cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics analysis methods for approximate folding landscapes

Motivation: Protein motions play an essential role in many biochemical processes. Lab studies often quantify these motions in terms of their kinetics such as the speed at which a protein folds or the population of certain interesting states like the native state. Kinetic metrics give quantifiable measurements of the folding process that can be compared across a group of proteins such as a wild-type protein and its mutants. Results: We present two new techniques, map-based master equation solution and map-based Monte Carlo simulation, to study protein kinetics through folding rates and population kinetics from approximate folding landscapes, models called maps. From these two new techniques, interesting metrics that describe the folding process, such as reaction coordinates, can also be studied. In this article we focus on two metrics, formation of helices and structure formation around tryptophan residues. These two metrics are often studied in the lab through circular dichroism (CD) spectra analysis and tryptophan fluorescence experiments, respectively. The approximated landscape models we use here are the maps of protein conformations and their associated transitions that we have presented and validated previously. In contrast to other methods such as the traditional master equation and Monte Carlo simulation, our techniques are both fast and can easily be computed for full-length detailed protein models. We validate our map-based kinetics techniques by comparing folding rates to known experimental results. We also look in depth at the population kinetics, helix formation and structure near tryptophan residues for a variety of proteins. Availability: We invite the community to help us enrich our publicly available database of motions and kinetics analysis by submitting to our server: http://parasol.tamu.edu/foldingserver/ Contact: [email protected]
Multi-Scale Models of Epithelial Cell Injury and Detachment During Microbubble Flows

Certain pathological conditions, e.g. pneumonia or acute lung injury, can lead to fluid buildup in the small pulmonary airways. During breathing, micron-sized air bubbles propagate through the fluid-occluded airways and these microbubbles may exert injurious hydrodynamic stresses on the epithelial cells (EC) which line airway walls. Specifically, the pressure and shear stresses generated during microbubble flows may cause plasma membrane rupture [1], cell detachment [2] and an exacerbation of the existing lung injury.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Molecular Simulation of Adsorption of Simple Gases in Aluminophosphates and Pillared Clays

We report Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation studies of the adsorption and heat of adsorption of simple inert gases in two model microporous materials: aluminophosphates (AlPO4-5, AlPO4-8 and VPI-5) and alumina-pillared clays. The intermolecular potentials are spherical Lennard-Jones for both the fluid-fluid and fluid-solid interactions; both structured and structureless walls are considered. For argon in VPI-5 and AlPO4-5 we find qualitative agreement with experiment, but the predicted maximum adsorption is about 20% higher than that obtained experimentally; possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. For the pillared clays we find a first order phase transition below some critical pillar density. This finding seems to be in qualitative agreement with existing experimental data.
Family Risk Indicators in Schizophrenia

The literature is reviewed on three family risk indicators that have prognostic significance in schizophrenia: expressed emotion, affective style, and communication deviance, each measured in key relatives of schizophrenia patients. Expressed emotion and affective style have been used primarily to characterize family environments that predispose patients to psychotic relapses. Communication deviance has been used primarily to distinguish the communication styles of families of schizophrenia patients from those of families without schizophrenia. Data on the roles of genetic, biological, and psychosocial factors in the origins of these family attributes are reviewed. Although studies of family risk indicators have yielded relatively consistent cross-sectional and longitudinal findings, much remains to be clarified about what these constructs actually measure and their mechanisms of prediction. The implications of family risk research for prevention efforts are discussed.
Analytic continuation and boundary continuity of functions of several complex variables

This note treats some questions about analytic continuation in several variables. The first theorem in effect determines the envelops of holomorphy of certain domains in ℂ n . The second main result is a continuity theorem: If a bounded holomorphic function f on a convex domain ∆ in ℂ n has boundary values that are continuous on the complement (in b ∆) of a set of the form int ∏ ( b ∆∩∏) where ∏ is a real hyperplane in ℂ n that misses ∆, then f is continuous on . In addition, we obtain what may be regarded as a local version of the theorem in our earlier paper concerning the one-dimensional extension property. Our methods depend on Hartogs' theorem ( n ≧ 3) and directly on the BochnerMartinelli formula ( n = 2).
Simultaneous Estimation of Microphysical Parameters and the Atmospheric State Using Simulated Polarimetric Radar Data and an Ensemble Kalman Filter in the Presence of an Observation Operator Error

Abstract The impacts of polarimetric radar data on the estimation of uncertain microphysical parameters are investigated through observing system simulation experiments when the effects of uncertain parameters on the observation operators are also considered. Five fundamental microphysical parameters (i.e., the intercept parameters of rain, snow, and hail and the bulk densities of snow and hail) are estimated individually or collectively using the ensemble square root Kalman filter. The differential reflectivity ZDR, specific differential phase KDP, and radar reflectivity at horizontal polarization ZH are used individually or in combinations for the parameter estimation while the radial velocity and ZH are used for the state estimation. In the process, the parameter values estimated in the previous analysis cycles are used in the forecast model and in observation operators in the ensuing assimilation cycle. Analyses are first performed that examine the sensitivity of various observations to the microphysi...
Plutonic xenoliths reveal the timing of magma evolution at Hualalai and Mauna Kea, Hawaii

238 U- 230 Th and U-Pb dating of zircons from leucocratic plutonic xenoliths indicating that lava stratigraphy is an incomplete monitor of magmatic evolution within subsurface res- ervoirs. Our results indicate that diorites from Mauna Kea record postshield evolution over tens of thousands of years when the depth of magma storage increased and highly evolved lavas began erupting. In contrast, diorites and syenogabbros from Hualalai record generation of evolved alkalic magma during the shield stage, and growth of a deep composite pluton ABSTRACT Hawaiian volcanoes evolve through stages that have been delimited by the compositions of their erupted lavas. New in situ 238 U- 230 Th and U-Pb dating of single zircons from leucocratic plutonic xenoliths erupted at Mauna Kea and Hualalai volcanoes, Hawaii, reveals that impor- tant episodes of magmatic evolution are not necessarily refl ected in the stratigraphy or com- positions of erupted lavas. Zircons from Mauna Kea diorites form a heterogeneous population with apparently bimodal ages of ca. 125 ka and ca. 65 ka, suggesting fractionation, intrusion, and crystal recycling about the time of transition of postshield volcanism from basaltic to hawaiitic compositions. Hualalai syenogabbros and diorites record extreme fractionation and generation of alkalic magma at 41 ± 9 ka and 261 ± 28 ka, indicating that alkalic magma was generated ~130,000 yr before the shield to postshield transition inferred from lava stra- tigraphy, and that coeval evolution of chemically distinct magma reservoirs at shallow and deep levels may have characterized the shield stage. These episodes at Hualalai did not cause eruption of evolved lavas, indicating that extreme differentiation in Hawaiian volcanoes is not necessarily followed by eruption of highly evolved magma.
Effects of Salinity and Pesticide on Sperm Activity and Oviposition Site Selection in Green Treefrogs, Hyla cinerea

Increasing salinity in freshwater habitats is an emerging threat in both coastal and inland environments. In addition, pesticides can be harmful to aquatic organisms and have been detected worldwide in aquatic systems. Both of these changes can strongly affect amphibians, as they typically rely on aquatic environments. With external fertilization, the selection of an oviposition site can be crucial for ensuring fertilization success and for providing offspring with a hospitable environment for development. We examined the effects of increased salinity and a commonly applied insecticide, carbaryl, on sperm activity and oviposition site selection of the Green Treefrog (Hyla cinerea). Sperm motility and velocity both decreased as salinity concentration increased but showed no effect of carbaryl at concentrations at and above those expected in the environment. Artificial pools with weakly brackish water received less oviposition than did freshwater pools. Carbaryl also inhibited oviposition, but only when poo...
A Different Spin on Investing in Equity and Debt of the Same Firm: An Extension of Wibaut and Wilford (2009)

Wibaut and Wilford (Journal of Applied Finance, 2009) argue that owning both the equity and the debt of the same firm is suboptimal. Playing a different game, I argue that buying the debt and equity of the same firm may be an optimal strategy aimed at delivering the firms that have issued more debt than the investor wants. The objective of the investor in this paper is not to maximize the return, but rather to earn the same return as would be earned with zero debt by investing in equity.
Sales Force Management and Measurement

This note describes the metrics that are used to monitor sales-force efficiency and effectiveness. It addresses sales territories, sales potential, and territory changes, as well as forecasting and measuring results. Finally, the note reviews pipeline analysis and the sales funnel.
Light and Electron Microscope Immunocytochemical Localization of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors in Bovine Corpora Lutea of Pregnancy

Both luteal and nonluteal cells, i.e., macrophages, fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle and endothelium, contain EGF receptors. Small luteal and nonluteal cells, however, contain more receptors than large luteal cells. The nuclei of both luteal and nonluteal cells also seem to contain EGF receptors. However, the pattern of nuclear receptor distribution differed with the receptor antibodies specific to the carbohydrate moiety and the binding sites on the extracellular domain of EGF receptor molecules. At the electron microscope level using the receptor antibody specific to the carbohydrate moiety, EGF receptors were found not only in plasma membranes, but also in rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomal vesicles, mitochondria and nuclei. The nuclear receptors are associated with nuclear membranes, condensed chromatin and the border between the condensed and dispersed chromatin. In conclusion, our results suggest that EGF may have steroidogenic and nonsteroidogenic roles in bovine corpora lutea and that transduction of EGF signals may also involve nuclear receptors.
Polyelectrolyte Blends and Nontrivial Behavior in Effective Flory–Huggins Parameters

The Flory χ-parameter is a ubiquitous description of the extent of immiscibility that is apparent between two or more polymeric species. While the formalism is a powerful one in most systems of tec...
Thermal Instability of Cycled LixNi0.5Mn0.5O2 Electrodes: An in Situ Synchrotron X-ray Powder Diffraction Study

Thermal instability of pristine LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 powder and cycled LixNi0.5Mn0.5O2 electrodes in the charged (x = 0.2) and discharged (x = 0.9) states (without electrolyte) was studied by in situ synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in the temperature range from 25 to 600 °C in inert atmosphere. Neither structural change nor oxygen loss was found in rhombohedral layered LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 upon heating to 600 °C. LixNi0.5Mn0.5O2 electrodes were found to retain the rhombohedral, layered structure with space group R3m until the temperature reached ∼300 °C (∼275 °C for Li0.2Ni0.5Mn0.5O2 and ∼350 °C for Li0.9Ni0.5Mn0.5O2). Rietveld refinement revealed that a considerable amount of octahedral cations migrated from the transition metal layer to the Li layer in the rhombohedral structure of Li0.2Ni0.5Mn0.5O2 from 100 to 275 °C while no detectable change in the cation distribution was noted for Li0.9Ni0.5Mn0.5O2 up to 300 °C. TGA results showed that the weight loss from Li0.2Ni0.5Mn...
CYP2C9: The support crew I

This chapter discusses the genetics, metabolic actions, substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of P450 CYP2C9.
Research on conglutination mechanism and preventive methods for 220kV vertical double-bundled transmission-line

The conglutination phenomena of 220 kV vertical double-bundled transmission-line have been analyzed in this paper.The phenomena danger was pointed out.The conglutination mechanisms under electromagnetic force,gravity and internal stress were analyzed,and then the main factors,including construction technology,DC resistance dispersion and weather,caused conductor conglutination were deeply explained.Finally,some counter measures against the sub-conductors conglutination phenomena was given,including controlling construction errors,adjusting sag of conductor,installing spacer and establishing the on-line monitoring system.
Collis-Belsey reconstruction of the esophagogastric junction. Indications, physiology, and technical considerations.

Twenty-four patients underwent combined Collis-Belsey reconstruction of the esophagogastric junction. The primary indication for operation in 19 patients was gastroesophageal reflux. Three patients had achalasia, one diffuse spasm, and one an incarcerated combined sliding and paraesophageal hernia. Postoperatively, symptoms were relieved in all 19 patients undergoing repair for gastroesophageal reflux with or without peptic strictures of the esophagus, and barium swallows showed no gastroesophageal reflux. Preoperative average mean and peak pressures in the distal esophageal high pressure zone (HPZ) were 1.38 and 2.72 mm. Hg, respectively; two thirds had no measurable HPZ. Postoperative mean and peak pressures were 6 and 12.36 mm. Hg, respectively; average HPZ length was 2.81 cm. Of 19 patients with massive reflux preoperatively, postoperative acid reflux testing demonstrated no reflux in 14 and minimal to moderate reflux in five. Collis-Belsey reconstruction of the esophagogastric junction effectively relieves symptoms and controls the complications of gastroesophageal reflux.
Indiffusion and Chemisorption of B, C, and N on GaAs and InP

Recently we introduced a technique that permits -- for the first time --realistic simulations of atomic motion in systems with covalent or metallic bonding [1–7]. The essential idea is to compute the atomic forces directly from the electronic structure, using the Hellmann-Feynman theorem together with novel Green’s function techniques [2]. The results are found to be in quantitative agreement with the existing experimental measurements (and the best theoretical calculations) of surface relaxation [8,9], chemisorption bond lengths [10], chemisorption sites [11,12] phonon frequencies [13], and basic chemical tendencies [14]. The simulations of chemisorption for many chemical species on GaAs and InP have led to a number of interesting and unexpected observations [5–7].
Physical activity, sedentary behaviors and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)

Background The association between physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, and incident diabetes has been assessed in whites but is less well investigated in multiethnic populations. Objective To assess the association between PA, sedentary behavior, and incident diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Research design and methods Incident diabetes was assessed among adults without prevalent baseline diabetes (2000–2002) at 5 in-person examinations between 2002 and 2012. Baseline PA (moderate, vigorous, and exercise-specific; metabolic equivalents of task-hours/week) and sedentary behaviors (television watching, reading; hours/day) were assessed by questionnaire. HRs were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models. Results Among 5829 adults (mean age 61.8 years, 54% female, 42% white, 12% Chinese-American, 26% African-American, 21% Hispanic-American), there were 655 incident diabetes cases (median follow-up 11.1 years). After adjustment, diabetes risk was lower in those with brisk or striding compared with none or casual walking pace (HR 0.67; 95% CI 0.54 to 0.84), higher levels of exercise PA (HR for highest vs lowest quartile 0.79; 95% CI 0.63 to 0.98), and any compared with no vigorous PA (HR 0.79; 95% CI 0.66 to 0.95). Race/ethnicity influenced the association of walking pace, exercise PA, and any vigorous PA on diabetes risk, which was only significant among whites. Total leisure sedentary behaviors (HR for highest vs lowest quartile 1.65; 95% CI 1.26 to 2.14) and television watching (HR for highest vs lowest quartile 2.68; 95% CI 1.38 to 5.21) were significantly associated with diabetes risk in multiethnic analyses and were influenced by race/ethnicity. Conclusions These results confirm the importance of PA and sedentary behavior on diabetes risk in a multiethnic population and demonstrate potential variations across race/ethnic groups.
Hardy or James? Thoughts on Academic Literary Discrimination Today

The three decades after 1880 marked an especially intense phase, across a number of social and technological fields, in the process of Britain’smodernization. In terms of political economy and governmental policy, this was the period when the state began to switch from indirect to direct taxation so as to fund the sustained spending required to implement social policies aimed at centralizing government power. The primary object of this centralization was to secure and control the mental and physical well-being (or what was often dubbed the ‘purity’) of the working population at a time when rural England’seconomic and social importance as well as its culture of deference was in decline.1 As far as the middle class was concerned, these were the decades when the professional-managerial class consolidated its position, with careers in medicine, law, broking, management, architecture, engineering, and even in the arts, becoming institutionalized. In terms of politics proper, it was then that politicians developed techniques of popular-media persuasion and public relations (and when the term ‘public’ in its sense as the object of media messages became commonplace), as well as when workers themselves established parliamentary parties. The feminist movement began to emerge as a real force during this period, too. In terms of technology, the decades around 1900 saw electricity, telephony, and cinema develop as key industries.
Mixing in Hypervelocity Flows

This study considers analysis of data obtained from tests witha generic combustor model at the pulse facility T5 located in theGraduate Aeronautical Laboratories at California Institute of Technology(GALCIT). Comparisons were made between the flow predictions usingBaldwin–Lomas and k–epsilon turbulence models. Computedpredictions of mixing efficiency, wall pressure signatures, eddyviscosity distributions, etc., obtained from both the turbulence modelswere similar. Computed wall pressure distributions agreed with thosefrom experiments. Spatial uniformity of the injectant-test gas mixturewas considered. Based on the results obtained, use of the Baldwin–Lomaxturbulence model can be considered to be sufficient for the conditionsconsidered, as it yields adequate predictions with significant savingsin computational costs.
Abstract 2800: Target RNA sequencing analysis of hypoxia induced expression of stem cell genes in primary cultures of prostate cancer cells

Hypoxia plays important regulatory roles in expanding the tumor stem cell population. In prostate cancer, hypoxia is a feature of poor prognosis. The association of prostate cancer stem cells with hypoxia has been investigated. The altered stem cell gene expression in prostate cancer cells under the hypoxic condition has been documented. The majority of the investigations were performed with established prostate cancer cell lines. However, little is known about the expression of stem cell genes in primary cultures of prostate cancer. In this study, we examined the hypoxia-regulated expression of stem cell genes with primary cultures of human prostate cancer. Cells were isolated from three patient9s prostate cancer samples. Isolated cells were cultured in prostate epithelium culture medium CnT-52. After 48 hours of exposure to 1% oxygen, RNA was extracted and quantified. The library was prepared with Illumina9s TruSeq Targeted RNA Expression Stem Cell Panel. The sequencing was performed on Miseq platform with MiSeq Reagent Kits v2 (300cycles). FastQ files were generated by Miseq Reporter and analyzed further by Truseg Target RNA v1.0(Illumina), Cufflinks Assembly D 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2800.
Maxwell’s Equations

In the previous reading selection, Maxwell argued that Faraday’s lines of electric and magnetic force “must not be regarded as mere mathematical abstractions.” Rather, they represent deformations or strains within an elastic medium—the electromagnetic field—by which forces are communicated between electric charges and currents. But while Faraday represented these strains pictorially using elegant diagrams, Maxwell represented them mathematically in terms of space- and time-dependent variables which obey a set of partial differential equations. Specifically, in an essay read before the Royal Society in 1864, Maxwell formulated his “Dynamical theory of the Electromagnetic Field” in the form of 20 equations involving 20 variable quantities. The reading selection in the present chapter is the introductory section of Maxwell’s 1864 publication. Herein, he provides an overview of his “General Equations of the Electromagnetic Field.”
Depolarization-Induced Suppression of Inhibition (DSI) Involves a Retrograde Signaling Process that Regulates GABAA-Mediated Synaptic Responses in Mammalian CNS

Regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA)-receptor-mediated inhibition is important for the control of neuronal excitability in the brain. Decreases in inhibition facilitate the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) (Wigstrom and Gustafsson, 1983) and long-term depression (LTD) (Wagner and Alger, 1995; Bear and Abraham, 1996). However, if pronounced in magnitude or duration, decreases in GABAAergic inhibition can cause various pathophysiological conditions such as epileptic seizures (Meldrum, 1975) and excitotoxicity (Thompson et al., 1996). A physiologically useful type of inhibitory modulation might be one in which regulation of specific GABAAergic influences would be limited in time and space.
The synthesis of OspD3 (ShET2) in Shigella flexneri is independent of OspC1

Shigella flexneri is a Gram-negative pathogen that invades the colonic epithelium and causes millions of cases of watery diarrhea or bacillary dysentery predominately in children under the age of 5...
Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent progenitors that contribute to the formation of many connective tissues including fat, bone, cartilage and muscle. Because of this great versatility MSCs have a large therapeutic potential particularly in the areas of cell therapy and regenerative and reconstructive medicine. MSCs are rare cells that can be isolated from tissues such as bone marrow, cartilage and muscles. Since no unique marker characteristic of MSCs has been identified, investigators have relied on a series of functional and morphological criteria to identify them. These criteria include growth on plastic, resistance to trypsin, presence of specific cell surface antigens and potential to differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteoblasts.We report here a method to reproducibly differentiate human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into MSCs by pre-differentiating for 8 days hESCs growing on MEF, mechanically dissociating the differentiated colonies, replating the differentiated colonies in DMEM, 10% FBS and 7.5% CO2 for 4 to 8 weeks until a thick multi-layer epithelium-like sheet of cells develop; and dissociating these multi-layer structures with a combination of proteases. The cells obtained with this procedure are morphologically similar to MSCs, are contact-inhibited, can be grown in culture for about 20–25 passages and have a gene expression profile, as determined by cDNA micro-array, similar to published profiles of mesenchymal stem cells. Immuno-phenotyping of these hESC-derived MSCs revealed a immuno-profile similar to bone marrow MSCs (negative for CD34, CD45 and positive for CD13, CD44, CD71, CD73, CD105, CD166, HLA ABC, SSEA4 and TRA1-85). Functional differentiation experiments revealed that hESC-derived MSCs can be differentiated into osteocytes and adipocytes as demonstrated by staining with alizarin red and oil red O. Finally, we have also shown that hESC-derived MSCs can support the growth of undifferentiated hESCs cells and of CD34+ hematopoietic cells.The ability to produce MSCs from hESCs should prove useful to produce large amount of genetically identical and genetically modifiable MSCS that can be used to study the biology of MSCs and for therapeutic applications.
How different is good? How good is different? The assessment of children's creative musical thinking

You’ve just collected your ﬁfth-grade students’ MIDI1 compositions and, with a hot cup of coﬀee in hand, are settled down and ready to listen to them from your computer. The assignment for the children was to compose a song on the synthesizer using notation software. The song was to be eight measures long, in 3/4 time and in the key of B. You emphasized that students use B as their “home tone”; that is, they were to use that pitch at least three times in the composition and also to end on the B. Your purpose, as a teacher, was to teach about and reinforce the concept of key centeredness (i.e., tonality), as well as to determine whether the students understood 3/4 time. A second – no less important – purpose for this assignment was to give children the chance to be creative in their approach to learning. You smile and nod as you listen to the ﬁrst ten or so compositions, all just a little diﬀerent, but mostly the same: clearly following the parameters that you set to create a simple, single line melody. But when you get to Nora’s song you are startled. Though she did write in 3/4 time and used the B as asked, she clearly experimented with several diﬀerent timbres and composed a jagged atonal melody full of wide leaps, accompanied by alternating loud/ soft tone clusters using an electronic-sounding timbre. It didn’t sound very “good” to you, yet it was somehow interesting. Was it a random mess? Or did Nora compose this song deliberately? How should it be graded? How do you respond to Nora? It certainly was not nearly as “neat” and tonally “centered” as the other student compositions. In fact, it was downright strange. You’re stuck with these questions, yet also intrigued by what Nora composed.
POTENTIAL STATE-LEVEL CARBON REVENUE UNDER THE CLEAN POWER PLAN

In 2015, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency issued the Clean Power Plan under which each state can set a mass-based target to meet its assigned electric power sector carbon dioxide emission reductions. If it proceeds, states can design policies to meet those requirements and also raise revenue via a carbon tax or cap-and-trade program with auctioned permits. We calculate each state's potential revenue and demonstrate its significance. In 13 states, carbon revenue could replace all of corporate tax revenue. In addition, we collect budget projections from six key states to determine if and how carbon revenue can substantially reduce deficits. While such revenue is not free money, we discuss its advantages over use of distortionary taxation. Finally, we consider distributional aspects and potential external fiscal effects on federal revenue. (JEL H2, H3, H7, Q5)
Anthropologists in Unexpected Places: Tracing Anthropological Theory, Practice, and Policy in Indians at Work

During the 1930s, anthropologists were frequent contributors to the periodical, Indians at Work, published by the Office of Indian Affairs (OIA). While the magazine's primary purpose was to chronicle American Indian participation in federal relief programs, it also served as a larger forum for publishing and reprinting ethnographic works authored by anthropologists about American Indian communities. As such, it was a key site for mid-twentieth-century disciplinary debates, particularly in regard to establishing the subfield of applied anthropology. The varied contributions expose differences regarding the purpose and goals of the discipline as well as growing tensions between anthropologists and the OIA about the application of disciplinary knowledge to governmental policy. These struggles reveal the difficulty anthropologists had in locating contemporary American Indian communities within the larger US nation-state. Critically, the magazine also provided a space for tribal members as well as Indigenous anthropologists to engage in debates regarding ethnographic (mis)representation. [history of anthropology, anthropological practice, Indigenous studies, United States]
Effects of calcium on setting mechanism of metakaolin-based geopolymer

Geopolymer setting is seen to be substantially accelerated by addition of calcium and the objective of this study was to determine the mechanism for this effect by examining metakaolin geopolymers with and without calcium. Solid-state 27Al NMR tests were used to examine the dissolution extent both qualitatively and quantitatively. Solid-state 29Si NMR tests were conducted to determine the amount and structure of each phase. Prior to the quantitative tests, chemical extractions were used to facilitate assignment of peaks in each spectrum. On addition of calcium, it was found that both the rate and the extent of metakaolin dissolution were enhanced. Accelerating dissolution increases the Al concentration in solution, thus reducing Si/Al available for geopolymer gel formation and further accelerating the gel formation to cause faster setting. Although C-A-S-H was observed in the calcium mix, no evidence indicated that it is directly involved in setting. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Precision Oncology: Between Vaguely Right and Precisely Wrong

Precision Oncology seeks to identify and target the mutation that drives a tumor. Despite its straightforward rationale, concerns about its effectiveness are mounting. What is the biological explanation for the "imprecision?" First, Precision Oncology relies on indiscriminate sequencing of genomes in biopsies that barely represent the heterogeneous mix of tumor cells. Second, findings that defy the orthodoxy of oncogenic "driver mutations" are now accumulating: the ubiquitous presence of oncogenic mutations in silent premalignancies or the dynamic switching without mutations between various cell phenotypes that promote progression. Most troublesome is the observation that cancer cells that survive treatment still will have suffered cytotoxic stress and thereby enter a stem cell-like state, the seeds for recurrence. The benefit of "precision targeting" of mutations is inherently limited by this counterproductive effect. These findings confirm that there is no precise linear causal relationship between tumor genotype and phenotype, a reminder of logician Carveth Read's caution that being vaguely right may be preferable to being precisely wrong. An open-minded embrace of the latest inconvenient findings indicating nongenetic and "imprecise" phenotype dynamics of tumors as summarized in this review will be paramount if Precision Oncology is ultimately to lead to clinical benefits. Cancer Res; 77(23); 6473-9. ©2017 AACR.
Making It Last: Storage Time and Temperature Have Differential Impacts on Metabolite Profiles of Airway Samples from Cystic Fibrosis Patients.

Metabolites of human or microbial origin have the potential to be important biomarkers of the disease state in cystic fibrosis (CF). Clinical sample collection and storage conditions may impact metabolite abundances with clinical relevance. We measured the change in metabolite composition based on untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) when CF sputum samples were stored at 4°C, -20°C, or -80°C with one or two freeze-thaw cycles. Daily measurements were taken for 1 week and then weekly for 4 weeks (4°C) and 8 weeks (-20°C). The metabolites in samples stored at -20°C maintained abundances similar to those found at-80°C over the course of 8 weeks (average change in Bray-Curtis distance, 0.06 ± 0.04) and were also stable after one or two freeze-thaw cycles. However, the metabolite profiles of samples stored at 4°C shifted after 1 day and continued to change over the course of 4 weeks (average change in Bray-Curtis distance, 0.31 ± 0.12). The abundances of several amino acids and other metabolites increased with time of storage at 4°C but remained constant at -20°C. Storage temperature was a significant factor driving the metabolite composition (permutational multivariate analysis of variance: r2 = 0.32 to 0.49, P < 0.001). CF sputum samples stored at -20°C at the time of sampling maintain a relatively stable untargeted GC-MS profile. Samples should be frozen on the day of collection, as more than 1 day at 4°C impacts the global composition of the metabolites in the sample. IMPORTANCE Metabolomics has great potential for uncovering biomarkers of the disease state in CF and many other contexts. However, sample storage timing and temperature may alter the abundance of clinically relevant metabolites. To assess whether existing samples are stable and to direct future study design, we conducted untargeted GC-MS metabolomic analysis of CF sputum samples after one or two freeze-thaw cycles and storage at 4°C and -20°C for 4 to 8 weeks. Overall, storage at -20°C and freeze-thaw cycles had little impact on metabolite profiles; however, storage at 4°C shifted metabolite abundances significantly. GC-MS profiling will aid in our understanding of the CF lung, but care should be taken in studies using sputum samples to ensure that samples are properly stored.
The Opioid Abuse Risk Screener predicts aberrant same-day urine drug tests and 1-year controlled substance database checks: A brief report.

The Opioid Abuse Risk Screener was developed to support well-informed decision-making in opioid analgesic prescribing by extending the breadth of psychiatric risk factors evaluated relative to othe...
LIMITS OF SOLUTIONS OF INTEGRODIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses limits of solutions of integrodifferential equations. It is not assumed that all solutions of differential equations are bounded on 1R1 however, only the behavior of t → ∞ of those solutions that are bounded on 1R1 is studied. The study of the bounded solutions of differential equation on 1R1 is subsumed under the study of bounded solutions of some differential equations. The chapter also presents the investigation of some possibilities for the asymptotic behavior of a bounded solution, x(t) under a variety of assumed structures on the set of some bounded solutions.
General Relativity and Time in the Solar System

Astronomers are concerned with the measurement of time rather than with its philosophical definition [5, 9]. They have arrived at several different time-measures which I will briefly describe. A clock is a time-measuring device, and a “natural clock” is provided by a recurrent natural phenomenon such as the periodic passage of the Sun across the observer’s meridian. A “man-made clock” is a device constructed by man which produces a repetitive phenomenon. It might be a dial with a rotating pointer that passes over marks made on the rim of the dial. A natural, and a man-made, clock proceed at the same rate if the natural phenomenon recurs at the same reading of the man-made clock.
Rheological Tuning of Entangled Polymer Networks by Transient Cross-links.

The remarkable functionalities of transiently cross-linked, biopolymer networks are increasingly becoming translated into synthetic materials for biomedical and materials science applications. Various computational and theoretical models, representing different transient cross-linking mechanisms, have been proposed to mimic biological and synthetic polymer networks, and to interpret experimental measurements of rheological, transport, and self-repair properties. Herein, we employ molecular dynamics simulations of a baseline entangled polymer melt coupled with parametrized affinities for binding and unbinding of transient cross-links (CLs). From these assumptions alone, we determine the emergent CL mean density and fluctuations, and the induced rheology, across the 2-parameter space of binding and unbinding affinities for a moderately long chain, entangled the polymer melt. For sufficiently weak (short-lived) CLs, nonmonotonicity emerges with respect to the affinity to form CLs: the stress relaxation, visc...
Origin and Mechanism of Evolution of Antifreeze Glycoproteins in Polar Fishes

The frigid waters of the polar oceans delimit the cold extreme for marine life. This is particularly true in the case of the thermally isolated Antarctic Ocean which is perpetually near or at freezing (−1.9 °C) due to the thermal barrier imposed by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current [1]. The most fundamental survival challenge faced by teleost fishes in these waters is a physical one — the threat of being frozen. The body fluids of marine teleosts including polar species are hyposmotic to sea water, 300–600 mOsM [2,3] versus 1000 mOsM, and thus have a higher colligative freezing point than the latter, −0.56 °C to −1.1 °C versus −1.86 °C. By these simple physical considerations alone, freezing death would be unavoidable especially in the presence of ice. Unlike some reptiles and amphibians, fish cannot survive even partial freezing of their body fluids. A number of polar and subpolar fishes had overcome this environmental challenge with a biological solution — they evolved ice-binding antifreeze proteins which enabled them to successfully colonize icy habitats that were otherwise out of their reach. The impact of the evolution of these unique antifreezing proteins on organismal and ecological success is manifested most strikingly in the case of the Antarctic notothenioid fishes — a single teleost suborder (Notothenioidei) that has come to dominate today’s Antarctic fish fauna in terms of species number (∼50%) and biomass (≥90%) [2,4, 5, 6].
Chapter 10: Transnational Civil Society Dialogues

Among the most interesting features of the New Transatlantic Agenda are the initiatives that are designed to link private actors and enable them to influence official policy making. Called "building bridges across the Atlantic" or "people-to-people links," these initiatives are intended to generate broad-based support for intergovernmental cooperation in trade liberalization, deregulation, immigration, justice, and a host of other areas (Wayne 1998; Krenzler 1998). This chapter surveys the efforts to institutionalize transatlantic civil society dialogue and offers suggestions on how the undertaking can be improved.
Integrated Fluorescence and Scanning Microwave Microscopy: Nano-Imaging with “Proof of Life”

We demonstrate imaging using scanning microwave microscopy (SMM) of vital single cells in salt buffer. HeLa cells are cultured on 130 μm glass cover slips and left overnight in the incubator for optimal attachment. We verify that the cells are “alive” by measuring the membrane potential of mitochondrial using a voltage sensitive fluorescent dye (TMRE). The cells are measured capacitively at 7 GHz. We further track SMM map changes by adding digitonin-a detergent solution- to cells that would empty out cell content by creating holes on the plasma membrane. This paper represents a dramatic improvement of the technique of scanning microwave microscopy by integrating it with simultaneous fluorescence images of living cells to obtain “proof of life” via fluorescence imaging of HeLa cells which are simultaneously imaged via SMM. This integration and combination of the two techniques (fluorescence microscopy and scanning microwave microscopy) should enable the entire fluorescence bioimaging technology to be combined with SMM for simultaneous optical and SMM images of biological processes.
Optimized Permanent Magnet Motor Control for Electric Submersible Pumps Using LV ASDs

Advancements in motor technology are leading to the increased use of permanent magnet motors (PM motors) in a variety of applications. One of these applications is electric submersible pumps because this technology brings several benefits over conventional induction motors. When permanent magnet motors are combined with adjustable speed drives, there are further benefits, particularly when the drive utilizes sensorless flux oriented control of these synchronous machines rather than the typical volts per hertz control. This paper will go into detail on this new technology and the benefits which are realized with its use.
Public Debt, Interest Rates, and Negative Shocks

Debt-to-GDP ratios across developed economies are at historically high levels, and government borrowing rates remain persistently low. Blanchard (2019) provides evidence that the fiscal costs and welfare costs are low of increased government debt in low interest rate environments. This paper attempts to replicate Blanchard's main results and tests their robustness to key assumptions about risk in the model. This study finds that Blanchard's stated approach results in no long-run average welfare gains from increased government debt and that those welfare losses are exacerbated if some strong risk-reducing assumptions are relaxed to more realistic values.
Predicting Afrobeats Hit Songs Using Spotify Data.

This study approached the Hit Song Science problem with the aim of predicting which songs in the Afrobeats genre will become popular among Spotify listeners. A dataset of 2063 songs was generated through the Spotify Web API, with the provided audio features. Random Forest and Gradient Boosting algorithms proved to be successful with approximately F1 scores of 86%.
JASTA: In an Era of Fake News, Publicity Infused Terror, and a Directive from Congress

Scholars have addressed the various forms of potential liability under the Antiterrorism Act ("ATA"), particularly on financial entities such as banks that frequently engage in international affairs. However, no academic article has explained the implications surrounding the recent amendment to the ATA, the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act ("JASTA"), and the potential for secondary liability within our nation's media industry. This piece addresses the interconnection between terrorism and publicity, a relationship that is largely cause-and-effect in nature. The article discusses how a JASTA suit claiming secondary liability would function, especially considering the holding in Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project, where the Supreme Court impeded speech in the name of national security. Moreover, this piece considers the constitutional influences on a suit of this nature, amid an era where free speech has arguably never been more revered, as evidenced in the monumental case, Snyder v. Phelps. In sum, this article narrows in on a compelling issue, under a controversial provision, in an effort to bring attention to the troublesome nature of both, the law and the current state of our nation’s media outlets.
7RECENT Advances in Endoscopic Treatments for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

There is a growing interest in minimally invasive approaches to the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), including endoscopic GERD therapy. This review evaluates available endoscopic therapeutic options utilized in GERD management. Application of radiofrequency energy at the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) reduces reflux symptoms, but esophageal acid exposure does not necessarily normalize, and esophageal sensation is compromised. Two approaches to the creation of a valve at the EGJ, the Medigus ultrasonic surgical stapler (ultrasound guided stapling of the gastric fundus to the EGJ) and EsophyX (fasteners to create a 270 ° partial fundoplication), improve symptoms and reduce esophageal acid burden, but long-term durability remains unknown. Endoscopic management is widely utilized for GERD complications. Selecting the appropriate patient is key for therapeutic success with endoscopic GERD therapy. Patients with minimally disrupted EGJ barrier (< 2 cm hiatus hernia) and intact esophageal peristalsis are optimal candidates.
Smart Resource Allocation Advisor in the Cloud for COVID-19 and Other Pandemics

Deployment of scarce resources is a critical issue for especially large-scale outbreaks of infectious diseases. During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare providers are facing the challenges of significant shortages of limited resources such as testing, personal protective equipment (PPE), hospital beds, ICU s, medications and ventilators because of the dramatic increase in the number of patients. Therefore, in this study, we develop “a general smart resource allocation advisor in the cloud” that determines the smart allocation of the scarce resources with respect to the pandemic severity level, from low to very severe, to mitigate and control the spread of the disease. Portfolio model of cost-benefit analysis is used to identify the low cost-high benefit allocations of the resources to focus on more and high cost-low benefit allocations to avoid as well. Therefore, this model provides healthcare providers useful insights about their resource allocations to be more responsive to their patients and control the transmission of the virus.
Type I IFNs facilitate innate immune control of the opportunistic bacteria Burkholderia cenocepacia in the macrophage cytosol

The mammalian immune system is constantly challenged by signals from both pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes. Many of these non-pathogenic microbes have pathogenic potential if the immune system is compromised. The importance of type I interferons (IFNs) in orchestrating innate immune responses to pathogenic microbes has become clear in recent years. However, the control of opportunistic pathogens-and especially intracellular bacteria-by type I IFNs remains less appreciated. In this study, we use the opportunistic, Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Burkholderia cenocepacia (Bc) to show that type I IFNs are capable of limiting bacterial replication in macrophages, preventing illness in immunocompetent mice. Sustained type I IFN signaling through cytosolic receptors allows for increased expression of autophagy and linear ubiquitination mediators, which slows bacterial replication. Transcriptomic analyses and in vivo studies also show that LPS stimulation does not replicate the conditions of intracellular Gram-negative bacterial infection as it pertains to type I IFN stimulation or signaling. This study highlights the importance of type I IFNs in protection against opportunistic pathogens through innate immunity, without the need for damaging inflammatory responses.