cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microwave Ionization of H Atoms: Experiments in Classical and Quantal Dynamics

Experiments on microwave ionization of hydrogen atoms at various frequencies compared with theoretical calculations have shown that the problem may be divided into different regions of distinct behavior depending on the precise experimental situation. Some regions may be described up to a certain level of accuracy using classical atomic dynamics while others require quantum atomic dynamics. At a more detailed level, the latest comparisons with theoretical calculations indicate that experimentally we can measure atomic quantal interferences in an otherwise “classical region” and make links to classical atomic dynamics in an otherwise “quantal region”. In the latter case, “scars” promise to play a particularly important role in the understanding of how quantal and classical dynamics merge for a system whose classical dynamics is at least partly chaotic.
Bull in the China Shop: An Essay on How Incivility Stamps Out Creativity And Innovation

Scholars and students reflect on a multiplicity of leadership styles such as transactional, transformational, charismatic, servant, and situational leadership models (Northouse, 2012). Despite this variety, the goal of each leadership style is to frame these leadership practices as such practices have a direct impact on organizational culture. Further, the same leader might find that a specific leadership style necessary in one situation is very inappropriate for different situation. For example, when looming accreditation deadlines or championship athletic contests are in the balance, a leader might find that autocratic leadership dispenses with time consuming democratic and participatory approaches. The same leader may find that when supervising or managing high-level personnel, such as seasoned, tenured professors, a laissez-faire approach is more applicable. Regardless of the sector, leadership theories have a consistent element: followers are required for leaders to move any organization forward. In this context, followers do not often follow bullying and abusive leaders. Leaders may choose any of the aforementioned leadership styles, or a combination of such. Nonetheless, leaders strive to influence an organization, create new programs, or recruit new personnel. At times, the goal of a good leader may be to stabilize the organization and help the organization weather challenging times such as a natural disaster, market conditions, or major structural changes. The common denominator remains the same, followership is critical to leadership. Hence, followers should receive respectful treatment, fairness, and support, regardless of their function or mission within an organization. In turn, cultivating a productive human resource, even in the classroom (Hollis, 2016c) is critical to any organizational success.
A Review of “Tourism, resilience and sustainability: adapting to social, political and economic change”: edited by Cheer, Joseph M., and Lew, Alan A., Abingdon, Routledge, 2018, 328pp., $140USD (hardback), ISBN: 978-1-138-20678-6

This edited volume is the first of two (see Lew & Cheer, 2017 for second volume) that contributes and expands to the growing application of resilience thinking within tourism studies. Where the ado...
Search for the source of an apparent interfacial resistance to mass transfer of CnEm surfactants to the water/oil interface

Experiments have shown that relaxation of oil/water interfacial tension by adsorption of alkyl ethoxylate surfactants from water onto an oil droplet is delayed relative to diffusion-controlled adsorption. We examine possible causes of this delay, and we show that several are implausible. We find that redissolution of the surfactant in the oil droplet cannot explain the apparent interfacial resistance at short times because the interface will preferentially fill before any such redissolution occurs. We also perform umbrella sampling with molecular dynamics simulation and do not find any evidence of a free-energy barrier or low-diffusivity zone near the interface. Nor do we find evidence from the simulation that premicellar aggregation slows diffusion enough to cause the observed resistance to interfacial adsorption. We are therefore unable to pinpoint the cause of the resistance, but we suggest that “dead time” associated with the experimental method could be responsible—specifically a local depletion of s...
KINETIC STUDY OF CYTOCHROME P-450 LM4 REDUCTION IN A RECONSTITUTED LIVER MICROSOMAL ENZYME SYSTEM

The transfer of reducing equivalents from NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase to P-450LM 4 takes place within a stable complex containing the two enzymes in a 1:1 molar ratio. The reaction proceeds biphasically, with the relative magnitude of the two phases exhibiting a dependence on reduced pyridine nucleotide concentration. Our results appear to indicate that the reductase, rather than the cytochrome, is responsible for the biphasic kinetics observed in this reaction.
Nuclear applications of accelerator-driven spallation targets

As a result of advances in particle accelerator technology and difficulties in building new nuclear reactors, increasingly ambitious applications of particle accelerator-driven spallation targets have been proposed in recent years. The simplest applications are the spallation neutron sources needed for basic nuclear sciences, with proton beams in the 1- to 5-MW range to be driven into targets of lead, mercury, or tungsten to produce neutron fluxes higher than is practical with nuclear reactors. On a much larger scale, the proposed accelerator production of tritium would use a 170-MW proton beam to generate sufficient neutrons to produce {approximately}3 kg tritium/yr, based on neutron capture in a {sup 3}He feedstock. Other proposals include the use of subcritical neutron multiplication, using waste actinides and/or fertile actinides to transmute nuclear wastes or support alternate fuel cycles. The basic technology and technical aspects of the numerous-proposed applications are described. Fundamental relationships regarding machine efficiencies, neutron production, and subcritical multiplication are provided and utilized to cross-compare concepts.
THE CASE FOR BROAD-RANGE OUTCOME ASSESSMENT ACROSS UPPER LIMB DEVICE CLASSES

The emergence of 3D-printed upper limb prosthetic devices a couple of years ago, spearheaded substantially by the e-NABLE community (1, 2), has triggered a variety of reactions, ranging from euphoric press coverage predicting a new age of low-cost universally obtainable prosthetic solutions to anxious reluctance by clinicians fearing the demise of high-quality professional health care provision (3, 4). The circumstance that untrained volunteers produce e-NABLE devices on their hobby-grade 3D-printers (5) was both hailed as a revolutionary paradigm shift suited to address a host of current challenges in health care economics, and derided as inappropriate intrusion into long-standing training and certification standards of a well-regulated profession. That many of the early generation e-NABLE devices targeted young patients with partial hand amputation (6) was interpreted by proponents as finally offering this neglected population long-desired solutions, whereas skeptics felt that many of the recipients of such devices would traditionally have been deemed to have a residual functional enough to be a contra-indication for a prosthesis (7).Article PDF file: https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/cpoj/article/view/29970/22869 How to cite: Fiedler G, Savage S, Schull J, Mankoff J. The Case For Broad-Range Outcome Assessment Across Upper Limb Device Classes. Canadian Prosthetics & Orthotics Journal. Volume1, Issue1, No4, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33137/cpoj.v1i1.29970
Detrital zircon provenance record of middle Cenozoic landscape evolution in the southern Rockies, USA

Abstract The high-elevation, high-relief landscape of the southern Rocky Mountains (Rockies), USA, reflects interactions between tectonics, paleoclimate, and surface processes. The southern Rockies experienced several episodes of uplift, extension, and major climate changes during the Cenozoic, but the landscape and river drainage evolution remain poorly constrained. Here we apply detrital zircon U Pb geochronology to Eocene-Miocene strata in south-central Colorado to constrain the depositional ages and sediment provenance. A total of 1284 concordant U Pb ages were determined and are grouped into 75–11 Ma, 1500–1300 Ma, and 1800–1500 Ma populations. Intense late Eocene-Oligocene regional volcanism provided abundant air fall zircons into the latest Eocene-Oligocene sedimentary systems where maximum depositional ages can be used to closely proximate depositional ages and improve the chronostratigraphy. The new data are integrated with interpretation of sedimentary environments, and the detrital zircon signatures of potential source terranes and age-equivalent strata in other nearby basins to interpret landscape and paleodrainage evolution. Specifically, the new provenance data show that (1) after the main phase of the Laramide deformation, the Wet Mountains, but not the Sangre de Cristo Range, was the dominant local topographic feature, and a southward-flowing river connected the Wet Mountain Valley with the Huerfano and Raton Basins to the south; (2) during the Eocene-early Oligocene, aggradation of the Wet Mountain Valley and the Huerfano Basin formed a low-relief surface, and subsequent river erosion changed the drainage pattern eastward and likely formed the modern lower Arkansas River valley; and (3) during the Miocene, dissection of the low-relief surface by the opening of the Rio Grande Rift formed the upper Arkansas River valley, and the upper valley was connected with the lower valley to establish the modern drainage pattern of the Arkansas River in the southern Rockies.
Contributions to Social Bookmarking Systems: Integration of Three Empirical Studies

Web-based bookmarking systems offer users the option to post and tag Web resources privately or to make their tagged resources publicly available to other users of the site. While these systems can exist solely as private tools to organize personal bookmarks, when users share their bookmarks with others, an online social structure emerges. Given the voluntary nature of public contributions in social bookmarking systems, three empirical studies were designed to understand why users contribute to the public repository of tagged bookmarks when it is not mandatory to do so. This is an integrated report of the results of these three empirical studies. Overall, it was found that while some people use bookmarking systems for their own private benefit, most users intentionally contribute resources for other users when they believe that those resources will be potentially useful for others. Taken together, the results suggest that the collective action model underlying social bookmarking systems is characterized by voluntary contributions of high-quality resources (self-regulated voluntarism).
Family challenges created by unemployment

The detrimental effects of job loss and unemployment are not limited to the unemployed worker but ripple out to affect those closest to him or her. These ripple effects most notably impact the unem...
What Degree Is Necessary to Lead? ARL Directors' Perceptions.

In 2018, after a failed search for the Executive Director of the American Library Association (ALA), ALA members put forth a ballot initiative to determine whether the educational requirements for the position should be modified, in part, to expand the potential applicant pool. With this research, the authors examined if current ARL administrators hold an MLS/MLIS and whether current ARL administrators felt it was necessary for library administrators to hold an MLS/MLIS. Additionally, the researchers examined ARL administrators’ perspectives regarding whether it was necessary for them to earn additional degrees to achieve their highest library administrative position, and whether they felt their degrees prepared them to be successful in the position that they currently hold.
Role of Bedside Multimodality Monitoring in the Detection of Cerebral Vasospasm Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Background Detection of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) in patients with a poor clinical exam is challenging. Brain tissue oxygen tension monitoring (PbtO2) and cerebral microdialysis (CMD) can detect ischemia and metabolic derangements. Our aim was to evaluate efficacy of these modalities in real-time detection of DCI. Methods All patients with aSAH who underwent with multimodality monitoring (MMM) with PbtO2 and/or CMD between the years of 2013 and 2015 at our institution were retrospectively studied. Mean PbTO2, lactate to pyruvate ratio (LPR), and glucose over the 24-h period prior to each angiogram for evaluation and treatment of vasospasm were correlated to the extent of vasospasm observed in the hemisphere with the monitors. The average measurements were also compared in the setting of presence and absence of angiographically significant vasospasm. Results A total of ten patients with aSAH who underwent MMM were identified. PbtO2 decline correlates with severity of proximal vasospasm (r = -0.66). PbtO2 was significantly lower in the setting of vasospasm (17.6 vs. 25.8, p = 0.003), but LPR (34.5 vs. 26.8, p = 0.1) and glucose (0.8 vs. 1.1, p = 0.6) were not significantly different. Conclusion Proximal vasospasm after aSAH is associated with MMM indicator of tissue ischemia and/or metabolic derangement. PbtO2 and CMD help in real-time detection and management of DCI.
Pictures of a Gone City: Tech and the Dark Side of Prosperity in the San Francisco Bay Area

Richard A. Walker. Oakland, CA: PM Press/Spectre, 2018. cdlxxx and 480 pp., maps, diagrams, tables, notes, bibliography, index. $26.95 paper (ISBN 978-1-62963-510-1); $8.95 electronic (ISBN 978-1-6...
Hypothalamus-hippocampus circuitry regulates impulsivity via melanin-concentrating hormone

Behavioral impulsivity is common in various psychiatric and metabolic disorders. Here we identify a hypothalamus to telencephalon neural pathway for regulating impulsivity involving communication from melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)-expressing lateral hypothalamic neurons to the ventral hippocampus subregion (vHP). Results show that both site-specific upregulation (pharmacological or chemogenetic) and chronic downregulation (RNA interference) of MCH communication to the vHP increases impulsive responding in rats, indicating that perturbing this system in either direction elevates impulsivity. Furthermore, these effects are not secondary to either impaired timing accuracy, altered activity, or increased food motivation, consistent with a specific role for vHP MCH signaling in the regulation of impulse control. Results from additional functional connectivity and neural pathway tracing analyses implicate the nucleus accumbens as a putative downstream target of vHP MCH1 receptor-expressing neurons. Collectively, these data reveal a specific neural circuit that regulates impulsivity and provide evidence of a novel function for MCH on behavior. Impulsive behaviour is common in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, the authors identify a pathway from the lateral hypothalamus to the ventral hippocampus and the role of melanin-concentrating hormone signaling in these neurons in specifically regulating impulsivity.
Chapter 3 – Catagenesis

This chapter discusses the conversion of kerogen to coal, petroleum, and gas. The process is known as catagenesis, or the geochemical stage of fuel formation. Two key concepts, which will recur throughout the book are introduced in this chapter: hydrogen redistribution to a carbon-rich, hydrogen-poor product and a hydrogen-rich, carbon-poor product; and some of the important processes in free radical reactions.
Detection of Discordant Peptide Quantities in Shotgun Proteomics Data by Peptide Correlation Analysis (PeCorA)

Shotgun proteomics techniques infer the presence and quantity of proteins using peptide proxies, which are produced by cleavage of all isolated protein by a protease. Most protein quantitation strategies assume that multiple peptides derived from a protein will behave quantitatively similar across treatment groups, but this assumption may be false for biological or technical reasons. Here, I describe a strategy called peptide correlation analysis (PeCorA) that detects quantitative disagreements between peptides mapped to the same protein. Simple linear models are used to assess whether the slope of a peptide9s change across treatment groups differs from the slope of all other peptides assigned to the same protein. Reanalysis of proteomic data from primary mouse microglia with PeCorA revealed that about 15% of proteins contain one discordant peptide. Inspection of the discordant peptides shows utility of PeCorA for direct and indirect detection of regulated PTMs, and also for discovery of poorly quantified peptides that should be excluded. PeCorA can be applied to an arbitrary list of quantified peptides, and is freely available as a script written in R.
Tag-Free, Temperature Dependent Infrared Spectra of the GFP Chromophore: Revisiting the Question of Isomerism.

We report infrared spectra of a model chromophore of green fluorescent protein, prepared in an ion trap at temperatures ranging from 30 K to room temperature. We compare the changes in the infrared...
Label-Free Optical Resonator-Based Biosensors

The demand for biosensor technology has grown drastically over the last few decades, mainly in disease diagnosis, drug development, and environmental health and safety. Optical resonator-based biosensors have been widely exploited to achieve highly sensitive, rapid, and label-free detection of biological analytes. The advancements in microfluidic and micro/nanofabrication technologies allow them to be miniaturized and simultaneously detect various analytes in a small sample volume. By virtue of these advantages and advancements, the optical resonator-based biosensor is considered a promising platform not only for general medical diagnostics but also for point-of-care applications. This review aims to provide an overview of recent progresses in label-free optical resonator-based biosensors published mostly over the last 5 years. We categorized them into Fabry-Perot interferometer-based and whispering gallery mode-based biosensors. The principles behind each biosensor are concisely introduced, and recent progresses in configurations, materials, test setup, and light confinement methods are described. Finally, the current challenges and future research topics of the optical resonator-based biosensor are discussed.
Foreclosure Delay and U.S. Unemployment

We study and document the growing trend of mortgagors who use their house as ‘informal’ unemployment benets during the 2007 recession and the subsequent recovery. We capture this behavior by treating both delinquency and foreclosure not as one period events, but rather as protracted and potentially reversible episodes that inuence job search behavior. We motivate our model by documenting foreclosure delays as well as movements into and out of default. The model portion of the paper includes search eort and wage draws to consider the job acceptance distortions associated with foreclosure delays. In more technical terms, the focus of the paper is to document and better understand the relationship between prolonged mortgage delinquency as a consumption smoothing technology and its implications for the labor market. We nd that the delays can increase the unemployment rate by 2 % and this increase is persistent for one year or more. Those that use their mortgage as unemployment insurance borrow at real rates of interest between 10% and 55% depending on how delinquent the borrower is.
Audience Responses to Media Portrayals of Professional Athletes and Intimate Partner Violence

This study examines audience responses to media portrayals of athlete-perpetrated intimate partner violence (IPV). Participants (N = 569) were randomly assigned to view one of ten video news storie...
Parent Reported Impact of Hospitalization for Infants with Bronchiolitis on High Flow Nasal Cannula Therapy

BACKGROUND: Many therapies are used to support infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis, with a recent rise in utilization of high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy. The short-term data suggest that there is minimal risk to high flow nasal cannula therapy; however, there are currently few studies looking at the impact of the therapy on parent experience or breastfeeding. METHODS: A 30-item previously validated survey, the Impact of Bronchiolitis Hospitalization Questionnaire, was administered to caregivers of children hospitalized for bronchiolitis after discharge. The survey was …
Happiness and Tort Damages Revisited: Evaluating the Physical/Emotional Distinction Through Survey Evidence

Tort law has historically drawn a line between physical and emotional harms, limiting recovery on the latter through various common law doctrines. The emotional/physical distinction is often defended on practical grounds, by reference to the nebulous nature of emotional injuries, the inability of courts to effectively distinguish genuine and serious emotional harms from fraudulent ones, and the difficulty in valuing such injuries. Underlying such practical arguments, however, is an enduring suspicion – often, but not always, implicit – about the importance of emotional tranquility to our lives. This paper employs survey data on subjective well-being to compare the impact of physical and emotional health on the quality of life (and, in turn, to evaluate the differential treatment of emotional and physical harms in tort). The hedonic impact of mental and physical conditions are compared using four different pairs of survey instruments, one in each similarly-worded and scaled pair concerning emotional health and the other physical health. All four of the comparisons suggest that emotional harms impact subjective well-being to a greater extent than physical conditions that (1) entail similar losses of capability and/or (2) manifest with similar frequency and/or (3) rise to particular levels of seriousness. By employing a single metric through which to compare the impact of physical and emotional harms – and a metric that, I will argue, is germane to the compensatory goal of tort damages – this novel approach offers important insights about the relative importance of different types of health (or harm) to our lives.
Evaluating blockchain technology and related policies in China and the USA

Blockchain has been regarded as an emerging global technological phenomenon. This study uses the patent analysis method to compare the development of blockchain technology in China and the USA. An overview of blockchain policies in China and the USA is presented. Our analyses suggest that policies related to the blockchain stimulate the number of blockchain patent applications and create regional innovation in China. The innovation capability of Chinese enterprises has been more affected by these policies than that of the USA, which is reflected in the fact that Chinese enterprises have become key players in China and actively carry out patent layout in the USA. Although the developmental trend of blockchain technology in China and the USA is almost identical, the USA attaches more importance to safety technology, whereas China pays more attention to the application technology based on the differences in policies.
Mental health and the COVID-19 pandemic: Analysis of twitter discourse

This study analyzed Twitter discourse to understand the association of the COVID-19 pandemic with mental health. The study compared tweets' volume over time, tweets' volume per mental health category, emotions, and the top hashtags on mental health before and after November 2019, the month on which the first COVID-19 case was reported. We analyzed a total of 273 million English tweets on mental health collected from 56 million unique users. Results and analysis showed a significant shift in trend for the volume of tweets on mental health over time. There was also a notable increase in the volume of tweets on depression, anxiety, stress, and suicide mental health groups. The volume of tweets posted by males and females was comparable. Finally, there was a noticeable increase in the average daily tweets that mention suicide prevention and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. © AMCIS 2021.
A Kirigami MEMS Velocity Acoustic Transducer

A miniaturized ribbon microphone, a kirigami microphone, is fabricated and characterized. The microphone with a low-spring constant shows a flat frequency response up to 60 kHz. The low-spring constant is due to corrugation on the ribbon. Owing to the ultra-low mass of the ribbon (200 nm thick PECVD silicon nitride film), the transient response to sound pressure is $120\ \mu\mathrm{s}$ faster than a commercial dynamic microphone. The kirigami microphone also shows more details of sound pressure at low amplitudes.
Reconstruction of volume averaging effect-free continuous photon beam profiles from discrete ionization chamber array measurements using a machine learning technique.

PURPOSE The use of the ionization chamber array ICProfiler (ICP) is limited by its relatively poor detector spatial resolution and the inherent volume averaging effect (VAE). The purpose of this work is to study the feasibility of reconstructing VAE-free continuous photon beam profiles from ICP measurements with a machine learning technique. METHODS In- and cross-plane photon beam profiles of a 6 MV beam from an Elekta linear accelerator, ranging from 2 × 2 to 10 × 10 cm2 at 1.5 cm, 5 cm, and 10 cm depth, were measured with an ICP. The discrete measurements were interpolated with a Makima method to obtain continuous beam profiles. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were trained to restore the penumbra of the beam profiles. Plane-specific (in- and cr-plane) ANNs and a combined ANN were separately trained. The performance of the ANNs was evaluated using the penumbra width difference (PWD, the difference between the penumbra widths of the reconstructed and the reference profile). The plane-specific and the combined ANNs were compared to study the feasibility of using a single ANN for both in- and cross-plane. RESULTS The profiles reconstructed with all the ANNs had excellent agreement with the reference. For in-plane, the ANNs reduced the PWD from 1.6 ± 0.7 mm at 1.5 cm depth to 0.1 ± 0.1 mm, from 1.8 ± 0.6 mm at 5.0 cm depth to 0.1 ± 0.1 mm, and from 2.4 ± 0.1 mm at 10.0 cm depth to 0.0 ± 0.0 mm; for cross-plane, the ANNs reduced the PWD from 1.2 ± 0.4 mm at 1.5 cm depth, 1.2 ± 0.3 mm at 5.0 cm depth, and 1.6 ± 0.1 mm at 10.0 cm depth, to 0.1 ± 0.1 mm. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the feasibility of using simple ANNs to reconstruct VAE-free continuous photon beam profiles from discrete ICP measurements. A combined ANN can restore the penumbra of in- and cross-plane beam profiles of various fields at different depths.
1 – Experimental Research in Science: Its Name and Nature

The theme of this book is experimental research, and this introductory chapter attempts to delineate the scope of the book. The research referred in this chapter is limited to science and its byproduct, technology. Attempts to define the word “science” have offered many variations, none of which may be complete or satisfactory. The word “science” is a derivative from the Latin word scientia, which means knowledge. The chapter is limited only to experimental research in science. In the phrase “natural philosophy,” the word “natural” signifies nature. Thus, science may be understood to indicate curiosity about or knowledge, even love, of nature. If science is the study and knowledge of nature, that means it is a study of nature minus man. The word “philosophy” in the chapter is a derivative from a Greek word, which means love of wisdom.
On optimality of key pre-distribution schemes for distributed sensor networks

We derive the optimality results for key pre distribution scheme for distributed sensor networks, and relations between interesting parameters. Namely, given a key-pool of size n we derive the optimal value that is jointly achievable for parameters like, Size optimality: using less memory per node – while supporting large network, Connectivity optimality: possibility of establishing secure communication between any two nodes over short path, and Resiliency optimality: large fraction of network remains working under compromise or node capture. We characterize this relation in graph theoretic framework. Our result shows that the desired graph (a combination of network topology graph on which key-share graph is embedded) must have small clique and independent set and must have high expansion properties, in other words Expander graphs are best suited for forming secure networks.
Decomposition of Yttrium-Doped Barium Cerate in Carbon Dioxide

Doped barium cerate and related perovskite ceramics currently dominate the high-temperature proton conductor field. Unfortunately, these materials have very stringent environmental limitations necessitating the costly and complex conditioning or cleaning of the application feed-gas. This work shows through both experimental results and thermodynamic modeling that Ba(Ce, Y)O3–δ is ill-suited for use in environments containing CO2.
Search for celestial X-ray bursts

Short time base astronomy is presently gaining interest because the transient phenomena involved are the most likely to be associated with high energy astrophysical processes. Just as solar flares and shock waves, rather than the quiet-time solar emissions, reveal the dynamics of high energy solar phenomena, catastrophic celestial events may produce a variety of analogous observable effects and possibly some which are entirely new. It may be that the rapidity of these celestial events, which is central to their production of great energy, will be the key that allows for their ease of observation. Pulsar glitches and X-ray flare stars have indicated a beginning to the variety of such phenomena. Studies of other fast time variations, particularly in the energetic X-ray and gamma-ray domain, as well as in the radio, infrared and other regimes, should provide new insights into such processes as the formation of pulsars, neutron stars and black holes. In particular, supernovae should ultimately be observable at the exact moment of collapse, through their production of gamma rays (Colgate, 1968). The detection of these energetic photons should reveal a considerable amount of new information about the supernova process itself, as well as calibrating the T-zero of the delayed optical emission, in order to better determine the absolute luminosity and distance of the event. Also, this information may assist in the determination of how effective supernovae are as generators of cosmic radiation. Finally, if detection techniques are sufficiently refined, it may be possible to observe the supernova gamma ray bursts from sources at vast distances, thereby providing a new tool for cosmological exploration.
Behavioral and economic approaches to decision making: A common ground

Experimental psychologists in the learning tradition stress the importance of three of the authors' four key variables of experimental design. We review research investigating the roles played by these variables in studies of choice from our laboratory. Supporting the authors' claims, these studies show that the effects of these variables are not fixed and should not be taken for granted.
α‐Ethyl‐α‐Methylsuccinic Acid

α-Ethyl-α-methylsuccinic acid product: α-ethyl-α-methylsuccinic acid product: ethyl 2,3-dicyano-3-methylpentanoate Keywords: condensation, carbonyl-active methylene condensations; decarboxylation; hydrolysis, nitriles
Contributors to JOCEC's Content Quality

Now in its 22nd volume, the Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce has established a tradition of publishing fresh, innovative research. This is the product of an outstanding s...
Primary aldosteronism: factors associated with normalization of blood pressure after surgery.

Resolution of hypertension after adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism is independently associated with a lack of family history of hypertension and preoperative use of two or fewer antihypertens...
Stabilization Method of Calculating Resonance Energies: Model Problem

Resonance energies of elastic scattering from one dimensional model potential containing barrier, using stabilization method
Saturable transmission by multiphoton absorption in semiconductors

Abstract Multiphoton absorption can set an intrinsic upper limit to the power density that can be transmitted through semiconductors. This mechanism is an effective means of optically pumping semiconductor laser and can limit the power density from such devices, or can enable the fashioning of nonlinear optical power limiters.
Macromolecular lignin replication: A mechanistic working hypothesis

At the time of the first realization that the last step in lignin biosynthesis involves lignol radical coupling, it was difficult to envisage how such a process could be regiospecifically controlled. It was thus natural to expect that lignin macromolecules should have random primary structures. This has now been the prevailing assumption for almost fifty years, but of its correctness there has been no clear proof. Rather there have been occasional but insistent indications that lignins cannot just be products of random monolignol dehydropolymerization. Thus the present article seeks to apprehend the mechanistic implications of a situation where lignin primary structure would be determined by the sequence of interunit linkages along each biopolymer chain. The ramifications of a simple working hypothesis, that macromolecular lignin replication might occur directly through a template polymerization mechanism, are explored in detail. The manner in which the fidelity of the process could be maintained, through specific π-orbital interactions between the lignol radical precursors and characteristic substructures in the pre-existing lignin macromolecules, is explicitly described. The consequences of template polymerization are shown to be consistent with the absence of both optical activity and crystallinity in macromolecular lignin domains. It is proposed that the inherent primary structures of lignins are encoded in contiguous ‘dirigent’ arrays of lignol radical coupling sites distributed along individual polypeptide chains within lignifying plant cell walls.
Algebraic description of the skyrmion and its quantization for finite N

We present a bosonic realization of the SU(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}SU(2) algebra of the skyrmion. By imbedding the algebra in U(4), we introduce an additional quantum number N, which we identify with the number of colors, ${\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{c}}$. We show that the skyrmion is a coherent state of the U(4) algebra in the large-N limit and generalize that state of finite N. For N=${\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{c}}$=3, we recover the SU(4) quark model. The algebraic 1/${\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{c}}$ corrections to one-body matrix elements in the skyrmion are discussed.
Separation of regulatory and catalytic subunits of the cyclic 3′, 5′-adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase(s) of rabbit skeletal muscle

Abstract The cyclic 3′, 5′-adenosine monophosphate-dependent (cAMP-dependent) protein kinase(s) from rabbit skeletal muscle has been separated into catalytic and regulatory subunits by affinity chromatography utilizing a casein-Sepharose column in the presence of cAMP. The isolated catalytic subunit manifests full activity in the absence of cAMP but its requirement for this nucleotide is regained when the enzyme is reconstituted by addition of the regulatory subunit. Evidence is presented for the existence of more than a single type of regulatory or cAMP-binding subunit in muscle.
Petrologic and geochemical links between the post-collisional Proterozoic Harney Peak leucogranite, South Dakota, USA, and its source rocks

Abstract The Proterozoic terrane of the Black Hills, South Dakota, includes the composite Harney Peak leucogranite and associated pegmatites that were emplaced into metamorphosed pelites and graywackes. Available dates indicate that granite generation post-dated regional metamorphism and deformation that have been attributed to collision of the Wyoming and Superior cratons at ∼1760 Ma. Previous radiogenic and stable isotope work indicates that the exposed metasedimentary rocks are equivalent to sources of the leucogranites. In this study, whole rock and mineral compositions of the metasedimentary rocks were used to calculate the likely average residue mineralogies and melt fractions that would be generated by muscovite dehydration melting of the rocks. These were then used to model observed trace element compositions of the granites using published mineral/melt distribution coefficients. Model trace element melt compositions using pelitic and graywacke protoliths yield similar results. The models reproduce well the observed depletion of transition metals and Ba in the granites relative to metasedimentary protoliths. The depletion is due mainly to high proportion of biotite with variable amounts of K-feldspar in the model residue. Sr is also depleted in the granites compared to source rocks, but to a lesser relative extent than Ba. This is because of the low biotite/melt distribution coefficient for Sr and because high proportion of plagioclase in the residue is compensated by high Sr concentrations in protoliths. Rubidium, Cs and Ta behaved as slightly compatible to incompatible elements, and therefore, were not strongly fractionated during melting. Of the considered elements, only B appears to have been highly incompatible relative to residue during melting. The protoliths had sufficient B to allow tourmaline crystallization in those parts of the Harney Peak Granite in which Ti concentration was sufficiently low not to enhance crystallization of biotite. The reproducibility of observed trace element concentrations in the Harney Peak Granite by the models supports the often made proposition that metapelites and metagraywackes are common sources for leucogranites. This argues against mass input from the mantle into metagraywacke and metapelitic crustal sources or melting of amphibolites to generate the post-collisional Harney Peak and other similar peraluminous granite suites.
Protein-based nanotechnology: antibody conjugated with photosensitizer in targeted anticancer photoimmunotherapy.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive cancer therapy that depends on the buildup of a photosensitizing drug within targeted tissue. The photosensitizer is subsequently activated by light of a specific wavelength, resulting in destruc - tion of the targeted tissue by free radicals or singlet oxygen. Successful treatment requires delivery of critical amounts of drug into the cancerous tissue. This frequently demands high doses of the drug in the circulatory system that could lead to side effects in normal daylight due to accumulation of photodrug in normal tissue. To reduce drug load we explored the possibility of targeting cancer with antibody conjugated with photosen- sitizer. As a model we used LnCAP human prostate cancer cells targeted by antibody (against prostate-specific membrane antigen) which was conjugated with hematoporphyrin (HP). Our results show clearly that mAb/HP conjugates can deliver HP to the tumor cells which would result in considerably less HP in the circulation and, therefore, lower the delivery of HP to normal tissue, resulting in fewer side effects.
The Role of Masculinity/Femininity, Values, and Occupational Value Affordances in Shaping Young Men’s and Women’s Occupational Choices

Gender differences in occupational values have been well-established, yet little research has examined the predictive qualities of individual difference variables such as self-perceived masculinity/femininity on values and these constructs’ predictive role in the traditionality and perceived value affordances of future occupations—or the values persons expect a job to fulfill. Undergraduates (185 males, 401 females) from the Eastern, Southern, and Midwestern United States reported their occupational values, self-perceived masculinity/femininity, expected occupations, and the perceived value affordances of these jobs. Results indicated significant relationships among self-perceived masculinity/femininity, value endorsements, and the perceptions of value affordances. Results also indicated some differences among the three subsamples as well as gender differences across subsamples. Also, value endorsements mediated the relationships between self-perceived masculinity/femininity and traditionality and self-perceived masculinity/femininity and perceived value affordances. Thus, the values associated with jobs and personal value endorsements are important variables in career choice. The implications of these findings are discussed, and it is suggested that perceptions of occupational value affordances may be an entry point for intervention when trying to reduce occupational gender segregation.
Strontium isotope characterization in the study of prehistoric human ecology

Residence patterns provide keys to social structure, information flow, and patterns of material culture. A biogeochemical model has been formulated—using tooth eruption sequence, elemental exchange rates in bone tissue, and the geochemistry of strontium isotopes—to examine patterns of human residence in the past. Strontium isotopes, characteristic of local geology, pass unmodified through the food chain. isotopic values of human second molar teeth, representative of the individual from ages six to twelve, and bone, representative of the last six years of life, characterize the food chain of pre-marital and marital residences respectively. Marriage residence patterns are determined by stratifying age/sex data. The biogeochemical model and preliminary results are presented for two sites in California.
Porcelain inlays fabricated with a new high-heat refractory investment

Abstract A technique which does not require the use of the platinum matrix for the construction of porcelain inlays has been described. A high-heat refractory investment is used as a refractory matrix for firing the porcelain. By this technique, porcelain inlays can be fabricated with accuracy, ease, and rapidity.
Rule-Based Test Input Generation from Bytecode

Search-based test generators, such as those using genetic algorithms and alternative variable methods, can automatically generate test inputs. They typically rely on fitness functions to calculate fitness scores for guiding the search process. This paper presents a novel rule-based testing (RBT) approach to automated generation of test inputs from Java byte code without using fitness functions. It extracts tagged paths from the control flow graph of given byte code, analyzes and monitors the predicates in the tagged paths at runtime, and generates test inputs using predefined rules. Our case studies show that RBT has outperformed the test input generators using genetic algorithms and alternative variable methods.
Identification of the Sex Pheromone of the German Cockroach, Blattella germanica

The sex pheromone of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, has been characterized as gentisyl quinone isovalerate. This cockroach is a major cause of allergic disease and serves as a mechanical vector of pathogens, making it one of the most important residential and food-associated pests worldwide. The sex pheromone-producing gland in adult females was identified in 1993, but thermal instability of the pheromone made characterization difficult. Now, using a new preparative gas chromatography approach coupled with electroantennographic detection, we have isolated and characterized the pheromone, which we term blattellaquinone, and confirmed the identification by chemical synthesis. The synthetic pheromone was active in behavioral assays and highly effective in field trapping tests, which suggest that it may provide a new tool in cockroach population detection, monitoring, and control.
The grand challenge for integrative and regenerative pharmacology.

More robust identification of putative molecular targets for the development of novel therapeutics is a logical outcome of the post-genomic age of molecular medicine. Undoubtedly the concept of personalized medicine is becoming a reality (Hamburg and Collins, 2010), and in this scenario, the pharmacological sciences are ideally positioned to have a huge impact on the continued development of this field; specifically as it relates to the advent of mechanism-based, personalized therapeutics. In fact, the incredible rate of technology development and the parallel increase in our capacity to harness and apply the inordinate amount of information generated in the wake of these advancements creates tremendous challenges for our field, but also, enormous translational research opportunities. The purpose of this article is to briefly review the Grand Challenge for Integrative and Regenerative Pharmacology, and to highlight how meeting the challenge will ensure our active participation in this exciting, and quite frankly unprecedented era of translational scientific endeavor. The Grand Challenge is codified below in general terms, but without question it will require a multi/interdisciplinary collaborative effort, on a global basis, to be successful. Furthermore, it is clear that each of the three aspects of this Grand Challenge could themselves be the subject of an entire review article. Herein we provide only a general conceptual framework to familiarize the interested reader with the overall topic. The Grand Challenge for Integrative and Regenerative Pharmacology is three-fold: 1. To utilize Integrative Pharmacology (studies ranging from in vivo whole animal pharmacology/toxicology to complex in vitro and ex vivo systems) to obtain improved insight into relevant mechanisms of end organ/tissue dysfunction (i.e., target validation) as well as mechanisms of tissue regeneration, repair, and replacement. 2. To utilize cutting edge drug delivery technologies to improve localized delivery of therapeutic drug concentrations/effects, and furthermore, enhance specificity with respect to the cellular and subcellular targets/compartments of interest. 3. To leverage both 1 and 2 to create a new generation of therapies for improved symptomatic treatment of disease (i.e., fewer side/off-target effects due to improved MOA, enhanced localization, and cellular/subcellular specificity), and moreover, development of transformational curative therapies through the establishment of the principles of regenerative pharmacology.
Faux-anévrisme chronique traumatique d'un pontage axillo-fémoral en polytétrafluoroéthylène chez un tétraplégique

Un cas de faux-anevrisme non anastomotique sur pontage axillo-femoral en polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) du a l'abrasion chronique et a la compression externe de la prothese est rapporte. Un patient quadriplegique s'est presente avec une masse pulsatile sous les courroies de sa ceinture de maintien dans la region medio-thoracique gauche, avec confirmation par l'angioscanner et l'echo Doppler d'un faux-anevrisme de la prothese en PTFE, qui avait ete placee 9 ans auparavant. Le patient fut traite avec succes par voie endovasculaire, et a six mois la masse avait regresse. A notre connaissance ceci represente le premier cas de faux-anevrisme non anastomotique chronique d'une prothese axillo-femorale en PTFE secondaire a l'abrasion et a la compression traite par voie endovasculaire.