cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Roles of the Fc receptor and respiratory burst in killing of Rickettsia prowazekii by macrophagelike cell lines

It is known that the virulent strain of Rickettsia prowazekii grows in macrophagelike cell lines, but if the rickettsiae are treated with antirickettsial serum before infection, the intracellular rickettsiae fail to grow and are destroyed. The uptake of rickettsiae by macrophagelike cell lines was increased by treatment of the rickettsiae with immune serum and with purified immunoglobulin G (IgG) from this serum but not by treatment with the F(ab')2 fragment derived from this IgG. This suggested that the normal rickettsial pathway of entry could be augmented by the Fc receptor-mediated pathway. However, rickettsiae treated with these F(ab')2 fragments which contained no Fc region were destroyed as effectively as those treated with immune serum or IgG. Internalization of R. prowazekii (whether virulent, avirulent, treated, or untreated) did not lead to an increased release of CO2 from [1-14C]glucose, an increase that would have been indicative of a respiratory burst. Furthermore, a mutant macrophagelike cell line, incapable of a respiratory burst, was able to destroy rickettsiae treated with immune serum as effectively as did the parental cell line. Electron micrographs of macrophagelike cells which had been incubated with either antirickettsial IgG or with F(ab')2 fragments derived from this IgG both demonstrated marked deterioration of the rickettsiae, which were primarily within vacuoles but occasionally free in the cytoplasm. In contrast, untreated rickettsiae displayed morphologically normal rickettsiae which were mostly in the cytoplasm but occasionally in the intact and damaged vacuoles. These results indicated that (i) a respiratory burst was not a significant part of the mechanism used by macrophagelike cells to destroy R. prowazekii treated with immune serum, (ii) the destruction of the rickettsiae by the macrophage was not dependent on a diversion to the Fc receptor-mediated pathway of entry, and (iii) the locus of damage to the rickettsiae was most likely the phagolysosome of the macrophagelike cell line.
Voyager I approaches Saturn

After its long and arduous passage, Voyager 1 will, like its predecessor Pioneer 11, begin observations of Saturn. The ‘encounter’ is actually a series of operational phases that begin almost 5 million miles away, culminating in a ‘close approach’ at a distance of about 200,000 miles which will occur on November 12,1980. Voyager 2, 9 months behind, will arrive August 26, 1981. Its trajectory will then take it on to an encounter with Uranus in January 1986. Voyager 1 instruments will be focused not only on Saturn itself but also its satellites, especially Titan (the others are Reha, Dione, Minas, and lapetus) and, of course, the rings. The magnetosphere is also a subject of the spacecraft's research.
Local prediction models by principal component regression

Principal component regression (PCR) is widely used for analytical calibration. In most applications of PCR, principal components (PCs) are included in regression models in sequence according to respective variances. A suitable number of PCs is determined by the predictive ability obtained through cross-validation within the calibration samples or by relying on an external validation sample set. It has recently been reported that such a strategy of selecting PCs in sequence according to variance, i.e., top-down selection, may not necessarily result in the best prediction model and some alternative strategies have been proposed. Top-down selection and other suggested selection methods aim to build a global calibration model to predict all future samples. These approaches do not take into consideration measurement information of prediction samples in forming the global model. In actuality, the best model can be different for individual prediction samples. In this paper, a strategy is proposed to build local (sample-dependent) models based on PCR. Several data sets have been investigated with up to 40% improvement in prediction errors compared to the conventional top-down selection strategy for global models.
An approximate viscous shock layer approach to calculating hypersonic flows about blunt-nosed bodies

An approximate axisymmetric method has been developed which can reliably calculate fully viscous hypersonic flows over blunt-nosed bodies. By substituting Maslen's second order pressure expression for the normal momentum equation, a simplified form of the viscous shock layer (VSL) equations is obtained. This approach can solve both the subsonic and supersonic regions of the shock layer without a starting solution for the shock shape. Since the method is fully viscous, the problems associated with coupling a boundary-layer solution with an inviscid-layer solution are avoided. This procedure is significantly faster than the parabolized Navier-Stokes (PNS) or VSL solvers and would be useful in a preliminary design environment. Problems associated with a previously developed approximate VSL technique are addressed. Surface heat transfer and pressure predictions are comparable to both VSL results and experimental data. The present technique generates its own shock shape as part of its solution, and therefore could be used to provide more accurate initial shock shapes for higher-order procedures which require starting solutions.
The stability of DNA triplexes inside cells as studied by iodine-125 radioprinting

We studied the stability of a DNA triplex resulting from the binding of a 38 nt long purine motif triplex-forming oligonucleotide (TFO) to a covalently closed plasmid containing a target sequence from the human HPRT gene. Our in vitro experiments showed that the triplex formed at plasmid and TFO concentrations as low as 10(-9)M. Once formed, the triplex was remarkably stable and could withstand 10 min incubation at 65 degrees C. We next delivered these TFO-plasmid complexes into cultured human cells. To monitor the TFO-plasmid complexes inside cells we applied a new technique that we call 'radioprinting'. Because the TFO was(125)I labeled, we could quantitatively monitor the triplexes by measuring(125)I-induced DNA strand breaks in the target plasmid sequence. We found that the triplexes remain stable inside the cells for at least 48 h. Based on these findings we propose using TFO for indirect labeling of intact plasmid DNA. As a demonstration, we show that the intracellular distribution of a fluorescein-labeled TFO was different when it was liposome-delivered into cultured human cells alone or in a complex with the plasmid. In the latter case, the fluorescence was detected in nearly all the cells while detection of the plasmid by use of a marker gene (beta-galactosidase) revealed expression of the gene in only half of the cells.
Advanced COIL--physics, chemistry and uses

A review of Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser (COIL) chemistry, physics, and technology is presented. Individual COIL components are discussed in relation to the COIL heuristic equation, which predicts COIL performance based on well-known, measurable, device performance parameters. Topics include singlet oxygen generators (SOGs), supersonic nozzle designs, I 2 mixing, and I 2 dissociation. In addition, a brief summary of the recently invented All Gas-phase Iodine Laser (AGIL) is given, where the I*(2P½) → I(2P3/2) inversion was generated by the NCl(a1 δ) + I(2P 3/2) energy transfer reaction.
Molecular Cloning, Chromosomal Localization, Tissue Distribution, and Functional Expression of the Human Pancreatic Sodium Bicarbonate Cotransporter

We report the cloning, sequence analysis, tissue distribution, functional expression, and chromosomal localization of the human pancreatic sodium bicarbonate cotransport protein (pancreatic NBC (pNBC)). The transporter was identified by searching the human expressed sequence tag data base. An I.M.A.G.E. clone W39298 was identified, and a polymerase chain reaction probe was generated to screen a human pancreas cDNA library. pNBC encodes a 1079-residue polypeptide that differs at the N terminus from the recently cloned human sodium bicarbonate cotransporter isolated from kidney (kNBC) (Burnham, C. E., Amlal, H., Wang, Z., Shull, G. E., and Soleimani, M. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 19111-19114). Northern blot analysis using a probe specific for the N terminus of pNBC revealed an approximately 7.7-kilobase transcript expressed predominantly in pancreas, with less expression in kidney, brain, liver, prostate, colon, stomach, thyroid, and spinal chord. In contrast, a probe to the unique 5' region of kNBC detected an approximately 7.6-kilobase transcript only in the kidney. In situ hybridization studies in pancreas revealed expression in the acini and ductal cells. The gene was mapped to chromosome 4q21 using fluorescent in situ hybridization. Expression of pNBC in Xenopus laevis oocytes induced sodium bicarbonate cotransport. These data demonstrate that pNBC encodes the sodium bicarbonate cotransporter in the mammalian pancreas. pNBC is also expressed at a lower level in several other organs, whereas kNBC is expressed uniquely in kidney.
ACUTE MEDICAL PROBLEMS AT A SUMMER CAMP FOR CHILDREN WITH CANCER.951

Over the past decade, a number of summer camps have been organized for children with cancer. The nature, frequency and type of acute medical problems which occur in this setting are not known. In order to address this issue, we performed a prospective review of all acute medical problems at a camp for children with cancer in Ontario. The camp runs for a one week period in the summer. Over the three years (1993 to 1995) of the study 127 children with cancer attended the camp; the age range of campers was from 3 to 16 years, with 60 children being female and 67 male. The campers had a number of different types of neoplasms, with leukaemia (52%) being the most common diagnosis, followed by CNS tumours (17%) and lymphoma (10%) and a number of neoplasms of miscellaneous types. Over the three years, roughly equal numbers of acute medical problems were seen (1993 - 55, 1994 - 56 and 1995 - 45). The majority of acute medical problems were seen in the mid-week (55%) versus the first third (21%) and the last third (24%). The majority of acute problems occurred among campers (56%) versus camp counsellors (26%) and camp program and support staff (18%). The commonest type of problems seen were lacerations/abrasions (23%), infections (20%) and musculoskeletal injuries(18%); there were a number of miscellaneous other problems. Acute problems with respect to oncologic issues occurred rarely (3%). Over the three years, 5 problems occurred which required a visit to the hospital; 1 fracture, 1 asthma attack and 3 oncologic problems. The majority of acute problems at a camp for children with cancer are similar to acute medical problems at similar camping experiences for children without cancer. Although uncommon, acute oncologic problems can develop and these frequently require attendance at a hospital.
Exit Discrimination in the NBA: A Duration Analysis of Career Length

Exit discrimination is defined as the involuntary termination of employment due to racial characteristics holding productivity constant. We test for exit discrimination in the National Football League (NFL) using a panel study on career length. Our analysis focuses on six positional groups: defensive backs, defensive linemen, linebackers, running backs, tight ends and wide receivers. In our analysis, in addition to race, we include performance variables to determine their importance in determining career length. Using both parametric and semi-parametric hazard models, we find no evidence of exit discrimination in the NFL.
Characterization & analysis of a server consolidation benchmark

Virtualization is already becoming ubiquitous in data centers for the consolidation of multiple workloads on a single platform. However, there are very few performance studies of server consolidation workloads in the literature. In this paper, our goal is to analyze the performance characteristics of a representative server consolidation workload. To address this goal, we have carried out extensive measurement and profiling experiments of a newly proposed consolidation workload (vConsolidate). vConsolidate consists of a compute intensive workload, a web server, a mail server and a database application running simultaneously on a single platform. We start by studying the performance slowdown of each workload due to consolidation on a contemporary multi-core dual-processor Intel platform. We then look at architectural characteristics such as CPI (cycles per instruction) and L2 MP (L2 misses per instruction) I, and analyze the benefits of larger caches for such a consolidated workload. We estimate the virtualization overheads for events such as context switches, interrupts and page faults and show how these impact the performance of the workload in consolidation. Finally, we also present the execution profile of the server consolidation workload and illustrate the life of each VM in the consolidated environment. We conclude by presenting an approach to developing a preliminary performance model based on the performance.
More than synaptic plasticity: role of nonsynaptic plasticity in learning and memory

Decades of research on the cellular mechanisms of memory have led to the widely held view that memories are stored as modifications of synaptic strength. These changes involve presynaptic processes, such as direct modulation of the release machinery, or postsynaptic processes, such as modulation of receptor properties. Parallel studies have revealed that memories might also be stored by nonsynaptic processes, such as modulation of voltage-dependent membrane conductances, which are expressed as changes in neuronal excitability. Although in some cases nonsynaptic changes can function as part of the engram itself, they might also serve as mechanisms through which a neural circuit is set to a permissive state to facilitate synaptic modifications that are necessary for memory storage.
NMR studies of nitrophorin distal pocket side chain effects on the heme orientation and seating of NP2 as compared to NP1.

Abstract The nitrophorins (NP) of the adult blood-sucking insect Rhodnius prolixus fall into two pairs based on sequence identity (NP1,4 (90%) and NP2,3 (79%)), which differ significantly in the size of side chains of residues which contact the heme. These residues include those in the distal pocket of NP2 (I120) and NP1 (T121) and the “belt” that surrounds the heme of NP2 (S40, F42), and NP1(A42, L44). To determine the importance of these residues and others conserved or very similar for the two pairs, including L122(123), L132(133), appropriate mutants of NP2 and NP1 have been prepared and studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Wild-type NP2 has heme orientation ratio (A:B) of 1:8 at equilibrium, while wild-type NP1 has A:B ~ 1:1 at equilibrium. Another difference between NP2 and NP1 is in the heme seating with regard to His57(59). It is found that among the distal pocket residues investigated, the residue most responsible for heme orientation and seating is I120(T121). F42(L44) and L106(F107) may also be important, but must be investigated in greater detail.
Papain-catalyzed synthesis of peptide isosteres

Abstract The thiol protease papain catalyses the transfer of the Cbz-Gly moiety from the donor substrate Cbz-Gly-OMe to the amino group of various α-hydroxy-and α-keto-amines, providing a new route to peptide isosteres.
Correlation between aluminum alloy sputtering target metallurgical characteristics, arc initiation, and in-film defect intensity

Increasing levels of metallization, shrinking device geometries, and stringent defect density requirements have led to a continuous focus in the semiconductor manufacturing community to reduce defects generated during metal deposition by PVD techniques. Of particular interest in the metallization community is the reduction in in-film defect density in sputtered aluminum films. Pareto analysis of in-film defects in currently used interconnect metallization schemes suggest that a considerable portion of the in-film defects (up to 50%) are caused by unipolar arcing during aluminum deposition. Due to their unusual molten appearance, these defects are commonly referred to as splats. These defects can be as large as 500 micrometers , and due to their frequency of occurrence and size can significantly impact device yield in a manufacturing environment. Systematic investigations have revealed that the formation of splats, due to unipolar arcing, can be strongly correlated to the metallurgy of the aluminum alloy targets used during aluminum sputter deposition. The presence of undesirable metallurgical attributes such as alumina inclusions, porosity, oxygen content etc. are the primary causes for the occurrence of unipolar arcing. These undesirable metallurgical attributes appear to be the result of the manufacturing processes used to manufacture the aluminum alloy targets. The results of this study indicate that significant improvement in defect generation due to unipolar arcing during sputter deposition of aluminum films, and hence an improvement in device yield, is possible by reduction/elimination of the various undesirable metallurgical attributes in the aluminum alloy targets.
Intrastadial developmental resistance of third instar gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar L.) to L. dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus

Abstract Gypsy moth larvae become increasingly resistant to lethal infection by the Lymantria dispar M nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV) as they age within the fourth instar. Newly molted larvae are most sensitive to infection, mid-instars are least sensitive, and late-instars display intermediate sensitivity. This resistance occurs whether the virus is delivered orally or intrahemocoelically. The present study reveals a nearly identical pattern of resistance in third instar larvae. An LD48 dose of polyhedra for newly molted third instars produced 18%, 10%, 8%, 25%, and 24% mortalities in larvae to which virus was orally administered at 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours post-molt (hpm), respectively, which is a 6-fold reduction in mortality between newly molted larvae and mid-instars. An LD44 dose of budded virus for newly molted third instars produced 33%, 23%, 17%, 31%, and 31% mortalities when injected into larvae that were 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hpm, respectively, which is a 2.6-fold reduction in mortality between newly molted larvae and mid-instars, indicating that approximately half of this resistance is midgut-based and half is systemically based. Doubling the viral dose did not overcome developmental resistance whether the virus was delivered orally or intrahemocoelically. In addition, time to death was significantly affected by the time post-molt at which the insect was inoculated with the virus. We suggest that intrastadial developmental resistance may affect both the ecology and management of the gypsy moth.
Multilayer reconstruction and vibrational properties of W(001).

Results of all-electron total-energy calculations for the M-bar/sub 5/ - and M-bar/sub 5/ -induced reconstructions on W(001) demonstrate (1) a reconstructed c(2 x 2) subsurface layer with displacements about one-fourth of those of the surface atoms, and (2) a reconstruction energy, 60 meV per surface and subsurface atom pair for M-bar/sub 5/ , which is twice that found by considering only the surface layer. The characteristic frequency associated with the displaced subsurface atom is predicted to be rigid (approx. =30 meV) which may explain the surface phonon spectrum observed by electron-energy-loss spectroscopy.
New azomycin acyclonucleoside. Synthesis and biodistribution of radiohalogenated analogues in tumor-bearing mice †‡

The design, synthesis and biological activities of several acyclonucleoside analogues related to misoni-dazole are described. The hydroxy-5, bromo-6, iodo-7, and fluoro-8 derivatives of ethoxymethylazomycin and iodopropenyloxymethylazomycin (12) have been prepared. Alkylation of silylated azomycin with haloethoxy-methylene chloride gave the corresponding acyclonucleosides. Similarly, propargyloxymethylene chloride gave propargyloxymethylazomycin (10), which after hydrostannylation and subsequent iododestannylation yielded iodopropenyloxymethylazomycin (12). The radiolabeled [125I] or [18F] compounds were prepared from the corresponding substrates. Biodistribution results of the radiolabeled analogues in mice showed that compound 7 had good tumor uptake (2.0% injected dose/g at 1 hour). The high radioactive levels in blood and stomach, however, were perhaps due to in vivo deiodination or metabolism. Compound [125I]-12 showed the highest tumor uptake (4.8 and 3.6% injected dose/g at 1 and 4 hours respectively) of all of the compounds tested. Relatively low thyroid uptake of radioactivity in mice dosed with compound [125I]-12 indicates significantly reduced in vivo deiodination in comparison to compound [125I]-7.
Interregulation of Proton-gated Na+ Channel 3 and Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator

Proton-gated Na+ channels (ASIC) are new members of the epithelial sodium channel/degenerin gene family. ASIC3 mRNA has been detected in the homogenate of pulmonary tissues. However, whether ASIC3 is expressed in the apical membranes of lung epithelial cells and whether it regulates cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function are not known at the present time. Using reverse transcription-PCR, we found that the ASIC3 mRNA was expressed in the human airway mucosal gland (Calu-3) and human airway epithelial (16HBE14o) cells. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that ASIC3 was co-segregated with CFTR in the apical membranes of Calu-3 cells. Proton-gated, amiloride-sensitive short circuit Na+ currents were recorded across Calu-3 monolayers mounted in an Ussing chamber. In whole-cell patch clamp studies, activation of CFTR channels with cAMP reduced proton-gated Na+ current in Calu-3 cells from -154 ± 28 to -33 ± 16 pA (n = 5, p
Clostridium sordellii Lethal Toxin Is Maintained in a Multimeric Protein Complex

Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin (TcsL) is distinct among large clostridial toxins (LCTs), as it is markedly reduced in its rate of intoxication at pH 8.0 yet is cytotoxic at pH 4.0. Results from the present study suggest that TcsL's slow rate of intoxication at pH 8.0 is linked to formation of a high-molecular-weight complex containing dissociable pH 4.0-sensitive polypeptides. The cytosolic delivery of TcsL's enzymatic domain by using a surrogate cell entry system resulted in cytopathic effect rates similar to those of other LCTs at pH 8.0, further indicating that rate-limiting steps occurred at the point of cell entry. Since these rate-limiting steps could be overcome at pH 4.0, TcsL was examined across a range of pH values and was found to dissociate into distinct 45- to 55-kDa polypeptides between pH 4.0 and pH 5.0. The polypeptides reassociated when shifted back to pH 8.0. At pH 8.0, this complex was resistant to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and multiple proteases; however, following dissociation, the polypeptides became protease sensitive. Dissociation of TcsL, and cytotoxicity, could be blocked by preincubation with ethylene glycol bis(sulfosuccinimidylsuccinate), resulting in cross-linking of the polypeptides. TcsL was also examined at pH 8.0 by using SDS-agarose gel electrophoresis and transmission electron microscopy and was found to exist in a higher-molecular-weight complex which resolved at a size exceeding 750 kDa and also dissociated at pH 4.0. However, this complex did not reassemble following a shift back to pH 8.0. Collectively, these data suggest that TcsL is maintained in a protease-resistant, high-molecular-weight complex, which dissociates at pH 4.0, leading to cytotoxicity.
Quirks of Human Anatomy: An Evo-devo Look at the Human Body

Pennsylvania State University Anthropology Pennsylvania 16802 USA E-mail: avbuchanan@gmail.com Quirks of Human Anatomy: An Evo-devo Look at the Human Body, by Lewis I. Held, Jr. is a lively romp through the evolution of the human body – with particular attention to traits that do not work so well, which he calls ‘‘quirks’’. He wrote the book for last year’s celebration of Darwin’s 200 birthday and the 150 anniversary of the publication of Origin of Species, but it will easily stand on its own now that the champagne has been drunk and the party hats put away. The book is well written, with humor and a real passion for the subject. The illustrations are clear and informative, and, as the text, packed with details. To quote Held, ‘‘This book was written as a kind of amusement park. Its thematic ‘pretend game’ is to inspect each body part through the eyes of an alien visitor who asks, ‘Why is it this way and not that?’’’ His answers are based on current developmental genetics, explained within a Darwinian evolutionary framework. Held organizes his discussion around issues that have long occupied developmental biologists: the symmetry and asymmetry of the body plan, organization along the midline, segmentation and modularity, sexual dimorphism, and the evolution of intelligence. And then he asks questions such as why we are symmetric on the outside but asymmetric within, why our ears start out on our neck, why men go bald, or how and why humans acquired intelligence. So, why are we symmetric outside but asymmetric within?
Effects of domain exchanges between Escherichia coli and mammalian mitochondrial EF-Tu on interactions with guanine nucleotides, aminoacyl-tRNA and ribosomes.

Abstract Escherichia coli elongation factor (EF-Tu) and the corresponding mammalian mitochondrial factor, EF-Tu mt , show distinct differences in their affinities for guanine nucleotides and in their interactions with elongation factor Ts (EF-Ts) and mitochondrial tRNAs. To investigate the roles of the three domains of EF-Tu in these differences, six chimeric proteins were prepared in which the three domains were systematically switched. E. coli EF-Tu binds GDP much more tightly than EF-Tu mt . This difference does not reside in domain I alone but is regulated by interactions with domains II and III. All the chimeric proteins formed ternary complexes with GTP and aminoacyl-tRNA although some had an increased or decreased activity in this assay. The activity of E. coli EF-Tu but not of EF-Tu mt is stimulated by E. coli EF-Ts. The presence of any one of the domains of EF-Tu mt in the prokaryotic factor reduced its interaction with E. coli EF-Ts 2–3-fold. In contrast, the presence of any of the three domains of E. coli EF-Tu in EF-Tu mt allowed the mitochondrial factor to interact with bacterial EF-Ts. This observation indicates that even domain II which is not in contact with EF-Ts plays an important role in the nucleotide exchange reaction. EF-Ts mt interacts with all of the chimeras produced. However, with the exception of domain III exchanges, it inhibits the activities of the chimeras indicating that it could not be productively released to allow formation of the ternary complex. The unique ability of EF-Tu mt to promote binding of mitochondrial Phe-tRNA Phe to the A-site of the ribosome resides in domains I and II. These studies indicate that the interactions of EF-Tu with its ligands is a complex process involving cross-talk between all three domains.
Explanations of Turnout Decline: A Multivariate Test

Multiple regression and probit are used to test explanations of the post-1964 decline in turnout for presidential elections in nonsouthern states. Twelve socioeconomic and attitudinal variables are used to predict validated voting reports collected in conjunction with the 1964 and 1976 national election studies conducted by the SRC/CPS. Both the regression and probit analyses indicate that political attitudes, like partisanship and concern over the election outcome, have contributed to the decline in turnout; however, education and interest variables have offset the decline attributed to changes in political attitudes. The analysis leaves the puzzle of declining turnout largely unsolved. Alternative explanations of the decline in turnout are discussed.
Monolayer characteristics of alternating block copolymers of dimethylsiloxane and bisphenol‐a carbonate

Dimethylsiloxane (DMS)-bisphenol-A carbonate (BPAC) alternating block copolymers having overall compositions ranging from 25 to 83 wt-% siloxane have been examined as films spread at the air-water interface. At low surface pressure, the siloxane blocks appear to spread completely, while the BPAC segments are not located in the interface; the area occupied at low pressure is directly proportional to the siloxane content. At π = 6–8 dynes/cm, a rearrangement substantially identical to that observed with homopoly-DMS films occurs. At areas of 0.2–0.4 m2/mg, fairly stable films persist (π up to > 12 dynes/cm), and the area requirement for these films depends on the overall composition, but we do not yet know the molecular configurations involved in this region. The mono-layer properties may provide useful characterization data for copolymers of this type, as well as providing insight into their behavior at other interfaces.
What does the “four core genotypes” mouse model tell us about sex differences in the brain and other tissues?

The "four core genotypes" (FCG) model comprises mice in which sex chromosome complement (XX vs. XY) is unrelated to the animal's gonadal sex. The four genotypes are XX gonadal males or females, and XY gonadal males or females. The model allows one to measure (1) the differences in phenotypes caused by sex chromosome complement (XX vs. XY), (2) the differential effects of ovarian and testicular secretions, and (3) the interactive effects of (1) and (2). Thus, the FCG model provides new information regarding the origins of sex differences in phenotype that has not been available from studies that manipulate gonadal hormone levels in normal XY males and XX females. Studies of the FCG model have uncovered XX vs. XY differences in behaviors (aggression, parenting, habit formation, nociception, social interactions), gene expression (septal vasopressin), and susceptibility to disease (neural tube closure and autoimmune disease) not mediated by gonadal hormones. Some sex chromosome effects are mediated by sex differences in dose of X genes or their parental imprint. Future studies will identify the genes involved and their mechanisms of action.
Associations between Nutrition and Cataract

Blindness due to opacification of the lens, or cataract, afflicts 50 million persons worldwide. In the United States over 541,000 cataract extractions are done annually at a cost of over $3.8 billion. Conservative estimates indicate that the prevalences of cataracts in Americans aged 65–75 and 75–85 years are 18% and 46%, respectively. Cataracts are even more prevalent in some other populations. It is estimated that the need for cataract extractions would be diminished by half if onset of cataract could be delayed by only ten years. Hypotheses regarding the etiology of cataract include oxidative perturbations of protein metabolism, diverse pathologic conditions, and perhaps glycation of lens proteins. Epidemiologic data indicate that elevated plasma levels of specific nutrients (i.e., carotenoids, ascorbate, tocopherol, and taurine) are associated with diminished incidence of certain types of cataract. Biochemical evidence suggests that each of these compounds can delay photooxidative damage to lens proteins. Roles in lens metabolism for selenium and tryptophan have been suggested. Elucidation of mechanisms by which caloric restriction delays cataract development is a promising area of current research.
Nonaqueous Cephalosporin Suspension for Parenteral Administration: Cefazolin Sodium

The flocculation-deflocculation behavior of cefazolin sodium (I) in nonaqueous media and the effect of surfactants as measured by zeta potential, sedimentation, and porosity were studied. A significant difference in zeta potential was observed when the particles were suspended in different nonaqueous media. The addition of surfactant produced a deflocculated state. The surfactant deflocculated the particles by a process of supersaturation and crystallization involving a surfactant-cefazolin complex. The shielding effect of the surfactant on the surface of the particles also apparently affected their electrophoretic properties. Kinetic studies on the stability of the drug as a function of temperature were conducted; it appears that the chemical stability in ethyl oleate at room temperature is adequate for a reasonable shelf life. The efficiency of absorption of the drug from the ethyl oleate suspension was evaluated after intramuscular administration in dogs. The area under the plasma concentration versus time curve and urinary recovery indicated that cefazolin was 100% bioavailable from this nonaqueous preparation.
Calculation of Von Kármán's Constant for Turbulent Channel Flow

The universal velocity profile for wall-bounded turbulent flows is verified by numerical integration of the incompressible Navier-Stokes euqations. Mean velocity profiles, Reynolds stresses, and turbulent intensities are in good agreement with experiment. Von K\'arm\'an's constant is calculated to be $\ensuremath{\kappa}=0.46\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$.
Silent Hemoglobin Alpha Genes in Apes: Potential Source of Thalassemia

Small quantities of unusual hemoglobins were found in 1 of 37 chimpanzees and 2 of 6 gorillas. In each genus these hemoglobins contain unique α chains that differ from the ordinary by eight to nine scattered amino acid changes. The unusual chains arise from a hitherto undetected hemoglobin 3 α locus. No 3 α products are found in most apes; accordingly, 3 α is considered synthetically inactive in all but a few reversion mutants. Indirect evidence that the inactive 3 α locus is juxtaposed to an active α locus together with the supposition that 3 α exists in man provides a setting wherein thalassemia might be produced by nonhomologous recombination between two loci.
A Formative Qualitative Evaluation of Usability and Acceptability of a Workplace Mental Health Assessment and Intervention System

The Telephone Linked Care for Detection of Mental Health Disorders in the Workplace (TLC-Detect) is an automated mental health screening and intervention program that may be offered by employers to...
Intensities of rotational lines in combination bands for axially symmetric molecules of the group C3v

Abstract The interaction of vibration and rotation is considered in the computation of the intensities of rotational lines in the combination bands of axially symmetric molecules of the group C 3 v . The calculation utilizes the contact transformation method through first order of approximation as outlined by Hanson and Nielsen. General formulas for the intensities of the lines in the parallel combination band ( ν n + ν n ′ ) and perpendicular combination band ( ν m + ν n ) are obtained. It is found that to this order of approximation the usual selection rules Δ J = 0, ±1 and Δ K = 0 are observed for the parallel combination band. For the perpendicular combination band the selection rules are more complicated, being Δ J = 0, ±1, Δ l m = +1 and Δ K = +1 or −2, Δ l m = −1 and Δ K = −1 or +2, Δ l m = ±3 and Δ K = 0. Specific intensity formulas are then given for the ( ν 1 + ν 3 ) parallel and ( ν 2 + ν 3 ) perpendicular combination bands of ammonia.
Therapeutic response of breast carcinoma monitored by 31P MRS in situ

In situ phosphorous MRS was employed to study the metabolites of normal and cancerous breasts, and the alterations of tumor response to therapy. In a group of 7 normal volunteers and 12 patients, the total mobile phosphate content of breast carcinomas was found to be at least two to three times higher than that of the normal breast measured off menstruation. The metabolite profiles of normal and tumorous breasts are coarsely similar. In both cases the intracellular pH (pHi) was either neutral or slightly alkaline (pH greater than 7.0). Prior to treatments, the metabolite levels of phosphoryl monoester-to-ATP ratio of breast neoplasms were higher than those of the controls and decreased after the patients received a few treatments while the pHi fluctuated at a value greater than 7.0. The phosphoryl diester-to-ATP ratio also demonstrated to a lesser extent a decreasing trend in response to therapy.
Kinetics and mechanism of the liquid-phase oxidation op bibenzyl

1. The oxidation of bibenzyl is a chain reaction with degenerate branching. 2. In the initial stage, the oxidation of bibenzyl is an autoaccelerating reaction. The reason for the auto-acceleration of this reaction is the rise in the concentration of free radicals due to decomposition of bibenzyl monohydroperoxide, formed as the primary oxidation product. 3. At a later stage of the process, autodeceleration of bibenzyl oxidation begins under the action of resinous products, inhibitors, formed in the reaction. 4. The activation energy of the initial process of bibenzyl oxidation was calculated from experimental data and found to equal 29 kcal/mole and on the basis of this and considering the proposed scheme for the reaction mechanism, the activation energy for the interaction of a peroxide radical with a bibenzyl molecule was determined as 13 kcal/mole. 5. On the basis of the experimental data obtained, a scheme was put forward for a radical — chain reaction mechanism, reflecting all the experimentally observed rules and allowing for autoinhibition of the reaction by destruction of peroxide radicals through interaction with the inhibitor without the formation of peroxide.
Effects of Nontropical Forest Cover on Climate

The albedo of a forest with snow on the ground is much less than that of snow-covered low vegetation such as tundra. As a result, simulation of the Northern Hemisphere climate, when fully forested south of a suitably chosen taiga/tundra boundary (ecocline), produces a hemispheric surface air temperature 1.9 K higher than that of an earth devoid of trees. Using variations of the solar constant to force climate changes in the GLAS Multi-Layer Energy Balance Model, the role of snow-albedo feedback in increasing the climate sensitivity to external perturbations is reexamined. The effect of snow-albedo feedback is found to be significantly reduced when a low albedo is used for snow over taiga, south of the fixed latitude of the ecocline. If the ecocline shifts to maintain equilibrium with the new climate - which is presumed to occur in a prolonged perturbation when time is sufficient for trees to grow or die and fall - the feedback is stronger than for a fixed ecocline, especially at high latitudes. However, this snow/vegetation-albedo feedback is still essentially weaker than the snow-albedo feedback in the forest-free case. The loss of forest to agriculture and other land-use would put the present climate further away from that associated with the fully forested earth south of the ecocline and closer to the forest-free case. Thus, the decrease in nontropical forest cover since prehistoric times has probably affected the climate by reducing the temperatures and by increasing the sensitivity to perturbations, with both effects more pronounced at high latitudes.
An approach to improve LOINC mapping through augmentation of local test names

Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted Highlights? Use of the enhanced test names improves the accuracy of LOINC mapping. ? Use of the enhanced test names reduces the number of false positive matches in RELMA. ? Local test names defined at varying granularity levels cause a mapping challenge. Mapping medical test names into a standardized vocabulary is a prerequisite to sharing test-related data between health care entities. One major barrier in this process is the inability to describe tests in sufficient detail to assign the appropriate name in Logical Observation Identifiers, Names, and Codes (LOINC?). Approaches to address mapping of test names with incomplete information have not been well described. We developed a process of "enhancing" local test names by incorporating information required for LOINC mapping into the test names themselves. When using the Regenstrief LOINC Mapping Assistant (RELMA) we found that 73/198 (37%) of "enhanced" test names were successfully mapped to LOINC, compared to 41/191 (21%) of original names (p=0.001). Our approach led to a significantly higher proportion of test names with successful mapping to LOINC, but further efforts are required to achieve more satisfactory results.
Multimodal Imaging in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Recent years have seen the development of novel neuroimaging techniques whose roles in the management of acute stroke are sometimes confusing and controversial. This may be attributable in part to a focus on establishing simplified algorithms and terminology that omit consideration of the basic pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia and, consequently, of the full potential for optimizing patients’ care based upon their individual imaging findings. This review begins by discussing cerebral hemodynamic physiology and of the effects of hemodynamic disturbances upon the brain. Particular attention will be paid to the hemodynamic measurements and markers of tissue injury that are provided by common clinical imaging techniques, with the goal of enabling greater confidence and flexibility in understanding the potential uses of these techniques in various clinical roles, which will be discussed in the remainder of the review.
Nursery school children’s observation responses to novel, complex, and asymmetrical complex stimuli

Children’s observation responses to novel stimuli was found to be a function of (1) adaptation level induced by repeated presentations of a simple stimulus, (2) complexity of the stimulus, (3) asymmetry of the stimulus for some Ss, and (4) individual differences on a “stimulus differentiation” dimension. Retesting a month later showed these functions to be stable.
Data Visualization and Analysis of CIC Graduate Student TeraGrid Resource Usage

The computing resources of the TeraGrid are a powerful tool for research by graduate students throughout the world. In this paper we analyze the usage of the TeraGrid by a sample of 876 graduate students from the institutions that form the Committee on Institutional Cooperation. We investigate demographic information and usage of TeraGrid resources and present visualizations. We also analyze the sample using data mining algorithms, specifically rule association learning and hierarchical clustering, and create interactive visualizations. This work reveals interesting patterns about the research done by graduate students on the TeraGrid and the resources they use.
Evaluation of Plant and Animal Source Proteins for Replacement of Fish Meal in Practical Diets for the Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides

Two feeding trials were conducted with juvenile largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides to evaluate alternative plant and animal source proteins for their ability to replace fish meal in practical diets. The first trial was designed to identify the most promising candidates. The second trial was conducted to evaluate how much of the fish meal could be replaced by those candidates. In Study 1, feed-trained largemouth bass (3.1 ± 0.7 g) were randomly stocked into 18114-L glass aquaria at 25 fish per aquarium. Fish were fed one of six experimental diets, each containing approximately 38% crude protein and 10% crude lipid, to apparent satiation twice daily. The control diet (CTL) contained 30% fish meal and 34.5% soybean meal. Diets 2–6 each contained 15% fish meal and at least 34.5% soybean meal with the remainder of the protein made up of either meat and bone meal (MBM), soybean meal (SBM), poultry by-product meal (PBM), a 50150 mixture of blood meal and corn gluten meal (BM/CG), or 50150 mixture of hydrolyzed feather meal and soybean meal (FMISBM). There were three replicate aquaria per dietary treatment. After 12 wk, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) among treatments in survival which averaged 92% overall. Only fish fed the PBM or BM/CG diets had average individual weights and feed conversion efficiencies that were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the control diet (CTL). In Study 2, the formulation of the control diet (CTL) remained the same. Based on their performance in the first trial, PBM and BM/CG were chosen to now replace 75 or 100% of the fish meal. Fish were stocked at an average weight of 6.9 ± 1.7 g. After 11 wk, fish fed diets containing the BM/CG mixture at both levels were significantly smaller (P 5 0.05) than fish fed other diets and at 100% replacement survival was reduced. Fish fed diets containing poultry meal as the primary protein source performed as well as those fed the control diet (CTL). It appears that PBM can completely replace fish meal in diets for juvenile largemouth bass without adverse effects on growth, feed efficiency, or body composition.
Nutrient Uptake of Swine Effluent-Fertilized Bermudagrass During Primary Spring and Summer Growth

ABSTRACT Production of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] hay to manage manure nutrients may differ from production of hay intended for livestock consumption. The objective of this study was to determine the relationships between maturity and yield, nutrient concentration, and nutrient uptake in bermudagrass fertilized with swine effluent. Primary spring and summer growth of ‘Coastal’ hybrid and common bermudagrass was harvested every 7 d to 63 d maturity. Effluent applied to Brooksville silty clay loam (fine, smectitic, thermic Aquic Hapludert) during each harvest period contained 140 kg nitrogen (N), 240 kg potassium (K), and 25 kg phosphorus (P) ha− 1 (mean of 2 years). Coastal and common bermudagrass had similar trends for yield, nutrient concentration, and nutrient uptake. Dry-matter production followed a linear trend in the spring (maximum of 1.11kg m− 2 after 63 d) and a quadratic trend in the summer (maximum of 0.96 kg m− 2 after 56 d). Herbage N concentration declined from 33 to 17 g kg− ...
Observations on platelet clumping and related phenomena: a reappraisal and a clarification of terms.

Experiments were conducted to demonstrate that platelet stickiness can be induced by the cooling of a platelet suspension, and that when this system is agitated clumping occurs. The process is reversed by warming. This change is independent of metallic ions and is thus distinct from “viscous metamorphosis.” Platelet clumping in systems at 37 C. is dependent on the presence of divalent metallic ions. The clumping time is also strongly influenced by “contact activation” and by added “activation product.” Other observations throw doubt on the supposed relationship of “viscous (structural) metamorphosis” to thromboplastin formation. The significance of the various observations is discussed, and the phenomena associated with physical and structural changes in the blood platelets are redefined.
TRANSJUGULAR BIOPSY OF INFERIOR VENA CAVAL TUMOR

Transjugular liver biopsy is the method of choice for evaluating the cause of diffuse hepatic disease when a percutaneous biopsy route is contraindicated. This route has also been used for renal biopsies in patients with clotting disorders when the percutaneous route would be similarly precluded. Masses in the vena cava present a problem for obtaining biopsy specimens. We describe the transjugular approach using the Quick Core Biopsy System* as an alternative to obtaining biopsies of tumors in the vena cava.