cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energetic Particle Emission in Nuclear Reactions

When a projectile with several hundred MeV of kinetic energy per nucleon interacts with a target nucleus, a very large number of final states are available in the interaction. A significant fraction of the reaction products will be ejectiles of more than a few nucleons. Certainly, nucleon emission dominates, but the yields of higher mass fragments are also substantial. Further, a large portion of the integrated cross section comes from emission of particles with more than a few MeV of kinetic energy per nucleon; that is, with energies beyond those associated with emission from a large system of nucleons in thermal and chemical equilibrium. For example, shown in Fig. 1 is a recent analysis of proton-induced fragment emission from a silver target at 480 MeV (GKJ 83). Shown is the percentage of the reaction products that these authors estimate arises from nonevaporative processes (that is, an evaporation model fit is made to the evaporative part of the light-ion differential cross section, with the resulting prediction for heavy fragments then compared with the data). Such processes will be called preequilibrium here. Because energetic-fragment production is such a common reaction channel for both proton- and heavy-ion-induced reactions, it has become a currently popular area of study from both experimental and theoretical viewpoints.
Intercity Trade and Convergent versus Divergent Urban Growth

The paper studies intercity trade and growth in an overlapping-generations economy where tradeable goods are produced using a composite of capital, raw labor and intermediates, and are combined in each city to produce a composite. The composite is used for consumption and investment. Tax-financed investment that affects commuting costs endogenizes city size. A combination of weak (strong) diminishing returns and strong (weak) market size effects can lead to increasing (decreasing) returns to scale. Autarkic urban growth may be parallel or divergent. Capital growth in the integrated economy has the same dynamic properties as its counterpart for an economy with autarkic cities but leads to national constant returns to scale.
Pricing American Options by Simulation Using a Stochastic Mesh with Optimized Weights

This paper develops a simulation method for pricing path-dependent American options, and American options on a large number of underlying assets, such as basket options. Standard numerical procedures (lattice methods and finite difference methods) are generally inapplicable to such high-dimensional problems, and this has motivated research into simulation-based methods. The optimal stopping problem embedded in the pricing of American options makes this a nonstandard problem for simulation.
A Long Way from Chicago: A Novel in Stories By Richard Peck

In this issue the children's book reviews feature adventures of grandparents with their grandchildren. In A Long Way From Chicago author Richard Peck has created a most dynamic grandmother in the f...
Modern Biological Research, Medical Practice, and Human Knowledge

Over the past 9 months, culminating in this issue, JAMA has published a series titled Scientific Discovery and the Future of Medicine, containing Viewpoints highlighting some of the most remarkable recent advances in biological research.1-19 Whyshould theaccomplishmentsofmodernbiologymatter topracticingphysicians and their patients? Perhaps the answer is obvious, butwhen aphysician is in themidst of a busy day in practice, it can be hard to care. It is difficult enough to keep up with new knowledge that immediately affects practice. It is even more difficult to keep up with and appreciate advances inmodernbiology thatmayaffect practice in the future. The series helps in appreciating what is happening.
Bradycardia and congestive heart failure associated with ocular timolol maleate

A case of timolol-associated heart failure in a 73-year old white man is reported. The patient, with a history of cardiovascular disease and glaucoma, was admitted to the hospital because of complaints of shortness of breath, orthopnea, and reduced exercise tolerance. Chest roentgenogram showed interstitial congestive failure, and an EKG demonstrated sinus bradycardia. The patient's medications before admission included quinidine, isosorbide dinitrate, dipyridamole, aspirin, pilocarpine eyedrops 4%, timolol eyedrops 0.5%, and nitroglycerin ointment and sublingual tablets. On the second day of hospitalization, it was noted that the patient's dyspnea and sinus bradycardia could be related to a recent increase in his timolol dosage. The timolol was discontinued, and the patient's heart rate increased. As the patient's pulse rate increased, the symptoms of congestive heart failure disappeared. This case demonstrated the importance of obtaining complete drug histories from patients. The potential for adverse system reactions resulting from topical medications should be considered.
STATA: A Statistical Analysis System for Examining Biomedical Data

STATA is a statistical analysis program developed by STATA Corporation, College Station, TX. In addition to supporting a very extensive array of statistical tools, STATA incorporates a critical complement of data management and graphics facilities as well. As demonstrated in another article in this volume (Boston et al., 2002), STATA fits very well into the kinetic analysis suite of tools. In that paper, we show how some preliminary analyses of intravenous tolerance test (IVGTT) data leading to estimates of key parameters and their errors in the minimal model (see Bergman and Bowden, 1981) could easily be performed with STATA. We also demonstrate the transfer of some WinSAAM Population Management Results from WinSAAM to STATA for further appraisal as well as for graphical display. Here we will present aspects of the organization, operation, use, and availability of STATA.
The age placement of academic skills in curriculum for the EMR.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance and age placement of certain operationally defined skill objectives relative to instructional programs for the educable mentally retarded...
The flow stress of body-centered cubic metals: inherent lattice hardening or solution hardening?

Abstract Various possible sources are examined for the high strength at low temperature of the common refractory b.c.c. metals. Of the two most likely possibilities, lattice hardening and impurity hardening, the former can unambiguously be shown not to be controlling in certain cases, while an impurity hardening model describes in considerable detail the experimental results in a wide variety of materials. The distinguishing feature of the defects to which hardening is attributed is that they produce large, asymmetrical distortions which interact strongly with mobile dislocations.
Absence of sprouting by retinogeniculate axons after chronic focal lesions in the adult cat retina.

Abstract Focal lesions were placed in the retina of adult cats in order to denervate partially the laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Retinogeniculate projections were assessed after survival times of from 5 days to 2 years by means of either reduced silver staining for degeneration or autoradiographic labelling. Filling of the lesion-denervated zones by ‘sprouts’ from the intact retinofugal fibers was not observed, even in the brains of animals with long-term lesions. It was concluded that the retinogeniculate projection in adult cat does not displat any significant ability to sprout into denervated regions.
Body surface distribution of exercise-induced QRS changes in normal subjects.

Abstract Previously reported clinical studies have suggested an important diagnostic role for exercise-induced QRS changes. To explore the spatial features of such alterations, anterior thoracic isopotential distributions were examined at rest and at 85 percent of maximal heart rate in 30 normal male volunteers. Results demonstrated that exercise caused a reduction in positive forces and an augmentation of negative voltages at most anterior thoracic sites. However, the locations of map extreme were not significantly altered. Difference maps, computed by subtracting time-aligned distributions at rest and during exercise, suggested that exercise generated an electrical field characterized by a central anterior minimum bordered superiorly by positive potentials. The minimum reached a peak magnitude in the middle portion of the QRS pattern, then declined in intensity. Although difference patterns during inscription of the QRS complex were similar to those computed during the P-R and S-T segments, time-intensity curves were discontinuous with marked and abrupt early increases and late decreases in strength in the QRS complex. These results suggest that two commonly considered mechanisms (effects of changes in intracavitary blood mass and of atrial repolarization) cannot be solely responsible for the observed effects.
Theoretical study of multiple high-order harmonic generation by intense ultrashort pulsed laser fields: A new generalized pseudospectral time-dependent method

Abstract We present a new time-dependent method for accurate and efficient non-perturbative treatment of multiple high-order harmonic generation (HHG) in intense laser fields. The time development of the wavefunction is obtained by a new split-operator time-propagation technique in the energy representation. The generalized pseudospectral technique is extended to perform an optimal spatial grid discretization, leading to significant improvement of the quality of the wavefunction over that obtained by the equal-spacing spatial discretization techniques. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated by several benchmark calculations including the excellent agreement of the HHG power spectra in length and acceleration forms. The method is applied to a detailed study of the coherent control of HHG spectra of atomic hydrogen in intense ultrashort pulsed laser fields with or without the chirp. Several novel chirp-dependent and pulse-duration-dependent phenomena are predicted. Comparison with available experimental observation is made.
A projection framework for near-potential polynomial games

It has been shown that in the case of finite games, games with a small Maximum Pairwise Difference (MPD) to a potential game share some of their favorable static and dynamic characteristics. In this paper, we extend these results to games in which strategy sets can be either finite, or closed intervals of the real line; and utility functions are polynomials in the players' actions. We define a notion of distance in the space of polynomial games in terms of the Maximum Differential Difference (MDD) between two games, and relate this concept to their MPD. We also show that a nearby polynomial potential game can be obtained from the solution of a semidefinite program. We then use polynomial potential games to study the static and dynamic properties of nearby polynomial games. In particular, we relate the approximate equilibria and approximate better response dynamics of a polynomial game to those of a nearby polynomial potential game in terms of their MDD.
The technology caterpillar or productivity butterfly? A technological metamorphosis

Represents a case study of an instructional health‐care department’s journey through a technological metamorphosis. Highlights the process and challenges that instructional departments undergo so as to provide guidance for those interested in bringing about a technological transformation. Explores motivations for technological change, a planning process including budget needs, assessment of infrastructure, and priority determination for direction of resources. Defines a needs assessment process, including determination of the resource needs and interest levels of administrators, faculty and students, as well as the prudence of investigating pre‐existing models. Finally, addresses strategies for technological success.
What kind of free will does the law require? A response to Rychlak and Rychlak

L'article est une reponse critique a celui de Rychlak et Rychlak sur l'opposition entre juristes et psychiatres/psychologues a propos du libre arbitre de l'etre humain et sur la perte de ce libre arbitre quand l'individu criminel est reconnu avoir agi en etat de demence
The Use of Ubiquitin as a Marker of Thyroxine-Induced Apoptosis in Cultured Rana catesbeiana Tail Tips

Abstract Cultured Rana catesbeiana tadpole tail tips were used in combination with a fluoroimmunoassay to determine the levels of ubiquitin—a protein marker of programmed cell death in other systems—during the tissue regression induced by thyroxine (T4). After a 3-day pretreatment with the hormone, tail tips cultured in T4 showed significant increases in ubiquitin levels by 48 hr. Tail tips taken from tadpoles that had been immersed in T4 for 6 days showed a parallel increase in ubiquitin levels, demonstrating the same change in vivo. Treatment of cultured tail tips with the protein kinase C inhibitor, H-7, blocks both regression and the rise in ubiquitin seen in tips treated with T4 alone. Treatment of cultured tips with T4 and either cycloheximide or actinomycin D inhibits regression compared to T4 alone; however, the rise in ubiquitin is only blocked by cycloheximide, suggesting that ubiquitin is being made from RNA that was synthesized during the pretreatment period or earlier. These results suggest that ubiquitin will serve as a good molecular marker of tissue regression in the T4-treated tadpole tail and that it will be productive to consider tissue regression during amphibian metamorphosis as a specific case of programmed cell death or apoptosis.
Using sequential extraction techniques to assess the partitioning of plutonium and neptunium-237 from multiple sources in sediments from the Ob River (Siberia).

Abstract Sequential extraction techniques have been developed to assess partitioning of anthropogenic radionuclides (240Pu, 239Pu, and 237Np), originating from a variety of sources, as identified by using bulk sediment isotopic composition. Sediments were leached sequentially with a series of six chemical treatments designed to approximate different environmental processes that may occur or to selectively extract trace metals contained in different solid phases of the sediments (i.e., exchangeable, reducible, carbonate, organic, acid leachable, and refractory). Results indicate the majority of Pu and Np is similarly distributed within many of the extracted fractions, with the largest percentage (66–97%) of both elements being observed in sediments treated with buffered citrate dithionite (CDB), which targets easily reduced constituents such as Mn and Fe hydrous oxides. While these results do indicate an association of Pu and Np with redox sensitive elements, the environmental implications are unclear given that the CDB treatment is more extreme than naturally occurring conditions. Minor amounts of Np partition differently from Pu in sediments. The NH4-acetate treatment, which is designed to liberate trace metals that are loosely adsorbed onto the surfaces of sedimentary materials such as hydrated iron oxides and humic substances, or present at exchangeable sites in clay minerals, mobilized ∼12% of the total Np while Pu levels were below detection. The H2O2 treatment, which is designed to liberate trace metals bound to organic matter, mobilized ∼8 and ∼1% of Np and Pu, respectively. These results indicate that a minor portion of the total Np may be affected by environmental conditions that have little or no effect on Pu. Between 7 and 24% of the Pu was observed in treatments designed to liberate Pu and Np that are tightly bound to lithogenic phases or refractory silicates. The 240Pu/239Pu observed in accessible and refractory fractions ranged between 0.11 and 0.18. With the exception of one sample, the 240Pu/239Pu isotope ratios measured in the refractory fractions are essentially identical having a mean ratio value of 0.123 ± 0.001 (1σ). The 240Pu/239Pu ratios provide isotopic evidence that suggests a portion of non-fallout contamination has a refractory nature. The presence of similarly low 240Pu/239Pu ratios in refractory fractions of sediments from the Ob and Irtysh Rivers suggests the existence of a source of refractory Pu which is consistent with refractory “hot particles” derived from surface tests at the Semipalitinsk test site.
Proposed experimental test of the “elementary particle” treatment of complex nuclei

Abstract A suggested experiment is described for measurement of the absolute differential cross section for n+ 2 3 He → p+ 1 3 H at forward angles and medium high energies. The purpose is to test the theory of Kim and Primakoff which treats complex nuclei as “elementary particles”.
Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome with hydrops of the gallbladder diagnosed by ultrasound

One of the complications of the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome is acute hydrops of the gallbladder. Although surgery may be required occasionally, spontaneous resolution of gallbladder hydrops in patients is common. Ultrasound is the optimal method for evaluating these patients.
“Government by Injunction” The U.S. Judiciary and Strike Action in the Late 19Th and Early 20th Centuries

The decision among workers to strike is influenced by many factors. Researchers, however, have only recently begun to consider the role of labor law in shaping this decision. This article examines ...
Cellular patterns of insulin-like growth factor system gene expression in murine chondrogenesis and osteogenesis

In situ hybridization histochemistry was used to map cellular patterns of gene expression for the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in developing murine skeleton from embryonic day 15 (E15) through postnatal day 25 (P25). IGF-I receptor and IGF-II receptor messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are both selectively concentrated in developing chondrocytes and osteoblasts. IGF-II and IGF-binding protein-5 and -6(IGFBP-5 and -6) mRNAs are abundant in mesenchymal condensations and chondroblasts on E15. Chondrocyte IGF-II mRNA levels remain high, but IGFBP-5 and -6 mRNAs decline significantly as cartilage matures. Low levels of IGFBP-6 mRNA are detected in postnatal chondrocytes up to at least P25, but IGFBP-5 mRNA is no longer detected in chondrocytes after E18. IGF-I and IGFBP-2, -3, and -4 mRNAs are detected in surrounding mesenchymal tissue, but are not detected in mesenchymal condensations or chondrocytes at any stage of development. IGFBP-3 mRNA is localized in sprouting capillaries invading the perichondrium and periosteum throughout development. IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGFBP-2, -4, -5, and -6 mRNAs are detected in osteoblasts localized in zones of endochondral ossification from E18 to at least P25. IGFBP-1 mRNA is not detected in cartilage or bone cells at any stage of development. These data confirm the recent report by Shinar et al. that IGF-II, but not IGF-I, mRNA is detected in rat chondrocytes in vivo and show that this pattern also applies to the mouse. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, the cell-specific patterns of IGF-I and -II receptor and IGFBP-2 to -6 gene expression during the processes of chondro- and osteogenesis in vivo. Interestingly, IGF-II, both IGF receptors, and IGFBP-5 and -6 are simultaneously coexpressed in chondrocyte precursors early in skeletal development, suggesting functional interactions between these specific factors in chondrogenesis. Both IGFs, both IGF receptors, and IGFBP-2, -4, -5, and -6 are all expressed in osteoblasts, providing evidence for potential local interactions between these IGF system components in osteogenesis. Thus, 9 of 10 known components of the IGF system demonstrate dynamic cell-specific patterns of gene expression during chondro- and osteogenesis, supporting the view that the IGF system has a complex and integral role within the developing skeleton.
Verrucous carcinoma of the larynx--a misnomer.

A serie of our observations of so-called “verrucous carcinomas” of the larynx show that these peculiar lesions do not develop true infiltrating growths or metastases, and do not fulfill the criteria of a true carcinoma. Our experiences indicate that these cases can be treated successfully by repeated endoscopic resections. We have found that no aggressive radical treatment — either by surgery or irradiation — is necessary in managing these lesions. Although the etiology of “Ackerman's tumor” of the larynx is still uncertain, we suggest that the lesions develop as the result of a virus infection and propose again the term “verrucous acanthosis” instead of verrucous carcinoma for this disease.
Is Christianity Sacrificial or Antisacrificial

To take up this question in a way that might lead to fruitful discussion, we must begin with some careful definitions and distinctions. The fundamental distinction to be made is between what is ordinarily referred to as the ideal or normative idea of sacrifice, and the phenomenological or descriptive idea of sacrifice. Of similar importnace will be a self-critical awareness of what voice is speaking, and from what knowledge and experience that voice is speaking, and a sensitive awareness of how that voice may differ from other voices.
ResEval: a web-based evaluation system for internal medicine house staff

The evaluation and assessment of physicians-in-training (house staff) is a complex task. Residency training programs are under increasing pressure [1] to provide accurate and comprehensive evaluations of performance of resident physicians [2,3]. For many years, the Internal Medicine training program at NYU School of Medicine used a single standardized paper form for all evaluation scenarios. This strategy was inadequate as physicians train in multiple diverse settings evaluation of physicians in the intensive care unit is quite different from those in the general clinics. The paper system resulted in poor compliance by house staff and faculty in the completion of evaluations. In addition, the data being collected from the paper forms was of poor quality due to the non-specific nature of the questions. A committee was formed in 2001, which created a new strategy for evaluating the core competencies of house staff. Given the ubiquity of web accessible computers in the clinical and non-clinical areas of hospitals and the flexibility a computerized system would provide, a web-based evaluation system was designed and implemented. This system allows for on-the-spot evaluations tailored to the evaluator, evaluatee and the venue of the evaluation. During the 2002 residency year, data was collected on satisfaction and use of the system and compared with the previous paper evaluation.
DEA, directional distance functions and positive, affine data transformation

Abstract In this paper we take up the problem of positive, affine data translation within a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) framework.
RECOMBINANT HUMAN INTERFERON ALFA-A SUPPRESSES HTLV-III REPLICATION IN VITRO

Abstract Recombinant human interferon alfa-A (rIFNαA) had a dose-related suppressive effect on human T lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) replication in vitro in normal peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Both single-dose and multiple-dose regimens were inhibitory. Such inhibitory concentrations (4-1024 units/ml) were not toxic to PBMC in culture, and were within the ranges achievable in blood after injection. These studies suggest that clinical trials of rIFNαA in early HTLV-III infection are warranted.
Face recognition in primates: a cross-species study

Recognition for human faces, monkey faces, and objects was assessed in both adult humans (Homo sapiens) and monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with a visual paired-comparison task. The results demonstrated that while both species showed strong novelty preference for objects, human participants showed novelty preference for human faces but not for monkey faces, and vice versa for the monkeys. This `species-specific effect' in face recognition is discussed in relation with data on both the `other-race effect' observed in humans and the effects of experience or training on face recognition processes in primates.
Factors Influencing Distances Traveled to Hospitals

(1970). Factors Influencing Distances Traveled to Hospitals. Economic Geography: Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 161-171.
Oral Use of Conjugated Estrogens-Equine

ESTROGENIC substances are recognized to be active when taken orally, although the physiologic effects obtained from a given dose of the several natural estrogens vary widely in intensity. Clinical success has been secured in relief of climacteric symptoms by use of the three purified estrogens, estradiol, estrone, and estriol, and also by two relatively impure preparations, ‘estrogenic substance’ and estriol glycuronide. The latter material represents an exception to the usual practice of chemical treatment of the source materials in order to obtain the estrogenic molecules free from the glycuronic or inorganic acid combination in which estrogens are excreted in the urine. The free estrogens are very poorly soluble in water. Estriol glycuronide1 is a watersoluble form of excreted estrogen and has been found useful in relief of patients who did not require large amounts of the hormone. An attempt to secure a more potent estrogen which is similarly water soluble and conjugated has led to the production of a...
Towards insider threat detection using web server logs

Malicious insiders represent one of the most difficult categories of threats an organization must consider when mitigating operational risk. Insiders by definition possess elevated privileges; have knowledge about control measures; and may be able to bypass security measures designed to prevent, detect, or react to unauthorized access. In this paper, we discuss our initial research efforts focused on the detection of malicious insiders who exploit internal organizational web servers. The objective of the research is to apply lessons learned in network monitoring domains and enterprise log management to investigate various approaches for detecting insider threat activities using standardized tools and a common event expression framework.
MO‐E‐342‐01: Nuclear Medicine Instrumentation

Nuclear Medicine instrumentation continues to progress, both hardware and software. Advances in PET/CT include increased PET sensitivity, respiratory gating, time of flightmeasurement, and improved image reconstruction algorithms that encorporate more physical effects into the acquisition model. Gamma cameras are incorporating new detector materials, and SPECT is being done with new acquisition geometries and reconstructed with new algorithms. We will discuss new developments in nuclear medicine instrumentation, including ones that are currently available commercially and ones that are on the horizon. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand three new developments in PET that have the potential to improve image quality. 2. Understand how new detector materials allow new acquisition geometries for SPECT. 3. Understand how physic effects in the acquisition process can be modeled in the image reconstruction process. Research sponsored by GE Healthcare.
Approach navigation and entry corridors for manned planetary atmosphere braking.

Approach navigation accuracy for planetary atmosphere braking to orbit about Mars and Venus
Effects of L-dopa and L-tyrosine on release of free and conjugated dopamine, homovanillic acid and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid from slices of rat striatum.

Abstract Conjugation (presumably with sulfate) is a demonstrable metabolic pathway for 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine, DA) in brain. Studies were done to determine whether conjugation becomes of increased significance in the presence of precursors of DA. The effects of 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and L-tyrosine on the efflux of free and conjugated DA, 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid from slices from striatum in rats were studied under quiescent conditions and during release evoked by 40 nM K+ or by 5 × 10−5 M phenylethylamine (PEA). Conjugated DA was present in the basal efflux from striatal slices and the amounts present were increased during evoked release. More conjugated DA was present in superfusate during K+-evoked release than during PEA-evoked release. L-Tyrosine (5 × 10−4 M or 5 × 10−5 M) had little effect on the efflux of conjugated DA, but decreased the amounts of free DA released by PEA, and attenuated the increase in DOPAC that occured during K+-evoked release of transmitter. L-DOPA (5 × 10−5 M) increased the formation of conjugated DA, but to a lesser extent than that of free DA or of DOPAC. Thus even after the addition of precursors, conjugation remains a minor metabolic pathway for DA relative to 0-methylation or oxidative deamination. The data also suggest that conjugation of DA occurs chiefly outside of the dopaminergic neurons in striatum.
Teacher-student interactions and sex-related differences in learning mathematics

Abstract This study examined the teacher-student interaction patterns that were related to the low-level (LL) and high-level (HL) mathematics achievement of girls and boys. In December and in May, students in 36 fourth-grade mathematics classes completed a mathematics test containing LL and HL items from the National Assessment of Educational Progress. During January through April, observers coded the teacher-student interactions for six randomly selected students of each sex in each class. Many teacher-student interaction patterns that were related significantly to girls' mathematics achievement were unrelated to boys' mathematics achievement or were related significantly in the opposite direction. Further, teacher-student interaction patterns that predicted girls' and boys' LL achievement were not the same as those that predicted their HL achievement.
Partial envelopes for efficient estimation in multivariate linear regression

We introduce the partial envelope model, which leads to a parsimonious method for multivariate linear regression when some of the predictors are of special interest. It has the potential to achieve massive efficiency gains compared with the standard model in the estimation of the coefficients for the selected predictors. The partial envelope model is a variation on the envelope model proposed by Cook et al. (2010) but, as it focuses on part of the predictors, it has looser restrictions and can further improve the efficiency. We develop maximum likelihood estimation for the partial envelope model and discuss applications of the bootstrap. An example is provided to illustrate some of its operating characteristics.
The impact of common micronutrient deficiencies on iodine and thyroid metabolism: the evidence from human studies

Deficiencies of micronutrients are highly prevalent in low-income countries. Inadequate intake of iodine impairs thyroid function and results in a spectrum of disorders. Other common deficiencies of micronutrients such as iron, selenium, vitamin A, and possibly zinc may interact with iodine nutrition and thyroid function. Randomised controlled intervention trials in iodine- and iron-deficient populations have shown that providing iron along with iodine results in greater improvements in thyroid function and volume than providing iodine alone. Vitamin A supplementation given alone or in combination with iodised salt can have a beneficial impact on thyroid function and thyroid size. Despite numerous studies of the effect of selenium on iodine and thyroid metabolism in animals, most published randomised controlled intervention trials in human populations failed to confirm an impact of selenium supplementation on thyroid metabolism. Little evidence is available on interactions between iodine and zinc metabolism.
We Already Have Risk Management — Do We Really Need the Precautionary Principle?

The precautionary principle (PP) is fundamentally a claim that acting to avoid and/or mitigate threats of serious harm should be accorded high priority in public policy. Over the last three decades, governments and international bodies have endorsed it in principle, and some of them have incorporated it into some areas of policy practice. Yet, PP is controversial in policy circles, public discussion and scholarly discourse. Here the PP literature is reviewed from the perspective of economics, where the tendency is to see theory and methods for rational decision-making under risk and uncertainty as well-established and risk management tools as well developed, and to view the PP with some circumspection. Following a brief introduction to PP concepts, history, applications, and controversies, I review and critique the standard economic approach to decision-making and risk management (here labeled ordinary risk management, ORM), identifying areas of incompleteness especially in the treatment of disproportionate and asymmetric threats. After reviewing some of the more prominent PP controversies in the scholarly literature, I suggest a conceptual framework for a PP that may withstand the major criticisms levied against the PP and make a unique and valid contribution to a decision and risk management arsenal that includes ORM. The framework relates the nature of the threat , the evidence , and the remedy indicated; and each of these elements is discussed in some detail. The scope of this PP is identified in general terms and distinguished from the quantity restrictions and regulatory safety margins that often serve as practical heuristics when ORM-based policies are implemented. Because the PP is clearly identified as a principle, I discuss the role of principles in policy design and implementation, and conclude with some suggestions as to how this PP could guide policy and management.
Polymer nanocomposites with graphene-based hierarchical fillers as materials for multifunctional water treatment membranes

Phase inversion of polymer casting mixtures filled with hierarchical functional nanostructures is proposed as a synthetic route for the design of multifunctional membranes. The study tested the hypothesis that by regulating the relative content of components representing different levels in the nanofiller hierarchy, the structure and additional functions of such membranes could be controlled separately. Exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnPs) decorated by Au nanoparticles (Au NPs), used as a model hierarchical nanofiller, were added to the casting mixture of polysulfone, N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol prior to forming the membrane by phase inversion. The resulting porous asymmetric nanocomposites were shown to be permselective and catalytically active ultrafiltration membranes that were more resistant to compaction, more permeable than xGnP-free membranes and at least as selective. By designing membrane compositions with different relative amounts of Au-decorated xGnPs and Au-free xGnPs, the structure (controlled by the loading of xGnPs) and catalytic activity (controlled by the loading of Au NPs) could be controlled largely independently.
Predictability of blood pressure response to isometric stress

Isometric exercise causes transient systemic hypertension, but with individual differences. An attempt was made to delineate predictors of those differences by analyzing the blood pressure (BP) response in terms of variables readily measured in clinical practice. For each of 270 office patients, we determined blood pressure, heart rate (HR), electrocardiographic findings, and symptoms in response to maximal isometric and maximal dynamic exercise. For systolic BP response as the predicted measure, 4 predictor variables in combination, Including age, sex, resting systolic BP, and maximal treadmill systolic BP, yielded 70% predictability. For diastolic BP, 5 predictors in combination, including handgrip strength, resting diastolic BP, treadmill HR, systolic BP, and diastolic BP, allowed 66% prediction. Not predictive of either were resting HR, abnormality of treadmill test, presence of heart disease, and certain other medical diagnoses.
Differences in molecular genetics between pediatric and adult malignant astrocytomas: age matters

The microscope – the classical tool for the investigation of cells and tissues – remains the basis for the classification of tumors throughout the body. Nowhere has this been more true than in the grading of astrocytomas. In spite of the fact that our parents warned us not to judge a book by its cover, we have continued to assume that adult and pediatric malignant gliomas that look the same, will have the same mutations, and thus respond to the same therapy. Rapid advances in molecular biology have permitted us the opportunity to go inside the cell and characterize the genetic events that underlie the true molecular heterogeneity of adult and pediatric brain tumors. In this paper, we will discuss some of the important clinical differences between pediatric and adult gliomas, with a focus on the molecular analysis of these different age groups.
The role of positive academic self-concept in promoting school success

Abstract Identity research argues for enhancing students' current and future positive academic self-concepts to strengthen educational success. However, multiple factors from youths' home and school ecologies, as well as structural disadvantage, influence this relationship. Using the data from the Beyond High School Study (N = 9658), this analysis examines the role of academic self-concept in predicting school success over and above co-occurring contributors. The effects of positive academic self-concept on future educational aspirations, accessing educational guidance counseling, and student GPA were tested using stepped linear regression, controlling for student socio-demographics, school environment factors, and parental support. Results confirmed hypotheses for each academic indicator, with positive academic self-concept demonstrating the strongest coefficient. Implications for school-based intervention are discussed, linking to social psychological literature on future-oriented self-cognitions and strengthening motivational and regulatory function, particularly among youth facing systemic challenges.
Virtual-MIMO Cooperation Communication Based on Integrated Power Line and Wireless Communication System

Power line communication (PLC) is a competitive technology in broad band access services and smart grids considering it widely distribution and low infrastructure built cost. This paper proposes a new PLC virtual MIMO cooperation system merged with the wireless communication to improve the reliability and capacity performance of conventional PLC system. A wireless interface is integrated in the conventional PLC modems. The nearby PLC modems constitute a V-MIMO module to share their transmitting information via the wireless link. The PLC modem in different V-MIMO module can communicate with each other through power line. The outage probability and capacity simulation results prove that new system can significantly increase the PLC system throughput and the link reliability.
Collaborative writing tasks in the L2 classroom: Comparing group, pair, and individual work

Abstract This study investigates the benefits of collaborative writing tasks. Previous research from the perspective of the sociocultural theory of mind suggests that writing tasks completed in pairs offer learners an opportunity to collaborate in the solution of their language-related problems, co-construct new language knowledge, and produce linguistically more accurate written texts. Building on this research, the present study compares the performance of the same writing task by groups of four learners (n = 15), pairs (n = 15), and individual learners (n = 21). It examines the effect of the number of participants on the fluency, complexity, and accuracy of the written texts produced, as well as the nature of the oral interaction between the pairs and the groups as they collaborate throughout the writing process. The analysis of interaction focused on language-related episodes (LREs) reveals that although both groups and pairs focused their attention on language relatively often, groups produced more LREs and a higher percentage of correctly resolved LREs than pairs. As a result, the texts written by the groups were more accurate not only than those written individually, but also than those written in pairs. The implications of these results for the understanding of both collaborative writing tasks and collaborative problem solving activity are discussed.
Computation of the Information Matrix for Models With Spatial Interaction on a Lattice

This article demonstrates a fast and practical procedure for the maximum likelihood estimation of models with spatial interaction on a lattice, such as Gaussian Markov random fields (conditional autoregressive models, or CAR) and spatial autoregressive models (SAR). Focusing on the computation of the information matrix, I designed an algorithm for computing the information matrix without storing an inverse of the spatial differencing operator, a large sparse matrix. To accomplish this efficiently, I developed a sparse version of the conjugate gradient method for the case of sparse matrices and sparse vectors. Numerical stability and modest computational requirements of the proposed method make it a viable method for large spatial datasets. Large datasets are becoming fairly popular in spatial statistics, so this method's advantages in accelerating ML estimation and effectively relaxing limitations on the size of data underscore its practicality. I apply the method to the analysis of employment in a spatia...
Influence of positive lymphocyte crossmatch and HLA mismatching on vanishing bile duct syndrome in human liver allografts

Sur 52 receveurs, 6 ont presente le syndrome de disparition des voies biliaires, confirme par biopsie, et une seconde transplantation est necessaire. 5 des 6 malades presentaient une reaction croisee positive des lymphocytes. Le syndrome semble plus frequent aussi en cas d'histocompatibilite HLA de classe II
Is There a Trade-off Between Parent Care and Self-care?

Caregiving for family members is often described as a 36-hour day. Previous literature has suggested that family caregivers have little time to attend to their own health needs, such as participating in leisure-time physical activity. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we analyze whether time-allocation decisions reflect a conflict between time devoted to informal care and time devoted to self-health promotion through physical activity. The empirical model is a system of four correlated equations, wherein the dependent variables are hours spent caregiving, frequency of moderate and vigorous physical activity, and hours spent in paid work. Results from joint estimation of the four equations indicate limited evidence of a competition between time spent in caregiving and frequency of physical activity. Parental factors that increase allocation of care time to parents do not comprehensively induce reductions in the frequency of any type of physical activity, or in hours of work, among either men or women.
The effect of hypophysectomy on a cell-free protein synthesizing system from rat brain.

The effect of hypophysectomy on the incorporation of 14C-leucine into protein by a cell-free system from rat brain was investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were hypophysectomized at 3 or 5 weeks of age and were used in the experiments 3 weeks later. The studies revealed that extracts from hypophysectomized rats did not differ significantly from those of normal animals in ability to incorporate 14C-leucine into protein. Since no significant difference in the RNA:protein ratio between extracts from hypophysectomized and normal rats was seen, the same results were found when the incorporation of 14C-leucine was expressed in terms of RNA. (Endocrinology 90: 328, 1972)
Optically abrupt localized surface plasmon resonances in si nanowires by mitigation of carrier density gradients.

Spatial control of carrier density is critical for engineering and exploring the interactions of localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) in nanoscale semiconductors. Here, we couple in situ infrared spectral response measurements and discrete dipole approximation (DDA) calculations to show the impact of axially graded carrier density profiles on the optical properties of mid-infrared LSPRs supported by Si nanowires synthesized by the vapor–liquid–solid technique. The region immediately adjacent to each intentionally encoded resonator (i.e., doped segment) can exhibit residual carrier densities as high as 1020 cm–3, which strongly modifies both near- and far-field behavior. Lowering substrate temperature during the spacer segment growth reduces this residual carrier density and results in a spectral response that is indistinguishable from nanowires with ideal, atomically abrupt carrier density profiles. Our experiments have important implications for the control of near-field plasmonic phenomena in se...
Mutagenic properties of nitrosated spermidine.

SummaryThe nitrosation of spermidine results in direct-acting mutagens as shown by the Ames assay utilizing S. typhimurium TA1535. The mutagenic effect is catalyzed by thiocyanate and inhibited by ascorbic acid.The reaction takes place at pH ranges 3.0-6.0. The possibility that this reaction may play a role in human gastric cancer etiology is discussed.
Targeting the p53 Pathway

This article summarizes data on translational studies to target the p53 pathway in cancer. It describes the functions of the p53 and Mdm-2 signaling pathways, and discusses current therapeutic approaches to target p53 pathways, including reactivation of p53. In addition, direct interaction and colocalization of the p53 and focal adhesion kinase proteins in cancer cells have been demonstrated, and different approaches to target this interaction are reviewed. This is a broad review of p53 function as it relates to the diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of cancers.
Vector flow mapping in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to assess the relationship of early systolic left ventricular flow and the mitral valve.

Abstract Background The hydrodynamic cause of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve (SAM) is unresolved. Objectives This study hypothesized that echocardiographic vector flow mapping, a new echocardiographic technique, would provide insights into the cause of early SAM in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Methods We analyzed the spatial relationship of left ventricular (LV) flow and the mitral valve leaflets (MVL) on 3-chamber vector flow mapping frames, and performed mitral valve measurements on 2-dimensional frames in patients with obstructive and nonobstructive HCM and in normal patients. Results We compared 82 patients (22 obstructive HCM, 23 nonobstructive HCM, and 37 normal) by measuring 164 LV pre- and post-SAM velocity vector flow maps, 82 maximum isovolumic vortices, and 328 2-dimensional frames. We observed color flow and velocity vector flow posterior to the MVL impacting them in the early systolic frames of 95% of obstructive HCM, 22% of nonobstructive HCM, and 11% of normal patients (p 60° of local vector flow onto the posterior surface of the leaflets whether the flow was ejection (59%) or the early systolic isovolumic vortex (41%). Ricochet of vector flow, rebounding off the leaflet into the cul-de-sac, was noted in 82% of the obstructed HCM, 9% of nonobstructive HCM, and none (0%) of the control patients (p Conclusions Early systolic flow impacts the posterior surfaces of protruding MVL initiating SAM in obstructive HCM.