cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Receptors specific for thyroid hormones in nuclei of mammalian erythroid cells: involvement in erythroid cell proliferation

In search of evidence relating the effects of thyroid hormone on erythropoiesis to mechanisms at the chromatin level, we tested nucleated erythroid cells for the presence of specific receptors. Cells from spleens of hypoxic adult hamsters, 99% erythroid, were exposed for selected time periods to concentrations of 125I-labelled triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) bracketing the physiologic ranges. Specific binding was assayed as the amount of labelled hormone displaced by subsequent addition of an excess of non-labelled hormone. Saturable sites for both T3 and T4 were demonstrated, limited to nuclei. Binding to other sub-cellular organelles and to plasma membrane was to low-affinity sites only. Analysis of Scatchard plots revealed approximately 9200 binding sites per nucleus for either hormone, with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 2 · 7 nM for T3 and 20 · 5 nM for T4. The biological effect of 125I-T3 on erythropoiesis was assayed in vitro. Erythroid colony growth was enhanced to the same extent by the radiolabelled and non-labelled form of T3, showing that radioiodination had not altered this biological activity.
Global convexity in a three-dimensional inverse acoustic problem

We consider an inverse scattering problem (ISP) for the acoustic equation $% u_{tt}=c_{}^2(x)\Delta u,u|_{t=0}=0,u_t|_{t=0}=\delta (x),x\in {\Bbb R}^3.$ The ISP consists of the determination of the speed of sound $c(x)$ inside a bounded domain $\Omega \subset {\Bbb R}^3$ given $c(x)$ outside $\Omega $ and measurements of the amplitude $u(x,t)$ of the sound at the boundary $% \partial \Omega ,\;u|_{_{\partial \Omega }}=\varphi (x,t).$ This problem is nonoverdetermined since only a single source location at $\left\{ 0\right\}$ is counted. Assuming regularity of the rays generated by $c(x)$ and using the Carleman's weight functions, we construct a cost functional $J_\lambda $. The main result is Theorem 3.1, which claims global strict convexity of $J_\lambda $ on "reasonable" compact sets of solutions. Therefore, global convergence on such a set of a number of standard minimization algorithms to the unique global minimum of $J_\lambda $ (i.e., solution of the ISP) is guaranteed. This in turn shows a possibil...
The rape of Mike Tyson: Race, the press and symbolic types

“The rape of Mike Tyson”; offers two, quite different meanings. The 1992 trial and conviction resulting from Tyson's attack on Desiree Washington provided a site for the press to enact an even broader drama that violated, degraded and debased the boxer. This paper looks closely at press depictions of Tyson and argues that this larger drama of degradation shaped and was shaped by subtle racist stereotypes. The press coverage of Tyson then is used to consider the entrenchment of racist reporting in the news, the implication of the press in modern racism, and leads finally to a larger discussion of the symbolic types by which and with which the press portrays people of color.
‘English… it's part of our blood’: Ideologies of language and nation in United States Congressional discourse

Utilizing a combination of corpus linguistics and critical discourse analysis, the article describes ideologies of United States (U.S.) national identity based in civic and ethnic nationalisms. These ideologies circulated during debates and hearings in the U.S. Congress concerning the 2006 reauthorization of provisions of the Voting Rights Act requiring that multilingual voting materials be made available for language minorities in certain jurisdictions. The article argues that although those legislators supporting the use of multilingual voting materials construct an ideology of civic nationalism that promotes inclusion of language minorities, they are still greatly influenced by the dominant language ideology. Those opposing multilingual voting materials construct a U.S. national identity that places stringent requirements on newcomers to assimilate and learn English. These legislators simultaneously attempt to avoid the suspicion of ethnic nationalist ideologies by arguing that English is a neutral entity, detaching it from its dominant linguistic community. The findings suggest that despite Congressional support for multilingual voting materials, the language ideologies present in Congress are not necessarily favorable to the rights of language minorities. These findings have language policy implications in that they suggest opposition to a right to language for linguistic minorities in the U.S.
Mother-infant contact and maternal maintenance activities among free-ranging rhesus monkeys

Mother-infant dyads were observed among three populations of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in India and Nepal. Physical contact between mothers and infants, essential for effective maternal care in rhesus, was found to be influenced by the mothers' feeding behavior. As early as the second week of life, infants exhibited a diminished probability of being in contact with their mothers if their mothers were feeding rather than resting. Rhesus mothers disproportionately rejected their infants within feeding contexts, indicating that mothers were actively discouraging contact attempts by their infants during feeding bouts—perhaps because an active infant, if it remained in contact, would diminish its mother's foraging efficiency. In contrast to the mothers' feeding behavior, mother-infant contact was found to be little influenced by maternal locomotion. Most infants were found to be neither disproportionately in, nor out of contact while their mothers were in motion. However, as the amount of time mothers spent walking increased, so did the probability that infants would be carried. These data suggest that rhesus mothers behave so as to minimize their energetic costs during locomotion.
Sec53, a protein required for an early step in secretory protein processing and transport in yeast, interacts with the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Abstract The sec53 mutant is a conditional lethal yeast secretory mutant. At 37 degrees C, precursors to exported proteins become firmly attached to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and are not released into the lumen in a soluble form. The accumulated precursors are insoluble in the detergent Triton X-100; however, urea, a known protein denaturant, solubilizes them. Using antibody directed against the Sec53 protein, we found that a substantial portion of the Sec53 protein is associated with the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Membrane-bound Sec53 protein is largely insoluble in Triton X-100, but the protein is effectively released from the membrane by urea. We propose that the Sec53 protein may be a member of a complex of proteins required for an early step in protein processing and transport.
A photographic study of changes of the infrared emission of the polar aurora

Pairs of pictures of the aurora taken simultaneously on a panchromatic film through a green filter and on an infrared film through a red filter sometimes show a striking enhancement of the infrared emission with the passage of time. The paper gives the results of a semi-quantitative comparison of two different sequences of such pictures, made at College, Alaska.
Biasing Brownian motion in different directions in a 3-state fluctuating potential and an application for the separation of small particles.

We consider diffusive motion on a periodic, anisotropic potential. Multiplicative three-state noise can bring about net flow. As the speed of this noise varies, the direction of the flux can change. We explain the flux reversals and discuss a possible application for the construction of a device for the separation of small particles.
Supported ionic liquid membrane and liquid–liquid extraction using membrane for removal of sulfur compounds from diesel/crude oil

Abstract The feasibility of using liquid–liquid extraction with membrane (LLEM) and supported ionic liquid membranes (SILMs) for the desulfurization of hydrocarbon streams, such as raw diesel and whole crude oil, was investigated separately and for each, separation capability and mass transfer rate were studied. The SILM study using ionic liquid (IL) to remove sulfurous species from hydrocarbons exhibits very low mass transfer coefficients. However, the use of extractive liquids, such as furfural and naphtha, in LLEM boosts the transfer rate of sulfurous species as compared to IL as indicated in the high value of mass transfer coefficient (k). Furthermore, the mass transfer coefficient (k) shows significant dependence on the flow rate of both feed stock and extractive liquid streams, as the mass transfer coefficient of sulfurous compounds increased with increase in the flow rate of either stream or both. The mass transfer resistance offered by the membrane is also significant as clearly indicated by increase in mass transfer coefficient with increasing membrane pore size. In addition, when furfural is used with crude oil as feed, the fouling on the membrane surface from the crude oil side is significant, which limits the transfer rate. However, light naphtha is more promising to act as an extractive liquid as it transfers under the osmotic pressure difference to the whole crude oil side, which prevents fouling and thus promotes faster diffusion of sulfurous species.
A random demodulator with a software-based integrator resetting scheme

The random demodulator architecture is a compressive sensing based receiver that allows the reconstruction of frequency-sparse signals from measurements acquired at a rate below the signal's Nyquist rate. This in turn results in tremendous power savings in receivers because of the direct correlation between the power consumption of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) in communication receivers and the sampling rate at which these ADCs operate. In this paper, we propose a random demodulator with a software-based integrator resetting scheme that does not use a switch to reset the integrator as in the conventional random demodulator system, but rather modifies the random signal so that the integrator is reset by zeroing the input. We show that the proposed system is equivalent to the conventional random demodulator, but is more practical to implement because of the many artifacts presented by switches.
Correlation of light scattering and absorption flattening effects with distortions in the circular dichroism patterns of mitochondrial membrane fragments

Abstract The circular dichroism and optical rotatory dispersion patterns of biological membranes resemble, in gross aspect, those of the α-helix but the extrema are red shifted and of low amplitude. Such patterns are not typical for solublized membrane lipoproteins but rather are exhibited by the aggregates of membrane proteins (Steim and Fleishcher, 1968), as well as by aggregated polypeptides and antibiotics ( Urry and Ji, 1968 b ). Since particulate systems exhibit flattened absorption bands ( Duysens, 1956 ) and light scattering, it is of interest to experimentally relate changes in the circular dichroism patterns with these effects. Absorption flattening results in a decrease of absorbance due to a decrease in the effective concentration of absorbers, while light scattering results in a light intensity loss and thereby an increase in absorbance as measured by the phototube. Light scattering also results in a concentration obscuring effect. The extent of light scattering and absorption flattening can differ slightly for the left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized light. Thus these effects could accentuate distortions in the ORD and CD patterns of particulate systems as compared to the molecularly dispersed samples. Previously it has been demonstrated that the low amplitude of the membrane type CD curve can be generated from the characteristic α-helix CD pattern by applying correction factors for light scattering and absorption flattening ( Urry and Ji, 1968 a & b ). In this communication it is shown that the red shift and decrease in amplitude of the CD extrema of particulate systems correlate with changes in the intensity of scattered light and with the extent of absorption flattening as measured, respectively, at wavelengths where significant absorption does not occur and at wavelengths corresponding to major absorption bands.
Osmium binding to the surface coat of intestinal microvilli in the cat under various conditions.

The appearance of the carbohydrate-rich surface coat covering the the intestinal epithelium of the cat varies with different methods of fixation for electron microscopy. A fibrillar surface coat covers the external surfaces of the microvilli after fixation in glutaraldehyde and postfixation in phosphate-buffered OsO4; its density is enhanced by heavy metal staining. In tissue fixed in glutaraldehyde alone or followed by dehydration in acetone and postfixation in OsO4 in carbon tetrachloride, a structureless zone less dense than Epon occurs where the surface coat is usually visualized; heavy metal staining does not impart density to the zone. The absence of structure and low density of the zone are not due to extraction of the surface coat by dehydrating agents or by carbon tetrachloride. The data suggest that osmium binds to the surface coat from phosphate buffer, but not from carbon tetrachloride. Also OsO4 in phosphate buffer, but not OsO4 in carbon tetrachloride, facilitates heavy metal staining of the surface coat. Acidic carbohydrates appear to be important for the differential binding of osmium observed in this study. The need for caution in interpreting low density areas of electron micrographs as extracted structures and high density areas as “osmiophilic” structures is discussed.
1316 CEREBRAL METABOLIC ALTERATIONS IN RATS FOLLOWING ALCOHOL EXPOSURE

In order to define the cerebral metabolic correlates occurring with prenatal alcohol exposure in rats we chose the autoradiographic 14C deoxyglucose method for measuring in vivo glucose utilization rates in brain (Sokoloff et al., 1977). Isocaloric liquid diets containing either 35% or 0% ethanol derived calories (EDC's) were fed (pair-feeding) to pregnant Long Evans rats during day 6 to 20 of gestation. The offspring were tested with Shuttle box avoidance techniques on day 90 and were subjected to the deoxyglucose procedures at 105 days of age. 14C labeled deoxyglucose was administered as an intravneous pulse (125 uCi / kg). Timed arterial samples were taken for determination of the time course of the arterial plasma concentrations of (14C) deoxyglucose and glucose. At 45 minutes the animals were sacrificed, the brains removed, frozen and later sectioned for autoradiography. Areas of interest were analyzed densitometrically to determine the local, concentrations of 14C in the tissues. From the local tissue C concentrations and the time courses of the plasma (14C) deoxyglucose and glucose concentrations, local rates of glucose incorporation were calculated by the opeational equation of the method. Preliminary analysis suggests that alterations in glucose metabolism occur in the posterior pituitary, supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, ventral caudal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, median raphe nucleus and sensory-motor cortex.
Load-Commutated Inverter/Synchronous Motor Drive Without a Shaft Position Sensor

Synchronous motor drives are beginning to enjoy renewed popularity for certain applications such as flywheel energy storage. One of the reasons is that a synchronous motor drive can be made self-commutating so that the inverter becomes equivalent to a conventional phase-control bridge converter without large commutating components. The drive to be controlled consists of an inductor alternator coupled to a flywheel that will be used for temporary energy storage. The flywheel speed will vary over a two-to-one range; thus full performance can be achieved using a load-commutated inverter. A simple auxiliary commutating circuit is provided only for initial starting. The drive must operate both from a fixed dc voltage source (battery) and from a variable dc voltage source (dc motor), as it is intended for use in a battery-powered vehicle for load leveling. The load-Commutated inverter consists of two bridges connected in parallel so as to provide two-way power flow by reversing the dc current. The control system described does not use shaft position sensing, but senses the motor terminal voltage and the ac line current to determine the motor Nare internal operating conditions. This control method maintains the silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) turn-off time as a constant percentage of the period of the generated back electromotive force (EMF) as speed and current are varied during operation. The inverter turn-off time is thus maintained by feedback control rather than the use of special function generators. A 20-kVA laboratory development drive system has been built and successfully tested using this control strategy.
In Vivo Application of Non-viral Vectors to the Liver

The liver plays a central role in many inherited and acquired genetic disorders, and thus is a potential target for nucleic acid therapies. Despite the great strides made in basic molecular biology over the last two decades successful gene therapy remains elusive. Most recently, there has been considerable effort to develop non-viral gene therapy approaches, in part, to overcome the potential complications associated with viral delivery systems. This review outlines the different non-viral approaches available to the liver, and includes a detailed review of recent advances in delivery vectors for use in techniques such as gene augmentation, with particular emphasis on useful applications of antisense and ribozyme technology.
Iterative autofocus algorithm for noncooperative ISAR at millimeter-wave frequencies

High-quality automatic target recognition algorithms implemented with a real-beam radar require imagery with resolved target characteristics. This paper presents an iterative autofocus estimation algorithm that improves the quality of high-resolution 2D inverse synthetic aperture radar images. The algorithm uses the derivative of the phase history of isolated point scatterers to estimate the initial conditions for the target motion parameters of a maneuvering vehicle. The algorithm was tested using simulated data. We report on the agreement between the actual and estimated values of range and entropy.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Biomarkers associated with clinical phenotypes of hand osteoarthritis in a large multigenerational family: the CARRIAGE family study.

Summary Objective To evaluate biological markers as potential quantitative traits of clinical osteoarthritis (OA) in a large multigenerational family in the Carolinas of the USA known as the CARRIAGE (CARolinas Region Interaction of Aging, Genes and Environment) family. Methods During a series of three family reunions over 6 years, we ascertained 365 family members. We performed clinical hand examinations ( n =287), and obtained sera ( n =278) for seven OA-related biomarkers [type IIA collagen N-propeptide (PIIANP), type II procollagen carboxy-propeptide (CPII), neoepitope from cleavage of CII (C 2 C), cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), hyaluronan (HA), high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and glycated serum protein (GSP)]. Three hand OA definitions were evaluated – clinical ACR (American College of Rheumatology) and GOGO (Genetics of Generalized OA) criteria, and any single hand joint involvement. Non-hand OA was defined as a negative hand examination for OA but varying prevalence of joint symptoms; the control group was defined as having neither symptoms nor evidence for clinical hand OA. Results Mean lnHA, lnCOMP, and lnhs-CRP were significantly higher in the hand OA group, compared with the non-hand OA or control group. Adjusted for age and sex, mean lnPIIANP (a collagen II synthesis marker) was significantly lower in the hand OA group compared with the other groups. Among those without clinical hand OA, GSP was associated with hand joint symptoms. Conclusions This is the first report, to our knowledge, showing an association of OA biomarkers and hand OA based on physical examination alone. Analyses using these biomarkers as quantitative traits could reveal novel genetic loci and facilitate exploration of the genetic susceptibility to OA.
The End-Permian mass extinction: What really happened and did it matter?

Marine communities of the Paleozoic differ markedly from those of the post-Paleozoic, a dichotomy long recognized as the most fundamental change between the Cambrian metazoan radiation and the present. The end-Permian mass extinction of about 54% of marine families eliminated many of the groups that dominated Paleozoic communities. Correlative changes occurred in terrestrial vertebrate and plant communities, but there is no clear evidence that these changes are related to the marine extinction. The marine extinction occurred during a period of physical change, and a variety of extinction mechanisms have been proposed, most related to a major Late Permian marine regression or to climatic changes. Unfortunately, the regression has made it difficult to gather data on the rate, timing and pattern of extinction, and the available data exclude only a few hypotheses. Thus the largest mass extinction, and the one with the greatest evolutionary importance, is also the most poorly understood.
TWO-STEP GMM ESTIMATION OF THE ERRORS-IN-VARIABLES MODEL USING HIGH-ORDER MOMENTS

We consider a multiple mismeasured regressor errors-in-variables model where the measurement and equation errors are independent and have moments of every order but otherwise are arbitrarily distributed. We present parsimonious two-step generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators that exploit overidentifying information contained in the high-order moments of residuals obtained by “partialling out” perfectly measured regressors. Using high-order moments requires that the GMM covariance matrices be adjusted to account for the use of estimated residuals instead of true residuals defined by population projections. This adjustment is also needed to determine the optimal GMM estimator. The estimators perform well in Monte Carlo simulations and in some cases minimize mean absolute error by using moments up to seventh order. We also determine the distributions for functions that depend on both a GMM estimate and a statistic not jointly estimated with the GMM estimate.
Service‐to‐service marketing: relationships between law firms and hospitals

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the key factors that facilitate the service to service (S2S) marketing relationships. Specifically, it aims to focus on the relationship between external counsels (law firms) and hospitals.Design/methodology/approach – The study uses exploratory research that comprised a series of interviews with the relevant parties.Findings – Reputation and word‐of‐word play roles in soliciting a firm to submit a proposal; advertisements seem to play no role. Furthermore, S2S marketing relationships occur over distinct and different phases and require a different set of facilitating factors.Research limitations/implications – As this was exploratory research conducted in the US, the results are not generalizable, nevertheless, they offer a unique insight into a kind of S2S marketing relationship, specifically between hospitals and law firms.Practical implications – Service providers who seek S2S marketing relationships should invest more in building and shoring‐up their reputation in...
A transportation land use model for rural areas

This paper examines the interaction of transportation and land use in rural areas. The spatial distribution of employment and population is complicated by many factors such as accessibility, income variance, prices, geographical characteristics, and government intervention. This analysis attempts, by using twostage least squares, to isolate the impact on employment and household density of changing transportation cost as measured by accessibility. The results indicate that the accessibility measure used in this study is a sensitive transmitter of changes in a transportation system. The accessibility coefficient derived from a reduced-form equation was used to forecast the impact of a transportation change.
Not just a man's world: women's political leadership in the American labor movement.

Abstract Although women have long played an important role in working class struggles, most leadership positions in unions have been held by men. Organized labor’s recent shift towards social movement unionism has lead to a sense of optimism among those pressing for more gender equality among labor’s elite. Yet scholarship on gender and power in other settings, including political institutions, social movements, and formal organizations, suggests other factors may also play a role in determining women’s leadership in labor unions. The current research, based on a rich dataset of 70 local unions, provides important insight into the political careers of women. Beyond an analysis of organized labor, this research has implications for understanding the interplay of gender and power in formal organizations and social movements more broadly.
Experiments of Hurricane Initialization with Airborne Doppler Radar Data for the Advanced Research Hurricane WRF (AHW) Model

Abstract Initialization of the hurricane vortex in weather prediction models is vital to intensity forecasts out to at least 48 h. Airborne Doppler radar (ADR) data have sufficiently high horizontal and vertical resolution to resolve the hurricane vortex and its imbedded structures but have not been extensively used in hurricane initialization. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system, the ADR data are assimilated to recover the hurricane vortex dynamic and thermodynamic structures at the WRF model initial time. The impact of the ADR data on three hurricanes, Jeanne (2004), Katrina (2005) and Rita (2005), are examined during their rapid intensification and subsequent weakening periods before landfall. With the ADR wind data assimilated, the three-dimensional winds in the hurricane vortex become stronger and the maximum 10-m winds agree better with independent estimates from best-track data than without ADR data assimilation. Through th...
MO-D-BRA-02: Image-Guided Drug Delivery Developments in Cancer

Rapid advancement in cancerimaging is giving the phrase “seek and destroy” new meaning in the discovery and treatment of cancer. Hybridization of imaging technologies provides high‐resolution visualization of cancer needed to direct tissue‐ablating ultrasound or to guide localized catheter deposition of chemotherapeutic release matrices. The use of Nanomedicine probes, envisioned for almost two decades, have now begun to reach the clinic, promising sensitive image‐based detection, characterization and quantification of cancer in combination with delivering classic chemotherapeutics or newer DNA and RNA‐based treatments. Collectively, these novel image‐guideddrug delivery approaches present a unique opportunity to personalize and focus cancer management strategies toward improved clinical outcomes with reduced morbidity. While the path from bench to patient is challenging, the vision of what can be achieved is evolving in animalmodels and patients alike. In a world economy in which human and economic resources are increasingly precious and pharmaceutical development risk remains high, image‐guideddrug delivery presents an unprecedented opportunity for academic, government, and private sectors to collaborate and to accelerate the clinical translation pace of these high impact technologies.
Analysis of heavy ion reactions using projection operators

A projection operator method based on the Feshbach doorway approach is developed for low-energy heavy-ion scattering. Applications to $^{12}\mathrm{C}$+$^{12}\mathrm{C}$ and $^{12}\mathrm{C}$+$^{16}\mathrm{O}$ are made with doorways taken as quasibound or virtual states of the reduced mass coupled to ${2}^{+}$ and ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ vibrations. For $^{12}\mathrm{C}$+$^{12}\mathrm{C}$ the elastic differential cross section at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} c.m. is calculated. For $^{12}\mathrm{C}$+$^{16}\mathrm{O}$ we calculate the ratio of the differential cross section to the Rutherford cross section at a range of angles between 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 160\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} c.m. In both cases the calculations agree well with experiment by producing both the gross and intermediate molecular structure. The conditions under which intermediate structure can be expected are discussed.
c-Src Is Required for Stimulation of Gelsolin-associated Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase

We have shown that osteopontin binding to integrin αvβ3 in osteoclasts stimulates gelsolin-associated phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 3-hydroxyl kinase (PI 3-kinase), leading to increased levels of gelsolin-bound PtdIns 3,4-P2, PtdIns 4,5-P2, and PtdIns 3,4,5-P3, uncapping of barbed end actin, and actin filament formation. Inhibition of PI 3-kinase activity by wortmannin blocks osteopontin stimulation of actin filament formation, suggesting that activation of gelsolin-associated PI 3-kinase is an important pathway in cytoskeletal regulation. To study the mechanism of gelsolin-associated PI 3-kinase activation, we analyzed anti-gelsolin immunoprecipitates for the association of protein kinases. We demonstrated that c-Src co-immunoprecipitates with gelsolin, and that osteopontin stimulates its activity. Elimination of osteopontin-stimulated Src activity associated with gelsolin through antisense oligodeoxynucleotides blocked the stimulation of PI 3-kinase activity associated with gelsolin and the gelsolin-dependent cytoskeletal reorganization induced by osteopontin, including increased F-actin levels. In addition, treatment of osteoclasts with antisense oligonucleotides to Src reduced bone resorption. Our results demonstrate that osteopontin stimulates gelsolin-associated Src, leading to increased gelsolin-associated PI 3-kinase activity and PtdIns 3,4,5-P3 levels, which facilitate actin filament formation, osteoclast motility, and bone resorption.
Calcium-dependent slow potassium conductance in rat skeletal myotubes.

Abstract A prolonged hyperpolarizing afterpotential (amplitude 5–20 mV, half decay time about 400 msec at 25°C) follows the action potential in myotubes and myosacs cultured from rat skeletal muscle. This slow hyperpolarizing afterpotential (hap) is mediated by an increase in membrane K conductance, because its reversal potential follows the Nernst potential for K and is not affected by other ions. The conductance increase measured during the hap (up to four times the resting input conductance) correctly predicts the time course of the slow hap. The slow hap is Ca dependent. Its amplitude decreases when bath [Ca] is lowered, and both amplitude and duration increase when bath [Ca] is raised. The slow hap is blocked by intracellular injection of the calcium chelator, EGTA. It is inhibited by solutions containing 2–4 m M manganese or 1–5 m M barium, but is not blocked by 5–20 m M tetraethylammonium. Myotubes bathed in zero [Na], high [Ca] solutions show calcium action potentials, which are inhibited by 2–10 m M manganese, nickel or cobalt. Myotubes bathed in isotonic Ca salts (or in 2 m M Ca plus 5 m M caffeine) show long-lasting (up to 10 sec) spontaneous hyperpolarizations accompanied by prolonged contractions. These hyperpolarizations are associated with a large increase in input conductance, and they reverse in sign near the K equilibrium potential. They appear to reflect activation of the Ca-sensitive K conductance by Ca released from intracellular stores. The observation that spontaneous hyperpolarizations usually occur with no prior depolarization argues that at least a portion of the slow, Ca-sensitive K conductance system can be activated by internal Ca alone, with no requirement for plasma membrane depolarization. Cultured myotubes also have a faster K conductance system, which is inhibited by 5–20 m M tetraethylammonium or 1–5 m M barium, and is not dependent on Ca for its activation.
A framework for analyzing human factors in unmanned aerial systems

The human factors involved in an unmanned aerial system (UAS) come in a variety of forms that has largely gone poorly represented in literature. In this paper, a holistic approach is taken to identify not only the individual aspects but the interconnection of the human-UAS interaction. First, an examination of human factors involved in a UAS are presented. Next, the metrics of human performance, such as cognitive load, situational awareness and complacency are introduced. Finally, a framework is developed to form the interconnection of human factors with human performance metrics in a UAS. With this framework in place, the intended goal is that an optimal level of cognitive workload for the humans involved in an UAS can be designed and implemented by the utilization of this framework during the development of advanced automation systems and human interface devices.
High School Counselors' Views of Their Leadership Behaviors: A Q Methodology Study.

There has been a growing body of professional literature regarding the importance of school counselors behaving as leaders in schools. This study builds on that professional literature by investigating how high school counselors perceive their own leadership behaviors. Q methodology was used to develop 40 opinion statements reflecting school counselor leadership behaviors, and 49 high school counselors then sorted the statements. Data analysis identified four distinct viewpoints of school counselor leadership behaviors. Implications for school counselors and counselor educators are discussed.
Laser speckle imaging reveals multiple aspects of cerebral vascular responses to whole body mild hypothermia in rats

In this paper, we present a novel method to study the effect of induced mild hypothermia on cerebral vascular responses. To measure cerebral vascular responses, a minimally invasive imaging method, temporal laser speckle imaging, was developed and adapted for induced-hypothermia rat model. Experiments were carried out in rats under anesthesia. Laser speckle images were acquired at different temperature points, normothermia (37 °Q and mild therapeutic hypothermia (34 °Q. We extracted multiple hemodynamic responses simultaneously from the images, including blood flow, vessel size and deoxy-hemoglobin saturation. A wide-field view of the cerebral vascular response distribution was studied, which showed an inhomogeneous response map across the region of interest. A comparison between responses in arterioles and venules was carried out (blood flow decreased by 58 ± 9 % vs. 27 ± 8 %). The global decrease of blood flow, dilatation in arterioles and decrease of deoxy-hemoglobin saturation in veins at mild hypothermia suggests a beneficial role of circulatory and oxygenation changes in therapeutic hypothermia. The results reported provide a circulatory explanation for the hypothermia therapeutic effects and mechanism.
The Generation of Industry Groups from Input—Output Data: A Comparison of Four Methods

Regional and urban analysts have developed graph-theoretic and multivariate approaches for decomposing the structure of flow tables. These developments have led to an important question: which method(s) should one use? In this study the author examines the ability of each of four approaches to generate industry groups (clusters) from a regional, survey-based input—output table. Specifically, the author deals with industry groups as generated by two graph-theoretic methods and by two multivariate techniques. The degree of similarity among the groups so generated is analyzed using measures of association. The composition of the groups depends on cutoff points. Nonetheless, the results suggest that one of the graph-theoretic methods and one of the multivariate techniques produce similar clusters. Further consideration indicates that these methods reveal more of the strongest interindustry linkages than their alternatives.
Structure and Energetics of the Water/NaCl(100) Interface

A series of correlation-corrected periodic Hartree−Fock (PHF) calculations have been performed to evaluate the structure of a single layer of water adsorbed on NaCl(100). This work was motivated by differing experimental observations which assign the water/NaCl interface structure as either a monolayer, with a single adsorbate binding site, or a 4×2 bilayer model. Quantum mechanical binding energies were computed for several adsorbate/surface geometries corresponding to 1×1 and 2×1 monolayer structures and 4×2 bilayer structures. The calculations indicate that the binding energy per water molecule for the monolayer and bilayer models are very similar; the estimated PHF and correlation-corrected binding energies are 10 and 14 kcal/mol, respectively, for both models. When measured per unit surface area the 4×2 bilayer is energetically favored because it has a 50% greater packing density than the monolayer. The computed binding energies are consistent with experiment. These data show that the monolayer struc...
The use of fatty acid biomarkers to reflect dietary intake.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review compares fatty acid biomarkers to assess compliance in dietary intervention trials with their application in epidemiological studies. RECENT FINDINGS Although many studies have used fatty acid biomarkers to assess compliance in short-term dietary intervention trials and habitual diets in observational studies, there is little information on the reliability and comparability of these measures. In this review, we summarize the usefulness and limitations of fatty acid biomarkers in clinical and epidemiological studies. As there are very few recent publications in this area, a complete literature review is provided. SUMMARY Several options are available for the biological assessment of dietary fatty acids. The type of study (short or long-term), the metabolic characteristics and expected variability in the fatty acids of interest are major considerations when determining which tissues reflect a better measure of true intake. Certain fatty acids may not be suitable to assess differences in intake under non-isocaloric conditions and when trying to identify small differences. Serum cholesterol ester is the most suitable serum fraction to assess short-term dietary compliance, but given the multiple factors that affect response, the quantification of compliance should be interpreted with caution. Adipose tissue is the biomarker of choice for long-term intake, but a preferred blood constituent (plasma versus erythrocytes) is difficult to establish given the data available to date. Future studies should explore the use of whole blood as an alternative choice to measure fatty acid intake in epidemiological studies.
Weld penetration control in gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process

In this paper a predictive control system is developed to control the weld penetration in GTAW process. An innovative 3D vision based sensing system is used to measure the weld pool characteristic parameters in real-time. Weld penetration specified by the back-side bead width as output feedback is calculated by a neuro-fuzzy model using weld pool characteristic parameters as its inputs. Dynamic linear model that correlates the penetration status to the welding inputs (current and speed) is constructed and further improved by incorporating a nonlinear operating point. A linear model based predictive control algorithm is proposed and an analytical solution is derived. Welding experiments confirm that the developed control system is effective in achieving the desired weld penetration state under different initial conditions.
Health Ahead—The Heart Smart Family Approach to Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

The Heart Smart Family Health Promotion program is a unique approach to education and skills development aimed at improving the cardiovascular health of entire families. By including the entire family system, rather than singling out one individual for behavior change, social support and self-confidence are enhanced and the probability for maintenance of behavioral skills is increased. The Family Health Promotion program uses a format that minimizes lecture and maximizes awareness, skills development, problem-solving, and real-life application over a 12- to 16-week agenda. Behavioral counseling and contingency contracting provide opportunities for the practice and reinforcement of new behaviors. Initial evaluations of the program model developed with cardiovascular high-risk children and their parents indicated that parents significantly increased health knowledge, lowered blood pressure, became more physically active, and decreased their intake of total fat, saturated fat, and sodium. A clinically significant reduction in children's blood pressure also was observed. Children's weight (adjusted for height) remained stable. The Family Health Promotion program resulted in positive changes in cardiovascular risk factors and can be adapted to any clinical or health-promotion setting.
Measuring performance of Cyber situation awareness systems

Enabling situation awareness necessitates working with processes capable of identifying domain specific activities. This paper addresses metrics developed to assess research level systems and to measure their performance in providing those processes. The metrics fall into four dimensions; confidence, purity, cost utility, and timeliness. The bulk of the discussion will provide an overview of each of these dimensions, the anticipated usefulness of measures within each dimension, and a discussion of observations resulting from the use of each measure in building Cyber Network Defense capabilities. The paper concludes with a brief mention of ongoing activities and identifies ideas for future research.
The development of classificatory skills and sex-trait stereotypes in children

The development of knowledge of sex-trait stereotypes was related to changes in classification skills during childhood. Children of 4, 6, and 8 years of age were tested for knowledge of sex-trait stereotypes on the Williams, Bennett, and Best measure; ability to reclassify sex-traits; and on measures of consistent sorting and reclassification. Knowledge of sex-trait stereotypes improved with age and with performance on the consistent sorting task. Subjects who were able to recognize that sex traits are manifested by persons of both genders were older and more likely to pass measures of nonsocial reclassification. Claims that some males manifest feminine behavior did not change with age. The findings suggest that at first, traits are classified as stereotypical of a gender category; but with increasing cognitive level, these traits become less stereotypical of gender.
Bilateral scrotal pneumatoceles after abdominal surgery

Scrotal pneumatocele is an uncommon complication of abdominal surgery. Bilateral scrotal pneumatoceles developed in a patient after abdominal exploration and ileocolon anastomosis. The condition resolved spontaneously.
Effects of amitriptyline and nortriptyline on cerebral activity of the CDF-1 mouse strain

1. Equal dose regimens of amitriptyline, a tertiary amine tricyclic antidepressant, were more potent than nortriptyline, a secondary amine derivative, in suppressing CDF-1 mouse locomotor activity. 2. A suggestive increase in dopamine turnover rate in mouse cerebral cortex and striatal brain regions was apparent by amitriptyline but not nortriptyline. 3. A suggestive increase in serotonin turnover in mouse cerebellum and striatum was determined for nortriptyline. 4. Both antidepressants increased cerebral cortex, midbrain and cerebellum serotonin levels from saline control. 5. Increases of regional brain dopamine by amitriptyline and serotonin by nortriptyline concurrent with reuptake blockade of the respective serotonin and dopamine may contribute to their differential extrapyramidal and sedating side effects.
Using Nonequivalent Dependent Variables to Reduce Internal Validity Threats in Quasi-Experiments: Rationale, History, and Examples From Practice

Threats to the validity of inferences and conclusions regarding the effects of applied interventions have been a major dilemma for social scientists and evaluators for several decades. One mechanism for reducing threats to internal validity and improving warrants for cause-and-effect conclusions in nonrandomized investigations and evaluations is the inclusion of nonequivalent dependent variables as an element of structural design. In this chapter, the rationale for, history of, and examples from practice for using nonequivalent dependent variables to reduce internal validity threats, as well as some warrants supporting their increased use, are described. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Predictors of subjective ratings of stressor severity: the effects of current mood and neuroticism

Respondent-based or subjective, ratings of stressor severity are posited to be influenced by systematic biases related to current mood and trait neuroticism which may confound associations between environmental stressors and psychological outcomes. The current study examined the effects of current mood state and neuroticism on subjective ratings of severity for real-life stressors in a sample of 76 (30 males) undergraduates. Subjective ratings of stressor severity were collected in the context of an interview-based stress assessment and were assessed on two separate occasions. Changes in mood state across the two assessments did not correspond with changes in subjective ratings of stressor severity. Neuroticism independently predicted subjective ratings of stressor severity, as did female gender and investigator-based ratings of objective stressor severity. In addition, there was evidence to suggest that neuroticism fully accounted for observed associations between current mood state and subjective ratings of stressor severity. The findings are discussed with regard to the potential confounding influence of neuroticism in studies that rely on respondent-based ratings of stressor severity in predicting psychological outcomes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
De novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in synchronized rat hepatoma (HTC) cells and mouse embryo fibroblast (3T3) cells

Activity of carbamyl phosphate synthetase, aspartate transcarbamylase, and orotate phosphoribosyl transferase was measured in cultures of rat hepatoma (HTC) cells synchronized using Colcemid inhibition. All three enzymes had distinct peaks of activity during the S phase of the cell cycle and had very little activity during the G 2 and M phases. Whereas carbamyl phosphate synthetase and aspartate transcarbamylase activities increased rapidly during early G 1, orotate phosphoribosyl transferase activity did not increase rapidly until the end of G 1. The incorporation of 14CO2 into acid-soluble pyrimidine nucleotides and RNA followed a similar pattern to that obtained for enzymes of de novo uridylic acid biosynthesis, with the maximum incorporation occurring during the S phase in HTC cells. 3T3 cells, synchronized by release from contact inhibition, also had the maximum incorporation of 14CO2 into acid-soluble pyrimidine nucleotides and RNA during the S phase, although there was also a lesser peak of incorporation early in the G 1 phase. Neither culture incorporated 14CO2 into DNA to any significant extent.