cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Structural Study of Temperature Influence on the Effect of Grated Substrates on Smectic Liquid Crystal Films

Abstract We present a preliminary analysis of the results of our structural measurements on the influence of temperature variation on the orientation of smectic liquid crystal films deposited on photolithographed gratings on glass gratings. These gratings have periods of 10μm with depths ranging up to 2–3μm. We previously found that both silicon and glass gratings are able to align the liquid crystal along the grating direction for film thick-nesses above 15μm, in the grating period range 664nm–24μm, as determined by using both x-ray diffraction and optical microscopy. The size of the top layer and the grating period range are of the order of magnitude of the correlation length for the smectic liquid crystal film. In this study, the region just above the critical thickness in smA droplets was studied as a function of temperature beyond the smA - N transition. Special attention was given to the region of thickness around 40μm, a region where the competition between the air-liquid crystal interface and the ...
Characterizations of the unusual dissociation properties of melanotropin peptides from the melanocortin receptor, hMC1R

Variation in the degree of prolonged (residual) biological activity of the melanotropin peptides α-MSH (α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, Ac-Ser-Tyr-Ser-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val-NH2) and the superpotent analogues [Nle4,dPhe7]α-MSH (MT-I) and Ac-[Nle4,Asp5,dPhe7,Lys10]α-MSH(4−10)-NH2 (MT-II) has stimulated considerable interest regarding this biological phenomena. We have examined the differences in their relative dissociation rates from the melanocortin receptor, hMC1R, to try and correlate peptide dissociation rates with the observations of prolonged biological activity. Interestingly, these studies revealed that α-MSH remained 25% bound, MT-I 65% bound, and MT-II 86% bound 6 h after the ligand had been removed from the assay medium. The relative dissociation rate of MT-II was 4 times slower than that for α-MSH and 2 times slower than that for MT-I, which was 2 times slower than that for α-MSH. These data suggest that slow dissociation kinetics (hours) may contribute to the prolonged biolo...
The adoption of internet banking: An institutional theory perspective

Several models have been proposed in the literature to understand technology acceptance in which social environmental factors are not primarily addressed. Drawing upon the social contagion theory and institutional theory, this study proposes a model to examine three social environmental factors of normative, coercive and mimetic pressures within the internet banking (IB) context. The model is tested using survey data from 124 respondents. The results reveal that normative and coercive pressures significantly influence the attitude and intention of adopting IB, while mimetic pressures appear not to. Attitude plays a mediating role between institutional pressures and IB adoption. This study spearheads an institutional analysis at the individual level within the IB context. The findings also provide valuable insights for bank managers to manage the IB services.
Behavioral Finance Curriculum – What Topics and Teaching Approaches to Utilize in a Course?

This is a PDF file of ‘Behavioral Finance Curriculum – What Topics and Teaching Approaches to Utilize in a Course?’ slides from a presentation at the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Academy of Behavioral Finance & Economics, September 18-21, 2012, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn, New York.This special session provided conference attendees a unique perspective of what topics and teaching approaches to utilize for developing curriculum in behavioral finance and financial psychology. The content of this special session presented can be applied to an individual course in behavioral finance or a traditional finance course (e.g. personal finance, investments) with specific subject matter in behavioral finance. This special session covered four main issues: 1) What basic topics to cover in a behavioral finance course at the undergraduate level? (The current list of topics in the behavioral finance and financial psychology literature is over 125 emerging areas of study.) 2) What type of unique teaching approaches (methodologies) can be utilized in behavioral finance courses that are different than a traditional (standard) finance course? 3) What specific learning resources (books, online sources, etc.) are available for teaching this type of course? 4) A Case Study: How to develop a course in the Psychology of Money for non-business majors at the undergraduate level?Note: SSRN is experimenting with enabling the distribution of different types of files: slides, spreadsheets, video, etc. This is an upload of a PDF file of PowerPoint slides. We are interested in our user’s desires to distribute files that go beyond word processing text files. You can communicate with me on these issues via my email address below. We invite you to submit your own presentation slides.
Unsteadiness and mixing in thermal plasma jets

This study was undertaken to examine the mechanisms which produce the large entrainment measured at the exit of thermal plasma torches. The experiments studied a Metco 7MB plasma torch with a 706 (6.35 mm diameter) anode nozzle and swirled argon gas injection. The vortex structure produced in the shear layer of the plasma jet was visualized using a laser shadowgraph system with a short exposure lime (10−4 s). A high-speed video system provided information on the structure and unsteadiness of the hot potential core of the plume. Tile shear layer visualizations were compared to previous measurements of acoustical power spectra and indicate coherent vortex structure formation at low gas flowrates. At higher gas flowrates the shear layer rapidly broke down, producing relatively small scale turbulence. The visualizations of the hot potential core were compared to previous measurements of the torch voltage fluctuations caused by arc instabilities. At low flowrates the arc-produced voltage fluctuations were guile low card the phone was very steady. At higher flowrates the voltage fluctuations increased and produced “surging ” and “whipping” in the hot potential core.
Arginine Methylation of the ICP27 RGG Box Regulates the Functional Interactions of ICP27 with SRPK1 and Aly/REF during Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection

The herpes simplex virus 1 protein ICP27 is methylated on arginine residues within an RGG box, and arginine methylation regulates ICP27 export to the cytoplasm. Arginine methylation can regulate protein-protein interactions; therefore, we examined the effect of hypomethylation on ICP27's interactions with cellular proteins SRPK1 and Aly/REF, which bind to ICP27 through the RGG box region. During infections with viral mutants containing lysine substitutions or the methylation inhibitor adenosine dialdehyde, the interaction of ICP27 with SRPK1 and Aly/REF was decreased, as determined by coimmunoprecipitation and colocalization studies, indicating that ICP27 RGG box methylation regulates interaction with these proteins.
Tantalus in the Digital Age: Coltan ore, temporal dispossession, and “movement” in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo

This article concerns the paradoxical value potentials of coltan and coltan mining in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, focusing on the actions and statements of diggers, traders, and state and military authorities in and around mining enclaves. Coltan ore is essential for Digital Age technology, and the struggle for it and other minerals is partly responsible for the historical and ongoing violent conflict in the region. However, a great deal of bottom-up social collaboration occurs around these minerals, and many Eastern Congolese argue that controlling and improving their relationship to them is essential for achieving incremental progress over time. I approach coltan's relationship to violence, autochthony, temporality, and political order by focusing on how it has become, for many, iconic of the elemental power of Congolese earth—a potential that foreigners need and try to capture. I convey the experience of temporal dispossession, epitomized in the life story of a child soldier, as context for understanding why some have projected the desire for progressive temporality, epistemological transparency, and social connectivity onto digital minerals and what the consequences of the symbolic struggle over coltan have been, as different groups try to access its social and temporal potentials for diverse ends.
Standards For ADS

As the autonomous decentralized system (ADS) philosophy is meeting increasing acceptance by the system engineering community, the type and number of highly autonomous subsystems will grow rapidly. Standardization of the methods and protocols by which autonomous subsystems interconnect or interact among themselves is an important issue with respect to further enhancing the economic advantages of the ADS and enabling broader acceptance of the ADS approach. Such standardization is a political challenge as well as a technological challenge. Not only a sound and concrete form of the ADS philosophy but also various proven and promising ADS architectures must be reflected in the standardization process. The trends in the requirements imposed by the system customers must also be reflected. Already a number of major standardization efforts dealing with various building-blocks of ADS’s are under way. The two ADS application communities which have been the most active in such standardization efforts are the telecommunication application community and the computer-based control application community. A team of distinguished panelists will review those major standardization efforts under way and discuss some major issues not yet resolved as well as near-term prospects.
Socialization of Affect Communication

The investigation of affect communication constitutes an ideal domain in which to study the interaction of biological and social factors in the genesis of complex human behavior. Facial expressions of emotion are among the few socially relevant actions for which strong evidence exists to support claims of species specificity. Research conducted in both Western and non-Western societies (Ekman, 1972, 1977; Ekman & Friesen, 1971; Izard, 1971) shows significant agreement in the identification of facial expressions for at least six emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and surprise. At the same time, anthropologists (Birdwhistell, 1970; Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1972; Ekman, 1972, 1976; Klineberg, 1938; LaBarre, 1947) have provided numerous examples of cross-cultural variability in the use of these facial expressions. This variability suggests that environmental factors also have an important influence on affect expression. Thus, to understand the development of emotion communication, one must consider how it is socialized or shaped in the course of the child’s interactions with other members of society.
Effects of diet type and ingredient composition on rate of passage and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in broiler chicks.

ABSTRACT This experiment evaluated rate of passage (ROP) and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility (AIAAD) of 4 diets varying in ingredient composition fed to broilers from 14 to 22 d of age. Two hundred and 88 Ross × Ross 708 chicks (12 birds per cage; 0.45 m2 per bird) were randomly assigned to 24 cages (6 replicate cages per treatment) at 1 d of age. Experimental diets were 1) corn-soybean meal-based (CSM) diet containing porcine meat and bone meal (MBM; 5% inclusion), 2) CSM diet containing distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS; 5% inclusion), 3) semipurified (SP) diet containing MBM (38% inclusion), and 4) SP diet containing DDGS (76% inclusion). Diets were formulated to contain 20% CP and were adequate for vitamins and minerals. Experimental diets were provided from d 14 to 22. On d 18, a total excreta collection was conducted every hour for 12 h from 0800 to 1900 h to determine ROP, and AIAAD was determined on d 22. Time of 1% TiO2 excretion (T1), 50% TiO2 excretion (T50), and mean retention time (MRT) were used to express ROP. The SP-MBM diet reached T1 (P
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT): a current review of cell signaling processes in ureteral development.

Abstract Objective The objective of this review is to present a concise summary of the genetic signaling processes involved in abnormal mouse Wolffian development and their correlation to those abnormalities affecting ureteral development in children. Materials and methods We performed an extensive review of the current literature pertaining to mouse Wolffian duct development and combined these findings with our own data. Conclusion This article reviews embryological findings in mice with ureteral abnormalities and draws connections between the mouse anomaly and what is seen in children. A review of the current literature has led to the identification of a number of genes which may prove to be important in understanding the causes of these anomalies.
Fatty acid metabolism in mitochondria: Defects and genetics

Inherited disorders of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation have emerged as relatively common causes of metabolic derangement in brain, muscle, and liver. Mitochondrial β-oxidation is a complex pathway of energy production that has become increasingly understood in the last decade, in large part because of the delineation of these clinically important disorders. Of the 20 or so integrated steps involved in mitochondrial energy production from long-chain fatty acids, single-gene abnormalities affecting half of them have been described. Fatty acids are activated to their acyl-CoA derivatives in the cytoplasm and then require carnitine for their transport into mitochondria. Once inside the mitochondrial matrix, they are sequentially broken down in a series of four enzyme-mediated steps, but as the chain length of the fatty acid becomes smaller and smaller, different enzymes that exhibit chain-length specificity carry out some of these steps. In addition, there are enzymes required for handling the double bonds that occur in unsaturated fatty acids. Energy produced from β-oxidation is realized through links to the electron transport chain, to the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and (in the liver) to ketogenesis. The disorders of this pathway (see Table 1) share some clinical and biochemical features that have been valuable in their diagnosis. There is a primarily hepatic presentation (steatosis, hypoketotic hypoglycemia) in some (e.g., MCAD deficiency, CPT I deficiency), a primarily muscular presentation (myopathy, myoglobinuria) in others (e.g., muscular CPT II deficiency), and a combination of these
Adequacy assessment of power system generation using a modified simple genetic algorithm

This paper presents a new method for the assessment of generation system reliability. The proposed method is based on a modified version of the simple genetic algorithm. In this method, a genetic algorithm is used, not for its traditional objective of optimization, but as a search tool to truncate the probability state space and to track the most probable failure states. The genetic algorithm stores system states, in which there is generation deficiency to supply system maximum load, in a state array. The given load pattern is then convoluted with the state array to obtain adequacy indices. A state array is also used to obtain useful information about the contribution of different states and generation unit combinations to the probability of system failure.
A sex comparison of reactive knee stiffness regulation strategies under cognitive loads.

Abstract Background Sex differences may exist in cognitive faculties and neuromuscular strategies for maintaining joint stability. The purpose of this study was to assess whether preparatory and reactive knee stiffening strategies are affected differently in males and females exposed to sex-biased cognitive loads. Methods 20 male and 20 female volunteers were tested for knee joint stiffness and quadriceps and hamstring muscle activation patterns throughout a rapid eccentric knee extension perturbation. Participants were tested under 3 cognitive loads (Benton's Judgment of Line Orientation; Symbol Digit modalities Test; and Serial 7's) and a control condition. Apparent knee joint stiffness and muscle activation amplitude and timing were quantified throughout the perturbation across the 4 conditions. Findings Reactive knee stiffness values were significantly less during the cognitive tasks compared to the control condition (Judgment of Line Orientation = 0.034 Nm/deg/kg, Symbol Digit Modalities Test = 0.037 Nm/deg/kg, Serial 7's = 0.037 Nm/deg/kg, control = 0.048 Nm/deg/kg). Females had greater normalized total apparent stiffness than males. The quadriceps muscles had faster and greater activation than the hamstring muscles; however, no group differences were observed. No overall differences in muscle activation (magnitude and timing) were found between the cognitive loading tasks. Interpretation Cognitive loading may decrease the ability of healthy individuals to reactively stiffen their knee joint and appears to interfere with the normal stiffness regulation strategies. This may elucidate an extrinsic risk factor for non-contact knee ligament injury.
Chronic Hypoxia Differentially Up-Regulates Protein Kinase C-Mediated Ovine Uterine Arterial Contraction via Actin Polymerization Signaling in Pregnancy

Chronic hypoxia (CH) during pregnancy is associated with increased uterine vascular tone. The present study tested the hypothesis that CH up-regulates protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated actin polymerization, resulting in enhanced uterine vascular contraction in pregnancy. Uterine arteries were isolated from nonpregnant (NPUA) and near-term (∼140 days of gestation) pregnant (PUA) sheep that had been maintained at sea level (∼300 m) or exposed to high altitude (3801 m) hypoxia for 110 days. In normoxic animals, the induced contractions by the PKC activator phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) were greater in NPUA than in PUA, which was abrogated by an actin polymerization inhibitor cytochalasin B (Cyto B). In hypoxic animals, PDBu-induced contractions were significantly increased in PUA but not in NPUA, which was inhibited by Cyto B. In contrast, neither pregnancy nor hypoxia affected Cyto B-mediated inhibition of norepinephrine (NE)-induced contractions. Prolonged ex vivo treatment of NPUA with 17beta-estradiol and progesterone significantly attenuated PDBu-induced actin polymerization and contractions, and the hormonal treatment did not alter the inhibitory effect of Cyto B on PDBu- or NE-induced contractions in either normoxic or hypoxic animals. 2-(2-Amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one potentiated PDBu-mediated actin polymerization and enhanced PDBu-induced contractions of PUA in normoxic but not hypoxic animals, which was abrogated by Cyto B. The results suggest that chronic hypoxia during pregnancy causes attenuation of steroid hormone-mediated ERK1/2 signaling and results in increased actin polymerization and uterine vascular tone, linking gestational hypoxia to aberrant uteroplacental circulation.
Optimal management of ulnar collateral ligament injury in baseball pitchers

The ulnar collateral ligament stabilizes the elbow joint from valgus stress associated with the throwing motion. During baseball pitching, this ligament is subjected to tremendous stress and injury if the force on the ulnar collateral ligament during pitching exceeds the physiological limits of the ligament. Injuries to the throwing elbow in baseball pitchers result in significant time loss and typically surgical intervention. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of current information to sports medicine clinicians on injury epidemiology, injury mechanics, injury risk factors, injury prevention, surgical interventions, nonsurgical interventions, rehabilitation, and return to play outcomes in baseball pitchers of all levels.
Review of the Evidence on Diagnosis of Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism

PURPOSE This review summarizes the evidence regarding the effi cacy of techniques for diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism. METHODS We searched for studies using MEDLINE, MICROMEDEX, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews through June 2006. We reviewed randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews of trials, and observational studies if no trials were available. Paired reviewers assessed the quality of each included article and abstracted the data into summary tables. Heterogeneity in study designs precluded mathematical combination of the results of the primary literature. RESULTS Our review found 22 relevant systematic reviews and 36 primary studies. The evidence strongly supports the use of clinical prediction rules, particularly the Wells model, for establishing the pretest probability of DVT or pulmonary embo- lism in a patient before ordering more defi nitive testing. Fifteen studies support that when a D-dimer assay is negative and a clinical prediction rule suggests a low probability of DVT or pulmonary embolism, the negative predictive value is high enough to justify foregoing imaging studies in many patients. The evidence in 5 systematic reviews regarding the use of D-dimer, in isolation, is strong and demon- strates sensitivities of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quanti- tative rapid ELISA, pooled across studies, of approximately 95%. Eight systematic reviews found that the sensitivity and specifi city of ultrasonography for diagnosis of DVT vary by vein; ultrasonography performs best for diagnosis of symptomatic, proximal vein thrombosis, with pooled sensitivities of 89% to 96%. The sensitiv- ity of single-detector helical computed tomography for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism varied widely across studies and was below 90% in 4 of 9 studies; more studies are needed to determine the sensitivity of multidetector scanners. CONCLUSIONS While the strength of the evidence varies across questions, it is generally strong.
Comparison of Medusahead-Invaded and Noninvaded Wyoming Big Sagebrush Steppe in Southeastern Oregon

Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae [L.] Nevski) is an exotic, annual grass invading sagebrush steppe rangelands in the western United States. Medusahead invasion has been demonstrated to reduce livestock forage, but otherwise information comparing vegetation characteristics of medusahead-invaded to noninvaded sagebrush steppe communities is limited. This lack of knowledge makes it difficult to determine the cost–benefit ratio of controlling and preventing medusahead invasion. To estimate the impact of medusahead invasion, vegetation characteristics were compared between invaded and noninvaded Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. wyomingensis [Beetle & A. Young] S. L. Welsh) steppe communities that had similar soils, topography, climate, and management. Noninvaded plant communities had greater cover and density of all native herbaceous functional groups compared to medusahead-invaded communities (P , 0.01). Large perennial grass cover was 15-fold greater in the noninvaded compared to invaded plant communities. Sagebrush cover and density were greater in the noninvaded compared to the medusahead-invaded communities (P , 0.01). Biomass production of all native herbaceous functional groups was higher in noninvaded compared to invaded plant communities (P , 0.02). Perennial and annual forb biomass production was 1.9- and 45-fold more, respectively, in the noninvaded than invaded communities. Species richness and diversity were greater in the noninvaded than invaded plant communities (P , 0.01). The results of this study suggest that medusahead invasion substantially alters vegetation characteristics of sagebrush steppe plant communities, and thereby diminishes wildlife habitat, forage production, and ecosystem functions. Because of the broad negative influence of medusahead invasion, greater efforts should be directed at preventing its continued expansion.
T1-mapping in the heart: accuracy and precision

The longitudinal relaxation time constant (T1) of the myocardium is altered in various disease states due to increased water content or other changes to the local molecular environment. Changes in both native T1 and T1 following administration of gadolinium (Gd) based contrast agents are considered important biomarkers and multiple methods have been suggested for quantifying myocardial T1 in vivo. Characterization of the native T1 of myocardial tissue may be used to detect and assess various cardiomyopathies while measurement of T1 with extracellular Gd based contrast agents provides additional information about the extracellular volume (ECV) fraction. The latter is particularly valuable for more diffuse diseases that are more challenging to detect using conventional late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). Both T1 and ECV measures have been shown to have important prognostic significance. T1-mapping has the potential to detect and quantify diffuse fibrosis at an early stage provided that the measurements have adequate reproducibility. Inversion recovery methods such as MOLLI have excellent precision and are highly reproducible when using tightly controlled protocols. The MOLLI method is widely available and is relatively mature. The accuracy of inversion recovery techniques is affected significantly by magnetization transfer (MT). Despite this, the estimate of apparent T1 using inversion recovery is a sensitive measure, which has been demonstrated to be a useful tool in characterizing tissue and discriminating disease. Saturation recovery methods have the potential to provide a more accurate measurement of T1 that is less sensitive to MT as well as other factors. Saturation recovery techniques are, however, noisier and somewhat more artifact prone and have not demonstrated the same level of reproducibility at this point in time. This review article focuses on the technical aspects of key T1-mapping methods and imaging protocols and describes their limitations including the factors that influence their accuracy, precision, and reproducibility.
Effect of diapause status and gender on activity, metabolism, and starvation resistance in the plant bug Lygus hesperus

Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae), a key pest species distributed throughout the western USA, survives winter in a state of diapause. A laboratory population was examined to elucidate the changes in behavior and physiology linked to this period of dormancy and to determine how these changes areaffected bygender.It was foundthat under starvation conditions,diapausers livedsignif- icantly longer compared to non-diapausers in both genders. This may be attributable to the greater lipid reserves that diapausers have compared to non-diapausers. Diapausers also spent more time at rest and less time feeding than non-diapausers. Gender did not impactthese behaviors. There was no difference in resting metabolic rate or flight activity between diapausers and non-diapausers, how- ever, there were significant gender differences when the data were pooled. Males had higher resting metabolisms than females, whereas females spent more time flying. Collectively, these results point toward a higher degree of resource conservation in diapausers. These differences may enhance resis- tance to starvation and dehydration conditions that L. hesperus are likely to encounter while over- wintering.
Nursing management of the infant with a congenital malignancy.

Care of the newborn diagnosed with a congenital malignancy is a challenge for the neonatal intensive-care unit nurse. Malignancies found in infants differ from those found in older children. Nursing care of the neonate suspected or diagnosed with a congenital malignancy includes standard practices and problem identification as well as interventions unique to the patient with cancer. This article reviews the incidence, diagnosis, treatment, and nursing management of neoplasms diagnosed in neonates. JOGNN, 25, 32–38; 1996.
Additional Habitat, Diet and Range Information for the White-footed Vole (Arborimus albipes)

Abstract Little is known about the natural history of the white-footed vole (Arborimus albipes). We present new information on habitat, diet and range of this mammal as a result of 13 captures in the southern Cascade Range of western Oregon. The study area represents a range extension for the species. White-footed vole encounters were correlated less with distance to water than with basal area and density of alder (Alnus rubra) and percent cover of hazel (Corylus cornuta v. californica). Association with hazel has not been reported previously. Analysis of white-footed vole fecal samples provided the first documentation of mycophagy in this species and of consumption of hazel pollen from unopened catkins. This latter information supports previous speculation that the white-footed vole is semi-arboreal and provides corroborating evidence for the observed correlation with hazel.
One Of The Prime Beneficiaries Of The Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002: The London Stock Exchange!

In the late 1990s, financial markets in the United States (U S ) were rocked by accounting scandals in companies such as Enron and WorldCom. Public confidence in American business was at a low ebb. As a knee-jerk reaction to the scandals, the U S Congress hastily passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) hoping to restore the lost image of the U S business firms. SOX rendered corporate governance and protecting corporate assets a matter of Federal mandates. Penalties for violation of the provisions of SOX include a maximum of 25 years of prison and/or a fine of twenty five million dollars. For small and mid-size firms, the implementation costs became prohibitive. The exorbitant implementation costs of Section 404 of SOX and the draconian criminal sanctions for senior management are driving companies to flee from The New York Stock Exchange to more favorable exchanges overseas. The London Stock Exchange appears to be the most benefited one from the passage of SOX. This paper presents the salient provisions of SOX, the havoc caused to the business firms by its implementation costs, and the present trend of flight of capital from American stock exchanges to overseas stock exchanges such as the London Stock Exchange.
Flight patterns

Data from the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration processed to create animations of flight traffic patterns and density.
Combining Existing Numerical Models with Data Assimilation using Weighted Least‐Squares Finite Element Methods

A new approach has been developed for combining and enhancing the results from an existing computational fluid dynamics model with experimental data using the weighted least-squares finite element method (WLSFEM). Development of the approach was motivated by the existence of both limited experimental blood velocity in the left ventricle and inexact numerical models of the same flow. Limitations of the experimental data include measurement noise and having data only along a two-dimensional plane. Most numerical modeling approaches do not provide the flexibility to assimilate noisy experimental data. We previously developed an approach that could assimilate experimental data into the process of numerically solving the Navier-Stokes equations, but the approach was limited because it required the use of specific finite element methods for solving all model equations and did not support alternative numerical approximation methods. The new approach presented here allows virtually any numerical method to be used for approximately solving the Navier-Stokes equations, and then the WLSFEM is used to combine the experimental data with the numerical solution of the model equations in a final step. The approach dynamically adjusts the influence of the experimental data on the numerical solution so that more accurate data are more closely matched by the final solution and less accurate data are not closely matched. The new approach is demonstrated on different test problems and provides significantly reduced computational costs compared with many previous methods for data assimilation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TECHNO-STUDY ON COAL MINING AREA SEWAGE TREATMENT USING UP-FLOW BIOLOGICAL AERATED FILTER

The character of coal mining area sewage in China,the development of its treatment technology,and the technical features of up-flow biological aerated filter were summarized in this paper,and then the coal mining area sewage treatment using biological aerated filter was experimental researched to provide appropriate technical parameters for engineering design,at the same time the industrial test was studied too.The results showed that it's feasible to treat coal mining area sewage which had coagulated and precipitated before using a biological aerated filter,and its cost and fee to function were low,and that the water quality of outlet could achieve the miscellaneous living water quality standard,so the resource utilization of coal mining area sewage could be achieved.
Functional Analysis and Application Research on the Medicinal and Ornamental Plants

In order to popularize medicinal value of northern medicinal and ornamental plant,the related records of northern medicinal and ornamental plants and its status in the landscape design were analyzed,and the functional analysis was studied.Thus the application prospects of northern medicinal and ornamental plants were put forward.
Food and Drug Administration pesticide residue monitoring of foods: 1978-1982.

Pesticide residues in foods are reported for the 5-year period 1978-1982 [fiscal years (FY) 78-82]. Results were compiled from the 2 complementary elements that comprise the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) program for monitoring pesticide residues in foods. Under regulatory monitoring, which focuses on residues in raw agricultural commodities, a total of 49,877 samples (30,361 domestic and 19,516 import) that included fresh fruits and vegetables, grains, milk and dairy products, seafoods, and a variety of processed foods were analyzed. No residues were found in about 55 and 44% of the domestic and import samples, respectively. About 3% of the domestic and 7% of the import samples were classed as violative. Data from the Total Diet Study, which is conducted to determine dietary intakes of a variety of chemicals, showed that residues of 42 pesticides were found in 1044 composites of table-ready foods. Results of FDA's monitoring for FY78-82 demonstrate that pesticide residue levels in the U.S. food supply were generally well below regulatory limits, and dietary intakes were manyfold lower than the Acceptable Daily Intakes established by international agencies.
Acellular dermal allograft for ventral hernia repair in the compromised surgical field.

A ventral hernia and a contaminated surgical field are a difficult surgical combination. We hypothesize that acellular human dermis (AHD) can be a suitable biological tissue alternative in the repair of a ventral hernia. The study involved a retrospective review of the use of AHD in the repair of ventral hernia from 2001-2004. Inclusion criteria included a ventral hernia repair in a clean-contaminated (CC) or contaminated-dirty (CD) surgical field. The primary outcome of the study was wound infection and mesh removal. Patients were stratified into CC and CD, and management of a wound infection [medically managed (MM) or surgically managed (SM)]. Seventy-five patients met the study criteria. The most common comorbidity was hypertension (45.3%). There was one death in the study (from multiple organ dysfunction syndrome). The overall wound infection rate was 33.3 per cent: 11 MM (14.7%) and 14 SM (18.7%). The average length of stay was 16.7 days (±20.8) with a mean follow-up of 275 (±209) days. Subgroup analysis: CC (n = 64) had 9 wound infections that were MM (14.1%) and 12 wound infections that were SM (18.8%); CD (n = 11) had 2 wound infections that were MM (18.2%) and 2 wound infections that were SM (18.2%). Five of 14 SM (35.7%) wound infections required removal of the mesh. Wound infection in the contaminated surgical field occurred 33.3 per cent of the time. Some (18.7%) of the cases required SM management, and 35.7 per cent of these required removal of the AHD.
Judged by the Company You Keep? Exposure to Nonprejudiced Norms Reduces Concerns About Being Misidentified as Gay/Lesbian:

Social contagion concerns, heterosexuals' fears about being misidentified as gay/lesbian, can lead to avoidant and hostile responses toward gay men/lesbians. We argue that apprehension about becoming the target of prejudice if misidentified as gay/lesbian contributes to contagion concerns. We hypothesized that exposing heterosexuals to others' nonprejudiced attitudes would reduce their contagion concerns. Consistent with these predictions, perceptions of peer prejudice statistically predicted contagion concerns, over and above personal prejudice (Study 1). In addition, participants exposed to a nonprejudiced versus a high-prejudiced norm (or control condition) expressed lower contagion concerns and less anxious/avoidant responses toward gay men/lesbians (Studies 2 and 4). Finally, exposure to fellow students' nonprejudiced views resulted in lower contagion concerns than a control group (Study 3) due to decreased concerns about becoming the target of prejudice if misidentified as gay/lesbian (Study 4). These results provide evidence that changing perceptions of others' prejudice can reduce contagion concerns.
Dynamics of Kinetically Limited Strain and Threading Dislocations in Temperature- and Compositionally Graded ZnSSe/GaAs (001) Metamorphic Heterostructures

We have investigated the evolution of the strain and threading dislocation density in metamorphic compositionally and temperature-graded ZnSySe1−y buffer layers. Linear variation in composition in conjunction with temperature grading may allow control over the relaxation process. Previously, we reported the development of a general kinetic model based on dislocation flow, which accounted for the time evolution of the strain relaxation in semiconductor structures under kinetically limited conditions, including interactions of threading and misfit defects. In this work, we studied ZnSySe1−y/GaAs (001) heterostructures with linear compositional grading and a convex-upward (type A), linear (type B) or convex-downward (type C) temperature grading profile. The thermal budget available for relaxation in these types of structures is controlled by the temperature grading profile, made up of combinations of linear ramps and constant-temperature sections. In all cases, the temperature was varied from T0 (400°C to 600°C) at the substrate interface to TF = 300°C at the surface. We also investigated the effect of varying the compositional gradient in the range from 0.18%/μm to 1.6%/μm. Structures with higher average temperature (greater thermal budget) and/or higher grading coefficient exhibited greater extent of relaxation and therefore reduced residual strain. Furthermore, controlling the extent of strain relaxation enabled optimization of the dislocation densities in these heterostructures.
Urban Forests and Carbon Markets: Buyers' Perspectives

Currently, carbon credit prices frequently do not reflect the type and location of offset projects. Because of the social image and ancillary benefits, buyers may place higher value on credits sourced from certain types of projects such as urban forestry. This study surveyed carbon credit buyers participating in the Chicago Climate Exchange to assess their preferences for credits from various offset projects. Specifically, it evaluated the desirability of carbon credits sourced from urban forestry projects and analyzed buyers’ preferences, motivations, and attitudes toward a price premium for credits from urban forests. Results indicate that the buyers are largely interested in knowing the type and location of offset projects. Locally generated credits were strongly preferred to those produced farther away, and credits sourced from urban forestry projects were more desirable than those sourced from other common projects currently in the market, such as methane capture or agriculture. Buyers indicated environmental and social benefits, offset quality, environmental responsibility, and public image as motivations for preferring credits sourced from urban forestry projects, for which they were also willing to pay a modest price premium. Furthermore, significant differences in preferences and willingness to pay were observed between buyers with different corporate goals, emission levels, and geographical scope of operation.
CHAPTER 12 – Memory B-Cell Development

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines what is currently understood of the temporally and spatially regulated development of antigen-specific memory B cells in vivo. The development and propagation of self-specific B-cell memory underpins many pathologic elements of autoimmune disease. During the primary immune response, expansion of self-reactive Th-cell or B-cell clonotypes and their differentiation into effector cells reveal acute signs of autoimmunity. In contrast, the development and preservation of self-reactive clonotypes into the long-lived memory compartment assures a continued and self-replenishing cellular focus for chronic autoimmunity. Hence, avoiding the development of self-reactive memory is a fundamental property of the adaptive immune response to foreign antigen. The murine model provides access to the emergent properties of a developing adaptive response in secondary lymphoid organs that have been difficult to monitor in humans. This chapter helps analyze more directly the extent of antigen-specific immunity in humans. These strategies can potentially use peripheral blood to access memory lymphocytes and to quantify frequencies and qualify cellular diversity therein. Isolation and characterization of self-specific memory B cells and their memory Th-cell counterparts promise unique targets for immunotherapeutics at both the cellular and molecular levels.
Minimally Important Differences and Change Across Time in Patients Treated Surgically and Non-Surgically for Full-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears

Objectives: The minimally important difference (MID) is the smallest change in an outcome measure that is perceived by patients as beneficial. The MIDs for the ASES and WORC scores have not been established in a homogenous population of patients with rotator cuff tears. The objective of the present study was to establish the MIDs for patients with known cuff tears who were treated both surgically and non-surgically, and to compare the MIDs over time. Methods: We included 209 subjects with known full-thickness rotator cuff tears who were followed prospectively for two years. The WORC and ASES scores were collected at baseline, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 48 weeks, 1 year and 2 years. At the final follow-up point patients filled out an end-of-study form which included questions regarding change in their condition after treatment. Results: For those that indicated being minimally better, the change from baseline for the ASES score was -20.57 (-2.94 to -38.20) and for the WORC was 418.60 (70.39 to 766.81); both indicated improvement in outcomes. When converted to the percentage change score the WORC change represented 19.93%. The plots of these new MID values for the ASES and WORC indicate that not only does the operative group improve more than the nonoperative group but it does so to an extent that is greater than the MID. The non-operative group also improved across time, but the magnitude did not exceed the MID for either the WORC or the ASES. Conclusion: We found that the ASES and the WORC MIDs in patients with rotator cuff tears is different from that previously reported, and that the operative group change was greater than the non-operative group change. This information will directly improve our ability to: (1) Determine when patients with RCTs are changing in a meaningful manner; (2) Accurately power clinical studies using these outcome measures; (3) Make more informed choices of treatments in these patients. This is the first study to report MIDs for the ASES and WORC in a population of patients with strictly rotator cuff disease and to explore their changes relative to MIDs across time.
Response to Critics: Sapience and Sentience Reconsidered

I must begin with a general mea culpa. Mark Lance and Steve Levine, and also Joe Rouse (2015a) and Kevin Temple (2016) in their respective reviews of my book, Intentionality and the Myths of the Gi...
Magnitude and frequency of wet years under a megadrought climate in the western Great Basin, USA

Abstract Megadroughts are not devoid of interannual precipitation variability. However, the frequency and magnitude of occasional wet years must be limited in order to be consistent with geologic evidence indicating terminal lake lowstands during past megadroughts. We present a series of hydrologic model simulations of Walker Lake, a western Great Basin terminal lake, where varying return intervals of increased cool-season (October–April) precipitation are superimposed upon a megadrought climate. Estimated megadrought lowstands are achieved with wetter years returning every 5–10 years. Total cool season moisture transport derived from the 20th Century Reanalysis between 1895 and 2012 A.D. was positively correlated with cool-season precipitation during the corresponding year (0.49, p
Incarcerated mothers of minor children: physical health, substance use, and mental health needs

Mothers of minor children serving sentences in a large Midwestern jail were screened for potential substance use problems and asked to report their physical and mental health status and treatment experiences. Of mothers screened for substance use problems, 72.1% had positive findings on the AUDIT-12, 56.7% reported at least one serious physical health problem, and 67.1% had received mental health treatment. More than two-thirds (68.8%) of the 240 mothers reported a co-occurring condition, and a third (33.8%) reported problems in all three spheres (substance use, mental health, and physical health). The relationship among the three health-related problems is examined as well as the characteristics of mothers related to having co-occurring health conditions. Given that the overwhelming majority of mothers reported more than one health-related problem, the changes to policy and practice need to avoid simplistic solutions.
Synthesis and characterization of oleylamine-capped PbSe quantum dots

Near infrared-emitting PbSe quantum dots have been studied for various applications and fundamental research. However, synthetic pathways are usually involved in more complicated steps. A simple synthetic route has been investigated on synthesis of oleylamine-capped lead selenide (PbSe) quantum dots (QDs) and the optical properties have been studied in detail. Lead (Pb) precursor is prepared in the solution by dissolving Pb in oleylamine (OLA) under vacuum or open air. A new method for preparation of selenium precursor is reported in this paper. Selenium (Se) precursor is prepared by dissolving Se powder in 1-octadecene (ODE) at 300°C with purging under nitrogen gas. At high temperature, Se precursor is injected into Pb precursor for the reaction. Transmission electron microscope (TEM), photoluminescence spectrometer (PL) and Ultraviolet-Visible-Infrared (UV-VIS-IR) spectrometer have been used to study the properties of PbSe quantum dots. TEM images show the size of as-synthesized PbSe QD samples are 3.14 nm, 3.56 nm, 10.41 nm and 14.6 nm.
Bausteine und Perspektiven des Rechts der Zivilen Sicherheit

Die Entwicklung des Rechts der zivilen Sicherheit benotigt Bausteine fur die Gestaltung und Perspektiven fur die Zielorientierung. Perspektivanker sind insbesondere die Leitbegriffe Resilienz und Risiko. Die Rechtsgewinnung und Konturierung der Strukturen erfolgt auf der Grundlage allgemeiner Kategorien aus den Sachgebieten, die bisher zivile Sicherheit betreffen.