cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of two data analyses from two observer performance studies using Jackknife ROC and JAFROC.

The authors compared two methodological approaches, Jackknife ROC and JAFROC, in analyzing data ascertained during FROC (free-response receiver operating characteristics) type studies. Observer rating data obtained from two observer performance studies were analyzed. During the first study, seven radiologists interpreted 120 mammography examinations depicting 57 masses under five different conditions with and without the results of computer-aided detection(CAD). In the second study, eight radiologists interpreted 110 examinations depicting 51 masses under six different display conditions with and without CAD results. Readers rated the detection task in a FROC type response. Jackknife ROC (using the software of LABMRMC with the highest rating per case) and JAFROC were used to compute differences, if any, in summary performance levels among all reading modes in each study as well as for all paired data sets. The results of the different analytical approaches are compared. The overall results for all modes were significantly different for the first study ( p 0.05 ) and not significant ( p > 0.05 ) for the second study using either analytical approach. In the first study, the performance levels represented by three paired data sets were significantly different ( p 0.05 ) when computed using LABMRMC and four pairs were significantly different ( p 0.05 ) using JAFROC. In eight of ten pairs, JAFROC produced lower p values than LABMRMC. In the second study, LABMRMC showed no significant differences for any paired data sets and JAFROC showed a significant difference for one pair. In 15 of 16 pairs, p values computed by JAFROC were lower than those computed by LABMRMC.
Metastatic inefficiency: The scientific basis for resection of liver metastases from colorectal cancer

Hematogenous metastases from primary colon or rectal cancer develop in a definite step-wise fashion. In most patients the primary tumor disseminates to local lymph nodes, to the liver, or to peritoneal surfaces. Lung metastases only develop after considerable progression of the secondary tumor deposits in liver or in lymph nodes. This is considered a metachronous or step-wise progression of the malignant process. Only in a minority of patients is there synchronous spread of the malignancy from the primary site to systemic sites. The dissemination of colorectal malignancy is in great contrast to the dissemination of other malignancies such as breast cancer or melanoma. Considerable autopsy and laboratory data support the metachronous pattern of dissemination. Metastatic inefficiency (overt destruction of a majority of tumor cells within blood vessels or lymphatic channels) explains the preponderance of metastatic deposits in the first capillary bed or first lymphatic network draining a primary colorectal malignancy. These observations constitute the scientific basis for resection of liver metastases from colorectal cancer and the large proportion of patients who can be cured by the surgical resection of one or a few liver metastases.
Mn(II)-EPR measurements of cation binding by aequorin.

Cation binding at 5°C by aequorin, a bioluminescent protein from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, was examined by means of Mn(II) EPR. The bioluminescence of aequorin is triggered by Ca(II), as well as by trivalent lanthanides, and is inhibited by Mg(II) and Mn(II). Three EF-hand Ca(II)-binding domains have been identified in the aequorin amino acid sequence. In the work reported here, active native aequorin was found to have a single tight binding site for Mn(II) with an association constant of 0.566 μM−1. Ca(II) and La(III) competed for the Mn(II) site with association constants of 1.92 μM−1 and 1.38 μM−1, respectively. The affinity of Ca(II) and La(III) for their two other (presumed) sites on aequorin was an order of magnitude less than their affinity for the Mn(II) site. Mg(II) competed for the Mn(II) site as well but with a much smaller association constant of 0.0109 μM−1. Ca(II)-independent discharged aequorin did not bind Mn(II) to a significant degree. Conjectures on the location of the Mn(II) site in the aequorin amino acid sequence and on the relationship between the binding parameters of the cations and their influence on aequorin activity are given.
Insulin-like growth factor-II enhancement of human fibroblast growth via a nonreceptor-mediated mechanism.

Deciphering the complex interactions of the various components of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system [IGF-I and -II peptides, type I and II IGF receptors, and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs)] is important for our understanding of cell growth regulation. We report here that IGF-II can enhance IGF-I-stimulated cell proliferation independent of direct IGF-II interaction with type I or II IGF receptors. Human fibroblasts cultured in serum-free medium for 40 h were relatively resistant to the mitogenic effects of added IGF-I. However, preexposure of the cultures to low concentrations of IGF-II enhanced IGF-I action several-fold. IGF-II by itself had no stimulatory effect and did not influence [Gln3,Ala4,Tyr15,Leu16]IGF-I or insulin-stimulated DNA synthesis. IGF-II did not directly interact with type I IGF receptors, as [Leu27]IGF-II, an IGF-II analog that does not bind type I IGF receptors, could mimic IGF-II's potentiating effect. Type II IGF receptors also were not involved because 1) [Gln6,Ala7,Tyr18...
Functional sympatholysis and sympathetic escape in a theoretical model for blood flow regulation

A mathematical simulation of flow regulation in vascular networks is used to investigate the interaction between arteriolar vasoconstriction due to sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and vasodilation due to increased oxygen demand. A network with thirteen vessel segments in series is used, each segment representing a different size range of arterioles or venules. The network includes five actively regulating arteriolar segments with time-dependent diameters influenced by shear stress, wall tension, metabolic regulation, and SNA. Metabolic signals are assumed to be propagated upstream along vessel walls via a conducted response. The model exhibits functional sympatholysis, in which sympathetic vasoconstriction is partially abrogated by increases in metabolic demand, and sympathetic escape, in which SNA elicits an initial vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation. In accordance with experimental observations, these phenomena are more prominent in small arterioles than in larger arterioles when SNA is assumed to act equally on arterioles of all sizes. The results imply that a mechanism based on the competing effects on arteriolar tone of SNA and conducted metabolic signals can account for several observed characteristics of functional sympatholysis, including the different responses of large and small arterioles.
Usage-based degradation of SRAM arrays due to bias temperature instability

We propose a novel approach to estimate the workload based degradation of SRAM array stability with time due to NBTI (in PFETs) and PBTI (in NFETs). Goal is to obtain a realistic Vmin guard-band instead of optimistic (alternating stress) or pessimistic (static stress) assumptions. We also represent usage-based approach as stress-corner based approach to simplify the burn-in stress tests.
Distal Humeral Fractures Treated with Noncustom Total Elbow Replacement

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to review the cases of patients with a distal humeral fracture that was treated with a noncustom total elbow arthroplasty. We hypothesized that, on the basis of the functional and clinical outcome, total elbow replacement is a reliable option for the treatment of elderly patients with a severe, comminuted fracture of the distal part of the humerus. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed forty-nine acute distal humeral fractures in forty-eight patients who were treated with total elbow arthroplasty as the primary option. The average age of the patients was sixty-seven years. Forty-three fractures were followed for at least two years. According to the AO classification, five fractures were type A, five were type B, and thirty-three were type C. The average age of the forty-three patients was sixty-nine years and the average duration of follow-up was seven years. Fourteen patients died during the review period. Postoperative clinical function was assessed with use of the Mayo elbow performance score, and anteroposterior and lateral radiographs made at follow-up examinations were reviewed. RESULTS: At the latest follow-up examination, the average flexion arc was 24° (range, 0° to 75°) to 131° (range, 100° to 150°) and the Mayo elbow performance score averaged 93 of a possible 100 points. Heterotopic ossification was present to some extent in seven elbows, with radiographic abutment noted in two. Thirty-two (65%) of the forty-nine elbows had neither a complication nor any further surgery from the time of the index arthroplasty to the most recent follow-up evaluation. Fourteen elbows (29%) had a single complication, and most of them did not require further surgery. Ten additional procedures, including five revision arthroplasties, were required in nine elbows; five were related to soft tissue and five were related to the implant or bone. CONCLUSIONS: Complex distal humeral fractures should be assessed primarily for the reliability with which they can be reconstructed with osteosynthesis. When osteosynthesis is not considered to be feasible, especially in patients who are physiologically older and place lower demands on the joint, total elbow arthroplasty can be considered. This retrospective review supports a recommendation for total elbow arthroplasty for the treatment of an acute distal humeral fracture when strict inclusion criteria are observed.
Preparation of fluoxetine by multiple flow processing steps

Microflow technology is established as a modern and fashionable tool in synthetic organic chemistry, bringing great improvement and potential, on account of a series of advantages over flask methods. The study presented here focuses on the application of flow chemistry process in performing an efficient multiple step syntheses of (±)-fluoxetine as an alternative to conventional synthetic methods, and one of the few examples of total synthesis accomplished by flow technique.
Relationship between Irrationality and Sexual Arousability

Cognitive therapies aimed at the alleviation of sexual dysfunctioning or deficits in arousal are often based on the premise that irrational self-statements and unrealistic belief systems inhibit one's capacicy for sexual enjoyment (1, 2). In a test of this hypothesis the Sexual Arousal Inventory, a measure of females' sexual arousability (3), and the Rational Behavior Inventory, a measure of the rationality of one's personal belief systems (4) as defined by Ellis' system of rational emotive therapy, were administered to 102 women attending the University of Michigan (M,,, = 22 yr., SD = 3.7). This was done as part of a separately reported investigation on the concurrent validity of the inventory (4). Pearson product-moment correlations were calculated between the total sexual arousal score and the over-all index of rational beliefs and its 11 subfactors. Contrary to prediction, self-reported capacity for sexual arousal was not significantly correlated with the over-all degree of irrationality of the subject's personal belief systems. Only one subfactor of the Rational Behavior Inventory, No. 7, avoidance of unpleasant tasks, correlated with the score on sexual arousal (7 = -.21, $ < .05), possibly indicating that women who seek to avoid unpleasant tasks to an unrealistic extent experience a corresponding deficit in arousal during sexual activities perceived as distasteful. Since only one small but significant correlation was obtained out of 11 which were calculated, this may be a spurious finding. These results, if replicated, would question rhe theoretical premise underlying the rational emotive approach to the treatment of sexual dysfunction in women.
Prioritizing strategies for comprehensive liver cancer control in Asia: a conjoint analysis

Liver cancer is a complex and burdensome disease, with Asia accounting for 75% of known cases. Comprehensive cancer control requires the use of multiple strategies, but various stakeholders may have different views as to which strategies should have the highest priority. This study identified priorities across multiple strategies for comprehensive liver cancer control (CLCC) from the perspective of liver cancer clinical, policy, and advocacy stakeholders in China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. Concordance of priorities was assessed across the region and across respondent roles. Priorities for CLCC were examined as part of a cross-sectional survey of liver cancer experts. Respondents completed several conjoint-analysis choice tasks to prioritize 11 strategies. In each task, respondents judged which of two competing CLCC plans, consisting of mutually exclusive and exhaustive subsets of the strategies, would have the greatest impact. The dependent variable was the chosen plan, which was then regressed on the strategies of different plans. The restricted least squares (RLS) method was utilized to compare aggregate and stratified models, and t-tests and Wald tests were used to test for significance and concordance, respectively. Eighty respondents (69.6%) were eligible and completed the survey. Their primary interests were hepatitis (26%), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (58%), metastatic liver cancer (10%) and transplantation (6%). The most preferred strategies were monitoring at-risk populations (p<0.001), clinician education (p<0.001), and national guidelines (p<0.001). Most priorities were concordant across sites except for three strategies: transplantation infrastructure (p=0.009) was valued lower in China, measuring social burden (p=0.037) was valued higher in Taiwan, and national guidelines (p=0.025) was valued higher in China. Priorities did not differ across stakeholder groups (p=0.438). Priorities for CLCC in Asia include monitoring at-risk populations, clinician education, national guidelines, multidisciplinary management, public awareness and centers of excellence. As most priorities are relatively concordant across the region, multilateral approaches to addressing comprehensive liver cancer would be beneficial. However, where priorities are discordant among sites, such as transplantation infrastructure, strategies should be tailored to local needs.
Behavioral analysis in oral interpretation

This article analyzes the difference in verbal behavior between the typical entering student in oral interpretation and the accomplished interpreter. When translated into behavioral objectives, these descriptions tell the learner what he is likely to do (and should avoid) and in what direction to change his behavior to produce better oral interpretation.
Early Aspirin Therapy May Reduce Hepatic Artery Thrombosis in Liver Transplantation

Abstract Background Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) remains among the leading causes of early graft loss after liver transplantation. Our transplant center began using universal aspirin prophylactic therapy immediately posttransplantation in 2007. The aim of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of early aspirin therapy on clinical outcomes. Methods This large-scale, cross-sectional analysis included all adult liver transplantations performed between 2000 and 2009. Pediatric and multiorgan transplants were excluded. Patients were grouped and compared based on whether they received early initiation of aspirin 325 mg PO daily posttransplantation. Results A total of 541 adult liver transplantations occurred during the study period; 439 had complete documentation and were analyzed. Clinical outcomes show aspirin patients had similar rates of early and late HAT, but had significantly lower early HAT, defined as HAT occurring within the first 30 days posttransplant, leading to graft loss. Other clinical outcomes were similar between groups including bleeding events and wound complications. Conclusions Immediate initiation of aspirin therapy after liver transplantation may reduce the rate of HAT leading to early graft loss, without increasing bleeding or other complication rates.
Effects of MDMA on olfactory memory and reversal learning in rats

The effects of acute and sub-chronic MDMA were assessed using a procedure designed to test rodent working memory capacity: the odor span task (OST). Rats were trained to select an odor that they had not previously encountered within the current session, and the number of odors to remember was incremented up to 24 during the course of each session. In order to separate drug effects on the OST from more general performance impairment, a simple olfactory discrimination was also assessed in each session. In Experiment 1, acute doses of MDMA were administered prior to select sessions. MDMA impaired memory span in a dose-dependent fashion, but impairment was seen only at doses (1.8 and 3.0 mg/kg) that also increased response omissions on both the simple discrimination and the OST. In Experiment 2, a sub-chronic regimen of MDMA (10.0 mg/kg, twice daily over four days) was administered after OST training. There was no evidence of reduced memory span following sub-chronic MDMA, but a temporary increase in omission errors on the OST was observed. In addition, rats exposed to sub-chronic MDMA showed delayed learning when the simple discrimination was reversed. Overall, the disruptive effects of both acute and sub-chronic MDMA appeared to be due to non-mnemonic processes, rather than effects on specific memory functions.
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndromes I and II): A common genotype linked to oncogenes?

Abstract We hypothesize that: 1) hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer (HNP CC) accounts for a significant proportion of the colon cancer burden; 2) the premalignant colonic mucosa in HNP CC patients may be comparable in many respects to the premalignant polyps in its hereditary multiple adenomatous polyposis counterpart; and finally, 3) study of HNP CC colonic mucosa may harbor important clues for elucidation of the multistep process of carcinogenesis, including relationships between activated oncogenes, genetics, and environmental perturbations.
Differential Gene Expression in Tamoxifen-Resistant Breast Cancer Cells Revealed by a New Analytical Model of RNA-Seq Data

Resistance to tamoxifen (Tam), a widely used antagonist of the estrogen receptor (ER), is a common obstacle to successful breast cancer treatment. While adjuvant therapy with Tam has been shown to significantly decrease the rate of disease recurrence and mortality, recurrent disease occurs in one third of patients treated with Tam within 5 years of therapy. A better understanding of gene expression alterations associated with Tam resistance will facilitate circumventing this problem. Using a next generation sequencing approach and a new bioinformatics model, we compared the transcriptomes of Tam-sensitive and Tam-resistant breast cancer cells for identification of genes involved in the development of Tam resistance. We identified differential expression of 1215 mRNA and 513 small RNA transcripts clustered into ERα functions, cell cycle regulation, transcription/translation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The extent of alterations found at multiple levels of gene regulation highlights the ability of the Tam-resistant cells to modulate global gene expression. Alterations of small nucleolar RNA, oxidative phosphorylation, and proliferation processes in Tam-resistant cells present areas for diagnostic and therapeutic tool development for combating resistance to this anti-estrogen agent.
Microbial detection of mutagenic nitro‐organic compounds in filtrates of coal fly ash

The presence of mutagenic nitro-organic compounds on coal fly ash was indicated by the greatly reduced microbial mutagenicity of the ash filtrates with nitroreductase-deficient strains of Salmonella typhimurium compared to their corresponding parental strains. Addition of the liver S-9 microsomal enzyme preparation significantly increased the mutagenic activities of the ash extracts. Extracts of fly ash mutagens were prepared with horse serum, dimethyl sulfoxide, or azeotropic benzene/methanol mixture. The data were normalized to net revertants per 10/sup 8/ Salmonella typhimurium cells per milligram of ash used. This normalization procedure is essential for interpretation of comparative results. Both four-way and three-way analyses of variance were used to simultaneously evaluate the differences between solvent extracts, fly ash mutagen, S-9 activation, and nitroreductase-deficient strains and their parental strains. Of the three extraction systems tested, benzene/methanol azeotropic mixture was generally found to have the highest extraction power, and horse serum was the lowest. The results show that overall 87.5% (+/- 1.8 SE) of the mutagenic activity of the fly ash was associated with nitro-organic compounds.
Random forest and variable importance rankings for correlated survival data, with applications to tooth loss

Oral health is a significant issue for adults because of its relationship to quality of life, as well as systematic health and well being. Impaired oral health can lead to significant health proble...
ANOMIA AND CLOSE FRIENDSHIP COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

A causal model relating aspects of interpersonal communication to anomia was tested with a sample of 58 students. While the overall model failed to fit the data, several specific hypotheses were supported. Both perceived similarity among members of close friendship networks and the level of interpersonal communication skills were negatively related to anomia. Residential mobility and anomia were positively associated. The level of communication network integration (connectedness) was not related to anomia, but the level of perceived communication effort was negatively associated with the level of network integration.
Online Monitoring Systems for Performance Fault Detection

To achieve the exaFLOPS performance within a contained power budget, next generation supercomputers will feature hundreds of millions of components operating at low- and near-threshold voltage. As the probability that at least one of these components fails during the execution of an application approaches certainty, it seems unrealistic to expect that any run of a scientific application will not experience some performance faults. We believe that there is need of a new generation of light-weight performance and debugging tools that can be used online even during production runs of parallel applications and that can identify performance anomalies during the application execution. In this work we propose the design and implementation of a monitoring system that continuously inspects the evolution of running applications and the health of the system. To achieve minimum runtime overhead while maintaining the desired level of flexibility, we propose a decoupled approach in which accurate monitoring is performed at kernel-level while performance anomaly disambiguation and corrective actions are performed at user-level. We evaluate our monitoring system on a 128-core AMD Interlagos system: First, we show that the runtime overhead of the monitoring system is negligible (0-2%). Then we show how our system can be used to precisely identify performance faults in three different scenarios: OS noise, application co-scheduling and dynamic power capping.
Career intentions of newly qualified midwives.

Abstract Many midwives do not practise in the year after qualifying and further wastage occurs in each successive year after qualification. In this paper the results are presented from a study which compared the career intentions of a group of 828 midwives who qualified after an 18 month midwifery course with those of a group of 782 midwives who qualified after a 12 month course. Although the former group were more likely than the latter to have entered training because they wanted to practise midwifery (39% compared with 26%) and more likely to intend making midwifery a career having qualified (24% compared with 17%), those proportions still represent a minority of those qualifying.
Flexor digitorum profundus tendonavulsions

Abstract Avulsion of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendon is a relatively common injury that most frequently involves the ring finger. Misdiagnosis is common but can be avoided with a carefully performed patient interview and examination. Profundus avulsions have been classified into three main types based on the level of tendon retraction, the remaining nutritional supply, the length of time between injury and treatment, and the presence or absence of an associated avulsion fracture. Treatment involves prompt reattachment using a pullout suture technique or open reduction and internal fixation of an appropriate sized avulsion fracture. With careful attention to operative detail, meticulous handling of the tendon, and an early range of motion rehabilitation program, satisfactory outcomes can be expected.
Amygdala activation by corticosterone alters visceral and somatic pain in cycling female rats

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is often seen in women, and symptom severity is known to vary over the menstrual cycle. In addition, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis enhances symptomology and patients with IBS have increased activation of the amygdala, a brain region known to facilitate HPA output. However, little is known about the effects of amygdala activation during different stages of the menstrual cycle. We therefore investigated the effects of amygdala activation on somatic and visceral pain perception over the rat estrous cycle. Female Wistar rats were implanted with either corticosterone (Cort) or cholesterol as a control onto the dorsal margin of the central amygdala. Visceral sensitivity was quantified by recording the visceromotor response (VMR) to colorectal distension (CRD) and somatic sensitivity was assessed via the Von Frey test. In cholesterol controls, both visceral and somatic sensitivity varied over the estrous cycle. Rats in proestrus/estrus responded to CRD with an increased VMR compared with rats in metestrus/diestrus. Somatic sensitivity followed a similar pattern with enhanced sensitivity during proestrus/estrus compared with metestrus/diestrus. Elevated amygdala Cort induced visceral hypersensitivity during metestrus/diestrus but had no effect during proestrus/estrus. In contrast, elevated amygdala Cort increased somatic sensitivity during both metestrus/diestrus and proestrus/estrous. These results suggests that amygdala activation by Cort eliminates spontaneously occurring differences in visceral and somatic pain perception, which could explain the lowered pain thresholds and higher incidence of somatic pain observed in women with IBS.
Missense Polymorphisms in Matrix Metalloproteinase Genes and Skin Cancer Risk

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and their overexpression has been implicated in tumor progression. Non-synonymous SNPs lead to amino acid substitutions that can alter the function of the encoded protein. We evaluated the associations of six non-synonymous SNPs in the MMP3, MMP8, and MMP9 genes with skin cancer risk in a nested case-control study of Caucasians within the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) among 218 melanoma cases, 285 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cases, 300 basal cell carcinoma (BCC) cases, and 870 normal controls. We observed that the MMP9 Arg668Gln polymorphism was significantly associated with a decreased risk of SCC. Compared with the Arg/Arg group, the multivariate odds ratio (OR) was 0.67 (95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.47-0.97) for the Arg/Gln group and 0.21 (95% CI, 0.05-0.97) for the Gln/Gln group (P for trend, 0.004). We did not observe any association of this SNP with the risks of melanoma and BCC. No associations were found for other SNPs with skin cancer risk. This study provides evidence for the contribution of the MMP9 Arg668Gln to SCC development.
A Retrospective “Gap Analysis“

Every reader will find some favorite topic in conservation biology missing from this book. Where is the discussion of biodiversity and its function, for example? Why isn’t there a chapter on ecosystem management, because we all know that single-species conservation is passe? Why is there no explicit discussion of mapping biodiversity? or of remote sensing in conservation? Those are all real gaps, and we want to use these final remarks to suggest where else the reader might turn to build a firm and complete understanding of conservation biology in the frontlines of both practice and research these days.
Gubernatorial Transition in Florida: A Look at How Politics, Budgeting, and Policy Analysis Interface

This article details the use of policy-focused transition teams during Florida's most recent gubernatorial transition. In a marked shift from the past, the most recent transition separated the appointments and policy advisory functions. The inseparable nature of politics, budgeting, and policy analysis are demonstrated via: (1) an analysis of the transition budget; (2) a detailed look at team structures and their role in agency performance evaluation; (3) a calculation of the fiscal and policy impacts of team recommendations; (4) post-session assessments of the governor's first legislative agenda; and (5) post-transition interviews with key participants.
Global Impact Analysis of Dynamic Library Dependencies

Sowhat is an administrative tool that performs global impact analysis of dynamic library dependencies for Solaris systems. Sowhat runs in two phases. It first builds a database of dependencies offline in the background, and then answers user queries and generates reports in real time based upon stored knowledge. Using sowhat , one can find problems with library bindings in large program repositories before these problems annoy potential users. "I can stands what I can stands, but I can't stands no more!" - Popeye
Adolescent Physical Abuse: Age at Time of Abuse and Adolescent Perception of Family Functioning

The relationship between physical abuse and family functioning was investigated in a comparative study of victims of adolescent physical abuse. The sample consisted of 99 physically abused adolescents and 99 nonabused adolescents who were administered the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) and Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES III). These measures assess family functioning in terms of adolescents' perception of their family's cohesiveness, flexibility, and the degree to which their parents provide care and protection. The relationship between family functioning and physical abuse, severity of abuse, and date of abuse onset was investigated. Abused adolescents perceived their families as significantly less adaptable, less cohesive, and less balanced than the comparison adolescents. Fathers and mothers of abused adolescents were viewed as less caring; abuse group fathers were also viewed as more overprotective. Family functioning was not different when childhood-onset abuse was compared to adolescent-onset abuse. Severity of abuse also did not differ in the childhood and adolescent onset groups. It was concluded that physically abused adolescents view their families as rigid, and their parents as emotionally unavailable. Treatment needs and intervention strategies for these families are outlined.
International Control of Subsidies and Countervailing Duties

The range and number of cases of administered protection in the 1 980s suggests that it has begun to play an important role in shaping international trade flows. As most of such cases are brought by the United States against developing country exporters, they are also a matter of concern for developing countries in the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations. The internationally negotiated code on subsidies and countervailing duties is ambiguous in its definition of "legal" subsidies, and thus in the appropriate use of countervailing duties. Because the code is applied at the national level, there is considerable pressure by domestic producers on administering agents to increase the use of such protective measures through the adoption of provisional measures while the investigation is being conducted, and through the interpretation of criteria for coverage. Given that the most successful developing countries have been those which adopt the most neutral policies toward imported and domestic goods, and between sectors domestically, the very biased application of the subsidies and the trade policy distortions common in the countries examined, together with the frequency of countervailing actions against the subsidies, suggest that developing countries would benefit from abandonment of the subsidies. In September of 1986, the world's trading nations agreed to begin a new round of multilateral trade negotiations, to be called the Uruguay Round. The previous negotiations, the Tokyo Round, ended in 1979. In the six intervening years, 1980-85, seven countries and the European Community (EEC) initiated 1,155 antidumping cases. There were also 425 antisubsidy cases, half-a-hundred safeguards cases, and several hundred other trade practice cases resulting from national attempts to interpret and enforce various international agreements (table 1). The sheer number of such cases suggests that the terms and conditions on which goods are traded across national boundaries are being affected by the outcomes of such administrative processes as much as by the gradual unrolling of the tariff reductions agreed at the Tokyo Round. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the codes which
The Surprisingly Limited Malleability of Implicit Racial Evaluations

Implicit preferences for Whites compared to Blacks can be reduced via exposure to admired Black and disliked White individuals (Dasgupta & Greenwald, 2001). In four studies (total N = 4,628), while attempting to clarify the mechanism, we found that implicit preferences for Whites were weaker in the “positive Blacks” exposure condition compared to a control condition (weighted average d = .08). This effect was substantially smaller than the original demonstration (Dasgupta & Greenwald, 2001; d = .82). Factors beyond exposure to admired Blacks may be necessary for the effect, such as making race accessible during exemplar exposure and including negative White exemplars. Our evidence suggests that exposure to known-group members shifts implicit race bias reliably, but weakly.
Power minimization algorithm for high-speed access over copper: Multichannel approach

We present an algorithm to reduce the power consumption of single-carrier data transmission over twisted-pair copper cables for future IEEE networking physical connectivity standard, 40GBASE-T. High-complexity coding schemes employed for multi-gigabits transmission systems for higher reliability, e.g., system margin, is one of the major sources of power dissipation. The proposed method reduces the total power consumption by properly partitioning the channel into few sub-channels and using lower complexity coding schemes for the sub-channel with less insertion loss while the margin requirement is met over the entire channel.
Double-Layer Graphene Optical Modulator

Here we report a high-performance double-layer graphene optical modulator. By using two graphene layers and an oxide layer in between to form a p-oxide-n like junction, this modulator operates at 1 GHz with a high modulation depth (∼0.16 dB/μm) at a moderate drive voltage (∼5 V). Benefited from the symmetrical band structure of graphene near Dirac point, such design eliminates the optical loss widely existing in silicon photonics and has advantages including small footprint, low energy consumption, and low insertion loss.
A Comparison of Two Mastery Approaches to Teaching Introductory Psychology

Treatment effects are more convincing for weekly quizzes than for examinations, but Programmed Student Achievement looks best in this study.
Technical Advance: Decreased helper T cells and increased natural killer cells in chronic periodontitis analyzed by a novel method for isolating resident lymphocytes

During CP, the gingival environment is primed to recruit and activate homing lymphocytes. However, detailed phenotypic and functional characterization of gingival tissue resident lymphocytes has been challenging as a result of limitations associated with available isolation methods and limited availability of human samples. This study aimed to develop a novel explant culture technique for effectively isolating human gingival lymphocytes. This technique takes advantage of the natural tendency of MNCs to migrate toward a chemokine gradient generated by the gingival fibroblasts. The explant system allowed isolation of MNCs with 95 higher yield relative to conventional approaches. The MNC yield correlates directly with wet weights of the tissues, and maximal MNCs are isolated during the 2nd day of the culture. The explant culture method and conventional approach produce similar MNC subpopulations such as Th, Tc, and B cells. Chemokines associated with MNC migration but not cytokines associated with MNC proliferation and differentiation were produced in the explant culture. Moreover, MNC migration in response to the secreted chemokines was inhibited by PTX. T cells did not undergo proliferation during the culture. However, the isolated T cells responded to mitogenic stimulation ex vivo. A statistically, significantly decreased Th cell with reduced CD25 expression along with increased NK and NKT cells in CP are shown. However, the number of naive NK cells was decreased significantly in MNCs, suggesting activation of NK cells in CP. J. Leukoc. Biol. 92: 000–000; 2012.
Network access security in next- generation 3GPP systems: A tutorial

The 3GPP Release 8 long term evolution/system architecture evolution marks the advancement of mobile cellular technology after UMTS-3G. The evolved packet system (EPS) architecture proposed in Release 8 introduces fundamental changes on top of UMTS in several design areas, including security. This article provides a tutorial overview of the proposed security mechanism in EPS. It first gives the background, a brief overview of the overall EPS architecture. It goes on to list the various requirements to be met for EPS security. A description of the EPS security architecture and detailed security procedures are given subsequently. The innovations that have been introduced in EPS, on top of UMTS, are highlighted all through the article. The article concludes by listing some open security issues at the moment.
Reproductive Consequences of a Changing Prey Base in Island Watersnakes (Reptilia: Colubridae)

Abstract Island populations of the Lake Erie watersnake (Nerodia sipedon insularum) have experienced a dramatic environmental change in the form of a new abundant prey species, the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus). Effects of this biotic change on watersnake reproductive characteristics were tested by comparing offspring size and the relationship between female size and offspring number before and after the round goby invasion. Offspring number, but not offspring size, increased as a consequence of watersnake diet change. In addition, female size explained a greater proportion of the variation in offspring number following the round goby invasion (60% vs. 25%). The combined effects of increased female size and offspring number are projected to result in an increase in watersnake fecundity exceeding 25% and may be stimulating watersnake population growth since the round goby invasion. The rapidity of watersnake diet change and consequent change in fecundity is consistent with the maximization hypothesis...
When alcoholics drink aftershave: a study of nonbeverage alcohol consumers

A one-year prospective study was conducted to describe nonbeverage alcohol (NBA) consumption (the use of substitutes for traditional forms of ethanol) among alcoholics. It was found that 11% of inpatient alcoholics at a veterans' hospital and 8.6% of alcoholics at a community hospital had consumed NBA. Substances consumed ranged from toiletries to organic solvents, often in quantities exceeding the theoretical lethal dose. 'Ready availability' was cited as the primary reason for consumption. Social, demographic and psychiatric parameters were then compared between 48 VA alcoholics who used NBA and 48 nonusing alcoholics. No social or demographic differences were found, but NBA drinkers drank more alcohol (P less than 0.0001), had higher global alcoholic severity scores (P less than 0.0001), more severe withdrawal symptoms (P less than 0.0001), and a higher frequency of antisocial personality disorder (P = 0.009) and drug abuse (P = 0.005). When NBA drinkers were subdivided by quantity of NBA consumption and recency of latest ingestion, no social or psychological differences were found between groups, except for more frequent and heavier illicit drug use among 'heavy' NBA consumers (P less than 0.0001).
Nonlinear analysis of aortic flow in living dogs.

A nonlinear theory which considered the convective accelerations of blood and the nonlinear elastic behavior and taper angle of the vascular wall was used to study the nature of blood flow in the descending thoracic aorta of living dogs under a wide range of pressures and flows. Velocity profiles, wall friction, and discharge waves were predicted from locally measured input data about the pressure-gradient wave and arterial distention. The results indicated that a major part of the mean pressure gradient was balanced by convective accelerations; the theory, which took this factor into account, predicted the correct velocity distributions and flow waves.
Prior learning and Gibbs reaction-diffusion

This article addresses two important themes in early visual computation: it presents a novel theory for learning the universal statistics of natural images, and, it proposes a general framework of designing reaction-diffusion equations for image processing. We studied the statistics of natural images including the scale invariant properties, then generic prior models were learned to duplicate the observed statistics, based on minimax entropy theory. The resulting Gibbs distributions have potentials of the form U(I; /spl Lambda/, S)=/spl Sigma//sub /spl alpha/=1//sup k//spl Sigma//sub x,y//spl lambda//sup (/spl alpha/)/((F/sup (/spl alpha/)/*I)(x,y)) with S={F/sup (1)/, F/sup (2)/,...,F/sup (K)/} being a set of filters and /spl Lambda/={/spl lambda//sup (1)/(),/spl lambda//sup (2)/(),...,/spl lambda//sup (K)/()} the potential functions. The learned Gibbs distributions confirm and improve the form of existing prior models such as line-process, but, in contrast to all previous models, inverted potentials were found to be necessary. We find that the partial differential equations given by gradient descent on U(I; /spl Lambda/, S) are essentially reaction-diffusion equations, where the usual energy terms produce anisotropic diffusion, while the inverted energy terms produce reaction associated with pattern formation, enhancing preferred image features. We illustrate how these models can be used for texture pattern rendering, denoising, image enhancement, and clutter removal by careful choice of both prior and data models of this type, incorporating the appropriate features.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: current management

Abstract Around 100 new cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are diagnosed each year in the UK, accounting for 7% of childhood cancer. Immunophenotype and stage are used to determine treatment, current treatment resulting in more than 70% long-term survival. The extent of disease at diagnosis is the most important prognostic factor. Patients with localized disease have an excellent prognosis regardless of histology, with a 5-year survival rate of around 90%. The use of intensive multi-agent chemotherapy has improved the outcome for patients with more advanced disease. However, children who relapse after intensive treatment have a poor outcome despite aggressive attempts at salvage treatment. Future advances in treatment require multinational trials in order that treatment can be refined to reduce toxicity for those children with an expected good outcome, and to develop new strategies for children who relapse.
Regenerative Medicine Gets Vocal

Without a functional larynx, breathing, swallowing, and speaking would be tremendously difficult. Laryngectomy is a radical surgery performed in cases of laryngeal cancer, other head and neck cancers, severe trauma, and severe damage to the larynx from radiation treatment. Thus, there is an unmet need in this patient population to regenerate a missing larynx. Kitamura and colleagues examined the potential of an acellular extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold to regenerate the larynx in a canine model. The scaffold was taken from pig urinary bladder, decellularized, and assembled to form a sheet with a flap designed to fit the vocal fold ridge. Dogs are a good model for larynx regeneration because they too have a “voice,” in the form of a bark. A partial laryngectomy was performed in five beagle dogs, and immediately after, the acellular scaffold was fitted to the surgical defect and sutured. Functional data were obtained 6 months after intervention and were within normal range in three of the five animals studied. Complete glottic closure and near-normal vibration pattern with normal phonation threshold pressure were achieved; in other words, the three dogs could bark. There was, however, variability among animals, and two did not recover larynx function, at least within the 6-month time frame. Histological analysis revealed regeneration of cartilage, vocal fold mucosa, and muscle, as well as complete re-epithelialization. More importantly, the scaffold supported regeneration of the different tissues in their original positions separately—namely, the defect area was populated by cartilage, muscle, and epithelium that connected to other cartilage, muscle, and epithelial tissue types around the injury site. Kitamura et al. believe that the scaffold recruited different cell types from the vicinity of the injury to regenerate the dogs’ larynx tissue. As the authors themselves point out, the results obtained are encouraging, but additional work is needed to improve function and reduce interanimal variability. Strategies directed to avoiding scar tissue formation in the regenerated vocal fold mucosa may allow further recovery of the vibratory function. Dogs have larynges similar to those of humans, so upon optimization in the canine model, this simple ECM-based approach could translate to patients who have lost their voice to larynx cancer or trauma. M. Kitamura et al., Glottic regeneration with a tissue-engineering technique, using acellular extracellular matrix scaffold in a canine model. J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med ., published online 8 January 2014 (10.1002/term.1855). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/term.1855/abstract;jsessionid=B55177CFDEDBD6A48197D7D9AAD54DCF.f02t04
Online strategies for high-performance power-aware thread execution on emerging multiprocessors

Granularity control is an effective means for trading power consumption with performance on dense shared memory multiprocessors, such as multi-SMT and multi-CMP systems. With granularity control, the number of threads used to execute an application, or part of an application, is changed, thereby also changing the amount of work done by each active thread. In this paper, we analyze the energy/performance trade-off of varying thread granularity in parallel benchmarks written for shared memory systems. We use physical experimentation on a real multi-SMT system and a power estimation model based on the die areas of processor components and component activity factors obtained from a hardware event monitor. We also present HPPATCH, a runtime algorithm for live tuning of thread granularity, which attempts to simultaneously reduce both execution time and processor power consumption.