cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depth of Strabismic Amblyopia Determined with Neutral Density Filters

We used a neutral density filter to assess motor responses in the fixation patterns of 25 patients, ranging in age from 5 to 54 years, with strabismic amblyopia. Shifts of fixation back to the preferred eye occurred when the visual acuity of the preferred eye through the filter was marginally better than that of the amblyopic eye. Thus, we were able to correlate the level of the filter at which this shift occurred with the level of amblyopia. This technique may be particularly helpful in the examination of preliterate children and in monitoring the progress in the treatment of amblyopia.
Impact of Military Expenditures on Third-World Debt

The debt crisis facing many developing countries has attracted much attention in recent years. In large part, most of the analysis of third-world debt has focused on the methods used to finance the rapid rate of increase in external debt and the capacity of the developing countries to service this debt.1
Due proportions of money to trade and inflation

There is a rather old idea called: "due proportions of money to trade" (DPMT) which may help economists increase their understanding of inflation "quality" when it is described in relation to the simple "quantity equation of exchange" (QEE). The reason that a certain minimum amount of money is necessary to circulate goods is that in the short run, the income velocity of money is assumed capable of increasing only a finite amount; a maximum value of V exists during any given period of production. Let M be (nominal money stock), V (income velocity), P (general price level or price index), Q (real GNP), and YM (nominal GNP). From the QEE (MV = PQ = Y~): V= Q/(M/P). Hence, the proportion of trade in relation to money varies directly with V; a maximum value for V in the short run means that the proportion of trade in relation to money is also maximized or that the proportion of money in relation to trade is minimized. This short run maximum V value determines a "minimum" or a "due" proportion of money to trade. Velocity can be regarded as a measure of the "work" that a given quantity of money can do; when it has reached a maximum with downwardly rigid prices, only an increase in the money supply which lowers V can once more facilitate the trade of goods. This argument was mentioned by Professor Friedman in a 1958 article published by the Joint Economic Committee of the U. S. Congress [Reprinted in: M. Friedman, Optimum Quantity of Money and Other Essays, Chicago, Aldine, 1969 p. 174]. Many "monetarists" have taken up this argument in their rationalization of increases in M rather than V as one of the leading causes of short run inflation. An increase in V means that the existing money supply is spent more rapidly and that there is an independent lowering of money demand; perhaps because inflation is already occuring. But if V is already maximized, the money authority is "forced" to accommodate the borrowing public by allowing M to increase and simultaneously to lower V (increase the proportion of money to trade). IfMincreases at the "right" speed, it will mainly cause Q to increase and little inflation; but, if an "'overreaction" occurs to Vapproachingits maximum, then part of the M increase will be inflationary. Such a situation constitutes a tack of proper discretionary control over M by the money authority and it is an argument for automatism. However, if the public's changing spending habits caused inflation with a resulting V increase, there would be little to be done by the authority short of credit controls.
Suzuki coupling at the periphery of diruthenium coordination and organometallic compounds.

A series of diruthenium compounds, Ru2(DArF)3(L‘ ‘)Cl (2), where the auxiliary ligand DArF is DmAniF or D(3,5-Cl2Ph)F and L‘ ‘ is one of the diarylformamidinate ligands containing at least one biphenyl, were prepared from Suzuki reactions between Ru2(DArF)3(L‘)Cl (1), where L‘ is (4-I-Ph)NC(H)NPh (N-(4-iodophenyl)-N‘-phenylformamidinate) or D(4-I-Ph)F (N,N‘-di(4-iodophenyl)formamidinate), and ArB(OH)2 (Ar = Ph and 4-CH3C(O)Ph) in satisfactory yields. Alkynylation of the type 2 compounds with LiCCPh yielded the alkynyl derivatives Ru2(DArF)3(L‘ ‘)(CCPh) (3). Alternatively, type 3 compounds can be prepared from the Suzuki coupling reaction between Ru2(DArF)3(L‘)(C2Ph) and ArB(OH)2. A structural comparison between the type 1 and 2 compounds revealed minimal changes in the coordination sphere of Ru2 core. Cyclic voltammograms of Suzuki derivatives resemble those of the parent compounds, indicating the retention of the electrophore characteristic of diruthenium species upon peripheral modification.
SCATTERING RESONANCES AND THE R FUNCTION.

The relationship between scattering resonances and $R$-function states is explored by investigation of the separate properties of the "hard-sphere" and "$R$-function" portions of the phase shift. The $R$-function states are found to be good models for bound states and for some resonances below potential barriers, but they have no direct relation to scattering resonances above barriers. An $R$-function proof and explication are given for Levinson's theorem, according to which the number of scattering resonances is in general finite and small even though the spectrum of $R$-function states is infinite. Implications of the lack of high-energy resonances for the many-body problem are mentioned.
β-Adrenergic receptor-mediated DNA synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts is dependent on transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and subsequent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases

Cardiac hypertrophy often leads to heart failure and is associated with abnormal myocardial adrenergic signaling. This enlargement of myocardial mass can involve not only an increase in cardiomyocyte size, but increased proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts. A potential key player in the cardiac hypertrophic response is the ERK family of MAPKs. To gain mechanistic insight into adrenergic regulation of myocardial mitogenic signaling, we examined beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) stimulation of ERK activation and DNA synthesis in cultured adult rat cardiac fibroblasts, including the involvement of tyrosine kinases in this signaling pathway. Addition of the beta-AR agonist isoproterenol (ISO) to serum-starved cells induced DNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner, and this was inhibited by selective inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Importantly and in agreement with the involvement of MAPKs and the EGFR in this response in cardiac fibroblasts, the EGFR inhibitor AG1478 attenuated ISO-induced ERK phosphorylation. Moreover, pretreatment with PP2, a selective inhibitor of the Src tyrosine kinase, attenuated both ISO-mediated EGFR phosphorylation and ERK activation. Furthermore, studies in these cardiac fibroblasts showed that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase contributed to beta-AR-mediated ERK activation, but not to EGFR activation. Finally, studies using selective inhibitors of matrix metalloproteases indicated that they and heparin-bound EGF shedding were involved in beta-AR-induced ERK activation and subsequent DNA synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts. Because these cells primarily express the beta(2)-AR subtype, our findings indicate that beta(2)-AR-mediated EGFR transactivation of intracellular tyrosine kinase signaling pathways is the major signaling pathway responsible for the adrenergic stimulation of mitogenesis of cardiac fibroblasts.
3D task-based performance assessment metrics for optimization of performance and dose in breast tomosynthesis

This study aimed to investigate a method for empirically evaluating 3D imaging task performance of breast tomosynthesis imaging systems. A simulation and experimental approach was used to develop a robust method for performance assessment. To identify a method for experimentally assessing the 3D modulation transfer function (MTF), a breast tomosysnthesis system was first simulated using cascaded system analysis to model the signal and noise characteristics of the projections. A range of spheres with varying contrast and size were reconstructed using filtered back projection from which the 3D MTF was evaluated. Results revealed that smaller spheres result in lower artifacts in the measured MTF, where a sphere of 0.5 mm was found ideal for experimental purposes. A clinical tomosynthesis unit was used as a platform for quantifying the effect of acquisition and processing parameters (e.g., angular extent and sampling, dose, and voxel size) on breast imaging performance. The 3D noise-power spectrum (NPS) was measured using a uniform phantom and 3D MTF was measured using 0.5 mm ruby spheres. These metrics were combined with a mathematical description of imaging task to generate a figure of merit called the detectability index for system evaluation and optimization. Clinically relevant imaging tasks were considered, such as the detection and localization of a spherical mass. The detectability index was found to provide a useful metric that accounts for the complex 3D imaging characteristics of breast tomosynthesis. Results highlighted the dependence of optimal technique on the imaging task. They further provided initial validation of an empirically assessed figure of merit for clinical performance assessment and optimization of breast tomosynthesis systems.
Small worlds and local heroes : the 1987 General Election in Scotland

ABSTRACT Two myths about Scottish politics have become deeply entrenched. One is of Scotland as a monolithic stronghold of the Labour Party; the other is ofthe Scottish National Party (SNP) as a potentially Scotland-wide party. These myths are dispelled in a geographical analysis of the 1987 General Election in Scotland and of changes since the 1983 General Election. An argument is made for the crucial role of localsocial contexts or places in determining electoral outcomes. More specifically, the appeal of the Labour Party and the SNP is seen as restricted largely to certain types of place where “small worlds and local heroes” allow them to succeed. Geographical analysis, therefore, reveals a different Scottish politics from that foundin most contemporary commentaries by journalists and political scientists.
A study of the astronomically important cyclopropenyl system by neutralized ion beam techniques

Abstract The cyclopropenyl cation and radical, proposed procursors of interstellar cyclopropenylidene, C3H2, have been studied using neutralized ion beam techniques. The study indicates the presence of low-lying stable and dissociative forms for the C3H3 radical. The possible origins of these states are discussed. The relative H and D atom loss rates of the monodeuterated radical, C3H2D, are investigated both by collisional ionization and by dissociative excitation. In neither case is evidence found to indicate the preferential loss of H atoms from the radical. Fragmentation energies for H (D) loss from the dissociative state of C3H3 (C3D3) have been measured.
Problem finding, problem solving, and cognitive controls: An empirical investigation of critically acclaimed productivity

Abstract: In an exploration of the relationship among problem finding, problem solving, and cognitive controls, 80 adult male subjects were studied in four groups based on their domain of expertise (art or science) and their professional productivity (critically acclaimed professional producer or professionally competent). A MANOVA, followed by post hoc analyses of covariance, revealed that the critically acclaimed professional producers in art and in science differed from the professionally competent artists and scientists. The critically acclaimed professional producers devoted a larger proportion of their total response time to finding a problem in a decontextualized task and utilized a larger proportion of abstract functions on a sorting task. Chi‐square tests of homogeneity revealed group differences with respect to the types of constructions created on a problem‐finding task, the strategy used in a spatial‐visualization task, and the responses regarding attitude toward taking chances. Educational im...
A discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for time dependent partial differential equations with higher order derivatives

In this paper, we develop a new discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite element method for solving time dependent partial differential equations (PDEs) with higher order spatial derivatives. Unlike the traditional local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) method, the method in this paper can be applied without introducing any auxiliary variables or rewriting the original equation into a larger system. Stability is ensured by a careful choice of interface numerical fluxes. The method can be designed for quite general nonlinear PDEs and we prove stability and give error estimates for a few representative classes of PDEs up to fifth order. Numerical examples show that our scheme attains the optimal (k + 1)-th order of accuracy when using piecewise k-th degree polynomials, under the condition that k + 1 is greater than or equal to the order of the equation.
Function and regulation of memory CD4 T cells

The development of peripheral naive CD4 T cells is dependent on the success of positive selection of immature T cells in the thymus. Only thymocytes that express a T cell receptor (TCR) capable of recognizing self-MHC with low affinity are selected for survival and differentiation into mature naive T cells. Although the TCR of naive T cells has to maintain self-tolerance, it also propagates naive CD4 T cell proliferation on recognition of appropriate foreign peptide associated with MHC class II on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Naive CD4 T cells that successfully engage foreign peptide undergo further differentiation that leads to the maturation of a select few into the memory T cell pool. Although the requirements that lead to memory T cell development are currently not known, functional changes have been described that are thought to be associated with the greater efficiency with which memory T cells respond to antigen. This article will discuss differences associated with signaling through the TCR of naive and memory CD4 T cells and describe unique control mechanisms imposed on memory CD4 T cells that are likely to have arisen to counterbalance the altered TCR signaling.
A multi correlated sampler of the high resolution acquisition system for high rate fixed target KTeV experiments at Fermilab

A new facility is being planned at Fermilab for fixed target experiments dealing with CP violation in rate neutral kaon decays; and precision measurements on the “direct” CP-violation parameters e′/e in the 2 pi decay mode of the neutral kaon system. This new Kaons at the TeVatron(KTeV) beam line is expected to be in operation in 1994. The most important new detector component in the KTeV spectrometer is the precision electromagnetic calorimeter, consisting of bars of Cesium Iodide crystals. The choice has been motivated by its radiation hardness, speed and light output. The size of this detector is 2 meters square and includes over 3200 blocks which are coupled to photomultipliers. We expect a peak anode current pulse of 100 ma from an80 Gev deposit. The pulse shape approximates a signal with a FWHM of 25 nanoseconds, but contains some energy in a long tail that exists for more than 500 nanoseconds. The design for the data acquisition electronics will measure deposited charge in every channel in two 12 bit linear ranges: a low range of 2 MEV per count up to a maximum signal of 82 GEV and a range that will handle signals ten times larger with the same proportion in energy resolution. Since the total required dynamic range of this design is between 15 and 16 bit resolution, the problem of pedestal and pile up is seriously engaged with the configuration of this design.
Clinicopathologic Correlation of an Untreated Macular Hole and a Macular Hole Treated by Vitrectomy, Transforming Growth Factor-β2, and Gas Tamponade

Purpose To study the clinicopathologic features of an untreated macular hole in the right eye and a macular hole in the left eye treated by vitrectomy, application of transforming growth factor-β 2 , and gas tamponade. Methods The patient, a 73-year-old man with bilateral macular holes, was studied clinically before and after surgical treatment of the macular hole in his left eye. The patient's eyes were obtained postmortem and serially step-sectioned through the macula and optic nerve head for electron microscopy. Results Examination of 1-μm thick plastic-embedded sections through the macula of the right eye disclosed a 0.6-mm macular hole with rounded gliotic margins, a thin epiretinal membrane, and parafoveal cystic changes. Examination of 1-μm thick plastic-embedded sections through the macula of the left eye disclosed a 0.25-mm defect in the fovea, which was bridged by glial cells. The glial cells were continuous with a thin hypocellular epiretinal membrane without contraction features on both sides of the defect. The ultrastructural features of the glial cells were consistent with Mueller cells. Conclusions Treatment of a macular hole with vitrectomy, transforming growth factor-β 2 , and gas tamponade was followed by complete closure of the macular hole by Mueller cell proliferation.
FPGA based device specific key generation method using Physically Uncloanble Functions and neural networks

The fierce competition in today's global market has made trustworthy authentication an essential aspect for the implementation of valuable designs. FPGAs, in particular, need built-in security not only to prevent reverse engineering but also to prevent hacking and cloning. To counter such threats, methodologies for preventing IC piracy have been developed that require a unique signature key for every fabricated chip. Physically Unclonable Functions are circuits that are capable of generating a unique signature for a given IC. This paper presents a design for trustworthy authentication of an FPGA taking advantage of its unique architecture. The PUFs are implemented on Xilinx Spartan XC2S100 FPGAs. Intra chip and Inter chip responses are analyzed to determine the extent of uniqueness of the PUF responses. Hamming distances for 128 bit responses are calculated and represented graphically. The uniqueness of the responses is calculated as 49.0625%. This work also involves an error correction process using bidirectional associative memories to correct the error bits occurring due to considerable changes in temperature and other environmental factors. The proposed method yields better results and also reduces the computational complexity compared to conventionally used codes like BCH codes. The proposed method drives the failure rates below 1 ppm.
Temporal dependence of coronary collateral development

Objective: Previous evidence suggests that episodes of myocardial ischemia of sufficient duration and intensity are required to produce coronary collateral development during repetitive coronary occlusion. This investigation tested the hypothesis that coronary collateral development is also temporal-dependent. Methods: Chronically instrumented dogs ( n =16) were subjected to brief (2 min) left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusions, once every hour, 8 h a day, for 3 weeks or once every hour, 24 h a day for 1 week. Collateral perfusion (radioactive microspheres), LAD contractile function (ultrasonic crystals), and post-occlusive flow debt repayment (LAD flow probe) were measured during occlusions 1, 55, 105, and 155. Results: Increases ( P <0.05) in subendocardial collateral blood flow to ischemic myocardium, progressive normalization of contractile function during LAD occlusion, and successive reduction in flow debt repayment were observed in dogs receiving occlusions over 3 weeks. In contrast, dogs receiving the same number of coronary occlusions over 1 week demonstrated minimal increases in collateral blood flow, persistent regional contractile dysfunction, and sustained flow debt repayment. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that LAD collateral development in response to repetitive coronary occlusion requires sufficient time for growth adaptation of the collateral circulation to occur.
Simulated lesion, human observer performance comparison between thin-section dedicated breast CT images versus computed thick-section simulated projection images of the breast

The objective of this study was to compare the lesion detection performance of human observers between thin-section computed tomography images of the breast, with thick-section (>40 mm) simulated projection images of the breast. Three radiologists and six physicists each executed a two alterative force choice (2AFC) study involving simulated spherical lesions placed mathematically into breast images produced on a prototype dedicated breast CT scanner. The breast image data sets from 88 patients were used to create 352 pairs of image data. Spherical lesions with diameters of 1, 2, 3, 5, and 11 mm were simulated and adaptively positioned into 3D breast CT image data sets; the native thin section (0.33 mm) images were averaged to produce images with different slice thicknesses; average section thicknesses of 0.33, 0.71, 1.5 and 2.9 mm were representative of breast CT; the average 43 mm slice thickness served to simulate simulated projection images of the breast.The percent correct of the human observer's responses were evaluated in the 2AFC experiments. Radiologists lesion detection performance was significantly (p < 0.05) better in the case of thin-section images, compared to thick section images similar to mammography, for all but the 1 mm lesion diameter lesions. For example, the average of three radiologist's performance for 3 mm diameter lesions was 92% correct for thin section breast CT images while it was 67% for the simulated projection images. A gradual reduction in observer performance was observed as the section thickness increased beyond about 1 mm. While a performance difference based on breast density was seen in both breast CT and the projection image results, the average radiologist performance using breast CT images in dense breasts outperformed the performance using simulated projection images in fatty breasts for all lesion diameters except 11 mm. The average radiologist performance outperformed that of the average physicist observer, however trends in performance were similar. Human observers demonstrate significantly better mass-lesion detection performance on thin-section CT images of the breast, compared to thick-section simulated projection images of the breast.
Segmentation Approach Methods in Complex Environment

Segmentation is fundamental step in video surveillance system. It is hard to segmented interesting object in all environments due to the similarity features of objects and background. The segmentation results (foregrounds) are often broken. An approach composition of some methods including GMM, removing cast shadow, clustering and segmentation broken detection and recovery is proposed to improve the segmentation results. This method is suitable for the applications that the information of bounding boxes is required.
The distribution of genetic parameter estimates and confidence intervals from small disconnected diallels.

The distributions of genetic variance components and their ratios (heritability and type-B genetic correlation) from 105 pairs of six-parent disconnected half-diallels of a breeding population of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were examined. A series of simulations based on these estimates were carried out to study the coverage accuracy of confidence intervals based on the usual t-method and several other alternative methods. Genetic variance estimates fluctuated greatly from one experiment to another. Both general combining ability variance (σ2g) and specific combining ability variance (σ2s) had a large positive skewness. For σ2g and σ2s, a skewness-adjusted t-method proposed by Boos and Hughes-Oliver (Am Stat 54:121–128, 2000) provided better upper endpoint confidence intervals than t-intervals, whereas they were similar for the lower endpoint. Bootstrap BCa-intervals (Efron and Tibshirani, An introduction to the bootstrap. Chapman & Hall, London 436 p, 1993) and Hall’s transformation methods (Zhou and Gao, Am Stat 54:100–104, 2000) had poor coverages. Coverage accuracy of Fieller’s interval endpoint(J R Stat Soc Ser B 16:175–185, 1954) and t-interval endpoint were similar for both h2 and rB for sample sizes n≤10, but for n=30 the Fieller’s method is much better.
Incidence of renal dysfunction in adults with cyanotic congenital heart disease.

Abstract Nephropathy has long been recognized as a potential complication of cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD). 1 Previous studies have demonstrated that glomerular enlargement, mesangial hypercellularity, glomerular capillary congestion and segmental sclerosis occur in some patients with cyanotic CHD. 1 Functional abnormalities including decreased renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate, azotemia, abnormal uric acid secretion, proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome also occur in some patients with cyanotic CHD. 2–5 The incidence of renal abnormalities increases with the degree of cyanosis and accompanying erythrocytosis. 2 Previous studies 2,3 and our clinical experience suggest that the incidence of renal abnormalities may also increase with increasing duration of cyanosis. Owing to advances in cardiovascular surgery, growing numbers of patients with cyanotic CHD are now surviving longer into adulthood and may be at risk for developing renal abnormalities that may significantly influence their clinical course. 4 To our knowledge, the incidence of renal abnormalities in a clinical population of adult patients with unrepaired cyanotic CHD has not been previously reported.
SIMNET simulation language

SIMNET is a network-based discrete simulation language that differs from available process languages in that it utilizes exactly four nodes: a source for creating transactions, a queue where waiting may take place, a facility where service is performed, and an auxiliary that is introduced to enhance the modeling flexibility of the language. Each node is provided with sufficient information that define the exact manner in which a transaction enters, resides in, and leaves the node. SIMNET does not allow the use of external (FORTRAN) subroutines. Yet, the language is capable of modeling very complex situations rather conveniently.
Estimation of precipitation and latent heating distributions by satellite passive/active microwave remote sensing

Recent improvements in a method for remotely sensing precipitation and latent heating distributions based upon satellite-borne, passive microwave radiometer observations are summarized. In applications to synthetic data, estimated rainfall rates at sensor footprint-scale (14 km) are subject to significant random errors, but these errors are substantially reduced by spatial averaging. After spatial-averaging, rain rate and latent heating profile estimates exhibit biases that arise from a lack of specificity in the information contained in the microwave radiance data. The retrieval method is applied to observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Radiometer (TMI). Retrieved instantaneous precipitation and heating distributions show general self-consistency and delineate plausible storm structures in an application to TMI observations of a mesoscale convective system over the tropical North Atlantic. Well-known climatological distributions of rainfall are reproduced by global, monthly-mean TMI precipitation estimates from July 2000. Zonal-mean heating profiles in the Tropics from the same period exhibit a primary maximum of heating near 7 km altitude and a secondary peak near 3 km, while at higher latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere, a vertical structure with heating aloft and cooling at lower altitudes is derived.
Temporal and steric analysis of ionic permeation and binding in SERCA via molecular dynamic simulations.

The availability of the crystal structure of the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) has allowed atomic-level molecular dynamic (MD) simulations of this membrane transport protein to be done. The biomedical and nanotechnological implications of this work are discussed as well as the methods of performing the simulations and analysis. We have performed nanosecond timescale simulations of SERCA for several of its known conformations in a lipid/water environment. One simulation contained Ca2+ ions, while others without ions were analyzed by techniques such as steric pathway determination. We discuss details of the resulting putative cytoplasmic and lumenal pathways, along with experimental evidence from the literature to support our conclusions. Finally, we give a brief overview of future research directions, as they pertain to MD simulations and their analysis. The methodology used in this work shows that significant insight into the structure–function relationship of ion-motive transmembrane pumps can be derived by a combination of simulation tools and analysis techniques including MD trajectories, steric analysis and electrostatic potentials.
Upregulation of COX-2 During Cardiac Allograft Rejection

Background—The hypothesis that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is involved in the myocardial inflammatory response during cardiac allograft rejection was investigated using a rat heterotopic abdominal cardiac transplantation model. Methods and Results—COX-2 mRNA and protein in the myocardium of rejecting cardiac allografts were significantly elevated 3 to 5 days after transplantation compared with syngeneic controls (n=3, P<0.05). COX-2 upregulation paralleled in time and extent the upregulation of iNOS mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity in this model. COX-2 immunostaining was prominent in macrophages infiltrating the rejecting allografts and in damaged cardiac myocytes. Prostaglandin (PG) levels in rejecting allografts were also higher than in native hearts. Because NO has been reported to modulate PG synthesis by COX-2, additional transplants were performed using animals treated with a selective COX-2 inhibitor (SC-58125) and a selective inhibitor of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) N-aminomethyl-l-l...
Human liver succinoxidase.

SummaryThe range of succinoxydase activity in whole homogenates of human liver is 150 to 200 Qo2/N. The requirements for added cytochrome c are high in spite of a known low concentration of endogenous cytochrome c, suggesting a more efficient spatial chemical organization within the intact cells of larger animals. The distribution of succinoxidase in subcellular particles is shown. The requirements for optimum succinoxidase activity are indicated and it is demonstrated that the activity is more than doubled when optimum concentrations of flask contents are used as compared with concentrations originally developed for small animal tissue homogenates. Succinoxidase is a good enzymatic identification for mitochondria in studies on the chemistry and enzymatic activity of human liver cell fractions.
A compparison of the simplex and Gauss iterative algorithms for curve fittiing in Mössbauer spectra

Abstract The modified simplex algorithm has been evaluated as the vihicle for curve fitting of Mossbauer spectra. With spectra containing one, two and the three peaks the algorithm was effective in minimizing the chi squared-type evaluation function but the time required for convergence was longer in every case than that required by a conventional Gauss iterative routine. The simplex had the advantage of less stringent contrainst required for input parameter estimates but when broad limits were set for baseline and full width at half height (Lorentzain line shape) the algorithm often appeared to converge on false local minima. Also, lonnger times were required for convergence to a given value of the evaluation function when broader limits were given as inputs to simplex routine.
Intraluminal Vascular Ultrasound: Preliminary Report of Dimensional and Morphologic Accuracy

The role of intraluminal ultrasound for diagnosis and monitoring treatment of vascular disease has yet to be defined. This study evaluated the dimensional precision and morphologic accuracy of an intraluminal ultrasound system which consists of a 5.5 French external diameter ultrasonic catheter with a central lumen for passage of a guidewire. Ultrasound images from five in-vitro human and three porcine arterial segments and two in-vivo arteriosclerotic canine arteries were compared to dimensions obtained from arteriograms and from sections of the specimens. Each gross and histological specimen and ultrasound image was scaled, photographed and enlarged up to 20 times and measured for vessel intraluminal and adventitial or outer diameter and wall thickness. Intraluminal and outer diameters and wall thickness from normal in-vitro specimens correlated significantly with dimensions obtained from histologic specimens (r=0.99, p<0.005 for internal and outer diameters and r=0.73, p<0.005 for wall thickness). The mean differences of luminal diameters measured from the vessels supported within a silicone rubber mold was 0.05±0.09 mm (n=20). Diameters of outer diameter and wall thickness were less reliably defined, the average margin of error being 0.49±0.39 mm and 0.29±0.26 mm, respectively. The mean difference between in-vivo ultrasound and arteriographic diameters was 0.61±0.38 mm (n=12). Correlation of luminal diameters between ultrasound and arteriogram was significant (r=0.76, p<0.02). The ultrasound images also differentiated a laminated appearance of normal vessel anatomy from non-uniform or dense signals seen in atherosclerotic lesions. We conclude that the definition of arterial wall morphology and accuracy of dimensions obtained using intraluminal ultrasound compared favorably to those obtained by histology and arteriography. This technology may be valuable for precise intraluminal guidance of angioplasty devices by identifying the location and consistency of atherosclerotic lesions.
Lipoprotein: a gram-negative cell wall component that stimulates bone resorption.

Lipoprotein (free-form) from Escherichia coli was shown to stimulate in vitro bone resorption in a fetal rat model system. The potency of lipoprotein in stimulating bone resorption was comparable to that of lipopolysaccharides from various bacterial species.
Dining philosophers revisited, again

This paper describes a problem in the solution of the dining philosophers problem by Gingras [2] that makes it inefficient, instead of the claimed maximal efficiency. A correct implementation is presented. Even then, the solution has other undesirable characteristics and is still not maximally efficiency. Depending on the definition of efficiency, it may not be possible to attain maximal efficiency and be starvation-free at the same time. A better and simpler solution for general mutual exclusion problems, in which the dining philosophers problem is a special case, is presented. This solution can become symmetric if appropriate data structures are used.
Coarse-Grid Simulation of Gas-Particle Flows in Vertical Risers

Continuum model equations for unsteady gas-particle flows in devices such as fluidized beds and circulating fluidized bed risers contain unstable modes whose length scale is of the order of 10 particle diameters. Yet, because of limited computational resources, these flows are routinely simulated by solving the discretized version of continuum models over coarse spatial grids. These simulations resolve the large-scale flow structures but not the finer scale structures. In most industrial applications involving large devices, it is impractical to resolve all the fine-scale structures, and therefore the effects of the unresolved structures must be addressed through suitable subgrid models. Using gas-particle flows in a wide and very tall vertical channel as an example, we have demonstrated in this study that the results obtained in coarse-grid integration of the microscopic equations for gas-particle flows change appreciably if subgrid corrections to account for the effects of unresolved structures are incl...
Split operator solution of the time-dependent Maxwell's equations for random scatterers

We discuss how a spectral-domain method in combination with a split-operator technique can be used to calculate exact solutions of the time-dependent Maxwell's equations. We apply this technique to study the propagation of a light pulse through an inhomogeneous medium consisting of multiple random scatterers. We investigate the validity of the Boltzmann equation by directly comparing its solution with the ensemble averaged Maxwell solution.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An Experimental Study of Ammonium Perchlorate-Binder Sandwich Combustion in Standard and High Acceleration Environments

Abstract An experimental investigation of ammonium perchlorate (AP)-binder (PBAA) sandwich combustion was made in standard and high acceleration environments. An optically equipped combustion bomb mounted on a centrifuge and a standard combustion bomb were used in the investigation. High speed color motion pictures and schlieren were taken during the combustion process. Principal results were: binder thickness as little effect upon regression rate; sandwich combustion is acceleration sensitive and results in part from binder melt/AP deflagration interaction; below the low pressure deflagration limit (P dt ) of ammonium perchlorate the sandwich combustion process is laminar with combustion continuing for large distances above the binder/AP interface; above the P dt of AP the sandwich combustion process appears to be turbulent and consists of two distinct flame regions.
Gene transfer of the Bcl-2 gene confers cytoprotection to isolated adult porcine pancreatic islets exposed to xenoreactive antibodies and complement

Abstract Background. Exposing adult porcine pancreatic islets (PI) to xenoreactive natural antibodies (XNA) induces brisk inflammatory injury that involves activation of the complement system. Gene transfer of Bcl-2 has been shown to protect PI from apoptosis and necrosis in several models. In this study, we investigated the effect of Bcl-2 gene transfer on protection of PI from primate XNA and complement-mediated injury. Methods. The PI were isolated from adult female sows. Only islet preparations that exhibited >90% viability and purity were used. Fresh rhesus monkey serum served as the XNA source. Gene transfer of Bcl-2 was achieved with an adenoviral vector (AdBcl-2) at 500 particle forming units (pfu)/cell. The Bcl-2 expression was confirmed by Western blot technique. Untransfected and transfected PI were incubated in 50% fresh complete serum (CS) or heat-inactivated (HI) rhesus serum for 24 hours. The PI viability was analyzed with acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining. Antibody and complement-mediated cytotoxicity were tested by intracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. The PI function was assessed in vitro by static incubation studies and in vivo after intraportal transplantation in diabetic severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. Results. The AdBcl-2 gene transfer resulted in Bcl-2 gene expression in >90% of PI cells. Following exposure to XNA, (AdLacZ) , an irrelevant gene. A significant increase in LDH release was observed in control PI after exposure to CS compared with PI that overexpressed Bcl-2 (82.89% ± 7.78% vs 34.31% ± 5.4%, P Bcl-2 compared with untransfected PI or islets transfected with AdLacZ (stimulation index of 0.9 ± 0.31, 0.9 ± 0.3 vs 2.67 ± 0.4, respectively). Only PI treated with AdBcl-2 were able to achieve euglycemia after exposure to XNA and complement after transplantation. Conclusions. Transfer of the antiapoptotic and antinecrotic Bcl-2 gene into PI can reduce primate XNA and complement-mediated lysis. Cytoprotection of PI with Bcl-2 has potential to improve survival of PI xenotransplants. (Surgery 2001;130:166-74.)
Three-dimensional magnetic resonance techniques for evaluating the cervical spine

The general technique of three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging is briefly described, as is a variety of specific three-dimensional sequences useful in the evaluation of spinal disease, particularly related to degenerative disc disease. Advantages of three-dimensional imaging include an increase in signal-to-noise ratio, thin contiguous slices, more accurate slice thickness, and a reduction in susceptibility artifacts. Computer post-processing allows reformatting of the data along any desired imaging plane, with minimal degradation in image quality.
T cells expressing the γδ T cell receptor induce apoptosis in cardiac myocytes

Objective: Enterovirus infections are major etiological factors in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Using an experimental murine model of this disease, previous studies have shown that myocarditis susceptibility depends upon activation of T lymphocytes expressing the γδ T cell receptor (TcR), and that only mouse strains which accumulate γδ T cells in the myocardium show apoptosis of myocytes or evidence of dilated cardiomyopathy-like disease. The objective of the present studies is to demonstrate that γδ T cells directly induce greater Fas-dependent apoptosis of cultured myocytes than T cells expressing the αβ TcR. Methods: Bl.Tg.Eα mice were infected for 7 days with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). Hearts were removed and were either formalin-fixed, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for inflammation, and using TdT-TUNEL for apoptosis, or were minced and collagenase digested for isolation of γδ+ and αβ+ T cells using immunomagnetic bead separation. Neonatal cultures of cardiac myocytes were isolated from mice less than 2 days old by collagenase and pancreatin digestion, and were either untreated or infected with virus. Levels of Fas (CD95) were measured using FITC-conjugated hamster anti-mouse Fas monoclonal antibody and flow cytometry. Susceptibility of myocytes to Fas-dependent killing was measured by 51Cr-release by labeled myocytes incubated for 4 h on either 3T3-mock or 3T3-FasL transfected cell monolayers. Killing by T cells was also measured in a 4 h 51Cr-release assay. Fas-dependent and perforin-dependent cytotoxicity was determined by specific blocking using either Fas-Fc or concanamycin A. Results: Virally infected myocyte cultures showed significantly enhanced Fas expression compared to uninfected cells, with maximal upregulation of Fas occurring 18–24 h after virus infection. Both infected and uninfected myocytes were selectively killed by FasL-transfected 3T3 cells but not by mock control cells. Approximately 38% of CD3+ lymphocytes isolated from the heart express the γδ TcR with the remainder expressing the αβ TcR. Both γδ+ and αβ+ T cells lysed myocyte targets. Blocking studies indicate that γδ+ T cells induced predominantly Fas-mediated killing, while αβ+ cell produced more perforin-mediated death, although these effectors were capable of Fas-dependent killing as well. Conclusions: These studies demonstrate that T cells expressing the γδ TcR are more effective mediators of myocyte apoptosis than αβ+ T cells in vitro and suggests that these effectors may be primarily responsible for myocardial injury associated with dilated cardiomyopathy-like signs during coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis.
A behavior repertoire for the Indian langur monkey (Presbytis entellus)

This behavior repertoire for the Indian langur monkey (Presbytis entellus) is based on observations of free-ranging langurs in north and central India and on an ongoing study of social behavior in colony-living langur monkeys. The purposes of this repertoire are: (1) to allow the investigator to record all social behavior observed, (2) to allow comparison with the results of other observations, and (3) to draw a baseline picture of behavior against which the effects of experimental manipulations may be measured. The behavior units of this repertoire are organized into the categories of general behaviors, infant caretaking, sexual, play, vocalization, agonistic, and grooming. Each unit is defined and examples are given of the contexts in which behaviors are most often used. The repertoire, as designed, is appropriate for use with a focal animal sampling method.
Correlation between cystoscopic biopsy results and hypoamylasuria in bladder-drained pancreas transplants

Background. Urinary amylase (UA) remains the most common biochemical parameter to detect rejection in bladder-drained pancreas allografts. With the development of the cystoscopic transduodenal pancreas transplant biopsy technique, tissue samples of the pancreas graft are now frequently obtained. A definitive correlative analysis between UA activity and biopsy results has not been done in the three different pancreas transplant categories (simultaneous pancreas-kidney, pancreas transplant alone, and pancreas after kidney). Methods. We studied 66 pancreaticoduodenal biopsy specimens obtained for hypoamylasuria. Rejection was defined as a greater than 25% decrease from stable posttransplantation baseline on two consecutive measurements at least 12 hours apart. To perform biopsies we used our newly developed 14- and 16-gauge core-cut needles (50 cm long). Biopsy specimens were considered positive if either pancreatic or duodenal rejection was found. To assess the quality of UA activity we studied 13 biopsy specimens from patients with stable UA levels; these 13 specimens were negative for rejection. Results. Acute rejection was diagnosed in 36 biopsy specimens (55%). The mean decrease in UA levels was 67%±8% (range, 28% to 99%) for the positive biopsy results, and 57%±16% (range, 22% to 92%) for the negative biopsy results (p=0.147). Within 1 month, UA levels returned to baseline in 19% of our patients with positive biopsy results versus 97% with negative results; postbiopsy 1-year graft survival was 64% versus 97% (p≤0.05). In assessing the test quality of our biopsy specimens (including 13 obtained for reasons other than hypoamylasuria), we found a sensitivity of 100% (stable UA levels mean no rejection) and a specificity of 30%. The predictive value of a positive test was 53%; of a negative test it was 100%. By performing biopsies we avoided antirejection treatment in 47% of the patients studied. We found no biopsy-related complications. Conclusions. Stable UA levels reliably rule out rejection; a decrease is a marker for acute rejection but is unspecific. Performing biopsy is currently the only way to reliably diagnose rejection in solitary pancreas recipients (pancreas transplant alone and pancreas after kidney) and in simultaneous pancreas-kidney recipients with isolated hypoamylasuria. The procedure is safe and should always be attempted to avoid unnecessary rejection treatment.
Training Poultry Servicemen

Abstract THE growth of the poultry industry in both size and complexity has created a demand for many more trained men than are graduated by the various poultry departments throughout the country. In fact, the number of graduating poultry majors has actually decreased as the demand for trained personnel has increased. The poultry industry and allied industries have filled the gap between their needs and available supply with graduates from other curricula and in many cases with men without college training. Many of these men have made significant contributions to the poultry industry and have advanced in company organization in spite of the fact that they began their work with little or no formal training in the field of poultry science. A great number of these individuals, however, feel the need for continuing education in the technical aspects of poultry production. An informal survey among poultrymen in South Carolina indicated a …