cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Edith Guerrier: “A Little [Warrior] Woman of New England” on behalf of U.S. public documents, 1870–1958

Abstract An exemplary independent woman for many and still a role model for some gay and lesbian couples today, Edith Guerrier contributed to the popular use of government documents in the first half of the 20th century. Part of a long-term Boston marriage with Edith Brown (1872–1932), Guerrier served at the Boston Public Library; in the U.S. Food Administration; and on the Public Documents Committee of the American Library Association. On the cutting edge of her profession in the 1920s, she led the patriotic movement to popularize government documents, created a precursor to the U.S. Government Manual; and collected some of the earliest data on actual document use. Throughout her 40-year career, she championed life and work skills, especially literacy, among young women and the public's use of documents rather than libraries archiving such material.
Drug Dosage in Dialysis Patients

The elimination of most drugs and their metabolites is completely or partially dependent on renal excretion. Pharmacologie action is related to free drug concentration achieved at tissue receptor sites. To avert drug accumulation and possible toxicity, proper consideration must be taken when prescribing dosage regimens for patients with renal failure. Awareness of basic pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles is necessary to understand the alterations in drug metabolism and elimination that occur in uremia (1, 2). Typically, dialysis patients receive more than eight different medications (2). Adverse drug reactions occur more frequently in patients with renal insufficiency compared to nonazotemic hospitalized patient (3). This chapter addresses the principles relating to rational drug therapy in dialysis patients
Interaction between microsomal electron transfer pathways.

In the past few years our interests have expanded from the mixed function oxidase in a narrow sense of the system to microsomal electron transfer systems in a broad sense. Back in 1965–66, Herbert Remmer, Ron Estabrook and I were studying the effect of substrate addition to microsomes, spectrophotometrically. We found (1) that in the presence of NADPH the hexobarbital Type I spectral trough was enlarged and shifted to longer wavelengths (Figure 1). Remmer later subtracted out the spectrum in the presence of NADPH from that in its absence, (curve c) and concluded that the shift and enlargement of the spectral change was due to a decrease in the extent of reduction of cytochrome b in the sample cuvette. Cytochrome b5, although reducible by NADPH, is reduced more rapidly and completely by NADH. For example, in Figure 2, we see that NADPH will reduce cytochrome b5 to about 98% of the NADH reducible level. In actuality this value is variable; on occasion NADPH addition only reduced cytochrome b5 to 75% of the NADH level.
Accuracy, Transferability, and Efficiency of Coarse-Grained Models of Molecular Liquids.

Coarse-graining (CG) approaches are becoming essential tools in the study of complex systems because they can considerably speed up computer simulations, with the promise of determining properties in a range of length scales and time scales never before possible. While much progress in this field has been achieved in recent years, application of CG methods is still inhibited by the limited understanding of a number of conceptual points that need to be resolved to open up the field of CG to a wide range of applications in material science and biology. In this paper, we present some of the key findings that emerged from the development of the integral equation theory of coarse-graining (IECG), which addresses some of the fundamental questions in coarse-graining. Although the IECG method pertains to the CG of polymer liquids, and specifically homopolymer melts are illustrated here, many of the results that emerge from the study of the IECG approach are general and apply to the CG of any molecular liquid. Thr...
Visualizing Bring-backs:

The figure plots the number of articles that have attempted to “bring” something “back in” in the social sciences by publication year and number of citations. Andrew Abbott, taking a (pessimistic) ...
A survey on addressing high-class imbalance in big data

In a majority–minority classification problem, class imbalance in the dataset(s) can dramatically skew the performance of classifiers, introducing a prediction bias for the majority class. Assuming the positive (minority) class is the group of interest and the given application domain dictates that a false negative is much costlier than a false positive, a negative (majority) class prediction bias could have adverse consequences. With big data, the mitigation of class imbalance poses an even greater challenge because of the varied and complex structure of the relatively much larger datasets. This paper provides a large survey of published studies within the last 8 years, focusing on high-class imbalance (i.e., a majority-to-minority class ratio between 100:1 and 10,000:1) in big data in order to assess the state-of-the-art in addressing adverse effects due to class imbalance. In this paper, two techniques are covered which include Data-Level (e.g., data sampling) and Algorithm-Level (e.g., cost-sensitive and hybrid/ensemble) Methods. Data sampling methods are popular in addressing class imbalance, with Random Over-Sampling methods generally showing better overall results. At the Algorithm-Level, there are some outstanding performers. Yet, in the published studies, there are inconsistent and conflicting results, coupled with a limited scope in evaluated techniques, indicating the need for more comprehensive, comparative studies.
A Synchronized Current-Comparator Bridge for the Calibration of Analog Merging Units

A synchronized current-comparator bridge for calibrating analog merging units at power frequencies of 60 and 50 Hz is described. Analog merging units take analog signals from instrument transformers, convert them into digital form, pack the sampled values into Ethernet frames conforming to the IEC 61850-9-2 LE specification, and stream the frames to other equipment in a digital substation for further processing. Since the sampled values are used for protection and metering, the merging units need to be calibrated. The expanded uncertainties ( $k = 2$ ) of the described calibration system are estimated to be better than $15~\mu \text{V}$ /V for voltage magnitude, $15~\mu \text{A}$ /A for current magnitude, and $60~\mu $ rad for phase of either voltage or current.
Sex ratios in the haplodiploid herbivores, Aleyrodidae and Thysanoptera: A review and tools for study

Abstract Sex allocation studies in hymenopterans have been used to test adaptive predictions, to predict the quality of biological control agents, to theorize how eusociality is maintained, and to predict population dynamics. Almost all hymenopterans are haplodiploid, so mothers may have an ability to adaptively adjust sex allocation. The insect order Thysanoptera (thrips) and the Hemipteran family Aleyrodidae (whiteflies) are also haplodiploid and include important agricultural pests, but have been the subject of comparatively few sex allocation studies. This review summarizes studies of Aleyrodidae and Thysanoptera sex ratios as influenced by temperature, host plant, nutrition, conspecifics, competitors, endosymbionts, predators, parasitoids and other pathogens. Sex ratio influences were reported in studies testing effects of temperature, host plant, conspecifics, competitors, bacterial endosymbionts and a fungal pathogen. Viruses, predators, and parasitoids were not found to affect sex ratios in Aleyrodidae and Thysanoptera, although not many studies have collected the data to assess these factors. Because sex ratio studies in Thysanoptera and Aleyrodidae have only recorded secondary, adult or operational sex ratios instead of primary sex ratios at oviposition, differential developmental mortality is a potential confounding variable for interpreting all of these records, and it is difficult to confirm whether sex ratios reflect sex allocation. To conclude whether sex allocation by mothers is taking place, primary sex ratios need to be recorded. Our review refers to a cytogenetic and survival assay to find primary sex ratios or confirm differential developmental mortality in these haplodiploid organisms.
Indirect rule redux: the political economy of diamond mining and its relation to the Ebola outbreak in Kono District, Sierra Leone.

This article explores the relationship between the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak and the political economy of diamond mining in Kono District, Sierra Leone. The authors argue that foreign companies have recycled colonial strategies of indirect rule to facilitate the illicit flow of resources out of Sierra Leone. Drawing on field research conducted during the outbreak and in its aftermath, they show how this 'indirect rule redux' undermines democratic governance and the development of revenue-generation institutions. Finally, they consider the linkages between indirect rule and the Ebola outbreak, vis-a-vis the consequences of the region's intentionally underdeveloped health care infrastructure and the scaffolding of outbreak containment onto the paramount chieftaincy system.
Prevalence of antenatal suicidal ideation among racially and ethnically diverse WIC enrolled women receiving care in a Midwestern public health clinic.

Abstract Background Suicidal ideation (SI) during pregnancy is a major maternal health concern, however few examinations report findings on the burden of SI among low-income women. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation among a sample of low-income women. Methods A cross-sectional analysis of 736 low-income pregnant women enrolled in a Women Infant and Children supplemental nutrition program and a perinatal depression registry between 2013 and 2015. All participants provided informed consent. SI was captured from Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) screens administered during standard clinic visits. Results The prevalence of suicidal ideation was 4.6%. After adjusting for smoking, women with depression were 13 times as likely to report SI. Limitations SI was measured using a single item from the EPDS during pregnancy. Conclusions This study indicates that most, but not all, women with SI reported elevated depressive symptoms.
Associations between physical activity and eating-disorder psychopathology among individuals categorised with binge-eating disorder and bulimia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE While physical activity (PA) is known to have positive effects on psychological and physical health, little is understood about the association between non-compensatory PA (ie, not compulsive or intended to control weight or shape) and psychopathology among individuals with eating-disorder features. The present study explored associations between non-compensatory PA and psychopathology among adults categorised with bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge-eating disorder (BED). We further explored the association between compensatory PA and psychopathology among those who engaged in that form of "purging." METHOD Participants were recruited through Mechanical Turk, an online recruitment platform. Individuals categorised with core features of BED (N = 138) and BN (N = 138) completed measures of eating-disorder psychopathology (Eating Disorder Examination - Questionnaire [EDE-Q] and Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns - 5), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire - 2) and PA (both non-compensatory and compensatory, measured using the EDE-Q and Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire). RESULTS Engagement in non-compensatory PA was associated with lower frequency of binge-eating episodes, lower overvaluation of shape/weight and lower dissatisfaction with shape/weight (Ps < .05). Engagement in compensatory PA was related to greater frequency of binge-eating episodes and greater restraint (Ps < .05). DISCUSSION Non-compensatory PA was associated with lower eating-disorder psychopathology. This suggests that PA is an important, though understudied, health behaviour among persons with features of BED and BN. Future research should examine the potential role of non-compensatory PA in interventions for individuals with core features of these eating disorders.
Employers’ Intent to Hire People Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired: A Test of the Theory of Planned Behavior:

The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in explaining employers’ hiring intentions of people who are blind or visually impaired (B/VI). Particip...
Aperture-Level Simultaneous Transmit and Receive With Digital Phased Arrays

While purely digital phased arrays were once discarded as simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) capable platforms, this notion has recently been reconsidered. Previous work demonstrated that adaptive digital beamforming and digital self-interference cancellation (SIC) can enable transmitting and receiving subapertures in an array to operate simultaneously in the same frequency band. This approach, referred to as Aperture-Level Simultaneous Transmit and Receive (ALSTAR), uses only adaptive digital beamforming and digital SIC techniques. The ALSTAR architecture does not require custom radiators or analog canceling circuits that can increase front end losses and add significant size, weight, and cost to the array. This paper extends the previously proposed effective isotropic isolation (EII) metric to account for fixed dynamic range transmit and receive channels. An alternating optimization procedure that exploits the interdependence of the transmit and receive beamformers is proposed based on the symmetry of the EII metric, achieving higher EII than in previous work. This optimization procedure balances the goal of null-placement for interference and noise rejection with the goal of maintaining high transmit and receive gain. Simulated results are presented for a $\mathbf {50}$ -element array that achieves $\mathbf {187.1}$ dB of EII in narrowband operation with $\mathbf {2500}$ W of transmit power. We explore the effectiveness of the architecture and proposed optimization methods by demonstrating the high EII achieved across the full scan space of the array at several transmit power levels. Results are also presented for a regularized version of the beamformer optimization problem that allows the designer to trade EII for array gain.
Defect structure process maps for laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing

Abstract Accurate detection, characterization, and prediction of defects has great potential for immediate impact in the production of fully-dense and defect free metal additive manufacturing (AM) builds. Accordingly, this paper presents Defect Structure Process Maps (DSPMs) as a means of quantifying the role of porosity as an exemplary defect structure in powder bed printed materials. Synchrotron-based micro-computed tomography (μSXCT) was used to demonstrate that metal AM defects follow predictable trends within processing parameter space for laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) materials. Ti-6Al-4 V test blocks were fabricated on an EOS M290 utilizing variations in laser power, scan velocity, and hatch spacing. In general, characteristic under-melting or lack-of-fusion defects were discovered in the low laser power, high scan velocity region of process space via μSXCT. These defects were associated with insufficient overlap between adjacent melt tracks and can be avoided through the application of a lack-of-fusion criterion using melt pool geometric modeling. Large-scale keyhole defects were also successfully mitigated for estimated melt pool morphologies associated with shallow keyhole front wall angles. Process variable selections resulting in deep keyholes, i.e., high laser power and low scan velocity, exhibit a substantial increase of spherical porosity as compared to the nominal (manufacturer recommended) processing parameters for Ti-6Al-4 V. Defects within fully-dense process space were also discovered, and are associated with gas porosity transfer to the AM test blocks during the laser-powder interaction. Overall, this work points to the fact that large-scale defects in LPBF materials can be successfully predicted and thus mitigated/minimized via appropriate selection of processing parameters.
The Freedom Schools: Student Activists in the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement

There are summers that define generations and remain in the collective American memory. The summer of 2020 will be remembered as the summer of COVID-19, and as the summer of social unrest. Against ...
The Deutschland Series: Cold War Nostalgia for Transnational Audiences

How do you explain the Cold War to a generation who did not live through it? For Jorg and Anna Winger, co-creators and showrunners of the Deutschland series, you bring it to life on television. Part pop culture reference, part spy thriller, and part existential crisis, the Wingers’ Cold War is a fun, fast-paced story, “sunny and slick and full of twenty-something eye candy.” A coproduction of Germany's UFA Fiction and Sundance TV in the United States, the show premiered at the 2015 Berlinale before appearing on American and German television screens later that year. Especially popular in the United Kingdom, it sold widely on the transnational market. It has been touted as a game-changer for the German television industry for breaking new ground for the German television industry abroad and expanding the possibilities of dramatic storytelling in Germany, and is credited with unleashing a new wave of German (historical) dramas including Babylon Berlin, Dark, and a new production of Das Boot.
Bohemia – A Validator for Parser Frameworks

Parsing is ubiquitous in software projects, ranging from small command-line utilities, highly secure network clients, to large compilers. Programmers are provided with a plethora of parsing libraries to choose from. However, implementation bugs in parsing libraries allow the generation of incorrect parsers, which in turn may allow malicious inputs to crash systems or launch security exploits. In this paper we describe a lightweight validation framework called Bohemia that a parsing library developer can use as a tool in a toolkit for integration testing. The framework makes use of the concept of Equivalence Modulo Inputs (EMI) in order to generate mutated input grammars to stress test the parsing library. We also describe the result of evaluating Bohemia with a set of parsing libraries that utilize distinct parsing algorithms. During the evaluation, we found a number of bugs in those libraries. Some of those have been reported to and fixed by developers.
Determining the efficacy of the bovine amniotic membrane homogenate during the healing process in rabbits' ex vivo corneas.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of bovine amniotic membrane homogenate (BAMH) on wounded ex vivo rabbit corneas. PROCEDURE Eighteen corneas obtained from normal rabbit eyes were wounded equally using a 6 mm trephine and cultured into an air-liquid interface model. Corneas were treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (n = 6, control group), 0.2% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA; n = 6), or BAMH (n = 6). All treatments were applied topically 6 times/day. Each cornea was macrophotographed daily with and without fluorescein stain to assess epithelialization and haziness. After 7 days, corneal transparency was evaluated, and the tissues prepared for histologic analysis of viability, and total and epithelial thickness. RESULTS The mean epithelialization time was 6.2 ± 0.82 days for the control group, 6.2 ± 0.75 days for the EDTA-treated group, and 5.1 ± 0.40 days for the BAMH-treated group, demonstrating a significant difference between the BAMH and the other groups. The corneas that received EDTA had better transparency compared with the other groups. Histologically, all corneas had adequate morphology and architecture after healing. Analysis of corneal and epithelial thickness revealed no significant difference among groups. CONCLUSION Bovine amniotic membrane homogenate is an effective and promising treatment for stromal and epithelial ulcers.
Different Approaches to Dendritic Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy

In this chapter, we discuss the development of cancer vaccines, using as an example a vaccine based on dendritic cells transduced with wild-type p53. We discuss requirements for tumor-associated antigens, antigen carriers, and selection of patients. Theoretical considerations are supported by specific experiments testing p53 vaccine in preclinical settings in vitro and in vivo.
A Technology Assessment of Light Emitting Diode (LED) Solid-State Lighting for General Illumination

Innovative technologies can play a major role in curbing emissions of GHG that contribute to global climate change. Solid-state lighting (SSL) is one recent example of an innovative technology, which has received considerable attention in the last several years. This emerging lighting technology has tremendous potential to become significantly more energy-efficient than lighting technologies that are currently used, such as incandescent and fluorescent lighting. The purpose of this report is to provide an overview on SSL technology for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and to serve as a reference for future work in this technology area. This report was prepared using the methodological approach of a “technology assessment”. An overview of SSL is provided, and the drivers and barriers to its use as general illumination lighting are discussed. The report also highlights both potential environmental benefits and negative impacts, which might accompany the development and use of this emerging technology.
Membrane marker enzymes. Characterization of an arylesterase of guinea pig cerebral cortex utilizing p-nitrophenyl acetate as substrate.

1. 1. A guinea pig cerebral cortex esterase (EC 3.1.1.2) was purified 1372.5-fold with a recovery of 62.2% by centrifugation, (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, and chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and Sephadex G-200. 2. 2. The purified enzyme preparation was free of acetylcholinesterase activity (EC 3.1.1.7). 3. 3. The reaction was dependent on MnCl2, had an optimum pH of 7.6, was linear with added enzyme protein to 2.0 μg protein, and was linear with incubation time up to 80 min. 4. 4. No ion would substitute for Mn2+ in the assay except for Cd2+, which did so partially. Several divalent cations were very inhibitory to the reaction, the order of greatest inhibition being Cu2+ = Hg2+ > Fe2+ > Ca2+ + Pb2+ > Co2+; Mg2+ and Cd2+ did not inhibit the arylesterase. 5. 5. Enrichment of the enzyme was found in the synaptosomal fraction of the cerebral cortex and the highest activity of the arylesterase in the subsynaptosomal fraction was in the microsomal fraction. 6. 6. The purified arylesterase fraction showed isoelectric points of pH 5.1 and 5.8; molecular weights of 78 000, 180 000; and a Km apparent value of 0.43 μM and a V value of 1.42 μmoles/h per mg protein.
Performance evaluation of FDDI

Using simulation, it is shown that two changes to the fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) protocol suggested by K.C. Sevcik and M.J. Johnson (1987) will simplify the protocol and improve the performance of synchronous traffic by reducing its mean latency. The first change requires that an asynchronous frame must be able to be sent in its entirety in the time remaining before the token rotation timer expires. The second change causes the token rotation timer to be reset to zero on every arrival, including late ones, thereby discarding token lateness instead of accumulating it. >
Fractionation of polymers using simple and counter‐current liquid‐liquid equilibration

A number of polyether glycols have been fractionated by liquid-liquid extraction. The polymers fractionated were polypropylene ether-glycol, mol. wt. 700, 1200, 1900, 2600, 3000; polyethylene ether-glycol, mol.wt. 9,000 and 29,000; a modified polyethylene etherglycol, mol. wt. 20,000; and “Teracol”, a polyalkylene ether-glycol, mol. wt. 3000. The molecular weights of many of the fractions were determined. The theoretical POISSON distribution was confirmed for the lowest molecular-weight polypropylene ether glycol. It was found that the polyether glycols deviated substantially from the predicted phase equilibrium behavior for polymers. The deviation was traced to the solubility differences of the hydroxyl end-groups between hydrogen-bonding and non hydrogen-bonding solvents. This extraction procedure seems to be a general efficient method for fractionation of polyether glycols. Only a few stages of extraction are necessary to achieve an excellent fractionation. Eine Zahl von Polyatherglykolen wurden mit Hilfe der Flussigkeitsverteilungs-Extraktion fraktioniert. Die fraktionierten Polymeren waren Polypropylenatherglykole mit den Molekulargewichten 700, 1200, 1900, 2600, 3000; ein Polyathylenatherglykol mit dem Molekulargewicht 20 000; und Teracol, ein Polyalkylenatherglykol, vom Molekulargewicht 3000. Die Molekulargewichte vieler Fraktionen wurden gemessen. Beim Polypropylenatherglykol mit dem niedrigsten Molekulargewicht wurde eine ubereinstimmung mit der theoretischen POISSON-Verteilung erzielt. Die Polyatherglykole zeigten erhebliche Abweichungen von dem theoretischen Phasenverteilungsgleichgewicht makromolekularer Stoffe. Die Abweichung wurde dem Loslichkeitsunterschied der Hydroxylgruppen in den Losungsmitteln, die Wasserstoffbrucken bilden, und den Losungsmitteln, die keine Wasserstoffbrucken, bilden, zugeschrieben. Diese Extraktion erwies sich als eine allgemein wirksame Methode fur die Fraktionierung von Polyatherglykolen. Schon nach wenigen Extraktionsstufen wird eine ausgezeichnete Trennung erreicht.
Semiclassical quantum mechanics for coherent states

For certain Gaussian states we present a simple approximate evolution which is asymptotic to the Schrodinger evolution as → O.In 3 or more dimensions our error estimates are uniform in time if the potential is suitably chosen. Consequently, our methods apply to scattering theory. The approximate evolution is obtained by using the Trotter Product Formula and the second order Taylor expansion of the potential about the center of the wave packet.
Endoscopic Valves and Irrigation Devices for Flexible Ureteroscopy: Is There a Difference?

Abstract Background and Purpose: A variety of ureteroscopic irrigation systems are available, ranging from gravity-driven pressure bags to hand-operated pumps. Endoscopic valves maintain a watertight seal during ureteroscopy (URS) while facilitating passage of instruments. The clinical utility and ergonomics of such devices have not been established. We systematically compare the mechanical properties and usability of select valve devices and hand-operated irrigation systems in an in vitro setting. Materials and Methods: In vitro testing of four different endoscopic valves: UroSeal adjustable endoscopic valve (US Urology), adjustable biopsy port seal (Gyrus ACMI), Blue Silicone Seal ACMI CS B612 (Gyrus ACMI), and REF ABP Biopsy Port Seal (ACMI Corporation) was performed. Usability was evaluated via insertion/extraction forces and insertion time for instruments, including a straight tip sensor wire, 0.035″, (Boston Scientific), a laser fiber (Flexiva 200, Boston Scientific), and an Ngage Nitinol Stone Extr...
An application of the bivariate pseudolikelihood to texture synthesis

Texture is envisioned as a realization of a Markov random field defined on a square lattice. The model used incorporates both local and global interactions. A modification of the bivariate pseudolikelihood method of parameter estimation is proposed, and the convergence properties of the resulting estimators are examined. The estimated parameters are used to generate textures which are visually compared to those originating from the actual model. >
Mucin degradation in human colon ecosystems. Degradation of hog gastric mucin by fecal extracts and fecal cultures

The enteric flora of rats plays a major role in the degradation of their gut mucin glycoproteins, but the role of human enteric flora in degrading gut mucin glycoprotein has not been as well defined. We have studied the degradation of hog gastric mucin, which is structurally similar to human gastric mucin, in anaerobic human fecal cultures and by partially purified enzyme fractions from human fecal extracts and anaerobic culture supernates. Extensive degradation of the mucin carbohydrate moieties occurred in all systems, but the degradation of mucin protein was less. During a 48-h incubation, the average percent degradation of mucin carbohydrates and mucin protein were respectively 96% and 57% in eight fecal cultures, 66% and 15% by four fecal culture supernates, and 78% and 43% by three fecal extracts. Degradation of mucin protein was greater during bacterial growth in fecal cultures than during incubation with fecal culture supernates, suggesting that bacterial protease activity was predominantly cell bound. We conclude that, as in the rat, the human enteric microflora degrades mucin carbohydrate moieties extensively and the mucin protein to a lesser extent.
Antioxidant Sestrin-2 Redistribution to Neuronal Soma in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

Sestrin-2 is involved in p53-dependent antioxidant defenses and in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. We hypothesize that sestrin-2 expression is altered in the brains of subjects diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) due to neuronal oxidative stress. We studied sestrin-2 immunoreactivity in 42 isocortex sections from HIV-1-infected subjects compared to 18 age-matched non-HIV controls and 19 advanced Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases. With HIV infection, the sestrin-2 immunoreactivity pattern shifted from neuropil predominance (N) to neuropil and neuronal-soma co-dominance (NS) and neuronal-soma predominance (S; P < 0.0001, Chi-square test for linear trend). Among HIV cases showing the NS or S pattern, HAND cases were preferentially associated with the S pattern (n = 10 of 20) compared to cognitively intact cases (n = 1 of 11; P = 0.047, Fisher's exact test). In AD brains, sestrin-2 immunoreactivity was mostly intense in the neuropil and co-localized with phospho-Tau immunoreactivity in a subset of neurofibrillary lesions. Phospho-Tau-immunoreactive neurofibrillary lesions were rare in HIV cases and their occurrence was not associated with HAND. Levels of isocortical 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (marker of nucleic acid oxidation) immunoreactivity were not significantly altered in HAND cases compared to cognitively intact HIV cases. In conclusion, the sestrin-2 immunoreactivity redistribution to neuronal soma in HAND suggests unique involvement of sestrin-2 in the pathophysiology of HAND, which is different from the role of sestrin-2 in AD pathogenesis. Alternatively, the difference in sestrin-2 immunoreactivity distribution between HAND and AD may be related to different degrees of severity or stages of oxidative stress.
A Simulation Study of Mediated Effect Measures

Analytical solutions for point and variance estimators of the mediated effect, the ratio of the mediated to the direct effect, and the proportion of the total effect that is mediated were studied with statistical simulations. We compared several approximate solutions based on the multivariate delta method and second order Taylor series expansions to the empirical standard deviation of each estimator and theoretical standard error when available. The simulations consisted of 500 replications of three normally distributed variables for eight sample sizes (N = 10, 25, 50, 100, 500, 1000, and 5000) and 64 parameter value combinations. The different solutions for the standard error of the indirect effect were very similar for sample sizes of at least 50, except when the independent variable was dichotomized. A sample size of at least 500 was needed for accurate point and variance estimates of the proportion mediated. The point and variance estimates of the ratio of the mediated to nonmediated effect did not st...
Time-course and frequency dependence of sympathetic stimulation-evoked inhibition of vagal effects at the sinus node.

Vagally-induced chronotropic responses have been shown to be inhibited after the termination of sympathetic stimulation. We sought to characterize the onset and time-course of the sympathetically evoked inhibition of vagal effects by measuring vagally induced chronotropic responses during concomitant sympathetic stimulation. In anesthetized dogs we recorded lead II of the electrocardiogram, arterial pressure and cardiac cycle length. In 7 dogs, the vagi were stimulated for 15 s every minute before, during and after 10-min trains of sympathetic stimulation. The sympathetic stimulation was applied at frequencies of 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10 Hz. During the 1, 2 and 5-Hz trains of sympathetic stimulation, the vagally induced changes in cycle length diminished progressively and thus, were less (P < 0.001) at 3, 5 and 10 min compared with 1 min into the sympathetic stimulation. The magnitude of the attenuation of vagal effects on cycle length depended (P < 0.001) on the frequency of sympathetic stimulation. To determine the role of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors, we measured vagally-induced changes in cycle length during 5-min trains of sympathetic stimulation (1, 2, 5, 10 Hz) in the presence and absence of phentolamine and propanolol (n = 6). Both before and after combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blockade, the vagally-induced changes in cycle length decreased (P < 0.03) progressively during the 1, 2, 5 and 10-Hz trains of sympathetic stimulation and the magnitude of the inhibition depended (P < 0.002) on the frequency of sympathetic stimulation. These data show that the effects of short trains of vagal stimulation on cardiac cycle length are inhibited progressively during continuous trains of sympathetic stimulation before and after combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blockade. Thus, substances other than norepinephrine may contribute to the inhibition of cardiac vagal effects that occurs during a continuous train of sympathetic stimulation.
Conceptual designs of a 50 nm FEL oscillator and a 20–40 nm SASE amplifier

Abstract This paper consists of two parts; (1) the conceptual design, and optical performance characteristics, of a grazing angle of incidence ring resonator utilizing multifaceted metal mirrors for use with a 50 nm rf linac driven XUV FEL oscillator, and (2) electron beam and wiggler requirements for a self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) amplifier to produce high power in the 20–40 nm wavelength range. The basis for these studies is the 3- d FEL simulation code FELEX which, in part (1), is used to derive tolerances on mirror figure and thermal distortion, alignment sensitivity, and alternative output coupling methods. In part (2), the sensitivity of the output characteristics of an XUV FEL SASE amplifier to wiggler field errors is also studied.
Hematoporphyrin photosensitization of serum albumin and subtilisin BPN

—The photosensitized inactivation of subtilisin BPN' by free hematoporphyrin (HP) followed exponential kinetics with positive mechanistic tests for the involvement of singlet oxygen (1O2) as the principal intermediate. The photoinactivation quantum yield was 0.029 at 390 nm in oxygen-saturated, D2O buffer at pH 7.0. The effects of HP binding were investigated for tryptophan oxidation in bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA) at high protein:HP concentration ratios where the HP was > 97% complexed. The reaction kinetics were non-exponential and mimick a second-order process in the initial stages. The rate of HP photobleaching was 30-fold faster for complexed HP compared with free HP, which was shown to account for the observed kinetics. Mechanistic tests showed that 1O2 was the dominant photooxidizing intermediate of tryptophan residues and that it was not involved in the accompanying photobleaching of HP. The quantum yield for tryptophan oxidation in BSA was 0.11 at 390 nm in oxygen-saturated, D2O buffer at pH 8.0. The reactivity of HSA was approximately 2-fold lower than BSA for equivalent conditions. Estimates of the reaction cross sections led to 3 A2 for the inactivation of subtilisin BPN' by 1O2 and 20 A2 for the oxidation of tryptophan in BSA.
Vibrational Spectral Characterization of a Lead Lanthanum Zirconate Titanate During Various Stages of Sol-Gel Processing

Abstract Lead lanthanum Zirconate Titanate (PLZT 7/65/35) powders were prepared by a sol-gel process, using lead acetate, lanthanum acetate, zirconium n-propoxide and titanium n-propoxide as precursors along with 2-methoxyethanol as the solvent. Nitric acid was used to catalyze the sol-gel reaction. FTIR spectroscopy characterized the starting precursors, monitored the sol to gel transformations involving solutions with different molar ratios of water to alkoxide precursors, and tracked the crystallization behavior of the gels upon heat treatment. Raman spectroscopy was employed at room temperature to follow vibrational spectral changes for the samples that were cooled after various stages of heat treatment and crystallization of the gels. The resulting spectral changes were analyzed in terms of the structural changes that occurred during the sol-gel process.
STAT3 mutations are frequent in CD30+ T-cell lymphomas and T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia.

STAT3 mutations are frequent in CD30+ T-cell lymphomas and T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia
Fluoxetine augments ventilatory CO2 sensitivity in Brown Norway but not Sprague Dawley rats

Abstract The Brown Norway (BN; BN/NHsdMcwi) rat exhibits a deficit in ventilatory CO2 sensitivity and a modest serotonin (5-HT) deficiency. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine would augment CO2 sensitivity in BN but not Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Ventilation during room air or 7% CO2 exposure was measured before, during and after 3 weeks of daily injections of saline or fluoxetine (10 mg/(kg day)) in adult male BN and SD rats. Fluoxetine had minimal effects on room air breathing in BN and SD rats (p > 0.05), although tidal volume (VT) was reduced in BN rats (p
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Guanylhydrazones of 2- and 4-Pyridine and 4-Quinoline Carboxaldehydes

A series of guanylhydrazones derived from 2- and 4-pyridine and 4-quinoline carboxaldehydes was synthesized from S-methylisothio-semicarbazide hydroiodide using known procedures. The compounds are analogous to anticancer and antiviral thiosemicarbazones, but several of the guanylhydrazones derived from 4-quinoline carboxaldehyde showed no activity against P388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice. Guanylhydrazones derived from all three heterocyclic aldehydes revealed significant blood pressure lowering effects in the rat, however.
A Multiway Model for Predicting Earthquake Ground Motion

This paper develops a novel supervised method for predicting earthquake ground motions in the wavelet domain. The training input is a set of seismological predictors related to seismic source, path and local site conditions, and the training output consists of the weights from a multiway analysis of ground motions. We treat wavelet transforms of acceleration records as images and extract essential patterns from them using tensor decomposition. The decomposition weights of these patterns are then linked to seismological variables using general regression neural network (GRNN). The resulting nonparametric model is then used to predict the wavelet image of an accelerogram for a given set of seismological variables. The predicted image can be transformed back to the time domain using inverse wavelet transform for subsequent processing to match a given design spectrum. Unlike conventional ground motion models, the proposed approach retains the time domain characteristics of ground motions. Pearson's correlation coefficient between the vectorized forms of actual and predicted wavelet images has been used as the similarity metric in assessing the prediction capability of the resulting model. Experimental results demonstrate the ability of the proposed model to predict significant patterns in the seismic energy distribution.
Exposure to Chikungunya Virus and Adult Longevity in Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse)

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) recently emerged as a global threat to public health through its adaptation to the cosmopolitan mosquito Aedes albopictus Skuse. Aedes albopictus is highly susceptible to the emergent strain of CHIKV, relative to the historical vector of CHIKV, Aedes aegypti (L.). We hypothesized that the high susceptibility of Ae. albopictus to CHIKV may have a cost in terms of longevity and fecundity among infected vs non-infected mosquitoes, relative to Ae. aegypti. We performed a longevity experiment comparing Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus exposed to the emergent strain of CHIKV (LR-2006OPY1). We found a small but significant decrease in longevity of Ae. albopictus, but not Ae. aegypti, in response to exposure to CHIKV. We did not observe significant differences in numbers of eggs laid by either species in response to exposure. Longevity and body titer of infected Ae. albopictus were significantly negatively correlated, such that individuals that lived longer had lower viral body titers when they died. The cost of exposure, while not high, suggests there may be physiological constraints in the evolution of viral infectiousness in its insect vector.
Xenobiotic induction of P-450 PB-4 (IIB1) and P-450c (IA1) and associated monooxygenase activities in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes.

1. The long-term maintenance of metabolism of representative drugs and steroid hormone substrates by cytochromes P-450, and their inducibility, was investigated in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. Collagenase-isolated cells were seeded on collagen-coated tissue culture dishes and cultured in Chee's essential media in the presence or absence of phenobarbital (PB, 0.75 mM, 96 h or continuously) and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC, 5 μM, 48 h) for up to 45 days.2. Hepatic P-450-dependent metabolism of diazepam to its primary oxidized metabolites was inducible by PB both in vivo (monitored in isolated liver microsomes) and in cultured cells (up to 100% and 400% increases in the formation of temazepam and nordiazepam, respectively, after 25 days in culture). Hepatocyte microsomal andro-stenedione 16β-hydroxylase activity was also induced by PB treatment of the hepatocytes (350–650% increase in 20-day-old cells).3. Western blot analysis revealed that immunoreactive P-450 form PB-4 (IIB1), which catalysed the...
Dynamic Responses of Composite Structures in Contact with Water While Subjected to Harmonic Loads

Composite ship hull structures are in contact with water on the external surfaces and may support vibrating equipment on the internal surfaces. This study examined how the Fluid-structure Interaction (FSI) coupled with the harmonic excitation could affect the composite structural response. A multiphysics computational technique based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) and Cellular Automata (CA) was developed and applied for this research. A comparison was made on the structural responses with and without FSI for composite beams and plates. Furthermore, metallic structures made of either aluminum or steel were also compared to composite structures to investigate the effect of the coupled FSI and a harmonically vibrating machine. The study showed that FSI could magnify the displacement and stress level in composite structures supporting harmonically vibrating equipment. Analysis of composite structures supporting such equipment without considering the FSI effect would result in non-conservative design leading to pre-mature failure. A parametric study was conducted to determine what parameter could signify the FSI effect on composite structures.
Mid-Oligocene Extinction Event in North American Land Mammals

Interest in extraterrestrial causes for the apparent 26-to 32-million-year periodicity of mass extinctions has focused on the terminal Eocene event and older events, although there is now evidence of a mid-Oligocene event near the early/late Oligocene boundary, or about 32.4 million years ago. An abrupt (200,000 years or less) mid-Oligocene extinction event appears in the record of North American land mammals, which results in the selective disappearance of archaic members of the fauna and later diversification of other taxa. The selective nature of the extinctions suggests climatic and ecological causes rather than an extraterrestrial catastrophe. Increased mid-Oligocene glaciation, worldwide cooling, a major regression event, and abrupt changes in the flora are probably the immediate causes, and these may have resulted from changes in global oceanic circulation.
Modelling and selecting among multiple time series methods

Businesses need a plan to efficiently use their resources, but an effective plan requires an accurate sales forecast. There are many time series forecasting methods, each appropriate for a certain type of data. Therefore, the selection of an appropriate method is critical for an accurate forecast. However, these methods have not been evaluated to determine which is most appropriate for the type of data used. Thus, a method is often selected without the user knowing whether it is appropriate for the situation. The current study evaluates several methods using simulated time series data, for example trend, seasonal, cyclical and irregular. The statistical error is calculated for each method using mean squared error, mean absolute percent error, mean absolute deviation and tracking. Based on the results, the Holt?Winter method has the lowest error.
Demographic composition of farm households and its effect on time allocation.

The decisions of farmers to work on or off the farm depend in part on household composition and the participation patterns of other family members. This is because of the differential income effects resulting from the household's joint budget constraint and the time and money costs imposed by different household members, and because of the substitutability or complementarity between the farm labor inputs of different household members. This paper demonstrates this point by estimating a joint labor participation model of farm operators and their spouses, in which participation decisions are conditioned on household composition. The model is estimated as a multivariate probit model with fixed effects, by quasi maximum likelihood methods. The results are consistent with the hypotheses that the time costs imposed on the household by small children are larger than the money costs; that the relative importance of time costs is decreasing as children grow up; and that the farm labor inputs of older children are complements to the couple's farm labor inputs but those of prime-age adults are substitutes. JEL classification: J22, J43
There’s something about obesity: Culture, contagion, rationality, and children’s responses to drinks “created” by obese children

Theories of the development of obesity stereotypes cannot easily explain the stigma associated with being obese. Evidence that important similarities exist between the symptoms of obesity and contagious illnesses, young children have "theories" of illnesses, and obesity stereotypes are among the earliest that children develop led to the hypothesis that children would find beverages purportedly created by obese children less tasteful and more memorable than beverages created by average weight children. After assignment to two story conditions in which a child became ill after eating an unfamiliar food, Caucasian-American and Chinese 7- and 10-year-olds sampled identically flavored "obese-created" and "average-created" beverages. Taste ratings were lower, ratings of the chances of feeling sick were higher, and memory was superior for obese-created drinks than for average-created drinks, particularly when the character in the story contracted a contagious illness and memory was scored for "gist." Finally, children often created the false memory that the story character was an obese beverage creator. The roles of contagion and magical beliefs are discussed, as are the rationality of children's responses and the relevance of the findings for theories of obesity stereotypes.