cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Histogenesis of Swiss white mouse secondary palate from nine and one-half days to fifteen and one-half days in utero. I. Epithelial-mesenchymal relationships--light and electron microscopy.

Development of the secondary palate in Swiss white mouse embroyos was studied from age nine-and-one-half days in utero to the stage of mesenchymal coalescence in the secondary palate (approximately fifteen-and-one-half days). The greatest changes observed occur in the mesenchyme. At early stages, mesenchymal cells underlying oral ectoderm of the head are few and only occasionally contact the ectoderm. Electron micrographs show large intercellular spaces between the ectodermal cells. As embryogenesis continues, the mesenchymal cells become more numerous, closer to each other and closer to the epithelium. Just prior to horizontal transposition of shelves, the mesenchymal cells spread farther from each other and from the palatal epithelium and epithelium of the palatal tip becomes stretched. Ultrastructurally the intercellular spaces between epithelial cells of the palate tip have become much smaller. Some mitochondria in some epithelial cells are swollen and have clear matrices and distorted cristae. The shelves become horizontal and meet in the midpalate. Cells with degeneration bodies are seen in the epithelial seam. The seam undergoes autolysis and is replaced by mesenchyme. The morphological changes described, particularly in the mesenchyme, may play an important role in determining the effect of various teratogens at different stages of palatal development. The changes in both mesenchyme and epithelial cells in the later stages may constitute part of the process of preparing shelves for fusion as postulated by Pourtois ('66).
STUDIES ON TREPONEMA PALLIDUM AND SYPHILIS IV. THE DIFFERENCE IN BEHAVIOR IN IMMUNE SERUM BETWEEN CULTIVATED NON-VIRULENT TREPONEMA PALLIDUM AND VIRULENT TREPONEMATA FROM LESIONS.

Although antibodies can be produced by the immunization of animals with cultivated Treponema pallidum , and although these antibodies exert specific agglutinative and treponemicidal action upon the culture organisms, they possess, at least in the concentration so far obtained by us in rabbits and sheep, practically no action for virulent treponemata obtained directly from lesions. There seems to be in the infected body an inability to exert a purely serum action upon the virulent treponemata, a condition of affairs which may well lead to a lack of antigen absorption on the part of the body and a consequent failure to produce serum antibodies. We do not think that this should in any way discourage our further investigation of the protective action of antibodies produced with culture pallida . On the one hand, the slight occasional agglutination and the lower proportion of takes with the concentrated serum in the last experiment at least indicate the possibility that we have been working with sera that are not sufficiently powerful and that just as with work with the pneumococcus and other highly invasive organisms, a serum of considerable antibody contents must be used before results can be expected. Again, the destruction of treponemata and the healing of lesions which undoubtedly takes place in rabbits, sometimes with surprising speed, may be a cellular destruction, and by injecting the sera either locally or intravenously and giving them time to be absorbed by the cells before injecting virulent material, better results may be obtained. This direction of research as well as further studies on the antagonistic cellular processes against the pallida , the immunization of animals with killed virulent organisms, and the antibodies in rabbits and human beings during the course of infection and after recovery are being investigated, and we hope to be able to report upon them in the near future.
Local Fasciocutaneous Sliding Flaps for Soft-Tissue Defects of the Dorsum of the Hand

Importance Appropriate coverage of defects that expose tendon, joints, and/or neurovascular structures is necessary to preserve optimal hand function. Local, random-pattern flaps and skin grafts may be inadequate because of the hand’s finite skin reservoir or the presence of a poorly vascularized and mobile wound bed. Described herein is a novel method of dorsal hand reconstruction. Observations A fasciocutaneous sliding flap and the underlying vascular anatomy of the dorsal hand are described. The flap takes advantage of the distinct fascial layers of the hand by raising the skin and fascia with bilevel undermining. Conclusions and Relevance The proposed single-stage, bilevel undermined fasciocutaneous sliding flap based on the perforating vessels running through fascial septae recruits pliable, easily mobilized skin, preserves neurosensory innervation, and facilitates early hand mobilization with reduced postoperative care. This flap, and its proposed variations, are ideal for use when paratenon is exposed and immobilizing the hand would be necessary for graft survival or when tension at the wound precludes reconstruction with primary closure or a traditional flap.
Influence of acid precipitation on bacterial populations in lakes

Relative abundance of total, respiring, aerobic heterotrophic, nitrogen cycle and sulfur cycle bacteria was measured in acid stressed and non-acid stressed hard water lakes. Data indicated that bacterial populations and densities were nearly an order of magnitude less in acid stressed waters than in non-acid stressed waters. Nitrifying bacteria and some sulfur cycle bacteria (Thiobacillus sp.) were very low or absent in acid stressed waters. Surface sediments of acid stressed lakes contained 3 to 4 times more organic matter than the amount found in the relatively more enriched lake. Methodology and data are presented.
Spatial and temporal variability of chlorophyll-a concentrations in the coastal Gulf of Alaska, 1998–2011, using cloud-free reconstructions of SeaWiFS and MODIS-Aqua data

Abstract We examined the spatial and temporal variability of chlorophyll- a (chl- a ) concentrations in the coastal Gulf of Alaska (GOA) using a 14-year time series of cloud-free reconstructions of SeaWiFS and MODIS-Aqua chl- a data. Coast-wide and regional relationships between chl- a and likely environmental drivers, including anomalies in sea surface temperature (SST), photosynthetically-available radiation (PAR), sea surface height (SSHa), freshwater discharge, and coastal upwelling were explored. Coast-wide chl- a showed strong seasonal variability with pronounced spring and fall blooms, but both the magnitude and the seasonal patterns showed considerable interannual variability. Coast-wide annual chl- a anomalies were positive in years with elevated PAR, low SST, and a reduction in downwelling-favorable winds — conditions that are indicative of reduced cyclonic circulation associated with a weak Aleutian Low. The apparent negative effect of strong cyclonic circulation in the GOA on chl- a levels was further supported by negative relationships between elevated sea levels and coast-wide chl- a in both the spring and fall. If chl- a concentrations in the coastal GOA reflect productivity, these results are contrary to the prevailing view that strong cyclonic circulation enhances productivity in the GOA. The variability in the chl- a in each of four distinct and spatially contiguous regions that differed in the timing and magnitude of the spring and fall blooms was associated with different combinations of environmental variables.
When Goals Conflict But People Prosper: The Case of Dispositional Optimism.

Optimistic persistence in pursuing goals may have beneficial consequences such as protection against negative affect and greater likelihood of goal attainment, but persistence can also result in greater likelihood of goal conflict, which can have negative consequences. Two studies, one cross-sectional (N = 100) and one longitudinal (N = 77), found that optimism associated with higher goal conflict. However, objectively rated goal conflict did not significantly undermine adjustment, and when balance among goal value, expectancy, and conflict was considered, optimism associated with better balance. In turn, balance accounted for part of optimists’ better goal progress over the course of a semester. Although goal conflict may have costs, these costs appear to be offset by accompanying benefits, particularly for optimists.
Measurement of free nucleotides in cultured human lymphoid cells using high pressure liquid chromatography.

Abstract A method for the separation and quantitation of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides is described using high pressure liquid chromatography on a pellicular anion exchange resin. The method has been applied to extracts of cultured human lymphoid cell lines. An analysis can be carried out on 1−2 × 106 cells in 150 min. The soluble intracellular nucleotides appeared to increase rapidly in amount after subculture, but this was probably more related to increase in cell size than to increasing intracellular concentrations of nucleotides. No differences were found in soluble purine nucleotide levels between normal cells and cells deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. However, the enzyme-deficient cells had higher concentrations of soluble pyrimidine nucleotides, an unexpected finding. Growth of normal cells was inhibited by 5 × 10−5 or 10−4 m guanine or guanosine. This was associated with a marked expansion of the GTP pool with a marked decrease of the adenine and pyrimidine nucleotides. In HGPRT-deficient cells, guanine or guanosine produced no change in either growth or the intracellular concentrations of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.
Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide from a Steam-Hydrogasifier Product Gas by Zinc Oxide Sorbent

Removal of H2S by a commercially available zinc oxide sorbent was studied using a packed-bed reactor for desulfurizing the gas produced from steam-hydrogasification of carbonaceous materials. Experimental runs were conducted to monitor sulfur removal efficiency and H2S breakthrough time for the operation variables such as reaction temperature, steam content, space velocity, inlet H2S concentration, and sorbent particle size. For the inlet gas with 45 vol % steam content, the initial sulfur removal efficiency exhibited a maximum around 636 K. Varying the steam content of inlet gas affected the equilibrium of sorbent sulfidation in a reversible way, leading to the decrease of sulfur capture capacity of the sorbent as the steam content increased. Increasing the space velocity from 8 000 to 24000 h-1 decreased sulfur capture capacity significantly, indicating the deterioration of gas−solid contact in the reactor at the increased gas flow rates. Inlet H2S concentration was varied from 100 to 800 ppmv to reflec...
Sound Perception and Food Quality.

Historically, little work has been done on the sounds produced by biting or chewing foods. The earliest work was done by Drake during the 1960s and early 1970s. Drake described methods for producing sounds and methods for analyzing food sounds. He published detailed descriptions of sounds produced by crushing a variety of foods (Drake 1963). His studies are still the most thorough and extensive analysis of food sounds. Drake stopped his work before he had much of an opportunity to relate the different measured acoustical parameters to sensory attributes. He computed correlations between acoustical parameters and a few sensory attributes-but, by and large, he did not attempt to give the acoustical parameters any sensory measuring or the sensory measures any auditory meaning.
Automated job monitoring in a high performance computing environment

We are developing software that monitors high performance computing assets while users' batch jobs execute, and actively performs site-established corrective actions to handle routine system/queuing issues normally performed by Unix administrators. The automated job monitor is independent of both platform and queueing system, and is customizable for numerous domains.
Evaluation of Annual Efficiencies of High Temperature Central Receiver Concentrated Solar Power Plants With Thermal Energy Storage

Abstract The current study has examined four cases of a central receiver concentrated solar power plant with thermal energy storage using the DELSOL3 and SOLERGY computer codes. The current state-of-the-art base case was compared with a theoretical high temperature case, which was based on the scaling of some input parameters and the estimation of other parameters based on performance targets from the Department of Energy SunShot Initiative. This comparison was done for both current and high temperature cases in two configurations: a surround field with an external cylindrical receiver and a north field with a single cavity receiver. The optical designs for all four cases were done using the DELSOL3 computer code; the results were then passed to the SOLERGY computer code, which uses historical typical meteorological year (TMY) data to estimate the plant performance over the course of one year of operation. Each of the four cases was sized to produce 100 MWe of gross electric power, have sensible liquid thermal storage capacity to generate electric power at full rated production level for 6 hours, and have a solar multiple of 1.8. There is a fairly dramatic difference between the design point and annual average performance. The largest differences are in the solar field and receiver subsystems, and also in energy losses due to the thermal energy storage being full to capacity. Another notable finding in the current study is the relatively small difference in annual average efficiencies between the Base and High Temperature cases. For both the Surround Field and North Field cases, the increase in annual solar to electric efficiency is
Type I Interferons Link Viral Infection to Enhanced Epithelial Turnover and Repair

SUMMARY The host immune system functions constantly to maintain chronic commensal and pathogenic organisms in check. The consequences of these immune responses on host physiology are as yet unexplored, and may have long-term implications in health and disease. We show that chronic viral infection increases epithelial turnover in multiple tissues, and the antiviral cytokines type I interferons (IFNs) mediate this response. Using a murine model with persistently elevated type I IFNs in the absence of exogenous viral infection, the Irgm1 / mouse, we demonstrate that type I IFNs act through nonepithelial cells, including macrophages, to promote increased epithelial turnover and wound repair. Downstreamof typeI IFNsignaling,the highlyrelated IFN-stimulated genes Apolipoprotein L9a and b activate epithelial proliferation through ERK activation. Our findings demonstrate that the host immune response to chronic viral infection has systemic effects on epithelial turnover through a myeloidepithelial circuit.
Trade in International Maritime Services: How Much Does Policy Matter?

Trade liberalization and the breakup of private carrier agreements could reduce average liner transport prices by a third and cut costs on goods carried to the United States alone by up to $3 billion. Maritime transport costs significantly impede international trade. Fink, Mattoo, and Neagu examine why these costs are so high in some countries and quantify the importance of two explanations: restrictive trade policies and private anti-competitive practices. Both matter, they find, but private anti-competitive practices have the greater impact. Trade liberalization and the breakup of private carrier agreements would lead to a reduction in average liner transport prices of a third and cost savings of up to $3 billion on goods carried to the United States alone. The policy implications are clear: not only should government policy be further liberalized, but there should be stronger international disciplines on restrictive business practices. Fink, Mattoo, and Neagu propose developing such disciplines in the current round of services negotiations at the World Trade Organization. This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the implications of liberalizing trade in services. This research is supported in part by the U.K. Department for International Development. The authors may be contacted at cfink@worldbank.org, amattoo@worldbank.org, or ineagu@worldbank.org.
Comparative effects of DHEA and DHT on gene expression in human LNCaP prostate cancer cells.

Background: DHEA is widely used as a dietary supplement in older men. Because DHEA can be converted to androgens or estrogens, such use may promote prostate cancer. In this study, the effects of DHEA were compared with those of DHT using gene expression array profiles in human LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Materials and Methods: LNCaP cells were exposed to DHEA (300 nM), DHT (300 nM), or vehicle for 48 h, and mRNA expression was measured using Affymetrix HU-95 gene chips. Gene expression values were sorted in ascending order on the p-values corresponding to the extent of differential RNA expression between control and either hormone treatment. Results: S100 calcium binding protein, neurotensin, 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase, and anterior-gradient 2 homologue were the four most differentially expressed genes (p-values all <3×10-5). Nested tests of differential expression revealed lesser effects of DHEA versus DHT treatment (p<0.01) for the S100 calcium binding protein and neurotensin genes. Microarray findings were confirmed by QRT-PCR. The top 83 genes exhibiting differential expression after DHEA or DHT were used for pathway analysis. DHT decreased expression of more genes involved in intercellular communication, signal transduction, nucleic acid binding and transport, and in structural components, such as myosin and golgin, than DHEA. Conclusion: These data revealed consistent, measurable changes in gene expression patterns following treatment of LNCaP prostate cancer cells with DHEA and DHT. Understanding the mechanisms of DHEA versus DHT actions in the prostate may help clarify the separate and interactive effects of androgenic and estrogenic actions in prostate cancer progression.
Origin of Unusual Sintering Phenomena in Compacts of Chloride-Derived 3Y-TZP Nanopowders

After evaluating three alternative possibilities, the present study shows that seemingly minor amounts (at least as low as 0.06 wt%) of chlorine impurities are responsible for the poor sintering behavior observed in chloride-derived 3 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia (3Y-TZP) nanopowders. Models and quantitative estimates are used to explain the role of evolved HCl and ZrCl4 gases in such anomalous behaviors as reduced sintered densities for higher green densities, de-densification, improved sintering in nitrogen over oxygen, and formation of a dense shell microstructure. Two solutions to problematic residual chlorides are compared: 1) a thermal treatment composed of an extended hold at 1000°C to allow HCl gas removal before the onset of closed porosity, and 2) a chemical treatment performed by washing bisque-fired samples at room temperature using a concentrated ammonium hydroxide solution to remove chlorides. The thermal treatment was found to be superior.
Terminal Cardiac Electrical Activity in Pediatric Patients

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a frequently reported terminal cardiac electrical activity in adults. Such data are unavailable for pediatric patients. Terminal cardiac electrical activity determined in 100 pediatric patients was bradycardic arrest throughout the death process in 88% of newborns, 67% of infants, and 64% of children. Although bradycardic arrest was more common, the incidence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias was higher in patients who had congenital heart disease, who had received cardiopulmonary resuscitation, who were beyond the neonatal period, and/or who weighed >2.23 kg. No definite associations could be established between arterial blood gases, electrolyte values, and type of terminal cardiac electrical activity. The development of VF may be related to cardiac mass and the developing autonomic nervous system and therefore is less likely to occur in patients with a small heart.
The role of time/frequency in navy navigation satellites

This paper discusses the role of time and frequency in three areas: 2) the operational Navy Navigation Satellite System, NNSS; 2) an experimental low-altitude navigation concept termed TIMATION; 3) proposals for advanced navigation satellites. These operating, experimental, and proposed systems all use concepts which allow the user to remain passive. The operational NNSS system uses the Doppler technique to establish user positions to ~100 m. In this concept, the frequencies received from the satellite are compared to the frequencies generated in the user equipment. One can also compare the time a signal arrives from a satellite clock to a time generated in the user equipment clock for passive ranging. The paper shows that this passive ranging problem is easily transformed to the celestial navigation problem. Extension of these techniques allows one to use satellites as clock transporters and hence to compare clocks located throughout the globe to 0.5 µs. Experimental results are shown. It has been possible to determine the effects of radiation on quartz crystals and to determine that this effect is due principally to protons. System concepts are described which show this clock/time technique can determine user position, velocity, and time continuously, accurately, and globally.
A Tower of Biology

One of our favorite myths about man's frustration when he attempts a complex and costly project in almost any field of human endeavor is the calamity we call the Tower of Babel. You will recall, I am sure, the story that goes somewhat like this. Early in our beginnings, when all men wandered together over the earth, our forebears made a site visit to the Plain of Sinar. There they envisioned the building of a unique facility which would get them to heaven. With great enthusiasm all hands turned to and construction of the Tower began. But somewhere along the line, as the facility developed, the gods became alarmed at the audacity of the project and its staff. Swooping angrily down they destroyed man's single-mindedness by confounding his speech so that no worker could understand his neighbor thus substituting aimless cacophony for purposeful action. The legend has it that from this time on mankind has wandered steadily afield, suspicious and insulated from one another by the inability to communicate.
Methylated Bases of Bacillus megaterium KM Nucleic Acids: Comparison with Escherichia coli

Parallel studies were performed with methionineless derivatives of Escherichia coli 15 T(-) and Bacillus megaterium KM: T(-). Methylated bases are present in the total cell ribonucleic acid (RNA) of B. megaterium. The level of RNA methylation in E. coli is about 60% greater than that in B. megaterium. Although E. coli deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was found to contain 0.12% 5-methylcytosine (5-MC) and 0.24% 6-methylaminopurine (6-MA), methylated bases were not detected in the DNA of B. megaterium. Assuming a molecular weight of 7 x 10(9) daltons for B. megaterium DNA, it was calculated that this organism could not contain more than one molecule of 5-MC or 6-MA per genome, and that possibly no methylated bases were present. Methylated bases were also not detected in the DNA of thymine-starved B. megaterium. Crude extracts of this organism possess RNA methylase activity but no detectable DNA methylase activity.
Nonintrusive snapshots using thin slices

This paper gives an efficient algorithm for recording consistent snapshots of an asynchronous distributed system execution. The nonintrusive algorithm requires 6(n–1) control messages, where n is the number of processes. The algorithm has the following properties. (P1) The application messages do not require any changes, not even the use of timestamps. (P2) The application program requires no changes, and in particular, no inhibition is required. (P3) Any process can initiate the snapshot. (P4) The algorithm does not use the message history. A simple and elegant three-phase strategy of uncoordinated observation of local states is used to give a consistent distributed snapshot. Two versions of the algorithm are presented. The first version records consistent process states without requiring FIFO channels. The second version records process states and channel states consistently but requires FIFO channels. The algorithm also gives an efficient way to detect any stable property, which was an unsolved problem under assumptions (P1)-(P4).
An incremental zero/integer delay switch-level simulation environment

Methods used in the implementation of an incremental zero/integer-delay switch-level logic simulator for MOS circuits based on the MOSSIM II switch-level model are presented. Zero-delay timing reduces spurious reevaluations caused by minor changes to signal timing that do not affect logic, while integer-delay timing provides an ability to model race conditions that do affect the logic. The incremental simulator is embedded within a single fully integrated capture-compile-simulate tool. Modifications to the design at any level in the structural design hierarchy are automatically mapped into (possibly many) changes in the underlying transistor netlist and the incremental simulator is triggered to quickly resimulate only the affected regions of the circuit. >
VMSTAR: synthesizing scalable runtime environments for sensor networks

Sensor networks are being deployed at massive scales, containing a range of platforms. Programming paradigms for sensor networks should meet the attendant challenges of scale and heterogeneity. Researchers have considered virtual machines as a means to address these challenges. However, in order to satisfy the resource limitations of sensor nodes, they export only a minimal set of services to the application programmer. This makes applications of even moderate complexity difficult to implement. We present VMSTAR --- a framework for building resource-efficient virtual machines that scale and export comprehensive service suites on a per-application basis. We advocate the use of fine-grained software synthesis to build resource-efficient system software, and facilitate both application changes and system software upgrades at runtime through an efficient incremental update scheme. We have used our framework to build virtual machines on the Mica platform and describe how virtual machines are effective in meeting the difficult demands of heterogeneity and reprogrammability.
Dappled photography: mask enhanced cameras for heterodyned light fields and coded aperture refocusing

We describe a theoretical framework for reversibly modulating 4D light fields using an attenuating mask in the optical path of a lens based camera. Based on this framework, we present a novel design to reconstruct the 4D light field from a 2D camera image without any additional refractive elements as required by previous light field cameras. The patterned mask attenuates light rays inside the camera instead of bending them, and the attenuation recoverably encodes the rays on the 2D sensor. Our mask-equipped camera focuses just as a traditional camera to capture conventional 2D photos at full sensor resolution, but the raw pixel values also hold a modulated 4D light field. The light field can be recovered by rearranging the tiles of the 2D Fourier transform of sensor values into 4D planes, and computing the inverse Fourier transform. In addition, one can also recover the full resolution image information for the in-focus parts of the scene. We also show how a broadband mask placed at the lens enables us to compute refocused images at full sensor resolution for layered Lambertian scenes. This partial encoding of 4D ray-space data enables editing of image contents by depth, yet does not require computational recovery of the complete 4D light field.
High flow variant postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome amplifies the cardiac output response to exercise in adolescents.

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is characterized by chronic fatigue and dizziness and affected individuals by definition have orthostatic intolerance and tachycardia. There is considerable overlap of symptoms in patients with POTS and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), prompting speculation that POTS is akin to a deconditioned state. We previously showed that adolescents with postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) have excessive heart rate (HR) during, and slower HR recovery after, exercise – hallmarks of deconditioning. We also noted exaggerated cardiac output during exercise which led us to hypothesize that tachycardia could be a manifestation of a high output state rather than a consequence of deconditioning. We audited records of adolescents presenting with long-standing history of any mix of fatigue, dizziness, nausea, who underwent both head-up tilt table test and maximal exercise testing with measurement of cardiac output at rest plus 2–3 levels of exercise, and determined the cardiac output ( _ Q) versus oxygen
The Verdict of French Protestantism Against Germany in the First World War

At the end of August 1914, with German troops having violated Belgian neutrality and rapidly advancing toward Paris, German Protestants made a desperate bid for a show of solidarity from the Protestant majority of Britain and the Protestant minority of France. In an “Appeal to Protestant Christians Abroad” leaders of the German Protestant missions movement expressed their hope that the war would not spread to Africa nor result in an “incurable rent” in the Protestant fellowship. Recalling the spirit of cooperation at the international Missionary Conference of Edinburgh in 1910 they urged that the mission fields not become battlefields, lest the gospel message of love be discredited in the eyes of the heathen.1
Developing Effective Faculty Competencies For Teaching International Business Topics

Faculty are increasingly called upon to teach topics in international business. To ensure teaching success, faculty need to develop knowledge of countries, international organizations, economies, culture, interpersonal skills in international settings, and foreign business practices. The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate how faculty can obtain the skills and knowledge necessary to teach international topics efficiently and cost effectively.
An overview of coal rank influence on ignition and combustion phenomena at the particle level

Abstract Individual particles of pulverized coals exhibit strikingly different combustion phenomena depending on their rank (anthracite, semi-anthracite, bituminous, sub-bituminous and lignite). Herein a concise review is presented on pertinent findings in the literature to contrast ignition and combustion behavior of such fuels at the particle-level. Emphasis is given to recent investigations performed in the laboratory of the authors, where combustion of a variety of coal particles of the same size-cut took place in the same apparatus under identical operating conditions. Such behaviors were then compared to those reported in the literature to verify their replication under often different, but yet relevant, conditions. The objective has been to relate the effect of coal rank to a number of key qualitative and quantitative parameters, such as modes of ignition and combustion, ignition temperatures, ignition delay times, combustion temperatures and burnout times (both those encountered in the volatile and the char combustion phases), volatile flame sizes as well as extents of particle fragmentation. Besides reviewing combustion behaviors in air, analogous behaviors under simulated dry oxy-combustion conditions were also highlighted. Then the coal rank dependence of the required oxygen mole fraction in dry O2/CO2 blends to match the intensity of air-fired combustion was examined.
Illustrations of Muscular Action in Sports

(1934). Illustrations of Muscular Action in Sports. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 34-34.
Design of functional cationic microgels as conjugation scaffolds

We present the development and detailed characterization of a range of amine functionalized microgels for utilization in conjugation reactions. Cationic N-isopropylmethacrylamide (NIPMAm) based microgels were synthesized through copolymerization with a primary amine containing monomer, N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide hydrochloride (APMA). A range of synthesis conditions and monomer feed ratios generated microgels of diverse architectures, in different size ranges and with varying amounts of incorporated primary amines. The efficiency of amine incorporation was quantified using a fluorescence-based assay in order to determine the potential applicability of these particles for controlled bioconjugation reactions. The pH responsivity of all microgels was studied via dynamic light scattering and their height profile was investigated through atomic force microscopy following deposition on a functionalized flat substrate. Tunable resistive pulse sensing was employed to characterize microgels with respect to their number densities and molecular weights. These microgels were then conjugated to two dyes, malachite green and rose bengal with the purpose of investigating accessibility of primary amine groups for conjugation reactions. The microgel–dye constructs were then analyzed for dye content/microgel. Finally, the viability of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts incubated in the presence of varying concentrations of non-conjugated and dye conjugated microgels was studied. Confocal imaging revealed low cellular toxicity under conditions of incubation with low concentrations of microgel–dye conjugates, which is promising for eventual utilization of these constructs in bioimaging applications.
Selective coupling to higher order modes dual mode step index fiber

The use of a vortex phase optic as a coupling element for a dual mode step index fiber system is presented. We introduce a novel but rather simple coupling scheme for selectively exciting the LP11 mode in a step index fiber that is a single mode at a longer wavelength. This scheme can be utilized to optically pump fiber lasers and amplifiers.
Some Biological Characteristics of the Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) in Relation to Biological Control

Ichneumonids are parasites on insect larvae or pupae, on spiders, and in spider egg cocoons. Host selection is determined partly by ecological factors and partly by physiological, the ecological factors being more important than usually realized. Size and sex ratio, but not color or morphology, are commonly influenced by the host selected. The number of broods per season is probably sometimes dependent on the number of broods of the host. Moisture, particularly in the form of dew, is an important requirement of ichneumonids, and in many cases its scarcity is a limiting factor. Biological control could be made more effective if these facts were better recognized.
Observations on the biology of three luminescent beetles (Coleoptera: Lampyridae, Elateridae).

Luminescence in adults of Phausis reticulata (Say), a firefly, functions to bring the sexes together for reproduction. Both sexes are luminous and females are stimulated to turn on their lights by glowing males. Such a lighting response in females would be a fundamental stage in the evolution of complex flash-communication systems. Males of Pyrophorus atlanticus Hyslop, a click beetle, can be attracted to an illuminated decoy with a twin light arrangement which simulates the prothoracic light organs possessed by both sexes, but not to a single light.
Shall We Wait Another Hundred Years

Entomologists in this country celebrated the centennial of professional entomology in 1954. An excellent public relations program was conducted to acquaint the general public with the importance of our profession and the contributions which the profession has made to the general welfare of our people. The fact that the American Public Relations Association recognized the centennial information program with one of their highest awards attests to the effectiveness of the centennial celebration.
An epidemiologic study of prematurity. II. Relation to prenatal care, birth interval, residential history, and outcome of previous pregnancies

Abstract A study was made in a voluntary hospital in New York City of 197 premature Negro ward births with no known cause of prematurity and an equal number of mature Negro ward births matched by sex and birth order of the infant and age and marital status of the mother. No association was found between prematurity and prenatal care, birth interval, history of miscarriages, and menstrual and coital history. Prematurity was found to be associated with long-term residence in New York City and a history of previous premature births. A detailed review is made of the relation of the findings to those reported by other investigators.
Relational Maintenance, Relational Characteristics, and Relational Uncertainty in the Faculty Advisor-Doctoral Advisee Relationship

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which doctoral faculty advisors’ reports of their advisees’ use of relational maintenance behaviors are associated with the advisors’ perceived relational characteristics (i.e., liking, communication satisfaction, relational satisfaction, trust, and control mutuality) and relational uncertainty (i.e., behavioral, mutuality, definitional, and future uncertainty). Doctoral faculty advisors (N = 141) completed a questionnaire in reference to their relationships with a specific doctoral student advisee. The results of canonical correlations largely supported the predictions in that the advisors’ reports of their advisees’ use of relational maintenance behaviors were associated positively with the five relational characteristics but associated negatively with the four types of relational uncertainty. These findings extend both extant relational maintenance and advisor-advisee research.
Online Versus Telephone Methods to Recruit and Interview Older Gay and Bisexual Men Treated for Prostate Cancer: Findings from the Restore Study

Background: Recently, researchers have faced the challenge of conflicting recommendations for online versus traditional methods to recruit and interview older, sexual minority men. Older populations represent the cohort least likely to be online, necessitating the use of traditional research methods, such as telephone or in-person interviews. By contrast, gay and bisexual men represent a population of early adopters of new technology, both in general and for medical research. In a study of older gay and bisexual men with prostate cancer, we asked whether respondents preferred online versus offline methods for data collection. Given the paucity of research on how to recruit older gay and bisexual men in general, and older gay and bisexual men with prostate cancer in particular, we conducted an observational study to identify participant preferences when participating in research studies. Objective: To test online versus offline recruitment demographic data collection, and interview preferences of older gay and bisexual men with prostate cancer. Methods: Email blasts were sent from a website providing support services for gay and bisexual men with prostate cancer, supplemented with an email invitation from the web-host. All invitations provided information via the study website address and a toll-free telephone number. Study tasks included respondents being screened, giving informed consent, completing a short survey collecting demographic data, and a 60-75 minute telephone or Internet chat interview. All materials stressed that enrollees could participate in each task using either online methods or by telephone, whichever they preferred. Results: A total of 74 men were screened into the study, and 30 were interviewed. The average age of the participants was 63 years (standard deviation 6.9, range 48-75 years), with most residing in 14 American states, and one temporarily located overseas. For screening, consent, and the collection of demographic data, 97% (29/30) of the participants completed these tasks using online methods. For the interview, 97% (29/30) chose to be interviewed by telephone, rather than Internet chat. Conclusions: Older gay and bisexual men, when given choices, appear to prefer a mixed methods approach to qualitative investigations. For most aspects of the study, the older men chose online methods; the exception was the interview, in which case almost all preferred telephone. We speculate that a combination of the deeply personal nature of the topic (sexual effects of prostate cancer treatment), unfamiliarity with online chat, and possibly the subject burden involved in extensive typing contributed to the preference of telephone versus online chat. Recruitment of older men into this study showed good geographic diversity. We recommend that other qualitative researchers consider a mixed methods approach when recruiting older populations online. [JMIR Cancer 2016;2(2):e9]
Response: Must We All Be Theologians? A Response to Charley D. Hardwick

Ces deux articles sont respectivement une reponse et une replique. La 'reponse' de Van Harvey est une justification face a la remarque de Hardwick lui reprochant de n'avoir pas explore les possibilites theologiques du cote eloigne de l'interpretation equivoque dans son livre sur Feuerbach. La 'replique' de Hardwick insiste sur le fait que la religion, dans ses formes naives, est capable de devenir 'religieusement' critique par rapport a elle-meme.
Beyond protection: Expanding "conservation opportunity" to redefine conservation planning in the 21st century.

Abstract The protected lands estate increased dramatically during the 20th century and forms the backbone of current fisheries and wildlife conservation in North America. However, there is increasing evidence that modern conservation goals cannot be achieved by only focusing on adding new acreage, particularly with opportunistic protection. In the 21st century, flexibility and adaptability of conservation options can be accomplished by expanding the vocabulary of conservation planning beyond protection. We suggest a conceptual framework that considers suites of objectives to translate the broad goal of “conservation” into multiple implementation-specific objectives. These objectives form the “PCRM-PI” approach: protect, connect, restore, manage, partner, and inform. We use a case study to illustrate the limitations of protection-centric planning and how expanding the definition of conservation opportunity can help planners do more on the landscape. We suggest that the PCRM-PI approach with implementation-specific objectives is an effective way to bridge planning-implementation gaps and translate broad, landscape-level conservation goals into implementable actions.
Static and dynamic single leg postural control performance during dual-task paradigms

Combining dynamic postural control assessments and cognitive tasks may give clinicians a more accurate indication of postural control under sport-like conditions compared to single-task assessments...
The U2U Corn Growing Degree Day tool: Tracking corn growth across the US Corn Belt

Abstract The Corn Growing Degree Day (Corn GDD) tool is a web-based product that can provide decision support on a variety of issues throughout the entire growing season by integrating current conditions, historical climate data, and projections of Corn GDD through the end of the growing season based on both National Weather Service computer model forecasts and climatology. The Corn GDD tool can help agricultural producers make a variety of important decisions before and during the growing season. This support can include: assessing the risk of early and late frosts and freezes that can cause crop damage; comparing corn hybrid maturity requirements and Corn GDD projections to select seed varieties and plan activities such as spraying; guiding marketing decisions based on historical and projected Corn GDDs when considering forward crop pricing (i.e., futures market). The Corn GDD tool provides decision support for corn producers in the central U.S. corn-producing states. Survey results, web statistics, and user feedback indicate that this tool is being actively used by decision makers.
Jurisdiction, Venue, and Aggregation of Contacts: The Real Minimum Contacts and Federalism Questions Raised by Omni Capital, International v. Rudolf Wolff & Co.

This article strongly criticizes the United States Supreme Court's recent decision in Omni Capital, International v. Rudolf Wolff & Co. In Omni Capital, the Court unanimously held that a federal district court in Louisiana did not have personal jurisdiction over two British third-party defendants in an action brought under the Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) by allegedly defrauded plaintiffs. Not only did the Court reach the wrong conclusion when it held that personal jurisdiction was lacking, but more importantly, the rationale by which the Court reached its conclusion was not in accord with the logic of the minimum contacts analysis developed in International Shoe Co. v. Washington and its progeny. Placing little emphasis upon the identity of the parties, the posture of the case, or the particular facts involved, the Court held that Congress unequivocally has decided to limit the reach of federal district courts in CEA actions, and that Congress unquestionably has the power so to limit a federal court's personal jurisdictional reach. By mischaracterizing the Omni Capital personal jurisdiction inquiry as a matter of statutory authorization, the Court was able to ignore difficult questions about how contacts should be considered in a federal question case and why a state long-arm statute should have any relevance in such a case. The Court also unthinkingly followed prior decisions not based on minimum contacts logic. An opportunity to clarify the reach of the federal district courts and to update the theory by which all courts exercise personal jurisdiction in federal question cases was thereby missed. This article explores the issues which the Court left unexamined and urges that a unified approach be taken to issues of personal jurisdiction and venue. These issues, which determine where federal question cases will be heard, are interrelated and should not be considered in isolation.
Anti-inflammatory Effects of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (ASCs)

Stem cell-based therapies have long been investigated for their dynamic abilities to respond to environments and restore homeostasis in the body. Aside from the ease and high yield obtained from fat tissue, adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) mediate robust anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. These qualities have led to experimental studies using ASCs to investigate the therapeutic efficacy for numerous clinical applications. In response to inflammation and/or tissue damage, ASCs become activated and produce high levels of soluble factors that have beneficial effects via multiple mechanisms. These factors modulate the effects of pro-inflammatory mediators, inhibit the recruitment of pro-inflammatory cell types, suppress the activation and expansion of pathologic cells, induce regulatory cell types, and promote anti-inflammatory phenotypes of cells in the locally affected environment. Treatment with ASCs produces multifaceted effects that promote tissue repair and restoration of homeostasis. Evidence suggests that ASCs may be highly effective for the treatment of multiple disease states.
Discrepancies in treatment of osteosarcoma according to insurance coverage: A review of the National Cancer Data Base.

10072 Background: Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone malignancy in children and adolescents. It is an aggressive tumor with a tendency to metastasize to the lungs. It is believed that at ...
The Use of Ethnoarchaeology for the Archaeological Study of Ceramic Production

Ethnoarchaeological studies have longed served as a critical source of hypotheses, comparative data, and explanatory frameworks for archaeologists interested in describing and explaining ceramic production. In this paper, I lay out the central questions addressed by archaeologists studying craft production, discuss how ethnoarchaeology has contributed to our understanding of ancient production systems, and suggest avenues of further research that can benefit archaeological investigation of the organization of ceramic production.