cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differences between Brahman and Holstein cows in heat-shock induced alterations of protein synthesis and secretion by oviducts and uterine endometrium

Our objectives were to test differences in protein synthesis and secretion by cultured oviducts and endometrium from Brahman and Holstein cows and the response of those tissues to in vitro heat shock. Explants of oviductal tissue obtained at estrus from Holstein (n = 5) and Brahman (n = 6) cows were cultured at a homeothermic (39 degrees C) or heat shock (43 degrees C) temperature. At 6 h, cultures were pulse-chase labeled (2 h, L[4,5-3H]leucine; 2 h, L-leucine). Endometrial explants were cultured similarly except that pulse labeling was performed for the first 0 to 15, 0 to 30, 30 to 60 and 60 to 90 min following onset of heat shock. A temperature of 43 degrees C increased secretion of nondialyzable 3H-labeled macromolecules by both oviducts of Brahmans but depressed secretion by the oviduct ipsilateral to the side of ovulation of Holsteins. For both breeds, 43 degrees C decreased incorporation of [3H]leucine into trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-precipitable radioactivity in oviducts from the ipsilateral side. Secretion of 3H-labeled macromolecules by pulse-labeled endometrial explants increased at 43 degrees C. Heat shock caused an immediate increase in TCA-precipitable radioactivity in tissue during pulse labeling for Holstein tissues. Incorporation was decreased at 43 degrees C in tissue from Brahmans in the first 30 min and increased thereafter. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine by endometrial explants from Brahmans was increased at 43 degrees C, whereas it was suppressed at 43 degrees C in explants from Holstein cows. Heat shock proteins of 72,000 and 90,000 molecular weight were present in endometrial tissues. A major secretory product of endometrium had a molecular weight of 57,500 for Brahmans and a lower molecular weight (55,600) for Holsteins.
EUS-guided ethanol lavage does not reliably ablate pancreatic cystic neoplasms (with video)

Background The true efficacy of EUS-guided ethanol lavage (EEL) of pancreatic cystic neoplasms is unclear. This study aimed to assess long-term outcomes and adverse events of EEL by using a standardized protocol. Methods Single-center, prospective, pilot study in which participants with suspected mucinous cyst neoplasms or branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms ≥1 cm in maximum diameter underwent EEL with 80% ethanol. Follow-up cross-sectional imaging was obtained to assess for changes in cyst volume. Results Twenty-three patients underwent EEL (57% male, mean age 70 years). Mean duration of follow-up was 40 months (range 9-82 months). Mean calculated final concentration of ethanol achieved in treated cysts was 50% (range 0%-79%). Complete resolution of pancreatic cystic neoplasms occurred in 2 participants (9%). When stratified into those participants who achieved ≥80% versus P = .006). Two early adverse events occurred. Five participants died during the study follow-up period (4 from nonpancreatic causes), including 1 participant who was diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma thought to have arisen from the treated branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm 41 months after undergoing EEL. Conclusions As performed in this study, EEL therapy does not appear to be a promising method for prevention of malignancy in pancreatic cysts. Endoscopic methods that effectively and completely ablate pancreatic cystic neoplasms are needed. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT02158039.)
Certifying domain-specific policies

Proof-checking code for compliance to safety policies potentially enables a product-oriented approach to certain aspects of software certification. To date, previous research has focused on generic, low-level programming-language properties such as memory type safety. In this paper we consider proof-checking higher-level domain-specific properties for compliance to safety policies. The paper first describes a framework related to abstract interpretation in which compliance to a class of certification policies can be efficiently calculated. Membership equational logic is shown to provide a rich logic for carrying out such calculations, including partiality, for certification. The architecture for a domain-specific certifier is described, followed by an implemented case study. The case study considers consistency of abstract variable attributes in code that performs geometric calculations in Aerospace systems.
Ignatian Spirituality and the Life of the Lawyer: Finding God in all Things – Even in Ordinary Practice of the Law

All of us know lawyers who seem unhappy, unfree, directionless, and disintegrated, who seem to be following paths they haven't consciously chosen, leading them to places they would never have chosen to go, seemingly locked in lives they haven't freely chosen to live. Some would characterize this reality as a manifestation of a spiritual crisis, a crisis of meaning and value in the law, rooted in the difficulty lawyers have integrating the practice of the law into the whole of their lives. This article argues that the spirituality flowing from the life of Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Society of Jesus, offers resources for addressing the spiritual crisis afflicting the contemporary legal profession. Ignatius shows us how to pay attention to God calling us to freedom and wholeness in the ordinary experience of our daily lives. The Ignatian understanding of God as one who labors, who struggles with hard work to bring all things to life, wholeness, freedom, and integrity, may well resonate with people whose lives are given over to the hard and rigorous work of practicing law. Ignatius understands God as one not distant from our labors in the law. Instead, we are working in the trenches alongside God who is always already at work in our midst, giving a religious density to our lives as lawyers, and the challenge for us is to try to discern more clearly how God is at work in us and around us, so that we can more fully align our labors with God's. If lawyers today experience a spiritual crisis because there is a compartmentalizing wall between their faith and their work, the Ignatian understanding of God might spark the renewal this crisis calls for, by bringing a new depth of meaning and integrity to our labors in the ordinary practice of the law.
Physiology of the read–write genome

Discoveries in cytogenetics, molecular biology, and genomics have revealed that genome change is an active cell-mediated physiological process. This is distinctly at variance with the pre-DNA assumption that genetic changes arise accidentally and sporadically. The discovery that DNA changes arise as the result of regulated cell biochemistry means that the genome is best modelled as a read–write (RW) data storage system rather than a read-only memory (ROM). The evidence behind this change in thinking and a consideration of some of its implications are the subjects of this article. Specific points include the following: cells protect themselves from accidental genome change with proofreading and DNA damage repair systems; localized point mutations result from the action of specialized trans-lesion mutator DNA polymerases; cells can join broken chromosomes and generate genome rearrangements by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) processes in specialized subnuclear repair centres; cells have a broad variety of natural genetic engineering (NGE) functions for transporting, diversifying and reorganizing DNA sequences in ways that generate many classes of genomic novelties; natural genetic engineering functions are regulated and subject to activation by a range of challenging life history events; cells can target the action of natural genetic engineering functions to particular genome locations by a range of well-established molecular interactions, including protein binding with regulatory factors and linkage to transcription; and genome changes in cancer can usefully be considered as consequences of the loss of homeostatic control over natural genetic engineering functions.
Project Management for Musicians: Recordings, Concerts, Tours, Studios, and More by Jonathan FeistMusic Industry Forms: The 75 Most Important Documents for the Modern Musician by Jonathan Feist

In his preface to Project Management for Musicians, Jonathan Feist writes:The goal of any musician’s journey is to create a body of work that best represents our unique worldviews and gifts. That m...
Sensory neurons selectively upregulate synthesis and transport of the beta III-tubulin protein during axonal regeneration

The effects of peripheral nerve injury on the content, synthesis, and axonal transport of the class III beta-tubulin protein in adult rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons were examined. Recent reports of selective increases in the steady-state levels of the beta III-tubulin mRNA during axonal regeneration (Moskowitz et al., 1993) led to the hypothesis that upregulated levels of expression of the beta III- tubulin isotype that alter the composition of neuronal microtubules is important for effective axonal regrowth. If this is the case, the increases in mRNA levels must be translated into increased beta III- tubulin protein levels and subsequently modify the axonal cytoskeleton via axonal transport mechanisms. The present study assessed whether or not this occurs by examining beta III-tubulin protein content in adult rat lumbar DRG neurons at different times (1–14 d) after a distal sciatic nerve crush (approximately 55 mm from the DRG) by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry with a beta III-tubulin specific monoclonal antibody. These studies showed substantial increases in beta III-tubulin content in DRG neurons, as well as in proximal regions of peripheral sensory axons (0–6 mm from the DRG), from 1–2 weeks after a distal nerve injury. Pulse labeling of DRG neurons with 35S-methionine and 35S-cysteine and immunoprecipitation of labeled beta III-tubulin indicated that the synthesis of beta III-tubulin was increased in the DRG after axotomy. Studies of axonal transport, wherein L5 DRG proteins were labeled with 35S-methionine and 35S-cysteine by microinjection, revealed that slow component b(SCb) of axonal transport conveyed more labeled tubulin moving at apparently faster rates through the intact regions of sciatic nerve axons in response to crush injury of the distal sciatic nerve. Immunoprecipitation experiments using proximal peripheral nerve segments showed that SCb in distally injured DRG neurons was enriched in the beta III-tubulin isotype. These findings demonstrate that the augmented synthesis of beta III-tubulin after axotomy alters the composition of the axonally transported cytoskeleton that moves with SCb. The increased amounts and rate of delivery of beta III-tubulin in axons of regenerating DRG neurons suggest that the altered pattern of tubulin gene expression that is initiated by axotomy impacts on the composition and organization of the axonal cytoskeleton in a manner that can facilitate axonal regrowth.
Tunable Spin-Qubit Coupling Mediated by a Multielectron Quantum Dot

We present an approach for entangling electron spin qubits localized on spatially separated impurity atoms or quantum dots via a multielectron, two-level quantum dot. The effective exchange interaction mediated by the dot can be understood as the simplest manifestation of Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida exchange, and can be manipulated through gate voltage control of level splittings and tunneling amplitudes within the system. This provides both a high degree of tunability and a means for realizing high-fidelity two-qubit gates between spatially separated spins, yielding an experimentally accessible method of coupling donor electron spins in silicon via a hybrid impurity-dot system.
Business Students' Perceptions of Employment in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Versus Multinational Corporations: Investing the Moderating Effects of Accademic Major, Gender, and Personality

Research suggests that students are likely to seek out employment opportunities within large organizations first and often view small businesses as a second choice (Teo & Poon, 1994; Moy & Lee, 2002). The purpose of this paper was to compare U.S. undergraduate business students' perceptions towards employment with small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and multinational corporations (MNCs) and to determine if academic major, gender, or personality influenced these perceptions. The results indicated that accounting, finance, and marketing students preferred employment with MNCs, while the primary employment choice for management students was SMEs. In addition, males preferred employment with SMEs and females favored MNCs. No significant relationships were found between personality dimensions and employment preference. Findings did, however, indicate that several of job factors were significantly related to gender.
Equilibrium in the clinoptilolite-H2O system

A thermodynamic formulation for the sorption of H{sub 2}O in clinoptilolite has been obtained from analysis of equilibrium data collected by thermogravimetry on near endmember Ca-, Na-, and K-exchanged natural clinoptilolite (Fish Creek Mountains, Nevada). Temperature and pressure of the experiments ranged from 25 to 250 {degrees}C and 0.2 to 35 mbar H{sub 2}O vapor pressure. Equilibrium of three clinoptilolite species was successfully formulated with the following expression for the Gibbs free energy of hydration as a function of temperature and pressure: {Delta}{mu}{sub Hy}/T = {Delta}{mu}{sub Hy}{sup 0}/T{sub 0} + {Delta}H{sub Hy}{sup 0}(1/T - 1/T{sub 0}) - 3R[ln(T/T{sub 0}) + (T{sub 0}/T - 1)] + R ln[{theta}/(1 - {theta})P] + W{sub 1}/T{theta} + W{sub 2}/T{theta}{sup 2} where R is the gas constant, P is the vapor pressure of H{sub 2}O, W{sub 1} and W{sub 2} are the excess mixing parameters, and {theta} is the ratio H{sub 2}O/(maximum H{sub 2}O) with maximum water contents for the K, Na, and Ca end-members of 13.49, 15.68, and 16.25 wt%, respectively. The molar Gibbs free energy of hydration for calcium, sodium, and potassium clinoptilolite is -36.13 {plus_minus} 3.02, -29.68 {plus_minus} 3.77, and -25.53 {plus_minus} 1.37 kJ/mol H{sub 2}O, respectively. The molar enthalpy of hydrationmore » for these phases is -76.92 {plus_minus} 2.88, -74.19 {plus_minus} 3.46, and -67.78 {plus_minus} 1.25 kJ/mol H{sub 2}O. The thermodynamic formulation is applied to the occurrence of clinoptilolite at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, where the proposed emplacement of nuclear waste would lead to heating of clinoptilolite-bearing tuffs. Rock units with abundant clinoptilolite (or by analogy other hydrous phases) would remain significantly cooler than units with anhydrous minerals and would evolve a substantial volume of water. 21 refs., 11 figs., 5 tabs.« less
The effectiveness of short- and long-term psychotherapy on personality functioning during a 5-year follow-up

Abstract Background Only few randomized trials comparing sustained effects of short- and long-term psychotherapies in personality functioning are available. In this study we compared the effects of two short-term therapies and long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy on patients’ personality functioning during a 5-year follow-up. Methods Altogether 326 patients of the Helsinki Psychotherapy Study, with anxiety or mood disorder, were randomly assigned to either short-term psychotherapy of about six months (solution-focused therapy (SFT, n =97) or short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (SPP, n =101)), or to long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (LPP, n =128), lasting on average three years. Outcomes in personality functioning (i.e., self-concept, defense style, interpersonal problems, and level of personality organization) were assessed five to seven times using, respectively, questionnaires (SASB, DSQ, IIP) and interview (LPO) during the 5-year follow-up from randomization. Results Personality functioning improved in all therapy groups. Both short-term therapies fared better than LPP during the first year of follow-up, by faster improvement in self-concept and decrease in immature defense style. SFT also showed more early reduction of interpersonal problems. However, LPP thereafter showed larger and more sustained benefits than SFT and SPP, through greater changes in self-concept. Additionally, LPP outperformed SFT at the end of the follow-up in IIP and LPO, after adjustment for auxiliary treatment. No differences were noted between the short-term therapies at any measurement point. Limitations Auxiliary treatment was used relatively widely which limits generalization to exclusive use of short- or long-term therapy. Conclusions LPP seems to be somewhat more effective than short-term therapies in facilitating longterm changes in personality functioning.
Cross polarization magic-angle spinning NMR at cryogenic temperatures

Abstract A magic angle spinning (MAS) apparatus which can be used for high resolution solid state NMR at temperatures as low as 15 K is described. To demonstrate the utility of this apparatus, 13 C spectra of molecules containing methyl groups have been investigated at cryogenic temperatures. The spectra, which are described in detail, provide direct evidence for the slowdown of methyl rotation.
Quantum theory of free carrier absorption in polar semiconductors

A quantum mechanica treatment of the free carrier absorption by electrons in polar semiconductors has been constructed in terms of the Kane model. It takes into account overlap wavefunction factors, intermediate states in other bands, the finite optical phonon energy, and the effects of arbitrary spin orbit splitting on the electron energy and wavefunction. The scattering mechanisms considered include polar optical mode scattering, ionic scattering, piezoelectric and deformation coupled acoustic mode scattering, and electron-electron scattering. The theory, in the appropriate limits, applies to a wide range of photon energies, electron concentrations, and lattice temperatures. It relates the dominant scattering mechanism involved in the various limits to the characteristic behavior of the absorption coefficient as a function of the photon energy. In particular, the dominant scattering mechanism for small carrier concentrations is found to be polar optical mode scattering, which exhibits a λ3 dependence of the absorption coefficient times the index of refraction, (except at the lowest frequencies, where the expected λ2 dependence is obtained). Ionic, or impurity, scattering becomes important as the carrier concentration is increased, and the characteristic wavelength dependence of the electron cross section times the index of refraction varies from λ4 to λ3, and the absorption coefficient times the index of refraction from λ4 to λ2, depending on the ratio of the photon energy to the initial electron energies. Comparisons are made with the available data over a wide range of photon energies, temperatures, and electron concentrations, for the III–V compounds InSb, InAs, InP, and GaAs.
Output feedback control of a stirred tank reactor

A program of analysis is carried out for observation and control of a stirred tank reactor within an Input-Output linearization framework. The observer is employed to generate conversion estimates for the CSTR under output feedback control using only temperature measurements; specifically, nth-order non-isothermal reactions are considered. Analysis of the resulting closed-loop system rigorously confirms the separation principle. Thus, even though the observer estimates are not arbitrarily fast, convergence of the closed-loop system is always achieved.
Age-redshift relation for standard cosmology

We present compact, analytic expressions for the age-redshift relation $\tau(z)$ for standard Friedmann-Lema\^ \itre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) cosmology. The new expressions are given in terms of incomplete Legendre elliptic integrals and evaluate much faster than by direct numerical integration.
Data base directions: the next steps

What information about data base technology does a manager need to make prudent decisions about using this new technology? To provide this information the National Bureau of Standards and the Association for Computing Machinery established a workshop of approximately 80 experts in five major subject areas. The five subject areas were auditing, evolving technology, government regulations, standards, and user experience. Each area prepared a report contained in these proceedings. The proceedings provide guidance of steps managers should follow to prepare themselves and their organization for the installation of data base management concepts. The auditing working panel noted the increased vulnerability of organizations who integrate their formerly dispersed and redundant files into a data base and suggest actions to address this risk. The technology report noted several promising parallel developments but concluded that the future would see evolving, rather than revolutionary data base progress. Government regulations, particularly the drive for individual privacy rights, were seen to play an important role in determining data base directions and the panel's guidance on cost impact suggest that organizations would experience reduced costs with data base technology. Standards pervaded all issues and were found necessary in several sub-areas of data base technology but the panel saw no immediate likelihood of national data base standards. The user experience working panel noted that data base systems had impacted their organizations to the extent of reconsidering existing data flows, areas of responsibilities, and procedures.
An update on the medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy.

Ectopic pregnancy is a life-threatening condition that every practicing obstetrician-gynecologist encounters in his or her practice; therefore, it is imperative to be familiar with the latest methods of treatment. With the advent of assays to quantitate human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels and transvaginal ultrasound monitoring, the detection of an abnormal gestation can be achieved much earlier. Although treatment is still primarily surgical, management with methotrexate is a viable and potentially cost-effective alternative. Medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy with methotrexate has been shown to be effective and safe in carefully selected patients. It is no longer considered experimental therapy. Not all patients diagnosed with an ectopic pregnancy are candidates for medical management, and therapy is not 100% effective. All practicing clinicians must be aware of the indications, contraindications, and side effects of medical therapy. This article reviews the medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy.
Advances in the noninvasive assessment of bone density, quality, and structure.

Recent advances in the development of methods to assess the skeleton noninvasively have contributed to screening for risk of osteoporosis, early detection of the disease, and effective monitoring of its progression and response to therapy. The capability now exists to evaluate the peripheral, central, or entire skeleton as well as the trabecular bone or cortical bone envelopes accurately and precisely, with the capacity to determine bone strength and predict fracture risk. In this article we examine the current and future capabilities of quantitative computed tomography (QCT), quantitative ultrasound (QUS), and magnetic resonance microscopy (µMR) to assess architectural and densitometric properties of the skeleton to enhance the prediction of fracture risk.
The accuracy of frozen pathology at time of hysterectomy in patients with complex atypical hyperplasia on preoperative biopsy

Objective The purpose of this work was to estimate the accuracy of frozen pathologic analysis, compared with final pathological diagnosis in patients with a preoperative diagnosis of endometrial complex atypical hyperplasia (CAH). Study Design We performed a retrospective review of frozen and final pathology in patients with a preoperative diagnosis of CAH from January 1987 through August 2004. Clinical and pathological information was obtained from patient charts. Results We identified 23 of 41 patients with diagnosis of CAH who had a frozen section. Nine of the frozen pathology results (39.1%) correlated with the final pathological diagnosis. In 14 of 23 of the cases (60.8%), the frozen and final pathology reports disagreed. Eight of 14 patients initially diagnosed with CAH by frozen section (57%) were diagnosed with endometrial adenocarcinoma on final pathology. Conclusion Our data suggest that intraoperative frozen analysis of the endometrium is not a reliable indicator of final pathology in patients with a preoperative diagnosis of CAH.
Self-Management Decision Influences in Heart Failure A Preliminary Investigation

Self-management decision making places significant cognitive demands on individuals with heart failure (HF). Before theoretically valid decision supports can be developed, a better understanding of underlying decision characteristics is needed. The purpose of this preliminary study was to describe sources of self-management decision influences for individuals (N = 38) with varying levels of HF (New York Heart Association (NYHA) classifications). Therapeutic value was the most influential source of self-management decision making for these patients, followed by personal beliefs and values, information sources, symptom influence, and task difficulty across all NYHA classes. Symptom influence was least influential for persons in Class II, whereas task difficulty was least influential for those in Classes III and IV. Moderate and significant associations were noted between information sources and personal beliefs and values and between information sources and symptom influence. As the disease progressed, a trend toward fewer decision influences, especially in the task difficulty scale, was noted.
A review of temporal database research and its use in GIS applications

Abstract A great deal of recent work in computer science applies itself to temporal database design. Designers of geographical information systems (GIS) can build on this work to create a temporal GIS capability to trace geographical change and understand geographical processes. This paper reviews temporal research in information processing, contrasts various proposed temporal database designs and summarizes the problems of adapting it to GIS requirements.
Developments of high rate dissolved air flotation for drinking water treatment

Since the mid 1990s there has been a large increase in the hydraulic loading rates used to design dissolved air flotation (DAF) facilities for drinking water applications. High rate DAF processes are now available at loading rates of 20 to 40 m h −1 . These high rate systems have a smaller plant footprint compared to conventional systems. The paper examines bubble and floc-bubble rise rates, and how the simple theory relating these rise rates to the hydraulic loading of the DAF separation zone is inadequate. It is shown for high rate systems that the flow through the separation zone is stratified and must be accounted for in relating separation zone efficiency to the hydraulic loading and bubble or floc-bubble rise rates. A conceptualized stratified flow model is used to explain why DAF tanks can be designed with hydraulic loadings >20 m h −1 .
Let Them Eat Marblecake: The Preferences of Michigan Citizens for Devolution and Intergovernmental Service-Provision

Based on a survey of Michigan residents, this study explores public support for devolution of public services to state and local governments. The survey allowed respondents to choose more than one level of government to provide services. On one hand, a large majority endorsed the devolution of services from the federal government to the states in general. On the other hand, for most of 11 specific services studied, respondents preferred arrangements involving all three governments. Regression analysis indicates that a preference for having services delivered by state and/or local governments only is stronger among Republicans, conservatives, whites, and older citizens. Overall, however, Michiganians embrace "marblecake" federalism.
Monoclonal antibodies to the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of Sindbis virus: definition of epitopes and efficiency of protection from fatal encephalitis.

Summary Protection of mice from fatal neuroadapted Sindbis virus encephalitis can be accomplished by passive transfer of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to either the E1 or E2 glycoprotein of Sindbis virus. Both neutralizing and non-neutralizing MAbs can be protective. To define further the characteristics of MAbs that provide protection from fatal disease, antigenic epitopes on the E1 and E2 glycoproteins were identified using a competitive binding enzyme immunoassay. Four distinct epitopes on E1 and three on E2 were defined. MAbs to all E1 epitopes, both neutralizing (three) and non-neutralizing (one) protected mice from fatal encephalitis. MAbs to the E2 neutralizing epitopes (two) protected mice from fatal encephalitis while those to the non-neutralizing epitope did not. The efficiency of protection from fatal Sindbis virus encephalitis of four neutralizing and non-neutralizing protective anti-E1 and anti-E2 MAbs representing different epitopes was compared. The neutralizing MAbs (against epitopes E2-ab, E2-c and E1-c) gave 50% protection at lower doses (2 to 20 µg) than the non-neutralizing MAb representing epitope E1-e (150 µg) when given before virus challenge. When given after virus challenge, MAbs to E2-ab and E2-c protected at lower doses (0.03 to 0.3 µg) than did either MAbs to E1-c (> 100 µg) or E1-e (10 µg). The MAbs to E1-e, E2-ab and E2-c were required in larger amounts to afford protection before than after challenge, while the opposite was true for MAb to E1-c.
Cross Cultural Programming for AIDS Orphans: What We are Learning from Other Contexts

The problem of AIDS orphans in Zambia has reached alarming proportions because of the extent of poverty and poor social and economic policies. Worldwide, 15 million children have been orphaned due to AIDS, with 11.6 million orphans in sub-Saharan Africa alone (UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children 2009: maternal and newborn health, UNICEF, New York, 2008), and 670,000 children under the age of 17 in Zambia (UNAIDS, UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic, UNAIDS, Geneva, 2010). Resulting from this situation are child headed households (CHHs) who face hunger, poor health, sanitation and water problems. Despite the challenges, there seems to be an absence of political will to support CHHs. To assess if Africans living in Richmond Virginia in the United States might offer something programmatically useful for CHHs in Zambia, important elements in the Richmond Independent Living services model were identified. Specific elements were screened using Africans as a cultural screen. Important implications for programming and practice suggest that feasibility, content and quality are key areas for appropriate CHHs programming. In this article, the terms orphans, vulnerable children, and young people are used interchangeably.
Stereoselective addition of cyanide ion to chiral rhenium π-aldehyde complexes of the formulae [(η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)(η2-OCHR)]+ BF4−

Abstract Reaction of optically active aldehyde complexes (+)-( RS )-[(η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Re(NO)(PPh 3 )(η 2 -OCHR)] + BF 4 − and (CH 3 CH 2 ) 4 N + CN − gives cyanohydrin alkoxide complexes (+)-(η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Re(NO)-(PPh 3 )(OCH(CN)R) (78–95%) of 89-53% de. The alkoxide ligands are then converted to optically active MTPA esters (96-85%) of 90-56% de.
The long-term effects of a videotape modeling parent-training program: Comparison of immediate and 1-year follow-up results

This study evaluated the long-term effectiveness of a parent-training program based on videotape modeling. Thirty-two mothers and their preschool children were evaluated prior to parent training and at 1 week and 1 year after treatment on the bases of videotaped observations of mother-child interactions and parent attitudinal measures. Most of the significant behavioral changes noted for mothers and children immediately posttreatment were either maintained or improved 1 year later. Parent report data also indicated that mothers continued to perceive a reduction in the intensity of child behavior problems. Nonetheless, mother and child positive affect behaviors did decline from immediate posttreatment to 1-year follow-up and mothers reported feeling less confident about their parenting skills. The meaning of these discrepant findings as well as the social validity of the treatment program are discussed.
Towards a gene therapy for cystic fibrosis lung disease.

Gene therapy for the treatment of the pulmonary manifestations of cystic fibrosis (CF) has been at the forefront of gene therapy research over the last several years. During this time, however, despite immense efforts, controlled clinical trials with CF patients have failed to demonstrate significant and reproducible `correction' of the CF bioelectrical functional defect. The target tissue requiring `correction' in CF lung disease is the respiratory epithelium that lines the airways of the lung, and evidence is now emerging that the epithelium has evolved to elude the uptake of potential pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and gene transfer vectors. The majority of studies with gene transfer to the airway epithelium have used the adenovirus as the gene delivery vector, since high efficiency gene transfer to airway epithelial cells grown in culture can be demonstrated. However, when these vectors are tested in the airways of animals and humans in vivo, the efficiency of gene transfer is low. It is likel...
Processive phosphorylation: mechanism and biological importance

Recent proteomic data indicate that a majority of the phosphorylated proteins in a eucaryotic cell contain multiple sites of phosphorylation. In many signaling events, a single kinase phosphorylates multiple sites on a target protein. Processive phosphorylation occurs when a protein kinase binds once to a substrate and phosphorylates all of the available sites before dissociating. In this review, we discuss examples of processive phosphorylation by serine/threonine kinases and tyrosine kinases. We describe current experimental approaches for distinguishing processive from non-processive phosphorylation. Finally, we contrast the biological situations that are suited to regulation by processive and non-processive phosphorylation.
Lentiviral transduction of apoAI into hematopoietic progenitor cells and macrophages: applications to cell therapy of atherosclerosis.

Objective— We used genetically engineered mouse hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) to investigate the therapeutic effects of human apoAI on atherosclerosis in apoE−/− mice. Methods and Results— Lentiviral constructs expressing either human apoAI (LV-apoAI) or green fluorescent protein (LV-GFP) cDNA under a macrophage specific promoter (CD68) were generated and used for ex vivo transduction of mouse HPCs and macrophages. The transduction efficiency was >25% for HPCs and >70% for macrophages. ApoAI was found in the macrophage culture media, mostly associated with the HDL fraction. Interestingly, a significant increase in mRNA and protein levels for ATP binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) and ABCG1 were found in apoAI-expressing macrophages after acLDL loading. Expression of apoAI significantly increased cholesterol efflux in wild-type and apoE−/− macrophages. HPCs transduced with LV-apoAI ex vivo and then transplanted into apoE−/− mice caused a 50% reduction in atherosclerotic lesion area compared to GFP control...
TH-D-230A-01: Economics Refresher Course: How Medical Physics Services Are Reimbursed

Medical physics services in medicine are reimbursed through the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) Codes published by the American Medical Association in an annual publication. Although CPT codes for medical physics services appear explicitly in the radiation oncology series of CPT codes (77XXX), diagnostic radiological physicists may use several of these codes to cover patient specific work they may be called on to perform. This refresher course will trace the advent of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) relative value system for reimbursement for medical services and explain in detail how the complex system operates for current and new technology codes. Payments differ in various settings such as hospital, free‐standing center and ambulatory surgical center and these differences will be traced for each site of service. Additionally, private health insurance carrier are not required to follow the precepts of the CPT formalism and these reimbursement entities will be described in their methodology of reimbursement for these services. Finally, ancillary publications that impinge on these reimbursement rules (eg. Correct Coding Initiative, CCI) will be referenced. Coding compliance guides such as those published by ASTRO and ACR will form the basis for this economics refresher course.
The influence of number of response terms on paired-associate learning, transfer, and proactive inhibition

A first-learned paired-associate list contained 12 words as stimulus terms and either 3, 6, 9, or 12 words as response terms. A second list also contained 3, 6, 9, or 12 response terms, orthogonal to List 1. The stimuli were the same in both lists. The 16 groups contained 21 Ss each, and under all conditions the two lists were learned to two successive errorless trials. The second list was recalled after 24 hr. For List 1, as number of responses increased, trials to reach the criterion first increased and then decreased. Frequency of overt errors was inversely related to number of response terms. The findings for List 2 were much the same as for List 1 but all differences were somewhat attenuated. List-2 learning was uninfluenced by number of response terms in List 1. Recall was poorest with 12 response terms in List 2, but number of response terms in List 1 had no influence on recall.
Vibrational spectroscopy at metal-solution interfaces : some perspectives and prospects for electrochemical surface science

Abstract Some recent applications of surface vibrational spectroscopies to electrochemical and related interfacial systems are illustrated by means of studies undertaken in the authors' laboratory. The utility of infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) for linking the structural behavior of adsorbates on ordered metal surfaces in electrochemical and vacuum environments is discussed with reference to a vacuum-based study of CO/D 2 O coadsorption on Pt(111). The use of atomic-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy in tandem with in-situ IRAS for electrochemical adlayer structural elucidation is noted. Some virtues of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for examining metal-adsorbate vibrations on transition metals in both electrochemical and high-pressure gas-phase systems are also briefly illustrated, specifically for rhodium surface oxidation.
Efficient implementations of hyperspectral chemical-detection algorithms

Many military and civilian applications depend on the ability to remotely sense chemical clouds using hyperspectral imagers, from detecting small but lethal concentrations of chemical warfare agents to mapping plumes in the aftermath of natural disasters. Real-time operation is critical in these applications but becomes diffcult to achieve as the number of chemicals we search for increases. In this paper, we present efficient CPU and GPU implementations of matched-filter based algorithms so that real-time operation can be maintained with higher chemical-signature counts. The optimized C++ implementations show between 3x and 9x speedup over vectorized MATLAB implementations.
Osmolality effects in Aplysia neurons: I. permeability coefficient and a model of water flux

Abstract The rate of swelling of Aplysia neurons has been measured in hypo-osmolal solutions and from this the osmotic permeability coefficient has been calculated to be P w ≅ 35 x 10 -7 ml/cm 2 /sec/osmole/liter difference across the plasma membrane. Considering nine different forms of H-bonded water structure, each with a different concentration and energy, a random walk model of osmotic water flux through a single plasma membrane pore of molecular dimensions has been developed. This provides an order-of-magnitude expression for osmotic water flux, J ≅ 8.9 x 10 -18 ml/sec/osmole/liter difference through a single pore. By combining P w and J , we obtain an estimate of the number of pores per square centimeter of membrane N p ; N p = P w J≅4 × 10 11 pores/cm 2 . If we assume a rectangular arrangement of pores with equal spacing, this gives an order of magnitude approximation of 160 A between pore centers.
Rapid fabrication of microchannels using microscale plasma activated templating (μPLAT) generated water molds

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is a common material used in fabricating microfluidic devices. The predominant PDMS fabrication method, soft lithography, relies on photolithography for fabrication of micropatterned molds. In this technical note, we report an alternative molding technique using microscale PLasma Activated Templating (μPLAT). The use of photoresist in soft lithography is replaced by patterned water droplets created using μPLAT. When liquid PDMS encapsulates patterned water and then solidifies, the cavities occupied by water become structures such as microchannels. Using this method, device fabrication is less time consuming, more cost efficient and flexible, and ideal for rapid prototyping. An additional important feature of the water-molding process is that it yields structural profiles that are difficult to achieve using photolithography.
Modeling the Effects of Cloudy Weather on Regional Epidemics of Soybean Rust

This study simulated daily development of soybean rust (SBR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, based on cloud cover conditions. Results from a previous study that determined the relationship between shading and apparent infection rates were applied in this study to simulate SBR progress on a regional scale using a semi-empirical logistic model parameterized according to the observed cloud cover conditions. Depending on local weather data availability, cloudy days were assumed to be either (i) the days with less than 2 h of full sun or (ii) the days with complete cloud cover as measured by three daily observations. Estimated disease progress and final estimates of epidemic intensity were verified by 30 reports of seasonal disease progress in 11 regions of Brazil and South Africa from 2002 to 2007. The model predicted final disease severity and the observed final severity fall into a linear relationship with correlation coefficient r = 0.96 and a slope close to 1. Severe SBR epidemics occurred when 19.5 or more cloudy days were recorded during the period from initial disease detection to the date of final disease assessment near the end of a growing season in Brazil and South Africa. Mild epidemics were observed with less than eight cloudy days in a season.
Benefits of physiologic atrioventricular synchronization for pacing with an exercise rate response.

Abstract Although the loss of atrioventricular (AV) synchronization may diminish resting cardiac out-put, previous studies have not shown any impact on exercise capacity as long as an exercise rate response is present. To test the impact of suboptimal atrial activation during treadmill exercise, 12 patients with normal sinoatrial node function and dual chamber pacemakers were evaluated in pacemaker modes with normal AV intervals allowing maximal atrial contribution to ventricular filling and with the shortest programmable nonphysiologic AV delay. During a double-blinded randomized crossover protocol, exercise performance was improved with physiologic AV filling in comparison with nonphysiologic AV filling: (1) mean increase in exercise time was 16 ± 16% (mean ± standard deviation) (p 35% in the physiologic AV filling mode. Resting echo-Doppler parameters of left atrial and ventricular function did not predict benefit from AV synchronization during exercise. During exercise with rate-responsive pacing an appropriate AV relation is beneficial, and in a subset of patients this benefit may be striking.
Characterizations of candidate genes for IDD susceptibility from the diabetes-prone NOD mouse strain

The nucleotide sequences of the NOD and C57BL/6J alleles of Glut-2, Sod-2, and Il-2 were determined by RT-PCR sequencing. Each of these loci is located in intervals that strongly correlated with susceptibility to diabetes in an (NOD/Uf x C57BL/6J)F1 x NOD/Uf backcross. No significant variations in the alleles of Glut-2 at 16 cM on Chromosome (Chr) 3 or Sod-2 at 8 cM on Chr 17 were detected. However, the Il-2 allele in NOD at 20 cM on Chr 3 was found to differ from that in C57BL/6J by a complex mutation involving the contraction of a simple sequence repeat (SSR). Il-2 in NOD differs from the allele in C57BL/6J via a complex mutation involving a deletion of four CAG codons from the SSR together with a length-compensatory four-codon duplication of a segment 5′ from the SSR. Two nonsynonymous mutations in the coding region 5′ to the SSR were also detected. Only these two allelic forms of Il-2 were detected in a survey of 13 standard inbred lines and 4 wild mouse strains. We propose to designate these alleles as Il-2 a (for alleles such as C57BL/6J that contain 12 CAG repeats) and Il-2 b (for alleles such as NOD), which occurred in a variety of standard inbred strains and in all four wild Mus musculus domesticus tested. The distribution of these Il-2 alleles among inbred strains correlated with the detection of Chr 3 as an interval effecting diabetes susceptibility in three separate genetic crosses. However, functional characterizations of the quantity and functional characteristics of Il-2 produced by Il-2 a and Il-2 b failed to reveal any allele-specific variations.
Water-soluble copolymers. XLV. Ampholytic terpolymers of acrylamide with sodium 3-acrylamido-3-methylbutanoate and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanetrimethylammonium chloride

Water-soluble, low charge density polyampholytes have been synthesized by free-radical terpolymerization of acrylamide (AM) with sodium 3-acrylamide-3-methylbutanoate (NaAMB) and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanetrimethylammonium chloride (AMPTAC). Terpolymer compositions obtained by [sup 13]C0NMR reflect monomer feed concentrations. Molecular weights and second virial coefficients range from 3.43 to 19.4 [times] 10[sup 6] g/mol and from 1.63 to 3.61 mL mol/g[sup [minus]2], respectively, as determined by low-angle laser light scattering. Ionic associations were explored by investigating the dilute solution properties as a function of terpolymer concentration, terpolymer charge density, and added electrolytes. Terpolymers with 0.5, 2.5, and 5.0 mol% of both of the cationic (AMTAC) and anionic (NaAMB) monomers were soluble in deionized water, whereas those with 10 and 15 mol% of each monomer required electrolyte addition. The higher-density terpolymers undergo a 700% increase in intrinsic viscosity upon changing NaCl concentration from 0.05 to 1M. Polyelectrolyte behavior could be induced by decreasing solution pH below the pK[sub a] of the NaAMB mer. Intermolecular ionic associations resulting in gel networks were studied utilizing dynamic mechanical analysis.
Phosphoproteins and Biomineralization

Phosphoproteins play multiple roles in regulating biomineralization. This paper reviews the data implicating bone and dentin phosphorylated proteins in this process, and provides data suggesting which protein domains may be important in the interaction with apatite mineral crystals.