cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Trustworthy Human–Machine framework for collective decision making in Food–Energy–Water management: The role of trust sensitivity

Abstract We propose a hybrid Trustworthy Human–Machine collective decision-making framework to manage Food–Energy–Water (FEW) resources. Decisions for managing such resources impact not only the environment but also influence the economic productivity of FEW sectors and the well-being of society. Therefore, while algorithms can be used to develop optimal solutions under various criteria, it is essential to explain such solutions to the community. More importantly, the community should accept such solutions to be able realistically to apply them. In our collaborative computational framework for decision support, machines and humans interact to converge on the best solutions accepted by the community. In this framework, trust among human actors during decision making is measured and managed using a novel trust management framework. Furthermore, such trust is used to encourage human actors, depending on their trust sensitivity, to choose among the solutions generated by algorithms that satisfy the community’s preferred trade-offs among various objectives. In this paper, we show different scenarios of decision making with continuous and discrete solutions. Then, we propose a game-theory approach where actors maximize their payoff regarding their share and trust weighted by their trust sensitivity. We run simulations for decision-making scenarios with actors having different distributions of trust sensitivities. Results showed that when actors have high trust sensitivity, a consensus is reached 52% faster than scenarios with low trust sensitivity. The utilization of ratings of ratings increased the solution trustworthiness by 50%. Also, the same level of solution trustworthiness is reached 2.7 times faster when ratings of ratings included.
Machine Learning Models for Human Fall Detection using Millimeter Wave Sensor

Accidental falls are a common threat to the health of older adults, which can reduce their ability to remain independent. Fall detection sensors have become essential lifesaving health monitoring systems for the elderly. We describe a privacy protecting system for stance monitoring of occupants within a room using a millimeter wave (mmWave) sensor. We studied various machine learning models that are best suited to analyze the response from a mmWave system output. After comparing several machine learning algorithms, we found that feedforward neural networks provide the highest test accuracy.
Systematic Modeling and Prompting to Teach Math Skills to Preschoolers With Disabilities

Early math skills predict later academic achievement and are of critical importance in preschool. There also are discrepancies in early math skills of preschoolers with disabilities compared with t...
Domestic Institutions and International Conflict

From the democratic peace to the current wave of research on political leaders, the study of the connection between domestic politics and international conflict has been one of the most dynamic areas of study in International Relations in the past 25 years. This essay takes stock of the past 25 years of research on how domestic politics underpins the dynamics of war and peace in the international arena. It reviews the foundational arguments envisioned by Kant in 1795 and later grounded in the scientific canon by Russett and Oneal. The essay then argues that research that evaluates how political leaders make decisions under different institutional arrangements is likely to be one of the most fruitful lines of research in International Relations in the years to come. It illustrates this claim with a review of two alternative perspectives on leaders and international conflict. Keywords: domestic politics; war; peace; democracy; political leaders; democratic peace; Immanuel Kant; political survival
Three-dimensional autoradiographic localization of quench-corrected glycine receptor specific activity in the mouse brain using 3H- strychnine as the ligand

The autoradiographic analysis of neurotransmitter receptor distribution is a powerful technique that provides extensive information on the localization of neurotransmitter systems. Computer methodologies are described for the analysis of autoradiographic material which include quench correction, 3-dimensional display, and quantification based on anatomical boundaries determined from the tissue sections. These methodologies are applied to the problem of the distribution of glycine receptors measured by 3H-strychnine binding in the mouse CNS. The most distinctive feature of this distribution is its marked caudorostral gradient. The highest densities of binding sites within this gradient were seen in somatic motor and sensory areas; high densities of binding were seen in branchial efferent and special sensory areas. Moderate levels were seen in nuclei related to visceral function. Densities within the reticular formation paralleled the overall gradient with high to moderate levels of binding. The colliculi had low and the diencephalon had very low levels of binding. No binding was seen in the cerebellum or the telencephalon with the exception of the amygdala, which had very low levels of specific binding. This distribution of glycine receptors correlates well with the known functional distribution of glycine synaptic function. These data are illustrated in 3 dimensions and discussed in terms of the significance of the analysis techniques on this type of data as well as the functional significance of the distribution of glycine receptors.
Cognitive Dissonance and Choice

People like to feel good about past decisions. This paper models self- justification of past decisions. The model is axiomatic: axioms are defined on preference over ex ante actions (modeled formally by menus) The representation of preference admits the interpretation that the agent adjusts beliefs after taking an action so as to be more optimistic about its possible consequences. In particular, the ex post choice of beliefs is part of the representation of preference and not a primitive assumption. Behavioral characterizations are given to the comparisons "1 exhibits more dissonance than 2" and "1 is more self-justifying than 2."
Relation Between Coronal Mass Ejections and their Interplanetary Counterparts

ABSTRACT Our current knowledge on coronal mass ejections (CMEs) comes from two spatial domains: the near-Sun (up to 30 solar radii) region remote-sensed by coronagraphs and the geospace and beyond where in situ observations are made by spacecraft. Comparing observations from these two domains has helped us understand the propagation and evolution of CMEs through the interplanetary (IP) medium and develop an empirical model to predict the 1-AU arrival of CMEs. In this paper, we review the available information on the relation between CMEs and their IP counterparts. We concentrate on issues related to the prediction of the arrival of ICMEs in the geospace. We discuss the solar sources of the three largest geomagnetic storms of year 2000 and compare the predicted and observed arrival times of the associated CMEs.
Eliminating dark-rim artifacts in first-pass myocardial perfusion imaging

Background We demonstrate that projection imaging significantly reduces the prevalence and spatial extent of subendocardial dark-rim artifacts (DRAs) in first-pass perfusion (FPP) myocardial MR, compared to conventional Cartesian techniques. A major cause of DRAs, which remain a major concern in FPP imaging, is known to be the socalled Gibbs ringing (truncation) phenomenon [1-3]. Radial k-space sampling exhibits minimal Gibbs effects with typical FPP parameters, thereby eliminating a major contributing factor to DRAs [4]. The underlying theory is demonstrated in Fig. 1, which describes Cartesian and radial k-space sampling (with the same number of readouts) and the corresponding point spread functions (PSFs). Insufficient coverage along phase-encode direction with Cartesian sampling results in significant ringing in image domain (Fig. 1b). In contrast, angular undersampling results in streaks outside of a “local” region for
The Concept of Same

Publisher Summary This chapter argues that similarity is psychologically complex and composed of a diverse set of processes. The mutual interactions and developmental dependencies of these processes give rise to a creative system of perceptual comparison and a unitary concept of same that transcends specific perceptual details. These insights stem directly from research on the development of similarity and an effort to build a connectionist model of developmental growth in similarity. Discussions of four difficult problems for a psychological theory of similarity are provided. These four problems-a unitary meaning of same , the dynamic nature of perceptual similarity, the multiple levels and kinds of candidate features and dimensions, and the mechanisms through which aspects of perceptual information differentially contribute to judgments of sameness-show that whatever the psychological nature of similarity, it is not simple. The philosophers have good reasons to worry. Psychology, however, requires neither worry nor the dismissal of similarity as too difficult a problem. It also requires an open-minded respect for the data and an explanation of the mechanisms that cause perceptual similarity to be what it is.
Urban land supply: Natural and contrived restrictions

Abstract Both large bodies of water and local governments restrict the supply of urban land. In this paper we measure water's restriction on supply and test its effect on land price. We then extend Hamilton's and Fischel's pioneering work on governmental restriction, providing an improved test of the monopoly zoning hypothesis that such restriction further affects land price. Regression analysis of data from 45 urban areas suggests that the two restrictions combine to explain 40% of typical interurban price differentials.
Intra-tree Dispersion of Citrus Blackfly

Intra-tree dispersion of citrus blackfly ( Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby) was measured by counting leaves infested with insect products (index) and live insects. Adults (16,000) were also released to measure within tree movement. Leaves infested with insect products (index) were found more concentrated in the lower and interior part of a tree. However leaves infested with live citrus blackfly were found more concentrated in the lower, but not interior part of a tree. Reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. Differences in directional quadrats were minor using both sampling techniques. No conclusions could be drawn from the experiment releasing adults because of the low recovery (< 1%) 24 h later.
Meerkat: exploring semantic music discovery using personalized radio

We present an Internet radio player called Meerkat to explore the use of semantic tags as a mechanism for controlling a personalized stream of music. We argue that this increases the level of interactivity over standard commercial Internet radio players and, as a result, produces a positive and efficient music discovery experience. We also challenge the common design decision not to reveal the identity of upcoming songs. We argue that showing these songs to the user provides context for the current state of the radio station. More importantly, it gives the user instant visual feedback when he or she decides to dynamically alter the radio station. Based on a small initial user study, we find evidence to suggest that showing the upcoming songs improves the user experience.
Stateful hardware decompression in networking environment

Compression and Decompression can significantly lower the network bandwidth requirements for common internet traffic. Driven by the demands of an enterprise network intrusion system, this paper defines and examines the requirements of popular dictionary-based decompression in the real-time network processing scenario. In particular, a "stateful" decompression is required that arises out of the packet oriented nature of current networks, where the decompression of the data of a packet depends on the decompressed contents of its preceeding packets composing the same data stream. We propose an effective hardware decompression acceleration engine, which fetches the history data into the accelerator's fast memory on-demand and hides the associated latency by exploring the parallelism of the dictionary-based decompression process. We specify and evaluate various design and implementation options of the fetch-on-demand mechanism, i.e. prefetch most frequently used history, on-accelerator history buffer management, and reuse of fetched history data. Through simulation-based performance study, we show the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism on hiding the overhead of stateful decompression. We further show the effects of the design options and the impact on the overall performance of the network service stack of an intrusion prevension system.
Ab initio and density functional theory studies of the potential energy surface of the LiNC → LiCN isomerization

Abstract Four structures on the potential energy surface of the isomerization of LiNC to LiCN were located with density functional theory (DFT) methods. Different size basis sets were investigated for use in computational studies with both ab initio and DFT methods. The chemical transformation was explored with ab initio (HF, MP2, G1, and G2) and 22 DFT methods. It was determined that the cyclic Li(C)N isomer is only slightly less stable than the linear LiNC, and that the activation barrier for the isomerization is about 5 kcal mol −1 . Many DFT methods correctly compute activation barriers, but overall the best performance was observed with the hybrid DFT methods. These methods are the suggested methods of choice for this and similar molecular systems.
Modulation of tension production by proctolin in the dorsal longitudinal muscles of the cricket, Teleogryllus oceanicus

High-frequency electrical stimulation (-20 Hz) of the lateral nerve in abdominal segments of the cricket, Tileogryh oceanicus, caused an increase in tonus of the abdominal dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM). This effect persisted for 1-5 min following stimulation. Application of the pentapeptide proctolin (threshold 1-10 nM) mimicked the increase in muscle tonus produced byelectrical stimulation. Individual twitches were unaffected or slightly reduced by proctolin. Low-frequency electrical stimulation (<7 Hz) of the lateral nerve counteracted a previously induced increase in muscle tonus, apparently by activation of an inhibitory motoneuron. y-Aminobutyric acid (CABA) mimicked the effect of low-frequency stimulation and reduced muscle tonus. Octopamine, in concentrations of ~0.1 mM, was inactive on the abdominal DLM when stimulated at low frequencies (0.5-2 Hz). Application of proctolin to the rnetathoracic DLM caused an increase in twitch amplitude but had little effect on basal tonus. In conjunction with the previously described responses of the metathoracic DLM to octopamine, these results show that the serially homologous abdominal and metathoracic DLMs have dissimilar responses to the modulators proctolin and octopamine.
Use of optical probes to characterize bubble behavior in gas‐solid fluidized beds

Optical probes are used to study gas-solid fluidized-bed hydrodynamics. The probes each consisting of a light source and photodetector separated by a gap are suitable for use at combustion-level temperatures. The methodology to process the signal for calculation of bubble properties such as bubble frequency, local bubble residence time, bubble velocity, pierced length, bubble size, and visible bubble flow is presented. The signal processing technique is independent of bed operating conditions. The probe signal processing methodology is validated by comparing calculated bubble properties based on the probe signal with properties observed on videotapes of a 2-D bed.
Thinking, Feeling, and Being Human

In his recent book, Being Human: Human Being, Rue Cromwell introduced valence tags into the lexicon of personal construct psychology. Doing so has interesting implications for the distinction between cognition and emotion. The personal construct psychology position, which challenges the division of experience into thinking and feeling, is noted. Three questions are posed for Cromwell's consideration. What is the relationship between valence tags and constructs? Is the thinking–feeling distinction worth retaining? How should emotion be defined?
The putative tRNA 2-thiouridine synthetase Ncs6 is an essential sulfur carrier in Methanococcus maripaludis.

Abstract Thiolation of carbon-2 of uridine located in the first position of the anticodons of tRNA UUG Gln , tRNA UUC Glu , and tRNA UUU Lys is a conserved RNA modification event requiring the 2-thiouridine synthetase Ncs6/Ctu1 in archaea and eukaryotes. Ncs6/Ctu1 activates uridine by adenylation, but its role in sulfur transfer is unclear. Here we show that Mmp1356, the Ncs6/Ctu1 homolog in the archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis, forms a persulfide enzyme adduct with an active site cysteine; this suggests that Mmp1356 directly participates in sulfur transfer as a persulfide carrier. Transposon mutagenesis shows that Mmp1356 is likely to be an essential protein.
Tell Me a Good Story and I May Lend You My Money: The Role of Narratives in Peer-to-Peer Lending Decisions

We examine the role of identity claims constructed in narratives by borrowers in influencing lender decision making regarding unsecured personal loans. We study whether the number of identity claims and their content influence decisions of lenders and whether they predict longer-term performance of funded loans. Using data from the peer-to-peer lending website Prosper.com, we find that unverifiable information affects lending decisions above and beyond objective, verifiable information. Specifically, as the number of identity claims in narratives increases, so does loan funding but loan performance suffers, because these borrowers are less likely to pay back. In addition, identity content plays an important role. Identities about being trustworthy or successful are associated with increased loan funding but ironically they are less predictive of loan performance compared with other identities (moral and economic hardship). Thus, some identity claims are meant to mislead lenders while others are true representations of borrowers.
Convex polyhedra of doubly stochastic matrices—IV

Abstract Basic geometrical properties of general convex polyhedra of doubly stochastic matrices are investigated. The faces of such polyhedra are characterized, and their dimensions and facets are determined. A connection between bounded faces of doubly stochastic polyhedra and faces of transportation polytopes is established, and it is shown that there exists an absolute bound for the number of extreme points of d -dimensional bounded faces of these polyhedra.
Recognition of arterial injury in elbow dislocation

The clinical presentation of patients with elbow dislocations was reviewed to identify those factors indicating an increased risk for arterial injury. Sixty-two patients were treated for 63 elbow dislocations between January 1981 and July 1991. Eight patients (13%) sustained a concomitant arterial injury involving the brachial (7) and radial (1) arteries. Three clinical findings, absence of a radial pulse, open dislocation, and presence of systemic injuries, were correlated with arterial injury. A palpable radial pulse was absent in six (75%) patients with an arterial injury but in only two (4%) with normal vessels (p less than 0.0001, chi square). Five (33%) open dislocations had an associated arterial injury, whereas three (6%) arterial injuries occurred in closed dislocations (p less than 0.006, chi square). Systemic injury occurred in five dislocations (63%) with arterial injuries and 14 dislocations (25%) without arterial injury (p less than 0.04, chi square). Multivariate analysis showed that absence of a radial pulse was the only factor that significantly predicted arterial injury (p less than 0.0001). Although most elbow dislocations are not associated with arterial injury, absence of a radial pulse or presence of an open dislocation or both should alert the clinician to the increased possibility of an associated vascular injury.
Recognition of a solid shape from its single perspective image obtained by a calibrated camera

Abstract A new model-based method for object shape recognition is presented. This method consists in solving a set of linear equations and thus is computationally simple. We show how it leads to a hierarchy of geometrical representations of an object, involving similarity, affine and projective properties. Results of our tests with synthetic images illustrate that this method works reliably in the presence of large amount of image noise. Finally, we show that the method allows for speeding up the memory search for the correct model, which makes it more efficient as compared to conventional model-based methods.
Dynamic instability during post-stroke hemiparetic walking

Falls and fall-related injuries cause extremely costly and potentially fatal health problems in people post-stroke. However, there is no global indicator of walking instability for detecting which individuals will have increased risk of falls. The purposes of this study were to directly quantify walking stability in stroke survivors and neurologically intact controls and to determine which stability measures would reveal the changes in walking stability following stroke. This study thus provided an initial step to establish objective measures for identifying potential fallers. Nine post-stroke individuals and nine controls walked on a treadmill at four different speeds. We computed short-term local divergence exponent (LDE) and maximum Floquet multiplier (maxFM) of the trunk motion, average and variability of dynamic margins of stability (MOS) and step spatiotemporal measures. Post-stroke individuals demonstrated larger short-term LDE (p = 0.002) and maxFM (p = 0.041) in the mediolateral (ML) direction compared to the controls but remained orbitally stable (maxFM < 1). In addition, post-stroke individuals walked with greater average step width (p = 0.003) but similar average ML MOS (p = 0.154) compared to the controls. Post-stroke individuals also exhibited greater variability in all MOS and step measures (all p < 0.005). Our findings indicate that post-stroke individuals walked with greater local and orbital instability and gait variability than neurologically intact controls. The results suggest that short-term LDE of ML trunk motion and the variability of MOS and step spatiotemporal measures detect the changes in walking stability associated with stroke. These stability measures may have the potential for identifying those post-stroke individuals at increased risk of falls.
Aging, Agency, and Activism: Older Women as Social Change Agents

Current cohorts of older women are potential social activists, and their potential to contribute to social change is examined. It is argued that engagement in social action is positive and empowering for aging women. Older women both contribute to and benefit from social capital, connections among individuals in social networks, and norms of reciprocity (Putnam, 2000). Recommendations are offered for organizations that wish to recruit and engage older women as members. A feminist therapy perspective is consistent with the empowerment of older women as social agents.
Galanin and galanin receptors in epilepsy

Abstract The shift in the balance between the inhibition and the excitation in favor of the latter is a major mechanism of the evolvement of epileptic seizures. On the neurotransmitter level two major players contribute to such misbalance: an inhibitory transmitter γ-aminobutyric acid, and an excitatory amino acid glutamate. Neuropeptides are powerful modulators of classical neurotransmitters, and thus represent an intriguing tool for restoring the balance between the inhibition and the excitation, through either blocking or activating peptide receptors depending on whether a peptide is pro- or anticonvulsant. Galanin, a 29-amino acid residues neuropeptide which inhibits glutamate release in the hippocampus, is a likely member of the anticonvulsant peptide family. During the past decade growing evidence has been suggesting that galanin is in fact a powerful inhibitor of seizure activity. This review summarizes the state of research of galanin in epilepsy, beginning with the first simple experiments which showed that central injection of galanin agonists inhibited seizures, and that seizures themselves affected galanin signaling in the hippocampus; exploring the impact of active manipulation with the expression of galanin and galanin receptors on seizures, using transgenic animals, antisense and peptide-expressing vector approaches; and concluding with the recent advances in pharmacology, which led to the synthesis of non-peptide galanin receptor agonists with anticonvulsant properties. We also address recently established functions of galanin in seizure-associated neuronal degeneration and neuronal plasticity.
DNASU plasmid and PSI:Biology-Materials repositories: resources to accelerate biological research

The mission of the DNASU Plasmid Repository is to accelerate research by providing high-quality, annotated plasmid samples and online plasmid resources to the research community through the curated DNASU database, website and repository (http://dnasu.asu.edu or http://dnasu.org). The collection includes plasmids from grant-funded, high-throughput cloning projects performed in our laboratory, plasmids from external researchers, and large collections from consortia such as the ORFeome Collaboration and the NIGMS-funded Protein Structure Initiative: Biology (PSI:Biology). Through DNASU, researchers can search for and access detailed information about each plasmid such as the full length gene insert sequence, vector information, associated publications, and links to external resources that provide additional protein annotations and experimental protocols. Plasmids can be requested directly through the DNASU website. DNASU and the PSI:Biology-Materials Repositories were previously described in the 2010 NAR Database Issue (Cormier, C.Y., Mohr, S.E., Zuo, D., Hu, Y., Rolfs, A., Kramer, J., Taycher, E., Kelley, F., Fiacco, M., Turnbull, G. et al. (2010) Protein Structure Initiative Material Repository: an open shared public resource of structural genomics plasmids for the biological community. Nucleic Acids Res., 38, D743-D749.). In this update we will describe the plasmid collection and highlight the new features in the website redesign, including new browse/search options, plasmid annotations and a dynamic vector mapping feature that was developed in collaboration with LabGenius. Overall, these plasmid resources continue to enable research with the goal of elucidating the role of proteins in both normal biological processes and disease.
The ultrastructure of cutaneous type I mechanoreceptors (Haarscheiben) in cats following denervation

Denervation of specialized cutaneous mechanoreceptors (Haarscheiben or domes) in cats was followed after 20 and 25 days by the following alterations in receptor structure: (1) reduced numbers of Merkel cells, (2) Merkel cells degenerating in situ, (3) fewer dense-core granules in the cytoplasm of Merkel cells, (4) an increased number of agranular dendritic cells and Langerhans cells in the dome, (5) the apparent phagocytosis of Merkel cells by Schwann and Langerhans cells, (6) fewer epithelial cell layers over the dome, and (7) a decrease in the number of transitional cells. Skin excised between the domes in the denervated nerve field appeared normal when compared to innervated skin, and it was considered unlikely that the alterations in dome structure were due to generalized nutritional changes in the skin caused by transection of sympathetic axons or to some other side effect of denervation. Since domes are formed in new locations on the skin after nerves have regenerated (Burgess et al.,1974), changes in dome structure following nerve transection are probably due to loss of the “trophic” influence of the nerves supplying the dome.
Segmental appearance of type X collagen in the developing avian notochord.

To determine whether short-chain cartilage collagen, collagen type X, is a component of notochordal matrix, we have performed immunohistochemistry with a monoclonal antibody (X-AC9) previously shown to be specific for this molecule (Schmid and Linsenmayer (1984). J. Cell Biol. 100, 598-605). We have also examined different stages of embryos to establish the temporo-spatial appearance of the molecule. The data show that type X collagen is indeed a component of notochordal matrix, but that its developmental appearance is quite late compared to that of type II collagen, another cartilage matrix molecule found in notochord. It is detected only in embryos older than 12 days. The appearance of type X collagen within the notochord is preceded by its appearance within the surrounding hypertrophic cartilage matrix of the vertebral bodies. Spatially, within the notochord the appearance of type X collagen is initially restricted to sites at which the surrounding vertebral cartilage matrix is also reactive for type X. With subsequent development, the notochordal reactivity extends, in a decreasing gradient, anteriorly and posteriorly toward the intervertebral zones. However, the brightest immunofluorescence of notochordal type X is maintained at the midvertebral sites. The ultimate fate of the notochordal tissue at such midvertebral sites is to be removed during endochondral bone formation within the vertebrae. We have observed that type II collagen is also found within notochordal tissue, but this molecule has a distribution which is the converse of that of the type X collagen. The type II collagen is preferentially deposited at intervertebral sites (i.e., the locations of future intervertebral discs). That the type X collagen within the notochord is preferentially deposited at sites destined to be replaced is consistent with one of the hypotheses we previously raised for the function of the type X collagen molecule--it may "target" skeletal tissues for eventual removal.
Carbon-neutral economy with fossil fuel-based hydrogen energy and carbon materials

Abstract Hydrocarbon fossil fuels can be considered as hydrogen ores for CO2-free energy, and carbon ores for carbonaceous construction materials. Hydrogen fuel can be extracted from fossil fuels by decarbonization, and used as an energy resource. The carbon byproduct can be used as a versatile construction material. Carbon materials would sequester carbon, and replace CO2-generating steel and concrete. Approximate comparison of the global consumption of energy and construction materials suggests a rough mass balance of energy and materials markets. The cost of foregoing the carbon energy content as a fuel can be easily offset by the value of the carbon-based construction material. The nature and properties of carbon materials and conventional infrastructural materials are compared.
Genetic structure and origin of t haplotypes of mice, analyzed with H-2 cDNA probes

We investigated the genetic organization and evolutionary origin of t chromosomes of mice by examining the restriction fragment patterns of DNA from t haplotypes and normal chromosomes with cDNA probes to H-2 class I genes. On genomic DNA blots, the restriction fragments containing H-2-related sequences were highly variable among different inbred strains of mice, whereas they were very similar among different t haplotypes even when the t haplotypes carried serologically different H-2 haplotypes. These observations suggest that all t haplotypes have a common origin and are not products of independent mutational events. We also mapped the position of several restriction fragments characteristic of t DNA by using a battery of recombinant t haplotypes, defined with respect to their t-lethal factors and H-2 haplotypes. We thus show that restriction fragments containing H-2-related sequences map to the left of the H-2 class I genes in t chromosomes, a region in which the tw32 b-lethal factor also maps. The cloning of these fragments can be expected to provide an entry for the structural analysis of t DNA.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE BREVIANAMIDES. AN AB INITIO STUDY OF THE BIOSYNTHETIC INTRAMOLECULAR DIELS-ALDER CYCLOADDITION

An ab initio study of the transition structures for the intramolecular Diels−Alder cycloaddition of the aza diene 6 to give brevianamides A, 1, and B, 2, has been carried out with analytical gradients at ab initio 3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets within Hartree−Fock procedures. The correlation effects have been estimated by using the perturbational approach at MP2 and MP3 levels. The geometry, electronic structure, and transition vector component are qualitatively model independent in this study. An analysis of the geometries and energies of the corresponding transition structures provides an explanation for the fact that brevianamide A, 1, is biosynthesized in larger quantities than brevianamide B, 2, while their respective epimers at C7 are not formed.
Capacity Building and IT Diffusion

The "digital divide" in the utilization of e-government between the industrialized and developing countries stands to spell serious consequences for the latter's political and economic development. Because African countries rank very low on the global measure of e-government readiness, critical variables were studied to find out which policy and programmatic areas should become priority in bridging the gap. Findings from a multiple regression analysis indicate that the low ranking of African countries on the global e-government readiness index indicates that the countries would need to develop, first, the internal utilization capacity as well as an enhanced public access to information, communication, and technology (ICT) infrastructures. These would, in turn, generate the demand necessary to spur increased government investment in ICT infrastructural development. What is mostly required is public sector leadership that creates the enabling environment for increased public and private sector participation in e-government interactions.
Uterine-Specific Loss of Tsc2 Leads to Myometrial Tumors in Both the Uterus and Lungs

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare disease characterized by proliferation of abnormal smooth-muscle cells in the lungs, leading to functional loss and sometimes lung transplantation. Although the origin of LAM cells is unknown, several features of LAM provide clues. First, LAM cells contain inactivating mutations in genes encoding Tsc1 or Tsc2, proteins that limit mTORC1 activity. Second, LAM tumors recur after lung transplantation, suggesting a metastatic pathogenesis. Third, LAM is found almost exclusively in women. Finally, LAM shares features with uterine leiomyomas, benign tumors of myometrial cells. From these observations, we proposed that LAM cells might originate from uterine leiomyomas containing Tsc mutations. To test our hypothesis, and to develop mouse models for leiomyoma and LAM, we targeted Tsc2 deletion primarily in uterine cells. In fact, nearly 100% of uteri from uterine-specific Tsc2 knockout mice developed myometrial proliferation and uterine leiomyomas by 12 and 24 weeks, respectively. Myometrial proliferation and mTORC1/S6 activity were abrogated by the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin or by elimination of sex steroid production through ovariectomy or aromatase inhibition. In ovariectomized Tsc2 null mice, mTORC1/S6 activity and myometrial growth were restored by estrogen but not progesterone. Thus, even without Tsc2, estrogen appears to be required for myometrial mTORC1/S6 signaling and proliferation. Finally, we found Tsc2 null myometrial tumors in lungs of older Tsc2 uterine-specific knockout females, suggesting that lung LAM-like myometrial lesions may indeed originate from the uterus. This mouse model may improve our understanding of LAM and leiomyomas and might lead to novel therapeutic strategies for both diseases.
Determination of Thermodynamic Temperatures near 0°K without Introducing Heat below 1°K

Various methods of introducing heat in the region of temperature and magnetic field accessible below 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K are compared and their experimental limitations are pointed out. The fact that all thermodynamic properties can be determined in the above region without introducing heat below 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is discussed. This fact also applies to the use of Kelvin's equation, $dQ=TdS$, in the determination of thermodynamic temperature.
Multicut Benders decomposition algorithm for process supply chain planning under uncertainty

In this paper, we present a multicut version of the Benders decomposition method for solving two-stage stochastic linear programming problems, including stochastic mixed-integer programs with only continuous recourse (two-stage) variables. The main idea is to add one cut per realization of uncertainty to the master problem in each iteration, that is, as many Benders cuts as the number of scenarios added to the master problem in each iteration. Two examples are presented to illustrate the application of the proposed algorithm. One involves production-transportation planning under demand uncertainty, and the other one involves multiperiod planning of global, multiproduct chemical supply chains under demand and freight rate uncertainty. Computational studies show that while both the standard and the multicut versions of the Benders decomposition method can solve large-scale stochastic programming problems with reasonable computational effort, significant savings in CPU time can be achieved by using the proposed multicut algorithm.
Antonymy and Semantic Relations: The Case for a Linguistic Universal

There is an enduring debate concerning the degree to which linguis tic phenomena are culturally specific or universal. We review evi dence that suggests that many linguistic processes are cross-culturally common and likely to be a function of human physiology, but we also acknowledge strong evidence for particularistic linguistic phe nomena relating to content and communication context. In support of our position, we examine subject responses to semantic relations in nine different cultures. Consistent with cognitive theories, we find a pronounced pattern of cross-cultural agreement concerning the manner in which antonyms are employed. In an effort to assess the interaction between judgments of semantic relations and the cul tural context of subjects, we have conducted a detailed analysis of the responses of Kelantan, Malay, subjects to a set of 15 semantic relations. The results continue to support an argument for the universality of antonymic meaning.
Early Recollections: Enhancing Case Conceptualization for Practitioners Working With Couples:

Early recollections are valuable resources for practitioners to enhance further understanding of the interactions related to couple relationships. To illuminate conceptualization for couple therapy...
Practice and Research in Career Counseling and Development--2004.

This article reviews professional literature published in 2004 related to career counseling and career development. The literature is divided into 4 broad areas: professional issues, career theory and concepts, career interventions and practice, and career assessment and technology. The authors summarize and discuss the implications of the findings for career counseling practice and research.
Tight-binding molecular-dynamics study of phonon anharmonic effects in silicon and diamond

The anharmonic effects on phonons in silicon and diamond have been studied by molecular-dynamics simulations using an empirical tight-binding Hamiltonian. One-phonon spectral intensities of the zone-center and zone-boundary ({ital X}) modes have been calculated through the Fourier transform of the velocity-velocity correlation functions. This scheme allows a quantitative and nonperturbative study of phonon frequency shift and phonon linewidth as a function of temperature. The results obtained are in good agreement with experimental data.
Study of LiNbO3 in optical associative memory

Lithium niobate crystal has been used for storing information that can be accessed through an associative recall. This fact demonstrates the application of the crystal to the optical memory. specifically In an optical ring resonator. One important factor that determines the recall ability is the diffraction efficiency. Particularly this quantity Is also a function of the polarization of the readout beam. The diffraction efficiency of the crystal Is significant If the sufficient build-up of power in the real-time programmable ring resonator is required. To this end this paper is concentrated on the study of the dependency of diffraction efficiency on the polarization of recall beam. Experimental results are also given to indicate the significance of orientation of c-axis of the crystal in the experimental configuration. 2.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Modifications in the enzymatic assay for inorganic phosphate.

Abstract A recent publication from this laboratory (1) described an enzymatic assay for inorganic phosphate (Pi) which eliminates the need for standards and, through mild reaction conditions, avoids the hydrolysis of labile organic phosphates. Those features are advantageous, particularly for Pi measurements in biological samples. However, subsequent inquiries from other laboratories and our own experience indicated that the assay, as described (1), does not perform well. Specifically, it was found that the assay range was 10-fold narrower than that reported, completion times were 3- to 5-fold longer, and the reaction with Pi standards was only 90–95% complete. Because of these deficiencies we have systematically evaluated every aspect of the assay and have found that the difficulties are eliminated and the assay is improved and simplified by the following changes; (i) Triethanolamine is used in place of Tris as the assay buffer; (ii) triose phosphate isomerase is eliminated and the levels of other enzymes are adjusted to obtain optimum reaction conditions; (iii) ammonium sulfate is removed from the analytical enzymes. The modified procedure described below is more convenient, is linear up to Pi concentrations of 0.1 μmol/ml in the assay, gives complete reaction of Pi standards and quantitative recovery of Pi added to biological extracts, and comes to stable endpoints in 30 min or less (depending on the amount of Pi in the assay).
Examining Bargaining Power in the Northeast Multispecies Days-at-Sea Market

Abstract The Northeast U.S. groundfish fishery is economically large and culturally important. Between 2004 and 2009, the primary management control used in this fishery was a tradable input allowance system known as Days at Sea (DAS); however, many regulatory institutions limited trading. These barriers included a set of “conservation equivalency” restrictions based on length and horsepower that were explicitly designed to restrain increases in the fishing power of the fleet. Despite these limitations, trade in the DAS market was fairly robust; by 2008, over 40% of all used DAS were traded. This research uses ordinary least squares and quantile regression to examine the effects of these institutional limitations on the bargaining power of traders in this market. The conservation equivalency restrictions adversely impacted the bargaining power of both small sellers and large buyers of DAS. Despite these bargaining power effects, prices were responsive to changes in aggregate supply and productivity in eco...
Donor-Acceptor Copolymers of Relevance for Organic Photovoltaics: A Theoretical Investigation of the Impact of Chemical-Structure Modifications on the Electronic and Optical Properties

We systematically investigate at the density functional theory level how changes to the chemical structure of donor–acceptor copolymers used in a number of organic electronics applications influences the intrinsic geometric, electronic, and optical properties. We consider the combination of two distinct donors, where a central five-membered ring is fused on both sides by either a thiophene or a benzene ring, with 12 different acceptors linked to the donor either directly or through thienyl linkages. The interplay between the electron richness/deficiency of the subunits as well as the evolution of the frontier electronic levels of the isolated donors/acceptors plays a significant role in determining the electronic and optical properties of the copolymers.
Effect of triiodothyronine on (Na++K+)-adenosine triphosphatase and (Na++Mg2+)-dependent phosphorylated intermediate in rat salivary glands

The present studies concern the effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on rat salivary (Na++K+)-adenosine triphosphatase (NaK-ATPase). The results indicate that T3 selectively increased submandibular and parotid NaK-ATPase units with a single, large dose of T3, different dosage of T3, three successive doses of T3 given on alternate days, and “physiological” doses of T3 with daily injection for 2 weeks. Sublingual NaK-ATPase was insensitive to T3 in the above experiments. The effect of T3 on submandibular and parotid NaK-ATPase is selective since Mg-ATPase and 5′-nucleotidase showed no significant differences under different thyroid status. The lack of response of NaK-ATPase to reverse T3, further substantiates the specificity of T3 on salivary NaK-ATPase.
Stimulation of DNA synthesis and 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport in chick embryo cultures by excessive metal concentrations and by a carcinogenic hydrocarbon.

Chick embryo cultures deprived of serum synthesize DNA at a reduced rate. DNA synthesis in serum-deprived cultures is stimulated as much as ten-fold by the addition of Zn++, Mn++ or Cd++ in concentrations just below the toxic level. These metals, in the same concentration range, also stimulate the uptake of 3H-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DOG). The increase in uptake of 2-DOG precedes the increase in synthesis of DNA, and is probably an indicator of a more general membrane perturbation. The metals also stimulate DNA synthesis in serum-containing, density-inhibited cultures. The carcinogenic hydrocarbon 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene stimulates DNA synthesis and 2-DOG uptake in serum-deprived cultures at those concentrations which also cause morphological changes in the culture. Other carcinogenic hydrocarbons, which produce no morphological changes in the culture do not stimulate DNA synthesis. In contrast to these non-specific effects, DNA synthesis which is inhibited by low concentrations of either ethylene diamine tetraacetate (EDTA) or diethylene triamine pentaacetate (DTPA) is stimulated specifically by Zn++. These findings are interpreted to mean that certain metals and carcinogens, like a variety of other agents, interact non-specifically with the plasma membrane to initiate a chain of events leading to DNA synthesis, and that one of these events is the liberation of Zn++ for enzyme reactions leading to DNA synthesis.
Dynamical networks for information processing

Coupled evolution of state and topology of dynamical networks is introduced. Due to a well organized tensor structure, the governing equations are presented in a canonical form, and required attractors as well as their basins can be easily placed and controlled. This new class of dynamical networks can represent phenomenological models for self-organization in physics and biology. Applications of these networks to pattern recognition, associative memory, synthesis of models based upon observation data, detection of abnormalities and data compression are discussed. The difference between the proposed dynamical networks and neural networks is emphasized.