodia. This requires the exchange function of Vav1 toward the GTPase Cdc42, which is required for invadopodia assembly [4, 5]. In addition, we have determined that Src-mediated phosphorylation and activation of Vav1 are both required for, and, unexpectedly, sufficient for, invadopodia formation. Expression of Vav1 Y174F, which mimics its activated state, is a potent inducer of invadopodia formation through Cdc42, even in the absence of Src activation and phosphorylation of other Src substrates, such as cortactin. Thus, these data identify a novel mechanism by which Vav1 can enhance the tumorigenicity and invasive potential of cancer cells. These data suggest that Vav1 promotes the matrix-degrading processes underlying tumor cell migration and further, under conditions of ectopic Vav1 expression, that Vav1 is a central regulator and major driver of invasive matrix remodeling by pancreatic tumor cells.
Food intake and utilization in lateral hypothalamically lesioned rats.

Abstract The daily food intake of rats with lateral hypothalamic (LH) lesions was monitored in two experiments. Confirming earlier reports, LH-lesioned animals were found to ingest nearly the same amount of food per day as nonlesioned controls even though their body weights remained substantially below those of the controls. In view of this result, an experiment was conducted to compare the efficiency of food utilization of LH-lesioned and control animals at different body weights. First, the daily food intakes of seven LH-lesioned rats and seven nonlesioned controls were determined. The body weights of these animals were then lowered by restricting food intake in four successive weekly periods to 85%, 70%, 55% and 40% of their ad lib level. Finally, all animals were refed for one week at their prerestriction levels of food intake reduced in proportion to the intervening loss in metabolic mass (body weightkg0.75). At each level of caloric restriction, the weight losses observed in the LH-lesioned and control animals were equivalent. Likewise, though given only prerestriction amounts (indexed to their reduced metabolic mass), LH-lesioned and nonlesioned animals both gained weight rapidly and at equivalent rates during refeeding. Thus, LH-lesioned animals appear to utilize food in a normal fashion and, as do controls, adapt to weight loss by increasing their efficiency of food utilizazion. In the case of LH-lesioned animals, however, such adjustments occur around a reduced level of maintained body weight, or set-point.
Quasi-static solution for diffraction of a plane electromagnetic wave by a small oblate spheroid

The problem of the diffraction of a plane electromagnetic wave by a small perfectly conducting oblate spheroid for the case of normal incidence has been investigated by an expansion method. By retaining three terms of the exponential function contained in the incident field, it is possible to describe both the incident field and the near-zone scattered field in terms of a finite number of discrete modes which satisfy the third order vector equation ? × (?2 A) = 0, where A denotes a solenoidal vector representing either the electric field or the magnetic field. When the eccentricity of the spheroid approaches zero, the general solution reduces to the exact solution for a small sphere. When the spheroid degenerates into a disk, the expressions for the charge and the current agree with the leading terms of the corresponding expressions obtained by Meixner, Andrejewski, and Bouwkamp.
The potential role of perlecan domain V as novel therapy in vascular dementia

Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common cause of dementia and leads to a decline in cognitive thinking via conditions that lead to blockage or reduced blood flow to the brain. It is a poorly understood disease, and the changes that occur are often linked to other types of dementia such as Alzheimer’s disease. To date, there are no approved therapies or drugs to treat the symptoms of VaD, even though there is some evidence of drugs approved for Alzheimer’s that might have some benefit in patients diagnosed with VaD. The altered blood flow that precedes VaD may result in compensatory mechanisms, such as angiogenesis, to increase blood flow in the brain. Angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formations from pre-existing ones, involves several pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and is regulated by a variety of growth factors from neurons, astrocytes, and pericytes in the brain as well the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM highly regulates angiogenesis and other processes in the brain. One such ECM component is the heparan sulfate proteoglycan perlecan and its bioactive region, Domain V (DV). Here we discuss the potential role of DV as a novel therapy to treat VaD.
Effect of pulse separation between two sequential biphasic shocks given over different lead configurations on ventricular defibrillation efficacy.

BACKGROUND Two sequential biphasic shocks delivered over separate lead configurations markedly improve defibrillation efficacy compared with a single shock alone. We investigated the effect of varying the intershock interval between sequential biphasic shocks on defibrillation. METHODS AND RESULTS Defibrillation thresholds (DFTs) were obtained in six dogs for shock separations ranging from 0.2 to 125 msec. The first shock was given from a catheter electrode in the right ventricular apex to a patch on the left lateral thorax; the second was from a small patch on the left ventricular apex to a catheter electrode in the right ventricular outflow tract. When the interval between shocks was less than or equal to 10 msec or greater than or equal to 75 and less than or equal to 125 msec, the mean DFTs were less than that previously found for the first shock by itself (4.2 versus 7.4 J, p = 0.002). At a separation of 50 msec, however, there was a marked rise in the DFT to 27 J. The mean DFT for the second shock at a delay of 50 msec was not different from the mean DFT previously found for the second shock by itself (7.2 versus 7.0 J). These results were confirmed in another six dogs using defibrillation probability-of-success curves. In 12 other dogs, probability-of-success curves were generated for delays between shocks as a percentage of the activation interval during ventricular fibrillation. Minimum defibrillation energy requirements were at two separations, 0.2 msec and 90% of the activation interval. CONCLUSIONS The optimal intershock interval between two sequential biphasic shocks is either less than or equal to 10 msec or greater than or equal to 75 and less than or equal to 125 msec. The marked rise in the DFT at a shock separation of 50 msec, requiring more energy than that for the first shock alone, suggests that the second shock at this time delay is likely to reinduce fibrillation after it is halted by the first shock until the second shock is strong enough to defibrillate independently of the first shock.
De novo fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid elongation catalyzed by subcellular fractions from hog and human aorta

De novo synthesis and mitochondrial elongation of fatty acids have been demonstrated in subcellular fractions from hog and human aorta. Microsomal fatty acid elongation has been shown in hog aorta. The activity catalyzing the formation of fatty acids from acetyl and malonyl CoA was associated with a high molecular weight complex in the 6×106g×min supernatant fraction. The principal product was palmitic acid. Some myristic and stearic acids were also formed. One elongation system was associated with protein which sedimented between 4500 g×min and 150,000 g×min. It used acetyl CoA but not malonyl CoA, and NADH was the preferred reducing agent. Radioactivity from acetyl CoA was incorporated into many fatty acids. In hog aorta a second elongation system was found associated with protein which sedimented at 6×106 g×min. It used malonyl CoA preferentially as substrate and either NADH or NADPH as reducing agent.
Youth activism in the urban community: learning critical civic praxis within community organizations

Research on African‐American and Latina/o youth has been dominated by studies that focus on ‘problem’ adolescent behavior. Typically, they explain youth crime, delinquency, and violence as individual pathological behavior or cultural adaptations stemming from social disorganization in their communities. This article argues for a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between youth‐serving organizations and youth agency in urban communities, which can avoid the pitfall of focusing on the most egregious activities among youth. Rather, it is argued that African‐American and Latina/o youth respond to community and school conditions through civic engagement facilitated by community‐based organizations. Urban youth collectively respond to community and school problems through youth organizing, spoken word, volunteering, and participation in civic affairs. Organizations in urban communities can provide youth with opportunities to develop critical civic praxis through engagement with ideas, social network...
IceCube/DeepCore and IceCube/PINGU: Prospects for Few-GeV Scale ν Physics in the Ice

Abstract IceCube and its low energy extension, DeepCore, have been fully deployed at the South Pole and taking data since early 2010. With a neutrino energy threshold of about 10 GeV, DeepCore endows IceCube with access to a rich variety of atmospheric neutrino oscillation physics and enhanced sensitivity for indirect searches for WIMP dark matter. A new in-fill array, dubbed PINGU, is under consideration as a way to further lower the neutrino energy threshold to a regime with the potential to measure the type of the neutrino hierarchy. We describe early results from DeepCore and simulation studies of the sensitivity of PINGU to the hierarchy.
Phase lags in Cygnus X-1

Coronae of hot electrons are ubiquitous features in models of the inner regions of accreting black holes and nonmagnetic neutron stars. The scattering optical depth of these coronae inferred from observations is often tau approximately 3, so the energy spectrum of the disk in these regions is likely masked by the spectrum of upscattered photons in the corona and some of the disk properties are thus obscured. Observations of the dependence on not available with the energy spectrum. In our picture, the disk emission is modeled as a photon source injected into a Comptonizing corona; Comptonization may also occur in the disk, but for our purposes the disk emission is simply an input to the corona. We show that, contrary to some claims, the functional dependence of lag on Fourier frequency emerges intact from transit through the corona, modulo a multiplicative factor (which may in principle be negative, so that a phase lag can be changed to a phase lead), even if the properties of the corona vary with time. We also show that any frequency dependence of the lag due to variation in the corona itself is only second order in the amplitude of the variation, and cannot exceed the transit time approximately ms of the corona; thus, the lags of up to 0.1 s seen in several black hole candidates come from lags in the emission from the disk. Finally, we predict that plots of the time lag versus Fourier frequency in black hole candidates should have a 'shelf' of constant lag equal to the coronal lag (approximately 1 ms), with the constant being proportional to In (E(sub 2)/E(sub 1)) for the lag between energies E(sub 2) and E(sub 1). The lack of such a shelf in current observations of several galactic black hole candidates constraints the radii of the coronae to be R less than or approximately = 10(exp 8) tau cm.
The market value of outstanding government debt, 1919–1975

Abstract Several new series on the market value of outstanding government debt are reported and their methods of construction described. The new series on Federal debt are compared with other existing estimates and are shown to be markedly superior to them.
“The Prince is Not Bound by the Laws.” Accursius and the Origins of the Modern State

It is just fifty years since the distinguished legal historian, Adhemar Esmein, addressing an international conference in London, discussed the interpretation of the Roman law maxim Princeps legibus solutus est by the medieval glossators, and the influence of their teachings on the growth of French government. Esmein thought that the glossators had perverted a doctrine of classical constitutional law, which had merely exempted the emperor from the observance of certain legal rules, into a general principle of irresponsible absolutism. Certain French constitutional lawyers of the sixteenth century, he maintained, struggled stoutly against this doctrine but, none the less, its acceptance opened the way to various abuses in French public life ranging from the arbitrary decision of legal cases to the issuance of lettres de cachet. Esmein accordingly took advantage of the occasion to congratulate his English hosts on having escaped the glossators' baneful influence.
Energetics and Noise in dislocation patterning.

The competition between energy and noise in the patterning transition in deformation is explored by employing a two-dimensional model of parallel straight edge dislocations. We define a generalized force for ordering and show that at mechanical equilibrium, the ordering force is equal to the average back stress noise on the slip plane.
Formation of the ribosome-G factor-GDP complex in the presence of fusidic acid

Abstract When ribosomes are incubated with G factor and GTP, a ribosome-G factor-GDP complex is formed. Fusidic acid does not inhibit the formation of this complex; in fact, more complex is isolated in the presence of the antibiotic (10−3 M) than in its absence. No complex containing GTP is detectable in the presence or absence of the antibiotic.
System identification-based control of an unmanned autonomous wind-propelled catamaran

An autonomous catamaran, based on a modified Prindle-19 day-sailing catamaran and fitted with several sensors and actuators was built to test the viability of GPS-based system identification for precision control. Using an electric trolling motor for propulsion, and lead ballast to match all-up weight, several system identification passes were performed to excite system modes and model the dynamic response. The identification process used the Observer Kalman IDentification (OKID) method for identifying a linear time invariant plant model and associated pseudo-Kalman filter. System identification input was generated using a human pilot driving the catamaran on roughly straight line passes. A fourth order discrete time model was generated from the data, and showed excellent prediction results. Using these models, linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controllers were designed and tested with the electric trolling motor. These controllers demonstrated excellent line-tracking performance, with error standard deviations of less than 0.15 m. The wing-sail propulsion system was fitted, and these same controllers re-tested with the wing providing all propulsive thrust. Line-following performance and disturbance rejection were excellent, with the cross-track error standard deviations of approximately 0.30 m, in spite of wind speed variations of over 50% of nominal value.
Some neuronal properties of PC12 cells differentiated by the K-ras oncogene.

When infected with a virus containing the Kirsten-ras oncogene, rat phaeochromocytoma or PC12 cells elaborated neurites and ceased mitosis, that is, they underwent neuronal differentiation. Such differentiated cells could be replated and maintained up to 20 weeksin vitro without the need of an exogenous, continuous supply of nerve growth factor (NGF). The neurites of K-ras infected PC12 cells, filled with microtubules and actin which was concentrated within the growth cones, resembled those of primary neuronsin vitro. As in the NGF-primed PC12 cells, two types of secretory vesicles were present in the K-ras-infected PC12 neurites: large (100 nm), dense core granules, and small (45 nm), clear vesicles.
Cell cycle studies of the dinoflagellates Gonyaulax polyedra Stein and Gyrodinium uncatenum Hulburt during asexual and sexual reproduction

Abstract A microscope-photometer system was used to quantify the relative DNA content of individual cells of the dinoflagellates Gonyaulax polyedra Stein and Gyrodinium uncatenum Hulburt during asexual reproduction and, for the latter species, during sexuality as well. The cell cycles of these two dinoflagellates are distinctly different although both include discrete periods of DNA synthesis. In G. polyedra , DNA synthesis and cell division are tightly phased to restricted segments of the photocycle, separated in time by distinct gap phases. All cells that replicate their DNA and enter G 2 divide during the next division interval. G 1 is the stage occupied by the cells most of the time. In G. uncatenum , cell division is more broadly distributed and occurs throughout half the photocycle. Cell division is thus phased only to the extent that it is restricted to the same half of the photocycle each day. G 1 is very brief as DNA synthesis begins immediately after cell division. G 2 is the dominant stage through time since it includes cells about to divide as well as those that just divided. G. uncatenum is the first free-living photosynthetic dinoflagellate to exhibit a pattern of DNA synthesis immediately after mitosis. The tight phasing of G. polyedra division and the restriction of G 2 to cells that must divide at the end of the dark period should make it possible to calculate the growth rate of this species in mixed natural assemblages using these techniques. It should also be possible to distinguish sexual stages (zygotes) from vegetative cells. Since G. uncatenum vegetative cells often have two complements of DNA, as do zygotes following gamete fusion, these stages could not be distinguished from each other on the basis of DNA measurements alone. However, these data in combination with cell counts were used to define the onset of sexuality and to show that the gametes of this species result from two rapid divisions.
CERTAIN FACTORS AFFECTING THE CONSTANCY OF IMPEDANCE ANGLE

In 1933, Brazier (1), (2) described a technique for determining thyroid function and, more particularly, hyperfunction of this gland by measurement of an electrical property of the body called the impedance angle. The impedance angle is the complement of the power factor or phase angle currently used in electrical engineering to determine to what extent the current and the voltage in an alternating current circuit are out of phase with one another.
What Ailed Goya

At age 46, Francisco de Goya (1746-1828) suffered from a severe illness that lasted several months. It caused loss of vision and hearing, tinnitus, disorientation, weakness, abdominal distress, and general malaise. After a few months he recuperated but was left deaf forever. In addition to the physical effects, his emotional health and artwork were affected. The precise cause of this illness has long been debated. One early, but unlikely, hypothesis was that he had syphilis. Later conjectures have included Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease and lead toxicity. Cogan's syndrome and vasculitis are additional possibilities, although neither is likely to have been Goya's diagnosis. An infectious disease such as meningitis, encephalitis, or malaria is far more likely. Quinine toxicity (cinchonism) may have complicated the illness.
Knowledge Production in a Constructed Field: Reflections on Comparative and International Education.

Adopting Maria Manzon’s theoretical framework, which draws on Foucault and proposes that comparative education as an academic field is socially constructed, I suggest that the field is neither stable nor well defined. To demonstrate this, I conduct a content analysis of the Comparative Education Review, using Klaus Krippendorff’s methodological framework to study comparative and international education (CIE) researchers’ understanding of the national—and of their related knowledge production in the field. Many comparativists express interests in multiple countries, and their knowledge production takes the form of individual country studies. The countries are habitually studied using a “problem approach” focusing on one specific aspect of the country under investigation and using an associated social science methodology deemed appropriate. Few comparativists are making explicit use of or reference to any methodology that is unique to comparative education. Efforts to catalog and systematize CIE research have demonstrated that the field is becoming so inclusive that it hardly is distinguishable from educational studies as a whole. Hence, I suggest that instead of speaking about unifying features of the field, it may be more relevant to speak about frequent elements, such as a focus on the national, and a knowledge production characterized by the academic practitioner who desires to improve the education systems studied. A third frequent element may be the focus on educational development, thus justifying the label of “comparative, international, and development education.” One challenge of the field is its dependence on Western social science discourses, which may be marginalizing other voices.
Impacts of High Penetration Wind Generation and Demand Response on LMPs in Day-Ahead Market

Environmental issues in power systems operation lead to a rapid deployment of renewable wind generations. Wind generation is usually given the highest priority by assigning zero or negative energy bidding prices in the day-ahead power market, in order to effectively utilize available wind energy. However, when congestions occur, negative wind bidding prices would aggravate negative locational marginal prices (LMPs) in certain locations. The paper determines the proper amount of demand response (DR) load to be shifted from peak hours to off peaks under the Independent System Operator's (ISO) direct load control, for alleviating transmission congestions and enhancing the utilization of wind generation. The proposed mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is to minimize the total operation cost while incorporating explicit LMP formulations and non-negative LMP requirements into the network-constrained unit commitment (NCUC) problem, which are derived from the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) optimality conditions of the economic dispatch (ED) problem. Numerical case studies illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.
Influence of Dietary Calcium Level, Source and Particle Size on Performance of Laying Chickens,

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the extent to which performance and egg shell quality might be influenced by dietary calcium level, source and particle size. In the first experiment of 48 weeks duration, Hy-Line 934-E hens were fed five particle sizes of limestone (fine, medium and coarse ground; chick and hen bits) at either 2.5, 3.0 or 3.5% dietary calcium level. Production, feed efficiency and egg weight were not significantly (P In the second experiment, which was 52 weeks duration, Babcock B-300 hens were given the following treatments: fine ground limestone (FLS); Cage-Cal, mixture of pullet and hen size limestone (CC); and combinations of 1/4 FLS and 3/4 pullet or hen size oyster shell (POS, HOS) or limestone (PLS or HLS). Egg production rate was not significantly (P
Executive Functions and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Implications of two conflicting views

While increasing numbers of articles and books refer to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) as a disorder of “executive function” of the mind, two conflicting views have emerged about how ADHD and executive function are related. In one view it is argued that some, but not all, who meet the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnostic criteria for ADHD suffer from significant impairments of executive function. The alternative view holds that all individuals with ADHD suffer from significant impairment of executive function, and that ADHD essentially is a developmental impairment of executive function. These conflicting viewpoints rest upon divergent understandings of the nature of executive functions and how these functions should be assessed. Each leads to a very different conclusion about the essential nature of ADHD and its relationship to other learning and psychiatric disorders. This article describes and evaluates those two views and their implica...
Market Liquidity in the FCOJ Futures Market

Speculation is essential for maintaining liquidity within futures markets. Deviations in speculative trading about a liquidity level may, however, distort market price performance. The liquidity level for FCOJ futures has been derived. Speculation in excess of liquidity occurred infrequently and such excesses showed only limited effects on price performance.
Determinants of Maximal Force Transmission in a Motor-Clutch Model of Cell Traction in a Compliant Microenvironment

The mechanical stiffness of a cell’s environment exerts a strong, but variable, influence on cell behavior and fate. For example, different cell types cultured on compliant substrates have opposite trends of cell migration and traction as a function of substrate stiffness. Here, we describe how a motor-clutch model of cell traction, which exhibits a maximum in traction force with respect to substrate stiffness, may provide a mechanistic basis for understanding how cells are tuned to sense the stiffness of specific microenvironments. We find that the optimal stiffness is generally more sensitive to clutch parameters than to motor parameters, but that single parameter changes are generally only effective over a small range of values. By contrast, dual parameter changes, such as coordinately increasing the numbers of both motors and clutches offer a larger dynamic range for tuning the optimum. The model exhibits distinct regimes: at high substrate stiffness, clutches quickly build force and fail (so-called frictional slippage), whereas at low substrate stiffness, clutches fail spontaneously before the motors can load the substrate appreciably (a second regime of frictional slippage). Between the two extremes, we find the maximum traction force, which occurs when the substrate load-and-fail cycle time equals the expected time for all clutches to bind. At this stiffness, clutches are used to their fullest extent, and motors are therefore resisted to their fullest extent. The analysis suggests that coordinate parameter shifts, such as increasing the numbers of motors and clutches, could underlie tumor progression and collective cell migration.