cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Septic shock. When patients fail to respond to conventional therapy.

PreviewPatients in septic shock have a high rate of death. In some who fail to respond to conventional therapy with antibiotics, fluids, and dopamine, perfusion is reestablished when low-dose dopamine is administered in combination with norepinephrine. Dr Smally, an emergency department physician, explains how familiarity with this second-line therapy may be valuable to primary care physicians.
Organizational commitment among intercollegiate head athletic trainers: examining our work environment.

OBJECTIVE To 1) examine the commitment of head athletic trainers to their intercollegiate work environments, 2) develop a model that better reflects the head athletic trainer's daily work setting, and 3) use new techniques to describe the various ways head athletic trainers demonstrate commitment to their organizations. DESIGN AND SETTING Organizational commitment (OC) surveys were sent to 461 head athletic trainers identified for the sample. A response rate of 71.5% (330/461) was obtained from the mail survey. SUBJECTS A proportional random sample of head athletic trainers was taken from a population identified in the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics (NACDA) directory of intercollegiate athletics as Division I, II, and III institutions. MEASUREMENTS Returned OC surveys were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics for all demographic and OC variables. Exploratory cluster analysis was performed to examine naturally clustering groups. RESULTS Exploratory cluster analysis revealed five naturally clustering groups that represent the head athletic trainers' patterns of commitment across the specific organizational targets. Paired t tests indicated that the continuance commitment scores were significantly lower than the affective and normative scores across the sample. Analysis of variance tests indicated significant differences for specific commitment dimensions based on gender and NCAA division demographics. Beyond that, the five-cluster solution revealed no particular demographic characteristics that predisposed individuals to specific clusters. CONCLUSIONS THE FINDINGS REINFORCE A CENTRAL THEME IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETIC TRAINING: that student-athletes and student athletic trainers are the primary focus of the head athletic trainers' commitment. Positive attachment and obligation directed toward student-athletes and student athletic trainers link the five clusters. Commitment patterns in areas other than student-athletes and student athletic trainers define the cluster membership or head athletic trainer "type" presented in this study. In addition, specific commitment differences based on gender and NCAA division may warrant further investigation.
Facebook Use in the 2012 USA Presidential Campaign

Politicians and political groups have quickly realized the potential of social networking sites as campaign tools. Although scholars have begun examining the political impact of social networking sites, more research should explore the use of these sites for political purposes. The present study uses content analysis of both the 2012 Presidential candidate’s official Facebook pages to understand how politicians use social networking sites to reach out to voters. Currently, President Barack Obama’s Facebook page has 35 million users, while Mitt Romney’s has 11 million users. Employing concepts from the political campaigns literature, the study examines how each candidate used campaign tools in Facebook. The duration of the study was September 3rd (Labor Day) to November 6th, 2012 (the day of the election). The present study found that both candidates used several similar strategies in reaching out to their fans. Both the candidates’ most common purpose for the posts was to promote their candidacy. However, in case of attack and contrast posts, Romney used the strategies more frequently. Overall, Romney led a more aggressive campaign on Facebook, using negative strategies and fear appeal.
Quantitative Assays for Virus Detection

The indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) is a useful means of determining the number of cells productively infected with virus [1-2]. This assay is inexpensive, quantitative, and can be done using fixed cells (Fixed Cell Immunofluorescence) or live cells (Live Cell Immunofluorescence). Use of the fixed cell assay has the advantage of safety in that the virus is inactivated by the fixing procedure. The live cell assay is useful when working with labile antigens that might be stripped off the cells during fixation. We have relied on the fixed cell IFA (Fixed Cell Immunofluorescence) as a means of confirming anti-HIV efficacy of candidate compounds.
Mrs Strickland, [‘Charlotte and the White Family of Rawdon’] (1841), in Westminster Gazette (4 May 1901), p. 8

My mother, Mrs Slade of Hastings, now in her seventy-ninth year, remembers meeting the afterwards distinguished authoress at the house of Mr White, a Bradford merchant, then residing at Acacia, Apperley Bridge, near Bradford, something like sixty-five years ago. At that time Miss Bronte was acting as governess to Mr White’s children, and my mother had a vivid recollection of seeing her sitting apart from the rest of the family, in a corner of the room, poring, in her short-sighted way, over a book. The impression she made on my mother was that of a shy nervous girl, ill at ease, who desired to escape notice and to avoid taking part in the general conversation. One can well believe that this was actually the case.
Effect of Diazocyclopentadiene (DACP) on Cut Carnations

Diazocyclopentadiene (DACP) undergoes photolysis under 5000 lux fluorescent lights with a t=1/2 of 28 minutes. Cut carnations are preserved with as little as 0.14 ul/1 of preirradiated DACP, which seems to be as effective as silver thiosulfate. DACP must be exposed to light to be effective, but once irradiated, is effective in the dark. DACP treatment delays and reduces endogenous ethylene production.
Public Policy Choices

Chapter 8 describes the role of government in terms of health insurance policy. This chapter examines specific public policy choices that can improve the health insurance system in the United States. The chapter starts with a review of the economics of value. Value in an economic sense defines the objectives that policymakers would like to achieve. Policymakers need to address the variation in value of health insurance in order to identify a minimum value for health insurance. Policies to improve value either increase marginal benefit , reduce marginal cost , or integrate changes in marginal costs and benefits into an overall increase in value. The next section of the chapter describes two high-level strategies that can be used to improve value in health insurance—expansion and reduction. Expansion refers to situations where the current quantity of health insurance provided to a population is suboptimally low, while reduction refers to situations where the current quantity of coverage is suboptimally high. The section on expansion and reduction describes specific markets where expansion can improve value, as well as markets where reduction in the quantity of coverage can increase the value of health insurance by reallocating resources to other goods and services or other populations. Neither of these solutions will achieve a permanent improvement in the value of health insurance. The main reason that no fix can be permanent has to do with difficulties in health insurance analysis as well as limitations of health insurance as a tool to improve health and protect health capital . These challenges give raise to important public choice problems that require solutions that imply interventions in both health insurance and in other parts of the health and healthcare system. The chapter concludes with a view of the future of health insurance. Health insurance is part of a menu of risk management choices that individuals can utilize. Health insurance is an “entree” for financing health—other techniques are needed to round out the menu of options for improving health capital . The chapter touches several alternatives to health insurance. Finally, it describes how improvements in health insurance can improve health, thereby leading to better lives for all members of society.
The restless rock of Racetrack Playa

Tucked away in California's Death Valley National Park, the flat basin known as Racetrack Playa is littered with stones that seem to migrate across the landscape. But how do they do it? Brian Jackson describes how he and collaborators Ralph Lorenz and Richard Norris solved a long-standing mystery.
How many likes did I get?: Purpose moderates links between positive social media feedback and self-esteem.

Abstract Sociometer theory asserts that self-esteem is calibrated to one's perceived relational value. Accordingly, positive feedback should boost self-esteem because it signals acceptance by others. Yet, the extent to which self-esteem is sensitive to positive feedback may depend on individuals' sense of purpose. In two studies ( N = 342), we tested purpose in life as a source of self-directed and prosocial motivation and predicted that having greater purpose would lessen sensitivity to social media feedback. Study 1 revealed that the number of likes individuals received on their Facebook profile pictures was positively associated with self-esteem. Study 2 replicated these findings experimentally by manipulating the number of likes individuals received on self-photographs posted to a mock Facebook site. In both studies, links between likes and self-esteem were diminished for those with greater purpose. Implications for purpose as a moderator of the self-esteem contingencies of positive social feedback are discussed.
Fluorinated Coatings: Technology, History, and Applications

Fluoropolymer coatings are widely used in many industries, although the consumer and many engineers and scientists are only aware of their use as nonstick coatings for cookware. This chapter first provides an introduction to fluoropolymer finish technology and market developments. It is a greatly condensed summary of a previous book by this author. Starting with a summary of the fluoropolymers used in finishes and their properties, an overview of liquid and powder technology follows. This includes processing considerations. Next is a summary of the history of fluoropolymers in finishes. Some guidance on food contact end use requirements follows. The rest of the chapter shows a number of sample end uses. Each end use summarizes what types of coatings were used and what properties of fluorofinishes were required.
Replication of barley yellow dwarf luteovirus-PAV RNA

93 Introduction 94 Materials and methods 97 Results 101 Discussion 106 Acknowledgments 110 References 111
Angioplasty of Vasospasm

The morbidity and mortality from subarachnoid hemorrhage are extraordinarily high. In the first 3 months following a hemorrhage the mortality exceeds 50% (Allcock and Drake 1965; Graf and Nibbelink 1974). Among those who survive, fully two-thirds never regain the quality of life that they had prior to the hemorrhage (Mullan 1975; Ropper and Zervas 1984; Sah et al. 1969). Symptomatic vasospasm occurs in one-third of those who survive the initial hemorrhage (Allcock and Drake 1965; Mullan 1975). In 1984, Zubkov et al. first reported the successful treatment of vasospasm by transluminal angioplasty. Additional reports subsequently confirmed these initial encouraging results (Eskridge 1989; Newell et al. 1989; Higashida et al. 1989).
The challenges of improving peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) care instructions at hospital discharge.

175Background: Teaching patients and caregivers to manage a Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) line placed during hospitalization is essential to successful outpatient transitions. The aim was to improve written care instructions at hospital discharge (CIHD) given to solid tumor oncology patients with new PICC lines by creating an electronic template in the electronic health record. Methods: Inpatients with newly placed PICC lines discharged from the physician assistants' (PA) oncology teams at Brigham and Women's Hospital were identified through PICC team consult lists. We identified 9 elements of complete line care, modeled on National Quality Forum discharge metrics, to include in a template for PICC line care instructions at discharge. PAs received instruction on template use at their weekly meeting. A retrospective chart review of CIHD (February 19, 2016 and October 13, 2016) was performed. Results: A total of 47 cases were reviewed, 19 cases Pre-introduction and 28 cases Post. Before intr...
Systematic Dissociation Pathway Searches Guided by Principal Component Modes.

We introduce a novel method, Pathway Search guided by Internal Motions (PSIM), that efficiently finds molecular dissociation pathways of a ligand–receptor system with guidance from principal component (PC) modes obtained from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Modeling ligand–receptor dissociation pathways can provide insights into molecular recognition and has practical applications, including understanding kinetic mechanisms and barriers to binding/unbinding as well as design of drugs with desired kinetic properties. PSIM uses PC modes in multilayer internal coordinates to identify natural molecular motions that guide the search for conformational switches and unbinding pathways. The new multilayer internal coordinates overcome problems with Cartesian and classical internal coordinates that fail to smoothly present dihedral rotation or generate nonphysical distortions. We used HIV-1 protease, which has large-scale flap motions, as an example protein to demonstrate use of the multilayer internal coordi...
Characterization of tissue stiffness of the infraspinatus, erector spinae, and gastrocnemius muscle using ultrasound shear wave elastography and superficial mechanical deformation.

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare measurement methods of tissue stiffness using ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) and superficial mechanical deformation (MyotonPRO) in the infraspinatus, erector spinae, and gastrocnemius muscles. Thirty healthy volunteers were assessed during rest, 40% and 80% maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Correlation of the two methods in the three muscle regions was significant (r = 0.23–0.71, p 0.93), and demonstrated ability to discriminate between the three levels of muscle contraction. SWE demonstrated good reliability in the resting condition (ICC > 0.88), but lower during the 2 MVIC conditions. The utility of SWE during isometric contraction may be limited due to the inability to discriminate between 40% and 80% MVIC.
Vaccine-preventable, hospitalizations among American Indian/Alaska Native children using the 2012 Kid's Inpatient Database.

Abstract Our aim was to assess the odds of hospitalization for a vaccine-preventable, infectious disease (VP-ID) in American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) children compared to other racial and ethnic groups using the 2012 Kid’s Inpatient Database (KID) The KID is a nationally representative sample, which allows for evaluation of VP-ID in a non-federal, non-Indian Health Service setting. In a cross-sectional analysis, we evaluated the association of race/ethnicity and a composite outcome of hospitalization due to vaccine-preventable infection using multivariate logistic regression. AI/AN children were more likely (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.34, 2.45) to be admitted to the hospital in 2012 for a VP-ID compared to Non-Hispanic white children after adjusting for age, sex, chronic disease status, metropolitan location, and median household income. This disparity highlights the necessity for a more comprehensive understanding of immunization and infectious disease exposure among American Indian children, especially those not covered or evaluated by Indian Health Service.
Cross-sectional associations of oral health measures with cognitive function in late middle–aged adults: A community-based study

Background It has not been established to what extent oral health is associated with cognitive function in late middle–aged adults. In this study, which is part of the national Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, the authors investigated whether tooth loss and periodontitis are associated with lower cognitive function. Methods The authors analyzed ARIC data measuring cognitive function in 11,097 participants from 1996 through 1998 according to tests of delayed word recall, digit-symbol substitution (DSS) and word fluency; 9,874 participants answered dental screening questions. Of the 8,554 dentate participants, 5,942 received oral examinations. The authors used measures of dental status, number of teeth and periodontitis (classified according to the Biofilm-Gingival Interface Index) in multiple linear regression models to estimate these factors' cross-sectional association with cognitive scores, adjusting for sociodemographic factors, cigarette smoking, alcohol use and diabetes. Results Approximately 13 percent of participants were edentulous. Of the dentate participants, 27.3 percent had fewer than 20 teeth and 12.4 percent had pocket depth of 4 millimeters or more with severe bleeding. Compared with dentate participants, edentulous participants had lower scores for all cognitive tests. Among the dentate participants, having fewer teeth and gingival bleeding were associated with lower DSS and word fluency test scores, although periodontal pocket depth was not. Conclusions In this cohort, edentulism was correlated with lower cognitive status. Tooth loss and gingival bleeding were markers of poorer executive function among dentate people. Practical Implications The association of lower cognitive scores with edentulism suggests that past oral diseases may be a risk indicator for cognitive decline, whereas the association with gingival inflammation indicates a possible effect of cognitive decline on oral health. Practitioners should be aware that both current and historical markers of oral disease might be associated with decline in cognitive function, even in adults of late middle age.
Host Factors: Gender and Body Composition

The intake and biological fate of carotenoids are influenced by a complex array of environmental and genetic factors.
The Central Code of Hearing

As one ascends in the auditory pathway, the locking of neural discharges to the phases of the vibration of the stimulating sound becomes less and less precise. Moreover the ‘volleying’ of neurons in third- and higher-order neurons in the auditory nuclei of the brain stem, seems to be optimal during relaxed inattentiveness of the subject and to become less strict when the animal is alerted to the sound stimulus. Spatial information related to the maximal vibration of various wavelengths in the basilar membrane of the cochlea is better preserved, but it too is badly obscured at the cortical level. Many data support the notion that simple pitch discrimination is a function of the brain stem, whereas the auditory cortex is concerned with more sophisticated aspects such as the com­plexity of tones and with their temporal variations.
Einleitung: Die Revolution der Astrobiologie und die Hypothese der einsamen Erde

An jedem beliebigen Tag bevolkert ein Grosaufgebot an extraterrestrischen Wesen die Fernsehschirme und Kinoleinwande dieser Welt. Von „Star Wars“ uber „Star Trek“ zu „Akte X“ ist die Botschaft klar: Das Universum ist angefullt von fremden Lebensformen mit mannigfaltigen Variationen an Korperbau, Intelligenz und Wohlwollen. Unsere Gesellschaft ist geradezu vernarrt in die Erwartung von Leben auf anderen Planeten, ja sie rechnet mit einer Vielzahl an intelligentem Leben, an fremden Zivilisationen im Universum.
P097 Quantity, integrity & purity: A comparative study of different genomic dna assessment methods

Aim DNA quantity and quality are critical for the performance of downstream applications. There are different methods to determine these characteristics and each provide data to evaluate the DNA present in the sample. Methods In this study, four methods were used to evaluate gDNA from 20 blood and buccal swab sources: measurement by Nanodrop 2000 (Thermo Fisher), quantitation by Qubit 3.0 (Thermo Fisher), evaluation by the Tapestation 4200 (Agilent Technologies), and assessment by the Promega ProNex DNA QC Assay (Promega). Results The Nanodrop provides the quantity of DNA, but can overestimate or underestimate the quantity in an unpredictable fashion. The Qubit accurately provides quantity of DNA present. Download : Download high-res image (158KB) Download : Download full-size image We utilized the TapeStation to measure fragment sizes and to obtain a DNA integrity number (DIN) that reflects the level of degradation. Download : Download high-res image (117KB) Download : Download full-size image The ProNex DNA QC assay determines varying amplifiable gDNA sequences of 75 bp, 150 bp, and 300 bp, providing information about quantity and quality of gDNA present in the sample. There is also an internal positive control which can test for the presence of a PCR inhibitor. Four samples (2,3,6, and 9) exhibited degradation with the TapeStation assay, which was also reflected in the qPCR ratios. Download : Download high-res image (195KB) Download : Download full-size image Conclusions All four methods evaluated provide varied information about the quantity, quality and purity of DNA specimens. Ultimately, the appropriateness of assay selected depends on the downstream application.
Functional Conservation of P48/45 Proteins in the Transmission Stages of Plasmodium vivax (Human Malaria Parasite) and P. berghei (Murine Malaria Parasite).

ABSTRACT Sexual-stage proteins have a distinct function in the mosquito vector during transmission and also represent targets for the development of malaria transmission-blocking vaccine. P48/45, a leading vaccine candidate, is critical for male gamete fertility and shows >50% similarity across various species of Plasmodium. We evaluated functional conservation of P48/45 in Plasmodium vivax and P. berghei with the motivation to establish transgenic P. berghei strains expressing P. vivax P48/45 (Pvs48/45) in an in vivo assay to evaluate the transmission-blocking activity of antibodies elicited by Pvs48/45. Homologous recombination was employed to target P. bergheis48/45 (pbs48/45) for knockout (KO) or for its replacement by two different forms of P. vivaxs48/45 (pvs48/45) (the full-length gene and a chimeric gene consisting of pbs48/45 5′ signal and 3′ anchor sequences flanking pvs48/45). Expression of Pvs48/45 in transgenic parasites and lack of expression of any P48/45 in KO parasites were confirmed by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. Both transgenic and knockout parasites revealed asexual growth kinetics in mice comparable to that seen with wild-type parasites. When employed in mosquito infection experiments, both transgenic parasite strains remained transmission competent and developed into infectious sporozoites, whereas the knockout parasites were incapable of establishing mosquito-stage infection. These results indicate the functional conservation of P48/45 protein during transmission, and the transgenic parasites generated in this study represent a valuable tool to evaluate the protective efficacy of transmission-blocking antibodies elicited by Pvs48/45-based vaccines using an in vivo mouse animal assay instead of ex vivo membrane feeding assays (MFA) relying on access to P. vivax gametocytes from infected patients. IMPORTANCE Malaria transmission depends upon successful sexual differentiation and maturation of parasites in the vertebrate host and further development in the mosquito midgut. Stage-specific proteins in the sexual stages have been shown to play a critical role in development and successful transmission through the anopheline mosquito vector. Studies presented in the current manuscript evaluated functional conservation of one such protein, P48/45, in two diverse species (P. berghei and P. vivax). Replacement of endogenous pbs48/45 in P. berghei with pvs48/45 (P. vivax homologue) did not affect the viability of the parasites, and the transgenic parasites expressing Pvs48/45 remained transmission competent. These studies establish not only the functional conservation of P48/45 in P. berghei and P. vivax but also offer an opportunity to develop an in vivo test model for Pvs48/45-based P. vivax transmission-blocking vaccines, currently under development.
The Reading Maturity Survey: Steps Toward Instrument and Construct Validation with College-Level Readers

There is a need to promote growth past basic reading proficiency toward the more substantial idea of reading maturity. The reading maturity construct has a history of being valued, at least in prin...
Dukha Mobility in a Constructed Environment: Past Camp Use Predicts Future Use in the Mongolian Taiga

Diverse theoretical perspectives suggest that place plays an important role in human behavior. One recent perspective proposes that habitual and recursive use of places among humans may be an emergent property of obligate tool use by our species. In this view, the costs of tool use are reduced by preferential occupation of previously occupied places where cultural materials have been discarded. Here we use the model to generate five predictions for ethnographic mobility patterns. We then test the predictions against observations made during one month of coresidence with a residentially mobile Dukha family in the Mongolian Taiga. We show that (1) there is a strong tendency to occupy previously used camps, (2) previously deposited materials are habitually recycled, (3) reoccupation of places transcends kinship, (4) occupational hiatuses can span decades or longer, and (5) the distribution of occupation intensity among camps is highly skewed such that most camps are not intensively reoccupied whereas a few camps experience extremely high reoccupation intensity. These findings complement previous archaeological findings and support the conclusion that the constructed dimensions of human habitats exert a strong influence on mobility patterns in mobile societies.
Theories of Change for the Dispute Resolution Movement: Actionable Ideas to Revitalize Our Movement

This is a book compiling 63 short “think pieces” related to the “Appreciating our Legacy and Engaging the Future: An International Conference for Dispute Resolution Teachers, Scholars, and Leaders” Conference held in June 2019 or were part of the online “Theory-of-Change” Symposium. It is organized in the following sections: reflections on the “Past-and-Future” conference, the big picture, impact and use of technology, legal education, professional training and practice, and research and scholarship. It includes recommendations for development of the dispute resolution field based on the authors’ suggestions.
MIXnorm: normalizing RNA-seq data from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples

Motivation Recent studies have shown that RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) can be used to measure mRNA of sufficient quality extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues to provide whole-genome transcriptome analysis. However, little attention has been given to the normalization of FFPE RNA-seq data, a key step that adjusts for unwanted biological and technical effects that can bias the signal of interest. Existing methods, developed based on fresh-frozen or similar-type samples, may cause suboptimal performance. Results We proposed a new normalization method, labeled MIXnorm, for FFPE RNA-seq data. MIXnorm relies on a two-component mixture model, which models non-expressed genes by zero-inflated Poisson distributions and models expressed genes by truncated normal distributions. To obtain maximum likelihood estimates, we developed a nested EM algorithm, in which closed-form updates are available in each iteration. By eliminating the need for numerical optimization in the M-step, the algorithm is easy to implement and computationally efficient. We evaluated MIXnorm through simulations and cancer studies. MIXnorm makes a significant improvement over commonly used methods for RNA-seq expression data. Availability and implementation R code available at https://github.com/S-YIN/MIXnorm. Contact swang@smu.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
VirB, a key transcriptional regulator of virulence plasmid genes in Shigella flexneri, forms DNA-binding site dependent foci in the bacterial cytoplasm

VirB is a key regulator of virulence genes located on the large virulence plasmid (pINV) of the bacterial pathogen Shigella flexneri. VirB is unusual in that it is not related to other transcriptional regulators, instead, it belongs to a protein family that primarily functions in plasmid and chromosome partitioning; exemplified by ParB. Despite this, VirB does not function to segregate DNA, but rather counters transcriptional silencing of virulence genes mediated by the nucleoid structuring protein, H-NS. Since ParB localizes subcellularly as discrete foci in the bacterial cytoplasm, we chose to investigate the subcellular localization of VirB to gain novel insight into how VirB functions as a transcriptional anti-silencer. To do this, a GFP-VirB fusion that retains the regulatory activity of VirB and yet, does not undergo significant protein degradation in S. flexneri, was used. Surprisingly, discrete fluorescent foci were observed in live wild-type S. flexneri cells and an isogenic virB mutant using fluorescence microscopy. In contrast, foci were rarely observed (
Expected distances and alternative design configurations for automated guided vehicle-based order picking systems

Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV)-based order picking (OP) systems, also known as Robotic Mobile Fulfilment Systems, continues to receive attention in industry and academia since their introduction as...
Tunable n-Type Conductivity and Transport Properties of Cubic Boron Nitride via Carbon Doping

The recent discovery of direct conversion of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) into quenched BN (Q-BN) and single-crystal cubic BN (c-BN) by pulsed laser annealing (PLA) have been implemented to fabri...
Kinetics and transport of hydrogen in graphite at high temperature and the effects of oxidation, irradiation and isotopics

Abstract The kinetics of uptake and desorption impact the performance of graphite as a vector for tritium in high-temperature fission reactors and in the blanket of fusion reactors. Graphite components in these reactors are exposed to temperatures > 500 °C and H2 partial pressures of few Pa and desorption temperatures are limited to
Occupational tree felling fatalities: 2010-2020.

BACKGROUND Logging and landscape work are among the most hazardous occupations, and one of the most dangerous tasks in these occupations is tree felling. While much research has been conducted to examine fatalities from logging and landscape services, there is a dearth of research looking specifically at tree felling. There is a need to focus on hazards associated with tree felling activities so that proactive prevention strategies can be developed. METHODS An Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) database was used to identify occupational tree-felling fatalities in the United States during the period from 2010 through the first half of 2020. We compared data for the two industry segments of logging and landscaping services. RESULTS There were 314 fatalities over the period. The victims were overwhelmingly male with the median age being 43. Struck-by was the number one event type causing fatalities, with the head being the number one body part involved in fatalities. Falls from elevation was the only event type significantly different between the logging and landscaping industries. Poor decision-making is noted as a key component of fatal incidents, but bystanders were fatally injured due to the actions of others. CONCLUSIONS Tree felling is one of the most hazardous activities for both loggers and commercial landscapers and is a common cause of fatalities; significant differences in events and source are encountered in those two occupations. Loggers should continue efforts to adopt mechanized harvesting methods. Landscape services tree fellers should receive training related to fall prevention.
Comparison of nostril sizes of newborn infants with outer diameter of endotracheal tubes.

Background Recommendations for endotracheal tube (ETT) size usually refer to the inner diameter (ID). Outer diameters (OD), however, vary greatly between manufacturers, which in some brands might cause difficulties in passing the ETT through the nostrils if choosing the nasal route for intubation. Even though the nostrils are dilatable by an ETT, it might be difficult to pass an ETT through the posterior naris (narrowest point of the nasal passage), if the OD is bigger than the nostrils. Therefore, nostril size may provide some guidance for the appropriate ETT size preventing unsuccessful intubation attempts. This study therefore compares nostril sizes of newborn infants with ODs of ETTs from several manufacturers. Methods This is a subgroup analysis of a prospective observational study, performed in a single tertiary perinatal centre in Germany. The diameter of the nostril of infants born between 34 and 41 weeks´ gestation was measured in 3D images using 3dMDvultus software and compared to the OD of ETT from five different manufacturers. Results Comparisons of nostril sizes with ODs of different ETTs were made for 99 infants with a mean (SD) birthweight of 3058g (559) [range: 1850-4100g]. Mean (SD) nostril size was 5.3mm (0.6). The OD of the 3.5mm ETT of different manufacturers ranged from 4.8-5.3mm and was thus larger than the nostril size of 20-46% of late preterm or term infants. Some OD of a 3.0mm ETT were even bigger than the OD of a 3.5mm ETT (e.g. the 3.0mm ETT from Rusch® has an OD of 5.0mm while the 3.5mm ETT from Portex® has an OD of 4.8mm). Conclusions Clinicians should be aware of the OD of ETTs to reduce unsuccessful intubation attempts caused by ETT sizes not fitting the nasal cavity. Generated data may help to adapt recommendations in future. Trial registration Subgroup analysis of the "Fitting of Commonly Available Face Masks for Late Preterm and Term Infants (CAFF)"-study: NCT03369028, www.ClinicalTrials.gov , December 11, 2017.
The Bethe ansatz for ℤS orbifolds of = 4 super Yang-Mills theory

Worldsheet techniques can be used to argue for the integrability of string theory on AdS5 × S5/S, which is dual to the strongly coupled S-orbifold of = 4 SYM. We analyze the integrability of these field theories in the perturbative regime and construct the relevant Bethe equations.
Monocultures and Their Pairwise Combinations when Separate Crop Responses Are Not Available

In Chapter 6, modeling considerations for intercropped experiments were discussed for the situation wherein separate responses are available for each of the two crops in a mixture. There are, however, many situations in agriculture and in other areas for which there is only one response for the mixture for each variable measured. This results from a physical or experimental inability to measure the response of each component of the mixture, but it is still desirable to model the responses as was done in Chapter 6. We do this in the present chapter.
New Approaches to the Biology of Melanoma: A Workshop of the National Institutes of Health Pathology B Study Section

The pathogenesis of melanoma is beginning to be better understood due to a broad effort in defining clinically and pathohistologically the different stages of the disease. Cell culture and animal models have helped us to understand the dynamics of tumor progression. In recent years the field has begun systematic approaches to dissect the biological basis of melanoma. The molecular pathways and biological processes that are currently under investigation are expected to yield new markers for diagnosis and prognosis of melanoma, which currently solely rely on clinical and histopathological information. We also predict that the biological investigations will yield new target molecules for rational therapy. This review summarizes highlights of some of the most significant findings in recent years in melanoma biology (for additional reviews, see references 1-7 ).
Chapter 5 A Review of the TIP4P, TIP4P-Ew, TIP5P, and TIP5P-E Water Models

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a review of the TIP4P, TIP4P-Ew, TIP5P, and TIP5P-E water models. The advances in simulation techniques have prompted the re-parameterization of earlier water models, which were originally parameterized using older simulation methods. Many of these newly developed water models focused on reproducing speciﬁc properties or a number of properties in a particular phase and other models have been designed to save on computational costs, while some others take advantage of faster computational resources by treating various interactions more effectively. In choosing a water model for use in a molecular simulation, the desired properties of interest must be planned because it will determine which water model would be optimal for the simulation. All the water models presented in the chapter are empirical water models that use a force ﬁeld equation involving only nonbonded terms because the water molecules themselves are rigid. The chapter presents the calculation of the interaction for any of the water molecules with themselves or external inﬂuences and shows the Ewald summation technique to be superior to that of the truncated cut-off method used in simulations.
Effect of Low Cetane Fuels on Diesel Engine Performance 2-Combustion Performance of a Detroit Diesel 3-71 Engine

Four experimental diesel fuels with cetane numbers (CN) of 40, 37, 35 and 27 have been tested in a Detroit Diesel Allison 3-71 engine. The 35 CN fuel was a blend of distillates from conventional and tar sands crude with hydrogen treated cat-cracked stock. This provided a fuel typical of the 1990's and beyond. The 27 CN fuel was the same components as the 35 CN fuel only with a larger portion of the hydrogen treated cat-cracked component. The 40 CN fuel was identical to the 35 CN fuel with a .2% DII-3 Diesel Ignition Improver. The 37 CN fuel was a blend of Canadian winter diesel fuel oil and 24% Light Cycle Oil. The fuels were tested at four load levels at each of three engine speeds. The performance and combustion characteristics were compared with the physical and chemical fuel properties.
Transracial Adoption: Families Identify Issues and Needed Support Services

The gap between the number of children of color in care and the recruitment of minority foster and adoptive homes has triggered growing support for transracial adoption, culminating in the Multi-Ethnic Placement Act (MEPA) and the Interethnic Adoption Provisions (IEP) legislation. Although MEPA and IEP focus on eliminating barriers to transracial placements, they do not address support for families that choose to adopt transracially. A lack of professional literature exists in this area. This study explores a number of trans-racial placements and adoptions, with the goal of identifying, from the perspective of the families interviewed, potential services that would enhance such placements and adoptions.
Application of isotope dilution analysis to the determination of sulfate in glycoproteins and oligosaccharides

Abstract Isotope dilution analysis, using a probe of 35S-labeled BaSO4, is proposed for the determination of sulfate in hydrolysates of glycoproteins and other glycoconjugates. A scaled-down version of the method of Klockow is presented. A modified radioassay in strongly acidic conditions, effective in the range of 0.5 to 10 nmol sulfate per sample, has been developed.
Effect of induced electric field on single-file reverse osmosis

We investigated the effect of the electric field on single-file reverse osmosis (RO) water flux using molecular dynamics simulations. The electric field is generated by introducing oppositely charged biomolecules to the salt solution and pure water chambers attached to the nanopore. Simulation results indicate that an electric field in the direction of RO enhances the water flux while in the direction opposite to RO it suppresses the water flux. When the RO water flux is enhanced, the single-file water dipoles are aligned in the direction of the electric field. The addition of an electric field in the direction of RO led to a flux of 3 water molecules ns−1 by constantly maintaining water dipole vectors in the direction of the electric field, and this water flux is superimposed on the pressure driven water flux.
ATTENUATION OF SECOND SOUND IN HELIUM II BETWEEN ROTATING CYLINDERS.

In an annular resonant cavity, we have shown that the attenuation of second sound is the same for solid-body rotation, rotation of the outside cylinder only, and rotation of the inside cylinder only, if plotted against $|\mathrm{curl} {\mathbf{v}}_{s}|$, where the superfluid velocity ${\mathbf{v}}_{s}$ is calculated by classical hydrodynamics. Additional attenuation due to secondary flow was observed when the inside cylinder only rotated faster than 0.4 rad/sec. In solid-body rotation, we find that the attenuation plotted as a function of angular velocity deviates from linearity by not more than 1%, out to 6 rad/sec. We measured the perpendicular mutual-friction coefficient $B$ at 50-mdeg intervals between 1.2 and 2.08\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, with an uncertainty of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2% in the smoothed values; our values of $B$ are 4 to 8% higher than previous measurements by Hall and Vinen. We also measured the velocity of second sound to \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1%.
Oat Lines with Effective Adult Plant Resistance to Crown Rust

Race-specific resistance in oat does not provide adequate protection against crown rust because new virulent races of the pathogen often arise within a few years after cultivars with race-specific resistance are released. This study assessed levels of partial resistance in a series of experimental oat lines that showed reduced crown rust severity over 30 years of exposure to a diverse crown rust population. Oat breeding lines with putative adult plant slow-rusting resistance to Puccinia coronata were evaluated in small isolated field plots for crown rust severity in natural epidemics and in controlled inoculations in the greenhouse for infection efficiency with a single virulent P. coronata isolate. Lines were also tested as seedlings against isolates from a local P. coronata population to detect race-specific resistance. In field tests, areas under the disease progress curves for all 14 experimental lines tested were significantly less than for cv. Starter, the susceptible check, and values for nine of the lines were significantly less than for Portage, a standard slow-rusting cultivar. Four lines with good field resistance were susceptible as seedlings to >85% of the local P. coronata population. One of the lines, MN841801, remained relatively free of rust in field plots over 7 years of tests, even in the 3 years when Starter was destroyed by crown rust. In greenhouse inoculations, adult plants of MN841801 developed only 7% as many uredinia as Starter. MN841801 can be an excellent source of effective, durable adult plant resistance to crown rust.
Self-sustaining reactions induced by ball milling

Ball milling induces self-sustaining reactions in many sufficiently exothermic powder mixtures. The process begins with an activation period, during which size reduction, mixing, and defect formation take place. The MSR (mechanically induced self-propagating reaction) is ignited when the powder reaches a well defined critical state. Once started, the reaction propagates through the powder charge as a combustion process. In this paper, the current knowledge on MSR is reviewed from both experimental and theoretical points of view. Experimental results on a broad variety of systems are examined and compared. The variation of the ignition time with composition and milling conditions is investigated. Some unusual phenomena, such as the mutual suppression of combustion in mixed metal-chalcogen systems, are discussed. The mechanism of MSRs is extremely complex, with important processes on several length and time scales. The key objective is to understand ignition and the changes during the activation process that lead to ignition. Combining models with systematic empirical studies appears to be the most realistic approach to a detailed understanding of MSR processes.
Two-tone suppression in inner hair cell responses.

Abstract In an attempt to characterize certain aspects of two-tone suppression (2TS), ac receptor potentials were recorded from mammalian inner hair cells (IHC) in the third turn of the guinea pig cochlea. By comparing magnitude and phase changes occurring during suppression with predictions made on the basis of level-dependent responses to single-tone inputs, it is possible to determine whether 2TS is mimicked by simply attenuating stimulus intensity. Results indicate that the effects of suppression are not simulated by simple input attenuation for low probe levels which produce responses below saturation. In these situations, the suppressor causes a decrease in the magnitude of the ac receptor potential with the largest deviations measured at the characteristic frequency (CF) of the cell. Thus, frequency response functions become broader. Response phase goes through a lag/lead transition at CF, also opposite to the results expected by simply decreasing input to the cell. At higher probe levels, within the saturation region, the magnitude reductions produced during 2TS are largest for stimulus frequencies well below and well above CF. This effect partially reverses the broadening of frequency response functions seen at moderate intensities with possible benefits for the processing of complex stimuli at conversational levels. Although the magnitude data obtained at high probe levels are consistent with the attenuation hypothesis, the companion phase measures did not show the expected lead/lag transition through CF since phase changes were generally lags. Consequently, the high-level suppression data suggest that 2TS may reduce input to the IHC but in a way which is not equivalent to the attenuation of a single-input stimulus.
Specific heat of helium confined to a 57- mm planar geometry near the lambda point

We report measurements of the specific heat of liquid helium confined to $57\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ planar gaps extending to within a few nanokelvin of the bulk lambda transition. The data are in fair agreement with Monte Carlo estimates for finite-size effects and with renormalization-group-theory predictions above the transition. Far from the transition, we find surface specific heat exponents, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.64\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ below, and $0.65\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2$ above, which compare well with the prediction of 0.658. Comparison with other recent data on small length scales shows some areas of agreement.
Optimization of atom transfer radical polymerization using Cu(I)/ tris(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)amine as a catalyst

The optimization of the synthesis of homopolymers from n-butyl acrylate (BA), styrene (Sty), and methyl methacrylate (MMA), using copper-based atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with tris(2-dimethylaminoethyl)amine (Me6-TREN) as a ligand is reported. Catalyst concentration (copper bromide complexed with 1 equiv of Me6-TREN) as low as 1% relative to initiator (50 ppm in the reaction mixture) was sufficient to successfully prepare well-defined poly(n-butyl acrylate) in bulk. With 50% catalyst to initiator, styrene was polymerized in bulk. The deactivator species had poor solubility in nonpolar solvents. Finally, the polymerization of methyl methacrylate with CuBr/Me6-TREN required the use of a high concentration of catalyst and the addition of Cu(II)Cl2 at the beginning of the reaction; the resulting polymers were of higher molecular weight than predicted by theory and had relatively broad molecular weight distributions.