cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cadmium Exposure Disrupts Periodontal Bone in Experimental Animals: Implications for Periodontal Disease in Humans

Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental contaminant that damages the kidney, the liver, and bones. Some epidemiological studies showed associations between Cd exposure and periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between Cd exposure and periodontal disease in experimental animals. Male Sprague/Dawley rats were given daily subcutaneous injections of Cd (0.6 mg/kg/day) for up to 12 weeks. The animals were euthanized, and their mandibles and maxillae were evaluated for levels of periodontal bone by measuring the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar bone crest (ABC) of the molar roots. After 12 weeks of Cd exposure in animals, there was a significantly greater distance between the CEJ and ABC in the palatal aspect of the maxillary molars and the lingual aspect of the mandibular molars when compared with controls (p < 0.0001). This study shows that Cd has significant, time-dependent effects on periodontal bone in an animal model of Cd exposure. These findings support the possibility of Cd being a contributing factor to the development of periodontal disease in humans.
Stability of steady vortices and new equilibrium flows from "Imperfect-Velocity-Impulse" diagrams

In 1875, Lord Kelvin proposed an energy-based argument for determining the stability of steady inviscid flows [1]. While the key underpinnings of the method are well established, its practical use has been the subject of extensive debate. In this work, we draw on ideas from dynamical systems and imperfection theory to construct a methodology that represents a rigorous implementation of Kelvin’s argument. Besides yielding stability properties, which are found to be in precise agreement with the results of linear analysis, our approach also implicitly yields new bifurcated solutions branches, as we shall describe below.
An Agricultural Revolution in the Lower Great Lakes

Until relatively recent times the earliest evidence of prehistoric agriculture in the Great Lakes region came from components representing the proto-Iroquoian Princess Point Complex of southwestern Ontario. However, subsequent research has revealed earlier evidence of plant husbandry by proto-Iroquoian peoples in northwestern Ohio and southeastern Michigan, who represent the late Middle Woodland to early Late Woodland of the Western Basin Tradition.
Cholera Toxin, Adenylate Cyclase, and the Process of Active Secretion in the Small Intestine: The Pathogenesis of Diarrhea in Cholera

Profuse diarrhea occurs in enteric V. cholerae infection because these bacteria release a protein which activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase in intestinal epithelial cells. The resulting increase in the cellular concentration of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (c-AMP) stimulates the active secretion of water and electrolytes. Thus cholera toxin has two quite different, although causally related, effects on membrane function: It enhances the activity of the membrane-bound enzyme adenylate cyclase; and as a consequence of the resulting increase in cellular c-AMP, it alters the active ion transport processes of the intestinal epithelium so that net absorption disappears and net secretion develops. These two toxin-induced
Specific cleavage of 28S ribosomal RNA in murine coronavirus-infected cells.

Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a prototypic Coronavirus, causes gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tract illnesses in animals and man. The 32 kb-long MHV genome is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA (Lai et al 1981, Lee et al 1991) that encodes 11 open reading frames, expressed through the production of a genomic-size and six to eight species of subgenomic mRNAs (Lai et al 1981). Genomic-size mRNA encodes the 5’-most 22 kb-long gene 1, which encodes the RNA Polymerase function (Lee et al 1991). MHV contains three envelope proteins, S, M and E proteins. S protein binds to the Coronavirus receptor (Dveskler et al 1991). M and E proteins are important for the formation of the MHV envelope (Kim et al 1997).
Historical Seismicity – Paleoseismology

Paleoseismology is the study of prehistoric or preinstrumental earthquakes. Paleoearthquakes are recognized by observations and analyses of geologic or environmental conditions within fault zones or in tectonically or seismically active regions. Paleoseismic data provide information about earthquakes over scales of time and magnitude that are useful for seismic hazard assessment, and essential for understanding long-term rupture patterns of faults. Important models of fault behavior that are based on paleoseismic data include segmentation, characteristic earthquakes, and time- or slip-predictable recurrence models. Paleoseismic data are applied to estimate magnitudes of past earthquakes, forecasting the locations and magnitudes of future earthquakes, and identifying areas susceptible to fault rupture. Recent advances in paleoseismology include developing chronologies of more than 10 surface ruptures for major faults such as the San Andreas Fault, and reducing uncertainty in slip rates and dates of paleoearthquakes from advances in geochronology methods.
Creatinine- versus cystatin C-based renal function assessment in the Northern Manhattan Study.

Background Accurate glomerular filtration rate estimation informs drug dosing and risk stratification. Body composition heterogeneity influences creatinine production and the precision of creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFRcr) in the elderly. We compared chronic kidney disease (CKD) categorization using eGFRcr and cystatin C-based estimated GFR (eGFRcys) in an elderly, racially/ethnically diverse cohort to determine their concordance. Methods The Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS) is a predominantly elderly, multi-ethnic cohort with a primary aim to study cardiovascular disease epidemiology. We included participants with concurrently measured creatinine and cystatin C. eGFRcr was calculated using the CKD-EPI 2009 equation. eGFRcys was calculated using the CKD-EPI 2012 equation. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of factors associated with reclassification from eGFRcr≥60ml/min/1.73m2 to eGFRcys Results Participants (n = 2988, mean age 69±10yrs) were predominantly Hispanic, female, and overweight/obese. eGFRcys was lower than eGFRcr by mean 23mL/min/1.73m2. 51% of participants' CKD status was discordant, and only 28% maintained the same CKD stage by both measures. Most participants (78%) had eGFRcr≥60mL/min/1.73m2; among these, 64% had eGFRcys 65 years, obesity, current smoking, white race, and female sex. Conclusions In a large, multiethnic, elderly cohort, we found a highly discrepant prevalence of CKD with eGFRcys versus eGFRcr. Determining the optimal method to estimate GFR in elderly populations needs urgent further study to improve risk stratification and drug dosing.
Urban Design as a Collective Enterprise: The Challenge of Housing Development in Memphis (TN, USA)

This paper uses three theoretical frameworks to critically reflect on the outcomes and implications of an urban design process stemming from an action research planning experience. The process, foc...
Valvular Pulmonic Stenosis

Valvular pulmonic stenosis is a relatively common congenital lesion occurring in approximately 7% of all patients with congenital heart disease. Isolated PS is the second most common congenital cardiac defect and represents the overwhelming majority (80–90%) of the lesions which cause RV outflow obstruction. This chapter describes the anatomy and physiology of this disease, and the options and indications for surgical or percutaneous intervention in adult patients.
A Hybrid ΔΣ/Nyquist Rate Switched Capacitor Power Amplifier in 65nm CMOS

This paper presents a new hybrid-mode SCPA that segments a traditional SCPA into two segments. An LSB C-2C sub-array is modulated using a $\Delta \Sigma $ modulator (DSM) connected in parallel with a Nyquist-rate unary MSB array. This technique enables a hybrid SCPA (H-SCPA) that can achieve a higher bandwidth than a traditional DSM DAC, while achieving a higher resolution than a traditional Nyquist DAC. A prototype design is implemented in 65nm CMOS and post-extracted simulation results validate the performance of the H-SCPA. The H-SCPA achieves a peak output power of 23.5 dBm and a peak system efficiency of 48% at an operating frequency of 2.8 GHz. When amplifying a 20 MHz, 64 QAM, OFDM signal, the average output power and system efficiency at 2.8 GHz are 17.4 dBm and 24.9 %, respectively, while achieving an error vector magnitude (EVM) of 1.9 %-rms and meeting the spectral mask requirements.
Single-Submodule Open-Circuit Fault Diagnosis for a Modular Multi-level Converter Using Artificial Intelligent-based Techniques

Modular multi-level converters (MMCs) are one of the promising topologies in recent years for medium or high voltage applications. They are considered as the next generation DC/AC converters for medium/high voltage (MV/HV) motor drive applications due to their transform-less structures, high efficiency and modularity. Reliability is one of the most important challenges in MMCs, since a large number of power switching devices are used and each of these devices can be considered as a potential failure point. It is significant to detect and locate the fault accurately and apply appropriate protections in a timely manner. This paper investigates the behavior of the failure submodules and healthy submodules and use artificial neural network (ANN) classification algorithms for single-submodule open-circuit fault diagnosis. The ANN algorithm is implemented in field programmable gate array (FPGA) and the ANN parameters training is completed offline in Matlab. Experimental results of the proposed fault diagnosis for a single-module open-circuit fault are presented in this paper.
Barriers to Utilizing Medicaid Smoking Cessation Benefits.

Introduction. Smoking is the number one preventable cause of deathin the United States. Under the Affordable Care Act, Kansas Medicaidcovers all seven FDA-approved smoking cessation therapies.However, it is estimated only 3% of Kansas Medicaid smokers usetreatment compared to the national estimate of 10%. The objectiveis to determine systemic barriers in place that prevent optimal utilizationof Medicaid smoking cessation benefits among KU MedicalCenter Internal Medicine patients. Methods. For this quality improvement project, a population of 169Kansas Medicaid smokers was identified who had been seen at the KUInternal Medicine Clinic from January 1, 2015 - February 16, 2016.Phone surveys were completed with 62 individuals about smokingstatus, interest in using smoking cessation treatment options, andawareness of Medicaid coverage of treatment. Results. Of the 62 respondents, 24 (39%) were prescribed pharmacotherapyand 41 (66%) were interested in using smoking cessationtreatment. There were eight who had quit smoking. Of the remaining54 smokers, 31 (57%) were unaware that Medicaid would coverpharmacotherapy. Of 24 participants who received a prescription forpharmacotherapy, 13 (54%) were able to fill the prescription at no costusing the Medicaid benefit. Conclusion. The majority of respondents were interested in usingsmoking cessation treatment, yet three main barriers existed to usingMedicaid smoking cessation benefits: physicians not prescribingtreatment to patients, patients not aware of Medicaid coverage, andinadequate pharmacy filling. Improved physician and patient awarenessof Medicaid coverage will facilitate more patients receivingsmoking cessation therapy and ultimately quitting smoking.KS J Med 2017;10(4):88-91.
An Algorithmic Approach To Solving B = BCX + YAB Using Quotient Spaces

One well-known necessary and sufficient condition for equality in the Frobenius rank inequality due to Tian and Styan is that the matrix equation B = BCX + YAB be solvable for X and Y. We develop an algorithm to construct the matrices X and Y using a quotient space formulation of the Frobenius rank inequality, and provide several necessary and sufficient conditions for solvability.
Experiencing Diversity: Complexity, Education, and Peace Construction

The relationship with diversity is one of the basic aspects of human experience. In the present contribution, a broad definition of diversity is proposed, which includes, but is not limited to, cultural diversity. The analysis of the experience of diversity is especially focused on children’s attitudes and behavior. The role of education is also highlighted. Though education is generally considered by the author in its broad sense, namely, as the sum of all the elements of reality that in one way or another affect human development, a special emphasis here is given to school. The main assumption of this chapter is that complexity, diversity, education, and peace construction are intimately interrelated. Diversity is one of the essential components of complexity, and considerations regarding the reality of complexity should be the prerequisite of any educational program and of any effort toward peace construction. These reflections partly draw on a number of studies (especially through the use of anonymous open-ended essays) we conducted in Italian secondary schools on children’s (aged 9–18) attitudes toward multiculturalism. Some suggestions are also prompted by a brief analysis of a passage from the Australian novel My Place by Sally Morgan.
Virtual-Source Modeling of N-polar GaN MISHEMTS

Nitrogen-polar (N-polar) Gallium Nitride (GaN) deep-recess high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) have demonstrated exceptional power density (8 W/mm) and high efficiency at 30 and 94 GHz. Unlike the conventional Galliumpolar GaN which have typical Silicon Nitride passivation, the Npolar deep-recess structure has a GaN cap layer added in the access region of the transistor to enhance the conductivity while reducing the DC-to-RF dispersion. Previously, the MIT virtual source (VS) model has been proposed as a physics-based approach to modeling Ga-polar devices. This work investigates the application of the VS model to N-polar GaN HEMTs. We present a comparison of DC-IV between the developed model and a fabricated device to demonstrate good agreement.
Plasticity in gene expression facilitates invasion of the desert environment in house mice

Abstract Understanding how organisms adapt to new environments is a key problem in evolution, yet it remains unclear whether phenotypic plasticity generally facilitates or hinders this process. Here we studied the evolved and plastic responses to water stress in lab-born descendants of wild house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) collected from desert and non-desert environments. Using a full sib design, we measured organismal phenotypes and gene expression under normal (hydrated) and water stressed (dehydrated) conditions. After many generations in the lab, mice from the desert consumed significantly less water than mice from other localities, indicating that this difference has a genetic basis. Under water stress, desert mice lost less weight than non-desert mice, and desert mice exhibited differences in blood chemistry related to osmoregulatory function. Gene expression in the kidney revealed evolved differences between mice from different environments as well as plastic responses between hydrated and dehydrated mice. Desert mice showed reduced gene expression plasticity under water stress compared to non-desert mice. Importantly, the non-desert mice generally showed shifts towards desert-like expression under water stress, consistent with adaptive plasticity. Finally, patterns of gene expression identified several candidate genes for adaptation to the desert, including Aqp1 and Apoe. These findings provide evidence for local adaptation in a recently introduced species and suggest that adaptive plasticity may have facilitated the colonization of the desert environment.
Constituent Power and the Legitimacy of International Organizations: The Constitution of Supranationalism

This book develops a constitutional theory of international organization to explain the legitimation of supranational organizations. Supranational organizations play a key role in contemporary global governance, but recent events like Brexit and the threat by South Africa to withdraw from the International Criminal Court suggest that their legitimacy continues to generate contentious debates in many countries. Rethinking international organization as a constitutional problem, Oates argues that it is the representation of the constituent power of a constitutional order, that is, the collective subject in whose name authority is wielded, which explains the legitimation of supranational authority. Comparing the cases of the European Union, the World Trade Organization, and the International Criminal Court, Oates shows that the constitution of supranationalism is far from a functional response to the pressures of interdependence but a value-laden struggle to define the proper subject of global governance. The book will be of interest to students and scholars of international organization and those working in the broader fields of global governance and general International Relations theory. It should also be of interest to international legal scholars, particularly those focused on questions related to global constitutionalism.
Skilled crafting at Cahokia's Fingerhut Tract

This paper presents material and spatial evidence on skilled crafting from a series of archaeological investigations at the Fingerhut Tract, located in the western portion of the Mississippian peri...
Spiritual Geographies of Displacement and Resilience

Experiences of displacement extend well beyond the disruptive or disorienting effects of physical movement from one place to another—there are profound spiritual implications as well. Christensen and Madsen assemble into dialogue three principal channels in the conceptualisation of spiritual forms of displacement: (1) the geographies of home as a place of spiritual or ontological belonging; (2) the spiritual dimensions of involuntary migration; and, (3) the spiritual displacement of Indigenous peoples in settler colonial contexts. These literatures scaffold the development of a conceptual understanding of spiritual displacement as material, ontological, and both spatially and temporally mobile. They also reveal myriad examples of the ways in which, despite physical displacement, spiritual connections with (home)lands are actively maintained and allow for forms of resilience through spiritual emplacement.
HCC: role of pre- and post-treatment tumor biology in driving adverse outcomes and rare responses to therapy

Liver cancer is the fastest-growing cause of cancer deaths in the United States and is a complex disease. The response of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to treatment can be variable. Predicting response to determine the most effective therapy is an active area of research. Our understanding of underlying factors which drive response to therapy is continually increasing. As more therapies for the treatment of this disease evolve, it is crucial to identify and match the ideal therapy for a particular tumor and patient. The potential predicative imaging features of tumor behavior, while of research interest, have not been validated for clinical use and do not currently inform treatment planning. If further validated though, prognostic features may be used in the future to personalize treatment plans according to individual patients and tumors. Unexpected post-treatment responses such as potential tumor biology changes and abscopal effect which are important to be aware of. This review is intended for radiologists who routinely interpret post treatment HCC imaging and is designed to increase their cognizance about how HCC tumor biology drives response to therapy and explore rare responses to therapy.
The dynamics of real asset prices, the real exchange rate, trade reforms and foreign capital inflows

Abstract This paper explores the dynamics of real asset prices in Chile in the last 15 years, in a framework where a central role is played by the real exchange rate, tariffs, and foreign capital inflows. Working with time series models, the real prices of land, capital (stocks) and housing, the empirical results show that, at a time when structural reforms took place (1976–1982), including a trade liberalization, tariffs contributed significantly to explain the real price of land, while macroeconomic conditions were dominated by foreign capital inflows. After 1982, the real exchange rate plays a key role in many respects.
Liar, Liar, Hard Drive on Fire: How Media Context Affects Lying Behavior

This study investigated frequency of deception when getting to know a stranger face to face or using computer-mediated technologies. Same-sex pairs of undergraduate participants engaged in 15-min conversations using e-mail, instant messenger, or speaking face to face. Afterward, target participants reviewed transcripts of their conversations and recorded inaccuracies. The results showed increased deception in the computer conditions, compared to the face-to-face condition, with the most lies found in e-mail messages. Lie content, rationale, and type were also affected by the communication medium. The findings suggest that it may be normative to distort reality online. jasp_827 2492..2507 Technological advances in the last two decades have produced considerable changes in methods of interpersonal communication. Both e-mail and instant messenger (IM) programs now allow for quick personal messaging, supplanting both traditional postal mail and often even face-to-face conversations, as means of communication. Although both e-mail and IM use electronic digital transmission, they differ in how they are used. Whereas e-mail is generally used for asynchronous communication, IM has been developed specifically to allow users to have text conversations back and forth in real time. Although both e-mail and IM are ubiquitous (estimates are that there will be close to 3 billion e-mail accounts and 1.6 billion IM accounts by the start of the next decade), relatively little is known about the consequences of their use, as well as how they differ from typical, face-to-face (FtF) communication (Radicati Group, 2007). One domain in which the various communication modalities may differ involves interpersonal deception. Increasing evidence has shown that in FtF conversations, verbal deception is a common part of our everyday interactions with others. For example, Feldman, Forrest, and Happ (2002) found that most people lied at least once during 10-min FtF conversations, with an
Hepatosplenic αβ T-Cell Lymphoma: A Report of an S100-Positive Case

Abstract Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma is an uncommon neoplasm characterized by a lymphoid infiltrate within the sinusoids of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, without significant nodal involveme...
Seismic performance evaluation of high voltage disconnect switches using real‐time hybrid simulation: I. System development and validation

SUMMARY This paper presents the development and validation of a real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) system for efficient dynamic testing of high voltage electrical vertical-break disconnect switches. The RTHS system consists of the computational model of the support structure, the physical model of the insulator post, a small shaking table, a state-of-the-art controller, a data acquisition system and a digital signal processor. Explicit Newmark method is adopted for the numerical integration of the governing equations of motion of the hybrid structure, which consists of an insulator post (experimental substructure) and a spring-mass-dashpot system representing the support structure (analytical substructure). Two of the unique features of the developed RTHS system are the application of an efficient feed-forward error compensation scheme and the ability to use integration time steps as small as 1 ms. After the development stage, proper implementation of the algorithm and robustness of the measurements used in the calculations are verified. The developed RTHS system is further validated by comparing the RTHS test results with those from a conventional shaking table test. A companion paper presents and discusses a parametric study for a variety of geometrical and material configurations of these switches using the developed RTHS system. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solar energetic particle cutoff variations during the 29-31 October 2003 geomagnetic storm

[1] At low latitudes to midlatitudes the Earth's magnetic field usually shields the upper atmosphere and spacecraft in low Earth orbit from solar energetic particles (SEPs). During severe geomagnetic storms, distortion of the Earth's field suppresses geomagnetic shielding, allowing SEPs access to the midlatitudes. A case study of the 26–31 October 2003 solar-geomagnetic event is used to examine how a severe geomagnetic storm affects SEP access to the Earth. Geomagnetic cutoffs are numerically determined in model geomagnetic fields using code developed by the Center for Integrated Space Weather Modeling (CISM) at Dartmouth College. The CISM-Dartmouth geomagnetic cutoff model is being used in conjunction with the High Energy and Charge Transport code (HZETRN) at the NASA Langley Research Center to develop a real-time data-driven prediction of radiation exposure at commercial airline altitudes. In this work, cutoff rigidities are computed on global grids and along several high-latitude flight routes before and during the geomagnetic storm. It is found that significant variations in SEP access to the midlatitudes and high latitudes can occur on time scales of an hour or less in response to changes in the solar wind dynamic pressure and interplanetary magnetic field. The maximum suppression of the cutoff is ∼1 GV occurring in the midlatitudes during the main phase of the storm. The cutoff is also significantly suppressed by the arrival of an interplanetary shock. The maximum suppression of the cutoff due to the shock is approximately one half of the maximum suppression during the main phase of the storm.
Cell Surface Glycoproteins of Human Tumor Cell Lines: Unusual Characteristics of Malignant Melanoma

Cell surface glycoproteins of human tumor cell lines (melanomas and astrocytomas, and ovarian, bladder, stomach, cervical, laryngeal, and renal cancers) were studied by labelling with 1) neuraminidase-galactose oxidase-[3H]borohydride, 2) galactose oxidase-[3H]borohydride, and 3) dilute periodate-[3H]borohydride. The labeled components were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. Each tumor type had a distinctive pattern of labeled glycoproteins when the results from both procedures 1 and 2 were considered. Cell surface glycoproteins of malignant melanoma could not be labeled by procedure 2, whereas the other cell lines had at least two major glycoproteins that could be labeled by this method. Very similar profiles of melanoma glycoproteins were labeled by procedures 1 and 3. From these results the conclusion was reached that cell surface glycoproteins of melanomas are substituted with sialic acid so that their D-galactose and/or N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues are available for oxidation by galactose oxidase only after neuraminidase treatment. An alternative explanation that these sugars are sterically accessible to galactose oxidase only after neuraminidase treatment also has to be considered. All melanoma lines studied were characterized by having two major cell surface glycoproteins with molecular weights of 110,000 and 90,000, respectively. Lines, however, varied considerably in their expression of other components. In particular, heterogeneity was shown in the expression of gp220, a component identified as fibronectin by immunoprecipitation with a specific antiserum, and in the expression of gp37/32, a pair of glycoproteins having the characteristics of la-like antigens. Of the other cell lines studied, astrocytomas most closely resembled melanoma in their glycoprotein profiles. The brain tumors, however, had two or three glycoproteins, including gp110, which could be labeled by galactose oxidase-[3H]borohydride without neuraminidase treatment.
Oxygen diffusion through dielectrics: A critical parameter in high critical temperature superconductors multilayer technology

We have studied the relative diffusion rates of oxygen through dielectric/buffer layers used in high critical temperature superconducting multilayer structures. Epitaxial bilayer films of dielectric (CeO2, LaGaO3, NdGaO3, LaAlO3, MgO, SrTiO3, LaLiTi2O6, or LaNaTi2O6) on YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) have been deposited onto (001) oriented single-crystal MgO substrates using pulsed laser deposition. These bilayers have been investigated for oxygen diffusion over the temperature range 350 to 650 °C by postdeposition annealing the films for 20 min in 0.5 atm of 18O enriched molecular oxygen gas. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy was used to depth profile the relative concentration of 18O to 16O in each bilayer. Compared to YBCO, the dielectrics MgO, SrTiO3, LaLiTi2O6, and LaNaTi2O6 are relatively slow diffusers, while CeO2, LaGaO3, NdGaO3, and LaAlO3 are relatively fast diffusers.
UTILIZATION OF INFORMATION IN A SOCIAL-TRAP SITUATION

To determine if overuse of a common resource pool in a social trap was associated with the consumers' failure to give sufficient cognitive weighting to the importance of the long-term consequences of their actions, using a simulated social trap, groups of subjects played a resource management game of 15 or 40 rounds in which the value of the long-term consequence was to be multiplied by one of four weighting factors (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0). The data were consistent with the hypothesis. Implications of this cognitive approach to research on social traps were discussed.
A Note on the Russian Aspects

T HE elementary student of Russian, if he is not a trained philologist, is puzzled at the very beginning by the peculiarities in the use of the Russian aspects. The noun is for him merely a complicated declension which differs in degree but not in kind from that which we see in German, Latin, and Greek, but the verb introduces elements which seem extremely alien to our methods of thought. The present note is not intended to do more than give certain guides to the problem for practical use. In old Russian, prior to the sixteenth century, there do exist imperfects and aorists which function in a manner similar to the corresponding tenses in the other Indo-European languages. These dropped out and when the first reform of Russian took place in the seventeenth century survived only in the Russian Church Slavonic. In the eighteenth century, when the grammar was standardized on the model of Latin and the Latin terminology was adopted, they were definitely removed from the colloquial language as taught at the time. The grammarians, seeing the developed Latin tensesystem, sought for a substitute in their own language and achieved this by a fitting of the aspects into the tense-system to supply the future by the present of the perfective aspect. This is all very well so far as it goes, but a careful study of such a book as Mazon's Aspects du verbe russe will show that there are a large number of cases where the aspects have preserved something of their original meaning, even in the Russian classics of the nineteenth century. The original difference between the imperfective and perfective aspects is very similar to that which we find between the Greek perfect and aorist subjunctives and optatives and between the imperfect and aorist indicatives. The imperfective aspects represent a continuing process. The perfectives are without any durative sense and view the action as a mere puncture in eternity. They do not even imply completion of an action, except in so far as the mere naming of an action implies that it is carried through to completion. They merely state the fact of seeing, reading, etc., without comment or implication. Since the present is a rapidly passing instant, the use of the present perfective implies either the past or the future and it is from this circumstance, that the grammarians of the eighteenth century boldly equated the form with the future. We have the same tendency in the simple present in English but we use it so rarely that we do not think of it normally and rapidly. The following rough sketch of the relations between the English forms and the Russian is based on practical experience and will supply perhaps eighty per cent correctness in the use of the Russian aspects. It is not based on the history of the usage of these aspects.
The Subscription Agent as E-journal Intermediary

A library uses a subscription agent to consolidate orders, invoices, and payments. The agent, in turn, pays the publisher directly on behalf of many libraries, while the library enjoys the product. This middleman (intermediary) role is one that can benefit libraries for both their electronic and print subscriptions. While the changing role of the subscription agent is well documented, the authors' focus describes subscription agent management of electronic journals through a review of the available literature, service providers, and their own professional experiences.
Investigation of velocities in a 12‐foot rectangular flume

From a series of measurements made in the 12-foot wide rectangular flume at the National Hydraulic Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards, information was obtained in regard to the distribution of velocities in a cross-section with respect to the manner in which the velocities near the sides differed from the velocities in the central part of the flume, also in regard to the variations in velocities from point to point in the vertical depth. This information was used in connection with the laboratory-project conducted by the Water-Resources Branch of the Geological Survey in the investigation of current-meter performance in measurements of the velocity of water in shallow depths.
Multimedia search: Past and current approaches

Summary form only given. After 15 years of extensive research efforts, multimedia retrieval has final come to its prime time when everything becomes accessible on the Web. However, Web search both provides a new paradigm and poses challenge to multimedia retrieval research. It calls for a rethinking of the traditional content-based approaches, especially in how to make use the massive but noisy meta-data associated with Web pages and links. In this talk, we will first review some familiar approaches in content-based multimedia retrieval and examine their limits. We will then present a few new efforts in web multimedia search to illustrate some new thoughts in this space.
Urban form and air quality in the United States

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the relationship between urban spatial structure and air quality in the United States. By using urban landscape metrics framework, we empirically examine whether fragmentary and sprawling urban patterns are associated with low air quality. We develop an algorithm to correct for biases within the urban landscape metrics in the United States. Controlling for demographic variables and economic activity, we find a strong relationship between the type and pattern of development and pollutant levels. The finding is not biased by the presence of relatively rural counties in the dataset suggesting that paying close attention to the urban form might have some implications for air quality.
Linkage analysis of sex determination in the honey bee (Apis mellifera)

A colony-level phenotype was used to map the major sex determination locus (designatedX) in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Individual queen bees (reproductive females) were mated to single drones (fertile males) by instrumental insemination. Haploid drone progeny of an F1 queen were each backcrossed to daughter queens from one of the parental lines. Ninety-eight of the resulting colonies containing backcross progeny were evaluated for the trait ‘low brood-viability’ resulting from the production of diploid drones that were homozygous atX. DNA samples from the haploid drone fathers of these colonies were used individually in polymerase chain reactions (PCR) with 10-base primers. These reactions generated random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers that were analyzed for cosegregation with the colony-level phenotype. One RAPD marker allele was shared by 22 of 25 drones that fathered low brood-viability colonies. The RAPD marker fragment was cloned and partially sequenced. Two primers were designed that define a sequence-tagged site (STS) for this locus. The primers amplified DNA marker fragments that cosegregated with the original RAPD marker. In order to more precisely estimate the linkage betweenX and the STS locus, another group of bees consisting of progeny from one of the low-brood viability colonies was used in segregation analysis. Four diploid drones and 181 of their diploid sisters (workers, nonfertile females) were tested for segregation of the RAPD and STS markers. The cosegregating RAPD and STS markers were codominant due to the occurrence of fragment-length alleles. The four diploid drones were homozygous for these markers but only three of the 181 workers were homozygotes (recombinants). Therefore the distance betweenX and the STS locus was estimated at 1.6 cM. An additional linked marker was found that was 6.6 cM from the STS locus.
Remarks of diphthongization in Spanish

Abstract ‘Diphthongization’ in Spanish refers to the alternation of |o| wutg |we| and of |e| with |ye|. Seven published analyses of this phenomenon — all that I know of — that are formulated according to the tenets of generative phonology are critically examined. All are found to be observationally and/or descriptively incorrect. Among the descriptive proposals regarding Spanish diphthongization that are shown to be untenable are: (a) that a diacritic (i.e. phonetically uninterpreted) mark can be dispensed with, (b) that the simple vowels |e|, |o| are derived from the diphthongs |ye|, |we|, respectively, rather than the diphthongs from the vowels, and (c) that these alternations are the result of the combined operation of several independently motivated rules. A new analysis is motivated which incorporates the contraries of these proposals and which remedies the weaknesses of earlier analyses that also denied (a)-(c). This account supports the generative morpho-lexical theory advanced in M. Aronoff's World Formation in Generative Grammar (1976), in particular, the claim that the ‘word’ rather than the ‘morphene’ is the primary lexical unit.
Adjuvant topiramate administration: A pharmacologic strategy for addressing NMDA receptor hypofunction in schizophrenia

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor hypofunction (NRH) and its downstream consequences, especially excitotoxicity, may explain the progressive psychosocial deterioration and ventriculomegaly observed in at least some patients with schizophrenia. Topiramate has several properties that address downstream consequences of NRH. In this open-label investigation, the authors examined the salutary therapeutic effects of adjuvant topiramate in 12 patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Patients were selected on the basis of the presence of negative symptoms. An optimal dose of topiramate was determined for each patient during a slow 4-week titration process. Patients were maintained on topiramate and their stable antipsychotic medications for 8 weeks, after which topiramate was tapered and discontinued. Patients were followed for an additional 4 weeks on their stable antipsychotic medications. Clinical measures of efficacy (eg, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), cognitive measures (eg, verbal fluency, memory), and safety measures (eg, postural sway) were assessed throughout this study. Topiramate administration (average dose, 110.42 mg/day) decreased total scores on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Topiramate was also associated with a selective and reversible worsening of verbal fluency performance. These results encourage further testing of topiramate and kainate/alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor antagonists in schizophrenia patients and support the heuristic model of NRH.
The Client–Vendor Offshore Relationship: Success Factors

IT Offshoring has become a common strategic practice for many U.S. companies. Success offers access to technical expertise in emerging markets. This study recognizes the complexity of the IT offshoring relationship and examines social exchange factors difficult to address in contracts, and the relationship of these factors to a successful relationship. A recent survey of Fortune 500 CIOs found that a close relationship between client and vendor, characterized by trust and communication, is correlated with success.
Reduced light-dependent phosphorylation of an analog visual pigment containing 9-demethylretinal as its chromophore.

9-Demethyl rhodopsin (9dR), an analog of vertebrate rhodopsin, consists of opsin and a covalently attached chromophore of 11-cis 9-demethylretinal. Electrophysiological evidence that photoactivated 9dR (9dR∗) undergoes abnormally slow deactivation in salamander rods (Corson, D. W., Cornwall, M. C., and Pepperberg, D. R.(1994) Visual Neurosci. 11, 91-98) raises the possibility that opsin phosphorylation, a reaction involved in visual pigment deactivation, operates abnormally on 9dR∗. This possibility was tested by measuring the light-dependent phosphorylation of 9dR in preparations obtained from bovine rod outer segments. Outer segment membranes containing 9dR or regenerated rhodopsin were flash-illuminated in the presence of [ γ-32P]ATP and rhodopsin kinase, further incubated in darkness, and then analyzed for opsin-bound [32P]Pi. [32P]Pi incorporation by 9dR∗ increased with both incubation period and bleaching extent but, under all conditions tested, was less than that measured in rhodopsin controls. Results obtained with 30-s incubation periods indicated that the maximal initial rate of incorporation by 9dR∗ is about 25% of that by photoactivated rhodopsin. The results imply that the low incorporation of Pi by 9dR∗ results from a reduced rate of phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase and are consistent with the prolonged lifetime of 9dR∗ determined electrophysiologically.
Incidence of Re-Arrest and Critical Events During Prolonged Transport of Post Cardiac Arrest Patients

Abstract Aim To determine the feasibility of transporting post-cardiac arrest patients to tertiary-care facilities, the rate of re-arrest, and the rate of critical events during critical care transport team (CCTT) care. Methods Retrospective chart review of cardiac arrest patients transported via CCTT between 1/1/2001 and 5/31/2009. Demographic information, re-arrest, and critical events during transport were abstracted. We defined critical events as hypotension (systolic blood pressure Results Of the 248 patients studied, the majority was male (61%), presented in ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia (VF/VT, 50%), and comatose (80%). Re-arrest was uncommon ( N =15; 6%). Critical events affected 58 patients (23%) during transport. Median transport time was 63min (IQR 51, 81) in both those who experienced a critical event and those who did not. Vasopressor use was associated with any decompensation during CCTT (Hazard Ratio 1.81; 95%CI 1.29, 2.54). Three patients (20%) suffering re-arrest survived to hospital discharge. Survival (Chi square 11.77; p p =0.01) were higher in patients who did not suffer any event during transport. Conclusions Transport of resuscitated cardiac arrest patients to a tertiary-care facility via CCTT is feasible, and the duration of transport is not associated with re-arrest during transport. Repeat cardiac arrest occurs infrequently, while critical events are more common. Outcomes are worse in those experiencing an event.
Process simulation and fabrication of advanced multi-step three-dimensional braided preforms

The fundamentals of “multi-step” braiding for the fabrication of three-dimensional fibre preforms for composites have been studied. To facilitate the understanding of the complex multi-step braiding processes, a computer simulation algorithm has been developed. The simulation acts as a tool to allow the identification of individual yarn paths, number and location of yarn groups, and braid geometry. It was found that individual control of the rows and columns of yarn carriers on a Cartesian braiding bed allows for the fabrication of advanced “multi-step” braids; the micro-structural possibilities of three-dimensional braids are thus greatly extended. Some basic relationships of the braiding parameters have been identified. It has been concluded that the traditional four-step and two-step braidings are special cases of multi-step braidings. To verify the feasibility of the structures, experimental investigations have also been carried out. Innovative braid architectures have been designed and fabricated using a prototype multi-step braiding machine.
Race/ethnicity misclassification of persons reported with AIDS. The AIDS Mortality Project Group and The Supplement to HIV/AIDS Surveillance Project Group.

Abstract Objectives. To examine differences in race/ethnicity classifications of persons with AIDS among three reporting sources and to estimate the effect of these differences on calculated AIDS rates. Methods. We reviewed case reports from the national AIDS surveillance database, interview (self‐reported) data from 11 state/local health departments, and death certificate information from 16 state/local health departments for agreement in race/ethnicity coding among persons reported with AIDS. Results. Race/ethnicity coding inconsistencies with AIDS case reports were greatest for persons identified as American Indians/Alaska natives on death certificates (46% [47/102] disagreement) and by self‐report (57% 8/14 disagreement). Agreement with AIDS case reports was highest either for persons identified as white from death certificates (4% [1314/31 070] disagreement) and white from self‐reports (2% [26/1068] disagreement) or black from death certificates (3% [440/13 592] disagreement) and black from self‐repo...
Efficient yet accurate solution of the linear transport equation in the presence of internal sources - The exponential-linear-in-depth approximation

The present solutions to the linear transport equation pertain to monoenergetic particles' interaction with a multiple scattering/absorbing layered medium with a general anisotropic internal source term. Attention is given to a novel exponential-linear approximation to the internal source, as a function of scattering depth, which furnishes an at-once efficient and accurate solution to the linear transport equation through its reduction of the spatial mesh size. The great superiority of the proposed method is demonstrated by the numerical results obtained in the illustrative cases of (1) an embedded thermal source and (2) a rapidly varying beam pseudosource.
Conversion of ω-terminal-acetylenic sugar derivatives into acetylenic glycosides and nucleosides, and formation of “double-headed nucleoside” analogs

Abstract 3,5-Di- O -acetyl-6,7-dideoxy-1,2- O -isopropylidene-β- L - ido - and α- d - gluco -hept-6-ynofuranose were separately deacetonated, and the products acetylated, to give the 1,2,3,5-tetra- O -acetyl analogs ( 2 and 6 ). Fusion of compounds 2 and 6 with 2,6-dichloropurine under acid catalysis produced 2,6-dichloro-9-(2,3,5-tri- O -acetyl-6,7-dideoxy-α- L - ido -hept-6-ynofuranosyl)-9 H -purine ( 3 ) and its β- d - gluco analog 7 , respectively. Methanolic ammonia converted 3 in good yield into 2-chloro-9-(6,7-dideoxy-α- L - ido -hept-6-ynofuranosyl)-6-methoxy-9 H -purine. Treatment of compound 3 with mesityl nitrile oxide gave a “double-headed nucleoside” analog. Upon treatment with phenyl azide, the d - gluco derivative 7 produced another “double-headed nucleoside”. Fusion of 2 and 6 with p -nitrophenol yielded the respective p -nitrophenyl glycosides. The stereochemistry and regiospecificity of the reactions were verified spectroscopically.