cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gastroesophageal Involvement in Herpes Simplex

Herpes simplex in the gastric mucosa has not been previously described. The case presented here describes gastritis and esophagitis resulting from herpes simplex in a patient being treated with immunosuppressive agents. These changes were confirmed endoscopically and radiographically. Biopsy specimens of the gastric and esophageal mucosa showed eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies typical of herpes simplex. The pathogenesis and pathological appearance of herpetic gastritis and esophagitis are presented.
Combined vacuum impregnation and electron-beam irradiation treatment to extend the storage life of sliced white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus).

This study assessed the application of an antibrowning solution using vacuum impregnation (VI) and then electron-beam irradiation as a means to extend the shelf life of sliced white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). A preliminary study helped to determine the best antibrowning solution and VI process parameters. Mushroom slices were impregnated with 2 g/100 g ascorbic acid + 1 g/100 g calcium lactate; 2 g/100 g citric acid + 1 g/100 g calcium lactate; 1 g/100 g chitosan + 1 g/100 g calcium lactate; and 1 g/100 g calcium lactate at different vacuum pressures and times and atmospheric restoration times. Selection of the antibrowning solution and VI parameters was based on texture and color of the mushroom slices. Next, the slices were irradiated at 1 kGy using a 1.35-MeV e-beam accelerator. Physicochemical, sensory, and microbial quality of mushrooms was monitored for 15 d at 4 °C. The best impregnation process in this study was 2 g/100 g ascorbic acid and 1 g/100 g calcium lactate at 50 mm Hg for 5 min and an atmospheric restoration time of 5 min. The control (untreated) samples suffered structural losses throughout storage. Only the vacuum impregnated-irradiated samples had acceptable color by the end of storage. Sensory panelists consistently preferred the samples produced with VI and irradiation because exposure to ionizing radiation inhibited growth of spoilage microorganisms. Practical Application Extending the shelf life of mushrooms is important for their marketing and distribution and reliable preservation methods are still needed. Treating sliced mushrooms with vacuum impregnation and electron-beam irradiation introduces physiologically active components such as beneficial antioxidants, vitamins, and cations, while assuring safety and maintaining quality.
Environmental Radiation Dose Criteria and Assessment -- Pathway Modeling and Surveillance

The controversy in recent years over the extent of the risk to the public from environmental radioactivity attributable to nuclear facilities (in particular nuclear power plants and fuel reprocessing facilities) has resulted in a lowering of previously "acceptable" environmental radiation levels. The proposal by the AEC to limit effluents from light-water-cooled nuclear reactors so that the exposure of any individual in the public would not exceed 5 mR/yr, and the pronouncement by the BEIR Committee that the current environmental radiation protection guides are unnecessarily high, are illustrative. In turn the AEC has issued a Safety Guide calling for considerable refinement in the measuring and reporting of effluents from nuclear power plants, and has only recently issued a counterpart dealing with the measuring and reporting of radioactivity in the environs of nuclear power plants. The EPA has also recently issued a guide for the surveillance of environmental radioactivity. Currently, power reactor operators are being required by the AEC Regulatory Staff to conduct detailed, sensitive environmental surveillance, at levels consistent with the proposed concentration limits of Appendix I. Much of this appears to be based on extremely conservative assumptions throughout, including dose-effect relationships, exposure situations, pathway models, reconcentration factors and intakes, which cannot be substantiated when examined in the light of current experience in the vicinity of existing power reactors. The expenditures occasioned by the required additional in-plant features necessary to meet the currently proposed effluent release criteria appear difficult to justify on a reasonable basis.
The pion and an improved static bag model

Quark-model calculations involve an extended static object localized in space. We introduce new methods, involving momentum-space wave packets, which account for this localization. These methods have little effect on heavy states, whose sizes are large compared to their Compton size 1/m, but are very important for light particles such as the pion. In this treatment the pion's mass is naturally very small, and, in order to connect with a spontaneously broken chiral symmetry, we require that m/sub ..pi../ vanish when the light quarks are massless. Expanding about this limit (and also readjusting the fit to other hadrons), we obtain m/sub q/=(m-italic/sub u/+m/sub d/)/2=33 MeV. We calculate F/sub ..pi../ approx. = 145 MeV (using a normalization such that F/sub ..pi../ vertical-bar /sub exp/=93 MeV), F/sub K//F/sub ..pi../ approx. = 1, and various corrections to static properties of baryons. In addition we explore the relationship of our methods with chiral perturbation theory, deriving the formula m/sub ..pi../ /sup 2/=(m-italic/sub u/+m/sub d/) in the appropriate approximation and commenting on the quark mass obtained from the nucleon's sigma term. Finally we discuss the bag model's use of the scalar density q-barq as an order parameter describing themore » separation of the spontaneously broken vacuum phase from the perturbative vacuum of the bag's interior.« less
Identification of the Phenolic Components of Collard Greens, Kale, and Chinese Broccoli

An LC-MS profiling method was used for a comprehensive study of the phenolic components of collard greens, kale, and Chinese broccoli, three Brassica green leafy vegetables. This study led to the identification of 45 flavonoids and 13 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives in the three vegetables. Most of the identifications were based on comparison of compounds previously reported in the literature for Brassica vegetables. The results indicate that the three materials have very similar phenolic component profiles. For each, kaempferol glycosides and acylgentiobiosides were the major phenolic compounds, quercetin glycosides were minor compounds, and most of the flavononol glycosides existed in their acylated forms. In addition, each of the materials contained caffeoyl-, p-coumaroyl-, and feruloylquinic acid monomers with a 3-position derivative as the dominant isomer. This is the first report for most of these phenolics in collard greens and Chinese broccoli and for >20 of them in kale.
The nature(s) of developmental change: Piaget, Vygotsky, and the transition process

Abstract This essay proposes (1) that more than one kind of large-scale developmental change exists; and (2) that more than one kind of developmental change mechanism is needed to explain them. These proposals are supported by work in nonuniversal theory which states that intellectual development should be characterized neither as domain-general nor as domainspecific, but as a spectrum of developmental domains that range from the universal to the unique. The current article extends nonuniversal theory by positing and then describing (1) a sixth region of development—a pancultural region: and (2) five basic change mechanisms (maturation, domain-specific structures, technologies, instruction, and equilibration) that differentially influence developmental change at particular points along the universal-to-unique continuum. The contributions of each of the five change mechanisms is illustrated by an analysis of children's ability to draw maps. The value of the universal to unique framework is demonstrated by showing how it helps resolve Piaget's and Vygotsky's seemingly contradictory views on the relationship between learning and development.
Turbulence in a global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the Earth's magnetosphere during northward and southward interplanetary magnetic field

We report the results of MHD simulations of Earth's magnetosphere for idealized steady solar wind plasma and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions. The simulations feature purely northward and southward magnetic fields and were designed to study turbulence in the magnetotail plasma sheet. We found that the power spectral densities (PSDs) for both northward and southward IMF had the characteristics of turbulent flow. In both cases, the PSDs showed the three scale ranges expected from theory: the energy-containing scale, the inertial range, and the dissipative range. The results were generally consistent with in-situ observations and theoretical predictions. While the two cases studied, northward and southward IMF, had some similar characteristics, there were significant differences as well. For southward IMF, localized reconnection was the main energy source for the turbulence. For northward IMF, remnant reconnection contributed to driving the turbulence. Boundary waves may also have contributed. In both cases, the PSD slopes had spatial distributions in the dissipative range that reflected the pattern of resistive dissipation. For southward IMF there was a trend toward steeper slopes in the dissipative range with distance down the tail. For northward IMF there was a marked dusk-dawn asymmetry with steeper slopes on the dusk side of the tail. The inertial scale PSDs had a dusk-dawn symmetry during the northward IMF interval with steeper slopes on the dawn side. This asymmetry was not found in the distribution of inertial range slopes for southward IMF. The inertial range PSD slopes were clustered around values close to the theoretical expectation for both northward and southward IMF. In the dissipative range, however, the slopes were broadly distributed and the median values were significantly different, consistent with a different distribution of resistivity.
ENTREPRENEURIAL LEARNING: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This paper investigates and offers tentative explanations of the processes which enable practicing entrepreneurs to learn, as they manage their growing businesses. Specifically, it provides a conceptual framework for acquiring an understanding of the learning processes which entrepreneurs use to grow their businesses. The research suggests that entrepreneurs learn processively, and it also identifies their motives for learning. This paper focuses on the learning activities entrepreneurs choose and the cognitive processes which characterize the acquisition, retention, and use of entrepreneurial knowledge. Principles from several studies within the disciplines of the cognitive sciences are used to help explain entrepreneurial learning processes. Problem-solving categories for learning are delineated; effective entrepreneurial learning is defined; and, ways for facilitating the entrepreneur's learning processes are suggested.
Estimating cascading failure risk: Comparing Monte Carlo sampling and Random Chemistry

This paper presents a computationally efficient approach to estimate cascading failure risk in power systems. The method uses the previously published Random Chemistry algorithm [1] to find combinations of branch outages that lead to large blackouts, and then estimates risk by computing the expected blackout size based on the probabilities of various contingencies. We compare this method with Monte Carlo simulation, and show that the method is at least an order of magnitude faster than Monte Carlo simulation. Results from the IEEE RTS-96 and the 2383-bus Polish grid are presented in the paper.
Steady-state analysis of a two-compartment barrier-limited capillary-tissue model with michaelis-menten saturation kinetics

The steady-state solution of the equations governing substrate exchange between vascular and extravascular compartments separated by a membrane with finite, symmetrical substrate permeability is presented. Substrate removal from the extravascular compartment by Michaelis-Menten saturation type kinetics with negligible diffusion in the axial and instantaneous diffusion in the transverse directions in both compartments are assumed. It is shown that the solution degenerates into known expressions for special linearized and asymptotic cases. The method of solution is also applied to an extension of the original model incorporating autoregulatory feedback effects upon the process responsible for substrate removal.
Production of Anti-LPS IgM by B1a B Cells Depends on IL-1β and Is Protective against Lung Infection with Francisella tularensis LVS

The role of IL-1β and IL-18 during lung infection with the gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis LVS has not been characterized in detail. Here, using a mouse model of pneumonic tularemia, we show that both cytokines are protective, but through different mechanisms. Il-18-/- mice quickly succumb to the infection and showed higher bacterial burden in organs and lower level of IFNγ in BALF and serum compared to wild type C57BL/6J mice. Administration of IFNγ rescued the survival of Il-18-/- mice, suggesting that their decreased resistance to tularemia is due to inability to produce IFNγ. In contrast, mice lacking IL-1 receptor or IL-1β, but not IL-1α, appeared to control the infection in its early stages, but eventually succumbed. IFNγ administration had no effect on Il-1r1-/- mice survival. Rather, Il-1r1-/- mice were found to have significantly reduced titer of Ft LPS-specific IgM. The anti-Ft LPS IgM was generated in a IL-1β-, TLR2-, and ASC-dependent fashion, promoted bacteria agglutination and phagocytosis, and was protective in passive immunization experiments. B1a B cells produced the anti-Ft LPS IgM and these cells were significantly decreased in the spleen and peritoneal cavity of infected Il-1b-/- mice, compared to C57BL/6J mice. Collectively, our results show that IL-1β and IL-18 activate non-redundant protective responses against tularemia and identify an essential role for IL-1β in the rapid generation of pathogen-specific IgM by B1a B cells.
Cortisol effects on plasma electrolytes and thyroid hormones during smoltification in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch

Abstract Plasma concentrations of Na + , K + , triiodothyronine (T 3 ), and thyroxine (T 4 ) and muscle water content were measured in yearling coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch , after injection of cortisol in April, May, and June in fresh water (FW) and during acclimation to seawater (SW). Cortisol (17–21 μg/g), injected intraperitoneally in a melted cocoa butter suspension, suppressed the rise of plasma Na + during SW acclimation in April but not in May or June. Muscle water content increased during SW acclimation in cortisol-treated fish in April and June. These observations suggest a hypoosmoregulatory function for cortisol during SW acclimation. Cortisol treatment also induced elevations of plasma K + in FW (April only) and SW (April and May only). Cortisol treatment increased plasma T 3 during SW acclimation in June and T 4 in FW in May. The results suggest that cortisol may modify osmoregulatory processes and thyroid hormone activity during smoltification and acclimation to SW in yearling coho salmon.
An improved magnetic field model for Jupiter's inner magnetosphere using a microsignature of Amalthea

Observation of a particle absorption microsignature of the Jovian satellite Amalthea during the Pioneer II close flyby of Jupiter on December 3, 1974, has been described by McKibben et al. The microsignature was also observed by the University of Iowa/Pioneer II instrument in the distribution of protons in the kinetic energy range 0.61 less than T(sub p) less than 3.41 MeV but has not been previously reported. The finer time resolution and superior data quality of the latter observations provide a fresh basis for assessing the accuracy with which various published magnetic field models of Jupiter's magnetic field models describe Jupiter's magnetic field for radial distances of the order of or less than several planetary radii. The expected time of occurrence of the minimum of Amalthea's microsignature was calculated for each model and compared to the time of the observed minimum. The discrepancy between these two times was significant for each of the published models, but it could be reduced to zero by interpolating between two of the closely related models. The spherical harmonic coefficients of this combination model are tabulated. Also included is a novel method for calculating the intensity-time profile of the microsignature. In a later paper, the improved model is utilized to analyze the energetic particle measurements in Jupiter's innermost magnetosphere by the Galileo entry probe in December 1995.
Spawning Habitat and Behavior of Gila Trout, a Rare Salmonid of the Southwestern United States

Abstract The spawning season of Gila trout, Salmo gilae Miller, in three streams in the Gila National Forest, New Mexico, began in early April at the lowest elevation and continued through June at the highest elevation. Water temperature and stream flow interacted to induce spawning; however, the former was more important. Spawning commenced at water temperatures near 8 C. Redds were normally in 6–15-cm deep water, about a quarter of the stream width from one bank and within 5 m of cover. The substrate was predominantly gravel and small pebble (0.2–3.8 cm). Spawning fish selected redd sites based on depth of water and substrate rather than on water velocity. Redds ranged in area from less than 0.1 m2 to nearly 2.0 m2 and averaged 3–4 cm in structural depth. Normally a single fish or a pair of fish occupied a redd, but occupancy by three to four fish was common. Most spawning activity occurred between 1300 and 1600 hours. Fry (15–20 mm long) emerged in 8 to 10 weeks and inhabited riffle areas. Absence of f...
The invention of al-Andalus: discovering the past and creating the present in Granada's Islamic tourism sites

In a 2008 survey by the Pew Research Centre, 52% of Spaniards confessed to having negative views of Muslims. Yet, one of the most profitable segments of Spain's tourism industry is built on marketing the concept of convivencia, the supposedly harmonious coexistence of Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the medieval Iberian Peninsula. This article examines Granada's tourism industry as a site for mapping Spain's contradictory relationship with the Islamic world and with its own Islamic past. Granada is a privileged site for this examination: the former Naṣrid capital not only boasts the most famous of Andalusi travel destinations, the Alhambra, but also hosts a large population of Moroccan immigrants and of Spanish converts to Islam. Building on the polysemy of the word ‘invention’ – which can mean both ‘discovery’ and ‘creation’ – this article investigates three different inventions of al-Andalus in Granada's tourism industry. First, I explore the nineteenth-century Romantic ‘re-discovery’ of Andalucia's ‘O...
Americans Interpret the Parthenon: The Progression of Greek Revival Architecture from the East Coast to Oregon, 1800-1860

Takes an incisive look at America's westward movement, concentrating on the spread of Great Revival architecture across the US with its cultivation in Oregon during the 1850s. Sutton draws from a wide variety of documentary and visual sources: diaries and early architectural pattern books to current material, cultural literature and a wealth of outstanding photos.
Designing tools to support advanced users in new forms of social media interaction

Interface design practices in social media systems change rapidly, routinely presenting new tools and functionalities. In order to attract a broad base of users and acceptance of system enhancements, interface designs are typically highly conventional, building on best practices in HCI. In such systems, the needs of advanced users are often secondary. To probe how the design of tools should be adjusted to the needs of advanced users, we created CrediVis, a tool for visualizing multi-dimensional user data in Wikipedia. Through a two-round study of advanced users, we find that such users value specialized and complex tools designed to fit their needs. We further observed that although they value such advanced tools they prefer conventional rather than novel interface design. Our study suggests that tool design for advanced users must be closely aligned with needs that can be co-discovered with advanced users.
Introducing modules into APL

First we discuss the need for a language construct in APL to facilitate modular construction of large programs. Then, a construct called a module, with proposed syntax and semantic rules, is introduced as a needed addition to APL. A small example is used to illustrate how the new language construct can play its intended role.
Interannual observations and quantification of summertime H2O ice deposition on the Martian CO2 ice south polar cap

Abstract The spectral signature of water ice was observed on Martian south polar cap in 2004 by the Observatoire pour l'Mineralogie, l'Eau les Glaces et l'Activite (OMEGA) ( Bibring et al., 2004 ). Three years later, the OMEGA instrument was used to discover water ice deposited during southern summer on the polar cap ( Langevin et al., 2007 ). However, temporal and spatial variations of these water ice signatures have remained unexplored, and the origins of these water deposits remains an important scientific question. To investigate this question, we have used observations from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) instrument on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) spacecraft of the southern cap during austral summer over four Martian years to search for variations in the amount of water ice. We report below that for each year we have observed the cap, the magnitude of the H2O ice signature on the southern cap has risen steadily throughout summer, particularly on the west end of the cap. The spatial extent of deposition is in disagreement with the current best simulations of deposition of water ice on the south polar cap ( Montmessin et al., 2007 ). This increase in water ice signatures is most likely caused by deposition of atmospheric H2O ice and a set of unusual conditions makes the quantification of this transport flux using CRISM close to ideal. We calculate a ‘minimum apparent‘ amount of deposition corresponding to a thin H2O ice layer of 0.2 mm (with 70% porosity). This amount of H2O ice deposition is 0.6–6% of the total Martian atmospheric water budget. We compare our ‘minimum apparent’ quantification with previous estimates. This deposition process may also have implications for the formation and stability of the southern CO2 ice cap, and therefore play a significant role in the climate budget of modern day Mars.
Monte Carlo theory of optical dephasing in La F 3 : Pr 3 +

Recent optical free-induction-decay (FID) measurements of the impurity ion ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$ in La${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ at 2 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K reveal optical homogeneous linewidths of only a few kilohertz, considerably narrower than the inhomogeneous broadening due to crystalline strains (5 GHz) or the static local magnetic fields of the $^{19}\mathrm{F}$ nuclei (100 kHz). In this regime, the homogeneous broadening arises from local field fluctuations, as in NMR, and is due to the $^{19}\mathrm{F}$ nuclei which undergo resonant flip-flops and modulate the ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$ optical transition frequency. We treat the optical response of a two-level quantum system to an intense coherent field and to fluctuating perturbations using a Monte Carlo computer routine that assumes (1) the La${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ crystal structure and (2) a sudden fluorine spin-flip model. This procedure avoids many of the approximations of previous analytic theories of spectral diffusion in magnetic resonance and extends the calculation specifically to optical FID. The decay behavior is obtained by sampling statistically the ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$ phase history as subgroups of $^{19}\mathrm{F}$ spins flip randomly in space and time. These fluctuations modify the Bloch equations where the solutions for the preparative and post-preparative periods are obtained by numerical integration. In spite of the large lattice size assumed (2250 fluorines), only a few $^{19}\mathrm{F}$ spins contribute substantially to the homogeneous width, a result which shows for the first time that spin-flip correlations are not significant. Furthermore, a ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$ ion polarizes and detunes the nearest fluorines forming a frozen core that is incapable of resonant spin flipping with the bulk fluorines. We demonstrate that the core grows radially as the $^{141}\mathrm{Pr}(I=\frac{5}{2})$ magnetic moment increases with ${I}_{z}$, but the Pr optical linewidth changes little, producing essentially one rather than three linewidths. Our calculations utilize no free parameters and predict a Lorentzian line shape of 8.4 kHz half-width at half maximum which compares to the optical FID observation of a 10.1-kHz Lorentzian. The Monte Carlo algorithm is verified further by the static local magnetic broadening of a Pr quadrupole transition which is found to be Gaussian, 82 kHz full width at half maximum, in agreement with a second-moment calculation and current observations.
Differential Capacitance Study on the Basal Plane of Stress-Annealed Pyrolytic Graphite

Summary The non-faradaic differential electrode capacity of the basal plane of high-pressure stress-annealed pyrolytic graphite has been examined in aqueous solution using an a.c. impedance bridge. The capacity has a near parabolic dependence on electrode potential with a minimum of ∼3 μF cm−2 in concentrated electrolytes and is pH independent. Studies in NaF solutions at concentrations in the range 0.9–10−5 M indicate that in the range of potential studied (+0.5 to −0.5 V vs. NHE) the minimum capacity is best attributed to the space charge region within the graphite and not to the diffuse ionic layer. Apparently the potential of zero charge of the electrolyte is outside the potential range of the measurements. The capacity value on the basal plane of the stress-annealed pyrolytic graphite compares favorably with that estimated from the carrier concentration using the presently available theory of the space charge layer in semiconductor electrodes.
Development of the Thermal Mixing Layer over Water and Heated Land: A Laboratory Simulation

Abstract The mechanism of energy exchange of a flow regime moving from water to heated land was studied in the laboratory under controlled conditions. The experiment was set up in a long wind-water channel. A hot plate simulating the heated land was constructed and set up in a downwind location 24.7 m from the air intake. The air flows over the water surface long enough to generate a small linear variation of shear stress and becomes aerodynamically rough. The temperature of the plate and air velocities are maintained properly to simulate thermal stratification. Development of thermal mixing layer over the heated land was studied under different wind velocities and surface fluxes from the boundary. The results of this study indicate that the development of the thermal mixing layer is strongly dependent on local shear stresses and heat flux. Based on the thermal energy balance, the thicknesses of the thermal mixing layer are correlated with dimensionless heat flux and local Reynolds number.
A structural mechanics approach for predicting the mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes

Based on molecular mechanics, a structural mechanics model of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was developed with special consideration given to the bending stiffness of the graphite layer. The potentials associated with the atomic interactions within a CNT were evaluated by the strain energies of beam elements which serve as structural substitutions of covalent bonds in a CNT. In contrast to the original model developed by Li and Chou (Int. J. Solids Struct. 40(10):2487–2499, 2003), in the current model the out-of-plane deformation (inversion) of the bond was distinguished from the in-plane deformation by considering a rectangular cross-section for the beam element. Consequently, the model is able to study problems where the effect of local bending of the graphite layer in a carbon nanotube is significant. A closed-form solution of the sectional properties of the beam element was derived analytically. The model was verified through the analysis of rolling a graphite sheet into a carbon nanotube. Using the present model, the buckling behavior of nanotubes under bending is simulated. The predicted critical bending angle agrees well with molecular dynamics simulations.
The influence of plant cover on surfperch abundance at an offshore temperate reef

At an offshore reef near Santa Barbara, southern California, young-of-year (‘young’) of five surfperch species (Embiotocidae: Embiotoca jacksoni, E. lateralis, Hypsurus caryi, Rhacochilus toxotes, Damalichthys vacca) once thrived in a dense kelp understory of Pterygophora californica and Laminaria farlowii, but disappeared after a severe storm in February, 1980 deforested their habitat. Measurements of fish density and kelp cover made before deforestation indicated that the young surfperch appeared in the spring and disappeared in the fall as cover increased and declined. Adult surfperch and large kelp bass (Paralabrax clathratus), which can eat young but not adult surfperch, remained all year. We tested to see if kelp cover was an essential refuge for the young by pruning back (‘thinning’) kelp blades from one of two transects. The thinning caused a significant redistribution of young which clearly avoided open spaces, but not of adults which are less vulnerable to predation. Measurements of fish density made after the storm-induced deforestation showed that adult surfperch and kelp bass still remained abundant even after the young surfperch were gone. Only after an abrupt reforestation in 1983, more than a year after the present study was terminated, were young once again seen on the reef. Although young surfperch may seek tiny prey living on kelp blades, most lines of evidence indicated that the distribution of the young is more a response to risk of predation. Hence the extent of kelp understory was probably the main determinant of the survival of young surfperch on the reef.
Structure of Non-force-free Magnetic Flux Ropes in an Ambient Medium

The structure of non-force-free equilibrium magnetic flux ropes in an ambient medium of specified pressure pa is studied. A flux rope is a self-organized magnetized plasma structure consisting of a localized channel of electric current and the magnetic field arising from this current. An analytic method is developed to obtain one-dimensional equilibrium solutions satisfying c –1 J × B – ∇p = 0 subject to the requirements that (1) all physical quantities be nonsingular and continuous, (2) pressure p(r) be physically admissible—real and non-negative, and (3) the magnetic field profile have "minimum complexity." The solutions are shown to be characterized by two parameters, and B* p ≡ Bpa /(8πpa )1/2, where is the toroidal (axial) field averaged over the cross-sectional radius a and Bpa is the poloidal (azimuthal) field at the edge of the current channel (r = a). The physical constraint on pressure defines equilibrium boundaries in the B* t -B* p space beyond which no physical solutions exist. The method is illustrated with a number of families of solutions governed by distinct physical constraints. The force-free limit with pa ≠ 0 is investigated and is found to be characterized by plasma β = ∞. The local Alfven speed VA and plasma β are computed. The results are scale-invariant.
Metamodeling Method Using Dynamic Kriging for Design Optimization

Metamodeling has been widely used for design optimization by building surrogate models for computationally intensive engineering application problems. Among all the metamodeling methods, the kriging method has gained significant interest for its accuracy.However, in traditional krigingmethods, themean structure is constructed using a fixed set of polynomial basis functions, and the optimization methods used to obtain the optimal correlation parameter may not yield an accurate optimum. In this paper, a new method called the dynamic kriging method is proposed to fit the true model more accurately. In this dynamic kriging method, an optimal mean structure is obtainedusing thebasis functions that are selected bya genetic algorithm from the candidate basis functions based on a new accuracy criterion, and a generalized pattern search algorithm is used to find an accurate optimum for the correlation parameter. The dynamic kriging method generates a more accurate surrogate model than other metamodeling methods. In addition, the dynamic kriging method is applied to the simulation-based design optimization with multiple efficiency strategies. An engineering example shows that the optimal design obtained by using the surrogate models from the dynamic kriging method can achieve the same accuracy as the one obtained by using the sensitivity-based optimization method.
The management of family conflict in palliative care

We review the literature on family conflict in palliative care. The prevalence and common sources of conflict are discussed, including historical issues of tension, differing coping styles, the div...
Hybrid Video Encoding For Real-Time Image Transmission

It is often desired to transmit video signals over a data channel. However, when a standard 4 MHz bandlimited video signal is sampled at the Nyquist rate and encoded using four to six quantization levels (PCM) the data rate becomes 48-64 Mbs. This high digital bandwidth is usually unacceptable for most applications. Various digital alternatives such as delta modulation have been used to lower the data rates to about 22 Mbs. Computer simulations have shown that transform encoding can reduce this digital rate further. Additional reduction in the rate is usually desired to allow the use of available analog bandlimited video channels. In this paper we report on the effects of analog two dimensional spatial filtering in conjunction with delta modulation (DM) on digital bandwidth compression. Experimental and computer simulated results of hybrid DM enhancement encoder is presented. Results of computer simulation of a hybrid cosine transform encoder we also presented.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Interpersonal conflict and emotions in an Iranian cultural practice: qahr and ashti.

qahr (not to be on speaking terms with someone) andashti (to make up) represent a complex culture-specific fusion of emotional dynamics, cognitive evaluations, and behavioral tendencies, which both codes negative and “distancing” emotions and initiates a set of social actions and gestures that lead to amelioration of that emotional state. The causes, experience, and expressions ofqahr andashti were studied in the context of parent-child as well as inter-adult relationships. Of the ninety-two participants, forty-six mothers and 5 fathers (aged 25 to 52) constituted the Parent Sample, and 27 females and 14 males (aged 17 to 39) the Adult Sample. Qahr is a brief temporary rupture in the relationship of parent-child that is followed by ashti. The duration of qahr increases drastically in the inter-adult experience of qahr, yet it is atemporary rupture and not a break-up. Qahr is typically expressed in the form of a non-verbal ritualized sign system that indicates a lack of desire for any further interaction between the initiator and another person. The fusion of an emotional element of “being hurt,” cognitive element of “being criticized,” and being punished for “wrongdoing” constitute the core meaning of qahr for the child in her/his early experience of this cultural practice, which is internalized as an emotional-cognitive-behavioral cultural script by the child and later re-enacted in his/her relationships to siblings, parents, close relatives, and friends. Interpersonally, qahr has an expressive as well as instrumental function. Qahr is an indirect expression of a cluster of negative emotions such as hate, anger, dislike, and hurt. Qahr also evokes feelings of guilt, shame, regret, compassion, and love in others so that they are motivated to “correct” the “wrong-doing,” and it sends a signal to the concerned others to intervene and bring about reconciliation. Ashti is the last stage of qahr. Ashti is reconciliation and mediation plays an important role in the process of ashti.
Chromatolysis in the superior cervical ganglion of the cat

Abstract Chromatolysis was studied morphologically and histochemically following axon section of superior cervical ganglia of 80 cats over a 110-day interval. Three distinct cell types, considered representative stages in chromatolysis, were defined, and the relative chronologic distribution of each cell type was presented. Microspectrophotometric determinations of cytoplasmic concentrations of RNA and protein-bound SH and SS groups in each cell type was correlated with area measurements of respective cell bodies, nuclei, and nucleoli. Autonomic ganglion cells respond promptly to axon section, as do spinal sensory ganglia (Hyden, 1943) and anterior horn cells ( Bodian and Mellors, 1945 ), by a marked decrease in cytoplasmic RNA concentration but with a modest increase in cytoplasmic protein concentration. The increase in cell size noted at this stage appears to result from active protein synthesis rather than osmotic uptake of water as suggested by Gersh and Bodian (1943) . Cytophotometric evidence for the reappearance of cytoplasmic RNA first in the perinuclear area of the ganglion cell may be related to a concomitant enlargement of the nucleolus. This lends suggestive support to steadily increasing data noting the importance of the nucleolus in the synthesis of cytoplasmic RNA.
Personality Characteristics of Black Youth: A Cross-Cultural Investigation.

The view that black youth frequently manifest disordered personalities and negative self-concepts is examined through a comparison of the responses of black and white female adolescents from differing cultural and social class backgrounds to an Adjective Check List. While dissimilar from white female adolescents in many important respects, black subjects scored high on indices of personal adjustment and did not describe themselves in negatively valued terms. In fact, black girls from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, who are generally portrayed as particularly prone to pathology and negative self-evaluations, describe themselves in more favorable terms than black and white subjects from middle class backgrounds. Moreover, U.S. and Jamaican black subjects describe themselves in surprisingly similar fashion, and differ in similar respects from their white American counterparts, thereby providing some evidence for the impact of a common cultural heritage on black personality cross-nationally.
Analyzing imaging biomarkers for traumatic brain injury using 4d modeling of longitudinal MRI

Quantitative imaging biomarkers are important for assessment of impact, recovery and treatment efficacy in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). To our knowledge, the identification of such biomarkers characterizing disease progress and recovery has been insufficiently explored in TBI due to difficulties in registration of baseline and followup data and automatic segmentation of tissue and lesions from multimodal, longitudinal MR image data. We propose a new methodology for computing imaging biomarkers in TBI by extending a recently proposed spatiotemporal 4D modeling approach in order to compute quantitative features of tissue change. The proposed method computes surface-based and voxel-based measurements such as cortical thickness, volume changes, and geometric deformation. We analyze the potential for clinical use of these biomarkers by correlating them with TBI-specific patient scores at the level of the whole brain and of individual regions. Our preliminary results indicate that the proposed voxel-based biomarkers are correlated with clinical outcomes.
Statistical analysis of factors affecting fertilization rates and clinical outcome associated with intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Abstract Objective To identify and evaluate the statistically significant predictors of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) fertilization rates and clinical pregnancy in a single population using appropriate statistical techniques. Design Retrospective study. Setting Fertility and Endocrinology Center, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington. Patient(s) Four hundred forty-one patients undergoing their first attempt at IVF-ICSI from January 1, 1999, to May 21, 2001. Intervention(s) Each ICSI procedure for an individual patient was performed by a single operator. Sperm parameters, oocyte age, culture condition, ICSI technique, and ICSI operator were assessed as variables influencing the fertilization rate. We also assessed the impact of patient age, serum E2 concentration on the day of hCG administration, embryo quality, and number of embryos transferred on the probability of achieving a clinical pregnancy. Main outcome measure(s) Fertilization rate and clinical pregnancy. Result(s) The 2 pronuclei (2PN) rate was significantly correlated with sperm motility, and there were significant differences in the 2PN rates among the ICSI operators. There was no difference in the 2PN rate among different sperm types or among the eight laboratory incubators or whether the eggs were cultured individually or in groups. Patient age, serum E2 concentration on the day of hCG administration, embryo quality, and number of embryos transferred were all statistically significant predictors of clinical pregnancy. Conclusion(s) In our program, sperm motility and ICSI operator are the two most important predictors for the ICSI fertilization rate in vitro. Patient age, serum E2 concentration on the day of hCG administration, embryo quality, and number of embryos transferred were all statistically significant predictors of clinical pregnancy.
Attention and Perceptual Learning Modulate Contextual Influences on Visual Perception

Brightness discrimination thresholds and facilitation by lateral interaction were measured in five human observers and two monkeys. The subjects judged the brightness of one of four peripherally seen lines against a reference. This experiment was performed both when the observer was cued to the position of the test line (focused attention) and when there was no cue (distributed attention). Discrimination was better with focused than with distributed attention. When the test line had a collinear flank, its brightness was enhanced; this enhancement was four times more prominent with distributed than with focused attention. After training, thresholds improved and collinear facilitation decreased under distributed but not under focused attention. The findings show that there are fewer benefits from contextual interaction once attention is directed toward a visual location, and that the attentional effects are subject to training.
Vena contracta imaged by Doppler color flow mapping predicts the severity of eccentric mitral regurgitation better than color jet area: A chronic animal study

Abstract Objectives. This study sought to evaluate the relation between the color Doppler-imaged vena contracta and the severity of mitral regurgitation (MR) in a chronic animal model of MR. Background. The vena contracta, which is defined as the smallest connection between the laminar flow acceleration zone and the turbulent regurgitant jet, has been reported to be a clinically useful marker for evaluating the severity of valvular regurgitation. Methods. Six sheep with chronic MR produced by previous operation severing the chordae tendineae were examined. MR jet flows and vena contracta widths were imaged using a Vingmed 775 scanner with a 5-MHz transducer. Image data were directly transferred in digital format to a microcomputer for off-line measurement. MR was quantified as peak and mean regurgitant flow rates, regurgitant stroke volumes and regurgitant fractions determined using mitral and aortic electromagnetic flow probes and flowmeters balanced against each other. Results. Vena contracta width correlated well with regurgitant severity determined by electromagnetic flowmeters (r = 0.95, SEE = 0.05 cm, p Conclusions. This study shows that the vena contracta width method is useful for predicting the severity of MR. It is simple and conveniently available with high resolution equipment. The quantitative comparisons in the present study lay the foundation for future clinical and research studies using this vena contracta technique.
Imaging atrial arrhythmic intracellular calcium in intact heart

Abnormalities in intracellular Ca(2+) signaling have been proposed to play an essential role in the pathophysiology of atrial arrhythmias. However, a direct observation of intracellular Ca(2+) in atrial myocytes during atrial arrhythmias is lacking. Here, we have developed an ex vivo model of simultaneous Ca(2+) imaging and electrocardiographic recording in cardiac atria. Using this system we were able to record atrial arrhythmic intracellular Ca(2+) activities. Our results indicate that atrial arrhythmias can be tightly linked to intracellular Ca(2+) waves and Ca(2+) alternans. Moreover, we applied this strategy to analyze Ca(2+) signals in the hearts of WT and knock-in mice harboring a 'leaky' type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2-R2474S). We showed that sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) leak increases the susceptibility to Ca(2+) alternans and Ca(2+) waves increasing the incidence of atrial arrhythmias. Reduction of SR Ca(2+) leak via RyR2 by acute treatment with S107 reduced both Ca(2+) alternans and Ca(2+) waves, and prevented atrial arrhythmias.
Multiple flow patterns and heat transfer in confined jet impingement

The flow field of a 2-D laminar confined impinging slot jet is investigated. Numerical results indicate that there exist two different solutions in some range of geometric and flow parameters. The two steady flow patterns are obtained under identical boundary conditions but only with different initial flow fields. Two different exit boundary conditions are investigated with two commercial software packages to eliminate artificial or computational effects. The different flow patterns are observed to significantly affect the heat transfer. A flow visualization experiment is carried out to verify the computational results and both flow patterns are observed. The bifurcation mechanism is interpreted and discussed.
Computation on metric spaces via domain theory

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to survey recent approaches to realizing (or embedding) a Polish space as the set of maximal points of a continuous domain. Such realizations provide a convenient framework in which to model certain computational algorithms on the space and a useful alternate approach via the probabilistic power domain to measure theory and integraion on the space.