cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance modelling and comparisons of global shared buffer management policies in a cluster environment

Clustering multiple computing nodes has become increasingly popular for reasons of capacity, availability and cost. One approach to clustering is the data sharing approach where a number of loosely coupled nodes share a common database. In this environment, a global shared buffer can be introduced to alleviate the multisystem invalidation effect either as a disk cache or shared intermediate memory. We develop an analytic model to evaluate different shared buffer management policies (SBMPs) which differ in their choice of data granules to be put into the shared buffer. The methodology analyzes all policies using a uniform framework by decomposing the input stream to the shared buffer into multiple (three) component streams based on their effects on the dependency between the private and shared buffer contents. This approach simplifies the problem of analyzing different SBMPs into 1) estimating the rate of each component stream, and 2) evaluating the impact of dependency on each type of component stream and hence the shared buffer hit probability. A detailed simulation model is also developed to validate the analytic model. We also illustrate how the analytic buffer model can be integrated with other system submodels to examine trade-offs between the SBMPs and to estimate optimal shared buffer allocations from a cost-performance point of view. >
Deadlock avoidance policies for flexible manufacturing systems: the conjunctive case

Resolving the problem of the manufacturing system deadlock is emerging as a critical issue for effective planning and control in the agile manufacturing paradigm. It turns out that, in most cases, the problem is of nonpolynomial complexity, and its tractability strongly depends on the structure of the resource requests posed by the processed jobs. The authors have previously (1994, 1995) formally analyzed the problem and provided solutions for the special class of FMS where every job requires a single resource unit at every processing stage, namely, a unit of buffer space on the supporting workstation. In this paper, we extend the analysis and one of the previously developed policies-the resource upstream neighborhood (RUN) policy-so that they apply to FMS's in which every job requires a collection of resources for the execution of a single processing stage.
Mentor Relationships Among Women in Academe

Although it is generally acknowledged that mentor relationships facilitate professional development and advance careers, little is known about the influence of gender on the nature and pattern of t...
Strong Constraint on Human Genes Escaping X-Inactivation Is Modulated by their Expression Level and Breadth in Both Sexes

In eutherian mammals, X-linked gene expression is normalized between XX females and XY males through the process of X chromosome inactivation (XCI). XCI results in silencing of transcription from one ChrX homolog per female cell. However, approximately 25% of human ChrX genes escape XCI to some extent and exhibit biallelic expression in females. The evolutionary basis of this phenomenon is not entirely clear, but high sequence conservation of XCI escapers suggests that purifying selection may directly or indirectly drive XCI escape at these loci. One hypothesis is that this signal results from contributions to developmental and physiological sex differences, but presently there is limited evidence supporting this model in humans. Another potential driver of this signal is selection for high and/or broad gene expression in both sexes, which are strong predictors of reduced nucleotide substitution rates in mammalian genes. Here, we compared purifying selection and gene expression patterns of human XCI escapers with those of X-inactivated genes in both sexes. When we accounted for the functional status of each ChrX gene’s Y-linked homolog (or “gametolog”), we observed that XCI escapers exhibit greater degrees of purifying selection in the human lineage than X-inactivated genes, as well as higher and broader gene expression than X-inactivated genes across tissues in both sexes. These results highlight a significant role for gene expression in both sexes in driving purifying selection on XCI escapers, and emphasize these genes’ potential importance in human disease.
N*ggas in Paris: hip-hop in exile

ABSTRACTThis essay explores the meaning potentials of the exportation of American commercial rap music (exemplified via rap stars Kanye West and Jay Z) through the metaphorical lens of the discourse of exile. This perspective opens a view to Black aspirations as a vagabond, deviant, unsettled, search for the good life. Using, for example, the uptake of West and Jay Z's song, ‘Niggas in Paris,’ in a socialist party candidate's platform ad to attract aspiring immigrant communities in France, both privileged and disadvantaged diasporic Africans, or Afropolitans, as argued herein, are of the world; but do not, necessarily, experience first-class citizenship, despite the state of their mobility. Additional examinations of digital, sonic, lyrical and material art are undertaken by the author to reveal the search for deeper meaning and freedom among Afrodiasporic populations within the United States and globally.
Post-Miocene subtropical karst evolution, lower Suwannee River basin, Florida

Morphometric characteristics of ∼25 000 karstic depressions suggest that the last phase of the post-Miocene karstic evolution within the lower Suwannee River basin of Florida has been controlled by the lower sea-level stands of the Pleistocene and the formation of the Suwannee River. During the Pleistocene, as interglacial seas retreated, marine terraces formed by sequential sea-level lowstands and the time period of subaerial exposure diminished toward the sea. Consequently, geomorphologically younger karst landforms formed as the elevation of marine terraces decreased. The evolutionary geomorphological development of this heavily karstified region produced more frequent and/or larger and more complex depressions at higher elevations. A geographic information system analysis of morphometric and spatial distribution parameters of the karstic depressions within the lower Suwannee River basin reveals that the Florida karst is represented by broad, shallow depressions with an average density of 6.07/km 2 and an average pitting index of 14.5. Morphometric and spatial distribution parameters of karstic depressions show a great variation within the lower Suwannee River area and thus preclude a simple morphoclimatic classification of karst landforms. The Tertiary carbonate rocks of the subtropical Florida karst have relatively less joint frequency and significant primary porosity, and do not produce the extreme karst landforms observed in the massive limestones of the tropics.
Field comparisons of insecticidal sprays for control of four tomato insects in south Texas.

Few published reports of recent origin deal with evaluation of the newer chemicals for control of insect pests of tomatoes. Studies by Middlekauff and Gonzales (1963) evaluated 10 chemicals for control of various Lepidoptera. Carbaryl and azinphosmethyl were the most promising insecticides included in their experiments. Shorey and Hall (1963) compared 8 common chemicals for general tomato-insect control and leafminer parasite survival. These studies used the degree of larval damage to fruit categorized to larval species as a control criteria. Batiste et al. (1970) evaluated 26 chemicals, including most of the promising recent compounds, for control of tomato pinworm, Keiferia lycopersicella .(Walsingham), in the field and laboratory. The number of larvae found Was used as the criterion of control.
Familial Primary Amenorrhea Due to Testicular Feminization: A Human Gene Affecting Sex Differentiation.∗†

SummaryA female patient with “male pseudohermaphroditism with feminizing testes” had a 46/XY chromosomal constitution, a fact confirming clinical and genetic deductions drawn by previous investigators largely on the basis of pedigree data, and in accord with recent brief reports on the chromosome condition in other such patients. A detailed chromosomal analysis is provided. Some previous cases having similar clinical manifestations had been recognized by previous workers as being caused either by an autosomal dominant or a sex-linked recessive genetic defect. Analysis of pedigrees from similar cases demonstrates the causative gene defect to be not strongly linked to either of 2 sex-linked genes, hemophilia and color blindness. Hence it is probably autosomal. Of particular importance is the finding that in the family of our patient, all female transmitters of the defect for whom data were available exhibited a delayed menarche of approximately 8 years. This situation has been rarely noted previously, and r...
Health and Functioning of Families of Children With Special Health Care Needs Cared for in Home Care, Long-term Care, and Medical Day Care Settings.

ABSTRACT:Objectives:To examine and compare child and parent or guardian physical and mental health outcomes in families with children with special health care needs who have medically complex technology-dependent needs in home care, long-term care (LTC), and medical day care (MDC) settings. The numb
Immunoglobulins (E,M,G) and complement in the connective tissues of the thyroid in Graves's disease.

Abstract When 14 thyroid glands from patients with Graves's disease were studied by immunofluorescence technic, immunofluorescence in focal areas of the stroma was found in all, as well as in the follicular basement membranes in 10. Positive staining was produced by specific antiserums to human immunoglobulins E, M, and G, and complements C1q and C3. Specificity of immunofluorescent staining was confirmed by a series of maneuvers. This includes loss of staining property from sections of thyroid upon elution with acid citrate solution before staining, but not with phosphate-buffered saline elution, and negative staining for fibrinogen (except intravascularly). No staining was found in a variety of control thyroid glands. The connective-tissue localization of complement and immunoglobulins suggests that Graves's disease may be an immune disorder, with possible links to other immune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and nephrosis.
Conformance Testing of IEC 61850 in Substation On-line Monitoring System

The conformance testing is the foundation to ensure interoperability between on-line monitoring intelligent electronic devices(IED)for transformation equipment,and has great significance for the development of on-line monitoring IED and popularization of IEC 61850in smart substation.By analyzing the basic principle of conformance testing,the conformance testing schemes for on-line monitoring device,comprehensive monitoring unit and substation side monitoring unit are proposed,in order to reduce risks of interoperability failure in on-line monitoring system integration process of substation equipment.The conformance simulation testing system is developed,and the implementation methods of IEC 61850object model,abstract communication service interface,manufacturing message specification protocol stack and protocol analyzer have been given.By applying self-developed simulation software tool to comprehensive monitoring unit,substation side monitoring unit and Modbus slave station,the on-line monitoring communication process of capacitive equipment is simulated.Besides, the work flow of conformance testing and analysis results of protocol data unit are given,thus the validity and feasibility of the proposed method are verified.
Mini-laparoscopy and fiber-optic lasers.

SUMMARY The use of the Adair Verres needle and an optical catheter system has enabled us to perform both diagnostic and laser mini-laparoscopy. The prefix mini refers to the fact that the three incisions placed in the abdomen were 3 mm in diameter. There were no complications in our pilot series. Because initial inspections of the abdomen may localize abnormalities such as intestinal adhesions and may show the surgeon a safer approach to subsequent trocar placement, nothing is lost and much may be gained by routinely performing mini-laparoscopy. The picture produced on the video monitor is now of excellent quality and seems likely to improve. In the near future, a three-chip camera, which is able to produce even better resolution, will become available. The further development of 3-mm instrumentation promises additional expansion in operative capability. Although mini-laparoscopy will not replace conventional operative laparoscopy with the 10-mm telescope in the near future, a significant proportion of diagnostic and minimally to moderately involved operative procedures may be safely carried out by this method.
PREDICTIONS OF PULSE-ECHO ULTRASONIC SIGNALS FROM INNER WALL CRACKS IN BWR NOZZLES

Formation of cracks on the inner walls of nozzles of Boiling Water Reactors would be of great concern for nuclear power industry. These nozzles, which connect the piping to the pressure vessel of the nuclear reactors, are therefore inspected periodically using ultrasound. However, there are complications in ultrasonic inspection of such nozzles due to the curvature of these components. Such curvatures can greatly influence the wave propagation through them. Therefore, there is a need for practical beam models to study such complications in these kinds of geometries.
RNA-Based Molecular Sensors for Biosynthetic Pathway Design, Evolution, and Optimization

Abstract Engineered biosynthetic pathways in microbial hosts are often plagued by the metabolic imbalance that results from unregulated heterologous pathway construction. Although great strides have been made in the development of complex genetic control systems, the need for metabolic sensors spans pathway design, evolution, and optimization. Molecular sensors engineered from naturally occurring transcription factors and metabolite-sensing proteins have been shown to increase production titers in biofuel chemical producing pathways. However, many of the small molecule intermediates in these pathways do not have a natural sensor. The wide range of conceivable metabolic targets in biosynthetic pathways begs for a high throughput and customizable framework for the development and screening of programmable sensors. Nature has evolved RNA sequences that fold into functional structures that regulate transcription, translation, and protein expression. Synthetic functional RNAs, such as in vitro selected small-molecule-binding aptamers, have also been successfully engineered to produce predictable and controllable gene expression. This chapter aims to demonstrate the potential of RNA-based molecular sensors, as a means to improve engineered pathway productivity and titers, as well as aid in screening and selecting desired host phenotypes. Specifically, the evolution from metabolite-binding RNA aptamer to biosensor integration into an engineered biosynthetic pathway will be discussed, with a focus on rational and high-throughput design.
Two-Hop Untrusted Relay Channel with an External Eavesdropper under Layered Secrecy Constraints

We consider a Gaussian network consisting of a source that aims to communicate to its legitimate destination via an untrusted relay node in the presence of an external eavesdropper. The source wishes to send two independent messages to the destination: one message must be kept secret from the external eavesdropper only, while the other message must be kept secret from the external eavesdropper and the untrusted relay both. We identify achievable secure rates under these layered secrecy constraints. Considering a two-hop half-duplex setup, we employ the destination as a cooperative jammer in the first phase in order to help provide secrecy from the relay and the external eavesdropper, and the source as a cooperative jammer in the second phase in order to detriment the external eavesdropper. The source encodes its messages using stochastic encoding and security embedding coding. We provide the secrecy analysis and present numerical results to demonstrate the performance of the proposed achievability technique. Our study points to the value of the source serving as a cooperative jammer as well as the need for power control policies at the legitimate nodes in order to ensure secrecy in this system.
Observation of the magnetic C4 phase in Ca1-xNaxFe2As2 and its universality in the hole-doped 122 superconductors

Since its discovery in 2014, the magnetic tetragonal ${C}_{4}$ phase has been identified in a growing number of hole-doped 122 Fe-based superconducting compounds. Exhibiting a unique double-Q magnetic structure and a strong competition with both superconducting and magnetic order parameters, the ${C}_{4}$ phase and the conditions of its formation are of significant interest to understanding the fundamental mechanisms in these materials. Particularly, separating the importance of direct changes to the relative size of hole and electron pockets at the Fermi surface (achieved via charge doping) from the role of structural changes due to differences of ionic radii of dopants is useful to determine the underlying parameter which causes the ${C}_{4}$ instability. Here, we report the discovery of the ${C}_{4}$ phase in a fourth member of the hole-doped 122 materials ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{\text{1-x}}{\mathrm{Na}}_{\text{x}}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{\text{2}}{\mathrm{As}}_{\text{2}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}(0.20\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.50)$ as determined from neutron and x-ray powder diffraction studies. The maximum of the ${C}_{4}$ dome is observed at $x=0.44$ with a reentrant temperature ${T}_{r}=52$ K and an extent of $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Delta}}x\ensuremath{\sim}0.07$ in composition. It is observed that for a range of compositions within the ${C}_{4}$ dome $(0.40\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.42$), there is a second reentrance $({T}_{{r}_{2}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}l\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}{T}_{r})$ where the antiferromagnetic ${C}_{2}$ phase is recovered---a feature previously only seen in ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{\text{1-x}}{\mathrm{K}}_{\text{x}}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{\text{2}}{\mathrm{As}}_{\text{2}}$. A phase diagram is presented for ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{\text{1-x}}{\mathrm{Na}}_{\text{x}}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{\text{2}}{\mathrm{As}}_{\text{2}}$ and compared to the other $\mathrm{Na}$-doped 122's---${A}_{\text{1-x}}{\mathrm{Na}}_{\text{x}}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{\text{2}}{\mathrm{As}}_{\text{2}}$ with $A$ = Ba, Sr, and Ca. The structural parameters for these three systems are compared and the importance of the ``chemical pressure'' due to changing the $A$-site ion ($A$ = Ba, Sr, Ca) is discussed.
Should gratitude be a requirement for access to live organ donation

Gratitude is both expected and problematic in live organ donation. Are there grounds to require it, and to forbid access to live donor transplantation to a recipient who fails to signal that he feels any form of gratitude? Recipient gratitude is not currently required for organ donation, but it is expected and may be a moral requirement. Despite this, we argue that making it a condition for live organ transplantation would be unjustified. It would constitute a problematic and disproportionate punishment for perceived immoral behaviour on the part of the recipient. It would also bar the donor from positive aspects of organ donation that remain even in the absence of recipient gratitude. A potential recipient's lack of gratitude should be explored as a possible symptom of other morally problematic issues and integrated into the information provided to the potential donor. Recognition of the donor's gift and gratitude for it may also need to be expressed in part by others. This last aspect is relevant even in cases where the recipient feels and expresses gratitude.
The role of authoritative and authoritarian parenting in the early academic achievement of Latino students.

Early academic achievement has been shown to predict high school completion, but there have been few studies of the predictors of early academic success focused on Latino students. Using longitudinal data from 750 Mexican and Dominican American families, this study examined a cultural model of parenting and early academic achievement. While Latino students were achieving in the average range as a whole, certain subgroups (e.g., Dominicans, boys) were at higher risk for underachievement. Results highlighted the protective role of authoritative parenting, which was associated with academic and social-emotional school readiness, both of which predicted higher achievement at the end of first grade. The role of respeto and authoritarian parenting practices in academic achievement at first grade differed between Mexican and Dominican American families. Findings advance understanding of early achievement and parenting among Latino families from a cultural perspective. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
Determination of virulence contribution from Phytophthora infestans effector IPI-O4 in a resistant potato host containing the RB gene

Abstract Late blight of potato, caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans , is persistent and costly disease of this important crop plant. Breeders have continually struggled with the evolution and introduction of new pathogen genotypes that threaten to overcome major resistance genes incorporated into new varieties. Wild species relatives of potato have been a valuable resource for the identification of novel resistance genes including the RB gene, from the diploid wild potato species Solanum bulbocastanum . The RB gene confers partial resistance to most P. infestans genotypes through its recognition of members of the corresponding pathogen effector protein family IPI-O. Multiple alleles are present at the IPI-O locus and while some alleles are recognized by RB to elicit host resistance (e.g. IPI-O1, IPI-O2), others are able to elude detection (e.g. IPI-O4). In our previous research, we found that in planta expression of P. infestans effector IPI-O4 is able to suppress the HR elicited by IPI-O1 in the presence of RB. Additionally, we have observed that P. infestans lineages containing IPI-O4 are able to cause more disease on RB plants compared to those without IPI-O4. This led to a hypothesis that the presence of IPI-O4 results in suppression of RB. In this study, we provide evidence that in planta over-expression of IPI-O4 is able to suppress RB-mediated resistance, causing enlarged lesions in RB containing K41 potato lines. The results of this study indicate that even subtle effects from host or pathogen factors during the early stages of infection can heavily influence the ultimate outcome of the interaction.
Mindfulness and Meditation for Adolescents in Educational Settings

Few studies of mindfulness and meditation with adolescent populations were published prior to the year 2000, and many of these early studies took place in school settings. Since that time, a burgeoning literature base on the use of mindfulness practices and meditation programs for adolescents in educational settings has emerged. There are now several standardized and unique school-based mindfulness and meditation programs that are offered for adolescents. This chapter offers information on these divergent programs, including universal, targeted, and intensive programs and practices with an emphasis on those supported by research. A case example highlights application of a mindfulness intervention for a high school student.
Secondary use of electronic health record data for clinical workflow analysis

Objective Outpatient clinics lack guidance for tackling modern efficiency and productivity demands. Workflow studies require large amounts of timing data that are prohibitively expensive to collect through observation or tracking devices. Electronic health records (EHRs) contain a vast amount of timing data - timestamps collected during regular use - that can be mapped to workflow steps. This study validates using EHR timestamp data to predict outpatient ophthalmology clinic workflow timings at Oregon Health and Science University and demonstrates their usefulness in 3 different studies. Materials and methods Four outpatient ophthalmology clinics were observed to determine their workflows and to time each workflow step. EHR timestamps were mapped to the workflow steps and validated against the observed timings. Results The EHR timestamp analysis produced times that were within 3 min of the observed times for >80% of the appointments. EHR use patterns affected the accuracy of using EHR timestamps to predict workflow times. Discussion EHR timestamps provided a reasonable approximation of workflow and can be used for workflow studies. They can be used to create simulation models, analyze EHR use, and quantify the impact of trainees on workflow. Conclusion The secondary use of EHR timestamp data is a valuable resource for clinical workflow studies. Sample timestamp data files and algorithms for processing them are provided and can be used as a template for more studies in other clinical specialties and settings.
Learning Object Grasping for Soft Robot Hands

We present a three-dimensional deep convolutional neural network (3D CNN) approach for grasping unknown objects with soft hands. Soft hands are compliant and capable of handling uncertainty in sensing and actuation, but come at the cost of unpredictable deformation of the soft fingers. Traditional model-driven grasping approaches, which assume known models for objects, robot hands, and stable grasps with expected contacts, are inapplicable to such soft hands, since predicting contact points between objects and soft hands is not straightforward. Our solution adopts a deep CNN approach to find good caging grasps for previously unseen objects by learning effective features and a classifier from point cloud data. Unlike recent CNN models applied to robotic grasping which have been trained on 2D or 2.5D images and limited to a fixed top grasping direction, we exploit the power of a 3D CNN model to estimate suitable grasp poses from multiple grasping directions (top and side directions) and wrist orientations, which has great potential for geometry-related robotic tasks. Our soft hands guided by the 3D CNN algorithm show 87% successful grasping on previously unseen objects. A set of comparative evaluations shows the robustness of our approach with respect to noise and occlusions.
Toward a noninvasive estimate of interstitial fluid pressure by dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in a rat model of cerebral tumor.

PURPOSE This study demonstrates a DCE-MRI estimate of tumor interstitial fluid pressure (TIFP) and hydraulic conductivity in a rat model of glioblastoma, with validation against an invasive wick-in-needle (WIN) technique. An elevated TIFP is considered a mark of aggressiveness, and a decreased TIFP a predictor of response to therapy. METHODS The DCE-MRI studies were conducted in 36 athymic rats (controls and posttreatment animals) with implanted U251 cerebral tumors, and with TIFP measured using a WIN method. Using a model selection paradigm and a novel application of Patlak and Logan plots to DCE-MRI data, the MRI parameters required for estimating TIFP noninvasively were estimated. Two models, a fluid-mechanical model and a multivariate empirical model, were used for estimating TIFP, as verified against WIN-TIFP. RESULTS Using DCE-MRI, the mean estimated hydraulic conductivity (MRI-K) in U251 tumors was (2.3 ± 3.1) × 10-5 (mm2 /mmHg-s) in control studies. Significant positive correlations were found between WIN-TIFP and MRI-TIFP in both mechanical and empirical models. For instance, in the control group of the fluid-mechanical model, MRI-TIFP was a strong predictor of WIN-TIFP (R2 = 0.76, p < .0001). A similar result was found in the bevacizumab-treated group of the empirical model (R2 = 0.93, p = .014). CONCLUSION This research suggests that MRI dynamic studies contain enough information to noninvasively estimate TIFP in this, and possibly other, tumor models, and thus might be used to assess tumor aggressiveness and response to therapy.
Aspartame Consumption for 12 Weeks Does Not Affect Glycemia, Appetite, or Body Weight of Healthy, Lean Adults in a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background Low-calorie sweeteners are often used to moderate energy intake and postprandial glycemia, but some evidence indicates that they may exacerbate these aims. Objective The trial's primary aim was to assess the effect of daily aspartame ingestion for 12 wk on glycemia. Effects on appetite and body weight were secondary aims. Methods One hundred lean [body mass index (kg/m2): 18-25] adults aged 18-60 y were randomly assigned to consume 0, 350, or 1050 mg aspartame/d (ASP groups) in a beverage for 12 wk in a parallel-arm design. At baseline, body weight and composition were determined, a 240-min oral-glucose-tolerance test (OGTT) was administered, and measurements were made of appetite and selected hormones. Participants also collected a 24-h urine sample. During the intervention, the 0-mg/d ASP group consumed capsules containing 680 mg dextrose and 80 mg para-amino benzoic acid. For the 350-mg/d ASP group, the beverage contained 350 mg aspartame and the 1050-mg/d ASP group consumed the same beverage plus capsules containing 680 mg dextrose and 700 mg aspartame. Body weight, blood pressure, heart rate, and waist circumference were measured weekly. At weeks 4, 8, and 12, participants collected 24-h urine samples and kept appetite logs. Baseline measurements were repeated at week 12. Results With the exception of the baseline OGTT glucose concentration at 60 min (and resulting area under the curve value), there were no group differences for glucose, insulin, resting leptin, glucagon-like peptide 1, or gastric inhibitory peptide at baseline or week 12. There also were no effects of aspartame ingestion on appetite, body weight, or body composition. Compliance with the beverage intervention was ∼95%. Conclusions Aspartame ingested at 2 doses for 12 wk had no effect on glycemia, appetite, or body weight among healthy, lean adults. These data do not support the view that aspartame is problematic for the management of glycemia, appetite, or body weight. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02999321.
Thermopower-conductivity relation for distinguishing transport mechanisms: Polaron hopping in CeO 2 and band conduction in SrTiO 3

The charge transport mechanism in a solid is often inferred by observing very simple features like the temperature dependency of electrical conductivity or resistivity. However, comparing complicated physical models to such simple signatures leaves much ambiguity. Because models generally have more parameters than the types of measurements available, inconsistencies can long go unrecognized until the interrelation between different measurements is closely examined. We show that a simple investigation of the thermopower-conductivity relation allows one to phenomenologically characterize transport from experiments; the phenomenologically determined transport function can be compared to physical models to distinguish transport mechanisms and straightforwardly point out inconsistencies in literature models. We highlight two example cases, ceria and strontium titanate, to show that our analysis method can clarify whether the transport mechanism is through hopping or delocalized states. We question previous suggestions about the scattering mechanism in ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ and suggest deformation potential scattering on elongated Fermi surfaces as the origin of high-temperature ${T}^{2}$ resistivity.
Metabolic and Neurologic Changes After Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injury can cause changes and problems apart from those related to the loss of strength and sensation. This article reviews metabolic changes such as hypercalcemia, anemia, and osteoporosis and neurologic changes such as pain and spasticity. These changes can present clinical problems as important as those of motor and sensory deficit.
Case-based teaching of cardiac auscultation

We are developing a computer system to teach medical students and residents the art of listening to the heart for diagnostic clues, known as cardiac auscultation. The Cardiac Auscultation Diagnosis Instruction (CADI) system is designed to teach students both the clinical reasoning needed for effective diagnosis, and the perceptual skills needed for listening to the peculiar sounds of the human heart. Currently, learning auscultation is difficult because it requires students to visualize complex, dynamic structures as they are described by an instructor, and to focus on clinically important sounds in a sonic morass. The CADI environment will provide a realistic setting in which students "learn by doing". Furthermore, the environment will provide support for beginning students while still providing a demanding test for more advanced users. We believe that the computer's multimedia capabilities, together with intelligent tutoring principles grounded in cognitive theory, can help medical students master the challenging skill of auscultation. CADI's design draws on earlier work in case-based reasoning and goal-based scenarios, and their combination in the case-based teaching architecture.
Recurrence after hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome among HIV‐infected and HIV‐uninfected individuals

OBJECTIVES We evaluated the association of HIV infection and immunodeficiency with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) recurrence, and with all-cause mortality as a secondary outcome, after hospitalization for ACS among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study within Kaiser Permanente Northern California of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected adults discharged after ACS hospitalization [types: ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-STEMI, or unstable angina] during 1996-2010. We compared the outcomes of ACS recurrence and all-cause mortality within 3 years, both overall by HIV status and stratified by recent CD4 count, with HIV-uninfected individuals as the reference group. Hazard ratios (HRs) were obtained from Cox regression models with adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, year, ACS type, smoking, and cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS Among 226 HIV-infected and 86 321 HIV-uninfected individuals with ACS, HIV-infected individuals had a similar risk of ACS recurrence compared with HIV-uninfected individuals [HR 1.08; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76-1.54]. HIV infection was independently associated with all-cause mortality after ACS hospitalization overall (HR 2.52; 95% CI 1.81-3.52). In CD4-stratified models, post-ACS mortality was higher for HIV-infected individuals with CD4 counts of 201-499 cells/μL (HR 2.64; 95% CI 1.66-4.20) and < 200 cells/μL (HR 5.41; 95% CI 3.14-9.34), but not those with CD4 counts ≥ 500 cells/μL (HR 0.67; 95% CI 0.22-2.08), compared with HIV-uninfected individuals (P trend < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS HIV infection and immunodeficiency were not associated with recurrence of ACS after hospitalization. All-cause mortality was higher among HIV-infected compared with HIV-uninfected individuals, but there was no excess mortality risk among HIV-infected individuals with high CD4 counts.
Editing the Wiktionary Entry for 'Female'

This is one in a series of “legal fictions” that I have been publishing in law journals. It concerns the roles that law, art, and language play in the manufacture and destruction of female identity.
3D printing for congenital heart disease: a single site’s initial three-yearexperience

3D printing is an ideal manufacturing process for creating patient-matched models (anatomical models) for surgical and interventional planning. Cardiac anatomical models have been described in numerous case studies and journal publications. However, few studies attempt to describe wider impact of the novel planning augmentation tool. The work here presents the evolution of an institution’s first 3 full years of 3D prints following consistent integration of the technology into clinical workflow (2012–2014) - a center which produced 79 models for surgical planning (within that time frame). Patient outcomes and technology acceptance following implementation of 3D printing were reviewed. A retrospective analysis was designed to investigate the anatomical model’s impact on time-based surgical metrics. A contemporaneous cohort of standard-of-care pre-procedural planning (no anatomical models) was identified for comparative analysis. A post-surgery technology acceptance assessment was also employed in a smaller subset to measure perceived efficacy of the anatomical models. The data was examined. Within the timeframe of the study, 928 primary-case cardiothoracic surgeries (encompassing both CHD and non-CHD surgeries) took place at the practicing pediatric hospital. One hundred sixty four anatomical models had been generated for various purposes. An inclusion criterion based on lesion type limited those with anatomic models to 33; there were 113 cases matching the same criterion that received no anatomical model. Time-based metrics such as case length-of-time showed a mean reduction in overall time for anatomical models. These reductions were not statistically significant. The technology acceptance survey did demonstrate strong perceived efficacy. Anecdotal vignettes further support the technology acceptance. The anatomical models demonstrate trends for reduced operating room and case length of time when compared with similar surgeries in the same time-period; in turn, these reductions could have significant impact on patient outcomes and operating room economics. While analysis did not yield robust statistical powering, strong Cohen’s d values suggest poor powering may be more related to sample size than non-ideal outcomes. The utility of planning with an anatomical model is further supported by the technology acceptance study which demonstrated that surgeons perceive the anatomical models to be an effective tool in surgical planning for a complex CHD repair. A prospective multi-center trial is currently in progress to further validate or reject these findings.
Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS, formerly known as Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome) is a rare and complex congenital vascular disorder affecting multiple organ systems. Although the etiology remains unclear, the syndrome is characterized by hypertrophy and/or atrophy of the extremities and vascular malformations throughout the body. During pregnancy, hemorrhage may occur. Prior to initiation of labor analgesia or anesthesia, imaging is recommended to determine the presence of spinal vascular malformations.
Use of static magnetic fields to increase CO2 biofixation by the microalga Chlorella fusca

Abstract This study aimed to use different conditions of magnetic field (MF) application during Chlorella fusca cultivation and evaluate CO2 biofixation by the microalga through growth kinetics in addition to the biomass composition. For this purpose, we tested different MF intensities applied for 1 h d−1 and for 24 h. Cultures exposed to the MF for 1 h d−1 (in both intensities) had greater biomass concentrations (1.42 g L−1) and 34% more productivity in the same time as the control assay. The biofixation rate increased by 50% with 60 mT for 1 h d−1, and the protein content was enhanced by 30 mT (56.21% w w−1). This study was the first to consider the MF effect on CO2 biofixation. MF applied for 1 h d−1 proved to be an efficient alternative method to increase the CO2 biofixation and growth of C. fusca besides to be an inexpensive and nontoxic method.
Cataract risk in US radiologic technologists assisting with fluoroscopically guided interventional procedures: A retrospective cohort study

Objectives To assess radiation exposure-related work history and risk of cataract and cataract surgery among radiologic technologists assisting with fluoroscopically guided interventional procedures (FGIP). Methods This retrospective study included 35 751 radiologic technologists who reported being cataract-free at baseline (1994–1998) and completed a follow-up questionnaire (2013–2014). Frequencies of assisting with 21 types of FGIP and use of radiation protection equipment during five time periods (before 1970, 1970–1979, 1980–1989, 1990–1999, 2000–2009) were derived from an additional self-administered questionnaire in 2013–2014. Multivariable-adjusted relative risks (RRs) for self-reported cataract diagnosis and cataract surgery were estimated according to FGIP work history. Results During follow-up, 9372 technologists reported incident physician-diagnosed cataract; 4278 of incident cases reported undergoing cataract surgery. Technologists who ever assisted with FGIP had increased risk for cataract compared with those who never assisted with FGIP (RR: 1.18, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.25). Risk increased with increasing cumulative number of FGIP; the RR for technologists who assisted with >5000 FGIP compared with those who never assisted was 1.38 (95% CI 1.24 to 1.53; p trend 3 feet (>0.9 m) (RRs for >5000 at ≤3 feet vs never FGIP were 1.48, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.74 and 1.15, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.35, respectively; pdifference=0.04). Similar risks, although not statistically significant, were observed for cataract surgery. Conclusion Technologists who reported assisting with FGIP, particularly high-volume FGIP within 3 feet of the patient, had increased risk of incident cataract. Additional investigation should evaluate estimated dose response and medically validated cataract type.
Role of Fe2O3 in fly ash surrogate on PCDD/Fs formation from 2-monochlorophenol

Abstract The correlation between the content and morphology of Fe2O3 and the yields of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) was studied in this work. Three fly ash surrogates containing 1%, 2.5%, and 4% of Fe2O3 were prepared and their effects on PCDD/Fs formation were investigated and compared to our previously studied 5% iron oxide sample using 2-monochlorophenol precursor model. As the intermediate of PCDD/Fs, environmentally persistent free radical formation propensity was correlated with the PCDD/Fs formation yields for different iron oxide samples. PCDD/Fs yield increases exponentially with the increasing iron content under pyrolytic conditions. On the contrary, low iron oxide content promotes oxidation and lowers yields of PCDD/Fs. Changing iron oxide clusters' morphology (crystallinity and cluster size) affects the mechanism of PCDD/Fs formation – on larger crystallites, a bidentate chemisorption of precursor is preferred leading to lower chlorinated congeners, while smaller clusters promote formation of PCDFs through mixed monodentate-bidentate surface species, resulting in formation of congeners with 1 chlorine more. This study further confirms the propensity of iron oxide to predominantly form PCDFs. The iron content also defines PCDDs:PCDFs ratio.
The Hyoid Bone Syndrome

Various causes of head and neck pain have been described in the literature. In 1954 Brown described a so-called hyoid bone syndrome, ie, tenderness at the site of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. His paper, however, did not offer any definitive treatment. In 1968 Steinmann reported the hyoid bone syndrome as a form of "insertion tendinois," for which he recommended the use of procaine hydrochloride injection with corticosteroid at the tip of the greater hyoid cornu for relief of pain. The relief, however, was temporary. The purpose of this paper is to present the symptom complex of the hyoid bone syndrome, its diagnosis by exclusion, and excision of the greater cornu in 18 patients for permanent relief of head and neck pain.
S 3 DET: Detecting System Symmetry Constraints for Analog Circuits with Graph Similarity

Symmetry and matching between critical building blocks have a significant impact on analog system performance. However, there is limited research on generating system level symmetry constraints. In this paper, we propose a novel method of detecting system symmetry constraints for analog circuits with graph similarity. Leveraging spectral graph analysis and graph centrality, the proposed algorithm can be applied to circuits and systems of large scale and different architectures. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work in detecting system level symmetry constraints for analog and mixed-signal (AMS) circuits. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve high accuracy of 88.3% with low false alarm rate of less than 1.1% in largescale AMS designs.
Defending and Harnessing the Bit-Flip Based Adversarial Weight Attack

Recently, a new paradigm of the adversarial attack on the quantized neural network weights has attracted great attention, namely, the Bit-Flip based adversarial weight attack, aka. Bit-Flip Attack (BFA). BFA has shown extraordinary attacking ability, where the adversary can malfunction a quantized Deep Neural Network (DNN) as a random guess, through malicious bit-flips on a small set of vulnerable weight bits (e.g., 13 out of 93 millions bits of 8-bit quantized ResNet-18). However, there are no effective defensive methods to enhance the fault-tolerance capability of DNN against such BFA. In this work, we conduct comprehensive investigations on BFA and propose to leverage binarization-aware training and its relaxation -- piece-wise clustering as simple and effective countermeasures to BFA. The experiments show that, for BFA to achieve the identical prediction accuracy degradation (e.g., below 11\% on CIFAR-10), it requires 19.3x and 480.1x more effective malicious bit-flips on ResNet-20 and VGG-11 respectively, compared to defend-free counterparts.
Ethiopia’s 2006 Legal Education Reform Programme: Aspirations and Standards

Ethiopia’s Legal Education Reform Programme (launched in 2006) was based on series of studies which identified the problems in Ethiopia’s legal education, the causes and consequences of the problems and the standards that are required to be attained by law schools. After more than a decade, however, the level of compliance with the standards is still an issue of concern. This calls for self-assessment by each law school based on check-list regarding (i) the level of awareness about the standards for Ethiopian law schools, (ii) standards that are partly achieved and should be enhanced, (iii) what has not been achieved and should be pursued, and (iv) the problems that have been aggravated. Such self-assessment requires closer examination into the entry point (i.e., student admission and academic staff employment), inputs, processes, student-learning environment, and outputs. This article discusses the factors that necessitated the 2006 legal education reform programme and examines the core elements of the reform without, however, dealing with the details on achievements and challenges. Key terms Legal education · Quality · Standards · LL.B programmes · Reform · Ethiopia
"It is Sometimes Soul-Destroying": Doctors' Reflections on Unemployment and Health in Thatcher's Britain.

Through an analysis of two sets of writing in the British Medical Journal from the 1980s, this article explores relationships between unemployment and health. “Unemployment in My Practice,” published in 1981, was a series of nine short essays by general practitioners from across the United Kingdom. This was followed by “Occupationless Health” in 1985, made up of fourteen essays, composed by the assistant editor of the journal, Dr. Richard Smith. Both series demonstrate how deeply frustrating it was for doctors to confront mass unemployment in light of the policy decisions of the Thatcher government. They present a call to medical practitioners to be aware of the health dimensions of unemployment and a growing sensitivity to the lives of working-class patients. Rich with perceptions about the relationships among work, gender, class, age, and health, these essays argue that unemployment was not just an economic problem, but one doctors needed to monitor. Doctors found their professional identities shaped in new ways by their broader economic and cultural contexts.