cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Tris( 2-butoxyethyl) Phosphate in Biological Fluids: Novel Intersubject Variability in Recovery from Human Serum

Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (I), a plasticizer commonly found in evacuated blood collection tubes, displaces many basic drugs from their binding sites on serum proteins and causes them to redistribute from serum into red blood cells (i.e., artificially lowering serum or plasma drug concentration). Thus, the ability to quantitate I in serum or plasma may be helpful in establishing the suitability of various lots of evacuated blood collection tubes for use in drug level monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies. In the process of establishing a minor modification of an assay which has been reported, remarkable and reproducible interindividual variability (n = 10) in the slope of standard curves was observed (range, 0.0143–0.0486). This variability appeared to be caused by differences in the recovery of I from the serum of these individuals. The source of this difference seemed to be related to serum lipoprotein concentration since the slope of standard curves was highly correlated with serum triglyceride concentration (r = −0.800) as well as with the sum of serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations (r = −0.881). These observations suggest that the examination of interindividual differences in the recovery of drugs and related compounds from serum should be a routine part of assay development.
The pattern of sensitivity of yeast dna2 mutants to DNA damaging agents suggests a role in DSB and postreplication repair pathways.

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA2 gene encodes a DNA-stimulated ATPase and DNA helicase/nuclease essential for DNA replication. In characterizing dna2 mutants, we have found that Dna2p also participates in DNA repair or in damage avoidance mechanisms. dna2 mutants are sensitive to X rays, although they are less sensitive than rad52 mutants. The X-ray sensitivity of dna2 mutants is suppressed by overexpression of a 5′ to 3′ exonuclease, the yeast FEN-1 structure-specific nuclease, encoded by the RAD27 gene, which also suppresses the growth defect of dna2-ts mutants. SGS1 encodes a helicase with similar properties to Dna2 protein. Although sgs1Δ mutants are resistant to X rays, dna2-2 sgs1Δ double mutants are more sensitive to X rays than the dna2-2 mutant. Temperature sensitive dna2 mutants are only slightly sensitive to UV light, show normal levels of spontaneous and UV induced mutagenesis, and have only a 2.5-fold elevated level of dinucleotide tract instability compared to wildtype. However, dna2Δ strains kept alive by overproduction of RAD27 are highly sensitive to UV light. These phenotypes, in addition to the epistasis analysis reported, allow us to propose that Dna2 is involved in postreplication and DSB repair pathways.
Development, Evaluation, and Future Directions of the Virginia Student Threat Assessment Guidelines.

The Virginia Student Threat Assessment Guidelines were developed in response to studies of school shootings conducted by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Secret Service, and U.S. Department of Education that recommended schools should adopt a threat assessment approach to prevent targeted violence. This article reviews the development and field-testing of the guidelines in a series of studies, and then describes the challenges of conducting a randomized controlled trial of threat assessment. The design, measurement, and logistical challenges of conducting rigorous research on student threat assessment are discussed.
A Story of Swapped Ends

It was dubbed the “Philadelphia chromosome,” named after the city where the abnormal chromosome was first described in 1960 ( 1 ). Peter Nowell, of the University of Pennsylvania, and David Hungerford, at the Fox Chase Cancer Center, had taken a close look at patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and found that regardless of sex, they had a very small chromosome. It was a turning point in cancer biology—the beginning of a story that would draw new attention to chromosome abnormalities as a cause of cancer, a phenomenon that still influences our understanding of the disease.
Year of the Chicken

With a cluck-cluck here and a cluck-cluck there, Here a cluck, there a cluck, everywhere a cluck-cluck. —Old MacDonald Had a Farm Follow the chicken and find the world. —Donna Haraway, When Species...
Evaluation of the rapid micromethod for ultracentrifugal separation of labeled plasma lipoproteins

The fractionations of plasma lipoproteins by 2 methods were compared to evaluate the rapid separation (Airfuge®) method for lipoprotein distribution studies. When [125I] labeled very low density, low density, and high density lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL, HDL), were separately centrifuged in buffers at d=1.006, 1.06 or 1.2 g/ml by the conventional ultracentrifuge and the Airfuge®, separations of the fractions in the Airfuge® were incomplete at both 5 C and 24 C, especially at d=1.006. [3H] Benzo (a)pyrene, when added to plasma, associates with the plasma proteins and lipoproteins, especially LDL. Compared to the standard techniques, the Airfuge® method greatly overestimated its distribution into VLDL. The distribution of [3H] vitamin D3 into the VLDL plus LDL fraction was also overestimated by the Airfuge® procedure. It is concluded that caution should be observed in quantitative studies of lipoproteins in the Airfuge®. A careful comparison of the distribution into or fractionation of lipoproteins by the 2 methods should always precede any quantitative determinations involving the Airfuge®.
Effects of morphine, nalorphine and pentobarbital alone and in combination on cerebral glycolytic substrates and cofactors of rats in vivo.

Abstract The effects of the administration of morphine, nalorphine and pentobarbital alone and in combination on glycolytic substrate and cofactor levels in rat brain were examined. Pentobarbital increased the concentrations of glucose and glucose 6-phosphate and produced a fall in pyruvate and lactate concentrations. Morphine also increased glucose and glucose 6-phosphate concentrations, but had no effect on either pyruvate or lactate concentrations. Both pentobarbital and morphine produced increases in brain ATP and creatine-phosphate concentrations, but only morphine reduced the concentration of AMP. Nalorphine had no effect on the levels of glycolytic intermediates when given alone, but reversed the changes brought about by morphine. Nalorphine did not reverse the changes produced by pentobarbital. The glycolytic substrate and cofactor levels in brains of chronically morphinized rats did not differ from those in animals that received saline solution over the same period. A challenge dose of 15 mg/kg of morphine administered to the chronically morphinized rats revealed that a large degree of tolerance to the effects of morphine on glycolytic intermediates and cofactors can be demonstrated. The process of withdrawal produced by injections of nalorphine in the chronically morphinized rats did not appear to be related to changes in brain concentrations of glycolytic intermediates.
EUS-guided FNA for the diagnosis of recurrent bladder cancer through the ileal conduit: a novel approach

Background Diagnosing local recurrence of tumor after cystectomy and ileal conduit construction for urinary bladder cancer remains a diagnostic challenge. Also, distinction of benign stricture from recurrent tumor at the site of ureteral anastomosis in the ileal conduit is difficult. Objective A new method is described for performing EUS-guided FNA through the ileal conduit in patients suspected of having local tumor recurrence after complete cystectomy for bladder cancer. Design Case series, part of a large prospective study on EUS-guided FNA. Patients Three patients who had undergone total cystectomy and ileal conduit construction for bladder cancer underwent EUS-guided FNA through the ileal conduit for evaluation of suspected tumor recurrence at the site of anastomosis of the distal ureter and the ileal conduit. Main Outcome Measurements The feasibility, diagnostic accuracy, and safety profile of EUS-guided FNA is assessed. Observations EUS-guided FNA through the ileal conduit was technically feasible in all 3 patients. By EUS, the mass appeared as an irregularly shaped, hypoechoic lesion that was extrinsic to the lumen of the ileum. A diagnosis of recurrent transitional cell cancer was made in 2 patients and anastomotic stricture was found in 1 patient. Both patients with tumor recurrence received palliative chemotherapy, and the patient with an anastomotic stricture was managed by placement of a nephrostomy stent. No complications were encountered. Limitations Small number of enrolled subjects; short duration of follow-up. Conclusions EUS-guided FNA through the ileal conduit is technically feasible, safe, and establishes diagnosis in patients suspected of tumor recurrence after complete cystectomy for bladder cancer.
Integration of Rous sarcoma virus DNA during transfection

We have investigated the organization and integration sites of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) DNA in NIH 3T3 mouse cells transformed by transfection with unintegrated and integrated donor RSV DNAs. RSV DNAs of different cell lines transformed by unintegrated donor DNA were flanked by different cellular DNA sequences, indicating that RSV DNA integrates at multiple sites during transfection. The RSV genomes of cells transformed by transfection were colinear with unintegrated RSV DNA, except that deletions within the terminal repeat units of RSV DNA were detected in some cell lines. These results suggested that the terminal repeat sequences of RSV DNA did not necessarily provide a specific integration site for viral DNA during transfection. In addition, cell lines transformed by integrated RSV DNAs contained both the RSV genomes and flanking cellular sequences of the parental cell lines, indicating that integration of integrated viral DNA during transfection occurred by recombinational events within flanking cellular DNA sequences rather than at the terminal of viral DNA. Integration of RSV DNA during transfection thus appears to differ from integration of RSV DNA in virus-infected cells, where the terminal repeat units of viral DNA provide a highly specific integration site. Integration of donor DNA during transfection of NIH 3T3 cells instead appears to proceed by a pathway which is nonspecific for both donor and recipient DNA sequences.
A review of the causes and treatment of bacterial and allergic conjunctivitis

The most common causes of ocular inflammation are allergic or infectious in origin. A presumptive diagnosis can often be made through a comprehensive patient history and evaluation of presenting signs and symptoms, although the constellation and intensity of clinical findings may vary. Patients with allergic conjunctivitis often have itchy, red eyes, whereas patients with bacterial conjunctivitis often give a history of morning crusting and difficulty opening the eyelids. The treatment of patients with allergic conjunctivitis includes avoiding the offending allergen and applying topical antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are responsible for most cases of bacterial conjunctivitis in children. Staphylococcus species is the predominant organism in adults. Therefore, the treatment of patients with bacterial conjunctivitis consists of an antimicrobial agent with a broad spectrum of activity against most susceptible pathogens. Other causes of inflammation need to be considered in patients with atypical clinical signs and symptoms and in patients who do not respond to presumptive therapy.
Vibration Analysis of Helicoidal Plates

Governing equations for free vibrations of thin orthotropic or isotropic helicoidal plates are formulated by expressing displacements in terms of components in a helical orthogonal coordinate system. Equations derived for isotropic helicoidal plates are applied to the vibration problem of twisted rectangular turbine blades without camber. These twisted cantilever rectangular blades are simulated to be isotropic helicoidal plates with their angles of twist approximated to be their centre-line helical angles. Natural frequencies are calculated by solving the eigenvalue problem using the finite difference method and are compared to experimental measurements reported in the literature. Reasonably good agreement has been found for flexural modes; however, some discrepancies have also been observed for higher-order modes due to the inaccuracy of modelling the blade geometry as that of a helicoidal plate and due to the approximation of assuming the angle of twist to be the helical angle.
Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial fine-needle aspiration: The University of Minnesota experience, with emphasis on usefulness, adequacy assessment, and diagnostic difficulties

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial fine-needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a new technique that facilitates cytologic sampling of mediastinal lymph nodes. We describe our initial experience with this method, including adequacy assessment, impact on cytopathologists' work, and diagnostic pitfalls. There were 229 EBUS-TBNA samples obtained from 100 patients; a mean of 22 minutes was spent with an average of 3 passes performed and 6 slides prepared per site. Of 193 aspirates, 5 were categorized as atypical, 54 as positive, and 134 as negative for malignancy; 36 (15.7%) aspirates were nondiagnostic. We found EBUS-TBNA to have a high specificity (100%) and good sensitivity (86%) in our institution, in which a cytopathologist is available on-site to ensure sample adequacy. Most true-negative samples had moderate to abundant lymphocytes, confirming lymphocyte numbers as a marker of adequacy. For pathologists, this was a relatively time-consuming procedure. Recognizing bronchial contamination, especially with metaplastic or dysplastic cells, is important for avoiding diagnostic pitfalls.
Long and short covering edges in combination logic circuits

The polynomial time algorithm obtained earlier by the authors is extended to find a minimal cardinality path set that long covers each lead or gate input of a digital logic circuit. It is shown how to find, in polynomial time, a minimal cardinality set MinMaxSP for a given combinational logic circuit. Combinational circuit verification is used to verify the sequential circuit delays. >
Singularity Analysis and Visualization for Single-Gimbal Control Moment Gyro Systems

The singularity problem inherent in redundant single-gimbal control moment gyro (CMG) systems is examined. It is intended to provide a comprehensive mathematical treatment of the CMG singularity problem, expanding upon the previous work by Margulies, Aubrun, and Bedrossian. However, particular emphasis is placed on characterizing and visualizing the physical as well as mathematical nature of the singularities, singular gimbal angles, singular momentum surfaces, null motion manifolds, and degenerate null motions. The mathematical framework for characterizing the geometric property of singular surfaces is also established by applying the surface theory of differential geometry. Two and three parallel single-gimbal CMG configurations and a typical pyramid array of four single-gimbal CMGs (including a special case of 90-deg skew angle) are examined in detail to illustrate the various concepts and approaches useful for characterizing and visualizing the CMG singularities.
Budesonide for the Treatment of Autoimmune Hepatitis

Objective:To evaluate the use of budesonide for the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH).Data Sources:Literature was accessed through PubMed/MEDLINE (1966-June 2011) and Web of Science (1965-June 2011) using the terms autoimmune hepatitis and budesonide. Literature was limited to English-language publications. In addition, references from publications identified were reviewed.Study Selection And Data Extraction:All articles in English identified from the data sources were evaluated.Data Synthesis:The initial treatment of choice for A1H is prednisone alone or with azathioprine. However, a significant number of patients do not respond adequately or have adverse reactions to this regimen; therefore, alternative treatments are required. Budesonide is an orally administered synthetic corticosteroid with high affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor that undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism. It has Food and Drug Administration-approved labeling for the treatment and maintenance of remission of mild-to-m...
Gravity in the Weightless Economy

This paper oers a new perspective on technology diusion, a topic crucial to many …elds in economics. We develop a theory of technology transfer by multinationals to their foreign a¢ liates in which gravity for technology arises because direct communi- cation substitutes for the transfer of technology embodied in traded intermediates. The greater an industry's knowledge intensity, the harder communication becomes. The model predicts that in knowledge-intensive industries trade costs dampen a¢ liate intermediate imports the least while a¢ liate sales are deterred the most. Further, the average knowl- edge content of a¢ liate imports is increasing in trade costs. We con…rm these predictions using a rich …rm-level dataset for U.S. multinationals, and show that the cost of shipping technology is substantial, especially in knowledge-intensive industries.
Learn++: a classifier independent incremental learning algorithm for supervised neural networks

A versatile incremental learning algorithm is introduced for supervised neural network type classifiers. The proposed algorithm, called Learn++, exploits the synergistic expressive power of an ensemble of weak classifiers for learning additional information from new data. Learn++ is capable of learning new classes, without forgetting previously acquired knowledge, even when the previously used data is no longer available. Furthermore, Learn++ is independent of the specific type of the classifier, and adds the incremental learning capability to any supervised neural network classifier.
Practical Methods for Estimation of Dynamic Discrete Choice Models

Many discrete decisions are made with an eye toward how they will affect future outcomes. Formulating and estimating the underlying models that generate these decisions is difficult. Conditional choice probability (CCP) estimators often provide simpler ways to estimate dynamic discrete choice problems. Recent work shows how to frame dynamic discrete choice problems in a way that is conducive to CCP estimation and demonstrates that CCP estimators can be adapted to handle rich patterns of unobserved state variables.
Medano Creek, Colorado, a model for upper-flow-regime fluvial deposition

ABSTRACT Medano Creek in Colorado provides a unique opportunity to study upper-flow-regime deposition. It is a steep, aggrading fluvial system in which antidunes are the dominant bedform. Medano Creek is a straight, single-channel stream where flow is largely confined to a sequence of upstream-migrating topographic steps (pools and riffles), a stable channel geometry. Antidunes and upperflow-regime plane beds are arranged in an organized pattern on the surface of pool and riffle sequences as a response to spatially varied flow conditions. In the creek, antidunes form sedimentary structures consisting of low-angle backset and foreset beds and subhorizontal laminae grouped into lenses. Laminae in a lens are often subparallel to the lens-bounding surfaces on the downcurrent end and are truncated y the upper bounding surface on the upcurrent end. Upper-flow-regime plane bed and rhomboid ripples produce planar laminae. Through lateral shifting of the active channel and upstream migration of pools and riffles, Medano Creek produces a facies sequence consisting of alternating 10-40-cm-thick layers of (planar) laminae and low-angle, cross-stratified, lenticular bedding.
Cities and Jobs and Politics

This article describes the origins of the Urban Jobs and Enterprise Zone Act, introduced in Congress in March 1982. Proponents of the legislation argue that it is a remedy for unemployment and urban stagnation. A more critical evaluation indicates that the legislation provides scant benefits for the inner-city poor, but windfall tax advantages for large firms. Jobs that might be provided are the most menial sort and subsidies are heavily weighted in favor of plant and equipment expansion. The proposal is best understood not as a solution to the urban problem but as part of a large redistribution of wealth and income. For the problems that purportedly inspire the legislation, better solutions are available.
Influence of Growth Parameters and Annealing on Properties of MBE Grown GaAsSbN SQWs

In this paper we report the growth of GaAsSbN/GaAs single quantum well (SQW) heterostructures by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and their properties. A systematic study has been carried out to determine the effect of growth conditions, such as the source shutter opening sequence and substrate temperature, on the structural and optical properties of the layers. The substrate temperatures in the range of 450-470 C were found to be optimal. Simultaneous opening of the source shutters (SS) resulted in N incorporation almost independent of substrate temperature and Sb incorporation higher at lower substrate temperatures. The effects of ex-situ annealing in nitrogen ambient and in-situ annealing under As ovepressure on the optical properties of the layers have also been investigated. A significant increase in photoluminescence (PL) intensity with reduced full width at half maxima (FWHM) in conjunction with a blue shift in the emission energy was observed on 10 annealing the samples. In in-situ annealed samples, the PL line shapes were more symmetric and the temperature dependence of the PL peak energy indicated significant decrease in the exciton localization energy as exhibited by a less pronounced S-shaped curve. The inverted S-shaped curve observed in the temperature dependence of PL FWHM is also discussed. 1.61 micrometer emission with FWHM of 25 meV at 20K has been obtained in in-situ annealed GaAsSbN/GaAs SQW grown at 470 C by SS.
Two distinct roles for Ras in a developmentally regulated cell migration

Receptor tyrosine kinases have been shown to promote cell movement in a variety of systems. The Ras protein, a well-documented downstream effector for receptor tyrosine kinases, may contribute to receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated motility. In the present study, we have examined the role of Ras in the migration of a small subset of follicle cells, known as the border cells, during Drosophila oogenesis. A dominant-negative Ras protein inhibited cell migration when expressed specifically in border cells during the period when these cells normally migrate. When expressed prior to migration, dominant-negative Ras promoted premature initiation of migration. Conversely, expression of constitutively active Ras prior to migration resulted in a significant delay in the initiation step. Furthermore, the defect in initiation of border cell migration found in slbo1, a mutation at the locus that encodes Drosophila C/EBP, was largely rescued by reducing Ras activity in border cells prior to migration. Taken together, these observations indicate that Ras activity plays two distinct roles in the border cells: (1) reduction in Ras activity promotes the initiation of that migration process and (2) Ras activity is required during border cell migration. We further examined the possible involvement of two downstream effectors of Ras in border cell migration. Raf activity was dispensable to border cell migration while reduced Ral activity inhibited initiation. We therefore suggest that Ras plays a critical role in the dynamic regulation of border cell migration via a Raf-independent pathway.
Post-conflict anxiety in nonhuman primates: The mediating role of emotion in conflict resolution

During the last two decades, much research has focused on the mechanisms used by nonhuman primates for conflict resolution. Reconciliation, i.e., a friendly reunion between former opponents, has been reported in several primate species. Reconciliation seems to serve at least two functions. According to the Valuable Relationship Hypothesis, reconciliation restores the disturbed relationship between former opponents and, consequently, occurs more often between individuals with more valuable relationships. The Uncertainty-Reduction Hypothesis emphasizes the function of reconciliation to reduce anxiety and uncertainty in the recipient of aggression following a conflict. The study of post-conflict emotionality facilitates the integration of these two hypotheses. The present study focuses on the factors affecting post-conflict anxiety of the two former opponents. Post-conflict data of captive Barbary (Macaca sylvanus) and long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are used here to examine patterns of anxiety-related behavior, such as self-scratching. The fact that in the first minutes following a conflict not only recipients of aggression but aggressors too increased the rate of scratching above baseline levels suggests that the risk of renewed attacks is unlikely to be the only reason for post-conflict anxiety. The quality of the relationship between former opponents was a good predictor of post-conflict scratching rates by the recipient of aggression: Rates were higher after conflicts between individuals with stronger affiliative relationships. This result was not due to differential risk of resuming hostilities or arousal resulting from the intensity of the previous conflict. This finding suggests that the disturbance of a valuable relationship due to the previous conflict (e.g., the potential loss of benefits provided by such relationships) is a major cause of post-conflict anxiety. In line with the Uncertainty-Reduction Hypothesis, the best way to cope with post-conflict anxiety is to reconcile and therefore restore the relationship. Higher levels of post-conflict anxiety should lead therefore to higher conciliatory tendency. This interpretation is supported by the fact that individuals with strong affiliative relationships reconcile more frequently than others, as predicted by the Valuable Relationship Hypothesis. The mediating role of emotions, such as post-conflict anxiety, is probably not limited to reconciliation. Other post-conflict interactions, such as consolation, triadic reconciliation, and mediation, are also likely to be better understood if future studies focus on the post-conflict emotions of the opponents and bystanders. Aggr. Behav. 23:315–328, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) hatchlings track the direction of human gaze

Gaze following allows individuals to detect the locus of attention of both conspecifics and other species. However, little is known about how this ability develops. We explored the emergence of bobwhite quail hatchlings’ ability to track human gaze by assessing their avoidance behavior in an open arena under five testing conditions: (1) a Direct Gaze condition, in which an experimenter looking down was positioned above one of two approach areas; (2) a Gaze Follow condition in which an experimenter, positioned equidistant between two approach areas, directed his/her gaze towards one of the areas; (3) a Masked Gaze Follow condition, in which the experimenter wore a mask during the Gaze Follow test; (4) a Deprived Face Experience condition, in which hatchlings were deprived of experience with human faces prior to the Gaze Follow test; and (5) a Control condition in which no experimenter was present during testing. Results revealed that hatchlings from the Direct Gaze condition preferred the non-gazed approach area at all ages tested. Hatchlings from the Gaze Follow condition preferred the non-gazed approach area at 48 and 72 h, but not at 24 h of age. In contrast, hatchlings from the Masked Gaze Follow, Deprived Face and Control conditions did not prefer either approach area at any age tested. These results indicate that experience with human faces plays a key role in the rapid emergence of gaze following behavior in bobwhite quail hatchlings.
Transverse isotropy versus lateral heterogeneity in the inversion of P-wave reflection traveltimes

Nonelliptic transverse isotropy may cause pronounced nonhyperbolic moveout of long‐spread P-wave reflection data. Lateral heterogeneity may alter the moveout in much the same way, and one can expect that a given P-wave reflection moveout may be interpreted equally well in terms of parameters of homogeneous transversely isotropic (TI) or laterally heterogeneous (LH) isotropic models. Here, the common‐midpoint (CMP) moveout of a P-wave reflected from a horizontal interface beneath a weakly laterally heterogeneous medium that is also weakly transversely isotropic is represented analytically in the form similar to that in homogeneous TI media. Both the normal‐moveout (NMO) velocity and the quartic moveout coefficient contain derivatives of the zero‐ offset traveltime t0 and the NMO velocity Vnmo with respect to the lateral coordinate. Despite the presence of heterogeneity, nonhyperbolic velocity analysis can be performed in the same way as in homogeneous TI models. If all parameters of the medium are linear f...
Infant Feeding in the 20th Century: Formula and Beikost

The early years of the 20th century were notable for improvements in general sanitation, dairying practices and milk handling. Most infants were breast-fed, often with some formula feeding as well. Availability of the home icebox permitted safe storage of milk and infant formula, and by the 1920s, feeding of orange juice and cod liver oil greatly decreased the incidence of scurvy and rickets. Use of evaporated milk for formula preparation decreased bacterial contamination and curd tension of infant formulas. From 1930 through the 1960s, breast-feeding declined and cow's milk and beikost were introduced into the diet at earlier and earlier ages. Although commercially prepared formulas, including iron-fortified formulas replaced home-prepared formulas, few infants were breast-fed or formula fed after 4-6 mo of age. Iron deficiency was prevalent. From 1970 through 1999, a resurgence of breast-feeding was associated with a prolongation of formula feeding and an increase in usage of iron-fortified formulas. By the end of the century, formula feeding of older infants had largely replaced feeding of fresh cow's milk and the prevalence of iron deficiency had greatly decreased.
A simple distraction technique for ankle arthroscopy.

Arthroscopy of the ankle is now an established method for management of a wide variety of ankle disorders (1-4). Despite the relatively small size and intrinsic stability of the ankle joint, with adequate distraction and plantar flexion, a large portion of the joint can usually be visualized. Patient positioning and methods of distraction vary widely from surgeon to surgeon. Usually, an assistant is required to maintain constant distraction and positioning of the ankle. This may prevent the assistant from actually helping with the instrumentation and procedure and places him in a position that is awkward and detrimental to the surgeon. It is difficult to maintain constant positioning and distraction of the ankle by manual methods. Various distraction devices involving external fixators and transosseous pin fixation have been employed (2), but the iffcreased chance of complications with these invasive techniques is undesirable. We utilized a simple method of ankle distraction that frees the hands of the surgeon and assistant and presents no increased morbidity to the patient.
Comparing Fuzzy, Probabilistic, and Possibilistic Partitions

When clustering produces more than one candidate to partition a finite set of objects O, there are two approaches to validation (i.e., selection of a “best” partition, and implicitly, a best value for c , which is the number of clusters in O). First, we may use an internal index, which evaluates each partition separately. Second, we may compare pairs of candidates with each other, or with a reference partition that purports to represent the “true” cluster structure in the objects. This paper generalizes many of the classical indices that have been used with outputs of crisp clustering algorithms so that they are applicable for candidate partitions of any type (i.e., crisp or soft, with soft comprising the fuzzy, probabilistic, and possibilistic cases). Space prevents inclusion of all of the possible generalizations that can be realized this way. Here, we concentrate on the Rand index and its modifications. We compare our fuzzy-Rand index with those of Campello, Hullermeier and Rifqi, and Brouwer, and show that our extension of the Rand index is O(n), while the other three are all O(n2). Numerical examples are given to illustrate various facets of the new indices. In particular, we show that our indices can be used, even when the partitions are probabilistic or possibilistic, and that our method of generalization is valid for any index that depends only on the entries of the classical (i.e., four-pair types) contingency table for this problem.
Phenotypic heterogeneity implements a game theoretic mixed strategy in a clonal microbial population

Genetically identical cells in microbial populations often exhibit a remarkable degree of phenotypic heterogeneity even in homogenous environments. While such heterogeneity is often thought to be a bet-hedging strategy against unpredictable environments, evolutionary game theory also predicts phenotypic heterogeneity as a stable response to evolutionary "hawk-dove" games, in which rare strategies are favored over common ones. Here we provide experimental evidence for this game theoretic explanation in the context of the well-studied yeast GAL network. In an environment containing the two sugars glucose and galactose, the yeast GAL network displays stochastic bimodal activation. We show that genetic mutants playing the "pure" strategies of GAL-ON or GAL-OFF can each invade the opposite strategy when rare, indicating a hawk-dove game between the two. Consistent with the Nash equilibrium of an evolutionary game, the stable mix of pure strategists does not necessarily maximize the growth of the overall population. We also find that the wild type GAL network can invade populations of both pure strategists while remaining uninvasible by either. Taken together, our results provide experimental evidence that evolutionary hawk-dove games between identical cells can explain the phenotypic heterogeneity found in clonal microbial populations.
Deepening of incisions after radial keratotomy using the "tickle" technique.

Since the introduction of radial kerato- tomy, accurate incision depth has been difficult to achieve with any corneal knife. To assure repeat- able depth of incisions and to adjust the refractive effect of these incisions after the surgery, I have developed a series of techniques that are de- scribed in this article and that I refer to as "tickles" in discussion with the patients. Seventeen eyes, from a consecutive series of 102 operations (re- operation rate of 17%), underwent complete opening and/or deepening of undercorrected eight-incision radial keratotomy. This was per- formed in the immediate postoperative period (3.0 ± 4.2 months), at the slit-lamp microscope, without peripheral deepening or extension of the optical zone. After the initial radial keratotomy, the average spherical equivalent refraction was -2.04 ± 0.68 D; after opening and/or deepening the incisions, the average spherical equivalent refraction was - 0.53 ± 0.24 D. The average effect of this procedure was a reduction in myopia of 1.51 D. All 17 eyes had a final refraction between -0.25 and -1.00. (Refract Corneal Surg 199 1;7:348-355.1
Song sharing by yellow warblers differs between two modes of singing: Implications for song function

Abstract I investigated the pattern of song sharing for the two singing modes (Type I and Type II) of Yellow Warblers (Dendroica petechia). There is indirect evidence that males use Type I singing to attract females, and Type II singing to interact with other males, but how males use these singing modes for these functions is unknown. One way in which males might use Type II singing to interact with neighboring males is through the use of “shared songs:” males might preferentially sing songs they share with neighboring males to engage in song type matching or repertoire matching. I tested the prediction that Yellow Warblers should share more of their Type II songs with neighbors compared to non-neighbors, but that there should be no such relationship for Type I songs. I found that males in a Pennsylvania population shared significantly more of their Type II song repertoire with neighbors than with non-neighbors, and that sharing between males declined with distance between their territories. There was no ...
Abortion, Feticide and Fetal Abuse: Searching for Consistency

This paper explores the legal status or value of the fetus by focusing on several different areas of law: abortion law, feticide, and fetal abuse laws. At the same time, the paper seeks to find consistency between abortion law on one hand, and feticide and fetal abuse law on the other. Ultimately, the conclusion reached is that the laws can coexist. Abortion is legal because the Court balanced the state's interest in potential life with a woman's privacy rights and health. However, there is no countervailing interest to be balanced in the case of feticide as fetal abuse, as any interests on the part of the perpetrator do not have merit.
Imputation of missing covariate values in epigenome-wide analysis of DNA methylation data

DNA methylation is a widely studied epigenetic mechanism and alterations in methylation patterns may be involved in the development of common diseases. Unlike inherited changes in genetic sequence, variation in site-specific methylation varies by tissue, developmental stage, and disease status, and may be impacted by aging and exposure to environmental factors, such as diet or smoking. These non-genetic factors are typically included in epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) because they may be confounding factors to the association between methylation and disease. However, missing values in these variables can lead to reduced sample size and decrease the statistical power of EWAS. We propose a site selection and multiple imputation (MI) method to impute missing covariate values and to perform association tests in EWAS. Then, we compare this method to an alternative projection-based method. Through simulations, we show that the MI-based method is slightly conservative, but provides consistent estimates for effect size. We also illustrate these methods with data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study to carry out an EWAS between methylation levels and smoking status, in which missing cell type compositions and white blood cell counts are imputed.
The Suburbs' Fair Share: How California's Housing Element Law (and Facebook) Could Set a Housing Production Floor

California’s fair share housing law has been pummeled with criticism, right along with the state’s astronomical rents. This Note provides the first bottom-up analysis of how the program actually operates on the ground, using case studies from Menlo Park and Palo Alto to test how the law could help solve California’s affordable housing shortage. It finds some slim opportunities for optimism in the program’s future, especially if litigation under the law increases. It also provides five key suggested changes to make the housing element law a stronger part of the state’s affordable housing toolbox — and a model for other high-rent states.
Stability of Ruthenium-Silica Bilayer Structures

The microstructural evolution of ruthenium-silicon dioxide bilayer structures upon annealing is studied using transmission electron microscopy. SiO2/Ru/SiO2 structures, with thicknesses of 2/1/2 nm, 4/2/4 nm, 8/4/8 nm, and 20/10/20 nm, are formed by magnetron sputtering and annealed at 300 or 600°C. As-deposited films have grain sizes on the order of the Ru film thickness. After annealing at 600°C, significant grain growth is observed for all thicknesses, such that the final grain sizes are approximately 3 to 20x greater than the original film thickness. The largest increase in the average Ru grain size is observed for the 2 nm thick ruthenium film possibly due to the coalescence of Ru grains. The coalescence of the Ru particles in the 1 and 2 nm thick films results in the formation of lamellar Ru grains, which disrupts the contiguity of the Ru film. In all other cases, the increase in grain size is attributed to normal grain growth, but the formation of anomalous spherical grains is also observed.
Intratesticular assay of follicle-stimulating hormone in hypophysectomized rats.

SummaryThe intratesticular injection of a single, 2 μg dose of NIH-FSH-S-2, was detectable histologically, in immature hypophysectomized rats, one day after the injection. FSH induced specific germ cell loss, Sertoli cell hypertrophy, and increased fluid secretion. Germ cell depletion was intensified after 3 days and following two, 2 μg FSH doses. After 5 days, during which time 2 μg FSH was given every other day, systemic absorption of the hormone was evidenced by germ cell loss in contralateral uninjected testes. Days 7 to 15 were histologically similar to day 5. The rapid early changes in germ cell population, and Sertoli cell stimulation following intratesticular injections of FSH in the immature hypophysectomized rat when contrasted with the control status of the uninjected contralateral testis, should provide a basis for a specific assay of this hormone.
A divergent strategy for the synthesis of secologanin derived natural products.

The syntheses of d,l-geissoschizol, d,l-corynantheidol, d,l-dihydrocorynantheol, d,l-protoemetinol, and d,l-3-epi-protoemetinol have been accomplished from a single synthetic intermediate.
Religious Education in Russia: Inter-Faith Harmony or Neo-Imperial Toleration?

This paper explores the approach to religious education that has been instituted in Russia since 2012. The new policy’s manifestly proclaimed goals seem convergent with the values of religious freedom, self-determination, tolerance, and inter-faith peace that are espoused by Western liberal democracies. Yet Russia’s hidden religious education curriculum is far more consistent with a neo-imperial model of ethno-religious (Russian Orthodox) hegemony and limited toleration of selected, other faiths whose reach is restricted to politically peripheral ethno-territorial entities. This model embodies and revitalizes Russia’s imperial legacies. Yet the revitalization is, in itself, an outcome of strategic choices made by the country’s religious and secular elites in the course of its desecularization. Building on discourse analysis of five Russian textbooks and a teacher’s manual, this article shows how the neo-imperial model manifests itself in the suppression of exogenous and endogenous pluralism, cultivation of the ideology of “ethnodoxy”, and in essentially imperialist mythology. The paper concludes by predicting the new model’s potential instability.
Bank CEO Materialism, Corporate Culture and Risk

We examine the extent to which bank CEOs exert influence on the corporate cultures of banking organizations by investigating how the prevalence of materialistic bank CEOs has evolved over time, and how observed risk management policies, the behavior of non-CEO executives and bank tail risk vary with bank CEO materialism. We document that between 1994 and 2004 the proportion of U.S. banks run by materialistic CEOs increased significantly in absolute terms and relative to non-financial firms, coinciding with significant bank deregulation. Using an index reflecting the strength of risk management functions (RMI), we find that RMI is significantly lower for banks with materialistic CEOs, significantly increases after a non-materialistic CEO replaces a materialistic CEO, and decreases after a materialistic CEO succeeds a non-materialistic one. We also provide evidence consistent with non-CEO executives in banks with materialistic CEOs more aggressively exploiting inside trading opportunities around government intervention during the financial crisis. Finally, we find that banks with materialistic CEOs have significantly more downside tail risk relative to banks with non-materialistic CEOs, where the difference between groups increased significantly during the recent crisis.
MO-E-BRB-00: PANEL DISCUSSION: SBRT/SRS Case Studies - Lung

In this interactive session, lung SBRT patient cases will be presented to highlight real-world considerations for ensuring safe and accurate treatment delivery. An expert panel of speakers will discuss challenges specific to lung SBRT including patient selection, patient immobilization techniques, 4D CT simulation and respiratory motion management, target delineation for treatment planning, online treatment alignment, and established prescription regimens and OAR dose limits. Practical examples of cases, including the patient flow thought the clinical process are presented and audience participation will be encouraged. This panel session is designed to provide case demonstration and review for lung SBRT in terms of (1) clinical appropriateness in patient selection, (2) strategies for simulation, including 4D and respiratory motion management, and (3) applying multi imaging modality (4D CT imaging, MRI, PET) for tumor volume delineation and motion extent, and (4) image guidance in treatment delivery. Learning Objectives: 1.Understand the established requirements for patient selection in lung SBRT 2.Become familiar with the various immobilization strategies for lung SBRT, including technology for respiratory motion management 3.Understand the benefits and pitfalls of applying multi imaging modality (4D CT imaging, MRI, PET) for tumor volume delineation and motion extent determination for lung SBRT 4.Understand established prescription regimes and OAR dose limits
TU-H-206-09: Acceptance Testing of Ultrasound Systems for Shear Wave Elastography Measurements

Purpose: Acceptance testing of shear wave elastography on ten ultrasound systems is reported. Furthermore, variations in testing procedures related to coupling medium, number of operators, and phantom homogeneity were investigated. Methods: Shear wave speed measurements were made on ten systems (GE LOGIQ E9 XDclear 2.0 ultrasound scanner with C1-6 and 9L transducers). Measurements were acquired using the CIRS Model 039 shear wave liver fibrosis phantoms (“soft” and “hard” phantoms, with stiffness of ∼3.5 and 45 kPa, respectively) at two depths (3 and 7 cm for C1-6; 1 and 4 cm for 9L), by two operators. Each measurement was repeated for five times without specifying the transducer location on the phantom. 45 ppm salt water (as recommended by QIBA) was used for coupling. Furthermore, phantom homogeneity was investigated by comparing C1-6 measurements made at five positions marked on each phantom. Three operators acquired C1-6 measurements on one scanner, and one repeated the measurements after a week. US gel was compared with salt water as a coupling medium. Results: Averaged shear wave speed using the ten C1-6 and 9L transducers are summarized in Table 1. The greatest maximum deviation of an individual measurement from the group mean (Table 2) was 5.4% of the mean and 2.3 times the standard deviation among all groups. Salt water and US coupling gel showed no significant difference. Velocities from the five measurement locations had a maximum deviation of 5.9% or less. The maximum inhomogeneity averaged over the two phantoms and all measurement locations was 2.6%. Inter- and intra-operator coefficients of variation were all ≤ 2.2%. Conclusion: The measurement variations were considered to be reasonable, and all equipment was accepted. The use of salt water versus gel for acoustic coupling, single versus multiple phantom measurement locations, or single versus multiple operators would not cause significant differences in acceptance test results. Pengfei Song and Shigao Chen receive royalties from GE Medical Systems for the shear wave elastography technology.