cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural changes in lecithin-water systems thermal-turbidimetric studies

Turbidity measurements were made of dilute aqueous dispersions of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-l-lecithin as the temperature was varied. In the range from 24 to 33° a decrease in turbidity is associated with the penetration of water between the layers of lipid in the crystalline structure. At the transition to the liquid crystalline form (39–41°) a sharp decrease in turbidity occurs. In solutions of 0.06 M LiCl, 1 mM CaCl2, MgCl2 or 0.05 M PO43 an increase in turbidity resulted at the transition temperature, whereas in 0.1 M NaCl, or quarternary ammonium salts the turbidity decreased. The presence of small amounts of dicetylphosphoric acid mixed with the lecithin decreased the turbidity, and at elevated pH levels there was no change at the transition temperature.
Developments In Insb Material And Charge Injection Devices

InSb has served as an important mid-wave IR (X=3-5pm) detector material for several decades. In this presentation, we will briefly review General Electric's InSb Charge Injection Device technology. Emphasis will be placed on device performance as a function of material parameters. A new InSb materials technology utilizing liquid phase epitaxy will be described. This epitaxial growth technology improves InSb material parameters and increases minority carrier lifetimes by more than two orders of magnitude to near the Auger limit. Comparisons will be made between available bulk material parameters and that of the epitaxial material.
The Epicenter of the Mb 5, December 22, 1875 Virginia Earthquake: New Findings from Documentary Sources

This study re-examines the effects of the December 22, 1875, I o VII MM, central Virginia earthquake. The previously identified higher intensity area (≥ V MM), which included the central Virginia counties that lie between Richmond and Charlottesville, was focused upon in this investigation. Primary documentary sources were used exclusively for this study. Those sources included previously unused historical documents such as weather observers’ reports, military records, and plantation records. The new documentary evidence included data from sites other than the 1875 population centers. The new felt reports also helped determine more about the earthquake effects in different parts of the city of Richmond. For example, it was found that residents of the James River waterfront experienced moderately severe shaking (VII MM) while those in upland sections of the city took far less notice of the event (IV MM). Based on the damage reports and the number and severity of aftershocks, a new meizoseismal area is defined as one centering around Louisa, Goochland, and Powhatan counties. An epicentral location (37.8N - 78.0W) was assigned within that area. The inferred epicenter is located near the small communities of Othma, Sandy Hook, and Gum Spring. Othma lies nearest to the midst of the area with the highest reported intensities and the largest number of aftershocks while Sandy Hook and Gum Spring lie nearest the 1875 transportation routes through that region. The epicentral interpretation (which is rounded to the nearest tenth of a degree) is made in order to place the epicenter near the center of the meizoseismal contour identified by the new documentary evidence. The new epicenter might be at least 20 km in error because of James River alluvial deposits which may have amplified the shock. Another factor contributing to the possibility of a 20 km error is the scarcity of documentary information from this agrarian region of post-Civil War Virginia.
As American as Shoofly Pie: The Foodlore and Fakelore of Pennsylvania Dutch Cuisine William Woys Weaver. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.

As American as Shoofly Pie: The Foodlore and Fakelore of Pennsylvania Dutch Cuisine William Woys Weaver. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.A proliferation of books has appeared examining the unique cuisine of the American South such as John Egerton's Southern Food (1987), Fiigh on the Hog: A Culinary Journey from Africa to America (2011), and Foodways from The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture (2007). All of these books document the history of Southern cuisine and investigate the manner in which food signifies a culture. In the midst of this explosion of books exploring the foodways of the South, there has been little published which examines other important regional American foodways. William Woys Weaver's As American as Shoofly Pie: The Foodlore and Fakelore of Pennsylvania Dutch Cuisine lays important groundwork for researchers involved with exploration of regional cuisines outside of Southern foodways and their effect on the concept of an American cuisine. Weaver validates the importance of the Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine by noting, "the foods and foodways of the Pennsylvania Dutch represent the largest regional land-based cookery in the United States in terms of square miles covered, much of it outside Pennsylvania" (2).Weaver's initial focus considers social class within the community. He defines the Pennsylfaanisch term Hasenpfeffer as the term describing the Pennsylvania Dutch affluent class. Historically, the presence of meat on their tables signified wealth. Conversely, he also explores the diets of the Buckwheat Dutch, those who suffered from poverty. Noticeably absent from their tables were proteins (aside from small, wild game), and, as a result, they substituted items made from buckwheat, a cheap and readily accessible crop that grew well on worn-out land, to extend the dinner offerings to feed their families. Their heavy reliance on the buckwheat crop garnered the name for the poorest of the Pennsylvania Dutch. Weaver's exploration of the common poverty foods is important because examination of this class of consumers is typically overlooked in cookbooks, literature, and the popular press. Yet, the close association of this group of eaters to the land through their subsistence farming and necessary "green" techniques of growing and eating make them forerunners to current food trends such as locavorism embraced by Michael Pollan and the Slow Food Movement promoted in America by chefs such as Alice Waters.Other issues also factor heavily into the development of this regional diet. …
HOUSEHOLD FORMATION, INEQUALITY, AND THE MACROECONOMY

This paper examines how family structure can influence the macroeconomy. It uses a simple model where the key features are taken as exogenous and shows that the sorting of individuals into families can have important quantitative effects on human capital formation, inequality and income. It then discusses how these features can be endogenized and suggests avenues
Studies on bacterial photophosphorylation. III. A sensitive and rapid method of determination of photophosphorylation.

Abstract A new, rapid and sensitive method of determination of the rate and the amount of photophosphorylation with a sensitive recording pH meter is described. Decrease of hydrogen-ion concentration accompanying the phosphorylation of ADP was calculated between pH 7 and 9. With this calculated value of hydrogen-ion-concentration change and the buffering capacity of each reaction mixture determined by titration, the rate or amount of ATP synthesis can be calculated. The rates determined by this method are in good agreement with values determined by direct phosphate analysis.
Secretion of polyhydroxybutyrate in Escherichia coli using a synthetic biological engineering approach

Background Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a group of biodegradable plastics that are produced by a wide variety of microorganisms, mainly as a storage intermediate for energy and carbon. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a short-chain-length PHA with interesting chemical and physical properties. Large scale production of PHB is not wide-spread mainly due to the downstream processing of bacterial cultures to extract the PHB. Secretion of PHB from Escherichia coli could reduce downstream processing costs. PHB are non-proteinaceous polymers, hence cannot be directly targeted for secretion. Phasin, PhaP1, is a low molecular weight protein that binds to PHB, reducing PHB granule size. In this study PHB is indirectly secreted with PhaP1 from E. coli via type I secretion using HlyA signal peptides.
The association between pharmacologic drug intoxication and forensic-specific intent.

Two criminal cases are presented in which the counsel for the defendants requested an expert witness to opine whether their drug-intoxicated clients were capable of forming the specific intent necessary to commit the felonies for which they were charged. Intent from a legal standpoint is often times a poorly understood concept among expert witnesses. The application of a criminal defense of intoxication depends upon the nature of the crime the defendant is accused. The intoxication defense cannot be applied to general intent crimes. In cases where specific intent crimes are charged against the defendant, voluntary intoxication may be used to prove that the defendant could not possess the capacity to formulate the intent as a necessary element of the crime. Voluntary intoxication may be used as a defense in specific intent crimes to negate the critical element of intent required for the prosecution to prove in criminal cases. Without being able to prove intent, the prosecution has not met their burden of p...
5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-4-ribofuranoside (AICAR) attenuates the expression of LPS- and Aβ peptide-induced inflammatory mediators in astroglia

Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology shows characteristic 'plaques' rich in amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide deposits. Inflammatory process-related proteins such as pro-inflammatory cytokines have been detected in AD brain suggesting that an inflammatory immune reaction also plays a role in the pathogenesis of AD. Glial cells in culture respond to LPS and Aβ stimuli by upregulating the expression of cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and also the expression of proinflammatory genes iNOS and COX-2. We have earlier reported that LPS/Aβ stimulation-induced ceramide and ROS generation leads to iNOS expression and nitric oxide production in glial cells. The present study was undertaken to investigate the neuroprotective function of AICAR (a potent activator of AMP-activated protein kinase) in blocking the pro-oxidant/proinflammatory responses induced in primary glial cultures treated with LPS and Aβ peptide.
Experimental investigation of dry band arcing on ADSS cables when spiral vibration dampers are installed

In order to damp wind induced Aeolian vibration and to avoid damage in all dielectric self-supporting (ADSS) fiber optic cables, spiral vibration dampers (SVD) are used. Dry band arcing is a phenomenon observed in ADSS cable, which damages the outer surface of the cable. Damages due to dry band arcing damper and cable are observed in the field. Effect of spiral vibration dampers on dry band arcing is investigated by performing experiments on cable samples. Leakage current measurements from the experiments are recorded. Simulation is performed to reproduce the experimental samples using commercially available software and the electric field distribution on the surface of the cable for two models is simulated. The simulation result is used to analyze the behavior of the arc. When the dampers are installed, an increase in the leakage current and electric field distribution is observed. A possible remedy could be to move the dampers near the middle of the span without reducing its effectiveness.
GSK-3β: A Bifunctional Role in Cell Death Pathways

Although glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) was originally named for its ability to phosphorylate glycogen synthase and regulate glucose metabolism, this multifunctional kinase is presently known to be a key regulator of a wide range of cellular functions. GSK-3β is involved in modulating a variety of functions including cell signaling, growth metabolism, and various transcription factors that determine the survival or death of the organism. Secondary to the role of GSK-3β in various diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, inflammation, diabetes, and cancer, small molecule inhibitors of GSK-3β are gaining significant attention. This paper is primarily focused on addressing the bifunctional or conflicting roles of GSK-3β in both the promotion of cell survival and of apoptosis. GSK-3β has emerged as an important molecular target for drug development.
Image-guided thermal ablation of nonresectable hepatic tumors using the Cool-Tip radiofrequency ablation system.

Percutaneous thermal ablation techniques have gained considerable attention as an alternative to surgery for the treatment of malignant liver tumors in selected patients. In particular, image-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is increasingly being used for the local treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as for metastases to the liver. As a minimally invasive treatment option, this technique has several advantages compared with surgical resection. Benefits include reduction in morbidity and mortality, lower cost, suitability for real-time imaging guidance, use in an outpatient setting and use in patients who are not surgical candidates. The Cool-Tip™ RFA system has recently received US FDA approval for use in ablating nonresectable liver tumors. This article describes the principles and application of radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of nonresectable hepatic tumors along with the unique features of the Cool-Tip™ RFA system. Finally, a view into the future suggests that, as the trend to...
Development and validation of an instrument to assess imminent risk of homelessness among veterans.

Objectives. Veterans are overrepresented within the homeless population compared with their non-veteran counterparts, particularly when controlling for poverty. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) aims to prevent new episodes of homelessness by targeting households at greatest risk; however, there are no instruments that systematically assess veterans’ risk of homelessness. We developed and tested a brief screening instrument to identify imminent risk of homelessness among veterans accessing VA health care. Methods. The study team developed initial assessment items, conducted cognitive interviews with veterans experiencing homelessness, refined pilot items based on veterans’ and experts’ feedback and results of psychometric analyses, and assigned weights to items in the final instrument to indicate a measure of homelessness risk. Results. One-third of veterans who responded to the field instrument reported imminent risk of homelessness (i.e., housing instability in the previous 90 days or expected in the next 90 days). The reliability coefficient for the instrument was 0.85, indicating good internal consistency. Veterans who had a recent change in income, had unpaid housing expenses, were living temporarily with family and friends, needed help to get or keep housing, and had poor rental and credit histories were more likely to report a risk of homelessness than those who did not. Conclusion. This study provides the field with an instrument to identify individ uals and households at risk of or experiencing homelessness, which is necessary to prevent and end homelessness. In addition, it supports VA’s investment in homelessness prevention and rapid rehousing services for veterans who are experiencing or are at risk for homelessness.
The regulation of antibody class expression.

The regulation of antibody class expression has been an active and controversial area of research for many years. Although it is well established that T cells influence which antibody isotypes are produced during an immune response, their exact mode of action has not been delineated. In this review Judy Teale and Kristin Abraham briefly summarize current understanding of isotype regulation and describe the T cells and/or their factors which may provide the biological signals that induce the immunoglobulin class switch.
Autoreactive T cells to topoisomerase I in monozygotic twins discordant for systemic sclerosis.

Objective. To examine T and B cell responses to topoisomerase I (topo I) in a monozygotic twin pair discordant for systemic sclerosis (SSc). Methods. The peripheral blood T cell proliferative responses induced by topo I and in vitro anti–topo I antibody production in cultures of T and B cells were examined in an SSc patient with serum anti–topo I antibody and in her healthy monozygotic twin. Topo I–reactive T cell lines were generated from the twin pair and analyzed for antigenic specificity, major histocompatibility complex class II restriction, and T cell receptor (TCR) gene usage. Results. T cell proliferative responses to topo I were detected in both the SSc patient and her healthy twin, although the kinetics of the T cell response were accelerated in the patient compared with the healthy twin. The estimated frequency of circulating topo I–reactive T cells was 1/6,700 in the SSc patient and 1/39,000 in the healthy twin. Anti–topo I antibody production was observed in cultures of T and B cells from the SSc patient, but not in those from the healthy twin. When the cells from the twins were mixed in different combinations, T cells from the healthy twin did stimulate the SSc patient’s B cells to produce anti–topo I antibody through a CD40-dependent mechanism. Topo I–reactive T cell lines generated from the twins had similar characteristics, including a CD4 phenotype, restriction by HLA–DR, recognition of epitopes within amino acid residues 209–386 of topo I, and dominant usage of the TCR V20 gene segment. Conclusion. These results indicate that topo I–reactive T cells were activated and clonally expanded in the SSc patient. However, there were no substantial differences in either phenotypic or functional properties of topo I–reactive T cells obtained from the SSc patient and those obtained from her healthy identical twin. It is likely, therefore, that the anti–topo I antibody response in the SSc patient is induced by in vivo activation of topo I–reactive T cells derived from the normal T cell repertoire.
Gene Expression Profiles Normalized in Psoriatic Skin by Treatment with Brodalumab, a Human Anti–IL-17 Receptor Monoclonal Antibody

The IL-17 pathway is an established driver of psoriasis pathogenesis. We examined the detailed molecular and cellular effects of blockade of IL-17 signaling in human psoriatic skin before and following treatment with brodalumab, a competitive inhibitor of the IL-17 Receptor A subunit. Thousands of aberrantly expressed genes in lesional skin normalized within 2 weeks following brodalumab treatment, with conversion of the lesional psoriasis transcriptome to resemble that seen in nonlesional skin. Keratinocyte-expressed genes appeared to normalize rapidly, whereas T cell–specific normalization occurred over six weeks. The three IL-17 ligand genes that are upregulated in lesional skin, IL17A, IL17C, and IL17F, were all downregulated in a dose-dependent manner following brodalumab treatment. Cellular measures also showed a similar pattern with dramatic decreases in keratinocyte hyperplasia within one week, and decreases in infiltrating leukocytes occurred over a longer timescale. Individuals with the highest brodalumab exposure showed normalization of both IL-17–responsive genes and the psoriasis transcriptome, whereas subjects with lower exposures showed transient or incomplete molecular responses. Clinical and molecular response appeared dependent on the extent of brodalumab exposure relative to the expression of IL-17 ligand genes, and reduction of IL-17 signaling into the nonlesional range was strongly correlated with normalization of the psoriasis transcriptome. These data indicate that blockade of IL-17 signaling in psoriatic skin leads to rapid transcriptomal changes initially in keratinocyte-expressed genes, followed by normalization in the leukocyte abnormalities, and demonstrates the essential role of the IL-17R on keratinocytes in driving disease pathogenesis.
Cutting Edge: Cell-Autonomous Control of IL-7 Response Revealed in a Novel Stage of Precursor B Cells

During early stages of B-lineage differentiation in bone marrow, signals emanating from IL-7R and pre-BCR are thought to synergistically induce proliferative expansion of progenitor cells. Paradoxically, loss of pre-BCR–signaling components is associated with leukemia in both mice and humans. Exactly how progenitor B cells perform the task of balancing proliferative burst dependent on IL-7 with the termination of IL-7 signals and the initiation of L chain gene rearrangement remains to be elucidated. In this article, we provide genetic and functional evidence that the cessation of the IL-7 response of pre-B cells is controlled via a cell-autonomous mechanism that operates at a discrete developmental transition inside Fraction C′ (large pre-BII) marked by transient expression of c-Myc. Our data indicate that pre-BCR cooperates with IL-7R in expanding the pre-B cell pool, but it is also critical to control the differentiation program shutting off the c-Myc gene in large pre-B cells.
Microstructures of GaN films deposited on (001) and (111) Si substrates using electron cyclotron resonance assisted-molecular beam epitaxy

The microstructures of GaN films, grown on (001) and (111) Si substrates by a two-step method using Electron Cyclotron Resonance assisted-Molecular Beam Epitaxy (ECR-MBE), were studied by electron microscopy techniques. Films grown on (001) Si had a predominantly zinc-blende structure. The GaN buffer layer, grown in the first deposition step, accommodated the 17% lattice mismatch between the film and substrate by a combination of misoriented domains and misfit dislocations. Beyond the buffer layer, the film consisted of highly oriented domains separated by inversion domain boundaries, with a substantial decrease in the defect density away from the interface. The majority of defects in the film were stacking faults, microtwins, and localized regions having the wurtzite structure. The structure of the GaN films grown on (111) Si was found to be primarily wurtzite, with a substantial fraction of twinned zinc-blende phase. Occasional wurtzite grains, misoriented by a 30°twist along the [0001] axis, were also observed. A substantial diffusion of Si was seen in films grown on both substrates.
Experimental Determination of pKa Values by Use of NMR Chemical Shifts, Revisited

This laboratory experiment, using proton NMR spectroscopy to determine the dissociation constant for heterocyclic bases, has been modified from a previously described experiment. A solution of a substituted pyridine is prepared using deuterium oxide (D2O) as the solvent. The pH of the solution is adjusted and proton NMR spectra are collected for a variety of pH values. The chemical shifts of the peaks in the NMR spectrum change depending on the degree of protonation of the pyridine ring. Analysis of the spectral data is used to calculate the dissociation constant of the substituted pyridine. This experiment is suitable for a variety of advanced chemistry laboratories including analytical chemistry and instrumental analysis.
Basic and Clinical Differences of Heparin and Low Molecular Weight Heparin Treatment

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on unfractionated heparin as well as newer anticoagulant and antithrombotic drugs. Chemical modification of unfractionated HP, such as desulfation, deamination, or coupling with various agents has resulted in products with selective actions on enzymes and cellular receptors. These HP derivatives are currently being tested for indications such as sepsis, viral infections, and treating proliferative disorders. LMWHs represent a refined version of HP. About 20%–30% of low molecular weight HP components are already present in unfractionated HP. LMWHs are now globally regarded as drugs of choice for postsurgical prophylaxis of DVT and the management of acute coronary syndromes. Repeated administration of LMWHs produces progressively stronger antithrombotic effects. However, the hemorrhagic responses vary and are largely dependent on products. Anticoagulation with HP represents an indispensable pharmacologic modality for all of the patients with ischemic as well as occlusive cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events.
The Relationship Between Tolerance For Ambiguity And Students Propensity To Cheat On A College Exam

Businesses in the United States are being ravaged internally for a total of up to $400 billion yearly by white-collar crime (Martin, 1998). Fraud, the culprit, is defined as, “deceit; trickery; cheating” (Webster’s New World dictionary, 1978). This phenomenon knows no bounds, has no feelings, respects no one; and its perpetrators are described as the “greatest threat to businesses of all sizes” by Mark Simmons, a New York-based auditor with 20 years’ experience of fighting fraud (Applegate, 1998). This exploratory study is aimed at gaining a greater understanding of the psychological consistency of these perpetrators, who remain a constant threat to business education.
Unexplained acute changes in behavior. When to think of stroke.

(1988). Unexplained acute changes in behavior. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 136-146.
Diversity and divergence of the glioma-infiltrating T-cell receptor repertoire

Abstract Although immune signaling has emerged as a defining feature of the glioma microenvironment, how the underlying structure of the glioma-infiltrating T-cell population differs from that of the blood from which it originates has been difficult to measure directly in patients. High-throughput sequencing of T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires (TCRseq) provides a population-wide statistical description of how T cells respond to disease. We have defined immunophenotypes of whole repertoires based on TCRseq of the α- and β-chains from glioma tissue, nonneoplastic brain tissue, and peripheral blood from patients. Using information theory, we partitioned the diversity of these TCR repertoires into that from the distribution of VJ cassette combinations and diversity due to VJ-independent factors, such as selection due to antigen binding. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) possessed higher VJ-independent diversity than nonneoplastic tissue, stratifying patients according to tumor grade. We found that the VJ-independent components of tumor-associated repertoires diverge more from their corresponding peripheral repertoires than T-cell populations in nonneoplastic brain tissue, particularly for low-grade gliomas. Finally, we identified a “signature” set of TCRs whose use in peripheral blood is associated with patients exhibiting low TIL divergence and is depleted in patients with highly divergent TIL repertoires. This signature is detectable in peripheral blood, and therefore accessible noninvasively. We anticipate that these immunophenotypes will be foundational to monitoring and predicting response to antiglioma vaccines and immunotherapy.
Adherence in Acne

Poor adherence is a common cause for treatment failure in treatable diseases such as acne. Numerous studies have examined this relationship, along with the reasons why patients tend to not adhere to their acne medications and methods that may improve their adherence. Poor adherence can include failure to obtain the medication, “drug holidays,” early discontinuation, or simply misunderstanding how the medication is supposed to be used. Insufficient adherence leads to the addition of unnecessary acne treatments, patient frustration and dissatisfaction, and increase in medical expense. Only about 50 % of patients may adhere properly to the therapeutic regimen defined by their dermatologist [1, 2].
The Real, the Fictional, and the Somewhere-in-Between: Response to Julia Friederike Göhner, Tim Grafe, Yannis Krone, and Johannes Ueberfeldt

Perhaps I should begin by emphasizing, as they do, that the ideas of mine on which Julia Friederike Gohner, Tim Grafe, Yannis Krone, and Johannes Ueberfeldt focus—ideas about fictional characters, and specifically about the fictionalized versions of real people, places, etc., that sometimes turn up in works of fiction—are only a kind of codicil to the central themes of the much more comprehensive metaphysical theory I call Innocent Realism; and that Innocent Realism itself needs to be understood against the background of my defense of an approach to metaphysics as neither a priori nor dependent on the recondite kinds of experience sought by the sciences, but as requiring, rather, reflection on aspects of our everyday experience of the world so familiar that ordinarily we hardly notice them. Moreover, I will add (though Gohner et al. don’t say this) it’s a logically independent codicil; in particular, there would be no inconsistency in accepting both my conception of metaphysics, and my Innocent Realism, in combination with a different account of fictional and quasi-fictional characters.
Effects of Lexicase and Tournament Selection on Diversity Recovery and Maintenance

In genetic programming systems, parent selection algorithms select the programs from which offspring will be produced by random variation and recombination. While most parent selection algorithms select programs on the basis of aggregate performance on multiple test cases, the lexicase selection algorithm considers each test case individually, in random order, for each parent selection event. Prior work has shown that lexicase selection can produce both more diverse populations and more solutions when applied to several hard problems. Here we examine the effects of lexicase selection, compared to those of the more traditional tournament selection algorithm, on population error diversity using two program synthesis problems. We conduct experiments in which the same initial population is used to start multiple runs, each using a different random number seed. The initial populations are extracted from genetic programming runs, and fall into three categories: high diversity populations, low diversity populations, and populations that occur after diversity crashes. The reported data shows that lexicase selection can maintain high error diversity and also that it can re-diversify less-diverse populations, while tournament selection consistently produces lower diversity.
Photoelectron Studies of Excited Molecular States. H 2 C 1 II u and N 2 O 3 1 II u

Resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) affords the opportunity to select a specific ionization pathway in order to produce a particular ionic state for further study (such as state-selected ion-molecule reactions) or to investigate detailed aspects of excited-state photoionization dynamics. The production of electronic and vibrational state-selected ions has been achieved, and in some instances rotational state-selection may be possible. State-selected ions are obtained by first preparing an intermediate Rydberg state that has a potential energy curve similar to that of the desired final ionic state and then ionizing the Rydberg state with a single additional photon. Under these circumstances, the Franck-Condon factors governing the final ionization step strongly favor the preservation of the vibrational level of the Rydberg-state core. In addition, the photoionizing transition is expected to favor the further excitation of the Rydberg electron, while retaining the electronic state of the ion core. Thus REMPI through a Rydberg state having an ion core in a particular vibronic state is expected to produce ions in the same vibronic state.
Localized Band-Limited Representation and Robust Interpolative Image Manipulation

In this chapter, we describe an image representation framework based on which a robust, nonparametric interpolation method for filling in “missing” information of an image can be performed. As in an earlier work, this approach utilizes a class of localized band-limited functions that are compact in both image and frequency domains. However, the current algorithm may be carried without a statistical classifier such as a K-means algorithm, which was employed in our previous work. After a brief description of our approach, results are given to show its efficacy in a few use cases.
Nuclear Spectroscopy Studies of Quasi-one-dimensional Transition Metal Chalcogenides

In this chapter will be described quasi-one-dimensional Nb and Ta chalcogenides. These include materials of the MX3 and MX4 formulation, where M denotes Nb or Ta, and X denotes S, Se, or Te. Also included are related structures such as the iron-containing FeNb3Se10, and several iodine-containing structures, such as (NbSe4)3L
CONORBIT: constrained optimization by radial basis function interpolation in trust regions

This paper presents CONORBIT CONstrained Optimization by Radial Basis function Interpolation in Trust regions, a derivative-free algorithm for constrained black-box optimization where the objective and constraint functions are computationally expensive. CONORBIT employs a trust-region framework that uses interpolating radial basis function RBF models for the objective and constraint functions, and is an extension of the ORBIT algorithm [S.M. Wild, R.G. Regis and C.A. Shoemaker, ORBIT: optimization by radial basis function interpolation in trust-regions, SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 30 2008, pp. 3197–3219]. It uses a small margin for the RBF constraint models to facilitate the generation of feasible iterates, and extensive numerical tests confirm that such a margin is helpful in improving performance. CONORBIT is compared with other algorithms on 27 test problems, a chemical process optimization problem, and an automotive application. Numerical results show that CONORBIT performs better than COBYLA Powell 1994, a sequential penalty derivative-free method, an augmented Lagrangian method, a direct search method, and another RBF-based algorithm on the test problems and on the automotive application.
Incorporating non-baseline characters into genetic mixture analyses

Abstract In a mixture of individuals from different populations, population proportions and individual identities are estimated by comparing the characteristics of individuals in the mixture to a (usually) genetic baseline of population-specific characteristics. Using simulated data sets, we examined the performance of a genetic mixture analysis that incorporated data on non-baseline character state frequencies. Population-specific state frequencies of non-baseline characters were well-estimated in many scenarios. We found benefits of incorporating non-baseline characters in mixture analysis; both individual assignments and estimates of population proportions were improved. However, both the sample size and the quality of the baseline data were more important. We did not see any improvement in estimating baseline character state frequencies even when highly informative non-baseline data was used. Our results suggest that non-baseline data might improve mixture analyses, and we note that population-specific estimates of non-baseline character state frequencies are often useful in and of themselves.
Case of acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in infective endocarditismanagement with intra coronary stenting

Embolic events from infective endocarditis can cause acute coronary syndrome. Mortality rate is high and optimal management might be different from those chosen in setting of classic atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. We present a case of 56-yearold male who had received 5 weeks of antibiotics for aortic valve endocarditis and developed acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in hospital settings. Interestingly, patient had recent left heart catheterization that was normal. This was recognized as embolic event from sterile vegetation. Patient was managed with balloon angioplasty and placement of intracoronary stent. Following re-vascularization, patient chest pain and electrocardiogram normalized and he improved in short term. However due to multiple comorbidities he had to be intubated and placed on dialysis.
Use of Metabolomics in Improving Assessment of Dietary Intake

BACKGROUND: Nutritional metabolomics is rapidly evolving to integrate nutrition with complex metabolomics data to discover new biomarkers of nutritional exposure and status. CONTENT: The purpose of this review is to provide a broad overview of the measurement techniques, study designs, and statistical approaches used in nutrition metabolomics, as well as to describe the current knowledge from epidemiologic studies identifying metabolite profiles associated with the intake of individual nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns. SUMMARY: A wide range of technologies, databases, and computational tools are available to integrate nutritional metabolomics with dietary and phenotypic information. Biomarkers identified with the use of high-throughput metabolomics techniques include amino acids, acylcarnitines, carbohydrates, bile acids, purine and pyrimidine metabolites, and lipid classes. The most extensively studied food groups include fruits, vegetables, meat, fish, bread, whole grain cereals, nuts, wine, coffee, tea, cocoa, and chocolate. We identified 16 studies that evaluated metabolite signatures associated with dietary patterns. Dietary patterns examined included vegetarian and lactovegetarian diets, omnivorous diet, Western dietary patterns, prudent dietary patterns, Nordic diet, and Mediterranean diet. Although many metabolite biomarkers of individual foods and dietary patterns have been identified, those biomarkers may not be sensitive or specific to dietary intakes. Some biomarkers represent short-term intakes rather than long-term dietary habits. Nonetheless, nutritional metabolomics holds promise for the development of a robust and unbiased strategy for measuring diet. Still, this technology is intended to be complementary, rather than a replacement, to traditional well-validated dietary assessment methods such as food frequency questionnaires that can measure usual diet, the most relevant exposure in nutritional epidemiologic studies.
Complete and Durable Responses in Primary Central Nervous System Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder with Zidovudine, Ganciclovir, Rituximab, and Dexamethasone

Purpose: Primary central nervous system posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PCNS-PTLD) is a complication of solid organ transplantation with a poor prognosis and typically associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). We hypothesized EBV lytic-phase protein expression would allow successful treatment with antiviral therapy.Patients and Methods: Thirteen patients were treated with zidovudine (AZT), ganciclovir (GCV), dexamethasone, and rituximab in EBV+ PCNS-PTLD. Twice-daily, intravenous AZT 1,500 mg, GCV 5 mg/kg, and dexamethasone 10 mg were given for 14 days. Weekly rituximab 375 mg/m2 was delivered for the first 4 weeks. Twice-daily valganciclovir 450 mg and AZT 300 mg started day 15. Lytic and latent protein expression was assessed using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Immunoblot assay assessed lytic gene activation. Cells transfected with lytic kinase vectors were assessed for sensitivity to our therapy using MTS tetrazolium and flow cytometry.Results: The median time to response was 2 months. Median therapy duration was 26.5 months. Median follow-up was 52 months. The estimated 2-year overall survival (OS) was 76.9% (95% CI, 44.2%-91.9%). Overall response rate (ORR) was 92% (95% CI, 64%-100%). BXLF1/vTK and BGLF4 expression was found in the seven tumor biopsies evaluated. Lytic gene expression was induced in vitro using the four-drug regimen. Transfection with viral kinase cDNA increased cellular sensitivity to antiviral therapy.Conclusions: EBV+ PCNS-PTLD expressed lytic kinases and therapy with AZT, GCV, rituximab and dexamethasone provided durable responses. Induction of the lytic protein expression and increased cellular sensitivity to antiviral therapy after transfection with viral kinase cDNA provides a mechanistic rationale for our approach. Clin Cancer Res; 24(14); 3273-81. ©2018 AACR.
Rhizosphere microbial communities of canola and wheat at six paired field sites

Abstract Plant physical and chemical characteristics are known to alter rhizosphere microbial communities, but the effect of introducing canola (Brassica napus L.) into monoculture wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotations is not clear. Results from a field study in eastern Washington showed that winter canola (WC) influenced the bulk soil microbial community and differentiated it from the community associated with winter wheat (WW). Abundance of soil fungi, including mycorrhizae, was reduced with the introduction of WC. The objective of this research was to determine the differences and similarities in the rhizosphere microbial communities of WC and WW. Canola and wheat rhizosphere soil was collected from six dryland farms in Adams and Douglas Counties, WA. Each farm was a paired site with WC and WW grown in adjacent fields of the same soil type, landscape orientation, and crop history. Canola, or any non-cereal crop, had never been grown previously at the experimental sites. Rhizosphere microbial biomass and community composition, determined using phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA), revealed differences associated with landscape position at the initial fall sampling when WC and WW were in the rosette and tiller development stages, respectively. However, data from spring samples, when WC and WW were in the early bolting and stem elongation growth stages, respectively, showed significant differences in microbial communities between WC and WW rhizosphere soils. Data suggest that initial (fall) microbial community composition were an artifact of previous histories of monocrop wheat production and varied with expected differences in landscape position. As the crops developed, microbial communities became more dissimilar and were differentiated by crop species. Our results show that WC can have significant effects on rhizosphere microbial biomass of specific microbial groups and community structure in wheat-based cropping systems, such as reductions in fungi and gram+ bacteria in some locations. Crop-related changes in the abundance of specific rhizosphere microbial groups may play a key role in the yield of subsequent crops, and overall soil health and nutrient turnover.
Bone marrow transplantation from histocompatible sibling donors for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Between March 1977 and September 1988, 150 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were treated with myeloablative radiochemotherapy followed by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Prophylaxis to prevent graft-versus-host disease consisted of methotrexate (MTX)/prednisone (PSE), cyclosporine A (CSA)/PSE, or CSA/PSE/MTX. Fifty patients were in first complete remission (CR) at the time when preparation for BMT was begun (median age, 25 years; range, 1 infant was 1.8 years and 49 adults aged 16–41 years); 49 patients were either in second or third CR (19 years; 3–48 years) and 51 patients were in relapse (22 years; 5–45 years). Median follow-up for these patients is now in excess of 4 years. Actuarial disease-free survival (DFS) rates for the three groups of BMT recipients are 61%, 45%, and 19%. Actuarial relapse rates are 14%, 41%, and 64%, respectively. These data are summarized in Table 1.
Social Assets, Second Version

We present a model incorporating both social and economic components, and analyze their interaction. The notion of a social asset, an attribute that has value only because of the social institutions governing society, is introduced. In the basic model, agents match on the basis of income and unproductive attributes. An attribute has value in some equilibrium social institutions (matching patterns), but not in others. We then show that productive attributes (such as education) can have their value increased above their inherent productive value by some social institutions, leading to the notion of the social value of an asset.
Banking brains: a pre-mortem "how to" guide to successful donation.

A review of the brain banking literature reveals a primary focus either on the factors that influence the decision to become a future donor or on the brain tissue processing that takes place after the individual has died (i.e., the front-end or back-end processes). What has not been sufficiently detailed, however, is the complex and involved process that takes place after this decision to become a future donor is made yet before post-mortem processing occurs (i.e., the large middle-ground). This generally represents a period of many years during which the brain bank is actively engaged with donors to ensure that valuable clinical information is prospectively collected and that their donation is eventually completed. For the past 15 years, the Essential Tremor Centralized Brain Repository has been actively involved in brain banking, and our experience has provided us valuable insights that may be useful for researchers interested in establishing their own brain banking efforts. In this piece, we fill a gap in the literature by detailing the processes of enrolling participants, creating individualized brain donation plans, collecting clinical information and regularly following-up with donors to update that information, and efficiently coordinating the brain harvest when death finally arrives.
Kepler’s Third Law

In the previous reading selection from Part I of Book IV of the Epitome of Copernican Astronomy, Kepler argued that it would be most fitting for the sun to be located at the center of the World, from which point it can readily illuminate, warm, regulate and (perhaps) even move the planets which orbit around it at divinely ordained distances. Their motion, however, cannot be caused by the motion of celestial spheres. Why? Because there are no such spheres, as Tycho Brahe has demonstrated. Then what is the cause of their motion? In Part II of Book IV, he begins to address this question. After summarizing the observed motions of the planets, he carefully recounts the planetary models of Aristotle and Ptolemy, which he rejects. He then proceeds to reconsider the ancient idea that an intelligence, or mind, is required to govern the complex yet orderly motion of the planets. Such a solution might seem particularly tempting for Kepler since he has already explicitly rejected matter—in the form of vast rotating solid celestial spheres—as the cause of the orbital motion the planets. To what cause does Kepler finally attribute the motion of the planets? In the course of this text, he casually mentions the true trajectory of the planetary orbits and he also introduces what is now known as Kepler’s third law of planetary motion. What does this law state? He also asserts that the planets themselves must must have inertia. Why is this significant? And in what way is this contradictory to Aristotelian physics?
Critical Behavior and Anisotropy in Single Crystal SrRuO$_3$

The magnetization of single crystal SrRuO3 is studied as a function of temperature along different crystallographic directions. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy and behavior near the critical transition temperature are analyzed in detail. The magnetization vs temperature is found to vary more like $T^2$ rather than $T^{3/2}$ expected for spin waves.