cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tribal policing on American Indian reservations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an empirical examination of the characteristics of Indian reservation police agencies at the start of the twenty‐first century.Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses national data on tribal police agencies from the 2000 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies and from the 2002 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies (both conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics).Findings – The analysis presented documents both common and distinctive trends in Indian Country policing, and compares tribal police agencies on reservations with non‐Indian police organizations generally.Originality/value – The paper provides an empirical reference point for assessing future changes and developments in this mostly undocumented form of US policing.
Pharmacy Medication Therapy Management Services and Reimbursement Options

The Director's Forum series is written and edited by Robert Weber and Scott Mark and is designed to guide pharmacy leaders in establishing patient-centered services in hospitals and health systems. As more pharmacy boards are approving and endorsing medication therapy, management directors of pharmacy will need to understand mechanisms for payment for these services. This article provides some initial information for pharmacy directors in developing a strategy for financial support of pharmacy cognitive services.
Biology and Religion: On Establishing a Problematic1

In an article on Steven Pinker's How the Mind Works, Steve Jones opines that for most scientists, "philosophy is to science as pornogra phy is to sex: it is cheaper, easier, and some people seem, bafflingly, to prefer it" (1997: 13-14). The sort of philosophy to which Jones refers is the interpretation of nature "in metaphysical terms" Jones 1997: 13), an enterprise warned against in the motto of the Royal Society of London, JVullius in verba, trust not in words Jones 1997: 13). But while we might incline to the Royal Society's aversion to meta physical conjectures, we would do well not to conflate such conjec tures with philosophical concerns and reflections of an epistemologi cal and analytical sort. Philosophical concerns of an epistemological and analytical sort are of importance for establishing a problematic in the study of biol ogy and religion. Such concerns can be expressed in the form of questions such as these: What do we want to know? Why do we want to know those things? And what sorts of constraints might affect our understandings? The study of biology and religion implicates at least two interests: an interest in religion and, more broadly, an interest in the human condition, particularly as that condition may be illuminated by theo rizing about evolutionary developments and human nature. But while establishing a problematic embraces both interests, different scholars are guided by different agendas and emphases. In some cases, primary emphasis is directed to religion as explanandum, the thing to be explained or to be better understood. In other cases, consideration of religion is largely instrumental or illustrative.
Arithmetic Stroop Interference as a Function of Age: Maintenance and Modification of Automatic Processes

This experiment investigated whether well-learned “automatic” processes remain stable as a function of age, as well as whether the ability to modify automatic processes is disrupted for older adults. We used an arithmetic “Stroop” task. Nineteen young (mean 22) and 19 old adults (mean 75) participated in three sessions for a total of 450 trials. The young subjects had faster verification times, overall, than the old adults. Both young and old subjects showed significant Stroop interference. These results support the hypothesis that automatic processes, in this case access of addition and multiplication tables, are maintained for old adults. Furthermore, both groups reduced their RT with practice. For the young adults, there was a decrease in interference with practice suggesting that they were learning to inhibit the automatic process of performing the arithmetical operation. However, the old adults showed no significant decrease in interference, which implies that they were impaired in their ability to i...
Higher population-based incidence rates of triple-negative breast cancer among young African-American women : Implications for breast cancer screening recommendations.

BACKGROUND: Differences in the breast cancer burden of African-American women compared with white American women are well documented. Recent controversies have emerged regarding age-appropriate mammographic screening guidelines, and these surveillance recommendations may influence future breast cancer disparities. The objective of the current study was to evaluate age-specific breast cancer stage distributions and incidence rates of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in a population-based tumor registry. METHODS: The authors analyzed breast cancers from the California Cancer Registry (CCR) that were diagnosed between 1988 and 2006. The results were stratified by age and race/ethnicity, with white Americans identified as non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) and African Americans identified as non-Hispanic blacks (NHBs). Breast cancer stage distributions and TNBC incidence rates also were analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 375,761 invasive breast cancers were evaluated (including 276,938 in NHWs and 21,681 in NHBs). NHBs and Hispanics tended to be younger than NHWs (median ages 57 years, 54 years, and 64 years, respectively). Lifetime incidence rates were higher for NHWs compared with NHBs and Hispanics; however, for women aged <44 years, incidence was highest among NHBs. NHBs also had higher incidence rates of stage III and IV disease and a higher incidence of TNBC in all age categories. CONCLUSIONS: Population-based data demonstrated that African-American women had a more advanced stage distribution for breast cancer compared with white American women and higher incidence rates for TNBC. These patterns were observed for women ages 40 to 49 years and for older women, and they suggest that mammographic screening for the early detection of breast cancer will be particularly relevant for younger African-American women. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
RCS computation at the Syracuse Research Corporation

RCS (radar cross section) computation has been a main area of research work at the Syracuse Research Corporation (SRC) for a number of years. Sponsorships of projects in a variety of application areas over the years have made continuous research work possible in the field of electromagnetic scattering and the accompanying simulation software development. SRC's work to date in this area is summarized. Particular attention is given to the active library concept for target identification. An RCS prediction software named SRCRCS and an accompanying CAD modeling package named SCAMP are discussed. Applications of the simulation software are considered. >
Development of a voice coil-actuated limited-degree-of-freedom parallel mechanism for vibration suppression:

AbstractThe development of a prototype limited-degree-of-freedom parallel mechanism for vibration suppression is presented. The mechanism is novel in that voice-coil actuators capable of delivering large forces are used to provide high-bandwidth suppression for heavy payloads. A summary of general parallel mechanism kinematic theory is provided, and the singular conditions for the prototype mechanism are explained. A two-axis vibration suppression control system is described, and experimental evidence of closed-loop performance is provided. The prototype mechanism delivers a maximum of 27 dB of disturbance rejection over the target frequency interval 1–10 Hz.
Postpartum depression, suicidality, and mother-infant interactions

To date, few studies have examined suicidality in women with postpartum depression. Reports of suicidal ideation in postpartum women have varied (Lindahl et al. Arch Womens Ment Health 8:77–87, 2005), and no known studies have examined the relationship between suicidality and mother-infant interactions. This study utilizes baseline data from a multi-method evaluation of a home-based psychotherapy for women with postpartum depression and their infants to examine the phenomenon of suicidality and its relationship to maternal mood, perceptions, and mother-infant interactions. Overall, women in this clinical sample (n = 32) had wide ranging levels of suicidal thinking. When divided into low and high groups, the mothers with high suicidality experienced greater mood disturbances, cognitive distortions, and severity of postpartum symptomotology. They also had lower maternal self-esteem, more negative perceptions of the mother-infant relationship, and greater parenting stress. During observer-rated mother-infant interactions, women with high suicidality were less sensitive and responsive to their infants’ cues, and their infants demonstrated less positive affect and involvement with their mothers. Implications for clinical practice and future research directions are discussed.
Inhibitory effect of interleukin-8 on the secretion of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase by human decidual macrophages.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether interleukin-8 (IL-8) regulates platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) secretion by decidual cells in vitro. METHODS Decidual macrophages were obtained from human term decidual tissue by enzymic digestion and Ficoll-Paque centrifugation. The effect of IL-8 and phorbol esters on the secretion of PAF-acetylhydrolase by these cells was examined. RESULTS IL-8 inhibited PAF-AH secretion by decidual macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition was reversed partially by antibodies against tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-1 beta. IL-8-induced inhibition was blocked partially by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, sphingosine, and H-7 1-(5-isoquinoline sulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine. A PKC activator, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate, decreased PAF-AH secretion. CONCLUSION IL-8 may increase the PAF concentration in the decidua via its inhibitory effect on PAF-AH secretion by decidual macrophages. IL-8-induced inhibition of enzyme secretion may have been mediated in part by PKC-dependent signal transduction.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Developing in Patients with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

Three patients with biopsy-proven primary biliary cirrhosis subsequently developed a multisystem disorder and serologic abnormalities consistent with systemic lupus erythematosus. In one patient, antimitochondrial antibody titers fell to undetectable levels after the development of the extrahepatic manifestations. No patient had been exposed to D-penicillamine or other drugs capable of inducing a lupus-like condition. These patients further emphasize the difficulties in disease classification and underline the systemic nature of chronic liver diseases such as primary biliary cirrhosis.
Full-field dynamic strain prediction on a wind turbine using displacements of optical targets measured by stereophotogrammetry

Abstract Health monitoring of rotating structures (e.g. wind turbines and helicopter blades) has historically been a challenge due to sensing and data transmission problems. Unfortunately mechanical failure in many structures initiates at components on or inside the structure where there is no sensor located to predict the failure. In this paper, a wind turbine was mounted with a semi-built-in configuration and was excited using a mechanical shaker. A series of optical targets was distributed along the blades and the fixture and the displacement of those targets during excitation was measured using a pair of high speed cameras. Measured displacements with three dimensional point tracking were transformed to all finite element degrees of freedom using a modal expansion algorithm. The expanded displacements were applied to the finite element model to predict the full-field dynamic strain on the surface of the structure as well as within the interior points. To validate the methodology of dynamic strain prediction, the predicted strain was compared to measured strain by using six mounted strain-gages. To verify if a simpler model of the turbine can be used for the expansion, the expansion process was performed both by using the modes of the entire turbine and modes of a single cantilever blade. The results indicate that the expansion approach can accurately predict the strain throughout the turbine blades from displacements measured by using stereophotogrammetry.
Mechanisms of Hyperoxia-Induced Reductions in Retinal Blood Flow in Newborn Pig

Although reductions in retinal blood flow (RBF) in response to acute hyperoxia are well described, the mechanistic basis of this response has yet to be clarified. The present study was undertaken in order to determine the possible involvement of two arachidonic acid-derived vasoconstrictors, the cyclooxygenase metabolite thromboxane and the cytochrome P450 metabolite 20-HETE, as well as the involvement of the peptide endothelin and superoxide free radical. Fluorescein videoangiography was performed on the intact eyes of isoflurane-anesthetized newborn piglets. RBF responses to 20 min of hyperoxia were calculated from the angiograms off-line, using changes in mean arteriovenous transit times and arteriolar and venular diameters. The effect of hyperoxia (PaO2=351+/-9 mmHg; n=39) on RBF was examined in each animal under control conditions and again after intravitreal perivascular administration of drugs that block the synthesis or receptors of known vasoconstrictors. Estimated RBF decreased by a maximum of 42+/-3% in the 7 animal groups in response to 20 min of hyperoxia. The magnitude and time course of the change in RBF resulting from two successive hyperoxic challenges did not differ, and were unaffected by intravitreal administration of vehicle. The response to hyperoxia was attenuated 46+/-6 (n=6; P=0.001) after intravitreal CGS 22652 (2 nmol), a combined thromboxane synthesis inhibitor and receptor antagonist. DDMS (12.5 nmol), a competitive inhibitor of the P450 enzyme omega-hydroxylase that forms 20-HETE, blocked hyperoxic constriction by 23+/-7% (n=6; P=0.01). Intravitreal pretreatment with TBC 1241z (2 nmol), a receptor antagonist of the peptide endothelin, blocked the hyperoxic response by 26+/-5% (n=6; P=0.01). A combination of CGS 22652 (2 nmol), DDMS (12.5 nmol), and TBC 1241z (2 nmol), blocked the hyperoxic flow response by 51+/-3% (n=5; P=0.003). Administration of a combination of superoxide dismutase (10 U intravitreally, 10000 U kg-1 of the polyethylene glycol-conjugate intravenously) and catalase (10 U intravitreally, 10000 U kg-1 intravenously) was without effect on hyperoxia-induced reductions in RBF (n=5). The present results indicate that the arachidonic acid metabolites thromboxane and 20-HETE, and the peptide endothelin, participate in mediating the acute reduction in RBF in response to hyperoxia.
Updated meta-analysis of the MMPI-2 Symptom Validity Scale (FBS): Verified utility in forensic practice.

Clinical research interest in the symptom reporting validity scale currently known as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) Symptom Validity Scale (FBS) has continued to be strong, with multiple new publications annually in peer-reviewed journals that publish psychological and neuropsychological assessment research. Related to this growth in relevant literature, the present study was conducted to update the Nelson, Sweet, and Demakis (2006b) FBS meta-analysis. A total of 83 FBS studies (43 new studies) were identified, and 32 (38.5%) met inclusion criteria. Analyses were conducted on a pooled sample of 2218 over-reporting and 3123 comparison participants. Large omnibus effect sizes were observed for FBS, Obvious-Subtle (O-S), and the Dissimulation Scale-Revised (Dsr2) scales. Moderate effect sizes were observed for the following scales: Back Infrequency (Fb), Gough's F-K, Infrequency (F), Infrequency Psychopathology (Fp), and Dissimulation (Ds2). Moderator analyses illustrate that relative to the F-family scales, FBS exhibited larger effect sizes when (1) effort is known to be insufficient and (2) evaluation is conducted in the context of traumatic brain injury. Overall, current results summarize an extensive literature that continues to support use of FBS in forensic neuropsychology practice.
Oxidation and activation of unsaturated fatty acids.

Abstract 1. 1. Small amounts of unsaturated fatty acids are oxidized to CO 2 , both in vivo and in vitro , at a greater rate than the corresponding saturated fatty acids. 2. 2. Fat-feeding to rats stimulates the rate of oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. 3. 3. Cholesterol-feeding to rabbits, but not to rats, stimulates the oxidation of all fatty acids by mitochondria, especially unsaturated fatty acids. 4. 4. Long-chain unsaturated fatty acids are more readily activated by mitochondrial enzymes than most saturated acids.
A Study of the Role of Daytime Land–Atmosphere Interactions on Nocturnal Convective Activity in the Southern Great Plains during CLASIC

AbstractThis study examines whether and how land–atmosphere interactions can have an impact on nocturnal convection over the southern Great Plains (SGP) through numerical simulations of an intense nocturnal mesoscale convective system (MCS) on 19–20 June 2007 with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. High-resolution nested simulations were conducted using realistic and idealized land surfaces and two planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterizations (PBLp): Yonsei University (YSU) and Mellor–Yamada–Janjic (MYJ). Differences in timing and amount of MCS precipitation among observations and model results were examined in the light of daytime land–atmosphere interactions, nocturnal prestorm environment, and cold pool strength. At the meso-γ scale, land cover and soil type have as much of an effect on the simulated prestorm environment as the choice of PBLp: MYJ simulations exhibit strong sensitivity to changes in the land surface in contrast to negligible impact in the case of YSU. At the end of t...
Influence of iron redox transformations on plutonium sorption to sediments

Plutonium subsurface mobility is primarily controlled by its oxidation state, which in turn is loosely coupled to the oxidation state of iron in the system. Experiments were conducted to examine the effect of sediment iron mineral composition and oxidation state on plutonium sorption and reduction. A pH 6.3 vadose zone sediment containing iron oxides and iron-containing phyllosilicates was treated with various complexants (ammonium oxalate) and reductants (hydroxylamine hydrochloride and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB)) to selectively leach and/or reduce iron oxide and phyllosilicate/clay Fe(III). 57 Fe-Mossbauer spectroscopy was used to identify initial iron mineral composition of the sediment and monitor dissolution and reduction of iron oxides and reduction of phyllosilicate Fe(III). 57 Fe-Mossbauer spectroscopy showed that the Fe-mineral composition of the untreated sediment is: 25-30% hematite, 60-65% small-particle/Al-goethite, and < 10% Fe(III) in phyllosilicate; there was no detectable Fe(II). Upon reduction with a strong chemical reductant (dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate buffer), much of the hematite and goethite was removed. Partial reduction of phyllosilicate Fe(III) was evident in the sediments subjected to DCB treatment. Sorption of Pu(V) was monitored over one week for the untreated and each of five treated sediment fractions. Plutonium oxidation state speciation in the aqueous and solid phases was monitored using solvent extraction, coprecipitation, and XANES. The rate of sorption appears to correlate with the fraction of Fe(II) in the sediment (untreated or treated). Pu(V) was the only oxidation state measured in the aqueous phase, irrespective of treatment, whereas Pu(IV) and much smaller amounts of Pu(V) and Pu(VI) were measured in the solid phase. Surface-mediated reduction of Pu(V) to Pu(IV) occurred in treated and untreated sediment samples; Pu(V) remained on untreated sediment surface for two days before reducing to Pu(IV). Similar to the sorption kinetics, the reduction rate appears to be correlated with sediment Fe(II) concentration. The correlation between Fe(II) concentrations and Pu(V) reduction demonstrates the potential impact of changing iron mineralogy on plutonium subsurface transport through redox transition areas. These findings should influence the conceptual models of long-term stewardship of Pu contaminated sites that have fluctuating redox conditions, such as vadose zones or riparian zones.
Cu(I) Recognition Via Cation-Pi and Methionine Interactions in Cusf.

Methionine-rich motifs have an important role in copper trafficking factors, including the CusF protein. Here we show that CusF uses a new metal recognition site wherein Cu(I) is tetragonally displaced from a Met2His ligand plane toward a conserved tryptophan. Spectroscopic studies demonstrate that both thioether ligation and strong cation-π interactions with tryptophan stabilize metal binding. This novel active site chemistry affords mechanisms for control of adventitious metal redox and substitution chemistry.
Some Aspects of Belief in Prevailing Superstitions

Sr/mrnary.-A questionnaire revised on the basis of findings from an earlier study and containing 12 prevalent common superstitious beliefs or practices was anonymously completed by 69 adults in New York City and 64 participants in the relatively more rural area of northwestern Pennsylvania. Statistically significant differences were found between the two groups wirh respect to the influence of certain specific superstitious beliefs. The level of general superstitious belief appeared to be approximately equivalent for the two subsamples. However, a mean superstition score for 68 women was higher than that for 65 men, the difference being statistically significant (fi < .05), and tending to Substantiate with broader based evidence a similar finding from the earlier study. In an earlier study (Blum & Blum, 1974) superstitious belief exhibited some prevalence in spite of advance in scientific knowledge. For that sample belief in common superscitions was negatively correlated to a moderate extent with amount of formal education, not related to age, and evidenced more by women than by men. These findings appear consistent with those obtained in relatively recent studies by Scheidt ( 1973) and Za'iour ( 1972). Several of the 24 superstitions included in the list used in the earlier study were associated with little influence on feelings and/or behavior for the adult participants in New York City. Thus, it now seemed appropriate to use a list that included only those superscitions that had demonstrated relatively substantial prevalence and to broaden the inquiry by including individuals residing in an area with a population characterized by lower density and different composition. The present study was conducted to investigate if men and women differ significantly wirh respect to each individual superstition; whether residents of the . large metropolis of New York City with its relatively heterogeneous population differ significantly from a relatively less concentrated more homogeneous segment of the population with respect to influence of common superstitious belief, and if these two segments of the population differ significantly with respect to each individual superstition. The study also attempted to uncover within the limits of available data collection considerations, if some relationship exists between insecurity-anxiecy and superstitious belief.
Cognitive and cognitive-relaxation treatments of anger

The effectiveness of cognitive and cognitive-relaxation conditions in reducing general anger were compared. By the 5-week follow-up, no differences were found between the two treatments. Relative to controls, both treatments reported significantly less general anger, anger across different situations, person-specific anger, anger-related physiological reactivity, and trait anxiety. In an analogue provocation, both groups reported less unconstructive coping than controls. Subjects in the cognitive condition reported significantly less tendency to suppress anger than controls; cognitive-relaxation subjects did not differ from cognitive or control subjects on this measure. No between-group differences were found for state anger and pulse rates in the analogues though both were low in the initial assessment, daily anger intensities, or the tendency to express anger outwardly, though the latter approached significance. A 15-month follow-up revealed maintenance of anger and anxiety reduction relative to controls, and no differences between active treatments. Implications for the treatment of general anger are discussed.
Failure of Hypophyseal Growth Hormone to Produce Nitrogen Storage in a Girl with Hypophyseal Dwarfism

THE isolation of the hypophyseal growth hormone in a pure form by Li, Evans and Simpson (1) has made possible the use of the purified hormone in clinical experiments. This pure hormone was first administered in the spring of 1947 to a girl judged clinically to be a hypopituitary dwarf. At a dose level approaching 5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight it was without effect upon nitrogen balance. It is the purpose of this paper to report these balance studies: the complete long-term study of the patient which includes the administration of growth hormone for four months will be reported subsequently. Case Presentation and Method of Study The patient (F. H.) was a girl, aged 16½ years, with a bone age of 13 years and dental age of 1.2 years. She weighed 70½ lbs. (32 Kg.), was 49.8 inches (127 cm.) in height, and had an I.Q. of 130. Her early development was said to have been normal; retarded growth was first apparent at the age of 5. After the age of 12 years she had grown approximately one inch in height...
Apostasy in the Wilderness: Paul's Message To the Corinthians in a State of Eschatological Liminality

Certain interpretative approaches have coloured the conclusions of some recent scholarly works on the subject of apostasy. Judith Gundry Volf's topical-exegetical method is one example. This article argues that the content of Paul's description of the Israelites in the wilderness focuses upon the notions of apostasy and eschatol ogy. As a point of departure, a cultural anthropological approach is used to illuminate 1 Cor. 10.1-12. Paul presupposes a Jewish apocalyptic understanding of eschatology in the language of the Israelites' journey through the wilderness, and the apostle's perspective is compared with the liminal processes of pilgrimages and rites of passage as discussed by cultural anthropologist Victor Turner. In light of this perspective, Paul is warning the Corinthian congregation that, although they had been initiated into the body of Christ through a separation process that was prefigured in Israel's exodus, many of them may be in danger of committing apos tasy during their liminal stage befo...
Phosphorylation of p68 RNA helicase regulates RNA binding by the C-terminal domain of the protein

We previously reported ATPase, RNA unwinding, and RNA-binding activities of recombinant p68 RNA helicase that was expressed in Escherichia coli. Huang et al. The recombinant protein bound both single-stranded (ss) and double-stranded (ds) RNAs. To further characterize the substrate RNA binding by p68 RNA helicase, we expressed and purified the recombinant N-terminal and C-terminal domains of the protein. RNA-binding property and protein phosphorylation of the recombinant domains of p68 were analyzed. Our data demonstrated that the C-terminal domain of p68 RNA helicase bound ssRNA. More interestingly, the C-terminal domain was a target of protein kinase C (PKC). Phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain of p68 abolished its RNA binding. Based on our observations, we propose that the C-terminal domain is an RNA substrate binding site for p68. The protein phosphorylation by PKC regulates the RNA binding of p68 RNA helicase, which consequently controls the enzymatic activities of the protein.
GaSbAlSbInAs multi-heterojunctions

Abstract We have made transport measurements on GaSbAlSbInAs multi-heterojunctions prepared by MBE. The result has been analyzed on the basis of electron tunneling across thin AlSb layers.
Alkylation Base Damage Is Converted into Repairable Double-Strand Breaks and Complex Intermediates in G2 Cells Lacking AP Endonuclease

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are potent sources of genome instability. While there is considerable genetic and molecular information about the disposition of direct DSBs and breaks that arise during replication, relatively little is known about DSBs derived during processing of single-strand lesions, especially for the case of single-strand breaks (SSBs) with 3′-blocked termini generated in vivo. Using our recently developed assay for detecting end-processing at random DSBs in budding yeast, we show that single-strand lesions produced by the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) can generate DSBs in G2-arrested cells, i.e., S-phase independent. These derived DSBs were observed in apn1/2 endonuclease mutants and resulted from aborted base excision repair leading to 3′ blocked single-strand breaks following the creation of abasic (AP) sites. DSB formation was reduced by additional mutations that affect processing of AP sites including ntg1, ntg2, and, unexpectedly, ogg1, or by a lack of AP sites due to deletion of the MAG1 glycosylase gene. Similar to direct DSBs, the derived DSBs were subject to MRX (Mre11, Rad50, Xrs2)-determined resection and relied upon the recombinational repair genes RAD51, RAD52, as well as on the MCD1 cohesin gene, for repair. In addition, we identified a novel DNA intermediate, detected as slow-moving chromosomal DNA (SMD) in pulsed field electrophoresis gels shortly after MMS exposure in apn1/2 cells. The SMD requires nicked AP sites, but is independent of resection/recombination processes, suggesting that it is a novel structure generated during processing of 3′-blocked SSBs. Collectively, this study provides new insights into the potential consequences of alkylation base damage in vivo, including creation of novel structures as well as generation and repair of DSBs in nonreplicating cells.
Neighborhood design as a strategy for improving air quality: Evidence from Northern California

The sprawling patterns of land development common to metropolitan areas of the US have been blamed for high levels of automobile travel, and thus for air quality problems. In response, smart growth programs - designed to counter sprawl - have gained popularity in the US. Studies show that residents of neighborhoods with higher levels of density, land-use mix, transit accessibility, and pedestrian friendliness drive less than residents of neighborhoods with lower levels of these characteristics. However, these studies have shed little light on the underlying direction of causality - whether neighborhood design influences travel behavior or whether travel preferences influence the choice of neighborhood. The available evidence thus leaves a key question largely unanswered: if cities use land use policies to bring residents closer to destinations and provide viable alternatives to driving, will people change their behavior in ways that reduce emissions? This study examines evidence from a study of residents of eight neighborhoods in Northern California on the link between neighborhood design and two behaviors that affect emissions: driving and choice of vehicle type. The study used multivariate modeling techniques to control for socio-demographic characteristics as well as attitudes and preferences. The results support the premise that land use policies have at least some potential to reduce driving and ownership of light duty trucks, thereby reducing emissions.
Crude oil imports into the United States

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine three issues concerning the imports of crude oil by the United States. First, the question of whether crude oil imports respond to relative price changes is asked. Second, if crude oil imports do respond to such a factor, what is the nature of this response? Third, if crude oil imports do respond to changing relative prices, has this response been stable over time? The results presented here answer each of these questions. Crude oil imports do respond to changing relative price differentials. Additionally, this response is fairly rapid. Finally, the response is shown to be stable over time.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE STATUS OF NUCLEAR SCIENCE EDUCATION IN PRE-COLLEGE PROGRAMS

This communication will provide an overview of the papers given in the Symposium entitled “Pre-College Education in Nuclear Science” held under the auspices of the Division of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology of the American Chemical Society, and given at the 204th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Washington, D.C., on August 24–28, 1992. The Symposium consisted of 45 invited papers, and covered topics in nuclear science education at the high school, middle school, and elementary school levels. The Symposium also presented an overview of the involvement of university and federal laboratories in providing teaching and research opportunities for pre-college faculty and students, curriculum enhancement by special interest groups such as power and utility companies, as well as funding opportunities from private and federal agencies.
Face and Object Discrimination in Autism, and Relationship to IQ and Age

The current study tested fine discrimination of upright and inverted faces and objects in adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) as compared to age- and IQ-matched controls. Discrimination sensitivity was tested using morphed faces and morphed objects, and all stimuli were equated in low-level visual characteristics (luminance, contrast, spatial frequency make-up). Participants with ASD exhibited slight, non-significant impairments in discrimination sensitivity for faces, yet significantly enhanced discrimination sensitivity for objects. The ASD group also showed a protracted development of face and object inversion effects. Finally, for ASD participants, face sensitivity improved with increasing IQ while object sensitivity improved with age. By contrast, for controls, face sensitivity improved with age, but neither face nor object sensitivity was influenced by IQ. These findings suggest that individuals with ASD follow a qualitatively different path in the development of face and object processing abilities.
Characterization of an Improved, Real-Time MEMS-Based Phase-Shifting Interferometer

We describe and present detailed performance characterizations for an enhanced version of our MEMS based phase shifting interferometer (MBPSI) that achieves times denser motion reconstruction at an our original system. We measure the noise level to be lesplusmn6 nm lambda for a 66 nm laser) and the frequency resolution to be les Hz for Hz motion captured at Hz. We have successfully tracked a piezo based actuator driven with an arbitrary waveform composed of transients les Hz.
Physiology of Penile Erection and Pathophysiology of Erectile Dysfunction

Penile erection is primarily a neurovascular event modulated by psychological and hormonal status. Sexual stimulation causes a release of neurotransmitters from the cavernous nerve terminals and relaxing factors from the endothelial cells in the penis, resulting in relaxation of smooth muscle in the arteries and arterioles supplying the erectile tissue.
Inducting New Teachers in Illinois: Challenge and Response

This article reports on efforts to improve beginning teachers' induction experiences across the state of Illinois. The authors focus on the role of the Illinois New Teacher Collaborative (INTC), which was created to promote new teacher induction in Illinois and to supply resources and support for new teachers and for those who support them. This article, which builds on Wilkins and Clift (2007), describes challenges facing Illinois state-funded induction programs and INTC's responses, including professional development opportunities and web-based resources and discussion forums. The authors make the case for induction programs and for state funding, and for the importance of having an independent entity to provide support for and to conduct research with the programs.
Studies of immunoglobulin synthesis in cultures of peripheral T and B lymphocytes: reduced T-suppressor cell activity in Graves' disease.

SUMMARY Cellular interactions involved in Graves’disease were studied in patients in different stages of the disease and in normal controls. Synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the supernate of pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated cultures of constant numbers of non E rosette forming cells (E− cells) and of increasing numbers of autologous E rosette forming cells (E+ cells) (E+/E− ratios = 1:1, 2:1, 4:1, 8:1, 10:1) were measured by a specific solid-phase radioimmunoassay. In the normal group, the mean IgG production increased with increasing E+/E- ratio (T helper effect), reaching a maximum at a T/B ratio of 4:1, then decreased at higher E+/E− ratios (T suppressor effect). At a E+/E− ratio of 10:1 the IgG synthesis was 39% of the peak value. In the Graves’patients the mean IgG synthesis increased with increasing numbers of E+ cells at every ratio with a peak value found at E+/E− ratio = 10:1. There was no detectable suppressor effect. In three experiments performed with allogeneic combinations of cells, it was observed that the Graves’E− cells were able to respond both to helper and suppressor signals from normal E+ cells, while the Graves’E+ were not able to suppress IgG synthesis by normal E− cells. Treatment of E+ cells with 3,000 cGy of irradiation before adding them to E− cells abolished the suppressor effect seen at the higher E+/E− ratios in the normal controls because of inactivation of the T suppressor lymphocytes. In contrast, the same procedure was without effect on the IgG synthesis by E− cells in Graves’patients. When peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were cultured in the presence of PWM and of PWM + Concanavalin-A (Con-A), the PWM-induced synthesis of IgG was suppressed in the presence of Con-A by 75% (using unfractionated PBMC) and 74% (using E+/E− cells) at 1:1 ratio in normal controls, while Graves’patients’cells caused lower suppression of 66 and 48%, respectively. This latter value was significantly different from that found in the normal group (P < 0·05).
The influence of VLSI technology evolution on radiation-induced latchup in space systems

Changes in technology and device scaling have generally increased the sensitivity of VLSI devices to latchup from single interactions of heavy particles in space. This paper discusses latchup mechanisms, comparing latchup from heavy particles in space with electrically induced latchup, which has been more widely studied. The effects of technology changes and device scaling on latchup susceptibility are discussed as well. Test methods and the interpretation of latchup results are also included, along with predictions of the effects of device evolution and scaling on latchup susceptibility in space.
Importance of Ocean Heat Uptake Efficacy to Transient Climate Change

Abstract This article proposes a modification to the standard forcing–feedback diagnostic energy balance model to account for 1) differences between effective and equilibrium climate sensitivities and 2) the variation of effective sensitivity over time in climate change experiments with coupled atmosphere–ocean climate models. In the spirit of Hansen et al. an efficacy factor is applied to the ocean heat uptake. Comparing the time evolution of the surface warming in high and low efficacy models demonstrates the role of this efficacy in the transient response to CO2 forcing. Abrupt CO2 increase experiments show that the large efficacy of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory’s Climate Model version 2.1 (CM2.1) sets up in the first two decades following the increase in forcing. The use of an efficacy is necessary to fit this model’s global mean temperature evolution in periods with both increasing and stable forcing. The intermodel correlation of transient climate response with ocean heat uptake efficac...
A class of selective antibacterials derived from a protein kinase inhibitor pharmacophore

As the need for novel antibiotic classes to combat bacterial drug resistance increases, the paucity of leads resulting from target-based antibacterial screening of pharmaceutical compound libraries is of major concern. One explanation for this lack of success is that antibacterial screening efforts have not leveraged the eukaryotic bias resulting from more extensive chemistry efforts targeting eukaryotic gene families such as G protein-coupled receptors and protein kinases. Consistent with a focus on antibacterial target space resembling these eukaryotic targets, we used whole-cell screening to identify a series of antibacterial pyridopyrimidines derived from a protein kinase inhibitor pharmacophore. In bacteria, the pyridopyrimidines target the ATP-binding site of biotin carboxylase (BC), which catalyzes the first enzymatic step of fatty acid biosynthesis. These inhibitors are effective in vitro and in vivo against fastidious Gram-negative pathogens including Haemophilus influenzae. Although the BC active site has architectural similarity to those of eukaryotic protein kinases, inhibitor binding to the BC ATP-binding site is distinct from the protein kinase-binding mode, such that the inhibitors are selective for bacterial BC. In summary, we have discovered a promising class of potent antibacterials with a previously undescribed mechanism of action. In consideration of the eukaryotic bias of pharmaceutical libraries, our findings also suggest that pursuit of a novel inhibitor leads for antibacterial targets with active-site structural similarity to known human targets will likely be more fruitful than the traditional focus on unique bacterial target space, particularly when structure-based and computational methodologies are applied to ensure bacterial selectivity.
Self-calibrated GRAPPA method for 2D and 3D radial data.

A fast parallel MRI (pMRI) reconstruction method is presented for 2D and 3D radial trajectories. A limitation of the radial generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions (GRAPPA) method is the need to acquire training data prior to the actual scan. This can be eliminated by the use of self-calibration when synthesizing the missing data for each coil reconstruction. The training data for each coil are estimated by multiplying the conventionally reconstructed composite image, which contains the aliasing artifacts from undersampling, with each coil's spatial sensitivity profile. An estimate of the individual receiver spatial sensitivity profiles is obtained from the k-space data that fulfill the Nyquist sampling criterion. The frequency domain representation of the training data is then calculated at the acquired k-space sample points and at the unacquired locations at which we desire to synthesize k-space data. Fitting the acquired k-space samples to the unacquired points creates reconstruction weights that are used to synthesize unacquired radial lines. The in vivo feasibility of the method for 2D radial trajectories is illustrated with an example of 2D abdominal imaging. Preliminary results obtained after applying the method on a 3D radial steady-state free precession (SSFP) data set are also demonstrated. Magn Reson Med 57:931–938, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Development of a High Speed HTS Generator for Airborne Applications

General Electric, under contract with the Air Force Research Labs (AFRL), has successfully developed and tested a high speed, multimegawatt superconducting generator. The generator was built to demonstrate high temperature superconducting (HTS) generator technology for application in a high power density Multimegawatt Electric Power System (MEPS) for the Air Force. The demonstration tested the generator under load conditions up to 1.3 MW at over 10,000 rpm. The new MEPS generator achieved 97% efficiency including cryocooler losses. All test results indicate that the generator has a significant margin over the test points and that its performance is consistent with program specifications. This demonstration is the first successful full-load test of a superconducting generator for the Air Force. In this paper we describe the development of the generator and present some key test results used to validate the design. Extrapolation to a higher power density generator is also discussed.
Exercise and relaxation intervention for breast cancer survivors: feasibility, acceptability and effects.

Objective: Although evidence mounts regarding the beneficial effects of physical activity (PA) interventions for breast cancer survivors, not all interventions have produced significant improvement in mood. Relaxation training may be a promising strategy for enhancing mood effects from these interventions. The goals of Be Calm and Move On were to assess the feasibility, acceptability and preliminary effects of a 12-week combined PA and relaxation intervention for breast cancer survivors. Methods: Twenty-three early-stage breast cancer survivors were enrolled and 19 were retained for the intervention and 12- and 24-week follow-ups. Participants received a theoretically grounded intervention delivered via telephone. Results: Participant evaluations of the intervention indicated that it was feasible and acceptable (e.g. 100% would recommend it to others); objective data further supported its feasibility (e.g. 83% completed the trial, 91% of intervention calls were received). In addition, when comparing 12- and 24-week follow-up data to baseline data, participants demonstrated significantly increased PA, improved mood and sleep quality, and reduced fatigue (p's<0.05). Conclusion: Thus, this pilot study suggests that the intervention is feasible and acceptable and produces promising effects on mood, sleep, and fatigue. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 1.57μm DIAL lidar system for range resolved measurements of atmospheric CO 2

We describe a lidar system based on Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers, designed to make range resolved measurements of CO 2 within the lower atmosphere at very high precision at 1571 nm.
Influence of fiber direction and mixed-mode ratio on delamination fracture toughness of carbon/epoxy laminates

Abstract Surface free energy has been often treated as a scalar constant without considering its dependence on propagation direction. It is desirable, however, to investigate how surface free energy or fracture toughness of delamination in a single interface varies with both the local mismatch angle of fiber directions and the direction of crack propagation in polymeric laminate composites. As a materials constant, fracture toughness is effectively used for various mechanical analyses of fiber-reinforced composites as well as conventional materials. This study investigates quantitatively and qualitatively the dependence of delamination fracture toughness on mismatch angle and crack propagation direction in laminated structures. AS4-Carbon/Epoxy prepregs were used for fabricating test specimens, and 50 different mismatch angles of fiber direction were applied on the delaminated interface of laminates. Fracture toughness was measured using the Mixed-mode Bending (MMB) test. This test method is composed of fracture mode-I and mode-II, and the mixed-mode ratio (GII/G) can be controlled. The mixed-mode ratios used here were 20, 35, 50, 65, and 80%. The crack path and the delamination fracture toughness were observed and calculated for specimens, and the dependence of the toughness was shown to be related to the mismatch angle of ply fibers at the delaminated interface. The relationship between mismatch angle and delamination fracture toughness was newly revealed and discussed for various angles. These results can be usefully applied to various fracture mechanics analyses in fiber-reinforced laminated composites.