cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation flying system design for a planet-finding telescope-occulter system

The concept of flying an occulting shade in formation with an orbiting space telescope to enable astronomical imaging of faint targets while blocking out background noise primarily from starlight near distant Earth-like planets has been studied in various forms over the past decade. Recent analysis has shown that this approach may offer comparable performance to that provided by a space-based coronagraph with reduced engineering and technological challenges as well as overall mission and development costs. This paper will present a design of the formation flying architecture (FFA) for such a collection system that has potential to meet the scientific requirements of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) Terrestrial Planet Finder mission. The elements of the FFA include the relative navigation, intersatellite communication, formation control, and the spacecraft guidance, navigation, and control (GN&C) systems. The relative navigation system consists of the sensors and algorithms to provide necessary range, bearing or line-of-sight, and relative attitude between the telescope and occulter. Various sensor and filtering (estimation) approaches will be introduced. A formation control and GN&C approach will be defined that provides the proper alignment and range between the spacecraft, occulter, and target to meet scientific objectives. The state of technology will be defined and related to several formation flying and rendezvous spacecraft demonstration missions that have flown.
Fretting fatigue of rough surfaces

This paper presents a numerical model that maps the evolution of fretting fatigue life of Hertzian rough contacting bodies in fretting wear. Effect of surface roughness parameters (i.e. root mean square, skewness and orientation) on fretting fatigue life is reported. Fretting fatigue life is calculated as the crack initiation period predicted by the Smith Watson Topper multiaxial fatigue theory. Fretting wear is also accommodated in the analysis and is calculated by local application of Archard's wear law. The results from this investigation indicate that wear initially improves resistance to fatigue cracking, and reduces fatigue life as it becomes dominant. The approach developed in this study allows for implementation of real rough surfaces and study the effects of various statistical surface properties on fretting fatigue life. The presence of surface roughness in the analytical model reduces predicted fatigue life significantly. Other statistical surface parameters such as skewness and orientation also have a major impact on fretting fatigue life calculations.
Distributed and Multiplexed Fiber-Optic Sensors

Many authors have recognised the unique advantages afforded in a number of application areas by the use of distributed fiber-optic sensor (DFOS) systems, which can be formed by combining fiber sensing and telemetry [1-11]. Approaches described to date can be categorized as being either 'intrinsic distributed' or 'quasi-distributed'. In the case of intrinsic distributed sensing, a single length of fiber forms an extended sensor element which senses the measurand field continuously over its entire length, whereas quasi-distributed sensing approaches utilize discrete sensor elements [12-15] arranged in a linear array or other, more geometrically versatile network topology.
The use of a laser for debridement of incipient caries

Abstract The mode-locked YAG laser effectively removes debris and/or stains from incipient carious lesions in pits and fissures. Prior investigations inferred that the energy levels used in this study would not cause pulpal injury or remove sound intact enamel. 1, 2, 6, 7 This would be a desirable step in sealant therapy and could provide an improved method of debridement in treating precarious lesions.
Reduction of caveolin and caveolae in oncogenically transformed cells

Caveolae are flask-shaped non-clathrin-coated invaginations of the plasma membrane. In addition to the demonstrated roles for caveolae in potocytosis and transcytosis, caveolae may regulate the transduction of signals from the plasma membrane. Transformation of NIH 3T3 cells by various oncogenes leads to reductions in cellular levels of caveolin, a principal component of the protein coat of caveolae. The reduction in caveolin correlates very well with the size of colonies formed by these transformed cells when grown in soft agar. Electron microscopy reveals that caveolae are morphologically absent from these transformed cell lines. These observations suggest that functional alterations in caveolae may play a critical role in oncogenic transformation, perhaps by disrupting contact inhibition in transformed cells.
Computation of Hypersonic Laminar Viscous Flow over a Body with Mass Transfer and/or Spin at Angle of Attack,

Abstract : Computational results of hypersonic laminar viscous flow over blunt-nosed bodies with mass transfer and/or spin are presented. An implicit-iterative numerical scheme at each marching step is used to solve the parabolized Navier-Stokes equations. The code takes into account the mass-transfer and spin effects in the boundary condition at the body surface and the periodic effect in the boundary condition around the body. To facilitate convergence, the v-momentum equation has been used rather than the continuity equation to provide the pressure at the body boundary. The coupling effects of mass transfer and spin on the integrated forces and moments as well as the surface properties are presented and discussed. (Author)
Using a targeting metric to predict the utility of an EO imager as a pilotage aid

Army aviators use both image intensified goggles and thermal imagers as night vision aids when flying helicopters at night. The Targeting Task Performance (TTP) metric can be used to predict how well these imagers support the pilotage task under different illumination and thermal contrast conditions. The TTP metric predicts the field performance of the Aviator's Night Vision Imaging System, the Apache Helicopter Pilot's Night Vision System, and the Advanced Helicopter Pilotage system. These three systems represent diverse technologies: image intensified goggles, a first generation thermal imager, and a second-generation thermal imager. The ability of the TTP metric to predict the behavior of these diverse systems is evidence of its suitability as a pilotage metric. This paper discusses the application of the TTP metric to helicopter pilotage. Data from field surveys of Army aviators are used to validate the use of the TTP metric to predict pilotage system performance. Since knowledge of scene contrast is necessary to make sensor design trades using the TTP metric, a discussion of the terrain thermal contrast available in the mid-wave and long-wave infrared is also provided.
Regulatory Mechanisms in House-Mouse Populations: The Effect of Limited Food Supply on an Unconfined Population

The study of factors regulating population growth and maintenance in wild mammals has been handicapped by the complexity of natural environments and the difficulty of controlling or measuring the features of these environments. The house mouse (Mus mussculus) offers a unique opportunity for circumventing some of these difficulties since its preferred habitat is in man-made structures which can readily be constructed and manipulated in accordance with the demands of experimental procedure. This animal has further advantages as a subject for experimentation in that it breeds rapidly and nearly continuously throughout the year, is relatively sedentary in its habits (Young et al. 1950), and tolerates high population densities. With these advantages in mind a series of studies was initiated with populations of house mice free-ranging within the confines of mouse-proofed rooms equipped with the essential food and shelter requirements. We would like to thank Howard Young and Arnold J. Petersen for their frequent help in conducting the study, and Joseph J. Hickey and Charles Southwick for their critical reading of the manuscript.
Oxygen and its reactions in beer

This review examines contemporary literature available on the deteriorative reactions of oxygen in beer and packaged beer. It attempts to identify the shelf-life factors affected by oxygen, discussing both the reactions and resultant compounds and their role in decreasing the shelf-life of the product. It attempts to determine whether lowering the total package oxygen to near-zero in packaged beer would result in an increased shelf-life. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trusted collaborative spectrum sensing for mobile cognitive radio networks

Collaborative spectrum sensing is a key technology in cognitive radio networks (CRNs). It is inaccurate if spectrum sensing nodes are malicious. Although mobility is an inherent property of wireless networks, there has been no prior work studying the detection of malicious users for collaborative spectrum sensing in mobile CRNs. Existing solutions based on user trust for secure collaborative spectrum sensing cannot be applied to mobile scenarios, since they do not consider the location diversity of the network, thus over penalize honest users who are at locations with severe pathloss. In this paper, we propose to use two trust parameters, Location Reliability and Malicious Intention (LRMI), to improve malicious and primary user detection in mobile CRNs under attacks. Location Reliability reflects pathloss characteristics of the wireless channel and Malicious Intention captures the true intention of secondary users, respectively. Simulations of our proposed detection mechanisms, LRMI, show that mobility helps train location reliability and detect malicious users. We show an improvement of malicious user detection rate by 3 times and primary user detection rate by 20% at false alarm rate of 5%, respectively.
Does Type of Education Affect Negroes' Careers?

To what degree are the occupational adjustments of Negro workers affected by their educational attainments? This question is considered in this article based on a study of the employment records of 6,799 Negroes living in Manhattan. Since the findings throw light on a current economic problem, the article will interest all counselors.
Agonist-modulated Palmitoylation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase

Abstract The nitric oxide synthases (NOS) comprise a family of enzymes which differ in primary structure, biological roles, subcellular distribution, and post-translational modifications. The endothelial nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS) is unique among the NOS isoforms in being modified by N-terminal myristoylation, which is necessary for its targeting to the endothelial cell membrane. The subcellular localization of the ecNOS, but not enzyme myristoylation, is dynamically regulated by agonists such as bradykinin, which promote ecNOS translocation from membrane to cytosol, as well as enhancing enzyme phosphorylation. Using transiently transfected endothelial cells, we now show that a myristoylation-deficient mutant ecNOS undergoes phosphorylation despite restriction to the cytosol, suggesting that phosphorylation may be a consequence rather than a cause of ecNOS translocation. We therefore explored whether other post-translational modifications might regulate ecNOS targeting and now report that ecNOS is reversibly palmitoylated. Biosynthetic labeling of endothelial cells with [3H]palmitic acid followed by immunoprecipitation of ecNOS revealed that the enzyme is palmitoylated; the label is released by hydroxylamine, consistent with formation of a fatty acyl thioester, and authentic palmitate can be recovered from labeled ecNOS following acid hydrolysis. Importantly, pulse-chase experiments in endothelial cells biosynthetically labeled with [3H]palmitate show that bradykinin treatment promotes ecNOS depalmitoylation. We conclude that ecNOS palmitoylation is dynamically regulated by bradykinin and propose that depalmitoylation of the enzyme may result in its cytosolic translocation and subsequent phosphorylation.
The effect of cadmium on the kinetics of trichloroethylene biodegradation by Pseudomonas (burkolderia) picketti PK01 under denitrifying conditions

Abstract Pollution resulting from leaking and failing landfills is of concern to public health due to contamination of community drinking water. Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene (TCE) are common to both municipal and hazardous waste landfills and are potential contaminants of groundwater. Landfill leachate typically contains large amounts of organic carbon, nitrogen, and heavy metals and possesses a low redox potential. The kinetics of TCE degradation using a toluene oxidizing bacteria Pseudomonas (Burkholderia ) picketti PK01under nitrate reducing conditions was determined both in the presence and absence of the common landfill contaminant cadmium. A first order rate law was found to describe TCE degradation by Pseudomonas (Burkholderia ) picketti PK01 over the TCE concentration range investigated. The rate constant for TCE degradation under denitrifying conditions in the absence of cadmium was 2.1×10 −4 ml/ μ g protein/h. The rate constant for TCE degradation in the presence of 5 ppm cadmium was determined to be 6.5×10 −5 ml/ μ g protein/h; representing a sixty nine percent decrease in the rate constant. Significant TCE degradation occurred over the course of the experiments. Results indicate that the presence of 5 ppm of cadmium had the effect of decreasing the TCE degradation activity of the microorganism Burkholderia picketti PK01. Implications for remediation and prediction of biodegradation of TCE in landfill impacted groundwater is discussed.
Neurons for peace

It's time for neuroscience to catch up with other professions and pledge not to support aggressive war and torture
A molecular gas ridge offset from the dust lane in a spiral arm of M83

A high-resolution interferometric map of the CO emission on the eastern spiral arm of M83 is presented. The detected emission originates in about five unresolved components located parallel but about 300 pc downstream from the dust lane which lies along the inner edge of the spiral arm. All the CO components in the map but one are located within 130 pc of an H II region and may represent emission from locally heated gas. The lack of CO emission on the dust lane indicates that the dense molecular gas does not pile up here in M83. Remarkable differences between the molecular gas distributions in M83 and the spiral arms or M51, where CO emission peaks on the dust lane, is attributed to the difference in the strength of their density waves. The observations of M83 are consistent with the model of Elmegreen in which diffuse gas is compressed at the shock front, producing the dust lane at the inner edge of the spiral arm while dense giant molecular clouds pass through the front and form a broad distribution on the arm.
Regulation of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Quorum-Sensing Regulator VqsR

Bacteria communicate with each other to regulate cell density-dependent gene expression via a quorum-sensing (QS) cascade. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two known QS systems, las and rhl, control the expression of many factors that relate to virulence, pathogenicity, and biofilm development. Microarray studies of the las and rhl regulons led to our hypothesis that a complicated hierarchy in the QS regulon is composed of multiple transcriptional regulators. Here, we examined a QS-regulated gene, vqsR, which encodes a probable transcriptional regulator with a putative 20-bp operator sequence (las box) upstream. The transcriptional start site for vqsR was determined. The vqsR promoter was identified by examining a series of vqsR promoter-lacZ fusions. In addition, an Escherichia coli system where either LasR or RhlR protein was expressed from a plasmid indicated that the las system was the dominant regulator for vqsR. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) demonstrate that purified LasR protein binds directly to the vqsR promoter in the presence of 3O-C12-HSL. Point mutational analysis of the vqsR las box suggests that positions 3 and 18 in the las box are important for vqsR transcription, as assayed with a series of vqsRp-lacZ fusions. EMSA also shows that positions 3 and 18 are important for binding between the vqsR promoter and LasR. Our results demonstrate that the las system directly regulates vqsR, and certain nucleotides in the las box are crucial for LasR binding and activation of the vqsR promoter.
Impact of training standard complexity on inspection performance

Research in the area of visual inspection has shown that various factors influence inspection performance. Task factors have been identified as one of the primary classes of factors influencing the complexity of inspection tasks. If inspection task complexity is to be reduced it is essential to understand the influence of various task factors and prescribe interventions based on the impact of these factors. Moreover, historical work in this area has shown that the greater the difficulty of a vigilance task, the more engaged operators may become. Therefore, this research studies the influence of the following task factors: number of defect types, defect standard complexity, defect probability, and defect distribution on both the visual search and decision-making components of a contact lens inspection task. This study was conducted using a computer simulation of a real world contact lens inspection task using 28 student subjects. Performance was measured on both the visual search and decision-making components of the task. The results revealed a negative influence of defect standard complexity and a positive influence of defect probability on both the visual search and decision-making components of the inspection task. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 16: 109–132, 2006.
High intensity plasma ion nitriding of orthopedic materials: Part II. Microstructural analysis

Abstract Orthopedic materials (Ti-6Al-4V and CoCrMo) were nitrided at temperatures up to 850 °C using a newly developed technique—high intensity plasma ion nitriding (HIPIN)—in order to enhance lifetime wear properties. Near surface microstructure and phase formation of both nitrided Ti-6Al-4V and CoCrMo alloys were evaluated using cross-sectional SEM and X-ray diffraction techniques. Nitrogen was found to most readily incorporate into the Ti-6Al-4V structure at around 750 °C (slight expansion of the lattice) with additional formation of TiN and Ti 2 N at higher temperatures. In the case of the CoCrMo alloys (forged and cast), a metastable, high nitrogen phase was also found to form at between 300 and 600 °C along with the formation of CrN/Cr 2 N/σ phases above 700 °C. It was concluded that increased wear properties, as a result of HIPIN processing, can be related to both the formation of deep nitrided layers and the formation of specific microstructures at the surface (for both alloy types).
Kinetics of acylglycerol hydrolysis by human milk lipoprotein lipase

Abstract The incubation of human plasma very-low-density lipoprotein with human milk lipoprotein lipase results in an almost complete hydrolysis of triacylglycerols. The degradation of these substrates can be described by a consecutive reaction as follows: where k1,k2 and k3 are the apparent first-order rate constants of degradation. Using least-squares non-linear curve fitting,k1, and k2 are determined to be directly proportional to enzyme concentration. k1/k2 ratio of 1:12 is similar for both VLDL and trioleoylglycerol substrates of lipoprotein lipase. However, when trioleoylglycerol and rac-1,2-dioleoylglycerol are used as substrates, a direct measurement indicates a kl/k2 ratio of 1:1.5. This result suggests that the intermediary diacylglycerol produced by the lipoprotein reaction is incompletely re-equilibrated with the bulk of the substrate in the assay mixture. The k3, value is not proportional to lipoprotein lipase concentration, and in the enzyme concentration range studied, the value decreases when the enzyme concentration increases.
Gender Differences and Leadership Styles in a Non Secular Setting

Women are increasingly taking on the role of religious leaders despite some institutional barriers. Do ef- fective female clergy lead differently than effective male clergy? The focus of this study was to examine gender differences in the context of non secular leadership. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) styles and NEO-Five Factor Inventory (FFI) was used to measure leadership and personal charac- teristics of female and male pastors. Limited findings indicate that female pastors were higher in Open- ness and Charisma than male pastors.
Electrofusion-induced intracellular Ca2+ flux and its effect on murine oocyte activation.

These experiments were designed to monitor influx of extracellular Ca2+ into the murine ooplasm following a 1.56 kV.cm-1 direct current (DC) electrofusion pulse and subsequently to determine its effect on rate of activation. Pulse media consisted of non-electrolyte (0.3 M mannitol) and electrolyte (phosphate-buffered saline; PBS) media each containing 0.0, 0.05, or 0.9 mM Ca2+ (groups T1-T3 and T4-T6, respectively). Cumulus-free oocytes were incubated in 100 microliters drops of PBS containing 2 microM of the calcium indicator fluo-3/AM for 60 min at 37 degrees C. Fluo-3/AM-loaded oocytes were equilibrated for 7 min in assigned treatment media (T1-T6) prior to application of DC pulse. Change in fluorescent intensity was monitored for 6.5 min after DC pulse by photon counting spectrofluorometry. Fluorometric measurements demonstrate a dramatic rise in intracellular free Ca2+ (Ca2+i) following DC pulse is associated with Ca2+ ion concentration in the pulse medium. Significantly (P less than 0.01) higher Ca2+i levels were observed when 0.9 mM Ca2+ was added to the pulse medium (T3 and T6) compared with pulse medium containing lower Ca2+ ion concentrations (T1, T2, T4, and T5; P greater than 0.05). Differences (P less than 0.01) were observed in peak Ca2+i levels 18 sec after pulse with mean percent change in fluorescence of 5.1%a, 33.9%b, 112.7%c, 1.2%a, 9.3%a, and 99.9%c for T1-T6, respectively (values with different superscripts are significantly different at P less than 0.01). Increased oocyte membrane permeability to Ca2+ ion after DC pulse was observed for a minimum of 5 min after delivery of the 1.56 kV.cm-1 pulse.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Organization in Children's Recall of Information about Movement

Children's recall of five randomly presented movement distances was studied as a function of three organization groups. The group given subjective organization was free to recall the movements in any order. The group given experimenter-presented order had to recall the movements from shortest to longest. The forced-random group was required to recall the movements in the same order in which they were randomly presented. 60 boys and girls, 7 to 8 and 11 to 12 yr. old, volunteered. No appreciable difference in mean absolute error was found between the first two groups, but they did recall the movement distances with less error than the forced-random group. It was concluded that the organization of movement information is important for effective recall by children, but subjective organization was not superior to an organization imposed by the experimenter.
Robotic-assisted micro-surgery of the throat: The trans-nasal approach

Minimally Invasive Surgery of the throat is predominantly performed trans-orally. Although trans-oral (TO) access provides a scarless access into the airways, its outcomes are affected by complications, high cost, and long setup time. This paper investigates the clinical motivation for trans-nasal (TN) access to the throat and presents the design and hybrid position/compliant motion control of a rapidly deployable endo-nasal telerobotic system. The system exploits a unique O5 mm surgical slave with force sensing capabilities used to enable semi-automating the insertion process. Working channels allow the deployment of surgical tools such as a fiberscope, positioning sensors, grippers, suction tubes, cautery, and laser fibers. The treatment of vocal fold paralysis is chosen as a benchmark application and a feasibility study for collagen injection is conducted. Experiments on a realistic human intubation trainer demonstrated successful and safe TN deployment of the end-effector and the feasibility of robotic-assisted treatment of vocal nerve paralysis. We believe this system constitutes a first step toward low-cost office-based head and neck surgical procedures.
Risk Factors and Outcomes Associated With Posttransplant Diabetes Mellitus in Kidney Transplant Recipients

Abstract Background Although our understanding of the risk factors involved in the occurrence of posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) as well as its outcomes has improved, it still remains incomplete. Our study attempts to analyze the risk factors as well as the outcomes associated with PTDM in the renal transplant patients at the Cleveland Clinic. Methods Our study is a retrospective, case-control study. We screened 209 charts of 217 patients who received single-organ kidney transplant at the Cleveland Clinic between January 1996 and December 1998. PTDM was defined by the American Diabetes Association criteria of either a fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL or random blood sugars ≥200 mg/dL confirmed on a second occasion. Kidney transplant recipients who developed PTDM (cases) were compared with kidney transplant recipients who did not develop diabetes but were matched for the time of transplant (controls). Results Forty-nine patients (23%) developed PTDM. The data of 47 cases and 47 controls were analyzed. Age ≥40 years, body mass index ≥30, pretransplant triglyceride levels >150 mg/dL, and presence of graft rejection were significant risk factors for developing PTDM. Smoking was associated with increased risk of PTDM but failed to achieve statistical significance. Compared with controls, PTDM patients had higher risk of cardiovascular disease, infections, and graft rejection. Conclusion Our results show that PTDM is a significant problem after kidney transplantation, and those who have high risk should be closely monitored after transplant and aggressively treated if they develop diabetes to minimize the risk of complications.
Dynamical systems approach to fatigue damage identification

Abstract In this paper, we present a dynamical systems approach to material damage identification. This methodology does not depend on knowledge of the particular damage physics of material fatigue. Instead, it provides experimental means to determine what are practically observable and observed facts of damage accumulation, thus making it possible to develop or experimentally verify appropriate damage evolution laws. A concept of phase space warping is used to develop new damage tracking feature vectors from measured time series through phase space reconstruction. These feature vectors provide critical information about the dimensionality of a damage process that was missing from an old scalar metric described in previous work. Damage identification is achieved by applying either proper orthogonal decomposition or smooth orthogonal decomposition to these vectors. The method is experimentally validated using an elasto-magnetic system, in which a harmonically forced cantilever beam in a non-linear magnetic field accumulates fatigue damage. Both damage identification methods yield a single active damage mode that shows power-law-type monotonic trends, which is also consistent with a result obtained using the old scalar metric. These results are shown to be in good agreement with the Paris fatigue crack growth model during the time period of macroscopic crack growth. Using this simple model, accurate time-to-failure predictions are shown well ahead of actual beam fracture. In addition, this identification scheme provides a much-needed insight into the dimensionality of incipient or early fatigue damage accumulation process, which is shown to be describable by only one scalar damage variable for this specific experiment.
Avionics reliability analysis

The U.S. Air Force is developing an Integrated Communications, Navigation, and Identification Avionics (aviation electronics) system with the acronym ICNIA for use in tactical aircraft. Designers of ICNIA as well as the Air Force need to be informed of the reliability of proposed designs. Hence, the Air Force contracted The Analytic Sciences Corporation (TASC) to develop a model of the ICNIA system and to develop algorithms for determining various system performance measures such as the system reliability. TASC developed the ICNIA model and developed a software package called MIREM to analyze ICNIA systems. Unfortunately, due to the complexity of ICNIA, the developers of MIREM were forced to incorporate several approximations in MIREM. In the report by Foley [2], we showed that these approximations can perform poorly in some artificially constructed examples. Their accuracy on realistic examples is unknown. We have developed and implemented two algorithms for analyzing ICNIA. The algorithms do not use any approximations and are computationally feasible on realistic sized examples. It is recommended that MIREM be modified to use the algorithms described in this paper.
The vibrational spectra of dimethyl sulfates

Abstract Infrared and Raman spectra were recorded for liquid CH3OSO2OCH3 and CD3OSO2OCD3. With the exception of one torsional mode, all fundamental vibrations expected for the COSO2OC skeleton were observed and assigned on the basis of symmetry C2v.
Strontium Isotope Composition and Sediment Transport in the Rio de la Plata Estuary

Analyses of rubidium, strontium, and strontium isotope compesition were made on a set of whole, surface-sediment, carbonatefree samples from the Plata estuary, its major source rivers, and the adjacent continental sheif. Rubidium and strontium analyses were also made on the greater-than-20-micron and lessthan- 20-micron fractions of the samples to determine the effect of size frequency distribution on one of the parameters. Because the Rb to Sr ratio, and presumably the /sup87/Sr to /sup 86/Sr ratio, varies with grain size, some of the large variability in /sup 87/Sr to /sup 86/Sr in the Plata must be due to differential sedimentation processes within the estuary. Consideration of the data on an isochron diagram reduces some of this ambiguity and is consistent with an interpretation of two major sources of sediment in the estuary. These sources are the rivers Parana and Uruguay at the head of the estuary and Argentine continental sheif sediment at the mouth. A third source, Uruguayan shield material reported by Urien (this volume) along the estuary's north shore, is not distinguishable in the data presented here. (auth)
Integrated Micro/Nano Structures as Electrodes in Biosensors

This paper presents a new process to develop integrated micro/nano 3D structures as well as usage of these structures as electrodes in biosensors. It also discusses the effect of anchoring molecules on the functionalization of the electrodes and their sensing performance in glucose detection. Results show that using electrodes with 3D structures improves the sensitivity of glucose sensors and that entrapping enzyme near the electrode surface within a porous polymer layer provides an efficient means for electron transfer.
Prediction of hypertension in chronic hemodialysis patients.

Prediction of hypertension in chronic hemodialysis patients. Background There are no universally accepted criteria for the diagnosis of hypertension in hemodialysis (HD) patients. We sought to determine the clinical performance of predialysis and postdialysis systolic and diastolic blood pressure values (BPs) in diagnosing hypertension or assessing its control. Methods Seventy patients [77% African American, 46% females, mean age 59 ± 17 (SD) years, 34% diabetics] on chronic HD underwent a single 44-hour interdialytic ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and concomitant recording of BP by conventional syphygmomanometer in the HD unit for two weeks. Hypertension was defined as systolic BP (SBP) ≥135mm Hg or diastolic BP (DBP) ≥85mm Hg on an average 44-hour ABPM. Results Average ABP was 144 ± 22/81 ± 11mm Hg. Seventy-three percent of the patients had systolic hypertension; 40% had diastolic hypertension, and 24% were normotensive or had well-controlled BP. Area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves exceeded 80% for all BPs, but the thresholds for best sensitivity and specificity were markedly different for predialysis and postdialysis BPs. A two-week averaged predialysis BP openface> 150/85mm Hg or a postdialysis BP openface> 130/75mm Hg had at least 80% sensitivity in diagnosing hypertension. Specificity of at least 80% was achieved if predialysis BP openface> 160/90mm Hg or postdialysis BP openface> 140/80mm Hg was used. There was poor agreement between HD unit BP and ABP values. Conclusions HD unit BP values can be used to identify the presence or absence of hypertension, although prediction of ambulatory BPs from HD unit BP values cannot be made reliably in individual patients.
Anaximander on the Stability of the Earth

Anaximander, so it seems on the testimony of Aristotle, suspended the Earth in the middle of the cosmos on the force of argument: it remains there because it is epi to meson hidrumenonon kai homoi6s pros ta eskhata ekhon.' This Aristotelian testimony has been called into question recently by Professor Furley in his 'The Dynamics of the Earth: Anaximander, Plato, and the Centrifocal Theory',2 and Anaximander's position has been assimilated to that of his predecessor, Thales and of his successor, Anaximenes. Furley's argument can be briefly epitomized as follows: There is a remarkable contrast between the cosmological conceptions of early Greek epic and the complex cosmological theories of later thinkers like Plato and Aristotle. This difference can be detected also in how they conceived free fall. According to early epic 'the line of fall of any body is parallel to that of any other. .' (15), whereas in the other theory'. . . 'down' means towards the centre' (15). After naming the two world views 'parallel' or 'linear' and 'centrifocal' respectively Furley draws the conclusion that on Aristotle's testimony 'we must attribute to him [Anaximanderl some kind of centrifocal dynamics too' (19). But '[it is difficult to combine a flat earth with centrifocal dynamics' (21), so Furley opts for explaining away Aristotle's testimony, suggesting that perhaps the homoiotes of the Earth meant 'that it is not heavier on one side than on another', and so 'the earth, being supported on a cushion of air, is held in
The financial performance of reverse leveraged buyouts

Abstract We examine the accounting and market performance of reverse leveraged buyouts (i.e., firms making their first public offering after previously completing a leveraged buyout). On average, the accounting performance of these firms is significantly better than their industries at the time of the initial public offering (IPO) and for at least the following four years, though there is some evidence of a decline in performance. Cross-sectional variation in accounting performance subsequent to the IPO is related to changes in the equity ownership of both operating management and other insiders, and is unrelated to changes in leverage. Finally, there is no evidence of abnormal common stock performance after the reverse leveraged buyout.
New species and first records of trichomycetes from immature aquatic insects in Idaho

Trichomycetes, or gut fungi, are currently recognized as an ecological group of fungi and protists that inhabit the guts of immature insects or other stages and types of arthropods. The geographic distribution of these endosymbionts is worldwide. However trichomycete data from the Pacific Northwest are limited and this is the first account of gut fungi in Idaho. We report on the trichomycetes from a single site, Cottonwood Creek at Military Reserve Park, Boise, Idaho, where periodic surveys for more than a year resulted in the discovery of four newly named, three probably new but unnamed and 15 previously known species. Among the Harpellales three new species, Capniomyces sasquatchoides, Harpella torus and Lancisporomyces lampetriformis, are described, with two possibly new species of Smittium detailed but unnamed at this time pending further collections. A Genistelloides cf. hibernus also is included as a possible new species. One new species of Amoebidiales, Paramoebidium hamatum, is described as well. ...
Measurement and modeling of thermal transients during Er:YAG laser irradiation of vitreous

Background and objective We investigated the transient thermal behavior of vitreous in order to understand the local thermal effects of laser output, and to predict the potential for unintentional injury during Er:YAG laser vitreoretinal surgery. Study design/materials and methods The output of a free-running Er:YAG laser (2.94 microns, 300 microseconds FWHM) was delivered through a fiberoptic and applied to en bloc samples of bovine vitreous. Temperature was measured with ultrafine thermocouples. Results For 6 mJ pulse energy at 10 Hz, a temperature rise of 20 degrees C is measured 500 microns from the laser tip. The temperature rise is localized with a rapid fall-off greater than 1 mm from the energy source. At constant time-averaged laser power, the temperature profile is independent of repetition rate. Our finite-difference model generates results qualitatively consistent with measured data and allows for investigation of the influence of thermophysical parameters on heat transfer. Conclusion Thermal injury to ocular structures should be limited during intravitreal application of Er:YAG laser energy.
From Gentleman's Club to Professional Body: The Evolution of the History Department in the United States, 1940–1980 – By William Palmer; Becoming Historians – Edited by James M. Banner Jr. and John R. Gillis

Becoming Historians. Edited byJames M. Banner Jr. and John R. Gillis. (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 2009. Pp. xvi, 290. $70.00.)Nearly every professional or aspiring historian has su...
Infrared phototransistor validation for atmospheric remote sensing application using the Raman-shifted eye-safe aerosol lidar

An InGaAsSb/AlGaAsSb phototransistor has been validated for lidar atmospheric remote sensing. The validation was performed using the Raman-shifted eye-safe aerosol lidar (REAL) at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Although the device is optimized for detection around the 2-µm wavelength, the validation was performed at 1.543 µm, where mature commercial detectors are available. Simultaneous measurement of the atmospheric backscatter signals using the custom-built phototransistor and commercial InGaAs avalanche photodiode indicated good agreement between both devices. The validation included detecting 11-km-range hard targets, 5-km atmospheric structure consisting of cirrus clouds, and a near-field boundary layer. Far-field low intensity and spatially narrow atmospheric features were also detectable with the new phototransistor. Preliminary results related to systematic effects are discussed in the first attempt of incorporating a phototransistor in a lidar system.
EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATIONS OF CONTACT FRICTION FOR SPHERICAL GLASS PARTICLES

ABSTRACT Contact friction coefficients for glass to glass surfaces were measured using glass beads with various diameters (ranging from 0.6 mm to 5 mm). The tests were conducted on two different friction testing apparatus (pulling and sliding devices). All particles were tested under equivalent normal stress ranging from 34.5 kPa to 207 kPa on clear or smoked glass plate with environmental conditions ranging from dry to flooded with tap water or flooded with motor oil. The test results indicated that the coefficients of static and dynamic friction increased when flooded with water. Meanwhile, the static and dynamic coefficients for a surface flooded by motor oil were slightly smaller than the ones under dry surface condition. The average coefficient of static friction was found to be 0.162 (or 9.2° friction angle) for the dry clear glass surface environment and 0.277 (or 15.5° friction angle) for the water flooded clear glass surface environment.
The design of fiction and the fiction of design: revisiting the idea of literature through the study of design

The article proposes that scholars rethink the idea of literature by addressing texts as designed products. It focuses on how today designers emphasize product experience in ways that parallel how scholars regard literary works of fiction; namely, the qualities of users' and readers' interactions with products and texts matter more than the qualities of the products and texts themselves. The article explores how designers' and scholars' value judgements depend on their attitudes to intention and genre, making these considerations crucial as to how they perceive and assess the qualities of the experiences offered by texts and products alike.
An Exploratory Tool for Predicting Adoption Decisions

Three new concepts in innovation diffusion are presented and demonstrated: (1) the attribute matrix, a description of both innovator perceptions and portrayals, as well as the perceptions of potential adopters about the identified characteristics of an innovation; (2) the innovation profile, a composite description of innovators' perceptions and communications about their innovations, and the perception of potential adopters about the innovations; and (3) the potential for adoption rating, or PAR score, a single number representing the likelihood that any one innovation will be adopted.
Phase Equilibria of Polypropylene with Compressed Propane and Related Systems. 2. Fluid-Phase Equilibria of Polypropylene with Propane Containing Alcohols as Cosolvents and of Some Other Branched Polyolefins with Propane

The phase equilibrium measurements for the pseudobinary supercritical polypropylene-propane system reported in the previous paper are extended to include pseudoternary systems where a polar cosolvent, in this case a low molecular weight alcohol, has been added. The cloud-point isopleths near the critical composition show the range of behavior to be expected as the type V pseudobinary system, polypropylene-propane, described in the previous paper, is transformed into the type IV pseudobinary system polypropylene-alcohol. This type of system contains an additional critical locus with upper critical solution temperatures (UCSTs) emanating from an upper critical end point (UCEP). The pseudoternary systems polypropylene-propane-alcohol possess in most cases a merged critical locus which contains a set of UCSTs and lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs) and which does not touch the vapor pressure curve of the solvent. The phase equilibrium measurements of the system polypropylene-propane were also extended to include some polymers and copolymers which vary in branch length and frequency. The cloud-point pressures of these systems correlate with the wt % carbon in the branches but not with the branch frequency.
Effect of Processing on the Microstructure and Induced‐Strain Mismatch in Magnesia–Alumina‐Layered Composites

A method is described whereby thin ceramic shapes are induced to adopt a different shape at elevated temperature without the application of an external pressure. To achieve deformation, thin beams of alumina are coated with magnesia; at a high temperature, the strain mismatch that arises in the sample leads to deformation. Scanning electron microscopy and compositional profiling suggest that a bilayer structure forms. One layer contains both Mg and Al cations and the spinel phase is present, whereas the second layer consists predominantly of alumina. A mechanics model based on strain mismatch in bilayer systems indicates how the resulting curvature depends on the thickness of the two regions. A mechanistic model is derived that describes the strain mismatch in terms of the degree of conversion to spinel, the amount of differential sintering between layers, and the amount of residual porosity present in the two layers of the substrate.
Comparative dehydration tolerance of foliage of several ornamental crops

Cultivars of Dahlia, Pentas, Salvia and two Impatiens were subjected to severe soil drying, and their foliar water relations were measured when fewer than eight live leaves remained (defined as the lethal point). Salvia was the most dehydration tolerant of the four genera, as characterized by lethal leaf water potential, and showed the highest osmotic adjustment. Dahlia and the two Impatiens cultivars had similar water relations at the lethal point. Length of the drying period, which was varied by growing plants in three pot sizes, did not affect any leaf water relations parameter. The paper also provides a ranking of the foliar dehydration tolerance of 25 other ornamental plants, measured in additional experiments. Foliage of woody species tended to be more tolerant of dehydration than foliage of herbaceous species. # 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Camps on a shoestring: how we survived a summer

As we are well aware, there has been a significant nationwide decline in enrollment for computer science programs, as well as other STEM fields. One of the primary reasons the lack of participation and diversity in the STEM fields is becoming increasingly important is the potentially adverse effect it may have on the U.S. work force. Many successful programs have been put in place to combat this decline. But how do the small regional universities with limited resources and a limited "audience" (with limited resources) contribute to the field? In this paper we will discuss the mechanisms that may be implemented for smaller schools to address the decline in CS enrollment. This includes the ability to put in place programs which could allow more educators to become a part of the solution.
Reduced muscle acetylcholine sensitivity in rats immunised with acetylcholine receptor.

ANIMALS immunised with acetylcholine receptor (AChR) purified from the electric organ of Electrophorus electricus or Torpedo marmorata develop a muscular weakness which is alleviated by injections of anticholinesterases1–6. This observation has provided a valuable animal model for study of the disease myasthenia gravis. Sera from rats immunised with electric eel receptor contain antibody to AChR isolated from rat skeletal muscle2,6, suggesting that the muscular weakness is due to a reduced endplate sensitivity to ACh. We report here a reduction in the ACh sensitivity of denervated muscles from immunised rats. Furthermore, there is a factor in the serum of immunised rats which can reduce the ACh sensitivity of denervated rat muscles in vitro.
Primary cardiac rhabdomyosarcoma presenting as pulmonary stenosis

Abstract A 32 year old man presented with signs of pulmonary stenosis. The murmur was not present in previous physical examinations as recent as one year prior to admission. Parenchymal lung lesions and pleural and pericardial effusions developed in the course of the disease which was rapid and fatal. The pathologic specimens revealed a primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the heart growing across the pulmonary valve and metastasizing to the lungs. This represents the thirty-second case report of primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the heart and the second presenting as primary involvement of the pulmonary valve.