cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Image-warping waveform tomography

Imaging the change in physical parameters in the subsurface requires an estimate of the long wavelength components of the same parameters in order to reconstruct the kinematics of the waves propagating in the subsurface. One can reconstruct the model by matching the recorded data with modeled waveforms extrapolated in a trial model of the medium. Alternatively, assuming a trial model, one can obtain a set of images of the reflectors from a number of seismic experiments and match the locations of the imaged interfaces. Apparent displacements between migrated images contain information about the velocity model and can be used for velocity analysis. A number of methods are available to characterize the displacement between images; in this paper, we compare shot-domain differential semblance (image difference), penalized local correlations, and image-warping.We show that the image-warping vector field is a more reliable tool for estimating displacements between migrated images and leads to a more robust velocity analysis procedure. By using image-warping, we can redefine the differential semblance optimization problem with an objective function that is more robust against cycle-skipping than the direct image difference. We propose an approach that has straightforward implementation and reduced computational cost compared with the conventional adjoint-state method calculations. We also discuss the weakness of migration velocity analysis in the migrated-shot domain in the case of highly refractive media, when the Born modelling operator is far from being unitary and thus its adjoint (migration) operator poorly approximates the inverse.
Pair production in the quantum Boltzmann equation

A source term in the quantum Boltzmann equation, which accounts for the spontaneous creation of [ital e][sup +][ital e][sup [minus]] pairs in external electric fields, is derived from first principles and evaluated numerically. Careful analysis of time scales reveals that this source term is generally non-Markovian. This implies in particular that there may be temporary violations of the [ital H] theorem.
Mitral annulus segmentation from three-dimensional ultrasound

An accurate and reproducible segmentation of the mitral valve annulus from 3D ultrasound is useful to clinicians and researchers in applications such as pathology diagnosis and mitral valve modeling. Current segmentation methods, however, are based on 2D information, resulting in inaccuracies and a lack of spatial coherence. We present a segmentation algorithm which, given a single user-specified point near the center of the valve, uses max-flow and active contour methods to delineate the annulus geometry in 3D. Preliminary comparisons to manual segmentations and a sensitivity study show the algorithm is both accurate and robust.
Limited Therapeutic Time Windows of Mild-to-Moderate Hypothermia in a Focal Ischemia Model in Rat

Although many studies have shown the great potential of induced hypothermia in stroke treatment, we recognize that there are limitations to the protective effects of hypothermia even in the laboratory. Here, we review our experiments on the protective effects of mild-to-moderate hypothermia in rats. Focal ischemia was induced by bilateral common carotid artery (CCA) occlusion for 1 to 2 hours combined with permanent or transient middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. We compared the effects of mild (33°C) and moderate (30°C) hypothermia, evaluated therapeutic time windows, and studied the underlying mechanisms. On review, our findings revealed that the protective effects of induced mild hypothermia (33°C) were limited, and the therapeutic time window of even moderate hypothermia (30°C) was very short in our specific models, although this limitation might be due to the relatively brief periods of hypothermia used. In addition, we found that hypothermia reduced brain injury by preserving Akt activity, PTEN phosphorylation and ePKC activity, while inhibiting ROS production, and δPKC activity.
The Reception of Frequency Modulated Radio Signals

The reception of frequency modulated signals by means of various adjustments of a tuned circuit is discussed nonmathematically. The simplest method consists in analyzing the signal into a carrier and side bands, and calculating the response of the tuned circuit to each component. The maximum power response is found to be 0.09 of the response with an amplitude modulated transmitter of the same power. There is an inherent discrimination in the receiver against the lower modulation frequencies which just balances a similar discrimination in the transmitter against the higher modulation frequencies.
Utilization of parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism in end-stage renal disease

Background. The utilization of parathyroidectomy (PTX) to manage secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) refractory to medical management (MTX) in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the era of calcimimetics is not well known. Methods. Adult ESRD patients receiving dialysis between August 2007 and December 2011 at our institution with an intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) level ≥88 pmol/L for 6 months associated with hypercalcemia and/or hyperphosphatemia for at least 50% of that period were included. Baseline characteristics and iPTH, calcium, phosphorus, calcium–phosphorus product and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) at baseline, 6 and 12 months were compared between the two groups (PTX versus MTX) using the χ 2 and paired t-tests. Results. Of the total population of 687 patients, 80 (11.6%) satisfied KDOQI criteria for PTX, most of whom did not receive PTX (81.2%). At baseline, PTX patients had been on dialysis longer (P = 0.001), with higher iPTH (P < 0.001), calcium (P = 0.008) and ALP (P = 0.001) and were less likely to be African-American (P = 0.007). Complete follow-up data at 6 months were available on 75 patients (PTX = 15; MTX = 60). PTX had significantly greater reduction in iPTH (93 versus 23%) and ALP (68 versus 0%) compared with MTX. Changes from baseline in calcium, phosphate or calcium–phosphorus product levels and proportion of patients achieving KDOQI target values were not significant for either intervention. Findings were consistent at 12 months. Conclusions. A significant proportion of ESRD patients who met indications for PTX did not receive it. Additional studies are needed to understand the barriers that prevent patients from receiving PTX, thereby resulting in underutilization.
Simulating the Effects of Irrigation over the United States in a Land Surface Model Based on Satellite-Derived Agricultural Data

A novel method is introduced for integrating satellite derived irrigation data and high-resolution crop type information into a land surface model (LSM). The objective is to improve the simulation of land surface states and fluxes through better representation of agricultural land use. Ultimately, this scheme could enable numerical weather prediction (NWP) models to capture land-atmosphere feedbacks in managed lands more accurately and thus improve forecast skill. Here we show that application of the new irrigation scheme over the continental US significantly influences the surface water and energy balances by modulating the partitioning of water between the surface and the atmosphere. In our experiment, irrigation caused a 12% increase in evapotranspiration (QLE) and an equivalent reduction in the sensible heat flux (QH) averaged over all irrigated areas in the continental US during the 2003 growing season. Local effects were more extreme: irrigation shifted more than 100 W/m from QH to QLE in many locations in California, eastern Idaho, southern Washington, and southern Colorado during peak crop growth. In these cases, the changes in ground heat flux (QG), net radiation (RNET), evapotranspiration (ET), runoff (R), and soil moisture (SM) were more than 3 W/m(sup 2), 20 W/m(sup 2), 5 mm/day, 0.3 mm/day, and 100 mm, respectively. These results are highly relevant to continental- to global-scale water and energy cycle studies that, to date, have struggled to quantify the effects of agricultural management practices such as irrigation. Based on the results presented here, we expect that better representation of managed lands will lead to improved weather and climate forecasting skill when the new irrigation scheme is incorporated into NWP models such as NOAA's Global Forecast System (GFS).
Preference Aggregation and Repeat Buying in Households

Marketing researchers have long used brand switching analyses and Markov transition matrices to gain insights into managerial problems. Almost without exception, this work makes (inappropriate) inferences about individual consumers by analyzing household-level data. This paper presents a procedure based on the distribution of run lengths in household level panel data that allows more insights into the choice behavior of the individuals in the household. We test these procednres in a large simulation study by attempting to recover the underlying (known) structure of the process generating a string of panel data. Finally, we use the procedure to classify the purchase behavior, with respect to powdered soft drinks, of a set of households in a panel. Our results show that marketing scientists have the potential to iearn and test more hypotheses about the individuais in a household by examining the distribution of run lengths.
The Social Construction of the Midlife Crisis: A Case Study in the Temporalities of Identity

This paper examines the emergence, reification, and dissemination of the “midlife crisis” from a sociology of knowledge perspective. Two decades of articles on the subject from both professional and mass media sources (n = 233) are content analyzed. Upon elaborating the various biological, psychological, and social psychological theories of this biographical phenomenon, we address such questions as how different disciplines portray the event, what patterns of interdisciplinary citations there are, and how these professional depictions lead into the mass media. The results suggest longitudinal declines in the frequency of reductionist explanations from the biological and psychiatric paradigms and increasing attention given to the interplay between social dynamics and personality structures. From this, a new sociocultural theory is posited, one portraying this subjective experience deriving not simply from age, but from external social temporalities. Specifically, we consider the particular cohort that most midlife research is based upon as well as the particular historical period when it reached middle age.
Studies on the Effectiveness of Virtual Pointers in Collaborative Augmented Reality

A critical component of successful collaboration is the ability for participants to generate and interpret effective reference cues. In collaborative augmented reality (AR), participants must be able to refer to the physical and virtual artifacts that surround them, as well as those that exist in remote workspaces. One of the most primitive referencing techniques that satisfy these requirements is a virtual pointer. In order to better understand its effectiveness in collaborative augmented reality, a two-part study was conducted that independently examines how individuals both give and interpret references using this technique, as well as factors that influence accuracy. A second study was conducted that explored the dynamics of group interaction and how virtual referencing techniques may support collaborative tasks. We present the results of these two studies in the context of designing support for demonstrative referencing in collaborative augmented reality spaces. Overall, we argue that when the probability of referential ambiguity is high, additional costs such as time, computational resources or alternative techniques will help reduce referential ambiguity.
Structured control for autonomous robots

To operate in rich, dynamic environments, autonomous robots must be able to effectively utilize and coordinate their limited physical and computational resources. As complexity increases, it becomes necessary to impose explicit constraints on the control of planning, perception, and action to ensure that unwanted interactions between behaviors do not occur. This paper advocates developing complex robot systems by layering reactive behaviors onto deliberative components. In this structured control approach, the deliberative components handle normal situations and the reactive behaviors, which are explicitly constrained as to when and how they are activated, handle exceptional situations. The Task Control Architecture (TCA) has been developed to support this approach. TCA provides an integrated set of control constructs useful for implementing deliberative and reactive behaviors. The control constructs facilitate modular and evolutionary system development: they are used to integrate and coordinate planning, perception, and execution, and to incrementally improve the efficiency and robustness of the robot systems. To date, TCA has been used in implementing a half-dozen mobile robot systems, including an autonomous six-legged rover and indoor mobile manipulator. >
Implementation and evaluation of accountability using flow-net in wireless networks

In order to provide accountability, a better logging system is needed so that not only the activities but also their relationships are captured. To this end, our previous work proposed a novel logging mechanism, flow-net methodology, for accountability. In this paper, we extend the flow-net methodology and present its design and implementation in wireless networks. We also evaluate the performance of flow-net and compare it to that of audit log files.
Safe, reliable, and simplified user access of international space station through process efficiencies

Abstract This paper offers an approach and methodology to defining standards, centered on process/product analysis and the premise that an effective process is a good standard. The paper then discusses the role effective processes have in integrating ISS process/product infrastructures into a customer/market focused Integrated Product and Data Environment (IPDE). The paper concludes with a discussion of the integration requirements ISS and future solicitations should consider.
THYROID CANCER: PREDISPOSING CONDITIONS, GROWTH FACTORS, SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND ONCOGENES

This article summarizes much of the information that is available on factors, such as oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes, that cause thyroid neoplasms and cancers to develop, grow and invade.
Convexity and Lipschitz Behavior of Small Pseudospectra

The e-pseudospectrum of a matrix $A$ is the subset of the complex plane consisting of all eigenvalues of complex matrices within a distance e of $A$, measured by the operator 2-norm. Given a nonderogatory matrix $A_0$, for small $\epsilon > 0, we show that the e-pseudospectrum of any matrix $A$ near $A_0$ consists of compact convex neighborhoods of the eigenvalues of $A_0$. Furthermore, the dependence of each of these neighborhoods on $A$ is Lipschitz.
Personalized visual aesthetics

ABSTRACT How is visual information linked to aesthetic experience, and what factors determine whether an individual finds a particular visual experience pleasing? We have previously shown that individuals aesthetic responses are not determined by objective image features but are instead a function of internal, subjective factors that are shaped by a viewers personal experience. Ye t for many classes of stimuli, culturally shared semantic associations give rise to similar aesthetic taste across people. In this paper, we investigated factors that govern whether a set of observers will agree in which images are preferred, or will instead exhibit more per sonalized aesthetic preferences. In a series of experiments, observers were asked to make aesthetic judgments for different categories of visual stimuli that are commonly evaluated in an aesthetic manner (faces, natural landscapes, architecture or artwork). By measuring agreement across observers, this method was able to reveal instances of highly individualistic preferences. We found that observers showed high agreement on their preferences for images of faces and landscapes, but much lower agreement for images of artwork and architecture. In addition, we found higher agreement for he terosexual males making judgments of beautiful female faces than of beautiful male faces. These results suggest that preferences for stimulus categories that carry evolutionary significance (landscapes and faces) come to rely on similar information across individuals, whereas preferences for artifacts of human culture such as architecture and artwork, which have fewer basic-level category distinctions and reduced behavioral relevance, rely on a more personalized set of attributes. Keywords: Aesthetics, individual differences, visual preference, artwork, landscapes, faces, architecture
Competitive Mixtures of Simple Neurons

We propose a competitive finite mixture of neurons (or perceptrons) for solving binary classification problems. Our classifier includes a prior for the weights between different neurons such that it prefers mixture models made up from neurons having classification boundaries as orthogonal to each other as possible. We derive an EM algorithm for learning the mixing proportions and weights of each neuron, consisting of an exact E step and a partial M step, and show that our model covers the regions of high posterior probability in weight space and tends to reduce overfitting. We demonstrate the way in which our mixture classifier works using a toy 2-dimensional data set, showing the effective use of strategically positioned components in the mixture. We further compare its performance against SVMs and one-hidden-layer neural networks on four realworld data sets from the UCI repository, and show that even a relatively small number of neurons with appopriate competitive priors can achieve superior classification accuracies on held-out test data.
A high stability ka-band radiometer for tropospheric water vapor measurements

The design of two new high stability microwave water vapor radiometers is presented along with a performance evaluation. The radiometers operate next to a spacecraft tracking station at NASA's Goldstone facility in California where they will be used to calibrate tropospheric path delay fluctuations during an upcoming gravity wave search experiment (GWE) involving the Cassini spacecraft. Observing frequencies of the radiometers are 22.2 GHz, 23.8 GHz, and 31.4 GHz, and the antenna beamwidth is 1 degree. The instruments are room temperature Dicke radiometers with additive noise injection for gain calibration. Design highlights include: (1) a practical temperature control system capable of stabilizing the entire receiver to a few millikelvin from day to night; (2) redundant noise diode injection circuits with 30 parts per million RF power stability; and (3) a voice coil actuated waveguide vane attenuator which is used as a high performance Dicke switch. Performance of the radiometers is evaluated from inter-comparisons of the two radiometers and from continuous tip-curve calibrations spanning nearly one year. Structure function analysis of the intercomparison data indicates that the brightness temperature stability of these radiometers is better than 0.01 Kelvin on 1,000 to 10,000 second time scales. Analysis of tip-curve calibrations indicate RMS errors of approximately 0.05 K on 30-day time scales, and 0.15 K on one year time scales.
Durk Jakob Doornbos (1943–1993)

Durk Jakob Doornbos was born in Groningen, The Netherlands, on April 1, 1943. He died on April 27, 1993, after a bicycle accident in Oslo that same day. He graduated from the University of Groningen in 1965 and received his Doctorate in Geophysics (cum laude) from the University of Utrecht in 1974. He served as a senior lecturer there until 1980, when he moved to the NORSAR Institute in Kjeller, Norway, as a senior scientist. In 1985, he was appointed professor of physics of the solid Earth in the Department of Geophysics at the University of Oslo, the first in this discipline at the university.
Growth, reproduction, and production dynamics of a littoral microcrustacean, Eurycercus vernalis (Chydoridae), from a southeastern wetland, USA

Abstract Population and production dynamics of the chydorid Eurycercus vernalis were studied in the laboratory and in a small wetland during a 2-y period. Laboratory growth studies were conducted to measure the effects of temperature on E. vernalis growth and reproduction and to develop a multiple-regression equation that used temperature and mass-specific growth rates to estimate secondary production in the field population. Density, biomass, and production were estimated from benthic, water-column, and Nymphaea odorata leaf habitats within vegetated (Nymphaea) and nonvegetated (open-water) areas using monthly samples from the wetland. Eurycercus vernalis exhibited optimal growth, reproductive output, and net reproductive rate when reared at temperatures between 15 and 20°C. Reproductive age and egg development time decreased with increasing temperature, and these decreases led to increased innate capacity of population increase and decreased generation time with increasing temperature. In the field stud...
Comparing Possibly Misspecified Forecasts

Recent work has emphasized the importance of evaluating estimates of a statistical functional (such as a conditional mean, quantile, or distribution) using a loss function that is consistent for th...
The Effects of Water Insecurity and Emotional Distress on Civic Action for Improved Water Infrastructure in Rural South Africa.

The South African constitution ratifies water as a human right. Yet millions of citizens remain disconnected from the national water infrastructure. Drawing on data collected in 2013–2014 from women in northern South Africa, this study explores “water citizenship”—individual civic engagement related to improving water service provision. Literature indicates that water insecurity is associated with emotional distress and that water-related emotional distress influences citizen engagement. I extend these lines of research by assessing the connection that water insecurity and emotional distress may collectively have with civic engagement to improve access to water infrastructure.
Symplectic integration for optimal ergodic control

Autonomous active exploration requires search algorithms that can effectively balance the need for workspace coverage with energetic costs. We present a strategy for planning optimal search trajectories with respect to the distribution of expected information over a workspace. We formulate an iterative optimal control algorithm for general nonlinear dynamics, where the metric for information gain is the difference between the spatial distribution and the statistical representation of the time-averaged trajectory, i.e. ergodicity. Previous work has designed a continuous-time trajectory optimization algorithm. In this paper, we derive two discrete-time iterative trajectory optimization approaches, one based on standard first-order discretization and the other using symplectic integration. The discrete-time methods based on first-order discretization techniques are both faster than the continuous-time method in the studied examples. Moreover, we show that even for a simple system, the choice of discretization has a dramatic impact on the resulting control and state trajectories. While the standard discretization method turns unstable, the symplectic method, which is structure-preserving, achieves lower values for the objective.
Benign fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws: A clinical-radiologic-histologic review of sixty-five cases

Abstract A clinical-radiologic-histologic review of twenty-two cases of fibrous dysplasia involving the jaws is presented. The lesions showed a 13:9 predilection for the maxilla and frequently involved the maxillary sinus, orbital floor, and zygoma. The discase tends to appear early in life. Ten of the twenty-two cases were diagnosed in the first or second decades. In three additional patients the probable onset of the lesions was in the first or second decade. None of the patients in this study had apparent extracranial lesions of fibrous dysplasia. Clinically, a painless asymmetry was the only significant finding. Histologically, about one half of the cases showed the “classic” features of metaplastic woven bone in a fibrous stroma. The remaining cases showed variable amounts of lamellar bone. The presence of lamellar bone is not considered incompatible with a diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia of the jaws. The relation of fibrous dysplasia to fibrous osteoma of the jaws is discussed. Most of the so-called “fibrous osteomas” of the jaws should be considered as examples of fibrous dysplasia.
Inhibition of hemagglutinin formation by thioguanine: dose-time relationships.

SummaryInhibition of hemagglutinin formation in mice was demonstrated with single doses of 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg of TG. If the drug was administered 18 or more hours after primary immunization, maximal block of antibody synthesis occurred. The minimal effective dose was 2.5 mg/kg injected 18 hours after antigenic stimulation. The same amount of drug given either before or after was ineffective. The timing was so specific that it permitted the design of a model system in which simultaneous inhibition of anti-human hemagglutinins was obtained without significant interference with the formation of anti-sheep hemagglutinins. The significance of the data are discussed.The technical assistance of Mr. John Niedra is gratefully acknowledged.
Selection and Application of DC-link Capacitor for Mine-used 2-quadrant Frequency Converter

Based on special characteristics of mine-used 2-quadrant frequency converter and analysis and calculation of ripple current and ripple voltage of DC-link capacitor of frequency converter,a simple and easy selection method of DC-link capacitor was presented from point of current flows of inverter side.The correctness of the method was proved by use of Simulink software.At last,it illustrated film capacitors is superior to electrolytic capacitors as DC-link capacitor of frequency converter.
Human Collagen Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase Is Activated by Ligands for Its Iron Center

Collagen is the most abundant protein in animals. The posttranslational hydroxylation of proline residues in collagen contributes greatly to its conformational stability. Deficient hydroxylation is associated with a variety of disease states, including scurvy. The hydroxylation of proline residues in collagen is catalyzed by an Fe(II)- and α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase, collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase (CP4H). CP4H has long been known to suffer oxidative inactivation during catalysis, and the cofactor ascorbate (vitamin C) is required to reactivate the enzyme by reducing its iron center from Fe(III) to Fe(II). Herein, we report on the discovery of the first synthetic activators of CP4H. Specifically, we find that 2,2'-bipyridine-4-carboxylate and 2,2'-bipyridine-5-carboxylate serve as ligands for the iron center in human CP4H that enhance the rate of ascorbate-dependent reactivation. This new mode of CP4H activation is available to other biheteroaryl compounds but does not necessarily extend to other prolyl 4-hydroxylases. As collagen is weakened in many indications, analogous activators of CP4H could have therapeutic benefits.
'Dispossession without Displacement' and Crises of Agrarian Labor in Rural Uganda

In this paper I argue that a distinctive agrarian crisis of labor seen in present day rural Uganda is instigated by the legacy of structural adjustment’s economic liberalization of the 1980s and 1990s. Using the maize economy as a peculiar case, I explore and illustrate the ways in which “free markets” have become the sites through which merchants accumulate capital and dispossess producers of value. I employ "displacement without dispossession” to specify and signal the agrarian impacts of this dispossession and how it produces and intensifies insecurity across various sites of social reproduction. I link this contemporary agrarian crisis of labor to prevailing social crises, particularly to its implications for farming and food insecurity in present day Uganda. This paper draws upon and expands the salience of this framing in understanding the present day crises in rural Uganda’s agriculture.
Scholarly Publishing's Evolving Landscape: Impact Metrics, Electronic-Only Journals, and Open Access in Journalism and Communication Research.

This study surveys the landscape of scholarly publishing, with particular emphasis on scholarly journals in the communication discipline, measuring the shift to electronic publishing in six selecte...
Evaluation of modified stainless steel surfaces targeted to reduce biofilm formation by common milk sporeformers

The development of bacterial biofilms on stainless steel (SS) surfaces poses a great threat to the quality of milk and other dairy products as the biofilm-embedded bacteria can survive thermal processing. Established biofilms offer cleaning challenges because they are resistant to most of the regular cleaning protocols. Sporeforming thermoduric organisms entrapped within biofilm matrix can also form heat-resistant spores, and may result in a long-term persistent contamination. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different nonfouling coatings [AMC 18 (Advanced Materials Components Express, Lemont, PA), Dursan (SilcoTek Corporation, Bellefonte, PA), Ni-P-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Avtec Finishing Systems, New Hope, MN), and Lectrofluor 641 (General Magnaplate Corporation, Linden, NJ)] on SS plate heat exchanger surfaces, to resist the formation of bacterial biofilms. It was hypothesized that modified SS surfaces would promote a lesser amount of deposit buildup and bacterial adhesion as compared with the native SS surface. Vegetative cells of aerobic sporeformers, Geobacillus stearothermophilus (ATCC 15952), Bacillus licheniformis (ATCC 6634), and Bacillus sporothermodurans (DSM 10599), were used to study biofilm development on the modified and native SS surfaces. The adherence of these organisms, though influenced by surface energy and hydrophobicity, exhibited no apparent relation with surface roughness. The Ni-P-PTFE coating exhibited the least bacterial attachment and milk solid deposition, and hence, was the most resistant to biofilm formation. Scanning electron microscopy, which was used to visualize the extent of biofilm formation on modified and native SS surfaces, also revealed lower bacterial attachment on the Ni-P-PTFE as compared with the native SS surface. This study thus provides evidence of reduced biofilm formation on the modified SS surfaces.
Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Curriculum for the New MCAT

Students who aspire to enter medical school have to take an MCAT (Medical college admission test). Recently MCAT has been redesigned with a new set of curriculum objectives. New one-year program “p...
Beyond exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity: a response based ecological framework to assess species climate change vulnerability

As the impacts of global climate change on species are increasingly evident, there is a clear need to adapt conservation efforts worldwide. Species vulnerability assessments (VAs) are increasingly used to summarize all relevant information to determine a species’ potential vulnerability to climate change and are frequently the first step in informing climate adaptation efforts. VAs commonly integrate multiple sources of information by utilizing a framework that distinguishes factors relevant to species exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. However, this framework was originally developed for human systems, and its use to evaluate species vulnerability has serious practical and theoretical limitations. By instead defining vulnerability as the degree to which a species is unable to exhibit any of the responses necessary for persistence under climate change (i.e., toleration of projected changes, migration to new climate-compatible areas, enduring in microrefugia, and evolutionary adaptation), we can bring VAs into the realm of ecological science without applying borrowed abstract concepts that have consistently challenged species-centric research and management. This response-based framework to assess species vulnerability to climate change allows better integration of relevant ecological data and past research, yielding results with much clearer implications for conservation and research prioritization.
Waiting list outcomes in pediatric lung transplantation: Poor results for children listed in adult transplant programs.

Background Low case volume has been associated with lower survival after pediatric lung transplantation. Our aim was to analyze waitlist outcomes among pediatric lung transplant transplant centers in the USA. Methods We studied a cohort of 1,139 pediatric candidates listed in the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network for lung transplant between 2002 and 2014; 720 (63.2%) of the candidates received a transplant. Candidates were divided into groups according to the clinical activity of the center of listing: high volume pediatric (≥ 4 transplants per year), low volume pediatric ( We used multivariate Cox regression analysis to identify independent risk factors for waitlist mortality. We also determined the transplant rate – or likelihood of transplant after listing -- over the study period. Results 58% of the children and adolescents were listed in adult centers where the resultant transplant rate was low -- only 42% received a transplant compared to 93% in pediatric programs. Listing in an adult program was also the most significant risk factor for death on the waiting list (HR 15.6, CI 5.8-42.1). Conclusions Most children (58%) are listed for lung transplantation in adult centers and have a reduced rate of transplantation and a greater chance of waitlist mortality.
Dretske on Self-Knowledge and Contrastive Focus: How to Understand Dretske’s Theory, and Why It Matters

Dretske’s theory of self-knowledge is interesting but peculiar and can seem implausible. He denies that we can know by introspection that we have thoughts, feelings, and experiences. But he allows that we can know by introspection what we think, feel, and experience. We consider two puzzles. The first puzzle, PUZZLE 1, is interpretive. Is there a way of understanding Dretske’s theory on which the (potential) knowledge affirmed by its positive side is different than the (potential) knowledge denied by its negative side? The second puzzle, PUZZLE 2, is substantive. Each of the following theses has some prima facie plausibility: (a) there is introspective knowledge of thoughts, (b) knowledge requires evidence, and (c) there are no experiences of thoughts. It is unclear, though, that these claims form a consistent set. These puzzles are not unrelated. Dretske’s theory of self-knowledge is a potential solution to PUZZLE 2 in that Dretske’s theory is meant to show how (a), (b), and (c) can all be true. We provide a solution to PUZZLE 1 by appeal to Dretske’s early work in the philosophy of language on contrastive focus. We then distinguish between “Closure” and “Transmissibility”, and raise and answer a worry to the effect that Dretske’s theory of self-knowledge runs counter to Transmissibility. These results help to secure Dretske’s theory as a viable solution to PUZZLE 2.
The Program Evaluation Committee in Action: Lessons Learned From a General Surgery Residency's Experience.

Objective To evaluate the success of the annual program evaluation process and describe the experience of a Program Evaluation Committee for a General Surgery residency program. Design We conducted a retrospective review of the Program Evaluation Committee’s meeting minutes, data inputs, and outcomes from 2014 to 2016. We identified top priorities by year, characterized supporting data, summarized the improvement plans and outcome measures, and evaluated whether the outcomes were achieved at 1 year. Setting Virginia Mason Medical Center General Surgery Residency Program. Participants Program Evaluation Committee members including the Program Director, 2 Associate Program Directors, 2 Senior Faculty Members, and 1 Resident. Results All outcome measures were achieved or still in progress at 1 year. This included purchasing a GI mentor to improve endoscopic simulation training, establishing an outpatient surgery rotation to increase the volume of cases, and implementing a didactic course on adult learning principles for faculty development to improve intraoperative teaching. Primary reasons for slow progress were lack of follow-through by delegates or communication breakdown. Conclusions The annual program evaluation process has been successful in identifying top priorities, developing action plans, and achieving outcome measures using our systematic evaluation process.
Broadband dual-polarized high gain lens antenna array for base station applications

A broadband dual-polarized high gain lens antenna array for macro-cell base station applications is proposed. Using the lens structure, high gain performance can be obtained and the horizontal half power beamwidth can be controlled. The proposed antenna array shows that wide operating bandwidth can be generated successfully to easily cover 1.71–2.69 GHz operating bands. Port-to-port isolation is better than −30 dB. The measured results show that the half power beamwidths in the horizontal plane and vertical plane are about 43°-56° and 9°-11°, respectively. The antenna gain can be enhanced to an acceptable level ranging between 16.0 and 17.5 dBi for the lens antenna array.
Enhancing the performance of calcium sulfoaluminate blended cements with shrinkage reducing admixture or lightweight sand

Abstract This study investigates the effect of using shrinkage reducing admixture (SRA) or lightweight sand (LWS) on enhancing the performance of calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement in combination with ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Of special interest is the efficacy of the SRA or LWS in modifying the expansion/shrinkage and compressive strength characteristics of OPC-CSA systems in the absence of adequate duration of water curing, which is critical for the expansive reaction of CSA cement and its ability to mitigate shrinkage. Hydration kinetics, autogenous and drying deformation, thermogravimetry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to evaluate the effect of SRA or LWS on the performance of the OPC-CSA systems. Test results indicate that the OPC-CSA system can exhibit similar drying shrinkage to that of the plain OPC mixture when no moist curing is applied. In the presence of LWS or SRA, the OPC-CSA systems exhibited lower shrinkage or higher extent of expansion compared to the corresponding OPC-CSA mixture alone. This is attributed to delay of the drop in internal relative humidity and promoting hydration of the OPC-CSA system which can enhance the ettringite-generating potential of CSA cement. The use of LWS was found to be highly effective in enhancing compressive strength of OPC-CSA system. SEM results at 91 days confirm the higher density and lower porosity for the paste surrounding LWS particles compared to the corresponding mixture made without LWS. In the case of inadequate moist curing, the presence of LWS or SRA is shown to enhance the overall performance of OPC-CSA system. For a given overall desirability value of 0.65 determined by multi-objective optimization, the incorporation of 1% SRA or 10% LWS was found to enable the reduction the required period of moist curing from 6 days to 5 and 3 days, respectively.
Common difficulties medical students have with the neurological physical exam are identified by direct observation. (P2.001)

Objective: To identify common errors in the neurological physical exam made by third year neurology clerkship students using direct observation. Background: Previous studies have described the importance of physical examination in obtaining an accurate diagnosis and improving confidence in a suspected diagnosis based on medical history. If students are unable to perform examination techniques correctly, their ability to utilize the physical exam as a diagnostic tool is diminished. Direct observation of students performing the neurological exam has been demonstrated to be a feasible exercise during the neurological clerkship. However, we have not found any published data on which aspects of the exam are most difficult for students to perform correctly. Design/Methods: During three academic years (2014–15 to 2016–17), 3 rd year neurology clerkship students at The Ohio State University College of Medicine were directly observed conducting a screening neurological exam by faculty members from the department of neurology. All students examined live patients who were typically admitted to an inpatient service. The observations were recorded on a third party iPad app by neurology faculty who were able to make narrative comments on student performance. These comments were used to identify areas in which the physical exam could be improved. Results: Observations were recorded for 505 students. Portions of the neurological exam most frequently identified as needing improvement were deep tendon reflexes and the motor/strength exam. Cranial nerve and coordination testing were aspects of the exam with the least comments suggesting need for improvement. Conclusions: Our findings from faculty observation of student clinical skills has identified portions of the neurological exam students most commonly struggle to perform correctly. By focusing efforts on teaching these aspects of the neurological exam and providing students with feedback through direct observation, neurology educators can improve student physical exam skills in a focused and efficient manner. Disclosure: Dr. Coleman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hoyle has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cios has nothing to disclose. Dr Quick has nothing to disclose.
A Detailed History of the Iowa Law School Foundation: 1952-2017

This short book traces the 65-year history of the Iowa Law School Foundation (ILSF), the fundraising arm of the University of Iowa College of Law. The book has five major components. 1.) A brief Introduction locates the position of the ILSF in the landscape of the law school world and the University of Iowa. It also identifies the sources of information relied upon in the book. 2.) Next a list of Milestones in the development of the ILSF is presented. This list tracks the growth of the philanthropic organization from a $146 initial class gift to becoming a $100 million major player in the life of the law school. It also serves as a rough table of contents to the next section, which constitutes the bulk of the book. 3.) The third section presents summaries of the highlights of each of the over 130 semi-annual meetings of ILSF’s governing board since its founding in 1952. 4.) This lengthy section is followed by an effort by the author to synthesize this wealth of information and draw out a few major and minor themes that emerged as the ILSF evolved over time. 5.) The final section is a series of Appendices setting out the key documents creating ILSF and governing its management, plus lists of all the alumni, faculty members and students who played a formal role in the first 65 years of ILSF’s institutional life.
Band to Mott Insulator Transition in the Ionic Hubbard Model

We investigate the ground state phase diagram of the one-dimensional “ionic” Hubbard model with an alternating periodic potential at half filling by numerical diagonalization of finite systems with the Lanczos and DMRG methods. In addition, we present results for the optical conductivity obtained by the recently developed dynamical DMRG (DDMRG) method. The band insulator to Mott insulator phase transition and its characteristics are discussed.
Rehabilitation After Ankle Football Injuries

Rehabilitation for foot and ankle injuries in the football athlete can provide unique challenges for a sports medicine clinician. The majority of the book focuses on specific foot and ankle injuries and highlights important rehabilitation considerations for each of those injuries. This chapter aims to highlight important rehabilitation considerations and concepts that can be applied to the rehabilitation of all foot and ankle injuries. Due to the unique challenges associated with foot and ankle injuries in the football athlete, a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach to rehabilitation is required. This chapter outlines the key members of the sports medicine team as well as how to structure a rehabilitation program around important short- and long-term goals that will need to be achieved on the road to recovery. We also highlight the importance of a return to participation progression and the benefit of having a consensus among the sports medicine team about the appropriateness of returning an injured athlete back to participation.
Serotonin Research: Historical Overview

Anecdotal information concerning the isolation (1948) and structural identification (1949) of 5-hydroxytryptamine that led to its synthesis by organic chemists in 1950 and 1951 is presented. The availability of the pure compound then permitted extensive studies in many areas of biology and medicine to be carried out.
Anesthetic Challenges in Robotic-assisted Urologic Surgery

Robotic-assisted surgery has evolved over the past two decades with constantly improving technology, assisting surgeons in multiple subspecialty disciplines. The surgical requirements of lithotomy and steep Trendelenburg positions, along with the creation of a pneumoperitoneum and limited access to the patient, all present anesthetic management challenges in urologic surgery. Patient positioning requirements can cause significant physiologic effects and may result in many complications. Good communication among team members and knowledge of the nuances of robotic surgery have the potential to improve patient outcomes, increase efficiency, and reduce surgical and anesthetic complications.
Patterns and determinants of pain and emotional distress in older adults with cancer: A population based study.

10105Background: There is increasing concern about the adequacy of symptom management among older adults with cancer. We examined patterns and predictors of pain and emotional distress after a canc...
Discovery of Alstrom syndrome gene as a regulator of centrosome duplication in asymmetrically dividing stem cells in Drosophila.

Stereotypical inheritance of the mother vs. daughter centrosomes has been reported in several stem cells that divide asymmetrically. We report the identification of a protein that exhibits asymmetric localization between mother and daughter centrosomes in asymmetrically dividing Drosophila male germline stem cells (GSCs). We show that Alms1a, a Drosophila homolog of the causative gene for the human ciliopathy Alstrom Syndrome, is a ubiquitous mother centriole protein with a unique additional localization to the daughter centriole only in the mother centrosome of GSCs. Depletion of alms1a results in rapid loss of centrosomes due to failure in daughter centriole duplication. We reveal that alms1a is specifically required for centriole duplication in asymmetrically dividing cells but not in symmetrically dividing differentiating cells in multiple stem cell lineages. The unique requirement of alms1a in asymmetric dividing cells may shed light onto the molecular mechanisms of Alstrom syndrome pathogenesis.
"So Much of My Very Soul": How Youth Organizers' Identity Projects Pave Agentive Pathways for Civic Engagement.

Neoliberal market logic positions youth as either commodities produced and marketed by private institutions or consumers for whose business those institutions are competing, a paradigm that narrows pathways for youth participation in civic and political institutions by restricting youth agency to participation in markets. However, youth organizing groups recast what we imagine as the public domain, how public institutions are governed, and who takes part in this governance. In this life histories study of youth organizers, the participants’ organizer identities occupied intellectual, emotional, social, and temporal space in their life worlds, mediating their agentive participation in an increasingly neoliberalized world. This article considers the implications of how youth involvement in social movements shapes identity and agency in a neoliberal sociopolitical context.