cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethanol potentiation of calcium-activated potassium channels reconstituted into planar lipid bilayers.

We examined the actions of ethanol on the single channel properties of large conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + (BK) channels isolated from skeletal muscle T-tubule membranes and incorporated into planar lipid bilayer membranes. We have taken advantage of this preparation, because it lacks most elements of cellular complexity, including cytoplasmic constituents and complex membrane lipid composition and architecture, to examine the minimum requirements for the effects of alcohol. Clinically relevant concentrations (25–200 mm) of ethanol increased the activity of BK channels incorporated into bilayers composed of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) alone or PE and phosphatidylserine. The potentiation of channel activity by ethanol was attributable predominantly to a decrease in the average amount of time spent in closed states. Ethanol did not significantly affect the current amplitude-voltage relationship for BK channels, indicating that channel conductance for K + was unaffected by the drug. Although base-line characteristics of BK channels incorporated into bilayers composed only of PE differed from those of channels in PE/ phosphatidylserine in a manner expected from the change in bilayer charges, the actions of ethanol on channel activity were qualitatively similar in the different lipid environments. The effects of ethanol on single channel properties of BK channels in the planar bilayer are very similar to those reported for the action of ethanol on neurohypophysial BK channels studied in native membrane, and for cloned BK channels expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, which suggests that ethanol’s site and mechanism of action are preserved in this greatly simplified preparation.
cAMP regulates gastrin gene expression

Gastrin is one of the most potent regulators of acid secretion and gastrointestinal cell growth. A variety of signals regulate gastrin release from the antral G cell. However, whether these secretagogues also stimulate gastrin gene expression has not been established. Dramatic increases in gastrin gene expression occur in the stomach after birth and in response to chronic achlorhydria. Moreover, gastrin gene expression in malignant islet cell tumors (gastrinomas) appears to represent reactivation of the fetal pattern of expression in the pancreas. Thus differential expression of the gastrin gene is a reflection of differences in transcriptional control. Since various luminal and humoral factors stimulate the production of cAMP and gastrin secretion in both gastrinoma and antral G cells, we studied the effect of cAMP on gastrin gene expression. Using stable and transient transformants of a pituitary cell line containing the human gastrin gene, we found that cAMP stimulates a three-fold increase in gastrin mRNA levels and that the response maps to elements located between -148 and -40 base pairs upstream from the cap site. Collectively, these studies link an important regulator of gastrin secretion to regulation of gastrin gene expression.
Lasers guiding at > 10/sup 18/ W/Cm/sup 2/ in plasma channels formed by the ignitor heater method

Experiments explore guiding of intense laser pulses, optimization using channel formation beams and gas jet targets, and the interplay of channel guiding and relativistic self guiding. Impact on laser wakefield particle acceleration is being assessed
Azithromycin Suppresses Activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B and Synthesis of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Tracheal Aspirate Cells From Premature Infants

Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) plays a central role in regulating key proinflammatory mediators. The activation of NF-kappaB is increased in tracheal aspirate (TA) cells from premature infants developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We studied the effect of azithromycin (AZM) on the suppression of NF-kappaB activation and the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 by TA cells obtained from premature infants. Tracheal aspirate cells were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and incubated with AZM. The nuclear NF-kappaB-DNA binding activity, the levels of inhibitory kappaB-alpha (IkappaB-alpha) in the cytoplasmic fraction and IL-6 and IL-8 release in the cell culture media were measured. Stimulation of TA cells by TNF-alpha increased the activation of NF-kappaB, which was suppressed by the addition of AZM. Increased activation of NF-kappaB was also associated with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8). AZM significantly reduced the IL-6 and IL-8 production to the levels similar to control. TNF-alpha stimulation also increased the degradation of IkappaB-alpha, which was restored with the addition of AZM. Our data suggest that AZM therapy may be an effective alternative to steroids in reducing lung inflammation and prevention of BPD in ventilated premature infants.
Effects of specific carotid body and brain hypoxia on respiratory muscle control in the awake goat.

1. We assessed the effects of specific brain hypoxia on the control of inspiratory and expiratory muscle electromyographic (EMG) activities in response to specific carotid body hypoxia in seven awake goats. We used an isolated carotid body perfusion technique that permitted specific, physiological, steady-state stimulation of the carotid bodies or maintenance of normoxia and normocapnia at the carotid bodies while varying the level of systemic, and therefore, brain oxygenation. 2. Isolated brain normocapnic hypoxia of up to 1.5 h duration increased inspired minute ventilation (VI) by means of increases in both tidal volume (VT) and respiratory frequency (fR). Electromyographic activities of both inspiratory and expiratory muscles were augmented as well. These responses were similar to those produced by low levels of whole-body normoxic hypercapnia. We conclude that moderate levels of brain hypoxia (Pa,O2 approximately 40 mmHg) in awake goats caused a net stimulation of ventilatory motor output. 3. Hypoxic stimulation of the carotid bodies alone caused comparable increases in VT and fR, and EMG augmentation of both inspiratory and expiratory muscles whether the brain was hypoxic or normoxic. These responses were quite similar to those obtained over a wide range of whole-body normoxic hypercapnia. We conclude that the integration of carotid body afferent information is not affected by moderate brain hypoxia in awake goats. 4. We found no evidence for an asymmetrical recruitment pattern of inspiratory vs. expiratory muscles in response to carotid body hypoxia or in response to brain hypoxia alone. 5. Our data support the concept that moderate brain hypoxia results in a net stimulation of respiratory motor output. These findings question the significance of ‘central hypoxic depression’ to the regulation of breathing under physiological levels of hypoxaemia in the awake animal.
Undergraduate Learning Portfolios for Institutional Assessment

Our objectives were to develop a model of student portfolios that simultaneously promotes student learning, provides useful outcomes assessment data, and is logistically feasible. From our pilot test of three portfolio models, we conclude that requiring students in selected courses to complete portfolio entries solves most of the logistics problems associated with a large-scale portfolio plan. Such entries can promote learning by providing a focus for career and educational planning discussions between students and faculty academic advisors. Course faculty are probably in the best position to use the outcomes assessment data obtained from the entries.
Individual vs. collective responsibilty: From the ancient near east and the bible to the Greco‐Roman World

Abstract The question of individual and collective responsibility and punishment in the Hebrew Bible has been discussed since the 19th century as an important indicator of the changing standards of justice present at different historical periods in ancient Israel. The question, of course, of changing standards of justice based on changing social, religious or political circumstances is itself of interest here. If one has a standard of justice mentioned in one section of the Bible and in another section of the Bible this standard is negated, one is confronting the issue of the mechanism for change of Biblical Law itself. I will for the sake of clarity during this paper be using the standard of “Poqed Avon Avot” as a short marker for individual responsibility. I realize, of course, that it is usually taken as simply intergenerational punishment, but as I will delineate, it was seen from the biblical period through the early medieval period as much more.
Analysis of 50 Crystal Structures Containing Carbamazepine Using the Materials Module of Mercury CSD

A set of 50 crystal structures containing the molecule carbamazepine (CBZ) have been analyzed using the Materials module within Mercury CSD 2.0. The similarity relationships between all 50 structures were determined based on the analysis of packing motifs. Packing motifs that define the similarity relationships within three separate groups of structures were found to be exclusive to a particular group. The carboxamide homodimer found in all four of the carbamazepine polymorphs is seen to be disfavored compared to the carboxamide−carboxylic acid heterodimer when a coformer molecule with a carboxylic acid group is present. Etter’s rules are found to be broken in a large percentage of the CBZ structures (24%) compared to the overall CSD statistics (2.5%), apparently due to steric hindrance caused by the dibenzazepine group. A group of 14 similar structures has been identified containing ordered or disordered coformer-filled channels. Thirteen new crystal structures containing CBZ and pharmaceutically relevan...
Correlation of nitrogen‐14 nuclear quadrupole resonance data in sulfanilamides with the in vitro activities

Several sulfanilamide-type compounds in their solid state have been investigated by the 14N nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) technique. The electron distributions at the sites of the nitrogen atoms, calculated by the Townes and Dailey theory, indicate a significant correlation between the quadrupole coupling constant for the primary amino nitrogen (N4), which is a measure of the (π-σ) electron density at N4, and the in vitro bacteriostatic activity of the sulfanilamides.
Neutrophil adherence to airway epithelium is reduced by antibodies to the leukocyte CD11/CD18 complex

Airway inflammation, including neutrophil influx is commonly seen in human pulmonary diseases. We developed an in vitro system where the adherence of neutrophils to bronchial epithelial cells could be examined. Primary cultures of nonhuman primate brenchial epithelial cells or transformed BEAS human bronchial epithelial cells were grown to confluence on collagen-coated culture plates. Cells were cocultured for 30 min following the addition of human neutrophils and PMA. Cultures were then inverted, fixed with methanol, and adherent neutrophils labeled with 1B4 mouse monoclonal anti-human neutrophil antibody followed by fluoresceinlabeled sheep anti-mouse IgG. Slides were examined using fluorescence microscopy. The 1B4 antibody allowed rapid identification of neutrophils adherent to the epithelial cell monolayers, which were not labeled by this technique. PMA increased the adherence of neutrophils to bronchial epithelial cells. Pretreatment of the neutrophils with anti-CD11/CD18 antibodies prevented the increase in PMA-stimulated adherence. We conclude that PMA-stimulated adherence to airway epithelial cells is in part dependent on the neurrophil CD11/CD18 adherence complex.
Vision Guidance Of A Robotic Tree Fruit Harvester

A vision-servo system was developed for an R-R-P robotic tree fruit harvester. Real-time two-dimensional fruit location information was provided by a vision system with the camera incorporated in the harvester's end-effector. Simple proportional gain control laws utilized this vision feedback to independently servo the two revolute joints. Systematic adjustments in controller gains, based on robot orientation and position of targeted fruit, were performed to compensate for variations in vision feedback gains. The developed control system was able to maintain consistent vision-servo dynamics during harvest cycles in spite of significant variations in the vision feedback gains.
Effect of oxygen chemisorption on char gasification reactivity profiles obtained by thermogravimetric analysis

Abstract The gasification reactivity of an Illinois No. 6 bituminous coal char was determined in oxygen and carbon dioxide using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Extensive tests were carried out to ensure the absence of diffusional limitations. Measurements of chemically controlled rates were verified by analysing the activation energies for reactions of the char at various conversion levels. The effect of stable carbon-oxygen complex formation on TGA reactivity profiles was investigated. For disordered carbons (e.g. coal chars) gasified in oxygen, the results showed that the observed differences between reactivity profiles obtained by TGA and those obtained by product gas analysis (e.g. non-dispersive infrared spectroscopy, i.r.) can be attributed to significant amounts of stable complex being formed during the initial stages of reaction. The fact that TGA reactivity profiles become equivalent to i.r. reactivity profiles, when corrected to account for stable complex formation, suggests that the former may not be accurate representations of the variations in intrinsic reaction rates and should be used with caution when attempting to validate proposed models of char gasification kinetics. The extent to which stable complex forms during char gasification was used to explain the observed differences in the reactivity profiles obtained for reactions of char in oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Adolescents' Reported Consequences of Having Oral Sex Versus Vaginal Sex

OBJECTIVE. The present study examined whether adolescents’ initial consequences of sexual activity differ according to type of sexual activity and gender. METHODS. Surveys were administered to 618 adolescents recruited from 2 public high schools in the autumn of ninth grade (2002) and at 6-month intervals until the spring of tenth grade (2004). Analyses were limited to the 275 adolescents (44%) who reported engaging in oral sex and/or vaginal sex at any assessment. Participants were 14 years of age at study entry, 56% female, and of diverse socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds. RESULTS. In comparison with adolescents who engaged in oral sex and/or vaginal sex, adolescents who engaged only in oral sex were less likely to report experiencing a pregnancy or sexually transmitted infection, feeling guilty or used, having their relationship become worse, and getting into trouble with their parents as a result of sex. Adolescents who engaged only in oral sex were also less likely to report experiencing pleasure, feeling good about themselves, and having their relationship become better as a result of sex. Boys were more likely than girls to report feeling good about themselves, experiencing popularity, and experiencing a pregnancy or sexually transmitted infection as a result of sex, whereas girls were more likely than boys to report feeling bad about themselves and feeling used. CONCLUSIONS. Adolescents experience a range of social and emotional consequences after having sex. Our findings have implications for clinical practice and public health campaigns targeted toward youth.
A low volume, high-throughput forward mutation assay in Salmonella typhimurium based on fluorouracil resistance

A forward mutation assay based on 5-fluorouracil (FU) resistance has been developed using a strain of Salmonella typhimurium derived from the Ames strain TA100. The sensitivity of the assay benefits from the genetic characteristics present in the standard Ames strain that enhances the response to genotoxic agents. A mutation conferring resistance to 5-fluorouridine was also introduced into the test strain to avoid unwanted toxicity resulting from cross-feeding of 5-fluorouridine between wild-type and FU-resistant (FU(R)) cells during selection with FU. In the mutation assay 1 ml aliquots of exponentially growing bacteria are exposed to the test agent for 2 h in the presence and absence of a rat-liver S-9 metabolizing system. The aliquots are then diluted, allowed to grow for 3 h, and assessed for treatment-related toxicity/inhibition by optical density. The cultures are diluted a second time and grown overnight to permit full recovery from toxicity and to allow expression of the FU(R) phenotype. Samples of the cultures are then plated in 384-well microtiter dishes in the presence of 2 microg/ml FU and the pH-sensitive indicator bromcresol purple. Three days later positive wells containing FU(R) colonies are detected by their yellow color and enumerated. Results were obtained using a variety of 45 compounds to validate the assay. Of the 25 mutagens and 20 non-mutagens tested, the results correlated 100% with those collected using the battery of standard Ames reversion strains, further supporting the use of the FU Assay as an alternative screen to the Ames assay. The use of a single strain exposed in liquid suspension permits assessment of high concentrations of test compound but with a low overall compound requirement (30 mg total). The highly parallel nature of culture handling/dilution and use of standard microtiter plates also offers the possibility of assay automation.
Permanent degradation of GaAs tunnel diodes

Abstract Permanent degradation of GaAs tunnel diodes is observed during normal operation at room temperature. This degradation is characterised by a large decrease in peak current, and is quantitatively correlated with a widening of the junction space charge region. The degradation is caused by the flow of junction recombination thermal current, and not tunneling current or excess current. The degradation rate diminishes with time, and decreases with decreasing temperature, but by less than two orders of magnitude from 300°K to 77°K ambient, indicating that the process probably is not thermally activated. It is shown that the degradation is not due to spurious heating effects, to diffusion, or to field-drift. Instead, it is attributed to the motion of recombination centers in the junction, induced by the formation of thermal spikes caused by the energy released by the recombination of carriers.
Depth Reversals with an Equiluminant Necker Cube

Two major, parallel channels in the visual system are the broad-band and the color-opponent pathways (4). Since the broad-band pathway is unresponsive to differences in hue (I), Livingstone and Hubel (2) have proposed that equiluminant stimuh will result in the diminution or loss of percepts which are subserved by the broad-band pathway; specifically, Livingstone and Hubel proposed that the percepts of motion and depth will be greatly diminished or lost with equiluminant stimuli. The current investigation considered only the effect of equiluminance on the perception of depth, and it was hypothesized chat an equiluminant Necker cube would not be perceived to reverse in depth (or would reverse in depth infrequently), since the percept of depth, in Livingstone and Hubel's view as noted above, is subserved by the broad-band channel or "color-blind-brightness-driven" channel. Observers were 12 undergraduate volunteers from classes in general psychology and applied behavioral management. The stimuli were two Necker cubes; each was mounted on an N 51 background measuring 14.5 cm vertically and 21.5 cm horizontally. The nonequiluminant-control Necker cube was constructed of N 31, and the equiluminant Necker cube was constructed of 5R 516. The lines forming both cubes were 3 mm wide. The edges of the facets which are perceived to alternate in depth were 4 cm long, and the edges connecting the alternating facets were 2 cm in length. The illumination on the vertically presented stimuli was 2.6 foot-lamberts as measured by spotmeter on N 51 at the observers' viewing distance of 78 in. Initially, observers were shown a black Necker cube on a white ground and were advised that the cube is frequently perceived as reversing in depth-with first one facet appearing to be forward and then the other facet appearing to be forward. All observers reported experiencing the phenomenon. Observers were then instructed to attend passively to the stimuli described above, and they were asked to report each time that they perceived a reversal in depth. The cube presented first, the control or equiluminant cube, was determined by an ABBA order across observers. Each cube was viewed for 2 min., and the number of reversals reported during this period was tabulated for each observer. The average number of reversals reported with the control Necker cube, i.e., the N 31 cube on N 51 ground, was 35.4. The average number of reversals with the equiluminant Necker cube, i.e., the 5R 516 cube on N 51 ground, was 32. The data were evaluated using a t test for correlated observations (obtained t,, = 1.32, p>.O5, one.tailed test). It was concluded that the numbers of reversals of control and equiluminant stimuli were not significantly different. These data are consistent with the physiological data of Logothetis, et al. (3), which indicated a compromise of depth perception by equiluminant stimuli but not a loss of depth perception. Hence, equiluminant stimuli appear not to accomplish a psychophysical segregation of phenomenal depth.
Flows in infinite graphs

Abstract A theorem is established that provides necessary and sufficient conditions in order that a locally finite bipartite graph have a subgraph whose valences lie in prescribed intervals. This theorem is applied to the study of flows in locally finite directed graphs. In particular, generalizations of the max-flow min-cut theorem and of the circulation theorem are obtained. The axiom of choice is assumed throughout.
Polymerization of styrene in an electrodeless glow discharge

The polymerization (polymer deposition) rate of styrene in an electrodeless glow discharge from styrene vapor and a mixture of styrene vapor and gas (H2, He, A, and N2) was investigated. The rate of polymerization, R, was found to be independent of the discharge power. The rate of polymerization of the pure monomer was found to be proportional to the square of monomer pressure pM. The addition of gas increased the rate of polymerization depending upon the partial pressure of the gas, px, and R can be generally expressed by R = a[pM]2{1 + b[px]}. The value of b is dependent of the type of gas and follows the order of N2, > A > He > H2. The distribution of polymer deposition was found to be nearly independent of the partial pressure of the gas and of the discharge power with N2 and H2 as plasma gas; however, with He and A, the distribution is highly dependent on the partial pressure of the gas and on the discharge power. The study strongly suggests that polymerization occurs in the vapor phase and that the growing polymer radicals deposit on the surface of the discharge vessel, yielding highly crosslinked polymer deposition.
Behavioral dimensions and cry sounds of infants of differential fetal growth

This report describes behavioral dimensions and spectrographic cry features of underweight-, average weight- and overweight-for-length newborn infants. Analyzed for this study were the four a priori dimensions of the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS), a dimension of the mean modal scores of the orientation items from the NBAS, and the highest dominant frequency of the cries occurring during the administration of the NBAS. Results indicate that both underweight-for-length and overweight-for-length infants showed less optimal performances on all dimensions of the NBAS than average weight-for-length infants, and also showed a high-pitched cry sound which has been used to indicate an impaired functioning of the central nervous system. No differences were found on any of these measures between the underweight- and overweight-for-length infants. These results suggest that, at a group level of analysis, a deviation from average fetal growth in either direction on the distribution of neonatal anthropometry is associated with similar changes in the behavioral functioning of infants in the normal newborn nursery. This differential behavioral functioning may be manifested in the daily activity of the infants and may alter the functional relationship between the infant and environment.
Alpha-amino silanes via metalated imines as an approach to the synthesis of silanediol protease inhibitors

Abstract Metalation of benzophenone imines for elaboration of the alpha-amino silane component of silanediol-based protease inhibitors allows for rapid diversification of targets. Coupling this chemistry with recently developed asymmetric hydrosilylation chemistry for preparing beta-silyl acids results in a streamlined process for drug design.
An in vitro electrophysiological assessment of the direct cellular toxicity of carbon monoxide.

Abstract The spontaneous electrical activity of roller-tube cultured cerebellar Purkinje cells of rats was monitored to assess the relative effects of gas- and liquid-phase hypoxic and/or carbon monoxide insults. It was shown that both hypoxia and CO insults directly affect functional cellular activity. A tentative dose-response function was determined for gas-phase CO, in which threshold effects were seen at concentrations of 500 to 1000 ppm. Severe disruptions of electrical activity were always seen with CO concentrations of 5000 ppm or greater. In certain cases, CO appeared to have a cellular toxicity over and above that due to hypoxia alone, as evidenced by direct, sequential comparisons on the same cell. The inhibitory effects of CO are partially reversed by exposure of the nerve cells to white light. This effect presumably comes from the photodisassociation of CO from iron heme groups in the cell's cytochrome system.
Resolution of experimental pneumothorax in rabbits by oxygen therapy

The treatment of asymptomatic patients with small pneumothoraces (ie, less than 20% by volume) has included observation, tube thoracostomy, and operation. When observation is used, the anticipated expansion of the lung has been estimated to be 1.25% of the lung volume daily. This study was designed to evaluate the use of inhaled oxygen as a method to accelerate the resolution of a pneumothorax in a rabbit model. Experimental pneumothoraces were created in 23 white New Zealand rabbits. Group 1 (9 rabbits) were placed in a cage with room air and group 2 (11 rabbits) were placed in a cage with high oxygen concentration. Three rabbits died before completion of the study. Serial chest roentgenograms were performed until the pneumothoraces resolved. The majority of rabbits treated with oxygen had resolution of their pneumothoraces by 36 hours, whereas the majority of rabbits treated with room air did not show complete resolution before 48 hours. Biopsies showed no evidence of damage secondary to oxygen treatment. Oxygen treatment was found to be significantly better in the early resolution of pneumothoraces when compared with room air. This establishes an alternative treatment for some pneumothoraces that are small and asymptomatic.
Fission yeast Lem2 and Man1 perform fundamental functions of the animal cell nuclear lamina

In animal cells the nuclear lamina, which consists of lamins and lamin-associated proteins, serves several functions: it provides a structural scaffold for the nuclear envelope and tethers proteins and heterochromatin to the nuclear periphery. In yeast, proteins and large heterochromatic domains including telomeres are also peripherally localized, but there is no evidence that yeast have lamins or a fibrous nuclear envelope scaffold. Nonetheless, we found that the Lem2 and Man1 proteins of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, evolutionarily distant relatives of the Lap2/Emerin/Man1 (LEM) sub-family of animal cell lamin-associated proteins, perform fundamental functions of the animal cell lamina. These integral inner nuclear membrane localized proteins, with nuclear localized DNA binding Helix-Extension-Helix (HEH) domains, impact nuclear envelope structure and integrity, are essential for the enrichment of telomeres at the nuclear periphery and by means of their HEH domains anchor chromatin, most ...
Magnesium and contraction of arterial smooth muscle.

Abstract The present in vitro experiments demonstrate that reduction in [Mg2+]0 induces contractile responses in rat aortic strips; the greater the reduction in [Mg2+]0, the greater the magnitude of the mechanical response. These contractile responses are dependent upon the [Ca2+]0 and the polarity of the vascular smooth muscle cell membrane. Adrenergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, or histaminergic antagonists do not interfere with these Mg2+-dependent contractile responses. Increases in [Mg2+]0 above 1.2 mM (e.g., 2.4 and 6.0 mM), on the other hand, inhibits spontaneous contractile activity and lowers basal tension; these latter findings are not due to hyperosmolarity. Exposure of rat aorta to Mg2+-free Krebs-Ringer for 1 hr differentially affects the contractile responses induced by catecholamines, serotonin, angiotensin, barium, and neurophypophyseal hormones. In addition, Mg2+-free solution results in a lowering of the threshold and maximal force development of Ca2+-induced contractions of depolarized rat aorta. These data support the suggestions that (1) certain divalent cation sites in vascular smooth muscle may be nonspecific in regard to Mg and Ca, and (2) Mg ions may be important in regulating permeability, translocation and/or binding of Ca ions in vascular muscle.
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in an Inpatient Parkinson’s Disease Sample

Background. Neuropsychiatric symptoms are common in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD), and hospitalization for delirium, depression, psychosis, and anxiety is sometimes required. A minimal amount of data exists on these patients. Methods. Charts of all patients admitted to a psychiatric hospital between 2006 and 2009 with a diagnosis of PD were reviewed. Forty-three met entry criteria and were reviewed. Initial and discharge diagnoses, comorbid psychiatric diagnoses, length of stay, and living arrangements before and after hospitalization are described. Results. Consistent with previous research, this study showed evidence of comorbid psychiatric disorders within PD. Conclusions. The long-term goal of this area of study would be to reduce neuropsychiatric symptoms and improve quality of life in order to reduce inpatient hospital stays.
Economic planning and growth of education in developing countries

The criteria for economic planning influence the growth of the educational system, the rate of employ ment of the educated labor force, and the growth of the educated human resource base in developing coun tries. When the use of available human resources is not the major concern in planning, all these factors may display cyclical behavior during periods of moderate economic growth. In contrast, when the orientation in planning is toward maximum utilization of human resources, unemployment and educational growth are stabilized and the expansion of the educa ted human resource base of the country accelerates.
Orthogonal Functions, Discrete Variable Representation, and Generalized Gauss Quadratures†

The numerical solution of most problems in theoretical chemistry involve either the use of a basis set expansion (spectral method) or a numerical grid. For many basis sets, there is an intimate connection between the spectral form and numerical quadrature. When this connection exists, the distinction between spectral and grid approaches becomes blurred. In fact, the two approaches can be related by a similarity transformation. By the exploitation of this idea, calculations can be considerably simplified by removing the need to compute difficult matrix elements of the Hamiltonian in the original representation. This has been exploited in bound-state, scattering, and time-dependent problems using the so-called, discrete variable representation (DVR). At the core of this approach is the mathematical three-term recursion relationship satisfied by the classical orthogonal functions. This three-term recursion can be used to generate the orthogonal functions as well as to generate the points and weights of Gauss quadratures on the basis of these functions. For the classical orthogonal functions, the terms in the three-term recursion are known analytically. For more general weight functions, this is not the case. However, they may be computed in a stable numerical fashion, via the recursion. In essence, this is an application of the well-known Lanczos recursion approach. Once the recursion coefficients are known, it is possible to compute the points and weights of quadratures on the basis of the generalized weight functions. We review these ideas below and apply then to the generation of the points and weights of the Rys polynomials which have proven useful in the evaluation of multicenter integrals, using Gaussian basis sets in quantum chemistry. In contrast to some approaches, the method advocated is general, numerically stable, and trivial to program.
Quantifying the time scale of elevated geomorphic response following wildfires using multi-temporal LiDAR data: An example from the Las Conchas fire, Jemez Mountains, New Mexico

Abstract Sediment yields commonly increase following wildfires in mountainous landscapes. Quantifying the magnitude and duration of elevated sediment yields following wildfires is important for quantifying the relative importance of wildfire-affected versus non-wildfire-affected erosion in the long-term evolution of landscapes and for understanding the processes of post-wildfire erosion. In this study we use bi-annual terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) surveys conducted over a 2-yr period together with repeat airborne laser scanning (ALS) surveys conducted over a 1-yr period to estimate the dependence of sediment yield on time following the high-severity Las Conchas fire of 2011 within two small (approximately 1.3 km 2 ) watersheds. The dependence of sediment yield on time since the wildfire was quantified using DEMs of Difference (DoDs) of the upland watersheds (to measure erosion) and of the adjacent piedmonts (to measure the deposition of eroded sediment). Over the 2-yr study period, sediment volume decreased linearly with time and sediment yield decreased exponentially with time in one watershed, while the other watershed showed a more complex relationship with time influenced by the specific sequence of rainstorms that impacted that watershed. Both watersheds had a recovery time of approximately 1 yr, suggesting that vegetation regrowth and the stabilization of incised valley bottoms were primarily responsible for the decline in sediment yield versus time following the wildfire. Multi-temporal DoDs of the piedmonts show how they responded to the delivery of elevated sediment yields from the upland watersheds, i.e. by (1) incision of the proximal portion of the piedmont, triggering distal deposition, (2) infilling of the incised channel and avulsion, and (3) incision of the distal portion, creating an incised channel connecting the proximal and distal ends of the piedmont. The dynamic nature of incision/aggradation and channel shifting on piedmonts following wildfires has important implications for post-wildfire flood-hazard assessments.
Medullary bone osteogenesis following estrogen administration to mature male Japanese quail.

Abstract The osteogenesis of medullary bone on endosteal bone surfaces of mature male Japanese quail was induced by estradiol valerate (EV) and the sequential changes were characterized by histology, autoradiography, microradiography, and electron microscopy. In untreated controls, endosteal surfaces of the femoral diaphysis were generally inactive and lined by low-density populations of flat bone-lining cells. Within 24 hr of EV administration the surfaces were lined by plump cells with abundant polyribosomes and with large oval to round nuclei. There was an increase in the concentration of [ 3 H]proline near some endosteal surfaces at this time. By 36 hr the developing osteoblasts had extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and Golgi complexes. Extracellular matrix with isotropically arranged collagenous fibers was evident. By 48 hr small trabeculae had formed and some of the matrix was beginning to mineralize. Osteoblasts contained abundant dilated RER, many had numerous cell processes and some were becoming surrounded by bone matrix forming osteocytes. From 72 to 120 hr the developing bone grew rapidly from endosteal surfaces into the marrow space. Medullary bone development was accompanied by rapid and dramatic increases in total plasma calcium levels. This study demonstrates a well-defined rapid sequence of induced osteogenesis in vivo and suggests that the bone-lining cell in the postfetal organism may have osteogenic potential.
Joint AGU/ASLO Ocean Sciences '82 Meeting

Many of the biological oceanographers within ASLO have long felt a need for greater interaction, via interdisciplinary meetings, with their counterparts in physical, chemical, and geological aspects of oceanography. Biological oceanography and marine biology, as disciplines, have many interfaces with other fields, especially limnology, evolution, terrestrial ecology, physiology and biochemistry, and fisheries, as well as those represented in AGU. Historically, the Limnological Society of America and Oceanographic Society of the Pacific fused in 1948 in part to bridge one of these principal interfaces. Most ASLO members belong to one or more additional societies, such as the Ecological Society of America, the American Society of Plant Physiology, the American Society of Zoologists, etc. In addition, many belong to regional groups and societies with interest centered on specific taxonomic groups of organisms, such as the Phycological Society of America.
The influence of water depth and flow regime on phytoplankton biomass and community structure in a shallow, lowland river

The taxonomic composition and biomass of phytoplankton in the San Joaquin River, California, were examined in relation to water depth, flow regime, and water chemistry. Without substantial tributary inflow, maintenance demands exceeded algal production during summer and autumn in this eutrophic, `lowland type' river due to light-limiting conditions for algal growth. Streamflow from tributaries that drain the Sierra Nevada contributed to a substantial net gain in algal production during the spring and summer by increasing water transparency and the extent of turbulence. Abundances of the major taxa (centric diatoms, pennate diatoms and chlorophytes) indicated differing responses to the longitudinal variation in water depth and flow regime, with the areal extent of pools and other geomorphic features that influence time-for-development being a major contributing factor to the selection of species. Tychoplanktonic species were most abundant upstream and in tributaries that drain the San Joaquin Valley. Seasonally-varying factors such as water temperature that influence algal growth rates also contributed significantly to the selection of species. Nutrient limitation appears not to be a primary constraint on species selection in the phytoplankton of this river.
APOBEC3G Complexes Decrease Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Production

ABSTRACT APOBEC3G (A3G) is packaged into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions unless HIV-1 virion infectivity factor (Vif) counteracts it. Virion A3G restricts HIV-1 reverse transcription and integration in target cells. Some A3G in producer cells colocalizes with specific cytoplasmic structures, in what are called “A3G complexes” here. Functional effects of producer cell A3G complexes on HIV-1 replication were studied. HeLa cells were cotransfected with HIV-1 constructs producing pseudoviruses, as well as either wild-type (WT) A3G or a mutant A3G (C97A, Y124A, W127A, or D128K A3G). Pseudovirus particle production was decreased from cells expressing any of the A3Gs that formed complexes by 24 h after transfection, relative to cells with C97A A3G that did not form detectable A3G complexes by 24 h or A3G-negative cells. The intracellular HIV-1 Gag half-life was shorter in cells containing A3G complexes than in those lacking complexes. HIV-1 virion output was decreased in a single round of replication from a T cell line containing A3G complexes (CEM cells) after infection with Vif-negative HIV-1, compared to Vif-positive HIV-1 that depleted A3G. Levels of production of Vif-negative and Vif-positive virus were similar from cells not containing A3G (CEM-SS cells). Knockdown of the mRNA processing body (P-body) component RCK/p54, eliminated A3G complex formation, and increased HIV-1 production. We conclude that endogenous A3G complexes in producer cells decrease HIV-1 production if not degraded by Vif.
Trajectory and Spreading of a Turbulent Jet in the Presence of a Crossflow of Arbitrary Velocity Distribution

The trajectory and spreading of a turbulent circular jet of air issuing from a wall in a perpendicular or near perpendicular fashion into a crossflow whose velocity component along the wall may vary arbitrarily in the direction normal to the wall is treated in a semianalytic fashion. The method of attack on the problem was instigated by the work of Abramovich on the turbulent circular jet of air in a constant velocity crossflow. Results for the trajectories and spreading are presented for the two special cases of a constant velocity crossflow and a crossflow whose velocity varies linearly in a direction normal to the wall. For the constant velocity case, experimental results are available in Abramovich and the analysis undertaken here shows good agreement with those results.Copyright © 1969 by ASME
Design of Input Shaping Control for Planar Parallel Manipulators

Parallel manipulators are well known for their superior stiffness, higher accuracy, lower inertia and faster response compared to the serial counterparts and hence is widely used for high-speed machining and heavy load applications. However, controller limitations as well as design constraints can result in un-optimized designs causing unsettling residual vibrations at the end effector and limit their applications. Though many have discussed improving the structural design, augmenting with redundant sensors/ dampers and advanced feedback control methods for serial and mobile manipulators for vibration attenuations, very few investigated such techniques for parallel manipulators (PM). In this manuscript, we evaluate a specific type of feed-forward technique for planar PM. Lagrangian based dynamic models of platform manipulators and a simple trajectory level proportional-derivative control will be used with the gains tuned to force oscillations at the end effector to ensure stability. We will then demonstrate the applicability of basic input shapers for PM based on computation of natural frequencies and damping ratio for each mode, and resulting improvements in terms of appropriate performance measures.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Commentary on Neostigmine Interactions with Non steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs by Miranda et al.

The article by Miranda et al. presents data showing significant synergism between NEO and certain NSAIDs administered i.p. in the mouse. Their conclusions follow from isobolar analysis accompanied by statistical confidence limits that show significant differences between the additive (expected) and experimental potencies. This commentary discusses the features of the graphical method of analysis and points out other experimental designs and the methods used to analyse them.
Protein A immunoadsorption treatment in hematology: an overview.

Staphylococcal protein A efficiently binds immunoglobulins and circulating immune complexes (CIC) and provides an effective medium to remove immunoglobulins and CICs from plasma while sparing albumin and most coagulation proteins. Although it activates the complement system its clinical use abrogates the need for plasma expanders necessitated by plasma exchange. Despite anecdotal reports of utility in several hematologic syndromes, publications of clinical trials are available only for autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (AITP) and refractoriness to platelet transfusions (RFT) associated with alloimmunization. In the former situation Snyder et al. (Blood 79:2237–2245, 1992) reported on 72 patients with AITP all of whom had failed at least two previous therapies including splenectomy in 68%. Forty-six percent achieved improved platelet counts following treatment. The response was durable (8–26 mo) in all but 10%. Spleen-intact patients could not be differentiated from those who had been splenectomized. Both responders and nonresponders showed significant decreases in CIC and platelet-directed immunoglobulin (PDIG), but responders achieved near-normal levels. The beneficial response of these factors, particularly in spleen-intact patients, warrants a prospective study. In our studies at the University of Minnesota twelve patients with thrombocytopenia secondary to bone marrow failure who were refractory to platelet transfusion were treated with protein A immunoadsorption. Ten had demonstrable antiplatelet Abs (Anti-HLA, HPA, ABO). Seven of 12 demonstrated improved platelet counts and post-transfusion corrected count increments after treatment. This was associated with decreased platelet utilization and clinical bleeding. A prospective controlled clinical trial is justified. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Aqueous pores in lipid bilayers and red cell membranes

Abstract There are striking similarities between the properties of the aqueous channels induced in lipid bilayers by the polyene antibiotics nystatin and amphotericin B, and the equivalent pores in human red cell membranes. The equivalent pore radius in the human red cell membrane, calculated from the ratio of the hydraulic conductivity to the water permeability coefficient is 4.5 A, whereas that for the lipid bilayers, calculated by the same method, is 4.6 A for the nystatin-treated membrane and 4.3 A for the amphotericin B-treated membrane. Reflection coefficients for urea, ethylene glycol and glycerol in lipid bilayers are in agreement with those for human red cell membranes. Permeability coefficients for small hydrophilic non-electrolytes are exponentially dependent upon molar volume in both systems and all the data fall on the same curve. The properties of the aqueous channels in these two systems appear to be virtually identical as measured by each of these three independent criteria.
On Taking People Seriously: An Apology, to My Students Especially

I am a typical late middle-aged professor of business. I ask whether or not I have taken people seriously in my work as a researcher and teacher. I discover I have not. I explain how—by following the canons of administrative science in my research and by following the norms of instruction in my teaching—I have been encouraged to ignore the spiritual being of people that is their essence and better part. I conclude with ideas about how I (and others like me) can mend my ways.