cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and Application of a Parallel Implicit Solver for Unsteady Viscous Flows

This work investigates the performance and application of a parallel version of a three-dimensional second-order time accurate Navier-Stokes solver based on an implicit approximate-factorization Beam-Warming algorithm. A systematic incremental approach for parallelizing the serial code was developed which ensures that the parallel version of the code produces identical results to the original serial code. The current parallel scheme decomposes the grid using two-dimensional multipartitioning to evenly distribute the work across multiple processors with parallel communication via Message-Passing Interface (MPI) library. The code's performance has been assessed on three supercomputers: the IBM SP2, IBM SP3 and the Silicon Graphics Origin 2000. The solver is validated for Couette flow, and both steady and unsteady flow over a circular cylinder. Additional applications include both two- and three-dimensional flow over a stationary and a rotationally oscillating circular cylinder. This new solver enables the e...
Production and Characterization of Circularly Polarized Soft X-Rays for Materials Research at the ALS

The experimental program at the Advanced Light Source to produce and characterize circularly polarized x-rays is described. A number of beamlines are either operating or under construction which produce circularly polarized light. Bend magnets, multilayer phase retarders, and insertion devices which directly produce circularly polarized radiation are described. These beamlines will have capabilities for both microscopy and high resolution spectroscopy. Measurements of the linear and circular polarization of these beamlines are also described.
Experimental measurements of ion cyclotron range of frequency minority-heated fast-ion distributions on Alcator C-Mod

Ion cyclotron resonance heating is the primary auxiliary heating on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak and is commonly used on other devices, and is planned for use on ITER. The RF-power density on C-Mod is above 5 MW m−3 providing for a unique opportunity to study wave–particle effects in the high RF power per particle regime. Minority heating produces a highly energetic tail in the minority distribution function which is measured using a compact neutral particle analyser. In this paper, we present the measurements of the fast-ion spectrum between 200 and 2 MeV, compiled over an entire experimental campaign. We also estimate the effective tail temperatures for the fast-ion distribution. We find that the fast-ion distribution is less energetic and less dense with increasing electron density; is more energetic with increasing plasma current; and is more dense but has no measurable change in energy with increasing RF power. Some possible explanations for these findings are discussed.
Radionuclide concentrations in two sewage treatment plants on Western Lake Ontario, Canada

Radionuclide concentrations in digester sludge and effluent samples from Hamilton and Dundas sewage treatment plants, located at the western tip of Lake Ontario, have been determined by high-resolution γ-ray spectrometry. The radionuclides51Cr,75Se and131I, which are used in nuclear medicine procedures, were found in sludge samples. Very low concentrations of51Cr, entering Lake Ontario through the Hamilton plant effluent discharge, have little effect on lake water quality.
A spectrally efficient nonorthogonal amplify-and-forward protocol for cooperative wireless networks

In wireless systems where half duplex transceivers are employed, most existing practical cooperative protocols achieve a spectral efficiency of 0.5 symbols per channel use (pcu). Recently a decode-and-forward protocol was developed to achieve a spectral efficiency of ⅔ symbols pcu. But there is no practical amplify-and-forward (AF) protocol that can achieve a spectral efficiency higher than 0.5 symbols pcu. In this paper, we develop a nonorthogonal AF protocol which achieves a spectral efficiency of ⅔ symbols pcu and provides almost the same bit error rate as the traditional orthogonal AF which has a spectral efficiency of 0.5 symbols pcu.
Evidence of sub-collicular auditory projections to the medial geniculate nucleus in the cat: an autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase study.

Abstract Connections of a posteromedial region of the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus were examined in the cat using the autoradiographic tracing method. This sub-collicular region previously had been shown, using retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, to send axons to the superior colliculus 10 . The autoradiographic findings revealed that many axons from the posteromedial region of the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus that entered the superior colliculus continued into the midbrain reticular formation. Moreover, other axons traced rostral to the inferior colliculus into the thalamus ended in the medial geniculate nucleus, bilaterally. Experiments in which horseradish peroxidase was placed in the medial geniculate nucleus retrogradely labeled the large neurons in the posteromedial region supporting the autoradiographic observations. Other sub-collicular regions also contained labeled cells in these cases, including the main body of the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemnicus and scattered cell groups around the superior olivary complex.
Model for diffusion‐limited electrochemiluminescence

An approximate analytic expression is derived, based on a novel model for the reactive–diffusive processes in a electrochemiluminescence (ecl) experiment. The physical system treated is one in which ecl is produced by stepping the voltage of a planar electrode to the diffusion-limited reduction value for an emitter species in the presence of a bulk oxidant precursor (9,10-DPA with benzoyl peroxide). The unknown rate constants are determined by a least-squares curve-fitting computer code. The model, though crude, provides an excellent fit to the ecl intensity versus time data, including the rise portion of the curve.
Medical Students’ Experiences Working With Frequently Rotating Pediatric Inpatient Attending Physicians

Objective: To explore medical students’ experiences working with frequently rotating pediatric inpatient attending physicians. Methods: We performed a qualitative study using focus groups and individual interviews of medical students who rotated on the general pediatric inpatient service at Children’s Hospital Colorado. The majority of inpatient pediatric attending physicians worked 1-week blocks. We used a semistructured interview guide and analyzed data using the constant comparative method. In accordance with the grounded theory method, codes were developed using an iterative approach, and major themes were identified. Analysis indicated theoretical saturation was achieved. We created a theory that arose from analysis of the data. Results: Twenty-seven medical students participated. Data analysis yielded 6 themes: learning climate, continuity, student resilience, opportunity to progress, growth into a physician, and evaluation. In the learning climate, the emotional environment was often stressful, although students valued exposure to different patient care and teaching styles. Senior resident continuity promoted student function; lack of continuity with attending physicians inhibited relationship development. Students were resilient in adjusting to changing faculty with different expectations. In the context of frequently rotating faculty, students had difficulty showing improvement to a single attending physician after feedback, which limited students’ opportunities to progress. Students perceived summative evaluation as less meaningful in the absence of having a relationship with their attending physicians. Conclusions: Medical students valued exposure to different patient care and teaching styles. However, frequently changing attending physicians caused students stress and limited students’ perceived ability to achieve and show professional growth.
Monoclonal antibodies to mitochondrial coupling factor B

Two monoclonal antibodies (MAb 1 and IV) have been prepared which showed high and specific reactions towards bovine heart mitochondrial coupling factor B (FB). Both have been identified as sub-type IgG1 of mouse immunoglobulins. MAb I reacts with purified and functionally active fB, alkylated or oxidized forms of FB and even with peptides formed on digestion of FB with trypsin. When used together, MAb I and IV reacted with FB in immunoblots of normal and urea treated samples of mitochondria, submitochondrial particles, ammonia-EDTA extracted particles, and H+-ATPase. Both MAbs inhibited FB-stimulated ATP-dependent reverse electron flow activity when fB was incubated with the antibody either before or after its addition to FB-deficient AE-particles. Reactivity of MAb I towards fB declined upon exposure of fb to guanidine HCl while reactivity of MAb IV remained unaltered.
Heterozygous deficiency of δ-catenin impairs pathological angiogenesis

Vascular and neuronal networks share a similar branching morphology, and emerging evidence implicates common mechanisms in the formation of both systems. δ-Catenin is considered a neuronal catenin regulating neuron cell–cell adhesion and cell motility. Here, we report expression of δ-catenin in vascular endothelium, and show that deletion of only one allele of δ-catenin is sufficient to impair endothelial cell motility and vascular assembly in vitro and pathological angiogenesis in vivo, thereby inhibiting tumor growth and wound healing. In contrast, deletion of one or both allele of δ-catenin had no effects on hormone-induced physiological angiogenesis in the uterus. Molecular analysis confirmed a gene dosage effect of δ-catenin on Rho GTPase activity. Moreover, we show that inflammatory cytokines, but not angiogenic factors, regulate δ-catenin expression, and the levels of δ-catenin positively correlate to human lung cancers. Collectively, our data suggest that inflammation, commonly associated with disease conditions, induces δ-catenin expression that specifically regulates pathological, and not physiological, angiogenesis. Because only pathological angiogenesis is sensitive to decreased levels of δ-catenin, this may provide a good target for antiangiogenic therapy.
Individual differences in navigational strategy: implications for display design

Three investigations that demonstrate the importance of considering individual differences when designing in-vehicle navigation systems are described. Drivers were categorised in terms of their spatial awareness and wayfinding strategies, based on brief self-report questionnaires. Experiment 1 revealed individual differences in route learning performance as a function of these categories and display modality (visual, auditory or both). Experiment 2 demonstrated that individuals within these categories use different route learning strategies that place differential demands on verbal vs. visuospatial working memory. Experiment 3 examined the navigational strategies and capabilities of older drivers and offers evidence-based design suggestions. These findings show that individual driver characteristics must be considered in order to reduce the attentional cost of extracting information from in-vehicle navigation systems. Effective displays are not a one size fits all configuration.
A multiple-loop flotation column for wastewater treatment

Abstract The application of the conventional flotation column to wastewater treatment has failed to realize its full. potential, mainly because of inadequate mixing (or backmixing) and non-uniform dispersion of bubbles in the column. Thus, the challenge lies in the development of a mechanical design, which can provide proper hydrodynamic conditions that will result in efficient separation, with high throughput. This paper describes a new column design, in which multiple draft tubes were used. Test results demonstrate that this new design is superior to that of the conventional flotation column for wastewater treatment.
Aboveground to belowground herbivore defense signaling in maize: a two-way street?

Since the beginning of agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago, farmers have struggled to protect their crops from insect pests. This is particularly true for maize, an important agricultural fo...
Crack Growth Rates of A182 and A82 Alloys From the V.C. Summer Reactor Vessel Nozzle-to-Pipe Weld

The Ni–base alloys used as construction material in light water reactors (LWRs) have experienced stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Although SCC of wrought Ni–base Alloy 600 has been observed in operating plants for many years, until recently, the weld metal Alloys 82 and 182 used with Alloy 600 environmentally assisted cracking has not been widely observed in the field. However, laboratory tests indicate that in PWR coolant environments, the SCC susceptibility of Alloy 182 may be greater than that of Alloy 600, and that of Alloy 82 may be comparable to Alloy 600. This paper presents crack growth rate (CGR) results for Alloys 182 and 82 from the reactor vessel nozzle-to-pipe from the V. C. Summer plant under both constant and cyclic load. The tests were conducted on 1/2-T compact tension specimens in a simulated PWR environment at 320 °C. Crack extensions were measured by DC potential drop measurements. Characterization of the material microstructure and is described. The SCC growth rates are compared with the existing CGR data for Ni–alloy welds to evaluate the effects of alloy type, weld microstructure, and stress intensity factor K on CGRs. The cyclic CGRs for these alloys are compared with CGRs that are expected for Alloy 600 in air under the same mechanical loading conditions to obtain a qualitative understanding of the degree and range of conditions for significant environmental enhancement in growth rates. A detailed characterization of the fracture morphology is also presented.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
University of Virginia suborbital remote sensor array

An Orion sounding rocket will be launched from Wallops Flight Facility and will carry a University of Virginia payload to an altitude of 65.7 km to measure the distribution of methane in the Earth’s upper atmosphere and record images and quantitative measurements of the distribution of chlorophyll in the Metompkin Inlet, Virginia. This new payload launch will be UVa’s second launch as a result of a five-year undergraduate design project by a multi-disciplinary student group. As part of a new multi-year design course, undergraduate students designed, built, tested, and will participate in the launch of a suborbital platform from which atmospheric remote sensors and other scientific experiments can operate. The first launch included a simplified atmospheric measurement system intended to demonstrate full system operation and remote sensing capabilities during suborbital flight. The second and upcoming launch includes a methane GFCR system intended for upper atmospheric measurements, a photodiode/camera system intended for the remote sensing of chlorophyll distribution and concentration in the Metompkin Inlet due to confined animal runoff pollution. Two thermoelectrically cooled HgCdTe infrared detectors, with peak sensitivity at 3 mm, were designed to measure the methane distribution in the upper atmosphere, by having infrared radiation filtered through a methane cell and a nitrogen reference cell. A small camera with a green band-pass filter will be aligned with five photodiodes, each covered by a narrow bandpass filter that matches the filters in the SeaWiFS system, to provide cross-referencing for the remote sensing of the chlorophyll in the Metompkin Inlet and to enhance the chlorophyll distribution. This payload will serve as a platform for future atmospheric sensing experiments. Currently, the GFCR has been tested and calibrated, the chlorophyll measurement system is being calibrated, and the components and mounts are being gathered, calibrated, tested and fabricated. In the next few months, the payload will be integrated and the data reduction models will be constructed.
Interface design for the Purdue enterprise reference architecture (PERA) and methodology in e-Work

One of the primary concerns of enterprise integration is the establishment of the necessary interconnections or interfaces between the components and/or subsystems of the enterprise system. Such integration is considered a fundamental requirement for effective e-Work environment. As a Type 2 Enterprise Reference Architecture, PERA presents under its framework two major types of interfaces, the Internal System Interfaces and the Programme Interfaces. The former interface type provides the necessary interconnections between the components of the enterprise implementation or operational systems. The latter provides the necessary interconnections between the different phases of an enterprise development programme. The concepts of interfaces as illustrated in PERA indicate that the design of the system interfaces should be included in the design of the overall methodology together with the design of implementation architectures. A phased development programme for any enterprise integration project needs such w...
Establishing a Successful Basic Science Research Program in Colon and Rectal Surgery

Although at first glance, the surgeon-scientist appears to be a rare breed in today's clinical revenue-driven world, with careful planning and mentorship this is still a vibrant career path. If one is considering this avenue, it is important to seize even small opportunities to pursue laboratory work during training—summers in college and medical school, rotation blocks, and dedicated time in the middle of residency. Publications and small grants during these times will lay the ground work for future success. When considering a faculty position, it is essential to identify a mentorship environment that has a track record for success—either in the department of surgery or anywhere in the university. Ensuring adequate support from the department of surgery chair and division leader is essential. Basic science careers take years for the return in investment to be manifested! Also critical is to secure extramural funding early in the faculty stint—first foundation grants and then National Institutes of Health–mentored scientist funding. Surgeons provide a unique perspective in basic science work and it is critical that we continue to support young surgeons in this career path.
Expression of p21ras-related protein in the plasma and tissue of patients with adenomas and carcinomas of the colon

AbstractOver-expression of p21 ras-related protein was determined in the plasma by immunoblotting and in the tissue by immuno-histochemistry in a cohort of patients undergoing colonoscopy. In the plasma samples, p21 ras over-expression was detected in: 9% (4/47) of normal controls; 21% (13/61) of individuals with normal colonoscopies but with a prior history of colonic neoplasia; 12% (4/33) of small adenoma patients, 29% (6/21) of large adenoma patients; 63% (5/8) of carcinoma-in-adenoma patients; 50% (2/4) of Dukes' A carcinoma patients; and 20% (2/10) of Dukes' B-D carcinoma patients. In the tissue samples, p21 ras over-expression was detected in: 25% (2/8) of small adenoma patients; 44% (4/9) of large adenoma patients; 100% (4/4) of carcinoma-in-adenoma patients; and 33% (1/3) of Dukes' B-C carcinoma patients. For matched plasma-tissue pairs, there was a statistically significant correlation for p21 ras over-expression (R = 0.47, p = 0.02).
Parameters of Auditory Feedback

Adult speakers participated in three feedback conditions: Lombard, sidetone amplification, and delayed auditory feedback (DAF). All the procedures affected vocal intensity significantly, but only DAF caused changes in syllable rate. The three conditions did not provide equivalent data. Performance on any one of the feedback procedures was not predictive of performance on the others. Generalizations concerning auditory feedback must, therefore, take account of the particular method used and the parameter of speech studied.
E-series prostaglandins and arginine vasopressin in the modulation of male sexual behavior.

Studies carried out recently in the author's laboratory have suggested that fever accompanies copulation in the male rat. Given the action of prostaglandin-E (PGE) in the genesis of fever and given the integrative role of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) in the expression of both fever and male sexual behavior, two hypotheses were advanced concerning male copulation. The first concerns PGE in facilitating transmission in MPOA pathways mediating mounting, intromission and ejaculation. The second concerns arginine vasopressin, a presumed “natural antagonist” of PGE, in inhibiting such transmission and eventually making the male refractory to the receptive female. Several experiments were suggested for testing each hypothesis.
Consequences of Sequential Ca2+ Occupancy for the Structure and Dynamics of CalbindinD9K: Computational Simulations and Comparison to Experimental Determinations in Solution

Abstract Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the structures of calbindinD9K (CAB) with different occupancies of the two Ca2+ binding sites were carried out to gain insight into structural and energetic consequences of sequential Ca2+ binding. The aim of the study is to identify effects of Ca-binding site occupancy that relate to the properties and functions of Ca-binding proteins containing EF-hand motifs. Two different models of solvation were employed, one defined by a linear, distance dependent dielectric permittivity (e = r) and inclusion only of the 36 crystallographically observed water molecules, and the other with the protein immersed in a 9A shell of explicit waters and e = 1. Experimental results from x-ray crystallography, and insights from NMR and from measurements of hydrogen exchange rates in these systems served as tests and guides for assessing the quality, validity and mechanistic interpretation of the results from the computational study. The results of the MD simulations agree very w...
Muslim Studies of Hinduism? A Reconsideration of Arabic and Persian Translations from Indian Languages

(2003). Muslim Studies of Hinduism? A Reconsideration of Arabic and Persian Translations from Indian Languages. Iranian Studies: Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 173-195.
Three-dimensional dynamics and transition to turbulence in the wake of bluff objects

The wakes of bluff objects and in particular of circular cylinders are known to undergo a ‘fast’ transition, from a laminar two-dimensional state at Reynolds number 200 to a turbulent state at Reynolds number 400. The process has been documented in several experimental investigations, but the underlying physical mechanisms have remained largely unknown so far. In this paper, the transition process is investigated numerically, through direct simulation of the Navier—Stokes equations at representative Reynolds numbers, up to 500. A high-order time-accurate, mixed spectral/spectral element technique is used. It is shown that the wake first becomes three-dimensional, as a result of a secondary instability of the two-dimensional vortex street. This secondary instability appears at a Reynolds number close to 200. For slightly supercritical Reynolds numbers, a harmonic state develops, in which the flow oscillates at its fundamental frequency (Strouhal number) around a spanwise modulated time-average flow. In the near wake the modulation wavelength of the time-average flow is half of the spanwise wavelength of the perturbation flow, consistently with linear instability theory. The vortex filaments have a spanwise wavy shape in the near wake, and form rib-like structures further downstream. At higher Reynolds numbers the three-dimensional flow oscillation undergoes a period-doubling bifurcation, in which the flow alternates between two different states. Phase-space analysis of the flow shows that the basic limit cycle has branched into two connected limit cycles. In physical space the period doubling appears as the shedding of two distinct types of vortex filaments.Further increases of the Reynolds number result in a cascade of period-doubling bifurcations, which create a chaotic state in the flow at a Reynolds number of about 500. The flow is characterized by broadband power spectra, and the appearance of intermittent phenomena. It is concluded that the wake undergoes transition to turbulence following the period-doubling route.
Paroxysmal anal hyperkinesis: a characteristic feature of proctalgia fugax.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Proctalgia fugax is a common problem, yet its pathophysiology is poorly understood. The objective was to characterise colorectal disturbances in a paraplegic patient with a 10 year history of proctalgia fugax that began two years after an attack of transverse myelitis. METHODS: Standard anorectal manometry and prolonged 33 hour ambulatory colonic manometry at six sites in the colon were performed together with myoelectrical recording of the anus. Provocative tests designed to simulate psychological and physical stress and two types of meals were included. RESULTS: Anorectal manometry showed normal internal sphincter tone and normal rectoanal inhibitory reflex but an inability to squeeze or to bear down or to expel a simulated stool. Rectal sensation (up to 360 ml inflation) was absent. Pudendal nerve latency was prolonged (4.5 ms (normal 3.2 mv), high frequency (5-50/min) anal myoelectrical activity, particularly after stress tests, meals, and at night. The myoelectrical disturbance only occurred with proctalgia. Intermittently, 16 bursts of 3 cycles/ min phasic rectal contractions were seen, but only six were associated with proctalgia. Colonic motility was reduced compared with normal subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The temporal association between a high amplitude, high frequency myoelectrical activity of the anal sphincter, and the occurrence of proctalgia suggests that paroxysmal hyperkinesis of the anus may cause proctalgia fugax.
A simple analytic model for noise shaping by an optical fiber Raman generator

Abstract An analytic model for first Stokes–Raman generation in optical fiber is used to evaluate the relative importance of quantum initiation noise and amplified classical pump noise in recent experiments on noise shaping. The model accounts for pump depletion and for fluctuations arising from the spontaneous generation of the first Stokes pulse, but not for scattering into higher-order Stokes pulses. The model reproduces the qualitative features of the measured first Stokes pulse energy statistics using realistic parameter values.
Measurement of gust response on a turbine cascade

The paper presents benchmark experimental data on a gust response of an annular turbine cascade. The experiment was particularly designed to provide data for comparison with the results of a typical linearized gust-response analysis. Reduced frequency, Mach number, and incidence were varied independently. Except for the lowest reduced frequency, the gust velocity distribution was nearly sinusoidal. For the high inlet-velocity series of tests, the cascade was near choking. The mean flow was documented by measuring blade surface pressures and the cascade exit flow. High-response pressure transducers were used to measure the unsteady pressure distribution. Inlet-velocity components and turbulence parameters were measured using hot wire. In addition to the synchronous time-average pressure spectra, typical power spectra are included for several representative conditions.
An approximate model of surface ploughing by a rotating disc and other indenters

Abstract The version of the upper bound method developed by the authors earlier to find the configuration of a stress-free surface, is extended here for a more complicated kinematic field and geometry of indenter. The purpose of this generalization is twofold. Firstly, this gives more flexibility in using the results of the present friction study for a wider set of problems, including the case of interfering asperities. As an example, we present some numerical results for a row of asperities with different degrees of penetration up to full embedment. Secondly, the algorithm was used to model the indentation of a rigid wheel pressed into softer rigid-perfectly plastic material, and then dragged through it, leaving a groove behind. The wheel may be prevented from rotation or may be torque free. Key issues to be determined from the analysis include an evaluation of local pressures, sliding speeds, development of plastic deformation and exposure of nascent material. Surprisingly, the numerical results have shown that for a certain range of parameters, the ratio of ploughing force to vertical force may decrease as the local adhesion increases.
Middleware for supporting content sharing in dynamic networks

This paper proposes a middleware architecture to enable seamless content sharing in highly dynamic networks, such as those involving a number of aerial unmanned autonomous vehicles (UAVs), which are characterized by constantly changing connectivity and network topology. The proposed middleware maintains up-to-date network status as well as metadata information about data objects in the network nodes, masking the content sharing applications from the network dynamics and faults. Mechanisms for node discovery, message passing and network management are developed. A strategy is also proposed for efficient replication to ensure availability of data in highly mobile environments. The middleware includes a message acknowledgement strategy that can be used on top of UDP for reliable communication in volatile wireless environments. Furthermore, the middleware supports database queries in changing networks. In the future, proposed middleware will be utilized for fault-tolerant database query processing.
Predictions of bond percolation thresholds for the kagomé and Archimedean (3, 12(2)) lattices.

Here we show how the recent exact determination of the bond percolation threshold for the martini lattice can be used to provide approximations to the unsolved kagom\'e and $(3,{12}^{2})$ lattices. We present two different methods: one which provides an approximation to the inhomogeneous kagom\'e and $(3,{12}^{2})$ bond problems, and the other which gives estimates of ${p}_{c}$ for the homogeneous kagom\'e (0.524 408 8\dots{}) and $(3,{12}^{2})$ (0.740 421 2\dots{}) problems that, respectively, agree with numerical results to five and six significant figures.
Effects of Short-Time, High-Current Faults on Aged, Insulated Wire

Several previous studies of short-time, highcurrent faults on electrical distribution conductors have been made by the author. These studies are meant to simulate conditions where wire, properly protected by circuit breakers or fuses, suffers bolted short circuits. As usual in performance tests, unaged wire was used. The present study was initiated to determine how the damage done to wire insulation varies with age of the wire. The results how that the ability to resist damage by bolted short circuit is enhanced by the aging of the wire. This improvement continues until cracks form which partially penetrate the insulation.
Stress Intensity Factor Influence Coefficients for Semi-Elliptical Axial Surface Flaws for Cylindrical Components With Large Thickness to Radius Ratios

Flaws detected in nuclear power plant components during in-service inspections are typically evaluated based on stress intensity factor influence coefficient databases and solutions from industry standards and public literature (e.g. API-579, ASME Section XI Code, WRC-175 Bulletin, Raju-Newman, etc). For certain components in the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) nuclear power plants, such as Bottom Mounted Instrumentation (BMI) nozzles, the cylindrical component geometry may fall outside the applicability limits of stress intensity factor influence coefficient databases. This situation occurs where the thickness to inner radius ratios of the cylindrical geometry is greater than 1.0. Accurate stress intensity factor (SIF) solutions are essential to flaw evaluation since the SIFs are used in the determination of both the allowable flaw size and crack growth in order to determine acceptability of the detected flaw.In this paper, stress intensity factor influence coefficients are generated based on a three-dimensional finite element analysis for axial flaws located on the inside surface and outside surface of a cylindrical component with thickness to inner radius ratios (t/Ri) of 1, 2, 4, & 6. Non-dimensional influence coefficients are determined at the deepest point of the crack front and the surface point of the flaw based on a 4th order polynomial fit for a through-wall stress profile. The influence coefficients are generated for semi-elliptical flaws with a/c ratios = 0.125 through 2; where a is depth of the elliptical flaw, and c is the half-length of the elliptical flaw. The influence coefficients developed are suitable for calculating stress intensity factors for cylindrical components with high thickness to inner radius ratios.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Correspondence between self-report and observer-report as a function of task difficulty

The cabin-cleaning behavior of nine disturbed boys in a summer camp was recorded on a checklist by an observer and the campers. The boys: (1) exaggerated their level of performance on a cleaning task; (2) responded to a contingency for accurate self-reporting by producing ratings which corresponded with those of an observer; (3) achieved correspondence with an observer in two ways: (a) raised performance to match prior level of self-report for easy items and (b) lowered self-report to correspond with prior performance for hard items; and (4) appeared to show reactivity to self-reporting on easy but not hard items.
The influence of laser glazing on fatigue crack growth in Ti-24Al-11Nb

The influence of laser glazing on fatigue crack growth (FCG) in a titanium aluminide (Ti3Al) alloy Ti-24A1-11Nb has been studied. Glazing leads to retention of beta phase in the melt zone and is accompanied by a significant increase in hardness as compared to that of the base microstructure. Laser glazing strongly influences the FCG behavior. Crack growth rates (CGRs) at a given stress intensity are reduced by up to three orders of magnitude. Maximum retardation in the CGR is observed when the crack front is around 4.0 mm ahead of the laser track. The observed slowing of CGR can be understood on the basis of the superposition principle that accounts for the influence of residual stresses on FCG. The equilibrating compressive stresses resulting from the tensile thermal residual stresses reduce the local effective stress intensity and, thereby, lead to reduced CGRs. In the absence of residual stresses, when subjected to a thermal treatment (650 °C/100 h), no observable variation in CGR is noticed over the entire crack length that encompassed two laser tracks.
The triviality of federalism

R. J. May, Federalism and Fiscal Adjustment, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1969, pp. 192 + viii, 55/‐ stg.
The 10kb Drosophila virus 28S rDNA intervening sequence is flanked by a disect repeat of 14 base pairs of coding sequence

Most repeat units of rDNA in Drosophila virilis are interrupted in the 28S rRNA coding region by an intervening sequence about 10 kb in length; uninterrupted repeats have a length of about 11 kb. We have sequenced the coding/intervening sequence junctions and flanking regions in two independent clones of interrupted rDNA, and the corresponding 28S rRNA coding region in a clone of uninterrupted rDNA. The intervening sequence is terminated at both ends by a direct repeat of a fourteen nucleotide sequence that is present once in the corresponding region of an intact gene. This is a phenomenon associated with transposable elements in other eukaryotes and in prokaryotes, and the Drosophila rDNA intervening sequence is discussed in this context. We have compared more than 200 nucleotides of the D. virilis 28S rRNA gene with sequences of homologous regions of rDNA in Tetrahymena pigmentosa (Wild and Sommer, 1980) and Xenopus laevis (Gourse and Gerbi, 1980): There is 93% sequence homology among the diverse species, so that the rDNA region in question (about two-thirds of the way into the 28S rRNA coding sequence) has been very highly conserved in eukaryote evolution. The intervening sequence in T. pigmentosa is at a site 79 nucleotides upstream from the insertion site of the Drosophila intervening sequence.
Poverty and Inequality in Bosnia and Herzegovina After the Civil War

Abstract By taking advantage of new data we provide the first overview on poverty and inequality in Bosnia and Herzegovina after the war. We use a household survey commissioned by the World Bank which, despite limitations, helps shed some light on poverty risk and distribution of income in the country with respect to three issues: regional variation, ethnic differences, and household characteristics. We find large contrasts between the two entities in the country, the Federation and Republika Srpska. Ethnic cleansing may have exacerbated the differences among regions, as those poor ethnic minorities with the lowest opportunity cost migrated to regions where they were the ethnic majority. Remittances appear to play a role in ameliorating poverty. Inaddition, there are some signs that education may be a factor in preventing poverty.
IGF-I stimulates Rab7-RILP interaction during neuronal autophagy

Restoration of autophagy represents a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disorders, but factors that regulate autophagic flux are largely unknown. When deprived of trophic factors, cultured Purkinje neurons die by an autophagy associated cell death mechanism. The accumulation of autophagic vesicles and cell death of Purkinje neurons is inhibited by insulin-like growth factor, by a mechanism that enhances autophagic vesicle turnover. In this report, we identify Rab7 as an IGF-I regulated target during neuronal autophagy. Purkinje neurons transfected with EGFP-Rab7-WT and constitutively active EGFP-Rab7-Q67L contained few RFP-LC3 positive autophagosomes and little co-localization with GFP-Rab7 under control conditions. Upon induction of autophagy, RFP-LC3 positive autophagosomes increased and co-localized with GFP-Rab7. Conversely, expression of the dominant negative mutant EGFP-Rab7-T22N increased the accumulation of autophagosomes under control conditions, which accumulated even further during trophic factor withdrawal. There was no vesicular co-localization between Rab7-T22N and RFP-LC3 under control or trophic factor withdrawal conditions. During prolonged trophic factor withdrawal, a condition that leads to the accumulation of autophagic vesicles and cell death, Rab7 activity decreased significantly. IGF-I, added at the time of trophic factor withdrawal, prevented the deactivation of Rab7 and increased the interaction of Rab7 with its interacting protein (RILP), restoring autophagic flux. These results provide a novel mechanism by which IGF-I regulates autophagic flux during neuronal stress.
Microgravity processing of immiscible aluminum-indium alloys

Abstract This paper addresses the Coupled Growth in Hypermonotectics experiment carried out aboard NASA's Life and Microgravity Spacelab Mission which took place from June 10 to July 7, 1996. The experiment involved the directional solidification of hypermonotectic (immiscible) alloys in an attempt to obtain steady-state, coupled growth conditions by processing under microgravity conditions. Processing was carried out utilizing the Advanced Gradient Heating Facility directional solidification furnace in order to obtain the high thermal gradients and controlled growth rates required for stability. Solidification under the proper growth conditions was expected to lead to interface stability and the production of a desired aligned fibrous microstructure even for hypermonotectic alloys. The paper covers the objectives of the experiment and a discussion of the anticipated results. While microstructural information is not yet available at the time of writing, results will be presented on the thermal gradients and growth rates obtained and how these compared with predictions.
The rough side of texture: texture analysis through the lens of HVEI

We take a look at texture analysis research over the past 25 years, from the persective of the Human Vision and Electronic Imaging conference. We consider advances in the understanding of human perception of textures and the development of texture analysis algorithms for practical applications. We cover perceptual models and algorithms for image halftoning, texture discrimination, texture segmentation, texture analysis/synthesis, perceptually and structurally lossless compression, content-based retrieval, and sense substitution.
Short seeking by multi-rate digital controllers for computation saving with initial value adjustment

Multi-rate control has been proposed to reduce the real time computation in hard disk drive servo systems. It has been showed that computation can be saved greatly without performance degradation by using multi-rate controller for track following. This work proposes a novel method for short seeking control based on multi-rate track following control and initial value adjustment. This method, which utilizes the same multi-rate controller and same servo structure as track following, adjusts the initial values of the track following controller for short seeking. Real time computation is greatly saved in two aspects: firstly, computation is saved by multi-rate scheme; secondly, initial value adjustment of the feedback controller makes the use of the feed-forward controller and reference trajectory unnecessary. Simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Multi‐context engaged learning and ethnographic fieldwork: some notes from the middle of the edge

In this article, I describe multi‐context engaged learning – a research methodology that I developed in response to the challenge of conducting intimate and engaged fieldwork within a highly complex and shifting milieu typical of those faced by many researchers today. Moreover, I argue that it is the ethnographer’s ‘presence’ in terms of her accountability and membership within a shared context that should ideally constitute the site of research, and that this in turn demands an honest and forthright approach to the issues of exchange that are at the heart of most field research.
Software pipelining: a comparison and improvement

Software pipelining can significantly increase the execution rate of loops. Each of the four major software pipelining algorithms takes a different approach to software pipelining. This paper discusses each method and explores some of the similarities and differences among the methods.On loops consisting of a single basic block, the Perfect Pipelining Algorithm [1] is the only software pipelining algorithm that currently achieves time optimality, in the absence of resource constraints. A technique for unrolling the loop before pipelining is presented as an improvement to software pipelining, as it can allow Lam's algorithm [2] to achieve time optimality for these restricted loops. Unrolling has an advantage over Perfect Pipelining because it can reduce the code space required for the software pipeline.
Ultraviolet extinction and diffuse band strength correlations

Correlations between UV extinction parameters and diffuse band strengths are south, using a data base of 50 stars with recently measured extinction curves. A novel aspect of this study is that the basic dependence of most interstellar parameters on E(B-V) (or, nearly equivalently, on the total hydrogen column density) has been largely canceled out. After this cancellation, a weak correlation is found between the 4430 A diffuse band and the 2175 A extinction feature. No other correlations are found. These results support a molecular origin for the 5780 A and 6284 A bands. It is speculated that the correlation pattern found for the 4430 A band can be explained if this band originates in reactions on disordered grain surfaces.
The effect of coherent optical phonon on thermal transport

Phonons are quantized lattice vibrations and the major heat carriers in most crystalline materials. We have been utilizing femtosecond phonon spectroscopy to excite and detect optical coherent phonons (CPs) in various materials. However, the impact of CPs to overall thermal transport is still unknown. In this study, we developed a small perturbation model in MD to simulate CPs and investigate the effects of CPs on thermal transport in Bi2Te3 at temperatures ranging from 20 to 325 K. The phonon frequency and lifetime predicted by our model agree very well with experimental results. It is found that the effective thermal transport estimated with the heat current autocorrelation function shows a great enhancement upon CP generation and extension, especially at low temperatures. Our results suggest that it is possible to manipulate thermal transport effectively with CPs.
Properties affecting the consumption of sound and rotten coarse woody debris in northern Idaho: a preliminary investigation using laboratory fires

This study evaluates the consumption of coarse woody debris in various states of decay. Samples from a northern Idaho mixed-conifer forest were classified using three different classification methods, ignited with two different ignition methods and consumption was recorded. Intrinsic properties that change with decay were measured including carbon to nitrogen ratio, density, heat content, lignin content, moisture content and surface area-to-volume ratio. Consumption for logs in different stages of decay is reported with characterisation of wood properties. Results indicate very decayed coarse woody debris is likely to be consumed to a substantially greater degree than sound coarse woody debris given similar conditions. High consumption occurred in debris with low-density, high-lignin content and high gravimetric heat content; however, lignin content and density showed the highest correlation with consumption. The Maser classification method grouped very rotten logs with high consumption into decay class 4 and the remainder into class 3. Trends in consumption were similar regardless of ignition; however low-intensity long-duration ignition produced higher consumption values. Focus on physical properties is recommended for predictive purposes over any classification method. Logs of other species and in regions with different decomposition and combustion dynamics may display different property ranges and consumption results.
Development of an identification method for fast routing

Introduces a novel method of routing that can be used where a vision system is required. This method provides high-accuracy object recognition, taking into account that it will be used in real-world surroundings, not clean-lab surroundings. The system has to tolerate different noisy environments and perform the assigned task using off-the-shelf equipment. Several programs were developed to accommodate the tasks that it would undertake. Object recognition is done by coding the object with a code that distinguishes it, without the need for matching the whole image. >
Ventral Decompression in Chiari Malformation, Basilar Invagination, and Related Disorders

Ventral brainstem compression is an uncommon clinical diagnosis seen by pediatric neurosurgeons and associated with Chiari malformation, type I. Presenting clinical symptoms often include headaches, lower cranial neuropathies, myelopathy, central sleep apnea, ataxia, and nystagmus. When ventral decompression is required, both open and endoscopic transoral/transnasal approaches are highly effective.