cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuro-otology: hearing.

Selected topics relating to the diagnosis and management of disorders that affect hearing are reviewed, including updates on the outcome of attempted hearing preservation in the resection of acoustic neuromas. Newly defined indications and contraindications for surgical correction of stapes fixation are discussed. Reports of unilateral chemical ablation of vestibular function as treatment for intractable vertigo resulting from Meniere's disease, and the effects of this procedure on hearing are presented. Promising new insights into the etiology and treatment of autoimmune hearing loss are described. Emerging developments in measuring otoacoustic emissions and their potential clinical applications are discussed.
Analysis of high speed non-equilibrium chemically reacting gas flows. Part II. A finite volume/finite element model and numerical studies

In this part, a new hybrid numerical model for solving the two-dimensional axisymmetric Navier–Stokes equations for a multi-species reacting gas out of thermal and chemical equilibrium is constructed. The formulation is based on a mixed finite volume/finite element formulation for unstructured meshes. The convective flux is treated with an approximate Osher–Riemann solver, and the other fluxes are treated using P1 finite elements. New aspects of the extension of the Osher–Riemann solver are presented here. This scheme was used for the benchmark model comparison in Part I, and is applied here to hypersonic (Mach 25) flow past a two-dimensional ellipse and a hemispherically blunted body at sea level. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Memory and organization in elderly subjects.

Abstract Older adults (ages 67–91) and younger adults (ages 16–30) sorted 100 unrelated words into as many categories as they chose, provided labels for those categories, and were given a surprise recall test with or without the labels as retrieval cues. The older adults recalled fewer words, fewer categories, and fewer items per category than the younger adults. Though generally facilitory, cuing did not reduce the age-related differences in recall performance. Clustering was equivalent for the two age groups. The correlation between number of categories used in sorting and number of words recalled was significant for the young adults only, replicating and extending the results reported by Worden and Meggison (1984). The results were discussed in terms of Hunt and Einstein's (1981) distinction between item-specific and relational processing, and an alternative interpretation was offered.
Heat as an Agent producing High Frequency of Mutations and Unstable Genes in Escherichia coli

MILD heating (up to 36° C.) is known to produce a small increase of the spontaneous mutation-rates in Drosophila and in bacteria. We have found that using special conditions it is possible to have mesophilic non-sporogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli) survive relatively high temperatures (60° C.) ; this sublethal treatment produces a high frequency of mutations and unstable genes.
On the Causes of Rolling Instability and Chatter

Dynamic rolling instability known as fifth-octave chatter is studied using a nonlinear model developed to describe the responses of work rolls subjected to the exertion of sheet forces of various spectral characteristics. The model enables the dynamic instability of sheet rolling to be correlated with work roll stiffiness, rolling speed, inter-stand tension, roll-bite entry and exit thickness, and the sheet force resulted from the interactive action of the work roll with the plastic deformation of the rolled strip. It is found that roll-bit elastic-plastic deformation sheet force is nonlinearly coupled with the rollstack stiffness and also plays a dominant role in affecting rolling instability. In addition, whenever the frequency spectrum of the normal sheet forces containing spectral components that match the fundamental modes of the roll stand, resonance-like beating would occur. This highly linear physical phenomenon, which is accompanied by large vibration amplitudes in the active work rolls, is recognized as chatter. Although many different dynamic modes of instability including mode excitation and beating are induced in response to sheet forces of nonlinear and non-stationary in nature, however, the rolling system never responds chaotically.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Application of local similarity method to nonsimilar conduction controlled freezing problems

Abstract The local similarity method is used to solve three nonsimilar conduction controlled freezing problems. These are: (1) freezing of a semi-infinite medium with wall convection, (2) outward cylindrical freezing with constant wall temperature, and (3) freezing of a semi-infinite medium with time-dependent wall temperature. The local similarity solutions are compared to the heat balance integral, perturbation, coupled integral equation, and numerical solutions. The method is found to be accurate within a few percent.
Quantification of Transverse In-Stream Structure Hydraulics

AbstractUndesired bank erosion and migration of channel bends has led to the development of transverse in-stream structures as a mitigation technique. Currently, state-of-the-art procedures for structure design focus upon ranges of geometric parameters and do not provide information regarding hydraulic effects due to parameter alteration. A mathematical framework for the description of induced transverse in-stream structure hydraulics as a function of geometric parameters was proposed. The framework was empirically calibrated using normalized velocity data from a physical model study of various transverse in-stream structure types and geometries. Developed methodologies represent a fundamental improvement over traditional design methods, allowing for the prediction of induced hydraulic effects and the optimization of structure geometries to meet project design criteria.
Similarities of Inhibition in the Different Sense Organs

I would like to show in the following text the scientific framework of observations that made me interested in inhibition. Since I worked for many years in telephone engineering, the input and output system as represented in Figure 1 was, at that time, the basis of all my thinking. It is almost an electrical model of the causality principle. Unfortunately, the simple input-output model does not hold for many situations. For instance, the sound of a speaker is reflected from all the walls of a room and the listener hears two types of sounds, first the direct sounds representing the simple input-output system, and then the reflections from the walls. To localize the speaker correctly, all the reflected sounds coming from the walls have to be suppressed. I would like to call this suppression inhibition.
Safety and reliability studies of primary lithium batteries

Abstract The safety and reliabiltiy of batteries are closely related. Examples are given to demonstrate how changes made in battery materials and design parameters to improve either safety or reliability may also enhance other characteristics. In one example, replacement of the glass in the glass-to-metal seal of Li/SO 2 cells to improve reliability also eliminated a serious safety problem associated with discharged cells. The second example relates to design parameters in Li/SOC1 2 cells for increased safety. A Taguchi analysis indicated several parameters affected safety upon reversal. The indicated levels of these parameters for improved safety also suggest improved reliability, although the long-term reliability studies have not yet been completed.
Correlated conformational events in EF-G and the ribosome regulate translocation

In bacteria, the translocation of tRNA and mRNA with respect to the ribosome is catalyzed by the conserved GTPase elongation factor-G (EF-G). To probe the rate-determining features in this process, we imaged EF-G-catalyzed translocation from two unique structural perspectives using single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The data reveal that the rate at which the ribosome spontaneously achieves a transient, 'unlocked' state is closely correlated with the rate at which the tRNA-like domain IV-V element of EF-G engages the A site. After these structural transitions, translocation occurs comparatively fast, suggesting that conformational processes intrinsic to the ribosome determine the rate of translocation. Experiments conducted in the presence of non-hydrolyzable GTP analogs and specific antibiotics further reveal that allosterically linked conformational events in EF-G and the ribosome mediate rapid, directional substrate movement and EF-G release.
Ribbed moraine–drumlin transition belt, St. Lawrence Valley, New York

A belt of oriented till ridges along the southern margin of the St. Lawrence Valley, New York, is shown to be similar in form and occurrence to Swedish Rogen moraine, Canadian ribbed moraine, and Finnish hummocky active ice moraine. It is the first such occurrence described in the United States and is of interest because of the sequential development of moraine, drumlins, drumlinoid molding, and/or flutings. At low elevations the belt consists of a ribbed moraine that is smoothsided, in various stages of drumlinoid molding, or composed entirely of small, en echelon drumlins. At higher elevation the moraine is reoriented and streamlined to form large drumlins. It is proposed that the ribbed moraine and drumlins formed subglacially during one ice advance (Fort Covington) and not by accumulation and overriding at the foot of the glacier as previously proposed.
Quantitative studies on the hydroxylation-induced migration of deuterium and tritium during phenylalanine hydroxylation

Abstract Quantitative studies on the hydroxylation of deuterated and tritiated phenylalanines by phenylalanine hydroxylase have been carried out. Over 90% of the 4-tritium of phenylalanine migrates upon hydroxylation and is retained in the 3-position of the product, tyrosine. No isotope effect is involved in the hydroxylation of 4-deutero- or 4-tritiophenylalanine, or of 3,5-dideuterophenylalanine. The release of tritium from the 3-position during 4-hydroxylation was studied. The small amount of release observed provides evidence as to the mechanism of the hydroxylation-induced migration.
On the reactivity of trimethylgallium with H2O, CH3OH, CH3OCH3, and NH3 in a multiple pulsed nozzle environment

Abstract This work reports on the cluster formation of trimethylgallium in the presence of a series of oxygen-containing compounds. Two or three pulsed nozzles are used in combination with laser light (λ=193 nm) as well as NH3. Differences in the reactivity of trimethylgallium with H2O, when compared to CH3OH or CH3OCH3, are observed.
Recent research development in PCB layout

The increasing complexity of electronic systems has made PCB layout a difficult problem. A large amount of research efforts are dedicated to the study of this problem. In this paper, we provide an overview of recent research results on the PCB layout problem. We focus on the escape routing problem and the length-matching routing problem, which are the two most important problems in PCB layout. Other relevant works are also briefly introduced.
Aural acquired cholesteatoma in children: surgical findings, recurrence and functional results.

Summary Objective This study was designed to compare clinical features, surgical findings and treatment results from children and adults affected by aural acquired cholesteatoma. Methods a retrospective review of 60 children (Group I: mean age 8.8 years, range 3–16 years) and 308 adults (Group II: mean age 45.4 years, range 18–81 years) with aural acquired cholesteatoma who underwent surgery from January 1992 to December 2002, was performed with a follow-up of 5 years. All patients were submitted to single-staged canal wall down tympanoplasty. Variables analysed were otoscopic features, extent of cholesteatoma, surgical findings and the rate of recidivism. Results The pathologic changes in the tympanic membrane were no different in the two groups. According to Stangerup et al. 40 cases (66.6%) of children were classified as stage III or more, with a significant higher incidence compared to adults (152 cases; 49.3%). Analysis of the ossicular chain state showed, in group I, a significant higher incidence of eroded or absent incus (76.6% versus 61.68%) and malleus (76.6% versus 56.48%), if compared to adults. Children, therefore, had a significantly higher risk of recurrence with a rate of 26.6% in Group I and 6.81% in group II. After surgery the mean gain measured in children group, was 11 dB and 13 dB in adults. Conclusion In our study we found that the behaviour of cholesteatoma in children appears more aggressive than in adults. In fact, we found a greater extension of the cholesteatoma, a worse state of the ossicular chain and a higher incidence of recurrence. Therefore, we obtained acceptable hearing results both in children and in adults.
A cross-validation deletion-substitution-addition model selection algorithm: Application to marginal structural models

The cross-validation deletion-substitution-addition (cvDSA) algorithm is based on data-adaptive estimation methodology to select and estimate marginal structural models (MSMs) for point treatment studies as well as models for conditional means where the outcome is continuous or binary. The algorithm builds and selects models based on user-defined criteria for model selection, and utilizes a loss function-based estimation procedure to distinguish between different model fits. In addition, the algorithm selects models based on cross-validation methodology to avoid ''over-fitting'' data. The cvDSA routine is an R software package available for download. An alternative R-package (DSA) based on the same principles as the cvDSA routine (i.e., cross-validation, loss function), but one that is faster and with additional refinements for selection and estimation of conditional means, is also available for download. Analyses of real and simulated data were conducted to demonstrate the use of these algorithms, and to compare MSMs where the causal effects were assumed (i.e., investigator-defined), with MSMs selected by the cvDSA. The package was used also to select models for the nuisance parameter (treatment) model to estimate the MSM parameters with inverse-probability of treatment weight (IPTW) estimation. Other estimation procedures (i.e., G-computation and double robust IPTW) are available also with the package.
Potassium and nitrogen effects on carbohydrate and protein metabolism in alfalfa roots

Abstract An investigation was conducted to determine the effect of potassium (K) nutrition on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) growth and metabolism of root total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) and proteins, and to study whether nitrogen (N) fertilization overcomes N deficiency and low root protein concentrations caused by K deficiency. In Experiment 1, nodulated alfalfa plants were grown in plastic pots containing washed quartz sand and provided minus‐N Hoagland's solution containing 0, 0.6, or 6.0 mM K. Shoot and root K concentrations increased with increasing solution K. Root N concentrations were higher in plants receiving 6.0 mM K than in plants receiving 0.6 or 0 mM K, but shoot N concentrations were similar for all treatments. Plant persistence, shoots per plant, and shoot mass increased as solution K levels increased. Root starch concentration and utilization were positively associated with K nutrition. Total amylase activity was higher, but endoamylase activity was lower in roots of plants receivi...
How Suggestible Are Preschool Children? Cognitive and Social Factors

ABSTRACT Objectives In this series of studies, the authors sought to determine some of the cognitive and social boundary conditions that can undermine the accuracy of young children's reporting. Care was taken to include events and interviewing variables that more accurately reflect the experiences of children in real-world investigations of alleged sexual abuse. Videotaped interviews with preschool children were presented to experts to determine how adept they are at distinguishing between true and false accounts. Method All the studies were designed to investigate the susceptibility to suggestion in young preschool children The difference between studies was the form of that suggestion and the nature of the event to which the children were exposed. All studies measured recall accuracy, false assent rate, and the change in these outcomes over time and/or successive interviews. Results Very young preschool children (aged 3 and 4 years) were significantly more vulnerable to suggestions than were older preschool children (aged 5 and 6 years). The number of interviews and the length of the interval over which they were presented resulted in the greatest level of suggestibility. Conclusions While some types of events (negative, genital, salient) were more difficult to implant in children's statements, some children appeared to internalize the false suggestions and resisted debriefing. These children's false statements were quite convincing to professionals, who were unable to distinguish between true and false accounts. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1997, 36(7):948–958.
A transformational approach to case-based synthesis

Design is not done in a vacuum. Engineers often rely on prior designs to make new design decisions instead of solving every new problem from scratch. Prior designs that represent good solutions to the tightly coupled nature of mechanical devices are used as guides. Moreover, prior failures are used to avoid repeating old mistakes. In this paper we present a computer-based approach to exploiting the knowledge embodied in prior designs. Reasoning from design cases requires the ability to use cases, or pieces of cases that realize subfunctions of the device being designed. It is, however, difficult to recognize and retrieve relevant cases or case pieces using a given design specification. Because there is no one-to-one correspondence between the desired behavior of a device and the individual component behaviors, it is often not possible to find relevant design cases by using the given overall behavioral specification as an index into case memory. We approach this problem by elaborating the given behavior specification into a description that gives rise to indices with which relevant components can be retrieved. The elaborations are carried out in a behavior-preserving manner using two transformation operators that (a) rely on physical laws if it is known which ones are relevant, or (b) hypothesize behaviors and then search the case memory for ways in which the required behaviors may be achieved. These two approaches are used opportunistically in CADET, a case-based mechanical design system.
Antihistamines reverse blood-ocular barrier breakdown in experimental diabetes

Abstract Retinal and other tissue histamine synthesis is increased in experimental diabetes; histamine infusion causes blood-ocular barrier breakdown in nondiabetic rats. We have examined the hypothesis that antihistamines prevent blood-ocular barrier breakdown in streptozotocin diabetes using male Sprague-Dawley rats held 28 days. During the last 7 days they were divided into these treatment groups: control (C), untreated diabetic (D), diabetic rats receiving diphenhydramine-HCl (B), diabetic rats receiving ranitidine (R) and diabetic rats receiving diphenhydramine and ranitidine (BR). Vitreous albumin content was measured 6 hr following fluorescein isothiocyanate bovine serum albumin (FITCBSA) injection. Data show that D had a 98.3% increase in vitreous body FITCBSA over C (p 1 - and H 2 -receptor activation and interaction by altered endogenous histamine metabolism may mediate blood-ocular barrier breakdown, implicating a pathogenic role of histamine in diabetic retinopathy.
Hand-Held Plasma Isolation Device for Point-of-Care Testing

The ability to analyze a whole blood sample retrieved from a patient is a critical tool used for diagnosing many diseases and conditions. Real-time blood analyzers are already widely used in point-of-care diagnoses and treatment. Being able to analyze plasma that has been isolated from its whole blood source is another important diagnostic tool that has not yet been applied to point-of-care applications. Advancing plasma separation techniques to the extent that they can be integrated into a point-of-care device could expedite certain diagnostic decisions and treatments, increase the number and quality of diagnostic tests that can be administered point-of-care, and ultimately improve patient outcomes. The hand-held plasma isolation device (HHPID) utilizes a unique array of parallel fiber glass filters within a specialized housing to produce a plasma sample from a small quantity of whole blood. This can be done at a patient's bedside without a power supply. This would negate the need to send blood samples away to a laboratory to be centrifuged; a change that could save precious hours or minutes in critical care situations. Initial testing has suggested that the quality and composition of outputted plasma from the HHPID are comparable to plasma retrieved by centrifuging. The HHPID could serve as a companion device for current real-time blood analyzers, which can be enhanced to accept either a whole blood or a plasma sample depending on the blood parameter of interest.
Modulating role of RNA structure in alternative splicing of a critical exon in the spinal muscular atrophy genes

Humans have two nearly identical copies of the survival motor neuron (SMN ) gene, SMN1 and SMN2. Homozygous loss of SMN1 causes spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). SMN2 is unable to prevent the disease due to skipping of exon 7. Using a systematic approach of in vivo selection, we have previously demonstrated that a weak 5 0 splice site (ss) serves as the major cause of skipping of SMN2 exon 7. Here we show the inhibitory impact of RNA structure on the weak 5 0 ss of exon 7. We call this structure terminal stem–loop 2 (TSL2). Confirming the inhibitory nature of TSL2, point mutations that destabilize TSL2 promote exon 7 inclusion in SMN2, whereas strengthening of TSL2 promotes exon 7 skipping even in SMN1. We also demonstrate that TSL2 negatively affects the recruitment of U1snRNP at the 5 0 ss of exon 7. Using enzymatic structure probing, we confirm that the sequence at the junction of exon 7/intron 7 folds into TSL2 and show that mutations in TSL2 cause predicted structural changes in this region. Our findings reveal for the first time the critical role of RNA structure in regulation of alternative splicing of human SMN.
Mechanical testing of thin films

The authors briefly discuss standard testing methods for thin films and compare them with a number of newer techniques. Basic material considerations in thin film stresses and deformation are summarized. Finally, microcantilever beam bending and wafer curvature experiments are presented as representative of recent work in mechanical testing of thin films. >
Moving forward in reverse: genetic technologies to enable genome-wide phenomic screens in Arabidopsis

Genome sequencing, in combination with various computational and empirical approaches to sequence annotation, has made possible the identification of more than 30,000 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Increasingly sophisticated genetic tools are being developed with the long-term goal of understanding how the coordinated activity of these genes gives rise to a complex organism. The combination of classical forward genetics with recently developed genome-wide, gene-indexed mutant collections is beginning to revolutionize the way in which gene functions are studied in plants. High-throughput screens using these mutant populations should provide a means to analyse plant gene functions — the phenome — on a genomic scale.
Making Sense of Methods and Measurement: The Need for Rigor in Simulation Research

Few in health care education doubt the effectiveness of clinicalsimulationasapowerfulteachingelearningtechnique. As an instructional strategy, clinical simulation has been purported to teach a variety of content, including psychomotor skills, teamwork, leadership, and clinical reasoning, and to increase student confidence in clinical situations. The amount of research about clinical simulation has increased dramatically in the past 10 years. Much of this research has focused on the measurement of self-report data with locally developed instruments that have not been systematically evaluated or psychometrically tested. This reliance on untested instruments measuring indirect data provides little support for educators trying to make informed decisions about integrating simulation into a curriculum, and it prevents researchers from building a credible body of knowledge about simulation. We know from previous research that students and nursing staff enjoy clinical simulation and that each group reports significant learning from participation in simulation experiences. Also from previous research, we know that faculty members and administrators like clinical simulation and believe that students and staff learn from these experiences. We recognize that building a simulation lab and adequately preparing it with equipment and staff is expensive. It is now our collective responsibility to conduct rigorous research that produces valid and reliable data about the effectiveness of clinical simulation. This research should directly measure learning, help describe what characteristics of simulation experiences contribute most to learning, and identify what groups of learners benefit most from specific simulation strategies. The purpose of this ongoing column in Clinical Simulation in Nursing is to review a variety of topics directly related to research methodology and both qualitative and quantitative data analysis. In future columns, we will be exploring reliability and validity, statistical and practical significance, psychometric testing, levels of measurement, and a number of common qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques.
Neuronal subsets express multiple high-molecular-weight cell-surface glycoconjugates defined by monoclonal antibodies Cat-301 and VC1.1

Cat-301 and VC1.1 are monoclonal antibodies that recognize surface- associated molecules on subsets of mammalian CNS neurons. Earlier work demonstrated that Cat-301 recognizes a 680-kDa chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (PG). VC1.1 has been shown to recognize 3 polypeptide bands on Western blot analysis; a major band at 95-105 kDa and additional bands at 145 kDa and 170 kDa. In the present report, we show that VC1.1 also reacts with a high-molecular-weight glycoconjugate. Immunoprecipitation experiments and biochemical characterizations indicate that Cat-301 and VC1.1 define at least 3 distinct high- molecular-weight antigens. The VC1.1 antigens react with antikeratan sulfate antibodies, while the Cat-301 antigens do not. By immunodepletion, we show that some VC1.1 antigens are Cat-301 positive, while others are Cat-301 negative. In addition, Cat-301-reactive proteoglycans are heterogeneous with respect to the presence or absence of VC1.1 epitopes. Double-label immunofluorescence studies with these 2 antibodies are consistent with the biochemical results and show that there are 3 classes of immunoreactive neurons in the cat CNS:Cat- 301+/VC1.1+, Cat-301-/VC1.1+, and Cat-301+/VC1.1-. These results indicate that structural microheterogeneity exists among Cat-301 and VC1.1 high-molecular-weight glycoconjugates. This heterogeneity may be a reflection of the diverse neuronal phenotypes that are recognized by Cat-301 and VC1.1 in the mammalian CNS.
Resistance Compression Networks for Resonant Power Conversion

A limitation of many high-frequency resonant inverter topologies is their high sensitivity to loading conditions. This paper introduces a new class of matching networks that greatly reduces the load sensitivity of resonant inverters and RF amplifiers. These networks, which we term resistance compression networks, serve to substantially decrease the variation in effective resistance seen by a tuned RF inverter as loading conditions change. We explore the operation, performance characteristics, and design of these networks, and present experimental results demonstrating their performance. Their combination with rectifiers to form RF-to-DC converters having narrow-range resistive input characteristics is also treated. The application of resistance compression in resonant power conversion is demonstrated in a DC/DC power converter operating at 100 MHz
The Alchemy of Local Economic Development

Although policy evaluations have raised significant concerns about the effectiveness of individual incentives such as tax abatements and special taxing districts, they beg the question of whether, in the right combination, these tools might actually work. This research focuses on this question: Are some incentives more effective in particular combinations as they would normally be applied in reality? Based on an assessment of five widely used economic development programs in the state of Michigan, the research concludes that even in combination, many commonly used incentives have no relationship to the economic health of city residents. Programs that include performance guarantees, particularly related to jobs, appear promising. For many, particularly smaller, cities offering no economic development incentives also appears to be a promising course of action.
A passive method for scanning the celestial sphere.

Celestial sphere scanning by passive method applicable to space missions requiring long lifetime and moderate pointing accuracies
Exploiting microarchitectural redundancy for defect tolerance

The continued increase in microprocessor clock frequency that has come from advancements in fabrication technology and reductions in feature size, creates challenges in maintaining both manufacturing yield rates and long-term reliability of devices. Methods based on defect detection and reduction may not offer a scalable solution due to cost of eliminating contaminants in the manufacturing process and increasing chip complexity. We propose to use the inherent redundancy available in existing and future chip microarchitectures to improve yield and enable graceful performance degradation in fail-in-place systems. We introduce a new yield metric called performance averaged yield (Y/sub PAV/), which accounts both for fully functional chips and those that exhibit some performance degradation. Our results indicate that at 250nm we are able to increase the Y/sub PAV/ of a uniprocessor with only redundant rows in its caches from a base value of 85% to 98% using microarchitectural redundancy. Given constant chip area, shrinking feature sizes increases fault susceptibility and reduces the base Y/sub PAV/ to 60% at 50nm, which exploiting microarchitectural redundancy then increases to 99.6%.
A hierarchical taxonomic system for computer architectures

A novel hierarchical architectural taxonomic system that appears to possess the desirable characteristics of a good taxonomic scheme is presented. The author focuses on the endoarchitecture, i.e. the logical structure, control and behavior of the integrated system of hardware components. The starting point for this system is D.B. Skillicorn's scheme (see ibid., vol.21, no.11, p.46-57, 1988). However, the system both extends and departs from Skillicorn's scheme, using formulas inspired by chemical notation to classify computer architectures in a way that provides both predictive power and explanatory capabilities. >
Secondary Buckling of Compression-Loaded Composite Plates

The phenomenon is described of secondary buckling in plates that are clamped along the loaded edges and simply supported and stiffened along the adjacent unloaded edges. An experiment is described that is used to study secondary buckling of plates with these boundary conditions. Empirical data are presented to verify that the numerical analysis developed, which is based on the first-order shear deformable finite element method, accurately predicts the occurrence of secondary buckling. The analysis is then used to study the influence on secondary buckling of the displacement constraints on the unloaded edges. It has been found that the boundary conditions on the inplane displacements normal to the unloaded edges have a strong effect on the occurrence or the nonoccurrence of secondary buckling. The more constrained this displacement is, the lower the load is to cause secondary buckling. The influence of laminate orthotropy is also discussed. It is shown that the softer the plate is in the loading direction, the greater the tendency is to exhibit secondary buckling.
A Further Revision of the Stratigraphic Nomenclature of the Wissahickon Formation in Maryland

The Wissahickon Formation, the thickest and most extensive unit of the Glenarm Series, was divided into lithofacies several years ago. We suggest revision of two of these lithofacies and addition of another. We also suggest that the term lithofacies be shortened to facies. The added facies, the quartzite facies, is distinguished by metamorphosed orthoquartzites and protoquartzites. It corresponds in part to the former Peters Creek quartzite.
Research on project evaluation system based on “black box” technology

To assure justice and science of scientific and technological project evaluation, avoiding the corrupt transaction in the process of project evaluation, scientific and technological project evaluation management model based on "black box" technology is presented, and the architecture of evaluation "black box" is established based on artificial intelligence, experts' selection based on knowledge reasoning is analyzed, system architecture and work workflow are studied, and evaluation model of experts' performance based on analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is established. Based on these a prototype system is developed, results of the system running prove the correctness of theory study and feasibility of technology research. The study works provides a scientific and reliable method of scientific and technological project evaluation.
AlCl3‐Promoted Facile E‐to‐Z Isomerization Route to (Z)‐2‐Methyl‐1‐buten‐1,4‐ylidene Synthons for Highly Efficient and Selective (Z)‐Isoprenoid Synthesis

Zr-catalyzed methylalumination of 3-butyn-1-ols followed by AlCl3-promoted stereoisomerization at 50 °C for 6 h provides 4-iodo-3-methyl-3-buten-1-ols 2b and 6 of ≥98 Z configuration in 87 and 67% yields, respectively. (Z)-1,4-Diiodo-2-methyl-1-butene (1b) obtainable by iodination of 2b is a valuable synthon for efficient and selective syntheses of (Z)-alkene containing isoprenoids.
A prospective study of alcohol, diet, and other lifestyle factors in relation to obstructive uropathy

The association of alcohol, diet, and other lifestyle factors with obstructive uropathy was investigated in a cohort of 6581 Japanese-American men, examined and interviewed from 1971 to 1975 in Hawaii. By studying this migrant population with its heterogeneous exposures, it increases the probabilities of identifying potential risk factors of this prostate disorder. After 17 years of follow-up, 846 incident cases of surgically treated obstructive uropathy were diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Total alcohol intake was inversely associated with obstructive uropathy (P < 0.0001). The relative risk was 0.64 (95% confidence interval: 0.52-0.78) for men drinking at least 25 ounces of alcohol per month compared with nondrinkers. Among the 4 sources of alcohol, a significant inverse association was present for beer, wine, and sake, but not for spirits. Buddhist (vs. other) religion, rural (vs. urban) birthplace, and the presence of prostate symptoms were each associated with increased risk of obstructive uropathy, but no association was found with education, number of marriages, or cigarette smoking. Increased beef intake was weakly related to an increased risk (P = 0.047), while no association was found with the consumption of 32 other food items in the study.
Sequential action of ATPase, ATP, ADP, Pi and dsDNA in procapsid-free system to enlighten mechanism in viral dsDNA packaging

Many cells and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses contain an AAA(+) ATPase that assembles into oligomers, often hexamers, with a central channel. The dsDNA packaging motor of bacteriophage phi29 also contains an ATPase to translocate dsDNA through a dodecameric channel. The motor ATPase has been investigated substantially in the context of the entire procapsid. Here, we report the sequential action between the ATPase and additional motor components. It is suggested that the contact of ATPase to ATP resulted in its conformational change to a higher binding affinity toward dsDNA. It was found that ATP hydrolysis led to the departure of dsDNA from the ATPase/dsDNA complex, an action that is speculated to push dsDNA to pass the connector channel. Our results suggest that dsDNA packaging goes through a combined effort of both the gp16 ATPase for pushing and the channel as a one-way valve to control the dsDNA translocation direction. Many packaging models have previously been proposed, and the packaging mechanism has been contingent upon the number of nucleotides packaged per ATP relative to the 10.5 bp per helical turn for B-type dsDNA. Both 2 and 2.5 bp per ATP have been used to argue for four, five or six discrete steps of dsDNA translocation. Combination of the two distinct roles of gp16 and connector renews the perception of previous dsDNA packaging energy calculations and provides insight into the discrepancy between 2 and 2.5 bp per ATP.
Effects of Smokeless Tobacco and Tumor Promoters on Cell Population Growth and Apoptosis of B Lymphocytes Infected with Epstein–Barr Virus Types 1 and 2

The effects of smokeless tobacco purified products 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamine)-1-3-pyridinyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), smokeless tobacco extracts (dry snuff, moist snuff, and loose leaf), and the tumor promoters 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and n-butyrate on cell population growth, cell death, and apoptosis were studied in B lymphocyte cell lines harboring Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) type 1 (Raji and X50-7) or type 2 (HR-1K and AG876) and in an EBV-uninfected control lymphocyte cell line (Ramos). Spontaneous apoptosis was present in all EBV-infected cell lines, but at varying levels. Spontaneous and induced apoptosis were generally greater by Student-Newman-Keuls tests in cells harboring EBV type 2 compared to EBV type 1. The greatest effects on cell population growth, cell death, and apoptosis on cells harboring lytic EBV type 1 (X50-7) was with each of the three smokeless tobacco extracts. The greatest effects on cells harboring EBV type 2 was with TPA and n-butyrate. There were no effects of smokeless tobacco extracts on the Raji cell line that harbors EBV type 1 incapable of lytic replication. Smokeless tobacco purified products, NNN and NNK, had no discernible effects. At the concentrations used in these experiments, there appears to be an EBV type-specific response to chemical induction, with greater susceptibility of lytic EBV type 1 to smokeless tobacco extracts and lytic EBV type 2 to TPA and n-butyrate. This EBV type-specific susceptibility to the effects of smokeless tobacco extracts is another phenotypic difference between EBV types. The use of smokeless tobacco products may affect B lymphocytes infected with replication-capable EBV in the oropharynx. The absence of significant effects with NNK and NNN suggests that these properties reside with other compounds present in tobacco extracts.
Adaptation to temperature: phospholipid synthesis in hepatocytes of rainbow trout

De novo phospholipid biosynthesis was assayed in isolated hepatocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) both fully acclimated to 5 or 20 degrees C and undergoing acclimation from one temperature extreme to the other. Incorporation of [14C]choline, [3H]ethanolamine, and [3H]serine into phosphatidyl-choline (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), or both, was followed to assess metabolic capacity. PE biosynthesis rates exceeded those for PC four- to fivefold. Methylation of PE accounted for 10 (20 degrees C)-17% (5 degrees C) of the synthetic capacity for PC, whereas 6 (20 degrees C-acclimated)-27% (5 degrees C-acclimated) of PE synthesis was derived from phosphatidylserine (PS) decarboxylation. Several factors may contribute to the altered proportions of PE and PC or unsaturated molecular species of phospholipids characteristic of thermally acclimated animals. 1) Activities of choline and ethanolamine phosphotransferase pathways were significantly higher, and decarboxylation activity lower, in 20 degrees C than in 5 degrees C-acclimated trout, resulting in maintained PE synthesis despite a general depression of lipid biosynthesis at cold temperatures. 2) PC biosynthesis depended more on temperature (Q10 = 2.6-3.0) than that of PE (Q10 = 1.8-2.2), causing the ratio of PC/PE synthesis to be positively correlated with temperature. 3) Contribution of methyltransferase pathway to the synthesis of PC was higher at 5 than 20 degrees C. 4) The percentage of ethanolamine incorporation recovered in PC increased threefold in the early stages of warm acclimation. However, not all adjustments in biosynthetic capacity (most notably a 10-fold stimulation of PC synthesis 2 days after transfer of warm-acclimated trout to 5 degrees C) influence membrane lipid composition, implicating other processes in the regulation of this parameter.
Putting Persuasion Back in the Equation: Compliance in Cap and Trade Programs

This article analyzes the differences in the meaning and significance of "compliance" in traditional "command and control" regulation and "cap and trade" regulation. Unlike traditional regulatory programs, cap and trade programs are often able to boast of 100% compliance rates. Yet, the meaning and significance of compliance in the two types of regulatory programs differ substantially. In traditional regulation, compliance was a discretion-laden judgment by regulators about a company's environmental performance or its good faith efforts to improve its environmental performance. In cap and trade regulation, compliance is an objective determination that does not rely on information about the environmental behavior of a company. The article argues that this redefinition of compliance implies both a gain and a loss in terms of environmental policy outcomes. On one hand, cap and trade programs involve less conflict between regulators and regulated companies with respect to how companies should reduce their emissions. On the other hand, cap and trade programs entail the curtailment of negotiation and persuasion-based social relationships between regulators and companies that have resulted in large environmental gains in the past. Indeed, while cap and trade programs are widely viewed as efficient, they are subject to criticism for being less reliable than traditional regulation. While some cap and trade programs may be adequately designed such that the market incentives provided by the program promote the desired emissions reductions, others may not. The article advocates the use of compliance plans within cap and trade programs to bring persuasion back into the "compliance equation" and enhance program reliability.
Attitudes of first-year physician assistant students towards older adults.

PURPOSE research has established that attitudes can influence behavior. However, there is little information on physician assistant (PA) students' attitudes towards older adults. Research conducted on medical students has often revealed negative attitudes and little interest in geriatrics. This study investigates the attitudes of first-year PA students regarding older adults and provides data on this underdeveloped area in the literature. METHODS first-year PA students at Western Michigan University were invited to participate in a study that involved responding to two questionnaires: a modified version of Polizzi's 2003 Aging Semantic Differential (ASD), using men and women aged 70 to 85 as the target population, and a survey consisting of custom-made, fill-in, Likert-scale questions regarding relationships and contact with older adults. RESULTS the mean ASD score of 2.53 indicated a mildly positive attitude towards the target population. The only significant association found through regression analyses was that students with weekly socialization with older adults had more positive attitudes towards them than did the students with yearly socialization. CONCLUSIONS the direct and significant association of frequency of socialization with positive attitude towards older adults is consistent with similar research on first-year medical students. Some medical schools have implemented strategies of intentional socialization between their students and older adults to improve the students' attitudes. PA programs may want to further assess their students' attitudes to older adults and implement interventions to improve them, where indicated. Additionally, several questions for additional research are suggested from this study.
The Influence of Laser Radiation on an Absorbing Aerosol

When aerosol particles are immersed in a gas in which a temperature gradient is present, a force proportional to this gradient moves these particles toward the lower temperature. This is the thermophoretic force. It is responsible for the deposition of aerosol particles in processes employed in the manufacture of gradient index silicon dioxide, germanium dioxide optical fiber preforms. The deposition efficiency is approximately 50%, and in order to increase this efficiency, we have examined the interaction of an absorbing silicon dioxide aerosol with carbon dioxide laser radiation. The resulting temperature profile mirrors the intensity distribution, since the aerosol temperature is proportional to the local laser intensity. The absorbed radiation thus creates a temperature gradient that results in additional thermophoretic and convective motion. A simple model of laser-induced buoyant convection and thermophoresis is presented, and it is shown how deposition efficiency can be increased with laser radiation. Theoretical and preliminary experimental results are discussed.
Infections induced in mice by local application of streptococci and pneumococci to the nasal mucosa and by intrapulmonary instillation.

Various workers have shown that particles containing bacteria are dispersed into the air by processes such as speaking, coughing, sneezing, bed making, and floor sweeping1-6 and that these air-borne particles constitute a means whereby infections may be transmitted to individuals exposed to the atmosphere.3-6 Some are large and settle rapidly, whereas others are fine and remain suspended in the air for long periods of time. The latter result prin-
Density functional study of gold and iron clusters on perfect and defected graphene

Metal clusters adsorbed on graphene can give rise to interesting physical properties. Using density-functional theory calculations, we investigate Au${}_{n}$ and Fe${}_{n}$ ($n=1--5$) clusters adsorbed on perfect and defected graphene with a single vacancy. With the exception of Fe clusters on defected graphene, clusters are bonded to graphene through an anchor atom. Geometries of clusters on graphene are similar to their free-standing structures except for the Fe${}_{5}$ cluster on perfect graphene. Compared to Au, Fe clusters are more strongly bonded to graphene. We find that it is important to include long-range van der Waals interactions for Au clusters adsorbed on perfect graphene. An Au${}_{5}$ cluster becomes parallel to the graphene only when the van der Waals interactions are taken into account. Charge transfer between clusters and graphene shows strong size dependency, and the amount is larger in the presence of the single vacancy on the graphene than a pristine sheet. Perfect graphene is found to be doped for Au clusters with an odd number of atoms and undoped with an even number of atoms. Magnetic moments are also calculated as a function of cluster size and an odd-even oscillation is observed in Au${}_{n}$-perfect as well as defected graphene system. While Fe${}_{n}$ clusters remain to be magnetic for all $n$, the spin of a single Fe atom on a defect site is very small due to a covalent bonding to C atoms.