cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental manipulations of the organic compositions of seawater: implications for studies of energy budgets in marine invertebrate larvae

Abstract Correct measurement of changes in biomass and metabolic rates over time are two essential elements for the accurate construction of energy budgets for invertebrate larvae. Both components of larval energetics are altered by changes in the organic chemistry of the seawater. Axenic (bacteria-free) veliger larvae (88 μm shell length) of the bivalve Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1795) had a 53% enhancement of their metabolic rate relative to control values (5.8 ± 0.6 pmol larva −1 h −1 , x ± 1 se ) when exposed to seawater to which 1 μM glucose had been added. Gastrulae, prism-stage, and pluteus-stage, larvae of the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus (Verrill, 1867) had significantly higher metabolic rates when 1 μM amino acids (16 amino acids at 62.5 nM each) was added to seawater. Gastrulae increased their rate of respiration by 35%, from 10 ± 0.9 to 13.5 ± 1.4 pmol O2 embryo−1 h−; prism-stage larvae by 33% from 40.9 ± 2.0 to 54.4 ± 2.8; and pluteus-stage larvae by 50%, from 33.4 ± 1.5 to 50.3 ± 3.1. Lecithotrophic larvaei of the gastropod Haliotis rufescens Swainson, 1822, either had no change (Day 1, trochophore larvae) or a significant increase (Day 2, veliger larvae) in dry organic weight when reared in natural seawater that had been passed through a filter of 0.2-μm pore size (to remove particles). In contrast, sibling larvae always decreased in dry organic weight when reared in seawater which had first been passed through a sand-filter (a treatment that alters the organic chemistry of seawater), and then a 0.2-μm (pore size) filter. These data show that alterations of the organic chemistry of seawater can affect the growth and metabolism of invertebrate larvae. If such modifications are not controlled, energy budgets constructed from laboratory experiments on larvae in altered seawater may bear little resemblance to the energetics of larvae in the field.
When Race Enters the Room: Improving Leadership and Learning Through Racial Literacy

This article explains (a) why racial literacy—an understanding of the origins and function of race in US schools and society—is essential to the work of educational leaders, and (b) how educational leaders can improve their leadership through racial literacy. It introduces the concept of racial literacy as a first step to improving school leadership practices, to be followed by racial realism, racial reconstruction, and racial reconciliation in racially diverse school communities. The article concludes with recommendations and resources designed to advance the racial literacy of educational leaders and their teams as part of a broader commitment to inclusion and social justice in US schools.
Demand Uncertainty, Incomplete Markets, and the Optimality of Rationing

Abstract When the arrival of traders at the market is stochastic, and it is impossible for traders who might arrive to meet ex ante, then Walrasian spot-market clearing presents consumers with price-risk and is typically not Pareto optimal. Instead, with an indivisible good and a divisible numeraire, the first-best can be achieved by an “Exchange” selling raffle tickets at a fixed price. When only spot market trading is feasible and consumers cannot commit to pay unless they purchase the indivisible good, efficiency implies price-fixing with rationing. Potential disadvantages of black markets and scalping are discussed.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: D45, D52, D8.
Probeless electrical fault isolation approach: a breakthrough logic and circuit simulation based failure analysis method

Probeless electrical fault isolation is a breakthrough approach that developed to enable failure analysis (FA) on advanced microprocessor without the need of probing equipment. In addition to cost saving, a higher success rate and shorter analysis time is clearly demonstrated.
Teaching Human Behavior and the Social Environment to Enhance Students' Personal Epistemology

Current trends in education practices focus on student's personal epistemologies and their development. Two social work educators took specific steps to attempt to enhance the personal epistemologies of the social work students in their courses in human behavior in the social environment. One instructor repeated the trajectory of the reflective judgment model in her lectures, and the other gave a series of assignments that presented students with ill-structured problems to solve. Preliminary qualitative and quantitative data provided support for their subjective judgments that the teaching methods assisted students in moving toward more sophisticated personal epistemology. This article outlines the teaching methods and the data used and the current literature on personal epistemology.
Functional analysis of the vasomotor innervation of the dog's hind footpad.

Vascular responses in the large central pad of the dog's foot were recorded during stimulation of the lumbosacral sympathetic trunk and correlated with the site of stimulation and the subsequent histologic analysis of the excised trunk. The resulting description of the preganglionic inflow and postganglionic outflow from the trunk demonstrated marked variations in the anatomic patterns of the vasomotor innervation of the footpad in various animals. Complete preganglionic denervation of this vascular bed required extirpation of the entire lumbar trunk caudalward as far as L-7 in addition to the interruption of those preganglionic pathways through the spinal nerves which do not pass through the sympathetic trunk.
Atomic hydrogen cleaning of a TiN surface

Abstract Atomic deuterium has been used to remove hydrocarbons and carbide species from a polycrystalline, partially oxidized TiN surface. The atomic deuterium was produced by flowing D 2 over a heated tungsten filament (2200 K). XPS studies indicate that the removal of hydrocarbons occurs readily while that of carbides occurs at a slower rate. No significant effects were observed for O and N. Some reduction of TiN to a metallic state is observed. These results indicate that atomic hydrogen can be used for removing contamination from TiN substrates without affecting the integrity of the substrate.
Analysis of complex network performance and heuristic node removal strategies

Abstract Removing important nodes from complex networks is a great challenge in fighting against criminal organizations and preventing disease outbreaks. Six network performance metrics, including four new metrics, are applied to quantify networks’ diffusion speed, diffusion scale, homogeneity, and diameter. In order to efficiently identify nodes whose removal maximally destroys a network, i.e., minimizes network performance, ten structured heuristic node removal strategies are designed using different node centrality metrics including degree, betweenness, reciprocal closeness, complement-derived closeness, and eigenvector centrality. These strategies are applied to remove nodes from the September 11, 2001 hijackers’ network, and their performance are compared to that of a random strategy, which removes randomly selected nodes, and the locally optimal solution ( LOS ), which removes nodes to minimize network performance at each step. The computational complexity of the 11 strategies and LOS is also analyzed. Results show that the node removal strategies using degree and betweenness centralities are more efficient than other strategies.
Supporting Biomedical Research Meeting Challenges and Opportunities at HHMI

The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) has spent 60 years experimenting and learning how to support biomedical research effectively. From the time Mr Hughes first began funding research in the 1950s, institute leaders and scientists have found that the most important advances and influential discoveries often come unexpectedly—and that often, the profound “breakthroughs” derive from deep fundamental insights of surprising, sometimes obscure biological systems. HHMI’s experience suggests that scientific research is far from understanding the fundamentals of human biology or physiology and that there are several paths to gaining the necessary knowledge of molecular mechanisms governing disease pathologies. Studying model organisms such as yeast, worms, and flies remains a powerful and productive way to learn new biology. Directly studying human diseases caused by single or small numbers of mutations that allow for in-depth analysis (ie, hemoglobinopathies, familial hypercholesterolemia, and cystic fibrosis) offers another effective path to discovering the molecular basis of disease. In both approaches, success requires a sustained, diverse pipeline of scientists inspired to “follow their nose” and equipped with the best research tools available.
The effect of mafenide on dihydropteroate synthase

Abstract : Using intact bacterial cells, it was found that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was more susceptible to mafenide than Escherichia coli, that p- aminobenzoic acid (pABA) did not reverse or prevent inhibition by mafenide and that pABA itself was inhibitory. Under the experimental conditions used in these studies, pABA was more inhibitory to E. coli than to P. aeruginosa. It is proposed that pABA could be of use in the topical treatment of burn wounds. At the enzyme level, it was shown that mafenide did not inhibit dihydropteroate synthase. Thus, mafenide appeared not to exert its inhibitory effects in the same manner as the structurally related suphonamides. Mafenide is a synthetic antimicrobial agent structurally related to the sulphonamides as well as to p- aminobenzoic acid (pABA). It has low bacteriostatic activity against a wide spectrum of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a troublesome organism in burn wound tissues. (Js)
Axial and Lateral Resolution of Rotational Intravascular Ultrasound: In Vitro Observations and Diagnostic Implications

Purpose: To determine the axial and lateral resolution of a rotating intravascular ultrasound system and the diagnostic implications for the diagnosis of early artherosclerosis.
Comments on the miniseries: Personality assessment in school psychology

Although personality assessment in school psychology is important, attention appropriate to its importance is not the norm. The miniseries contributions addressing ways personality is defined, considerations assessing diverse populations, data integration, projective or performance assessment, and Therapeutic Assessment are reviewed. Although prepared for school psychologists, the information should be helpful for all child practitioners. Important recommendations for school psychological practice are (1) the role of school psychologist should be expanded to evaluate personality beyond the level of screening, (2) personality assessment should include more than questionnaire data, (3) data obtained from varied measures should be integrated to provide a description as well as a diagnosis of the youngster, and (4) use of theory to guide interpretation is desirable. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 311–318, 2007.
Effect of a pharmacological stressor on glutamate efflux in the prefrontal cortex.

The anxiogenic β-carboline, FG 7142 (20 mg/kg) significantly increased glutamate efflux in the prefrontal cortex of conscious rats as assessed by microdialysis. Pretreatment with the benzodiazepine receptor agonist, diazepam (5 mg/kg), abolished this effect. These findings indicate that anxiogenic compounds produce an effect similar to physical stressors on the outflow of glutamate, and implicate the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex in the stress-induced activation of glutamate systems in the prefrontal cortex.
Adiabatic reactor for simulating storage-damaged soybeans

An adiabatic reactor was constructed to simulate conditions that lead to storage-damaged soybeans. The heart of the system is an electronic temperature controller that causes the reactor temperature to closely follow intrinsic heating of the soybeans. Using moisture concentrations between 17% and 20%, we observed intrinsic heating ranging from 47 C to 52 C after 3–13 weeks. Quality of the extracted oil was determined by analyses for triglyceride (TG) composition, total phosphorus (P), peroxide value and free fatty acid (FFA). Higher FFA and lower P and linolenic acid concentrations in the damaged beans compared with undamaged beans agree with the literature and indicate reliability of the adiabatic reactor for further studies, e.g., the effect of enzymatic activity on the quality of resulting soybean oil.
Is the Design for Our Cultural Programs Ethical

The designs for cultural programs on most campuses seem to imply that students possess mono-cultural identities. However, with the increase in bi-racial and multi-racial students on campus, it is time for student affairs leaders to question the design for these programs.
Uses and Misuses of Epidemiology in Shaping and Assessing Drug Policy

Seven ways that epidemiology can be used in the analysis of drug policy are identified, as follows: to determine the causes of drug use and abuse; to monitor the levels of drug use and abuse in our communities; to identify trends over time in drug use and abuse; to complete the clinical picture of drug use and abuse; to identify syndromes of abuse; to identify target groups or individuals for preventive interventions; and to determine the effectiveness of interventions for the prevention or treatment of drug abuse. Common misuses of epidemiology are also identified.
Computational economics and finance: modeling and analysis with Mathematica

Economics.- 1 Linear Programming with Mathematica: The Simplex Algorithm.- 2 Linear Programming with Mathematica: Sensitivity Analysis.- 3 Optimization with Mathematica.- 4 Optimizing with Piecewise Smooth Functions.- 5 Data Screening and Data Envelopment Analysis.- 6 Efficiency in Production and Consumption.- 7 Cost Allocation.- 8 Simulating the Effects of Mergers Among Noncooperative Oligopolists.- Finance.- 9 Auctions.- 10 Yield Management.- 11 Implementing Numerical Option Pricing Models.- 12 YieldCurve.- Statistics.- 13 Log Spectral Analysis: Variance Components of Asset Prices.- 14 Data Analysis Using Mathematica.- 15 Doing Monte Carlo Studies with Mathematica.- 16 Random[Title]: Manipulating Probability Density Functions.
PLTP activity decreases with weight loss: changes in PLTP are associated with changes in subcutaneous fat and FFA but not IAF or insulin sensitivity

Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) activity is elevated in obese and diabetic subjects. No prospective studies have examined the effect of weight loss on PLTP activity and assessed whether the resultant changes in activity are related to changes in body weight, insulin resistance, or both. PLTP activity was measured at baseline in 46 subjects (body mass index = 19-64 kg/m2) and after diet-induced weight loss in 19 of the obese subjects. Total body fat mass (FM) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, intraabdominal fat (IAF), and abdominal subcutaneous fat (SQF) by CT scan, insulin sensitivity (SI) by frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test, leptin, and lipids were determined. At baseline, PLTP activity correlated with FM (r = 0.36, P = 0.02) and SQF (r = 0.31, P = 0.045), but not with IAF (r = 0.16, P = 0.32) or SI (r = 0.10, P = 0.52). With diet-induced weight loss (16 +/- 7.3 kg), PLTP activity significantly decreased 9.1% (P = 0.002). The change in PLTP activity correlated with the change in SQF (r = 0.55, P = 0.014) (33.6% decrease), but not with IAF (r = 0.09, P = 0.73) or SI (r = 0.18, P = 0.44), and was highly correlated with the change in nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) (r = 0.71, P < 0.001). In conclusion, elevated PLTP activity in obese subjects is likely a result of increased body fat, reflected by SQF, and is influenced by NEFAs but is not directly related to insulin resistance.
Renal allograft survival in patients who had simultaneous liver and kidney transplantation compared with those who had renal transplantation alone.

IT HAS been suggested that simultaneous liver and kidney transplantation (SLK) may protect the renal allograft by host microchimerism induced by passenger leukocytes, or by the neutralization of preformed antibodies and cytotoxic lymphocytes by the newly grafted liver. However, the data available so far have been conflicting and it remains unclear whether a combined liver and kidney transplantation confers any protection to renal allograft in clinical situation where a combined transplantation becomes necessary. The aim of this study was to compare the graft and patient survival among those who had undergone simultaneous (from a single donor) or sequential (kidney after a previous liver from a different donor) transplantation with cadaver kidney transplantation alone.
IMPACT OF RISK-TAKING ATTITUDES ON PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL

This simulation-based study was done to determine whether the attitudes of raters and ratees toward risk affect appraisals of performance. Results indicate that raters employ a congruency model whereby ratees having attitudes toward risk similar to the raters' own attitudes are assigned higher ratings than those having dissimilar attitudes toward risk.
Molecular structure of n-butane: calculation of vibrational shrinkages and an electron diffraction re-investigation

Abstract A normal coordinate analysis was carried out based on the force field of Schachtschneider and Snyder in order to calculate all amplitudes of vibration and shrinkage corrections for n-butane. The results are tabulated to aid diffraction analyses of related substances. A vapor-phase electron diffraction reinvestigation of n-butane led to experimental measurements of the principal amplitudes of vibration and to the following molecular parameters (± 3σ ): rg(C-C) = 1.531(2)A, rg(C-H)= 1.117(5)A, ∠CCC (trans. gauche average) = 113.8(4)°, ∠CCH (ave) = 111.0(5)° , gauche CCCC dihedral angle 65(6)°, % trans conformer = 54 ± 9%, and ΔG° (gauche— trans) = 497 ± 220 cal mol−1.
Formed by the village and the church: The reception of Stanley Hauerwas’s theological ethics in Africa

While many African theologians have appropriated the thought of Stanley Hauerwas in their work, this article focuses on two theologians whose work demonstrates the influence of post-Enlightenment o...
Informing Readers Of The Presence Of Data Common To Multiple Investigations.

Applied behavior analysts have shown increased interest in how behavioral assessment methods (e.g., functional analysis, reinforcer assessment) may be used to increase our understanding of and ability to treat aberrant behavior. For example, one of our patients, Carly, displayed destructive behavior (aggression, disruption) that was maintained by escape, attention, and access to tangible items. She participated in an investigation on the effectiveness of combining positive and negative reinforcement in the treatment of escape-maintained behavior (Piazza et al., 1997). She also participated under a different pseudonym, Carla, in an investigation that illustrated how a modified concurrentchains procedure could be used to evaluate client preferences for different treatment packages (Hanley, Piazza, Fisher, Contrucci, & Maglieri, 1997). Her functional analysis
Municipal utilities and local public finance: A simultaneous model

Our results confirm the existence of a positive direct effect of cross subsidies from municipally owned water utilities on city spending. While the results are consistent with the hypothesis that internal subsidization creates a fiscal illusion, they are also consistent with vote-maximizing behavior. That is, the demand for cross subsidies is found to depend on factors that reflect the city's fiscal position, including its spending level in the absence of a contribution. The results of the logit estimation suggest that annual contributions are discretionary, and explained primarily by a city's fiscal health. Our results also confirm the existence of a simultaneous relationship between municipal spending and utility contributions, and the need for a simultaneous estimation technique. This bias affects all prior studies of the interaction between utility revenue contributions and local public finance variables, and future studies must be aware of the simultaneous nature of the underlying relationship.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Cross-Linked Peptides and Enzymes

Protein engineering typically utilizes amino acid mutations within a protein sequence to enhance activity, stability, or selectivity. We present a new approach to protein engineering by incorporating cross-linkers at pre-determined locations in the protein structure, a method we term Site-Directed Cross-Linking (SDXL). SDXL is a promising strategy for studying the structure, function, and dynamics of enzymes. Together, cross-linking and mutation studies offer great insight into the fundamental biophysics of enzymatic systems.We first applied this method to a set of model helical peptides in order to build a predictive computational model of reaction rates for ring-closure cross-linking reactions. Jacobsen-Stockmeyer theory predicts that entropy is the sole rate-determining factor for ring-closure reaction rates. By computing the difference in conformational entropy between the fully cross-linked peptide and the uncross-linked mono-adduct, we are able to reproduce the trends in experimentally measured cross-linking reaction rates in the set of model helical peptides. These trends highlight the helical structure of the model peptides and demonstrate the potential of SDXL for probing the secondary and tertiary structure of larger, more complex, proteins.Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is an enzyme that is critical for the biosynthesis of purines. As such it is a common target for antibiotics, cancer therapies, and antimalarial drugs. We have initiated SDXL studies on the e. coli DHFR to investigate whether it is possible to modulate enzyme activity in a rational and controlled way. A single cross-linker was designed and introduced by SDXL between the active-site M20 loop and the distal FG loop that is essential for stabilizing the closed (and active) M20 conformation. We observe how the perturbations introduced by various forms of the cross-linker change the dynamics of the protein, and correlate these structural and dynamic changes with enzyme activity.
When pranks become harassment: The case of african American women firefighters

Surveys and interviews with 22 African American women firefighters suggest that a key to defining gender harassment rests in the organizational climate. Eight subtle as well as overt climatic indicators of gender harassment are identified. “Initiation rites” into a work group or “pranks” become harassing when they occur in a context of exclusion rather than ultimate inclusion. Although such harassment undermines workers' feelings of acceptance and organizational self-esteem, they do not diminish survivors' job commitment or satisfaction. Finally, these data suggest that race and gender discrimination are intertwined for African American women who are excluded from their work groups because of both racial and gender discrimination.
Natural expansion of multimode vibrational wavefunctions

Abstract The natural expansion (NE) analysis of vibrational wavefunctions is extended to multimode systems. Through use of this method, one can analyze for collective modes { q 1 ,..., q n } which are weakly coupled to the other modes { q n +1 ,..., q n }. The usefulness of this method for multimode systems is demonstrated.
P-hub protection models for survivable hub network design

The design of survivable networks has been a significant issue in network-based infrastructure in transportation, electric power systems, and telecommunications. In telecommunications networks, hubs and backbones are the most critical assets to be protected from any network failure because many network flows use these facilities, resulting in an intensive concentration of flows at these facilities. This paper addresses a series of new hub and spoke network models as survivable network designs, which are termed p-hub protection models (PHPRO). The PHPRO aim to build networks that maximize the total potential interacting traffic over a set of origin–destination nodes based on different routing assumptions, including multiple assignments and back-up hub routes with distance restrictions. Empirical analyses are presented using telecommunication networks in the United States, and the vulnerabilities of networks based on possible disruption scenarios are examined. The results reveal that PROBA, the model with a back-up routing scheme, considerably enhances the network resilience and even the network performance, indicating that the model is a candidate for a strong survivable hub network design. An extension, PROBA-D, also shows that applying a distance restriction can be strategically used for designing back-up hub routes if a network can trade off between network performance and network cost, which results from the reduced length of back-up routings.
Worlds Apart in the Curriculum: Heidegger, technology, and the poietic attunement of literature

In this article I elucidate a conception of small worlds, or ‘ontological’ contexts, within the curriculum that stand out and beyond the horizon of technological‐scientific reality, which might be linked with forgotten, marginal ways of being and thinking. As I attempt to demonstrate, it is possible that such ontological worlds apart from technology's ‘Enframing’ effect might inspire the type of meditative thinking in our classrooms that is consistent with Heidegger's notion of authentic worldly dwelling as it appears in the later writings of the 1930s, or the ‘turn’.
Muscle matters--dendrites grow up.

Research and Development Service (K.N.F., E.M.F.), Edward Hines, Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois 60141; Neuroscience Institute (K.N.F.) and Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery (E.M.F.), Loyola University Chicago—Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (K.J.J.), Indiana University School of Medicine, and Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center (K.J.J.), Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
The Incienso Throne and Other Thrones From Kaminaljuyu, Guatemala. Late Preclassic examples of a Mesoamerican throne tradition

A “table altar,” perhaps one described by Cabrera (1822) almost 200 years ago and since unreported, is the only complete example of a class of four-legged sculptures known at present from Kaminaljuyu. Iconographic similarities between the monument and sculptures from southern piedmont and coastal centers and comparisons with other Kaminaljuyu sculptures suggest an early Late Preclassic date (Late Verbena-Early Arenal, approximately 300-200 B.C.). According to depictions on other southern-area monuments many “table altars” were formal, emblematic seats for rulers, or thrones, which had specific ideologies associated with them Review of monuments, including identification as a four-legged throne of the well-known sculpture, Stela 10, numbers the Kaminaljuyu corpus of thrones to date at a minimum of seven. The presence of thrones as a sculptural class at Kaminaljuyu in the Late Preclassic period provides more evidence of a long throne tradition reaching from Olmec times through the Maya Classic and into the Postclassic. Kaminaljuyu's thrones conceivably also add to other evidence of complex sociopolitics at the city during the Late Preclassic.
Analyzing Software Performance in a Multiprocessor Environment

Efficient multiprocessing requires new methods of problem decomposition— and new debugging and analysis tools for developing and evaluating asynchronous, parallel programs.
Fast change of basis in algebras

Given ann-dimensional algebraA represented by a basisB and structure constants, and given a transformation matrix for a new basisC., we wish to compute the structure constants forA relative to C. There is a straightforward way to solve this problem inO(n5) arithmetic operations. However given an O(nω) matrix multiplication algorithm, we show how to solve the problem in time O(nω+1). Using the method of Coppersmith and Winograd, this yields an algorithm ofO(n3.376).
Mobile ad hoc multicasting to support distributed virtual environments

Distributed virtual environment (DVE) applications such as interactive gaming and tele-immersion are becoming increasingly popular to use within mobile ad hoc networks. However, existing ad hoc multicasting protocols do not provide adequate support for DVE applications. This paper presents a novel multicasting protocol that provides a high level of support for the DVE. Our protocol, which is independent of the underlying unicasting routing infrastructure, uses a combined mesh and core approach. Multiple cores are selected and migrated according to the current conditions in the physical network and the virtual environment. An extensive performance evaluation of this approach shows that our technique is capable of effectively supporting large-scale DVE applications.
Interactive visualization for curatorial analysis of large digital collection

To make decisions about the long-term preservation of and access to large digital collections, digital curators use information such as the collections’ digital object types, their contents and preservation risks, and how they are organized. To date, the process of analyzing a collection—from data gathering to exploratory analysis and final conclusions—has largely been conducted using linear review and pen and paper methods. To help curators analyze large-scale digital collections, we developed an interactive visual analytics application. We have put methods in place to summarize large and diverse information about the collection and to present it as integrated views. Multiple views can be linked or unlinked on demand to enable curators to identify trends and particularities at different levels of detail and to compare and contrast views. We describe two analysis workflows to illustrate how the application can be used to triage digital collections and facilitate collection management decision making and t...
Habitat acoustics and primate communication

The acoustic characteristics of three tropical habitats were investigated to determine how they might constrain the structure of primate signals. Ambient noise was measured, along with signal attenuation and aspects of signal degradation (reverberation, amplitude fluctuations, and pulse train modulation depth). These measures allowed estimation of the effects of habitat acoustics on the distances over which calls would be audible (the "active space") and over which primates could reliably transmit amplitude-modulated or pulse-coded information.
AIDS and infection control in dental practice: dentists’ attitudes, knowledge, and behavior

This California survey documents dentists’ attitudes toward AIDS and their role in relation to treating patients with AIDS, in addition to dentists’ knowledge about AIDS, behaviors in regard to screening for AIDS, and use of infection-control measures. A random sample of 541 dentists in California was surveyed to determine the dentists’ attitudes toward AIDS and their role in relation to AIDS, their knowledge about AIDS, their behaviors in regard to screening for AIDS, and their use of infection-control measures. The survey results showed that dentists believe they have a responsibility to care for patients with AIDS but preferred not to do so; were moderately knowledgeable about AIDS and AIDS-related issues; and were inconsistent in their use of infection-control measures.
One minute in the life of the DM/US$: Public news in an electronic market

Abstract Public news can be expected to change market prices but, unlike “public information,” there are differing expectations about the impact. Hence trading is necessary for the market to process these divergent views. A surprise announcement of an increase in German interest rates coupled with concurrent transactions data enables us to study in detail dealers' reactions. The patterns observed are consistent with dealers' practice to book targeted profits immediately if possible in the face of uncertainty. Evidence also shows that the speculative activity by traders in initial reaction to the news destabilized the market for the next 2 h.
THE ANGLO-IRISH THREAT IN THACKERAY'S AND TROLLOPE'S WRITINGS OF THE 1840s

Barry Lynch, the Anglo-Irish villain of Anthony Trollope's The Kellys and the O Kellys, obsessively fantasizes the death of his sister, Anty. Resenting Anty's equal claim to the family property, he dreams of the day she will leave it all to him. When Barry hears that she plans to marry, thus placing her possessions forever beyond his reach, the narrator describes his state of mind in terms almost demonic:
A decision-theoretic phase I–II design for ordinal outcomes in two cycles

This paper is motivated by a phase I-II clinical trial of a targeted agent for advanced solid tumors. We study a stylized version of this trial with the goal to determine optimal actions in each of two cycles of therapy. A design is presented that generalizes the decision-theoretic two-cycle design of Lee and others (2015. Bayesian dose-finding in two treatment cycles based on the joint utility of efficacy and toxicity. Journal of the American Statistical Association, to appear) to accommodate ordinal outcomes. Backward induction is used to jointly optimize the actions taken for each patient in each of the two cycles, with the second action accounting for the patient's cycle 1 dose and outcomes. A simulation study shows that simpler designs obtained by dichotomizing the ordinal outcomes either perform very similarly to the proposed design, or have much worse performance in some scenarios. We also compare the proposed design with the simpler approaches of optimizing the doses in each cycle separately, or ignoring the distinction between cycles 1 and 2.
The Taming of the Skew: Estimating Proper Confidence Intervals for Divergence Dates

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Structures, solvation forces and shear of molecular films in a rough nano-confinement

Investigations of surface roughness effects on the structure, dynamics and rheology of a molecular fluid (hexadecane) confined between solid (gold) surfaces, through the use of large-scale molecular dynamics simulations, reveal a remarkable sensitivity to the confining surface morphology. A most significant reduction of the ordering propensity is found in films confined by stationary rough surfaces with a consequent strong suppression of solvation forces and the development of liquid-like dynamic and response characteristics. When the rough-surface boundaries are set in motion at a high shear rate, the interfacial layers of the film stick to the adjacent solid boundaries, resulting in partial slip inside the film with the development of shear stress in the viscous molecular fluid, unlike the case of atomically flat crystalline boundaries where slip of the confined film at the boundaries is accompanied by vanishingly small shear stress in the film. These results are discussed in the context of the effect of roughness on the boundary conditions used in modeling fluid flow past surfaces, and they suggest that morphological patterning of surfaces could provide ways for controlled modifications of frictional processes in thin-film lubricated nanotribological systems.
Green roofs against pollution and climate change. A review

Green roofs recover green spaces in urban areas and benefit the public, farmers, and wildlife by providing many environmental, ecological, and economic advantages. Green roofs reduce stormwater runoff, mitigate urban heat island effects, absorb dust and smog, sequester carbon dioxide, produce oxygen, create space for food production, and provide natural habitat for animals and plants. Here, we studied the environmental impact of green roofs in terms of runoff quality and greenhouse gas CO2 sequestration. We screened more than 650 scientific papers and we reviewed detailed findings from 52 publications. There are two major points: (1) Concerning pollution, the concentrations of minor pollutants, such as heavy metals, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity, are small and thus do not pose an immediate threat to the environment. However, the concentrations of major pollutants, such as nitrogen of 0.49–9.01 mg/l and phosphorus of 0.04–25 mg/l, vary highly for different green roofs and can adversely affect runoff quality. Nutrient leaching may be controllable through proper mitigation measures including better design and system management which require further research. According to both laboratory experiments and field monitoring data, the main factors affecting runoff quality are precipitation properties, growth media composition and depth, plant species, and maintenance protocols. Research gaps exist in quantifying how these factors affect leachate pollutant load. Systematic studies are needed for improving green roof designs to reduce adverse impacts. (2) Concerning CO2 sequestration, studies reveal that green roofs directly sequester substantial amounts of carbon in plants and soils through photosynthesis. Green roofs reduce ambient CO2 concentrations in the vicinities. Green roofs also indirectly reduce CO2 releases from power plants and furnaces by reducing demand for heating and cooling, suggesting long-term economic and environmental benefits of green roofs.
Detection and Stability of the Major Almond Allergen in Foods

Almond major protein (AMP or amandin), the primary storage protein in almonds, is the major allergen recognized by almond-allergic patients. A rabbit antibody-based inhibition ELISA assay for detecting and quantifying AMP in commercial foods has been developed, and this assay, in conjunction with Western blotting analyses, has been applied to the investigation of the antigenic stability of AMP to harsh food-processing conditions. The ELISA assay detects purified AMP at levels as low as 87 ±16 ng/mL and can detect almond at between 5 and 37 ppm in the tested foods. The assay was used to quantify AMP in aqueous extracts of various foods that were defatted and spiked with known amounts of purified AMP or almond flour. In addition, AMP was quantified in commercially prepared and processed almond-containing foods. Neither blanching, roasting, nor autoclaving of almonds markedly decreased the detectability of AMP in subsequent aqueous extracts of almonds. Western blots using both rabbit antisera and sera from h...
Extracellular Calcium and Magnesium, but Not Iron, Are Needed for Optimal Growth of Blastomyces dermatitidis Yeast Form Cells In Vitro

In the present study, we demonstrate that the yeast form of Blastomyces dermatitidis can proliferate for short periods of time in the absence of ferric iron but not in the absence of calcium or magnesium. The results of this study shed light on the resistance of B. dermatitidis to chelating agents, such as deferoxamine, and may explain how B. dermatitidis resists the iron-binding activity of serum transferrin.
Stereotypic beliefs about women as moderators of stress-distress relationships

Health psychologists have begun to examine the mediating effect of gender roles in stress-distress relationships. One particular area in which attention has been focused concerns the impact of "stereotypic" beliefs about women on the distress that individuals experience in response to stressful life experiences. The present investigation examined the extent to which the gender stereotypes measured by the Beliefs About Women Scale (BAWS; Belk & Snell, 1986) intensify the impact of stressful life experiences. The results indicated that among individuals with a recent history of stressful experiences in their lives, a personal adherence to the gender stereotypes assessed by the BAWS was associated with elevated distress.
On the formation of carbonic acid (H2CO3) in solar system ices

We investigated the irradiation of H2O–CO2 ice mixtures with energetic electrons in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber. Our laboratory studies confirm that – besides carbon monoxide–carbonic acid (H2CO3) is the dominant reaction product of these irradiation processes. We present the kinetics and dynamics of its formation and elucidate on the temperature-dependence (10–60 K) of the formation processes. Our experimental results indicate that carbonic acid might be present in the solar system ices that contain both water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and are exposed by radiation from the solar wind and planetary magnetospheres. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Performance of Limited Feedback Schemes for Downlink OFDMA with Finite Coherence Time

We consider the capacity of a downlink orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) system with limited feedback rate RF per sub-channel and finite coherence time T. The feedback is used to relay channel state information (CSI) from K users to the base station. The order-optimal capacity growth with Rayleigh fading sub-channels is ominus(N log log K) as N and K increase with fixed ratio, where N is the number of sub-channels. However, to achieve this, previous work requires a feedback rate per subchannel that scales linearly with the system size. Here we explicitly include the feedback overhead when calculating the sum capacity, and study the tradeoff between feedback rate and sum capacity. We propose two limited feedback schemes, one based on sequential transmissions across users and the other based on random access, in which the each feedback bit requests the use of a sub-channel group containing multiple subchannels. With fixed RFT, the sum capacity for both schemes with optimized sub-channel groups increases as ominus(N). If RFT grows faster than log K, then both schemes can achieve the order- optimal capacity growth. We also show that when RFT is small, the random access scheme performs better than the sequential transmission scheme, whereas the reverse is true for large RFT.
Dark-adapted thresholds at 10– and 30–deg eccentricities in 10–week-old infants

We tested the hypothesis that the dark-adapted sensitivity of the near central retina is lower than that of peripheral retina in 10-week-old infants. A spatial two alternative forced-choice psychophysical method was used to estimate the threshold for 2-deg spots presented 10 deg and 30 deg from the center of a screen. Each 10-week-old infant (n = 11) and adult (n = 5) subject was tested at both eccentricities. Every infant's threshold at 10 deg is higher than that at 30 deg. The median difference between the infants' thresholds at 10 deg and 30 deg is about 0.5 log unit. Whereas the scotopic thresholds of adults at 10 deg and 30 deg are virtually identical, the thresholds of infants' near central retina are higher than those in more peripheral retina. Delayed maturation of the near central rod outer segments with consequent lower quantum catch may be the primary determinant of this infantile sensitivity pattern.
Detection of Bartonella quintana from Body Lice (Anoplura: Pediculidae) Infesting Homeless People in Tokyo by Molecular Technique

We report detection of Bartonella quintana Brenner, the pathogenic agent of trench fever, from body lice, Pediculus humanus L., infesting homeless people in Tokyo by polymerase chain reaction. Two of 12 (16.7%) homeless were infested with Bartonella-positive body lice. From the current status of the recent increase of homeless people in many large cities of the developed countries, a medical examination of homeless people should be carefully performed in the consideration of trench fever. Sampling of body lice from clothing of homeless people is recommended for quick and accurate diagnosis of trench fever through the detection of B. quintana DNA.
Acoustic Tweezing Cytometry (ATC) on Dissociated Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESCS)

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have wide potential use in regenerative medicine and cell therapies. However, large-scale cell expansion is limited as hESCs undergo differentiation and apoptosis after single-cell dissociation. Currently, Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitors are used in hESC culture to maintain cell survival, yet with the risk of long-term negative effects on hESCs. In previous work, we have shown acoustic tweezing cytometry (ATC), an ultrasound-based subcellular mechanical stimulation technique, can significantly improve survival rate of dissociated hESCs while maintaining their pluripotency without the presence of ROCK inhibitor Y-27632. Herein, we further investigated the impact of ATC on dissociated hESCs and the mechanisms underlying the enhancement of hESC survival by ATC. To determine optimal ATC treatment conditions, we exposed hESCs to ATC treatments with different acoustic pressure levels (i.e., 0.05 - 0.25 MPa) and exposure frequencies, and assayed their effects on hESC survival. To explore the role of E-cadherin and integrin mediated signaling pathways in hESC survival, we used microbubbles targeted to E-cadherin and integrin on the cells in ATC application, and evaluated the effects on hESCs in terms of survival rate, cell area, colony size, and stemness. In addition, we monitored cell intracellular cytoskeleton contractility using a fluorescence-labeled micropost system in the initial cell spreading stage, and compared the contractility changes over time under various ATC stimulation conditions. In summary, results from this study will help us to develop an effective treatment scheme using ATC to enhance dissociated hESC survival and reveal the insights about mechanotransductive mechanisms involving E-cadherin and integrin-mediated adhesion signaling for hESC survival and pluripotency maintenance.
The Middle Way: Finding the Balance between Mindfulness and Mind-Wandering

Abstract Mind-wandering is a common everyday experience in which attention becomes disengaged from the immediate external environment and focused on internal trains of thought. This chapter reviews progress in the study of mind-wandering and its manifold effects on cognition and affect. After summarizing key recent advances in the study of mind-wandering, we focus on three fundamentally practical questions: (1) What are the costs of mind-wandering for cognition and affect? (2) Is it possible to reduce mind-wandering with practices aimed at enhancing mindfulness? (3) What are some possible benefits of mind-wandering that may help to mitigate its costs? This chapter leads to the endorsement of a “middle way” approach to mind-wandering: though it may be useful to cultivate practices for overcoming some of mind-wandering's more disruptive consequences, we should not seek to eliminate it entirely, as it can offer some unique benefits when carried out at the appropriate times.