cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lawns as symbols of American values: is it time for a change?

Transforming one's residential yard from a traditional, water and chemical–intensive lawn dominated yard to a more natural, less input dependent landscape, is a long, time–consuming and expensive project that is best tackled one step at a time. The focus of this paper is to explore both the practical and cultural barriers to wider adoption of ecologically friendly landscaping in American society. An analysis of American concepts of nature and the environment suggest a long tradition of ideals of control of wild nature that have translated into chemically managed landscapes; concerns about socio–economic status; and the creation of personal landscapes embedded with meaning. This paper is divided into three sections that examine social, economic, and cultural frameworks shaping American attitudes toward their lawns and yards. The first section is a brief history of the American lawn that explores various societal influences both abroad and domestically. The second section investigates the notion of the lawn as a symbol of American values and the ideals of the perfect landscape. Finally, the third section proposes a process for selecting alternatives to the chemical based lawn. Green awareness and behavior still have to contend with practical issues that have to do with immediate self–interest: financial concerns, time and effort required to master alternative gardening practices and implement them, and the desire for efficiency in meeting one's landscaping goals.
Three-Dimensional Effects Near a Crack Tip in a Ductile Three-Point Bend Specimen: Part I—A Numerical Investigation

Abstract : A simultaneous numerical and experimental investigation is undertaken to assess three dimensional effects and HRR dominance near a crack front in a ductile 3-point bend specimen. In parallel to the 3-D numerical calculations, a plane strain and a plane stress analysis of the same in-plane specimen geometry is performed to obtain upper and lower bounds for the 3-D calculation. The radial, angular and thickness variation of the stresses and displacements are studied in great detail from contained yielding, to fully plastic conditions. The results indicate that the plane strain HRR field prevails in the interior of the specimen very near the crack front even for moderate extents of yielding. On the other hand, for distances from the crack tip exceeding about half a specimen thickness, plane stress conditions are approached. The calculations presented here model a series of laboratory experiments involving three independent experimental techniques. Details regarding the experiments and comparisons of the experimental measurements with numerical calculations and theory are emphasized in Part II of this work.
Photosensitive polymeric media for two-photon-based optical data storage

We report image formation via single and two-photon photoinduced fluorescence changes in a polymeric medium with two-photon fluorescence readout of multiplayer structures. Photoinduced acid generation in the presence of a two- photon fluorescent dye possessing strongly basic functional groups (7-benzothiazolyl-9,9-didecyl-2,2-(N,N- diphenylamino)fluorene underwent protonation upon exposure with UV or near-JR (740 nm fs pulses). Solution studies demonstrate formation of monoprotonated and diprotonated species upon irradiation, each resulting in distinctly different absorption and fluorescence properties. The fluorescence ofthe original, neutral, fluorophore is quenched upon monoprotonation with a concomitant increase in fluorescence at longer wavelengths due to the monoprotonated form. Hence, two-channel two-photon fluorescence imaging provides "positive" or "negative" image readout capability. Results of solution and solid polymer thin films experiments are presented.
An analysis of disaster medical assistance team deployments in the United States

Study objectives: We determine the prevalence and types of disasters on which disaster medical assistance teams (DMAT) have been deployed. Methods: This descriptive study utilized the Web sites of the 43 DMAT teams in the United States with information confirmed by Federal Emergency Management Agency Web sites for a historical analysis of DMAT team deployment. All 43 DMAT teams were included in the analysis from 1985 to 2002. One DMAT team did not have a Web site so they were contacted by telephone. Results: From 1985 to 2002, a DMAT team was deployed for 47 disasters: 39 natural (39/47, 83.0%) and 8 manmade disasters (8/47, 17.0%). Of the 39 natural disasters, there were 17 hurricanes/tropical storms (17/39, 43.6%), 10 floods (10/39, 25.6%), 7 earthquakes (7/39, 17.9%), 2 blizzards/ice storms (2/39, 5.1%), 2 fires (2/39, 5.1%), and 1 tornado (1/39, 2.6%). Of the 8 manmade disasters, there were 3 bombings (terrorism) (3/8, 37.5%), 2 epidemics (2/8, 25%), 2 plane crashes (2/8, 25%), and 1 relief mission (1/8, 12.5%). Of the 7 disasters outside of the United States, there were 4 earthquakes (4/7, 57.1%), 2 tropical storms (2/7, 28.6%), and 1 fire (1/7, 14.3%). There were also 24 “stand-by” deployments. Conclusion: The majority (>80%) of DMAT team deployments from 1985 to 2003 were for natural disasters, with almost half the disasters for hurricanes followed by floods. However, more recently there has been an increase in “manmade” disasters with bombings/terrorism being the most frequent manmade disaster. DMAT teams have also been deployed on missions outside the United States, most often responding to earthquakes and secondly for hurricanes/tropical storms. In the future, DMAT teams need to be prepared to function in a variety of disasters, both natural and manmade.
Nonablative laser surgery for pigmented skin.

Background. Nonablative laser surgery has been proven to improve early photodamaged skin and acne scars. These techniques include treatments with lasers, light sources, and/or radiofrequency devices. Objectives. To review the history of nonablative technology and its applicability to darker skin types and to provide an objective look at the various published studies documenting the efficacy of nonablative technology. Conclusion. Nonablative laser surgery can improve skin quality and acne scars in all skin types. Complications are rare but can occur. Future studies are required to compare the efficacy of the various nonablative technologies. DAVID J. GOLDBERG, MD, HAS INDICATED NO SIGNIFICANT INTEREST WITH COMMERCIAL SUPPORTERS.
Interpersonal deception: VI. Effects of preinteractional and interactional factors on deceiver and observer perceptions of deception success

Past research on deception success has focused on receiver judgments, ignoring deceiver perceptions, which may influence the ways deceivers choose to behave in interpersonal interactions. The present study investigated how several preinteractional and interactional factors affect both deceiver and observer perceptions of deception success. Preinteractional factors included three that have been found relevant to deceptive communication: social skill, self‐monitoring, and motivation. Interactional factors included receiver suspicion, plus four proposed by the four‐factor theory of deception (anxiety, affect, task difficulty, and behavioral control). Results indicated that deceivers’ perceptions of success were more affected by interactional factors (especially anxiety, interaction difficulty, and conversational normality). Conversely, observers were more affected by preinteractional factors such as deceiver social skill. However, motivation, self‐monitoring, and conversational normality affected both deceiv...
Application of advanced guidance and navigation systems to flight control of aircraft and future space vehicles

A joint NASA-Langley/Honeywell flight test project evaluating a differential Global Positioning System (GPS)Ilnertial Navigation System (INS) as an approach/landing aid was completed in November 1990. The test objective was to acquire a system performance data base and to demonstrate automatic landing using an integrated differential GPS/INS with radar altimeter aiding for vertical axis guidance. A NASA Boeing 737 testbed was used to evaluate the differential GPSIINS performance which included real-time comparison against MLS-derived position. This paper presents an overview and summary of the results from that flight test and discusses the application and benefits of the integrated INS/GPS to future space vehicles.
Concentrate Mixtures Based on High Moisture Ear Corn versus Multi-Ingredients for Dairy Cows in Early Lactation

Abstract Nineteen mature Holstein cows were used to compare two concentrate mixtures: a) a simple mixture based on high-moisture ear corn and b) a multi-ingredient mixture. The trial was during the first 20 weeks of lactation. The cows consuming the high-moisture ear corn based concentrate had a lower forage dry matter intake, a greater concentrate total digestible nutrients intake, and a greater loss in body weight. Differences in total digestible nutrient intake and milk production were not statistically significant between groups consuming the two concentrate mixtures. Neither concentrate was consumed in amounts to meet total digestible nutrient requirements during the first 4 weeks of lactation. The simple concentrate mixture based on the high-moisture ear corn was as adequate as a multi-ingredient mixture for supporting milk production in early lactation.
Muscle models: what is gained and what is lost by varying model complexity

Three structurally different types of models have evolved over the years to describe muscle-joint systems. The first, based on an input-output analysis of a given task, results in a simple second-order differential equation description that is adequate over a certain movement operating range. The second, based on the classic structural model of Hill (1938), results in a higher-order nonlinear model described by ordinary differential equations. The third, based on an analysis of the biophysical contractile mechanism, results in a complex partial differential equation description. The advantages and disadvantages of each type of model are considered, based on the criteria of identifying the simplest model that can adequately simulate any fundamental type of human movement without modifying model parameters for different tasks. It is shown that an eighth-order Hill-based antagonistic muscle-joint model is able to satisfy these criteria for a given joint if each of the four basic mechanically-significant non-linearities of the system are included in the model. This same model structure has been used successfully for eight different muscle-joint systems, ranging in size from knee flexion-extension to eye rotation--the only difference between the models is in the parameter values. Second-order models are shown to be task-specific special cases of the input-output behavior of the eighth-order model, while the more complex biophysical models are hypothesized to have insignificant advantages and many disadvantages over the Hill-based model during normal human movement.
Endogenous N-cadherin in a subpopulation of MDCK cells: distribution and catenin complex composition

Epithelial (E)-cadherin plays a critical role in developing a normal epithelial phenotype but neural (N)-cadherin can disrupt epithelial shape, at least in carcinoma-derived cells. Here the normal epithelial cell line MDCK was used to select for a trypsin-sensitive (TS-MDCK) subpopulation that expresses low levels of endogenous N-cadherin. Similar amounts of E-cadherin and all catenins are found in both TS-MDCK and trypsin-resistant cells (TR-MDCK), but TS-MDCK are less phenotypically epithelioid and more motile, and junctional proteins are more detergent soluble. In TS-MDCK, N-cadherin is largely nonjunctional; a similar N-cadherin distribution and mesenchymal phenotype are found in TR-MDCK transfected to express low levels of exogenous N-cadherin. Little N-cadherin was attracted to junctions between TS-MDCK and hTERT-RPE1 cells, a retinal pigment epithelium-derived line that expresses dominantly N-cadherin. No differences were seen in E-cadherin-catenin complexes in TS- and TR-MDCK, but N-cadherin-catenin complexes in TS-MDCK have more abundant p120 catenin. Overall, the results indicate that E- and N-cadherin assemble stoichiometrically different complexes with p120 in the same cells. Further, N-cadherin does not participate with E-cadherin in a zonular epithelial junction in normal MDCK epithelial cells. Rather, even low levels of endogenous N-cadherin contribute to a disrupted epithelial phenotype, resembling the effect of N-cadherin on carcinoma-derived epithelial cells.
Agent computing themes in biologically inspired models of learning and development.

After evaluating general features and attributes of the agent notion, the overlap of features in candidate (attribute) cores, and several less central features, the paper addresses agent and related theory in neuroscience, observing how agent notions have penetrated portions of this field and how the field itself emphasizes and further develops some agent themes via, e.g. schema theory, neural net-artificial intelligence (AI) comparisons, and other research. In remaining sections, models for development of memory strategies in children are presented, illustrating cooperative and competitive neural modeling agents, an active role for a "human agent in the loop," and integrating broadly-based neural network (NN) modeling with other bio-inspired models.
Temperature acclimation of respiratory function in the salamander Taricha granulosa.

The effect of acute and chronic temperature change on oxygen uptake (VO2) and the respiratory properties of blood was determined in the newt, Taricha granulosa. Acclimation to 20–24°C for 4 weeks caused a significant increase in hemoglobin concentration (6.5–9.5 g/dl) and O2 capacity of blood but no change in oxygen affinity compared with animals acclimated to 4–6°C. Cold acclimated animals had a reverse Bohr effect compared with warm acclimated animals (dlogP50/dpH = +0.13 and −0.12, respectively) but the present data offer no mechanism. There was no difference between the two acclimation groups with respect to temperature sensitivity of O2 binding, cooperativity of binding, buffer capacity, red cell organic phosphate concentration, or red cell dimensions. There was no evidence for thermal acclimation of VO2. Over the seasonal range of water temperature experienced by this species (5–25°C), the major adaptation to the ca. 4 fold increase in VO2 is a 49% increase in blood O2 capacity.
From driving to expressive music performance: ensuring tempo smoothness

This paper focuses on the mapping strategies in the interface design for the Expression Synthesis Project (ESP). The goal of ESP is to use the metaphor of driving to allow non-experts to interactively create expressive renderings of music pieces. In ESP, the road represents the music, with bends and straight segments representing places where one might slow down and speed up respectively. The user controls the tempo (rate of beats) and dynamics (amplitude) by the way s/he drives through the road. Our design objective in the ESP environment is to define mapping strategies that guarantee tempo smoothness, a hallmark of expert and practiced performances, under all driving conditions. Because the road has non-zero width, several strategies exist for mapping the car's position on the road to the musical score. We propose mapping strategies that ensure tempo smoothness, and provide mathematical and empirical proofs for the success of these strategies.
1553 CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE DUE TO TAKAYASU'S DISEASE: RECOVERY OF RENAL FUNCTION AFTER NINE MONTHS OF DIALYSIS

1553 CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE DUE TO TAKAYASU'S DISEASE: RECOVERY OF RENAL FUNCTION AFTER NINE MONTHS OF DIALYSIS
Secondary and quaternary structures of the (+)-pinoresinol-forming dirigent protein.

The (+)-pinoresinol-forming dirigent protein is the first protein capable of stereoselectively coupling two coniferyl alcohol derived radical species, in this case to give the 8−8‘ linked (+)-pinoresinol. Only dimeric cross-linked dirigent protein structures were isolated when 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)-propyl]carbodiimide was used as cross-linking agent, whereas the associated oxidase, presumed to generate the corresponding free radical substrate, was not detected. Native Forsythia intermedia dirigent protein isoforms were additionally subjected to MALDI-TOF and ESI-MS analyses, which established the presence of both monomeric masses of 23−25 kDa and dimeric dirigent protein species ranging from 46 to 49 kDa. Analytical ultracentrifugation, sedimentation velocity, and sedimentation equilibrium analyses of the native dirigent protein in open solution confirmed further its dimeric nature as well as a propensity to aggregate, with the latter being dependent upon both temperature and solution ionic strengt...
Strange decays of nonstrange baryons

The strong decays of excited nonstrange baryons into the final states {Lambda}K, {Sigma}K, and for the first time into {Lambda}(1405)K, {Lambda}(1520)K, {Sigma}(1385)K, {Lambda}K{sup *}, and {Sigma}K{sup *}, are examined in a relativized quark pair creation model. The wave functions and parameters of the model are fixed by previous calculations of N{pi} and N{pi}{pi}, etc., decays. The results show that it should be possible to discover several new negative parity excited baryons and confirm the discovery of several others by analyzing these final states in kaon production experiments. They also establish clear predictions for the relative strengths of certain states to decay to {Lambda}(1405)K and {Lambda}(1520)K, which can be tested to determine if a three-quark model of the {Lambda}(1405)K is valid. The authors results compare favorably with the results of partial wave analyses of the limited existing data for the {Lambda}K and {Sigma}K channels. They do not find large {Sigma}K decay amplitudes for a substantial group of predicted and weakly established negative-parity states, in contrast to the only previous work to consider decays of these states into the strange final states {Lambda}K and {Sigma}K.
A 20,000-ampere mechanical switch

In june 1958, the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory contracted with Stanford Research Institute for the development of a mechanical crowbar-type switch. At that time Radiation Laboratory personnel were conducting experiments using the basic high-power L-R-C (inductance-resistance-capacitance) circuit shown in Fig. 1. In this circuit, the ignitron V2 is subjected to excessive duty when heavily loaded. This paper describes a high-capacity fast-acting mechanical switch designed for this special application.
Prosodic prominence effects on vowels in chain shifts

This study examines synchronic variation in vowels in an effort to advance our understanding of the “transmission problem” in language change, in particular, the cross-generational perseverance of vowel shifts. Seeking a connection to patterns anddirectionsofshiftsinvowelsystemsovertime,weexaminetheroleofalargely neglectedparameterofstructuredheterogeneity:prosodicprominence.ExperimentaldatafromtwoMidwesterndialectsofAmericanEnglish—centralOhioandsouthcentral Wisconsin—show that, for the vowels studied here, the changes in vowel characteristics observed under higher degrees of prosodic prominence (or greater emphasis) correspond to the changes predicted by well-established principles of chainshifting.Anacousticstudyassessesvariationinprosodicprominencebyexamining formant frequencies at multiple locations in the course of vowel duration, whichprovidesinformationaboutvowelqualitydynamics.Aperceptualstudydetermines listeners’sensitivity to the obtained acoustic variation, as manifested in specific patterns of vowel identification, confusions, and category goodness ratings. Finally, a prosodically based explanation of the transmission of sound change is described, which offers new connections between structural and social factors in sound change, notably the roles of “social affect” and speaker gender.
Effects of fertilization and irrigation on American sycamore and black locust planted on a reclaimed surface mine in Appalachia

Abstract Short rotation woody biofuel plantations on reclaimed surface mines in Appalachia can diversify domestic energy supplies and facilitate the reforestation of these disturbed lands. This study examined growth, survival, biomass accumulation and allocation, and nitrogen concentrations following two growing seasons in American sycamore ( Platanus occidentalis L.) and black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.) seedlings receiving irrigation, granular fertilization, and irrigation + fertilization compared with untreated controls. Fertilization increased basal diameter, height, and stem mass of American sycamore following two growing seasons. Increased stem production was attributed to accelerated development and not shifts in biomass allocation due to treatment. Irrigation and irrigation + fertilization treatments did not enhance growth or biomass accumulation of American sycamore. Similarly, black locust basal diameter, height, and stem mass did not differ among the treatments. Browse surveys showed that more than 76% of black locust seedlings experienced arrested or retrogressed growth due to browse; less than 3% of American sycamores were browsed. This intensive browse by ungulates, likely including reintroduced elk, may have affected growth differences among species and confounded the effects of treatments on black locust. Survival was unaffected by treatment in both species, but mean survival was greatest in American sycamore (80%) compared to black locust (58%). Per tree total nitrogen uptake was highest in fertilized American sycamore (7.9 g) and lowest in irrigated American sycamore (0.9 g). The results of our study suggest that granular fertilizer applications can accelerate seedling growth on reclaimed surface mines in the Appalachian region.
History and present status of the human/elephant conflict in the Waza-Logone Region, Cameroon, West Africa.

Abstract Increasing elephant population coupled with the rapid human population growth and the expansion of agricultural land has escalated human/elephant conflict in the Waza-Logone Region. This paper analyses the magnitude of the conflict and examines its development in time. Elephant damage to crops has doubled between 1992 and 1993 in the Kaele and Mindif areas and caused increasing loss of human life. The present situation is likely to worsen unless the control of ‘problem animals’ and the management of Waza National Park are improved, a conservation education programme is developed and an adequate compensation scheme designed. It is also essential to determine elephant movements and home-ranges and to identify causes of their migrations.
Quality-of-life outcomes after endoscopic sinus surgery: how long is long enough?

Abstract Objective To determine the time interval during which quality-of-life (QOL) outcomes stabilize after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Study Design Multi-institutional, longitudinal cohort. Setting Tertiary rhinology centers. Subjects and Methods Adults with chronic rhinosinusitis from three medical centers were asked to provide responses to the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (RSDI) and the Chronic Sinusitis Survey (CSS) at baseline and six months, 12 months, and 20 months after endoscopic sinus surgery. Repeated measures and post-hoc analyses were used to compare QOL scores among follow-up time points. Subgroup analyses were performed in a similar fashion for patients with and without nasal polyposis, asthma, allergies, acetylsalicylic acid intolerance, depression, and previous sinus surgery. Results A total of 127 patients provided complete follow-up data for all three time points. Improvement in QOL scores was seen at six months after surgery for both the RSDI and CSS instruments. When comparing changes in mean QOL scores among all follow-up time points, there were no significant differences in either RSDI or CSS total scores (all P ≥ 0.853) or subscale scores (all P ≥ 0.251) between six, 12, and 20 months. Each individual subgroup demonstrated stable QOL scores between six and 20 months' follow-up, including patients with polyposis and those with intolerance to acetylsalicylic acid (all P ≥ 0.275). Conclusion At a cohort level, improvements in QOL after ESS do not appear to change between six and 20 months. Clinical trial designs incorporating QOL outcomes after ESS should consider the six-month time frame as an appropriate primary end point.
"It All Depends": A Qualitative Study of Parents' Views of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine for their Adolescents at Ages 11-12 years

Routine vaccination with three doses of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is recommended for adolescent girls and boys at 11 or 12 years of age; however, vaccine uptake remains suboptimal. To understand the reasons why parents may accept or refuse HPV vaccine for their children at age 11 or 12 years, we conducted a qualitative study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents or guardians (n = 45) whose adolescents receive care at an urban, hospital-based primary care practice. Data were analyzed using an iterative thematic approach. We found that many parents expressed high levels of support for HPV vaccine, including a majority who agreed with vaccination at age 11-12 years. Parents recognized that for prevention of consequences of HPV infection, vaccination of their child early in adolescence was desirable conceptually. However, many parents also expressed that in practice, HPV vaccine should be given to adolescents at the onset of sexual activity, a perception that led to preferences to delay administration of HPV vaccine among certain parents. These apparently contradictory views indicate the need for interventions focused on the benefits of vaccination at the recommended ages. Our findings may be useful in providers' discussions with parents about the vaccine, as pediatric and adolescent health care providers have the unique opportunity to educate parents and clarify misconceptions about vaccination.
Unpredictable evolution in a 30-year study of Darwin's finches.

Evolution can be predicted in the short term from a knowledge of selection and inheritance. However, in the long term evolution is unpredictable because environments, which determine the directions and magnitudes of selection coefficients, fluctuate unpredictably. These two features of evolution, the predictable and unpredictable, are demonstrated in a study of two populations of Darwin's finches on the Galapagos island of Daphne Major. From 1972 to 2001, Geospiza fortis (medium ground finch) and Geospiza scandens (cactus finch) changed several times in body size and two beak traits. Natural selection occurred frequently in both species and varied from unidirectional to oscillating, episodic to gradual. Hybridization occurred repeatedly though rarely, resulting in elevated phenotypic variances in G. scandens and a change in beak shape. The phenotypic states of both species at the end of the 30-year study could not have been predicted at the beginning. Continuous, long-term studies are needed to detect and interpret rare but important events and nonuniform evolutionary change.
Living liver donor surgery: report of initial anesthesia experience

The charts and anesthetic records of 12 patients who donated the left lateral segment of their liver to a related infant or child to treat liver failure were retrospectively reviewed. Blood loss, need for transfusion, fluids administered, surgical length, and perioperative complications were investigated. The records also were examined to determine the hemodynamic stability of patients undergoing donor hepatectomy to assess their need for invasive monitoring. There were no episodes of hypotension or hemodynamic instability. The average operating time was 9.6 +/- 1.1 hours. The blood loss was 562 +/- 244 mL (range 300 to 1100 mL). Four patients received their own cell saver blood (200 mL, 220 mL, 300 mL, 475 mL), and one patient received 1 U (350 mL) of predonated autologous blood. The average hemoglobin decreased significantly (p = 0.001) from a preoperative value of 14.1 +/- 1.2 to 12.3 +/- 1.8 g/dL in the recovery room. All patients were extubated in the operating room or recovery room. Patients were discharged home in 6.9 +/- 1.3 days (range 5 to 9 days). Living-related liver resection can be performed with noninvasive monitoring and without the need for heterologous blood products.
Characteristics and distribution of potential ash tree hosts for emerald ash borer

The emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis) is a recently discovered (July 2002) exotic insect pest, which has caused the death of millions of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in Detroit, MI, USA and has also spread into other areas of Michigan, isolated locations in Indiana, Ohio, Maryland and Virginia, and nearby Windsor, Ont., in Canada. Ash trees occur in many different forest ecosystems in North America, are one of the more widely planted trees in urban areas, and are a valuable commercial timber species. If emerald ash borer populations are not contained and eventually eradicated, the ash resource in North America could be devastated. The destruction caused by EAB and its rate of spread are likely to be strongly influenced by the spatial distribution and status of the ash tree host, but general information regarding the abundance, health and distribution of ash trees is diffused throughout the literature. Here, we summarize what is currently known regarding the characteristics and potential spatial distribution of various species of Fraxinus in natural and planted ecosystems in North America and evaluate this information with specific regard to assessing the relative risk of ash populations to EAB.
Current status and future trends in More Electric Car power systems

Increasing use of electrical power to drive automobile subsystems, which historically have been driven by a combination of mechanical, hydraulic, and electrical power transfer systems, is seen as a dominant trend in advanced automotive power systems. This is the concept of More Electric Cars (MEC). Advancements in the areas of power electronics, fault tolerant electrical power distribution systems, electric drives, control electronics, and microprocessors are already providing the impetus to improve the performance of automobile electrical systems and their reliability. As a result, the MEC concept is seen as the direction of automotive power system technology. This paper briefly discusses the conventional automotive power systems, their disadvantages, scope for improvement, future electric loads, and advanced distribution system architectures. Finally, it concludes with a brief outline of the advancement to be made in the future.
Cognitive memory: Human and machine

This paper addresses three questions: how does human memory work? How could I build a memory like that? How could I use it to solve practical problems?
Athletic Identity of Community College Student Athletes: Issues for Counseling.

Community college student athletes are unique in their setting in the world of college student athletes. Many compete for the love of their sport, while others have aspirations for transferring to major colleges to continue their participation. The current study made use of the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale with a sample of nearly 400 community college student athletes to begin to understand some of the unique counseling needs of these students. These needs are highlighted by the need for student athletes to have a mentally healthy perspective on the role of sport in life and the relationship of sports to academic pursuits. Community college administrators need to use caution in balancing student development with mental health concerns.
Listening Ability and Performance With New Technology: a Case Study

The relationship between employee productivity with new technology and listening ability was investigated in a field study of 391 data entry employees from two divisions ofa large corporation. Comparisons were also made with individual levels of past produc tivity. Employees from both divisions were given a standardized test to assess their lis tening ability before they began to operate a new computer system. Employees from one of the divisions were provided with a 15-hour listening training program one week before the new system was implemented. An analysis of coevariance revealed three noteworthy findings. First, employee listening ability had the most significant effect on employee productivity with the new computer. Second, the employees who received the listening training program performed at significantly higher levels with the new technology than employees who did not receive training. Finally, past productivity also had a significant effect on how productive the employees were with the new comput...
HIVE: an express and accurate interconnect capacitance extractor for submicron multilevel conductor systems

This paper presents a new paradigm for fast and accurate 2-D and 3-D interconnect capacitance extraction suitable for sub-micron, multi-level (SMML) conductor systems. According to SMML interconnect process measurements and simulations, there are linear as well as nonlinear changes of area, fringing, and coupling capacitances when the interconnect pitch changes. A set of representative SMML layout structures are selected so that rigorous 2-D and 3-D simulations are done in advance for the nonlinear changes and fast interpolations/extrapolations are done for the linear changes. In this way, efficient and comprehensive capacitance curves can be generated to support VLSI designs. The average time spent on displaying the capacitance design curves on an X-window-based workstation is 1.4 seconds. The maximal difference between the interpolation/extrapolation results and the 2-D/3-D simulation results is within 3%. >
Picosecond degenerate four-wave mixing on potassium in a methane-air flame.

We demonstrate that picosecond mode-locked laser-based degenerate four-wave mixing can be detected with good signal-to-noise ratios in an optically thin flame and that detailed turbulence statistics can be acquired by use of this technique. A regeneratively mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser was tuned to the 42S1/2-42P1/2∘ transition in atomic potassium (which was doped into the flame) at 769.9 nm. Using the all-forward degenerate four-wave mixing geometry, we achieved signal-to-noise ratios of 70:1 without the use of a spatial filter. A sensitivity curve and a method for acquiring turbulence statistics are presented.
Project Enhanced Learning: Addressing ABET Outcomes and Linking the Curriculum

This paper discusses the development of project enhanced courses that combine the best of problem-based learning and traditional “topic” focused instruction. This approach addresses the need to ensure that students receive the technical content required while developing critical problem solving skills. This balance between skill development and technical content assurance is a key feature of this approach and a main difference to problem-based learning. It is also different from traditional approaches where a project is simply added to the tasks the students are expected to accomplish, and the impacts on student learning are significantly different. The paper presents a case study of the implementation of the projects into a junior level introductory structural analysis course, including details into the goals of the projects, and the changes made to make room for the projects. Assessment and evaluation of the impact of these projects include an evaluation on how the courses and projects address specific ...
Router primitives for programmable active measurement

Active probe-based measurements are the foundation for understanding important network path properties such as SLA compliance and available bandwidth. Well-known challenges in active probe-based measurement include the logistics of deploying and managing host-based measurement infrastructures, the load that probe packets place on network resources, the inaccuracy of resultant measurements, and the relatively limited set of features that can be measured. In this paper, we argue that these challenges can be addressed through programmable, router-based support for active measurement. While commercial routers today have some basic capabilities for emitting probe packets, these mechanisms are minimal and do not allow the necessary flexibility in the kinds of probing that can be done. We describe a set of functional primitives that enable a wide range of router-based active measurements and would improve and simplify the ability to assess and understand network structure and dynamic network state. We discuss the associated resource requirements and implications of our approach related to configuration, security and privacy. Finally, we support and illustrate the powerful potential of our approach through a series of measurement scenarios and describe our ongoing efforts toward a Click-based implementation of our framework.
Fatty Acid Modification of the Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor

Membrane-proximal cysteines 259 and 260 in the cytoplasmic tail of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) are known to be essential for the tumor suppression activity of CAR. We demonstrate that these residues provide an S-acylation motif for modification of CAR with the fatty acid palmitate. Substitution of alanine for cysteines 259 and 260 results in the additional localization of CAR in perinuclear compartments with no effect on the efficiency of adenovirus infection. The results indicate that palmitylation is important for stable plasma membrane expression and biological activity of CAR but is not critical for adenovirus receptor performance.
Measurement of the branching ratio in the 6 P 3 ∕ 2 decay of Ba II with a single trapped ion

We present a measurement of the branching ratios from the $6{P}_{3∕2}$ state of $\mathrm{Ba}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{II}$ into all dipole-allowed decay channels ($6{S}_{1∕2}$, $5{D}_{3∕2}$, and $5{D}_{5∕2}$). Measurements were performed on single $^{138}{\mathrm{Ba}}^{+}$ ions in a linear Paul trap with a frequency-doubled mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser resonant with the $6{S}_{1∕2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6{P}_{3∕2}$ transition at $455\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ by detection of electron shelving into the dark $5{D}_{5∕2}$ state. By driving a $\ensuremath{\pi}$ Rabi rotation with a single femtosecond pulse, an absolute measurement of the branching ratio to $5{D}_{5∕2}$ state was performed. Combined with a measurement of the relative decay rates into $5{D}_{3∕2}$ and $5{D}_{5∕2}$ states performed with long trains of highly attenuated $455\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ pulses, it allowed the extraction of the absolute ratios of the other two decays. Relative strengths normalized to unity are found to be $0.756\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.046$, $0.0290\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0015$, and $0.215\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0064$ for $6{S}_{1∕2}$, $5{D}_{3∕2}$, and $5{D}_{5∕2}$, respectively. This approximately constitutes a threefold improvement over the best previous measurements and is a sufficient level of precision to compare to calculated values for dipole matrix elements.
Data conditioning of legacy seismic using migration-driven 5D interpolation

AbstractLegacy seismic surveys cover much of the midcontinent USA and Texas, with almost all 3D surveys acquired in the 1990s considered today to be low fold. Fortunately, recent advances in 5D interpolation have not only enhanced the quality of structural and stratigraphic images, but they have also improved the data sufficiently to allow more quantitative interpretation, such as impedance inversion. Although normal-moveout-corrected, common-midpoint-based 5D interpolation does an excellent job of amplitude balancing and the suppression of acquisition footprint, it appears to misinterpolate undercorrected diffractions, thus smearing fault and stratigraphic edges. We described a least-squares migration-driven 5D interpolation workflow, in which data were interpolated by demigrating the current subsurface image to the missing offsets and azimuths. Such demigration accurately interpolates fault edges and other diffractors, thereby preserving lateral discontinuities, while suppressing footprint and balancing...
Time delay and resonances in a three-particle model

A time delay formalism is given for a three-particle scattering model. It is then applied to resonance production in 3-particle systems.
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF BHA,BHT AND TBHQ IN FOODS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH FID

Objective:To develope method for the determination of the concentrations of BHA,BHT and TBHQ in foods by using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector(GC-FID).Methods:BHA,BHT and TBHQ were extracted from food samples by methanol for 3 times,and total extracting volume is 10 ml.The methanol layer was filtrated by filter paper,and analyzed by GC.The GC system consisted of Supleco SPB-1 column(15 m×0.53 mm×0.50 μm),carrier of nitrogen,split ratio(25∶1),injection volume 1μl,initial column temperature 120 ℃,keeping 5 minutes and rising to 220 ℃ with rate of 40 ℃ per minute.Results:The linear ranges of determination for BHA,BHT and TBHQ were 2.0～100.0 μg/L(r=0.99995),2.0～100.0 μg/L(r=0.9997)and 2.0～100.0 μg/L(r=0.9998),respectively.The recoveries of spiked samples for these anti-oxidizing agents were above 95%.1 859 food samples were collected,and BHA,BHT,TBHQ contents were determined by this method.Conclusion:The method is sensitive,simple,rapid and accurate.It can be used to simultaneously determine anti-oxidizing agent in foods.
Analysis of Auxins and Their Amino Acid Conjugates in Rice by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric(LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of indole-3-butyric acid(IBA),indole-3-acetic acid(IAA) and its 7 amino acid conjugates including IAA-Asp,IAA-Ala,IAA-Val,IAA-Trp,IAA-Leu,IAA-Ile and IAA-Phe in rice.The sample was extracted with 80% methanol for 12 h at 4 ℃.The extract was cleaned up on an Oasis MAX cartridge(60 mg×3 mL),and eluted with methanol contained 0.5% formic acid.9 analytes were separated on a C18 column(1.8 μm,100 mm×2.1 mm i.d.) using 5 mmol/L ammonium formate(A)-acetonitrile(B) as mobile phase by gradient elution.The analytes were detected by positive-ion electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry under multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) mode.The recoveries of 9 analytes from the matrixes of root,sheath,leaf and seed in rice tissue ranged from 75% to 106% with relative standard deviations(RSDs) of 3.6%-15.2%.The detection limits(S/N=3) ranged from 0.01 μg/kg to 25 μg/kg.The method was sensitive and reliable,and could meet the requirements for quantification of auxins and their amino acid conjugates in rice at the physiological level.
Applying for Grant Funding as a Counseling Psychologist From Thought to Action

Counseling psychologists can benefit from grant funding because it can support their research and training of doctoral students. Now more than ever, universities across the nation are encouraging faculty to seek funding from external sources. This reality creates an opportunity for counseling psychologists to develop grant writing skills and take their research to new levels by obtaining funding to support larger scale studies or clinical interventions. We seek to provide a resource for counseling psychologists and doctoral students that provides guidance and tips for successfully seeking and applying for grants that fit areas of research common in our field. Topics covered in this article include how to get involved in the grant writing process, obtaining mentorship, crafting a successful application, and understanding the outcome of a grant review. Grant funding is an attainable goal for counseling psychologists at all stages of their training and career.
Proper Actions of Groups on C*-Algebras

Recently I have been attempting to formulate a suitable C*-algebraic framework for the subject of deformation quantization of Poisson manifolds [1,13]. Some of the main examples which I have constructed within this framework [27] involve “proper” actions of groups on C*-algebras, where “proper” actions are to be defined as a generalization of proper actions of groups on locally compact spaces. Much of the material on proper actions which I have developed for this purpose is of a general nature which may be useful in other situations, as it has seemed appropriate to give a separate exposition of it, in the present article.
Abstract 050: Loss of Argininosuccinate Lyase Leads to Nitric Oxide Deficiency, Endothelial Dysfunction, Impaired Angiogenesis, and Hypertension

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important mediator of vascular homeostasis and its deficiency in murine models results in hypertension. However, there are few monogenic causes of NO deficiency in humans and the effects of such genetic forms of NO deficiency on vasculature are not well-studied. We have recently shown that argininosuccinate lyase (ASL), a urea cycle enzyme, is necessary for synthesis of NO. ASL deficiency results in decreased production of NO and hypertension in humans and mice. To investigate whether loss of Asl-mediated NO synthesis in the vascular endothelium alone can cause hypertension, we generated a mouse model with endothelial-specific deletion of Asl (VE-Cadherin Cre(tg/+); Asl(flox/flox), or cKO). Asl cKO mice developed hypertension and had higher mean arterial pressure compared to control littermates (102.2± 2.9 vs. 89.8±3.6 mmHg, p<0.05). This hypertension was secondary to endothelial-specific NO deficiency as demonstrated by abnormal relaxation of aortic rings and correction with treatment with an NOS-independent NO supplement (MAP in sodium nitrite treated Asl cKO 97.7±3.8 vs. 97.6±7.3 mmHg in untreated control mice). To evaluate the human relevance of these findings, we developed human cell-based models from patients with ASL deficiency. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were generated and differentiated into endothelial cells. Interestingly, ASL-deficient hiPSCs differentiated less efficiently into endothelial cells as compared to control hiPSCs (9.7±4.0 vs. 20.8±3.7 % of CD144+; CD31+ cells, p<0.01). Furthermore, ASL-deficient hiPSCs-derived endothelial cells had a significantly reduced capacity to form capillary-like structures on Matrigel. Our study using a novel mouse model and hiPSCs-derived endothelial cells from patients with a rare Mendelian form of hypertension supports the hypothesis that structural and functional abnormalities in endothelial cells contribute to pathogenesis of hypertension. Our study is the first to use hiPSC-derived endothelial cells as a model system to study hypertension and highlights the utility of this technology in exploring the pathogenesis of other vascular diseases.