cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
With and Without Confessionalization. Varieties of Early Modern German Catholicism

The article examines the origins of Catholic identity and the character of Catholic culture in early modern Germany. Catholic identity, or confessionalism, developed in the two centuries after 1550 and had both popular and elite sources. The church and the state were, however, much less effective in imposing a sense of loyalty to Catholicism than has generally been argued. Neither Tridentine reform (the "Counter-Reformation") in the period 1580-1620, nor the close cooperation between church and state known as "confessionalization" are sufficient to explain the creation of Catholic confessional identity. Indeed, Tridentine reform was more of an episode than a turning point in the history of German Catholicism and confessionalization was not possible in the many parts of Catholic Germany that lacked strong secular states. Broad-based popular Catholic identity had its primary roots in popular religious practices and traditions and developed after the Thirty Years' War, when church and state came to accommodate many aspects of popular religion. The important role of the people in the development of confessionalism, along with the fragmentation and diversity of ecclesiastical institutions, led to considerable variety in Catholic practice across Germany, rather than to the uniformity sought by ecclesiastical and secular authorities.
Synthesis and Physical Properties of EOE and EEO, Triacylglycerols Containing Elaidic and Oleic Fatty Acids

Symmetrical and non-symmetrical triacylglycerols (TAG) containing oleic (O; 9c-18:1) and elaidic (E; 9t-18:1) acids were required as part of a study relating the physical characteristics and functionality of trans-containing TAG with the mouth feel, taste characteristics and related characteristics desired by consumers in frying oils and pastries. To replace the trans isomers in frying oils—a significant part of frying oils prepared by partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils—without loss of the sensory properties desired by consumers, required the initiation of a study relating the structure of trans-containing TAG with such characteristics as melting range, drop points, and other crystalline properties. Elaidic acid was esterified to trielaidin (EEE), and the EEE partially converted (glycerol/p-toluenesulfonic acid) to a mixture containing ca. 40% DAG (the 1,3- and 1,2-isomers). The DAG fraction was separated by silica gel chromatography, the 1,3-dielaidylglycerol (1,3EE-DAG) isomer isolated (structural purity >99%) by crystallization from acetone and esterified with oleic acid (O) to yield EOE. The 1(3)O-MAG was purchased commercially and esterified with E acid to prepare OEE. Both syntheses yielded multi-gram quantities of EOE and EEO, in 80–85% yields, and with structural purities >99%. Thus, by careful selection of the thermodynamically more-stable MAG or DAG precursors, the symmetrical EOE and non-symmetrical EEO isomers could be readily synthesized, and their drop point and melting point values determined.
Molecular Mechanisms for Cardiovascular Stem Cell Apoptosis and Growth in the Hearts with Atherosclerotic Coronary Disease and Ischemic Heart Failure

: In the heart with atherosclerotic coronary disease, chronic ischemia causes progressive loss of cardiovascular cells and ultimately triggers myocardial dysfunctions or heart failure. Various types of stem cells from embryonic and adult tissues have potentials for regenerating functional cardiovascular cells in the heart undergoing ischemic injury. However, native or exogenous stem cells in the ischemic hearts are exposed to various proapoptotic or cytotoxic factors. Furthermore, during repopulation and differentiation, certain numbers of newly produced cells may die by apoptosis during neocardiovascular tissue remodeling and morphogenesis. Embryonic and adult stem cells may have different life spans, as being programmed genetically to apoptosis. The endogenous and environmental factors play important roles in regulation of stem cells, including inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, surface receptors, proteolytic enzymes, mitochondrial respiration, nuclear proteins, telomerase activities, hypoxia-responding proteins, and stem cell-host cell interaction. Clarification of the molecular mechanisms may help us understand and design stem cell therapies.
Classical conditioning of heart-rate deceleration in the rat with continuous and partial reinforcement

Classical conditioning of heart rate was studied in three groups of rats receiving either 100%, 50%, or 0% reinforcement. All groups were given two days of acquisition and one day of extinction. A deceleration in heart rate was observed as the CR for the 100% and 50% groups. The magnitudes of the CRs failed to diminish over 24 extinction trials.
TEMPTATION AND DELIBERATION

There is a great deal of plausibility to the standard view that if one is rational and it is clear at the time of action that a certain move, say M1, would serve one’s concerns better than any other available move, then one will, as a rational agent, opt for move M1. Still, this view concerning rationality has been challenged at least in part because it seems to conflict with our considered judgments about what it is rational to do in cases of temptation that share the structure of Warren Quinn’s self-torturer case. I argue that there is a way to accomodate our considered judgments about the relevant cases of temptation without giving up the standard view or dismissing, as in some way rationally defective, the concerns of the agents in the relevant cases. My reasoning relies on the idea that, at least in some cases, whether an action serves one’s concerns well depends on what action(s) or course(s) of action it is part of. In the final section of the paper, I explain how this idea sheds light on an important source of frustration in collective decision-making.
A rapid assay for ribokinase.

Abstract A rapid method capable of detecting low levels of ribokinase is given. [γ- 32 P]ATP is converted to ribose 5-[ 32 P]phosphate which is not absorbable onto charcoal. The assay is linear in enzyme concentration to a lower limit of at least 4 × 10 −2 mg of enzyme/ml.
Psychophysiologic predictors of weaning from mechanical ventilation in chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

This study identified psychophysiologic variables related to successful weaning in 27 ventilator-dependent patients with chronic bronchitis and emphysema (CBE) from two long-term care pulmonary-specialty hospitals in South Central Florida. Subjects were studied from admission until weaning occurred (successful weaning without mechanical ventilation) or until they were transferred without being weaned or died (unsuccessful weaning). The study subjects, 15 males and 12 females, ranged in age from 56 to 89. Baseline data on the variables (age, mastery, hope, social support, dyspnea, and rapid shallow breathing index [RSBI]) were not statistically significant by gender. The logistic regression model identified mastery and RSBI to be the best predictors of successful weaning (model chi 2 = 16.33, df = 2, and p value = .0003; prediction rate 82%).
EFFECTS OF CONGRUENT SOCIAL AND TASK REINFORCEMENT UPON ACQUISITION OF IMITATIVE RESPONSES

In an earlier study (Kanareff & Lanzetta, 1958) the effectiveness of a task reinforcer in modifying an imitative response was found to vary with the prevailing social sanctions towards imitation. These sanctions had been induced through instructions stressing either the desirability of separate judgments or the facilitating effect of working in a group. Apparently the few minutes spent in orienting Ss at the start of the session were sufficient to establish an attitudinal set toward the appropriateness of imitation. There are, nevertheless, several disadvantages to the instructional method of inducing social sanctions. For one, neither evaluation nor control of the strength of the induced sanctions can be achieved with such a procedure. Further developments in the area of social behavior, e.g., quantitative comparisons of the relative strength of social and task reinforcement under various situational demands, and control over the strength of means-goal conflict (simultaneous operation of incongruent task and social reinforcements), are attendant upon the development of a procedure permitting such evaluation and control. For another, vagaries of interpretation of the instructions may increase individual differences so as to obscure relationships that may exist. And finally, it would be highly desirable if expectations of social sanctions (social reinforcement) could be subjected to the same probabilistic confirmations as expectations of task reinforcement so that the patterns and probabilities of social reinforcement encountered in everyday life as well as of task reinforcements could be reproduced in the laboratory. The present study introduces a procedure for providing continuous and precise control over the social sanctions such that task and social reinforcements can be independently manipulated and made to operate concurrently on given behavior patterns. The task reinforcement may consist of any impersonal task informative feedback device indicating the instrumentality of the available behavior patterns with respect to the imposed task goals. For example, the task reinforcement (an indication of "correctness" or "incorrectness") for imitation and opposition in the present study was provided by the conjunction of the
Planar tomosynthesis reconstruction in a parallel-beam framework via virtual object reconstruction

A framework for image reconstruction from planar tomosynthesis trajectories (i.e. all source positions reside in a single plane) is presented. The parallel beam geometry is a convenient starting point in deriving reconstruction algorithms, both analytic and iterative, as the relation between frequency space and image space is well known. We present a method for utilizing parallel beam reconstruction algorithms in an internally consistent manner. The concept of a virtual image object is utilized. This virtual image object has the property that cone-beam projections through the real object are directly related to parallel-beam projections of the virtual object. The virtual object may then be reconstructed using any algorithm derived for parallel beam projections. Finally, an affine transform may be applied to the virtual image object in order to generate the reconstruction result. In the implementation described here the backprojection operation is performed such that the real image object is reconstructed without introducing a rebinning in image space. Image reconstruction comparisons are given for a standard filtered backprojection (FBP) type algorithm where parallel projections were assumed in the algorithm derivation. Numerical simulations were performed for a C-arm type geometry and parallel beam FBP reconstructions using the virtual object are compared with the standard backprojection algorithm. Finally, a comparison was made between the new parallel beam reconstruction and the standard approximation where the cone-beams are assumed to be approximately parallel beams and a cone-beam backprojection is employed. A reduction in streaking artifacts was observed using the new algorithm compared with the standard approximation.
Monoclonal antibodies specific for ganglion cells in the embryonic chicken neural retina

Monoclonal antibodies have been produced which recognize antigens on the surface of embryonic chicken neural retina cells. Two monoclonal antibodies, obtained from separate fusions, have been shown by fluorescence-activated cell-sorter analysis to bind to antigens on a subpopulation of neural retina cells. Immunohistochemical methods demonstrate that both monoclonal antibodies bind to the nerve fiber and inner plexiform layers of the embryonic neural retina. These monoclonal antibodies also bind to cell bodies and neurites of cultured retinal neurons and therefore selectively recognize antigens localized to the surface ganglion cells. One of the monoclonal antibodies binds to a 260 kdalton polypeptide, which has been shown to be developmentally regulated by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry, as it is not detected in late embryonic neural retina. The second monoclonal antibody appears to bind to different antigens in neural and non-neural tissue. In liver extracts the monoclonal antibody recognizes a trypsin-sensitive antigen, but the antibody reacts with trypsin-resistant molecules in neural tissue. This monoclonal antibody may therefore bind a glycolipid component in the neural retina, although this remains to be determined. These antibodies can be used to obtain cell populations highly enriched in retinal ganglion cells.
Epistatic interactions govern chemically-induced lung tumor susceptibility and Kras mutation site in murine C57BL/6J-ChrA/J chromosome substitution strains

Cancer susceptibility results from interactions between sensitivity and resistance alleles. We employed murine chromosome substitution strains to study how resistance alleles affected sensitive alleles during chemically-induced lung carcinogenesis. The C57BL/6J-Chr#(A/J) strains, constructed by selectively breeding sensitive A/J and resistant C57BL/6J (B6) mice, each contain one pair of A/J chromosomes within an otherwise B6 genome. Pas1, the major locus responsible for this differential strain response to urethane carcinogenesis, resides on Chr 6, but C57BL/6J-Chr6(A/J) mice (hereafter CSS-6) developed few tumors following a single urethane injection, which demonstrates epistatic interactions with other B6 alleles. CSS6 mice developed dozens of lung tumors after chronic urethane exposure, however, indicating that these epistatic interactions could be overcome by repeated carcinogen administration. Unlike A/J, but similar to B6 mice, CSS6 mice were resistant to lung carcinogenesis induced by 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA). Tumor multiplicity increased if BHT administration followed urethane exposure, showing that a Chr 6 gene(s) regulates sensitivity to chemically-induced tumor promotion. Unlike A/J tumors (predominantly codon 61 A-->T transversions), Kras mutations in tumors induced by urethane in CSS-6 mice were similar to B6 tumors (codon 61 A-->G transitions). DNA repair genes not located on Chr 6 may determine the nature of Kras mutations. CSS-6 mice are a valuable resource for testing the ability of candidate genes to modulate lung carcinogenesis.
Interferon treatment inhibits glycosylation of a viral protein

Earlier, we reported a 30-200-fold reduction in the yield of infectious vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) released from L cells treated with 10-30 reference units ml-1 of interferon (IFN); however, in these cultures virus particle production, as measured by VSV particle-associated viral RNA, virus nucleocapsid protein and viral transcriptase, was inhibited less than 10-fold. There was biochemical and morphological evidence of a significant reduction in glycoprotein (G) and membrane protein (M) of VSV particles released from IFN-treated cells. We compare here the effects of tunicamycin (TM) and IFN in L cells. Treatment with TM or IFN reduced the production of infectious VSV particles, decreased the amount of G and M proteins in VSV released from treated cells, and inhibited an early step in the formation of asparagine-linked oligosaccharide chains, the incorporation by membrane preparations from treated cells of N-acetylglucosamine into glycolipids with the properties of dolichol derivatives.
VALUE OF CHLORTHALIDONE PLUS RESERPINE IN MODERATELY SEVERE AND SEVERE HYPERTENSION. A TWO-YEAR STUDY.

One hundred nine patients with moderately severe hypertension and 12 patients with severe hypertension received the combination of 50 mg. of chlorthalidone plus 0.25 mg. of reserpine combined in a single tablet (Regroton) administered once daily for an average duration of 2 years. The ease of administration (one tablet daily), the effectiveness (78-per cent good response), the lack of development of drug resistance over a 2-year period, and the small incidence of side effects would seem to make the combination of 50 mg. of chlorthalidone plus 0.25 mg. of reserpine the ideal treatment for most patients with hypertension. If a more rapid reduction in arterial pressure is indicated, as in patients with severe hypertension, or if a satisfactory therapeutic response has not been observed in 3 to 4 months in patients with moderately severe hypertension, suboptimal doses of other antihypertensive agents may be added.
Stable lower PAR expression decreased DU145 prostate cancer cell growth in SCID mice.

Background PAR is a novel gene ubiquitously expressed in normal and malignant tissues with a trend towards higher expression in tumor cells. PAR biological function is unknown. Here we report the effect of lowering PAR expression on in vitro and in vivo proliferation of DU145 cells. Methods Decreased PAR expression was achieved by stable transfection of DU145 cells with antisense PAR cDNA cloned in pCMV-Script expression vector. The proliferative potential of DU145 transfectants was studied by cell counts, colony formation in soft agar, flow cytometry, and growth in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Results DU145 transfectants exhibited a decreased cell proliferation in tissue culture and a low efficiency of colony formation in soft agar. Flow cytometry revealed an arrest of these cells in G2-M phase of mitotic cycle. A dramatic decrease of tumor growth was observed when DU145 transfectant cells were inoculated in SCID mice, compared with controls. Histological examination of these tumors showed a marked decrease in cell density and in number of mitoses while control tumors showed a high cell density and numerous mitoses. Conclusions The data presented here provide the first evidence for PAR gene cellular function and its possible implication in malignant transformation. Prostate 49:200–207, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The pharmacological action of gastrin pentapeptide

Bei Stimulation der Magensekretion bei nichtnarkotisierten Hunden mit Heidenhain-Taschen durch Histamin und synthetisches Gastrin-Pentapeptid konnte die Wirkung des letzteren durch Ganglienhemmer vergrossert und durch Atropin vermindert werden. Die Wirkung des Histamins wurde durch Ganglienhemmer herabgesetzt. Die Versuche zeigen, dass Histamin und Gastrin-Pentapeptid verschiedene Wirkungsmechanismen besitzen.
A new algorithm for optimal 2-constraint satisfaction and its implications

We present a novel method for exactly solving (in fact, counting solutions to) general constraint satisfaction optimization with at most two variables per constraint (e.g. MAX-2-CSP and MIN-2-CSP), which gives the first exponential improvement over the trivial algorithm. More precisely, the runtime bound is a constant factor improvement in the base of the exponent: the algorithm can count the number of optima in MAX-2-SAT and MAX-CUT instances in O(m32ωn/3) time, where ω < 2.376 is the matrix product exponent over a ring. When the constraints have arbitrary weights, there is a (1 + e)-approximation with roughly the same runtime, modulo polynomial factors. Our construction shows that improvement in the runtime exponent of either k-clique solution (even when k = 3) or matrix multiplication over GF(2) would improve the runtime exponent for solving 2-CSP optimization.Our approach also yields connections between the complexity of some (polynomial time) high-dimensional search problems and some NP-hard problems. For example, if there are sufficiently faster algorithms for computing the diameter of n points in l1, then there is an (2 - e)n algorithm for MAX-LIN. These results may be construed as either lower bounds on the high-dimensional problems, or hope that better algorithms exist for the corresponding hard problems.
Improving odometry using a controlled point laser

We describe methods to improve an odometry estimate of motion using a single point range-finding laser. The laser measures the distance to an arbitrary point on a flat surface. After some motion, the odometry estimate of the motion is used to aim the laser to measure the distance to the same point. Through geometric methods the discrepancy in the expected and measured distances can be used to update the odometer estimate of the motion. We present experiments using a mobile robot, pan-tilt unit and laser. Our method could be incorporated into any simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithm.
Impoverished rearing impairs working memory and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 expression

Impoverished rearing conditions deregulate metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) function and expression within the prefrontal cortex, which contributes to poor performance in positively reinforced spatial working memory tasks. This study extended earlier data by demonstrating that impoverished rearing conditions impair spatial working memory even under conditions of negative reinforcement, indicating a generalized deficit in working memory processing. This protracted behavioral effect was associated with reduced total prefrontal cortex levels of the active, dimerized form of mGluR 5, but there was no change in mGluR 1 or mGluR 2/3 dimer expression in any brain region examined. Thus, impoverished rearing conditions produce protracted deficits in spatial working memory, in association with reduced prefrontal mGluR 5 function that may be relevant to the etiology of several neuropsychiatric disorders.
Essential Leaf Oil of Persea Subgenus Eriodaphne and Closely Related Perseoid Genera

Abstract The leaf oils of Persea caerulea, P. cinerascens, P. donnell-smithii, P. lingue, P. longpipes, P. pachypoda, P. palustris, P. skutchii, Beilschmiedia miersii, B. tarairie, Litsea calicaris, Nectandra umbrosa, N. salicina, Ocotea Valeriana and O. bothrantha were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major components of the Persea oils were sabinene (20.1%) and β-caryophyllene (11.0%) in P. caerulea; α-phellandrene (24.9%) and α-terpinene (18.9%) in P. cinerascena; α-pinene (20.5%), β-pinene (16.9%) and germacrene D (24.3%) in P. donnell-smithii; sabinene (14.5%), β-carophyllene (11.3%), germacrene D (11.6%) and Γ-cadinene (18.6%) in P. lingue; β-caryophyllene (6.5%) and α-humulene ((7.3%) in P. longpipes; β-terpinene (12.6%) and camphor (29.3%) in P. pachypoda; 1,8-cineole (33.7%) and camphor (10.2%) in P. palustris and α-pinene (14.8%), 1,8-cineole (12.3%), Γ-terpinene (12.8%) and germacrene D (12.2%) in P. skutchii. The oils of Beilschmiedia miersii and B. tarairie were found to be rich in α-terpinene (...
Overwintering Physiology and Microhabitat Use of Phyllocnistis populiella (Lepidoptera: Gracilliariidae) in Interior Alaska

ABSTRACT We investigated the overwintering physiology and behavior of Phyllocnistis populiella Chambers, the aspen leaf miner, which has caused severe and widespread damage to aspen in Alaska over the past 10 yr. Active P. populiella moths caught in spring and summer supercooled to an average temperature of -16°C, whereas dormant moths excavated from hibernacula in the leaf litter during fall and winter supercooled to an average of -32°C. None of the moths survived freezing in the laboratory. Counts of overwintering moths in leaf litter across microhabitats in interior Alaska demonstrated that moths occurred at significantly higher density beneath white spruce trees than beneath the aspen host, several other hardwood species, or in open areas among trees. During winter, the temperature 1–2 cm below the surface of the leaf litter beneath white spruce trees was on average 7–9°C colder than beneath aspen trees, and we estimate that during at least one period of the winter the temperature under some white spr...
Experimental analysis of T1 imaging with a single-scan, multiple-point, inversion-recovery technique.

Look and Locker's single-scan, multiple-point, T1 determination technique modified for imaging applications was evaluated experimentally for its accuracy and reliability with respect to the pulse sequence parameters. in particular. to the interpulse delay, TD, and the tip angle, α. T1 imaging experiments were performed with a 0.5-T imaging system on a phantom which consisted of an array of vials containing 2% agarose gels doped with various amount of Mn2+ using different combinations of the parameter set {TD. α}. T1, results obtained with this technique were compared with those measured by a conventional inversion-recovery procedure using the same spectrometer. Strategic choice of pulse sequence parameters to minimize experimental errors and the criteria for these choices will be discussed. © 1992 Academic Press, Inc.
Elevated soluble ICAM-1 levels induce immune deficiency and increase adiposity in mice

SPECIFIC AIMSSoluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) is increased in many pathological conditions, including obesity. The aim of this study was to generate an animal model overexpressing sICAM-1 and to determine ...
Purification and characterization of quinate (shikimate) dehydrogenase, an enzyme in the inducible quinic acid catabolic pathway of Neurospora crassa.

Abstract The bifunctional enzyme quinate (shikimate) dehydrogenase (quinate:NAD + oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.24), which catalyzes the first reaction in the inducible quinic acid catabolic pathway of Neurospora crassa , has been purified to homogeneity. The enzyme is a monomer of 41 000 daltons with an s 20, w = 2.94 S. However, electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions revealed three protein species, which have both quinate and shikimate dehydrogenase activities. The enzyme, with a single binding site for both substrates, has a K m of 0.37 mM for quinate and of 1.18 mM for shikimate, although the V is about 3-fold higher with shikimate. Essential sulphydryl groups which were not localized in the active site were detected. Thermal stability of the enzyme was greatly enhanced by low concentrations of quinate, shikimate, NADH, or by high ionic strength.
Sex differences in amphetamine-induced displacement of [(18)F]fallypride in striatal and extrastriatal regions: a PET study.

Objective: The authors examined gender differences in d -amphetamine-induced displacements of [ 18 F]fallypride in the striatal and extrastriatal brain regions and the correlations of these displacements with cognition and sensation seeking. Method: Six women and seven men underwent positron emission tomography (PET) with [ 18 F]fallypride before and after an oral dose of d -amphetamine. Percent displacements were calculated using regions of interest and parametric images of dopamine 2 (D 2 ) receptor binding potential. Results: Parametric images of dopamine release suggest that the female subjects had greater dopamine release than the male subjects in the right globus pallidus and right inferior frontal gyrus. Gender differences were observed in correlations of changes in cognition and sensation seeking with regional dopamine release. Conclusion: Findings revealed a greater dopamine release in women as well as gender differences in the relationship between regional dopamine release and sensation seeking ...
STUDIES ON PITUITARY LACTOGENIC HORMONE : I. ELECTROPHORETIC BEHAVIOR.

The Tiselius technique of electrophoresis has been used to study the homogeneity and mobility of pituitary lactogenic hormone. The lactogenic preparation employed by us shows only one sharp band in schlieren photographs, indicating a high degree of homogeneity. From the determination of the mobility of the hormone at different hydrogen ion concentrations in acetate and phosphate buffer of ionic strength 0.055, the isoelectric point was found to be 5.70 and the See PDF for Equation value 4.5 x 10–5. The difference in the mobility reported for White's crystalline preparation and that found with our high potency lactogenic preparation is discussed.
The Effects of Soil Moisture on Structural and Biomass Characteristics of Four Salt Marsh Plants

Seliskar, D. M. 1987. The effect of soil moisture on structural and biomass characteristics of four salt marsh plants.—J. exp. Bot. 38: 1193-1202. In a controlled greenhouse experiment young Deschampsia cespitosa, Grindelia integrifolia, Distichlis spicata and Salicornia virginica plants were subjected to dry, field capacity, and saturated soil conditions. Plant height, stem diameter, stem density, number of leaves, number and length of internodes, and number of primary and secondary branches varied among the three treatments. The quantity of aerenchyma in S. virginica was greatest in the saturated treatment. In G. integrifolia the amount of secondary xylem was greatest in the dry treatment. Maximum aboveand below-ground biomass occurred under field capacity conditions for the four species. Root to shoot ratios of D. cespitosa and S. virginica were not affected by changes in soil moisture while that of D. spicata was lowest in the saturated treatment and that of G. integrifolia was lowest in the dry treatment. Key words—Salt marsh, soil moisture, plant structure. Correspondence to: College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, 700 Pilottown Road, Lewes, DE 19958, U.S.A.
BIBW 2992 in non-small cell lung cancer.

Introduction: EGFR targeting is a valid and vital approach in the treatment of patients with lung cancer. However, all patients treated with reversible inhibitors develop acquired resistance over time. It is of paramount importance that novel agents are designed and developed to overcome such acquired resistance. Areas covered: The role of EGFR targeting in NSCLC, mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to reversible inhibitors, and strategies to overcome resistance are examined. Preclinical and clinical data pertaining to BIBW 2992 in advanced solid tumors, and particularly in NSCLC, are also thoroughly reviewed. We hope that the reader will gain a comprehensive knowledge of the emerging field of resistance to EGFR inhibition, specifically relating to drugs being developed for lung cancer patients. Expert opinion: Irreversible dual inhibitors of EGFR-HER2 such as BIBW 2992 provide a promising approach to overcoming acquired resistance to erlotinib and gefitinib in lung cancer. It is yet to be seen ...
Opportunities not missed — systematic influenza and pneumococcal immunization in a public inner-city emergency department

Abstract To demonstrate the feasibility of systematic influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in a busy Emergency Department (ED). Setting : A public, inner-city hospital with an annual adult ED census of 120000. 93% of patients are people of color. 78% deny having either government or private insurance. Only 28% of patients report having a primary care provider. Only 15% present with complaints requiring immediate evaluation by a physician. Methods : Two uncontrolled demonstration projects were conducted during two periods, from 10/21/96 through 12/2/96, (during the influenza immunization season) and from 5/27/97 to 7/26/97. During project one, nurses were given standing orders that all non-urgent patients meeting CDC recommended criteria were to be offered immunization against influenza and/or pneumococcus at triage. The date of immunization was entered into unused fields in the computerized patient registration system, making it available system-wide, to all providers having access to billing system terminals. From 11/4 through 11/18, an extra ‘immunization nurse’ was assigned to test for improvement in immunization figures. A time/motion study of the time required for each immunization was conducted using a convenience sample of eight nurses over all three shifts. During project two, responsibility for carrying out standing orders for immunization was transferred to the patient's nurses in the treatment area, and all high-risk patients were made eligible for immunization. An immunization card was issued to the patient at the time of each immunization. A monetary incentive to nurses was used to encourage completion of tracking forms. Computer record-keeping was continued. Results : Both projects required intense supervision to ensure performance. Despite initial resistance, and extreme variation in individual performance, many nurses and physicians became supportive of ED immunization during the two projects. During project one, 2631 patients were screened, and 789 high-risk patients were identified. 1238 patients were immunized against influenza and 374 against pneumococcus. Immunizations per shift per nurse varied from 0 to 24. Median time for immunization was 4 min (range 2–10.) The addition of an extra nurse at triage did not improve performance. During period two, 1907 patients were screened, 1532 high-risk patients were identified, and 1179 patients were immunized against pneumococcus. Conclusion : Systematic ED immunization of highrisk adults is feasible even in a busy public ED setting.
Evolution of the Tharsis region of Mars: insights from magnetic field observations

Abstract Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) observations of crustal magnetic fields over Tharsis provide new constraints on models for the thermal and magmatic evolution of this region. We analyze the distribution of magnetic field anomalies over Tharsis surface units of Noachian, Hesperian and Amazonian age. These data suggest that early Noachian crust underlies the Tharsis province, and formed contemporaneously with the existence of a martian dynamo. This crust either pre-dates the formation of Tharsis, or formed during the earlier phases of Tharsis volcanism. The preservation of strong magnetic field anomalies over some of the earliest Noachian and topographically high units, together with the observation of magnetic field anomalies over Hesperian- and Amazonian-age surface units, indicate that a large fraction of the magnetized crust has remained cool (below the blocking temperature of the magnetic carrier) throughout the construction of Tharsis. Moreover, the distributions of magnetic anomaly amplitudes over Noachian, Hesperian, and Amazonian surface units suggest that the youngest units overlie sites of prolonged intrusion and have undergone a greater extent of thermal demagnetization. The absence of magnetic anomalies around the Tharsis Montes and Olympus Mons argues for strong, localized heating, as would be expected at volcanic centers. We show that end-member models for progressive thermal demagnetization of a Noachian magnetized crustal layer are consistent with the anomaly amplitude distributions. We integrate the magnetic field observations with constraints from tectonics, gravity, and topography, and present a revised scenario for the evolution of the Tharsis region.
Prediction of long-term beam stability using high order toroidal invariants

It is noted that two ways have been proposed for detecting signs of long-term beam instability. They both rest on the belief that if a particle is long-term unstable, it will experience a significant and discernible amount of chaotic motion. This chaotic motion can be detected by (a) looking for small departure from regular motion such as slow change of an action invariant or (b) tracking two neighboring particle and looking for an exponential growth of their phase space separation. The authors describe efforts of type (a) and present some recent comparisons with procedures of type (b). Results are presented for the Superconducting Super Collider. >
An ecological study of food desert prevalence and 4th grade academic achievement in New York State school districts

Background . This ecological study examines the relationship between food desert prevalence and academic achievement at the school district level. Design and methods. Sample included 232 suburban and urban school districts in New York State. Multiple open-source databases were merged to obtain: 4th grade science, English and math scores, school district demographic composition (NYS Report Card), regional socioeconomic indicators (American Community Survey), school district quality (US Common Core of Data), and food desert data (USDA Food Desert Atlas). Multiple regression models assessed the percentage of variation in achievement scores explained by food desert variables, after controlling for additional predictors. Results . The proportion of individuals living in food deserts significantly explained 4th grade achievement scores, after accounting for additional predictors. School districts with higher proportions of individuals living in food desert regions demonstrated lower 4th grade achievement across science, English and math. Conclusions . Food deserts appear to be related to academic achievement at the school district level among urban and suburban regions. Further research is needed to better understand how food access is associated with academic achievement at the individual level.
Eye and Head Movements During the Golf Putting Stroke

Sports medicine is becoming a very popular means of addressing specific questions posed by athletes concerning the body’s forces and actions during athletic motions. It has, for example, provided valuable information about the golf swing and physical forces impacting on the golf ball (Hay, 1978; Nicklaus and Bowden, 2002). Much of this information has been obtained using high-speed photography (Barnes, 1919; Bobby Jones’ swing photograph, 1939; http://golfswingphotos.com). Indeed, the components of the golf swing have been studied in great detail over past 50 years. However, there is a surprising lack of objective simultaneous measurements of eye and head motion during the golf swing, especially in putting.
Comment on the “Implications of Separating Opinions from Attitudes”

The Fall 1953 issue of the Quarterly contained an article by G. D. Wiebe on separating opinions and attitudes. In that article, Mr. Wiebe attempted to differentiate between the two concepts and to show the hazards, particularly in choosing criteria of validation, of confusing them. In this article, Mr. Smith criticizes the methodological implications of the distinctions outlined in the earlier piece, and Mr. Wiebe defends them. Mr. Smith is on the staff of the Social Science Research Council, Mr. Wiebe is Research Psychologist for CBS Radio.
Parvalbumin isoforms differentially accelerate cardiac myocyte relaxation kinetics in an animal model of diastolic dysfunction.

The cytosolic Ca2+/Mg2+-binding protein α-parvalbumin (α-Parv) has been shown to accelerate cardiac relaxation; however, beyond an optimal concentration range, α-Parv can also diminish contractilit...
Physical and topological properties of circular DNA.

Several types of circular DNA molecules are now known. These are classified as single-stranded rings, covalently closed duplex rings, and weakly bonded duplex rings containing an interruption in one or both strands. Single rings are exemplified by the viral DNA from ϕX174 bacteriophage. Duplex rings appear to exist in a twisted configuration in neutral salt solutions at room temperature. Examples of such molecules are the DNA's from the papova group of tumor viruses and certain intracellular forms of ϕX and λ-DNA. These DNA's have several common properties which derive from the topological requirement that the winding number in such molecules is invariant. They sediment abnormally rapidly in alkaline (denaturing) solvents because of the topological barrier to unwinding. For the same basic reason these DNA's are thermodynamically more stable than the strand separable DNA's in thermal and alkaline melting experiments. The introduction of one single strand scission has a profound effect on the properties of closed circular duplex DNA's. In neutral solutions a scission appears to generate a swivel in the complementary strand at a site in the helix opposite to the scission. The twists are then released and a slower sedimenting, weakly closed circular duplex is formed. Such circular duplexes exhibit normal melting behavior, and in alkali dissociate to form circular and linear single strands which sediment at different velocities. Weakly closed circular duplexes containing an interruption in each strand are formed by intramolecular cyclization of viral λ-DNA. A third kind of weakly closed circular duplex is formed by reannealing single strands derived from circularly permuted T2 DNA. These reconstituted duplexes again contain an interruption in each strand though not necessarily regularly spaced with respect to each other.
A protocol for a distributed recommender system

We present a domain model and protocol for the exchange of recommendations by selfish agents without the aid of any centralized control. Our model captures a subset of the realities of recommendation exchanges in the Internet. We provide an algorithm that selfish agents can use for deciding whether to exchange recommendations and with whom. We analyze this algorithm and show that, under certain common circumstances, the agents' rational choice is to exchange recommendations. Finally, we have implemented our model and algorithm and tested the performance of various populations. Our results show that both the social welfare and the individual utility of the agents is increased by participating in the exchange of recommendations.
Morphology and Singularities of Vortex Flows

Recent results on the 3d incompressible, axisymmetric Euler equations are reviewed. The connection with the 2d Boussinesq equations is explained, and used to simulate the formation of point like singularities. One of the upshots of this study is the spontaneous appearance of shocks. This phenomenon can be intuitively understood with the help of the Clebsch formulation of the Euler equations, and of a simplified model (equations of porous media convection).
Sinc and Sigmoid Higher Order Neural Network for Data Modeling and Simulation

New open box and nonlinear model of siNc and Sigmoid Higher Order Neural Network (NS-HONN) is presented in this paper. A new learning algorithm for NSHONN is also developed from this study. A time series data simulation and analysis system, NS-HONN Simulator, is built based on the NS-HONN models too. Test results show that average error of NS-HONN models are from 2.5081% to 3.6004%, and the average error of Polynomial Higher Order Neural Network (PHONN), Trigonometric Higher Order Neural Network (THONN), and Sigmoid polynomial Higher Order Neural Network (SPHONN) models are from 2.8128% to 4.9076%. It means that NS-HONN models are 0.1162% to 0.4030% better than PHONN, THONN, and SPHONN models
BRIDGING THE GAPS: HYBRID TRACKING FOR ADAPTIVE MOBILE AUGMENTED REALITY

Tracking accuracy in a location-aware mobile system can change dynamically as a function of the user's location and other variables specific to the tracking technologies used. This is especially problematic for mobile augmented reality systems, which ideally require extremely precise position tracking for the user's head, but which may not always be able to achieve that level of accuracy. While it is possible to ignore variable positional accuracy in an augmented reality user interface, this can make for a confusing system; for example, when accuracy is low, virtual objects that are nominally registered with real ones may be too far off to be of use. To address this problem, we describe an experimental mobile augmented reality system that: (1) employs multiple position-tracking technologies, including ones that apply heuristics based on environmental knowledge; (2) coordinates these concurrently monitored tracking systems; and (3) automatically adapts the user interface to varying degrees of confidence in...
A transactional nested process management system

Providing flexible transaction semantics and incorporating activities, data and agents are the key issues in workflow system development. Unfortunately, most of the commercial workflow systems lack the advanced features of transaction models, and an individual transaction model with specific emphasis lacks sufficient coverage for business process management. This report presents our solutions to the above problems in developing the Open Process Management System (OPMS) at HP Laboratories. OPMS is based on nested activity modeling with the following extensions and constraints: 'in-process open nesting' for extending closed/open nesting to accommodate applications that require improved process-wide concurrency without sacrificing top-level atomicity; 'confined open' as a constraint on both open and in-process open activities for avoiding the semantic inconsistencies in activity triggering and compensation; and 'two-phase remedy' as a generalized hierarchical approach for handling failures.
Asymptotic Analysis of the Shape and Composition of Alloy Islands in Epitaxial Solid Films

We consider the formation of solid drops ("islands") occurring in the growth of strained solid films. Beginning from a detailed model for the growth of an alloy film that incorporates the coupling between composition, elastic stress and the morphology of the free boundary, we develop an asymptotic description of the shape and compositional nonuniformity of small alloy islands grown at small deposition rates. A key feature of the analysis is a "thin domain" scaling in the island which enables recasting the free boundary problem into a set of integrodifferential equations for the shape and composition profile. The integrodifferential system can be decomposed into two parts: one part gives a single integrodifferential equation for the shape analogous to that obtained for a single-component island determined by Shanahan and Spencer (2002), and the other part gives the composition profile in terms of the shape. Thus, the shape of an alloy island is identical to that of a single-component island with the same system parameters, but with a nonuniform composition that depends on the stress-composition coupling and alloy solution thermodynamics. Finally, we characterize the structure and magnitude of the compositional nonuniformity and also interpret our theoretical results in the context of SiGe alloy films.
Medical Students Cultural Attitudes: The Health Belief Attitudes Survey.

Cultural competent care is the ability to deliver effective medical care to people from different cultures. The lack of methodological rigor and paucity of psychometric properties information of the instruments limits the generalizability of cultural competency educational interventions. We examined cultural attitudes of first year medical students and examined psychometric properties of the scale to better define the constructs it intends to measure. In a cross-sectional study, first year medical students completed the Health Belief Attitudes Survey (HBAS) in September of their matriculating year (2011-2013) within the context of Introduction to Clinical Medicine. The survey has15 items scored on a 6-point Likert scale (1-6), higher score indicates higher culturally competent attitudes. We used factor analysis to explore constructs and examine internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha). The response rate was 98% (536/548), 42.2% students were female (n=231), 73.0% (n=400) white, 14.6% Asian (n=80), and 4.4% African American (n=24)(4.9%, n=27, did not provide race or ethnicity). The HBAS median score was 5.3 (25 th percentile [Q1], 4.9; 75 th percentile [Q3], 5.7). A two-factor solution explained 97% of the variance with Eigenvalues of 5.6 and 1.2, respectively. We conceptualized the constructs as “Understanding the Patients’ Cultural and Socio-Economic Background” (Factor 1, 11 items; Cronbach’s alpha, 0.89). “Building the Professional Relationship and Quality of Care” (Factor 2, 4 items; Cronbach’s alpha, 0.74). First year medical students have high culturally-relevant attitudes. The HBAS instrument captures two main constructs, understanding the patients’ background and perspective and building the professional relationship.
C–H activation

The C–H activation reaction is a reaction that cleaves a carbon–hydrogen bond. Here the carbon–hydrogen bond is mostly referred to unactivated carbon–hydrogen bonds.
L'industrie nucléaire française en 1989. Les constructeurs d'équipements de l'îlot nucléaire

Le bilan et la dimension internationale de Framatome, concepteur et fabricant de chaudieres nucleaires, sont presentes. Les nouvelles activites et ambitions de Framatome sont analysees dans une situation qui voit le rythme de construction des centrales nucleaires se ralentir