cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reflections on Habermas on Democracy

Jurgen Habermas is a radical democrat. The source of that self-designation is that his conception of democracy—what he calls “discursive democracy”—is founded on the ideal of “a self-organizing community of free and equal citizens,” coordinating their collective affairs through their common reason. The author discusses three large challenges to this radical-democratic ideal of collective self-regulation: 1) What is the role of private autonomy in a radical-democratic view? 2) What role does reason play in collective self-regulation? 3) What relevance might a radical-democratic outlook have for contemporary democracies? The author addresses these questions by considering Habermas' answers, and then presenting alternative responses to them. The alternatives are also radical-democratic in inspiration, but they draw on a richer set of normative-political ideas than Habermas wants to rely on, and are more ambitious in their hopes for democratic practice.
Older Adolescents’ Self-Determined Motivations to Disclose Their HIV Status

Disclosure of HIV status is an important topic for youth living with HIV/AIDS, yet theoretical frameworks for understanding HIV disclosure motivations have been poorly applied. Self-determination theory (SDT) proposes that people are at optimal functioning when they are engaging in activities that are interesting and enlivening. This study utilized SDT to understand young adults’ motivations to disclose their HIV status. Interviews and observations were conducted with nine youth aged 17–19 and two adult staff. Results indicate that SDT is useful for understanding types of motivation (i.e., amotivation, controlled, and autonomous motivation) to disclose. Amotivation was the most common type of motivation, and came from two recursive sources: fear of stigma and previous experiences of others disclosing without their consent. Controlled motivation to disclose occurred when participants were motivated to disclose because of reasons related to other people, rather than internal or personal reasons, and included the reasons of wanting to gain a closer relationship, reciprocate a shared secret, for psychological or emotional relief, and for attention. Autonomous motivation included two themes: the life perspective that “Having HIV is just part of who I am,” and valuing educating others because education was perceived as important and beneficial to others. This study extends SDT into the domain of HIV disclosure in older adolescents. People providing guidance and support to older adolescents with HIV/AIDS can use SDT to understand different motivations to disclose.
Method for the analysis of phloxine B, uranine, and related xanthene dyes in soil using supercritical fluid extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography

The use of supercritical fluid (SF) carbon dioxide (CO2) modified by organic solvents and inorganic salts or chelating reagents was investigated for the extraction of the xanthene dyes phloxine B and uranine from soil. Methanol (MeOH), n-butylamine (n-BA), and a chelating agent, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt (Na4EDTA), were the most effective modifiers of SF CO2 for quantitative recoveries of phloxine B and uranine in soils with 10−20% moisture at 60 °C/476 atm and 60 °C/272 atm, respectively. At these supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) conditions, recoveries of related xanthene dyes (i.e., 2‘,7‘-dichlorofluorescein, 4,5,6,7-tetrachlorofluorescein, eosin Y lactone, erythrosin B, and rose bengal) fortified at 25 μg/g in Hawaiian soils ranged from 65 to 93%. Good separation of a mixture of these dyes was achieved by HPLC. A mixture of MeOH, n-BA, and sodium hexametaphosphate [(NaPO3)6] was effective for conventional solvent extraction of phloxine B and uranine from fortified soils. Howe...
Organizing informal workers in the urban economy: The case of the construction industry in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Abstract This paper draws on a recent study of informal construction workers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, to show how social dialogue was used in finding solutions to the encountered problems. The paper explains why the construction industry in general—and its informal sector in particular—is important for urban development. Following, the case study of Dar es Salaam is narrated with illustrations of practical experiences of how social dialogue was carried out. The conclusion draws together findings from the case and the literature that has been referred to. It links the findings of the case study with the theoretical framework of social dialogue.
Wandel durch (Industrie) Kultur [Change through (industrial) culture]: conservation and renewal in the Ruhrgebiet

The Ruhrgebiet, the engine of Western Germany, constitutes a unique social, political and architectural landscape shaped by industry. In the 1950s, during Germany’s post‐war ‘economic miracle’, few people imagined that within 50 years, the region’s heavy industry would virtually shut down. Fewer still would have predicted that many of industry’s remaining structures would become monuments of the German nation. Effecting the transformation from industrial wasteland to European ‘Cultural Capital’ has required courage and creativity. This paper demonstrates that conservation of industry’s remains has been a creative tool for democratic and social progress, shaped as much by ‘bottom‐up’ initiatives as by ‘top‐down’ directives. Workers who took action to save their neighbourhoods and citizens who united to rescue factories sparked the democratization of conservation. In the ensuing decades, conservation created new philosophies for re‐imagining a landscape permeated with traces of industry. Ultimately, conserv...
Nature of luminescent centers in Cerium-activated materials with the CaFe2O4 structure

Abstract The cerium luminescence in SrY 2 O 4 shows two bands emitting in the blue and green regions of the optical spectrum. Based on standard emission and excitation spectroscopy combined with time-resolved emission studies, we can attribute the blue emission to a Ce 3+ 5d–4f transition and tentatively assign the green emission to a “Ce 4+ –O 2− ”charge transfer transition.
Deep-water megafauna of the Kohala and Haleakala slopes, Alenuihaha Channel, Hawaii

Abstract Eleven fish and 64 invertebrates taxa were identified from photographs and specimens obtained from a submersible at depths below 1000 m on the bathyal slopes of Hawaii and Maui islands in the Alenuihaha Channel. Abundance of deep slope benthic megafauna was pathcy and estimated to be approximately 0.09 animals m−2. Most of the invertebrates were particulate feeders and attached to hard substrates. Fan-like gorgonians were oriented perpendicular to the direction of prevailing currents. Of the 28 identified species, 12 (mainly sponges, crustaceans and fishes) are cosmopolitan or widespread in the Pacific and 16 (mainly cnidarians and echinoderms) are found only in the central Pacific.
Response to "Outcomes and costs associated with PHiD-CV, a new protein D conjugate pneumococcal vaccine, in four countries".

A recent supplement article by Talbird, Taylor, Knoll, Frostad, and Garcia Marti reported estimates of public health impact and cost-effectiveness of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine compared with the 7-valent vaccine. Although the analysis applies a decision analytic model and modeling methodologies that are scientifically sound, many of the assumptions presented in the paper are inconsistent with the current evidence.
Longitudinal grooves for bluff body drag reduction

Wind tunnel test results are presented for four axisymmetric bluff body configurations in order to determine their effect on form and pressure drag. It was found that drag reductions on the order of 40% are obtainable with an afterbody incorporating four longitudinal 'V' grooves. Although this effect may be due to the functioning of the grooves as longitudinal, continuous vortex generators, it is concluded that further research is needed to elucidate the physical basis of the test results. Optimization of the effect will be useful in base drag reduction for such vehicles as automobiles and cargo aircraft with sharply upswept afterbodies.
The abyssal stratification and circulation deduced from the principle of maximal entropy production

A theory for the abyssal stratification and circulation is derived from the principle of maximal production of information entropy used in non-equilibrium statistical dynamics. For an abyssal ocean of simple geometry and simple, though plausible, parameterization of the vertical diffusivity, stratification profiles together with their associated circulation are obtained. These profiles are characterized by an abyssal thermocline thickness scaling as √ κ v H /w s0 , where w s0 is the upwelling velocity at the top of an abyssal ocean of depth H , and κ v is its vertical diffusivity. Remarkably, the associated circulation is barotropic and coincides with the classical theory of the abyssal circulation by Stommel and Arons.
Analysis of three-dimensional flows into draintile

Abstract Three-dimensional potential flows into draintile, applicable to drainage problems in agriculture or foundation stability, are considered. The basic problem solved is that of non-axisymmetric flows from an external cylindrical surface to a series of equally spaced openings between cylindrical draintile. Closed-form solutions of integral equations, which arise from satisfying mixed boundary conditions on the tile surfaces, are given. Numerical results are reported for the special case of axisymmetric flows in which the effects of various parameters such as radii of cylindrical surfaces and gap width are shown explicitly.
Comparison of flare bremsstrahlung resulting from energetic thermal and nonthermal electrons

We have investigated the behavior of the X-ray bremsstrahlung spectra resulting from two distinct types of electron distribution functions impinging on a target atmosphere during flare activity. A power-law distribution function is compared with two double-peaked Maxwellians. The results of these calculations show that it would be difficult to rule out multithermal interpretations for the emitted high-energy X-rays.
Evaluation of a new catheter‐mounted electromagnetic velocity sensor during cardiac catheterization

Pulsatile blood flow was measured with an electromagnetic catheter-tip velocity transducer in the main pulmonary artery or ascending aorta of 37 patients. This catheter also contains micromanometers for high-fidelity arterial and ventricular pressure measurements. We found that great vessel blood flow velocity patterns were similar to those obtained by other methods. Cardiac output, calculated from the product of mean flow velocity and vessel cross-sectional area, was compared with output determined by dye dilution in 28 patients. The correlation coefficient was 0.93 and the regression equation y = 0.93 × + 0.26 liter/min (SEE = 0.8 liter/min). In the remaining nine patients, the flowmeter output was calibrated, in cm3/sec, by reference to simultaneous dye-dilution cardiac output determination [5]. Output was then changed by exercise or β-blockade and measured again by dye dilution. These values were compared to output simultaneously obtained by electromagnetic flowmeter (n = 19). In the patient subgroup of 19 subjects, the correlation coefficient was 0.94 and the regression equation y = 0.87 × + 0.49 liter/min (SEE = 0.72 liter/min). No complications were associated with the use of the catheter. These results suggest that the multisensor catheter offers a safe, reliable technique for obtaining high-quality pulmonary artery and ascending aortic blood flow and pressure and ventricular pressure waveforms in conscious man.
Enrichment analysis of genetic association in genes and pathways by aggregating signals from both rare and common variants

New high-throughput sequencing technologies have brought forth opportunities for unbiased analysis of thousands of rare genomic variants in genome-wide association studies of complex diseases. Because it is hard to detect single rare variants with appreciable effect sizes at the population level, existing methods mostly aggregate effects of multiple markers by collapsing the rare variants in genes (or genomic regions). We hypothesize that a higher level of aggregation can further improve association signal strength. Using the Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 simulated data, we test a two-step strategy that first applies a collapsing method in a gene-level analysis and then aggregates the gene-level test results by performing an enrichment analysis in gene sets. We find that the gene set approach which combines signals across multiple genes outperforms testing individual genes separately and that the power of the gene set enrichment test is further improved by proper adjustment of statistics to account for gene-wise differences.
A New Poly(3-alkylthiophene) Synthesis via Pd-Catalyzed Coupling of Thienyl Mercuric Chlorides

A new coupling reaction based on the Pd-catalyzed reductive coupling of thienyl mercuric chlorides is described. A variety of substituted thiophenes react with HgCl2 to produce thienyl mercuric chl...
Multiple-vehicle longitudinal collision avoidance and impact mitigation by active brake control

This paper proposes a control strategy for multiple-vehicle longitudinal collision avoidance or impact minimization if it is unavoidable. The system is defined as a coupled group of vehicles with vehicle-to-vehicle communication (V2V) in short enough distance following. The relationships with the further front and/or rear vehicle without V2V has been taken into account, which are modeled as lower bound limit on deceleration of the first vehicle and upper bound on maximum deceleration of the last vehicle in the system. The objective is to determine the desired deceleration for each vehicle such that the total impact of the system is minimized at each time step. The impact is defined as the relative kinetic energy between a pair of vehicles. The optimal control problem is further simplified as a finite time horizon predictive control (MPC), which is a quadratic programming problem. Simulation in Matlab shows some interesting results. The algorithm can be applied to vehicles with automated brake control capabilities with progressive market penetration of V2V.
Anion and cation formation following core-level photoexcitation of CO2

Mass-resolved anion and cation partial-yield spectra following photoexcitation of CO2 have been recorded in the vicinity of the C 1s and O 1s thresholds. Anion production was found to be site specific: a weak production of O− was observed on the π* resonance near the C K edge, whereas both C− and O− fragments were observed near the O K edge. Due to suppression of the shape resonances that dominate the cross section above the core thresholds, the anion-partial-yield spectra at the O K edge reveal several previously unobserved electronic states. In addition, several cations such as CO2+ and O2+ were observed for the first time.
Exact and Optimum Tests in Unbalanced Split-Plot Designs under Mixed and Random Models

Abstract Unbalanced split-plot designs are considered, where the whole-plot treatments could be replicated an unequal number of times in the design, but each split-plot treatment occurs exactly once in every whole plot. Analysis of such designs is provided when the various effects could be fixed or random. In each case, valid exact tests and optimum invariant tests (whenever they exist) are derived for testing the significance of the various effects. In some cases optimum tests exist only under additional conditions on the design, and these conditions are specified for the various setups.
Sporadic Duodenal Adenoma and Association with Colorectal Neoplasia: A Case–Control Study

Sporadic duodenal adenomas are uncommon. Prior studies show that patients with sporadic duodenal adenoma have increased risk of colorectal neoplasia and should undergo colorectal screening. However, the nature of the risk, location, and type of colorectal neoplasia are not well studied. We aimed to identify the risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients who have duodenal adenomas. A retrospective case–control study was conducted to identify sporadic duodenal adenoma patients using the databases at one academic center. Colonoscopic findings including histology and location of colorectal cancer neoplasia in sporadic duodenal adenoma patients were compared with a control group of patients without duodenal adenomas who underwent both gastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy. Hundred and two patients with sporadic duodenal adenomas or adenocarcinomas were identified. Colonoscopy was performed in 47 patients (46 %), and colorectal neoplasia was present in 22 (46 %). There was a significantly higher rate of colorectal neoplasia in patients with sporadic duodenal adenoma (43 %) compared to the control group (24 %) odds ratio 4.8, 95 % confidence interval (1.7–7.4), but not for advanced colorectal adenoma (9 vs. 26 %, p = 0.17). Case patients had significantly more right-sided lesions than matched controls (p = 0.02). Single-center, retrospective study. Individuals with sporadic duodenal adenomas have a significantly higher risk of colorectal neoplasia and proximal location of neoplasia. Therefore, these patients should undergo colonoscopy with particular attention to the right colon.
Regularity and convergence of crystalline motion

We consider the motion of polygons by crystalline curvature. We show that \smooth" polygon evolves by crystalline curvature \smoothly" and that it shrinks to a point in nite time. We also establish the convergence of crystalline motion to the motion by mean curvature.
Nucleolar integrity is required for the maintenance of long-term synaptic plasticity.

Long-term memory (LTM) formation requires new protein synthesis and new gene expression. Based on our work in Aplysia, we hypothesized that the rRNA genes, stimulation-dependent targets of the enzyme Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), are primary effectors of the activity-dependent changes in synaptic function that maintain synaptic plasticity and memory. Using electrophysiology, immunohistochemistry, pharmacology and molecular biology techniques, we show here, for the first time, that the maintenance of forskolin-induced late-phase long-term potentiation (L-LTP) in mouse hippocampal slices requires nucleolar integrity and the expression of new rRNAs. The activity-dependent upregulation of rRNA, as well as L-LTP expression, are poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PAR) dependent and accompanied by an increase in nuclear PARP-1 and Poly(ADP) ribose molecules (pADPr) after forskolin stimulation. The upregulation of PARP-1 and pADPr is regulated by Protein kinase A (PKA) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)—two kinases strongly associated with long-term plasticity and learning and memory. Selective inhibition of RNA Polymerase I (Pol I), responsible for the synthesis of precursor rRNA, results in the segmentation of nucleoli, the exclusion of PARP-1 from functional nucleolar compartments and disrupted L-LTP maintenance. Taken as a whole, these results suggest that new rRNAs (28S, 18S, and 5.8S ribosomal components)—hence, new ribosomes and nucleoli integrity—are required for the maintenance of long-term synaptic plasticity. This provides a mechanistic link between stimulation-dependent gene expression and the new protein synthesis known to be required for memory consolidation.
Development of a fluorescence-based in vivo phagocytosis assay to measure mononuclear phagocyte system function in the rat.

AbstractThe mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) which provides protection against infection is made up of phagocytic cells that engulf and digest bacteria or other foreign substances. Suppression of the MPS may lead to decreased clearance of pathogenic microbes. Drug delivery systems and immunomodulatory therapeutics that target phagocytes have a potential to inhibit MPS function. Available methods to measure inhibition of MPS function use uptake of radioactively-labeled cells or labor-intensive semi-quantitative histologic techniques. The objective of this work was to develop a non-radioactive quantitative method to measure MPS function in vivo by administering heat-killed E. coli conjugated to a pH-sensitive fluorescent dye (Bioparticles®). Fluorescence of the Bioparticles® is increased at low pH when they are in phagocytic lysosomes. The amount of Bioparticles® phagocytosed by MPS organs in rats was determined by measuring fluorescence intensity in livers and spleens ex vivo using an IVIS® Spectrum Pre-...
CHARACTERIZING ACOUSTIC FLUIDIZED BED HYDRODYNAMICS USING X-RAY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

Fluidized bed reactors are important assets of many industrial applications because they provide uniform temperature distributions, low pressure drops, and high heat/mass rates. Characterizing the hydrodynamics of a fluidized bed is important to better understand the behavior of these multiphase flow systems. The hydrodynamic behavior in a cold flow 3D fluidized bed, with and without acoustic intervention, using X-ray computed tomography is investigated in this study. Experiments are carried out in a 10.2 cm ID fluidized bed filled with glass beads, with material density of 2600 kg/m3 and particle size ranges between 212–600 μm. In this study, three different bed height-to-diameter ratios are examined: H/D = 0.5, 1 and 1.5. Moreover, the sound frequency of the loudspeaker used as the acoustic source is fixed at 150 Hz with a sound pressure level of 120 dB. Local time-average gas holdup results show that the fluidized bed under the presence of an acoustic field provides a more uniform fluidization, the bed exhibits less channeling, and the jetting phenomena produced by the distributor plate is less prominent when compared to no acoustic field. Thus, acoustic intervention affects the hydrodynamic behavior of the fluidized bed.© 2013 ASME
Nutrient Availability for Phytoplankton Production in a Multiple-Impoundment Series

We investigated the availability of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) for phytoplankton production and the importance of inter-reservoir nutrient transfers in a headwater-to-mainstream series of thre...
Maximum likelihood estimation of stochastic frontier production models

Abstract In his 1977 paper on the Tobit model, Fair devised a procedure for maximum likelihood estimation which greatly simplified the process. The procedure, in fact, can be generalized to encompass a wide variety of limited dependent variable models, as is demonstrated in Greene (1981). In this note, we show how Fair's method can be extended to the frontier production model. The algorithm is surprisingly simple to implement and, in our experience, can result in substantial reductions in cost.
Self-efficacy, pain, and physical activity among fibromyalgia subjects.

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of self-efficacy on self-report pain and physical activities among subjects with fibromyalgia (FM). In addition, descriptive statistics of the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale (AIMS), a measure developed for use with arthritis patients, were reported. Methods. Seventy-nine subjects with FM, as classified by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria, completed the Visual Analogue Scale for Pain, the AIMS, and the Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale. A myalgic score was obtained during a tender point evaluation. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to assess the effect of self-efficacy on self-report pain and physical activities measures after controlling for demographic variables (age, education, and symptom duration), disease severity (myalgic scores), and psychological distress (negative affect from the AIMS). Results. Higher self-efficacy was associated with less pain and less impairment on the physical activities measure after controlling for demographic and disease severity measures. Conclusions. This study underscores the unique importance of self-efficacy in understanding pain and physical activities impairment.
Natural isotope study of trophic enrichment of marine benthic communities by petroleum seepage

The isotopic ratios of sulfur and carbon in the tissues of infanal organisms collected from a natural petroleum seep in the Santa Barbara Channel, California, USA were examined to see if petroleum is utilized by the benthic community. Sulfur isotope data were consistent with a pathway of petroleum energy from sulfate reducers → H2S → Beggiatoa sp. → nematodes and other infauna. The carbon of infaunal organisms was isotopically lighter at the seep than at a comparison station; the mean δ13C for 12 species was-1.32‰ towards the petroleum δ13C value. The shifts were largest in two species of deep-feeding maldanid polychaetes. The tissues of one of the species, Praxillella affinis pacifica, were also analyzed for 14C content and δ34S, and the biomass produced by the populations over 26 mo was estimated. The results of these analyses allowed us to estimate that for the seep population: (1) there was 15.6% more fossil carbon, (2) chemoautotrophic bacteria contributed 13.6% more carbon, and (3) 19% more carbon was produced by the population over 26 mo. In spite of the possible sources of error, these values are in reasonable agreement. In general, these data infer that, although petroleum utilization by the benthic food web proceeds both directly through heterotrophs and indirectly through chemoautotrophs, the two pathways are tightly coupled. A carbon budget for P. affinis pacifica was constructed with three assumed sources: chemoautotrophic biomass, petroleum carbon utilized heterotrophically, and nonexotic carbon utilized heterotrophically. Calculations based on this budget indicate that the food web is fueled to a greater extent by the isotopically lighter gases than by the liquid oil.
Fourth Moment of a Wave Propagating in a Random Medium

The fourth statistical moment of a scalar wave propagating in a random medium is investigated. Starting with a partial differential equation obtained by various authors in a multiple-scattering approximation, we discuss the general properties of the fourth moment of an initially plane wave and then present numerical results for a two-dimensional plane wave. Results are presented for the variance and covariance of irradiance scintillations. Both results are shown to agree well with experiment. In particular, the variance exhibits the experimentally observed saturation phenomenon, and the covariance results indicate that the correlation length for irradiance scintillations is not proportional to (λz)12 in the saturation region and that the aperture-averaging effect is less than that predicted by results based on the Born or Rytov approximations.
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations of Cytochrome P450 1A2 Interactions with Duloxetine

Objective: To determine whether duloxetine is a substrate, inhibitor or inducer of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 enzyme, using in vitro and in vivo studies in humans. Methods: Human liver microsomes or cells with expressed CYP enzymes and specific CYP inhibitors were used to identify which CYP enzymes catalyse the initial oxidation steps in the metabolism of duloxetine. The potential of duloxetine to inhibit CYP1A2 activity was determined using incubations with human liver microsomes and phenacetin, the CYP1A2 substrate. The potential for duloxetine to induce CYP1A2 activity was determined using human primary hepatocytes treated with duloxetine for 72 hours. Studies in humans were conducted using fluvoxamine, a potent CYP1A2 inhibitor, and theophylline, a CYP1A2 substrate, as probes. The subjects were healthy men and women aged 18–65 years. Single-dose duloxetine was administered either intravenously as a 10-mg infusion over 30 minutes or orally as a 60-mg dose in the presence or absence of steady-state fluvoxamine (100 mg orally once daily). Single-dose theophylline was given as 30-minute intravenous infusions of aminophylline 250 mg in the presence or absence of steady-state duloxetine (60 mg orally twice daily). Plasma concentrations of duloxetine, its metabolites and theophylline were determined using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using noncompartmental methods and evaluated using mixed-effects ANOVA. Safety measurements included vital signs, clinical laboratory tests, a physical examination, ECG readings and adverse event reports. Results: The in vitro results indicated that duloxetine is metabolized by CYP1A2; however, duloxetine was predicted not to be an inhibitor or inducer of CYP1A2 in humans. Following oral administration in the presence of fluvoxamine, the duloxetine area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC∞) and the maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax) significantly increased by 460% (90% CI 359, 584) and 141% (90% CI 93, 200), respectively. In the presence of fluvoxamine, the oral bioavailability of duloxetine increased from 42.8% to 81.9%. In the presence of duloxetine, the theophylline AUC∞ and Cmax increased by only 13% (90% CI 7, 18) and 7% (90% CI 2,14), respectively. Coadministration of duloxetine with fluvoxamine or theophylline did not result in any clinically important safety concerns, and these combinations were generally well tolerated. Conclusion: Duloxetine is metabolized primarily by CYP1A2; therefore, coadministration of duloxetine with potent CYP1A2 inhibitors should be avoided. Duloxetine does not seem to be a clinically significant inhibitor or inducer of CYP1A2; therefore, dose adjustment of CYP1A2 substrates may not be necessary when they are coadministered with duloxetine.
Open-loop control of combustion instabilities in a model gas turbine combustor

The effect of premixer-induced inlet swirl on the stability of a model swirl-stabilized, lean-premixed gas turbine combustor has been numerically investigated using the large-eddy simulation methodology. The unsteady vortex-flame and acoustic-flame interactions are captured in this study using a thin-flame model that includes an ability to account for the variation in inlet equivalence ratio. Comparisons are made, based on fluid particle trajectories, between the structure of the recirculation regions. It is shown that only for high swirl does a region of flow recirculation, often called vortex breakdown (VB), occur in the centreline region of the dump combustor. This VB region helps to stabilize the flame and results in significant attenuation of the fluctuating pressure amplitudes, p′. The reduced p′ amplitudes are accompanied by reduced longitudinal flame-front oscillations and reduced coherence in the shed vortices. A methodology for open-loop control based on the modulation of incoming fuel-air equiv...
Saint Meursault, philosophe et martyr

M., susceptible d'etre un nouveau Christ? L'A. montre qu'il en possede les germes dans sa personnalite, par la potentialite de son accomplissement spirituel: recherche de la verite, lucidite, absence de pulsions violentes, mesure de la parole, independance a l'egard d'autrui et reflexion.
Maintenance of pregnancy in the absence of dietary protein with estrone and progesterone.

Nelson and Evans (1953a) have recently shown that institution of a protein-free diet the day of breeding in normal 80-day old rats resulted in 90–100% resorptions, with fetal death occurring in the majority of rats on the 9th or 10th days of gestation. The normality of reproductive performance in pair-fed controls receiving a 30% protein diet eliminated the factors of inanition or other dietary deficiencies as causes for these reproductive disturbances. The early appearance of vaginal eiythrocytes and the rapidity of the resorptive process in these defiqient rats together with the early loss of the estrous cycle in unbred rats suggested the possibility of hormonal deficiencies in these animals. Lyons (1943) has shown that the daily injection of 1 mg. estrone together with 3–4 mg. progesterone will maintain pregnancy in Itypophysectomized-oophorectomized rats. The same dosages of estrone and progesterone will also maintain pregnancy in vitamin B6-deficient rats (Nelson, Lyons and Evans, 1951).
Peripheral neuritis: Allergy to honeybee stings

Abstract A case is reported of peripheral neuritis apparently due to hypersensitivity to allergens inherent in the honeybee ( Apis mellifica ).
Fast and recursive algorithms for magnitude retrieval from DTFT phase at irregular frequencies

We derive two new algorithms for reconstructing a discrete-time 1-D signal from the phase of its discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) at irregular frequencies. Previous algorithms for this problem have either required the computation of a matrix nullspace, requiring O(N/sup 3/) computations, or have been iterative in nature; for the latter, the irregularity of the frequency samples precludes use of the fast Fourier transform. Our first algorithm requires only O(N/sup 2/) computations (O(N log/sup 3/ N) asymptotically). In the special case of equally-spaced frequency samples, it is related to a previous algorithm. The second algorithm is recursive-at each recursion a meaningful magnitude retrieval problem is solved. This is useful for updating a solution; it also allows checking of the result at each recursion, avoiding any errors due to computational roundoff error and ill-conditioning of the problem.
Regaining throughput using completion detection for error-resilient, near-threshold logic

Operating in the near-threshold regime can result in significant energy savings. Unfortunately, the increased timing variation prevents conventional error-detection techniques from properly functioning. This paper introduces two circuit-level timing error detection techniques that aim to increase throughput while operating in the near-threshold voltage regime: current-sensing completion detection and transition-aware completion detection. Each method allows any digital circuit to operate at speeds not limited by the worst-case critical path. Throughput improvements and energy savings are reported for implementations on a 16-bit adder.
Primary proximal tubule injury leads to epithelial cell cycle arrest, fibrosis, vascular rarefaction, and glomerulosclerosis.

Tubular injury has a major etiological role in fibrosis. For many years, this relationship has been dominated by the perception that epithelial cells are transformed into myofibroblasts that proliferate and generate fibrotic matrix—the so-called epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Here we focus on mechanisms by which injury to the tubule results in fibrosis because of paracrine mechanisms. Specific injury to the proximal tubule results in inflammation, reversible injury, and adaptive repair if the insult is mild, self-limited in time, and occurs in a background of a normal kidney. Repeated injury, in contrast, leads to maladaptive repair with sustained tubule injury, chronic inflammation, proliferation of interstitial myofibroblasts, vascular rarefaction, interstitial fibrosis, and glomerular sclerosis. During the maladaptive repair process after the renal insult, many tubular cells become arrested in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. This results in activation of the DNA repair response with the resultant synthesis and secretion of pro-fibrotic factors. Pharmacologic interventions that enhance the movement through G2/M or facilitate apoptosis of cells that otherwise would be blocked in G2/M may reduce the development of fibrosis after kidney injury and reduce the progression of chronic kidney disease.
Molecular Population Genetic Analysis of Emerged Bacterial Pathogens: Selected Insights

Research in bacterial population genetics has increased in the last 10 years. Population genetic theory and tools and related strategies have been used to investigate bacterial pathogens that have contributed to recent episodes of temporal variation in disease frequency and severity. A common theme demonstrated by these analyses is that distinct bacterial clones are responsible for disease outbreaks and increases in infection frequency. Many of these clones are characterized by unique combinations of virulence genes or alleles of virulence genes. Because substantial interclonal variance exists in relative virulence, molecular population genetic studies have led to the concept that the unit of bacterial pathogenicity is the clone or cell line. Continued new insights into host‐parasite interactions at the molecular level will be achieved by combining clonal analysis of bacterial pathogens with large-scale comparative sequencing of virulence genes. To avert the threat of resurgent and new microbial diseases, it is critical to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms contributing to temporal variation in disease frequency and severity. Although comprehensive, unambiguous understanding of the host and parasite factors mediating these processes is not available for any infectious agent, population genetic research in the last 10 years has provided noteworthy new information about the bacterial side of the equation. This review will summarize the insights accrued from population genetic analysis of bacteria responsible for disease outbreaks or increases in infection frequency and severity. One of the primary themes emerging from this research is that distinct bacterial clones have been responsible for several infection outbreaks (Table 1). Moreover, the distinct clones are frequently characterized by unique combinations of virulence genes or alleles of virulence genes. These observations have important implications for our understanding of infectious diseases and the public health measures required to reduce their detrimental and potentially devastating effect on society.
Role of Nitrosomonas europaea NitABC iron transporter in the uptake of Fe3+-siderophore complexes

Nitrosomonas europaea has a single three-gene operon (nitABC) encoding an iron ABC transporter system (NitABC). Phylogenetic analysis clustered the subunit NitB with Fe3+-ABC transporter permease components from other organisms. The N.europaea strain deficient in nitB (nitB::kan) grew well in either Fe-replete or Fe-limited media and in Fe-limited medium containing the catecholate-type siderophore, enterobactin or the citrate-based dihydroxamate-type siderophore, aerobactin. However, the nitB::kan mutant strain was unable to grow in Fe-limited media containing either the hydroxamate-type siderophores, ferrioxamine and ferrichrome or the mixed-chelating type siderophore, pyoverdine. Exposure of N. europaea cells to a ferrichrome analog coupled to the fluorescent moiety naphthalic diimide (Fhu-NI) led to increase in fluorescence in the wild type but not in nitB::kan mutant cells. Spheroplasts prepared from N.europaea wild type exposed to Fhu-NI analog retained the fluorescence, while spheroplasts of the nitB::kan mutant were not fluorescent. NitABC transports intact Fe3+-ferrichrome complex into the cytoplasm and is an atypical ABC type iron transporter for Fe3+ bound to ferrioxamine, ferrichrome or pyoverdine siderophores into the cytoplasm. The mechanisms to transport iron in either the Fe3+ or Fe2+ forms or Fe3+ associated with enterobactin or aerobactin siderophores into the cell across the cytoplasmic membrane are as yet undetermined.
Sliding Instabilities and Hypervelocity Gouging

Hypervelocity gouging occurs in material systems with high sliding speeds and has been observed in rocket sleds, light-gas guns, and railguns. Gouging takes the form of teardrop-shaped craters on the rail surface and usually occurs above a threshold speed that is material-pair dependent. The best predictive tools developed for gouging rely on semiempirical relationships that relate material hardness to shock pressure and hydrocodes that model the fluid-like behavior of materials under high stresses and strain rates. A parallel field of research is explosive welding. In explosive welding, the interface between two sliding surfaces impacted at high speeds undergoes a transition between flat bonded surfaces to a wavy interface. The onset of these interface waves, like hypervelocity gouging, is primarily dependent on the relative sliding speed of the materials, with other operating conditions being second order. Of particular interest is the fact that gouging and explosive welding waves occur at similar speeds for similar material pairs. This paper explores the parallels between these two fields of research and assesses the applicability of the respective predictive tools in determining the onset of gouging/interface waves.
Influencing emotional behavior in a social network

Mankind has always sought out social interaction, and our social interactions influence our thoughts and actions. As technological advances in social media provide a means for more rapid, convenient, and widespread communication, our resulting social interactions can lead to a more dynamic influence. Underlying these interactions are emotional responses to different stimuli and a desire not to become isolated from peers. In this paper, such social interactions are modeled as an undirected graph where each vertex represents an individual and each edge represents a social bond between individuals. Motivated by the non-local property of fractional-order systems, the emotional response of individuals in the network is modeled by fractional-order dynamics whose states depend on influences from social bonds. A decentralized control method is then developed to manipulate the social group to a common emotional state while maintaining existing social bonds (i.e., without isolating peers in the group). Mittag-Leffler stability methods are used to prove asymptotic convergence to a common equilibrium point (i.e., emotional state) of the networked fractional-order system.
Characterization of Degradation Mechanisms in Neural Recording Electrodes

Understanding the nature of specific neural activity is essential to the progression of research in the field of brain disorders and diseases, as well as neuroprosthetics. Microelectrodes are the primary measurement devices used to transduce neural activity into electrical signals to help neuroscientists study dynamic brain function. Advances in signal processing and packaging currently allow neural recording for periods as long as a year by use of chronically implanted electrodes in freely behaving animals. Stability of the electrode impedance is required for optimum signal recording over the length of the recording interval. While electrode–tissue interaction plays a major role in the quality of the recorded signal, delamination or degradation of the dielectric coating also interferes with signal recording. Therefore, to improve the signal recording process, it is useful to understand how the electrode design and component materials affect the signal over the course of time.
How Much Rationality Do We Need to Explain Conventions

This article surveys the main philosophical and formal ideas revolving around language as being conventional from the perspective of game theory. For very basic situations, this leads to a coherent view of conventions that offers interesting insights. Although there exist many open problems, this article will argue by outlining partial solution attempts that there is no principled reason for not applying methods from game theory to them.
CAPM Risk Adjustment for Exact Aggregation Over Financial Assets

This is the authors' accepted manuscript. The publisher's version is available electronically from doi:10.1017/S1365100597003088
Single-feed multi-beam reflectarray antennas

Reflectarray antennas imitate the conventional parabolic reflectors while having a low profile, low mass and flat surface. They have received much attention recently and are quickly finding applications in satellite communications, contoured beam space antennas, cloud/precipitation radars and commercial usages [1]. On the other hand a direct control of the phase shift of each element in the reflectarray proves to have additional advantages. In comparing to the bulky and expensive dual-gridded reflectors for contoured beam application, the reflectarray can achieve contoured beam performance without any additional cost [2]. Similarly multi-beam performance can be realized directly by correcting the phase shift of the elements accordingly.
The Spatial Structure of Land Use from 1970–2000 in the Phoenix, Arizona, Metropolitan Area

This article explores the dimensions of rapid urbanization in the Phoenix Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) over the past thirty years with respect to land use change. We devote primary attention to developing an understanding of what land transformations took place, the extent to which they occurred, and where they occurred. Our findings indicate that 32 percent of the Phoenix SMSA changed between 1970 and 2000. More than half of the overall change was from agriculture to some form of urban land use, and although a large percentage of the region remains open desert the parcels of desert are increasingly fragmented. This has significant implications for urban ecology and biodiversity. The growth indicates that rather than a pattern that reflects the agglomeration effects of a polycentric metropolis, the central business district of the City of Phoenix dominates the region. This has implications with respect to employment patterns, traffic congestion, and urban air quality and climate.
A TECHNIQUE FOR ULTRACRYOTOMY OF CELL SUSPENSIONS AND TISSUES

Ultracryotomy of fixed tissue has been investigated for a number of years but, so far, success has been limited for several reasons. The simple technique herein reported allows the ultracryotomy not only of a variety of tissues but also of single cells in suspension, with a preservation and visualization of ultrastructural detail at least equivalent to that obtained with conventional embedding procedures. In this technique, sucrose is infused into glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue pieces before freezing for the purpose of controlling the sectioning consistency. By choosing the proper combinations of sucrose concentration and sectioning temperature, a wide variety of tissues can be smoothly sectioned. Isolated cells, suspended in a sucrose solution, are sectioned by sectioning the frozen droplet of the suspension. A small liquid droplet of a saturated or near-saturated sucrose solution, suspended on the tip of an eyelash probe, is used to transfer frozen sections from the knife edge onto a grid substrate or a water surface. Upon melting of the sections on the surface of the sucrose droplet, they are spread flat and smooth due to surface tension. When the section of a suspension of single cells melts, individual sections of cells remain confined to the small area of the droplet surface. These devices make it possible to cut wide dry sections, and to avoid flotation on dimethyl sulfoxide solutions. With appropriate staining procedures, well-preserved ultrastructural detail can be observed. The technique is illustrated with a number of tissue preparations and with suspensions of erythrocytes and bacterial cells.
A PROBABILISTIC TOPIC MODEL FOR UNSUPERVISED LEARNING OF MUSICAL KEY-PROFILES

Wedescribeaprobabilisticmodelforlearningmusicalkeyprofiles from symbolic files of polyphonic, classical music. Our model is based on Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), a statistical approach for discovering hidden topics in large corpora of text. In our adaptation of LDA, symbolic music files play the role of text documents, groups of musical notes play the role of words, and musical keyprofiles play the role of topics. The topics are discovered as significant, recurring distributions over twelve neutral pitch-classes. Though discovered automatically, these distributions closely resemble the traditional key-profiles used to indicate the stability and importance of neutral pitchclasses in the major and minor keys of western music. Unlike earlier approaches based on human judgement, our model learns key-profiles in an unsupervised manner, inferringthemautomaticallyfromalargemusicalcorpusthat contains no key annotations. We show how these learned key-profiles can be used to determine the key of a musical piece and track its harmonic modulations. We also show how the model’s inferences can be used to compare musical pieces based on their harmonic structure.