cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MicroRNAs and drug addiction

Drug addiction is considered a disorder of neuroplasticity in brain reward and cognition systems resulting from aberrant activation of gene expression programs in response to prolonged drug consumption. Noncoding RNAs are key regulators of almost all aspects of cellular physiology. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small (~21–23 nucleotides) noncoding RNA transcripts that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Recently, microRNAs were shown to play key roles in the drug-induced remodeling of brain reward systems that likely drives the emergence of addiction. Here, we review evidence suggesting that one particular miRNA, miR-212, plays a particularly prominent role in vulnerability to cocaine addiction. We review evidence showing that miR-212 expression is increased in the dorsal striatum of rats that show compulsive-like cocaine-taking behaviors. Increases in miR-212 expression appear to protect against cocaine addiction, as virus-mediated striatal miR-212 over-expression decreases cocaine consumption in rats. Conversely, disruption of striatal miR-212 signaling using an antisense oligonucleotide increases cocaine intake. We also review data that identify two mechanisms by which miR-212 may regulate cocaine intake. First, miR-212 has been shown to amplify striatal CREB signaling through a mechanism involving activation of Raf1 kinase. Second, miR-212 was also shown to regulate cocaine intake by repressing striatal expression of methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2), consequently decreasing protein levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The concerted actions of miR-212 on striatal CREB and MeCP2/BDNF activity greatly attenuate the motivational effects of cocaine. These findings highlight the unique role for miRNAs in simultaneously controlling multiple signaling cascades implicated in addiction.
Radiation accidents in the Southern Urals (1949-1967) and human genome damage.

Abstract A series of radioactive catastrophes (from 1948 to 1967) in the Southern Urals in the USSR led to intensive environmental contamination. Radioactive wastes were dispersed over the 20 000 km 2 territory of four provinces—Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen’ and Kurgan—due to the activity of the military facility that was built in 1948 for the production of nuclear bomb plutonium. The results of 50 years of investigations into the consequences of these disasters allow a general picture of the events that occurred to be reconstructed and allow the medical consequences of the irradiation of about half a million residents to be depicted. However, due to the atmosphere of secrecy and inadequate medical procedures, the results of medical studies of radiation victims are scant. The current protocols present a unique opportunity to study the DNA damage at the nucleotide resolution level in the genome of inhabitants of the given region, who presumably received chronic doses of irradiation. Studies were conducted through the direct sequencing of genes after their PCR-amplification and preselection of allegedly mutated DNA molecules. The regions of two genes have been sequenced: D1 dopamine receptor gene (subfamily of the G-protein coupled receptor L-DOPA genes) and the intron 12 of the gene for phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) responsible for phenylketonuria or hyperphenylalaninemia. Six point mutations (four presumably new) were found in the D1 gene of 42 persons and five polymorphic loci (two of which are widespread and three are unique) were revealed in the PAH gene. One of two widespread mutations is a deletion, and the other four are substitutions. Mutations in the controls were not found.
Resonator-QWIPs and FPAs

The quantum efficiency of QWIPs is difficult to predict and optimize. Recently, we have established a quantitative 3- dimensional electromagnetic model for QE computation. In this work, we used this model to design and optimize new detector structures. In one approach, we adjusted the detector volume to resonate strongly with the scattered light from the diffractive elements (DEs). The resulting intensified field increases the detector QE correspondingly. We tested this resonator-QWIP concept on four detector materials and obtained satisfactory agreements between theory and experiment. The observed single detector QE ranges from 15 to 71%, depending on the realized pixel geometry and the matching detector material. We processed one of the materials into hybridized FPAs and observed a QE of 30% with a conversion efficiency of 11%, in agreement with theory. By using rings as DEs, the FPA spectral nonuniformity can also be minimized with an observed value of 4% in comparison with the 7% for gratings. With a proven EM model, we further designed different R-QWIPs for a wide range of applications, including high conversion efficiency detection, narrow band detection through a medium, narrow band detection at a gaseous medium, simultaneous two-color detection, sequential voltage tunable two-color detection, and broadband detection at Landsat wavelengths. Experimental efforts are underway.
Targeting GTPases in Parkinson's disease: comparison to the historic path of kinase drug discovery and perspectives.

Neurological diseases have placed heavy social and financial burdens on modern society. As the life expectancy of humans is extended, neurological diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, have become increasingly common among senior populations. Although the enigmas of Parkinson’s diseases await resolution, more vivid pictures on the cause, progression and control of the illness are emerging after years of research. On the molecular level, GTPases are implicated in the etiology of Parkinson’s disease and are rational pharmaceutical targets for their control. However, targeting individual GTPases, which belong to a superfamily of proteins containing multiple members with a conserved guanine nucleotide binding domain, has proven to be challenging. In contrast, pharmaceutical pursuit of inhibition of kinases, which constitute another superfamily of proteins with more than 500 members, has been fairly successful. We reviewed the breakthroughs in the history of kinase drug discovery to provide guidance for the GTPase field. We summarize recent progress made in the regulation of GTPase activity. We also present an efficient and cost effective approach to drug screening, which uses multiplex flow cytometry and mixture-based positional scanning libraries. These methods allow simultaneous measurements of both the activity and the selectivity of the screened library. Several GTPase activator clusters were identified which showed selectivity against different GTPase subfamilies. While the clusters need to be further deconvoluted to identify individual active compounds, the method described here and the structure information gathered create a foundation for further developments to build upon.
Renal cell carcinoma with retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Impact on survival and benefits of immunotherapy.

BACKGROUND The current study was performed to determine the impact of the presence of retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy on the survival and response to immunotherapy of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed with outcome assessment based on the chart review of demographic, clinical, and pathologic data from 1087 patients. Patients with RCC who did not present with metastatic disease, who did not undergo nephrectomy as part of their cancer treatment, and those in whom either the lymph node (N) or metastatic (M) status was unknown, were excluded. A total of 322 M1 patients who met these criteria and who underwent nephrectomy for unilateral RCC formed the principal study population. RESULTS Two hundred thirty-six patients presented with N0M1 disease and 86 patients presented with N+M1 disease. In M1 patients, the presence of positive regional lymph nodes was associated with larger sized, higher grade, locally advanced primary tumors that were more commonly associated with sarcomatoid features. N0M1 patients were more likely to achieve an objective response to systemic immunotherapy compared with N+M1 patients (P = 0.01). N+M1 patients overall had worse short-term and long-term survival compared with N0M1 patients, with a median survival of 10.5 months compared with 20.4 months, respectively. The median survival of N0M1 patients was improved to 28 months in those who received adjunctive immunotherapy (P = 0.0008), whereas the median survival of patients with N+M1 disease was the same in those treated with and those treated without adjunctive immunotherapy (P = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS Even in the modern era of systemic immunotherapy, the presence of regional lymphadenopathy exerts a detrimental effect on the survival of patients with metastatic RCC. Lymph node status is a strong predictor of the failure to achieve either an objective immunotherapy response or an improvement in survival when immunotherapy is given as an adjunctive treatment after cytoreductive nephrectomy. However, in multivariate analysis, including both clinical and pathologic variables, lymph node status was found to have less of an impact on survival than primary tumor stage and grade and patient performance status. Cancer 2003;97:2995–3002. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11422
Butyrate Inhibits Disruption of Endothelial Monouwers by Human sw1116 Colon Cancer Cells

Abstract We previously showed that butyrate reduces invasion of human SW1116 colon cancer cells through Matrigel. To test the effect of butyrate on migration of SW1116 cells through vascular endothelium. SW1116 cells were seeded on the luminal surfaces of confluent monolayers of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) maintained on Matrigel coated filters. Cultures were incubated for 24 or 72 hr at 37°C in control medium or medium supplemented with 10mM butyrate. At these times, these media were assayed by zymography for matrix metalloproteases (MMP). Integrity of HUVEC monolayers and migration of SW1116 cells through them were assessed by light microscopy. Data for butyrate-treated cultures are expressed as mean % of control samples without butyrate ± SE. Previous studies showed that SW1116 cells invading Matrigel produce predominantly MMPs 1 & 3. In contrast, in the present studies we found that SW1116 cells invading through HUVEC monolayers into Matrigel produced MMPs 2 & 9. As reported previously, butyrate reduced production of MMPs by SW1116 cells. We report here that it also reduced SW1116 cell-migration through HUVEC monolayers by 89.3 ± 3.7% (p
Congenital oral anomalies in Argentinian children

A total of 6,180 Argentinian school-age children were examined clinically for the presence of oral congenital anomalies. The following prevalence figures were found: commissured lip pits (0.7%), ankyloglossia (0.1%), geographic tongue (1.5%), localized enamel hypomaturation (2.8%), median rhomboid glossitis (0.10/00), torus palatinus (0.30/00) and dentinogenesis imperfecta (0.30/00). Data are presented for the first time on snowcap amelogenesis imperfecta with a prevalence value of 0.1%.
Comparing response rates from Web and mail surveys: A meta-analysis.

This study meta-analyzes thirty-nine study results published within last ten years that directly compared Web and mail survey modes. Although considerable variation exists across the studies, the authors’ findings show that mail surveys have higher response rates than Web surveys in general. Two study features (i.e., population types and follow-up reminders) are shown to contribute statistically to the variation of response rate differences between Web and paper surveys in the comparative studies. College respondents appear to be more responsive to Web surveys, while some other respondents (e.g., medical doctors, school teachers, and general consumers) appear to prefer traditional mail surveys. Follow-up reminders appear to be less effective for Web survey respondents than for mail survey respondents. Other study features (i.e., implementation of random assignment of survey respondents, incentives, and publication year) are not statistically useful in accounting for the variation of response rate differences between Web and mail surveys.
Bacteremia-induced suppression of alveolar surfactant production.

Abstract Sepsis is characterized by Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)-like pulmonary dysfunction largely attributed to alveolar capillary endothelial cell injury which causes increased microvascular permeability and interstitial edema formation. In addition, quantitative and qualitative abnormalities of the pulmonary surfactant system may be important features of some clinical and experimental lung injuries. This study was designed to investigate the relationship of bacteremia and endotoxemia to pulmonary surfactant production in vivo. A technique for estimation of pulmonary surfactant phospholipid synthesis measuring incorporation of a stable isotope precursor ([2-13C]acetate) into dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) in alveolar lavage fluid was developed. Male 350 g Sprague-Dawley rats had placement of central venous catheters. After overnight recovery, sublethal bacteremia (Escherichia coli, 1 × 108 organisms, iv) and sublethal endotoxemia (Difco; 10 mg/kg, iv) were induced. Both were associated with lung microvascular permeability increases consistent with capillary endothelial injury. Eight-hour infusions of [2-13C]acetate were given. After sacrifice, bronchoalveolar washings and lung tissue were obtained and [2-13C] incorporation into lavage and lung DPPC was measured by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. Endotoxin-treated animals had a 21.5% reduction in label incorporation into DPPC [1.215 ± 0.145 APE (%) sham versus 0.954 ± 0.144 APE (%) experimental, P > 0.05] and bacteremic animals had a 56.9% diminution of [2-13C]acetate incorporation [1.215 ± 0.145 APE (%) sham versus 0.524 ± 0.56 APE (%) experimental, P
Stat3 mediates LIF-induced protection of astrocytes against toxic ROS by upregulating the UPC2 mRNA pool

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in various types of CNS damage, including stroke. We used a cultured astrocyte model to explore mechanisms of survival of CNS cells following ROS damage. We found that pretreatment with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) preserves astrocytes exposed to toxic levels of t-BHP by inhibiting an increase in intracellular ROS following t-BHP treatment. Astrocytes lacking functional Stat3 did not benefit from the pro-survival or antioxidant effects of LIF. Inhibition of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) using a chemical inhibitor or siRNA abrogates the prosurvival effects of LIF, indicating a critical role for UCP2 in modulation of mitochondrial ROS production in survival following ROS exposure. LIF treatment of astrocytes results in increased UCP2 mRNA that is accompanied by an increase in Stat3 binding to the UCP2 promoter region. Although treatment with LIF alone did not increase UCP2 protein, a combination of LIF treatment and ROS stress led to increased UCP2 protein levels. We conclude that LIF protects astrocytes from ROS-induced death by increasing UCP2 mRNA, allowing cells to respond to ROS stress by rapidly producing UCP2 protein that ultimately decreases endogenous mitochondrial ROS production. GLIA 2014;62:159–170
El control de los zancudos en Panamá: los entomólogos y el cambio ambiental durante la construcción del Canal

Este ensayo examina los esfuerzos realizados por los Estados Unidos durante la construccion del Canal de Panama para controlar los zancudos que sirven como vectores de la malaria y la fiebre amarilla. Antes de que se descubriera el papel de los zancudos en la transmision de estas enfermedades, solia asumirse que estas eran parte integral de la naturaleza tropical. Sin embargo, los empleados estadounidenses que viajaron a Panama en 1904 para construir el canal, no solo llegaron con sus propias ideas sobre el tropico, sino con conocimiento de la teoria de los vectores y, por 10 tanto, con nuevas herramientas para luchar contra las fiebres tropicales. El resultado fue un esfuerzo de saneamiento, liderado por William Gorgas y apoyado por una comunidad creciente de empleados de sanidad y entomologos, que acabo con la fiebre amarilla en la zona del canal y redujo la incidencia de la malaria. Tal exito sirvio para argumentar que estos esfuerzos sanitarios constituian una leccion objetiva sobre como conquistar los tropicos. Pero una mirada mas cuidadosa al control de zancudos en Panama revela una historia diferente. Los empleados de sanidad y los entomologos se dieron cuenta que el control de zancudos generalmente incluia atacar criaderos creados por los cambios ambientales y sociales creados por la construccion del canal. Asi, los entomologos ocupaban un lugar particular, pues apoyaron los objetivos imperialistas de los Estados Unidos en Panama, pero, al establecer nexos entre las enfermedades y el cambio ambiental, subvirtieron el discurso oficial sobre los tropicos.
Energy gain scaling with plasma length and density in the plasma wakefield accelerator

We present plasma wakefield acceleration experimental results showing that the energy gain by 28.5GeV electrons scales with plasma length and reaches 14GeV over a plasma with a density of 2.6◊10 17 cm 3 and a length of 31cm. At this plasma density the average accelerating gradient is 36GeVm 1 . These results are in good agreement with the numbers obtained from particle in cell simulations describing the experiment. The linear scaling is also observed both at lower and higher plasma densities, at which smaller energy gains and accelerating gradients are measured. The systematic measurements of energy gain show the reproducibility and control of the acceleration process.
Syntheses and Structures of Octamethylmetallocenes of Osmium

The reaction of sodium hexachloroosmate(IV) hydrate with five equivalents of tetramethylcyclopentadiene (C5Me4H2) in refluxing ethanol yielded the novel coordination compound bis(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)chloroosmocinium(IV) hexachloroosmate, [(η 5-C5Me4H)2OsCl]2[OsCl6] (1). Compound 1 has been characterized by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The cationic complex of 1 [(η 5-C5Me4H)2OsCl]+, adopts a bent geometry with a ring centroid-osmium-ring centroid angle of 146.2° and an eclipsed conformation of its two tetramethylcyclopentadienyl rings. The addition of zinc powder to sodium hexachloroosmate(IV) hydrate and five equivalents of tetramethylcyclopentadiene in refluxing ethanol produced the known compound, bis(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl)osmium, (η 5-C5Me4H)2Os (2). The crystal structure of 2 has been determined and it reveals an eclipsed arrangement of the tetramethylcyclopentadienyl rings in the solid state. The average Os–Cring bond length in octamethylosmocene 2 (2.187 A) is in accordance with corresponding bond lengths in osmocene, (η 5-C5H5)2Os (2.19 A) and decamethylosmocene, (η 5-C5Me5)2Os (2.18 A).
Opera in the Foreign Language Classroom: Learning German with Mozart, Wagner, Weber, and Johann Strauss.

Content-based instruction (CBI) has been part of the foreign language curriculum for many years at US colleges, leading to courses that combine language instruction with specific content domains, such as film, literature, politics, sports and many others. This article presents a rather unusual choice of content domain for a second-year language course: German Opera. Based on current research on CBI, personal teaching experiences, and student evaluations, this article outlines the structure, didactics and practical components of this pioneer course.
Social Influence Strategies The Impact of Sex, Role and Attitudes Toward Power

Subjects were asked to rate the likelihood of their taking each of 4O actions in order to get their own way in an organizational dispute in which they were either an employee or a supervisor. The 40 strategies clustered into eight factors. Women reported a greater likelihood of using Personal/Dependent and Negotiation strategies than men; men reported a greater likelihood of using Reward/Coercion and Indirect strategies than women. Persons in supervisory roles reported less likelihood of withdrawing and negotiating, as well as a greater likelihood of using Unilateral strategies than persons in employee roles. Attitudes toward power also affected strategy choice, with negative attitudes toward having power associated with a greater usage of Withdrawal and Negotiation and less likelihood of employing Reasoning, Pressure, or Unilateral strategies. Concern about others' power was associated with increased use of Indirect and Withdrawal strategies, and less likelihood of using Reasoning. Women and persons in s...
World-Driven Access Control for Continuous Sensing

Modern applications increasingly rely on continuous monitoring of video, audio, or other sensor data to provide their functionality, particularly in platforms such as the Microsoft Kinect and Google Glass. Continuous sensing by untrusted applications poses significant privacy challenges for both device users and bystanders. Even honest users will struggle to manage application permissions using existing approaches. We propose a general, extensible framework for controlling access to sensor data on multi-application continuous sensing platforms. Our approach, world-driven access control, allows real-world objects to explicitly specify access policies. This approach relieves the user's permission management burden while mediating access at the granularity of objects rather than full sensor streams. A trusted policy module on the platform senses policies in the world and modifies applications' "views" accordingly. For example, world-driven access control allows the system to automatically stop recording in bathrooms or remove bystanders from video frames,without the user prompted to specify or activate such policies. To convey and authenticate policies, we introduce passports, a new kind of certificate that includes both a policy and optionally the code for recognizing a real-world object. We implement a prototype system and use it to study the feasibility of world-driven access control in practice. Our evaluation suggests that world-driven access control can effectively reduce the user's permission management burden in emerging continuous sensing systems. Our investigation also surfaces key challenges for future access control mechanisms for continuous sensing applications.
Sensor-based Condition Monitoring and Predictive Maintenance—An Integrated Intelligent Management Support System

To maintain a competitive edge, it becomes increasingly important for companies to manage their maintenance dollars effectively. This study reveals that a surprisingly large part of capital investment is associated with equipment maintenance in real business environments. Moreover, equipment availability also affects productivity, profitability and the ability to response to market demand. Therefore, maintenance management is becoming an important business area in many industrial settings. Sensory data utilization and interpretation is vital in the decision-making process for maintenance management. The paper proposes that indicative information and early warning about the health of the constituent components of a system are gathered through appropriate sensor measurement and monitoring. This strategy does not specify the use of fixed intervals for maintenance but dynamically adapt the maintenance intervals to the system's actual need for service. This strategy is called condition-based predictive maintenance, in contrast to scheduled maintenance with fixed intervals. Technologies including sensor measurement, data processing, knowledge-based intelligent systems and software implementation are integrated in this research to provide solid support for maintenance management. The purpose of this study is to investigate this new paradigm, its implications in business settings, and its implementation as a software system. Preventing catastrophic failures and damage to equipment is a major objective in this research. Adding value, reducing maintenance costs, and increasing the company's competitiveness are other driving factors for establishing a computerized management support system. © 1996 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Treatment of primary immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia with mycophenolate mofetil in two cats

Objective – To describe the use of oral mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) as an adjunctive therapy in 2 cats with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Case Series Summary – Two cats suffering from presumptive primary immune mediated hemolytic were treated with MMF as part of their treatment regimens. Both cats had improved complete blood counts following therapy. New or Unique Information Provided – This is the first reported use of oral MMF as adjunctive treatment for cats with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Outcome was favorable in both cats and no adverse effects were noted from the MMF.
Cognitive and Geographic Maps: Study of Individual Variation Among Tojolabal Mayans

Disease and geography are related domains for Tojolabal-Maya. Using multidimensional methods, we compare two domains: (1) individual cognitive "maps"from disease terms and (2) hand-drawn maps, both with one another and with an official topographic map. Multivariate study of individual informant data demonstrates correspondence of the axes of maps. Least squares fitting of dimensional representations using a method specifically modified for ethnosemantic data allows meaningful comparisons both among and within informants, and with an aggregate from a related survey of 33 informants as well. These multivariate operations help integrate individual data, sampled simultaneously for several domains, tasks, and occasions, with aggregate data. For semantic domains, we achieved rapprochement between psychological and anthropological approaches. [disease, folk theories, ethnosemantics, cognition, multivariate, Tojolabal-Maya] DISEASE AND GEOGRAPHY ARE RELATED DOMAINS for the Tojolabal, a Mayan Indian group of about 30,000 living in the southern part of Chiapas, Mexico.' Using multidimensional scaling, we study the two domains. We compare individual cognitive "maps" from disease terms and hand-drawn geographic maps, both with one another and with an official topographic map. In studying the cognition of disease among the Tojolabal, our concern has been to learn the meanings of disease terms to the native. This problem holds both practical and theoretical interest: practical because modern health care delivery systems are now being extended to the Tojolabal zone, and their acceptance is sometimes problematic; theoretical because this work bears on a classic strand of investigation in cognitive anthropology, testing for psychological reality.
Bacillus cereus Bacteremia and Meningitis in Immunocompromised Children

Two cases of Bacillus cereus meningitis in immunocompromised children at our hospital within a 2-month period prompted us to review B. cereus--related invasive disease. We identified 12 patients with B. cereus isolated in blood cultures from September 1988 through August 2000 at our institution. Three of these patients also had B. cereus isolated from CSF specimens; 1 additional patient had possible CNS involvement (33%, group A), whereas 8 patients had no evidence of CNS involvement (67%, group B). Patients in group A were more likely to have neutropenia at the onset of sepsis and were more likely to have an unfavorable outcome. They were also more likely to have received intrathecal chemotherapy in the week before the onset of their illness. Two patients from group A died. One survived with severe sequelae. The fourth patient had mild sequelae at follow-up. No sequelae or deaths occurred among patients in group B. In patients with unfavorable outcomes, the interval from the time of recognition of illness to irreversible damage or death was short, which demonstrates a need for increased awareness, early diagnosis, and more-effective therapy, particularly that which addresses B. cereus toxins.
Esterified cholesterol is highly localized to Bruch's membrane, as revealed by lipid histochemistry in wholemounts of human choroid.

SUMMARY Accumulation of neutral lipids in Bruch’s membrane (BrM) is a major age change in human retina and contributes to the formation of extracellular lesions associated with age-related macular degeneration. We developed a BrM–choroid wholemounting technique suitable for reliable staining and evaluated different fluorescent lipid dyes for topographic semiquantitative analysis of BrM lipids. Thin BrM–choroid complexes with partially stripped choroid from 10 aged donor eyes were prepared with an optimized wholemounting technique. Preparation quality was monitored by examining 1-mm-thick sections of representative samples. The staining patterns of Nile Red, BODIPY 493/503, filipin for unesterified cholesterol (UC-F), filipin for esterified cholesterol (EC-F), and Oil Red O in wholemounts were compared with their staining patterns in chorioretinal sections, using wide-field epi-fluorescence microscopy. Wholemounts exhibited optimal flatness on the BrM side. Reduced tissue thickness allowed reliable dye penetration and staining of BrM. Only EC-F was with high specificity localized to BrM and demonstrated an intense and distinct granular staining pattern not previously appreciated in chorioretinal sections. All other lipid dyes also stained choroidal or retinal tissue intensely. No dye provided perfect characteristics in regard to representing all neutral lipid classes present in BrM or to fluorescence intensity. Nevertheless, only EC-F washighlylocalizedtoBrMwithaspecificgranularpattern.Becausedirectassaysindicatethat esterified cholesterol is abundantly present in BrM, we consider EC-F the most valuable choice for analyzing neutral lipid deposits in human BrM. (J Histochem Cytochem 57:731–739, 2009)
Distribution and kinetics of GABAB binding sites in rat central nervous system: A quantitative autoradiographic study

H)GABA quantitative autoradiography was used to examine the binding kinetics and regional distribution of GABA, receptors in rat brain. The regional distribution was compared to that of GABA, receptors. At 4"C, (3H)GABA binding to GABA, receptors reached equilibrium within 45 min. The association and dissociation rate constants for GABA, binding to outer neocortical layers were 2.87 5 0.17 x lo5 min-' M-' and 0.0966 f 0.0118 min-', respectively, indicating a dissociation constant of 336 + 40 nM. Saturation binding studies in the same region yielded a dissociation constant for GABA, receptors of 341 f 41 nM while that of GABA, receptors was 92 & 10 nM. While the affinities of each type of GABA receptor were uniform across brain regions, the maximal number of binding sites for both types of GABA receptor varied across regions. The distributions of the two receptors in rat brain were different in the olfactory bulb, cerebellum, thalamus, neocortex, medial habenula and interpeduncular nucleus. Areas high in GABA, binding included the medial and lateral geniculates, the superior colliculus and certain amygdaloid nuclei. Binding to white matter tracts and ventricles was negligible. The distribution of GABA, receptors was in agreement with previously postulated sites of action of baclofen. Much evidence supports the existence of at least two classes of receptors for the inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter GABA.",25.27 These pharmacologi- cally and physiologically distinct classes of GABA receptors have been termed the GABA, and GABA, receptors. Several agonists selectively activate GABA, receptors, including muscimol,67 isoguvacine42 and 4,5,6,7- tetrahydroisoxazolo(5,4-clpyridin - 3 - 01 (THIP).'* To date, baclofen (Lioresal, p-chloro- phenyl GABA) is the only known agonist selective for GABA, receptors. '2~14 GABA, receptors have tradi- tionally been characterized by their sensitivity to blockade by the GABA antagonist, bicucu11ine,46 while GABA, receptors are by definition bicuculline- insensitive." Both types of GABA receptors cause inhibition, but activate different ionic mechanisms.26 GABA, receptors are coupled to the benzo- diazepine/barbiturate receptor-linked chloride chan- nel.35.55.79 GABA, receptors have been associated with an inhibitory GTP-binding protein2 and adenylate cyclase activity. 3.4'.83 In hippocampal pyramidal neu- rons, GABA, receptor activation is associated with an increased outward potassium conductance2,32.43 or a calcium-dependent potassium conductance.' The effect of baclofen on dorsal root ganglion neurons, however, is a direct decrease in calcium conduc-
Treatment of rosacea: topical clindamycin versus oral tetracycline.

Background. A new topical antibiotic preparation, clindamycin in a lotion base, was compared with oral tetracycline in the treatment of rosacea. Forty-three patients clinically diagnosed as having rosacea were examined in an investigator-blinded study. Methods. Patients used topical clindamycin lotion applied twice daily or the usual oral dose of tetracycline hydrochloride (250 mg four times a day for 3 weeks, then 250 mg twice a day for the remaining 9 weeks). Patients’lesions were examined clinically at 3-week intervals over a period of 12 weeks. Results. Topical clindamycin treatment produced similar clinical results to oral tetracycline and was superior in the eradication of pustules. Conclusions. These results show topical clindamycin in a lotion base to be a safe and effective alternative to oral tetracycline therapy in the treatment of rosacea.
Examining Variance in Presidential Approval The Case of FDR in World War II

Despite the substantive growth and increasing method- ological sophistication of the presidential approval literature over the last four decades, almost all analyses continue to focus exclusively on the mean of the approval distribution—the percentage of Americans who approve of the president at a given moment. However, changes in the variance of popular support for the president may be as politically and substantively important as shifts in the mean. To illustrate how a focus on variance can enrich our understanding of changes in the presi- dent's public standing, this analysis examines the effects of the econ- omy and World War II on the variance in popular support for Franklin D. Roosevelt. At the aggregate level, the study shows that high peace- time unemployment and mounting casualties increased the volatility of FDR's standing among federal relief recipients, erstwhile his most consistent base of support. At the individual level, the analysis demon- strates that individuals with conflicting partisan, economic, and war- related considerations for evaluating the president were more variable in their approval of Roosevelt than were other respondents. Exporting a similar focus on variance to other lines of research across the public opinion subfield could produce a richer understanding of the complex processes driving opinion change over time.
Averaging procedures in adaptive filtering: an efficient approach

An averaging procedure for adaptive filtering is developed. In contrast to the traditional approach, two sequences (x/sub n/) and (x/sub n/) are constructed, where (x/sub n/) is the arithmetic average of (x/sub n/). The authors show that the algorithm so designed has optimal rate of convergence. Therefore, the averaging approach is asymptotically efficient. >
Vernalization responses of field grown jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica), winter wheat, and spring wheat

Abstract Numerous studies have quantified the developmental responses of wheat to vernalization, but its response compared to a weedy relative, jointed goatgrass, remains relatively unknown. Six paired jointed goatgrass collections gathered from Washington and Oregon fields, and winter and spring wheat, were grown in field studies to quantify yield and germination in response to vernalization. Monthly planting dates initiated in October and concluded in March were used to vary the vernalization durations for plants sown at three Oregon locations (Corvallis, Moro, and Pendleton) over two growing seasons. Minimum vernalization requirements to produce reproductive spikes were similar among plants of six jointed goatgrass collections. Jointed goatgrass collections grown at Corvallis required a minimum of 89 and 78 vernalization days (January 17, 2003 and January 22, 2004 sowing, respectively) to produce reproductive spikes, and plants grown at Moro required 60 vernalization days (March 3 and February 23) in b...
Oxygen and Aeration

Oxygen is essential for the production of all species of fish and shellfish. Aeration is the most effective means of increasing the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of culture water. Aeration is the addition of oxygen or air to water. It is not a new process, but interest has increased tremendously over the past decade. Aeration can increase the carrying capacity of an aquaculture system when DO is the limiting factor. Unfortunately, many fish farmers, researchers, extension specialists, equipment manufacturers and others have a poor understanding of aeration principles. Consequently, they have unrealistic expectations of what benefits aeration can provide.
Between Public Service and Social Control: Policing Dilemmas in the Era of Immigration Enforcement

While research provides numerous insights about the fear and insecurity that Latino immigrants experience at the hands of the police, much less is known about the experiences and practices of local police vis-a-vis Latino immigrant residents. This article contributes to research on street-level bureaucracies and immigrant incorporation by examining police practices in a new immigrant destination. Drawing on two years of fieldwork with the Metropolitan Nashville Police Department, it offers an extended ethnographic look at policing dilemmas in the era of immigration control. As the findings reveal, police bureaucracies respond to immigrant residents in contradictory ways. On one hand, the department has an official community policing program to increase trust and communication with Latino immigrant residents. On the other hand, street-level patrol officers undermine these efforts by citing and arresting Latino residents who lack state-issued ID. Thus, alongside ostensibly sincere efforts to incorporate immigrant residents, ultimately, police produce a form of social control and urban discipline through their discretionary decisions.
The relationship between language control and cognitive control in bilingual aphasia

This study examines language control deficits in bilingual aphasia in terms of domain specific cognitive control and domain general cognitive control. Thirty Spanish–English controls and ten Spanish–English adults with aphasia completed the flanker task and a word-pair relatedness judgment task. All participants exhibited congruency effects on the flanker task. On the linguistic task, controls did not show the congruency effect on the first level analysis. However, conflict ratios revealed that the control group exhibited significant effects of language control. Additionally, individual patient analysis revealed overall positive and negative effects of language control impairment and a benefit from semantically related word-pairs. Patient data suggest a dissociation between the mechanisms of language control and cognitive control, thus providing evidence for domain specific cognitive control. The influence of language proficiency on speed of translation was also examined. Generally, controls were faster when translating into their dominant language, whereas the patients did not show the same trends.
The Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Reconstruction and Basic Science

Chadwick C. Prodromos, editor. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2008. 650 pages. $229.00. ISBN: 978-1-4160-3834-4 . The Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Reconstruction and Basic Science is a single-volume comprehensive text. Chadwick Prodromos is a fellowship-trained sports-medicine orthopaedist in Chicago, who specializes in knee surgery and notably devised a posterior mini-incision to harvest hamstring grafts. He collaborated with eight associate editors who are established pioneers in knee surgery. In the preface, they convincingly present the need for a comprehensive textbook on the anterior cruciate ligament—one which presents “the essence of the world's accumulated clinically relevant ACL-related knowledge.” The editors and invited authors (as well as their colleagues, research assistants, clinical fellows, residents, and others) have produced eighty-one chapters and more than 600 pages of text. The textbook …
A C-MET-ß1 INTEGRIN COMPLEX DRIVES INVASIVE RESISTANCE TO ANTI-ANGIOGENIC THERAPY.

BACKGROUND: Anti-angiogenic therapies like bevacizumab are promising for cancer, but acquired resistance, which often includes increased invasiveness, can limit their utility. We investigated mediators of this invasive resistance using a large archive of bevacizumab-resistant glioblastoma (BRG) tissue and by developing novel xenograft models of anti-angiogenic therapy resistance. METHODS: Microarray analysis, immunostaining, immunoprecipitation, and proximity ligation assays (PLAs) were used to define mediators of invasive anti-angiogenic therapy resistance. RESULTS: Microarray analysis and immunostaining revealed increased hypoxia and reactive-oxygen species (ROS), along with upregulated s1 integrin and receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met, in BRGs compared to pre-treatment (P < 0.005). An siRNA screen and western blot revealed upregulation of AP-1 (P < 0.01), an ROS-activated transcription factor, in BRGs and BRG-derived xenografts with siRNA targeting AP-1 components reducing s1 integrin and c-Met expression in BRG-derived cells. Immunoprecipitation and PLA revealed formation of a c-Met-s1 integrin complex involving s1 heterodimer partners alpha5 and alphaV integrins, with the formation of this complex increased in culture by hypoxia, a feature of anti-angiogenic therapy resistance, and prolonged bevacizumab treatment in vivo. Cross-activation occurred in this complex, with c-Met activation by HGF increasing cell adhesion to fibronectin and fibronectin leading to c-Met phosphorylation. We also found that increasing VEGF concentration suppressed formation of the c-Met-s1 integrin complex (P < 0.05). We developed U87-BevR, a novel xenograft model of acquired bevacizumab resistance through serial multi-generational treatment of U87MG xenografts. U87-BevR exhibited upregulated c-Met and s1 integrin upon development of resistance. Treating U87-BevR with s1 or c-Met inhibitors transiently suppressed invasive growth and reduced c-Met-s1 complex formation. Use of 3- and 10-fold less bevacizumab to treat xenografts led to less initial efficacy but in a more durable fashion associated with less c-Met-s1 integrin complex formation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Invasive resistance limits the efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapy. We demonstrated increased activity of s1 integrin and c-Met in BRGs and the formation of a c-Met-s1 complex. The combination of chemotactic c-Met and haptotactic s1 integrin endows BRG cells with their tremendous invasive capacity. The formation of this complex is promoted by two parallel mechanisms–increased transcription of each individual factor driven by hypoxia-induced ROS leading to AP-1 activation and relief of VEGF suppression of the formation of the complex. One option to prevent the formation of a c-Met-s1 complex and thereby counteract the evolution of therapeutic resistance is dose reduction, which may be associated with lesser, but more durable responses, suggesting that, with anti-angiogenic therapy, “less is more.” SECONDARY CATEGORY: Preclinical Experimental Therapeutics.
Back to Kitty Hawk: Investigating the first aircraft aluminum

A critical material in aircraft airframe and powerplant construction, aluminum has been employed since the inception of powered flight. Indeed, the Wright bothers’ historic first flight at Kitty Hawk was powered by an engine featuring a crankcase that was cast from aluminum. Long thought to have been destroyed, the original crankcase was recently discovered and analyzed through a combination of historical and scientific research.
Experiential and Doctrinal Religious Knowledge Categorization in Parkinson's Disease: Behavioral and Brain Correlates

Recent studies suggest changes in religious cognition in a subgroup of patients with Parkinson’s disease [PD (e.g., Butler et al., 2011)]. It is unclear whether this deficit extends to both doctrinal and experiential categorization forms of religious cognition. Kapogiannis et al. (2009b) dissociated experiential and doctrinal religious knowledge to different neural networks using fMRI. We examined Kapogiannis’ dissociation against the background of PD side of onset (LOPD, ROPD), assessing performance both On- and Off-medication. In the behavioral portion of the study, we used a statement classification task in combination with scholar derived test sets for experiential and doctrinal religious knowledge categorization in conjunction with neuropsychological measures. In the neuroimaging portion of the study, we expanded on Kapogiannis’ study by examining the same networks in PD. The behavioral data revealed that all groups rated (categorized) the scholar derived tests of experiential and doctrinal significantly differently than the scholars. All groups, including the scholars, classified more phrases as doctrinal than experiential. Religious cognition differed in the PD groups: those with PD Off-medication and LOPD Off-medication comprehended scholar defined experiential phrases with more difficulty, making them more likely to be classified as mixed or doctrinal. This was in contrast to the subjective frequency of classification of phrases as experiential paired with a cognitive decline in PD Off-medication; whereas PD On-medication showed a positive correlation with cognitive state and subjective doctrinal classification. For ROPD, cognitive state was associated with subjective experiential and doctrinal frequency of classification. With more intact intellect, there was a greater likelihood of classifying phrases subjectively as mixed, and the converse for experiential. Furthermore, religiosity negatively predicted subjective doctrinal frequency in LOPD, with the converse in ROPD. In fcMRI in PD, we found resting state functional intrinsic connectivity of reward networks associated with classification of statements using seeds in bilateral nucleus accumbens in PD. For experiential regressors, there was a negative correlation in bilateral frontal lobes paired with a positive correlation in left occipital visual areas (BAs 17, 18). For doctrinal regressors, there was a positive correlation in right BA 20. Keywords: Doctrinal; Experiential; Parkinson’s disease; Religious cognition; Functional connectivity.