cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasticity and repeatability of activity patterns in free-living Arctic ground squirrels

Social interactions can shape daily activity patterns, and this is an area of growing research interest. The propensity for individuals to be active at certain times of day may structure interactions with competitors and potential mates, influencing fitness outcomes. Aspects of daily activity such as timing of activity onset and offset exhibit within-individual repeatability, which raises the possibility that they may be subject to natural and sexual selection. This study used a biologging approach in free-living Arctic ground squirrels, Urocitellus parryii, to test the hypothesis that interactions between the sexes shape temporal patterns of daily activity. We predicted that males would become active earlier than females during the mating period, consistent with sexual selection on activity timing. We also examined repeatability in activity timing and how repeatability estimates are affected by sampling methodology. We deployed collar-mounted light loggers on ground squirrels and used timing of light transitions to determine daily onset and offset of above-ground activity. We observed 87 animals over 3 years, collecting over 7500 observations of daily activity. We found that daily activity timing had moderate (onset) to low (offset) adjusted repeatability. The difference in daily activity timing between the sexes varied seasonally: males remained active later than females during mating, while females initiated activity earlier and extended activity later during lactation. Adjusted repeatability estimates were sensitive to sampling methodology: they varied seasonally and declined with increased behavioural sampling. These results suggest that offset, not onset, may be shaped by sexual selection and that life history differences shape sex-dependent activity patterns in ground squirrels. We propose that activity onset may be under more strict circadian control than offset. This study suggests that researchers must consider seasonality and sampling design when estimating behavioural repeatability. Biologging could transform studies of individual variation by enabling high-frequency sampling of free-living animals.
Eleven New Nearctic Species of Sciophila Meigen Fungus Gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae)

Eleven new species of Sciophila Meigen fungus gnats were discovered in mixed pine and hardwood forest in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The current effort (and five species in press elsewhere) presents the only Sciophila species known to the author that were described from Michigan. Sciophila ansluta Taber, Sciophila betula Taber, Sciophila enigma Taber, Sciophila impala Taber, Sciophila michigana Taber, Sciophila paludosa Taber, Sciophila platalea Taber, Sciophila rugosa Taber, Sciophila separata Taber, Sciophila sunda Taber, and Sciophila typha Taber are known from adult males. Adult females and immature forms are unknown.
Globalization and Rohinton Mistry’s A Fine Balance

In this essay I aim to discuss pedagogical strategies in world literature classes through a basic theoretical framework about the nature of radical pedagogy within the context of American Universities. While I focus on Rohinton Mistry’s A Fine Balance (1995) as an exemplary text, I understand that my discussion of this one novel can be very easily applied to other works of fiction and non-fiction. Only informed radical and critical pedagogy can enable us to create more informed, empathetic, and cosmopolitan human subjects. Since the texts are produced within the material world of the present, it is also helpful to teach with an eye toward the material conditions within which the texts are produced, published, taught, and consumed.
Closed-loop multistage adaptive beamforming

This work is concerned with efficient techniques for adaptive interference cancellation, and their application to very large arrays. Such arrays provide many degrees of freedom (DOFs) that can be used for filtering. However, the processing hardware required to fully utilize these DOFs (i.e., in a simultaneous, data-adaptive fashion) is prohibitive. To address this problem, we establish a new signal processing framework called "closed-loop multistage adaptive beamforming." A simplistic environmental model is used to demonstrate the capabilities of this new class of signal processing architectures. In typical applications, closed-loop multistage adaptive beamforming is shown to potentially result in one of the following desirable results: (1) orders of magnitude reductions in hardware and processing complexity for a given performance level; and (2) orders of magnitude improvements in interference rejection and target detection for a given number of instantaneously adaptive degrees of freedom.
Efficient methods for solving boundary integral equation in diffusive scalar problem and eddy current nondestructive evaluation

Eddy current nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of airframe structures involves the detection of electromagnetic field irregularities due to non-conducting inhomogeneities in an electrically conducting material. Usually, the eddy current NDE problem can be formulated by the boundary integral equations (BIE) and discretized into matrix equations by the method of moments (MoM) or the boundary element method (BEM). The fast multipole method (FMM) is a well-established and effective method for accelerating numerical solutions of the matrix equations. Accelerated by the FMM, the BIE method can now solve large-scale electromagnetic wave propagation and diffusion problems. The traditional BIE method requires O(N) operations to compute the system of equations and another O(N) operations to solve the system using direct solvers, with N being the number of unknowns; in contrast, the BIE method accelerated by the two-level FMM can potentially reduce the operations and memory requirement to O(N). Moreover, several approaches have been proposed for the field calculation in the presence of flaws in three dimensional NDE; however, seldom work has been done in applying efficient methods to seek rapid solution in eddy current NDE simulation. As elaborated in the dissertation, we introduce a fast multipole BIE method for two-dimensional diffusive scalar problem and an efficient BIE method for three-dimensional eddy current NDE. Firstly, we work with the two-dimensional Helmholtz equation with a complex wave number for non-trivial boundary geometry. We describe the FMM acceleration procedure of the BIE method and its features briefly, explaining that the FMM is not only efficient in meshing complicated geometries, accurate for solving singular fields or
Toward a Critical Race Psychology

Critical Race Theory (CRT) emerged as an identity-conscious intervention within critical legal studies and has subsequently developed an interdisciplinary presence. We draw upon CRT perspectives to articulate five core ideas for a Critical Race Psychology (CRP). CRT perspectives (1) approach racism as a systemic force embedded in everyday society (rather than a problem of individual bias); (2) illuminate how ideologies of neoliberal individualism (e.g., merit, choice) often reflect and reproduce racial domination; (3) identify interest convergence as the typical source of broad-based support for reparative action; (4) emphasize possessive investment in privileged identities and identity-infused realities that reproduce racial domination; and (5) propose practices of counter-storytelling to reveal and contest identity-infused bases of everyday society. In summary, we propose a CRP that consider race not as one domain (among many) for psychological investigation but instead as a conceptual lens through which to analyze all of psychological science.
Regulation of smooth muscle excitation and contraction

Smooth muscle cells (SMC) make up the muscular portion of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract from the distal oesophagus to the internal anal sphincter. Coordinated contractions of these cells produce the motor patterns of GI motility. Considerable progress was made during the last 20 years to understand the basic mechanisms controlling excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling. The smooth muscle motor is now understood in great molecular detail, and much has been learned about the mechanisms that deliver and recover Ca2+ during contractions. The majority of Ca2+ that initiates contractions comes from the external solution and is supplied by voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCC). VDCC are regulated largely by the effects of K+ and non-selective cation conductances (NSCC) on cell membrane potential and excitability. Ca2+ entry is supplemented by release of Ca2+ from IP(3) receptor-operated stores and by mechanisms that alter the sensitivity of the contractile apparatus to changes in cytoplasmic Ca2+. Molecular studies of the regulation of smooth muscle have been complicated by the plasticity of SMC and difficulties in culturing these cells without dramatic phenotypic changes. Major questions remain to be resolved regarding the details of E-C coupling in human GI smooth muscles. New discoveries regarding molecular expression that give GI smooth muscle their unique properties, the phenotypic changes that occur in SMC in GI motor disorders, tissue engineering approaches to repair or replace defective muscular regions, and molecular manipulations of GI smooth muscles in animals models and in cell culture will be topics for exciting investigations in the future.
Friend or Foe: The Impact of Line Extension Advertising and Perceived Quality on Parent Brand Sales

Introducing new products is both risky and critical to a company's success. To help mitigate these risks, the use of line extension strategies has become widespread, with some researchers reporting that 95% of new product introductions are extensions of current brands. Support for the use of line extensions is based on the extended product's ability to leverage favorable parent brand associations and, hence, demonstrate a greater degree of success. To fully understand the success of a line extension, its impact, or spillover, on the parent brand must also be taken into account. This prompts the research question: Will a line extension help or hurt the parent brand? That is, will the introduction of the line extension result in incremental or reduced unit sales of the parent brand? The majority of research on line extensions focuses on forward effects from the parent brand (P) to the extension (X). In contrast, I study reciprocal advertising effects - those of X on P - using 45 P/X brand pairs in 15 categories. I test eight hypotheses derived from a model integrating associative network theory and information economics, suggesting positive interactions between P and X; and cross-elasticity theory, suggesting negative interactions when P and X are substitutes. I find the moderating variables similarity, concept consistency, and fit to be particularly important determinants of whether a line extension will have a net positive or net negative effect on unit sales of the parent brand.
B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography in pony mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis.

Summary Reasonsforperformingstudy: Early,accuratediagnosisofascendingplacentitisinmaresremainsakeychallengeforsuccessfultreatmentofthedisease.Dopplerultrasonographyhasshownpromiseasatooltodiagnosepregnancyabnormalitiesandisbecomingmoreavailabletoequineclinicians.However,todate, no studies have prospectively compared this technique to standard B-mode measurement of the combined thickness of the uterus and placenta(CTUP). Objectives: TheobjectiveofthecurrentstudywastocompareDopplerandB-modeultrasonographyforthedetectionofexperimentally-inducedascendingplacentitisinmares. Methods: Elevenhealthyponymaresinlategestationwereusedinthisstudy.Placentitiswasinducedin6maresbetweenDays280and295,while5maresservedasnegativecontrols.Allmareswereintensivelymonitoreduntildelivery.Fetalheartrate,CTUP,uterinearterybloodﬂow(resistanceindex,pulsatilityindex,arterialdiameterandtotalarterialbloodﬂow)andphysicalexaminationﬁndingswererecordedateachexamination.MareswithanincreasedCTUPabovepublishedvaluesweretreatedinaccordancewithpublishedrecommendations.Foalsandfetalmembraneswereexaminedatbirth.UltrasonographicparameterswerecomparedbetweengroupsusingANOVA.FoalviabilityandhistologicalpresenceofplacentitiswerecomparedusingaFisher’sexacttest.
Master Narratives and Oppositional Texts: Aesthetics and Black Literature for Youth

The paradox captured in the above line aptly describes the confounding problem of creating art in a context in which one is often viewed as a lesser human being incapable of creative expression or intellectual complexities. This paradox bedeviled and continues to confound writers who self-identify or who are labeled, Black writers. The problem remains a seminal issue in Black literature for adults and literature created for children. The myriad ways in which artists reject and/or challenge the paradox is a central motif in Black literary history. A framework that I find useful for examining aesthetics and Black children’s literature is the idea of master narratives vis-a-vis oppositional narratives. The framework captures the historic and ongoing tensions that characterize the development of Black children’s literature. The tensions are interactive and reflect the hegemonic power of dominant cultures and the transformative power of marginalized cultures. Further, I argue that artists, now and in the past, move beyond reflexive opposition to the deliberate creation of literature whose primary purpose is aesthetic pleasure and intellectual engagement. The framework articulates a tradition evident in Black literary history that is not without its internal contradictions. Scholars, cultural critics, and artists such as W. E. B. Du Bois, Carter G. Woodson, Sterling A. Brown, Jessie Fauset, and Lois Mailou Jones early on challenged artistic representations of Blacks that denied their humanity while offering ideas about creating a new cultural aesthetic or oppositional tradition. They interrogated ideas about how to create art when disconnected from the heritage culture yet a part of a Diaspora culture. In other words, how does one create a “new world literature” under oppressive conditions? The answers to that dilemma continue to vex artists today. The roles of the “Black” artist and “Black” aesthetics remain organic, reflecting the fluidity of identity, the role and influence of geography and time, culture, gender, race,
Immunotherapy of Asthma

Immunotherapy of allergic diseases can be effective. The injection of allergen into the sensitized host induces a number of cellular and humoral changes associated with clinical improvement. Although studies demonstrating clear efficacy are available for immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis, additional information is needed for complete evaluation of immunotherapy in asthma.
Reaction of tetranuclear mixed-metal clusters with carbon monoxide

Reaction of the mixed-metal tetranuclear clusters H/sub 2/FeRu/sub 3/(CO)/sub 13/, H/sub 2/FeRu/sub 2/Os(CO)/sub 13/, H/sub 2/FeRuOs/sub 2/(CO)/sub 13/, HCoRu/sub 3/(CO)/sub 13/, H/sub 2/FeRu/sub 3/(CO)/sub 12/L (L = PMe/sub 2/Ph, PPh/sub 3/), (HFeRu/sub 3/(CO)/sub 13/)/sup -/, and (CoRu/sub 3/(CO)/sub 13/)/sup -/ with CO under relatively mild conditions (P(CO) = 1 atm, t = 0-80/sup 0/C) results in their fragmentation to give trimeric and monomeric products. The fragmentation reactions are generally quite selective: H/sub 2/FeRu/sub 2/Os(CO)/sub 13/, for example, reacts with CO to give Ru/sub 2/Os(CO)/sub 12/, Fe(CO)/sub 5/, and H/sub 2/ with no RuOs/sub 2/(CO)/sub 12/, FeRu/sub 2/(CO)/sub 12/, or FeRuOs(CO)/sub 12/ detected in the product mixture. This reaction and the corresponding fragmentation of H/sub 2/FeRuOs/sub 2/(CO)/sub 13/ provide a convenient means of separating and isolating the mixed-metal trimers Ru/sub 2/Os(CO)/sub 12/ and RuOs/sub 2/(CO)/sub 12/. The reactivity of a particular cluster toward CO is greatly dependent on its metal composition and/or its structure. For example, H/sub 2/FeRu/sub 2/Os(CO)/sub 13/ reacts slowly over a period of several days while the breakdown of HCoRu/sub 3/(CO)/sub 13/ is complete within 1h. The tetrahydride clusters H/sub 4/FeRu/sub 3/(CO)/sub 12/ and H/sub 4/Ru/sub 4/(CO)/sub 12/ first react with CO to displace H/sub 2/ and formmore » the corresponding dihydride clusters which subsequently fragment under the reaction conditions. Kinetic measurements indicate that the fragmentation of H/sub 2/FeRu/sub 3/(CO)/sub 13/ to produceRu/sub 3/(CO)/sub 12/, Fe(CO)/sub 5/, and H/sub 2/ proceeds largely by a second-order, (CO)-dependent path with activation parameters ..delta..H/sup 0/ not equal to = 20.0 +- 2.0 kcal/mol and ..delta..S/sup 0/ not equal to = -25.4 +- 5.8 cal/(mol K). Likewise, fragmentation of H/sub 2/Ru/sub 4/(CO)/sub 13/ to form Ru/sub 3/(CO)/sub 12/, Ru(CO)/sub 5/, and H/sub 2/ proceeds via a second-order, (CO)-dependent path with ..delta..H/sup 0/ not equal to = 12.5 +- 0.5 kcal/mol and ..delta..S/sup 0/ not equal to = -36.6 +- 1.6 cal/(mol K).« less
EFFECTS OF VENOMS FROM TWO APHID HYPERPARASITOIDS, ASAPHES LUCENS AND DENDROCERUS CARPENTERI (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE AND MEGASPILIDAE), ON LARVAE OF APHIDIUS SMITHI (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE)

Venom of the hyperparasitoid Asaphes lucens (Provancher) immediately paralyzed and stopped development of the larva of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius smithi Sharma and Subba Rao, which did not void a meconium and deteriorated into a soft, blackened mass. On the other hand, venom of a second hyperparasitoid, Dendrocerus carpenteri (Curtis), did not immediately paralyze the larva of A . smithi , which developed up to the prepupal stage, voided a meconium, and remained bright yellow for up to 4–6 weeks before decaying.
A technique for subsampling an abundant taxon while completely sorting other taxa

A method is described which allows an abundant taxon (Nematoda) to be subsampled while rarer taxa are completely sampled. A triply balanced F-square design is used to choose a quarter of the sorting field for counting the nematodes. The technique showed no evidence of bias in estimating total numbers of nematodes, and a quarter subsample was accurate to within ±0.8% when there were > 200 nematodes in a sample. Estimates of the total number of nematodes in a sample were accurate to within ± 3.2% of their actual values. The technique gave subsamples of abundant nematode species which did not differ significantly from expectation.
Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with essential hypertension: Evidence that the abnormality is not at the muscarinic receptor level

Abstract Objectives . The purpose of this study was to determine whether the impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation of hypertensive patients is related to a specific defect of the muscarinic receptor or to a broader abnormality of the vascular endothelium. Background . Patients with essential hypertension have abnormal endothelium-dependent vasodilator response to acetylcholine. However, whether this results from an isolated dysfunction of the endothelial cell muscarinic receptor b unknown. Methods . The responses of the forearm vasculature to acetyl-choline and substance P (endothelium-dependent agents acting on different receptors) and to sodium nitroprusside (a direct dilator of vascular smooth muscle) were studied in eight hypertensive patients (six men, two women; mean age [±SD] 50 ± 12 years) and eight normal control subjects (four men, four women; mean age 49 ± 9 years). To determine the nitric oxide contribution to substance P-induced vasodilation, the vascular responses to substance P were also measured after inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis with N G -monomethyl- l -arginine. Drugs were infused into the brachial artery, and forearm blood flow was measured by strain gauge plethysmography. Results . The response to acetylcholine was significantly blunted in hypertensive patients (highest blood flow [mean ± SD] 8.4 ± 4 vs. 13.8 ± 4 ml/min per 100 ml in control subjects, p N G -monomethyl- l -arginine were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusions . These findings indicate that the endothelial abnormality of patients wtth essential hypertension is not restricted to the muscarinic cell receptor.
Passive colonization and asexual colony multiplication in the massive coral Porites lutea Milne Edwards & Haime

Abstract Heads of the reef-building coral Porites lutea Milne Edwards & Haime are occasionally separated or torn loose from the substratum by bioerosion or mechanical stresses. Detached heads may survive and colonize down-slope or down-stream soft bottoms, forming incipient reefs in habitats unsuitable for colonization by larval settlement. One important result of this process is reef consolidation and growth on the lagoonward edge of truncated, inter-island reef flats on atolls. In some cases, portions of the detached colonies remain attached at the original site; thus there is asexual colony multiplication.
Anaphylaxis following psyllium ingestion

Psyllium is a hydrophilic agent found in many bulk laxative preparations. We report the occurrence of an anaphylactic reaction in a patient after ingestion of a psyllium-containing laxative. IgE mediation of the reaction was suggested by a positive immediate skin test to psyllium, positive passive transfer skin test, lack of skin response during passive transfer with heat treated serum, and an elevated IgE (RAST) to psyllium seed.
On dominance relations and the structure of animal societies: I. Effect of inherent characteristics

Societies are considered in which a non-transitive dominance relation exists between every pair of members, such as the peck-right in a flock of hens. A one-dimensional measure of the structure of such a society,h, is defined, withh=0 for equality andh=1 for the hierarchy. It is assumed that each member of the society is characterized by an ability vector whose components depend on individual characteristics such as size, concentration of sex hormone, etc., but not on social factors such as social rank. The distribution of abilities among members of the society is assumed to be given by a distribution function which is the same for all members, and the probability that one member dominates another is given by a function of the ability vectors of the two. On these assumptions formulas for the expected (mean) value and variance ofh are determined in terms of the distribution and dominance probability functions. Some special cases are calculated, especially that for normany distributed abilities and dominance probability given by the normal probability integral. Several conclusions are derived. If all members are of equal ability, so that dominance probability is 1/2, then any sizable society is much more likely to be near the equality than the hierarchy; and, as the size of the society increases, the probability that it will be near the hierarchy becomes vanishingly small. If the dominance probability is a weighted sum of several independent components, which make up the ability vector, then the society is less likely to be close to the hierarchy as the number of these components increases. The hierarchy is the prevalent structure only if unreasonably small differences in ability are decisive for dominance. From this it appears that the social factors, or psychological factors such as the previous history of dominance, which are not included in the present treatment, may be of great importance in explaining the observed prevalence of structures very close to the hierarchy in flocks of domestic hens.
Selective Reductions: II. The Reaction of Lithium Tri‐t‐Butoxyaluminohydride with Selected Organic Compounds Containing Representative Functional Groups

A systematic study was made of the rates and stoichiometry of the reaction of lithium tri-t-butoxyaluminohydride in tetrahydrofuran solution at 0° with selected organic compounds containing representative functional groups in order to establish the utility of the reagent as a selective reducing agent. Aldehydes and ketones are rapidly reduced, with no complications introduced by the presence of a conjugated double bond, as in cinnamaldehyde. Epoxides are reduced slowly, with styrene oxide and 1,2-butylene oxide yielding the secondary alcohol exclusively. Acid chlorides and acid anhydrides are rapidly reduced with the up-take of two moles of hydride per mole of organic reactant. Esters and lactones react more slowly, and no reduction occurs with carboxylic acids under these conditions. Of the nitrogen derivatives examined, phenyl isocyanate undergoes reaction, nitropropane and pyridine oxide are slowly reduced, whereas no reduction is observed for amides, nitriles, oximes, nitrobenzene, azobenzene, azoxybenzene and pyridine. Finally, disulfides are reduced at a moderate rate and cyclohexyl tosylate at a slow rate but sulfoxides, sulfones and sulfonic acids are not attacked by the reagent. Hydroxylic compounds react to liberate hydrogen. However, the yield of hydrogen is usually diminished by a competing reaction in which the hydroxylic compound displaces t-butyl alcohol from the reagent, the latter failing to liberate hydrogen under these conditions.
Carbohydrate-Mediated Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Activation in Normal Human Fibroblasts and Fibrosarcoma Cells.

Abstract Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is activated on the cell surface by membrane type 1-MMP (MT1-MMP). Activation of proMMP-2 is inducedin vitroby concanavalin A (ConA). The regulation of proMMP-2 activation is, however, not yet fully understood. We investigated the effect of plant lectins, carbohydrates and inhibitors of the cytoskeleton on proMMP-2 activation in normal (HLF1) and malignant fibroblast (HT1080) cells. Native ConA induced proMMP-2 activation in both cell types while dimeric succinyl-ConA had no effect, suggesting that receptor clustering is involved in activation. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) also induced proMMP-2 activation. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNac) inhibited the effects of ConA and WGA while mannose only inhibited ConA-induced proMMP-2 activation. Mannose also inhibited the expression of MT1-MMP mRNA induced by ConA. Cytochalasin B and colchicine had no effect on the ConA induction of proMMP-2 activation. These studies help to define some of the cellular and molecular mechanisms for the induction of proMMP-2 activation.
Impact of patient satisfaction ratings on physicians and clinical care.

Background Although patient satisfaction ratings often drive positive changes, they may have unintended consequences.
Impact of flow regime on polydispersity in tubular RAFT miniemulsion polymerization

The flow characteristics of a miniemulsion in a tubular reactor were assessed using a modified dye tracer approach. Metered nitrogen was introduced producing isolated plug flow. The effects of the flow regime were then related to the polydispersity of polystyrene formed using reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT). While nonideal flow was exhibited at very low Reynolds numbers (≤ 20), laminar flow was not. This was attributed to fluid slippage at the wall of the reactor. It was demonstrated that the flow regime and residence time distribution have a direct effect on the molecular weight polydispersity of the polymer. Transient behavior during startup of isolated plug flow was attributed via experimental data and modeling to loss of initiator by way of water droplets left behind by the small cylinders of miniemulsion. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Effectiveness and toxicity of several DTPA broadening agents for biological ESR spectroscopy.

Abstract The effectiveness of a standard ESR broadening agent, potassium trioxalatochromiate (CrOx), for use with the spin-label tempone, was compared to that of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) containing an ion (Gd, Cr, Mn, Fe) with a large magnetic moment. Signal attenuation, line broadening, toxicity, and cell membrane permeability were compared. As a broadening agent, CrOx was most effective, followed by Fe–DTPA. CrOx proved mildly toxic while Gd-DTPA and Fe–DTPA were virtually nontoxic. The human red blood cell membrane was tested for permeability to Fe– and Gd–DTPA and found to be impermeable to both. In situations where toxicity to cells is critical, the DTPA chelates, particularly Fe–DTPA, may prove an acceptable substitute for CrOx.
Electron density distribution in a high frequency discharge in the presence of plasma resonance

In a high frequency discharge plasma resonance maximizes the electric field, thus producing a high ionization rate in the regions near resonance. The effect of this on the distribution of electrons and of ionization in a parallel plane discharge is calculated and compared with the observation that the light from such a discharge often is a minimum at the center.
Micellar Properties of Drugs: Micellar and Nonmicellar Patterns of Self-Association of Hydrophobic Solutes of Different Molecular Structures — Monomer Fraction, Availability, and Misuses of Micellar Hypothesis

Abstract The nature of multiple, sequential, self-association equilibria and the significance of the average degrees of association are discussed. Characteristic patterns of association are examined on the basis of available experimental evidence and suitable theoretical models of self-association and their relationship to molecular structure is indicated. The meaning and significance of the simple two-phase approximation of the micellar hypothesis to the cmC are examined and its application is discussed.
Theory of Biological Classification

What follows is a condensed version of a talk given at the British Museum (Natural History), London, by Dr Mayr to the Systematics Association on Wednesday, October 30.
The effect of soy protein isolate on bone metabolism.

OBJECTIVE This double-blind, 15-month pilot study was designed to investigate the effect of soy protein isolate with varying concentrations of isoflavones on early postmenopausal bone loss and lipids. DESIGN A total of 65 women, with a mean age of 55 years and 7.5 years since menopause, were randomized to one of three groups; soy protein with 96 mg isoflavones/day, soy with 52 mg isoflavones/day, or soy without isoflavones (< 4 mg isoflavones/day). Soy was given for 9 months and then discontinued; participants were followed for an additional 6 months. Bone mineral density (BMD) and blood lipids were measured during this time. RESULTS Measurement of serum isoflavones at 3 months showed dose-related increases in the three groups. There was no significant effect of the soy supplements on BMD of the spine or femoral neck in any of the three groups. BMD increased significantly in the trochanter at 9 months (P = 0.0219) and at 15 months (P < 0.05) in the group given isoflavone-free soy compared with the other two groups. There was no significant effect of soy on lipid metabolism at the end of the intervention. CONCLUSION The present study did not find a significant positive effect of soy protein isolate supplemented with isoflavones on BMD and the serum lipid profile in early postmenopausal women.
Ionic permeabilities of an Aplysia giant neuron.

Summary. In a giant neuron of Aplysia californica, permeabilities and conductances obtained by measuring net fluxes of Na +, K + and C1- with ion-specific microelectrodes were compared with those obtained by measuring transmembrane current and potential changes when the three ions were varied in the external solution. Net fluxes were measured with ion-specific microelectrodes, after blocking metabolic processes, thus allowing movement of ions down their electrochemical gradients. Permeabilities and conductances obtained from the "chemical" measurements (i.e., ion-specific electrodes) were generally comparable to the values obtained from" electrical" measurements. Where discrepancies occurred, they could be explained by showing that some of the assumptions necessary to use the "electrical" method were not quantitatively true in this system. The absolute magnitudes of the permeabilities are significantly less than those found in many axonal preparations. There is also a relatively high P~,/Pr, ratio. The selectivity of the membrane against ions such as Tris + and MeSOn- is not good, Tris + being nearly as permeable as Na + and MeSOn about one-half as permeable as C1-. These properties may be characteristic of somal membranes. A systematic study of the individual ionic permeabilities of a nerve cell body has not yet been reported. However, it has been shown that the somal membrane has a greater resistivity than the axonal membrane (Gorman & Mirolli, 1972; Carpenter, 1973) and that the ionic selectivities of the somal and axonal membranes may be different (Wald, 1972). In general, two different methods have been used to measure ionic permeabilities and/or conductances in excitable tissues. The first of these methods might be called the chemical method and involves measuring ionic fluxes or changes in internal ion concentrations by means of isotopic tracers or spectrophotometry. The second or electrical method involves monitoring electrical changes across cell membranes when the concentrations of the permeable ions in the external solution are varied by replacement with impermeant ions. These methods have been most successfully applied to large axon and large muscle fibers.
Structure and motion in urban environments using upright panoramas

Image-based modeling of urban environments is a key component of enabling outdoor, vision-based augmented reality applications. The images used for modeling may come from off-line efforts, or online user contributions. Panoramas have been used extensively in mapping cities and can be captured quickly by an end-user with a mobile phone. In this paper, we describe and evaluate a reconstruction pipeline for upright panoramas taken in an urban environment. We first describe how panoramas can be aligned to a common vertical orientation using vertical vanishing point detection, which we show to be robust for a range of inputs. The orientation sensors in modern cameras can also be used to correct the vertical orientation. Secondly, we introduce a pose estimation algorithm, which uses knowledge of a common vertical orientation as a simplifying constraint. This procedure is shown to reduce pose estimation error in comparison with the state of the art. Finally, we evaluate our reconstruction pipeline with several real-world examples.
Effects of high electrical stress on GaN/InGaN/AlGaN single-quantum-well light-emitting diodes

Abstract We report on high-electrical-stress testing of Nichia GaN/InGaN/AlGaN single-quantum-well (SQW) light-emitting diodes. In contrast to our earlier experiments with double-heterostructure LEDs, the present SQW devices have been improved to the point that the encapsulating plastic fails under high electrical stress earlier than the diode itself.
Cognitive neuroscience of episodic memory encoding

This paper presents a cognitive neuroscientific perspective on how human episodic memories are formed. Convergent evidence from multiple brain imaging studies using positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) suggests a role for frontal cortex in episodic memory encoding. Activity levels within frontal cortex can predict episodic memory encoding across a wide range of behavioral manipulations known to influence memory performance, such as those present during levels of processing and divided attention manipulations. Activity levels within specific frontal and medial temporal regions can even predict, on an item by item basis, whether an episodic memory is likely to form. Furthermore, separate frontal regions appear to participate in supplying code-specific information, including distinct regions which process semantic attributes of verbal information as well as right-lateralized regions which process nonverbal information. We hypothesize that activity within these multiple frontal regions provides a functional influence (input) to medical temporal regions that bind the information together into a lasting episodic memory trace.
Estimation of electrode location in a rat motor cortex by laminar analysis of electrophysiology and intracortical electrical stimulation

While the development of microelectrode arrays has enabled access to disparate regions of a cortex for neurorehabilitation, neuroprosthetic and basic neuroscience research, accurate interpretation of the signals and manipulation of the cortical neurons depend upon the anatomical placement of the electrode arrays in a layered cortex. Toward this end, this report compares two in vivo methods for identifying the placement of electrodes in a linear array spaced 100 µm apart based on in situ laminar analysis of (1) ketamine-xylazine-induced field potential oscillations in a rat motor cortex and (2) an intracortical electrical stimulation-induced movement threshold. The first method is based on finding the polarity reversal in laminar oscillations which is reported to appear at the transition between layers IV and V in laminar 'high voltage spindles' of the rat cortical column. Analysis of histological images in our dataset indicates that polarity reversal is detected 150.1 ± 104.2 µm below the start of layer V. The second method compares the intracortical microstimulation currents that elicit a physical movement for anodic versus cathodic stimulation. It is based on the hypothesis that neural elements perpendicular to the electrode surface are preferentially excited by anodic stimulation while cathodic stimulation excites those with a direction component parallel to its surface. With this method, we expect to see a change in the stimulation currents that elicits a movement at the beginning of layer V when comparing anodic versus cathodic stimulation as the upper cortical layers contain neuronal structures that are primarily parallel to the cortical surface and lower layers contain structures that are primarily perpendicular. Using this method, there was a 78.7 ± 68 µm offset in the estimate of the depth of the start of layer V. The polarity reversal method estimates the beginning of layer V within ±90 µm with 95% confidence and the intracortical stimulation method estimates it within ±69.3 µm. We propose that these methods can be used to estimate the in situ location of laminar electrodes implanted in the rat motor cortex.
PK 8165 and PK 9084, two quinoline derivatives with anxiolytic properties, antagonize the anticonvulsant effects of diazepam.

PK 8165 and PK 9084 are two quinoline derivatives reported to interact with the benzodiazepine receptor and possess selective anxiolytic properties in vivo. In the present study we demonstrate that these two compounds antagonize the anticonvulsant effects of diazepam. In addition, in vitro binding studies indicate that both PK 8165 and PK 9084 interact competitively with [3H]flunitrazepam for brain benzodiazepine receptors. Based upon these findings, we propose the hypothesis that PK 8165 and PK 9084 act as partial agonists at the benzodiazepine receptor.
First-Order Raman Effect in Wurtzite-Type Crystals

First-order Raman scattering from BeO, ZnO, ZnS, and CdS, all having the wurtzite structure (${C}_{6v}$), has been investigated. A discussion of the effects of the competition between the long-range electrostatic forces and the short-range forces due to anisotropy in the interatomic force constants on the vibrational spectrum has been included. A series of scattering diagrams are presented showing the geometrical arrangements necessary to observe all the $k=0$ phonons for this type of crystal structure. In BeO the ${E}_{2}$ mode was resolved from the transverse modes for the first time. The assignments of the ${E}_{2}$ modes in ZnS differ from previous investigations. From absolute intensity measurements, electro-optic coefficients for BeO, ZnO, and CdS were determined.
Plasma Apolipoproteins AI, AII, B, CI, and E Are Glucosylated in Hyperglycemic Diabetic Subjects

Nonenzymatic posttranslational glucosylation of the free amine of lysine residues can occur in hyperglycemic diabetic subjects. Using monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind the reduced conjugate of glucose covalently bound to the epsilon amine of lysine, glucitollysine, plasma lipoprotein glucosylation was demonstrated by radioimmunoassays in all subjects tested. Lipoproteins isolated from the plasma of diabetic subjects in poor metabolic control contained up to 33-fold increases in glucitollysine residues/mg of isolated lipoprotein protein, and on an absolute basis contained between 36 and 383 nmol of glucitollysine in their total lipoprotein fraction compared with normals, who had a mean of 2.9 +/- 0.06 nmol. The majority of the glucosylated protein in the d less than 1.125 g/ml fraction was present in the triglyceride-rich lipoproteins of hyperglycemic subjects, whereas the majority of the glucosylated protein in the d less than 1.125 g/ml fraction of euglycemic subjects was present in the high-density lipoproteins (HDL). A number of immunochemical approaches were used to demonstrate that, in diabetic plasma, apo AI, apo AII, apo B, apo CI, apo E, and albumin were glucosylated. Detailed studies of the apoproteins of a d less than or equal to 1.019 g/ml lipoprotein fraction and of an HDL fraction isolated from a hyperglycemic diabetic subject indicated that glucitollysine-specific antibodies can be used to preparatively isolate proteins containing glucosylated amino acid residues so that the extent of glucosylation in specific proteins can be measured. The results indicate that some of the lysine residues of the apoproteins can be modified in hyperglycemic diabetic subjects by the covalent attachment of glucose. The possible significance of these observations is discussed.
Delmos Jones (1936–1999)

Connections, 1850-1940. Willem Otterspeer, ed. Pp. 280-316. Leiden: E. J. Brill/Universitaire Pers Leiden. Durkheim, Emile, and Marcel Mauss 1903 De quelqes formes primitives de classification: Contribution h I' tude des representations collectives. L'Annde sociologique 6 (1901-02):1-72. (English translation: Primitive Classification, Rodney Needham, trans., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963.) Eggan, Fred 1952 Review of Minangkabau and Negri Sembilan: SocioPolitical Structure in Indonesia. American Anthropologist 54:539-540. Fox, James J. 1989 An interview with P. E. de Josselin de Jong. Current Anthropology 30:501-510. Ldvi-Strauss, Claude
Computing optical flow across multiple scales: an adaptive coarse-to-fine strategy

Single-scale approaches to the determination of the optical flow field from the time-varying brightness pattern assume that spatio-temporal discretization is adequate for representing the patterns and motions in a scene. However, the choice of an appropriate spatial resolution is subject to conflicting, scene-dependent, constraints. In intensity-base methods for recovering optical flow, derivative estimation is more accurate for long wavelengths and slow velocities (with respect to the spatial and temporal discretization steps). On the contrary, short wavelengths and fast motions are required in order to reduce the errors caused by noise in the image acquisition and quantization process. Estimating motion across different spatial scales should ameliorate this problem. However, homogeneous multiscale approaches, such as the standard multigrid algorithm, do not improve this situation, because an optimal velocity estimate at a given spatial scale is likely to be corrupted at a finer scale. We propose an adaptive multiscale method, where the discretization scale is chosen locally according to an estimate of the relative error in the velocity estimation, based on image properties. Results for synthetic and video-acquired images show that our coarse-to-fine method, fully parallel at each scale, provides substantially better estimates of optical flow than do conventional algorithms, while adding little computational cost.
Polarization and Corrosion Studies of Porous and Solid Anodes for Implantable Power-Generating Electrodes

An implantable power source for driving a pacemaker consisting of a hybrid cell utilizing a sacrificial porous aluminum anode and a catalytic cathode for reducing oxygen is considered. Porous aluminum anodes show a significant improvement in polarization over a solid aluminum anode under in vitro transient operating conditions found with certain types of pacemakers. However, the in vivo transient behavior of porous aluminum anodes is only slightly better than solid aluminum anodes. Using in vivo and in vitro linear polarization studies, the corrosion of solid aluminum has been determined to be more than an order of magnitude less than that of solid zinc. The weight loss of aluminum due to corrosion is less than 3.0 percent that of the aluminum needed to supply the faradaic current to the pacemaker. A hybrid cell consisting of an aluminum anode and a porous palladium-black cathode has powered a commercially available pacemaker. Further histopathologic evaluation of tissues surrounding anodes is needed before selecting either zinc or aluminum as an anode material.
Paternalism, pollution and protest in a company town

Abstract This paper describes the way a local tradition of paternalism and xenophobia shaped the political debate that developed after community-level recognition of a water pollution problem in a rural north Florida mill town. A paternalistic relationship between a large pulp mill and the community circumscribed opportunities for meaningful public dialogue by narrowly framing the options: the firm eased criticism by supplying alternative sources of water; deference by local political and social institutions shifted the focus of public discussion from the causes of pollution to the morality and character of the firm; and a xenophobic culture made it possible to marginalize environmentalists as ‘outsiders’. The argument presented here is that the environmental conflict was mediated through latent social relations of paternalism which were played out simultaneously by the firm, local elites and townspeople and which determined the way the ‘community’ would be defined. These processes are illustrated through a review and analysis of relevant documents, reports and local newspaper articles which appeared during the course of the crisis from spring 1991 through to autumn 1992. The findings indicate that simplistic characterizations of local environmental conflicts are inadequate, and that the persistence and flexibility of historical traditions such as paternalism and xenophobia hold important implications for environmentalism, social movements and democratization.
The Development of Text Evaluation and Revision Skills

Children in elementary school settings generally do not revise frequently or skillfully, but relatively little is known about the source of their difficulty with revision. 3 studies were conducted to investigate children's developing ability to evaluate and revise problematic texts. In the first 2 studies, fourth-grade (10 years) and sixth-grade (12 years) students were asked to evaluate 3 types of problematic texts and suggest changes to make the texts easier to understand. In the third study, children were asked whether 4 types of revisions improved the comprehensibility of problematic stories. The results showed, first, that older children detected more of the text problems; second, that when younger children spontaneously detected a text problem they were as likely as older children to revise the text adequately; third, that younger children were less able than older children to revise text problems that they had originally overlooked; and, fourth, that younger children overestimated the informativeness of several types of revisions. The results suggest that developmental differences in constructive processing contribute to children's ability to detect and revise text problems.