cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The strengths of - And some of the challenges for - Bayesian models of cognition

Bauesian Rationality (Oaksford & Chater 2007) illustrates the strengths of Bayesian models of cognition: the systematicity of rational explanations, transparent assumptions about human learners, and combining structured symbolic representation with statistics. However, the book also highlights some of the challenges this approach faces: of providing psychological mechanisms, explaining the origins of the knowledge that guides human learning, and accounting for how people make genuinely new discoveries.
Glypican-3 expression in Wilms tumor and hepatoblastoma.

Background: Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan. When it is disrupted, it causes the X-linked gigantismovergrowth Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. Its involvement in growth control is consistent with recent reports that it can bind to growth factors, possibly including insulin-like growth factor 2. Further, it has been hypothesized that it may function as a tumor suppressor gene in breast and ovarian carcinomas and mesotheliomas. Patients and Methods: RNA and protein were extracted from Wilms tumor and hepatoblastoma tissue samples and GPC3 levels were measured in these extracts by Northern blotting, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblotting. Results: In contrast to published results with carcinomas, high levels of GPC3 expression were found in Wilms tumor and hepatoblastoma. Low or undetectable expressions of this gene were found in normal tissue surrounding the tumor. Conclusions: Increased expression of GPC3 in Wilms tumor and hepatoblastoma suggests a growth-promoting or neutral activity for this gene product rather than a growth-suppressive effect.
Cotton Water Stress, Arthropod Dynamics, and Management of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

The effects of plant water stress on beneficial and pest insects infesting Delta pine- 50 short-staple cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., and Puma S-7 long-staple cotton, Gossypium barbadense L., were studied in 1993 and 1994 in large replicated field plots in central Arizona. Seasonal densities of eggs, nymphs, or adults of the sweet potato whitely, Belicia tabaci (Genius), were reduced 45-69% and 22-36% in plots irrigated weekly compared with those irrigated biweekly in 1993 and 1994, respectively. In 1993, DPL-50 had more white flies of, ill stages than Puma S - 7, but crop termination dates had no effect on seasonal densities of white flies. In 1994, fenpropathrin and faceplate insecticide applications provided greater control of white flies than buprofezin, an insect growth-regulating insecticide. Application thresholds of 1 adult whitely per leaf resulted in lower whitely densities than thresholds of 5 or 10 adults per leaf. In 1994, pink boll worm larvae, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), were reduced in plots treated with fenpropathrin and faceplate and in plots treated for B. tabaci . at the threshold of 1 adult per leaf. More Lyes Hesperus Knight were found in plots irrigated weekly than biweekly in both years. Leaf water potentials (-bars), measured at 3, 7, or 14 d after irrigation in 1993, indicated greater plant water stress in cotton irrigated biweekly at 7 and 14 d after irrigation than in that irrigated weekly at 7 d after irrigation. Yields of seed cotton were greater at thresholds of 1 than at 5 or 10 adult white flies per leaf. Combining reduced plant water stress of weekly irrigation with fenpropathrin and faceplate applied at a threshold of 1 adult whitely per leaf provided the best control of B. tabaci .
The new female breadwinner: discursively doing and undoing gender relations

ABSTRACTPublic discourse of late has drawn attention to increases in number of married women in the U.S. who serve as their families’ primary breadwinners. Contributing to these conversations, this study examines how breadwinning mothers (BWMs) reproduce, resist or challenge hegemonic gender relations through an analysis of different ways these women discursively position their identities and tasks as earners. Findings from a discourse analysis of interviews with 44 female breadwinners married to stay-at-home fathers are presented in relation to 5 aspects of conventional breadwinning that emerged across BWMs discourse: (a) breadwinning as career-primary, (b) breadwinning as obligation, (c) breadwinning suitability and personality, (d) breadwinning as relational power and (e) breadwinners as ideal workers. Practical applications of these findings are considered in relation to women’s work–life conflict, martial role negotiation, and workplace interactions and interventions.
High-Q Transfer in Nonlinearly Coupled Mode-Locked Semiconductor Lasers

A novel four-wave mixing-based injection locking method was demonstrated earlier, whereby the optical and RF stability of a mode-locked high-Q ring laser is successfully transferred to an orthogonally coupled colliding pulse mode-locked (CPM) laser. Four-wave mixing in the common monolithically integrated saturable absorber is used to couple the crossed laser cavities, which is confirmed by the reduction in RF noise level and by the optical linewidth reduction of the lasing modes of the slave CPM laser. The four-wave mixing process was then further investigated and experimentally shown to be the primary mechanism responsible for the locking and stabilization of the slave laser. This paper discusses the above four-wave mixing technique in detail and presents an improved design by employing optical subharmonic hybrid mode-locking and by decreasing the losses inside the master ring cavity. The resulting higher stability of the master laser translates into further improvement in the RF and optical linewidths of the injection locked slave CPM laser. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the novel method for all on-chip stability transfer in the forthcoming all monolithic optical pulse source systems.
The 2017 March for Science

While attending a scientific meeting in Chicago, I had the opportunity to join 40,000 other people who rallied on Saturday morning, April 22, 2017, to participate in the 2017 March for Science. The march coincided with Earth Day, and was 1 of about 600 events taking place worldwide, which were
Mutations That Alter the Bacterial Cell Envelope Increase Lipid Production.

Lipids from microbes offer a promising source of renewable alternatives to petroleum-derived compounds. In particular, oleaginous microbes are of interest because they accumulate a large fraction of their biomass as lipids. In this study, we analyzed genetic changes that alter lipid accumulation in Rhodobacter sphaeroides By screening an R. sphaeroides Tn5 mutant library for insertions that increased fatty acid content, we identified 10 high-lipid (HL) mutants for further characterization. These HL mutants exhibited increased sensitivity to drugs that target the bacterial cell envelope and changes in shape, and some had the ability to secrete lipids, with two HL mutants accumulating ~60% of their total lipids extracellularly. When one of the highest-lipid-secreting strains was grown in a fed-batch bioreactor, its lipid content was comparable to that of oleaginous microbes, with the majority of the lipids secreted into the medium. Based on the properties of these HL mutants, we conclude that alterations of the cell envelope are a previously unreported approach to increase microbial lipid production. We also propose that this approach may be combined with knowledge about biosynthetic pathways, in this or other microbes, to increase production of lipids and other chemicals.IMPORTANCE This paper reports on experiments to understand how to increase microbial lipid production. Microbial lipids are often cited as one renewable replacement for petroleum-based fuels and chemicals, but strategies to increase the yield of these compounds are needed to achieve this goal. While lipid biosynthesis is often well understood, increasing yields of these compounds to industrially relevant levels is a challenge, especially since genetic, synthetic biology, or engineering approaches are not feasible in many microbes. We show that altering the bacterial cell envelope can be used to increase microbial lipid production. We also find that the utility of some of these alterations can be enhanced by growing cells in bioreactor configurations that can be used industrially. We propose that our findings can inform current and future efforts to increase production of microbial lipids, other fuels, or chemicals that are currently derived from petroleum.
Culture clash: A missed opportunity: Discussion

CASE: Erasto is a term infant born by vaginal delivery to a gravida 7 para 7 Somalia woman with full prenatal care in the United States. His mother had gestational diabetes. The delivery was complicated by respiratory distress and an urgent admission to the neonatal intensive care unit for further evaluation for possible pulmonary disease and a congenital heart condition. A female pediatric intern was assigned to update Erasto's mother on the baby's status and to obtain consent for an intravascular line placement. When she entered the room to talk to the mother, multiple family members spanning at 3 generations were with the baby's mother. They were all women with the exception of Erasto's father who was apprised of the baby's clinical status by the male neonatal physician several minutes earlier. Through a telephone translator, the intern explained to Erasto's mother that her baby may have heart and lung problems that may be related to her gestational diabetes. At this point, many family members spoke simultaneously and excitedly. Some accused the intern of keeping the baby in the neonatal intensive care unit "to make more money," and others said they would sue her "if anything happened to Erasto." The mother denied that she had gestational diabetes, and claimed that because she "believed in God...nothing is wrong with my baby." The intern was not prepared for this response and asked herself, "What went wrong?"
Autophobic Dewetting of Perfluoropolyether Films on Amorphous-Nitrogenated Carbon Surfaces

The dewetting of perfluoropolyether (PFPE) films on amorphous nitrogenated carbon, CNx, is investigated. An optical surface analyzer is used to image perfluoropolyether films on CNx-overcoated magnetic recording disks. An autophobic dewetting transition is observed to result when the PFPE film thickness applied to the disk surface exceeds a critical value. This critical dewetting thickness is linearly dependent on the PFPE molecular weight. Addition of the phosphazine, X-1P, to the PFPE film reduces the critical dewetting thickness compared to that of the neat lubricant. Dewetting in these molecularly-thin PFPE lubricant films is shown to occur at thicknesses where the total disjoining pressure is negative. The impact of this autophobic dewetting on the performance of a head--disk interface is inferred from take-off height measurements conducted as a function of PFPE film thickness. A steep reduction in the slider--disk clearance is observed when the PFPE film is present at thicknesses in excess of the critical dewetting thickness.
Clarifying Interpersonal and Social Values Conflict among Recreationists

Recreation conflict has been examined relative to interpersonal (i.e., goal interference) conflict and differences in social values. Although this distinction is useful, prior methodologies for ope...
The design process

In the previous chapters an introduction to the characteristics and planning problems of flexible manufacturing systems has been given. The objective of this chapter is to examine the structure of the design process in the context of the other surrounding planning processes. Therefore first the environment of the design process, i.e. the preceding, parallel and follow-up planning processes, are studied and their interactions with the design process examined. Based on these considerations, conclusions about the objectives, decision variables and restrictions of the design process can be drawn.
Evaluation of a solid-bowl centrifuge for ultrafine size separations

Solid-bowl (decanter) centrifuges are used extensively to dewater slurries in a wide range of industries. However, the application of decanters as classification devices is not as common. In this study, the performance of a continuous, pilot-scale, solid-bowl centrifuge was evaluated when classifying an ultrafine coal slurry containing nearly 60% material less than 10 μm. The test conditions included centrifuge bowl and scroll speeds, volumetric feed rate, solids concentration and pond depth. Centrifuge performance was evaluated using size selectivity curves and the corresponding performance parameters, along with product yields and solids concentrations.
Determining the type locality and collector of Nylander’s South African lichens

Background: In 1868, Nylander described 15 new lichen taxa from collections made near Durban, South Africa. The locality was not specified and the collector was identified only as ‘Miss Armstrong’. Objectives: To identify the collector and type locality of Nylander’s species. Method: Scientific literature, maps, letters, notebooks and genealogical sources were consulted to reconstruct the provenance of the specimens. Results: ‘Miss Armstrong’ was likely Olivia Armstrong; she collected in the Karkloof area of the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands. Conclusion: This investigation facilitates future work to determine whether the species described and reported by Nylander are still extant in the same locality.
Clinical Reasoning: A 15-year-old boy with bilateral wrist pain in the setting of weight loss.

A 15-year-old previously healthy boy was referred for further evaluation of wrist pain. Right and left wrist pain started 2 years ago and got significantly worse in the setting of intentional 25-pound weight loss over 6 months. He also had numbness in the 4th and 5th digits of his left hand for the last 3 months. Neurologic examination was notable for weakness of both thumb abduction, finger abduction, and flexion of 4th and 5th digits on the left. There was decreased sensation to pinprick in palms, as well as trace deep tendon reflexes at biceps, triceps, and brachioradialis.
Mental contrasting in DanceSport: The champion’s mindset

Abstract The self-regulation strategy of mental contrasting of a desired future with the obstacles of current reality has been shown to spur effort and successful performance. We investigated the spontaneous use of mental contrasting in the context of professional DanceSport. Higher- and lower-performing DanceSport athlete couples elaborated on their wishes regarding training and an upcoming competition. We content analyzed couples’ spontaneous mental strategy while elaborating their wishes and related the mental strategy to couples’ recorded ranking and to their performance at the upcoming competition. Higher-performing couples, relative to lower-performing couples, engaged in more spontaneous mental contrasting when elaborating on training- and competition wishes. Among higher-performing couples, spontaneous mental contrasting predicted successful performance at the competition. The results suggest that mental contrasting appears to be an effective self-regulation strategy that can spur DanceSport athletes’ performance. These benefits could possibly extend to the wider field of competitive athletics.
Novel therapeutics for brain tumors: current practice and future prospects.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Malignant gliomas are the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor with current available therapies increasing median survival to a modest 20 months. Multiple preclinica...
Effect of Thymosin on in Vitro Immune Function in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is not known, but an abnormality in immunoregulation is thought to play a role. Some of the immunological abnormalities associated with other autoimmune diseases have been reported to be normalized in vitro by exposure of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to thymosin fraction 5 (TF5) (Horowitz et al., 1977 Scheinberg et al., 1979; Lavastida et al., 1981; Goldstein et al., 1976), thus providing a rationale for the use of this immunomodulating agent in these disorders. The studies being presented today were undertaken to evaluate the effect of TF5 on in vitro immunoregulatory function in patients with RA and establish the relevance of clinical application of thymosin in the treatment of this common disease.
A Longitudinal Assessment of Parenting Stress in Parents of Children with New-Onset Epilepsy.

Objective Parents of children with newly diagnosed epilepsy may experience elevated parenting stress. The present study examined trajectories of parenting stress over time and identified modifiable predictors of these trajectories. Methods Parents of youth with epilepsy (N = 102; 2-12 years old) completed questionnaires 1, 4, 13, 19, and 25-months post-diagnosis, including measures of parenting stress, family functioning, child psychosocial functioning, sociodemographics, and perceived stigma. Latent growth curve models (LGCM) were used to examine domains of parenting stress over time. Results At baseline, 25-48% of parents reported elevated parenting stress. LGCMs revealed that the parent and child domains of parenting stress were generally stable across time. However, life stress was more variable across time, and parents with higher initial life stress had a greater reduction in life stress over time. Socioeconomic status was identified as a non-modifiable predictor of life stress. Family functioning was associated with greater parenting stress in the parent domain. Child psychosocial functioning was associated with greater parenting stress in the parent and child domains. Conclusions Parenting stress was elevated for a subset of families and appeared to be relatively stable over time, with the exception of life stress, which was more variable. With early screening, child factors and parent appraisals of epilepsy may be valuable targets for clinical intervention with families of children with epilepsy.
Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome

The cardinal features of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome areprenatal growth deficiency, microcephaly, developmental delay, characteristic facial features, cleft palate, cardiac defects, hypospadias, polydactyly, and 2–3 toe syndactyly. Almost all affected individuals have developmental delay or mental retardation. The facial appearance is characterized by narrow bifrontal diameter, ptosis, down-slanting palpebral fissures, and a short nose with a depressed nasal bridge and anteverted nares. Retrognathia is common. This is an autosomal-recessive trait with widely variable expression. It is caused by deficiency of the enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, the final step of the cholesterol biogenesis pathway. The minimum incidence is 1 in 60,000 giving a carrier frequency of 1 in 122. Keywords: Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome; RSH syndrome; 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase; growth retardation; microcephaly; developmental delay; characteristic facial features; cleft palate; hypospadias; polydactyly; 2–3 toe syndactyly
Effects of cyclic cryogenic treatment on rock physical and mechanical properties of Eagle Ford shale samples - An experimental study

Abstract Unconventional reservoirs have ultra-low permeability, and the combination of horizontal wells and multistage transverse hydraulic fracturing have unlocked economical hydrocarbon production from such formations. Fracturing fluid involves large volumes of water that is partially recovered during the flowback stage, and the rest remains in the formation damaging the matrix-fracture interface. In this paper, an alternative waterless stimulation technique has been studied. A cryogenic fluid, liquid nitrogen (LN2), was injected into cores from Eagle Ford formation. The effects of cyclic LN2 on rock physical and dynamic elastic properties were examined. Two cycles of injecting LN2 into cores at the reservoir temperature and pressurizing at different pressures (1.38, 2.76, 4.14 MPa) were implemented. Before and after each cycle, computerized tomography scan, porosity, permeability, and ultrasonic velocities tests were conducted on the samples. The results demonstrated that cyclic cryogenic treatment increases porosity and permeability and decreases ultrasonic velocities of the samples resulting from inducing new cracks and extending and widening the existing ones. Permeability enhancement, which results from the creation of high-permeable pathways allowing the gas to move rapidly across the tested samples, was noticeable (up to 2 orders of magnitude). Whilst, comparing to permeability, the porosity improvement was not significant (up to 26%) owing to the small increase in pore volume compared to the sample's bulk volume. The results showed a direct relationship between injection pressure and porosity and permeability enhancements after the completion of each cycle. Moreover, the reductions in ultrasonic velocities and dynamic elastic properties were insignificant compared to the changes in the porosity and permeability. Additionally, porosity and permeability enhancements and velocities reduction mainly occurred after completing the first cycle. This is because of lowering the thermal stress on samples, which results in reducing the possibility of creating new cracks or propagating and widening the current ones.
Justify State 'Piracy' after Allen: Introducing 'Apology' to the U.S. Copyright Regime

Copyright protection from state offenders is onerous because of the imbalanced bargaining power between states and authors, which is increased by the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Allen v. Cooper. This decision clarifies that state sovereign immunity is not abrogated by the Copyright Remedy Clarification Act of 1990 (“CRCA”). It secures states’ constitutional rights, the public interest, and the efficiency of copyright infringement litigations against states. However, a paradox of this decision is that it may harm innovation incentives or spirits of creativity due to the increased imbalanced bargaining power to prevent authors from being repaired for their economic or non-economic losses. This Article reviews the law and psychology literature and proposes to adopt compelled and voluntary state “apologies” in the copyright regime. It suggests that the “apologies” do not conflict with Allen’s benefits but can rebuild the reputation of authors and repair relationships between the authority and authors to promote or sustain their innovation incentives.
Implementation of contact hole patterning performance with KrF resist flow process for 80nm DRAM application

Currently, 193nm lithography including contact hole patterning is being integrated into manufacturable process at 80nm technology nodes. However, for 193nm contact hole patterning, many researchers have reported various troubles such as poor profiles, low exposure dose, and pattern edge roughness due to inherent flaws of ArF resist materials. Also, it is desirable to be extended the KrF lithography at a cost. Of course, the patterning of very small contact hole features for the 80nm DRAM device generation will be a difficult challenge for 248nm lithography. In this work, we study the potential for contact photoresist reflow to be used with 248nm photoresist to increase process windows of small contact dimensions at the 80nm DRAM device generation. In KrF 0.80NA scanner, resist flow process and layout optimization was carried out to achieve the contact hole patterning. The contact CD at best focus is 140nm and the amount of photoresist flow is approximately 52nm. For a contact hole with CDs of 88nm +/- 10%, Focus-Exposure windows over the wafer are 0.3um and 10%, respectively. In conclusion, we have successfully achieved the contact hole patterning with KrF resist flow process for 80nm DRAM device.
A patient diagnosed with Galloway-Mowat syndrome presenting with a rod-cone functional anomaly with electronegative dark-adapted ERGs.

Galloway–Mowat syndrome (GAMOS) is a clinically heterogenous and rare condition classically described as the combination of nephrotic syndrome associated with brain anomaly and delays in development. It was first reported in the literature in 1968 by Galloway W.H and Mowat A.P. Reports of visual anomaly in these patients are generally limited to decreased visual acuity, nystagmus and optic nerve atrophy. To this day, little is known about retinal function in this disease. Therefore, the purpose of this case report is to reveal abnormal retinal function (including light-adapted and dark-adapted retinal function) in a female patient diagnosed with GAMOS due to mutation of the WDR73 gene. Complete dilated pediatric ophthalmic examination and ISCEV full field standard light (10 min of light adaptation; background light: 30 cd.m−2; flash intensity: 3.0 cd.sec.m−2) and dark-adapted (20 min of dark adaptation; flash intensities: 0.01, 3.0 and 10.0 cd.sec.m−2) electroretinograms were performed on a 2-year-old female patient diagnosed with GAMOS due to a biallelic mutation in the WDR73 gene. Ophthalmologic evaluation under anesthesia revealed normal appearing anterior segments. Significant bilateral optic nerve pallor was noted. Fundus examination appeared to be abnormal and demonstrated mid-peripheral whitish glistening appearance with possible gliosis. Retinoscopy revealed bilateral high myopia with a refractive error of -8.00 sphere in both eyes. ISCEV standard ERG revealed residual responses under light-adapted condition. Undetectable responses were obtained after 20 min of dark adaptation when using a dim flash (DA 0.01). However, when brighter flashes were used in a dark-adapted condition (DA 3.0 and DA 10.0), the ERGs were detectable, albeit abnormal in amplitudes and of electronegative morphology. The results obtained showed significant retinal functional deficit affecting both the cone and the rod photoreceptor pathways, along with the inner retina, in a patient diagnosed with GAMOS due to biallelic mutations in the WDR73 gene. Our report is limited to one patient, and additional studies are needed to verify whether retinal functional anomalies, as measured by the full field electroretinogram, present a novel biomarker in all patients affected with GAMOS or only in patients with a mutation in the WDR73 gene. Given the evidence of retinal functional changes presented in this study, it is strongly suggested to include complete ophthalmic examination, retinal imaging, including OCT, and full field ERG testing in patients affected with GAMOS.
Discrimination learning in turtles after lesions of the dorsal cortex or basal forebrain

The basal forebrain of turtles contains cholinergic neurons that project to the dorsal cortex, a three-layered structure on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres. This experiment was designed to examine whether the basal forebrain is involved in associative function in reptiles, as has been shown in mammals. Three groups of turtles—a sham-lesioned control group, a group given aspiration lesions of the dorsal cortex, and a group given ibotenic acid lesions of the basal forebrain—were trained in an operant chamber on a simultaneous pattern discrimination and its reversal. The stimuli to be discriminated were horizontal and vertical stripes. Relative to controls, lesions of either the dorsal cortex or the basal forebrain disrupted acquisition and reversal of the discrimination. The results suggest that the basal forebrain systems of reptiles and mammals function in a similar way.
Seven Types of Accuracy

IN THE BEGINNING there were Seven Types of Ambiguity, and these mated with the sweet compliant earth and begat the Seven Heavens of modern poetry. And poetry, we all know, is radically different from prose. Prose? The sort of language epitomized, say, by a theorem in geometry. Exact scientific language. Civilized artificial language, removed from our primitive roots. Poetry, as Gary Snyder tells us, goes back to the Paleolithic. Prose only goes back to Plato. Isn't this a rather unlikely affinity: between symbolists, sophisticated creatures like Mallarm? and Rimbaud, on the one hand, and hairy hunters of extinct species of bison on the other? Not at all. For both, poetry is magic: it arises not from the calmly thinking mind, but from the deep, irrational, image-making side of man's being. From the other lobe, as the physiologists say. And therefore poetry?true poetry?is by its very nature deeply ambiguous and inexact about ordinary things. Even as William Empson's brilliantly titled book fades from memory, poetry continues to advance on the course that it helped chart?until at last, in some poets at least (and in their attendant critics), ambiguity and poetry seem to have become synonymous. If some of us plain-spoken chaps find this a little frustrating sometimes, clearly the fault is ours. One way to take issue with these prevailing notions has been to announce one's distaste for the Paleolithic?both the higher Paleolithic and the lower. It?they?were stages, beastly levels, that we have fortu nately outgrown. We can then let poetry, modern poetry, begin when ever we wish. That's the advantage of such a position. The disadvantage is that it may concede too much at the outset to the opposition. After all, there very likely were poets in the Paleolithic; and if they were as good as the artists who left those marvelous paintings on cave walls, they were very good poets indeed. Veritable Homers maybe. And there are poets among peoples still at that stage?the "hunting and gathering," pre-agricultural stage?today. There is, for example, the author (the dreamer?) of the Pygmies' Elephant Hunting Song?the Pygmies of what was once the Belgian Congo. They may not be there any more; but when they were there?for the thousands of years they were there?they used to kill elephants with spears. The tribe would gather around an enormous stray from the herd and distract him with a lot of noise. Then before the befuddled beast became enraged, the
THE FEASIBILITY OF ETHANOL PRODUCTION IN TEXAS

The resurgence of interest in ethanol production has also prompted interest in Texas. Projected net present values for ethanol plant investment are well below zero for corn based ethanol plants, but are positive for sorghum. Sensitivity analysis indicates relatively small increases in ethanol price are needed to make production viable.
Abstract 17968: Increased Risk of Post-Heart Transplant Mortality in Small Infants

Background: Infants awaiting heart transplant (HTx) continue to have high waitlist and early post-HTx mortality. The impact of small patient size on wait-list and post-HTx outcomes in infants has not been well studied. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of small size at the time of listing on waitlist outcomes, post-HTx mortality, and post-HTx complications. Methods: Infants weighing < 5kg listed for HTx from 1994-2013 were identified from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database. The cohort was divided into 2 groups: < 3kg and 3-5kg. Waitlist duration was compared using Wilcoxon rank sum test. Waitlist mortality was examined using competing risk analysis, with delisting as a competing risk. Cox proportional hazard model assessed the impact of size at listing on post-HTx 1-year mortality. Results: Of 1,966 infants included in the analysis, 442 (22.5 %) weighed < 3 kg, and 1,524 (77.5 %) weighed 3-5 kg at listing. Between the two groups, there was no significant differen...
Optical Current Meter Use in Southern California

The optical current meter is a stroboscopic device with which an operator may visually follow and gage the velocity of particles moving on the water surface. From early prototypes the meter has evolved to a field usable instrument with a low power telescope, an oscillating mirror in the line of sight of the telescope, a variable-speed battery-powered motor, and a tachometer which indicates the rotational speed of the mirror. Surface velocities are computed knowing the distance to the water surface and the angular speed of the oscillating mirror. Surface velocities must be corrected by an appropriate coefficient to represent the mean velocity in the vertical. The optical current meter will find its principal use in measurements of discharge under conditions that preclude use of conventional stream-gaging equipment.
Sediment and nutrient trapping as a result of a temporary Mississippi River floodplain restoration: The Morganza Spillway during the 2011 Mississippi River Flood

Abstract The 2011 Mississippi River Flood resulted in the opening of the Morganza Spillway for the second time since its construction in 1954 releasing 7.6 km3 of water through agricultural and forested lands in the Morganza Floodway and into the Atchafalaya River Basin. This volume, released over 54 days, represented 5.5% of the Mississippi River (M.R.) discharge and 14% of the total discharge through the Atchafalaya River Basin (A.R.B.) during the Spillway operation and 1.1% of the M.R. and 3.3% of the A.R.B. 2011 water year discharge. During the release, 1.03 teragrams (Tg) of sediment was deposited on the Morganza Forebay and Floodway and 0.26 Tg was eroded from behind the Spillway structure. The majority of deposition (86 %) occurred in the Forebay (upstream of the structure) and within 4 km downstream of the Spillway structure with minor deposition on the rest of the Floodway. There was a net deposition of 26 × 10−4 Tg of N and 5.36 × 10−4 Tg of P, during the diversion, that was equivalent to 0.17% N and 0.33% P of the 2011 annual M.R. load. Median deposited sediment particle size at the start of the Forebay was 13 μm and decreased to 2 μm 15 km downstream of the Spillway structure. Minimal accretion was found greater than 4 km downstream of the structure suggesting the potential for greater sediment and nutrient trapping in the Floodway. However, because of the large areas involved, substantial sediment mass was deposited even at distances greater than 30 km. Sediment and nutrient deposition on the Morganza Floodway was limited because suspended sediment was quickly deposited along the flowpath and not refreshed by incremental water exchanges between the Atchafalaya River (A.R.) and the Floodway. Sediment and nutrient trapping could have been greater and more evenly distributed if additional locations of hydraulic input from and outputs to the A.R. (connectivity) were added.
Child Development Research in North American Native Communities—Looking Back and Moving Forward: Introduction

— The study of Native children’s development in the United States and Canada has lagged behind that of other populations. As a result, there is limited research literature to inform efforts to address the challenges faced by Native children and their families, including disparities in mental health problems such as substance abuse, suicide, mental disorders, and academic achievement. This article provides a brief overview of the historical context of children’s development in Native communities and introduces the Native Children’s Research Exchange (NCRE), formed in 2008 to facilitate child development research with tribal communities. The following collection of articles, written by NCRE scholars, reviews existing research, highlights challenges encountered in this work, and points to an agenda for furthering developmental research within Native cultures.
Generator choices for delay test

An important problem one faces during design of a built-in self-test (BIST) based delay test is the selection of a proper generator to apply the test vectors. This problem is due to the need of applying a pair of patterns to detect any given delay fault. The second vector has to be launched against the logic immediately following the first vector. This timing requirement places severe restrictions on the kind of hardware suitable for the task, especially in built-in self-test applications where the generator must reside on chip. This paper studies the various options one has in designing the delay test vector generator. Both scan and non-scan designs are addressed. The different options are measured based on their performance, cost, and flexibility.
Effect of amount and frequency of feeding safflower oil on related milk, blood, and rumen components

Abstract Two trials with 12 Holstein cows in early to mid-lactation were similar in experimental design. In Trial 1, four cows were assigned to each of the following treatments: (1) Control (conventional ration); (2) Control + 250ml safflower oil fed once daily; and (3) Control + 500ml safflower oil fed once every other day. In Trial 2, four cows were assigned to each of the following treatments for the experimental period: (1) Control; (2) Control + 500ml safflower oil fed once daily; and (3) Control + 500ml safflower oil fed once every 4th day. Milk fat percent and milk fat production decreased in all oil-fed groups versus their respective controls, with no significant differences between oil treatments within each trial. In Trial 1 milk fat percentages during preliminary periods were 3.2, 3.1, 3.2 compared to 3.2, 2.9, and 2.7% during the experimental period. Similar results for Trial 2 were 3.5, 3.2, 3.7 compared to 3.7, 2.7, and 3.3%. Oil supplementation significantly lowered percentages of 12- and 16-carbon fatty acids in the milk fat and increased percentage of mono-unsaturated 18-carbon fatty acids. Plasma cholesterol was elevated with oil feeding, and a tendency for a negative arteriovenous difference for free fatty acids was observed. Uptake of triglyceride 18-carbon fatty acids by the mammary gland was selective in Trial 2. There were no significant differences in milk yield, protein, solids-not-fat, rumen volatile fatty acids, pH, arterial amounts, arteriovenous differences for blood glucose and acetate, and plasma triglycerides in either trial.
Examining the relationship between feedback and performance in a monitored environment: A clarification and extension of feedback intervention theory

Abstract Although research recognizes the importance of performance feedback to individual performance, the effects of feedback are complex and not fully understood. In this study, I extend research on the multidimensional nature of feedback by examining the effect of three feedback attributes (control, source, and constructiveness) on individuals' task performance. As predicted, giving participants control over feedback enhanced their desire to improve. Additionally, constructiveness and feedback source interacted to affect interpersonal fairness. Interpersonal fairness, in turn, directly influenced participants' level of attention which moderated the relationship between their desire to improve and their actual task performance.
Metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma of the temporal bone.

Metastatic carcinoma involving the external auditory canal is a very uncommon condition. Twenty-five cases have been reported. The most common cancer to metastasize through the blood stream to the external canal is breast carcinoma (25%), followed by lung (19%), kidney (11%), stomach (6.4%), bronchus (5.7%), and prostate (5.7%).1 These patients are typically asymptomatic. The majority of reported cases indicate that otologic symptoms usually arise late in the course of the disease. This article reports a clinical case of a 60-year-old man seen with otalgia, hearing loss, and disequilibrium resulting from metastases to the temporal bone from prostate carcinoma.
A new technique to differentiate between geminate and nongeminate recombination of triplet excitons

Abstract Geminate formation and recombination of the triplet excitons in the 2,3-benzocarbazole/tetracene has been studied using a dynamic technique (pulse vs. steady state excitation). In tetracene, the mode of decay of the first excited singlet state is by fission into two neighboring triplet excitons that can undergo geminate recombination. The concentration of 2,3-benzocarbazole in our samples was 20%. We monitored the geminate exciton recombination via delayed fluorescence at room temperature. Decay rates were monitored using steady state and pulsed excitations. Decay rates for the 2,3-benzocarbazole/tetracene samples were then compared with the decay rates for nongeminate recombination in naphthalene samples. We find that the geminate recombination decay rates do not depend on the duration of the excitation (pulse length). For nongeminate recombination the decay rates were found to depend on the pulse length (duration of excitation). Thus our work clearly provides a new, dynamic technique to differentiate between geminate and nongeminate recombination of triplet excitons.
Sevoflurane versus halothane for general anesthesia in pediatric patients: A comparative study of vital signs, induction, and emergence

Abstract Study Objective: To compare vital signs and the speed of induction and emergence with sevoflurane versus halothane in pediatric patients. Design: Prospective, randomized, open study. Setting: Thomas Jefferson University Hospital. Patients: 40 unpremedicated ASA Physical Status I and II children age 9 months to 16 years undergoing elective inpatient otorhinolaryngologic or orthopedic surgery. Interventions: Standardized induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane (start: 1%, maximum: 7%) or halothane (start: 0.5%, maximum: 5%) in nitrous oxide/oxygen (N2OO2). Intubation following vecuronium and 4 minutes of controlled ventilation with 2 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) drug in O 2 ; 1.5 MAC drug in N2OO2 delivered for 20 minutes; then 0.75 MAC until the end of surgery. Fentanyl 1 mcg/kg was administered 15 minutes before the anticipated end of surgery, at which time anesthetics were stopped and mechanical ventilation continued until eye opening (emergence). Measurements and Main Results: Blood pressure, heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation, end-tidal gas concentrations, and temperature were recorded. Induction and emergence times were measured to the nearest second. Induction (loss of eyelash reflex) was faster with sevoflurane (97 ± 31 sec) than halothane (120 ± 36 sec; p vs. 12.5 ± 4.7 min; p vs. 115.0% ± 25.6%), as was mean arterial pressure (113.2% ± 25.5% vs. 87.8% ± 22.6%). This finding corresponded with a higher MAC multiple of end-tidal concentration in the sevoflurane group than in the halothane group. Conclusion: Induction of and emergence from anesthesia was faster with sevoflurane than halothane. Airway complications were low in both groups. Vital signs were stable with sevoflurane during maintenance. Sevoflurane is an excellent drug for inhalation induction in pediatric patients.
Determination of Peptide–Surface Adsorption Free Energy for Material Surfaces Not Conducive to SPR or QCM using AFM

The interactions between peptides and proteins with material surfaces are of primary importance in many areas of biotechnology. While surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR) and quartz crystal...
TROPICAL DEFORESTATION AND FOREST MANAGEMENT UNDER THE SYSTEM OF CONCESSION LOGGING: A DECISION‐THEORETIC ANALYSIS*

. Deforestation caused by concession logging is often the result of harvest decisions which focus on short-run profits rather than on long-run sustainable harvest yields. A sequential-decision model of this type of behavior is here developed which focuses on a logger's annual decisions of whether or not to remain in compliance with the terms of a concession contract. The contract stipulates harvesting procedures for a sustained forest yield, and noncompliance is taken to result in deforestation. An optimal decision policy for the concession logger is characterized in terms of optimal-stopping theory, and is employed to construct payoff incentives which encourage compliance. In particular, a forest management problem is formulated which focuses on the effectiveness of partial inspection policies in deterring noncompliant behavior. General necessary and sufficient conditions for the effectiveness of such policies are established, and are given a more operational form for the Markov case. A numerical example based on actual concession-contract data is also developed which suggests certain policy implications.
Implications and Management of Pancreatic Fistulas Following Pancreaticoduodenectomy: The Massachusetts General Hospital Experience

Objective To describe the management and impact of pancreatic fistulas in a high-volume center. Design Retrospective case series. Setting Tertiary academic center. Patients Five hundred eighty-one consecutive patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy from January 2001 through June 2006. Main Outcome Measures Development of a pancreatic fistula (defined as > 30 mL of amylase-rich fluid from drains on or after postoperative day 7, or discharge with surgical drains in place, regardless of amount); the need for additional interventions or total parenteral nutrition; other morbidity; and mortality. Results Seventy-five patients (12.9%) developed a pancreatic fistula. Fistulas were managed with gradual withdrawal of surgical drains. This allowed for patient discharge and eventual closure at a mean of 18 days in 38.7% of cases; these were classified as low-impact fistulas. The remaining 46 patients (61.3%) had an associated abscess, required percutaneous drainage or total parenteral nutrition, or developed bleeding; these were classified as high-impact fistulas and closed a mean of 35 days after surgery. Standard 30-day in-hospital mortality was 1.9% for all pancreaticoduodenectomies and 6.7% for those who developed a pancreatic fistula. The overall fistula-related mortality was 9.3% (7 patients), all but 1 of which was related to major hemorrhage. Conclusions More than one-third of pancreatic fistulas are clinically insignificant (low impact). The remaining 60% of fistulas have a high clinical impact and nearly an 8-fold increase in overall mortality.
Pressure-induced cardiac hypertrophy: changes in Na+,K+-ATPase and glycoside actions in cats.

Abstract Effects of myocardial hypertrophy caused by pressure overload on sarcolemmal Na+, K+-ATPase and positive inotropic action of strophanthidin were examined in cats. Partial ligation of the main pulmonary artery for four weeks resulted in right ventricular hypertrophy with no significant changes in left ventricular muscle. Hypertrophy was associated with a reduction in the number of active Na+, K+-ATPase units. Affinity of the remaining enzyme for [3H]ouabain was unchanged. No apparent right or left shift in dose-response curve for the positive inotropic effect of strophanthidin was observed and toxic concentrations of strophanthidin were unchanged; however, the degree of the positive inotropic effect produced by high concentrations of strophanthidin was significantly smaller in hypertrophied muscle. Moreover, decreases in developed tension rather than tachyarrhythmias was the predominant form of toxicity observed in hypertrophied muscle. These results indicate that myocardial hypertrophy reduces the number of active Na+, K+-ATPase units per milligram protein, decreases maximal positive inotropic effect of strophanthidin, and alters the prevailing form of strophanthidin toxicity.