cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of EGF family growth factors and neurotransmitters in regulating lacrimal gland secretion

The lacrimal gland is the primary source for the aqueous portion of the tear film. This portion contains water, electrolytes and proteins, which are necessary for the health and maintenance of the cells of the ocular surface. Afferent sensory nerves in the cornea and conjunctiva stimulate efferent parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves in the lacrimal gland. Cholinergic agonists, released from parasympathetic nerves, and norepinephrine, released from sympathetic nerves, are major stimuli of lacrimal gland secretion. These neurotransmitters activate distinct, but overlapping signal transduction pathways leading to lacrimal gland secretion. Other stimuli of lacrimal gland secretion are the EGF family of growth factors. In addition to stimulation of secretion, these growth factors can interact with the cells of the lacrimal gland themselves or with the cells of the ocular surface depending upon the location from which these growth factors are released. This review will focus on the effects of the EGF family of growth factors on the lacrimal gland and their interactions with the pathways stimulated by the neurotransmitters released from nerves.
Tihe Concentrations of Progesterone, Estrone and Estradiol-17β in the Plasma of Pregnant Rabbits

The concentrations of progesterone (P), estrone (E1) and estradiol-17β (E2β) in the peripheral plasma of rabbits during the course of pregnancy have been determined by radioimmunoassay. The mean concentration of P increased from 5.3 ng/ml on day 3 to 17-19 ng/ml on days 12-15 and declined slowly thereafter until term. The mean concentration of E1 remained between 20-35 pg/ml throughout gestation. The levels of E2β showed fluctuations with peaks on day 6 (83 pg/ml), day 15 (59 pg/ml) and day 30 (48 pg/ml). The concentrations of P and E2β rose and fell similarly between day 9 and day 24. Thereafter, E2β rose but P declined. The ratio, P/E2β, fell sharply from 480 to 140 between days 27 and 30. (Endocrinology 93: 971, 1973)
A mean field model for species abundance

In this paper, we use the multitype mean field voter model as a model of species interaction, to obtain results about species abundance. Briefly, we start with the complete graph on n vertices, Cn, with each site occupied by a particle. Particles are represented by a value in (0;1), where distinct values represent dierent species. Particles then undergo mutation at rate fi, and are relabelled with a value chosen uniformly from (0;1). Particles also give birth at rate 1, and invade any of the other n sites randomly. This process has a unique stationary distribution denoted by » n , which is given by the Ewens sampling formula. For each value in (0;1) that is present in » n 1, we count the number of particles represented by the same value, and call that the patch size of the species. Let Kn[a;b] denote the number of species with patch size in [a;b]. We study the limiting distribution of Kn[a;b], for certain values of a and b, as the mutation rate fi tends to 0, which will in turn force n ! 1.
Estimates of periphyton mass and stream bottom area using phosphorous-32

Abstract The standing crop of periphyton and actual surface area in a 100-m section of a small stream were estimated by applying material balance techniques to an experimental 32P release. About 75 per cent of the introduced 32P was retained initially by periphyton in the study section. Based on the quantity of 32P in periphyton samples, per mg and per cm2, the total standing crop of periphyton and the bottom area of the section were estimated as 1.5 kg and 560 m2, respectively.
Cellular uptake of lithium via amino acid transport system A.

Abstract We now add to the agencies by which cells take up lithium the process of cotransport with neutral amino acids via System A. In the Ehrlich cell various natural and synthetic amino acids, depending on their structure, can cause substantial accelerations of Li+ uptake over a considerable range of levels of Na+, Li+ and H+. Half the maximal augmentation of uptake, namely 1.2 mequiv. Li/kg cell water per 15 min, was obtained for 5.4 mM alanine in a double-reciprocal plot. Alanine also stimulated the exodus of Li+ from the Ehrlich cell. The human red blood cell, lacking System A as it does, becomes an imperfect model for studying cellular uptake of Li+. Until the Li+ dependence of amino acid uptake in the reticulocyte is known, reticulocytosis can be suspected of contributing to the interpersonal variations seen in Li+-for-Na+ exchange.
The Use of Court Records as Sources for African History: Some Examples from Bujumbura, Burundi

Historians of Africa have often cast a jaundiced eye in the direction of written sources; their suspicions have been particularly grave with regard to colonial documents. They have seen them as, at best, the creations of ill-informed foreign observers or, at worst, as the deliberately self-serving justifications of the ruling elite. To counter the all-too-real deficiencies of these documents, historians have laid increasing emphasis on materials produced by Africans themsleves--oral accounts. Yet these records too are problematic, and their principal weakness lies in the fact that they are often collected decades after the events and circumstances the historian wishes to understand. Each of these kinds of sources thus presents methodological difficulties. This paper advocates the use of a third type of source, African court records, which are at once contemporary and yet created by Africans themselves. These records--while not without their own particular biases--permit one to overcome some of the problems inherent in official documents and oral interviews. Courts for Africans were established by colonial regimes throughout the continent. But, although Africans participated in varying degrees in their proceedings, the records have largely remained ignored by historians. In what follows I discuss the court records in two tribunals in Bujumbura, Burundi. The paper is divided into three sections: the first is a description of the city's African community and the courts; the second is a discussion of the court proceedings and the reliability and use of the records; and the last is a brief summary of some of the data the documents have yielded.
The Effect of Lopinavir/Ritonavir on the Renal Clearance of Tenofovir in HIV‐infected Patients

We determined the effects of lopinavir/ritonavir on tenofovir renal clearance. Human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects taking tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) were matched on age, race, and gender and were enrolled into one of the following two groups: group 1: subjects taking TDF plus lopinavir/ritonavir plus other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs); group 2: subjects taking TDF plus NRTIs and/or non-NRTIs but no protease inhibitors. Twenty-four-hour blood and urine collections were carried out in subjects for tenofovir quantification. Drug transporter genotype associations with tenofovir pharmacokinetics were examined. In 30 subjects, median (range) tenofovir apparent oral clearance, renal clearance, and fraction excreted in urine were 34.6 l/h (20.6-89.5), 11.3 l/h (6.2-22.6), and 0.33 (0.23-0.5), respectively. After adjusting for renal function, tenofovir renal clearance was 17.5% slower (P=0.04) in subjects taking lopinavir/ritonavir versus those not taking a protease inhibitor, consistent with a renal interaction between these drugs. Future studies should clarify the exact mechanism and whether there is an increased risk of nephrotoxicity.
Regulation of T Cell Receptor- and CD28-induced Tyrosine Phosphorylation of the Focal Adhesion Tyrosine Kinases Pyk2 and Fak by Protein Kinase C A ROLE FOR PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASES

The T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex and the costimulatory molecule CD28 are critical for T cell function. Both receptors utilize protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) for the phosphorylation of various signaling molecules, a process that is critical for the function of both receptors. The PTKs of the focal adhesion family, Pyk2 and Fak, have been implicated in the signaling of TCR and CD28. We show here evidence for the regulation of TCR- and CD28-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the focal adhesion PTKs by protein kinase C (PKC). Thus, treating Jurkat T cells with the PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) rapidly and strongly reversed receptor-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the focal adhesion PTKs. In contrast, PMA did not affect TCR-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of CD3zeta or the PTKs Fyn and Zap-70. However, PMA induced a strong and rapid dephosphorylation of the linker molecule for activation of T cells. PMA failed to induce the dephosphorylation of proteins in PKC-depleted cells or in cells pretreated with the PKC inhibitor Ro-31-8220, confirming the role of PKC in mediating the PMA effect on receptor-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation. The involvement of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) in mediating the dephosphorylation of the focal adhesion PTKs was confirmed by the failure of PMA to dephosphorylate Pyk2 in cells pretreated with the PTPase inhibitor orthovanadate. These results implicate PKC in the regulation of receptor-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the focal adhesion PTKs in T cells. The data also suggest a role for PTPases in the PKC action.
Trypanosoma lewisi: Influence of sera and peritoneal exudate cells

Abstract The administration of dexamethasone 2 to rats depresses their ability to control infections with T. lewisi . Though sera from rats hyperimmune to T. lewisi protect normal rats, dexamethasone-treated rats are protected from trypanosomiasis only if they are given serum from hyperimmune rats and peritoneal exudate cells. Under this treatment, trypanosomes given intraperitoneally are detained in the peritoneal cavity where they are agglutinated, lysed, and phagocytized.
Improving the position of electricity as primary energy for space heating

Low-temperature radiant-panel heating offers a possible solution to the problem of house heating by electricity. Some of the technical and economic aspects are discussed.
Charges for maternity services: associations with provider type and payer source in a university teaching hospital.

Abstract Objectives: Considerable evidence exists that payer status influences the type and cost of services provided. If payer status influences care, consumers may receive differential care secondary to presence and type of payer. This study examines the effect of payer status on certified nurse-midwives (CNMs) and obstetricians (OBs), correcting for methodologic problems that have been noted in previous studies. Methods/findings: Participants were 715 low-risk pregnant women seen in the CNM or OB practice in a university hospital service. All billed charges from the initial prenatal visit through two months postpartum were compared by payer. Charges by provider were also examined to determine the presence of differential payer effect. Unexpectedly, charges by payer did not show significant variance, nor did payer differently affect providers. Charges by provider type varied significantly, with CNMs having lower mean charges than OBs. Conclusions: Differences in practice by payer source were not found for either provider group. This may reflect a lack of financial incentives to alter practice based on the payer, the homogeneity of the participants, or the large number of payers. The findings indicate that provider decision-making styles are likely due to non-payer factors in a system that lacks clear incentives to alter care patterns.
Rapid changes in brainstem maps of adult primates after peripheral injury

Abstract Cerebral cortical maps in adult primates reorganize within minutes-hours after peripheral injuries, but subcortical versus intracortical contributions to this rapid reorganization remain controversial. The present results show that injury of nerves to the hands of adult monkeys triggers rapid (minutes–hours) changes in maps of the hand in the brainstem main cuneate nucleus. These findings suggest that peripheral injury causes an initial concurrent reorganization of brainstem and cortical substrates and that early sensory changes emerge from reorganization involving multiple central levels.
Retinal large vessel oxygen saturations correlate with early blood loss and hypoxia in anesthetized swine.

Background: Noninvasive monitoring would likely improve trauma care. Using laser technology, we monitored the oxygen saturation in retinal vessels during exsanguination and hypoxia. Methods: Seven anesthetized swine were bled at 0.4 mL/kg/ min for 40 minutes. During exsanguination, retinal venous saturation (S rV o) was measured using an eye oximeter, and central venous saturation (S V o) was measured using a fiber-optic catheter. After the shed blood was reinfused, the Fio 2 was progressively decreased from 0.97 to 0.07. Femoral artery oxygen saturation (S 8 o) and retinal artery oxygen saturation (S ra o) were measured at each increment. Results: During exsanguination, S rV o 2 correlated with blood loss (r = -0.93) and S V o (r = 0.94). S ra o correlated with S a O 2 during incremental hypoxia (R 2 = 0.93 ± 0.15). Conclusions: In this model of exsanguination, retinal venous oxygen saturation correlates with blood volume and with central venous oxygen saturation. The S ra o 2 correlates with S a O 2 during graded hypoxia. Use of an eye oximeter to noninvasively monitor trauma patients appears promising and warrants further study.
Fragment-mass and kinetic-energy distributions from the spontaneous fission of $sup 246$Cm

Pre-neutron-emission fragment-mass and total-kinetic-energy distributions and the mass-energy correlations in the spontaneous-fission decay of 2.30-sec $^{252}\mathrm{No}$ have been deduced from measured energies of coincident fragment pairs using silicon surface-barrier detectors. The $^{252}\mathrm{No}$ for these measurements was produced in the $^{241}\mathrm{Am}(^{15}\mathrm{N}, 4n)$ reaction and deposited on 40-\ensuremath{\mu}g ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ carbon foils using a He-jet technique. From an analysis of 154 correlated fission events, the average pre-neutron-emission total-kinetic energy, $〈\mathrm{TKE}〉$, was found to be 202.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.2 MeV. The mass distribution is decidedly asymmetric, similar to that observed for $^{252}\mathrm{Cf}$ spontaneous fission, although a maximum in the $〈\mathrm{TKE}〉$ curve as a function of fragment mass occurs for near-symmetric mass divisions as it does for the heavier isotopes of fermium. The measured spontaneous-fission-decay branching fraction for $^{252}\mathrm{No}$ is 26.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.9% and the measured total half-life is 2.30\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.22 sec. The measured and deduced fission char\`acteristics for $^{252}\mathrm{No}$ are compared with those for the Cm, Cf, and Fm nuclides as well as with recent theoretical predictions.RADIOACTIVITY, FISSION $^{252}\mathrm{No}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, \mathrm{sf})$ measured fragment-fragment coin $E$, ${T}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, $E\ensuremath{\alpha}$, $\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{\mathrm{sf}}$, $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ for $^{241}\mathrm{Am}(^{15}\mathrm{N}, 4n)$ reaction; deduced pre-neutron fragment masses, energies, and total kinetic $E$ distribution. Enriched target.
Facile reduction in the synthesis of phosphorylcholine affinity columns

Abstract Reduction of p-nitrophenylphosphorylcholine to the amine utilizing ammonium formate and 10% Pd C in methanol, followed by in situ generation of the diazonium salt resulted in the synthesis of p -diazophenylphosphorylcholine. This reaction was simpler than the usual approach utilizing hydrogen gas for the reduction to p -aminophenylphosphorylcholine. The diazonium salt then successfully reacted with the amino acid tyrosine, which had been previously attached to an agarose bead. Alternatively the diazonium salt was coupled to BSA and the resulting conjugate used to coat ELISA plates. Selective PC-binding antibodies recognized the antigen, and bound specifically to both the column and plates.
Pharmacological Management of Bipolar Disorder in a Youth With Diabetes

Melissa P. DelBello, M.D., M.S. There are several aspects of the medical and psychiatric history of this patient that should be clarified before initiating pharmacological interventions. As an initial step, it is essential to establish collateral contact with the patient_s primary care physician and/or endocrinologist to gather accurate information regarding the clinical status of the patient_s diabetes. In particular, it would be helpful to determine her history of treatment adherence, the degree to which the glucose level is regulated, whether the patient has type I diabetes, and whether she has any pancreatic " cell function (i.e., is the patient still able to produce any insulin?). Atypical antipsychotics, lithium, and possibly antiepileptic agents are first-line treatments for children and adolescents with bipolar disorder (DelBello and Kowatch, 2006); however, atypical antipsychotics increase the risk for developing diabetes. Although the mechanisms by which this occurs remain unknown, atypical antipsychotics have been shown to contribute to weight gain, insulin resistance, and reduced compensatory hyperinsulinemia (Bergman and Ader, 2005). This is speculative, but if a patient has no " cell insulin production at baseline and his or her glucose level is regulated entirely by exogenous insulin, then the risk for developing or worsening diabetes with atypical antipsychotics may be less of a concern and these medications may be considered earlier in treatment; however, if a patient is still producing insulin, exposure to atypical antipsychotics could worsen the progression of his or her diabetes. Although diavalproex was no more effective than placebo in one controlled study of manic bipolar adolescents, other studies have reported that valproate may in fact be useful for youth with bipolar disorder; however, valproate has been associated with new-onset polycystic ovarian syndrome, a risk factor for subsequent P S Y CHOPHARMACOLOGY P E R S P E CT I V E S Assistant Editor: Christopher J. Kratochvil, M.D.
Taxonomic Notes on the Alydidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from Guam and Surrounding Areas

ABSTRACT Melanacanthus margineguttatus Distant and Riptortus macleani Schaffner (both Alydinae) and Leptocorisa oratorio (F.) (Micrelytrinae: Leptocorisini) are recorded from Guam, the last for the first time. Melanacanthus and M. margineguttatus are redescribed; Melanacanthus is compared with other alydine genera; R. macleani and L. oratoria are compared with related species; and some biological notes from the literature are discussed.
Upper airway disorders and asthma: a syndrome of airway inflammation.

Objective This article presents recent evidence of an upper and lower airway link. After reading this article, readers should have an understanding of the evidence for the pathologic relationship between asthma and upper airway disorders such as rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis. Data Sources Epidemiologic, pathophysiologic, and treatment outcomes studies were used. Only literature in the English language was reviewed. Study Selection Material was taken from academic/scholarly journals. Results Epidemiologic data indicate that asthma and allergic rhinitis frequently coexist, with rhinitis symptoms reported among 19 to 94% of asthma patients, and asthma reported among 19 to 38% of those with allergic rhinitis. Allergic rhinitis often precedes asthma symptomatology and has been shown to be a risk factor for the development of asthma. The severity of one's allergic rhinitis also has been shown to be directly correlated with asthma severity. Patients with allergic rhinitis exhibit increased eosinophil activity in both upper and lower airways. In these patients, nasal allergen challenge can induce increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness, suggesting that upper and lower airway disorders share common inflammatory features. Treatment of rhinitis symptoms has been shown to produce better asthma symptom control and, in a few studies, the improvement of airway function in patients with concomitant asthma. Conclusions Evidence suggests that upper respiratory disorders such as allergic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis are different facets of a larger systemic inflammatory syndrome involving both the upper and lower airways. Several important questions remain to be answered before the nature of the relationship between lower and upper airway disorders is fully understood.
Fluctuating loads on the flap surfaces of an externally-blown-flap configuration

An experimental program to obtain the fluctuating loads on the surfaces of a triple-slotted externally-blown-flap powered-lift STOL configuration was conducted. A large model of a wing/flap system and a TF-34 medium bypass ratio engine was investigated. Measurements of the fluctuating pressure, static pressure, and surface temperature resulting from the jet impingement were obtained at several locations on the surfaces of the second and third flaps. Fluctuating pressure data include overall level, power-spectral density (PSD), cross-correlation coefficient, coherency, and phase angle of the cross power-spectral density. These data indicate that more than one mechanism contributes to the fluctuating pressure levels on the flaps. In the immediate area above the intersection of the engine centerline and the flap, low frequency pressures dominate the overall fluctuating pressure levels. In other areas, such as below this intersection and outboard on the flaps, the PSD curve reaches a peak value at a Strouhal number ranging from 0.22 to 0.45.
Property-tax exemptions and the fiscal crisis of central US cities

Abstract Fiscal disparities between US central cities and their suburban communities have long been recognized. Many older medium-sized and large cities in the North-eastern and North-central regions of the USA are suffering from a continuous decline in their tax bases. Governments of aging central cities have lost much of their tax base to the expanding suburban jurisdictions and are unable to generate the revenue needed to meet the growing public service demands placed upon them.
The diophantine equation y2 + k = x3

Abstract The effective method of Baker is applied to the equation y 2 = x 3 − 28 and all integral solutions are found.
Long-life quartz crystals for dielectric coatings

Abstract An important application of a quartz crystal microbalance is in the in-situ deposition monitoring of optical-dielectric materials. The useful life of a monitor crystal used in an optical deposition process is far shorter than experienced in most metal deposition processes. Furthermore, crystal failure occurs rather abruptly, preceded by a short period of increasing rate error. The surface morphology of the deposited film suggests that the stress at the quartz crystal-deposited film interface causes such a failure. An interfacial stress relief mechanism has been found to mitigate this problem. A new electrode structure has been devised that adds a compliant buffer layer of a suitable material, sandwiched between an adhesion layer and the electrode layer. Extensive laboratory tests indicate dramatic improvements in the monitor crystal's life, ranging from 250% with cryolite to over 600% with magnesium fluoride. In addition, better accuracy in the rate-thickness measurement is also achieved. Thus, overall process security is significantly enhanced.
Virulent systemic feline calicivirus infection: local cytokine modulation and contribution of viral mutants

Virulent systemic feline calicivirus (VS-FCV) is a novel, emerging pathogen with mortality up to 67% even in previously healthy adult cats; VS-FCV has resulted in at least six epidemics since 1998. Affected cats have systemic vascular compromise and hemorrhagic-fever like signs in part due to viral invasion of epithelium and endothelium, coupled with host cytokine responses. Affected skin tissues had, on average, 3.8 elevated cytokines compared with control tissue, with prominent upregulation in IL-10, TNF-α, and MIP-1α. Sequencing of most of the genomes of two VS-FCV strains documented patterns of virus relatedness and implicated changes in the capsid gene in the emerging phenotype, possibly through initiation of immune mechanisms manifest in the cytokine changes. Understanding the features contributing to the emergence of this disease is critical for management and prevention of this and similar outbreaks attributable to RNA viruses in animals and humans.
Surface Trapped X Rays: Whispering-Gallery Modes at λ = 0.7 Å

X-ray bound states trapped on a curved surface are realized by coupling subangstrom photons at grazing angles into a bent silicon wafer with adjustable radius. At small radii of curvature the usual ray approximation breaks down and new phenomena associated with wave optical behavior of x-ray surface eigenmodes are revealed. For such samples, tunneling is shown to extinguish all but the ground state surface eigenmode, whose presence may be detected after extremely long distances of propagation along the surface.
Job search, unemployment and savings

Abstract This paper examines optimal search policies on the basis of two alternative assumptions, first that individuals consume income as it is received, and second, that individuals can save and subsequently draw from their savings. In this model workers search for heterogeneousjobs, which are characterized by fixed wages and random duration of employment spells. Workers choose jobs which will maximize the total expected lifetime utility of consumption. The optimal steady-state job acceptance policy in both cases takes the form of a fixed partition of the set of all job offers into acceptable and unacceptable ones. In the absence of a capital market, employment duration appears to be irrelevant for the marginal job offer and all jobs offering wages which exceed the marginal one are also acceptable independent of the distribution functions of employment duration. Nevertheless, the dispersion of employment duration at inframarginal acceptable jobs affects job choice. It is shown that when individuals can save, and if current utility and probability density functions are exponential, then steady-state rates of saving during periods of employment, and of dissaving during periods of unemployment, are independent of wealth and constant. The model developed is then used to examine the determinants of unemployment and the properties of optimal savings rates, and to obtain a number of testable hypotheses about savings behavior and job security.
Promise and challenges of human iPSC-based hematologic disease modeling and treatment

Postnatal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from umbilical cord blood and adult marrow/blood have been successfully used for treating various human diseases in the past several decades. However, the availability of optimal numbers of HSCs from autologous patients or allogeneic donors with adequate match remains a great barrier to improve and extend HSC and marrow transplantation to more needing patients. In addition, the inability to expand functional human HSCs to sufficient quantity in the laboratory has hindered our research and understanding of human HSCs and hematopoiesis. Recent development in reprogramming technology has provided patient-specific pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as a powerful enabling tool for modeling disease and developing therapeutics. Studies have demonstrated the potential of human iPSCs, which can be expanded exponentially and amenable for genome engineering, for using in modeling both inherited and acquired blood diseases. Proof-of-principle studies have also shown the feasibility of iPSCs in gene and cell therapy. Here, we review the recent development in iPSC-based blood disease modeling, and discuss the unsolved issues and challenges in this new and promising field.
Attention to multiple cues by severely mentally retarded adults: effects of single-component pretraining.

Abstract The present investigation examined whether the amount of compatible single-element training affected response accuracy for conditional-discrimination tasks requiring attention to multiple cues. Four severely mentally retarded adults participated, and a multiple baseline across subjects and reversal design was employed. Following acquisition of conditional discriminations by individually training each stimulus element, transfer tests were provided. In the first transfer condition, two intermixed conditional-discrimination tasks were presented containing identical stimuli to those individually trained. The second transfer condition consisted of two intermixed conditional-discrimination tasks composed of novel S- stimuli and pretrained S+ stimuli. Finally, a control procedure was administered in which conditional-discrimination tasks contained all untrained cues. The severely mentally retarded subjects did learn to respond to multiple cues. Establishing separate control by each component produced attention to two aspects of compound stimuli with few errors occurring. In additions, these broadened attentional skills generalized to multistimulus tasks containing all or some of the original pretrained stimuli. If single-element training was omitted, performance on conditional-discrimination tasks was greatly impaired.
WS07 Prudent use of fluoroquinolones in food-producing animals; a company perspective

Objective Antimicrobial resistance is not only here, it is here to stay and it poses major threats to the effective use of antimicrobial drugs in humans and other animals. Nevertheless, a defeatist attitude is not acceptable. There is much that can and must be done to retard or prevent the emergence and spread of resistance. Clinicians and scientists from many disciplines have roles to play in combating resistance and we veterinary pharmacologists arguably have the most important role of all. As Schentag (1996) indicated 10 years ago, ‘‘The design of appropriate dosage regimens may be the single most important contribution of clinical pharmacology to the resistance problem’’. However, progress has not been rapid and as recently as 2003 Drusano commented, ‘‘One area in which there is little investigation is the use of proper dosing to help prevent emergence of resistance’’ and, again in 2005, Drusano et al. commented ‘‘little attention has been focussed on delineating the correct dose to suppress the amplification of less susceptible mutant bacterial sub-populations’’. In this Workshop we address, with the help of internationally recognised authorities, antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine, from the perspectives of basic mechanisms, epidemiology and pre-clinical and population PK-PD modelling in dosage design. In addition, we review prudent use, clinical aspects and the contribution of regulatory efforts to minimise the selection of resistant microorganisms.
Early numerical foundations of young children's mathematical development

This study focused on the relative contributions of the acuity of the approximate number system (ANS) and knowledge of quantitative symbols to young children's early mathematical learning. At the beginning of preschool, 191 children (Mage=46 months) were administered tasks that assessed ANS acuity and explicit knowledge of the cardinal values represented by number words, and their mathematics achievement was assessed at the end of the school year. Children's executive functions, intelligence, and preliteracy skills and their parents' educational levels were also assessed and served as covariates. Both the ANS and cardinality tasks were significant predictors of end-of-year mathematics achievement with and without control of the covariates. As simultaneous predictors and with control of the covariates, cardinality remained significantly related to mathematics achievement, but ANS acuity did not. Mediation analyses revealed that the relation between ANS acuity and mathematics achievement was fully mediated by cardinality, suggesting that the ANS may facilitate children's explicit understanding of cardinal value and in this way may indirectly influence early mathematical learning.
W-like response properties of interlaminar zone cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of a primate (Galago crassicaudatus).

Abstract Recent anatomical studies have suggested that the cells located in the interlaminar zones (ILZs) of the primate dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) relay visual information from the retina to the striate cortex in a manner similar to that of W-cells in the LGN of cat. In the present study, we examined this idea directly by recording the response properties of single cells localized to the ILZs in the prosimian primate, Galago crassicaudatus . The properties of the cells in the ILZs were found to be physiologically distinct from the X-like and Y-like properties of the parvocellular and magnocellular LGN layers. Moreover, the small cells located in the interlaminar zones were physiologically similar to the W-like cells found in the specialized small-celled koniocellular layers in these primates. As is the case with the koniocellular layer cells, the ILZ cells exhibited a broad range of properties which, as a group, were distinguished by the following characteristics: the ILZ cells had long latencies to stimulation of the optic chiasm (mean, 3.95 ms) and to antidromic stimulation from striate cortex (mean, 3.31 ms) and had relatively large receptive-field centers (mean, 1.79°). They also had low maintained discharge rates (5.5 spikes/s), relatively long response latencies to light (mean onset, 82 ms; peak, 112) and low peak firing rates (59 spikes/s). Few (25%) had standard receptive-field organization (ON-center, OFF-surround, or vice versa). Only 29% responded well to sine-wave gratings and all were influenced by non-visual (auditory and tactile) stimuli. Our results support the conclusion that cells located in the ILZs of primates, and perhaps all mammals, are part of a W-like system.
A new class of metal-silicon bonded complexes: 8-(dimethylsilyl) quinoline derivatives of rhodium and iridium

Abstract Chelating ligands based upon 8-(dimethylsilyl)quinoline have been synthesized and used to prepare complexes of Rh(III) and Ir(III) in which the ligand coordinates the metal through a combination of M-N and M-Si linkages. These types of complexes have been formed via oxidative addition of the Rh(I) or Ir(I) precursors across either an Si-H or Si-Si bond of the N,Si-chelating ligand, and both bis - and tris -chelated species have been characterized. We report here the first photophysical characterizations of this new class of complexes. Their photophysical properties suggest that substantial modifications, relative to ortho-metalated species, occur as a result of the highly covalent nature of M-Si bonds as compared to M-C bonds.
Successful Adoption of a School-Based Telemedicine System.

Background: Telemedicine, the provision of healthcare at a distance via telecommunication technology, has been used to address a wide range of health concerns in a variety of settings. Given the challenges schools face in keeping students healthy, telemedicine could be viewed as a mechanism to provide healthcare services directly to students in schools. This research focuses on a school-based telemedicine project in Kansas, a project of the Kansas University Medical Center (KUMC) called TeleKidcare. TeleKidcare makes use of interactive television systems located in the school health office to let school nurses interact with KUMC physicians to provide consultations for sick children. Methods: A case study of the TeleKidcare system was conducted to investigate critical factors of success in the project; data was collected primarily through personal interviews (N = 23), with project documentation serving to corroborate the interview data. Results: Results point to factors to success both in the planning and operational phases of TeleKidcare. Examples of such factors include: (a) recognizing, and accounting for, the fact that different sites in a multisite telemedicine system might adopt the system in different ways; (b) the importance of involving actual users in the planning of the system, to ensure it could be built into the everyday work of school nurses; and (c) the importance of unintended appropriation of the technology by school nurses, using the system in ways that were completely unplanned. Conclusion: The lessons learned from TeleKidcare’s success can help researchers and practitioners considering similar systems in other schools.
On the mechanism of cluster emission in sputtering

Abstract The intensity and the energy distribution of Si + n cluster ions emitted from clean silicon have been measured for different target orientations as a function of the primary ion energy (3–30 keV) and the projectile mass (noble gas ion bombardment). The results favour the idea that clusters are emitted as such rather than being produced by vacuum recombination of individually emitted atoms and ions.
Eco: an ultra-compact low-power wireless sensor node for real-time motion monitoring

Eco is an ultra-compact wireless sensor node. Only 648 mm/sup 3/ in volume and weighing under 1.6 grams, Eco was initially designed to monitor the spontaneous motion of preterm infants over 2.4 GHz radio links at the maximum data rate of 1 Mbps. The compact form factor and low power consumption also make Eco nodes highly suitable for many other applications, including medicine, environmental monitoring, new computer-human interface, and ambient intelligence. This paper describes the hardware and software designs of the second generation Eco nodes and the host interface. We also present an evaluation and comparison against other popular sensor nodes in the similar class.
Prey switching in red-necked phalaropes Phalaropus lobatus: Feeding limitations, the functional response and water management at Mono Lake, California, USA

The ability of red-necked phalaropes Phalaropus lobatus to switch prey under conditions of changing prey abundance at Mono Lake, California, was tested in order to predict the potential effects of continued water diversions there on migratory waterbird populations. Red-necked phaloropes cannot switch prey because they are incapable of surviving on a diet of just the hardier of two invertebrates threatened by salinity increases at Mono Lake. Individuals experimentally limited to brine shrimp Artemia monica as a primary prey source lost mass rapidly until death ensued, or until they were offered other prey. These data show that a marked preference for one prey may indicate important physiological limitations in a predator. Such limitations may partly explain Murdoch's empirically supported prediction (Ecol. Mongr. (196), 39, 335-54) that prey switching will not occur where strong prey preferences exist. These results also indicate that strong prey preferences of migratory birds can, and probably should, help determine water management policy at wetlands of importance to shorebirds, especially in cases where initial prey diversity is low.
Vibration of Elastic Beams in the Presence of an Inviscid Fluid Medium

The physical interaction of fluids and solids is of practical significance in engineering (e.g. flutter of aerodynamic structures, vortex induced vibrations of sub-sea pipelines and risers, inflatable dams, parachute dynamics and blood flow through arteries). In this paper, a finite element formulation is developed for determining the vibration characteristics of beams in contact with inviscid incompressible fluid. The classical, first-order and third-order shear deformation beam theories are used to model the structural response. Numerical results for vibration frequencies are presented showing the parametric effect of thickness and immersion depth on the frequency response. The results indicate that the presence of fluid interaction has significant effect on the dynamic response. The formulation presented herein is also applicable to a vast number of vibration problems related to beams under a variety of excitations.
Perceived effectiveness of interpersonal persuasion strategies in computer-mediated communication

Abstract This paper investigates interpersonal persuasion strategies in computer-mediated communication (CMC), a topic that has received little prior attention. Significant differences were found in perceived effectiveness of asynchronous, text-based CMC vs. face-to-face communication (FTFC) for achieving interpersonal persuasion in general and for applying persuasion strategies of reward, punishment, logic, and emotion. Findings of the study indicate that different persuasion strategies are emphasized in CMC than in FTFC, implying that need to persuade is an important factor in choosing effective media for a given communication.
A longitudinal analysis of the effects of open enrollment on equity and academic achievement: Evidence from Minneapolis, Minnesota

Abstract Open enrollment was expected to provide students in urban school settings with equal opportunity to access schools with abundant educational resources that led to improved student achievement. The One-way ANOVA and Linear Mixed Models used a propensity score matching method were administered to identify to what extent urban students utilized inter-district open enrollment in a Midwestern city and to compare their performances on standardized tests before and after the school transfer had occurred. The results indicated that open enrollment provided black students and students in the child welfare system with equal access to racially and socioeconomically integrated schools. However, these students' academic performance was not significantly enhanced by their open enrollment, except the 3rd grade student achievement in math. The results raised questions about the characteristics of open enrollment. Recommendations for future research are made; study limitations are addressed.
A role for abstractionism in a direct realist foundationalism

Both traditional and naturalistic epistemologists have long assumed that the examination of human psychology has no relevance to the prescriptive goal of traditional epistemology, that of providing first-person guidance in determining the truth. Contrary to both, I apply insights about the psychology of human perception and concept-formation to a very traditional epistemological project: the foundationalist approach to the epistemic regress problem. I argue that direct realism about perception can help solve the regress problem and support a foundationalist account of justification, but only if it is supplemented by an abstractionist theory of concept-formation, the view that it is possible to abstract concepts directly from the empirically given. Critics of direct realism like Laurence BonJour are correct that an account of direct perception by itself does not provide an adequate account of justification. However a direct realist account of perception can inform the needed theory of concept-formation, and leading critics of abstractionism like McDowell and Sellars, direct realists about perception themselves, fail to appreciate the ways in which their own views about perception help fill gaps in earlier accounts of abstractionism. Recognizing this undercuts both their objections to abstractionism and (therefore) their objections to foundationalism.
Credit-Based Congestion Pricing: Travel, Land Value, and Welfare Impacts

The possible transportation and property value impacts of a new congestion management policy called credit-based congestion pricing (CBCP) are explored. With destination, mode, and departure-time choice models sensitive to changes in travel times and costs, household travel demands were simulated to appreciate the transportation effects of a CBCP policy for Austin, Texas. Changes in home values as a result of CBCP also were simulated. To identify households and neighborhoods that would benefit most and least from such policies, the trip-based welfare impacts of such a policy were compared for three scenarios: full network pricing, major highway pricing only, and no pricing. Results corroborate previous results and hypotheses about the potential of a CBCP policy to alleviate congestion and generate benefits across the region and traveler types.
Reproductive toxicity of vinclozolin in the fathead minnow: Confirming an anti-androgenic mode of action

The objective of the present study was to characterize responses of the reproductive endocrine system of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) to the fungicide vinclozolin (VZ), using a 21-d reproduction assay, and a shorter-term (approximately two weeks) test in which fish were cotreated with the VZ (a putative anti-androgen) and the androgen 17beta-trenbolone (TB). Effects on fecundity, gonadal histology, secondary sexual characteristics, reproductive hormones, and relative abundance of androgen receptor (AR) and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11betaHSD) mRNA transcripts were evaluated in one or both of these studies. Fecundity of VZ-exposed fish was decreased in a concentration-dependent manner in the 21-d test, culminating in complete reproductive failure at a concentration of 700 microg/L. Exposure to VZ decreased expression of male secondary sexual characteristics -- an effect typical of anti-androgens. The finding that exposure of females to TB-induced expression of prominent, male-like tubercles, which could be effectively blocked with VZ, provides powerful evidence of the anti-androgenic activity of VZ in vivo. In the two experiments VZ produced several responses possibly indicative of compensation or adaptation of the fish to the anti-androgen, including increases in gonad weight, AR and 11 betaHSD mRNA transcript abundance, and ex vivo gonadal production of testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone. Overall, our results demonstrate that the model anti-androgen VZ, which also is an environmental contaminant, impairs reproductive success of fathead minnows and elicits endocrine responses consistent with an anti-androgenic mode of action.
On digital mammogram segmentation and microcalcification detection using multiresolution wavelet analysis

In this paper a multiresolution wavelet analysis (MWA) and nonstationary Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF) technique is introduced for the detection of microcalcifications with high accuracy. The hierarchical multiresolution wavelet information in conjunction with the contextual information of the images extracted from GMRF provides an efficient technique for microcalcification detection. A Bayesian learning paradigm realized via the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm was also introduced for edge detection or segmentation of mass regions recorded on the mammograms. The strength of the technique is in the effective utilization of the rich contextural information in the images considered. The effectiveness of the approach has been tested with a number of mammographic images for which the microcalcification detection algorithm achieved a sensitivity (true positive rate) of 94% and specificity (true negative rate) of 88%. Considerably good results were also obtained for the segmentation algorithm. In addition, the results for both the detected microcalcifications and the segmented mass regions were superimposed for an interesting case under the methods introduced.
Design of the most efficient excitation for a class of electric motor

Three basic concepts often used in circuit and system theory are innovatively combined to design the minimum power excitation that produces smooth torque in a popular class of electric motor. First, the exponential Fourier series is used to represent currents and voltages in three-phase permanent magnet motors. Second, the developed torque is modeled by convolutions of current and voltage harmonics. The torque model can be compactly written as a set of linear equations, in which the currents must be solved to yield smooth torque. However, the set of linear equations is underdetermined, so there is an infinite number of solutions. Hence, the solution that is chosen is the "minimum norm" solution. In practical terms, the resulting current waveforms are optimal in the sense of minimum average power. An example calculation for an actual motor is presented, and theoretical efficiency and torque ripple performance results are compared to that achieved by the popular rectangular current excitation. >