cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation and typing of Vibrio parahaemolyticus that causes food poisoning

Objective To test for and serotype Vibrio parahaemolyticus that causes food poisoning and to provide grounds for diagnosis of the pathogen responsible for food poisoning by PCR detection of the thermostable direct hemolysin(TDH) gene and TDH-related hemolysin(TRH) genes of different serotypes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.MethodsSuspected food sources were collected at sites of food poisoning and samples of patient feces,anal swabs,vomit,swabs of the hands of cooks,and swabs of the food preparation room were subjected to pathogen testing and serotyping.PCR was used to detect TDH and TRH from 45 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.Results There were 48 instances of food poisoning from 1978 to 2004;of these,43(89.58%) were caused by bacteria.There were 27 instances of food poisoning from 2005 to 2007;of these,16(59.26%) were caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus,7(25.93%) were caused by Staphylococcus aureus,and 4(14.81%) were caused by two or more pathogens.In all,88 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were detected with 6 serotypes;of these,23 strains(26.14%) were O1,1(1.14%) was O2,37(42.05%) were O3,25(28.41%) were O4,and 1 was O5(1.14%),and 1(1.14%) was O10.PCR was used to detect TDH and TRH from 45 strains of different serotypes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus.Of 16 strains with the O1 serotype,15 were positive for TDH and 1 was negative for TDH.Of 9 strains with the O3 serotype,all were positive for TDH.Of 20 strains with the O4 serotype,17 were positive for TDH and 3 were negative for TDH.The 45 strains were all negative for TRH1 and TRH2.Conclusion Food poisoning caused by bacteria was caused mainly by Vibrio parahaemolyticus serotypes O1,O2,O3,O4,O5,and O10.
Research into Method for Standardizing Personnel Behavior in Operational Safety Management

In view of the importance of human factors in the control of accident,it was proposed to apply the idea of giving grades item-by-item in work safety standardization to operational safety management to standardize individual's own behavior.Then,workers' 5 types of unsafe behavior related to different incentives,functional muff,psychological muff,informative error,conditions limiting error and intentionally illegal,were identified.Corresponding measures to modify the 5 types of unsafe behavior were proposed.The measures were implemented.The results showed that the measures were working and the workers' unsafe behavior in the trial post was modified,and the degree of standardization of employees' behavior was improved.
62 HIV DRUG RESISTANCE: RAMAN CRYSTALLOGRAPHY STUDIES OF THE “FLOPPY FLAP” IN HIV PROTEASE.

Background Drug resistance mutations are commonly found in HIV protease (PR) and result from many factors allowing specific mutations to predominate, eg, single base pair changes resulting in functional yet drug-resistant enzymes. Drug exposure drives evolution by selecting for energetically stable and functional proteins. Flap region (residues 36-63) mutations in PR are of particular interest because they are distal from the active site and as they accumulate contribute significantly to resistance while preserving enzymatic function. The structural and protein dynamical aspects of how this occurs are poorly understood. We hypothesize that the flap is stuck in a partially open conformation in the resistant forms, which may improve protein stability even in the absence of bound PI while simultaneously impeding PI binding. We are developing a new structural biology technique, Raman crystallography, to study PR flap mutations. We present Raman spectroscopic and x-ray crystallographic data showing how the Phe 53 flap residue can be used to determine the flap position. Methods “Wild-type” PR was crystallized and used in our experiments. Nonresonance Raman difference spectra were obtained with indinavir by soaking the crystals in inhibitor solution for 10 minutes. Crystals for x-ray crystallography were prepared as for Raman, and 2-3 A resolution data obtained for the apo-structure and the indinavir-inhibited structure. Structures were solved by molecular replacement. Ab initio calculations were used to model the Raman spectra. Results The intensity of the peaks in the Raman spectra is very sensitive to the orientation of the crystals. The phenylalanine transitions at ≈1,000-1,008 cm -1 in the difference spectra are especially informative. The frequency and intensity of these peaks are signatures of open—>closed conformational changes in the Phe53s on binding of inhibitor. There is also a contribution from the methylphenyl side chain of the bound inhibitor. Other PI transitions are also sensitive to crystal orientation. The preliminary crystal structure data indicate that the flap region is highly disordered in the apo-crystal (some open, some closed) and shows bound inhibitor when it is added. The Phe 53 orientation is still being refined. Conclusions The ≈1,000-1,008 cm -1 region in Raman spectra of PR can be used to assess the flap conformation in WT PR on PI binding. Peak widths and intensity can give information of the stability of the complexes. We will study resistant PR next. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool to study flap mutations in PR.
Nitric Oxide Regulation of Bacterial Biofilms

Biofilms are surface-associated, multicellular communities of bacteria. Once established, they are extremely difficult to eradicate by antimicrobial treatment. It has been demonstrated in many species that biofilm formation may be regulated by the diatomic signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO). Although this is still a relatively new area of research, we review here the literature reporting an effect of NO on bacterial biofilm formation, emphasizing dose-dependent responses to NO concentrations when possible. Where it has been investigated, the underlying NO sensors or signaling pathways are also discussed. Most of the examples of NO-mediated biofilm regulation have been documented with exogenously applied NO, but we also survey possible natural sources of NO in biofilm regulation, including endogenously generated NO. Finally, because of the apparent broad-spectrum, antibiofilm effects of NO, NO-releasing materials and prodrugs have also been explored in this minireview.
Multi-use Venturi nasal atomizer contamination in a clinical rhinologic practice.

INTRODUCTION Cross-contamination of Venturi atomizers has been reported. METHODS In phase I, 16 atomizers were sterilized and refilled with either 1% lidocaine or 0.1% Tyzine (day 0). During phase II, atomizers were wiped with isopropyl alcohol wipes between uses. In both phases, on days 7, 14, 21, and 28, the contents of the atomizer were sprayed onto two culture media. If a culture was found positive, cultures from the nozzle, lumen, and solution were taken and cultured in depth. RESULTS Twelve lidocaine bottles and three Tyzine bottles were initially positive. There were more positive cultures from lidocaine bottles than Tyzine bottles at 2 weeks (p = 0.02). After wiping with isopropyl alcohol, contamination was significantly reduced in the lidocaine bottles at 2 weeks (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Microbial contamination of questionable clinical significance may occur with nasal atomizers. Regardless of this significance, wiping the devices with isopropyl alcohol can eliminate microbial growth for a 2-week interval.
The effects of arterial stenosis on red cells

It is reasonable to conjecture that the fluid dynamic and biochemical environment near an arterial stenosis may have an effect on red blood cells which pass through that vicinity. However, little information exists in the literature that directly links stenosis with hemolysis. As a consequence, this brief review discusses a number of potential mechanisms by which stenosis could lead to erythrocyte damage or could be indirectly correlated to it. These are divided into (a) fluid mechanical effects which can directly damage cells, (b) complications of stenosis which affect the cells or the cells' environment and lead indirectly to damage, and (c) pathological factors which are associated with both hemolysis and atherosclerosis and hence may increase both independently.
Role of HLA Class II-Specific Alloreactive T Cells in Biliary Epithelium Injury Associated with Liver Transplant Rejection

In this study, we report the establishment of lymphocyte cultures from liver allograft biopsies, and correlate their primed lymphocyte testing (PLT) specificity towards HLA class I and/or class II donor antigens with clinicopathological findings. Early posttransplant biopsies generally yielded more class I-specific cells than later biopsies. There appears to be no correlation of hepatocellular enzyme levels (SGOT or SGPT) with PLT specificity. However, the levels of GGTP and AP, which are biliary enzymes, were increased in patients whose biopsies yielded class II-specific rather than class I-specific cells. There was also a trend towards more damage to bile duct epithelium in biopsies yielding class II-specific cells. These results are probably related to the interaction of class II-specific T cells with bile duct epithelium, which has been shown to express class II HLA antigens.
Banking and Crisis in the Twenty-First Century: 2000–2010

Most economic indicators show that, at the turn of the new century, the U.S. economy was flourishing. Despite significant challenges, such as the September 2001 terror attack on America, the economy grew. For the first eight and one half years, the unemployment rates were low, generally staying below six percent. RGDP growth was positive through 2007, and consumer prices held relatively steady during the same period. Between the beginning of 2003 and late into 2007, the Dow Jones Industrial Average generally increased, reaching a peak of over 14,000 in October of 2007. Thus, the economy during the first seven or so years of the twenty-first century may be described as healthy.
The Empire and Mr. Thompson: The Making of Indian Princes and the English Working Class with Madhavi Kale

As a child I had no doubt that Indians were our most important visitors: the sideboard loaded with grapes and dates was testimony of this. A little older, I would cadge postage stamps from poets and political agitators. Older again, I stood in awe before the gracious Jawaharlal, as he asked me about my batting technique.
Feasibility analysis of polarimetric-interference alignment beamforming in rich-scattering indoor channels

We analyze the feasibility of Polarimetrie interference-alignment (PIA) beamforming in rich-scattering indoor channels. PIA harnesses the orthogonal polarization components of electromagnetic waves to provide a signal space for the interference alignment technique proposed by Cadambe and Jafar. We demonstrate that PIA is feasible under common cross-polarization discrimination values and scattering conditions by using a polarimetric multiuser MIMO channel model.
Stimuli-Responsive Macromolecular Composites: Enhanced Stress Modulation in Polypyrrole with Redox-Active Dopants

Structure and conformation of conducting polymer (CP) films have been widely investigated to understand the variation in electrical, chemical, and mechanical properties in different electrochemical environments. The pH-dependent stress response in films of polypyrrole (pPy) doped with three bulky dianionic dopants (indigo carmine (IC), anthraquinone disulfonate (AQ), and naphthalene disulfonate (NP)) were studied using the multibeam optical stress sensor (MOSS) technique. Based on combined current, stress, and mass analysis, a mechanism of mixed ion dynamics is proposed that explains the electro-chemomechanical behavior of these polymers. By changing the pH of the electrolyte from neutral to acidic, a modulation of the stress response (ΔStress) of these polymers is observed, which was found to be the largest in pPy[IC] (80% decrease) compared to related structural analogues, pPy[AQ] (33%) and pPy[NP] (30%). The decrease in stress response for pPy[IC] and pPy[AQ] is attributed to the simultaneous and oppos...
Reconsidering Power in Multistakeholder Relationship Management

Multistakeholder issue networks have been characterized as power-free, egalitarian forms of corporate–civil society engagement. Using a communication-centered conceptualization of power, our study finds that potential sources of power subtly manifest through communication and interaction patterns in multistakeholder issue networks. Our results indicate that organizations’ institutional status and resources are significant predictors of network power.
Biochemical Benefits, Diagnosis, and Clinical Risks Evaluation of Kratom.

Background: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a tropical tree with a long history of traditional use in parts of Africa and Southeast Asia. Kratom is also known as Thom, Thang, and Biak.Its leaves and the teas brewed from them have long been used by people in that region to manage pain and opioid withdrawal and to stave off fatigue.Kratom is actually consumed throughout the world for its stimulant effects and as an opioid substitute(in form of tea, chewed, smoked, or ingested in capsules).Some case reports have associated kratom exposure with psychosis, seizures, intrahepatic cholestasis, other medical conditions and deaths. The clinical manifestations of Kratom are not well-defined and the clinical studies are limited. Data suggest that both stimulant and sedative dose-dependent effects do exist, but a growing concern for the drug’s effects and safety of use has resulted in national and international attention primarily due to an increase in hospital visits and deaths in several countries that are believed to have been caused by extracts of the plant.In this study we aim to use existing literature to clarify both benefits and risks of kratom as well as its diagnosis evaluation as Kratom misuse is an emerging trend in the western world. Methods: Literature review using databases such as Embase, Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Mendeley from 2007 to 2017 were evaluated by all authors. Results: Kratom suggested benefits are stimulant and sedative effects and antinociceptive effects.Kratom may cause intrahepatic cholestasis, seizure, arrhythmia, impair memory function, and death.Symptoms such as euphoria, feeling relaxed, aggression, hostility, psychosis, polyuria, dry mouth, vomiting and jerky movements are reported.Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and ion mobility spectrometry( IMS) seem to be the most promising techniques to screen kratom extracts. Conclusion: Our data analysis has not determined if biochemical benefits of kratom may prove to outweigh its toxicity and risks.Serious toxicity is rare, usually after high dosage. Kratom clinical psychological and medical manifestations can be disturbing. Kratom( Mitragyna speciosa) use, among multiple compounds of the leaf appear to be increasing in the Western World.Methods to accurately identify Kratom compounds are still ongoing.
Administration of erythropoietin to newborn rats results in diminished neutrophil production.

Very high concentrations of erythropoietin (epo), in clonogenic cultures, result in reduced production of neutrophils, and fetal progenitors are more sensitive to this effect of epo than are those of adults. However, the significance of this observation is unclear because no evidence of reduced neutrophil production has been presented following administration of recombinant epo to human or animal subjects. In the present study we injected newborn rats, beginning on the first day of life, with 20, 200, or 2,000 U epo/kg body weight, and measured serum epo concentrations after 2, 8, 24, or 48 hours. After selecting a dose that resulted in serum concentrations greater than 1,000 mU/mL (a concentration that resulted in down-modulation of neutrophil production from neonatal rat progenitors in vitro) other newborn rats were treated for 3 days with that dose (1,000 U epo/kg) or a vehicle control. Administration of epo resulted in increased hematocrits (P less than .001), reticulocyte counts (P less than .001), normoblasts/femur (P less than .05), and normoblasts/spleen (P less than .001). Recipients of epo also had more erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-E) (P less than .001) and higher CFU-E tritiated thymidine suicide rates (P less than .01) than did controls. However, femurs and spleens of epo recipients contained fewer postmitotic neutrophils (femur, P less than .01; spleen, P less than .01), proliferative neutrophils (femur, P less than .01; spleen, P less than .02), granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM) (P less than .005), and lower CFU-GM tritiated thymidine suicide rates (P less than .01). Seven and nine days after twice-daily administration of 2,000 U epo/kg, blood neutrophil concentrations had diminished (P less than .05). Thus, administration of high doses of recombinant epo to newborn rats resulted in diminished neutrophil production accompanying accelerated erythropoiesis.
Optimization-Based Simulation of the Motion of a Human Performing a Horizontal Drop Jump

The ‘Hybrid Predictive Dynamics Method for Digital Human Modeling’ is used in this work to analyze the dynamics of a human performing a “Drop Jump” task. The ‘Hybrid’ prefix mentioned in the literature recently [1] refers to the use of motion capture data for improving human motion simulations. This use of motion capture compensates for the inherent weaknesses of purely theoretical motion prediction due to deficiencies in computational power or available theoretical backgrounds. In this work, using motion capture data, an optimization based 3-D motion tracking of a human model performing a “Horizontal Drop Jump” is presented, as the first step in the simulation/prediction of such a motion. Based on the evaluation of the motion, dynamics properties of the motion are calculated which include ground reaction forces, joint torques and metabolic energy. The human model starts in a standing posture on top of a small box (low elevation from the ground), while jumping down the box, he changes his posture into a ready to jump pose with his two feet on the ground in-line and parallel to each other. After a brief recoil, he accelerates his center of gravity in the upward and forward direction and lifts off from the ground with an initial velocity in the same direction as his past acceleration. In the air, he will have a projectile motion and then he lands in his final position. The human model is a 55 degree of freedom (DOF) robot defined by Denavit-Hartenberg parameters. The base of the model is considered to be the hip point of a human. The orientation and position of this base in the global reference frame is defined by 6 DOF (3 position and 3 orientation). The robot includes 5 open-loop kinematic branches all originating from the base of the robot and ending in left hand, left foot, head, right hand and right foot. The remaining 49 DOF of the robot are revolute joints used in these 5 branches. Based on a motion capture set of data, motion is generated by a multi-objective optimization approach minimizing the difference between the location of markers on an actual human and the location of those same markers on the digital human model. All the forces, inertial, gravitational as well as external, are known, except the ground reaction forces are known. Therefore, it will be possible to calculate the total sum of ground reaction forces and moments. In the next step, joint torques are calculated using Lagrange’s equations.
Étendue and angular acceptance of the asymmetric compound parabolic concentrator

Although the use of the asymmetric compound parabolic concentrator (ACPC) for solar concentration has been addressed, documentation regarding etendue and angular acceptance of the ACPC is absent from the literature. This paper delves into the two-dimensional design of the ACPC and discusses its etendue and angular acceptance, offering a design tool regarding such instances when symmetry is broken. It is found that unlike the compound parabolic concentrator whose angular acceptance fills a symmetric ellipse, the ACPC’s angular acceptance fills an asymmetric ellipse in some cases and a folded ellipse in others. Both cases are dependent on the maximum acceptance angles of the design. Ray tracing is utilized to confirm the angular acceptance ellipses and etendue, as well as to offer a visual representation of the intensity distribution for asymmetric designs in both angular and phase spaces.
The influence of relationships on the meaning making process: patients' perspectives.

Background: The diagnosis of a chronic or life limiting illness followed by treatment often requires an adjustment to life goals and expectations. With added existential concerns, patients’ struggle to redefine life meaning while also finding ways to alleviate any distress that may occur. Central to the work of many scholars, meaning making is thought to be a vital component of negotiating traumatic life events while also essential to the positive adjustment in chronic illness and healing. Information gained from science about meaning making is an important link to the medical community as it provides physicians with insight to increase patient centered care. The purpose of this qualitative study was to expand our understanding of meaning making for an individual diagnosed with a chronic or life limiting illness. Also, to explore the connection, if any, to how meaning making may lead to an outcome of psychosocial spiritual healing or exacerbate distress. Methods: The goal of this secondary data analysis was to examine the influences of meaning making to determine its impact on a patient’s sense of healing. This study utilized data collected during in-person interviews using a convenience sample of 30 palliative care patients. The original study was conducted at three different locations: the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (NIH), a large research institution in Bethesda, Maryland; Johns Hopkins Suburban Hospital, a community hospital in Bethesda, Maryland; and Mobile Medical Care (Mobile Med), a community clinic located in Rockville, Maryland. A total of 56 potential participants were approached based on convenience sampling with 30 participants enrolled (54%). Results: The overall theme that emerged indicated a strong emphasis on meaning making through relationships, specifically an increase of meaning in family relationships, the connection to friends, and a change in compassion towards others. Conclusions: Further investigation is needed to explore relationships as a variable in finding meaning during life limiting illness among patients, loved ones and their physicians. It is clear that developing meaning is a central mechanism to the construct of healing.
A phase wise approach for fault identification

Making software with high quality assurance is becoming difficult due to software testing and maintenance is costly and time consuming phases of software development life cycle (SDLC). This takes more than half the cost of software development. Researchers are already proposed methods to reduce the cost and time of software testing. However, these methods still not properly handle software testing process. The assurance of software quality is very crucial for any organizations so the cost of testing is increasing day by day. Therefore the scope of finding the fault from software is challenging task. However the evaluation of software quality at early stage is related to human centric and expert knowledge about the software. For this a phase wise fault identification approach using fuzzy inference system has proposed. This method finds the fault in every phase of the software based on fuzzy intuitive based approach. The fuzzy inference systems have applied with every phase to identify the fault. Th...
Agriculture-Based Biofuels: Overview and Emerging Issues

This report reviews the evolution of the U.S. biofuels sector and the role that federal policy has played in shaping its development. In addition, it highlights emerging issues that are critical to the biofuels sector and of relevance to Congress.
X-ray crystallography of TRP channels

Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels are molecular sensors of a large variety of stimuli including temperature, mechanical stress, voltage, small molecules including capsaicin and menthol, and lipids such as phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). Since the same TRP channels may respond to different physical and chemical stimuli, they can serve as signal integrators. Many TRP channels are calcium permeable and contribute to Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling. Although the TRP channel family was discovered decades ago, only recently have the structures of many of these channels been solved, largely by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Complimentary to cryo-EM, X-ray crystallography provides unique tools to unambiguously identify specific atoms and can be used to study ion binding in channel pores. In this review we describe crystallographic studies of the TRP channel TRPV6. The methodology used in these studies may serve as a template for future structural analyses of different types of TRP and other ion channels.
Sensory Aging: Chemical Senses

This article provides an overview of the nature and multiple causes of the declines in taste and smell function that are observed in later life and in the earliest stages of Alzheimer’s disease. While approximately 2% of the American population has demonstrable olfactory loss before 65 years of age, this percentage rises to 50% for those between 65 and 80 years of age, and to 75% for those above this age range. This likely explains why a disproportionate number of the elderly die from accidental gas poisoning, and why many elderly report that their food lacks flavor.
SEQUENTIAL DESIGN OF COMPARATIVE CLINICAL TRIALS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses sequential design of comparative clinical trials. If two treatments A and B of unknown efficacy are available and a large number N of patients is to be treated, then the trial consists of pairwise allocation of treatments to n pairs of patients. A conclusion can be made as to which treatment is superior so that the remaining N − 2n patients not on trial can be given the apparently superior treatment based on the results of the first n pairs. In 1963, Anscombe proposed a decision-theoretic approach to the problem of choosing n when N is given. The chapter describes the continuous-time problem and a class of stopping rules.
From Foraging to Agriculture

For more than a century, scholars have debated hypothetical processes that facilitated initial human settlement and the transition from universal hunting–gathering livelihoods to incipient planting, agriculture, and plant domestication. Mixed cultivation of food and nonfood species in small areas supplied basic human needs for more than 10000 years, a protective pattern against total crop failure. Eventually, farmers prepared larger fields of single cultigens that facilitated mechanical harvesting but produced near monoculture agriculture in some global regions. Although monoculture allows easier farm management, this pattern may pose a hypothetical risk to human societies in the mid‐twenty-first century and beyond.
Centrosome-nuclear envelope tethering and microtubule motor-based pulling forces collaborate in centrosome positioning during mitotic entry

Centrosome positioning relative to the nucleus and cell shape is highly regulated across cell types, during cell migration and during spindle formation in cell division. Across most sexually reproducing animals, centrosomes are provided to the oocyte through fertilization and must be positioned properly to establish the zygotic mitotic spindle. How centrosomes are positioned in space and time through the concerted action of key mitotic entry biochemical regulators including Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A-B55/SUR-6), biophysical regulators including Dynein and the nuclear lamina is unclear. Here, we uncover a role for PP2A-B55/SUR-6 in regulating centrosome positioning. Mechanistically, PP2A-B55/SUR-6 regulates nuclear size prior to mitotic entry, in turn affecting nuclear envelope-based Dynein density and motor capacity. Using computational simulations, PP2A-B55/SUR-6 regulation of nuclear size and nuclear envelope Dynein density were both predicted to be required for proper centrosome positioning. Conversely, compromising nuclear lamina integrity led to centrosome detachment from the nuclear envelope and migration defects. Removal of PP2A-B55/SUR-6 and the nuclear lamina simultaneously further disrupted centrosome positioning, leading to unseparated centrosome pairs dissociated from the nuclear envelope. Taken together, we propose a model in which centrosomes migrate and are positioned through the concerted action of nuclear envelope-based Dynein pulling forces and centrosome-nuclear envelope tethering.
Cooperative dynamics in a model DPPC membrane arise from membrane layer interactions

The dynamics of model membranes can be highly heterogeneous, especially in more ordered dense phases. To better understand the origins of this heterogeneity, as well as the degree to which monolayer systems mimic the dynamical properties of bilayer membranes, we use molecular simulations to contrast the dynamical behavior of a single-component dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) lipid monolayer with that of a DPPC bilayer. DPPC is prevalent in both biological monolayers and bilayers, and we utilize the widely studied MARTINI model to describe the molecular interactions. As expected, our simulations confirm that the lateral structure of the monolayer and bilayer is nearly indistinguishable in both low- and high-density phases. Dynamically, the monolayer and bilayer both exhibit a drop in mobility for dense phases, but we find that there are substantial differences in the amplitude of these changes, as well as the nature of molecular displacements for these systems. Specifically, the monolayer exhibits no apparent cooperativity of the dynamics, while the bilayer shows substantial spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the dynamics. Consequently, the dynamical heterogeneity and cooperativity observed in the bilayer membrane case arises in part due to interlayer interactions. We indeed find a substantial interdigitation of the membrane leaflets which appears to impede molecular rearrangement. On the other hand, the monolayer, like the bilayer, does exhibit complex non-Brownian molecular displacements at intermediate time scales. For the monolayer system, the single particle motion can be well characterized by fractional Brownian motion, rather than being a consequence of strong correlations in the molecular motion previously observed in bilayer membranes. The significant differences in the dynamics of dense monolayers and bilayers suggest that care must be taken when making inferences about membrane dynamics on the basis of monolayer studies.
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EARLY EXERCISE AND CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS FOLLOWING PEDIATRIC SPORT-RELATED CONCUSSION:

Background:Historically, exercise has been discouraged while patients are experiencing concussion symptoms. However, recent evidence suggests that exercise soon after concussion is not detrimental ...
Design of a PWM-type Bipolar Pulse Generator with High Dv/dt Output

With the development of voltage Silicon Carbide (SiC) devices, motor windings and power inverters tend to encounter pulse width modulation (PWM) pulses with higher dv/dt. However, existing pulse generators for partial discharge testing cannot generate ultrahigh dv/dt with nanosecond rising time to emulate the rising edge of the PWM from SiC based converters. To address this problem, a new PWM-type pulse generator with ultra-high dv/dt output is designed. The generator can generate bipolar outputs at ± 1.2kV with a slew rate of $\pm 50kV/\mu s$ and unit polar output waveform at 1.2 kV with a slew rate of 250 kV$/\mu s$. The width and frequency of the bipolar PWM-type pulses can be accurately controlled. The overall volume of the generator is only 55 $in^{3}$. The detailed description of the circuit, its operation modes and the method to adjust and optimize the output voltage’s dv/dt are presented in this paper.
Treatments for Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia: A Review.

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune condition that affects nearly 1:10,000 people in the world. It is traditionally defined by a platelet count of less than 100 x 109L, but treatment typically depends on symptomology rather than on the platelet count itself. For primary idiopathic ITP, corticosteroids have been the standard first-line of treatment for symptomatic patients, with the addition of intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) or Rho(D) immune globulin (anti-RhD) for steroid-resistant cases. In cases of refractory or non-responsive ITP, second-line therapy includes splenectomy or rituximab, a monoclonal antibody against the CD20 antigen (anti-CD20). In patients who continue to have severe thrombocytopenia and symptomatic bleeding despite first- and second-line treatments, the diagnosis of "chronic refractory ITP" is appropriate, and third-line treatments are evaluated. This manuscript describes the efficacy of different treatment options for primary ITP and introduces the reader to various third-line options that are emerging as a means of treating chronic refractory ITP.
Thomas Kuhn on Paradigms

This study provides key arguments and contributions of Kuhn (1970) concerning paradigms, paradigm shifts, and scientific revolutions. We provide interpretations of Kuhn's (1970) key ideas and concepts, especially as they relate to business management research. We conclude by considering the practical implications of paradigms and paradigm shifts for contemporary business management researchers and suggest that ethical rules of conversation are at least as critical for the health of a scientific community as methodological rules (e.g., the rules of logical positivism) derived from the philosophy of science.
Understanding and improving knowledge of cancer survivorship care among college providers.

101Background: Young adult survivor (YAS) engagement in follow-up care is often compromised by competing developmental transitions, including attending college away from home and pediatric oncology team, as well as community providers’ deficits in knowledge related to caring for YAS. The aims were to assess college providers’ basic knowledge of the risks of YAS and related care guidelines and determine whether an educational in-service is an effective platform for increasing college health providers’ knowledge about survivorship. Methods: During Phase 1, 40 college health and office of disability staff members from public and private colleges/universities (90.0% female) completed a 41-question survey on their experiences with students who were YAS. In Phase 2, a one-hour educational in-service was provided to 18 health center medical providers (94.1% female) at a private university. In-service content was informed by the original survey. Providers completed pre- and post-test assessments of knowledge abou...
363-OR: Comprehensive Assessment of Glycemic Control after Pancreas Transplantation

Introduction: Limited data are available about comprehensive metabolic evaluation after Pancreas transplantation (PT) for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods: After IRB approval, we prospectively studied 15 PT recipients at least 1 year post transplant. After a screening visit, subjects underwent Dexcom G4 CGM for one week and Mixed Meal Test (MMT) according to standard procedure. Results: PT recipient were 53.1 ± 10.6 years old, F/M 12/3, BMI (Kg/m2) 30.8 ± 6 and mean duration of diabetes was 33 ± 12.3 years with 6 ± 5 (1-17) years mean interval from PT to the study. Twelve patients underwent pancreas transplant alone and three underwent simultaneous pancreas kidney transplantation. Baseline values were Hemoglobin 12.3 ± 1.4 (g/dl), HbA1c 5.4 ± 0.6 %, Albumin 4.0 ± 0.3 g/dl, Fructosamine 233 ± 27 (µmol/L), Fasting Glucose 94.3 ± 17.5 mg/dl, C-peptide 2.5 ± 0.9 (ng/ml), eGFR 56.3 ± 25.5 ml/min and AST 23.4 ± 8.5 U/L. MMT revealed Glucose concentration increased from 90.9 ± 9.6 mg/dl at baseline to 140.6 ± 41.5 mg/dl at 30min followed by 123.2 ± 48.0 mg/dl and 115.2 ± 34.6 mg/dl at 60mins and 120 mins respectively. C-peptide was 2.4 ± 0.7 ng/ml at baseline, peaked to 7.5 ± 5.4 ng/ml at 60 mins and was 6.0 ± 3.6 mins and 5.9 ± 2.4 at 30 and 120 mins respectively with insulin peaking from 13.5 ± 5.5 uIU/ml at baseline to 107 ± 81.6 uIU/ml at 30 mins and 85.8 ± 78 uIU/ml and 42.2 ± 23.2 uIU/ml at 60 mins and 120 mins respectively. CGM analysis revealed mean CGM glucose was 120.4 ± 14.8 with SD 26.2 ± 7.7. Glucose control was excellent with 94 ± 9.2% of readings within 70-180mg/dl and 79.8 ± 17.6% within 70-140 mg/dl. Percentage time 180 and > 250 mg/dl were 4.8 ± 9.3% and 0.4 ± 0.7% respectively. HBGI, LBGI and ADRR were 1.3 ± 1.6, 0.7 ± 0.5 and 17.4 ± 8.9 respectively. Conclusion: PT recipients demonstrate excellent glucose control on comprehensive assessment one or more years after the procedure. CGM and MMT data are different from normal people. Disclosure R. Kaur: None. C. Reid: None. P. Thapa: None. S. Rizvi: None. S.K. McCrady-Spitzer: None. S. Batthula: None. B.H. Smith: None. P. Dean: None. W.K. Kremers: Research Support; Self; AstraZeneca. A. Kukla: None. M.D. Stegall: None. Y.C. Kudva: Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Roche Diabetes Care. Other Relationship; Self; Abbott.
Learning gaps among statistical competencies for clinical and translational science learners

Introduction: Statistical literacy is essential in clinical and translational science (CTS). Statistical competencies have been published to guide coursework design and selection for graduate students in CTS. Here, we describe common elements of graduate curricula for CTS and identify gaps in the statistical competencies. Methods: We surveyed statistics educators using e-mail solicitation sent through four professional organizations. Respondents rated the degree to which 24 educational statistical competencies were included in required and elective coursework in doctoral-level and master’s-level programs for CTS learners. We report competency results from institutions with Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSAs), reflecting institutions that have invested in CTS training. Results: There were 24 CTSA-funded respondents representing 13 doctoral-level programs and 23 master’s-level programs. For doctoral-level programs, competencies covered extensively in required coursework for all doctoral-level programs were basic principles of probability and hypothesis testing, understanding the implications of selecting appropriate statistical methods, and computing appropriate descriptive statistics. The only competency extensively covered in required coursework for all master’s-level programs was understanding the implications of selecting appropriate statistical methods. The least covered competencies included understanding the purpose of meta-analysis and the uses of early stopping rules in clinical trials. Competencies considered to be less fundamental and more specialized tended to be covered less frequently in graduate courses. Conclusion: While graduate courses in CTS tend to cover many statistical fundamentals, learning gaps exist, particularly for more specialized competencies. Educational material to fill these gaps is necessary for learners pursuing these activities.
On the elastic anisotropy of the entropy-stabilized oxide (Mg, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn)O compound

In this paper, we study the elastic properties of the entropy-stabilized oxide (Mg, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn)O using experimental and first principles techniques. Our measurements of the indentation modulus on grains with a wide range of crystallographic orientations of the entropy-stabilized oxide revealed a high degree of elastic isotropy at ambient conditions. First principles calculations predict mild elastic anisotropy for the paramagnetic structure, which decreases when the system is considered to be non-magnetic. When the antiferromagnetic state of CoO, CuO, and NiO is accounted for in the calculations, a slight increase in elastic anisotropy is observed, suggesting a coupling between magnetic ordering and the orientation dependent elastic properties. Furthermore, an examination of the local structure reveals that the isotropy is favored through local ionic distortions of Cu and Zn—due to their tendencies to form tenorite and wurtzite phases. The relationships between the elastic properties of the multicomponent oxide and those of its constituent binary oxides are reviewed. These insights open up new avenues for controlling isotropy for technological applications through tuning composition and structure in the entropy-stabilized oxide or the high-entropy compounds in general.
Beyond Bowen’s Specification Property

A classical result in thermodynamic formalism is that for uniformly hyperbolic systems, every Holder continuous potential has a unique equilibrium state. One proof of this fact is due to Rufus Bowen and uses the fact that such systems satisfy expansivity and specification properties. In these notes, we survey recent progress that uses generalizations of these properties to extend Bowen’s arguments beyond uniform hyperbolicity, including applications to partially hyperbolic systems and geodesic flows beyond negative curvature. We include a new criterion for uniqueness of equilibrium states for partially hyperbolic systems with 1-dimensional center.
Federal Court Review of State Court Interpretations of State Laws that Regulate Federal Elections: Debunking the 'Independent State Legislature' Notion Once and for all, and Keeping Federal Judges to Their Important but Limited Lanes

In the weeks leading up to and following Election Day 2020, Republican litigants, taking cues from a minority group of Justices, asked federal courts to undo state election rules on which voters relied in casting ballots. The judges who indicated openness to these requests asserted they have the power and the duty to correct misconstructions of state law by state courts and other adjudicatory agencies. Yet as every good law student knows, misapplication of state law, no matter how extreme, is itself almost always a matter of state law – a problem for state courts to sort out. This teaching comes not just from Erie, but from (among others) a landmark ruling over a century earlier, Green v. Lessee of Neal, in which the John Marshall Court emphatically affirmed the notion that when state courts construe state statutes, those interpretations of state legislative will must be respected by federal courts no matter how fluctuating or wrong-headed state jurists seem to be. The only exceptions to this – exceedingly rarely relevant and invoked – are instances when state courts misconstrue state law in ways that violate federal norms. And what is the federal norm that has been invoked in this context? That the word “Legislature” as used in Article I, Section 4 and Article II, Section 1 creates a federal entitlement along one or both of the following lines: (1) for the elected state legislature to have its enactments relating to election logistics fully implemented notwithstanding any conflicts between state statutes and state constitutions, and; (2) for the federal courts – assuming state constitutional limits can apply – to decide what those limits (and what the best ways to interpret state statutes) are. Both halves of this “we-must-protect-the-state-legislatures” theory are not just law-less, in that they are not grounded in the law, but are law-defying, in that they turn federalism on its head. Founding history and structure, as well as binding recent precedent, demonstrate that the theory nonsensically invokes constitutional provisions designed to protect states against federal interference (including from federal courts) and uses them instead to impermissibly disrespect the wishes of the state peoples who create, empower and limit their legislatures, and also the wishes of the elected legislatures themselves.
Show me the way to go home: an empirical investigation of ride-sharing and alcohol related motor vehicle fatalities

In this work, we investigate how the entry of ride-sharing services influences the rate of alcohol related motor vehicle fatalities. While significant debate has surrounded ride-sharing, limited empirical work has been devoted to uncovering the societal benefits of such services (or the mechanisms which drive these benefits). Using a difference in difference approach to exploit a natural experiment, the entry of Uber Black and Uber X into California markets between 2009 and 2014, we find a significant drop in the rate of fatalities after the introduction of Uber X. Further, results suggest that not all services have the same effect, insofar as the effect of the Uber Black car service is intermittent and manifests only in selective locations (i.e., large cities). These results underscore the importance of coupling increased availability with cost savings in order to exploit the public welfare gains offered by the sharing economy. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Abstract P645: Sex Differences in the Platelet Oriented Inhibition in New TIA and Minor Ischemic Stroke (POINT) Trial

Introduction: Sex differences have been noted in stroke and estrogen is associated with decreased platelet aggregation. The purpose of this study was to assess sex differences in the Platelet Orien...
The Collective “Congress” on the Ballot? A Voter and Aggregate-Level Analysis of Collective Responsibility in Congressional Elections

The traditional view among scholars is that voters do not weigh job performance in their congressional voting decisions. Recent work challenges this notion and provides evidence that congressional ...
Allergen Immunotherapy in Pediatric Respiratory Allergy

Atopic diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis are highly prevalent in children. Common triggers include tree and grass pollens, house dust mites, molds, and animal dander. These diseases are most often treated symptomatically; however, many patients show partial or poor response and require long-term medication use. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) stands as the only treatment modality that can alter the underlying disease process and potentially offer a cure. In this review article, we discuss the merits of AIT with particular emphasis on its efficacy and safety in pediatric patients. We also discuss the challenges for AIT implementation and present an overview of current research that aims at improving its applicability for the treatment of allergic diseases. Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) are both safe and efficacious treatment options in children with allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. Additionally, AIT has efficacy in preventing the development of asthma in children. Although there are clear advantages with AIT, there are challenges to overcome to optimize treatment. Solutions include improved diagnostics with pre-treatment biomarkers and molecular multiplex assays, biomarkers for prediction of response (e.g., basophil activation markers), improved allergen immunogenicity with the use of recombinant AIT, adjuvants, and allergoids, and lastly improved safety with the concurrent use of omalizumab. AIT has shown safety and efficacy in major clinical trials for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma in children. AIT provides a curative treatment option for atopic disorders and should be considered in children with allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. There are many continued advances being made in the field of allergy to further improve the safety and efficacy profile and shorten the duration of AIT treatment.