cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of organic matter source and diagenetic state on photochemical release of dissolved organic matter and nutrients from resuspendable estuarine sediments

Abstract Presently there is a paucity of knowledge regarding the influence of sedimentary organic matter (SOM) source and diagenetic state on photolytic fluxes of dissolved organic matter and nutrients from sediments likely to be resuspended during high energy events such as storms. Here we present data on the photochemical release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), NH 4 + , and PO 4 3− from the fine fraction of sediments obtained along an estuarine gradient, coupled with analyses of biogeochemical and molecular indicators of SOM source. Photochemical release of DOC and PO 4 3− was significantly higher than dark controls at all sites. DOC photorelease from fine ( 4 3− was higher at upstream sites, where sediments were dominated by relatively unaltered terrestrially-derived SOM. In contrast, TDN, DON, and NH 4 + releases were higher at downstream sites, which exhibited more degraded organic matter of both terrestrial and aquatic origin. The ratio of inorganic nutrients released was low at all sites (NH 4 + : PO 4 3− ~ 1–7) suggesting that SOM photolysis may be relatively more important as a source of inorganic P than N. Our results also demonstrate that SOM is broadly photolabile and that previous studies may underestimate photolytic release of DOC from the fine fraction of sediments.
Conflict structure moderates associations between cardiovascular reactivity and negative marital interaction.

This study examined the role of marital conflict structure-who desires and requests change versus who responds to the change request-in spouses' cardiovascular responses to marital interactions. Forty-one couples discussed 2 marital topics: one in which the wife desired change in the husband, and one in which the husband desired change in the wife. Cardiovascular responses were assessed at 2-min intervals. Results indicated that marital conflict structure moderates cardiovascular reactivity during negative marital interactions: Husbands and wives whose interactions were characterized by high levels of negative behavior showed the most pronounced diastolic blood pressure reactivity, but only when they were in the role of desiring change in their spouses. Implications for gender differences in marital conflict physiology are consideled.
Esophagogastric dissociation versus fundoplication: Which is best for severely neurologically impaired children?

Abstract Purpose: Neurologically impaired children (NIC) often have swallowing difficulties, severe gastroesophageal reflux, recurrent respiratory infections, and malnutrition. Bianchi proposed esophagogastric dissociation (EGD) as an alternative to fundoplication and gastrostomy. The authors compared these 2 approaches. Methods: Twenty-nine consecutive symptomatic NIC refractory to medical therapy were enrolled in a prospective study and divided into 2 groups: A (n = 12), NIC who underwent fundoplication and gastrostomy; B (n = 14), NIC who underwent EGD. Three were excluded because of previous fundoplication. Anthropometric (percentage of the 50th percentile/age of healthy children) and biochemical parameters, respiratory infections per year, hospitalization (days per year), feeding time (minutes), and "quality of life" (parental psychological questionnaire, range 0 to 60), were analyzed ( t test and Mann-Whitney test) preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively. Complications were recorded. Results: Compared with group A, group B presented a statistically significant increase of all anthropometric and nearly all biochemical parameters with a statistical difference in terms of respiratory infections, hospital stay, feeding time, and psychological questionnaire. In group A, 2 bowel obstructions, 1 tight fundoplication, 1 dumping syndrome, and 3 failures of fundoplication occurred. Group B presented 1 anastomotic stricture, 1 paraesophageal hernia, and 1 bowel obstruction. Conclusions: Compared with fundoplication and gastrostomy, EGD offered better nutritional rehabilitation, reduction in respiratory infections, and improved quality of life. EGD can be rightfully chosen as a primary procedure. J Pediatr Surg 36:677-680. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
A method of time-dependent analysis using elastic solutions for nonlinear materials

The formulation of viscoelastic solutions from elastic equations using the ‘correspondence principle’ and an inverse Laplace transform has been discussed extensively in the literature. Because this method has been developed, many time-dependent solutions can be obtained from closed form elastic solutions and conditions have been delineated in which the ‘quasi-elastic’ approximation of the viscoelastic solution is within acceptable tolerance. This communication shows the feasibility of the application of these methods to formulate approximate nonlinear viscoelastic solutions with nonlinear stress-strain materials, and for want of a specific nonlinear model to demonstrate this, the hyperbolic model was selected. The ‘power law’ is used to model the relaxation modulus of the viscoelastic materials. There are five related development that are discussed here using a simple numerical example to illustrate each of them and they are: (1) a linear elastic solution, (2) a linear viscoelastic solution, (3) a nonlinear elastic solution, (4) a nonlinear viscoelastic solution and finally, (5) a ‘regression’ approximation of the nonlinear viscoelastic solution which is suggested by the series form of the elastic solution. All of these are related to one another and each provides an acceptably accurate solution of the problem it addresses. The latter is of particular practical interest since it can be used to provide answers to problems involving nonlinear viscoelastic materials while requiring only very small calculation times. The problem used as an example is the calculation of the displacement of a circular hole in an infinite plate made of a material with a nonlinear time-dependent stress-strain relationship. The nonlinear elastic form of the solution was developed by matching results from nonlinear finite element analysis.
Phase II trial of sunitinib maintenance therapy after platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer.

Introduction: The prognosis for patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer remains poor. This trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of maintenance sunitinib after platinum-etoposide chemotherapy. Methods: Patients who demonstrated objective tumor response or stable disease after four cycles of platinum plus etoposide chemotherapy were eligible. Sunitinib was given at 50 mg daily for 4 weeks of a 6-week cycle until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary end point was 4-month progression-free survival (PFS) rate from initiation of sunitinib. Results: Sixteen patients were enrolled. Responses to platinum-etoposide were complete response (CR)/partial response (PR)/stable disease (SD) = 3/11/2. The median number of weeks on sunitinib was 4 (range: 1.4–20). Reasons for sunitinib discontinuation were disease progression (50%), toxicity (31%), and patient request (19%). Median PFS from the start of sunitinib was 2.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8–3.1). Further accrual would have failed to reach the target PFS rate, so the study was terminated. There were no objective responses to sunitinib, but four patients (25%) had disease stability for 15, 15, 17, and 20 weeks. Median PFS and overall survival from the start of chemotherapy were 6.2 months (95% CI, 4.1–6.5) and 8.2 months (95% CI, 6.2–14.7), respectively. Grade 3 to grade 4 toxicity included thrombocytopenia (25%), fatigue (19%), muscle weakness (13%), and hypothyroidism (6%). Conclusions: Sunitinib did not seem to maintain disease stability after response to chemotherapy. Sunitinib was discontinued in half of patients due to toxicity or request to stop therapy. Although disease stability with sunitinib was noted in four patients, this approach does not seem to warrant further clinical study.
Castration alters susceptibility of male rats to specific seizures.

Abstract Studies in female rats indicate that estrogen reduction has both pro- and anticonvulsant effects on seizures, but that the respective effects are limited to specific types of seizures at selected doses of picrotoxin. This study was conducted to see if testosterone reduction had parallel effects on seizure susceptibility in males. Male rats were given castration or sham operations and allowed 3 weeks to recover. The latencies to myoclonic, focal, akinetic, and generalized tonic-clonic (GTC) seizures were scored in independent groups of sham-operated or castrated males after injection with picrotoxin (3.5–7.5 mg/kg). The results showed that castrated males had significantly shorter latencies to GTC seizures than sham-operated males at the 3.5 mg/kg and 5.5 mg/kg doses of picrotoxin. There were no significant differences in the latencies to myoclonic, focal, or akinetic seizures between the two surgical groups. The findings suggest that, unlike endogenous estrogen, endogenous testosterone exerts only an anticonvulsant effect and that the effect is limited to GTC seizures.
Examining Client Spiritual History and the Construction of Meaning: The Use of Spiritual Timelines in Counseling

The imperative to integrate spirituality in counseling has been well documented in the counseling literature. Developing spiritual timelines is one creative technique that may help clients with spiritual concerns. The purpose of this manuscript is to briefly review spirituality in counseling, describe the use of spiritual timelines as a creative technique, and provide a case illustration using spiritual timelines in counseling. Considerations for counselors include ethical concerns, scope of competence, and professional development.
Healing the Soldier, Restoring the Nation: Representations of Shell Shock in the USA During and After the First World War

This article examines representations of shell shock in American culture during and after the First World War. It draws on the large historiography of First World War-era shell shock in Europe wher...
The detection of unsuspected heart disease in photofluorographic chest surveys.

Abstract 1. 1. Minifilms (155,021), taken during a tuberculosis survey, were reviewed for the purpose of detecting previously unknown heart disease. In 1,356 (0.87 per cent) abnormally appearing cardiac shadows were considered to be present. 2. 2. Fluoroscopic re-examination of 846 individuals with abnormally appearing shadows confirmed an abnormality in only 514 cases (60.7 per cent). Thus fluoroscopy is of value in eliminating many false-positive minifilms, especially those due to technical difficulties. 3. 3. Clinical studies by various physicians of 193 of the patients with abnormal findings confirmed fluoroscopically revealed that twenty-eight (14.5 per cent) had no evidence of heart disease. Evidence of clinical heart disease was found in 165 (85.5 per cent); in eighty-nine (46.1 per cent) of these, heart disease was previously unknown. 4. 4. In a survey of 155,021 minifilms, only eighty-nine cases (0.059 per cent) of previously unknown heart disease were discovered. 5. 5. The eighty-nine cases of previously unknown heart disease discovered by the minifilm technique in routine chest surveys, although important in themselves, represent a disappointingly small yield for a survey of this magnitude. While this may be due to two important factors, (1) a conservative policy in an attempt to avoid precipitating cardiac neuroses, which can be a troublesome byproduct of such a survey, and (2) lack of patient cooperation, we believe the procedure for detecting unknown heart disease as a by-product of a tuberculosis survey not of sufficient value to warrant its routine use. One of the chief objections of such films for a cardiac survey is the inaccuracy of the films in the estimation of heart size.
Postcranial adaptations of the earliest platyrrhine

Abstract A model of the earliest platyrrhine primate is generated as the result of a cladistic analysis of platyrrhine relationships. The morphological features of the postcranium hypothesized as present in this model are analyzed in order to suggest the adaptations and behavioral repertoire of the first platyrrhine. A consistent pattern emerges indicating a grasping, arboreal quadruped, emphasizing walking and running on horizontal supports with only limited leaping or suspensory activities, approximately 1000 g in body mass. It is suggested that this pattern, with only minor changes, also characterized the earliest euprimates. The major derivations in the first platyrrhines were increased body size from a smaller euprimate ancestor, and improvements in stability as arboreal quadrupeds. The fossil record indicates that platyrrhines evolved as a distinct group before reaching South America, with possible relatives remaining behind in Africa.
Financial aid and student persistence: An application of causal modeling

This research uses path analysis to explore the relationships among a number of variables (including financial aid variables), which have been shown in both theory and prior research to be related to student persistence. The subjects were 227 full-time freshmen, who enrolled Fall Quarter 1982, in a liberal arts college at a large commuter institution of higher education, and who received financial aid. The model, which includes background and academic variables, accounted for 35% of the variance in persistence. Persistence was measured by credits completed over a two-year period. Significant variables that showed the largest total effects on persistence were college grade-point average and high school rank. The financial aid variables in the model showed no significant effect on persistence in this study of students who received aid. The model was cross-validated on a second data set and the model was supported.
Acute homonymous field loss: Really a diagnostic dilemma☆

A young woman developed the sudden onset of a congruous right lower quadratic visual field defect two weeks prior to examination. The remainder of her history and physical examination were noncontributory. Discussion revolves around the differential diagnosis of retro chiasmal field defects in young individuals. An MRI scan was most compatible with the diagnosis of disseminated sclerosis.
ELECTRON SCATTERING STUDIES OF CALCIUM AND TITANIUM ISOTOPES

Experimental results are presented on the scattering of 250-MeV electrons by ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{40}$, ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{42}$, ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{44}$, ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{48}$, and ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{48}$, and of 500-MeV electrons by ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{40}$ and ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{48}$. An analysis is made in terms of a phenomenological three-parameter shape, and a new, more accurate charge distribution is obtained for ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{40}$. The experiments also lead to a detailed exploration of the radial dependence of the differences in charge distributions of the various isotopes. Implications for nuclear theory are discussed. Comparison is made with the results of other electron scattering and of muonic x-ray experiments. The latter comparison permits an independent determination of an upper limit on the muon electromagnetic radius ${{〈{r}^{2}〉}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.35$ F.
Aerobic deterioration of lucerne (Medicago sativa) and Maize (Zea mais) silages : effects of fermentation products

Eleven laboratory lucerne silages, ten farm-scale lucerne silages and one maize silage were analysed for fermentation products to determine if chemical composition could explain differences in aerobic stability. Three of the farm-scale lucerne silages and the maize silage heated within 4 days of exposure to air whereas the other lucerne silages were stable for longer than 7 days even after inoculation with a destabilising yeast inoculum. The silages were analysed for lactic acid, volatile fatty acids (C1 to C6), succinic acid, ethanol, and 2,3-butanediol. The concentrations of these compounds in the unstable silages were not different from levels found in stable silages on either a dry matter basis or an undissociated water basis. However, unstable silages tended to be lower in 2,3-butanediol than other silages. The time until heating in these silages was simulated using a model of aerobic fungal growth in silage. This model considered the effects of yeast and mould numbers, pH, moisture content, and lactic and acetic acid concentrations on stability. Aerobic stability in three of the four unstable silages, with and without inoculation of destabilising yeasts, was reasonably predicted by the model. Stability in the other silages was consistently underpredicted by the model. These results indicate that the stability factor found in many lucerne silages is unlikely to be one of the principal products of silage fermentation.
The hydrophobic effect as a driving force for solute uptake by dealuminated zeolite Y

Abstract The hydrophobic nature of a commercial sample of dealuminated zeolite Y (DAY), heretofore referred to as Y901 and available as CBV901 from Zeolyst International, has been examined. Studies were focused on Y901 and related zeolites that were interfaced with bathing polar solvents. Binding isotherms for uptake of non-polar arene test solutes by various zeolites were evaluated from measurements of solute depletion in test solutions that were stirred with zeolite powders. The affinity of naphthalene (NP) for Y901 was found to increase with increasing water content in methanol–water (M/W) mixtures. Up to 2 NP per supercage could be loaded into Y901 from 50/50 M/W (v/v). No affinity of NP for Y901 could be detected in neat MeOH. A similar response to water content was observed for uptake of anthracene (AN) and pyrene (PY) by Y901, although studies with these probes were more limited compared to NP due to their inherently lower solubility in polar solvents. In 50/50 M/W, the NP-Y901 binding isotherm was sigmoidal in shape. The sigmoidal shape was explained by dimer formation, or preference of NP for NP-occupied supercages, and is supported from observations of static excimer fluorescence at low NP loadings not expected to produce double-occupation of NP in supercages. No affinity of NP for either NaX or NaY could be detected in any polar solvent, regardless of water content. Pyrene excimer formation was also examined in solvated Y901 and was found to be essentially uninhibited in a variety of solvents. In contrast, excimer formation was strongly inhibited in solvated NaX and NaY. This finding lends support to the conclusion from a previous study that the polar-solvated interior of Y901 is less rigid or more fluid than that of NaX and NaY. Such fluidity is likely to be an important factor in the kinetics of solute uptake by Y901. The thermodynamic driving force for uptake of non-polar solutes by Y901 can be explained by the hydrophobic effect and is similar to that found in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The interior of Y901 is viewed by the solute as an essentially non-polar medium, regardless of the water content of the bathing solvent. The current study reinforces previous assertions from photophysical studies carried out in this laboratory concerning the polarity and fluidity of the environment encountered by solutes in polar-solvated Y901. It also comments uniquely on the hydrophobicity of Y901 from studies of adsorption from solution. Previous descriptions of the hydrophobicity of Y901, and DAY in general, have been based mainly on studies of adsorption from the gas phase.
Theoretical analysis of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer with spherical electrodes and radial ion paths

Abstract A general expression for the total ion flight time is derived for a time-of-flight mass spectrometer having four concentric spherical electrodes which bound two accelerating regions and a drift region. The special case of negligible initial velocity is then considered, and it is shown that the spherical geometry gives space-time focusing characteristics which are at least as good as those of instruments having similarly spaced cylindrical or planar electrodes. The use of spherical electrodes also offers a large entrance area into which ions can be drawn from a surrounding plasma, provides equal sensitivity for ions entering from all directions, and allows the use of a very small ion collector such as a channel electron multiplier. It follows that this type of mass spectrometer may be a particularly attractive choice for applications requiring unusually high sensitivity.
Ecology of Hydractinia echinata (Fleming) (Hydroidea, Athecata) I. Feeding biology

Abstract The feeding biology of Hydractinia echinata is described based on individuals collected on the Knahaken Reef in the Oresund. Data are derived from analyses of stomach contents and from feeding experiments, including measurements of the length of the period in which the individual particles of food remain in the stomachs of the hydranths. Finally, also the relative value of the various food items was investigated by observations on the rate of growth of the Hydractinia. The growth of the colony of Hydractinia is exponential, at least for the first 24 days of its life. Within this period a linear proportion is maintained between the size of the colony and the amount of food eaten by the colony. The energy used by Hydractinia for growth during the month of March is gained for about 59 ‰ from Nematoda, for about 18 ‰ from Ophiura albida and for about 15 ‰ from Harpacticoidea. A medium-sized colony catches about 47 Nematoda, about 6 Harpacticoidea and about 18 arm-joints of Ophiura albida every 24 hou...
Influence of arginine dietary supplementation on healing colonic anastomosis in the rat

INTRODUCTION: This study sought to determine whether dietary arginine influences colonic anastomotic healing in the rat model. METHODS: Three groups of 42 Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 0, 1, and 3 percent arginine diets for three preoperative and three postoperative days. Animals underwent transection of the transverse colon with handsewn anastomosis. Subgroups of 14 animals in each dietary group were killed on postoperative Days 6, 10, or 14, and bursting pressures, histologic inflammation, and collagen content were compared. RESULTS: Mean anastomotic bursting pressures on postoperative Day 6 were lower for the 0 percent arginine group than the 1 and 3 percent arginine groups (mean ± standard error of the mean =134±6 mmHg, 164±7 mmHg, and 166±7 mmHg, respectively;P<0.0005). On Days 10 and 14, no significant differences in bursting pressures were noted between arginine diets. Mean bursting pressures on postoperative Day 6 (155±4 mmHg) were significantly lower than on Days 10 (204±5 mmHg) and 14 (217±6 mmHg;P<0.001) for all arginine diets. Microscopic evaluation of the anastomoses did not show significant differences in flammation or collagen content between arginine diets. Collagen content in all dietary groups peaked at Day 10. CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative arginine deficiency in the rat model is associated with impaired anastomotic healing during the first week, as reflected by lower bursting pressures. Arginine supplementation to 3 percent does not improve bursting pressures above those found in the usual 1 percent arginine diet at 6, 10, or 14 days. Bursting pressures plateau by Day 10 regardless of perioperative dietary arginine, whereas collagen content peaks at Day 10 after six-day perioperative arginine diet manipulation.
Glycolipid affinity purification of migration inhibitory factor

Migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an immune mediator secreted by primed lymphocytes on in vitro challenge by antigen or mitogen, which elicits various physiological responses from its target cell, the macrophage1,2. Previous studies suggest that membrane glycoconjugates have an important role in regulating the interaction between MIF and the macrophage. A macrophage glycolipid functions as a putative receptor for MIF as evidenced by its ability to enhance the macrophage response to MIF3,4. This enhancing ability of glycolipids requires the presence of sialic acid5 and fucose6; these carbohydrate residues are also required on the macrophage surface for the induction of an intact response by MIF5,7. Furthermore, it has been reported4 that incubating a preparation of mixed gangliosides from bovine brain with lymphocyte supernatants abolished their MIF and macrophage activating factor (MAF) activities. Taken together, these results are evidence that a glycolipid serves as a membrane receptor for MIF. We predict that glycolipids which enhance the macrophage response to MIF, also bind MIF with subsequent elution of biological activity, and present here evidence in support of this notion. We also demonstrate that glycolipid covalently bound to agarose provides a novel means of affinity purification of MIF.
Relationship of 0.5 m K2SO4 extractable anthrone-reactive carbon to indices of microbial activity in forest soils

Abstract The relationship between soluble hexose sugars, measured as 0.5 M K 2 SO 4 extractable anthrone-reactive C (KARC), and indices of microbial activity and short-term C turnover was studied in forest mineral soils of Western Montana. Twelve forest soils were collected and analyzed fresh for KARC, microbial biomass C, 3 d respiration rates, and potentially mineralizable N (PMN). These 12 soils were later exposed to a 10 d moist conditioning incubation at 25°C and then analyzed for KARC, hot-water extractable anthrone-reactive carbon (HARC), and 3 d respiration rates. Regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between both fresh and conditioned KARC and indices of microbial activity. The sensitivity of both KARC and HARC to changes in available C was tested by monitoring changes in these indices following cellulose and plant litter additions to soils and following drying and re-wetting of soils. Conditioning incubation of soils under controlled laboratory conditions prior to extraction with K 2 SO 4 resulted in a strong linear relationship between KARC and short-term respiration rates ( R 2 =0.92) and metabolic quotient ( q CO 2 =respiration rate/microbial biomass C) ( R 2 =0.89); whereas KARC in fresh soils was found to be only weakly correlated ( R 2 =0.28) with 3 d respiration rates and q CO 2 ( R 2 =0.47). Hot-water extracted anthrone-reactive carbon (ARC) was not significantly correlated with 3 d respiration rates or q CO 2 in conditioned soils, but was strongly correlated with total C ( R 2 =0.81) and PMN ( R 2 =0.76). Drying of soils prior to extraction resulted in a large and inconsistent increase in KARC. This method appears to correlate closely with indices of microbial activity in forest soils as long as soils are conditioned for 10 d prior to extraction.
High-pressure phase transformation and the equation of state of SrSe.

The crystalline structure of the heavy alkaline earth chalcogenide SrSe was studied at high pressure by x-ray diffraction using a synchrotron source. The NaCl-type (B1) structure of SrSe was found to be stable on loading to 14.2 GPa where the CsCl-type (B2) structure was evidenced with a 10.7% decrease in relative atomic volume. The B2 phase of SrSe persists to 40 GPa, the highest pressure attempted in the experiments. The B1-B2 phase transition was found to be reversible with small hysteresis. The bulk modulus and its pressure derivative were determined for both phases. Systematic behavior among the strontium chalcogenides is discussed.
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG IVHS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE, RADIO-FREQUENCY SPECTRUM REQUIREMENTS AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM DESIGN

Much attention has been separately focused on an Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS) system architecture, on radio-frequency (RF) spectrum requirements and on communication system designs. This paper seeks to analyze the dependent relationships among these three topics, with an aim toward demonstrating the profound affect that they have on overall IVHS implementation strategies. The interconnected nature of these three technical areas is highlighted by the fact that the system architecture, being developed by competing teams in a two-phased program, will not be finalized for more than two years. At the same time, an unprecedented level of change in the way the radio spectrum is allocated and managed has created opportunities for the IVHS program to obtain frequencies for its radio-frequency (RF) subsystems, if it can act quickly to define requirements and take advantage of this unique situation. Finally, commercial activities in many IVHS-related areas are pressing ahead with plans to implement RF s...
Paper: The evolution of some fluid measurement and control components

The evolution of nine fluid measurement and control components is described. Five of the measuring components incorporate turbulent jets to measure the velocity or density of fluids. Three of the measuring components and a flow control component utilize laminar boundary layers in a controlled pressure gradient to measure the mass flow or viscosity or to control the flow rate of fluids. The analysis of the fluid flow in those components utilizing laminar flow has resulted in exact solutions whereas the analysis of the fluid flow in those components incorporating a turbulent jet has resulted in approximate solutions which generally incorporate empirical parameters. The relationship between concept, theory, experiment, and the profitable industrial application of the nine fluid components is described in terms of a program management philosophy wherein resource expenditures are regulated solely on the basis of estimated market requirements.
Energy Sources during Embryogenesis of the Yellow Mealworm, Tenebrio molitor

During embryonic development of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L., glycogen is the main source of energy. Its loss, which occurs during most of this period, averages 2.42 mg/100 eggs, which is 51.5% of the available supply. The loss of free fat, 0.41 mg/100 eggs, occurs during the later part of the period and represents only 10.3% of the initial amount. Total weight loss, 7.28 mg/100 eggs, can be explained by the loss of water, free fat, and glycogen.
Development of Two Measures of Climate for Scientific Organizations

The aim of this article is to describe the development of two measures of ethical climate for scientific organizations. The first measure utilizes a traditional climate measurement approach and was developed in order to understand the various ethical and creative aspects of organizational climate, or academic departmental climate in university settings, in organizations where scientific and academic research is conducted. The second measure utilizes a biodata measurement approach, a set of career event scales applicable in university and research settings. Such a measure is intended to identify those experiences unique to scientific work that may influence research climate at the individual, group, and organizational levels. Specifically, these measures will be used to predict integrity in the early part of a scientist's career based on various situational influences that occur in scientific organizations.
Reversing glomerular hypertension stabilizes established glomerular injury.

Reversing glomerular hypertension stabilizes established glomerular injury. Munich–Wistar rats were studied 18 weeks following 5/6 renal ablation. In untreated group 1 rats maintained on standard chow containing 24% protein, sustained systemic and glomerular hypertension were associated with increasing proteinuria and widespread glomerular injury. In group 2, early treatment with the converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril prevented systemic and glomerular hypertension, and largely limited proteinuria and glomerular injury. Groups 3 and 4 received no therapy during the first eight weeks, during which they developed systemic hypertension and levels of proteinuria previously shown to be associated with significant glomerular sclerosis at this time point. Enalapril therapy begun at eight weeks in group 3 rats reversed systemic and glomerular hypertension, prevented a further rise in proteinuria, and limited glomerular lesions at 18 weeks relative to group 1. Reduction of dietary protein content to 12% at eight weeks in group 4 rats controlled glomerular but not systemic hypertension to near–normal levels, stabilized proteinuria values, and also limited glomerular lesions at 18 weeks compared to group 1. These studies support the view that glomerular hypertension is an essential hemodynamic derangement responsible for progressive glomerular injury. Furthermore, reduction of capillary pressure can arrest the progression of remnant glomerular injury even when therapy is delayed until glomerular injury is established.
Histidine Residue Mediates Radical-induced Hinge Cleavage of Human IgG1

Hydroxyl radicals induce hinge cleavage in a human IgG1 molecule via initial radical formation at the first hinge Cys231 followed by electron transfer to the upper hinge residues. To enable engineering of a stable monoclonal antibody hinge, we investigated the role of the hinge His229 residue using structure modeling and site-directed mutagenesis. Direct involvement of His229 in the reaction mechanism is suggested by a 75–85% reduction of the hinge cleavage for variants in which His229 was substituted with either Gln, Ser, or Ala. In contrast, mutation of Lys227 to Gln, Ser, or Ala increased hinge cleavage. However, the H229S/K227S double mutant shows hinge cleavage levels similar to that of the single H229S variant, further revealing the importance of His229. Examination of the hinge structure shows that His229 is capable of forming hydrogen bonds with surrounding residues. These observations led us to hypothesize that the imidazole ring of His229 may function to facilitate the cleavage by forming a transient radical center that is capable of extracting a proton from neighboring residues. The work presented here suggests the feasibility of engineering a new generation of monoclonal antibodies capable of resisting hinge cleavage to improve product stability and efficacy.
State-level marriage equality and the health of same-sex couples.

Objectives. We assessed the association between the health of people in same-sex relationships and the degree and nature of the legal recognition of same-sex relationships offered in the states in which they resided.Methods. We conducted secondary data analyses on the 2010 to 2013 Current Population Survey and publicly available data from Freedom to Marry, Inc. We estimated ordered logistic regression models in a 4-level framework to assess the impact of states’ legal stances toward same-sex marriage on self-assessed health.Results. Our findings indicated, relative to states with antigay constitutional amendments, that same-sex couples living in states with legally sanctioned marriage reported higher levels of self-assessed health.Conclusions. Our findings suggested that full legal recognition of same-sex relationships through marriage might be an important legal and policy strategy for improving the health of same-sex couples.
Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase activity in fetal rat lung: developmental effects of dexamethasone and triiodothyronine.

ABSTRACT: Dexamethasone (Dex) and triiodothyronine (T3) were administered to pregnant rats during late gestation to evaluate potential developmental effects on fetal lung vitamin K-dependent carboxylation. Maternal rats were injected on the 2 d before study with Dex (0.2 mg/kg intraperitoneally), with T3 (0.7, 3.5, or 7 mg/kg intramuscularly), or with a combination of both hormones. Fetal lung microsomes were prepared at 18, 19, and 20 d of gestation, and carboxylase activity was assessed by measuring the incorporation of 14CO2 into a synthetic pentapeptide substrate. Dex alone resulted in a small but consistent increase in activity in all three gestational ages. T3 alone increased activity approximately 85% at 20 d of gestation. Treatment with a combination of Dex and T3 caused a 60% increase in vitamin K-dependent carboxylation at each gestational age. Decreased lung growth was noted with combination hormone treatment in all rats studied at 19 and 20 d of gestation. Lung growth expressed as lung wt/ body wt was more sensitive to the effects of Dex plus T3 than was carboxylase activity. Decreased lung wt/body wt (decreased 25%) was noted with Dex plus T3 (0.7 mg/kg); however, no induction of carboxylase enzyme activity was evident at this dose. This study demonstrates that vitamin K-dependent carboxylase activity in fetal rat lung can be induced by the exogenous administration of Dex and T3 to pregnant rats. Fetal lung microsomes contain multiple endogenous substrates for the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase enzyme. These hormones play a significant developmental role not only in protein biosynthesis, but in posttranslational processing as well. The more general effects of hormone treatment on lung growth can be distinguished from a relatively specific effect on lung vitamin Kdependent carboxylase activity by a difference in sensitivity of these responses to hormone treatment.
Focus Issue: TOR Signaling, a Tale of Two Complexes

Through its association with two distinct protein complexes, target of rapamycin (TOR) complex 1 (TORC1) and TOR complex 2 (TORC2), the kinase TOR coordinates cellular growth with cell cycles, growth factors, and nutrients. The interconnected TOR signaling network participates in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions, such as aging, stem cell renewal, cell specification, and carcinogenesis; therefore, understanding the details of this system may yield new ways to promote longer, healthier living. This issue provides an overview of research on TOR signaling that has emerged since the issue Science Signaling devoted to this topic in 2009.
Application of high-strength copper alloys for a fusion-reactor first wall

Abstract High strength copper alloys can be produced by advanced powder metallurgical processes. These materials are considered for application as primary structural alloys in fusion reactors. Comparisons are made, for relevant properties, with other candidate structural alloys such as austenitic stainless steel and refractory metal alloys. Advanced copper alloys are sufficiently attractive to warrant further consideration for the fusion reactor application.
Ultrasonography for manipulation and reduction of pediatric forearm fractures in the children's emergency department

Study objectives: Presently, the manipulation and reduction of displaced forearm fractures is done by clinical feel; a repeated radiograph afterward confirms this reduction. Occasionally, factors such as a fat forearm or fracture swelling obscures this "feel," and an inadequate reduction results but is discovered only after a repeated radiograph. This inevitable delayed discovery implies a repeated procedure under repeated sedation and a remobilization of patient and manpower. Fluoroscopy by a bulky image intensifier with its increased radiation exposure was until now the only option for real-time viewing of manipulation and reduction. However, with its ever-increasing use in the emergency setting, the portable ultrasonography machine, which images bone with ease, may be a suitable alternative tool. Method: Patients with displaced forearm fractures requiring reduction and who presented while the authors were on shift were recruited into the study during October 2001 to January 2002. We used a 7.5-MHz linear transducer. After giving the appropriate analgesia, a pre–manipulation and reduction ultrasonographic scan was done to correlate with the initial radiograph. After manipulation and reduction, ultrasonography was performed, and treatment was administered accordingly, that is, to repeat the manipulation and reduction or to splint the forearm, which was done until the fracture was thought to be in good alignment clinically and the ultrasonograph showed adequate alignment. A post–manipulation and reduction check radiograph was done only after the clinician was satisfied with the reduction or thought that no further effort would improve the manipulation. The pre- and postreduction ultrasonographic scans and radiographs were examined in the anterior-posterior and lateral planes and were considered to correlate when the ultrasonographic interpretation corresponded with the radiographic findings. Results: This technique was used in a series of 36 forearm fractures. The age of patients ranged from 1 to 14 years; 27 patients were boys and 9 were girls. Of the 36 fractures, 31 (86%) ultrasonographic scans correlated with the confirmed radiographs (4 of these revealed that the reduction was inadequate, which required admission to orthopedics). Five (14%), although interpreted as adequate alignment, did not correlate with radiographs, which showed inadequate reduction, perhaps from improper probe placement. Conclusion: Ultrasonography provides a convenient "eye" in the manipulation and reduction of pediatric forearm fractures while avoiding excessive radiation exposure.
Cold iron cos θ magnet option for the SSC

In this paper we review first the evolution over the past several years of a cold iron, high field cos θ magnet design option for the SSC. WIe note the collaborative approach pursued by BNL and LBL on the 2-in-1 option, and the culmination of this effort in the tests of the BNL 4.5 m model magnets. Next, we discuss the subsequent l-in-l option being pursued jointly by BNL, Fermilab and LBL. During the initial period, 1983-84, the cold iron SSC program progressed in several stages, all based on the 2-in-I (two coils in a common iron yoke) concept: first, and basically a BNL effort, a 2-in-1 dipole of 3.2 cm aperture was developed, to accommodate either NbTi or Nb3Sn to achieve an eventual field of 6.5 T to 7.5 T, respectively. We designate this SSC Design Ao. A modified version of this later became the workhorse of the BNL/LBL collaboration, namely a geometrically similar dipole of 4.0 cm aperture, based on the high homogeneity NbTi conductor then under development at the University of Wisconsin and with industry, with an expected field of about 6. 5 T. This magnet was featured in SSC Reference Design A. Finally, in the last quarter of 1984 Design A underwent an important modification, with the addition of stainless steel collars. This collared 2-in-1 dipole of 4.0 cm aperture we designate SSC Design A'. Meanwhile, a parallel development of an ironless cos θ magnet at Fermilab, described in an earlier paper by E. Fisk, became the basis for Reference Design B, a medium-field SSC option. In the winter of 1984-85, the three laboratories, in order to minimize technical options at this stage and to more efficiently use scarce R&D funds, adopted a common cos θ cold iron design incorporating the nost promising features of Designs A' and B. This paper ends with a brief status report of this SSC Design D option, a l-in-l cold iron, collared dipole of 4.0 cm aperture which is expected to achieve 6.5 T.
Optimal multiperiod operational planning for utility systems

In this paper, the operational planning problem for utility systems is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program (MILP). For multiperiod operation with piecewise constant varying demands for utilities, the optimal choice of units for each period is determined. The objective function accounts for both the operating costs for each period and changeover costs for startup/shutdown of units each between periods of operation. A two-stage approach is proposed that requires the solution of MILP subproblems coupled with a shortest path algorithm, resulting in orders of magnitude reduction in computation time as compared to a direct MILP solution using branch and bound enumeration. The computational requirements of the algorithm are linear with respect to the number of periods and global solution of the MILP is guaranteed. Solution of three sample problems yield savings up to 5% in total annual cost of operation with the main advantage being the simplicity of the proposed plan (few startups and shutdowns).
The Response to Sound in Certain Lepidoptera

The work of Eggers (1925, 1926, and 1928), of von Kennel and Eggers (1933), and of Schaller and Timm (1950) leaves little doubt that many nocturnal Lepidoptera are sensitive to airborne vibrations of high or of ultrasonic frequency, and that the reactions are mediated by the tympanic organs. The responses reported by these authors were often complex and unpredictable, as though dependent upon conditions not easily recognized or controlled. Some specimens showed prompt excitatory reactions such as running or taking flight at the onset of the experimental sound, while others gave inhibitory responses such as the interruption or cessation of movement, sometimes with complete tonic immobility (“Totstellung”). During flight, the moths often reacted with sudden swerving or diving movements. Eggers (1926) suggested that the excitatory responses might be characteristic of brightly colored or striking marked species, while the inhibitory reactions might be more typical of procryptically colored forms. Schaller and Timm were unable to detect species differences of this kind, and attributed the variations in behavior entirely to changes in the physiological condition (“Zustand”) of their experimental insects.
Mitosis-specific phosphorylation of p60c-src by p34cdc2-associated protein kinase

As cells enter mitosis, the protein-tyrosine kinase, p60c-src, is known to be extensively phosphorylated on threonine in its amino-terminal region. In the present work, extracts of mitotic cells were searched for the protein kinase responsible for this phosphorylation. HeLa cells and Xenopus eggs were found to contain a mitosis-specific protein kinase activity capable of phosphorylating highly purified p60c-src in vitro on threonine residues. Tryptic phosphopeptide maps indicate that the mitotic HeLa kinase phosphorylates the same sites in vitro as those used during mitosis in vivo. In addition, this mitotic HeLa kinase comigrates on gel filtration with p34cdc2-associated histone H1 kinase, a well known regulator of mitotic events. Finally, antibodies to the C-terminal peptide of human p34cdc2 specifically deplete p60c-src-phosphorylating activity from mitotic extracts. These results suggest that p60c-src may act as an effector of p34cdc2 in certain mitotic processes.
Comparison of low Reynolds number k-ε turbulence models in predicting heat transfer rates for pipe flow

Abstract This paper presents a comparison of nine low Reynolds number κ—e turbulence models in terms of their ability to predict heat transfer rates for pipe flow. The model of Myong and Kasagi is shown to produce excellent agreement with experimental heat transfer data due to the unique ability of this model to accurately capture the radial distribution of the eddy viscosity.
Asynchronous orthogonal differential modulation for MAC systems

We propose a differential encoding scheme and several differential decoding schemes for asynchronous multiuser MIMO systems based on orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBCs) where neither the transmitters nor the receiver has knowledge of the channel. We derive novel low complexity differential decoders by performing interference cancelation in time and employing different decoding methods. The decoding complexity of these schemes grows linearly with the number of users. The proposed schemes achieve full diversity and work for any square OSTBC, any number of users, and any number of receive antennas. Simulation results show that our differential schemes provide good performance. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed differential detection schemes are the first differential schemes for asynchronous multi-user systems.