cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computational modeling of social face perception in humans: Leveraging the active appearance model

Face processing plays a central role in human social life. Humans readily infer social traits (e.g. attractiveness and trustworthiness) from a stranger's face. Previous attempts to characterize the facial (physiognomic) features underlying social processing have lacked either systematicity or interpretability. Here, we utilize a statistical framework to tackle this problem, by learning a vector space to represent faces, and a linear mapping from this face space into human social trait judgments. Specifically, we obtain a face space by training the Active Appearance Model on large datasets of face images. Based on human evaluations of numerous social traits on these images, we then use regression to find linear combinations of facial features (what we call Linear Trait Axis, or LTA) that best predict human social judgments. Our model achieves state-of-the-art performance in overall predictive accuracy -- comparable to the best convolutional neural network and better than human prediction of other human ratings. To interpret the LTAs, we regress them against a large repertoire of geometric features. To understand the relationship between the facial features that underlie different social, emotional, and demographic traits, we present a novel "dual space analysis" that characterizes the geometric relationship among LTA vectors. It shows that facial features important for social trait perception are largely distinct from those underlying demographic and emotion perception, contrary to previous suggestions that social trait perception is driven by over-generalization of relatively primitive demographic and emotion perception processes. In addition, we present a novel correlation decomposition analysis that quantifies how correlations in trait judgments (e.g. between attractiveness and babyfacedness) independently arise from (1) shared facial features among traits, and (2) correlation in the distribution of facial features in the human population.
Direct observation of hyperfine quenching of the 2 3 P 0 level in heliumlike nickel

We report a clear demonstration of the effect of hyperfine quenching of a forbidden transition by direct comparison of the lifetimes of the 2 {sup 3}{ital P}{sub 0} level in the heliumlike isotopes {sup 61}Ni{sup 26+} and {sup 58}Ni{sup 26+}. We find the quenched lifetime of the 2 {sup 3}{ital P}{sub 0} level in {sup 61}Ni{sup 26+} to be 470(50) ps. From this we deduce the 2 {sup 3}{ital P}{sub 0--}2 {sup 3}{ital P}{sub 1} energy splitting to be 2.33(15) eV. We also report a measurement of the lifetime of the 2 {sup 3}{ital P}{sub 2} level in {sup 58}Ni{sup 26+}, which is found to be 70(3) ps.
Waiting Time Density, Multi Servers (M/M/k)

This chapter shows how to calculate the waiting time probabilities for a multi-server system, with infinite capacity, exponential inter-arrival times and exponential service times, where the customers are serviced in a first-in-first-out discipline. Could be a package delivery service that wants to determine the number of delivery vehicles to have in its fleet so 90 percent of deliveries begin within 20 min of the call. Examples are presented.
CONTROL OF CELL GROWTH BY NUCLEOSIDE EFFLUX THROUGH THE MEMBRANE

Studies with the membrane transport inhibitor, 5-bromodeoxyuridine 5'-methylphosphonate (BrdUrd-OPO 2 Me), are used as the basis for a hypothesis on the control of cell growth by nucleoside efflux through the membrane. The hypothesis suggests that BrdUrd-OPO 2 Me binds to the active site of the membrane-carrier protein for thymidine (dThd) and deoxyuridine (dUrd) and “traps” the carriers at the outer surface of the cell membrane. The reduced availability of carriers at the inner membrane surface inhibits the efflux of deoxyribonucleosides. The blockage of efflux of dThd and dUrd produces an increased internal concentration of thymine and thymidine triphosphate (dTTP). Since dTTP is an inhibitor of several enzymes in the pathway for the de novo synthesis of DNA, elevated levels of dTTP can produce a feedback inhibition of cell division. The hypothesis also suggests that rapidly growing cells excrete dThd and dUrd into the growth medium, but resting cells retain nucleosides. Transport experiments show that BrdUrd-OPO 2 Me inhibits the uptake of tritium labeled fluorodeoxyuridine, bromodeoxyuridine, and dUrd into L5178Y cells. By contrast, the BrdUrd-OPO 2 Me does not inhibit the uptake of dThd. This finding suggests that there is some structural specificity to the interaction between the transport inhibitor and the active site of a membrane carrier protein for deoxyribonucleosides.
Ka-band Phase Measurement System for SWOT mission

The KaRIn (Ka-band radar interferometer) instrument for SWOT (surface water ocean topography) mission faces unique challenges in terms of phase stability and group delay stability requirements to achieve centimeter level accuracy for height measurements. Conventional altimetry assumes nadir point return and measures a single range. SWOT will require additional angle of arrival information to provide swath coverage. Errors in differential phase and common group delay can both act as primary sources of systematic errors in determining the height using interferometric data.The ground support equipment (GSE) necessary for the performance requirements verification gets a fraction of the error allocation from the instrument. A phase measurement system capable of measuring millidegrees and working with pulsed excitation is developed and the preliminary results are described in this paper.
Potassium Requirements for Pinot noir Grapevines

The potassium (K) requirements of Pinot noir grapevines were studied in a microplot vineyard, where four levels of fertilizer K supply were carefully controlled. Vine nutrient status, productivity, and must chemistry were studied over four years, and fermentation dynamics were evaluated over three years. Vine productivity, based on leaf area, pruning weights, and yield, was reduced by K supply only after four years in vines receiving no K fertilizer. K deficiency symptoms were apparent on leaves and fruit in vines receiving no K the year before productivity was altered, and after must pH was already reduced. Must pH was reduced below the level of control (100% K) vines in year 2, and thereafter in vines receiving no K, and also in years 3 and 4 in vines receiving 20% K. Late bunch stem necrosis occurred on some fruit clusters in year 3 in vines receiving no K and 20% K; this increased dramatically in year 4 in the no-K vines. Low must pH values of ~3.0 and must K concentrations as low as 600 mg K/L did not influence the rate of alcoholic fermentation. These findings indicate that monitoring must pH in addition to leaf blade or petiole K concentrations would be helpful in managing vine K status. A leaf blade K level of 6.0 g K/kg dry weight (DW) at veraison is proposed as the critical concentration for Pinot noir vines cropped at levels typical for the region. Growers should monitor vine K status closely and must pH when leaf blade K at veraison approaches 7.0 g K/kg DW in western Oregon Pinot noir vineyards to account for sampling and laboratory error.
Cognitive Modeling: Connectionist Approaches

Connectionist approaches to cognitive modeling make use of large networks of simple computational units, which communicate by means of simple quantitative signals. Higher-level information processing emerges from the massively parallel interaction of these units by means of their connections, and a network may adapt its behavior by means of local changes in the strength of the connections. Connectionist approaches are related to neural networks and provide a distinct alternative to cognitive models inspired by the digital computer.
Fatigue Technology in Ground Vehicle Design

With the continuing trends toward structural weight reduction, performance optimization, and the application of improved materials, fatigue analysis has become an essential and integral part of the ground vehicle design process. The roots of contemporary life prediction methods, dating back over 100 years, are first identified followed by a review of their development and implementation in automotive design. Examples of the application of fatigue technology in product development and evaluation are presented to demonstrate current capabilities. The complexities of real engineering structures and service environments are emphasized along with probabilistic approaches for dealing with variability and uncertainty.
Case studies in dementia-related anxiety.

Abstract. Two clients seeking neuropsychological assessment reported anxiety about their cognitive status. We review the cases to increase our understanding of factors contributing to dementia-rela...
Treatment modalities and overall survival outcomes for sinonasal extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma

To the Editor, Sinonasal extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (SN-ENKTL) is a rare and aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma [1] which is characterized by progressive necrotizing local ...
Chiral Spin-Density Wave, Spin-Charge-Chern Liquid, and d + i d Superconductivity in 1 / 4 -Doped Correlated Electronic Systems on the Honeycomb Lattice

Quantum states of matter at absolute zero support phase transitions. Researchers calculate that a spin-charge-Chern liquid state should exist to describe 1/4-doped correlated systems on a honeycomb lattice.
Do older adults with higher daily ambulatory activity have lower central blood pressure

We aimed to test the hypothesis that central blood pressure (BP) would be lower in healthy older adults with greater daily ambulatory activity. Forty-three (24 women, 19 men) older adults wore a triaxial accelerometer at the hip for 1 week. The volume of ambulatory activity was estimated by average steps per day. As a proxy of intensity of ambulatory activity, 1-min peak step accumulation, or the maximum number of steps taken within a minute was averaged from each day. Participants were considered “active” if they had >7500 steps per day or >105 steps per min. Radial arterial tonometry was used to estimate central (aortic) BP from pulse wave analysis. After adjusting for age and sex, adults with higher steps per day (n = 18) tended to have lower central pulse pressure (p = 0.08). Interestingly, adults with higher peak step accumulation (n = 25) had significantly lower central pulse pressure (40.4 ± 1.6 vs. 46.8 ± 2.0 mmHg; p = 0.02) after adjusting for age and sex. Stepwise regression including age, sex, body mass index, and peak step accumulation found body mass index to be the strongest predictor of central systolic BP [β = 0.42, 95 % CI (0.13, 0.70), p = 0.004] while peak step accumulation was the strongest predictor of central pulse pressure [β = −0.31, 95 % CI (−0.01, −0.60), p = 0.043]. These results find older adults with an “active” daily walking pattern, particularly having a higher number of maximal steps in a minute, have lower central pulse pressure than older adults with lower daily ambulatory activity.
Strength and plasticity of lamellar vs. fibrous eutectic Mg-Al nanocomposites: An in-situ microcompression study

Abstract Owing to their low density and high strength-to-weight ratio, Mg alloys are attractive for automotive and aerospace applications. However, the current use of magnesium in the industry is limited due to the low strength and poor formability at ambient temperatures. Two-phase nanostructured materials are a promising solution to improve the mechanical properties of Mg alloys. Depending on processing parameters, either fibrous or lamellar morphologies can be formed via the eutectic transformation. In this work, the mechanical behavior of these two different morphologies were examined by in-situ SEM microcompression tests. The lamellar morphology exhibited a superior combination of strength and plasticity with respect to the fibrous morphology, and both showed superior strength relative to pure Mg, up to five-fold in the former and 12-fold in the latter. However, the higher strength in the fibrous eutectic was obtained at the expense of a low plasticity. According to the HR/TEM analyses of the deformed micropillars, the relatively high plasticity of the lamellar morphology was attributed to the two reasons; on the one hand, high dislocation activity was observed in both α and β phases and resulted in plastic co-deformation of the layers. On the other hand, the α layers played a significant role in restricting the shear instabilities that initiated in the β layers. Such an effect was not observed with the fibrous morphologies, and thus, they failed by cleavage along the closest-packed planes in the β crystal.
Manhattan Vision Screening and Follow-up Study in Vulnerable Populations (NYC-SIGHT): Design and Methodology.

Prcis The Manhattan Vision Screening and Follow-up Study in Vulnerable Populations is a 5-year prospective, cluster-randomized study to improve detection and management of glaucoma and other eye diseases in vulnerable populations living in affordable housing developments. Purpose To describe the study design and methodology of the Manhattan Vision Screening and Follow-up Study in Vulnerable Populations, which aims to investigate whether community-based vision screenings can improve detection and management of glaucoma, vision impairment, cataract, and other eye diseases among vulnerable populations living in affordable housing developments in upper Manhattan. Materials and methods This 5-year prospective, cluster-randomized, controlled trial consists of vision screening and referral for follow-up eye care among eligible residents aged 40 and older. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), and fundus photography are measured. Participants with visual worse than 20/40, or IOP 23 to 29 mm Hg, or unreadable fundus images fail the screening and are scheduled with the on-site optometrist. Those with an abnormal image and/or IOP ≥30 mm Hg, are assigned as "fast-track" and referred to ophthalmology. Participants living in 7 developments randomized to the Enhanced Intervention Group who fail the screening and need vision correction receive complimentary eyeglasses. Those referred to ophthalmology receive enhanced support with patient navigators to assist with follow-up eye care. Participants living in 3 developments randomized to the Usual Care Group who fail the screening and need vision correction are given an eyeglasses prescription only and a list of optical shops. No enhanced support is given to the Usual Care Group. All participants referred to ophthalmology are assisted in making their initial eye exam appointment. Conclusion This study targets vulnerable populations where they live to ensure improved access to and utilization of eye care services in those who are least likely to seek eye care.
Tailoring microstructure in sintered Cu-Cr-Nb-Zr alloys for fusion components

Abstract High temperature, creep resistant heat sink materials represent a critical need for plasma facing components in future fusion reactors. In this study, we employ direct current sintering (often referred to as spark plasma sintering) to produce a Cu-Cr-Nb-Zr (CCNZ) alloy from gas-atomized feedstock powder with tailored precipitate distributions for enhanced stability and creep resistance. Microstructure was characterized by synchrotron X-ray diffraction, small angle X-ray scattering, and electron microscopy techniques. We report a multi-modal precipitate distribution containing submicron Cr (~493 nm) and Cr2Nb (~90 nm) precipitates at grain boundaries and a high density of nanoscale Cr (~8 nm) precipitates homogeneously distributed through the Cu matrix. By comparing the as-sintered and aged microstructures, precipitation kinetics are discussed in the context of dislocation networks due to the high sintering pressures biasing precipitate formation and the role of subsequent recovery and recrystallization. Due to the presence of the multi-modal precipitate distribution, the sintered CCNZ alloy exhibited a high hardness of 133.2 HV while retaining an appreciable thermal conductivity of 298.4 W/m·K and electrical conductivity of 74.6% relative to the International Annealed Copper Standard.
Presidential Executive Action: Unilaterally Changing the World’s Critical Technology and Infrastructure

Can the President, through executive action with no approval of Congress whatsoever, change the world? Declared President Obama: “If Congress won't act soon to protect future generations, I will.” What is considered the second most important invention in history—electricity—has had its legal regulation and technological foundation fundamentally changed by unilateral executive action in the past two years. As a result of this unilateral executive action, critical technology and modern society are changing fundamentally. This is not without legal challenge: Shortly after the Obama Administration announced its Clean Power Plan, House of Representatives Speaker John Boehner announced that he and others would file a lawsuit against President Obama for unconstitutional use of Presidential directives. Litigation takes time; the court challenge progresses. Addressing both constitutional and administrative issues, this Article examines the core legal “flex” of executive power within the contours of U.S. constitutional governance. This Article examines pivotal executive actions taken through the “back door” with no legislative concurrence, and some legislative disapproval, to affect the supply of power in America and climate change. Unilateral executive action is changing fundamental technology for the second most important invention in history. Losing 20 percent of its market share in an administrative heartbeat, unilateral executive branch environmental regulation and interpretation is now constricting coal combustion from its historical position supplying more than half of all U.S. electric power less than five years ago, to a rapidly plunging minority share. This fundamentally alters the United States’ environment and climate. This Article explores the law and nuances enwrapping how the United States regulates the second most important invention in history, and how it changes the foundation of the American economy.
Directional Polarized Light Emission from Thin-Film Light-Emitting Diodes

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with directional and polarized light emission have many photonic applications, and beam shaping of these devices is fundamentally challenging because they are Lambertian light sources. In this work, using organic and perovskite LEDs (PeLEDs) for demonstrations, by selectively diffracting the transverse electric (TE) waveguide mode while suppressing other optical modes in a nanostructured LED, the authors first demonstrate highly directional light emission from a full-area organic LED with a small divergence angle less than 3° and a TE to transverse magnetic (TM) polarization extinction ratio of 13. The highly selective diffraction of only the TE waveguide mode is possible due to the planarization of the device stack by thermal evaporation and solution processing. Using this strategy, directional and polarized emission from a perovskite LED having a current efficiency 2.6 times compared to the reference planar device is further demonstrated. This large enhancement in efficiency in the PeLED is attributed to a larger contribution from the TE waveguide mode resulting from the high refractive index in perovskite materials.
Racial/Ethnic Residential Segregation, Socioeconomic Inequality, and Job Accessibility by Public Transportation Networks in the United States

This paper examines the access that neighborhoods have to jobs via public transit, if it varies by race/ethnicity, and what difference it makes in terms of socioeconomic outcomes. Decades of research has argued that important sites of employment are often not located in or are inaccessible to racial/ethnic minority neighborhoods. Here, we examine this proposition and take into account how public transit may play into this process. On the one hand, public transit as a public good may have the power to overcome the liabilities of place. If we can build transportation systems that give all neighborhoods comparable access to jobs, part of the spatial mismatch problem may be corrected. On the other hand, if public transit is built in such a way that certain racial/ethnic groups are benefiting, but not others, access alone is not enough to achieve parity. Using the 2013–2017 American Community Survey and the 2017 Access Across America Transit study, we examine how neighborhood racial/ethnic composition is related to job accessibility and socioeconomic outcomes at the block group level for 49 of the 50 largest metropolitan areas in the United States. We find that Black and Latino neighborhoods have access to fewer jobs via public transit, and that they also have lower median household income and a higher unemployment rate, net of access to jobs. Access to more jobs via mass transit is related to higher incomes in White block group clusters, but has no impact on household incomes in Black and Latino clusters. This suggests that public transit as implemented serves to aggravate existing inequalities and is not currently acting as a policy tool to ameliorate inequality.
Lameness in cattle

Of 102 animals studied, 60 were males and 42 females. The frequencies of involvement of various parts were: foreleg, 31; hind leg, 67; digits or fetlock joint, 35; distal limb (metatarsal, metacarpal, carpus or tarsus), 28; proximal aspect of the limb including pelvis, 31; and general leg involvement, 8. Radiographic abnormalities were noted in 87 cases. The primary diagnosis included septic arthritis (30), fractures (19) and degenerative joint diseases (19). The prognosis of interphalangeal septic arthritis treated by amputation of the phalanx was favourable in all cases. For septic arthritis involving other joints the prognosis was guarded. For long fractures of the distal limb treated by casting the prognosis was favourable but guarded for proximal limb fractures. An unfavourable prognosis was given for all cases of osteoarthritis.
Uniqueness of shear wave modeling in an incompressible, transversely isotropic (ITI) material.

Five material parameters are required to describe a transversely isotropic (TI) material including two Poisson's ratios that characterize the compressibility of the material. Both Poisson's ratios must be specified to model an incompressible, TI (ITI) material. However, a previous analysis of the procedure used to evaluate the incompressible limit in a two-dimensional (2D) space of Poisson's ratios has shown that elements of the stiffness tensor are not unique in this limit, and that an additional, fourth parameter is required to model these elements for an ITI material. In this study, we extend this analysis to the case of shear wave propagation in an ITI material. Shear wave signals are modeled using analytic Green's tensor methods to express the signals in terms of the phase velocity and polarization vectors of the shear horizontal (SH) and shear vertical (SV) propagation modes. In contrast to the previous result, the current analysis demonstrates that the phase velocity and polarization vectors are independent of the procedure used to evaluate the 2D limit of Poisson's ratios without the need to include an additional parameter. Thus, calculated shear wave signals are unique and can be used for comparison with experimental measurements to determine all three model parameters that characterize an ITI material
Fault Tolerant Control combining Reinforcement Learning and Model-based Control *

Fault tolerant control (FTC) focuses on developing algorithms to accommodate the impact of system faults while allowing the system to continuously operate in a degraded manner. Additionally, data-driven methods like reinforcement learning (RL) have shown excellent performance for complex continuous control tasks. However, faults affect the system dynamics which disrupt optimal policy guarantees as the Markov Property cannot be satisfied. In this work, we propose a scheme based on a combination of parameter estimation, RL, and model-based control to handle faults in a continuous control environment. We empirically demonstrate our approach on a complex octocopter trajectory-tracking task subject to single and multi motor faults. We show improved performance compared with nominal hierarchical PID control for large magnitude faults. Lastly, we demonstrate our approach’s robustness against noisy parameter estimation.
Disruption of Latency by a Fragment of Rearranged EBV DNA: Evidence for Host Cell Regulation

In B lymphocytes immortalized by EBV the genome is latent. Only certain viral genes are expressed; most are inhibited. The tightness of this regulation varies among cells from different hosts. Neonatal human lymphocytes usually maintain latency in a tight state; lymphocytes from older humans are more permissive. Those from certain New World primates especially cotton-top marmosets are most permissive. Thus latency seems to be maintained through regulatory event(s) imposed upon the viral genome by the host cell (1).
Psychotropic Medications and Substances of Abuse Interactions in Youth

ABSTRACT The majority of youth with substance use disorders (SUDs) manifest one or more co-occurring psychiatric disorders. Consequently, many of these youths are being prescribed with psychotropic medications. As prescribing rates continue to increase for early-onset psychiatric disorders, potential risk for substance of abuse–psychiatric medication interactions may be enhanced. Because this type of drug-drug interaction has received little attention in the scientific literature, the authors conducted a systematic literature search examining the potential interactive adverse effects between psychotropic medications and substances of abuse in youth. Regardless of the scarcity of psychotropic medications–substance of abuse interactions found, it is important to stay vigilant due to the continued introduction of new classes of medications as well as the ever-changing map of street drugs.
General Cylindrical Model for Focussed Power Deposition from an External Antenna System

Hyperthermic heating of a human limb, neck or torso is modelled as an infinite cylinder for a general excitation by an external source. The analytical procedure is outlined for determining the internal power dissipation for either electric or magnetic dipole arrays. The case for circumferentially oriented dipoles is considered in detail. The fundamental complexity of the power synthesis problem is pointed out. This problem has yet to be solved.
A monolithic light-to-frequency converter with a scalable sensor array

A single-chip CMOS light to frequency converter provides light intensity measurements with an absolute accuracy of 5% and a selectable full scale sensitivity of either 1, 10 or 100 mW/ cm/sup 2/. The device incorporates a new switched-capacitor charge-metering current-to-frequency converter with an integral bandgap reference and exhibits a measured linearity error of 0.2% for a full scale frequency of 0.5 MHz and 1% for 1 MHz. A pin-programmable divider is included on the chip so that the output can be scaled for applications that require a lower frequency. An output enable is provided so that multiple units may share the same controller input line. >
Analysis of the Cellular Mechanism of Antitumor Responses and Autoimmunity in Patients Treated with CTLA-4 Blockade

We have demonstrated previously that the administration of CTLA-4 blockade has mediated objective cancer regression and autoimmunity in patients with metastatic melanoma. To explore the mechanism of these in vivo effects, we have studied the changes in lymphocyte phenotype and function in patients receiving anti-CTLA-4 Ab (MDX-010). Patients with stage IV melanoma or renal cell cancer were treated every 3 wk with an anti-CTLA-4 Ab with or without peptide immunization. Pheresis samples were analyzed using flow cytometry to determine lymphocyte cell surface markers. Gene expression analyses and proliferation assays were conducted on purified T cell subsets. Anti-CTLA-4 Ab did not inhibit the suppressive activity of CD4+CD25+ cells in vitro or in vivo. In addition, there was no decrease in the expression of CD4+CD25+ cells in whole PBMC, nor a decrease in Foxp3 gene expression in the CD4+ or CD4+CD25+ purified cell populations posttreatment. The percentage of CD4+, CD8+, CD4+CD25+, and CD4+CD25− T cells in PBMC expressing the activation marker HLA-DR increased following anti-CTLA-4 Ab administration. Therefore, our results suggest that the antitumor effects of CTLA-4 blockade are due to increased T cell activation rather than inhibition or depletion of T regulatory cells.
Predicting parallel application performance via machine learning approaches: Research Articles

Consistently growing architectural complexity and machine scales make the creation of accurate performance models for large-scale applications increasingly challenging. Traditional analytic models are difficult and time consuming to construct, and are often unable to capture full system and application complexity. To address these challenges, we automatically build models based on execution samples. We use multilayer neural networks, because they can represent arbitrary functions and handle noisy inputs robustly. In this paper we focus on two well-known parallel applications whose variations in execution times are not well understood: SMG 2000, a semicoarsening multigrid solver, and HPL, an open-source implementation of LINPACK. We sparsely sample performance data on two radically different platforms across large, multidimensional parameter spaces and show that our models based on these data can predict performance within 2p to 7p of actual application runtimes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lean-burn characteristics of a gasoline engine enriched with hydrogen from a plasmatron fuel reformer

When hydrogen is added to a gasoline fueled spark ignition engine the lean limit of the engine can be extended. Lean running engines are inherently more efficient and have the potential for significantly lower NOx emissions. In the engine concept examined here, supplemental hydrogen is generated on-board the vehicle by diverting a fraction of the gasoline to a plasmatron where a partial oxidation reaction is initiated with an electrical discharge, producing a plasmatron gas containing primarily hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen. Two different gas mixtures were used to simulate the plasmatron output. An ideal plasmatron gas (H 2 , CO, and N 2 ) was used to represent the output of the theoretically best plasmatron. A typical plasmatron gas (H 2 , CO, N 2 , and CO 2 ) was used to represent the current output of the plasmatron. A series of hydrogen addition experiments were also performed to quantify the impact of the non-hydrogen components in the plasmatron gas. Various amounts of plasmatron gas were used, ranging from the equivalent of 10%-30% of the gasoline being reformed in the plasmatron. All of the data was compared to a baseline case of the engine operating stoichiometrically on gasoline alone. It was found that the peak net indicated fuel conversion efficiency of the system was increased 12% over the baseline case. In addition, at this peak efficiency point the engine out NOx emissions decreased by 94% (165ppm vs. 2800ppm) while the hydrocarbon emissions decreased by 6%. In the data analysis, the relative air/fuel ratio was found to be a inadequate measure of mixture dilution. Two dilution parameters were defined and used. The volumetric Dilution Parameter, VDP, represents the heating value per unit volume of the air/fuel mixture. Pumping work reductions due to mixture dilution correlate with VDP. The Thermal Dilution Parameter, TDP, represents the heating value per unit heat capacity of the air/fuel mixture. Combustion and emissions parameters correlate with TDP.
Leadership Requirements in the 21st Century : the Perceptions of Canadian Private Sector Leaders

LEADERSHIP REQUIREMENTS IN THE 21^ CENTURY. THE PERCEPTIONS OF CANADIAN PRIVATE SECTOR LEADERS
Intelligent antenna sharing in cooperative diversity wireless networks

Cooperative diversity has been recently proposed as a way to form virtual antenna arrays that provide dramatic gains in slow fading wireless environments. However, most of the proposed solutions require simultaneous relay transmissions at the same frequency bands, using distributed space-time coding algorithms. Careful design of distributed space-time coding for the relay channel is usually based on global knowledge of some network parameters or is usually left for future investigation, if there is more than one cooperative relay. We propose a novel scheme that eliminates the need for space-time coding and provides diversity gains on the order of the number of relays in the network. Our scheme first selects the best relay from a set of M available relays and then uses this "best" relay for cooperation between the source and the destination. Information theoretic analysis of outage probability shows that our scheme achieves the same diversity-multiplexing gain tradeoff as achieved by more complex protocols, where coordination and distributed space-time coding for M relay nodes is required. Additionally, the proposed scheme increases the outage and ergodic capacity, compared to non-cooperative communication with increasing number of participating relays, at the low SNR regime and under a total transmission power constraint. Coordination among the participating relays is based on a novel timing protocol that exploits local measurements of the instantaneous channel conditions. The method is distributed and allows for fast selection of the best relay as compared to the channel coherence time. In addition, a methodology to evaluate relay selection performance for any kind of wireless channel statistics is provided. Other methods of network coordination, inspired by natural phenomena of decentralized time synchronization, are analyzed in theory and implemented in practice. It was possible to implement the proposed, virtual antenna formation technique in a custom network of single antenna, half-duplex radios. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Foraminifera as Indicators of Some Nearshore Processes: ABSTRACT

Development of an inner-coastal-lagoon fauna is due to the slow rate of exchange in a large lagoon. The inner lagoon assemblage is less diverse than the outer lagoon assemblage. A high rate of foraminiferal reproduction off river mouths results in an abundant population dominated by 1 or 2 species and specimens of small size; the number of specimens per unit volume of sediment may be diluted by fast deposition. Accumulation of abundant foraminiferal tests suggests slow deposition of detrital sediments. Marsh faunal zones are related to mean tidal ranges, and this relation can be used to estimate lagoon hydrodynamics. High diversity marsh faunas are present in low runoff areas, and low diversity faunas are found in high runoff areas. Calcareous specimens are common in many marshes, but may not be preserved in the sediments. Nearshore open-ocean faunas differ from lagoon faunas, and have an apparent depth zonation related to water turbulence. Beach and sandy lagoon-barrier sediments contain robust open-ocean Foraminifera and may have lagoon and marsh species. Mixed faunas may be present on one or both sides of a lagoon inlet and reflect lagoon size and dominant direction of flow. Transport of marsh species into the nearshore area is a result of high runoff. Mixing of assemblages results from rise or fall of sea level, and also from upslope transport from the turbulent zone. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1789------------
Size-Dependent Magnetism of EuS Nanoparticles

EuS nanoparticles were synthesized by solution-phase thermolysis of the diethylammonium salt of the anionic europium dithiocarbamate complex, [Eu(S2CNEt2)4]−. Oleylamine and triphenylphosphine were used as surfactants to prevent nanoparticle agglomeration and stabilize particle growth. By varying the synthetic parameters such as reaction temperature, heating time, and the [surfactant]:[precursor] ratio, nanoparticles of different sizes were obtained. The size-dependent magnetic properties of these nanoparticles were studied, and it was observed that a decrease in the ferromagnetic ordering temperature occurs with decreasing particle size.
Low-energy electron attachment to 5'-thymidine monophosphate: modeling single strand breaks through dissociative electron attachment.

Mechanisms of low-energy electron (LEE) attachment and subsequent single-strand break (SSB) formation are investigated by density functional theory treatment of a simple model for DNA, i.e., the nucleotide, 5‘-thymidine monophosphate (5‘-dTMPH). In the present study, the C5‘−O5‘ bond dissociation due to LEE attachment has been followed along the adiabatic as well as on the vertical (electron attached to the optimized geometry of the neutral molecule) anionic surfaces using B3LYP functional and 6-31G* and 6-31++G** basis sets. Surprisingly, it is found that the PES of C5‘−O5‘ bond dissociation in the anion radicals have approximately the same barrier for both adiabatic and vertical pathways. These results provide support for the hypothesis that transiently bound electrons (shape resonances) to the virtual molecular orbitals of the neutral molecule likely play a key role in the cleavage of the sugar−phosphate C5‘−O5‘ bond in DNA resulting in the direct formation of single strand breaks without significant m...
The Physical Basis Life and Learning

Physicochemical processes in memory, learning, consciousness and other mental processes in man
Defining the ‘American Indian’: A case study in the language of suppression

There is a need for educators and scholars in the speech communication and language arts to make a more concerted effort to identify the distorted and inhumane uses of language. The natural‐religious, political‐cultural, and legal definitions of the “American Indian” into inferiors, savages, and barbarians furnish a case study of the oppressive uses of language to defend and justify the indefensible, inhumane treatment of human beings.
Developing Indicators for a Classroom Observation Tool on Pedagogy and Technology Integration: A Delphi Study

Rapid advances in technology and increased access to technology tools have created new instructional demands and expectations on teachers. Due to the ubiquitous presence of technology in K-12 schools, teachers are being observed on both their pedagogical and technology integration practices. Applying the technological pedagogical and content knowledge (TPCK) framework, the purpose of this study was to determine, through the Delphi research method, a consensus among experts of what should be contained in a classroom observation tool that simultaneously facilitates evaluating pedagogy and technology integration. The study resulted in a list of 30 indicators.
Policy implications of early onset breast cancer among Mexican-origin women

BACKGROUND: Overall, Latinas are more likely to be diagnosed with a more advanced stage of breast cancer and are 20% more likely to die of breast cancer than non-Hispanic white women. It is estimated that from 2003 to 2006, $82.0 billion in direct medical care expenditures, in addition to 100,000 lives annually, could be saved by eliminating health disparities experienced by Latinos and increasing the use of up to 5 preventive services in the United States. An additional 3700 lives could be saved if 90% of women aged ≥40 years were recently screened for breast cancer. METHODS: The authors examined the risk for breast cancer in a case-control, population-based sample of Mexican-origin women in Harris County, Texas (n = 714), where the rates of breast cancer mortality for Latina women have doubled since 1990. RESULTS: Half of breast cancer cases (n = 119) were diagnosed in women aged <50 years. In a multivariate model, women who had a family history of breast cancer (odds ratio [OR], 4.3), who were born in Mexico and had high levels of language acculturation (OR, 2.5), and who did not have health insurance (OR, 1.6) had the highest risk for breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Because the current results indicated that Mexican-origin women are at high-risk for early onset, premenopausal breast cancer, the authors recommended policies that target screening, education, and treatment to prevent increased disparities in mortality. The authors concluded that the inclusion of community members and policymakers as partners in these endeavors would further safeguard against an increase in cancer health disparities and aid in formulating a policy agenda congruent with scientifically based, community-driven policy efforts that address breast cancer screening, education, and treatment in this vulnerable population. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Mercury chemistry on brominated activated carbon

Abstract Activated carbon-based sorbents are the most widely tested sorbents for mercury removal in coal-fired power plants. A major problem in mercury removal is the limited understanding of the mechanism associated with elemental mercury (Hg 0 ) oxidation and its subsequent adsorption. This work investigates the possible binding mechanism of Hg 0 onto brominated fiber and powder activated carbon sorbents through packed-bed experiments in a stream of air. To better understand the mechanisms involved, a combination of spectroscopy and quantum mechanical modeling were used to characterize the sorption process. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy were used to analyze the surface and bulk chemical compositions of brominated activated carbon sorbents reacted with Hg 0 . It was found that Hg 0 is oxidized at the brominated carbon surfaces at both 30 °C and 140 °C. The oxidation state of adsorbed Hg is found to be Hg 2+ , and coordinated to two Br atoms with no detectable bonding between Hg and O. Though plane-wave density functional theory (DFT) and density of states (DOSs) calculations indicate that Hg is more stable when it is bound to the edge C atom interacting with a single Br bound atop of Hg, a model that includes an interaction between the Hg and an additional Br atom matches best with experimental data obtained from EXAFS spectroscopy. Because the most stable structures optimized in the DFT simulations were not found on the samples analyzed using EXAFS spectroscopy, Hg surface reactions on the carbon surface are thought to be kinetically controlled.
Tobacco use and cessation in HIV-infected individuals.

The prevalence of current smoking among HIV-infected individuals ranges between 40% and 84% across various studies [1-6]. These estimates for the HIV-infected population are several-fold higher than the current 20% overall adult prevalence in the United States [7]. With the aging of the HIV-infected population, such a high smoking prevalence has profound health implications for this group of individuals. In this review we will: 1) identify clinical and sociodemographic characteristics associated with tobacco use in this population; 2) discuss the health risks and consequences (pulmonary and non-pulmonary) of tobacco use that are associated with HIV infection; 3) summarize results of tobacco dependence treatment studies among HIV-infected smokers; 4) discuss strategies for smoking cessation, highlighting key components of the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence Guideline; and 5) provide recommendations for future directions of research.
Using CT-Analyst to optimize sensor placement

Networked groups of sensors that detect Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBR) threats are being developed to defend cities and military bases. Due to the high cost and maintenance of these sensors, the number of sensors deployed is limited. It is vital for the sensors to be deployed in optimal locations for these sensors to be effectively used to analyze the scope of the threat. A genetic algorithm, along with the instantaneous plume prediction capabilities of CT-Analyst has been developed to meet these goals. CT-Analyst’s time dependant plumes, upwind danger zone, and sensor capabilities are used to determine the fitness of sensor networks generated by the genetic algorithm. The optimization and the requirements for the evaluation of sensor networks in an urban region are examined along with the number of sensors required to detect these plumes.
Body Composition and Resting Energy Expenditure in Clinically Stable, Non–Weight-Losing Patients With Severe Emphysema

Study objectives To characterize the metabolic status of weight-stable and clinically stable individuals with advanced emphysema. Patients Seventy-nine patients with severe emphysema (FEV 1 , 29 ± 13% of predicted [mean ± SD]) evaluated for enrollment in the National Emphysema Treatment Trial and 20 age-matched healthy subjects were studied. Setting Pulmonary function laboratory of university-affiliated teaching hospital. Interventions Data collection. Measurements and results We measured lung function, body composition, serum leptin levels, serum tumor necrosis factor receptors (sTNF-Rs), resting oxygen consumption (R V ˙ o 2 ) normalized to weight in kilograms (R V ˙ o 2 /kg), and R V ˙ o 2 normalized to fat-free mass (FFM) [R V ˙ o 2 /FFM]. The patient group and healthy group had similar age, body mass index (BMI), and body composition. R V ˙ o 2 /kg, R V ˙ o 2 /FFM, and sTNF-R levels were higher in patients compared to healthy subjects. There were no differences in serum leptin levels between emphysematous and healthy subjects, and there was no correlation between leptin and sTNF-R and R V ˙ o 2 /kg. Furthermore, both groups had similar gender-related differences in FFM, percentage of body fat, and serum leptin levels. Patients with lower BMI showed the greatest differences from control subjects in R V ˙ o 2 /kg. Conclusion In weight-stable subjects with advanced emphysema, R V ˙ o 2 /kg and R V ˙ o 2 /FFM were higher compared to healthy subjects, especially in those with BMI in the lower end of the normal range. R V ˙ o 2 /kg and R V ˙ o 2 /FFM did not correlate with leptin or sTNF-R levels. These data show that a higher metabolic rate is found in patients with emphysema who are clinically and weight stable. Thus, hypermetabolism is a feature of the disease and not sufficient to lead to weight loss.
Inhibition of DC‐SIGN‐mediated trans infection of T cells by mannose‐binding lectin

Some dendritic cells (DC) express a cell-surface lectin called 'dendritic cell-specific intracellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM-3)-grabbing non-integrin' (DC-SIGN). DC-SIGN has been shown to mediate a type of infection called 'trans' infection, where DC bind human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and efficiently transfer the virus to T cells. We investigated the possibility that mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a soluble lectin that functions as a recognition molecule in innate immunity and that binds to HIV, could block trans infection mediated by DC-SIGN. Binding studies with glycoprotein (gp)120/gp41-positive and -negative virus preparations suggested that DC-SIGN and MBL bind primarily to glycans on gp120/gp41, as opposed to glycans on host-cell-derived proteins, indicating a close overlap in the binding site of the two lectins and supporting the notion that MBL could prevent binding of HIV to DC-SIGN. Preincubation of X4, R5 or dual-tropic HIV strains with MBL prevented DC-SIGN-mediated trans infection of T cells. The mechanism of MBL blocking trans infection of T cells was at least partly caused by blocking of virus binding to DC-SIGN positive cells. This study shows that MBL prevents DC-SIGN-mediated trans infection of T cells in vitro and suggests that in infected persons, MBL may inhibit DC-SIGN-mediated uptake and spread of HIV.
Cognitive and affective factors in temporal experience: anticipated or experienced pleasant and unpleasant sensory events.

120 Ss reproduced and verbally estimated short (48 sec.) or long (144 sec.) durations under conditions of smelling or anticipating smelling a pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral substance. They were i...