cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
μ‐Peroxo‐bis­[aceto­nitrile­bis­(ethyl­enedi­amine)­cobalt(III)] tetratriflate

The crystals of the title compound, {[Co(en)2(MeCN)]2(μ-O2)}(CF3SO3)4 or [Co2(O2)(C2H3N)2(C2H8N2)4](CF3O3S)4, are built of binuclear tetracations and tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonate anions. The cation occupies a special position on the inversion center; the separation between the Co atoms, which have a slightly distorted octahedral coordination, is 4.4966 (7) A, with Co—N(MeCN), Co—O, and average Co—N(en) distances of 1.938 (2), 1.8736 (17), and 1.950 A, respectively. Both aceto­nitriles are trans to the O—O bridge, the O—O distance being 1.496 (3) A. The [Co(en)2] moieties have δδ and the inversion-related λλ conformations.
General Education for Civil Engineers: Sustainable Development

The ABET criteria for engineering programs no longer has a requirement for humanities and social sciences but instead requires a general education component that complements the technical component of the curriculum. Achievement of the outcomes called for in the ABET criteria and the ability to apply the constraints listed in ABET Criterion 3 can be facilitated by a well-designed general education component. The old humanities and social science components that many programs still have would probably allow most programs to meet the current criteria but the requirement for general education offers an opportunity to improve the overall educational experience for all civil engineers. One approach to general education for civil engineers would be to incorporate a theme and a case is made that sustainability and sustainable development is a good theme for a civil engineering program.
The category of uniform convergence spaces is cartesian closed

This paper first assigns specific uniform convergence structures to the products and function spaces of pairs of uniform convergence spaces, and then establishes a bijection between corresponding sets of morphisms which yields cartesian closedness.
Equivalent circuit parameters of resonant tunneling diodes extracted from self-consistent Wigner-Poisson simulation

The equivalent circuit parameters of resonant tunneling diodes (RTD) are extracted from numerical simulation results for RTDs. The RTD models used in this paper are double barrier structures. The influence of the resonant tunneling structure (RTS) parameters, such as the height of barriers, the width of the quantum well, the width of the spacers, and the width of the barriers, on the device parameters are systematically discussed. The effects of device temperature on device parameters are also discussed. Scattering between electrons and phonons greatly affects device parameters and thereby the function of the RTDs. Physical explanations about how the structure parameters and device temperature influence the device parameters are provided. Based on the analysis results, a general way to get an RTD oscillator with a higher maximum frequency is suggested.
Foundations of the C++ concurrency memory model

Currently multi-threaded C or C++ programs combine a single-threaded programming language with a separate threads library. This is not entirely sound [7].We describe an effort, currently nearing completion, to address these issues by explicitly providing semantics for threads in the next revision of the C++ standard. Our approach is similar to that recently followed by Java [25], in that, at least for a well-defined and interesting subset of the language, we give sequentially consistent semantics to programs that do not contain data races. Nonetheless, a number of our decisions are often surprising even to those familiar with the Java effort:We (mostly) insist on sequential consistency for race-free programs, in spite of implementation issues that came to light after the Java work.We give no semantics to programs with data races. There are no benign C++ data races.We use weaker semantics for trylock than existing languages or libraries, allowing us to promise sequential consistency with an intuitive race definition, even for programs with trylock.This paper describes the simple model we would like to be able to provide for C++ threads programmers, and explain how this, together with some practical, but often under-appreciated implementation constraints, drives us towards the above decisions.
Teaching Research Integrity in the Field of Counseling

Little has been done in terms of teaching or writing about research integrity or research ethics in the counseling field. Because of the continual push for research in counseling to maintain evidence-based practices, there is a need for education in the area of research integrity in order for professionals in the counseling field to conduct responsible research. The Office of Research Integrity’s 9 areas of responsible conduct of research and the American Counseling Association’s code of ethics on research are presented, along with a discussion of ways to teach ethics and provide resources for research integrity in counselor education.
An Integrated Approach for Improving Cache Behavior

The widening gap between processor and memory speeds renders data locality optimization a very important issue in data-intensive embedded applications. Throughout the years hardware designers and compiler writers focused on optimizing data cache locality using intelligent cache management mechanisms and program-level transformations, respectively. Until now, there has not been significant research investigating the interaction between these optimizations. In this work, we investigate this interaction and propose a selective hardware/compiler strategy to optimize cache locality for integer, numerical (array-intensive), and mixed codes. In our framework, the role of the compiler is to identify program regions that can be optimized at compile time using loop and data transformations and to mark (at compile-time) the unoptimizable regions with special instructions that activate/deactivate a hardware optimization mechanism selectively at run-time. Our results show that our technique can improve program performance by as much as 60% with respect to the base configuration and 17% with respect to a non-selective hardware/compiler approach.
Compression After Impact Testing of Sandwich Composites for Usage on Expendable Launch Vehicles

Composite material usage is necessary on NASA’s future launch vehicles in order to obtain a low mass vehicle. While aircraft and launch vehicles that utilize load-bearing composite components have many similar damage tolerance requirements, the distinct differences between a part that has a lifetime of ∼500 s (one launch) and can be inspected in detail before use and one that has a lifetime of many tens of thousands of flight hours and can only undergo a ‘walk around’ inspection before each flight (commercial transport) needs to be taken into account. This article presents these differences and uses data from the ARES I composite interstage as an example of how to arrive at preliminary compression after impact strength values for the sandwich structure in the acerage of this part using residual strength curves. Results show that if severity of damage can be quantified by a nondestructive method (other than dent depth), the mass of the structure can be reduced due to better characterization of the damage.
Temporal properties of visual search in pigeon target localization

To examine the mechanisms and time course of visual search behavior, we rewarded 6 experienced pigeons for locating and pecking at an odd target region randomly embedded in a larger rectangular array of contrasting distractor elements. On two-target test trials, a flanking secondary target region was briefly presented (100, 250, or 500 ms) after display onset with stimulus onset asynchrony values of 0, 50, 100, 175, 250, 375, 500, 1000, 2000, and 3000 ms. Two types of interference effects were possibly identified with target localization accuracy. One type occurred early in processing, where the secondary target appeared to interfere with search behavior, perhaps involving mechanisms similar to inhibition of return. A second type of interference was isolated that appeared to be time locked to responding and might occur at a postsearch stage of processing. Several possible connections of these effects to established mechanisms in human visual search and attention are suggested.
Undergraduate nursing textbook coverage of menopause

Background : Menopause is a significant part of a woman’s life, it would be expected that nursing students would learn a considerable amount about the changes women go though during this time. The study purpose was to assess the amount of information regarding menopause covered in undergraduate nursing textbooks. Methods : 128 electronic undergraduate nursing textbooks from one publisher were evaluated for menopause content in 11 areas and categorized as having no information (0), some information (1), or complete information (2). The word menopause was searched for each textbook. Results: The number of search hits for the word menopause per textbook was most commonly 1, with 50% having fewer than 7 search hits, and an overall average of 14.02 hits per textbook (SD=15.15, range 1 to 60). The majority of textbooks had no or minimal information about menopause in each category. Conclusions: There is minimal information on menopause in undergraduate nursing textbooks. This suggests that undergraduate nursing students may not be receiving the necessary information to adequately care for menopausal women.
Adaptive transmit nulling using waveform embedded dithers

This paper describes a novel concept for performing adaptive transmit nulling in radars. Typically, the average depth of open-loop transmit nulls is limited by the Error Sidelobe Level (ESL) of an array. The ESL is determined by random errors in the array manifold, such as the residual calibration errors. Theoretically, it is possible to null below the ESL by using the backscatter from a target to create a null adaptively. The objective function to be minimized in this case is the power of the received backscatter in the direction of the target, which is assumed to be the same as the desired null direction. A potential drawback to this nulling approach would be long radar dwell times on the target to estimate the gradient of the objective function. To accelerate the convergence of a closed-loop transmit nulling algorithm, this paper proposes a theoretical technique for estimating the gradient of the array beamformer output in near real time by embedding narrowband sinusoidal dithers in the transmitted waveform. Dithers are externally applied disturbances that have been used in control system and signal processing applications to mitigate the effects of nonlinearity, hysteresis, and quantization [1, 2]. Typically the dithers applied are wideband random signals, essentially additive noise. The dithers described in this paper are different however in that they are narrowband sinusoids. The proposed dithering technique has been successfully applied to optical communication links to achieve adaptation speeds on the order of microseconds, [3] – [7]. The simulated results in this paper are intended to demonstrate the feasibility of using narrowband dithers to perform adaptive transmit nulling in near real time on radars.
Provision and Discussion of Survivorship Care Plans Among Cancer Survivors: Results of a Nationally Representative Survey of Oncologists and Primary Care Physicians

Purpose Survivorship care planning should involve discussions between providers and cancer survivors to address survivors’ needs and optimize adherence. We examined the frequency and factors associated with oncologists’ and primary care physicians’ (PCPs) reports of provision of written survivorship care plans (SCPs) and discussion of survivorship care recommendations with survivors. Methods A nationally representative sample of 1,130 oncologists and 1,020 PCPs was surveyed about survivorship care practices with survivors. Logistic regression models predicted multilevel factors associated with providing SCPs or discussing recommendations with survivors. Results Although a majority of oncologists (64%) reported always/almost always discussing survivorship care recommendations with survivors, fewer also discussed who survivors should see for cancer-related and other follow-up care (32%); fewer still also provided a written SCP to the survivor ( 5%). Survivorship care recommendations and provider responsibility were not regularly discussed by PCPs and survivors (12%). Oncologists who reported detailed training about late and long-term effects of cancer were more likely to provide written SCPs (odds ratio [OR], 1.73; 95% CI, 1.22 to 2.44) and discuss survivorship care planning with survivors (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.51 to 2.70). PCPs who received SCPs from oncologists were 9 more likely (95% CI, 5.74 to 14.82) to report survivorship discussions with survivors. Conclusion A minority of both PCPs and oncologists reported consistently discussing and providing SCPs to cancer survivors. Training and knowledge specific to survivorship care and coordinated care between PCPs and oncologists were associated with increased survivorship discussions with survivors. These nationally representative data provide a useful benchmark to assess implementation of new efforts to improve the follow-up care of survivors. J Clin Oncol 32:1578-1585. © 2014 by American Society of Clinical Oncology
Enhanced Learning of Mechanical Behavior of Materials via Combined Experiments and nanoHUB Simulations: Learning Modules for Sophomore MSE Students

Undergraduate materials engineering students have difficulty conceptualizing the atomic-level processes responsible for plastic deformation. To aid in developing this conceptual understanding, interactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were introduced into the sophomore-level materials curriculum, integrating simulation with the traditional tensile testing laboratory. Students perform a tensile test using MD simulations on nanowire samples, and then compare these results with those from the physical tensile tests to develop a visual and more intuitive picture of plastic deformation of crystalline materials.
Learning contextual behavior of text data

Understanding contextual behavior is very important in order to develop a context-aware retrieval system. This paper discusses the philosophy behind the development of the "evolutionary behavior of textual semantics" (EBOTS) system. The EBOTS system is retrieval oriented knowledge representation and management system. This paper proposes a formal model of correlation that can be combined with traditional local and global weighing schemes. Intuitive contextual behavior is studied as a part of proposed research work. Context retrieval based on semantic knowledge allows abstract queries to be defined, instead of exact word-based queries. The results of the context retrieval for a classic3 and time dataset using the EBOTS system have been discussed in this paper. The paper makes a contribution to the semantic knowledge representation and retrieval algorithms.
Cyclobutane Synthesis and Fragmentation. A Cascade Route to the Lycopodium Alkaloid (−)-Huperzine A

An asymmetric total synthesis of the nootropic alkaloid (-)-huperzine A was completed using a cascade sequence initiated by an intramolecular aza-Prins reaction and terminated by a stereoelectronically guided fragmentation of a cyclobutylcarbinyl cation as the key step in assembling the bicyclo[3.3.1]nonene core of the natural product. Intramolecular [2 + 2]-photocycloaddition of the crotyl ether of (S)-4-hydroxycyclohex-2-enone afforded a bicyclo[4.2.0]octanone containing an embedded tetrahydrofuran in which the cyclohexanone moiety was converted to a triisopropylsilyl enol ether and functionalized as an allylic azide. The derived primary amine was acylated with α-phenylselenylacrylic acid, and the resulting amide was reacted with trimethylaluminum to give a [2 + 2]-cycloadduct, which underwent retroaldol fission to produce a fused α-phenylselenyl δ-lactam. Periodate oxidation of this lactam led directly to an α-pyridone, which was converted to a fused 2-methoxypyridine. Reductive cleavage of the activated "pyridylic" C-O bond in this tetracycle and elaboration of the resultant hydroxy ketone to a diketone was followed by chemoselective conversion of the methyl ketone in this structure to an endo isopropenyl group. Condensation of the remaining ketone with methyl carbamate in the presence of acid initiated the programmed cascade sequence and furnished a known synthetic precursor to huperzine A. Subsequent demethylation of the carbamate and the methoxypyridine, accompanied by in situ decarboxylation of the intermediate carbamic acid, gave (-)-huperzine A.
Partial Differential Equation Applications

A study of partial differential equation applications gives essential insights into the mathematical properties of the PDEs themselves, and thus the applications discussed in this chapter should not be viewed as supplemental material, but as an integral part of the text.
Structural prerequisites for G-protein activation by the neurotensin receptor

We previously determined the structure of neurotensin receptor NTSR1 in an active-like conformation with six thermostabilizing mutations bound to the peptide agonist neurotensin. This receptor was unable to activate G proteins, indicating that the mutations restricted NTSR1 to relate agonist binding to G-protein activation. Here we analyse the effect of three of those mutations (E166A3.49, L310A6.37, F358A7.42) and present two structures of NTSR1 able to catalyse nucleotide exchange at Gα. The presence of F3587.42 causes the conserved W3216.48 to adopt a side chain orientation parallel to the lipid bilayer sealing the collapsed Na+ ion pocket and linking the agonist with residues in the lower receptor part implicated in GPCR activation. In the intracellular receptor half, the bulkier L3106.37 side chain dictates the position of R1673.50 of the highly conserved D/ERY motif. These residues, together with the presence of E1663.49 provide determinants for G-protein activation by NTSR1.
Couple‐Level Economic and Career Concerns and Intimate Partner Violence in Young Adulthood

Family scholars have demonstrated that economic conditions influence marital quality and relationship instability. Similarly, researchers have identified low income and poverty as important risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV). Yet limited work has examined how economic factors influence the use of violence in the romantic context, particularly during young adulthood. Using the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (n = 928), we examine the influence of economic and career concerns as specific sources of conflict on IPV among a sample of young adults. FINDINGS suggest that these areas of disagreement within romantic relationships are associated with IPV risk, net of traditional predictors. We discuss the implications of our findings for intervention and prevention efforts. Language: en
Lateral Buckling of Braced Multistory Frames

An approximate theory of buckling for multistory frames having shear bracing in the form of a vertical truss or shear panels is presented. The effects of the shear stiffness of the bracing and of the flexural stiffness of the girder are included in deriving the governing equations. Both the symmetrical mode and the unsymmetrical or sidesway mode of buckling are considered. Solutions to the systems of governing equations are given in closed form for the case in which the frame and the loading have certain regular characteristics. These solutions lead to formulas for the required girder stiffness when the bracing stiffness, column sizes and axial loads are prescribed. A method of solution for the general or irregular case is also described.
Complex waves

Plotting the frequency versus the wave number provides a unifying way of permitting visualization of the linear dynamics of distributed systems. A series of simple examples is presented in order to illustrate the physical significance of ordinary and evanescent waves, absolute instability, waves on moving media, and convective instability or wave amplification. The examples give a rare opportunity to develop a complete physical and mathematical picture of the dynamics, since the presentation can serve as a guide to two films?produced by the Education Development Center for the National Committee on Electrical Engineering Films?in which the dispersion relation evolves by computer animation on the bottom half screen in synchronism with changes in the physical phenomenon in the top half screen.
PREDICTION OF LAMINATE DAMAGE PROCESSES USING COMBINED MICRO-MECHANICS, FRACTURE MECHANICS AND STATISTICS APPROACH

An engineering approach has been developed to predict composite laminate failure. Based on a previous study which analyzed fiber breakage in a single composite layer under high temperature and tension loads, this paper presents an extension of that work to multi-directional laminated composites and improvements in the previous analysis. The stiffness reduction of each layer is computed based on: 1) in the fiber direction, the calculated fiber failure ratio and composite fracture; 2) in the direction normal to the fiber, the estimated matrix cracking. The laminate property is affected by the stiffness reduction of each ply. The analysis consists of micro-mechanics, fracture mechanics and statistics principles to model and predict the mechanical response and failure mechanism of polymer and ceramic matrix composites. The technique uses experimentally derived empirical coefficients to account for the interface of fiber and matrix, fiber strength and fiber-matrix stiffness reductions. Analytical results are generated for graphite-epoxy, Nicalon/CAS, and C/SiC and compared with experiments.
The Battle of Beecher Island and the Indian War of 1867-1869

The way historians relate stories about the Indian wars reveals a great deal about the temper of their time. For many decades Anglos who chronicled the Battle of Beecher Island presented the episode as an example of white heroism and Indian perfidy. More recent renderings reversed hero and villain roles with Indians as the righteous ones and whites the rogues. Now, in The Battle of Beecher Island and the Indian War of I867-i869, John H. Monnett joins a new generation of Indian wars scholars who break the mold. He makes clear at the outset he does not seek to judge the conflict's antagonists but rather to understand the events by integrating all points of view. Noting that both Indian and Anglo committed depredations during this period, Monnett concludes that "the war was not a conflict of a 'good' society versus an 'evil' society; it was a clash of totally uncompromising visions for the future" (I99). The first half of the volume, which sets the stage for the dramatic tale of Beecher Island, offers the familiar narrative of the U.S. government's final push for Indian lands. In this particular case, Anglos moving west from Kansas settlements and others moving east from the Colorado Rockies constricted the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Sioux, with the railroads, state and territorial governments, and private land companies supporting the settlers. On the other side, Cheyenne Dog Soldiers led the native holdouts who refused to surrender their claim on western Kansas and eastern Colorado. Army assaults on Indian camps, and Indian attacks on settlers, railroad workers, and stage stations culminated in a spiraling escalation of violence. Monnett emphasizes mutual brutality, committed by "uncompromising ones in both cultures" (65). Anxious to quiet concerns of frontier interests regarding Indian attacks, Philip Sheridan organized "Forsyth's Scouts," a so-called crack team of settlers designed to pursue Indian raiders quickly and prevent further assaults. Concerned about the brutality as well as the negative publicity garnered by Colorado's Volunteers at Sand Creek several years before, Sheridan placed the scouts under the command of army regulars, Major George A. Forsyth and Lieutenant Frederick Beecher. On 17 September i868, while Forsyth's Scouts patrolled the plains, Cheyenne and Sioux attacked them. Approximately fifty scouts sought refuge on an island in the Republican River's Arickaree Fork and with34I
Longitudinal associations between adiponectin and cardiac structure differ by hypertensive status: Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults.

Objective We studied the longitudinal association between adiponectin and cardiac structure and function 10 years later stratified by hypertension status. Methods Multicenter longitudinal study of black and white men and women that began in 1985-1986, when participants were 18-30 years old. Adiponectin was measured at year 15(2000-2001). Echocardiograms were completed at year 25(2010-2011). Participants were stratified by the presence of hypertension. Risk factor-adjusted echocardiographic variables were compared across adiponectin quintiles. Linear and quadratic regression models were also derived for risk factor-adjusted echocardiographic variables. Results Relative to the lowest quintile of adiponectin, participants from the highest quintile had a 6% lower LV mass index (LVMi) among normotensives, and an 8% higher LVMi among hypertensives. Among normotensive participants, regression analysis demonstrated a linear inverse relationship between adiponectin and LV mass, LVMi, posterior wall thickness (PWT) and ventricular septal thickness (VST) (all p≤0.05). Among hypertensive participants, regression analysis demonstrated a U-shaped relationship between adiponectin and LV mass, LVMi, PWT and VST (p≤0.005 for all quadratic terms). Conclusions Among normotensive participants, higher adiponectin may be a useful marker of less adverse future cardiac structure. Further study is required to see if adiponectin receptor agonists may provide a benefit among these individuals. Among hypertensive participants, further study is required to assess the prognostic and therapeutic use of adiponectin.
WE-FG-BRB-02: Spatial Mapping of the RBE of Scanned Particle Beams

The physical pattern of energy deposition and the enhanced relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of protons and carbon ions compared to photons offer unique and not fully understood or exploited opportunities to improve the efficacy of radiation therapy. Variations in RBE within a pristine or spread out Bragg peak and between particle types may be exploited to enhance cell killing in target regions without a corresponding increase in damage to normal tissue structures. In addition, the decreased sensitivity of hypoxic tumors to photon-based therapies may be partially overcome through the use of more densely ionizing radiations. These and other differences between particle and photon beams may be used to generate biologically optimized treatments that reduce normal tissue complications. In this symposium, speakers will examine the impact of the RBE of charged particles on measurable biological endpoints, treatment plan optimization, and the prediction or retrospective assessment of treatment outcomes. In particular, an AAPM task group was formed to critically examine the evidence for a spatially-variant RBE in proton therapy. Current knowledge of proton RBE variation with respect to dose, biological endpoint, and physics parameters will be reviewed. Further, the clinical relevance of these variations will be discussed. Recent work focused on improving simulations of radiation physics and biological response in proton and carbon ion therapy will also be presented. Finally, relevant biology research and areas of research needs will be highlighted, including the dependence of RBE on genetic factors including status of DNA repair pathways, the sensitivity of cancer stem-like cells to charged particles, the role of charged particles in hypoxic tumors, and the importance of fractionation effects. In addition to the physical advantages of protons and more massive ions over photons, the future application of biologically optimized treatment plans and their potential to provide higher levels of local tumor control and improved normal tissue sparing will be discussed. Learning Objectives: 1.To assess whether the current practice of a constant RBE of 1.1 should be revised or maintained in proton therapy and to evaluate the potential clinical consequences of delivering RBE-weighted dose distributions based on variable RBE 2.To review current research on biological models used to predict the increased biological effectiveness of proton and carbon ions to help move towards a practical understanding and implementation of biological optimization in particle therapy 3.To discuss potential differences in biological mechanisms between photons and charged particles (light and heavy ions) that could impact clinical cancer therapy H. Paganetti, NCI U19 CA21239D. Grosshans, Our research is supported by the NCIK. Held, Funding Support: National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health, USA, under Award Number R21CA182259 and Federal Share of Program Income Earned by Massachusetts General Hospital on C06CA059267, Proton Therapy Research and Treatment Center.
Citrate and renal calculi: an update

Citrate is an inhibitor of the crystallization of stone-forming calcium salts. Hypocitraturia, frequently encountered in patients with nephrolithiasis, is therefore an important risk factor for stone formation. Potassium citrate provides physiological and physicochemical correction and inhibits new stone formation, not only in hypocitraturic calcium nephrolithiasis but also in uric acid nephrolithiasis. Inhibition of stone recurrence has now been validated by a randomized trial. Ongoing research has disclosed additional causes of hypocitraturia (sodium excess, low intestinal alkali absorption, but not primary citrate malabsorption). Moreover, new insights on potassium citrate action have been shown, notably that some of absorbed citrate escapes oxidation and contributes to the citraturic response, that ingestion with a meal does not sacrifice physiological or physicochemical action, that orange juice mimics but does not completely duplicate its actions, that potassium citrate may have a beneficial bone-sparing effect, that it may reduce stone fragments following ESWL, and that danger of aluminum toxicity is not great in subjects with functioning kidneys. Finally, the research on potassium citrate has led to two promising products, calcium citrate as an optimum calcium supplement and potassium-magnesium citrate which may be superior to potassium citrate in the management of stone disease.
Part III Responding to Narrative Psychology

This section summarizes the narrative turn in psychology in relation to identity practices and describes the two central critiques of the traditional “big story” approach to narrative identity based on its privileging of a particular view of self, one that is coherent, autonomous, and retrospectively focused, rather than multivoiced, relational, and centered in present interaction. The chapter sets forth the argument that the critiques are too limited in their challenge to the link between narrative coherence and healthy identity formation.
SALSA3D: A Tomographic Model of Compressional Wave Slowness in the Earth's Mantle for Improved Travel-Time Prediction and Travel-Time Prediction Uncertainty

Abstract The task of monitoring the Earth for nuclear explosions relies heavily on seismic data to detect, locate, and characterize suspected nuclear tests. Motivated by the need to locate suspected explosions as accurately and precisely as possible, we developed a tomographic model of the compressional wave slowness in the Earth’s mantle with primary focus on the accuracy and precision of travel‐time predictions for P and Pn ray paths through the model. Path‐dependent travel‐time prediction uncertainties are obtained by computing the full 3D model covariance matrix and then integrating slowness variance and covariance along ray paths from source to receiver. Path‐dependent travel‐time prediction uncertainties reflect the amount of seismic data that was used in tomography with very low values for paths represented by abundant data in the tomographic data set and very high values for paths through portions of the model that were poorly sampled by the tomography data set. The pattern of travel‐time prediction uncertainty is a direct result of the off‐diagonal terms of the model covariance matrix and underscores the importance of incorporating the full model covariance matrix in the determination of travel‐time prediction uncertainty. The computed pattern of uncertainty differs significantly from that of 1D distance‐dependent travel‐time uncertainties computed using traditional methods, which are only appropriate for use with travel times computed through 1D velocity models.
Expectation-Based Reference-Dependent Preferences: Evidence from the Used-Car Retail Market

This paper empirically tests the expectation-based reference-dependent preference theory, by exploiting a large panel of used-car daily listings from a leading automobile classified website. The unique features of the paper’s empirical strategy include: 1) it explicitly identifies consumers’ reference points as their expectations; 2) it uses a unique panel dataset on the non-negotiable daily listing prices for cars advertised by a large national dealership to pin down the prices that car buyers expected and the actual prices; and 3) its tests for loss aversion consider the problem that price changes may affect cars’ perceived quality or be correlated with the actual unobserved quality. The paper finds that — controlling for a car’s actual price, its detailed attributes, the competitive environment and a rich set of fixed effects — an unanticipated price increase (drop) significantly lowers (increases) the car’s daily sale probability; the estimated reference-price effects are weaker in the cases when consumers were less likely to recall the previous listing prices; and, although the magnitude of the average reference-price effect is significantly larger for price increases than for decreases, the asymmetry in the effects is statistically more significant for cars of older vintage or with higher mileage, suggesting that the asymmetry in the reference-price effects is driven partly by price decreases being bad news for cars’ unobserved quality.
Expanding Restorative Justice and its Relationship to Adolescent Substance Recovery

Youth who are struggling with substance abuse issues and criminal behavior related to their addiction often times find themselves isolated and estranged from their families, peers, and communities. For this study sample participants, once deciding to extricate themselves from a life of drugs and crime, these youth must attempt to reintegrate back into the families and communities they left behind or abandoned, whether by choice or not, while using illicit drugs and involved in delinquent and criminal behavior. Successful reintegration, as well as successful treatment outcomes seems to be attached to a combination of Alcoholics Anonymous 12 Steps and restorative justice precepts, specifically the encounter and amends process. This essay examined the accounts of seven youth who were seeking sobriety and recovery in an in-patient drug treatment facility. Each discovered that an apology for harm and pain caused, an acceptance of this apology, and forgiveness for past transgressions by parents, family, significant others and the community at large were factors that aided their ability to maintain their sobriety. Each also found that parental involvement and support was not only a catalyst for successful treatment outcomes, but also for successful reintegration back into the family, school, and community.
Parallel Graft Techniques to Treat Complex Aortic Aneurysms Involving the Renal and Mesenteric Arteries

With endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) replacing open surgery as the preferred choice for patients with suitable anatomy, device advancements and surgeon creativity have rapidly increased the armamentarium of the endovascular surgeon to tackle complex anatomy. Patient-specific devices for juxtarenal and thoracoabdominal devices are discussed in other chapters; here we present strategies summarized as parallel graft techniques, specifically around the visceral segment to treat short neck infrarenal, juxtarenal, and suprarenal, thoracoabdominal, and distal thoracic aneurysms. Familiarity with these techniques provides important adjuncts in elective scenarios, certain urgent and emergent circumstances, difficult anatomy without another solution, and often provides a bail-out strategy during the most complex EVAR.
Studying Guilt Perception in Millennials: Unexpected Effects of Suspects’ Race and Attractiveness

The present study explored mock jurors’ guilt judgments with a 2 (Jurors’ Race: Black vs. White) × 2 (Suspects’ Race: Black vs. White) × 2 (Suspects’ Attractiveness: High vs. Low) design in a group...
Balancing Religious Liberty in the United States

Alzate provides a unique approach to assessing religious liberty in the United States by applying John Locke’s political theory. The United States has struggled with balancing religious liberty against both government authority and the rights of other citizens in society, a struggle which culminated in the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA). This chapter sets up three cases—the government employee, the employer, and the small business owner—that demonstrate the difficulty in identifying the proper extent and limits of religious liberty. Alzate argues that Locke’s theory of religious liberty provides clear criteria for assessing the concept. Given the indebtedness of American political ideas on Locke’s political theory, these criteria are both relevant and necessary.
An Uncontrolled Pilot Study of an Integrated Family-Based Partial Hospitalization Program for Youth With Mood Disorders

There are many outpatient interventions for treating youth with mood disorders and their families. Despite the severity of impairment related to mood disorders, there is little research on the effe...
Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite vs. UPDRS: Which Is the More Sensitive Measure in PD? (P04.188)

OBJECTIVE: To compare the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC) to the Unified Parkinson9s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) in detecting differences in disease severity in Parkinson9s Disease (PD). BACKGROUND: The standard outcome measure in PD, the motor UPDRS, is based on the neurologic exam. The MSFC combines 3 physical performance measures to assess dexterity, gait, and cognition. This pilot study evaluated the sensitivity of the MSFC to detect differences in PD severity based on Hoehn and Yahr (HY) stages. DESIGN/METHODS: 35 PD patients were assessed with the motor UPDRS, HY staging, and MSFC [25-foot timed walk (25TW), 9 Hole Peg Test (9HPT), and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT)]. Because the PASAT has been poorly tolerated, the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) was co-administered to examine its effectiveness as an alternative cognitive measure. To calculate the MSFC scores, Z-scores were used based on means from the National MS Database. RESULTS: The subjects (74% M, mean age 64.4(7.5) Y) were divided into 3 subgroups: mild (HY 1-2; N=14), moderate (HY 2.5-3; N=11) and severe PD (HY 4-5; N=10). Based on ANOVA, the scores on the Total MSFC, the 9HPT, the PASAT and the Motor UPDRS significantly differed across the 3 PD severity subgroups (all p CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the composite physical performance measure used in MS (MSFC) was more sensitive in differentiating levels of PD severity than the motor UPDRS, and may be a more useful clinical measure. Disclosure: Dr. Holmes has nothing to disclose. Dr. Morrow has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gruber-Baldini has nothing to disclose. Dr. Reich has received royalty payments from Informa Publishers. Dr. Reich has received research support from NINDS, Chiltern, Synosia, and Phytopharm. Dr. Anderson has received personal compensation for activities with Boehringer Ingelheim R11 as a consultant and expert medical exaluation. Dr. Anderson has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity as Section editor for Current Treatment Options in Neurology. Dr. Weiner has received personal compensation for activities with Santhera and Rexahn. Dr. Weiner has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Neurological Reviews and Current Treatment Options in Neurology. Dr. Weiner has received research support from Teva Neuroscience, Boehringer-Ingelheim and Merck Serono. Dr. Shulman has received personal compensation for serving as Editor of the AAN Neurology Now patient book series. Dr. Shulman has received research support from the NIH, Fox Foundation and Teva Pharmaceuticals.
Solidification Mechanism of Steel Ingots

The solidification mechanism of experimental steel ingots (7x7x20 in.) was studied by thermal analysis. It was determined that solidification proceeds in wave-like fashion at rates which are determined by the carbon level, superheat, and mold thickness. The thermal cycles of the mold walls were related to the course of solidification.
Estimating the cost of skin cancer detection by dermatology providers in a large health care system

Background Data on the cost and efficiency of skin cancer detection through total body skin examination are scarce. Objective To determine the number needed to screen (NNS) and biopsy (NNB) and cost per skin cancer diagnosed in a large dermatology practice in patients undergoing total body skin examination. Methods This is a retrospective observational study. Results During 2011-2015, a total of 20,270 patients underwent 33,647 visits for total body skin examination; 9956 lesion biopsies were performed yielding 2763 skin cancers, including 155 melanomas. The NNS to detect 1 skin cancer was 12.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 11.7-12.6) and 1 melanoma was 215 (95% CI 185-252). The NNB to detect 1 skin cancer was 3.0 (95% CI 2.9-3.1) and 1 melanoma was 27.8 (95% CI 23.3-33.3). In a multivariable model for NNS, age and personal history of melanoma were significant factors. Age switched from a protective factor to a risk factor at 51 years of age. The estimated cost per melanoma detected was $32,594 (95% CI $27,326-$37,475). Limitations Data are from a single health care system and based on physician coding. Conclusion Melanoma detection through total body skin examination is most efficient in patients ≥50 years of age and those with a personal history of melanoma. Our findings will be helpful in modeling the cost effectiveness of melanoma screening by dermatologists.
Erratum: UCP2 mediates ghrelin’s action on NPY/AgRP neurons by lowering free radicals

Nature 454, 846–851 (2008) In Fig. 3a and b of this Article, the pAMPK samples were spliced. Images of the uninterrupted AMPK together with the uninterrupted pAMPK samples are now provided in the Supplementary Information, together with the proper loading sequence of the primary data and the original blots.
Trauma in the Older Adult: Epidemiology and Evolving Geriatric Trauma Principles

The older adult patient with trauma is becoming a growing part of the overall trauma population. With the world population increasing in age, the rate of the traumatically injured older adult will continue to increase. Recognizing this problem and the fact that the elderly are at higher risk for injury and its complications will be necessary if the increasing volume of patients is to be dealt with. This review discusses these issues, as well as appropriate triage and treatment of injuries and associated comorbidities. Early recognition of injury, even minor, and expedited care using specialized teams will help to improve outcomes for these patients.
Exploring Reproductive Coercion in Relationship Contexts Among Young Adult, Primarily African American Women at Three Women's Health Clinics.

Understanding reproductive coercion experiences in marginalized populations is important to assist in tailoring care and services. Reproductive coercion is consistently associated with intimate partner violence (IPV), engaging in sexual risk-taking, and is more commonly reported among non-White women. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a mixed methods study to examine reproductive coercion in relationship contexts among a sample (N = 130) of young adult, primarily African American women recruited from three women’s health clinics; 12 also participated in an in-depth interview. Thirty-six women (27.7%) reported reproductive coercion in the past year. Past-year reproductive coercion was associated with relationship trust, (t(128) = −3.01, p = .003), and past-year IPV (Fisher’s exact test, p = .005). In the best-fit model, odds of past-year reproductive coercion increased by 4% with each one-point increase in relationship trust score (indicating reproductive coercion increased with lower trust; a...
Coronary Stent Deployment Technique

Stent underexpansion is an important cause of in-stent restenosis and early stent thrombosis, and is partly a result of suboptimal stent deployment. We discuss the effect of modifying stent deployment parameters such as stent size, balloon deployment pressure, and duration of inflation for optimizing stent expansion.
Designing high integrity systems using aspects

In this paper we show how design-level aspects can be used to develop high integrity systems. In our approach, a system designer must first identify the specific mechanisms required for high integrity systems. To support this activity we have developed an initial tabulation of different kinds of threats and the mechanisms used to prevent, detect, and recover from the related attacks and problems. Each mechanism can be modeled independently as an aspect. After the mechanisms are identified, the corresponding aspects are then woven in the appropriate order into the models of the essential system functionality to produce a model of a high integrity system.
Response of Soybean to Predicted Climate Change in the USA

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a major crop in the USA in terms of production, exports, and area of land used in its production. Projected changes in climate could have major impacts on the production of this crop as well as on areas where it would be produced. A simulation study was conducted to characterize these possible effects using a soybean crop growth model, historical weather data, and three possible climate change scenarios based on global climate model (GCM) results. For each weather scenario, rainfed and irrigation management cases were studied under normal and elevated atmospheric CO{sub 2} levels. Results showed that the high annual variability of rainfed soybean yields under historical weather conditions was amplified by the GCM-based climate change scenarios. The negative effects of climate change alone on soybean yields were mostly offset by the increased atmospheric CO{sub 2} concentration for two of the scenarios for both irrigated and rainfed cases. The third scenario resulted in decreased yields in most locations. On average, the climate change scenarios resulted in a 60% increase in estimated water requirements for irrigation. These results suggest that soybean production in the USA would not be adversely affected by climate change if themore » climate changes according to two of the GCMs, unless water supply for irrigation is limited. Under the most severe climate change scenario, however, soybean production in the USA could be reduced considerably unless changes in production regions and practices are made. 31 refs., 11 figs., 6 tabs.« less
Measures of Health Outcome in Social Support Research

A wide variety of papers link social support to health outcomes (see Berkman, 1984; Broadhead et al., 1983; Wallston, Alagna, DeVellis, & DeVellis, 1983). Stressful life events in the personal, social, occupational, or marital realms may have important consequences, and social support may soften the impact of these events. Wallston et al. (1983) suggest that social support is a crucial factor in coping with physical disability and illness. Family, friends, and other social contacts aid in the reduction of emotional distress and problems resulting from illness or injury (Davidson, Bowden, & Tholen, 1979; Porrit, 1979).