cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Streamlining resummed QCD calculations using Monte Carlo integration

Some of the most arduous and error-prone aspects of precision resummed calculations are related to the partonic hard process, having nothing to do with the resummation. In particular, interfacing to parton-distribution functions, combining various channels, and performing the phase space integration can be limiting factors in completing calculations. Conveniently, however, most of these tasks are already automated in many Monte Carlo programs, such as MadGraph [1], Alpgen [2] or Sherpa [3]. In this paper, we show how such programs can be used to produce distributions of partonic kinematics with associated color structures representing the hard factor in a resummed distribution. These distributions can then be used to weight convolutions of jet, soft and beam functions producing a complete resummed calculation. In fact, only around 1000 unweighted events are necessary to produce precise distributions. A number of examples and checks are provided, including e + e − two- and four-jet event shapes, n-jettiness and jet-mass related observables at hadron colliders at next-to-leading-log (NLL) matched to leading order (LO). Attached code can be used to modify MadGraph to export the relevant LO hard functions and color structures for arbitrary processes.
Maximizing H-Colorings of a Regular Graph

For graphs G and H, a homomorphism from G to H, or H-coloring of G, is an adjacency preserving map from the vertex set of G to the vertex set of H. Our concern in this article is the maximum number of H-colorings admitted by an n-vertex, d-regular graph, for each H. Specifically, writing for the number of H-colorings admitted by G, we conjecture that for any simple finite graph H (perhaps with loops) and any simple finite n-vertex, d-regular, loopless graph G, we have where is the complete bipartite graph with d vertices in each partition class, and is the complete graph on vertices.Results of Zhao confirm this conjecture for some choices of H for which the maximum is achieved by . Here, we exhibit for the first time infinitely many nontrivial triples for which the conjecture is true and for which the maximum is achieved by .We also give sharp estimates for and in terms of some structural parameters of H. This allows us to characterize those H for which is eventually (for all sufficiently large d) larger than and those for which it is eventually smaller, and to show that this dichotomy covers all nontrivial H. Our estimates also allow us to obtain asymptotic evidence for the conjecture in the following form. For fixed H, for all d-regular G, we have where as . More precise results are obtained in some special cases.
Two‐Dimensional Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications: Emerging Trends and Future Prospects

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are ultrathin nanomaterials with a high degree of anisotropy and chemical functionality. Research on 2D nanomaterials is still in its infancy, with the majority of research focusing on elucidating unique material characteristics and few reports focusing on biomedical applications of 2D nanomaterials. Nevertheless, recent rapid advances in 2D nanomaterials have raised important and exciting questions about their interactions with biological moieties. 2D nanoparticles such as carbon-based 2D materials, silicate clays, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and transition metal oxides (TMOs) provide enhanced physical, chemical, and biological functionality owing to their uniform shapes, high surface-to-volume ratios, and surface charge. Here, we focus on state-of-the-art biomedical applications of 2D nanomaterials as well as recent developments that are shaping this emerging field. Specifically, we describe the unique characteristics that make 2D nanoparticles so valuable, as well as the biocompatibility framework that has been investigated so far. Finally, to both capture the growing trend of 2D nanomaterials for biomedical applications and to identify promising new research directions, we provide a critical evaluation of potential applications of recently developed 2D nanomaterials.
Exploring the use of ecological footprint in life cycle impact assessment: : Findings from a comparison of transportation fuels

Ecological footprint (EF) is a metric that estimates human consumption of biological resources and products, along with generation of waste greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in terms of appropriated productive land. There is an opportunity to better characterize land occupation and effects on the carbon cycle in life cycle assessment (LCA) models using EF concepts. Both LCA and EF may benefit from the merging of approaches commonly used separately by practitioners of these two methods. However, few studies have compared or integrated EF with LCA. The focus of this research was to explore methods for improving the characterization of land occupation within LCA by considering the EF method, either as a complementary tool or impact assessment method. Biofuels provide an interesting subject for application of EF in the LCA context because two of the most important issues surrounding biofuels are land occupation (changes, availability, and so on) and GHG balances, two of the impacts that EF is able to capture. We apply EF to existing fuel LCA land occupation and emissions data and project EF for future scenarios for U.S. transportation fuels. We find that LCA studies can benefit from lessons learned in EF about appropriately modeling productive land occupation and facilitating clear communication of meaningful results, but find limitations to the EF in the LCA context that demand refinement and recommend that EF always be used along with other indicators and metrics in product-level assessments
Risk-prediction model of severe postoperative complications after primary debulking surgery for advanced ovarian cancer

Abstract Objectives To refine models to predict surgical morbidity and 90-day mortality after primary debulking surgery (PDS) for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Methods Women with stage IIIC/IV EOC who underwent PDS with curative intent between 1/2/2003 and 12/30/2011 were included. Patient characteristics, intraoperative and postoperative outcomes, and vital status were abstracted. Complications were graded using the Accordion classification. Nomograms were generated based on multivariate modeling. Results 138 (22.3%) of the 620 patients who underwent PDS experienced a grade≥3 complication. Age (OR 1.21 per 10years increase in age), BMI (OR 1.35 for BMI 2 versus reference, OR 2.83 for BMI≥40kg/m 2 versus reference), ASA score≥3 (OR 1.49), stage (OR 1.69 stage IV) and surgical complexity (OR 2.32 high complexity versus intermediate) were predictive of an accordion grade≥3 complication Within 90days of surgery, 55 (8.9%) patients died. A multivariable model included age (OR 1.76 per 10year increase in age), ASA score≥3 (OR 3.28), preoperative albumin 2 versus reference, OR 3.64 for BMI≥40kg/m 2 versus reference) was predictive of 90-day mortality. Conclusion Using an independent cohort we report the importance of age, ASA score, preoperative albumin, FIGO stage, and surgical complexity, and BMI, to refine a prediction model for complications after PDS for advanced EOC. This information is useful in preoperative counseling and can be utilized to aid in patient-centered decision making and risk stratification.
The RMSM-S+P : a minimal poverty module for the RMSM-X

The authors present a new tool, the RMSM-X+P, which essentially consists of a RMSM-X model with an additional module for poverty and social indicators. This linkage facilitates the analysis of the impact of various macroeconomic shocks on a selected set of key social indicators. Poverty analysis is performed by the use of a poverty equation (which is estimated using pooled data for a group of low-income countries) that links the incidence of poverty to inflation, the literacy rate, real GDP per capita, the degree of trade openness, and income inequality. Similarly, the authors analyze the effects of various macroeconomic shocks on education and health with the aid of equations for education and health. This new tool allows the user to address a limited number of policy issues. However, it does possess several merits, perhaps the most substantial being that it permits the users to move beyond approaches that focus on the partial correlation between growth and poverty in discussions of poverty reduction.
Famines and economics

The author observes that famine, defined as widespread hunger or starvation, has occurred in most parts of the world in the twentieth century. Famines are more avoidable now than ever before. Famines defy simple explanations and geographic boundaries. They have occurred under both socialist and capitalist economic systems, with and without wars, or unusual political or social instability. Economic analysis can help explain famines. Under certain conditions, the threat of mass starvation can emerge from seemingly small economic shocks, or from a steady decline in average living standards. Similar shocks in similar settings can have very different consequences. Market and nonmarket institutions can fail under unusual stresses, making poor people highly vulnerable. Famine can be viewed as a tragic magnification of normal market and governmental failure. The factors that transform a shock into mass starvation seem to be intrinsic features of normal economies rather than peculiar features of highly distorted or badly managed economies. Normally hidden from view, they can surface in a number of ways. Certain elements increase a region's vulnerability to famine: poverty; weak social and physical infrastructure; weak and unprepared government; and a relatively closed political regime. Arguably the same factors constrain longer term economic development.
Transversality condition and optimality in a class of infinite horizon continuous time economic models

Abstract This paper analyzes a class of widely used infinite horizon continuous time economic models first formulated by Kamien and Schwartz. It is shown that the method of solution for this class of models offered in the literature is unwarranted because it assumes that the transversality condition is a necessary optimality condition. Further investigations reveal that the existing results in the literature do not offer a satisfactory justification for the necessity of the transversality condition. This paper provides an entirely different approach to solve the problem.
THE POTENTIAL OF GENETIC ALGORITHMS FOR CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF ROTOR SYSTEMS

The capabilities of the genetic algorithm as a non-calculus based, global search method makes it potentially useful in the conceptual design of rotor systems. Coupling reasonably simple analysis tools to the genetic algorithm was accomplished, and the resulting program was used to generate designs for rotor systems to match requirements similar to those of both an existing helicopter and a proposed helicopter design. This provides a comparison with the existing design and also provides insight into the potential of genetic algorithms in design of new rotors.
Structural and Optical Characteristics of Metamorphic Bulk InAsSb

Bulk unrelaxed InAsSb alloys with Sb compositions up to 65% and layer thicknesses up to 3 μm were grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The photoluminescence (PL) peak energy as low as 0.10 eV was demonstrated at T = 77 K. The electroluminescence and quantum efficiency data demonstrated with unoptimized barrier heterostructures from T = 80 to 150 K suggested large absorption and carrier lifetimes sufficient for the development of long wave infrared detectors and emitters with high quantum efficiency. The minority hole transport was found to be adequate for development of the detectors and emitters with large active layer thickness.
Narrow band gap group III-nitride alloys

Recent results on the properties of narrow gap group III-nitrides and their alloys are reviewed. It is shown that InN with the energy gap of 0.7 eV exhibits classical characteristics of a narrow gap semiconductor with strongly nonparabolic conduction band and an energy dependent electron effective mass. With the new discovery, the direct band gaps of the group III-nitride alloys span an extremely wide energy range from near infrared in InN to deep ultraviolet in AlN offering possibilities for new device applications of these materials. We also discuss properties of dilute group III-N-V alloys in which incorporation of a small amount of nitrogen results in a dramatic band gap reduction. All the unusual properties of the alloys are well described by a band anticrossing model that considers an interaction between localized nitrogen states and the extended states of the conduction band.
Exchange traded funds, size-based portfolios, and market efficiency

We examine the informational efficiency of size-based US exchange traded funds (ETFs) and comparable Center for Research in Security Prices portfolios. ETFs are better suited for market efficiency tests since they avoid potential asynchronous trading problems, and their negligible bid-ask spreads greatly diminish noise due to the bid-ask bounce. Variance ratio analysis demonstrates that return autocorrelations have diminished significantly over the past decade. Granger causality tests reject the presence of lead-lag effects among size-based ETFs. However, volatility spills over from large firm ETFs to those of smaller firms, and these spillovers extend to ETF option implied volatilities.
Size-time complexity of Boolean networks for prefix computations

The prefix problem consists of computing all the products x0x1 … xj (j = 0, … , N - 1), given a sequence x = (x0, x1, … , xN-1) of elements in a semigroup. In this paper we completely characterize the size-time complexity of computing prefixes with Boolean networks, which are synchronized interconnections of Boolean gates and one-bit storage devices. This complexity crucially depends upon two properties of the underlying semigroup, which we call cycle-freedom (no cycle of length greater than one in the Cayley graph of the semigroup), and memory-induciveness (arbitrarily long products of semigroup elements are true functions of all their factors). A nontrivial characterization is given of non-memory-inducive semigroups as those whose recurrent subsemigroup (formed by the elements with self-loops in the Cayley graph) is the direct product of a left-zero semigroup and a right-zero semigroup. Denoting by S and T size and computation time, respectively, we have S = T((N/T)log(N/T)) for memory-inducive non-cycle-free semigroups, and S = T(N/T) for all other semigroups. We have T e [O(log N), O(N)] for all semigroups, with the exception of those whose recurrent subsemigroup is a right-zero semigroup, for which T e [O(1), O(N)]. The preceding results are also extended to the VLSI model of computation. Area-time optimal circuits are obtained for both boundary and nonboundary I/O protocols.
Stereodivergence in an intramolecular Horner-Emmons macrocyclization. Effect of reaction conditions on product distribution

In a macrocyclization by intramolecular Horner-Emmons reaction, it has been shown that employment of K2CO3/18-crown-6 leads to formation of an E-disubstituted olefin as the major isomer whereas the use of LiCl/DBN affords the Z-isomer as the major product. Changes were made to the base, solvent and reaction temperature in an attempt to identify the factors which influence the stereochemical outcome of the cyclization. The results of this study suggest that the stereodivergence arises from a change in the rate-determining step of the reaction, possibly attributable to the strength of the base employed. Such an effect has been previously invoked in the intermolecular Horner-Emmons reaction to account for Z-selective conditions.
Coupling finite and boundary element methods for two‐dimensional potential problems

A finite element-boundary element (FE-BE) coupling method based on a weighted residual variational method is presented for potential problems, governed by either the Laplace or the Poisson equations. In this method, a portion of the domain of interest is modeled by finite elements (FE) and the remainder of the region by boundary elements (BE). Because the BE fundamental solutions are valid for infinite domains, a procedure that limits the effects of the BE fundamental solution to a small region adjacent to the FE region, called the transition region (TR), is developed. This procedure involves a judicious choice of functions called the transition (T) functions that have unit values on the BE-TR interface and zero values on the FE-TR interface. The present FE-BE coupling algorithm is shown to be independent of the extent of the transition region and the choice of the transition functions. Therefore, transition regions that extend to only one layer of elements between FE and BE regions and the use of simple linear transition functions work well.
Multicomponent decarboxylative allylations

The reaction of Meldrum's acid, pyrrolide, and allyl carbonates allows a multicomponent decarboxylative coupling to form allylated acyl pyrroles. This strategy is made possible by the in situ formation of β-oxo carboxylates from Meldrum's acid. Subsequent decarboxylative enolate formation and electrophilic allylation complete the reaction. Addition of benzylidene malononitriles as good Michael acceptors allow a 4-component interceptive decarboxylative allylation.
Ru(II) Tris(3,8-Dibromo-1,10-phenanthroline)—A New Versatile Core for the Divergent Synthesis of Hyperbranched Systems

We report the first synthesis of Ru(II) tris(3,8-dibromo-1,lO-phenanthroline) bishexafluorophosphate, and we demonstrate its utility as a building core for the divergent synthesis of hyperbranched systems by coupling with phenylacetylene in the preparation of Rum tris(3,8-diphenylethynyl- 1,lO-phenanthroline) dihexafluorophosphate.
Brownian dynamics simulations of hydrophobic dendrimer adsorption

The adsorption of an isolated hydrophobic dendrimer onto a flat surface is studied in this work using Brownian dynamics simulations. The dendrimer is modelled as a freely jointed bead-rod chain. Bead–bead and bead–surface hydrophobic interactions along with excluded-volume interactions are accounted for using a Lennard-Jones potential. Adsorption behaviour is studied as a function of the strength of hydrophobic interactions, dendrimer generation and distribution of hydrophobic groups within the dendrimer. The adsorbed dendrimer adopts a disk-like conformation by compressing in the direction normal to the surface and expanding in the direction parallel to the surface. As the strength of hydrophobicity decreases, the adsorbed dendrimer expands in the normal direction and contracts in the parallel direction. Eventually, at a very low level of hydrophobicity, the dendrimer desorbs and adopts a sphere-like conformation. Bead density profiles show that the adsorbed hydrophobic dendrimer forms a two-layer struct...
Implementation of a structured English query language

The relational model of data, the XRM Relational Memory System, and the SEQUEL language have been covered in previous papers and are reviewed. SEQUEL is a relational data sublanguage intended for ad hoc interactive problem solving by non-computer specialists. A version of SEQUEL that has been implemented in a prototype interpreter is described. The interpreter is designed to minimize the data accessing operations required to respond to an arbitrary query. The optimization algorithms designed for this purpose are described.
The Essential Spectrum of Advective Equations

The geometric optics stability method is extended to a general class of linear advective PDE's with pseudodifferential bounded perturbation. We give a new short proof of Vishik's formula for the essential spectral radius. We show that every point in the dynamical spectrum of the corresponding bicharacteristic-amplitude system contributes a point into the essential spectrum of the PDE. Generic spectral pictures are obtained in Sobolev spaces of sufficiently large smoothness. Applications to instability are presented.
The state of urban health in India; comparing the poorest quartile to the rest of the urban population in selected states and cities:

India has the world’s second largest urban population (after China). This paper shows the large disparities within this urban population in health-related indicators. It shows the disparities for child and maternal health, provision for health care and housing conditions between the poorest quartile and the rest of the urban population for India and for several of its most populous states. In the poorest quartile of India’s urban population, only 40 per cent of 12 to 23 month-old children were completely immunized in 2004—2005, 54 per cent of under-five year-olds were stunted, 82 per cent did not have access to piped water at home and 53 per cent were not using a sanitary flush or pit toilet. The paper also shows the large disparities in eight cities between the poorest population (the population in the city that is within the poorest quartile for India’s urban areas), the population living in settlements classified as “slums” and the non-slum population. It also highlights the poor performance in some he...
A Convenient Synthesis of 6,6′-Diamino-2,2′-Bipyridine

Abstract 6,6′-Diamino-2,2′-bipyridine was synthesized in moderate yield by a dependable four step procedure.
Asymptotic Flatness of the Weil-Petersson Metric on Teichmüller Space

In this paper, we show that there is no negative upper bound for the sectional curvature of Teichmuller space of Riemann surfaces with the Weil–Petersson metric. Mathematics Subject Classifications (2000). 32G15, 53C21, 30F60.
Inside money and the open economy

Abstract This paper presents a theoretical model of a world economy with international capital mobility, non-substitutable national currencies, and flexible exchange rates. An essential feature of the model is that individuals face a non-trivial choice between real assets intermediated through banks (inside money) and unbacked currency (outside money). Real shocks affect the relative demand for inside as opposed to outside money (the money multiplier) and are transmitted internationally through capital markets, thereby affecting money stocks, price levels, and output abroad. The analysis provides a possible explanation for the pattern of comovements in money supplies, inflation rates, and output levels across countries.
Coherent optical non-reciprocity in axisymmetric resonators

We describe an approach to optical non-reciprocity that exploits the local helicity of evanescent electric fields in axisymmetric resonators. By interfacing an optical cavity to helicity-sensitive transitions, such as Zeeman levels in a quantum dot, light transmission through a waveguide becomes direction-dependent when the state degeneracy is lifted. Using a linearized quantum master equation, we analyze the configurations that exhibit non-reciprocity, and we show that reasonable parameters from existing cavity QED experiments are sufficient to demonstrate a coherent non-reciprocal optical isolator operating at the level of a single photon.
Multielectron-photoinduced reduction of chloroplatinum complexes: visible light deposition of platinum metal

Etude de la reduction a 4 electrons d'un complexe PtCl 6 2− utilisant des photons visibles de faible energie. Avec des concentrations elevees de PtCl 6 2− ou Cl − , la reduction s'arrete au stade 2 electrons
Factors influencing the reductive cleavage of C-X multiple bonds in their reactions with metal-metal multiple bonds (X = C, N, O, S)

Though metal-metal multiple bonds of the transition elements are redox active, their reactivity towards C-X multiple bonds (X = C, N, O, S) vary greatly depending principally on: 1 The coordination geometry of the metal. 2 The oxidation state of the metal and the electronic configuration of the M-M bond. 3 The nature of the attendant ligands. Specific examples of C-X multiple bond activation at dimolybdenum and ditungsten centers are presented that illustrate the importance of these factors. Evidence is presented to support the view that reductive cleavage of a C-X multiple bond can be considered to be equivalent to an intramolecular redox reaction within a [M2CX] “cluster complex,” for which the frontier orbital energies of the C-X and M-M multiple bonds are of paramount importance. Some applications of these C-X reductive cleavage reactions toward organic synthesis are described. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and The Japan Chemical Journal Forum Chem Rec 1:12–23, 2001
Multiphase Nuclear Fuel Cavity Reactors for Power Generation

Abstract : The characteristics and problems of cavity reactors with fuel in the solid, solid/liquid, solid/liquid/gas, liquid and liquid/gas states are explored analytically in an effort to uncover interesting operational regimes. Operation with the fuel in a thin liquid film on the cavity wall promises continuous fission debris removal and interesting performance (e.g. 2000 MW(th) in a 5 ft radius cavity), but poses problems of container penetration by the fuel and gravity induced fuel flow. These problems are avoided when the fuel film is solid at the expense of power and operational duration. (Author)
Magnetars in the Metagalaxy: An Origin for Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays in the Nearby Universe

I show that the relativistic winds of newly born magnetars (neutron stars with petagauss surface magnetic fields) with initial spin rates close to the centrifugal breakup limit, occurring in all normal galaxies with massive star formation, can provide a source of ultrarelativistic light ions with an E-1 injection spectrum, steepening to E-2 at higher energies, with an upper cutoff at 1021-1022 eV. Interactions with the cosmic microwave background yield a spectrum at the Earth that compares favorably with the spectrum of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) observed at energies up to a few times 1020 eV. The fit to the observations suggests that ~5%-10% of the magnetars are born with rotation rates and voltages sufficiently high to allow the acceleration of the UHECR. The form the spectrum incident on the Earth takes depends sensitively on the mechanism and the magnitude of gravitational wave losses during the early spin-down of these neutron stars: pure electromagnetic spin-down (the E-1 injection spectrum) yields a GZK feature [a flattening of the E3J(E) spectrum] below 1020 eV, rather than a cutoff, while a moderate GZK cutoff appears if gravitational wave losses are strong enough to steepen the injection spectrum above 1020 eV. The flux above 1020 eV comes from magnetars in relatively nearby galaxies (D 100 EeV air showers, the model predicts gravitational wave strains ~3 × 10-21. Such bursts of gravitational radiation should correlate with bursts of ultra-high-energy particles. The Auger experiment should see bursts of particles with energy above 100 EeV every few years.
Asymmetric Cell Division: A Persistent Issue?

Heterogeneity within a clonal population of cells can increase survival in the face of environmental stress. In a recent issue of Science, Aldridge et al. (2012) demonstrate that cell division in mycobacteria is asymmetric, producing daughter cells that differ in size, growth rate, and susceptibility to antibiotics.
Entropy Theory for Cross Sections

We define the notion of entropy for a cross-section of an action of continuous amenable group, and relate it to the entropy of the ambient action. As a result, we are able to answer a question of J.P. Thouvenot about completely positive entropy actions.
Boundedness of pluricanonical maps of varieties of general type

Using the techniques of [20] and [10], we prove that certain log forms may be lifted from a divisor to the ambient variety. As a consequence of this result, following [22], we show that: For any positive integer n there exists an integer r n such that if X is a smooth projective variety of general type and dimension n, then $\phi_{rK_X}\colon X\dasharrow\mathbb{P}(H^0(\mathcal{O}_{X}(rK_X)))$ is birational for all r≥r n .
On the optimal hedge under unbiased futures prices

Abstract We derive both necessary and sufficient conditions for optimal hedge ratios to be a constant proportion of the physical position, independently of risk-averse agents' utility functions. Assumptions frequently employed in hedging studies are discussed in relation to the conditions derived.
A framework for examining social stress and susceptibility to air pollution in respiratory health

There is growing interest in disentangling the health effects of spatially clustered social and physical environmental exposures and in exploring potential synergies among them, with particular attention directed to the combined effects of psychosocial stress and air pollution. Both exposures may be elevated in lower-income urban communities, and it has been hypothesized that stress, which can influence immune function and susceptibility, may potentiate the effects of air pollution in respiratory disease onset and exacerbation. In this paper, we review the existing epidemiologic and toxicologic evidence on synergistic effects of stress and pollution, and describe the physiologic effects of stress and key issues related to measuring and evaluating stress as it relates to physical environmental exposures and susceptibility. Finally, we identify some of the major methodologic challenges ahead as we work toward disentangling the health effects of clustered social and physical exposures and accurately describing the interplay among these exposures. As this research proceeds, we recommend careful attention to the relative temporalities of stress and pollution exposures, to nonlinearities in their independent and combined effects, to physiologic pathways not elucidated by epidemiologic methods, and to the relative spatial distributions of social and physical exposures at multiple geographic scales.
Magnetism of californium metal

Magnetic susceptibility measurements have been made on samples of californium-249 metal having the dhcp crystal structure. At temperatures between 100 and 340 K and at fields up to 50 kilogauss, the samples exhibit Curie-Weiss behavior. Previous measurements extending only to 1.6 kilogauss gave a magnetic moment per atom of μeff = (10.7±0.2)μB and paramagnetic Weiss temperatures. Θp, in the range of −2 to −16 K for two samples. These values of μeff are in good agreement with the value expected (10.62μB) for a free-ion 5f9 configuration based on an L-S coupling scheme and Hund's rule. In this work extended to higher fields, two additional samples give the values μeff = (9.7 ± 0.2)μB and Θp = −40 K. At low temperatures the samples exhibit an ordered magnetic transition to a state with a saturated moment of 6.1μB/atom when extrapolated to infinitely high field. The low temperature ordered phase exists at temperatures below Tc = (51 ± 2) K as determined from constant magnetization plots.
Reconstructing the conformal mode in simplicial gravity

Abstract We verify that summing 2D DT geometries correctly reproduces the Polyakov action for the conformal mode, including all ghost contributions, at large volumes. The Gaussian action is reproduced even for central charges greater than one lending strong support to the hypothesis that the space of all possible dynamical triangulations approximates well the space of physically distinct metrics independent of the precise nature of the matter coupling.
Discrete Scale Relativity

The possibility that global discrete dilation invariance is a fundamental symmetry principle of nature is explored. If the discrete self-similarity observed in nature is exact, then the Principle of General Covariance needs to be broadened in order to accommodate this form of discrete conformal invariance, and a further generalization of relativity theory is required.
RESIDUAL STRESS IN WELDMENT

A new computer model for welding by surface heating is used to predict the residual stresses in the weldment. By incorporating both solid and fluid phases during melting and solidification it is possible to monitor the complete history of the stress field, as well as the residual stress field. Predicted results when compared to an available experiment show qualitative agreements.
SIZES, HALF-MASS DENSITIES, AND MASS FUNCTIONS OF STAR CLUSTERS IN THE MERGER REMNANT NGC 1316: CLUES TO THE FATE OF SECOND-GENERATION GLOBULAR CLUSTERS*

We study mass functions of globular clusters derived from Hubble Space Telescope/Advanced Camera for Surveys images of the early-type merger remnant galaxy NGC 1316, which hosts a significant population of metal-rich globular clusters of intermediate age (~3 Gyr). For the old, metal-poor ("blue") clusters, the peak mass of the mass function increases with internal half-mass density ρh as , whereas it stays approximately constant with galactocentric distance R gal. The mass functions of these clusters are consistent with a simple scenario in which they formed with a Schechter initial mass function and evolved subsequently by internal two-body relaxation. For the intermediate-age population of metal-rich ("red") clusters, the faint end of the previously reported power-law luminosity function of the clusters with R gal > 9 kpc is due to many of those clusters having radii larger than the theoretical maximum value imposed by the tidal field of NGC 1316 at their R gal. This renders disruption by two-body relaxation ineffective. Only a few such diffuse clusters are found in the inner regions of NGC 1316. Completeness tests indicate that this is a physical effect. Using comparisons with star clusters in other galaxies and cluster disruption calculations using published models, we hypothesize that most red clusters in the low-ρh tail of the initial distribution have already been destroyed in the inner regions of NGC 1316 by tidal shocking, and that several remaining low-ρh clusters will evolve dynamically to become similar to "faint fuzzies" that exist in several lenticular galaxies. Finally, we discuss the nature of diffuse red clusters in early-type galaxies.
Tunneling current characteristics in bilayer quantum Hall systems

Abstract Weakly disordered bilayer quantum Hall systems at filling factor ν =1 show spontaneous interlayer phase coherence if the layers are sufficiently close together. We study the collective modes in the system, the current–voltage characteristics and their evolution with an in-plane magnetic field in the phase-coherent regime.
Lewis Acid Promoted Carbon−Carbon Bond Cleavage of γ-Silyloxy-β-hydroxy-α-diazoesters

Cyclic γ-silyloxy-β-hydroxy-α-diazoesters undergo efficient rupture of the Cβ−Cγ bond when treated with tin tetrachloride to provide tethered aldehyde ynoate products in high yield.
Exact results for the zeros of the partition function of the Potts model on finite lattices

The Yang–Lee zeros of the Q-state Potts model are investigated in one, two and three dimensions. Analytical results derived from the transfer matrix for the one-dimensional model reveal a systematic behavior of the locus of zeros as a function of Q. For 1 2 they lie outside the unit circle for finite temperature. In the special case Q=2 the zeros lie exactly on the unit circle as proved by Lee and Yang. In two and three dimensions the zeros are calculated numerically and behave in the same way. Results are also presented for the critical line of the Potts model in an external field as determined from the zeros of the partition function in the complex temperature plane.
Palladium-catalyzed coupling of aryl halides with arylhalosilanes in air and water

Abstract In the presence of a palladium catalyst, various aryl halides reacted with arylhalosilanes in aqueous media and under an air atmosphere to give the corresponding unsymmetrical aryl–aryl coupling products conveniently.
Future experiments in relativistic heavy ion collisions

The measurements at RHIC have revealed a new state of matter, which needs to be further characterized in order to better understand its implications for the early evolution of the universe and QCD. I will show that, in the near future, complementary key measurements can be performed at RHIC, LHC and FAIR. I will focus on results that can be obtained using identified particles, a probe which has been the basis for this conference over the past three decades. The sophisticated detectors, built and planned, for all three accelerator facilities enable us to measure leptons, photons, muons as well as hadrons and resonances of all flavors almost equally well, which makes these experiments unprecedented precision tools for the comprehensive understanding of the physics of the early universe.
Wavelet Denoising of Gravity Gradiometry Data

In this paper I propose an automatic 1D wavelet filtering technique, specially designed to process gravity gradiometry data. The method uses compactly supported orthonormal wavelets that selectively filter out localized high-frequency noise with little effect on other sharp features present in the signal. The method is applied to synthetic data sets contaminated with both correlated and uncorrelated noise and compared with traditional Fourier domain filters. The overall results show that the performance of the proposed wavelet-based filter is comparable with the best results achieved with the Fourier filters. The possibility of getting reliable results with automatic choice of filter parameters makes the proposed filter a faster and valuable tool for processing large amounts of data, as in gravity gradiometry surveys.
Application of polynomial algorithms to a random elastic medium

A randomly pinned elastic medium in two dimensions is modeled by a disordered fully-packed loop model. The energetics of disorder-induced dislocations is studied using exact and polynomial algorithms from combinatorial optimization. Dislocations are found to become unbound at large scale, and the elastic phase is thus unstable giving evidence for the absence of a Bragg glass in two dimensions.
The LX-YX Relation: Using Galaxy Cluster X-Ray Luminosity as a Robust, Low-Scatter Mass Proxy

We use a sample of 115 galaxy clusters at 0.1 < z < 1.3 observed with Chandra ACIS-I to investigate the relation between luminosity and YX (the product of gas mass and temperature). The scatter in the relation is dominated by cluster cores, and a tight LX-YX relation (11% intrinsic scatter in LX) is recovered if sufficiently large core regions (0.15R500) are excluded. The intrinsic scatter is well described by a lognormal distribution, and the relations are consistent for relaxed and disturbed/merging clusters. We investigate the LX-YX relation in low-quality data (e.g., for clusters detected in X-ray survey data) by estimating LX from soft-band count rates, and find that the scatter increases somewhat to 21%. We confirm the tight correlation between YX and mass and the self-similar evolution of that scaling relation out to z = 0.6 for a subset of clusters in our sample with mass estimates from the literature. This is used to estimate masses for the entire sample and hence measure the LX-M relation. We find that the scatter in the LX-M relation is much lower than previous estimates, due to the full removal of cluster cores and more robust mass estimates. For high-redshift clusters the scatter in the LX-M relation remains low if cluster cores are not excluded. These results suggest that cluster masses can be reliably estimated from simple luminosity measurements in low-quality data where direct mass estimates, or measurements of YX, are not possible. This has important applications in the estimation of cosmological parameters from X-ray cluster surveys.
Calorimetry of the palladium-deuterium-heavy water system

Abstract It is shown that accurate values of the rates of enthalpy generation in the electrolysis of light and heavy water can be obtained from measurements in simple, single compartment Dewar type calorimeter cells. This precise evaluation of the rate of enthalpy generation relies on the non-linear regression fitting of the “black-box” model of the calorimeter to an extensive set of temperature time measurements. The method of data analysis gives a systematic underestimate of the enthalpy output and, in consequence, a slightly negative excess rate of enthalpy generation for an extensive set of blank experiments using both light and heavy water. By contrast, the electrolysis of heavy water at palladium electrodes shows a positive excess rate of enthalpy generation; this rate increases markedly with current density, reaching values of approximately 100 W cm−3 at approximately 1 A cm−2. It is also shown that prolonged polarization of palladium cathodes in heavy water leads to bursts in the rate of enthalpy generation; the thermal output of the cells exceeds the enthalpy input (or the total energy input) to the cells by factors in excess of 40 during these bursts. The total specific energy output during the bursts as well as the total specific energy output of fully charged electrodes subjected to prolonged polarization (5–50 MJ cm−3) is 102–103 times larger than the enthalpy of reaction of chemical processes.
Constraints from the Damping Tail

The detection of anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) on arcminute scales by the Cosmic Background Imager (CBI) provides us with our first measurement of the damping tail and closes one chapter in the CMB story. We now have experimental verification for all of the features in the temperature anisotropy spectrum predicted theoretically two decades ago. The CBI result allows us to constrain both parameterized models based on the inflationary cold dark matter paradigm and to examine model-independent constraints on the matter content, the distance to last scattering, and the thickness of the last scattering surface. In particular, we show that recombination had to proceed "slowly," with the surface of last scattering having a width Δz 50. This provides strong constraints on nonstandard recombination scenarios. By providing a lower limit on the duration of recombination, it implies a lower limit on the polarization of the subdegree scale anisotropy, which is close to current experimental upper limits.
Aerodynamic characteristics of a large-scale, twin tilt-nacelle V/STOL model

A subsonic tilt-nacelle V/STOL aircraft configuration is described which is powered by two turbofan engines, mounted on a single carry-through structure that is designed to maintain the thrust axis close to the center of gravity at nacelle incidences of 5-95 deg. Control during V/STOL operation, often from small ship platforms, is achieved by means of a vane assembly that is immersed in each turbofan's exhaust. Wind tunnel test data have been obtained with an 11.2-m wing span model for the vertical-to-horizontal flight transition capability of the concept. It is found that the aircraft can operate over a broad transition corridor, with sufficient maneuver capability about the trim points. The control vane exhibited linear response characteristics over a large deflection range, with little influence from power, angle of attack or ground proximity in hover. The model induced a positive ground effect in hover that increased as wheel height was approached and strake angle increased.
Telling three from four neutrinos with cosmology

New results, namely the independent determination of the deuterium abundance in several quasar absorption systems, and the complementary determination of the cosmological baryon density by observations of anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB), allow for a reevaluation of the constraints on the relativistic particle content of the Universe at primordial nucleosynthesis. Expressed in terms of the neutrino energy density, we find 1.7<Nν<3.5 (95% CL). In particular, we show that phenomenological four neutrino models including a sterile state (not participating in SU(2)L×U(1)Y interactions) unavoidably thermalize a fourth neutrino, and are highly disfavored in the standard minimal model of primordial nucleosynthesis, if the systematic uncertainty in the primordial helium abundance is small. We describe plausible extensions of the minimal model which evade this constraint.
On Block Coherence of Frames

Block coherence of matrices plays an important role in analyzing the performance of block compressed sensing recovery algorithms (Bajwa and Mixon, 2012). In this paper, we characterize two block coherence metrics: worst-case and average block coherence. First, we present lower bounds on worst-case block coherence, in both the general case and also when the matrix is constrained to be a union of orthobases. We then present deterministic matrix constructions based upon Kronecker products which obtain these lower bounds. We also characterize the worst-case block coherence of random subspaces. Finally, we present a flipping algorithm that can improve the average block coherence of a matrix, while maintaining the worst-case block coherence of the original matrix. We provide numerical examples which demonstrate that our proposed deterministic matrix construction performs well in block compressed sensing.
Effect of Clouds on Apertures of Space-based Air Fluorescence Detectors

Space-based ultra-high-energy cosmic ray detectors observe fluorescence light from extensive air showers produced by these particles in the troposphere. Clouds can scatter and absorb this light and produce systematic errors in energy determination and spectrum normalization. We study the possibility of using IR remote sensing data from MODIS and GOES satellites to delimit clear areas of the atmosphere. The efficiency for detecting ultra-high-energy cosmic rays whose showers do not intersect clouds is determined for real, night-time cloud scenes. We use the MODIS SST cloud mask product to define clear pixels for cloud scenes along the equator and use the OWL Monte Carlo to generate showers in the cloud scenes. We find the efficiency for cloud-free showers with closest approach of three pixels to a cloudy pixel is 6.5% exclusive of other factors. We conclude that defining a totally cloud-free aperture reduces the sensitivity of space-based fluorescence detectors to unacceptably small levels.
Subband motion compensation for spatially scalable video coding

In this paper, a new enhancement layer motion compensation technique referred to as subband motion compensation is proposed for spatially scalable video coding. This approach is proposed as an alternative to a technique which we call pyramid motion compensation in this paper and which is referred to as inter-layer residual prediction in the H.264/MPEG4-AVC scalable extension, Scalable Video Coding (SVC) standard. The main difference between these two techniques lies in the way they use the base layer information to encode the enhancement layer. Experimental results comparing the two approaches show that for enhancement layer encoding, pyramid method is better when the corresponding base layer is encoded with a lower bitrate while subband method outperforms pyramid method when the base layer has a higher bitrate. This motivates future proposed work to adaptively choose between these two methods at the macroblock level or even at the transform coefficient level for spatially scalable video coding.